{"id": 5, "summary": [{"text": "cue card ( foaled 30 april 2006 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "a specialist steeplechaser , he has won fifteen of his thirty-three races , including nine at grade i level .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was a leading performer in national hunt flat races , winning the champion bumper at the cheltenham festival .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was less successful over hurdles but emerged as a top-class performer when tried over larger obstacles .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the haldon gold cup , ascot chase and ryanair chase in the 2012/2013 national hunt season and the betfair chase in the 2013/2014 season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he went through the 2014/2015 campaign winless but after a wind-operation over the 2015 summer , he returned in the following season to record his second win in the betfair chase and won the king george vi chase at the fourth attempt .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he fell when in contention in the 2016 cheltenham gold cup but returned to winning form with victory on his next start in the betfred bowl . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cue card ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["horse racing betting tips : taquin looks value to upset cue card in ascot chase | city a . m .\njordan mccarthy ponders whether cue card is the most exciting chaser - in - training in the world of horse racing .\ncolin tizzard can barely wait for the timico cheltenham gold cup with cue card .\nlike a fine wine , cue card just keeps on getting better with age .\ncue card ' s win in the betfair chase was nothing short of spectacular .\ncue card will bid for a second victory in saturday ' s ascot chase .\ncolin tizzard labelled cue card the\nhorse of a lifetime\nas he gets ready to bid for a \u00a31million bonus in the timico cheltenham gold cup .\neverything about cue card is brilliant - i think he ' s still at his peak .\ntrainer shark hanlon is leaning towards the ryanair chase with hidden cyclone following cue card ' s defection .\ncue card was disputing the lead and missed out on a potential \u00a31m bonus for winning the race .\npaddy brennan will partner cue card in what promises to be a real cracker at kempton . photo : getty\ncue card , his new best friend paddy brennan and his lovable trainer colin tizzard jumped into our affections .\nnot that the money is really what matters to those closest to cue card or his many thousands of fans . it is the horse and his background . like coneygree , who graduated top of the class among the novices when he won the gold cup last year , cue card has the feel of a traditional , \u201cproper\u201d jumping horse about him .\ncue card , a 40 - 1 shot when landing his first grade one at the 2010 cheltenham festival , was a\nrunaway\nhorse in those days , the tizzards say .\ncue card is owned by jean bishop , who owned the horse with her late husband , bob , who died just four days after cue card won the king george vi chase at kempton on boxing day 2015 . jean also owns horses including theatre guide and royal vaction , trained by colin .\ncue card gained a measure of compensation for his cheltenham fall with victory in the betfred bowl chase at aintree .\na fantastic performance by cue card gave racing a much - needed lift in a brilliant betfair chase at haydock .\nwhen 2015 gold cup winner coneygree was pulled from the line - up , it seemed the king george would have a predictable outcome , with cue card far superior to any other horse .\ncue card has been ruled out of the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival next thursday , said trainer colin tizzard .\ncue card will face a maximum of six rivals when bidding for a second victory in saturday ' s betfair ascot chase .\nun de sceaux ' s connections are looking forward to a clash with cue card in thursday ' s ryanair chase at cheltenham .\nrider lizzie kelly celebrated a huge success at aintree as tea for two saw off the gallant cue card in the betway bowl .\ncolin tizzard is open to the prospect of cue card and native river locking horns for a second time at aintree next month .\ncue card won the king george vi chase at kempton this afternoon ( 26 december ) in a thrilling renewal of the race .\ncue card continued his wonderful association with paddy brennan who rode a race full of confidence . he tracked coneygree and richard johnson , who ran a blinder on his first run for about a year , before cue card took the lead at the third last .\ncue card and native river are reported to be thriving at colin tizzard ' s base as the gold cup looms at cheltenham .\ntizzard told racing uk :\ncue card is going to go . he ' s been a good old boy for us .\nnad said , striding in boldly from his trailer , fuse and woneer clearing a path through the techs and cue card holders .\n\u201cit\u2019s fantastic . he\u2019s a brilliant horse , \u201d said proud trainer colin tizzard .\nhorse racing tips for every meeting , every day provided by our expert tipsters .\nhorse and man as one . they were heroes , as they should be .\ncue card will bid to make amends for a late fall last year when he lines up for the cheltenham gold cup on friday .\non 15 march , cue card was pulled up in the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival . trainer colin tizzard said that there would be no immediate decision of whether the horse would now be retired . [ 16 ]\ncolin\u2019s son joe rode cue card in the horse\u2019s first 20 races , winning 10 of them . when joe retired in 2014 the ride was taken on by daryl jacob . cue card was ridden once by aidan coleman , but in the past couple of seasons has formed a successful partnership with paddy brennan , with the pair winning five from eight starts together .\ncue card and joe tizzard on their way to a decisive victory in the betfair chase at haydock park . photograph : john giles / pa\nbrennan was pleased to erase the memory of the defeat at wetherby last month where the cue card team admitted getting the riding tactics wrong .\nbut buddy didn ' t actually read the bible , not anymore , he consulted it the way that an actor consults a cue card .\nlast december he was nailed in the very last strides by cue card in a pulsating finish to the king george vi chase at kempton .\nthe other horse ( native river ) ran his race , i think . he got nutted for second and the winner ( sizing john ) is a very good horse .\nbrennan , who is a regular on the mighty cue card , rides the in - form henley for county durham - based trainer tracy waggott .\ndon cossack fell when bringing a challenge which left cue card to chase down vautour and nab the prize in the shadow of the posts . vautour ran a massive race but cue card ran a sensational race to claim a famous win and a better race we could not have asked for .\nadam morgan is passionate about horse racing and is currently a journalist for the press association .\ncrellin comments , \u201ccue card is undoubtedly the best i\u2019ve bred . he has opened a lot of doors , i no longer have to go looking around for buyers , he has been a tremendous help . looking forward , we will be sending a half - brother to cue card by beneficial to the sales this year and a half - brother by gold well next year . we also have a full sister to cue card at home . \u201d\ncue card and paddy brennan clear the final fence as they go on to win the charlie hall chase at wetherby . photograph : john giles / pa\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\ncue card looked full of himself as he showed his well - being ahead of the timico cheltenham gold cup with a pleasing workout before racing at kempton .\nhowever , one partnership is seeking redemption . a year ago paddy brennan and cue card threw away victory in the gold cup when falling three fences out .\na return to wetherby , aiming for a repeat in the charlie hall chase , is the first plan for cue card , before another triple crown attempt .\n\u201ci know where bob and jean [ bishop , the owners of cue card ] would like to go , haydock [ and the betfair chase ] for the flat track , \u201d colin tizzard , cue card\u2019s trainer , said . \u201cbut if the handicapper doesn\u2019t put him up , maybe we\u2019ll look at the hennessy .\ncue card hasn ' t won a race beyond 3m 1f and that was a victory at haydock which a flat course . the stiff 3m 2f here is going to be a trip that catches him out unless his rivals run below their best . i know he won last time out against vautour over 3m but i think that was a case of cue card nailing a tired rival on the line rather than catching a horse who saw out the 3m right to the line . i don ' t doubt that cue card is a seriously good horse , i just think he has it all to do to beat don cossack if both horses stay on their feet .\n\u201chere he was the cue card i know , at wetherby i never had that . when he ' s in the form he was today you can ride him any way you want \u2013 he ' s different class . we ' ve had an unbelievable day , cue card ' s shown what he can do .\nhe has been a phenomenal horse for national hunt racing . yes , we have the horse of a lifetime perhaps in sprinter sacre . however , cue card is another very exciting equine star . the king\u2019s theatre gelding has missed the target a couple of times when he was well fancied by punters . that is perhaps why he has been overshadowed . one particular race springs to mind : the supreme novices hurdle of 2011 . cue card went into this race as a banker of the meeting for many punters and pundits alike .\ndisappointment of the season for decades to come the national hunt aficionados will debate long into the night the unanswerable question of whether cue card would ' ve got the better of don cossack in the 2016 timico cheltenham gold cup . a late tumble saw the strong - travelling cue card dislodge paddy brennan from the saddle , and the irish star ' s victory will always be somewhat tarnished by people debating whether he would ' ve been eclipsed by the departing cue card in the closing stages .\nviewers are in for a treat on the second to last day of the festival , as the scintillating cue card struts his stuff in the ryanair chase . below , cue card is shown here winning the sportingbet haldon gold cup chase in 2012 by an absolutely remarkable distance . he has been every bit as solid in 2013 :\n\u201che always finishes his food and he never misses a feed , \u201d says colin of the horse , who is affectionately known as crackle at home . \u201che\u2019s a beautiful horse , a real superstar . \u201d\ndon cossack , vautour and cue card all feature among 14 horses still in contention for the timico cheltenham gold cup on friday at the six - day entry stage .\nwhile the muddy gold cup picture has become a bit clearer thanks to cue card , the champion hurdle scene is even murkier than it already was after last weekend .\ntwo out and the famous maroon silks on bryan cooper and don cossack came asunder , crashing to the turf . the pink colours of ruby walsh began to move up and down more animated as the blue of paddy brennan and cue card started to gain ground . over the last cue card swallowed up the brave vautour to prevail .\nsince winning the ryanair chase at cheltenham back in 2003 , cue card has only run three times over less than three miles and he has been beaten on every occasion .\nlike don cossack and cue card previously , this idyllic win had vanished all the heartache , silenced the doubters and gave this brilliant mare her much deserved place in history .\nsuper saturday the racing horse enjoyed another fabulous saturday and not just because england beat [ . . . ]\nhe finished the 2014 / 2015 season as the highest rated national hunt horse in the uk and ireland .\nbut cue card is the story horse , the one that would send the sellout crowd home satisfied regardless of whether he carried their money . for tizzard , meanwhile , it would surpass even the victory of thistlecrack in thursday\u2019s world hurdle as an advertisement for his way of doing things .\ncue card , silviniaco conti , dynaste and long run all headed to kempton park for the king george vi chase on boxing day . once again , cue card attempted to lead his rivals a merry dance and looked to have the race won jumping the penultimate fence before a late rally by silviniaco conti handed paul nicholls a seventh victory in the contest .\ncue card had not run at the cheltenham festival since his victory there in 2013 , and had had a wind operation following his final start of the 2014 - 2015 campaign .\nfsf rating = form and speed combined rating . based on the horse\u2019s best performance over the last twelve months .\nhorse & hound \u2018s racing correspondent marcus armytage fancies the willie mullins - trained don poli ( pictured below ) .\nhe\u2019ll be trying to follow in the hoof - prints of the likes of first lieutenant and our vic , who both ran well in the ryanair chase at cheltenham before taking this , and is certainly a horse that cue card needs to fear . smad place and aso make up the field .\n\u201cwe\u2019ve got one or two other good ones and people think with cue card maybe time is catching up but it\u2019s not \u2013 he\u2019s every bit as good as he\u2019s ever been . \u201d\ntizzard ' s son and assistant , joe , said :\nboth native river and cue card schooled on tuesday . i don ' t think i ' ve ever seen cue card school so well it was like he was on springs . native river was really good , too . i rode native river myself this ( sunday ) morning and he felt superb .\ncue card , pictured winning the weatherbys champion bumper at the cheltenham festival , races over hurdles back at the track today . photograph : david davies / pa archive / press association images\nsilvianico conti was the well heralded favourite who we all expected to win . the only fear in a tepid field was cue card , and at that point it was hard to even fancy him . cue card had been in the doldrums for the previous 18 months and the phrase \u201cgone at the game\u201d had been used many a time to sum up colin tizzard\u2019s charge .\npaddy brennan has ridden cue card to success in the 2015 betfair chase for trainer colin tizzard . urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . relive all the best action here : urltoken racing uk - pure racing entertainment\ncue card is set to come back in trip for this weekend ' s two - mile - five - furlong grade one feature before a potential second tilt at cheltenham gold cup glory .\ncue card , the winner of the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival in march 2013 , recorded his first success for nearly two years in the charlie hall chase at wetherby on saturday .\nsprinter sacre takes on un de sceaux again in the celebration chase at sandown on saturday and on the following wednesday don cossack and cue card lock horns again in the punchestown gold cup .\non 29 october , cue card made his seasonal debut in the charlie hall chase at wetherby and was sent off the odds on favourite . disappointingly , he was only third to irish cavalier who won at 16 / 1 . cue card ' s second reappearance was in the betfair chase at haydock on 19 november when he beat coneygree by an impressive 15 lengths . [ 15 ]\npaddy brennan has ridden cue card to success in the 2015 betfair chase for trainer colin tizzard . to join racing uk ' s international service visit : urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . racing uk - pure racing entertainment\ntizzard\u2019s meteoric climb now sees him sitting the top table of national hunt racing . the brilliant cue card has been his flag bearer since winning the 2010 champion bumper , the yards first cheltenham festival winner . that day , cue card was sent off as a 40 / 1 outsider and it was the beginning of a special relationship between trainer and horse . i personally remember doing a tipping competition at my work for the festival and a customer told me his horse for the day : \u201c5 . 15 cue card please\u201d . i thought , \u201ci\u2019ve not heard of this , it must be a right rag ! \u201d . i am pleased to admit that i was categorically wrong as he powered up the hill to record an eight length victory over none other than the subsequent 2011 supreme novices\u2019 hurdle winner , al ferof .\nhaving said that , we know cue card is effective over two and a half miles as well , so he has that option ( jlt melling chase ) at aintree , too .\ncolin tizzard\u2019s stable star battled it out to the line with irish raider vautour , culminating in a photo finish . but it was a home win , with cue card just taking the prize .\ntizzard waves away questions about feeling pressure , saying he got over any sense of anxiety quite early in his training career , but he is keenly aware of the need to protect cue card .\ncue card ( foaled 30 april 2006 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse . a specialist steeplechaser , he has won fifteen of his thirty - three races , including nine at grade i level .\njust click on any of the list of races below to go to the race card . you can also click on a horse\u2019s name to go to an individual race record . ( courtesy of the uk\u2019s racing post )\ncue card and don cossack were fighting for position in second and third , with their two jockeys looking to be fretting as they pushed their mounts for a response to the foot perfect jumping ahead .\nridden by joe tizzard , and trained by the winning jockey ' s father colin , cue card pulled away after the final fence having been at the head of the field for most of the race .\nboth horses are reported to have taken those exertions well and could be in line for a rematch in the betway bowl on merseyside , although cue card also has the option of the shorter melling chase .\nhats off to the connections of cue card who this week scratched the lovable 11 - year - old from next month\u2019s ryanair chase , signifying their intentions to once again go for the cheltenham gold cup .\nlee mckenzie and luke elder reflect on the weekend\u2019s racing action , which included cue card\u2019s return to form at ascot , a victory for yanworth at wincanton and vieux lion rouge enhancing his grand national credentials .\ncue card ( 1 . 50 ) is arguably the most exciting prospect in british jumps racing and represents a decent bet if he can be backed at something near even - money at cheltenham this afternoon .\njockey paddy brennan said in an interview published earlier this week he\nwanted to die\nafter cue card fell three fences from the finish in last year ' s gold cup won by don cossack .\nsunbury , england \u2013 december 26 : paddy brennan riding cue card ( r ) clear the last to win the william hill king george vi steeple chase from vatour and ruby walsh ( l ) at kempton park racecourse on december 26 , 2015 in sunbury , england . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images ) * * * local caption * * * paddy brennan ; cue card ; vautour ; ruby walsh\njordan mccarthy is our horse racing expert and a university college cork graduate . he was a prominent member of the ucc horse racing society and will be focusing on the big talking points in racing . he also discusses some of the burning issues in football .\nhow to get into horse racing , whether you want to work with horses at the stables or become a fully fledged jockey .\ncue card ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1965 { 7 } dp = 7 - 8 - 9 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 4 . 33 cd = 0 . 92\ndon\u2019t get me wrong , his form is well below that of cue card\u2019s , it\u2019s just he seems over - priced at 6 / 1 with 188bet back on his favoured soft ground over his best trip .\n\u201cit\u2019s the best feeling in my whole career , \u201d said rider paddy brennan . \u201ci feel very proud today . i\u2019d like to thank cue card and all the staff . he\u2019s run a true race . \u201d\nleading racing writer kevin blake looks at the influx of talent at colin tizzard\u2019s upwardly - mobile dorset yard and assesses what it could mean for tizzard , who also trains national hunt heavyweights cue card and thistlecrack .\ni ' ve never had a career all my life and now i ' m in the autumn of my days and i need something for myself , ' she gabbled , as if reading from a cue card .\nthey try again this year , with the horse bidding to become the oldest gold cup winner since what a myth in 1969 . the stats are against them but this man and horse , who unite in such perfect harmony , would be the week\u2019s most popular winner .\ninspired by the movie ' war horse ' ; the stories of david and adrian ' s grandparents , and paintings of septimus power .\nall i want them to do is run their races , come back fit and sound and may the best horse win .\nanchises 8 . 10 windsor at 6 / 5 . 1pt win advised horse guards gin lord uxbridge novice stake [ . . . ]\ncue card is a horse who has always had his doubters and it emerged after his upset victory in the betfair chase here on saturday that the faith had been ebbing even from those closest to him , only hours before his greatest triumph . at 5 . 30am , unable to sleep , his owners , bob and jean bishop , rang colin tizzard , his trainer , to ask if it was really wise for the horse to be running on soft ground over such a long distance .\nlast year\u2019s betfair chase saw jockey club racecourses re - introduce the \u00a31 - million bonus for any horse who could follow up success at haydock park with victories in the king george vi chase and cheltenham gold cup , under the \u201cchase triple crown\u201d banner . silviniaco conti , cue card and dynaste all headed back to haydock park with holywell , a grade one winner over fences , and cheltenham festival scorer ballynagour completing another high - class field . it was a resurgent 7 / 4 chance cue card , ridden by paddy brennan , who came out on top , scoring readily by seven lengths from the 5 / 4 favourite silviniaco conti , thus becoming the third horse to win the betfair chase at least twice .\nit was only the second time in his career that cue card had run over three miles , and after shaking off roi du mee , tizzard kept silviniaco conti at bay to win by four and a half lengths .\nwe all love a great racing story and thankfully , this year ' s renewal has one . it involves last year ' s winner and veteran cue card , now almost 11 , enjoying some of his best form .\nthe eye - catching gelding , who was last year\u2019s highest rated chaser , hit the headlines at the cheltenham festival in march when storming to victory in the gold cup \u2014 following cue card\u2019s unfortunate fall in the race .\ncue card has came back to somewhere near his best after a pretty poor season in 2014 / 2015 . he ' s won three out of three this season including collaring vautour on the line in the king george . he ' s appeared seven times at cheltenham and has won three of them . he clearly loves it around here but does he want the 3m 2f trip ? that ' s the doubt i have about cue card .\na recent article in the racing post weekender by the legendary tom segal really struck me . not only did he tip cue card for next season\u2019s king george , but he also claimed the colin tizzard trained horse to be the most exciting chaser in training . initially , it seemed a bit ludicrous but after some thought and subsequent performances it is hard to disagree .\njoe was real coy with him from three out , he was sat there , never moved . cue card jumped better than he ever has . he was on his game today , that ' s for sure .\ncue card won his first race , a bumper at fontwell on 25 january 2010 , \u201cso easily\u201d that colin decided they had to go to the champion bumper at cheltenham . so in march 2010 , that\u2019s what they did .\nhaydock was up next and our old friend cue card was back again . he bolts up in the betfair chase . maybe that wind operation has worked wonders after all as there was no excuses for his rivals that day .\nwe then arrived at kempton\u2019s festive offering and the big clash in the king george as cue card battles the top two in the gold cup market don cossack and vautour . cue card has had a king george in the bag before throwing it away up the straight and rumours echoed pre - race ; he doesn\u2019t get the trip , he\u2019s against the big boys today , he\u2019s old now so he\u2019ll get found out . vautour led them along , bryan cooper got into a world of trouble before hitting the deck at the first sight of daylight two out and there was cue card proving them all wrong . he staying on dourly , moving alongside vautour and walsh as the desperate reach for the line took place . a photo was called and cue card had just got there . all heart , all guts , it was a victory for the romantics on a bitter winters afternoon in the south london gloom .\nshould thistlecrack come through his next few assignments in novice company without undue drama , he would be highly likely to be sent off favourite for the gold cup and would represent the biggest danger to cue card landing the bonus . should these circumstances come about , speculation will inevitably run wild that thistlecrack could have his cheltenham festival target changed to one of the novice races or a championship race over a shorter trip to ease cue card\u2019s task in the gold cup .\na pelvic fracture ruled cue card out of the 2014 cheltenham festival but he returned to haydock park later the same year to defend his crown in the betfair chase , when his rivals included silviniaco conti and dynaste again and the philip hobbs - trained menorah , a grade one winner over hurdles and fences . adopting his customary front - running tactics , cue card led the field for much of the race but was headed by silviniaco conti four fences from home .\nhowever , the main danger to cue card looks like coming from empire of dirt . officially - rated just 4lbs off cue card then there might not be much between them . he was last seen running fourth in the ryanair , but before that was a close second to sizing john in the irish gold cup \u2013 form that has since been given a huge boost . he\u2019s won on a variety of different grounds , but is so far unproven at aintree .\ncue cards were originally used to aid aging actors . one early use was by john barrymore in the late 1930s .\nalways towards the head of affairs , cue card jumped with his customary exuberance under the trainer\u2019s son joe and rallied well when pressed by silviniaco conti three fences from home . following a fine leap at the final fence , cue card extended his advantage towards the line to beat dynaste by four and a half lengths , followed by silviniaco conti ( 3rd ) , long run ( 4th ) and tidal bay ( 5th ) as bobs worth faded to come home sixth .\nfollowing on from last year , we are delighted to announce that we are featuring horse racing tips from channel four racing presenter , tom lee .\na top week is in prospect for horse racing fans as the three day aintree grand national meeting kicks - off on thursday 6th april 2017 .\nfollow the sportsman for the latest horse racing news . register with the sportsman to personalise your news feed with your favourite sports and football team .\nthe king george vi chase at kempton was certainly a race for the ages with the outstandingly brave cue card denying vautour victory in the dying strides after don cossack came to grief at the second last obstacle . first and foremost , cue card deserves enormous credit for his performance in this season\u2019s christmas highlight . the tizzard team have showed that they are a stable of immense talent in bringing cue card to the grade 1 heights of this season , but deeper company await at cheltenham for the popular chaser in his bid for the million pound triple crown bonus . there has been much debate on whether or not don cossack would have been able to clinch king george glory if not for falling two out . in my eyes , he never looked to be in a rhythm for the majority of the race , but he surely would have gone mightily close if he had stayed on his feet . however , this is jumps racing and the fences as there to be jumped primarily , so i would not take anything away from the memorable battle between cue card and vautour . don cossack is still most definitely a worthy contender for the gold cup crown this march , but this was cue card\u2019s day .\nin a cruel twist of fate , it was cue card\u2019s turn to fall when still in contention . he more than made up for this when routing the field at aintree and heads next week to punchestown to take on don cossack again .\na winner on his return at ascot , he was outstayed at kempton in the king george vi chase by cue card prior to romping to his cheltenham success ; although he blotted his copybook with a fall at aintree in the melling chase .\nit ' s so nice that he ' s proved he can get in there , and it makes him a real gold cup horse .\nhowever , cue card ran a superb race to finish second , just coming under pressure when barry geraghty\u2019s mount came upsides him on the run for home at liverpool . that race was the highlight of the jump racing season . it saw sprinter sacre beat very good horses and prove , although it was never really in doubt , what a superstar he is . it was great to see cue card give him a race but in the end there was only going to be one winner .\nperhaps the biggest threat to cue card on saturday could be jonjo o ' neill ' s taquin du seuil . he won a big handicap at cheltenham in december before seemingly failing to get home over three miles in the lexus chase at leopardstown .\neven before the flat season ended last weekend , talk had already begun to circulate about a flashy young horse who might shake up the top - class hurdlers this winter . cue card is only four and has raced just once over obstacles but his name features in betting lists for the champion hurdle and defeat would be a major upset when he risks his reputation in the second race at cheltenham today .\ncue card began his next season in the grade ii haldon gold cup at exeter racecourse . competing against more experienced chasers he started the 5 / 6 favourite and won impressively by twenty - six lengths . [ 5 ] he was then moved up in class and distance for the king george vi chase at kempton park racecourse on boxing day , but after making mistakes at the first two fences he tired in the closing stages and finished fifth behind long run . in february , cue card won the grade i ascot chase , beating captain chris by six lengths : he led for most of the race and was never in danger of defeat after the runner - up made a\nterrible blunder\nat the final fence . [ 6 ] at the cheltenham festival , tizzard opted to run cue card in the two and a half mile ryanair chase , rather than taking on sprinter sacre in the two mile queen mother champion chase . starting at odds of 7 / 2 , cue card led from the start and won by nine lengths from the irish - trained favourite first lieutenant . [ 7 ] on his final appearance of the season , cue card finished four and a half lengths second to sprinter sacre in the melling chase at aintree .\n\u201chonestly , if i ' d dreamt a thousand times in my life i never thought i ' d be lucky enough to ride a horse like him .\nthe stable companions were towards the forefront of the betting for friday ' s cheltenham gold cup , with cue card falling at the third - last fence for the second year in succession and native river running a fine race in defeat to finish third .\nand , though it would not have counted towards the title , had cue card won at cheltenham there would have been another \u00a31m for completing the jockey club ' s ' steeplechasing triple crown ' - the betfair chase , king george and gold cup .\nvictory for the ' people ' s favourite ' cue card would bring the house down , but , even at an evergreen 11 , he ' s got to defy the age stats and there ' s a chance 2016 was ' his year ' .\ncue card is a bay gelding with a white star bred by roland crellin at brookfarm , penhow . he is one of many successful national hunt horses sired by the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner king ' s theatre . [ 2 ]\nthe 2015 - 2016 national hunt season in britain provided clear - cut proof of the continued excellence of british - bred thoroughbreds , with rule the world , thistlecrack and cue card claiming the top 3 spots in the list of the season\u2019s highest earners .\nhe may be just short of becoming the absolute best horse out there . after all , the two - mile division is very weak , the 3 mile is lacking what it used to have and somewhere in between is a horse that carries the blue silks with the pink star of mrs . jean bishop . cue card has made that area in between almost his own this year , despite suffering defeat at the hands of sprinter sacre over the trip at aintree . still , he is an intriguing animal although he has had to play second fiddle to \u2018frankel sacre\u2019 .\nwe can ' t be cocky , either , he has got to get round and get over all those fences . we ' ve seen what can happen to the very best with cue card falling last year when having a very good chance .\nthe lineup of the three highest earners over the 2015 - 16 national hunt season is completed by the ever popular cue card . the king\u2019s theatre gelding out of wicked crack has proved to be the biggest and brightest feather in welsh breeder roland crellin\u2019s cap .\nwhether the king george tip will come to fruition is debatable . however this 7 - year - old second season chaser is one of , if not the , most exciting in training ( what about sprinter sacre they say ? ) . sprinter sacre is the greatest national hunt horse on the planet at the moment . however , cue card deserves another title ; themost exciting - , as mr . pricewise puts it .\ncue cards however did not become widespread until 1949 when barney mcnulty a cbs page and former military pilot , was asked to write ailing actor ed wynn ' s script lines on large sheets of paper to help him remember his script . mcnulty volunteered for this duty because his training as a pilot taught him to write very quickly and clearly . mcnulty soon saw the necessity of this concept and formed the company\nad libs .\nmcnulty continued to be bob hope ' s personal cue card man until he stopped performing . mcnulty who died in 2000 at the age of 77 was known in hollywood as the\ncue - card king\n.\ngarde champetre looks the horse to be on in today ' s cross - country event at cheltenham . photograph : david davies / pa archive / press association images\nshowing signs of a revival and well - handicapped on his best form . on the downside , no horse older than six - years has won since 2004 .\nseasonal return for this promising horse . 2013 adonis hurdle form with irish saint , suggests he has a good chance of reversing placings , if at his best .\nheffernan said :\ni was on a horse that handled the conditions well . he ' s straightforward , he ' s very sound and he stays hard .\nas always with the big meetings , matchbook\u2019s horse racing trends expert andy newton gives you the low - down on the trends worth noting for aintree day 1 .\nhe\u2019s clearly a hard horse to keep sound , but hugely talented he could make his mark if avoiding any niggling problems that have beset his career to date .\nthis season he has three wins out of four and the only race he lost when was when falling in the king george at kempton . i still maintain that he wins that race without the fall . in my opinion i think it ' s clear as day that he jumps the second last ahead of cue card and you just know that don cossack stays all day . people will disagree with me but don cossack would ' ve beat cue card in the king george had he jumped the second last more efficiently .\nfor much of the season the betting for the cheltenham gold cup has been dominated by horses from the yard of trainer colin tizzard , and despite the absence of thistlecrack the milborne port handler still has the services of native river and cue card to call upon .\ncue card is the most exciting chaser in training . the interesting thing is that he has achieved so much but could yet go on to achieve so much more . it will be interesting to see if he can feature over a longer trip and on better ground . one thing is for sure next year\u2019s king george could a champion chaser , a ryanair winner and grey that could follow up his amazing win in last year\u2019s feltham over course and distance . can cue card challenge over three miles ? that is another exciting prospect\ni couldn\u2019t help but be taken by imagine the chat\u2019s emphatic success in a 2m 6\u00bdf limited handicap chase at newbury recently and he looks to be a horse that is steadily improving . although the handicapper will more than likely have his say after an easy seven length success under sean bowen , jp mcmanus looks to have a horse capable of holding his own in deeper company later this season . imagine the chat is certainly a horse to keep an eye on over the coming months in staying handicaps .\nas it ' s # pollingday we thought we should run our very own poll . name the 2015 / 16 jumps horse of the season . . . . .\nn . ( context film television english ) a card with writing on it , shown to actors to remind them of their lines .\nas a yearling , cue card was sent to the sales in february 2007 and was bought for \u20ac75 , 000 by aiden murphy . he returned to the sales as a gelding in june 2009 , and was sold to aidan kennedy for \u20ac52 , 000 . [ 3 ]\nstill one of the best staying chasers around right now , he will take some beating - thistlecrack will be a great horse if he lowers his stablemate ' s colours .\nin truth the official ratings suggested cue card had to win as he did , by an eased - down 15 - lengths , but the 4 - 9 favourite still put in some spectacular leaps along the way , in what was an ordinary renewal outside of the market leader .\nwhether or not cue card is king george material remains unclear . the fact that sprinter sacre could go for that race increases this doubt . mr . pricewise feels cue card is a cracking bet for next season\u2019s kempton feature . we will have to wait and see . it could be a case of 2 and a half miles being his ideal trip , or better again 2miles and 5 furlongs . lucky for him he has the ryanair , unlike oscar whiskey who has no 2 and a half mile grade 1 hurdle event at the festival to aim for .\nduring the 2015 - 16 jump - racing season , no british trainer hit the big - race headlines more frequently than colin tizzard as he navigated generally triumphant paths for people ' s - favourite steeplechaser cue card , champion long - distance hurdler thistlecrack and emerging star native river .\nsuch an influx of firepower into a yard that already houses two of the most talented horses in the sport in the shape of cue card and thistlecrack has the potential to elevate tizzard to even greater heights than his excellent fourth - place finish in the british trainers\u2019 championship last season .\nnative river is great ; we ' ll have to consider the world hurdle at the festival with him because if cue card and thistlecrack get clear runs and go to the gold cup is native river going to beat them ? his rating puts him in the world hurdle .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nhe then trounced the opposition in this year\u2019s ryanair despite not being too fluent over a couple of his fences . he beat a quality packed field in that race , with runner - up first lieutenant going on to take the bowl at aintree . that tells you what a serious horse cue card is . the 2m5f trip seems to be tailored for the horse . he has simply excelled at the trip this season . his victories this year have seen him ridden prominently by joe tizzard . his jumping has been great the majority of the time and he has defeated some very talented horses . unfortunately for him he also ran into sprinter sacre .\nnobody saw that coming a year ago . then again , not many people saw cue card coming either , as a serious gold cup contender at least . this year\u2019s race was expected to be all about the 2015 class of novices , ushering an earlier generation into retirement . cue card , a prominent member of that generation ever since his win in the bumper here in 2010 , has not been to the festival since 2013 , when he won the less prestigious ryanair chase . his chance to claim the most valuable and prestigious race at the meeting had apparently been and gone .\ncue card will be all the rage though as he bids to do what he did last season and mop - up this race after falling in the gold cup . he\u2019s another that is getting a bit long in the tooth at 11 , so we should enjoy him while we can .\ntizzard seems to have the midas touch with chasers . behind thistlecrack in the gold cup betting is one of the most improved chasers in national hunt racing , native river . unlike cue card who was a precocious four - year - old bumper horse , this smashing chestnut started his life in the point - to - point sphere and subsequently had six hurdle runs before heading over fences last season . again unlike the speedy cue card , he always had the \u2018dour stayer\u2019 look about him . after starting his chase career at a little over 2m3f ( finishing third ) , the step up to races around three miles has been the making of him . native river has only been out the first two twice when contesting races over three miles or beyond and that will certainly\nnicholls also ran tidal bay in the betfair but the old horse disappointed for the first time in more than 18 months . the welsh national and the lexus are now being considered .\n\u201cthe horse has won his last two \u2013 so any rain probably won\u2019t do him any harm - but it\u2019s five furlongs and we\u2019ll jump out and go as fast as we can .\ndespite suffering the ' fall of the year ' , at the third last fence in the cheltenham gold cup , cue card confirmed his place in the hearts of thousands with wins at wetherby , at haydock in the betfair chase , in the king george vi chase at kempton and at aintree .\nit all started back at wetherby with the enigma that is cue card . we all laughed when paddy brennan started waxing lyrical about his charlie hall win ; paddy\u2019s deluded \u2013 he\u2019s just happy to win on tv again , none of the others were fit , wait till they get to haydock .\nit\u2019s fair to say , his hurdles career wasn\u2019t as fruitful as it first looked . he was fourth in al ferof\u2019s supreme but as an embryonic chaser , his future was always going to lie over fences . tizzard\u2019s meticulous planning of cue card was a joy to behold . he never has once shied away from a challenge and his belief in the horse\u2019s raw ability was a refreshing site to see as often connections can be known to wrap their horses in the proverbial cotton wool .\ncue card has already won this race three times , including when arriving last season off the back of a defeat in the charlie hall . while bristol de mai is 2 / 2 here , they have been in lesser company and his task was massively eased last time at wetherby with neither coneygree nor cue card getting round . he is by no means written off as he is the young improver but at the prices he is too short . outlander has grade 1 winning form in the book , if the cheekpieces work as well second time , he deserves plenty of consideration at a bigger price ."]}
{"id": 9, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena sexmaculata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by champion in 1891 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena sexmaculata", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : the coproporus sp . shown is one of the smallest insects photographed . it is very similar to a hydroscapha sp . skiff beetle . a better photo is needed for a positive i . d ."]}
{"id": 16, "summary": [{"text": "tarzino ( foaled 29 september 2012 ) is a thoroughbred racehorse bred in new zealand and trained and australia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won the victoria derby and rosehill guineas , both group one races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he has won over one and a half million dollars . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tarzino", "paragraphs": ["tarzino was sired by tavistock out of the dam zarzino tarzino was foaled on 29 of september in 2012 .\ntarzino has a 29 % win percentage and 50 % place percentage . tarzino ' s last race event was at flemington .\nhope tarzino turns out to be a real nice horse . didn ' t settle for a stride and pissed in ! # tarzino # derbyday\nthe current race record for tarzino ( nzl ) is 4 wins from 14 starts .\nwent and saw the old mate in nz this morning ! never looked better @ westburystud . # tarzino urltoken\ntarzino ' s exposed form for its last starts is 6 - 8 - 0 - 8 - 4 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for tarzino ( nzl ) . tarzino ( nzl ) is a stallion born in 2012 september 29 by tavistock out of zarzino\nshould get the photo . absolutely outstanding craig newitt . on the big stage he delivered # tarzino # derbyday urltoken\ntarzino\u2019s last race event was at 02 / 10 / 2016 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe victoria derby went according to form , with favourite tarzino winning the feature event of derby day comfortably for trainer mick price .\nhorses dual group i winner tarzino will head to ballarat on monday for tests that will determine the remainder of his spring preparation .\nfor price the victory was a particularly emotional one given the ownership of tarzino which includes himself as well as his wife caroline .\nin the home straight , topweight lizard island joined in , before tarzino came down the outside to hit the front and raced away .\ntarzino , ridden by craig newitt , beat the john o ' shea - trained etymology with western australian galloper kia ora koutou in third .\ncatching up with my old mate # tarzino in nz . so far 150 lucky mares look like going to him . what a prospect ! urltoken\ntrackwork the blinkers are coming off but trainer mick price expects tarzino to retain his concentration in saturday\u2019s group i underwood stakes ( 1800m ) at caulfield .\nsaturday racing atc australian derby favourite tarzino completed his preparation for the target race in his autumn campaign with a pleasing gallop at randwick on tuesday morning .\npunters . in the wash up of golden slipper day . . highlights ? lowlights ? thoughts ? # theunitedstates # winx # tarzino # capitalist # griante\nthis week on # kiwibred : # tarzino at @ westburystud & sir patrick hogan at @ cambridgestud stud . @ tabtrackside 1 7 . 30pm tuesday . urltoken\ntarzino career form is 4 wins , 1 seconds , 2 thirds from 14 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 1 , 647 , 050 .\ngroup 1 racing the cancellation of monday\u2019s cranbourne trials is unlikely to affect dual group i winner tarzino\u2019s performance in saturday\u2019s group i memsie stakes ( 1400m ) at caulfield .\ndoncaster / derby day 02 ( sunline / don ed ) is clearly my fav raceday spent outside vic . hoping for something to rival it today . # winx # tarzino\nhe has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed tarzino throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 16 % return on investment .\nthe tarzino trophy race day launches group 1 racing for the season , bringing the big guns of new zealand racing to hastings to battle at one of the country\u2019s stellar racing events .\ncriterion ' s big move in melbourne cup betting is one of the major changes to the tab\u2019s future race markets following the two meetings from moonee valley : victoria derby tarzino . . .\ntarzino is a 5 year old bay horse . tarzino is trained by m g price , at caulfield and owned by m g price , dr c g lawler , mrs m jurie , j g bebedellis , g bebedellis , mrs c bebedellis , j j mcnicholas , g alas , j p bergin , r a & j e ferguson partnership syndicate , rosemont stud pty ltd syndicate .\nit is a nice return on the $ 60 , 000 price paid for tarzino , a son of tavistock , a horse the trainer had in his stable during his three - year - old season .\naami victoria derby champion tarzino will have a light autumn preparation with the group 1 australian guineas ( 1600m ) at flemington an early target . trainer mick price said the three - year - ol . . .\nall the key changes to the tab\u2019s future race markets following yesterday\u2019s races at caulfield : no changes of note in the manikato stakes and cox plate victoria derby ( tarzino $ 3 . 80 favo . . .\nthe mick price - trained tarzino is set to start a hot favourite to take out saturday\u2019s aami victoria derby at flemington . tab didn\u2019t adjust the price of the $ 2 . 30 favourite after today\u2019s b . . .\nthe $ 1 . 5 million victoria derby had been a frustrating race for caulfield trainer mick price but that was all forgotten on saturday as the trainer finally went home a winner when tarzino outstayed his rivals to take out the 2500m group 1 classic .\nthe moves came early , with red alto going up from the 800m to go after the leaders , with craig newitt starting to slide forward just in behind on tarzino he got to the outside just as they straightened , with the leaders starting to struggle .\nboth price and newitt are confident that he derby win is only just the start of a glittering career for tarzino .\nyou ' ll see him in the cox plate , in the melbourne cup , he ' s a really good horse ,\nprice said .\nthe thing is in these sort of races you have everyone from a to z on your phone wishing you all the best so second is no good .\nat his previous two starts , tarzino had settled back in the field and had no luck and the decision was made to try and have him up handier on saturday .\non the line tarzino , who was heavily backed late from $ 3 . 60 into $ 2 . 90 favourite , had two lengths to spare on the john o ' shea - trained etymology , who was trapped wide in the first half of the race but stuck to his guns determinedly and his rider james mcdonald said he should have finished closer .\noutsider iron boss led a fast - run derby until shards took the lead around the turn , with red alto and ayers rock challenging .\netymology stayed on for second , with kia ora koutou finishing narrowly ahead of red alto .\nhe ' s just an out and out star . he ' s got class written all over him and he just give me the perfect ride today ,\nhe told channel seven .\nhe ' s not a push button horse to ride . it would be nice to win all the time but you can ' t .\nhe put himself in the right spot today . got to the top of the straight and i just - put it all for the horse .\nnewitt thanked trainer mick price for his support and said he wished one member of his family could have been there to see the win .\ni am just really sad that the old man couldn ' t be here today .\nbut i ' ve got three little fellas and my beautiful wife back here waiting for me to come back down , so it ' s pretty emotional .\nprice said he was nervous for the first half - mile of the race .\nit was good for craig . he always wanted to get off heels and get in clear running at the top of the straight ,\nhe told channel seven .\nat the top of the straight he was the one you wanted to be on but he was going to hit the front too early .\nit was a long way up the straight . i was looking for the post but he was too strong . he was in front a long way out .\n'\nhe ' s a really good horse with a lot of capacity to him . he can go to the paddock . he ' ll be a grouse horse in the autumn , i think he ' ll make a weight - for - age four - year - old horse .\n( i ' m ) happy for craig , ( he ' s ) been with me for a long time .\na new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nit ' s no surprise the plight of the soccer team has received global media attention . but it does raise some interesting questions about how we extend empathy and concern to people we don ' t know .\nhobart ' s old zoo is famous as being where the last thylacine in captivity died , but in its heyday people could view elephants , zebras , monkeys and even see a girl walking her pet leopard . what happened to the beaumaris zoo ?\nwe ' ve ranked the top 50 wimbledon players over the last 50 years .\npeter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\n, who is based at caulfield . he is sired by the stallion tavistock out of the dam zarzino .\nr7 g1 turnbull $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 2 : 01 . 03 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 4th , 1200m 4th , 800m 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 070\nr8 g1 underwood $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 50 . 64 , sp : $ 12 in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 840\nr7 g1 makybe diva ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 26 , sp : $ 11 in - running : settled 7th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 220\nr7 g1 memsie $ 10 , 000 ( of $ 500 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 93 , sp : $ 15 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 570\nr7 g1 atc derby $ 100 , 000 ( of $ 2 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 2 : 33 . 67 , sp : $ 1 . 65f in - running : settled 2nd , 1200m 4th , 800m 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 090\nr6 g1 rosehill gneas $ 367 , 000 ( of $ 600 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 56 , sp : $ 3 . 10f in - running : settled 5th , 1200m 4th , 800m 3rd , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 540\nr7 g1 aust gns $ 135 , 000 ( of $ 750 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 28 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : settled 15th , 800m 15th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 080\nr6 g2 autumn stks $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 49 , sp : $ 14 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 570\nr1 2up - trl , winning time : 1 : 12 . 64 sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 720\nr7 g1 vic derby $ 910 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 500 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 38 . 39 , sp : $ 2 . 90f in - running : settled 6th , 1200m 8th , 800m 9th , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 390\nr7 g2 vase $ 18 , 000 ( of $ 200 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 06 . 01 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : settled 11th , 1200m 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 960\nr9 g1 caul guineas $ 20 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 000 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 36 . 47 , sp : $ 17 in - running : settled 12th , 800m 13th , 400m 14th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 940\nr9 3y hcp $ 44 , 000 ( of $ 80 , 000 ) barrier 18 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 44 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : settled 16th , 800m 14th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 430\nr5 3y mdn - sw $ 12 , 650 ( of $ 23 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 26 . 89 , sp : $ 3 . 70 in - running : settled 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 440\nr22 cl2 - trl , winning time : 1 : 03 . 64 sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 280\nr1 2y mdn - sw $ 1 , 400 ( of $ 17 , 500 ) barrier 15 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 29 , sp : $ 7 . 50 in - running : settled 11th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 680\n18 + know when to stop . don\u2019t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nhe is just the image of zabeel , when he lets down you would think zabeel has returned . this is the only horse that has thrown to zabeel even though he is sired by tavistock .\ndual group 1 winner at three - atc rosehill guineas gr . 1 , vrc derby gr . 1\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\ngroup 1 racing an old firm will reunite in saturday\u2019s group i coolmore classic ( 1500m ) at rosehill .\ngroup 1 racing a field of just 16 will start in the $ 3 million group i caulfield cup after two horses were scratched on race morning .\nstewards with the two emergencies gaining a start another runner is subject to a vet check on saturday morning ahead of the 2016 caulfield cup .\ngroup 1 racing the all - important barrier draw has been conducted for the $ 3 million group i caulfield cup ( 2400m ) on saturday where chances have improved or been diminished .\nsaturday racing promising young stayer odeon can take a step towards a victoria derby start with a strong performance in saturday\u2019s ladbrokes supports national jockey trust plate ( 1600m ) at caulfield .\ngroup 1 racing the field for the 2016 australian derby ( 2400m ) has been released and 13 three - year - olds will line up in the set weights feature at randwick on saturday .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nrising red checking out the new zealand air this morning . owners and trainers looking forward to saturday ' s g1 derby with a very happy horse\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ngeneral admission : by donation with all proceeds supporting the hawke\u2019s bay cancer society .\nall of the gate donation fees , along with proceeds from a charity auction , and other generous parties , will support this great charity that\u2019s touched the lives of many families in the hawke\u2019s bay .\nbetween the races promises plenty of action with the hits free family zone with children\u2019s entertainment , live music , and a food precinct offering hawke\u2019s bay\u2019s finest outdoor catering offerings .\nget on - course for a great family day out and support a fantastic cause .\nthe premier lounge is a great way to enjoy your day with friends , work mates and family . the premier lounge has outstanding views of the track with private indoor and outdoor area . this all inclusive package has been extremely successful this year and will sell out throughout the carnival .\nhawke\u2019s bay racing boasts a number of fabulous private indoor lounges for you to host your guests in . these can cater for groups ranging from 20 \u2013 200 guests .\nmembers of hawke\u2019s bay racing enjoy many benefits from free entry to racemeetings and discounts on stand passes , access to members only lounges and . . .\na half - sister to dual hong kong horse of the year ambitious dragon was among 21 weanlings on display at last sunday\u2019s annual hawke\u2019s . . .\nco - trainer chris gibbs confirmed over the weekend that the stable\u2019s progressive young stayer tavidream was \u201cdefinitely queensland derby bound\u201d after a win at ellerslie across the tasman . a well - bred son of tavistock , tavidream is prepared by donna logan and gibbs in new zealand but has been confirmed for a trip down under this brisbane winter [ \u2026 ]\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nthere are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don\u2019t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .\nthere are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . .\ngreyhound racing is probably the best system under which a punter in australia can risk - or rather , invest - his hard earned dough . to my way of thinking there is nothing so good as a standout\n. . .\nthe late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .\nppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a \u201clay\u201d operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .\nyou would like to back a winner every two selections ? that\u2019s a 50 per cent win strike . some dream ! but maybe it\u2019s not so crazy . after all , picking two horses a race and making a \u2018book\u2019 by savin . . .\nthis is part 1 of a two - part exclusive interview with australia ' s greatest professional punter , the late don scott , by ppm ' s brian blackwell . scott discusses his lifestyle , his approach to punting . . .\ni\u2019ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i\u2019ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .\nin fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .\nin this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .\nclassy staying mare jameka has shortened from $ 3 . 40 to $ 3 . 30 with tab for the caulfield cup following the barrier draw on tuesday afternoon . jameka remains the best backed in the race , ahead of a . . .\npunters have quickly targeted awesome rock for the underwood stakes . tab reports that 60 % of all early bets has been on awesome rock ( $ 8 . 00 ) . the winner of the dato tan chin nam stakes opened at . . .\npreferment has attracted plenty of support in the last 48 hours and is now $ 9 to win the melbourne cup on tuesday . the chris waller - trained four - year - old was $ 13 on wednesday morning , bu . . .\nmelbourne cup favourite fame game has firmed from $ 4 . 00 into $ 3 . 80 and is now the shortest price favourite to win the race that stops the nation since so you think ( $ 3 . 00 ) in 2010 . over 25 % . . .\nc . f . orr stakes . . . turn me loose early fav at $ 5 . 50\nturn me loose has been opened as the $ 5 . 50 favourite with tab to win the c f orr stakes following an impressive trial win last week . going for his fourth win in a row , the four year old group 1 . . .\npress statement has been installed as the one to beat in the randwick guineas , opening as the $ 1 . 80 favourite with tab to win the group one . montaigne ( $ 7 . 00 ) and stay with me ( $ 8 . 50 ) look . . .\none of our great packages ! you save over $ 800 , our new blockbuster collection selection service includes tips a gift , a bonus & more . . .\naustralia ' s leading tipping service . daily specials , longshots & ratings . run by professionals with one aim : to make money for members . . .\nprice - trained runners had finished sixth , fifth , fourth , third and second in the race so he was overdue to win with the favourite in the race but he admitted he had been feeling a little pressure .\nthere was a bit of pressure and there ' s a great sense of relief , $ 2 . 60 favourite , it ' s a nice problem to have but they still have to win ,\nprice said .\nhe did that but raced a little too keenly for the first 800 metres before the pace came on when tommy berry allowed iron boss to stride forward and take up the running along the river side .\nnewitt held him together for as long as he could before pressing the button at the 350m and going for home .\non the home turn , i waited and waited ,\nnewitt said .\nbut further up the straight trainer price was just hoping there was enough in the tank to get him home first .\nat the top of the straight he was the one you wanted to be on but he was going to hit the front too early . it was a long way up the straight , i was looking for the post ,\na relieved price said after the win .\ni could put up a case for being unlucky in the race as i was held up at a vital stage ,\nmcdonald said .\nwest australian visitor kia ora koutou ran on strongly for third a further 4 \u00bc lengths away , after being held up for clear running in the early part of the straight .\none of the horse ' s owners , melissa jury , had promised her dying husband that they would win a group race with the horse , another owner had been seriously ill and price had recently sold a share to one of his long - time owners , rob ferguson .\nthere is a real human element to it . it means a lot ,\nprice said .\nto do the job for them is just sensational and that is what the game is all about . it ' s the best game in the world this .\nthe ownership group had stuck together despite some huge offers from hong kong and with a $ 900 , 000 payday on saturday they are no doubt pleased they declined to sell ."]}
{"id": 17, "summary": [{"text": "coprozercon scopaeus is a species of mite , placed in its own family , coprocerconidae , in the order mesostigmata .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described in 1999 from the feces of the allegheny woodrat , neotoma magister , in a cave in kentucky . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "coprozercon", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nfen\u010fa , peter & ma\u0161\u00e1n , peter , 2012 , neocoprozercon europaeus gen . nov . , sp . nov . , the first member of the family coprozerconidae ( acari : mesostigmata ) in the palaearctic region , zootaxa 3204 , pp . 40 - 46 : 40 - 43\ndiagnosis . both sexes with idiosomal shields weakly sclerotised , without well - defined outlines . dorsal idiosoma with podonotal shield in female or podonotal and opisthonotal shields in male and deutonymph , hypertrichous ( more than 100 pairs of setae present ) , bearing two pairs of hypertrophied gland pores gdz 3 and gdz 5 in the opisthonotal region . all stages lacking sternal gland pores gv 1 , adgenital pores gv 2 and anal pores gv 3 . podal plates absent . male ventrianal shield fused to posterior margin of opisthonotal shield and expanded ventrally .\ndescription . idiosoma dorso - ventrally flattened , suboval and small , not exceeding 300 \u03bcm in length . integument pale in colour , very weakly sclerotised ; soft cuticle without striation on surface and scutal area smooth , unornamented , with their margins not well indicated and detectable .\ndorsal idiosoma . sexual dimorphism in dorsal shielding present : female with only podonotal shield developed , opisthonotal portion not armed , with soft cuticular integument on surface ( except small irregular area close to medial posterior margin ) ; male and deutonymph with dorsum entirely covered by two shields abutting each other . female opisthonotum with small and irregular posteromedial area well sclerotised and dark in colour . almost whole dorsum regularly polytrichous in all known stages , with more than 200 setae . dorsal setae simple , smooth , needle - like , relatively short and generally subequal in length . two pairs of gland pores ( gdz 3 and gdz 5 ) on opisthonotum prominent , situated on circular platelets in female or on flat tubercles in male and deutonymph .\nventral idiosoma . tritosternum present , bifurcate . sternal or sternogenital shield usually slightly asymmetric in shape , with lateral margins irregularly sinuated , lacking poroids and gland pores . sternogenital shield of deutonymph divided into sternal and genital portions . female with well separated anal and genital shields , with no ventral plates on opisthogastric region ; anal shield of male anteriorly connected with ventral shield and posteriorly fused to ventral expansion of opisthonotal shield ; deutonymph with separate anal and ventral shields adjacent to each other , and anal shield free . metasternal and metapodal shields present , exopodal , parapodal and endopodal shields absent . peritremes and peritrematal shields strongly reduced and very short in adults , normal and extending to the level of coxae i in deutonymphs .\n. epistome a single , subtriangular smooth projection . chelicera with dentate digits and well developed dorsal seta . ventral surface of hypostome with four pairs of smooth simple setae . deutosternum with smooth anterior margin and five transverse rows of denticles .\nlegs . setation of legs i - ii - iii - iv : coxae 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 , trochanters 6 - 5 - 5 - 5 , femora 13 - 11 - 6 - 6 , genua 13 - 11 - 10 - 10 , tibiae 14 - 10 - 9 - 10 ; tarsi ii\u2013iv with 16 setae .\nintroduced by moraza & lindquist ( 1998 ) . both genera are presently monotypic and may be distinguished from one another by the following characters . in\n; ( 4 ) the lateral margins of the ventrianal shield of male are irregularly sinuate , bearing 1\u20133 pairs of ventral setae ; the inner surface of the shield is has two pairs of ventral setae ; ( 5 ) gland pores gv 1 - gv 3 are absent ; ( 6 ) parapodal shields are absent ; ( 7 ) the epistome is subtriangular in shape , with smooth anterolateral margins ; ( 8 ) the dorsal shields are smooth , with no sculptural pattern on the surface ; ( 9 ) it is larger species , with idiosoma 220\u2013300 \u03bcm in length . in\n, ( 1 ) the dorsal surface is holotrichous , bearing at most 45 pairs of dorsal setae ; the podonotal region has 23 pairs of setae in the adults and deutonymph , the opisthonotal region has 22 pairs of dorsal setae in adults and 20 pairs in the deutonymphs ( excluding two unpaired setae ) ; ( 2 ) in the female , the posterior dorsal region is completely covered by soft cuticle , with no remnants of the opisthonotal shield ; ( 3 ) in the male , the ventrianal shield is separate and free from the ventral expansion of the opisthonotal shield ; ( 4 ) the lateral margins of the ventrianal shield of the male are almost regularly rounded , with no insertion of ventral setae ; the inner surface of the shield has three pairs of ventral setae ; ( 5 ) gland pores gv 3 are present , gv 1 and gv 2 present in females ; ( 6 ) the parapodal shields are present in the male ; ( 7 ) the epistome has a flat base and slender , coarsely denticulate central projection ; ( 8 ) the dorsal shields are lightly reticulated in the female , but more strongly reticulated in the male and deutonymph ; ( 9 ) it is a smaller species , with idiosoma 190\u2013270 \u03bcm in length .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , female . 1 . dorsal idiosoma ; 2 . ventral idiosoma ; 3 . epistome ; 4 . subcapitulum , ventral aspect ; 5 . chelicera , lateral aspect . scales : 50 \u03bcm : figs 1 , 2 ; 20 \u03bcm : fig . 4 ; 10 \u03bcm : figs 3 , 5 .\nfigures 6 \u2013 7 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , male . 6 . dorsal idiosoma ; 7 . ventral idiosoma . scale : 50 \u03bcm .\nfigures 8 \u2013 9 . neocoprozercon europaeus sp . nov . , deutonymph . 8 . dorsal idiosoma ; 9 . ventral idiosoma . scale : 50 \u03bcm .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nes werden alle b\u00fccher ausgefiltert , die bestimmte schl\u00fcsselworte f\u00fcr nachdrucke , print on demand oder facsimiles enthalten . es ist m\u00f6glich , dass auch b\u00fccher ausgefiltert werden , die keine nachdrucke etc . sind .\nes werden nur neuzug\u00e4nge bzw . neuerscheinungen der plattformen zvab und e - bay angezeigt .\nsie haben javascript in ihren browsereinstellungen deaktiviert ! f\u00fcr eine optimale bedienbarkeit der buchsuche empfehlen wir , javascript f\u00fcr urltoken zu aktivieren . um ein aktuelles suchergebnis ohne javascript zu sehen , m\u00fcssen sie u . u . mehrmals auf\nsuchen\nklicken .\nfree shipping on eligible orders over $ 25 versandkosten : zzgl . versandkosten details . . .\n( * ) derzeit vergriffen bedeutet , dass dieser titel momentan auf keiner der angeschlossenen plattform verf\u00fcgbar ist .\nno . 12419290 versandkosten : , de , de ( eur 0 . 00 ) details . . .\nno . 12419290 versandkosten : zzgl . , versandkosten , de ( eur 0 . 00 ) details . . .\nin stock 1156025389 lieferung innerhalb 1 - 4 werktagen . versandkostenfrei , wenn buch oder h\u00f6rbuch enthalten ist , sonst 2 , 95 eur . ab 19 , 90 eur versandkostenfrei . ( deutschland ) b\u00fccher > taschenb\u00fccher > ratgeber\nbuch in der datenbank seit 28 . 12 . 2013 23 : 37 : 43 buch zuletzt gefunden am 07 . 01 . 2018 20 : 43 : 53 isbn / ean : 9781156025383\nfauna of the u . s . rio grande valleys\n, von\nherausgeber : source : wikipedia\n( 9781156025413 )\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 27, "summary": [{"text": "dolichoderus ypsilon is a species of ant in the genus dolichoderus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "described by forel in 1902 , the species is found in areas in western australia in australia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dolichoderus ypsilon", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see dolichoderus ypsilon for further details\n: 259 - worker ; type locality : albany [ 35 / 117 ] , western australia ( dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) ypsilon rufotibialis ) .\ncombination in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) : emery , 1913a pdf : 13 ; in dolichoderus ( diceratoclinea ) : wheeler , 1935c pdf : 69 .\nclark , j . ( 1930 ) the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist , 6 , 252\u2013268 .\nclark , j . 1930b . the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . sugenus hypoclinea mayr . aust . zool . 6 : 252 - 268 ( page 258 , raised to species )\nclark , j . 1930b . 1930 293 the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) , subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist 6 : 252 - 268 ( 20 . viii . 1930 ) .\ncavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960a ) the chemistry of ants . iv . terpenoid constituents of some dolichoderus and iridomyrmex species . australian journal of chemistry , 13 , 514\u2013519 . urltoken\nshattuck , s . o . & marsden , s . 2013 . australian species of the ant genus dolichoderus ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 3716 , 101\u2013143 ( doi 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3716 . 2 . 1 ) .\ndazzini valcurone , m . & fanfani , a . ( 1982 ) nouve formazioni glandolari del gastro in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) doriae em . ( formicidae , dolichoderinae ) . pubblicazioni dell ' istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' universit\u00e0 di pavia , 19 , 1\u201318 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nandr\u00e9 , e . ( 1896 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' asie et d ' australie . revue d ' entomologie ( caen ) , 15 , 251\u2013265 .\nblum , m . s . & hermann , h . r . ( 1978 ) venoms and venom apparatuses of the formicidae : dolichoderinae and aneuretinae . handbuch der experimentellen pharmakologie , 48 , 871\u2013894 . urltoken\ncavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960b ) dolichoderine ant extractives . in : pavan , m . & eisner , t . ( eds . ) , xi . internationaler kongress f\u00fcr entomologie . wien 1960 . verhandlungen . band iii . symposium 3 , symposium 4 . istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' universit\u00e0 di pavia , pavia , pp . 53\u201359 .\nclark , j . ( 1934 ) new australian ants . memoirs of the national museum of victoria , 8 , 21\u201347 .\ncrawley , w . c . ( 1922 ) new ants from australia ( concluded from vol . ix . p . 449 ) . annals and magazine of natural history , ( 9 ) 10 , 16\u201336 . urltoken\ncrozier , r . h . ( 1970 ) karyotypes of twenty - one ant species ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with reviews of the known ant karyotypes . canadian journal of genetics and cytology , 12 , 109\u2013128 . urltoken\ndon , w . ( 2007 ) ants of new zealand . otaga university press , dunedin , new zealand , 239 pp .\nemery , c . ( 1887 ) catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del museo civico di genova . parte terza . formiche della regione indo - malese e dell ' australia . [ part ] . annali del museo civico di storia naturale , 24 , 209\u2013240 .\nfanfani , a . & dazzini valcurone , m . ( 1991 ) metapleural glands of some dolichoderinae ants . ethology ecology and evolution special issue , 1 , 95\u201398 . urltoken\nforel , a . ( 1902 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie , 10 , 405\u2013548 .\nforel , a . ( 1907 ) formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . & hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) , die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . vol . 1 . jena , g . fischer , pp . 263\u2013310 .\nforel , a . ( 1915 ) results of dr . e . mj\u00f6bergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi , 9 ( 16 ) , 1\u2013119 . urltoken\nfreeland , j . , crozier , r . h . & marc , j . ( 1982 ) on the occurrence of arolia in ant feet . journal of the australian entomological society , 21 , 257\u2013262 . urltoken\nheterick , b . e . ( 2009 ) a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum supplement , 76 , 1\u2013206 .\nimai , h . t . , crozier , r . h . & taylor , r . w . ( 1977 ) karyotype evolution in australian ants . chromosoma ( berlin ) , 59 , 341\u2013393 . urltoken\nlowne , b . t . ( 1865 ) contributions to the natural history of australian ants . entomologist , 2 , 331\u2013336 .\nmann , w . m . ( 1916 ) the stanford expedition to brazil , 1911 , john c . branner , director . the ants of brazil . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 60 , 399\u2013490 .\nmayr , g . ( 1876 ) die australischen formiciden . journal des museum godeffroy , 12 , 56\u2013115 .\nmcareavey , j . ( 1949 ) australian formicidae . new genera and species . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 74 , 1\u201325 .\nroger , j . ( 1862 ) einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . berliner entomologische zeitschrift , 6 , 233\u2013254 . urltoken santschi , f . ( 1916 ) deux nouvelles fourmis d ' australie . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 1916 , 174\u2013175 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1951 ) the ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 53 , 169\u2013210 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1966 ) ant larva of the subfamily dolichoderinae : supplement . annals of the entomological society of america , 59 , 726\u2013732 .\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1974 ) ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae : second supplement ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist , 49 , 396\u2013401 .\nwheeler , w . m . ( 1934 ) contributions to the fauna of rottnest island , western australia . no . ix . the ants . journal of the royal society of western australia , 20 , 137\u2013163 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nraised to species : forel , 1907j pdf : 284 ; clark , 1930b pdf : 258 .\nsee also : shattuck & marsden , 2013 pdf : 140 , fig . 27 .\n2 times found in native veg . , rural environ . , 0 times found in banksia / agonis woodland , white soil , 1 times found in mixed native / exotic veg . , rural environ . , 0 times found in state forest .\n2 times soil , 1 times tree - trunk , 0 times on ground .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nthis species is restricted to south - west western australia . the male was described by forel ( 1907 ) .\npronotum rounded , lacking spines ; propodeum with elongate spines directed upward at angle of 45\u00b0 or less to horizontal plane , the angle between them at least 90\u00b0 ; dorsum of petiolar node angular , base of propodeal spines forming a\nv\nwith a narrowly rounded angle connecting their bases ; legs entirely light red or orange .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\n: forel , 1915b : 76 . raised to species : forel , 1907h : 284 ; clark , 1930b : 258 .\nclark ( 1930 ) - black . legs and spines red , mandibles and coxae darker red .\nshining . head punctate , the punctures shallow , the spaces between them finely reticulate . pronotum and mesonotum with somewhat similar punctures , but more scattered . top of the node coarsely rugose . gaster microscopically punctate .\nhair yellow , long and erect , abundant throughout , shorter and suberect on the antennae and legs . pubescence very fine and adpressed on the antennae , coxae and legs , longer and more abundant on the gaster , where it forms a yellowish clothing , not hiding the sculpture .\nshattuck and marsden ( 2013 ) - generally similar but with legs more yellow ( slightly less red ) in some individuals . also , a few specimens have the sculpturing on the mesosomal dorsum reduced medially , this region being nearly smooth .\nmeasurements ( n = 5 ) . ci 92\u201396 ; ei 20\u201325 ; el 0 . 21\u20130 . 29 ; hl 1 . 14\u20131 . 29 ; hw 1 . 05\u20131 . 22 ; ml 1 . 60\u20131 . 81 ; mtl 0 . 95\u20131 . 15 ; proni 69 . 93\u201374 . 15 ; pronw 0 . 76\u20130 . 90 ; si 109\u2013118 ; sl 1 . 22\u20131 . 36 .\nclark ( 1930 ) - yellowish red , gaster darker , apical segments brown .\nopaque . scutellum , epinotum , node and gaster more or less shining . head and mesonotum very finely reticulate and with some very shallow scattered punctures .\nhair yellow , erect , abundant throughout . pubescence whitish , hardly apparent , except on the antennae and legs .\nemery , c . 1913a [ 1912 ] . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . dolichoderinae . genera insectorum 137 : 1 - 50 ( page 13 , combination in d . ( hypoclinea ) )\nforel , a . 1902j . fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . rev . suisse zool . 10 : 405 - 548 ( page 461 , worker described )\nforel , a . 1907j . formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . , hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . band i , lieferung 7 . jena : gustav fischer , pp . 263 - 310 . ( page 284 , male described )\nforel , a . 1907j . formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . , hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) die fauna s\u00fcdwest - australiens . band i , lieferung 7 . jena : gustav fischer , pp . 263 - 310 . ( page 284 , raised to species )\nforel , a . 1915b . results of dr . e . mj\u00f6bergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . ark . zool . 9 ( 1 16 : 1 - 119 ( page 76 , race of scabridus )\nwheeler , w . m . 1935c . myrmecological notes . psyche ( camb . ) 42 : 68 - 72 ( page 69 , combination in d . ( diceratoclinea ) )\nthis page was last modified on 19 august 2017 , at 19 : 25 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhymenoptera name server , 10 - may - 2001 , website ( version 0 . 021 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nforel , a . 1902 ,\nfourmis nouvelles d ' australie\n, revue suisse de zoologie , vol . 10 , pp . 405 - 548\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1ec31f6d - 6f90 - 4683 - 82e0 - fdc6619c0f80\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29cd60e2 - fcb6 - 4b84 - 8fdd - 478c3e6c9ce5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 307ce5e7 - 3076 - 419c - b378 - e057ded67912\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3442bc97 - 7c20 - 4c48 - 8777 - 366d32ae8790\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5d07e23e - 8f39 - 4e94 - 9ef5 - 7117d13891e9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1d7e7b7 - 83f9 - 49b7 - a957 - 6121aa65956f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b434c31a - d402 - 451b - 8069 - a9007b5b3f10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bb89d01d - 85df - 49ff - b198 - d1c8c7dd526c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ebe18303 - 4e46 - 4439 - 98d3 - ea02369b0b2c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 17381e7f - dca2 - 44f5 - a520 - aef936a38702\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nemery , c . 1912b . 1912 519 hymenoptera fam . formicidae subfam . dolichoderinae in wytsman , p . ( ed . ) genera insectorum 137 1 - 50 , 2 pls .\nforel , a . 1902b . 1902 689 fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie 10 : 405 - 548 .\nforel , a . 1907a . 1907 734 formicidae . in michaelsen , w . and hartmeyer , r . , ( eds . ) die fauna s _ dwest - australien . band 1 lieferung 7 : 263 - 310 . jena : gustav fischer .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license ."]}
{"id": 34, "summary": [{"text": "trigonogenium is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "species are native to chile and argentina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : trigonogenium angulosum ( solier , 1849 ) trigonogenium biforme cobos , 1986 trigonogenium subaequale ( fairmaire & germain , 1864 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "trigonogenium", "paragraphs": ["trigonogenium is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles . they are native to chile and argentina .\nbuy beetles for sale buprestidae : trigonogenium angulosum obscure form from chile online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect beetles for sale buprestidae : trigonogenium angulosum obscure form for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . 1 . hovorigenium ecuadorense bellamy , 2007 , holotype , female , 7 . 2 mm ( photo by c . l . bellamy ) ; 2 . trigonogenium angulosum ruginosum ( fairmaire , 1868 ) , female , chile \u2013 las trancas , 9 . 5 mm ; 3 . cimrmanium angulinotum gen . nov . , sp . nov . , holotype , female , 11 . 0 mm ; 4 . same , ovipositor ; 5 . same , left antenna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nb\u00edl\u00fd , svatopluk , 2009 , a new genus and species of the tribe trigonogeniini cobos , 1956 , from belize ( coleoptera : buprestidae ) , zootaxa 2108 , pp . 65 - 68 : 65\ndescription . medium - sized , rather convex , elongate - ovoid , distinctly enlarged posteriorly ; entire dorsal surface except for pronotum with short , recumbent , black ( head ) or grey ( elytra ) pubescence , pronotum glabrous , asetose ; abdominal ventrites with extremely short , grey pubescence ; head deeply impressed above frontoclypeal suture , supraantennal carinae strongly developed ; antennomeres 4\u201311 obtusely serrate , longer than wide ; eyes large , widely reniform , not projecting beyond outline of head ; pronotum with fine , transverse rugae on disc , lateral pronotal margins strongly angulate at posterior fifth , deeply emarginate before posterior angles ; prelateral pronotal carina well - developed , obtuse ; scutellum very small , slightly longer than wide ; elytra nearly regularly convex , enlarged posteriorly with rows of fine , deep , isolated punctures ; elytral epipleura narrow , almost reaching elytral apex ; apical third of elytral margins finely , densely serrate ; prosternal process flat , nearly subparallel , anal ventrite obtusely truncate ; legs long , slender , femora narrowly fusiform , tarsi with ventral adhesive pads on tarsomeres 2\u20134 ; ovipositor long , slender , strongly sclerotised with small , laterally inserted styli .\ngen . nov . ( neuter ) is named after the famous czech traveller , innovator and the last czech polyhistorian , j\u00e1ra cimrman .\nby deeply impressed frons , strongly developed supraantennal carinae , quite characteristic pronotal shape ( fig . 3\n) , transverse rugae on pronotal disc , posteriorly enlarged elytra ( fig . 3\nby the narrow pronotum which is much narrower than the base of elytra ( figs . 2 & 3\n) , much finer dorsal sculpture , slightly prolonged scutellum , longer antennomeres , truncate anal ventrite , frons carinate along inner margins of eyes and by presence of transverse , elytral fields of grey pubescence .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation ."]}
{"id": 41, "summary": [{"text": "the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) is a treeshrew species within the tupaiidae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is native to borneo and inhabits foremost lowland old forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "slender treeshrew", "paragraphs": ["the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) is a treeshrew species in the tupaiidae family . it is found in indonesia and malaysia .\nfirst footage of the slender treeshrew ( tupaia gracilis ) , a scarce bornean endemic and the least common treeshrew in sabah . it was captured in a lowland forest , in sintopy with tupaia tana .\nis a species of treeshrew in the tupaiidae family . it is found in indonesia and malaysia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nborneo , sarawak , baram dist . , apoh river at base of mt . batu song .\nborneo below 1 , 200 m , including sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except se ; west to islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi isl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern as although the species is not common and its habitat continues to decline in the face of ongoing forest loss in the lowlands of borneo , the species shows some adaptability to disturbed environments , and it is unlikely that past or future declines over 10 years would not be at a rate that would warrant listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is found on borneo below 1 , 200 m , in sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except in the south - east ; west to the islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi island ( helgen 2005 ) . it is sympatric with tupaia minor , t . longipes , and t . tana on borneo ( .\nthis species is somewhat rare ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it seems patchily distributed , being present at low densities in some sites , but apparently absent from other forested areas ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is found in lowland old growth forests , secondary forest and in older ( > 5years ) tree plantations ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nthe major threat to this species is loss of habitat due to logging , agricultural expansion and conversion of land to plantations .\nit occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , including lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary ( han and engkamat 2000 ) . the preservation of old and regenerating forested areas , and natural forest remnants within tree plantations , will benefit this species . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41495a115189017 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nemmons , l . h . 2000 . tupai : a field study of bornean treeshrews . university of california press , berkeley , ca , usa .\nhan , k . h . and engkamat , l . 2000 . a species inventory of small mammals for the development of lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary as a totally protected area . proceedings of international itto workshop 2000 development of lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary as a totally protected area phase ii : 120\u2013134 . malaysia .\nhelgen , k . m . 2005 . order scandentia . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , pp . 104 - 109 . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland , usa .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 april 2017 ) .\npacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87\u201394 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthanks andhi , i always refer it as squirell in the past , not anymore . stick with tupaia or tupai : ) glad to know that we still have heaps of these in the wild ."]}
{"id": 49, "summary": [{"text": "mirapinna esau , the hairyfish , is a species of flabby whalefish only known from the atlantic ocean from near the azores .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "formerly considered a member of the no longer recognized family mirapinnidae , this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "mirapinna esau", "paragraphs": ["hairyfish , also known as mirapinna esau , lodsilungur , fur - bearing trout .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2012 ) .\nmirapinna esau\nin fishbase . august 2012 version .\nmirapinna esau bertelsen and marshall 1956 ( hairy fish ) named after esau , a hairy character of the bible . the fish has curious growths all over its body , making it look like it is covered in fur .\n( after jacob ' s hairy brother , esau , in the bible ) .\nwhy do you think this makes no realistic sense , or that the hair is nuisance ? you should look up the mirapinna esau , which is a furry fish .\nscientific synonyms and common names mirapinna esau bertelsen & marshall , 1956 synonyms : mirapinna esau bertelsen & marshall , 1956 , dana rep . , ( 42 ) : 4 - 6 , fig . 1 - 2 , and 12 ( north atlantic 500 miles north of the azores , 47\u00b0 20 ' n . , 22\u00b0 30 ' w . ) . holotype : zmuc . common names : none\nthe specific name is from the character esau in the bible , who is stated to be a hairy man ( genesis 27 : 11 ) .\nrecent sightings : hairyfish sightings are reported almost annually by fishermen , but most of these sightings have not been verified . to complicate identification , scientists now believe that the hairyfish captured in 1911 was not a unique species , but only a juvenile whalefish , not a unique species , and discontinued use of the genus mirapinna . however , this change in taxonomic description does not explain the freshwater fur - bearing fish sighted in ontario , maine and montana .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -\nachelousaurus horneri sampson , 1995 ( ceratopsian dinosaur ) . this hornless ceratopsian evolved from horned ancestors . it was named for achelous , a greek river god whose horn was broken in a battle with heracles . the species name ( for paleontologist jack horner ) replaces the lost horn . [ j . vert . paleo . 15 ( 4 ) ]\nacherontia atropos linnaeus , a . lachesis fabricius 1798 , and a . styx westwood , 1847 ( deathhead hawk moth ) acheron and styx are rivers in the greek underworld . atropos and lachesis are two of the fates .\nacteon montfort , 1810 ( gastropod ) named after the hunter actaeon of greek myth . the snails are predatory .\nanapachydiscus terminus ward ( late cretaceous ammonite )\nthis was the last ammonite ever to have evolved on earth .\nnamed for terminus , the roman god of boundaries .\narethusa ( swamp pink ) this orchid grows in aquatic environments in eastern north america . named for a greek nymph whom artemis transformed into a spring so that she might not suffer the passions of a river god .\nargonauta argo linnaeus ( paper nautilus ) named for jason ' s ship and its crew .\nasklepia liebke , 1938 ( ground beetle ) named after asklepius , greek god of healing , for unknown reasons .\nastraptes augeas brower 2010 ( skipper butterfly ) named for the augean stables , whose cleaning was hercules ' fifth labor .\nthe name recognizes the enormous throughput of the acg barcoding endeavour and the resultant labour required of systematists .\n[ syst . biodivers . 8 : 486 ]\nathene boie , 1822 ( burrowing owl ) the owl was athene ' s sacred bird .\natropoides werman , 1992 ( jumping pitviper ) named after atropos , the fate which cuts off a person ' s life . there are also numerous species with specific epithet atropos , including the adders bitis atropos linnaeus , 1758 and clotho atropos gray , 1849 ( a synonym for bitis inornata ( smith , 1838 ) ) .\ncassiopeia andromeda ( eschscholz ) ( upside - down sea jelly ) andromeda was the daughter of cassiopeia in greek myth .\ncloacina von linstow 1898 ( nematode ) found only in the stomachs of kangaroos ; named after cloacina , the roman goddess of the sewers .\ncymodoce , dynamene , eurydice , jaera , janira , limnoria ( isopods ) all of these , described by leach in 1814 , are names of nereids , probably taken from the preface of fabulae by hyginus . the first nereid isopod , however , was ligia fabricius , 1798 .\ndaedalosaurus carroll , 1978 ( late permian gliding reptile from madagascar ) and icarosaurus colbert , 1970 ( upper triassic gliding reptile from new jersey ) , after daedalus and icarus .\nicarops hand et al . , 1998 ( miocene bat from australia )\nfrom icaros , the mythological greek who flew towards the sun , in reference to the ancient mystacinid that flew eastwards from australia to new zealand .\n[ j . paleo . , 538 - 540 ] .\ndamocles lund , 1986 ( carboniferous shark ) the males had an elaborate projection from the back that ended poised over its head .\nglaucus forster , 1777 ( nudibranch ) named after a prophetic sea god , a fisherman who turned immortal upon eating a magical herb .\ngorgonocephalus medusae ( basket star ) the basket star looks like a mass of serpents . medusa was the most famous of the gorgons , which had serpents for hair .\nhadoprion ( hinde , 1879 ) ( fossil polychaete ) named after hades . ( the\n- prion\nmeans\nsaw ,\nafter the fossil ' s toothed nature . )\ngeophilus hadesi stoev , et al . 2015 and geophilus persephones foddai & minelli , 1999 ( cave centipedes )\nhydraena nike j\u00e4ch 1995 ( beetle ) named for nike , greek goddess of victory , because samothraki , the location of the beetle , is also the source of a superb statue of nike . [ ann . naturhist . mus . wien 97b : 177 - 190 . ]\nkerberos sol\u00e9 et al . 2015 ( eocene hyaenodont ) named after cerberus ( kerberos in greek ) , the three - headed dog that guarded the gates of hades . [ plos one 10 ( 9 ) ]\nthermarces cerberus rosenblatt and cohen , 1986 ( eelpout fish ) from the galapagos rift vents .\nlachesis daudin , 1803 ( bushmaster ) this largest of pit vipers is named after the fate who apportions each individual ' s lifespan .\nmerope newman , 1838 ( earwigfly ) merope is one of the pleaides sisters .\nmercuriceratops gemini ryan et al . , 2014 ( cretaceous ceratopsid dinosaur ) named after mercury because ornamentation on its head resembles the wings on the head of the roman god , and gemini because two almost identical specimens were found .\nmoira atropis and m . clotho ( heart urchins ) in greek myth , the moirae are the three fates , named atropis , clotho , and lachesis .\nmyotis midastactus moratelli & wilson , 2014 ( bat ) the specific epithet is\nmidas touch\nlatinized , alluding to the mythical greek king whose touch turned everything into gold , referring to the bat ' s unique golden fur .\nnemertes cuvier , 1817 ( sea worm ) named for the sea nereid nemertes , wisest of her sisters .\nouroborus stanley et al . , 2011 ( armadillo lizard ) the ouroboros is an ancient symbol of a serpent or dragon devouring its own tail . the lizard , when threatened , grabs its tail in its mouth and curls up .\npapio hamadryas ( hamadryas baboon ) hamadryads , in greek myth , were nymphs whose lives began and ended with a particular tree . these baboons live in rocky and dry areas and rarely climb trees .\npectinivalva ( casanovula ) minotaurus hoare , 2013 ( moth ) named for the minotaur because its flattened antennae resemble horns . [ zookeys 278 ]\nphoenix ( date palm ) probably named not after the mythical bird , but for a king who fought with the greeks at troy and is credited with bringing the first date palms to greece .\nchalicodoma pluto smith , 1860 ( world ' s largest bee , from the rainforests of the moluccas ) the type specimen was collected by alfred r . wallace . only one other specimen was found before 1990 , when several nests were found in termite nests .\nproteus laurenti 1768 ( blind cave salamander ) europe ' s only troglobitic chordate . named for a greek sea god , the son of poseidon . there is also amoeba proteus ( amoeba ) , so named because proteus had the ability to change form .\nsisyphus latreille , 1807 ( dung beetle ) named after a king condemned in hades to roll an immense boulder uphill , only to have it inevitably break free and roll down again , this beetle makes and rolls large balls of dung with greater success .\nsterculius ( rove beetle , or plant ) sterculius was the greek god of the latrine , and rove beetles are often found associated with dung . sterculius is also a genus of plant , many species of which emit a dung - like odor from flowers or leaves . its family , sterculiaceae , also includes chocolate and cola .\ntalos zanno et al . , 2011 ( birdlike theropod dinosaur ) named for a winged bronze giant of greek mythology , which could run extremely fast and which succumbed to an ankle wound . the name is also a pun on\ntalon\n.\ntethys linnaeus , 1767 ( sea slug ) tethys was both sister and wife of oceanus .\ntitanus giganteus ( l ) ( cerambycid beetle ) the world ' s largest ( but not heaviest ) beetle .\nupupa antaios olson , 1975 ( extinct giant hoopoe ) named for the libyan giant antaios ( or antaeus ) , who wrestled travelers and used their skulls to decorate a temple to his father poseidon . drawing strength from the ground , he was invincible until heracles held him up .\nurania fabricius , 1807 ( moth ) diurnal moths ironically named after the muse of astronomy .\nvenus dione linnaeus , 1758 ( clam ) named after venus , goddess of love , and dione , mother of her greek equivalent aphrodite , due to the clam ' s resemblance to human female genetalia . ( its new genus is hysteroconcha meaning\nwomb shell\n. )\nzeus olympius minter & diam . ( 1987 ) ( fungus ) discovered on mt . olympus . the expedition which discovered it also found , growing on the remains of a z . olympius , another flask - shaped fungus in the genus nectria ( alas , derived from the greek for\nswimmer\n, not from nectar , the drink of the gods ) , which was named nectria ganymede , after the youth taken to heaven to be zeus ' s cupbearer .\naegirosaurus bardet & fernandez , 2000 ( upper jurassic ichthyosaur ) named for aegir , god of the oceans and seashores .\nasgard archaea\n- a superphylum of archaea with some genetic similarities to eukaryotes . lokiarchaeota was the first phylum proposed ; thorarchaeota , odinarchaeota , and heimdallarchaeota have been added to the group .\nasgardaspira wagner 1999 ( snail ) it is very loosely coiled , with a serpent - like look . [ smithsonian contrib . to paleobiology 88 : 1 - 154 ]\neoconodon nidhoggi van valen , 1978 ( paleocene mammal ) named for the nordic corpse - eating underworld serpent ( and found in purgatory hill ) .\nmidgardia downey , 1972 ( starfish ) from the midgard serpent ,\nwhich lies at the bottom of the sea and encircles the earth .\nmidgardia xandaros has the longest arms ( 67 cm . ) of any known starfish . [ proc . biol . soc . wash . 84 : 422 ]\nragnarok van valen , 1978 ( paleocene mammal , synonym of baioconodon gazin , 1941 ) for norse end times ,\ndoom of the gods .\nscutisorex thori stanley et al . , 2013 ( hero shrew ) hero shrews are unusually strong . [ biol . lett . 9 ( 5 ) ]\nbalaur csiki et al . , 2010 ( theropod dinosaur ) a balaur is a dragon - like creature from romanian myth .\nsampo \u00f6pik , 1933 ( ordovician brachiopod ) named for the three - sided magic mill that in finnish mythology created flour , salt , and gold .\nzalmoxes nopsca , 1899 ( cretaceous iguanodontid ) named for the dacian supreme deity zalmoxis .\nzilantophis jasinski & moscato ( miocene or eocene snake ) named after zilant , a winged serpent in tatar mythology , because of wing - shaped projections on the side of the fossil ' s vertebrae .\nangelica archangelica linnaeus ( umbellifer ) traditionally said to bloom on may 8 , the day of st . michael the archangel .\nanzu lamanna et al . , 2014 ( theropod dinosaur ) named for a feathered demon in akkadian and sumerian mythology .\nlivyatan lambert et al . 2010 ( fossil sperm whale ) . originally named leviathan , but that name was junior homonym ; german paleontologist albert koch used it for an american mastadon skeleton in 1841 , which name was itself invalid as mammut had priority . lambert et al . renamed the fossil whale livyatan , from the original hebrew spelling . [ nature 466 : 105 , 1134 ]\nifrita rothschild 1898 ( blue - capped babbler of new guinea ) from arabic ifrit ' djinn or spirit ' .\nipomopsis sancti - spiritus ( polemoniaceae ) holy ghost ipomopsis , an endangered plant .\nziziphus spina - christi ( l . ) ( spiny shrub or tree ) christ ' s crown - of - thorns is traditionally said to have been made from this plant .\nbeelzebufo evans , jones and krause , 2008 ( cretaceous frog from madagascar ) nicknamed\nthe frog from hell\nby the researchers .\ndiabloceratops kirkland et al . , 2010 ( cretaceous ceratopsian dinosaur ) its horns and neck shield evoke images of the devil .\nhalicephalobus mephisto borgonie et al . , 2011 ( nematode ) the deepest known land animal , discovered 2 . 2 miles underground .\nsatan hubbs & bailey , 1947 ( catfish ) a blind unpigmented fish from artesian wells 1000 - 1250 feet underground , near san antonio , tx .\nsatan eurystomus signifies ' wide - mouthed prince of darkness . '\n[ occasional papers mus . zool . , u . of mich . 499 : 1 - 15 . ]\nsatanoperca lilith kullander & ferreira 1988 ( amazonian cichlid ) there were also s . daemon and s . jurupari ( the latter named after a tupi forest demon ) , but these have been moved to the genus geophagus . [ cybium 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; ann . wien . mus . naturges . 2 : 389 , 392 ]\nsolidago satanica lunell , 1911 ( goldenrod ) its type specimen came from devil ' s lake , north dakota . ( it is now probably synonymized with another species . ) [ american midland naturalist 2 : 58 ]\nmoloch gray , 1841 ( thorny devil lizard ) named after a canaanite god as depicted by milton .\nninurta stanley et al . , 2011 ( blue - spotted girdled lizard ) ninurta was the sumerian and akkadian god of , among other things , rain and the south wind . the lizard ' s genus refers to its occurrence along the cool , moist south coast of south africa . [ mol . phylo . evo . 58 : 53 ]\nstygimoloch galton & sues , 1983 ( pachycephalosaur ) from\nstyx\n, for the hell creek formation ;\nmoloch\n, after a canaanite god .\nzu walters & fitch , 1960 ( ribbonfish ) zu was an lesser akkadian deity .\nabydosaurus ( brachiosaur ) described from a fossilized skull and cervical vertebrae , it is named for the town abydos in egypt , where osiris ' s head and neck were buried .\nammonoidea ( ammonite , fossil cephalopod ) named after the egyptian god amun ( ammon ) , who was represented by a ram , because the shells resemble ram ' s horns - - in particular , the horn of ammon , the cornucopia from roman myth .\ntasmaniosoma anubis mesibov 2015 ( millipede ) so named because the tip of the male genitalia resembles popular depictions of the jackal - headed god . [ zookeys 488 : 31 ]\nkheper aegyptiorum latreille , 1827 ( dung beetle ) named after khepera , god of the rising sun ; the dung beetle is his emblem .\nthalassodromeus sethi kellner & campos , 2002 ( cretaceous pterosaur ) named after the egyptian god seth because of the shape of its large crest . ( but probably the god amun , whose crown is a closer match , was intended . )\njobaria sereno et al , 1999 ( cretaceous sauropod ) from the niger republic ; named for\njobar\n, a creature from tuareg mythology .\nazhdarcho nessov , 1984 ( cretaceous uzbekistan pterosaur ) named for an uzbek dragon .\nerlikosaurus perle , 1980 ( mongolian therizinosaur ) erlik is the siberian / mongolian god of the dead .\nindricotherium ( oligo - miocene rhinoceros ) this , the largest terrestrial mammal , was named for indrik , the lord of the animals in russian folklore . ironically , indricotherium was hornless , while lord indrik was horned .\nsamrukia naish et al . , 2012 ( cretaceous pterosaur ) named after samruk , a kazakh mythical bird .\nsordes sharov , 1971 ( jurassic kazakhstan pterosaur ) named for a russian demon .\napsaravis norell & clark , 2001 ( fossil bird ) ' apsara ' ( sanskrit ) , winged consorts prominent in buddhist and hindu art , plus ' avis ' ( gk ) , bird .\nbramatherium falconer , 1845 ( miocene giraffid ) , vishnutherium ( fossil giraffid ) , sivatherium falconer & cautley , 1832 ( pleistocene giraffid ) named for the hindu gods brahma , vishnu , and shiva , the creator , sustainer , and destroyer . all these giraffids are from india .\ncitipati clark , norell & barsbold , 2001 ( oviraptor dinosaur ) citipati are funeral demons from buddhist tradition , often represented by two dancing skeletons , representing the impermanence of worldly things .\ndibasterium durgae briggs et al . , 2012 ( fossil horseshoe crab ) named for the hindu goddess durga , who has many arms . ( the genus name refers to double limbs . ) [ pnas 109 : 15702 ]\ngarudimimus barsbold , 1981 ( theropod dinosaur )\ngaruda mimic\n; garuda is the hindu prince of birds and national symbol of indonesia .\nmegalara garuda kimsey & ohl , 2012 ( wasp ) from sulawesi , indonesia . [ zookeys 177 : 49 ]\nlakhsmia venusta ( thwaites ) veldk . , 2008 ( grass from sri lanka ) lakshmi is the hindu goddess of beauty , charm , prosperity , and other positive things . the specific epithet derives from the roman goddess of beauty , venus . [ rheedea 18 ]\nprotogryllus lakshmi p\u00e9rez - de la fuente et al . , 2012 ( jurassic cricket ) here , lakshmi ' s influence over wealth and prosperity is the inspiration .\nstegodon ganesa ( pliocene elephant ) named for ganesa , the elephant - headed hindu god of wisdom and art . it was the subject of the world ' s first postage stamp featuring a reconstructed prehistoric animal ( in india , jan . 1951 ) .\nwathondara wang et al . , 2015 ( cretaceous scale insect ) named for an earth goddess of buddhist mythology . [ elife 4 : e05447 ]\nyamaceratops makovicky & norell , 2006 ( mongolian ceratopsian dinosaur ) named for yama , a tibetan buddhist deity .\naorun choiniere et al . 2013 ( theropod dinosaur ) named for ao run , the dragon king of the west sea , from the mandarin epic journey to the west .\nizanami galil & clark , 1994 ( matutine crab ) named for izanami , the primordial goddess in japanese shinto mythology .\nmahakala turner et al . , 2007 named for one of eight protector deities of tibetan buddhism .\ntara peckham & peckham , 1886 ( jumping spider ) named for the buddhist saviour - goddess , the feminine counterpart of the bodhisattva .\narkarua gehling , 1987 ( ediacaran echinoderm ) named after arkaru , a giant snake from the mythology of the adnajamathana people of the central flinders ranges .\nkakuru molnar & pledge , 1980 ( theropod dinosaur )\nrainbow serpent\nfrom south australia . it is the only known dinosaur preserved as opal .\nkiwa 2006 (\nyeti crab\n) named for the polynesian goddess of crustaceans .\nmauisaurus hector 1874 ( plesiosaur from new zealand ) after maui , a demi - god of maori mythology .\nobdurodon tharalkooschild pian et al . , 2013 ( miocene platypus ) the specific epithet comes from a myth from south australia ( from the dieyerie people ? ) in which a duck named tharalkoo is ravished by a water rat and gives birth to the platypus .\npseudionella akuaku boyko & williams , 2001 ( isopod ( crustacea : isopoda : bopyroidea ) parasitic on hermit crabs ) named after a polynesian spirit known to pinch children .\nquinkana molnar , 1981 ( extinct crocodylian ) named after the quinkans , a legendary folk often depicted in australian rock art .\ntangaroa lehtinen , 1967 ( tahitian uloborid spider ) named for the tahitian god of the sea .\ntaniwhasaurus hector 1874 ( mosasaur from new zealand ) a taniwha is a dragon - like giant lizard of maori myth .\ntinirau swartz , 2012 ( devonian fish ) named for tinirau , a polynesian god , gaurdian of fish .\nwonambi smith , 1976 ( extinct snake ) this giant snake takes its name from a south australian aboriginal name for the rainbow serpent .\nwoolungasaurus persson 1964 ( plesiosaur from australia ) after the woolunga , a reptile - like beast from aborigine mythology .\nxevioso lehtinen , 1967 ( amaurobiid spider ) named for a west african god of storm .\nyhi barnard & thomas , 1991 ( amphipod ) named for an australian ( specifically , karraur ) goddess of light and creation .\nyurlunggur scanlon , 1992 ( middle miocene madtsoiid python ) named for the australian rainbow serpent yurlunggur .\nalabagrus coatlicue , a . ixtilton , a . mixcoatl , and a . xolotl ( braconid wasps ) named for aztec deities .\naztlanolagus russell & harris , 1986 . ( aztl\u00e1n rabbit , a pliocene / pleistocene lagomorph ) . aztl\u00e1n is the legendary place of origin of the nahua peoples as recorded in the mythology of the aztecs and other nahua groups . some traditions place it in the border regions of the southwestern united states and adjacent northern mexico .\neurhopalothrix hunhau , e . mabuya , e . xibalba and e . zipacna longino , 2013 ( ants ) all names relate to the mayan underworld . xibalba is name of the mayan underworld . hunhau is a mayan death god and a lord of the underworld . zipacna is a crocodile - like demon , and mabuya another demon . [ zootaxa 3693 : 101 ]\nmammillaria huitzilopochtli hunt , 1979 ( mexican cactus ) named for huitzilopochtli , an aztec war god .\ntlaloc alvarez & carranza , 1951 ( central american killifish ) named for the aztec rain and fertility deity .\nquetzalcoatlus northropi lawson , 1975 ( texas pterosaur ) named after an aztec god and an aircraft designer . the pterosaur was as large as an ultra - light plane .\naleiodes mannegishii fortier , 2009 ( braconid wasp )\nrefers to tricksters called the mannegishi , with large eyes , mythical ' little people ' described by the cree people .\naleiodes selu fortier , 2009 ( braconid wasp )\nrefers to the cherokee corn woman , selu , and refers to the bright yellow - orange coloration of the female .\n[ zootaxa 2256 ]\nanhanguera campos & kellner , 1985 ( brazilian pterosaur ) named for a tupian spirit .\natopophlebia pitculya flowers , 2012 ( mayfly ) named for a mythical being which the cayapas of ecuador say lives in streams and decorates its body with yellow dye . the mayfly is yellow . [ zootaxa 3478 : 15 ]\nbrontotherium marsh ( oligocene ungulate ) named for the sioux mythical\nthunder beast\n( albeit in greek , not siouxan ) associated with the big fossils exposed by thunderstorms in the dakota badlands .\nhoplias curupira oyakawa & mattox , 2009 ( wolf fish ) named after the curupira , a mischievous creature of brazilian folklore that protects the forest ; it appears as a small child with its feet turned backwards , making it difficult to follow its tracks . the fish was so named because it took almost 18 years to gather enough material for the description . [ neotrop . ichthyol . 7 : 128 ]\nkelenken guillermoi bertelli et al . , 2007 ( phorusrhacid ) an extinct giant flightless carnivorous bird named after a ' fearsome spirit of the tehuelche tribe . . . represented as [ a ] giant bird of prey ' [ j . vert . paleontol . 27 : 409 ]\nkokopellia cifelli , 1993 ( cretaceous mammal ) named for kokopelli , flute - playing god of the anasazi . [ pnas 90 : 9413 ]\nmapinguari wiedemann , 1828 ( gigantic mydid flies ) named for an ogre of amazonian indian folklore . only three specimens are known .\nsacisaurus ferigolo & langer , 2006 ( ornithischian dinosaur ) named for saci , a one - legged elf from brazilian folklore , because the fossil was missing a leg .\nseitaad ( sauropodomorph dinosaur ) named for a mythological navajo beast that swallowed its prey in sand dunes , alluding to the own creature ' s death .\nsiats zanno & makovicky , 2013 ( theropod dinosaur ) this giant cretaceous predator discovered in utah is named after the siats ( pronounced\nsee - atch\n) , a voracious monster of ute legend .\ntapejara kellner , 1990 ( brazilian pterosaur )\nthe old being\nfrom tupi mythology .\ntupilakosaurus nielsen , 1954 ( fossil amphibian ) named after an inuit water spirit .\ntupuxuara kellner & campos , 1989 ( pterosaur from brazil ) named for a tupian\nfamiliar spirit\n.\nyawunik kootenayi aria et al . , 2015 ( cambrian predatory arthropod ) named after yawu\u02c0nik , a sea monster from the ktunaxa ( kootenay ) creation myth , which caused such disturbance that the other animals hunted and destroyed him .\nzupaysaurus arcucci & coria , 2003 ( triassic theropod ) supay ( aka zupay ) was the incan god of death and ruler of the underworld .\n< < - home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback - > >\nlatin , mirus = wonderful + latin , pinna = thorn ( ref . 45335 )\neastern atlantic : one specimen caught north of azores island ( 47\u00b020 ' n , 22\u00b030 ' w ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 557 )\npelagic ( ref . 51024 ) . only known specimen was caught near the surface . feeds on copepods ( ref . 6713 ) .\nwheeler , a . , 1977 . das grosse buch der fische . eugen ulmer gmbh & co . stuttgart . 356 p . ( ref . 557 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nromero , p . , 2002 . an etymological dictionary of taxonomy . madrid , unpublished .\nthis dictonary resides in a database and will eventually be published . etymology of names was made available to fishbase in spreadsheets . see in rms as 45335 _ romero . xls which is in spanish .\npelagic ( ref . 51024 ) . only known specimen was caught near the surface . feeds on copepods ( ref . 6713 ) .\n5 . 5 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 557 ) )\ngrows to a length of 5 . 5 centimetres ( 2 . 2 in )\n. little is known of the fish beyond its appearance . wheeler ( 1977 ) states that only one specimen was caught , near the sea surface , and that it was a\nthe generic name is from the latin ' mirus ' ( wonderful ) , ' pinna ' ( thorn ) , for the unusual fins possessed by this fish .\nwheeler , a . ( 1977 ) . das grosse buch der fische . stuttgart : eugen ulmer . pp . 356 pp .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nd 16 ; a 14 ; p 13 ; v 8 ; other characters : see family .\n: only one known specimen caught north of the azores ( 47\u00b0 20 ' n , 22\u00b0 30 ' w ) . ( re - examination by author of a specimen from the pacific , referred to as this\nbertelsen , e . ; marshall , n . b . 1956 . the miripinnati , a new order of teleost fishes . dana rep . , ( 42 ) : 1 - 34 , 15 fig . , i pl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nzoologist , media consultant , and science writer , dr karl shuker is also one of the best known cryptozoologists in the world . author of such seminal works as\nhis many fans have been badgering him to join the blogosphere for years . the cfz blog network is proud to have finally persuaded him to do so .\n, the hairy fish , whose controversial , highly unexpected zoological identity has only recently been exposed . here is its fascinating history - excerpted from my soon - to - be - published latest book ,\nthe year 1956 saw the description of a 2 . 5 - in - long hump - backed fish so grotesque in appearance that it required a wholly new family to accommodate it . caught many years earlier ( in june 1911 ) at the surface of the mid - atlantic about 550 miles north of the azores , this extraordinary fish seemed to be covered in hair ! closer examination , however , disclosed that its ' fur ' was really a mass of living body outgrowths ( hair , conversely , is composed of dead cells ) containing secretory cells . their function is unknown , though they may produce distasteful compounds to deter would - be predators .\nif you ' d like to assist me in my ongoing crypto - investigations , even the smallest donation would be immensely appreciated . all donations are non - profit - making , going exclusively towards the updating / maintenance of my crypto - archives ' source material and other necessities that enable me to continue researching and blogging my findings right here for you on shukernature . thank you so much for your help ! - karl\n\u201cand hast thou slain the peryton ? \u201d - an antlered a . . .\nthe mermaid of haraldskaer ' s skeleton , exhibited at the danish national museum , copenhagen , in 2012 ( \u00a9 danish national museum . . .\ncomputer - generated mock - up of a black puma ( dr karl shuker ) in all the time that i have been researching and documenting creatures of cryp . . .\ncontemporary picture postcard depicting the infamous hexham ( allendale ) wolf , from my personal collection ( \u00a9 dr karl shuker ) whe . . .\nphotoshopped black lion # 1 ( tumblr . com ) in recent weeks , two very stunning black lion photographs have been circulating online . one of th . . .\nthe iconic photograph of a . l . butts holding up a supposed giant grasshopper that he had allegedly shot dead in his apple orchard duri . . .\nartistic impression of a megalodon encounter ( \u00a9 william m . rebsamen ) it was only ever going to be a matter of time before shuker . . .\na full - scale animatronic yeti ( dr karl shuker ) i\u2019m always pleased to receive an update of an ostensibly long - forgotten cryptozoologic . . .\na genuine photograph of the green anaconda eunectes murinus \u2013 the largest and most familiar of the four species of anaconda currentl . . .\njohn g . keulemans ' s painting of the purple macaw in lord walter rothschild ' s extinct birds ( 1907 ) famed for their gaudy plumage , . . .\nover the years , certain online photos of bizarre but allegedly real entities have surfaced and resurfaced with monotonous regularity , i . . .\nin accordance with title 17 usc section 107 , any copyright material on display here is under fair use without any claim of ownership or any profit accrued by the display . the material herein is for non - profit educational or criticism puposes only . notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106a , the fair use of a copyrighted work including reproduction and distribution of said material as specified in that section , for purposes of education , news reporting , commentary or criticism , scholarship or research , to persons who have expressed a prior interest in receiving such material for such purposes , is not an infringement . also : unless stated otherwise , all illustrations in shukernature blog articles that are credited to a named copyright owner plus wikipedia have been made available by the copyright owner and wikipedia for third - person use under the conditions of the creative commons licence . should any copyright holder of any of the illustrations included on shukernature not wish those illustrations to be included here , please contact me and i shall of course remove them .\nall original content on this blog is the exclusive copyright of dr karl shuker , with all rights reserved by him , and must not be reproduced in any manner without his strict permission in writing .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwheeler , a . , 1977 . das grosse buch der fische . eugen ulmer gmbh & co . stuttgart . 356 p .\nhureau , j . - c . and t . monod ( eds . ) , 1979 . supplement . check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean . p . 339 - 394 . in j . - c . hureau and th . monod ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean . united nations educational scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) , paris , france . vols 1 - 2 . 683 p .\npaxton , j . , 1979 . mirapinnidae . p . 212 . in j . c . hureau and th . monod ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean ( clofnam ) . unesco , paris . vol . 1 .\npihu , e . , 1979 . loomade elu 4 . k\u00f6ide . kalad pihu , e . 1979 . loomade elu , 4 . k\u00f6ide , kalad . valgus , tallinn .\nasih , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 1984 . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of elbert halvor ahlstrom , 15 - 18 august 1983 , la jolla , california . spec . publ . am . soc . ichthyol . herpetol . 1 : ix , 760 p .\nnelson , j . s . , 1984 . fishes of the world . 2nd edition . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york . 523 p .\nbertelsen , e . , 1986 . mirapinnidae . p . 521 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 2 . unesco , paris .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) , 1999 . latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences , 2003 . chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken\nchinese academy of fishery science ( cafs ) , 2007 . database of genetic resources of aquatic organisms in china ( as of january 2007 ) . chinese academy of fishery science .\nfao - fies , 2008 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken 29 april 2008 .\nfao - fies , 2010 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2010 .\nfao - fies , 2012 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2012 .\nfao - fies , 2014 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken april 2014 .\nfao - fies , 2015 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 13 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 09 / 05 / 08 , last modified by caldemita , 04 / 03 / 16\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ng . david johnson , 1 , * john r . paxton , 2 tracey t . sutton , 3 takashi p . satoh , 4 tetsuya sado , 5 mutsumi nishida , 4 and masaki miya 5\nreceived 2008 dec 2 ; revised 2009 jan 4 ; accepted 2009 jan 5 .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nnew specimens from collecting expeditions continue to provide insights into the many mysteries of the earth ' s largest ecological habitat , the midwaters of the deep sea between the sunlit surface waters and the bottom . the cetomimidae ( whalefishes ) , one of the most speciose bathypelagic fish families ( nine genera , 20 species ) , were described by\n) . the hairyfish , known from a single specimen , is uniquely characterized by a dense covering of hair - like outgrowths over the head , body and fins . tapetails have the skin of the caudal fin prolonged into a long ribbon - like streamer that may extend nine times the body length . all 120 mirapinnid specimens ( 5\u201356 mm ) are sexually immature , and all but four were collected in the upper 200 m . the megalomycteridae ( bignose fishes ) , described by\n, comprise four monotypic genera . these small ( 34\u201368 mm ) , elongate fishes have huge nasal organs , small , horizontal mouths with immobile upper jaws , non - overlapping , mosaic scales and lack pelvic fins (\nlife stages and selected skeletal elements of cetomimid whalefishes . ( a ) eutaeniophorus festivus postlarva , bsku 51970 , 56 mm sl , approximately 816 mm tl , photo courtesy of masanori nakamachi , \u2018sea fishes of japan\u2019 \u00a9 yama - kei publishers co . , ltd . p . brevis ? : ( b ) postlarva , cozumel , mexico , photo courtesy of donald hughes ; ( c ) postlarva , kpm ni13654 : ( i ) photo courtesy of yasuhiro morita , ( ii ) photo courtesy of sandra raredon , usnm ; ( d ) larva , mcz 59910 , 13 mm sl , photo courtesy of chris kenaley , \u00a9 president and fellows of harvard college ; ( e ) ataxolepis apus adult male , usnm 391648 : ( i ) dorsal view of nasal organs , ( ii ) lateral view of viscera , enlarged liver on left , enlarged testes dorsal and ventral right , intestine middle right . ( f ) gyrinomimus sp . , juvenile female , ne pacific , photo courtesy of bruce robison , mbari . ( g ( i ) , h ( i ) , i ( i ) ) cranium and anterior vertebrae , and ( g ( ii ) , h ( ii ) , i ( ii ) ) left jaws , palatine arch , suspensorium and operclular bones of ( g ) e . festivus postlarva , usnm 391655 , 60 mm sl , ( h ) a . apus adult male , usnm 391649 , 58 mm sl and ( i ) c . regani female , usnm 391657 , 93 mm sl , respectively . blue \u2018ovals\u2019 enclose maxillae , premaxillae and rostral cartilage , which , in ( h ( ii ) ) are fused to each other and to broken nasals . ( g \u2013 i ) photo courtesy of g . d . j .\nexcellent new gulf of mexico megalomycterid specimens with closing - net data that placed them together with the cetomimids at 1500\u20132000 m depth led us to re - examine the problem . we discovered that the holotype and only known specimen of the megalomycterid\nis actually a transforming mirapinnid , as evidenced by the remains of three small pelvic - fin rays , a slightly oblique mouth , a gut full of copepods and still - developing nasal organ anlagen . subsequently , we found that the holotype of\n) , one of the few mirapinnids collected at depths greater than 200 m , is in a similar , but earlier , state of transition . the identity of mirapinnids as larval megalomycterids was thus established . fortuitously , a transforming specimen of the cetomimid long - finned whalefish\n( a ) ml tree derived from analyses of whole mitogenome sequences from 15 specimens using raxml v . 7 . 0 . 4 . numerals beside internal branches indicate bootstrap values ( only 50 % and above are shown ) based on 1000 replicates . scale indicates expected number of substitutions per site ; red asterisks , larvae ; blue asterisk , male . long - finned whalefish c . regani zugmayer , 1914 : ( b ) usnm 391563 ; ( c ) mcz 60609 ( inset , enlarged nasal organ ) ; ( d ) bmnh 1957 . 7 . 20 . 1 . 00 , holotype of p . gulosus ( inset , elongate nasal rachis ) ; ( e ) usnm 392646 ; ( f ) usnm 391656 . photo courtesy of s . raredon and g . d . j .\nclearing and staining procedure follows dingerkus & uhler ( 1977 ) . collection acronyms follow eschmeyer ( 1998 ) . sl = standard length ; tl = total length .\nunambiguously aligned mitogenome sequences from 15 specimens were divided into five partitions ( first , second and third codon positions of the 13 protein - coding , rrna and trna genes ; total = 15 886 positions ) and subjected to the partitioned maximum - likelihood ( ml ) analysis using raxml v . 7 . 0 . 4 ( stamatakis 2006 ) . we estimated the best - scoring ml tree using a general time reversible ( gtr ) + gamma model of sequence evolution with 1000 bootstrap replicates . the resulting ml tree was then used as a backbone constraint ( \u2212 r option in raxml ) for subsequent ml analysis using unambiguously aligned , partial sequences of the 16s rrna gene from all 36 specimens . we similarly estimated the best - scoring ml tree using a gtr + gamma model of sequence evolution with 1000 bootstrap replicates . more details of the dna methods are in the electronic supplementary material .\nwe identified three specimens in transition from larval / juvenile stage to adult . the 41 . 7 mm\n) collected in a closing net between 700\u20131400 m is an early transforming specimen with a full complement of 10 pelvic - fin rays , moderately long jaws and a gut full of copepods . although the nasal organ is incompletely developed , the elongate , thickened median rachis (\ninset ) indicates that the individual would have developed into a male . the 34 mm holotype of\ndescribed above was caught in an open net fished to a depth of 1650 m . histology of the gonad reveals good spermatogenic tissue with pre - spermatids ( h . g . moser 2006 , personal communication ) .\nillustrate the amazing ontogenetic transformations that result in extraordinary sexual dimorphism . these transformations include major changes in jaw length , depth and angle , and concomitant radical modifications of the suspensorium and angle of attachment of the skull to the vertebral column (\n) . females develop taxon - specific gill arch structure and males exhibit hyperossification of most bones . of the latter , most remarkable are fusion of the first vertebra to the occiput and of the hypertrophied nasal , lacrimal and upper jawbones (\n= 6 ) visible externally in life as a swollen orange bulge . this bolus of copepods must provide the nutrition required to generate the large liver that sustains the male through the rest of its life . this is unnecessary in females that continue to feed and may reach more than 40 cm . the transforming female\n) , both with copepod - gorged guts , lost their streamers during capture . the most striking streamer is that of\n) . one can only speculate regarding the possible advantages and disadvantages of this remarkable appendage in feeding versus predator avoidance . videos of live female whalefish show that their locomotion involves both rapid swimming with sinusoidal body waves and slow swimming with undulations of dorsal and anal fins ( see video a in the electronic supplementary material ) .\n) from one male specimen , three larvae representing two species and six species of females in five genera . the linking of larval\nis confirmed , with an ml tree based on 16s rrna analyses ( see figure s1 in the esm ) including two larvae and nine females of this species . larval\n. further analyses combining morphologic and genetic data are planned , while tissues from additional genera and larvae are needed . with the synonymy of the three families confirmed , the next challenge is to link the three life stages of each species . meristic data establish\nalthough remarkable ontogenetic transformations occur in a few other deep - sea fish families ( e . g . giganturidae ) , and prominent sexual dimorphism is widespread among vertebrates , the extraordinary combination of both that we have documented here for the whalefishes is unparalleled within vertebrata .\nresearch carried out in this study followed animal care and use guidelines provided by the smithsonian institution .\nsincere thanks to the following for providing significant specimens , tissue and / or data : k . hartel , a . williston ( mcz ) , e . wiley , a . bentley ( ku ) , b . cowen ( rsmas ) , i . byrkjedal ( zmub ) , n . merrett , j . badcock , j . maclaine ( ios / bmnh ) , e . bertelsen \u2020 , and p . m\u00f8ller ( zmuc ) ; images : b . robison ( mbari ) , d . hughes , y . morita and m . nakamachi . numerous others who have helped in many ways are listed in the electronic supplementary material .\nbertelsen e . , marshall n . b . the mirapinnati , a new order of fishes .\ndingerkus g . , uhler l . d . enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage .\ncalifornia academy of sciences ; san francisco , ca : 1998 . catalog of fishes .\ngoode g . b . , bean t . h . on cetomimidae and rondeletiidae , two new families of bathybial fishes from the northwestern atlantic .\ngosline w . a . university press hawaii ; honolulu , hi : 1971 . functional morphology and classification of teleostean fishes .\n( teleostei : stomiiformes ) : first example of transfer rna gene rearrangements in bony fishes .\nmiya m . , et al . major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies : a new perspective based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences .\nmyers g . s . , freihofer w . c . megalomycteridae , a previously unrecognized family of deep - sea cetomimiform fishes based on two new genera from the north atlantic .\npaxton j . r . synopsis of the whalefishes ( family cetomimidae ) with descriptions of four new genera .\npaxton , j . r . 1999 family megalomycteridae , bignose fishes . in the living marine resources of the western central pacific ( eds k . e . carpenter & v . h . niem ) . rome , italy : fao .\npaxton j . r . , johnson g . d . cetomimidae : whalefishes ; mirapinnidae : tapetails & hairyfish ; megalomycteridae : bignose fishes . in : richards w . j . , editor .\nrobins c . r . review : fishes of the western north atlantic . part 6 .\nstamatakis a . raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models .\nwalking rocks ? query : when i was in death valley earlier this year , i saw some enormous 750 - pound rocks that appear to travel across the desert on their own . i remembered your article about rock tortoises , and wondered if that\u2019s what these rocks could be ?\ncorn of plenty ( part 4 of 4 ) : a field guide by dr . midas welby corns of the air : air - corns utilize their horns for jousting , playing tic - tac - toe , and spearing food in mid - flight . air - corns often lurk undetected in trees , wood piles , and rain gutters . when bored , they use their horns to ring the doorbells of unsuspecting humans . when the door begins to open , the air - corn flies away .\ngoing on hiatus december 6 , 2014 : i am loving college , but i have to admit , i\u2019m overwhelmed .\npine cone feeders a present for imaginaries : when winter comes , i get concerned about providing extra shelter from the elements for imaginaries . recently , i read about people who build wildlife brush shelters out of branches and plants in their yards , and thought this was a great idea .\nrange : small , widely - scattered populations in ocean , lake , and river waters in iceland , ontario , montana , maine , and the azores .\nphysical description : the most accurate description comes from a single hairyfish caught off the azores in the eastern atlantic in 1911 . covered in hair - like outgrowths , the fish had large fins near its throat that stuck up like wings , and the tail fin was divided into two overlapping parts . this particular hairyfish was dark brown and about 2 . 5 inches long , although a fish sighted in iceland in 1855 was reddish in color , and a hairyfish sighted in maine was reputed to be as large as a man\u2019s foot .\ncharacteristics : a great deal of folklore has grown up around the hairyfish , but no reliable information on the habits or behavior of this imaginary is known . as hairyfish have been reported in both fresh and salt water , it is possible that the presence of hair or fur on a fish is an adaptation , much like guyuscosity , rather than characteristic of a unique species of fish . all that we know about the habits of the hairyfish is that the one from the azores ate plankton ."]}
{"id": 57, "summary": [{"text": "rhagastis rubetra is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from indonesia ( kalimantan , nias , sumatra ) north through malaysia ( sarawak , peninsular ) to thailand and possibly southern china ( tibet ) . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "rhagastis rubetra", "paragraphs": ["rhagastis rubetra rothschild & jordan , 1907 , novit . zool . 14 : 95 . type locality : [ indonesia , sumatera utara , ] nias .\nrhagastis rubetra rothschild & jordan , 1907 , novit . zool . , 14 : 95 . rhagastis mjobergi clark , 1923 , proc . new engl . zool . club , 8 : 69 .\nforewing upperside similar to rhagastis velata but ground colour ranging from pale grey to grey - green ( olive - green in rhagastis velata ) ; the intensity of the dark markings varies considerably from almost absent to strongly present . labial palp segment 2 strongly narrowed towards the base ( as in rhagastis acuta and rhagastis hayesi ) . however , although similar to rhagastis acuta , rhagastis hayesi and rhagastis velata , distinguishable from the first two species by the fore upperside ground colour and from the last by the shape of the labial palp segment 2 .\nrhagastis mjobergi clark , 1923 ; proc . new england zool . cl . 8 : 69\nsynonymized with rhagastis castor as a subspecies by inoue , 1990 , tinea 12 : 255 .\ntransferred to rhagastis by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 792 ( key ) , 798 .\nrhagastis rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 675 [ key ] , 791 ; ts : pergesa velata walker\ntransferred to rhagastis by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 792 ( key ) , 793 . erroneously included in rhyncholaba by de freina , 1976 , atalanta 7 : 241 . transferred back to rhagastis by d ' abrera , [ 1987 ] , sphingidae mundi : 200 .\nan unmistakable species with the olive - green forewing overlain by broad , dark red and partially merged transverse bands . dorsal scaling of antenna brown or black from near the base to near the hook . labial palp segment 1 apical cavity distinct ; segment 2 not narrowed towards base . outer row of forebasitarsal spines simple . forewing upperside ground colour olive green ; transverse bands dark red , broad , irregular and partially merged . forewing underside ground colour bright pink . hindwing upperside median band flushed with pink . hindwing underside ground colour bright pink . uncus weakly dilated apically , slightly sinuate . gnathos narrow , obtusely pointed . valve with about 6 very large stridulatory scales . harpe slender , horizontal , slightly spatulate in dorsal view , weakly upcurved apically . aedeagus similar to rhagastis olivacea , the left process short and broad .\nin the male genitalia , valve with 2 - 3 large stridulatory scales . aedeagus without apical free processes , left side with an oblique row of small teeth .\ndiagnosis . this is a darker , greyer species than its congeners , with straighter forewing margins and distinctive dark patches discally and associated with the submarginal . geographical range . nias , sumatra , peninsular malaysia , borneo . habitat preference . four specimens have been taken in lowland forest in brunei .\nne . himalaya , china , taiwan , burma , sumatra , java , borneo . see [ maps ]\npergesa aurifera butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 7 [ ne . himalayas ]\npergesa olivacea moore , 1872 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1872 ( 2 ) : 567 ; tl : simla , nw . himalayas , 7000ft\npergesa velata walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1853 ; tl : darjeeling\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\npics of moths | description british moths - poplar hawkmoth - laothoe populi 2 . jpg | steves moths | pinterest | moth , insects and animal"]}
{"id": 59, "summary": [{"text": "midnight lute ( foaled may 13 , 2003 , in versailles , kentucky ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was named american champion sprint horse in 2007 . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "midnight lute", "paragraphs": ["midnight lute , midnight lucky ' s sire . | animals | pinterest | lute and animal\n. . . both govenor charlie and midnight lucky are trained by the sire of midnight lute , bob baffert .\ni doubt baffert sired midnight lute .\na chorus of midnight lute ' s progeny are drumming up wins across the country . last weekend , midnight lute ' s son\nevans described his thought process when purchasing the dam of midnight lute , the unraced dehere mare candytuft .\nmidnight lute ' s female family is filled with a mix of american speed and italian stamina . his dam candytuft\nbaffert had teamed up to campaign midnight lute ' s sire real quiet to a heartbreaking triple crown miss in 1998 .\nmidnight lute , trained by bob baffert , won the 2007 breeders & # 39 ; cup sprint at churchil downs .\nwith a sunland park double in their derby and oaks , hill \u2018n ' dale farm ' s young sire midnight lute scored successes that confound simple analysis of stallion potential and performance . the stallion ' s son govenor charlie won the sunland park derby by five lengths for owner - breeder mike pegram , and the midnight lute filly midnight lucky won the sunland park oaks by eight lengths for pegram , watson , and weitman , who also campaigned midnight lute . both are trained by bob baffert , as were midnight lute and his sire , real quiet .\nthe breeding of midnight lute is a fascinating study in what can be accomplished with modest amounts of money \u0096 and plenty of luck .\nlike the empire maker and the mare\u0092s prospective foal for 2008 , midnight lute was a may foal , but that doesn\u0092t bother evans .\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive , bloodstock and tagged bob baffert , candytuft , govenor charlie , horse racing , lane ' s end weekender pedigree , midnight ballet , midnight lucky , midnight lute , mike pegram , real quiet , thoroughbred by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nand the breeder has not ended his relationship with midnight lute , who has retired to stand at hill n\u0092 dale for a $ 20 , 000 fee . evans said , \u0093i really like midnight lute as a stallion prospect , although i understand he\u0092s not by the hottest sire around . \u0094\nsix weeks ago , 3 - year - olds govenor charlie and midnight lucky both broke their maidens in impressive fashion at santa anita during the same weekend shakin it up provided midnight lute with his first graded stakes winner as a sire .\nthe lute society has the rarer instruments ( lute , cittern , bandora and wooden flutes ) for hire , and can supply sheet music . the lute parts are very hard , but after a couple of years of playing the lute you might well be able to manage the bandora parts without too much difficulty\u2014ask to have a go on a bandora next time you go on a lute - based summer school !\nscored victories in the sunland derby and oaks . both of them set new track records ; govenor charlie for 1 1 / 8 miles in 1\u201d47 . 54 and midnight lucky for 1 1 / 16 miles in 1 : 41 . 06 . fittingly , both govenor charlie and midnight lucky are trained by the sire of midnight lute ,\nmidnight lute retired to stud at hill ' n ' dale farms in kentucky for a fee of $ 20k typical of a first year stallion , his fee was dropped to $ 15k after his initial season and remains steady . there was great demand for the good looking stallion and midnight lute sired 121 foals in his first crop .\nher continued development , along with that of govenor charlie , shakin it up , and several other up - and - comers , such as stakes winner midnight ballet , sharp oaklawn winner big lute , and fair grounds - based mylute , will only enhance midnight lute\u2019s stature in the coming months . mylute finished a game second to revolutionary in the louisiana derby on march 30 , and could be yet another member of midnight lute ' s first - crop brigade to resurface at churchill downs in five weeks .\nshakin it up ( midnight lute - silverbulletmoon [ vindication ] ) : won the 7f g2 - san vicente but finished a distant 4th to govenor charlie in the sunland derby .\nnorman stables\u2019 silent bird got his first graded stakes victory on saturday , holding off tough sunday by a head to win the grade 3 midnight lute . a 5 - year - old son of summer bird trained by mark glatt , silent bird donned blinkers for the first time in the midnight lute . jockey kent desormeaux moved him up the [ \u2026 ]\nlexington , ky . \u0096 with an astonishing finish to win the six - furlong breeders\u0092 cup sprint in 1 : 07 . 08 , midnight lute joined tiznow , miesque , da hoss , and lure as repeat winners of a breeders\u0092 cup event . this is a special distinction for midnight lute because he is the first two - time winner of the sprint .\nanother take on the potential of midnight lute as a stallion comes from my associate at datatrack international , pedigree commentator robert fierro . he noted that , on the results of the stallion ' s biomechanical profile , \u201cwe loved midnight lute . his profile on one of our programs was very unusual for a horse his size , in that he matches nearly 50 percent of the mares in our test book . that is very unusual for a horse as big as midnight lute , \u201d who towers over man and beast at 17 hands - plus .\nwith only two crops on the track , it ' s a bit hard to take an actual account of his runners . but so far , midnight lute has gotten four really good runners :\nmarjac farms is rich and patti burke , who lived in louisville when midnight lute was born and now live in richmond , va . rich burke manages marjac capital partners , an investment company .\nin 2008 , midnight lute raced only twice as a 5 - year - old , but did annex a second consecutive breeders\u2019 cup sprint before retiring to stud at hill \u2018n\u2019 dale in lexington , ky . baffert said upon midnight lute\u2019s retirement that the horse was the best he\u2019d ever trained , and those who follow the popular conditioner\u2019s @ midnightlute twitter account are reminded of that every time they receive a message from baffert .\na dead - heat winner of the midnight lute stakes ( g3 ) with solid wager at 6 1 / 2 furlongs new year ' s eve for trainer peter miller . the 5 - year - old gelding by\nmidnight oil taught me that citizens not only need a soundtrack for resistance , but we also need to resist .\ni guess i have no brain . the good news is , thanks to midnight oil , i\u2019ve got heart .\na final research project ( minimum 15 pages ) on the film adaptations of henry v or chimes at midnight .\nbaffert pegged midnight lute as a special horse from the start , but this is a story of \u201cwhat might have been . \u201d standing 17 hands high , the muscular colt made his debut in late july of his two year old season . in what would become his typical running style , midnight lute was away from the gate slow , made a wide move on the outside and mowed down his competition in a powerful late run , getting up to win the six furlong race by 1 \u00bc lengths . midnight lute was away from the races for a year , due to a throat issue , necessitating in surgery . this hampered the colt ' s ability to perform at longer distances .\nhis yearling average took a dip last year , which is not uncommon in this era as stallions move beyond their first crop at auction , but midnight lute was represented by a $ 230 , 000 juvenile at the recent barretts march selected two - year - olds in training sale . sikura is optimistic about the yearling auctions this summer , which may , based on recent evidence , come on the heels of several more graded stakes wins by midnight lute runners .\nmidnight lute ' s progeny are proving to be mid - season two year olds that improve with age . most carry their sire ' s looks and conformation . his offspring have won over dirt , turf , polytrack , cushion track and tapita from 5 \u00bd furlongs to 1 1 / 8 miles . we won ' t know how far midnight lute ' s babies will run until they actually prove it , however , given their two - turn conformation and the pedigree of their sire , it wouldn\u2019t be far - fetched to see a son or daughter of midnight lute wearing a wreath of roses , stargazer lilies , black - eyed susans , carnations , or yellow and purple chrysanthemums very soon .\nmidnight lucky ( midnight lute - citiview [ city dancer ] ) : the star of the sunland derby card when she set a ntr and obliterated the field in the sunland oaks . a really dynamic filly that seems to be able to get any distance she will want to . really pretty mover and definitley a factor in the 3yo filly division this year .\nas mentioned , midnight lute stands 17 hands high and is a long - bodied , muscular horse . it appears that he received his large , rangy frame from his second sire , quiet american , who himself stands 16 \u00bd hands high .\nmidnight lute stood for $ 20 , 000 in his initial season at hill \u2018n\u2019 dale , and according to farm president john g . sikura , he has been popular from the outset . baffert said in february after shakin it up\u2019s win in the san vicente that he always felt midnight lute was at his core a longer - distance horse who , due to low lung capacity , was restricted to sprint races , and sikura echoed that opinion when discussing his potential as a stallion .\nonce back in training , midnight lute began to fulfill his potential during 2006 and early 2007 , winning a grade 3 event at seven furlongs and competing well in longer - distance graded stakes in california in january and february of 2007 . he suffered another health - related delay during early summer , but when he returned midnight lute was at the top of his game . he dominated both the forego stakes and the breeders\u2019 cup sprint that fall , earning the eclipse award as champion sprinter .\nfollowing midnight lute , the breeders sent candytuft to gilded time to produce the stakes - placed tusculum road , and they caught the brass ring when selling the mare\u0092s yearling by maria\u0092s mon at the september sale this year for $ 900 , 000 .\nto date , midnight lute has sired three stakes winners and 19 winners from 64 starters lifetime . he stands at the top of the second crop sire list in terms of earnings and is tied for first with number of stakes winners . as he did on the racetrack , midnight lute is out - performing a solid group of stallions at stud , which include two - time horse of the year curlin , kentucky derby winner big brown , international sensation henrythenavigator and the two year old champion war pass .\nhill \u2018n\u2019 dale farms stallion midnight lute might have made his name on the racetrack as a top sprinter , but his first crop is swiftly remaking his reputation this spring as one of the most promising young sires of middle - distance runners in north america .\nsome of the english lute manuscripts make for satisfying self - contained musical programmes , and have attracted single - source recordings . some years ago anthony rooley made a record ( on the oiseau lyre label ) of the cozens lute book . more recently paul o\u2019dette has made a cd from lord herbert of cherbury\u2019s lute book ( harmonia mundi ) ; jacob heringman has made a cd from jane pickering\u2019s lute book ( avie ) ; oswald hebermehl has made a disc from margaret board\u2019s lute book ( amu records ) , and most recently liz kenny has made a cd flying horse , music of the ml lute book ( hyperion ) . from among the continental sources with quite a lot of english music , joachim held has made a cd of the schele ms ( hannsler ) .\none of the implications of midnight lute ' s results on his biomechanics is that it appeared he would get racers who would appreciate racing two turns , rather than simply sprinting , as many people would have expected from a racehorse who was \u201climited\u201d to sprinting himself .\nmidnight lute ' s offspring are consistently showing that they appreciate the opportunity to mature and race distances of a mile , at least , and there is plenty of reason to expect that they will continue to improve at even longer distances as opportunities come to them .\ngovenor charlie ( midnight lute - silverbulletway [ storm cat ] ) : convincing winner of the g3 - sunland derby and a horse that will be vying for the lead in the kentucky derby . he has a slightly odd way of moving , but shows good early speed .\ntwo noses shy of being unbeaten , trainer bill spawr\u2019s midnight bisou put it all together on sunday at santa anita as she rolled to an emphatic 4 \u00bd length win in the grade ii , $ 200 , 000 santa ynez stakes . piloted by \u201cbig money\u201d mike smith for the first time , the kentucky - bred daughter of midnight lute got seven furlongs in 1 : 23 . 40 while defeating [ \u2026 ]\nalthough midnight lute showed his best form by clubbing his contemporaries with come from behind finishes at sprint distances , he did race successfully at longer distances , and his natural aptitude was clearly suitable for racing at longer distances from his size , scope , balance , and physical proportions .\nlute manuscripts are as richly varied as the people who played from them . a recently discovered fragment in the westiminster abbey archive looks like a lesson of several pieces written out on a loose sheet of paper for a student ; the dallis lute book is a cambridge student\u2019s workbook , from the very beginning of his lute studies ; the giles lodge book is the musical sketch book of musically semi - literate amateur , perhaps a schoolmaster ; jane pickering\u2019s and margaret board\u2019s lute books are the collections of more competent and serious amateur players ; lord herbert of cherbury\u2019s lute book reveals a refined gentleman amateur who , by modern standards at least , would have been good enough to play professionally ; the welde lute book seems to have been written by a professional scribe , either speculatively or as a commission for a wealthy amateur lute player , while royal appendix 58 is a performing partbook and score , one of a set of partbooks in use in at court by multi - instrumentalist court musicians .\nand what happened to charles dawes , the other midnight rider ? he also rode through the countryside warning the colonists of the oncoming british regulars .\ngiven those connections , it was no surprise when pegram purchased midnight lucky for $ 220 , 000 at the fasig - tipton saratoga select yearling sale . a year and a half later , the filly has displayed a breathtaking degree of raw talent in only two races that may , in the end , make her the best of what is shaping up to be a very good , and possibly great , first crop for midnight lute .\nbut in addition to midnight lute , trackside has been co - breeder of english group 1 winner bahamian pirate , jim dandy winner strong hope , and other good racers , as well as raising and selling numerous graded or group stakes winners for foxfield , liberation farm , and other clients .\na resounding champion as a sprinter on the racetrack with victories at 4 and 5 in the grade 1 breeders ' cup sprint , midnight lute was not pedigreed to be a specialist sprinter , and his performance at stud has been in keeping with his bloodlines , more so than his racetrack performances .\npotential favorite for the grade 1 kentucky oaks , midnight bisou breezed at santa anita park at about 4 : 30 a . m . on sunday morning . according to drf . com , the 3 - year - old daughter of midnight lute covered five furlongs in 1 : 01 . 60 under jockey martin pedroza . \u201cshe\u2019s getting better , \u201d trainer bill spawr said . \u201cshe\u2019s scary . her bodyweight is right . she\u2019s confident in [ \u2026 ]\nmylute ( midnight lute - stage stop [ valid expectations ] ) : not a stakes winner , but a 2nd in the g2 - louisiana derby gets him into the kentucky derby a week from today . seems to be a nice colt , but not entirely sure he ' s absolutely top quality .\nthe dark brown , nearly black , horse was bred by a trio who have emphasized quality over quantity in their breeding decisions . tom evans , marjac farms , and macon wilmil equine bred midnight lute in kentucky , where he was foaled and raised at the trackside farm of evans and pam clark .\nmidnight lute ' s second damsire blue times ( by olden times ) won two stakes races at 1 1 / 8 miles . his male line traces directly back to man o ' war through his greatest son war relic . blue times ' damsire was a lesser son of the claiborne foundation sire princequello .\nthe empire maker colt will be in a yearling sale next year . evans said , \u0093he is more similar to midnight lute than her other foals have been . he has that length to him , and you can see a lot of potential there . it will be fun watching him grow up . \u0094\nas the ' 80s turned into the ' 90s , sincerity made way for irony and grunge and the midnight oils returned to the middle of the pack .\nthe lute society publishes five english facsimiles , with plans for many more , plus free transcriptions and / or photographs of some of the very minor sources .\npinhooked the following spring to the sales of juveniles in training in florida , midnight lute was an rna at $ 290 , 000 and sold after the auction . trainer bob baffert , who had selected real quiet at auction , was instrumental in the acquisition of the stallion ' s best racing son for pegram and partners .\nchristmas 1995 - midnight angel . a very attractive stamp with a dark blue starry background , a christmas angel , a christmas wreath , and bells . on\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nmidnight lute ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 2003 { 3 - j } dp = 4 - 5 - 5 - 2 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 2 . 56 cd = 0 . 69 - 13 starts , 6 wins , 3 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 2 , 690 , 600\nlast and greatest , robert dowland\u2019s varietie of lute lessons ( 1610 ) self - consciously presents a selection of some of the finest european lute music of its time ; it is available in facsimile from schott . in spite of the title , there is no beginner\u2019s music here ; it represents something to work towards in your studies .\nshrouded in controversy since his debut nearly four years ago , top sprinter masochistic is set to make his first start since early may as he heads a field of nine 3 - year - olds and up in saturday\u2019s grade 3 midnight lute stakes at santa anita . idle since distanced over a wet fast track going seven furlongs in the [ \u2026 ]\nin its long history the lute experienced not one , but a series of \u2018golden ages\u2019 , and elizabethan and jacobean england certainly enjoyed one of these . the chief glory and ornament of the elizabethan lute is of course the music of john dowland ( 1563\u20131626 ) which , if no other lute music at all had come down to us , would amply justify the study of the instrument . happily , a good deal more music has survived , however . the following sketch is intended to convey useful information for the beginner .\nhere ' s the kicker : govenor charlie , midnight lucky , and shakin it up are all raced by mike pegram . they were also bred by mike pegram . midnight lute was exactly the same , so the bloodline and connections are money . but that ' s the sign of a major owner showing absolute faith in his own stallion that he takes everything he owns mare - wise to him . and it takes that kind of support from your connections that really make or break a stallion ( read : kitten ' s joy ) .\nunlike u2 or r . e . m . , midnight oil were less ambiguous about kicking ass onstage , and their live shows are legendary for leaving venues in agitprop shambles . \u201cif you\u2019re singing a song about huge piles of nuclear weapons , you\u2019re unlikely to be playing a harp or plucking a lute , \u201d peter garrett told the ottawa citize n in 1985 .\nbloom racing stable and allen racing\u2019s midnight bisou continued her dominance of the west coast 3 - year - old filly division on saturday , rallying from far back to win the grade 1 santa anita oaks by 3 1 / 2 lengths under mike smith , who also won the g1 santa anita derby aboard justify . trained by bill spawr , midnight bisou , [ \u2026 ]\nas a sire , real quiet did manage to get 16 stakes winners and a champion . besides midnight lute , real quiet ' s most notable runners are the sprinter / miler pussycat doll , two - time winner of the humana distaff ( g - 1 ) and wonder lady anne l , heroine of the 1 \u00bc mile cca oaks ( g - 1 ) .\n( dehere - bolt from the blue , by blue times ) was unraced . besides midnight lute , candytuft bore his half brother multiple stakes - placed sprinter captain cherokee ( by sir cherokee ) and a stakes placed half sister tusculum rd ( by gilded time ) . in all , she has seven foals who made it to the track and six of them have won .\nfierro continued , \u201cin size , midnight lute is in a category of his own . stallions like him usually project to be modest at best , but what tipped the scale for him is that he matched a number of modest - sized mares , which is unusual but very beneficial , as the norms of the breed tend to breed toward the horses of that size . \u201d\nnot surprisingly then , the largest surviving oeuvre is that of \u2018the english orpheus\u2019 , john dowland , with 75 pieces ( plus 16 - odd possible attributions ) . his collected lute music , edited by his great scholar and apostle , diana poulton ( with basil lam ) is published by faber , and should be on every lute scholar\u2019s christmas list . more of him hereafter .\nan accredited louisiana - bred daughter of midnight lute sold for $ 77 , 000 on monday to top the equine sales company 2 - year - olds in training and horses of racing age sale in opelousas , la . named nite jean , the sale - topper went to prominent southwest owner carl moore from the consignment of pike racing , agent . the may foal worked an eighth [ \u2026 ]\nnor is evans concerned with the breathing problem that compromised part of midnight lute\u0092s career . he said , \u0093i don\u0092t believe it is a genetic issue at all . as a yearling he had a great throat , as well as when he was at the 2 - year - old sales . i guess he had something go wrong during the summer of his 2 - year - old season . \u0094\nmidnight disguise rallied from last to earn her second straight stakes win , charging home a 1 \u00be - length winner in the 39th running of the $ 200 , 000 busher for 3 - year - old fillies at a mile on saturday at aqueduct racetrack . under regular jockey trevor mccarthy , midnight disguise was unhurried through the early going , settling at the back of the pack as california invader [ \u2026 ]\nrevere wrote a letter in 1798 to the founder of the massachusetts historical society describing his midnight ride . nothing in his letter indicates that he waited and watched to see the lanterns in the church tower .\nthis is not surprising , as the stallion ' s sire is the champion and premier 10 - furlong performer real quiet , whose best races came with victories in the kentucky derby , preakness , and pimlico special . as a sire , real quiet did not reproduce himself with a classic - winning colt . his best son was midnight lute , although some of his best daughters performed at the highest level at classic distances .\nin 2008 , midnight lute came back to race twice as a five year old . he recorded the worst finish of his career in the pat o ' brian stakes ( g - 2 ) over the del mar polytrack . however , in his swan song the champ went out on a high note , winning his second consecutive breeders ' cup sprint in 1 : 07 , the fastest time in the history of the race .\nmidnight lute is the mare\u0092s fourth foal . evans said that \u0093sire selection was done based on budgetary concerns and physical compatibility . real quiet is a big , stretchy , athletic horse , who has a beautiful profile , and candytuft is a solid , correct , attractive mare . and mating her with the fappiano line , which typically puts stretch into foals like you see with the unbridleds , worked out well with this mare . \u0094\nwhen looking at real quiet ' s progeny , you see a dearth of true top end talent . midnight lute tops his list of earners and there are only two others that won more than $ 750 , 000 in sunward run and pussycat doll . he also got wonder lady ann l , winner of the g1 - cca oaks . real quiet died at 15 in 2010 following an accident in his paddock after siring 11 crops of foals . he was by no means a dominant sire , but instead was just a useful one . as a sign of his productivity , he stood in pennsylvania and shuttled to uruguay during the summer months . real quiet was campaigned by mike pegram and trained by bob baffert ( a trend we will see repeated over and over herein ) . real quiet has no sons standing at stud of any note other than midnight lute .\n\u201cthere\u2019s a lot of prospects out there , and we\u2019re excited , and we\u2019re sure that there\u2019s many more in the wings , \u201d sikura said . \u201cthe more they win , and the more important fixtures that come under midnight lute\u2019s banner , the more his yearlings will bring . . . . if he has a derby winner , or an oaks winner , or a travers winner , certainly they\u2019re more appreciated in the auction ring . \u201d\nin definitiva , midnight . swordfight . di chandler groover \u00e8 un divertissement che prende per mano l ' avventuriero esortandolo a danzare in un giardino panoramico in cui sia stata edificata una follia dal capriccio di un architetto estroso .\n\u201c [ midnight lute\u2019s reputation ] is really a misnomer because the horse is not a sprinter , he was backed up after throat surgery , \u201d sikura said . \u201che was backed up to be a sprinter ; it was an adaptation . the horse\u2019s true aptitude , i believe , is a mile and a quarter , i think that\u2019s what he would have been best at . he was just a big , freaky racehorse that could adapt and do anything .\nthe musician thomas whytehorn , in his autobiography of c . 1575 marvelled at the wide currency of printed music he had seen on his continental travels ; in england , you had to write everything out by hand . about 50 - odd english lute manuscripts with music in renaissance tuning survive in the british isles , plus maybe 15 or 16 continental manuscripts with items of english lute music , plus various odds and ends . another fragment turns up every year or two .\nmidnight lute is a peculiar case study as a stallion . he only succeeded at distances we consider sprints , but he ' s most definitely not bred to run short distances . it is well known that he had a chronic throat issue that caused him to really struggle when stretched out to a distance that forced him to take more than one big breath and just take off . in fact , we were looking to breed a mare to him last year , but decided against it precisely because of the breathing issue . his trainer , bob baffert , thought so much of him that he always has fully endorsed the idea that midnight lute was not limited to sprints due to his own ability , in fact , had his throat not been a major hindrance , he would easily have competed at route distances . bob clearly considers him one of his best horses of all time to the point that baffert ' s twitter handle is @ midnightlute .\nit\u2019s hard to understate the sincerity of ' 80s alternative rock . what midnight oil taught me and others is that citizens need a soundtrack for resistance , sure , but we also need to organize and and be politically active . like most socially conscious bands in the \u201980s , midnight oil set up tables outside their gigs for greenpeace , rock the vote , and planned parenthood . as the ' 80s turned into the ' 90s , midnight oil , for american fans at least , represented one of those bands for people who couldn\u2019t get enough u2 , couldn\u2019t get enough sincerity , and so turned to the latest offerings from the alarm or the call , or , for the more adventurous , michelle shocked or billy bragg .\ntypically , big time sires will have one , maybe two top end runners in any given year on the road to the roses . maybe they ' re lucky and have a filly that ' s gunning for the oaks . if your first crop is doing that , you ' re unbelievable . and midnight lute , with his first crop turning 3 this year , has done just that : he ' s got two derby starters and a serious contender in the kentucky oaks .\nif you get hooked on duets , the john johnson and thomas robinson editions noted in the previous instalment of this article would be worth acquiring . the lute society catalogue of tablature sheets contains a further sprinkling of duets , english and continental ; ask the secretary if you are interested . one of the charms of the lute is the opportunities it offers for social as well as solo music making and the student is commended not to be shy , but to seek out duet partners !\none exception was midnight lute ' s co - breeder trackside farm , whose owner tom evans said , \u201creal quiet had runners by the time we decided to send candytuft to him , and in addition to fitting the stud fee range we could afford for the mare , the reason to make that mating was that i loved real quiet ' s profile . he was a really beautiful horse , and we thought the match was what the mare needed to add some stretch to the foal . \u201d\nmidnight lute , a strapping son of real quiet out of the unraced dehere mare candytuft , was the first top - of - the - line horse campaigned by the partnership of pegram , watson , weitman , and baffert , and as a juvenile he won first out in the summer of 2005 at del mar . the colt did not race again for a year , however , as respiratory problems developed that would stall his career more than once and cause him to miss the triple crown season .\nmidnight lucky entered the sunland park oaks as one of the most talked - about horses in the country following her smashing debut win in february , in which she earned a 100 beyer , and the filly left new mexico with even more hype after she obliterated the competition in an eight - length romp . midnight lucky traveled 1 1 / 16 miles in 1 : 41 . 06 , good for a 94 beyer and another track record ( one of three set march 24 on sunland\u2019s speed - favoring oval ) .\nthis spring , midnight oil embarks on their first world tour in more than 15 years . the australian band that hit worldwide charts in 1987 with \u201cbeds are burning\u201d disbanded back in 2002 , when lead singer peter garrett entered politics full - time and served in a number of positions in the australian government , a second career that lasted more than 11 years . the last time midnight oil toured the us was october 2001 , weeks after september 11 and then - new president george w . bush ramping up the case for the iraq invasion . cut to 2017 , and midnight oil\u2019s six - month , 50 - date great circle tour brings garrett and bandmates to a united states under a trump administration angling to roll back environmental protections , pillage natural resources , and generally mess up the world .\nas for the really small fry , the indefatigable john robinson , has been gradually trawling them up in lute society tablature sheets over the years , and there are some \u2018one - hit wonders\u2019 there certainly . ask for our catalogue if you want to investigate further .\na survey of english music in continental prints and manuscripts , which are available in facsimile , is beyond the present writer\u2019s competence . publishers include tree , minkoff , frits knuf , and the dutch lute society . would anyone care to write a short piece on this ?\nmidnight , swordfight was an ifcomp 2015 game . this game is a one - move game like aisle or rematch , where you are in a duel with a countess and have only limited actions available . innovatively , these actions are listed in a playscript in your inventory .\nback in 1990 , at the height of midnight oils\u2019 stateside popularity , the band protested exxon\u2019s valdez oil spill by playing a lunchtime concert outside the corporation\u2019s manhattan headquarters . the guerilla action gig stopped traffic on sixth avenue for blocks around radio city music hall . a 30 - foot banner atop the band\u2019s flatbed truck read \u201cmidnight oil makes you dance , exxon oil makes us sick\u201d . one likes to think that rex tillerson , then exxon\u2019s vice president and now trump\u2019s secretary of state , could hear the band\u2019s clash - like cover of john lennon\u2019s \u201cinstant karma\u201d .\nrobert johnson , with 20 extant solos , was the son of john johnson , and evidently inherited his father\u2019s melodic gifts . a major figure in the organisation of jacobean court masques , he wrote dance music ( published in sabol\u2019s four hundred songs and dances from the stuart masque ) and songs , including some for shakespeare\u2019s company , the king\u2019s men ( published by stainer and bell ) as well as lute solos . an edition of his lute music edited by albert sunderman was formerly published in the oup lute music series ; now an edition is available from seicento notenversand . some of it is approachable for the early intermediate player . lynda sayce made a father - and - son album of the two johnsons\u2019 music , the golden age restor\u2019d , some years ago , and matthew wadsworth has recorded some solos on a album of songs and solos , away delights , on the avie label .\nhis easiest lute solos are probably \u2018mistress winter\u2019s jump\u2019 , \u2018orlando sleepeth\u2019 , \u2018fortune my foe\u2019 and \u2018mr dowland\u2019s midnight\u2019 , then the \u2018preludium\u2019 , ( p98 ) . after a year or two ( of regular practice , that is ! ) you could start to look at some of the easier song accompaniments , such as \u2018burst forth my tears\u2019 , \u2018white as lilies was her face\u2019 or \u2018faction that ever dwells\u2019 . you will be popular with sopranos at summer schools if , after two or three years of practising , you can master the accompaniments to some of the songs in the first book of songes .\nwon the kentucky derby and preakness , only to fall a heart - wrenching nose short in the belmont stakes . real quiet didn ' t prove to be commercially successful at stud , but as is often the case with broodmare sires , his quality may be evidenced years later in his daughters ' progeny . midnight lute is real quiet ' s best performing progeny and his first prominent son to stand at stud . three minor sons of real quiet are standing as regional sires . real quiet ' s sire quiet american is not noted as a sire of sires , but his daughters are recognized as superior producers .\nbut the world is upside down again , and if current pop acts can\u2019t get it together to write protest songs , then maybe it ' s time to turn to midnight oil . the other day , i found myself rocking out to \u201cread about it\u201d , one of my favorite tracks from 10 to 1 :\nin a repertoire largely preserved in manuscript sources , chances of survival are , happily , skewed in favour of quality , as the more popular a piece was , the more it would be copied , and the more likely it was to survive , so it makes some sense to consider lute composers in terms of their extant output .\na second release for midnight . swordfight . is now available through the links on its ifdb page . this version was created for display at the hand eye society ' s wordplay 2016 showcase . it fixes a few bugs and typos from the original release , smooths out some quixe formatting issues , and includes a little more dialogue for dmitri .\nbe all that as it may . . . besides the complete lute solos , mentioned above , the lachrimae ( 1604 ) collection for viols and ( very difficult ) lute has been published in facsimile by boethius , and in modern editions , most recently by fretwork editions , while his other consort music is available in a boxed set of partbooks from schott . his solo songs , first transcribed in the 1920s by edmund fellowes , are published by stainer & bell , who also publish a ( shockingly mistake - ridden ) new edition of his four - voice ayres in the musica britannica series ( the 1953 / 1976 edition has far fewer mistakes and bad page turns , but has no tab , for which the lute needs the solo song editions ) . facsimile editions of the songbooks have been published both by scolar press , latterly in association with brian jordan of cambridge , and now also by broude brothers , in their performers facsimile series . not forgetting diana poulton\u2019s fascinating biography of the man , published by faber .\nomitting song books and scottish sources ( to be discussed in future issues ) facsimile publishers and the lute books they publish are ( please correct me if i\u2019m wrong ) currently as follows : boethius / severinus / jacks pipes and hammers : willoughby , trumbull , sampson , pickeringe , board , brogyntyn , hirsch , ml , marsh , mynshall .\npegram bred and owns govenor charlie , while midnight lucky was bred in kentucky by dr . charles kidder , j . k . griggs , and linda griggs . pegram owns the filly with karl watson and paul weitman , comprising the triumvirate that has struck grade 1 gold in recent years with lookin at lucky , coil , drill , and executiveprivilege .\nfive years ago , a friend and i were flipping through vinyl shelves at a record fair , as tragically hip music nerds do , and we confessed our guilty pleasures . \u201ci own more midnight oil albums than i\u2019d like to admit , \u201d i offered . i further confessed that , in fact , i owned all the oils\u2019 releases , including australian imports .\nboth 3 - year - olds earned 50 points on the road to the derby and oaks standings . if both govenor charlie and midnight lucky make the trip to churchill downs , they will bring the longtime owner - trainer partnership of mike pegram and bob baffert back to the site of some of their most cherished memories , starting with real quiet\u2019s kentucky derby in 1998 .\nthe lute society : krakow 40641 , folger dowland , welde , osborn fb7 ; wickhambrook ; in preparation : cambridge dd . 2 . 11 ( and ultimately we hope the rest of the cambridge mss : dd . 3 . 18 , dd . 4 . 22 , dd . 5 . 78 . 3 , dd . 9 . 33 , nn . 6 . 36 ) , herbert of cherbury ; in transcription : bl stowe 389 , royal appendix 58 ; giles lodge , westminster abbey ms 105 ; fragments photographed in the lute ( 1992 ) : bl add mss 60577 , 6402 , 41498 ( 1993 ) magdalen , edmund , och 1280 , occ 254 ( 1999 ) westminster abbey ms 105 ; journal article in preparation : william skypton\u2019s ms .\noverall , i really like midnight lute . he posted the top beyer of any sprinter ever at 124 and is a two time bc sprint winner . he ' s won over $ 6 million . he ' s shown the ability to get some really high quality speed horses that have been able to run away from their competition around both one and two turns , something he himself could never manage . now i really do think he was always physically capable of getting a classic distance , but his breathing limitations kept him from getting that far . i think he ' s got an extremely bright future , and with the stout backing of his connections of mike pegram and bob baffert , he ' s in a pretty good place to succeed long term .\nmany lute players like to go to the original sources for their music . but facsimile publishing of manuscripts is a specialist business , and publishers are rather few . the pioneers in the field were boethius press ; they ran into financial difficulties and were refounded as severinus press . remaining stocks ( and the possibilities of short - run reprints ) now lie with jacks , pipes and hammers\nthen came 1987\u2019s diesel and dust , which broke midnight oil worldwide . recorded after a tour of the outback with indigenous musical groups , the oils\u2019 sixth album included \u201cbeds are burning\u201d , which people magazine accurately describes as \u201cprobably the first song about aborigine rights to go top 10 in the u . s . \u201d the band i secretly jammed out to with my cassette player now boomed from college dorm rooms everywhere .\nfast - forward to 2017 , and these debates over musical tastes seem quaint . it\u2019s punk rock time , like henry rollins says , and we\u2019ve got reagan on steroids occupying the white house . public schools , women\u2019s and minority ' s rights , and the environment are all under threat and i\u2019ve taken my lazy white privileged ass out to the streets to protest . and i find myself listening to midnight oil again .\nlast weekend at sunland park , govenor charlie and midnight lucky all but stamped their tickets to the kentucky derby and kentucky oaks , respectively , with dominant performances in two - turn races . govenor charlie drew clear at the quarter pole and powered to a five - length win in the grade 3 sunland derby , covering 1 1 / 8 miles in a track - record 1 : 47 . 54 and earning a 95 beyer speed figure .\nthere are three main currently available editions of the english lute duets . stefan lundgren has edited most of the english duets , published in four albums by lundgren edition . lundgren has chopped the treble and ground duets about , to share out treble and ground sections between the two players . this certainly makes for more challenging and stimulating playing , even if it dilutes the didactic concentration of the originals . secondly , there is tablature for two lutes published by stainer & bell , in three volumes edited by nigel north and the late robert spencer . volume 1 contains easier anonymous treble and ground duets , volume 2 has slightly harder treble and ground duets by named composers , including three by robinson and four by john johnson , and volume 3 contains ten of the finest \u2018equal\u2019 duets . thirdly and most recently , gordon gregory has edited a selection of treble and ground duets for the lute society , o happie ground , aimed specifically at the student , with fingering indications throughout .\nmidnight lucky , who may train up to the kentucky oaks on may 3 , is the fourth winning foal out of the citidancer mare citiview . citiview is a full sister to hookedonthefeelin , whom pegram purchased for $ 110 , 000 at the 1997 keeneland september yearling sale . hookedonthefeelin was the winner of five stakes , including the grade 1 la brea . as a broodmare , hookedonthefeelin has produced pussycat doll , a real quiet three - time grade 1 winner for pegram and baffert during the mid - 2000s , as well as grade 1 winner jimmy creed and stakes winner funny feeling .\ndaniel bacheler comes next in the league table with 55 extant solos . it is surprising that to date there has been no complete edition of his music\u2014the sources are considered problematic\u2014chris morongiello is working on one , and has been supplying pieces by him for our lute news music supplements . much of the music requires more than seven courses , and is not terribly easy ; paul o\u2019dette , who has made a recent recording on the harmonia mundi label , points out that it is hard to find a tempo that suits both the slow passages in his music and the fast divisions . so perhaps not a composer for the beginner to worry about unduly .\nin reading ( to use the chinese term ) a chinese landscape painting , we are often moved by the pleasure of recognition , even of identification , occasioned by the one or more tiny human figures , almost imperceptible among the rocks and pines . these figures , executed with a few minute strokes of the brush , represent a solitary man , leaning on his staff along a mountain path , or on the back of a donkey , crossing a bridge and followed by a boy who carries his lute , or among a group of similar figures lingering by the waterside , immersed in the landscape , insignificant and unobtrusive . ( li chi , 1962 )\nin reading ( to use the chinese term ) a chinese landscape painting , we are often moved by the pleasure of recognition , even of identification , occasioned by the one or more tiny human figures , almost imperceptible among the rocks and pines . these figures , executed with a few minute strokes of the brush , represent a solitary man , leaning on his staff along a mountain path , or on the back of a donkey , crossing a bridge and followed by a boy who carries his lute , or among a group of similar figures lingering by the waterside , immersed in the landscape , insignificant and unobtrusive .\n( li chi , 1962 )\nin reading ( to use the chinese term ) a chinese landscape painting , we are often moved by the pleasure of recognition , even of identification , occasioned by the one or more tiny human figures , almost imperceptible among the rocks and pines . these figures , executed with a few minute strokes of the brush , represent a solitary man , leaning on his staff along a mountain path , or on the back of a donkey , crossing a bridge and followed by a boy who carries his lute , or among a group of similar figures lingering by the waterside , immersed in the landscape , insignificant and unobtrusive\n( li chi , 1962 ) .\nnext , john johnson with 31 solos , \u2018the queen\u2019s luter\u2019 first really great english lute composer . there have been two complete editions of his works , one published by orphee editions , the other by tree . there is some debate about attributions and the boundaries of his repertoire , and the contents of the two editions differ . he wrote many pavans , galliards , and ground - based pieces , but also some very tuneful variation sets on popular tunes . his duets are notable ; a hallmark of his treble - and - ground writing is that they run the whole gamut of the instrument\u2014good student material ! christopher wilson and shirley rumsey have recorded a selection of his works on naxos .\nnext comes anthony holborne , with 52 extant solos , mostly pavans and galliards . he was also a noted composer for metal - strung instruments , the cittern and bandora . his solo music was edited first by masakata kanazawa some years ago , and published by harvard , and more recently has been edited by rainer aus dem spring , for the lute society ( this edition is out of print at the moment , but should be reprinted later this year . ) his works include a sprinkling of pieces , especially some of the galliards and almains , which the early intermediate player could begin to tackle . there have been attractive recent recordings by jacob heringman , on the asv label , and christopher wilson and shirley rumsey , on naxos ."]}
{"id": 69, "summary": [{"text": "lycodon cavernicolus , also known as gua wang burma wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake found in peninsular malaysia .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was first described in 2014 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "lycodon cavernicolus", "paragraphs": ["a\u00ednda ningu\u00e9n contribu\u00edu con rexistros de datos para lycodon cavernicolus . aprende a contribu\u00edr .\ntop : jaw of lycodon aulicus from jackson & fritts 2004 middle : lycodon zoosvictoriae from neang et al . 2014 bottom : lycodon cavernicolus from grismer et al . 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar m . s . , muin , wood & nor 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar m . s . , muin , wood & nor , 2014\nlycodon cavernicolus grismer , quah , anuar , muin , wood & nor , 2014 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nregions according to the tdwg standard , where < em > lycodon cavernicolus < / em > occurs , not a & nbsp ; precise distribution map .\nnote that this is not a & nbsp ; precise distribution map , but region standardised by tdwg world geographical schema , where < em > lycodon cavernicolus < / em > occurs .\nfigure 4 . left : ventral pattern of the holotype of lycodon cavernicolus sp . nov . lsuhc 9985 . right : ventral pattern of the paratype lsuhc 10500 . photos by l . l . grismer\nlycodon cavernicolus , grismer , l . lee , quah , evan s . h . , anuar , shahrul , muin , mohd abdul , wood , perry l . & nor , siti azizah mohd , 2014\nlycodon\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nlycodon zawi\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nthe specific epithet \u201ccavernicolus\u201d is an adjective derived from the latin caverna meaning \u201ccave\u201d and the latin cola meaning \u201cdweller of\u201d and refers to this species being a cave - dweller .\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than lycodon .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nmountain wolf snake\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nberg - wolfszahnnatter\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nwhite plum blossom snake\nto\nlycodon ruhstrati fischer 1886\n.\nsiler et al . ( 2013 ) concluded that dinodon species are nested within the lycodon tree and noted that dinodon ( the more recently described genus ) should therefore be treated as a junior synonym of lycodon . based on their own molecular phylogenetic studies , guo et al . ( 2013 ) also suggested that dinodon should be synonymized with lycodon . lei et al . ( 2014 ) also found that dinodon species are nested within lycodon . based on molecular phylogenetic and morphological analyses , lei et al . further concluded that oligodon multizonatum ( an endemic species known from sichuan and possibly gansu provinces in china ) actually falls within lycodon as well .\nlanza , b . ( 1999 ) a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\ngaulke , m . 2002 . a new species of lycodon from panay island , philippines ( reptilia , serpentes , colubridae ) . spixiana , 25 , 85\u201392 .\nlanza , b . 1999 . a new species of lycodon from the philippines , with a key to the genus ( reptilia serpentes colubridae ) . tropical zoology , 12 , 89\u2013104 .\njackson , k . and t . h . fritts . 2004 . dentitional specialisations for durophagy in the common wolf snake , lycodon aulicus capucinus . amphibia - reptilia 25 : 247 - 254 < link >\nvogel , g . & luo , j . ( 2011 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( boie , 1826 ) from the southwestern china ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa , 2807 , 29\u201340 .\nlei , j . , x . sun , k . jiang , et al . 2014 . multilocus phylogeny of lycodon and the taxonomic revision of oligodon multizonatum . asian herpetological research 5 ( 1 ) : 26\u201337 .\nvogel , g . & david , p . ( 2010 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( boie , 1826 ) from yunnan province , china ( serpentes : colubridae ) . bonn zoological bulletin , 57 , 289\u2013296 .\nguo , p . , l . zhang , q . liu , et al . 2013 . lycodon and dinodon : one genus or two ? evidence from molecular phylogenetics and morphological comparisons . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 144\u2013149 .\na new species of the genus lycodon fitzinger , 1826 is described from the cardamom mountains of southwest cambodia . lycodon zoosvictoriae distinctly differs from all other species of lycodon in southeast asia by a combination of its morphometric characters and unique coloration . the new species has 17 dorsal scales at midbody ; 2 + 2 temporals ; 8 supralabials ; 10 infralabials ; loreal separated from internasal and orbit ; 213 ventrals ; 85 subcaudals ; pale tan brown ground color ; irregular dark brown blotches on anterior part , 31 transverse blotches on posterior part of body and 26 blotches on tail . given its submontane type locality , the new species could prove to be endemic to the cardamom mountains of southwestern cambodia and probably southeast thailand .\nfigure 3 . dorsal ( upper ) and lateral ( lower ) head views of the holotype of lycodon cavernicolus sp . nov . lsuhc 9985 showing the location of head scales . f = frontal ; if = infralabial ; in = internasal ; l = loreal ; lat = lower anterior temporal ; lpt = lower posterior temporal ; m = mental ; mpt = middle posterior temporal ; n = nasal ; p = parietal ; pf = prefrontal ; po = postocular ; pp = postparietal ; pro = preocular ; r = rostral ; sl = supralabial ; so = suprocular ; uat = upper anterior temporal ; and upt = upper posterior temporal .\nzhang , j . , jiang , k . , vogel , g . & rao , d . ( 2011 ) a new species of the genus lycodon ( squamata : colubridae ) from sichuan province , china . zootaxa , 2982 , 59\u201368 .\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 : 262\u2013277 .\nsiler , c . d . , oliveros , c . h . , santanen , a . & brown , r . m . ( 2013 ) multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta , 42 , 262\u2013277 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , c . h . oliveros , a . santanen , and r . m . brown . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny reveals unexpected diversification patterns in asian wolf snakes ( genus lycodon ) . zoologica scripta 42 ( 3 ) : 262 - 277 .\nvogel , g . , nguyen , t . q . , kingsada , p . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus lycodon boie , 1826 from laos ( squamata : colubridae ) . north - western journal of zoology , 8 , 344\u2013352 .\nregarding inferences about the historical biogeography of lycodon , siler et al . ( 2013 ) note that with few exceptions , the results observed in their study are consistent with many of the biogeographic expectations for vertebrates in asia and the philippines ( see siler et al . 2013 for details and discussion ) .\nneang , t . , t . hartmann , s . hun , n . j . souter , and n . m . furey . 2014 . a new species of wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa 3814 : 68 - 80 < link >\ngrismer , l . lee ; evan s . h . quah , shahrul anuar m . s , , mohd abdul muin , perry l . wood , jr & siti azizah mohd nor 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3815 ( 1 ) : 051\u2013067\nfitzinger li . 1826 . neue classification der reptilien nach ihren nat\u00fcrlichen verwandtschaften . nebst einer verwandtschafts - tafel und einem verzeichnisse der reptilien - sammlung des k . k . zoologischen museums zu wien . vienna : j . g . heubner , five unnumbered + 67 pp . + one plate . ( lycodon , new genus , p . 57 ) . ( in german and latin ) .\ngrismer , l . lee , quah , evan s . h . , anuar , shahrul , muin , mohd abdul , wood , perry l . & nor , siti azizah mohd , 2014 , a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia , zootaxa 3815 ( 1 ) , pp . 51 - 67 : 56 - 61\ngrismer , l . l . , e . s . h . quah , s . anuar , m . a . muin , p . l . wood jr , and s . a . m . nor . 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae : lycodon boie , 1826 ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa 3815 : 51 - 67 < link >\nboulenger ga . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume i . , containing the families . . . colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 , part . . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xiii + 448 pp . + plates i - xxviii . ( genus lycodon , p . 348 , figure 23 ) .\nvogel , g . , david , p . , pauwels , o . s . g . , sumontha m . , norval g . , hendrix , r . , vu , n . t . & ziegler , t . ( 2009 ) a revision of lycodon ruhstrati ( fischer 1886 ) auctorum ( squamata colubridae ) , with the description of a new species from thailand and a new subspecies from the asian mainland . tropical zoology , 22 , 131\u2013182 .\ntype locality : gua wang burma , perlis state park , perlis , peninsular malaysia ( 6\u00b041 . 594n 100\u00b011 . 400e at 175 m elevation ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : lsuhc 9985 , adult female , collected on 12 march 2011 by evan s . h . quah and shahrul anuar m . s . paratype . juvenile male ( lsuhc 10500 ) has the same data as the holotype except for being collected on 23 may 2010 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\n, named for large teeth in both jaws . asian wolf snakes are placed in the genera\n, is a small , drab species with a metallic sheen and lives chiefly on lizards . it can grow to lengths of about 50 cm ( 20 inches ) . the\nsnake , ( suborder serpentes ) , any of more than 3 , 400 species of reptiles distinguished by their limbless condition and greatly elongated body and tail . classified with lizards in the order squamata , snakes represent a lizard that , over the course of evolution , has undergone structural reduction , \u2026\nreptile , any member of the class reptilia , the group of air - breathing vertebrates that have internal fertilization , amniotic development , and epidermal scales covering part or all of their body . the major groups of living reptiles\u2014the turtles ( order testudines ) , tuatara ( order rhynchocephalia\u2026\nvertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system\u2026\nchordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla\u2014the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\ngrismer , l . l . , evan s . h . quah , shahrul a . m . s . , mohd . a . muin , perry j . l . wood & siti a . m . nor . 2014 . a diminutive new species of cave - dwelling wolf snake ( colubridae :\n\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a : 2014 , asia , author : l . l . grismer , author : quah , conservation , herpetology - frog ; reptile snake , karst - limestone , peninsular malaysia , peninsular thailand , serpentes - snake , southeast asia , zootaxa\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nl . lee grismer department of biology , la sierra university , 4500 riverwalk parkway , riverside , california 92515 usa .\nevan s . h . quah school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nshahrul anuar m . s school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia . center for marine and coastal studies , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 minden , pulau pinang , malaysia\nmohd abdul muin school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nperry jr l . wood department of biology , brigham young university , 150 east bulldog boulevard , provo , utah 84602 usa .\nsiti azizah mohd nor school of biological sciences , universiti sains malaysia , 11800 usm , pulau pinang , penang , malaysia .\nl . lee grismer , evan s . h . quah , shahrul anuar m . s , mohd abdul muin , perry jr l . wood , siti azizah mohd nor\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , davidson , p . , duckworth , j . w . , eames , j . c . , trai , t . l . , nguyen , c . , ollson , u . , robinson , c . & timmins , r . ( 2010 ) description of a new species of phylloscopus warbler from vietnam and laos . ibis , 152 , 145\u2013168 .\nburbrink , f . t . , lawson , r . & slowinski , j . b . ( 2000 ) mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the polytypic north american rat snake ( elaphe obsoleta ) : a critique of the subspecies concept . evolution , 54 , 2107\u20132118 . urltoken\nchan , k . o . , van rooijen , j . , grismer , l . l . , belabut , d . , akil , m . a . m . m . , jamaludin , h . , gregory , r . & norhayati a . ( 2010 ) first report on the herpetofauna of pulau pangkor , perak , malaysia . russian journal of herpetology , 17 , 139\u2013146 .\nclements , r . , sodhi , n . s . , schilthuizen , m . & ng , p . k . l . ( 2006 ) limestone karsts of southeast asia : imperiled arks of biodiversity . bioscience , 56 , 733\u2013742 . h urltoken ; 2\ndowling , h . g . ( 1951 ) a proposed standard system of counting ventral in snakes . journal of herpetology , 1 , 97\u201399 .\ndrummond , a . j . , ashton , b . , buxton , s . , cheung , m . , cooper , a . , duran , c . , field , m . , heled , j . , kearse , m . , markowitz , s . , moir , r . , stones - havas , s . , sturrock , s . , thierer , t . & wilson , a . ( 2011 ) geneious v5 . 4 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 june 2014 )\ngrismer , l . l . ( 2011a ) lizards of peninsular malaysia , singapore and their adjacent archipelagos . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 728 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . ( 2011b ) field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago , peninsular malaysia . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 258 pp .\ngrismer , l . l . , anuar , s . , muin , m . a . , quah , e . s . h . & wood , p . l . jr . ( 2013 ) phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko ( cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) of the c . sworderi complex from northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3616 ( 3 ) , 239\u2013252 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l , , belabut , d . m , quah , e . s . h . , chan , k . o . , wood , p . l . jr . & hasim , r . ( 2014c ) a new species of karst forest - adapted bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus gray , 1827 ) belonging to the c . sworderi complex from a threatened karst forest in perak , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3755 ( 5 ) , 434\u2013446 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , chan , k . o . , nurolhuda , n . & sumontha , m . ( 2008a ) a new species of karst dwelling gecko ( genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 ) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 1875 , 51\u201368 .\ngrismer , l . l . , grismer , j . l . , wood , p . l . jr . & chan , k . o . ( 2008b ) the distribution , taxonomy , and redescription of the geckos cnemaspis affinis ( stoliczka 1887 ) and c . flavolineata ( nicholls 1949 ) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland , karst - dwelling species from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 1931 , 1\u201324 .\ngrismer , l . l . , grismer , j . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , ngo , v . t . & chan , k . o . ( 2011 ) herpetology on the fringes of the sunda shelf : a discussion of discovery , taxonomy , and biogeography . bonner zoologische monographien , bonn , 57 , 57\u201397 .\ngrismer , l . l . , norhayai , a . , chan , k . o . , belabut , d . , muin , m . a . , wood , p . w . jr . & grismer , j . l . ( 2009 ) two new diminutive species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 2019 , 40\u201356 .\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , anuar , s . , quah , e . s . h . , muin , m . a . , maketab , m . , chan , k . o . , heinz , h . m . , sumarli , a . s . - i . , loredo , a . i . & heinz , h . ( 2014b ) the phylogenetic relationships of three new species of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from poorly explored regions in northeastern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3786 ( 3 ) , 359\u2013381 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , chan , k . o . , anuar , s . & muin , m . a . ( 2014a ) cyrts in the city : a new bent - toed gecko ( genus cyrtodactylus ) is the only endemic species of vertebrate from batu caves , selangor , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3774 ( 4 ) , 381\u2013394 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , maketab , m . , chan , k . o . , heinz , h . m . , sumarli , a . s . - i . , chan , j . a . & loredo , a . i . ( 2013 ) a new species of karst - adapted cnemaspis strauch , 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from a threatened karst region in pahang , peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3746 ( 3 ) , 463\u2013472 . urltoken\ngrismer , l . l . , wood , p . l . jr . , quah , e . s . h . , shahrul , a . , muin , m . a . , sumontha , m . , norhayati , a . , bauer , a . m . , wangkulangkul , s . , grismer , j . l . & pauwels , o . s . g . ( 2012 ) a phylogeny and taxonomy of the thai - malay peninsula bent - toed geckos of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex ( squamata : gekkonidae ) : combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species . zootaxa , 3520 , 1\u201355 .\nhuelsenbeck , j . p . , ronquist , f . , nielsen , r . & bollback , j . p . ( 2001 ) bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology . science , 294 , 2310\u20132314 . [ washington d . c . ]\njenkins , p . d . , kilpatrick , c . , william , c . , robinson , m . f . & timmins , r . j . ( 2004 ) morphological and molecular investigations of a new family , genus and species of rodent ( mammalia : rodentia : hystricognatha ) from lao pdr . systematics and biodiversity , 2 , 419\u2013454 . urltoken\nkiew , r . ( 1998 ) limestone , quartzite and ultramafic vegetation . in : soepadmo , e . ( ed . ) , the encyclopedia of malaysia : plants . editions didier miller , singapore , pp . 26\u201327 .\nloredo , a . i . , wood , p . l . , jr . , quah , e . s . h . , anuar , s . h . , greer , l . , norhayati , a . & grismer , l . l . ( 2013 ) cryptic speciation within asthenodipsas vertebralis ( boulenger , 1900 ) ( squamata : pareatidae ) , the description of a new species from peninsular malaysia , and the resurrection of a . tropidonotus ( lidth de jude , 1923 ) from sumatra : an integrative taxonomic analysis . zootaxa , 3664 ( 4 ) , 505\u2013524 . urltoken\nmaddison , d . r . & maddison , w . p . ( 2005 ) macclade 4 : analysis of phylogeny and character evolution . version 4 . 08a . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 june 2014 )\nprice , l . ( 2001 ) caves and karst of peninsular malaysia . gua publications , malaysia , pp . 3\u201398 .\nronquist , f . , teslenko , m . , van der mark , p . , ayres , d . l . , darling , a . , h\u00f6hna , s . , larget , b . , liu , l . , suchard , m . a . & huelsenbeck , j . p . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . systematic biology , 61 , 539\u2013542 . urltoken\nstamatakis , a . ( 2006 ) raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models . bioinformatics , 22 , 2688\u20132690 . urltoken\nstamatakis , a . , hoover , p . & rougemont , j . ( 2008 ) a rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web servers . systematic biology , 57 , 758\u2013771 . urltoken\ntamura , k . , peterson , d . , peterson , n . , stecher , g . , nei , m . & kumar , s . ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods . molecular biology and evolution , 28 , 2731\u20132739 . urltoken\ntweedie , m . w . f . ( 1983 ) the snakes of malaya . 3rd edition . singapore national printers , singapore , pp . 167 , pls . 1\u201312 .\nvermeulen , j . & whitten , t . ( 1999 ) biodiversity and cultural property in the management of limestone resources \u2013 lessons from east asia . world bank , washington , d . c . , 120 pp .\nwilcox , t . p . , zwickl , d . j . , heath , t . a . & hillis , d . m . ( 2002 ) phylogenetic relationships of the dwarf boas and a comparison of bayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 25 , 361\u2013371 . h urltoken\nwood , p . l . jr . , quah , e . s . h . , anuar , s . & muin , m . a . ( 2013 ) a new species of lowland karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from northwestern peninsular malaysia . zootaxa , 3691 ( 5 ) , 538\u2013558 . urltoken\nwoodruff , d . s . ( 2010 ) biogeography and conservation in southeast asia : how 2 . 7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect today ' s patterns and the future of the remaining refugial - phase biodiversity . biodiversity conservation , 19 , 919\u2013941 . urltoken\nwoxvold , i . a . , duckworth , j . w . & timmins , r . j . ( 2009 ) an unusual new bulbul ( passeriformes : pycnotidae ) from the limestone karst of lao pdr . forktail , 25 , 1\u201312 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n9985 ) collected on 12 march 2011 by evan s . h . quah and shahrul anuar m . s . from gua wang burma , perlis state park , perlis , peninsular malaysia ( 6 \u00b0 41 . 594 n 100 \u00b0 11 . 400 e at 175 m in elevation ) .\n10500 ) has the same data as the holotype except for being collected on 23 may 2010 .\ngroups by having the combination of an elongate loreal scale that enters the orbit ; 245 ( male ) and 232 ( female ) ventral scales ; 113 ( male ) and 92 ( female ) paired subcaudal scales ; a single precloacal plate ; nine or 10 supralabials ; 10 or 11 infralabials ; a maximum total length of 508 mm for the single female ; relative tail length 0 . 25\u20130 . 27 ; venter immaculate as juveniles and with dark edging on the posterior margins of the ventral scales in adults ; and bands in juveniles that are white ( tables 2 , 3 ) .\n\u20135 ) . head flattened anteriorly , distinct from the neck ; snout elongate ; nostril oval , large , in the middle of the nasal ; eye large , with a vertically elliptic pupil ; rostral triangular , hardly visible from above ; nasal vertically divided by a furrow along posterior margin of nostril ; two square internasals , in wide , medial contact , and in contact with two large , subrectangular prefrontals posteriorly ; single , azygous , subpentagonal frontal , longer than wide ; two large , elongate parietals , contacted laterally by upper anteriror and posterior temporals and a larger paraparietal ; 1 / 1 wide , triangular supraocular ; 1 / 1 small preocular , located above the posterior portion of loreal ; 2 / 2 postoculars of similar size ; 1 / 1 narrow , elongate loreal entering orbit , in contact with second , third , and fourth supralabials ventrally , the prefrontal and preocular dorsally , the nasal anteriorly ; 9 / 10 supralabials all higher than wide except last scale in the series ; first and second supralabials in contact with nasal ; fourth , fifth , and sixth supralabials entering orbit ; seventh supralabial largest ; upper row of two ( long anterior and short posterior ) temporals ; lower row of three ( two anterior and one posterior ) temporals ; a middle posterior temporal ventral to upper posterior temporal and dorsal to lower posterior temporal ; posterior temporals smaller than anterior temporals ; 11 / 11 infralabials ; first pair of infralabials separated medially by deep , medial groove ; first five infralabials in contact with first pair of chinshields ; anterior and posterior pair of chinshields elongate , generally same size and shape , and bearing a deep , medial groove that is confluent with groove separating first pair of infralabials .\nbody elongate , somewhat laterally compressed ; svl 406 mm ; tal 102 mm ; tl 508 mm . 232 ventrals ( plus two preventrals ) , 92 paired , subcaudals ; anal single ; dorsal scales in 17 \u2013 17 \u2013 15 rows , the eight medial rows weakly keeled ; vertebral row not enlarged ; no apical pits .\n, 5 ) . body and tail nearly uniformly light - brown ; body bearing 36 faint , lighter colored bands ; tail bearing 29 similarly colored bands ; head coloration same as that of the faint bands ; venter ground color beige ; posterior edges of ventral scales edged in light - brown , generally beginning with ventral scale 40 ; subcaudals mottled with light - brown .\nfrom throughout its range are listed in table 3 . the paratype is a hatchling and bears a bold , contrasting , dorsal color pattern similar to that of juvenile\n( fig . 5 ) . its venter however , is nearly immaculate unlike the holotype whose ventrals are edged posteriorly with dark - brown ( fig . 4\n) . it also has 45 irregularly shaped , whitish bands with darkened centers on the body and 41 similarly colored caudal bands . a wide , white band covers the occipital and posterior temporal regions . the anterior 11 bands on the body are more widely separated and distinct than the posterior body and caudal bands . presumably , the banding pattern fades considerably with maturity as in\n\u201d is an adjective derived from the latin caverna meaning \u201ccave\u201d and the latin cola meaning \u201cdweller of\u201d and refers to this species being a cave - dweller .\nnatural history . both the holotype and paratype were found deep within gua wang burma cave approximately 200 m from the cave entrance ( fig . 6\n) . both specimens were found at approximately 1100 hrs . the holotype was observed scaling a vertical wall approximately 2 m above the ground while exploring nooks and crevices . she was gravid but expelled two eggs soon after capture . the paratype was found crawling over a slanting cave wall approximately 3 m above the ground in a more exposed area . other species of amphibians and reptiles observed in the cave or near the cave entrance were the bufonid\nsp . nov . extends through march . the only potential food source we found deep within cave is\n( juvelies ) which are also known to occur on the cave walls ( grismer et al . 2012 ) .\ngroup by having a single loreal scale that enters the orbit as opposed to the loreal scale not entering the orbit . from the species of the\ngroup it differs by having more ventral scales ( 232\u2013245 vs . 182\u2013227 collectively ) ; more subcaudal scales in the male ( 113 vs . 65\u201392 collectively ) ; a much smaller adult female total length ( 508 vs . 615\u2013762 collectively ) ; more caudal bands ( 29\u201341 vs . 7\u201323 collectively ) ; and a belly pattern that lacks wide , dark bands or dark spots ( table 2 ) .\nby the loreal and internasals being separat as opposed to contacting and having an uncorrected p - distance of 9 . 3 % ( table 4 ) .\nfigure 6 . microhabitat inside the gua wang burma cave at the type locality in perlis state park , perlis . photos by l . l . grismer .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe phylogenetic results of siler et al . ( 2013 ) provide evidence of deeply divergent lineages within some taxa ( l . effraensis , l . subcinctus ) that may represent cryptic species . some of the lineage diversity revealed appears to correspond to taxonomic entities previously identified ( currently recognized as subspecies or synonyms ) and some does not . on the other hand , as noted above , genetic results suggest that species diversity within several clades may be overestimated , rather than underestimated , by current taxonomic treatments . between these two extremes lie species with moderate genetic structure observed among populations ( l . muelleri , l . aulicus complex ) .\n( guo et al . 2013 and references therein ; siler et al . 2013 and references therein )\npyron , r . a . , h . k . dushantha kandambi , c . r . hendry , et al . 2013 . genus - level phylogeny of snakes reveals the origins of species richness in sri lanka . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 969\u2013978 .\nmish fc ( editor in chief ) . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary , eleventh edition . springfield , massachusetts : merriam - webster , incorporated . 40a + 1 , 623 pp . isbn 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 . (\nlycopodium\n, p . 742 ;\nodonate\np . 860 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a72cb320 - 8375 - 4854 - 942f - a025734f852e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : beb61503 - f9a1 - 4ef9 - 9f01 - 7ea999f95966\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e5cdd7ed - 6fcf - 491e - 92a8 - d1955d939986\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c54c823c - 2131 - 48c0 - 8875 - b4af04a48cb6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 246472\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nneang thy , timo hartmann , seiha hun , nicholas j . souter , neil m . furey . 2014 . a new species of wolf snake ( colubridae :\nfor professional , respectful , and non - lethal snake removal and consultation services in your town , try wildlife removal usa .\nalthough cyrtodactylus vilaphongi was the 10 , 000th reptile species for a while , the order and position of entries in the reptile database is constantly changing . although new species get added to the end of the list , it ' s common for two or more existing species to get synonymized or merged , which moves the position of all subsequent species up . furthermore , sometimes species that were described long ago and subsequently synonymized are revalidated , leading to ' new ' species that aren ' t really new in the sense that they have existed before . finally , often existing species get split up , leading to additions that aren ' t as dramatic as legitimate new discoveries . this last complication is on the rise now that molecular systematics has enabled us to describe the cryptic diversity of some lineages , which are not all that morphologically distinct but may contain considerable genetic diversity .\nat the time of my email to peter last month , c . vilaphongi was the 9988th species , and ( happily ) , a new snake , siphlophis ayauma , was # 10 , 000 . although this has probably changed again by now , i ' m going to operate under the assumption that , since we can ' t really say with certainty that any particular species was # 10 , 000 , if it was a snake , it was probably one of the 11 brand new snake species that have been described so far this year . you can read about many of these on the blog ' species new to science ' , but i ' m going to highlight them in a little more detail here .\neutrachelophis bassleri and its weird penis from myers & mcdowell 2014 a color photo of e . bassleri was published in echevarr\u00eda & venegas 2015\nharvey bassler , a petroleum geologist , explored many of the amazon ' s upper tributaries for his work during the 1920s and 30s , during which time he collected over 4 , 200 snakes on the side . bassler deposited his magnificent collection in the american museum of natural history in 1934 , and on march 6th this year\nhas extremely unusual heimpenes tipped with a dome - like structure so strange ( at least within the world of snake hemipenes ) that the authors wrote\nwe have seen nothing quite like [ it ] .\nhemipenes were traditionally considered one of the most taxonomically - important structures in snakes\nbecause they were considered to be evolutionarily neutral ( that is , unlikely to change in response to selection ) , but a growing awareness that evolution by both natural and especially sexual selection can influence the morphology of male genitalia led these authors to recognize that these two snakes were in fact close relatives . although we await molecular confirmation , the authors propose a mechanism by which differential expression of\non january 12th , 2008 , a group of american and ecuadorian herpetologists stopped for lunch at a grilled - chicken restaurant in paute , azuay province , ecuador . they noticed a peculiar sun - faded snake on display in a jar of alcohol that they couldn ' t quite put a name to . following negotiation with the restaurant owner , the specimen was acquired and determined to belong to the genus\n, but could not be identified to any known species . a few months later , another specimen was found alive about 100 miles to the north , and two more were discovered in 2011 about the same distance to the south . a fifth individual is now recognized to have been hiding out unnoticed in the collection of the museo de zoolog\u00eda , pontificia universidad cat\u00f3lica del ecuador . because of its red - banded head and its occurrence in the mountains near cold ( achachay ) streams , the new species was named\nafter the kichwa spirit aya uma , a good spirit devil who derives strength from nature , particularly from cold mountain pacchas ( cascades ) and is represented in kichwa folklore as having a colorful red - banded head . this is the seventh species in the genus , the third species known from ecuador , and the first new species of\n.\namaru\nmeans\nsnake\nin kichwa , and is also the name of a snake deity who influences water and the economy . this diurnal snake lays clutches of 9 - 13 eggs underground in galleries and under decaying logs , and probably eats frogs and lizards . it is a close relative of the\n) are a small and unusual group of vipers found in sub - saharan africa . they were once thought to be the most primitive vipers and were placed in their own subfamily , but they are now grouped with the\nafter the late jens rasmussen , a dutch expert on african snakes who died in 2005 . this species is found only in the watershed between the congo and zambezi basins , where it co - occurs with three other species of\nfrom northwestern zambia with black markings and low ventral scale counts . in 2013 , someone sent him a picture of one eating a toad ( another unusual adaptation that night adders share with\n) , which prompted him to look again at the unusual specimens and describe them as a new species . few molecular data are available for\nbrazil is graced with nearly 400 species of snakes , including 30 of the world ' s ~ 80 species of coralsnakes . the morphology of coralsnakes is highly variable , and there are many misidentified specimens in museum collections , so it is often difficult to recognize new species . a group of brazilian herpetologists working on the tri - colored coralsnakes from the endangered northeastern coastal forests discovered a new species , which they described in the june 5th issue of\n( if any of these dates are your birthday , then you share a birthday with that of a new species of snake ! ) .\n) are named for their fearsome - looking fang - like anterior maxillary teeth . unlike\n, wolfsnake teeth are not grooved or hollow and they have no venom . instead , their strongly arched upper jaw helps them feed on skinks , whose hard , cylindrical bodies fit snugly into their diastema , or the gap between their anterior and posterior teeth . the wolf - like anterior teeth keep the skink from being squeezed out of the mouth , while the posterior teeth slice through the skink ' s cycloid scales . at least 16 of the nearly 60 species of\nfrom a limestone cave in peninsular malaysia . the latter is a cave - adapted species , both specimens of which were found climbing several feet above the cave floor , in total darkness . it ' s likely that they eat a cave - adapted gecko . many of the caves in this region are in immediate danger of being quarried for cement before their endemic fauna and flora can be fully documented . both of these species were also described in\n, with the stated goal of aiding conservation efforts by circumventing the lengthy delays normally associated with publication of new science . since its inception in 2001 ,\ncloudogram\nof crotalus triseriatus species group showing the new nine - species arrangement from bryson et al . 2014\nspecies group , which contains small montane rattlesnakes found in mexico and the southwestern usa . although five species were historically recognized within the group , an analysis of seven nuclear genes revealed that there are at least nine species , including two that were previously recognized as subspecies and two more that have not heretofore been formally recognized . the paper described the two new species :\n. the authors of this paper suggest that these rattlesnakes speciated rapidly from a single common ancestor during the uplifting of the trans - mexican volcanic belt near the end of the neogene period 2 . 6 million years ago , which makes sense because they are not very mobile and populations of their common ancestor likely would have become isolated from one another on various\nsky islands\nof suitable habitat during the genesis of this new mountain range . many species are endemic to the high - altitude pine - oak forests and grasslands of this region , which has become famous\n( 10 or 12 ) , the central pair of which are strongly keeled , giving the snake a distinctly flat - backed appearance . this species is found in riparian forests along rocky streams in coastal brazil , not too far south of the new coralsnake ( above ) .\n, from near the border of china , india , and burma . which is relatively closely related to the\n) . more new species from both of these groups will likely follow , given the taxonomic untidiness of their genera .\nthanks to peter uetz at the reptile database for sharing with me some inside information , and to the authors of these papers for their photos .\nnewspaper clipping from 10 january 1960 showing broadley with his amputated finger . you can see more at the finger ' s facebook page or listen to broadley describe the experience here .\nangarita - sierra , t . 2014 . hemipenial morphology in the semifossorial snakes of the genus ninia and a new species from trinidad , west indies ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) . south american journal of herpetology 9 : 114 - 130 < link >\nbroadley , d . g . 2014 . a new species of causus lichtenstein from the congo / zambezi watershed in north - western zambia ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . arnoldia zimbabwe 10 : 341 - 350 < link >\nbryson , r . j . , c . w . linkem , m . e . dorcas , a . lathrop , j . m . jones , j . alvarado - diaz , c . i . grunwald , and r . w . murphy . 2014 . multilocus species delimitation in the crotalus triseriatus species group ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) , with the description of two new species . zootaxa 3826 : 475 - 496 < link >\ncope , e . d . 1895 . the classification of the ophidia . transactions of the american philosophical society 18 : 186 - 219 < link >\ndowling , h . g . 1967 . hemipenes and other characters in colubrid classification . herpetologica 23 : 138\u2013142 < link >\nguo , p . , q . liu , l . zhang , j . x . li , y . huang , and r . a . pyron . 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the asian keelback snakes , genus amphiesma ( serpentes : colubridae : natricinae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa 3873 : 425 - 440 < link >\nfernandes , d . and b . hamdan . 2014 . a new species of chironius fitzinger , 1826 from the state of bahia , northeastern brazil ( serpentes : colubridae ) . zootaxa 3881 : 563 - 575 < link >\nk\u00f6hler , g . and m . kieckbusch . 2014 . two new species of atractus from colombia ( reptilia , squamata , dipsadidae ) . zootaxa 3872 : 291 - 300 < link >\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . [ 10th ed . ] . laurentii salvii , holmiae , stockholm , sweden < link >\nmyers , c . w . and s . b . mcdowell . 2014 . new taxa and cryptic species of neotropical snakes ( xenodontinae ) , with commentary on hemipenes as generic and specific characters . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 385 : 1 - 112 < link >\npires , m . g . , n . j . da silva jr . , d . t . feitosa , a . l . d . c . prudente , g . a . p . filho , and h . zaher . 2014 . a new species of triadal coral snake of the genus micrurus wagler , 1824 ( serpentes : elapidae ) from northeastern brazil . zootaxa 3811 : 569 - 585 < link >\nsalazar - valenzuela , d . , o . torres - carvajal , and p . passos . 2014 . a new species of atractus ( serpentes : dipsadidae ) from the andes of ecuador . herpetologica 70 : 350 - 363 < link >\nschneider , n . , t . q . nguyen , m . d . le , l . nophaseud , m . bonkowski , and t . ziegler . 2014 . a new species of cyrtodactylus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from the karst forest of northern laos . zootaxa 3835 : 80 - 97 < link >\nsheehy , c . m . , m . h . y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , j . h . valencia , and e . n . smith . 2014 . a new species of siphlophis ( serpentes : dipsadidae : xenodontinae ) from the eastern andean slopes of ecuador . south american journal of herpetology 9 : 30 - 45 < link >\nteyni\u00e9 , a . , a . lottier , p . david , t . q . nguyen , and g . vogel . 2014 . a new species of the genus opisthotropis g\u00fcnther , 1872 from northern laos ( squamata : natricidae ) . zootaxa 3774 : 165 - 183 < link >\nuetz , p . 2010 . the original descriptions of reptiles . zootaxa 2334 : 59 - 68 < link >\nvogel , g . , p . david , and i . sidik . 2014 . on trimeresurus sumatranus ( raffles , 1822 ) , with the designation of a neotype and the description of a new species of pitviper from sumatra ( squamata : viperidae : crotalinae ) . amphibian and reptile conservation 8 : 1\u201329 < link >\nzaher , h . , j . c . arredondo , j . h . valencia , e . arbel\u00e1ez , m . t . rodrigues , and m . altamirano - benavides . 2014 . a new andean species of philodryas ( dipsadidae , xenodontinae ) from ecuador . zootaxa 3785 : 469\u2013480 < link >\nzhu , g . - x . , y . - y . wang , h . takeuchi , and e . - m . zhao . 2014 . a new species of the genus rhabdophis fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : colubridae ) from guangdong province , southern china . zootaxa 3765 : 469 - 481 < link >\nanother fascinating post . changing taxonomy plays havoc with people who try to keep a tally of the reptiles that they have encountered . i try to maintain a bird list and keep track of it all on , ebird . they drive me nuts by constantly informing me that i need to update my records to reflect changes in bird taxonomy . i do not even try to remember all the new names of old bird species . i have no idea what my real life list is .\nthanks john ! i agree , it is quite complicated . i use ebird as well , and i have to admit that i ' ve found the way they handle taxonomy to be quite painless . i ' ve heard that this is not the case on other bird life - listing websites , however .\ni am a phd student at utah state university , where i study the physiology and ecology of lizards and snakes . my research is quite narrow compared to the fascinating field of snake ecology , which i write about here to indulge my broader interests . my work brings me into frequent contact with the need for snake conservation , which requires holistic conservation of ecosystem structure and function , on which human society depends . i believe that we can only accomplish this goal through education , and that is partly why i decided to publish this blog . the title is a quote by david quammen , one of the best science writers around , and the mudsnake in the logo is from dum\u00e9ril , bibron , & dum\u00e9ril ' s nine - volume early 19th century opus , erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale .\nclick here to read this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! figure from laszlo 1975 recently somebod . . .\nif you have found a snake shed that you wish to identify in the usa or canada , click here for a guide . click here to view the spanish . . .\nclick here to view this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para ver este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! i noticed that a huge proportion of the hits on . . .\nclick here to read this post in spanish ! haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol ! solenoglyphous fangs of a gaboon viper snake . . .\nclick here to read this post in spanish haga clic aqu\u00ed para leer este blog en espa\u00f1ol global distribution of all snake species combin . . .\ncontinent : asia distribution : taiwan , china ( jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , northward to anhui and west to sichuan [ elevation 800 - 1850 m ] and se gansu ) , n vietnam ( elevation 500 - 1500 m ) ruhstrati : taiwan ( endemic ) abditus : type locality : u bo region , phong nha \u2013 ke bang np , quang binh province , vietnam . type locality : s\u00fcd - formosa [ = south taiwan ] , china ."]}
{"id": 70, "summary": [{"text": "elimia tenera , formerly known as goniobasis tenera , is an extinct species of freshwater snail with an operculum , in the aquatic gastropod mollusk family pleuroceridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species flourished during the eocene and is now known only from the fossil record .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name elimia was restored to this species in 1975 ; formerly it was placed in goniobasis . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "elimia tenera", "paragraphs": ["aquamarine | elimia tenera fossil | raw aquamarine & elimia tenera mismatched earring studs . mermaid earrings . boho jewelry .\nturritella agate slab , elimia agate slice for cabbing or display , fossilized elimia tenera , 91x64x6 . 7mm\npaleo & geo topics : comments by r . l . squires : elimia tenera : a commonly misidentified eocene freshwater snail\nelimia tenera , green river formation , usa , eocene era ( 45 mya ) - 18 . 8g | fossils | pinterest | green river\nelimia tenera , green river formation , usa , eocene era ( 45 mya ) - 15 . 4g | fossils | pinterest | green river\nclick the button below to add the turritella ( elimia tenera ) fossil - 34 to 56 mya - actual authentic fossil to your wish list .\nthis rock ( 77 mm width ) is fully packed with specimens of e . tenera .\nelimia tenera : specimen on the left ( 19 mm height ) shows the spiral ribs , and the specimen on the right ( 14 mm height ) shows both spiral and radial ribs .\nturritella agate , elimia tenera fossil shell , 6mm ( 6 . 4mm ) round beads , 16 inch , full strand , approx 65 beads , hole 1mm , a + quality ( 421054002 )\nnamed\nturritella\nin error decades ago . the correct name is\nelimia agate .\nthis polished slab ( 37 mm width ) shows only the cross section of shells of e . tenera .\nso , next time you visit your favorite rock and fossil shop or show , ask for an agatized elimia tenera cabechon . it is very likely no one will know what you are talking about . but you will !\nrather , the green river formation fresh water snail species is elimia tenera , and is a member of the pleuroteridae family of gastropods . the best preserved specimens are found in the laney member of the green river formation in sweetwater county , wyoming . elimia tenera are prolifically preserved in regions of southern wyoming , northern colorado and northeastern utah where near shore lake beds were silicified during burial . intermittent volcanic eruptions likely provided the hot silica - rich ground waters responsible for shallow formation of chalcedony in a subtropical environment where the gastropods thrived .\nelimia tenera , which used to be ( and incorrectly ) called goniobasis tenera , is a freshwater snail that lived in shallow subtropical lakes with intermittent volcanic eruptions nearby . this gastropod is of eocene age and is commonly found in the laney member of the green river formation in utah . this is the same formation that famously has many very well preserved fish , insect , leaf , and other fossils .\nover the years , as i have viewed various collections of fossils , i have come across specimens of a small fossil gastropod that occur in great abundance . rocks containing these shells can be found for sale in rock shops or online , and the shells are commonly and incorrectly called \u201c turritella agate . \u201d these rocks do not consist of turritella ; rather they consists of specimens of the freshwater gastropod elimia tenera ( hall , 1845 ) , which have been preserved in chalcedony . actual specimens of turritella can be much larger , possess only spiral ribs , and are known only from shallow - marine deposits . elimia tenera has both radial and spiral ribs , and the aperture of elimia is quite unlike that of turritella .\nabundant plants and algae grew on the margins of these lakes , providing a perfect habitat and food source for elimia tenera , the freshwater snail . when the snails died , their shells sank to the bottom of the lake . the snails were so prolific that entire lenses of sediment were composed almost entirely of their shells .\nthis organic gem material was incorrectly named decades ago when the christener thought that the spectacular spiral - shaped gastropod ( snail ) fossils entombed within the stone were members of the marine turritella genus . that was a mistake . instead , the fossils are of the freshwater snail , elimia tenera , a member of the pleuroceridae family .\nif you want to learn more about elimia tenera and the best name for turritella agate , we recommend a visit to the paleontological research institution - people who know what they are talking about when it comes to fossils . their article on turritella agate was authored by dr . warren d . allmon , director of the institution .\nthe rock shown above is lacustrine fossiliferous chert packed with fossil snails . this material is popular with rockhounds and lapidarists , who call it\nturritella agate\n. well , it ' s not agate - it ' s fossiliferous chert . and the snails aren ' t turritella , they are elimia tenera ( animalia , mollusca , gastropoda , cerithioidea , pleuroceridae ) .\nturritella agate is a type of chalcedony rich sedimentary rock from wyoming usa . it is characterized by the distinct snail shell - like creamy coloured markings within a mainly dark brown / black base . the creamy patterns are created by , and composed of , the silicated fossilized remains of an extinct type of freshwater snail , namely elimia tenera , from the turritella genus .\nthese three specimens of e . tenera are internal casts ( i . e . , each one shows only the interior of a shell , which was filled with chalcedony ) . the largest specimen is 14 mm height .\nthere has been considerable disagreement in blogs and websites as to whether or not the e . tenera specimens , found in rock shops , have been replaced by chalcedony or agate . technically speaking , chalcedony is the \u201cculprit . \u201d it is a microcrystalline form of silica , and chalcedony has many varieties , including agate , which commonly has multi - colored curved or angular banding . the specimens of e . tenera that i have seen were replaced by a fairly uniform brown or gray color of \u201cordinary\u201d chalcedony and not replaced by the more eye - catching , beautiful colors typically associated with agate .\nturritella agate / elimia agate : a close - up photo of a sawn surface of turritella agate showing numerous spiral - shaped snail shells . this type of view shows how the internal cavities of the shells and the voids between the shells have all been infilled with the translucent - to - transparent agate . this view is about two inches across .\nif you go into a rock shop or a gem , mineral , and fossil show and ask for\nelimia agate ,\na lot of people will say that they have never heard of it . but , if you ask for turritella , almost everyone around you will know what it is . the incorrect name is that well - entrenched in the lapidary trade .\nbefore the correct name was realized and widely published , the gem material became quite popular and the name\nturritella\nwent wild in lapidary magazines , gem , mineral , and fossil books , catalogs , and exhibits . today it is typically seen without corrective note in all of those sources , along with websites , online auctions , and computer software . only a fraction of the people who have collected the material , cut it into cabochons , sold it , bought it , or worn it in jewelry have any knowledge that elimia is a more appropriate name .\nmolluscan taxa and their paleoecological associations appear to remain uniform throughout deposition of the formation , except for the large planorbid biomphalaria pseudoammonius , which occurs only in the bridgerian - aged rocks of the formation . living forms of the most common freshwater taxa elimia , viviparus , and the unionids ) do not now naturally occur in the rocky mountains , but occur in two separated regions : one in the eastern mississippi river drainages , the other in the pacific northwest . this distribution reflects the shift from perennial warm waters in the eocene to cooler , largely intermittent waters in the post - eocene .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : north american freshwater snails author : j b burch publisher : hamburg , mich . : malacological publications , \u00a91989 . oclc : 20559611\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nonline version : burch , j . b . ( john bayard ) , 1929 - north american freshwater snails . hamburg , mich . : malacological publications , \u00a91989 ( ocolc ) 767787615\npreface v i . introduction 1 ii . systematics , nomenclature , indentification and morphology 7 - systematics 7 - nomenclature 18 - identification and morphology 25 iii . habitats and distribution 74 - habitats 74 - distribution 76 iv . species list , ranges and illustrations 81 - family neritinidae [ neritidae ] 81 - family valvatidae 81 - family viviparidae 84 - family ampullariidae [ pilidae ] 90 - family bithyniidae 92 - family micromelaniidae 92 - family hydrobiidae 92 - family pomatiopsidae 130 - family thiaridae 130 - family pleuroceridae 131 - family acroloxidae 170 - family lymnaeidae 170 - family physidae 182 - family planorbidae 194 - family ancylidae 212 v . identification keys to the freshwater gastropods of north america 217 - families and higher taxa 217 - family neritidae [ neritinidae ] 223 - family valvatidae 223 - family viviparidae 227 - family ampullariidae [ pilidae ] 230 - family bithyniidae 230 - family micromelaniidae 231 - family hydrobiidae 231 - family pomatiopsidae 239 - family thiaridae 240 - family pleuroceridae 241 - family acroloxidae 247 - family lymnaeidae 247 - family physidae 253 - family planorbidae 254 - family ancylidae 261 vi . generic synonymy 264 vii . supplemental notes 268 viii . glossary 285 ix . references 77 , 293 x . index 338 corrigenda 80 , 283\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nnorth american freshwater snails / j b burch ; hamburg , mich . : malacological publications , \u00a91989 .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nauthor : hobart m . king , ph . d . , gia graduate gemologist\nturritella agate is the popular name used for a brown , translucent , fossiliferous agate found in the green river formation of wyoming . it is very easy to recognize because it contains large fossil snails that stand out in a white - to - tan color that contrasts with the brownish agate .\nit is possible that the misnamed turritella is the best - known fossil from the green river formation .\nturritella agate cabochon : a cabochon cut from turritella agate that features one of the spiral - shaped snail shells . this cab is about 1 1 / 2 by 1 inch in size .\nabout 50 million years ago , during the eocene epoch , the young rocky mountains were almost finished growing , and the landscape of what is now parts of colorado , utah , and wyoming consisted of rugged mountains separated by broad intermountain basins . rains falling on the slopes of these mountains ran off of the land and collected into streams that carried sand , silt , mud , and dissolved materials down into the lakes that occupied the intermountain basins . over time , these sediments began filling the lakes , and many types of fossils were preserved within them .\nafter these layers were buried , groundwater moved through the sediments . small amounts of dissolved microcrystalline silica in the groundwater began to precipitate , possibly in the form of a gel , within the cavities of the snail shells and the empty spaces between them . over time , the entire mass of fossils was silicified , forming the brown fossiliferous agate ( also known as chalcedony ) that we know today as turritella agate .\nthe green river formation is one of the best - known rock units in the world for its fossils . some geologists call it a\nlagerst\u251c\u0105tte ,\na name given to a rock unit that is exceptionally rich in fossils . spectacular fish , plant , insect , and animal fossils have been found in the green river formation .\nturritella slab : a slab of turritella agate about six inches in width and 3 / 8 inch thick . slabs like this are used to cut cabochons . the lapidary selects a nice scene in the slab , saws a rough outline , and grinds the material into a cab .\nfor at least the past fifty years , turritella agate has been prized as a unique and beautiful gem material . when it is completely silicified , it can be sawn into slabs that are polished and used for bookends , desk sets , clock faces , and other lapidary craft items .\nmany lapidaries mark ovals , circles , squares and other shapes on the slabs and cut them into cabochons . these make great pendants , belt buckles , bolos , ring stones , and earrings . scraps and pieces too small to slab or make other items with can be placed in a rock tumbler to produce some of the most interesting tumbled stones .\npeople who see these beautiful projects marvel that so many spectacular fossils are preserved in the rock . they are also surprised by the cross - sections of the fossils that are visible in great detail on the slabs , cabs , and tumbled stones . turritella is one of the most fascinating gem materials and a lesson in snail anatomy .\nthe rock material that contains the fossil snails ranges from a shale to a sandstone . some of it has been silicified into a dense agate that is free of voids and serves as an excellent gem material . however , most of the material is only somewhat silicified , or unsilicified .\nwhen purchasing or collecting material for lapidary work , it must be carefully inspected to be sure that it is fully silicified and that the fossils are firmly cemented into the rock . some of the vendors who sell it do not know the qualities that are needed for lapidary work . incompletely silicified material is a waste of money and time . it is frustrating to cut , yields a low - quality product , and doesn ' t even make nice tumbled stones .\nturritella agate rough : another close - up photo of turritella agate . the width of this view is about two inches .\nimages , code , and content on this website are property of urltoken and are protected by copyright law .\ndr . squires shares his enthusiasm for interesting paleontologic and geologic topics with the general public .\ntoday is confined entirely to north american fresh waters : the eastern united states and into texas and from southern canada to florida . pleurocerids might be relicts ( \u201cliving fossils\u201d ) from earlier geologic times ( paleozoic ? ) in eastern north america .\ni taught paleontology for 40 years at california state university northridge . my on - going research concerns fossil mollusks ( i . e . , snails and clams ) that can be found in cretaceous and cenozoic rocks along the west coast of north america .\nall images and text are copyrighted by r . squires , unless otherwise noted . . simple theme . powered by blogger .\nthe premier and trusted museum store company for ancient art , artifacts of antiquity , historic museum jewelry reproductions , museum reproductions , art history replicas , archaeology & museum gifts .\nown a piece of history . . . give a piece of history ( tm ) - established 1997\n. item descriptions are entirely informational without any claim to origin or manufacture . none of our products are indian made or an indian product under u . s . c . 305et . seq . not responsible for errors / omissions . items are for decorative use only . warning : toys , games , and other items may contain small parts which pose a choking hazard and are not for children under 3 . adult supervision is recommended for all of our items . all\nare licensed trademarks of museum store company and arden technologies , inc . all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbeginning of a dialog window , including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account . both registration and sign in support using google and facebook accounts . escape will close this window .\nby clicking register , you agree to etsy ' s terms of use and privacy policy . etsy may send you communications ; you may change your preferences in your account settings .\nturritella agate pendant . turritella necklace . fossil necklace . fossil jewelry . protection stone . gift for him .\nyou ' ve already signed up for some newsletters , but you haven ' t confirmed your address . register to confirm your address .\nset where you live , what language you speak , and the currency you use . learn more .\nstart typing the name of a page . hit esc to close , enter to select the first result .\n? well you ' re in luck , because here they come . there are\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs . 250 * extra . available in bangalore , mumbai , chennai , hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free , fast delivery on eligible items , video streaming , ad - free music , exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\n, department of geology and geological engineering , univ of north dakota , box 8358 , grand forks , nd 58202 , joseph _ hartman @ und . nodak . edu , hanley , john h , u . s . geol survey , denver federal center , box 25046 , denver , co 80225 , good , steven c . , department of geology & astronomy , west chester univ , west chester , pa 19383 , and evanoff , emmett , university of colorado museum , univ colorado - boulder , campus box 265 , boulder , co 80309 - 0265\nthe shells of freshwater and terrestrial mollusks occur in all facies of the wasatchian and bridgerian - age green river formation and can be so abundant as to form coquinas . fossil assemblages include freshwater gastropods , terrestrial ( subaerial ) gastropods , freshwater mussels , and fingernail clams .\n. these two gill - bearing snails are most abundant in the high - energy shore facies of the formation . other gastropods include species of\n( heterostropha ) . the latter are typically the only gastropods that occur in the sublittoral oil shales . freshwater pulmonate gastropods are numerically rare in the formation but include species of\n. the pulmonate gastropods typically occur in near - shore facies and in pond deposits in the wasatch and bridger formations lateral to the green river formation .\nis most abundant in the near - shore facies . the highly alkaline chemistries of the green river lakes allowed for the preservation of the glochidium on adult shells of\nis most abundant in the sublittoral facies and can occur in the oil shales .\n\u00a9 copyright 2002 the geological society of america ( gsa ) , all rights reserved . permission is hereby granted to the author ( s ) of this abstract to reproduce and distribute it freely , for noncommercial purposes . permission is hereby granted to any individual scientist to download a single copy of this electronic file and reproduce up to 20 paper copies for noncommercial purposes advancing science and education , including classroom use , providing all reproductions include the complete content shown here , including the author information . all other forms of reproduction and / or transmittal are prohibited without written permission from gsa copyright permissions .\nwe interpret the lower laclede bed to record deposition in a balanced - fill lake basin , in which lakes of varying salinity expanded and contracted across a low - relief basin floor . the preservation of shoreline and alluvial facies in the northeastern part of the transect suggest maximum lake depths of ~ 50 m or less , based on analogy to the modern bear river delta in utah . we interpret the upper laclede bed to record deposition in an overfilled lake basin , that was continuously occupied by a relatively stable , freshwater lake with an outlet to the south .\nprevious studies concluded that the transition to overfilled conditions resulted from capture of the idaho river . the results of this study suggest a more complex process of continuous watershed expansion that occurred throughout laney member deposition . based on 87s r / 86 sr ratios , the base of the laney member in the bridger basin appears to be slightly older than in the washakie basin . capture of the idaho river did trigger the shift to overfilled conditions however , and southward spillage of lake gosiute caused lakes in the piceance creek and uinta basins to merge and deposit the highly organic - rich mahogany zone . detritus from the challis volcanic field eventually filled in lake gosiute , and was then carried downstream to partly fill lake uinta .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nwe thank b . l . beard , k . m . bohacs , h . p . buchheim , g . grabowski , c . m . johnson , j . t . pietras , and m . e . smith for their helpful assistance , advice , and discussions concerning the laney member . e . drew , e . parcher - wartes , and j . van alstine served as tireless field assistants during this project , and a . devaughn assisted with laboratory analyses . we are grateful for funding received from conoco , texaco , the u . s . national science foundation ( ear - 9406684 and ear - 9628549 to c . m . johnson ) , the donors of the petroleum research fund of the american chemical society , the j . david love wyoming field geology fellowship , and the university of wisconsin - madison department of geoscience , and the morgridge distinguished graduate fellowship . we also thank m . e . smith for thoughtfully reviewing the manuscript .\naswasereelert w , meyers sr , carroll ar , peters se , smith me , feigl kl ( 2013 ) basin - scale cyclostratigraphy of the green river formation , wyoming . geol soc am bull 125 : 216\u2013228\nbaker pa , kastner m ( 1981 ) constraints on the formation of sedimentary dolomite . science 213 : 214\u2013216\nbehr h ( 2002 ) magaiite and magadi chert ; a critical analysis of the silica sediments in the lake magadi basin , kenya . in : renaut rw , ashley g ( eds ) sedimentation in continental rifts , vol 73 , society for sedimentary geology ( sepm ) special publication . sepm ( society for sedimentary geology ) , tulsa , pp 257\u2013273\nbohacs km ( 1998 ) contrasting expressions of depositional sequences in mudrocks from marine to nonmarine environs . in : schieber j , zimmerlie w , sethi p ( eds ) mudstones and shales , v . 1 , characteristics at the basin scale . schweizerbart\u2019sche verlagsbuchhandlung , stuttgart , pp 32\u201377\nbohacs km , carroll ar , neal je , mankiewicz pj ( 2000 ) lake - basin type , source potential , and hydrocarbon character : an integrated sequence - stratigraphic - geochemical framework . in : gierlowski - kordesch eh , kelts kr ( eds ) lake basins through space and time , vol 46 , american association of petroleum geologists studies in geology . american association of petroleum geologists , tulsa , pp 3\u201334\nbradley wh ( 1929 ) the varves and climate of the green river epoch . u . s . geological survey professional paper 158 - e .\nbradley wh ( 1964 ) the geology of the green river formation and associated eocene rocks in southwestern wyoming and adjacent parts of colorado and utah . u . s . geological survey professional paper 496 - a .\nbraunagel lh , stanley ko ( 1977 ) origin of variegated redbeds in the cathedral bluffs tongue of the wasatch formation ( eocene ) , wyoming . j sediment petrol 47 : 1201\u20131219\nbuchheim hp ( 1978 ) paleolimnology of the laney member of the eocene green river formation . phd thesis , university of wyoming , laramie , 101 p\nbuchheim hp , surdam rc ( 1977 ) fossil catfish and the depositional environment of the green river formation , wyoming . geology 5 : 196\u2013198\ncarroll ar , bohacs km ( 1999 ) stratigraphic classification of ancient lakes : balancing tectonic and climatic controls . geology 27 : 99\u2013102\ncarroll ar , doebbert ac , booth al , chamberlain cp , rhodes - carson mk , smith me , johnson cm , beard bl ( 2008 ) capture of high - altitude precipitation by a low - altitude eocene lake , western u . s . geology 36 : 791\u2013794\ncasanova j , hillaire - marcel c ( 1992 ) late holocene hydrological history of lake tanganyika , east africa , from isotopic data on fossil stromatolites . palaeogeogr palaeoclimatol palaeoecol 91 : 35\u201348\nchetel lm , carroll ar ( 2010 ) terminal infill of eocene lake gosiute , wyoming , usa . j sediment res 80 : 492\u2013514\nchetel l , janecke su , carroll ar , beard bl , johnson cm , singer bs ( 2011 ) paleographic reconstruction of the eocene idaho river , north american cordillera . geol soc am bull 123 : 71\u201388\ncohen as , thouin c ( 1987 ) near - shore carbonate deposits in lake tanganyika . geology 15 : 414\u2013418\ndemaison dj , moore gt ( 1980 ) anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis . aapg bull 64 : 1179\u20131209\ndesborough ga ( 1978 ) a biogenic - chemical stratified lake model for the origin of oil shale of the green river formation : an alternative to the playa - lake model . geol soc am bull 89 : 961\u2013971\ndickinson wr , klute ma , hayes mj , janecke su , lundin er , mckittrick ma , olivares md ( 1988 ) paleogeographic and paleotectonic setting of laramide sedimentary basins in the central rocky mountain region . geol soc am bull 100 : 1023\u20131039\ndoebbert ac , carroll ar , mulch a , chetel lm , chamberlain cp ( 2010 ) geomorphic controls on lacustrine isotopic compositions : evidence from the laney member , green river formation , wyoming . geol soc am bull 122 : 236\u2013252\ndoebbert ac , johnson cm , carroll ar , beard bl , pietras jt , rhodes - carson mk , norsted b , throckmorton la ( 2014 ) controls on sr isotopic evolution in lacustrine systems : eocene green river formation , wyoming . chem geol 380 : 172\u2013179\neggleston jr , dean we ( 1976 ) freshwater stromatolitic biotherms in green lake , new york . in : walker mr ( ed ) stromatolites . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 479\u2013488\neugster hp ( 1967 ) hydrous sodium silicates from lake magadi , kenya ; precursors of bedded chert . science 157 : 1177\u20131180\neugster hp ( 1969 ) inorganic bedded cherts from the magadi area . contrib mineral petrol 22 : 2\u201331\nfischer ag , roberts lt ( 1991 ) cyclicity in the green river formation ( lacustrine eocene ) of wyoming . j sediment petrol 61 : 1146\u20131154\nhalley rb ( 1976 ) textural variation within great salt lake algal mounds . in : walker mr ( ed ) stromotolites . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 435\u2013445\nhorsfield b , curry dj , bohacs km , littke r , rullk\u00f6tter j , schenk hj , radke m , schaefer rg , carroll ar , isaksen g , witte eg ( 1994 ) organic geochemistry of freshwater and alkaline lacustrine sediments in the green river formation of the washakie basin , wyoming , u . s . a . org geochem 22 : 415\u2013440\nkelts kr , hs\u00fc kj ( 1978 ) freshwater carbonate sedimentation . in : lerman a ( ed ) lakes : chemistry , geology , and physics . springer , berlin , pp 295\u2013323\nkornegay gl , surdam rc ( 1980 ) the laney member of the green river formation , sand wash basin , colorado , and its relationship to wyoming . in : hollis s ( ed ) stratigraphy of wyoming . wyoming geological association 31st annual field conference guidebook , pp 191\u2013204\nludlam sd ( 1969 ) fayetteville green lake , new york ; 3 . the laminated sediments . limnol oceanogr 14 : 848\u2013857\nma l ( 2006 ) origin of dolomite in the green river formation . university of houston ph . d . dissertation , 336 p\nmachlus ml , olsen pe , christie - blick n , hemming sr ( 2008 ) spectral analysis of the lower eocene wilkins peak member , green river formation , wyoming : support for milankovitch cyclicity . earth planet sci lett 268 : 64\u201375\nmachlus ml , ramezani j , bowring sa , hemming sr , tsukui k , clyde wc ( 2015 ) a strategy for cross - calibrating u\u2013pb chronology and astrochronology of sedimentary sequences : an example from the green river formation , wyoming , usa . earth planet sci lett 413 : 70\u201378\nmeyers sr ( 2008 ) resolving milankovitchian controversies : the triassic latemar limestone and the eocene green river formation . geology 36 : 319\u2013322\nmurphy jt , lowenstein tk , pietras jt ( 2014 ) preservation of primary lake signatures in alkaline earth carbonates of the eocene green river wilkins peak - laney member transition zone . sediment geol 314 : 75\u201391\nplatt nh , wright vp ( 1991 ) lacustrine carbonates : facies models , facies distributions and hydrocarbon aspects . in : anad\u00f3n p , cabrera l , kelts k ( eds ) lacustrine facies analysis , vol 13 , international association of sedimentologists special publication . blackwell scientific publications , oxford / boston , pp 57\u201374\nrhodes mk , carroll ar , pietras jt , beard bl , johnson cm ( 2002 ) strontium isotope record of paleohydrology and continental weathering , eocene green river formation , wyoming . geology 30 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013170\nroehler hw ( 1973 ) stratigraphic divisions and geologic history of the laney member of the green river formation in the washakie basin in southwestern wyoming . u . s . geological survey bulletin 1372 - e .\nroehler hw ( 1992 ) correlation , composition , areal distribution , and thickness of eocene stratigraphic units , greater green river basin , wyoming , utah , and colorado . u . s . geological survey professional paper 1506 - e .\nroehler hw ( 1993 ) eocene climates , depositional environments , and geography , greater green river basin , wyoming , utah , and colorado . u . s . geological survey professional paper 1506 - f .\nschultz c , buchheim hp , awramik s ( 2004 ) a high resolution archive of lake dynamics preserved in the stromatolites of the laney member of the green river formation ( eocene ) . geol soc am abstr progr 36 : 285\nar geochronology of the eocene green river formation , wyoming . geol soc am bull 115 : 549\u2013565\nsmith me , carroll ar , singer bs ( 2008 ) synoptic reconstruction of a major ancient lake system : eocene green river formation , western united states . geol soc am bull 120 : 54\u201384\nar , u - pb , and astronomical ages from the green river formation . geology 38 : 527\u2013530\nsmith me , jicha br , carroll ar , cassel ej , scott jj ( 2014 ) paleogeographic record of eocene farallon slab rollback beneath western north america . geology 42 : 1039\u20131042\nstanley ko , surdam rc ( 1978 ) sedimentation on the front of eocene gilbert - type deltas , washakie basin , wyoming . j sediment petrol 48 : 557\u2013573\nsurdam rc , stanley ko ( 1979 ) lacustrine sedimentation during the culminating phase of eocene lake gosiute , wyoming ( green river formation ) . geol soc am bull 90 : 93\u2013110\nsurdam rc , stanley ko ( 1980 ) effects of changes in drainage - basin boundaries on sedimentation in eocene lakes gosiute and uinta of wyoming , utah , and colorado . geology 8 : 135\u2013139\ntalbot mr , allen pa ( 1996 ) lakes , 3 . in : reading hg ( ed ) sedimentary environments ; processes , facies and stratigraphy . blackwell , oxford , pp 83\u2013124\nvan wagoner jc , posamentier hw , mitchum rm , vail pr , sarg jf , loutit ts , hardenbol j ( 1988 ) an overview of sequence stratigraphy and key definitions . in : wilgus cw et al ( eds ) sea level changes : an integrated approach , vol 42 , sepm special publication . society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists , tulsa , pp 39\u201345\nwinland hd , matthews rk ( 1974 ) origin and significance of grapestone , bahama islands . j sediment petrol 44 : 921\u2013927\nwolfbauer ca , surdam rc ( 1974 ) origin of nonmarine dolomite in eocene lake gosiute , green river basin , wyoming . geol soc am bull 85 : 1733\u20131740\nrhodes m . k . , carroll a . r . ( 2015 ) lake type transition from balanced - fill to overfilled : laney member , green river formation , washakie basin , wyoming . in : smith m . , carroll a . ( eds ) stratigraphy and paleolimnology of the green river formation , western usa . syntheses in limnogeology , vol 1 . springer , dordrecht\ngreen river fossil bat : this 5 . 5 inch long bat is the most primitive bat known . claws on each finger of its wings indicate it was probably an agile climber and crawled along and under tree branches searching for insects . national park service photo . enlarge image .\nthe green river formation has yielded some of the best - preserved and oldest fossil bats ever found . it has also produced a variety of other unusual fossils such as turtles , crayfish , and horses . the photos shown below are by the national park service - fossil butte national monument .\ngreen river fossil turtle : this 1 . 7 meter ( 5 foot 6 inch ) softshell turtle is one of the largest turtles from fossil lake . during the eocene , trionychid turtles reached maximum size . today , north america ' s largest softshell turtles reach 51 cm ( 20 inches ) in length . national park service photo . enlarge image .\ngreen river fossil turtle : this ten - inch - long turtle belongs to the baenidae family , an extinct north american group . shell characteristics , a very long tail and recurved claws suggest they were strong bottom - walking turtles . national park service photo . enlarge image .\ngreen river fossil horse : most mammal fossils consist of teeth and bone fragments . this fully - articulated early horse is an extremely rare find and to date , the only horse found in the green river formation . national park service photo . enlarge image .\ngreen river fossil crayfish : crayfish lived in the shallow , near - shore water of fossil lake . procambarus is known only from the eocene deposits of fossil lake . its closest living relative , austrocambarus , is found in mexico . national park service photo . enlarge image .\ngreen river fossil stingray : heliobatis radians had small teeth for crushing snails and other mollusks and barbed spines on the tail for defense . national park service photo . enlarge image .\ndacite - a light - colored extrusive igneous rock intermediate between rhyolite and andesite .\nkick ' em jenny is a submarine volcano and one of the most active on the caribbean plate .\nash plume at kilauea caused by explosions in the summit crater rise high into the atmosphere .\nminerals : information about ore minerals , gem materials and rock - forming minerals .\nplate tectonics - articles and maps about plate tectonics and the interior of earth .\ncleoniceras ammonite fossil , middle cretaceous ( 110 mya ) , tulear , madagascar - 13 . 8g | fossils | pinterest | ammonite\npolished horn coral fossil , western sahara , morocco , devonian ( 380 mya ) - 7 . 1g | fossils | pinterest | western sahara\nturritella agate\nfrom the eocene of wyoming , usa . ( 5 . 7 cm across along the base )\nof all the molluscs , the gastropods ( snails ) have made the most ecological adaptations . they can be found in almost all fundamental environments : marine , freshwater , terrestrial . most gastropods live in the ocean , and have a single , asymmetrically coiled , external shell of calcium carbonate ( caco3 - usually aragonite ) . the hard calcareous shell is the most easily fossilized part of the gastropod . the soft parts of a snail ( the \u201cslug\u201d portion ) include a well developed head having eyes , tentacles , and a mouth , and a well developed , strong , muscular foot used principally for locomotion . the shell is carried upright on the snail\u2019s back , or is partially dragged behind . when threatened by a predator , many snails can retract their soft parts into the shell\u2019s interior for protection .\nmany fossil snails in the paleozoic rock record are often not well preserved , or are preserved as internal molds . the original aragonite of many gastropod shells is not stable on geologic time scales , and often recrystallizes or dissolves completely away . fossil snail shells in mesozoic and cenozoic rocks are usually better preserved .\nsometimes things get named too fast and once labeled incorrect associations are very difficult to rectify . have you ever seen \u201c turritella agate\u201d at your favorite fossil dealer\u2019s table ? it has often been polished into cabochons designed to display the whorls of the spiral shaped shell and the agate that has filled the apertures . raw specimens are attractive as well .\nthe cabachon on the left is 1 . 5\u201d high and is from utah . the raw hand sample on the left is from south central wyoming . both are incorrectly labeled turritella agate in their internet source .\nthe pieces will probably come with the label \u201cgreen river formation\u201d and it might be from wyoming , utah or colorado . the location is likely correct , but the fossil identification is not .\nhave lived since the cretaceous period , thriving during the upper paleocene epoch ( 56 - 60 million years ago ) , just a few million years before \u201cturritella agate\u201d from the green river formation was deposited . however , they were not living in the\nthis is a fossil turritella mortoni from the paleocene epoch . it was found in the silty shales of the marine aquia formation in king george county , virginia .\nthe stamps depicted above both correctly depict recent turritella species that are clearly of marine origin . the el salvador stamp issued in 1980 depicts a turritella leucostoma , a species found along the pacific coast from mexico to peru . the 2008 stamp from bosnia and herzegovina features a turritella turris fossil common in the marine miocene rocks of southeast europe .\nwonderful article ! we will be linking to this particularly great post on our website . keep up the good writing .\nthe frequency of turritella agate connects to the base chakra , so that one feels supported , safe , secure and protected in the third dimensional reality , and that one actually creates one\u2019 own reality .\nturritella agate can help to opens one\u2019s consciousness so that one is able to connect to the natural spirits of plant and mineral forms and to aid in earth healing .\nwe have two very comprehensive search facilities , crystals a to z and search for crystals . please explore . . .\ncopyright 2018 soulful crystals all rights reserved and our sitemap all logos & trademark belong to soulful crystals ."]}
{"id": 71, "summary": [{"text": "potamocypris is a genus of ostracod crustaceans in the family cyprididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are currently 42 extant species of potamocypris .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the majority of the species occur in freshwater habitats ; only a few species of the genus ( e.g. , potamocypris steueri ) colonize marine brackish coastal waters . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "potamocypris", "paragraphs": ["a bisexual population of potamocypris villosa , found in lago de encina , a mesotrophic lake in the cantabrian mountains , nw spain , is the first certain record of the male of this species . valves and soft parts are described . males of potamocypris - species lack a furca although a rudimentary furca is always present in females . the same applies to species of related genera , such as tanganyikacypridopsis and plesiocypridopsis . some remarks on the position of the genus potamocypris in the cyprinopsinae are presented .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbrand\u00e3o , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database .\nmartens , k . ; savatenalinton , s . ( 2011 ) . a subjective checklist of the recent , free - living , non - marine ostracoda ( crustacea ) . zootaxa . 2855 : 1 - 79 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmaddocks , r . f . , m . l . machain - castillo , and f . r . g\u00edo - arg\u00e1ez . 2009 . podocopan ostracoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 877\u2013894 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nblanchard , r . , 1891 . r\u00e9sultats d ' une excursion zoologique en alg\u00e9rie . m\u00e9m . soc . zool . fr . 4 : 208\u2013245 .\nbroodbakker , n . , 1982 . amsterdam expeditions to the west - indian islands , rep . 20 . the genus\n( crustacea , ostracoda ) in the west indies . part 1 : taxonomic characters . bijdr . dierk . 52 : 207\u2013227 .\nbroodbakker , n . & d . danielopol , 1982 . the chaetotaxy of cypridacea ( crustacea , ostracoda ) limbs : proposals for a descriptive model . bijdr . dierk . 52 : 103\u2013120 .\ndanielopol , d . , 1982 . nouvelles donn\u00e9es sur les candoninae ( ostracoda ) hypog\u00e9s de roumanie et yougoslavie . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris , ser . 4 , 4 : 369\u2013396 .\nde deckker , p . , 1979 . comparative morphology and review of australian notodromatinae . senckenberg . biol . 59 : 417\u2013463 .\ngauthier , h . , 1928a . recherches sur la faune des eaux continentales de l ' alg\u00e9rie et de la tunisie . lechevallier , paris , 420 pp .\ngauthier , h . , 1928b . ostracodes et cladoc\u00e8res de l ' afrique du nord ( re note ) . bull . soc . hist . nat . afr . n . 19 : 10\u201319 .\ngauthier , h . , 1931 . faune aquatique du sahara central \u2014 r\u00e9coltes de mlg seurat au hoggar en 1928 . bull . soc . hist . nat . afr . n . 22 : 350\u2013400 .\ngauthier , h . , 1937 . ostracodes et cladoc\u00e8res de l ' afrique du nord ( 4e note ) . bull . soc . hist . nat . afr . n . 28 : 147\u2013155 .\nklie , w . , 1938 . ostracoda , muschelkrebse . in f . dahl ( ed . ) , die tierwelt deutschlands und der angrenzenden meeresteile , 34 . krebstiere oder crustacea . gustav fischer . jena , 230 pp .\nmartens , k . , 1984 . annotated checklist of non - marine ostracods ( crustacea , ostracoda ) from african inland waters . zool . dok . , k . mus . mid . afr . 20 , 51 pp .\nn . gen . ( crustacea , ostracoda ) from lake tanganyika . zool . scr . 14 ( in press ) .\n( crustacea , ostracoda ) . part 2 . species with long swimming setae on the second antennae . trav . sci . mus . hist . nat . luxembg . 6 , 95 pp .\nmoniez , r . , 1891a . faune des lacs sal\u00e9s d ' alg\u00e9rie . m\u00e9m . soc . zool . fr . 4 : 246\u2013257 .\nmoniez , r . , 1891b . les mles chez les ostracodes d ' eau douce . revue biol . n . fr . 3 : 354\u2013356 .\npetkovski , t . k . , 1963 . \u00fcber s\u00fcsswasser - ostracoden der azoren . bol . mus . municip . funchal 17 : 49\u201365 .\npetkovski , t . k . , 1966 . ostracoden aus einiger quellen der slowakei . acta mus . mazed . sci . nat . 10 : 91\u2013107 .\nrichard , j . , 1896 . sur l\u00e1 faune des eaux douces des a\u00e7ores . bull . soc . zool . fr . 21 : 171\u2013178 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr ."]}
{"id": 75, "summary": [{"text": "the grey-faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) is a petrel endemic to the north island of new zealand .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in new zealand it is also known by its m\u0101ori name oi and ( along with other species such as the sooty shearwater ) as a muttonbird . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "grey - faced petrel", "paragraphs": ["grey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel . this grey - faced petrel photo off tasmania taken by paul brooks / macaulay library\nfind out more about the grey - faced petrel at new zealand birds online .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) yet .\ngrey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) several grey - faced petrels flying around at sea . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive\na grey - faced petrel briefly landing on the water ' s surface before flying away .\ngrey - faced petrel has been split from great - winged petrel . both species occur in australian waters . many organised pelagic trips already routinely reported these as subspecies in the past .\nimber , m . j . 1976 . breeding biology of the grey - faced petrel pterodroma macroptera gouldi . ibis 118 : 51 - 64 .\ngrey - faced petrel . in flight , dorsal . off wollongong , new south wales , australia , december 2006 . image \u00a9 brook whylie by brook whylie urltoken\ntaylor , g . a . 2013 . grey - faced petrel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nthis subspecies is often split as grey - faced petrel . this form is a breeding endemic to new zealand , breeding off the nw coast of north island .\ngrey - faced petrels breed on tiritiri matangi and can often be heard at night during the breeding season .\n, this dark gadfly petrel is slightly larger , with pale grey area around bill often extending to . . .\njohnstone , r . m . ; davis , l . s . 1990 . incubation routines and foraging - trip regulation in the grey - faced petrel pterodroma macroptera gouldi . ibis 132 : 14 - 20 .\neach of the two monotypic groups of great - winged petrel is elevated to species rank , based on differences in mitochondrial dna , vocalizations , plumage , morphometrics , and in other aspects of their biology ( wood et al . 2016 ; see also onley and scofield 2007 and howell 2012 ) : great - winged petrel ( great - winged ) pterodroma macroptera macroptera becomes great - winged petrel pterodroma macroptera , and great - winged petrel ( gray - faced ) pterodroma macroptera gouldi becomes gray - faced petrel pterodroma gouldi .\nthe largest breeding colony of grey - faced petrel is on whale island , moutohora , near whakatane in the eastern bay of plenty . there are also small colonies on the mainland near whakatane but these colonies are very fragile .\nfollowing the split , leach\u2019s storm - petrel now contains only two subspecies , each of which is recognized as a monotypic group : leach\u2019s storm - petrel ( leach\u2019s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa and leach\u2019s storm - petrel ( chapman\u2019s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani .\ncorrect the english name of the polytypic group zimmerius chrysops minimus / cumanensis from golden - faced tyrannulet ( coopman\u2019s ) to golden - faced tyrannulet ( coopmans\u2019s ) .\nthere are two sub - species of grey\u2013faced petrel , macroptera , which breeds on islands in the atlantic and indian oceans and off southwestern australia , and gouldii , which breeds on off shore islands and coastal headlands of the northern north island of new zealand .\nventral view of two birds . bird behind is a great - winged petrel ( pterodroma macroptera ) .\nthe grey - faced petrel is a large dark gadfly petrel with long narrow wings and a long pointed tail . the entire body is uniformly dark black - brown but with occasional paler brown worn feathers . the base of the bill and throat are either grey or buff - white . in the hand , the stout black bill ( 33 - 40 mm long ) has a large sharp hook that can slice through squid and the hands of those holding these birds . the eyes and legs are black .\nsimilar species : other all - dark gadfly petrels are rare in new zealand coastal water . providence petrel is greyer and has white flashes on the underwing . dark morph kermadec petrel is smaller with a shorter tail and white shafts on the primaries . kerguelen petrel ( most likely to occur august - october ) is smaller with a shorter bill and glossy grey sheen on its plumage and silver - white leading edge on the underwing .\nthe most obvious evidence of the update in process is likely to be the my ebird pages . this update does not only involve name changes and changes to the species sequence , but also a number of splits . each split needs to be carefully considered . if ebird had a subspecies group ( e . g . \u201cgreat - winged petrel ( grey - faced ) \u201d ) that was relevant to the new split , then those entries will be upgraded from a subspecies group to the new species ( e . g . grey - faced petrel ) . if you did not specify the subspecies , then we try to assign records based on known range and occurrence patterns where possible .\nthe grey - faced petrel is blackish brown except for the pale grey forehead , sides of the face , chin and throat . the black bill is stout , the legs and feet are black and the wings are long and narrow . the call is \u2018o - hi\u2019 or \u2018o - hoe\u2019 , uttered at dusk as they fly over their breeding colonies . birds on the ground or in burrows utter a loud \u2018or - wik\u2019 and \u2018si - si - si\u2019 .\nthe grey\u2013faced petrels have many predators including \u2014 stoats , rats , dogs , illegal harvesting , fire , birds of prey . by visiting their colonies at night they do not run the risk of being harassed by birds of prey .\nainley , d . g . 1980 . geographic variation in leach\u2019s storm - petrel . auk 97 : 837 - 853 .\nrevise the range description of gray - faced petrel from \u201cbreeds on islands off north i . ( new zealand ) and sw australia\u201d to \u201cbreeds on islands off north island ( new zealand ) ; ranges in tasman sea and southwestern pacific ocean . \u201d\nimber , m . j . 1973 . the food of grey - faced petrels ( pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( hutton ) ) , with special reference to diurnal vertical migration of their prey . journal of animal ecology 42 : 645 - 662 .\nthe major threat to grey - faced petrels is mammalian predators on their breeding grounds , especially feral cats and rats . many former colonies have been lost due to predators , and some mainland colonies are sustained by immigration from island colonies . eradication of rats from islands has benefitted grey - faced petrels at many sites , as rats take eggs and chicks . a small colony at rapanui in taranaki has been protected by the building of a predator - exclusion fence . long - term studies of grey - faced petrels at several sites have improved our understanding of the ecology of this species . the information obtained supported the conservation of the related and critically endangered chatham island taiko . these studies included captive - rearing trials , testing of tracking devices , long - term marking projects and research on the breeding biology and diet . translocations of chicks to establish new colony sites have been attempted but are still in the early stages of chick returns . grey - faced petrels occasionally follow fishing boats and sometimes occur as by - catch on long - line fisheries .\nwood , j . r . , h . a . lawrence , r . p . scofield , g . a . taylor , p . o\u2019b . lyver , and d . m . gleeson . 2016 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic evidence supports reinstatement of full species status for the grey - faced petrel , pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( procellariiformes : procellariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society .\n41 cm . , 550 g . , plumage black brown , pale grey face and throat , bill , legs and feet black .\nthe breeding biology of the grey - faced petrel is well known from several long - term studies . the season is broadly march to january with the single white egg ( 68 x 48 mm ) laid between mid - june and late july . the well - lined nest chamber is at the end of a long burrow dug into soil , or amongst vegetation . the egg hatches in august or september after c . 55 days of incubation , and the chick fledges between november and january at c . 118 days - old . grey - faced petrel mostly breed annually ; very few pairs skip a breeding season . incubation and chick - care are shared . the chick is independent of the parents at fledging . immatures begin to return to colonies at 3 years of age and can breed as early as four years of age but most delay breeding until they are 8 - 10 years old .\nwhite - faced cuckoo - dove is not monotypic ; sulaensis forbes and robinson 1900 , long considered to be a junior synomym of nominate manadensis , is vocally distinct ( ng and rheindt 2016 ) . therefore , white - faced cuckoo - dove is split into two species : white - faced cuckoo - dove turacoena manadensis , with range \u201csulawesi and the togian islands\u201d ; and sula cuckoo - dove turacoena sulaensis , with range \u201cbanggai islands and sula islands . \u201d\nin the breeding season of the year 2000 a study was being done on one of the mainland colonies near whakatane by phillipa gardner of grey\u2013faced petrels , using a safety door on their burrows . this was a trial for the protection of petrels that are at risk from predators eating their chick or egg .\na large dark gadfly petrel with uniformly dark black - brown body with occasional paler brown worn feathers , long narrow wings , a long pointed tail , and black eyes and legs . the stout black bill has a large sharp hook and the base of the bill and throat are either grey or buff - white .\ngrey - faced petrels are nocturnally active at the breeding grounds . unlike their relatives on southern islands , grey - faced petrels are very active on the colony surface at night , with birds calling , prospecting for burrows , displaying and sleeping ashore . activity ashore is more pronounced on dark nights during periods of wet weather , but birds will return in bright moonlight on windy nights . spectacular aerial courtship chases over the colony are a feature of this species and the breeding sites can be quite noisy during april / may and again in august . at sea , grey - faced petrels fly rapidly out to the continental shelf edge before they begin foraging for food . they can cover large distances in their quest for food with birds recorded flying to the east coast of australia while their partner is sitting on the egg . after breeding the birds disperse mainly to warmer water in the north tasman sea or off southern and eastern australia .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . grey - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncorrect the scientific name for the polytypic group ashy drongo ( island white - faced ) from dicrurus leucophaeus periophthalmicus / siberu to dicrurus leucophaeus [ periophthalmicus group ] .\nmacleod , c . j . ; adams , j . ; lyver , p . 2008 . at - sea distribution of satellite - tracked grey - faced petrels , pterodroma macroptera gouldi , captured on the ruamaahua ( aldermen ) islands , new zealand . papers & proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 142 : 73 - 88 .\nduring the breeding season , grey - faced petrels feed mainly in the tasman sea or east of new zealand , around the continental shelf edge or over deeper oceanic water , ranging thousands of kilometres . during the summer moult period , they disperse widely across the tasman sea to the coast of australia , and some reach the coral sea .\ninsert a newly added subspecies , obscurior matthews 1923 , immediately following subspecies curnamona , with range \u201csoutheastern australia ( grey range periphery , northwestern new south wales ) \u201d ( black 2011 ) .\nthe first indication that the petrel population was under stress was in 1962 , when muttonbirders , local people of maori decent with hereditary rights to kill for food the young petrels before they fledge , concerned at the scarcity of petrel chicks for exploitation , requested a ban on the harvest , rahui in 1963 and 1964 . wildlife refuge status imposed on moutohora in 1964 has legally protected the petrels since then .\nin accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 628 ) , based on isler et al . ( 2013 ) , change the scientific name of rufous - faced antbird from schistocichla rufifacies to myrmelastes rufifacies .\nng , n . s . r . , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . species delimitation in the white\u2011faced cuckoo\u2011dove ( turacoena manadensis ) based on bioacoustic data . avian research 7 : 2 .\ngrey - faced petrels are generalists feeding most often on squid but they also eat crustaceans and fish . they have been observed capturing prey at night but activity recorders also show they frequently alight at sea during the day and presumably take prey . smaller squid are captured alive on the surface , but larger squid are probably scavenged when dead animals float to the surface . studies of the diving ability of the species reveals they mainly feed in the top 5m of the water column but are capable of occasional deeper dives , perhaps down to 20 m .\nevery year young fledgling grey\u2013faced petrels are brought into whakatane bird rescue , as instead of heading out to sea the birds get disorientated and land in town . sometimes heading for the lights of night industry such as the kawerau paper mills . once checked out most of the birds can be released in the evening . some years more birds are brought in , this maybe due to the cloudy conditions , no moon or stars to guide them , or wind conditions . strong northerly winds will send the birds towards whakatane instead of heading out to sea .\nrevise the range description of great - winged petrel from \u201cbreeds and ranges islands and seas in southern oceans\u201d to \u201cbreeds on islands in southern atlantic and indian oceans ( tristan da cunha , gough , marion , crozet and kerguelen islands , and off southwestern australia ) ; primarily ranges from southern atlantic and indian oceans to tasman sea . \u201d\ngrey - faced petrels are one of the few burrowing petrels to still survive on the new zealand mainland . small colonies are scattered around the coasts of the upper north island , mainly on headlands and peninsulas adjacent to the sea . over 100 colonies are still present but most sites have fewer than 500 breeding pairs . the largest colonies occur on the three kings , hen and chickens , mokohinau , mercury and alderman island groups , and also on cuvier , moutohora , white and east islands . nests are mainly in burrows under tall forest , but also under grass or shrublands , especially near cliffs above the sea . sandy or friable soils with few rocks and tree roots are preferred .\nas these updates are applied , you might encounter species lists with the same species listed twice , or you might view lists of your records of great - winged petrel ( for example ) and see that some of the records have changed names and some have not . for brief periods , you might also see the same record on your list twice . the updates to your personal lists usually take an hour or more for each species .\nhas been considered conspecific with p . lessonii , and until recently treated as conspecific with p . macroptera , but differs in much more grey on forehead , face and chin ( 3 ) ; slightly larger size ( bill , wings , tail ) ( allow 1 ) ; and osteological morphology # r ( allow 1 ) , vocalizations ( allow 1 ) and breeding biology ( allow 1 ) # r . monotypic .\ngeographical variation : two subspecies : the nominate pt . m . macroptera breeds at tristan da cunha , gough , prince edward , marion , kerguelen and crozet islands , and islands off western australia ; pt . m . gouldi breeds only in new zealand .\nvoice : the main flight calls are high pitched whistles whis - her , wik - wik or low moans oor - wik . these same calls are given frequently on the surface or from burrows .\nthe largest colonies are on moutohora island and hongiora island in the bay of plenty . over 100 , 000 pairs breed on these two islands combined . elsewhere there are many smaller colonies with mostly less than 500 pairs but some of the larger islands have 1000 - 20 , 000 pairs . the world population is estimated to be 200 , 000 to 300 , 000 pairs .\nbrooke , m . 2004 . albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford university press , oxford .\nmarchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) , 1990 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 1 , ratites to ducks . oxford university press , melbourne .\nmiskelly , c . m . ; taylor , g . a . ; gummer , h . ; williams , r . 2009 . translocations of eight species of burrow - nesting seabirds ( genera pterodroma , pelecanoides , pachyptila and puffinus : family procellariidae ) . biological conservation 142 : 1965 - 1980 .\nonley , d ; scofield , p . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton .\ntaylor , g . a . 2000 . action plan for seabird conservation in new zealand , part b : non - threatened seabirds . threatened species occasional publication 17 . department of conservation , wellington .\ntaylor , g . a . 2008 . maximum dive depths of eight new zealand procellariiformes including pterodroma species . papers & proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 142 : 189 - 198 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour 2018 concert will feature an afternoon of light classics and jazz courtesy of the auckland ph . .\nfor the social on 19 march the speaker will be ben goodwin of auckland zoo , who will talk about t . .\nthankfully doc staff andre de graaf and polly hall and their assistants have trapped the rat whic . .\naka - the grand christmas shopping expedition to tiritiri matangi island shop dreading . .\nthe 2018 photo competition is now open for entries . click here ( / 2018 - photo - competition - tiritiri - mat . .\ntwo new reports have been added to the website . the first gives details of a summer students . .\nour latest calendar , beautifully illustrated with images taken on the island , is now available fo . .\nfor a wonderful day of wildlife photography please join us on tiritiri matangi island for a ph . .\ntiritiri matangi island , the perfect winter ' s day trip . the birds are at their best , warm up w . .\nin 1993 and 1995 , sixteen little spotted kiwi were released on tiritiri matangi island . the ma . .\nbreeding takes place in winter . adults return to clean out their burrows and court in march . after a long pre - laying exodus of two months , the females return and in late june or early july lay one white egg in a burrow 0 . 5 - 2 metres long . both sexes incubate for spells of several days and the egg hatches between mid - august and mid - september after 51\u201358 days . the chick is fed at the nest for several months and finally departs from about december to late january , at around 118 days old . young birds can return to the breeding colony from the age of three years onwards , but most do not breed until they are over seven years old .\nreferences : heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2000 the field guide to the birds of new zealand . auckland , viking . moon , g the reed field guide to new zealand birds .\nexclamations are short utterances that you make when you are very surprised or upset . they are not always whole sentences . sometimes they are more like a noise than a word . in this case they are call . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\n\u2190 click inside , copy the code and then paste it into your web page code .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na close - up of a bird in flight ( then at 50 % speed ) .\njosep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , peter fraser , nick talbot .\nholger teichmann , nick talbot , kirk zufelt , jennifer spry , r\u00e9mi bigonneau , ben lascelles , timbawden , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , samantha klein , fran trabalon , lindsay hansch .\nthe data in this project is publicly available under a creative commons attribution license . if you use these data in any type of publication then you must cite the project doi ( if available ) or any published peer - reviewed papers associated with the study . we strongly encourage you to contact the data custodians to discuss data usage and appropriate accreditation .\ngeographical bounding box specifying limits for latitude / longitude in the format north , west , south , east .\nall site content , except where otherwise noted , is licensed under a creative commons attribution license .\ntasman sea , temperate and subtropical sw pacific ocean , breeding on many islands , clifftops and headlands along w , n & ne coasts of north i ( new zealand ) .\n, but \u201cbor - r - r\u201d and braying \u201ceee - aw\u201d or \u201co - hee\u201d calls ( . . .\nmarine and highly pelagic . breeds on islands and headlands around north i , new zealand .\nstudy in new zealand found that cephalopods dominated the diet , with ratios of squid , fish and crustaceans , respectively , as follows : 58 % , . . .\nbreeds in winter , returning to colonies in feb , followed by pre - laying exodus of c . 50 days ( by males ) or 60 days ( females ) at least , egg - . . .\nin off - season visits w tasman sea , off new south wales , in oct\u2013apr . further afield , in sw pacific . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . reasonably abundant , with 200 , 000\u2013300 , 000 pairs , of which most important colonies are on moutohora and hongiora is , which support c . . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsometimes divided into several subgenera # r . includes several species described in genus aestrelata , which was erroneously emended by some authors to oestrelata .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 855 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe birds visit their burrows after dusk and leave again before dawn . they start to breed from 6 to 7 years of age . the petrels visit their colonies between march and april to clean out their burrows and take part in pair bonding . egg laying starts from late june to the end of july , one white egg is laid . the egg hatches after 51 \u2013 58 days of incubation .\nboth parents help in incubation and after the chick hatches the parent guards the chick for the first few days . the chick is then left on its own and is visited every few days with food , sometimes this may mean a wait of 7 days or more before its next feed . the parent has to travel many miles from their burrows in search of food , which is regurgitated for the chick . this may include squid , fish and crustaceans . the chick continues to grow and fledging takes place from early december to the end of january . the moult of the adult birds , take place from january to april .\nunfortunately a high percentage of the chicks in the study were taken illegally for food . these birds are protected by law , and illegal harvesting will see these fragile colonies die out . if the chicks are taken then there will be no replacement egg laid . this in time will mean that once the parents die , no new adult offspring will be replacing them . the birds taken would have weighed no more than 300g and with the feathers and head removed probably weighed no more than 150g .\non a recent trip to whale island in december , the petrels could be seen just before dusk gathering off the island . the birds were coming back to feed the young that were nearly due to fledge . as dusk fell , birds would skim over the island looking for their burrows , they then crash through the trees and head for their nest site . sometimes they liked to sit before going underground . some birds get caught in the trees as they crash through and die .\nwhale island was once home to goats , rats , and rabbits . the wildlife service , and then the department of conservation eradicated these pests . it is vital that our islands are kept free of predators and that bait stations are monitored . it will only take one rat or stoat to undo all the work of the previous years .\nin april and may , and at other times , the birds can be heard calling during the night over ohope and otarawairere in whakatane . one colony at ohope is against the hillside and on occasions birds crash into new homes that were not there the previous nesting season . it must be quite a shock for the birds to suddenly find something blocking their flight path to their burrows .\nthe main colonies are on hen , mokohinaus , the mercury and alderman , whale and white islands .\ngodman , frederick du cane , monograph of the petrels , 1907 - 1910 .\nheather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . marchant & higgins , 1993 . oliver , w . r . b . new zealand birds , 1955 . imber , mike , harrison , malcolm , and harrison , jan , new zealand journal of ecology ( 2000 ) 24 ( 2 ) ; 153 - 164 .\nthe annual ebird taxonomy update will begin this tuesday , 9 august . the process will continue for at least a couple of days ( until wednesday , 10 aug or thursday , 11 aug ) . we do this once a year to reflect the most recent changes in avian taxonomy : splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists . you may notice some unusual behaviour with your lists and other tools ( see below ) , but this is nothing to worry about . the 2016 splits and lumps will be published very soon on this page . we will summarise these changes in an ebird story once the taxonomy update is complete . a more thorough discussion of this year\u2019s changes can be found at the clements checklist , where the 2016 updates have been posted .\nother unexpected behaviour should likewise be temporary . if you see odd behaviour on a data entry checklist , save your work and go back to manage my observations a few minutes later to continue data entry .\nif you use ebird mobile , we recommend submitting any \u201cnot submitted\u201d lists in advance of august 9 . don\u2019t worry though , as long as you are running the most recent version of the app , everything will update correctly even if you have \u201cnot submitted\u201d lists on the phone . please make sure to update your app version to the one current in the app store or google play store .\nwestern whistler by geoffrey groom / macaulay library although male golden whistlers are bright and easily identifiable , females and juveniles are not so easy to tell apart .\nthe annual ebird taxonomy update is now underway . work is still going in the background to update existing checklists , update maps etc . , but the revised taxonomy should already appear as you enter new checklists . it is worth having a look at which australian species are being treated differently with the 2016 update .\nevery year , the ebird / clements taxonomy is updated . this year , for australian ebirders , there are several changes to be aware of .\nemerald doves on christmas island ( natalis ) are now part of the asian emerald dove . those normally found in the rest of australia ( and lord howe ) are pacific emerald dove .\nspotted catbirds have also been split into several species , which mostly affects observations from new guinea . in australia , the former spotted catbird is now treated as two species :\nblack - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis [ northern cape york , e . g . iron range np ]\nthe former golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , has been split into two species . note that the sa and victorian mallee birds ( formerly treated as part of p . p . fuliginosa ) are retained in golden whistler , and the split between species is essentialy at the sa / wa state border .\nthe ebird / clements taxonomy makes extensive use of subspecies groups to allow observers to explicitly record subspecies , or groups of subspecies , that are identifiable in the field . subspecies groups have been recognized for several more australian species . when recording a subspecies group , be sure to include field notes regarding the characters you used to identify the group . new subspecies groups are as follows :\nwith golden whistler , note that the eastern parts of the former \u201cwestern\u201d subspecies are retained as golden whistler ( i . e . the split to western whistler only takes the wa part of the former fuliginosa range ) :\nwestern grasswren ( western ) amytornis textilis textilis [ e . g monkey mia wa ]\nwestern grasswren ( gawler ranges ) amytornis textilis myall [ e . g . whyalla sa ]\naustralian ringneck : as well as the lump of mallee ringneck and western ringneck , the 2016 update also subsumes the former occidentalis and whitei into zonarius . the subspecies recognised in ebird are now :\nsome species pairs may be difficult to separate in the field , or were previously lumped , and in these cases ebird allows you to record the fact that you saw one or other of the pair but could not decide which . new slash taxa for australia include :\nthe updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklist v2016 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .\n3 standard updates and correction \u2013 all other changes , listed in sequence as they occur in the spreadsheet ( posted april 2018 ) .\nhowell , s . n . g . 2012 . petrels , albatrosses , and storm - petrels of north america : a photographic guide . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nonley , d . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels , and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nchesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2016 . fifty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists\u2019 union check - list of north american birds . auk 133 : 544 - 560 .\nfollowing nominate cajaneus , insert a previously overlooked subspecies , avicenniae ( stotz 1992 ) , with range \u201cmangroves of southeastern brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo south at least to paran\u00e1 , and possibly to santa catarina ) \u201d . we also recognize avicenniae as a new monotypic group , gray - cowled wood - rail ( gray - backed ) .\nmarcondes , r . s . , and l . f . silveira . 2015 . a taxonomic review of aramides cajaneus ( aves , gruiformes , rallidae ) with notes on morphological variation in other species of the genus . zookeys 500 : 111 - 140 .\nstotz , d . f . 1992 . a new subspecies of aramides cajanea from brazil . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 112 : 231 - 234 .\nbased primarily on vocal differences , dusky cuckoo - dove macropygia magna is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic flores sea cuckoo - dove macropygia macassariensis , including subspecies macassariensis and longa ; a monotypic timor cuckoo - dove macropygia magna ; and a monotypic tanimbar cuckoo - dove macropygia timorlaoensis .\nng , e . y . x . , j . a . eaton , p . verbelen , r . o . hutchinson , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an indo - pacific island radiation of macropygia cuckoo doves . biological journal of the linnean society 118 : 786 - 812 .\nbased primarily on vocal differences , slender - billed cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis split into two species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic amboyna cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , including subspecies amboinensis , keyensis , maforensis , griseinucha , kerstingi , meeki , admiralitatis , hueskeri , carteretia , goldiei , cinereiceps , and cunctata ; and a polytypic sultan\u2019s cuckoo - dove macropygia doreya , including subspecies sanghirensis , albicapilla , atrata , sedecima , albiceps , doreya , and balim . the sequence of subspecies within amboyna cuckoo - dove is revised , to reflect the order in which they are listed above .\nrevise the range description of subspecies maforensis from \u201cnumfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) \u201d to \u201cnumfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ; population on biak island is not identified to subspecies , but vocally is similar to maforensis , and birds on yapen island presumably are the same subspecies as birds on biak\u201d ( ng et al . 2016 ) .\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies , admiralitatis mayr 1937 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range \u201cadmiralty islands , bismarck archipelago . \u201d insert subspecies almiralitatis immediately following subspecies meeki .\nrevise the range description for subspecies carteretia from \u201cbismarck archipelago ( except new hanover ) and lihir is . \u201d to \u201cbismarck archipelago ( except admiralty islands and new hanover ) and lihir is . \u201d\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies , atrata ripley 1941 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range \u201ctogian island ( off sulawesi ) . \u201d\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies , sedecima neumann 1939 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range \u201csula islands . \u201d\nchange the name of the subspecies of the northern moluccas from batchianensis to the older available name albiceps ( mees 1982 ) .\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies , balim rand 1941 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range \u201cbalim valley , western new guinea . \u201d\nmayr , e . 1937 . birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition , xxxvi . notes on new guinea birds 3 . american museum novitates number 947 .\nmees , g . f . 1982 . bird records from the moluccas . zoologische mededelingen 56 : 91 - 111 .\nnewman , o . 1939 . a new species and eight new races from peleng and talaiboe . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 59 : 89 - 94 .\nripley , s . d . 1941 . notes on a collection of birds from northern celebes . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history 8 : 343 - 358 .\nwhite , c . m . n . , and m . d . bruce . 1986 . the birds of wallacea . ( sulawesi , the moluccas & lesser sunda islands , indonesia ) . british ornithologists\u2019 union check - list number 7 . british ornithologists\u2019 union , london .\nbased primarily on vocal differences , ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana , including subspecies emiliana and megala ; a monotypic enggano cuckoo - dove macropygia cinnamomea ; and a polytypic barusan cuckoo - dove macropygia modiglianii , including subspecies hypopercna , modiglianii , and elassa .\nemerald dove chalcophaps indica is split into two species ( rasmussen and anderton 2005 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) : a polytypic asian emerald dove chalcophaps indica , with subspecies indica , robinsoni , natalis , minima , and augusta ; and a polytypic pacific emerald dove chalcophaps longirostris , with subspecies rogersi , longirostris , and sandwichensis .\nrevise the range description of subspecies indica from \u201cindia to malaysia , philippines , indonesia and w papuan islands\u201d to \u201cindia to southeastern china , south to the philippines , indonesia and western papuan islands . \u201d\nbeehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nrasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .\ncrimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus is split into three species ( cibois et al . 2014 , hayes et al . 2016 , pratt and mittermeier 2016 ) : a monotypic purple - capped fruit - dove ptilinopus ponapensis ; a monotypic kosrae fruit - dove ptilinopus hernsheimi ; and a polytypic crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus , with subspecies porphyraceus and fasciatus .\ncibois , a . , j . - c . thibault , c . bonillo , c . e . filardi , d . watling , and e . pasquet . 2014 . phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves ( aves : columbidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 70 : 442 - 453 .\nhayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91\u2013127 .\npratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .\nyellowbill ceuthmochares aereus is split into two species ( payne 2005 ) : the polytypic group yellowbill ( blue ) ceuthmochares aereus aereus / flavirostris becomes blue malkoha ceuthmochares aereus , with subspecies aereus and flavirostri s ; and the monotypic group yellowbill ( green ) ceuthmochares aereus australis becomes green malkoha ceuthmochares australis .\npayne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york and oxford , united kingdom .\neach of the two monotypic groups of large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides is recognized as a separate species ( sorenson and payne 2005 , payne 2005 ) : large hawk - cuckoo ( large ) hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides becomes large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides , and large hawk - cuckoo ( dark ) hierococcyx sparverioides bocki becomes dark hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx bocki . revise the range description of large hawk - cuckoo from \u201cn pakistan to india , s china , myanmar , thailand and indochina\u201d to \u201cbreeds from northern pakistan to india , southern china , myanmar , thailand and indochina ; winters to southern india ( eastern and western ghats ) , bangladesh , the malay peninsula , sumatra , java , bali , the philippines , borneo , and sulawesi\u201d .\nsorenson , m . d . , and r . b . payne . 2005 . a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny . pages 68 - 94 in r . b . payne , the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , new york , and oxford , united kingdom .\ncleere , n . 2010 . nightjars : potoos , frogmouths , oilbird and owlet - nightjars of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\ndickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .\nsigurdsson , s . and j . cracraft . 2014 . deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars ( aves : caprimulgidae ) using molecular phylogenetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 506 - 545 .\ngreen violetear colibri thalassinus is split into two species , a monotypic mexican violetear colibri thalassinus , which is equivalent to the former ebird group green violetear ( northern ) colibri thalassinus thalassinus ; and the polytypic lesser violetear colibri cyanotus , which includes the ebird groups green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis and green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis . this split follows actions by aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) ; see also remsen et al . ( 2015 ) .\nwith the split of green violetear into two species , change the names of the monotypic group green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis to lesser violetear ( costa rican ) colibri cyanotus cabanidis ; and change the names of the polytypic group green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis to lesser violetear ( andean ) colibri cyanotus cyanotus / crissalis .\nremsen , j . v . , jr . , f . g . stiles , and j . a . mcguire . 2015 . classification of the polytminae ( aves : trochilidae ) . zootaxa 3957 : 143 - 150 .\nin accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , blue - crowned motmot momotus coeruliceps is split into two species . the monotypic group blue - crowned motmot ( blue - crowned ) momotus coeruliceps coeruliceps is elevated to species rank as blue - capped motmot momotus coeruliceps ; and the remaining taxa , of the polytypic group blue - crowned motmot ( lesson\u2019s ) momotus coeruliceps [ lessonii group ] , become lesson\u2019s motmot momotus lessonii , which includes the subspecies lessonii , goldmani , and exiguus . \u201c momotus coeruliceps is treated as separate from m . lessonii on the basis of strong differences in plumage maintained in apparent parapatry\u201d ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .\nin accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , the extinct subspecies maugei , which formerly occurred on mona island and on adjacent puerto rico , is split as a separate species , puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei . this split follows olson ( 2015 ) , who argued that maugei and chloropterus differ \u201cin plumage and particularly in bill morphology , such that a probable difference in diet is suggested\u201d . with this split , hispaniolan parakeet becomes monotypic .\nolson , s . l . 2015 . history , morphology , and fossil record of the extinct puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei souanc\u00e9 . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 1 - 12 .\nin accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 589 ) , each of the three subspecies of stipple - throated antwren epinecrophylla haematonota is elevated to species rank , following whitney et al . ( 2013 ) : the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( negro ) epinecrophylla haematonota pyrrhonota becomes fulvous - throated antwren epinecrophylla pyrrhonota ; the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( napo ) epinecrophylla haematonota haematonota becomes rufous - backed antwren epinecrophylla haematonota ; and the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( madeira ) epinecrophylla haematonota amazonica becomes madeira antwren epinecrophylla amazonica . all of these english names are provisional , pending a final decision on this issue by aou - sacc ( see proposal 696 ) .\nwhitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristiz\u00e1bal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , and v . de q . piacentini . 2013 . a new species of epinecrophylla antwren from the aripuan\u00e3 - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil with revision of the \u201cstipple - throated antwren\u201d complex . pages 263 - 267 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nin accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 684 ) , the monotypic group rufous gnateater ( ceara ) conopophaga lineata cearae is elevated to species rank as ceara gnateater conopophaga cearae . this split long was anticipated , based on vocal differences between cearae and other subspecies of rufous gnateater ( whitney 2003 ) , and was confirmed with genetic data showing that ceara gnateater is more closely related to ash - throated gnateater ( conopophaga peruviana ) than it is to rufous gnateater ( batalha - filho et al . 2014 ) .\nbatalha - filho , h . , r . o . pessoa , p . - h . fabre , j . fjelds\u00e5 , m . irestedt , p . g . p . ericson , l . f . silveira , and c . y . miyaki . 2014 . phylogeny and historical biogeography of gnateaters ( passeriformes , conopophagidae ) in the south america forests . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79 : 422 - 432 .\nwhitney , b . m . 2003 . family conopophagidae ( gnateaters ) . pages 732 - 747 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nyet another new species of tapaculo was described by avenda\u00f1o et al . ( 2015 ) , and was endorsed by aou - sacc ( proposal 670 ) as perija tapaculo scytalopus perijanus , with range \u201csierra de perij\u00e1 , colombia ( and venezuela ? ) \u201d . insert perija tapaculo immediately following brown - rumped tapaculo scytalopus latebricola .\navenda\u00f1o , j . e . , a . m . cuervo , j . p . l\u00f3pez - o . , n . guti\u00e9rrez - pinto , a . cort\u00e9s - diago , and c . d . cadena . 2015 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the serran\u00eda de perij\u00e1 of colombia and venezuela . auk 132 : 450 - 466 .\nin accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 697 ) , the monotypic group vilcabamba thistletail ( ayacucho ) asthenes vilcabambae ayacuchensis is elevated to species rank as ayacucho thistletail asthenes ayacuchensis , based on vocal and genetic differences ( hosner et al . 2015 ) .\nhosner , p . a . , l . cueto - aparicio , g . ferro - meza , d . miranda , and m . b . robbins . 2015 . vocal and molecular phylogenetic evidence for recognition of a thistletail species ( furnariidae : asthenes ) endemic to the elfin forests of ayacucho , peru . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 724 - 765 .\nin accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 686 ) , elaenia chiriquensis brachyptera is elevated to species rank as coopmans\u2019s elaenia ( elaenia brachyptera ) . this split is based primarily on vocal differences between coopmans\u2019s and lesser elaenias , as well as on a relatively deep genetic divergence between coopmans\u2019s elaenia and the two other subspecies of lesser elaenia ( rheindt et al . 2015 ) . also , revise the range description of brachyptera from \u201cpacific slope of sw colombia ( nari\u00f1o ) and nw ecuador\u201d to \u201cpacific slope of southwestern colombia ( nari\u00f1o ) and northwestern ecuador ; also east slope of the andes of ecuador . \u201d\nrheindt , f . e . , n . krabbe , a . k . s . wee , and l . christidis . 2015 . cryptic speciation in the lesser elaenia elaenia chiriquensis ( aves : passeriformes : tyrannidae ) . zootaxa 4032 : 251 - 263 .\nwhite - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides is split into three species ( irestedt et al . 2016 ) : white - eared catbird ailuroedus buccoides , which is monotypic ; ochre - breasted catbird ailurodeus stonii , which includes subspecies stonii and cinnamomeus ; and tan - capped catbird ailuroedus geislerorum , which includes geislerorum and a newly added subspecies , molestus . following irestedt et al . ( 2016 ) , we recognize subspecies molestus , with range \u201clowlands of southeastern new guinea ( north side of owen stanley range ) \u201d ; described in 1929 , molestus previously was considered to be a junior synonym of geislerorum . subspecies oorti , with range \u201cw papuan islands and w new guinea\u201d , is merged with buccoides ( mees 1964 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) . revise the range of buccoides from \u201cs new guinea ( triton bay to upper fly river ) \u201d to \u201cwestern papuan islands and northwestern new guinea , east through southern lowlands to upper kikori river\u201d .\nirestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , l . christidis , and p . g . p . ericson . 2016 . contrasting phylogeographic signatures in two australo - papuan bowerbird species complexes ( aves : ailuroedus ) . zoologica scripta 45 : 365 - 379 .\nmees , g . f . 1964 . four new subspecies of birds from the moluccas and new guinea . zoologische mededelingen 40 : 125 - 130 .\nspotted catbird ailuroedus melanotis is split into six species ( irestedt et al . 2016 ) : spotted catbird ailuroedus maculosus , which is monotypic ; huon catbird ailurodeus astigmaticus , which is monotypic ; black - capped catbird ailuroedus melanocephalus , which is monotypic ; northern catbird ailuroedus jobiensis , which is monotypic ; arfak catbird ailuroedus arfakianus , which includes subspecies arfakianus and misoliensis ; and black - eared catbird ailuroedus melanotis , which includes the subspecies melanotis , facialis , and joanae . subspecies guttaticollis is considered to be a junior synonym of jobiensis ( beehler and pratt 2016 , irestedt et al . 2016 ) , and is deleted . revise the range description of jobiensis from \u201cnew guinea ( weyland and adelbert mountains ) \u201d to \u201cnorth central new guinea ( north slope of western , border , and eastern ranges , and coastal ranges from foja mountains east to adelbert mountains ) \u201d . note that the scientific name associated with the english name spotted catbird has changed from ailuroedus melanotis ( now black - eared catbird ) to ailuroedus maculosus ."]}
{"id": 77, "summary": [{"text": "eastern cougar or eastern puma ( puma concolor couguar ) refers to the extinct subspecies or extirpated population of cougars that once lived in northeastern north america .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the eastern cougars were deemed extinct by a u.s. fish and wildlife service ( fws ) evaluation in 2011 , while a parallel canadian organization has taken no position on the question . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "eastern cougar", "paragraphs": ["eastern cougar foundation ( ecf ) . 2006 . about eastern cougars . eastern cougar foundation . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .\neastern cougar sightings - information about reporting a sighting of an eastern cougar and false internet rumors of sightings in new york state .\nthe last confirmed eastern cougar was trapped in the late 1930s , the agency said .\nthe eastern cougar has been declared extinct almost eight decades after it was last seen .\nreport any eastern cougar sightings to the canadian wildlife service and your provincial department of wildlife .\nmost significantly , no evidence whatsoever has been found to show that either individual eastern pumas or any relic populations of the eastern puma subspecies remain extant in eastern north america .\nwith the headline : federal fish and wildlife service declares the eastern cougar extinct , with an asterisk .\n\u201cwe recognize that many people have seen cougars in the wild within the historical range of the eastern cougar , \u201d said the service\u2019s northeast region chief of endangered species martin miller . \u201chowever , we believe those cougars are not the eastern cougar subspecies . we found no information to support the existence of the eastern cougar . \u201d\nextinct eastern cougar subspecies proposed for removal from endangered species list | u . s . fish & wildlife service\nthe service\u2019s proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list does not affect the status of the florida panther , another cougar subspecies listed as endangered .\nthe eastern cougar network ( ecn ) has been formed to document cougar confirmations in the eastern half of north america . nearly a year in the making , the exciting results of the group\u2019s comprehensive research project can be found at\nthe animal would likely not be an elusive eastern cougar , whose existence is controversial for a number of reasons .\nwestern cougar cubs . their eastern cougar cousins have not been sighted since 1938 according to a us fish and wildlife service review . photograph : kevin schafer / getty images\nmany people have seen cougars in the wild within the historical range of the eastern cougar ,\nsaid martin miller , the northeast regional chief of endangered species for the usfws , in 2011 .\nhowever , we believe those cougars are not the eastern cougar subspecies . we found no information to support the existence of the eastern cougar .\nwhat does the loss of the eastern cougar mean ? michael robinson of the center for biological diversity gives the bad news .\nfor sometime now we\u2019ve recognized two distinct subspecies of cougar in north america - the western and eastern populations . although the western population is still very much alive and kicking , the past , present and future of the eastern cougar is hopelessly unclear .\nthe service completed the formal review of the eastern cougar in 2011 . during the review , the service examined the best available scientific and historic information , queried 21 states and eastern canadian provinces , and reviewed hundreds of reports from the public . no states or provinces provided evidence of the existence of an eastern cougar population .\nthe eastern cougar is the only 7 foot long , 200 pound wildcat that may or may not be living in your backyard .\nduring the review , the service received 573 responses to a request for scientific information about the possible existence of the eastern cougar subspecies ; conducted an extensive review of u . s . and canadian scientific literature ; and requested information from the 21 states within the historical range of the subspecies . no states expressed a belief in the existence of an eastern cougar population . according to dr . mark mccollough , the service\u2019s lead scientist for the eastern cougar , the subspecies of eastern cougar has likely been extinct since the 1930s .\non march 2 , 2011 , the united states fish and wildlife service declared the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) officially extinct .\nthis western cougar is spotted in a tree in colorado . the western cougar\u2019s cousin , the eastern cougar has been though to be among the nova scotian forests , however experts have found no trace of the animal after extensive searches . ( justin shoemaker )\ndepartment of environmental conservation ( dec ) , new york . 2008 . eastern cougar fact sheet ( felis concolor cougar ) . new york state department of environmental conservation . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .\ndownload printable pdf version u . s . fish and wildlife service concludes eastern cougar extinct ( march 2 , 2011 ) ( pdf 25k )\nthe eastern cougar subspecies was listed as endangered in 1973 . however , accounts suggest that most eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s as european immigrants killed cougars to protect themselves and their livestock , as forests were harvested , and as white - tailed deer , the cougar\u2019s primary prey , nearly went extinct in eastern north america . the last records of eastern cougars are believed to be in maine ( 1938 ) and new brunswick ( 1932 ) .\nscientists are moving toward the conclusion that the eastern cougar was erroneously classified as a separate subspecies in the first place . as a result of a genetic study conducted in 2000 , most biologists now believe there is no real difference between the western and eastern branches of the cougar family .\nthey are so wrong we have seen them here in eastern nc many times .\nadditional information about eastern cougars , including frequently asked questions and cougar sightings , is at : urltoken . find information about endangered species at urltoken .\n\u201cwe recognize that people have seen cougars in the wild in the eastern u . s . , \u201d said martin miller , the service\u2019s northeast region chief of endangered species . \u201cthose cougars are not of the eastern cougar subspecies . \u201d\neither way , the \u201ceastern\u201d cougar as such is no longer with us . any recent sightings in the cougar\u2019s historic range , which stretched from eastern ontario and michigan eastward to maine and southward to georgia , tennessee and missouri , were actually sightings of its relatives , the fish and wildlife service said .\nthe decision comes almost 80 years after an eastern cougar was trapped and killed by a hunter in maine in 1938 . none have been seen since .\n' we recognize that people have seen cougars in the wild in eastern u . s . , ' said martin miller , the usfws northeast region chief of endangered species . ' those cougars are not of the eastern cougar subspecies . '\nin the dense hardwood forests of eastern canada , the cougar prowls \u2013 or might prowl . it is uncertain whether there are any eastern cougars left in canada . this beautiful wild cat is gravely endangered in the near north of eastern canada , where it once traveled the rough , hilly and swampy lands surrounded by forest .\n\u201ci\u2019ve never seen a cougar , but i have gone out on cougar calls where i believe people did see a cougar , \u201d he said . \u201ci can\u2019t explain how someone would make that mistake . \u201d\nthe proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list does not affect the status of the florida panther , which will remain listed as endangered .\nhey people . the article is about the subspecies of the cougar \u2013 the eastern puma . you may have seen cougars in your area but not the subspecies of that cougar member . yes we have plenty of cougar ( aka puma ) here in oregon and other places but , again , so it\u2019s clear , the eastern puma is hat the article is talking about . read !\ngoing by official records , the last known eastern cougars were killed in new brunswick in 1932 and in maine in 1938 . bureaucracy moves slowly and it wasn\u2019t until 1973 that the eastern cougar , by then already extinct , was recognized as endangered .\nthe us fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) began a formal review of the eastern cougar in 2011 , 36 years after it was first classified as endangered .\nin eastern north america at the time of european contact , the puma ranged from florida to southern quebec and remained abundant through much of eastern north america during the colonial era . despite its apparent early abundance , however , only 26 historical specimens of eastern pumas , from seven eastern states and one canadian province within the subspecies ' historical range , reside in museums or other collections .\ncougar management guidelines working group . cougar management guidelines . first edition . washington , dc : wiley , on behalf of the wildlife society ; 2005 .\ninformation gathered from : keeping track , vermont public radio , cougar net , the new york times , mountain lion : an unnatural history of pumas and people , by chris bolgiano , and the eastern cougar , edited by chris bolgiano and jerry roberts .\ndid you read the article ? ! \u201cthe eastern puma was a subspecies of the animal also known as cougar or mountain lion , which is still widely distributed across the west . \u201d they also said , \u201cthe eastern cougar was extinct well before it was protected under the endangered species act , as was the case with eight of the other 10 species that have been delisted for extinction\u201d , so what you think you saw was not an actual eastern puma .\nalthough the eastern cougar has been on the endangered species list since 1973 , its existence has long been questioned . the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) conducted a formal review of the available information and , in a report issued today , concludes the eastern cougar is extinct and recommends the subspecies be removed from the endangered species list .\neastern cougars were once found across michigan , southern ontario , eastern canada and maine , and as far south as south carolina and tennessee , in a variety of habitats including marshes , mountains and forests .\n1 . a relic population of pumas has survived in eastern north america . although some hypothesize that the eastern puma has survived in eastern north america since colonial times , the continued existence of a puma population in eastern north america is not corroborated by the historical record , the history of white - tailed deer , or our current understanding of puma ecology ( usfws 2011 , pp . 43 - 46 ) .\nalthough the eastern cougar has been declared extinct , the florida and western subspecies populations have grown in recent decades , and some are expanding their range into their extinct cousins ' terrain .\nthe so - called eastern cougar was designated as endangered in 1973 , only to be redesignated\ndata deficient\nin 1998 due to an absence of scientific proof . last year , the u . s . fish and wildlife service proposed removing the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , declaring that the cougars have likely been extinct for at least 70 years .\ncougar , photographed in the arizona - sonora desert museum , tucson , arizona .\nthere is little evidence that sport hunting is of any benefit to cougar populations .\ndespite the large number of contemporary eastern puma accounts , few of the surveys and investigations of puma reports have provided verifiable evidence of the presence of pumas , irrespective of origin , in eastern north america , and even fewer have provided irrefutable proof of a wild puma . nonetheless , verified puma occurrences have occurred with enough frequency in eastern north america ( approximately 15 puma carcasses have been documented in eastern north america north of florida since 1950 ) to encourage a widespread belief that a cryptic eastern puma population continues to persist .\nseven decades after the last reported sighting of the eastern cougar , the federal fish and wildlife service declared it extinct wednesday and recommended that it be removed from the nation\u2019s endangered species list .\nthe eastern mountain lion\u2019s official designation with the u . s . fish and wildlife service is \u201cendangered\u201d ; however , the service considers the species extinct . the agency is now reviewing the eastern cougar\u2019s status in maine and 20 other states and whether they are the same species as more common western lions .\nin fact a considerable number of people claim the eastern cougar still walks among us , its survival attested to by the thousands of sightings across nova scotia and new brunswick in the past century .\na western cougar in grand teton national park , wyoming . ( national park service )\nbig cat fans are mourning the extinction of the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) after the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced it is removing the big cat from the endangered species list because it hasn\u2019t found any credible evidence of the existence of one in at least 70 years . those cougars being spotted in eastern north america are most likely western cougars or mountain lions ( puma concolor ) that have extended their range or escaped from negligent pet owners . what happened to the eastern cougar ?\norange county transportation corridor agency . foothill / eastern transportation corridor agency board of directors agenda ; 2013 . available :\ncougars are found wherever there is enough prey , enough forest cover , and a minimum of human disturbance . logging in the eastern forests , human settlement , and habitat disturbance from activities like mining are responsible for the sharp drop in cougar populations . if the eastern cougar does still exist , it is possible the population may recover if deer populations increase and forests grow again on the existing logged land .\nsummary : overall , we find that pumas ( except for single transients ) are reasonably detectable , that no contemporary puma sightings in eastern north america have been verified as the eastern puma subspecies since 1938 , and that it is extremely unlikely that either individuals or eastern puma populations could have survived the long period during which most of their habitat was lost and their primary prey base was nearly extirpated . we therefore determine the eastern puma subspecies to be extinct .\nphoto : biologist bruce wright with the mounted specimen of what is believed to be the last eastern cougar , which was trapped in maine in 1938 . courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndue to persecution following the european colonization of the americas , and continuing human development of cougar habitat , populations have dropped in many parts of its historical range . in particular , the cougar was extirpated in eastern north america , except an isolated sub - population in florida ; the animal may be recolonizing parts of its former eastern territory . with its vast range , the cougar has dozens of common names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous peoples of the americas and in contemporary culture .\nthe last documented cougar taken in eastern north america was trapped in maine near the quebec border in 1938 . the last killed in new brunswick was in kent county , 1932 . since then we have had only tantalizing glimpses into the lives of cougars inhabiting our coast . in canada , the eastern cougar was listed as endangered in 1978 , but lost that classification in 1998 and was relabeled \u201cdata deficient . \u201d this photo is of a western cougar in the grand teton national park , wyoming . national park serv\nof all the folklore composing the cultures of atlantic canada , no tale is more compelling to me than that of the eastern cougar , a supposed subspecies which once roamed the forests of nova scotia and beyond .\nin 2011 , the fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) opened an extensive review of the status of eastern cougars .\nutah division of wildlife resources ( udwr ) , cougar discussion group . 1999 . utah cougar management plan ( draft ) . utah division of wildlife resources . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .\nthe focal area of this study includes the santa ana mountains and the eastern peninsular range . inset shows location within california .\norange county transportation corridor agency . foothill / eastern transportation corridor agency board of directors agenda ; 2013 . available : urltoken .\nthe usfws concluded in 2011 that there was no evidence of the eastern cougar living within its once enormous habitat . experts suggest the cougars\u2019 decline began when european immigrants starting killing the animals to protect their families and livestock .\nharper , d . 2001a . cougar . online etymology dictionary . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .\na captive cougar feeding . cougars are ambush predators , feeding mostly on deer and other mammals .\nthe eastern cougar has been declared extinct by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . according to news reports , scientists had held out hope , based on scattered reports , that a few eastern cougars remained . those sightings turned out to be other subspecies from the western united states , or captive animals that were freed or had escaped .\nthe declaration of the eastern cougar ' s extinction raised hackles from numerous people and organizations , including ontario ' s ministry of natural resources , which said there is conclusive evidence\u2014including paw prints and feces\u2014that cougars do still live in the canadian state . the last confirmed eastern cougar in ontario was killed in 1884 , and none have been photographed since then . ( the ministry does acknowledge the possibility that the cougars might not be native to the area . )\n\u201cit\u2019s a rare case \u2014 almost nonexistent \u2014 that we find evidence that it was a cougar , \u201d said wally jakubas , who receives most cougar reports as head of dif & w\u2019s mammal division .\n\u201cif somebody sees a cougar and it turns out to be a cougar , the first thing that i would suspect is that it was captive and either escaped or was released , \u201d jakubas said .\nthe cougar network has documented a significant amount of cougar activity in this sub - region . the incidents in arkansas and louisiana take on greater significance when viewed in conjunction with those from east texas .\n\u00a92006 - 2016 cougar rewilding foundation ~ easterncougar . org , urltoken ~ web site maintained by cougar rewilding foundation web site design by keto gyekis - urltoken ~ header photo : copyright susan c . morse\nonce the top predator across north america , the demise of all cougars and particularly the eastern cougar coincided with the arrival of european settlers the eastern cougars were hunted because of their real and perceived threats to livestock but the drive to extinction was hastened by the killing of white - tail deer , their real food , and the deforestation of its habitats .\nmccollough says the fws ' s recently published review ( pdf ) of the eastern cougar ( mandated every five years for all species protected under the endangered species act ) examined all evidence that would have led scientists to conclude that the cat still existed in the northeast . after finding no tracks , bodies , den sites or photographs ,\nwe came to the conclusion that the eastern cougar is likely extinct , probably since the 1930s ,\nhe says .\nthe 140 - pound cougar that was spotted last month among the estates of greenwich \u2014 and was later struck and killed on the wilbur cross parkway \u2014 has been the talk of southern connecticut . new england , along with most of the eastern united states , hasn\u2019t been cougar country since the 19th century , when the animals were exterminated by a killing campaign that started in colonial times . so where had this cougar come from ?\nthe cougar network has documented lions establishing new populations in the dakotas and individual lions\u2019 presence farther east .\nlearn about the cougar and share your knowledge with others to stimulate concern for this beautiful endangered animal .\nin the southern portion of its range , the cougar and jaguar share overlapping territory ( hamdig 2006 ) . the jaguar tends to take larger prey and the cougar smaller where they overlap , reducing the cougar ' s size ( iriarte et al . 1990 ) . of the two felines , the cougar appears best able to exploit a broader prey niche and smaller prey ( nuanaez et al . 2000 ) .\nofficers found the cougar in the downtown , where it climbed a tree near ecole rocky elementary school .\njohn lutz , direct of the eastern puma research network , a group dedicated to finding evidence of the cougar ' s continued existence , told pennsylvania ' s times leader that they have collected 11 , 000 reports of cougar sightings since 1965 .\nthere will be more reports to prove [ the fws ] wrong ,\nhe said .\non january 29 , 2007 , we published a federal register notice announcing a 5 - year review specific to the eastern puma and nine other species , and we requested information from the public concerning the eastern puma ( 72 fr 4018 ) . the assessment of the eastern puma ' s current status , completed on january 28 , 2011 ( usfws 2011 ) , found no evidence of the existence of either an extant population or individual eastern pumas , and concluded , therefore , the subspecies should be considered extinct . the assessment thus concluded that the eastern puma does not meet the definition of either an endangered species or a threatened species under section 3 of the act .\nnovember 11 is crane festival day at gangtey monastery in eastern bhutan . the main performers are school kids who enact a . . .\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service lists the florida panther , the costa rican puma and the eastern puma as endangered .\nsouth florida harbors the only documented remnant population of cougars in the east . aside from this well - known and high profile population , the cougar network has not documented significant cougar activity from this sub - region .\nin recognizing the eastern puma as a valid subspecies , and thus a valid listed entity , we next evaluate whether the subspecies should be determined extinct . it is important to note that assessing the biological status of the eastern puma as a subspecies does not preclude eventual taxonomic revision .\nit was originally thought the eastern cougar had been driven to extinction and to this day it\u2019s still considered extinct in the united states . it might have received a similar designation in canada were it not for persistent sightings across new brunswick and nova scotia , with hundreds recorded between 1948 - 1971 . from 1977 to 1992 the canadian wildlife service recorded 425 sightings in those same regions . unfortunately , no concrete evidence of a living eastern cougar came from any of these encounters , even if some stories were compelling .\n( for updated information , see mlfs 2006 study on the affects of cougar sport hunting in mlfs library . )\nthe fws now plans to seek the removal of the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , because extinct animals can no longer be protected . the move would not affect the florida panther , which remains , for now , listed as its own subspecies .\nthe eastern cougar or eastern puma is ( or , as of now , was ) a subspecies of the mountain lion . its range was from canada ( southeastern ontario , new brunswick , southern quebec ) south to south carolina and west to illinois and michigan . its southern ranged stopped at what was once the northern range of the florida panther , of which today only about 160 exist in florida .\nthe eastern puma\u2019s range contracted from the 1790s to the 1890s due to human persecution abetted by the extirpation , through hunting , of its primary prey , white - tailed deer . the last three eastern pumas were killed in 1930 in tennessee , 1932 in new brunswick and 1938 in maine .\na surge in reported sightings followed in the 1960s and 1970s , again coincident with publications claiming that a relic population of pumas from the northeastern united states and eastern canada was repopulating eastern north america . although based mostly on questionable evidence , many\u2014including wildlife biologists\u2014accepted this hypothesis without critical scientific review .\n3 . pumas in eastern north america are dispersers from breeding populations to the west and south . breeding puma populations in proximity to the eastern puma ' s historical range occur in manitoba , north dakota , south dakota , possibly nebraska and oklahoma , and florida . the service ' s 5 - year review discusses the likelihood of immigration of pumas to eastern north america from these populations ( usfws 2011 , pp . 51 - 56 ) .\nthe eastern cougar \u2014 known variously as the mountain lion , puma , panther or catamount \u2014 once roamed from canada to south carolina and as far west as michigan . male cougars can weigh up to 200 pounds and are distinguished by their long , thick tails .\nmr . miller said in an interview that no regulations or restrictions were ever imposed in an effort to help the eastern cougar recover , although a recovery plan drafted in 1982 \u201cheld out hope , expressed the possibility that a population still existed in remote areas . \u201d\nthe eastern cougar recovery plan was approved in 1982 ( usfws 1982 ) . during plan preparation , r . l . downing conducted field surveys and investigated sighting reports and concluded that \u201cno breeding cougar populations have been substantiated within the former range of f . c . couguar since the 1920s . \u201d nonetheless , the recovery plan states that the eastern cougar could be reclassified from endangered to threatened when one population containing at least 50 breeding adults was found or established . it further states that the eastern cougar could be removed from the list when at least three populations were found or established , with each containing more than 50 breeding adults . since the plan ' s approval , no breeding populations have been found , nor have any individual pumas known to be f . c . couguar ( such individuals would form the basis of a founder population ) . thus , neither of the recovery criteria was ever met .\nbiology and life history : there is little basis for believing that the ecology of eastern pumas was significantly different from puma ecology elsewhere on the continent . our biological understanding of the eastern puma , therefore , is derived from studies conducted in various regions of north america and , to the extent possible , from eastern puma historical records and museum specimens . this information is detailed in the status review ( usfws 2011 ) on pages 6 through 8 .\ndoes the eastern cougar really exist ? did it ever exist ? these are questions that wildlife scientists grapple with as they track this elusive animal . hundreds of unofficial sightings of this stealthy cat have helped build a mythology around its presence in eastern canada . while the\nevidence\nis very compelling , biologists have yet to find any scientific proof that it exists . cbc reporter cynthia kent talks to the experts .\nthe last confirmed sightings of eastern cougars are believed to be in maine in 1938 and in new brunswick in 1932 . the u . s . fish and wildlife service now says cougars in eastern parts of canada and the u . s . have been extinct for 70 years . ( craig pamplin )\nthis uncertainty has been recognized by canadian authorities . the canadian federal agency called committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada rates its current data as\ninsufficient\nto draw conclusions regarding the eastern cougar ' s survival , and says on its web site\ndespite many sightings in the past two decades from eastern canada , there are insufficient data to evaluate the taxonomy or assign a status to this cougar .\nnotwithstanding numerous reported sightings in ontario , quebec , new brunswick and nova scotia , it has been said that the evidence is inconclusive :\n. . . there may not be a distinct ' eastern ' subspecies , and some sightings may be of escaped pets .\nthe eastern cougar was extinct well before it was protected under the endangered species act , as was the case with eight of the other 10 species that have been delisted for extinction . overall the endangered species act has been 99 percent successful at saving species from extinction .\nuntil there is confirmation that the eastern cougar still survives , no direct recovery actions will take place for this species . cougars are protected from hunting and killing in nova scotia , new brunswick and ontario . despite this , their population does not seem to have increased .\nwhen a cougar is shot outside winnipeg on christmas eve , benard bloom looks into the legend of this mysterious animal .\npolice say they shot and killed a cougar that had climbed a tree near a school in west - central alberta .\npanthera is in the earliest stages of developing the east bay regional parks cougar project , a collaborative effort with east bay regional parks near san francisco . the state of california covers more than 99 million acres ( 400 , 000 km 2 ) . of that , approximately half of the state is considered occupied cougar habitat , where they compete with a growing population of more than 37 million people . current cougar conservation imperatives in california include understanding cougar ecology in suburban and urban areas , where cougar populations are increasingly coming into conflict with people . this project would be a comprehensive look at cougar ecology in the east bay and be instrumental in aiding public agencies and private individuals understand and live with america\u2019s big cat .\nyou have to appreciate this cat\u2019s sense of irony , too . the cougar showed up in the east just three months after the fish and wildlife service declared the eastern cougar extinct , a move that would exempt the officially nonexistent subspecies of the big cat from federal protection . perhaps this red - state cougar traveled east to send a message to washington : the federal government can make pronouncements about where cougars are not supposed to be found , but a cat\u2019s going to go where a cat wants to go .\n\u201cit\u2019s really not a good way to decide where a species or subspecies begins and ends , \u201d said mark . he then invoked the work of dr melanie culver from the early 1990s . using the more precise science of molecular dna , she compared the separate subspecies suggested by taxonomy and found that several weren\u2019t subspecies at all . the dna doesn\u2019t lie \u2014 from the west coast to the east , it would appear , a cougar is a cougar is a cougar . the fabled eastern subspecies was a myth .\nfor the better part of a year i\u2019ve been gathering the facts behind the folklore , speaking first to mark elderkin , a species at risk biologist with nova scotia\u2019s department of natural resources . he told me our initial belief in an eastern subspecies of cougar came from taxonomy , as the bones and skulls of cougars caught nearby in the new england states were measured against specimens from elsewhere in north america . the new england skulls appeared unique , superficially , and so the eastern cougar was born , but we\u2019ve since learned that taxonomy makes for shaky evidence .\nthe four - year study used information from 21 states and eastern canadian provinces , and scoured hundreds of reports of sightings dating as far back as 1900 .\nfive year moving average of pumas killed secondary to vehicle collisions or depredation permits ( n = 174 ) in the santa ana mountains and eastern peninsular ranges .\nthe principal factors leading to the listing of the eastern puma were widespread persecution ( poisoning , trapping , hunting , and bounties ) , decline of forested habitat , and near - extirpation of white - tailed deer populations during the 1800s . these impacts led to the extirpation of most eastern puma populations by 1900 .\nindeed , if a cougar can walk from south dakota to connecticut , a cougar could show up anywhere . vermont . tennessee . queens . ( don\u2019t laugh : in 2008 , another cougar from the black hills found its way to chicago , where it was shot and killed by the police . ) for years , a relative handful of people throughout the eastern united states have claimed to see cougars , claims that the authorities have generally taken as seriously as sasquatch sightings . now , those sightings can\u2019t be so easily dismissed .\nthis proposal , if made final , would revise 50 cfr 17 . 11 to remove the eastern puma from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife due to extinction . the prohibitions and conservation measures provided by the act would no longer apply to this subspecies . there is no designated critical habitat for the eastern puma .\nconservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or threatened under the act include recognition , recovery actions , requirements for federal protection , and prohibitions against certain practices . however , since the service has determined the eastern cougar to be extinct , this proposed rule , if made final , would remove any federal conservation measures for any individual pumas ( except dispersing florida panthers ) that may subsequently be found within the historical range of the eastern puma .\neastern cougars that once roamed north america from canada to south carolina are extinct and no longer warrant federal endangered species act protections , us wildlife managers have said .\ngovernment wildlife managers believe the bulk of eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s with the arrival of european immigrants , who killed them to protect themselves and their livestock .\ngovernment wildlife managers believe the bulk of eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s after the arrival of european immigrants , who killed them to protect themselves and their livestock .\nthere ' s one other bit of debate going on that ' s important to note : many scientists say that the eastern cougar subspecies does not exist , not because it went extinct , but because it never really existed at all . a study published in the journal of heredity in 2000 revealed that previously recognized north american cougar / puma / panther / mountain lion subspecies may actually all be the same species .\nby 1929 , eastern pumas were believed to be \u201cvirtually extinct , \u201d and young and goldman ( 1946 ) concurred that \u201cthey became extinct many years ago . \u201d on the other hand , puma records from new brunswick in 1932 and maine in 1938 suggest that a population may have persisted in northernmost new england and eastern canada .\nthis information , along with the total absence of verified contemporary eastern puma records , suggests that a remnant population of eastern pumas is highly unlikely to have survived two centuries of intense human exploitation and persecution , habitat changes , and near - eradication of its primary prey . further , were a relic puma population to have survived , the rebounding of deer populations along with protections from take under the act would have likely resulted in a corresponding increase in documentation of eastern puma presence and increased likelihood of deterction . given the lack of verified contemporary records , we therefore find no evidence to support the hypothesis that an undetected relic population of eastern pumas remains extant .\nit is notable that areas in eastern north america that still support extant populations of native pumas ( e . g . , florida and manitoba ) have had a long and continuous record of confirmed occurrences . in contrast , a long - term record of verified puma occurrences is lacking in regions of eastern north america outside florida .\nmahaffy , j . 2004 . behavior of cougar in iowa and the midwest . dordt college . retrieved december 27 , 2017 .\n_ _ _ _ . 1961 . notes on cougar productivity and life history . journal of mammalogy 42 : 204 - 217 .\nthe cougar is canada\u2019s largest and most powerful cat . cougars were once found all over north america . they still survive in western canada but no one knows how many , if any , eastern cougars remain . their range is thought to be the most extensive range of any terrestrial mammal in the western hemisphere \u2013 a range that is almost the same as that of the white - tailed deer , the cougar\u2019s main prey .\nmichael robinson of the center for biological diversity said the extinction of eastern cougars has disrupted the forest ecosystem and allowed large populations of white - tailed deer to thrive .\nwe further conclude that although there have been thousands of puma sightings in eastern north america since the 1950s , most are a case of mistaken identity . we acknowledge that a small number of pumas are occasionally encountered in the wild in eastern north america within the historical range of the listed eastern puma . based on the best available scientific evidence , however , we conclude that these are escaped or released captive animals , or dispersers from western puma populations , not the eastern puma subspecies . breeding of escaped or released individuals , if it occurs , appears to be an extremely rare event , and there is no evidence of any population established from escaped or released captive animals .\nelusive as unicorns and howling like devils , cougars did not stand much of a chance in the face of settlers imaginations . the damned thing , a short story written by ambrose pierce in 1893 , casts the cougar as an invisible killer , unseen to the human eye , detectable only as it passes through grass . aggressive hunting of cougars and their prey , along with deforestation of cougar habitat , decimated cougar populations in the eastern united states , extirpating them by 1881 . like exorcising an evil spirit from the body , european settlers eliminated what they could not comprehend .\ntaxonomy and genetics : the eastern puma 5 - year review ( usfws 2011 , pp . 29 - 35 ) provides a full discussion of the taxonomic history of this subspecies . as indicated in that review , the current practice is to refer to the species as puma concolor ( linnaeus 1771 ) and the eastern subspecies as puma concolor couguar .\nthe service initiated the review as part of its obligations under the endangered species act . the service will prepare a proposal to remove the eastern cougar from the endangered species list , since extinct animals are not eligible for protection under the endangered species act . the proposal will be made available for public comment .\nclick to enlarge this image . ( 83kb ) click to enlarge this image . ( 21kb ) puma concolor ( cougar ) , peru click to enlarge this image . ( 195kb ) puma concolor ( cougar ) , peru click to enlarge this image . ( 188kb )\n\u201cwe actually have no historical evidence that the cougar ever occurred here , \u201d he told me . \u201cwell , very little evidence . \u201d\nfront paw print of a cougar . an adult paw print is approximately 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long ( esd 1991 ) .\ncalifornia set a new precedent in 1990 when residents passed a referendum giving the cougar complete protection from sport hunting ( proposition 117 ) .\nironically , the animal that causes more human deaths than any other is not the cougar , but the cougars primary prey : deer .\nrcmp say they responded to a 911 call early friday in rocky mountain house about a cougar that was spotted walking down main street .\ncontemporary accounts of pumas in eastern north america as evidence of the continuing existence of the subspecies : as discussed in the 5 - year review ( usfws 2011 , pp . 36 - 38 ) , renewed interest in puma conservation over the past 60 years has resulted not only in a profusion of reported sightings by the public but also efforts by scientists to determine the presence of pumas in eastern north america . we summarize these accounts below and discuss whether they constitute a basis for concluding that the eastern puma remains extant .\nwashington\u2014 the u . s . fish and wildlife service today declared the eastern puma extinct and removed it from the list of protected wildlife and plants under the endangered species act . the eastern puma was a subspecies of the animal also known as cougar or mountain lion , which is still widely distributed across the west . it once roamed as far north as southeastern ontario , southern quebec and new brunswick in canada , south to south carolina and west to kentucky , illinois and michigan .\nextinct animals and plants cannot be protected under the endangered species act , which is meant to recover imperiled species and their habitats . additionally , under law , the eastern cougar listing cannot be used as a method to protect other cougar subspecies . the proposal is available for public inspection june 16 at urltoken . from june 17 to august 17 , 2015 , the proposal will be available for review and comment at urltoken under docket no . fws\u2013r5\u2013es\u20132015\u20130001 .\nthe cougar network has documented three louisiana 2008 confirmations , one resulting in the killing of the animal and the other two being trail camera pictures , and one confirmation from 2002 . in april 2002 , state biologist mike carloss had a visual sighting of a cougar in lake fausse pointe state park . scat was subsequently found which tested positive for cougar dna . also , an interesting sighting report occurred in july 2000 . louisiana department of wildlife and fisheries ( ldw & f ) biologist john stacy and two others had a good visual sighting of a cougar in sabine national wildlife refuge , near the texas border . this area has been a hotbed for credible cougar reports in recent years .\nthe deer population in new brunswick is high enough to support 140 - 250 cougars . however , logging , mining , and other activities have driven cougars away in search of areas that are free from human disturbance . in order for the eastern cougar to survive , areas of land must be protected from human activity .\nyattaw said he had his own cougar encounter last august while he was driving through owls head on his way into work early one morning .\nlarge species that are highly mobile and occur at low densities under the best of conditions are lost . again , the cougar is representative .\nmccarthy said it ' s possible that if the test comes back positive for cougar hair , the animal could have been an escaped pet .\nthe fish and wildlife service in 2011 opened an extensive review of the status of eastern cougars , cousins to mountain lions that still roam western us states and the imperilled florida panthers .\nhe also shrugs off conspiracy theories . despite what many people believe , his agency nor any other wildlife department in the eastern united states , has released mountain lions in recent history .\nthe world conservation union ( iucn ) currently lists the cougar as a\nleast concern\nspecies . the cougar is regulated under appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , rendering illegal international trade in specimens or parts .\nlast verifiably seen in 1938 , when the final\nghost cat\nwas shot and killed in maine , the eastern cougar ( puma concolor couguar ) has now been declared extinct by the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) . but that may not stop many people from believing that it still exists .\nthe puma ' s range throughout southern ontario and manitoba . the eastern subspecies is not stipulated in scott ' s ( 1998 ) range description ; indeed , the review questioned whether the eastern puma was ever a valid subspecies . other authors have also discussed the past distribution of pumas in canada without acknowledging them as the eastern subspecies . rosette ( 2011 ) asserts that native , free - roaming pumas of unknown origin may continue to survive in ontario while conceding that no evidence of their presence has been documented for almost 100 years . in manitoba , on the other hand , several authors have documented a relatively consistent record of pumas , but there is no evidence that these are eastern pumas or that the subspecies ever occurred that far west .\ngiven evidence of growing puma populations in the west , increased dispersal , and availability of dispersal corridors and prey in the midwest , we conclude that wild - origin pumas ( primarily males ) will continue to disperse into the midwestern states and into the historical range of the eastern puma and are the likely source of any wild pumas that currently exist in eastern north america .\nbeier , p . 1991 . cougar attacks on humans in the united states and canada . wildlife society bulletin , 19 : 403 - 412 .\nto me , there would be a lot more evidence .\nevidence such as more conclusive dna proof , cougar tracks and eyewitness photos .\nthe eastern subspecies , known variously as ghost cat , catamount , puma , painter , panther , mountain lion , and cougar , originally hunted from southern canada to the tip of south america . once the most widely distributed land mammal in the western hemisphere , cougars have been eliminated from about two - thirds of their original range .\neastern cougars , which were known as the ' ghost cat ' because of their reclusive nature , grew up to 8ft long - including their tails - with males weighing up to 150lb .\nfew research studies have monitored cougar populations over periods longer than a few years , and experts are reluctant to apply findings to cougar populations in different areas , given the cats recognized adaptability and subsequent behavioral variation . lack of standardized research methods make it difficult for researchers to share and apply information . as a result , wildlife administrators too frequently face the task of designing cougar management programs based on research data that is both scant and questionable .\nit is those illicit cougar keepers who dif & w officials and biologists say are likely to blame for many of the credible sightings around the state . officials suspect that some cougar owners release the cats after they become too large or too costly to keep because of their ravenous appetite for meat .\n\u201cthe distribution of the eastern cougar in canada and the validity of considering it a subspecies have been questioned . during the twentieth century , cougars were reported in ontario , quebec , new brunswick , and nova scotia , but some of the sightings proved to be encounters with cougars from other areas that had escaped from captivity . there is no objective evidence ( actual cougar specimens or other unequivocal confirmation ) of the continuous presence of cougars in eastern canada since the nineteenth century . for example , since that time , no cougars have been reported killed in ontario , and the one animal killed in quebec , in 1992 , had escaped from captivity . \u201d ( hinterland who\u2019s who )\ncougars are considered big game in many of the western states . there are limited legal harvests in these areas that do not threaten local cougar populations .\nwild cougar populations in the west have been expanding their range eastward in the last two decades , with individual cougars confirmed throughout the midwest . evidence of wild cougars dispersing farther east is extremely rare . in 2011 , a solitary young male cougar traveled about 2 , 000 miles from south dakota through minnesota , wisconsin and new york , and was killed on a connecticut highway . a cougar of unknown origin was also killed in kentucky in december 2014 .\naccording to these standards , we must determine whether the eastern puma is a valid subspecies and whether the subspecies is still extant in order to determine its appropriate listing status . the following sections thus examine the biological and legal information considered to be most germane to the status of the eastern puma as a valid , extant subspecies before looking at factors that may affect the its continued existence ."]}
{"id": 86, "summary": [{"text": "abraximorpha is a small asian genus of skippers .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species in abraximorpha are abraximorpha davidii ( mabille , 1876 ) abraximorpha esta evans , 1949 abraximorpha heringi liu & gu , 1994 abraximorpha pieridoides mell , 1922", "topic": 29}], "title": "abraximorpha", "paragraphs": ["establishment of a new genus for abraximorpha heringi and a . pieridoides < br / > ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae : pyrginae : tagiadini ) .\nestablishment of a new genus for abraximorpha heringi and a . pieridoides < br / > ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae : pyrginae : tagiadini ) . - pubmed - ncbi\n[ vietnam ] abraximorpha heringi ; devyatkin , 2012 ; 151 , figs . 1\u2642 ( as daimio tethys roona ) , 2\u2642 ( un , as daimio tethys roona ) . ( n : lao cai , van ban / c : thua thien hue , bach ma ) abraximorpha heringi ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 75 . ( n : cao ca : van ban / c : thua thien hue : bach ma )\non : abraximorpha heringi mell , 1922 od : deut . ent . zeit . 1922 : 120 - 121 . tl : drachenkopf , nordkuangtung , china . ( \u2640 ) distribution : n . vietnam , china .\na new hesperiid genus , albiphasma gen . nov . , is described with abraximorpha heringi as the type species . the new genus consists of two species : al . heringi comb . nov . and al . pieridoides comb . nov . the genitalia and hair tuft on the hind tibiae suggest that the new genus is related to the genus pintara rather than the genus abraximorpha to which the two species have been assigned . the geographic distribution is currently restricted to southern china and vietnam . the adult , hind leg , wing venation and male genitalia of al . heringi as well as relevant species are illustrated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 2 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol 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record can completely account for the impact of financial risk in actual trading . for example , the ability to withstand losses or to adhere to a particular trading program in spite of trading losses are material points which can also adversely affect actual trading results . there are numerous other factors related to the markets in general or to the implementation of any specific trading program which cannot be fully accounted for in the preparation of hypothetical performance results and all of which can adversely affect actual trading results .\n[ 1 ] the futures commission merchant (\nfcm\n) and zulutrade are compensated for their services through the spread between the bid / ask prices or there may be a cost to initiate a trade through the bid / ask spread . signing up is totally free , and there is no contract and no monthly fees , ever .\n[ 2 ] past performance is not indicative of future results . this website does not make any representation whatsoever that the above mentioned trading systems might be or are suitable or that they would be profitable for you . please realize the risk involved with trading forex investments and consult an investment professional before proceeding . the trading systems herein described have been developed for sophisticated traders who fully understand the nature and the scope of the risks that are associated with trading . should you decide to trade any or all of these systems ' signals , it is your decision . the performance results displayed on this website are hypothetical in that they represent trades made in a demonstration (\ndemo\n) account . the trades placed in the demo account take into consideration the spread between the bid and ask prices which would have been paid by a trader if an actual trade was made . transaction prices were determined by assuming that buyers received the ask price and sellers the bid price of quotes provided by a large forex broker .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 88, "summary": [{"text": "salaria pavo , the peacock blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the eastern atlantic coast from france to morocco ; also in the mediterranean and black seas , introduced to the suez canal .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "peacock blenny", "paragraphs": ["the effect of nest aggregation on the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny salaria pavo .\nthe brackish tank \u2022 peacock blenny genus : salarias species : s . pavo . . .\nthe effect of nest aggregation on the reproductive behaviour of the peacock blenny salaria pavo . - pubmed - ncbi\npeacock blenny can grow up to 13 cm what is approximately 5 inches . in general , 1 specimen requires at least 1560cm\npeacock blenny .\nsaltwater . aqua - fish . net . fri dec 21 17 : 53 : 37 utc 2007 . < br / > < br / > aqua - fish . net . mon jul 9 18 : 08 : 32 utc 2018 < a href =\nurltoken\n> urltoken < / a > .\nthe effect of nest aggregation in courtship behaviour was tested experimentally in an ecologically constrained , sex - role reversed population of the peacock blenny salaria pavo . mixed sex groups of eight males and eight females were tested in experimental tanks , containing eight potential nests either aggregated or dispersed . in the aggregated treatment , males spent more time inside their nests and monopolized other potential nests , causing a female - biased operational sex ratio ( osr ) . in the aggregated treatment , females also expressed more courtship behaviour . the results in general support the prediction that the aggregation of nests promotes male monopolization of potential nests , resulting in fewer nest - holding males and therefore a female - biased osr that leads to the reversal of sex roles .\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal . subtropical ; 51\u00b0n - 20\u00b0n , 18\u00b0w - 42\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : atlantic coast from france to morocco ; also in the mediterranean and black seas and in the suez canal .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5981 )\nmature males with well - developed head - crest and anal gland in the first two anal - fin rays . sneaker males much smaller than nesting males and do not display male secondary sexual characters ( ref . 94108 ) .\nadults occur in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( ref . 5981 ) . often in brackish waters down to 5 ppt ( ref . 5981 ) . inhabit crevices or piddock holes , males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( ref . 5981 ) . feed on benthic invertebrates , mainly mollusks , also algae ( ref . 5981 ) . also ingest large amounts of aquatic insects and pupae ( ref . 94105 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . mature males adopt a passive role during courtship , rarely court females , do not defend nest territory , but provide parental care to eggs . sneaker males assume a female - like behavior in order to approach the nests of nesting males and parasitically fertilize the eggs ( ref . 94113 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35421 ) .\nmales court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting ( ref . 5981 ) though this event is rarely done by the males , more or less adopting a passive role in the courtship ( ref 94113 ) . additionally , males don ' t defend a territory around the nest ( ref . 94113 ) though they guard eggs from several females ( ref . 5981 , 94113 ) .\nzander , c . d . , 1986 . blenniidae . p . 1096 - 1112 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 5981 )\n) : 15 - 21 . 2 , mean 18 . 8 ( based on 615 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00569 - 0 . 01758 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 50 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\njustification : global assessment : this species is widespread and there are no major threats to it . there is no specific population information for this species although the population is thought to be stable . this species is listed as least concern . european regional assessment : salaria pavo is widespread in the eastern atlantic from france to morocco , including the mediterranean and black sea . although there is no specific population information for s . pavo , the population is thought to be stable . there are no known major threats . therefore , s . pavo is assessed as least concern .\nsalaria pavo is known from the eastern atlantic , from france to morocco ( zander 1986 ) . it is also present in the mediterranean and western black sea in suitable habitat , though it is not known from libya . it has invaded suez canal and northern red sea . salaria pavo is typically found in the intertidal zone and very shallow bottoms , from 0 to 2 m ( zander 1986 ) .\nthis is a common species throughout most of its range , but is less common in the east mediterranean sea .\nthis species occurs in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( zander 1986 ) . this species is tolerant to different salinities ( euryhaline ) and is more commonly found in brackish waters down to 5ppt ( zander 1986 ) . it inhabits crevices or piddock holes ; males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( zander 1986 ) . this species feeds on benthic invertebrates , mainly molluscs , and algae ( zander 1986 ) . it is oviparous with distinct pairing and demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . it has been reared in captivity ( patzner and brandstaetter 1989 ) . males court by nodding and undulating movements and drive females to spawning place by biting and butting ( zander 1986 ) . the male guards eggs from several females ( zander 1986 ) .\n. however , its range may overlap with several marine protected areas ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) .\nantonio di natale , murat bilecenoglu , michel bariche , can bizsel , enric massuti , jeffrey williams , matthew craig . 2014 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na la familia blenniidae ( blenidos ) pertenecen un grupo de peces tele\u00f3steos que se caracterizan principalmente por la ausencia de escamas , cuerpo aplastado y alargado lateralmente , cabeza achatada y diformismo sexual bien marcado . suelen vivir en el bentos marina ya que los adultos carecen de vejiga natatoria . the blenniidae ( blennies ) family are a group of teleost fish that are mainly characterized by the absence of scales , laterally flattened and elongated body , flat head , well marked sexual dimorphism . they live in the marine benthos because adults lack a swim bladder .\nbeginner ' s aquarium guide ep . 1 - blennies ( + nano news )\nalso known as coral blennies , reef blennies , rock blennies . found singly in brackish waters over shallow protected intertidal areas over pebble , rock and sand bottoms hiding in crevices and holes . they feed on algae , benthic invertebrates and molluscs . length - 13cm depth - 0 - 8m widespread eastern atlantic , mediterranean coombtooth blennies are the largest of bennies , found in both tropical and subtropical waters and freshwater habitats , as the name suggests they have comb like teeth lining their jaws . reef and rock blennies are usually territorial and have their own areas of rock pools which they skip and jump over , scraping algae from the surface of dead corals . some male blennies have small harems of arguing females . males and females often have different colouring and features\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nof water surface which is approximately 241 square inch . this species will require to be kept in a tank that is medium . (\n) medium aquariums have at least 113 litres ( 30 us gallons ) . large aquariums have at least 265 litres ( 70 us gallons ) . very large aquariums have at least 700 litres ( 185 us gallons ) .\n) the specific gravity ( sg ) should be between 1 , 020 and 1 , 025 , the temperature between 23\u00b0c ( 73 . 4\u00b0f ) and 26\u00b0c ( 78 . 8\u00b0f ) . the recommended ph level is between 8 . 0 and 8 . 3 since marine fish are used to these levels in general .\nbelow . every message will be held for approval by our moderators . it usually takes 24 hours to publish your comment . before you ask anything , browse the\nleave your email below , please . we will not publish it at all . see our\nfor this purpose , please . once your comment is reviewed and published , you will receive a notification email .\nleave your comment below , please . use correct english , please ! slang or too many misspellings will cause deletion .\nadults occur in the intertidal zone and shallow bottoms , on rocks or sand between pebbles and vegetation ( ref . 5981 ) . often in brackish waters down to 5 ppt ( ref . 5981 ) . inhabit crevices or piddock holes , males remain in cavities above water - level during low tide ( ref . 5981 ) . feed on benthic invertebrates , mainly mollusks , also algae ( ref . 5981 ) . also ingest large amounts of aquatic insects and pupae ( ref . 94105 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . mature males adopt a passive role during courtship , rarely court females , do not defend nest territory , but provide parental care to eggs . sneaker males assume a female - like behavior in order to approach the nests of nesting males and parasitically fertilize the eggs ( ref . 94113 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35421 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nblennies are often sensitive to low oxygen conditions . high tank turnover ( 6 - 10 times tank volume per hour ) and keeping the temperature from going too high should prevent any issues . while they may breed in the aquarium , the larvae are planktonic and require specific salinity requirements and thus is unlikely to be duplicated in the home aquarium .\n( most pictures are not taken by , nor owned by me . if i have sourced anything incorrectly , let me know ! )\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nunidade de investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em eco - etologia , instituto superior de psicologia aplicada , rua jardim do tabaco 34 , lisboa , portugal . jsaraiva @ urltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 104, "summary": [{"text": "uropeltis woodmasoni , commonly known as wood-mason 's earth snake , is a species of snake in the family uropeltidae .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the species is endemic to india . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "uropeltis woodmasoni", "paragraphs": ["silybura wood - masoni theobald 1876 : 135 silybura melanogaster g\u00fcnther 1875 ( non uropeltis melanogaster gray 1858 ) silybura nigra beddome 1878 silybura nigra \u2014 beddome 1886 : 12 silybura nigra \u2014 boulenger 1893 : 151 uropeltis wood - masoni \u2014 smith 1943 uropeltis ruhunae deraniyagala 1954 uropeltis ruhunae \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 151 uropeltis woodmasoni \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 151 uropeltis woodmasoni \u2014 das 2003 uropeltis ruhunae \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 782 uropeltis woodmasoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 782\nsilybura macrorhyncha beddome 1877 silybura macrorhyncha \u2014 beddome 1886 : 19 silybura macrorhynchus \u2014 boulenger 1893 : 153 uropeltis macrorhynchus \u2014 smith 1943 : 78 uropeltis macrorhyncha \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 146 uropeltis macrorhynchus \u2014 das 2003 uropeltis macrorhyncha \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 766\non the taxonomic status of uropeltis bicatenatus ( g\u00fcnther ) ( reptilia : serpentes : uropeltidae ) .\nrajendran ( 1985 ) is not convinced that this is a distinct species from uropeltis smithi gans , 1966 .\nolori , j . c . 2010 . digital endocasts of the braincase and osseous labyrinth of uropeltis woodmasoni ( alethinophidia : uropeltidae ) . copeia 2010 ( 1 ) : 14 - 26 .\nthe splenial and angular do not differ substantially from those of u . woodmasoni .\nuropeltis is the most speciose of all shieldtail snake ( uropeltid ) genera , particularly in india , a . . .\nthe angular and splenial have the same general morphology of those of u . woodmasoni .\ntaxonomic reassessment of two indian shieldtail snakes in the < i > uropeltis ceylanicus < / i > species grou . . .\nto cite this page : dr . jennifer olori , c . j . bell , the university of texas at austin , 2012 ,\nuropeltis woodmasoni\n( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropeltis woodmasoni ( theobald , 1876 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nas in u . woodmasoni , the teeth terminate posteriorly at the angular - splenial suture . eight teeth are present .\njustification : uropeltis woodmasoni has been assessed as least concern as it is common in parts of its range and there are no known major threats affecting it . in addition , its distribution range coincides with several protected areas . research is needed to establish its population status in parts of its distribution .\nthe pterygoid is robust and smooth and has a cylindrical ectopterygoid process with a more rounded tip ( fig . 7a ) . the palatine process is also much more robust than in any other species of uropeltis or rhinophis we surveyed . as in u . woodmasoni , curvature toward the otic region is smooth and lacks a pronounced bend .\nthe quadrate is distinct from that of other rhinophis and uropeltis species examined in having a more sharply pointed caudal process and an anterodorsal corner that is more rounded and lacks a well - developed , triangular extension .\nthe angular reaches the posterior half of the coronoid process and has a small , ventral foramen . the foramen found in the splenial is located closer to the angular - splenial suture than in species of uropeltis and rhinophis .\nthe angular lacks the ventral convexity observed in u . woodmasoni . instead , that surface of the bone is rough and irregular and has an anteroposteriorly aligned , low ridge along the midline . medial to the ridge is a dent that may contain a nearly closed foramen at its center . the splenial is like that of u . woodmasoni .\nin dorsal view , the nasals appear to be slightly broader than in u . woodmasoni and taper anteriorly only at their tips ( fig . 6a ) . the nasals do not extend as far anteriorly as they do in u . woodmasoni , terminating well posterior to the expansion of the rostral process of the premaxilla . the lateral suture with the septomaxilla is more horizontal than in articulated uropeltis specimens . the suture with the frontal is rounded along its central portion , with distinct lateral processes posteriorly , and small medial processes directed posteriorly between the frontals . no disarticulated material is available .\nin ventral view , the palatine has a rounded anterior vomerine process as in u . woodmasoni and most other taxa we examined ( fig . 21g ) . the lateral process , which is again the ventral surface of a closed loop , has a hooked morphology . the loop extends farther laterally than in the examined species of rhinophis and uropeltis , and this structure has a noticeably angled corner at its widest point ( fig . 21g , h ) . unlike in u . woodmasoni the loop does not form right angles with the ventral floor and the lateral surface of the palatine .\nthe quadrate of u . rubromaculata does not differ substantially from that of u . woodmasoni . however , in articulated skulls , because there is less constriction of the retroarticular process of the compound bone in u . rubromaculata , the shaft appears longer relative to the caudal process , but the proportions are actually the same as in u . woodmasoni .\nas in u . rubromaculata , the angular extends to the midpoint of the coronoid process of the compound bone . the splenial does not differ from that of u . woodmasoni .\nthe posterior end of the dentary is much more pointed than in u . woodmasoni , and the last tooth occurs at the splenial - angular suture . seven teeth are present .\nthe single specimen possesses a quadrate with a caudal process that is approximately 2 . 5 times the length of the shaft . overall the bone is robust , as in u . woodmasoni .\nthe occipital condyle of u . woodmasoni has a long , robust neck ( figs . 5a ; 23 ) . posterior to the trough leading down into the braincase , at the narrowest point of the neck , the dorsal surface of the occipital condyle has a shallow depression or fovea for the continuation of the brainstem [ 17 ] . this is also visible in the other species of uropeltis and in rhinophis ( figs . 5a , b ; 6 ) .\nthe nasals have a broader dorsal surface than in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 5b ) . tapering of the nasals in dorsal view begins farther anteriorly and in lateral view occurs at a much shallower angle , forming a triangular point anteriorly rather than the curved edge seen in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 2b ) . this is associated with the more blunt appearance of the tip of the snout in u . rubromaculata . in addition , in lateral view the ventral surface is less emarginated than in u . woodmasoni . the contact with the frontal is subtly angled posterolaterally and has fine - scale undulations along the suture .\nthe angular extends posteriorly to below the center of the coronoid process . clear foramina occur in both the angular and splenial , and the foramen in the angular is located more ventrally than in u . woodmasoni .\nthe anterior rostrum is broader than that of u . woodmasoni , as are the sagittal groove and the portion of the nasal process that separates the nasals ( fig . 5b ) . contact with the vomers does not differ substantially from u . woodmasoni . the subnarial foramen is enclosed entirely within the premaxilla on the right side , but on the left the posterior margin is formed by the palatal tubercle of the septomaxilla ( fig . 4b ) . the contact with the maxilla is relatively broader than in u . woodmasoni , owing mostly to the proportionally broader transverse process of the premaxilla . in palatal view , the vomer is excluded from contact with the maxilla and the transverse process of the premaxilla by a significant exposure of the septomaxilla . a mediolaterally oriented canal penetrates the septum at the base of the nasal process ( as in some specimens of u . woodmasoni ) . the ventral premaxillary foramen is formed as in u . woodmasoni , but an additional small foramen is situated anterior to the former foramen , entering dorsally into the body of the rostrum .\noverall , the compound bone strongly resembles that of u . woodmasoni . the retroarticular process , however , is much more rounded and circular , although its dorsal surface does not seem to constrict the socket for the quadrate . a small , thin coronoid bone is present , and in lateral view a foramen is ventral to the anterior half of the coronoid process , although it is located more ventrally than in u . woodmasoni .\nsynonymy : s . melanogaster g\u00fcnther 1875 is a secondary junior homonym of uropeltis melanogaster gray 1858 . it is hence unavailable und therfore has been replaced by the next available name by gans 1966 . u . ruhunae was synonymized with u . woodmasoni by pyron et al . 2016 . distribution : the locality of ruhunae is likely in error . although it was reported from sri lanka ( galle district , southern province ) with its type locality : \u201egalle\n, ceylon , pyron et al . 2016 are almost certain it doesn\u2019t occur there .\nthe shape , structure , and associations of the frontal in the articulated skull are similar to those outlined for u . woodmasoni , although the crista trabecularis ends posterior to the frontal - parietal suture . disarticulated material is not available .\nthe ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid is broader and more rounded than that of u . woodmasoni , and reaches half the length and twice the width of the associated palatine process . the angle between the two is greater than 45\u00b0 .\nthe ectopterygoid strongly resembles that of u . woodmasoni , but possesses a larger surface area for contact with the maxilla ( the maxilla covers more than half the length of the ectopterygoid ; fig . 6a ) and is also less strongly arched .\nthe ectopterygoid is similar to that of u . woodmasoni , although the element is slender and somewhat irregular , as in u . melanogaster . however , in dorsal view , the posterior half is not as wide as in u . melanogaster .\nthe ectopterygoid appears irregular and weakly developed compared to the other uropeltis taxa ( fig . 22b ) . the curvature of the bone forms a sharper ( though still obtuse ) angle , but does not form a lateral flange as in u . rubromaculata . the posterior half of the ectopterygoid is broader horizontally and more dorsoventrally compressed than the anterior half .\nuropeltis ceylanica is a nonvenomous shield tail snake species found in southern india . no subspecies are currently recognized . = = geographic range = = found in southern india in the western ghats ( kerala ) from castle rock to travancore ( anaimalai hills ) , in the eastern ghats in the shevaroy hills , and in the southern ghats from kunjithanni ( idikki d . . .\nthe ectopterygoid is more arched than that of u . woodmasoni in lateral view . the curvature of the bone is also more prominent , forming a more acute and abrupt angle . the apex is slightly expanded laterally to form a small triangular flange ( fig . 5b ) .\nthe shape and proportions of the maxilla in lateral view differ in u . rubromaculata . more than half the length of the bone tapers posteriorly . the portion of the bone anterior to the ascending process is dorsoventrally much deeper than in u . woodmasoni , giving the ( false ) impression that the anterior portion has been anteroposteriorly compressed ( fig . 2b ) . the ventral margin of the maxilla in lateral view is more strongly irregular than in u . woodmasoni . at the contact with the premaxilla , the lateral surface extends below the ventral margin of the premaxilla .\nthe maxilla resembles that of u . woodmasoni in lateral view , with a horizontal , unsloped dorsal surface anterior to the ascending process ( fig . 8 ) . the process is narrower than in u . woodmasoni and more rounded at its apex . additionally , the anteriormost foramen is more posteriorly located and the anterior tip of the maxilla is slightly taller , extending ventrally just past the ventral margin of the premaxilla in lateral view . seven tooth positions occupy each side , and the posteriormost tooth is positioned at the level of the anterior - most contact with the ectopterygoid .\nthe ectopterygoid is straighter than that of u . woodmasoni and r . homolepis , but has a slight bend just posterior to the contact with the maxilla . little of the bone is free of contact with either the pterygoid or the maxilla , and that portion is only slightly arched in lateral view .\nother than a smoother and straighter process for the compound , a more sharply pointed posterior tip , and the possession of less edentulous space posterior to the anterior tip , the dentary does not differ substantially from that of u . woodmasoni ( fig . 28i , j ) . eight teeth are present .\nthe nasals most closely resemble those of u . woodmasoni in proportions and shape . the lateral suture with the septomaxilla is more horizontal . the suture with the frontal is straight but angled obliquely ( fig . 6b ) , because the lateral edge of the nasal extends farther posteriorly than does the medial edge .\nrhinophis drummondhayi resembles u . woodmasoni in the length and breadth of the frontals , but the lateral curvature is not as pronounced in dorsal view , and the contact with the prefrontal is curved as in u . rubromaculata . the crista trabecularis ends a short distance anterior to the ventrolateral frontal - parietal suture .\nthe long , posterior palatine process is dorsoventrally compressed ( figs . 4c ; 16h , i ) and much broader than in u . woodmasoni . the tapering of the posterolateral margin of the vomer that produces the process is more gradual than in u . woodmasoni . in dorsal view , a crest and anterior concavity occur in association with the posterolateral process as in other taxa ( fig . 16g ) . a single dorsal foramen pierces the posterolateral crest near its origin at the medial wall . dorsal to the palatine process , a short , tapered , and pointed additional posterior process begins at the medial wall ( fig . 16g , i ) . in between the two posterior processes , a small , anteroposteriorly directed canal leads into the medial wall . the canal exits at the level of the crest , in the floor of the medial wall and , based on position , may be homologous to the ventral foramen of u . woodmasoni .\nthe ectopterygoid shows less curvature than that of u . woodmasoni . a slight , dorsally convex arch characterizes the bone in lateral view . a subtle apex , formed by the transition between the laterally compressed anterior half and the dorsoventrally compressed posterior half of the element , occurs immediately posterior to the contact with the maxilla .\nin u . woodmasoni , the ectopterygoid process is dorsoventrally compressed anteriorly . the angle formed at the junction of the ectopterygoid and palatine processes is approximately 45\u00b0 , and the ectopterygoid process is usually between one - quarter and one - half the length of the palatine process ( fig . 22e ) . in ventral view , about three - quarters of the way from anterior to posterior , the pterygoid curves and bends laterally toward the otic region . in lateral view the element shows a dorsally convex arch , sloping upward from the lowest position at the posterior end to the highest point at the anterior end . the posterior tip of the pterygoid is spatulate in u . woodmasoni .\nin dorsolateral view , the wide , anterior portion of the palatine extends laterally only to the lacrimal duct , falling short of the terminus of the maxillary process of the prefrontal . in addition to the tiny foramen visible in this view in u . woodmasoni , a second foramen is located at the posterior extent of the contact with the maxilla , near the base of the pterygoid process . when viewed laterally , the tapering of the pterygoid process and the end of contact with the frontal occur anterior to the optic foramen , farther anteriorly than in u . woodmasoni . the clasping articulation of the pterygoid process of the palatine with the palatine process of the pterygoid is depicted in figure 17b .\nthe dentary has a much more sharply pointed posterior tip than that of u . woodmasoni , and the teeth end posteriorly at the splenial - angular suture . the groove for meckel ' s cartilage is open in anterior view , and this creates a medial , trochlea - like expansion of the anterior tip of the dentary . eight teeth are present .\nthe coronoid process of the compound bone is broad , and somewhat triangular . a foramen pierces the medial surface of the retroarticular process , but none occurs ventral to the coronoid process . the retroarticular process is like that of u . woodmasoni , and both the dorsal portion of the process and the anterior rim of the socket for the quadrate constrict the cotyle .\nin ventral view the anterior edge of the vomer has a short , ventral premaxillary process with a shallow , lateral indentation and farther laterally a tiny , pointed projection that juts between the premaxilla and septomaxilla ( figs . 4b ; 17b ) . the anterior margin of the anterolateral process is posterior to that projection . compared to u . woodmasoni , the anterolateral process is expanded and has a squared appearance . the anterolateral process of the vomer and the anteromedial process of the maxilla do not touch but both are in contact with the overlying septomaxilla . within the vomeronasal opening , a thin bar of bone separates the smaller , medial half from the lateral half . as in u . woodmasoni , u . rubromaculata has a long , thin palatine process .\nas in u . woodmasoni , the maxilla and ectopterygoid of u . rubromaculata have a long mediolateral contact , with the maxilla lateral to the ectopterygoid . however , in u . rubromaculata the posterior rim of the posteriormost tooth position coincides with the beginning of the contact with the ectopterygoid . in ventral view , the palatine process is broader , larger , and more rounded medially than in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 4b ) . the maxilla and vomer do not contact in palatal view . the teeth are much larger and fewer in number than in any other taxon examined ( six positions on the left , five on the right ) . our tooth count is consistent with a previous report of five maxillary teeth in u . rubromaculata [ 15 ] .\nthe supraorbital processes are robust and similar to those of u . woodmasoni , but the sagittal crest is stronger and terminates anteriorly at a triangular , roughened , shallow depression . there is only a small posterior notch along the midline . in lateral view , the majority of the cn v 2 foramen is in the braincase , and the parietal completes only the anterior - most portion .\nthe prefrontal is not as anteroposteriorly shortened as in r . blythii , nor is it as round as in u . woodmasoni ( fig . 8b ) . in this specimen ( tmm m - 10046 ) the prefrontal and parietal closely approach , but do not actually contact , one another . the rounded inflection of the anterodorsal margin is located at the junction with the nasal and septomaxilla .\nthe frontals are proportionately wider and shorter than in the uropeltis specimens . the contacts in the articulated skull are the same , although sharper and more angled than in r . blythii . in dorsal exposure , a small , pointed process appears to jut into the junction of the frontal with the prefrontal and supraorbital process of the parietal and may occur because the prefrontal and supraorbital process are in contact . a similar , but narrower , surface extends into the junction between frontal , nasal , and prefrontal . the crista trabecularis ends at the frontal - parietal suture .\nthe basioccipital and basisphenoid are fused in all of our adult specimens , although previously those bones were reported to remain separate [ 17 ] . thus , this species exhibits the same degree of fusion found in rhinophis and uropeltis . dorsally , no sagittal crest occurs in the supraoccipital region . the canals piercing that area are more medially positioned than they are in species of uropeltis and rhinophis and open posteriorly inside the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum . the occipital condyle is short , lacking any solid neck between the triangular trough leading into the braincase and the actual condyle , and there is no posterior fovea as exhibited by uropeltis and rhinophis ( figs . 5c , 27 ) . the number of hypoglossal openings varies individually in b . rhodogaster . in tmm m - 10019 , tmm m - 10027 , and tmm m - 10022 there are two on the right and one on the left , whereas in tmm m - 10016 , tmm m - 10023 , and tmm m - 10020 there are two on the left and one on the right . in tmm m - 10013 , tmm m - 10017 , tmm m - 10018 , tmm m - 10024 , and tmm m - 10014 the opening is single on both sides , and in tmm m - 10015 , tmm m - 10026 , and tmm m - 10020 it is paired on both sides . when paired , one opening is located dorsal to the other , and the more dorsal opening is smaller . an exception occurs in specimen tmm m - 10011 , in which the opening is single on the right , but on the left it appears to be paired as a result of a deep division of one large foramen .\nthe supraorbital processes are straight and slender , with little tapering and a shorter length relative to the other species we examined ( fig . 8a ) . dorsally the sagittal crest is stronger than in the three uropeltis species examined and ends anteriorly at a weakly depressed , roughened , irregular spot . the two lobes of the shelf dorsal to the otic region are relatively short , and there is a small , squared notch at the posterior midline . in lateral view the cn v 2 opening is almost entirely within the braincase , but a small portion of the parietal completes its anterior edge .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bars = 0 . 5 mm . a from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; b from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; c from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10027 ) ; and d\u2013f from ct scans of u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10006 ) . left quadrates in lateral view ( a\u2013c ) , and right stapes in ventrolateral ( k , anterior to the right ) , dorsal ( l , anterior to the right ) , and anterolateral ( m , lateral to the left ) views . fp . st = stapedial footplate ; m . con = mandibular condyle of quadrate ; sh . st = stapedial shaft ; sst . p = suprastapedial process ( caudal process ) of quadrate ; urltoken = tympanic crest of quadrate .\nthe posteromedial corner of the nasal buttress completely encloses the vomeronasal posteromedial foramen , forming a short tube ( visible only in the disarticulated element , fig . 10i , l ) . the posteromedial process associated with this foramen is short and triangular in b . rhodogaster . the open , posterior margin of the cupola for the vomeronasal organ is rounded and upswept , as opposed to the condition in u . woodmasoni and u . melanogaster .\nthe ectopterygoid process is narrow , and the palatine process is slender ( fig . 7b ) . the ectopterygoid process is less than a quarter of the length of the palatine process . the angle between the processes is slightly less than 45\u00b0 , and their junction occurs farther anteriorly than in uropeltis , approximately one - quarter of the way from the anterior end of the bone . a distinct bend with a roughly square flange or extension is placed at the point where the posterior tip curves upward toward the otic region . this occurs three - quarters of the way down the bone , moving from anterior to posterior .\nthe nasals are more rectangular than in species referred to either uropeltis or rhinophis . tapering occurs only at the anteromedial tip and is visible only in dorsal view ( figs . 5c , 12g ) . the overall appearance is of a rectangular bone with an anterolateral notch . the nasal process of the premaxilla is exposed in the narrow space between the anterior ends of the nasals . in lateral view , the nasal shares an elongated contact with the septomaxilla ; no dorsal emargination is present , but the posterior margin of the external naris excavates a shallow notch in the anterior surface of the nasal ( figs . 2c , 12h ) .\nthe ventral premaxillary process is small and rounded , abuts the vomerine process of the premaxilla , and possesses a shallow indentation laterally ( figs . 7b ; 18b ) . the anterolateral process is squared and meets the anteromedial process of the maxilla . the anterior projection of the posterolateral process forms much more of the vomeronasal opening than in any other species examined . the small , pointed process that projects into the vomeronasal opening originates dorsal to the ventral surface , rather than at it as in the three species of uropeltis , and r . blythii . dorsally , the vomer has a strong medial inflection . the palatine process is not elongate .\nthe posterior part of the transverse process of the premaxilla slots into the space between the anteromedial process and the anterior tip of the maxilla ( fig . 3i ) , forming a clasping articulation between the two elements . in palatal view , the entire anterior surface of the anteromedial process forms a firm articulation with the transverse process of the premaxilla ( unlike in u . woodmasoni , in which only a small lateral portion of the anterior surface contacts the premaxilla ) .\nthe dentary is similar to that of u . woodmasoni , except in the case of the teeth , which extend farther posteriorly ; two full sockets are located posterior to the angular - splenial suture . eight teeth occur on the dentary ; like the maxillary teeth , they are enlarged relative to those of other taxa examined ( fig . 2b ) . our tooth count is higher than a previous report of six or seven dentary teeth occurring in specimens of u . rubromaculata [ 15 ] .\nthe contact of the prefrontal with the nasal in lateral view is longer than in u . woodmasoni , and the inflection in the shape of the anterodorsal margin occurs ventral to the junction with the nasal and septomaxilla . as in u . melanogaster , the lateral surface appears anteroposteriorly compressed , and overall the bone is taller than it is long ( fig . 8a ) . the frontal process is much larger than the lateral foot process , but does not contact the supraorbital process of the parietal .\nin lateral view , the entire dorsal margin of the compound bone is arched from the posterior extent of the dentary articulation to just anterior to the articulation with the quadrate , forming a large , broad , rounded coronoid process ( fig . 8a ) . this gives the compound bone a wide and smooth appearance at its midpoint . a tiny coronoid bone is present , but unlike in u . woodmasoni , a sliver of the bone is visible in lateral view along the dorsal margin of the compound bone .\nwhen the six characters that exhibited the highest degree of polymorphism and individual asymmetries ( i . e . , characters 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 , 13 ) were removed from the analysis , 469 mpts were recovered ( tree length = 49 , ci = 0 . 7755 , ri = 0 . 8791 ) . as indicated by the majority rule consensus ( fig . 29b ) , a clade comprising species of uropeltis , rhinophis , and plectrurus was recovered in most topologies ( 87 % ) . however , in both the majority rule and strict consensus , resolution of relationships other than the position of species of melanophidium was extremely poor , suggesting that the excluded characters carry phylogenetic signal and should be revised rather than discarded ( figs . 29b , 30b ) .\nthe parietal is a smoothly rounded , dorsally convex , midline element . at its anterolateral margin , a fingerlike supraorbital process extends anteriorly onto each frontal . in addition to the frontal , the parietal contacts the fused braincase complex posteriorly and ventrally , and occasionally the prefrontal anteriorly ( via the supraorbital process ) . the parietal closely approaches the pterygoid laterally , but soft tissue prevents contact . in all uropeltids we examined , only a single , unpaired parietal is present , although previous authors reported that incomplete fusion of the parietals is visible in some specimens of rhinophis and uropeltis [ 17 ] . it seems likely that those reports were based on the narrow , slit - like opening along the posterior midline of the parietal visible in some specimens ( e . g . , fig . 15 ) .\nboth specimens resemble u . woodmasoni in their frontal proportions , but as in the other rhinophis species we examined , the frontals show much less mediolateral tapering in dorsal view . the crista trabecularis ends just anterior to the frontal - parietal suture . in all rhinophis species examined the optic foramen was contained within the frontal . in tmm m - 10038 , the palatal bones are disarticulated , and it is clear that the posterior bifurcation of the ventral groove is absent . in tmm m - 10037 the frontal process of the prefrontal and the supraorbital process of the parietal are in contact .\nthe supraorbital processes of the parietal are proportionately narrower and straighter than in u . woodmasoni , and also are less tapered anteriorly . in dorsal view , the sagittal crest is more strongly developed in u . rubromaculata , but still weak , and the crest ends at a circular , roughened patch of bone instead of terminating at a depression . the posterior margin of the parietal has a prominent trilobed appearance . in lateral view , the opening for the cn v 2 is almost entirely within the braincase , but the anterior margin is completed by the parietal ( fig . 2b ) .\nin one specimen ( tmm m - 10032 ) , the caudal process is proportionately longer than the shaft , reaching 2 . 5 times the length of the latter . the second specimen , tmm m - 10045 , lacks this extra length and shows a stronger resemblance to u . woodmasoni , although both specimens of u . melanogaster have a more slender quadrate ( fig . 25b ) . the anterodorsal margin of the quadrate curves so that the anterodorsal corner is ventral to the dorsal margin of the bone . the angle between the caudal process and the shaft is more acute , roughly 90\u00b0 .\nthe anterolateral process is large , broad , and squared in ventral view . it meets the anteromedial process of the maxilla and maintains contact with it along the posterior margin of the latter , moving toward the body of the maxilla . the anterior margin of the vomer is more like that of u . woodmasoni than r . blythii . it is also similar to those taxa in that the small process that projects into the vomeronasal opening originates on the ventral surface of the bone . as in all other rhinophis species we examined , the palatine process is not elongate ( figs . 7d ; 19b ) .\nthe maxilla more closely resembles that of u . woodmasoni than r . blythii in lateral view , because the anterior tip does not extend ventrally past the premaxilla at the suture between the two elements , but the maxilla does deepen just posterior to that suture ( fig . 8b ) . the posteriormost lateral foramen is entirely anterior to the ascending process . in ventral view , the palatine process is small and does not extend far medially ( fig . 7b ) . seven tooth positions occur on each side , and the posteriormost tooth is positioned at the level of the anterior - most contact with the ectopterygoid .\nin anterolateral view the dorsal premaxillary process of the vomer extends anteriorly past the septomaxilla and is visible in the floor of the external naris . in ventral view , the triangularly pointed ventral premaxillary process of the vomer lies lateral to the vomerine process of the premaxilla ( figs . 7a ; 18a ) . the medial surface of the premaxillary process is l - shaped and receives the vomerine process of the premaxilla . posterolaterally , the anterolateral process of the vomer contacts the anteromedial process of the maxilla on the right side , but not the left side , of our specimen ( tmm m - 10030 ) . the posterolateral process and its anterior projection are broader and rounder than in the other species of uropeltis examined . the posterolateral process is thickened and a small ridge occurs where the process forms the posterolateral margin of the vomeronasal opening . the palatine process is not elongate .\nthe prefrontal is similar to that of u . woodmasoni , but has a relatively larger frontal process that is also larger than the lateral foot process . in lateral view the rounded inflection in the anterodorsal margin occurs just posterior to the junction with the nasal and septomaxilla . a clear gap separates the frontal process of the prefrontal and the supraorbital process of the parietal . additionally , the entire anterior half of the ventrolateral margin ( including the medial foot process ) is overlapped by the ascending process of the maxilla , so that no part of the prefrontal is visible between the septomaxilla and the ascending process of the maxilla .\nas in the other rhinophis , the anterior lateral foramen of the maxilla is positioned more posteriorly than in u . woodmasoni . the lateral maxillary foramina are proportionately larger than any other taxon surveyed . the posterior - most foramen is located ventral and slightly posterior to the midpoint of the ascending process ( fig . 8d ) . ventrally , the anteromedial process is reduced , and the palatine process has a triangular , posteriorly directed point ( fig . 7d ) . the vomer and maxilla contact in palatal view . there are seven tooth positions on each side , and the posteriormost tooth is positioned just anterior to the anteriormost contact with the ectopterygoid .\nthe shape of the septomaxilla is similar to that of u . woodmasoni in lateral view , but is more rounded overall . in lateral exposure , its anterior margin curves so that the ventral portion extends farther anteriorly than the dorsal ( fig . 8a ) . the septomaxilla reaches its anteriormost extent at the level of the premaxilla - maxilla suture and contacts both bones at that suture . there is no palatal tubercle visible between the junction of the vomer , premaxilla , and maxilla . the vomer and maxilla meet in palatal view because of complete underlap of the septomaxilla by the vomers and a robust anteromedial process of the maxilla ( fig . 7a ) .\nanterior is to the left ; scale bars = 1 . 0 mm . ( a ) u . woodmasoni , tmm m - 10010 . note missing max , pl , ecpt , and pt on left side . ( b ) u . rubromaculata , tmm m - 10028 . note that right lower jaw is present . ang = angular ; den = dentary ; ecpt = ectopterygoid ; fr = frontal ; max = maxilla ; pal . tub = palatine tubercle of septomaxilla ; pfr = prefrontal ; pl = palatine ; pmx = premaxilla ; pt = pterygoid ; smx = septomaxilla ; spl = splenial ; sph = sphenoid region of the otooccipital complex ; vo = vomer .\nanterior up ; scale bars = 1 . 0 mm . ( a ) u . woodmasoni , tmm m - 10006 ; ( b ) u . rubromaculata , tmm m - 10028 ( c ) b . rhodogaster , tmm m - 10011 . ecpt = ectopterygoid ; fr = frontal ; low . j = lower jaw ; max = maxilla ; na = nasal ; oo . c = otooccipital complex ; pa = parietal ; pfr = prefrontal ; pmx = premaxilla ; pl = palatine ; pt = pterygoid ; smx = septomaxilla ; q = quadrate ; r . c = rieppel ' s canal ; v2m . f = foramen for branch of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve .\nanterior is to the left ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in lateral view . arrow points to slit - like opening along posterior midline of parietal . urltoken = parietal shelf ; s . o . p = supraorbital process of the parietal ; tab = tab - like process that articulates with otic region ; v2 . f = notch that contributes to v2 foramen .\nthe premaxilla is similar to that of r . blythii , but the rostrum is more rounded and less broad ( similar to the condition in u . woodmasoni ) . the contact with the maxilla in lateral view is almost vertical , but a small posterodorsal tip of the transverse process of the premaxilla overlaps the anterior portion of the dorsal margin of the maxilla ( fig . 8d ) . the vomerine process is emarginated in a way similar to that of r . drummondhayi . the subnarial opening is completely enclosed by the premaxilla on the right side , but a small portion of the septomaxilla closes the opening on the left ( fig . 7d ) . a single ventral premaxillary foramen and a foramen piercing the medial septum are present .\nanterior is to the left in a , d , e ; anterior is to the right in b , c , f ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from the left side of the skull in u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from the right side of the skull in u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from the left side of the skull in b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10027 ) . a , c , e in lateral view and b , d , f in medial view . fr . pfr = frontal process of prefrontal ; knob = medially projecting knob at base of frontal process of prefrontal ; l . f . p = lateral foot plate ; m . f . p = medial foot process .\nanterior is to the right unless noted ; scale bars = 0 . 5 mm . a , e from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; b , f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; c , d from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10016 ) ; and g from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . right ectopterygoids in ventral ( a\u2013c ) and dorsal ( d ) views ; left pterygoids ( e , g ; anterior to the left ) and right pterygoid ( f ) in dorsal views . ect . pt = ectopterygoid process of pterygoid ; mx . ect = maxillary process of ectopterygoid ; pl . pt = palatine process of pterygoid ; post . p = posterior process of pterygoid ; pt . ect = pterygoid process of ectopterygoid .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . all elements from the left side of the skull . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in lateral view ; and c , f , i in medial view ( anterior is to the right ) . can = anterior opening of the canal within the medial process of the nasal ; md . p = medial process ; pmx . na = premaxillary process of nasal ; shelf = shelf that is continuous with pre - orbital ridge of frontal ; vl . p = ventrolateral process at triple junction .\nthe openings for cn v 2 and cn v 3 are in the same positions as in u . woodmasoni , although the prootic canal is shifted dorsally and appears to be merged with the juxtastapedial recess . the canal is separated from the opening of the v 3 by a narrow partition of bone . on the left side the laterosphenoid foramen is ventral to and between the openings for cn v 2 and cn v 3 , but on the right it is located posterodorsally , adjacent to the anteroventral margin of the cn v 3 foramen . a tiny dorsal metotic foramen is visible when viewed through the foramen magnum , and the opening for cn x and the jugular vein is single . the opening for the hypoglossal nerve also is single . the interchoanal process is visible , but because the specimen is articulated , it is unknown if that process extends anteriorly beyond the cultriform process .\nanterior up ; scale bars = 1 . 0 mm . ( a ) u . woodmasoni , tmm m - 10006 ; ( b ) u . rubromaculata , tmm m - 10028 ; ( c ) b . rhodogaster , tmm m - 10011 . ang = angular ; com = compound ; den = dentary ; ecpt = ectopterygoid ; js . r = juxtastapedial recess ; max = maxilla ; oo . c = otooccipital complex ; pa = parietal ; pl = palatine ; pmx = premaxilla ; pro . c = prootic canal ; pt = pterygoid ; smx = septomaxilla ; spl = splenial ; sub . f = subnarial foramen ; q = quadrate ; vn . o = vomeronasal opening ; vo = vomer ; vp . f = ventral premaxillary foramen ; v2 . f = foramen for maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve ; v3 . f = foramen for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve .\nanterior is to the left in a\u2013f ; anterior is to the right in i ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from the right side of u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from the right side of the skull of u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from the left side of the skull of b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in medial view . ch . pl = choanal process of palatine ; lat . f = tiny lateral foramen ; lat . p = lateral process of palatine ; pt . pl = pterygoid process of palatine ; vo . pl = vomerine process of palatine ; v2m . f = foramen for branch of the trigeminal nerve ( cn v 2 ) .\nthe pterygoid has a higher arch in lateral view and more curvature in dorsal view than in u . woodmasoni . the bend originates earlier , approximately halfway along the bone from anterior to posterior . a broad , short flange or extension of the apex of curvature occurs posterior to the center of the pterygoid ( fig . 22f ) . the ectopterygoid process is short , approximately one - quarter the length of the palatine process . the anteriormost tip of the palatine process is irregular . the palatine process is wide at its base , but gradually tapers anteriorly . the process becomes dorsoventrally compressed on its lateral side near its base , giving the impression of a thin sheet ( i . e . , web ) of bone between the palatine and ectopterygoid processes . at about three - quarters of the distance anteriorly , the tapering becomes abrupt and the resulting tip is pointed and slender . the posterior process is rounded .\nanterior is to the left ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10024 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in lateral view . the posterior tip of the nasal process is broken in the b . rhodogaster specimen . l . f = lateral foramen ; na . pmx = nasal process ( keel ) of premaxilla ; pl . c = posterolateral canal ; ros = rostral tip ; sep . c = septal canal ; sub . f = subnarial foramen ; sub . fen = subnarial fenestra ; trv . p = transverse process ; vp . f = ventral premaxillary foramen ; vo . pmx = vomerine process of premaxilla .\nthe vertical suture with the braincase complex terminates dorsally at a broad shelf of the parietal that extends posteriorly to overlie the anterodorsal half of the otic capsules , in the supraoccipital region . the lateral edges of the shelf are straight and horizontal and originate at a right angle to the vertical suture with the otic region . in other taxa the posterior extent of the shelf is composed of two short , oblate lobes , but in u . woodmasoni the lobes are broad and meet along the posterior midline to form a rounded , smooth , and upswept posterior margin . in three specimens ( tmm m - 10001 , - 10004 , - 10009 ) , the posteriormost region of the shelf butterflies into a small v - shaped notch along the midline ( fig . 15a ) . in disarticulated specimens the ventral surface of the posterior shelf is rough and irregular along the area where it articulates with the otic capsules ( fig . 15b ) .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . all elements from the left side of the skull . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in lateral view ; and c , f , i in medial view ( anterior is to the right ) . fr . c = frontal canal ; l . f . f = lateral frontal flange ; m . f . f = mesial frontal flange ; o . f = optic foramen ; ol . fr . = olfactory process of frontal ; p . o . r = pre - orbital ridge of frontal ; so . g = groove for supraorbital process of parietal ; trab . g = groove for cartilaginous portion of crista trabecularis .\nanterior is to the left in a\u2013f ; anterior is to the right in i ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . a\u2013c from the right side of u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from the right side of u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from the left side of b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in dorsal view ; b , e , h in ventral view ; and c , f , i in medial view . al . p = anterior lateral process ; d . pmx . vo = dorsal premaxillary process of vomer ; dm . f = dorsomedial foramen of posterolateral crest ; md . w = medial wall ; urltoken = crest on posterolateral process ; pl . p = posterior lateral process ; pl . vo = palatine process of vomer ; pmx . vo = premaxillary process of vomer ; tab = bone tab projecting into vomero - nasal opening ; v . pmx . vo = ventral premaxillary process of vomer .\nanterior is to the left unless noted ; scale bar = 0 . 5 mm . all elements from the left side of the skull . a\u2013c from u . woodmasoni ( tmm m - 10001 ) ; d\u2013f from u . melanogaster ( tmm m - 10045 ) ; and g\u2013i from b . rhodogaster ( tmm m - 10022 ) . a , d , g in lateral view ; b , e , h in medial view ( anterior is to the right ) ; and c , f , i in dorsal view . a . m . f = anterior maxillary foramen ; alv . c = alveolar canal ; ant . med . p = anteromedial process ; asc . mx = ascending process ; ect . mx = ectopterygoid process of maxilla ; f . jug + x = foramen for jugular vein and vagus nerve ; m . m . f = middle maxillary foramen ; p . m . f = posterior maxillary foramen ; pl . mx = palatine process ( posteromedial process ) of maxilla ; pmx . mx = premaxillary process of maxilla ; shelf = shelf medial to articulation facet for prefrontal .\nin ventral view , the lateral process of the palatine [ 32 ] projects anterolaterally towards the posterior margin of the palatine process of the maxilla , by which it is underlapped . in dorsolateral view of articulated skulls , and even more clearly in disarticulated specimens , it can be seen that the lateral \u2018process\u2019 is the ventral surface of a loop of bone surrounding the large foramen for cn v 2 ( fig . 21b ) . the same structure was described for the disarticulated palatine of p . aureus [ 19 ] . in u . woodmasoni , the loop is oriented vertically and aligned anterolaterally from its origin on the lateral surface of the palatine , positioned at right angles to the ventral floor and the lateral wall of the element . in some specimens the presence of a suture indicates that the loop is formed by closure between a dorsally reaching ventrolateral process and a ventrally reaching dorsolateral process . when disarticulated and viewed ventrally , anterior to the loop and at the exit for the foramen , a broad groove or depression slopes anteroventrally , eventually flattening out with the ventral surface of the palatine . the palatine process of the maxilla articulates with this groove ( fig . 21b ) .\nin u . woodmasoni , the nasals contact each other medially along a straight suture from their posterior contact with the frontals until approximately three - quarters of their length anteriorly ( fig . 5a ) . at the point of overlap with the premaxilla , the premaxillary processes of the nasals diverge laterally . the nasal process of the premaxilla is visible dorsally as a wedge located in the fork between the two nasals . the nasals overlap the premaxilla up to the point where the rostral process of the premaxilla expands laterally . in both dorsal and lateral views , the nasal tapers anteriorly ( figs . 2a ; 5a ; 12a , b ) . in lateral view , a broad , crescentic ventral emargination forms the dorsal border of the external naris . in most specimens , the emargination begins at the anterior point of contact with the septomaxilla and increases in a gradual curve anteriorly . in tmm m - 10003 , tmm m - 10005 , and tmm m - 10010 , the emargination begins anterior to that contact . the anterolateral extent forms a rounded surface with a slight ventral inclination ( fig . 2a ) ; dorsally the anterior end of the nasal appears as an elongated , pointed premaxillary process ."]}
{"id": 108, "summary": [{"text": "istiblennius edentulus , the rippled rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is also commonly known as the rippled blenny , smooth-lipped blenny , toothless blenny , or coral blenny .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "males of this species can reach a maximum of 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) tl , while females can reach a maximum of 13.2 cm ( 5.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "istiblennius edentulus", "paragraphs": ["taxon concept istiblennius _ edentulus last modified 2013 - 11 - 25 10 : 42 : 21 . 399\nistiblennius edentulus is of no interest to the fisheries industry , but is commercially collected for use in the aquarium trade ( burgess et . al 1990 ) .\nalticops edentulus , alticops oryx , blennius cinereus , blennius edentulus , blennius truncatus , istiblennius edentululus , istiblennius enosimae , istilbennius edentulus , salarias atratus , salarias atrimarginatus , salarias azureus , more . . . salarias diproktopterus , salarias fluctatus , salarias garmani , salarias gilberti , salarias insulae , salarias marcusi , salarias melanocephalus , salarias quadricornis , salarias rechingeri , salarias sindonis , salarias sumatranus , scartella enosimae , scartichthys basiliscus , scartichthys enosimae hide . . .\na rippled rockskipper , istiblennius edentulus , at wooli , new south wales , april 2015 . source : ian shaw / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for istiblennius edentulus . however , its range does overlap several marine protected areas ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .\nspringer , v . g . and j . t . williams , 1994 . the indo - west pacific blenniid fish genus istiblennius reappraised : a revision of istiblennius , blenniella , and paralticus , new genus . . smithson . contrib . zool . 565 : 193 p\nspringer , v . g . and j . t . williams , 1994 . the indo - west pacific blenniid fish genus istiblennius reappraised : a revision of istiblennius , blenniella , and paralticus , new genus . smithson . contrib . zool . 565 : 1 - 193 . ( ref . 9962 )\nspringer , v . g . & williams , j . t . 1994 ,\nthe indo - west pacific blenniid fish genus istiblennius reappraised : a revision of istiblennius , blenniella , and paralticus , new genus\n, smithsonian contributions to zoology , vol . 565 , pp . 1 - 193 figs 1 - 73\nistiblennius edentulus is found throughout the indo - west pacific , including south africa , east africa , madagascar , mascarenes , and seychelles , north to the red sea and persian gulf , east to western australia , new south wales , lord howe and rapa islands , new caledonia , wake atoll , the marquesan , line , and pitcairn islands , north to the tuamoto and ogasawara islands , and southern japan ( forster and schneider 1801 , myers 1991 ) .\ngreek , istios = sail + greek , blennios = mucus ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 0 - 1 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 32\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa to the line , marquesan , and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe and rapa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 ) ; 13 . 2 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 19 - 21 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 21 - 23 . males darkly dusky with 5 - 6 pairs of bands on body and pale stripes on dorsal fin ; develop a crest . females paler in color , bands broken into spots posteriorly , dorsal fin spotted ( ref . 4404 ) .\nintertidal ( ref . 31184 , 48636 ) . adults are common in areas with large rubble pieces which are often used to built breakwaters or to support jetty - pylons ( ref . 48636 ) . they hide in cracks or holes when not feeding . they jump out of the water in energetic skippings to another pool when pursued ( ref . 2158 , 48636 ) . may remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds ( ref . 31184 ) . they breathe air when out of water ( ref . 31184 ) . feeds on filamentous algae ( ref . 89972 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 2954 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nwilliams , j . t . & smith - vaniz , w . f .\nthis is a widespread species that is locally abundant with no known threats and occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\naustralia ; bangladesh ; cambodia ; china ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french polynesia ( marquesas ) ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; united arab emirates ; united states minor outlying islands ( wake is . ) ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( williams , j . t . pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nwilliams , j . t . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2014 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na pale greenish grey rockskipper with dark greyish divided bars on sides that extend onto the dorsal - fin base , vertical orange wavy lines in the spaces between the bars , and a pale - edged grey bar through the eye across the upper lip . females have orange - brown spots on rear of body and on dorsal and anal fins . video of rippled rockskippers in a tide pool in shirahama , japan .\ninhabits the edge of rocky shorelines in relatively protected areas where wave action is not severe .\nallen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .\nallen , g . r . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 1994 . fishes of cocos ( keeling ) islands .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\ncastelnau , f . l . de 1875 . researches on the fishes of australia . intercolonial exhibition essays . 2 . pp . 1\u201352 in ,\nforster , j . r . & schneider , j . g . in bloch , m . e . & schneider , j . g . 1801 .\nfrancis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , s . j . newman , g . e . a . mitsopoulos , m . j . travers , c . l . skepper , j . j . gilligan , g . r . allen , h . j . choat & a . m . ayling . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , s . j . newman , g . e . a . mitsopoulos , m . j . travers , c . l . skepper , j . j . gilligan , g . r . allen , h . j . choat & a . m . ayling . 2014 . fishes of the cocos ( keeling ) islands : new records , community composition and biogeographic significance .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\nogilby , j . d . 1899 . additions to the fauna of lord howe island .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhadorn , r . & fraussen , k 2003 ,\nthe deep - water indo - pacific radiation of fusinus ( chryseofusus ) subgen . nov . ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae )\n, iberus , vol . 21 , no . 1\ndaniels , g . 1978 ,\na catalogue of the type specimens of diptera in the australian museum\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 31 , no . 11 , pp . 411 - 471\nmckeown , k . c . 1948 ,\na reference list of types of coleoptera in the australian museum .\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 22 , no . 1 , pp . 95 - 139\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d707bc53 - 9254 - 4f27 - a573 - 76d44a42e5eb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94f6eb0c - fac9 - 433c - b609 - 77a9c8f340a1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 592863\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nneotype usnm 292529 , tahiti , society islands ( original type locality huanaine island ) .\ncastelnau , f . l . de 1875 . researches on the fishes of australia . intercolonial exhibition essays . 2 . pp . 1\u201352\nholotype whereabouts unknown ( qm 1 . 862 labelled type , with 2 specimens , both too large to be holotype and holotype presumed lost ) , lord howe island .\n. paris : levrault vol . 11 506 pp . pls 307 - 343 .\nlectotype mnhp a . 2003 , mauritius . paralectotype ( s ) mnhp 7067 ; mnhp a , 2002 ; mnhp a , 2005 ; mnhp a , 2007 ; mnhp a . 2304 ; mnhp 846 .\ndirk hartog island ( 26\u00b008 ' s ) to cartier island ( 12\u00b033 ' s ) , wa and lizard island , qld ( 14\u00b039 ' s ) to sydney , nsw ( 33\u00b048 ' s ) ; tropical , indo - west - central pacific .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353\ndavie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nmcculloch , a . r . 1929 . a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part iii .\nallen , g . r . 1985 . fishes of western australia . book 9 . pp . 2207 - 2534 526 pls\nintertidal ( ref . 31184 , 48636 ) . adults are common in areas with large rubble pieces which are often used to built breakwaters or to support jetty - pylons ( ref . 48636 ) . they hide in cracks or holes when not feeding . they jump out of the water in energetic skippings to another pool when pursued ( ref . 2158 , 48636 ) . may remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds ( ref . 31184 ) . they breathe air when out of water ( ref . 31184 ) . feeds on filamentous algae ( ref . 89972 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 109, "summary": [{"text": "oxyurichthys keiensis also known as the kei goby is a species of goby native to marine and brackish waters along the coasts of mozambique , south africa , madagascar and the seychelles .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "kei goby", "paragraphs": ["a study by harrison ( 2005 ) found the kei goby to be one of the most frequently captured species in open subtropical estuaries in south africa .\nthreatened kei goby ( oligdepis keimsis ) . more familiar to many people are the two breeding species of turtles : hawksbill ( eretmochelys imbricata ) and green ( chelonia mydas ) . more\nthe kei goby ( oligolepis keiensis ) is a species of fish in the gobiidae family . it is found in mozambique and south africa . source - * skelton , p . 1996 . oligolepis keiensis . more\ni absolutely agree with you kei - those colours are out of this world ! i love how the blues melt into each other thanks to the shallow depth of field and the small goby pops out of the image unexpectedly due to its beautiful colouring around the eyes .\nthe kei goby ( oligolepis keiensis ) occurs from mozambique to the sundays estuary in the eastern cape ( south africa ) , as well as around the seychelles and madagascar . this species has a severely fragmented distribution ( a . k . whitfield pers . comm . 2008 ) .\ntridacnidae has much color pattern , but the blue dot pattern is beautiful in particular . i met the goby which coexisted with a tridacnidae with the beautiful blue dot pattern for the first time last year . i like the small goby which coexists with this tridacnidae . the in them loving design , color and the favorite location exist . i could release the shutter by his favorite point . this galaxy and goby look very mysterious .\nthere are no known major threats to the kei goby . due to its preference for perennial river flow systems , changes to the flow regime of freshwater systems by activities such as abstraction may pose a threat to this species . it is also likely to be impacted by threats such as water pollution from industrial and domestic activities , dredging , and shipping traffic . however , these are localised threats and not known across the entire distribution of this species .\njustification : the kei goby ( oligolepis keiensis ) has been assessed as least concern . this species has a wide range in eastern africa . it is restricted to estuarine habitats and although it is not known to be under any specific threat , it may be affected by habitat degradation through activities in estuaries within its range . given its wide range , lack of specific threats , and no evidence of population decline , this species is assessed as least concern . monitoring of the population numbers and rate of decline is needed so that changes to the threat status of this species can be noted .\nthe kei goby is a benthic species , most commonly found in estuaries . in the warm - temperate and subtropical regions of south africa , this species appears to be exclusively found in estuarine environments , as there are no records from freshwater or marine systems . its main food items include crustaceans and polychaetes . it is most abundant on sandy mud substrata in the middle and upper reaches of permanently open estuaries ( salinity 5\u201315 psu ) , but may also be found in some temporarily closed estuaries ( a . k . whitfield pers . comm . 2008 ) . estuaries with a perennial river flow appear to be the favoured type ( a . k . whitfield pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nwe tested the reactions of free embryos of the amphidromous goby , rhinogobius brunneus , to light under both artificial and ambient conditions along streams in which their downstream migration occurs . the embryos showed a positive phototaxis to 500 1ux light but a negative response to light of more than 5000 lux . they were able to swim at 1 . 54 cm sec \u22121 t in still water and showed positive rheotaxis , but their swimming ability was not sufficient to allow active movement in rapids . ambient natural light conditions varied among locations in relation to local topographical features . the variation in the diel periodicity of their migration could be explained by the interaction between behavioral reactions of embryos and environmental factors along river courses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . , and ven der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2017 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 31 july 2017 . available at : urltoken .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for oligolepis keiensis , however its distribution may coincide with a number of marine protected areas . further research is needed to monitor population trends and the status of its estuarine habitat .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t15239a115125895 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , oligos = small + greek , lepis = scale ( ref . 45335 )\nwestern indian ocean : inhaca , mozambique to the fish river mouth , south africa ; including seychelles and madagascar .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2798 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 112 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 12 . body grey or dark brown with brown oblique streak ; upper caudal base with a black spot ; adults with blackish pelvic fins ( ref . 2798 ) .\nhoese , d . f . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 774 - 807 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 2798 )\n) : 24 . 3 - 27 . 6 , mean 26 . 9 ( based on 70 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00448 - 0 . 01616 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n\u200bat ibm , when performance review time rolls around , staff get judged not on their past achievements but also on how they might perform . . .\nsamsung has taken the \u2018make in india\u2019 initiative to another level by launching \u2018 . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bennett , coleman & co . ltd . all rights reserved . for reprint rights : times syndication service\nadding an editor ' s note will send an email notification to the user . please review before saving .\nshow us your best shots whether you\u2019re a hobbyist or a pro , share your best photos with us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nmax length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2798 )\npd 50 = 0 . 5156 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nhigh , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )\nbalon , e . k . & a . goto . 1989 . styles in reproduction and early ontogeny . pp . 1\u201347 .\na . goto & k . maekawa ( ed . ) reproductive behavior in fishes : styles and strategies , tokai university press , tokyo . ( in japanese . )\nblaxter , j . h . s . 1973 . monitoring the vertical movements and light responses of herring and plaice larvae . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 53 : 635\u2013647 .\nblaxter , j . h . s . & k . f . ehrlich . 1974 . changes in behaviour during starvation of herring and plaice larvae . pp . 575\u2013588 .\nj . h . s . blaxter ( ed . ) the early life history of fishes , springer - verlag , hidelberg .\nkani , t . 1944 . ecology of torrent - inhabiting insects . pp . 171\u2013317 .\nh . furukawa ( ed . ) insects 1 , kenkyu - sha press , tokyo . ( in japanese . )\n. chuokoron - sha press , tokyo . 176 pp ( in japanese . )\nmcdowall , r . m . 1988 . diadromy in fishes . migration between freshwater and marine environments . croom helm , london . 308 pp .\ngill with a proposition on the relationship between land - locking and speciation of some freshwater gobies in japan . men . col . sc . univ . kyoto ser . b 27 : 97\u2013115 .\nmizuno , n . & h . kawanabe . 1981 . a topographical classification of streams , with an introduction of the system widely used in japan . 1 . reach type , stream zone and stream type . ver . internat . verein limnol . 21 : 913 .\nmizuoka , s . 1967 . studies on fluvial variations in the gobioid fish , \u2018yoshinobori\u2019 . iv . distributions and variations in color pattern and the pectoral fin ray numbers . bull . fac . educ . hiroshima univ . 16 : 43\u201352 . ( in japanese . )\nnagoshi , m . 1982 . diel vertical migration of zooplankters and fish larvae in lake biwa . bull . fac . fish . mie univ . 9 : 1\u201310 .\nnorthcote , t . g . 1984 . mechanisms of fish migration in rivers . pp . 317\u2013355 .\nj . d . mccleave , g . p . arnold , j . j . dodson & w . h . neil ( ed . ) mechanisms of migration in fishes , plenum press , new york .\npavlov , d . s . , a . n . pakhorukov , g . n . kuragina , v . k . nezdoliy , n . p . nekrasoba , d . a . brodskiy & a . l . ersler . 1977 . some features of the downstream migrations of juvenile fishes in the volga and kuban rivers . journal of ichtyology 9 : 157\u2013179 .\nwoodhead , p . m . j . & d . woodhead . 1955 . reactions of herring larvae to light : a mechanisms of vertical migration . nature 176 : 349\u2013350 .\niguchil , k . & mizuno , n . environ biol fish ( 1991 ) 31 : 295 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by murdy , e . o . / ferraris , c . j . , jr .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013"]}
{"id": 111, "summary": [{"text": "clavicoccus erinaceus is an extinct species of mealybug in the family pseudococcidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was endemic to oahu , where it lived on abutilon sandwicense . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "clavicoccus erinaceus", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnishida , g . m . , ed . 1994a . hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . second edition . hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum : honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nbeardsley , john w . , jr . ( 1971 ) .\nnew genera and species of hawaiian pseudococcidae ( homoptera )\n.\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nben - dov , y . ( 1994 ) a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta : homoptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae and putoidae ) with data on geographical distribution , host plants , biology and economic importance ."]}
{"id": 115, "summary": [{"text": "tetramorium simillimum , is a species of ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a small pale colored widespread species that can be found in almost all the continents . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "tetramorium simillimum", "paragraphs": ["senior synonym of tetramorium pygmaeum : forel , 1916 pdf : 421 ; of tetramorium auropunctata brevispinosa : borgmeier , 1937b pdf : 241 ; of tetramorium simillimum insulare : yarrow , 1967 pdf : 28 ; of tetramorium simillimum denticulatum , tetramorium simillimum opacior , tetramorium parallela : bolton , 1977 pdf : 131 ; of tetramorium pusillum bantouana , tetramorium pusillum exoleta and material of the unavailable name tetramorium breve referred here : bolton , 1980 pdf : 320 .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see tetramorium simillimum for further details\nno one has contributed data records for tetramorium simillimum yet . learn how to contribute .\ndenticulatum . tetramorium simillimum r . denticulatum forel , 1902c : 235 ( w . ) india . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .\nopacior . tetramorium simillimum var . opacior forel , 1913k : 81 ( w . ) sri lanka . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .\nsenior synonym of tetramorium pygmaeum : forel , 1916 pdf : 421 ; of tetramorium brevispinosa : borgmeier , 1937b pdf : 241 ; of tetramorium insulare : yarrow , 1967 pdf : 28 ; of tetramorium denticulatum , tetramorium opacior , tetramorium parallela : bolton , 1977 pdf : 131 ; of tetramorium bantouana , tetramorium exoleta and material of the unavailable name tetramorium breve referred here : bolton , 1980 : 320 .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by plazi from tetramorium simillimum ( smith , 1851 ) to their own page .\nexoleta . tetramorium pusillum var . exoleta santschi , 1914d : 366 ( w . ) nigeria . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1980 : 320 .\nthe small species is t . simillimum , and the larger species is t . bicarinatum .\ninsulare . tetramorium simillimum var . insulare santschi , 1928c : 69 ( w . ) fiji is . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of insularis menozzi , above . ] junior synonym of simillimum : yarrow , 1967 : 28 ; bolton , 1977 : 131 .\nbantouana . tetramorium pusillum var . bantouana santschi , 1910c : 382 , fig . 10 ( w . q . m . ) congo . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1980 : 320 .\nthe range for tetramorium simillimum given by brown and taylor ( 1985 ) is probably understated . unlike some other exotic myrmicines in australia , this species does not seem to adversely affect the native ant fauna .\nvery similar to tetramorium caldarium , as detailed in the identification section of this other species .\ntetramorium simillimum is a small reddish species that sometimes has a darker brown to black gaster . it is slow moving , but can recruit strongly and defend food resources . in the field it is impossible to distinguish from tetramorium caldarium . the species tends to nest and forage on the ground in disturbed areas .\nparallela . myrmica parallela smith , f . 1859a : 147 ( w . ) indonesia ( aru i . ) . combination in tetramorium : donisthorpe , 1932c : 455 . junior synonym of simillimum : bolton , 1977 : 131 .\npygmaeum . tetramorium pygmaeum emery , 1877b : 371 ( q . ) ethiopia . emery , 1901e : 62 ( m . ) ; emery , 1915g : 17 ( w . ) . junior synonym of simillimum : forel , 1916 : 421 .\nweakly sculptured , pale red much smaller than tetramorium guineense . length : 1 . 6 - 2 mm ( collingwood 1979 ) .\nmayr , g . 1861 . die europ\u00e4ischen formiciden . nach der analytischen methode bearbeitet . wien : c . gerolds sohn , 80 pp . ( page 61 , combination in tetramorium )\nbrevispinosa . wasmannia auropunctata subsp . brevispinosa borgmeier , 1928a : 36 , figs . 4 , 5 ( w . ) brazil . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of brevispinosus stitz , above . ] junior synonym of simillimum : borgmeier , 1937b : 241 .\nbolton , b . 1979 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region and in the new world . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 38 : 129 - 181 ( see also )\nbolton , b . 1977 ,\nthe ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the oriental and indo - australian regions , and in australia\n, bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology , vol . 36 , pp . 67 - 151\nbolton , b . , 1979 , the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region and in the new world . , bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 38 , pp . 129 - 181 : 170 - 171 , ( download )\nbharti , h . & kumar , r . 2012 . taxonomic studies on genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with report of two new species and three new records including a tramp species from india with a revised key . zookeys . 207 : 11 - 35 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 207 . 3040\nbolton , b . 1977 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the oriental and indo - australian regions , and in australia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology . 36 : 67 - 151 . pdf ( page 131 , senior synonym of denticulatum , opacior and parallela )\nagavekar , g . , hita garcia , f . , economo , e . p . 2017 . taxonomic overview of the hyperdiverse ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in india with descriptions and x - ray microtomography of two new species from the andaman islands . peerj 5 : e3800 ( doi 10 . 7717 / peerj . 3800 ) .\nbolton , b . 1980 . the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus tetramorium mayr in the ethiopian zoogeographical region . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 40 : 193 - 384 ( page 320 , senior synonym of bantouana and exoleta , and material of the unavailable name breve referred here . )\na tramp species that has developed a pantropical distribution and is even found in temperature areas , albeit in protected areas such as heated greenhouses .\ncollingwood ( 1979 ) - this cosmopolitan species occasionally occurs in heated glasshouses in europe and has been recorded from denmark and also on several occasions in england .\nwheeler ( 1908 ) - in culebra a few colonies were found nesting under stones and logs on the beach , in coamo springs several colonies were seen under stones in the creek bottom near the baths .\na common species found as far north as st . johns county , florida . nests are usually in soil in open areas , often around buildings or parking lots . pest status : none . first published florida record : wheeler 1932 . ( deyrup , davis & cover , 2000 . )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nsmith , f . 1851 : 118 ( w . ) great britain . meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani ,\nreferred here : bolton , 1980 : 320 . see also : emery , 1909d : 696 .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\n( length3 / 4 - 1 line ) . head and thorax pale ferruginous , the legs and antennae more pallid , the coxae a little coloured , the eyes black ; the abdomen is rufo - fuscous , pale towards the apex ; the head is evenly longitudinally striate ; the thorax above is without the usual transverse suture , but is a little compressed at the sides about the middle , and gradually slightly narrowed from the prothorax towards the nodes of the peduncle ; the metathorax is truncate at the apex , and the spines are short , broad , and acute ; the abdomen is furnished with a few scattered erect hairs .\nmyrmica simillima : syntype , worker ( s ) ( apparently lost ) , dorset , england , united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland .\nthe following notes on f . smith type specimens have been provided by barry bolton ( details ) :\nholotype worker in oxford university museum of natural history . specimen without locality label , but with a label \u201c simillima \u201d in smith\u2019s writing . type - locality \u201caru\u201d according to original description .\nandr\u00e9 , e . 1883a . les fourmis . [ part ] . pp . 281 - 344 in : andr\u00e9 , edm . 1881 - 1886 . species des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res d ' europe et d ' alg\u00e9rie . tome deuxi\u00e8me . beaune : edmond andr\u00e9 , 919 + 48 pp . ( page 289 , queen , male described )\nborgmeier , t . 1937b . formigas novas ou pouco conhecidas da am\u00e9rica do sul e central , principalmente do brasil ( hym . formicidae ) . arch . inst . biol . veg . ( rio j . ) 3 : 217 - 255 ( page 241 , senior synonym of brevispinosa )\ncollingwood , c . a . 1979 . the formicidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . fauna entomol . scand . 8 : 1 - 174 .\ncollingwood , c . a . , pohl , h . , guesten , r . , wranik , w . and van harten a . 2004 . the ants ( insecta : hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago . fauna of arabia 20 : 473 - 495 pdf\ndeyrup , m . , davis , l . & cover , s . 2000 . exotic ants in florida . transactions of the american entomological society 126 , 293 - 325 .\nemery , c . 1909f . beitr\u00e4ge zur monographie der formiciden des pal\u00e4arktischen faunengebietes . ( hym . ) teil ix . dtsch . entomol . z . 1909 : 695 - 712 ( page 696 , see also )\nforel , a . 1916 . fourmis du congo et d ' autres provenances r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par mm . hermann kohl , luja , mayn\u00e9 , etc . rev . suisse zool . 24 : 397 - 460 ( page 421 , senior synonym of pygmaeum )\nheterick , b . e . 2009 . a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 76 : 1 - 206 . pdf\nimai , h . t . ; baroni urbani , c . ; kubota , m . ; sharma , g . p . ; narasimhanna , m . h . ; das , b . c . ; 1984 . karyological survey of indian ants . jpn . j . genet . 59 : 1 - 32 ( page 8 , karyotype described )\nmeinert , f . 1861 . bidrag til de danske myrers naturhistorie . k . dan . vidensk . selsk . skr . ( 5 ) 5 : 273 - 340 ( page 331 , gynandromorph )\nsharaf , m . r . , fisher , b . l . , collingwood , c . a . , aldawood , a . s . 2017 . ant fauna ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) : zoogeography , distribution and description of a new species . journal of natural history 51 , 317\u2013378 ( doi 10 . 1080 / 00222933 . 2016 . 1271157 ) .\nsmith , f . 1851 . list of the specimens of british animals in the collection of the british museum . part vi . hymenoptera , aculeata . london : british museum , 134 pp . ( page 118 , worker described )\nwheeler , w . m . 1905c . the ants of the bahamas , with a list of the known west indian species . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 : 79 - 135\nwheeler , w . m . 1908a . the ants of porto rico and the virgin islands . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 24 : 117 - 158 .\nyarrow , i . h . h . 1967 . on the formicidae of the azores . bol . mus . munic . funchal 21 : 24 - 32 ( page 28 , senior synonym of insulare )\nthis page was last modified on 30 january 2018 , at 19 : 18 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nmeinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) .\nis an uncommon tramp species in costa rica . i have only collected it once in costa rica , on a picnic table at the headquarters of santa rosa national park .\nwild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 38 , ( download )\ncollingwood , c . a . , 1979 , the formicidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . , fauna entomologica scandinavica 8 , pp . 1 - 174 : 85 , ( download )\nwheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 193 , ( download )\nforel , a . , 1893 , formicides de l ' antille st . vincent . r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par mons . h . h . smith . , transactions of the entomological society of london 1893 , pp . 333 - 418 : 382 - 383 , ( download )\nward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : - 1 , ( download )\nforel , a . , 1907 , the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 , under the leadership of mr . j . stanley gardiner . no . vi . - fourmis des seychelles , amirantes , farquhar et chagos . , transactions of the linnean society of london 12 , pp . 91 - 94 : - 1 , ( download )\nsantschi , f . , 1914 , formicidae . , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1912 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res 2 , pp . 41 - 148 : 106 , ( download )\n47 times found in tropical dry forest , 37 times found in urban / garden , 23 times found in coastal scrub , 16 times found in rainforest , 6 times found in port of entry / city , 23 times found in forest , 18 times found in mixed forest , 15 times found in urban garden , 7 times found in tropical dry forest on tsingy , 10 times found in spiny forest / thicket , . . .\n57 times sifted litter ( leaf mold , rotten wood ) , 52 times ground forager ( s ) , 44 times ex rotten log , 23 times under stone , 16 times on low vegetation , 13 times under rootmat , litter on rock , 11 times ex soil , 9 times sifted litter , 11 times under tree bark , live tree , 2 times foraging on ground , 6 times ex rotten stick on ground , . . .\n30 times mw 50 sample transect , 5m , 9 times h , 15 times aspirating ; pb bait , 10 times mw 25 sample transect , 5m , 7 times 9 maxiwinks , mixed samples , 11 times winkler , 14 times hand collected , 11 times pitfall trap , 2 times 2 maxi winks , 7 times l , 2 times aspirating , . . .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, and accurate separation of these two species may require a taxonomic specialist or a side by side comparison with previously determined specimens . the characters presented in the comparison chart are often difficult to observe . if the user cannot confidently differentiate between the two species , it is recommended to determine the specimen as\nnear\nfor an example of how similar they can appear in the field . although a careful examination under the microscope is required ,\nis believed to be native to africa and is now widely distributed across the pacific and other tropical regions . the species can achieve dense populations in disturbed habitats and is likely to adversely affect native biodiversity .\nat peanut butter bait ( suva , fiji ) . notice the small size , pale color , slow movement and relatively short appendages .\nsmith , f . 1851 : 118 ( w . ) great britain . meinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) . combination in\nbolton , b . ( 1977 ) the ant tribe tetramoriini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . the genus\nmayr in the oreintal and indo - australian regions , and in australia . bulletin of the british museum ( natatural history ) entomology , 36 , 67 - 151 .\nbolton , b . ( 1995 ) a new general catalogue of the ants of the world . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts , 504 pp .\nwilson , e . o . & taylor , r . w . ( 1967 ) the ants of polynesia ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pacific insects monograph , 14 , 1 - 109 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nas of 12 / 26 / 2017 , urltoken will no longer provide web services . data owners will still be able to access their files and should make arrangements to migrate their content to a supported web hosting platform .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 15d9df12 - ffda - 428c - ba5e - db207d7c1e3d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 22cbe5ea - d288 - 4e8e - bd3b - e186c9c78d35\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 89880298 - f187 - 45e2 - 8f8c - b5cce70f1ffb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ab8c059 - f8d6 - 4182 - a98a - ad135b6db76f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 927ea19d - 9400 - 482f - 819c - f3da38bead78\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94051ae3 - a683 - 4c2d - ab97 - 5cf8630e2311\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9ae70d65 - aa67 - 42f7 - 87d8 - 1600c16990c2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cb62d7bc - bf70 - 44af - b018 - ae36bf130cb1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14f114c9 - 502e - 4dbe - bf5b - a8fcccfa39f4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 418998\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmeinert , 1861 : 331 ( gynandromorph ) ; andr\u00e9 , 1883a : 289 ( q . m . ) ; imai , baroni urbani , et al . 1984 : 8 ( k . ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 118, "summary": [{"text": "annachlamys flabellata is a species of scallop , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family pectinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the sublittoral zone of the continental shelf north of australia . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "annachlamys flabellata", "paragraphs": ["annachlamys reevei valves more convex then a . flabellata smaller then a . flabellata , maximum 50 mm in size\nannachlamys kuhnholtzi colouration inside is white with yellow to yellowbrown marks mostly coloured white with brown valves more convex then a . flabellata more circular then a . flabellata only found in the eastern part of australia to new caledonia\nsynonyms : pecten leopardus reeve , 1853 ; pecten kuhnholtzi bernardi , 1884 ; annachlamys leopardus rena iredale , 1939 ; annachlamys melica iredale , 1939 .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nannachlamys flabellata\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nannachlamys flabellata colouration inside is white with bright red dots , sometimes only white colourfull shell less convex then a . kuhnholtzi interspace ( i ) between the ribs ( r ) larger then with a . reevei left ( upper ) valve slightly higher then the right ( lower ) valve\nnote : the form rena differs from flabellata in that it is smaller , more circular , slightly more inflated particularly in the left valve ; ribs of the right valve are smooth , the concentric sculpture being confined to the interstices , externally on the left valve , the shell is frequently coloured orange at the umbones and nebulously patterned over the surface with orange - red ; interior colour yellow . the form melica differs from flabellata in that the concentric sculpture is much stronger and more widely spaced on both valves than in eastern australian specimens . \u201d\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nreeve , l . a . 1853 ,\nmonograph of the genus pecten\n, ed . reeve , l . a . ( ed ) , conchologia iconica , vol . 8 , pp . pls 13 - 35 , l . reeve , london\niredale , t . 1939 ,\nmollusca . part 1 . british museum ( natural history ) , london . great barrier reef expedition , 1928 - 29\n, scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 1929 , vol . 5 , no . 6 , pp . 209 - 425 , pls 1 - 75\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 411b58c6 - 0828 - 4743 - a2dc - da5f1ccf4d68\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 563d5fca - 85e3 - 41a9 - 83e7 - cec6bdc81c98\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73027d92 - ef9a - 445f - ba5b - b9da1e0c5e24\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 76aae969 - 4766 - 431a - 87c4 - 39359d7c8e95\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e8ca583 - 0e9a - 43f6 - 956a - 260b8f66f1a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 819bf6b6 - 7e24 - 470f - be7d - 378306e489c2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 478350\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nshell length to 100 mm ; moderately compressed ; right valve slightly more inflated than the left . sculpture : about 18 - 20 strong radial ribs with interstices of about the same width ; shell surface densely covered with fine concentric lamellae ; right valve with broader ribs and narrower interstices . colour : right valve white ; left variably patterned with pink on the ribs . habitat : sand , to 127 metres . distribution : northern new south wales , queensland , northern territory to western australia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ndiversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover\na survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nf + + , great white - cream specimen with graphite - grey rays ans brown marks ! ex . coll . b . cook !\nf + + , special color with some white marks ! ex . coll . b . cook !\nf + , large specimen - good to compare with brazilian specimens . the differences between ornata and sentis are mainly on the ribs , but i admit it is not so clear . . . collected by homer rhode in berry islands\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\npeacock mantis shrimp are found in the indo - pacific ocean , south of japan , north of australia , and between eastern africa and guam .\npeacock mantis shrimp can be found at depths of 3 - 40 m , though they are most typically found at depths of 10 - 30 m . they prefer water temperatures of 22 - 28\u00b0c . these mantis shrimp are most commonly found in their u - shaped burrows , often built near the bases of coral reefs on sandy and gravelly areas .\npeacock mantis shrimp are crustaceans , most closely resembling lobsters . they are very brightly colored , with a base body color of olive or green , brightly covered orange antennae scales , red raptorial appendages ( used to smash prey ) , red setae on their uropods , and leopard like spots covering the lateral sides of the lower carapace . their compound eyes are blue in color . body coloration is sexually dimorphic , with males being being more brightly colored . the carapace is slightly raised , covering only the lower half of the head , leaving the portion with the eyes exposed . these mantis shrimp average 3 - 18 cm in length . they have long , narrow bodies , and in addition to their raptorial appendages , a pair of maxillopods , three pairs of legs used for holding prey , three pairs of walking legs , and five pairs of swimmerets , before the body terminates in the telson and paired uropods .\ntypically , stomatopod eggs are carried in a mass by the female , who cares for them until they hatch . not much is known about the larval development of peacock mantis shrimp , specifically . however , the larval development of a related species , split - thumb mantis shrimp (\n) has been well documented . the larvae of split - thumb mantis shrimp undergo seven larval stages before reaching maturity . each of the first three stages lasts from 1 - 3 days , and larvae stay in a burrow until reaching the fourth larval stage , which lasts 6 - 8 days . collectively , the final three stages may take 38 days to complete . after completing their seven larval stages , a final molt , taking up to eight days , results in a mature adult .\nmantis shrimp mate , spawn , brood , and hatch their eggs in their burrows , making details regarding these processes difficult to observe . peacock mantis shrimp are usually monogamous ; however , individuals have been seen mating with different partners on occasion . females are oviparous , and males have an external copulatory organ ; sperm is released by the male , held briefly by the female , and then released along with her eggs , where fertilization occurs . fertilized eggs join together in a mass , held together with adhesive produced by the female . she carries the egg mass on her front thoracic appendages and broods them in her burrow , caring for , cleaning , and aerating them . she does not eat during this time .\nthese mantis shrimp are believed to be reproductively active throughout the year , with peaks during the warmer months . mantis shrimp spawn nocturnally .\nbreeding season peacock mantis shrimp breed year round , with reproductive peaks during warmer months .\nmaternal investment in mantis shrimp is much higher than paternal investment . females usually stay in their burrows when brooding eggs , rarely leaving the burrow prior to hatching . females use their maxillipeds ( appendages on the head normally used for feeding ) , to clean and aerate the eggs ; they do not typically eat while brooding eggs . male peacock mantis shrimp are not known to exhibit parental investment , although it is possible that they guard their mates ' burrows as do their close relatives , split - thumb mantis shrimp (\n( caldwell , 2006 ; cronin , et al . , 2000 ; patek and caldwell , 2006 )\n(\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n, 2012 ; claverie , et al . , 2011 ; patek and caldwell , 2005 ; patek , et al . , 2007 )\nthere is no information currently available regarding home range or territory size for this species ; however , they tend to remain in or close to their small burrows .\npeacock mantis shrimp perceive their environment visually through their stalked compound eyes . they are capable of processing ultraviolet and polarized light , as well as color ; their visual capabilities are extremely important to their success as hunters . mantis shrimp also communicate through vibrations , created by contractions of posterior muscles and known as stomatopod rumbles . these vibrations are used for territorial and defensive purposes ; individuals may create vibrations while in their burrows , warning potential predators or other conspecifics to keep their distance . they are also able to detect smells in the water .\n( claverie , et al . , 2011 ; cronin and marshall , 2001 ; cronin , et al . , 2000 ; cronin , et al . , 1994 )\npeacock mantis shrimp are carnivorous ; prey items include gastropods , crustaceans , and bivalves . in the wild , they are known to eat scallops such as\n, although crabs are their preferred prey . peacock mantis shrimp are\nsmashers ,\nusing their rapptorial appendages as described above to break open their prey ' s shell . in captivity , these mantis shrimp have been known to attack and eat fishes as well .\npeacock mantis shrimp do not have many known predators ; they have , however , been found in the stomachs of yellowfin tuna . smaller individuals in particular may be prey to larger reef fishes . to avoid predators , peacock mantis shrimp hide in their burrows , using vibrations (\nstomatopod rumbles\n) to warn potential attackers .\n( patek and caldwell , 2005 ; patek , et al . , 2007 ; potier , et al . , 2004 )\npeacock mantis shrimp create their burrows near coral bases ; they constantly create new burrows and abandon older ones , creating new habitats for other animals . although data regarding specific parasitic infections in this species is not currently available , larger individuals in aquaria have been seen with various shell diseases .\n(\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n, 2012 ; baxamusa , 2010 ; caldwell , 2006 ; potier , et al . , 2004 )\npeacock mantis shrimp are often kept in aquaria because they are brightly colored and very active . they are used in a variety of research , particularly on vision and digital storage . the eyes of this mantis shrimp are more advanced than human eyes , capable of processing ultraviolet , infrared , and polarized light . current digital storage methods ( cds ) use only a single wavelength in data storage ; if additional wavelengths could be utilized , storage capacity would increase greatly .\nalthough they are popular , peacock mantis shrimp can be problematic to keep in aquaria as they are capable of breaking aquarium glass and are known to be aggressive to other animals kept with them . these animals are sometimes introduced to aquaria accidentally if they happen to be hiding in collected rock or coral .\npeacock mantis shrimp have not been evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources , but are not considered endangered or threatened by any agency .\nfrankie chiu ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , jeremy wright ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nlight waves that are oriented in particular direction . for example , light reflected off of water has waves vibrating horizontally . some animals , such as bees , can detect which way light is polarized and use that information . people cannot , unless they use special equipment .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nmature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\n2012 .\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .\n2013 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . accessed august 05 , 2013 at urltoken .\nahyong , s . , s . jarman . 2009 . stomatopod interrelationships : preliminary results based on analysis of three molecular loci .\nbarber , p . , m . erdmann . 2000 . molecular systematics of the gonodactylidae ( stomatopoda ) using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c ( subunit 1 ) dna sequence data .\nbaxamusa , b . 2010 .\npeacock mantis shrimp\n( on - line ) . buzzle . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .\nbrauchli , f . 2008 .\npeacock mantis shrimps \u2013 pugnacious predators\n( on - line ) . uemis diveworld . accessed august 05 , 2013 at urltoken .\ncaldwell , r . 2006 .\nodontodactylus scyllarus\n( on - line ) . stomatopods for the aquarium . accessed february 22 , 2012 at urltoken .\nchristy , j . , m . salmon . 1991 . comparative studies of reproductive behavior in mantis shrimps and fiddler crabs .\nclaverie , t . , e . chan , s . patek . 2011 . modularity and scaling in fast movements : power amplification in mantis shrimp .\ncronin , t . , j . marshall . 2001 . parallel processing and image analysis in the eyes of mantis shrimps .\ncronin , t . , n . marshall , r . caldwell . 2000 . spectral tuning and the visual ecology of mantis shrimps .\ncronin , t . , n . marshall , m . land . 1994 . the unique visual system of the mantis shrimp .\nharling , c . 2000 . reexamination of eye design in the classification of stomatopod crustaceans .\nmanning , r . , h . schiff , b . abbott . 1984 . cornea shape and surface structure in some stomatopod crustacea .\nmarshall , n . , m . land , c . king , t . cronin . 1991 . the compound eyes of mantis shrimps ( crustacea , hoplocarida , stomatopoda ) . i . compound eye structure : the detection of polarized light .\npatek , s . , b . nowroozi , j . baio , r . caldwell , a . summers . 2007 . linkage mechanics and power amplification of the mantis shrimp ' s strike .\nreaka , m . , r . manning . 1981 . the behavior of stomatopod crustacea , and its relationship to rates of evolution .\nrobertson , j . 2009 .\nshrimp eyes could help create a new digital storage format\n( on - line ) . national geographic . accessed april 04 , 2012 at urltoken .\nsan juan , a . 1998 .\nstomatopod mating habits\n( on - line ) . stomatopod biology . accessed august 02 , 2013 at urltoken .\ntaylor , j . , s . patek . 2010 . ritualized fighting and biological armor : the impact mechanics of the mantis shrimp ' s telson .\nwortham - neal , j . 2002 . reproductive morphology and biology of male and female mantis shrimp .\nzack , t . , t . claverie , s . patek . 2009 . elastic energy storage in the mantis shrimp ' s fast predatory strike .\nto cite this page : chiu , f . 2013 .\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because there was an error in the listing .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been previously used . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of any imperfections . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis paper presents a summary of information on reproduction biology in the scallop , pecten maximus , which is required for the successful reseeding and intensive aquaculture programs developed in france since 1982 . data are presented on the following subjects : environmental factors that sustain gametogenic activity and the time of year this activity occurs ; biochemical changes that are associated with gametogenesis ; the consistency of egg quality ; and development of a simple test to predict egg quality .\ncet article pr\u00e9sente un r\u00e9sum\u00e9 des connaissances sur la reproduction de pecten maximus , \u00e9tape - cl\u00e9 du succ\u00e8s des programmes de repeuplement et d ' aquaculture intensive lanc\u00e9s en france d\u00e8s 1982 . des donn\u00e9es synth\u00e9tiques renvoient \u00e0 une bibliographie de base et r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 des questions aussi vari\u00e9es que : quels facteurs influent sur la gam\u00e9togen\u00e8se ? a quel moment de l ' ann\u00e9e ? quelles sont les modifications de la composition biochimique de pecten maximus enregistr\u00e9es au cours de la gam\u00e9to - gen\u00e8se ? les gam\u00e8tes produits sont - ils de qualit\u00e9 constante ? enfin dispose - t - on de tests simples et fiables pour \u00e9valuer cette qualit\u00e9 ?\ncurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of article views ( full - text article views including html views , pdf and epub downloads , according to the available data ) and abstracts views on vision4press platform .\ndata correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015 . the current usage metrics is available 48 - 96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days .\nthe structure of subtidal food webs in the northern gulf of st . lawrence , canada , as revealed by the analysis of stable isotopes"]}
{"id": 126, "summary": [{"text": "barbour 's map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) is a species of turtle in the family emydidae .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the species is endemic to the southeastern united states . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "barbour ' s map turtle", "paragraphs": ["the barbour\u2019s map turtle is protected as a state threatened by florida\u2019s endangered and threatened species rule .\nfalse map turtle - g . pseudogeographica - mississippi map turtle - g . p kohnii - false map turtle - g . s p pseudogeographica\nthere are no known adverse effects of barbour ' s map turtles on humans .\nbarbour ' s map turtle is a great turtle for a community habitat with mud turtles , musk turtles , sliders , cooters , other map turtles and painted turtles .\nbarbour ' s map turtle is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nbarbour ' s map turtles aren ' t known to have any negative impacts on humans .\nall barbour ' s map turtles are carnivorous . females eat only mollusks as adults , primarily\nbarbour ' s map turtle nests are subject to predation by snakes and terrestrial mammals , such as raccoons . humans sometimes consume barbour ' s map turtles as food . barbour ' s map turtles are capable of withdrawing into their shells as well as trying to bite if they are unable to escape danger .\ninformation on barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nbarbour ' s map turtles are carnivores , so they only eat other animals . females eat mostly\nthe most popular ones were the sabine map turtle ( graptemys ouachitensis ) and the false map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica ) \u2013 including the subspecies mississippi map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica kohni ) .\nbarbour ' s map turtles are important predators of mollusks and they and their eggs get eaten by other predators .\nbarbour\u2019s map turtle is largely limited to clear , limestone - bottomed streams that contain numerous fallen branches and trees . highly aquatic , it spends much time basking on logs , plunging into the water when disturbed . the barbour\u2019s map turtle feeds only in water , and , except when nesting , rarely travels far from shore .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri )\ntitle =\narkive species - barbour ' s map turtle ( graptemys barbouri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nplastron on adult northern map turtle . picture by d . gordon e . robertson\n. females usually live in deeper water than males . young barbour ' s map turtles stay closer to the riverbank than adults .\nbreeding interval barbour ' s map turtles breed annually , and females are capable of producing multiple clutches in a single mating season .\nuncommon : rio grande cooters , barbour\u2019s map , pacific pond , western chicken turtle , loggerhead musk , stripe - neck musk , yellow mud ( hatchling ) , florida mud .\n240 gallon aquarium \u2013 larger female cooters ( particularly river cooters ) , female barbour\u2019s map , larger female spiny softshells , common snappers .\nthere has been some concern in recent years about map turtles in the wild , and the loss of suitable map turtle habitats .\nkrysko , k . , k . enge , and p . moler . 2011 . graptemys barbouri carr and marchand 1942 barbour\u2019s map turtle . atlas of amphibians and reptiles in florida .\nhill , e . pierson and jonathan d . mays . 2016 . geographic distribution : graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 79\nmays , jonathan d . and e . pierson hill . 2016 . geographic distribution : graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 79\nthe area where barbour ' s map turtles generally live and travel is 365 meters along the river for males and 273 meters for females .\nsanderson r a ; lovich j e 1988 . graptemys barbouri carr and marchand barbour ' s map turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 421 : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nthe barbour\u2019s map turtle lives in clear flowing rivers found in florida , georgia and alabama . often spotted basking in the sun on top of rocks and snags , the turtle will dive into the water when threatened . in this turtle species , females grow to more than double the size of males .\nhow often does reproduction occur ? barbour ' s map turtles breed annually , and females are capable of producing multiple clutches in a single mating season .\nsanderson , r . a . 1974 . sexual dimorphism in the barbour\u2019s map turtle , malaclemys barbouri ( carr and marchand ) . master of arts thesis , university of south florida , tampa . 94pp .\nsterrett , sean c . , john b . jensen and brian folt . 2014 . graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) basking height . herpetological review 45 ( 2 ) : 314 - 315\nin the wild , female barbour\u2019s map turtles feed almost entirely upon fresh water mussels , snails and crayfish . males take smaller snails , insects , crayfish , and fish .\nbarbour\u2019s map turtles live in the southeastern united states . they live in alabama , georgia , and the florida panhandle , in and around the apalachicola and the chipola rivers .\nbarbour ' s map turtles are important predators of mollusks in the areas the inhabit and are preyed on by other predators as eggs , young , and sometimes as adults .\nthe florida fish and wildlife commission is accepting comment , and holding webinars regarding proposed guidelines for managing the crayfish , pine snake , barbour\u2019s map turtle , blackmouth shiner , saltmarsh topminnow , big cypress fox squirrel and florida burrowing owl .\nit is found in the pascagoula river in the united states . it formerly included a population in the pearl river , but in 2010 , that population was described as a separate species , the pearl river map turtle , graptemys pearlensis . the pascagoula map turtle shares its range with the yellow - blotched map turtle , g . flavimaculata .\nscientists don ' t know much about how barbour ' s map turtles communicate or sense their environment . in courtship , males touch the faces of females with their front legs .\nmales engage in a courtship routine in which they touch the face of females with their legs , but communication and perception are otherwise largely unknown for barbour ' s map turtles .\nbarbour ' s map turtles are considered\nvulnerable\nby the iucn and are on appendix iii of cites . they are given a global rank of\ng2 ,\nindicating that the species is imperiled . barbour ' s map turtles have a relatively restricted range and are subject to threats to their freshwater ecosystems , including dredging , water impoundment , and pollution .\nconnor , p . 1993 . cagles map turtle . tortuga gazette , ( 29 ) 10 : 1 - 4 .\nfairly easy to acquire : ybs , peninsula cooter , texas map , ouchita map , false map , diamondback terrapin ( as a group ; specific subspecies may be harder to track down ) , razorback musk , mississippi mud , spotted turtle , north american wood turtle , common snapper , alligator snapper .\nif you keep your map turtle outside , a heat lamp map can still be used and may even be necessary depending on where you live . if you live in an area where it gets too cold at certain points of the year , an outdoor pond may not be the best choice for your map turtle .\ncagle ' s map turtle ( graptemys caglei ) from the guadalupe and san antonio rivers in south central texas , is an ornately patterned species that reproduces well in captivity . as with many map turtle species , there is extreme sexual dimorphism in cagle ' s map turtles . adult females typically reach 10 - 12 inches as adults and males mature at 4 inches and rarely reach more than 5 inches .\nmales of some map turtle species do not exceed four inches in length even in adulthood limiting their availability in the pet trade .\nscientists don ' t know much about how long barbour ' s map turtles live in the wild . the record for the longest lifespan in captivity was 31 years , 8 months , and 9 days . this turtle lived at the national zoo in washington , dc .\nhaving too little exposure to direct sunlight can negatively impact your map turtle\u2019s health . sunlight deprivation can cause problems with their shell and even fungal infections . if your map turtle is in an outdoor pond , make sure some of its basking areas have access to direct sunlight at any point during the day . if you keep your map turtle in an indoor tank , make sure you have a high quality lamp that simulates the sun\u2019s rays . you may have to take your turtle outside occasionally if the lamp doesn\u2019t seem to be doing enough .\n5 common map turtles , or northern map turtles as they are more correctly called . picture by d . gordon e . robertson\nthe false map turtle ( graptemys pseudogeographica ) is found from southern minnesota , wisconsin , and southeast to louisiana and texas . they do not have the broad , muscular heads seen in many map turtle species due to their diet which consists almost entirely of insects and insect larvae instead of crustaceans and mollusks seen in other map turtles . female false map turtles reach 9 inches and males reach 5 inches .\nit might be illegal to take a map turtle from the wild in your area . make sure to research what the regulations are in your area before considering catching a wild turtle to keep as a pet .\nthere is no information about the lifespan of barbour ' s map turtles in the wild . the longest observed lifespan in captivity was 31 years 8 months and 9 days at the national zoo in washington , dc .\n2 . ) pacific pond turtle - actinemys marmorata ( 2 subspecies ) ( note : formerly clemmys marmorata , ' western ' pond turtle ) .\newert , m . a . , p . c . h . pritchard , and g . e . wallace . 2006 . graptemys barbouri \u2013 barbour\u2019s map turtle . pages 260\u2013272 in p . a . meylan , editor . biology and conservation of florida turtles . chelonian research monographs no . 3 .\nbarbour ' s map turtles are considered\nvulnerable\nby the iucn red list and are listed on on appendix iii of cites . their global rank is\ng2 ,\nwhich means that they are at risk . barbour ' s map turtles live in a fairly small area . they are threatened by damage to their habitat , which can come from from machines moving sand from the bottom of the river , interfering with the flow of water , or pollution .\nlike many reptiles , barbour ' s map turtles do not put much time or effort into caring for the young . females dig a nest and cover the eggs with dirt . besides that , neither parents contribute to the survival of their young .\nbarbour ' s map turtles spend most of their lives in the water , so they are good swimmers . males spend more time in calmer water , probably because they are smaller . barbour ' s map turtles spend a lot of time warming themselves in the sun , especially on limestone rocks , vines , or trees in or near the water . if there is a flood in the stream and river where they live , they move to the spot in the river with the weakest current .\ntry to maintain a high concentration of oxygen in your map turtle enclosure . you can add lots of extra aquatic plants and use a larger - than - expected filtration unit . by keeping oxygen levels high and ph levels appropriate for the species , you will prevent many of the problems normally encountered by map turtle keepers .\nsome of the species ( such as the barbour\u2019s map turtle ) have a few juts coming out of the top of their shell , resembling a line of dorsal fins . some also have spike - like juts coming out around the base of their carapace . this helps add to their interesting appearance that makes them desirable to some potential pet owners .\nother map turtles , while smaller , exhibit a wide array of carapace \u201cdecorations\u201d , colors and habits . you can read more about some of these in the articles linked below . pictured here is the spectacular ringed map turtle ( g . oculifera ) .\nbecause barbour ' s map turtles spend most of their lives in the water , they are good swimmers . females tend to spend more time in turbulent water than males , which may be due to the large difference in size between the sexes . they spend a large amount of their time basking in full sun on limestone edges , vines , and trees in or near the water . when the streams and rivers in which they live flood , barbour ' s map turtles move to where the current is weakest in the river .\nfield studies indicate that females take 20 or more years to reach breeding age . this fact , along with their small natural range and past over - collection for the pet trade , threatens the future of the barbour\u2019s map turtle . reproduction has not been well - studied in the wild , but pets have produced 6 - 9 eggs in june and july .\npro . s : small adult size ( males only ; females similar in size to male res ! ) , omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than painteds ) , prominent black - tipped knobs provide a strong \u2018classic\u2019 map turtle appearance .\nall of these bright colors and unique designs make map turtles fairly exotic looking despite the relative ease in acquiring one as a pet . while not often regarded as the most ideal pet turtle , they are certainly one of the more handsome looking genera of pet turtle .\nbarbour\u2019s map turtles live almost all of their lives in large freshwater systems with limestone bottoms . they leave the water only to lay eggs and bask in the sun on large fallen branches and other accessible areas . they prefer deeper and faster flowing waters than other turtles in the family\nlevel i . ) the best starter turtles : male texas map , male common map , southern painted , midland painted ( mainly males ) , stinkpot , razorback musk .\nalthough highly aquatic , all map turtles need a dry surface on which to bask . commercial turtle docks will suffice for small specimens . cork bark , wedged or affixed via silicone to the aquarium\u2019s sides , is a good option for adults .\nhard to acquire : bog turtle . alabama red - belly ( endangered & illegal ! ) .\nfor outdoor enclosures , we suggest that you do not crowd your map turtles . the addition of lots of aquatic plants , especially floating varieties ( water lettuce , water hyacinth , and duckweed ) helps keep the outdoor map turtle pond healthy and keeps the oxygen level high .\nan errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error ; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .\nbarbour\u2019s map turtles spend nearly all of their lives in large freshwater rivers that have limestone rock on the bottom . they only come out of the water to lay eggs or bask in the sun on big fallen branches . they prefer deeper water that flows faster compared to other turtles in their\nfemale barbour\u2019s map turtles are very impressive , with noticeably - broad heads and shells that may approach 12 inches in length . the narrow - headed males are so much smaller \u2013 a mere 3 . 2 to 5 . 2 inches long \u2013 as to appear to be of a different species .\n29 gallon aquarium \u2013 male southern painted , male texas map , male cagles map , male black - knobbed map , musk ( stinkpot , razorback , loggerhead , stripe - neck ) , larger mud turtles ( individuals , not so much species ) or pairs of muds .\nin addition to the logs or rocks on the water\u2019s surface that they can climb on , the map turtles will also want some accessories to go below the water\u2019s surface . when map turtles go underwater , they sometimes like to seek out things like logs , thick plants , and mud to hide in . you should have lots of cozy little hiding places that your map turtle can use . make sure that they can no get stuck in the hiding places . if they get stuck they might drown .\nloveridge , arthur 1946 . thomas barbour , herpetologist : 1884 - 1946 . herpetologica 3 ( 2 ) : 33 - 39 - get paper here\naffordable ( ~ $ 20 - $ 50 ) : rio grande sliders ( a . k . a . \u2018ornate res\u2019 ) , common map , texas map , black - knobbed map , loggerhead musk , alligator snapper , 3 - toed box , eastern box , ornate box .\nfairly uncommon in the trade : cumberland slider , river cooter , cagles map , common map ( ironic but true ) , blandings , florida chicken turtles , eastern mud , 3 - striped mud , yellow mud ( adult ) , smooth softshells , chinese softshells , eastern box turtle hatchlings .\nturtle ( source , age category , species , sex if known ) must be retained by person receiving . georgia does not regulate non - native species . 4 . the following list of species native to georgia may not be held as a pet regardless of its origin or morphology : bog turtle , box turtle\nmale and female barbour ' s map turtles reproduce sexually , but the specific mating system is not known . males attract females by approaching them with their neck extended in an attempt to be face - to - face . the male then undertakes a courtship routine in which he touches the sides of the female\u2019s head with the inner surfaces of his front legs for a few seconds .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , common , inexpensive , hibernation - capable in the southern u . s .\nkirkpatrick , d . t . 1993 . an overview of the map turtles of the united states . retrieved 14 june , 2011 , from dr . david t . kirkpatrick molecular geneticist and turtle - fancier\nfish can be hard for them to catch , but they will sometime eat pieces off of dead fish . at pet stores , you can usually find items like frozen shrimp or meal worms , which can be thawed and then given to your map turtle . do not feed your map turtles live meal worms . live meal worms rich in nutrients but there is a small risk that the worms might harm your turtle .\nexpensive ( ~ $ 75 - $ 150 ) : albino & pastel res , rio grande cooters , barbour\u2019s maps , cagles maps , chicken turtles , stripe - neck musk , spotteds , blandings , north american wood turtles .\nfor plant matter , they enjoy dark leafy greens . place the greens on their basking areas above the water , as well as have them floating in the water itself . if you have an outdoor enclosure , you can plant some aquatic plants and let them grow naturally . research what kind of aquatic plants grow around the native area of your specific species of map turtle . there are other benefits to having aquatic plants in your map turtle\u2019s outdoor enclosure , which will be covered later .\nthey are not as skittish as other species of map turtles , but some individuals can be . map turtles in general are sensitive to water quality , so close attention to their water quality is needed .\n125 gallon aquarium \u2013 female sliders , male cooters , most female maps ( common , mississippi , ouachita ) , male barbour\u2019s maps , blandings , north american wood , male florida softshell , female smooth & smaller female spiny softshells .\nlike many genera of turtle , graptemys are omnivorous . this term means they eat both plant and animal matter .\nmap turtles have had a devoted following in the turtle hobby for several years . these north american turtles are secretive and many species are rare in their natural habitats . they are alert baskers and active swimmers . most species are beautiful with intricate patterns . sexual dimorphism is extreme in map turtles with females reaching much larger adult sizes than males . map turtles were recently proposed for cites protection . this proposal did not proceed , but map turtles or\nsawbacks\nare a good species to consider for a special breeding program .\ncon . s : hatchlings of small species tend to be delicate . larger than a texas map . lacks the texas map\u2019s rep . for nonchalant personality . much more expensive . carapace prone to algal overgrowth . have a rep . for being prone to health problems with sub - optimal water quality . texas native not a good candidate for hibernation .\nhello & welcome to our concise guide to browsing u . s . turtles ! we cover the bulk of u . s . species by level of overall difficulty to help you pick a pet & prepare for it . this is a browsing article , not a care sheet or in - depth analysis ( for in - depth help choosing a good \u2018starter\u2019 turtle , read our article on choosing your first turtle ( we also have choosing your first land - based turtle ) ) .\nshealy , r . m . 1976 . the natural history of the alabama map turtle , graptemys pulchra baur , in alabama . bull . florida st . mus . biol . sci . 21 : 47 - 111 .\nernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london\nthere are eleven species of map turtles spread throughout the united states , mostly in the southeastern river systems .\nyou will need to have a large aquarium tank or a large outdoor pond if you want to keep a map turtle as a pet . they need lots or room to swim around with plenty of places to hide underwater .\nfemale barbour ' s map turtles are much larger than males . the back shell of females is 15 to 33 cm long , and the back shell of males is 9 to 14 cm long . this means that females can be 3 times bigger than males . their heads are wider too , and their lower jaw sticks out farther than their upper jaw .\nlarge : female sliders , female western & larger eastern painted , female barbour\u2019s maps , all cooters ( females moreso than males ) , female chicken turtles , female chinese & smooth softshells , larger male & small female spiny softshells , male florida softshells .\nseveral species of map turtle used to be very popular in the pet trade and bred in captivity in the usa , but their popularity decreased after the enactment of the four - inch regulation in 1975 . prior to the new regulation , thousands of map turtles were bred and hatched out in captivity for the u . s pet trade . you can read more about the four - inch regulation further down of the page .\nmap turtles are overall not hospitable to being put into a strange environment . they are one of the harder turtle genera to care for as pets , and may not be a good choice for first time turtle owners . the difficulty in caring for them has kept them from being overly popular in the pet trade , despite their unique and beautiful shell designs .\nernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada , smithsonian institution press .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , distinctive - looking .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , common & inexpensive .\ncon . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $\npro . s : predominantly carnivorous , attractive coloration , cold - tolerant & hibernation capable ( hail from northern u . s . around the great lakes ) .\nlevel ii . ) second choice starter turtles : male cagles map , male chicken , male black - knobbed map , loggerhead musk , stripe - neck musk , eastern mud , mississippi mud , yellow mud , 3 - striped mud .\npro . s : small adult size ( males only ; females similar in size to male res ! ) , omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than painteds ) , more ornate coloration than a texas map .\ncon . s : alabama & mississippi native not a good candidate for hibernation further north ( so only in very southern u . s . ) . somewhat expensive .\ntortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group 1996 . graptemys gibbonsi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 29 july 2007 .\ncarr and marchand 1942 . a new turtle from the chipola river , florida . proc . new england zool . club 20 : 98\nthe rare ringed map turtle ( g . oculifera ) is found in the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana . adult females reach 8 inches and males become sexually active at 4 inches . they feed on a variety of insects and insect larvae and the shy hatchlings enjoy daily feedings of mosquito larvae and live blackworms . female ringed map turtles lay only 3 - 4 eggs per clutch .\nin addition to the lines on their shell , map turtles also have thicker lines on their face and limbs . the lines are often a bright yellow , and for many specimens ; they are even more noticeable than the \u201cmap lines\u201d on their shell .\nnamed after thomas barbour ( 1884 - 1946 ) , associate curator of reptiles and amphibians ( 1923 ) , and , later , director ( 1927 ) of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard .\n1 . it is unlawful for any person to possess more than ten ( 10 ) native fresh - water turtles without a valid commercial turtle permit 2 . any person holding a valid commercial turtle permit may acquire live native fresh - water turtles from any source or direct trapping ,\nterms & conditions | contact | privacy policy \u00a92007 the turtle source , inc . all rights reserved . | a deep sky studio websit e\nthere are several species of map turtles that are endagered and these species are in some areas illegal to keep without special permits . since some map turtles are so small , the four - inch law can make it harder to find a good pet specimen .\nsexual dimorphism is present in barbour ' s map turtles . females are much larger than males . females have a carapace that is 15 to 33 cm long at sexual maturity , whereas mature males have a 9 to 14 cm carapace . therefore , females can be up to three times the size of males . females also have much wider heads than males , along with a lower jaw that extends past the upper jaw .\ncon . s : large females deserve 125 + gallon tanks . rep . for skittishness .\nkirkpatrick , david 1993 . map turtles of the united states . reptile & amphibian magazine ( november / december ) : 7 - 17\nblack - knobbed map turtles ( g . nigrinoda ) are found in the tombigbee and black warrior river systems in alabama and misssissippi .\nmap turtles are omnivores . in captivity , the majority of their captive diet consists of floating aquatic turtle food and a variety of aquatic plants . typically , hatchlings and young map turtles feed on more plant matter than adults . physically , adults develop large , muscular jaws in response to a natural diet of hard - shelled snails and crayfish . they also eat a wide variety of insects . freeze - dried shrimp and krill are a great treat for map turtles . these can be bought in most pet stores that offer tropical fish food and supplies .\ndistribution and habitat : barbour ' s map turtles can be found in the gulf coastal plain in the apalachicola and choctawhatchee river systems . this limited range includes parts of southeast alabama , southwest georgia , and the florida panhandle . the chattahoochee , flint , and chipola rivers in which these turtles reside are clear flowing with limestone rock and cobble bottoms . they are also rich in mollusks and contain many fallen trees and exposed rocks for basking .\nbarbour ' s map turtles are like many reptiles in that there is little parental investment . the male courts the female to mate with her . once his sperm is deposited he no longer invests time or energy in the young . the female digs a nest in which to deposit eggs and covers it with dirt . once the nesting is complete , the female leaves the eggs and does not invest further time or energy in the offspring .\nknow that aquatic turtles do not like to be held or cuddled . reptiles in general are not affectionate animals , but it is best that you do not pick up your map turtle at all unless you have to . if you do handle your map turtle , wash your hands thoroughly afterward . aquatic turtles can sometimes spread things like salmonella . this is not too big of a danger so long as you use basic care techniques ( such as washing your hands after handling ) and a little common sense . nut it is still a risk you should be aware of .\navailability & cost : uncommon in the pet trade but often common in the live turtle food industry ( which you fund with your purchase ! ) .\ndescription : very small mildly domed black turtle with large orange or yellow patches behind the eyes . size : 3 - 4 . 5\nscl .\na good rule of thumb to determine if an outdoor pond is an option is to research the species of map turtle you own , and see if any live in the wild in your area . if they do live in the wild in your area , then an outdoor pond may have temperatures that are naturally hospitable to them . it is however important to remember that a small pond will get colder in the winter and hotter in the summer than a larger body of water so your pond is not necessarily a good map turtle habitat even if they live in your area .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ for hatchlings .\nchoose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\nthe lifespan of map turtles is not very long compared to other turtles . many turtle species can live over a hundred years . american box turtles will as an example live 75 years or more . map turtles tend to only live up to twenty - five years in the wild , and their life expectancy in captivity is lower . so while they make beautiful pets , they do not live long by the standards of a reptile .\nmany species of turtle and tortoise are endangered in the wild . always check the rules regarding keeping turtles and tortoises as pets that apply to your area .\nthe cuatro ci\u00e9negas slider ( trachemys taylori ) [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a species of turtle belonging to the genus trachemys of the family emydidae .\nbarbour ' s map turtle eggs have a shell that holds the developing turtle and a yolk sac . the baby turtles take 58 days to come out of the eggs . they look just like miniature adults when they ' re born , except that their colors aren ' t as bright . their back shell is 37 mm long on average and weighs around 10 . 7 g . whether the turtle is male or female depends on how warm the eggs are before they hatch . if the eggs are less than 25 degrees celsius , only males are born . if the eggs are warmer than 30 degrees celsius , only females are born . males are able to have their own young when they are 2 to 4 years old , but females can ' t until they are 15 to 20 years old . this explains why females are bigger than males . females also have bigger spaces in their shells that allow them to get bigger .\n55 gallon aquarium \u2013 female southern painted , male midland painted , male common , mississippi or ouachita map , spotted turtles , pacific pond turtles .\nalabama map turtles ( g . pulchra ) are found from the yellow river in alabama and florida to the pearl river in mississippi and louisiana .\n1 . it is unlawful for any person to possess more than ten ( 10 ) native fresh - water turtles without a valid commercial turtle permit . nothing in\nmap turtles are freshwater turtles belonging to the genus graptemys in the family emydidae . they are native to north america , where they are found throughout the eastern half of the usa and northward into southern canada . in addition to being called map turtles , they are also known as sawback turtles .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 30 for hatchlings . tom c . knows them to be widely abundant in texas , yet hardly anyone shows interest in breeding them ! i ' ve seen turtle pimp offer these .\npro . s : small adult size ( males < females ) , omnivorous , usually peaceful , common & inexpensive , can hibernate in the southern u . s . fairly personable / interactive with humans .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 20 for hatchlings .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , ornate & distinctive - looking , inexpensive .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 65 for hatchlings .\ncon . s : larger than southern or midland painteds . large females deserve 125 + gallon tanks .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 75 for hatchlings .\npro . s : omnivorous . distinctive & unusual . adult size : up to 8\nscl .\nyou will also need areas on top of their body of water that they can climb onto , such as logs or mounds made of rock or dirt . map turtles like to come out of the water sometimes and bask in the sun . reptiles cannot regulate their own body heat so access to an external heat source is crucial . if your map turtle is being kept in a tank , you can have a heat lamp set up above their basking areas .\ngoldfish should be used sparingly , if at all , as a steady goldfish diet has been linked to kidney and liver disorders in other turtle species . a high quality commercial turtle chow can comprise up to 30 % of the diet . a cuttlebone should be available to supplement the calcium provided by whole fishes and similar foods .\nadult females of most species of map turtles can reach 7 inches and adult males are considerably smaller , with most only reaching 5 - 6 inches .\ndampier , l . 1998 . map turtles : an american specialty . reptile hobbyist , vol . 4 , no . 3 , 36 - 44 .\ndescription : small basking turtle , quite ornate coloration , care like sliders . sizes : males 2 . 75 \u2013 5\u201d , females 4\u201d to 7 15 / 16\u201d .\navailability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 15 for hatchlings .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , most ornate of the u . s . mud / musk , inexpensive . reputedly have \u2018stinkpot - like\u2019 personalities ( less shy than young mississippi muds ) .\navailability & cost : at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .\nseidel , michael e . & carl h . ernst 2017 . a systematic review of the turtle family emydidae vertebrate zoology 67 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013122 - get paper here\nyou have opened an old version of the turtle urltoken website . to place an order , or to see our available turtles and tortoises please click here - thank you .\nmap turtles get their name from their appearance . their carapace ( the top / dome portion of their shell ) has designs on it that resembles those seen on some maps . specifically , it has been noted that the lines on their shells look like waterways on a map . these lines are often a yellow or orange color , with darker colors in between them such as greens and browns . the lines on the map turtles shell can fade some as they age .\nbarbour ' s map turtles have dark brown or black skin with light yellow or green markings . they have broad heads with special patterns in yellow on the top of their head and behind their eyes . a light - colored bar on their chin goes around the curve of their jaw . the top of their neck , back legs , and tail have stripes . the shell on top of their back is like a big olive green dome with dark spines . the second and third spine are the biggest , but they wear down as the turtle gets older . the part of the shell that covers their belly is yellow and there is a black border at the edge of each section .\ncon . s : a little larger than s . painted . less ornate plastron than western painted . carapace color varies \u2013 green to black ( so your hatchling may not look like the one in a photo ) .\ncon . s : hatchling musk somewhat delicate . huge heads aren\u2019t to everyone\u2019s taste . musk turtles generally are regarded as prone to aggression toward their own kind & \u2018look - a - likes . \u2019 less likely to be personable than sliders . southeastern u . s . native shouldn\u2019t be hibernated outside its native range or similar conditions .\nthey are aquatic turtles , and while they can spend time on land ; most of their time is spent in the water . map turtles do not live in salt water ; they only live in freshwater environment such as ponds and rivers . they tend to prefer river systems with flowing water . ideal map turtle environments contain lots of underwater plant matter that they can eat , as well as rocks and logs that they can rest on when heating themselves in the sunlight . commonly referred to as basking .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 20 - 25 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .\ninternet have made buying map turtles directly from private breeders a lot easier and it is today often possible to find small turtles without ever having to leave your home .\navailability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 5 - 10 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 10 - 15 for hatchlings .\ncon . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . florida native so hibernation not advised .\npro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , fairly inexpensive , hibernation - capable .\navailability & cost : fairly common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 125 - 130 for hatchlings .\nthere are several drawbacks to map turtles as pets , such as being a challenge to care for in captivity when compared to some other turtles such as red eared sliders .\nthe type of food you give them will vary depending on which gender of map turtle you have . this is because the females are much larger than the males , and so their superior jaws can consume larger prey . the females can consume prey as large as clams and snails , whereas males have to be fed things like tiny crustaceans and aquatic insects .\navailability & cost : one of only 2 non - marine federally endangered turtle species in the united states . the upshot is , can only be had wild - caught & then illegally .\nennen , joshua r . ; jeffrey e . lovich , brian r . kreiser , w . selman , carl p . qualls 2010 . genetic and morphological variation between populations of the pascagoula map turtle ( graptemys gibbonsi ) in the pearl and pascagoula rivers with description of a new species . chelonian conservation and biology . 9 ( 1 ) : 98\u2013113 - get paper here\nhow large your tank or pond should be depends on how many map turtles you want to keep and what species of map turtles you want to keep . they are not particularly aggressive animals and are social enough that you can keep them together . however , there can be exceptions to this if there is not enough space and food to go around .\npro . s : omnivorous ( but more carnivorous than eastern box ) . smallest north american box turtle . older juveniles & adults fairly affable / interactive with humans & shell provides good protection . eager feeders . can be low - maintenance in year - round outdoor enclosures in compatible climates . fairly easy to find .\nlevel iii . ) medium - level turtles : sliders ( north american ) , cooters ( all ) , eastern & western painted , most maps ( including mississippi , ouachita , false , female common , barbour\u2019s , female texas & cagles , etc\u2026 ) , female chicken turtles , chinese softshells , male spiny & smooth softshells , spotted turtles , florida mud , eastern & 3 - toed box turtles .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , look like they\u2019re smiling . hibernate in parts of their range .\npro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , common & inexpensive , hibernation - capable .\nthese large , active turtles require spacious homes . while a 55 gallon aquarium might suit a small male , females need tanks of 125 \u2013 200 gallon capacity , or commercial turtle tubs and ponds .\nthe sale , holding for sale , and distribution of live turtles and viable turtle eggs not in connection with a business . \u201c , sec . 1240 . 62 ( d ) ( 2 ) .\nremoving your turtles to an easily - cleaned container for feeding will lessen the filter\u2019s workload and help to keep the water clean .\ncon . s : hatchlings reputedly delicate . plastron plain compared to western & midland painteds . not appropriate for northern winter hibernation .\ncon . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . small southern alabama range so hibernation not recommended .\npro . s : predominantly carnivorous , males smaller than sliders , usually peaceful , fairly common & inexpensive , hibernation - capable .\nbartlett , r . d . 1998 . notes from the field : notes on ringed and other map turtles . reptiles , vol . 6 , no . 5 , 76 - 81 .\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s but can be found . ~ $ 50 - 75 for hatchlings .\ndescription : medium basking turtle , reticulated carapace , more pointed face than sliders , long - neck , have \u2018strike & suck\u2019 maneuver to catch prey . size : males 4 \u2013 7\u201d , females up to 10\u201d .\navailability & cost : somewhat uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 25 - 40 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : fairly common to uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 130 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : fairly common to uncommon at online vendors ; may appear at larger expo . s . ~ $ 40 for hatchlings .\navailability & cost : fairly easy to find online & at expo . s but expensive . cost ~ $ 60 - 125 for hatchlings .\n6 . ) most map turtles , including females . map turtles has a group have a reputation for being unusually sensitive to poor water quality ( cagles & black - knobbed have specifically been mentioned ; tom c . thinks common maps may be more resistant ) & skittishness ( mississippi maps have specifically been mentioned ; texas maps may be an exception ) . in all maps the female is drastically larger than the male .\ncon . s : larger than southern or midland painteds ; bland plastron unlike midland & western painteds ; large females deserve 75 + gallon tanks .\npro . s : omnivorous & can feed on land or in water . very small & quite attractive . northeastern native so hibernation - capable .\nwading pools are often easier to manage than aquariums . koi ponds sometimes contain shelves meant to hold plants ; these work well as turtle basking areas . outdoor housing is ideal , assuming that raccoons and other predators can be excluded .\ndescription : small basking turtle , prominent black - tipped dorsal carapace spine knobs , care like sliders . there are 2 subspecies but native range very small . sizes : males 3 \u2013 4\u201d , females 6 \u2013 8 . 5\u201d .\ntypically , hatchling & young map turtles that are still growing will have a more carnivorous diet than their adult counterparts . this is because young turtles are still growing , and need the extra protein in their diet .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\ncon . s : larger than sliders ; adults deserve 125 + gallon tanks . uncommon & expensive . largely a texas native so hibernation not advised .\nexcept as otherwise provided in this section , viable turtle eggs and live turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 inches shall not be sold , held for sale , or offered for any other type of commercial or public distribution . \u201d\ndescription : medium - sized terrestrial turtle which likes to soak . steeply domed carapace , single - hinged plastron , can close the shell tightly , males & females have different coloration / patterning . size : 4 . 5 \u2013 5 . \u201d\ndescription : medium - sized terrestrial turtle which likes to soak . steeply domed carapace , single - hinged plastron , can close the shell tightly , fairly colorful carapace & head . size : ornate 4 \u2013 5\u201d ( up to 6 ) .\ndescription : small basking turtle , fairly hardy adults , care like sliders . olive brown carapace with intricate designs ( or algae covered ! ) . sizes : males 2 . 75 \u2013 4 . 5\u201d , females 4 \u2013 8 3 / 8\u201d .\navailability & cost : very common at online vendors & expo . s . ~ $ 5 - 10 for hatchlings ( color morphs much more expensive ) .\ncon . s : less prominent keeling along dorsal spine than many maps . carapace prone to algal overgrowth . somewhat hard to find in the pet trade .\nthe guidelines are part of the state\u2019s imperiled species management plan , which was passed in november 2016 and involved status changes that went into effect in february .\npro . s : small adult size , mainly carnivorous , reduced plastron suggests better adapted to a more aquatic existence ( peterson\u2019s field guide to repiles & amphibians of eastern / central north america page 155 states they\u2019re more aquatic than eastern muds ) . males have larger heads that may rival male loggerhead musk in size .\ndescription : small basking turtle , fairly hardy adults , care like sliders . black carapace , scutes have some light trip , red dorsal red stripe , plain plastron . size : males 3 . 5 \u2013 5\u201d ; females 5 . 5 \u2013 7\u201d .\ndescription : large basking turtle , reticulated carapace , more pointed face than sliders , long - neck , have \u2018strike & suck\u2019 maneuver to catch prey . female florida subspecies can be quite thick . size : males 4 - 7\u201d females up to 10\u201d .\ndescription : small bottom - walker , fairly hardy adults , olive brown coloration , most reduced plastron of any u . s . mud turtle , care not well - known but at least some shallow water areas & at least a small land area recommended . they\u2019re a subspecies of the eastern mud , which spends a lot of land , making this turtles\u2019 needs hard to call . size : 4 \u2013 5\u201d .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission \u2022 farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . \u2022 tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 \u2022 ( 850 ) 488 - 4676\navailability & cost : uncommon at online vendors & expo . s . protected in florida , where many online vendors are located . ~ $ 40 for hatchlings .\ncon . s : hatchlings somewhat delicate . expensive & hard to find . musk turtles generally are regarded as prone to aggression toward their own kind & \u2018look - a - likes . \u2019 less likely to be personable than sliders . southeastern u . s . native shouldn\u2019t be hibernated outside its native range or similar conditions ."]}
{"id": 129, "summary": [{"text": "chalcosiinae is a subfamily of the zygaenidae , containing many species , mostly little known .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "prominent sexual dimorphism , bright aposematic coloration and mimicry complexes are widespread . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "chalcosiinae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for chalcosiinae yet . learn how to contribute .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth caterpillar ( cyclosia midama , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu\u2019er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth ( pidorus albifascia , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth ( retina sp . , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth , female ( soritia sp . , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nyen , s . - h . , g . s . robinson and d . l . j . quicke . 2005 . the phylogenetic relationships of chalcosiinae ( lepidoptera , zygaenoidea , zygaenidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 143 : 161\u0096341 .\nyen , s . - h . , g . s . robinson and d . l . j . quicke . 2005 . phylogeny , systematics and evolution of mimetic wing patterns of eterusia moths ( lepidoptera : zygaenidae : chalcosiinae ) . systematic entomology 30 : 358\u0096397 .\nlower ditrysian family groups : zygaenoidea s . l . ( especially chalcosiinae , procridinae and phaudidae of oriental / indo - australian regions ) , crambidae ( especially acentropinae ( = nymphulinae ) of asia and indo - pacifics ) , hyblaeidae , thyrididae ( strigulininae ) higher ditrysian family groups : uraniidae ( epipleminae ) , epicopeiidae , callidulidae , erebiidae ( syntomini ) . rhopalocera ( especially those are mimetic such as elymnias , penthema and dananinae )\nnow as ph . d . student of department of biology , imperial college of science , technology and medicine , university of london . ( supervisors : dr . donald quicke , imperial college and dr . gaden robinson , british museum ( natural history ) . thesis : phylogenetic reconstruction of chalcosiinae ( zygaenidae ) of the world , with systematic revision on tribal and generic levels . major interests in lepidoptera : phylogeny / evolution / biology / systematics of : primitive families : micropterigidae , paleosetidae , neopseustidaemonotrysian families : adelidae\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nmaggie whitson selected\neterusia\nto show in overview on\neterusia\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\neterusia\n.\nmaggie whitson selected\neterusia aedea\nto show in overview on\neterusia aedea clerck 1759\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\ndried specimens and a small reverberation chamber ( fig . 1 ) were used to measure the random incidence absorption factors of the wings of each study species ( separately for male and female saturniids ) over the frequency range 20\u2013100 khz ( fig . 2 ) . for each treatment n = 6 sets were used , with each set comprising the maximum number of non - overlapping moth wings of same - sex specimens of a species that could fit on the reverberation chamber floor . the number of wings of each set depended on species size and availability of dried specimens .\nsmall reverberation chamber for the measurement of absorption factors in the ultrasonic spectrum . ( a ) experimental set - up . funnels direct the ultrasound emitted by the transducers into the chamber through a 7 mm opening . the microphone can move freely up and down inside the chamber , allowing for spatial averaging of the reverberation times . ( b ) overview of reverberation chamber showing the engraved diffusers . ( c ) absorption factor of empty reverberation chamber ( eqn 1 ) ; the error bars indicate 95 % confidence intervals ( cis ) ( n = 27 microphone positions ) .\nabsorption factors of moth wings measured with small reverberation chamber ( eqn 3 ) . ( a ) chalcosiines . ( b - d ) female and male saturniids . the absorption factors of a . mittrei and s . c . ricini differ significantly according to sex for the frequencies indicated by circles . ( e ) absorption factors grouped by preparation group . the absorption factors differ significantly from each other for frequencies within the range 20\u201340 khz . circles indicate significant difference between male and female saturniids , triangles between female saturniids and chalcosiines , and squares between male saturniids and chalcosiines . all pairwise comparisons were conducted with tukey - kramer test for each frequency separately . one , two , or three symbols correspond to 0 . 01 < p < 0 . 05 , 0 . 001 < p < 0 . 01 , and p < 0 . 001 , respectively . the error bars indicate the 95 % cis and n = 6 sets for each sample .\nestimated marginal means of absorption factors of moth wings across the frequency range 20\u2013100 khz . ( a ) estimated marginal mean of each preparation . there is a significant effect of preparation on estimated marginal mean ( anova , f 8 , 45 = 23 . 78 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( b ) estimated marginal means grouped by preparation group . the estimated marginal means differ significantly according to preparation group ( anova , f 2 , 51 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 001 ) and also differ significantly from each other ( tukey - kramer test ) . the error bars show the 95 % cis [ n = 48 in a ( 6 sets\u00d78 frequencies ) and n = 144 in b ( 3 preparations\u00d76 sets\u00d78 frequencies ) ] .\nsurvival advantage of female s . c . ricini over males in terms of smaller detection distance by bats\nthe detection distance of a target by a bat depends on the transmission loss due to spherical spreading and atmospheric attenuation , and on the target strength ( m\u00f8hl , 1988 ) . the detection distances of male and female s . c . ricini were compared because they have wings of similar size and shape ; consequently the comparison is feasible because their target strengths , and hence their detection distances , differ due to the different absorption factors of their wings alone . detection distances of moths typically range between 1\u201310 m ( surlykke et al . , 1999 ) . eqn 13 was used with three hypothetical detection distances within this range for male s . c . ricini in order to derive the respective detection distances of female s . c . ricini ( fig . 4 ) . at 25 khz , where the difference between the absorption factors of male and female s . c . ricini is maximized ( fig . 2 d ) , the detection distance of female s . c . ricini is 20\u201330 % smaller .\npercentage difference in the detection distance of female s . c . ricini compared to three hypothetical detection distances of male s . c . ricini [ r ( 2 ) ] . the difference between the detection distances of male and female s . c . ricini is maximized at 25 khz , where the difference between the absorption factors of their wings is also maximized ( fig . 2 d ) . the detection distances of female s . c . ricini were calculated with eqn 13 for atmospheric attenuation at temperature 20\u00b0c and 70 % relative humidity ( surlykke , 1988 ) .\nstudies have reported bat echolocation calls with dominant frequencies ranging from 11 khz ( euderma maculatum ; fullard and dawson , 1997 ) to 212 khz ( cloeotis percivali ; fenton and bell , 1981 ) , though most insectivorous bats echolocate with dominant frequency 20\u201360 khz ( fenton et al . , 1998 ) . the ultrasound absorbance of the wings of this study ' s moth species peaks at the lower end of this range ( 20\u201325 khz ; fig . 2 ) . despite the similar patterns , there are significant differences not only between the nocturnal saturniids and the diurnal chalcosiines ( fig . 2 e ) , but also between male and female a . mittrei ( fig . 2 b ) and s . c . ricini ( fig . 2 d ) .\nzeng et al . ( 2011 ) proposed that the scales on the wings are responsible for the ultrasound absorption . the scales have interstitial spaces between them that create a network of interconnected pores similar to that found in porous sound absorbers ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) ; when a sound wave propagates through this network , thermal and viscous effects cause the dissipation of its acoustic energy ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009a ) . in addition , the ultrastructure of the scales resembles a perforated panel backed by air ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) , which could act as a microperforated panel absorber ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009b ) .\nmale and female saturniid specimens ( a . io from usa , a . mittrei from madagascar , and s . c . ricini from china ) and male chalcosiine specimens ( a . a . analis and c . burmanus from thailand , and e . pulchera from burma ) were obtained from the lepidoptera breeders association ( bourne , uk ) .\nthe time period for which it takes the sound pressure level to drop 60 db after a sound stops is termed reverberation time and depends on the total absorption inside a reverberation chamber . consequently , by comparing the reverberation time before and after the introduction of an absorbent material ( e . g . moth wings ) inside the chamber , the random incidence absorption coefficient of the introduced material can be derived . the standard for the measurement of the random incidence absorption coefficient in a reverberation chamber essentially concerns frequencies below 20 khz ( iso , 2003 ) . for this frequency spectrum , the measurement procedure requires large chambers and 10 - 12 m 2 of absorbent material ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009c ) ; however , such a quantity of moth wings is practically infeasible . besides , the shorter wavelengths of the ultrasonic spectrum render feasible the measurement of the absorption coefficient with a smaller chamber and smaller quantities of absorbent material . still , since this study did not follow the standard faithfully , the measured absorption quantity has been called absorption factor . the same term was employed by the only other documented study of sound absorption in the ultrasonic spectrum ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) .\neven with these measures , the reverberation time is spatially dependent within the reverberation chamber . to reduce the effect of non - diffuseness , two ultrasonic transducers equipped with funnels were utilised to direct the ultrasound into the chamber through 7 mm openings , scattering multi - directionally the acoustic wave that entered the chamber . in addition , the recording device , an ultrasonic microphone , could move freely up and down inside the chamber , allowing for spatial averaging of the measured reverberation times ( fig . 1 a ) .\nthe absorption factors of the empty chamber and of the moth wings were measured over nine 1 / 3 octave bands that have centre frequencies from 20 to 100 khz . the parameter\n( s ) is the reverberation time after the introduction of the moth wings .\n) . the wings of each set were placed on a white background of known surface area and an image was obtained . the image was smoothened with edge - preserving bilateral filter (\n) . in the binary image , one class of pixels represents the wings and the other represents the background .\nfirst , the recorded signal of main frequency f was filtered with a bandpass digital filter designed with a kaiser window . the filter passed frequencies between f l and f h in order to retain only frequencies within the 1 / 3 octave band , frequencies outside this range were attenuated 80 db ( fig . s2a ) .\nthe decay curve of the filtered signal has many fluctuations that render difficult the identification of the point where the response drops 60 db after the offset of sound ; therefore , the curve has to be smoothed . the first step of the smoothing process is to obtain the filtered signal ' s envelope by using the hilbert transform :\n( s ) is the time point where the signal merges with the noise level . the parameter\nis a maximally flat curve , meaning that its gradient is constantly negative . as a result , the curve crosses the \u221260 db point once . this property makes schroeder ' s integration method useful for the estimation of the reverberation time . however , in most cases l (\n) > \u201360 [ db ] . this means that the signal merges with the noise level before reaching the \u221260 db point . therefore , the reverberation time has to be estimated using linear regression .\nto compare the absorption factors among the nine preparations ( 3 chalcosiines and 3\u00d72 male and female saturniids ; fig . 2 a - d and fig . 3 a ) , a repeated measures model , specifically a subject - by - treatment model ( doncaster and davey , 2007 ) , was fitted . in the model , the absorption factors are the responses , preparation is the between - subjects factor , which is used as the predictor variable , and frequency is the within - subject factor . anova was used to test if the absorption factors differ significantly according to preparation ( fig . 3 a ) , and repeated measures anova to test if there is a significant effect of frequency on absorption factor as well as significant preparation - frequency interaction . the p - values of the repeated measures anova were computed using a greenhouse - geisser correction ( \u03b5 = 0 . 79 ) because mauchly ' s test for sphericity indicated that that the sphericity , hence the compound symmetry assumption , does not hold ( \u03c7 2 = 144 . 80 , p < 0 . 001 ) . to do pairwise comparisons between preparations , post hoc tukey - kramer tests were used ( fig . 2 a - d and fig . 3 a ) .\naccordingly , a repeated measures model was used for the comparisons among the three preparation groups ( chalcosiines , male and female saturniids ; fig . 2 e and fig . 3 b ) , albeit with the preparation group as the between - subjects factor . the same tests were carried out as with the above model . again , the sphericity did not hold ( \u03c7 2 = 142 . 61 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and a greenhouse - geisser correction ( \u03b5 = 0 . 81 ) was used for the calculation of the repeated measures anova p - values . all statistical analysis was conducted in matlab ( mathworks , uk ) , and a p - value of < 0 . 05 was considered statistically significant .\nis the noise . the equation is in db form and all quantities are measured in db .\n( m ) is the detection distance of the target ( e . g . moth ) , and\n) is the atmospheric attenuation factor . the first term of the equation accounts for loss due to spherical spreading and the second one for loss due to atmospheric attenuation .\nhave wings of similar size and shape , their ratios of incident to returned sound intensity depend on the absorption factors of their wings alone . specifically , they are related as follows :\n) , which in this study returns exactly one real solution . eqn 13 was used to compare the detection distances of female and male\nwe thank colleagues in the laboratories of the centre of ultrasonic engineering at the university of strathclyde for their advice and assistance during this work .\na . n . conceived the study , which was designed by a . n . , f . g . and j . f . c . w . experiments were carried out by a . n . and f . g . ; data analysis was performed by a . n . a . n . , f . g . and j . f . c . w . interpreted the findings . a . n . drafted the article . all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript .\nthe research leading to these results has received funding from the european research council under the european union ' s seventh framework programme ( fp / 2007 - 2013 ) / erc grant agreement no . 615030 ; and was also supported by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) grant ep / l026511 / 1 .\nall data created during this research are openly available from the university of strathclyde pure / knowledgebase at urltoken .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed .\nauditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a nearctic site . ii . flight times , heights , and erraticism\nhandbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies , morphology and physiology\nauditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a nearctic site . i . flight tendency\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the biology open web site .\non the cover of our may issue , deborah j . guest and colleagues report successful , direct differentiation of horses ipscs into bone - forming osteoblasts , with potential for modelling equine bone disorders and for clinical applications in equine fracture repair .\nhave you seen our interviews with the early - career first authors of our papers ? recently , we caught up with first authors birgit br\u00fcggemeier and matheus salgado de oliveira .\nwould you like to be one of the researchers forging a new field - evo - chromo ? apply now for your funded early - career place at our upcoming workshop that integrates chromatin biology and evolutionary biology , associating molecular phylogeny , genomics , genetics and structural biology applied to chromatin and genome regulation studies . find out more here , and apply by 10 july 2018 .\nbiology open has strong credentials and publishing with us is easy and fast . bio aims to provide rapid publication for scientifically sound observations and valid conclusions in developmental , cell , experimental and translational biology . submit your paper here ; you\u2019ll be in good company .\nrecent translational biology research highlights in bio \u2013 a novel transgenic zebrafish , using claudin 5a , represents an ideal model to study blood brain barrier and choroid plexus barrier development and function in vivo .\na transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5 lisanne martine van leeuwen , robert j . evans , kin ki jim , theo verboom , xiaoming fang , aleksandra bojarczuk , jarema malicki , simon andrew johnston , astrid marijke van der sar . biology open 2018 7 : bio030494\nif your submission to one of our other journals , development , journal of cell science , journal of experimental biology or disease models & mechanism , is unsuccessful , did you know you can transfer your paper and any reviews directly to biology open ? the majority of papers transferred with reviews are accepted for publication . find out how here .\nmeet the prelighters ! in the latest interview with our prelights community , the prelights team caught up with carmen adriaens , a fourth year phd student focusing on a long noncoding rna that gives rise to a nuclear body called the paraspeckle , to discuss her research , her thoughts on preprints and first experience as a prelighter .\nmoths from yunnan , china click on and scroll through images for individual ids\u2026 . . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026\nthe view from above - chinese caterpillars seen from the dorsal aspect click individual images for ids\u2026 . view all images in the the view from above series on my flickr here . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu\u2019er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nthis is a moth species that is quite common in hk . the species is distributed across se asia from thailand to china , but the hk population seems to be especially prominent .\nsafety in numbers - caterpillars ( click individual images for ids in captions ( where known ) ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu\u2019er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nred click on and scroll through individual images for ids in captions . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese insects and spiders on my flickr site here \u2026\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nbode , w . and c . m . naumann . 1988 . little - known accessory glands in female zygaena moths ( lepidoptera , zygaenidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 92 : 27\u009642 .\nnaumann , c . m . 1988 . the internal female genitalia of some zygaenidae ( insecta : lepidoptera ) : their morphology and remarks on their phylogenetic significance . systematic entomology 13 : 85\u009699 .\nnaumann , c . m . , g . m . tarmann and w . g . tremewan . 1999 . the western palaearctic zygaenidae . apollo books , stenstrup .\nniehuis , o . , c . m . naumann , and b . misof . 2006 . phylogenetic analysis of zygaenoidea small - subunit rrna structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus zygaena ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 147 : 367 - 381 .\nniehuis , o . , s . - h . yen , c . m . naumann and b . misof . 2006 . higher phylogeny of zygaenid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data and the evolution of larval cuticular cavities for chemical defence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 3 ) : 812 - 829 .\ntarmann , g . 1994 . a preliminary review of the classification of the zygaenid subfamily procridinae ( lepidoptera ) . nota lepid . suppl . 5 : 115 - 123 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 2 . 0 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 2 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\ntree of life web project . 2006 . zygaenidae . burnet moths . version 10 august 2006 ( temporary ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nno . 11 , alley 10 , lane 93 , shin - nan rd . , sect . 1 , chung - ho city , taipei hsien 235 , taiwan\nborn in november of 1971 in tainan city of taiwan . b . sc . of department of entomology , national chung - hsing university ( taichung , taiwan ) . m . sc . of institute of biological science , national sun yat - sen university ( kaohsiung , taiwan ) . thesis : phylogenetic analyses of the major lineages of nymphulinae and musotiminae , with taxonomic revision on taiwanese fauna ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . )\nawards : on 9th january 2004 dr . shen - horn yen received the 5th r . j . h . hintelmann wissenschaftspreis f\u00fcr zoologische systematik for his thesis\nphylogenetic analyses of the major lineages of nymphulinae and musotiminae , with taxonomic revision on taiwanese fauna ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . )\n. the award was presented in a ceremonial act in zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen organized by the museum ' s management and the\nfreunde der zoologischen staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen e . v society\n.\nsystematics , phylogenetics and biogeography of elymnias ( with mr . chia - hsuan wei and dr . david lohman )\nevolution of mimetic wing patterns of the papilio memnon complex ( with dr . mathieu joron )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 132, "summary": [{"text": "the mexican water mouse , mexican fishing mouse or goodwin 's water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus ) , is a species of semiaquatic rodent in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it has a restricted range in the state of oaxaca in southern mexico , threatened by deforestation and water pollution , it is listed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "mexican water mouse", "paragraphs": ["the mexican water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae . it is found only in mexico .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mexican water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus )\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican water mouse ( rheomys mexicanus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe mexican mouse opossum ( marmosa mexicana ) is a species of central american opossum in the family didelphidae .\nthreats to the jumping mouse and its habitat include grazing pressure , water management and use , lack of water due to drought / climate change , wildfires , and certain recreation activities .\nthe mexican water mouse is endemic to the state of oaxaca , mexico , where it is known from only four sites ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nin general , water mice are considered very difficult to capture , and so the exact status of many species is unknown ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . however , the mexican water mouse is believed to be rare and to occupy a limited and severely fragmented range , and has been recorded from only four locations , making it particularly vulnerable ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the main threats to the species are deforestation , which is reported to be occurring throughout its range , and water pollution . the mexican water mouse is reliant on areas of pristine habitat , and any kind of water pollution , including household pollution from the washing of clothes , is a potential threat to its survival ( 1 ) .\nmexican vole order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : microtus species : m . mexicanus\ngood indicator of riparian habitat , permanent water ( hafner , 1995 ) * 36 * .\nsubspecies differ in their use of plant communities and vegetation structures . there are two main groups of deer mouse : the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group .\nmexican gox squirrel order : rodentia family : sciuridae genus : sciurus species : s . nayaritensis\ntalks between the united states and mexico about an amnesty for the estimated four million mexican illegal immigrants living here stalled . and mexican diplomats began lobbying for acceptance of the matr\u00edcula card .\nan example of a management practice that will provide habitat for the mouse and continue to provide necessary water for cattle are what the forest service is calling\ncattle lanes\n. these cattle lanes will be installed in all of their exclosure areas to maintain access to water for cattle grazing on allotments where fencing is being installed . this will allow cattle to get to needed water while protecting the important vegetation the mouse needs .\nfour different methods of locomotion are used by the mexican spiny pocket mouse . the fastest is a kangaroo - like leaping gait , during which the mouse can cover 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) in a second .\nof mexican spiny pocket mouse and there is considerable differences in color and size between different populations . in general it is a medium - sized member of its genus\nprovide fresh water in a bowl that is deep enough that when the bowl is half filled and the snake goes in to soak , the water will not overflow into the cage . you want a dry cage . if the humidity increases in the cage to where it looks or feels moist , remove the water and only offer it a couple days a week . clean the water bowl as needed .\nthe new mexico meadow jumping mouse is a unique subspecies of meadow jumping mouse ; it is a water - loving animal that lives only along the banks of southwestern streams . it is semi - aquatic , and its large back feet may assist it with swimming as well as jumping . unlike other subspecies of meadow jumping mouse , it is never found in meadows or grasslands without suitable perennial water and riparian habitat . it is rarely found more than a few feet ( 1 . 8 m ) from running water .\nthe mexican water mouse is classed as \u2018rare\u2019 by the mexican government ( 8 ) , but there are not known to be any specific conservation measures in place for the species . more research is needed to better understand this little - known rodent , and to determine the status of its populations and its specialised habitat , before appropriate conservation measures can be put in place ( 1 ) .\nthe mexican water mouse is very similar in appearance to crab - eating rats of the genus ichthyomys , but can be distinguished by its smaller size and by having four rather than five pads on the palm of the forefoot ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nmcmullen , s . .\nhow to grow mexican miniature watermelon\naccessed july 08 , 2018 . urltoken\nwatering - a five gallon container can hold a substantial amount of moisture , so watering should be conducted only when the top couple inches of soil have become dry . water the plants thoroughly , and always allow excess water to drain free . if the plants are left sitting in standing water , they may develop root rot and die !\nbelow are images of just some of the water gaps / lanes near exclosures on the lincoln and santa fe national forests where livestock have full access to water . livestock have been utilizing these gaps extensively with no apparent difficulties .\nthe mexican spiny pocket mouse feeds on the seeds of hackberry , mesquite , and other shrubs as well as herbaceous plants . these mice have been known to store seeds in burrows .\nthe mexican spiny pocket mouse has a wide range and is common in suitable habitats within that range . the population size seems to be stable and no particular threats have been identified so the\nand there is a report of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity ( another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age ) .\nin east chicago , ind . , immigrants with the mexican identification card , known as the matr\u00edcula consular , can now borrow library books and arrange city water services . in cincinnati , police officers accept the card from crime victims , witnesses and suspects .\nthe nm meadow jumping mouse ( jumping mouse ) is a rare subspecies found primarily near streams and wetlands in parts of new mexico , eastern arizona , and southern colorado .\ncactus mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : peromyscus species : p . eremicus\nbrush mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : peromyscus species : p . boylii\nthe jumping mouse has very specific habitat requirements . it requires perennial or seasonally perennial water and saturated soils that produce tall ( 24 + inch ) herbaceous riparian plants , and intact adjacent uplands ( see image below ) .\narizona pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : perognathus species : p . amplus\nplains pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : perognathus species : p . flavescens\nsilky pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : perognathus species : p . flavus\ndesert pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . penicillatus\nhispid pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . hispidus\nwestern harvest mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : reithrodontomys species : r . megalotis\nnorthern pygmy mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : baiomys species : b . taylori\nnorthern grasshopper mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : onychomys species : o . leucogaster\nsouthern grasshopper mouse order : rodentia family : cricetidae genus : onychomys species : o . torridus\nmeadow jumping mouse order : rodentia family : zapodidae genus : zapus species : z . hudsonius\nmcmullen , s . .\nhow to grow mexican miniature watermelon .\nhome guides | sf gate , urltoken accessed 08 july 2018 .\nthe majority of deer mice nest is up high in large hollow trees . the deer mouse nests alone for the most part but will sometimes nest with a deer mouse of the opposite sex .\nlong tailed pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . formosus\napplicants for the card must apply in person at their local consulate and provide supporting documents like birth certificates , mexican passports and voting cards . in march 2002 , the mexican government introduced an advanced matr\u00edcula card with security features , including invisible coding that can be read only with special detectors .\nalthough very few total acres are excluded from grazing , the majority of currently suitable critical habitat , particularly occupied critical habitat , is excluded from livestock grazing . at the same time , there are still many miles of stream and numerous water lanes that provide access for watering cattle . table 2 below shows the high percent of critical habitat stream miles in exclosures on the lincoln national forest , and the miles of stream access remaining in critical habitat . in addition to water access in critical habitat , there are many perennial stream reaches with water access outside critical habitat . no developed water diversions have been included in exclosures .\nmacmillen , r . e . 1972 . water economy of nocturnal desert rodents . symp . zool . soc . london . 31 : 147 - 174 .\njenkins , pd , and barnett , aa ( 1997 ) : a new species of water mouse , of the genus chibchanomys ( rodentia , muridae , sigmodontinae ) from ecuador . bulletin of the natural history museum : zoology series 63 , 123 - 128 .\nmouse melon vines on a homemade twine trellis . the trellis pictured is hand tied with hemp twine .\nbailey ' s pocket mouse order : rodentia family : heteromyidae genus : chaetodipus species : c . baileyi\nmcmullen , s . . ( n . d . ) . how to grow mexican miniature watermelon . home guides | sf gate . retrieved from urltoken\nvery little is known about the biology of the mexican water mouse . like other members of the genus , it has a semi - aquatic lifestyle , foraging for a range of aquatic insects , insect larvae , snails and other aquatic invertebrates , and possibly even small fish ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . other species have been observed to swim with only the head and the tip of the tail protruding above the water , and with the hind feet used for propulsion ( 5 ) . nothing is known about the reproductive behaviour of these rodents .\nthis species is threatened by human activities within its range , specifically by continued deforestation and water pollution ( ceballos 2014 ) . any type of water pollution , including household pollution from washing clothes , is considered a threat to this species . deforestation is occurring throughout the range of this species , except in steep riparian areas .\nencyclopedia of life . marmosa andersoni : anderson\u2019s mouse possum . accessed 14 december 2012 . available from : urltoken\na steady supply of moisture is required for good fruiting in mexican miniature watermelons . provide 1 inch of water every five to seven days during the summer months , wetting the top 6 to 15 inches of soil each time . during very hot , dry weather , increase water to twice weekly . monitor the soil during prolonged periods of foggy , cool weather and water only if the soil dries out in the top 1 inch . in warm inland areas , spread a 3 - to 4 - inch layer of lightweight mulch around each plant , keeping it from the base of the stems . mulch will help regulate moisture loss while keeping weeds at bay .\nin laboratory studies it was found that this pocket mouse was unable to maintain its body weight unless it had access to water . reproduction takes place during much of the year but seems to peak between august and november . litter sizes range from two to eight with four young being typical .\nthe bush administration and congress remain deeply divided over the issue , with some moderate republicans and some officials from the state and treasury departments offering support for the mexican card .\nmay 2011 - new mexico meadow jumping mouse included in landmark settlement with the u . s . fish and wildlife service\nendangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; designation of critical habitat for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse , final rule .\nthe mexican miniature watermelon ( melothria scabra ) goes by many common names , including mouse melon and cucumelon . with their oblong shape , green speckled skin and petite , 1 - to 2 - inch length , their fruit look like miniature watermelons , hence their common name . mexican miniature watermelons are carefree plants that will thrive despite neglect , drought and cool temperatures . however , the right growing conditions and a little routine care will help them reach their full potential .\nbelow : \u200ba new mexico meadow jumping mouse captured within a livestock exclosure on the lincoln nf ( sept . 2016 ) .\nthe mouse became a candidate for listing under the endangered species act in december 2007 , and was listed in june 2014 .\nmarch 2008 - wildearth guardians requests that the u . s . forest service reduce livestock grazing in jumping mouse ' s range\nlindeborg , r . g . 1952 . water requirements of certain rodents from xeric and mesic habitats . contrib . lab . vert . biol . , univ . michigan 58 : 1 - 32 .\nunlike many marsupials , female mexican mouse - opossums do not have pouches . instead , females carry their young on their backs . litters can be as large as thirteen , although most do not survive to maturity . mothers generally eat those young that die in order to recapture some of the nutrients that they have invested .\ndalquest , w . e . 1953 . mammals of the mexican state of san luis potosi . louisiana state univ . studies , biol . sci . ser . 1 : 1 - 229 .\nmexican officials counter that the older cards are being phased out as people renew their cards . they say their computer databases will soon be updated and that additional security features are in the works .\nthe currently accepted scientific name for deer mouse is peromyscus maniculatus ( wagner ) [ 51 ] . it is in the family cricetidae ( new world mice ) . hall [ 51 ] listed 67 subspecies , describing the species as a series of intergrading populations . subspecies in the same area may be ecologically distinct . subspecies mentioned in this text include [ 51 ] : cloudland deer mouse ( p . m . nubiterrae ) prairie deer mouse ( p . m . bairdii ) forest deer mouse ( p . m . gracilis )\nbelow : in many areas where access to streamside habitat by livestock is restricted ,\nlanes\nor corridors are left open and allow cattle access to the much needed water found in these riparian areas .\nthe forest service provided extensive comments to usfws regarding the listing and is actively exploring potential management and monitoring strategies for the jumping mouse .\njuly 2010 - wildearth guardians files lawsuit challenging u . s . fish and wildlife service\u2019s failure to list the new mexico meadow jumping mouse\nin march 2002 , only a handful of cities and banks recognized the matr\u00edcula card , mexican officials say . today , more than 100 cities , 900 police departments , 100 financial institutions and 13 states , including indiana , new mexico and utah , accept the cards , which carry the bearer ' s photo , name and address and are issued by mexican consulates to mexicans regardless of their immigration status .\nmacmillen , r . e . 1964 . population ecology , water relations , and social behavior of a southern california semidesert rodent fauna . univ . california publ . zool . 71 : 1 - 59 . -\non march 16 , 2016 , the usfws designated critical habitat for the jumping mouse , with an effective date of april 15 , 2016 .\nbal\u010diauskas , l , and bal\u010diausken\u0117 , l ( 2012 ) : mediterranean water shrew , neomys anomalus cabrera , 1907 \u2013 a new mammal species for lithuania north - western journal of zoology 8 , 367 - 369 .\nthe mexican spiny pocket mouse occurs in central and northeastern mexico and the extreme south of texas . it inhabits a variety of semi - arid brushy or rocky habitats , and is common where it lives . the\npockets\nof the pocket mouse are fur - lined cheek pouches , where seeds are carried from the foraging area to the burrow . mexican spiny pocket mice are grayish - brown , with white underparts . on the back , a mixture of stiff spiny hairs and soft ones gives the animal a somewhat coarse appearance . these mice are nocturnal and are active year - round .\nlinks : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\nnoting those found during focus on nature tours in mexico with an ( * ) tours during the months of march , june , august september , & november . this list of mexican mammals compiled by armas hill\nkrystufek , b , davison , a , and griffiths , hi ( 2000 ) : evolutionary biogeography of water shrews ( neomys spp . ) in the western palaearctic region . canadian journal of zoology 78 , 1616 - 1625 .\nthey are populous in the western mountains and live in wooded areas and areas that were previously wooded . the deer mouse is generally a nocturnal creature .\nlewis , a . w . 1972 . seasonal population changes in the cactus mouse , peromyscus eremicus . southwestern nat . 17 : 85 - 93 .\nmacmillen , r . e . 1965 . aestivation in the cactus mouse peromyscus eremicus . comp . biochem . physiol . 16 : 227 - 248 .\nis an abundant species , often among the most abundant mouse species of certain areas ( lter 1998 ) . densities can reach 11 mice per acre ( baker 1983 ) . quantity and quality of foods , availability of water , number and distribution of nest sites , architecture of living and dead vegetation , and depth and density of litter are some ecological factors proposed to affect the density of\nmany nongame mammals in arizona are poorly known . entire species complexes , such as the voles , gophers , and several genera of mice , have yet to be studied using modern genetic science . the ecology and distribution of some of these species is also poorly known . among those in need of field study are the water shrew , jumping mouse , and several species of pocket mice .\nofficials at the federal bureau of investigation and department of homeland security say this is worrisome because they believe the card is vulnerable to fraud and misuse by criminals and terrorists , a contention that mexican and some american officials dispute .\ndeer mouse breeding tends to be determined more by food availability rather than by season . in plumas county , california , deer mice bred through december in good\ncollecting seeds - if you wish to replant mouse melons the next season , the steps for seed collection is quite easy . to collect seeds , allow the mouse melon fruits to become so ripe on the plants that they fall off . the fruit that fall from the plant can then be collected and placed in a warm area in your home to ripen even further for a few more days . after they have fully ripened , cut the fruit open and squeeze the seeds out into a glass of declorinated water . allow the seeds to sit in the water for a few days , or until they begin to fall to the bottom . strain off any excess plant material left behind and allow the seeds to dry on a paper towel . once dry , store them in a paper envelope .\n; fungi have the least amount of intake . throughout the year , the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on what is available to eat during that season . during winter months , the arthropods compose of one - fifth of the deer mouse ' s food . these include spiders , caterpillars , and\nwith its streamlined body , small , almost inconspicuous ears , and large , paddle - shaped hind feet , the mexican water mouse is well adapted to its semi - aquatic lifestyle . the hind feet are also partially webbed and are fringed with hair , giving extra propulsion in the water , and the long , furred tail , which is longer than the length of the head and body , may also aid in swimming ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the short , dense , glossy fur is dark brown on the upperparts , often with a few longer , silvery outer hairs , and silvery white on the underparts , while the tail is also dark above and white below . the muzzle is quite blunt , with thin , stiff whiskers , and the eyes are tiny . juveniles are reported to be slate grey in colour ( 4 ) .\nmexican miniature watermelons are grown as annual vegetables in most areas , although they are technically tender perennials like tomatoes ( solanum lycopersicum ) . they require a long growing season with at least 65 to 75 days of warm , frost - free weather and soil temperatures between 75 and 85 degrees fahrenheit to bear fruit . gardeners in cooler areas can grow mexican miniature watermelons in pots and move them indoors to a warm , bright room when nighttime temperatures drop below 50 degrees fahrenheit .\nthrough collaborative efforts , adaptive management measures that provide for the protection of the mouse and the continuation of grazing have been developed and agreed to on 13 of the 14 allotments . the protective measures generally provide for exclusion of livestock grazing in most of the currently occupied critical habitat and a portion of the unoccupied critical habitat , and primarily consist of combinations of riparian exclosures , upland water developments , and other range improvements to reduce grazing pressure on riparian areas . no reductions in permitted numbers or significant change in season of use was required on any allotment . permittees have access to all working facilities and water developments . efforts to reach an approved solution on the final allotment are continuing .\nalternatively known as the mexican sour gherkin or cucamelon , the mouse melon is a rarely cultivated member of the cucumber family that is steadily gaining popularity in heirloom gardens . the species melothria scabra is characterized as a prolific vine that produces an ample amount of tiny fruit . although they look like little melons , the fruit taste more like a citrusy cucumber ! since the plants possess a small stature , they are the perfect choice for container gardeners looking to do a little pickling . don ' t let the summer season pass you by , come learn how to grow mouse melons today .\ni never heard of mouse melons . they look and sound interesting to try , if they ' re available in your local area or to grow . thanks for sharing .\no\u2019neill , m , nagorsen , d , and baker , r ( 2005 ) : mitochondrial dna variation in water shrews ( sorex palustris , sorex bendirii ) from western north america : implications for taxonomy and phylogeography . canadian journal of zoology 83 , 1469 - 1475 .\ndo you have a seed source for this mouse melon ? i would love to try it this summer . great hub . voted up , useful , tweet , & pin .\nthe department ( nmdgf ) should continue to encourage land managers to protect and enhance known or potential areas of meadow jumping mouse occurrence ( nmdgf , 1994 ) * 32 * .\n44 - morrison , j . l . 1992 . persistence of the meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius luteus , in new mexico . southwestern naturalist . 37 : 308 - 311 .\ntessier , nathalie , sarah noel , and francois lapointe ( 2004 ) .\na new method to discriminate the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) from the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) using species - specific primers in multiplex pcr\n. canadian journal of zoology 82 ( 11 ) : 1832\u201335 . doi : 10 . 1139 / z04 - 173 .\nfor more than a century , the card was used to ensure that mexican immigrants could receive consular assistance in dealing with american employers and police and help in shipping belongings home or relatives back for burial . the card was not typically used for dealing with american authorities .\ngiven that a majority of the remaining mouse habitat is on federal land , the usfws has been working closely with the usda forest service southwestern region ( usfs ) ( apache - sitgraves national forest , lincoln national forest , and santa fe national forest ) . these two agencies have come together to develop conservation measures that will protect the jumping mouse , continue livestock grazing on usfs lands , and provide those cattle with continued access to needed water . since the final listing announcement there has been much concern voiced by some members of the livestock industry , and it is the goal of the usfs and usfws to work with the livestock industry to address these concerns .\njuly 11 , 2014 - wildearth guardians warns the u . s . forest service that it will sue the federal agency to require greater protection of the streamside habitat of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse\nthe deer mouse is small in size , only 3 to 4 inches ( 8 to 10 cm ) long , not including the tail . they have large beady eyes and large ears giving them good\nmexican miniature watermelons are light to moderate feeders , depending on their soil . those grown in organically rich soil require no chemical fertilizers . amend lean or porous soil with a 2 - inch layer of compost worked into the top 6 to 8 inches of soil prior to planting . also , add 1 tablespoon of 6 - 10 - 10 analysis fertilizer to each planting hole to improve the soil ' s nutrient content . once established , mexican miniature watermelons need no supplemental feeding apart from a light , 3 - inch side - dressing of compost each month starting roughly two months after planting .\nin cactus mice , torpor is mainly circadian ( torpid by day , active by night ) ; ( macmillen , 1972 ) and can be employed anytime their energy supplies become limited ( morhardt and hudson , 1966 ) . macmillen ( 1965 , 1972 ) distinguished between winter ( circadian ) torpor , induced only by food restriction , and summer torpor , which may be circadian or may last two to three months . summer torpor was induced by food restriction or by imposing a negative water balance . according to macmillen ( 1964 , 1965 ) , cactus mice aestivate during the summer to conserve water and prolong food reserves .\ndeer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and before the birth of the next litter , when they are reaching sexual maturity . occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area , particularly when breeding space is limited .\nthis month , cincinnati followed suit . officials say the move would be a boon to local economies , encouraging mexican immigrants to pour money into banks and businesses . they also say immigrants with bank accounts will be less vulnerable to criminals who prey on people who carry cash or keep money at home .\nchurch\ufb01eld , s ( 2007 ) : habitat use by water shrews , the smallest of amphibious . in n . dunstone , and m . l . gorman ( eds ) : behaviour and ecology of riparian mammals , vol . 71 . cambridge university press , new york , usa , pp . 49 - 69 .\nbut in recent months , mr . montes de oca and other undocumented immigrants from mexico have begun stepping out of the shadows . this summer , indianapolis and seven other midwestern cities started accepting an identity card issued by the mexican government , offering mexicans who are here illegally a startlingly new sense of legitimacy .\nthese days , the mexican consul here , sergio aguilera , drives from city to city , making his pitch . this week , he shuttled between east chicago , where he met with the mayor , and indianapolis , where he tried to persuade credit union executives to join the businesses that accept the card .\nbecause the two species are extremely similar in appearance , they are best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype techniques . the deer mouse can also be distinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail .\nin a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in colorado and wyoming , the deer mouse had the highest frequency of occurrence ; however , it was not always the most abundant small mammal .\nharvesting - once flowering is underway , the tiny mouse melon fruit won ' t be far behind . harvest the fruit when they have reached a nice plump size and are about one to one and half inches in length . pick the first few at a bit of an earlier stage to force more fruit production . after pollination , it takes about 2 - 3 weeks for the mouse melon fruit to reach a harvestable size .\n73 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2013 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; listing determination for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse . federal register 78 : 37363 - 37369 . urltoken view document\n84 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2016 . endangered and threatened wildlife ; designation of critical habitat for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse . 81 ( 51 ) : 14264 - 14325 . view document\n96 - wright , g . and frey , j . 2010 . cool season activity of the meadow jumping mouse in the middle rio grande . share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish . view document\nalbert g . huntington , the mayor of madison , ind . , agreed . mr . huntington said he could not ignore the needs of the mexican workers who were increasingly filling jobs in his small town . recognition of the matr\u00edcula card , he said , was simply a reflection of the demographic changes rippling across the midwest .\nbelow : grazing permittees and the us forest service meet on the santa fe national forest to discuss ways of protecting the jumping mouse and its critical habitat without having to adjust the permitted number of livestock or season of use .\nfemales deer mice can have many litters in a year . in the wild , reproduction may not occur during winter or other unfavorable seasons . females are able to become pregnant again shortly after giving birth . the pregnancy of a female deer mouse that is not nursing young lasts from 22 . 4 to 25 . 5 days and the pregnancy of a female deer mouse that is nursing young lasts 24 . 1 to 30 . 6 days . deer mice may have litters containing from one to eleven young with typical litters containing four , five , or six babies . litter size increases each time a female deer mouse gives birth until the fifth or sixth litter and decreases afterwards .\nis composed of a mixture of stiff spines with soft hairs , but because the hairs lie flat , the spines are the more noticeable part of the coat . the upper parts of the head and body are greyish - brown and the underparts whitish . there is a pinkish or buff lateral line separating the two colors . juveniles are grey and initially lack spines which grow through the coat later . the soles of the feet are haired and the mexican spiny pocket mouse is unique in its genus in possessing five rather than six tubercles on the hind foot .\nthe new mexico meadow jumping mouse has seen a significant population decline . this decline is mainly due to habitat loss and fragmentation across its range . about 95 percent of the range is found on federal and state lands . based on the further threat of habitat loss , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) designated the new mexico meadow jumping mouse as endangered under the endangered species act ( esa ) on june 9 , 2014 .\n' ' they ' re coming , one way or another , ' ' said mr . huntington , who has decided to offer city services to mexican immigrants in his town of 12 , 500 people . ' ' so you have a choice . you can recognize them or you can ignore them and allow problems to develop . ' '\nnot surprisingly , mouse melons turned out to be one of my most productive patio crops of the 2013 season . the two plants that i grew produced handfuls of the delicious little cucamelons . the majority of them were enjoyed fresh , but i did pickle a jarful to see how they held up . using a rustic dill pickle recipe , the mouse melons turned out great ! although they lose a bit of their crispness , they ' re still very good . in the end , this is one heirloom that will definitely be grown again ! thanks for reading this guide on how to grow mouse melons . as always , please feel free to leave any comments or questions you may have .\nfull sun and rich , fast - draining soil provide the best conditions for growing mexican miniature watermelons . choose a growing site with full southern exposure and at least 12 square - inches of space for each plant . as vining plants , mexican miniature watermelons need a support structure to keep their stems and fruit off the ground , so install a small trellis or tomato cage for them to grow on . start the seeds indoors three to six weeks before the last spring frost , sowing them in starter pots at a depth of 1 / 2 to 1 inch . transplant the seedlings 12 inches apart after all frost danger has passed and the soil has warmed to 75 degrees fahrenheit .\nthe usfws and usfs will be establishing three working groups ; media , science / survey monitoring , and management coordination that will address the needs of both the jumping mouse and people who use the national forests for their livelihood or recreation .\n80 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2014 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse throughout its range . federal register 79 : 33119 - 33137 . view document\nthe meadow jumping mouse apparently requires relatively dense vegetation for population persistence , and its scarcity may be related to livestock overgrazing in streamside habitats ( clark and stromberg 1987 ) . periodic severe flooding may also contribute to its rarity ( finch , 1992 )\nthe card has been issued by the mexican government for more than 100 years to keep track of its citizens in the united states . but across this country cities and states are increasingly recognizing the card , too , as officials seek ways to identify residents in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of sept . 11 , 2001 , and try to better serve immigrants .\ndeer mice are abundant , often among the most abundant mice of certain areas . densities can reach 11 mice per acre . many factors including availablity of food , water , and nest sites are thought to affect how many deer mice can live in an area . however , only the availability of food has been studied in enough detail to show it has an effect on population density .\n83 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2014 . species status assessment report : new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . listing review team , u . s . fish and wildlife service , albuquerque , nm . view document\nmouse melons may not require a seasoned gardener to help them grow properly , but they will require a few basic necessities that only the gardener can provide . here ' s a look at what you ' ll need to keep your vines healthy throughout the season .\ntable 1 : this table presents the number and approximate total acreage of grazing allotments on which critical habitat for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse occurs for the lincoln and santa fe national forests ( as of july 5 , 2016 , and subject to change ) .\nspecific forms of management ( e . g . fencing of riparian areas , additional water developments , seasonal restrictions of certain activities , etc . ) have been undertaken to ensure that public - land cattle grazing can continue in close proximity to protected nmmjm habitat . in addition , some nmmjm habitat will continue to be grazed at a level that is likely to provide at least some conservation value for the species .\nwhile mouse melon vines will grow with ease and relatively little care from the gardener , they still need a few things from you ! follow the steps below , and you ' ll be well on your way to harvesting a ton of these tiny cucumbers / melons .\nsome uses of national forests may affect the jumping mouse or its critical habitat when they occur in or along streams and wetlands , and when they do the usfs is required to enter into esa section 7 consultations with the u . s . fish & wildlife service .\nthe meadow jumping mouse apparently requires relatively dense vegetation for population persistence , and its scarcity may be related to livestock overgrazing in streamside habitats ( clark and stromberg 1987 ) . periodic severe flooding may also contribute to its rarity ( finch , 1992 ) * 20 * .\nmexican miniature watermelons are resilient , attractive and productive plants , but there are drawbacks to consider when growing them . they self - seed readily in warm , frost - free locations , which can create a forest of unwanted seedlings . picking the fruit before it fully ripens and drops will help eliminate unwanted seedlings , as will raking up any fallen fruit before it breaks down and the seeds disseminate .\nstate wildlife management agencies in arizona , colorado and new mexico have considered the jumping mouse a species of management concern for several years . the state of new mexico listed the species as threatened in 1983 and upgraded it to endangered status in 2006 , where it remains today .\nfence construction on national forests lands will be limited to areas that are currently occupied by the mouse . this amounts to less that . 3 % of the 22 allotments where the mouse occurs . in the apache - sitgreaves nf there are 12 allotments totaling approximately 272 , 977 acres , of which only 698 acres ( 0 . 29 % ) is occupied ; the lincoln nf has 4 allotments ( 153 , 903 acres ) of which 272 acres are occupied ; and in the santa fe nf there are 6 allotments ( 180 , 212 acres ) of which only 283 acres are occupied .\nis a medium - sized mouse with rough pelage covering the upper body . the hairs are flattened with sharp points and grooves . the upper fur is dark gray with an orange tint . white fur covers the underside of the mouse except for the heel of the hind foot . the tail is covered with sparse hairs and is bicolored , brown above and white below . they possess external , fur lined , cheek pouches . the dental formula is that of a typical heteromyid rodent : i 1 / 1 , c 0 / 0 , pm 1 / 1 , m 3 / 3 . the average weight of\nthirty - four arizona mammals are identified as species of greatest conservation need . nine are also federally listed as endangered under the endangered species act . three of these species are extinct , and five have disappeared from arizona , although reintroduction efforts are underway for two ( black - footed ferret and mexican wolf ) . most other imperiled species have very small , local populations that face a variety of threats . some species are tied to riparian or native grassland habitats .\nthe apache - sitgreaves , santa fe , and lincoln national forests have populations of the jumping mouse and designated critical habitat units . there are approximately 7 , 713 acres ( encompassing approximately 100 stream miles ) among these three forests that are within critical habitat . there are 14 allotments with permitted grazing in critical habitat .\n28 - zwank , phillip j . , et al . 1994 . habitat use and population status of the meadow jumping mouse at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge . in : abstracts from presentations at arizona / new mexico chapters of the wildlife society , sierra vista , az . february 4 and 5 , 1994 .\n91 - wright , g . and frey , j . 2011 . cool / winter activity of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse . final report prepared for the share with wildlife program , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , nm , contract # 11 - 516 - 0000 - 000017 view document\nwater requirements , body temperature , and metabolism of p . eremicus have been studied in relation to adaptations to desert living by lindeborg ( 1952 ) , murie ( 1961 ) , mcnab and morrison ( 1963 ) , macmillen ( 1964 , 1965 ) , and morhardt and hudson ( 1966 ) . murie ( 1961 ) reported p . eremicus to have a 10 to 20 % lower metabolic rate and to resort to saliva spreading for evaporative cooling at high temperatures less readily than p . maniculatus .\nthe jumping mouse hibernates for approximately nine months ( around mid - sept to mid - june ) out of the year . therefore , it is only awake and active for about three months per year and must replenish energy , breed , rear young , and then accumulate sufficient fat reserves to sustain them through the next hibernation .\nunlike many marsupials , female mouse opossums do not possess a pouch to protect the young as they develop . the young are so undeveloped their eyes do not open until 39 to 40 days . it is likely that the young are completely weaned after around 65 days , and they may have an incredibly short life span of only one year .\non june 10 , 2014 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) listed the jumping mouse as an endangered species , with an effective date of july 10 , 2014 . the need for the listing was attributed to a\nsignificant reduction in occupied localities likely due to cumulative habitat loss and fragmentation across the range\n.\n60 - morrison , j . l . 1990 . the meadow jumping mouse in new mexico : habitat preferences and management recommendations . pp 136 - 141 . in proceedings of the symposium on managing wildlife in the southwest ( p . r . krausman and n . s . smith eds . ) . arizona chapter , the wildlife society , phoenix .\nthis mouse lives in dense vegetation and near rocky mountain slopes or stone fences . it has been found in the dense brush along the banks of the rio grande river and beside oxbow lakes , in subtropical palm forests , thickets of prickly pear cactus , and in chaparral . they build burrows that have their opening closed off by vegetation or mounds of dirt .\nduring the process to determine whether the new mexico meadow jumping mouse should be listed , we sought comments from independent specialists to ensure that our designation is based on scientifically sound data , assumptions , and analyses . we invited these peer reviewers to comment on our listing proposal . we also considered all comments and information received from the public and other sources during the comment period .\nfertile & well draining soil - like most other fruiting garden crops , mouse melons will need plenty of nutrition and ample soil drainage to produce at their maximum . the soil that they will be grown in should be amended with compost or aged manure in order to provide nutrition that will last all season . for soil drainage , perlite or small porous lava rocks can be added .\n. during the spring months , seeds become available to eat , along with insects , which are consumed in large quantities . leaves are also found in the stomachs of deer mice in the spring seasons . during summer months , the mouse consumes seeds and fruits . during the fall season , the deer mice will slowly change its eating habits to resemble the winter ' s diet .\nthe mouse melon vine is native to mexico and surrounding central america . these plants grow quickly and produce fruit for a long period throughout the summer season . while the vines can reach lengths in excess of ten feet , they can be easily trained to grow on compact twine trellises . other than their need to grow on something , the vines are relatively low maintenance and disease free !\nhave remarkable manipulative powers . it uses this ability to burrow in the ground . the burrow can be 30 mm in diameter and 40 cm in length . the mouse - opossum then fills the burrow with leaves to create a nest . more commonly it creates nests in trees especially abandoned bird nests . when threatened it can become aggressive , opening its mouth and hissing or a clicking noise .\nfive gallon planter - gardeners who plant to grow these in containers will be very happy to hear that they can and will grow just fine ! unlike standard cucumbers that require much larger containers to reach their full potential , the mouse melons will produce heavily in a five gallon container ! for the best results , use a clay or wood container with plenty of holes in the bottom for drainage .\ncompost tea as a foliar spray - every other week , or after soaking rains , mist the upper and undersides of the mouse melon foliage with a compost tea spray . this natural spray will not only provide extra nutrition for the plant , but it will also create healthier leaves . forming a thin residue on the foliage , the compost tea will also help to create a natural insect barrier !\nthe forest service is facing a difficult decision . it will have to weigh its mandate to protect the mouse ' s habitat against the needs of local ranchers , recreationists , and other animals . the plaintiffs greatly value their access to the grazing allotments . the surrounding communities greatly value the ranchers and their work . ultimately , the forest service must consider the full panoply of human and environmental impacts .\ndeer mice occur throughout most of north america and are abundant in most areas . deer mouse is the most widely distributed peromyscus species [ 51 ] . deer mice are distributed from quebec and new brunswick west to yukon territory and southeast alaska ; south to baja california and through the sierra madre to southern mexico ; south in central texas to the gulf of mexico ; and south in the appalachian mountains to northern georgia [ 57 , 127 ] .\npollination - an important part to the production of fruit on the mouse melon vine is proper pollination of the flowers . since the vines produce both male and female flowers on the same plant , they will need some form of insect to properly move pollen from the male flowers to the female flowers . to ensure that pollination is occurring , observe the plant for pollinator activity . if no pollinators are present , you can use a cotton swab to manually pollinate the flowers .\nthe mouse should leave a lump in the kingsnake a little larger than the snake\u2019s normal diameter mid body . until the snake is established with you , do not handle it until the lump has digested down to normal diameter of the snake . feeding once a week will maintain your california kingsnake , but the snake will grow faster if you feed it twice a week or more , if it will take it . once the kingsnake reaches adult size , avoid obesity . reduce feeding if necessary .\nis very altricial at birth but develops quickly . at birth , the deer mouse has a mass of about 1 . 5 g . the young are born hairless with wrinkled , pink skin , closed eyes , and folded over ear pinnae . juvenile hair begins to develop on the second day after birth . on the third day , the pinnae unfold with the ear canal opening on the tenth day . eyes open on the fifteenth day , and the young are weaned between day 25 and 35 .\nare seasonally polyestrous with an estrous cycle of about five days . in the wild , reproduction may not occur during winter or other unfavorable seasons ( lter 1998 ) . females exhibit post - partum estrus and are able to become pregnant shortly after giving birth ( baker 1983 ) . the gestation period of a nonlactating female deer mouse lasts from 22 . 4 to 25 . 5 days and 24 . 1 to 30 . 6 days in a lactating female ( kirkland and layne 1989 ) . litter size is highly variable between populations ."]}
{"id": 134, "summary": [{"text": "rapaninae is a subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family muricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this subfamily was known as thaidinae until 1993 . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "rapaninae", "paragraphs": ["global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant . . .\nkool sp ( 1993a ) phylogenetic analysis of the rapaninae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) . malacologia 35 : 155\u2013259\nglobal phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .\nles muricidae d\u2019afrique occidentale : the west african muricidae : ii . ocenebrinae , ergalataxinae , tripterotyphinae , typhinae , trophoninae & rapaninae\nvermeij gj , carlson sj ( 2000 ) the muricid gastropod subfamily rapaninae : phylogeny and ecological history . paleobiology 26 : 19\u201346\nglobal phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . - pubmed - ncbi\nour analyses indicate that rapaninae are a monophyletic subfamily , and show unequivocally that the \u2018ergalataxines\u2019 ( sensu vermeij & carlson , 2000 ) , represented here by morula , ergalatax , muricodrupa and pascula , do not fall within the rapaninae . the \u2018ergalataxinae\u2019 are recovered as a monophyletic subfamily in all trees except the bayesian 28s tree . agnewia , considered an ergalataxine by vermeij & carlson ( 2000 ) and a rapanine by tan ( 2003 ) , is placed firmly in the rapaninae by our 28s analysis .\nto contribute to this debate , we have generated a molecular phylogeny of 29 muricid species , the largest molecular dataset available for this family at present . our main aim was to test the monophyly of the rapaninae , and the inclusion within it of the \u2018ergalataxine\u2019 clade ( including morula and ergalatax ) . based on available samples , we also aimed to derive a preliminary genus - level phylogeny for the rapaninae .\nsome notes on the genus spinidrupa habe and kosuge , 1966 ( muricidae : ergalataxinae ) , with the description of habromorula gen . nov . ( muricidae : rapaninae ) and four new species from the indo - west pacific\nglobal phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores , molecular phylogenetics and evolution | 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2012 . 09 . 014 | deepdyve\nclaremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . , reid d . g . global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .\nmartine claremont , david g . reid , suzanne t . williams ; a molecular phylogeny of the rapaninae and ergalataxinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 74 , issue 3 , 1 august 2008 , pages 215\u2013221 , urltoken\nclaremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . & reid d . g . ( 2013 ) global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 91\u2013102 . [ published online 28 september 2012 ; code - compliant paper version published january 2013 ] [ details ]\nthe position of drupa morum and d . ricinus within the rapaninae was not resolved in the 28s tree , but in the coi , combined bayesian and combined ml trees there was some support for inclusion of d . ricinus within the thais clade ( coi tree , pp = 70 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 91 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 76 % ) .\nmolecular phylogeny based on the combined dataset , 28s plus coi sequences using ( a ) strict mp analysis and ( b ) ml analysis . support values are parsimony bootstrap values . shaded boxes indicate subfamilies as concluded by this study : darker shading , ergalataxinae ( e ) ; lighter shading , rapaninae ( r ) . other subfamilial assignments are indicated by letters following the species name : m , muricinae ; mo , muricopsinae ; o , ocenebrinae ; t , trophoninae .\nbayesian molecular phylogenies based on 28s sequences ( a ) , coi sequences ( b ) and combined 28s and coi sequences ( c ) . support values are posterior probabilities . shaded boxes indicate subfamilies as concluded by this study : darker shading , ergalataxinae ( e ) ; lighter shading , rapaninae ( r ) . other subfamilial and familial assignments are indicated by letters following the species name : m , muricinae ; mo , muricopsinae ; o , ocenebrinae ; t , trophoninae ; bu , buccinidae .\nso far , molecular data have been little used for the resolution of muricid phylogeny . marko & vermeij ( 1999 ) published a molecular phylogeny of mainly eastern pacific ocenebrines , with two rapanines as the outgroup , which supported monophyly of the ocenebrinae . two other molecular studies focused on relationships within the coralliophilinae , but also showed support for a sister relationship between the coralliophilinae and the rapaninae , although fewer than six non - coralliophiline taxa were sampled ( oliverio & mariottini , 2001 ; oliverio , cervelli & mariottini , 2002 ) .\na rapanine clade was recovered in all analyses with moderate to high support ( 28s tree , pp = 100 % ; coi tree , pp = 88 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bootstrap probability ( bs ) = 78 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 61 % ; figs 2 , 3 ) . the rapaninae clade included the genera agnewia , concholepas , dicathais , drupa , mancinella , menathais , nassa , rapana , semiricinula , stramonita , thais , thalessa and vasula .\nthe division of rapaninae into two principal clades , as suggested by our molecular results , reflects some aspects of previous morphological phylogenies ( but not that of tan , 2003 ; fig . 1 c ) . kool ( 1993a ) retrieved a clade that included vasula , thais and mancinella , similar to our \u2018 thais clade\u2019 , although kool ' s group excluded nassa ( fig . 1 a ) . notably , the inclusion of the type species of thais , t . nodosa , in this clade is only weakly supported in our analyses .\nthe ocenebrinae ( as represented by nucella , acanthina and , for 28s , eupleura ) are monophyletic in all trees , in agreement with previous morphological ( kool , 1993a , b ; tan , 2003 ) and molecular ( marko & vermeij , 1999 ) results . we found no evidence of a sister relationship between rapaninae and ocenebrinae , in contrast to the results of tan ( 2003 ) . however , all studies on the composition and relationships of this group , including our own , suffer from limited sampling of ingroup and / or outgroup taxa .\nthere was some support for two principal clades within the rapaninae . one clade consisted of agnewia tritoniformis , concholepas concholepas , dicathais orbita , rapana rapiformis , semiricinula marginatra , thais speciosa and stramonita haemastoma . this clade , referred to here as the \u2018 concholepas clade\u2019 , was well supported in the coi bayesian tree ( pp = 100 % , fig . 2 b ) , the combined bayesian tree ( pp = 96 % , fig . 2 c ) and the combined ml tree ( bs = 91 % , fig . 3 b ) , but less well supported in the 28s bayesian tree ( pp = 91 % , fig . 2 a ) and the combined mp tree ( bs = 63 % , fig . 3 a ) . ( note that the coi and combined trees include only a subset of the taxa . )\ngenus conothais kuroda , 1930 accepted as pinaxia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( synonym )\ngenus cuma swainson , 1840 accepted as cymia m\u00f6rch , 1860 ( invalid : junior homonym of cuma h . milne - edwards , 1828 [ crustacea ] ; cymia and cumopsis are replacement names )\ngenus planithais bayle in p . fischer , 1884 accepted as tribulus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( synonym )\ngenus provexillum hedley , 1918 accepted as vexilla swainson , 1840 ( unnecessary nom . nov . pro vexilla , by hedley treated as a junior homonym of vexillum r\u00f6ding , 1798 )\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of thaididae jousseaume , 1888 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of concholepadidae perrier , 1897 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]\n( of drupinae wenz , 1938 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of zoology , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk . m . claremont @ urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nlondo , n . headland of pemba bay , cabo delgado prov . , mozambique\nvoucher material is deposited in the collection of the natural history museum , london ( bmnh ) or the australian museum , sydney ( am ) . species are arranged by subfamily as concluded by this study .\nabbreviations : f , r , forward and reverse primers , respectively ; fs , rs , forward and reverse primers used for sequencing only .\nthree datasets were analysed : 28s sequences ( n = 30 ) , coi sequences ( n = 18 ) , and 28s and coi sequences combined , limited to those specimens for which both 28s and coi sequences were available ( n = 18 ) . the buccinid species was used as the outgroup in the 28s analysis . no coi sequence was available for the buccinid , so in the coi and the combined datasets , hexaplex ( muricinae ) was used ( a muricine outgroup was also used in the analysis by kool , 1993a ) .\nforward and reverse sequence fragments were assembled , verified and edited using sequencher ( v4 . 6 ; genecodes corporation , ann arbor , michigan ) . clear heterozygous peaks in both the forward and reverse sequence were scored as polymorphism ( e . g . williams & ozawa , 2006 ) . ribosomal ( 28s ) sequences were aligned using clustalx ( v1 . 8 ; thompson et al . , 1997 ) , where \u2018delay divergent sequences\u2019 was set to 98 % , the gap - opening penalty was set to 20 and a gap - extension penalty was set to 5 . poorly aligned sites were removed with gblocks ( v . 0 . 91beta ; castresana , 2000 ) , with the minimum number of sequences for a conserved position set to 70 % of the total number of sequences , the minimum number of sequences for a flanking position set to 90 % of the total number of sequences , the maximum number of contiguous non - conserved positions set to three , and the minimum length of a block set to five . no gap positions were allowed . minor adjustments to the resulting alignments were made by eye in macclade ( v4 . 06 osx ; maddison & maddison , 2003 ) .\ntwenty - four different models of nucleotide substitution were tested for each gene partition ( 28s and coi ) using mrmodeltest ( v . 2 . 2 ; j . nylander , urltoken ) . for 28s and coi , the best model ( as chosen by both the hierarchical ratio test and akaike ' s information criterion ) was gtr + i + g . however , in the case of coi , additional comparisons of log - likelihoods indicated that a model that allowed site - specific rate variation across codon positions was a significantly better fit to the data . further testing identified a different model of nucleotide substitution for each codon partition . therefore , bayesian analysis was performed twice , once using a gtr + ss model over the entire coi partition and once allowing each codon to evolve separately ( position 1 : sym + i ; position 2 : gtr ; position 3 : hky + g ) . the latter resulted in an improved bayes factor , and the resulting bayesian tree was therefore preferred .\ncongruence of genes within combined datasets was checked by the partition homogeneity test implemented in paup * ( v . 4 . 0b10 ; swofford , 2002 ) , with 1 , 000 replicates . the starting tree was obtained with stepwise addition , and taxa added randomly ( 10 replicates ) . new trees were generated using the tree - bisection - reconnection algorithm ( tbr ) and a heuristic search . gaps were treated as missing and multistate characters were interpreted as polymorphisms . because the validity of the partition homogeneity test has been questioned ( see e . g . quicke , jones & epstein , 2007 ) , individual gene trees were also examined visually to determine whether any strongly supported branches ( posterior probability , pp \u2265 95 % ) were in conflict .\nphylogenies were constructed from the three datasets using bayesian inference and the markov chain monte carlo method ( mcmc ) ( mrbayes v . 3 . 1 , huelsenbeck & ronquist , 2001 ) . parameters for each gene were set according to the best model , and were free to vary between gene partitions . any branches with less than 50 % posterior probability support were collapsed . the mcmc analysis ran for 3 , 500 , 000 generations , with a sample frequency of 1 , 000 and a burn - in of 1 , 501 . analyses were performed twice , computing the final tree from a combination of all retained trees .\nconvergence was first tested by examining the average deviation of the split frequencies of the two runs , in order to determine whether the two runs had converged . the log - likelihood values of the data ( after burn - in ) and the potential scale reduction factor ( psrf ) were also assessed .\nin order to compare different analytical methods , analysis of the combined dataset was performed using both unweighted maximum parsimony ( mp ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) in paup * , estimating nodal support by means of bootstrap values . for the parsimony analysis , gaps were treated as missing and multistate taxa were treated as polymorphism . the starting tree was obtained by stepwise addition , taxa were added randomly ( 1 , 000 replicates ) , and a heuristic search was performed . in the ml analysis , a gtr + i + g model was used , with starting values for all parameters estimated from the bayesian tree . in both analyses , bootstrap values were computed using a heuristic search with the 50 % majority consensus rule . the number of bootstrap replicates was 10 , 000 in the mp analysis and 1 , 000 in the ml analysis .\nthe mitochondrial gene coi was difficult to amplify for some samples , perhaps due to poor preservation . however , we were able to amplify approximately 700 bp of coi in 60 % of the taxa sequenced . after the removal of primer sequences , 658 bases remained for phylogenetic analysis . of these , 246 were phylogenetically informative : 41 in position one , two in position two and 203 in position three . there were no gaps or stop codons within the coi alignment .\nthe 28s alignment , initially 1 , 521 bp ( after the removal of primer regions ) , was reduced by 9 % to 1 , 332 bp after ambiguously aligned sites were removed . seventy - seven of the remaining sites were phylogenetically informative . results using hexaplex as outgroup and excluding buccinum were consistent with those using the buccinid outgroup ( tree not shown ) .\nthe results of the partition homogeneity test indicated that there was no significant incongruence between the coi and 28s datasets ( p = 0 . 574 ) . in addition , comparison of the bayesian trees for the independent coi and 28s datasets indicated that no well supported clades ( pp \u2265 95 % ) were in conflict between the gene trees . therefore , the datasets for the 18 taxa represented by both genes were combined . in this combined dataset of 1 , 990 characters , 303 were phylogenetically informative .\naverage standard deviation of split frequencies converged on zero for all trees recovered by bayesian analysis ( fig . 2 ) and log - likelihood values after burn - in had reached stationarity . psrf values for all runs were 1 . 00 .\nthe other rapanine clade consisted of mancinella intermedia , nassa serta , thalessa distinguenda , thais nodosa , menathais tuberosa and vasula melones . this clade is referred to here as the \u2018 thais clade\u2019 , because it includes the type species , t . nodosa . the thais clade had low to moderate support in all bayesian and ml trees ( 28s tree , pp = 85 % ; coi tree , pp = 70 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 72 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 76 % ; figs 2 , 3 b ) . a similar clade , including m . intermedia , t . distinguenda and m . tuberosa , but not thais nodosa , received low support in the combined mp tree ( bs = 64 % , fig . 3 a ) .\nan ocenebrine clade , represented by acanthina monodon , eupleura nitida and nucella lapillus , was well supported in all analyses ( 28s tree , pp = 100 % ; coi tree , pp = 100 % ; combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bs = 100 % ; combined ml tree , bs = 100 % ; figs 2 , 3 ; eupleura included in 28s tree only ) . the 28s analysis supported a muricine clade of hexaplex trunculus and murex occa ( pp = 100 % ; fig . 2 a ) . a muricopsine clade , represented by favartia alveata and muricopsis schrammi , was well supported in both the combined bayesian and combined parsimony trees ( combined bayesian tree , pp = 100 % ; combined mp tree , bs = 78 % ; figs 2 c , 3 a ) , but less well supported in the combined ml tree ( bs = 61 % , fig . 3b ) . the phylogenetic relationships among these subfamilies were not well resolved .\nour limited sampling of other muricid subfamilies , poor basal resolution and lack of some subfamilies ( such as coralliophilinae , haustrinae and typhinae ) preclude further discussion of relationships among them .\nour \u2018 concholepas clade\u2019 has not been retrieved as a monophyletic group in previous analyses . nevertheless , concholepas , stramonita and rapana were relatively basal in the rapanine phylogeny of kool ( 1993a ) , as were concholepas , rapana and dicathais in that of vermeij & carlson ( 2000 ) , indicating a degree of morphological similarity among these genera ( although this was interpreted as plesiomorphic resemblance within the cladistic analyses ) . our use of the genus thais follows vermeij ( 2001 ) . the appearance of thais speciosa in the concholepas clade , rather than the thais clade , is consistent with vermeij ' s observation that this species is not a typical member of the genus , and indicates that thais ( sensu vermeij , 2001 ) is not monophyletic .\nour sampling of ergalataxinae is too limited to draw many conclusions at this stage . the genus morula ( as used by houart , 2004 ) is polyphyletic , if the genera ergalatax , pascula and muricodrupa are accorded generic rank . the generic name habromorula is available for morula spinosa and tenguella for morula granulata ( houart , 2004 ) .\nour sampling is too limited to permit more than brief speculation on the biogeography of rapanine muricids . the \u2018 concholepas clade\u2019 contains two eastern pacific taxa ( concholepas , thais speciosa ) , one from the atlantic ( stramonita haemastoma ) , two from southern australasia ( agnewia , dicathais ) and two from the tropical indo - west pacific ( rapana , semiricinula ) . this wide distribution could imply an originally tethyan range for this clade , with restriction to refugia ( e . g . wilson & allen , 1987 ) . alternatively , there is a suggestion of a southern high - latitude connection among the genera concholepas , agnewia , dicathais and possibly stramonita ( represented in the south - temperate eastern pacific , as well as in the tropical eastern pacific , and tropical and temperate atlantic ) . the thais clade , on the other hand , appears to be entirely tropical on the basis of our sampling .\nwe would like to thank the australian museum ( sydney ) for loan of specimens and the following for donation of additional material : p . kuklinski , j . d . taylor , m . a . e . malaquias , e . a . glover , j . a . jara and g . poppe . we are extremely grateful to j . d . taylor , g . j . vermeij and k . s . tan for helpful comments and suggestions . pat dyal and the molecular biology unit at the nhm helped mc with sequencing . this paper was edited by jms associate editor j . d . taylor , and we thank him and two anonymous referees .\nreview of the recent species of morula ( oppomorus ) , m . ( azumamorula ) and m . ( habromorula ) ( gastropoda : muricidae : ergalataxinae )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nmarlo added a link to\nstramonita rustica ( lamarck , 1822 )\non\nstramonita rustica ( lamarck , 1822 )\n.\nit is quite doubtful that the two specimen photos above are s . rustica . see link in my next post .\nmarlo added a link to\nstramonita haemastoma floridana ( conrad , 1837 ) , florida rock shell\non\nstramonita floridana ( conrad , 1837 )\n.\nmarlo added a link to\nlet ' s talk seashells ! - > stramonita haemastoma canaliculata ( gray , 1839 )\non\nstramonita canaliculata ( gray , 1839 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\ndescription : shell solid , with five spiral rows of nodules on body whorl , with a variable number of scaly ribs between . ( the shell is usually eroded , so this fine sculpture is normally not present ) . outer lip thick , curved , with four teeth internally , more or less the same size . columella thickly calloused , smooth . external colour grey with black nodules ; deep interior of aperture purple - grey , teeth white ; outer lip cream or cream alternating with black or brown .\nsize : up to 35 mm in length , but usually less than 20 mm .\ndistribution : northern australia , from north - western australia to twofold bay , nsw . ( see comparison below ) .\ncomparison : there has been debate as to whether this species is distinct from the widespread tropical indo - west pacific species morula granulata ( duclos , 1832 ) . however , the most recent work by tan ( 1995 ) makes a convincing case for it being a distinct species , and presents the following comparison of characters .\nmorula granulata : entire indo - west pacific region , from eastern africa to the eastern pacific , including northern australia from central western australia to queensland . in queensland , it occurs on the outlying area of the great barrier reef .\nmorula marginalba : northern australia , from north - western australia to twofold bay , nsw , on the coast and continental islands , and other islands of the central indo - west pacific .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nclaremont , martine ; vermeij , geerat j . ; williams , suzanne t . ; reid , david g .\nyou appear to have a browser that does not support javascript or javascript has been disabled . dropdown menus will not work however the links contained in the dropdowns can be accessed in the\nitems in spiral are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\ndeepdyve requires javascript to function . please enable javascript on your browser to continue .\nclaremont , martine ; vermeij , geerat j . ; williams , suzanne t . ; reid , david g .\nthanks for helping us catch any problems with articles on deepdyve . we ' ll do our best to fix them .\ncheck all that apply - please note that only the first page is available if you have not selected a reading option after clicking\nread article\n.\ninclude any more information that will help us locate the issue and fix it faster for you .\nch\u00e1vez , e . a . ; michel - morfin , j . e .\nsome notes on the genus spinidrupa habe and kosuge , 1966 ( muricidae : ergalataxinae ) , with the description of habromorula gen . nov . ( muricidae : rapaniane ) and four new species from the indo - west pacific\nresults of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon ( 1990 ) : part 5 . mollusca , gastropoda , muricidae\na mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . wilis , f . r . s . philos\nit\u2019s your single place to instantly discover and read the research that matters to you .\nenjoy affordable access to over 18 million articles from more than 15 , 000 peer - reviewed journals .\nsave any article or search result from deepdyve , pubmed , and google scholar . . . all in one place .\nget unlimited , online access to over 18 million full - text articles from more than 15 , 000 scientific journals .\nread from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from springernature , elsevier , wiley - blackwell , oxford university press and more .\n\u201chi guys , i cannot tell you how much i love this resource . incredible . i really believe you ' ve hit the nail on the head with this site in regards to solving the research - purchase issue . \u201d\n\u201ci must say , @ deepdyve is a fabulous solution to the independent researcher ' s problem of # access to # information . \u201d\n\u201cmy last article couldn ' t be possible without the platform @ deepdyve that makes journal papers cheaper . \u201d\nby signing up , you agree to deepdyve\u2019s terms of service and privacy policy .\nto save an article , log in first , or sign up for a deepdyve account if you don\u2019t already have one .\nto subscribe to email alerts , please log in first , or sign up for a deepdyve account if you don\u2019t already have one .\nto get new article updates from a journal on your personalized homepage , please log in first , or sign up for a deepdyve account if you don\u2019t already have one .\nmartine claremont , geerat j vermeij , suzanne t williams , david g reid .\nauthors : benjamin merget , christian koetschan , thomas hackl , frank f\u00f6rster , thomas dandekar , tobias m\u00fcller , j\u00f6rg schultz , matthias wolf .\nauthors : colin halford , vincent gau , bernard m . churchill , david a . haake .\ninstitutions : veterans affairs greater los angeles healthcare system , university of california , los angeles , genefluidics , veterans affairs greater los angeles healthcare system , university of california , los angeles .\nelectrochemical sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of analytes . electrochemical sensors operate by transducing a biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal . signal transduction occurs by coupling the activity of a redox enzyme to an amperometric electrode . sensor specificity is either an inherent characteristic of the enzyme , glucose oxidase in the case of a glucose sensor , or a product of linkage between the enzyme and an antibody or probe . here , we describe an electrochemical sensor assay method to directly detect and identify bacteria . in every case , the probes described here are dna oligonucleotides . this method is based on sandwich hybridization of capture and detector probes with target ribosomal rna ( rrna ) . the capture probe is anchored to the sensor surface , while the detector probe is linked to horseradish peroxidase ( hrp ) . when a substrate such as 3 , 3 ' , 5 , 5 ' - tetramethylbenzidine ( tmb ) is added to an electrode with capture - target - detector complexes bound to its surface , the substrate is oxidized by hrp and reduced by the working electrode . this redox cycle results in shuttling of electrons by the substrate from the electrode to hrp , producing current flow in the electrode .\nauthors : r . craig stillwell , ian dworkin , alexander w . shingleton , w . anthony frankino .\nauthors : rangaraj m . rangayyan , shantanu banik , j . e . leo desautels .\nauthors : peiling yap , thomas f\u00fcrst , ivan m\u00fcller , susi kriemler , j\u00fcrg utzinger , peter steinmann .\ninstitutions : swiss tropical and public health institute , basel , switzerland , university of basel , basel , switzerland .\nauthors : yanping chen , adena why , gustavo batista , agenor mafra - neto , eamonn keogh .\ninstitutions : university of california , riverside , university of california , riverside , university of s\u00e3o paulo - usp , isca technologies .\nauthors : jo - ann mcclure - warnier , john m . conly , kunyan zhang .\ninstitutions : alberta health services / calgary laboratory services / university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary , university of calgary .\ndiffusion tensor imaging ( dti ) techniques provide information on the microstructural processes of the cerebral white matter ( wm ) in vivo . the present applications are designed to investigate differences of wm involvement patterns in different brain diseases , especially neurodegenerative disorders , by use of different dti analyses in comparison with matched controls . dti data analysis is performed in a variate fashion , i . e . voxelwise comparison of regional diffusion direction - based metrics such as fractional anisotropy ( fa ) , together with fiber tracking ( ft ) accompanied by tractwise fractional anisotropy statistics ( tfas ) at the group level in order to identify differences in fa along wm structures , aiming at the definition of regional patterns of wm alterations at the group level . transformation into a stereotaxic standard space is a prerequisite for group studies and requires thorough data processing to preserve directional inter - dependencies . the present applications show optimized technical approaches for this preservation of quantitative and directional information during spatial normalization in data analyses at the group level . on this basis , ft techniques can be applied to group averaged data in order to quantify metrics information as defined by ft . additionally , application of dti methods , i . e . differences in fa - maps after stereotaxic alignment , in a longitudinal analysis at an individual subject basis reveal information about the progression of neurological disorders . further quality improvement of dti based results can be obtained during preprocessing by application of a controlled elimination of gradient directions with high noise levels . in summary , dti is used to define a distinct wm pathoanatomy of different brain diseases by the combination of whole brain - based and tract - based dti analysis .\nauthors : evan l . pannkuk , thomas s . risch , brett j . savary .\nauthors : mayandi sivaguru , glenn a . fried , carly a . h . miller , bruce w . fouke .\ninstitutions : university of illinois at urbana - champaign , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , university of illinois at urbana - champaign .\nauthors : timothy j . gray , lee thomas , tom olma , david h . mitchell , jon r . iredell , sharon c . a . chen .\nan important role of the clinical microbiology laboratory is to provide rapid identification of bacteria causing bloodstream infection . traditional identification requires the sub - culture of signaled blood culture broth with identification available only after colonies on solid agar have matured . maldi - tof ms is a reliable , rapid method for identification of the majority of clinically relevant bacteria when applied to colonies on solid media . the application of maldi - tof ms directly to blood culture broth is an attractive approach as it has potential to accelerate species identification of bacteria and improve clinical management . however , an important problem to overcome is the pre - analysis removal of interfering resins , proteins and hemoglobin contained in blood culture specimens which , if not removed , interfere with the ms spectra and can result in insufficient or low discrimination identification scores . in addition it is necessary to concentrate bacteria to develop spectra of sufficient quality . the presented method describes the concentration , purification , and extraction of gram negative bacteria allowing for the early identification of bacteria from a signaled blood culture broth .\nauthors : vladimir a . timoshevskiy , atashi sharma , igor v . sharakhov , maria v . sharakhova .\nauthors : nikki m . curthoys , michael j . mlodzianoski , dahan kim , samuel t . hess .\nhigh levels of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition . this situation causes oxidation of molecules ( lipid , dna , protein ) and leads to cell death . oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes , retinopathies , neurodegeneration , and cancer . thus , it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms . here , we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress . taking advantage of fluorescent ros probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines , we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo : i ) a \u201cwhole embryo ros - detection method\u201d for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii ) a \u201csingle - cell ros detection method\u201d for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress . herein , we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods . this protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause - effect relationships of ros in animal models of oxidative stress - related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer .\ninstitutions : barts and the london school of medicine and dentistry , barts and the london school of medicine and dentistry .\nhigh efficiency transformation is a major limitation in the study of mycobacteria . the genus mycobacterium can be difficult to transform ; this is mainly caused by the thick and waxy cell wall , but is compounded by the fact that most molecular techniques have been developed for distantly - related species such as escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis . in spite of these obstacles , mycobacterial plasmids have been identified and dna transformation of many mycobacterial species have now been described . the most successful method for introducing dna into mycobacteria is electroporation . many parameters contribute to successful transformation ; these include the species / strain , the nature of the transforming dna , the selectable marker used , the growth medium , and the conditions for the electroporation pulse . optimized methods for the transformation of both slow - and fast - grower are detailed here . transformation efficiencies for different mycobacterial species and with various selectable markers are reported .\nmicrobiology , issue 15 , springer protocols , mycobacteria , electroporation , bacterial transformation , transformation efficiency , bacteria , tuberculosis , m . smegmatis , springer protocols\ncopyright \u00a9 jove 2006 - 2015 . all rights reserved . policies | license agreement | issn 1940 - 087x\njove visualize is a tool created to match the last 5 years of pubmed publications to methods in jove ' s video library .\nwe use abstracts found on pubmed and match them to jove videos to create a list of 10 to 30 related methods videos .\nin developing our video relationships , we compare around 5 million pubmed articles to our library of over 4 , 500 methods videos . in some cases the language used in the pubmed abstracts makes matching that content to a jove video difficult . in other cases , there happens not to be any content in our video library that is relevant to the topic of a given abstract . in these cases , our algorithms are trying their best to display videos with relevant content , which can sometimes result in matched videos with only a slight relation .\nworms - world register of marine species - pinaxia h . adams & a . adams , 1853\nadams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 : 132 [ details ]\nn . puillandre , 1 t . f . duda , 2 c . meyer , 3 b . m . olivera , 4 and p . bouchet 5\ncorrespondence : n . puillandre ; e - mail : rf . nhnm @ erdnalliup\ncopyright \u00a9 the author 2014 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved\nrecently published a phylogeny of the cone snails based on 330 species and sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions . in the present paper we utilized this molecular phylogeny as a foundation to establish a new genus - and subgenus - level classification of the conidae , with four genera (\n) . we also tentatively allocate all cone snail species currently considered as valid in worms , but not represented in the molecular phylogeny , to genera and subgenera based on their morphological characters .\nsimplified version of the bayesian tree based on the concatenation of sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions ( coi , 16s , 12s ) and published by puillandre et al . ( 2014 : fig . 2 ) showing the proposed classification . genera and subgenera with multiple species are reduced to triangles , whose lengths are proportional to the branch lenghts . posterior probabilities ( > 0 . 95 ) are shown for each node . only ( sub ) genera with at least one sequenced representative are figured .\nproposing a classification based on a phylogeny mainly consists of ( 1 ) identifying the groups that will be named ; ( 2 ) attributing available names and , if necessary , establishing new ones , for the groups identified in ( 1 ) ; and ( 3 ) ranking these names .\nas far as possible , only well supported ( bootstrap probability > 90 % ; bayesian posterior probability > 0 . 95 ) clades ( and single - species lineages ) were linked to names . when several alternatives were possible ( e . g . one supported clade that includes two supported clades , both with available names attributable to them ) , other characters and properties , such as shell morphology , type of prey , bathymetric and / or geographical distribution , were considered in order to identify the most appropriate grouping to minimize within - group variability . overall , a conservative approach was adopted , to minimize the number of supraspecific taxa , both named and unnamed . in two cases ( pyruconus and cylinder ) we attributed a name to a group we recognized to be non - monophyletic ( although this non - monophyly is not supported ) , in order to avoid having to establish new names for many small clades . such polyphyletic , but morphologically consistent , genera may correspond to grades and in future each of the included clades may be shown to deserve its own name .\nas far as possible , a genus - group name ( i . e . a genus or subgenus ) was applied based on the position of its type species in the tree . if the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus had not been sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar species used in the molecular analysis . if more than one name was applicable for a clade , the valid name was determined by the rule of priority . in the classification below , od refers to the fixation of type species by original designation , sd by subsequent designation and m by monotypy ( as defined by iczn , 1999 : art . 68 , 69 , respectively ) .\nall the 803 species of conidae listed as valid in worms ( 2014 ) were allocated to genera and subgenera , with two levels of confidence . those printed in bold font were placed in the classification based on the dna sequences of puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) . the others were classified based on their shell and / or radula characters , following tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) and , for species not included or considered as synonyms by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) , following petuch ( 2013 ) or the advice of m . tenorio ( personal communication ) .\nspecies sometimes referred to as \u2018cone snails\u2019 but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species\u2014which resorb them\u2014may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\n[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]\nremarks : conus californicus has always been considered a unique species within cone snails , because of its molecular ( including toxicological : biggs et al . , 2010 ; elliger et al . , 2011 ) and morphological singularities and also because of its diet , since it is able to prey indifferently on fish , molluscs and worms ( kohn , 1966 ) .\nremarks : puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) did not sequence the type species of profundiconus ; their sequenced material was identified as p . aff . profundorum . however , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 , 2013 ) found profundiconus to be a morphologically well supported group and we are thus confident in applying this name to the clade containing p . aff . profundorum .\ntype species : conus pagoda kiener , 1847 ; sd , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 : 140 ) ( under iczn , 1999 : art . 70 . 3 . 2 ) .\n[ synonym : duodenticonus tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : asprella memiae habe & kosuge , 1970 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nremarks : the species c . kimioi was placed in the subgenus boucheticonus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported .\nhenriquei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : kermasprella powell , 1958 ; type species : conus raoulensis powell , 1958 ; od . yeddoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus sieboldii reeve , 1848 ; od ]\n[ synonyms : bathyconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus orbignyi audouin , 1831 ; od ; n . syn . fumiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus traversianus e . a . smith , 1875 , od ; n . syn . viminiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus vimineus reeve , 1849 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nelegans ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) n . comb .\narcuata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) n . comb .\nremarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) included both conasprella delesserti and conasprella arcuata in kohniconus . in our analysis , the two species do not cluster together . the name kohniconus could have been applied to the lineage that includes the species c . delessertii , but because of the closer morphological resemblance of conus emarginatus with c . arcuata , we have applied kohniconus to the lineage that includes c . arcuata .\nsagei ( korn & g . raybaudi massilia , 1993 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : globiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus tornatus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . jaspidiconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus jaspideus gmelin , 1791 ; od ; n . syn . perplexiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus perplexus g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ; od ; n . syn . ]\narawak ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nbaccata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1877 ) n . comb .\nberschaueri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nericmonnieri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nherndli ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nogum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nperplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) n . comb .\nporemskii ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nsimonei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\ntornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : cucullus r\u00f6ding , 1798 ; type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , 1758 ; sd , winckworth ( 1945 : 139 ) . coronaxis swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus bandanus hwass , 1792 ; m ]\ntype species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 , by typification of replaced name . asprella was established as a substitute name for cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( see below ) . conus asper was not among the 11 species included in asprella by schaufuss ( 1869 : 43\u201344 ) , and wenz ( 1940 ) cited conus sulcatus brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ( a species originally included by schaufuss ) as the type species ; conus sulcatus and c . asper are subjective synonyms .\n[ synonyms : cylindrella swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 ; subjective synonym of conus sulcatus hwass , 1792 ; m . cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( conidae ) , is a homonym of cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( urocoptidae ) and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn , 1999 : opinion 1030 . sulciconus bielz , 1869 ; type species ( here designated ) : conus sulcatus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 , n . syn . the names asprella and sulciconus were both published in 1869 and their exact dates of publication are not known in order to establish priority . under iczn ( 1999 ) : art . 24 . 2 , we act here as first revisers and give precedence to the name asprella over sulciconus . ]\n[ possible senior synonym : mamiconus cotton & godfrey , 1932 ; type species : conus superstes hedley , 1911 ; od . the identity of c . superstes is uncertain ; it is listed as a nomen dubium by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) ]"]}
{"id": 140, "summary": [{"text": "grotella citronella is a species of moth in the genus grotella , of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this moth species is found in north america , including the mojave desert region of california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "grotella citronella", "paragraphs": ["grotella citronella barnes & mcdunnough , 1916 ; 5 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : california , riverside co . , palm springs\nthe moth is at least somewhat worn . but it might be a member of the grotellini , possibly 11227 - grotella citronella or some other grotella . see grotellini plate at mpg . ( no rsvp , thanks )\nlectotype for grotella citronella barnes & mcdunnough , 1916 catalog number : usnm collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of entomology sex / stage : male ; preparation : pinned locality : riverside co . , palm springs , california , united states\ngrotella vagans barnes & benjamin , 1922 ; 15 ; tl : nevada , clark co .\ngrotella parvipuncta barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; 19 ; tl : new mexico , ft . wingate ; deming\ngrotella stretchi barnes & benjamin , 1922 ; 14 ; tl : california , riverside co . , palm springs\ngrotella ( grotellini ) ; [ nacl ] , 159 ; [ mna26 . 1 ] , 26 ( note )\ngrotella vauriae mcelvare , 1950 ; 117 ; tl : texas , brewster co . , near hot springs , tornillo creek\ngrotella blanchardi mcelvare , 1966 ; j . lep . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 91 ; tl : new mexico , eddy co . , white city\ngrotella margueritaria blanchard , 1968 ; j . lep . soc . 22 ( 3 ) : 142 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : texas , [ brewster co . ] , big bend national park , chihuahuan desert nr . nugent mountain , 914m\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nlectotype : barnes & mcdunnough . 1916 . contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . 3 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 3 , fig . 13 adult .\npoole , robert w . ( march 30 , 1995 ) . the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 26 . 1 . noctuoidea , noctuidae : cuculliinae , stiriinae , psaphidinae . charles l . hogue ( illustrator ) , brit griswold ( illustrator ) , chip clark ( photographer ) , patricia gentili ( photographer ) . wedge entomological research foundation . pp . 249 . isbn 0 - 933003 - 07 - 2 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ mna26 . 1 ] ; poole , 1995 the moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidae , noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , striinae , psaphidinae moths am . n of mexico 26 . 1 : 1 - 249\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npoole , robert w . / poole , robert w . , and patricia gentili , eds .\nnomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america , vol . 3 : diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npale yellow moth with spots adjacent to the outer margin - schinia luxa - bugguide . net\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nfull text of\ncontributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . .\nfull text of\ncontributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . ."]}
{"id": 151, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes cacula is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from delaware to florida , arkansas , oklahoma and illinois . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chionodes cacula", "paragraphs": ["chionodes cacula hodges , 1999 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 6\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nthe moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae , gelechiinae ( part : chionodes ) ronald w . hodges . 1999 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53\n= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nlarva on quercu hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54\ns . yukon - washington , northwest territories - nova scotia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on arctostaphylos uva - ursi clarke , 1947 , j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244"]}
{"id": 157, "summary": [{"text": "nyassachromis prostoma is a species of fish in the family cichlidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to lake malawi and found in malawi and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nyassachromis prostoma", "paragraphs": ["nyassachromis prostoma is an mouthbrooding cichlid from lake malawi , africa . it was first typed by trewavas in 1935 .\na male of nyassachromis prostoma at gome rock , lake malawi [ malawi ] . photo by ad konings . determiner ad konings\nconservation : nyassachromis prostoma is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2006 ) .\nnyassachromis prostoma has is occasionally available on cichlid sellers website . wild - caught fish would be $ 60 - $ 80 each . two inch juveniles go for about $ 8 to $ 12 each .\nin the wild , nyassachromis prostoma is an open water planktivore , but it is not difficult to feed in the aquarium . flake food , repashy spawn and grow , new life spectrum and xtreme pellets were all eagerly accepted by my group of fish .\nnyassachromis prostoma is a not a very aggressive cichlid and presents few problems . this fish should definitely be kept over sand since bower building is a prelude to courtship . my group did great in ordinary chicago water ( ph 7 . 4 ) at 78f .\ni obtained a group of eight , adult nyassachromis prostoma from a gcca rare fish auction in 2013 . the fish were a couple of inches long when i got them and i placed them in a 90 - gallon tank with substrate of quartz pool filter sand . this tank had only a few rocks for landscaping and was filtered by a tidepool ii wet / dry filter\nthis species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus copadichromis but is now valid in the genus nyassachromis ( konings 2016 ) . an amended assessment has been produced to reflect this taxonomic change .\nmembers of the genus nyassachromis prostoma were formerly placed in the copadichromis genus , but konings advises that juvenile color pattern was one reason why these fish were split into a new genus . nyassachromis are characterized by a rather small head and narrow body and conspicuous line on the body . males get up to six or seven inches while females stay smaller . this is a mostly silvery fish , but males have a nice bright blue sheen to the front third of the body and over the flank . the orange cap variety can have reddish coloration on the head , but it is not always very visible . the dorsal offers some red coloration , but the anal fin is mostly nondescript with only an egg dummy or two . females are smaller by an inch or two and are silver with a blue sheen .\nthis species has a dark lateral stripe on the body . konings ( 1995 ) regards this species as belonging to the genus nyassachromis due to its basic pigmentation pattern as well as its habit of constructing spawning cones , since all other species in the genus copadichromis have spots or lack pattern on the flanks and are not known to build spawning cones on sand [ except for copadichromis likomae ( iles , 1960 ) ] . this species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus copadichromis but is now valid in the genus nyassachromis ( konings 2016 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nkonings , a . 2016 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat , 5th edition . cichlid press , el paso , usa .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi . fairly widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .\nendemic to lake malawi . recorded from the northwestern coast but also observed on the east coast near masinje .\nit prefers shallow water and is rarely seen in large numbers at depths of more than 10 m . breeds from august to december . it constructs sand castle nests on the sand . a zooplanktivorous feeder .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t60873a120691485 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsign up for email reminders for meetings , swaps , auctions , and other events .\nemail reminders for meeting notices providing a reminder for our next meeting , speaker info , rare fish auctions , picnics and holiday party .\nemail reminders for vendors to alert them when the next swap vendor signup dates are .\ni have found repashy spawn and grow to be a great conditioning food for large malawians . when the males were about five inches long , i observed the largest individual digging pits in the sand . this large male dug a pit which was at least three inches deep and about a foot around . a couple of weeks later , i observed my first female holding . i allowed the female to hold for 14 days after which i stripped her of 22 large fry .\ni offered live baby brine shrimp as a first food and the babies grew steadily .\nthe greater chicago cichlid association \u2014 gcca \u2014 is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .\nfrom lake nyassa + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4979 )\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . copadichromis . p . 51 - 58 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4979 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\ntrewavas , ethelwynn . 1935 .\na synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa\n. annals and magazine of natural history . series 10 ; pp . 65 - 118 ( crc00118 )\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) asn . 1 xml insdseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nthis entry is the master record for a targeted locus set and contains no sequence data .\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . ."]}
{"id": 163, "summary": [{"text": "brachyuromys is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : betsileo short-tailed rat ( brachyuromys betsileoensis ) gregarious short-tailed rat ( brachyuromys ramirohitra )", "topic": 29}], "title": "brachyuromys", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmadagaskarinrotat\nto\nbrachyuromys\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmadagaskarinyl\u00e4nk\u00f6rotta\nto\nbrachyuromys ramirohitra major , 1896\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmadagaskarinrotta\nto\nbrachyuromys betsileoensis ( bartlett , 1880 )\n.\nellerman ( 1941 ) allied brachyuromys as a tribe within tachyoryctinae , an affinity earlier considered plausible by major ( 1897 ) . cladistic interpretation of cytochrome b sequences instead indicates close kinship with nesomys ( jansa et al . , 1999 ) . specific discrimination and distributions reviewed by jansa and carleton ( 2003 b ) .\nty - jour ti - on the malagasy rodent genus brachyuromys ; and on the mutual relations of some groups of the muridae ( hesperomyinae , microtinae , murinae , and\nspalacidae\n) with each other and with the malagasy nesomyinae t2 - proceedings of the zoological society of london . vl - 1897 ur - urltoken pb - academic press , [ etc . ] , cy - london : py - 1897 sp - 695 ep - 720 do - 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1897 . tb03114 . x sn - 0370 - 2774 au - major , c i forsyth er -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : although this species is poorly known , it is listed as least concern as it is expected to be found to be more widely distributed in appropriate habitat ( with adequate sampling ) and although the habitat is at risk from agriculture and fires , the decline is not likely to warrant the listing of this species in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to eastern madagascar where it has been recorded from three sites in the south - eastern lowlands ( the type locality of ampitambe , amboasary , and the andringitra massif ) and the anjanaharibe - sud massif , near andapa . additional collections are needed to better establish the extent of the species ' range between the former three localities and the much more northerly anjanaharibe - sud massif , since there have been inadequate surveys for this species in the areas between the known localities . for example , it has recently been found in the forest of marolambo ( d . rakotondravony and m . raherisehena , unpubl . ) . it has been recorded at elevations of between 900 and 2 , 000 m asl ( soarimalala and goodman 2008 ) .\nthis species appears to be hard to capture , so there are no reliable estimates of abundance .\nthis species has been recorded from both montane and sclerophyllous forest . animals have been caught on the ground close to extensive tunnel networks associated with tangled roots ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . the species is predominantly forest - dwelling , but tolerant of a certain level of disturbance ( goodman and raherilalao 2013 ) .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss from agriculture and fire . there is good evidence that all nesomyinae species ( especially those found over 800 m ) are susceptible to 100 % mortality from plague from introduced rodents - these seem to be localized events .\nthis species is present in the andringitra national park . there is a need to further research the distribution , population and natural history of this species . there is an importance for conserving the marolambo - fandriana forest corridor .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : listed as least concern as although affected by habitat loss and other threats , the species is widespread and abundant , present in protected areas , and occurs in modified habitats .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern - central highlands of madagascar . the northern limit of its range appears to be southeast of lac alaotra , the southern limit seems to be the andringitra massif . however , it may range further north of lac alaotra ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . the elevational range is from 1900 to around 2 , 600 m asl .\nthere are no good abundance data , but even in some areas outside of forest it is remarkably common . in some open grassland pseudo - steppe habitat , the species is common ( langrand and goodman 1997 ) .\nit is associated with heathland , lush wet meadows , marshy wetland areas , grasslands and scherophylous forest . individuals can be found in abandoned rice fields ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . the females are suspected to have a maximum of two young .\nin some of the areas where this species occurs , there is habitat loss through conversion to cultivated land , fires and fragmentation of habitat . some areas of habitat conversion may be beneficial for the local abundance of this species . this species may be suffering competition in abandoned rice fields from the introduced black rat ( rattus rattus ) although further studies are needed to confirm this ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . there is good evidence that all nesomyinae species ( especially those found over 800 m ) are susceptible to 100 % mortality from plague from introduced rodents - these seem to be localized events .\nthis species has been recorded from the ranomafana national park ( jansa and carleton 2003 ) . further studies into the natural history , population , and distribution of this species are needed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : extent poorly documented , but recent records paint a broader distribution in the central highlands ( soarimalala et al . , 2001 ) as well as its presumably isolated occurrence in the northern highlands ( jansa and carleton , 2003b )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : central highlands and its eastern fringes , ca . 900 - 2450 m , madagascar .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npublic domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
{"id": 175, "summary": [{"text": "the greater musky fruit bat ( ptenochirus jagori ) is a species of megabat in the family pteropodidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is endemic to the philippines .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it was named by peters for fedor jagor . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "greater musky fruit bat", "paragraphs": ["id to ptenochirus sp . suggested by rai gomez ( philippine bat champions ) .\nspecies confirmed by balete ds ( philippine bat champions ) and added it is a juvenile . urltoken\ntotal length 120 - 145 mm ; tail 6 - 18 mm ; ear 18 - 25 mm ; forearm 76 - 91 mm ; weight 62 - 97 g . a fairly large fruit bat with a broad , dark head and stout muzzle . four upper and two lower incisors . adults with a shoulder ruff of fur , usually with a gland beneath the ruff that produces a yellow oily material , which stains the ruff . a distinctive odor of \u201csweet musty cinnamon\u201d is usually present , especially on males . males slightly larger and darker than females . - urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nong , p . , rosell - ambal , g . & tabaranza , b . , heaney , l . , pedregosa , m . , paguntalan , l . m . , cari\u00f1o , a . b . , ramayla , s . , duya , p . , warguez , d . , alcala , e . , garcia , h . , pamaong , r . , gonzalez , j . c . & lorica , r . p .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & stuart , s . n . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as least concern because is a very common and widespread , tolerates degraded habitats ( including urban areas ) to some extent , and because its population is thought to be stable .\nthis frugivorous tree and cave roosting species which occurs from sea level to at least 1 , 950 m is abundant in primary forest and common in secondary forest . p . jagor i is occasionally present in agricultural areas near forest and has been found in degraded habitats on cebu and negros ; elsewhere it has been recorded from urban areas , including the suburbs of manila and the campus of the university of the philippines ( l . heaney pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthis species has no doubt declined due to forest loss , but overall it remains common and is not significantly threatened .\nong , p . , rosell - ambal , g . & tabaranza , b . , heaney , l . , pedregosa , m . , paguntalan , l . m . , cari\u00f1o , a . b . , ramayla , s . , duya , p . , warguez , d . , alcala , e . , garcia , h . , pamaong , r . , gonzalez , j . c . & lorica , r . p . 2008 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nisofilippiinienhekko\nto\nptenochirus jagori ( peters , 1861 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\nstatus : iucn / ssc action plan ( 1992 ) - not threatened . iucn 2003 - lower risk ( lc )\ncomments : sometimes misspelled jagorii ( e . g . , corbet and hill , 1992 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nspotted flying out of the entrance of un - named cave in brgy . amalbalan , dasol , pangasinan .\nin the central philippine p . jagori probably has two synchronized birth periods each year that are separated by four months and vary in timing from island to island . gestation lasts about four months and lactation about three months . there usually is a single young , occasionally twins\u2026 on mount makiling , luzon , ingle ( 1992 ) found the birth periods to be april - may and september . - walker\u2019s mammals of the world , vol . 1 by ronald m . nowak , p . 288 ."]}
{"id": 176, "summary": [{"text": "branchiopoda is a class of crustaceans .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it comprises fairy shrimp , clam shrimp , cladocera , notostraca and the devonian lepidocaris .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are mostly small , freshwater animals that feed on plankton and detritus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "branchiopoda", "paragraphs": ["fauna ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) reveals hidden diversity and phylogeographic structure .\non eocyzicus sp . ( conchostraca : branchiopoda ) at panchgani , w . india\nand the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . fossils strata 32 : 202 pp .\nmolecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda .\nanostracans ( branchiopoda ) of botswana : morphology , distribution , diversity , and endemicity .\ndistribution , diversity and conservation of anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in southern africa .\npesta , 1936 ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in italy . crustaceana 77 : 1007\u20131012 .\n( dexter , 1956 ) ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 486 : 57\u201361 .\n( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from the nearctic . zootaxa 1126 : 35\u201351 .\nbranchiopoda ( anostraca , notostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) - bugguide . net\n.\ngolbal diversity of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in freshwater\n.\nthe large branchiopoda ( crustacea ) from temporary habitats of the drakensberg region , south africa .\nfour new streptocephalus ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) species from south - east africa .\n, a new species ( anostraca , branchiopoda ) from turkey . crustaceana 79 : 89\u201398 .\n( branchiopoda : notostraca ) from ephemeral waters of the northern chihuahuan desert of north america .\n.\nlimnadiid clam shrimp distribution in australia ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata )\n.\ntree of life web project . 2002 . branchiopoda . version 01 january 2002 ( temporary ) .\ndistribution and assemblages of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of northern western ghats , india .\na checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . - pubmed - ncbi\n( milne - edwards 1840 ) ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . aquat sci 70 : 65\u201376 .\n( r\u00fcppel , 1837 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . hydrobiologia 586 : 249\u2013260 .\n( crustacea : branchiopoda ) : a group of morphologically cryptic species with origins in the cretaceous .\nanostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa\n.\nthe clam shrimp eocyzicusin australia ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : cyzicidae )\n.\nanostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) biogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa\nmonophyly and phylogeny of branchiopoda , with focus on morphology and homologies of branchiopod phyl . . .\nanostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography ii . relating distribution to geochemical substrate properties in the usa .\nlilljeborg 1887 ( branchiopoda , chydoridae ) in scotland . freshwater forum 1 ( 3 ) : 184\u2013194 .\n( milne - edwards , 1840 ) ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . aquat sci 70 : 65\u201376 .\n( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from north africa and adjacent regions , with two new species from mauritania .\na study of the larval stages of branchinella biswasi k . k . tiwari ( crustacea : branchiopoda )\nmolecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda . - pubmed - ncbi\nlarval development of lynceus brachyurus ( crustacea , branchiopoda , laevicaudata ) : redescription of u . . .\n( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in the united states and m\u00e9xico . southwest . nat . 9 : 68\u201377 .\ncontributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa : a revision of the south african branchiopoda ( phyllopoda ) .\nmolecular characterization of ribosomal intergenic spacer in the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) .\nparartemiopsis longicornis ( smirnov ) , senior synonym of p . mongolica rogers ( crustacea : branchiopoda . . .\n.\nthe large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of gnammas ( rock holes ) in australia\n.\non the occurrence of eocyzicus plumosus n . sp . ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) in tuticorin , south india\n( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the \u2018bivalved\u2019 branchiopoda . zoologica scripta , 25 : 291\u2013316 .\nreview of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species .\nmura g ( 2001 ) updating anostraca ( crustacea branchiopoda ) distribution in italy . j limnol 60 : 45\u201349 .\nself - fertilization and the role of males in populations of tadpole shrimp ( branchiopoda : notostraca : . . .\na new genus and species of chirocephalid fairy shrimp ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from mong . . .\nspinicaudata ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in australia\u2019s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies .\nevolutionary systematics of the australian cyzicidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) with the description of a new genus .\non the larval development of eubranchipus grubii ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) , with notes on . . .\nlife - history traits of streptocephalus purcelli sars , 1898 ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) from temporary waters with different phenology .\nbaird , 1843 ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anomopoda ) . phd dissertation , ghent university , belgium : 506 pp .\n( branchiopoda , anostraca ) in the united states and m\u00e9xico . s . west . nat . 9 : 68\u201377 .\ndumont hj , negrea sv ( 2002 ) introduction to the class branchiopoda . leiden : backhuys publishers . 388 p .\n.\na new genus and species of branchiopodid fairy shrimp ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) from australia\n.\n, c . k . g . - 1965 - three new species of conchostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) from rajasthan .\na review of the african streptocephalidae ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) part 1 : south of zambezi and kunene rivers .\na review of the african streptocephalidae ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) part 2 : north of zambezi and kunene rivers .\nreview of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from north africa and adjacent regions , with two new species from mauritania .\n( crustacea , branchiopoda ) from different geographical origin . mediterranean populations . j plankton res 14 ( 7 ) : 949\u2013959 .\nhudec , i . , 1998 . anomopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) from some venezuelan tepuis . hydrobiologia 377 : 205\u2013211 .\nearly signs of lethal effects in daphnia magna ( branchiopoda , cladocera ) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin .\n( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the ' bivalved ' branchiopoda . zool . scr . 25 : 291 - 316 .\n, its larval development , morphology and significance for the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . hydrobiologia 298 : 1 - 13 .\nthere also are various taxonomic schemes for subdividing branchiopoda . the following is the classification of myers et al . ( 2008a ) :\nthe afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda\u2013d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography\nbaird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonines . zootaxa 2875 : 1\u201364 .\n( branchiopoda : notostraca ) from the baja california peninsula , m\u00e9xico : new insights on species diversity and phylogeny of the genus .\nmolecular characterization of ribosomal intergenic spacer in the tadpole shrimp triops cancriformis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe nauplius eye complex in ' conchostracans ' ( crustacea , branchiopoda : laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) and its phylogenetic implications .\nmale claspers in clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) in the light of evolution : a case study on homology versus analogy .\nreview of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species . - pubmed - ncbi\nreview of the eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) from argentina with the description of a new species . | borea research unit\nhatching response to temperature along a latitudinal gradient by the fairy shrimp branchinecta lindahli ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca ) in culture conditions .\nmackin ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) in baja california sur ; first record from mexico . biol . jb . dodonaea 60 : 138\u2013143 .\nr2 dynamics in triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) : turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution .\n.\nan integrative approach to species delineation incorporating different species concepts : a case study of limnadopsis ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata )\n.\na .\na revision of the australian endemic clam shrimp limnadopsisspencer & hall ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae )\n.\nfl\u00f6ssner , d . , 1972 . kiemen - und blattf\u00fcsser . branchiopoda , fischl\u00e4use , branchiura . tierwelt deutschlands 60 : 501 pp .\nfollo , j . , and d . fautin . 2001 . branchiopoda animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .\nthe class branchiopoda is divided into 10 orders , two of which are extinct and known only through the fossil record . branchiopods show a great\nwithin the branchiopoda , and the use of the groups sarsostraca and calmanostraca , the latter including all the orders except the anostraca and lipostraca .\nthe afromontane cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of the rwenzori ( uganda\u2013d . r . congo ) : taxonomy , ecology and biogeography | springerlink\nsmirnov , n . n . , 2008 . checklist of the south african cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . zootaxa 1788 : 47\u201356 .\n, new species ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) , a fairy shrimp from central mexico . j . crust . biol . 13 : 585\u2013593 .\n.\ncaenestheriella mariaen . sp . ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata : cyzicidae ) : a new clam shrimp from western australia\n.\nwhat made you want to look up branchiopoda ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe genus branchipodopsis ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) in southern africa . morphology , distribution , relationships and the description of five new species .\ncrustacean assemblage and environmental characteristics of a man - made solar salt work in southern france , with emphasis on anostracan ( branchiopoda ) population dynamics .\ng\u00fcnther , 1890 ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) in europe : an integrated and interdisciplinary approach . internat rev hydrobiol 94 ( 5 ) : 560\u2013579 .\nmura g ( 1986 ) sem morphological survey on the egg shell in the italian anostracans ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 134 : 273\u2013286 .\nearly signs of lethal effects in daphnia magna ( branchiopoda , cladocera ) exposed to the insecticide cypermethrin and the fungicide azoxystrobin . - pubmed - ncbi\nalonso , m . , 1996 . crustacea branchiopoda . fauna iberica 7 : museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , madrid : 486 pp .\nolesen , j . 2000 . an updated phylogeny of the conchostraca - cladocera clade ( branchiopoda , diplostraca ) . crustaceana 73 : 869 - 886 .\nexploring links between geology , hydroperiod , and diversity and distribution patterns of anostracans and notostracans ( branchiopoda ) in a tropical savannah habitat in se zimbabwe .\nthe nauplius eye complex in ' conchostracans ' ( crustacea , branchiopoda : laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida ) and its phylogenetic implications . - pubmed - ncbi\nlinder , f . , 1941 . contributions to the morphology and the taxonomy of the branchiopoda anostraca . zool . bidr . upps . 20 : 101\u2013302 .\nrabet , n . ( 2010 ) revision of the egg morphology of eulimnadia ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . zoosystema , 32 , 373\u2013391 . urltoken\nr2 dynamics in triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) : turnover rate and 28s concerted evolution . - pubmed - ncbi\nlinder , f . , 1945 . affinities within the branchiopoda , with notes on some dubious fossils . ark . zool . 37a : 1 - 28 .\nfl\u00f6ssner , d . , 1972 . krebstiere , crustacea . kiemen - und blattf\u00fcsser , branchiopoda . fischla\u00fcse , branchiura . die tierwelt deutschlands 60 : 501 pp .\nrogers , d . c . , & timms , b . v . ( 2014 ) . anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) zoogeography iii . australian bioregions .\nbrtek j ( 1995 ) some notes on the taxonomy of the family chirocephalidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca ) . zbor slov n\u00e1r m\u00faz pr\u00edr vedy 41 : 3\u201315 .\neder , e . & w . h\u00f6dl , 2003 . catalogus novus faunae austriae , no . 1 . die gro\u00df - branchiopoden \u00f6sterreichs , crustacea : branchiopoda excl . cladocera . ( the large branchiopods of austria , crustacea : branchiopoda excl . cladocera ) . biosystematics and ecology series no . 20 , austrian academy of sciences press , 56 pp\nalonso , m . 1996 . crustacea branchiopoda . fauna iberica , 7 . madrid , museo nacional de ciencias naturales , consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas , 486p . [ links ]\n( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , in need of a taxonomic revision ; evidence from penile morphology . zool . j . linn . soc . , zool . 119 : 447\u2013455 .\nthe branchiopoda originated in pre - devonian times , for in the devonian period a distinct order and suborder are evident : the lipostraca and the spinicaudata , respectively . the lipostraca contains only\nolesen , j . 1998 . a phylogenetic analysis of the conchostraca and cladocera ( crustacea , branchiopoda , diplostraca ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 122 : 491 - 536 .\nhudec , i . , 2010 . fauna slovenska iii . anomopoda , ctenopoda , haplopoda , onychopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , veda . vydavatel stvo slovenskej adad\u00e9mie vied , bratislava .\nrogers dc ( 2002 ) female - biased characters for anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) identification : a key for species of california and oregon , usa . hydrobiologia 486 : 125\u2013132 .\nbrendonck l . ( 1996 ) . diapause , quiescence , hatching requirements : what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda : anostraca , notostraca , conchostraca ) .\n( bosc ) ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ; apodidae ) a new record from poonch valley ( j & k state ) india . proceedings of the indian science congress 67 : 164 .\nwalcott , c . d . , 1912 . middle cambrian branchiopoda , malacostraca , trilobita and merostomata . cambrian geology and paleontology ii . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 57 : 145 - 228 .\nto cite this page : follo , j . and d . fautin 2001 .\nbranchiopoda\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nnegrea , s . , n . botnariuc , and h . j . dumont . 1999 . phylogeny , evolution and classification of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) . hydrobiologia 412 : 191\u2013212 .\nkotov , a . a . and \u0161tifter , p . 2006 . cladocera : family ilyocryptidae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) . leiden , backhuys publisher , 172p . [ links ]\ntimms , b . ( 2016 ) a partial revision of the australian eulimnadia packard , 1874 ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata : limnadiidae ) . zootaxa , 4066 ( 4 ) , 351\u2013389 . urltoken\nolesen , j . , martin , j . w . & roessler , e . w . ( 1996 ) external morphology of the male of cyclestheria hislopi ( baird , 1859 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) , with a comparison of male claspers among the conchostraca and cladocera and its bearing on phylogeny of the \u201cbivalved\u201d branchiopoda . zoologica scripta , 25 , 291\u2013316 . urltoken\nscanabissi , f . & tommasini , s . ( 1994 ) functional morphology and ultrastructure of male reproductive system in the leptestheriidae ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) . crustaceana , 67 , 362\u2013370 . urltoken\nfl\u00f6ssner , d . , 1972 . krebstiere . crustacea . kiemen - und blattfusser . branchiopoda . fishlause . brachiura . die tierwelt deutchland . 60 : 1\u2013501 . gustav fisher verlag , jena .\ntimms , b . v . ( 2012 ) . an appraisal of the diversity and distribution of large branchiopods ( branchiopoda : anostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata , cyclestherida , notostraca ) in australia .\naspects of the evolution of the branchiopod crustaceans are reviewed and discussed . despite views to the contrary presented in recent textbooks , the monophyly of branchiopoda is defended based on morphological characters . the crown group branchiopoda is supported / diagnosed by a set of synapomorphies relating to limb morphology of both larvae and adults , including , among others , a similar . . . [ show full abstract ]\n, a new genus of thamnocephalidae ( branchiopoda , anostraca ) , with some notes on the taxonomy of the family . zbor . slov . n\u00e1r . m\u00faz , pr\u00edr . vedy xlii : 3\u20138 .\nsars , g . o . , 1865 . norges ferskvandskrebsdyr . f ' rste afsnit branchiopoda . i cladocera ctenopoda ( fam . sididae and holopedidae ) . br ' gger & christie , christiania .\nkotov , a . a . 1997 . structure of thoracic limbs in bosminopsis deitersi richard , 1895 ( anomopoda , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia , 360 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 . [ links ]\nscanabissi , f . & mondini , c . ( 2000 ) sperm transfer and occurrence of spermatophore in the conchostraca leptestheriidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . invertebrate reproduction and development , 38 , 99\u2013106 . urltoken\nduigan , c . a . , 1992 . the ecology and distribution of the littoral freshwater chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) of ireland , with taxonomic comments on some species . hydrobiologia 241 : 1\u201370 .\nrichter , s . , olesen , j . , & wheeler , w . ( 2007 ) . phylogeny of branchiopoda ( crustacea ) based on a combined analysis of morphological data and six molecular loci .\nrogers dc , schwentner m , olesen j , richter s . evolution , classification , and global diversity of large branchiopoda . journal of crustacean biology . 2015 ; 35 ( 3 ) : 297 - 300 .\nerratum : patricio de los rios escalante & alexey a . kotov ( 2015 ) a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . zootaxa , 4027 ( 3 ) : 366 - 388 .\nphilippi t . , simovich m . a . , bauder e . t . and moorad j . a . ( 2001 ) . habitat ephemerality and hatching fractions of a diapausing anostracan ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) .\nschwentner , m . , just , f . , & richter , s . ( 2015a ) . evolutionary systematics of the australian cyzicidae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) with the description of a new genus .\nfryer g . , 1988 . studies on the functional morphology and biology of the notostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . phil . trans . r . soc . , lond . b 321 : 27 - 124 .\nkotov , a . a . 2009 . a revision of leydigia kurz , 1875 ( anomopoda , cladocera , branchiopoda ) , and subgeneric differentiation within the genus . zootaxa , 2082 : 1 - 68 . [ links ]\nharp ; g . l . , g . leeds & h . w . robison , 1997 . first report on the fairy shrimps ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) of arkansas . southwest . nat . 42 : 259\u2013264 .\nde los r\u00edos escalante , p . & kotov , a . a . ( 2015 ) a checklist of branchiopoda ( anostraca and cladocera ) of chilean continental waters . zootaxa , 4027 ( 3 ) , 366\u2013388 . urltoken\nduigan , c . a . , 1990 . a historical review of research on irish chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) with a checklist of taxa recorded in ireland . ir . nat . j . 23 : 239\u2013246 .\nlinder , f . , 1952 . contributions to the morphology and taxonomy of the branchiopoda notostraca , with special reference to the north american species . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 102 : 1\u201369 .\nbraband , a . , richter , s . , hiesel , r . , & scholtz , g . ( 2002 ) . phylogenetic relationships within the phyllopoda ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers .\nsinev , a . y . 2004 . redescription of two species of the genus leydigiopsis sars , 1901 ( branchiopoda , anomopoda , chydoridae ) . invertebrate zoology , 1 ( 1 ) : 75 - 92 . [ links ]\nrogers , d . c . , weeks s . & hoeh , r . ( 2010 ) a new species of eulimnadia ( crustacea ; branchiopoda ; diplostraca ; spinicaudata ) from north america . zootaxa , 2413 , 61\u201368 .\nbrendonck l . , centeno d . m . and persoone g . ( 1993 ) . fecundity and resting egg characteristics of some subtropical fairy shrimp and clam shrimp species ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , reared under laboratory conditions .\nschwentner , m . , timms , b . v . , & richter , s . ( 2015b ) . spinicaudata ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) in australia\u2019s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies .\ngeddes , m . c . , 1983 . biogeography and ecology of australian anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . papers from the conference on the biology and evolution of crustacea . aust . mus . mem . 18 : 155\u2013163 .\nalonso , m . , 1996 . crustacea , branchiopoda . in ramos , m . a . ( ed . ) , fauna ib\u00e9rica , vol . 7 . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , madrid : 486 pp .\n.\nco - occurrence of two tadpole shrimp , triopscf . australiensis ( branchiopoda : notostraca ) , lineages in middle paroo , north - western new south wales , with the first record of triopshermaphrodites for the australian continent\n.\nsars , g . o . , 1890 . oversigt af norges crustaceer med forelobige bernaerkninger over de nye eller mindre bekjendte arter . ii . branchiopoda - ostracoda - cirripedia . forhandl . vidensk . kristiania 1 : 1 - 80 .\ntasch , p . , 1969 . branchiopoda . in moore , r . c . & c . teichert ( eds ) , treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r , arthropoda 4 , vol . 1 : 129 - 191 .\nrabet , n . , montero , d . & lacau , s . ( 2014 ) the effects of pool sediments on the egg morphology of neotropical eulimnadia ( branchiopoda : limnadiidae ) . journal of limnology , 73 , 1\u201310 . urltoken\nrogers , d . c . , dadseepai , p . & sanoamuang , l . ( 2016 ) the spinicaudatan clam shrimps ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) of thailand . journal of crustacean biology , 36 ( 4 ) , 567\u2013575 . urltoken\nrogers , d . c . , rabet , n . & weeks , s . c . ( 2012 ) revision of the extant genera of limnadiidae ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . journal of crustacean biology , 32 , 827\u2013842 . urltoken\nmunoz j , g\u00f3mez a , green aj , figuerola j , amat f , et al . ( 2010 ) evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen artemia parthenogenetica ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 5 : e11932 .\n. fauna and distribution of fairy shrimps ( branchiopoda : anostraca ; notostraca ) in water bodies of northern siberia and far east [ russian sfsr , ussr ] . izvestiya sibirskogo otdeleniya akademii nauk ssr seriya biologischeskiky nauk : 106 - 110 .\nweekers , p . h . h . , g . murugan , j . r . vanfleteren & h . j . dumont . phylogenetic analysis of anostracans ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) inferred from ssu rdna sequences ( in press ) .\nbraband , a . , s . richter , r . hiesel , and g . scholtz . 2002 . phylogenetic relationships within the phyllopoda ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 25 : 229\u2013244 .\nolesen , j . , 1996 . external morphology and phylogenetic signi - ficance of the dorsal / neck organ in the conchostraca and the head pores of the cladoceran family chydoridae ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 330 : 213 - 226 .\nkotov , a . a . & p . \u0161tifter , 2006 . family ilyocryptidae ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) . guide to the identification of the macroinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world . blackhuys publishers , leiden : 172 pp .\nmaeda - mart\u00ednez , a . m . , d . belk , h . obreg\u00f3n - barboza & h . j . dumont , 1995a . diagnosis and phylogeny of the new world streptocephalidae ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . hydrobiologia 298 : 15\u201344 .\nmaeda - mart\u00ednez , a . m . , d . belk , h . obreg\u00f3n - barboza & h . j . dumont , 1995b . a contribution to the systematics of the streptocephalidae ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . hydrobiologia 298 : 203\u2013232 .\ntasch , p . 1969 . branchiopoda . in : treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda 4 . r . c . moore ed . geological society of america , inc . and univ . of kansas . 1 : 128 - 191 .\nhuang , w . - p . & chou , l . - s . ( 2015 ) temperature effect on development and reproduction of the androdioecious clam shrimp , eulimnadia braueriana ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . journal of crustacean biology , 35 , 330\u2013338 . urltoken\npereira , g . & garc\u00eda , j . v . ( 2001 ) a review of the clam shrimp family limnadiidae ( branchiopoda , conchostraca ) from venezuela , with the description of a new species . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 640\u2013652 . urltoken\nweeks , s . c . , sanderson , t . f . , zofkova , m . & knott , b . ( 2008 ) breeding systems in the clam shrimp family limnadiidae ( branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . invertebrate biology , 127 , 336\u2013349 . urltoken\ndumont , h . j . & m . silva - briano , 1998 . a reclassification of the anomopod families macrothricidae and chydoridae , with the creation of a new suborder , the radopoda ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) . hydrobiologia 384 : 1 - 31 .\nkazuyuki kashiyama , takaharu seki , hideharu numata , shin g . goto ; molecular characterization of visual pigments in branchiopoda and the evolution of opsins in arthropoda , molecular biology and evolution , volume 26 , issue 4 , 1 april 2009 , pages 951 , urltoken\nbrendonck , l . , rogers , d . c . , olesen , j . , weeks , s . & hoeh , r . ( 2008 ) global diversity of large branchiopods ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) in freshwaters . hydrobiologia , 595 , 167\u2013176 . urltoken\nmartin , j . w . & belk , d . ( 1989 ) eulimnadia ovilunata and e . ovisimilis , new species of clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) from south america . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 102 , 894\u2013900 .\n\u0161r\u00e1mek - hu\u0161sek , r . , 1962 . 4 . r\u00e1d cladocera \u2014 perloocky . in r . \u0161r\u00e1mek - hu\u0161ek , m . stra\u0161kraba & j . brtek , lupenonozci \u2014 branchiopoda . fauna \u010dssr , \u010desk . akad . ved , praha 16 : 1\u2013470 .\ncitation : mu\u00f1oz j , g\u00f3mez a , green aj , figuerola j , amat f , rico c ( 2010 ) evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen artemia parthenogenetica ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 5 ( 8 ) : e11932 . urltoken\nschwentner , m . , timms , b . v . & richter , s . ( 2015 ) spinicaudata ( branchiopoda : diplostraca ) in australia\u2019s arid zone : unparalleled diversity at regional scales and within water bodies . journal of crustacean biology , 35 , 366\u2013378 . urltoken\nstenderup , j . t . , j . olesen , and h . glenner . 2006 . molecular phylogeny of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) \u0096multiple approaches suggest a ' diplostracan ' ancestry of the notostraca . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 ( 1 ) : 182 - 194 .\nkotov , a . a . , a . y . sinev & v . l . berrios , 2010 . the cladocera ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) of six high altitude water bodies in the north chilean andes , with discussion of andean endemism . zootaxa 2430 : 1\u201366 .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008a . class branchiopoda ( branchiopods ) the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .\nsinev , a . y . 2015 . revision of the puchella - group of alona s . lato leads to its translocation to ovalona van damme et dumont , 2008 ( branchiopoda : anomopoda : chydoridae ) . zootaxa , 4044 ( 4 ) : 451 - 492 . [ links ]\nolesen , j . , s . richter , and g . scholtz . 2001 . the evolutionary transformation of phyllopodous to stenopodous limbs in the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) - is there a common mechanism for early limb development in arthropods ? international journal of developmental biology 45 : 869 - 876 .\nwe introduce this branchiopoda special issue of the journal of crustacean biology , providing a brief outline of the 13 research papers presented at the 8 th international crustacean congress in frankfurt , germany , august 2014 . we also discuss the current status and direction of research on the large branchiopod crustaceans .\nchiambeng , g . y . & h . j . dumont , 2005 . the branchiopoda ( crustacea : anomopoda , ctenopoda & cyclestheridae ) of the rain forests of cameroon , west africa : low abundance , few endemics and a boreal - tropical disjunction . journal of biogeography 32 : 1611\u20131620 .\ncitation : ketmaier v , marrone f , alfonso g , paulus k , wiemann a , tiedemann r , et al . ( 2012 ) mitochondrial dna regionalism and historical demography in the extant populations of chirocephalus kerkyrensis ( branchiopoda : anostraca ) . plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e30082 . urltoken\nbrtek , j . , 1997 . checklist of the valid and invalid names of the ' large branchiopods ' ( anostraca , notostraca , spinicaudata and laevicaudata ) with a survey of the taxonomy of all branchiopoda . zb . slov . nar . muze prir . vedy 43 : 3 - 35 .\nscanabissi , f . , cesari , m . , reed , s . k . & weeks , s . c . ( 2006 ) ultrastructure of the male gonad and male gametogenesis in the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana ( crustacea , branchiopoda , spinicaudata ) . invertebrate biology , 125 , 117\u2013124 . urltoken\ntremel , b . , s . e . frey , n . d . yan , k . m . somers & t . w . pawson , 2000 . habitat specificity of littoral chydoridae ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anomopoda ) in plastic lake , ontario , canada . hydrobiologia 432 : 195\u2013205 .\nmabidi a , bird ms , perissinotto r , rogers dc ( 2016 ) ecology and distribution of large branchiopods ( crustacea , branchiopoda , anostraca , notostraca , laevicaudata , spinicaudata ) of the eastern cape karoo , south africa . zookeys 618 : 15\u201338 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 618 . 9212\nwe are especially grateful to prof . michael turkay for hosting the 8 th international crustacean congress . we want to thank frederick schram for working with us on the development of this branchiopoda special issue of the journal of crustacean biology , and we want to thank all of the contributors whose research fills these pages .\nvan damme , k . ; sinev , a . y . and dumont , h . j . 2011 . separation of anthalona gen . n . from alona baird , 1843 ( branchiopoda : cladocera : anomopoda ) : morphology and evolution of scraping stenothermic alonine . zootaxa , 2875 : 1 - 64 . [ links ]\n. biogeography and ecology of australian anostraca ( crustacea : branchiopoda ) , pp . 155 - 163 . in , j . k . lowry ( ed . ) , papers from the conference on the biology and evolution of crustacea . held at the australian museum sydney 1980 , australian museum memoir 18 , sydney , australia .\nrabet , n . , godinho , l . b . , montero , d . & lacau , s . ( 2012 ) exploration of the egg shell structure of three neotropical eulimnadia species : a new insight into genus taxonomy ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) . studies on neotropical fauna and environment , 47 , 221\u2013226 . urltoken\nit is our hope that this work will inspire students of branchiopoda to rigorously examine and test the validity of the various taxa described from this region , to properly describe and diagnose them according to modern standards , to do so in the larger systematic framework of the global fauna , and to generate useful dichotomous keys for their identification .\nhoeh , w . r . , smallwood , n . d . , senyo , d . m . , chapman , e . g . & weeks , s . c . ( 2006 ) evaluating the monophyly of eulimnadia and the limnadiinae ( branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) using dna sequences . journal of crustacean biology , 26 , 182\u2013192 . urltoken\nkaji , t . , fritsch , m . , schwentner , m . , olesen , j . & richter , s . ( 2014 ) male claspers in clam shrimps ( crustacea , branchiopoda ) in the light of evolution : a case study on homology . journal of experimental zoology ( molecular development & evolution ) , 322b , 269\u2013280 . urltoken\nsinev , a . y . ; van damme , k . and kotov , a . a . 2005 . redescription of tropical - temperate cladocerans alona diaphana king , 1853 and alona davidi richard , 1895 and their translocation to leberis smirnov , 1989 ( branchiopoda : anomopoda ; chydoridae ) . arthropoda selecta , 14 ( 3 ) : 183 - 205 . [ links ]\nself - fertilization has both negative and positive fitness effects on species evolution . selfing can increase inbreeding depression , thereby decreasing genetic diversity . in contrast , self - fertilization can preserve beneficial gene combinations and facilitate colonization success . within the class of crustaceans branchiopoda , selfing is a primary reproductive mode . some species of triops , in . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsousa , f . d . r . ; elmoor - loureiro , l . m . a . and santos , s . 2015 . redescription of coronatella poppei ( richard , 1897 ) ( crustacea , branchiopoda , chydoridae ) and a revision of the genus in brazil , with descriptions of new taxa . zootaxa , 3955 ( 2 ) : 211 - 244 . [ links ]\nthis paper is the first comprehensive review of the littoral freshwater chydoridae ( branchiopoda , anomopoda ) of ireland . it reports on a countrywide survey , during which a total of 316 samples was taken at 287 sampling sites between march , 1984 and june , 1986 . together with all previous records , the survey results provide baseline data on the ecology and distribution of this important animal group .\n. . . several characters uniquely shared by lepidocaris and anostraca support a position of the devonian taxon in the anostracan stem - group [ 46 ] , although an alternative placement in the stem - group of branchiopoda has also been suggested [ 47 ] . the resemblance of the rhynie chert spiny structures to anostracan cysts provides a circumstantial argument for an anostracan identity for lepidocaris . . . .\nhowever , carcinologists have long debated the taxonomic status of crustaceans , sometimes assigning the group to one of the phylum , subphylum , and superclass level , with five , six , or even ten classes recognized ( hobbs 2003 ) . many also list the crustacea as a class . in taxonomic schemes that consider the crustacea to be a class , branchiopoda generally is considered to be a order .\nas part of a larger project examining and comparing the ontogeny of all major taxa of the branchiopoda in a phylogenetic context , the larval development of caenestheriella gifuensis ( ishikawa , 1895 ) , a japanese spinicaudatan ' conchostracan ' , is described by scanning electron microscopy . seven different larval stages are recognised , in most cases based on significant morphological differences . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nty - jour ti - contributions to the morphology and taxonomy of the branchiopoda notostraca , with special reference to the north american species t2 - proceedings of the united states national museum . vl - 102 ur - urltoken pb - smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] cy - washington : py - 1956 sp - 1 ep - 69 sn - 0096 - 3801 au - linder , folke er -\nobreg\u00f3n - barboza , h . , maeda - mart\u00ednez , a . m . , murugan , g . , timms , b . v . , grygier , m . j . , rogers , d . c . , rodr\u00edguez - almaraz , g . , & dumont , h . j . ( 2007 ) . morphology and systematic significance of the mystax , a hitherto undescribed structure of males in certain notostraca ( branchiopoda ) .\nbrantner , j . s . , ott , d . w . , duff , r . j . , sanoamuang , l . - o . , simhachalam , g . p . , babu , k . k . s . & weeks , s . c . ( 2013 ) androdioecy and hermaphroditism in five species of clam shrimps ( crustacea : branchiopoda : spinicaudata ) from india and thailand . invertebrate biology , 132 , 27\u201337 . urltoken\na . m . maeda - mart\u00ednez , h . obreg\u00f3n - barboza , h . garc\u00eda - velazco , branchiopoda : cyclestherida , laevicaudata and spinicaudata in jorge llorente bousquets , juan j morrone ( eds . ) , biodiversidad , taxonom\u00eda y biogeograf\u00eda de artr\u00f3podos de m\u00e9xico : hacia una s\u00edntesis de su conocimiento , vol . iii , d . f . univ . nacional auto\u0301noma de me\u0301xico , me\u0301xico , pp . 323 - 332 , 2002 . in spanish hardcopy in libraries\n. . . the laevicaudata , or\nsmooth clam shrimp\n, is a taxon of bivalved branchiopod crustaceans with a peculiar adult appearance ( e . g . , an enormous head ) and bizarre flattened larvae ( martin 1992 ; olesen & martin 2014 ) . the laevicaudata are branchiopods , but their precise phylogenetic position within the branchiopoda has been under some debate ( richter et al . 2007 ; olesen 2009 ; pessacq et al . 2011 ; olesen . . .\nbranchiopoda is a diverse group of primitive , aquatic , primarily freshwater crustaceans , mostly resembling shrimp . this taxon is generally placed as a class of the arthropod subphylum ( or superclass ) crustacea , but some taxonomic schemes recognize it as an order , with crustacea listed as a class . branchiopods should not be confused with the almost identically spelled brachiopods ( without the n ) , which comprise an unrelated phylum ( brachiopoda ) of sessile , two - shelled , marine animals ( lamp shells ) .\nwe present a cladistic analysis of all branchiopod groups , using a total of 42 morphological characters . the class branchiopoda is composed of five superorders and 11 orders ( nine recent , two fossil ) . the orders ctenopoda , anomopoda and onychopoda form a monophyletic group , combined in the superorder cladocera . the order haplopoda , the fourth so - called cladoceran order ( s . lat . ) , belongs to a new monotypic superorder , the leptodorida . the circumtropical cyclesteria hislopi is the sole representative of a new conchostracan order , the cyclestherida .\n. . . however , unique fig . 13 . general phylogeny of branchiopoda ( richter et al . , 2007 ; olesen , 2009 ) illustrating evolution of clasper\ngripping area\n( opposing\nmovable finger\non outside of carapace ) in the three major clam shrimp taxa laevicaudata , spinicaudata , and cyclestherida . modifications to get a better grip around the female carapace margin has occurred independently as : 1 ) an apical club ( spinicaudata ) , 2 ) diverse setation ( laevicaudata ) , or 3 ) molariform setae ( cyclestherida ) . . . .\nbranchiopods are characterized by paired compound eyes and a single simple eye , as well as leaflike or phyllopodous appendages ( follo and fautin 2001 ) . the number of thoracic segments of branchiopoda varies from species to species . the structure of the reproductive , nervous , and circulatory systems is primitive compared to other crustaceans . branchiopods in general are equipped with a ventral food groove , useful for suspension and filter feeding . the water current in the ventral food groove , used for breathing and feeding in most species , is produced by a battery of unspecialized legs . this is thought to resemble a very original way of living among the crustaceans .\n. . . we have readdressed clasper evolution in the light of functionality based on the homologies suggested by kaji et al . ( 2014 ) . we explored a likely evolutionary scenario for clam shrimp claspers based on a combination of clasper homologies , functionality , and branchiopoda phylogeny as available in several papers ( e . g . , richter et al . , 2007 ; olesen , 2009 ; olesen and richter , 2013 ; kaji et al . , 2014 ; sigvardt and olesen , 2014 ; fig . 13 ) . our general conclusion is that all similar ( but not necessarily homologous ) clasper parts ( movable finger , palps , and palm ) have the same general function in laevicaudata and spinicaudata ( fig . 11 ; cyclestherida amplexus not studied ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncs is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton . more information and software credits .\ndevelopmental genetics and arthropod evolution : part 1 , on legs . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ninstitute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics , university of amsterdam , netherland . schram @ urltoken\nleft : a mirrored right lateral view of daphnia magna , courtesy of urltoken right : a right lateral view of a fairy shrimp , courtesy of u . s . fish and wildlife service\nwith almost 800 described species , it is difficult to generalize about the branchipods . most live in fresh or brackish ( slightly salty ) water and a few are found in marine habitats . many are found exclusively in temporary ponds , where their eggs survive long periods of drought . you often find packages of dried eggs for sale in pet and toy stores . when the eggs are placed in water with an airstone , they hatch in just a couple days and you can watch them grow and swim . they are often used as food for aquarium animals .\nit is even more difficult to generalize about the body form of branchiopods . the thorax and abdomen are fused or indistinguishable in most but the anostraca . their appendages are generally phyllopodus ( leaf - like ) , although some groups have more appendages than others . they have a combination of paired compound and / or a single simple median eyes . many are capable of parthenogenesis ( growing from unfertilized eggs ) but several use other reproductive strategies , ranging from releasing eggs when the adult molts to encapsulating the eggs in a modified molt .\nbranchiopods feed in many ways . some suspension feed and either remove organic particles from the water as they swim or stir up sediments to suspend organic particles that have settled and then remove them from the water . others scrape organic matter from sand grains and rock . still others actively prey on other small animals .\nscourfield , d . j . 1926 . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone - lepidocaris rhyniensis . phil . trans . roy . soc . lond . ( b ) 214 : 153 - 187 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n. rostrum absent ; eyes sessile ; compound , visual elements present ; ocular scale absent ; naupliar eyes present . antennules ( antenna 1 ) uniramous ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) reduced , vestigial or absent . mandible uniramous ; palp absent . maxillipeds , absent .\n; phyllopodous ( broad or narrow ) ; differentiated ( some prehensile ) . abdomen with more than 12 somites . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned ventrolaterally ; rami absent ; whip - like .\n. freshwater , brackish or saline temporary ponds , shallow lakes , peat bogs and moors .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .\nv . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) \u2014 lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov | philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences\nv . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) \u2014 lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov\nthis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition ( ocr ) software . as such , it may contain errors . please contact the royal society if you find an error you would like to see corrected . mathematical notations produced through infty ocr .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nyou are going to email the following v . on a new type of crustacean from the old red sandstone ( rhymie chert bed , aberdeenshire ) \u2014 lepidocaris rhyniensis , gen . et sp . nov\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences web site .\nalthough a few species of water fleas have adapted to a life in the sea , branchiopods belong primarily in fresh water . all branchiopods are free - living\u2014there are no parasitic or sessile species . they generally are not adapted to life in subterranean waters or the deep sea , although water fleas ( order cladocera ) of the subclass diplostraca has hypogean representatives ( inhabiting subterranean habitats ) , with less than 100 of the 450 recognized species of cladocera occupying subterranean waters ( hobbs 2003 ) .\nbranchiopods range greatly in size , from 0 . 2 millimeters ( . 007 inches ) in length to 100 millimeters ( 3 . 9 inches ) in length . water fleas living in subterranean waters are very small , from 0 . 2 to two millimeters ( . 07 inches ) and are laterally compressed ( hobbs 2003 ) .\nleptodora , a relatively large branchiopod , relies on its very transparent body for camouflage . it is so transparent that its shadow is said to be more visible than its body .\nclam shrimp live up to their name as they are often seen burrowed in the mud like mussels at the bottom of temporary ponds . they are so well adapted to this extreme way of life that they are able to reach adulthood within a few days after inundation under optimal conditions . they can reproduce sexually , hermaphroditically , or parthenogenetically ( zenkevich 1968 ) .\nwhile the superorder diplostraca is recognized in older classifications , and included the orders of conchostraca and cladocera , there is data that suggests these orders may be artificial ( at least in their present state ) as some of their members seem to have a paraphyletic origin within the diplostraca . for this reason , the order conchostraca is no longer used by some authorities . another taxonomic scheme recognizes the following :\nthe oldest known species of branchiopod is a 500 million year old fossil fairy shrimp called rehbachiella kinnekullensis . fairy shrimps also are seen as the most original and primitive members of the class .\nthe order lipostraca is represented only by fossils . the genus lipidocaris includes specimens that have been well - preserved from the devonian age rhynie chert in scotland ( russell - hunter 1969 ) . these lacked a carapace ( as with the anostraca ) and had a pair of very large second antennae that probably were used for swimming as in the modern cladocera ( russell - hunter 1969 ) .\nbranchiopods probably originated in marine environments , but only those who migrated to fresh water survived . the fact that they are especially adapted to temporary pools and waters that are too extreme for other animals to live in ( like salt lakes ) indicates that they could have sought refuge in these places because they were unable to compete with or evade the more advanced groups of animals evolving in their original habitats . this resulted in a short generation cycle and small body size .\nthe large branchiopods anostraca , notostraca , and conchostraca ( even if it the last one seems to be a partially artificial order ) are considered to be the most primitive , and most of them are still unable to live in waters where there are fish and other advanced predators , since they are too slow and vulnerable to survive them . a few of them , however , have adaptations allowing them to cope with this problem well enough to survive , even with predators around them .\nthe small branchiopods , mostly represented by water fleas , have succeeded in becoming zooplankton in such a degree that waters filled with fish and other threats are no longer a problem . their main adaptation for survival is their high number thanks to their small size , ability to produce many offspring , and short life cycle .\nhobbs , h . h . 2003 . crustacea in encyclopedia of caves and karst science . routledge . retrieved december 5 , 2006 .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008b . phylum brachiopoda the animal diversity web ( online ) . retrieved may 26 , 2008 .\nrussell - hunter , w . d . a biology of higher invertebrates . london : macmillan company , 1969 .\nzenkevich , l . a . 1968 . zhizn\u02b9 zhivotnykh ( the animal life ) , volume 2 , chapter 7 ( phylum arthropoda ) . moskva :\nprosveshchenie .\noclc 13589037 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 2 june 2008 , at 23 : 21 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nbrine shrimp , of the order anostraca , are most noted for their desiccation - resistant eggs that will hatch in salt water . most species of branchiopods are gonochoric and some are parthenogenetic . those species that have indirect development produce nauplius larvae .\nbrusca , r . c . and g . j . brusca . 1990 . chapter 18 : phylum arthropoda : the crustaceans . invertebrates . sinauer associates , inc . sunderland , massachusetts .\nkozloff , e . n . 1990 . chapter 17 : subphylum crustacea . invertebrates . saunders college publishing . philadelphia and other cities .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nlatreille , p . a . ( 1817 ) . les crustac\u00e9s , les arachnides , et les insectes . in : g . l . c . f . d . cuvier le regne animal , distribue d ' apres son organisation , pour servrir de base a l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction a l ' anatomie comparee . volume 3 paris . [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbrusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n, phylum arthropoda ) . they are aquatic animals that include brine shrimp , fairy shrimp , tadpole shrimp , water fleas , and other small , chiefly freshwater forms .\ndates back to the devonian period ( 416 million to 359 . 2 million years ago ) . although certain members of the group , such as fairy shrimp in the infraorder anostraca , are mainly confined to temporary pools , the water flea , order\n, is so successful that there are few fresh waters in the world without one or more species of anomopod .\nthe smallest branchiopods are found among the anomopods , where some species are only 0 . 25 millimetre ( 0 . 01 inch ) long . the largest living branchiopod is\n, a fairy shrimp that reaches a length of 10 centimetres ( 3 . 9 inches ) . some members of the fossil order kazacharthra also grew to a length of 10 centimetres .\nof form . in the laevicaudata , for example , the number of trunk segments remains constant ; there are 12 pairs of trunk limbs in the female and 10 pairs in the male . in the\nthe two fossil groups as well differ markedly from each other . the order lipostraca lacked a carapace and had 13 pairs of trunk limbs and a pair of large antennae , which appear to have been used in swimming . the order kazacharthra had a well - developed carapace and six pairs of large thoracic limbs . the main structural feature linking these diverse forms , both living and fossil , is the flattened , or paddlelike , trunk limb , which often but not always is used in filter feeding . in the infraorders onychopoda and haplopoda even this feature is modified , and the trunk limbs have become specialized for grasping prey .\n, and the suborders laevicaudata and spinicaudata are particularly characteristic of temporary waters , where they survive dry periods as resting eggs . the anostracan\nare regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes ."]}
{"id": 178, "summary": [{"text": "the provocative calpe , ( oraesia provocans ) , is a species of moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found throughout continental africa , india , and sri lanka . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "oraesia provocans", "paragraphs": ["oraesia provocans walker , [ 1858 ] = oraesia cuprea saalm\u00fcller , 1891 = oraesia hartmanni m\u00f6schler , 1883 .\nfruit - piercing moth ( oraesia cf . emarginata , calpinae , erebidae ) by itchydogimages\nthis rather strange looking erebid moth ( erebidae , calpinae , oraesia sp . ) was 2 cm / 0 . 8 inches long .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 4 february 2018 10 : 26pm terms of use\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwingspan about 48mm . antennae of male minutely ciliated . fore wings with angled outer margin . male has dark palpi . fore wings with a silver streak on vein 2 before the oblique line . a silver streak found at apex and line on outer margin below apex . female is much darker .\nperennial climber or liane with stems woody near the base . leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate , up to 12 cm long , 3 - 7 - veined from the attachment of the petiole , densely hairy beneath ; lamina peltate with petiole 1 - 4 mm from the base and up to 7 cm long , hairy . flowers greenish , unisexual arranged in bracteate false racemes up to 10 cm long . fruit a drupe 4 - 6 mm wide , hairy , bright red when ripe .\nthe peltate leaves are similar to stephania abyssinica but the that species does not have bracteate inflorescences or hairy red fruit .\nin forest , deciduous woodland , coastal scrub , secondary vegetation , on rocky outcrops and often persisting on cleared ground and in plantations .\nethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zanzibar , mozambique , zimbabwe and throughout tropical asia .\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 62 .\nm\u00e9moires in - 8\u00b0 nouvelle s\u00e9rie xiii - 2 acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 274 - 279 .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos pareira var . hirsuta . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use\nslender climber with a woody rootstock . leaves kidney - shaped , 3 - 5 - veined from the base , glabrescent ; petiole inserted at or very near the base of the leaf lamina . flowers unisexual in axillary cymes . male flowers with 4 petals and sepals ; female flowers often only 2 . fruit an ovate - compressed drupe , yellow .\nmalawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , swaziland and mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , eastern cape , south africa .\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 31 sabonet , pretoria page 210 .\nda silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 87 .\na field guide to the wild flowers of kwazulu - natal and the eastern region .\nm\u00e9moires in - 8\u00b0 nouvelle s\u00e9rie xiii - 2 acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 270 - 273 .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos torulosa . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\napache / 2 . 2 . 32 ( unix ) mod _ perl / 2 . 0 . 10 perl / v5 . 24 . 1 server at urltoken port 80\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nadler ph ( 1982 ) soil - and puddle - visiting habits of moths . j . lepid soc 36 / 3 : 161\u2013173\nwalker ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ) . zool anz 216 / 3 , 4 : 129\u2013150\n) ( hmps ) ( lep , noctuidae ) in malaya . bull entomol res 58 : 159\u2013163\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1973 ) biologie der lacriphagen lepidopteren in thailand and malaya . rev suisse zool 79 : 1381\u20131469\nsp . n . \u2014the most frequently observed lachryphagous moth of man ( lepidoptera , pyralidae : pyraustinae ) . rev suiss zool 102 / 2 : 265\u2013276\nb\u00e4nziger h , b\u00fcttiker w ( 1969 ) records of eye - frequenting lepidoptera from man . j med entomol 6 : 53\u201358\nblaney wm , simmonds sj ( 1988 ) food selection in adults and larvae of three species of lepidoptera : a behavioural and electrophysiological study . entomol exp appl 49 : 111\u2013121\nb\u00f6rner c ( 1939 ) die grundlagen meines lepidopterensystems . verh 7 . int kongr entomologie 2 : 1374\u20131424\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1959 ) observation of feeding habits of adult westermanniinae ( lepid , noctuidae ) in cambodia . acta trop 16 : 356\u2013361\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1962 ) biological and morphological notes on the fruit - piercing and eye - frequenting moths . 11 . int kongr entomologie wien ( 1960 ) 2 : 10\u201317\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1967 ) biological notes on eye - frequenting moths from n thailand . mitt schweiz entomol ges 39 / 3 , 4 : 151\u2013179\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1970 ) strange parasites of the eye . ciba symposium 17 : 22\u201329\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1973 ) vorl\u00e4ufige beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden schmetterlingen in der elfenbeink\u00fcste . rev suisse zool 80 : 1\u201343\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1993 ) domestic and wild mammalian hosts of ophthalmotropic lepidoptera in africa . entomologist extraordinary . s afr inst med res , johannesburg , pp 5\u20139\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1996 ) midgut structure and contents in some higher moths , especially in eye - frequenting taxa . entomol basiliensia ( in press )\ndownes ja ( 1973 ) lepidoptera feeding at puddle - margins , dung , and carrion . j lepid soc 27 / 2 : 89\u201399\nfrings h , frings m ( 1956 ) the loci of contact chemoreceptors involved in feeding reactions in certain lepidoptera . biol bull 110 : 291\u2013299\ngouws jj , coetzer jaw , howell pg ( 1995 ) a comparative microbiological study of clinically healthy eyes and those affected by ophthalmia in cattle and the association of noctuid eye - frequenting moths . tydskr s afr vet assoc 66 / 3 : 160\u2013169\nkrenn hw ( 1990 ) functional morphology and movements of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) . zoomorphology 110 : 105\u2013114\nnicolet j , b\u00fcttiker w ( 1975a ) observations sur la k\u00e9rato - conjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en c\u00f4te d ' ivoire 1 . aspects microbiologiques . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 115\u2013124\nnicolet j , b\u00fcttiker w ( 1975b ) observations sur la k\u00e9ratoconjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en c\u00f4te d ' ivoire 2 . \u00e9tude sur le r\u00f4le vecteur des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ophthalmotropes . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 125\u2013132\nnorris mj ( 1936 ) the feeding - habits of the adult lepidoptera heteroneura . trans r entomol soc london 85 : 61\u201390\nsellier r ( 1975 ) \u00e9tude ultrastructurale en microscopie \u00e9lectronique par balayage des organes sensoriels de la trompe des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res rhopaloc\u00e8res . alexanor 9 : 9\u201315\ni use a 125w mercury vapour lamp for attracting night - flying insects . i used to set this up on my apartment rooftop or balcony with a white sheet and the surrounding tiled or painted walls as a base .\ni found this fairly limiting due to often small numbers of attendees and usually the same species . so now i have invested in a gasoline generator and take my gear into the bush strapped to the back of my trusty electric bike .\n( nb . i use the light only for photographing night - flying insects . i do not trap or collect specimens . )\nthe hard decision is usually deciding when to pack up and go home , just in case that \u201camazing one\u201d arrives\u2026 . .\nyou can see all of my images captured at the night light in my flickr album , night light .\n( click the corresponding links below to see the full size images in my photostream . image numbering starts top left , then from left to right , top to bottom . )\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . ."]}
{"id": 189, "summary": [{"text": "kerria lacca is a species of insect in the family kerriidae , the lac insects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "these are in the superfamily coccoidea , the scale insects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "this species is perhaps the most commercially important lac insect , being a main source of lac , a resin which can be refined into shellac and other products .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this insect is native to asia . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "kerria lacca", "paragraphs": ["general remarks : takahashi ( 1949 ) regarded this species as a form or subspecies of kerria lacca . varshney ( 1976 ) gave a table of taxonomic characters to distinguish between kerria ( kerria ) lacca lacca , kerria ( kerria ) lacca ambigua and kerria ( kerria ) lacca mysorensis .\nkerria ( kerria ) lacca ambigua ( misra ) ; varshney 1984b : 368 . change of combination\nkerria lacca ambigua ( misra ) ; varshney 1977 : 43 . change of combination\nraising kerria lacca keer entail heavy production costs and is not as difficult as farm work . locals just have to rezone forest land to raise kerria lacca keer and harvest shellac .\npeople in huoi leng commune tend palm trees to raise kerria lacca keer ( photo : baodienbienphu . com . vn )\nstudies on the biology of lac insect , laccifer lacca ( kerr ) targ .\nhuoi leng\u2019s soil and weather are favorable for raising kerria lacca keer , a kind of insect that lives on palm trees and produces a shellac used in fine arts and medicine .\nstudies on the biology of lac insect , laccifer lacca ( kerr ) targ .\nkrishan sharma k , ramani r ( 2001 ) parasites effected reduction in fecundity and resin yield of two strains of indian lac insect , kerria lacca . indian j ent 63 : 456\u2013459 .\nstudies on the biology of lac insect , laccifer lacca ( kerr ) targ . [ 1984 ]\nsince they began raising kerria lacca keer , h\u2019mong people no longer burn the forests to create terraced fields . bare hills have been recovered with palm trees . kerria lacca keer raising areas have expanded to 300 hectares . traders come to huoi leng to buy shellac at high prices , sometimes as high as 150 usd per kg . hang say dua , chairman of the huoi leng people\u2019s committee , says : \u201c about 200 h\u2019mong households have become better - off from raising kerria lacca keer . h\u2019mong people now have access to education and mass media and their knowledge has improved . their lives have improved remarkably . \u201d\ngenetic diversity in lac resin - secreting insects belonging to kerria spp . , as revealed through issr markers\ngenetic diversity in lac resin - secreting insects belonging to kerria spp . , as revealed through issr markers - pubag\nlac is a natural resin secreted by a tiny insect \u2013 kerria lacca ( kerr ) for its own protection . this was an important resin because it was commercially used in various industries such as food , pharmaceuticals , cosmetics , varnishes , sealing wax , lubricants and insulating materials .\nho thi dinh says her family\u2019s average annual income is 2 , 500 usd and their lives are now much better . \u201c we sell shellac and have enough money to afford to send my children to school and buy a motorbike . last season , i had enough money to buy 3 horses and 5 buffaloes . growing rice earns less money than raising kerria lacca keer . \u201d dinh said .\nthe purpose of this study is to clarify the taxonomic status of two species of kerria in china . fresh insects were collected from their host in the locations according the first record in publication . the two species were compared morphologically at the cellular level by studying their karyotypes , rapd reactions were performed , they were sequenced with ef1\u03b1 genes and hybridization to establish their identifications , and their relationship with other species in genus kerria was analyzed .\ncitation : chen y , lu z , li q , hoffmann bd , zhang w ( 2014 ) multiple ant species tending lac insect kerria yunnanensis ( hemiptera : kerriidae ) provide asymmetric protection against parasitoids . plos one 9 ( 6 ) : e98975 . urltoken\nthe technique of random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) was used to study the relationships of 12 populations from 7 species of kerria . the genetic distance and identity among species were generated by popgene32 ( yeh and boyle 1997 ) . the molecular dendrogram was constructed based on nei ' s genetic distance by meg a3 using the upgma method ( kumar et al . 2004 ) .\nmorphology , cytology , and molecular biology evidence consistently indicated k . yunnanensis and k . ruralis , the two chinese endemic species , had significant differences with the other five species examined in this study . the relationships of the seven species were basically consistent , with a few phylogenetic positions being incomplete . however , with no matter which methods , k . lacca and k . sindica , and k . pusana and k . nepalensis , always clustered together and formed two sister groups indicating a close genetic relationship between them . with the exception of rapd , k . nepalensis and k . pusana always clustered together , indicating a close genetic relationship . k . chinensis was rather special and always stood alone in a separate branch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 chen et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this research was partly supported from grant 201204602 provided by special fund for forestry research in the public interest and national natural science foundation ( nsf ) grant 31270561 . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nlac cultivation is unique among most agricultural practices in that it is obliged to be organic , because chemicals that can be used to kill predators and parasitoids of lac insects would also kill the lac insects . many ant species tend k . yunnanensis for honeydew [ 21 ] , and the presence of at least one species in china , crematogaster macaoensis , was recently found to improve key features of fitness of k . yunnanensis , including survival rate , number of females and number of offspring [ 22 ] , presumably by providing protection from predators and parasitoids . therefore ants have a clear role in the management of lac cultivation .\ndespite the economic importance of this agricultural system , and a clear reliance on ants for lac production , very little is known about lac insect - ant - parasitoid relationships . all other work conducted to date has been limited to the identification and basic biology of parasitoids [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , and demonstrating the impacts of parasitoids on lac insects [ 22 ] , [ 28 ] , [ 29 ] . here , for the first time , we investigate the role of ants in protecting lac insects from parasitoids within the typical conditions of a lac farming system . specifically we address two hypotheses : 1 ) that different ant species with different abundance levels provide different levels of protection to k . yunnanensis ; and 2 ) that these relationships differ with the different life stages of k . yunnanensis .\nthe study was carried out on private land ; we confirmed that the owner of the land gave permission to conduct the study on this site .\nat experimental commencement in october 2009 , one third of the trees throughout the plantation were inoculated with k . yunnanensis , typical of normal lac farming practices . inoculation involved placing brood lac , containing k . yunnanensis larvae , on branches . the larvae move from the brood lac onto the branches and aggregate .\nwe selected 174 d . obtusifolia that were eight years old , 2 . 5 m to 2 . 8 m high , with a trunk diameter of 5 cm to 7 cm , and spaced at least 20 m apart . for the ant exclusion treatment , prior to k . yunnanensis inoculation , all ants visiting or living on 60 trees were removed , and a ring barrier of insect glue was applied to the main branch 0 . 5 m above the ground to prevent ant access . all other vegetation touching the tree were also cleared . every second week the insect glue was replaced and the surrounding vegetation was cleared to maintain ant exclusion .\nif our two treatments merely varied the abundance of a single ant species we would anticipate having a single relationship between parasitoids and the ants of the two ant attendance treatments . instead , because there are different ant species within the two ant attendance treatments , we would anticipate multiple relationships . this more complicated design reflects the on - ground reality of the farming system and therefore has greater practical application .\nexcept when stated otherwise , analyses were conducted using statistica 11 . not all k . yunnanensis aggregations were parasitized and there was no pattern of lack of parasitism with treatment ( e . g . all non - parasitized aggregations being in the high ant attendance treatment , or increasing lack of parasitism with decreasing ant attendance ) , so we excluded such trees from statistical analyses , leaving 22 , 20 and 21 samples ( february ) and 28 , 29 and 22 samples ( april ) in the exclusion to high ant attendance treatments respectively .\nmean ( \u00b1se ) lac crust area sampled in the three treatments and two sample times .\nto compensate for the slight non - homogeneity of sample size , we initially standardized the ant and parasitoid data per crust area , however , we found no relationship between ant abundance or parasitoid abundance with crust area . instead it appears that ants merely respond to the presence / absence of crust , and the effects on parasitoids are dependent on the type and number of ants present , irrespective of the size of the crust . additionally , the patterns of parasitoid abundance per crust and their statistical separation were identical when using non - standardized and standardized data . accordingly we used unadjusted abundance data for both ants and parasitoids in all analyses , and acknowledge that sample surface area of crusts between sample times are not fully homogeneous .\nnon - metric multidimensional scaling was used to compare homogeneity of ant community structure of the low ant attendance treatment between the two sample times , and parasitoid community structure among the three treatments in the two sample times . the association matrices were based on a bray - curtis association of species - level abundance data per crust of ants and parasitoids respectively . differences among categories were tested using analysis of similarity ( anosim ) for the ant data , and permanova for the parasitoid data . all multivariate analyses were conducted using primer 6 .\nbecause parasitoid abundance and species varied so greatly between the two sample times , different statistical tests were used for different levels of analysis . total parasitoid abundance data were compared among treatments and between sample times using 2 - way anova , and tukey ' s hsd test for the post - hoc comparison of means . the abundance data was log ( x + 1 ) transformed so that residuals met parametric test assumptions , with normality and homogeneity of variance being assessed using graphical observations and levene ' s test respectively .\nabundance data of individual species could only be assessed for the three most common species , but not always for both sample times . additionally these data could not satisfy assumptions for parametric tests . for consistency of tests , where there were enough data to perform a test , we analysed sample times separately using non - parametric kruskal - wallis anova .\nparasitoid species richness per crust varied little and was heavily skewed , so we compared parasitoid species richness among treatments and between sample times using a poisson - log generalized linear model .\nwithin the low ant attendance treatment we found 11 species tending crusts , six in february , and eight in april ( table s1 ) . the two most abundant species were crematogaster ferrari and c . macaoensis , contributing 50 . 8 and 30 . 5 % of individuals respectively . ordination of the species - level ant abundance data showed that the species and their abundances differed significantly between the two sample times ( figure 2 ; anosim global r = 0 . 133 , p = 0 . 005 ) . this is largely due to the february sample having approximately half ( 5 ) the number of ants per crust compared to the april sample ( 10 ) , and the greater presence of the two most common ants , c . ferrari and c . macaoensis in april compared to february ( present on 86 % of crusts vs 65 % respectively ) .\ndata are for low attendance treatment only , sampled in february ( closed symbols ) and april ( open symbols ) . 2d stress = 0 . 1\na total of 2574 individuals of parasitoids belonging to five species were collected ( table 1 ) . the two most abundant species were tetrastichus purpureus and tachardiaephagus tachardiae , contributing 82 . 7 % and 13 . 2 % of individuals respectively . total parasitoid abundance varied greatly with treatment ( two - way anova ; f = 4 . 4 , p = 0 . 014 ) and sample time ( f = 52 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , with the two factors having a strong interaction effect ( f = 33 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . total parasitoid abundance was lowest in the february sample when k . yunnanensis was in its younger life stage , and interestingly was significantly lower in the ant exclusion treatment ( figure 3 ) . in april , all three treatments had significantly different parasitoid abundances ( figure 3 ) , with abundance being highest in the ant exclusion treatment and the lowest in the high ant attendance treatment .\nmean ( \u00b1se ) parasitoid abundance in the three treatments and two sample times .\nmean ( \u00b1se ) parasitoid species abundance data within the three ant attendance treatments from the two sample times .\nwhen ants were present , there were strong negative relationships between total parasitoid abundance and ant abundance , with the relationships being dependent upon the ant species composition and abundance ( figure 4 ) . for the single species c . macaoensis , its relationship with parasitoid abundance was consistent between the two sample times . however , the ant assemblages of the low ant attendance treatment that differed between the two sample times ( figure 2 ) displayed distinctly different relationships with parasitoid abundance ( figure 4 ) . the patterns of total parasitoid abundance were clearly driven by the two most abundant parasitoid species ( figure 5a , b ) . no relationship was evident for marietta javensis , the only other species with enough data to analyse ( figure 5c ) .\ntreatments and sample times are low ( triangles ) and high ( circles ) ant attendance treatments sampled in february ( closed symbols ) and april ( open symbols ) . relationship metrics are : low ant attendance february sample : y = 22 . 627e \u22120 . 459x , r 2 = 0 . 9257 ; low ant attendance april sample : y = 831 . 1e \u22120 . 439x , r 2 = 0 . 914 ; high ant attendance : y = 39371x \u22122 . 837 , r 2 = 0 . 8571 .\ntreatments and sample times are low ( triangles ) and high ( circles ) ant attendance treatments sampled in february ( closed symbols ) and april ( open symbols ) . relationship metrics are : graph a ) low ant attendance february sample : y = 70277e \u22120 . 301x , r 2 = 0 . 464 ; low ant attendance april sample : y = 839 . 3e \u22120 . 454x , r 2 = 0 . 827 ; high ant attendance : y = 2930 . 6x \u22122 . 079 , r 2 = 0 . 753 ; graph b ) low ant attendance february sample : y = 10 . 316x \u22121 . 128 , r 2 = 0 . 496 ; high ant attendance : y = 523271x \u22123 . 87 , r 2 = 0 . 638 .\ntreatments and sample times are low ( triangles ) and high ( circles ) ant attendance , and ant exclusion ( squares ) , sampled in february ( closed symbols ) and april ( open symbols ) . 2d stress = 0 . 1 .\nour results clearly showed strong negative relationships between the abundance of tending ants and parasitoids , with the relationships being dependent upon the ant species present , ant abundance , and the k . yunnanensis developmental stage . greatest parasitism rates occurred at the oldest developmental stage measured , with the rate being least where crematogaster macoensis were present in high abundance .\nasymmetric protection from enemies provided to symbionts by different ant species is well documented globally [ 7 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] with greater protection being provided by ants with greater abundance and greater aggression . here , c . macaoensis was the most abundant , and the most aggressive species , and it provided the greatest protection from parasitoids possibly because they build structures over the lac crusts that provide additional protection against parasitoids . so from the perspective of both k . yunnanensis , and the farmer , c . macaoensis is best to protect lac insects within this agricultural system .\nmore broadly for theoretical ecology , several hypotheses have been offered to explain mutually beneficial interactions between ants and honeydew - producing insects . our results supported the predictable rewards hypothesis [ 39 ] , [ 40 ] . for ants , the honeydew secreted by k . yunnanensis was predictable in space and time , which elicited repeated visits by ant foragers , and incidentally increased the likelihood of encounters with parasitoids without requiring an increase in ant activity or aggressiveness .\nparasitoid trap , consisting of a 25 cm long\u00d710 cm diameter polyester mesh ( 1 mm 2 ) , was placed on the lac crust to collect parasitoids .\nparasitoid species and abundance captured from certain area of lac crust within the three ant attendance treatments from the two sample times , which were used in the analyses presented in the paper .\nwe thank the property owner of the lac - producing farm in yunnan province , china for access to the land , and dr . zhu chaodong for specimen identification .\nconceived and designed the experiments : yc ql . performed the experiments : zl wz . analyzed the data : yc zl bh . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yc zl . wrote the paper : yc bh .\ngullan pj , kosztarab m ( 1997 ) adaptations in scale insects . annu rev entomol 42 : 23\u201350 .\nway mj ( 1963 ) mutualism between ants and honeydew - producing homoptera . annu rev entomol 8 : 307\u2013344 .\nbuckley rc ( 1987 ) ant - plant - homopteran interactions . adv ecol res 16 : 53\u201385 .\ndel - claro k , oliveira ps ( 2000 ) conditional outcomes in a neotropical treehopper - ant association : temporal and species - specific variation in ant protection and homopteran fecundity . oecologia 124 : 156\u2013165 .\nmorales ma ( 2000 ) survivorship of an ant - tended membracid as a function of ant recruitment . oikos 90 : 469\u2013476 .\nstadler b , dixon afg ( 2005 ) ecology and evolution of aphid - ant interactions . annu rev ecol evol s 36 : 345\u2013372 .\naddicott jf ( 1979 ) a multispecies aphid - ant association : density dependence and species - specific effects . can j zool 57 : 558\u2013569 .\nbristow cm ( 1984 ) differential benefits from ant attendance to two species of homoptera on new york ironweed . j anim ecol 53 : 715\u2013726 .\ngibernau m , dejean a ( 2001 ) ant protection of a heteropteran trophobiont against a parasitoid wasp . oecologia 126 : 53\u201357 .\nbreton lm , addicott jf ( 1992 ) density - dependent mutualism in an aphid - ant interaction . ecology 73 : 2175\u20132180 .\ncushman jh , whitham tg ( 1989 ) conditional mutualism in a membracid - ant association : temporal , age - specific , and density - dependent effects . ecology 70 : 1040\u20131047 .\nbannerman ja , roitberg bd ( 2014 ) impact of extreme and fluctuating temperatures on aphid\u2013parasitoid dynamics . oikos 123 : 89\u201398 .\naddicott jf ( 1978 ) competition for mutualists : aphids and ants . can j zool 56 : 2093\u20132096 .\ncushman jh ( 1991 ) host - plant mediation of insect mutualisms : variable outcomes in herbivore - ant interactions . oikos 61 : 138\u2013144 .\ncushman jh , addicott jf ( 1991 ) conditional interactions in ant - plant - herbivore mutualisms . in : huxley cr , cutler df ant - plant interactions . oxford , oxford university press . pp 92\u2013103 .\nsogawa k ( 1982 ) the rice brown planthopper - feeding physiology and host plant interactions . annu rev entomol 27 : 49\u201373 .\nmiller dr , kosztarab m ( 1979 ) recent advances in the study of scale insects . annu rev entomol 24 : 1\u201327 .\nchen yq , yao wj ( 2007 ) lac resources and their utilization in the world . world forestry research 20 : 61\u201365 ( in chinese ) .\nmahdihassan s ( 1981 ) ecological notes on a few hymenoptera associated with lac . pak j sci ind r 24 : 148\u2013150 .\n( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) in relation to lac insect strains . j entomol res 9 : 240\u2013241 .\nkerr . on the basis of biometrical characters . j entomol res 19 : 27\u201332 .\nsrivastava dc , chauhan ns ( 1984 ) a critical appraisal of the estimates of parasitic losses in lac . indian shellac ( 1 and 2 ) : 24 .\nwang sm , chen yq , lu zx , liu cj , zhang w , et al . ( 2011 ) monopolization of honeydew sources by\nand its effects on lac production . chin j appl ecol 22 : 229\u2013234 .\nchen xm , chen yq , zhang h , shi l ( 2008 ) lac insect cultivation and lac processing . beijing : chinese forestry press .\nliao dx , li xl , pang xf , chen tl ( 1987 ) economic insect fauna of china : hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ( 1 ) . beijing : science press .\nbuckley rc , gullan p ( 1991 ) more aggressive ant species ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) provide better protection for soft scales and mealybugs . biotropica 23 : 282\u2013286 .\ndavidson dw , cook sc , snelling rr ( 2004 ) liquid - feeding performances of ants ( formicidae ) : ecological and evolutionary implications . oecologia 139 : 255\u2013266 .\ncerd\u00e1 x , retana j , manzaneda a ( 1998 ) the role of competition by dominants and temperature in the foraging of subordinate species in mediterranean ant communities . oecologia 117 : 404\u2013412 .\nsantini g , tucci l , ottonetti l , frizzi f ( 2007 ) competition and trade - offs in the organisation of a mediterranean ant assemblage . ecol entomol 32 : 319\u2013326 .\njanzen dh ( 1985 ) the natural history of mutualisms . in : boucher dh the biology of mutualism : ecology and evolution . london , croom helm ltd . pp 40\u201399 .\nness jh , morris wf , bronstein jl ( 2009 ) for ant - protected plants , the bets defense is a hungry offense . ecology 90 : 2823\u20132831 .\nagarwal vm , rastogi n ( 2005 ) ant diversity in sponge gourd and cauliflower agroecosystems and the potential of predatory ants in insect pest management . entomon 30 : 263\u2013267 .\nheil m ( 2008 ) indirect defence via tritrophic interactions . new phytol 178 : 41\u201361 .\n( thysanoptera : thripidae ) in mango crops in the northern territory of australia . int j pest manage 50 : 107\u2013114 .\npeng rk , christian k ( 2013 ) do weaver ants affect arthropod diversity and the natural - enemy - to - pest ratio in horticural systems ? j appl entomol 137 : 711\u2013720 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\n( vovworld ) \u2013 huoi leng is a disadvantaged mountain commune in muong cha district , dien bien province . in recent years , the commune has strived to fulfill its socio - economic targets and 10 % of its 200 poor households have escaped poverty . the improvement is due to changes in people\u2019s production habits and views .\nhuoi leng covers an area of 10 , 000 hectares and has a population of 2 , 500 people , mainly of the h\u2019mong ethnic group . they grow rice and corn on hillsides and their productivity is not very high .\nlocal authorities have encouraged people to change animal raising on mountains to centralized husbandry , which ensures better animal health and higher profits . giang chu nu is a villager . \u201c previously , we farmed on terraced fields and grazed cattle on mountains but we didn\u2019t have techniques and the yield was not high . now we are trained in modern production methods and production has improved . we earn higher incomes and our lives have changed positively . \u201d\nvov1 vov2 vov3 vov4 vov5 vovgt - ha noi vovgt - tp . hcm vovtv\nwiz khalifa - see you again ft . charlie puth ( mattybraps ft carissa adee cover )\ngrow thai basil big size or how to trim it so it grows big .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nexample : yes , i would like to receive emails from the 5 towns jewish times . ( you can unsubscribe anytime )\nby submitting this form , you are granting : five towns jewish times , 445 central avenue , cedarhurst , ny , 11516 , permission to email you . you may unsubscribe via the link found at the bottom of every email . ( see our email privacy policy urltoken for details . ) emails are serviced by constant contact .\n( july 9 , 2018 / jns ) israel saw a record number of tourists in the first half of 2018 , injecting billions of dollars of revenue . . .\nwomen of the community are in for a special treat on wednesday , july 11 , when the five towns yoetzet initiative hosts\nwine and wisdom ,\n. . .\np samuels the lazy hazy days of summer are finally here . you are beginning to actually relax and recuperate from last week\u2019s frenzy of shopping , . . .\nerror : error validating application . application has been deleted . type : oauthexception code : 190 please refer to our error message reference .\nwrite css or less and hit save . ctrl + space for auto - complete .\nlaccifer ambigua misra 1930 : 163 . type data : india : uttar pradesh , guna , jhansi , on\njheolia\n[ a botanical or vernacular name of unknown plant ( kapur , 1958 ) ] . . syntypes , female and first instar , accepted valid name notes : varshney ( 1976 : 30 ) reported that no type material of the species described by misra , was found at banaras hindu university , varanasi , where dr . a . b . misra has been working . illustr .\nbiology : misra ( 1930 ) reported this species from\njheolia\n, a vernacular name that was not verified by kapur ( 1958 ) and by varshney ( 1976 ) .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwang , y . d . ( chinese academy of forest sciences , beijing ( china ) . inst . of lac research )\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nwouters , jan , and verhecken , andr\u00e9 ( 1989 ) .\nthe coccid insect dyes : hplc and computerized diode - array analysis of dyed yarns\n. studies in conservation 34 ( 4 ) : 189\u2013200 . doi : 10 . 1179 / sic . 1989 . 34 . 4 . 189 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nwas identified by wang ziqing . both of them were collected in yunnan , china .\nwere collected in burma . the three species were identified by authors after a discussion with dr . xie yinping , who is an expert of scale insect in shanxi university , china .\nmicrophotographs of chromosomes in different species were taken with a nikon e800 optical system using the air - dried method ( chen et al . 2007 ) and karyotypic parameters were measured by im50 software ( leica ltd . 1992 ) . karyotype analysis was performed according to the standard method ( leven 1964 ; stebbins 1971 ; guo 1972 ) . phylogenetic relationship of lac insects were studied to built the dendrogram clustered using upgma by applying karyotype resemblance - near coefficients ( \u03bb ) and the evolution distance with specific software ( li et al . 2005 ) .\ntotal genomic dna was isolated from whole insect body using a standard proteinase k , phenol / chloroform extraction technique ( marchant 1988 ; tian 1999 ) . ef1\u03b1 genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using primer pair forward ( 5\u2032 - atgtgagcagtgtggcaatccaa - 3\u2248 ) and reverse ( 5\u2032 - gaacgtgaacgtggtatcac - 3\u2032 ) ( palumbi 1996 ) .\ndna amplifications were carried out in the bio - rad mycycler thermal cycler . amplification cycles were as follows : 95\u00b0 c for 4 min as initial denaturation step ; 35 cycles of 64\u00b0 c denaturation for 1 min , 72\u00b0 c annealing for 2 min , 72\u00b0 c extension for 7 min , and ended by cooling at 4\u00b0 c . the resulting sequences were assembled using bioedit version 7 . 0 . 5 . 3 (\nall male insects were manually removed from twigs harboring second instar larvae and the remaining females were covered by a synthetic net sleeve ( 80 mesh ) , which protected the insects from attack from parasitoids and predators . when the females in the sleeves developed into adults , they were copulated with males chosen from other species . the female insects not copulating were treated as controls .\nadult female : 1 . 04\u20131 . 9 mm long , 0 . 69\u20131 . 38 mm wide , globe - like body , dark reddish brown . anal tubercle heavily sclerotized with 0 . 08\u20130 . 38 mm long and 0 . 06\u20130 . 36 mm wide , nearly quadrate , apparently two - segmented and harboring 6\u201313 anal ring setae about 0 . 18\u20130 . 27 mm long . branchial tube less than 0 . 09 mm high , brachial plate with crater about 0 . 10\u20130 . 15 mm long , 0 . 08\u20130 . 14 mm wide , and 0 . 03\u20130 . 05 mm 2 in the center . dimples in crater are formed by the brachial pores , numbers vary from 8 to 15 . anterior spiracles are situated 0 . 02\u20130 . 11 mm to brachial plates with 0 . 18\u20130 . 3 lmm in length and 0 . 10\u20130 . 15mm in width , inside the keratinization trail is inconspicuous and less than 0 . 22 mm . dorsal spines are found between the brachia and anal tubercle , and have two parts : a stout pedicel about 0 . 01\u20130 . 11 mm long and 0 . 04\u20130 . 05 mm wide and a conspicuous scletotized spine averaged 0 . 10\u20130 . 23 mm in length . perivulvar pore clusters originate circularly near the anal tubercle . mouthparts have a labium about 0 . 31\u20131 . 40 mm long , 0 . 11\u20130 . 21 mm wide with inconspicuous segmentation and a pair of post oral lobes 0 . 03\u20130 . 12 mm wide just behind the mouth .\nholotype : \u2640 , paratypes , 8 \u2640\u2640 , 4 may 1987 , yunnan , p . r . china ( ou and hong 1990 ) .\nbiological characteristics : bi - voltine , summer ( may\u2013october ) and winter crops ( october - the next may ) . life history of females and males are list in\ndistribution : subtropical areas of pu ' er and lincang of yunnan province , p . r . china .\nadult female : length on slide 1 . 02\u20132 . 3 mm and 0 . 58\u20131 . 27 mm wide , globe - like body , two body color types , i . e . dark reddish brown or yellow . anal tubercle heavily sclerotized , 0 . 06\u20130 . 36 mm long and 0 . 21\u20130 . 37mm wide , apparently two - segmented and consist 1\u201313 anal ring setae about 0 . 17\u20130 . 31 mm long . brachial tube less than 0 . 09 mm long , brachial plate with a crater about 0 . 08\u20130 . 13 mm long , 0 . 06\u20130 . 11 mm wide and 0 . 03\u20130 . 04 mm 2 in the center . numbers of pores in crater vary from 4 to 11 . anterior spiracles are situated 0 . 02\u20130 . 11 mm to brachia 0 . 18\u20130 . 26 mm long and 0 . 10\u20130 . 15 mm wide , inside the inconspicuous keratinization trail is less than 0 . 12 mm . dorsal spine heavily sclerotized 0 . 10\u20130 . 23 mm long ; pedicel of dorsal spine 0 . 02\u20130 . 16 mm long , 0 . 04\u20130 . 13 mm wide . perivulvar pore clusters circular , present near anal tubercle . mouthparts with a labium about 0 . 21\u20130 . 82 mm long , 0 . 12\u20130 . 19 mm wide , with inconspicuous segmentation and a pair of post oral lobes , each 0 . 06\u20130 . 14 mm wide , behind the mouthparts .\nholotype : \u2640 , paratypes , 7 \u2640\u2640 , 10 june 1969 , yunnan , p . r . china ( wang et al . 1982 )\nbiological characteristics : bi - voltine , summer ( march\u2013july ) and winter crops ( august - the next march ) . life history of female and male were list in\n, respectively . two body color types , i . e . red and yellow . the ratio of red : yellow is about 12 : 1 .\ndistribution : tropical and subtropical areas of pu ' er and xishuangbanna of yunnan province , china .\nshows the results . these specimens and permanent slides were deposited in research institute of resource insect of china .\nphylogenetic hypotheses among seven species of lac insects based on the morphological characters by the mp method ( the numbers above branches are bootstrap values , chen et al . , 2008 ) . the aphid stomaphis japonica ( hemiptera : aphididae ) is the outgroup . high quality figures are available online .\nare made of six metacentric ( or sub - metacentric ) and ten telocentric chromosomes . and\nwere formed with eight metacentric and ten telocentric chromosomes . both differ from other species and have a certain degree of uniqueness . differences of interspecific relationship were reflected in the centromere position of chromosomes . the cluster analysis method of karyotype resemblance - near coefficient indicated\nhad the highest identity in karyotype ( 0 . 9688 ) and nearest distance in evolution ( 0 . 0317 ) , which showed they were the latest species of the seven grouped in the dendrogram (\ndendrogram of seven species of lac insect based on the karyotype resemblance - near coefficients and evolutionary distance . rnc = resemblance - near coefficients . ed = evolutionary distance . high quality figures are available online .\nthe results of rapd analysis showed the genetic distance inter - species were 0 . 1854\u20130 . 7917 , in which the average genetic distance among species was 0 . 4430 (\nwere 0 . 6297 and 0 . 5789 , respectively ; obviously for different categories . the results of upgma showed that the seven species could be divided into two natural groups (\nwas the earliest diverging member of this group and is placed as the base branch in the group .\ndendrogram of lac insect among seven species based on genetic distances using the method of upgma . high quality figures are available online .\n( 57 % ) , in which mp tree length = 377 , ci = 0 . 976 , ri = 0 . 813 , and rc = 0 . 793 using the maximum likelihood ( ml ) to build the phylogenetic tree , the gtr + g model was selected as the best model for phylogenetic analysis in accordance with the hlrt test ( - inl = 2913 . 3172 ) . the support value of all branches was in excess of 70 % . bayesian analysis results were consistent with the systematic relationships of mp and ml trees . except the branch of\n, which was 92 % , other branches all received high posterior probability ( pp > 95 % ) .\nmajority - rule consensus tree resulting from bayesian analysis of ef1\u03b1 gene ( model = gtr + g ) from seven species of lac insects and the aphid stomaphis japonica ( hemiptera : aphididae ) as outgroup . branches represented are based on the maximum likelihood topology . numbers above internodes indicate bayesian posterior probabilities ; numbers below internodes indicate nonparametric bootstrap proportions for the parsimony analysis ( left ) and likelihood analysis ( right ) . thickened branches indicate bayesian posterior probabilities \u226595 % . high quality figures are available online .\n( bayes , 99 % ; mp , 100 % ; ml , 100 % ) and the other containing the remain five species ( bayes , 92 % ; mp , 92 % ; ml , 71 % ) . in group 1 ,\nformed a sister branch , showing a close relationship , and indicated that they were the most recently evolved species of the seven .\nwas the earliest diverging member of group 2 , and has a distant relationship with the others .\nwere the most recently evolved species of the taxon , forming a close sister group with high support value ( bayes , 100 % ; mp , 83 % ; ml , 78 % ) .\nproduced first filial generation , indicating the close genetic relationship of the two species . however , crossbreeding between\n) , which indicated that three populations belong to separate species with the existence of reproductive isolation among them .\nshould belong to different categories , with obvious differences from other five species on the morphological characters . the results were in accord with the study of morphological characteristics by using scanning electron microscopy , which confirmed lac commercial species in china was a new species with clear differences from\n) , both higher than the average value of inter - species , which proved the three individuals should be classified into different species . this was in contrast to the idea that lac production species in china were the same as\nthe phylogenetic analysis also found that species distributed in similar ecological environments usually clustered indicating a near relationship .\nwas originally found ( india , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh , and sri lanka ) .\nhad the closest relationship and were sister taxa with high support values ( bayes , 99 % ; mp , 100 % ; ml , 92 % ) , in the most basal branch of seven species .\nwere the most recent of the genus , forming a close sister group with high support values ( bayes , 100 % ; mp , 83 % ; ml , 78 % ) . these four more advanced species were mainly distributed in edge of south subtropical and the north tropical regions .\nwas found in semi - arid and semi - humid area of southern subtropical zone , with 600\u20131500 m elevation and 18\u201320\u00b0 c average annual temperature .\noccured in xishuangbanna , yunnan province in the type humid subtropical climate , close to tropical north border , where the average annual temperature was 19\u201321\u00b0 c and the annual precipitation was 1200\u20131700 mm .\ndistributed in 800\u20131400 m altitude area of taunggyi , lashio , meimiao , which belonged to subtropical climate with average annual temperature of 19\u201320\u00b0 c and 1200\u20131500 mm average annual rainfall . while\nwas located at low elevations in south mandalay , about 200 m above sea level , in a tropical monsoon climate with annual average temperature of 23\u201329\u00b0 c and an average of 800\u20131000 mm annual precipitation .\nthe authors thank dr . lei shi , youqing chen and engineer shoude ye for their kind help in collecting some lac insect specimens . this research work was supported by the national natural sciences foundation of china ( no . 30800105 ) and the national key technology support program ( 2006bad06b07 ) . the authors also offer special thanks to the anonymous reviewers .\npaper copies of this article will be deposited in the following libraries . universitaetsbibliothek johann christian senckenberg , frankfurt germany ; national museum of natural history , paris , france ; field museum of natural history , chicago , illinois usa ; university of wisconsin , madison , usa ; university of arizona , tucson , arizona usa ; smithsonian institution libraries , washington d . c . usa ; the linnean society , london , england . the date of publication is given in \u2018about the journal\u2019 on the jis website .\nben - dov y , lit il . stabilizing kerriidae as the family - group name of the lac insects ( hem . , coccoidea ) .\nchamberlin jc . a systematic monograph of the tachardiinae or lac insects ( coccidae ) .\nchamberlin jc . supplement to a monograph of the lacciferidae ( tachardiinae ) or lac insects ( coccidae ) .\nchen xm , wang sy , mao yf , feng y . on the male aedeas of four species of lac insects and preliminary cross breeding test .\nchen h , chen xm , feng y , ye sd . analysis of relationships among the main commercial species of lac insects using random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) .\nchen h , chen xm , feng y . karyotype and genetic relationships among seven species of lac insects .\nchen h , chen xm , feng y . cladistic analysis of phylogenetic relationships among 7 species of lac insects ( homoptera : tachardiidae ) .\nguo sr , wang tt , huang tc . karyotype analysis of some formosan gymnosperms .\nhall ta . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nharland wb , armstrong rl , cox av , craig le , smith ag , smith dg .\nkumar s , tamura k , nei m . mega3 : integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment .\nlevan a , fredga k , sandberg aa . nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes .\nli f , pan sy . a software programming for cluster analysis of the karyotype resemblance - near coefficients .\nscience press ; 1959 . lac research : its progress and results . pp . 334\u2013376 .\nmarehant ad . apparent introgression of mitochondrial dna across a narrow hybrid zone in the caledia captiva - complex .\nou br , hong gj . obeservation on the morphology of lac insect ( homoptera : kerriidae ) with scanning electron microscope .\npalumbi sr . nucleic acids ii : the polymerase chain reaction . in : hillis dm , moritz cbk , editors .\npage rdm . treeview : an application to display phyloenetic trees on personal computers .\nposada d , crandall ka . modeltest : testing the model of dna substitution .\nthompson jd , gibson tj , plewniak f , jeanmougin f , higgins dg . the clustalx windows interface : flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools .\ntamura k , dudley j , nei m , kumar s . mega4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4 . 0 .\ntian yf , huang g , zheng zm . a simple method for isolation of genomic dna on insect .\nvarshney rk . taxonomic studies on lac insects of india ( homopetra : tachardiidae ) .\nvarahney rk . a review of family tachardiidae ( kerridae ) in the orient ( homoptera : coccoidea ) .\nwang zq , yao df , cui sy , liang cj . a new species of laccifer , with preliminary studies on the biological characteristics ( homoptera : coccoidea : lacciferidae ) .\nyeh fc , boyle tj . population genetic analysis of co - dominant and dominant markers and quatntitative traits .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nlakra , r . k . ( haryana agricultural univ . , hisar ( india ) . dept . of entomology )\nstudies on extraction , isolation , purification and antioxidation activity of flavonoids from the fruits of avicennia marina , s793 . 9\nstudy on application of non - phosphate additive in frozen penaeus vannamei and mechanism of water - holding , ts254 . 4\nmodification for pva - based composite packaging material with nano - sio 2 and its influence on fresh preservation effect of salted duck eggs , ts253 . 46\noptimization of extraction of gastrodin from rhizoma gastrodia by response surface methodology , r284 . 1\nstudy on the synthesis of tmpde and the measurement of vapor - liquid equilibrium of the mixture , tq225 . 2\nbased on the response surface method injection molding process optimization and quality prediction , tq320 . 662\nstudy on gannan prairie rat damage regionalization and control technique and prevention and control strategic for main harmful rodents , s812 . 6\ndetermination of 1 - deoxynojirimycin in silkworm and mulberry and optimization of extraction process , s881 . 24\nscientists from icar - iinrg \u2013 vaibhav d . lohot and a . mohanasundaram discovered lac insects in the peripheral areas of jawadhu hills , gandhi nagar , cmc and vellore fort on rain tree and pipal tree during a survey . \u2014 photo : v . m . maninathan\ntwo scientists from the indian council of agricultural research ( icar ) - indian institute of natural resins and gums ( iinrg ) , ranchi , have discovered lac insect on rain tree and pipal tree in the peripheral areas of jawadhu hills , gandhi nagar in katpadi and vellore fort .\nin fact , the resin was a major source of livelihood for tribals in jharkhand , chhattisgarh , odisha and west bengal as it was traditionally used in making jewellery , according to the scientists .\nthe scientists from icar - iinrg \u2013 vaibhav d . lohot ( plant physiology ) and a . mohanasundaram ( entomology ) - came across the lac insect and their host plants during a survey across various parts of vellore district including yelagiri hill , alangayam , tirupattur , vaniyambadi and gudiyatham , and kancheepuram and tiruvannamalai districts , from october 28 to 31 .\n\u201cwe have conducted surveys across tamil nadu . we had carried out surveys in madurai and theni in 2011 and in salem in 2014 and found the insect on rain tree , known as \u2018thoongu moonchi maram\u2019 in tamil , \u201d mr . mohanasundaram said .\nnow , the two scientists , said , for the first time , they have found the lac insect and their host plants in the peripheral areas of jawadhu hills that is venkatesapuram , gandhi nagar in katpadi and vellore fort . it was found on rain tree and pipal tree ( \u2018arasa maram\u2019 ) , he added . the insect\u2019s host plants were also observed during the survey .\nhe said the resin had medicinal value and was used in creams for treating cracked heels , tablet coating and also in ayurveda .\nlac insect was reported in the state from the 1930s . however , over the years , lac insect cultivation has lost importance in the state , and people were not aware of it now , leading to disappearance of the insect from southern parts of india , the scientists said .\nit is here that icar - iinrg has been playing a pivotal role . with india being a leading producer and exporter of lac resin in the world , icar - iinrg that was established in 1924 is exclusively dedicated to lac insect cultivation . the institute has been taking up exploration , collection and conservation of lac insect and host plants throughout the country on a regular basis .\n\u201cthis exploration activity was mainly taken up to conserve lac insect , its host plant biodiversity from extinction , \u201d he said .\nwith this discovery , the scientists will be taking samples of the insect for morphology and molecular study . \u201cthe insect is usually found in areas where the temperature is between 36 and 37 degree celsius . we will also study how it exists in a place like vellore where temperature levels are high , \u201d he added .\nthis discovery , they say , has brightened the scope of lac cultivation in the state and will provide income source to many people ."]}
{"id": 195, "summary": [{"text": "apolygus lucorum is a species of true bug in the miridae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it can be found everywhere in europe except for albania , bulgaria , iceland , malta , and portugal . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "apolygus lucorum", "paragraphs": ["early season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china .\napolygus lucorum ( meyer - dur 1843 ) - - det . m . d . schwartz\nseasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china .\nearly season host plants of apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi\nseasonal migration of apolygus lucorum ( hemiptera : miridae ) over the bohai sea in northern china . - pubmed - ncbi\ncitation : pan h , lu y , wyckhuys kag , wu k ( 2013 ) preference of a polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( meyer - d\u00fcr ) for flowering host plants . plos one 8 ( 7 ) : e68980 . urltoken\nacute toxicity of the essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves and its major constituents against ap . lucorum adults\npan , hongsheng ; liu , bing ; lu , yanhui ; wyckhuys , kris a . g . . 2015 . seasonal alterations in host range and fidelity in the polyphagous mirid bug , apolygus lucorum ( heteroptera : miridae ) . plos one 10 ( 2 ) : e0117153 .\nin this study , we related a . lucorum adult abundance of on a given plant species with plant phenology data . our objectives were ( 1 ) to assess temporal differences in the extent of flower preference by a . lucorum adults , and ( 2 ) to assess the role of flower preference as the driver of a . lucorum host plant switching .\ninsect information : apolygus lucorum feed on leaves by leaving small brown holes in the foliage . the species can damage fruits as well , by leaving bumps on them . when they drink the sap , they inject their poisonous salivary juices , which can cause buds , leaves and fruit distortions .\ndetail : this pheromone lure is for apolygus lucorum . manufactured with high quality sex pheromone and constant release vial carriers , our pheromone lures are species specific , residue free and effective for attracting targeted adult male damaging insects for more than 45 days in the fields , perfect for monitoring or mass trapping .\npherobio technology has been committed to developing , manufacturing and marketing high quality apolygus lucorum for years , which is well - known as one of the largest professional manufacturers and suppliers . our insect pheromone product comes in low price , easy operation and excellent performance . now , take action to check the pricelist with us and try our customized service .\nthe selective response of alucor46 to plant volatiles and its female - biased expression suggest that this receptor could be involved by a . lucorum in locating host plant for feeding and oviposition [ 21 , 22 , 23 ] .\ntissue expression patterns of alucor46 in adults of a . lucorum . a : antenna ; h : heads without antenna ; t : thoraxes ; ab : abdomens ; l : legs . asterisk indicates significant difference between female and male .\nthe red line indicates the flowering period . data of population dynamics of a . lucorum on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum l . ) and mungbean ( vigna radiata ( l . ) wilczek ) in 2007 were cited from [ 26 ] .\nat a given time , a . lucorum showed a clear preference for a limited number of plants species . as not all plant species are present in all agricultural landscapes of northern china , a . lucorum abundance is deemed highly dependent upon location and composition of local agricultural landscapes [ 36 ] . in china , there are different cropping patterns , including mixed plantations of food crops and cotton , fruit trees and cotton , pastures and cotton , and so forth [ 37 ] . in each cropping pattern , the dominant overwintering location and seasonal host plant range of a . lucorum vary considerably [ 24 ] , which would lead to different patterns of host plant use ( inc . seasonal dynamics , between - plant transfer ) .\nthe essential oil of a . tuberosum exhibited acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 20 . 03 \u03bcg per adult ( table 2 ) . the constituent , diallyl trisulfide possessed acute toxicity against ap . lucorum with an ld 50 value of 10 . 13 \u03bcg per adult , while allyl methyl trisulfide , diallyl disulfide , and dimethyl trisulfide had ld 50 values of 21 . 10 \u03bcg per adult , 28 . 10 \u03bcg per adult , and 21 . 65 \u03bcg per adult , respectively ( table 2 ) .\nrelative electroantennogram ( eag ) responses of female and male a . lucorum to six plant volatiles . ns indicates that there are no significant differences . asterisks indicate significant differences in eag response between female and male antennae , p < 0 . 05 . error bars indicate sem ( n = 6 ) .\nin earlier work , seasonal host switching of certain polyphagous mirid bugs ( e . g . l . lineolaris , pseudatomoscelis seriatus [ reuter ] ) has been related to their preference for flowering host plants [ 19 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . in our study , a . lucorum equally exhibited a clear preference for flowering plants and switched food plants according to the succession of different flowering plant species in the local agro - ecosystem [ 22 ] , [ 25 ] . it provided important information for further understanding the interaction between a . lucorum and host plants , and exploring the patterns of population dynamics of this mirid bug in different host plants .\nover the course of the experiment , the proportion of flowering plants with the presence of a . lucorum adults was significantly higher than that of non - flowering plants in each of the different periods ( inc . early july , late july , early august , late august , and early september ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( table 2 ) . more specifically , the proportions of flowering and non - flowering plants exploited by a . lucorum adults were 50 . 0\u2013100 . 0 % and 11 . 3\u201331 . 8 % in early july , 48 . 7\u201395 . 8 % and 10 . 1\u201358 . 3 % in late july , 63 . 6\u201398 . 4 % and 4 . 8\u201351 . 7 % in early august , 71 . 0\u201396 . 4 % and 10 . 9\u201345 . 0 % in late august , and 73 . 9\u201396 . 3 % and 18 . 2\u201363 . 2 % in early september , respectively ( table 2 ) .\na chi - square test was performed to compare the extent to which a . lucorum adults visited flowering vs . non - flowering plants during a given specific 2 - wk sampling window per year . each sampling period comprised three or four field surveys . if flowers were found at one or more surveys , the plant species was regarded as \u201cflowering\u201d for the corresponding period . on the other hand , if no flowers were found during any of the surveys , the respective plant species was treated as \u201cnon - flowering\u201d .\nthe a . lucorum ( meyer - d\u00fcr ) used in all experiments were obtained from a laboratory colony established and maintained at the institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing , china . insects were reared with fresh corns and green beans and maintained at 28 \u00b1 1 \u00b0c , with 60 % \u00b1 5 % relative humidity and a 14 h : 10 h light : dark photoperiod . antennae , heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs were collected from male and female adults on the third day after eclosion , immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at \u221270 \u00b0c .\nour work showed year - by - year fluctuations in general a . lucorum abundance ( figure 2 \u2013 7 ) , which affected its population levels on a given host plant at any specific time . yearly differences in climatic conditions and associated plant germination and growth are thought to be the prime determinants of those seasonal patterns [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] . computer models maybe help to simulate its population dynamics in the agro - ecosystem and then analyze the effects of various biotic factors ( e . g . , host plant selection , phenological relative survival ) and abiotic factors ( e . g . temperature , rainfall ) on its seasonal occurrence [ 40 ] .\nfor a given plant species with high adult abundance , standard attraction during flowering periods was significantly higher than during non - flowering periods ( p < 0 . 05 ) ( figure 1 , table 3 ) . the average standard attraction of all selected flowering plants at flowering stage was 9 . 3 , 7 . 7 , 19 . 5 , 15 . 5 , 12 . 9 , and 12 . 3 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 until 2012 , respectively . seasonal fluctuations in a . lucorum adult abundance on each plant species and the relative standard attraction for a given plant species showed similar trends . the mean population level of the above plant species at flowering stage was 10 . 3 , 17 . 8 , 28 . 9 , 18 . 6 , 13 . 9 , and 18 . 2 times higher than that during non - flowering periods from 2007 to 2012 , respectively ( figure 2 \u2013 7 ) .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspecies are green and rather broadly oval in shape . the black tibial spines do not arise from black spots and the 2nd antennal segment is usually shorter than the width of the pronotum at the base .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nin some areas ( esp . asia ) seriously damages crops incl . cotton , grape , etc .\nschuh , r . t . 2002 - 2013 . on - line systematic catalog of plant bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : miridae ) .\nreview of lygocoris species found in canada and alaska ( heteroptera : miridae ) l . a . kelton . 1971 . d . p . pielou .\nheteroptera of economic importance schaefer c . w . , panizzi a . r . ( eds ) . 2000 . crc press , boca raton , fl , 828 pp .\nalien true bugs ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) in canada : composition and adaptations scudder g . g . e . , foottit r . g . 2006 . the canadian entomologist 138 : 24 - 51 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nstate key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china .\n1 school of life science , shanxi normal university , linfen 041000 , china ; moc . 621 @ 4141213gnahz\n2 state key laboratory for biology of plant diseases and insect pests , institute of plant protection , chinese academy of agricultural sciences , beijing 100193 , china ; moc . 361 @ 0220 _ wsy ( s . y . ) ; nc . saacppi @ gnawrg ( g . w . )\n* correspondence : moc . 361 @ 6002pmgnahz ( m . z . ) ; nc . saacppi @ uilgnay ( y . l . ) ; tel . : + 86 - 357 - 205 - 1197 ( m . z . ) ; + 86 - 10 - 6281 - 6947 ( y . l . )\nthis article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution ( cc - by ) license ( urltoken ) .\n) , with an open reading frame ( orf ) of 1185 bp , encoding a protein of 394 amino acids . alucor46 is predicted to present 7 tmds with an intracellular n - terminus and an extracellular c - terminus . its identity with other ors of the same species is very poor , 12 . 7 % with alucorco and between 10 % and 16 % with other individual ors (\nalignment of amino acid sequences of alucor46 , alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor30 , alucor28 and alucorco . the seven transmembrane domains ( tm1\u2013tm7 ) are marked by solid lines . the conserved amino acid sites among the 6 ors are marked with black shading . amino acid similarities are very poor between these members . in particular , alucor46 is 12 . 7 % identical to alucorco and shares 15 . 7 % , 13 . 7 % , 14 . 2 % and 10 . 4 % amino acids with alucor12 , alucor18 , alucor28 and alucor30 , respectively .\nwas monitored by quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) . the results show that\noocytes and responses to odorants were recorded using two - electrode voltage clamp . we used 65 compounds including terpenoids , alcohols , aldehydes and benzoates . only six compounds : (\nfunctional characterization of alucor46 / orco in xenopus oocytes . ( a ) inward current responses of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to 10 \u22124 m solution of ( s ) - ( \u2212 ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) response profile of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes . error bars indicate standard error of the mean ( sem ) ( n = 6 ) ; ( c ) tuning curve of alucor46 . tuning curve for the alucor46 to an odor panel comprising 65 odorants arranged along the x - axis . the odors which elicited the strongest responses are in the middle of the distribution , the weakest near the edges .\ndose - response of alucor46 / orco expressed in xenopus . ( a ) alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes were stimulated with a concentrations range of ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol ; ( b ) dose - response curves of alucor46 / orco xenopus oocytes to ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol . responses are normalized by defining the maximal response as 100 in each group . the error bar indicates sem ( n = 6 ) .\nthe structure of six active compounds and the half maximal effective concentration ( ec 50 ) . values of four compounds .\nassay . the mean eag response value to the blank stimulus ( 10 \u03bcl hexane ) was 84 . 44 \u00b1 3 . 74 ( mean \u00b1 sem ) \u03bcv for\nfemales and 80 . 28 \u00b1 4 . 84 \u03bcv for males . the mean response values to the reference stimulus ( 10 \u03bcl of 0 . 1 m 1 - hexanol ) , was 219 . 14 \u00b1 14 . 46 \u03bcv for females and 222 . 22 \u00b1 15 . 86 \u03bcv for males , which were significantly higher than to the blank stimulus ( both\n) - 3 - hexenol proved to be the strongest stimuli , followed by 1 - heptanol . the other three stimuli produced much weaker signals . responses were generally similar between sexes , in some cases significantly higher in female antennae (\n) . different chemicals with similar structures could activate the same or , a fact proven by many in vitro experiments . for example , in\n] . however , although the four chemicals could stimulate similar responses in heterologous expression , the eag responses to them in both female and male showed significant differences . this may be caused by the fact that olfactory selectivity does not only depend on ors but also on other olfactory genes such as obps , sensory neuron membrane proteins ( snmps ) and odorant - degrading enzymes ( odes ) , as well as from the expression level of these genes [\n] . there is also a possibility that other ors tuned to the same compounds may exist in the olfactory system of this species .\nin conclusion , alucor46 is a receptor tuned to host plant volatiles and could represent an attractive target to control this important agricultural pest .\nthe 65 odorants tested in this study are listed in table s1 . all the chemicals were purchased from sigma - aldrich ( saint louis , mo , usa ) . in two - electrode voltage - clamp electrophysiological recordings , odorants were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide ( dmso ) as 1 m stock solutions . before experiments , these were diluted to the appropriate concentrations in 1\u00d7 ringer\u2019s buffer ( 96 mm nacl , 2 mm kcl , 5 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 8 mm cacl 2 , and 5 mm hepes , ph 7 . 6 ) . in eag experiments , the six selected compounds , ( s ) - ( \u2212 ) - limonene , ( r ) - ( + ) - limonene , ( e ) - 2 - hexenal , ( e ) - 3 - hexenol , 1 - heptanol and ( 1r ) - ( \u2212 ) - myrtenol , were dissolved in hexane at the concentration of 0 . 1 m .\ntotal rna was isolated using trizol reagent ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) , quantified on a nanodrop - 2000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , inc . , wilmington , de , usa ) and digested with dnasei ( fermentas , glen burnie , md , usa ) to remove trace amounts of genomic dna , before synthesis of single - strand cdna using revert aid first strand cdna synthesis kit ( fermentas ) . the cdna of antennae was used as the template for gene cloning and , together with cdnas from heads ( without antennae ) , thoraxes , abdomens and legs as templates for qrt - pcr .\nto clone the full - length orf of alucor46 specific primers were designed using primer premier 5 . 0 software ( premier biosoft international , palo alto , ca , usa ) ; their sequences are reported in table s2 . pcr reaction mixtures of 25 \u03bcl contained 1 \u03bcl cdna , 0 . 25 \u03bcl primestar hs dna polymerase , 5 \u03bcl 5\u00d7 primerstar buffer , 2 \u03bcl dntp mixture ( 2 . 5 mm each ) and 0 . 5 \u03bcl of each primer ( 10 \u03bcm ) . pcr conditions were : initial denaturation at 95 \u00b0c for 3 min ; 35 cycles of 95 \u00b0c for 30 s , 55 \u00b0c for 30 s , and 72 \u00b0c for 2 min ; final extension at 72 \u00b0c for 10 min . the amplification product was purified from 1 . 0 % agarose gels and ligated into the peasy - t3 vector ( transgenbiotech , beijing , china ) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . plasmids were extracted and sequenced at bgi ( beijing , china ) .\n, qrt - pcr was performed using cdna from antennae ( a ) , heads without antennae ( h ) , thoraxes ( t ) , abdomens ( ab ) and legs ( l ) on the abi prism 7500 fast detection system ( applied biosystems , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . to correct for samples variation and normalize\n) was used as a reference . primers were designed using the beacon designer 7 . 90 software ( premier biosoft international ) (\n) . qrt - pcr reactions were conducted in 20 \u03bcl reaction mixtures containing 0 . 5 \u03bcl of each primer ( 10 \u03bcm ) , 1 \u03bcl of sample cdna , 8 \u03bcl of sterilized h\no and 10 \u03bcl 2\u00d7 go taq qpcr master mix ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) . the qrt - pcr cycling program was : 95 \u00b0c for 2 min , 40 cycles of 95 \u00b0c for 30 s , 60 \u00b0c for 1 min . relative quantification was performed by using the comparative 2\nmaximum ) . each experiment was repeated three times using three independently isolated rna samples .\nthe full orf of alucor46 was amplified by primers with restriction enzyme sites ( apa i and not i ) ( table s2 ) and cloned into pt7ts vector . the vector was linearized by the restriction enzyme sma i and complimentary ribonucleic acid ( crna ) was synthesized from the linearized plasmid using mmessage mmachine t7 kit ( ambion , austin , tx , usa ) .\nrelative eag responses for each compound were calculated by the formula : relative eag response = ( eag response to the test compound \u2212 mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) / ( mean eag response to the reference stimulus \u2212 mean eag response to the blank stimulus ) [ 39 ] . the differences of mean relative eag response between female and male to the same test compound were compared using student\u2019s t - tests . statistical analyses of the above data were processed in spss 23 . 0 .\nwe thank paolo pelosi for comments and editorial assistance on the manuscript . this work was supported by national natural science foundation of china ( 31471833 and 31321004 ) and the national transgenic crop initiative ( 2012zx08009001 ) .\nzhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , guirong wang and yang liu conceived and designed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang , shuwei yan and yang liu performed the experiments ; zhixiang zhang and yang liu analyzed the data ; zhixiang zhang contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools ; zhixiang zhang , meiping zhang and yang liu wrote the paper .\nthe authors declare no conflict of interest . the founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study ; in the collection , analyses , or interpretation of data ; in the writing of the manuscript , and in the decision to publish the results .\nschoonhoven l . m . , van loon j . j . , dicke m .\nbruce t . j . , wadhams l . j . , woodcock c . m . insect host location : a volatile situation .\nmeyer - d\u00fcr ( hemiptera : miridae ) , to sex pheromone analogs and plant volatiles .\nsu c . y . , menuz k . , carlson j . r . olfactory perception : receptors , cells , and circuits .\nleal w . s . odorant reception in insects : roles of receptors , binding proteins , and degrading enzymes .\nvosshall l . b . , hansson b . s . a unified nomenclature system for the insect olfactory coreceptor .\nof the olfactory coreceptor orco gene by rna interference induces eag response declining to two putative semiochemicals .\nanderson a . r . , wanner k . w . , trowell s . c . , warr c . g . , jaquin - joly e . , zagatti p . , robertson h . , newcomb r . d . molecular basis of female - specific odorant responses in\n) exclusively tuned to the important plant volatile cis - 3 - hexenyl acetate .\ngroot a . t . , timmer r . , gort g . , lelyveld g . p . , drijfhout f . p . , van beek t . a . , visser j . h . sex - related perception of insect and plant volatiles in\nloughrin j . h . , manukian a . , heath r . r . , turlings t . c . , tumlinson j . h . diurnal cycle of emission of induced volatile terpenoids by herbivore - injured cotton plant .\nscala a . , allmann s . , mirabella r . , haring m . a . , schuurink r . c . green leaf volatiles : a plant\u2019s multifunctional weapon against herbivores and pathogens .\nagricultural university of hebei province ; baoding , china : 2011 . identification of host palnt semiochemicals and the attraction for\nclustalw2 . [ ( accessed on 14 october 2015 ) ] . available online : urltoken .\ntmhmm server v . 2 . 0 . [ ( accessed on 14 october 2015 ) ] . available online : urltoken .\nlu t . , qiu y . t . , wang g . r . , kwon j . y . , rutzler m . , kwon h . w . , pitts r . j . , van loon j . j . a . , takken w . , carlson j . r . odor coding in the maxillary palp of the malaria vector mosquito\nsun y . f . , yu h . , zhou j . j . , pickett j . a . , wu k . m . plant volatile analogues strengthen attractiveness to insect .\nfu x , liu y , li c , lu y , li y , wu k .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 pan et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this research was supported by the national basic research program of china ( no . 2012cb114104 ) , and the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 ) , the national natural science funds ( no . 31222046 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nagricultural landscapes regularly consist of crop fields interspersed with uncultivated habitats , thus providing abundant food resources for generalist phytophagous insects [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . change in the phenology of certain host or food plants results in a constantly changing mosaic of habitats across the agro - landscape [ 1 ] , [ 3 ] . most polyphagous plant - feeding insects ephemerally exploit suitable host plants and habitats , but equally engage in host plant switching to locate new , more suitable hosts [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . one advantage of such periodic host switching is that it permits continuous exploitation of a nutrient - diverse diet , thereby improving survival and reproduction [ 1 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . additionally , polyphagous insect herbivores usually exhibit clear preferences for particular plant species or plant growth stages [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . an in - depth assessment of host plant preferences of polyphagous insects is central to understanding their seasonal dynamics on a particular plant species and their movement between plants and habitats across the agricultural landscape .\nwe thank the graduate trainees at langfang experimental station , caas during the period 2007\u20132012 for assistance with the field surveys .\nconceived and designed the experiments : k . wu hp yl . performed the experiments : hp yl . analyzed the data : yl hp k . wu . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hp yl k . wu . wrote the paper : hp yl k . wyckhuys k . wu .\nkennedy gg , storer np ( 2000 ) life systems of polyphagous arthropod pests in temporally unstable cropping systems . annu rev entomol 45 : 467\u2013493 .\ncarri\u00e8re y , goodell pb , ellers - kirk c , larocque g , dutilleul p , et al . ( 2012 ) effects of local and landscape factors on population dynamics of a cotton pest . plos one 7 : e39862 .\nspecies on cotton in the southern united states . evolution of insect pests : patterns of variation . wiley and sons , new york , 375\u2013391 .\nbrandenburg rl , kennedy gg ( 1982 ) intercrop relationships and spider mite dispersal in a corn / peanut agro - ecosystem . entomol exp appl 32 : 269\u2013276 .\n( hemiptera : pentatomidae ) to enhance survival and reproduction . environ entomol 22 : 326\u2013333 .\nliu zd , scheirs j , heckel dg ( 2010 ) host plant flowering increases both adult oviposition preference and larval performance of a generalist herbivore . environ entomol 39 : 552\u2013560 .\nkennedy gg , margolies dc ( 1985 ) considerations in the management of mobile arthropod pests in diversified agroecosystems . bull entomol soc am 31 : 21\u201327 .\njackson re , bradley jr , van duyn j , leonard br , allen kc , et al . ( 2008 ) regional assessment of\npopulations on cotton and non - cotton crop hosts . entomol exp appl 126 : 89\u2013106 .\n( diptera : tephritidae ) in kenya , a new invasive fruit fly species in africa . ann entomol soc am 101 : 331\u2013340 .\n( hemiptera : miridae ) to selected host plants in the field . insect sci 17 : 542\u2013548 .\n( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in eastern tennessee . environ entomol 24 : 1080\u20131085 .\n( l . ) ( hemiptera : pentatomidae ) in southeastern queensland . j aust ent soc 34 : 193\u2013203 .\nwheeler jr ag ( 2001 ) biology of the plant bugs ( hemiptera : miridae ) . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .\nkullenberg b ( 1944 ) studien iiber die biologie der capsiden . zool bidrag uppsula 23 : 1\u2013522 .\npack tm , tugwell p ( 1976 ) clouded and tarnished plant bugs on cotton : a comparison of injury symptoms and damage on fruit parts . ark agric exp stn rep ser 226 : 1\u201317 .\n( heteroptera : miridae ) and selected predators in early season uncultivated hosts : implications for managing movement into cotton . environ entomol 16 : 379\u2013389 .\nwomack cl , schuster mf ( 1987 ) host plants of the tarnished plant bug ( heteroptera : miridae ) in the northern blackland prairies of texas . environ entomol 16 : 1266\u20131272 .\nlu yh , wu km ( 2008 ) biology and control of cotton mirids . golden shield press , beijing , china .\nlu yh , qiu f , feng hq , li hb , yang zc , et al . ( 2008 ) species composition and seasonal abundance of pestiferous plant bugs ( hemiptera : miridae ) on bt cotton in china . crop prot 27 : 465\u2013472 .\nlu yh , wu km , jiang yy , xia b , li p , et al . ( 2010 ) mirid bug outbreaks in multiple crops correlated with wide - scale adoption of bt cotton in china . science 328 : 1151\u20131154 .\n( hemiptera : miridae ) in northern china . crop prot 29 : 1026\u20131033 .\n( heteroptera : miridae ) in northern china . j econ entomol 105 : 1603\u20131611 .\nmeyer - d\u00fcr ( hemiptera : miridae ) . acta entomol sin 8 : 97\u2013118 .\n( hemiptera : miridae ) on bt cotton . crop prot 28 : 77\u201381 .\nwang zr ( 1990 ) farmland weeds in china : a collection of colored illustrative plates . agricultural publishing house , beijing , china .\nzheng ly , lv n , liu gq , xu bh ( 2004 ) fauna sinica , insecta vol . 33 ( hemiptera : miridae : mirinae ) . science press , beijing , china .\nesquivel jf , mowery sv ( 2007 ) host plants of the tarnished plant bug ( heteroptera : miridae ) in central texas . environ entomol 36 : 725\u2013730 .\nesquivel jf , esquivel sv ( 2009 ) identification of cotton fleahopper ( hemiptera : miridae ) host plants in central texas and compendium of reported hosts in the united states . environ entomol 38 : 766\u2013780 .\ndixon afg ( 1987 ) the way of life of aphids : host specificity , speciation and distribution . in minks ak , harrewijn p , eds , 197\u2013207 . aphids : their biology , natural enemies and control . vol . a . elsevier , amsterdam .\nstewart sd , gaylor mj ( 1994 ) effects of host switching on oviposition by the tarnished plant bug ( heteroptera : miridae ) . j entomol sci 29 : 231\u2013238 .\nholzschuh a , steffan - dewenter i , kleijn d , tscharntke t ( 2007 ) diversity of flower - visiting bees in cereal fields : effects of farming system , landscape composition and regional context . j appl ecol 44 : 41\u201349 .\nlu yh , wu km ( 2011 ) mirid bugs in china : pest status and management strategies . outlooks pest man 22 : 248\u2013252 .\n( meyer - d\u00fcr ) ( hemiptera : miridae ) . appl entomol zool 45 : 387\u2013393 .\n( h\u00fcbner ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) over a wide area in northern china . ecol model 221 : 1819\u20131830 .\nschoonhoven lm , van loon jja , dicke m ( 2005 ) insect - plant biology , second ed . oxford university press , oxford , uk .\nbruce tja , wadhams lj , woodcock cm ( 2005 ) insect host location : a volatile situation . trends plant sci 10 : 269\u2013274 .\nadults for six host species and their volatiles . chin j appl entomol 49 : 641\u2013647 .\nmeyer - d\u00fcr ( hemiptera : miridae ) , to sex pheromone analogs and plant volatiles . acta entomol sin 53 : 47\u201354 .\n( heteroptera : miridae ) to volatiles from host plants . environ entomol 34 : 1524\u20131533 .\nhokkanen hmt ( 1991 ) trap cropping in pest management . annu rev entomol 36 : 119\u2013138 .\nshelton am , badenes - perez fr ( 2006 ) concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management . annu rev entomol 51 : 285\u2013308 .\ncook sm , khan zr , pickett ja ( 2007 ) the use of push\u2013pull strategies in integrated pest management . annu rev entomol 52 : 375\u2013400 .\nfoster sp , harris mo ( 1997 ) behavioral manipulation methods for insect pest management . annu rev entomol 42 : 123\u2013146 .\nlu yh , zhang yj , wu km ( 2008 ) host - plant selection mechanisms and behavioural manipulation strategies of phytophagous insects . acta ecol sin 28 : 5113\u20135122 .\nting yq ( 1964 ) studies on the population fluctuations of cotton mirids in the cotton cultivation region of kwanchung , shensi , china . acta entomol sin 13 : 298\u2013310 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nor28 is sensitively tuned to ( z ) - 3 - hexenyl acetate and few structurally similar compounds .\nor28 responds to three attractive flowering compounds butyl acrylate , butyl propionate and butyl butyrate .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\njavascript is currently disabled or is not supported by this browser . please enable javascript for full functionality .\nsorry , there was a problem loading sequence from server . please try again and contact us if the problem persists .\nsorry , there was a problem loading genome locations from server . please try again and contact us if the problem persists .\nscroll around to explore the entire tree . click tree nodes to collapse or expand them . hover over taxon names to display additional information .\nlygocoris pabulinus ? similar to my image submitted here but it seems too yellow and too squat for that species .\nthis does look better in some ways but the images and description at britishbugs . org . uk , here , seem a little different . i added another image which shows the tibial spines , not visible in my first image , as well as detail of the cuneus . i wasn ' t sure if there were any other details that might be useful so i uploaded the entire image at high resolution as well . you may have to download it to see it at full res . i appreciate dr . schwartz ' s determination and i do not doubt it it . i only add the images in case the determination was based on assumed detail not visible in the original image . i certainly mean no disrespect .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\npherobio technology co . , ltd add : building 59a , no . 17 huanke middle road , tongzhou district , beijing contact : mo tel : + 86 - 10 - 56495611 - 813 mobile : + 86 - 18611666212 fax : + 86 - 10 - 56495617 e - mail : chunli @ urltoken web : www . urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of entomology , china agricultural university , 2 yuanmingyuan west rd . , haidian district , beijing 100193 , people\u2019s republic of china\nthe yield of essential oil of a . tuberosum was 0 . 005 % ( v / w based on fresh weight ) , while its density was determined to be 1 . 018 g / ml . a total of 20 components ( 19 of them were sulfur - containing compounds ) from the essential oil of a . tuberosum were identified , accounting for 97 . 95 % of the total oil . the principal constituents of a . tuberosum essential oil were allyl methyl trisulfide ( 36 . 24 % ) , diallyl disulfide ( 27 . 26 % ) , diallyl trisulfide ( 18 . 68 % ) , and dimethyl trisulfide ( 9 . 23 % ) ( table 1 ) .\nri , retention index , as determined on an hp - 5ms column using the homologous series of n - hydrocarbons .\nthe essential oil of a . tuberosum leaves showed less acute toxicity against the adults of ap . lurocum than the garlic essential oil ( ld 50 = 13 . 36 \u03bcg per adult , table 2 ) . garlic essential oil was chosen as a positive control because of its strong insecticidal activity , for example , fumigant activity against the japanese termite , reticulitermes speratus ( park and shin 2005 ) , larvicidal activity to ae . albopictus ( tedeschi et al . 2011 ) , contact toxicity against pear psyllid , cacopsylla chinensis ( zhao et al . 2013 ) . in fact , the essential oil and other extracts from a . sativum had been developed into a series of pest control insecticides for use against several pests , e . g . , garlic barrier ag ( garlic barrier ag , glendale , ca ) and envir epel ( cal crop usa , greeley , co ) .\nthis work was supported by special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( 201103012 - 3 ) . we thank dr . liu qr from college of life sciences , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , for the identification of the experimental plant material .\nbiological activity of volatile di - n - propyl disulfide from seeds of neem , azadirachta indica ( meliaceae ) , to two species of stored grain pests , sitophilus oryzae ( l . ) and tribolium castaneum ( herbst )\nsulfur constituents of the essential oil of nira ( allium tuberosum rottl . ) cultivated in brazil\nsulfur volatiles from allium spp . affect asian citrus psyllid , diaphorina citri kuwayama ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) , response to citrus volatiles\nvolatile constituents of chinese chive ( allium tuberosum rottl . ex sprengel ) and rakkyo ( allium chinense g . don ) .\nj . environ . sci . health b pestic . food contam . agric . wastes\n\u00a9 the author 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the entomological society of america .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\ni agree to the terms and conditions . you must accept the terms and conditions .\nthank you for submitting a comment on this article . your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal ' s discretion . please check for further notifications by email .\neffect of dietary protein and carbohydrates on survival and growth in larvae of the henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ( f . ) ( coleoptera : coccinellidae )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 197, "summary": [{"text": "poropuntius is a genus of cyprinid fish found mainly in freshwater habitats of southeast asia and yunnan in china , but p. burtoni is from south asia .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "several species have highly restricted ranges and are threatened , and a single p. speleops is a cavefish . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "poropuntius", "paragraphs": ["information on poropuntius speleops is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nporopuntius speleops is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - barb ( poropuntius speleops )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - barb ( poropuntius speleops )\ntitle =\narkive species - barb ( poropuntius speleops )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > poropuntius tawarensis < / i > specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > poropuntius tawarensis < / i > specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > poropuntius tawarensis < / i > specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nty - jour ti - species status of poropuntius burtoni ( mukerji 1934 ) , ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) with a systematic note on poropuntius clavatus ( mcclelland 1845 ) t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society , cy - bombay : py - 2001 sp - 31 ep - 37 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - vishwanath , waikhom au - kosygin , laishram er -\ncitation : wu x , luo j , huang s , chen z , xiao h , zhang y ( 2013 ) molecular phylogeography and evolutionary history of poropuntius huangchuchieni ( cyprinidae ) in southwest china . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79975 . urltoken\nthe evolution of the yunnan plateau\u2019s drainages network during the pleistocene was dominated by the intense uplifts of the qinghai - tibetan plateau . in the present study , we investigated the association between the evolutionary histories of three main drainage systems and the geographic patterns of genetic differentiation of poropuntius huangchuchieni .\n@ article { bhlpart155125 , title = { species status of poropuntius burtoni ( mukerji 1934 ) , ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) with a systematic note on poropuntius clavatus ( mcclelland 1845 ) } , journal = { the journal of the bombay natural history society . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { bombay : bombay natural history society , 1886 - } , author = { vishwanath , waikhom and kosygin , laishram } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 31 - - 37 } , }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nkottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .\nkottelat , m . , parenti , l . , vidthayanon , c . & juffe bignoli , d .\nthe species is assessed as endangered due to a significant decline ( that may reach 80 % ) in the abundance of this species in central vietnam that has been observed in the last ten years . this observed decline is probably the result of overfishing , as well as habitat loss and degradation . it is possible that the species may qualify for a higher threat category , and further survey and fishing regulations are required .\nbetween 2000 and 2009 , a marked decline in the abundance of the species in central viet nam was observed by freyhof ( unpublished data ) . it is thought ( j . freyhof , pers . comm ) , that the decline might be as high as 80 % , mainly due to overfishing .\n. 2006 ) . it does not persist in impoundments and it feeds mainly on fine debris , algae , diatoms , and aquatic insects ( rainboth 1996 ) .\nmajor threats to this species are overfishing ( where it is captured using seines , cast - nets , and traps ) , and habitat degradation caused by human infrastructure including dam construction and water pollution .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , poros = porous + greek , punctum = marked with points ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 12\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 )\ncaudal fin very pale yellow ( live specimens ) , with dark upper and lower margins ; specimens at least 6 cm sl with well developed breeding tubercles on lower half of the posterior part of body ; last simple dorsal fin ray slender , with a very weak serration along its posterior margin ( ref . 36949 ) .\nkottelat , m . , 2000 . diagnosis of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from laos ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , bagridae , syngnathidae , chaudhuriidae and tetraodontidae ) . j . south asian nat . hist . 5 ( 1 ) : 37 - 82 . ( ref . 36949 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 wu et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by national basic research program of china , national natural science foundation of china , bureau of science and technology of yunnan province . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\npast tectonic movements and climatic changes have greatly shaped the structure of hydrographic systems [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . likewise , since freshwater fish species are strictly confined to freshwater drainages , the historical connections , capture , reversal and separation of rivers are a driving force behind their diversification and speciation [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . consequently , the genetic structure and the dispersal of freshwater fish species is also strongly connected to historical and ecological changes to the aquatic environment [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , so by examining the historical biogeography of freshwater fishes could provide a natural link in understanding concurrent geographical and biotic evolution of a given region [ 8 ] .\nin this study , we used the sequences of the mtdna control region to estimate the genetic differentiation and phylogeographical patterns of p . huangchuchieni . to examine the taxonomic status of p . opisthoptera , we also determined the phylogenetic relationships between p . huangchuchieni and p . opisthoptera . accordingly , the main objectives of this study are ( 1 ) to examine the population genetic structure and the demographic history of p . huangchuchieni ; ( 2 ) to propose a historical biogeography and climate hypothesis to accommodate the phylogeographic patterns of lineages within p . huangchuchieni ; and ( 3 ) to determine the taxonomic implications for p . opisthoptera .\nafter alignment , 965 bp dna sequences of the complete control region were obtained from all p . huangchuchieni specimens . the control region sequences yielded 126 variable sites of which 100 were parsimony informative , defining 126 haplotypes ( genbank access number : kc567019 - kc567146 ) . the overall nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) and haplotype diversity ( h ) of all in - group sequences was 0 . 0286\u00b10 . 0139 and 0 . 9856\u00b10 . 0020 , respectively . in total , 1140 bp dna sequences of the complete cyt b gene were determined from 20 in - group individuals , and these 20 cyt b sequences contained 117 variable sites of which 87 were parsimony informative , further defining 18 haplotypes ( genbank access number : kc567001\u2013kc567018 ) .\nml and bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the 126 haplotypes identified two major phylogroups , containing five highly independent lineages with strong statistical support ( fig . 1a ) . one group , named lineage sw , clustered all of the p . opisthoptera individuals from the salween river , which was at the most basal position of the tree . the other group contained all p . huangchuchieni individuals , which formed four major evolutionary lineages : mk - a , mk - b , rl and lx ( fig . 1a ) .\nphylogenetic trees reconstructed based on mitochondrial control region sequences of all haplotypes ( a ) , the combined sequences of 20 haplotypes ( c ) , and the haplotypes network analysis of the 126 haplotypes ( b ) .\n( a ) ml tree reconstructed based on mitochondrial control region sequences of all haplotypes under hky + i + g model . numbers on major nodes represents bootstrap values after 1 , 000 replications . if bootstrap values were less than 50 % , they were defaulted . trees were rooted by h . pierrei and one h . vernayi . ( b ) haplotypes networks conducted based on the 126 haplotypes . circle size is proportional to haplotype frequency . the number of black dots on line connected haplotypes represents mutation steps between haplotypes ; when the mutation step is 1 , it was defaulted . ( c ) 50 % majority - role consensus tree inferred from ml and bayesian analysis of combined sequences of 20 haplotypes under gtr + i + g model . numbers at nodes represent the posterior probability for bayesian analysis and bootstrap value for maximum likelihood ( ml ) analysis . if the bootstrap values were less than 50 % , they were defaulted . trees were rooted by h . pierrei and one h . vernayi .\nlineages of mk - a and mk - b were represented by nearly all of the haplotypes ( except of hap 81 ) from the mekong river system , and co - occurred in most sample sites in the mekong river system ( table 1 ) . the haplotypes from luosuo river ( m3 ) , nanla river ( m5 ) and puwen river ( m7 ) in the mekong river system were only found in lineage mk - a , and the haplotypes from menghan ( m2 ) and dazhong river ( m8 ) were only found in mk - b ( table 1 ) . the rl lineage contained the haplotypes from amo river ( r1 ) , tengtiao river ( r3 ) , lvzhi river ( r4 ) and hedi river ( r5 ) in the red river system . interestingly , two haplotypes\u2013hap48 from the lvzhi river within the red river system and hap81 from nanlei river within the mekong river system\u2013fell outside the main cluster of lineage rl and located at the basal position within lineage rl ( table 1 ) . lineage lx was comprised of all of the haplotypes from lixian river ( r2 ) and two haplotypes from amo river ( r1 ) ( table 1 ) . within mk - a , there were two sublineages , which were named as mk - a1 and mk - a2 . mk - a1 was distributed in most of the sample sites ( 10 of 12 sample sites ) of mekong river system , whereas mk - a2 was distributed in only 4 sample sites ( figure 2 ) . lineage lx likewise contained two sublineages , which we named lx - 1 and lx - 2 . lx - 1 was only located in the lixian river , while lx - 2 , which contained three haplotypes , was found in both the lixian and amo river ( figure 2 ) .\ngeographic distribution of sample sites and the frequency of lineages and sublineages at each site . circle area is proportional to the sample size .\nsampling information and size in each lineage , as well as haplotype , and nucleotide diversity of populations based on mtdna d - loop sequences .\nin the phylogenetic trees based on the combined sequences of control region and the cyt b gene , the five major lineages could be clearly detected ( fig . 1c ) , corresponding to those defined in the control region trees . compared with the control region trees , the placement of lineages sw and lx were slightly different ; lx was placed at the most basal position and sw at the second basal position in the combined sequence trees . based on the combined sequences , the positions of other three lineages were recovered with strong supports .\nin total , among the 5 lineages , 126 haplotypes formed 9 unconnected haplotype networks at the 95 % connection limit ( fig . 1b ) . mk - a was divided into two unconnected sublineages , mk - a1 and mk - a2 . lx was also unconnected and formed two independent networks , lx - 1 and lx - 2 . rl was divided into three unconnected networks , where hap 48 and hap 81 formed two independent networks , while all the other haplotypes formed an integrate network .\nthe geographical structure at the river systems levels was determined using amova analysis . once all populations were grouped into the three river systems ( f st = 0 . 650 , f ct = 0 . 331 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , 33 . 09 % of the variation was between the different river systems and 31 . 91 % of the variation was between populations within the same river systems .\nin conducting the relative rate test , the null hypothesis of rate constancy could not be rejected for all lineages pairs . accordingly , mtdna divergence could instead be used to calculate the divergence times of the inferred mtdna lineages . we calculated the net between\u2013lineage mean distances using 20 cyt b sequences , with values ranging from 0 . 016 to 0 . 033 among the inferred lineages ( table 2 ) ; the net between\u2013lineage mean distances estimated using all the control region sequences were between 0 . 017\u20130 . 030 ( table 2 ) . we also calculated the net between\u2013lineage mean distances based on the same 20 specimens of control region sequences with values from 0 . 013 to 0 . 038 ( results not shown ) among the inferred lineages . accordingly , it could be concluded that the evolutionary rate of the control region sequences was similar to that of the cyt b gene among the five major lineages of p . huangchuchieni .\ndata set are above the diagonal , net genetic distances estimated based on the d - loop data set are below the diagonal .\nthe most recent common ancestor ( tmrca ) of all the ingroup sequences was dated back to around 1 . 57 mya ( 95 % ci = 1 . 03\u20132 . 21 ) . meanwhile , the estimated divergence time of the lineage lx from lineages mks and rl was estimated at 1 . 28 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 89\u20131 . 70 ) ; the diversification time of lineage rl from lineages mks was 1 . 11 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 79\u20131 . 46 ) . the tmrca of lineages mks and mk - a were dated 0 . 96 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 67\u20131 . 27 ) and 0 . 73 mya ( 95 % ci = 0 . 49\u20130 . 99 ) , respectively .\nthe mismatch distribution analysis of lineages mk - a , rl and lx were multimodal distribution of pairwise differences , and the fu\u2019s fs values were also not significant , indicating a long term demographic stability in these lineages ( fig . 3 ) . lineage mk - b displayed a unimodal mismatch distribution and a significant fs value , suggesting a recent population expansion . lineage sw was excluded from this analysis because of its small sample size . two sublineages ( mk - a1 and lx - 1 ) fitted the expected distributions under the expansion model ( fig . 3 ) . mismatch distributions for sublineages mk - a1 and lx - 1 were unimodal , with f s values of \u221216 . 48 ( p < 0 . 01 ) and \u22123 . 48 ( p < 0 . 05 ) , respectively ( table 3 ) . neither mismatch distribution nor neutrality tests , however , supported the expectation of population expansion for sublineage mk - a2 . given the small sample size of sublineage lx - 2 , the detection of population expansion was not performed . with the estimated tau value ( \u03c4 ) and a generation time of one year , the estimated times since population growth for lineage mk - b , and sublineages mk - a1 and lx - 1 were respectively dated to around 140 ka , 100 ka , and 60 ka years ago ( table 3 ) .\nstatistics of genetic diversity , tests of neutrality , and demographic parameters estimated for the major lineages and sublineages . these data were defaulted when number of individuals in a population was less than 10 .\na total of 234 specimens were included in morphological analysis ( lineage mk - a : n = 124 ; lineage mk - b , n = 55 ; lineage rj , n = 25 ; lineage lx , n = 13 ; lineage sw , n = 18 ) . the canonical variates analysis ( cva ) produced a scatter of specimens along the two first canonical axes ( fig . 4 ) . plotting canonical variables 1 ( cv1 ) and canonical variables 2 ( cv2 ) showed a clear morphometric space among groups . together , these first two canonical variables collectively explain 83 . 64 % of the total variability between groups ( cv1 accounted for 65 . 09 % and cv2 accounted for 18 . 55 % ) . meanwhile , 95 % frequency ellipses showed an overlap in the scatter of data among the 5 groups , with the exception of lineages mk - a and lx not overlapping with lineage sw ( p . opisthoptera ) ( fig . 4 ) . the cv1 sets lineage sw ( p . opisthoptera ) as having diverged from the other 4 lineages , being then associated with the relative position of the dorsal fin ( table 4 ) . the cv2 sets lineage lx from lineages mk - a and mk - b , and corresponded to the relative heights of body and caudal peduncle ( table 4 ) .\nfactor loadings for the 10 highest measured variables and canonical correlations of the differentiation analysis for the 5 main lineages .\nthe mitochondrial control region phylogenetic tree revealed the basal position of p . opisthoptera , which suggested a close relationship with p . huangchuchieni . however , the phylogenetic trees based on both the cyt b gene and combined genes all showed the basal position of lineage lx , and the second basal position of p . opisthoptera , indicating that p . opisthoptera may instead be a paraphyletic group of p . huangchuchieni . while the phylogenetic trees based on different data sets provided somewhat ambiguous results for the taxonomic inference of p . opisthoptera , together they firmly supported the notion that p . opisthoptera and the four major lineages of p . huangchuchieni all originated from a common ancestral stock .\nnote : 1 : tip of the mouth , junction of premaxilary and ethmoid ; 2 : center of eyes ; 3 : former basal point of dorsal fin ; 4 : posterior basal point of dorsal fin ; 5 : upper basal point of tail fin ; 6 : centre basal point of tail fin ; 7 : abdominal basal point of tail fin ; 8 : posterior basal point of anal fin ; 9 : former basal point of anal fin ; 10 : former basal point of ventral fin ; 11 : former basal point of pectoral fin .\nthe population differentiated in mekong and red river systems after the kym vicariant event . for example , the lineage mk - b and mk - a which split into two sublineages , mk - a1 and mk - a2 , in mekong river system ; the lineages rl and lx which split into two sublineages , lx - 1 and lx - 2 , in the red river system ( fig . 1 ) . independent geological or climatic evidence often serves to suggest that distinctive mtdna phylogroups may have diverged in allopatry [ 25 ] . in addition , most patterns in mtdna surveys also reveal the secondary admixture between allopatrically evolved phylogroups [ 25 ] .\np . huangchuchieni is a common economic fish . all specimens and muscle tissues were bought from local fish dealers . the specimens used in this study were dead . samples were obtained following the regulations for the implementation of china on the protection of wild animals ( presidential decree [ 2004 ] no . 9 ) .\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from muscle tissues using the standard phenol - chloroform extraction method . the complete sequence of the mitochondrial control region was amplified with the primers used by gilles et al . [ 34 ] . afterward , the complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cyt b ) was amplified for a subset of samples , selected based on the topology of the control region sequences , using the primers outlines by xiao et al . [ 35 ] . pcr amplifications were carried out in 50 ul reaction mixture containing 5 ul 10\u00d7pcr buffer ( takara , dalian ) , 0 . 2 mm dntps , 0 . 2 um each primer , with 1 . 5 u taq dna polymerase ( takara ) and approximately 50 ng genomic dna . reaction condition were 3 min at 95\u00b0c , followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94\u00b0c , 1 min at 57\u00b0c ( for the control region ) or 52\u00b0c ( for cyt b ) , and 1 min at 72\u00b0c , and 7 min at 72\u00b0c . pcr products were purified using the gel extraction mini kit ( waston biotechnologies , shanghai ) .\npcr products were sequenced in an abi prism 3730 ( applied biosystems ) automatic sequencer . the complete sequences of control region were sequenced directly with pcr primers ; the 19 complete sequences of cytochrome b were sequenced using pcr primers and two internal primers ( l15286 and h15374 ) employed by xiao et al . [ 36 ] . the sequencing reaction conditions were 25 cycles of 96\u00b0c for 30 s , 50\u00b0c 15 s and 60\u00b0c 4 min .\nall nucleotide sequences of the d - loop region , cyt b and combined sequences ( both cyt b and d - loop ) were aligned using megalign in dnastar 6 ( dnastar , madison , usa ) , and further alignment was confirmed visually in bioedit 7 . 0 . 9 [ 37 ] . protein - coding nucleotide sequences were translated to amino acids to confirm alignment . the sequence polymorphic analysis was performed in mega 4 [ 38 ] .\na haplotype network was constructed using tcs 1 . 2 . 1 [ 45 ] to estimate gene genealogies for the control region . the connection limit was fixed at 95 % and gaps were treated as a 5th state . when ambiguities ( closed loops or \u2018stranded\u2019 clades ) occurred in the networks , they were resolved using published rules and predictions based on coalescence theory [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] .\ngenetic structure analysis was performed based on the control region using arlequin 3 . 1 [ 48 ] . the haplotype diversity ( h ) and nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) [ 49 ] for each sampled population with a sample size \u226510 and each lineage / sublineage were estimated . a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was implemented to assess the significant population structure on different levels . the fixation index f st , fct and fsc [ 50 ] was used to estimate genetic differentiation at the three river systems levels . both amova and f st analysis were performed using pairwise difference with gamma correction ; the significance was assessed by 10 , 000 permutations with arlequin 3 . 1 . 1 . 1 [ 48 ] .\nthe six main rivers distribute in yunnan plateau , china . the six rivers are divided into two groups , jinsha - nanpan - red and mekong - salween - irrawaddy , by the red lines .\nconceived and designed the experiments : hx , ypz . performed the experiments : xyw . analyzed the data : xyw , jl . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : jl , sh , zmc . wrote the paper : xyw . revised the manuscript : jl , ypz .\nbermingham e , avise jc ( 1986 ) molecular zoogeography of freshwater fishes in the southeastern united states . genetics 113 : 939\u2013965 .\ndurand jd , persat h , bouvet y ( 1999 ) phylogeography and postglacial dispersion of the chub ( leuciscus cephalus ) in europe . mol ecol 8 : 989\u2013997 .\ndominguez - dominguez o , alda f , de leon gp , garcia - garitagoitia jl , doadrio i ( 2008 ) evolutionary history of the endangered fish zoogoneticus quitzeoensis ( bean , 1898 ) ( cyprinodontiformes : goodeidae ) using a sequential approach to phylogeography based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna data . bmc evol biol 8 : 161 .\nzemlak ts , walde sj , habit em , ruzzante de ( 2011 ) climate - induced changes to the ancestral population size of two patagonian galaxiids : the influence of glacial cycling . mol ecol 20 : 5280\u20135294 .\nwaters jm , rowe dl , apte s , king tm , wallis gp , et al . 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the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation , corporate , and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark , a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it\u2019s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission : getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njustification : the species is endemic to the phatewada cave in phu khiew wildlife sanctuary , thailand . it is restricted to a single underground stream system . the population has been impacted by occasional collection for food and , to a lesser extent , for the aquarium trade , thought the population is considered stable at present . it is assessed as vulnerable ( d2 ) as it is present at a single location and impacted by harvest and potential pollution from agriculture , although the cave system is located with a wildlife sanctuary .\nendemic to the subterranean stream of tham ( cave ) phatewada in the phu khiew wildlife sanctuary in chayaphum province , thailand ( mekong khorat plateau ecoregion ) .\nlocalized and uncommon , declined in the past 20 years from its discovery in 1991 . the species has occasionally been harvested for food , and might have undergone occasional declines , but the population is thought likely to be stable at present .\n, this species does not differ from riverine surface - dwelling species of the genus .\nrarely seen in aquarium trade ( harvested by poaching ) . locally consumed by locals who pass by the cave . both harvests would present a threat if undertaken in larger numbers or with greater frequency .\nthe population has declined due to local consumption from this small population , rarely harvested for the aquarium trade , however the population is considered to be stable at present . other potential threats include impacts from tourist visitors , and degradation of water quality as a result of sedimentation and agricultural pollution .\nprotected by thai law and in the protected area ( wildlife sanctuary ) . research is needed on the species population , threats and conservation actions .\nis still very confused ( kottelat 2011 ) , despite a recent revision , and the identity and distribution of species from the genus in the region requires further work .\nlocally common to uncommon in the mekong basin . although some threats have been identified , the species\nis not widely threatened and it is therefore assessed as least concern . further work is required to confirm the species distribution , especially with respect to the taxonomic identity of some records .\nthe species is known from the lower mekong basin in thailand and lao pdr to viet nam , where it is recorded from numerous major tributaries , e . g . , throughout the xe bangfai ( kottelat 1998 ) and the xe kong ( kottelat 2011 ) in lao pdr . the species is likely to be quite widely distributed , but under - recorded or misidentified in surveys ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nthe species is recorded from myanmar ( roberts 1998 ) , presumably in the mekong drainage . records from viet nam require confirmation ; e . g . , thua thien hue province in central viet nam ( vo\ninhabits rivers and tributaries to montane streams . tends to be found in faster flowing waters ( kottelat 2011 ) .\nconsumed and sold in local markets . occasionally found in the domestic aquarium trade in thailand .\njustification : the species has been assessed as data deficient , due to a lack of information regarding species ' taxonomic status , distribution range , population trends , or direct threats to this species .\nthe species is known from the nho qu\u00ea river in northern viet nam ( bao lac county , cao b\u00e0ng province ; nguyen and ngo 2001 ) .\nwithout greater information on the species distribution and ecology , nothing can be said of the threats to the species .\nresearch is required to confirm the taxonomic placement of the species , as well as its distribution and population trends .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of barbus chonglingchungi tchang , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of barbodes chonglingchungi ( tchang , 1938 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of barbodes lacustris wu , 1977 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of puntius pachygnathus wang , zhuang & gao , 1982 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 199, "summary": [{"text": "euhyparpax is a genus of moths of the family notodontidae , the prominents .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there are two species : euhyparpax amatame ( dyar , 1916 ) euhyparpax rosea beutenm\u00fcller , 1893", "topic": 26}], "title": "euhyparpax", "paragraphs": ["euhyparpax rosea beutenm\u00fcller , 1893 ; bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 5 ( 2 ) : 19 ; tl : colorado , custer co . , west cliff\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ngreer , apache county , arizona , usa july 18 , 2013 size : wingspan approx . 40mm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nribaldia dyar , 1916 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 51 ( 2139 ) : 22 ; ts : ribaldia amatame dyar\nribaldia amatame dyar , 1916 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 51 ( 2139 ) : 22 ; tl : mexico , hidalgo , guerrero mill\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\ndescribed in the 19th century , the species has been found in only one or two locations in the last 40 or 50 years . stochastic events such as development , fires , or alien weed impact could also eliminate populations of the moth .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nknown from only type locality ( custer county ) in central southern colorado and from near silver city , grant county , new mexico ( opler , 2000b ) .\nthe small range is susceptible to stochastic events such as fire , invasive alien plants , or inadvertent management actions that might be to the species ' detriment .\n( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) known from only type locality ( custer county ) in central southern colorado and from near silver city , grant county , new mexico ( opler , 2000b ) .\nprobably an oak feeder like the related h . aurora ( schweitzer , pers . comm . , 2002 ) .\na location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , where there is potential for persistence or continued recurrence . minimally a place where an adult or larva has be been verified associated with suitable habitat and foodplant . verification standards vary by species and location but sight records should not be the basis for new eos . a few species , most notably datana , are much easier to identify from specimens or photos of last instar larvae ( see forbes , 1948 ) than from adults . wagner et al . ( 1997 ) and wagner ( 2005 ) are also useful for larvae . many species can be identified from either stage and except for some datana the larvae do not have to be last instars . genitalia dissection will sometimes be necessary with single adult specimens or even small series and obviously for such species photographs are not acceptable .\nwhen possible base boundaries on vegetation structure , foodplant distribution in area or other known habitat features . see habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes habitat when mapping occurrences . note in particular care must be taken for the few that specialize on tree or shrubs that are localized within large forests .\nwhen multiple habitat patches occur in a large community complex such as a barrens or savanna or in a landscape feature like a ridgeline or canyon , regard all as one metapopulation .\nthere are no real data but experience generally suggests habitats are either fully occupied or vacant at least over periods of a few years and usually in every generation . occurrences are usually hundreds of hectares to dozens of square kilometers . occurrences even of globally rare species can be more than 10 kilometers in at least one dimension - - at least in new jersey . all of this argues for large separation distances within suitable habitat . adult males are powerful fliers but heavily laden females probably are not . very few species feed as adults and so they probably do not live long . individual movements are probably modest , a few kilometers or less . long distance strays are virtually unknown . this suggests a short distance across unsuitable habitat . clearly some species recognize and respond to habitat features , for example all known occurrences of heterocampa varia in new jersey are clearly mostly in the 500 to 10 , 000 + hectare range but strays of males out of habitat are rare and of females unknown even with potential foodplants ( oaks ) ubiquitous . datana ranaeceps also rarely is found out of habitat there even though its foodplant is much more widespread and this moth seems absent from virtually all ( dozens to few hundred hectare ) habitat patches more than about 10 kilometers from the true pine barrens region in new jersey . h . varia appears to be absent from the willow grove lake preserve in new jersey even though there is a large population in nearby similar xeric oak woodland which would have been no more than about 10 - 20 kilometers separated originally , although more now . one does not usually find the forest species in residential areas more than a kilometers from woods . females at least apparently do not cross unsuitable habitat often . many species are very heavily egg laden and deposit eggs in rather large masses rather quickly after mating and so probably do not disperse them widely . some clostera and datana are extreme examples but females of heterocampa sometimes and schizura probably always also lay eggs in masses , although often in more , smaller masses . this also supports short distances over unsuitable habitats . do not use the 2 kilometer distance with substantial ( > 100 hectare ) occupied habitat patches separated by areas of marginal habitat .\nmost notodontidae are widespread woodland or forest moths and typically they are not localized within such places unless the foodplant is . for species where there is some understanding of what actually is suitable habitat , few if any , observations suggest consistent partial occupancy but as noted some do require certain vegetation features ( often sparsely wooded to open scrub of some sort ) in addition to foodplant . notodontids seem to reliably occupy all available habitat where they are present at all , although they may of course be temporarily absent from patches within larger habitats ( especially datana ) . this radius is certainly unrealistically low for most species in large expanses of habitat but some limit is needed . if the habitat does not appear to be a large scale forest or woodland type , do not use this radius . for example some datana and a few others do sometimes occur in small habitats , but in such cases these should be obvious based on the foodplant .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbeutenmueller , w . 1893 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 : 19 .\ndraudt , m . 1940 . notodontidae . pages 901 - 1070 in a . seitz . the macrolepidoptera of the world . volume 6 , part 2 . alfred kernen , stuttgart , germany .\nferguson , d . c . , c . e . harp , p . a . opler , r . s . peigler , m . pogue , j . a . powell , and m . j . smith . 1999 . moths of north america . jamestown , nd : northern prairie wildlife research center home page . online . available : urltoken ( version 07jan2002 ) .\nneumoegen , b . and h . g . dyar . 1894 . a preliminary revision of the lepidopterous family notodontidae . transactions of the american entomological society 21 : 179 - 208 .\nopler , p . a . 2000a . notodontidae of north america . draft working document . abi contract number : zoo - 010100 .\nopler , p . a . 2000b . unpublished notes on notodontidae in museums including american museum of natural history ; gillette museum of arthropod biodiversity - - colorado state university ; national museum of natural history ; and california insect survey - - university of california at berkeley .\npackard , a . s . 1895 . monograph of the bombycine moths of american north of mexico . part 1 . notodontidae . national academy of sciences , memoir 7 - 390 , 7 maps .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 200, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena sudaniensis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by ray in 1944 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena sudaniensis", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe following 102 pages are in this category , out of 102 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nthe following unprocessed text is extracted from the pdf file , and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors . please consult the pdf file for the complete article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 205, "summary": [{"text": "nomada priscilla , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india and philippines . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nomada priscilla", "paragraphs": ["phor robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada integra robertson , 1893 ( not brull\u00e9 , 1832 ) = nomada integrrima dalla torre , 1896 , by original designation .\ncentrias robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada erigeronis robertson , 1897 , by original designation .\ncephen robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada texana cresson , 1872 , by original designation .\ngnathias robertson , 1903 : p . 173 , 174 , 175 ; type species : nomada bella cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nholonomada robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada superba cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nnomada scopoli , 1770 : p . 44 ; type species : apis ruficornis linnaeus , 1758 , by designation of curtis , 1832 : pl . 419 .\nwith over 850 species , the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae , and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic\ncuckoo bees\n. they occur worldwide , and use many different types of bees as hosts , primarily the genus andrena .\nxanthidium robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 177 ( not ehrenberg , 1833 ) ; type species : nomada luteola olivier , 1811 , by original designation . [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym , has not been replaced - mich . 2000 : p . 625 ] .\nthe species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz , 1994 [ univ . sci . kans . sci . , bull . 55 ( 7 ) : 239 - 270 ] . these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener ( 2000 : p . 625 ) .\nhypochrotaenia holmberg , 1886 : p . 234 , 273 ; type species : hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg , 1886 , monobasic .\nnomadita mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 : p . 37 ; type species : nomadita montana mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 , monobasic .\nlamproapis cameron , 1902 : p . 419 ; type species : lamproapis maculipennis cameron , 1902 , monobasic .\nnomadosoma rohwer , 1911 : p . 24 ; type species : pasites pilipes cresson , 1865 , by original designation .\npolybiapis cockerell , 1916 en 27 : p . 208 ; type species : polybiapis minus cockerell , 1916 , by original designation .\ncameron , 1897 mms 41 ( 4 ) : p . 123 ( furva group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 543 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nmorawitz , 1877 hser 14 : p . 107 ; ( ruficornis group ) [ coxalis only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1874 hser 10 : p . 181 ; ( furva group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\npanzer , 1798 fig , heft 55 : p . 23 ; ( furva group ) [ furva only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1872 vzbgw 22 : p . 380 [ = cincta lepeletier , 1841 : p . 484 ; = olympica schmeideknecht , 1882 : p . 176 ] ( ruficornis group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 98 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 99 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 100 ( furva group )\n[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .\nby the same author for the authors ' linked references mentioned in this document .\ninaugural release 26 sept . , 2003 revised and continued up to 26 nov . 2009 on url : urltoken . redesigned and released on url : urltoken on 08 february 2010\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchecklist of apoidea of north america . . . - 02 - nov - 2005 , manuscript ( version 02 - nov - 05 )\nhymenoptera name server version 0 . 03 4 . x . 2002 , website ( version 0 . 03 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwhen you follow someone on vimeo , you subscribe to their videos , receive updates about them in your feed , and have the ability to send them messages .\nall your burning filmmaking questions have answers . find them in vimeo video school .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 208, "summary": [{"text": "the long-tailed armored tree-rat , makalata macrura , is a spiny rat species from south america .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in brazil , with a population in ecuador which is referable either to this species or to makalata didelphoides . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "long - tailed armored tree - rat", "paragraphs": ["no children of long - tailed armored tree - rat ( makalata macrura ) found .\nthere are no entries in long - tailed armored tree - rat forum . become the first person to post messages in this forum by using the form below !\ncongratulations ! you have found the long - tailed armored tree - rat forum on forum jar . this forum is a place where people who are interested in long - tailed armored tree - rat come together and discuss about long - tailed armored tree - rat . please use the message board below to post anything related to long - tailed armored tree - rat . if you are interested in other similar forums , please check out the related forums section on the right . if you like this forum , please don ' t forget to tell your friends about forum jar . important rules for using long - tailed armored tree - rat forum \u2022 no offensive words are allowed in this forum . \u2022 to prevent spams , you must not use the words\nhttp\n. com\nor\n/\n( slashes ) in this forum . don ' t forget to check out our other forums here .\nypically found in lowland rainforest , in seasonally inundated floodplains of whitewater or blackwater rivers . it is an arboreal species ( emmons and patton 2015 ) . during a survey three of the four specimens of this species captured were taken in the tree canopy . the digestive system physiology suggests it feeds on leaves ( geise\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nconsidered a large form of makalata didelphoides by emmons and freer ( 1997 ) that might represent a distinct species , a hypothesis now supported by morphological and molecular evidence ( patton et al . 2000 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , likely tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs throughout the western amazon basin , including southern colombia and venezuela , eastern ecuador , and north - central peru . its range extends east through western brazil to the left bank of the lower rio negro and at least to the lower rio madeira . the geographic boundaries are poorly understood in the eastern and southern parts of its range ( fabre 2016 , emmons and patton 2015 ) .\nthe results of a study were unable to ascertain the true abundance of this species , it was unclear whether the trapping program failed or whether makalata macrura is rare throughout the rio jurua ( geise et al . 2001 ) . emmons and feer ( 1997 ) suggested that the species is locally common .\nlittle is known of the biology of this species ; it is probably adaptable to secondary habitats including gardens , anywhere there is a closed canopy ; also found along stream edges ( j . patton pers . comm . ) . it is t\n2001 ) . in the same survey , a single adult female was found to be pregnant with a single embryo .\npregnant females have been collected during the months of june and september ( emmons and patton 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis poorly - known species occurs in ecuador and peru east of the andes ( woods and kilpatrick , 2005 ) . the type locality is gualea , at 1 , 300 m , mount pichincha , in the western slopes of the andes , but this seems erroneous since all others known records are from the lowlands of the eastern side ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .\nit is an arboreal species . little is known of the behavior of this species , but it is probably similar to other members of the genus . it occurs in lowland and perhaps montane rainforest ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as data deficient in view of continuing problems with its taxonomy as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nit is rare , known from fewer than 10 individuals ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) .\nfurther studies into the distribution , habitat , ecology and threats to this species are needed .\nvivar , e . & patterson , b . ( 2008 ) . pattonomys occasius . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalert ! please do not buy anything or pay anyone on this forum . scammers have been reported on our forum . please also do not go to any links posted on here . we have been reported about links to websites that contain viruses . thank you .\ncarvalho , g . a . s . & salles , l . o . , 2004 : relationships among extant and fossil echimyids ( rodentia : hystricognathi ) . \u2013zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 142 , # 4 , pp . 445 - 477 [ doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2004 . 00150 . x ]\niack - ximenes , g . e . , de vivo , m . & percequillo , a . r . , 2005 : a new species of echimys cuvier , 1809 ( rodentia , echimyidae ) from brazil . \u2013pap\u0165is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u201eo paulo ) : vol . 45 , pp . 51 - 60 [ doi : 10 . 1590 / s0031 - 10492005000500001 ]\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629"]}
{"id": 213, "summary": [{"text": "makahiki ( japanese \u30de\u30ab\u30d2\u30ad , foaled 28 january 2013 ) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in 2016 he won the yayoi sho , tokyo yushun and prix niel", "topic": 14}], "title": "makahiki ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["jockey christophe - patrice lemaire rides his japanese horse makahiki on september 7 , 2016 , in gouvieux . on october 2 , 2016 , makahiki will try to win the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . jacques demarthon / afp\n\u201che ran his heart out , \u201d ninomiya said of his colt , also by deep impact . \u201cbut the horse that won was the better horse today . \u201d\nhorse racing betting tips : top picks for the eclipse at sandow . . .\nhorse racing betting tips june 30 : best bets for the northumbe . . .\nhorse racing tips july 2 : pontefract , hamilton , windsor , wolve . . .\nhorse racing tips july 6 : best bets for sandown , doncaster , ne . . .\nhorse racing tips july 3 : best bets for stratford , brighton , h . . .\nhorse racing tips july 1 : best bets for uttoxeter , cartmel , wi . . .\nhorse racing tips june 30 : best bets for york , chester , windso . . .\nhorse racing tips june 25 : best bets for beverley , brighton , n . . .\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\nthe home of horse breeding in japan is hokkaido and its undisputed kings are the yoshida brothers .\nhorse racing tips july 8 : best bets for ayr , market rasen , fai . . .\nfirst three were market leaders and also first three in the japanese 2000 guineas , albeit there dee - makahiki - satono .\nmakahiki , ridden by christophe lemaire , stretches out on the gallops at gouveiux . photograph : jacques demarthon / afp / getty images\nurltoken has been a home to passionate debate and intelligent discussion for horse racing enthusiasts since the year 2000 . we are a passionate community of over 55 , 000 horse racing fans , commentators and industry professionals . the loyalty and effort of our members make the racing forum the friendliest and most informative horse racing community .\nsatono diamond was rated seventh from the front with makahiki and dee majesty traveling close behind . though allowing makahiki to surge out before him in the straight , the second favorite dislodged a powerful late charge under christophe lemaire to close in on the leader in the last furlong .\nmakahiki ( right ) , ridden by yuga kawada , edges satono diamond to win sunday ' s japanese derby at tokyo racecourse . | kyodo\nthis photo shows how a smile on your lips and an open heart can effect the attitude of your horse .\nsatono diamond was rated seventh from the front , with makahiki and dee majesty traveling close behind . though he allowed makahiki to surge out before him in the straight , satono diamond unleashed a powerful late charge under christophe lemaire to close in on the leader in the last furlong and just missed .\nbred in japan , makahiki is out of the french deputy mare wikiwiki . trained by yasuo tomomichi , he has four wins from five career starts .\nryan moore rode this horse on this track in november , finishing a neck second to one of today\u2019s favourites dee majesty .\ncrimean tatar is the most inexperienced horse in the field , but is the only unbeaten runner in the line - up .\nmakahiki clocked 2 minutes , 24 . 0 seconds over the 2 , 400 meters as both jockey yuga kawada and trainer yasuo tomomichi won their first derby .\nchristophe lemaire , who will also ride makahiki in the arc , was confident after sunday\u2019s success that his partner will improve significantly by the first weekend in october .\nhot favourite postponed could not pick up entering the straight and was ultimately well beaten in fifth place , as were big japanese hope makahiki and dual derby hero harzand .\nmakahiki , with yuga kawada aboard , traveled in mid - division , around eighth from the front - runner , along the rail , and eyed satono diamond in front .\nhorse sales at northern farm and the other yoshida stables now bring in the best trainers , and the richest buyers from across the world .\nmakahiki became the top 3 - year - old in all of japan on sunday , winning the japanese derby and a \u00a5200 million check after a photo finish over satono diamond .\nin the fall , makahiki may skip the third triple crown race , the kikka - sho , and take a shot at the elusive prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in france .\na quarter of a century ago , harry sweeney was a horse doctor in ireland when he was asked to bring his veterinarian skills to hokkaido .\nfound was rated the best three - year - old filly in the world and the forty - second best horse of any age or sex .\nmakahiki had not run since he edged the tokyo yushun in may and considering midterm was himself coming back off a break following a hamstring injury , there are two ways of looking at the form .\n\u201che\u2019s a very clever and relaxed horse . he knows his job , he really does what you ask him to do and he preserves himself . today he came very easily to the front and then just relaxed . he\u2019s a typical mile - and - a - half horse , a big stride and then nice acceleration . \u201d\nrounding far turn , kawada steered makahiki to the outside for a clear path . although caught between horses at the top of the stretch , makahiki found an opening 300 meters out . he slipped out from the behind air spinel around the 200 - meter marker , and then accelerated to take command 100 meters out . he managed to fend off a strong challenge by satono diamond nearing wire for the narrow win .\nhorse numbers are indicated in the order of their positions at each corner , with the first position listed first . two or more horses inside the same parentheses indicate that they were positioned side by side . hyphens between the horse numbers indicate that there is distance between the former and the latter . the asterisk indicates a slight lead .\nall information , including ages and race performances , are as of december 31 , 2016 , unless otherwise indicated . wins and earnings include jra - designated local public races under the national association of racing ( nar ) and overseas starts , except for jockeys . the season performances chart shows the horse\u2019s positions in the 1st , 2nd , 3rd and final corners , from left to right . \u201cl3f\u201d and \u201c [ horse ] \u201d indicate time over the last 3 furlongs ( 600m ) and the horse\u2019s weight , respectively .\nmarking three consecutive wins from his debut in the yayoi sho ( jpn - ii ) in march , makahiki covered 2 , 400 meters ( about 1 1 / 2 miles ) in 2 : 24 on firm turf .\nwhat appeals most about makahiki is that he seems to share the strengths of horses like deep impact and orfevre , who finished runner - up in the arc in 2012 and 2013 , but not many of the weaknesses .\nthird choice makahiki bested a strong field of 3 - year - olds in the tokyo yushun ( jpn - i , japanese derby ) to claim his first top - level win by a nose may 29 at tokyo racecourse .\npostponed , admittedly , is a horse of genuine quality with the tactical speed to take a good position from stall seven and he is a solid favourite at around 2 - 1 .\nmakahiki improved for the step up to 12 furlongs in the japanese derby and held on with real determination in the closing stages to win by a nose . he did not have much to spare in the prix niel three weeks ago , having taken his time to get past midterm , but that win was probably a lot better than it looked , as it was his first start since may and makahiki has been prepared solely with sunday\u2019s race in mind .\n\u201c ( there is ) a reverence for the horse and for the sport that hasn\u2019t existed in the west for decades , \u201d wrote ryan goldberg , an american journalist in december 2014 .\nmakahiki is a homebred of makoto kaneko , who campaiged deep impact to a derby win in 2005 . he also landed the races in 2004 with king kamehameha and is now tied with sunday racing co . for the most derby wins .\nmakahiki put down the best performance out of the three trials for next month\u2019s prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe on sunday in the group 2 qater prix niel and connections of the japanese derby winner are confident there is much more to come .\njockey christophe lemaire has played a key role in the preparation of makahiki , who has been in chantilly for nearly two months . the french rider revealed that the three - year - old son of deep impact had a lot more to give .\nmakahiki turned it up with 200 meters remaining , going ahead by the narrowest of margins and holding on past the winning post . even though the stewards had to review the finish , satono diamond\u2019s jockey christophe lemaire knew who was heading to the winner\u2019s circle .\nbecame a well - deserving winner of the 2016 best dirt horse by claiming his second g1 title in the champions cup and consistently placing within the money in five other grade - race starts . the son of\nbegan riding at an early age and won a preliminary in the kanto area to earn a berth in the jra\u2019s \u201cjockey babies\u201d race , finishing fifth . he enrolled in the jra horse racing school in 2012 .\nmakahiki did the barest of minimums here on sunday but the latest star to emerge from japan with the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe as his target remains on course for the big race on 2 october , having beaten midterm by a neck in the prix niel .\nlast time out , makahiki finished second , 1 1 / 4 lengths behind dee majesty , in the satsuki sho ( jpn - i , japanese two thousand guineas ) , closing in on the winner with a powerful late charge but got his classic victory sunday .\nchantilly , france / / makahiki put down the best performance out of the three trials for next month\u2019s prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe on sunday in the group 2 qater prix niel and connections of the japanese derby winner are confident there is much more to come .\nit is a decade since the doors at longchamp racecourse were thrown open on the first sunday in october to reveal an excited queue of several thousand japanese racing fans stretching back into the bois de boulogne . deep impact , the horse that had lured them across two continents , could finish only third in the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe , but the experience sparked a japanese obsession with winning the arc that makahiki , a son of deep impact , may finally satisfy on sunday .\nthe jra equine culture award recognizes noteworthy achievements and contributions to japanese equine culture . nominations for the 2016 award included horse - related cultural events and publications that were held or published between november 2015 and october 2016 .\ncandy said : \u201cthe race worked out really , really well . the horse was really relaxed and harry was able to take a pull . it was lovely to see the way he quickened up like that . \u201d\nmakahiki , also sired by deep impact , won the japanese derby in may , earning a prize of \u00a5200 million . the yoshida family owns or has a stake in most of the nation\u2019s other top stallions , including king kamehameha , harbinger and just a way , once the world\u2019s top - rated thoroughbred horse . their successes abroad include rulership , who won the queen elizabeth ii cup in hong kong in 2012 , and gentildonna , winner of the dubai sheema classic two years ago .\nit was far from spectacular , and for a brief moment inside the final furlong , it seemed that makahiki might not find enough to overhaul midterm , who was running for the first time since finishing only fifth when favourite for the dante stakes at york in may .\non a glorious afternoon at tokyo racecourse , the deep impact - sired makahiki , who went off as the third choice in a full field of 18 , held off satono diamond by a nose at the wire to capture the second leg in the japanese triple crown .\nbut makahiki too was returning from a break , having been off the track since winning the japanese derby by a nose on 29 may . he kept responding on the run to the line here , and had more to spare at the post than the margin might imply .\nlike deep impact , he had the class to win the japanese derby . unlike deep impact , he is a three - year - old , the generation that has supplied 17 of the last 22 arc winners , and has a rider in christophe lemaire who knows his way around chantilly . and unlike orfevre , who veered sharply right and threw away his chance after hitting the front in 2012 , makahiki seems to have the no - nonsense attitude of a horse who will get the job done .\nclaimed the 2016 horse of the year title after for an outstanding season that included two of japan\u2019s most prestigious g1 titles as well as two close finishes\u2014under 0 . 1 second\u2014in all - star g1 events , the takarazuka kinen and the arima kinen . these combined with another g2 win in the kyoto daishoten boosted his total earnings above the billion yen mark and won him 44 votes over 2015 horse of the year maurice for the season\u2019s highest honor .\nhorse racing in japan appears at first glance to have its best days behind it : attendance at racecourses is down by more than half from the 14 million people who went in the late 1990s , when betting revenue peaked .\nunlike in the satsuki - sho when he had to bring up the rear , kawada \u2014 who became the eighth jockey to sweep japan\u2019s five classic races \u2014 made sure makahiki made the trip in midfield and unleashed him down the 525 - meter straight with satono diamond in his sights .\n\u201cbeing a horse with great expectation ever since his debut as a two - year - old , it ' s been a long way to finally prove his true ability with his first g1 victory this time and i am grateful to have been given the opportunity to train such a talented horse , \u201d said trainer yasutoshi ikee . \u201che ' s had the potential all along but a g1 title was needed to justify that and i ' m glad he did .\non paper the defeat of one - time english derby favourite midterm by a neck hardly sets the pulse racing , but makahiki showed that he is in good heart and , according to his trainer , did only as much as he had to in order to hold off the british challenger .\nmakahiki ( jpn , c4 , by deep impact ) , who claimed the tokyo yushun by crossing the wire a nose in front of satono diamond , disappointed to 14th in his arc challenge last year and was given the rest of the season off . he finished third in his comeback start in february this year in the kyoto kinen , which was won by satono crown ( jpn , h5 , by marju ) who scored his second consecutive win following his first g1 success overseas in the hong kong vase last year . both makahiki and satono crown will start in the osaka hai .\nfrench horses dominated the other two trials with pascal bary\u2019s silverwave proving an easy winner of an unremarkable prix foy , and carlos laffon - parias\u2019s left hand taking the prix vermeille for fillies . both could join makahiki and midterm in the european showpiece and of the two left hand could be dangerous .\nwith the arc in mind , makahiki was the main attraction on the card of trial races over the big - race course and distance here , and his price to win europe\u2019s showpiece race is largely unchanged at around 8 - 1 , although a couple of firms pushed him out to 10 - 1 .\nif so , few will care that their dreams will come true in chantilly , about 30 miles north of paris , rather than the arc\u2019s traditional home . while you cannot see the eiffel tower in the distance , the chateau and the grandes \u00e9curies , built by an aristocrat who believed he would be re - incarnated as a horse , will provide a suitably impressive backdrop for one of sport\u2019s most glamorous annual events . and at around 6 - 1 , makahiki is a very attractive price to succeed where his father and several other japanese contenders have failed over the years .\ndelivered another outstanding season to conclude his sparkling racing career with six g1 titles in everything from a mile to extended distances of 2 , 000 meters . while falling 44 votes short of kitasan black for his second horse of the year title , the son of\nthird pick makahiki broke smoothly from stall three and traveled in mid - division , around eighth from the frontrunner , along the rails while eying second favorite satono diamond in front . rounding the third corner and approaching the final turn , yuga kawada steered the deep impact colt to the outside for a clear path . although caught between horses at the top of the stretch , makahiki found an opening 300 meters out and after slipping out from the pack behind air spinel around the 200 - meter marker , accelerated strongly to take command 100 meters out and managed to fend off a strong challenge by satono diamond before the wire for a photo - finish win .\n\u201cit meant he met the big bend on the wrong lead and then he didn\u2019t quicken up like he can . it\u2019s disappointing as we went in hoping we would win , but the main thing is we still have a horse to go to war with . \u201d\nnot every horse performs on cue . breeding is a hit - and - miss affair : foals can turn out to be sickly or deformed . mares and stallions can be temperamental , or worse : one of america\u2019s most iconic racehorses , cigar , won almost $ 10 million in prize money and was twice voted horse of the year in the 1990s . however , his performance on racecourses was not matched in the stable : none of the 34 mares he squired became pregnant . cigar , it turned out , was shooting blanks .\ndeep impact , the sire of makahiki , drew thousands of japanese racing fans to paris when he ran third in the arc a decade ago . having tried and failed several times to win the arc at longchamp , japan will now hope to win it at chantilly in three weeks\u2019 time while the race\u2019s traditional home is being rebuilt .\nmakahiki ( jpn ) b . c , 2013 { 1 - m } dp = 2 - 0 - 7 - 3 - 0 ( 12 ) di = 0 . 85 cd = 0 . 08 - 11 starts , 5 wins , 1 places , 1 shows career earnings : jp\u00a5409 , 655 , 000 + \u008074 , 100\nconcluded a spectacular 2016 season with a near perfect score of four wins and a second that included both j - g1 titles and two other graded jump titles , positioning himself as the undisputed jra award winner for best steeplechase horse . the five - year - old son of\n\u201ci like it here ; it\u2019s a fantastic horse industry , structure , racing and prize money , \u201d sweeney says . \u201ci love the farm , the scenery , people and the food . i think i have a wonderful life : a home in ireland and a home here . \u201d\nthe form of the arc trials three weeks ago was boosted in group two events at chantilly on saturday as doha dream , a close third behind makahiki in the prix niel , took the prix chaudenay , and the juliet rose , who finished third to arc contender left hand in the prix vermeille , was an impressive front - running winner of the prix de royallieu .\nriding under trainer hidekazu asami upon graduating from jra\u2019s horse racing school in february 2015 , he scored his first win on march 14 at chukyo . he was second best among first - season jockeys with 17 wins by august and then ultimately overtook his rivals to win by nine victories for the champion title .\nbut despite the big buildup to the arc , makahiki disappointed badly by finishing 14th . the race unfolded with an uncharacteristically fast pace early on , wearing out the inexperienced three - year - old as he fought to keep his position near the leaders but stayed wide throughout . although japan\u2019s highly regarded colt faded from contention , the 2016 arc added a new page to its history book as the top three finishers\u2014found ( ire , f4 ) , highland reel ( ire , c4 ) and order of st george ( ire , c4 ) \u2014all came from the same yard ( irish trainer aidan o\u2019brien ) and all shared the same sire ( galileo ) . makahiki , who never managed to demonstrate his bursting finishing speed , is expected to rest for the remainder of the season .\nbecame only the second horse to claim both j - g1 titles in the same year\u2014the first was up to date in 2015\u2014including the nakayama daishogai in december , when he used his outstanding stamina and speed to keep the pace and then still have plenty left to draw away to an overwhelming nine - length victory .\nmidterm could yet join makahiki in the field for the arc , as this was a much more encouraging performance than his run in the dante , a race that he started as the ante - post favourite for the derby . new bay , last year\u2019s french derby winner , is another possible arc runner in prince khalid abdullah\u2019s colours , however , and the champion stakes is an alternative target .\ncolt , unbeaten in two starts as a two - year - old after a late debut in november , kicked off the 2016 season with his third win and first grade - race victory in the kisaragi sho . as the favorite in the first leg of the triple crown , the satsuki sho ( japanese 2000 guineas ) , he impressively out - finished 2015 best two - year - old colt leontes , but was overtake n by eventual winner dee majesty and subsequent tokyo yushun ( japanese derby ) winner makahiki , settling for third place . he almost won the next time out in the tokyo yushun , just missing by a nose to makahiki while holding off dee majesty by a half a length . starting the fall with his second grade - race victory in the kobe shimbun hai ,\nthird choice makahiki broke smoothly from stall three , eased back toward the rear and traveled wide behind dee majesty throughout the race . the yasuo tomomichi - trained bay exploded powerfully in the last stretch , running the last three furlongs the fastest in the field and , although unable to close in on the winner , finished 1 - 1 / 4 - length ahead of the race favorite in second .\n, earned 90 votes to deny him a second consecutive horse of the year title , but he still earned a special award for continuing to excel in the final season of his illustrious career . the annual jra awards , which will be handed out in a ceremony at prince park tower tokyo on monday , january 30 , recognize\n> > > > > it is said that this season\u2019s three - year - old colts in japan are a vintage crop , and many experts who have been involved in writing and commenting on horse racing in japan , share the feeling that the tokyo yushun ( japanese derby ) , is the strongest ever . i do not hesitate to agree with this opinion .\nturned in another outstanding season in 2016 after becoming the jra\u2019s leading trainer for the first time in 2015 . success in both japan and overseas produced his first jra awards for money earned and training technique and his third title for winning average . even though two - time triple crown winner duramente was forced to retire in mid - season with injury , horse of the year maurice gave\nhowever , he does not have as much in hand of the field as his odds might suggest , and as a lightly raced three - year - old who has been pointed towards chantilly for many months , makahiki\u2019s profile makes far more appeal at the prices . at much bigger odds , meanwhile , savoir vivre , the grand prix de deauville winner , could scrape into the frame and may be worth an additional ( and small ) each - way interest at 50 - 1 .\ntoshikazu wakamatsu , groom \u201cyou may not be able to see the difference just by looking at him but he has gotten better little by little with each race . he\u2019s small but always gives it his all . he\u2019s really a great little horse . he\u2019s good at hauling too and the trip to the track won\u2019t hurt him . i think he\u2019ll be able to handle the extra distance . \u201d\nin the final race of the day limato was a comfortable winner of the prix de la foret for lambourn handler henry candy but there is a difference of opinion in the victorious camp about the breeders\u2019 cup target for the horse . winning rider harry bentley said \u201che\u2019s got an incredible turn of foot , but he does settle in his races , too . he really is a class act . \u201d\nthe jra horse racing season starts in earnest with the three - year - old classic trials in march , whilehorses begin to prepare towards the spring 2017 g1 events . we take this opportunity to bring you up to date on the progress of last year\u2019s stars and this season\u2019s key runners , hoping that this special spring edition of our seasonal japan autumn international newsletter will support your reporting of upcoming events .\nthe jra horse racing season starts in earnest with the three - year - old classic trials in march , whilehorses begin to prepare towards the spring 2016 g1 events . we take this opportunity to bring you up to date on the progress of last year\u2019s stars and this season\u2019s key runners , hoping that this special spring edition of the seasonal japan autumn international newsletter will assist you in reporting on upcoming events .\nlightly raced this season , satono aladdin finished ninth in his only start , the keio hai spring cup over a yielding track . his latest triumph being the satsuki sho ( japanese 2000 guineas ) this season with al ain , trainer yasutoshi ikee has now 18 jra - g1 titles under his belt , while jockey yuga kawada claimed his ninth , his latest the tokyo yushun ( japanese derby ) last year with makahiki . this is also kawada ' s second yasuda kinen title following his 2015 victory with maurice .\nharry sweeney has his hand up a horse\u2019s backside . the mare looks put out by this intrusion . her eyes dart about nervously and she shifts her weight before accepting five thick human digits probing her insides . after feeling the uterus and the swelling of the ovaries , sweeney\u2019s arm , slick with mucus and excrement , reemerges . he doesn\u2019t even need to look at the monitor . \u201cshe\u2019s pregnant , \u201d he confirms , smiling .\n3yo , turf firm 2400 meters gr . 1 1 . makahiki ( deep impact - wikiwiki , by french deputy ) yuga kawada - yasuo tomomichi 2 : 24 . 0 2 . satono diamond ( deep impact - malpensa , by orpen ) 3 . dee majesty ( deep impact - hermes tiara , by brian ' s time ) 4 . air spinel ( king kamehameha - air messiah , by sunday silence ) 5 . leontes 6 . smart odin 7 . mount robson 9 . red eldest 11 . lord quest 13 . vanquish run\nfor his next start , he gave another strong performance in his first g1 challenge , the yasuda kinen , where he prevailed by a neck to become the first g1 winner sired by screen hero . he then validated the win by claiming the mile championship with a convincing 1 - 1 / 4 - length margin . his overseas success in the hong kong mile secured his 2015 awards for both the horse of the year title and best sprinter or miler .\nfound was quickly in a clear lead and , though she had finished second at group one level in all five of her previous starts , there was never any chance that it would be surrendered . highland reel , the king george winner , was a length and three - quarters behind her at the line , while order of st george was another length and a half in front of siljan\u2019s saga and postponed . harzand was ninth , while makahiki , attempting to give japan its first win in the arc , was a bitter disappointment , finishing 14th of the 16 runners .\nyasuo tomomichi , trainer \u201che wasn\u2019t able to catch the winner in the satsuki sho , who had made his move before he did , but this horse did run really well in the stretch . he lost but i think it was by no means a bad race . his constitution is stronger now and every time we race him he recovers more quickly than the time before . since he came out of the last start well i clocked him over the woodchip course on may 12 . i had the jockey ride him on may 18 and push him quite hard . his responses were excellent . this week he gave us a solid bit of work . it\u2019s our usual routine to give him his last fast work up the hill and push him enough to give his lungs a good workout . the ground was a bit slow this week and the rider didn\u2019t overdo it but the horse looked like he had a whole lot left . even so , his time was good . i was reminded again just how strong this horse is . his breathing was good too . and he\u2019s eating well . i\u2019d say he\u2019s in good shape . he settles nicely and he runs solidly when you ask him to extend . i think he\u2019ll be able to handle the distance . it\u2019s a wide open track and the stretch is long so i think racing will be even easier for him this time . i\u2019m looking forward to it . \u201d\nmost strikingly of all has been the evolution of breeding over the past two decades . from being largely also - rans in international competition , japan - bred horses are now among the fastest and strongest in the world , thanks largely to mixing with foreign bloodlines ( see sidebar ) . american horses , once the ones to beat , haven\u2019t won the japan cup since 1991 . the last time the race was won by a horse from outside japan was more than a decade ago .\nas well he might . foals bred on sweeney\u2019s hokkaido farm , paca paca ( the onomatopoeic sound of a trotting horse ) , have sold for more than $ 1 million ( \u00a5102 million ) . in 2012 , deep brillante , born on this farm , won the japanese derby , the country\u2019s most prestigious race . sweeney later sold her sister for $ 1 . 79 million . the clump of cells inside the belly of this timorous mare could one day be worth a pile of cash .\nbest steeplechase horse of 2015 up to date ( jpn , h6 , by kurofune ) , winner of the nakayama grand jump ( j - g1 , 4 , 250m ) and the nakayama daishogai ( j - g1 , 4 , 100m ) , kicked off this season with a second - place finish in the hanshin spring jump ( j - g2 , 3 , 900m ) on march 12 . he looked to be in good form for another strong performance in the coming j - g1 event .\nthe arc trials were perhaps more mundane than meaningful this year , though left hand winning the vermeille was a reminder of la cressonniere ' s class , having beaten that filly with a bit up her sleeve in the french oaks , number seven in her eight - race unblemished record . the prix foy was a trial and trial only for makahiki , who came through in greyish colours rather than flying ones , but the knowledge from his japanese form is that he ' s good - and the suspicion from the japanese experts is that he could be very good - and his presence certainly adds an extra dimension to the arc .\nwould strive to become a jra trainer and that he would first learn the art of training outside japan . his father\u2019s advice helped him to acquire important basics in training while spending time in australia , where he worked at randwick in new south wales and flemington , victoria and toowoomba in queensland , after which he trained in britain . upon his return to japan , he introduced the interval training method while helping at his father\u2019s yard , then enrolled in the stable employee course at jra horse racing school .\non the day these photos were taken the rider was feeling frustrated with herself and her horse because she wasn\u2019t able to get the degree of engagement she needed from the mare to prepare her for the upper levels of dressage in spite of several years of careful preparation and skillful riding . the lack of collection was certainly not due to lack of rider skill or the mare trying . it is my opinion it was influenced by two colic surgeries that made it more difficult for whisper to connect to her hindquarters .\n\u201ci thought he was a horse of great potential since i first rode him last season and i ' m delighted to have proved that today , \u201d jockey yuga kawada said . \u201che had a good draw today and everything went as planned\u2014i concentrated on keeping him in a good rhythm and we had a perfect trip and i was able to take him wide for clear sailing\u2014so i had every confidence in pinning the leader although logotype was quite persistent\u2014i knew that we had a good chance of winning the race . \u201d\nkazuhide sasada , trainer \u201cthe satsuki sho was run at a high pace and the horses that were on the pace couldn\u2019t hold up in the end . also , this horse went to gain the front and ran into interference . so , if you consider that , i\u2019d say it was a good race and he showed his strength . i think we saw the results of what we\u2019d been teaching him leading into that race . he was a bit tired afterward , but he\u2019s totally recovered now . all has gone well and i\u2019d say that he has even moved up a step since the satsuki sho . the jockey breezed him on may 18 working with another horse and his time was good . he looks to have definitely improved . he has good racing sense so his first time at tokyo shouldn\u2019t pose a problem . the extra distance is also not a concern . i think the pace will be quite different over the tokyo 2 , 400 and the results different as well . he\u2019s in good shape and i\u2019m looking forward to it . \u201d\nnorihiko kishimoto , assistant trainer \u201cthe satsuki sho results were disappointing , but the first 1 , 000 meters was run in 58 . 4 seconds . the jockey said that mount robson was bearing down on his outside , which bothered this horse and so he made his move earlier than the others . it turned out to be a very difficult pace . it was decided from early on to give him three races in the spring , the yayoi sho , the satsuki sho and then the derby . and he\u2019s looking to be peaking now and is in tiptop shape . the jockey rode him on the flat on may 18 and again this week . he got good times and looked good in both workouts . he seems much lighter on his feet than he was before the last race . his dam is cesario and his half brother epiphaneia . it\u2019s a bloodline that has gotten good results over the tokyo 2 , 400 . and this horse too , considering his morning work , looks like he\u2019ll be able to handle the lefthanded track well . \u201d\ncriquette head - maarek , who saddled treve to win the arc in 2013 and 2014 , has endured a miserable season but has more to look forward to next year after the victory of national defense in the prix jean - luc lagardere . the success was just head - maarek\u2019s third winner in 2016 , but the trainer hopes that national defense \u201cwill be a guineas horse\u201d . she added : \u201cwe\u2019ve had a terrible year , the horses were sick for a long time but they are coming back to themselves now . \u201d\nat this stage , we have little idea of the make and shape of this year ' s edition , but here ' s the thing with the charlie hall : it ' s always significant , marking the changing of the seasons , and sometimes it ' s far more than that . take the 2015 renewal , for example , when the charlie hall was arguably the most important race of the whole season , because cue card was arguably the most important horse of the whole season , and wetherby was the turning point .\narima kinen ( g1 , satono diamond ) , hanshin juvenile fillies ( g1 , soul stirring ) , kikuka sho ( japanese st . leger , g1 , satono diamond ) , nhk mile cup ( g1 , major emblem ) , hopeful stakes ( g2 , rey de oro ) , keio hai nisai stakes ( g2 , monde can know ) , kobe shimbun hai ( g2 , satono diamond ) , sapporo kinen ( g2 , neorealism ) , flora stakes ( g2 , cecchino ) , yayoi sho ( g2 , makahiki ) , queen cup ( g3 , major emblem ) , kisaragi sho ( g3 , satono diamond ) , turquoise stakes ( magic time )\nkunihide matsuda , trainer \u201ckeeping the derby in mind , i wanted to race him in a race with four turns , thus the 2 , 200 - meter kyoto shimbun hai . and i knew that if you put him behind another horse he\u2019ll settle well . he\u2019d learned how to wait patiently until the first turn and how to accelerate in the stretch from having raced over the outer 1 , 800 and he drew on that experience in winning the kyoto shimbun hai . after that race i watched to see how he\u2019d come out of it and was careful in bringing him back into work . i didn\u2019t give him much hard work but did give him long gallops on may 17 and 18 , then gave him a fast workout on may 19 . he started behind the other horse and ran balanced , then clocked 11 . 9 seconds over the last furlong . his movement was good . his weight is right where it was before his last race . i can\u2019t say how he\u2019ll be up against horses he hasn\u2019t met before and i don\u2019t know if he\u2019ll give us his usual race . things should go well if he can race in a decent position until the third turn . \u201d\nfollowing several acclaimed results at the graded level , the six - year - old bay son of deep impact notched his first grade - race win last year in the keio hai spring cup ( g2 , 1 , 400m ) . after finishing fourth in his next yasuda kinen start , the horse out of a daughter of storm cat successfully captured the swan stakes ( g2 , 1 , 400m ) that autumn but was fifth in the g1 mile championship . he has been tested overseas twice , turning in an 11th and a seventh in the 2015 hong kong up and 2016 hong kong mile , respectively .\nnow onto the big two races , though one already feels like an old friend after waxing lyrical earlier about almanzor . for him , it ' s akin to a cup competition where the semi - final takes more winning than the final itself , nothing for him to fear at ascot , surely , having beaten the biggest and best group 1 field of the year at leopardstown , which featured every top horse at the trip . apart from one . and it ' s a significant one , given he won the champion stakes in 2015 , fascinating rock capable of asking a different question of almanzor , especially if it comes up soft .\nfour dirt runners are bidding for the dubai world cup ( g1 , dirt , 2 , 000m ) , the second richest horse race in the world . awardee ( usa , h7 , by jungle pocket ) made a successful switch to dirt from turf racing in the fall of his five - year - old season , winning six in a row , including his first g1 victory in the 2016 jbc classic ( dirt , 2 , 100m ) in november . he just missed by a neck in the following champions cup ( g1 , dirt , 1 , 800m ) before another second in his last start , the tokyo daishoten ( g1 , dirt , 2 , 000m ) .\nin dubai\u2019s biggest international horse racing event , which takes place this year on march 26 , japanese runners have been successful seven times already : the 2011 dubai world cup with victoire pisa ( jpn , by neo universe ) ; three titles in the dubai sheema classic with stay gold ( jpn , by sunday silence ) , heart\u2019s cry ( jpn , by sunday silence ) and gentildonna ( jpn , by deep impact ) in 2001 , 2006 and 2014 , respectively ; twice in the dubai turf with admire moon ( jpn , by end sweep ) in 2007 and with just a way ( jpn , by heart\u2019s cry ) in 2014 ; and the 2006 godolphin mile with utopia ( jpn , by forty niner ) .\nwhen i mounted , i opened my heart and held a feeling of love and appreciation . i thought about how beautiful she is and held the picture in my mind of her perfection and her potential . whisper became light in my hands and very responsive to my leg aids . her center of gravity shifted back , her forehand became lighter and i felt a shift in her heart as though she was smiling . the feeling of oneness was remarkable . this is a typical example of the importance of heart coherence and illustrates how our attitude affects performance . practicing with a smile on our lips , an open heart , and a desire to flow together , can have a huge effect on performance and take the horse / human relationship to inspiring levels .\nshigeyuki kojima , trainer \u201cin the nhk mile cup , this colt\u2019s responses were better than the jockey had expected and he got too close to the horse in front at the third turn and lost his balance . that made a difference and was a real shame . he\u2019d been showing signs of getting a bit sour so we worked him in the pool for a change of scenery . he\u2019s now back looking really good and listening for the rider\u2019s signal . most importantly , he\u2019s calm . the distance is far from his best but if he takes the lead or you put on the brakes at some point , it ensues in a loss , so i think it\u2019s better to keep him away from the others and try to make the most of his late speed . \u201d\ngiven the high stakes , owners strive to improve the odds by employing the services of proven winners . deep impact , one of japan\u2019s best - loved and most famous racehorses , is also one of the country\u2019s leading live sperm donors . hundreds of times a year , the stallion is trundled off from his home in a farm a few hours from paca paca to inseminate another unsuspecting mare . if this union produces a foal , deep impact\u2019s owner , katsumi yoshida , is rewarded with \u00a530 million . so successful has the thoroughbred been that deep impact is currently earning \u00a56 billion ( almost $ 60 million ) a year . and at 14 \u2014 middle - aged for a horse \u2014 the stallion is still young enough to sire hundreds more children , as long as the spirit \u2014 and the body \u2014 is willing .\nalthough maurice , a shin hikari ( jpn , by deep impact ) and lovely day ( jpn , by king kamehameha ) left the racing scene as of the end of last season , the middle - distance category still maintains its high standard . several g1 winners remain in training , led by kitasan black ( jpn , h5 , by black tide ) , winner of the 2016 tenno sho ( spring ) ( g1 , 3 , 200m ) and japan cup , as well as the season\u2019s horse of the year . kitasan black will focus on racing in japan this spring , beginning with the osaka hai ( 2 , 000m ) \u2014upgraded to g1 status this year\u2014on april 2 , then the tenno sho ( spring ) on april 30 and the takarazuka kinen ( g1 , 2 , 200m ) on june 25 .\nthe japanese runners turned in remarkable results at sha tin in hong kong last year where japan\u2019s maurice ( jpn , h5 , by screen hero ) claimed victory against hong kong\u2019s top milers in the hong kong mile ( g1 , 1 , 600m ) and a shin hikari ( jpn , h5 , by deep impact ) added another trophy in the hong kong cup ( g1 , 2 , 000m ) in december . maurice , 2015 horse of the year following victories in the yasuda kinen ( g1 , 1 , 600m ) , the mile championship ( g1 , 1 , 600m ) and the hong kong mile , cancelled his trip to dubai due to a minor hoof problem but is scheduled to have a go at becoming the first japanese winner of the champions mile ( g1 , 1 , 600m ) on may 1 .\nb ) if any race on the afternoon is going to be a championship clincher , as the day designates , then it ' s the sprint . apart from five - furlong specialist profitable , we could have every other group 1 winner in the league this year , namely mecca ' s angel , twilight son , limato and quiet reflection . if we get three in a row , never mind the jackpot of four , then , as the americans say , we got ourselves a horse race . fine margins make a big difference in top - level sprints , and arguably the least conditional of the quality quartet in the three - year - old , quiet reflection , who can do it on any ground , in any way , and we don ' t yet know her ability limits , when we do with the rest .\nthe first major dirt race of the fall season , held on the same day as the kyoto daishoten , was the mile championship nambu hai . the winner in record time was copano rickey ( jpn , h6 , by gold allure ) , the 2015 best dirt horse and son of gold allure , who scored his eighth career g1 title . in third , 4 - 3 / 4 lengths behind , was hokko tarumae ( jpn , h7 , by king kamehameha ) , winner of the 2014 champions cup ( g1 , dirt , 1 , 800m ) . both horses will join 2015 champions cup runner - up nonkono yume ( jpn , c4 , by twining ) and third - place finisher sound true ( jpn , g6 , by french deputy ) in their next start , the jbc classic ( dirt , 2 , 100m ) on november 3\nmasahiro yokota , assistant trainer \u201cthe pace was fast in the second lap of the aoba sho and after the 1 , 000 - meter mark and with it being 2 , 400 meters , it was very tough for him leading the way he did . he\u2019s really too serious of a horse and he\u2019d do better if he could relax a bit under way . for about a week after that we took pains to make sure he was fully recovered , then worked him up the hill course . daichi shibata rode him on the woodchips over the flat on may 19 and all looked in order . i\u2019m hoping he\u2019ll be able to use the experience he has having run before under the derby conditions . i don\u2019t know if he\u2019ll be able to settle well or not , but he is good over bad ground , so rain would be most welcome . \u201d"]}
{"id": 227, "summary": [{"text": "parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily parmacelloidea ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "slugs in this family make and use love darts made of chitin . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "parmacellidae", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - parmacellidae p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )\nurocyclidae parmacellidae milacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal key is present . there is no caudal mucous gland .\nschileyko a . a . 2003 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . pt . 10 . ariophantidae , ostracolethidae , rissotidae , milacidae , dyakiidae , staffordiidae , gastrodontidae , zonitidae , daudebardiidae , parmacellidae . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , supplement 2 : 1308 - 1466 .\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , n\u00fctzel a . , parkhaev p . , schr\u00f6dl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cryptellidae gray , 1855 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , n\u00fctzel a . , parkhaev p . , schr\u00f6dl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nariolimax _ californicus _ 2011 _ richard _ sage _ apr _ 2 _ 1995 _ purissima _ creek _ san _ mateo _ county _ california _ us . jpg\n1k _ arion - rufus _ 11 _ welter _ schultes _ francisco _ denmark - _ bornholm _ between _ vang _ and _ hammerhus _ date - 15 - 06 - 2009 . jpg\n1k _ arion - rufus _ 11 _ welter _ schultes _ francisco _ denmark - . . .\nillustrazione delle specie terrestri e d\u2019acqua dolce raccolte nell\u2019isola di borneo dai signori g . doria e o . beccari .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nkatja schulz marked the classification from\nwikipedia\nas preferred for\nparmacella valenciennii webb & van beneden , 1836\n.\nkatja schulz merged another page with parmacella valenciennii webb & van beneden , 1836 .\nvalter jacinto marked\nlesma / / slug ( parmacella valenciennii )\nas trusted on the\nparmacella valenciennii\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nslugs are mollusks in the phylum mollusca . the information below highlights the taxonomy of slugs of economic interest as pest species .\nsubclass gymnomorpha order soleolifera family veronicellidae ( = vaginulidae ) the mantle of veronicellid slugs covers the entire surface dorsal surface of the animal . veronicellid slugs include several species of slugs found in the genera vaginulus and veronicella . they are herbivores and live mainly in tropical and subtropical africa , america and asia . they are also intermediate hosts of angiostrongylus costaricensis , the rat lung worm .\nsubclass pulmonata order stylommatophora suborder sigmurethra the families : testacellidae these are an earthworm ' s enemy , a carnivore with sharp teeth that impale their wormy prey . the remnant of a shell at the tail end of the slug covers the mantle and organs . this family is comprised of a single genus , testacella . testacella has been introduced into north america and new zealand . regionally , testacella sp . has been found in the portland and eugene areas of oregon .\nlimacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal keel is present . there is no caudal mucous gland . this family includes several large slug species in the genus limax . limax maximus is very prominent in the pacific northwest and also been distributed in other regions of north america . limax flavus , also called the cellar slug , can also be found in the northwest . it can be recognized by its brilliant blue tentacles .\nthis family also includes the genus deroceras . this genus includes several species that can reach pest status including : d . agreste , d . laeve , the marsh slug , d . reticulatum , the field slug or milky slug .\nlehmannia valentiana can also be found in the pacific northwest . the mantle has dark lateral bands and dark bands along the dorsal side of the foot .\nboettgerillidae trigonochlamydidae arionidae this family of slugs has a mantle on the front part of the slug body . the pneumostome is located towards the anterior portion of the mantle . subfamilies of arionid slugs are separated by anatomical features .\n; a . dolichophallus ; and a . californicus . slugs in this subfamily have a keel along their back . they can often be found with a slime plug or caudal pore with a mucous\nanadeninae the subfamily has a number of genera found in north america . the genus prophysaon andersoni ( cooper ) is endemic in the pacific northwest . this species can drop a portion of its foot as a defensive measure giving it the common name , the reticulate taildropper . the pneumostome is located near the middle of the mantle .\narioninae the subfamily contains several genera commonly found in the pacific northwest , although exotic transplants . these slugs can be quite large . there may be a prominent fringe along the edge of their foot . the pneumostome is located towards the front of the mantle , anterior to the midpoint . these slugs also have a well developed caudal mucous gland . one of key genera in this subfamily is arion . a . rufus , a . ater , a . circumcriptus , arion subfuscus are some of the species commonly found in the pacific northwest . these mostly palaearctic slugs have been distributed worldwide including in america , australia , new zealand , and south africa .\narion subfuscus can eat a wide variety of foods but fungi and decaying vegetation have been noted as their preferred diet . this species has a flexible abilty to occupy a variety of ecological environments ( beyer and saari , 1978 ) .\nn . beyer and d . saari . 1978 . activity and ecological distribution of the slug , arion subfuscus ( drapanard ) ( stylommatophora , arionidae ) . american midland naturalist .\nbefore applying any of the information found on this site , please read our disclaimer . copyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadditions to the malacofauna of vietnam : genera parmarion and meghimatium ( pulmonata , stylommatophora ) | a . a . | ruthenica\nhome > vol 26 , no 1 ( 2016 ) > a . a .\ntwo species of south - east asian genus parmarion fischer , 1856 ( p . martensi simroth , 1894 and p . pupillaris humbert , 1864 ) ( ariophantidae ) have been found in central vietnam ( dak lak province ) . illustrated descriptions of external appearance and reproductive tracts of both species are presented . along with these species one juvenile specimen of meghimatium bilineatum ( benson , 1842 ) ( philomycidae ) has been found in south - east part of vietnam ( dalat city ) .\n\u043b\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432 \u0438 . \u043c . , \u0432\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0430 . \u0439 . 1980 . \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0441\u0441\u0440 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d ( gastropoda terrestrial nuda ) . \u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0441\u0441\u0440 . \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043a\u0438 . 3 ( 5 ) . \u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 , \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 : 1 - 438 .\nbenson w . h . 1842 . mollusca . in : cantor th . general features of chusan , with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island . annual and magazine of natural history , 9 : 486 - 489 .\nbenthem jutting w . s . s . 1950 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . ii . treubia , 20 ( 3 ) : 381 - 506 .\nbenthem jutting w . s . s . 1952 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . iii . treubia , 21 ( 1 / 3 ) : 291 - 435 .\nhoffmann h . 1941 . anatomische und systematische untersuchungen \u00fcber die parmarioninen ( gastr . pulm . ) . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher , abteilung f\u00fcr systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 74 ( 3 ) : 1 - 155 .\nhumbert a . 1864 . \u00e9tudes sur quelques mollusques terrestres nouveaux ou peu connus . m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de physique et d\u2019histoire naturelle de gen\u00e9ve , 15 : 109 - 128 .\nschileyko a . a . 2011 . check - list of land pulmonate molluscs of vietnam ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 - 68 .\nsimroth h . 1894 . ueber einige parmarion - arten . in : m . weber . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise in niederl\u00e4ndisch ost - indien . 3 : 100 - 111 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsuperfamily athoracophoroidea family athoracophoridae - these are the leaf - veined slugs of new zealand , australia , and surrounding islands . the discover life web site does not list all the genera below . this list and the distributions were taken from powell , 1979 [ new zealand mollusca , william collins publishers ltd , auckland , new zealand ] .\nsuperfamily succineoidea family succineidae - these snails have a very thin shell with a large aperature . they are usually found near water .\nnorth america , hawaiin ids . , samoa , raotunga isl . , costa rica , europe\nthis clade is characterized by the placement of the pore of ureter opening into mantle cavity near the anterior margin of lung after the ureter passes forward from anterior kidney margin . bouchet & rocroi , 2005 [ classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 ] recognize five superfamilies .\neven though this is a paraphyletic group , there are some monophyletic clades contained within . bouchet & rocroi , 2005 [ classification and nomenclature of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 ] recognize 21 superfamilies within the sigmurethra . these are all considered monophyletic . in addition , seven of these superfamilies are grouped into a clade called the\nlimacoid clade\nreflecting their presumed monophyly .\n\u00a9 2012 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\na world treatise on the recent genera of terrestrial molluscs , in numerous parts ."]}
{"id": 234, "summary": [{"text": "aoteadrillia bulbacea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was previously included within the family turridae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "aoteadrillia bulbacea", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - aoteadrillia bulbacea ( r . b . watson , 1881 )\naoteadrillia bulbacea ( watson , 1881 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\nhow can i put and write and define aoteadrillia in a sentence and how is the word aoteadrillia used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528aoteadrillia\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528aoteadrillia\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528aoteadrillia\u9020\u53e5 , aoteadrillia meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\naoteadrillia powell , 1942 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 29 june 2012 .\naoteadrillia is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae . [ 2 ]\naoteadrillia otagoensis powell , 1942 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\naoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\naoteadrillia rawitensis ( hedley , 1922 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\n\n' aoteadrillia wanganuiensis\n' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia alpha\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia apicarinata\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia asper\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia exigua\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia callimorpha\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia ihungia\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia consequens\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n\n' aoteadrillia waihuaensis\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\nspencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nnatural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2010 )\ntucker , j . k . 2004 catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . zootaxa 682 : 1 - 1295 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , sysoev a . & puillandre n . ( 2011 ) a new operational classification of the conoidea . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 273 - 308 .\ntucker , j . k . 2004 catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . zootaxa 682 : 1 - 1295 .\nthis page was last edited on 16 february 2018 , at 02 : 44 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nspecies aforia serranoi s . gofas , y . i . kantor & a . a . luque , 2014\nspecies agathotoma asthenika e . rol\u00e1n , r . fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00e9s & c . redfern , 2012\nspecies agathotoma eduardoi e . rol\u00e1n , r . fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00e9s & c . redfern , 2012\nspecies agathotoma kirshi e . rol\u00e1n , r . fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00e9s & c . redfern , 2012\nspecies agathotoma prominens e . rol\u00e1n , r . fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00e9s & c . redfern , 2012\nspecies agladrillia anadelgado e . rol\u00e1n , p . ryall & j . horro , 2007\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 241, "summary": [{"text": "aphanius is a genus of pupfishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "unlike other members of the family which are from the americas , aphanius species are native to northern africa , southwestern asia ( as far east as india ) and southern europe .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "several species in the genus have very small distributions and are seriously threatened . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "aphanius", "paragraphs": ["estimation of genetic divergence ( kimura 2 - parameter model ) between the sequences of the aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other iranian aphanius species . aa = aphanius arakensis , ai = aphanius isfahanensis , as = aphanius sophiae , af = aphanius farsicus and av = aphanius vladykovi .\nmorphometric characters of aphanius arakensis sp . n . and other iranian aphanius species . each cell contains mean \u00b1 standard deviation and range ( minimum\u2013maximum ) .\ntwo new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species .\naphanius furcatus \u2022 a new and unique species of the genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) from southern iran : a case of regressive evolution .\nkillifishes , with emphasis on aphanius from iran , click here for more information .\nmeristic characters ( mean \u00b1 standard deviation and range ) of iranian aphanius species .\naphanius almiriensis , a new species of toothcarp from greece ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) .\nleft otoliths ( medial view ) of aphanius isfahanensis ( a\u2013f ) , aphanius farsicus ( g\u2013l ) , aphanius sophiae ( m\u2013q ) , aphanius vladykovi ( r\u2013v ) and aphanius arakensis ( w\u2013aa ) . otolith terminology and taxonomic most informative morphometric distances are indicated in fig . 3f and include height of antirostrum ( a\u2013c ) , height of rostrum ( c\u2013e ) , length of antirostrum ( b\u2013g ) , and length of rostrum ( d\u2013 f ) . sem pictures .\ntwo new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species . zootaxa 3786 ( 3 ) : 246 - 268 .\na new species of the genus aphanius ( nardo , 1832 ) ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) from algeria .\nlife - history variations of killifish ( aphanius sophiae ) populations in two environmentally different habitats in central iran .\nun exemple de\nr\u00e9gression \u00e9volutive\nchez des poissons cyprinodontidae du mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur d\u00b4espagne : aphanius illunensis nov . sp\na new species of tooth - carp , aphanius mesopotamicus , from iran and iraq ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) .\nmolecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the aphanius ( pisces , cyprinodontiformes ) species complex of central anatolia , turkey .\ncombined otolith morphology and morphometry for assessing taxonomy and diversity in fossil and extant killifish ( aphanius , prolebias ) .\nnew species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species .\ngeographic variation in otolith morphology among freshwater populations of aphanius dispar ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes ) from the southeastern arabian peninsula .\naphanius sophiae zm - cbsu , m46 , m97 , m98 , m174 - 176 ( ghadamgah spring - stream system ) ; aphanius farsicus zm - cbsu , m47 , m136 , m177 - 178 ( barm - e - shur spring ) ; aphanius isfahanensis zm - cbsu , m211 , m213 - 214 ( zayanderh river near varzaneh ) ; aphanius arakensis sp . n . zm - cbsu , m198 - 200 ( namak lake basin , 34\u00b000 ' n , 49\u00b050 ' e ) ; aphanius vladykovi zm - cbsu , m60 , m139 , m209 ( chaghakhor wetland in the upper reaches of the karoun basin ) .\nsystematics of the tooth - carp genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) in fars province , southern iran .\nthe endangered cyprinodont aphanius ginaonis ( holly , 1929 ) from southern iran is a valid species : evidence from otolith morphology .\naphanius shirini ( gholami , z . , h . r . esmaeili , d . erpenbeck and b . reichenbacher , 2013 )\nsummary of diagnostic molecular characters that differentiate aphanius arakensis sp . n . , from other iranian aphanius species . of the 19 molecular apomorphies , 17 are transitions and two are transversions . numbers above characters indicate the character\u2019s position in the complete molecular character matrix .\naphanius mento thrives in the type of water found in most communities in the united states . while most killies come from soft , acid waters , the persian killie prefers a hard , alkaline chemistry . if you keep african rift lake cichlids , aphanius mento likes the same conditions .\nmorphometric study of the iberian aphanius ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontiformes ) , with description of a new species . folia zoologica 51 : 67\u201379 . urltoken\naphanius farsicus , a replacement name for a . persicus ( jenkins , 1910 ) ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) zootaxa 3096 : 53\u201358 . urltoken\nspecies and subspecies of the genus aphanius nardo 1897 ( pisces : cyprinodontidae ) in turkey . turkish journal of zoology 23 : 23\u201344 . urltoken\naphanius ( nardo , 1927 ) and cyprinodon ( lac . , 1803 ) ( pisces : cyprinodontidae ) , an attempt for genetic interpretation of speciation\naphanius arakensis , a new species of tooth - carp ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) from the endorheic namak lake basin in iran . zookeys 215 : 55 - 76 .\naphanius kruppi , a new killifish from oman with comments on the a . disparspecies group ( cyprinodontiformes : aphaniidae ) , j\u00f6rg freyhof , anton weissenbacher , matthias geiger ,\nphylogenetic relationships of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other endemic species of aphanius in iran as indicated by maximum parsimony ( based on cytochrome b sequences ) analysis . the maximum parsimony phylogeny has a ci of 0 . 462 and ri of 0 . 747 . numbers above nodes represent maximum parsimony bootstrap values based on 2000 replicates .\nhardness : although it is tolerant of slightly more acidic conditions than most aphanius it does not appreciate soft water . aim for somewhere within the range 179 \u2013 357 ppm .\nmorphometric study of the iberian aphanius ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontiformes ) , with description of a new species . folia zoologica , 51 : 74 , figs . 3 - 4a .\nnew species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species . copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 244 - 255 .\nesmaeili , h . r . , teimori , a . , gholami , z . , reichenbacher , b . ( 2014 ) . two new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphanius species . zootaxa 3786 ( 3 ) : 246 - 268 .\nabstract : a primarily vicariance - based speciation has been suggested for the killifish genus aphanius nardo , 1827 , but ecological factors are likely to have promoted the speciation processes in addition .\na new record confirms the occurrence of aphanius mesopotamicus coad , 2009 , in southwestern iran ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) . check list 8 ( 2 ) : 283 - 285 , 2012\ntwo new species of the tooth - carp aphanius ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) and the evolutionary history of the iranian inland and inland - related aphan . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nnatural shallow pond and type locality of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , in the namak lake basin , 5 km se of arak city , iran ( see fig . 1 ) .\ncoad , b . w . 2009 . a new species of tooth - carp , aphanius mesopotamicus , from iran and iraq ( actinopterygii , cyprinodontidae ) . zookeys 31 : 149 - 163 .\na aphanius arakensis , holotype , male , 31 . 5 mm sl ( zm - cbsu 10999 ) b paratype , female , 31 . 5 mm sl ( zm - cbsu 11054 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , and other endemic species of aphanius in iran as indicated by maximum likelihood ( based on cytochrome b sequences ) and phenetic ( based on morphometric characters of fish specimens + j scale indices ) analysis . numbers above nodes represent maximum likelihood bootstrap values based on 2000 replicates . species and locations correspond to those listed in the material section .\naphanius persicus ( priem , 1908 ) ( pisces , teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) : une nouvelle combinaison pour brachylebias persicus priem , 1908 , du mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur des environs de tabriz ( iran ) .\na world of killies . atlas of the oviparous cyprinodontiform fishes of the world . the genera adamas , adinia , aphanius , aphyoplatys and aphyosemion . indiana , american killifish association , 311 p .\naphanius mesopotamicus ( coad , 2009 ) , zm - cbsuzg 362 , 363 , 364 , 365 ( four c & s from the karun basin , sw iran ; see [ 44 ] ) .\nre - validation and re - description of an endemic and endangered species , aphanius pluristriatus ( jenkins , 1910 ) ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) , from southern iran . zootaxa 3208 : 58\u201367 . urltoken\naphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( cyprinodontidae ) . environmental biol . fishes , 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 , fig . 1 .\naphanius mento is widespread throughout the near east . its range runs from around the dead sea and jordan valley in israel up through lebanon and syria into south central turkey and then down the euphrates and tigris river valleys into the shat al arab marshes near the persian gulf . while many species which are closely related to aphanius mento live in marine or brackish water , aphanius mento is only found in freshwater or lightly brackish habitats such springs , creeks , rivers , and small lakes . in nature , you will find it in shallow water , close to or in vegetation where the males establish their spawning territories .\necological plasticity and divergence processes of the iranian inland species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) , with focus on a . sophiae and a . farsicus in the kor river and maharlu lake basins , southwestern iran\ndid you know that killifish are found in the middle east ? one species , aphanius mento , sometimes known as the persian killie , is from that region and has been an aquarium favorite for many years .\neurope : spain along mediterranean coast from 30 known localities ( now extirpated in 14 of them ) . historical records from near perpignan , france now extirpated . populations from algeria and the atlas along morocco - algeria border have long been identified as aphanius iberus but they belong to aphanius saourensis and other , unnamed and possibly extinct , species ( ref . 59043 ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .\n( of aphanius nanus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius fasciatus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius nonus nardo , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhere , we report on the discovery of a unique aphanius species from southern iran and show that also regressive evolution has shaped the present - day diversity of aphanius . the species is characterized by complete absence of scales and reduction in the biomineralization of hard structures , particularly of the caudal skeleton and jaw teeth . based on mt - dna sequences , morphometric and meristic data , osteology , jaw teeth and otoliths , it is described as\nkeivany , y . and n . m . soofiani , 2004 - environmental biology of fishes 71 : 165 - 169 contribution to the biology of zagros tooth - carp , aphanius vladykovi ( cyprinodontidae ) in central iran .\ncoad , b . w . 1996 . systematics of the tooth - carp genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( actinopterygii : cyprinodontidae ) in fars province , southern iran . biologia , bratislava 51 ( 2 ) : 163\u2013172 .\n( of aphanius calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius cyanogaster ( guichenot , 1859 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius doliatus ( guichenot , 1859 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius flavus ( costa , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius hammonis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius lineatopunctatus ( wagner , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius moseas ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius nigropunctata ( bonaparte , 1841 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius sarda ( wagner , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aphanius timidus ( gulia , 1861 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\naphanius villwocki , a new species from the sakarya river basin of central anatolian plain , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinodontiformes ) . ichthyol . expior . freshwaters , 14 ( 2 ) : 138 , figs . 1 - 2 .\nabstract : a new killifish species , aphanius isfahanensis , is described from the isfahan basin of iran . it is distinguished from the other iranian species of aphanius by adult color pattern , molecular character states of mitochondrial dna sequence data , and in multivariate morphometric and meristic space . based on the phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data , the new species is hypothesized to be sister taxon to a . sophiae plus a . persicus , which also occur in iran .\naphanius mento is also an easy fish to feed . while they enjoy live foods , they also do well on flake foods . in fact , i ' d recommend an algae flake food as a regular item in their diet .\ncoad , b . w . , 1988 - environmental biology of fishes 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 - 125 aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( osteichthyes : cyprinodontidae ) .\nzur taxonomie , verbreitung und speziation des formenkreis aphanius dispar ( r\u00fcppell , 1828 ) und beschreibung von aph . sirhani n . sp . mitt . hamburg zool . mus . inst . , 80 : 260 , figs . 3 - 4 .\ncoad , b . w . 1988 . aphanius vladykovi , a new species of tooth - carp from the zagros mountains of iran ( osteichthyes : cyprinodontidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 23 ( 1 - 2 ) : 115 - 125 .\noccurrence of the genus aphanius nardo ( teleostean fishes , cyprinodontidae ) in the evaporitic upper badenian of eastern czech republic . casopis slezskeho zemskeho muzea , serie a , vedy prirodni , 55 ( 2 ) : 97\u2013104 [ zoological record volume 143 ] .\nphylogenetic analysis of aphanius from the endorheic kor river basin in the zagros mountains , south - western iran ( teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontidae ) . j . zool . sys . evol . res . 52 ( 2 ) : 130 - 141 .\nthe noticeable features of the present - day diversity of the endemic aphanius species in iran include high genetic divergence and clear differences in otolith morphology , but only weak differences in general external morphology , morphometry and meristics . these patterns are probably caused by different rates of evolution in the mentioned characters that may be linked to the similarity of the individual environments , intra - species communication , and vicariance events . it is likely that additional aphanius species are present in remote areas of iran , especially in the zagros and alburz mountains .\nhrbek , t . , y . keivany , and b . w . coad . 2006 . new species of aphanius ( teleostei , cyprinodontidae ) from isfahan province of iran and a reanalysis of other iranian species . copeia 2006 ( 2 ) : 244 - 255 .\nreichenbacher , b . , u . sienknecht , h . k\u00fcchenhoff , and n . fenske , 2007 . combined otolith morphology and morphometry for assessing taxonomy and diversity in fossil and extant killifish ( aphanius , \u2020 prolebias ) . journal of morphology 268 : 898 - 915 .\nmale ( above ) and female specimens ( not preserved ) of aphanius arakensis sp . n . , collected from cheshmeh nazi ( nazi spring , 33\u00b042 ' 56 . 8\nn , 50\u00b004 ' 21 . 9\ne ) near type locality , namak lake basin .\naphanius mento was first described by heckel in 1843 and has been kept by aquarists for a long time . nonetheless , it has never been readily available . after attempting to keep and breed the fish numerous times over the past 20 years , i believe that i know why .\nabstract : aphanius almiriensis , new species , is described from a brackish water spring and from a lagoon ( and its inflowing freshwater spring ) in the peloponnese ( greece ) . it is distinguished by the yellowish caudal fin of the male that has a wide faint grey margin and by the colour pattern of the female ( 7 - 11 dark , roundish blotches on the side , more or less connected by an irregular dark midlateral stripe ) . aphanius almiriensis is critically endangered ; it is possibly extinct at the type locality and the second locality is much impacted . the identity , type material and type locality of a . fasciatus are discussed , and a neotype is designated . several species are possibly confused under the name a . fasciatus .\naphanius mento are generally aggressive only among themselves . they seem to get along , particularly while they are young , as long as they cannot be confused with food . the persian killie generally ignores other fish species , particularly when the other species are clearly different , and actually seem to do quite well when kept with other ( dither ) fish that are similarly sized .\nthe neural spine of pu2 was wider than the neural spines of pu4 and pu5 in almost all specimens studied ( table 3 and s8 table ) , as expected for a cyprinodontiform species ( see table 5 ) . the single exception is specimen zm - cbsuzg 363 of aphanius mesopotamicus , which reveals the neural spine of pu2 as wide as the neural spine of pu4 .\nwe report the occurrence of mesopotamian tooth carp , aphanius mesopotamicus coad 2009 , in a southern branch of the karkheh river , 10 km west of hoor - al - azim wetland . this is the first report of successful collection of this species after its first collection in 1978 - 80 and futile efforts during the last three decades and after its original description based on those old museum specimens .\nabstract : we report the occurrence of mesopotamian tooth carp , aphanius mesopotamicus coad 2009 , in a southern branch of the karkheh river , 10 km west of hoor - al - azim wetland . this is the first report of successful collection of this species after its first collection in 1978 - 80 and futile efforts during the last three decades and after its original description based on those old museum specimens .\nmasoudi , m . , esmaeili , h . r . , teimori , a . , gholami , z . , gholamhosseini , a . , sayyadzadeh , g . , keivany , y . , reichenbacher , b . ( 2016 ) . sympatry and possible hybridization among species of the killifish genus aphanius nardo , 1827 ( teleostei : cyprinodontidae ) in southwestern iran . limnologica , 59 ( 2016 ) : 10\u201320 .\nyou\u2019re unlikely to find it on sale in aquatic stores although it may be available via specialist breeders or associations from time - to - time . while aphanius are certainly not as colourful as some of their relatives their interesting behaviour and continuous activity make them fascinating aquarium subjects and well worth a try if you possess the dedication to take on a long - term maintenance project since conservation is key with all members of the genus .\nin practically all cases the root cause for this decline is the activity of humans and although some species are now protected by conservation law the mismanagement and degradation of their habitats continues at an alarming rate . a few species are still sometimes listed as members of lebias although that name has long been considered a synonym of cyprinodon by most authorities and an iczn committee voted to suppress the name in favour of aphanius as recently as 2003 .\nfurthermore , we did not use differences in numbers of preural vertebrae to discriminate between species because this number can vary within a single species ( this study and unpublished data of w . costa , pers . communication , may 2013 ) . while costa [ 1 ] assumed that cyprinodontiform species possess four to six preural vertebrae , our data derived from the four species of aphanius indicate that the number may be as low as three in some specimens ( s7 table ) .\nteimori , a . , jawad , l . a . j . , al - kkarusi , l . h . , al - mamry , j . n . & reichenbacher , b . ( 2012 ) . late pleistocene to holocene diversification and zoogeography of the arabian killifish aphanius dispar inferred from otolith morphology . scientia marina , 76 ( 4 ) : 637 - 645 . [ featured article ] . this article is open access , please click here . you can also download the pdf here .\nthe iranian plateau is home to a diverse group of aphanius with four species already described and several awaiting description . these are among the most ancient in the genus having divereged away from a common ancestor around 20 \u2013 24 million years ago . among them this species is most closely related to a . sophiae from the kor river system but can be distinguished by differences in patterning . males of a . sophiae lack the characteristic dark dorsal fin colouration seen in a . vladykovi and females possess a dark , lozenge - shaped spot at the caudal peduncle which is absent in those of vladykovi .\ni did not experience success keeping aphanius mento until i started using a 22 gallon breeder flat ( 24\nx20\nx10\n) . you can keep about 20 young adults in this set - up . by using a\ncolony\napproach with sufficient\nelbow room ,\nthe dominant male seems to lose some of his aggressiveness and seems content to guard his spawning site . the energy required to be dominant eventually tuckers the male and , with a colony , there is always another male waiting to become the big stud . this keeps your egg production rolling and provides some genetic diversity .\nsome aquarists might consider the growth rate of aphanius mento to be another problem . this is a slow growing species ( compared to most killies ) , with about a two year lifespan . males require about 4 to 6 months before they become sexually mature and begin to display their colors , and they will only be about \u00bd inch in size at this point . in a crowded environment , only the most dominant males will display their colors . the more room you provide , the more territorities there will be , and with more territories , more males will exhibit their flashy colors as they defend their turf .\ncaptive reproduction is not difficult if the tank or container is properly arranged and maintained ( see \u2018 tank set - up\u2019 ) . it is a fractional spawner with females depositing eggs on a more - or - less continuous basis between the months of march and june in iran . males form temporary territories which they defend against rivals while attempting to entice females to spawn . dominant individuals will show more intense colouration . eggs are released singly or in small batches and are attached to algae or other surfaces by means of small filaments . aphanius typically eat their eggs / fry and the medium should therefore be checked on a daily basis during the spawning period .\nin some regards , aphanius mento can be an easy fish to keep . like our desert pupfish , it has the ability to adapt to a wide range of temperatures . recently , i moved a few outside into a large breeder flat ( 30\nx24\nx12\n) where they survived a northern california winter . although this proved to be a mild winter , temperatures did drop into the low 30 ' s from time to time . at the present , the same fish are basking in the same tank with our summer heat ( highs from the mid - 90 ' s to mid - 100 ' s ) . there is no doubt in my mind that they would thrive in a fish pond , if i had one .\naphanius isfahanensis : 18 males ( 17 . 6\u201323 . 8 mm sl ) and 25 females ( 17 . 7\u201334 . 0 mm sl ) from the zayanderh river near varzaneh , esfahan basin ( type locality ) ( iran , esfahan province ) , 32\u00b025 ' n , 52\u00b039 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 6472 , 6474 , 6476 , 6478 , 6480 , 6482 , 6484 , 6486 , 6488 , 6490 , 6492 , 6494 , 6496 , 6498 , 6500 , 8602 , 8604 , 8613 ; females : zm - cbsu , 6471 , 6473 , 6475 , 6477 , 6479 , 6481 , 6483 , 6485 , 6487 , 6489 , 6491 , 6493 , 6495 , 6497 , 6499 6501 , 8603 , 8605 - 8612 .\nwhy , then , is this fish hard to find ? in my experience , there are several reasons . first , aphanius mento requires space . this is quite a contrast to the average killifish that is content in a two gallon aquarium . enough though their maximum size is about two inches , a group of persian killies should be kept in a 45 gallon aquarium , and even bigger is better . a breeder flat or large plastic\nblanket\nbox can be used to breed the adults . in this\nsmall\ncontainer , you will need to closely monitor the females . the dominant male can be extremely aggressive toward the females , and the females need room to run . without enough space , you will end up with a lonely male .\naphanius vladykovi : 35 males ( 17 . 3\u201329 . 2 mm sl ) and 35 females ( 16 . 1\u201341 . 4 mm sl ) from the chaghakhor wetland in the upper reaches of the karoun basin ( iran , chahar mahale bakhtyari province ) , 31\u00b055 ' n , 50\u00b056 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 6408 - 09 , 6413 - 14 , 6416 , 6418 , 6420 - 21 , 6423 , 6425 - 27 , 6430 , 6433 - 41 , 6443 - 44 , 6446 , 6448 - 49 , 6451 - 57 : females : zm - cbsu , 6401 - 03 , 6405 - 07 , 6410 - 12 , 6415 , 6417 , 6419 , 6422 , 6424 , 6428 - 29 , 6431 - 32 , 6442 , 6445 , 6447 , 6450 , 6458 - 70 .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 11 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 10 . can be diagnosed from other species of aphanius , valenciidae and fundulidae in europe by having the following characters : males possess a hyaline to bluish - grey caudal fin , with 2 - 5 dark grey bars , 10 - 20 dark grey to dark blue bars on a silvery background , bars usually irregularly shaped and set , often connected , breaking up into a mosaic of dark blue and silvery spots along back and in posterior part of body ; females have numerous dark brown spots on sides and back ; 23 - 27 scales in lateral line series on body ; pectoral fin with 9 - 10 rays ; and anal fin with 7 - 8 rays ( ref . 59043 ) .\napart from those few specimens that show the neural spine smaller to equal to those of pu4 and / or pu5 , all specimens of \u2020 kenyaichthys exhibit a neural spine on pu2 that is wider than those of pu4 and pu5 ( see above ) , like the studied extant cyprinodontiform species , with the exception of one specimen of aphanius mesopotamicus ( see table 3 ) . furthermore , \u2020 kenyaichthys displays mean values and ranges of pu3 / pu5 neural and haemal spine ratios that are comparatively close to the mean values of the studied aplocheiloid specimens ( see table 3 ) . in addition , the haemal spine pu2 / pu4 mean value of \u2020 kenyaichthys is closer to the respective value of the studied aplocheilid specimens , whereas the haemal spine pu2 / pu5 mean value of \u2020 kenyaichthys is closer to the respective value of the studied nothobranchiid specimens ( see table 3 ) .\naphanius sophiae : 35 males ( 19 . 3\u201333 . 3 mm sl ) and 35 females ( 18 . 6\u201336 . 6 sl ) from the ghadamgah spring - stream system ( close to type locality ) in the kor river basin ( iran , fars province ) , 30\u00b015 ' n , 52\u00b025 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 8460 , 8462 , 8462 , 8466 , 8468 , 8470 , 8472 - 73 , 8475 , 8477 , 8479 , 8481 , 8483 , 8485 , 8487 , 8479 , 8489 , 8491 - 97 , 8499 , 8501 , 8503 - 09 , 8511 - 13 ; females : zm - cbsu , 8461 , 8463 , 8465 , 8467 , 8469 , 8471 , 8474 , 8476 , 8478 , 8480 , 8482 , 8484 , 8486 , 8488 , 8490 , 8498 , 8500 , 8502 , 8510 , 8514 - 29 .\naphanius farsicus : 35 males ( 20 . 0\u201326 . 8 mm sl ) and 35 females ( 20 . 4\u201335 . 2 mm sl ) from the barm - e - shur spring in the maharlu lake basin ( type locality ) ( iran , fars province ) , 29\u00b027 ' n , 52\u00b042 ' e . males : zm - cbsu , 9413 , 9415 , 9417 , 9421 , 9441 , 9443 , 9447 , 9449 , 9459 , 9467 , 9481 , 9483 , 9485 , 9487 , 9489 , 9493 , 9497 , 9499 , 9503 , 9511 , 9513 , 9515 , 9517 , 9519 , 9527 , 9529 , 9531 , 9533 , 9537 , 9539 , 9541 , 9555 , 9557 , 9559 , 6375 ; females : zm - cbsu , 9410 , 9412 , 9420 , 9422 , 9428 , 9442 , 9444 , 9452 , 9458 , 9472 , 9474 , 9478 , 9482 , 9488 , 9492 , 9494 , 9498 , 9500 , 9502 , 9504 , 9506 , 9510 , 9516 , 9520 , 9530 , 9532 , 9534 , 9536 , 9558 , 9560 , 9562 , 9564 , 6364 , 6359 , 6385 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : a . fasciatus is widely distributed , abundant and has no major widespread threats .\nit is distributed in all countries of the mediterranean region to the exception of the iberic peninsula . it is restricted to coastal waters including islands . it is found in several mediterranean islands , except crete ( bianco et al . 1996 ) . the species is also found in the suez canal ( lotan and ben - tuvia 1996 ) .\nit is listed in the annex ii of the european union habitat directive and in appendices ii and iii of the bern convention .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory . subtropical ; 16\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nindian ocean : egypt to somalia southward to eil , a landlocked population in the siwa oasis , western egypt . immigrant through the suez canal into the southeastern mediterranean basin , egypt and israel . elsewhere : dead sea , red sea , persian gulf , western india ; landlocked populations in saudi arabia , iran .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 11 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 11 .\noccurs in coastal zones , also found in oasis pools with hypersaline to fresh water ( ref . 3788 ) . forms schools . chiefly a herbivorous species ( ref . 13530 ) . spawn in areas where roots of hyacinth or other floating plants abound ( ref . 44327 ) . not a seasonal killifish . very difficult to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\njouladeh - roudbar , a . , s . vatandoust , s . eagderi , s . jafari - kenari and h . mousavi - sabet , 2015 . freshwater fishes of iran ; an updated checklist . aacl bioflux 8 ( 6 ) : 855 - 909 . ( ref . 106319 )\n) : 25 - 29 . 2 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 519 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00534 - 0 . 01030 ) , b = 3 . 18 ( 3 . 11 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 1 and fec < 1000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 8 - 10 ; non - migratory . subtropical ; 10\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 46\u00b0n - 34\u00b0n , 2\u00b0e - 36\u00b0e\neurope : france , italy , slovenia , croatia , albania , greece and montenegro . mediterranean basin : north africa from egypt to eastern algeria , sometimes in landlocked basins ; through the suez canal into the bitter lakes , egypt ( ref . 3788 ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) . asia : turkey .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )\nkottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )\n) : 17 . 6 - 20 . 1 , mean 18 . 9 ( based on 346 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00807 - 0 . 01240 ) , b = 3 . 25 ( 3 . 21 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 27 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 16 - 0 . 22 questionable ; assuming tm < 1 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nfreshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 8 - 10 ; non - migratory . temperate ; 10\u00b0c - 32\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 42\u00b0n - 34\u00b0n , 3\u00b0w - 1\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3788 ) ; 5 . 4 cm tl ( female )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 01561 ) , b = 3 . 20 ( 3 . 06 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 0 . 5 ; k > 0 . 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrestricted to a small area of the zagros mountain range in chah\u0101rmah\u0101l o bakhtiy\u0101r\u012b province , iran . the type locality is close to the town of boldaji in the upper karun river basin and it has been recorded from nearby wetlands at chagha khur and gandoman plus a few other localities in the region . some aspects of its distribution remain unclear but it is thought to occur in the upper khersan river within the karun drainage as well as the upper marun river , a tributary of the karun that also arises in the zagros .\nthis species \u2018 natural waters lie over 2000m above sea level ( the type locality is an artificially - dammed pool at 2380m ) . it inhabits slow - moving freshwater streams , pools and marshes which tend to have substrates of mud and pebbles with often quite turbid water . aquatic plants such as myriophyllum or potamogeton species grow in areas where the fish can be found .\na pair or trio can be kept in a container with base dimensions of 60 cm x 30 cm or so but as a general rule members of this genus do best when maintained as a larger group in a space measuring upwards of [ dimensions ] .\neven for long - term maintenance a simple set - up will suffice . the most important factors are the provision of many broken lines of sight and a suitable medium in which the fish can deposit eggs . female and subdominant male individuals must be offered the opportunity of respite from the aggressive alpha males during the spawning season so much of the available space can be filled with acrylic wool mops ( use a fine grade if available ) , clumps of java moss or ceratophyllum and ideally filamentous algae .\nthere\u2019s no need to add a substrate although inert sand or gravel can be added if you preferand filtration need not be too strong either . it is possible , and preferable , to maintain it outdoors all year round in many countries and it will show better colours and overall condition if exposed to at least a few hours of natural sunlight each day .\ntemperature : active over a wide temperature range of 12 \u2013 32 \u00b0c . ideally it should be provided with a \u2018winter\u2019 period of several months during which it is maintained at temperatures towards the lower end of this range or it is likely to suffer both reduced fecundity and a shortened lifespan .\nph : readings taken from its habitats have varied between 6 . 2 \u2013 8 . 5 .\nits vigorous spawning behaviour makes a . vladykovi a poor choice for the community aquarium . given its rarity in the hobby the emphasis should be on captive reproduction and we strongly recommend maintaining it alone . it should be kept in a group with a ratio of two or three females to each male being the ideal . males are relatively peaceful towards one another compared with some congeners and it is found swimming in large schools in nature .\nas with all members of the genus sexual dimorphism is pronounced . males exhibit a series of blue vertical bars in the rear portion of the body . the dorsal fin has a light blue marginal band and another thin band towards the base but is otherwise dark blue / black . the overall body colour is noticeably more yellowish than in females . females are larger and much plainer possessing only a series of variable dark spots on the body and almost colourless finnage .\nthe eggs are very small and must be treated carefully . use a fine pair of forceps to gently remove pieces of medium with eggs attached whilst avoiding contact with the eggs themselves . alternatively the entire medium can be removed and replaced every couple of days . the medium / eggs should be transferred to a container with water of the same chemistry and temperature as that of the adults . the incubation period can vary a little with the temperature but is usually between 7 \u2013 14 days with the fry being large enough to accept artemia nauplii , microworm etc . immediately after they become free - swimming .\nit currently contains 22 species and subspecies which are thought to have derived from a common ancestor originally distributed around the periphery of the former tethys sea . none are particularly well - documented in aquarium literature although some are very beautiful and the majority are not too difficult to maintain and breed . sadly most are on the verge of extinction for one reason or another with several existing only in remnant , highly - localised populations .\nhrbek , t . and a . meyer . 2003 , 2003 - journal of evolutionary biology 16 ( 1 ) : 17 - 36 closing of the tethys sea and the phylogeny of eurasian killifishes ( cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontidae ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of poecilia calaritana cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias calaritana ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias fasciata valenciennes , 1821 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias fasciatus valenciennes , 1821 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias flava costa , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias lineatopunctata wagner , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias nigropunctata schinz , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias nigropunctata bonaparte , 1841 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias sarda wagner , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon calaritanus ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon cyanogaster guichenot , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon doliatus guichenot , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon fasciatus ( valenciennes , 1821 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon hammonis valenciennes , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon moseas valenciennes , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ciprinoides nanofasciatus nardo , 1824 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of micromugil macrogaster gulia , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of micromugil timidus gulia , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina marmorata risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lebias caleritana ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyprinodon ammonis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nprodromus observationum et disquisitionum adriaticae ichthyologiae . giornali di fisica , chimica , storia naturale , medicina ed arti , 2 ( 10 ) : 34 , 39 - 40 .\nrecherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l ' am\u00e9rique \u00e9quinoxiale . in : f . h . a . humboldt & a . valenciennes . voyage de humboldt et bonpland . schoell & dufour eds . paris . zoologie , vol . ii . : 160 , pl . 51 ( fig . 4 ) .\nrevue suisse de zoologie v . 114 ( no . 1 ) : 13 - 31 .\nzoological messages , budapest ) , 11 ( 3 ) : 130 , fig . 1 .\njazla jayla , near the karadza da mountains , asia minor ( today turkey ) .\nremarques sur les poissons fluviatiles de l ' alg\u00e9rie et description de deux genres nouveaux sous les noms de coptodon et tellia . ann . sci . natur . , 3 ( 19 ) : 15 .\nlebrija , salado river , sevilla ( region ) , guadalquivir basin , ( southwestern ) spain .\nnotes sur quelques esp\u00e8ces de cyprinodon de l ' asie mineure de la syrie . arch .\natlas zu der reise im n\u00f6rdlichen afrika von eduard r\u00fcppell . fische der rothen meers . heinrich ludwig br\u00f6nner , frankfurt am main : 66 , pl . 18 ( figs . 1 - 2 ) .\nlebias dispar foemina nom . nudum ( r\u00fcppell in cuvier & valenciennes , 1846 )\nzoologischer anzeiger - a journal of comparative zoology . 253 ( 4 ) ; 327\u2013337 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jcz . 2013 . 12 . 001\nthe new species is sympatric with a . dispar ( r\u00fcppell , 1829 ) in salty rivers and hot sulphuric springs in the hormuzga\nn basin ( southern iran ) , and is sister taxon to this species plus a . ginaonis holly , 1929 . based on geological data we estimate that the divergence between the lineages of a . furcatus and a . dispar is about 12\u201314 million years old . we conclude that the reductive phenomena observed in a . furcatus have evolved as an evolutionary response to the extreme habitat conditions in order to save energy ( because storage of ca2 + is not necessary ) , and to transport oxygen efficiently . the results confirm that regressive evolution is an important factor in speciation and occurs independently in separate lineages .\ndrei neue fischformen aus persien . sitz . akad . wiss . wien mathem . - naturwiss . klasse abt . 1 , 138 ( 7 ) : 63 .\nginao , spring , ( 38 km ) north of bandar abbas ( and 2 km west of bandar abbas to sirjan road ) , southeastern iran .\nlibrairie de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de france , bertrand p . ed . , paris , 18 : 160 , pl . 528 .\nspain ( without details ) ; restricted to eastern spain to separate it from baeticus , a cryptic species described from southwestern spain ( subseq . , herein ) .\nreisen in europa , asien und afrika , etc . e . schweizerbart ' sche verlagshandlung ( e . koch ) , stuttgart , vol . 1 , part 2 . : 1089 , pl . 6 ( fig . 4 ) .\nrusseger , j . reisen in europa , asien und afrika , etc . e . schweizerbart ' sche verlagshandlung ( e . koch ) , stuttgart , vol . 2 , part 3 . : 267 , pl . 22 .\ntype locality : near persepolis ( today , endorheic kor river basin , north of shiraz , fars ) , iran .\nnouveaux cyprinodontid\u00e9s de l ' anatolie centrale . rev . fac . sci . univ . istambul , ser . b , 10 : 77 , fig . 2 .\nlebias stiassnyae : a new species of killifish from lake afdera , ethiopia . copeia , 1 : 150 , fig . 1 .\nlake afdera , hot spring in southwestern part , ethiopia ( 80 m below sea level ) .\ncyprinodon sureyanus aus dem burdur g\u00f6l\u00fc . rev . fac . sci . univ . istambul , n . s . 2 ( 2 ) : 109 .\ntype locality : shahrestan - e bakhtiari va chahar mahall , 3 km west of boldaji , iran , ca . 2380 m altitude .\nthe second problem i experienced was obtaining eggs . when i used floating and / or bottom mops , the egg harvest was slight or nonexistent . it was obvious that the adults were predating the eggs and i needed to find a way to reduce this . success came when i tried some plastic\nbreeder grass .\nthere are two varieties of this and the one i used was a long stringer with somewhat stiff plastic\nleaves .\nthis form is also known as\nguppy grass\nbecause it can be floated . i did not use the floats but rather bent it into a horseshoe shape and let it settle on the bottom . the dominant male took up residence in the middle of the horseshoe and chased everyone else away , unless it was a female interested in spawning . the reduced the egg predation and my harvest went up dramatically .\nhatching the eggs was no problem . i kept them in a lightly colored ( from acriflavine ) water in a separate container . the eggs hatch in 6 to 14 days depending upon temperature . the fry take a few days to absorb their yolk sacs . at the point when they become free swimming , you can feed them baby brine shrimp and they grow well .\na third problem that occurred was the sensitivity of the fry to water changes . while the fry need frequent , small water changes to obtain good growth , too large of a change , even with well aged water of the same temperature , would occasionally wipe out a fry tank . this sensitivity seems to be most acute at the \u00bc to \u00bd inch size . the best advice is to use a large rearing container so that your small water changes make a limited impact on water conditions .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\n\u2020kenyaichthyidae fam . nov . and \u2020 kenyaichthys gen . nov . \u2013 first record of a fossil aplocheiloid killifish ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes )\ncitation : altner m , reichenbacher b ( 2015 ) \u2020kenyaichthyidae fam . nov . and \u2020 kenyaichthys gen . nov . \u2013 first record of a fossil aplocheiloid killifish ( teleostei , cyprinodontiformes ) . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0123056 . urltoken\nacademic editor : matthew c . mihlbachler , nyit college of osteopathic medicine , united states\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 altner , reichenbacher . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited"]}
{"id": 244, "summary": [{"text": "oreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , the australo-papuan bellbirds .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the family contains three genera , each containing a single species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genera are oreoica , which contains the crested bellbird ; ornorectes which conatins the crested pitohui , and aleadryas with the rufous-naped whistler . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "oreoicidae", "paragraphs": ["crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family .\nthe crested pitohui ( ornorectes cristatus ) is a species of bird previously placed in the pachycephalidae family . it is now placed in the family oreoicidae .\nthe rufous - naped whistler ( aleadryas rufinucha ) is a species of bird in the oreoicidae family . it is assigned to the monotypic genus aleadryas .\noreoicidae is a newly recognized family of small insectivorous songbirds , formerly placed in the old world warbler\nwastebin\nfamily . it contains 3 species , all in different genera .\ni accept the name oreoicidae ( sibley and ahlquist , 1985a ) over oreoicidae ( schodde and christidis , 2014 ) . schodde and christidis object that there is not a proper definition or description of oreoicini sibley and ahlquist . however , they treat it as monotypic , and i think that defining the tribe oreoicini as consisting of crested bellbird is sufficient definition .\nbibliographic note : there is no\nfamily book\ncovering the oreoicidae , but good photographs and information about australian and new guinea species are found in frith ( 1979 ) and coates ( 1990 ) , respectively .\nlist of species of the australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .\noreoicidae is a newly recognised family of small insectivorous passerines , formerly placed in the old world warbler incerta sedis family . they are confined to australasia ; two in new guinea and the third in australia . it contains just three species , all in different genera :\nj\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2016 ) found the three oreoicidae species to form a strongly - supported group . they even suggest putting them all in the same genus ( oreoica has priority ) , but with the split between them somewhere around 10 million years ago , i do not see a compelling reason to do this .\nthe ploughbill is a new guinea endemic . hbw treated them as a basal whistlers , along with 6 other taxa that have also been removed from the whistlers . the others are pachycare ( pardalotidae ) , falcunculus ( falcunculidae ) , oreoica and aleadryas ( oreoicidae ) , rhagologus ( rhagologidae ) , and hylocitrea ( hypocoliidae ) .\n( 2018 ) . australo - papuan bellbirds ( oreoicidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ngenetic studies have done a number on the family . although the core of it , the whistlers and shrike - thrushes , has remained unscathed , other taxa associated with the family have moved in or out . the pitohuis have been split into 4 genera , with pitohui itself moving to oriolidae and ornorectes in oreoicidae . the other three pitohuis have been retained in pachycephalidae in two genera .\nthere has support for other arrangements . although both aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2016 ) both place oreoicidae near falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae , earlier analyses based on fewer genes have come to different conclusions . norman et al . ( 2009a ) weakly supported placing aleadryas and oreoica in malaconotoidea while j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2008a ) put aleadryas and the former pitohui , ornorectes , near campehagidae .\nnorman et al . ( 2009 ) suggest some parallels in the distribution of australasian birds to the odd distribution of the three oreoicids . they point out that the family cinclosomatidae there are several species of quail - thrushes in the dry interior of australia , and several species of jewel - babblers that replace each other elevationally in the foothills and mountains of new guinea . thus , like that family , the oreoicidae contains birds of the dry country of australia with close relatives in the damp and steamy jungles of montane new guinea .\nthe crested bellbird is native to australia and is a medium - sized passerine member of the family oreoicidae that lives on mainland australia in dry habitats . its rich musical call is one of its most remarkable features , being a series of bell - like staccato , then a loud \u2018plop\u2019 . it is also surprising that this sound is ventriloquial - the bellbird can throw its voice , sounding as though it is off to your left a few meters , then fifty meters on your right , then behind you , making it difficult to establish the bird\u2019s location . there is little information about the crested bellbird\u2019s lifespan .\nhe crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) is a medium - sized passerine bird in the family oreoicidae . it is native to drier parts of australia where its typical habitats are acacia scrublands , eucalypt woodlands , spinifex and saltbush plains and , dunes . the male is about 20 cm ( 8 in ) long and has a grey head , a black crest and breast , and a grey or olive brown body . the female and juvenile are similar but the colours are more muted and the black breast is lacking . the distinctive call is a high pitched bell - like sound , audible at some distance . sometimes a pair of birds duet .\nbecause divisions between them are fairly deep , dating to near the oligocene / miocene boundary . j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2016 ) estimate a common ancestor for the three families in the late oligocene at about 26 million years . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) put the divisions in the early miocene , following the wallacea uplift . although the grouping of falcunculidae and cinclosomatidae was strongly supported in aggerbeck et al . ( 2014 ) and j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2016 ) , support for including oreoicidae was less strong . moyle et al . ( 2016 ) have cinclosomatidae basal in corvida while falcunculidae remains here , and that is the solution i follow .\npitohuis : although it turns out that they are not all that closely related , the pitohuis share an interesting characteristic . they ' re poisonous ! ( dumbacher et al . , 1992 . ) you can read more about these birds at dumbacher ' s website and an article in american birds . the exact relationships of these toxic species has not been exactly clear , so we shouldn ' t be entirely surprised that they have split apart . a paper by j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2008a ) found that the pitohuis are not that closely related to each other . accordingly , they end up in four genera : ornorectes ( oreoicidae ) , pitohui ( oriolidae ) , pseudorectes ( pachycephalidae ) , and melanorectes ( pachycephalidae ) .\nrace lochmia sometimes synonymized with gamblei # r ; proposed race prasinonota ( herzog mts ) appears inseparable from latter . birds of torricelli and adelbert mts provisionally included in niveifrons , but racial identity requires confirmation . four subspecies recognized .\n( p . l . sclater , 1874 ) \u2013 vogelkop ( tamrau mts , arfak mts ) , in nw new guinea .\n( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) \u2013 mountains of w , c & n new guinea ( wandammen , fakfak , weyland , and nassau e to kubor and bismarck ranges , also foja mts , bewani mts , torricelli mts and adelbert mts ) .\n( mayr , 1931 ) \u2013 huon peninsula ( saruwaged mts ) , in ne new guinea .\n( rothschild , 1897 ) \u2013 herzog mts and mountains of se new guinea .\n16\u00b75\u201318 cm ; 38\u201342 g . nominate race has head and hindneck grey , rufous nape patch ; upperparts dull yellowish - olive , flight - feathers blackish - brown , edged . . .\nsong of clear ringing whistles or upslurs , either alternating between notes or repeated . . .\ninsects ; also worms , and fruit . credited locally with ability to take large prey . frequents ground and understorey . forages extensively on . . .\nnests with eggs in early jun and late dec , with eggs and young in mid - oct and with young in early dec , juveniles seen in late mar to mid - . . .\nnot globally threatened . not uncommon . can appear to be uncommon or scarce , as it is fairly shy and infrequently seen .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nboles , w . ( 2018 ) . rufous - naped bellbird ( aleadryas rufinucha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthree monospecific genera previously scattered within pachycephalidae , where no clear links were agreed ; now shown to be closely related to each other # r # r , but nearest relatives of the group much debated , with proposals including oriolidae , paramythiidae , pachycephalidae , rhagologidae , campephagidae , malaconotidae , artamidae , cinclosomatidae and falcunculidae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsometimes treated as monotypic # r , as geographical variation is masked by age - and sex - related plumage differences . three subspecies currently recognized .\n( salvadori , 1875 ) \u2013 nw & w new guinea : mountains of vogelkop and onin peninsula , weyland mts and nassau mts .\n( e . j . o . hartert , 1930 ) \u2013 n & c new guinea e to sepik mts in n and karimui area of chimbu province in s ; cyclops mts ; s trans - fly region ( mouth of fly r and oriomo r area ) .\n25\u201326 cm ; 78\u2013111 g . nominate race has crown , hindneck and upper part of face dark olive - rufous , long crest of same colour reaching to nape when lying flat , lower . . .\nsong a long series of bell - like notes , beginning slowly , increasing in speed while slowly dropping . . .\nprimary rainforest , mainly in foothills , adjacent lowlands and hills to 1300 m , locally to lowlands . . .\ninsects . forages mainly on ground , sometimes in trees , particularly in middle levels . joins mixed - species foraging flocks .\nnot globally threatened . widely distributed and locally fairly common ; elsewhere scarce . markedly shy , with consequent lack of observations ; true level of abundance probably . . .\nboles , w . ( 2018 ) . piping bellbird ( ornorectes cristatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmathews , 1912 \u2013 western australia ( except sw & s ) , northern territory ( except n ) , south australia ( except s ) and w & c queensland .\n( vigors & horsfield , 1827 ) \u2013 sw & s western australia , s third of south australia , sc queensland , w two - thirds of new south wales and n victoria .\n19\u201323 cm ; 56\u201367 g . male nominate race has centre of forehead and crown to nape black , feathers elongated as crest , sides of crown and head from eye to nape grey , . . .\nsong with ringing , ventriloquial quality , starting softly and then intensifying , opening notes . . .\ninvertebrates , mainly insects ; some seeds . forages mainly on ground , occasionally in dense vegetation in low shrubs ; sometimes to higher . . .\neggs found late jul to early mar ; some local variation according to rain . territorial . nest built by both sexes , a deep cup with outer . . .\npresent throughout year at some localities ; alleged to move widely in winter or to be nomadic in . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally fairly common ; widespread . nominate race has disappeared from more than 50 % of its range , particularly along s & e periphery , contracting . . .\nboles , w . ( 2018 ) . crested bellbird ( oreoica gutturalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsometimes placed close to colluricincla , as it resembles c . harmonica in size and shape , and females of the two are similar to each other in plumage .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe crested bellbird of australia is by far the best known species among this new group . it is traditionally been considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) . its call , a series of two slow notes and three quick notes , is a characteristic sound in arid mulga and mallee within its range . its aboriginal name\npanpanalala\nis alliterative for that call . the vocalization has a ventriloquil quality , and the bird itself can be hard to spot . i recall being led on a grand chase after it through the mallee of wyperfeld national park \u2014 and getting myself lost in the process !\napparently crested bellbird feeds primarily on the ground , and this behavior recalls wedgebills , with whom they have been associated in the past . the bird is said to have the\ncurious habit or ornamenting its nest with hairy caterpillars . it squeezes the caterpillars . around the middle , making them semi - immobile , and then attaches them to the rim of the nest . . . . . the young apparently do not eat the ornamental caterpillars .\n( frith 1979 ) .\nanother member of this new family is rufous - naped whistler ( right ; in a fine shot \u00a9 nik borrow ) of the new guinea mountains . it has been traditionally considered a whistler ( pachycephalidae ) .\nresearch by dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) and j\u00f8nsson et al . ( 2008 ) found that the new guinea birds called pitohuis were not closely related at all . indeed , the evidence is that they belong to four separate families ! the\ntrue\npitohuis \u2014 variable pitohui pitohui kirhocephalus and hooded pitohui p . dichrous \u2014 are the only ones that belong in the genus pitohui . they are the now - famed\npoisonous birds ,\nand they are closely related to old world orioles ( oriolidae ) . one of the remained\npitohuis\nis crested pitohui . it is now considered part of this new clade .\nit is possible that both the\nwhistler\nand the\npitohui\nwill retain their english names , just as\nrobins\nor\nflycatchers\nare names that are scattered throughout many families . the names just will no longer have taxonomic meaning .\nthis is all brand - new stuff , and time will tell if this group lasts long as a family . it may prove to have additional members , or further research may place it within some traditional family . we ' ll just have to wait and see . in the meantime . . . go see one .\nnear waikerie , south australia in 2002 , presumably in the austral spring . nik borrow photographed the\nphotos \u00a9 paul hackett ( bellbird ) and \u00a9 nik borrow ( whistler ) and used with permission ; all rights reserved .\nbarker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . nat . acad . sci . 101 : 11040 - 11045 .\ncoates , b . j . 1990 . the birds of papua new guinea . part ii . dove publ . , ltd . , alderley , australia .\ndumbacher , j . p . , k . deiner , l . thompson , and r . c . fleisher . 2008 . phylogeny of the avian genus pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds . molec . phylog . evol . 49 : 774\u2013781 .\nfrith , h . j . , ed . 1979 . complete book of australian birds , rev . reader ' s digest serv . , surry hills , australia .\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and j . fjelds\u00e5 . 2008 . polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biol . lett . 4 : 71\u201374 .\nfrith , h . j . , consulting ed . 1979 . the reader ' s digest complete book of australian birds . 2d revised ed . reader ' s digest services , ltd . , sydney .\nnorman , j . a . , p . g . p . ericson , k . a . j\u00f8nsson , j . fjelds\u00e5 , and l . christidis . 2009 . a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . molec . phylog . evol . 52 : 488 - 497 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc world bird list , master list v3 . 4 , website ( version 3 . 4 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2013 . ioc world bird list ( v 3 . 4 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 20 august , 2013 ]\nnorman , janette a . , per g . p . ericson , knud a . j\u00f8nsson , jon fjelds\u00e5 , les christidis\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand\nrecent molecular evidence has discovered several lineages of birds , apparently not closely related to other groups , that were entirely unexpected .\nthe population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe crested bellbird is a medium - sized bird . adult males have grey heads with a raised black crest , a white forehead and throat , and a prominent black breast . the rest of the body is grey or brown and they have orange - red eyes . females and immature birds are less prominently coloured than the males , lacking the black breast and having a smaller , unraised black crest . this species is also known as the crested thrush , as well as having names such as ' dick - dick - the devil ' .\ntaxonomy : rectes cristata salvadori , 1876 , mount morait , north vogelkop , new guinea . three subspecies recognized .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .\ntaxonomy : pachycephala rufinucha p . l . sclater , 1874 , hatam , arfak mountains , vogelkop , new guinea . often placed in genus pachycephala . proposed race prasinonota ( from herzog mts ) regarded as inseparable from gamblei . birds in torricelli mts and adelbert mts of uncertain racial affiliation , provisionally included in niveifrons . four subspecies recognized .\nignore this text box . it is used to detect spammers . if you enter anything into this text box , your message will not be sent .\nresponsibility bruce m . beehler and thane k . pratt ; mary lecroy , technical editor . publication princeton , new jersey : princeton university press , [ 2016 ] copyright notice \u00a92016 physical description 668 pages : illustrations ( some color ) , maps ; 25 cm\nauthor / creator beehler , bruce mcp . author . contributor pratt , thane k . , author . lecroy , mary , editor .\nsubject birds > new guinea > classification . birds > new guinea > geographical distribution . new guinea > gazetteers .\npublication date 2016 copyright date 2016 title variation new guinea note detailed map on end papers .\ngazetteer of new guinea ornithology [ by ] jennifer l . mandeville and william s . peckover\n: pages 560 - 632 . isbn 9780691164243 069116424x\nthe purpose of bird families of the world is as an aid to world birders who want to maximize their enjoyment of avian diversity by observing examples of as many bird families as is reasonable within the time and money available for travel , and as a study tool for all interested readers . this project began in 1999 . dna evidence has revised much of what was thought to be known about bird evolution and relationships . it has been the ' wild wild west ' in recent years as new research was published but , perhaps , a greater degree of consensus is now being reached . while tracking proposed revisions to the list of bird families , i ' ve advocated for more consistency in the use of evidence across bird groupings , and have not always followed the latest trends .\nfor this 15th edition , the changes highlighted below bring my list to 253 extant families .\nthis web project began on 9 feb 1999 when i posted a short page on the dulidae [ palmchat ] . while the list of bird families has been regularly updated to accommodate new research through 14 editions , it was not until 17 years and a month [ 6238 days ] that , with the posting of the vireonidae [ vireos ] , the project finally has a web page with text and photos for every family . many of the old pages badly need updating in both layout , text , and photos but at least the initial goal has been reached . the updating of old pages \u2014 including the dulidae \u2014 will go on . i ' ve used my own photos when i had them , but i ' m very grateful to the many photographers around the world who ' ve permitted me to use their wonderful shots when i needed them .\nin putting together this list , i ' ve been influenced by the winkler et al .\n[ full disclosure \u2014 i have been a volunteer junior member of the clements team since 2011 but i continue to depart from clements for purposes of this project . ]\ninfluential new publications include major efforts which combine molecular and fossil evidence to construct a comprehensive phylogeny of birds , perhaps most importantly prum et al . ( 2015 ) . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) , the aou , the sacc , and the ioc have now rearranged the sequence of orders and families ; clements intends to do so in 2018 . according , i have now resequenced all orders and families , generally following winkler et al . ( 2015 ) but preferring aou and / or sacc when the families involved are primarily new world families . so my current sequence is a mishmash of 3 current phylogenies .\nbarker et al . ( 2004 ) first suggested a close relationship between three ground - dweller\nbabblers\nin central africa and the sugarbirds ( promeropidae ) of southern africa . many global checklists placed the three genera [ modulatrix , arcanator and kakamega ] within the promeropidae , as did i . more recent genetic work , including nuclear dna ( johansson et al . 2008 ) , showed a strong divergence between these groups . most recently winkler et al . ( 2015 ) and other works confirm that the divergence is ancient , and the three skulking ground - dwellers are elevated to family level . winkler et al . ( 2015 ) call the new family modulatricidae . rather than arcanatoridae as does ioc , so i tentatively do so also . this now splits the three dapplethroats [ modulatricidae ] from the sugarbirds .\ni remain conservative about puerto rican tanager , genus nesospingus , lumping it with spindalises [ it looks rather like a female spindalis ] and it is closely related , and with yellow - breasted chat [ icteria ] , awaiting more evidence as to whether it remains a new world warbler , or should be with the icterids , or should become the youngest family of all .\nevery family has a link to a separate web page , with photos , that i created over the years . some are now very dated and badly need revision .\nbarker , f . k . , a . cibois , p . schikler , j . feinstein , and j . cracraft . 2004 . phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proc . natl . acad . sci . 101 : 11040\u201311045 .\nbarker , f . k . , k . j . burns , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2013 . going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . syst . biol . 62 : 298\u2013320 .\nburns , k . j . , a . j . schultz , p . o . title , n . a . mason , f . k . barker , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2014 . phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers ( passeriformes : thraupidae ) , the largest radiation of neotropical songbirds . molec . phylo . evol . 75 : 41 - 77 .\ndickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world : passerines vol . 2 . aves press , eastbourne , u . k .\njohansson , u . s . , j . fjelds\u00e5 , and c . k . bowie . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships within passerida ( aves : passeriformes ) : a review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers , mol . phylog . evol . 48 : 858\u2013876 .\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . , p - h . fabre , j . d . kennedy , b . g . holt , m . k . borregaard , c . rahbek , and j . fjelds\u00e5 . 2016 . a supermatrix phylogeny of corvoid passerine birds ( aves : corvides ) . molec . phylog . evol . 94 : 87 - 94 .\nprum , r . o . , j . s . bery , a . dornburg , d . j . field , j . p . townsend , e . m . lemmon , and a . r . lemmon . 2015 . a comprehensive phylogeny of birds ( aves ) using targeted next - generation dna sequencing . nature 526 : 569\u2013573 .\nschodde , r . , and l . christidis . 2014 . relicts from tertiary australasia : undescribed families and subfamilies of songbirds ( passeriformes ) and their zoogeographic signal . zootaxa 3786 : 501 - 522 .\nwinkler , d . w . , s . w . billerman , and i . j . lovette . 2015 . birds families of the world : a guide to the spectacular diversity of birds . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ni thank the editors of the handbook of the birds of the world project ; the late g . stuart keith , co - author birds of africa series ; the late james clements , author of the clements ' world checklists ; keith barker , frank gill , murray lord , tom schulenberg , and van remsen for sharing with me ideas and concepts about the taxonomy and arrangement of a listing of bird families of the world . i appreciate their input , but all the decisions reflected in the above listing are mine , including all the errors .\nafter its discovery , a . affinis terborghi was included as a form of the barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii on account of its close similarity to the two mainland races of a . bennettii : the nominate and a . b . wiedenfeldi ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) . however , it is much darker above and also much larger than either of these these races : its wing length of 154 mm greatly exceeds the 121\u2013128 mm of a . b . bennettii . mitochondrial dna differences also suggest a relationship to a . a . affinis , as well as the splitting - off of both a . affinis races from the a . bennettii clade ( dumbacher et al . 2003 ) . the two known populations of the allied owlett - nightjar inhabit low - altitude montane areas some 1400 km apart . they may be two distinct species ( beehler & pratt 2016 ) but further observations and voice recordings are required to clarify the situation .\nbeehler , b . m . & pratt , t . k . ( 2016 ) . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . allied owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles affinis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ndiamond , j . m . ( 1967 ) . new subspecies and records of birds from the karimui basin , new guinea . american museum novitates 2284 : 1\u201317 .\ndumbacher , j . p . , pratt , t . k . & fleischer , r . c . ( 2003 ) . phylogeny of the owlet - nightjars ( aves : aegothelidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 29 ( 3 ) : 540\u2013549 .\nsibley , c . g . & monroe jr . , b . l . ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .\nbanwell , a . ( 2016 ) . rediscovery of the karimui owlet - nightjar . hbw alive ornithological note 427 . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nrichard schodde australian national wildlife collection , csiro ecosystem sciences , po box 1700 , canberra , act 2601 australia .\naggerbeck , m . , fjelds\u00e5 , j . , christidis , l . , fabre , p . - h . & j\u00f8nsson , k . a . ( 2014 ) resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 70 , 272\u2013285 . urltoken\nbarker , f . k . , barrowclough , g . f . & groth , j . g . ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds : taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of dna nuclear sequence data . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 295\u2013308 . urltoken\nbarker , f . k . , cibois , a . , schikler , p . , feinstein , j . & cracraft , j . ( 2004 ) phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 101 , 11040\u201311045 . urltoken\nbaumel , j . j . , king , a . s . , lucas , a . m . , breazile , y . e . & evans , h . e . ( eds . ) ( 1979 ) nomina anatomica avium . academic press , london , 637 pp .\nbeecher , w . j . ( 1953 ) a phylogeny of the oscines . auk , 70 , 270\u2013333 . urltoken\nbeehler , b . m . & finch , b . w . ( 1985 ) species - checklist of the birds of new guinea . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 1 . royal australasian ornithologists union , moonee ponds , 127 pp .\nbeehler , b . m . , pratt , t . k . & zimmerman , d . a . ( 1986 ) birds of new guinea . princeton university press , princeton , 293 pp .\nbeehler , b . m . , diamond , j . m . , kemp , n . , scholes , e . iii . , milensky , c . & laman , t . g . ( 2012 ) avifauna of the foja mountains of western new guinea . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 132 , 84\u2013101 .\nbock , w . j . ( 1962 ) the pneumatic fossa of the humerus in the passeres . auk , 79 , 425\u2013443 . urltoken\nbock , w . j . ( 1963 ) relationships between the birds - of - paradise and the bower birds . condor , 65 , 91\u2013125 . urltoken\nbock , w . j . ( 1985 ) relationships of the sugarbird ( promerops , passeriformes , ? meliphagidae ) . in : schuchmann , k . l . ( ed . ) , proceedings of the international congress on african vertebrates . museum koenig , bonn , pp . 349\u2013374 .\nbock , w . j . ( 1994 ) history and nomenclature of avian family - group names . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 222 , 1\u2013281 .\nboles , w . e . ( 2007a ) family pachycephalidae ( whistlers ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 12 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 374\u2013437 .\nboles , w . e . ( 2007b ) family eupetidae ( jewel - babblers and allies ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 12 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 348\u2013373 .\nbyrne , m . , steane , d . a . , joseph , l . , yeates , d . k . , jordan , g . j . , crayn , d . , aplin , k . , cantrill , d . j . , cook , l . g . , crisp , m . d . , keogh , j . s . , melville , j . , moritz , c . , porch , n . , sniderman , j . m . k . , sunnucks , p . & weston , p . h . ( 2011 ) decline of a biome : contraction , fragmentation , extinction and invasion of the australian mesic zone biota . journal of biogeography , 38 , 1635\u20131656 . urltoken\ncharlton , t . r . ( 2000 ) tertiary evolution of the eastern indonesia collision complex . journal of asian earth sciences , 18 , 603\u2013631 . urltoken\nchristidis , l . ( 1991 ) biochemical evidence for the origins and evolutionary radiations in the australasian avifauna : the songbirds . acta xx congressus internationalis ornithologici . vol . 1 . new zealand ornithological trust board , wellington , pp . 392\u2013397 .\nchristidis , l . & boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 2 . royal australasian ornithologists union , hawthorn east , victoria , 112 pp .\nchristidis , l . & boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , melbourne , 277 pp .\nchristidis , l . & schodde , r . ( 1991 ) relationships of the australo - papuan songbirds\u2015protein evidence . ibis , 133 , 277\u2013285 . urltoken\nchristidis , l . , schodde , r . & robinson , n . a . ( 1993 ) affinities of the aberrant australo - papuan honeyeaters , toxorhamphus , oedistoma , timeliopsis and epthianura : protein evidence . australian journal of zoology , 41 , 423\u2013432 . urltoken\ncoates , b . j . ( 1990 ) the birds of papua new guinea . vol . 2 . dove publications , alderley , queensland , 576 pp .\ncoates , b . j . , dutson , g . c . l . & filardi , c . ( 2006 ) monarchidae ( monarch - flycatchers ) . in : del hoyo , j , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 11 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 244\u2013329 .\ncottrell , g . w . ( 1967 ) a problem species : lamprolia victoriae . emu , 66 , 253\u2013266 . urltoken\ndeignan , h . g . ( 1964 ) family orthonychidae . in : mayr , e & paynter , r . a . jr . ( eds . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 10 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 228\u2013240 .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . & christie , d . ( eds . ) ( 1992\u20132011 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vols . 1\u201316 . lynx edicions , barcelona , 12500 pp .\ndiamond , j . m . ( 1983 ) melampitta gigantea : possible relation between feather structure and underground roosting habits . condor , 85 , 89\u201391 . urltoken\ndickinson , e . c . ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . 3 rd edition . christopher helm , london , 1039 pp .\ndow , d . b . ( 1977 ) a geological synthesis of papua new guinea . geology and geophysics bulletin ( bmr australia ) , 201 , 1\u201341 .\ndorst , j . j . ( 1952 ) contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la langue des meliphagides . l\u2019oiseau et la revue francaise d\u2019ornithologie , 22 , 185\u2013214 .\ndriskell , a . , christidis , l . , gill , b . j . , boles , w . e . , barker , f . k . & longmore , n . w . ( 2007 ) a new endemic family of new zealand passerine birds : adding heat to a biodiversity hotspot . australian journal of zoology , 55 , 73\u201378 . urltoken\nericson , p . g . p . , christidis , l . , cooper , a . , irestedt , m . , jackson , j . , johansson , u . s . & norman , j . a . ( 2002 ) a gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by dna sequences of the endemic new zealand wrens . proceedings of the royal society of london , series b , 269 , 235\u2013241 . urltoken\nfrith , c . b . ( 1971a ) some undescribed nests and eggs of new guinea birds . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 91 , 46\u201349 .\nfrith , c . b . ( 1971b ) nidification of some new guinea birds . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 91 , 164\u2013165 .\nfrith , c . b . & frith , d . w . ( 1990 ) nesting biology and relationships of the lesser melampitta melampitta lugubris . emu , 90 , 65\u201373 . urltoken\nfrith , c . b . & beehler , b . m . ( 1998 ) the birds of paradise paradisaeidae . oxford university press , oxford , 613 pp .\ngadow , h . ( 1884 ) on the suctorial apparatus of the tenuirostres . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1883 , 62\u201369 .\ngardner , j . l . , trueman , j . w . h . , ebert , d . , joseph , l . & magrath , r . d . ( 2010 ) phylogeny and evolution of the meliphagoidea , the largest radiation of australian songbirds . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 55 , 1087\u20131102 . urltoken\ngill , f . b . & wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world recommended english names . princeton university press , princeton & oxford , 259 pp .\nhall , r . ( 2002 ) cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of se asia and the sw pacific : computer - based reconstructions , model and animations . journal of asian earth sciences , 20 , 353\u2013431 . urltoken\nhall , r . ( 2009 ) southeast asia\u2019s changing palaeogeography . blumea , 54 , 148\u2013161 . urltoken\nharrison , c . j . o . & parker , s . a . ( 1965 ) the behavioural affinities of the blue wrens of the genus malurus . emu , 65 , 103\u2013113 . urltoken\nheather , b . d . ( 1977 ) the vanua levu lamprolia ( lamprolia victoriae kleinschmidti ) : a preliminary look at its status and habits . notornis , 24 , 94\u2013128 .\niczn ( international commission on zoological nomenclature ) ( 1999 ) international code of zoological nomenclature . 4 th edition . international trust for zoological nomenclature , london , 306 pp .\nirestedt , m . , fuchs , j . , j\u00f8nsson , k . a . , ohlson , j . i . , pasquet , e . & ericson , p . g . p . ( 2008 ) the systematic affinity of the enigmatic lamprolia victoriae ( aves : passeriformes ) \u2015an example of avian dispersal between new guinea and fiji over miocene intermittent land bridges . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 48 , 1218\u20131222 . urltoken\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . & fjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2006 ) a phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds ( aves : passeri ) . zoologica scripta , 35 , 149\u2013186 . urltoken\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . , bowie , r . c . k . , norman , j . a . , christidis , l . & fjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2007 ) polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biology letters , 4 , 71\u201374 . urltoken\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . , irestedt , m . , fuchs , j . , ericson , p . g . p . , christidis l . , bowie , r . c . k . , norman , j . a . , pasquet , e . & fjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2008 ) explosive avian radiations and multi - directional dispersal across wallacea : evidence from the campephagidae and other crown corvida ( aves ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 47 , 221\u2013236 . urltoken\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . , bowie , r . c . k . , nylander , j . a . a . , christidis , l . , norman , j . a . & fjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2010 ) biogeographical history of cuckoo - shrikes ( aves : passeriformes ) : transoceanic colonization of africa from australo - papua . journal of biogeography , 37 , 1767\u20131781 . urltoken\nj\u00f8nsson , k . a . , fabre , p . - h . , ricklefs , r . e . & fjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2011 ) major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto - papuan archipelago . proceedings of the national academy of sciences , usa , 108 , 2328\u20132333 . urltoken\nkearns , a . m . , joseph , l . & cook , l . g . ( 2013 ) a multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciation history of the australo - papuan butcherbirds and their allies . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 66 , 941\u2013952 . urltoken\nlivezey , b . c . & zusi , r . l . ( 2006 ) higher - order phylogeny of modern birds ( theropoda , aves : neornithes ) based on comparative anatomy : i . \u2014methods and characters . bulletin of the carnegie museum of natural history , 37 , 1\u2013556 .\nmack , a . l . & oppel , s . ( 2006 ) nidification of dwarf whistler pachycare flavogriseum , a little - known new guinean endemic . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 126 , 61\u201364 .\nmathews , g . m . ( 1930 ) systema avium australasianarum . part 2 . british ornithologists\u2019 union , london , 427\u20131048 .\nmayr , e . ( 1931 ) die syrinx einiger singv\u00f6gel aus neu - guinea . journal f \u00fcr ornithologie , 79 , 333\u2013337 . urltoken\nmayr , e . ( 1940 ) the origin and the history of the bird fauna of polynesia . proceedings of the sixth pacific science congress , 4 , 197\u2013216 .\nmayr , e . ( 1941 ) list of new guinea birds . american museum of natural history , new york , 260 pp .\nmayr , e . ( 1967 ) subfamily pachycephalinae . in : paynter , r . a . jr . ( ed . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 3\u201351 .\nmayr , e . ( 1986 ) genera incertae sedis . in : mayr , e . & cottrell , g . w . ( eds . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 11 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 526 - \u2013529 .\nmayr , e . & gilliard , e . t . ( 1954 ) birds of central new guinea : results of the american museum of natural history expeditions to new guinea in 1950 and 1952 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 103 , 314 - \u2013374 .\nnorman , j . a . , boles , w . e . & christidis , l . ( 2009a ) relationships of the new guinean songbird genera amalocichla and pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . journal of avian biology , 40 , 640\u2013645 . urltoken\nnorman , j . a . , ericson , p . g . p , j\u00f8nsson , k . a . , fjelds\u00e5 , j . & christidis , l . ( 2009b ) a multi - gene phylogeny reveals novel relationships for aberrant genera of australo - papuan core corvoidea and polyphyly of the pachycephalidae and psophodidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 52 , 488\u2013497 . urltoken\nny\u00e1ri , a . s . , benz , b . w . , j\u00f8nsson , k . a . , fjelds\u00e5 , j . & moyle , r . g . ( 2009 ) phylogenetic relationships of fantails ( aves : rhipiduridae ) . zoologica scripta , 38 , 553\u2013561 . urltoken\nolson , s . l . ( 1980 ) lamprolia as part of a south pacific radiation of monarchine flycatchers . notornis , 27 , 7\u201310 .\nparker , s . a . ( 1963 ) nidification of the genus melanocharis sclater ( dicaeidae ) . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 83 , 109\u2013112 .\npigram , c . j . & davies , h . l . ( 1987 ) terranes and the accretion history of the new guinea orogen . bmr journal of australian geology and geophysics , 10 , 193\u2013212 .\npigram , c . j . & symonds , p . a . ( 1991 ) a review of the timing of the major tectonic events in the new guinea orogen . journal of southeast asian earth sciences , 6 , 307\u2013318 . urltoken\npratt , d . , bruner , p . l . & berrett , d . g . ( 1987 ) the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific . princeton university press , princeton , 409 pp .\nrand , a . l & gilliard , e . t . ( 1967 ) handbook of new guinea birds . weidenfeld & nicolson , london , 611 pp .\nrocamora , g . j . & yeatman - berthelot , d . ( 2009 ) family dicruridae ( drongos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 14 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 172\u2013271 .\nrothschild , w . & hartert , e . ( 1896 ) contributions to the ornithology of the papuan islands . iv . list of a collection made by albert s . meek on fergusson , trobriand , egum and woodlark islands . novitates zoologicae , 3 , 233\u2013251 .\nrussell , e . m . & rowley , i . c . r . ( 2009 ) family cracticidae ( butcherbirds ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . & christie , d . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 14 . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 308\u2013342 .\nsalomonsen , f . ( 1967 ) family meliphagidae . in : paynter , r . a . jr . ( ed . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 338\u2013450 .\nsalvadori , t . ( 1876 ) descrizione di cinquantotto nuove specie di uccelli , ed osservazioni intorno ad altre poco note , della nuova guinea e di altre isole papuane , raccolte del dr . odoardo beccari e dai cacciatore del . sig . a . a . bruijn . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova , 7 ( 56 / 61 ) , 896\u2013976 .\nscharnke , h . ( 1931 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur morphologie und entwicklungsgeschichte der zunge der trochilidae , meliphagidae und picidae . journal f \u00fcr ornithologie , 79 , 425\u2013491 . urltoken\nscharnke , h . ( 1932 ) ueber den bau der zunge der nectariniidae , promeropidae und drepanididae nebst bemerkungen zur systematik der bl\u00fctenbesuchenden passeres . journal f \u00fcr ornithologie , 80 , 114\u2013123 . urltoken\nschellart , w . p . , lister , g . s . & toy , v . g . ( 2006 ) a late cretaceous and cenozoic reconstruction of the southwest pacific region : tectonics controlled by subduction and slab rollback processes . earth - sciences review , 76 , 191\u2013233 . urltoken\nschodde , r . ( 1975 ) interim list of australian songbirds passerines . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne , 46 pp .\nschodde , r . ( 1991 ) concluding remarks : origins and evolution of the australasian avifauna . in : acta xx congressus internationalis ornithologici . vol . 1 . new zealand ornithological trust board , wellington , pp . 413\u2013416 .\nschodde , r . ( 2006 ) australia\u2019s bird fauna today\u2015origins and evolutionary development . in : merrick , j . r . , archer , m . , hickey , g . m . & lee , m . s . y . ( eds . ) , evolution and biogeography of australasian vertebrates . auscipub , oatlands , new south wales , pp . 413\u2013458 .\nschodde , r . & calaby , j . h . ( 1972 ) the biogeography of the australo - papuan bird and mammal faunas in relation to torres strait . in : walker , d . ( ed . ) , bridge and barrier : the natural and cultural history of torres strait . publication bg / 3 . research school of pacific studies , australian national university , canberra , pp . 257\u2013300 .\nschodde , r . & faith , d . p . ( 1991 ) the development of modern ( australasian ) avifaunas . in : acta xx congressus internationalis ornithologici . vol . 1 . new zealand ornithological trust board , wellington , pp . 404\u2013412 .\nschodde , r . & mason , i . j . ( 1999 ) the directory of australian birds passerines . csiro publishing , melbourne , 551 pp .\nsibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1982 ) the relationships of the australasian whistlers pachycephala as indicated by dna hybridization . emu , 82 , 251\u2013255 . urltoken\nsibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1984 ) the relationships of the papuan genus peltops . emu , 84 , 181\u2013183 . urltoken\nsibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1985 ) the phylogeny and classification of the australo - papuan passerine birds . emu , 85 , 1\u201314 . urltoken\nsibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1987 ) the lesser melampitta is a bird of paradise . emu 87 , 66\u201368 . urltoken\nsibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . ( 1990 ) phylogeny and classification of birds . a study in molecular evolution . yale university press , new haven , 976 pp .\nsibley , c . e . & monroe , b . l . jr . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , 1111 pp .\nstresemann , e . ( 1914 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der avifauna von buru . novitates zoologicae , 21 , 358\u2013400 .\ntruswell , e . m . ( 1989 ) australian rainforests : the 100 million year record . in : webb , l . j . & kikkawa , j . ( eds . ) , australian tropical rainforests : science , values , meaning . csiro publishing , melbourne , pp . 7\u201322 .\nvaurie , c . ( 1949 ) a revision of the bird family dicruridae . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 93 , 199\u2013342 .\nvaurie , c . ( 1962 ) family dicruridae . in : mayr , e . & greenway , j . c . jr . ( eds . ) , check - list of birds of the world , a continuation of the work of james l . peters . vol . 15 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 137\u2013157 .\nwolters , h . e . ( 1977 ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 3 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 161\u2013240 .\nwolters , h . e . ( 1979 ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 4 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 241\u2013320 .\nwolters , h . e . ( 1980a ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 5 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 321\u2013400 .\nwolters , h . e . ( 1980b ) die vogelarten der erde . eine systematische liste mit verbreitungsangaben sowie deutschen und englischen namen . lief . 6 . paul parey , hamburg & berlin , pp . 401\u2013452 .\nxeno - canto ( 2014 ) melampitta lugubris , melampitta gigantea . naturalis biodiversity center , leiden . available from : urltoken ( accessed 11 march 2014 )\nzuccon , d . & ericson , p . g . p . ( 2012 ) molecular and morphological evidences place the extinct new zealand endemic turnagra capensis in the oriolidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 62 , 414\u2013426 . urltoken\npasseri\nredirects here . for the surname , see passeri ( surname ) .\nsorry , your browser either has javascript disabled or does not have any supported player . you can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser ."]}
{"id": 250, "summary": [{"text": "cranopsis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "cranopsis was previously considered a subgenus of puncturella . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cranopsis ( gastropod )", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - cranopsis asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 )\npuncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ( misspelling of cranopsis a . adams , 1860 )\ncowan , i . m . ( 1969 ) a new species of gastropod ( fissurellidae , fissurisepta ) from the eastern north pacific . the veliger , 12 , 24\u201326 .\n( of puncturella ( cranopsis ) asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) p\u00e9rez farfante , i . ( 1947 ) . the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia . 2 : 93 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 120 [ details ]\n( of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) fischer p . ( 1882 - 1883 ) . diagnoses d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de mollusques recueillis dans le cours des exp\u00e9ditions scientifiques de l ' aviso\nle travailleur\n( 1880 et 1881 ) . journal de conchyliologie 30 : 49 - 53 [ 1882 ] , 273 - 277 [ issued march 22 , 1883 according to fischer - piette ( 1937 ) , april 1883 according to winckworth , 1936 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]\n( of puncturella asturiana var . alta locard , 1898 ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . exp\u00e9ditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les ann\u00e9es 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testac\u00e9s . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 p . 78 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\n( of puncturella asturiana ( p . fischer , 1882 ) ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . exp\u00e9ditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les ann\u00e9es 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testac\u00e9s . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 , 77 - 78 [ details ]\n( of puncturella craticia r . b . watson , 1883 ) watson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 17 p . 29 ; note : in synonymy of rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nsysoev a . v . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . gastropoda . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 134\u2013155 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym rimula asturiana p . fischer , 1882 ) to itis\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 302 [ details ]\nmclean j . h . & geiger d . l . ( 1998 ) . new genera and species having the fissurisepta shell form , with a generic - level phylogenetic analysis ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county , 475 : 1 - 32 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmclean j . h . ( 1996 ) . the prosobranchia . in : taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the santa maria basin and western santa barbara channel . the mollusca part 2 \u2013 the gastropoda . santa barbara museum of natural history . volume 9 : 1 - 160 . [ details ]\n( of puncturella ( craniopsis ) [ sic ] ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeres - geh\u00e4useschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe following are opisthobranchs with shells , but are included here to aid in identification .\nall material posted on this site may be used for educational or non - commercial use provided this web site is duly credited as being the source of the material . copyright of all images remains with the originator . for the use of photos , please request permission through one of the contact listings .\nclick on the name of the family to view the species within that category .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nluiz ricardo l . simone museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil .\ncarlo m . cunha museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , cx . postal 42494 ; 04218 - 970 s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . & pimenta , a . d . ( 2003 ) a new subgenus and three new species of brazilian deep water olivella swainson , 1831 ( mollusca , gastropoda , olivellidae ) collected by the rv marion dufresne in 1987 . zoosystema , 25 , 177\u2013185 .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . , pimenta , a . d . & caetano , c . h . s . ( 2005 ) turridae ( mollusca , neogastropoda , conoidea ) coletados no litoral sudeste do brasil , programa revizee \u201cscore\u201d central . bioci\u00eancias , 13 , 19\u201347 .\nadams , a . ( 1851 ) a catalogue of the species of emarginula , a genus of gasterepodous mollusca , belonging to the family fissurellidae ; in the collection of h . cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 19 , 82\u201392 . urltoken\nadams a . ( 1860 ) on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , 3 ( 5 ) , 299\u2013307 .\naldea , c . , zelaya , d . g . & troncoso , j . s . ( 2011 ) a new gigantic species of zeidora adams , 1860 from antarctic waters ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . the nautilus , 125 , 79\u201382 .\namaral , a . c . z . , lana , p . c . , fernandes , f . c . & coimbra , j . c . ( 2003 ) biodiversidade b\u00eantica da regi\u00e3o sul - sudeste da costa brasileira . revezee score sul . minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente . s\u00e3o paulo , 156 pp .\nbetts , v . ( 1981 ) dicion\u00e1rio parintintin - portugu\u00eas . sociedade internacional de ling\u00fc\u00edstica . cuiab\u00e1 , 231 pp .\nclarke , a . h . ( 1961 ) abyssal mollusks from the south atlantic ocean . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 125 , 343\u2013387 , pls . 1\u20134 .\ncunha , c . m . ( 2011 ) a new species of acteon ( opisthobranchia : acteonidae ) from northeast brazil . zoologia , 28 , 229\u2013232 . urltoken\ndall , w . h . ( 1889 ) reports on the results of dredgings , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877\u201378 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879\u201380 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer ' blake ' . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 18 , 1\u2013492 , pls . 10\u201340 .\ndall , w . h . ( 1927 ) small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 , 1\u2013134 . urltoken\ndautzenberg , p . & fischer , h . ( 1896 ) dragages effectu\u00e9s par l ' hirondelle et par la princesse - alice , 1888 - 1895 . m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france , 9 , 395\u2013498 , pls . 15\u201322 .\ndefrance , m . ( 1827 ) dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , 45 , 471\u2013472 .\negorova , e . n . ( 1972 ) biological results of the soviet antarctic expeditions . 7 . mollusca of the davis sea . explorations of the faunas of the seas , 26 , 1\u2013142 .\nespinosa , j . , ortea , j . & fern\u00e1ndez - garc\u00e9s , r . ( 2004 ) descripci\u00f3n de dos nuevas especies del g\u00e9nero zeidora a . adams , 1860 ( mollusca : gastropoda ) de las costas de cuba . avicennia , 17 , 67\u201370 .\nfarfante , i . p . ( 1943a ) the genera fissurella , lucapina and lucapinella in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 1 ( 10 ) , 1\u201320 .\nfarfante , i . p . ( 1943b ) the genus diodora in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 1 ( 11 ) , 1\u201320 .\nfarfante , i . p . ( 1947 ) the genera zeidora , nesta , emarginula , rimula and puncturella in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 2 , 93\u2013148 .\nfernandes , m . r . & pimenta , a . d . ( 2013 ) taxonomic review of metaxia ( gastropoda : triphoridae ) from brazil , with description of a new species . zoologia , 28 , 819\u2013830 . urltoken\nfernandes , m . r . , pimenta , a . d . & leal , j . h . ( 2013 ) taxonomic review of triphorinae ( gastropoda : triphoridae ) from the vit\u00f3ria - trindade seamount chain , southeastern brazil . the nautilus , 127 , 1\u201318 .\ngarc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2011 ) a new species of eccliseogyra ( gastropoda : nystiellidae ) from southeastern brazil . the nautilus , 125 , 167\u2013170 .\ngeiger , d . l . & thacker , c . e . ( 2005 ) molecular phylogeny of vetigastropoda reveals non - monophyletic scissurellidae , trochoidea , and fissurelloidea . molluscan research , 25 , 47\u201355 .\ngeiger , d . l . & thacker , c . e . ( 2006 ) molecular phylogeny of basal gastropods ( vetigastropoda ) shows stochastic colonization of chemosynthetic habitats at least from the mid triassic . cahiers de biologie marine , 46 , 343\u2013346 .\ngray , j . e . ( 1825 ) a list and description of some species of shells not taken notice of by lamarck . annals of philosophy , 25 ( n . s . 9 ) , 134\u2013140 .\ngray , j . e . ( 1847 ) a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 12 , 129\u2013219 .\nheilprin , a . ( 1889 ) on some new species of mollusca from the bermuda islands . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 41 , 141\u2013142 , pl . 8 .\nhouart , r . ( 1991 ) the southeastern brazilian muricidae collected by rv marion - dufresne in 1987 , with the description of three new species . the nautilus , 105 , 26\u201337 .\njeffreys , j . g . ( 1877 ) new and peculiar species of mollusca procured in the valourous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history , series 4 , 19 , 231\u2013243 .\njeffreys , j . g . ( 1882 ) on the mollusca procured during the lightning and porcupine expeditions . iv . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1881 ) , 922\u2013952 .\nlamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1798\u20131816 ) tableau encyclop\u00e9dique et m\u00e9thodique des trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vol . 3 . paris , 16 pp . , pls . 391\u2013488 .\nlamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1801 ) syst\u00eame des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . paris , viii , 432 pp .\nlamarck , j . b . p . m . ( 1822 ) histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . paris , 7 , 711 pp .\nlarraz\u00e1bal , m . e & oliveira , v . s . ( 2003 ) thecosomata e gymnosomata ( mollusca , gastropoda ) da cadeia fernando de noronha , brasil . revista brasileira de zoologia , 20 ( 2 ) , 351\u2013360 . urltoken\nleal , j . h . ( 1991 ) marine prosobranch gastropods from oceanic islands off brazil . universal book services . dr . w . backhuys . oegstgeest , 419 pp .\nleal , j . h . & bouchet , p . ( 1989 ) new deep - water volutidae from off southeastern brazil ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . the nautilus , 103 , 1\u201312 .\nlibassi , i . ( 1859 ) sopra alcune conchiglie fossile dei intorni de palermo . reale academia di scienze , lettere i belle arti di palermo , atti ( n . s . ) , 3 , 1\u201347 .\nlinn\u00e9 , c . ( 1771 ) mantissa plantarum . laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] , pp . 43\u2013588 .\nlowe , r . t . ( 1827 ) on balanus punctatus , puncturella flemingii , & c . ; together with some corrections relative to turbo carneus , and some of the chitones before described . zoological journal , 3 , 76\u201380 .\nmatthews , h . r . & kempf , m . ( 1970 ) moluscos marinhos do norte e nordeste do brasil . ii . moluscos do arquip\u00e9lago de fernando de noronha ( com algumas refer\u00eancias ao atol das rocas ) . arquivos de ci\u00eancias do mar , 19 , 1\u201353 .\nmclean , j . h . ( 1970 ) descriptions of a new genus and eight new species of eastern pacific fissurellidae , with notes on other species . the veliger , 12 , 362\u2013367 .\nmclean , j . h . ( 2011 ) reinstatement of the fissurellid subfamily hemitominae , with the description of new genera , and proposed evolutionary lineage , based on morphological characters of shell and radula ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda ) . malacologia , 54 , 407\u2013427 . urltoken\nmclean , j . h . & geiger , d . j . ( 1998 ) new genera and species having fissurisepta shell form , with a generic - level phylogenetic analysis ( gastropoda : fissurellidae ) . los angeles county museum of natural history contributions in science , 475 , 1\u201332 .\nm\u00e9tivier , b . ( 1972 ) sur quelques fissurellidae ( mollusques , gast\u00e9ropodes ) du nord , nordest du br\u00e9sil . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , series 3 ( zoologie ) , 32 , 405\u2013416 .\npilsbry , h . a . ( 1943 ) floridian species of rimula . the nautilus , 57 , 37\u201340 .\npimenta , a . d . , santos , f . n . & absal\u00e3o , r . s . ( 2011 ) taxonomic revision of the genus eulimella ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil , with description of three new species . zootaxa , 3063 , 22\u201338 .\nrios , e . c . ( 1985 ) seashells of brazil . funda\u00e7\u00e3o universidade do rio grande . rio grande , 329 pp . , 102 pls .\nrios , e . c . ( 1994 ) seashells of brazil , second edition . editora da furg . rio grande , 368 pp . , 113 pls .\nrios , e . c . ( 2009 ) compendium of brazilian sea shells . universidade federal do rio grande . rio grande , 668 pp .\nrios , e . c . , calvo , i . s . & barcellos , l . j . ( 1987 ) moluscos marinos de isla trinidad . comunicaciones de la sociedad malacologica del uruguay , 7 , 57\u201362 .\nsalvador , r . b . , cunha , c . m . & simone , l . r . l . ( 2013 ) taxonomic revision of the orthalicid land snails ( pulmonata : stylommatophora ) from trindade island , brazil . journal of natural history , 47 , 949\u2013961 . urltoken\nsalvini - plaw\u00e9n , l . & haszprunar , g . ( 1987 ) vetigastropoda and the systematics of streptoneurous gastropoda ( mollusca ) . journal of zoology , a 211 , 747\u2013770 . urltoken\nseguenza , g . ( 1862 ) paleontologia malacologica dele roce terziarie del discreto di messina studiata nei suoi rapporti zooloogici e geognostici . annali dell\u2019accademia degli aspiranti naturalisti , serie 3 , 2 , 77\u201395 .\nsimone , l . r . l . ( 1999 ) comparative morphology and systematics of brazilian terebridae ( mollusca , gastropoda , conoidea ) , with descriptions of three new species . zoosystema , 21 , 199\u2013248 .\nsimone , l . r . l . ( 2000 ) [ 1998 ] a phylogenetic study of the terebrinae ( mollusca , caenogastropoda , terebridae ) based on species from the western atlantic . journal of comparative biology , 3 , 137\u2013150 .\nsimone , l . r . l . ( 2008 ) a new species of fissurella from s\u00e3o pedro e s\u00e3o paulo archipelago , brazil ( vetigastropoda , fissurellidae ) . the veliger , 50 , 292\u2013304 .\nsimone , l . r . l . & cunha , c . m . ( 2003 ) pseudococculina rimula , a new species ( cocculiniformia : pseudococculinidae ) from off southeastern brazil . nautilus , 117 , 69\u201377 .\nsimone , l . r . l . & cunha , c . m . ( 2012 ) taxonomic study on the mollusks collected in marion - dufresne expedition ( md55 ) to se brazil : xenophoridae , cypraeoidea , mitriforms and terebridae ( caenogastropoda ) . zoosystema , 34 , 745\u2013781 . urltoken\nsowerby , g . b . i . ( 1812\u20131846 ) the mineral conchology of great britain ; or coloured figures and descriptions of those reamains of testaceous animals or shells , which have been preserved at various times and depth in the earth . vols . 1 . \u20137 . london , 234 pp . , 251 pp . , 194 pp . , 160 pp . , 168 pp . , 250 . & 123 pp . + pls 610\u2013648 .\nsowerby , g . b . iii ( 1901 ) descriptions of five new species of shells . journal of malacology , 8 , 101\u2013103 , pl . 9 .\nswainson , w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology . longman , orme , brown , green , & longmans and john taylor . london , 419 pp .\nverhecken , a . ( 1991 ) description of two new species of bathyal cancellariidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) from off brazil . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( zoologie ) , 12 , 547\u2013553 .\nwatson , r . b . ( 1883 ) mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . part xix . zoological journal of the linnean society , 17 , 320\u2013340 . urltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nregina l . cunha , a , 1 jorge m . assis , 1 celine madeira , 1 rui seabra , 2 fernando p . lima , 2 evandro p . lopes , 2 , 3 suzanne t . williams , 4 and rita castilho 1\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s creative commons license , unless indicated otherwise in the credit line ; if the material is not included under the creative commons license , users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material . to view a copy of this license , visit urltoken\nremote oceanic archipelagos are the ideal setting for studying patterns and processes underlying speciation . while insular terrestrial communities can be formed either by immigration or from a few colonization events and subsequent in situ diversification 1 , phylogeographic patterns of marine species inhabiting island settings can be confounded by recurrent episodes of long - distance dispersal . the volcanic origin of oceanic islands and their circumscribed geographic boundaries enable inferring the tempo and sequence of island colonization when geological ages are known 2 .\nisolated islands are expected to have reduced species richness but high levels of endemicity as a result of few colonization events , particularly in older archipelagos 3 . for instance , the reduced dispersal abilities of some indo - west pacific turbinid gastropods that lack a long - lived planktonic stage played a crucial role in developing extensive archipelagic differentiation and fine scale endemism 4 . also , the ongoing emergence and subsidence of islands over geological time is thought to have promoted speciation within this group of marine gastropods at an insular scale 5 .\nallopatric speciation induced by vicariance is sometimes regarded as the main driver of differentiation 6 . nonetheless , recent developments in methodological approaches to biogeographic analysis 7 , which integrate a wider range of biogeographical processes ( i . e . dispersal , extinction , vicariance and duplication ) 8 , 9 , showed the importance of dispersal in the diversification processes 10 . for instance , divergence triggered by dispersal events and the organism - specific capacity to occupy suitable habitats and persist , has recently been identified as the main driver of the avian speciation in lowland neotropical rainforests 11 .\ndispersal in most sessile marine species occurs predominantly during larval stages in which larvae remain in the water column for periods that can vary between days to months before settlement 12 . it is generally assumed that planktotrophic feeding larvae exhibit higher geographic ranges because they are able to remain longer periods in the water column , while lecithotroph yolk - fed larvae complete their metamorphosis without feeding from the plankton and thus are more prone to originate locally structured populations 13 , 14 .\ncape verde represents an excellent model system for studying speciation and to infer colonization pathways given its remoteness and known geological age of most of the islands . this volcanic oceanic archipelago is approximately 500 km off mainland ( senegal - west africa ) and comprises ten major islands and several islets (\n) . geochronological data place the age of the islands between 5 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 1 million years ago ( mya ) and 25 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 8 mya\n. bi analysis retrieved two clades of cape verde fissurellidae . one clade included all specimens from cape verde that grouped with the included worldwide members of fissurellinae . the other clade grouped all cape verde samples with western atlantic and mediterranean\nphylogenetic relationships of fissurellidae based on a bayesian inference analysis of mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes produced by beast .\nbayesian posterior probabilities above 50 % are indicated over the branches ( full black circles : bpp = 100 % ; half - black circle : bpp = 86 % ) . geographical origin of the taxa is depicted in colours . photos of the shells corresponding to each of the cape verde fissurella and diodora species are shown . assignments of each cape verde sample to delineated entities from gmyc and spedestem species delimitation tests are shown by rectangles . colour of cluster boxes corresponding to each species indicates mismatch ( black ) and agreement ( white ) between both methods . figure generated in adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) and photos taken by r . l . cunha .\n) . specimens from south africa and angola were recovered as new species of uncertain generic status and named as fissurellidae sp . 1 and fissurellidae sp . 2 , respectively .\n) . effective sample sizes ( ess ) \u226b 200 indicated adequate sampling of the posterior . the 95 % hpd ( highest posterior density interval ) sampled by bamm after analysing 9 , 001 posterior samples comprised the eight most probable distinct shift configurations . the single best shift configurations sampled by bamm suggested an increasing of diversification rates in cape verde\n) . overall extinction rates were 0 . 046 ( 0 . 006\u20130 . 109 ) and remained constant through time . speciation rates were 0 . 089 ( 0 . 058\u20130 . 132 ) and an overall increase towards the present was identified .\nwas estimated at 10 . 21 [ 7 . 99\u201312 . 72 ] mya ( node a ;\n) but most of the diversification within this group occurred during the late pliocene ( 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19\u20133 . 89 ] mya ; node d ,\n) was estimated at 6 . 74 [ 5 . 29\u20138 . 41 ] mya ( node g ;\nbeast maximum clade credibility chronogram showing main cladogenetic events within fissurellidae based on mitochondrial coi and nuclear 28s rrna genes with ancestral estimation inferred with biogeobears .\nage estimates in million years and bayesian posterior probabilities ( bpp ) of cape verde clades are shown on the table . the corresponding 95 % highest posterior density intervals ( blue bars ) are depicted . internal coloured vertical bars at branches indicate main ancestral areas recovered by\nunder the selected bayarealike + j model immediately following a speciation event whereas at nodes indicate ancestral ranges before speciation . numbers at the coloured squares indicate present - day ( tips ) distribution of species . in the legend , islands that are not represented , individually , by a single species are not coloured .\nsp . ) , which was the pacific . this model suggests boavista as the ancestral range of\ncomprises the northwestern islands of the archipelago ( santo ant\u00e3o , ilh\u00e9u raso , santa luzia , s\u00e3o vicente and s\u00e3o nicolau ) . our results suggest a dispersal event towards sal where\nis sal , boavista , maio , santiago and s\u00e3o vicente , which implies dispersal events from the northwestern islands ( the ancestral area ) towards sal , boavista and maio .\nthe total amount per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s3 . the percentage per cell of the coastline of rocky substrate ( in grey ) and sand ( in yellow ) on each island is shown in supplementary information s4 . boavista is the island with the highest percentage of sand whereas ilh\u00e9u raso and santiago show the highest percentage of rocky substrate ( supplementary information s4 ) .\nthe simulations using high - resolution ocean current fields over the 10 - year period allowed releasing 360 particles per cell ( 6 . 39e\npassive particles in total ) . maximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in\n. the mean distance that particles can reach during four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 \u00b1 75 . 9 km , which is approximately the same after 30 days ( 76 . 1 \u00b1 75 . 9 km ) . mean connectivity probabilities between pairs of islands produced with simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in\n, respectively . overall probabilities of connectivity between pairs of islands are quite low ( between 2 . 3e\n) . the highest probability of connectivity occurs between s\u00e3o vicente and santo ant\u00e3o and the lowest between santo ant\u00e3o and maio . the degree of connectivity between islands inferred in network analysis running for four or 30 days of passive dispersal are shown in\n( a and b ) , respectively . only stronger links are depicted . modularity values indicated good divisions > 0 . 3\n. the animation shows different source locations releasing particles every 12 hours from july to november 2010 . the particles are allowed to drift for a maximum of 30 days with effective dispersal measured when they end up on shore .\n( a ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running four days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 38 ; three putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0048 ) ; ( b ) degree of connectivity between cape verde islands inferred in network analysis for the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . only stronger links are depicted ( modularity : 0 . 34 ; two putative oceanographic clusters ; significance level of clustering : 0 . 0291 ) ; ( c ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running four days of passive dispersal ; ( d ) example of pathways resulting from all particles sent from a coastal cell ( red dot ) in the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal . figures were generated with igraph package ( version 1 . 0 . 1 ; url urltoken ) implemented in r language ( r core team ( 2015 ) . r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . url urltoken ) and adobe illustrator cs6 ( version 16 . 0 . 0 ) ( urltoken ) .\nmaximum and average distances , probabilities and drifting time produced by the particles that effectively connected different coastal cells determined for the simulations running 4 and 30 days of passive dispersal .\nmean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 4 days of passive dispersal .\nmean connectivity matrix between pairs of islands produced with the simulation running 30 days of passive dispersal .\nfrom the mediterranean and western atlantic . both species delimitation tests ( spedestem and gmyc ) indicated the existence of seven cape verde endemic\nspecies of the mediterranean , western atlantic and pacific , whereas gmyc did recognise cape verde specimens as a distinct entity . however , results from both gmyc and genetic distances between cape verde\n) , strongly suggest that these specimens should be considered an endemic species . these results are not in agreement with a morphology - based study that reported the existence of twelve\nwas unexpected , even for organisms with a theoretical pelagic larval phase of four days , considering that distances between islands are as little as 17 km ( e . g . , between ilh\u00e9u raso and s . nicolau ;\n) , and according to our simulations , the mean distance that a particle can reach after four days of passive dispersal is 75 . 3 \u00b1 75 . 9 km (\n, which represents a much larger distance than between most of islands of the cape verde archipelago . nonetheless , this coastal species coexists with its sister species along the continental shore , where no strong physical barriers were identified . it was suggested that transient allopatry determined by historical episodes of climatic fluctuations and shifting currents or ecological barriers could be the main driver of speciation\n. considering the extremely low estimated probabilities of connectivity between cape verde islands based on four or 30 days of passive dispersal ( e . g . , ilh\u00e9u raso\n) . age estimates placed this shift at 2 . 98 [ 2 . 19\u20133 . 89 ] mya (\n) at the plio - pleistocene boundary . key innovations or distinct habitat preferences are often invoked to explain higher rates of diversification\n. all eight species occupied similar habitats and we found no evidence for niche segregation among species ( lopes , evandro p . , pers . obs . ) .\nthe low levels of connectivity between islands and a shift in diversification rates offer plausible explanations for the level of endemism observed in fissurella but a question still remains : why did diodora not diversify in the cape verde archipelago ? to address this question , three hypotheses were considered : ( i ) different sampling efforts for each genus ; ( ii ) differences between the pld of fissurella and diodora , and ( iii ) time of origin of each genus in the archipelago .\ncould have been undersampled seems unlikely considering that the sampling effort was equally distributed for both genera . field work revealed a strong bias in abundances : while more than 300 specimens of\nspecimens in total , all from boavista and all belonging to the same species . the type of larval development of cape verde\nis unknown but under the observed oceanographic conditions , the second hypothesis of a longer pld to explain the existence of a single species owing to higher connectivity is not supported . our simulations based on patterns of ocean circulation did not significantly increase effective connectivity between islands even when pld was increased from four to 30 days of passive dispersal (\n) . note that only effective dispersal events ( i . e . those that result in a larva landing on a coast ) are reported . our analyses show very low probabilities of shore - to - shore connectivity ( 0 . 003 \u00b1 0 . 017 , on average ;\n) , since most particles are pushed to open waters and only produce effective connectivity events in the very first days of ocean drifting ( between 1 . 29 \u00b1 0 . 85 and 1 . 35 \u00b1 1 . 02 days , on average ;\n) . in fact , only 2 . 62 % of the particles travelled for more than four days , and such an increase in pld did not expand the maximum travelled distance of the particles ( 349 . 3 km ;\n) . as the archipelago is separated from the nearest mainland ( the coast of senegal ) by approximately 500 km , this means that island - to - continent dispersal is very unlikely . finally , the mrca of\nmight have had more opportunities to disperse to other islands and speciate avoiding the severe volcanic eruptions that struck boavista between 9 . 5 and 4 . 5 mya\nand likely had the greatest effect on rocky shore species such as keyhole limpets . other\nspecies also present in boavista might have become extinct after these volcanic events , before having time to disperse to other islands .\nkeyhole limpets can only be found on rocky substrates , we analysed the effect of hard substrate availability on species richness . the number of\nlineages showed , however , no correlation with the total area of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = \u22120 . 62 , p = 0 . 10 ] nor with the percentage of rocky coast per island [ r ( 6 ) = \u22120 . 50 , p = 0 . 22 , non - significant , see also\non the other hand , the degree of connectivity between islands provides the best predictor for present - day distribution of species . a model based on known patterns of ocean circulation and four days of passive dispersal (\n) . the cluster that includes the northwestern islands ( s . nicolau , santo ant\u00e3o , s . vicente , santa luzia and ilh\u00e9u raso ) represents the geographic distribution of\nsp . 2 ( sal and s . nicolau ) is favoured by patterns of ocean circulation that connect these two islands (\nthe archipelagic endemism in marine sessile organisms reported here was driven by shifts in diversification rates promoted by recurrent episodes of low sea levels during the plio - pleistocene boundary and patterns of ocean circulation favouring self - recruitment . the role of dispersal and persistence was determinant in shaping present - day geographic distribution of fissurellid keyhole limpets .\n) . all specimens were preserved in 96 % ethanol . dr . rol\u00e1n , e . , a recognized expert in cape verde invertebrate fauna and author of\nusing the - - auto option that automatically selects the appropriate strategy according to data size . alignments of both coi ( 540 bp ) and 28s rrna ( 826 bp ) were unambiguous , and amino acid translations in coi were checked using\n, respectively . we used the combined data set ( coi : 145 taxa , 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 145 taxa , 826 bp ) for both analyses . this data set included all 120 unique coi and 28s haplotypes from cape verde samples and the remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in\nselected the trn + i + g as the evolutionary model that best fits both data sets . the bayesian analysis was performed using two partitions , coi and 28s rrna . we used a yule tree prior\nthat assumes a constant rate of speciation among lineages and is more appropriate for species - level phylogenies . we used an uncorrelated relaxed , lognormal clock . mcmc analyses were run twice ( each run with 100 , 000 , 000 generations and a sample frequency of 10 , 000 ) following a discarded burn - in of 10 , 000 , 000 steps . length of burn - in was determined by visual examination of traces in\nusing the \u201cmaximum clade creditability\u201d option and mean node height . the convergence to the stationary distribution was confirmed by inspection of the mcmc samples and of effective sample sizes ( ess ) . ess values above 200 indicate convergence\n) and on the r2c2 research group cluster facility , both at the university of algarve .\n, code written by t . ezard , t . fujisawa and t . barraclough in r v . 3 . 0 . 2\nto compare the number of esus obtained from the single gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the two - gene ( coi : 540 bp ; 28s : 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the ultrametric trees based on the coi and the combined data sets were obtained with\nusing a strict clock model without fossil calibrations and a yule tree prior . both data sets included all 120 unique haplotypes from cape verde samples and remaining fissurellidae retrieved from genbank ( accession numbers in table 1 suplementary material ) . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 .\nto delimit the number of fissurellid species in cape verde by comparing the probability of models where putative evolutionary lineages are separate entities to the probability of models where putative lineages are collapsed into a single lineage using a maximum likelihood approach . spedestem takes as an input ultrametric trees and a user - supplied estimate of theta returning a table of models ranked according to their probability . ultrametric trees based on the coi and 28s data sets were produced by\nusing the coi ( 540 bp ; 145 taxa ) and the 28s ( 826 bp ; 145 taxa ) data sets . the analyses ran for 10 , 000 , 000 generations with sample frequency of 1000 , after a burn - in of 1000 , 000 . we used\nthat allows incorporation of fossil uncertainties . the data set used in this analysis ( 35 taxa ; coi : 540 bp ; 28s rrna : 826 bp ) included a single representative from each cape verde species inferred by abgd and spedestem and the remaining fissurellidae used in previous analyses . the calibration points used in this analysis are described in the\n. this program uses mcmc simulations and reversible - jump sampling to estimate time - varying rates of speciation and extinction , and to find the optimal set of rate - shift configurations .\nultrametric tree was used for this analysis . we set four reversible jumping - mcmc running for 10 million generations sampled every 1000 generations and a burn - in of 10 % . the function setbammpriors in r was used to choose more appropriate prior values . we used ess ( effective sample size ) to assess the convergence of the runs and considered values above 200 as indicating convergence .\nto estimate the ancestral ranges of fissurellidae . full description of the method is available on\n. we defined 13 geographical areas : ( 1 ) sal ; ( 2 ) boavista ; ( 3 ) maio ; ( 4 ) santo ant\u00e3o ; ( 5 ) santiago ; ( 6 ) ilh\u00e9u raso ; ( 7 ) santa luzia ; ( 8 ) s\u00e3o vicente ; ( 9 ) s\u00e3o nicolau ; ( 10 ) mediterranean ; ( 11 ) western atlantic ; ( 12 ) pacific , and ( 13 ) africa . the maximum number of areas that any species may occur was set to five because it is the maximum number of areas where the species may occur .\nto characterize shore substrate composition along the studied area , we prepared a 0 . 01\u00b0 arc - degree ( approx . 1 . 6 km at 16\u00b0 n ) mesh using r ( r development core team , 2014 ) . the mesh grid was then imported to google earth , and all tiles covering both ocean and land were assigned a substrate type by means of visual inspection . substrate types used were \u201crock\u201d , \u201csand\u201d or \u201cboth\u201d . lastly , the substrate type layers produced in google earth were rasterised using the r package raster 54 , and the amount of each substrate was quantified .\nhow to cite this article : cunha , r . l . et al . drivers of cape verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets . sci . rep . 7 , 41817 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep41817 ( 2017 ) .\npublisher ' s note : springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .\nwe thank the direc\u00e7\u00e3o geral do ambiente , minist\u00e9rio do ambiente , habita\u00e7\u00e3o e ordenamento do territ\u00f3rio from cape verde for providing sampling permits . we are very grateful to dr . em\u00edlio rol\u00e1n for the help provided in species identification . we also thank katy nicastro and gerardo zardi for providing samples from south africa . rlc and ja were supported by post - doctoral fellowships from fct - portuguese science foundation ( sfrh / bpd / 109685 / 2015 and sfrh / bpd / 111003 / 2015 , respectively ) . rs was supported by marinfo - norte - 01 - 0145 - feder - 000031 , funded by norte portugal regional operational program ( norte2020 ) , under the portugal 2020 partnership agreement , through the european regional development fund ( erdf ) .\nauthor contributions r . l . c . and r . c . designed this study . e . p . l . collected the samples . c . m . sequenced all the samples . r . l . c . , j . a . , r . s . , and f . l . analyzed data . r . c . prepared figures and tables . r . l . c . wrote the manuscript and s . t . w . , r . c . , and f . l . revised it . all authors contributed with their ideas and reviewed the final version of the manuscript .\nreynoso - granados t . , monsalvo - spencer p . & serviere - zaragoza e .\n& guzman del proo , s . a . larval and early juvenile development of the volcano keyhole limpet , fissurella volcano\nmaddison w . p . & maddison d . r . mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . urltoken ( 2015 ) .\na mathematical theory of evolution , based on the conclusions of dr . j . c . willis , f . r . s\nr : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing ( vienna , austria , 2016 ) .\nmatzke n . j . biogeobears : biogeography with bayesian ( and likelihood ) evolutionary analysis in r scripts . r package , version 0 . 2 . 1 , published july 27 , 2013 at : urltoken ( 2013 ) .\nraster : geographic data analysis and modeling . r package version 2 . 1 - 25 . urltoken ( 2013 ) ."]}
{"id": 253, "summary": [{"text": "striatolamia is an extinct genus of sharks belonging to the family odontaspididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these extinct sharks lived in the paleocene and miocene periods ( from 61.7 to 10.3 ma ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "striatolamia", "paragraphs": ["carcharias cf . macrota , carcharias macrota , carcharias macrotus , eugomphodus macrota , lamna cf . compressa , lamna compressa , lamna depressa , odontaspis macrota , odontaspis macrota striata , odontaspis ( otodus ) macrota , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) macrota , striatolamia cf . macrota , striatolamia compressa , striatolamia depressa , striatolamia elegans elegans\nlateral striatolamia macrota . when view on profile the lateral teeth are very compressed .\nexcellent examples of striatolamia macrota - anterio - lateral teeth . a large species !\ncompared with the striated - crown carcharias species , the striatolamia crowns tend be more erect ( less sigmoid ) with stronger striations and more greatly reduced cusplets . in contrast to striatolamia , the striations on\nabout 65 million years ago , just as the dinosaurs were ending , this shark , striatolamia , appears .\nfig . 1 - striatolamia striata - lateral 16 . 5 x 14 . 0 mm aquia formation ( paleocene ) , maryland\neugomphodus striatus , lamna striata , odontaspis striata , odontaspis striatus , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) striata , otodus striatus , striatolamia cf . striata\nthe genus striatolamia left a fossil record with teeth that can be easily confused with those from other genera . i find it particularly disconcerting to need to know the stratigraphic position before tendering an opinion as to whether an anterior tooth might be scapanorhynchus or striatolamia , or at other times , carcharias or striatolamia . the experts may find the subtleties\nobvious\n, but i ' ve never achieved that comfort level .\nappearing again , and the back curving shape is beginning to re - appear . this tooth is actually from a later striatolamia , a giant version\ncompared with the striated - crown carcharias - like species , the striatolamia crowns tend be more erect ( less sigmoid ) with stronger striations and more greatly reduced cusplets . in contrast to striatolamia , the striations on scapanorhynchus tend to be stronger and extend beyond the basal margin of the crown ' s enameloid .\npurdy , r . ( 2005 ) .\nis striatolamia a junior synonym of mitsukurina ?\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 25 ( 3 ) : 102a .\nit is more likley that they intended to refer to siverson ( 1995 ) where the author described striatolamia cederstroemi from the danian of sweden and ascribed the genus to .\nstriatolamia is an extinct genus of sharks from the paleocene and eocene . its teeth are notably big and rather common in sediments of these epochs . = = systematics = = this genus had been assigned to families mitsukurinidae , odontaspididae and striatolamiidae by different authors . most widespread species of striatolamia are s . striata and s . macrota . . . .\nfig . 2 - striatolamia macrota - anterior left 31 . 5 x 15 . 0 mm and right : 27 . 5 x 15 . 0 mm nanjemoy formation ( eocene ) , virginia\ni have one shark tooth from washington . it ' s an incomplete sand tiger that appears to be a striatolamia tooth . the locality data says\nlate eocene , tukwilla formation , duwamish river , seattle , washington .\nstriatolamia is not known elsewhere from the late eocene . however , i ' ve read that part of the tukwila is considered late middle eocene and that would be around the time of the most recent occurrence of the genus .\nthis is a large anterior fossil tooth of the extinct sand tiger shark , striatolamia macrota . these teeth come from the eocene aged phosphate deposits near khouribga , morocco . the distinctive side cusps are well preserved on this beautiful tooth .\nthis catalog contains teeth from a large extinct sand tiger shark , striatolamia macrota . all teeth are complete . exceptional specimens . note - 1 ) all teeth sizes are slant height unless otherwise noted . click on photos to enlarge .\nthe muddy creek material employed by cunningham ( 2000 ) and this author , includes teeth that appear to be stunted anteriors ( la1 ) and intermediate teeth of a sand tiger - design . based on the similarities of the striatolamia macrota and carcharias taurus dental morphologies , as expressed in cunningham ( 2000 ) , it is reasonable to expect that many of these teeth belong to the most common sand tiger in the fauna . the presence of strong striations helps confirm those that are likely striatolamia in origin .\nstriatolamia is represented by two named species in north america , s . striata ( winkler 1874 ) from the paleocene & early eocene and s . macrota agassiz 1843 from the eocene . these two species have also been reported from europe and north africa .\nremains from 10 vertebrate species were recovered by screen - washing ( george and westgate , 1998 ) . five shark species include striatolamia macrota ( sand tiger shark ) , tmm 42986 - 1 ; abdounia enniskilleni ( requiem shark ) , tmm 42986 - 2 ; . . .\nwell preserved teeth from the shark species - striatolamia macrota . they come from the phosphatic mines of morocco and date to the eocene epoch of around 50 million years ago . you will receive one boxed tooth as shown or similar and they measure around 25 - 30mm long .\nmost widespread species of striatolamia are s . striata and s . macrota . s . macrota anterior teeth have smaller roots than s . striata , and they are often recurved . another difference between these two spieces is the length of their teeth . teeth of striata are generally smaller ( 13 - 51mm ) than macrota ( 19 - 38mm )\ndb = nuccore | term = striatolamia % 20rossica % 20rossica | query = 1 | qty = 23 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 267939926 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531162914 _ 1251276653 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nstriatolamia is represented by two named species in north america , s . striata ( winkler 1874a ) from the palaeocene & early eocene and s . macrota agassiz 1843 from the eocene . purdy ( 1998 ) attempted to synonymized s . striata with s . macrota and reported the latter from the williamsburg formation ( thanetian - late palaeocene ) of south carolina . these two species have also been reported from europe and north africa . in western europe , they are found in early ( middle ypresian ) and middle eocene sediments . ( in kazakhstan very large specimens are found in the bartonian . )\nstriatolamia macrota is one of the few species from nj to posse moderately strong striations on the lingual side of the tooth . these teeth range in size from 1 / 2 inch to 2 inches plus , with the average being a little over an inch . the anterior teeth have a moderately narrow elongated crown with one small ( sometimes even completely lacking ) , cusplet on each shoulder . the moderately strong striations tend to weaken the larger the tooth gets . there is a pronounced lingual protuberance and obvious nutrient grove on the root . the lateral teeth are broader and compressed , the striations are weaker or lacking entirely and the cusplets reduced , often appearing as no more than a scalloped nub . although not that uncommon , these teeth are very prone to root damage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe anterior teeth of this genus have an elongated crown , sigmoid in shape when viewed laterally , which bears striations on the lingual face . lateral cusplets are greatly reduced or absent . kent ( 1993 ) reports these teeth ( from s . macrota ) reaching 5 . 6 cm in height . the lateral teeth are lower and broader , the striations are weaker or lacking entirely and the cusplets reduced , often appearing as no more than a scalloped heel . teeth from the eocene species , s . macrota , are larger than their paleocene counterpart and bear shorter striations . it is arguable whether there are actually two species or just an evolutionary trend toward larger teeth within a single species ( the eocene teeth termed s . striata actually being juvenile s . macrota ) .\ntend to be stronger and extend beyond the basal margin of the crown ' s enameloid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nteeth , which can in most cases , help differentiate these teeth from other sand tigers , yet showed the dentition itself to be more similar to the odontaspids rather than mitsukurinids .\nanother view on its phylogenetic position has been raised by siverson ( 1996 : 835 - 36 , pers . com . july 2008 ) - - it may have been derived from\nis neither an odontaspid nor a mitsukurinid but a lamniform of uncertain familial affinity having evolved an odontaspid - like dentition convergently .\n. text ( 5 vols ; i . , xlix + 188 pp . , ii xii + 310 + 366 pp . , iii viii + 390 pp . , iv xvi + 296 pp . , v xii + 122 + 160 pp . ) and atlas ( 5 vols ; i 10 pl . , ii . , 149 pl . , iii 83 pl . , iv , 61 pl . , v , 91 pl . ) . neuch\u00e2tel .\nchondrichthyan fishes from the paleocene of south carolina . in : paleobiology of the williamsburg formation ( black mingo group ; paleocene ) of south carolina , u . s . a . , albert sanders ed .\nlamniform sharks of the mid - cretaceous alinga formation and beedagong claystone , western australia . palaeontology , vol 39 : 4 , pp 813 - 49 . 1997 . sharks from the mid - cretaceous gearle siltstone , southern carnarvon basin , western australia .\n, 1878 ; vol . iv , ( fasc . 1 , 1876 ) , pp 1 - 15 ; extraits [ 1874 ] . les h\u00e9ritiers loosjes , haarlem , belgium .\nlingual view of anterior tooth . the striations are a good characteristic for identification . 1 1 / 4 inch monmouth county , nj .\nthe striations on the lateral teeth are reduced , but present on most teeth . note the scalloped cusplets .\naverage tooth size is a about one inch but larger teeth are not uncommon . the tooth on the right is just shy of two inches\nblades are the order of the day in the new jersey area . expect to find a significant amount of blades or damaged teeth , laterals seem to hold up a little better .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbe the first to find out when we add items to this site ! join the lowcountry geologic mailing list .\nthe modern sand tiger shark reaches about 10 ft in length and about 600 lb in weight . the bar under each shark image indicates 4 ft in length .\nit still retains the cusplets , but there is a growing difference between the front teeth ( right ) and the side teeth ( left ) .\nnotice how the cusps are still big on the side teeth , but are reduced to a simple sharp point on the front teeth . and here are the striations\nabout 35 million years ago . these teeth date to 40 million years ago , from the piney point formation in virginia .\nto at least 35 million years ago . notice the front tooth ( on the right ) is now showing small barb - like cusplets , and the side tooth ( left )\nis looking very similar . these teeth date to about 55 million years ago , and are from morocco .\nwhich brings us to the current end - result : the modern sand tiger shark . they appear about 29 million years ago ,\nbut the cut - off dates become blurred as the teeth now look so similar to the prior shark . this is carcharias taurus , and as you can see the\nfront and side tooth look quite identical , and both show small sharp cusplets and have the recurve shape .\nthis is a side view of the same teeth to show the curve in the teeth . the inside of the mouth is to the image left .\nthis tooth style is ideal for grabbing and holding a small fish , and then just swallowing it whole . they seem a refinement of the\noriginal old shark ` s teeth design . these are not teeth for biting out chunks of a victim . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\numbilicaria rossica isolate agred52 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence\numbilicaria rossica isolate agred33 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence\numbilicaria rossica isolate agred014 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence\numbilicaria rossica isolate agred008 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence\numbilicaria rossica isolate agred006 18s small subunit ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence ; internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence\nlasallia rossica internal transcribed spacer 1 , 5 . 8s ribosomal rna gene , and internal transcribed spacer 2 , complete sequence ; and 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nfirst report of costacoplumacollins and morris , 1975 ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) from the eocene of alabama , u . s . a . | journal of crustacean biology | oxford academic\nfirst report of costacopluma ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) from the eocene of alabama , u . s . a .\n( rmf , correspondence ) department of geology , kent state university , kent , ohio 44242 , u . s . a .\n( rwp ) florida museum of natural history , p . o . box 117800 , university of florida , gainesville , florida 32611 - 7800 , u . s . a .\nrodney m . feldmann , roger w . portell ; first report of costacopluma ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) from the eocene of alabama , u . s . a . , journal of crustacean biology , volume 27 , issue 1 , 1 january 2007 , pages 90\u201396 , urltoken\nnine specimens of retroplumid crabs collected from the late early or early middle eocene tallahatta formation in southern alabama form the basis for description of a new species , costacopluma grayi . the discovery confirms the extension of the range of the genus into the eocene and represents the first occurrence of costacopluma in the united states . as a result of the geologic range extension , the genus is now known to be contemporary with two other retroplumid genera , retrocypoda , and retropluma .\nthe retroplumidae gill , 1894 , is a relatively small family of decapod crustacea which was originally named for a single extant genus of deep - water crabs from the indo - pacific region . subsequently , another extant genus has been recognized and as many as five genera , known only from the fossil record , have been assigned to the family . the stratigraphic range has been extended into the late cretaceous as a result . the family has been re - evaluated by de saint laurent ( 1989 ) , vega and feldmann ( 1992 ) , and schweitzer and feldmann ( 2001 ) , and the position of the extinct genera has been debated .\n: 50 - 51 ) . these shallow - marine sediments are part of a transgression - related condensed section in the lower tallahatta formation of eocene age .\nlocation map showing the costacopluma collecting area along the southeastern bank of the conecuh river behind the point a dam in covington county , alabama .\nthe name \u201ctallahatta\u201d was first applied by w . h . dall ( 1898 : 344 ) as a replacement for the colloquial name \u201cbuhrstone . \u201d dall , at the suggestion of e . a . smith , renamed the formation after the tallahatta hills in choctaw county , alabama , which exhibited the lithologic character and fauna of the unit .\nin alabama , the tallahatta formation is the basal member of the lower to middle eocene claiborne group which also consists ( in ascending order ) of the lisbon formation and gosport sand . typically , the tallahatta is disconformably underlain by either the lower eocene hatchetigbee or bashi formations ( upper wilcox group ) . elsewhere in the eastern gulf coast plain , the tallahatta formation has been mapped in mississippi and georgia . in alabama , the unit typically consists of massive siliceous claystone ( buhrstone ) interbedded with layers of glauconitic sand and sandy clay . according to\n: 50 - 51 ) consists of very coarse to medium grained quartz sand with glauconite , clay clasts , and fine clay particles . here , evidence of bioturbation is abundant throughout the entire stratigraphic section . the bluish - green sediments of bed 5 , contain a diverse assemblage of fossils , consisting mainly of remains of sharks and other fishes . teeth of shark and ray species collected in situ with\narchaeopus rathbun , 1908 ; bathypluma de saint laurent , 1989 ; costacopluma collins and morris , 1975 ; cristipluma bishop 1983 ; loerenthopluma beschin , busulini , de angeli , and tessier , 1996 ; retrocypoda via boada , 1959 ; retropluma gill , 1894 .\narchaeopus originated in the cretaceous and is the oldest of the genera assigned to the family . today , the family is represented in the indo - pacific region by retropluma and bathypluma .\ncostacopluma concava collins and morris , 1975 , p . 823 , pl . 97 , figs . 1\u20139 , by original designation .\ncostacopluma australis feldmann , casad\u00edo , chirino - g\u00e1lvez , and aguirre - urreta , 1995 ; c . bifida collins , higgs , and cortitula , 1994 ; c . binodosa collins and rasmussen , 1992 ; c . bishopi vega and feldmann , 1992 ; c . concava collins and morris , 1975 ; c . mexicana vega and perrilliat , 1989 ; c . nordestina feldmann and martins - neto , 1995 ; c . salamanca feldmann , rodriguez , martinez , and aguirre - urreta , 1997 ; c . senegalensis ( r\u00e9my in gorodiski and r\u00e9my , 1959 ) , as archaeopus .\nsmall , rectangular to ovoid carapace ; wider than long ; with distinctly flattened surface crossed by three elevated ridges , the anteriormost complete and the medial and posterior ridges converging mesially to define depressed , triangular mesobranchial region . carapace flanks distinct , nearly perpendicular to dorsal surface . sternal plates well defined ; sternites 4 - 7 each with prominent transverse , beaded ridge . transverse ridges also present on abdominal somites .\nnew species . a , dorsal view of holotype , uf 113749 . b , oblique frontal view of paratype , uf 113748 , showing the downturned , rimmed , pustulose rostrum ( arrow ) , rectangular orbit , and steep lateral flanks . c and d , dorsal and ventral views of paratype , uf 115672 , illustrated at the same scale and showing well developed carapace regions and , on the ventral surface , pterygostomial regions and left mxp3 . e , dorsal view of worn and exfoliated paratype , uf 113750 , on which the carapace ornamentation is not in evidence . f , dorsal view of\nr\u00e9my , 1959 , holotype , ro 3785 , deposited in the mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris . scale\n. b , enlargement of part of mesogastric and epibranchial regions showing the different sculpture exhibited on surface of exocuticle and endocuticle . scale\n. c , ventral view of paratype , uf 115794 , showing nearly complete sternum and male abdomen . scale\n. d , ventral view of paratype , uf 115796 , showing posterior part of sternum and proximal segments of male abdomen . scale\ntypical costacopluma with strongly downturned , triangular rostrum with beaded surface ; sharp , distinctly beaded lateral margin ; nearly circular posterior element of mesogastric region .\ncarapace small to moderate size for genus ; subovate , wider than long , length about 80 percent maximum width measured at midpoint of mesobranchial region ; flattened transversely and longitudinally ; lateral flanks distinct , downturned at right angles to carapace surface ; three transverse ridges of which anteriormost is complete ; posterior and medial ridges converge in advance of cardiac region .\nfront narrow , about 17 percent maximum carapace width ; rostrum strongly downturned , triangular , axially sulcate ; surface pustulose . orbits deep , concave , forward - directed , rectangular when viewed from front ; bounded dorsally by distinct , beaded rim . fronto - orbital margin about 65 percent maximum width . anterolateral margin straight to weakly convex with distinct beaded rim extending from outer - orbital corner to merge with more convexly rounded , rimmed posterolateral margin . posterolateral corner and posterior margins poorly preserved , appearing to be gently convex .\nepibranchial regions transversely elongate , swollen , separated by axial sulcus extending onto rostrum . protogastric and hepatic regions not distinguishable , depressed . mesogastric region circular , swollen , beaded , 27 percent maximum width , bounded laterally by deep , broad arcuate depressions . metagastric and urogastric region indistinct , narrow , with subtle longitudinal axial elevation . cardiac region transversely ovoid , 40 percent maximum width . urogastric region elongate - oval , inflated , separated from posterior margin by shallow depression . epibranchial and mesobranchial regions depressed .\ntransverse ridges distinct , elevated well above remainder of carapace . anterior - most ridge a sinusoidal curve , concave axially and convex laterally , surface beaded ; medial ridge straight , beaded , extending posteromesially to anterior end of cardiac region where it merges with concave forward , beaded , anteromesially - directed posterior ridge ; medial and posterior ridges define a triangular mesobranchial region .\nsurface of exocuticle very finely beaded , nearly smooth . surface of endocuticle with coarser , evenly spaced pustules .\nbuccal frame broad , widening anteriorly , bounded by inflated and beaded pterygostomial regions . ischium of third maxilliped generally rectangular , tapering slightly anteriorly ; surface smooth .\nsternites 1 - 3 forming isosceles triangle , directed dorsally ; sutures 1 - 2 , 2 - 3 , and 3 - 4 fused but elevated and distinct in position . sternite 4 much wider than sternite 3 with prominent anterolaterally directed projection . lateral margin of sternite 4 elevated into rim . sutures between somites 4 - 5 , 5 - 6 , and 6 - 7 appear to be unfused laterally and obscurred by abdomen axially . somite 5 directed laterally ; somites 6 and 7 directed posterolaterally ; each with prominent nodose keel . somite 8 not exposed . axis of somites 2 - 7 deeply depressed , weakly rimmed on somite 4 . male abdomen apparently unfused throughout , each abdominal somite transversely keeled , telson triangular , extends onto depression in sternal somite 3 .\nmeasurements , in millimeters , taken on specimens of costacopluma grayi are given in table 1 .\ncarapace measurements ( mm ) . key : maximum length ( l ) , maximum width ( w ) , fronto - orbital width ( w1 ) .\nthe trivial name honors mark m . gray , for bringing the first specimens to the attention of the authors and for generously donating his specimens to the florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) .\nthe holotype , uf 113749 , and paratypes , uf 113748 , 113750 , 114747 , 115672 115793 , 115794 , 115795 , and 115796 , are deposited in the invertebrate paleontology division at the flmnh , university of florida , gainesville , florida .\nthe type series was collected from the upper lower to lower middle eocene tallahatta formation behind point a dam , sw1 / 4 , ne1 / 4 , sec . 35 , t5n , r15e , river falls quadrangle ,\ncostacopluma grayi conforms to the diagnostic features of the carapace of the genus in all regards . the ventral surface of the carapace is not preserved on six of the nine specimens and only the pterygostomial region and one of the maxillipeds is preserved on one specimen . two specimens exhibit parts of the sternum and abdomen of male specimens so it is possible to describe the morphology . the morphology of the sternum and abdomen , coupled with that of the dorsal carapace , makes placement within costacopluma and the retroplumidae certain .\na single specimen , uf 115793 , retains the exocuticule over much of the dorsal carapace ( fig . 3a , b ) . as is the case with many decapods , the sculpture exhibited by the exocuticle is different from that seen on the surface of the endocuticle , which is visible when the exocuticle is exfoliated . therefore it is important to note which surface that observations of sculpture are made , if possible . the contrast in ornamentation is even more striking when comparing the sculpture of the cuticular surfaces with that of the mold of the interior as seen on uf 113750 ( fig . 2e ) , which lacks ornamentation at a fine scale . these observations provide a note of caution when employing fine details of surface ornamentation in systematic work .\nspecies within the genus are distinguished from one another on the basis of shape of the rostrum , development of granulation on the carapace elevations , carapace outline , and various dimensional ratios including length / width , posterior width / maximum width , and frontal width / maximum width . because the margins of the alabama specimens are not completely preserved , it is difficult to employ these ratios with certainty ; however , morphological features of the surface of the carapace are well exhibited so that detailed comparisons can be made . examination of types , or illustrations of types , of all other species within the genus confirms that the form of the carapace ridges , shape of the rostrum , and outline of the posterior element of the mesogastric region provide ample evidence that c . grayi is unique . all species within the genus , except c . concava , c . senegalensis , and c . grayi , possess ridges that are broadly rounded . the three exceptions have narrower , more sharply defined , granular ridges . among these three species , only c . senegalensis and the new species have downturned , triangular rostra . costacopluma concava , as with all other species of the genus for which the rostrum is known , bears a rostrum that is broadened or clearly bifid distally . all species of costacopluma , with the exception of c . senegalensis and c . grayi , have rostra that are substantially narrower proximally than it is distally . costacopluma grayi can be readily distinguished from c . senegalensis because the former exhibits a beaded rostral surface , a distinctly beaded lateral margin , and a nearly circular posterior element of the mesogastric region . the posterior part of the mesogastric region on c . senegalensis is transversely ovoid and lacks beaded ornamentation .\nretroplumoidea ( crustacea , brachyura ) nel terziario del vicentino ( italia settentrionale ) .\nfossil decapod crustacea from the late cretaceous coon creek formation , union county , mississippi .\nthe eocene tallahatta formation of alabama and georgia : its lithostratigraphy , biostratigraphy , and bearing on the age of the claibornian stage .\na new crab , costacopluma bifida ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the palaeocene of venezuela .\na table of the north american tertiary horizons , correlated with one another and with those of western europe , with annotations .\ncostacopluma nordestina n . sp . ( decapoda : retroplumidae ) from the maria farinha formation ( paleocene ) of brazil .\nfossil decapod crustaceans from the jag\u00fcel and roca formations ( maastrichtian - danian ) of the neuqu\u00e9n basin , argentina .\ncostacopluma salamanca new species ( decapoda , retroplumidae ) from the salamanca formation ( danian ) of patagonia , argentina .\nhistoire naturelle , g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re , des crustac\u00e9s et des insectes . vol . 3 .\ncatalogue of the fossil reptilia and amphibia in the british museum ( natural history ) .\nnatural history notes from the r . i . m . s . \u201cinvestigator\u201d , series iii , no . 6 . an account of the new and some of the rarer decapod crustacea obtained during the surveying season , 1901 - 1904 .\nla nouvelle superfamille des retroplumoidea gill , 1894 ( decapoda , brachyura ) : syst\u00e9matique , affinit\u00e9s , et \u00e9volution . pp . 103 - 179 .\noccurrence of costacopluma ( decapoda : brachyura : retroplumidae ) in the maastrichtian of southern mexico and its paleobiogeographic implications .\nuna especie nueva de cangrejo del g\u00e9nero costacopluma ( crustacea : decapoda : retroplumidae ) del maastrichtiano del estado de nuevo le\u00f3n .\ncuticular structure in costacopluma mexicana vega and perrilliat , from the difunta group ( maastrichtian ) of northeastern mexico , and its paleoenvironmental implications .\nfossil crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the late cretaceous c\u00e1rdenas formation , east - central mexico .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\neducalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics . we also share information about the use of the site with our social media , advertising and analytics partners .\nis the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance .\nis a type of word the meaning of which determines reality . nouns provide the names for all things : people , objects , sensations , feelings , etc .\nany shark of the family carcharhinidae , occurring mostly in tropical seas and characterized by a nictitating membrane and a heterocercal tail . the family includes the tiger shark and the soupfin .\nfrom english to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word \u00abrequiem shark\u00bb in english .\nthe map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term \u00abrequiem shark\u00bb in the different countries .\nof the word \u00abrequiem shark\u00bb during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term \u00abrequiem shark\u00bb appears in digitalised printed sources in english between the year 1500 and the present day .\nand brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in english literature .\nset in the 18th century ' s golden age of piracy , the requiem shark is the tale of a young recruit , william williams and his forced apprenticeship to bartholomew roberts , slaver turned pirate captain .\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online .\nfour taxa , however , make up over 99 % of the identified specimens : requiem shark ( carcharhinidae ) , bat ray ( myliobatis californica ) , salmon ( oncorhynchus sp . ) , and sturgeon ( acipenser sp . ) . each of these species can reach substantial sizes , . . .\nlast & stevens ( 1994 ) reviews the australian requiem shark fauna , and compagno & niem ( 1998 ) provide an overview of indo - west pacific species . compagno ( 1999 ) is an updated list of living carcharhinid ( and chondrichthyan ) species . . .\n. . . shark sand shark tope hammerhead shark mackerel shark porbeagle requiem shark school shark soupfin shark bull shark lemon shark bronze whaler sixgill shark frill shark nurse . . .\ndutertref described a requiem shark which , according to the description and drawing of it given by him , must have been a carcharias . dutertre says that its young were fixed by means of a cord to a large membrane . cuvier | also says briefly in . . .\nhigh quality content by wikipedia articles ! the silvertip shark ( carcharhinus albimarginatus ) is a large species of requiem shark , family carcharhinidae , with a fragmented distribution throughout the tropical indian and pacific oceans .\na young , great white shark had a near - death experience when the retreating tide . . . sharks that live close to shore , like the\nit is estimated that 160 species of sharks are known to occur in india ' s commercial fishing zone .\n, with a rounded nose , dark grey coloration , large teeth , and a curved dorsal fin .\nthat inhabits deep waters in the world ' s temperate and tropical oceans . preferring cooler waters ,\nvisitors watch the fish and sharks inside the shark tank at the loveland . . . the reef sharks and sandbar sharks are from the family of\nas we brought it in closer we could see there were actually two sharks on the line . . . . renowend experts think it was made by a carcharhinus or\n\u00ab educalingo . requiem shark [ online ] . available < urltoken > . jul 2018 \u00bb .\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\nfinal citation : cicimurri , david j . and ebersole , jun a . 2015 . two new species of pseudaetobatus cappetta , 1986 ( batoidei : myliobatidae ) from the southeastern united states . palaeontologia electronica 18 . 1 . 15a : 1 - 17 . urltoken urltoken\nthe hatchetigbee formation specimens discussed herein were all recovered from an upper unnamed member of the formation from three distinct localities in alabama and mississippi : site abu - 3 in butler county , al ; site awa - 1 in washington county , al ; and the whynot locality located in lauderdale county , ms ( figure 1 ; more detailed geographic information on these localities is provided in the systematic paleontology section ) .\nin both states , the hatchetigbee comprises the upper unit of the upper paleocene - to - lower eocene wilcox group . in alabama , the thickness of the hatchetigbee ranges from 76 m in the western part of the state to 11 m in the east , and the formation is subdivided into two members , the lower bashi marl and an unnamed upper member ( mancini and tew , 1995 ; raymond et al . , 1988 ; toulmin , 1977 ) . in mississippi , the bashi sequence is more complete than in alabama and is considered a distinct formation from the hatchetigbee ( dockery et al . , 1994 ) .\nboth the hatchetigbee in mississippi and the corresponding unnamed upper member in alabama are composed of a series of non - marine and marine beds that consist of olive green fine - grained , micaceous and carbonaceous fossiliferous sand , with silty clay , silt , and sandy clay ( raymond et al . , 1988 ; toulmin , 1977 ) . bounded by unconformities both above and below , the hatchetigbee is interpreted to represent a tagc - 2 . 4 type 1 depositional sequence , and strata represent inner neritic deposits ( gibson , 1982 ; mancini and tew , 1990 ; 1995 ) .\nthe tallahatta formation specimens presented in this study , which includes the type material of a new pseudaetobatus species , were collected from site adl - 1 in dale county , southeast alabama ( figure 1 ; more detailed geographic information is provided in the systematic paleontology section ) . in alabama , the tallahatta formation represents the basal unit of the lower - to - middle eocene claiborne group . in ascending order , this group is composed of the tallahatta , lisbon , and gosport sand formations ( raymond et al . , 1988 ) . the contact between the claiborne group and the underlying wilcox group represents a type 1 unconformity , which lies at the contact between the tallahatta and underlying hatchetigbee formation ( bybell and gibson , 1985 ; mancini and tew , 1991 ) .\nthe aerial extent of the tallahatta formation forms an arcuate belt that extends through northern and central mississippi , east to west across southern alabama , and into western georgia . in mississippi , the tallahatta formation is divided into three members : the meridian sand , basic city shale , and neshoba sand . although outcrops of the basal meridian sand are exposed in southwestern alabama ( bybell and gibson , 1985 ) , the tallahatta thins in the southeastern part of the state and is generally not differentiated into members ( raymond , 1988 ; savrda et al . , 2010 ) . bybell and gibson ( 1985 ) , however , described a unit at the base of the tallahatta in southeastern alabama that they referred to as \u201cmeridian sand equivalent . \u201d\nin aiken county , the dry branch formation disconformably overlies kaolin deposits ( which are up to 12 . 5 m thick ) of the lower - to - middle eocene huber formation ( figure 3 ) . the contact between these two formations has been reported as a sequence boundary , and the base of the dry branch formation consists of a lag deposit ( harris et al . , 2002 ; schroeder et al . , 2002 ) that formed during the initial transgression of the jackson sea into the region ( huddleston , 1993 ; huddleston and hetrick , 1986 ) .\nthe dry branch formation is at least 28 m thick in aiken county , and twiggs clay , griffins landing sand ; and irwinton sand lithologies have been reported in the area ( mittwede , 1982 ; nystrom and willoughby , 1982 ; zullo and kite , 1985 ) . to the south of aiken in the jackson quadrangle , mittwede ( 1982 ) described mustard - yellow to orange - yellow loose , fine - to - medium grained quartz sand containing thin , discontinuous clay beds that he attributed to the irwinton sand , and he noted that the unit thickened markedly towards the aiken area . the dry branch formation deposit yielding pseudaetobatus teeth is consistent with the irwinton sand , and the stratum occurs approximately 2 . 0 m below the contact with the overlying tobacco road formation .\nmsc , mcwane science center , birmingham , alabama ; sc , south carolina state museum , columbia .\ntype species . pseudaetobatus casieri cappetta , 1986 , lower eocene ( ypresian ) phosphate deposits , sidi daoui , morocco .\netymology . species named for gorden l . bell , jr . in honor of his contributions to alabama vertebrate paleontology . gorden also collected the matrix sample from which this new species was recovered .\nhypodigm . msc 35048 ( holotype ) , lower median tooth ( figure 4 . 1 ) ; msc 35054 ( paratype ) , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 4 . 2 ) ; msc 35058 ( paratype ) , right half of upper ? median tooth ( figure 4 . 5 ) , msc 35059 ( paratype ) , upper right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 4 . 3 ) ; msc 35062 ( paratype ) , intermediate lateral tooth ( figure 4 . 4 ) . all tallahatta formation , site adl - 1 .\ntype locality . site adl - 1 , 31 . 317309 n , - 85 . 71598 w ( n 31\u00b0 19\u2019 02\u201d lat . , w 85\u00b0 42\u2019 57\u201d long . ) , dale county , alabama .\ntype horizon . lower tallahatta formation , just above the \u201cmeridian sand member equivalent\u201d beds .\ndiagnosis . teeth are larger than those of the type species , pseudaetobatus casieri . as in p . casieri , upper median teeth fairly straight , whereas lower median teeth are arcuate , both have crowns with rectangular cross sections , angular distal ends and labial / lingual ornamentation of fine vertical ridges ; tooth base thick , with sharply oblique labial face and lingual lobes that extend distally past the crown foot . distal - most lateral teeth differ from p . casieri in being less wide , with shorter and less pronounced distal projection , but more sharply basally curved margin . intermediate lateral tooth morphology is six - sided and nearly symmetrical .\nthe holotype of pseudaetobatus belli sp . nov . , a lower median tooth , is 20 % larger than equivalent teeth of p . casieri illustrated by cappetta ( 1986 , plate 3 , figure 9 ) . in addition , the distal - most lateral teeth of p . belli sp . nov . are not as wide as those of p . casieri , the distal corner of the crown are not as elongated , but the distal edge is more tightly curled . the intermediate lateral tooth morphology represented by msc 35602 may not have been available to cappetta ( 1986 ) for his description of p . casieri , but it was likely present because it has been identified in another new species of pseudaetobatus from south carolina .\nstratigraphic and geographic range . hatchetigbee formation ( np 11 ) of eastern mississippi and southern alabama ; tallahatta formation ( np 12 - 13 ) of southern alabama .\nhypodigm . sc 2013 . 38 . 91 ( holotype ) , upper right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 1 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 84 ( paratype ) , lower median tooth ( figure 6 . 6 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 86 ( paratype ) , upper median tooth ( figure 6 . 8 ) ; sc 2001 . 1 . 5 . 1 ( paratype ) , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 5 ) ; sc 2001 . 1 . 5 . 2 ( paratype ) , intermediate lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 4 ) .\ntype locality . 33 . 504444 n , - 84 . 742778 w ( n 33\u00b0 30 ' 16\nlat . , w 81\u00b0 44 ' 34\nlong . ) , aiken , aiken county , south carolina .\ntype horizon . dry branch formation , approximately 2 . 0 m below contact with overlying tobacco road formation .\nadditional material . abandoned clay pit north of the aiken city limit , 33 . 624867 n , - 81 . 681713 w ; aiken county , sc ; dry branch formation - sc 96 . 97 . 52 , 22 median tooth fragments ; sc 96 . 97 . 53 , lateral tooth . type locality - sc 2001 . 1 . 3 , 110 partial median teeth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 4 . 1 , upper left distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 2 ) ; sc 2001 . 1 . 4 . 2 , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 4 . 3 , lateral tooth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 5 . 3 , 8 lateral teeth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 6 , lateral tooth ; sc 2001 . 1 . 7 , lower left distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 85 , upper median tooth ( figure 6 . 10 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 87 , upper median tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 88 , incomplete upper median tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 89 , incomplete upper median tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 90 , lower median tooth ( figure 6 . 7 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 92 , lower right distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 1 , upper right distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 2 , upper left distal - most lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 3 , lower left distal - most lateral tooth ( figure 6 . 3 ) ; sc 2013 . 38 . 93 . 4 , two upper distal - most lateral teeth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 94 , 12 lower distal - most lateral teeth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 95 , intermediate lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 96 . 1 , intermediate lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 96 . 2 , intermediate lateral tooth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 96 . 3 , three intermediate lateral teeth ; sc 2013 . 38 . 97 , 88 partial median teeth .\ndiagnosis . upper and lower tooth morphologies as in pseudaetobatus casieri and p . belli sp . nov . , but smaller in overall size than the latter species . the distal - most lateral teeth are the most diagnostic , and these are distinguished from equivalent teeth of all other pseudaetobatus species by their sinuous outline in labial / lingual view .\nremarks . the median teeth of pseudaetobatus undulatus sp . nov . differ from those of p . belli sp . nov . in that they are smaller in overall size ( sc 2013 . 38 . 84 is only half as large as the p . belli holotype ) , the lingual crown face is more vertical , and the groove above the lingual longitudinal ridge is more deeply impressed . the distal - most lateral teeth of p . undulatus sp . nov . , uppers and lowers , are easily distinguished from p . casieri and p . belli sp . nov . in having undulating crowns ( those of the latter two species are rather flat ) . in addition , the distal - most lateral teeth of p . casieri are wider and have more elongated disto - lingual projections than either p . belli sp . nov . or p . undulatus sp . nov . ( cappetta , 1986 ) .\nstratigraphic and geographic range . the species is thus far only known from the upper eocene ( priabonian ) dry branch formation of aiken county , south carolina .\nthe distal ends of pseudaetobatus median teeth are angular and have straight edges ( i . e . , figure 4 . 1 and figure 5 . 7 - 8 ) , and these areas articulate with lateral teeth . in contrast , aetobatus has no lateral teeth , the distal ends of median teeth curl basally ( figure 7 . 8 ) , and the straight margin is perpendicular to the tooth width ( see also hovestadt and hovestadt - euler , 2013 ; purdy et al . , 2001 ) . in pseudaetobatus , these features are observed on the distal - most lateral teeth ( i . e . , figure 4 . 2 - 3 and figure 5 . 3 , 5 . 10 ) . it may be difficult to distinguish these two genera if the distal ends of a median tooth are missing ( figure 5 . 10 ; also compare figure 7 . 7 to figure 5 . 14 - 15 ) , and the presence of pseudaetobatus in other deposits could go unnoticed without the aid of more complete material and / or the recognition of lateral teeth .\nalbin , e . f . 1999 . regional stratigraphic correlation of north american tektites . lunar and planetary science , 30 : 1 - 2 .\nalbin , e . f . and wampler , j . m . 1996 . new potassium - argon ages for georgiaites and the upper eocene dry branch formation ( twiggs clay member ) : inferences about tektite stratigraphic occurrence . lunar and planetary science , 27 : 5 - 6 .\narambourg , c . 1952 . les vert\u00e9br\u00e9s fossils des gisements de phosphates ( maroc - alg\u00e9rie - tunisie ) . notes et m\u00e9moires du service g\u00e9ologique du maroc , 92 : 1 - 372 .\nbaum , g . r . and vail , p . r . 1988 . sequence stratigraphic concepts applied to paleogene outcrops , gulf and atlantic basins , p . 309 - 327 . in wilgus , c . k . , hastings , b . s . , posamentier , h . , van wagoner , j . , ross , c . a . , and kendall , c . g . s . c . ( eds . ) , sea level change - an integrated approach . sepm ( society for sedimentary geology ) special publications 42 .\nbonaparte , c . l . 1838 . selachorum tabula analytica . nuovi annali delle scienze naturali , 1 ( 2 ) : 195 - 214 .\nbybell , l . m . and gibson , t . g . 1985 . the eocene tallahatta formation of alabama and georgia : its lithostratigraphy , biostratigraphy , and bearing on the age of the claibornian stage . united states geological survey bulletin , 1615 : 1 - 20 .\ncappetta , h . 1986 . myliobatidae nouveaux ( neoselachii , batomorphii ) de l\u2019ypr\u00e9sien des ouled abdoun , maroc . geologica et palaeontologica , 20 : 185 - 207 .\ncappetta , h . 2012 . handbook of paleoichthyology , vol . 3e : chondrichthyes . mesozoic and cenozoic elasmobranchii : teeth . verlag dr . friedrich pfeil .\ncappetta , h . and nolf , d . 1981 . les s\u00e9laciens de l\u2019auversien de ronquerolles ( eoc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur du bassin de paris ) . mededelingen van den werkgroep voor tertiaire en kwartaire geologie , 18 ( 3 ) : 87 - 107 .\ncappetta , h . and nolf , d . 2005 . r\u00e9vision de quelques odontaspididae ( neoselachii : lamniformes ) du pal\u00e9oc\u00e8ne et de l\u2019eoc\u00e8ne du bassin de la mer du nord . bulletin de l\u2019institut des sciences naturelles de belgique , science de la terre , 75 : 237 - 266 .\ncarter , b . d . 1987 . paleogene echinoid distributions in the atlantic and gulf coastal plains . palaios , 2 : 390 - 404 .\ncase , g . r . and cappetta , h . 1990 . the eocene selachian fauna from the fayum depression in egypt . palaeontographica abteilung a , 212 : 1 - 30 .\ncase , g . r . , udovichenko , n . i . , nessov , l . a . , averianov , a . o . , and borodin , p . d . 1996 . a middle eocene selachian fauna from the white mountain formation of the kizylkum desert , uzbekistan , c . i . s . palaeontographica , abteilung a , 242 ( 4 - 6 ) : 99 - 126 .\ncasier , e . 1946 . la faune ichthyologique de l\u2019ypresien de la belgique . memoires de mus\u00e9e royal d\u2019histoire naturelle de belgique 104 .\ncasier , e . 1966 . faune ichthyologique du london clay . british museum ( natural history ) , london , england .\nclayton a . a . , ciampagalio , c . n . , and cicimurri , d . j . 2013 . an inquiry into the stratigraphic occurrence of a claibornian ( eocene ) vertebrate fauna from covington county , alabama . bulletin of the alabama museum of natural history , 31 ( 2 ) : 60 - 73 .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 1973 . interrelationships of living elasmobranchs . zoological journal of the linnean society , 53 ( 1 ) : 15 - 61 .\ndames , w . 1883 . \u00fcber eine terti\u00e4re wirbelthierfauna von der westlichen insel des birket - el - qur\u016bn im fajum ( aegypten ) . sitzungsberichte der k\u00f6niglich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin , 6 : 129 - 153 .\ndarteville , e . and casier , e . 1959 . les poissons fossils du bas - congo et des regions voisines ( part iii ) . annales du mus\u00e9e congo belge , min\u00e9ralogique g\u00e9ologique , pal\u00e9ontologique , 3 ( 2 ) : 257 - 568 .\ndockery , d . t . , iii , copeland , c . w . , jr . , and huddlestun , p . f . 1994 . reply to a revision of the hatchetigbee and bashi formations . mississippi geology , 4 ( 3 ) : 11 - 15 .\nduthiel , d . b . 1991 . a checklist of neoselachii ( pisces , chondrichthyes ) from the palaeogene of the paris basin , france . tertiary research , 13 ( 1 ) : 27 - 36 .\nedwards , l . e . , bybell , l . m . , gohn , g . s . , and frederiksen , n . o . 1997 . paleontology and physical stratigraphy of the usgs - pregnall no . 1 core ( dor - 208 ) , dorchester county , south carolina . united states geological survey open - file report 97 - 145 .\nedwards , l . e . , gohn , g . s . , bybell , l . m . , chirico , p . g . , christopher , r . a . , frederiksen , n . o . , prowell , d . c . , self - trail , j . m . , and weems , r . w . 2000 . supplement to the preliminary stratigraphic database for subsurface sediments of dorchester county , south carolina . united states geological survey open - file report 00 - 049 - b .\neversull , l . g . 2005 . the twiggs clay : mineralogy , origin , and industrial properties of an upper eocene opaline claystone in the coastal plain province of georgia , u . s . unpublished phd dissertation , louisiana state university , baton rouge , louisiana .\nfalls , w . f . and prowell , d . c . 2001 . stratigraphy and depositional environments of sediments from five cores from screven and burke counties , georgia . usgs professional paper 1603 - a .\ngibson , t . g . 1982 . revision of the hatchetigbee and bashi formations ( lower eocene ) in the eastern gulf coastal plain . united states geological survey bulletin , 1529 - h : h33 - h41 .\ngradstein , f . , ogg , j . , and smith , a . 2004 . a geologic time scale . cambridge university press , massachusetts .\nharris , r . s . , duncan , m . s . , holland , s . m . , roden , m . f . , and schroeder , p . a . 2002 . probable shocked quartz as evidence for an upper eocene impact horizon in coastal plain strata , warren county , georgia , u . s . a . geological society of america , abstracts with programs , 2002 annual meeting , paper 178 - 9 .\nherman , j . , hovestadt - euler , m . , hovestadt , d . c . , and stehman , m . 2000 . contributions to the study of the comparative morphology of teeth and other relevant ichthyodorulites in living supraspecific taxa of chondrichthyan fishes . part b : batomorphii 4c : order rajiformes - suborder myliobatoidei - superfamily dasyatoidea - family dasyatidae - subfamily dasyatinae - genus : urobatis , subfamily potamotrygoninae - genus : paratrygon , superfamiliy plesiobatoidea - family plesiobatidae - genus : plesiobatis , superfamily myliobatoidea - family myliobatidae - subfamily myliobatinae - genera : aetobatus , aetomylaeus , myliobatis and pteromylaeus , subfamily rhinopterinae - genus : rhinoptera and subfamily mobulinae - genera : manta and mobula . addendum 1 to 4a : erratum to genus pteroplatytrygon . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , 70 : 5 - 67 ."]}
{"id": 256, "summary": [{"text": "the viceroy ( limenitis archippus ) is a north american butterfly that ranges through most of the contiguous united states as well as parts of canada and mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the westernmost portion of its range extends from the northwest territories along the eastern edges of the cascade range and sierra nevada mountains , southwards into central mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its easternmost range extends along the atlantic and gulf coasts of north america from nova scotia into texas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the viceroy was named the state butterfly of kentucky in 1990 . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "viceroy ( butterfly )", "paragraphs": ["watch the monarch butterfly and the viceroy butterfly fly , if possible . viceroy butterflies do not glide as smoothly as monarch butterflies .\nexamine the outstretched wings of both the monarch butterfly and the viceroy butterfly . the viceroy butterfly\u2019s wings are smaller than the monarch butterfly\u2019s wings . viceroy butterfly wings range between 2 \u00bd and 3 3 / 8 inches . monarch butterfly wings range between 3 3 / 8 and 4 7 / 8 inches .\nthe viceroy butterfly , ( basilarchia archippus , ) was chosen as kentucky state butterfly on july 13 , 1990 partly because of its striking resemblance to a large and better known species the monarch butterfly . the difference between the two is that the monarch butterfly is poisonous and the viceroy butterfly is not . the birds still will not eat the viceroy butterfly because it looks so much like the monarch butterfly .\nritland db , brower lp . the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic .\nthe mimicry of viceroy butterfly ( nonpoisonous ) seized biologists \u2019 attentions widely because in all metamorphosis stages of viceroy mimic something .\nthe viceroy butterfly is unpalatable and is known to upset the stomach of its predators .\nviceroy butterfly the garden club of kentucky , the garden club of kentucky , 2004 .\nperhaps they couldn ' t remember the name of the viceroy butterfly , and my article reminded them .\nan adult viceroy butterfly exhibits a further complex form of defensive mimicry . this behavior of the viceroy is yet to be understood completely . the viceroy butterfly exhibits physical resemblance to three species of genus danaus . the physical appearance of the viceroy butterfly changes dramatically according to the species with which it shares their habitat . monarch , queen and soldier are the three closely related butterflies that share its physical characteristics with the viceroy .\nbutterfly host plants are important when you create your butterfly garden to provide a site for the butterfly to lay eggs and also food source for the emerging caterpillar .\nthe law designating the viceroy butterfly as the official kentucky state butterfly is found in the kentucky revised statutes , title 1 , chapter 2 , section 2 . 083 .\nevolution of viceroy butterfly resembling monarch butterfly in appearance and in same geographical areas of north american continent could be termed as an example of mimicry and co - evolution .\nthe viceroy caterpillars can trick its predators . it can do this because it looks like bird droppings . the viceroy butterfly eats willows , poplars , and aspen leaves .\nritland db , brower lp ( 1991a ) the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic . nature 350 : 497\u2013498\nritland db , brower lp ( 1991b ) the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic . nature 350 : 497\u2013498\nthe viceroy butterfly lives in meadows , marshes and swamps and other wet areas with willow , aspen and poplar trees .\nresearch exposes myth on butterfly coloring : evolution : century - old belief is discredited . it held that viceroy butterfly avoids being eaten by mimicking coloration of two kinds that birds dislike .\nour butterfly information is constantly growing as we add new posts . here you can find information on butterfly life stages as well as info on raising butterflies , butterfly gardening , overwintering and more . please contact us if you have suggestions on helpful butterfly topics !\nresearch exposes myth on butterfly coloring : evolution : century - old belief is discredited . it held that viceroy butterfly avoids being eaten by mimicking coloration of two kinds that birds dislike . - latimes\nritland db , brower lp . 1991 . the viceroy butterfly is not a batesian mimic . nature 350 : 497 - 498 .\nritland db ( 1991a ) ecological dynamics of viceroy butterfly mimicry in florida . ph . d . dissertation , university of florida , gainesville\nthe viceroy butterfly ( limenitis archippus ) is nearly identical to the monarch butterfly . it has orange - brown wings with dark black veins . a black line across the hindwing distinguishes it from the monarch .\nplease note , that a mimic ( in this case viceroy butterfly ) can derive advantage of its anti - predator adaptation only when it is outnumbered by the model ( monarch butterfly ) in the area .\nadult viceroy butterflies feed on fruit , flowers , and other available food . this viceroy is drinking the bubbles from a spittle bug .\nhatter , kathryn .\nhow to tell the difference between a monarch & a viceroy butterfly .\nsciencing , urltoken 24 april 2017 .\nhatter , kathryn .\nhow to tell the difference between a monarch & a viceroy butterfly\nlast modified april 24 , 2017 . urltoken\nthe viceroy caterpillar eats the leaves of willow and poplar trees . the viceroy butterfly eats dung , carrion , fungi , and the nectar of flowers from the asteraceae family like golden rod , thistles , and asters .\ncaterpillars strongly resemble red spotted purple butterfly caterpillars . viceroy caterpillars have more spikes on their bumps and their tubercles on their thorax are slightly different .\nthe viceroy butterfly - one of god ' s of little folk frank l . hoffman , northern prairie wildlife research center , 11 feb 2009 .\nwings the coloring and pattern of monarch and viceroy wings look nearly identical . however , a viceroy has a black line crossing the postmedian hindwing .\nthe viceroy is found in most of the continental united states and in southern canada and northern mexico . the viceroy is found throughout new hampshire .\nthe viceroy butterfly is dark orange with black veins . a row of white spots edge its wings . its color and pattern mimics the monarch butterfly ' s pattern except for a black horizontal stripe that crosses the bottom of its back wings . the viceroy caterpillar is white and olive - brown .\nthe viceroy butterfly ( see brush - footed butterfly ) and the monarch share similar coloration . indeed , like the monarch , the viceroy is unpalatable to some of its predators . hence , it is believed that the two noxious organisms resemble one another as a form of defense against predators and that\u2026\nby benny mazur from toledo , oh ( a viceroy butterfly uploaded by berichard ) [ cc - by - 2 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\nremarks : this butterfly is famous for its mimicry of the distasteful monarch ( danaus plexippus ) . by imitating a butterfly that repels predators , the viceroy is less likely to be attacked . both species have similar ranges in canada .\nhatter , kathryn . ( 2017 , april 24 ) . how to tell the difference between a monarch & a viceroy butterfly . sciencing . retrieved from urltoken\nlastly , the adult viceroy mimics the monarch butterfly . the milkweed that the monarch butterfly feeds on as larva contains cardiac glycosids , meaning heart poisons , causing the adult to be unpalatable . birds avoid both of viceroy and monarch because they look so much alike . female monarchs are considered to have more glycosids than males . [ 24 ] however , recent studies indicate that the viceroy is also inedible , giving each butterfly twice the protection from predators . [ 25 ]\nviceroy forms occasional natural hybrids with the red spotted purple , limenitis astyanax . immature stages of the latter species are very similar to these of the viceroy .\nonly 1 or 2 butterfly eggs out of 100 live to become adult butterflies .\nbrower lp , glazier sc . localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly .\nheliconius genome consortium . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species .\nlimenitis a . floridensis : l . a . floridensis or the florida viceroy is spread throughout florida and southern georgia . its wings are darker and it can grow larger than the eastern viceroy . its physical appearance closely resembles the queen butterfly ; but unlike the queen , the viceroy has a black line on its hind wings .\nit was voted as the kentucky state butterfly on july 13th in the year 1990 .\nsmith das , owen df . colour genes as markers for migratory activity : the butterfly\nbirds are main predators to the viceroy butterfly . since the eggs of viceroy are laid at the tip of the leaves , the predators have hard time finding them . caterpillars , as well as chrysalis , begin to resemble bird\u2019s dropping , which gives them protection . as they grow mature , they bear a resemblance to the monarch butterfly , known as poisonous butterfly . thus , the birds avoid eating both of them . [ 22 ]\nviceroy butterfly is a mimic of monarch butterfly , which could be termed a model . monarchs are slightly larger and distasteful for birds feeding on them . they are migratory and spend the winter in mexico or california , but travels north towards canada in warmer temperatures .\ntitle i - sovereignty and jurisdiction of the commonwealth . chapter 2 - citizenship , emblems , holidays , and time . 2 . 083 state butterfly . the viceroy butterfly is named and designated as the state butterfly . effective : july 13 , 1990 history : created 1990 ky . acts ch . 78 , sec . 1 , effective july 13 , 1990 .\nthe butterfly lab the peggy notebaert nature museum , the peggy notebaert nature museum , date .\nurquhart fa ( 1987 ) the monarch butterfly : international traveler . nelson - hall , chicago\nclark sh , platt ap . 1969 . influence of photoperiod on development and larval diapause in the viceroy butterfly , limenitis archippus . journal of insect physiology 15 : 1951 - 1957 .\nviceroy butterfly accomplishes complete metamorphosis , involving four stages of egg , larva , pupa , and adult . mating regularly occurs from april to september . they practice fertilization in the afternoon .\n, because it provides a very clear alternative cause for avoiding the viceroy : that butterfly is poisonous as well , and is to be avoided on its own merits . this certainly makes it less likely that the general avoidance of the viceroy is based on its resemblance to the monarch .\nplant good nectar sources in the sun - your key butterfly nectar source plants should receive full sun from mid - morning to mid - afternoon . butterfly adults generally feed only in the sun . if sun is limited in your landscape , try adding butterfly nectar sources to the vegetable garden .\nbutterfly eggs near the point of hatching ) ( gilbert 1975 in pasteur 1982 , 186 ) .\nurquhart fa , urquhart nr . autumnal migration routes of the eastern population of the monarch butterfly (\nfirst , the eggs of viceroy have a resemblance of insect galls that affect the host plants .\nspecies limenitis archippus - viceroy troy bartlett , iowa state university entomology , 16 february , 2004 .\nlimenitis a . obsoleta : also known as the arizona viceroy , this subspecies is found mainly in arizona and in parts of california and utah . the black lining on the hind wing is a little edgy with small white spots along the line . out of all the viceroy subspecies , the limenitis a . obsoleta population faces tremendous habitat loss due to human activity in the viceroy butterfly range .\nthe viceroy ( basilarchia archippus or limenitis archippus ) is known for its mimetic relationship with the monarch butterfly ( danaus plexippus ) . the two species resemble one another in their coloration , and both are distasteful to predators . viceroy larvae feed on willow , aspen , and poplar foliage and retain in\u2026\nat all stages , the viceroy exhibits a mimicking behavior to avoid predators . the eggs of the viceroy resemble insect galls to deceive predators . the hatched viceroy caterpillars resemble bird droppings and also secrete salicylic acid , which makes them bitter in taste and upsetting to the predator\u2019s stomach . due to their appearance and taste , most predators avoid the caterpillar , allowing it to grow into an adult butterfly .\nthe viceroy butterfly is a brush - footed butterfly . brush - footed butterflies have tiny , hairy forelegs that look more like brushes than feet and are not used for walking . it is dark orange with black veins . a row of white spots edge its wings . its color and pattern mimics the\nthe monarch butterfly west virginia division of natural resources , west virginia division of natural resources , 2003 .\nstimson js , kasuya m . decline in the frequency of the white morph of the monarch butterfly (\nsauman i , et al . connecting the navigational clock to sun compass input in monarch butterfly brain .\nstimson j , kasuya m . decline in the frequency of the white morph of the monarch butterfly (\nabundance : the viceroy is common in most parts of its canadian range , particularly in the south .\nthe viceroy butterfly prefers shrubby habitat , usually found nearby a water source or swamp land . they are found mainly in north america and in parts of mexico and southern canada . they are diurnal with complete activity during the day time . adult viceroy butterflies feed on nectar from flowers and can be often found on milkweed and thistles . caterpillars of the viceroy eat leaves of trees and shrubs like willows and cottonwood .\nfor a long time it believed that the viceroy is not at all harmful to its predators , and so it mimics unpalatable butterflies like the monarch and the queen . on the basis of this conclusion , early biologists believed that the behavior can be termed as batesian mimicry , where one harmless species mimics the other harmful one to deceive the predators . however , later studies conducted extensively on the queen , monarch butterfly and viceroy butterfly , gave contradictory conclusions . researchers found that the viceroy butterfly itself is quite unpalatable to its predators , and the mimicking behavior cannot be termed as batesian as none of the butterflies were dependant parasitically on each other . based on this , biologists suggested that viceroy butterfly mimicry is a better example of m\u00fcllerian mimicry , where different species with similar needs , mimic each other for easier survival . simply , any bird that has once tasted a monarch , queen or viceroy , tends to avoid all butterflies with similar appearances .\nobviously , viceroy derives huge benefit by becoming the mimic of distateful monarch . birds in the area have rejected viceroy types as well from the list of insects on which they can feast , along with monarchs .\nturner jrg ( 1977 ) butterfly mimicry : the genetical evolution of an adaptation . evol biol 10 : 163\u2013206\nreichstein t , von euw j , parsons ja , rothschild m . heart poisons in the monarch butterfly .\nanother aspect of monarch biology that has attracted attention is their bold warning coloration . the monarch butterfly , like\ndingle h , zalucki mp , rochester wa , armijo - prewitt t . distribution of the monarch butterfly ,\nniitepold k , et al . flight metabolic rate and pgi genotype influence butterfly dispersal rate in the field .\nreichstein t , von euw j , parsons ja , rothschild m . heart poisons in the monarch butterfly .\nthe scientific community is divided on whether the viceroy is a batesian mimic ( a butterfly that is palatable , but mimics an unpalatable species to avoid predation ) or a mullerian mimic ( a mimicry involving two unpalatable species ) . a recent study has shown the viceroy is less palatable than either of the species it mimics , the monarch and queen butterflies , meaning those species most likely benefit more from the mimicry than the viceroy .\nthe viceroy can be found in most of the continental united states and in southern canada and northern mexico .\nthe viceroy ranges from central canada through the eastern united states , into the cascade mountains and northern mexico .\nritland and brower\u2019s thinking about the relationship between the viceroy and the monarch was revolutionary , and their work gained support from subsequent research on the toxic compounds stored in the bodies of the monarch and viceroy . in fact , recent studies have revealed that when stressed the viceroy releases volatile phenolic glycosides , which deter predator attack .\ngood examples here for butterflies would be the monarch ( 1st pic ) and viceroy ( 2nd pic ) .\nfor a long time folks thought that the monarch was poisonous and the viceroy was not , and that the viceroy ' s monarch - like coloring tricked predators into avoiding it unnecessarily . it ' s now believed that\nlook carefully at the black markings on the wings of both butterflies . both butterflies have forewings and hindwings . the hindwings ( the lower set of wings ) of a monarch butterfly have stripes extending down from the top of the wings . a viceroy butterfly has similar stripes extending down the hindwings , except the viceroy\u2019s hindwings also have a horizontal black stripe going across each hindwing . this horizontal stripe is the most significant difference between viceroys and monarchs .\nbrower lp , glazier sc ( 1975 ) localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly . science 188 : 19\u201325\nfroy o , gotter al , casselman al , reppert sm . illuminating the circadian clock in monarch butterfly migration .\nto their surprise , the researchers found that the monarch and the viceroy butterflies were equally distasteful to the birds and that the queen butterfly - - supposedly the object of mimicry - - actually tasted better than the other two .\nmale viceroy butterflies are territorial . they perch on some object near a willow tree and wait for a female to enter their range of vision . anything that enters the territory is investigated . if it is a female viceroy , he will try to mate with her . if it is not a viceroy , he will try to chase it off . on rare occasions , cross mating between viceroy and red - spotted purple butterflies occurs . it is said that in those occasions , it is normally the male red - spotted purple that mates with the female viceroy\nat one time viceroy butterflies were considered batesian mimics , appearing like a poisonous foul - tasting ( to some predators ) monarch butterfly . in recent years , it has been discovered that viceroy butterflies are also poisonous . now they are considered mullerian mimics . mullerian mimics are two or more species that resemble each other and both are poisonous .\nguilford t ( 1991 ) is the viceroy a batesian mimic ? ( scientific correspondence ) . nature 351 : 611\nritland db , brower lp ( 1991b ) mimicry and viceroy butterflies ( scientific correspondence ) . nature 353 : 24\nrothschild m ( 1991 ) is the viceroy a batesian mimic ? ( scientific correspondence ) . nature 351 : 611\u2013612\nmost people recognize the striking bright orange - and - black contrasts of a monarch butterfly . these beautiful butterflies are a common sight in many areas as they flit from flower to flower during the summer . viceroy butterflies also have bright orange and black colors and look almost identical to the monarch butterfly . the viceroy butterfly benefits from looking like a monarch butterfly , because many predators avoid eating monarchs because of the milkweed that they eat . because viceroys are mistaken for monarchs , they can escape the appetites of these predators as well . there are subtle differences between monarchs and viceroys ; however , and an eye to the minute detail will enable anyone to tell the difference between the two butterflies .\nthe long - held notion that the tasty viceroy butterfly escapes being eaten by birds by mimicking the coloration of foul - tasting monarch and queen butterflies has been overturned by two florida biologists who tested the century - old belief experimentally .\nmitikka v , hanski i . pgi genotype influences flight metabolism at the expanding range margin of the european map butterfly .\nheliconius genome consortium . butterfly genome reveals promiscuous exchange of mimicry adaptations among species . nature 487 , 94\u201398 ( 2012 )\nanswer choice ( b ) : this answer choice deals with the level of protection toxicity provides to each individual butterfly . since it clearly does not deal with the question of why the viceroy is avoided , this answer choice is incorrect .\nthe butterfly\u2019s wing patterns and colors act to warn birds away . this strategy is known as aposematic coloration , and it\u2019s so effective that species with non - toxic wings\u2014notably viceroy butterflies\u2014imitate the monarch\u2019s coloration to ward off avian predators . this imitation , in turn , is so effective that it landed a picture of a viceroy butterfly , instead of the intended monarch , on the 50 - peso banknote issued by the mexican government in 2004 . the banknote was replaced in 2012 .\nviceroy butterflies look like monarchs to the untrained observer . how can you be sure which species you ' re seeing ?\nyou will not see an adult viceroy where you live until about 15 days after willow or poplar leaves have emerged .\n. the monarch butterfly shown on the left and the viceroy butterfly shown on the right will make animals sick or taste very bad if they are eaten . when two unpalatable species resemble each other , they reinforce avoidance by predators by increasing the frequency of unfavorable encounters . the predators learn faster , and fewer butterflies of both species are eaten during the learning process .\nthe viceroy butterfly , scientifically known as the limenitis archippus , is a species from the largest family of butterflies , known as nymphalidae . this family consists of over 6000 species of butterflies , scattered all across the world . the viceroy butterfly got its name due to its appearance , which is very similar to a larger species known as the monarch butterfly . it was long believed that the limenitis archippus was mimicking the more powerful monarch , and thus the name , \u201cviceroy\u201d . the black stripes on the bright orange viceroy butterflies\u2019 wings are actually veins , connecting with each other at the bottom of the hindwing . their appearance and size are very similar to monarch butterflies , but the latter lacks a black horizontal marking on its second pair of wings . viceroy butterflies are a little smaller than monarch butterflies . it can grow up to a wingspan of 6 to 8 centimeters in its lifetime and weight up to 0 . 65 grams . there is little to no visible differences between the male and female viceroy butterflies . however , when seen together the larger size of the female can be noticed easily .\nyou can see photos of the entire process of a monarch butterfly emerging from its chrysalis at photo story provided by linda .\nthe butterfly waits until its wings stiffen and dry before it flies away to start the cycle of life all over again .\nsee the article\nthe genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning coloration\nin nature , volume 514 on page 317 .\nthe viceroy butterfly possesses orange wings ( two fore and hind wings ) with black veins and white spots edging the wings . in each segment of both wings , there are also white specks in the outer black border . they mimic the monarch butterfly , however , they can be distinguished by a black stripe that runs horizontally in their hind wings . the undersides of the viceroy\u2019s wings are fairly comparable to the uppermost side while the monarch\u2019s underside is much paler . the viceroy has a plenty of wing power , having a wingspan ranging from 2 . 75 to 3 inches ( 7 to 7 . 5 cm ) . [ 7 ]\nbut the actual palatability ( or the lack thereof ) of the viceroy had never really been tested directly , until ritland and brower\u2019s study . they decided to compare the palatability of the viceroy and monarch by feeding birds only the insects\u2019 wingless abdomens , which prevented the birds from determining palatability based on the butterflies\u2019 coloration . the researchers found that neither butterfly appealed to the avian palate .\nmost predators have learned that the monarch butterfly makes a poisonous snack . the toxins from the monarch ' s milkweed diet have given the butterfly this defense . in either the caterpillar or butterfly stage the monarch needs no camouflage because it takes in toxins from the milkweed and is poisonous to predators . many animals advertise their poisonous nature with bright colors . . . just like the monarch !\nzhan s , merlin c , boore jl , reppert sm . the monarch butterfly genome yields insights into long - distance migration .\nviceroy butterflies live in a habitat filled with predators ; birds , frogs , spiders and small snakes can easily prey on a viceroy butterfly in the shrubs . however , the viceroy is not completely defenceless . the cottonwood and willow diet of the caterpillars make the adult unpalatable for most of its predators . it also uses its bright orange color to warn the predators about its upsetting feature . they are spread across the north american continent by adapting according to the local conditions and thus on a longer term forming subspecies .\nhost plants for viceroy butterflies include : willow , poplars , and cottonwoods . we raise them on carolina willow and black willow .\nthe name \u201cviceroy\u201d was given to it due to its mimetic relationship with three other species named as monarch , queen and soldier .\nlimenitis archippus viceroy opler , paul a . and krizek , george o . butterflies , he john hopkins university press , 1984 .\nexperimental studies of mimicry in some north american butterflies . 1 . the monarch , danaus plexippus , and viceroy , limenitis archippus archippus\nthe family butterfly book is easy to read with alot of practical advice for raising butterflies while the butterflies of the east coast book is a bit more scientific but is a great reference book for east coast butterflies as well as having alot of general butterfly information .\nriley tj ( 1993 ) spring migration and oviposition of the monarch butterfly in louisiana . in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp ( eds ) biology and conservation of the monarch butterfly ( contributions in science ) . natural history museum of los angeles county , pp 269\u2013273\nin areas of the viceroy ' s range where monarchs are common , the viceroy tends to mimic the pattern of the monarch ( danaaus plexippus ) with black striping and orange areas similar to a monarch . the viceroy can be distinguished from the monarch , however , by one row of white spots within the black fore and hind wing bands . in areas inhabited by the queen ( danaus glippus ) , the white spotting of the viceroy becomes less noticeable , and the orange coloration is replaced by a deep mahogany brown .\nsee commentary\nexploring the molecular basis of monarch butterfly color pattern variation\nin pigment cell melanoma res , volume 28 on page 127 .\nso , we may say that by mimicking a distasteful butterfly , few viceroy butterflies in the population initially achieved anti - predator adaptation probably millions of years ago . predators avoid monarch , and they mistakenly avoid viceroys for being similar in appearance . so mimics survived and flourished continuously .\nthe monarch butterfly is sometimes called the\nmilkweed butterfly\nbecause its larvae eat the plant . in fact , milkweed is the only thing the larvae can eat ! if you ' d like to attract monarchs to your garden , you can try planting milkweed ( if you live in the right area ) . you can purchase milkweed seed online from butterfly encounters ( close window when done purchasing to return to this screen )\nmalcolm sb , cockrell bj , brower lp ( 1987 ) monarch butterfly voltinism : effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes . oikos 49 : 77\u201382\nlimenitis archippus is commonly known as\nviceroy\nbecause it is similar but smaller than a monarch butterfly . however , it is only distantly related to monarchs and other milkweed butterflies of the subfamily danainae . the mimetic relationship between north american milkweed butterflies and the viceroy was shown to be m\u00fcllerian , meaning that both species are unpalatable and hence contribute to each others ' protection from birds ( ritland 1991 , ritland & brower 1991 ) .\npattern , except for a black horizontal stripe that crosses the bottom of its back wings . the viceroy caterpillar is white and olive - brown .\nthe rate of viceroy development will depend on spring temperatures . temperatures control how early leaf - out occurs , how quickly the leaves grow , how quickly the caterpillars grow , the chysalis develops and the adult butterfly emerges . development proceeds more slowly in cooler temperatures and more quickly in warmer temperatures .\nkoch pb , lorenz u , brakefield pm , ffrench - constant rh . butterfly wing pattern mutants : developmental heterochrony and co - ordinately regulated phenotypes .\nanswer choice ( e ) : this has nothing to do with the question of why predators avoid the viceroy , so this answer choice is incorrect .\nritland , david b . and brower , linccoln p .\nthe viceroy is not a batesian mimic\n. nature . vol . 350 , 1991 .\nniitepold k , mattila alk , harrison pj , hanski i . flight metabolic rate has contrasting effects on dispersal in the two sexes of the glanville fritillary butterfly .\nin all life stages the viceroy mimics something . the eggs resemble insect galls that affect the host plants . the caterpillars resemble bird droppings . they roll bits of leaf material to hang near them as a distraction . older caterpillars look formidable with its tubercles . even the overwintering caterpillar rolls up in a leaf tip to hide from predators . because the adults resemble monarch butterflies , they are often bypassed for other prey . the viceroy was voted the kentucky state butterfly in 1990 .\nflight viceroy flight is faster and more erratic . monarch flight is float - like in comparison , with its characteristic\nflap , flap , glide\npattern .\nthe monarch and viceroy butterflies were believed to be exhibiting batesian mimicry for a very long time ; the monarch was thought to be the harmful one . however , studies have shown that the viceroy is actually just as unpalatable as the monarch , sometimes even more . thus , it is now proven that they exhibit m\u00fcllerian mimicry .\nthe wing span of the adult ranges from 2 1 / 2 to 3 3 / 8 inches ( 6 . 3 to 8 . 6 cm ) . the viceroy is a very distinct butterfly for its genus , but can be confused with monarchs , queens , and soldiers , which it mimics in different parts of its range .\nmalcolm sb , cockrell bj , brower lp ( 1993 ) spring recolonization of eastern north america by the monarch butterfly : successive brood or single sweep migration ? in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp ( eds ) biology and conservation of the monarch butterfly , ( contributions in science ) . natural history museum of los angeles county , pp 253\u2013267\nviceroy butterflies ( limenitis archippus ) are found in all of the mainland united states and in canada . they are normally found in moist areas , where willow grows .\n. the viceroy appears to be the most ancestral of the north american species contrary to previous speculation . most interestingly , the non - mimetic white - banded admiral (\nlimenitis a . lahontani : these are paler in color and are found mainly in utah and northeastern nevada . hence , they are also widely known as the nevada viceroy .\nlimenitis archippus watsoni : this subspecies is also known as watson\u2019s gulf coast viceroy . their only visible physical difference is that their forewings are slightly darker than the hind wings .\nthe pupa resembles a waxy , jade vase and becomes increasingly transparent as the process progresses . the caterpillar completes the miraculous transformation into a beautiful adult butterfly in about two weeks .\nvane - wright ri . the columbus hypothesis : an explanation for the dramatic 19th century range expansion of the monarch butterfly . in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp , editors .\nviceroy butterflies are solitary diurnal creatures that are active only in the late mornings and afternoons . they use a typical perch and patrol behavior , in order to find food and females in its territory . during the day time a male can be seen flying for up to 20 metres and then resting on low vegetation or on the ground . this viceroy butterfly behavior allows them to hold a larger territory despite their small size . in mating season , a male can mate multiple times in an effort to ensure the survival of his genes .\nperhaps no species of butterfly has developed a more complete system of mimetic survival than has the viceroy . as an egg , it resembles a tiny plant gall ; as both larva and pupa it bears a striking resemblance to a bird dropping ; as an adult it is shunned as food by birds because of its similarity to the monarch ( see notes ) .\nritland and brower\u2019s research , which was published in 1991 in the journal nature , suggested that the viceroy , like the monarch , was unappetizing to its predators and that its bright coloration warned its predators of this . moreover , the study indicated that the mimetic relationship between the viceroy and the monarch was extraordinarily complex , far more so than was widely believed .\n; nymphalidae ) represent a well - known monophyletic assemblage consisting of four species and numerous sub - species . this clade has been of general biological interest for more than 100 years , primarily within the context of the evolution of mimicry . three species are involved in a mimetic relationship with three different models belonging to three different butterfly sub - families . the viceroy (\nseveral synonyms have been described , among which are disippe , pseudodorippus , rubidus , and others . see the viceroy pages on the butterflies of america web site for a complete listing .\nthe viceroy , long considered a palatable mimic of the unpalatable milkweed butterflies , the monarch and the queen , has recently been shown to be unpalatable itself ( ritland and brower , 1991 ) . in fact , experiments have shown the viceroy to be as unpalatable as the monarch and significantly less palatable than the queen . this implies that the viceroy is not a batesian mimic ( unpalatable model , palatable mimic ) , but rather a mullerian co mimic ( multiple unpalatable co models ) of the monarch and queen . some viceroys synthesize their own toxins .\nas with many causal weaken questions , here we should probably seek a different explanation\u2014most likely an alternative cause for avoidance of the viceroy ( other than its resemblance to the monarch ) .\ngod created the viceroy butterfly on the sixth day ( however , it could be on fifth day , depending on whether you consider it as a flying creature or a land creature ) , on the same day as the humans were created , according to genesis 1 : 31 . god saw all that he had made , and it was very good . [ 6 ]\nhong jw , platt ap . 1975 . critical photoperiod and daylength threshold differences between northern and southern populations of the butterfly limenitis archippus . journal of insect physiology 21 : 1159 - 1165 .\nvane - wright ri . biology and conservation of the monarch butterfly . in : malcolm sb , zalucki mp , editors . natural history museum of la ; 1993 . pp . 179\u2013187 .\nfigure 11 . prepupa of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nfigure 12 . pupa of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nthe viceroy is a strong flier ; it has a wingspan of 2 . 75 to 3 inches ( 7 to 7 . 5 cm ) . it has a black , fuzzy body .\ndinwiddie a , null r , pizzano m , chuong l , leigh krup a , ee tan h , patel nh . dynamics of f - actin prefigure the structure of butterfly wing scales .\nbut bates never studied the classical example of batesian mimicry that is used in virtually every introductory biology text , the viceroy and monarch butterflies . in fact , until recently , no one did .\nfossil records of insects like butterflies and moths have allowed us to largely understand the formation of the earth and its other beings . it is speculated that the first insects may have appeared on the phase of earth approximately 350 million years ago . the earliest known fossil of the butterfly was found in north america and was estimated to be approximately 40 - 50 million years old . the well - preserved fossil provided valuable information on the development of butterflies . the butterfly was named prodryas persephone and was classified under the large family nymphalidae which also consists the modern butterflies like the viceroy and monarch .\nbutterfly larvae have evolved enzymes which break down these toxins , allowing them to specialize on this genus . this has created further selection pressure on the host plants , which have evolved stipules that mimic mature\nchemical warfare a matter of life and death for antarctic animals : ecology : defenseless sea butterfly , sponges and snails contain chemicals making them unpalatable to hungry predators . researchers tell hopes for new medicines .\nthe viceroy and monarch were once thought to exhibit batesian mimicry where a harmless species mimics a toxic species . studies conducted in the early 1990 ' s suggest that the viceroy and the monarch are actually examples of mullerian mimicry where two equally toxic species mimic each other to the benefit of each . just goes to show you there ' s always something new to discover in the natural world !\nunderstanding the dynamics of defensive mimicry requires accurately characterizing the comparative palatability of putative models and mimics . the florida viceroy butterfly ( limenitis archippus floridensis ) is traditionally considered a palatable batesian mimic of the purportedly distasteful florida queen ( danaus gilippus berenice ) . i re - evaluated this established hypothesis by directly assessing palatability of viceroys and queens to red - winged blackbirds in a laboratory experiment . representative florida viceroys were surprisingly unpalatable to red - wings ; only 40 % of viceroy abdomens were entirely eaten ( compared to 98 % of control butterfly abdomens ) , and nearly one - third were immediately tasterejected after a single peck . in fact , the viceroys were significantly more unpalatable than representative florida queens , of which 65 % were eaten and 14 % taste - rejected . thus , viceroys and queens from the sampled populations exemplify m\u00fcllerian rather than batesian mimicry , and the viceroy appears to be the stronger model . these findings prompt a reassessment of the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of this classic mimicry relationship .\nthe viceroy mates in the afternoon . the female lays her eggs on the tips of the leaves of poplars and willows . there are usually two or three generations of viceroys born each breeding season .\nopler , pa , lotts k , naberhaus t . ( 2009 ) . viceroy , limenitis archippus ( cramer , 1776 ) . butterflies and moths of north america . ( 15 august 2015 ) .\nanother fundamental difference between viceroys and monarchs is that monarch butterflies migrate each autumn . viceroy butterflies do not migrate . they spend winter months keeping warm in a rolled - up poplar or willow leaf .\nconsidered a monarch look - alike , in the north viceroy butterflies are more orange , similar to monarch butterflies . in the south , they are more rusty in color , similar to queen butterflies .\nessentially , we are not told that predators do not prey on monarchs as a result of the monarch ' s toxicity , so i did not realize quickly enough that i was to choose an answer that took this connection for granted , while also addressing a flaw in the argument ( that the visual similarity between the two butterflies benefited the viceroy by causing predators to stay away from the viceroy ) .\nfigure 4 . a 1st instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nritland db . 1991 . revising a classic butterfly mimicry scenario : demonstration of mullerian mimicry between florida viceroys ( limenitis archippus floridensis ) and queens ( danaus gilippus berenice ) . evolution 45 : 918 - 934 .\nmany native trees and other plants found in and around our yards are host plants for caterpillars . there are a variety of plants that can be included in a butterfly garden that are excellent host plants . the\nbates ' idea that a tasty butterfly could escape predation by mimicking the coloring of a distasteful species was based on a study of amazonian butterflies . because of his work , the concept was termed batesian mimicry .\nwhat might we say to decrease the probability that\nthe viceroy is so seldom preyed on because of its visual resemblance to the monarch\nis correct ? truth is , i have no idea . there could be tons of statements made that would harm that belief . more specifically , there are two ways you could hurt the idea of similar appearance = seldom preyed on . first , you could just give another reason besides appearance ( an alternate cause ) , which is pretty common and generally pretty easy to recognize . maybe\nthe viceroy blends in well with its surroundings ,\nor\nthe viceroy is most active when its main predators are asleep ,\nor\nthe viceroy can spit a deadly toxin at attackers and predators have learned to avoid it . . .\nand on and on the list goes .\nfigure 5 . a perching 2nd instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\ndue to the fact that viceroy populations were maintained in captivity , significant contributions to understanding photoperiodism and its role in triggering diapause in butterflies was achieved ( clark and platt 1969 , hong and platt 1975 ) .\nfigure 10 . head of the 4th instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\na vivid example of batesian mimicry is depicted by viceroy and monarch butterflies . monarch butterflies are unpalatable due to milkweed they consume as larvae , which results in low levels of predation in their natural environment . viceroy butterflies have wings emblazoned with similar color schemes , ostensibly reducing the predation rate . wing shape plays an important role in mimicry too ( for more information , see paper from 2013 by jones and colleagues listed below ) .\nevolutionarily , it would make sense for the monarch and queen to\nevolve new color patterns to escape from the viceroy ,\nritland said . but scientists have been unable to document such escapes , he noted .\nzhan s , zhang w , niitepold k , hsu j , haeger jf , zalucki mp , altizer s , de roode jc , reppert sm , kronforst mr . the genetics of monarch butterfly migration and warning colouration .\nfigure 1 . dorsal view of the wings of an adult male viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nfigure 3 . ventral view of the wings of an adult male viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nfigure 6 . a 3rd instar larva of the viceroy , limenitis archippus floridensis strecker , after hibernation . ( natural area training laboratory , university of florida . ) photograph by andrei sourakov , florida museum of natural history .\nanswer choice ( a ) : the fact that the monarch may have some natural predators does not weaken the author ' s argument about the viceroy and why so many avoid it , so this answer choice is incorrect .\nstate insects are selected by 45 states of the 50 united states . some states have more than one designated insect , or have multiple categories ( e . g . , state insect and state butterfly , etc . ) .\nthe viceroy is found from canada to mexico . it inhabits riverbeds , wet meadows , marshes , and other wetlands where willow , poplar and aspen trees occur . this species is in danger of extinction due to loss of habitat .\nviceroy butterflies are deaf like most insects , but they do a have a unique set of sensory organs enabling it to understand its surroundings well . like most butterflies , the viceroy has compound eyes consisting of numerous lenses . this allows the butterfly to see multiple directions at the same time . their eyes are particularly sensitive to color , movement and light . they can also detect ultraviolet light radiated from different flowers and vegetation . their incredible eyes are assisted by sensitive feet , antennae and a proboscis . their feet and antennae have unique sensory organs that can detect smell . when it sits on a flower , its sensory system allows it to figure out whether the flower has nectar to feed on .\nattracting butterflies involves incorporating plants that serve the needs of all life stages of the butterfly . the insects need places to lay eggs , food plants for their larvae ( caterpillars ) , places to form chrysalides and nectar sources for adults .\nin any case , monarchs are still in decline . perhaps next time big bird marches into congress to fight to retain funding for pbs , he should take a monarch butterfly with him to plug for the epa and nsf , too .\nwhat might we say to decrease the probability that\nthe viceroy is so seldom preyed on because of its visual resemblance to the monarch\nis correct ? truth is , i have no idea . there could be tons of statements made that would harm that belief . more specifically , there are two ways you could hurt the idea of similar appearance = seldom preyed on . first , you could just give another reason besides appearance ( an alternate cause ) , which is pretty common and generally pretty easy to recognize . maybe\nthe viceroy blends in well with its surroundings ,\nor\nthe viceroy is most active when its main predators are asleep ,\nor\nthe viceroy can spit a deadly toxin at attackers and predators have learned to avoid it . . .\nand on and on the list goes . secondly , you could actually show that the facts of the conclusion would lead to the opposite relationship of the one concluded . so something like\nbirds find the monarch delicious and actively seek it out as a food source .\nthat means that a similar appearance should make the viceroy more likely to be attacked , not less .\na unique part of the evolution of the viceroy is its mimetic behavior . the species tends to have a great ability to appear other organisms in its habitat . mimetic behavior in the wild is triggered usually by predation and availability of toxic unpalatable organisms . it is speculated that the viceroy must have evolved this ability at times when there were numerous unpalatable beings in its surroundings . over the years of its evolution , it gradually gained very close resemblance to the model species .\nbecause tiny caterpillars cannot travel far to find their own food , the female butterfly locates and lays her eggs on only the type of plant that the caterpillar can use as food . most species of caterpillars are particular about the type of plants they can eat . if the egg was not placed on the correct plant , the caterpillar hatching from that egg will not survive . many gardeners do not like to see plants in their gardens that have been chewed on by bugs . to avoid this , you may want to locate your butterfly host plants in areas that are not highly visible , but still a short distance from the butterfly nectar plants . if you do not provide host plants , you will have fewer butterflies ."]}
{"id": 257, "summary": [{"text": "xenotilapia nasus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 9.3 centimetres ( 3.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "xenotilapia nasus", "paragraphs": ["tribe ectodini - xenotilapia sp .\nfluorescent green\n( xenotilapia nasus ) - cichlid room companion\nandersen , thomas . ( november 02 , 2005 ) .\nxenotilapia sp .\nfluorescent green\n( xenotilapia nasus )\n. cichlid room companion . retrieved on july 09 , 2018 , from : urltoken\nandersen , thomas . 2012 .\nnotes on the identity of xenotilapia nasus\n. cichlid news magazine . v . 21 ( n . 3 ) , pp . 31 - 35 ( crc04497 )\nxenotilapia sp . ' fluorescent green ' was previously thought to be a potentially undescribed species from the southern part of lake tanganyika , but is now considered to represent x . nasus . a female from chituta bay [ zambia ] in the aquarium is here shown photo by thomas andersen . determiner thomas andersen .\nde vos , l . , l . risch and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde , 1995 . xenotilapia nasus , nouvelle espece de poisson des zones sous - littorale et benthique du nord du lac tanganyika ( perciformes : cichlidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 6 ( 4 ) : 377 - 384 . ( ref . 27630 )\nandersen , thomas . 2005 .\na little gem from the depths of lake tanganyika : xenotilapia sp . ' fluorescent green '\n. cichlid news magazine . v . 14 ; n . 4 ; pp . 19 - 25 ( crc01122 )\nxenotilapia sp . ' fluorescent green ' was first discovered in 1993 by the well - known german aquarist and ichthyologist heinz b\u00fcscher , while diving at the locality known as tembwe ii on the congolese coast . it has since then been found in zambia on several localities , the most well - known being chituta bay , where it lives sympatrically with x . nigrolabiata ( andersen 2005 ) .\nthe closest relative of x . sp . ' fluorescent green ' is properly x . nasus , that has been found in the extreme north of lake tanganyika and with which x . sp . ' fluorescent green ' shares some characteristics with , among other things a protruding snout and the numbers of hard and soft spines in the anal and caudal fins . some things differ though , as it seems that x . sp . ' fluorescent green ' has a larger head and eyes ( andersen 2005 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : more information on the species distribution and potential threats are required . this species is newly discovered so field survey has been minimal to date .\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is known from the northern part of the lake in burundi and congo .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , xenos = strange + bechuana , african native thiape = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range 30 - 68 m ( ref . 27630 ) . tropical\nafrica : endemic to lake tanganyika , found in the northern part of the lake , in burundi and in the democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 27630 , 46829 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27630 )\noccurs on mixed sand and rock bottoms ; depth range 30 - 68 m ( ref . 27630 ) . stomach contents inventories suggest that it feeds on detritus as well as on plankton ( ref . 46829 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\ncichlid\u00e9s des profondeurs , incubateur buccal bi - parental , la ponte n ' est pas toujours bien r\u00e9gl\u00e9e .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\nvan ammelrooy , evert . 2008 .\ntrip to the kigoma in tanzania in january 2008\n. tanganika magazyn . v . 3 , pp . 11 - 16 ( crc04287 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range 30 - 68 m ( ref . 27630 ) . tropical , preferred ?\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in"]}
{"id": 262, "summary": [{"text": "palace malice ( foaled may 2 , 2010 ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2013 belmont stakes .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning one minor race as a two-year-old he made steady improvement in the early part of 2013 , being placed in the risen star stakes and blue grass stakes and running prominently in the kentucky derby before winning the belmont stakes , and the 2014 metropolitan handicap .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he went on to win the jim dandy stakes and finish second against older horses in the jockey club gold cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a four-year-old in 2014 he won his first four races including the gulfstream park handicap , new orleans handicap and metropolitan handicap .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after two races in 2015 , he was retired as a five-year-old and sent to stand at stud at three chimneys farm . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "palace malice", "paragraphs": ["palace malice ( curlin\u2013palace rumor , by royal anthem ) , who carried the silks of cot campbell and . . .\npalace malice fans everywhere felt a sudden burst of adrenaline when today\u2019s press release from dogwood hit the presses . the announcement of the sale of 50 percent of palace malice to\n; orb , 15 ; palace malice , 1 ; goldencents , 1 ; verrazano , 1 .\npalace malice upsets the preakness and derby winners and takes the last leg of the 2013 triple crown .\nthe complete story of palace rumor and background of the palace malice purchase can be found here . it is a case of fact being stranger than fiction . urltoken\nit is with great disappointment that we announce the retirement of palace malice ,\nsaid dogwood . . .\nleading saratoga trainer todd pletcher , who conditions verrazano and palace malice , had no excuses for the favorite . but he did mention a slow break as the excuse for dogwood ' s palace malice under hall of fame jockey mike smith .\nat the end of the day , the biggest strength from palace malice ' s pedigree unsurprisingly comes from the sire .\npalace malice overtakes oxbow to capture belmont stakes palace malice outdueled preakness winner oxbow down the stretch and went on to win the 145th running of the belmont stakes in an upset on saturday at belmont park . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\noxbow took the lead with a half - mile to go . but smith had palace malice moving with him , the two in tandem around the far turn . palace malice took command rounding for home , but oxbow did not capitulate easily .\nsame can be said for palace malice \u2026the belmont was his first win all year long and just the second in his career .\npalace malice justified the high opinion pletcher has had of the colt since last summer , when he considered the son of curlin perhaps his best 2 - year - old . yet coming into the belmont , palace malice had only a maiden victory on his record .\npalace malice comes from curlin ' s first crop , which only solidifies this pedigree as a top - notch one in the sport .\npalace malice and archwarrior , who both broke their maidens at saratoga , are both scheduled for breezes next week at palm meadows . palace malice , who came up with sore shins after impressively winning on august 4 , is being pointed to an allowance race in february .\npalace malice was a popular sleeper pick to perform well at the derby , but a 12th - place finish didn\u2019t meet those expectations .\npalace malice proved best when drawing well clear of 11 - 10 favorite normandy invasion down the long fair grounds race course stretch . . .\npalace malice has turf routing attributes in his female family and springs from the same line as the most famous belmont stakes winner in history .\nas ' malice at the palace ' brawl turns 10 , impact lasts wednesday , nov . 19 , is the 10 - year anniversary of the malice at the palace when players and fans fought during an indiana pacers - detroit pistons game . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nfor now , palace malice , trained by todd pletcher , will battle with his old rival in the 1 , 800 - metre event .\nin the louisiana derby , palace malice had nowhere to run , getting clear in midstretch when it was way too late and coming in seventh .\nit ' s no surprise that palace malice comes from sire curlin , one of the most famous colts of the new age of horse racing .\npalace malice\u2019s running style may make that task extremely difficult on the long track as well . a horse that loves to race just off the pace in a stalking position , palace malice\u2019s endurance will be tested , especially down the stretch when he may potentially have to overcome tremendous sprinters in orb and oxbow .\nstarting the race on the 12th post , palace malice faced the tricky proposition of trying to find inside position . smith , a hall of fame jockey , inched his horse ever so slowly on the inside early in the race , guiding palace malice with the level of comfort you only see from the best .\nif any horse is going to derail palace malice , will take charge is the right horse to do so . photo : will take charge , trixie hammer\npalace malice \u2019s season hit the top level when he came with a late run to steal the grade 1 metropolitan handicap at belmont in june under velazquez .\npalace malice is a three - year - old colt by two - time horse of the year curlin out of a royal anthem mare ( palace rumor ) , trained by todd pletcher and ridden by hall of fame jockey mike smith .\npalace malice outdueled preakness winner oxbow down the stretch and went on to win the 145th running of the belmont stakes in an upset on saturday at belmont park .\npalace malice broke his maiden at belmont park on august 4 , 2012 , the first of curlin ' s offspring in the united states to win a race .\noxbow ( left ) , palace malice ( right ) , and orb all have a shot at this year ' s 3 - year - old eclipse award .\npalace malice revenged his sire curlin ' s heartbreaking belmont stakes loss with a decisive , gritty victory over the preakness and kentucky derby heroes . the unheralded palace malice had a simple maiden victory entering the test of champions , although he did fight to a neck defeat in the blue grass stakes and place in three other contests .\nwinner of the grade 1 metropolitan mile , and three other graded stakes in 2014 , classic winner palace malice is ready to go back in training immediately . . .\npalace malice wins the 145th belmont stakes followed by oxbow , winner of the preakness , and orb , winner of the kentucky derby . photograph : al bello / getty images\nwednesday , nov . 19 , is the 10 - year anniversary of the malice at the palace when players and fans fought during an indiana pacers - detroit pistons game .\nas palace malice was passing oxbow , smith said he heard stevens yell over to him , \u201cgo on with it , big boy . you\u2019re going better than me . \u201d\nhere is the replay again , watch the last 300 yards or so very carefully . there is not one horse running a step including the winner palace malice . in fact , with about 100 or so yards to go palace malice , to me , looks completely spent , yet no - one could catch him and he wins by open lengths ?\nthis week ' s spotlight stallion is palace malice , a 6 - year - old son of curlin that will be standing his first season in 2016 at three chimneys farm .\npalace malice got his three year old season rolling with a runner - up finish in a gulfstream park allowance sprint . in his two - turn debut in the risen star , palace malice gave a good account of himself . flying wide the whole way , the todd pletcher trainee unleashed his run from eighth place and was up for third money in a blanket finish , beating future preakness winner oxbow by a slender nose . after a jockey change , palace malice had a tough trip in the louisiana derby and finished seventh . he redeemed himself in his first try over the polytrack . looking like a winner in the blue grass stakes , palace malice was headed at the wire by java ' s war .\nwhile orb would ultimately come charging forth , it was too late . this was palace malice ' s day . everyone else\u2014even triple crown race winners\u2014were merely hoping for second place .\npalace malice faces a stiff test of his breeders\u2019 cup classic credentials when he tackles will take charge and eight other rivals in the grade 1 whitney handicap at saratoga on saturday .\npalace malice won the race with relative comfort , extending his lead to 3 . 25 lengths by the time he crossed the finish line . palace malice finished the race in 2 : 30 . 70 , according to the associated press . that mark is less than a second better than ruler on ice ' s time from a year ago , indicating a relatively slow field thanks to the extremely fast track in elmont , n . y . , on saturday . palace malice recouped a purse of $ 600 , 000 for the victory .\nbred in kentucky by w . s . farish out of the royal anthem mare palace rumor , palace malice is undefeated in four starts in 2014 , all of them graded stakes . he earned an automatic berth to the nov . 1 breeders ' cup dirt mile at\npalace malice is a dark bay horse with a small star and is 16 hands tall . he was bred in kentucky by w . s . farish . he is from the first crop of foals sired by the 2007 preakness stakes and breeders ' cup classic winner curlin . his dam , palace rumour , won the 2006 audubon oaks and is a half - sister to maya ' s storm and jumpifyoudare . palace malice is her only stakes winner .\na colt from the first crop of classic winner palace malice brought a winning bid of $ 185 , 000 during wednesday ' s session of the 2017 keeneland november sale . . .\npalace malice proved his class in the $ 1 . 25 million metropolitan handicap ( gr . i ) at belmont park , winning the second grade i of his career . . .\nthe horse ' s background boasts enough royalty to show that the belmont stakes victory was no fluke and that palace malice is worthy of being in orb and oxbow ' s company .\n2 . palace malice - - i typically value grade 1 wins over anything , but classic wins along with select breeders ' cup races are essentially super grade 1s in an era of too graded races to begin with . that ' s a long - winded way of saying palace malice ' s belmont stakes win means more to me than verrazano ' s wood and haskell combined . palace malice also finished second in the blue grass on polytrack and looked good in the jim dandy . a travers win unquestionably moves him to the head of the class .\npalace malice ' s first crop of foals have arrived this spring , with accolades for the offspring of the belmont s . ( g1 ) and metropolitan mile ( g1 ) winner . . .\nthe rich eisen show hosted former indiana pacers starter stephen jackson . he shared his inside thoughts about one of the most infamous sports moments in us history \u2013 the \u201cmalice at the palace . \u201d\nmuch like orb a few weeks ago , very few came in expecting a result of significance from palace malice . the three - year - old colt failed to enter the preakness stakes after a frustrating 12th - place run at the kentucky derby . of the five horses pletcher entered into the field , palace malice was one of the least talked - about\u2014a forgotten member of the fearsome fivesome .\n@ dbethbiles : cot campbell said palace malice will miss metropolitan because his\npreparation has not been all we wanted .\nhere is a nice memory of pal and i in aiken over winter .\nwill take charge has won once this year , at grade 2 level , but finished ahead of palace malice when touched off by the subsequently retired mucho macho man in the classic in santa anita .\npalace malice jockey mike smith described the cinematic scene as he caught up to oxbow at the belmont stakes and shared the encouraging words he got from preakness - winning jockey gary stevens in the final stretch .\ndogwood stables ' belmont stakes ( gr . i ) winner palace malice proved his class july 27 at saratoga race course , powering to victory in the $ 600 , 000 jim dandy s . . .\npalace malice is trained by todd pletcher , who had five different horses in the field . this marks his second belmont win in the past six years , the other being rags to riches in 2007 .\nafter sprinting twice over the dirt , palace malice ' s dam palace rumor found a home on the lawn , not surprising , as a daughter of royal anthem out of a mare by red ransom . she was a solid turf allowance class runner who won a listed stakes at 1 1 / 16 miles . overall palace rumor collected a 16 - 5 - 1 - 1 ( $ 111 , 833 ) race record . palace malice is his dam ' s second foal to race and the first to earn blacktype . he has a two year old half sister by city zip and a yearling half sibling by mineshaft .\npalace malice returned $ 4 . 70 , $ 3 . 70 , and $ 2 . 90 while goldencents paid $ 5 . 80 and $ 4 . 80 . romansh brought $ 7 . 90 , while\nall too often , pedigrees get overlooked by bettors in exchange for trainers , jockeys and recent successes . but there ' s no doubting the value of a strong racing background , which palace malice showed saturday .\nas expected , the trio of verrazano , orb and palace malice took the majority of the wagering action from the public in the lead to the travers . verrazano went to the post at odds of 8 / 5 , while orb and palace malice pegged at 5 / 2 on the tote board . palace malice broke poorly from the gate and raced at the back of the pack but made a late run to get into the top four inside the final furlong . verrazano tracked the early leaders but faded badly in the stretch , putting into doubt any chances that he ' ll be a serious contender for the breeders ' cup classic .\npalace malice is by two - time horse of the year curlin , now emerging as one of america\u2019s most important young sires , and is bred on a very similar cross to hot young sire english channel . \u201d\npalace malice ' s damsire royal anthem was an international turf router , racing against the best of his generation . he earned victories in the grade / group 1 judmonte international , canadian international and gulfstream park breeders ' handicap . he placed behind daylami in the breeders ' cup turf and swain in the king george & queen elizabeth diamond stakes . royal anthem is a young broodmare sire and palace malice is only his second stakes winner .\npalace malice , a $ 200 , 000 keeneland 2 - year - old purchase last year , now is 2 - 3 - 1 in eight starts , earning $ 871 , 135 with the $ 600 , 000 payday .\none night turned the 2004 - 05 indiana pacers from a title contender into the most dysfunctional franchise in the nba . ten years later , we check in with the key figures from\nthe malice at the palace .\npalace malice has carved out a career on dirt , but he has the pedigree to be competitive over turf and synthetics , too . remember , sire curlin was second in a grade 1 turf event . additionally , palace malice carries the very classy turf attributes of theatrical and roberto on his distaff side . his sire line of smart strike and deputy minister are also noted for producing champion class turf runners . although palace malice may continue his immediate career on dirt , it would be intriguing to see him face top competition over the lawn and synthetics if he stays in training as a four year old . could the breeders ' cup turf or uae world cup be in his future ?\nin order to be assured of getting in the kentucky derby , palace malice ran back two weeks later in keeneland ' s blue grass , finishing second by a neck after jumping tire tracks . hence the blinkers in the derby .\ngoing into the derby , pletcher decided to tinker with the colt ' s equipment . probably not a good idea before the biggest race of the three year old season . after adding blinkers to the colt ' s arsenal , pletcher watched as palace malice set a torrid pace in the derby and faded to a gasping 12 th place . so far , palace malice has a 8 - 2 - 3 - 1 ( $ 871 , 135 ) race record .\nit was his first success at grade 1 level and cot campbell , president of dogwood stables , which owns the four - year - old colt , outlined this week that palace malice\u2019s campaign will be geared towards the breeders\u2019 cup .\npalace malice finished 1 - 1 / 2 miles in 2 : 30 . 70 , and was able to prevail with a final quarter - mile in 27 . 58 and the last half - mile in a staggering 54 . 23 .\neven before palace malice proved a doughty winner of saturday ' s belmont stakes , the last glittering jewel in the us triple crown , the three - race series had provided enough compelling storylines to write something approaching the great american novel .\npalace malice took the lead at the quarter pole ( a mile in 1 : 36 . 2 ) and slowly inched away for the conclusive win and paid $ 29 . 60 , $ 11 . 20 , and $ 6 . 70\npalace malice is unbeaten in four runs this season and will break from gate 5 under john velazquez as the overwhelming favourite to pick up the lion\u2019s share of the enhanced $ us1 . 5 million ( dh5 . 5 million ) purse .\n( curlin \u2013 palace rumor , by royal anthem ) was sold for $ 25k at the 2011 keeneland september yearling sale . a year later at the keeneland april 2012 two year olds in training auction , palace malice caught the eye of veteran bloodstock agent cot campbell and as an agent for dogwood stables , he shelled out $ 200k for the chestnut colt .\nrounding the turn palace malice shifted gears and found running room between horses , easily clearing the tiring broadway empire on his inside before digging deep to pass goldencents to his outside within the furlong grounds . the 4 - year - old son of\nthe move was swift , beautiful and everything you ' d expect from a horse with a hall of famer on top . palace malice continued his triumphant speed down the back stretch , opening a gaping lead over the field for the win .\nthe early pace was , as expected , strong with frac daddy and freedom child contesting the lead for the first half - mile in a swift 46 . 66 seconds , with oxbow sitting in the garden spot as the field entered the backstretch . oxbow took over the lead about midway down the backstretch while freedom child and palace malice remained within striking distance . as the field rolled towards the judge , palace malice assumed command of the race while his rivals spun their wheels in the final furlongs .\nthe preakness winner soared up to third place , as joel rosario kept orb back\u2014likely conserving energy for a final triumphant push to the front . palace malice was running fifth through the first turn , being taken wide into the corner to avoid the fray .\non june 8 , 2013 , ridden again by smith , started at odds of 13 . 8 / 1 for the belmont stakes . smith tracked across from a wide draw to position the colt behind the leaders as frac daddy set a fast early pace . oxbow went to the front at halfway but the preakness winner was overtaken by palace malice on the turn into the straight . palace malice drew clear in the last quarter mile to win by three and a quarter lengths from oxbow , with orb in third . palace malice prepped for the travers stakes with a run in the jim dandy stakes at saratoga race course on july 27 . starting the 27 / 20 favorite , he took the lead in the straight and won by a length from will take charge .\nthe blaze - faced chestnut , a son of unbridled ' s song out of multiple grade i winner take charge lady , finished ahead of kentucky derby winner orb , who was third , while belmont stakes and jim dandy stakes winner palace malice ran fourth .\nhe came up just short against rags to riches in the belmont stakes . otherwise , we ' d be talking about palace malice channeling some of his sire ' s belmont glory and curlin being two places in the kentucky derby away from a triple crown .\ncalled\nthe best horse in america\nafter capturing four graded stakes in a row in 2014 , including the stallion - making met mile , palace malice will stand the upcoming breeding season at three chimneys farm . palace malice is the leading earner of 2 - time horse of the year curlin , and retires with career earnings of $ 2 , 691 , 135 , scoring the rare combination of wins in the grade 1 belmont stakes and the grade 1 metropolitan hcp , where he ran 3 / 5ths off the stakes record defeating goldencents , a 2 - time grade 1 breeders ' cup mile winner . in four years , palace malice started 19 times , with seven wins including a trio of grade 2 ' s \u2013 the jim dandy stakes , the gulfstream park handicap and the new orleans handicap ; as well as a victory in the grade 3 westchester stakes . ranked atop the handicap division for the better part of his four year old season , palace malice owns the highest beyer speed figure up to a mile in 2014 .\nclearly one of the best horses in the nation this year , palace malice has won 7 - of - 17 lifetime starts in his three year career to date . among his six graded stakes , he holds the unique distinction of winning two of america\u2019s most prestigious races at decidedly different distances . in fact by winning the 12 - furlong belmont stakes and the one - turn met mile , palace malice accomplished something that no other horse has been able to do in more than 30 years by completing the prestigious new york double .\ndogwood stable ' s palace malice , on the shelf since an even sixth - place finish in the 2013 breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) , showed no signs of rust with a gritty victory in the $ 250 , 000 gulfstream park h . . .\norb , oxbow , and palace malice made this the 17th time in the last 40 years that the derby , preakness , and belmont produced different winners . in those 16 previous instances , the 3 - year - old title went one of four ways with nearly identical frequency .\npalace malice , held off late surges from golden ticket , and uncaptured , to open up his 2014 handicap season with a win in the $ 250 , 000 , gii gulfstream park hcp . , for 4yo\u2019s and up , at 1 mile , winning by just a head .\nwas the just part of the news , but the really exciting part of the deal is that it opened the door for his return to racing next year . three chimneys\u2019 interest in racing palace malice in partnership with dogwood next year intrigued the man behind dogwood , cot campbell .\npalace malice is a member of lowes ' female family 2 - s . the most notable and only member of the family to win the belmont stakes is secretariat . the two distaff lines diverged in way back in the late 1800 ' s from two half sisters borne of tasmania .\npalace malice , at 8 / 5 , winner of the gii jim dandy and gi belmont stakes in 2013 opened 2014 with a very tight win in the gii gulfstream park hcp . over the always solid golden ticket . this one does his best running when stalking an early pace .\n1 ) palace malice \u2013 has a change of tactics and rated off the very quick early pace . he took command at the quarter pole and , albeit clearly exhausted at the end , ( he ran the final quarter in a very pedestrian like : 27 . 3 ) he won convincingly .\nwinstar and stonestreet sent carpe diem to seven - time eclipse award winner todd pletcher , who won the kentucky derby with the aforementioned super saver . pletcher also won the belmont stakes in 2007 with rags to riches and in 2013 with palace malice . pletcher ist he dominant trainer of the last decade .\npalace malice , the unexpected early leader of the kentucky derby five weeks ago before fading in the stretch , rallied three wide of the far turn and pulled away from his rivals to win the belmont stakes over preakness winner oxbow and kentucky derby winner orb . long shot incognito rounded out the superfecta .\nsmart strike crossed very well with mares by wild again ( by northern dancer\u2019s three - quarters relative , icecapade ) , and curlin has stakes winner stopshoppingdebbie out of a mare by that horse . palace malice could also be tried with mares by wild again sons , such as wild rush or milwaukee brew .\npalace malice flashed talent early in his racing career , breaking his maiden as a 2 - year - old at saratoga . the bay colt blossomed as a 3 - year - old , finishing second in the g1 toyota blue grass stakes before going on to capture the g1 belmont and g2 jim dandy .\npalace malice continued to improve as he got older , and had his best season as a 4 - year - old , winning four of five starts \u2013 all graded stakes \u2013 including the g1 metropolitan handicap , g2 gulfstream park h . , g2 new orleans h . , and the g3 westchester stakes .\nthis entry was posted in in the stud and tagged belmont stakes , cot campbell , curlin , dogwood stable , first - year stallion , horse racing , in the stud , kentucky equine research , palace malice , thoroughbred , three chimneys farm , todd pletcher by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\npalace malice paid $ 29 . 60 as the seventh choice in the field of 14 . he also was the third choice among pletcher ' s record five horses , the others finishing fifth ( revolutionary ) , sixth ( the filly unlimited budget ) , seventh ( overanalyze ) and 12th ( midnight taboo ) .\nwe interviewed as many of the participants and witnesses as we could from that night for this oral history \u2014 everyone below is listed with his or her job title on november 19 , 2004 . or , as the most infamous night in nba history would come to be known , \u201cthe malice at the palace . \u201d\npalace malice ( usa ) b . c , 2010 { 2 - s } dp = 4 - 5 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 2 . 64 cd = 0 . 65 - 19 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 2 , 691 , 135\npalace rumor is a half sister to two multiple stakes winning dirt sprinters , maya ' s storm ( by stormy atlantic ) and jumpifyoudare ( by jump start ) . palace malice ' s second dam whisperifyoudare didn ' t earn any blacktype and scored two wins from ten starts . her half sister sweet trip is the dam of multiple stakes winning veteran rail trip , winner of the hollywood gold cup ( g - 1 ) and earner of over $ 1 . 5 million dollars .\npalace malice , with trainer todd pletcher adding blinkers to keep the colt from looking around , unexpectedly bolted to a sizzling pace in the derby before tiring to 12th , 13 lengths behind orb . though there might not have been much he could have done that day , the belmont proved a do - over for mike smith .\nleaving the kentucky derby and preakness race winners in the dust , 15 - 1 underdog palace malice , via bovada , gave this triple crown season its third different champion in saturday ' s race at belmont park . this is the sixth time in the last eight years that the triple crown has been a three - way split .\nif you were quick to write off palace malice ' s chances in the 2013 belmont stakes , take a seat with the rest of the horse racing world . the colt with 15 - 1 odds took the 145th running in stunning fashion , but upon a closer look at the horse ' s pedigree , the win was no fluke .\ni hope everyone has had the opportunity recently to read the story of the dam , palace rumor , and the storm that destroyed barns at ellis park years ago .\nin the end , the race had a lop - sided feel to it . only a small number of horses managed to get into contention , and it was jockey mike smith aboard palace malice who stormed to victory . attached like a barnacle to the leading group , palace malice was sent to the front at the top of belmont ' s unnervingly elongated stretch , never to be caught . oxbow won the personal grudge match between the two other classic winners by finishing second . after sitting close to the pace , oxbow stuck on admirably to the task , beaten 3 \u00bc lengths . orb , in his customary early position casually watching events unfold from the rear , stayed on for third .\nit ' s no secret that palace malice gets a unique stamina advantage from his sire , who won a total of five races at the 1 1 / 4 - mile distance . stamina is usually the first thing experts look at when examining a horse ' s pedigree , due to the rigorous and extensive distance of each of the triple crown legs .\nin the 145 th edition of the belmont stakes , palace malice ' s final time of 2 : 30 . 70 for 1 \u00bd miles is comparable to the last three belmont stakes results of union rags ( 2 : 30 . 42 ) ruler on ice ( 2 : 30 . 88 \u2013 sloppy ) and drosselmeyer ( 2 : 31 . 57 ) .\nwhen he comes out of a race finishing second , he almost always comes back to win his next race . he did this in the jim dandy / travers , the classic / clark , the santa anita handicap / oaklawn handicap . if any horse is going to derail palace malice , i think will take charge is the right horse to do so .\no\u2019neal said he learned of this in his court cases . the detroit news reported in 2005 , \u201cone fan who filed a federal suit against the pacers and two players for assault had a history of alleged incidents at the palace . he threatened to pour a drink on houston rockets star yao ming at a game earlier in november . that fan , charlie haddad , was banned dec . 2 from the palace . he was confronted at half - time during the nov . 19 game with the pacers by palace security officials . \u201d\nmost say that this year is the year for palace malice , and i have a hard time arguing with perfection . this is by far his toughest challenge yet this year . just this year , he has beaten four of the eight other horses in this race . last out , he stole the met mile from grade one winner and breeders\u2019 cup champion goldencents . this whitney is well within the scope for palace malice , as we have seen , he has almost no distance limitations . he won the belmont stakes last year , over oxbow and orb , the other two triple crown race winners . he has really figured this whole winning thing out , and i think the connections have really figured him out as well .\npalace malice is a valuable addition to the strengthening roster at three chimneys , as he possesses a superb physical to go along with an amazing body of work as a racehorse . he sprinted at two , went the classic distance at three , and showed off his miler versatility at four . this season didn ' t work out due to nagging injury , but his legacy as a racehorse is secure . the retirement of palace malice also continues the idea of collaboration that is a three chimneys mainstay , in that john malone ' s bridlewood farm will be a cornerstone partner in the horse , and we anticipate that a coalition of shareholder partners will be added over the next month to ensure this extraordinary horse ' s chances to succeed at stud ,\nsaid vice chair of the three chimneys ' board , doug cauthen .\npalace malice has the sire power , the looks , and the backing to be a commercial success as well as to become an important stallion , and we look forward to showing him during the september sales\nadded grant williamson , director of stallion nominations and sales at three chimneys .\non november 19th , 2004 , at the end of a blowout between the indiana pacers and detroit pistons , the unthinkable happened . a skirmish on the floor between ron artest and ben wallace carried over into the stands . what followed was arguably the ugliest incident in sports history as fans and players traded punches in what was ultimately known as \u2018the malice at the palace . \u2019\nwell , it was redemption all right . but it was for dogwood stable ' s palace malice , who saturday stalked a stern pace to beat gritty preakness winner oxbow by 3 - 1 / 4 lengths at belmont park . orb finished another 1 - 3 / 4 lengths back in third as the only horse to significantly rally over a surface where speed was doing very well .\nwith victories in the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) \u2013 in which he defeated the winners of the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) and preakness stakes ( gr . i ) \u2013 and metropolitan handicap ( gr . i ) among his six graded stakes triumphs , palace malice has strong claims to be regarded as the most versatile top level dirt performer of his crop .\npalace malice ' s win justified pletcher ' s decision to sit out the preakness . it was a third win in a triple crown race for the trainer \u2013 some way compensating for this year ' s annual derby drubbing . both orb and oxbow garlanded themselves with honor , in doing so , elevating the overall cache of this year ' s stock of three - year olds .\nolko : i was on vacation in california . my phone started ringing off the hook . both friends and family members were calling . \u201cturn on your tv . there\u2019s something happening at the palace . \u201d so of course i turned on my tv and got back on the phone to call my deputy police chief \u2014 he was speeding and said , \u201ci\u2019m not at the palace yet . i\u2019m almost there . i\u2019ll call in a couple of minutes . \u201d because the palace is such a safe venue , we only [ had ] a handful of officers there .\nthe preakness winner and freedom child paced the field for a bit from there , taking their lead into the far turn with a few lengths working to their advantage . however , by midway through the turn , it became abundantly clear that palace malice would be charging to the front . smith worked his horse around oxbow , putting a stranglehold on the race that he would not relinquish .\nand then , in a matter of minutes , that all went away .\nthe malice at the palace ,\nas it ' s commonly known now , effectively broke up the 2004 - 05 pacers before they could ever really accomplish anything . on nov . 19 , 2004 , indiana ' s trajectory as a franchise was altered unlike anything we had ever seen before , or even since .\nwhile palace malice was trying to work his way to the inside , the starting gun opened with frac daddy bolting immediately to the front of the field , with freedom child nipping close at his heels . by the time they got through the first turn of the mile - and - a - half track , frac daddy continued to hold court while oxbow made his initial push to the front .\nlong shot palace malice emerged as the hero of todd pletcher ' s record five starters in the 145th running of the grade 1 , $ 1 million belmont stakes , charging through the stretch to a 3 \u00bc - length victory over preakness winner oxbow , with kentucky derby winner and 2 - 1 favorite orb finishing third in the 1 \u00bd - mile\ntest of the champion\nat belmont park .\nwith jockey luis saez in the irons for the first time , will take charge was sent off at 9 - 1 after a runner - up finish one length behind palace malice in the july 27 jim dandy . winner of the rebel stakes at oaklawn park earlier in the season , when he finished ahead of oxbow , the big colt competed in all three triple crown races but never hit the board .\nfinal time for the 1 \u00bc - mile event was 2 : 02 . 68 on a fast track . the winner paid $ 21 . 20 , $ 8 . 60 , and $ 5 . 20 , while moreno returned $ 25 . 40 and $ 9 . 80 , and orb bringing $ 4 . 30 . behind palace malice came romansh , war dancer , verrazano , golden soul , and transparent .\n\u201cpalace malice will be examined by a panel of vets on november 15 and if he is 100 percent racing sound to the satisfaction of three chimneys and dogwood , he will be shipped to dogwood\u2019s barn in aiken , south carolina , and prepared for another campaign with todd pletcher , his trainer throughout his career , \u201d campbell said . \u201cupon retirement from racing , three chimneys will acquire full ownership of the horse . \u201d\nstephen jackson , jermaine o\u2019neal and the aforementioned ron artest served lengthy suspensions and paid hefty fines as a result of the incident . several fans received probation , community service and were banned from the palace for life .\npalace malice wrestled the lead away from oxbow at the top of the stretch and went on to win horse racing\u2019s third jewel of the triple crown series , the 2013 belmont stakes , by 3 \u00bc lengths in elmont , ny this past saturday . oxbow , the 2013 preakness winner , stayed on well to hold second while 2013 kentucky derby winner orb , who unleashed a powerful rally on the turn but flattened out late , finished third .\nwill take charge , second in the jim dandy in late july , surged at long - time leader moreno in the shadow of the wire to win the grade 1 travers stakes at saratoga . kentucky derby winner orb made a big move on the far turn and looked poised to take command of the race at the top of the stretch but could never get by moreno . orb faded to third at the wire , holding off palace malice in a photo .\npalace malice is out of mare from the male line of nureyev , a three - quarters brother to sadler\u2019s wells . combining nureyev and sadler\u2019s wells has often worked well , and the similarly - bred english channel has sired multiple graded stakes winner channel lady out of a mare by sadler\u2019s wells son , king of kings . other sources of sadler\u2019s wells in the u . s . include el prado , medaglia d\u2019oro , kitten\u2019s joy , artie schiller and horse chestnut .\none of those two scenarios is very likely to play out the remainder of the year . if one of the grade 1 winners entered in this year ' s travers ( orb , palace malice , and verrazano ) were to win the race , then he would unquestionably be the leader in the three - year - old division , and it would take a curlin - like run at the end of the year for either of the also rans to catch up .\nindianapolis \u2014 the cup of liquid flew out of the stands at the palace of auburn hills and splattered on ron artest , prompting the ugliest melee ever seen on an nba court and sending the indiana pacers into full crisis mode .\ngrade 1 winner golden ticket finished a close second in the alysheba and merits respect for trainer kenny mcpeek in this spot . the hard - trying horse just missed against palace malice earlier this season , recording a neck second in the gulfstream park h . , and the five - year - old owns a 7 - 1 - 4 - 0 under the twin spires . julien leparoux picks up the mount on the son of speightstown and golden tickets will tote 117 pounds .\nauburn hills police chief doreen e . olko : we have zillions of security plans for the palace , for all kinds of things . but none included a player going up in the stands . that just is not something anybody foresaw .\nmike said palace malice missed the break ,\npletcher said .\nhe slipped behind and dropped way back , not his characteristic spot . mike thought he was much the best ; the break killed him . it ' s horse racing . it happens every day , every race , 14 times a day sometimes . we would have liked to have won it , but we ' ve had a great meet and we ' re not going to cry about it . we ' ll regroup and try again .\nmapping out the right path to the breeder\u2019s cup is the ultimate goal for most trainers and owners of major race horses . along with the donn handicap at gulfstream park and the santa anita handicap , the new orleans handicap is a key early season destination for horsemen eager to knock off the winter layoff rust from their charges and get them back to competing for major , graded stakes purse money . palace malice followed up his scintillating 2014 score with an impressive win in the prestigious metropolitan mile on the belmont stakes undercard .\njohn green ( the fan who lobbed a drink at artest ) : i never intended to hit anyone . the day i threw the cup i forgot about the laws of physics . i hope that no one ever throws anything at the palace again . 11\n\u2022 palace malice , a 2yo colt who made his mark at the prestigious saratoga meet . the heavily backed colt lived up to his 1 - 5 odds in an $ 80 , 000 msw , rallying powerfully to a 3 1 / 2 - length victory . bred by lane\u2019s end\u2019s will farish and trained by todd pletcher for dogwood stable , the $ 200 , 000 keeapr graduate had earned a gaudy 102 bris figure running second to the highly regarded carried interest on debut at belmont july 5 . \u201che is the only curlin that we have , and we are very fond of this colt , \u201d said pletcher of palace malice . \u201cwe expected him to run well like he did first time out and maybe improve , but you never take anything for granted in this business . he\u2019s still learning , and we were happy to see him win like this . it\u2019s exciting to see a colt that is bred the way he is to show the kind of speed that he has , and you would think he would only improve as the distances stretch out . \u201d\nbroadway empire , at 57 - 1 , struck out for the early lead in the met mile and was tracked with about a one - length advantage by goldencents , making his first start of the year . a quarter went in : 23 . 01 and a half in : 45 . 76 while 124 - pound highweight palace malice , getting the rail trip from post 1 under hall of fame jockey john velazquez , moved up from seventh place to third or fourth as romansh made his outside move in pursuit of goldencents and the leader .\nfield , i see a grade one horse in each horse , no matter if they have achieved a grade one win or not . this is probably the best whitney field i have ever seen ! we have three - year - old champion will take charge , and 2013 belmont winner palace malice , who is undefeated this season . there is the veteran in prayer for relief , who won three derbies in 2011 . romansh , who captured the 2014 excelsior ( g3 ) at aqueduct , and moreno , who played bridesmaid all last year . this field is amazing !\nalthough he ' s an early may foal , palace malice flashed talent early . he received a ton of experience in his debut in early july , sitting on the rail behind the dueling pace setters , then slipping between horses to fight it out to the wire . he was beaten only a half length , but distanced the third place horse by over six lengths . in his second start , the youngster beat a nice group of maidens by 3 \u00bd lengths . part of the field included hightail , who would go on to win the breeders ' cup juvenile sprint .\nin the 2007 derby , street sense beat hard spun and curlin and earned a beyer speed figure of 110 , which has not been matched since in the derby . in the preakness , curlin caught him at the wire and the two earned beyers of 111 . in the belmont , rags to riches held off curlin in a race that earned a 107 with a final quarter in less than 24 seconds . this year , orb\u2019s derby got a 104 , oxbow\u2019s preaknesss a 106 , and palace malice\u2019s belmont , which came home in more than 27 seconds , got a 98 .\nthis tradition rich race contested at a mile and an eighth at fairgrounds race course in new orleans has been run since 1924 and annually features the best older horses in the country . the $ 500 , 000 purse and late - march timing of the race have made this classic a logical starting point for horsemen looking to campaign their stars in the handicap division . mineshaft won the new orleans handicap during his 2003 horse of the year season and 2013 belmont hero , palace malice , impressed in the 2014 renewal while making the second start of his four year - old season .\nthe leader of this group as a racehorse , two - time horse of the year , curlin ( smart strike ) sits fifth here . at this stage of his own career , he\u2019d made just two starts ( winning the rebel stakes ( gr . iii ) on the second ) and was about to runaway with the arkansas derby ( gr . ii ) , so it\u2019s very early to pass judgement here . he does have a derby possible in palace malice ( out of a mare by theatrical son , royal anthem ) , who finished third in the risen star stakes ( gr . ii ) , had a horrible trip in the louisiana derby ( gr . ii ) , and will attempt to earn his way into the first classic in the blue grass stakes ( gr . i ) . he\u2019s also had stakes winner countess curlin ( dam by private account ) and the graded stakes placed filly blue violet ( dam by silver deputy , so 3 x 3 to curlin\u2019s broodmare sire , deputy minister ) and english stakes placed filly savanna la mar ( dam by pivotal , so bred on the same broad cross \u2013 over nureyev \u2013 as palace malice ) .\npart of the problem with this pronouncement is the ongoing misuse of the word \u201cchampion , \u201d which in american thoroughbred racing has only one correct meaning : the winner of an eclipse award as the best of his division . orb , oxbow , and palace malice are not champions , though one of them might be by season\u2019s end . ( if you want to blame someone for the devaluation of this word , look no further than the breeders\u2019 cup , which insists on calling the winner of each of its races a champion , as in \u201cbreeders\u2019 cup juvenile fillies turf champion . \u201d )\nthe belmont stakes champion ' s dam , palace rumor , doesn ' t boast the same resume , but isn ' t half bad , either . she never placed at any of the triple crown legs , but had success in winning the audubon oaks at the famous ellis park in 2006 .\nthree chimneys , on the other hand , is putting a whole new spin on rushing our best horses off to stud at the drop of a hat . they certainly sweetened the deal , when they opened the door for palace malice to run next year , which helped them win the opportunity to stand the top horse at their farm , but they did more than that . they did something good for the sport of racing , and i think i can speak for millions of race fans everywhere when i say , that i am grateful . grateful for the chance to see more or this . . ."]}
{"id": 263, "summary": [{"text": "gilbertsocrinus are an extinct genus of paleozoic stalked crinoids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these stationary upper-level epifaunal suspension feeders lived in the devonian of the czech republic and united states , as well as in the carboniferous of the united kingdom and united states , from 416.0 to 345.0 ma . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "gilbertsocrinus", "paragraphs": ["gilbertsocrinus dispansus wachsmuth & springer , 1897 - fossil crinoid from the mississippian of indiana , usa . ( william morgan collection )\ngilbertsocrinus is a common middle devonian to lower mississippian crinoid from europe , north america , and china . this crinoid has several very unusual features , such as tegmen appendages , minute arms , a very flexible column , and an unusual holdfast . it is demonstrated that a bulbous holdfast does not exist in gilbertsocrinus , as previously interpreted . gilbertsocrinus is an unusual crinoid ; however , it has a distal coil rather than a tuberous holdfast . gilbertsocrinus est un crino\u00efde r\u00e9pandu du d\u00e9vonien moyen au mississippien inf\u00e9rieur d ' europe , d ' am\u00e9rique du nord et de chine . ce crino\u00efde pr\u00e9sente plusieurs caract\u00e9ristiques inhabituelles telles que des appendices du tegmen , de minuscules bras , une colonne tr\u00e8s flexible et un crampon inhabituel . il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que , contrairement aux interpr\u00e9tations ant\u00e9rieures , un crampon bulbeux n ' est pas pr\u00e9sent chez gilbertsocrinus . si le crampon de gilbertsocrinus est effectivement inhabituel , il s ' agit d ' une spirale distale plut\u00f4t que d ' un crampon tub\u00e9reux .\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : see view # 1 for additional information . photo title : crinoid - view # 2 taxa present : gilbertsocrinus alpenensis ummp specimen number : hypotype 27690 view full record\nspecimen count 1 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age paleozoic - mississippian - lower / early stratigraphy osage group - burlington ls nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia echinodermata crinoidea diplobathrida rhodocrinitidae see more items in paleogeneral echinodermata echinodermata crinoidea biologic paleobiology place iowa , united states usnm number s7310 published name gilbertsocrinus tuberculosus ( hall )\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : this specimen is theholotype for the species . it is 1 . 5 cm across . photo title : crinoid taxa present : gilbertsocrinus alpenensis ummp specimen number : holotype 9433 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 1 . 2 cm tall . photo title : crinoid - view # 1 taxa present : gilbertsocrinus alpenensis ummp specimen number : hypotype 27690 view full record\ndescription : this unusual crinoid is known as gilbertsocrinus tuberosus . these alien - looking crinoids derive the generic name for obvious reasons . crinoids such as these are easily disarticulated , but this one is quite intact on the display side , preserved in a fine 3 - d aspect . the tubular appendages of gilbertsocrinus are unique among the crinoids , and were originally thought to be the arms until those were later found in better - preserved examples . the delicate arms and pinnules can be seen within the sheltering appendages . the stem of this crinoid is highly fexible , and is often found looped back upon itself . much preparation time was expended in freely this wonderful crinoid from its matrix prison , with the siltstone sculpted to afford this fine freestanding specimen .\nscrewstones are chert clasts from the lower carboniferous ( mississippian ) of derbyshire in which the internal moulds of the axial canal of crinoid pluricolumnals have a screw - like appearance . they are commonly regarded as curiosities , but chert can preserve the morphological details of crinoid ossicles exquisitely . the thecae of gilbertsocrinus occur only in the tournaisian ( ivorian to chadian ) of the british isles , yet their distinctive columnals range from upper devonian ( famennian ) to visean ( brigantian ) in the same region . the youngest such columnals , rounded in outline with a narrow to moderately broad marginal crenularium , a broad pentalobate lumen , and heteromorphic with two orders of internodal , are described as gilbertsocrinus fionae sp . nov . from cherts of the monsal dale limestone formation of youlgrave , derbyshire .\nthis is a 2 . 3\nwide gilbertsocrinus dispansus crinoid fossil from the famous witherspoon crinoid quarry near crawfordsville , indiana . the quality of preparation on this fossil is exquisite - using skillful air - abrasion techniques under a stereo microscope . it is believed that crinoids from the edwardsville formation were buried in sediment from nearby deltas during storms . the resulting siltstone deposits are soft enough that fossils can be extracted in exquisite , three - dimensional relief .\n. . . this situation is beginning to change , with studies on the holdfasts of gilbertsocrinus phillips 1836 and barycrinus meek & worthen 1868 ( hollis & ausich 2008 , 2009 ) and on the role of holdfasts in the life history of upper ordovician crinoids ( brett et al . 2008 ) . mcghee ( 1999 ) pointed out the similarity of crinoids to tropical trees ; he likened the arms to the canopy , the stem to the trunk and the holdfast to the root system ( fig . 1 ) . . . .\nthis is a spectacular crinoid association from the world famous crawfordsville crinoid locality collected by tom witherspoon there are 10 crinoids on the plate , representing 8 different species . this is a natural association and none of them were composited onto the plate . the species on this piece include gilbertsocrinus dispansus , sarocrinus varsorensis , cyathocrinites iowensis , cyathocrinites harrodi , cyathocrinites multibrachiatus , agaricocrinus americannus , captocrinus myelodactyius and abrotocrinus manus . numbers identifying the crinoids is present on the back of the specimen . the preparation on this piece is spectacular and it represents many dozens of hours of work by one of the best preparitors around .\nthis is a huge , museum quality crinoid plate from the ramp creek limestone in indiana . the entire plate measures 20 inches wide and contains around 24 crinoids representing at least 6 different genus ( cyathocrinus , macrocrinus , taxocrinus , gilbertsocrinus , sarocrinus , scatalocrinus ) . the crinoids are very , 3d and stand out in high relief against the limestone . a piece like this takes and incredible number of hours to prepare so at this price you are basically just paying for the preparation work . the plate would have come out of the ground in several pieces , so it has repairs , and restoration work down to the matrix to fill in gaps .\ndeath assemblages preserved on bedding planes - fossil ' sea floors ' - are important palaeontological sampling points . a fossil sea floor from salthill quarry ( mississippian ) , clitheroe , lancashire , preserves a mixture of crinoid debris with rarer tabulate corals and has yielded a rich diversity of palaeoecological information . identifiable crinoids include gilbertsocrinus sp . and a platycrinitid , associated with columnals / pluricolumnals , brachials / arms and a basal circlet , crinoid - infesting tabulate corals such as cladochonus sp . and emmonsiaparasitica ( phillips ) , and the spoor of a pit - forming organism . long pluricolumnals showing sub - parallel orientations suggest a current azimuth ; one coral is silicifled with the mineral beekite .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\n\u2022 type locality u . c . location s . 8049 ( zone c ) - clark and durham ( 1946 ) ( eocene of colombia )\ngeological time : lower mississippian osagean stage ( 345 m . y . a )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nhollis , k . a . & ausich , w . i . 2009 : ontogeny and life - history strategy of barycrinus ( crinoidea , mississippian ) . lethaia , vol . 42 , pp . 138 - 145 discovery of an encrusting juvenile holdfast assigned to the mississippian crinoid barycrinus demonstrates that this stalked crinoid had a complex life history . the free - swimming larva settled to become a hard substratum encrusting juvenile , which broke . . . [ show full abstract ]\na low - diversity crinoid fauna is described from the fitchville formation , lower mississippian ( late devonian to early mississippian ) of utah county , utah . based on the crinoid fauna , composed of nunnacrinus olsoni new species , paracosmetocrinus lundi new species , and platycrinites sp . , this fauna is interpreted as being from the kinderhookian , upper fitchville formation . this occurrence of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nstratigraphical and geographical distribution of mississippian ( lower carboniferous ) crinoidea from . . .\na total of 47 genera , in 80 species , of mississippian , or lower carboniferous , crinoids are evaluated from 61 localities in scotland based on a modern update of the literature , study of museum collections , and new field work . among the 80 species , 76 are considered valid , with eight requiring new combinations of genus and species names . in addition , one species is considered a nomen dubium , . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngilmocrinus kentuckyensis n . sp . from the late osagean ( mississippian ) muldraugh member of the borde . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour session has expired . for your security , we have logged you out . would you like to log in again ?\nquality solutions , designed with you as our focus by a team and network of professionals with advanced degrees in science , quality control , engineering , manufacturing and industry experience .\nyou need to be comfortable and find the proper fit , vwr wants to help find the best pipette for you .\nwe have all of the labware you need to complete your next reaction . order your free sample kit and evaluate for yourself .\nvwr supports you in your autosampler vial selection process through on - site consultations with our chromatography specialists , and providing samples when needed .\nvwr provides the cell culture community with access to the most reliable supply of exceptional quality fetal bovine serum : vwr life science seradigm .\nquanta biosciences and vwr are proud to fund a grant award for publication of research involving qpcr methodologies utilizing any quanta bioscience qpcr reagent in jove .\nvwr\u00ae ' s cell culture portfolio provides all the essential instruments , tailored to the needs of your cell biology processes .\na strong , vibrant research and development group is the lifeblood of all industries . vwr will support you from the latest life science products to the guaranteed purity of organic building blocks . . .\nguaranteed to work in 43 , 60 , & 80mhz benchtop nmr spectrometers , these tubes are economically priced for high - throughput laboratory environments .\nvwr is ready to support your production facility with reliable access to raw materials and essential supplies . we can also help you increase productivity . . .\n3m\u2122 versaflo\u2122 powered air purifying respirator - the new standard in intrinsically safe protection .\nthe tr - 800 - eck is a complete powered air purifying respirator featuring an intrinsically safe motor / blower and including everything required to get started for use in operations where it is important to be able to easily clean the papr system .\nrocky mountain biologicals manufactures high purity water meeting or exceeding usp , ep , and astm requirements for a wide range of scientific research and biomanufacturing applications . our water makes your science better .\ndecon labs offers alcohol solutions , disinfectants , detergents and a sprocidin for your production needs .\noffering innovative , high quality products for genomics , proteomics , cell biology , and microbiology . . .\nsterileware\u00ae brand fda grade sterile scoops , spoons , spatulas and more treat critical samples with the sensitivity they deserve . try them for free !\nwe are committed to providing you with products and processes that make it easy for you to focus on results . . .\nsklar ' s tru - punch is carefully honed for a smooth razor sharp incision and provides a seamless cutting edge for the perfect sample .\none touch / go anaerobic\nautomatic anaerobic chamber with touch screen control panel and two - year warranty .\nthe unique shuttle brings portable ultra - low storage to the clinical environment . storing up to 1800 2ml vials , it plugs into any outlet worldwide .\nfind eyewear , gloves , respirators , and more for better safety in the lab and throughout your facility . . .\nmade with tnt\u2122 chemical splash resistance technology , for soft durable protection against a wide range of chemicals . 2x more chemical splash protection than leading brands due to breakthrough polymer bonding technique\na complete solution - scan and print software , a durable brady label printer , and a barcode scanning device .\nadhesive - backed grippy floor mat line will help prevent slips , trips and falls in your high - traffic areas . get a free pig hat with your grippy order !\nthe aurelia brand features a wide variety of latex & nitrile gloves for every application . we ' re sure to have the perfect fit for you on hand !\nthis carefully selected portfolio is specifically designed to help you prevent potential contamination and maintain aseptic conditions in cleanrooms and controlled environments . . .\na low - cost sterile nitrile glove combining the sensitivity of latex with the protection of nitrile .\nvwr\u00ae silicone tubing is ideally suited for single use / disposable research and development and production processes .\nwhether you are improving specific workstations , renovating your facility , or building a lab from scratch , the vwr furniture team is ready to help . . .\nif you need essential lab furniture at a moment ' s notice , vwr\u00ae rediship is your source .\nvwr provides comprehensive information and services on instruments and consumables for a wide variety of chromatography techniques and applications . . .\nthe products you use , the products you need , the suppliers you trust for chromatography .\nvwr / anachemia continues to be the undisputed leader when it comes to supplying laboratories conducting mineral analyses around the world . . .\nvwr is proud of our years of experience providing choice and excellent service to the industrial market from food & beverage , petrochemical , environmental testing , waste water , cosmetics , consumer goods , agriculture and more . . .\nsafety of food has always been a priority for food and beverage manufacturers . vwr is here to help with a broad array of media , rapid tests , consumables , and instruments to support all your needs .\nwith a high - performance weighing cell , integrated security features and user guidance , ml - t and ms - ts balances give you confidence in your results .\nvwr is committed to providing efficient and effective solutions to government buyers . . .\nvwr is your complete source for workplace supplies . binders , calendars , pens , cleaning and sanitation supplies , and office equipment are just some of the essential products we offer . . .\nvwr ' s all you need programs provide you with carefully selected product and service solutions essential for every step in the following applications or industries .\nvwr has all you need for organic synthesis . from state - of - the art fume hoods , to specialty glassware , to building blocks , catalysts , and dry solvents , to flash , prep , and thin - layer chromatography products , as well as relevant instruments , equipment . . .\nwith 160 years of experience in supporting science , our people have the practical knowledge and creative expertise to think big , deliver fresh ideas , and develop innovative services to help you solve your most critical business challenges .\nover 1 , 200 vwr catalyst associates are working worldwide today at industry - leading pharmaceutical , biotech , healthcare , education , industrial , and high - tech production institutions .\nfor more information on vwr catalyst , call 1 . 888 . 793 . 2300 or email us at vwrcatalyst @ urltoken .\nhigh - quality chemicals and services , customized to your product or manufacturing needs . . .\nvwr enables the advancement of science by providing high - quality chemicals and services , customized to your product or manufacturing needs .\nwe use operational excellence to deliver solutions that enable research , testing , production , and commercialization across the globe .\ncontact vwr custom manufacturing services at 1 . 800 . 932 . 5000 or vwrcustom @ urltoken .\nin addition to vwr . com , vwr offers a state - of - the - art technology solutions portfolio . . .\nvwr single - use solutions enable biopharmaceutical manufacturers to implement technologies that accelerate scientific innovation . . .\nfind everything you need to start setting up your lab , including special savings , checklists , and more . . .\ndownload or request printed materials from our extensive selection of literature on products , tech articles , and more . . .\na complete camerate crinoid crown and stem prepared three - dimensionally out of a matrix . resin . indiana .\nwe are currently unable to calculate your contract price for this item . list price is being displayed temporarily . when your order is processed , you will be invoiced at your contract price even though list price is displayed now\nbarcode label format : avery 5161 - 1\nx 4\navery 5160 - 1\nx 2 - 5 / 8\navery 5162 - 1 - 1 / 3\nx 4\navery 5523 - 2\nx 4\navery l7162 - 99 . 1mm x 33 . 9mm\nwe found alternative products that can save you up to per item - unit . to compare product details , select up to 3 alternatives below and click compare selected . to add items to your basket , enter a quantity and click add to basket .\nhow is savings calculated ? we multiply the savings per unit ( in parenthesis ) times the total units of the original product .\navantor is a leading global provider of integrated , tailored solutions for the life sciences and advanced technology industries . strengthened by the recent acquisition of vwr , the company is a trusted partner to customers and suppliers from discovery to delivery . collectively , we set science in motion to create a better world .\nthank you for visiting our site . these terms and conditions of use are applicable to the united states , canada and puerto rico websites ( \u201ccollectively the web site\u201d ) operated by vwr ( the \u201ccompany\u201d ) . if you are accessing the web site from outside the united states , canada , or puerto rico , please see the appropriate international website , available at www . vwr . com , for applicable terms and conditions . all users of the web site are subject to the following website terms and conditions of use ( these \u201cterms of use\u201d ) . please read these terms of use carefully before accessing or using any part of the web site . by accessing or using the web site , you agree that you have read , understand and agree 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should be directed to solutions @ vwr . com .\nwe respect the intellectual property of others , and we ask our users to do the same . if you believe that your work has been copied and is accessible on the site in a way that constitutes copyright infringement , you may notify us by providing our copyright agent the following information :\na statement by you , made under penalty of perjury , that the above information in your notice is accurate and that you are the copyright owner or authorized to act on the copyright owner ' s behalf .\nour agent for notice of claims of copyright infringement on the site can be reached at : solutions @ vwr . com .\n\u2013 gsl fellows : log in with your lyell username and password . ( please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n\u2013 other users : log in with the username and password you created when you registered . help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article . this will require you to create an account if you don ' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens , you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote : we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article , and that it is not junk mail . we do not retain these email addresses .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would be interested in this article in proceedings of the yorkshire geological society .\ncrinoids ( sea lilies ) are sessile , benthic , filter - feeding , stalked echinoderms that are relatively common in the marine fossil record . crinoids are also a living group , but are relatively uncommon in modern oceans . a crinoid is essentially a starfish - on - a - stick . the stick , or stem , is composed of numerous stacked columnals , like small poker chips . stems and individual columnals are the most commonly encountered crinoid fossils in the field . intact , fossilized crinoid heads ( crowns , calices , cups ) are unusual . why ? upon death , the crinoid body starts disintegrating very rapidly . the soft tissues holding the skeletal pieces together decay and the skeleton falls apart .\nthis is an articulated crown of platycrinus saffordi from the famous crawfordsville crinoid fauna in indiana . the deposit is well known for its abundance of exceptionally preserved , articulated fossil crinoids and other echinoderms . this crinoid occurrence is one of the most spectacular on earth - it contains at least 63 different crinoid species ( ausich , 1999 ) , many of which are quite sizable .\nausich , w . i . 1999 . lower mississippian edwardsville formation at crawfordsville , indiana , usa . pp . 145 - 154 in fossil crinoids . cambridge , u . k . cambridge university press .\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 2 . 3 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : decadocrinus stewartae ummp specimen number : hypotype 27707 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 2 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : decadocrinus wrightae silicaensis ummp specimen number : holotype 57905 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 2 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : corocrinus pettyesi ummp specimen number : holotype 30529 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 / 7 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : cunctocrinus fortunatus ummp specimen number : holotype 57431 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 5 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : decadocrinus hughwingi ummp specimen number : holotype 30528 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 5 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : holotype 57920 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 1 . 7 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : paratype 57907 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 2 . 4 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : paratype 57897 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 2 . 4 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : paratype 57899 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : milan , washtenaw , mi strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 3 cm tall . photo title : crinoid - view # 1 taxa present : gennaeocrinus chilmanae ummp specimen number : holotype 57173 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : milan , washtenaw , mi strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : see view # 1 for additional information . photo title : crinoid - view # 2 taxa present : gennaeocrinus chilmanae ummp specimen number : holotype 57173 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : , alpena , mi strat unit : bell formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 0 . 8 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : logocrinus conicus ummp specimen number : paratype 57222 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 1 . 6 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : opsiocrinus mariae ummp specimen number : hypotype 61006 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 4 cm across . photo title : crinoid - view # 1 taxa present : lennaeocrinus goldringae ummp specimen number : holotype 9434 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : see view # 1 for additional information . photo title : crinoid - view # 2 taxa present : lennaeocrinus goldringae ummp specimen number : holotype 9434 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 5 . 5 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : proctothylacocrinus longus ummp specimen number : hypotype 51725 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 7 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : proctothylacocrinus longus ummp specimen number : paratype 27694 view full record\n> stream h\u0089\u0094u\u00eb\u0092\u009b0\u0010\u00fc\u0002\u00fe\u0081\u00a3\u00b7 * \u00ab\u00e8 - tlry r\u00b5\u0087\u00f8\u00b8\u0017\u0016k ) \u0016 \u0081\u00e38 _ ! \u008d \\ k\u00817\u00f6\u00e5\u00e5\u0081\u009e\u0091\u00a6\u00a7 { \u00f0\u001aa\u008c\u00f3\u00f5\u00df\u00ec\u00fd\u0017\u009c\u0013\u001a\u00a2\u00e7\u00ec\u00fd \u0019ft\u00b8 ? u\u00b6\u00fa\u00b5 / \u00ad\u00bd\u00eb\u00d7 ? \u00fd3\u008fp\u00ef\u008e\u0010s\u00ed\u00e2cf\u0088\u0088\u00a5 \\ \u0097 \u0093\u0097i\u00f2\b1\u0093lj\u00f2\u00a7\u00e3\u00ef\u00a7\u00e3th\u00fa\u00f1\u00b4m\u0095f\u00be\u00f31ad\u00f3 ) \u00f3\u00e1\u00b1t\u0001\u00ff } ? c\u000f\u0010k\u00ad & \u00b4 { \u00a1\u0001\u00fc\u00a9\u00dfw\u00e3\u00f1bqe0\u0014 ' \u00aa\b\u00f8\u0087\u00ba\u00e9\u00134\u00f2q\u00e1\u00ba\u00e4\u00a18\u00e1\u0000 ^ \u00d7\u00e6\u0002krs\u00b8\u0088 \u0001k\u00ed\u00ee\u009a\u00e1t\u0017\u0018r\u0094\u00efh\u00e5\u0084\u0086\u00fc\u00f1\u0090d\u00e5 + rl\u00a1\u0001\u00aa\u0000\u00fb\u00a5w \u00b9\u009f\u00d7\u00f9\u00e7u\u00e6\u00a6 ` \u00e1\u00f5\u00eb _ \u00bb\u00ed\u0018g\u00ea\u00f5\u00e7 \u008e\u00a4t\u0089\u009bx\u00e1\u00f5\u00f4\u0016d3q\u00a7c\u008b\u00e3\u00eet\u008d\u0019\u0016\u00b9vu\u0089\u009c7\u00a8\u00e1\u00f2ej\u00eb\u00e6\u00e7\u0014i\u00e1 \u0013\u0095\u00e5qa\u00e5li\u0098\u00f0p\u00e6\u00e8\u0086\u009d\u0014\u00fa\u00fax\n6\u00a9 - 0ex @ \u00fb\u00fb\u00be\u00a4t \u0002\u0002\u00e9\u0099\u00ee\u00ef \u00e24\u0080\u00f2t # \u00efp = jf\u0094\u0091\u0094\u00b2u\u00fe\u00e1\u008e\u00b5 - \u00ab\u00b2\u001b\u00eb\u0012\u00a4\u00e8 ' \u0012\u00a7f\u00ab\u00f2\u00eel7\u001a\u00fb \\ 77\u0081\u00e447e\u0091 * n\u009b [ 4\u00f4\u00e3\u00ea [ \u00f3mr \u00ef ` \u0004\u009c\u00aah\u0012 \u00ec \u00ea\u00a6j\u00e0u\u00f41a\u00f31\u0017\u00e0\u0097z\u00f9\u00b7\u008ex\u00e1\u00e0\u00b84zk\u00ac\u0013\u00ac\u0089x\u00ac\u00e5y { \u000e\u00e3\u00e0f\u00a5 } y < \u00e2\u0011\u00ec\u00a2\u00d71\u0083\u00e5c\u00fetf76 } w\u00b6\u00ed\u00a2\u008f )\n< 6\u00ef ) \u00ec\u00b8\u0083i\u00e1m < \u0082h0 } \u0094\u0098\u00b7\u00bc\u00fdm6\u008b + \u00e5\u007f\u00b3\u0015\u00f4 \u008e\u00e9i\u0081\u00fe6 [ \u00064 > \u00a4 ~ 0 t\u0012\u0016\u00f4m\u00f2vt\b c\u0092o\u008f\u0089 \u00e9\u00f4\u0095\u00ab\u0089 \u00e6\u00f5\u00fc\u00f3pf\u00f3\u008bk + \u00df\u00e7\u00a2\u00ed\u00be6\u00ed\u0093\u00b1\u00e3\u00f0w\u00b6\u00e9\u00f6 5\u008c\u008a\u0082\u0006\u00ab\u00f5n\u00d7\u009bnh\u00a2d\u00f0l\u0007 / ~ % \u00bd & | ? \u008bsu ' h b8a\u0087 zl\u00e0\u008a\u00b5 , \u00fc\u00e8\u0019 / \u0010\u00bf\u00f1\u00fe\u0084 \u0083\u009el\u00fbw\u00fbew8s \u0091\u00ea ` \u00ea\u0084\u00e16\u008b\u00bb\u00f1 $ \u00f4\u00b8\u0095\u00fd\u00ea\u00e1\u00fc\u00fcj\u00f9 ? \u0001\u0006\u0000\u000e \u00e59 endstream endobj 18 0 obj < < / length 620 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h\u0089\u0094ua\u0092\u009b0\u0010 | \u0001\u007f\u00e0\u00b89\u00acv\u00a4a\u0002\u00e5\u0098j6\u00b9\u00a4r\u00f1\u0007\b\u0096\u0081\u00e4\u0011 ) \u00e0\u00eb\u00aa } } \u0004\u001a\u00a5\u00bcbq\u00ec . y\u00f3\u009aqo\u00f7\u00e8\u0011\u0018\u00e72\u00df5\u00f9c\u00fe\u001a { z\u0097\u00ef ~ d\u00e0\u0000 ` \u00fdoz\u00d7\u00e8x\u00e5\u00f6\u00e7\u00ec\u00f1\u00edt ~ ' \u00ef\u00ech\u00e6\u00e10\u008c\u0011\u00e4\u00ac\u00eb\u0082\u00a1\u0094\u0004\u00e1\u0082\u0012\u009c\u00ech\u009a\u00a1\u00b5\u00fd\u00ab\u0089 @ { \u00ea # \u0094 ^ @ \u00ae $ \u00bf\u00f5\u00ba\u00e0\u0091w \u00dfg ( \u00bb\u00ae\u00b9\u00bf\u00e1\u00f9m \u00e8\u00b9kv % \u0018 . \u00a1z _ \u009c\u000f \\ { \u00f4g\u00f32\u00f8\u00benf\u00f9\u00b4\u00eb > \u00ec2\u0007 i\u00eb\u00f2 ; \u00b6\u0019\u0016\u00ac , gtl - 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& \u00df\u0019\u0010 o\u0003b ? = g\u00b6\u00b4 > \u00e5\u00e2 ` tv\u00e9\u008d { \u00ab\u009f\u00aa\u008e\u00f2\u00b5\u00f4\u00e2\u008d\u0090\u009b\u0002\u000f\u00fe\u00e9\u00fe ] y\u00f0\u00f7\u00ef\u00a7\u00bf\u00e2l1\u00a4\u008by > \u00e9\u00e2 ] c , \u0010vk\u00a6\u00bd\u0014\u00b9\u00fc\u0019 - \u00bc\u0091g\u00eb\u00b8\u00f4jze\u008753\u00f4\u00b8\u0094\u009bs5\u00f0\u00e4 ` \u00fb\u0014\u00ea\u0010\u0011\u00eae\u00f0 \u00af\u00a3\u0014\u00bb\u00fa , \u00fc\u0019\u0082i\u00bc ) p 0 ? \u00bex\u00af $ \u00f82\u00ee\u009c\u00f1\u0001\u00e9 i\u0093 \\ \u0017 ) \u00ee\u00b6xi\u0093\u00b2r\u00e1 ( \u00a2r\u00e1\u0089\u00acy\u00a3\u0090\u00eb\u00e4 \u00a6\u009e\u000f ] r\u00e7\u00f0\u00b4z ( \u00ef\u0084\u00f3\u00fa\u0001 ? \u0001\u00f5gf \u0086 da\u00f2\u00b4\u00e0\u00b4m\b\n* * * important * * * fyi . . effective now . . all payments made will show as being paid to\nprehistoric fossils\n. we are changing the name of the business to\nprehistoric fossils\nbut nothing else will change ! still family owned and operated the same as usual . . our web address will not change either . . so if you type in urltoken you will still get here . at some point in the future we may merge this and our urltoken sites into one super site ! thanks for understanding . . . merv , chris & lisa . . .\nthe overall size of this plate measures approx . 3 1 / 2\u2033 wide x 6 1 / 2\u2033 long .\n* this value is calculated using researchgate data and is based on average citation counts from work published in this journal . the data used in the calculation may not be exhaustive .\nduring mois 2 devensian ice spread into the vale of york and down the north sea coast to norfolk . the writer has been investigating the geomorphological impact since 1954 , and this paper is essentially a personal assessment of various events and their consequences . evidence is provided for two distinct advances of ice into lincolnshire and eastern yorkshire , the later being the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and the earlier a pre - lgm event . other views regarding the lgm in holderness and southern yorkshire are challenged . consideration is given to the extents and levels of proglacial lakes , and a case is made that a bedrock sill at gainsborough exerted stronger control on lake levels than oscillations of ice in the humber gap . isostatic displacements related to the two advances are held responsible for the existence of lake humber in two discrete phases .\nthe sediments at welton - le - wold have been described and discussed for some 40 years , mainly because of two important features , the discovery of artefacts beneath ancient tills and the direct overlay of devensian till on one of these . quarry operations ceased in 1973 , and in 2004 a report for english heritage ( aram et al , 2004 ) described renewed research and also presented an interpretation of environmental circumstances that differed from earlier accounts . the earlier views were reiterated ( straw , 2005 ) , but two recent papers ( green , 2011 ; gamble , 2014 ) relied on the 2004 version . data concerning the sediments , their modes and environments of deposition are now confirmed , and age estimates place the older deposits firmly within mois 8 ( 300 - 245ka bp ) .\nin addition to the two new fossil locations previously described within chamwood forest , multiple new fossil planes , including new locations , have been discovered over the last year . multiple disc - form fossils abound in these localities . probable new species are described , albeit largely as single specimens . one of the newly discovered localities offers the highest concentration of fossil forms to be found within charnwood forest to date .\nnew localities with precambrian fossils have been found in charnwood forest . new specimens include hadrynichorde aff . catalinensis , which is a species potentially new to britain . also revealed are juvenile forms of organisms not recorded previously , and fossil forms that have no clear associations with currently recognised species .\nthe lower jurassic marlstone rock formation was formerly worked for ironstone near denton ( se lincolnshire ) , and the middle jurassic northampton sand formation near hungerton and colsterworth ( se lincolnshire ) and saltby ( ne leicestershire ) , southwest and south of grantham . two ammonites from the northampton sand formation at hungerton are illustrated .\nwhen the upper greensand of the haldon hills was surveyed in the 1960s poor exposure made its subdivision impossible , but a seismic survey revealed a remarkable thickness variation from 16m to 84m . this variation was explained in terms of contemporaneous down - folding of the basement during deposition . later excavations for the re - aligned a38 road across great haldon yielded good sections that enabled a succession to be compiled and aided correlation with the sections in east devon . there remain major questions concerning the erosional history of the upper greensand , and there is no explanation either for the survival of the haldon hills themselves or for the absence of any upper greensand outliers between haldon and the main outcrop of east devon .\ndiscrete , funnel - shaped structures consisting of downwarped and disrupted strata are described from a restricted stratigraphical interval in the late neoproterozoic charnian supergroup , just above the base of the bradgate formation at exposures in bradgate park , in charnwood forest , leicestershire . the structures occur within a deep - water marine turbidite succession and have attracted much attention , with a variety of explanations advanced to account for their origin including volcanic bomb - impacts and burrowing organisms . this article describes these structures , interprets their mode of origin , and concludes that they compare with features known as ' thixotropic wedges ' . the latter have been described from various other parts of the world and are commonly placed within a category of soft - sediment deformation phenomenon known as ' seismites ' . such an association may have important implications for the style of turbidite sedimentation in the charnian supergroup as a whole .\nin 1849 , john plant reported\npolypidoms of a coralline\nfrom the\nkeuper sandstone\nexposed in a railway cutting near leicester . he proposed the name gorgonia keuperi for these structures , but this is a nomen nudum . subsequent authors have consistently questioned the organic origin of ' gorgonia keuperi ' , or considered it to be an ichnofossil , but it has never been illustrated . museum specimens labelled ' gorgonia keuperi ' have been found to contain a number of ichnofossils , amongst which the commonly occurring planolites montanus is considered most likely to be the inspiration for what john plant termed ' ' gorgonia ' .\na considerable volume of palaeoclimatic research has emerged in the last 20 years since the initial publication of the greenland ice core records . this review focuses on the pattern of holocene climate change that includes a remarkable oscillation in the so - called 8 . 2 ka bp event . the footprint of this is tracked across the north atlantic , from its spectacular origins in the hudson bay megaflood , to the greenland ice sheet , and on into western europe and beyond . researchers are unanimous in recognising a sharp temperature downturn in this anomaly , but differ in their understanding of its impact on precipitation . a hypothesis of cold aridity is proposed , and the paper concludes with a speculative look into the future .\nphosphate is a minor component of mesozoic and tertiary formations . it occurs widely scattered as nodules in argillaceous sediments , but is commonly concentrated in pebble beds and may be found replacing fossils . phosphatic animal remains are rare and commonly occur immediately above major discontinuities , and fossilised animal faeces ( coprolites ) are extremely rare . phosphatic pisoliths occur at only one horizon .\nthe hucklow - eyam - longstone area is largely composed of the monsal dale and eyam limestones subdivisions of the carboniferous limestone , with a cover of millstone grit shales and sandstones . workable mineral veins are hosted in late visean limestones above the cressbrook dale lava . a few have been followed beneath the namurian shale cover . the limestones dip gently eastwards except for the late visean longstone edge monocline . the e - w hucklow edge rake and the watersaw - high - deep rake vein systems dominate and a geological history of fracturing in late visean times followed by episodic mineralization in westphalian times can be deduced ."]}
{"id": 265, "summary": [{"text": "the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) , also known as the timneh grey parrot or timneh african grey parrot , is a west african parrot that is variously considered a subspecies of the african grey parrot psittacus erithacus timneh , or a full species psittacus timneh .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "in aviculture , it is often referred to by the initials tag and is commonly kept as a companion parrot . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "timneh parrot", "paragraphs": ["clinical management of an ectopic egg in a timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) .\ntimneh african greys aka timneh parrots ( psittacus timneh formerly psittacus erithacus timneh ) are a bit smaller and less well known than the larger congo grey .\ninformation on the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclinical management of an ectopic egg in a timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ntwo subspecies of the grey parrot are the larger , more popular congo grey parrot and the smaller timneh .\nheavy trapping and habitat loss are fueling population declines of the timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) in many parts of west africa .\nthe african grey parrot , grey parrot or congo african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) is an old world parrot in the family psittacidae .\narchived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ?\nthis entry was posted in africa , archive , parrots and tagged grey parrot , timneh grey parrot . bookmark the permalink .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh )\ntitle =\narkive species - timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n16 responses to archived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ?\nthe timneh parrot is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\narchived 2011 - 2012 topics : grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) has been split into grey parrot ( p . erithacus ) and timneh grey parrot ( p . timneh ) : are both eligible for uplisting ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - timneh parrot\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - timneh parrot\ntitle =\narkive photo - timneh parrot\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe timneh grey parrot has a horn - colored beak , dark grey body , maroon tail , and white around the eyes .\nthe tail and undertail coverts are red , in comparison to the maroon of the smaller timneh parrot . both sexes appear similar .\nthis entry was posted in africa , archive , parrots and tagged parrots , timneh parrot , wildlife trade . bookmark the permalink .\ngrey parrot psittacus erithacus has been split into grey parrot p . erithacus and timneh grey parrot p . timneh on the basis of genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences , following the findings presented by melo and o\u2019ryan ( 2007 ) and additional work by the birdlife taxonomic working group ( unpubl . data ) .\ngiven the large numbers in captivity around the world , it seems incredible that almost nothing is known of the lives of wild timneh parrots ( psittacus timneh ) .\na 13 - year - old female timneh african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) was evaluated because of the presence of a bald patch of skin caudal to the sternum and increased territorial and nesting behavior of 2 weeks ' duration .\nthis project has just captured the first ever video of timneh parrot breeding behaviour providing a valuable opportunity for biologists to learn more about the species in time .\n2008 .\npsittacus erithacus ( african grey parrot , congo african grey parrot , grey parrot )\n( on - line ) . zipcodezoo . com . accessed march 20 , 2008 at urltoken .\ni am looking for a timneh african grey baby if possible . my special needs son is devastate\ni am currently looking to purchase a baby timneh african grey parrot in ct or close to ct . please e - mail me if you can help thank you star\nthe timneh was until recently considered a sub - species of the congro grey . however , in 2011 , the timneh and congo grey parrot races were officially separated based on genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences ( ref . research by melo and o ' ryan - 2007 ) .\ncongo and tinmeh african greys ( ( psittacus e . erithacus and p . e . timneh ) , aves international\nthe status of the grey parrot and its habitat in state owned protected areas in the contemporary range of the parrot were evaluated and presented in table 2 .\none criteria for splitting up the two species was the fact that these two species don ' t interbreed within their natural habitat . however , congo grey / timneh grey hybrids have occurred in captivity ( for example , libby , a congo - timneh hybrid african grey parrot - image published on urltoken ) . even though congo - timneh crosses are very rare , they are said to be viable and fertile ( able to produce young ) . these hybrids are smaller in size than the congo african grey with the darker grey plumage of the timneh .\nthe african grey is a medium - sized parrot with a bare facial patch .\nafrican grey parrot personality , food & care | pet birds by lafeber co .\nclemmons , j . r . 2003 . status survey of the african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus timneh ) and development of a management program in guinea and guinea - bissau . cites , geneva , switzerland .\nthis is roscoe , my timneh african grey parrot talking and making various noises . can you tell what he is saying , and which noises he is mimicking ? : ) hint : he loves his name .\nthe african grey parrot is famous for its intelligence and ability to mimic human speech .\nthe timneh african grey is its own bird . it has a different look and a different personality than the congo . the timneh is not as\nking - like\nand demanding as the congo . but like the congo the timneh is a little shy , yet far more outgoing than its counterpart . timnehs will tolerate more commotion , doors banging and the general noises going on around him . being a more relaxed parrot than its cousin it is easier to have around .\nhilarious ! the smartest african gray parrot , talking - singing , and making vacuum sounds .\nfigure 4 : contemporary distribution of grey parrots in ecoregions of cameroon using parrot detection points .\ni . madindou and r . mulwa , \u201csome conservation aspects of the african grey parrot (\nthe african grey parrot is divided into two subspecies : the timneh african grey and the congo african grey parrot . both have slate gray feathers , yellow eyes , a reddish tail . the african grey congo parrot averages 12 . 8 inches in length , has a bright red tail ( visible in the image on the left ) and a large curved black beak . the timneh is about an inch smaller and has a dark maroon colored tail and a horn colored upper beak with a black tip ( as seen in the bird on the right ) .\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\nfigure 5 : current distribution of grey parrots in vegetation cover in cameroon in relation to parrot detection points .\ns . a . tamungang and s . s . ajayi , \u201cdiversity of food of the grey parrot (\nvarious parrot densities were calculated using the above formula . total surface area ( size ) occupied by rainforest within the current range of the parrot in each region was obtained from the ministry of forest and wildlife , cameroon [\nforaging is an important part of normal daily parrot activity . teach and encourage pet birds to play and forage .\na captive african grey parrot named alex was able to use english words to identify colours , shapes and quantities .\nfigure 2 : current distribution of grey parrots in cameroon in relation to parrot detection points and aboveground vegetation biomass .\ntable 2 : status of the grey parrot in national protected areas within the contemporary range of the bird species .\nare native to various parts of western and central africa including kenya , uganda , liberia , and islands off the west coast of africa . the timneh african grey ,\nthe parrot showed his ability to learn over 100 words , differentiating between objects , colors , materials , and shapes .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2016 ) . timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 15 september 2016 ) .\nm . melo and c . o ' ryan , \u201cgenetic differentiation between pr\u00edncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot (\nan african grey timneh that is well cared for will seldom become ill . though it is often difficult to determine illness , some visible signs of illness to be aware of are :\nthe timneh african grey is readily available in the pet market . the cost of the timneh is usually a little less than the cost of the congo , however they might be harder to find . the reason is for this is the timnehs were not imported to the same degree the congos were and so breeding these feathered creatures has to catch up to demand .\nafrican greys have a strong pair bond in the wild and it carries over to captivity . the timneh will prefer a singular individual , and often someone of the opposite sex . he will tolerate others in the family but stay attached to pretty much just one person . the timneh can be silly and likes to play and frequently considers its human one big personal toy .\nstaff from the institute of biodiversity and protected areas in guinea bissau ( ibap ) have been working with former parrot trappers and biologists from portugal and iucn member world parrot trust to collect a range of data while at the same time protecting nests from poachers .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . timneh parrot ( psittacus timneh ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ntimneh grey parrot appears to have disappeared completely from the forests on and near mt nimba in nimba county , liberia . recent surveys in jun - jul 2008 and jan 2009 by ron demey , apr - may 2010 by ben phalan and oct - nov 2011 by francoise dowsett - lemaire and ben phalan in the east nimba nature reserve and nearby forest areas ( including the new gba community forest in 2011 ) found no timneh grey parrots at all , and no indication from locals that they have been present in recent times .\none criteria for splitting up the two species was the fact that these two species don ' t interbreed within their natural habitat . however , cag / tag hybrids have occurred in captivity ( for example , libby , a congo - timneh hybrid african grey parrot - image published on urltoken ) . even though these crosses are very rare , they are said to be viable and fertile ( able to produce young ) . these hybrids are smaller in size than the congo african grey with the darker grey plumage of the timneh .\nthe african grey parrot is one of the most talented talking / mimicking birds on the planet , giving it quite a reputation among bird enthusiasts . not only do bird keepers love this intelligent bird , it\u2019s one of the most recognizable species to bird novices as well \u2014 everyone knows the african grey parrot . this parrot is one of the oldest psitticine species kept by humans , with records of the bird dating back to biblical times . understated beauty and a brainy no - nonsense attitude are what keep this parrot at the peak of popularity .\n] . similar information was also obtained on the total surface area of each region of the country . parrot densities were obtained from the formula\nwe estimated the extent of the current grey parrot range as a percentage of the whole country as 25 . 4 % and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest as 44 . 5 % . we further estimated the historic grey parrot range in cameroon lost over the years as 55 . 5 % in 2011 . the estimated extent of the range of the grey parrot in africa by cites in 2006 [ 11 ] was 3 , 000 , 000 km 2 . we calculated the contemporary parrot range on cameroon as a proportion of cites\u2019 range estimate as 9 % .\nmajor threats to sustainable parrot conservation in cameroon are directly linked to anthropogenic pressure either directly on the parrot or on its habitat . five major threats to the parrot ( figure 6 ) were identified from questionnaire sampling : forest deforestation , trapping for food , diseases , trapping for trade , and predation by wild animals . irrespective of region , deforestation and trapping for trade were the major threats with a combined percentage of 63 % .\nathan , m . s . and deter , d . ( 2000 ) the african grey parrot handbook . barron\u2019s educational series , new york .\nathan , m . 1999 . barron ' s guide to companion parrot behavior . new york , new york : barron ' s educational series .\ntable 1 : major vegetation types within the current range of the grey parrot in relation to total forest zone and protected areas [ 3 ] .\nmcgowan , p . 2001 . status , management and conservation of the african grey parrot , psittacus erithacus in nigeria . cites , geneva , switzerland .\nthe gray parrot is one of the largest parrot species in africa . both males and females have pale gray feathers with whitish edges on the head and neck , darker grey flight feathers , and short , striking red tails . the beak is black , and white facial skin surrounds pale yellow eyes .\nfigure 1 : historic range of the grey parrot in cameroon , in relation to sampled areas , protected areas , urban centres , and administrative boundaries .\np . e . timneh population : 120 , 100 - 259 , 000 birds , and p . e . erithacus population : 40 , 000 - 100 , 000 birds ( 1992 ) ( red list iucn 2011 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus )\ntitle =\narkive species - african grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nprogress and outcomes : in early 2013 the world parrot trust received a report from the guinea application of wildlife law ( galf ) of a group of confiscated birds in guinea , some of which were timneh parrots . wpt sent veterinarian dr . davide de guz to care for thirteen timnehs , funding for the birds ' care , and cameras for documentation of their recovery and release .\ndr . rowan martin , project coordinator with the world parrot trust told sos : \u201cfor a species that readily breeds in captivity it is remarkable that the breeding behaviour of timneh parrots has never been investiagted in the wild . it\u2019s not easy to do , but little by little this project is lifting the lid on the private lives of parrots and providing insights valuable for their conservation\u201d .\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\nfotso , r . 1998b . survey status of the distribution and utilization of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) in cameroon . cites , geneva , swizterland .\nthe african grey parrot is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .\nthe appalling conditions in which these wild parrots are transported from remote forests in small crates and then held in poor quarantine conditions result in the demise of a high proportion of them . please don\u2019t , however , mistake this for an ethical or animal welfare issue . trade in wild - caught timneh grey parrots ( p . timneh ) and african grey parrots ( p . erithacus ) will continue to threaten the persistence of local populations targeted by trappers and eventually result in local extinctions that cannot be reversed .\nthe contemporary range of the parrot extends to seven regions of cameroon , but five of the regions had grey parrots in significant quantities ( table 4 ) . the north west and west regions had very low parrot populations as a result of extensive exploitation pressures of the forest and also because larger parts of the regions have savannah and grassland vegetation . the littoral and southwest regions had relatively low parrot populations , while the south and the east regions had high populations , and the centre region occupied a median position ( table 4 ) .\nhabitat and trade threats are the frontline threats to sustainable parrot conservation in cameroon . the rainforest is the most exploited habitat in the country due to its richness in biological diversity .\nthe african grey parrot is a very mobile bird in the rainforest environment ; it moves intensively in search of rich food patches and suitable nesting sites [ 6 , 39 ] .\nmy love and best friend died this morning , i had her for 40 years . ( my timneh ) needless to say i ' m devasted over her passing . she was not ill . fine when i left for . . . ( more ) debra clymer\nbirdlife international ( 2006 ) birdlife international\u2019s review of the status of the african grey parrot and proposals to cites for its conservation . 22nd meeting of the animals committee , lima , peru .\nathan , m . , d . deter . 2000 . the african grey parrot handbook . hauppauge , ny : barron ' s educational series . accessed march 20 , 2008 at urltoken .\n33 cm . a mottled grey , medium - sized parrot . it has a large black bill and white mask enclosing a yellow eye , and has a striking red vent and tail .\nregional means ranged from 3 , 487 parrots in the littoral to 1351 , 275 parrots in the east regions . the south and the east regions had the highest parrot populations in the country .\nsome birds die in transit from physiological stress , due to lack of food and drinking water . the trapper may introduce food items in the cage that the wild caught bird is not familiar with and it refuses to eat . there is also a possibility of the transfer of diseases when sick birds are mixed with healthy ones . people who transport parrots with their valid documents suffer lower rates of parrot mortality than illegal transporters and their parrots experience less stress and as such are healthy . both legal and the illegal parrot trades have immensely contributed to the depletion of various parrot populations in cameroon .\nafrican greys are magnificent birds that are perhaps some of the most talented mimics of the avian world . hand - fed birds make excellent pets and are perfect when a quieter parrot is in order .\nthe timneh african grey parrot has the ability to reproduce any noise it hears in the home . it can sound just like a dog , a spouse , or anyone else that interests him . some examples are rather funny , like getting you to answer the phone when no one has called . or getting you to go to the door and open it for your children , and your children have not arrived home from school yet . one timneh african grey would love to watch the ninja turtles on television . one day some friends came over to visit . upon entering the door\nbilly\nstated quite clearly ,\ndrop your drawers , i have a pistol\n. everyone , struck completely dumb , just looked at each other and then went into fits of laughter .\nthe timneh is darker gray than its congo counterpart , with a maroon patch of feathers on the underside of its tail . the beak is primarily black but has an ivory or pinkish color on the upper third of the upper mandible . juveniles have black eyes that become a yellow cream color by about two years of age . the timneh ranges between 11 - 13\n( 27 . 5 - 32 . 5 cm ) in length from beak to tail , with a weight between 275 - 400 grams . this is about two thirds the size and weight of the congo .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : psittacus timneh . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe timneh african grey ( or tag for short ) is smaller than the more popular congo african grey ( cag ) . it has a darker gray body , nearly black , with a horn - colored beak , and its tail ranges in color from maroon to dark gray or black .\nin cameroon , data on the geographical distributions and ecological requirements of parrots are limited . at the same time , concerns about the potential impacts of habitat fragmentation , deforestation , and live parrot offtake for the pet trade are of increasing interest to ecologists , wildlife managers , and policy makers [ 11 ] . for these reasons , data are needed for informed decisions on the parrot and its range , to determine sustainable conservation strategies for its populations . the need for information on grey parrot distribution and vegetation associations in cameroon for informed management and policy decisions formed the basis of this study [ 9 ] .\nafrican grey parrots require a special human to hold their attention span and keep them from being bored . exercise and play are important activities for the physical well being and psychological health of your parrot . provide your parrot with lots of activities in the form of large link chains , destructible bird toys , bird ladders , parrot swings , ropes , fresh branches for gnawing and chewing . they need a lot of stimulating toys at the same time , 3 to 5 work well , and rotated out with other toys on a regular basis . these activities help deter distress and prevent problems like feather picking and biting .\ns . a . tamungang , i . a . ayodele , and z . e . akum , \u201cbasic home range for the conservation of the african grey parrot in korup national park , cameroon , \u201d\nthe african grey timneh is equivalent in intelligence and ability to that of its congo counterpart , yet with unique strengths of its own . timnehs can learn to speak earlier than congos and are generally less nervous . in coloring they are a slightly darker gray and have a maroon tail rather than red . they are also bit smaller and less expensive , but makes an equally fine companion . being a more laid back version of african grey , some keepers actually prefer this more relaxed parrot to its cousin .\nwas first described by linnaeus in 1758 . it has been a lesser known grey found in the pet market , with the congo african grey being the most familiar . but today they are becoming increasingly more available . in aviculture it is known as tag , a shortened version of timneh african grey .\nthere has been a lot of work by specialized breeders to develop grey mutations , utilizing both the congo and the timneh african greys . varieties developed include red pied , albino , ino , blue , cinnamon , and more . the most spectacular mutation is a red african grey first developed in 1998 .\nthe timneh ( tag ) was until recently considered a sub - species of the congro grey ( cag ) . however , in 2011 , the two races were officially separated based on genetic , morphological , plumage and vocal differences ( ref . research by melo and o ' ryan - 2007 ) .\nthis african grey parrot only inhabits on the islands of principe and gernando po in the gulf of guinea . this bird is darker than the regular african grey , and is not a regular found in the trade\nfahlman , a . 2002 .\nafrican drey parrot conservation : a feasibility evaluation of developing a local conservation program in pricipe\n( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 10 , 2008 at urltoken .\nafrican grey parrots are among the most familiar of all parrots . originating from central africa , many african cities now have feral populations . the timneh grey parrot is localized to the ivory coast and sierra leone . habitats for grey parrots include savannahs , coastal mangroves , woodland and edges of forest clearings . african greys are listed under convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) appendix ii , which means these species are not necessarily threatened with extinction , but may become so unless their trade is strictly regulated .\nthe historic range of the grey parrot was relatively larger than its contemporary range but was limited to the rainforest and associated transitional vegetation of southern cameroon . the range encompassed major parts of the southwest , littoral , south , centre , and east regions and small parts of north west and west regions . grey parrots were roughly evenly distributed within this range . the grey parrot mostly preferred areas of the range at elevations of 5 to 650 m . out of the seven ecoregions in the country , three of them harboured grey parrots in significant numbers and the most preferred was the cross - sanaga - bioko forest . in these ecoregions , the grey parrot generally preferred a zone with mixed patches of primary and secondary vegetation . floral composition within the different habitat types was the strongest factor that influenced the contemporary distribution of the grey parrot in the country .\nin captivity , breeding the african grey timneh is not difficult . the reproductive years for this species is quite long . the timneh can start to reproduce around 4 years of age . when it is time to breed , the male feeds his mate and both will sing soft monotonous notes and perform mating dances where both sexes droop their wings . african greys will need a deep nest box that is mounted as high up as possible . they do not use any nesting material , but wood blocks should be provided for chewing , which stimulates breeding . the female at this time will sleep in the nest cavity while the male guards it .\nd\u00e4ndliker , g . 1992b . the grey parrot in ghana : a population survey , a contribution to the biology of the species , a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations . cites , lausanne , switzerland .\n28\u201339 cm . mottled grey , medium - sized parrot , with a large bill with a pale , horn - coloured area to part of the upper mandible , and white mask enclosing a yellow eye ; . . .\nworryingly , there also appears to be an increasing market for parrot heads and tail feathers , which are being harvested for purported medicinal purposes , and which are more easily stored and transported than live birds ( 14 ) .\ntimnehs have all the good qualities of their popular african grey congo counterpart . it has taken a while , but the african grey timneh is now getting more recognition . it has established itself as an excellent speaker with the perfect tone quality required by its humans to be understand , and can precisely mimic sounds in its environment .\nmelo , m . and o\u2019ryan , c . ( 2007 ) genetic differentiation between pr\u00edncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 : 1673 - 1685 .\nthe parrot trade is big business in cameroonian society involving the public and the private sectors . it begins with the rural trappers and extends to exporters in towns and cities . the ministry of forestry and wildlife ( minfof ) is the major arm of the government that implements laws and regulations on the parrot trade . minfof works with cites to determine export quotas of parrots for a given period . the driving force behind the trade is poverty alleviation and unemployment .\nthe african grey parrot inhabits both primary and secondary lowland moist forest . it has also been observed at forest edges and clearings , and sometimes occurs in mangrove forest , gallery forest , savanna woodland and in cultivated areas . the african grey parrot is often found in areas of oil - palms ( elaeis guineensis ) , on which it likes to feed , and commonly roosts in raphia palms overhanging watercourses , or on offshore islands ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nmelo , m . and o\u2019ryan , c . ( 2007 ) genetic differentiation between pr\u00edncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology , 16 : 1673 - 1685 .\nalthough rarely recorded in markets in southeast asia relation to the grey parrot psittacus erithacus , there is evidence that this species is traded internationally \u2013 two individuals of unknown provenance were recorded for sale in bandung ; neither bird was ringed .\na mottled grey , medium - sized parrot . it has a large bill with a light , horn - coloured area to part of the upper mandible , and white mask enclosing a yellow eye . the tail is a dark maroon .\nreference : d\u00e4ndliker , g . 1992 . \u201cthe grey parrot in ghana : a population survey , a contribution to the biology of the species , a study of its commercial exploitation and management recommendations\u201d cites / eec / efta / unep .\nmelo , m . , c . o ' ryan . 2007 . genetic differentiation between principe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology , 16 : 1673 - 1685 .\nbottoni , l . , r . massa , d . boero . 2003 . the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) as a musician : an experiment with the temperate scale . ethology ecology and evolution , 15 : 133 - 141 .\nthere\u2019s a reason why the african grey is often considered the poster bird for parrot intelligence \u2014 not only is this bird inclined to amass a large vocabulary , african greys also demonstrate an aptitude for recognizing the meaning of words and phrases .\nannorbah , n . n . d . ; collar , n . j . ; marsden , s . j . 2016 . trade and habitat change virtually eliminate the grey parrot psittacus erithacus from ghana . ibis 158 : 82 - 91 .\ndid you know ? that the african grey has the reputation as being the best talker of all parrot species ? african grey parrots cannot only mimic speech , but mimic it in a voice that sounds quite human . they also imitate sounds with incredible accuracy , from dripping faucets to construction equipment . parrot keepers should be careful about uttering any words they don ' t want the birds to learn , since they seem to have a special talent for learning just what they shouldn ' t !\nyou should give a new arrival a few days to get use to you , your voice and its cage before trying to handle it . the timneh african grey parrot is somewhat shy and cautious by nature and they need a period of adjustment . they are reserved with new people and objects too , so will tend to sit back and watch before giving of themselves freely . a hand fed baby will not need much taming and can often be handled right away , but be patient and go slow . allow them to hear your voice , and get used to you and their new environment . .\nmelo , m . ; o ' ryan , c . 2007 . genetic differentiation between pr\u00edncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 ( 8 ) : 1673 - 1685 .\nthe african grey parrot has a wide distribution across tropical africa , from south - eastern c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire east to kenya and tanzania , and south to angola ( 2 ) , including populations on the islands of pr\u00edncipe and s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 ( 3 ) .\njuste b . , j . 1996 . trade in the gray parrot psittacus erithacus on the island of pr\u00edncipe ( s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 and pr\u00edncipe , central africa ) : initial assessement of the activity and its impact . biological conservation 76 : 101 - 104 .\n2016 ) . for several years guinea exported significant numbers as \u2018captive - bred\u2019 despite there being no commercial - scale breeding facilities in guinea ( cites 2012 ) . additionally , multiple shipments have been made from mali despite the species not naturally occurring there . in late 2015 , a shipment of 89 timneh parrots that originated in mali was confiscated in dakar ( r . martin\nthe need for information on grey parrot distribution and vegetation associations for informed management and policy decisions was the basis for this study . a nationwide survey of the grey parrot population and habitat status was carried out , using questionnaire and point count methods . from the results , the extent of the contemporary range of the parrots was restricted to southern cameroon , which harbours the rainforest . regional parrot population means ranged from 3 , 487 parrots in the littoral to 1 , 351 , 275 parrots in the east regions . the extent of the contemporary range as a percentage of the whole country was 25 . 4 % and as a percentage of the regions with rainforest was 44 . 5 % . the historic range of the bird has been reduced by over 55 . 5 % . estimated percentage of forest lost per region ranged from 20 . 4 % in the centre to 57 . 1 % in the east and south regions . at a global level , cameroon contributed 9 % to the total extent of the range of the grey parrot in africa . the range is increasingly fragmented , contracted , and lost through land - based socioeconomic activities . these degradation pressures on the range called for urgent conservation considerations for long - term survival of the parrot species and its associated biodiversity in cameroon .\nperches should be natural wood ranging in size from 2 - 4 inches in diameter . various sized fruit tree branches work very well . playthings can be such things as climbing ropes , chains , bells , parrot swings and wooden or other destructible bird toys .\njuste , j . 1995 . trade in the gray parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) on the island of principe ( sao tome and principe , central africa ) : initial assessment of the activity on its impact . biological conservation , 76 : 101 - 104 .\nsocioeconomic activities ( such as agroforestry ) that preserve the life of tree species known to be frequently used by the parrot ( such as ceiba pentandra , terminalia superba , melia excels , pycnanthus angolensis , etc . ) especially in the support zones of protected areas can be carried out with parrot / wildlife conservation programmes . the felling of trees destroys the nesting , feeding , and roosting sites of grey parrots . together , these negative factors are causing population declines and limits to population distribution of grey parrots in cameroon .\ns . a . tamungang and r . a . cheke , ecology and conservation of the grey parrot in cameroon . annual technical and financial progress report : field activities report from parrotpro , cameroon , unpublished report to loro parque fundaci\u00f3n , spain , 2009 .\nin the wild , the timneh african grey parrots breeding season is variable . greys enter into a lifelong monogamous bond when sexually mature . like macaws , they pick their mates carefully . the pair will show a great deal of devotion and affection to each other in the form of sitting closely and preening . these birds breed in loose colonies , with each pair occupying its own tree .\ngatter also records that in \u201c1981 - 84 , according to estimates of forest guards and myself , about 1 , 400 birds annually were smuggled from ivory coast via cavalla river near zwedru at only 3 canoe crossings \u2026 less than 1 % of them are p . e . erithacus\u201d . this is an indication that trade is not only a problem for erithacus , but for timneh also .\nwhile there has been some domestic demand within range states , most impacts seem to be due to international trade , probably owing to the high value of this species . in addition to those birds smuggled from ivory coast , in 2009 guinea exported 720 p . timneh , despite a quota of zero , and legal trade as monitored by cites may represent only a proportion of the total numbers taken from the wild . cites imposed a two - year ban from jan 2007 on exports of timneh from four west african countries , and the importation of wild - caught birds into the eu was prohibited in 2007 , leading to a fall in exports of both species , but the number of exportations rose once again in 2008 / 09 ( del hoyo et al . 2016 ) .\neach protected area designated with partial habitat status might not harbour the grey parrot in some of its parts due to the presence of savannah and grassland which do not attract the parrot . in some cases , the difference in habitat type in a protected area might be due to degradation from past socioeconomic pressures on the habitat or because that part of the protected area was on a relatively higher elevation than other parts . generally , high elevations brought about changes in vegetation composition and structure . for example , most of the grey parrots were detected below the elevation 800 m in the montane protected areas . in all , 54 . 6 % of the protected areas were completely covered with rainforest ( table 2 ) . the parrot therefore had more habitat resources for exploitation in those protected areas than those with partial rainforest .\nof particular concern is the effect of both the legal and illegal trade on the subspecies p . e . timneh , which has smaller numbers and a more limited distribution than the nominate species . there has been no effort to assess the impacts of trade in three of the five range states , nor to assess the effect of guinea having exported numbers of birds in excess of its estimated population .\na survey was carried out by a team on the ground in the study area from 2008 to 2011 involving collection of nationwide data on parrot population distribution , abundance , and vegetation associations . two major methods ( questionnaire and point count ) were used for field data collection .\np . erithacus the populations in upper guinea , nigeria and cameroon may have suffered reductions similar to those suffered by p . timneh . the populations in the congo basin , including equatorial guinea , gabon , republic of congo , dr congo , central african republic may have suffered some declines as stated previously in the birdlife grey parrot factsheet , due to harvesting and forest loss . however , it is unlikely we have sufficient data on the population in any congo basin country to say precisely that the decline of this species has exceeded 30 % . estimations of forest loss are likely to be the best proxy of p . erithacus population decline and should be used for this purpose .\nthe contemporary range of the parrot has not drastically contracted but has been reduced through fragmentation and deforestation in all regions . fragmentation was observed not only in logged forest concessions , farmland , and human settlements , but also in some parts of protected areas which were encroached with farms and human settlements . for example , villages were observed in the korup national park and the santchou reserve pending government resettlement activities to the support zone of the protected areas . all the regions with parrot populations had at least 20 . 40 % of surviving rainforest ( table 3 ) .\necology : timneh parrots are found in primary and secondary rainforest , forest edges and clearings , gallery forest , mangroves , savanna and cultivated land . diet consists of a variety of seeds , nuts , fruits ( including oil - palm ) and berries . birds will sometimes travel vast distances for food . they are generally seen in small , but vocal , flocks of a few dozen , usually not more .\nhas all the great attributes of these popular birds . though the timneh is a less common subspecies than the african grey congo , it ' s a very intelligent and clever bird . african greys are known to be the best talkers in the bird world . they are able to learn 200 or more words and all kinds of tricks . they also frequently imitate the sounds of their environment , and including people .\nthey equal the congo ' s in pet potential and\ntalking\nability . they are darker grey in color and have a maroon tail . we have found hand fed tags to be playful and affectionate . they need a\ngrey\nsized parrot cage , lots of stimulating toys and an affectionate owner . they bond closely with their owners and delight in being part of the family . our breeding tag ' s are on a pelleted diet with the addition of fresh fruits and veggies . ( source : rand b aviary - breeder of african greys and parrot connoisseur )\nthe african grey parrot is still numerous and found over a wide range , and occurs in a number of protected areas such as salonga national park in the democratic republic of congo . this park is a world heritage site and the largest tropical rainforest reserve in africa , although political instability there makes protection difficult ( 15 ) . however , despite trade being monitored to some extent under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 4 ) , current levels are considered unsustainable and the african grey parrot is now in decline ( 2 ) ( 13 ) .\nmy love and best friend died this morning , i had her for 40 years . ( my timneh ) needless to say i ' m devasted over her passing . she was not ill . fine when i left for work this morning . couple hours later she laid dead on the bottom of her cage . worst part is not knowing what happened to her . heart attack ? did she fall from her perch and break her neck ? don ' t know i always thought i ' d be the one to go first . . my home is so quiet now it ' s so hard to be in it because of the silence . to everyone who owns a timneh they are the greatest . i know as time goes by pain lessens but the hole in my heart will forever be there . miss you so much my feathered friend .\ndata were further analysed to show the distribution of the grey parrot with respect to the ecological regions of cameroon ( figure 4 ) . there are seven ecoregions in the country and three of them harbour the grey parrot in significant numbers . in order of decreasing abundance of grey parrots , they are northwestern congolian lowland forest , which is a typical lowland rainforest ; atlantic equatorial coastal forest , which is made up predominantly of mangrove swamp forest ( figure 3 ) ; and the cross - sanaga - bioko forest , which is predominantly made up of a mixture of lowland and highland rainforest .\nthe species has a wide distribution across tropical africa , from guinea - bissau east to kenya and tanzania , and south to angola ( 2 ) , including populations on the islands of pr\u00edncipe and s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 ( 3 ) . p . e . timneh is restricted to the western part of this range , from guinea to ivory coast , with isolated populations in guinea - bissau and southern mali ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .\ngrey parrots usually bond with one person . they wouldn ' t do well with most children , as they are not very patient and will bite if they are being handled . mind you , which parrot wouldn ' t . . . for kids , i would always recommend parakeets and cockatiels .\nthe timneh , like most birds , are far more intelligent than humans realize . they are more than a pet . they are a permanent 3 year old dressed in feathers with an unending capacity to love and a need to learn . greys require a lot of attention and stimulation to be a happy healthy member of the family . they want to learn throughout their lifetime and are interested in expanding their knowledge on just about anything .\nfocus of future work : wpt ' s focus is to work with communities living within the jo\u00e3o vieira \u2013 poil\u00e3o national park in guinea - bissau to identify long - term solutions for the protection of these areas . ongoing support for law enforcement in the region will diminish the threat of illegal trade . in 2018 , wpt will support research focused on timneh ' s status and threats to their survival , being carried out in sierra leone .\nmuch of the grey\u2019s appeal comes from its talking ability . it is among the best talkers in the parrot family , able to repeat words and phrases after hearing them just once or twice . this bird reaches full talking ability around a year of age , and most individuals become capable mimics much earlier .\nthe study area covered the whole of the southern part of cameroon where rainforest exists ( figure 1 ) . sample points were selected randomly on each path in protected or nonprotected areas , to ensure that a cross - section of the major vegetation types in the geographical range of the grey parrot was sampled .\nif you notice any of this bird illnesses in your african grey , immediately provide a warm , draft free , secure environment kept at about 86\u00b0f ( 30\u00b0c ) . place food and water close to the perch where it is easily accessible . an ailing parrot should be taken to a avian veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment .\ngeographic coordinates ( longitude and latitude ) and altitude of each sampled site and all parrot detection points were registered with a global positioning system ( gps ) . this information was later downloaded into arcgis software and analysed for distribution on a topographic map of cameroon . satellite vegetation data on cameroon were obtained from various databases . the data consisted of aboveground vegetation biomass ( mg / ha biomass ) , cameroon ecoregions , and vegetation ( land cover ) datasets . each vegetation dataset was analysed and arranged on the cameroon topographic map in various layers . finally , the parrot detection points were arranged in a layer , which was superimposed on each vegetation map to come out with various distribution maps of the bird .\nthe research team was made up of five persons ( two wildlife biologists , an environmental geographer , a rural sociologist , and a driver ) . structured questionnaires ( open and closed ) , personal interviews , and focus group discussions were administered to a cross - section of the rural population on aspects of parrot distribution , forest exploitation , and wildlife conservation activities .\nbesides talking , african greys can and will make all the sounds they hear in the home . they can mimic all the other birds and pets , and of course , they can use any voice that they hear in the house as well . they can begin to mimic even before they are weaned , but not usually in clear sounds for some time . timneh african greys don ' t really start speaking until they reach a year of age or older . as you interact with them , they will talk and associate words with meanings ."]}
{"id": 269, "summary": [{"text": "copidognathus oculatus is a species of mite in the halacaridae family .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the scientific name of the species was first published in 1863 by hodge . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "copidognathus oculatus", "paragraphs": ["bartsch , i . , 1977c . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . , 6 : 1 - 12 .\nbartsch , i . ( 1977 ) . zur oculatus - und gibbus - gruppe der gattung copidognathus ( halacaridae , acari ) . ent . mitt . zool . mus . hamb . 6 : 1 - 12 . [ details ]\nabstract - five copidognathus species , taken on the shores of rottnest island , western australia , are described . the five species , c . culoatus sp . nov . , c . facetus sp . nov . , c levigatus sp . nov . , c . pumicatus sp . nov . , and c . rasilis sp . nov . , can be attributed to the copidognathus oculatus group . the oculatus group and the 28 species attributed to this group are diagnosed , the geographical distribution summarized in a map . the southern hemisphere proved to be more rich in species than the northern .\n( of halacarus oculatus hodge , 1863 ) hodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . fld cl . , 5 ( 4 ) : 298 - 303 . [ details ]\nlohmann , h . ( 1989 ) . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) . 4 : 269 - 408 . [ details ]\nbartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngreen , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntrouessart , e . , 1888 . note sur les acariens marins recueillis par m . giard au laboratoire maritime de wimereux . c . r . acad . sci . paris , 107 : 753 - 755 . [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbartsch , i . ( 1993 ) . a synopsis of the antarctic halacaroidea ( acari ) . synopses of the antarctic benthos . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein . 176 . [ details ]\nbartsch , i . ( 2006 ) . halacaroidea ( acari ) : a guide to marine genera . organisms diversity & evolution . 6 ( 2 ) : 125 - 125 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngreen , j . ; macquitty , m . ( 1987 ) . halacarid mites ( arachnida : acari ) : keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 36 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london . isbn 90 - 048196 - 8 . vii , 178 pp .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nlohmann , h . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murr . und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . ( syst . ) , 4 : 269 - 408 .\nbartsch , i . , 2001 . acarina - halacaridae , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 237 - 241\n( hodge , 1863 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nandr\u00e9 , m . , 1946 . halacariens marins . faune de france 46 : 1\u2013152 .\nbartsch , i . , 1977b . interstitielle fauna von galapagos xx halacaridae ( acari ) . mikrofauna meeresboden 65 : 1\u2013108 .\n( halacaridae , acari ) und beschreibung zweier neuer arten . zool . beitr . n . f . 28 : 1\u201316 .\n( halacaridae ) from the caribbean region . stud . fauna cura\u00e7ao 67 : 1\u201314 .\nviets , 1936 ( halacaridae ) , a redescription . stud . fauna cura\u00e7ao 67 : 15\u201320 .\nbartsch , i . , 1984e . halacaridae ( acari ) von den west - indischen inseln . bijdr . dierk . 54 : 185\u2013196 .\nbartsch , i . , 1991 . on the identity of some north atlantic halacarid species ( acari ) . jl . of nat . hist . 25 : 1339\u20131353 .\nfrom the caribbean area and notes on the subfamily actacarinae and its species ( arachnida : acari : halacaridae ) . senckenberg . biol . 75 : 229\u2013241 .\n\u2013 gruppe ( acari , halacaridae ) . entomol . mitt . zool . mus . hamburg 13 : 37\u201348 .\nbartsch , i . & t . m . iliffe , 1985 . the halacarid fauna ( halacaridae , acari ) of bermuda caves . stygologia 1 : 300\u2013321 .\nbrady , g . s . , 1875 . a review of the british marine mites , with descriptions of some new species . proc . zool . soc . lond . 20 : 301\u2013311 .\nfountain , h . c . , 1953 . an examination of the original slides of marine acari of hodge 1863 . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 32 : 357\u2013364 .\ngosse , p . h . , 1855 . notes on some new or little known marine animals . ann . magaz . nat . hist . 16 : 27\u201336 .\ngreen , j . & m . macquitty , 1987 . halacarid mites . synopses of british fauna ( n . s . ) 36 , e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands . 178 pp .\nhalbert , j . n . , 1915 . clare island survey part 39 ii , acarinida ii . terrestrial and marine acarina . proc . r . ir . acad . 31 ( 39 ) sect . 2 : 45\u2013136 .\nhodge , g . , 1863 . contributions to the marine zoology of seaham harbour . on some undescribed marine acari . trans . tyneside nat . field . cl . 5 : 298\u2013303 .\n, a new species of arenicolous mite ( prostigmata : halacaridae ) from the caribbean coast . ann . ent . soc . am . 64 : 594\u2013598 .\nlohmann , h . t . , 1889 . die unterfamilie der halacaridae murray und die meeresmilben der ostsee . zool . jb . 4 ( 2 ) : 269\u2013408 .\nlohmann , h . t . , 1893 . die halacarinen der plankton \u2013 expedition . ergebnisse der plankton \u2013 expedition der humboldt - stiftung 2 : 11\u201395 .\nnewell , i . m . , 1947 . a systematic and ecological study of the halacaridae of eastern north america . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . 10 : 1\u2013232 .\nrosen , d . e . , 1975 . a vicariance model of caribbean biogeography . syst . zool . 24 : 431\u2013464 .\nschuster , r . & i . bartsch , 1986 . order acari ( mites and ticks ) . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . john wiley & sons , new york : pp . 270\u2013275 .\nsomerfield , p . j . , 1988 . new records of marine halacaridae ( acari : prostigmata ) from rocky shores around the irish coast . bull . ir . biogeogr . soc . 11 : 6\u201321 .\ntrouessart , e . l . , 1889a . sur les acariens marins des c\u00f4tes de france . compte rendu hebdomadaire de s\u00e9ances de l ' academie des sciences 108 : 1178\u20131181 .\ntrouessart , e . l . , 1889b . revue synoptique de la famille des halacaridae . bull . sc . france belgique 20 : 225\u2013251 .\nviets , k . , 1927 . halacaridae . tierwelt der nord und ostsee xic : 1\u201372 .\nviets , k . , 1936a . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise nach bonaire , cura\u00e7ao und aruba im jahre 1930 . no . 18 . halacariden aus westindien . zool . jb . , syst . 67 : 389\u2013424 .\nviets , k . , 1936b . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea vii . wassermilben oder hydracarina ( hydrachnellae und halacaridae ) . tierwelt deutschlands 31\u201332 : 516\u2013562 .\nchatterjee , t . & de troch , m . hydrobiologia ( 2001 ) 457 : 235 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 279, "summary": [{"text": "the pied starling or african pied starling , ( lamprotornis bicolor ) is a bird endemic to south africa , lesotho and swaziland .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is common in most of its range , but largely absent from the arid northwest and the eastern lowlands of south africa .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is found in open habitats such as grassland , karoo scrub , thornbush and agricultural land , and often associates with farm animals . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "pied starling", "paragraphs": ["asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) complete detail \u2013 updated . description and classification of asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) .\nasian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) at nest on jarul ( lagerstroemia speciosa ) in kolkata i img 8745 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 203 , 859 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) calling at kolkata i img 8809 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 191 , 519 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on indian coral tree ( erythrina variegata ) in kolkata i img 4005 . jpgasian pied starling . . . 191 , 250 bytes asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . more\npied starling , de hoop nature reserve , western cape . [ photo duncan robertson \u00a9 ]\nasian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is a common and widespread resident in india . more\nthe asian pied starling , also known as pied myna , is a species of starling found in south and southeast asia . the taxonomic position has changed with it being placed with the sturnus in the past .\nthe asian pied starling is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nhabit and habitat asian pied starling . asian pied starling , usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills . they a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\ninformation on the asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nasian pied starling produce a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes .\npied starling , west coast fossil park , western cape , south africa . [ photo h . robertson , iziko \u00a9 ]\nsize between 20 cm . to 25 cm . and weigh between 75 to 100 g . asian pied starling has a yellowish bill with a bright orange - red base . asian pied starling is strikingly marked in black and white , with long legs .\nthe calls of the pied starling - or pied mynah are loud , but familiar . the materials for this video have been taken from the net and duly credited at the end of the video .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - juvenile asian pied starling\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - juvenile asian pied starling\ntitle =\narkive photo - juvenile asian pied starling\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - asian pied starling perched\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - asian pied starling perched\ntitle =\narkive photo - asian pied starling perched\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - asian pied starling singing\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - asian pied starling singing\ntitle =\narkive photo - asian pied starling singing\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - asian pied starling flock in flight\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - asian pied starling flock in flight\ntitle =\narkive photo - asian pied starling flock in flight\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - asian pied starling ( sturnus contra )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - asian pied starling ( sturnus contra )\ntitle =\narkive species - asian pied starling ( sturnus contra )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe asian pied starling is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nasian pied starling gracupica contra is being split into gracupica contra and gracupica jalla , following the application of criteria set out by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) .\nfor more information about pied wagtails , see the bto\u2019s birdfacts and wider countryside report .\ncyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg\n.\nthe starling has the reputation for being one of the noisiest and most gregarious garden birds .\narchived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ?\nasian pied starling is a bird of north central , central and eastern india , south and east of a line roughly from east punjab , through east rajasthan , west madhya pradesh to the krishna delta .\n2 responses to archived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ?\nthe starling ' s plumage is mainly blackish with buff edged wing feathers and reddish - brown legs .\nthe asian pied starlings - also known as pied mynas ( gracupica contra formerly sturnus contra ) - are starlings found in south and southeast asia . they are locally known as gursal , ablak and ablaki maina .\ncyndy parr set\nfile : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nsturnus contra linnaeus 1758\n.\ncyndy parr marked\nfile : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) - adult feeding juveniles in kolkata i img 9866 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\nasian pied starling , usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills . they have also adapted well to urban living and are often seen in cities and villages , and are generally seen in small groups\nasian pied starlings usually only raise one brood in a season ; however , are likely to replace lost clutches .\ncyndy parr marked\nfile : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata w img 4513 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\narchived 2016 topics : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) is being split and placed in the genus gracupica : list g . contra as least concern and gracupica jalla as critically endangered ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums\ncyndy parr marked\nfile : asian pied starling ( sturnus contra ) feeding on kapok ( ceiba pentandra ) in kolkata i img 3091 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngracupica contra ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\nasian pied starling found in bhutan , china , india , myanmar , nepal , pakistan , bangladesh , cambodia , china , india , laos , myanmar , thailand , viet nam , brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand .\nluckily , the black - winged starling parents are great ! they even fight over who gets to feed the chick first . we are also eagerly awaiting the hatching of the asian pied starling chick ( or chicks ) . as i get their meals ready , i watch tiny geckos zoom around on the kitchen wall and call out to their mates . not bad company , if you ask me .\nasian pied starling has a yellowish bill with a bright orange - red base . asian pied starling is strikingly marked in black and white , with long legs . the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . the plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upper parts throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores , wing coverts and rump being white . both sexes are similar in plumage but young ones have dark brown in place of black . the flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . they feed on insects , worms , spiders , earthworms , various grains , various fruits and molluscs usually taken from the ground\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\nasian pied starling at nest - photo , video and / or article contributions are welcome ! please click here for info the avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up - to - date information ; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . more\ndistribution of pied starling in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nevery winter in poole harbour , winter - roosts of many different bird species are formed in a selection of habitats . some , like the grebe roosts are well studied and documented , but others are still a total unknown . during the winter period of 2014 / 15 nick hopper was commisioned to carry out a survey into the winter roosting habits of pied wagtail , starling and magpie . in the first part of his three part survey you can read about the behaviour and location choices that pied wagtails adopt pre and post roost during the cold winter months .\n22 cm ; 76\u201390 g . medium - sized starling with feathers of forehead and crown hackled , and feathers of hindcrown and nape elongated . nominate race has forehead and cheeks . . .\nmy journey starts in pejeng where he breeds the starlings as well as pied mynahs and black - winged starlings , which are even more endangered than the bali starlings . to own a bali starling is considered a status symbol in many countries , so they are poached for the pet trade as soon as they are released into the wild . this makes it extremely important that the locals work to help protect them .\ncraig , a . , feare , c . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . asian pied starling ( gracupica contra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthis species is instantly recognisable , with its black and white plumage and its long tail that always seems to be on the move . pied wagtails use a wide range of habitats and are even found nesting in the middle of our largest city centres . outside the breeding season , pied wagtails gather to roost in reed beds , greenhouses or in bushes and trees in supermarket car - parks and petrol - stations . presumably , they feel more secure when sleeping with the lights on .\nstarlings are great at mimicry , with examples including machines , such as telephones and car alarms , and other birds such as curlews and pied wagtails . consequently , it ' s difficult to know what their song is other than a medley of squeaks , clicks and whistles .\na clutch consists of 4 - 6 glossy blue eggs , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . the female broods the chicks for about two weeks , with the female staying at the nest during the night . the chicks are fed by both parents until they fledge ( leave the nest ) about three weeks later . one instance of interspecific feeding has been reported - where a common myna fed a young asian pied starling .\nstarlings seem to have an insatiable appetite and will eat just about anything from anywhere - except starling proof feeders - and throw much of it about while they are at it ! further , they feed in flocks and so several birds are usually feeding in this lively manner , which is a sight to behold .\neach winter many thousands of starling enter the uk from mainland europe often forming large evening murmurations in rural , urban and semi - urban areas . roost sizes can vary greatly year on year , and in this report nick hopper focuses on the winter roost behavior during the 2014 / 15 winter period within poole harbour .\nunfortunately , the second bali starling chick died too . the adults are just not good parents and fed themselves before the baby . both were hand - raised and never learned how to properly parent . so we separate them , and each will get a new parent - raised mate in the hope that their new partners will teach them how to care for chicks .\nasian pied starlings occur naturally on the plains and low foothills of the indian subcontinent ( south asia ) and southeast asia up to 2 , 300 feet ( 700 meters ) above sea level . these starlings typically remain in areas with easy access to open water . over the last decades , they have expanded their territories . populations of them have also established themselves in dubai .\nstarling populations have declined seriously ( by over 70 % ) in recent times and are on the red list of birds of high conservation concern . there are several causes of this decline : changes in farming practices , changes in grassland management , loss of invertebrate food through the use of pesticides , fewer nesting sites in urban areas owing to household improvements and poorer survival rates among young birds .\nan increasingly common vagrant from eastern europe is the rose - coloured starling . in the summer , the adults have distinctive and unmistakable black and pink plumage - the breast , belly and back being pink . many visitors , however , are juveniles and these can be easily overlooked as they look similar to juvenile common starlings , except that the bill is yellowish , legs are pale pink , and the plumage is a drab pale grey - brown with darker wings .\nsexes alike . black and white ( pied ) plumage distinctive ; orange - red beak and orbital skin in front of eyes confirm identity . sociable ; small parties either move on their own or associate with other birds , notably other mynas and drongos ; rather common and familiar over its range but keeps a distance from man ; may make its ungainly nest in garden trees , but never inside houses , nor does it enter houses ; more a bird of open , cultivated areas , preferably where there is water ; attends to grazing cattle ; occasionally raids standing crops .\npicture of the asian pied starling has been licensed under a gfdl original source : j . m . gargattribution information , such as the author ' s name , e - mail , website , or signature , that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata and / or image description page . this makes the image easier to reuse and more language - neutral , and makes the text easier to process and search for . commons discourages placing visible author information in images . boarisch | catal\u00e0 | deutsch | \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac | english | espa\u00f1ol | fran\u00e7ais | magyar | italiano | author : j . m . gargattribution information , such as the author ' s name , e - mail , website , or signature , that was once visible in the image itself has been moved into the image metadata and / or image description page . this makes the image easier to reuse and more language - neutral , and makes the text easier to process and search for . commons discourages placing visible author information in images . boarisch | catal\u00e0 | deutsch | \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac | english | espa\u00f1ol | fran\u00e7ais | magyar | italiano | permission : gnu free documentation license\nlos angeles zoo animal keepers regularly participate in field projects where their expertise benefits species in danger of extinction . established in 2003 by donor and former zoo commission president shelby kaplan sloan , the animal keeper advanced studies fund ( now underwritten by donor and former trustee dominic ornato ) encourages these opportunities . earlier this year , animal keeper lori rogalski took a break from the zoo\u2019s avian conservation center where she cares for many rare and endangered bird species to participate in a bali starling conservation project . her goal was to lend her skills to the project and to gain insights that might enhance the zoo\u2019s efforts to breed its bali starlings . rogalski shares her insights and travel experience to shine a light on this special species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to abundant ( feare et al . 1998 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nlars petersson , holger teichmann , joggels , jonathan , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , dubi shapiro , fran trabalon , tom dudones , laurent demongin , jmdebruyn , paul van giersbergen , hannes lotter .\nhitherto treated as conspecific with g . jalla ( see that species ) . four subspecies recognized .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) \u2013 extreme e pakistan ( lahore area ) , n & c india ( e to w assam , s to extreme n karnataka and n andhra pradesh ) , s nepal and bangladesh .\n( blyth , 1863 ) \u2013 ne india ( manipur ) , myanmar ( except s & e ) and sw china ( sw yunnan ) .\n( sharpe , 1897 ) \u2013 s & e myanmar , thailand ( except e ) , nw laos and cambodia .\nintroduced ( presumed nominate race ) in united arab emirates and perhaps saudi arabia ; also w india ( bombay area ) , japan and peninsular malaysia # r .\nsong , by both sexes , a prolonged series of phrases with shrill churrs and a few croaking and . . .\nopen areas with scattered trees and wet ground , often near cultivated areas and human habitation ; . . .\nomnivorous , diet includes animal food , fruit , nectar and flowers , and seeds . fruits taken include those of figs (\nseason feb\u2013oct ( mainly may\u2013jul ) in india , may\u2013jul in se asia ; possibly apr\u2013sept in arabia ; occasionally double - . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to locally abundant in most of indian subcontinent range , uncommon in w ; common to fairly common in se asia . common in bombay . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ngracupica contra and g . jalla ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as sturnus contra following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally common to fairly common , although rare and local in pakistan ( grimmett et al . 1998 ) , while national population sizes have been estimated at < c . 100 introduced breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing due to range expansions in pakistan and sumatra as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( feare and craig 1998 ) .\n( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103890729a118852226 .\ncritically endangered a2bd + 3bd + 4bd ; c2a ( i , ii ) ; d ver 3 . 1\nbutchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , westrip , j . , wheatley , h .\njustification : the newly split species has almost completely disappeared from the wild within the past few decades , from which is inferred a very rapid population decline due to trapping for the cage bird trade . any remaining wild population is estimated to be very small , and the interbreeding in captivity of this species and g . contra leaves considerable doubt over the continuing existence of wild populations of g . jalla on java and perhaps anywhere . for these reasons the species is evaluated as critically endangered .\nthe species is known from java and bali , and formerly from lampung province in east sumatra , indonesia .\nthe newly split species has almost completely disappeared from the wild within the past few decades , a decline that has gone largely unnoticed due to the species previously being included with the widespread g . contra . wild populations are thought to have gone extinct on sumatra sometime between 1990 and 2000 , had been reduced by 2010 to a tiny remnant in a remote area of central java ( known from trapped birds ) and a small population on bali that may be derived from escapes ( eaton et al . 2015 ) . trend justification : the wild population on java may have been lost within the past few years , with recent records appearing to relate to small numbers of escaped or released birds . the large numbers being supplied to the market by commercial breeders are not readily distinguished from wild - sourced birds as the practice of using closed rings is very rare and not enforced at the point of sale ( s . chng in litt . 2016 ) .\nconsidered to have been similar to g . contra , a bird of open habitats with scattered trees , especially agricultural areas with wet ground and often associated with human habitation ( craig et al . 2016 ) .\nlarge numbers , apparently of this taxon , are being bred in commercial bird farms in central java to supply the trade . however , imports of other taxa into java and apparent mixing of these in captivity seem likely to have reduced the likelihood there being a source of g . jalla stock for conservation breeding ( collar et al . 2012 , eaton et al . 2015 )\nconservation actions underway it is not known to occur in any protected areas but key sites have been identified . research proposed surveys of locations where wild populations may persist are required urgently .\n( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103890801a118590020 .\nstarlings : information and species . . . myna information and species . . . myna photo gallery\ndistribution / habitat . . . subspecies , ranges and id . . . alternate ( globa ) names\nthey have also adapted well to urban living and are often seen in cities and villages , and are generally seen in small groups . in urban environments , they are becoming so abundant that they are considered pests by many human residents . iucn ( 2006 ) listed them recently as among \u201c100 of the world\u2019s most invasive species\u201d .\nslight plumage variations , extent of streaking and size differences have been noted between the different subspecies .\nrange : found in extreme eastern pakistan , in the lahore area ; northern and central india ( east to western assam , south to extreme northern karnataka and northern andhra pradesh ) ; and southern nepal and bangladesh .\nid : similar to the nominate form , except for having reduced streaking on the shoulders and nape ( back of the neck ) .\nrange : found in the state of manipur located in northeastern india ; also western and northern myanmar and southwestern china ( southwestern yunnan ) .\nrange : southern and eastern burma ( myanmar ) , southern china ( southeastern yunnan ) , thailand ( except eastern parts ) , northwestern laos and cambodia .\nthe plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upperparts , throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores ( areas between the eyes and the bill ) , wing coverts and rump being white . the bare skin around the eyes are reddish . rarely , leucism ( partial albinism ) has also been recorded with this species .\njuvenile birds can be identified by the fact that the black markings of the adults are replaced by dark brown .\nmost breeding activities have been recorded between march and october . as the breeding season commences , flocks break up and birds pair up , although several pairs may breed in the same vicinity . the courtship ritual involves calling , fluffing of the feathers and head bobbing .\nthe nest is placed on a large tree ( often banyan , mango , jackfruit or rosewood ) or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side .\ntheir diet mostly consists of insects , worms , spiders , etc . and various fruits .\nthey produce a wide repertoire of calls consisting of whistles , trills , buzzes , clicks and warbling notes .\nthey make well known for their outstanding ability to mimic human speech and imitate tunes .\nchinese : ? ? ? , ? ? ? . . . czech : \u0161pa ? ek indomalajsk\u00fd , \u0161pacek strakat\u00fd . . . danish : skadest\u00e6r . . . finnish : kyl\u00e4kottarainen . . . french : \u00e9tourneau pie , martin pie . . . german : elsterstar . . . irish : m\u00edona breac . . . indonesian : jalak suren . . . italian : storno bianco e nero , storno bianconero asiatico . . . japanese : hoojiromukudori . . . japanese : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . dutch : eksterspreeuw . . . norwegian : svartstrupest\u00e6r . . . polish : szpak srokaty . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : \u00e9korec strakat\u00fd , \u0161korec strakat\u00fd . . . spanish : estornino p\u00e1lido asi\u00e1tico , estornino p\u00edo . . . swedish : svartvit stare . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\na flock of birds seen feeding in short grass in a field on a rainy day .\na flock of birds heard calling from a tall tree during the dawn chorus in a small village .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nendemic to south africa , lesotho and swaziland , generally preferring open habitats with lots of grass , such as cultivated areas , grassland and rural settlements , but generally avoiding larger cities and towns .\nit mainly eats arthropods , supplemented with seeds , fruit and nectar , doing most of its foraging on the ground . it often associates with livestock , catching the prey they disturb and removing ticks from their skin . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nmonogamous , usually colonial cooperative breeder , nesting either solitarily or in colonies ranging from a few pairs to several thousand individuals . the breeding pair are typically assisted by up to 7 helpers , who are either immature or unmated adults , often becoming the mate of a bird previously assisted in an earlier breeding season .\negg - laying season is year - round , peaking from august - january .\nit lays 2 - 6 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for about 14 - 16 days .\nthe chicks are fed by parents and helpers , leaving the nest after about 23 - 27 days ; helpers continue to feed them for about a week more before they become independent .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 635 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe breeding season in india is spread from march to september . nest is different from that of the other mynas , being a large untidy globular structure of twigs , leaves , grass and rubbish , placed on a large tree or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side . eggs 4 - 6 , glossy blue , without markings , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . both sexes share in building and care of the young\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 .\nskin around the eyes is orange - reddish . the upper body , throat and breast are black while the cheek , lores , wing coverts and rump are light grayish - white .\nthe plumage is a contrasting black and white , with the upper parts , throat and chest being black and the cheeks , lores , wing coverts and rump being white . both sexes are similar in plumage but young ones have dark brown in place of black .\nthe species is found mainly in the plains but in the foothills up to about 700 meter above sea level .\nthe flight is slow and butterfly - like on round wings . they feed on insects , worms , spiders , earthworms , various grains , various fruits and molluscs usually taken from the ground .\nthe breeding season in india is spread from march to september . nest is different from that of the other mynas , being a large untidy globular structure of twigs , leaves , grass and rubbish , placed on a large tree or in urban areas , on man - made structures . it is loosely constructed out of straw into the shape of a dome with an entrance on the side .\neggs 4 - 6 , glossy blue , without markings , which are laid one every other day . the incubation usually starts after the third or fourth egg has been laid . the young hatch about 14 to 15 days later . both sexes share in building and care of the young .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nanswer key ugc net november 2017 . download answer key of ugc net november 2017\nin the winter it has white speckles above and below . the sexes are alike though the male has fewer speckles on the rump and wings . the bill is dark grey - brown during the winter .\nthe speckles disappear through the course of the winter and by the spring the plumage becomes predominantly iridescent with green and purple . the colour of the base of its quite long yellow beak is different in males and females - it is pink for girls and blue for boys .\njuvenile starlings have grey - brown plumage with large white speckles on the underparts and light cream coloured throat , but moult completely in the autumn in to the spotty adult plumage . they have a dark greyish bill .\nfirst winter starlings look most peculiar and give rise to many queries about strange birds in people ' s gardens - they are typically grey - brown on the head and back but blackish with white spots below .\nin flight , starlings have pointed , triangular wings and fly fast and direct . when they come in to land they look a little like harrier aircraft with slightly drooped triangular wings .\nmale starlings can be heard singing throughout the year except when they are moulting in july and august .\nstarlings seem to feed on just about anything : insects , worms , snails , berries , fruit , scraps , suet . however , they feed only invertebrates - not\njunk\nfood - to their young .\ntheir beak is used to probe the ground and is powerful enough to be opened to part the ground and reach food that is buried , they can also swivel their eyes forward to look along the length of their bill to the area they are probing .\nthey are often found with lapwings in wetland areas , where they feed on the food that the lapwings have disturbed - this is called commensal feeding .\nthe male builds the nest from grass in a hole in a wall , tree or building , but the female lines it with feathers , wool and moss . the male may decorate the nest with leaves and petals in order to deter parasites and improve his chances of attracting a mate .\nthe eggs are pale blue , smooth and glossy , and about 30 mm by 21 mm . the male and female take turns incubating the eggs , and both adults feed the young . the female will sometimes remove an egg from a neighbouring starlings ' nests and lay one of her own in its place so as to give her offspring a better chance of surviving .\nstarlings will use medium - sized nest boxes with a hole about 45 mm diameter .\njuveniles disperse after becoming independent and roam woodlands and the countryside in large flocks . in the autumn , many birds from scandinavia , finland and poland cross the north sea to winter in britain .\nin the wintertime , both resident and immigrant birds form large roosts , gathering in buildings , trees or reed beds . the roosts are often several thousand birds ' strong , but those that gather in reed beds , such as on the somerset levels , can comprise a few million birds . as the day draws to a close , the starlings return to the roost and before settling down for the night the increasingly large flock darkens the skies as it swirls around like a swarm of insects , making this one of nature ' s greatest spectacles .\nwhen the young have left their nest , usually by the end of may , seeing both parents dashing back and forth with food for the gaping mouths of up to four juveniles is common . the juveniles are very inquisitive and are always drawn to the pond , where they inevitably find a way in through the netting .\nin the winter , the starlings roost at night either in the city centre or in woodlands . between 9 . 00 am and 10 . 00 am , a murmuration of starlings will descend on our suburban gardens looking for food and then again just before dusk , when they are usually also seen bathing and can quickly empty the bird bath of water through their furious splashing .\nduring the summer and early autumn we rarely see any starlings as they are probably in woodland and farmland areas . their numbers peak in the winter when migrants ( up to 30 million birds from northern europe ) add to the numbers and they search for food in the suburbs , and in the spring when they are feeding juveniles . the migrant birds usually have duller bills .\nover the years fewer starlings have been visiting the garden ; a possible explanation is that food is abundant elsewhere , such as in the city centre .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\narchived 2016 topics : hill myna ( gracula religiosa ) is being split : list g . religiosa and g . indica as least concern , g . robusta as critically endangered and g . venerata as endangered ?\nthis is part of a consultation on the red list implications of extensive changes to birdlife\u2019s taxonomy for passerines .\nlynx edicions and birdlife international will soon publish the second volume of the hbw - birdlife illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , building off the handbook of the birds of the world series , and birdlife\u2019s annually updated taxonomic checklist .\nthe new checklist will be based on the application of criteria for recognising species limits described by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) . full details of the specific scores and the basis of these for each new taxonomic revision will be provided in the checklist .\nfollowing publication , an open and transparent mechanism will be established to allow people to comment on the taxonomic revisions or suggest new ones , and provide new information of relevance in order to inform regular updates . we are also actively seeking input via a discussion topic here regarding some potential taxonomic revisions that currently lack sufficient information .\nthe new checklist will form the taxonomic basis of birdlife\u2019s assessments of the status of the world\u2019s birds for the iucn red list . the taxonomic changes that will appear in volume 2 of the checklist ( for passerines ) will begin to be incorporated into the 2016 red list update , with the remainder to be incorporated into subsequent red list updates .\npreliminary red list assessments have been carried out for the newly split or lumped taxa . we are now requesting comments and feedback on these preliminary assessments .\nlarge numbers , apparently of this taxon , are being bred in commercial bird farms in central java to supply the trade . however , imports of other taxa into java and apparent mixing of these in captivity seem likely to have reduced the likelihood there being a source of g . jalla stock for conservation breeding ( collar et al . 2012 , eaton et al . 2015 ) ; while chng et al . ( 2015 ) mention large numbers of likely captive - bred juveniles in javan markets these are not listed as definitively this taxon in their appendix .\nany remaining wild population is likely to be tiny and clarifying the status ( and indeed identity ) of the birds currently at large within the species native range is a high priority .\nit is proposed that the newly split species be listed as critically endangered , under criteria a2d + 3d + 4d ; c2a ( i ) ; d .\nchng , s . c . l . , eaton , j . a . , krishnasamy , k . , shepherd , c . r . & nijman , v . 2015 . in the market for extinction : an inventory of jakarta\u2019s bird markets . petaling jaya , selangor , malaysia : traffic .\ncollar , n . j . , gardner , l . , jeggo , d . f . , marcordes , b . , owen , a . , pagel , t . , pes , t . , vaidl , a . , wilkinson , r . & wirth , r . 2012 . conservation breeding and the most threatened birds in asia . birdingasia 18 : 50\u201357 .\neaton , j . a . , shepherd , c . r . , rheindt , f . e . , harris , j . b . c . , van balen , s . ( b . ) , wilcove , d . s . and collar , n . j . 2015 . trade - driven extinctions and near - extinctions of avian taxa in sundaic indonesia . forktail 31 : 1 - 12 .\nebird 2016a . steve jones : checklist s24210802 . denpasar , jalan pulau serangan , bali county , nusa tenggara , id . urltoken . accessed 25 th august 2016 .\nharris , j . b . c . , green , j . m . h . , prawiradilaga , d . m . , giam , x . , giyanto , hikmatullah , d . , putra , c . a . & wilcove , d . s . 2015 . using market data and expert opinion to identify overexploited species in the wild bird trade . biol . conserv . 187 : 51\u201360 .\niucn ( 2001 ) iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn species survival commission .\ntobias , j . a . , seddon , n . , spottiswoode , c . n . , pilgrim , j . d . , fishpool , l . d . c . and collar , n . j . ( 2010 ) quantitative criteria for species delimitation . ibis 152 : 724\u2013746 .\nthis entry was posted in archive , asia , indonesian cagebird trade , taxonomy and tagged bali , cagebird trade , indonesia , java , sumatra . bookmark the permalink .\ntraffic would like to share information on trade observations of this species , in a bid to quantify and better understand the threat from overexploitation .\ngracupica jalla are regularly seen in large numbers in markets in indonesia . 666 individuals were recorded from 44 stalls in three markets in jakarta surveyed in july 2014 ( chng et al . , 2015 ) ( another 116 were gracupica contra floweri ) . furthermore , 242 individuals were recorded from 57 stalls in an inventory of five markets in surabaya , malang and yogyakarta in june 2015 ( chng and eaton , 2016 ) ( 4 more were gracupica contra floweri ) \u2013 of these , 2 were observed with closed leg rings . 144 were recorded for sale in bandung in september 2016 ( 2 more were gracupica contra floweri ) \u2013 of these , 33 were juveniles , and prices ranging from idr650 , 000 to idr1 million were recorded . it is suspected that most of the gracupica jalla seen in trade are from captive breeding facilities .\nreference : chng , s . c . l . & eaton , j . a . 2016 . in the market for extinction : eastern and central java . traffic . petaling jaya , selangor , malaysia .\nbased on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2016 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion ."]}
{"id": 291, "summary": [{"text": "xyloiulus is an extinct genus of millipede that lived during the late carboniferous which grew up to 2.25 inches ( 5.7 cm ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "fossils of the animal have been found in north america and europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the fossils are typically found in sigillarian stumps . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "xyloiulus", "paragraphs": ["heliminthomorph milliped ( spirobolida , xyloiulidae , xyloiulus ) adult , closeup of midbody region . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .\nhelminthomorph milliped ( spirobolida , xyloiulidae , xyloiulus ? ) adult , closeup of anterior end . north america , usa , ? utah . donor unknown .\nxyloiulus bairdi pl - holotype . see : hoffman , richard l . 1963 . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology . v . 37 ( no . 1 ) : p . 167 - 174 .\nxyloiulus bairdi ; ypm ip 221085 ( holotype ) ; north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village ; donald baird\nxyloiulus bairdi ; ypm ip 221083 ( paratype ) ; north america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village ; donald baird\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : o . f . cook . 1895 . introductory note on the families of diplopoda , in the craspedosomatidae of north america . annals of the new york academy of sciences 9 : 1 - 9\nfull reference : j . w . dawson . 1860 . on a terrestrial mollusk , a chilognathous myriapod , and some new species of reptiles , from the coal - formation of nova scotia . quarterly journal of the geological society of london 16 : 268 - 277\nhoffman , r . l . ( 1963 ) . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology , 37 ( 1 ) : 167 - 174 page ( s ) : 171 [ details ]\nsee : hoffman , richard l . 1963 . new genera and species of upper paleozoic diplopoda . journal of paleontology . v . 37 ( no . 1 ) : p . 167 - 174 .\nnorth america ; usa ; ohio ; jefferson county ; dump old diamond mine [ linton mine dump ] , w bank near mouth of yellow creek , & about . 5 mi s of yellow creek village\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nadult lateral view of whole body . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .\nadult closeup of caudal end . north america , usa , utah . donor unknown .\ndescription : the fossil history of millipedes dates back to the silurian , with some fossil burrows which may be attributed to millipedes having been found in the devonian . since millipedes live in habitats such as moist forest floors , fossilization is a very chancy occurrence . it is thought that they made the transition to fully terrestrial forms early in their evolutionary history . this one has some preserved legs in evidence . the genus was originally named xylobius , but was changed when that name was found to be preoccupied by a eucnemid beetle . the genus ( usually with the incorrect name attached ) was also found in north america and the czech republic ."]}
{"id": 298, "summary": [{"text": "paraclinus monophthalmus , known commonly as the one-eyed blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of central america where they occur in shallow waters with plentiful weed growth from costa rica to panama .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "paraclinus monophthalmus", "paragraphs": ["rosenblatt , r . h . and parr , t . d . , 1969 . , the pacific species of the clinid fish genus paraclinus . , copeia , 1969 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 .\n( of auchenopterus monophthalmus g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , para = the side of + greek , klinein , kline = sloping and bed , due to the four apophyses of sphenoid bone ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11482 )\nallen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00193 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\ndorsal rays xxviii to xxx , 1 ; anal rays ii , 19 - 21 ; pectoral rays 11 - 14 ; lateral - line scales 36 - 40 ; a distinct spine on upper opercle ; cirri present on nostril , above eye , and on nape ; nape cirrus a narrow triangular flap ; gap between bases of dorsal spines 3 and 4 equal to or greater than distance between dorsal spines 1 and 3 ; first dorsal spine moderately elevated ; membrane between 3rd and 4th dorsal spines usually attached well below midpoint of 4th spine .\ngreyish with faint dark bars on side ; a black spot on upper part of gill cover ; dorsal fin with broad white margin and ocellus on rear half ; anal fin dark , with thin white margin .\nfowler , h . w . , 1944 . , results of the fifth george vanderbilt expedition ( 1941 ) ( bahamas , caribbean sea , panama , galapagos archipelago and mexican pacific islands ) . the fishes . , acad . nat . sci . philadel . , monographs , 6 : 57 - 529 .\ngalv\u00e1n - maga\u00f1a , f . , guti\u00e9rrez - s\u00e1nchez , f . , abitia - c\u00e1rdenas , l . a . , rodr\u00edguez - romero , j . , 2000 . , the distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the baja california sur lagoons . in aquatic ecosystems of mexico : status and scope . eds . m . manuwar , s . g . lawrence , i . f . manuwar & d . f . malley . ecovision world monograph series . , backhuys publishers : 383 - 398 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . , 1861 . , catalogue of the fishes in the british museum . catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the british museum . gobiidae . . . [ thru ] . . . notacanthi . , brithish museum ( natural history ) 3 : 1 - 586 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . , 1864 . , on some new species of central american fishes . , proc . zool . soc . london , 14 : 227 - 232 .\njordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1898 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part iii . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 2183 - 3136 .\njordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1882 . , list of fishes now in the museum of yale college , collected by prof . frank h . bradley , at panama , with descriptions of three new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 5 : 620 - 632 .\njordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1883 . , list of the fishes now in the museum of yale college , collected by prof . frank h . bradley at panama , with descriptions of three new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 5 ( 1882 ) : 620 - 632 .\njordan , d . s . , 1895 . , the fishes of sinaloa . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 2 ) , 5 : 377 - 514 .\nkendall , w . c . and radcliffe , l . , 1912 . , the shore fishes . reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , . . . by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , from october , 1904 , to march , 1905 , lieut . commander l . m . garret , u . s . n . , commanding . xxv . , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 35 ( 3 ) : 75 - 171 .\nlopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .\nmeek , s . e . and hildebrand , s . f . , 1928 . , the marine fishes of panama . part iii . , field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . publ . , xv : 709 - 1045 .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00193 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nelongate , snout bluntly pointed ; cirri present on nostril , above eye ( branched ) , and on nape ( narrow triangular flap ) ; opercle with a distinct spiny projection ; dorsal fin xxviii - xxx , 1 , 1st spine < 10 % of sl , front 3 spines elevated then a deep notch before 4th spine , membrane between 3rd and 4th dorsal spines usually attached well below midpoint of 4th spine ; anal rays ii , 19 - 21 ; pectoral rays 11 - 14 ; pelvic i , 3 ; all fin rays unbranched ; lateral - line scales 36 - 40 ; no skin flaps on scales .\ngreyish to blackish ; with faint dark bars on side ; a black spot on upper part of gill cover ; dorsal fin with broad white margin and ocellus on rear half ; anal fin dark , with thin white margin ; tail fin clear , with black bar at base .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 304, "summary": [{"text": "the snake vine moth , ( plusiodonta coelonota ) , is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from india , sri lanka , myanmar , andaman islands , australia , papua new guinea , to south and south-east asia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "plusiodonta coelonota", "paragraphs": ["this research was inspired by the numerous papers of dr . b\u00e4nziger and his passion for\n. the authors thank the florida department of agriculture , division of plant industries , gainesville , fl , for the use of their sem facility and paul skelly for his assistance with the imaging equipment as well as branden apitz for assistance with sem formatting . roland hilgartner and harry fay kindly provided two adult feeding images ( fig .\ne , d ) . we also thank harald krenn for suggestions on an earlier review of this manuscript . this project was funded in part by nsf - ddig0807975 ( branham , zaspel ) and nsf - deb0531639 ( weller ) .\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1969 ) a first record of fruit - piercing noctuid moths in europe . naturwissenschaften 56 : 218\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1971a ) extension and coiling of the lepidopterous proboscis\u2014a new interpretation of the blood - pressure theory . mitt schweiz entomol ges 43 : 225\u2013239\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1971b ) blood - sucking moths of malaya . fauna 1 : 3\u201316\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1973 [ 1972 ] ) biologie der lacriphagen lepidopteren in thailand and malaya . rev suisse zool 79 : 1381\u20131469\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1982 ) fruit - piercing moths ( lep . , noctuidae ) in thailand : a general survey and some new perspectives . mitt schweiz entomol ges 55 : 213\u2013240\nspecies and 2 subspecies ( lep . , noctuidae ) . mitt schweiz entomol ges 59 : 111\u2013138\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1987 ) biological and taxonomic studies on immature and adult fruit - piercing moths in nepal , with reference to thailand . nat hist bull siam soc 35 : 1\u201317\nspp . ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) in s and se asia . mitt schweiz entomol ges 62 : 215\u2013233\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1992 ) remarkable new cases of moths drinking human tears in thailand ( lepidoptera : thyatiridae , sphingidae , notodontidae ) . nat hist bull siam soc 40 : 91\u2013102\n( noctuidae ) and notes on the feeding strategies of zoophilous and frugivorous adult lepidoptera . mitt schweiz entomol ges 80 : 271\u2013288\nbreitenbach w ( 1877 ) vorl\u00e4ufige mittheilung \u00fcber einige neue untersuchungen an schmetterlingsr\u00fcsseln . arch mikrosk anat 14 : 308\u2013317\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1973 ) vorl\u00e4ufige beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden schmetterlingen in der elfenbeink\u00fcste . rev suisse zool 80 : 1\u201343\nb\u00fcttiker w , krenn hw , putterill j ( 1996 ) the proboscis of eye - frequenting and piercing lepidoptera . zoomorphology 116 : 77\u201383\nclerck ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , catocalinae ) . travaux et documents de l\u2019o . r . s . t . o . m . no . 71 , 322 pp\ndavis d ( 1986 ) a new family of monotrysian moths from austral south america ( lepidoptera : palaephatidae ) , with a phylogenetic review on the monotrysia . smithson contrib zool 434 : 1\u2013202\nevans he ( 1984 ) insect biology : a textbook of entomology . addison - wesley publishing co . , reading , p 436\n( hulster ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) : a scanning electron microscopic study . ann sci nat 16 : 121\u2013136\nfibiger m , lafontaine d ( 2005 ) a review of the higher classification of the noctuoidea ( lepidoptera ) with special reference to the holarctic fauna . esperiana 11 : 7\u201393\ngoater b , ronkay l , fibiger m ( 2003 ) catocalinae and plusiinae . noctuidae europeae , vol 10 . entomological press , sor\u00f8\ngrimaldi d , engel ms ( 2005 ) evolution of the insects . cambridge univ . press , cambridge , p 755\nhattori i ( 1969 ) fruit - piercing moths in japan . jpn agric res ( quarterly ) 4 : 32\u201336\nheppner jb , lamas g ( 1982 ) acronyms for world museum collections of insects , with an emphasis on neotropical lepidoptera . bull entomol soc am 28 : 305\u2013315\nhilgartner r , raoilison m , b\u00fcttiker w , lees dc , krenn hw ( 2007 ) malagasy birds as hosts for eye - frequenting moths . biol lett 3 ( 2 ) : 117\u2013120 . doi :\nholloway jd ( 2005 ) the moths of borneo , parts 15 & 16 ( noctuidae : catocalinae ) , subfamilies euteliinae , stictopterinae , plusiinae , pantheinae . malay nat j 58 : 1\u2013529\nholloway jd , kibby g , peggie d ( 2001 [ 2000 ] ) the families of malesian moths and butterflies . in : fauna malesiana handbook , vol 3 . brill , leiden\njack rw ( 1922 ) insect pests of fruits other than citrus in southern rhodesia . rhod agr j 19 : 569\u2013582\nkitching ij , rawlins je ( 1998 ) superfamily noctuoidea . in kristensen np ( ed ) handbuch der zoologie 4 ( arthropoda ) , ( 2 ) insecta , ( 35 ) lepidoptera . moths and butterflies , vol 1 : evolution , systematics and biogeography . 351\u2013401 . walter de gruyter , berlin , pp x + 494\nkrenn hw ( 1990 ) functional morphology and movements of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) . zoomorphology 110 : 105\u2013114\nkrenn hw ( 1997 ) proboscis assembly in lepidoptera - a once in a lifetime sequence of events . eur j entomol 94 : 495\u2013501\n( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) - functional morphology and significance in flower - probing . zoomorphology 118 : 23\u201330\nkrenn hw ( 2010 ) feeding mechanisms of adult lepidoptera : structure , function , and evolution of the mouthparts . annu rev entomol 55 : 307\u2013327\nkrenn hw , kristensen np ( 2000 ) early evolution of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) : external morphology of the galea in basal glossatan moth lineages , with remarks on the origin of the pilfers . zool anz 239 : 179\u2013196\nkrenn hw , m\u00fchlberger n ( 2002 ) groundplan anatomy of the proboscis of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . zool anz 241 : 369\u2013380\nbutterflies ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) : a search for anatomical adaptations to pollen - feeding behavior . int j insect morphol embryol 27 : 301\u2013309\nkrenn hw , zulka kp , gatschnegg t ( 2001 ) proboscis morphology and food preferences in nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . j zool ( lond ) 253 : 17\u201326\nkristensen np ( 1968 ) the morphology and functional evolution of the mouthparts in adult lepidoptera . opusc entomol 33 : 1\u2013295\nkristensen np ( 1984 ) studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive lepidoptera ( insecta ) . steenstrupia 10 : 141\u2013191\nkristensen np , nielsen es ( 1981 ) intrinsic proboscis musculature in nonditrysian lepidoptera - glossata : structure and phylogenetic significance . entomol scand suppl 15 : 299\u2013304\nk\u00fcnckel j ( 1875 ) les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res \u00e0 trompe perforante , destructeurs des oranges ( ophid\u00e8res ) . c r assoc anat 81 : 397\u2013400\nnielsen es , kristensen np ( 1996 ) the australian moth family lophocoronidae and the basal phylogeny of the lepidoptera - glossata . invertebr taxon 10 : 1192\u20131302\nnorris mj ( 1935 ) the feeding habits of the adult lepidoptera heteroneura . trans r entomol soc lond 85 : 61\u201390\nquammen d ( 1985 ) avatars of the soul in malaya , pp 47\u201352 . in : natural acts : a sidelong view of science and nature . nick lyons books , ny , 221 pp\nramakrishna ayyar tv ( 1944 ) notes on some fruit - sucking moths of the decan . indian j entomol 5 : 29\u201333\nspeidel w , fanger h , naumann cm ( 1996 ) the surface microstructure of the noctuid proboscis ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zool anz 234 : 307\u2013315\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . technical bulletin no . 1201 , agriculture research service united states department of agriculture , washington d . c .\nyoon jk , lee dk ( 1974 ) survey of fruit - piercing moths in korea ( 1 ) species of the fruit - piercing moths and their damage . kor j plant protect 13 : 217\u2013225\nzaspel jm ( 2008a ) skin - piercing and blood - feeding moths . in : capinera jl ( ed ) encyclopedia of entomology , 2nd edn . kluwer academic publishers , dordrecht , pp 3383\u20133386\nzaspel jm ( 2008b ) systematics , biology , and behavior of fruit - piercing and blood - feeding moths in the subfamily calpinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ph . d . dissertation , university of florida , gainesville\nzaspel jm , branham ma ( 2008 ) world checklist of tribe calpini ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : calpinae ) . insecta mundi 0047 : 1\u201315\nzaspel jm , kononenko vs , goldstein pz ( 2007 ) another blood feeder ? experimental feeding by a fruit - piercing moth on human blood in the primorye region of far eastern russia . j insect behav 20 : 437\u2013451\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\ni am grateful to roberto zucchi for the opportunity to learn a little about trichogramma species in order to prepare this chapter . john pinto kindly corrected a large number of important errors in an earlier draft . without access to john noyes\u2019 universal chalcidoidea database i would never have attempted this summary . the ucd is a resource that has empowered chalcid taxonomists globally .\n( lepidoptera : lasiocampidae ) , with some data on its bionomics . eur j entomol 94 : 301\u2013306\nspp . ( hym . : trichogrammmatidae ) , egg parasites of important lepidoptera pests of fruit trees and their distribution in ankara . bitki koruma b\u00fclteni 29 : 19\u201346\n( hym . : trichogrammatidae ) in tomato greenhouses of spain . integrated control in protected crops , mediterranean climate . iobc / wprs bull 49 : 225\u2013230\nwestwood ( hymenoptera : trichogrammmatidae ) from taiwan . plant protect bull 38 : 143\u2013148\ncock mjw ( 1985 ) ( ed ) a review of biological control of pests in the commonwealth caribbean and bermuda up to 1982 . tech commun , commonw inst biolo control 9 : 1\u2013218\n( hymenoptera , trichogrammmatidae ) , new for the fauna of england . vestnik zoologii 34 : 07\u2013113\ngirault aa ( 1912 ) on the identity of the most common species of the family trichogrammmatidae ( hymenoptera ) . bull wisconsin nat history soc 9 ( 4 ) : 135\u2013165\n( hymenoptera : trichogrammmatidae ) with descriptions of three new species . appl entomol zool 41 : 258\u2013265\n( hymenoptera : trichogrammmatidae ) from the ryukyu islands , japan . proceedings of the entomol soc washington 107 : 782\u2013788\n( swinhoe ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) in south africa . african entomol 2 : 67\u201368\n( hymenoptera trichogrammmatidae ) in bulgaria with description of a new species . acta zool bulgarica 35 : 78\u201382\nkastadinov ( hymenoptera , lin , nq ( 1987 ) systematic studies of trichogrammmatidae , i . on the species of\nlandry bs , dextraze l , boivin g ( 1993 ) random amplified polymorphic dna markers for dna fingerprinting and genetic variability assessment of minute parasitic wasp species ( hymenoptera : mymaridae and trichogrammatidae ) used in biological control programs of phytophagous insects . genome 36 : 580\u2013587\nlin nq ( 1994 ) systematic studies of chinese trichogrammmatidae . contributions of the biological control research institute , fujian agricultural university . special publication no 4 : 362 pp . chongqing publishing house , chongqing , china ( chinese with english summary )\n( hym . , trichogrammmatidae ) , showing the importance of the male genitalia as a diagnostic character . bull entomol res 61 : 13\u201331\n: one of the best known species of parasitic hymenoptera , or is it ? abstracts . antonie van leeuwenhoek symposium . 7th european workshop on insect parasitoids , 1\u20136 october 2000 , teylers museum , haarlem , the netherlands . wageningen university , the netherlands\ngirault ( hymenoptera : trichogrammmatidae ) : redescription and lectotype deignation . pan\u2013pacific entomol 58 : 48\u201352\npintureau b ( 1990 ) polymorphisme , biogeographie et specificite parasitaire des trichogrammes europeens . bulletin de la societe entomologique de france 95 : 17\u201338\npintureau b ( 2008 ) les esp\u00e8ces europ\u00e9ens des trichogrammes . in libro veritas . 1\u201395\npintureau b , keita fb ( 1989 ) new esterases of the trichogrammmatidae ( hymenoptera , trichogrammmatidae ) . biochem systemat ecol 17 : 603\u2013608\nwestw . ( hymenoptera , trichogrammmatidae ) from the ussr . entomologicheskoe obozrenie 63 : 152\u2013165\nwestw . ( hymenoptera , trichogrammmatidae ) of the ussr fauna with notes on synonymy . entomol obozrenie 70 : 183\u2013195\nwestw . ( hymenoptera , trichogrammmatidae ) of the world . kolos , moscow , 77 pp\n( hymenoptera , trichogrammmatidae ) from central asia . zoologicheskiy zhurnal 72 ( 3 ) : 149\u2013152 [ 1993 : entomol rev washington 72 ( 7 ) : 136\u2013138\nstouthamer r , luck rf , hamilton wd ( 1990a ) antibiotics cause parthenogenetic trichogramma ( hymenoptera ; trichogrammatidae ) to revert to sex . proc natl acad sci usa 87 : 2424\u20132427\nstouthamer r , pinto jd , platner gr , luck rf ( 1990b ) taxonomic status of thelytokous forms of trichogramma ( hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae ) . entomol soc am 83 : 475 - 481\n( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea ) from middle asia and altai . zool z 55 : 777\u2013779\nviggiani g ( 1976 ) ricerche sugli hymenoptera chalcidoidea xlix . trichogramma confusum n . sp . per t . australicum nagarkatti et nagaraja ( 1968 ) , nec girault ( 1912 ) , con note su trichogrammatoidea girault e descrizione di paratrichogramma heliothidis n . sp . . bollettino del laboratorio di entomologia agraria \u2018filippo silvestri\u2019 , portici . 23 : 182\u2013187\nwestwood ( hymenoptera : trichogrammmatidae ) , con un commento sullo stato della tassonomia del genere . bollettino del laboratorio di entomologia agraria filippo silvestri 46 : 107\u2013124\nwestwood jo ( 1833 ) descriptions of several new british forms amongst the parasitic hymenopterous insects . philos mag 3 : 443\u2013445\nyousuf m , shafee sa ( 1988 ) taxonomy of indian trichogrammmatidae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ) . indian j syst entomol 4 : 55\u2013200\nin eurasia . in : consoli f . , parra j . , zucchi r . ( eds ) egg parasitoids in agroecosystems with emphasis on trichogramma . progress in biological control , vol 9 . springer , dordrecht\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of alawwa\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced"]}
{"id": 306, "summary": [{"text": "the western bristlebird ( dasyornis longirostris ) is a species of bird in the family dasyornithidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to the coastal heaths of western australia ( east and west of albany ) . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "western bristlebird", "paragraphs": ["mcnee , s . ( 1986 ) . surveys of the western whipbird and western bristlebird in western australia , 1985 . raou report series . 18 .\ninformation on the western bristlebird is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwestern bristlebird ( dasyornis ( dasyornis ) longirostris ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\ncale , p . g . & a . h . burbidge ( 1993 ) . research plan for the western ground parrot , western whipbird and western bristlebird . australian national parks & wildlife service .\nconfined to the south west of western australia , populations of the western bristlebird occur between two peoples bay and waychinicup inlet , and also in fitzgerald national park .\nwith brownish upperparts that feature distinct pale mottling , and pale underparts with dark scalloping , the western bristlebird is a distinctive inhabitant of the heathlands of south - western australia .\nthe western bristlebird lays two dull - white , spotted eggs in a large domed nest of sedges , rushes and sticks .\nthe frequency of burning these habitats determines the structure of the component vegetation . the western bristlebird has been recorded in areas :\ncomer , s . & s . mcnee ( 2001 ) . surveys for the western bristlebird and western whipbird . unpublished report to the south coast threatened birds recovery team , albany .\nsmith , g . t . & l . a . moore ( 1977 ) . an extension of the range of the western bristlebird . western australian naturalist . 14 : 28 .\nbird not seen calling , but a western bristlebird had been seen disappearing into the heavy scrub immediately prior to the calling commencing .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - western bristlebird singing\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - western bristlebird singing\ntitle =\narkive photo - western bristlebird singing\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe area of occupancy of the western bristlebird is estimated , with low reliability , at 20 km 2 ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nbuller , k . g . ( 1945 ) . a new record of the western bristlebird . emu . 45 : 78 - 80 .\nthe western bristlebird is shy , elusive and seldom seen , though it is often heard ( mcnee 1986 ; smith 1987 ; whittell 1936 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - western bristlebird ( dasyornis longirostris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - western bristlebird ( dasyornis longirostris )\ntitle =\narkive species - western bristlebird ( dasyornis longirostris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe extent of occurrence of the western bristlebird is estimated at 600 km\u00b2 . this estimate is considered to be of medium reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nmurphy , d . ( 1994 ) . capture , radiotracking and habitat utilisation of the western bristlebird : report on a feasibility study . wa dept conservation & land management .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . western bristlebird ( dasyornis ( dasyornis ) longirostris ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken bristlebird ( dasyornis ( dasyornis ) longirostris ) / occurrences\n. department of parks and wildlife , perth , western australia . available from :\nford , j . ( 1965 ) . new information on the distribution of birds of south - western australia . western australian naturalist . 10 : 7 - 12 .\nthe western bristlebird occurs in six subpopulations . the largest subpopulation occurs between two peoples bay and the waychinicup river , and is estimated to contain 1000 birds ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the maximum population of the western bristlebird in the fitzgerald river national park is estimated at 300 birds ( higgins & peter 2002 ) . the subpopulation of the western bristlebird in two peoples bay nature reserve has apparently been increasing . up to 60 pairs were present in 1970 , 86 pairs were recorded there in a partial census in 1976 , the population was estimated at about 100 pairs in 1983 and 245 pairs in 1991 ( cale & burbidge 1993 ; smith 1987 ) .\nsmith , g . t . ( 1985 ) . fire effects on populations of the noisy scrub - bird ( atrichornis clamosus ) , western bristlebird ( dasyornis longirostris ) and western whipbird ( psophodes nigrogularis ) . in : ford , j . r . , ed . symposium on fire ecology and management in western australian ecosystems . page ( s ) 95 - 102 . wa institute of technology , perth .\nthe diet of the western bristlebird consists of invertebrates and seeds . known food items include the seeds of anarthria scabra , daviesia spp . and acacia spp . , as well as earthworms , snails and insects such as ants and beetles and their larvae ( buller 1945 ; chapman 1999 ; milligan 1902a ; smith 1987 ) . the western bristlebird forages on or close to the ground , probing leaf - litter or pecking the ground , or gleaning items from the foliage of plants ( smith 1987 ) .\nbaird , r . f . ( 1991 ) . holocene avian assemblage from skull cave ( au - 8 ) , south - western australia . records of the western australian museum . 15 : 267 - 286 .\nthough the overall population of the western bristlebird has declined since the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( mcnee 1986 ; smith 1977 , 1987 ) , the population is considered to be stable ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) or increasing ( chapman 1999 ) . the population of the western bristlebird at two peoples bay nature reserve has increased since 1973 , and it is considered that this has been due to the management policy of excluding fire from the area ( orr et al . 1995 ; smith 1985 , 1987 ) .\nglauert , l . ( 1945 ) . bristle - birds in western australia . emu . 44 : 334 .\nnapier , c . ( 2004 ) . kundip nature reserve . western australian bird notes . 110 : 15 .\nford , j . ( 1963b ) . branch report , western australia . emu . 63 : 90 - 92 .\nthe western bristlebird is unlikely to be confused with any other species within its range . however , the noisy scrub - bird has generally similar coloration and also skulks , but is readily identifiable by its barred upperparts and lack of scalloping on its underparts , and their calls are very different .\nbuchanan , b . ( 2004 ) . kundip nature reserve . western australian bird notes . 109 : 15 - 16 .\ntwo peoples bay nature reserve , fitzgerald river national park and waychinicup national park support populations of western bristlebirds ( mcnee 1986 ) .\nwhittell , h . m . ( 1936 ) . the bristlebirds of western australia . emu . 35 : 197 - 201 .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nserventy , d . l . & h . m . whittell ( 1962 ) . birds of western australia . paterson brokensha , perth .\ndepartment of the environment ( 2014pw ) . non - current approved conservation advice for dasyornis longirostris ( western bristlebird ) . canberra : department of the environment . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 11 - apr - 2014 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 14 - feb - 2018 .\nthe distribution of the western bristlebird is fragmented , with populations in fitzgerald national park separated from those in the hassell beach / waychinicup national park / two peoples bay nature reserve area ( barrett et al . 2003 ; higgins & peter 2002 ; mcnee 1986 ) . the distance between these areas is about 120 km and , although the intervening area has been extensively surveyed , no western bristlebirds have been recorded , despite the habitat being apparently suitable for the species ( gilfillan et al . 2007 ) .\nc . 17 cm ; 26\u201339 g . the smallest bristlebird ; stout body , short rounded wings , longish graduated and often ragged tail , and medium - length slightly decurved sturdy bill . . . .\nburbidge , a . h . ( 2007 ) . personal communication . principal research scientist , western australian department of environment and conservation . april 2007 .\nwhitley , g . p . ( 1971 ) . field notes on birds by thomas carter . western australian naturalist . 12 : 41 - 44 .\nthe former distribution of the western bristlebird is poorly known . the first specimen was collected in 1839 near perth ( mcnee 1986 ; serventy 1948 ; whittell 1941 ) , but has not been seen there since . the species was certainly at king george sound and near wilsons inlet ( mcnee 1986 ) . fossil remains are known from near augusta ( baird 1991 ) .\nthe western bristlebird has declined in the western part of its original range ( higgins & peter 2002 ; mcnee 1986 ; smith 1987 ) . it previously occurred near albany , at wilson inlet and king george sound between the late 1860s and 1912 ( glauert 1945 ; serventy 1948 ; smith 1987 ; whitley 1971 ; whittell 1936 ) . it was reported at beaufort inlet in april 1976 and october 1977 ( blakers et al . 1984 ; mcnee 1986 ) , but has not been seen there since ( mcnee 1986 ) .\nserventy , d . l . ( 1948 ) . the birds of the swan river district , western australia . emu . 47 : 241 - 286 .\nwhittell , h . m . ( 1941 ) . a review of the work of john gilbert in western australia . emu . 41 : 112 - 129 .\ntwo mitigation approaches have been adopted for the western bristlebird : translocation of bristlebirds ; and fire management strategies in concert with long - term population monitoring ( burbidge 2003 ; danks 2004 ) . however , the translocated population near walpole does not seem to have survived . it is unknown whether this was due to the fires that burnt the area in the autumn of 2001 or other factors .\nthe western bristlebird can survive ( or escape from ) a fire , provided there is adequate unburnt vegetation nearby ( burbidge 2003 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ; mcnee 1986 ) . after a fire unburnt swampy vegetation dominated by sedges and thickets may be important as a refuge habitat ( smith 1987 ) and western bristlebirds have been recorded setting up new home ranges in the nearest available unburnt habitat ( burbidge 2003 ; gilfillan et al . 2007 ) . in moist areas , vegetation may be colonised as soon as 2\u00963 years after burning ( burbidge 2003 ) .\nsmith , g . t . ( 1987 ) . observations on the biology of the western bristle - bird dasyornis longirostris . emu . 87 : 111 - 118 .\ngregory , p . ( 2018 ) . western bristlebird ( dasyornis longirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncoastal sw western australia between two peoples bay and waychinicup , and in fitzgerald river national park . small translocated population near walpole ( w of albany ) may now be extinct .\nthe western bristlebird occurs in three distinct locations : fitzgerald river national park , hassell ( cheynes ) beach / waychinicup national park / two peoples nature reserve , and a translocated population near walpole , though this last population may no longer occur there ( barrett et al . 2003 ; gilfillan et al . 2007 ; mcnee 1986 ) . there is also a record of two western bristlebirds at kundip nature reserve from december 2003 ( buchanan 2004 ; napier 2004 ) , but it is unknown whether this record represents a permanent subpopulation or was a record of vagrant or dispersing birds ( gilfillan et al . 2007 ) .\nburbidge , a . h . ( 2003 ) . birds and fire in the mediterranean climate of south - west western australia . in : abbot , i . , & n . burrows , eds . fire in ecosystems of south - west western australia : impacts and management . page ( s ) 321 - 347 . backhuys publishers , leiden , the netherlands .\nfire the main threat to the western bristlebird is extensive , or frequent , fire . fires at intervals of less than 5\u009610 years may lead to its local extinction ( smith 1987 ) . the optimum fire frequency for the species is unknown , however , the maximum fire frequency to maintain viable populations of the western bristlebird is not less than 20 years ( burbidge 2003 ) . severe or large scale fires have the potential to destroy all suitable habitat , including refuges ( gilfillan et al . 2007 ; mcnee 1986 ; smith 1977 , 1987 ) . fire frequency greater than every 5\u009610 years will lead to the extinction of a population , but what happens to its heath habitat in the absence of fire for 50 or more years is unknown . some areas of heath around mt . gardner have not been burnt for at least 45 years and the density of birds in these areas is less than in areas burnt 20 years ago ( smith 1987 )\nchapman , a . & k . r . newbey ( 1990 ) . a biological survey of the fitzgerald area , western australia . final report ( june 1987 ) part 1 . wa dept conservation & land management .\nbeing a \u2018skulking\u2019 species , western bristlebirds are seldom seen but often heard , as they are often difficult to see , generally staying concealed among the dense vegetation of coastal heathlands . their song is a distinctive , melodious whistle .\nwestern bristlebirds inhabit inhabit coastal heathlands with a diverse range of dense , low - growing shrubs . they occur in areas that have not been burnt for some years , but the time between burning and reoccupation varies between different sites .\nin the absence of fire at two peoples bay , home - ranges have remained stable over the last 30 years ( burbidge 2003 , 2007 , pers . comm . ) . here , the home - range of pairs of western bristlebirds , determined by mapping locations of singing birds , was estimated at 6 . 5 ha ( range 6\u00968 ha ) , with pairs spending at least 60 % of their time in a core area of 1\u00963 ha ( smith 1987 ) . one radio - tracked western bristlebird , at two peoples bay , had a home - range of 6 ha , and another had a home - range of 21 ha ( murphy 1994 ) . in the fitzgerald river national park , population densities of western bristlebirds have been estimated at 0 . 1 birds / ha ( smith & moore 1977 ) , and 0 . 3 birds / ha at two peoples bay ( higgins & peter 2002 ) . near mt gardner , at two peoples bay , 12 pairs were recorded in an area of about 80 ha ( smith 1987 ) .\nwestern bristlebirds forage on or close to the ground , taking mainly invertebrates , including worms , snails and insect and their larvae , as well as seeds . they constantly peck at the ground , using the bill to probe beneath the leaf litter or sweep fallen leaves aside .\nburbidge , a . h . , s . comer & a . danks ( 2005 ) . ' threatened birds and wildfire in south - west western australia ' in : fire and birds . fire management for biodiversity . wingspan ( supplement ) . 15 ( 3 ) : 18 - 20 .\na small population of western bristlebirds was translocated to near walpole , western australia ( burbidge 2003 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ) . eight birds were translocated in 1999 with a further seven being added in 2000 . a number of birds persisted after a fire in 2001 , with at least five heard calling in 2002 , but only one bird was heard calling between 2003 and 2005 , and none has been heard since 2005 ( burbidge 2003 ; gilfillan et al . 2007 ) . further translocations may be considered in the future , but need careful consideration as the success of this first translocation is uncertain ( gilfillan et al . 2007 ) .\neight western bristlebirds were translocated from two peoples bay nature reserve to near walpole , west of albany , in the spring of 1999 , and another seven were translocated in the spring of 2000 . although the area was burnt in a bushfire in the autumn of 2001 , at least seven birds persisted into the winter of 2001 ( burbidge 2003 ) , but there is no evidence of persistence since mid - 2005 ( gilfillan et al . 2007 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\n17 - 20 cm . medium - sized , sturdy , grey - brown passerine . sexes similar . dark brown upper back dappled pale grey . dark brown lower back . rich rufous - brown rump . rufous - brown upperwing - coverts . mostly rufous - brown uppertail . off - white centre of breast and belly with fine black - brown scalloping , sparser on belly . olive - brown sides of belly and flanks with fine black - brown scalloping . mostly olive - brown undertail . juvenile similar to adult , but upperparts without dappling .\nmale , high chortling call , very variable within and between individuals . female , replying with a sharp , usually three - noted whistle .\nthis species has been uplisted to endangered because it has a very small range , and a small population which is undergoing a decline , owing mainly to the effects of wildfires . large lightning - induced fires in 2005 and 2006 severely reduced the population , and ongoing habitat degradation from fires is likely .\n, from perth to ravensthorpe . it is now restricted to 14 sites in and around fitzgerald river national park and to a small area just east of albany at two peoples bay nature reserve , betty\u2019s beach , mt manypeaks to bluff creek . eighteen birds were translo\u00adcated in 1999\u20132000 and 2007 from two people\u2019s bay to near walpole , west of albany , but there was no evidence of breeding . a population of c . 620 pairs in 2001 was reduced by fires to c . 320 pairs in 2005 ( burbidge\n2010 ) , estimated to comprise c . 1 , 000 mature individuals ( garnett\n2011 ) . the density of birds is greater in the manypeaks - waychinicup areas than in the fitzger\u00adald river national park , but reasons for this are unknown . the albany to mt manypeaks area population declined from c . 500 pairs in 2001 to 200\u2013315 pairs in 2005 and 2006 , largely as a result of wildfires , although the cause for the decline in some areas is unclear . the fitzgerald river national park subpopulation numbered c . 125 pairs in 2005 ( burbidge\nin 2005 , the known breeding population was estimated at 300 - 450 pairs , probably equating to a total of 1 , 000 mature individuals ( a . burbidge\nat the turn of the century , the species was considered to be stable ; however , a series of fires in the two peoples bay - mt manypeaks area between december 2000 and december 2004 impacted the local population ( a . burbidge in litt . 2007 ) . numbers of calling males were reduced from about 500 in 2001 to 200 in 2005 , with similar numbers recorded in 2006 . thus , overall , the population is estimated to have declined over the last three generations .\nit is terrestrial and sedentary with a preference for dense , low heaths . in two peoples bay , it occurs in dense , closed heath 1 - 1 . 5 m high . near waychinicup river and in the fitzgerald river national park , it is found mainly in closed heath 0 . 5 m high , sometimes with scattered patches of mallee eucalypts . unburnt swampy vegetation , predominantly sedges and thickets , may be important refuges after fires . at two peoples bay , it can reoccupy heaths less than 3 years after fire , although breeding may not occur until later . it may not reoccupy heaths in drier areas until 11 - 14 years after fire . it was found in heaths 5 - 12 years after fire from boulder hill to east of waychinicup river , and 14 - 28 years after fire in the northern part of fitzgerald river national park .\nit is particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and alteration . wildfire is the principal threat , particularly large - scale wildfires , the incidence and extent of which have been increasing in recent years , despite increased skills , capacity and effort to stop them . fires at less than 5 - 10 year intervals may lead to local extinctions , and such fires are almost certainly the main cause of its historical range contraction . at the other end of the scale , some coastal heath ( at least at two peoples bay ) remains suitable habitat for at least 50 years after fire , although the carrying capacity may be reduced with time . a series of fires in the two peoples bay - mt manypeaks area between december 2000 and december 2004 impacted the local population of this species ( a . burbidge\n. numbers of calling males were reduced from about 500 in 2001 to 200 in 2005 ( a . burbidge\n. while most of this decline was clearly attributable to large - scale wildfires , some of the decline was most likely due to other , unknown factors ( a . burbidge\n2009 ) . clearance for grazing and agriculture caused historical range contractions , but is no longer considered a threat as almost all bristlebirds now occur in protected areas .\nsurveys have been completed over the range of the species , and populations are protected from fire as much as possible , particularly in association with the other threatened taxa of the two peoples bay - manypeaks area . in 1999 - 2000 and 2007 , 18 birds were translocated to a site west of albany , but the translocation appears to have been unsuccessful and there was no evidence of breeding ( garnett\n. the population in the two peoples bay - mt manypeaks area is being monitored ( danks and comer 2006 , a . burbidge\n. the recovery of this species is being managed by the south coast threatened birds recovery team ( a . burbidge\nsurvey and monitor populations at five - year intervals and search for new subpopulations . maintain active fire protection and management at all sites . continue habitat management and threat abatement of all occupied areas within an adaptive management framework . further investigate habitat requirements , in particular in relation to fire age , vegetation structure and food availability . study the effect of\n, and the extent of predation by invasive species . establish populations throughout former range where appropriate habitat persists . continue the translocation programme . continue to support coordination of management by the south coast threatened bird recovery team ( garnett\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn\u2019t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia\u2019s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nwant to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia\u2019s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia\u2019s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia\u2019s birds .\nour policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia\u2019s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\nthe top of the head , neck and upper back are all dark brown with distinct grey mottling , merging to rufous brown on the lower back and rump ; the uppertail is olive brown with rufous margins . the face is generally grey - brown , with a whitish chin and throat . the breast is light brownish - grey with fine , dark - brown scalloping , the belly is whitish , and the undertail is brownish grey . the eye is reddish .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dasyornis longirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened birds . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 2\n( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nsouth coast threatened birds recovery plan 2009 - 2018 ( department of environment and conservation , 2009v ) [ state recovery plan ] .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .\nquantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . ( geyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett , 2018 ) .\nlisted as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\na site just north of the fitzgerald river national park ( mcnee 1986 ) .\nsurveys have revealed their presence at 14 different sites in and near fitzgerald river national park ( gilfillan 2007 ) .\nthe species was not known from areas east of albany until 1945 , when it was discovered at two peoples bay ( buller 1945 ) ; it was subsequently recorded at waychinicup river ( ford 1963 ) , and in fitzgerald river national park in 1976 ( smith & moore 1977 ) .\nthe populations identified as being important for the species ' long - term survival are those located in the fitzgerald national park and in the area between hassell beach and two peoples nature reserve , including waychinicup national park ( cale & burbidge 1993 ; chapman & newbey 1990 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ; gilfillan et al . 2007 ; mcnee 1986 ; orr et al . 1995 ) .\nit also occurs in areas last burnt at least 50 years previously , but at a lower population density than it does in less mature vegetation ( smith 1987 ) .\nrecovery of its habitat after fire may take longer in relatively dry areas such as fitzgerald river national park than in moist areas such as two peoples bay ( mcnee 1986 ) .\n, all of which are listed as threatened taxa under australian or state government legislation ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; mcnee 1986 ; orr et al . 1995 ) .\nnothing is known of the role of each sex in nest building , incubation or feeding the nestlings ( smith 1987 ) .\nthe species is usually detected only by its vocalisations , usually between may and october . it has distinctive calls , which are most intense at dawn and , to a lesser extent , at dusk ( mcnee 1986 ; smith 1987 ; whittell 1936 ) . the song bouts are short and infrequent and large numbers of observations are needed to build up an adequate picture of the area used by the species . there are two song types and three call notes . the most frequently given song is a highly variable melodious whistle of five to eight notes ( smith 1987 ) .\nsmith ( 1987 ) provides details of many aspects of the species ' biology .\nmcnee ( 1986 ) provides information about a comprehensive survey conducted in 1985 , including the composition and structure of suitable vegetation at various sites .\nburbidge ( 2003 ) published the results of a study on the effects of bushfires on the species .\nbarrett , g . , a . silcocks , s . barry , r . cunningham & r . poulter ( 2003 ) . the new atlas of australian birds . melbourne , victoria : birds australia .\nblakers , m . , s . j . j . f . davies & p . n . reilly ( 1984 ) . the atlas of australian birds . melbourne , victoria : melbourne university press .\nchapman , g . ( 1999 ) . bristlebirds : see how they run . wingspan . 9 ( 1 ) .\ndanks , a . ( 2004 ) . south coast biodiversity . an overview of biodiversity values , threats and conservation in the south coast region . department of conservation and land management , albany .\ngarnett , s . t . & g . m . crowley ( 2000 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2000 . canberra , act : environment australia and birds australia . available from : urltoken .\nhiggins , p . j . & j . m . peter ( eds ) ( 2002 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 6 . pardalotes to spangled drongo . oxford university press , melbourne .\nhiggins , p . j . , j . m . peter & w . k . steele ( eds ) ( 2001 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume five - tyrant - flycatchers to chats . melbourne : oxford university press .\nmagrath , m . j . l . , m . a . weston , p . olsen & m . antos ( 2004 ) . draft survey standards for birds : species accounts . melbourne , victoria : report for the department of the environment and heritage by birds australia .\nmilligan , a . w . ( 1902a ) . description of a new bristle bird ( sphenura ) . emu . 1 : 67 - 69 .\norr , k . , a . danks & k . gillen ( 1995 ) . two peoples nature reserve management plan 1995 - 2005 . perth : department of conservation and land management for national parks and nature conservation agency .\nschodde , r . & i . j . mason ( 1999 ) . the directory of australian birds : passerines . melbourne , victoria : csiro .\nsmith , g . t . ( 1977 ) . the effect of environmental change on six rare birds . emu . 77 : 173 - 179 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( 2006hg ) . dasyornis longirostris in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . canberra : deh . available from : urltoken .\ngarnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .\ngeyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett ( 2018 ) . quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . urltoken\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . dasyornis longirostris in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 48 : 35 + 1000 .\nbird singing close by and visible for much of the time during which i made three recordings . it was missing the remiges of its left wing , the new incoming feathers with long sheaths . right wing was fully feathered . singing in both dead and live shrubs in heath , up to 1 m above ground . same individual as in xc393686 and xc393687 .\nbird singing close by and visible for much of the time during which i made three recordings . it was missing the remiges of its left wing , the new incoming feathers with long sheaths . right wing was fully feathered . singing in both dead and live shrubs in heath , up to 1 m above ground . same individual as in xc393686 .\nbird singing close by and visible for much of the time during which i made three recordings . it was missing the remiges of its left wing , the new incoming feathers with long sheaths . right wing was fully feathered . singing in both dead and live shrubs in heath , up to 1 m above ground .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nvocalizations loud and distinctive , throughout year , less frequent over summer and most intense in . . .\ndense closed coastal heathland , and more open heath where dense clumps or thickets present . heaths . . .\npoorly known , and few records . season jul\u2013oct / nov ; single - brooded . possibly pairs for life , partners spending much time together , but . . .\nsedentary ; some local movement , especially after bush fires . one pair colonized a site at two . . .\nendangered . cites i . restricted - range species : present in south - west \u00adaustralia eba . formerly categorized as endangered . after its initial discovery on swan r , near perth . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , bob humphries and sally robinson , keith and lynn youngs , rigdon currie .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 968 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nsearch is restricted to [ [ filters . class | getlabelfor : class _ choices ] ]\nautomatic vetting based on the ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; whereby observations were assessed as inappropriate for modelling ( ie . & apos ; zero _ coordinates & apos ; , & apos ; invalid scientific name & apos ; ) ;\ndetermining if the observations fell within expert - derived range polygons . these polygons were supplied by birdlife australia to represent , for each species , its core breeding habitat , non - breeding , historic , irruptive , or invasive ranges . records that fall outside these ranges were marked as inappropriate for modelling ; and\nhuman - derived classification of records after previous two assessments . through the edgar project ( urltoken ) , users were able to map all species observations and comment on the suitability of records for distribution modelling . this included records deemed inappropriate by other means .\nevery 6 months the occurrence record download file is updated to reflect recent vetting by experts . in the data download , sensitive records have been obfuscated by truncating the lat / long to two decimal places . obfuscated records will be indicated in the data file . access to the accurate data will need to be arranged with the original data owners - contact the ala for more information .\nthe resulting downloadable file of occurrence records reflects which records are suitable for species distribution modelling .\ncopy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the links to import into a bibliography manager .\n[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )\n[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )\nto filter your results by a time period enter a year range between [ [ earliest _ year ] ] and [ [ latest _ year ] ] inclusive . open ranges can be specified by leaving one of the fields blank . please note that adding a time period filter to your search will restrict your search to only those records in research data australia which contain temporal information .\n[ [ item . preflabel | totitlecase ] ] ( [ [ item . collectionnum ] ] )\nnote : adding a location filter will restrict your search to only records that have location information described .\n[ [ preresult . response . numfound ] ] result ( s ) found with these filters . hit search\nthe advanced search popout allows you to build / refine complex queries all in a single tabbed popout . from within the advanced search you can construct boolean searches and apply one or more filter categories to your search .\nnote that there is no defined order to the tabs in the advanced search and you can apply the filters in any order you choose . where there are multiple options for a filter category e . g . ( subjects ) the options & record counts displayed are based on your query . each time you switch tabs the available filter options and record counts are updated to reflect any changes on the previous tab .\nas you build / refine your search in the advanced search popout , you can review the entire search and the number of results which will be returned by selecting the \u2018review\u2019 tab . the tab also allows you to modify your search by removing filters .\nthe query constructor provides a way of searching for records using multiple search term combinations and boolean operators .\nthe advanced queries created using the query constructor are comprised of rows . each row consists of a field , condition operator and a value . the value tells the search what to look for , the field tells the search where to look , and the condition operator tells the search whether a record should \u2018contain\u2019 or \u2018exclude\u2019 the value .\nmultiple search terms entered into a single condition value are treated by the search as being separated by the boolean operator and .\nthe search terms are treated as case insensitive e . g . \u2018rain\u2019 is the same as \u2018rain\u2019 .\nexact phrases can also be entered into condition values by using quotes\ne . g .\nice sheets\nthe ? symbol can be used to perform a single character wildcard search . e . g . organi ? ations .\nthe * symbol can be used to perform multiple character wildcard search . e . g . extend *\nnote : wildcard characters can be applied to single search terms , but not to search phrases .\nthe query constructor supports the use of the boolean operators \u2018and\u2019 & \u2018or\u2019 between query rows . the operators are applied at the search level , meaning all query rows are separated by the same boolean value . changing the boolean value between two query rows will change the value between all query rows .\nhere we will step through constructing an advanced query where we would like to find all the records which contain \u2018rain\u2019 in the title , and \u2018flood\u2019 and \u2018weather\u2019 in the description .\nopen the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the \u2018search terms\u2019 tab . two query rows should be displayed by default .\nin the empty value field in the 1st query row enter the search term \u2018rain\u2019 .\nin the empty value field in the 2nd query row enter the search term \u2018flood\u2019 .\nin the empty value field in the 3rd query row enter the search term \u2018weather\u2019 .\nthe subject tab allows you to refine your search by selecting subjects which have been used to describe data records . the default subject vocabulary in research data australia , and the one which is used consistently by data providers , is the anzsrc field of research . other supported subject vocabularies are also available and can be selected by using the drop down displayed at the top of the tab ( note that these can take a little while to load ) .\nsubject vocabularies are displayed as browsable hierarchical trees . subject literals displayed as green links can be clicked to display or hide child subjects .\nsubjects can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each subject literal . multiple subjects can be selected within a single subject vocabulary and also across vocabularies .\nthe number of records with a subject will be displayed at the end of each subject literal e . g \u2018economics ( 30 ) \u2019 . note that because the relationships between records and subjects are many to many , the counts displayed with the subjects will not necessarily match the count of records returned by your search . for example you may see 3 subjects all showing a ( 1 ) beside them . this could resolve to a single record containing all 3 of the subjects . where no records exist with a subject value a ( 0 ) will be displayed with the literal .\nthe data provider tab allows you to limit your search to records published to research data australia by specific providers . the number of records available from providers will be displayed at the end of each provider literal e . g \u2018bond university ( 25 ) \u2019 .\ndata providers can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each data provider literal .\nthe access tab allows you to limit your search to records with specific access types . data records in research data australia fall into one of four access types :\ndata that is accessible and reusable , providing certain conditions are met ( e . g . free registration is required )\ndata access is limited in some way ( e . g . only available to a particular group of users or at a specific physical location )\nthe number of records available in each access type will be displayed at the end of the access literal e . g \u2018open ( 23 ) \u2019 .\naccess types can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each access literal .\nopen licence : a licence bearing broad permissions that may include a requirement to attribute the source , or share - alike ( or both ) , requiring a derivative work to be licensed on the same or similar terms as the reused material .\nnon - commercial licence : as for the open licence but also restricting reuse only for non - commercial purposes .\n: as for the open licence but also prohibits adaptation of the material , and in the second case also restricts reuse only for non - commercial purposes .\nrestrictive licence : a licence preventing reuse of material unless certain restrictive conditions are satisfied . note licence restrictions , and contact rights holder for permissions beyond the terms of the licence .\nno licence : all rights to reuse , communicate , publish or reproduce the material are reserved , with the exception of specific rights contained within the copyright act 1968 or similar laws . contact the copyright holder for permission to reuse this material ."]}
{"id": 311, "summary": [{"text": "neuroterus numismalis is a gall wasp that forms chemically induced leaf galls on oak trees .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it has both bisexual and agamic ( parthenogenetic ) generations and forms two distinct galls on oak leaves , the silk button gall and blister gall .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the galls can be very numerous with more than a thousand per leaf . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "neuroterus numismalis", "paragraphs": ["sometimes called the\nsmooth spangle\ngall . usually much less common that either neuroterus numismalis and neuroterus quercusbaccarum .\nsilk button galls ( neuroterus numismalis ) . chemically induced distortions on pedunculate oak ( quercus robur ) caused by the cynipid wasp neuroterus vesicator\noak silk - button spangle gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) on oak ( quercus sp . ) .\nandrew harrington / galls of silk button spangle gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) on oak leaf . england , uk , europe\nspangle galls on oak leaf created as a result of the plant ' s response to neuroterus numismalis wasp larvae . \u00a9 power and syred . urltoken\nsmall raised galls agent : neuroterus numismalis gall wasp ( sexual ) right : top of leaf gall showing radiating lines photo : 28th may 2013 .\ngeorgette douwma / silk button spangle galls caused by the gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) and common spangle galls caused by another ( neuroterus quercusbaccarumon ) on the underside of an english oak leaf ( quercus robur ) uk .\ngeorgette douwma / silk button spangle galls caused by the gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) on the underside of an english oak leaf ( quercus robur ) uk .\ncolin varndell / silk button galls on the underside of pedunculate oak leaf ( quercus robur ) caused by the gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) . dorset , uk , september .\nadrian davies / silk button spangle galls on an english oak ( quercus robur ) leaf caused by a gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) , surrey , england , uk , september .\nalongside spangle galls you may see silk - button galls , which look as if they\u2019ve been woven from golden threads and are made by the asexual generation of the wasp neuroterus numismalis .\ngeorgette douwma / silk button spangle galls caused by the gall wasp neuroterus numisalis and common spangle galls caused by the gall wasp neuroterus quercusbaccarumon on the underside of an english oak leaf ( quercus robur ) uk .\noyster gall agent : neuroterus anthracinus gall wasp ( asexual ) attached to midrib of leaf of english oak .\nthis gall ( note the discolouration near the tip of the leaf ) would seem to have been caused by the sexual generation of the silk button spangle gall wasp , neuroterus numismalis . for a view of the underside of this leaf and the gall see >\nsilk button gall wasp ( neuroterus numismalis ) creates 3mm diameter golden brown discs with a pronounced central depression on the underside of oak leaves in late summer - early autumn . the next generation in spring forms small oval galls on the male catkins and leaf margins .\ngeorgette douwma / silk button spangle galls caused by the gall wasp ( neuroterus numisalis ) and common spangle galls caused by another gall wasp ( neuroterus quercusbaccarumon ) on the underside of an english oak leaf ( quercus robur ) uk .\ngeorgette douwma / silk button spangle galls caused by the gall wasp ( neuroterus numisalis ) and common spangle galls caused by another gall wasp ( neuroterus quercusbaccarumon ) on the underside of an english oak leaf ( quercus robur ) uk .\nduncan mcewan / silk button spangle galls on oak casued by wasp ( neuroterus albipes ) . scotland , uk , europe\ncatkin gall agent : neuroterus aprilinus ( asexual ) gall wasp on male catkins of english oak . photo : 9th may 2009 .\nneuroterus numismalis is a gall wasp that has two generations per year . one being sexual and the other agamic ( all female and needs no male to reproduce ) . the sexual generation causes blister galls on oak leaves . whereas the agamic generation causes silk button galls on the underside of oak leaves .\nchris o & apos ; reilly / silk button and common spangle galls of gall wasps { neuroterus spp } on oak leaf . uk\ngeorgette douwma / silk button spangle galls caused by the gall wasp neuroterus numisalis on the underside of an english oak leaf ( quercus robur ) uk .\nspangle galls are made by the grubs of the asexual generation of the gall - wasp neuroterus quercusbaccarum . each gall , containing a single wasp grub , falls from the tree in autumn and overwinters in leaf - litter .\nearly oogenesis in neuroterus baccarum l . has been traced . no doubleness is observed in the chromatin threads before the diffuse state , from which they emerge paired end - to - end . the ten bivalents are arranged in a characteristic parallel series on the metaphase plate . thereafter , lateral fusion occurs and , in the mature egg , the chromatin is present as a spindle - shaped mass .\na new gall in the uk 2006 . agent : neuroterus saliens gall wasp . left - sea anemone gall in female flower ( sexual generation ) photo : 13th may 2006 . right - galls 3mm . on midrib ( both surfaces ) and leaf petiole . photo : 15th october 2006 . ( asexual generation ) . both photographs taken from the same tree on hog hill . both generations on turkey oak .\ncommon spangle gall wasp ( neuroterus quercusbaccarum ) causes yellowish gingery brown disc - like galls 3 - 4mm in diameter on the underside of oak leaves in late summer - early autumn . the galls drop to the ground in autumn and females emerge in spring to lay eggs on the male catkins . the next generation causes spherical fleshy galls 5 - 6mm in diameter on the catkins . these galls are yellowish green or reddish in colour and are known as currant galls .\nsmooth spangle galls ( neuroterus albipes ) . the galls are saucer - shaped , yellowish - green or pinkish - red discs without any hairs and up to 4mm in diameter . they form mainly on the underside of the leaf with each gall containing a single larva . pupation takes place during the winter while the galls are on the ground and females emerge in the spring . they lay eggs which give rise to small , oval , green galls which are attached to the leaf margins or the catkins . males and females emerge in may - june .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit\u2019s great to spend time in your yard , on your patio or putzing in your garden . time spent enjoying your efforts , but if not your hobby , another family members hobby . sitting on a swing , under a tree , watching two birds playing in a verdigras leaf bird bath . watching your children or grandchildren \u201cah\u201d each time the solar lighting around them turns on and the garden becomes a magical playground . maybe compairing how tall the kids are aginst a pair of flamboyant flamingo stakes . time spent in a cotton padded swinging chair or a bradid hammock , just reading a good book .\nurltoken has the right decor to make those times most memorable . we have bird feeders and bird feeding stations for all you bird feeders . we have bird feeders for your yard , bird feeding stations for your garden and bird feeder decor for your patio and deck . we have many shapes and sizes for just about any bird feeder need you might have . bird feeders for any occasion and color to match any decor . bird feeders that sit on the table , bird feeding stations that hang and bird feeders that could make a bird feeding city .\nif it\u2019s bird houses your interested in , we have them too . wooden bird houses , tall bird houses , short bird houses and bird houses in between . blue , green , red and yellow colored bird houses and many designes to match your bird house needs . we offer standing , hanging and table top versions . instead of that bird feeding city you could build a bird house town . of course some don\u2019t like birds as much as they like frogs , or maybe they like both . urltoken has a frog for most occasions . solar powered frogs to light your way at nite or cutesy frog key holders to keep your spare key safe till you need it . maybe you are looking for simplicity , such as a frog on a mushroom . frog decor to match your uniqueness and if we don\u2019t have it contact us and we will find the right frog for you .\nhow to build your own barbeque barbeques are a great way to enjoy time with your family and friends . the food is easy to prepare and it\u2019s one of the only times when the man of the house takes over the chores . there are different shapes and sizes of bbq\u2019s on the market . if you are barbeque fan though , you might just have to build your very own \u2013 it just requires a little knowhow and hard work ;\n1 . decide where you want the barbeque hub to be placed . make sure it is away from trees , fences and anything that will catch fire if the wind catches the flames .\n2 . don\u2019t set your heart on a complex barbeque if your a rookie builder . you need something functional , not something that looks great but is of no use .\n3 . once you have decided on where you want the barbeque to be , use your grills and measure the barbeque area . at this point , you might want to lay down your bricks and see if any of the bricks will need to be cut . for rookies , it is best to avoid this and widen your area if this is the case .\n4 . clear the area of grass , stones and any other debris . dig for about 8 to 10 inches , add tamper and gravel and then pour in the cement . smooth the area and leave overnight to dry out .\n5 . lay down your bricks again and check if you have done everything right . make sure the bricks at the end fit perfectly . if you need more help , mark where your bricks will go .\n6 . before cementing your bricks , hose them down with water . mix the mortar and using the trowel lay down your bricks pressing gently into the mortar .\n7 . continue building your wall and use the level to check that everything is even . make sure the barbeque sits at a comfortable height , and also make sure the grills are placed comfortably . you don\u2019t want to burn yourself while checking the food on the lower grill etc .\n8 . two grill racks are usually enough for a normal sized family . for the grill racks , place bricks in such a way that they jut out to form notches that can support the grills . remember not to place these together or too far apart .\n9 . keep checking with the level , finish the final layer and using a hosepipe neaten the joints .\n10 . if you want you can even build an additional place where you can cement a paving slab for a side table with a cupboard below for your charcoal and other things .\nin hot summer days , we try our best to stay cool . there are various cooling methods we can employ depending upon the convenience , efficiency and budget . the shops are full of several appliances with a varying price range . each one has its benefits and disadvantages . to know which one is best for you , read on .\nan ac acts really fast when it comes to cooling your home ( ps : avoid these mistakes ) . as soon as you switch it on , the ac unit brings the temperature down to a comfortable level within a few minutes . there are various types of air conditioners : window ac , split ac , ducted unit , portable ac etc .\na tower fan gently blows cool breeze on your body and helps you cool down . it does not cool the room . when air blows on your skin , the moist on your skin evaporates and leaves you with a cool feeling . it never brings down the temperature of the room .\na good night\u2019s sleep is no luxury but necessity , and to sleep well , we need a comfortable atmosphere at night . we worry about the expense factor when purchasing an appliance . your hard - earned money should be invested for something good .\nac is considered to be luxury because of its price level . a basic unit costs no less than $ 100 . if you want an energy star rated product , the cost will go up . additional features add more to it .\na tower fan is lot cheaper than an ac . a simple unit comes only at $ 40 . additional features will cost more than that but it is always less than an ac .\nan ac unit requires lot more energy than a tower fan . an ac drags in hot air , cools it and flushes out the cool air through vents . an air conditioner pulls more electricity to run this process .\na best tower fan needs only 2400 watts in an entire day , whereas , the same power is required every hour to run an ac . therefore , you can save a great deal of money if you are running a tower fan instead of an ac . energy star rated products are designed to consume less energy , however , they don\u2019t come cheap\nfor an highest quality tower fan , take a look at this site , these guys have reviewed some great tower fans , which are great for cooling small - to medium - sized rooms .\nair conditioners are heavier and bigger appliances , therefore , they produce more noise . though , these are designed to work quietly but some amount of noise does come from them . a tower fan operates softly without disturbing your sleep .\nthe air conditioners are generally non - portable . new versions of portable acs have been launched , however , these are not as efficient as the main stream ac machines . portability helps you to carry it wherever you want and enjoy the cool breeze but acs are not good for you if you want a portable home cooling appliance .\nthe tower fans are portable . you can fix a location or keep changing it , whatever suits you . the models are lighter , sleek and smooth , therefore , helps you save more space . the weight is easy for carrying purpose .\ngone those days when only an ac would come with a remote control . the modern tower fans are also accompanied with remote control systems for an easy operation . you can easily operate , fix timers , change speed levels with the help of a remote .\ni hope that after the comparison between tower fans and acs you would be able to decide which one is the best for you . tower fans are highly recommended if you want to save a great deal of money when purchasing the unit and also when running it . whereas , the acs are only good for cooling , but these do not help you save money .\nthe flowering process in the garden represents significant transformations in the development of the vegetable plants . in some cases it signals the start of the cropping process . in other cases it represents the end of the productive life of a plant . flowering can also be a used to time events or can be a warning sign for a gardener \u2013 a sign that we may have done something wrong , or are taking a risk .\nmany of the vegetables that we eat are in fact fruit or seeds \u2013 a fruit being roughly defined the part of the plant that contains the seeds . tomatoes , peppers , aubergines / eggplant , cucumbers , courgette / zucchini and squash are all technically fruit , some being eaten at the immature stage and others when fully ripe . runner bean and french / snap / green bean pods are immature fruit , with the peas , broad beans and sweet corn being immature seeds . all of these , and more , are dependent on flowers and pollination . if the flowers are delayed or there is not sufficient pollination , then there will be no crop \u2013 in most cases .\npollination occurs with the transfer of pollen from the male flower to the female flower , or from the male part to the female part within the same flower . this pollination is done by the wind , by insects or automatically within the flower , depending on the plant and the growing conditions .\nthere are very few plants in the vegetable garden that have male and female flowers on different plants . spinach is the most common with some plants being male and some plants being female . as we eat the leaves of this plant and not the fruit or seeds , pollination is not something for a grower to worry about , unless you want to save seeds . asparagus is another example , and the yield from male plants is apparently higher , so there may be an advantage to having more male plants .\nsome vegetables have separate male and female flowers on the same plant \u2013 called \u2018imperfect\u2019 flowers \u2013 and the pollen must be transferred between them by the wind or an animal . sweet corn is one of the few crops in a vegetable garden that rely on wind pollination to ensure a decent crop . courgettes / zucchini and the closely related squash and pumpkin are the most common and vibrant examples of plants that rely on insects \u2013 or humans \u2013 to produce a crop .\nif you wanted to save seed for one variety of courgette , or if you wanted to specifically cross breed two different varieties , it is fairly easy to do with this manual pollination technique , so long as you can prevent insects from interfering in the process .\nflowers are considered to be \u2018perfect\u2019 if they contain both the male and female parts within the same flower . this obviously simplifies pollination , but the process still occurs . peas and french / green / snap beans have perfect flowers in which the pollen laden stamen brushes past the female stigmas as the flower opens \u2013 this is a self pollination process . even though bees may visit the flowers , they are not needed in the process , and very rarely do they transfer pollen from one flower to the next . this makes seed saving very convenient \u2013 though breeding is a trickier task .\ntomatoes also have perfect flowers and are self pollinating in most cases . all that is needed is for the pollen to be shaken onto the female part of the flower which is enclosed within the male part . this can be done by the wind shaking the plant , buy a buzzing insect landing on the flower , or by the gardener gently tapping or vibrating the individual flowers or the entire plant . in some of the larger beefsteak tomato varieties , the female stigma projects out of the flower a bit and can be cross - pollinated by insects carrying pollen from another flower .\nunfortunately suitable bees do not regularly come into the polytunnel , so i tried doing the triggering myself with a tiny paint brush . by holding onto the top petal of each flower , i was able to insert the brush into the flower and gently pull down the lower part , pushing open the flower and hopefully triggering the pollination just as a bee would . this seems to have worked as pods are now starting to form . it is a tedious job but a simple one . given how big the runner beans become , taking a few minutes to trigger even a few dozen flowers each morning can ensure a bigger harvest than most families can eat or freeze .\nwarning sign the premature bolting of leaf plants is one of the key signals to a grower that things are not quite right for the plants . something is stressing them , and although there is little that a grower can do to reverse this bolting process , it is a good opportunity to learn about what might be done differently . sometimes it is simply weather conditions that are inappropriate for the plant , and a grower can choose to plant earlier , later or use different varieties and crops . bolting could also indicate that the plant felt too crowded , and did not have enough space above or below ground to grow any bigger . water stress , or lack of nutrients can also be a factor , both of which a grower can do something about \u2013 next time . bolting can also be caused by transplants that were not taken care of , were too long in the pots or modules , were not hardened off enough , or received rough treatment while being transplanted .\none of the other warning sighs about flowering is the potential danger of increasing the problems with weeds . an annual weed can can go from flower to the production of viable seeds in a very short period of time . even if you pull out a flowering weed and throw it into the compost , the plant may have enough energy left in its roots and leaves to produce viable seeds , which will then be spread across the garden with the compost \u2013 unless it is a hot enough compost . vegetable plants can also become problematic weeds if you let them produce seeds . it is common to see a few old kale plants in an allotment being allowed to flower . while this is a beautiful sight , and very beneficial for pollinating bees , each of these plants can produce thousands of seeds , which can become a major weed the next year \u2013 something that i am currently experiencing . remember , one year\u2019s seeding requires seven years of weeding .\none final aspect is that the timing of the flowing of various \u2018weeds\u2019 and naturally occurring plants in the vicinity can be a very useful guide to when things could be sown or transplanted . for example , dandelions flower each spring , but at different dates , depending on the overall conditions such as weather , soil temperature , etc . this could be used a signal that conditions are right for sowing some early plants . this of course takes experience , but in the context of climate change , it is useful guide to the changes of the season and when tasks should be done , rather than relying or dates in the calendar . there is so much to observe and learn .\npeas are not usually grown in protected gardens as they don\u2019t like the heat and the space is usually considered too valuable for such a low yielding crop . but i decided to try growing some peas in the polytunnel in order to produce an early treat before anything would be available outside . summary :\nthe avola dwarf pea variety was used , which is supposed to produce an early crop from an overwintering or early spring planting . it is a round seeded variety and is supposed to grow 60cm tall . growing details include :\nthe plants were healthy in general , with no significant problems , though they grew taller than expected . the crop was a tasty and welcome treat , but yields were low and the crop was later than expected .\na total of almost 2 hours was spent on this crop , mostly on harvesting and setting up the supporting structure .\ngfi for this crop is 18 servings / hour or 16 . 5 servings / m\u00b2 .\nthis is at the low end of the scale , a very inefficient use of time and space .\na serving size was set at 50g , as they are usually eaten fresh and uncooked .\ncalculation does not include the \u2018cost\u2019 of the tunnel , water and other inputs .\nthe crop was relatively trouble free . one of the plants was damaged at base of a stem by an unknown pest . at the end of the cropping , some of the peas were eaten by a mouse .\ngrowing the peas at the side of the tunnel was a mistake as it made it more difficult and time consuming to harvest the peas .\nthe peas grew to about 120cm tall , almost twice the expected height , causing them to outgrow the supporting structure , and making harvesting more difficult .\ntry sowing earlier for an earlier harvest , possibly even in november as an overwintering crop .\nuse a heavier cropping rather than a really early variety , which would produce over a longer period of time .\nthe end of harvest in the tunnel should ideally coincide with the start of harvest of overwintering peas outside , to ensure a continuity of supply , but this is dependent on weather .\npeas are probably not as suitable as mangetout for protected cropping , given the difference in yield .\nkohlrabi is an unusual vegetable . closely related to the cabbage and the turnip , the edible component is actually a swollen part of the stem , which is similar in texture and taste to a broccoli stem , but milder and sweeter . while it is a common crop in parts of europe , it is very much a novelty here in ireland , and i trialed it in the protected garden as a hunger gap crop .\nthe kohlrabi was grown in the same bed as carrots , beetroot , chard , turnip and radish , which were all to provide a crop before the summer crop of cucumbers and melons . a purple skin azur star variety was used with the following planting details :\ntotal yield including leaves estimated at 1 . 4kg / m or 5 . 7kg / m2 .\na total of about 30 minutes was spent on this crop , most of it on the original sowing and filling in the gaps with transplants \u2013 including the time spent caring for and watering the tray of transplants .\ngfi for this crop is almost 40 servings / hour or 20 servings / m\u00b2 .\nif leaves were eaten gfi would increase to 85 servings / hr or 45 servings / m\u00b2 .\nwith full germination , gfi could increase to 70 servings / hr , 120 with leaves .\nserving size set at 100g , not including a small amount of waste from peeling .\ncalculation does not include the \u2018cost\u2019 of the tunnel , water and other imputs .\nbeyond the poor germination of the original sowing \u2013 caused by either old seed or cool conditions \u2013 the crop was trouble free and quick to produce . there were no noticeable diseases or deficiencies , but one of the bulbs split , possibly due to inconsistent soil moisture . three plants ( 15 % ) failed to produce a useable bulb before the space was needed for other crops . the crop occupied a lot of space and the big leaves crowded out the slower growing carrots and beetroot .\ngfi should be 70 servings / hour or 25 servings / m\u00b2 with tender stems .\nfinally , a few cobs of sweetcorn were ready to harvest in the protected garden ! given the cool and damp context , it is unusual to be able to eat any locally grown sweetcorn , and quite remarkable to be eating it fresh as early as july \u2013 one of the benefits of growing food in a polytunnel . it may be early in the season , but it has been a very long wait for me .\ni grew up in southern ontario , canada , near toronto , with a climate very suitable for growing corn \u2013 except for this year , with the droughts and heat wave seriously damaging many crops in the region . in the late summer many meals in our household were based around freshly harvested \u2018corn on the cob\u2019 , which had been purchased direct from a local farmer . it was a time of year that everyone eagerly anticipated , but the excellent quality of the sweetcorn spoiled me . unfortunately , or perhaps it is fortunate , i cannot tolerate the vacuum wrapped or frozen sweetcorn that is available for sale in ireland . i have gone without one of my favorite foods except when i happen to be back in canada during corn season . it has been 5 or 6 years , which is a long time to wait .\nthis year was the first time that i have successfully grown a decent sweetcorn crop here in ireland . i tried a few times outside in gardens and allotments , but never produced more than a few kernels on a tiny cob . yesterday , i harvested 3 medium sized cobs , mostly full of kernels ! of course , they were not as good as the corn i grew up on , but considering the context , they were very much appreciated .\nin the last few decades , plant breeders have developed \u2018super - sweet\u2019 varieties , which store reasonably well . the older varieties , with their fuller flavor , do not keep as well , but grow better in irish conditions . the sugars in the kernels of these varieties start to convert to starch as soon as the cob is picked . even a few hours after harvesting , the flavor could have noticeably changed . for our meal last night , i followed the harvesting advice i learned as a kid :\nheat a large pot of salted water , and when it is almost boiling walk out to the field / garden . pick the cobs you are going to eat , then run back to the kitchen . husk them quickly and boil them until just tender . eat immediately with salt and lots of butter .\nwater is one of the ways that copper may enter our bodies . the drinking of chlorinated water has been proved to an increased chance of developing colon cancer . therefore , you have to set up your hot water system carefully . the tankless water heaters are important part of the hot water system in our house . like most things involved in owning and caring for a home , tankless water heaters have always been full of promise and they are actually a lot more complex than you might think , especially when they were replacing an existing conventional water heater .\ninstallation was often complicated and costly installation is always a nightmare for homeowners even manufacturers haven\u2019t given up on the technology on improving the designs to make it easier to install . from the consumer reports , small tankless water heater can cost $ 120 - $ 350 for a unit and the installation can add $ 100 - $ 200 . while you will pay $ 800 - $ 3 , 000 or more a central tankless water heater , and the total cost will be increased up to $ 1 , 000 - $ 3 , 500 , includes the installation . how to reduce the cost of installation ? unless you\u2019re well experienced in this line that you can install the unit by yourself , it\u2019s smart to choose branded manufacturer because their advanced technology should make retrofit installations easier and less cost .\ninconsistent water temperatures this is another big bigger problem for house use . tankless water heaters are designed for providing plenty of hot water as long as the flow is high enough . one of the main reasons why the tankless water heater can\u2019t keep water temperatures due to the low water pressure . the low flow within your tankless unit results in shutting down the gas burner . the restriction in the hot water flow can cause inconsistent water temperatures as well because the mineral deposits block the shower head or faucet aerators . for the first situation , you should manually check the minimal required flow rate . the 2nd situation can be solved by cleaning every single of the unit .\ndrawbacks even the on - demand water heaters come are more efficient than standard heaters as these innovations , but they are not for every family . for example , one of the most important aspects to be taken care of when it comes to tankless water heaters is exhaust venting . if the unit can\u2019t send out the high density heat , it could cause the heater to breakdown . regarding gas supply when you consider a tankless gas water heater . the same pressure and volume are important for heating water instantly by tankless water heaters . if you area doesn\u2019t have natural gas supply because of the extremely cold incoming ground water or your new house has not set up propane supply , a tankless model might not for your needs .\ndo you suffer from back pain ? did you know that you can use herbal remedies to relieve back pain ? as people become more and more aware of the adverse side effects of painkillers and opioids , more and more are looking for alternatives to relieve pain . the good news is that there are many ways to ease the suffering without having to turn to prescription medication .\nherbs can be used for the relief of back pain , so let us take a look at a few that can ease muscle pain and reduce inflammation .\ncat\u2019s claw cat\u2019s claw can be taken orally as a tablet , capsule or by drinking it in a tea . it has anti - inflammatory properties and aids in reducing swelling . inflammation and swelling are often associated with back problems like joint inflammation , spinal arthritis and herniated discs . while this particular herb is very helpful to treat the symptoms , it should be used in moderation as it is very powerful can over stimulate the immune system .\nboswellia boswellia is commonly available in tablet form and has high anti - inflammatory properties . boswellia works by blocking a substance called leukotrienes , known to attack joints , resulting in reduced motion and pain .\ntumeric and ginger these two are very easy to add to your diet , they are delicious and in addition to their anti - inflammatory properties hold a range of other beneficial qualities .\nvalerian root valerian root has many beneficial properties and is commonly used to aid in anxiety and insomnia as it is relaxing . if you are experiencing muscle - related back pain , valerian can be a great way to ease the pain ; the relaxing properties extend to the muscles and aid to reduce nerve sensitivity . making it fantastic for conditions like muscle spasms , muscle injuries and other muscle related pain . valerian can cause drowsiness so is best taken at night .\nwhite willow bark white willow bark can be taken as a tablet or prepared as a tea . this remedy has been in use for centuries to treat inflammation . it contains salicin , a chemical with properties similar to aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) which aids in pain reduction . while white willow bark has multiple benefits , it should be used in moderation as an overdose can lead to increased inflammation and worsen your pain and potentially cause other health concerns .\nthere are many ways to treat the symptoms of back pain including the use of inversion therapy ( read inversion table reviews ) , floatation therapy and physiotherapy . however , the best way to treat the symptoms of back pain and ultimately arrive at a long - term solution is , in fact , to use a combination of treatments and observe the underlying causes of the condition .\nback pain is often the result of many contributing factors including bad lifting habits , poor posture , too much time with electronic devices and poor diet . the best way to ensure the spinal health and all round wellbeing is to follow a healthy eating plan that includes all the essential nutrients , get regular exercise , develop good posture and plenty of good quality rest .\nhey ! i realize it\u2019s been a while since my last post . i have no excuses ! ok , i do have some , but i\u2019ll save those for another post .\ninstead of excuses , i have some pictures from keukenhof for you ! hans and i finally visited yesterday . even though it\u2019s just across the street , we\u2019ve been putting off a visit because we were waiting for the tulips to really come out , and for the trees and bushes to get a bit leafier . but spring is running three weeks late this year due to the cold weather we\u2019ve been having , and it\u2019s just taking tooooooooooo long\u2026 . you might notice in the pictures that there are lots of tulips still to come out . but there are lots and lots of hyacinths ( they smell soooooooo yummy ) and more varieties of daffodils than i ever knew existed .\nit\u2019s also one of the most photographed places in the world . if you\u2019re photo crazy , and you\u2019re one of those people with a ginormous camera and even more ginormous lenses , this is the place you\u2019ll want to use all that equipment . but you\u2019ll see just as many people taking pictures with their ipads or with their phones on selfie sticks ! you gotta\u2019 watch out for these people because they tend not to see past the ends of their own arms . i\u2019m not sure everyone takes the time to enjoy the beauty of the flowers they\u2019re photographing . but if ever there was a place to stop to smell the flowers\u2026 . .\nkeukenhof opened this year on march 20 and it closes on may 17 . i expect i\u2019ll visit again before it closes . april 25th is the flower parade . the flower parade is a parade of floats decorated with bulb flowers . it goes along a 40km route , starting in a town called nordwijk at about 9am , and ends in haarlem at about 8 : 30pm . it\u2019ll pass through lisse , and go by keukenhof , around 3 in the afternoon . i\u2019ll be there with my point - and - shoot to get some pictures for you !\nwe stand behind our work 100 % . hedgerow mobile is committed to delivering full customer satisfaction .\nhedgerow mobile specializes in producing high quality seed of origin - known california native grasses , forbs , sedges and rushes , providing reliable and professional service to its clients since 1997 .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe silk button galls are abundant on the underside of the oak leaves and can reach 3 mm across . this gall holds the agamic generation and looks like a thick , rolled edge disk with a deep central pit and gold hairs , there is no mark on the top of the leaf . it is a single cell gall holding one wasp and can be seen from august to october , until the leaves fall in autumn . the wasp larva will mature in august but remain in the gall on the ground throughout the winter , emerging the following year from february to april .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe\nb . britannica\nhydroid buds and forms medusae by asexual reproduction . when these mature , sexual reproduction occurs , the fertilised eggs settle out and new hydroids are formed .\nafter mating , mass migrations occur with the females returning to the sea to release their fertilised eggs . an average female carries around 85 , 000 eggs .\nthe blister galls produce the males and females of the bisexual generation in mid - summer and the fertilised eggs result in the silk button gall generation .\nthe\nb . muscus\nhydroid buds and forms medusae by asexual reproduction . when these mature , sexual reproduction occurs , the fertilised eggs settle out and new hydroids are formed .\nmating takes place in spring , and the females carry the fertilised eggs on their pleopods from march to july ; the larvae can be found in the plankton over most of the summer .\nsiboglinids are dioecious , with one gonad on each side of the trunk , within the body cavity . the fertilised eggs develop within the tubes , and hatch to produce small ciliated worm - like larvae .\nlike garden snails ,\nmertensia\nis hermaphroditic , reproducing sexually and occasionally asexually . eggs and sperm are ejected into the water and from the fertilised eggs ovoid larvae develop . the planktonic larvae of this species are long while adults grow up to .\nmost species reproduce sexually , but some populations are dominated by hermaphrodites which produce internally fertilised eggs . reproduction in\nt . cancriformis\nvaries with latitude , with sexual reproduction dominating in the south of its range , and parthenogenesis dominating in the north .\nit is formed by secretion of collateral glands , over 16 fertilised eggs are arranged in 2 rows of 8 each . they are found in genital pouch of female cockroach or mantis .\nthe krabi mouth - brooding betta probably feeds on insects , crustaceans , other small invertebrates and zooplankton . this fish is a paternal mouth brooder ; the male fish takes the fertilised eggs into his mouth and keeps them there until they hatch .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data , we ' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service . please review these pages now , as they apply to your continued use of our website .\ncrab spider attacking lackey moth caterpillar duke of burgundy fritillary butterfly hamearis lucina from abo marsh fritillaries euphydryas aurinia in cop duke of burgundy fritillary butterfly hamearis lucina undersid black - tailed skimmer orthetrum cancellatum female salad burnet poterium sanguisorba subsp . sanguisorba small heath butterfly coenonympha pamphilus on plantain dingy skipper butterfly erynnis tages with damaged wing marsh fritillaries euphydryas aurinia mating\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nregister for free to receive our newsletters , add comments to blogs / articles and to save content .\nodd - shaped growths on the foliage , flowers , acorns and stems of oak trees are often caused by gall wasps .\nare the host plants for more than 30 species of gall wasp . it is the larval stage of these insects that induce the plant to produce abnormal growths , known as galls , that enclose the developing larvae .\ndifferent species of gall wasp develop inside distinctive galls affecting various structures on the tree . oak gall wasps have complex life cycles , with alternating generations that are either sexual with males and females , or asexual with females only . the two generations often produce different types of gall on different parts of the tree , and in some species the two generations alternate between native and non - native species of oak ."]}
{"id": 312, "summary": [{"text": "cephalotes pallidoides is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "giving their name also as gliding ants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cephalotes pallidoides", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes pallidoides for further details\nanterior border of the frontal carinae with three or four pairs of clubbed hairs . venezuela , trinidad , guyana , brazil , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes pallidoides\nrichness of cephalotes species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of cephalotes species or for valid names only see cephalotes species .\ncheeks completely without hairs . colombia and brazil . . . . . cephalotes duckei\ngaster anteriorly without crest or lamella . cura\u00e7ao . . . . . cephalotes emeryi\npostpetiolar spines longer than their maximum length . brazil . . . . . cephalotes frigidus\nfirst gastral sternite almost completely longitudinally striate . brazil . . . . . cephalotes pallidicephalus\nfrontal carinae strongly upturned over the eyes . peru . . . . . cephalotes peruviensis\nthe workers of cephalotes klugi and cephalotes prodigiosus are not included in the key since they are still unknown . the remaining species can be identified by means of the following key .\nmesonotum with irregular longitudinal rugosities , body opaque . mexico . . . . . cephalotes toltecus\nmesonotum unarmed . trinidad , colombia to brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes spinosus\nventral face of the head with longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes notatus\ngaster anteriorly without crest or lamella . venezuela , colombia . . . . . cephalotes crenaticeps\ngaster with rare erect clubbed hairs only posteriorly . colombia . . . . . cephalotes patei\npropodeum almost destitute of pilosity . gaster orange . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes flavigaster\nappressed hairs of the first gastral tergite very sparse . mexico . . . . . cephalotes insularis\nmesonotum with regular longitudinal rugosities ; body superficially shining . mexico . . . . . cephalotes wheeleri\nfore femora with ventral crest . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes maya\ngaster with semimembranous anterior lobes . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes incertus\ngaster anteriorly with a narrow , well visible crest . ecuador . . . . . cephalotes ecuadorialis\ncolour light brown . membranaceous expansions of the body semitransparent . brazil . . . . . cephalotes membranaceus\nouter face of the fore femora with longitudinal rugosities . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes mompox\nbody sculpture impressed . ci \u2264 114 . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes dieteri\nbody sculpture superficial . ci \u2265 120 . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes integerrimus\ncolour dark brown to black . membranaceous expansions of the body whitish . brazil . . . . . cephalotes ustus\nvertexal angles rounded . propodeum simply angulate , without teeth or spines . brazil . . . . . cephalotes solidus\ngaster extremely globose ( fig . 252 ) . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes ventriosus\nfirst gastral tergite unicoiour . mesosoma without rugosities . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes bloosi\nhead and mesosoma strongly convex , the convexity very evident also in dorsal view ( fig . 310 ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes quadratus . . . . . also see the newly described ( 2014 ) cephalotes specularis\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\ngaster , ventrally , densely covered with pointed hairs . guyanas , colombia , brazil . . . . . cephalotes marginatus\nventral face of the head with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . arizona and north mexico . . . . . cephalotes rohweri\nsides of the frontal carinae bearing a row of long , pointed hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes supercilii\nci \u2264 122 . frontal carinae not covering completely the genae . costa rica , panama . . . . . cephalotes alfaroi\nfirst gastral tergite orange with a black spot in the middle . dominican republic , haiti . . . . . cephalotes unimaculatus\nbody shining . colour yellow . trinidad & tobago , from colombia to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes clypeatus\npropodeum , laterally , without denticles . ppel > 155 . pppl > 173 . jamaica . . . . . cephalotes jamaicensis\npropodeal sides , posteriorly , with one or two pairs of incisions . mexico to brazil . . . . . cephalotes pallens\nlateral membranaceous expansions of the propodeum straight and narrowing backwards . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes caribicus\nsecond pair of propodeal teeth separate from the declivous face . mexico to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes minutus\npronotum broader than the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . gaster completely black . colombia . . . . . cephalotes palta\ngaster with many erect clubbed hairs on its whole surface . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes alveolatus\npi \u2265 103 . colombia , french guyana , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . . . cephalotes cordatus\npromesonotal suture impressed . propodeal suture deeply impressed . mesosoma with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes nilpiei\nfirst gastral tergite reticulate and with superimposed thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes femoralis\npilosity dense ; on the gaster the space between two hairs subequal to hair thickness . brazil . . . . . cephalotes inaequalis\nbody shining . foveae sparse . propodeum with reduced , rounded lateral expansions . mexico to guatemala . . . . . cephalotes biguttatus\nbasal face of the propodeum densely covered by appressed , canaliculate hairs hiding the sculpture . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes auricomus\nhbai \u2265 40 . pronotal lateral expansions much more narrow and obtuse . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes serratus\nmaximum diameter of the eyes \u2265 0 . 35 of the median head length . mexico to paraguay . . . . . cephalotes maculatus\nsides of the first gastral tergite with very fine , longitudinal rugosities . propodeal suture superficial . colombia . . . . . cephalotes coffeae\nppei \u2265 205 . pppl \u2265 184 . sides of the propodeum with a triangular expansion . mexico . . . . . cephalotes goniodontus\nbody opaque . foveae denser . propodeum with projecting triangular expansions . mexico , costa rica and panama . . . . . cephalotes multispinosus\npropodeal spines much longer than the basal face of the propodeum . colombia , guyana , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes placidus\nmembranaceous expansions of the gaster flat , not bent dorsally neither concave . costa rica to brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes grandinosus\nthe pair of spines between basal and declivous face of the propodeum longer than the basal face . peru . . . . . cephalotes inca\nsides of the first gastral tergite reticulate . propodeal suture well marked . costa rica , panama , colombia . . . . . cephalotes setulifer\npropodeum densely hairy ; the pilosity covering the sculpture . gaster light brown . dominican republic : described from copal . . . . . cephalotes taino\nfrontal carinae strongly upturned over and behind the eyes , with a clearly upraised external border . brazil , argentina . . . . . cephalotes bruchi\nthe following key to cephalotes workers is based on de andrade , m . l . & baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 .\ngaster sub opaque . eyes more than 1 / 4 of the median head length ( mandibles excluded ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes lanuginosus\nfoveae on the head dorsum very deep and irregular . membranaceous expansions of the gaster bent dorsally and concave . brazil . . . . . cephalotes liepini\nventral part of the first gastral tergite shining and with few hairs . colombia to brazil , peru , and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes complanatus\npilosity sparse ; on the gaster the space between two hairs twice or more broader than the hair thickness . brazil . . . . . cephalotes laminatus\nfirst gastral tergite orange to light brown , with a black lozenge in the middle . brazil . . . . . cephalotes conspersus ( in part )\nmid and hind basitarsi abruptly narrowing distally in lateral view . frontal carinae strongly crenulate . body opaque . brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes serraticeps\ngaster , ventrally , with sparse , pointed hairs . from costa rica to argentina , belize ? , virgin islands ? . . . . . cephalotes atratus\nposterior fourth of the head dorsum with sparse , thin hairs . gaster covered with thick , appressed pilosity . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes argentiventris\nfirst gastral tergite bearing , in addition to sub erect hairs , a dense covering of long , appressed hairs . mexico . . . . . cephalotes hirsutus\nerect , truncate hairs sparse ( < 50 on the first gastral tergite ) . body foveae superficial . brazil , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes guayaki\nhbai < 35 . pronotum , laterally , with a pair of projecting , angular expansions . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes jansei\ngaster completely shining . eyes never more than 1 / 4 of the median head length ( mandibles excluded ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes liogaster\nanterior border of the frontal carinae without or at most with one pair of clubbed hairs . brazil , bolivia and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pellans\nfrontal carinae only slightly upturned over the eyes . vertexal angles with narrow expansions . mexico , belize , costa rica ? . . . . . cephalotes kukulcan\nposterior face of the femora without thick longitudinal rugosities . ventral part of the first gastral tergite without rugosities . ? guatemala . . . . . cephalotes sobrius\ndeclivous face of the propodeum and ventral part of the first gastral tergite with thin , longitudinal rugosities . mexico to ecuador . . . . . cephalotes basalis\nfoveae on the head dorsum dense and deep . posterior third of the propodeum with longitudinal rugosities and few hairs . brazil . . . . . cephalotes betoi\nfrontal carinae almost concolour with the head . vertexal angles with two pairs of small denticles . brazil , argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes borgmeieri\nhbai ( hind basitarsal index ) > 42 . external border of the pronotal lamella continuous . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes squamosus\nci \u2265 128 . pi \u2264 100 . dorsum of the propodeum passing into the lateral faces with a marked ridge . brazil . . . . . cephalotes oculatus\npropodeum , laterally , with two or three pairs of denticles . ppei < 138 . pppl < 149 . mexico to ecuador . . . . . cephalotes porrasi\nposterior face of the femora with thick , longitudinal rugosities . ventral part of the first gastral tergite with longitudinal rugosities . honduras . . . . . cephalotes lenca\nbody more or less shining . sculpture very supedicial . propodeum with only one pair of spines . brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes cordiae\ndeclivous face of the propodeum and ventral part of the first gastral tergite superficially reticulate and without rugosities . costa rica , panama . . . . . cephalotes cordiventris\nsecond pair of propodeal teeth continuing into the declivous face as a lamella . colombia , guyanas , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes simillimus\nrugosities of the first gastral tergite confined to the articulation area with the postpetiole , otherwise smooth . dominican republic : described from copal . . . . . cephalotes resinae\nfirst gastral tergite with sparse , thick , appressed hairs on the whole surface . longitudinal rugulation of the mesosoma deeply impressed . mexico . . . . . cephalotes chacmul\nerect , truncate hairs dense ( > 100 on the first gastral tergite ) . body foveae impressed . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes fiebrigi\nhbai ( hind basitarsal index ) = 61 . 5 . fore femora with a narrow dorsal crest . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes olmecus\nbody hairs very broad , almost triangular and appressed , entirely contained in the foveae ( fig . 205 ) . brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes persimplex\nbody opaque . sculpture impressed . propodeum with two or three pairs of teeth . colombia , ecuador , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes ramiphilus\nspines between the basal and declivous faces of the propodeum at maximum as long as the basal face . panama , colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes christopherseni\nci \u2265 137 . pppi > 226 . foveae on the mesosoma dense . first gastral tergite with deep reticulation . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes columbicus\nvertex without denticles . dorsum of the propodeum largely covered by hairs . propodeal suture superficial . venezuela to bolivia , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes depressus\nci = 142 . head and mesosoma of the usual shape . anterior border of the pronotum curved . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes hispaniolicus\nbody opaque . lobes of the first gastral tergite strongly protruding anteriorly , their maximum length subequal to the maximum width . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes decolor\npetiolar dorsum unarmed . lateral expansions of the postpetiole round . postpetiole without dorsal carina . vertexal angles with broad , transparent lamellae . brazil . . . . . cephalotes goeldii\nfrontal carinae strongly upturned over the eyes . vertexal angles with a pair of broad , round expansions . mexico to colombia , venezuela and ecuador . . . . . cephalotes scutulatus\nci \u2264 133 . pppi < 209 . foveae on the mesosoma sparser . first gastral tergite with superficial reticulation . colombia to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pusillus\nfirst gastral tergite orange to light brown and with a black lozenge in the middle . body sculpture very superficial . brazil . . . . . cephalotes conspersus ( in part )\nfirst gastral tergite with a dark spot in the middle . mesosoma with thin , irregular rugosities between the foveae . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes sucinus\nfirst gastral tergite longitudinally rugose over its entire anterior fourth . at most the gastral lobes can be smooth in some specimens . dominican republic , haiti . . . . . cephalotes hamulus\nhead ( mandibles excluded ) longer than the maximum pronotal width . lower meso - and metapleurae with more than 40 appressed , canaliculate hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes pileini\nventral face of the head with thick , regular , longitudinal striae . sides of the first gastral sternite with thick , curved striae . costa rica . . . . . cephalotes curvistriatus\nfoveae on the head dorsum sparse and shallow . posterior third of the propodeum superficially reticulate and without hairs . colombia , guyanas , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes pavonii\nci = 183 . head and mesosoma greatly flattened and with broad lamellar expansions . anterior border of the pronotum straight . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes poinari\nbody superficially shining . lobes of the first gastral tergite not strongly protruding anteriorly , their maximum length much shorter than their width . haiti , dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes decoloratus\nbody hairs less broad and simply curved , clearly projecting over the dorsal surface of the head ( fig . 201 ) . brazil , argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes persimilis\nvertex with a pair of small denticles . dorsum of the propodeum with hairs only on the two anterior thirds . propodeal suture impressed . mexico to colombia . . . . . cephalotes cristatus\nfirst gastral tergite with dense , thick , appressed hairs missing only on a pair of longitudinal , posterior stripes . longitudinal rugulation of the mesosoma superficial . mexico . . . . . cephalotes auriger\npropodeum with only one pair of lateral denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole and postpetiole shorter than half of the maximum length of the respective segment . mexico . . . . . cephalotes bimaculatus\nbody foveae deep and dense , contiguous to each other , their interspaces narrower than the foveae themselves ( fig . 254 ) . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes obscurus\ndorsum of the mid and hind femora only with sparse , appressed hairs . petiolar and postpetiolar lateral expansions with strongly crenulate borders . mexico to peru and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes umbraculatus\npromesonotal suture almost invisible . propodeal suture visible only as a difference in sculpturation . longitudinal rugosities of the mesosoma distinguishable only in the propodeal area . brazil and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pinelii\nventral face of the head with thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities only . sides of the first gastral sternite with thin , longitudinal rugosities . texas , north mexico . . . . . cephalotes texanus\nsides of the frontal carinae , dorsum of the mesosoma , of the pedicel and posterior part of the first gastral tergite with erect , short , sub truncate hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes fossithorax\nmaximum diameter of the eyes less than 1 / 3 of the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . pronotal lamellae without teeth and anteriorly obtuse . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes brevispineus\npetiole anteriorly truncate . postpetiole with a superficial v - shaped carina . margination of the first gastral tergite surpassing abundantly the anterior half of the tergite backwards . brazil and argentina . . . . . cephalotes angustus\npilosity dense over entire body . gaster opaque . cephalic foveae dense and small , i . e . each fovea ~ 1 / 5 the maximum eye length . brazil and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pilosus\ndorsum of the mesosoma , erect of the pedicel and of the gaster , and legs with abundant erect hairs ( fig . 158 ) . brazil , bolivia , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes eduarduli\nci < 126 . pi \u2265 104 . transition between the dorsal and lateral faces of the propodeum simply round . colombia , venezuela , guyanas , brazil , ecuador , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes opacus\npropodeum with a pair of lateral teeth or denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole truncate and shorter than the maximum length of the petiole . florida , bahamas , cuba , dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes varians\nborder of the frontal carinae weakly crenulate , only with few clavate hairs ( fig . 215 ) . ventral face of the head reticulate and with superimposed irregular , longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes patellaris\nmaximum diameter of the eyes more than 1 / 3 of the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . pronotal lamellae with three pairs of teeth . colombia , guyana , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes manni\nfirst gastral sternite shining , the reticulation very superficial . head , mesosoma and pedicel with impressed sculpture . foveae on the head and mesosoma dense and deep ( fig . 318 ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes bivestitus\nborder of the frontal carinae strongly crenulate , with several standing , clavate hairs ( fig . 218 ) . ventral face of the head simply reticulate . guyana , surinam , brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes pallidus\nhead , mesosoma , pedicel , gaster and legs only very superficially foveolate ; the foveae almost indistinguishable on the first gastral tergite . ( fig . 291 ) . hbal \u2265 30 . argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes bohlsi\nfirst gastral sternite reticulate and opaque . head , mesosoma , pedicel and gaster with less impressed sculpture . foveae on the head and mesosoma sparse and shallow ( fig . 292 ) . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes jheringi\npronotum , laterally , with a pair of continuous lamellae not fused with a spine . body foveae deep , the foveae bearing palm leaf - shaped hairs ( fig . 389 ) . panama , peru , colombia , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes foliaceus\npetiole anteriorly oblique . postpetiole with a well marked v - shaped carina . margination of the first gastral tergite not surpassing the anterior half of the tergite posteriorly . venezuela , trinidad , guyana , brazil , bolivia , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes targionii\ncephalotes is a broad genus of ants . they are heavily armoured \u2013 it makes you wonder just how formidalble they would look if we were the same size . the amazing thing about many of them is the head \u2013 used to plug a gap as it were . above is an ant of the species\na member of the pallens clade differing from its sister species cephalotes pallidus by the following apomorphies : in the worker , soldier and gyne , sculpture less impressed , femora more inflate , and hbai \u2265 50 and , in the gyne only , disc with shallower and more regular foveae . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )\nde andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 480 , figs . 222 - 224 soldier , worker , queen , male described )\nthe ants live in trees in the forest areas of the new world tropics and the subtropics . some cephalotes species can even glide back to the tree if they are knocked from it . most of them are what is known as polymorphic which means that they have various castes that have a specific use and purpose in the colony . above is another example of\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nto put it simply the flat head is a plug \u2013 nothing more nothing less . the cephalotes have a habit of using old holes in trees in which they will make the entrance to their nest . now , sometimes other creatures will have the same thing in mind , particularly the crematogaster acrobat ant . above is another species that demonstrates the same features ( we prefer the colors too ) , which is\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they\nfly\ntowards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nworker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nde andrade , in de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 480 , figs . 222 - 224 ( s . w . q . m . ) brazil .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nborder of the frontal carinae and of the membranaceous expansions of the mesosoma weakly crenulate . femora much more incrassate . mid and hind femora angulate . mid and hind basitarsi flat , shorter and broader .\nsculpture . head and mesosoma with shallower foveae , dense or sparse on the frontal carinae , with thin rugosities between the foveae in some specimens only . ventral part of the head with or without small , irregular foveae separate by short , longitudinal rugosities . propodeum and pleurae without longitudinal rugosities . anterior third and sides of the first gastral tergite with shallower foveae . first gastral sternite and legs with more superficial reticulation and foveae .\npilosity . as in pallidus but with the hairs on the border of the frontal carinae sparser and thinner some specimens with less short , erect , pointed , hairs on the gastral sternites .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 79 - 4 . 44 ; hl 0 . 90 - 1 . 00 ; hw 1 . 00 - 1 . 20 ; el 0 . 23 - 0 . 26 ; pw 0 . 90 - 1 . 1 . 02 ; pew 0 . 65 - 0 . 77 ; ppw 0 . 53 - 0 . 70 ; hbal 0 . 20 - 0 . 26 ; hbaw 0 . 11 - 0 . 13 ; ci 111 . 1 - 122 . 2 ; pi 111 . 1 - 123 . 9 ; ppei 124 . 3 - 147 . 8 ; pppi 140 . 0 - 192 . 4 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 61 . 9 .\nborder of the cephalic disc less crenulate . disc flat to gently convex medially . vertexal angles and pronotal carina less crenulate . sides of the basal face of the propodeum with two pairs of slightly round swellings . gastral lobes less protruding . femora more incrassate . mid and hind femora dorsally more angulate .\nsculpture . body foveae more regular . foveae of the head dorsum approaching more the borders of the disc . internal border of the disc with a narrow punctate area without rugosities . some specimens with the head completely covered by a thick layer of probable camouflage material . sides of the head more regularly foveolate . ventral part of the head with thinner rugosities . mesosoma , pleurae and pedicel with less impressed punctures and foveae . gaster and legs with more superficial reticulation , foveae and rugosities .\npilosity . sides of the head disc , pronotum , pedicel , gaster and legs with sparser , clubbed hairs . each fovea of the mesosoma , pedicel , gaster and legs with an appressed hair . gastral sternites with less , short , erect , pointed , hairs .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 08 - 5 . 64 ; hl 1 . 36 - 1 . 56 ; hw 1 . 22 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 31 - 0 . 34 ; pw 1 . 16 - 1 . 34 ; pew 0 . 64 - 0 . 75 ; ppw 0 . 60 - 0 . 71 ; hbal 0 . 23 - 0 . 25 ; hbaw 0 . 13 - 0 . 14 ; ci 89 . 7 - 97 . 4 ; pi 105 . 2 - 114 . 5 ; ppei 181 . 2 - 194 . 2 ; pppi 174 . 6 - 212 . 7 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 61 . 5 .\ndiffering from the soldier in the following characters . floor of the disc flat posteriorly , declivous and with raised border anteriorly . vertexal depression deeper . humeral angles obtuse . pronotal carina lower . pronotum , mesonotum and scutellum flat . sides of the basal face of the propodeum anteriorly convex and posteriorly with a pair of minute denticles slightly diverging externally .\nanterior face of the petiole more oblique and gently concave medially . petiolar sides with a pair of small denticles . postpetiolar sides with a pair of expansions variably developed , round apically or , sometimes , bearing a pair of minute denticles pointed backwards .\nsculpture . as in the soldier but the foveae cover the whole disc . foveae on the mesosoma variably impressed . foveae on the propodeum slightly smaller . upper mesopleurae and center of the lower mesopleurae foveolate , the foveae denser and deeper on the upper mesopleurae .\npilosity . as in the soldier except for the slightly denser clubbed hairs on the mesosoma , pedicel , gaster , and legs .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 22 - 7 . 84 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 32 - 1 . 52 ; el 0 . 36 - 0 . 39 ; pw 1 . 32 - 1 . 48 ; pew 0 . 52 - 0 . 66 ; ppw 0 . 62 - 0 . 74 ; hbal 0 . 32 - 0 . 37 ; hbaw 0 . 18 - 0 . 20 ; ci 89 . 2 - 92 . 7 ; pi 100 . 0 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 212 . 9 - 253 . 8 ; pppi 180 . 1 - 212 . 9 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 59 . 4 .\ndiffering from pallidus in the following characters . frontal carinae lower . clypeus convex posteriorly , straight or with a superficial incision anteriorly . pronotum in dorsal view with the sides diverging backwards ; lateral margination of the pronotum variably developed .\nsculpture . head dorsum minutely reticulate ; posterior third of the head dorsum irregularly foveolate - rugose ; frons with sparse , small foveae and thin , longitudinal rugosities . sides of the head in front of the eyes and area between the scapes with thin , transversal rugosities . ventral part of the head , mesosoma and pedicel as in pallidus except for the presence of longitudinal rugosities on the declivous face of the propodeum ; rugosities on the mesopleurae more impressed . gaster subopaque to shining .\ncolour . black with lighter pedicel and gaster . coxae and two proximal thirds of the femora brown . remaining parts of the legs dark yellow .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 46 - 5 . 17 ; hl 0 . 71 - 0 . 75 ; hw 0 . 88 - 0 . 96 ; el 0 . 35 - 0 . 40 ; pw 0 . 88 ; pew 0 . 39 ; ppw 0 . 43 - 0 . 47 ; hbal 0 . 39 - 0 . 46 ; hbaw 0 . 07 - 0 . 08 ; ci 123 . 9 - 12 8 . 0 ; pi 100 . 0 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 225 . 6 ; pppi 187 . 2 - 204 . 6 ; hbai 17 . 4 - 17 . 9 .\nholotype soldier from brazil labeled : utiariti ( 325 m ) , rio papagaio , mato grosso , brasil , vii . 1961 , k . lenko . paratypes : 8 workers , 1 male , same data as the holotype , all museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo .\nthis page was last modified on 22 june 2015 , at 06 : 41 .\nthis page was last modified on 13 november 2017 , at 22 : 40 .\nbasal and declivous faces of the propodeum forming an angle of 90\u00b0 and separated by a pair of spines . pronotum with a pair of lateral spines\npropodeum without distinct basal and declivous faces , i . e . , inclined , or , if angulate , the two faces never separate by a pair of spines . pronotum , laterally , at most denticulate , but never with spines\nposterior fourth of the head dorsum with curved , thick hairs . gaster pilosity thinner and much sparser\nbody covering with hairs of different types , but never long , pointed and flexuous . a few pointed hairs may be present on the external border of the frontal carinae and on the sides of the meso - and metasoma , of the petiole , of the postpetiole and on the gaster\nbody pilosity sparser . gaster superficially or completely shining . cephalic foveae sparse and larger , i . e . each fovea ~ 1 / 4 the maximum eye length\nfirst gastral tergite with massive anterior lobes concolorous with the rest of the gaster . body colour reddish brown , dark brown or black . hind femora never angulate\nfirst gastral tergite without expansions , or with anterior lamellaceous or membranaceous expansions paler than the rest of the gaster . if semimembranaceous lobes are present ( incertus ) then , colour ferruginous or yellowish brown and hind femora angulate\nsides of the frontal carinae with sub clavate or clavate hairs . dorsum of the mesosoma and of the pedicel never with erect , short , sub truncate hairs\nat least head and mesosoma with deep foveae ; foveae of the first gastral tergite always well visible ( figs . 292 , 318 ) . hbal \u2264 27\npronotum , laterally , with a pair of broad lamellaceous expansions fused with a spine visible in transparency . body foveae absent to superficial ; hairs simple to broad\npropodeum differently shaped , either without denticles or with two or three pairs of denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole spiniform and as long as or longer than the maximum length of the petiole\nhead , mesosoma , pedicel and gaster deeply sculptured ; the foveae with thick border , irregular , contiguous and deep ( figs . 215 , 218 ) ; first gastral tergite with well recognisable sculpture over its whole surface\nsides of the pronotum generally without denticles and broadly expanded . if the pronotal expansions are weakly denticulate ( kukulcan , scutulatus , incertus , caribicus ) and narrow ( incertus , caribicus , kukulcan ) , the hind femora are angulate\nsides of the pronotum with a narrow , denticulate lamella . if the pronotum is only weakly denticulate ( bimaculatus ) , the hind femora are not angulate\npetiole without membranaceous expansions and with a pair of lateral spines . propodeum laterally incised\npetiole with broad membranaceous lateral expansions , never with true spines . propodeal sides never incised\nfoveae on the head dorsum shallower and more regular . membranaceous expansions of the gaster flat\nhead ( mandibles excluded ) shorter than the maximum pronotal width . lower meso - and metapleurae with less than 25 appressed , canaliculate hairs\npropodeum with three pairs of lateral denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole and postpetiole longer than the maximum length of the respective segment\nsecond pair of pronotal teeth in shape of triangular lobes and directed upwards . hind femora not angulate . postpetiole with long spines\nspines between the basal and declivous faces of the propodeum at least 1 . 5 times longer than the basal face\nfirst gastral tergite black with or without a transversal strip or with a pair of variably developed coloured spots . body sculpture impressed\npetiolar dorsum with a minute pair of denticles . lateral expansions of the postpetiole pointed or obtuse . postpetiole with traces of a v - shaped carina . vertexal angles without or simply with narrow lamellae\nbody foveae more superficial and sparse , their interspace much broader than the maximum fovea diameter ( figs . 253 , 258 )\ndorsum of the mid and hind femora densely covered with hairs . petiolar and postpetiolar expansions spiniform or round , never crenulate\npropodeal sides with a pair of spines followed by a pair of teeth ( figs . 158 , 147 )\nfrontal carinae yellow and semitransparent , not concolour with the head . vertexal angles never denticulate , with a yellowish , lamellaceous border\nhbai ( hind basitarsal index ) < 32 . external border of the pronotal lamella incised\nthis page was last modified on 28 january 2016 , at 21 : 02 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n% pdf - 1 . 3 % \u00e4\u00e5\u00f2\u00e5\u00eb\u00a7\u00f3 \u00f0\u00e4\u00e6 4 0 obj < < / length 5 0 r / filter / flatedecode > > stream x\u0001\u00e5z\u00fb\u0092\u00fb\u00e6\u0011 } \u00e7wt \\ \u0005v\u00ada\u00fc\u0001\u00fam\u00fa\u00a8b\u00f9v\u0012it\u00f9 ! \u00ea\u00e3j ) - y z * \u00fa\u00fc\u0097\u00ff / g\u00809 = \u0001\u000ea ; u ) \u00abl , 0\u00e8\u00e9 > } \u00ef\u00e1gy ) % i\u00ed\u00bf\u00a2\u00ae\u00a5 * ki\u00df\u00e9\u00ef\u00b2\u0095o\u00ae ? % r\u00fbi\u00e2\u00ee\u00bfo\u00b7x\u0017gi\u00fe\u00ffm . \u00aat\u00aa < \u008f\u00f0s { / owa\u00f1\u00af\u00b4 ? \u00ab { \u00f9f\u00b5j\u00a2d\u0012y\u00bd\u0097\u00f0o y\u00fdk\u009e\u00ad\u00ba \u00e7\u0084\u00b2t i\u009et\u009b\u00f4 ? ao ( \u008dbkh\u00bc\u0084\u00f2\u001at\u00e2\u00f8\u00f2 $ \u0007\n| | \u00109\u0017 > \u0011\u0010am\u00a4\u00eb\u00a3\u00a40\u009a\u000f\u001a \u00e3m\u00f3\u009cm\u00bf\u008d \u00a1 : \u00b7l\u009f\u00a8 ) 4w\u00b7\u0099\u00ef\u00e1e\u00e1\u00e0no\u00ee4\u00f5\u00b0\u00a6 . \u00b2 & n ; \u00077 . \\ } \u008b\u00ac \u00ebc\u00b0\u009b\u0098 _ \u009d ] \u00e7\u0087 $ \u0097\u0086\u001b + \u00f3\u00b3 \u00e5\u00af5\u0095\u00ea\u00f8p\u00f4l\u00fe . \u0002i\u00ad ^ fm\b\u00f2 \u00baax\u008c\u001a\u00e4\u009at\u00e0 # ' \u0007\u0012o\u00e6\u00e1\u0086\u00fb\u00e7 , muy\u0095 > \u0013\u0003 \u00f2\u00a3\u00bd \u00f5\u00be\u00ad\u00fc\u00b1i\u00bd\u00e4r\u00ab\u00e7\u00f0\u007f\u00bal [ \u0095\u0099 ^ \u0007s ^ = \u0092\u00a4 ` \u00edng\u009b\u00fa ' \u008d\u00fb # n\u00e5h . \u00b1sn\u00ff / \u00b2\u00e6 - 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{"id": 319, "summary": [{"text": "tropheops modestus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 6.4 centimetres ( 2.5 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "tropheops modestus", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : tropheops modestus [ orgn ] .\ntropheops\nelongatus bar ,\nphotographed underwater at maleri island . konings ( 1995c : 71 ) believes this entity is t . modestus . from plate 6i of ribbink et al . , 1983 ; reproduced by permission of the zoological society of southern africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nafrica : known from the type locality , waters off makanjila , lake malawi .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5684 )\nkonings , a . , 2007 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . 4th edition . cichlid press , el paso , usa . 424p . ( ref . 79521 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 14 september 2017 ) .\njohnson , d . s . 1974 . three new cichlids from lake malawi . today ' s aquarist 1 ( 3 ) : 38\u201342 .\nkonings , a . 1990 . konings ' s book of cichlids and all the other fishes of lake malawi . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city new jersey .\nkonings , a . 1995 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . second edition . cichlid press , st . leon - rot , germany .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t61172a117850934 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlast update : 6 november 2010 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 328, "summary": [{"text": "boninena callistoderma is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family enidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is currently only endemic to haha-jima and ane-jima in the ogasawara islands ( japan ) , having been extirpated from other parts of this archipelago . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "boninena callistoderma", "paragraphs": ["boninena leptostraca ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\nboninena warburgi ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : boninena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 6 sp )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n- - - - - - family : enidae b . b . woodward , 1903 ( land ) db counters : genus = 65 , subgenus = 16 , species = 452 , subspecies = 68 ( 225 species and 40 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 5 , subspecies = 0\ngenus : borlumastus a . \u00f6rstan & m . z . yildirim , 2004 ( db : 1 sp )\ngenus : coniconapaeus i . abbes , s . nouira & e . neubert , 2009 ( db : 3 sp )\npalaeomastus complanatus ( a . e . reuss , 1849 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npalaeomastus filocinctus ( a . e . reuss , 1849 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npalaeomastus hassiacus ( w . a . wenz , 1919 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nsubfamily : andronakiinae - genus : andronakia w . a . lindholm , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : adzharia p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : amimopina t . iredale , 1933 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : buliminus h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 19 sp )\nbuliminus djurdjurensis c . m . f . ancey in c . a . westerlund , 1892\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : buliminus ( pene ) p . m . pallary , 1929 ( db : 5 sp )\nbuliminus ( pene ) sidoniensis ( j . g . f . de charpentier , 1847 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : clausilioides w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : coccoderma o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1901 ( db : 10 sp )\ncoccoderma abbreviata ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1915 )\ncoccoderma clausiliaeformis ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\ncoccoderma corti ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )\ncoccoderma messageri ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1900 )\ncoccoderma scaber ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\ncoccoderma tonkiniana ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\ncoccoderma varians ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : luchuena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 6 sp )\nluchuena nesiotica ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : mirus j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 18 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : omphaloconus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( cirna ) p . m . pallary , 1928 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( kabylia ) p . m . pallary , 1928 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( mauronapaeus ) w . kobelt , 1899 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : pupinidius o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1901 ( db : 8 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : pupinidius ( petraeomastus ) o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1901 ( db : 4 sp )\npupinidius ( petraeomastus ) breviculus ( o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1902 )\npupinidius ( petraeomastus ) qii s . y . wang & min wu , 2013\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : serina p . v . gredler , 1898 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : sesteria j . r . bourguignat , 1884 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : yakuena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : chondrulopsininae - genus : chondrulopsina w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\nsiraphoroides moltschanovi ( i . m . likharev & e . s . rammelmeyer , 1952 )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : chondrula h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 23 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : chondrus g . l . c . f . d . cuvier , 1817 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : ena w . e . leach in w . h . turton , 1831 ( db : 15 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( caucasicola ) p . hesse , 1917 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( paramastus ) p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( peristoma ) i . krynicki , 1833 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : georginapaeus a . a . schileyko , 1998 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : imparietula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : jaminia a . risso , 1826 ( db : 11 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : mastus h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 29 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : meijeriella r . a . bank , 1985 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : multidentula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : napaeus j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 73 sp )\nnapaeus badiosus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus helvolus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus lajaensis r . garcia del castillo , y . yanes , m . r . alonso & c . m . ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , 2006\nnapaeus myosotis ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus roccellicola ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus terverianus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus variatus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : napaeus ( napaeinus ) p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 9 sp )\nnapaeus ( napaeinus ) bechi m . r . alonso & c . m . ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , 1993\nnapaeus ( napaeinus ) esbeltus c . m . ib\u00e1\u00f1ez & m . r . alonso , 1995\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : zebrina f . held , 1837 ( db : 15 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( brephulopsis ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )\nzebrina ( brephulopsis ) konovalovae n . gural - sverlova & r . i . gural , 2010\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( napaeopsis ) r . sturany & a . wagner , 1914 ( db : 5 sp )\nzebrina ( napaeopsis ) minimus r . a . bank & h . p . m . g . menkhorst , 1992\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( ramusculus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( thoanteus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : euchondrus o . b\u00f6ttger , 1883 ( db : 16 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : improvisa a . a . schileyko , 1978 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : pentadentula a . n . suvorov , 2006 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : senaridenta a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : merdigerinae - genus : merdigera f . held , 1837 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : akramovskiella a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : differena a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : geminula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\ngeminula isseliana ( j . r . bourguignat in a . issel , 1865 )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : laevozebrinus w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : ljudmilena a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : mastoides c . a . westerlund , 1896 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : nepaliena a . a . schileyko & a . frank , 1994 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : ottorosenia i . v . muratov , 1992 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : pseudochondrula p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 6 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : pseudonapaeus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 33 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : pseudonapaeus ( aridenus ) a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : pseudonapaeus ( siraphorus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : spaniodonta w . kobelt , 1902 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : subzebrinus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 17 sp )\nsubzebrinus hazarica ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1914 )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : turanena w . a . lindholm , 1922 ( db : 15 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : turanena ( asuranena ) a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1995 ( db : 11 sp )\nturanena ( asuranena ) conicula ( e . c . von martens , 1882 )\nturanena ( asuranena ) inversa a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1995\nturanena ( asuranena ) margaritae ( a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1989 )\nturanena ( asuranena ) martensiana ( e . c . von martens , 1874 )\nsubfamily : retowskiinae - genus : retowskia o . b\u00f6ttger , 1881 ( db : 1 sp )\nbeing a registered user gives you privilege to save all cruise itineraries that you build in your account and access them later on any device .\nhahajima - oki ; \u3057\u3093\u304b\u308f\u306a - | urltoken | | | creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0\nview from hahajima - island and the minamizaki tokyo , japan ; \u3057\u3093\u304b\u308f\u306a - | urltoken | | | attribution - sharealike 3 . 0\nis the second - largest island of the ogasawara islands or bonin islands south of the japanese main island chain . it is about 21 km\nthe highest points are chibusayama , ( literally\nbreast mountain\n) , approximately 462 metres ( 1 , 516 ft ) , and sakaigatake , 443 metres ( 1 , 453 ft ) . the largest island of the group , chichijima is located approximately 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) to the north . together with nearby smaller islands like anejima and im\u014dtojima and muk\u014djima , hahajima forms the hahajima rett\u014d ( \u6bcd\u5cf6\u5217\u5cf6 ) , or in former times , the\nbaily group\n.\nthe island is within the political boundaries of ogasawara village , ogasawara subprefecture , tokyo , japan .\nthe first european discovery of the bonin islands is said to have taken place in 1543 , by the spanish explorer , bernardo de la torre . hahajima was originally called coffin island or hillsborough island and settled by europeans before becoming part of japan . in world war ii , the japanese government removed the locals and fortified the island ; it was the target of several attacks by us forces during world war ii . what is left of the defense works is now one of the tourist attractions of the island . the island can be reached by ferry in about two hours from chichijima . the economy of hahajima is based on commercial fishing , as well as a state - run rum distillery .\ntoday hahajima has a population of 450 , but the population was 1546 in 1904 and 1905 in 1940 . there is one road from the ( now - abandoned ) village of kitamura ( \u5317\u6751 ) at the north end of the island to the village of okimura ( \u6c96\u6751 ) - formerly\nnewport\nat the southern end of the island , where the harbor is located . ogasawara village operates the island ' s public elementary and junior high schools . tokyo metropolitan government board of education operates ogasawara high school1 on nearby chichijima .\nhahajima is of considerable interest to malacologists because of its endemic land snail fauna , including the eponymous lamprocystis hahajimana . due to the widespread presence of invasive species including goats ( which destroy habitat ) and rodents , flatworms and the rosy wolfsnail ( which eat the native snails ) , it was feared that many of the endemics had become extinct .\nbut most if not all of the endemic land snail species seem to persist on the remote higashizaki peninsula on the eastern coast . this is a quite pristine expanse of ground , scenic but very hard to reach ( one has to climb mt . chibusa before descending to the peninsula ) . it consists of sheer seacliffs surrounding a plateau with chinese fan palm ( livistona chinensis ) , pandanus and broadleaf ( e . g . persea kobu , a wild avocado ) forest , and appears to be untouched by invasive species at present . it has been proposed that access to the area should be monitored , so that visitors will not inadvertently contribute to destroying this unique area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow can i put and write and define boning in a sentence and how is the word boning used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528boning\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528boning\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528boning\u9020\u53e5 , boning meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 331, "summary": [{"text": "gegeneophis primus is a species of caecilian discovered in wynad district in the western ghats of kerala , india .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species was described in 2012 by ramachandran kotharambath , mark wilkinson , and colleagues . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "gegeneophis primus", "paragraphs": ["gegeneophis primus belongs to the indotyphlidae family comprising african , seychellean and indian varieties .\ngegeneophis primus belongs to the indotyphlidae family comprising african , seychellean and indian varieties . it is the first new species of gegeneophis reported from kerala since1964 . the species were collected from the sugandhagiri cardamom estate neighbouring an evergreen forest at vythiri in the northern district of wayanad .\naccording to the researchers , specimens of the novel caecilian - named gegeneophis primus - were collected during field works in two consecutive monsoons , first in october 2010 and then in august 2011 .\ngegeneophis primus is the scientific name of a caecilian ( limbless ) amphibian reported from kerala . a team of scientists from the university of kerala ; central university , kasaragod ; and natural history museum , london , have reported this discovery from the southern region of the western ghats in kerala .\ng . primus is only the third indotyphlid caecilian species reported from kerala after g . carnosus , described by beddome in 1870 and g . ramaswami by taylor in 1964 .\ngegeneophis primus kotharambath , gower , oommen , and wilkinson , 2012 , zootaxa , 3272 : 27 . holotype : bnhs 5536 , by original designation . type locality :\nsugandhagiri cardamom estate , near vythiri , pozhuthana gramapanchayath , vythiri taluk , wayanad district , kerala ( n 11\u00b0 33\u2032 e 076\u00b0 00\u2032 , 850 m a . s . l . )\n.\nspecies description : kotharambath r , gower dj , oommen ov , wilkinson m 2012 a third species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona ; indotyphlidae ) lacking secondary annular grooves . zootaxa 3272 : 26 - 34 .\ngiri , v . , gower , d . j . , gaikwad , k . , & wilkinson , m . ( 2011 ) .\na second species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona : caeciliidae ) lacking secondary annular grooves .\nzootaxa 2815 : 49 - 58 .\nkotharambath , r . , gower , d . j . , oommen , o . v . , & wilkinson , m . ( 2012 ) .\na third species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona : indotyphlidae ) lacking secondary annular grooves .\nzootaxa 3272 : 26 - 34 .\nthe team , including k . ramachandran from the university of kerala , oommen v . oommen from the central university and david j . gower and mark wilkinson from the natural history museum found that the species , unlike other gegeneophis , lacked scales and secondary annular grooves , as well as a well - developed terminal shield .\nit is the first new species of gegeneophis reported from kerala since1964 . the species were collected from the sugandhagiri cardamom estate neighbouring an evergreen forest at vythiri in the northern district of wayanad . measuring approximately 168 mm in length and pink in colour , the specimens were dug out from moist soil along the shrub - covered banks of a stream under a dense canopy .\nthe paper notes that the population of g . primus at the locality from where it was found was not likely to be under threat as long as the habitat was maintained . the team has proposed that the conservation status of the species be classified as data deficient under the iucn red list criteria . the paper suggests the common name of malabar cardamom geg for the species , indicating the northern part of the state and the cardamom estate from where it was discovered .\na uk - indian team of scientists have announced the discovery of a new species of limbless amphibian .\nthe animal was identified by accident in the western ghats area in the state of kerala , south india .\nthe specimens were found inside moist soil after digging the shrub - covered bank of a mountain stream .\nthe creature - about 168mm in length and pink in colour - belongs to an enigmatic , limbless group of amphibians known as the caecilians .\nramachandran kotharambath , lead author of the report , told the bbc tamil service that the animal was identified as a new species following extensive comparisons with other , similar examples from this amphibian group .\nthey were discovered at a valley on a plantation in the wynad district of kerala .\nthe new finding was made as part of a longstanding research collaboration between the department of zoology at the university of kerala and london ' s natural history museum . the central university at kasargod in kerala also contributed to of the discovery .\nthe finding has been reported in the latest edition of the academic journal zootaxa .\nthe wider distribution , natural history and habitat preferences of the species are yet to be determined .\nthe discovery of this species indicates that the caecilian amphibians might have great diversity all along the western ghats area said mr ramachandran .\nthe new species do not face any immediate threat as long as the habitat structure is maintained , according to the scientists .\nthey also say that they need to know how far and wide this species is distributed and what are the habitat requirements .\nco - author dr oommen says the discovery was significant since the finding ended a hiatus of almost half - a - century .\nit highlights the fact that the knowledge of caecilian amphibians of the western ghats remains incomplete and in need of further study .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nknown only from the type locality ( sugandhagiri cardamom estate , near vythiri , pozhuthana gramapanchayath , vythiri taluk , wayanad district , kerala , india ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\na team of scientists from the university of kerala ; central university , kasaragod ; and natural history museum , london , have reported the discovery of a new species of caecilian ( limbless ) amphibian from the southern region of the western ghats in kerala .\nmeasuring approximately 168 mm in length and pink in colour , the specimens were dug out from moist soil along the shrub - covered banks of a stream under a dense canopy .\nthe researchers stumbled upon the new species while on the trail of another caecilian spotted in kerala 142 years ago . after a second collection from the same location , the identification was confirmed by scientists at the natural history museum .\nthe finding has been reported in the latest edition of zootaxa , an international journal for zoological taxonomists . the wider distribution , natural history and habitat preferences of the species are yet to be determined .\ndr . oommen said the discovery was significant since the finding ended a hiatus of almost half - a - century . \u201cit highlights the fact that the knowledge of caecilian amphibians of the western ghats remains incomplete and in need of further study . \u201d\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 27 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 333, "summary": [{"text": "luteostriata abundans is a species of brazilian land planarian in the subfamily geoplaninae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is a common species in human-disturbed areas in brazil \u2019s southernmost state , rio grande do sul . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "luteostriata abundans", "paragraphs": ["\n' luteostriata abundans\n' is a species of brazilian land planarian in the subfamily geoplaninae .\nluteostriata abundans\nis a small to medium - sized land planarian with an elongate body and parallel margins .\nluteostriata ceciliae ( e . m . froehlich and leal - zanchet , 2003 )\nluteostriata ernesti ( leal - zanchet and e . m . froehlich , 2006 )\nluteostriata graffi ( leal - zanchet and e . m . froehlich , 2006 )\nthe neotropical land planarian obama anthropophila is a predator of luteostriata abundans , another neotropical land planarian . in this video , we can see an idividual of o . anthropophila trying to capture an individual of l . abundans , which manages to escape .\nhow can i put and write and define abundans in a sentence and how is the word abundans used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528abundans\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528abundans\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528abundans\u9020\u53e5 , abundans meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nprasniski met , leal - zanchet am ( 2009 ) predatory behavior of the land flatworm notogynaphallia abundans ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) . zoologia 26 : 606\u2013612 . doi :\nspecimens with seven stripes instead of only five were considered a variety of\ngeoplana marginata\nand named\ngeoplana marginata\nvar .\nabundans\nbecause of the\nabundant\nnumber of stripes .\nthe present work was undertaken with the following objectives in view : ( 1 ) to determine prey preference and predation frequency of notogynaphallia abundans ( graff , 1899 ) based on laboratory experiments , and ( 2 ) to analyze species predation behavior .\n( of geoplana abundans ( graff , 1899 ) ) graff , l . von . ( 1899 ) . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola vol 1 : xii + 574 pp . engelmann , leipzig , 574 pp page ( s ) : 306 [ details ]\ntwenty specimens of n . abundans , between 20 and 40 mm long when extended , were collected from under fallen logs , leaves and bricks , in leaf litter or under other material on the ground , within fragments of native forest , and in gardens , in s\u00e3o leopoldo , brazil .\n( of notogynaphallia abundans ( graff , 1899 ) ) carbayo , f . ( 2010 ) . a new genus for seven brazilian land planarian species , split off from notogynaphallia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . belgian journal of zoology , 140 : 91 - 101 ( supplement ) page ( s ) : 96 [ details ]\nnotogynaphallia abundans presented diverse strategies for capturing and immobilizing prey . a similar plasticity in predatory behavior , thereby enabling predator adaptation to various prey - responses , has also been demonstrated in polyclads and rhabdocoels by koopowitz et al . ( 1976 ) and wrona & koopowitz ( 1998 ) . here we demonstrated plasticity in an additional group of flatworms , suggesting such plasticity may be wide - spread .\nthe predatory behavior of n . abundans includes the encounter , capture and immobilization of prey , bringing the prey to the level of the pharynx , and feeding . the trials conducted to examine this behavior showed a mean time span between capture and end of feeding of ca . 28 min 45 s \u00b1 15 min 47 s ( mean \u00b1 s . d . , n = 5 ) .\nthere are several other cup fungi with hairy exteriors that may be confused with\nh . hemisphaerica\n.\njafnea semitotsa\nis larger ( 2 & ndash ; 5 cm diameter ) with a brown interior and a short stipe .\ntrichophaea boudieri\nand\ntrichophaea bullata\nare smaller ( 1 & ndash ; 6 mm diameter ) .\ntrichophaea abundans\nis another small species that prefers to grow in burned areas .\nthe first experiment showed that n . abundans ubiquitously accepted all five species of land isopods as prey , and did not accept any other additional item offered . the second experiment showed that the mean weekly consumption of all flatworms was 3 . 4 isopods with a maximum of eight isopods consumed per week and of 25 isopods consumed in five weeks . after five weeks , seven flatworms , which eat an average of 4 . 1 isopods per week , presented an average increase of 21 . 3 mg in body mass , which corresponds to 34 . 2 % of the average body mass of those specimens . five flatworms , which consumed an average of 3 . 0 isopods per week , showed an average decrease of 42 . 0 mg in body mass , corresponding to - 43 . 3 % of their average body mass . there was a positive relationship ( r 2 = 0 . 52 , f = 10 . 816 , d . f . = 1 , 10 , p = 0 . 008 ) between the number of preyed isopods and the increase / decrease in body mass ( fig . 1 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoologia ( curitiba , impr . ) vol . 26 no . 4 curitiba dec . 2009 epub dec 04 , 2009\nprograma de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em biologia , universidade do vale do rio dos sinos . avenida unisinos 950 , 93022 - 000 s\u00e3o leopoldo , rio grande do sul , brasil\nkey words : diet ; isopods ; planarians ; prey preference ; weekly consumption .\nland flatworms are carnivorous , preying upon slugs , snails , earthworms , nemerteans , land isopods , insect larvae , termites , springtails , mites and other arthropods , besides other land planarians ( ( du bois - reymond marcus 1951 , froehlich 1955 , dindal 1970 , ogren 1995 , jones & cumming 1998 , winsor et al . 1998 , ohbayashi et al . 2005 ) . some species may feed on velvet worms , large insects and harvestmen ( graff 1899 , froehlich 1955 , carbayo & leal - zanchet 2003 ) .\nonce in the laboratory , the flatworms were kept individually in terraria ( 13 . 0 x 6 . 6 x 3 . 5 cm or 9 . 0 x 5 . 5 x 2 . 6 cm , depending on the size of each specimen ) . each terrarium contained moist soil and leaves and was sheltered from direct sun - light .\nto examine the predatory behavior , in order to describe mainly the phases from capture to feeding , three specimens of flatworms were used and five trials were conducted . for each trial , a flatworm and 2 to 5 isopods were placed together in a petri dish with a slightly moistened bottom . the predatory events were recorded on video and subsequently described after computer analysis of the video records . isopod exoskeletons were examined under the stereomicroscope .\nthe flatworm crept with the anterior extremity raised and waving slightly from side to side showing sensory behavior . in some observations on the process , the isopod , when exploring the environment , collided with the anterior or median regions of the body of the flatworm ( figs 2 , 6 - 7 and 10 ) , and was then very quickly captured ( see below ) . in other observations , the isopod moved close to the anterior extremity or the median region of the body of the flatworm , touching it softly ( figs 14 - 16 ) , then being quickly captured . in another observation , the isopod moved to the side of the planarian , apparently touching it slightly ( figs 21 and 22 ) . muscular wave - movements were observed on the margin of planarian body , and when the isopod was at the level of the posterior third of the planarian body , it was captured .\nprey capture was achieved by quickly moving the anterior or posterior region onto the prey , immediately enveloping it ( figs 3 and 23 ) . during entrapment the ventral surface of the flatworm made initial contact with the dorsum or side of the prey , pressing it against the substratum or against the median region of the planarian body ( figs 8 and 17 ) . in order to hold the prey against its body , the flatworm bent the anterior or the posterior third of the body laterally , so that the ventral surface was perpendicular to the ground . another type of capture was performed with the anterior region ( ca . 1 / 5 of the body length ) rapidly encircling the prey , so that it was lifted from the ground ( fig . 11 ) .\nwhen capture was achieved using the anterior portion of the body , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm turned the ventral surface to the ground and glided over the prey ( fig . 19 ) , until the prey was at the level of the mouth , which is located on ventral surface approximately at the end of the median third of the body . when capture occurred with the posterior extremity , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm , bending the body posteriorly , gradually moved the anterior extremity towards the prey , freeing the posterior end to regain contact with the ground ( figs 26 - 28 ) . afterwards , the flatworm crept over the prey ( fig . 29 ) to bring it into contact with its mouth . the time for bringing the prey to the mouth ranged from 10 s to 2 min 42 s ( 1 min 31 s \u00b1 1 min 6 s , mean \u00b1 s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 2min3s .\nfor external digestion and subsequent ingestion of prey tissues , the flatworm kept the body in a hairpin or s - shaped bend , with the median third of the body flattened ( figs 20 and 30 ) . it stayed motionless while it sucked the prey , although the anterior end sometimes made slow side - to - side movements . during this process , the flatworm was observed to change position probably in order to have access to other parts of the prey ' s body . the time for external digestion and ingestion ranged from 12 min 50 s to 51 min 20 s ( 27 min \u00b1 14 min 50 s , mean \u00b1 s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 25 min 7 s . examination of the isopod exoskeleton after being sucked showed that the ventral surface of the isopod body is ruptured , and that the soft tissues had been consumed with the exception of the intestine , which remained with the exoskeleton .\nland flatworms seem to manifest oriented - search behavior to locate prey , as was demonstrated by fiore et al . ( 2004 ) for bipalium adventitium , which detects and follows chemical trails from earthworms . in the present work , we did not investigate the behavior for locating prey . the ability to search for and track prey and the role of chemo - receptors in the process of prey location remain open topics for most land flatworm species .\nalford , d . v . ; b . boag ; p . m . johns & g . w . yeates . 1998 . report on the oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms . pedobiologia 42 : 385 - 388 . [ links ]\naraujo , p . b . 1999 . subordem oniscidea ( is\u00f3podos terrestres ,\ntatuzinhos\n) , p . 237 - 256 . in : l . buckup & g . bond - buckup ( eds ) . os crust\u00e1ceos do rio grande do sul . porto alegre , ufrgs , 503p . [ links ]\nball , i . r . & t . b . reynoldson . 1981 . british planarians . cambridge , cambridge university press , 125p . [ links ]\nbarker , g . m . 1989 . flatworm predation of terrestrial molluscs in new zealand and a brief review of previous records . new zealand entomologist 12 : 75 - 79 . [ links ]\nblackshaw , r . p . 1990 . studies on artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) , a predator of earthworms . annals of applied biology 116 : 169 - 176 . [ links ]\nblackshaw , r . p . 1991 . mortality of the earthworm eisenia fetida ( savigny ) presented to the terrestrial planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) . annals of applied biology 118 : 689 - 694 . [ links ]\nblackshaw , r . p . 1997 . the planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) feeding on earthworms in soil columns . soil biology and biochemistry 29 : 299 - 302 . [ links ]\nblackshaw , r . p . & v . i . stewart . 1992 . artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida : terricola ) , a predatory terrestrial planarian and its potential impact on lumbricid earthworms . agricultural zoology review 5 : 201 - 219 . [ links ]\ncarbayo , f . & a . m . leal - zanchet . 2003 . two new genera of geoplanid land planarians ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) of brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations . invertebrate systematics 17 : 449 - 468 . [ links ]\ncarbayo , f . ; j pedroni & e . m . froehlich . 2007 . colonization and extinction of land planarians ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) in a brazilian atlantic forest regrowth remnant . biolological invasions 10 : 1131 - 1134 . [ links ]\nchristensen , o . m . & j . g . mather . 2001 . long - term study of growth in the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus under laboratory conditions . pedobiologia 45 : 535 - 549 . [ links ]\ndindal , d . l . 1970 . feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian bipalium adventitium . american midland naturalist 83 : 635 - 637 . [ links ]\ndu bois - reymond marcus , e . 1951 . on south american geoplanids . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e9rie zoologia , 16 : 217 - 255 . [ links ]\nducey , p . k . & s . noce . 1998 . succesful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm , bipalium adventitium . northeastern naturalist 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 206 . [ links ]\nducey , p . k . ; m . messere ; k . lapoint & s . noce . 1999 . lumbricid prey and potential hepetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . american midland naturalist 141 : 305 - 314 . [ links ]\nducey , p . k . ; l - j . west ; g . shaw & j . delisle . 2005 . reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium across north america . pedobiologia 49 : 367 - 377 . [ links ]\nducey , p . k . ; m . mccormick & e . davidson . 2007 . natural history observations on bipalium cf . vagum jones and sterrer ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) , a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to north america . southeastern naturalist 6 ( 3 ) : 449 - 460 . [ links ]\nfiore , c . ; j . l . tull ; s . zehner & p . k . ducey . 2004 . tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes ) . behavioural processes 67 : 327 - 334 . [ links ]\nfroehlich , c . g . 1955 . on the biology of land planarians . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e9rie zoologia , 20 : 263 - 271 . [ links ]\ngraff , l . von . 1899 . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola . leipzig , engelmann . 574p . [ links ]\njennings , j . b . 1959 . observations on the nutrition of the land planarian orthodemus terrestris ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) . biological bulletin 117 : 119 - 124 . [ links ]\njones , h . d . & m . s . cumming . 1998 . feeding behaviour of the termite - eating planarian microplana termitophaga ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) in zimbabwe . journal of zoology 245 : 53 - 64 . [ links ]\nkoopowitz , h . ; d . silver & g . rose . 1976 . primitive nervous systems . control and recovery of feeding behavior in the plolyclad flatworm , notoplana acticola . biological bulletin 150 : 411 - 425 . [ links ]\nleal - zanchet , a . m . & e . m . froehlich . 2006 . a species complex in the genus notogynaphallia ogren and kawakatsu ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) with a taxonomic revision of homonyms of geoplana marginata schultze & m\u00fcller and a reinterpretation of notogynaphallia caissara ( froehlich ) anatomy . belgian journal of zoology 136 : 81 - 100 . [ links ]\nmacarthur , r . h . & e . r . pianka . 1966 . on optimal use of a patchy environment . american naturalist 100 : 603 - 609 . [ links ]\nogren , r . e . 1955 . ecological observations on the occurrence of rhynchodemus , a terrestrial turbellarian . transactions of the american microscopical society 74 : 54 - 60 . [ links ]\nogren , r . e . 1995 . predation behaviour of land planarians . hydrobiologia 305 : 105 - 111 . [ links ]\nohbayashi , t . ; i . okoshi ; h . sato & t . ono . 2005 . food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known as predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology 40 : 609 - 614 . [ links ]\nolewine , d . a . 1972 . further observations in georgia on the land planarians , bipalium kewense and geoplana vaga ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . association of southeastern biologists bulletin 19 : 88 . [ links ]\nwinsor , l . 1983 . a revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian bipalium kewense moseley , 1878 ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 79 : 61 - 100 . [ links ]\nwinsor , l . ; p . m . johns & g . w . yeates . 1998 . introduction , and ecological and systematic background , to the terricola ( tricladida ) . pedobiologia 42 : 389 - 404 . [ links ]\nwrona , f . j . & h koopowitz . 1998 . behavior of the rhabdocoel flatworm mesostoma ehrenbergii in prey capture and feeding . hydrobiologia 383 : 35 - 40 . [ links ]\nyeates , g . w . ; b . boag & p . m . johns . 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia 42 : 554 - 562 . [ links ]\nzaborski , e . r . 2002 . observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola ) from illinois . american midland naturalist 148 : 401 - 408 . [ links ]\neditorial responsability : pedro gnaspini netto 1 corresponding author . e - mail : zanchet @ urltoken\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\ngraff , l . von . ( 1899 ) . monographie der turbellarien . ii . tricladida terricola vol 1 : xii + 574 pp . engelmann , leipzig , 574 pp [ details ]\ntyler , s . , artois , t . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( eds ) ( 2006 - 2018 ) . world list of turbellarian worms : acoelomorpha , catenulida , rhabditophora .\n( of geoplana ( geoplana ) marginata schultze & m\u00fcller , 1857 ) schultze , max ; m\u00fcller , f . ( 1857 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der landplanarien nach mittheilungen des dr . fritz m\u00fcller in brasilien und nach eigenen untersuchungen von dr . max schultze . abhandl . d . naturforschenden gesellschaft in halle . , 4 ( 1 ) : 19 - 38 , 61 - 74 [ 1856 ] page ( s ) : 24 [ details ]\ntyler , s . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( comp . ) . ( 2006 - 2016 ) . turbellarian taxonomic database . version 1 . 7 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturbellarian taxonomic database , 1 . 7 , database ( version 1 . 7 )\ntyler s , schilling s , hooge m , and bush lf ( comp . ) ( 2006 - 2016 ) turbellarian taxonomic database . version 1 . 7 urltoken ( data licensed under creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 ; material adapted : formatted and edited )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\npierre _ and _ marie _ by _ piterkeo - d4j6rn2 _ 0 . jpg\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ncarbayo , f . ( 2010 ) . a new genus for seven brazilian land planarian species , split off from notogynaphallia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . belgian journal of zoology , 140 : 91 - 101 ( supplement ) [ details ]\ncarbayo , fernando , marta alvarez - presas , cl\u00e1udia t . olivares , fernando p . l . marques , et al .\na woodlouse ( plural woodlice ) is an isopod crustacean with a rigid , segmented , long exoskeleton and fourteen jointed limbs . mostly they feed on dead plant material , and they are usually active at night . woodlice form the suborder oniscidea within the order isopoda , with over 5 , 000 known species .\ncommon names for woodlice vary throughout the english - speaking world . a number of common names make reference to the fact that some species of woodlice can roll up into a ball . other names compare the woodlouse to a pig .\nthe woodlouse has a shell - like exoskeleton , which it must progressively shed as it grows . the moult takes place in two stages ; the back half is lost first , followed two or three days later by the front . this method of moulting is different from that of most arthropods , which shed their cuticle in a single process .\non the underside of her body until they hatch into offspring that look like small white woodlice curled up in balls . the mother then appears to\ngive birth\nto her offspring . females are also capable of reproducing\n, woodlice are said to have an unpleasant taste similar to\nstrong urine\n.\nboth of these groups of terrestrial segmented arthropods are about the same size . they live in very similar habitats , and they can both roll up into a ball . pill millipedes and pillbugs appear superficially similar to the naked eye . this is an example of\npill millipedes can be distinguished from woodlice on the basis of having two pairs of legs per body segment instead of one pair like all isopods . pill millipedes have twelve to thirteen body segments , with a large shield - like posterior segment , whereas woodlice have eleven , and small posterior segments . in addition , pill millipedes are smoother , and resemble normal millipedes in overall colouring and the shape of the segments .\nhemilepistus reaumuri lives in\nthe driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean\n.\n- like lungs in their paddle - shaped hind legs ( pleopods ) , called pleopodal lungs . woodlice need moisture because they rapidly lose water by\na few woodlice have returned to water . evolutionary ancient species are amphibious , such as the marine - intertidal sea slater ( ligia oceanica ) , which belongs to family ligiidae .\nproducing compost and overturning the soil , they have also been known to feed on cultivated plants , such as ripening strawberries and tender seedlings .\nwoodlice can also invade homes en masse in search of moisture and their presence can indicate dampness problems .\nthey are not generally regarded as a serious household pest as they do not spread disease and do not damage sound wood or structures .\nwhere the people are : language and community in the poetry of w . s . graham\nhow now , sow bug ? ,\ndiscover , august 1999 , 68 . available from : urltoken\nrod preston - mafham & ken preston - mafham ( 1993 ) .\ncrustacea . woodlice , crabs\n.\nprasniski , m . e . t . ; leal - zanchet , a . m . ( 2009 ) .\npredatory behavior of the land flatworm\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 30 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ncompendium of all the terrestrial and freshwater flatworms ( tricladida ) . last indexed october 17 , 2015\nweissius capaciductus . zma v . pl . 3059 . 1 . dorsal view of whole . . .\nthe subfamily geoplaninae ( geoplanidae ) includes land planarian species of the neotropical region . in argentina , the knowledge about land planarian diversity is still incipient , although this has recently increased mainly in the atlantic forest ecosystem . however , other regions like chacoan forests remain virtually unexplored .\nthis is the first report of the genus notogynaphallia in argentina ( chacoan subregion , neotropical region ) which increases its geographic distribution in south america . also , as a consequence of features observed in species of the genus , we propose an emendation of the generic diagnosis .\nland planarians are free - living flatworms that live in humid environments . they cannot endure desiccation since they have not developed mechanisms for water conservation ( kawaguti\n) . therefore , they hide from the sunlight ( under fallen logs and leaf litter ) and exhibit greater activity at night , predating on soil invertebrates such as earthworms , snails , slugs , insects and arachnids ( negrete et al .\nso far have been described for brazil ( over 70 % of the species ) and also for colombia , panama , paraguay and peru ( tyler et al .\n) . this genus groups geoplaninae species of small and medium - sized body ( 16\u201370 mm in length ) , with a reproductive system that includes a dilated intrabulbar prostatic vesicle opening broadly into a richly folded male atrium , in which folds form an eversible penis . also , the distal ascending portions of the ovovitelline ducts are arranged laterally to the posterior portion of the female atrium , joining each other behind it . additionally , the female genital canal is dorso - anteriorly flexed , arising from the posterior region of the female atrium ( ogren and kawakatsu\nin argentina , where the land planarian diversity is still incipiently known , there are no records of this genus . recently , the research about land flatworms has increased , mainly in the atlantic forest ecosystem ( negrete and brusa\n) . however , other regions , such as the chacoan forests , remain virtually unexplored . there are few old records of land planarians in the chacoan province ( neotropical region ) in asunci\u00f3n , paraguay ( graff\n) . unfortunately , the original landscape has suffered changes since then , mainly by deforestation and population growth , and there are no recent records of land planarians in this region .\nin this paper , we describe a new species of land planarian , which represents the first land planarian species from this ecosystem in argentina and the first record of notogynaphallia in this country . also , as a result of new features observed in species of the genus , we propose an emendation of its diagnosis .\nland planarians were collected between 2007 and 2012 in native forests within la marcela farm ( 26\u00b017\u203235\u2033s , 59\u00b006\u203267\u2033w ) in formosa province , north - eastern argentina . the ecosystem belongs to the chacoan province , chacoan subregion ( neotropical region ) , which extends through southern bolivia , western paraguay , a small portion of southern brazil and north central and eastern argentina ( morrone\n) . however , in this region , the native forests are highly fragmented and reduced to small patches due to farming . the specimens were manually collected during the day beneath fallen logs in these forest fragments . some animals were directly fixed in 10 % formaldehyde , and others were killed in boiling water and then fixed in 10 % formaldehyde and conserved in 70 % ethanol . land planarians were sectioned in fragments , dehydrated in an ascending series of ethanol and embedded in paraplast\u00ae . sagittal and transverse serial sections ( 6\u20138 \u03bcm thick ) of the anterior region , transverse sections of the pre - pharyngeal region ( 6\u20138 \u03bcm thick ) and sagittal serial sections of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus ( 6\u20138 \u03bcm thick ) were performed with a microtome and stained with masson\u2019s trichrome and haematoxylin\u2013eosin methods ( bancroft and gamble\nthe type specimens were deposited in the invertebrate collection at museo de la plata ( mlp ) , argentina .\nnotogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b36a4c5f - d452 - 4502 - 8af5 - 774460dcf61a\nholotype : mlp - he 6807 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 14 slides ( 6\u20138 \u03bcm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 32 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 47 slides ( 7 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 1 : mlp - he 6808 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 12 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 42 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 56 slides ( 7 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 2 : mlp - he 6808 . formosa , argentina , 17 september 2012 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 29 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 7 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 25 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 3 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 8 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 24 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 4 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 8 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 42 slides ( 8 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 5 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 23 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 68 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 6 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 3 october 2007 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 22 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 16 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 21 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 26 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 7 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 5 october 2007 ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 6 slides ( 7 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 23 slides ( 7 \u03bcm thick ) .\nparatype 8 : mlp - he 6809 . formosa , argentina , 5 october 2007 ; anterior region 1 : transverse sections on 16 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; anterior region 2 : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; pre - pharyngeal region : transverse sections on 5 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) ; pharynx and copulatory apparatus : sagittal sections on 18 slides ( 6 \u03bcm thick ) .\nspecies of notogynaphallia with dorsal surface black and ventral surface dark grey with a thin longitudinal whitish line along the body ; eyes dorsal , with clear halos ; glandular margin absent ; prostatic vesicle intrabulbar , with two regions : a tubular proximal portion and a globose distal portion with narrow lumen ; common glandular ovovitelline duct and female genital canal constituting a \u201cc\u201d ; female atrium tubular proximally and wide distally .\ntype locality . la marcela farm , piran\u00e9 department , formosa province , argentina .\nhabitat . the flatworms were found on the ground under fallen logs and palm leaves in environments with native vegetation .\netymology . the specific name derives from the language of toba indigenous people that inhabit the chacoan region ; nawe\u0129 means black , which refers to the colour of the dorsal surface of this species .\nthe body is elongated with parallel margins . in live specimens , the anterior end is pointed , becoming rounded after fixation . the posterior end narrows abruptly , ending sharp - edged . the colour pattern of the dorsal surface of live specimens is black ( fig .\n) . the ventral surface is dark grey with a whitish and thin median longitudinal line along the body ( fig .\n) , which becomes weaker behind the gonopore . the eyes , with small clear halos , surround the anterior tip uniserially in an irregular row , and they extend toward both body margins for 2\u20135 mm in two and three longitudinal rows . further back , they spread to both sides of the dorsal surface , forming various rows ( 15\u201320 ) at the end of the first third of body . at the level of the pharynx , the eyes are still dorsal ( 6\u20138 rows of eyes ) . they become less numerous in the copulatory apparatus region , and a few reach the posterior end ( fig .\nphotograph of a live specimen of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype ) . dorsal view\nschematic drawing of the external appearance of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a ventral view of the first 4 mm of the body ( paratype 6 ) . b distribution pattern of eyes along the body , in dorsal view ( paratype 3 )\nafter fixation , body length of the specimens ranged between 19 and 42 mm . the maximum width was 2 . 4\u20138 . 3 mm and maximum height 1 . 2\u20132 . 4 mm . the mouth was located at a distance of 54\u201362 % from the anterior tip and the gonopore at 69\u201379 % ( table\nmeasurements of external characters of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . all the measurements ( mm ) were obtained from fixed specimens\nthere are no musculo - glandular specializations . the dorsal epidermis is ciliated from the anterior tip until 1 . 9\u20132 . 5 mm ( fig .\n) . the creeping sole on the ventral epidermis is narrow ( 30\u201340 % of body width ) and progressively widens ( fig .\n) . the epidermis receives abundant secretions from xanthophil glands of two types ( amorphous and fine granular secretions ) and erythrophil and cyanophil glands with granular secretions . also , rhabditogen secretions are abundant both in dorsal ( rhammites ) and ventral ( small rhabdites ) epidermis ( fig .\n) . sensory pits , as simple invaginations ( 25\u201340 \u03bcm deep ) , surround the anterior tip ( fig .\n) . they spread along the ventral body margins in a single row forming the sensory border until ~ 6 mm from the anterior tip ( fig .\ntransverse sections of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a detail of the cephalic region ( paratype 6 ) . b , c anterior tip ( paratype 1 ) . d , e pre - pharyngeal region , in dorsal ( d ) and ventral ( e ) view ( paratype 4 ) . the arrow indicates the dorsal ciliated epidermis and the head arrows indicate rhabditogen secretions\nthe cutaneous musculature , consisting of the three typical layers of geoplaninae ( see below ) , exhibits the same arrangement at the pre - pharyngeal region , and its thickness relative to the body height ( varying between 5 and 7 % ) is similar to that of the pre - pharyngeal region . the parenchymatic musculature is ill - defined , being composed by intermingled fibres in the surrounding parenchyma .\nthe dorsal epidermis is 20\u201340 \u03bcm high , and ventrally , it is 25\u201340 \u03bcm high . the ventral epidermis is ciliated on the creeping sole , which is approximately 90\u201395 % of the body width ( fig .\n) . rhabditogen cell bodies are located in the parenchyma , below the cutaneous musculature ( fig .\n) . their glandular secretions are abundant in the dorsal epidermis and the body margins ( rhammites ) and in the ventral epidermis partially occupy its height ( small rhabdites ) ( figs .\n) . numerous glands with fine and coarse granular erythrophil secretion and glands with fine granular and amorphous cyanophil secretion , whose cell bodies are located into the parenchyma , open through the entire epidermis . the creeping sole receives openings of abundant cells with erythrophil coarse granular secretion and cyanophil amorphous secretion and less numerous cells with erythrophil fine granular secretion and erythrophil amorphous secretion . there is no glandular margin .\nschematic drawing of a transversal section of the pre - pharyngeal region of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype ) . for simplicity , only the cutaneous longitudinal muscle layer was drawn\nthe cutaneous musculature is composed of a subepithelial circular layer followed by a diagonal layer with decussate fibres and a longitudinal layer arranged in bundles . cutaneous muscular index ( cmi ) varies between 3 and 7 % ( table\n) . the parenchymatic musculature is composed by ill - defined supra - intestinal and subintestinal transverse layers and dorso - ventral fibres located between the intestinal branches ( fig .\n) . the thickness of the parenchymatic musculature ( pmi ) represents 1 . 5\u20132 % of the body height ( table\nthe pharynx ( 1 . 5\u20135 . 1 mm in length ) is cylindrical , with the dorsal insertion posteriorly displaced ( 0 . 5\u20131 . 1 mm ) ( fig .\n) . the mouth is located in the middle of the pharyngeal pouch ( 2 . 1\u20135 . 7 mm in length ) . the epithelial lining of the outer surface of the pharynx is cuboidal and ciliated . the outer pharyngeal musculature is arranged in a thin longitudinal subepithelial layer ( 2 . 5\u20135 \u03bcm thick ) followed by a thicker circular layer ( 7 . 5\u201320 \u03bcm thick ) . the pharyngeal lumen is lined with a columnar and ciliated epithelium . the inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a thick layer of circular fibres ( 85\u2013200 \u03bcm thick ) and a subjacent longitudinal thin layer ( 5\u201310 \u03bcm thick ) . the pharynx receives secretion from abundant glands , the cell bodies of which are located both laterally and anteriorly to the pharynx , and their cell necks extend to the pharyngeal epithelium . four types of pharyngeal glands occur : abundant glands with ( 1 ) erythrophil , fine granules and ( 2 ) xanthophil amorphous secretion , as well as less numerous glands with ( 3 ) erythrophil and ( 4 ) cyanophil amorphous secretion . the oesophagus ( 150\u2013350 \u03bcm in length ) is lined with a columnar and ciliated epithelium . its subjacent musculature ( 40\u2013125 \u03bcm thick ) is continuous with the internal pharyngeal musculature , but it is thinner than the latter . the oesophagus : pharynx ratio varies from 5 to 10 % .\nsagittal sections of the pharynx of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a holotype . b paratype 2 . c paratype 3 . d paratype 5 . the head arrow indicates the outer pharyngeal musculature and the arrow indicates the inner pharyngeal musculature\nthe testes are arranged in two or three irregular rows on each side of the body , situated dorsal to the intestinal branches and just below the supra - intestinal transverse parenchymatic layer ( figs .\n) . they begin before the ovaries and extend to the pre - pharyngeal region , slightly before the pharyngeal root . they are located at a distance between 10\u201317 % and 47\u201354 % of the body length from the anterior end ( table\n) . sperm ducts run among the fibres of subintestinal parenchymatic muscle layer , located slightly dorsal , medially displaced , to ovovitelline ducts ( fig .\n) . their distal portions are expanded with their lumen full of spermatozoa . they bend slightly toward the dorsum and the sagittal plane , going through the common muscle coat , and open , close to each other , into the proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( fig .\n) . the intrabulbar prostatic vesicle is composed by a tubular and sinuous proximal portion ( ~ 1 mm in length on average ) followed by a globose part with narrow lumen ( figs .\n) . the prostatic vesicle broadly communicates with the male atrium . the ejaculatory duct is absent . the male atrium possesses richly folded walls , and thus , the communication with the female atrium occurs through a narrow lumen ( figs .\n) . the male atrium is longer than the female atrium ( 1 . 8 times on average ) .\nsagittal schematic reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . ( holotype )\nsagittal sections of the reproductive system of notogynaphallia nawei sp . nov . a copulatory apparatus ( holotype ) . b proximal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( paratype 5 ) . c distal portion of the prostatic vesicle ( paratype 4 ) . d male atrium ( holotype ) . e ovary ( paratype 3 ) . f detail of the female reproductive system ( holotype ) . ( * ) spermatozoa\nsperm ducts are lined with a ciliated squamous epithelium , and they are enveloped by a thin circular muscle layer ( 2 . 5 \u03bcm thick ) . the prostatic vesicle , both the sinuous portion as the globose one , is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium traversed by erythrophil fine and coarse granular secretion and scarce erythrophil amorphous secretion arising from cell bodies located in the vicinity of the prostatic vesicle and in the surrounding parenchyma . these glandular secretions are more abundant and strongly stained in the globose portion ( fig .\n) . a thin muscular layer composed by interwoven circular , longitudinal and oblique fibres ( 5\u201315 \u03bcm thick ) surround the prostatic vesicle . the male atrium is lined with a columnar epithelium , taller in the distal portion of the male atrium than in its proximal portion . the epithelium of the male atrium is only ciliated in its proximal portion , in the transition with the prostatic vesicle ( fig .\n) . its muscularis is composed by a thin subepithelial circular layer ( 5\u201320 \u03bcm thick ) followed by a thicker longitudinal subjacent layer ( 15\u201340 \u03bcm thick ) ( fig .\n) ; it is thicker distally than proximally . the proximal part of the male atrium receives granular secretion from abundant cyanophil glands and less abundant erythrophil glands . the distal part receives openings from erythrophil glands with granular secretion and less abundant cyanophil glands with amorphous and coarse granular secretions . the cell bodies of these glands are located internally to the common muscle coat . the lumen of prostatic vesicle and male atrium of some specimens present spermatozoa . around the male organs , the common muscular coat is mainly composed by longitudinal fibres , with some circular and oblique fibres , thicker dorsally ( 30\u201340 \u03bcm thick ) than ventrally ( 20 \u03bcm thick ) .\n) . they are ventral , situated just below the intestine , and ovoid in shape ( fig .\n) . the ovovitelline ducts emerge dorsally from the middle of the ovaries and pass along their dorsal side . the proximal portions of the ovovitelline ducts are full of spermatozoa ( fig .\n) . the ovovitelline ducts run backward , and at the level of the proximal portion of the female atrium , they ascend almost vertically , bending a short track toward the sagittal plane to join above the female genital canal and form the common glandular ovovitelline duct ( fig .\n) . the common glandular ovovitelline duct is short ( 100\u2013200 \u03bcm in length ) which , together with the female genital canal ( 100\u2013300 \u03bcm in length ) , constitutes a \u201cc\u201d ( fig .\n) . the proximal portion of the female atrium is tubular , and its lumen progressively widens to form a cavity with scarcely folded walls ( figs .\nthe ovovitelline ducts are lined with a ciliated cuboidal epithelium , and they are enveloped by a circular muscle layer ( 2 . 5\u20135 \u03bcm thick ) . the distal ascending portions of the ovovitelline ducts receive scarce secretion of the shell glands . the lining epithelium of the common glandular ovovitelline duct is ciliated and columnar , receiving abundant secretion of the shell glands ( figs .\n) . the musculature of the common glandular ovovitelline duct is formed by intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres ( 5\u201315 \u03bcm thick ) . the female genital canal is lined with a ciliated columnar epithelium followed by a subjacent musculature composed by intermingled circular and longitudinal fibres ( 10\u201330 \u03bcm thick ) . the epithelium of the female genital canal receives erythrophil granular secretion and cyanophil amorphous secretion from glands located below the musculature . the female atrium is lined with a columnar epithelium , and the subjacent muscularis is composed by two layers , a circular subepithelial ( 10\u201325 \u03bcm thick ) and a longitudinal subjacent ( 15\u201340 \u03bcm thick ) . abundant erythrophil granular secretion and scarce cyanophil amorphous secretion , from glands situated outward of its muscularis , open into the female atrium . spermatozoa were observed in the lumen of the female genital canal and female atrium of the holotype ( fig ."]}
{"id": 336, "summary": [{"text": "the namaqua sandgrouse ( pterocles namaqua ) , is a species of ground-dwelling bird in the sandgrouse family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in arid regions of south-western africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "namaqua sandgrouse", "paragraphs": ["a flock of namaqua sandgrouse on approach to drink water in the arid kalahari desert .\nnest\u2010site selection , egg pigmentation and clutch predation in the ground\u2010nesting namaqua sandgrouse . . .\nnamaqua sandgrouse male , kgalagadi national park , south africa . [ photo johann grobbelaar \u00a9 ]\nnamaqua sandgrouse female , kgalagadi national park , south africa . [ photo johann grobbelaar \u00a9 ]\nthe namaqua sandgrouse is found in stony deserts , dry scrublands , sandy deserts with scattered bits of grass and dry savannas .\n\u2022 the namaqua sandgrouse is 1 of 14 species of sandgrouse in the genus pterocles , including the spotted sandgrouse , p . senegallus , and madagascar sandgrouse , p . personatus . all have three front toes and a small , raised hindtoe . two other species of sandgrouse in the genus syrrhaptes ( greek for \u201csewn together\u201d ) have only forward - facing toes that are fused together .\ndry desert conditions are no threat to the namaqua sandgrouse : its thick - soled feet can withstand hot sand , and its belly feathers carry water .\nrainfall and food availability as factors influencing the migration and breeding activity of namaqua . . .\nintroduction : namaqua sandgrouse ( pterocles namaqua ) were as the name suggests , first discovered in the region of namaqualand . typical habitats include shrubland with or without grass , areas of sandy savannah with thick vegetation and gravel desert and sandy semi - desert .\na large flock of namaqua sandgrouse seen circling a water hole in the middle of the kalahari desert . they circled a few times before landing and quickly drinking . they are regularly attacked by raptors when drinking so are very skittish .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - namaqua dove - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - namaqua dove - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - namaqua dove - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndescription : medium - sized sandgrouse with vertically streaked dark brown and buff head and upper breast .\nsandgrouse mostly feed on seed and are often seen in large feeding flocks with up to 100 birds .\nde juana , e . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . namaqua sandgrouse ( pterocles namaqua ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nspline correlograms for pin - tailed and black - bellied sandgrouse with 95 % pointwise bootstrap confidence intervals and maximum lag distance of 15 km derived for 1 ) landscape scale and 2 ) microhabitat scale . a ) pin - tailed sandgrouse ; b ) black - bellied sandgrouse . distance was measured in meters ( doc 54 kb )\nc . 28 cm ; male c . 170\u2013190 g , female c . 150\u2013190 g . small sandgrouse ; like\nthough not globally threatened , certain populations of namaqua sandgrouse , including the orange free state birds , have disappeared because of severe drought and habitat destruction . but the future appears bright for the bird , due to decreased hunting and the availability of watering holes created by agricultural projects .\nnest survival can , among a variety of factors , depend on nest - site complexity and concealment , and clutch crypsis . nest - site selection by namaqua sandgrouse pterocles namaqua was strongly non - random . nests were sited within a local concentration of objects , most of them less than 15 cm high and concentrated within 30 cm of the nest centre . nest - to - object orientation was random , indicating that . . . [ show full abstract ]\n) is a bulky sandgrouse , measuring 30 to 40 cm in length . the male bird is larger and weighs about 400 to 550 grams . the female sandgrouse weighs 300 to 460 grams . the wingspan is 70 to 75 cm .\nare reasonably common throughout the tanqua karoo , and greater kestrels frequently wander into the area . if you are lucky enough to visit after recent rain , you will see that pools forming close to the road invariably attract south african shelduck , drinking flocks of namaqua sandgrouse and irruptive seedeaters such as lark - like bunting .\nthe black - bellied sandgrouse inhabit terrestrial , artificial habitats like agricultural lands , dry cereal cultivation , pastoral scrubland and fallow lands .\nferns pn , hinsley sa ( 1995 ) importance of topography in the selection of drinking sites by sandgrouse . funct ecol 9 : 371\u2013375\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the sandgrouse species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018not evaluated\u2019 for the black - bellied sandgrouse (\nspline correlograms for pin - tailed and black - bellied sandgrouse ( large geographical spatial scale ) with 95 % pointwise bootstrap confidence intervals and maximum lag distance of 100 km derived from 1 ) glm models ( on the left ) and 2 ) glm analyses after applying the moran eigenvector filtering function ( on the right ) . a ) pin - tailed sandgrouse ; b ) black - bellied sandgrouse . distance was measured in meters . ( doc 67 kb )\nthese sandgrouse species are distributed in the iberian peninsula , northwest africa , the canary islands , turkey , iran , cyprus , israel , kazakhstan , western china , northern pakistan , northern india . these black - bellied sandgrouse species are ground - dwelling birds . there are two recognized subspecies of these sandgrouses .\nexcavator\u2026 a namaqua sandgrouse male helps his mate form a shallow nest hollow in the very dry ground of the african desert . incubator\u2026 the sandgrouse male relieves his mate each evening at dusk and takes his turn incubating their eggs for up to 18 hours . defender\u2026 after the chicks have hatched , the male carries the egg shells away from the nest to prevent predators from locating the chicks . dispenser the male brings water back to the nest in his wet belly feathers . the young appear to nurse as they eagerly clamor for a refreshing drink .\nthe sandgrouse\u2019s activities revolve around getting water ; like clockwork , flocks visit water holes to drink , and males soak their belly feathers for transport to their chicks .\nthe breeding season of the black - bellied sandgrouse species is from march to august in most of its breeding grounds . the nest is a bare ground scrape in stony areas . the clutch may contain two to three eggs . the egg is pale buff with gray and brown spots . both the sandgrouse parents incubate the eggs .\nsandgrouse have compact bodies , but small , pigeon - like heads and necks . the different species range in length from 24 \u2013 40 cm and weigh from 150 - 500 g .\nthese black - bellied sandgrouse species do not normally occur in forests . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 100 meters . they inhabit various artificial , desert , shrubland and grassland ecosystems .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pterocles namaqua . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthese black - bellied sandgrouse have small , pigeon - like heads and necks . the legs are covered by feathers up to the toes . but the toes are not feathered . the belly region is blackish .\nde juana e ( 1997 ) family pteroclidae ( sandgrouse ) . in : del hoyo a , elliot a , sargatal j ( eds ) handbook of the birds of the world . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp 30\u201359\nmart\u00edn ca , casas f , mougeot f , garc\u00eda jt , vi\u00f1uela j ( 2010b ) seasonal variations in habitat preferences of the pin - tailed sandgrouse in agrarian pseudo - steppes . ardeola 57 ( 1 ) : 191\u2013198\nthese sandgrouse populations in spain , portugal and northern africa are resident and sedentary . the populations in turkey , mediterranean and the middle east are nomadic or partially migratory . the populations in central asia are migratory , wintering in northern india and pakistan .\nthe diet of these black - bellied sandgrouse species is mostly wild seeds . wild seeds , cereals , grains , wild legumes and cultivated legumes are their primary food . they form gregarious flocks and fly to watering holes in the mornings and the evenings .\nmart\u00edn ca , casas f , mougeot f et al ( 2010a ) positive interactions between vulnerable species in agrarian pseudo - steppes : habitat use by pin - tailed sandgrouse depends on its association with the little bustard . anim conserv 13 : 383\u2013389 . doi :\nthe sandgrouse are distributed across northern , southern and eastern africa as well as madagascar ; the middle east , india through to central asia ; and the iberian peninsula ; where they are restricted to treeless open areas , such as plains and semi - deserts .\nthe black - bellied sandgrouse species are distributed in the spain , portugal , northwest africa , the canary islands , turkey , iran , cyprus , israel , kazakhstan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , uzbekistan , russia , western china , northern pakistan and northern india .\nthe important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of the black - bellied sandgrouse species in portugal are castro verde plains , \u00e9vora plains , mour\u00e3o , moura e barrancos , reguengos de monsaraz , river guadiana and serra de penha garcia e campina de toul\u00f5es .\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable either under the range size criterion or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion . agricultural expansion , habitat loss and hunting are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these sandgrouse species .\nthe male black - bellied sandgrouse is slightly larger and has gray head , neck , and breast . the upperparts are brown and have dark markings . there is a chestnut throat patch in males . the female is pale brown with fine dark markings on upperparts , head and breast .\nsandgrouse are monogamous ( form life - long pair bonds ) . they make their nest on a slight depression in the ground . the average clutch consists of 2 eggs , occasionally up to 4 . the male and female share the incubation duties ; with the male incubating during the night and early mornings , and the female taking over during the day .\nsome of the iba of the black - bellied sandgrouse in spain are obruk plateau , hodulbaba mountain , villaf\u00e1fila , ballobar - candasnos , bardenas reales , belchite - mediana , brozas - membr\u00edo , campo de montiel , campo visiedo , hoya de guadix , la serena , layna high moors , lerida steppes , peninsula of jand\u00eda and p\u00e9trola - almansa - yecla .\n) is estimated to be around 130 , 000 - 260 , 000 mature individual birds . the overall population size of these sandgrouse species is considered to be decreasing . throughout its range it is reported to be rare to nearly common . the generation length is 5 . 6 years . their distribution size is about 17 , 400 , 000 sq . km .\nnamaqua sandgrouses can breed all year round . they are monogamous , solitary nesters , nesting in a simple scrape in the ground , often lined with grit and typically placed next to a small scrub or grass tuft . there the female lays 2 - 3 eggs which are incubated by both parents for 3 weeks . the chicks leave the nest within a day of hatching and are able to feed themselves , but rely on the male for water and protection for several weeks . during this period the male flies to watering holes and soaks his belly feathers which the young drink from .\nnear - endemic to southern africa , occurring from south - western angola through namibia to patches of botswana , the northern cape and adjacent provinces . it generally prefers gravel desert , sandy semi - desert , open dwarf shrubland and sandy savanna , while especially common in the nama karoo and southern kalahari .\nit mainly eats seeds , especially of protein - rich legumes , supplemented with flowers , small fruits and fresh leaves . it does most of its foraging in the day with its head held low , rapidly pecking the ground and flicking away soil with its beak . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nmonogamous solitary nester , it is not territorial , with both sexes selecting the nest site .\nthe nest is a simple scrape in the ground , often lined with grit that builds up over time and typically placed adjacent to a small shrub or grass tuft .\negg - laying season is year - round , peaking from january - may in northern namibia , april - july in the namib desert ( namibia ) , june - november in the kalahari , august - january in the nama karoo and september - february in the western cape .\nit lays 2 - 3 eggs , which are incubated by both sexes for about three weeks , with the female taking the day shift while the male incubates at night .\nthe chicks are led by their parents to an area with food approximately 12 hours after the last chick hatching , and they quickly learn how to pluck seeds from the ground . the male makes daily trips to a waterhole so that he can soak his belly feathers which the young drink from , only stopping when they reach about two months old . they can fly in short burst at about 30 days old , flying strongly about 12 days later but only becoming fully independent at least a month later .\nnot threatened , in fact common and widespread , as it has greatly benefited from the sinking of waterholes . heavy nest predation and low productivity in the nama karoo is cause for concern however , as its south african population decreased during the second half of the 20th century .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\ntwo birds seen in the distance and heard calling in the southern karoo in early spring .\nflock of 40 birds coming in to drink at a leaking cattle drinking trough . strong winds unfortunately distorting the recording .\nbird heard calling in low karoo type veld in the early morning in late winter .\ntwo birds flying by at considerable distance , going s . recording slightly filtered , and volume amplified .\ncalls audible at 0 : 00 . 25 , 0 : 03 . 4 , 0 : 06 . 9 , 0 : 10 . 5 and 0 : 13 . 1\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na large flock arriving at a waterhole and drinking alongside a couple of springboks .\ninitially two females , one then followed until it eventually joins up with a male .\nlars petersson , manakincarmelo , adam riley , roland bischoff , frans vandewalle , loutjie , trheijnen , marco valentini , w . h . schulenburg , markus lilje , holger teichmann , krzysztof blachowiak , cristiano crolle , nik borrow , fran trabalon , aleix comas , albert froneman , guy poisson , lmarce .\nmay be closely related to p . exustus . recent study # r suggests that these two together with p . orientalis may belong in a clade that includes also the two syrrhaptes species ; or , alternatively , that all five of these may form a group with p . gutturalis , p . personatus , p . coronatus , and possibly including also p . alchata and p . burchelli ; further study needed . birds from n part of range formerly separated as race ngami , those of s & se as furva . monotypic .\nsw angola and namibia e to sw zimbabwe , and s through botswana and w & c south africa ( w limpopo and free state s to s western cape ) .\n, combines long tail and dark underparts with pale underwing . male . . .\nflight call a trisyllabic nasal yelping \u201ckwel - kee - weeen\u201d and similar variations . in group , birds . . .\nsub - desert and fringes of desert , in a variety of habitats ; commoner in flat or rolling country . . .\nperiod is extended , probably dependent on rainfall : in s africa in general , all months except mar and may , with peaks during cooler months . . .\nsedentary and locally nomadic ; southern populations migratory , those breeding in karoo moving n to . . .\nnot globally threatened . common to locally abundant in much of range . usually occurs in pairs or small parties , but sometimes in fairly large flocks . now absent from former . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 608 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to locally abundant in much of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndistribution : common throughout namibia less for true southern namib desert . found in etosha , skeleton coast , orange river , fish river canyon and caprivi .\ndiet : small hard seeds and at times fresh leaves , flowers and small fruits .\nbreeding : usually 2 or 3 eggs are laid in an open scape in the ground , filled with grit and plant matter to assist in the incubation period of 21 days .\n6 days - for those with tight time constraints this safari visits the two major destinations : sossusvlei & etosha . windhoek - windhoek\n4 days - an expertly guided safari through damaraland in search of desert adapted elephant & rhino . excellent choice for anyone wanting to add a specialist activity to their time in namibia\n3 or 4 days - wonderful guided hiking trip - a never to be forgotten experience .\n3 days - a well guided & informative walking trip in the namib desert .\n3 days - cultural safari in the eastern kalahari region . visit the san / bushman and batswana people . also included is a trip to a game farm where sightings of rhino and elephant are possible\n3 days - visit the sand dunes at sossusvlei . runs from windhoek - windhoek\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nas you head north from eierkop along the r355 , the landscape becomes progressively more arid until , approaching katbakkies , bushes are few and far between and the ground gleams with the mineral patina of the desert pebbles . this is classic\ncountry : birds are most often spotted , 10\u009715 km north of eierkop , as they flush near the road , and display their white rumps as they fly a short distance to perch again on a fence or low bush .\nthe commonest larks of this stretch of road are thick - billed and red - capped . spike - heeled lark is also regularly seen . it is worth keeping an eye out for pairs of superbly camouflaged karoo korhaans , although they have become scarcer here in recent years . listen for their frog - like calls at dawn , and check in the shade of the occasional roadside tree at midday . drainage lines with slightly denser scrub are good areas to search for small , restless flocks of cape penduline tit , best detected by their soft , inconspicuous call .\ntwenty - one kilometres from eierkop , turn left at the road signposted \u0091kagga kamma ; op - die - berg\u0092 , to the small picnic spot and legendary birding site popularly known as katbakkies .\nthis website is maintained by birding africa . please do not use any text , images or content from this site without permission . \u00a9 birding africa 1997 - 2009 info @ urltoken 4 crassula way , pinelands , 7405 , cape town , south africa\n30 may 09 : a tragedy unfolds at kommetjie south of cape town as 44 beached false killer whales were shot . click here for more details and pictures . 14 march 09 : raptor watch in cape town on 14 march 09\nwe thank the farmers , hunting managers and gamekeepers of madrid province for allowing us to work on their properties . the study was partially financed by the servicio de protecci\u00f3n y gesti\u00f3n de flora y fauna de la consejer\u00eda de medio ambiente y ordenaci\u00f3n del territorio de la comunidad de madrid . we would also like to thank john o\u2019keeffe for his kind revision of the language of the manuscript . finally , we would like to thank the editor and two anonymous referees for providing us with comments and suggestions which help to improve the manuscript .\namarasekare p , nisbet rm ( 2001 ) spatial heterogeneity , source - sink dynamics , and the local coexistence of competing species . am nat 158 : 572\u2013584 . doi :\n) en pastizales y cultivos de la serena ( badajoz , espa\u00f1a ) . in : fern\u00e1ndez - guti\u00e9rrez j , sanz - zuasti j ( eds ) conservaci\u00f3n de las aves esteparias y su h\u00e1bitat . junta de castilla y le\u00f3n , valladolid , pp 221\u2013228\nbarton , k ( 2010 ) mumin : multi - model inference . r package version 0 . 13 . 17\nspp . ) distributions and large - scale habitat requirements in spain : implications for conservation . environ conserv 41 : 1\u201312\nbirdlife international ( 2004 ) birds in europe , population estimates , trends and conservation status . birdlife international , netherlands\nbj\u00f8rnstad on , falck w ( 2001 ) nonparametric spatial covariance functions : estimation and testing . environ ecol stat 8 : 53\u201370\nbrambilla m , bassi e , ceci c , rubolini d ( 2010 ) environmental factors affecting patterns of distribution and co - occurrence of two competing raptor species . ibis 152 : 310\u2013322 . doi :\nburnham kp , anderson dr ( 2002 ) model selection and multimodel inference : a practical information - theoretic approach . springer , new york\nbustamante j ( 2003 ) cartograf\u00eda predictiva de variables clim\u00e1ticas : la temperatura en espa\u00f1a peninsular . graellsia 59 : 359\u2013376\nbustamante j , seoane j ( 2004 ) predicting the distribution of four species of raptors ( aves : accipitridae ) in southern spain : statistical models work better than existing maps . j biogeogr 31 : 295\u2013306 . doi :\nbutler sj , gillings s ( 2004 ) quantifying the effects of habitat structure on prey detectability and accessibility to farmland birds . ibis 146 ( suppl s2 ) : 123\u2013130\nen la provincia de albacete . in : instituto de estudios albacetenses ( ed ) ii jornadas sobre el medio natural albacetense . diputaci\u00f3n de albacete , albacete , pp 499\u2013507\nen the nature park \u201cvale do guadiana . \u201d . ardeola 54 ( 2 ) : 205\u2013215\nde borb\u00f3n mn , barros c , de juana e ( 1999 ) el gregarismo en las gangas ib\u00e9rica y ortega . in : herranz j , su\u00e1rez f ( eds ) la ganga ib\u00e9rica (\nd\u00edaz m , asensio b , teller\u00eda jl ( 1996 ) aves ib\u00e9ricas , i . no paseriformes . reyero ed . , madrid\ndormann cf , mcpherson jm , araujo mb , bivand r , bolliger j , carl g , davies rg , hirzel a , jetz w , kissling wd , kuhn i , ohlemuller r , peres - neto pr , reineking b , schroder b , schurr fm , wilson r ( 2007 ) methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data : a review . ecography 30 : 609\u2013628\ndray s , legendre p , peres - neto pr ( 2006 ) spatial modelling : a comprehensive framework for principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices ( pcnm ) . ecol model 196 ( 3\u20134 ) : 483\u2013493\nfirbank lg , petit s , smart s et al ( 2008 ) assessing the impacts of agricultural intensification on biodiversity : a british perspective . philos trans r soc b 363 : 777\u2013787\nfitzpatrick bm , fordyce ja , gavrilets s ( 2008 ) what , if anything , is sympatric speciation ? j evol biol 21 : 1452\u20131459 . doi :\ngourbiere s , faivre b , chass\u00e9 jl , auger p ( 1999 ) new method for field studies on the parapatric distribution of sibling species . c r acad sci iii sci vie 322 : 1039\u20131050\n) : closely related species with differing bioenergetic adaptations to arid zones . physiol zool 66 ( 1 ) : 20\u201342\nhutto rl ( 1985 ) habitat selection by nonbreeding migratory land birds . in : cody ml ( ed ) habitat selection in birds . academic , orlando , pp 455\u2013476\nmadro\u00f1o a , gonz\u00e1lez c , atienza jc ( 2004 ) libro rojo de las aves de espa\u00f1a . direcci\u00f3n general para la biodiversidad - seo / birdlife , madrid\nmart\u00ed r , moral jc ( 2003 ) atlas de las aves reproductoras de espa\u00f1a . direcci\u00f3n general de conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - sociedad espa\u00f1ola de ornitolog\u00eda , madrid\n) en la comunidad de madrid . anuario ornitol\u00f3gico de madrid 2009\u20132010 . seo - monticola , pp 91\u201396\nmart\u00ednez c ( 2005 ) distribuci\u00f3n , abundancia , requerimientos de h\u00e1bitat y conservaci\u00f3n de aves esteparias de inter\u00e9s especial en castilla - la mancha . monograf\u00edas del museo nacional de ciencias naturales . csic , madrid\nmart\u00ednez c , de juana e ( 1996 ) breeding bird communities of cereal crops in spain , habitat requirement . in : fern\u00e1ndez - guti\u00e9rrez j , sanz - zuasti j ( eds ) conservaci\u00f3n de las aves esteparias y su h\u00e1bitat . junta de castilla y le\u00f3n , valladolid , pp 99\u2013105\nneter j , wasserman w , kutner mh ( 1990 ) applied linear statistical models . richard d . irwin , burr ridge\nosborne pe , alonso jc , bryant rg ( 2001 ) modelling landscape - scale habitat use using gis and remote sensing : a case study with great bustards . j appl ecol 38 : 458\u2013471\n) en la comunidad de madrid . in : de la puente j , p\u00e9rez - tris j , bermejo a ( eds ) anuario ornitol\u00f3gico de madrid 2005 . seo - monticola , madrid , pp 68\u201375\nr development core team ( 2009 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria\nreijnen r , foppen r , meeuwsen h ( 1996 ) the effects of traffic on the density of breeding birds in dutch agricultural grasslands . biol conserv 75 : 255\u2013260 . doi :\nrodrigues r ( 1994 ) variables influencing nest - site selection by tundra birds . ecol appl 4 : 110\u2013116\nrosenzweig ml ( 1981 ) a theory of habitat selection . ecology 62 : 327\u2013335\nrosenzweig ml ( 1987 ) community organisation from the point of view of habitat selectors . in : gee hr , gillers ps ( eds ) organisation of communities , past and present . blackwell , oxford , p 576\nsantos t , su\u00e1rez f ( 2005 ) biogeography and population trends of iberian steppe birds . in : bota mb , morales mb , ma\u00f1osa s , camprodon j ( eds ) ecology and conservation of steppe - land birds . lynx edicions and centre tecnol\u00f2gic forestal de catalunya , barcelona , pp 69\u2013102\n, in the canary islands , spain . bird conserv interlarge geogr 20 : 161\u2013175\nsu\u00e1rez f , herv\u00e1s i , heranz j , del moral jc ( 2006 ) la ganga ib\u00e9rica y la ganga ortega en espa\u00f1a , poblaci\u00f3n en 2005 y m\u00e9todo de censo . seo / birdlife , madrid\nsu\u00e1rez - seoane s , osborne pe , baudry j ( 2002 ) responses of birds of different biogeographic origins and habitat requirements to agricultural land abandonment in northern spain . biol conserv 105 : 333\u2013344 . doi :\nin a low - density area of the iberian peninsula . biodivers conserv 16 : 3559\u20133574 . doi :\ntella jl , forero mg , hiraldo f , don\u00e1zar ja ( 1998 ) conflicts between lesser kestrel conservation and european agricultural policies as identified by habitat use analyses . conserv biol 12 : 593\u2013604\ntews j , brose u , grimm v et al ( 2004 ) animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity / diversity : the importance of keystone structures . j biogeogr 31 : 79\u201392 . doi :\ntreisman m ( 1975 ) predation and the evolution of gregariousness . i . models for concealment fan evasion . anim behav 23 : 779\u2013800\nwhittingham mj , evans kl ( 2004 ) the effects of habitat structure on predation risk of birds in agricultural landscapes . ibis 146 : 210\u2013220 . doi :\nmart\u00edn , b . , mart\u00edn , c . a . , palac\u00edn , c . et al . eur j wildl res ( 2014 ) 60 : 625 . urltoken\nthe sabinet african epublications ( sa epublications ) service has been available online to clients with great success since 2001 . this service is the most comprehensive , searchable collection of full - text african electronic journals available on one platform which focuses on information originating from or pertaining to africa . read more . . .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . at 36 ( 59 % ) of the 61 artificial nests assumed lost to predation , definite evidence of small mammal predation was found . this included whole shell remains with a bite out the side of the shell ( 27 nests ) , a characteristic of mongoose predation of relatively large eggs ( lloyd et al . 2001 ) , or smaller , chewed shell remains ( nine nests ) . at several of these depredated nests , fresh tracks and digging marks of mongooses were also found in the soft sand after recent light rain . . . .\nhi tshering . i have just published a mongraph on the terresrial gamebirds and snipes of africa . i am also assisting a student complete her phd thesis on the breeeding and dispersal of souther ground - hornbills . ciao , rob\nfood availability and seasonal variation in nest predation pressure as factors influencing the timin . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\npaternal care is where the father of the offspring provides most or all of the effort needed to protect , feed or raise the young until they become independent . the most well - known example of paternal care is in seahorses , where the male broods the eggs in a pouch until they are ready to hatch . primary paternal care is most common in egg - laying species and almost unheard of in mammals .\nin order to see this content you need to have an up - to - date version of flash installed and javascript turned on .\nthe male midwife toad brings up the babies until he finds a suitable pond .\ntake a trip through the natural world with our themed collections of video clips from the natural history archive .\nnarrated by sir david attenborough planet earth was the ground - breaking series that explored the wild and beautiful parts of our planet like never before .\nfrom badgers to butterflies and frogs to foxes , garden wildlife is both varied and surprising .\na video collection featuring bugs and insects in amazing close up selected by insect expert and tv presenter george mcgavin , with goliath spiders , killer centipedes , ants and moths .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nresources on this site are free to download and reuse according to associated licensing provision . please read the terms and conditions of usage of each resource .\nthey have long pointed wings and short legs that are feathered down to the toes , and members of the genus syrrhaptes also have feathered toes .\nthe young hatch after about 20 - 25 days ; and are able soon able to leave the nest .\nthey are able to feed themselves from the day they hatch , but have to learn foraging skills from their parents for several months .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe images on this page are the sole property of the photographers ( unless marked as public domain ) .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nbbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\na blog dedicated to the thousands of bird species that fly , swim or walk on our planet .\nthis species is found in southern africa , from south - western angola , through namibia and botswana and into zimbabwe and western south africa .\nthese birds are 24 - 28 cm long and weigh 140 - 240 g .\nthey mainly eat small seeds from the ground , namely indigofera , lotononis , tephrosia , requernia sphaerosperma , limeum , giseckia pharnacioides , amaranthus , cleome , chenopodium , lophiocarpus burchelli and several grasses and daisies . these are complemented with flowers , small fruits and fresh leaves .\nthis species has a very large breeding range and is reported to be common to locally abundant in much of its range . the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nthe central tail feathers are short giving a wedge - shape . the wings are long and pointed . the underwings are whitish . there is a thin blackish band around the lower breast . their call is a soft\nchowrrr rrrr\nsound .\nin nature , the black - bellied sandgrouses inhabit hot deserts , semi - arid plains , semi - desert vegetation , temperate grasslands , dry tropical and subtropical shrublands and mediterranean shrub vegetations .\njavascript must be enabled in order for you to use google maps . however , it seems javascript is either disabled or not supported by your browser . to view google maps , enable javascript by changing your browser options , and then try again .\nthe kalahari gemsbok national park is situated in the sliver of land between botswana and namibia , 320 km north of upington . it is an integral part of the kgalagadi transfrontier park , which together with neighbouring wildlife management areas in botswana form one of the largest contiguous conservation areas in the world ( 3 , 7 million ha ) .\nthe kgalagadi transfrontier park has a list of approximately 280 species , of which only about 92 are resident . the remainder comprises mainly nomadic ( 17 ) , migratory ( 50 ) and vagrant ( 121 ) species . it is an important area for raptors , with at least 52 species recorded , and contributes significantly to their conservation .\na total of 239 species has been reported in the kalahari gemsbok national park during the sabap1 and sabap2 projects . four vulture species are present : white - backed vulture gyps africanus , lappet - faced vulture torgos tracheliotos , white - headed vulture aegypius occipitalis and cape vulture g . coprotheres . white - backed and lappet - faced vultures show a preference for the nossob and auob riverbeds as both have large trees suitable for roosting and nesting . other threatened breeding raptors include bateleur terathopius ecaudatus , martial eagle polemaetus bellicosus and tawny eagle aquila rapax . six species of owls are protected in this iba .\nkori bustard ardeotis kori is common along both the auob and nossob riverbeds , and ludwig ' s bustard neotis ludwigii occurs relatively frequently in summer . this iba is seasonally important for larks and sparrow - larks , including stark ' s lark spizocorys starki and black - eared sparrow - lark eremopterix australis , particularly after good rains .\nthe major biodiversity characteristic of this iba is that it is an arid ecosystem populated by large migratory and nomadic herbivores . as such it supports a fully functional large carnivore predator / prey system and is an important refuge for a large raptor community . the park has important populations of lion panthera leo , leopard p . pardus , cheetah acinonyx jubatus , brown hyaena hyaena brunnea , spotted hyaena crocuta crocuta , african wild cat felis lybica , aardwolf proteles cristatus , aardvark orycteropus afer , honey badger mellivora capensis and pangolin manis temminckii .\nthe characteristic tree species \u2013 camel thorn , grey camel thorn vachellia ( formerly acacia ) haematoxylon and shepherd ' s tree boscia albitrunca \u2013 are protected under the national forestry act . the camel thorn is regarded as a keystone species and the survival of many animal and plant species depend on it .\nthe gariep blind legless skink acontias gariepensis is almost restricted to the park . the southern african endemic dwarf beaked snake dipsina multimaculata , kalahari spade - snouted worm lizard monopeltis leonhardi , spotted desert lizard meroles suborbitalis , kalahari ground gecko colopus wahlbergii and woosnam ' s desert rat zelotomys woosnami are all common within the park .\nthis iba is well managed , with far fewer threats than the surrounding landscape . the major threats that do exist are climate change ; the slow pace at which the contractual land development with the local community is moving and associated land - use conflicts ; the scarcity of fresh water ; and the high petrol price , which will have an effect on visitor numbers . there is also a lack of funds for tourism management and development .\nhistorically , poisons were used extensively in the region to control damage - causing predators , such as black - backed jackal canis mesomelas and caracal caracal caracal . poisoning incidents involving bateleurs and white - backed vultures have been recorded in this iba , and the breeding failure in 1990 of the largest white - backed vulture colony in the park was attributed to poisoning . the inadvertent poisoning of secretarybirds is also suspected . poisons may still be used in neighbouring small - livestock farming areas , but at a lower level than previously .\nthis iba is a formally protected national park , established in 1931 . it is an integral part of the kgalagadi transfrontier park , which was officially opened in 2000 but had been in existence since 1948 through a verbal agreement between the south african and botswanan conservation authorities . the area represents a large ecosystem relatively free of human influence .\nin 1999 the khomani san community won a land claim over 25 000 ha of the park . a joint management plan between the community and sanparks exists for the ae ! hai kalahari heritage contractual park .\nsince the 1930s a total of 88 waterholes and a number of excavation dams on pans have been constructed within the park . the erection of permanent waterholes was motivated by the observation that increased human activity to the south and west of the park was apparently hindering the migratory movements of the indigenous ungulates ; by the later fencing of some borders ; and by the erroneous perception that the wildlife needed drinking water . historically , vultures and raptors drowned in the water reservoirs . poles or ladders were fitted into the reservoirs to enable raptors to escape from them and raptor drownings are now a rare occurrence . the monitoring of certain raptor species was reinstated by the ewt ' s birds of prey programme kalahari raptor project in 2010 .\nif you have any information about the iba , such as a new threat that could impact on it , please send an e - mail to iba @ urltoken or call birdlife south africa + 27 ( 11 ) 789 1122 .\nanderson md . 2000 . raptor conservation in the northern cape province , south africa . ostrich 71 : 25\u201332 .\nanderson md , kruger r . 1995 . powerline electrocution of eighteen african white - backed vultures . vulture news 32 : 16\u201318 .\nanderson md , maritz awa , oosthuysen e . 1999 . raptors drowning in farm reservoirs : impacts on southern african populations . ostrich 70 : 139\u2013144 .\nbarnes k ( ed . ) . 1998 . the important bird areas of southern africa . johannesburg : birdlife south africa .\nbgis online . 2014 . biodiversity gis , sanbi . available at www . bgis . sanbi . org . [ accessed september 2014 . ]\nbroekhuysen gj , broekhuysen mh , martin je , martin r , morgan hk . 1968 . observations on the bird life in the kalahari gemsbok national park . koedoe 11 : 145\u2013160 .\ncunningham sj , martin ro , hojem cl , hockey par . 2013 . temperatures in excess of critical thresholds threaten nestling growth and survival in a rapidly - warming arid savanna : a study of common fiscals ."]}
{"id": 348, "summary": [{"text": "lixus concavus , commonly called the rhubarb curculio , is a species of weevil .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "rhubarb ( rheum species ) is a host , together with dock , sunflower , and thistle . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lixus concavus", "paragraphs": ["abstract the mature larvae and pupae of lixus ( ortholixus ) bituberculatus smreczy\u00e5\u0084ski , 1968 and lixus ( dilixellus ) neglectus fremuth , 1983 ( curculionidae : lixinae : lixini ) are described and compared with known larvae of 21 other lixus and 2 hypolixus taxa . the mature larva and pupa of lixus bituberculatus are the first immature stages described representing the subgenus ortholixus . the larva of lixus neglectus , in the subgenus dilixellus , is distinguished from the known larvae of four\nlixus concavus ) also known as rhubarb curculios are commonly found throughout the eastern united states and portions of the western united states such as utah , idaho and texas . there are known populations in ontario , canada as well .\nlixus bardanae , kulczanka szczawiowiec , bruine zuringsnuitkever on grean grass leaf in morning sun light . extreme macro horizontal crop\ninsect lixus angustatus . weevil weevil or the mallows . location : tibi . alicante . valencia . spain . europe .\nin the czech republic , slovakia and romania is provided . for lixus bituberculatus , a chicory , cichorium intybus l . ( asteraceae ) , is identified as a host plant , and lixus neglectus is found on dock rumex thyrsiflorus fingerh . ( polygonaceae ) . both\nthanks for contacting horticulture talk through our facebook page . to be honest , there are not a lot of insect pests that affect rhubarb \u2014 because it is acidic and because of the oxalate crystals in the leaves . however , based on your description , it sounds like you have rhubarb curculio ( lixus concavus ) .\nreadily distinguished by the difference in superficial bloom , bright yellow in l . concavus , whitish in l . mucidus , in which the depression at the base of pronotum & elytra is also much less marked\nde waterscheerlingsnuitkever is een kenmerkende soort van moerassen , waar ze op schermbloemen te vinden is , onder andere de waterscheerling . lixus paraplecticus is a typical species of marshes , where it can be found on umbellifers .\nare probably monophagous or oligophagous . adults of lixus bituberculatus often inhabit host plants growing in active , dry and sunny pastures with sparse patches without vegetation , being mostly active during the night in april / may and then again in september , when the highest activity levels are observed . adults of lixus neglectus inhabit dry grasslands on sandy soils with host plants , being active during the day from may to september , with the highest level of activity in may / june and september . the larvae of both\nare borers in the stem and root of the host plant , and they pupate in root or root neck . adults leave the pupation cells at the end of summer and do not hibernate in the host plants . finally , romania is a new geographic record for lixus bituberculatus . pmid : 27551208\ndistribution . this native species is found throughout the eastern united states west to idaho , utah , and texas . in canada it is known from ontario . a very similar insect , lixus mucidus leconte , may be confused with rhubarb curculio , because it shares the same geographic range , host plants , and biology . it also is native to north america .\neaton and kaufman describe the 69 north american species of lixus as large , cylindrical weevils . the american insects website says that the striking , half - inch rc is \u201ccovered with both a short gray pubescence and an orange bloom\u201d ( when the bloom is off the weevil , it looks black ) . it has club - tipped antennae and its abdomen is tapered toward the stern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthese small , circular , brown spots are scattered over the surface of the leaf . the disease is caused by a fungus .\nthe leaf spot is common in connecticut , but does not do enough damage to the plant to require special control measures .\nthe disease is caused by soilborne fungi which cause the crown and roots to rot . the disease appears in heavy wet soils .\nfungicide applications have not been shown to be effective . control can be achieved by planting in well - drained soils .\nthe bean aphid and green peach aphid sometimes infest rhubarb . control is not usually necessary .\neuropean corn borer . this insect will sometimes tunnel in the stalks of rhubarb . control is not generally necessary .\nthe rhubarb curculio makes feeding and egg punctures in the stalks , and the sap exudes from the wounds as glistening drops of gum . the eggs laid in rhubarb do not hatch , but are killed by sap . this pest completes its life cycle in the stems of wild dock . the beetle is about half an inch in length , black , covered with yellow dust , and hibernates as an adult . it feeds upon the margins of the leaves besides puncturing the stalks . they are usually present in small numbers and can be handpicked and destroyed . removal of their other host plants , such as dock and thistle , during july when the larvae are still in them may also reduce populations .\nstalk borer , papaipema nebris . the eggs of this caterpillar are laid in the fall by the moths on surrounding grasses and weeds . after hatching in the spring the borers feed on these plants and later may migrate into adjacent rhubarb where they cause injury . the caterpillars are very active . their restless habit of frequently changing from one plant stem to another increases the damage . keeping the borders of the vegetable garden well - mowed and controlling weeds may help deny these insects their breeding grounds .\nyellow woollybear , spilosoma virginica . this caterpillar sometimes feeds upon rhubarb but does not regularly require control .\nstate of connecticut disclaimer , privacy policy , and web site accessibility policy . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 state of connecticut .\nthe entomology department ' s extension program applies the results of research to alleviate insect problems in new york state , the us , and throughout the world . this effort reflects the ever - changing needs of the state ' s agricultural industry , its recreational resources , and its urban dwellers . a primary reason for a department devoted to the multifaceted study of insects and related arthropods is to bring our collective expertise to bear on important insect - related issues of society .\na crucial mission of the cornell entomology department is to provide accurate , current , and effective educational programs and resources in entomology and related disciplines to our commercial / professional , consumer , and public clientele . we consider both cornell cooperative extension programs , partially funded by federal formula funds , as well as educational outreach programs , as important avenues for accomplishing this mission . most extension programs are closely integrated with research so there is a seamless transition between developing new knowledge and providing clients with access to this new information . we have particular strength in developing ipm solutions for diverse clientele and , especially in cooperation with the new york state ipm program , are able to move applied research to extension solutions .\nthe strong commitment of the department of entomology to outreach is reflected in our diverse efforts to effectively communicate the value of arthropods and entomological research to the broader community . these efforts include our popular annual ' insectapalooza ' event , a one - day insect fair , which attracts ~ 3 , 000 people each fall . insectapalooza reflects the culture of participation and involvement in outreach through over 30 hands - on educational and entertaining exhibits contributed by the faculty , active undergraduate community , and graduate students . insectapalooza is one of the largest and most beloved science outreach events at cornell university .\nefforts have begun to create a new ' arthropod museum ' with displays on the benefits of arthropods , innovative ways that insects avoid being eaten by predators , arthropod diversity , and many live arthropods .\nthe naturalist outreach speakers bureau trains cornell undergraduate and graduate students to do effective scientific outreach . the students form the naturalist outreach speakers bureau which goes into local classrooms in 7 upstate counties to give free hands on presentations on natural history , ecology and conservation .\nempire farm days , located in seneca falls ny , is the largest agricultural outdoor farm show in the northeast and typically draws 50 , 000 - 70 , 000 visitors . the entomology department presents a large display on insect diversity , invasive species , and insects that are of importance to local agriculture . the display is in the building housing a number of other cornell university exhibits and over the 3 - day event draws many hundreds to thousands of visitors . many of the visitors bring specimens or photos for discussion and identification . over the years the display has been organized by charlie linn ( geneva ) , with help from other faculty and graduate students ( including last year art muka , masanori seto , erik smith , heather connelly , and aloy gu ) .\nare you interested in having one of our graduate students come talk to your classroom or club ? if so visit our website and fill out the submission form and one of our graduate students will get back to you ! visit eoa here .\nthe annual , one - day insect fair hosted by the faculty , staff and students of the department of entomology at cornell university . insectapalooza is an interactive , hands - on experience that features hundreds of live insects , spiders , and other fascinating arthropods .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nweevils of south carolina ( coleoptera : nemonychidae , attelabidae , brentidae , ithyceridae , and curculionidae ) . janet c . ciegler . 2010 . clemson university , clemson , s . c . 276 pp .\nannotated checklist of the weevils ( curculionidae sensu lato ) of north america , central america , and the west indies . . . o ' brien c . w . , wibmer g . j . 1982 . mem . am . ent . inst . 34 : x + 382 pp .\ncontributed by ron m . on 12 october , 2008 - 11 : 29pm additional contributions by mike quinn , v belov last updated 2 march , 2013 - 6 : 41pm\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\ni get bugs eating on my rhubarb stems each year . it looks like eggs under the leaves , but i\u2019ve never seen any bugs to identify . what are they and what can i do ? colorado potato beetles ? sevin ?\nthe leaf stalks of the rhubarb may show exuding sap and partial decay from late - may through early summer , due to the feeding and egg laying punctures of the rhubarb curculio . feeding injury appears as notches in the stem and on the leaf edges . sap exudes from wounds of either type and collects as glistening drops of gum when fresh . fortunately , the eggs of this insect do not hatch when deposited in rhubarb .\nthe rhubarb curculio ( or rhubarb weevil ) is a large snout beetle , about 1 / 2 inch long . it is dark colored , with a yellow powdery material dusted on its back . the yellowish covering easily rubs off when the insect is handled . the head has a downwardly curved snout , at the end of which are the mandibles ( the chewing mouth parts ) . the eggs are oblong and yellow - white in color ( similar to colorado potato beetles ) . the mature larva is a legless grub about 3 / 4 inch in length , with a brown head .\nthe only direct method of control is to hand pick the beetles from the plants during early summer and destroy them . when the beetles first emerge they are easily picked from the vegetation on which they are resting . their large size aids in finding them and helps make them easy to handle . the removal of all wild plants in which the beetles breed ( dock , thistle , and sunflower ) growing in or near the planting during july , while the curculio larvae are still in them , will also be helpful .\n\u00a9 mertie mae botanics llc and horticulture talk ! , 2011 . unauthorized use and / or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog\u2019s author and / or owner is strictly prohibited . excerpts and links may be used , provided that full and clear credit is given to mertie mae botanics llc and horticulture talk ! with appropriate and specific direction to the original content .\n\u00a9 mertie mae botanics llc and horticulture talk ! , 2005 - 2018 . unauthorized use and / or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog\u2019s author and / or owner is strictly prohibited . excerpts and links may be used , provided that full and clear credit is given to mertie mae botanics llc and horticulture talk ! with appropriate and specific direction to the original content .\nerror : twitter did not respond . please wait a few minutes and refresh this page .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nfamily giving connections , inc . kara joseph and her team are working on a project to help haitians sustain themselves at home after the destruction of the earthquake . they are looking for donations of seeds in an effort to promote long - term empowering change in this devestate country . 0\nnational junior horticulture association as a former njha - er , i definitely support the education and promotion of horticulture with today\u2019s youth . check out the website for more great information ! 0\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america , vol . 1 : coleoptera , strepsiptera\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nport huron sga , st . clair co . , michigan . 17 may 2009 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nfaba bean , lentil , lima bean , pea , snap bean , etc . )\nacyrthosiphon pisum shinji . cowpea is plagued by cow - pea weevils , callosobruchus spp . locally , a number of other pests can be important , particularly thrips , leaf miners , leafhoppers , and flea beetles .\nthe lettuce is an immensely popular vegetable . among vegetables grown in the united states , it sur -\nroyal bc museum website featuring the non - native / alien species in the province ; includes fact sheets of selected species and a current list of all alien species found in the province , including insects .\n[ cite : 593991 ] jump to : bees | wasps / ants / sawflies | diptera | lepidoptera | coleoptera | hemiptera & misc . orders | common names :\nthe common names committee of the entomological society of canada maintains and periodically updates a list of common names of insects . the list is available online as a searchable database , and is also downloadable as an excel file . in addition , there is an online form for the submission of a proposal for a new common name . the site includes recommendations for how to come up with a new common name .\nflorida dept . of agriculture and consumer services , division of plant industry . xii , 65 p . , 1989\noccasional papers of the florida state collection of arthropods , vol . 6 full text\nprice , p . w . & m . f . willson . 1979 . abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in illinois . american midland naturalist 101 ( 1 ) : 76\u201386 .\nasclepias incarnata , a . sullivantii , a . syriaca , a . verticillata , a . amplexicaulis\n. these species occur in this order on a moisture gradient from wet to dry soil conditions . this survey revealed that 12 species occurred at an abundance of at least one individual per 100 host stems in 1 plot - year on one host species :\noncopeltus fasciatus * , lygaeus kalmii * , aphis nerii * , labidomera clivicollis * , tetraopes tetrophthalmus * , t . femoratus , t . quinquemaculatus , rhyssomatus lineaticollis * , danaus plexippus , cycnia tenera * , euchaetias egle\nare specific to milkweeds in illinois . seven of these species , marked with asterisks , were abundant enough to act as major selective forces on the life history patterns of the milkweed species , populations and clones concerned .\n) in south - east michigan are correlated with differences in microhabitat , in exposure to herbivores , and in competition . components of each species ' reproductive strategy include : number of stems per plants , number of umbels per stem , number of flowers and pods per umbel , number of seeds per pod , seed weight and annual increase in reproductive potential . components of each species ' selective regime include : the herbivore load ( measured by the frequency of plants damaged by predators or animal parasites ) , competition ( measured by the proportion of non - flowering plants and by the density of competitors ) , and environmental uncertainty ( measured by annual mortality rates ) .\nby dailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver .\nthe coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 . , 1978\ndailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver . 1978 . survey of coleoptera collected on the common milkweed ,\n, at one site in ohio . the coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 .\nl . , were collected daily for 90 consecutive days . of the 132 species listed , 18 were considered to be common ( 50 or more collected ) while the majority of species were considered temporary visitors . the host specific milkweed beetle , [ i ] tetraopes tetr\nby fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell .\nfull text fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell . 1907 . the coleoptera of new mexico . transactions of the american entomological society 33 : 145 - 272 .\nfull text knull , j . n . 1938 . five new species of coleoptera ( corynetidae , elateridae and buprestidae ) . ohio journal of science 38 : 97 - 100 .\nbeetle biodiversity response to vegetation restoration of mid - valley riparian woodland in the lrgv of southern texas .\nunpublished master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; university , college station . viii + 218 pp . , 2015\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nnatural enemies . population regulation is poorly known in this little - studied insect . the only parasitoid known from rhubarb curculio is rhaconotus fasciatus ( ashmead ) ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) . the larvae apparently are cannibalistic , because although it is not uncommon to find several young larvae in the stalk of a host plant , it is rare to have more than one reach maturity in each plant .\nlife cycle and description . there is a single generation annually . the adults overwinter , emerging in april in the vicinity of washington d . c . mating and oviposition occur soon thereafter . eggs are found in april - mid - june , larvae through july or august , pupation commences in august , and adults begin emergence in september . in canada , adults do not emerge from overwintering until june , but similarly complete a new generation by september .\negg . the egg is oval in form and pale yellow , and is deposited in plant tissue at a depth of 2 - 3 mm . the eggs measure 1 . 5 - 1 . 9 mm long and 1 . 2 - 1 . 3 mm wide . they are deposited principally within the leaf petioles and flower stalk , though sometimes within the larger veins of the leaf . apparently the weevil deposits the egg within cavities made by feeding , though there are many more feeding sites than oviposition sites . duration of the egg stage is about eight days . the eggs fare poorly when deposited in rhubarb , apparently suffering from the flow of sap .\nthe larva is whitish , but with a brown head that usually bears an inverted y - shaped mark . the larva ' s body is curved or c - shaped , highly wrinkled , and lacks thoracic legs . larvae bore down through the stalk into the root , usually with only a single beetle surviving in each plant . duration of the larval stage is about 60 days , and then the larva creates a pupal cell in the base of the stem or in the roots .\nthe pupal cell is 25 - 40 mm long and 57 mm wide . it is constructed just beneath the soil surface , and the larva chews an exit hole for the adults before pupating . the pupa is whitish and measures 14 - 15 mm long . the head bears the long snout of the adult form , though the wings are twisted beneath the ventral surface of the body . the abdominal segments are marked with short spines . duration of the pupal stage is about eight days , though the adult remains in the pupal chamber for another 7 - 8 days before emerging .\nthe adult is 10 - 14 mm long , and black , but covered with fine gray hairs . rhubarb curculio is also dusted with yellow powder though this is lacking from l . mucidus , and can be rubbed off . the pronotum and elytra bear punctures . after emerging in september , adults feed briefly on host plants , then seek sheltered locations for overwintering . the adults pass the winter hidden beneath debris near the host plants .\nthe biology was described by webster ( 1889 ) , chittenden ( 1900 ) , and weiss ( 1912 ) . these species were included in the treatment of eastern beetles by downie and arnett ( 1996 ) and of canadian beetles by campbell et al . ( 1989 ) .\nthe adults of rhubarb curculio may nibble at the edge of leaves in the spring , but damage to rhubarb results principally from gnawing into the leaf stalks . the holes are oval or round , and up to 3 mm deep .\nsticky sap secretions often exude from the wounds , collecting as glistening drops of gum . feeding occurs mostly after most rhubarb , an early season crop , has been harvested . larvae seldom develop in rhubarb . nevertheless , rhubarb curculio is considered as the most injurious of the insects attacking rhubarb\u2014a plant notably free of insect pests .\nrhubarb curculio is rarely of consequence , though application of insecticides to rhubarb foliage should protect plants from injury . because its abundance is governed mostly by the presence of favored weed hosts such as dock , elimination of such weeds will eliminate the threat of damage by weevils .\nthis species of weevil is one of the largest in north america , reaching up to 1 / 2 inch in length . they are black beetles covered in a fine golden dust . like many beetles when they are alarmed they will roll over and play dead often rolling off the leaf or plant that they are feeding on . this must work well for the beetle , as i ' ve had them do this and they virtually disappear once they hit the ground never to be seen again .\nunusual to eat the leaves , i thought they were lethal . i have a few photos to share with you . i had sparrows hit a bluebird house and when i took out the nest i should have bagged it just to look over all the detrivores eating in there . always thinking of you , lol\ni fight sparrows all the time . they take over my martin houses and my bluebirds houses here as well . they are the bane of bird life . i love that detrivores brings me to mind . . . . . lol can ' t wait to see your photos . i always enjoy seeing what you find .\ni recently wrote a childrens book about butterflies and moths . it is now available for purchase on amazon . this a great way to introuduce children to one of the most popular orders of insects , the lepidoptera . there is also a section on vocabulary so they learn many scientific terms . just click the image and it will take you directly to the purchasing page .\nmore rain to come this afternoon this is the output from a dam . they are letting out the maximum and it really rumbles loud . hollyhocks make me smile . . . .\na canadian nonprofit alliance is trying to save a staple fish supply\u2014via drone photography .\nwhile doing a soil survey in our freshly mowed hay field , richard locke spotted a large spider skittering over the duff . after multiple tries we had it . . .\n\u00a9 valley news , urltoken the united states of america recently celebrated the 242nd anniversary of its declaration of independence from british colonialis . . .\nhey ya\u2019ll ! we\u2019ve been doing these neat live videos with entomologists from all different backgrounds . it\u2019s been almost a year of doing so , but they are onl . . .\n* click on the pictures for a proper look \u2026 and click again was walking around the water treatment plant and noticed this white cone on a branch . could see . . .\nthe insect world is full of drama , one of the major attractions for entomologists and naturalists and wildlife photographers . among the more rarely - witness . . .\ncheck your porch lights : it ' s palo verde rootborer season in tucson . the huge , up to 4 in long beetles emerge from the ground , mate at night , and lay egg . . .\nby carl strang this year\u2019s chapter in the series of annual bioblitzes organized by the indiana academy of sciences took place at eagle creek park in northe . . .\nif you work in the pest control industry , and are even a little geeky about insects , you would probably like the national conference of urban entomology . . . .\nit\u2019s a killer 95 degrees on the sand prairie today , so i was ecstatic when this western # hognose snake accepted several big gulps of water from my bottle ! # . . .\nback in the summer of 2015 , i made an early august trip to the white river hills region of extreme southwestern missouri . i was actually looking for one of . . .\nit was over 170 years ago that wisconsin was granted statehood . while much has changed over the decades , some things haven\u2019t\u2014like the omnipresence of agri . . .\nthe other day i went out to pick some spinach for breakfast , and i noticed this fly resting on one of the leaves : this is a lauxaniid fly in the minettia o . . .\njune 23 | 9am \u2013 3pm friends of the garden proudly presents its annual free butterfly festival on saturday , june 23 from 9 : 00 a . m . to 3 : 00 p . m . in the spr . . .\nimage : antonio rodr\u00edguez arduengo * uroplatus ebenaui * demons get such a bad rap these days . and . . . all other days , i suppose . but look at this cutie ! surely . . .\nat 10 : 15 this morning i deactivated my facebook account . i\u2019ve had the account for over a decade . no more . i can no longer in good conscience participate in . . .\nafter waking from the afternoon siesta , i stepped out of the darkness into the brilliant sunshine bathing the small balcony of my room . it did not look pro . . .\nthis article will soon be available in spanish inspired by mike van valen ' s\nthe ratsnake mess for dummies\nplease note that the information in this article . . .\nthe bug chicks - a site for parents , teachers and bugdorks . bumperstickers for the holidays !\ni was in scotland last weekend to lead a couple of bumblebee id training events . as i needed to bring a fair bit of kit with me , i drove , and passed throu . . .\ni am so very behind on getting data from the dragonfly swarm project shared here , but i wanted to get the data from this year so far up ! here\u2019s what i\u2019ve . . .\nhey , there peeps !\ni ' m not dead ! think i ' ll go for a walk !\n' nuf said ? = d * lazuli lifer * lazuli bunting appeared on the feeder ( sunday ) & i freaked out . . .\n* tufted titmouse ( baeolophus bicolor ) * * out in our first snow of the winter . only about an inch of snowfall . * .\nso , yeah . i guess i should update this thing every so often , before it gets hacked , or taken over , or deleted or something . i do still enjoy finding bugs . . .\nlast week , in the midst of my 50s , i discovered the delightful horror of allergies . when i got the sore throat , i assumed it was a cold . and then my eyes c . . .\nthe air potato , dioscorea bulbifera , is an invasive noxious weed in south florida . in a previous post , i described efforts at biological control using the . . .\nas a nature enthusiast and bird lover i spend a lot of time outdoors and one of my favorite pastimes is feeding and watching birds . several years ago i . . .\ndiamondback watersnakes ( * nerodia rhombifer * ) are a large thick - bodied , defensive , often ill - tempered snake . they are common in nw missouri and are found . . .\n( updated 3 / 22 / 13 ) the picture below started this post . it is a picture that shows up prominently high on a google image search for \u2018fire ant . \u2019 it is al . . .\ni am proud to be chosen as part of this list of entomology blogs . there are some great blogs and websites with a focus on insects and spiders , and to be included among them is an honor indeed . click this link to check out more great entomology blog posts .\nhaving trouble identifying the spider that just showed up in your house , or backyard ? let eric and the other experts at spider identification help identify it . most spiders are harmless to humans and provide a great service to us by eating untold amounts of insects . for some people though , the arachnophobia runs too deep . ease your fears and learn about the spiders living around you .\nthe mushroom king of nw missouri has his website up and running . this is a great way to interact with fellow mushroom hunters . find out where these tasty fungi are being found . post about your own finds . share your favorite recipes . coming soon will be merchandise to purchase . lets all support the mushroom king and join this fun , informative site .\nneeding a good all around field guide to insects of north america ? let me recommend this awesome , comprehensive guide . it is full of wonderful full color photos making identification simple . it is easy enough to use to be beneficial to children and adults . this is my go - to guide when trying to identify all those unique insects that show up in my yard , or anywhere else .\na good friend of mine betsy betros has written a wonderful , full color field guide to kansas city butterflies . it is fast becoming my buttefly bible . this book would be beneficial to anyone who loves butterflies and gardening . these butterflies will be found beyond kansas city ' s borders . you won ' t be disappointed in this guide , i would consider it a must - have !\nhere are some of the most colorful , spectacular and sometimes weird examples of the world ' s butterflies and moths . from the common swallowtail to the iridescent blue morpho , thomas marent ' s stunning photographs provide a close - up view of the remarkable family of insects known as lepidoptera . the macro photography complements the enlightening text written by zoologist ronald orenstein , who explains the scientific curiosities of these amazing insects .\ni feel honored to be included in the list of best blogs for 2010 .\nthank you so much for the shout out and the award geek . you put a smile on my face !\nrecently one of my regular followers recommended me for the best blog award . thank you so much paula , for believing that this blog was worthy of such an honor .\nthe boll weevil ( anthonomus grandis ) is a beetle measuring an average length of six millimeters , which feeds on cotton buds and flowers . thought to be native to central america , it migrated into the united states from mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all u . s . cotton - growing areas by the 1920s , devastating the industry and the people working in the american south . during the late 20th century it became a serious pest in south america as well . since 1978 , the boll weevil eradication program in the u . s . allowed full - scale cultivation to resume in many regions .\nboll weevils will begin to die at temperatures at or below \u22125 \u00b0c ( 23 \u00b0f ) . research at the university of missouri indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at \u221215 \u00b0c ( 5 \u00b0f ) . the insulation offered by leaf litter , crop residues , and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels .\nother limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought . its natural predators include fire ants , insects , spiders , birds , and a parasitic wasp , catolaccus grandis . the insects at times engage in what seems to be almost suicidal behavior by emerging from diapause before cotton buds are available .\nin 1915 . by the mid 1920s it had entered all cotton growing regions in the u . s . , travelling 40 to 160 miles per year . it remains the most destructive cotton pest in\nhas estimated that since the boll weevil entered the united states it has cost u . s . cotton producers about $ 13 billion , and in recent times about $ 300 million per year .\nthe cotton boll weevil : a , adult beetle ; b , pupa ; c , larva .\nthe boll weevil contributed to the economic woes of southern farmers during the 1920s , a situation exacerbated by the great depression in the 1930s .\n, south carolina native mose austin recalled that his employer was adamant .\nhe don ' t want nothin ' but cotton planted on de place ; dat he in debt and hafter raise cotton to git de money to pay wid .\naustin let out a long guffaw before recounting ,\nde boll weevil come . . . and , bless yo ' life , dat bug sho ' romped on things dat fall .\naustin remembered that the following spring , his employer insisted on planting cotton in spite of warnings from his wife , his employees , and government agricultural experts :\nde cotton come up and started to growin ' , and , suh , befo ' de middle of may i looks down one day and sees de boll weevil settin ' up dere in de top of dem little cotton stalks waitin ' for de squares to fo ' m . so all dat gewano us hauled and put down in 1922 made nuttin ' but a crop of boll weevils .\nthe next year , austin ' s employer tried the same ill - fated experiment . ultimately , the man lost his farm and moved with his disgruntled wife to california .\nthe boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the southern us , including the expansion of peanut cropping . the citizens of enterprise , alabama erected the boll weevil monument in 1919 , perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton , and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives .\nin 1983 , and it is estimated that about 90 % of the cotton farms in brazil are now infested . during the 1990s the weevil spread to\n. the international cotton advisory committee ( icac ) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the u . s .\nagain to grow cotton as an economic crop . ddt was initially extremely effective , but us weevil populations developed resistance by the mid 1950s .\nwere subsequently used , but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with ddt and control strategies changed .\nto determine feasibility of eradicating the weevil from the growing areas . based on the success of this , area - wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions . these are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the animal and plant health inspection service ( aphis ) of the\n. efforts are ongoing to eradicate the weevil from the rest of the united states . continued success is also based on prohibition of unauthorized cotton growing , outside of the program , and constant monitoring for any recurring outbreaks .\nlange , fabian , alan l . olmstead , and paul w . rhode , \u201cthe impact of the boll weevil , 1892\u20131932 , \u201d journal of economic history , 69 ( sept . 2009 ) , 685\u2013718 .\nalways agin it\nplace chapin , south carolina , john l . dove , interviewer , january 24 , 1939 . american life histories , 1936\u20131940\n. journal of agricultural and food chemistry : 1995 , vol . 43 , no10 , pp . 2735\u20132739 ( 19 ref . )\nthis entry is from wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . it may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer )\nune fen\u00eatre ( pop - into ) d ' information ( contenu principal de sensagent ) est invoqu\u00e9e un double - clic sur n ' importe quel mot de votre page web . la fen\u00eatre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles , c ' est - \u00e0 - dire sans obliger votre visiteur \u00e0 quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre fran\u00e7ais sont : \u25cb anagrammes \u25cb jokers , mots - crois\u00e9s \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris . chaque lettre qui appara\u00eet descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle mani\u00e8re que des mots se forment ( gauche , droit , haut et bas ) et que de la place soit lib\u00e9r\u00e9e .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer\nla plupart des d\u00e9finitions du fran\u00e7ais sont propos\u00e9es par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littr\u00e9 et plusieurs auteurs techniques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s . le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du dictionnaire int\u00e9gral ( tid ) . l ' encyclop\u00e9die fran\u00e7aise b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la licence wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme , mot - crois\u00e9 , joker , lettris et boggle sont propos\u00e9s par memodata . le service web alexandria est motoris\u00e9 par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions . astuce : parcourir les champs s\u00e9mantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2016 sensagent : encyclop\u00e9die en ligne , thesaurus , dictionnaire de d\u00e9finitions et plus . tous droits r\u00e9serv\u00e9s .\nles cookies nous aident \u00e0 fournir les services . en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l ' utilisation de ces cookies . en savoir plus\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nshamrock , wi current view . @ nwslacrosse 6 miles nne of cataract . trained spotter . large branch wind movement . urltoken 1 week ago\nrt @ nwslacrosse : heat index values soared above 100\u00b0 today region - wide with la crosse taking the top spot at 114\u00b0 . look for more heat tomor\u2026 1 week ago\n@ nwslacrosse rainfall for june 21 , 2018 at shamrock , wi , 6 miles nne of cataract , wi : 0 . 18 inches . trained weather spotter . 2 weeks ago\n@ lmeillershow lady with tall tomatoes should dig a deeper hole and put them in . stems will develop roots and the p\u2026 urltoken 2 weeks ago\nthere are , however , a few pests which are known to feed on the rhubarb plant ; these , and how to control them , are discussed below .\ni have rarely ( over 25 years ! ) treated my rhubarb plants for pests .\nthe leaves are often dotted with holes , but they are discarded when the stalks are harvested , therefore , unless there is a major infestation of rhubarb pests ( that are also affecting the stalks of the rhubarb ) , i usually do not treat the rhubarb plants .\nto help prevent pests from damaging your rhubarb plants , it is advisable to care for the rhubarb plants in the best possible way to keep them healthy .\ncultivate the soil around the rhubarb beginning in early spring . remove dead leaves regularly , and remove all the leaves and stalks before the winter to prevent rhubarb pests from over - wintering in them .\nif you compost the rhubarb leaves , it is not advisable to put the composted leaves back onto the rhubarb garden . this will help to prevent returning rhubarb pests to your garden .\nalso , when beginning a rhubarb garden , consider where you will plant your rhubarb . gardening with plant companions in mind , is a great gardening concept . with careful planning , you can\nhelp plants help each other\nby choosing which garden companions to grow together .\nin some cases this method of planting can help attract\nhelpful\nbugs or repel\nharmful\nbugs . or , companion gardening may assist by the natural addition of nutrients into the soil , keeping plants healthy , and more resistant to pest damage .\nif you detect a possible rhubarb pest problem in your rhubarb patch , observe the entire plant ( s ) affected and determine the extent of , and characteristics of the problem .\ncheck the underside of the leaves as well as the tops , and inspect the rhubarb stalks for slugs , beetles , other insects , holes , eggs , webs , and so on .\nthese rhubarb leaves ( see photo above ) have been damaged by aphids , slugs , beetles , or other insects .\nthis ( see photo above ) rhubarb stalk ( notice the holes ) has been damaged , most likely by a rhubarb plant pest such as a rhubarb curculio beetle , or a potato stem borer .\nthis rhubarb stalk ( see photo above ) has\nscarring\ndamage , most likely caused by slugs , or other rhubarb pests .\na small amount of damage like this can easily be cut off and discarded when processing your rhubarb .\nif you cannot identify the source of the problem , consult a plant specialist at your local garden centre , and , if possible bring a photo of the rhubarb stalk or leaf affected .\nremember , seeing the damage will make it much easier for the professional to assess what is happening in your garden .\nthere are also conventional chemical herbicides which can be used for rhubarb . when treating garden plants , always remember to shield your crop from the contact sprays . check with your local garden center for a recommended product .\ni believe this is due to aphids ( for example , the\nblack bean aphid\n) or other small insects . large infestations of aphids may cause the rhubarb leaves to curl or wilt .\nflea beetles\nmay cause damage to newly planted rhubarb by their feeding on tender rhubarb leaves .\n, i have not found it necessary to treat the rhubarb leaves for these holes .\nslugs are rhubarb pests that are commonly found on the stalks and occasionally on the leaves .\nthe slug feeds at night , leaving damaged stalks and occasionally affect the leaves .\nslugs may become a problem where there is poor soil drainage or heavy weed infestation .\nafter harvesting rhubarb dispose of the leaves immediately , do not leave them to decompose alongside the rhubarb plants . slugs thrive in wet areas and around decaying matter ."]}
{"id": 352, "summary": [{"text": "appias ada , the rare albatross , is a butterfly of the family pieridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on the moluccas , new guinea , indonesia and in australia and the solomon islands . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "appias ada", "paragraphs": ["maggie whitson selected\nappias lyncida\nto show in overview on\nappias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )\n.\nmaggie whitson set\nimage of appias lyncida\nas an exemplar on\nappias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nchocolate albatross ( butterfly )\nto\nappias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nappias lyncida ( cramer , [ 1779 ] )\n.\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f105413 - 953d - 4407 - 98e7 - 138e58e925bd\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4d6d0115 - 28a2 - 4248 - b3ea - 9a92fa0f2d95\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9cfdb039 - a41f - 459a - bfa9 - 0819530c5960\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba201eaf - 326a - 46fb - a50a - 5b2ada03eec8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d8e687e6 - 6cdb - 42f2 - b6f7 - ab7d4fc0b371\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 28d13af8 - ae46 - 4cb2 - 88aa - ec33ba75c0cb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 258103\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29a6f6d0 - c595 - 4641 - 9879 - 77bb996fd717\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe caterpillar of this species is bluish - green and covered in small blue tubercles . it has a yellow line along the back . it grows to a length of about 3 . 5 cms . it feeds only on young shoots of :\nthe adult butterflies of this species have a wingspan of about 5 cms . the upper surfaces of the forewings are white , each with a black\nand black spots along the margins . the hindwings are pale yellow with black margins .\nthe undersides of the males and females are very similar . the undersides forewings are white with a black\nthe eggs are laid singly on young shoots of a foodplant . they are spindle shaped , and initially white but changing to orange as they near hatching . they have a height of about 0 . 1 cm .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 07e14312 - 8b32 - 47d2 - a80b - 51c760820905\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e9ee450 - 417a - 4278 - b316 - 4c711b9f6d77\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9b2f2ba2 - 1a52 - 4b37 - 89a2 - 424d2f8147ec\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac1bcb7a - 4b55 - 4f29 - b8b1 - dcf1585ef0b6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ca7f3a92 - 0bca - 458a - 8525 - ac83a290f488\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e412382e - d7d9 - 4add - 88e0 - 1ac03bcca722\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 45adc42c - e61b - 49c1 - b0b1 - f1c4f17d76d0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 307998\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ home ] [ catalogue ] [ rarities & aberrations ] [ new arrivals ] [ quantity list ] [ terms & contacts ] [ info updates ] [ events ] [ links ] [ about us ] copyright \u00a9 2001 - 2012 thorne ' s insect shoppe ltd . . all rights reserved .\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : a common species which is widely distributed from the moluccas to the solomon islands . subspecies thasia is restricted to new guinea .\npapua localities : supiori island ; japen island : waropen ; numfor island : namber ; pulau wakde ; pulau anus ; new guinea : akimuga , arbuejo , borme , dabra , fakfak , jayapura , manokwari , mokwam , nabire , timika , topo , ubrub , waena , yongsu . details in gazetteer .\nparsons , m . , 1998 . the butterflies of papua new guinea . their systematics and biology : 736 pp . , 136 colour plates , 26 bw plates with genitalia . academic press , san diego , london , boston , new york , sydney , tokyo , toronto .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world ebook library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nnote : wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the des wildnet database and converted to a 10km\u00b2 grid . the grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists . click here to view the species grid metadata .\ndisclaimer : while every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this product , the queensland government and australian government make no representations or warranties about its accuracy , reliability , completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaim all responsibility and all liability ( including without limitation , liability in negligence ) for all expenses , losses , damages ( including indirect or consequential damage ) and costs which might be incurred as a consequence of reliance on the product , or as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason .\n, commonly called the eastern striped albatross , is found in many parts of south east asia .\nwhere it is locally common . in the northern parts of peninsular india it extends into\nin india , the northern race of the butterfly is common , while it is local and scarce in other parts of its range .\nthe chocolate albatross has a wingspan of 55 to 70mm . the male is white above with chocolate - brown or black margins , and , bright lemon - yellow below with chocolate - coloured markings . the female is white and densely clouded with dark - brown .\n- white above , with bluish costa and termen inwardly - edged with black teeth - like markings on the forewing . the hindwing is similarly toothed on the termen , which has a bluish inward border . the unh is bright yellow and is outwardly bordered with dark chocolate .\n- black upf with four white streaks on the disc . blackish uph except for the whitish discal area . the unh may be yellowish or whitish and have broad dark band at the termen .\nthe chocolate albatross is a forest butterfly and prefers rainy highlands , up to a level of 3000 ft . flying strongly and swiftly close to the ground , the albatross is frequently found in jungle clearings and along stream banks . the males are often found circling around trees and bushes . the chocolate albatross often mudpuddles , sometimes in large numbers . the butterfly occasionally visits flowers and has been recorded to visit\nmale ( dry season form ) at jayanti in buxa tiger reserve in jalpaiguri district of west bengal , india .\nfemale ( dry season form ) at jayanti in buxa tiger reserve in jalpaiguri district of west bengal , india .\nwynter - blyth , m . a . ( 1957 ) butterflies of the indian region , pg 428 - 429 .\nkunte , krushnamegh . ( 2000 ) butterflies of peninsular india and china , ser no 23 , pp 100 - 101 .\nevans , w . h . ( 1932 ) the identification of indian butterflies . ( 2nd ed ) , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india\ngaonkar , harish ( 1996 ) butterflies of the western ghats , india ( including sri lanka ) - a biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system . journal of the bombay natural history society .\nkunte , krushnamegh ( 2005 ) butterflies of peninsular india . universities press , hyderabad , india .\nwynter - blyth , m . a . ( 1957 ) butterflies of the indian region , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .\narun , p . r . ( 2000 ) seasonality and abundance of insects with special reference to butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) in a moist deciduous forest of siruvani , nilgiri biosphere reserve , southindia ph . d thesis , bharathiar university , coimbatore . 236p .\nharibal , m . ( 1992 ) the butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history , 217 , sikkim nature conservation foundation , gangtok , sikkim .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\nplease note that pictured specimens are representative of specimens available . usda interstate movement permits may be required for some live species .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\n$ 0 . 00 shipping for each additional eligible item you buy from reisenpanama .\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 9 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 9 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nabout us | contact us | terms \u00a9 2008 - 2018 wildiaries , owned by aes applied ecology solutions pl . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 357, "summary": [{"text": "farfantepenaeus is a genus of prawns in the family penaeidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its eight species were formerly included in the genus penaeus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first published as a genus name in 1972 by rudolf n. burukovsky , but without the necessary designation of a type species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "that situation was corrected by the same author in 1997 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name farfantepenaeus commemorates the cuban carcinologist isabel p\u00e9rez farfante . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "farfantepenaeus", "paragraphs": ["penaeus ( farfantepenaeus ) brasiliensis latreille , 1817 . nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 : 156 .\ncyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of\nfarfantepenaeus duorarum ( burkenroad , 1939 ) ( usnm 189986 ) lateral view\n.\njeff holmes changed the thumbnail image of\nfarfantepenaeus duorarum ( burkenroad , 1939 ) ( usnm 189986 ) lateral view\n.\nthe brown shrimp , farfantepenaeus californiensis , is the dominant species of the trawl fishery on the continental shelf of the gulf of california . native to northwest mexico , its culture potential in subtropical . . .\nspecies discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages\nburukovsky , r . n . ( 1997 ) . selection of a type species for farfantepenaeus burukovsky ( crustacea : decapoda : penaeidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 110 : 154 . [ details ]\nspecies discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages | journal of crustacean biology | oxford academic\nthe brown shrimp , farfantepenaeus californiensis , is the dominant species of the trawl fishery on the continental shelf of the gulf of california . native to northwest mexico , its culture potential in subtropical and temperate zones is being addressed due to its ability to grow at low temperatures .\npenaeus ( melicertus ) aztecus aztecus perez - farfante , 1969 . before 1939 this species was not distinguished from the other east american species of the subgenus farfantepenaeus , all of which were then indicated as penaeus brasiliensis . in 1967 two subspecies of p . aztecus were recognized , which at present are considered good species : p . aztecus and p . subtilis .\njames g . ditty , jaime r . alvarado bremer ; species discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages , journal of crustacean biology , volume 31 , issue 1 , 1 january 2011 , pages 126\u2013137 , urltoken\npenaeus ( melicertus ) duorarum perez - farfante , 1969until 1939 this species was not distinguished from penaeus brasiliensis and the latter name was then used to indicate all western atlantic species of the subgenus farfantepenaeus . in 1967 p\u00e9rez - farfante recognized two subspecies of penaeus duorarum : p . d . duorarum and p . d . notialis . the latter is now treated as a distinct species .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\np\u00e9rez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndistribution martha ' s vineyard , mass . around peninsular florida to sanibel grounds ; appalachiocola bay , fla . , around gulf of mexico to . . .\ndistribution martha ' s vineyard , mass . around peninsular florida to sanibel grounds ; appalachiocola bay , fla . , around gulf of mexico to northern yucatan . [ details ]\npollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfelder , d . l . , \u00e1lvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019\u20131104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwilliams , a . b . ( 1984 ) . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . smithsonian institution press . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndistribution lower chesapeake bay through florida straits , around mexico to cape catoche and isla mujeres at the tip of yucatan peninsula .\ndistribution lower chesapeake bay through florida straits , around mexico to cape catoche and isla mujeres at the tip of yucatan peninsula . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody shrimp - like ; carapace smooth ; color brown with some orange or yellow ; no lateral spot between 3rd and 4th abdominal segment ; 1st abdominal segment overlaps the 2nd segment ; rostrum with 8 - 9 teeth above , 2 teeth below ; groove an both sides of rostrum extending almost to posterior edge of carapace ; dorsolateral grooves on the last abdominal segment broad and well defined ; brown pigment on uropods ( tail fans ) more concentrated on ends ; 1st 3 pair of walking legs chelate ( with claws ) .\nsimilar to pink shrimp but pink shrimp have a lateral spot between 3rd and 4th abdominal segment and their dorsolateral groove is so narrow that a fingernail cannot fit into it . brown shrimp differ from white shrimp by having dorsolateral grooves on the last abdominal segment and the dorsolateral grooves on the carapace extend nearly to posterior margin of carapace .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nproceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\npenaeus duorarum var . cameronensis rossignol & repelin , 1962 ( unavailable name ) .\npenaeus ( melicertus ) duorarum notialis perez - farfante , 1969until 1967 this species was not distinguished from p . duorarum ; in 1967 it was first considered a subspecies of penaeus duorarum , later the two were found to be distinct species .\nen - southern pink shrimp , fr - crevette rose du sud , sp - camar\u00f3n rosado sure\u00f1o .\npenaeus duorarum notialis p\u00e9rez - farfante , 1967 , proc . biol . soc . wash . , 80 : 94 .\neastern atlantic : west african coast from mauritania to angola . western atlantic : greater antilles from cuba to the virgin islands ; atlantic coast of middle and south america from s . mexico ( quintana roo ) to brazil ( s . to rio de janeiro ) .\ndepth 3 to 100 m , rarely as deep as 700 m , usually between 3 and 50 m . bottom mud or sandy mud , and sandy patches among rocks . marine ; juveniles estuarine .\nmaximum total length 175 mm ( male ) , 192 mm ( female ) ; maximum carapace length 41 mm ( male ) , 48 mm ( female ) .\nwith penaeus ( litopenaeus ) schmitti the most important commercial shrimp of the greater antilles and the atlantic coast of central america , venezuela and various areas of brazil , both on a local and commercial scale . the species is also the subject of important fisheries in west africa , both locally and by foreign trawlers . aquaculture experiments with this species have been undertaken in cuba . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 34 900 t . the countries with the largest catches were nigeria ( 27 341 t ) and senegal ( 4 887 t ) .\nfao catalogue vol . 1 - shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . l . b . holthuis 1980 . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , volume 1 .\nen - northern pink shrimp , fr - crevette rose du nord , sp - camar\u00f3n rosado norte\u00f1o .\npenaeus duorarum burkenroad , 1939 , bull . bingham oceanogr . collect . , yale univ . , 6 ( 6 ) : 31 .\nwestern atlantic : bermuda ; atlantic coast of the u . s . a . from maryland to texas ; east coast of mexico from tamaulipas to quintana roo .\ndepth 2 to 70 m , rarely to 230 m , most abundant between 11 and 36 m . bottom firm mud and silt with sand and shells . juveniles can and do live in water with low salinities , adults are marine .\nmaximum total length 269 mm ( male ) , 280 mm ( female ) .\nof great commercial value in the gulf of mexico ; most intensively fished in the tortugas area and in the gulf of campeche , but also off n . w . florida and w . texas . in 1976 , 11 291 t were landed in u . s . a . used for consumption and bait . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 8 868 t . the countries with the largest catches were usa ( 5 925 t ) and cuba ( 2 943 t ) .\nu . s . a . : pink shrimp , spotted shrimp , pink - spotted shrimp , brown - spotted shrimp , grooved shrimp , green shrimp , pink night shrimp , red shrimp , hopper , skipper , pushed shrimp , bait shrimp .\nen - northern brown shrimp , fr - crevette royale grise , sp - camar\u00f3n caf\u00e9 norte\u00f1o .\npenaeus brasiliensis aztecus ives , 1891 , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . , 43 : 190 , 191 , 199 .\nwestern atlantic : atlantic coast of u . s . a . from massachusetts to texas ; east coast of mexico from tamaulipas to campeche .\ndepth 4 to 160 m , highest densities between 27 and 54 m . bottom mud or peat , often with sand , clay or broken shells . salinity : the adults are marine , the juveniles estuarine and marine .\nmaximum total length 195 mm ( male ) , 236 mm ( female ) .\noff north carolina this is the most important penaeus species . also along the north and east coast of the gulf of mexico it is of great commercial value , although sometimes surpassed by p . setiferus ; the grounds off texas are by far the most important . in 1976 , 61 873 t of the species were landed in the u . s . a . aquaculture experiments with p . aztecus have been undertaken in the u . s . a . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 61 206 t . the countries with the largest catches were usa ( 61 206 t ) .\nu . s . a . : brown shrimp , brownie , green lake shrimp , red shrimp , redtail shrimp , golden shrimp , native shrimp .\nen - redspotted shrimp , fr - crevette royale rose , sp - camar\u00f3n rosado con manchas .\nwestern atlantic : atlantic coast of america from north carolina ( u . s . a ) to rio grande do sul ( brazil ) ; bermuda ; west indies .\nbottom mud and sand . juveniles are estuarine , adults marine . bathymetry : from 3 to 365 m , most abundant at 45 to 65 m .\nin the northern part of its range ( west indies , coast of u . s . a . ) it usually forms a small percentage of the total shrimp catch . it is quite important in some localities on the caribbean coast of central and south america ( quintana roo ( mexico ) , nicaragua , e . venezuela ) , and is especially important off the atlantic coast of south america from guyana to northern brazil ( baia de maraj\u00f3 ) , where it produces\ngigantic catches\n( perez - farfante , 1969 : 576 ) . in northeastern brazil the commercial value of the species is limited , but more to the south , in rio de janeiro state it is quite important again .\nu . s . a . : pink spotted shrimp , spotted pink shrimp , caribbean brown shrimp .\nspecies off north carolina and it is of great commercial importance along the north and east coasts of the . . .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n( jgd ) national oceanographic and atmospheric administration , national marine fisheries service , 4700 avenue u , galveston , texas 77551 , u . s . a .\n( jrab ) department of marine biology , texas a & m university at galveston , ocean and coastal sciences building , room 247 , p . o . box 1675 , galveston , tx 77553 , u . s . a .\nfrom the gulf of mexico and verified their species identity using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) assay , which targeted the 16s rrna mitochondrial gene . we examined young with\ndorsal teeth ( dt ) for differences in morphology and used a general discriminant analysis approach and \u2018best\u2019 subsets model - building technique to help identify the \u2018best\u2019 characters to discriminate taxa and predict species membership .\nhave spinules on the epigastric and first dt , a character not previously reported for these two species . differences in antennal scale shape and sixth pleomere length discriminate\nover characters that have been used for species discrimination , some of which are unreliable . the unsatisfactory performance of the models in discriminating\nsp . from the eastern gulf is consistent with the possibility of different ecological populations in the eastern and western gulf that may warrant further study . integration of molecular taxonomy and comparative morphology , as we did here , can provide insight into the patterns of diversity and ecological and evolutionary principles that encompass fisheries management .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 358, "summary": [{"text": "the common skink , oligosoma polychroma , is a species of skink native to new zealand .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "although historically classified as a subspecies of oligosoma nigriplantare , it is likely to be given separate species status as data suggests it is a distinct species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "oligosoma polychroma", "paragraphs": ["leiolopisma nigriplanatre polychroma patterson & daugherty 1990 oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma \u2014 patterson & daugherty 1995 oligosoma nigriplantare polychroma \u2014 hickson et al . 2000 oligosoma polychroma \u2014 jewell 2008 oligosoma polychroma \u2014 hitchmough et al . 2016 oligosoma aff . polychroma \u2014 frank 2017 oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 1a \u2014 barrett 2017\nthe effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small , diurnal lizard ( oligosoma polychroma ) .\nthe effect of two glyphosate formulations on a small , diurnal lizard ( oligosoma polychroma ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nbarrett , paul 2017 . observations of insect egg predation by the northern grass skink oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 1a . biogecko ( 4 ) : 70 - 72\nvariation : three colour morphs of the southern grass skink ( o . aff . polychroma clade 5 )\nfrank , hermann 2017 . salvage of southern grass skinks ( oligosoma aff . polychroma clade 5 ) in an old riverbed of the rangitata south branch , canterbury , new zealand biogecko ( 4 ) : 35 - 48\npatterson , g . b . ; daugherty , c . h . 1995 . reinstatement of the genus oligosoma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) . j . royal soc . new zealand 25 ( 3 ) : 327 - 331\noligosoma skinks are both diurnal and nocturnal and and occur in diverse habitats from rocky and sandy shorelines , to forests , to subalpine habitats . nocturnal species tend to live in damp , thickly vegetated , lowland areas in northern new zealand .\nsand dunes , grasslands , herbfields , wetlands , rocky areas including rock piles and scree , and scrub .\nmay live on ground , among rocks or among low dense vegetation ; ' striped ' form favours grass habitats .\n' striped ' form : back light to dark straw - brown ( rarely dark grey ) with numerous smooth stripes , including dark brown mid - dorsal stripe continuous virtually to tip of intact tail ; sides with broad dark brown stripe above ( bordered by thin pale stripes ) and below this grey - brown .\n' speckled ' form : back mid - to dark brown , with or without various stripes and with or without lighter and darker flecking or grey blotches , sides as for ' striped ' form but often more flecked .\n' striped ' and ' speckled ' forms have throat grey - brown , and belly grey - brown to bright yellow , usually unmarked .\n' seaward moss ' form reddish - to very dark brown or dark olive - green all over , sides marginally darker than back , undersurface marginally paler , the only markings a dark mid - dorsal stripe and often a blackish snout .\nsize up to 72 ( occasionally to 79 ) mm from snout tip to vent .\nfrom central north island southwards to stewart island ; on south island mostly found east of main divide , western occurrence restricted to nelson and northern westland ; on stewart island possibly restricted to lowland areas .\n' seaward moss ' form confined to the seaward moss conservation area near invercargill .\n' striped ' form ranges from stewart island to north otago , on stephens island , and occurs sporadically in marlborough and the north island .\nnotes about nz threat classification ( hitchmough , et al 2007 ) : unstriped colour morph from seaward moss wetland in southland has declined markedly , possibly to extinction - cause unknown but possibly vegetation succession , normal striped morph remains common .\nnotes about 2012 - 14 cycle of nz threat classification for reptiles : ( hitchmough , et al .\n2012 ) : declining trend documented at rotoiti , stable population trend documented at pukerua bay ; likely to be in decline , but possibly not at 10 % over 3 generations , elsewhere on the mainland .\ndeclining trends on mainland likely offset by increases on islands eradicated of mammals ( and mainland sanctuaries ) .\nchapple , d . g . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; jewell , 2009 . taxonomic instability of reptiles and frogs in new zealand : information to aid the use of jewell ( 2008 ) for species identification [ a comment on king 2009 and further commented by jewell ] . new zealand journal of zoology 36 : 59\u201371\nchapple , david g . ; peter a . ritchie , charles h . daugherty 2009 . origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 ( 2 ) : 470 - 487 - get paper here\nhickson , robert e . ; kerryn e . slack and peter lockhart 2000 . phylogeny recapitulates geography , or why new zealand has so many species of skinks . biological journal of the linnean society 70 : 415\u2013433 - get paper here\nhitchmough , rodney a . ; geoffrey b . patterson , and david g . chapple 2016 . putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna in : chapple , d . g . ( ed ) . new zealand lizards . springer , pp . 87 - 108 - get paper here\njewell , tony 2008 . a photographic guide to reptiles and amphibians of new zealand [ with corrections and comments in chapple & hitchmough 2009 ] . new holland publishers ( nz ) ltd , auckland , 143 pp .\npatterson , g . b . and daugherty , c . h . 1990 . four new species and one new subspecies of skinks , genus leiolopisma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) from new zealand . journal of the royal society of new zealand 20 ( 1 ) : 65 - 84 [ erratum p . 252 ]\nverhaegh , sjuul 2015 . photo gallery : white - faced herons predating on southern grass skinks . biogecko ( 3 ) : 74\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nmonitoring is important in conservation management , essential for assessing population trends , making decisions and allocating resources . artificial retreats can offer a reliable , low impact and efficient method for monitoring cryptic herpetofauna . methods for monitoring artificial retreats vary between different conservation management programmes in new zealand , however , and a deeper understanding of the causes of these variations would encourage greater standardisation and enable more reliable comparisons to be made across temporal and spatial scales .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nallan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 6140 , new zealand . carpenter . jk @ gmail . com .\nschool of biological sciences , university of canterbury , christchurch , 8140 , new zealand . carpenter . jk @ gmail . com .\nallan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , wellington , 6140 , new zealand .\nnew zealand has a very diverse group of geckos and skinks . the distribution and habits of many are poorly known , and additional species are still being discovered , and others are being established through genetic studies . geckos are distinguished from skinks by having either velvet - like or bumpy skin and a fixed gaze ( they cannot blink ) . skinks are sleek and shiny with scales that shed one at a time and that shine in the sun .\n( green ) geckos are diurnal and tend to be tree - dwelling , and favour shrubland and forest habitats but have been found in tussock grasslands of otago and are known to occur in plantation forests .\ngeckos ( usually darker colours such as brown ) are nocturnal , and favour rocky outcrops , gullies with rock or log cover and sometimes forest .\ngeckos to the untrained eye . some individuals have a bight mustard - yellow crescent on the nape of the neck , and often also with blotches of the same colour along body and tail .\ngeckos can be brightly coloured and have a distinctive orange / yellow mouth lining . they have slender toes and tend to be arboreal and primarily nocturnal .\ngeckos are slender and elegant animals with distinctive stripes . they are strictly arboreal in habit and nocturnal .\nis the single species in the tukutuku genus and this species is only found on stewart island where it is most commonly located in sub alpine scrub .\nlizards are critical for ecosystem processes ; they pollinate native plants and disperse native plant seeds through eating fruit .\npredation by introduced mammals ( e . g . cats , rats , mustelids ) is the biggest threat posed to new zealand lizards , and lizards can become exceptionally abundant in the absence of mammalian predation . loss and / or fragmentation of habitat through development , habitat degradation by introduced browsing mammals ( e . g . pigs , livestock , deer , goats , possums ) , removal of logs and rocks , and excessive collecting also contribute to on - going declines of lizards over all parts of new zealand .\na small - bodied brown striped diurnal skink that can occupy a range of open habitats .\nuntil very recently ( 2008 ) the canterbury grass skink was considered part of a widespread species called the \u201ccommon skink\u201d .\nmaintain wide and interconnected zones of potential lizard habitat , e . g . indigenous forest and shrubland , rocky gullies , cliffs and other distinctive habitat types .\nraise awareness of staff and contractors of the presence of lizards and the need to protect them .\ntake photographs or write a detailed description when lizards are found . this can be used for later identification .\nsurvey for lizards , particularly if first time planting is being considered for the area . note that planned surveys require a permit under the wildlife act ( contact doc for survey methods and permits ) .\nwhitaker and lyall 2004 . conservation of lizards of the west coast / tai poutini conservancy . 99p .\nelectronic atlas of the amphibians & reptiles of new zealand ( doc website ) .\ndepartment of conservation . 2002 . the penguin guide to new zealand wildlife : native and introduced birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians . auckland , penguin .\ngill b . , whitaker a . 1996 . new zealand frogs and reptiles . auckland , bateman .\ndepartment of conservation , te ara , landcare research and the new zealand herpetological society websites .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nangilletta mj jr , niewiarowski p , navas c ( 2002 ) the evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms . j therm biol 27 : 249\u2013268\nant\u00f3n fa , laborda e , de ariz m ( 1994 ) acute toxicity of the herbicide glyphosate to fish . chemosphere 28 : 745\u2013753\nbaylis ad ( 2000 ) why glyphosate is a global herbicide : strengths , weaknesses and prospects . pest manage sci 56 : 299\u2013308\nbesson aa , cree a ( 2011 ) integrating physiology into conservation : an approach to help guide translocations of a rare reptile in a warming environment . anim conserv 14 ( 1 ) : 28\u201337\nb\u00f6hm m , collen b , baillie je , bowles p , chanson j , cox n , cheylan m ( 2013 ) the conservation status of the world\u2019s reptiles . biol conserv 157 : 372\u2013385\n: some consequences of high body temperature . in : wright jw , vitt lj ( eds ) biology of whiptail lizards . oklahoma museum of natural history , norman , pp 117\u2013132\nburger j ( 2006 ) neurotoxicology and behavioural effects in reptiles . in : gardner c , oberd\u00f6rster e ( eds ) toxicology of reptiles . taylor and francis , new york , pp 173\u2013198\ncabanac aj , cabanac m ( 2004 ) no emotional fever in toads . j therm biol 29 : 669\u2013673\ncampbell kr , campbell t ( 2002 ) a logical starting point for developing priorities for lizard and snake ecotoxicology : a review of available data . environ toxicol chem 21 : 894\u2013898\n) exposed to a glyphosate formulation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay . mutagen 22 : 263\u2013268\nchiari y , glaberman s , ser\u00e9n n , carretero ma , capellini i ( 2015 ) phylogenetic signal in amphibian sensitivity to copper sulfate relative to experimental temperature . ecol appl 25 : 596\u2013602\ndavis m , meurk c ( 2001 ) protecting and restoring our natural heritage : a practical guide . technical report . new zealand department of conservation , new zealand\ndmi\u2019el ra ( 1972 ) effect of activity and temperature on metabolism and water loss in snakes . am j physiol\u2014legacy content 23 : 510\u2013516\nduke so , powles s ( 2008 ) glyphosate : a once - in - a - century herbicide . pest manage sci 64 : 319\u2013325\ngibbon jw , scott d , ryan t , buhlmann k , tuberville t , metts b , greene j , mills t , leiden y , poppy s , winne c ( 2000 ) the global decline of reptiles , d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu amphibians . biosci 50 : 653\u2013666\ndill gm , sammons rd , feng pc , kohn f , kretzmer k , mehrsheikh a , haupfear ea ( 2010 ) glyphosate : discovery , development , applications , and properties . glyphosate resistance in crops and weeds : history , development , and management . wiley , hoboken , pp 1\u201333\nhitchmough r , anderson p , barr b , monks j , lettink m , reardon j , tocher m , whitaker t ( 2013 ) conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2 . department of conservation , wellington , new zealand\nhopkins wa ( 2000 ) reptile toxicology : challenges and opportunities on the last frontier in vertebrate ecotoxicology . environ toxicol chem 19 : 2391\u20132393\nhopkins wa ( 2006 ) use of tissue residues in reptile ecotoxicology : a call for integration and experimentalism . in : gardner c , oberd\u00f6rster e ( eds ) toxicology of reptiles . taylor and francis , new york , pp 35\u201362\nhowe cm , berrill m , pauli b , helbing c , werry k , veldhoen n ( 2004 ) toxicity of glyphosate - based pesticides to four north american frog species . environ toxicol chem 23 : 1928\u20131938\nmann rm , bidwell j ( 1999 ) the toxicity of glyphosate and several glyphosate formulations to four species of southwestern australian frogs . arch environ contam toxicol 36 ( 2 ) : 193\u2013199\nmartin lj , murray b ( 2013 ) a preliminary assessment of the response of a native reptile assemblage to spot - spraying invasive bitou bush with glyphosate herbicide . ecol manag restor 14 : 59\u201362\nmerton d ( 1987 ) eradication of rabbits from round island , mauritius : a conservation success story . dodo j jersey wildl preserv trust 24 : 19\u201343\nmineau p ( 2011 ) barking up the wrong perch : why we should stop ignoring non - dietary routes of pesticide exposure in birds . integr environ assess manage 7 : 297\u2013299\nneilson ka ( 2002 ) evaporative water loss as a restriction on habitat use in endangered new zealand endemic skinks . j herpetol 36 : 342\u2013348\npeixoto f ( 2005 ) comparative effects of the roundup and glyphosate on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation . chemosphere 61 : 1115\u20131122\nrelyea ra ( 2012 ) new effects of roundup on amphibians : predators reduce herbicide mortality ; herbicides induce antipredator morphology . ecol appl 22 ( 2 ) : 634\u2013647\n( kunth ) lh bailey ) in hawaii volcanoes national park . pcsu technical report . cooperative national park resources studies unit , university of hawaii at manoa\n) embryos and early hatchlings . environ toxicol chem 25 ( 10 ) : 2768\u20132774\nr development core team ( 2013 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 .\ntsui mt , chu l ( 2003 ) aquatic toxicity of glyphosate - based formulations : comparison between different organisms and the effects of environmental factors . chemosphere 52 ( 7 ) : 1189\u20131197\nwagner n , reichenbecher w , teichmann h , tappeser b , l\u00f6tters s ( 2013 ) questions concerning the potential impact of glyphosate - based herbicides on amphibians . environ toxicol chem 32 ( 8 ) : 1688\u20131700\nwebb jk , whiting m ( 2005 ) why don\u2019t small snakes bask ? juvenile broad - headed snakes trade thermal benefits for safety . oikos 110 : 515\u2013522\nweir sm , suski j , salice c ( 2010 ) ecological risk of anthropogenic pollutants to reptiles : evaluating assumptions of sensitivity and exposure . environ pollut 158 : 3596\u20133606\nwilliams gm , kroes r , munro i ( 2000 ) safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide roundup and its active ingredient , glyphosate , for humans . regul toxicol pharmacol 31 : 117\u2013165"]}
{"id": 359, "summary": [{"text": "agkistrodon bilineatus is a venomous pitviper species found in mexico and central america as far south as costa rica .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "four subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "agkistrodon bilineatus", "paragraphs": ["ancistrodon bilineatus g\u00fcnther 1863 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 stejneger 1899 : 71 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 gloyd & conant 1943 : 163 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 liner 1994 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 235 agkistrodon bilineatus lemosespinali smith & chiszar 2001 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 savage 2002 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 gower et al . 2012 : 78 agkistrodon bilineatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 18\nagkistrodon bilineatus ( common cantil ) subsp . bilineatus [ original photo copyright \u00a9 dr julian white ]\nagkistrodon bilineatus ( common cantil ) subsp . bilineatus [ original photo copyright \u00a9 dr jurg meier ]\ndrent , jan 1991 . breeding results : agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 6 ) : 145 - get paper here\nagkistrodon bilineatus taylori h . m . smith & taylor , 1950 ( nomen nudum )\nhemorrhagic toxin from the venom of agkistrodon bilineatus ( common cantil ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nmacchiavelli , g . 1990 . reproduction of agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 5 ) : 221 - 224 - get paper here\nagkistrodon bilineatus russeolus by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nboerema , h . 1989 . the keeping and breeding of agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus . litteratura serpentium 9 ( 6 ) : 267 - 268 - get paper here\nbilinexin , a snake c - type lectin from agkistrodon bilineatus venom agglutinates platelets via gpib and alpha2beta1 .\nglycoprotein proteinase in agkistrodon bilineatus venom\nby john d . ruff , bob d . johnson et al .\ncitation : - agkistrodon bilineatus . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nbilinexin , a snake c - type lectin from agkistrodon bilineatus venom agglutinates platelets via gpib and alpha2beta1 . - pubmed - ncbi\nburger wl , robertson wb ( 1951 ) .\na new subspecies of the mexican moccasin , agkistrodon bilineatus\n. univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 1 ) : 213 - 218 . ( agkistrodon bilineatus taylori , new subspecies ) .\nbabb , r . d . and e . dugan . 2008 . geographic distribution : agkistrodon bilineatus . herpetological review 39 : 110 .\nsmetsers , peet 1993 . agkistrodon bilineatus - g\u00fcnther , the tropical mocassin . litteratura serpentium 13 ( 2 ) : 38 - 40 - get paper here\ncalmonte , t . ( 1982 ) agkistrodon bilineatus taylori - ein selten imprtierter dreieckskopf aus mexiko . : herpetofauna 4 ( 20 ) : 26 - 27\ncalmonte , t . 1982 . agkistrodon bilineatus taylori - ein selten imprtierter dreieckskopf aus mexiko . herpetofauna 4 ( 20 ) : 26 - 27 - get paper here\ncalmonte , toni 1984 . literature : agkistrodon bilineatus taylori - ein selter importierter dreieckskopf aus mexiko . litteratura serpentium 4 ( 2 ) : 82 - get paper here\nfuriani , m . 1989 . the reproduction of agkistrodon bilineatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1888 ) in captivity . litteratura serpentium 9 ( 4 ) : 142 - 144 - get paper here\npeters , uwe w . 1980 . literature : second generation breeding of the cantil ( agkistrodon bilineatus ) at taronga zoo . litteratura serpentium 1 ( 1 ) : 32 - get paper here\ntrutnau , l . 2001 . einige bemerkungen zur biologie , pflege und nachzucht der mexikanischen giftschlangenart agkistrodon bilineatus g\u00fcnther 1863 . herpetofauna 23 ( 131 ) : 5 - 14 - get paper here\nbolanos , r . , & montero , j . r . ( 1971 ) agkistrodon bilineatus g\u00fcnther from costa rica . : revista de biologia tropical 16 [ 1970 ] : 277 - 279 .\nagkistrodon taylori\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nhenderson , r . w . 1977 . notes on agkistrodon bilineatus ( reptilia , serpentes , viperidae ) in belize . journal of herpetology 12 ( 3 ) : 412 - 413 - get paper here\nbolanos , r . , & montero , j . r . 1971 . agkistrodon bilineatus g\u00fcnther from costa rica . revista de biologia tropical 16 [ 1970 ] : 277 - 279 . - get paper here\nconant , r . ( 1984 ) a new subspecies of the pit viper agkistrodon bilineatus ( reptilia : viperidae ) from central america . : proc . biol . soc . washington 97 : 135 - 141\ncommon names ( subsp . bilineatus ) common cantil , mocasina , castellana , gamarilla , mexican moccasin , mexican cantil\nconant , r . 1984 . a new subspecies of the pit viper agkistrodon bilineatus ( reptilia : viperidae ) from central america . proc . biol . soc . washington 97 : 135 - 141 - get paper here\nstrimple , pete 1995 . comments on caudal luring in snakes with observations on this behaviour in two subspecies of cantils , agkistrodon bilineatus ssp . litteratura serpentium 15 ( 3 ) : 74 - 77 - get paper here\ngloyd , h . k . ( 1972 ) a subspecies of agkistrodon bilineatus ( serpentes : crotalidae ) on the yucat\u00e1n peninsula , m\u00e9xico . : proc . biol . soc . washington 84 : 327 - 334 .\na . biliniatus is very hot ( maybe 2x ) compared to any of our domestic agkistrodon . al\npathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by bilitoxin , a hemorrhagic toxin isolated from the venom of the common cantil ( agkistrodon bilineatus bilineatus ) .\nownby c . l . , nika t . , imai k . , sugihara h . toxicon 28 : 837 - 846 ( 1990 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\ngloyd , h . k . 1972 . a subspecies of agkistrodon bilineatus ( serpentes : crotalidae ) on the yucat\u00e1n peninsula , m\u00e9xico . proc . biol . soc . washington 84 : 327 - 334 . - get paper here\nagkistrodon bilineatus is a venomous pitviper species . these are heavy - bodied snakes , and share the same general body structure with cottonmouths . they have a broad , triangular - shaped head with small eyes that have vertical pupils .\nburger , w . l . & robertson , w . b . ( 1951 ) a new subspecies of the mexican moccasin , agkistrodon bilineatus . : univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 5 ) : 213 - 218\nfractionation of crude agkistrodon bilineatus venom applying a size exclusion column , superdex - 75 , 16x60 mm , at ph 5 . inset of the figure shows a sds - page ( 15 % glycine , non reducing gel ) of the fractions\nburger , w . l . & robertson , w . b . 1951 . a new subspecies of the mexican moccasin , agkistrodon bilineatus . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 5 ) : 213 - 218 - get paper here\narenas - monroy , jos\u00e9 carlos , and iv\u00e1n trinidad ahumada - carrillo . ( 2015 ) agkistrodon bilineatus g\u00fcnther , 1863 ( squamata : viperidae ) : confirmation of an inland locality for central jalisco , mexico . : mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 371\u2013374\nsmith , hobart m . and david chiszar 2001 . a new subspecies of cantil ( agkistrodon bilineatus ) from central veracruz , mexico ( reptilia : serpentes ) . bull . maryland herp . soc . 37 ( 4 ) : 130 - 136 - get paper here\nruff , john d . ; johnson , bob d . ; and sifford , dewey h . ( 1980 )\nglycoprotein proteinase in agkistrodon bilineatus venom ,\njournal of the arkansas academy of science : vol . 34 , article 48 . available at : urltoken\narenas - monroy , jos\u00e9 carlos , and iv\u00e1n trinidad ahumada - carrillo . 2015 . agkistrodon bilineatus g\u00fcnther , 1863 ( squamata : viperidae ) : confirmation of an inland locality for central jalisco , mexico . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 371\u2013374 - get paper here\nporras lw , wilson ld , schuett gw , reiserer r . s . 2013 . a taxonomic reevaluation and conservation assessment of the common cantil , agkistrodon bilineatus ( squamata : viperidae ) : a race against time . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 48\u201373 - get paper here\nbeolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( agkistrodon bilineatus taylori , p . 261 ) .\nbeolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( agkistrodon bilineatus taylori , p . 261 ) .\ni would like to know a good cage size , good temps and humidity , and how often you should feed agkistrodon species . jon short\nhemorrhagic toxin from the venom of agkistrodon bilineatus ( common cantil ) .\nimai k . , nikai t . , sugihara h . , ownby c . l . int . j . biochem . 21 : 667 - 673 ( 1989 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nusa , mexico and central america . see link\ndistribution\nat the top of the page for detailed information . map 52 agkistrodon spp .\ncruz , g . ; wilson , l . d . ; espinosa , j . ( 1979 ) two additions to the reptile fauna of honduras ) eumeces managuae dunn and agkistrodon bilineatus ( gunther ) ) with comments on pelamis platurus ( linnaeus ) . : herpetological review 10 ( 1 ) : 26 - 27\nalways keep agkistrodon bilineatus clean , do not allow fecal material to sit in a cage where the snake can crawl through it . this can cause skin infections and lead to other health issues . also being a venomous snake , always remove the snake before servicing ! cleaning products such as clorhexadine solution are recommended .\ncruz , g . ; wilson , l . d . ; espinosa , j . 1979 . two additions to the reptile fauna of honduras ) eumeces managuae dunn and agkistrodon bilineatus ( gunther ) ) with comments on pelamis platurus ( linnaeus ) . herpetological review 10 ( 1 ) : 26 - 27 - get paper here\neffect of bilineobin , a thrombin - like proteinase from the venom of common cantil ( agkistrodon bilineatus ) .\nkomori y . , nikai t . , ohara a . , yagihashi s . , sugihara h . toxicon 31 : 257 - 270 ( 1993 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nprimary structure of a coagulant enzyme , bilineobin , from agkistrodon bilineatus venom .\nnikai t . , ohara a . , komori y . , fox j . w . , sugihara h . arch . biochem . biophys . 318 : 89 - 96 ( 1995 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nhere we summarize the isolation and characterisation of five bradykinin potentiating peptides , one vasodilator peptide and three bradykinin inhibiting peptides from the venom of agkistrodon bilineatus , generally known as cantil . in order to determine their ic 50 values , the inhibitory activities of the synthetic analogues of four natural bpps peptides towards angiotensin converting enzymes were also studied .\nthe subspecies ( a . bilineatus taylori ) was elevated to species status ( a . taylori ) by parkinson , zamudio and greene ( 2000 ) based on mitochondrial dna sequences .\nagkistrodon taylori is a venomous pitviper species [ 4 ] found only in northeastern mexico . it is named in honor of american herpetologist edward harrison taylor . [ 5 ]\nhabitats : a . bilineatus in dry forests and savannas , a . contortrix primarily in deciduous forests . a . piscivorus is a semi - aquatic species found in bodies of water or swamps .\nthe cantil ( agkistrodon bilineatus ) , or mexican moccasin , is a pit viper closely related to the water moccasin and copperhead of the united states . like a number of other snakes , it moves its tail in a manner thought to attract the attention of prey , enticing them to come closer or look away from the snake\u2019s business end , a behavior called caudal luring .\ntrutnau , l . 1984 . ein beitrag zur kenntnis des kupferkopfs - agkistrodon contortrix ( linnaeus 1766 ) . herpetofauna 7 ( 35 ) : 14 - 26 - get paper here\ngloyd and conant ( 1943 ) a synopsis of the american forms of agkistrodon ( copperheads and moccasins ) . : bull . chicago acad . sci . 7 : 147 - 170\ncharacterization and amino - terminal sequence of phospholipase a2 - ii from the venom of agkistrodon bilineatus ( common cantil ) .\nnikai t . , komori y . , ohara a . , yagihashi s . , ohizumi y . , sugihara h . int . j . biochem . 26 : 43 - 48 ( 1994 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nprimary structure and functional characterization of bilitoxin - 1 , a novel dimeric p - ii snake venom metalloproteinase from agkistrodon bilineatus venom .\nnikai t . , taniguchi k . , komori y . , masuda k . , fox j . w . , sugihara h . arch . biochem . biophys . 378 : 6 - 15 ( 2000 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nlavin p , mendoza - quijano f , hammerson ga ( 2007 ) . agkistrodon taylori . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 3 . downloaded on 13 april 2015 .\ngloyd , h . and conant , r . 1943 . a synopsis of the american forms of agkistrodon ( copperheads and moccasins ) . bull . chicago acad . sci . 7 : 147 - 170\ni am just interested in the care of them . are the reqirements the same as other agkistrodon , even though they are smaller ? and does anyone know if they are more or less venomous then an agkistrodon piscivorus ? ( i know that you should always treat a gun like it is loaded , whether it is a pellet gun or a . 50 cal . ) i ' m just wondering . thanks , jon short\nparkinson cl , zamudio kr , greene hw . 2000 . phylogeography of the pitviper clade agkistrodon : historical ecology , species status , and conservation of the cantils . mol . ecol . 9 : 411 - 420 .\nnad nucleosidase ( nad glycohydrolase , ec 3 . 2 . 2 . 5 ) activity in agkistrodon bilineatus venom was observed . using the cyanide assay method at ph 7 . 9 , lyophilized crude venom had an activity of 0 . 19 units / mg . chromatography of the crude venom on deae sephadex a - 50 with ammonium acetate buffer by two stage elution yielded 13 fractions . peak nad nucleosidase activity occurred at fraction x . crude venom and fraction x nad nucleosidase activities were thermolabile .\nparkinson cl , zamudio kr , greene hw ( 2000 ) .\nphylogeography of the pitviper clade agkistrodon : historical ecology , species status , and conservation of the cantils\n. mol . ecol . 9 : 411 - 420 .\nparkinson , c . l . , zamudio , k . r . & greene , h . w . 2000 . phylogeography of the pitviper clade agkistrodon : historical ecology , species status and conservation of cantils . molecular ecology 9 : 411 - 420\nsnake venom from agkistrodon contortrix mokason ( northern copperhead ) may be used as a source of disintegrins , fibrin ( ogen ) olytic activities , phospholipase a2 as well as other toxins . it may also be used as an immunogen or for proteome research .\ngloyd hk , conant r . 1990 . snakes of the agkistrodon complex : a monographic review . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . 614 pp . 52 plates . lccn 89 - 50342 . isbn 0 - 916984 - 20 - 6 .\nparkinson , c . l . , k . r . zamudio and h . w . greene . 2000 . phylogeography of the pitviper clade agkistrodon : historical ecology , species status , and conservation of cantils molecular ecology 9 : 411 - 420 . pdf\ngloyd hk , conant r ( 1990 ) . snakes of the agkistrodon complex : a monographic review . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . 614 pp . 52 plates . lccn 89 - 50342 . isbn 0 - 916984 - 20 - 6 .\ngloyd hk , conant r ( 1990 ) . snakes of the agkistrodon complex : a monographic review . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . 614 pp . 52 plates . lccn 89 - 50342 . isbn 0 - 916984 - 20 - 6 .\notoh , i tend not to think that caudal luring in agkistrodon or various superficially similar behaviors in lizards have any particular relation to tail rattling . they both involve tail movement , but that\u2019s about the only similarity . different kinds of movement , different contexts , etc .\nlomonte b , tsai wc , ure\u00f1a - diaz jm , sanz lm - od , s\u00e1nchez ee , fry bggj , et al . venomics of new world pit vipers : genus - wide comparisons of venom proteomes across agkistrodon . j proteome . 2014 ; 16 ( 96 ) : 103\u201316 .\nthis entry was written by whyevolutionistrue and posted on january 14 , 2012 at 4 : 32 pm and filed under adaptation , animals with tags agkistrodon , cantil , snakes . bookmark the permalink . follow any comments here with the rss feed for this post . both comments and trackbacks are currently closed .\ni keep agkistrodon bilineatus with longer days in the summer and let natural lighting do the work . so timers come on at 8 : 00am and turn off at 6 : 00pm and natural light does the rest . during winter the lights turn on at 9 : 00am and off at 5 : 00pm and then the same , natural lighting does the rest . they prefer a well lit habitat , with a basking spot of about 29 \u00b0c ( 85 \u00b0f ) , with a cool side of 24 - 27 \u00b0c ( 75 - 80 \u00b0f ) with a nighttime drop as low as 21 \u00b0c ( 70 \u00b0f ) , works just fine .\nthe enzyme activities and their ph optima for crude lyophilized agkistrodon bilineatus venom were as follows : phosphomonoesterase ( ph 9 . 5 ) , phosphodiesterase ( ph 9 . 0 ) , 5 ' - nucleotidase ( ph 10 . 0 to 10 . 2 ) , phospholipase a , thrombin - like , n - benzoyl - l - arginine ethyl esterase ( ph 8 . 0 ) , p - toluene - sulphonyl - l - arginine methyl esterase ( ph 8 . 0 ) , protease ( ph 8 . 9 to 9 . 1 ) , and l - amino acid oxidase ( ph 7 . 5 . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntreatment summary bites by agkistrodon species vary from only minor local effects to moderate , rarely severe local effects , the latter potentially including hypovolaemic shock . major systemic effects are likely to be confined to coagulopathy , though systemic myolysis is a theoretical risk , but not paralysis . cases with major local or systemic envenoming should receive antivenom iv .\nour local missouri black rat snakes , elaphe obsoleta obsoleta , also shake their tails against dry leaves and underbrush when disturbed , making a somewhat convincing rattlesnake mimic , convincing enough to cause a momentary pause and give that lovely heart pounding rush , but i don\u2019t think they\u2019re known to use it for predation ( young eat small lizards frogs and insects but the tails are not differently colored like agkistrodon ) , just protection .\nenzymatic and toxic activities of venoms of agkistrodon species and subspecies . venoms were compared for proteinase activity on azocasein ( panel a ) , pla 2 activity ( panel b ) , hemorrhagic activity in mice ( panel c ) , and myotoxicity in mice ( panel d ) . details of experimental protocols are included in the materials and methods section . results are presented as mean \u00b1 s . d . ( n = 3 for proteinase and pla 2 activities and n = 4 for hemorrhagic and myotoxic activities ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhome \u00bb resources \u00bb categories and criteria \u00bb 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1\nsee below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .\nthe iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .\nextensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .\nbefore 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .\nto give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .\nsince their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .\nthe proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :\nversion 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .\nversion 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 2 : mace and stuart ( 1994 ) following further comments received and additional validation exercises , some minor changes to the criteria were made . in addition , the susceptible category present in versions 2 . 0 and 2 . 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category . a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .\nversion 2 . 3 : iucn ( 1994 ) iucn council adopted this version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from iucn members , in december 1994 . the initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details , such as date of publication and isbn number , but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999 . this version was used for the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) , the world list of threatened trees ( oldfield et al 1998 ) and the 2000 iucn red list of threatened species ( hilton - taylor 2000 ) .\nversion 3 . 0 : iucn / ssc criteria review working group ( 1999 ) following comments received , a series of workshops were convened to look at the iucn red list criteria following which , changes were proposed affecting the criteria , the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty .\nversion 3 . 1 : iucn ( 2001 ) the iucn council adopted this latest version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the iucn and ssc memberships and from a final meeting of the criteria review working group , in february 2000 .\nall new assessments from january 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number .\nin the rest of this document , the proposed system is outlined in several sections . section ii , the preamble , presents basic information about the context and structure of the system , and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species . section iii provides definitions of key terms used . section iv presents the categories , while section v details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories . annex i provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria ; annex ii suggests a standard format for citing the red list categories and criteria ; and annex iii outlines the documentation requirements for taxa to be included on iucn ' s global red lists . it is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed .\nthe information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories ( critically endangered , endangered , etc . ) , criteria ( a to e ) , and subcriteria ( 1 , 2 , etc . ; a , b , etc . ; i , ii , etc . ) .\nextinction is a chance process . thus , a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction , and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one ( without effective conservation action ) . however , the persistence of some taxa in high - risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .\nall taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered , and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable . together these categories are described as ' threatened ' . the threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme . it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories ( see figure 1 ) .\nfor listing as critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria ; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat . each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria . even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa ( some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come ) , there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon . the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met , not whether all are appropriate or all are met . because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon , each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria , and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed .\nthe different criteria ( a - e ) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit . the quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation , and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels , even if no formal justification for these values exists . the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard . broad consistency between them was sought .\nthe criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it . it is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened . conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements ( see annex 3 ) .\nthe criteria are clearly quantitative in nature . however , the absence of high - quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria , as methods involving estimation , inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout . inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future ( including their rate of change ) , or of factors related to population abundance or distribution ( including dependence on other taxa ) , so long as these can reasonably be supported . suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past , present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors , and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation .\ntaxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences ( catastrophes ) should be identified by the criteria ( e . g . small distributions , few locations ) . some threats need to be identified particularly early , and appropriate actions taken , because their effects are irreversible or nearly so ( e . g . , pathogens , invasive organisms , hybridization ) .\nthe data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty . such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors : natural variation , vagueness in the terms and definitions used , and measurement error . the way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation . details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in annex 1 , and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles .\nin general , when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments , the range of possible outcomes should be specified . a single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented ; it should be both precautionary and credible .\nwhen data are very uncertain , the category of ' data deficient ' may be assigned . however , in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category . it is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and / or other causal factors ; therefore the liberal use of ' data deficient ' is discouraged .\nlisting in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made , though for different reasons . until such time as an assessment is made , taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened . it may be appropriate ( especially for data deficient forms ) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .\nall assessments should be documented . threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met . no assessment can be accepted for the iucn red list as valid unless at least one criterion is given . if more than one criterion or subcriterion is met , then each should be listed . if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met , this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat ( downlisting ) . instead , the taxon should be re - evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status . the factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria , especially where inference and projection are used , should be documented ( see annexes 2 and 3 ) . the documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in annex 3 .\nthe category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action . the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances , whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs , logistics , chances of success , and other biological characteristics of the subject .\nre - evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals . this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened , data deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .\na taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more .\nif the original classification is found to have been erroneous , the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether , without delay ( but see point 10 above ) .\nthe term ' population ' is used in a specific sense in the red list criteria that is different to its common biological usage . population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon . for functional reasons , primarily owing to differences between life forms , population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only . in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles , biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .\nsubpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange ( typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less ) .\nthe number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known , estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction . when estimating this quantity , the following points should be borne in mind :\nmature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted ( e . g . densities are too low for fertilization ) .\nin the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios , it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals , which take this into account .\nwhere the population size fluctuates , use a lower estimate . in most cases this will be much less than the mean .\nreproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals , except where such units are unable to survive alone ( e . g . corals ) .\nin the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle , the estimate should be made at the appropriate time , when mature individuals are available for breeding .\nre - introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are counted as mature individuals .\ngeneration length is the average age of parents of the current cohort ( i . e . newborn individuals in the population ) . generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population . generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual , except in taxa that breed only once . where generation length varies under threat , the more natural , i . e . pre - disturbance , generation length should be used .\na reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount ( % ) stated under the criterion over the time period ( years ) specified , although the decline need not be continuing . a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this . the downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction .\na continuing decline is a recent , current or projected future decline ( which may be smooth , irregular or sporadic ) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken . fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines , but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .\nextreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely , rapidly and frequently , typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude ( i . e . a tenfold increase or decrease ) .\nthe phrase ' severely fragmented ' refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations ( in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information ) . these small subpopulations may go extinct , with a reduced probability of recolonization .\nextent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon , excluding cases of vagrancy ( see figure 2 ) . this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa ( e . g . large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat ) ( but see ' area of occupancy ' , point 10 below ) . extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon ( the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence ) .\nfigure 2 . two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy . ( a ) is the spatial distribution of known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence . ( b ) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence , which is the measured area within this boundary . ( c ) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares .\nthe term ' location ' defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present . the size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations . where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event , location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat .\na quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history , habitat requirements , threats and any specified management options . population viability analysis ( pva ) is one such technique . quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data . in a situation in which there is limited information , such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk ( for instance , estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat ) . in presenting the results of quantitative analyses , the assumptions ( which must be appropriate and defensible ) , the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented .\nextinct ( ex ) a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . a taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .\nextinct in the wild ( ew ) a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation , in captivity or as a naturalized population ( or populations ) well outside the past range . a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .\ncritically endangered ( cr ) a taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for critically endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .\nendangered ( en ) a taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .\nvulnerable ( vu ) a taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for vulnerable ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nnear threatened ( nt ) a taxon is near threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable now , but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .\nleast concern ( lc ) a taxon is least concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable or near threatened . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nnot evaluated ( ne ) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .\nnote : as in previous iucn categories , the abbreviation of each category ( in parenthesis ) follows the english denominations when translated into other languages ( see annex 2 ) .\n( e ) the effects of introduced taxa , hybridization , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 % within 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .\na . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 % within 20 years or five generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .\na . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations .\n1 . population size estimated to number fewer than 1 , 000 mature individuals .\n2 . population with a very restricted area of occupancy ( typically less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations ( typically five or fewer ) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future , and is thus capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short time period .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 % within 100 years .\none of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values . the best estimate itself might be a range , but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values . when data are very uncertain , the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values . there are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range . it may be based on confidence intervals , the opinion of a single expert , or the consensus opinion of a group of experts . whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation .\nan assessment using a point estimate ( i . e . single numerical value ) will lead to a single red list category . however , when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria , a range of categories may be obtained , reflecting the uncertainties in the data . a single category , based on a specific attitude to uncertainty , should always be listed along with the criteria met , while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation ( see annex 3 ) .\nwhere data are so uncertain that any category is plausible , the category of ' data deficient ' should be assigned . however , it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon , not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened . although data deficient is not a threatened category , it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing ; moreover , it requires documentation with whatever available information there is .\nunder section v ( the criteria for critically endangered , endangered and vulnerable ) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria . these criteria and subcriteria ( all three levels ) form an integral part of the red list assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category . under the criteria a to c and d under vulnerable , the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers ( 1 - 4 ) and if more than one is met , they are separated by means of the ' + ' symbol . the second level is indicated by the use of the lower - case alphabet characters ( a - e ) . these are listed without any punctuation . a third level of the hierarchy under criteria b and c involves the use of lower case roman numerals ( i - v ) . these are placed in parentheses ( with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis ) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed . where more than one criterion is met , they should be separated by semicolons . the following are examples of such usage :\nall assessments published on the iucn red list are freely available for public use . to ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow red list assessment data to be analysed , thus making the iucn red list a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions , a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the iucn red list of threatened species \u2122 :\nrequired supporting information under specific conditions ( e . g . taxa assessed under specific red list categories or criteria , plant assessments , reassessed taxa , etc . ) .\ntools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the iucn red list , including the iucn species information service ( sis ) and ramas\u00ae red list ( ak\u00e7akaya and ferson 2001 ) .\nnote that the documentation standards and consistency checks for iucn red list assessments and species accounts will be updated on a regular basis .\nclick here for a summary of the five criteria ( a - e ) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an iucn red list threatened category ( critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable ) .\nak\u00e7akaya , h . r . and ferson , s . 2001 . ramas \u00ae red list : threatened species classifications under uncertainty . version 2 . 0 . applied biomathematics , new york .\nak\u00e7akaya , h . r . , ferson , s . , burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . , mace , g . m . and todd , c . a . 2000 . making consistent iucn classifications under uncertainty . conservation biology 14 : 1001 - 1013 .\nbaillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland .\nburgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . and walshe , t . v . 1999 . uncertainty in comparative risk analysis of threatened australian plant species . risk analysis 19 : 585 - 598 .\nfitter , r . and fitter , m . ( eds ) . 1987 . the road to extinction . iucn , gland , switzerland .\ng\u00e4rdenfors , u . , hilton - taylor , c . , mace , g . , and rodr\u00edguez , j . p . , 2001 . the application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels . conservation biology 15 : 1206 - 1212 .\nhilton - taylor , c . ( compiler ) . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 1993 . draft iucn red list categories . iucn , gland , switzerland .\niucn . 1994 . iucn red list categories . prepared by the iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland .\niucn . 1996 . resolution 1 . 4 . species survival commission . resolutions and recommendations , pp . 7 - 8 . world conservation congress , 13 - 23 october 1996 , montreal , canada . iucn , gland , switzerland .\niucn . 1998 . guidelines for re - introductions . prepared by the iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 2001 . iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 2003 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels : version 3 . 0 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 2012 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional and national levels : version 4 . 0 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn .\niucn / ssc criteria review working group . 1999 . iucn red list criteria review provisional report : draft of the proposed changes and recommendations . species 31 - 32 : 43 - 57 .\nmace , g . m . , collar , n . , cooke , j . , gaston , k . j . , ginsberg , j . r . , leader - williams , n . , maunder , m . and milner - gulland , e . j . 1992 . the development of new criteria for listing species on the iucn red list . species 19 : 16 ? 22 .\nmace , g . m . and lande , r . 1991 . assessing extinction threats : toward a re - evaluation of iucn threatened species categories . conservation biology 5 : 148 ? 157 .\nmace , g . m . and stuart , s . n . 1994 . draft iucn red list categories , version 2 . 2 . species 21 - 22 : 13 - 24 .\noldfield , s . , lusty , c . and mackinven , a . 1998 . the world list of threatened trees . world conservation press , cambridge .\nno . of vials : 10 . expiration date : ordered . last update : 2013 - 03 - 06 .\ngiftnotruf muenchen , klinikum rechts der isar tel : + 49 - 89 - 19240 ; fax : + 49 - 89 - 41402467 ; email : tox @ lrz . tum . de .\npharmacie des h\u00f4pitaux , universitaires de gen\u00e8ve tel : + 41 - 22 - 3723960 ( during business hours ) , - 3723311 ( reception ) ; fax : + 41 - 22 - 2723990 .\nkantonsapotheke z\u00fcrich tel : + 41 - 44 - 2553202 / 14 ( during business hours ) , - 2552111 ( emergency ) ; fax : + 41 - 44 - 2554546 .\nkantonsspital m\u00fcnsterlingen , institut f\u00fcr spitalpharmazie tel : + 41 - 71 - 6862244 ( during business hours ) , - 6861111 ( emergency ) ; fax : + 41 - 71 - 6862239 .\nmedical toxicology information services , guy ' s hospital tel : + 44 - 20 - 71880500 ( 24 hour antivenom line ) , + 44 - 20 - 71880600 ( administration ) ; fax : + 44 - 20 - 71880700 ."]}
{"id": 363, "summary": [{"text": "the rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , fringillidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name emberiza is from old german embritz , a bunting .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the specific cia is from a local italian name for this bird , from zirlare , \" to chirp \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "rock bunting", "paragraphs": ["discovering alpine birds : here rock bunting , here rock bunting , come on . . .\nrock bunting , emberiza cia , linnaeus , 1766 , also known as the western rock bunting , eurasian rock bunting or european rock bunting , or as the meadow rock bunting , photographed r\u00edospaso in the principality of asturias , spain ( europe ) .\nfirst rock bunting photo - sun playing havoc with my photo success . . .\nrock bunting ( emberiza cia ) is a species of bird in the emberizidae family .\nhigh - pitched rock bunting song with insects , flies and some bird calls in the background .\non my way to looking for the rock buntings [ kill two metaphoric birds with one stone ] . as i was about to enter the ehnbachklamm ( a very tight little gorge ) , i heard my first rock bunting singing in the trees above me .\nthe corn bunting can be seen all year round - they form flocks in the winter .\ncinnamon - breasted bunting , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\natuo , f . a . & manu , s . 2013 . territory size and habitat selection of cinnamon - breasted rock bunting emberiza tahapisi in nigeria . ostrich 84 ( 1 ) : 71 - 78 .\nis the call on this file of the rockbunting ? i am not shure because there where some other birds like black redstart , goldfinch , common linnet , cirl bunting , i also did see some rock buntings .\nalthough the rock bunting is not especially shy , it lives quite secretively and is easily overlooked . the sharp \u0093tsi\u0094 calls give away its presence but the birds are not easy to locate . the rock bunting loves warm and rocky terrain and occurs mainly in climatically favoured areas in switzerland , where it almost reaches the northern limit of its area of distribution . its main range is in the mediterranean area , in the middle east and in central asia .\nrock buntings are resident birds but they are altitudinal migrants , moving to lower levels of mountain sides when it snows .\ncinnamon - breasted bunting , hammanskraal , south africa . [ photo peet van schalkwyk \u00a9 , see also urltoken ]\nsong , normally from rock or top of tree , a melodic verse with sudden scale changes , and sometimes . . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - socotra bunting ( emberiza socotrana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - socotra bunting ( emberiza socotrana )\ntitle =\narkive species - socotra bunting ( emberiza socotrana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nspp . ) , their principal food in most areas . the gyrfalcon is a ptarmigan specialist and its breeding distribution is strikingly similar to that of the rock ptarmigan (\nso i headed back down the hill and up the other side of the gorge , towards martinswand and the zirler steinbruch ( quarry ) . it did not take me long to find the next pair to rock buntings , doing just what rock buntings do : sitting on a dead tree , right on a cliff , singing . wonderful .\nduring the breeding season , the socotra bunting is found in the highland areas of the island , between elevations of 700 and 1 , 200 metres , where it inhabits rocky , grassy slopes and meadows with scattered trees and bushes . in the non - breeding season the bunting migrates down to the flat coastal plains at sea - level ( 2 ) .\nthis species breeds on steep , boulder - strewn or rocky mountain slopes just above tree line or in glades and alpine meadows just below tree line , although they can be found in coastal regions all the way down to sea level . they can also be identified on the basis of their song . this video captures a male rock bunting singing from a bush :\n15\u201316\u00b75 cm ; 17\u201329 g . fairly large bunting , with proportionately short wing and long tail . male nominate race in fresh plumage has pale ash - greyish head , . . .\nmonogamous solitary nester , building a shallow cup of grass , rootlets and fine twigs on a foundation of large twigs , neatly lined with fine grass and rootlets . it is typically placed in a shallow depression in the ground at the base of a grass tuft or rock , on an earthen bank , in a crevice in a small rock face or among scattered rocks in a hollow .\nresponse : this is an adult male rock bunting , emberiza cia , a member of the species - rich passerine family , emberizidae , or sparrows and buntings . in europe , the emberizids are mostly known as buntings whereas they are mostly known as sparrows in the americas , despite the fact that they are only distantly related to the old world sparrows ( family : passeridae ) .\ncopete , j . l . ( 2018 ) . rock bunting ( emberiza cia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbreeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .\nwright , d . & jones , p . 2005 . population densities and habitat associations of the range - restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis on the jos plateau , nigeria . bird conservation international 15 ( 3 ) : 287 - 295 .\nbrandt , m . s . & cresswell , w . 2008 . breeding behaviour , home range and habitat selection in rock firefinches lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis , between the wet and the dry season in central nigeria . ibis 150 : 495 - 507 .\nheading out towards the kaiser max grotte ( a cave overlooking innsbruck in the martinswand ) , i picked up yet another rock bunting . it was ridiculous to see how many i was finding of a lifer that has , for all this time , lived just a few minutes walk behind my house . i blame at least part of this on the\ni did not expect it so did not find it\npsychology . the other part is , quite clearly , my incompetance ; - )\nabalaka , j . i . , ottosson , u . , tende , t . and larson , k . 2010 . rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis in the mandara mountains , north - east nigeria : a new subspecies ? abc bull 17 : 210 - 211 .\nthe corn bunting is often seen perched prominently on a hedge , post or wire , singing its jangling song . in the summer corn buntings prefer open farmland and in winter they may be found in stubbles , root crops , weedy fields and cattle yards or stockyards .\nthe socotra bunting occurs only on the island of socotra , yemen , where it is known from just a few localities ( 2 ) . located in the north - western indian ocean , socotra island covers an area of 3 , 625 square kilometres ( 5 ) .\nabalaka , j . , hudin , n . s . , ottosson , u . , bloomer , p . & hansson , bengt . 2014 . genetic diversity and population structure of the range restricted rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis . conservation genetics doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 014 - 0667 - z .\nalthough the breeding biology of the socotra bunting is not known , it is believed that this species requires specific habitat for nesting , thus restricting it to higher altitudes during the breeding season . it may breed in loose colonies , as clumps of males have been recorded singing together ( 2 ) .\nthis rare bunting is not thought to be facing any threats at present , but its small distribution and population makes it vulnerable to any future threats ( 2 ) . potential threats include increased livestock grazing in the highlands , which would degrade or destroy suitable breeding habitat for the socotra bunting , and the accidental or intentional introduction of alien species . there are a number of invasive predators already well - established on socotra island , including the feral cat ( felis catus ) , brown rat ( rattus rattus ) and small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) , which may be limiting the population of the socotra bunting ( 2 ) . recent infrastructure developments on the island , including a sea port , airport and roads , have brought positive changes to the local human inhabitants , but threaten the natural landscape and increase the possibility of the introduction of alien species ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nholder , k . and r . montgomerie . 1993c .\nrock ptarmigan ( lagopus mutus ) .\nin the birds of north america , no . 51 , edited by a . poole and f . gill . philadelphia , pa : acad . nat . sci . phila . and am . ornithol . union . close\nand i had heard rumours of a few rock buntings ( zippammer ) about on the\nhot\n, rocky northern slopes of the inn valley . so i started to ask about , and it seemed that they had been seen by a few different people right by my house , on the slopes above the winefarm in zirl .\nracing up the road to try to get a better position , i got to the quarry edge and heard another two rock bunting ( territory three and counting ! ) , but i carried on up to the little bridge over the rocky channel where i had seen the second pair . poor photographs ensued , and maniacal climbing of cliffs with telescopes . i still didn ' t get a great photo , but at least i got to watch the pair feeding on the cliff . as the pair flew up from the cliff , it was interesting to see how the female would fly to the lower branches of an exposed tree , and the male would fly directly to the top of the tree / bush / snag to sing his merry little heart out .\nwhile the socotra bunting is sometimes seen perching in bushes and trees , it spends most of the time on the ground ( 2 ) . birds belonging to the emberizidae family feed mainly on seeds ( 3 ) . their large feet are adept at scratching at the ground to locate food , and their small , conical bills efficiently peel away the seed coat ( 4 ) .\ndistribution of cinnamon - breasted bunting in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nstatus resident . description bird which is brownish all over with black stripes on back . grey head and breast . very conspicuous black lines on head . on bushes or ground . similar species cirl bunting . presence all year round . seeing the species relatively easy , but it may go unnoticed because its density is not high . this bird is not wary of humans . where to watch it sang\u00fcesa , lumbier - arbayun , belagua .\nabalaka , j . i . & jones , p . j . 2012 . population densities of the rock firefinch lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis and some other estrildine and viduine finches on the jos plateau , nigeria . in : harebottle , d . m . , craig , a . j . f . k . , anderson , m . d . , rakotomanana , h . & muchai . ( eds ) . proceedings of the 12th pan african ornithological congress , 2008 . cape town , animal demography unit .\nmedium - size but relatively slim bunting , with long , thin tail contributing to more attenuated outline than any other congener . shares rufous - buff ground - color to plumage with five other emberiza , best distinguished by rather small , lead - colored bill , strong head pattern of blackish crown - stripes and complete black surround to ear - coverts on greyish ground , and strongly rufous rump . terrestrial , rarely far from rocks . one call distinctive . sexes dissimilar , some seasonal variation in male .\nthe government of yemen , together with numerous organisations , are working to preserve the biodiversity of the socotra archipelago . a biodiversity conservation zoning plan was developed in 2000 , which integrates the human population\u2019s development needs with environmental protection and the sustainable use of natural resources ( 5 ) . this led to the socotra archipelago being designated a unesco biosphere reserve in 2003 , which recognises the island group as a site which innovates and demonstrates approaches to conservation and sustainable development ( 7 ) . such efforts to preserve the natural biodiversity of socotra will no doubt benefit the island\u2019s vulnerable bunting .\na breeding male indigo bunting is blue all over , with slightly richer blue on his head and a shiny , silver - gray bill . but , like all other blue birds , indigo buntings lack blue pigment . their jewel - like color comes instead from microscopic structures in the feathers that refract and reflect blue light , much like the airborne particles that cause the sky to look blue . females are basically brown , with faint streaking on the breast , a whitish throat , and sometimes a touch of blue on the wings , tail , or rump . immature males are patchy blue and brown .\nlate april to mid june in switzerland , early may to mid july in hungary , mid may in greece , april to mid june in algeria . nest sit , on or close to ground in cleft in rock or between boulders on slope , usually by bush , etc . , generally hidden by vegetation though sometimes exposed , also in wall or earth bank , or low in dense tree or bush . nest , foundation of dry grass , stalks , and roots , occasionally leaves and bits of bark , lined with fine grasses , rootlets , and some hair . 4 - 5 eggs , incubation , 12 - 14 days , by female only .\ni had to smile when i read where you eventually found your rock buntings . i think many birders must have had similar experiences . i travelled miles to ' good ' areas to find pygmy owls before i worked out they could equally well be living in the woods behind our chalupa , went whistling in the dark and promptly found them . even better ( worse ? ) i spent days following up old stories of montagues harriers breeding in the area driving for 2 or 3 hours 3 times a week whilst my wife went swimming in our local town only to find them nesting within sight of the swimming pool . i still can ' t understand how i managed to miss seeing them ' by accident ' for several years . den\nindigo buntings eat small seeds , berries , buds , and insects . common seed forage includes thistles , dandelions , goldenrods , and grain such as oats ; berries eaten include blueberries , strawberries , blackberries , serviceberries , and elderberries . spiders and insect prey , which form the majority of their diet during summer months , may include caterpillars , grasshoppers , aphids , cicadas and beetles such as canker worms , click beetles , and weevils . the brown - tail moth caterpillar , which is covered with noxious hairs that cause nasty rashes and respiratory problems in people , presents no obstacle to a hungry bunting . on arrival to breeding grounds in spring , indigo buntings may feed on twigs , buds , and leaves of trees including aspen , cottonwood , oaks , beech , elm , maple , and hickory .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nafghanistan ; albania ; algeria ; andorra ; armenia ; austria ; azerbaijan ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; china ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ; georgia ; germany ; gibraltar ; greece ; hungary ; india ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ; jordan ; kazakhstan ; kyrgyzstan ; lebanon ; liechtenstein ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; monaco ; mongolia ; montenegro ; morocco ; nepal ; pakistan ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ; romania ; russian federation ( central asian russia , european russia ) ; san marino ; serbia ; slovakia ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . - vagrant ) ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; tajikistan ; tunisia ; turkey ; turkmenistan ; ukraine ; uzbekistan\nin europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 1 , 930 , 000 - 4 , 230 , 000 pairs , which equates to 3 , 860 , 000 - 8 , 460 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 50 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 7 , 700 , 000 - 16 , 900 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : in europe , trends between 1998 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate increase ( ebcc 2015 ) .\nhabitat loss as a consequence of agricultural intensification , urbanisation and reforestation led to a decline in the past between 1970 and 1990 ( copete 2016 ) .\nconservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its european range . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its european range .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22720894a111134095 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlinnaeus , 1766 \u2013 c & s europe e to turkey and levant , and n africa ( morocco e to tunisia ) .\ne . j . o . hartert , 1904 \u2013 crimea and caucasus and e turkey e to iran , and c asia e to w mongolian altai , and s to n & c afghanistan and n baluchistan ( pakistan ) .\nf . moore , 1856 \u2013 nw himalayas from pakistan ( w to afghan border ) , baltistan and kashmir e to n india ( kumaon ) , extreme sw china ( sw xizang ) and w nepal .\nsunny places on rocky slopes in hills and high mountains , ravines , and in clearings in conifer . . .\noutside breeding season feeds mainly on seeds of herbs and other plants , and during breeding period mostly on invertebrates . among . . .\nseason from late mar or apr to jul\u2013aug , occasionally to mid - sept , peak of egg - laying in most of range during may ; sometimes two . . .\nn populations partly migratory , some moving short to medium distance s in cold winters . in s of . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally common ; rather sparsely distributed . european breeding population estimated at c . 1 , 300 , 000 pairs . large decline recorded during 1970\u2013 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously treated in much broader versions , which included calcariidae and passerellidae , and earlier also cardinalidae and thraupidae # r .\nsometimes split up , with recognition of other genera such as fringillaria , melophus , granativora , miliaria , latoucheornis , schoeniclus , cristemberiza and ocyris ; but phylogenetic studies # r # r show that melophus and latoucheornis ( each with a single species ) and perhaps others belong to the clade represented by \u201ctrue\u201d emberiza ; relationships among species may be better indicated by use of subgenera , thus avoiding destabilizing of established nomenclature # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ncarlos fabregat , josep del hoyo , juan sanabria , jes\u00fas laborda , mkennewell , \u00e9ric roualet , greg baker , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , pere monistrol , e . pelayo , christian dortu , alexander grimwade .\nstanislav harvan\u010d\u00edk , gilgit2 , lars petersson , arodris , josep del hoyo , carlos fabregat , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , oriol soler ferrer , jeel bharat patel , \u00e9ric roualet , cedric mroczko , paul cools , bernat garcia espluga , juan , james eaton , jens thalund , jos\u00e9 frade , lad , fran trabalon , marco valentini , ken havard , alberto soria , fast flo , paul van giersbergen , michaelp , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , p . manjunath , josep batlle , phil kindermann , michel carre , rafael merchante , andrew emmerson , theo mamais , skua nature , markus lilje , bmarnell39 , norbert uhlhaas , missoum , zotyesz , aleix comas , juan gonzalez valdivieso , pascal christe , anisarkisyan , paleasi , w . h . schulenburg , ricardo rodriguez , chiefredearth , llu\u00eds copete , lior kislev .\nmimicry of sylvia undata call 0 : 45 ; 0 : 51 . . .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : emberiza cia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nimage : david \u00e1lvarez , 4 july 2007 ( with permission , for grrlscientist / guardian use only ) [ velociraptorise ] . canon eos 400d digital , iso : 200 , 300 mm , f / 11 . 0 , 1 / 200 sec .\nquestion : even though this spanish mystery bird comes from a large family , few of its fellow family members reside in europe . why ? can you identify this mystery bird ' s taxonomic family and species ?\nbased on decreasing species richness , it is likely that the emberizids arose in south america , spread into north america and crossed into eastern asia and expanded westward . this explains the comparative paucity of emberizid species in europe and africa when compared to the americas .\nthis species has light brown upperparts with darker streaks on its back and an unstreaked rufous coloured rump . the wings are streaked with black , rufous and buff . the head and face have strong contrasty black and white markings that are distinctive ; there are dark stripes on the crown , a dark streak through the eyes and another dark stripe that borders the edge of the cheek . the upper mandible of the beak is darker than the lower mandible , which is pale grey . the tail is long and blunt and has white outer tail corners . its underparts are orange - brown . then throat and upper breast are silvery - white . the sexes are similar although the female may occasionally be paler coloured .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or audio files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nextends across lower middle latitudes of west palearctic , from mediterranean to caucasus , from warm temperate to steppe climatic zones . avoids most humid or wet situations , closed forest , and good agricultural land , preferring sunny semi - arid terrain , often stony or rocky , with more or less spare shrub vegetation , and usually with no more than scattered trees . often on slopes or hillsides , up to 1900 m , and extralimitally in asia above 4000 m , frequenting mountain villages and gardens . occupies open areas at upper forest limits , juniper scrub , subalpine meadows with shrubs and screes , stone - walled cultivated areas , and vineyards on hillsides .\nemberiza cia is a widespread resident across much of southern europe , which accounts for less than half of its global range . its european breeding population is very large ( > 1 , 300 , 000 pairs ) , but underwent a large decline between 1970 - 1990 . although the trend of the key population in spain was unknown during 1990 - 2000 , the species was stable across most of its european range , and was probably stable overall . nevertheless , its total population size probably remains below the level that preceded its decline .\nseeds , mainly of grasses , and other parts of plants , invertebrates in breeding season . feeds principally on ground among rocks and scrubby vegetation , or in short grass in fields , at woodland edges , etc . , but not infrequently in bushes or tall herbs taking both seeds and insects . mostly picks seeds from ground , but will also stand on stems , sometimes several at a time , to bend them over and reach see - head , reaches over to seed - head from neighbouring perch , or pulls seed - head down while standing on ground . catches flying insects in short sallies just above ground .\nthis species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1 , 000 , 000 - 10 , 000 , 000 km2 . it has a large global population , including an estimated 2 , 600 , 000 - 8 , 200 , 000 individuals in europe ( birdlife international in prep . ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe bar on the top line indicates during which seasons the species can be observed regularly in switzerland . there can be great seasonal fluctuations of numbers . the middle bar indicates the typical migration seasons of a species . the bottom bar indicates the period during which the species normally breeds . as a rule it spans the period from egg - laying to fledging of the young .\nquerytime : 0 . 0352 s , querycount : 585 , parsetime : 0 . 5371 s , totaltime : 0 . 5723 s , source : cache\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 342 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities\u2019 popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through \u2013 especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\nthis nondescript lowland farmland bird is the largest of the buntings and is most usually seen perched on a wire or post . it is a stout , dumpy bird brown which flies off with a fluttering flight and with its legs characteristically ' dangling ' . its dramatic population decline in the uk makes it a red list species .\n* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .\n1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern . this is an emergency for uk bird life .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership\n\u00a9 the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience . tell me more\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .\ngrzegorz jagodzi\u0144ski added the polish common name\ng\u0142uszek\nto\nemberiza cia linnaeus 1766\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from emberiza cia linnaeus 1766 to their own page .\nc . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : emberiza cia martien brand . jpg\n.\nvalter jacinto marked\nimage of emberiza cia\nas hidden on the\nemberiza cia\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nvalter jacinto marked\nimage of emberiza cia\nas hidden on the\nemberiza cia linnaeus 1766\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe bonelli ' s warblers ( berglaubs\u00e4nger ) were back in full force with at least 20 individuals calling across the mountain slope . good to have them back !\nyou put your left leg in , you take your left leg out , you do the hokey pokey and turn around . . .\na black redstart alit briefly when i was in\nhunting\nposition . the green in the background is from the distant fields .\nyou see , it does help to know what you are looking for in order to find it - pyschologists have been telling us for years , and it finally makes sense .\nhi dale , well you are right , it is better to know where these little creatures are , and their habits to be sure to get nice shots of them . i love your black redstart shot . it is well composed and the background is awesome .\n. . . first time here . i saw you on the nature blog network page . one of my degrees is in german lit , but i never get to use my german . i enjoy reading about the german and austrian birds and seeing their names in german too ! glad i found your blog !\nthat is a great comment , den . i love the montague ' s story . thank you for stopping by and leaving a comment !\ni found this mocha emerald on the 16th of june . it was rather fresh at that time . its eyes will be brilliant green when it matures . [ image : \u00a92018 steve b . . .\njuly often means travel , which sometimes means tourist attractions , which occasionally means exotic or introduced bird species . following me here ? . . .\nfall migration is officially on ! after almost 2 weeks of unbearably hot weather a cold front moved in thursday night , bringing cooler winds and southboun . . .\nthe antennae farm on haggerman rd . was loaded with dickcissels and bobolinks this evening . lighting was great , and birds were cooperative .\n\u2600\ufe0f26c * tuesday 3rd july 2018 * ~ * ryton wood * : although part of ryton wood was lost to sand and gravel extraction in the 1960s , the wood has been returned t . . .\ni was cycling sunday long distance to my favorite felda krau 1 ( oil palm plantation ) , when noticed the road kill by the road side . what a pity beautiful w . . .\nat this time of the year with plenty of daylight i like to make early morning excursions into bowland . bowland ' s lanes and backroads are very quiet and espe . . .\ni got very jealous of the * rose - coloured starling * at ashington the other week but news of numbers building up in central europe and an impending invasio . . .\nha llegado el momento de tomarse un respiro . en realidad , lo llevo haciendo\nde facto\ndesde hace unos meses y ahora os lo comunico : este blog no se actual . . .\na field herper ' s dream is to have the kind of perfect timing where every outing produces cool herps . to be honest , on the first outing of the year i will b . . .\ncoffee and birding go together like bacon and more bacon . birds and beans coffee is the only brand of coffee that solely sells organic , shade - grown , and . . .\nhas it been a year already ? ? on a quick note i just rented the nikon d850 here are a few early pine warbler shots from various locations .\nafter waking from the afternoon siesta , i stepped out of the darkness into the brilliant sunshine bathing the small balcony of my room . it did not look pro . . .\nanother photo from my new mexico trip . i ' ve also posted another video on youtube . the first couple of photos were from the south end of the wilderness are . . .\nhi further to our conversation , there are four aged invoices outstanding . please can you look at these and provide an update regarding payment . thank y . . .\na remarkable discovery of a new spectacular antbird just a stone throw away from where birders come regularly for scarlet - banded barbet . but the site is th . . .\nlots of lifers i spent a week\u2019s holiday in beautiful cura\u00e7ao and spotted lots of birds i\u2019d never seen before , like magnificent frigatebirds , bare - eyed pi . . .\nsunday 9 october and news came in of a * siberian accentor * ( * prunella montanella * ) on shetland \u2013 the first record for britain . this is not a bird i thought . . .\nhey there all . don ' t know if anyone even reads this blog anymore as i kind of stopped this past summer as i wasn ' t birding as much and my camera broke and . . .\n* the islands of pilgrims * by nigel blake television allows us to experience the many great nature spectacles in this world , exotic places that we can oft . . .\ni held my breath and my heart stopped beating as the lions walked no more than 10 feet ( 3 . 048 meters ) from joan\u2019s truck , just ambling past up . . .\nin august , 2012 i guided a five - day abridged version of my absolute birding tour . it was with ron and ben barkley , a farther son duo from the u . s . a . ben is . . .\ni published my first blog on this site back when it was blogspot back in 2004 . for the last year and a half i\u2019ve run a little experiment posting my blog en . . .\ngastbeitrag von susanne st\u00f6ger bei sch\u00f6nstem herbstwetter erlebte eine gruppe holl\u00e4ndischer und belgischer journalisten das halltal von seiner charmant - rau . . .\nwir sind viel gewandert in diesem jahr \u2013 die blogeintr\u00e4ge waren etwas weniger , da wir die meisten fotos auf unserer facbookseite ver\u00f6ffentlicht haben . die . . .\n* click on any image to see larger file in seperate window * i think the saltee islands off the coast of co . wexford must be one of irelands greatest wi . . .\nparrots are one of my favorite groups of birds . it all started with me getting involved in a research project at university studying the cape parrot ( poice . . .\nkeeping a weather eye on birdguides , i see there are a few red - footed falcons and white - winged black terns filtering into the uk at the moment . i\u2019d dearly . . .\ni ' ve moved everything over to the * blogspot address * . there ' s nothing more to see here ! update your link to : urltoken\nso , putting paid to the idea of an official whale shark season in utila , there have been more whale sharks sighted in june this year , than in may . so far , . . .\na small community that surprises visitors with its authenticity and natural , gastronomic and cultural diversity . try it out . . .\nwe will give you 11 reasons that sum up our essence . we want to win you over !\nthe kingdom of navarre has a lively past and a lot to tell . listen up . . .\ntimetables , festivities , telephone numbers . . . so you can travel with peace of mind .\nvegetables from the plot , flavoursome meats , wines and pachar\u00e1n , delicious pinchos . . .\nto receive the latest news and to get ideas for trips in the different seasons and over public holidays .\nif you are planning to get to know navarre , to enjoy a gastronomic get - away , have a rural weekend break with friends or walk the santiago way . . . here are some options that may coincide with your idea . we hope you find them useful !\nwe suggest a travel plan so that you don\u0092t miss out on anything important and you can say you got to know the real navarre .\nare you looking for somewhere to stay during your visit ? consult all the options and manage your booking .\nhere you will find the must - see places and recommendations for activities and experiences to make sure you get the very most out of your trip to navarre .\nlocate your resource on the map and use the search engines to look for timetables , prices , files . . .\naccommodation , visits , activities . . . search for what you need and access the information file .\nrecommended observation points : sang\u00fcesa , lumbier - arbaiun , belagua , etc . . .\nobservation : relativamente f\u00e1cil , pero puede pasar desapercibida , pues no presenta densidades elevadas . es un p\u00e1jaro confiado .\ndescription : p\u00e1jaro de tonos pardos por todo el cuerpo con rayado negro en espalda . cabeza y pecho grises . l\u00edneas negras en la cabeza muy consp\u00edcuas . sobre arbustos o en el suelo .\nopening hours , dates and guide prices . we recommend you confirm with the entity in question .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nallaby , m . ( 1992 ) dictionary of zoology . oxford university press , oxford .\nthieme , m . l . , abell , r . , stiassny , m . l . j . , skelton , p . , lehner , b . , teugels , g . g . , dinerstein , e . , kamdem toham , a . , burgess , n . and olson , d . ( 2005 ) freshwater ecoregions of africa and madagascar : a conservation assessment . island press , washington , dc .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nforest : temperate ; shrubland : temperate ; rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) : ; artificial / terrestrial : plantations\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\noccurs across much of sub - saharan africa , from senegal to ethiopia through the drc , tanzania , zambia , angola and malawi to southern africa . here it is uncommon to locally very common in zimbabwe extending into western and northern mozambique , the eastern half of south africa , lesotho , swaziland , eastern botswana and north - western and central namibia . it generally prefers mountainsides , rocky ridges , dolerite and granite outcrops with scattered bushes and trees , bare rocky clearings in woodland , eroded stony slopes and gullies , dry watercourses and deserted borrow pits and quarries .\nlargely resident , with some populations ( especially in zimbabwe and north - eastern south africa ) undertaking a northerly winter migration from november - may .\nit mainly eats seeds and insects , mainly foraging on bare ground among rocks , occasionally plucking food from grass and hawking termite alates aerially . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\negg - laying season is from october - june , peaking from january - april .\nit lays 2 - 4 eggs , which are incubated by both sexes for about 12 - 14 days .\nthe chicks are fed by both parents on a diet of mostly seeds , leaving the nester after approximately 14 - 16 days .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nvickery , j . & jones , p . j . 2002 . a new ornithological institute in nigeria . bull . african bird club 9 ( 1 ) : 61\u201362 .\nwilson , j . m . & mcgregor , r . 2002 . house sparrow passer domesticus in nigeria . malimbus 24 ( 1 ) : 41\u201342 .\nwilson , j . m . 2002 . first breeding record of little grey woodpecker dendropicos elachus in nigeria . malimbus 24 ( 1 ) : 42\u201343 .\nwilson , j . m . & sallinen , p . 2003 . first records of didric cuckoo chrysococcyx caprius parasitizing cricket warbler spiloptila clamans . malimbus 25 : 95\u201396 .\nottosson , u . & waldenstr\u00f6m , j . 2002 . a yellow - throated leaflove ( chlorochicla flavicollis ) with extra wing feathers among the primaries . afring news 31 ( 1 & 2 ) : 24\u201325 .\nmcgregor , r . & wilson , j . m . 2003 . a major range extension of locust finch ortygospize locustella in west africa . malimbus 25 : 99\u2013101 .\nmcgregor , r . 2004 . ortolan buntings rediscovered in nigeria after a 38 year absence . bull . african bird club 11 ( 1 ) : 30 - 31 .\nmanu , s . , peach , w . & cresswell , w . 2005 . notes on the natural history of the ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis , a threatened nigerian endemic . malimbus 27 : 33 - 39 .\nmanu , s . , peach , w . , bowden , c . & cresswell , w . 2005 . the effects of forest fragmentation on the population density and distribution of the globally endangered ibadan malimbe malimbus ibadanensis . bird conservation international . 15 : 275 - 285 .\nmanu , s . , peach , w . & cresswell , w . 2007 . the effects of of edge , fragment size and degree of isolation on avian species richness in highly fragmented forest in west africa . ibis 149 : 287 - 297 .\nstervander , m . , ottosson , u . , hulme , m . & molokwu , m . n . 2005 . little rush warbler bradypterus baboecala new to plateau state , nigeria . malimbus 27 : 46 - 47 .\nottosson , u . waldenstr\u00f6m , j . hjort , c . & mcgregor , r . 2005 . garden warbler sylvia borin migration in sub - saharan west africa : phenology and body mass changes . ibis 147 : 750 - 757 .\nosinubi , t . & agboola , b . 2006 , sighting of the rufous scrub robin cercotrichas galatotes at foot of fusa hills , jos , plateau state , nigeria . malimbus 28 : 46 - 47 .\nwilson , j . & cresswell , w . 2006 . how robust are palearctic migrants to habitat loss and degradation in the sahel ? ibis 148 : 789 - 800 .\nmolokwu , m n . , ottosson , u . & azi , j . observations at a scarlet - chested sunbird chalcomitra senegalensis nest . malimbus 28 : 45 - 46 .\nmwansat , g . s . , chaskda , a . a . ; longtong , g . t . 2006 . a preliminary survey of the aquatic insects of amurum forest reserve . scientia africana 5 : 35 - 37 .\nwilson , j . m and cresswell , w . 2010 . northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe in the sahel of west africa : distribution , seasonal variation in abundance and habitat associations . ostrich 81 : 115 - 121 .\nmcgregor , r . , whittingham , m . j . & cresswell , w . 2007 . survival rates of tropical birds in nigeria , west africa . ibis 149 : 615 - 618 .\nhellgren , o . , waldenstr\u00f6m , j . , per\u00e9z - tris , j . , sz\u00f6ll\u0151si , e . , hasselquist , d . , krizanauskiene , a . , ottosson , u . & bensch , s . 2007 . detecting shifts of transmission areas in avian blood parasites \u2013 a phylogenetic approach . molecular ecology 16 : 1281 - 1290 .\ntobler , m . & naurin , s . 2008 . on the occurrence of the alpine swift apus melba in nigeria . malimbus 30 ( 2 ) : 167 - 168 ."]}
{"id": 374, "summary": [{"text": "the red-faced turtle , emydura victoriae ( gray , 1842 ) , is a species of medium-sized aquatic turtle in the family chelidae .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the species inhabits rivers , streams and permanent water bodies across much of northern australia . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "red - faced turtle", "paragraphs": ["northern yellow - faced turtle ( emydura tanybaraga ) in the finniss river catchment , nt .\ncann , j . 1997 . the northern yellow - faced turtle . monitor 9 ( 1 ) : 24 - 29 , 34 - 35 .\nthe red - bellied short - necked turtle , also known as the jardine river turtle ( emydura subglobosa ) , is a species of australian short - necked turtle indigenous to australia and papua new guinea ; in the former location , they are considered highly endangered .\nthe party had said that the turtle\u2019s limbs had been hacked off and the perpetrators had then sprayed the dead animal\u2019s shell with red paint , an act of \u201ca sick mind\u201d .\na green party announcement condemning the brutal torturing and killing of a sea turtle at a paphos beach caused confusion on social media on tuesday , after it emerged that the turtle had been washed ashore dead and marked as counted with red paint by a government official .\nhowever , local daily phileleftheros later reported that the turtle had been washed ashore and bathers who found it informed the government\u2019s marine turtle protection programme .\npost - ocular stripe typically bright red , fading with age ; iris without leading and trailing dark spots ; macrocephaly in adults common .\nemydura : ' turtle - tail ' . victoriae : after the victoria river , northern territory .\nthe following morning , a programme official went to the beach , recorded the turtle\u2019s species , dimensions , and condition , obtained tissue samples for dna testing , and spray - painted its shell red so that it wouldn\u2019t be counted again \u2013 and also to prevent use of the shell by anyone .\nafter being informed of a dead turtle at the yeroskipou beach on sunday night , the department said , it notified the cyprus wildlife society , which implements the turtle protection programme in collaboration with the fisheries department .\nchelonoidis chilensis gray , 1870 ( turtle ) the type specimen was labeled\nvalparaiso\n( a port in chile ) , so gray named the turtle chilensis . however , valparaiso was only the ship ' s point of departure . that species of turtle is found only in paraguay and argentina , east of the andes .\nms pearce says freshwater turtle shells can become soft and susceptible to damage if animals are not cared for correctly .\nmeanwhile , news of the turtle\u2019s \u2018brutal killing\u2019 reached the green party and prompted their statement on monday , which claimed that the fisheries department couldn\u2019t be bothered to find the people who carried out the killing and sprayed the turtle .\naccording to the fisheries department , the dead female turtle was a caretta caretta , measured at 70 by 68 centimetres .\ntortoises of australia . angus and robertson , sydney . cann , j . ( 1997a ) georges short - necked turtle\nthey prefer to spend a majority of their time in shallow , muddy waters . the coloration of hatchlings and juveniles are stunningly red or orange , hence their name , though these vibrant colors will fade as they age .\ngeorges , a . , doody , j . s . , eisemberg , c . , alacs , a . a . & rose , m . ( 2008 ) carettochelys insculpta ramsay 1886 - - pignosed turtle , fly river turtle . chelonian research monographs , 5 , in press .\nhydromedusa wagler , 1830 ( snake - necked turtle ) unrelated to the cnidarian hydromedusa , known also as anthomedusa , athecate hydroids , and other names .\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]\nwells , r . w . ( 2007c ) some taxonomic and nomenclatural considerations on the class reptilia in australia . some comments on the elseya dentata ( gray , 1863 ) complex with redescriptions of the johnstone river snapping turtle , elseya stirlingi wells and wellington , 1985 and the alligator river snapping turtle , elseya jukesi wells 2002 .\nmeiolania owen , 1886 ( oligocene - to - holocene turtle ) it was named meiolania (\nsmall roamer\n) in reference to megalania (\nlarge roamer\n) , a monitor lizard which it was first thought to be a smaller relative of . when more remains were found , it was realized that it was a turtle .\nwebb , r . g . ( 2002 [ 2003 ] ) observations on the giant softshell turtle , pelochelys cantorii , with description of a new species . hamadryad , 27 , 99\u00ad107 .\nencyclopedia of turtles . tfh publications , new jersey . ramsay , e . p . ( 1886 ) on a new genus and species of fresh water turtle from the fly river , new guinea\nin a statement , the department expressed surprise at the \u201cfalse reports\u201d alleging the \u201cbrutal torturing of a turtle\u201d , which reproduce claims made in a misleading statement by the paphos branch of the green party .\nrhodin , a . , ibarrondo , b . r . & kuchling , g . ( 2008a ) chelodina mccordi , rhodin 1994 - - roti island snake necked turtle , mccord ' s snake necked turtle , kura kura rote . chelonian conservation and biology , 5 , 008 . 1 - 008 . 8 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 008 . mccordi . v1 . 2008 .\ngeorges , a . , doody , j . s . , young , j . & cann , j . ( 2000 ) the pig - nosed turtle . cooperative research centre for freshwater ecology , canberra .\nalacs , a . a . ( 2008 ) forensics , phylogeography and population genetics : a case study using the northern snake - necked turtle , chelodina rugosa . phd thesis , university of canberra , canberra , australia .\nthomson , s . & georges , a . ( 2009 ) myuchelys gen . nov . \u2014a new genus for elseya latisternum and related forms of australian freshwater turtle ( testudines : pleurodira : chelidae ) zootaxa 2053 : 32\u201342 .\naccording to the reports , an officer then went to the beach and painted the dead turtle , to make sure it wouldn\u2019t be counted twice . the officer then informed the municipality so they could remove the animal from the beach .\nstegosaurus marsh 1877 ( dinosaur ) when o . c . marsh described the dinosaur , he thought that its distinctive triangular plates covered the creature like a giant turtle , so he named it stegosaurus , or\nroof lizard\n.\nthomson , s . & georges , a . ( 2009 ) myuchelys gen . nov . - - a new genus for elseya latisternum and related forms of australian freshwater turtle ( testudines : pleurodira : chelidae ) . zootaxa , in press .\nnatural hybridization and evolution . oxford university press , oxford . artner , h . ( 2003 ) die rezenten schildkr\u00f6tenarten der erde . emys , 10 ( 6 ) , iv\u00adxxxviii . artner , h . ( 2008 ) the world ' s extant turtle species , part 1\nemmott ' s short - neck turtle , emydura macquarii emmotti ssp . nov . pp . 60\u00ad61 in mccord , w . , cann , j . & joseph - ouni , m . ( ed . ) a taxonomic assessment of emydura ( testudines : chelidae ) with descriptions of new subspecies from queensland , australia\nwells , r . w . ( 2009 ) some taxonomic and nomenclatural considerations on the class reptilia in australia . a new species of freshwater turtle in the genus wollumbinia wells 2007 ( reptilia : chelidae ) from eastern australia .\naustralian biodiversity record\n, 2009 ( 1 ) , 1\u00ad12 [ privately produced , available from the author ] .\nthomson , s . , kennett , r . , tucker , a . d . , fitzsimmons , n . n . , featherstoni , p . , alacs , a . a . & georges , a . ( 2009 ) chelodina burrungandjii thomson , kennett and georges 2000 - - sandstone snake - necked turtle . chelonian monographs , 5 , in press .\nwells , r . w . ( 2007b ) some taxonomic and nomenclatural considerations on the class reptilia in australia . notes on the recently described freshwater turtle chelodina canni mccord and thomson , 2002 and a redescription of chelodina rankini wells and wellington , 1985 .\naustralian biodiversity record\n, 2007 ( 1 ) , 1\u00ad5 [ privately produced , available from the author ] .\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , iverson , j . b . , rhodin , a . g . j . , shaffer , h . b . , and bour , r . ] . 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . in : rhodin , a . g . j . , pritchard , p . c . h . , van dijk , p . p . , saumure , r . a . , buhlmann , k . a . , iverson , j . b . , and mittermeier , r . a . ( eds . ) . conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises : a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group . chelonian research monographs 5 ( 7 ) : 000 . 329\u2013479 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\naustralian reptile photos , distribution maps and information covering snakes and lizards , crocodiles and turtles , including colubrid snakes , pythons , elapids ( called cobras or coral snakes in some countries ) , sea snakes , file snakes , blind ( or worm ) snakes , sea turtles , freshwater turtles ( or tortoises ) dragon lizards ( agamas ) , gecko ' s , legless lizards , monitor lizards ( often called goanna ' s in australia ) , skinks and crocodilia .\n\u00a92018 john fowler and john hollister . all rights reserved . reproduction or re - use of information or materials from this web site is strictly prohibited and against international law . ( note : - no permission is needed to link to this web page ) this site is supported by investor friendly agents , buy australian businesses ,\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nsyntypes : bmnh 1947 . 3 . 5 . 95 and 1947 . 3 . 5 . 96 ; wells and wellington ( 1985 : 14 ) designated bmnh 1947 . 3 . 5 . 95 lectotype .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nbonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupr\u00e9 , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .\nbour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593\u2013598\ncogger , h . g . 2014 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 7th ed . csiro publishing , xxx + 1033 pp .\ncogger , h . g . 2000 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 6th ed . ralph curtis publishing , sanibel island , 808 pp .\ngeorges , a . 1996 . electrophoretic delineation of species boundaries within the short - necked freshwater turtles of australia ( testudines : chelidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society ( 1996 ) , 118 : 241\u2013260 .\ngray , j . e . 1842 . description of some new species of reptiles , chiefly from the british museum collection . zoological miscellany 2 : 57 - 59 . - get paper here\nmccord , w . p . ; joseph - ouni , m . & cann , j . 2003 . chelonian illustrations # 7 . short - neck , western swamp , and pig - nose turtles from australia and new guinea . reptilia ( gb ) ( 27 ) : 64 - 68 - get paper here\nwells , r . w . and wellington , c . r . 1985 . a classification of the amphibia and reptilia of australia . australian journal of herpetology , supplementary series , ( 1 ) : 1 - 61 . - get paper here\nwilson , s . & swan , g . 2010 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , 3rd ed . chatswood : new holland , 558 pp .\nworrell , e . 1963 . reptiles of australia . angus & robertson ( sydney ) , xv + 207 pp\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ncomments on social media charged that the green party rushed to politically exploit the incident without bothering to check the facts .\nthen , the municipal authorities were notified to collect and bury the dead animal , the statement said .\nits body had started to decompose , hence the decayed limbs , but showed no signs of abuse .\nhe does though \u2013 never hear his voice protesting the shooting , netting and lime sticking of european migrating birds , many of whom are protected or endangered in their host countries . . social media has a thread calling a boycott after three hundred song thrushes shot in cyprus in just three days by a couple of hunters who thoughtfully provided a picture . they are protected and prized for their song in the uk .\nby continuing to use the cyprus mail , you agree to the use of cookies . more information accept\nthe cookie settings on this website are set to\nallow cookies\nto give you the best browsing experience possible . if you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click\naccept\nbelow then you are consenting to this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou appear to have javascript disabled . some parts of this site won ' t work properly .\ntriturating surfaces of the maxillary sheath expanded , meeting medially to form a crushing plate on the roof of the mouth ; length of mandibular symphysis in adults about 1 . 5 times the horizontal diameter of the tympanum .\n- georges & thomson ( 2010 ) . diversity of australasian freshwater turtles , with an annotated synonymy and keys to species . zootaxa , 2496 : 1 - 37 .\nnorthern australia , extending across the kimberley region of western australia to the fitzroy drainage in the west .\nnote : these are general threats and may not apply to this particular species .\nthere are many ways you can help our reptiles . here are my top three suggestions :\ngeorges , a . & thomson , s . ( 2010 ) . diversity of australasian freshwater turtles , with an annotated synonymy and keys to species . zootaxa , 2496 : 1 - 37 . - search web for this article\nnote : the links below are automatically generated . some may not take you to useful information .\nnotes and disclaimer this information may not be complete . while all care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this page , primary sources should always be consulted for definitive information . animals have an endearing habit of disobeying the rules , so the information on this page should be interpreted with a degree of flexibility . the author and site operator accepts no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred through using this web site or the information contained herein . don ' t get bitten by anything ! this page may be cited as : emydura victoriae at the australian reptile online database . last updated 2013 - 10 - 02 22 : 20 : 11 . retrieved from urltoken on the 10th of july , 2018 . before citing information contained in arod , please read our citing arod page . copyright notice this page , its content and layout are copyright \u00a9 2007 - 2018 stewart macdonald / ug media , unless otherwise stated . all photographs in the australian reptile online database are \u00a9 the photographer and may not be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the photographer . no part of the australian reptile online database may be reproduced without written permission from stewart macdonald .\n- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -\nacinonyx ( cheetah ) from gk . akineo ( no movement ) + onyx ( claw ) , referring to the popular belief that cheetahs have non - retractable claws . this is not true . cheetahs ' claws are fully retractable , but their retracted claws remain exposed because , unlike other cats , they lack a skin sheath to cover them .\nalligator ( alligator ) misspelling of\nel lagarto ,\nspanish for\nthe lizard .\nambrosia l . ( ragweed ) named after the food of the gods , this genus is a major cause of allergies . linnaeus was probably considering that ancient herbals recommended a . maritima to treat upset stomachs .\napidium ( early oligocene primate , from egypt ) the name means\nlittle bull\n( from apis and mnevis , a pair of bulls mentioned on the rosetta stone as being used in egyptian rites ) ; the fossil was orginally thought to be a hoofed animal .\napus apus ( common swift ) from greek for\nfootless\n( see also paradisaea apoda below ) . the swift ' s feet are small but far from absent .\narctocephalos pusillus ( seal )\npusillus\nmeans\nvery little\n, but the seal grows to about 3 meters and one tonne . the type specimen was a juvenile not recognized as such at the time .\narrhinoceratops parks , 1921 ( ceratopsian dinosaur ) name means\nwithout a nose horn face\n. parks interpreted the fossil as having\nno trace of a horn core\nnor even a vestige of one . in 1981 helen tyson restudied it , stating ,\nto deny the presence of a horn core in arrhinoceratops , which . . . possesses a distinct horn - like organ , contributes neither to the homology of this structure nor to an accurate characterization of the genus .\nbarbus viviparus weber , 1897 ( bowstripe barb ) not viviparous but egg - laying , like most fish .\nbasilosaurus harlan , 1834 ( eocene whale ) not a\nking lizard\n, and unrelated to dinosaurs . the original misidentified remains of several animals were combined and sent on a tour as a 130 - ft . extinct sea serpent . [ transactions of the american philosophical society 4 : 379 - 403 ]\nbufo marinus ( cane toad ) the toad is adaptable to many habitats , but it is not marine .\ncolumbicola extinctus malcolmson , 1937 ( flight - feather louse ) both these lice were reported from the passenger pigeon and were thought to have gone extinct with it , hence their names , but both are still living on other pigeons . c . defectus turned out to be a previously described species c . flavens .\ncephalopentandra echirrosa ( cogniaux ) jeffrey , 1896 ( african plant ) generic name means\nhead - with - five - stamens without - tendrils\n, but the flower has only three stamens , and the plant has tendrils .\nchaeropus ecaudatus ogilby , 1838 ( pig - footed bandicoot ) the name of this extinct marsupial literally means\npig - foot tailless ,\nbut it had the longest tail of any bandicoot . it was described from a specimen which had lost its tail , though accounts differ whether the loss happened during the animal ' s life or during taxidermy .\ncuniculus brisson , 1762 ( paca ) the name means\nrabbit\nin latin , but the paca is a rodent , not a lagomorph .\ndinosauria owen , 1842 means\nfearfully great lizard\n( or , as often quoted ,\nterrible lizard ,\nbut terrible in the sense of\nawesome\n) , but many were small and inoffensive , and none were lizards . it should be noted , however , that there is no latin word for\nreptile ,\nso\nsaur\nhad to stand in .\neonessa anaticula wetmore , 1938 ( eocene bird ) literally\ndawn - duck duckling\n, the fossil was first described as a primitive duck . the fossil has too little detail to determine its order , but more detailed work shows that it has little similarity to ducks .\nepilachna vigintisexpunctata vigintisexpunctata ( 28 - spotted potato ladybird )\nvigintisexpunctata\nmeans 26 - spotted .\nepilachna vigintioctopunctata pardalis ( 26 - spotted potato ladybird ) .\nvigintioctopunctata\nmeans 28 - spotted .\nfelis lacustris gazin , 1933 (\nlake cat\n) the name lacustris ( latin ,\nlake\n) does not indicate that this cat had aquatic habits , but indicates its place of origin , the hagerman lake beds . however , the sediments there are now interpreted as a flood plain rather than an ancient lake .\nfregata minor ( greater frigate bird ) it was originally named pelecanus minor , the little pelican ; when moved to a new genus , priority demanded that it still be called minor . the lesser frigate is f . ariel .\ngelidiophycus freshwateri boo , park , & boo , 2013 ( marine alga ) named after dr . d . wilson freshwater , who provided the first molecular systematic study of the gelidiales and showed that a new genus may be warrented . the alga is not found in fresh water itself . [ taxon 62 : 1105 - 1116 ]\ngeosaurus cuvier , 1824 ( late jurassic to early cretaceous marine crocodile ) means\nearth lizard\n, but it was strictly aquatic .\nglobicephala macrorhynchus gray , 1846 ( pilot whale ) john gray , working from skeletal materials only , guessed this whale had a large beak , or macrorhynchus in greek . but the pilot whale ' s head is quite rounded , suggesting anything but a beak .\nhaemophilus influenzae ( bacterium ) so named because it was thought to be the cause of influenza , until the virus was discovered in the 1930s .\nhydrangea serratifolia ( hook . & arn . ) f . phil . ( hydrangea ) literally ,\nwith serrated leaves\n, but leaf edges are typically smooth . the specimen hooker received from darwin had apparently been nibbled by pests .\nhyracotherium owen , 1841 ( extinct equid ) the name means\nhyrax - like beast ,\nbut it is a primitive horse , not a hyrax .\nixobrychus billberg , 1828 ( dwarf bittern ) the name means\nmistletoe - roarer\n. at that time , it was a common belief that bitterns blew into a reed in order to produce their booming call . billberg was not only mistaken about that , he also confused ixios ( reed ) with ixos ( mistletoe ) .\nlawsonia inermis ( henna ) originally , henna was called by three names , lawsonia inermis , l . spinosa , and l . alba , referring respectively to a young spineless plant , an adult spiny plant , and a white - flowered variety . when botanists realized that these were the same species , they chose the name inermis (\nunarmed\n) for it , even though henna does have spines .\nlibycosaurus bonnarelli , 1947 ( miocene anthracothere ) the name means\nlizard of libya\n, but it is an artiodactyl mammal .\nlobodon carcinophagus hombron & jacquinot , 1842 ( crabeater seal ) the scientists who discovered this seal , finding soft shell remains in its mouth , inferred that it fed on crabs and named it accordingly , but in fact it eats krill . crabs are not even found in its antarctic environment .\nlygistorrhina sanctaecatharinae thompson 1975 ( fungus gnat ) described from a specimen from st . catherine ' s island , ga , so it should be spelled l . sanctaecatherinae .\nmegarachne hunicken , 1980 ( fossil terrestrial eurypterid ) named\nbig spider\nbased on its interpretation as an enormous upper carboniferous therophosid spider , and formerly listed by guinness as the world ' s largest spider . it is now shown to be a eurypterid , or sea scorpion .\nmetaspriggina simonetta & insom ( cambrian chordate ) named after , but unrelated to , the ediacaran organism spriggina .\nmiohippus marsh , 1874 and pliohippus marsh , 1874 ( fossil horses ) these names refer to the miocene and pliocene epochs , respectively . however , most miohippus are found in the oligocene , and all pliohippus are from the miocene . marsh believed that his miohippus fossils were from the miocene , but later work showed him mistaken . since pliohippus was first described , the genus was split in two , with the later pliocene horses reclassified as dinohippus , and the date of the pliocene epoch itself has shrunk . eohippus is still from the eocene , but it is not the scientific name because hyracotherium takes prescedence .\nmyrmecobius waterhouse , 1836 ( numbat ) the name means\nlives on ants\n, but this marsupial lives on termites , eating ants only incidentally .\nmyrmecophaga tridactyla linnaeus , 1758 ( giant anteater ) the specific name means\nthree fingers\n, but it has five on each foot . four fingers on each front foot have claws , two of which are particularly elongate . the anteater does , at least , eat ants .\nmyxobolus cerebralis hofer , 1903 ( myxosporean parasite ) this parasite , the cause of whirling disease in salmon , was originally thought to infect fish brains . in fact , it is primarily a disease of cartilage .\nnaashoibitosaurus hunt and lucas , 1993 ( cretaceous hadrosaur ) so named because the type specimen was collected from what was thought to be naashoibito member of the kirtland formation , but in fact it came from an older member .\nnavicula antonii lange - bertalot ( diatom ) as stated in the paper ' s protologue , the name was intended to honor the late diatomist a . grunow ( the name navicula grunowii was already taken ) . but grunow ' s first name was albert , not anton . ( lange - bertalot later determined this name to be a synonym of n . menisculus var . grunowii . )\nneoleptoneta myopica gertsch ( tooth cave spider ) the name implies near - sightedness , but the spider is blind .\nneomylodon listai ameghino ( ground sloth ) ground sloths were thought to be still extant in south america during the 19th century . explorer ramon lista once shot at an animal which matched a crude description of one . when fresh - appearing dung and swatches of skin complete with reddish - brown fur and dermal ossicles turned up in an argentinean cave in 1888 , the animal was dubbed\nlista ' s new mylodon .\n20th century carbon dating revealed the hide to be roughly 13 , 500 years old .\nnephanes titan newman , 1834 ( beetle ) this beetle is 0 . 4mm long .\nodocoileus virginianus clavium ( key deer ) the subspecies name is from latin clavis , meaning\nkey ( as for a lock )\n, but the florida keys to which the name refers are a completely different kind of key , derived from spanish cayo ,\nshoal , reef .\na better latinization would be\ncajorum .\nthe genus , which means\nhollow tooth\n, is also verges on being misnamed ; the type specimen had tooth cavities , but not moreso than other deer .\nornithocheiroidea ( a subgroup of pterosaurs ) british palaeontologist harry grovier seely was convinced that pterosaurs were the ancestors of birds , though , after much criticism , he altered his position to birds and pterosaurs having a close common ancestor . seely bolstered his arguments by making reference to birds whenever he coined the name for a newly described pterosaur : ornithocheirus (\nbird hand\n) , ornithostoma (\nbird mouth\n) , ornithodesmus (\nbird link\n) - - all within the ornithocheiroidea . seely even proposed replacing pterosauria with\nornithosauria .\nin 1993 , ornithodesmus was recognized as a small theropod dinosaur and renamed istiodactylus howse , milner , & martill , 2001 . ornithocheirus and ornithostoma are still valid taxa .\nornithopoda and theropoda ( both dinosaur suborders ) the names mean\nbird feet\nand\nbeast feet\nrespectively . yet theropods are very bird - like ( indeed , birds evolved from this group ) , including their feet , and ornithopods are more beast - like . ornithopods were so - named for their three - toed feet , but those feet are still less birdlike than the three - toed feet of theropods .\nontocetus leidy , 1859 ( miocene walrus ) the - cetus means\nwhale\n, but the tooth it was named for belonged to a walrus . onto - probably was intended to mean\nexisting\n( it can also mean\ndung\n) , adding to the error .\noviraptor philoceratops osborn , 1924 ( theropod dinosaur ) the name means\nceratopsian - loving egg raider\nbecause the first fossil was found with what was thought to be protoceratops eggs , but the eggs turned out to be its own ; most likely , it was guarding its own nest . ( osborn did note that the name could\nentirely mislead us as to its feeding habits and belie its character ,\nbut he went with the name anyway . )\npan troglodytes ( linnaeus ) ( chimpanzee ) linnaeus , relying on unreliable stories , named a species homo troglodytes . it is not entirely certain which species , since he had no type specimen , but it was probably the chimpanzee , which carries the name today . but\ntroglodytes\nmeans\ncave dweller ,\nand chimps do not live in caves .\nparadisaea apoda linnaeus , 1760 ( greater bird of paradise )\nfootless one from paradise\n; it was described from two skins brought to seville in 1522 by the victoria , the surviving ship from magellan ' s circumnavigational voyage . the native papuans had removed the specimens ' legs , and the europeans therefore assumed that the birds remained airborne their entire lives ( with the female laying and brooding eggs in a groove between the male ' s wings ) . a live individual captured in 1824 finally revealed that the bird spends most of its life standing on rather massive feet .\nparadoxurus cuvier 1821 ( asian palm civet ) . the type specimen , at france ' s vincennes zoo , had a deformed tail , leading cuvier to think it was prehensile ( paradoxurus = ' with a strange tail ' ) . he called the type species p . hermaphroditus , misnaming it on both counts .\npelorovis ( extinct african cattle ) the name means\nmonstrous sheep\n, but it is closely related to cows and buffalo .\npeponocephala nishiwaki & norris , 1966 ( melon - headed whale ) the name was supposed to mean\nmelon head ,\nbut pepo does not actually mean\nmelon ,\nand\npumpkin - headed whale\nhas not caught on in popular usage .\nphytosauridae jaeger , 1828 ( triassic semi - aquatic reptiles ) name means\nplant lizard\nbecause the petrified mud fillings in the jaw of the first specimen found were thought to be herbivore teeth , but the creatures were wholly carnivorous .\npicrophilus schleper et al . 1996 ( archaea ) this microbe is an extreme acidophile . the genus description says it derives from\ngr . adj . pikros , acidic ,\nbut greek pikros means\nbitter\n, which is more often associated with alkaloids . [ ijsem 46 : 814 ]\npicus awokera temminck , 1836 ( japanese green woodpecker ) its epithet is almost but not quite a tranliteration of its japanese name , aogera .\nprimobucco brodkorb 1970 ( fossil bird ) bucco is a genus of puffbird , and primobucco , from its name , should be a primitive bird of that kind , as it was once thought to be . primobucco ' s status is not entirely clear yet , but a puffbird it isn ' t .\nprocyon storr , 1780 ( raccoon ) the name means\ndoglike\n, but raccoons are more closely related to bears .\nprosauropoda von huene , 1920 ( group of long - necked dinosaurs ) mistakenly thought to be ancestral to the sauropods .\nraphus cucullatus linnaeus , 1758 ( dodo )\nraphus\ncomes from a vulgar term for\nrump .\nthe dodo ' s common name and former scientific name ( didus ineptus l . ) are also perjorative . however , study of fossils show that wild dodos were sleeker and active ; their modern image came from overfed obese captive specimens and / or overstuffed specimens .\nsilphium l . ( 1753 ) ( rosinweed ) in classical antiquity ,\nsilphium\nreferred to a plant , valuable for seasonings and medicine , in the umbellifer family , probably a now - extinct member of the genus ferula . the genus silphium is in the asteraceae family .\nsirenia ( manatees and dugongs ) columbus wrote in his log entry of 9 january 1493 ,\ni saw three sirens that came up very high out of the sea . they are not as beautiful as they are painted , since in some ways , they have a face like a man .\ncolumbus and many explorers who followed him thought these inoffensive , rotund , placid , aquatic vegetarians were the deadly sirens or mermaids of fable whose haunting songs lured sailors to their deaths .\nspeothos venaticus lund , 1842 ( bush dog ) named by danish naturalist peter wilhelm lund as a fossil from caves in brazil , thus its generic name meaning\ncave wolf\n. it was first described in living form in 1843 by the same person , but he failed to realise they were the same animal and named the living dogs icticyon , which name was used for speothos until well into the 20th century .\nsynthliboramphus wumizusume temminck , 1836 ( japanese murrelet ) the epithet is a mis - transliteration of the bird ' s japanese name , umi - suzumi .\nthalassodromeus sethi kellner & campos , 2002 ( cretaceous pterosaur ) the genus name means\nsea runner ,\nreferring to presumed skimming behavior , but further analysis shows the pterosaur was most likely a terrestrial forager . the pterosaur ' s large crest inspired the name\nsethi\n, after the egyptian god seth , but kellner probably confused seth with amun , who is depicted with a headdress shaped remarkably like the pterosaur ' s crest .\ntoninia aromatica ( turner ex sm . ) a . massal . ( lichen ) the lichen is odorless , but turner sent it to smith in a perfumed envelope .\ntsaagan mangas norell et al . , 2006 ( cretaceous maniraptor )\ntsaagan , mongolian for white ; mangas , mongolian for monster\n, except mongolian for white is tsagaan . [ am . mus . nov . 3545 : 2 ]\ntupinambis l . ( tegu ) linnaeus apparently got the name from piso & marcgrave ' s historia naturalis brasiliae ( 1648 ) , which , describing the lizard , begins ,\nteivgvacv & temapara tupinambis\n, or\n[ it is called by the ] tupinambas ' teiuguacu ' and ' temapara ' .\nrather than using a tupi name for the lizard , though , linnaeus took the name for the tupi ethnic group .\nteiu - guacu\nmeans literally\nlizard - big\n; there is another genus of south american lizard , teius , derived from the tupinamba name .\nvulcanodon raath , 1972 ( sauropod dinosaur ) vulcanodon (\nvolcano tooth\n) was described from teeth and a headless partial skeleton found in rocks of volcanic origin . it was later found that the teeth were from another ( non - sauropod ) animal . the skeleton called\nvolcano tooth\nhas no known teeth .\nzoraptera silvestri , 1913 ( insect ) the name ( from greek ) means\npure wingless\n, but some forms , discovered after the family was described , have four wings .\napterocyclus honoluluensis waterhouse , 1871 ( kauai flightless stag beetle ) . named at the british natural history museum from a specimen that was mailed in a package postmarked\nhonolulu\n( on the island of oahu ) . its geographic restriction to the high elevation forests of the island of kauai was not realized until later .\nblattella germanica linnaeus , 1767 ( german cockroach ) native to the great lakes region of east africa . carried across the mediterranean to europe over 1000 years ago .\nbucco capensis ( collared puffbird ) : from south america , not the cape region of africa .\ncapsicum chinense although it is used in chinese cooking , it comes , like all other capsica , from the americas .\ntodus mexicanus lesson , 1838 ( puerto rican tody ) the bird is endemic to puerto rico , not mexico .\nchrysolina americana linnaeus , 1758 ( rosemary beetle ) native to the mediterranean region , not america .\ncupressus lusitanica mill . ( mexican white cedar )\nlusitanica\nmeans\nfrom portugal ,\nbut the tree is native to central america . apparently it was described from portuguese cultivated trees . [ lorenzi , h . et al . 2003 . \u00e1rvores ex\u00f3ticas no brasil , p . 30 . ]\ncyclamen persicum ( persian cyclamen ) this primrose relative grows in many areas of the middle east , but it is not native to persia .\ndacelo novaeguineae ( hermann 1783 ) ( common or laughing kookaburra ) . for novaeguineae = new guinea . sonnerat pictured this solely - australian bird in his new guinea book and claimed to have collected it there . he had in fact probably been given it by joseph banks , whom he met in south africa in 1770 .\neriobotrya japonica ( loquat ) originally from china , though grown in japan for 1000 years .\nhibiscus syriacus ( rose of sharon ) from eastern asia ( it is the national flower of south korea ) , not from the levant .\nhildewintera polonica ( cactus )\npolonica\nmeans\nfrom poland .\nthe cactus is from bolivia .\nhoplias malabaricus ( tiger tetra , a freshwater fish ) pieter bleeker , a dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist , stationed in java between 1848 and 1860 , had a wide network of outposts from where he received his specimens . in 1858 a fish he received was said to originate from\nthe west ,\nwhich he interpreted as from the malabar coast ( india ' s west coast ) . now we know it came from much farther west , from the rio grande do sul area in brazil .\nhoplodactylus duvaucelii ( dumeril and bibron 1836 ) ( duvaucel ' s gecko ) it is from new zealand , but the type specimen was believed to have come from india and so was named after french naturalist alfred duvaucel ( 1796 - 1824 ) who spent much of his life collecting in india .\nlagerstroemia indica linnaeus ( crepe myrtle ) from china , not india . lagerstr\u00f6m visited several asian countries , and linnaeus got this plant ' s origin wrong when he named it . also , it is a loosestrife , not a myrtle .\nlilaeopsis chinensis ( l . ) kuntze ( eastern grasswort ) native to eastern north america , not china .\nlodoicea maldivica ( double coconut or coco - de - mer ) native of the seychelles , but first thought to come from the maldives . for centuries , its giant seeds ( up to 44 lbs . ) had been found floating in the indian ocean , but the seeds cannot stand long immersion in sea water . the seychelles is their only home .\nnerine sarniensis herb . ( guernsey lily ) sarniensis refers to guernsey (\nsarnia\nto the romans ) , one of the channel islands between england and france , but the lily is native to southern africa . one story is that a dutch ship carrying bulbs of the lily ran aground on guernsey , and the bulbs washed ashore and took root . another story is that the shipwrecked dutch sailors used the bulbs to barter with the natives , representing them as having come from japan . william herbert named the genus after the nereids , sea nymphs , treating the plant as a gift of the sea goddesses .\nnumenius madagascariensis ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( eastern curlew ) linnaeus thought the type specimen came from madagascar . neumann ( 1932 ) presumed the skin arrived from makassar ( a portugal colony in sulavesi is . ) , whose name got confused with the better known name\nmadagascar\n. however , stresemann ( 1941 ) has found that the specimen really was taken in the philippines . the species nests in ne asia and winters from philippines to australia .\nopuntia ( cactus ) named after opus , a city in greece , although the cactus is native to the new world only . it is named after opus because pliny said it grew there , but he must have been referring to something else .\npanthera pardus japonensis gray , 1862 ( north chinese leopard ) from china , not from japan , where there are no leopards .\npelargopsis ( halcyon ) capensis ( stork - billed kingfisher ) from southern asia , not the cape region of africa .\nperiplaneta americana linnaeus , 1758 ( american cockroach ) it hails from west africa and was spread worldwide by maritime commerce , reaching north america around 1625 .\npygoscelis papua forster 1781 ( gentoo penguin ) named for papua = new guinea . in his 1776 book on new guinea , pierre sonnerat claimed to have discovered three species of penguin on the island , so this species was named accordingly . in fact sonnerat had stolen the skins from the collection of fellow naturalist philippe commerson . there have never been penguins in new guinea , and sonnerat never travelled as far east as new guinea .\nquercus canariensis wild . ( oak ) native to the iberian peninsula and northern africa ; not found naturally in the canary islands .\nrattus norvegicus berkenhout , 1769 ( norway rat ) from east asia , not norway .\nsalvia hispanica l . 1753 ( spanish sage , chia ) described by linnaeus from a specimen apparently growing wild in spain , but it had been introduced from central america by an unknown person , probably for its nutritious seeds .\nscilla peruviana ( lily ) from the mediterranean . it was named after a ship , the peru , which brought it from spain to england .\ntangara mexicana ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( turquoise tanager ) found in northern south america , not mexico .\nteucrium asiaticum l . ( germander ) grows on the balearic islands in the mediterranean , not in asia .\nturnagra capensis sparrman , 1787 . ( piopio , an extinct new zealand bird )\ncapensis\nmeans\nfrom the cape .\nsparrman , who had sailed with captain cook , apparently did not remember the localities where his specimens had been collected and thought the piopio came from south africa . the bird also has a common name of new zealand thrush , although it is unrelated to the thrushes .\nvaranus indicus ( mangrove monitor ) : from northern australia , new guinea and sulawesi , not india .\nzenaida asiatica ( white - winged dove ) from central america and southwest u . s . , not asia .\nzonotrichia capensis ( bird , emberizidae ) it lives in south and central america , but was thought to be taken from cape town in south africa .\ncorydalis mediterranea z . y . su & lid\u00e9n , 2007 ( herb ) this name is not wrong but may be misleading . mediterranea =\nfrom the middle land\n, which in this case is zhongguo , china . [ novon 17 : 490 . ]\nechidna forster , 1777 ( eel ) not the echidna . here , the monotreme might more reasonably be considered misnamed , since latin echidna , from greek ekhidna , means\nviper\n. the monotreme echidna comes from the same word , but may have been influenced by greek ekhinos ,\nhedgehog , sea urchin .\nerithacus akahige ( robin ) common japanese name : komadori . reputedly , their skins got switched en route to the national natural history museum at leiden , netherlands .\nfossa fossa ( fanaloka , or madagascan civet ) the civet with the common name\nfossa\nis cryptoprocta ferox .\nfungia fungites ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( coral ) it is , if not a fungus , at least a\nmushroom coral .\ngallinuloides eastman , 1900 ( eocene bird ) named after , but not closely related to , the gallinules ( various aquatic birds in the family rallidae ) .\nhilsa regan , 1917 ( shad ) the fish with the common name of hilsa ( also ilish ) is tenualosa ilisha ( f . hamilton , 1822 ) . hilsa kelee , the only species in its genus , has common names of kelee shad , razorbelly , and fivespot herring .\nlotus l . ( trefoil ) the common name usually refers to flowers of aquatic plants in the genus nelumbo or nymphaea . the mythical forgetfulness - inducing plant in homer ' s odyssey is thought to be ziziphus lotus , a buckthorn .\nnasturtium ( watercress ) not the nasturtium ( tropaeolum ) . the common name came later , so it should be considered the misnamed one .\nphoebe ( laurel tree or shrub ) not the phoebe birds , which are genus sayornis .\npinguinus bonnaterre , 1790 ( auk ) not a penguin . the name\npenguin\nwas originally applied to the great auk and later to the antarctic birds . it came to apply exclusively to the latter as the auks were driven to extinction .\nplatypus herbst 1793 ( a beetle , family platypodidae ) not a platypus ( which is ornithorhynchus shaw 1799 ) .\npuffinus puffinus ( manx shearwater ) not the puffin . it was described from a chick by a scientist who thought it was a puffin .\nsequoia endl . ( redwood ) the tree with common name sequoia is sequoiadendron giganteum . both , incidentally , were named after sequoyah , a cherokee silversmith who invented a written form for the cherokee language .\nthunnus albacares bonnaterre 1788 ( yellowfin , not albacore , tuna ) albacore tuna is t . alalunga . bonnaterre got his specimens mixed up .\n< < - home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback - > >\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nthe page you are looking for has been removed as a result of server decommissioning .\nplestiodon is derived from the greek words pleistos meaning\nmost\nand odontos meaning\nteeth\n. plestiodon = toothy skinks .\nlaticeps is derived from the latin word latus meaning\nbroad\nand latin suffix ceps meaning\nhead\n.\ndescription : a large skink reaching a maximum snout - vent length ( svl ) of 143 mm ( 5 . 6 inches ) and a maximum total length of 324 mm ( 12 . 8 inches ) ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . in virginia , maximum known svl is 122 mm ( 4 . 8 inches ) and maximum total length is 287 mm ( 11 . 3 inches ) . tail length in the virginia sample was 44 . 1 - 62 . 4 % ( ave . = 58 . 3 \u00b1 4 . 2 , n = 18 ) of total length .\nscutellation : body scales smooth , shiny , and overlapping ; scale rows around midbody 28 - 32 ( ave . = 30 . 8 \u00b11 . 2 , n = 21 ) ; scale rows around tail 10 scales posterior to anal opening 16 - 20 ( ave . = 17 . 4 \u00b11 . 0 , n = 19 ) , 84 . 2 % of sample is > 16 ; mid - ventral row of subcaudal scales wider than long relative to adjacent scales ; supralabials 8 / 8 ( 52 . 2 % , n = 23 ) , 8 / 7 ( 40 . 4 % ) , or 7 / 7 ( 17 . 4 % ) ; posterior labial scale touching crescent - shaped temporal scale located above ear opening ( 38 . 6 % , n = 44 ; sides counted separately ) , separated from it by 1 or 2 small scales ( 52 . 3 % ) , or separated from it by another temporal scale ( 9 . 1 % ) ; labial scales between rostral and first supralabial entering eye ( = preorbital supralabials ) 5 / 5 ( 53 . 1 % , n = 49 ) , 4 / 5 ( 34 . 7 % ) , or 4 / 4 ( 12 . 2 % ) ; postnasals present ; mental single ; postmentals 2\nsexual dimorphism : adult males ( 103 . 3 \u00b1 12 . 5 mm svl , 76 - 122 , n = 26 ) averaged significantly larger than females ( 94 . 9 \u00b18 . 6 mm svl , 80 - 112 , n = 15 ) . sexual dimorphism index was - 0 . 09 . the heads of adult males were wider ( 13 . 3 - 26 . 6 mm , ave . = 20 . 9 \u00b1 3 . 9 , n = 26 ) than those of adult females ( 12 . 7 - 20 . 3 mm , ave . = 15 . 4 \u00b1 1 . 8 , n = 13 ) . vitt and cooper ( 1985a ) demonstrated that this difference remained after the covariation due to body size was removed . tail length relative to total length ( males 54 . 7 - 61 . 5 % , ave . = 59 . 2 \u00b1 2 . 4 , n = 9 ; females 44 . 1 - 61 . 1 % , ave . = 55 . 3 \u00b1 6 . 6 , n = 5 ) , scale rows around midbody ( males 30 - 32 , ave . = 30 . 6 \u00b1 0 . 7 , n = 8 ; females 29 - 32 , ave . = 31 . 1 \u00b1 1 . 2 , n = 9 ) , and scale rows around the tail 10 scales posterior to the anal plate ( males 16 - 19 , ave . = 17 . 0 \u00b1 1 . 0 , n = 8 ; females 17 - 20 , ave . - 17 . 7 \u00b1 1 . 0 , n = 9 ) were not sexually dimorphic .\nadult males lose the body and tail stripes with age , becoming uniformly brown with a brownish - gray tail . the head in males becomes bright orange and enlarged in the temporal region during the mating season ( spring ) but fades and reduces in size in other times of the year . females lack the enlarged orange heads and retain the stripes for life , although they do fade somewhat .\njuveniles : juveniles are black to dark brown at hatching , with light - orange head stripes and cream - to - orange - tinted body stripes . sublateral light stripes may be present . the stripes on the tail are blue . the blue tail color is usually retained until sexual maturity is reached ( about 75 - 80 mm svl ) . size at hatching in virginia p . laticeps averaged 32 . 1 \u00b1 2 . 2 mm svl ( 28 - 35 , n = 14 ) and 75 . 9 \u00b1 5 . 2 mm total length ( 65 - 82 , n = 10 ) . body mass at hatching is unknown .\ngeographic variation : the small sample sizes available from virginia preclude analyses of geographic variation in this species . davis ( 1968 ) examined large samples and noted several differences in scale characters among broad regions .\nbiology : broad - headed skinks are largely arboreal and , in virginia , inhabit open forested areas . they are most common in open , mature pine stands and in open stands of mixed hardwood - mostly live and turkey oak and loblolly and virginia pines . they have also been found on houses and barns in wooded areas . in south carolina , these skinks were most abundant in stands of live oak ( vitt and cooper , 1985a , 1985b ) . this skink prefers a more xeric habitat than p . fasciatus . all of the known virginia specimens were collected april through august . winter aggregations in underground retreats were found in alabama ( cooper and garstka , 1987 ) . the seasonal activity of this skink and the nature of its changes in habitat use between seasons are unknown .\nthe population ecology of this species is unknown . large adult males in south carolina guard their territories and the females within them , chasing smaller males away ( vitt and cooper , 1985a ) . this behavior suggests that territory placement is dependent on the availability and spacial distribution of appropriate trees and perch and nesting sites . thus , population sizes may be regulated by the structure of the habitat . adults of this species are probably the longest lived of any virginia lizard . cooper and vitt ( 1987a ) noted a male they collected in south carolina had a potential life span of over 8 years .\nremarks : other common names in virginia are big scorpion lizard ( dunn , 1936 ) and greater five - lined skink ( carroll , 1950 ; schmidt , 1953 ; reed , 1957b ) .\nconservation and management : plestiodon laticeps is not a species of special concern in virginia because of its wide distribution . in areas of urban development , however , this lizard will have difficulty surviving because of the loss of open wooded stands large enough to support viable populations , and because of mortality from humans and domestic cats . conservation of this element of virginia ' s biodiversity is best approached by the management of large , open wooded areas with mature and dead trees within them , and by control of predation by cats .\nbroad - headed skink ( top ) vs . five - lined skink ( bottom )\naccomack county albemarle county alleghany county botetourt county buckingham county campbell county caroline county charles city county charlotte county chesapeake city chesterfield county clifton forge city cumberland county fairfax county fauquier county fluvanna county greensville county halifax county hanover county henrico county henry county james city county king george county loudoun county montgomery county northampton county northumberland county patrick county pittsylvania county prince william county rockbridge county stafford county suffolk city surry county virginia beach city warren county westmoreland county york county verified in 38 counties / cities ."]}
{"id": 380, "summary": [{"text": "scoliodon is a genus of requiem shark , and part of the family carcharhinidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was formerly thought to include only a single indo-pacific species , the spadenose shark ( s. laticaudus ) , but recent taxonomic research has found two species , and the formerly excluded junior synonyms need to be resurrected . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "scoliodon", "paragraphs": ["carcharias laticauda , carcharias laticaudus , carcharias muelleri , carcharias m\u00fclleri , carcharias palasoora , carcharias sorrahkowah , carcharias ( physodon ) m\u00fclleri , carcharias ( prionodon ) palasorra , carcharias ( prionodon ) sorrahkowah , carcharias ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , physodon muelleri , physodon m\u00fclleri , physodon mulleri , scoliodon cf . laticaudus , scoliodon palasorrah , scoliodon sorrakawah , scoliodon sorrakowa , scoliodon sorrakowah , squalus ( scoliodon ) laticaudus , squalus ( triglochis ) mulleri\nplease send your images of\nscoliodon laticaudus\nto info @ urltoken scoliodon laticaudus m\u00fcller & henle , 1838 , \u00a9 randall , j . e . , urltoken\nscoliodon laticaudus : spadenose shark - notes for t . y . b . sc . sem vi\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .\nscoliodon laticaudus\nin fishbase . august 2009 version .\nexternal characters systematic position phylum : chordata sub - phylum : vertebrata division : gnathostomata superclass : pisces order : squaliformes family : carcharinidae genus : scoliodon species : sorrakowah distribution : indian , pacific west indies and eastern coasts of south america and atlantic oceans . grace white recognises 9 species 4 in indian waters scoliodon sorrakowah is called black shark .\nsimpfendorfer , c . ( 2009 ) .\nscoliodon laticaudus\n. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .\nat the base of caudal fin the tail bears two shallow depressions , one dorsal and one ventral , known as caudal pits , which are characteristics of the genus scoliodon .\nsetna , s . b . and p . n . sarangdhar , 1948 . description , bionomics and development of scoliodon sorrakowah ( cuvier ) . rec . indian mus . , 46 ( 14 ) : 25 - 53\n( of scoliodon sorrakowa ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scoliodon sorrakawah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scoliodon palasorrah ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthillayampalam , e . m . , 1928 . scoliodon ( the common shark of the indian seas ) . in the indian zoological memoirs on indian animal types . lucknow , methodist publishing house , vol . 2 : 116 p .\nspringer , v . g . , 1964 . a revision of the carcharhinid shark genera scoliodon , loxodon , and rhizoprionodon . proc . u . s . natl . mus . , 115 ( 3493 ) : 5 59 - 632\nwourms , j . p . ( 1993 ) .\nmaximization of evolutionary trends for placental viviparity in the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus\n. environmental biology of fishes 38 : 269\u2013294 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00842922 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scoliodon laticaudus m\u00fcller & henle , 1838 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\ncaira , j . n . and s . m . durkin ( 2006 ) .\na new genus and species of tetraphyllidean cestode from the spadenose shark , scoliodon laticaudus , in malaysian borneo\n. comparative parasitology 73 ( 1 ) : 42\u201348 . doi : 10 . 1654 / 4185 . 1 .\nwhite , w . t . , p . r . last and g . j . p . naylor , 2010 . scoliodon macrorhynchos ( bleeker , 1852 ) , a second species of spadenose shark from the western pacific ( carcharhiniformes : carcharhinidae ) . pp . 61 - 76 . in p . r . last , w . t . white , and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new sharks and rays from borneo . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 32 . ( ref . 84283 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nm\u00fcller , j . and henle , f . g . j . 1839 . systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . plagiostomen , berlin .\n) is a small coastal shark which is abundant in the northern indian ocean and southeast asia . despite being commonly caught in fisheries there are no data available on the status of the spadenose shark . it is likely that its life history will make it more resilient to fishing than larger , longer - lived , species of elasmobranchs . however , because of its limited fecundity concern exists that fishing will lead to recruitment overfishing .\nthe spadenose shark is an abundant inshore species throughout southeast asia and northeastern africa . it occurs in the indonesian archipelago as far as java and kalimantan . it is commonly recorded from the lower reaches of rivers in at least malaysia , sumatra and borneo ( compagno 1984b ) .\nthe abundance of this species in inshore waters makes it a major component of a variety of fisheries in southeast asia . for example , kasim ( 1991 ) reported that the annual recorded catch of spadenose shark in the verval coast , india from 1979 - 1981 averaged 823 t . this was taken mostly by trawl and gillnet fishing . parry - jones ( 1996 ) reported that the spadenose shark was the most commonly observed coastal species in chinese market surveys . unfortunately , there are no data available on the overall catch of this species , or the impact of fishing on stocks . the occurrence of this species in estuarine and inshore areas may also make this species susceptible to the impacts of habitat degradation and modification . however , there are no data available on this subject .\nthere are no known conservation or management measures that apply specifically to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and . . .\ndescription temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of carcharias macrorhynchos bleeker , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias muelleri m\u00fcller & henle , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias palasoora bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias sorrahkowah bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carcharias sorrakowah ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of physodon muelleri ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1839 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , skolex = worm + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nwestern central pacific : w indonesia , malaysia , gulf of thailand , singapore , borneo , philippines , china , hong kong , taiwan and japan ; exceptions , e indonesia , new guinea , northern australia , and remainder of the oceania region .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - 39 . 7 cm max length : 63 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 84283 ) ; 70 . 7 cm tl ( female )\noccurs in shallow , inshore waters , most abundant near large freshwater outflows , e . g . pearl river estuary ( hong kong ) and the large borneo drainage systems ( ref . 84283 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - 13 m . tropical ; 26\u00b0c - 29\u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) ; 34\u00b0n - 26\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 130\u00b0e\nindo - west pacific : persian gulf ( ref . 68964 ) , somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .\nmaturity : l m 34 . 3 , range 33 - 35 cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . bronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .\nfound on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .\nviviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )\n) : 25 . 3 - 29 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 1946 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 00750 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( k = 0 . 88 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 6 ; fec = 1 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n. colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .\nindo - west pacific : tanzania , pakistan india , sri lanka , malaysia , singapore , thailand , java , borneo , china , taiwan island , japan . apparently absent from australasia and oceania .\nshark of continental and insular shelves close inshore , frequently in rocky areas . often very abundant in its range and occurring in large schools . the spadenose shark is very common in the lower reaches of\n, with an unusual columnar placenta . fertilized eggs are unusually small , 1 mm in diameter and with little yolk . developing embryos apparently derive very little of their nutriment from yolk , have no yolk in their developed yolk sacs , and establish a placental connection with the maternal uterus extremely early in their development . thus embryos and fetuses are nourished by the mother during the entire\nsizevaries from 1 to 14 , and size at birth between 13 and 15 cm . in malaysian waters these sharks apparently can\ncurves and estimated average sizes at ages from 1 to 5 years . his data indicates that both\nbetween 1 and 2 years old and reach a maximum age of about 5 years for the largest known males and at least 6 for the largest females .\ngobies ( tripauchenidae ) and bombay ducks ( harpadontidae ) , as well as shrimp and cuttlefish . harmless to people .\nat 33 to 35 cm and reaching at least 69 cm ; size at birth 12 to 15 cm , averaging about 14 cm .\nin indian and pakistani waters , commonly taken in artisanal and commercial fisheries . caught with\nnair , r . v . , k . k . appukuttan and m . e . rajapandian , 1974 . on the systematics and identity of four pelagic sharks of the family carcharhinidae from the indian region . indian j . fish . , 21 ( 1 ) : 220 - 32\nteshima , k . , m . ahmad , and k . mizue , 1978 . studies on sharks . 4 . reproduction in the telok anson shark collected from perak river , malaysia . jap . j . ichthyol . , 25 ( 3 ) : 181 - 9\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nm\u00fcller & henle , 1838 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\n: field marks : a small , unmistakable requiem shark , with a very long , flat , laterally expanded , spadelike snout , small eyes , small , smooth - edged bladelike teeth with oblique cusps , distal blades , and no cusplets , a stocky compressed body , short , broad triangular pectoral fins , the first dorsal fin well rearward on the back with its rear tip about over the pelvic midbases , the second dorsal fin much smaller than the first and with its origin well behind the anal origin , the anal fin much larger than the second dorsal and with a straight posterior margin and a base without long preanal ridges , and a caudal fin with its postventral margin only moderately concave , not deeply notched . it is bronzy grey above , white below , without conspicuous markings .\ndiagnostic features : body moderately stout . head broad , greatly depressed , and trowel - shaped ; snout parabolic or bell - shaped in dorsoventral view , very long , with preoral length greater than internarial space and mouth width ; eyes small , without posterior notches ; spiracles absent ; no papillose gillrakers on internal gill openings ; nostrils small , internarial space about 4 to 6 times nostril width ; anterior nasal flaps very short , narrowly triangular , and not tubular ; labial furrows very short to rudimentary , with uppers shorter than lowers and falling far behind eyes ; teeth similar in upper and lower jaws , anteroposteriors with slender oblique cusps and distal blades but no cusplets or serrations ; cusps of lower teeth not prominently protruding when mouth is closed ; 25 to 33 / 24 to 34 rows of teeth . interdorsal ridge absent or rudimentary ; no dermal keels present on caudal peduncle ; upper precaudal pit transverse and crescentic . first dorsal origin over or behind pectoral rear tips , its midbase much closer to pelvic bases than to pectorals and its free rear tip about over pelvic midbases ; second dorsal fin much smaller than first , its height 1 / 3 of first dorsal height or less , its origin behind anal midbase ; pectoral fins very broad and triangular , not falcate , pectoral length from origin to free rear tip about equal to pectoral anterior margin ; pectoral origins under interspace between fourth and fifth gill slits ; anal fin much larger than second dorsal , with short preanal ridges and a straight or slightly concave posterior margin . colour light grey , yellowish or brownish grey above , without a colour pattern .\n) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nfound on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers ( ref . 244 ) . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods ( ref . 244 ) . forms large schools ( ref . 244 ) . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and cuttlefish ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . common by - catch of the inshore demersal gillnet fisheries , particularly those operating off kalimantan ( ref . 58048 ) . utilized fresh for human consumption ; processed into fishmeal and used as bait for other sharks and bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . maximum sizes up to 120 cm unconfirmed ( ref . 244 ) .\nindo - west pacific : somalia ( ref . 30573 ) , tanzania , mozambique ( ref . 5213 ) , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia ( ref . 4959 ) .\n100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ) ; max . reported age : 6 years ( ref . 244 )\ntemperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .\nbronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings ( ref . 9997 ) .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 7 . 5 - 7 . 5 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 27 . 917 - 27 . 917 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 279 - 0 . 279 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 691 - 35 . 691 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 513 - 4 . 513 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 392 - 0 . 392 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 834 - 4 . 834 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\ndemersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 10 - 13 m\ndepth : 10 - 13m . from 10 to 13 meters . habitat : demersal . temperature range : 26 . 0 - 29 . 0 \u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . 120 cm record unconfirmed . found on rocky substrates of coastal waters and lower reaches of tropical rivers . it is uncertain , however , if this species can live in perfectly fresh water for extended periods . feeds on small bony fishes , shrimps and squids . viviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ; litter size varies from 1 to 14 . size at birth 12 to 15 cm . forms large schools . utilized for human consumption .\namphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km . characteristic elements in amphidromy are : reproduction in fresh water , passage to sea by newly hatched larvae , a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long , return to fresh water of well - grown juveniles , a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water , followed by reproduction there ( ref . 82692 ) .\nviviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta ( ref . 244 ) . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta ( ref . 39556 ) . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic ( ref . 39556 ) . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 ( ref . 9997 ) . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl ( ref . 9997 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nused for this species include indian dog shark , sharp - nosed shark , trowel - nose shark , and yellow dog shark .\nare small . the corners of the mouth are well behind the eyes and have poorly developed furrows at the corners . there are 25\u201333 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 24\u201334 tooth rows in the lower jaw ; each tooth has a single slender , blade - like , oblique cusp without serrations . the first\n, which are very short and broad . the second dorsal fin is much smaller than the\n. there is no ridge between the dorsal fins . the back is bronze - gray in color , and the belly is white . the fins are plain but may be darker than the body . the maximum known length is 74 cm ( 29 in ) , though there are unsubstantiated reports of individuals reaching 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .\n. it is typically found close to the coast in water 10\u201313 m ( 33\u201343 ft ) deep , often close to rocky bottoms . this shark is frequently reported from the lower reaches of rivers in\neggs measure only 1 mm ( 0 . 039 in ) in diameter , while the developing\nbecome dependent on their mother for sustenance at a length of only 3 mm ( 0 . 12 in ) . the placental stalk , formed from the\nfemale spadenose sharks probably mate at least once per year , and breeding takes place year - round . the\nof the spadenose shark is five to six months long , and the young are born at a length of 12\u201315 cm ( 4 . 7\u20135 . 9 in ) . the litter size is six to 18 . males\nat a length of 24\u201336 cm ( 9 . 4\u201314 . 2 in ) , and females at a length of 33\u201335 cm ( 13\u201314 in ) . estimates of the age at maturity range from six months to two years . the\n, and hook - and - line . the meat is eaten or used as bait for other fishes , the fins are valued for\ndespite its commercial importance , overall fishery statistics for the spadenose shark are lacking . a 1996 report found it to be the most common coastal shark on\nfisheries ; from 1979 to 1981 , an average of 823 tons were caught annually off verval , india .\nthis shark may also be negatively affected by coastal development , due to its inshore habitat preferences .\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . rome : food and agricultural organization . pp . 533\u2013535 . isbn 92 - 5 - 101384 - 5 .\ncarrier , j . c . , j . a . musick and m . r . heithaus ( 2004 ) . biology of sharks and their relatives . crc press . pp . 52 , 502 . isbn 0 - 8493 - 1514 - x .\nmartin , r . a . hammerhead taxonomy . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved on august 30 , 2009 .\nfowler , s . l . , r . d . cavanagh , m . camhi , g . h . burgess , g . m . cailliet , s . v . fordham , c . a . simpfendorfer , and j . a . musick ( 2005 ) . sharks , rays and chimaeras : the status of the chondrichthyan fishes . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . p . 313 . isbn 2 - 8317 - 0700 - 5 .\narthur , j . r . , a . t . a . ahmed ( 2002 ) . checklist of the parasites of fishes of bangladesh . food and agriculture organization of the united nations . p . 30 . isbn 92 - 5 - 104854 - 1 .\ndavidson , a . ( 2003 ) . seafood of south - east asia : a comprehensive guide with recipes ( second ed . ) . ten speed press . p . 125 . isbn 1 - 58008 - 452 - 4 .\nsen , d . p . ( 2005 ) . advances in fish processing technology . allied publishers . p . 499 . isbn 81 - 7764 - 655 - 9 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n1 . body - long , laterally compressed , spindle - shaped tapering at both ends .\n6 . largest part of the body is trunk extending from behind the gill - slits upto the cloacal aperture .\n9 . mouth - wide crescentric opening , present on the ventral side of the head .\n14 . caudal fin present along the ventral and dorsal surfaces of tail and forms dorsal and ventral lobe .\n15 . anal fin present in the mid - ventral line . length - 5 cm in front of caudal fin opposite to the second dorsal fin\n20 . lateral line - a faint line running on either side of the body extending from head to the tail .\n3 . hammer - shaped head i . e . head is flattened in front and expanded sideways into 2 conspicuous lobes\n10 . presence of 2 dorsal fin . first is situated in front of the pelvic fin and second is opposite to the anal fin\n10 . it inflict wounds on its victim by means of string on the tail .\ndistribution : mediterranean and atlantic oceans particularly in america , west indies , china and gulf of mexico . in india pristis cuspidata and p . microdon species are found\nsketchbook of fishes - 25 . ( longnose ) saw shark - william buelow gould , c1832\ndistribution : mediterranean , red sea , atlantic and pacific oceans . indian ocean has t . marmorata species\n8 . in between the pectoral fins and head on either side - a pair of large eletric organs are present .\n3 . naked skin with characteristic of open groove loding the lateral line system .\ngeographical distribution : marshes and lakes of fresh water and brackish water of west africa , india , burma and malaya . in fresh water of india n . chital is found\n6 . short dorsal fins without spine . at the level of the dorsal fin ventral fin is situated\ngeographical distribution : in tropical and warm parts of atlantic and indian oceans . e . pecilopterus is found in indian ocean to china seas\n2 . body colour : bluish and silvery below . pectoral fins have black spots\n6 . hypobatic tail i . e . ventral lobe of the tail fin is large\nthis page was last modified on 4 december 2013 , at 13 : 55 .\ncontent is available under the creative commons attribution share alike license unless otherwise noted .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\ncompagno , l . j . v . and v . h . niem 1998 carcharhinidae . requiem sharks . p . 1312 - 1360 . in : k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao , rome .\nbronze grey above , white below , fins sometimes darker than body ; no conspicuous markings .\nviviparous , with an unusual columnar placenta . maternal and foetal placenta comprises the entire placenta . transplacental nutrient transfer may be hemotrophic . litter size varies from 1 ( ref . 58048 ) to 14 . size at birth about 13 to 15 cm tl . distinct pairing with embrace .\nbreder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .\ndefines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .\namphidromous . refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea ( in both directions ) , but not for the purpose of breeding , as in anadromous and catadromous species . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nriede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .\ndescribes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .\n100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . reported age : 6 years\nbouhlel , m . 1988 poissons de djibouti . placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nindo - west pacific : somalia , tanzania , mozambique , pakistan to java in indonesia ; then japan , china , and taiwan . reported from australia .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\ncoppola , s . r . , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , n . scialabba and k . e . carpenter 1994 speciesdab : global species database for fishery purposes . user & quot ; s manual . fao computerized information series ( fisheries ) . no . 9 . rome , fao . 103 p . compagno , l . j . v . 1984 fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )\na checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .\nurogenital system in vertebrates : tybsc course semester - vi \u2013 usz0601of univer . . .\nrespiratory system of vertebrates : notes for the tybsc course usz0601sem vi o . . .\nnervous systems in vertebrates : t . y . b . sc . sem vi notes\nassessment of some hydrological parameters of ulhas river estuary , in the vic . . .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanimal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai :\nanimal type : shark ( dog fish ) t . y . b . sc . ( zoology ) paper - i university of mumbai , mumbai dr . rahul patil assistant professor , department of zoology veer wajekar arts , science & commerce college , phunde , navi mumbai\nhabits & habitat marine , carnivorous and predaceous feeding on crabs , lobsters , worms an fishes . sharp teeth are weapon sexes are separate fertilization in internal , development is direct viviparous : develop inside uteri .\nexternal characters shape , size and colour body elongated / spindle shaped and laterally compressed streamlined full grown individual measures up to 60 cm . head , trunk and tail head : dorsoventrally flattened , pointed rostrum trunk : almost oval tail : posterior half of the body is bent upwards colour : dark gray dorsally and pale white ventrally .\nenter one or more tags separated by comma or enter . numeric tags are not allowed .\nyou do not have the permission to view this presentation . in order to view it , please contact the author of the presentation .\nhttps ( hypertext transfer protocol secure ) is a protocol used by web servers to transfer and display web content securely . most web browsers block content or generate a \u201cmixed content\u201d warning when users access web pages via https that contain embedded content loaded via http . to prevent users from facing this , use https option .\nshare your urltoken is the home of thousands of essays published by experts like you ! publish your original essays now .\nit is situated a little behind the apex on the ventral side of the anterior region of the body . mouth is bounded by upper and lower jaws each bearing 1 or 2 rows of sharply , pointed and backwardly directed teeth . teeth are adapted for holding and tearing of the prey .\ntwo crescentic apertures , the nares or nostrils are present ventro - laterally and anterior to mouth .\nthey are exclusively olfactory , have no role in respiration , as they are not connected to mouth cavity by internal nostrils .\nanterior to each pectoral fin , on either side of the body vertically elongated external gill slits or branchial clefts are present in a series of 1 to 5 . they are main respiratory organs .\nbetween two pelvic fins , on the tail region an elongated median groove or cloacal aperture is found .\nit leads into a small chamber , the cloaca , which is the common exit for digestive and urinogenital system .\nwithin either lateral edge of cloaca , the abdominal pores are situated on elevated papillae . the abdominal cavity opens to the exterior through these abdominal pores .\na faint lateral line runs along either lateral side of the body . it marks the position of an underlying sensory lateral line canal system which opens outside at intervals through minute pores .\non the head and snout several minute ampullary pores of the ampullae of lorenzini open at dorsal surface . they secrete mucus when pressed .\nwelcome to shareyouressays . com ! our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about essay . this website includes study notes , research papers , essays , articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like you .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of physodon valenciennes , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scolliodon ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nm\u00fcller , j . & f . g . j . henle in m\u00fcller , j . & f . g . j . henle . 1838 .\nahmad , a . , a . a . abdul haris hilmi , a . c . gambang , s . ahemad and a . r . solahuddin ( eds . ) ( 2004 ) elasmobranch resources , utilization , trade and management in malaysia . : marine fishery resources development and management department , southeast asian fisheries development center .\nbianchi , g . ( 1985 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . : prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p .\nbor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .\nbouhlel , m . ( 1988 ) poissons de djibouti . : placerville ( california , usa ) : rda international , inc . 416 p .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 1999 ) checklist of living elasmobranchs . : p . 471 - 498 . in w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . johns hopkins university press , maryland .\ncompagno , leonard j . v . , 1984 : sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2 .\ndepartment of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfao - fies ( 2015 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrieved from urltoken [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga ( 1990 ) fichas fao de identifica\u00e7ao de esp\u00e9cies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das esp\u00e9cies comerciais marinhas e de \u00e1guas salobras de mo\u00e7ambique . : publica\u00e7ao preparada em collabora\u00e7ao com o instituto de investiga\u00e7ao pesquiera de mo\u00e7ambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nkharbhari , j . p . ( 1982 ) marine fisheries information services india . : central marine fisheries research institute : 18 - 23 .\nkotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino ( 1984 ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . : tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) .\nmohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam ( 1993 ) malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . : occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p .\npanglima laot lhok krueng aceh ( 2008 ) list jenis ikan yang ada di perairan aceh : fish species / jenis ikan . : urltoken"]}
{"id": 382, "summary": [{"text": "the podocopida are an order of ostracods in the subclass podocopa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is divided into five suborders \u2013 bairdiocopina , cypridocopina , cytherocopina , darwinulocopina , and sigilliocopina .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is the most diverse of the four orders of ostracods , and also has a rich fossil record . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "podocopida", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30dd\u30c9\u30b3\u30d4\u30c0\u76ee\nto\npodocopida\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ab\u30a4\u30df\u30b8\u30f3\u30b3\u76ee\nto\npodocopida\n.\non limnocytherina axalapasco , a new freshwater ostracod ( podocopida : limnocytheridae ) from mexican crater lakes .\non limnocytherina axalapasco , a new freshwater ostracod ( podocopida : limnocytheridae ) from mexican crater lakes . - pubmed - ncbi\nbrand\u00e3o , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database . podocopida . accessed at : urltoken ; = 1091 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nbrand\u00e3o , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database . podocopida . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 1091 on 2018 - 07 - 09\norder podocopida ordovician to present ; antennae uniramous ; 5 pairs of postoral appendages ; marine , freshwater , and terrestrial . class malacostraca cambrian to present ; typically with compound eyes , stalked or sessile ; 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments , each potentially capable of bearing a pair of appendages ; about 22 , 000 species . \u2026\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nyan wong marked\nfile : costanera de la ciudad de paran\u00e1 . jpg\nas hidden on the\ncosta neviani 1928\npage .\nyan wong marked\nfile : costanera de la ciudad de paran\u00e1 . jpg\nas untrusted on the\ncosta neviani 1928\npage . reasons to untrust : incorrect / misleading\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n, littoral and sub - littoral , some ( particularly in freshwater ) are planktonic ; hence not keyed out here . with some 1600 species worldwide , this is the largest group of recent ostracoda .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b39eaad5 - 87b6 - 4a7b - 90b9 - 269b56b0a4a5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 114deb37 - 88f1 - 4bc7 - 8832 - 16a1e19c8319\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 262261\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nformerly , shannon point marine center , western washington university , anacortes , washington .\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience , or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution , fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge , accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students . its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie . contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright \u00a9 mcgraw - hill global education holdings , llc . all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice . any use is subject to the terms of use . additional credits and copyright information ."]}
{"id": 386, "summary": [{"text": "the northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is known from peru and chile , at elevations from 300 to 5000 m , and may also be present in bolivia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "northern viscacha", "paragraphs": ["northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) adult and young cordillera blanca massif , andes , peru .\nmountain viscacha ( lagidium viscasia ) resting in a wetland area of lauca national park in northern chile .\n) , which is also sometimes called the northern mountain viscacha , is a rodent and a member of the chinchillidae family , which also includes chinchillas . these little guys can be found in peru , northern\nthe mountain viscacha is found in the extreme southern portion of peru , western and central bolivia , northern and central chile , and in western argentina .\nperu , 15th - century inca site located 2 , 430 metres ( 7 , 970 ft ) above sea level . northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) .\nthe southern viscacha has a patchy distribution comprising parts of western bolivia , northern chile , western argentina and possibly extreme southern peru ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe southern viscacha has a patchy distribution comprising parts of western bolivia , northern chile , western argentina and possibly extreme southern peru ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nnature picture library - northern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) two playing together , huascaran national park , cordillera blanca , andes , peru - cyril r . . .\nnorthern viscachas make their burrows in the crevices of the rocky habitat they prefer and live in large colonies that can include up to 80 animals . the northern viscacha is not a territorial animal , but colonies tend to be separated from one another by some distance .\nthe northern viscacha is currently listed on the iucn red list as a species of least concern . it is believed to be a widely distributed species with a healthy population .\nmountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) in ecuador : first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes\nmountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) in ecuador - first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes\nsouthern mountain viscacha - lagidium viscacia the southern mountain viscacha looks like a long - tailed rabbit . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe southern viscacha is native to the mountainous parts of western argentina , southern peru , western and central bolivia , and northern and central chile . it lives among rocks and around crags where the vegetation is sparse .\nthe rocky territory that the northern viscacha lives in has sparse vegetation , so the little herbivore feeds on the hardy grasses that can survive in this somewhat harsh environment . it also dines on lichens and mosses . northern viscachas typically feed in the evenings and early nighttime hours . their daytime hours are usually spent basking in the sun on rocks .\nthe southern viscacha is native to the mountainous parts of western argentina , southern peru , western and central bolivia and the northern and central parts of chile . it lives in and among rocks and around crags where the vegetation is sparse .\nthe northern viscacha is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthis species occurs in northern , central and eastern argentina , southern and western paraguay , and southeastern bolivia ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .\nthe fur on their lower body is lighter than their upper parts and can be white , pale gray or yellow . the ends of their long tails are darker than the rest of the northern viscacha ' s body , usually rust or black in color .\nnorthern viscachas look a little like a cross between a squirrel and a rabbit . they have large ears for their bodies , soft , thick fur , and a bushy curled tail . northern viscachas that live at lower elevations are typically gray in color , while those living up higher tend to be brown .\nrowlands iw . 1974 . mountain viscacha . symposium of the zoological society of london 34 : 131 - 141 . [ links ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia )\ntitle =\narkive species - southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n. although they are typically found between the timber and the snow lines in the andes mountains at elevations between 3 , 000 to 5 , 000 meters - - or 10 , 000 feet to 16 , 000 feet - - they can also be found in low coastal ranges at only 300 meters - - or 980 feet . in addition , the northern viscacha is one of only 70 mammal species that live in the unique winter rainfall - valdivian forests in chile .\nalthough the southern viscacha is locally hunted for its meat and fur , it is still a very common species , and is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern ( 1 ) .\nalthough the southern viscacha is locally hunted for its meat and fur , it is still a very common species , and is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern ( 1 ) .\nthere are seven species in this family . they are all found in south america . they have thick , very soft fur ; large ears ; big eyes ; and bushy tails . their hind legs are longer than their front legs . they live in colonies . most species , except for the plains viscacha , live in rocky crevices or burrows in the mountains . plains viscacha live on the plains and dig burrows .\nthe southern viscacha is a common species and locally abundant but it is prone to wide swings in population due to adverse weather conditions . it is hunted for its flesh and its fur but not to such an extent as to reduce its numbers significantly . the\nthe southern viscacha has yellowish - grey upperparts , paler underparts , and a black - tipped , bushy tail . the body fur is long and soft , while that on the tail is coarse . the long , fur - covered ears have a white fringe and both the short front legs and longer hind legs have four digits on the feet . the soles of the feet have fleshy pads called\npallipes\nand they can move about with agility over rocky surfaces . the weight of an adult southern viscacha is about\nthe southern viscacha is a common species and locally abundant , but it is prone to wide swings in population due to adverse weather conditions . it is hunted for its flesh and its fur , but not to such an extent as to reduce its numbers significantly . the\nthe southern viscacha has yellowish - grey upperparts , paler underparts and a black - tipped bushy tail . the body fur is long and soft while that on the tail is coarse . the long fur - covered ears have a white fringe and both the short front legs and longer hind legs have four digits on the feet . the soles of the feet have fleshy pads called\npallipes\nand they can move about with agility over rocky surfaces . the weight of an adult southern viscacha is about 3 kilograms ( 6 . 6 lb ) .\nnorthern viscacha ( lagidium peruanum ) * family : chinchillidae , * genus : lagidium , * species : l . peruanum , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : rodentia , * type : mammal , * diet : omnivore , * average life span in captivity : 6 - 8 years , * size : averages 6 . 9 in ( 175 mm ) , * weight : up to 19 . 8 lb ( 9 kg ) , * * viscachas or vizcachas are rodents of two genera ( lagidium and lagostomus ) in the family chinchillidae . they are closely related to chinchillas , and look similar to rabbits . more info : urltoken or urltoken\nthis species occurs in southern peru , southern and western bolivia , northern chilie and western argentina ( woods and kilpatrick 2005 ) . it occurs between 2 , 500 m asl to 5 , 100 m asl . the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised . this species is not present in southern peru ( h . zeballos pers . comm . ) .\nthere are currently no known conservation measures in place for the southern viscacha , but it does occur in several protected areas . although hunting is not currently considered a major threat to this species , it needs to be monitored in case it starts to have a severe impact on the population ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no known conservation measures in place for the southern viscacha , but it does occur in several protected areas . although hunting is not currently considered a major threat to this species , it needs to be monitored in case it starts to have a severe impact on the population ( 1 ) .\nthe southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae found in argentina , bolivia , chile , and peru . it is a colonial animal living in small groups in rocky mountain areas . it has long ears and hind legs and resembles a rabbit in appearance apart from its long , bushy tail .\nthe southern viscacha ( lagidium viscacia ) is a species of rodent in the family chinchillidae and is found in argentina , bolivia , chile and peru . it is a colonial animal living in small groups in rocky mountain areas . it has long ears and hind legs and resembles a rabbit in appearance apart from its long , bushy tail .\nthis species occurs in southern peru , southern and western bolivia , northern chile and western argentina . it occurs between 700 m in the rio negro province of argentina to above 4 , 800 m in the mountains from central peru through bolivia , chile and northwestern argentina ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) . the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised . this species is not present in southern peru ( h . zeballos pers . comm . ) .\nduring the day , the southern viscacha emerges from the clefts and crevices it colonises , to forage for food , and bask on rocky perches in the sun ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it runs and leaps amongst the rocks with incredible agility , and eats a wide variety of plants including grasses , mosses , and lichens ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe southern viscacha is one of three south american rodent species commonly referred to as mountain viscachas ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in common with its two congeners , the southern viscacha looks remarkably like a long - tailed rabbit ( 3 ) . soft dense fur covers its body , from the tips of its elongate ears to the end of its long , curled tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the forelimbs are relatively short , while the contrastingly long and muscular hind - limbs enable it run and jump with ease ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the colour of its fur varies seasonally and with age , but generally the upperparts are grey to brown , with tints of cream and black , while the under - parts are pale yellow or tan ( 2 ) .\nthe southern viscacha is one of three south american rodent species commonly referred to as mountain viscachas ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in common with its two congeners , the southern viscacha looks remarkably like a long - tailed rabbit ( 3 ) . soft dense fur covers its body , from the tips of its elongate ears to the end of its long , curled tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the forelimbs are relatively short , while the contrastingly long and muscular hind - limbs enable it run and jump with ease ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the colour of its fur varies seasonally and with age , but generally the upperparts are grey to brown , with tints of cream and black , while the under - parts are pale yellow or tan ( 2 ) .\nlike all mountain viscachas , the southern viscacha is a gregarious species that forms small to very large colonies , comprising one or more family groups ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the timing of the breeding season is not documented for this species , but the gestation period has been estimated at 120 to 140 days , with just a single young born at a time . the young is born fully haired with its eyes open , and is normally weaned after eight weeks , and reaches sexual maturity at around a year ( 3 ) .\n, one of several recognized species of\nmountain viscachas ,\nlives in the andes mountains of peru at elevations ranging from approximately 3 , 000 - 5 , 000 meters . this corresponds to the area contained between the timber and snow lines .\n, while often locally abundant , exhibits a scattered distribution across its range . it is not uncommon to have dense populations separated from other such populations by over 10 kilometers . there is seemingly little or no difference in habitat structure between occupied areas and the unoccupied areas between populations .\nlive in dry , rocky , habitats between the timber line and snow line of the andes mountains . vegetation is relatively sparse and characterized mainly by coarse grasses .\nare often found near water that offers more succulent vegetation than drier areas within their habitat . they occupy burrows among rocks and crevices .\n, excluding their bushy tails which reach lengths of about 200 - 400mm , are approximately 300 - 450mm in length . they posess dense , soft fur on their bodies and long , coarse fur on the dorsal surface of their tails . their pelage coloration varies from dark grey at low elevations to brown at higher elevations . the ventral portion of their fur is lighter , and can be white , yellowish , or light gray . the dorsally curled ends of their tails vary from rusty to black in color .\nhave long , hair - covered ears . females have only a single pair of mammae .\nindividuals reach sexual maturity after one year . the mating period ranges from october to december , in which all adult females become pregnant . gestation lasts approximately 140 days and one offspring is produced . while females may undergo a post - partum estrus , it is unlikely that a second pregnancy in a given year will result given the length of the gestation period and the timing of the mating season . the offspring are precocious , and feed on a mixture of their mother ' s milk and vegetation . while females posess two ovaries and two uterine horns , only the right ovary and uterine horn are functional . if the right ovary is surgically removed , the left then becomes functional .\nlive in large colonies of up to 80 individuals . these colonies are segregated into small family units of 2 to 5 individuals which occupy a single burrow . these animals are poor diggers , so their burrows consist of crevices among cliffs and rocks . they are not territorial and rarely aggressive . when the breeding season begins males are driven out of their family burrow by the female , at which point they disperse throughout the colony and exhibit some degree of promiscuity . much of the day is spent basking and preening on exposed rocks . feeding begins in the afternoon and lasts until after sunset , at which time individuals return to their burrows .\nare quick and agile , able to get from rock to rock with either short hops or leaps of over 2 meters , if alarmed . when alarmed they produce a high - pitched call to warn the colony of a potential threat .\neat most of the sparse vegetable material they find in their habitats . this includes tough grasses , lichens , and moss . they feed primarily from late afternoon until after the sun sets .\nare used as a source of meat and fur , however their pelts are not in particularly high demand .\n, perhaps because they are the smallest of the mountain viscachas , are not particularly sought after for their fur or as a source of meat .\nmatthew wund ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nto cite this page : wund , m . 2000 .\nlagidium peruanum\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthese rodents weigh about 1 . 25 kilograms on average , or 2 . 75 pounds , and are approximately 300 to 450 millimeters in length , or about 12 to 17 inches , excluding their tails . this animal ' s long tail is usually about 200 to 400 millimeters in length , or about 8 to 16 inches .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nlike all members of this family , viscachas have thick , soft pelage , except on their tails where it is coarse . they have pale yellow or grey upper parts , and a black tail tip . overall , viscachas look like rabbits . they have long , fur covered ears , edged with a fringe of white fur . all feet have four digits . the enamal of the incisors is not colored .\nspecies is a habitat generalist ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat ( galende and trejo 2003 ) . this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices . available habitat is patchy ( walker et al . , 2003 ) . it occurs up to 4 , 800 m asl ( barquez et al . 2006 )\nrestricted to sparsely vegetated , rocky habitats , from 2 , 500 metres to 5 , 100 metres above sea level ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nmountain viscachas are reputed to eat just about any plant they encounter . their diet is principally composed of grasses , mosses and lichens .\nmating occurs from october through december . after a gestation of 120 - 140 days , a female gives birth to a single , precocious young . the young are born fully furred , with their eyes open , and are able to eat solid food on their first day of life . nursing continues for eight weeks . females are remarkable for the large number of ova they ovulate ( around 300 ) during each estrus period .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , however , restricted to rock formations . it occurs in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nspecies occurs in low local abundances ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution , populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather .\nit is locally hunted by people for meat and fur although , in general , this does not significantly impact populations ( barquez et al . 2006 ) . there appear to be no major threats to this species .\nits elevation range is about 2 , 500 to 5 , 100 metres ( 8 , 200 to 16 , 700 ft ) above sea level .\nand is mostly active soon after dawn and again in the evening . at these times it emerges from its underground hiding place to feed on what plant material is available which is mostly\n. part of the day is spent perched on a rock sunbathing , grooming or resting . southern viscachas are a colonial species and do not venture far from rocks so that they can plunge underground if danger threatens . they have various calls that they use to communicate with each other .\nbreeding starts in the last quarter of the year when mating takes place . the gestation period is about 130 days and a single\npup ( or sometimes two ) is born which has its eyes open and is fully clad in fur at birth . it suckles for about eight weeks but is able to supplement the milk with solid food within hours of its birth . the average lifespan is unknown but one individual survived for nineteen years in captivity .\ndunnum , j . ; vargas , j . ; bernal , n . ; zeballos , h . ; lessa , e . ; ojeda , r . ; bidau , c . ( 2008 ) . lagidium viscacia . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 5 january 2009 .\nwalker , r . susan ; novaro , andr\u00e9s j . ; perovic , pablo ; palacios , rocio ; donadio , emiliano ; lucherini , mauro ; pia , m\u00f3nica ; l\u00f3pez , mar\u00eda soledad ( 2007 ) .\ndiets of three species of andean carnivores in high - altitude deserts of argentina\n. journal of mammalogy 88 ( 2 ) : 519\u2013525 . doi : 10 . 1644 / 06 - mamm - a - 172r . 1 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nrestricted to sparsely vegetated , rocky habitats , from 2 , 500 metres to 5 , 100 metres above sea level ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ncongeners species belonging to the same genus . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth .\neisenberg , j . f . ( 1989 ) mammals of the neotropics . university of chicago press , chicago .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .\nmacdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .\ntirado , c . , cort\u00e9s , a . and bozinovic , f . ( 2007 ) metabolic rate , thermoregulation and water balance in lagidium viscacia inhabiting the arid andean plateau . journal of thermal biology , 32 : 220 - 226 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - southern viscachas\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - southern viscachas\ntitle =\narkive video - southern viscachas\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nspotorno , a . e . and patton , j . l . 2015 . superfamily chinchilloidea bennett , 1833 . in : patton , j . l . , pardinas , u . f . j . and d ' elia , g . ( eds ) , mammals of south america volume 2 : rodents , pp . 762 - 778 . university of chicago press .\nin bolivia , there are three subspecies ; further taxonomic review is needed to confirm whether these should be considered to be distinct species ( n . bernal pers . comm . ) . lagidium peruanum is now grouped with l . viscacia .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population although it is restricted to rock formations . it occurs in a number of protected areas , and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .\nthe species occurs in low local abundances ( cofre and marquet 1999 ) . it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution , populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather . osgood ( 1943b ) recognized seven subspecies that might occur in chile , while crespo ( 1963 ) recognized five subspecies in central and southern argentina , and s . anderson ( 1997 ) mapped the ranges of three subspecies in bolivia ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .\nit inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat ( patton et al . 2015 ) . this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices . available habitat is patchy ( walker et al . 2003 ) . it occurs up to 4 , 800 m asl ( barquez et al . 2006 ) . this species is highly gregarious , and live in colonies ranging in size from 4 - 75 individuals , with an overall density of 0 . 162 individuals per ha due to the clumped distribution of occupied boulder fields ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern due to its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species has been eliminated from a fair portion of its native range . however , it has expanded beyond its native range in response to anthropogenic modifications to its habitats . there remains a lack of detailed data on its distribution ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) .\nin argentina this species was classified as the source of a national plague in 1905 and was eradicated from many areas ( godoy 1963 ) . it is also hunted commercially for meat and fur ( spotorno and patton 2015 ) . it has a high niche overlap with cattle ; if more livestock are raised it is more likely to be affected compared to greater rheas ( pereira and quintana 2009 ) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place and it seems that none are needed at present .\nflorian a . werner\u00b9 , karim j . ledesma\u00b2 , and rodrigo hidalgo b . \u00b3\n1 albrecht - von - haller - institute of plant sciences , university of g\u00f6ttingen , untere karsp\u00fcle 2 , 37073 g\u00f6ttingen , germany ; < florianwerner @ urltoken > . 2 department of biological sciences , florida atlantic university , boca raton , u . s . a ; < kledes @ urltoken > . 3 colegio nacional eloy alfaro , gonzales suarez y sucre , cariamanga , ecuador ; < rodrigohb20022002 @ urltoken > .\nfig . 1 . geographical distribution of the genus lagidium . the arrow marks the location of cerro ahuaca . modified after rowlands ( 1974 ) .\nfig . 3 . mountain vizcacha ( lagidium cf . peruanum ) at cerro ahuaca . photo courtesy of lf le\u00f3n .\nthanks to luis fernando le\u00f3n and especially to daniel hidalgo ; also to veronica saenz marin for her assistance with the drawing of the distribution map . we gratefully acknowledge the support by idea wild , minox and the german academic exchange service ( daad ) . this is publication no . 122 of the yanayacu natural history research group .\neisenberg jf and kh redford . 1999 . mammals of the neotropics . the central neotropics . volume 3 . the university of chicago press , chicago . [ links ]\ngrimwood jr . 1969 . notes on the distribution of some peruvian mammals . 1968 . american committee for international wild life protection and new york zoological society . special publication 21 : 1 - 86 . [ links ]\nhenle k , kf davies , m kleyer , c margules , and j settele . 2004 . predictors of species sensitivity to fragmentation . biodiversity and conservation 13 : 207 - 251 . [ links ]\ninamhi . 1950 - 1999 . anuario meteorol\u00f3gico no . 1 - 39 . instituto nacional de meteorolog\u00eda e hidrolog\u00eda , quito . [ links ]\npacheco v . 2002 . mam\u00edferos del per\u00fa . pp . 503 - 549 , in : diversidad y conservaci\u00f3n de los mam\u00edferos neotropicales ( g ceballos and ja simonetti , eds . ) . instituto de ecolog\u00eda de la universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico . [ links ]\npearson op . 1948 . life history of mountain viscachas in peru . journal of mammalogy 29 : 345 - 374 . [ links ]\npearson op . 1957 . additions to the mammalian fauna of peru and notes on some other peruvian mammals . breviora 73 : 1 - 7 . [ links ]\nredford k and jf eisenberg . 1992 . mammals of the neotropics : the southern cone . volume 2 . the university chicago press , chicago . [ links ]\nsierra r ( ed . ) . 1999 . propuesta preliminar de un sistema de clasificaci\u00f3n de vegetaci\u00f3n para el ecuador continental . proyecto inefan / gef - birf y ecociencia , quito . [ links ]\nspotorno ae , jp valladares , jc marin , re palma , and c zuleta . 2004 . molecular divergence and phylogenetic relationships of chinchillids ( rodentia : chinchillidae ) . journal of mammalogy 85 : 384 - 388 . [ links ]\nwalker s , aj novaro , and o monsalvo . 1994 . situaci\u00f3n del \u00abchinchill\u00f3n\u00bb en el sur del neuqu\u00e9n : implicaciones de su estructura metapoblacional para su conservaci\u00f3n . libro de res\u00famenes de las vii jornadas de mastozoolog\u00eda , sarem ( sociedad argentina para el estudio de los mam\u00edferos ) . vaquer\u00edas , c\u00f3rdoba . [ links ]\nwalker rs , g ackermann , j schachter - broide , v pancotto , and aj novaro . 2000 . habitat use by mountain vizcachas ( lagidium viscacia molina , 1782 ) in the patagonian steppe . zeitschrift f\u00fcr s\u00e4ugetierkunde 65 : 293 - 300 . [ links ]\nweir bj . 1974 . reproductive characteristics of hystricomorph rodents . symposium of the zoological society of london 34 : 265 - 301 . [ links ]\nwilson de and dm reeder ( eds ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press . [ links ]\nwoods ca and cw kilpatrick . 2005 . infraorder hystricognathi . pp . 1538 - 1600 , in : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . ( de wilson and dm reeder , eds ) . third edition , volumen 2 . the johns hopkins university press . [ links ]\ncricyt centro regional de investigaciones cient\u00edficas y t\u00e9cnicas av . ruiz leal s / n parque gral . san martin 5500 - mendoza rep\u00fablica argentina urltoken c . p . 9120 . casilla de correo 128 http : / / urltoken / contacto / enrique . lessa @ gmail . com ; e _ m _ neot @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nand is mostly active soon after dawn and again in the evening . at these times , it emerges from its underground hiding place to feed on what plant material is available , which is mostly\n. part of the day is spent perched on a rock sunbathing , grooming , or resting . southern viscachas are a colonial species and do not venture far from rocks so that they can plunge underground if danger threatens . they use various calls to communicate with each other .\npup ( or sometimes two ) is born which has its eyes open and is fully clad in fur at birth . it suckles for about eight weeks , but is able to supplement the milk with solid food within hours of its birth . the average lifespan is unknown , but one individual survived for 19 years in captivity .\nwalker , r . susan ; novaro , andr\u00e9s j . ; perovic , pablo ; palacios , rocio ; donadio , emiliano ; lucherini , mauro ; pia , m\u00f3nica ; l\u00f3pez , mar\u00eda soledad ( 2007 ) .\ndiets of three species of andean carnivores in high - altitude deserts of argentina\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 14 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\nlong - tailed chinchilla - chinchilla lanigera the long - tailed chinchilla is often kept as a pet . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwoods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 388, "summary": [{"text": "the froghoppers , or the superfamily cercopoidea , are a group of hemipteran insects , in the suborder auchenorrhyncha .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "adults are capable of jumping many times their height and length , giving the group their common name , but they are best known for their plant-sucking nymphs which encase themselves in froth in springtime . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "froghopper", "paragraphs": ["froghopper is miniature bug that can reach around 0 . 25 inches in length .\n) . morphology and action of the hind leg joints controlling jumping in froghopper insects .\nmouth apparatus of froghopper is designed for stabbing and extraction of the sap from the plant tissue .\nfroghopper is herbivore ( plant - eater ) . it eats sap of various species of plants .\nwatch the steady stream of honeydew droplets excreted by this beautiful froghopper as it sucks plant sap .\nname\nfroghopper\nrefers to the frog - shaped head of this insect and its ability to jump .\ndriggers bf ; pepper bb , 1935 . the spittle insect or froghopper . new jersey agricultural experiment station bulletin 593 .\nan adult froghopper ( aphrophora alni ) reaches a body length of under a half inch and can jump to heights of 28 inches .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common froghopper ( philaenus spumarius )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common froghopper ( philaenus spumarius )\ntitle =\narkive species - common froghopper ( philaenus spumarius )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfroghopper can jump 27 inches into the air . even though it is heavier than flea , it can jump higher thanks to strong , well - developed muscles of the hind legs .\nsecond , does a froghopper have to anticipate the possible need to jump and thus hold its hind legs in readiness ? this would explain the cocked position adopted by the hind legs during walking .\nfroghopper is an insect that belongs to the group of true bugs . froghopper can be found around the world . it inhabits densely vegetated areas such as meadows , parks and gardens . froghoppers are numerous and widespread in the wild . several species of froghoppers are classified as agricultural pest due to ability to decrease the yield of commercially important species of plants ( such as sugar cane ) .\nhind legs of froghopper generate g - force of 400 gravities , when it prepares to jump . this force is 80 times greater than g - force generated during the launching of the rockets into the space .\nburrows , whose primary research interest is in how animals use the individual cells in their brains to generate movement , stumbled upon the froghopper ' s leaping agility while looking for an insect model to clear the next hurdle in his work .\nphilaenus spumarius , commonly known as a froghopper or spittle bug , is a mere 0 . 2 inches ( 6 millimeters ) long , but employs a novel catapult mechanism to launch itself upwards of 28 inches ( 70 centimeters ) into the air .\nlife cycle of froghopper consists of three developmental stages : egg , nymph and adult insect . nymph is often green colored and it looks like miniature , wingless version of adult . it molts several times until it reaches the size of an adult insect .\nfroghopper has two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs . first pair of wings covers the body like a tent . wings of some froghoppers form false head at the end of the body .\ntwo headed - body\nis designed to confuse the predators .\nwhen disturbed , the adults can jump as high as 70 cm with enormous force using their powerful back legs . recent research has shown that within a millisecond they can accelerate to over 14 km / h ! very few potential predators could catch the common froghopper once it has jumped .\nthe adult common froghopper is not often seen by the casual observer . although it is 6 mm long , it can move so quickly when disturbed that it seems just to \u2018disappear . \u2019 it is also not distinctively coloured : indeed , its pattern of coloration is very variable , often being various shades of mottled pale and dark brown , but also ranging from pure sandy brown to dull black . however , the nymph of the common froghopper is well - known for the distinctive white frothy \u2018cuckoo - spit\u2019 it produces \u2013 and hides within \u2013 on the stems of its food plants .\na sallow bush at the edge of the wood is home to a great many variegated willow froghoppers ( aphrophora pectoralis ) . like their more familiar smaller relative , the common froghopper ( philaenus spumariu s ) , their soft young live in \u201ccuckoo - spit\u201d , though these feed only on willows .\nthe common froghopper is found in a variety of habitats , but it is perhaps most abundant on waste ground and road - side verges where its weedy herbaceous food plants , such as thistles and mugwort , are often plentiful . within the \u2018cuckoo - spit\u2019 , the nymph of this species feeds by sucking sap from the food plant .\nwhich of the five species of froghoppers examined is the best jumper ? the answer lies in which aspects of jumping performance are considered and how they are related to body mass and volume . the five species of froghopper analysed have a tenfold range of body masses ( 3 . 2 mg in neophilaenus to 32 . 9 mg in cercopis ) , and vary in length from 4 . 0 mm in neophilaenus to 9 . 8 mm in aphrophora .\na brief report on the kinematics of the jumping movements of a froghopper , philaenus spumarius ( burrows , 2003 ) , has demonstrated its jumping prowess , and a mechanism for jumping has been proposed for cercopis vulnerata ( gorb , 2004 ) . this paper analyses the detailed jumping performance of froghoppers and shows that in a jump they are airborne in less than 1 ms from the first propulsive movement of the hind legs . the enormous acceleration needed to achieve take - off velocities of over 4 . 7 m s - 1 in this short time is equivalent to 550 g .\nspittlebugs are first noticed in late spring within white frothy masses of bubbles on grasses , herbaceous plants , shrubs and conifers . small nymphs of the spittlebug are mostly greenish with conspicuous red eyes ; different species may have different coloration . in most landscape gardens , there may be some wrinkling of the leaf or stem where the young spittlebugs are feeding . froghopper adults are found later in spring and summer . they look like leafhopper adults , but froghoppers are shorter and wider . one diagnostic feature is that the hind legs of froghoppers lack spines . damage from adults is slight .\nspittlebugs are first noticed in late spring within white frothy masses of bubbles on grasses , herbaceous plants , shrubs and conifers . small nymphs of the spittlebug are mostly greenish with conspicuous red eyes ; different species may have different coloration . in most landscape gardens , there may be some wrinkling of the leaf or stem where the young spittlebugs are feeding , but generally their damage to plants is insignificant . froghopper adults are found later in spring and summer . they look similar to leafhopper adults , but froghoppers are shorter and wider . one diagnostic feature is that the hind legs of froghoppers lack spines . damage from adults is slight .\nfirst , at what distance and with what sense does a froghopper detect an approaching predator ? a vibratory sense could give advanced warning of an approaching danger by detecting footfalls or movements of the plant on which it is feeding . this would allow the necessary time for developing the forces needed to jump ( burrows , 2007 ) . related families of auchenorrhyncha use this sense to communicate with each other on the same plant ( claridge , 1985 ; cocroft et al . , 2000 ; cokl and virant - doberlet , 2003 ) and cercopis appears to signal by vibrating its wings while remaining stationary on a plant ( kehlmaier , 2000 ) .\nthese are the bugs that in the summer you see as a nymph on bushes surrounded by what looks like spit ( hence the name ) . this is the adult , quite boring looking and uninspiring at first glance , but this teeny insect has one of the fastest movements in the terrestrial animal kingdom . considering its small size a froghopper can move at 4 metres per second , and can jump 70 times there own length ! i tried to film the jump on my sony avchd camcorder , but even after slowing the footage down to a fraction of its speed the jump is invisible . it looks like the insect just vanishes into thin air ! i would need a camera capable of shooting 1000 frames per second to show this behaviour in full slow mo .\nfrom the start of the first visible movements of the hind legs to a froghopper becoming airborne takes no more than 0 . 875 ms in philaenus and a maximum of 1 . 5 ms in the heavier cercopis or aphrophora . in this short time , the body is accelerated to a take - off velocity of 4 . 7 m s - 1 in the best jumps by philaenus . in the best jumps by the different species , the applied acceleration ranged from 2267 - 5400 m s - 2 . philaenus experiences the equivalent of 550 g at take - off and the others from 231 - 428 g . the best jumps by philaenus require an energy output of 136 \u03bcj , a power output of 155 mw and exert a force of 66 mn . these forces and accelerations generated in jumping could not be produced by direct contractions of the muscles and indicate that muscular force must be generated in advance of the movement , energy stored and then released rapidly .\nthe head of froghoppers is flattened dorso - ventrally and has short antennae . its dorsal cuticle , and that of the prothorax , has many small indentations and its ventral cuticle is ribbed . the mouthparts point backwards and in aphrophora extend to the coxae of the hind legs . the folded fore wings cover the body , extend beyond the abdomen posteriorly and cover most of the hind legs when viewed from the side . the five species of froghopper analysed have a tenfold range of body mass , from 3 . 2\u00b10 . 08 mg ( n = 7 ) in neophilaenus to 32 . 9\u00b11 . 0 mg ( n = 16 ) in cercopis ( table 1 ) . their body lengths have a 2 . 5 fold range from 4 . 0\u00b10 . 03 mm ( n = 7 ) in neophilaenus to 9 . 8\u00b10 . 24 mm ( n = 23 ) in aphrophora . philaenus is toward the middle of this range with a body mass of 12 . 3\u00b10 . 41 mg ( n = 34 ) and a body length of 6 . 1\u00b10 . 08 mm .\ngraphs of leg and body movements during a jump by philaenus captured at 8000 s - 1 . ( a ) five points on the body ( see cartoon inset ) are plotted against time . take - off is indicated by the right arrow and vertical yellow bar . the first movement of a hind leg occurred 0 . 875 ms before take - off ( left arrow and yellow bar ) . the tarsi of the front and middle legs left the ground 0 . 5 ms before take - off ( middle arrow and yellow bar ) . velocity , measured as the movement of the centre of an ellipse representing the overall shape of the body , is plotted as a two - point average of successive frames ( blue line ) . ( b ) sequential movements of the five points on the body as the insect moved through the field of view of the stationary camera , superimposed on an image of the froghopper in its starting position . the black arrowheads and the linking black lines show the position of these five points at take - off . the corresponding positions of these points at different times during the jump can be read frame - by - frame from these positions at take - off .\nhave you noticed spit on your plants ? did you immediately think it was one of your kids or your spouse who did that ? before you go blaming your kids or partner , check your plants for spittlebugs first .\nspittlebug drinks about 300 times its body weight in plant fluids in one hour ' s time . as a result of all the drinking , they produce a lot of waste , and that\u2019s what causes all the spit on your plants .\nbecause of all the spit on your plants , you probably want to get rid of these spittlebugs , but spit aside , spittlebugs can also harm your precious plants ! they not only will feed on your plants , but your plants may undergo stunted development and can also lose some of its vitality .\nbut don ' t panic just yet ! after some thorough research and several readings , we\u2019ve chosen 7 efficient ways to help you get rid of these nasty bugs .\nlook around your\ufeff\ufeff \ufeff\ufeffgarden and keep your eyes peeled for spittlebug patches . when you find them , use your hand to physically remove them off of your plant . if you don ' t want to touch them , you can knock them off by spraying water directly on the spittlebug patch . this is one of the easiest methods of how to get rid of spittlebugs ; however , i would only recommend doing this for light and easily accessible infestations only .\nanother option that is becoming popular nowadays is using a bug zapper . a bug zapper is an insect control system , also called an electrocutor trap device , which kills bugs , mosquitoes , and other flying insects through electrical discharge . although using a bug zapper offers an easy way of controlling pests in your garden , including spittlebugs , this method is only suitable to mild insect infestation . for severe infestations , you already need the help of insect - killer chemicals .\nspittlebug eggs will form in and around garden debris and other similar areas . you need to clean up your garden now and then to get rid of old plant matter . cleaning up your garde\ufeffn is another method of how to get rid of spittlebugs .\nwith religious cleaning , you\u2019ll get rid of the eggs and will , thereby limit , the number of spittlebugs that will hatch .\nrow covers are made of lightweight fabric or plastic and can be used to protect your crops from spittlebugs and other pests . they are an effective and cheap method to get rid of spittlebugs .\nunlike plastic row covers , fabric row covers have tiny holes in them which allow the rain to come in and heat to go out . i would definitely recommend the fabric variety over the plastic ones .\nalthough there are a lot of commercial pesticide sprays available on the market , these are very harmful to you and your plants .\npesticide , when ingested or inhaled , is toxic and very hazardous to your health . similarly , putting these chemicals on your plants would get rid of the pests but will change your plants and taint the flowers and fruits .\ni would recommend making a homemade pesticide spray as the way to go on how to get rid of spittlebugs .\ni would suggest using garlic or something spicy as your base for your organic homemade pesticide . you can even mix garlic and peppers with water to make it twice as effective .\nthe spittlebug is usually a bright yellow color and tends to blend in with your leaves . [ via : flickr . com ]\ncover your nose and mouth with the face mask to protect your airways from the strong - smelling fumes of the pepper and garlic .\npour 1 cup of water in the blender along with the garlic cloves and the peppers . add the cayenne pepper and blend this mixture on high until the mixture is pureed .\nusing the cheesecloth or coffee filter , strain the mixture into the large jar .\nadd the dish detergent or the castile soap little by little . gradually stir it completely in using the wooden spoon .\nplace the lid on the jar , then let it sit in a cool , dark place for 24 to 48 hours .\nfirst , you ' ll want to wipe all the spit off of your plants then spray away . be sure to test your pesticide on a small portion of your plant to make sure that you don ' t do any serious harm to it .\nalso , only do this on gloomy and rainy days because your spicy pesticide could burn your plant and kill it .\npraying mantises tend to prey on most insects and pests . you could try ordering a few and releasing them onto your pest - laden plants and monitor the results after a week .\nthis method is a more drastic means regarding how to get rid of spittlebugs and only try this when the others have failed .\nplant - based essential oils are a great way to deter spittlebug feeding patterns and can help disrupt their normal activities . i would recommend trying neem oil or any citrus - based oil such as lemon or orange oil to control and prevent spittlebug infestation .\nthere are a lot of organic insecticidal soaps available in the market . these insecticidal soaps help control and rid your plants of pests like spittlebugs .\nthey contain potassium salts of fatty acids which can break down the pests ' outer shells and cause them to become dehydrated and lose body fluids .\nspittlebugs are really a nuisance in any garden . not only do they spit on your plants , they will harm your plants too . don\u2019t let spittlebugs ruin your plants ! plan accordingly and follow the 7 tips and tricks above detailing how to get rid of spittlebugs .\nplease let me know if you have any other comments or suggestions or your own tips and tricks for getting rid of spittlebugs . i\u2019d love to hear your thoughts !\nhi there ! i\u2019m lucy , and i\u2019m a self - confessed garden fanatic . gardening has always been a passion of mine and will always be my favorite pastime . now that i am married and have one adorable son , i have the time to write and share my personal experiences with other garden enthusiasts like me .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nhi everyone ! i\u2019m glad you found your way to my gardening blog . i\u2019m lucy m . clark . i started gardening sometime in the early 2006 . back then , i was a total gardening neophyte . i was living in florida , i had my own little yard , and i knew that i wanted to have a lush and beautiful garden .\nsadly , i had no idea what i was doing . with no green thumb and no experience with gardening at all , i really struggled . my yard was in poor shape and a lot of my plants didn\u2019t make it . however , i didn\u2019t give up . i knew that i wanted to have my own garden and with enough patience and dedication , i could develop my own green thumb and have my dream garden !\nearnings disclaimer : when you buy certain products from some of the sites which we link to , garden ambition receives a commission .\nurltoken is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to urltoken . * amazon and the amazon logo are trademarks of urltoken , inc . , or its affiliates . additionally , urltoken participates in various other affiliate programs , and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links .\nurltoken does not intend to provide agricultural advice . we go to great lengths and do thorough research to help users better understand their gardens ; however , the content on this blog is not a substitute for agricultural guidance . for more information , please read our privacy policy\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . more info\nin the best jumps by philaenus , take - off occurs within 0 . 875 ms of the start of movements of the hind legs at a peak velocity of 4 . 7 m s - 1 and involves an acceleration of 5400 m s - 2 , equivalent to 550 times gravity . this jumping performance requires an energy output of 136 \u03bcj , a power output of 155 mw and exerts a force of 66 mn .\ninsects have evolved many different mechanisms for jumping so that they may increase the speed of their locomotion , launch themselves into flight , or escape rapidly from a potential predator . the repeatable nature of these movements has enabled detailed analyses of the underlying neuronal mechanisms ( burrows , 1996 ) and determination of the mechanical and muscular solutions to these extreme locomotory demands . click beetles ( elateridae ) jack - knife a joint in their thorax ( evans , 1972 ; evans , 1973 ) , bristletails ( archaeognatha ) ( evans , 1975 ) , springtails ( collembola ) ( brackenbury and hunt , 1993 ) and the larvae of some flies ( maitland , 1992 ) use movements of their abdomens . particular ants ( baroni et al . , 1994 ; tautz et al . , 1994 ) and the stick insect sipyloidea sp . ( burrows and morris , 2002 ) combine forward movements of their abdomens with movements of their legs .\nfive species of froghoppers were analysed : aphrophora alni ( fall\u00e9n 1805 ) , cercopis vulnerata ( rossi 1807 ) , lepyronia coleoptrata ( linnaeus 1758 ) , philaenus spumarius ( linnaeus 1758 ) , and neophilaenus exclamationis ( thunberg 1784 ) . neophilaenus were collected near wells - next - the - sea in norfolk , uk and lepyronia from the nanus region of slovenia and near ljubljana . the other species were collected near wells - next - the - sea and around cambridge , uk . observations on live insects were made on the same day of collection , or after they had been in the laboratory for no more than a few days feeding on live chrysanthemum plants .\nsequential images of jumps were captured at rates of 1000 or 2000 s - 1 with a high speed camera ( redlake imaging , san diego , ca , usa ) and associated computer , or at 4000 - 8000 s - 1 with a photron fastcam 512 or 1024pci camera [ photron ( europe ) ltd , marlow , bucks . , uk ] and with exposure times of 0 . 05 - 0 . 25 ms . spontaneous jumps , or jumps encouraged by delicate mechanical stimulation with a fine paintbrush or a 100 \u03bcm silver wire , were performed in a chamber of optical quality glass 80 mm wide , 80 mm tall and 25 mm deep with a floor of high density foam . selected image files were analysed with motionscope camera software ( redlake imaging ) or with canvas ( acd systems of america ) . jumps were aligned by designating the point of take - off as time t = 0 ms .\ndrawing of the anterior part of philaenus , viewed from the side , to show the orientation of the proximal parts of its three pairs of legs . each leg is shown in its most anterior position ( black ) and in its most posterior position ( grey ) . the pivots of the coxae with the thorax are indicated by black dots and vertical arrows . the plane of movement is not orthogonal to the plane of the drawing .\nhigher temporal resolution of the movements of a hind leg of a restrained aphrophora was obtained by gluing a 0 . 2 mm disc of reflective tape to a hind femur close to the femoro - tibial joint . a modified single lens reflex camera with a concentric light around the lens was focussed on the disc and the light it reflected was captured by a photocell in the film plane of the camera ( hedwig , 2000 ) . this method recorded the movement of the femur and was combined with sequential images of the hind legs captured by a high speed camera .\nseventy nine jumps by 19 aphrophora , 92 jumps by 19 philaenus , 47 jumps by 13 cercopis , 8 jumps by 5 neophilaenus and 16 jumps by 4 lepyronia were captured and analysed . data are given as means \u00b1 standard error of the mean ( s . e . m . ) . temperatures ranged from 24 - 30\u00b0c .\nsequential images of a jump by philaenus captured at 7500 s - 1 and with an exposure time for each of 0 . 05 ms . the images are arranged vertically in two columns and are timed from the image at take - off ( 0 ms ) . the first movements of the right hind leg ( white arrow ) occurred 1 . 04 ms before take - off .\nthe hind legs are only just over half the length of the body , ranging from 52 . 3\u00b11 . 24 % ( n = 23 ) of body length in aphrophora to 66 % in philaenus and neophilaenus ( table 1 ) . in all species the front and middle legs are of similar length , but the hind legs are about one and half times longer so that the ratio of leg lengths ranges from 1 ( front ) : 1 ( middle ) : 1 . 4 - 1 . 6 ( hind legs ) in the different species . the increased length of a hind leg is due to its longer tibia . by contrast , the femur of a hind leg is the same length and shape as those of the other legs . the mass of the two hind legs of aphrophora , including the trochanter and all the more distal segments , represents only 2 . 0\u00b10 . 11 % ( n = 7 ) of the total body mass .\nthe coxae of the three pairs of legs articulate with the thorax at different angles ( fig . 1 ) . in its most forward position the coxa of a hind leg subtends an angle of 155\u00b0 to the longitudinal axis of the body and rotates , as determined by imposed movements , backwards and upwards in one plane about its paired pivots by only a further 20 - 25\u00b0 . movements of segments distal to the coxa are in this plane . by contrast , in their most forward positions the coxae of the front and middle legs subtend angles of 80 - 90\u00b0 and can rotate backwards through an angle of about 40\u00b0 , or almost twice the range of a hind leg .\nthe same rapid movements of the hind legs propelled jumping by all species but the following analysis focuses on philaenus , with information from other species illustrating particular features .\nin preparation for a jump from a horizontal surface , the front of the body was raised or lowered by movements of the front and middle legs to give a mean attitude of the body relative to the ground at take - off of 28\u00b11 . 9\u00b0 ( n = 20 ) . after adjustment of the body attitude was complete , the hind legs then remained still for 1 - 2 s with only the distal tips of their tarsi in contact with the ground . a rapid and simultaneous depression of both hind legs then powered an explosive take - off . no differences could be detected in the timing of the movements of the two hind legs and both left the ground at the same time .\nthe first movement of a hind leg in a jump was a downward and backward thrust of the trochanter and femur ( their individual movements cannot be distinguished in these images viewed from the side ) which , as transmitted through the tibia , forced the whole ventral surface of the tarsus to the ground ( fig . 2 , fig . 3a ) . images captured at 8000 s - 1 showed that this first movement of a hind leg occurred only 0 . 875 ms ( 7 frames ) before the insect became airborne . the force from the continuing backwards movement of the hind legs began to lift the body because their tarsi were now directly applied to the ground ( fig . 2 , fig . 3a , b ) . the body continued to be raised as the hind femora were further depressed and the hind tibiae were extended so that the tarsi of the front and middle legs were raised from the ground before take - off . the velocity of the insect followed these movements of the legs . the first surge in velocity corresponded to the initial movement of the femur ( fig . 3a ) and after a short pause of 0 . 25 ms was followed by a rapid acceleration to a peak velocity of 4 . 7 m s - 1 at take - off .\njump by aphrophora viewed ventrally and captured at 5000 s - 1 with an exposure time of 0 . 05 ms . ( a ) sequence of four images from the jump . ( b ) drawings to show the joint positions of the hind legs before ( - 0 . 4 ms , fully levated ) and after ( 0 ms , fully depressed ) their rapid movements .\nthe same sequence of movements of the joints of a hind leg were also seen in philaenus jumping from a horizontal position toward the camera and therefore moving out of its focal plane . ( fig . 5a - c ) . the first movement of a hind leg was a downward movement of the femur resulting from a depression of the trochanter about the coxa , accompanied by an extension of the tibia . with the tarsus pushed fully to the ground , further depression of the femur and extension of the tibia resulted in an upward movement of the body . at take - off the coxo - trochanteral joint had been depressed through its full range at angular velocities of 75 500 deg . s - 1 and the femoro - tibial joint extended at an angular velocity of 105 000 deg . s - 1 .\n( a ) sequential images captured at 5000 s - 1 and with an exposure of 0 . 05 ms of philaenus jumping toward and to the right of the camera to show the leg movements . movements of the right hind femur are indicated by the arrows . ( b ) graphs of changes in the angle between the femur and the longitudinal axis of the body and of the femoro - tibial joint ( see inset drawings ) in a jump by another philaenus captured at 4000 s - 1 . ( c ) movements of four points on the body ( see cartoon ) and of the angular changes of the femur and tibia ( coloured lines ) . the changes in the femoro - tibial angle at the times indicated ( ms ) are shown in detail on the right .\nhind leg movements of a restrained aphrophora recorded simultaneously by a camera capturing images at 1000 s - 1 and with an exposure of 0 . 25 ms and by a photoelectric device ( see materials and methods ) . ( a ) two sequential images , the first showing the hind legs fully levated before the attempted jump and the second after the rapid movement . the inset drawings show the position of the hind legs in these two frames . note the small piece of reflective tape on the hind femur . the outputs of the photoelectric device during six jumps were captured at a sampling rate of 45 khz and low - pass filtered at 2 khz . one trace in blue shows the unfiltered recording . the leg movements were complete in 0 . 3 ms . ( b ) seven attempted jumps by a second aphrophora show that the movement was again complete in 0 . 3 ms .\nfurther detail of the joint movements was obtained by fixing aphrophora ventral surface uppermost in plasticene\u2122 with the hind legs free to move ( fig . 6 ) . rapid and simultaneous movements of both hind legs occasionally occurred spontaneously or could be evoked by gently tickling hairs on the abdomen with a fine paintbrush . no differences in the form of these attempted jump movements could be discerned compared with those in free jumping . they were , however , much faster and were completed in 0 . 3 ms because they did not lift the mass of the body . the key movement was again a simultaneous depression of both trochantera about the coxae which occurred at 267 000 deg . s - 1 , almost three times faster than in a real jump . the speed of these movements was consistent in 6 attempted jumps by one aphrophora and in 7 by a second ( fig . 6a , b ) .\nin the smallest of the froghoppers , neophilaenus , take - off was also achieved within 1 ms of the first movements of the hind legs ( fig . 7a , b ) . the first and key movements of the hind legs were again a rapid depression of the trochanter , with an accompanying extension of the tibia . before take - off in some jumps , the tarsi of the front and middle legs had already lost contact with the ground ( fig . 7b ) .\nin the heaviest of the froghoppers , cercopis , the body was accelerated for a longer period to achieve take - off , with the movements of the hind legs beginning 1 . 5 ms before take - off ( fig . 8a , b ) . the whole jumping sequence began with the front and middle legs adjusting the attitude of the body , which , in this example was only 16\u00b0 . both front and middle pairs of legs were again off the ground before take - off ( fig . 8b , c ) . movements of the hind legs led to the head being raised while the posterior of the body was lowered , giving a take - off angle of 45\u00b0 despite the initial shallow body attitude .\nin some jumps when lepyronia took off almost vertically the middle legs were already off the ground and the front legs were fully depressed and extended even before the first movements of the hind legs began ( fig . 9 ) . at 1 ms before take - off , the front and middle legs were clear of the ground but the take - off velocity of 4 . 0 m s - 1 was , nevertheless , as great as that achieved at take - off angles closer to the mean of 45\u00b0 when the front and middle legs remained in contact with the ground for a longer period .\nimages from two jumps by neophilaenus captured at 2000 s - 1 with an exposure of 0 . 25 s . ( a ) a jump in which the take - off occurred within 1 ms of the first movements of the hind legs : body angle , 36\u00b0 ; take - off angle , 55\u00b0 ; take - off velocity , 4 . 2m s - 1 . ( b ) a jump toward and to the right of the camera in which the body was raised by the front and middle legs to assume a higher take - off angle : body angle , 50\u00b0 ; take - off angle , 72\u00b0 ; take - off velocity , 4 . 0 m s - 1 ; body mass , 3 . 2 mg .\nphilaenus had a mean take - off angle of 46 . 8\u00b12 . 0\u00b0 ( range 18\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 , n = 50 ) and a mode of 45\u00b0 ( fig . 10a ) . in the first few milliseconds after take - off the insect typically maintained a stable orientation , and in many jumps this continued until a landing feet - first on a vertical or horizontal surface . in other jumps , however , the body rotated about its long or transverse axes and occasionally about both axes ( fig . 10b ) . in the example shown , philaenus spun through four complete cycles during the first 50 ms after take - off . in a second jump , the abdomen started to rotate forward about the transverse axis 10 ms after take - off so that it rather than the head pointed forwards . in a third jump , the body began to rotate about its long axis after 10 ms and after 19 ms had rotated by 180\u00b0 so that the legs were pointed upwards . the rotation was completed 28 ms after take - off and then the next cycle of rotation began . in a fourth jump , the body first started to rotate about its long axis and then some 5 ms later also began to rotate about its transverse axis .\nin all species the wings remained folded during take - off , so that the movement was a pure jump powered by the hind legs and not assisted by active wing movements . occasionally , however , the wings were opened after take - off , and flapping flight was assumed though this did not always lead to sustained flight or even to maintaining the height attained by the initial jump ( fig . 11 ) .\njump by cercopis . ( a ) sequential frames from the jump viewed from the side and captured at 2000 s - 1 with an exposure of 0 . 25 ms . ( b ) graph of the movements of six points on the body ( see cartoon inset ) during this jump . ( c ) sequential movements of the same six points superimposed on an image of cercopis in its starting position to show their vertical and horizontal displacement . the yellow arrows show the direction of the initial movements of the femoro - tibial joint . body angle at take - off , 16\u00b0 ; take - off angle , 45\u00b0 ; take - off velocity , 3 . 8m s - 1 ; body mass , 41 . 9 mg .\nthe energy required to achieve this performance depends on body mass . in the heavier species such as cercopis the best jumps required 238\u03bc j but in the much lighter neophilaenus this fell to 28 \u03bcj ; philaenus required 136 \u03bcj . the power output in a jump depends on the time during which the energy is expended . in the 0 . 875 ms that philaenus took to accelerate its body the power output was thus 155 mw . the force exerted during the best jumps by philaenus was 66 mn . for the heavier cercopis the force was highest at 83 mn and for the lighter neophilaenus was lowest at 13 mn .\njump by lepyronia . ( a ) two columns of sequential images from a jump captured at 4000 s - 1 and with an exposure of 0 . 25 ms . at the start , the body was raised at an angle of 61\u00b0 to the ground so that only the tips of the tarsi of the front and middle legs were in contact with the ground . ( b ) movements of five points on the body ( see image in c ) against time . ( c ) movements of the same body points to show their vertical and horizontal displacement . the black curved arrows show the direction of the initial movements of the femoro - tibial joint . body angle at take - off , 61\u00b0 ; take - off angle , 90\u00b0 ; take - off velocity , 4 . 0 m s - 1 ; body mass , 17 mg ; temperature , 36\u00b0c .\nin a laboratory chamber at a temperature of 25\u00b0c and in still air , the average height jumped by philaenus was 428\u00b126 mm ( n = 17 insects ) with the highest jumps reaching 700 mm , or 115 times its body length . none of the other species bettered these performances ; for example , in the same conditions aphrophora reached an average height of 263\u00b120 mm ( n = 13 ) . in a particular individual , jumping performance declined with increasing attempts to encourage jumping with the consequence that averaged values are likely to have underestimated the true jumping performance of these insects . the best indication of ability came by taking the maximal performance of particular individuals , which under laboratory conditions and temperatures may still be an underestimate .\nthe orientation of the hind legs , and their key role in powering jumping , raised the question of whether this compromised their ability to contribute to walking . the striking feature of horizontal walking was that the hind legs did not show rhythmic movements in the walking pattern and were not sequentially placed on the ground and then lifted ( fig . 12a ) . instead they were held in the cocked position with the trochantera fully levated about the coxae so that the tarsi did not contact the ground . the hind legs were , however , used when climbing on a vertical surface on which there was limited traction ( fig . 12b ) . they moved rhythmically and were placed on the ground in time with the walking pattern so that they might therefore be expected to contribute thrust to the movement .\n( a ) trajectories of five jumps by the same philaenus . take - off angles are the average over the first 10 ms after take - off . ( b ) rotation of the body during a single jump by philaenus . a fixed point on the head in the vertical or in the horizontal plane was plotted against time . the body spins about its longitudinal ( y axis ) and transverse ( x ) axis undergoing five cycles of rotation in the first 70 ms that it is airborne . images were captured at 1000 s - 1 ; body mass , 12 mg .\na jump in which aphrophora flapped its wings after take - off . the selected images captured at 1000 s - 1 and with an exposure of 0 . 25 ms are arranged in two columns . at take - off ( time 0 ms ) the wings were not opened . 5 ms later it started to lose height and 8 ms after take - off opened its hind wings and flapped them .\nthe main thrust for jumping is provided by the hind legs . any contribution from the front and middle legs is limited as they are often lifted from the ground before movements of the hind legs begin . their primary responsibilities are therefore to provide a stable platform and to set the angle of the body and the take - off trajectory , by raising or lowering the anterior part of the body . the critical movement of the hind legs in generating the thrust for a jump is the depression of the trochantera about the coxae . before take - off , the hind legs are levated forwards at the coxo - trochanteral joints so that that the femora are tucked between the thorax and the middle legs and are apposed to the lateral and ventral surfaces of the coxae . the tibiae are also flexed about the femora . by contrast , the front and middle tibiae are held in their most forward positions at angles of 80 - 90\u00b0 to the longitudinal axis of the body . these critical actions of the hind legs in jumping are at the expense of their ability to contribute to the propulsion of the body in horizontal walking .\nin terms of the height jumped then philaenus comes out on top . its average height jumped was 428 mm with the best jumps attaining heights of 700 mm , or 115 times its body length . by contrast , in the same conditions aphrophora reached an average height of only 263 mm , or 27 times its body length . distance and height achieved will be determined by take - off velocity , take - off angle and by the drag . all the froghoppers achieve high take - off velocities ranging from 3 . 4 to 4 . 7 m s - 1 and average take - off angles are close to 45\u00b0 . drag will , however , be different because of the different body sizes and masses ( bennet - clark and alder , 1979 ) . the distance lost due to drag by philaenus is estimated to be about 25 % ( vogel , 2005 ) based on my data . the smaller neophilaenus would be expected to experience greater drag while the larger froghoppers should experience less .\nin terms of velocity , acceleration and force relative to body mass generated at take - off , then philaenus again comes out on top . it accelerates its body in less than 1 ms to achieve an average velocity over the first 3 ms of the jump of 4 . 7 m s - 1 . both neophilaenus and lepyronia approach but never better these velocities at take - off , but the heavier aphrophora and cercopis both take longer ( 1 . 5 ms ) to accelerate their bodies and achieve lower velocities .\ncontribution of the hind legs of philaenus in walking . images were captured at 1000 s - 1 with an exposure of 0 . 5 ms . selected images , viewed ventrally , are shown at the times indicated . ( a ) horizontal walking . the middle and front legs were lifted in a sequence to perform a swing phase of similar duration ( thick black bars ) and contact the ground during a stance phase of variable duration ( thin blue bars ) . the hind legs did not move . ( b ) vertical walking in which the hind legs did contribute .\nfleas have been considered the best jumpers amongst the insects , accelerating their body within 1 ms to a take - off velocity of 1 m s - 1 ( bennet - clark and lucey , 1967 ; rothschild et al . , 1975 ; rothschild et al . , 1972 ) . froghoppers produce a substantially better jumping performance . philaenus accelerates its body to a take - off velocity that is more than 4 . 7 times faster than a flea despite having a body mass that is 27 times greater and a body that is four times longer . once airborne , however , the flea is likely to have its jumping distance reduced by 80 % due to drag compared to the 25 % reduction experienced by philaenus ( vogel , 2005 ) . heavier orthopteran insects such as locusts ( schistocerca gregaria ) with a mass of 1 - 2 g take 20 - 30 ms to extend their hind legs and accelerate their body ( brown , 1967 ) to a take - off velocity of 3 m s - 1 ( bennet - clark , 1975 ) while prosarthria teretrirostris with a mass of 280 mg takes 30 ms of acceleration to achieve a take - off velocity of 2 . 5 m s - 1 ( burrows and wolf , 2002 ) . the jumping distance of these larger insects is likely to be curtailed by only some 6 % due to drag ( vogel , 2005 ) . if jumping performance is expressed as the force exerted relative to body mass , then froghoppers again outperform other insects and other jumping animals . the force that froghoppers exert at take - off is more than 400 times their body weight and is , therefore , much higher than in other jumpers such as the flea ( \u223c135 times ) ( bennet - clark and lucey , 1967 ) , locust ( \u223c8 ) ( bennet - clark , 1975 ) and humans ( \u223c2 - 3 ) ( dowling and vamos , 1993 ) .\npotential predators of froghoppers are many and include birds , solitary wasps that provision their nests with froghoppers , and predatory social wasps or flies . parasitoids such as pipunculidae attack the pre - adult stages which are unable to jump . a further major danger may be unwitting predation by grazing mammals . they share this danger with all the other insects that live or feed on vegetation , but a rapid and long jump out of harm ' s way becomes advantageous . it may be that froghoppers are vulnerable while airborne and thus need to minimise exposure time in the air by jumping rapidly . this assessment of the value of jumping , however , poses further questions .\nthe structural specialisations of the joints and the sequence of muscle actions that enable this remarkable jumping performance is analysed in two subsequent papers ( burrows , 2006 ; burrows , 2007 ) and further papers will explore the evolution of the particular jumping mechanisms in other families of these plant sucking bugs .\ni thank my cambridge colleagues for their help in collecting these bugs , for their constructive suggestions during the course of this work , and for their comments on the manuscript . this work was initiated at the wells field study centre , wells - next - the - sea , norfolk , england during an undergraduate field course , and i am most grateful to the warden christine marshall for the use of these facilities . some experiments were also carried out at the department of entomology , national institute of biology , ljubljana , slovenia and i am most grateful to dr meta virant and her colleagues for their support ."]}
{"id": 400, "summary": [{"text": "cladiscites is an extinct genus of cephalopods in the ammonoid order ceratitida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic , from carnian to rhaetian age . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "cladiscites", "paragraphs": ["model of the cephalopod , cladiscites tornatus . image : jon augier source : museum victoria\nfossil of the cephalopod , cladiscites tornatus . image : jon augier source : museum victoria\nname : cladiscites tornatus ( v . hauer ) age : trias , norian location : noe bihati , timor , indonesia size is 7 . 5 cm . both sides are prepped .\nafter the devastation of the extinction event at the end of the permian only a few species of cephalopods survived \u2013 a pattern this group encountered in several other mass extinctions . cladiscites was an ammonoid cephalopod . although the fossil has a series of ornate squiggle patterns , these were internal structures called sutures that were not on the shell\u2019s outer surface . other fossils of cladiscites show that the shell\u2019s surface was finely ridged .\nage : triassic age sub category : common name : ceratite genus : cladiscites species : externecavatus catalogue letters : arc catalogue number : 1 . 0 country of origin : east indies description : a fine , wholly septate specimen with most of its test , showing the typical strigate ornamentation . the complex ammonitic suture shows well in relief on both sides . size : 50 dia price : \u00a3 7 . 00\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 18 . 6 , shell diameter 32 . 4\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 38 . 0 , shell diameter 77 . 0\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncephalopods first appeared in the silurian and survive to this day . see how this group has changed over time .\nhi caitlin have you tried viewing the video in another browser such as chrome or firefox ? the video is working so you should be able to view it in an up - to - dat . . .\nthe video isn ' t working for me so i was wondering if you have any other websites you would suggest ? i ' m doing an assignment on red gum forests and need . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\narcestes is a genus of extinct ceratitid ammonites found in triassic - aged marine strata .\ntheir shells were broad and rounded , giving them an almost spherical appearance . unlike many other ammonites , the shells of arcestes lack keels that would otherwise stabilize them while swimming . because of this , some paleontologists have suggested that they were bottom - dwelling crawlers .\nthe shell of arcestes is globular or subglobular with periodic narrow transverse constrictions in internal molds due to periodic internal transverse ridges ( variaces ) in the shell . the suture is ammonitic with complexly subdivided elements . the ventral lobe is subdivided by a low median saddle . lateral lobes and saddles have generally triangular outlines but are deeply embayed by strong projections forming tree - like patterns . they form a series diminishing in size and complexity in a rather straight line going from the venter to the umbilicus in the middle of the shell .\nfossils of arcestes are found in mid to upper triassic marine strata throughout the world , including california ( a . pacificus ) , nevada ( a ( anisarcestes ) mrazici ) and austria ( a . intuslabiatus and a . binacostomus ) .\nreference : an189 genus - specie : fagesia sp . ( pervinqui\u00e9re , 1907 ) description : ammonite fossil cephalopod period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : upper cretaceous era : mesozoic age : turonian ( 89 - 93 million years ) common name : ammonite fossil cephalopod comments : original , full , natural , clean matrix , not refurbished , not repaired , good conservation , dimensions : 70 x 72 x 65 mm , weight : 355 grams , original , high quality location : asfla region ( morocco ) price : 29 e\nreference : an139 genus - specie : acrioceras sp . ( hyatt , 1900 ) description : fossil ammonites , unwinding , heteromorfo period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : cretaceous era : mesozoic age : lower barremian common name : fossil ammonites , unwinding , heteromorfo comments : full , matrix , large size , ammonites measures 100 x 22 mm , matrix measures 103 x 57 x 51 mm , weight : 430 grams , ammonites heteromorfo , weird , unusual , high quality location : asfla ( morocco ) price : 130 e\nreference : an99 genus - specie : phylloceras sp . description : fossil ammonites period : cretaceous epoch - stage - strata : cretaceous era : mesozoic age : albian common name : fossil ammonites comments : cut and polished location : madagascar price : 12 e\nreference : an83 genus - specie : tiltoniceras sp . ( buckman , 1913 ) description : ammonite fossil period : jurassic epoch - stage - strata : era : mesozoic age : toarcian common name : ammonite fossil comments : location : alpe turati , italy price : 15 e\nreference : an59 genus - specie : liparoceras sp . ( hyatt , 1867 ) description : ammonite fossil period : jurassic epoch - stage - strata : jurassic era : mesozoic age : lower lias common name : ammonite fossil comments : comprehensive , high quality and excellent preservation , retains the outer mold , original shell , natural , refreshing , nice color , dimensions : 75 x 56 x 46 mm location : ashton keynes gloucestershire , england price : 66 e\n5 . 5cm . from the triassic norian stage of the hallstatt limestone formation in austria .\nfiguring out how old fossils are remains one of the most important aspects of paleontological research , and one of the simplest ways of doing so is by comparing a fossil against other fossils found within the same sediment layer for which the ages are roughly known . these time - calibrated fossils , also known as index fossils , often comprise of commonly found fossils such as trilobites and ammonites .\nthis volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 n . yu . bragin , a . g . konstantinov , e . s . sobolev , 2012 , published in stratigrafiya . geologicheskaya korrelyatsiya , 2012 , vol . 20 , no . 6 , pp . 54\u201380 .\n( biostratigraphy of the triassic sediments of the bol\u2019shoi anyui river basin , western chukotka ) , moscow : nauka , 1970 [ in russian ] .\naita , y . and sporli , k . b . , late triassic radiolaria from the torlesse terrane , rimutaka range , north island , new zealand ,\naita , y . and bragin , n . yu . , non - tethyan triassic radiolaria from new zealand and northeastern siberia ,\n( stratigraphy of the triassic sediments of the east yakutia ) , yakutsk : yakutskoe knizhn . izd . , 1974 [ in russian ] .\n( radiolarians and the lower mezosoic strata of the east of ussr ) , moscow : nauka , 1991 .\nbychkov , yu . m . and polubotko , i . v . , the first finds of himavatites in the northeast asia ,\nbragin , n . yu . and krylov , k . a . , early norian radiolaria from cyprus ,\nbragin , n . yu . and egorov , a . yu . , middle - late triassic radiolarians from the dzhugadzhak section ( omolon massif ) ,\nbychkov , yu . m . , dagis , a . s . , efimova , a . f . , and polubotko , i . v . ,\n( atlas of the triassic fauna and flora of the east of ussr ) , moscow : nedra , 1976 [ in russian ] .\nbychkov , yu . m . and dagis , a . s . , late triassic fauna of the koryak highland and its importance for paleogeographical and paleotectonic reconstructions , in\n( triassic stratigraphy , fauna and flora of the siberia ) , moscow : nauka , 1984 , pp . 8\u201318 .\n( comparative characteristics of the late triassic faunas in the northeast asia ) , magadan : svknii dvo ran , 1992 [ in russian ] .\n( late triassic trachyceratids and sirenitids in the upper reaches of the yana river ( the sea of okhotsk ) ) , magadan : svnts dvo ran , 1995 [ in russian ] .\nproc . all - russian sci . conf . \u201cscientific readings dedicated to the memory of academician k . v . simakov\u201d\n( magadan , november 27\u201329 , 2007 ) , magadan , 2007 , pp . 43\u201344 .\ncarter , e . s . , orchard , m . j . , and tozer , e . t . , integrated ammonoid - conodont - radiolarian biostratigraphy late triassic kunga group , queen charlotte islands , british columbia ,\ndagis , a . s . , arkhipov , yu . v . , and bychkov , yu . m . ,\n( stratigraphy , lithology and cyclicity of triassic sediments in the north of the central siberia ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1984 [ in russian ] .\ndagis , a . s . and sobolev , e . s . , regularities of development of triassic boreal nautiloids and their zonal stratigraphy ,\ndagis , a . , weitschat , w . , konstantinov , a . , and sobolev , e . , evolution of the boreal marine biota and biostratigraphy at the middle / upper triassic boundary ,\nde wever , p . , sanfilippo , a . , riedel , w . r . , and gruber , b . , triassic radiolaria from greece , sicily and turkey ,\natti ii conv . internaz . \u201cfossili , evoluzione , ambiente\u201d , pergola , ottobre 1987 . ostra vetere\ndumitrica , p . , kozur , h . , and mostler , h . , contribution to the radiolarian fauna of the middle triassic of the southern alps ,\negorov , a . yu . , bogomolov , yu . a . , konstantinov , a . g . , and kurushin , n . i . , triassic stratigraphy of sediments of kotel\u2019nyi island ( novosibirsk islands ) , in\n( the boreal triassic ) , moscow : nauka , 1987 , pp . 66\u201380 .\ngorican , s . and buser , s . , middle triassic radiolarians from slovenia ( yugoslavia ) ,\nhalamic , j . and gorican , s . , triassic radiolarites from mts . kalnik and medvednica ( northwestern croatia ) ,\nhyatt , a . and smith , j . p . , the triassic cephalopod genera of america ,\njeletzky , j . a . and zapfe , h . , coleoid and orthocerid cephalopods of the rhaetian zlambach marl from the fischerwiese near aussee ,\n( stratigraphy of oil - and - gas basins in the siberia . the triassic ) , novosibirsk : geo , 2002 [ in russian ] .\nknipper , a . l . , satian , m . a . , and bragin , n . yu . , upper triassic - lower jurassic volcanogenic and sedimentary deposits of the old zos pass ( transcaucasia ) ,\nkonstantinov , a . g . and sobolev , e . s . , biostratigraphy of the carnian and lower norian in northeastern russia . paper 1 . description of sections and stratigraphic distribution of cephalopods ,\nkonstantinov , a . g . and sobolev , e . s . , biostratigraphy of the carnian and lower norian in northeastern russia . paper 2 . new zonal scale and correlation ,\npaleontologiya v rossii : itogi i perspektivy . tez . dokl . xlvi sess . paleontol . obshch . pri ran\n( paleontology in russia : achievements and perspectives . proc . xlvi sess . paleont . soc . ran ) , st . petersburg : vsegei , 2000 , pp . 43\u201344 .\nkonstantinov , a . g . , sobolev , e . s . , and klets , t . v . , new data on fauna and biostratigraphy on norian deposits in the kotel\u2019nyi island ( new siberian islands ) ,\n( mesozoic sediments of northeastern ussr ) , leningrad : niiga , 1977 , pp . 43\u201349 .\n( geology of the sedimentary cover of the archipelago of svalbard ) , leningrad : niiga , 1980 , pp . 30\u201343 .\n( explanatory note to the mesozoic ( triassic ) scheme of svalbard ) , leningrad : pgo \u201csevmorgeologiya\u201d , 1982 [ in russian ] .\n( startigraphy and fauna of paleozoic and mesozoic of the arctic ) , st . petersburg : vniiokeangeologiya , 2000 , pp . 73\u201384 .\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , beitrage zur erforschung der mesozoischen radiolaria . t . 1 ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , beitrage zur erforschung der mesozoichen radiolaria . t . iii ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , beitrage zur erforschung der mesozoichen radiolarien . teil iv ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , the polyphyletic origin and the classification of the mesozoic saturnalids ( radiolaria ) ,\nkozur , h . and mostler , h . , anisian to middle carnian radiolarian zonation and description of some stratigraphically important radiolarians ,\nkrystyn , l . , sch\u00e4ffer , g . , and schlager , w . , \u00fcber die fossil - lagerst\u00e4tten in den triadischen hallst\u00e4tter kalken der ostalpen ,\nlahm , b . , spumellarienfaunen ( radiolaria ) aus den mitteltriassischen buchensteiner schichten von recoaro ( norditalien ) und den obertriassischen reiflingerkalken von grossreifling ( osterreich ) . systematik . stratigraphie ,\nmojsisovics , e . , \u00fcber das belemnitiden - geschlecht aulacoceras fr . v . hauer ,\nmojsisovics , e . , das gebirge um hallstatt . part 1 . die cephalopoden der zlambach - und hallsttter - schichten ,\nnakaseko , k . and nishimura , a . , upper triassic radiolaria from southwest japan ,\n( general stratigraphic scale of triassic ) , leningrad : vsegei , 1984 , p . 120 .\npessagno , e . a . , jr . , finch , w . , and abbott , p . l . , upper triassic radiolaria from the san hipolito formation , baja california ,\nnauka severo - vostoka rossii\u2014nachalo veka . mat . vseross . nauchn . conf . , posvyashchennoi pamyati akad . k . v . simakova i v chest\u2019 ego 70 - letiya ( magadan , 26 - 27 aprelya 2005 g . )\n( the science in the northeast russia in the beginning of the 21st century . proc . all - russian sci . conf . , dedicated to the memory of academician k . v . simakov . magadan , april 26\u201327 , 2005 ) , magadan , 2005 , pp . 35\u201339 .\n( geology and mineral resources of the novosibirsk islands and wrangel island ) , leningrad : niiga , 1975 , pp . 28\u201337 .\npreobrazhenskaya , e . n . and korchinskaya , m . v . , major stratigraphic features and characteristic sections of triassic sediments in northeastern asia . the novosibirsk structural - facial area , in\n( stratigraphy of the triassic system of northeastern asia ) , moscow : nauka , 1979 , pp . 107\u2013112 .\n( triassic ammonoids of the south of ussr ) , moscow : nauka , 1968 [ in russian ] .\n( triassic ammonoids and chronostratigraphy ) , moscow : nauka , 1990 [ in russian ] .\n( triassic ammonites of the northwest caucasus ) , moscow : nauka , 1995 [ in russian ] .\nsilberling , n . j . and tozer , e . t . , biostratigraphic classification of the marine triassic in north america ,\n( triassic nautilides of north - east asia ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1989 [ in russian ] .\ntekin , u . k . , m\u00f8rk , a . , and weitschat , w . r . , radiolarians from the ladinian - early carnian successions of svalbard ,\n( geology of ussr . vol . 26 . islands of the soviet arctic ) , moscow : nedra , 1970 , pp . 324\u2013374 .\n( field atlas of bivalves and cephalopods from triassic sediments of northeastern russia ) , moscow : nauka , 1964 [ in russian ] .\n( paleontology and biostratigraphy of paleozoic and triassic sediments in yakutia ) , moscow : nauka , 1965 , pp . 86\u201390 .\nwang , y . and he , g . , triassic ammonoids from the mount jolmo lungma region ,\nwang , y . and he , g . , triassic ammonoid sequence of china ,\nyang , z . and li , z . , chronostratigraphic classification of the marine triassic in china ,\nbiosfera - ekosistema - biota v proshlom zemli . paleobiogeographicheskie aspekty . k 100 - letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya akademika v . v . mennera\n( bioshere - ecosystem - biota in the past of the earth . paleobiogeographic aspects . to the 100th anniversary of academician v . v . menner ) , moscow : nauka , 2005 , pp . 46\u201372 .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 a . g . konstantinov , 2008 , published in stratigrafiya . geologicheskaya korrelyatsiya , 2008 , vol . 16 , no . 5 , pp . 37\u201349 .\na . s . alekseev , \u201cclassification of phanerozoic mass extinction events , \u201d vestn . mosk . gos . univ . , ser . 4 geol . no . 5 , 6\u201314 ( 2000 ) .\n( nauka , moscow , 1980 ) , pp . 3\u20139 [ in russian ] .\nr . a . s . browne , \u201cearly triassic ammonoids from beaumont station , wairaki survey district , \u201d trans . roy . soc . n . z .\nyu . m . bychkov , \u201cfirst tibetitids in the northeast of the ussr , \u201d kolyma , no . 8 , 42\u201343 ( 1974 ) .\n( svknii dvo ran , magadan , 2000 ) , pp . 98\u2013110 [ in russian ] .\nyu . m . bychkov and a . s . dagys , \u201clate triassic fauna of the koryak mountains and its significance for paleogeographic and paleotectonic reconstructions , \u201d in\nyu . m . bychkov , a . s . dagys , a . f . efimova , and i . v . polubotko ,\nfrom northeastern asia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 114\u2013119 ( 1970 )\nyu . m . bychkov and i . v . polubotko , \u201cstages in development of the late triassic molluscan faunas and problem of boundary between the carnian and norian stages in the northeastern ussr , \u201d geol . geofiz . , no . 6 , pp . 3\u201310 ( 1973 ) .\n( nauka , moscow , 1976 ) , pp . 109\u2013119 [ in russian ] .\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1983 ) , pp . 19\u201327 [ in russian ] .\n( nauka , moscow , 1987 ) , pp . 63\u201370 [ in russian ] .\na . s . dagys , \u201cnew late olenekian ( triassic ) ammonoid of low palaeolatitude affinity from arctic asia ( eastern taimyr ) , \u201d pal\u00e4ontol . zeitschr .\na . s . dagys , \u201cearliest boreal anisian czekanowskitidae ( ammonoidea ) , \u201d mitt . geol . - pal\u00e4ontol . inst . univ . hamburg\na . s . dagys , \u201cthe ammonoid family arctohungaritidae from the boreal lower - middle anisian ( triassic ) of arctic asia , \u201d revue pal\u00e9obiol . , gen\u00e9ve .\na . s . dagys , yu . v . arkhipov , and yu . m . bychkov ,\na . s . dagys and a . a . dagys , \u201cchanges of ammonoids on the triassic - jurassic boundary in boreal realm , \u201d cahiers univ . catho . lyon . s\u00e9r . sci . , no . 3 , 151\u2013156 ( 1990 ) .\na . s . dagys , a . a . dagys , s . p . ermakova , et al . ,\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201cdetailed biostratigraphic scheme of the boreal lower triassic , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201cnew genus of the olenekian ( early triassic ) boreal ammonoids , \u201d paleont . zh . , no . 3 , 120\u2013123 ( 1995 ) .\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201cinduan ( triassic ) ammonoids from north - eastern asia , \u201d revue de pal\u00e9obiol . , gen\u00e9ve\na . s . dagys and a . g . konstantinov , \u201cinfrazonal scheme of the upper anisian in north siberia , \u201d in\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1986 ) , pp . 48\u201357 [ in russian ] .\na . s . dagys and a . g . konstantinov , \u201cnew zonal scheme of boreal ladinian , \u201d albertiana , no . 10 , 17\u201321 ( 1992 ) .\na . s . dagys and a . g . konstantinov , \u201crevision of the nathorstitidae ( ammonoidea ) from northeastern asia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 5 , 41\u201349 ( 1997 ) [ paleontol . j .\na . yu . egorov , \u201cstages in formation of triassic deposits in the north middle siberia , \u201d izv . vyssh . uchebn . zaved . , geol . razved . , no . 10 , pp . 25\u201331 ( 1983 ) .\na . yu . egorov , g . v . ivanenko , yu . m . baranov , and a . g . konstantinov , \u201cladinian stage of the lena - olenek area , \u201d in\nr . enay , \u201cpal\u00e9obiog\u00e9ographic et ammonites jurassiques : \u201crythmes fauniques\u201d et variations du niveau marin ; voies d\u2019echanges , migrations et domains biog\u00e9ographiques , mem . soc . geol . france , no . 10 , 261\u2013281 ( 1980 ) .\n( ammonoidea , ceratitida ) , paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 38\u201340 ( 2001 ) [ paleontol . j .\na . m . kazakov , a . g . konstantinov , n . i . kurushin , et al . ,\n( nauka , moscow , 1987 ) , pp . 70\u201381 [ in russian ] .\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1990 ) , pp . 67\u201373 [ in russian ] .\n, a new genus of ammonoidea from carnian deposits of northeastern asia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 18\u201325 ( 1995 ) .\na . g . konstantinov , a new ammonoid genus from the carnian of the northern okhotsk region , paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 11\u201314 ( 1999 ) [ paleontol . j .\nproceedings of regional conference of geologists from siberia , far east and northeast of russia . 2 . 2 . paleontology , stratigraphy and paleobiogeography . mesozoic\n( gala press , tomsk , 2000 ) , pp . 327\u2013328 [ in russian ] .\na . g . konstantinov , \u201cthe first discovery of arpaditidae ( ammonoidea ) in the carnian of northeastern asia , paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 30\u201334 ( 2006 ) [ paleontol . j .\na . g . konstantinov , \u201cdebatable questions in stratigraphy of boreal triassic : boundary between middle and upper series , \u201d geol . geofiz .\na . g . konstantinov and e . s . sobolev , \u201cbiostratigraphic scheme of the carnian and lower norian of northeastern russia . publication 1 . description of sections and stratigraphic distribution of cephalopods , \u201d pacific geology\na . g . konstantinov and sobolev , e . s . , \u201cbiostratigraphic scale of the carnian and lower norian of northeast russia . publication 2 . new zonal scales and correlation , \u201d pacific geology\na . g . konstantinov , e . s . sobolev , and t . v . klets , \u201cnew data on fauna and biostratigraphy of norian deposits in the kotel\u2019nyi island ( new siberian islands ) , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya , no . 3 , 27\u201339 ( 2003 ) [ stratigr . geol . correlation\nb . kummel , \u201cnew zealand triassic ammonoids , \u201d new zeland j . geol . geophys .\nn . i . kurushin , \u201ctriassic transgressions , regressions , and marine biota of northern siberia , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya , no . 1 , 28\u201338 ( 2001a ) [ stratigr . geol . correlation\nn . i . kurushin and v . a . zakharov , \u201cclimate of northern siberia in the triassic period , \u201d byull . mosk . o - va ispyt . prir . , ser . geol .\nf . h . mclearn , \u201cmiddle triassic ( anisian ) ammonoids from northeastern british columbia and ellesmere island , \u201d bull . geol . surv . can . , no . 170 , pp . 1\u201390 ( 1969 ) .\nl . a . nevesskaya , \u201cchanges in the taxonomic and ecologic composition of shelf benthic assemblages at the permian - triassic boundary , \u201d stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya\nn . j . silberling and k . m . nichols , \u201cmiddle triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the humboldt range , northwestern nevada , \u201d us geol . surv . prof . pap . no . 1207 , pp . 1\u2013150 ( 1982 ) .\nn . j . silberling and e . t . tozer , \u201cbiostratigraphic classification of the marine triassic in north america , \u201d us geol . surv . spec . pap . , no . 110 , pp . 1\u201363 ( 1968 ) .\ns . k . skwarko , \u201cmiddle and upper triassic mollusca from yuat river , eastern new guinea , \u201d bull . dep . natur . develop . bur . miner . resour . , geol . geophys . , no . 126 , pp . 27\u201350 ( 1973 ) .\ne . t . tozer , \u201ccanadian triassic ammonoid faunas , \u201d bull . geol . surv . can . , no . 467 , pp . 1\u2013663 ( 1994 ) .\n( nauka , moscow , 1977 ) , pp . 27\u201330 [ in russian ] .\nm . n . vavilov , \u201csome anisian ammonoids of north siberia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 50\u201363 ( 1978 ) .\nm . n . vavilov , \u201cdispersal trends of middle triassic ammonoids in the boreal realm , \u201d izv . akad . nauk sssr . ser . geol . , no . 7 , 51\u201359 ( 1983 ) .\nm . n . vavilov and v . v . arkad\u2019ev , \u201cnew and rare ammonoids of the middle and late triassic from middle siberia , \u201d in\n( nauka , novosibirsk , 1986 ) , pp . 38\u201348 [ in russian ] .\nv . a . zakharov , b . n . shurygin , n . i . kurushin , et al . , \u201cmesozoic ocean in arctic regions : paleontological evidence , \u201d geol . geofiz ."]}
{"id": 401, "summary": [{"text": "cerithiopsis virginica is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the northwestern atlantic ocean .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by henderson and bartsch , in 1914 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerithiopsis virginica", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in nucleotide : cerithiopsis virginica [ orgn ] .\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nreferences : henderson & bartsch ( 1914 ) nsewm ; abbott ( 1974 ) s ? ( of ^ c . greenii ^ )\nlittoral marine mollusks of chincoteague island , virginia proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2055 ) 411 - 421 , pls . 13 - 14 . [ stated date : 29 oct 1914 . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 403, "summary": [{"text": "cylindrifrons is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains only one species , cylindrifrons succandidalis , which is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , arizona , california , nevada , new mexico and utah . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cylindrifrons", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 15f ; p . 173 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ngoogle maps is a web mapping service provided by google that features a map that users can pan ( by dragging the mouse ) and zoom ( by using the mouse wheel ) . collection points are displayed as colored markers that when clicked on , displays the full information for that collection . when multiple species are queried ( separated by semi - colons ) , different colored markers denote each individual species .\nthis creates an kml file that can be opened in the google earth mapping application . note that you must have google earth installed on your computer to make use of this option ."]}
{"id": 405, "summary": [{"text": "a gribble / \u02c8g\u0279\u026ab\u0259l / ( or gribble worm ) is any of about 56 species of marine isopod from the family limnoriidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are mostly pale white and small ( 1 \u2013 4 millimetres or 0.04 \u2013 0.16 inches long ) crustaceans , although limnoria stephenseni from subantarctic waters can reach 10 mm ( 0.4 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gribble", "paragraphs": ["gribble was designed to be ioc friendly . the following demonstrates how to configure structuremap and gribble with nhibernate :\nthe 16th century thatched cottage that is today the gribble inn , was once the home of local school teacher rose gribble .\nanything to keep gribble ' s mind off the incredible run he was making .\nmo gribble , vs voruganti , sa cole , k haack , . . .\ngribble allows you to work with table schema through the tableschema class which implements itableschema .\nmo gribble , bv howard , jg umans , nm shara , ka francesconi , . . .\nnm maruthur , mo gribble , wl bennett , s bolen , lm wilson , . . .\nmo gribble , cm crainiceanu , bv howard , jg umans , ka francesconi , . . .\np balakrishnan , d vaidya , n franceschini , vs voruganti , mo gribble , . . .\nmo gribble , vs voruganti , cd cropp , ka francesconi , w goessler , . . .\nthe gribble welcomes amongst others ; locals , rambler & walkers , cyclists , well behaved children and dogs .\ngribble antimony mine ( star metal mine ) , island mountain district , elko co . , nevada , usa\nm tellez - plaza , mo gribble , vs voruganti , ka francesconi , w goessler , . . .\nm grau - perez , cc kuo , mo gribble , p balakrishnan , mj spratlen , . . .\ncc kuo , bv howard , jg umans , mo gribble , lg best , ka francesconi , . . .\nmo gribble , w tang , y shang , j pollak , jg umans , ka francesconi , . . .\ni alcock , mp white , t taylor , df coldwell , mo gribble , kl evans , . . .\njl reiner , pr becker , mo gribble , jm lynch , aj moors , j ness , . . .\ngribble allows you to work with data through the table class which implements itable < t > and iqueryable < t > .\ngribble integrates with nhibernate . more specifically it will use the nhibernate sql connection and enlist in an nhibernate transaction if one has been started . the integration is avaiable as a seperate assembly . the following example demonstrates how to use gribble with nhibernate :\nmo gribble , r karimi , bj feingold , jf nyland , tm o ' hara , mi gladyshev , . . .\ngribble , which resemble pink woodlice , plagued seafarers for centuries by boring through the planks of ships and destroying wooden piers .\nstrunz classification mineral list for gribble antimony mine ( star metal mine ) , island mountain district , elko co . , nevada , usa\nbut new research that shows how the gribble digests wood could hold a key to the production of carbon - neutral fuels from waste .\na team of government - funded british researchers has learned that gribble have a gift for digesting wood not seen in any other animal .\nthe onsite micro - brewery has been active since the opening of the pub in 1980 . head brewer , rob cooper , has brewed beer at the gribble since it opened . his late father was the head brewer before him and both had the pleasure of knowing rose gribble\nbut now the humble \u2018gribble\u2019 could hold the key to the production of sustainable carbon - neutral fuels , thanks to their unusual digestive system .\na gribble - like processing plant could make sugars from woody raw material that can be fermented into alcohol - based fuels for vehicle engines .\nthis is exciting to scientists investigating green fuel sources , because it means gribble could hold the key to converting wood and straw into liquid biofuel .\nresearchers at the universities of york and portsmouth made the discovery after carrying out an extensive study of digestive genes from the gribble species limnoria quadripunctata .\nthe scientists investigated a digestive organ in gribble called the hepatopancreas , a sort of appendix consisting of two blind - ended sacs connected to the stomach .\nit seems possible from the four spots on the rear end of this little chap that the species represented here is limnoria quadripunctata holthuis , 1949 ; but in the absence of any online gribble guide it\u2019s hard to be sure . any gribble experts want to speculate ? [ update : see comments below for elucidation ]\ncody gribble pulled away with five birdies on the back nine , leading to his first career victory on the pga tour . ( marianna massey / getty images )\ngribble was strolling down the 6th fairway that runs along the water thursday at the arnold palmer invitational when he spotted an alligator sunning itself along the fairway ' s edge . at this point the obvious course of action would have been to change direction and avoid any interaction with the reptile , but gribble chose a different path .\nin thursday ' s opening round of the john deere classic , cody gribble did something all weekend hackers are familiar with . hitting a fairway wood on the par - 5 17th at tpc deere run , gribble topped his second shot in embarrassing fashion . how the pga tour rookie reacted , however , is something most golfers could learn from .\nthe gribble offers comfortable chesterfield sofas surrounding two roaring log fires to warm you in the winter months and a pretty cottage garden in which to enjoy the long summer evenings .\nfor centuries , seafarers were plagued by wood - eating gribble that destroyed their ships , and these creatures continue to wreak damage on wooden piers and docks in coastal communities .\nnote : gribble also provides a stock entity ( gribble . entity < tkey > ) and class map ( gribble . intkeyentitymap / guidkeyentitymap ) out of the box that only contains an id and values property . this is handy if you need to work with a table that is completely dynamic and do not want to create an entity and map . table contains static factory methods , discussed next , that omit the mapping and will use the built in one ( table . create < tkey > ( . . . ) ) .\ngribble played in college at texas and is the second member of the school ' s 2012 national championship team to win a pga tour event . the other is jordan spieth .\nthis is true of both cows and termites . but gribble have no symbiotic microbes in their digestive systems , and produce all the enzymes needed to convert wood into sugars themselves .\nwhether the gribble worm ' s process is scalable is another issue , but such minor details do not seem to make it into the hyperbolic press releases announcing these ' discoveries . '\ngribble allows you to execute sql statements through the sqlstatement class which implements isqlstatement . simple return types like numeric , datetime and guid are supported by all methods in addition to reference types .\ngribble allows you to execute stored procedures through the storedprocedure class which implements istoredprocedure . simple return types like numeric , datetime and guid are supported by all methods in addition to reference types .\nand why not ? even the world ' s best players are capable of bloopers - - just ask shank masters ian poulter and webb simpson . gribble wound up making par on the hole .\njackson , miss . - - cody gribble and his caddie talked a ton during the final nine holes of his impressive run to a sanderson farms championship victory . very little was about golf .\nby examining genes that are expressed in the guts of gribble , the researchers have demonstrated that its digestive system contains enzymes which could hold the key to converting wood and straw into liquid biofuels .\nthe gribble worm is more known as a pest that eats the hulls of ships . it turns out the bacteria in its stomach produces the requisite enzymes that can break cellulose into simple sugars .\nscientists at the university of york believe that potent digestive enzymes that the gribble produces to convert wood into the sugars they live on , could be harnessed as a crucial component in making liquid biofuels .\ngribble are voracious consumers of wood and have all the enzymes needed for its digestion . the enzymes attach to a long chain of complex sugars and then chop off small soluble molecules that can be easily digested or fermented . the researchers identified a cellulase ( an enzyme that converts cellulose into glucose ) from gribble that has some unusual properties and used the latest imaging technology to understand more about it .\nunlike termites and other wood - eating animals , gribble have no helpful microbes in their digestive system . this means that they must possess all of the enzymes needed to convert wood into sugars themselves .\ngribble had two birdies on the front nine to stay in contention , then ran off birdies on nos . 11 , 13 , 15 , 16 and 17 . he finished at 20 - under 268 .\nthe york project , headed by professor simon mcqueen - mason , is working with marine biologists at portsmouth university to identify the enzymes in the gribble\u2019s digestive tract that are the most efficient in breaking down wood .\nthey talked about gribble ' s texas longhorns and their big win in football over baylor on saturday . they talked about the chicago cubs and the world series . they discussed their upcoming trip to las vegas .\nwhich brings us to the announcement by the university of york and university of portsmouth in the united kingdom that a crustacean called the\ngribble worm\nis an idiot savant when it comes to transforming wood into sugars .\nthe gribble inn is a charming public house within west sussex , nestled in the quaint village of oving . it is situated close to the south downs with views to goodwood , three miles from the historical city of chichester .\nfollowing her death in 1980 , local farmer peter hague compassionately bought and transformed the cottage into a public house for the local oving parishioners . in memory of rose , peter named the pub \u2018the gribble\u2019 as a lasting tribute .\nwe have just completed our first steps into the world of bottling . we are pleased to announce our santa\u2019s sack limited edition bottled ruby red ale 5 . 4 % is now available to purchase in house at the gribble inn\nthe gribble , a wood - boring marine isopod long has been considered nothing more than a nautical nuisance . its specialty is boring its way into the wooden hulls of ships , turning seafaring into an even more perilous undertaking .\nmost animals that consume wood have digestive tracts packed with microbes that help to digest the cell wall polymers , but the gribble\u2019s is sterile , so it must produce all the enzymes needed to break down the wood itself . we have done extensive dna sequencing of the genes expressed in its gut , and we have detected cellulases never seen in animals before . we want to see if it\u2019s possible to adapt the gribble digestive enzymes for industrial purposes .\nto do this they turned to the destructive power of tiny wood - boring marine isopod called \u2018gribble\u2019 , which historically attacked the timber hulls of seafarers\u2019 ships , and continue to wreak damage on wooden piers and docks in coastal communities .\nthe small talk worked . gribble finished with a 7 - under 65 - - which included five birdies on a spectacular back nine - - to turn a tight fight into a four - stroke victory and his pga tour title .\nthe gribble fluent mapping works the same as fnh . if the column is omitted the property name is used as the column name . the id mapping is only required when creating , modifying or deleting entities . if you will only be querying entities the id mapping is not required . the generated ( ) flag tells gribble that it will need to generate the id . in this case it will generate a guid comb . if the id is generated by the database , as in the case of an identity field or default value , this flag should be omitted . the dynamic ( ) flag this tells gribble that the property will be a catch all bag for columns that are not mapped .\nthis information will help the researchers to design more robust enzymes for industrial applications . while similar cellulases have been found in wood - degrading fungi , the enzyme from gribble shows some important differences . in particular , the gribble cellulase is extremely resistant to aggressive chemical environments and can work in conditions seven times saltier than sea water . being robust in difficult environments means that the enzymes can last much longer when working under industrial conditions and so less enzyme will be needed .\ncody gribble didn ' t have the best first round at bay hill , as evidenced by his triple - bogey at the 3rd hole , but it could have taken a turn for the worse when came across an alligator on the course .\nthe scientists at york are now studying the enzymes to establish how they work , and whether they can be adapted to industrial applications . perhaps one day soon seafarers will be sailing the seas on ships powered with biofuels produced with gribble enzymes .\nso try to follow cody gribble ' s lead when it comes to handling bad shots on the golf course . however , we still recommend that you don ' t follow his lead when it comes to dealing with gators on the golf course .\nwe are proud to present our very own micro - brewery here on site at the gribble inn . we have the capacity to brew up to 4320 litres of beer every week , with the capabilities to vary our types and styles of beer .\nwhile similar cellulase have been characterised from wood - degrading fungi , the enzyme from gribble shows some important differences . in particular , the gribble cellulase is extremely resistant to aggressive chemical environments and can work in conditions seven times saltier than sea water . being robust to difficult environments means that the enzymes can last much longer when working under industrial conditions and so less enzyme will be needed . understanding the structural basis for this robustness will help the researchers to design more robust enzymes for industrial applications .\nspecifically , mcqueen - mason and his team have been studying an enzyme found in the gribble that could show the way to breaking down wood into simple sugars . their work could lead the way in turning waste\u2014paper , scrap wood and straw\u2014into liquid fuel .\non sunday , gribble started slowly , but picked up steam on an unseasonably hot day in jackson where the temperature pushed 90 degrees . he made a short birdie putt on 11 and then hit a difficult downhill 18 - foot putt for birdie on 13 .\ngribble is a simple , linq enabled orm that was designed to work with dynamically created tables . it was not meant to be a replacement for a full fledged orm like nhiberate but to handle a use case that other orm ' s could not handle well .\ni knew i was in a good spot and i knew i was playing well ,\ngribble said .\nit ' s hard not to sit there and look at the scoreboard , look where you ' re at and how you ' re doing .\nthe research team\u2014from university of york , university of portsmouth , hampshire , uk , and the national renewable energy laboratory , golden , colo . \u2014have used advanced biochemical analysis and x - ray imaging techniques to determine the structure and function of the enzyme used by the gribble .\na great treat for christmas ! here at the the gribble inn & brewery we offer gift vouchers to purchase for that special someone . they are redeemable against our food and drink offerings , as well as against our brewery talks . we offer voucher denominations of \u00a35 & \u00a310 .\ngribble looked as if he might have trouble just making the cut at the country club of jackson after an opening 73 . he bounced back with a 63 in the second round to jump into contention - - one shy of the course record - - and followed it up with a 67 on saturday .\ngribble obviously has a way to go to match the accomplishments of spieth , who is among the world ' s best players , but the sanderson farms win is certainly a good start . he earned $ 756 , 000 , 300 fedexcup points and exempt status on tour through the 2018 - 19 season .\ndr . gribble is a molecular biologist broadly interested in the evolution , ecology and life history of marine and freshwater plankton . she combines her training in biological oceanography , evolution , and molecular biology to investigate how environment and genetics influence the phenotypic plasticity of life history strategy and morphology to allow adaptation to changes in environmental conditions and to determine evolutionary fitness . by understanding the outcomes induced by specific environmental conditions , the molecular genetic bases of phenotypic changes , and the evolutionary conservation of plasticity , dr . gribble\u2019s research enables predictions about the results of changing environmental conditions at scales ranging from the individual to the ecosystem .\nkirk won the tournament in 2011 , back when it was called the viking classic and played at nearby annandale golf club . he was in contention again at the country club of jackson after shooting a 65 in the third round , but nobody was able to keep up with gribble ' s torrid pace on sunday .\nsimon mcqueen - mason has seen the destructive power of the tiny gribble first hand . before he became a plant scientist , mcqueen - mason\u2014who today works in the centre for novel agricultural products at the university of york , heslington , york , uk\u2014was a commercial fisherman who owned his own wooden - hulled fishing boat .\n\u201cwhen simon cragg first looked at gribbles through an electron microscope he was able to see their gut was completely sterile , which means nature had got there before us . what is happening inside a gribble\u2019s gut is nature\u2019s own bioreactor and now we have the blueprint of this enzyme , we just need to copy it . \u201d\nusing ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) ) ; var tableschema = tableschema . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\nseveral of our beers have recently been featured at the great british beer festival including pukka mild , c . h . i . p . a . and the very popular sussex quad hopper 4 . 0 % . you will find up to 6 of our own ales served at the gribble inn bar , including old favourites such as fuzzy duck .\nwhat ' s a gribble ? it ' s a tiny marine shrimp found on the southern coast of britain - - and its ability to digest wood may provide a breakthrough in < a href =\nurltoken\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> efficient biofuel production < / a > . researchers are studying the gribble ' s digestion process at a new < a href =\nurltoken\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> uk bioenergy centre < / a > in order to synthetically copy the process so that grasses , husk , straw and willow can be converted more efficiently into biofuels . . . . < br > < br > < a href = ' urltoken ' > read article < / a >\ndr mcgeehan said : \u201cthe 3d structure has revealed that although the skeleton of the gribble enzyme is very similar to the equivalent enzymes in fungi , the surface is unrecognisable . it appears that the consequence of evolution in a marine environment is an acidic coat that protects the enzyme from high concentrations of salt . this unusual salt tolerance and stability represent exciting properties with great potential benefit to industry . \u201d\nin research published in the proceedings of the ( u . s . ) national academy of sciences , a team headed by simon mcqueen - mason and neil bruce at york , and simon cragg at portsmouth reveal that the gribble digestive tract is dominated by enzymes that attack the polymers that make up wood . one of the most abundant enzymes is a cellulose degrading enzyme never before seen in animals .\nthe ultimate aim is to reproduce the effect of this enzyme on an industrial scale . rather than trying to get the cellulase from gribble , the team have transferred the genetic blueprint of this enzyme to an industrial microbe that can produce it in large quantities , in the same way that enzymes for biological washing detergents are made . by doing this they hope to cut the costs of turning woody materials into biofuels .\nfemale brachionus manjavacas . brachionus rotifers are approximately 500 \u00b5m long , are composed of 1000 cells , and have defined digestive , nervous , reproductive and muscular systems . monognont rotifers like b . manjavacas generally reproduce asexually , with occasional bouts of sexual reproduction . they play a significant role in freshwater and marine ecosystems as consumers of phytoplankton and bacteria and are emerging as an important model system for studying questions of evolution and the biology of aging . photo credit : kristin gribble\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var tableschema = tableschema . create ( connectionmanager , profiler : new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var tableschema = tableschema . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\nupdate : the release of the gribble armada after our brave little tv stars had managed to survive over 24 hours away from seawater they were starting to look a bit sluggish when asked to perform yet again under the lights this morning at work . the ranger decided they needed to be given a fighting chance to go off and nibble some toff\u2019s yacht in cowes . so down to the river medina went the gribbles , wrapped in a magazine , and they were sent off in a little flotilla of wooden fragments .\nusing advanced biochemical analysis and x - ray imaging techniques , scientists from the centre for novel agricultural products ( cnap ) in the department of biology at york , the university of portsmouth and the national renewable energy laboratory in the usa have determined the structure and function of a key enzyme used by gribble to digest wood . this will help the researchers to reproduce its effects on an industrial scale in a bid to create sustainable liquid biofuels . the research is published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa .\nduke gribble received his state of california k\u009612 teaching credential and baccalaureate degree from northridge university , while majoring in english and theater . he has over 10 years experience as an environmental sciences educator in california and has been recognized by the united states presidency for service to the nation through environmental protection . as an avid outdoor enthusiast and naturalist , duke has traveled and studied extensively throughout natural ecosystems in america and abroad . he is currently writing and editing technical documents for an entomological website database and working on educational theatre projects for the dietrick institute .\nwe create a sqlstatement object by passing in a connection manager , an optional class map ( only used when returning entities ) and an optional profiler . you can create a sqlstatement object with the new keyword or one of the static factory methods . there is a connection manager that takes a system . data . sqlconnection or connection string and one that takes an nhibernate . isession ( when using nhibernate integration ) . gribble supports the go keyword and will automatically split the statement into seperate batches . it uses the last batch for return values , preceding batches are executed non query .\ncurrent research in the gribble lab focuses on studies of evolution , life history , and aging using monogonont rotifers . rotifers are aquatic invertebrate animals with many advantages as a model in aging and maternal effects research : small size and a two - week lifespan enables high replication and rapid experimentation , transparency allows easy microscopy , clonal propagation permits direct examination of maternal effects without changes in genome , and inducible sexual reproduction enables crossing and traditional genetics . tools for rotifer research include genomes , transcriptomes , and rnai . rotifers are thus a tractable and robust system for investigating many basic biological questions , including the evolution of mate recognition and speciation , the influence of environmental conditions on phenotypic plasticity , and the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of aging , lifespan - extending interventions , and maternal effects .\nlife cycle of the monogonont rotifer brachionus manjavacas . ( a ) left , the asexual cycle , in which a female produces clonal diploid eggs by mitosis . right , the sexual cycle , in which crowding conditions prompt a portion of females in the population to become mictic , producing haploid gametes via meiosis . if haploid gametes are not fertilized , they hatch into diminutive haploid males . fertilized gametes develop into a dormant resting egg , able to dessicate and overwinter in the sediments . upon hatching , the resting egg restores the sexual cycle . ( b ) amictic ( asexual female ) carrying a single egg ; ( c ) haploid male ; ( d ) amictic female egg ; ( e ) male egg ; ( d ) dormant resting egg , the product of sexual reproduction . scale bars for ( b ) \u2013 ( e ) are 100 \u00b5m . photos : k . gribble and e . corey\npublic class registry : structuremap . configuration . dsl . registry { public registry ( ) { / / nhibernate registration forsingletonof < isessionfactory > ( ) . use ( context = > fluently . configure ( ) . database ( mssqlconfiguration . mssql2008 . connectionstring (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) . mappings ( map = > map . fluentmappings . addfromassembly ( assembly . getexecutingassembly ( ) ) . conventions . add ( autoimport . never ( ) ) ) . buildconfiguration ( ) . buildsessionfactory ( ) ) ; for < isession > ( ) . use ( context = > context . getinstance < isessionfactory > ( ) . opensession ( ) ) ; / / gribble registration scan ( x = > { x . thecallingassembly ( ) ; x . addalltypesof < iclassmap > ( ) ; } ) ; forsingletonof < entitymappingcollection > ( ) . use < entitymappingcollection > ( ) ; for < iconnectionmanager > ( ) . use < gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager > ( ) ; for < itablefactory > ( ) . use < tablefactory > ( ) ; for < itableschema > ( ) . use < tableschema > ( ) ; } } public class data { private itablefactory _ tablefactory ; private itableschema _ tableschema ; public data ( itablefactory tablefactory , itableschema tableschema ) { _ tablefactory = tablefactory ; _ tableschema = tableschema ; } public t getrecord < t > ( string tablename , object id ) { var table = _ tablefactory . createfor < t > ( tablename ) ; return table . get ( id ) ; } public ienumerable < string > getcolumns ( string tablename ) { return _ tableschema . getcolumns ( tablename ) ; } } objectfactory . initialize ( x = > x . addregistry < registry > ( ) ) ; using ( var container = objectfactory . container . getnestedcontainer ( ) ) { var data = container . getinstance < data > ( ) ; var result = data . getrecord < address > ( id ) ; }\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager , profiler : new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with implicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with explicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var mapping = new entitymappingcollection ( new iclassmap [ ] { new addressmap ( ) } ) var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager , mapping ) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager , profiler : new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with implicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with explicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var mapping = new entitymappingcollection ( new iclassmap [ ] { new addressmap ( ) } ) var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager , mapping ) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\nthis thesis uses a vulnerability assessment approach that has been applied in a variety of fisheries and natural resource management contexts . this approach has been taken because vulnerability assessments provide a useful framework for organising and integrating different types of information . vulnerability frameworks have been used to assess a variety of fisheries related risks including the risks to bycatch species such as sea snakes and turtles ( griffiths et al . , 2006 , milton , 2001 ) and sharks and rays ( stobutzki et al . , 2002 ) ; the economic risks climate change poses to fisheries ( fletcher , 2005 ) ; sustainability and risks of targeted fishing for sharks and rays ( salini et al . , 2007 , walker , 2005a ) , and a wide range of other fisheries ( see hobday et al . , 2007 for review ) . australian fisheries have used vulnerability frameworks which compare a species\u2019 susceptibility to the fishery against its productivity to describe sustainability ( gribble et al . , 2005 , hobday et al . , 2007 , salini et al . , 2007 , stobutzki et al . , 2001 ) . vulnerability frameworks are also used in assessing the vulnerability of species and systems to climate change ( chin et al . , 2010 , f\u00fcssel & klein , 2006 , johnson & marshall , 2007 ) .\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) , new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / existing connection using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) ) ; . . . } / / implicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) ) ; . . . } / / static factory method using built in entity and map . requires key column name . using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var table = table < entity < guid > > . create < guid > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n,\nid\n) ; . . . }\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\nget the latest edition of the times of london online , on tablet or smartphone .\nget unrivalled analysis throughout the world cup from our experts and ex - pros .\nwith 36 correspondents across six continents , don\u2019t miss the biggest stories around the world .\na world of news . anywhere in the world . they\u2019ve played the game , so you can live it . getting her in means the truth gets out .\ntheresa may will contest a vote of no confidence if tory mps seek to bring her down after resignations by david davis and boris johnson . a downing street source said that the prime minister would stand and fight to resist being bundled out of no 10 by leave mps furious at her attempts to soften brexit . her official spokesman could only say that mrs may hopes to . . .\ntheresa may will contest a vote of no confidence if tory mps seek to bring her down after . . .\nit looked by mid - morning as though theresa may could contain the fallout from losing her brexit secretary , david davis . . .\nit looked by mid - morning as though theresa may could contain the fallout from losing her brexit secretary , david davis . the departure this afternoon of her foreign secretary , boris johnson , pushed the crisis into new territory . he quit just 30 minutes before the prime minister was due to make a statement . . .\nit looked by mid - morning as though theresa may could contain the fallout from losing her brexit secretary , david davis .\na former ukip councillor killed his wife with a choke hold after she discovered he was having an affair with his son\u2019s partner , a court has been told . stephen searle , 64 , an ex - royal marine , denies murdering his 62 - year - old . . .\na former ukip councillor killed his wife with a choke hold after she discovered he was having an affair with his . . .\na couple poisoned with a lethal nerve agent were exposed to a high dose after handling a vessel used to transport the substance , counterterrorism officers believe . dawn sturgess , 44 , died last night and her boyfriend charlie . . .\na couple poisoned with a lethal nerve agent were exposed to a high dose after handling a vessel used to transport the . . .\nbritain is urging germany to calm president trump\u2019s anger at low european defence spending by investing in railways and bridges that can be used by nato troops in a crisis , the times has learnt . gavin williamson , the defence secretary , is . . .\nbritain is urging germany to calm president trump\u2019s anger at low european defence spending by . . .\npresident trump\u2019s personal confrontation with the nato alliance , which is due to come to a head this week , is all . . .\npresident trump\u2019s personal confrontation with the nato alliance , which is due to come to a head . . .\n1949 norway , denmark , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france , italy , portugal , uk , iceland , canada and the us sign . . .\n1949 norway , denmark , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france , italy , portugal , uk , iceland . . .\ndonald trump\u2019s uk visit has stirred controversy and sparked fierce debate . let us know where you stand\nthe britons who found the boys are experts thanks to the uk\u2019s challenging cave systems , an instructor said . martyn farr , an instructor and explorer with the cave diving group of great britain , said that the small passages , poor visibility and cold . . .\nthe britons who found the boys are experts thanks to the uk\u2019s challenging cave systems , an . . .\nnew homes will have to be built with electric car chargers as part of a plan to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles , it will be announced today . building regulations will be overhauled to require developers to . . .\nnew homes will have to be built with electric car chargers as part of a plan to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel . . .\nthe man booker prize is more about corporate branding and has failed to boost talented fledgling writers since allowing american novelists to enter , two previous winners have claimed . julian barnes and peter carey said . . .\nthe man booker prize is more about corporate branding and has failed to boost talented fledgling writers since . . .\nit might take less time to record what wasn\u2019t included in the dolce & gabbana alta moda presentation in italy . among the clothes on show were kimonos , frock coats , ballgowns , little black dresses , bleached denim , copious amounts of feathers . . .\nit might take less time to record what wasn\u2019t included in the dolce & gabbana alta moda . . .\nthe collapse of carillion has exposed \u201cfundamental flaws\u201d in government outsourcing , which is obsessed with costs and is damaging public services , a review by the commons public administration committee has found . the collapse . . .\nthe collapse of carillion has exposed \u201cfundamental flaws\u201d in government outsourcing , which is obsessed with costs and . . .\nan army veteran who lost his legs on his third tour of afghanistan is to marry the nurse who helped him back to health . david birrell , a black watch soldier , lost his left leg from the knee down in a roadside bomb attack while . . .\nan army veteran who lost his legs on his third tour of afghanistan is to marry the nurse who helped him back to health .\nbritain\u2019s longest heatwave in five years has entered a third week as water companies urge restraint to avoid hosepipe bans . england had its hottest day of the year yesterday , with 32 . 4c recorded in gosport , hampshire . today is forecast to be the . . .\nbritain\u2019s longest heatwave in five years has entered a third week as water companies urge . . .\nthe nhs will have to spend \u00a318 billion over the next three years just to get on top of targets , deal with a maintenance backlog and improve staffing levels and finances , analysis suggests . nhs providers , which represents trusts . . .\nthe nhs will have to spend \u00a318 billion over the next three years just to get on top of targets , deal with a . . .\na christian doctor was turned down for a job as a disability assessor with the department for work and pensions after refusing to refer to transgender people using their preferred pronoun of \u201cshe\u201d or \u201che\u201d . david mackereth , a . . .\na christian doctor was turned down for a job as a disability assessor with the department for work and pensions after . . .\nsir , with her latest attempt at a solution to the brexit conundrum ( \u201cjohnson in firing line as pm claims brexit win\u201d , news , july 7 ) , theresa may may be about to achieve what few would think possible : she\u2019ll alienate nearly every one who voted in . . .\nsir , with her latest attempt at a solution to the brexit conundrum ( \u201cjohnson in firing line as pm . . .\nus : president donald trump announces his nominee for us supreme court justice , to replace anthony kennedy , who is retiring at the end of the month .\nvietnam : the us secretary of state , mike pompeo , concludes his visit to vietnam .\nin 1540 the marriage of king henry viii and anne of cleves was annulled after six months ; in 1877 the first lawn tennis championship was held at wimbledon ; in 1917 the british battleship hms vanguard , a veteran of jutland , blew up in scapa flow with the loss of more than 800 men ; in 1942 allied troops began airborne landings in sicily ; in 1951 dashiell hammett , the author of the maltese falcon , was sentenced to six months in prison for contempt of court , having refused to give testimony that would help to trace communists accused of conspiring against the us ; in 1982 michael fagan , an unemployed father of four , broke into buckingham palace and made his way to the queen\u2019s bedroom ; in 1984 york minster was struck by lightning , setting fire to the south transept ; in 1993 the remains of the last tsar of russia , nicholas ii , and his family were positively identified .\nsome skylarks are still singing over the fields and a few of them will be heard for another week or two . beneath them harvesting is beginning in the barley fields , where much of the grain is ripe and golden , and the first combine harvesters are at work . however , the hot dry weather has meant that many farmers are expecting a relatively modest yield this year . the wheat came on more quickly with the hot weather and farmers have been saying : \u201cthe wheat needs a drink . \u201d there are still some spotty - looking young skylarks lurking among the corn when their parents had a third brood , but they should be able to flit away \u2014 or if necessary run away , which they are good at doing \u2014 and escape the combines . the greater threat to them comes from a shortage of drinking water , especially if streams run dry .\na purge of more than 18 , 000 police , soldiers , judges , academics and other civil servants began in turkey yesterday as president erdogan prepared to assume the greater powers he will exercise from this week . mr erdogan will be inaugurated as president for a second term today after his victory in . . .\na purge of more than 18 , 000 police , soldiers , judges , academics and other civil servants began in turkey yesterday as president . . .\nitaly\u2019s new populist government has revived a 2008 deal promising $ 5 billion in reparations to libya to stop migrants sailing across the mediterranean . enzo moavero milanesi , the italian foreign minister , called the deal significant and promising after a meeting in tripoli with fayez al - sarraj , the head of libya\u2019s un - backed government , at . . .\nitaly\u2019s new populist government has revived a 2008 deal promising $ 5 billion in reparations to libya to stop migrants sailing . . .\npakistan\u2019s ousted prime minister has vowed to return from self - imposed exile this friday , in a move that could pitch the country into turmoil days before a general election . nawaz sharif , the disgraced three - time prime minister who was last week convicted in absentia of corruption and sentenced to ten years in jail . . .\npakistan\u2019s ousted prime minister has vowed to return from self - imposed exile this friday , in a . . .\na canadian climber leading an international mountaineering expedition has died on pakistan\u2019s treacherous k2 , an . . .\na canadian climber leading an international mountaineering expedition has died on pakistan\u2019s . . .\nthe german government plans to send 170 anti - bullying experts to selected schools to counter a rise in assaults and . . .\nthe german government plans to send 170 anti - bullying experts to selected schools to counter a . . .\nthe us extreme sportsman travis pastrana successfully recreated three of evel knievel\u2019s famous motorcycle jumps in las vegas last night . in a televised evel live special on the history channel , mr pastrana used an indian scout ftr750 to jump 143 . . .\nthe us extreme sportsman travis pastrana successfully recreated three of evel knievel\u2019s famous . . .\nsoaring numbers of chinese couples are filing for divorce in order to get their children into good schools . the practice has become pronounced in the northern city of shijiazhuang , which introduced an enrolment policy that . . .\nsoaring numbers of chinese couples are filing for divorce in order to get their children into good schools . the . . .\nthe new leader of mexico has spent the days following his landslide election win promising to create an austere government . andr\u00e9s manuel l\u00f3pez obrador arrived to meet members of the country\u2019s most powerful business lobby in . . .\nthe new leader of mexico has spent the days following his landslide election win promising to create an austere . . .\nthe competition watchdog has challenged the accounting profession to find ways to improve choice in the auditing market that could save the big four firms from being broken up . andrea coscelli , chief executive of the competition and markets authority , issued the challenge in meetings with the . . .\nthe competition watchdog has challenged the accounting profession to find ways to improve choice in the auditing market that . . .\nthe takeover of a british aircraft component maker by a chinese rival has collapsed , leaving hundreds of jobs at risk . better capital , the listed venture capital fund owned by jon moulton , the financier , had been poised to sell northern aerospace to shaanxi ligeance mineral resources . however , the \u00a344 million takeover has fallen apart after . . .\nthe takeover of a british aircraft component maker by a chinese rival has collapsed , leaving hundreds of jobs at risk . better . . .\nthe troubled retailer mothercare is to raise \u00a332 . 5 million in a deeply discounted fundraising as it prepares to close 60 shops with the loss of about 1 , 000 jobs as part of a big restructuring . existing shareholders backed a one - for - one 19p - a - share equity issue to bolster its finances after the completion of a . . .\nthe troubled retailer mothercare is to raise \u00a332 . 5 million in a deeply discounted fundraising as . . .\ncentral banking has a long , inglorious history of obfuscation . \u201cnever explain , never excuse , \u201d was montagu norman\u2019s . . .\ncentral banking has a long , inglorious history of obfuscation . \u201cnever explain , never excuse , \u201d was . . .\nnobody much likes paying tax . from time to time most taxes come under the spotlight for their perceived unfairness or . . .\nnobody much likes paying tax . from time to time most taxes come under the spotlight for their . . .\nit might seem unthinkable . the big four accounting firms in britain look as strong and lasting as granite , but behind the fancy offices , sober suits and reassuringly dull marketing they are built on quite flimsy financial foundations . it wouldn\u2019t . . .\nit might seem unthinkable . the big four accounting firms in britain look as strong and lasting as . . .\nthe former chief executive of stobart group has accused the company of treating shareholders with contempt for ignoring a vote that reinstated him as a director of the company . shareholders at stobart\u2019s annual meeting on friday . . .\nthe former chief executive of stobart group has accused the company of treating shareholders with contempt for . . .\ncomcast is expected to submit a formal \u00a322 billion takeover bid for sky this week , laying the ground for a bidding war for britain\u2019s largest commercial broadcaster . brian roberts , chairman and chief executive of the giant . . .\ncomcast is expected to submit a formal \u00a322 billion takeover bid for sky this week , laying the ground for a bidding . . .\ngary neville had his doubts , like we all did . when itv invited him to join their punditry team for the world cup , he was unsure whether he really wanted to spend five weeks in moscow . he recalled a sense of foreboding when he came here on his first away trip with manchester united as a 17 - year - old .\ngary neville had his doubts , like we all did . when itv invited him to join their punditry team for the world cup , he was unsure . . .\nthe more raheem sterling is criticised , the more he is praised . the more he is praised , the more he is criticised . during england\u2019s ill - fated euro 2016 campaign , he referred to himself as \u201cthe hated one\u201d . this time it is different . as he prepares for a world cup semi - final against croatia , he is feeling the love as well as the usual hate .\nthe more raheem sterling is criticised , the more he is praised . the more he is praised , the more he is criticised . during . . .\nthe first thing you notice about st\u00e9phane guivarc\u2019h , as he raises an incongruously dainty espresso cup to his lips in a small caf\u00e9 in western brittany , is his hands . big , tough , coarse hands , with calluses on the palms and roughened nails . hands that have known the toll and texture of hard work . hands that have . . .\nthe first thing you notice about st\u00e9phane guivarc\u2019h , as he raises an incongruously dainty . . .\ni should have been heartbroken , like every other three lions fan , when chris waddle skied england\u2019s last spot kick in . . .\ni should have been heartbroken , like every other three lions fan , when chris waddle skied . . .\ni watched the england quarter - final at my home in southwest london . i was on my own because my wife and children . . .\ni watched the england quarter - final at my home in southwest london . i was on my own because my . . .\ngareth southgate has changed his email address , averted his gaze from social media and turned off his phone when it has buzzed constantly with good - luck messages \u2014 but there is no escaping the life - changing immensity of what he , and his vibrant . . .\ngareth southgate has changed his email address , averted his gaze from social media and turned off . . .\nfor some of the england fans in the mosh - pit behind one goal , it was just too much to take in at the final whistle . england had reached a world cup semi - final for the first time in 28 years , and they were beyond joy , beyond words . some of the older ones among the 4 , 000 celebrating were in turin at italia 90 and have sat and stood and suffered through 42 hours of playing . . ."]}
{"id": 410, "summary": [{"text": "theretra lycetus , the white-edged hunter hawkmoth , is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from south-east asia , including malaysia , thailand , india , sri lanka and indonesia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "theretra lycetus", "paragraphs": ["theretra lycetus is not as common on the t . oldenlandiae for your location , but the pink suffusion supports this idea . see below for a picture :\nas mattdmo suggested , this is a hawk moth . given your location and season , this is why i thought it was either the impatiens hawkmoth ( theretra oldenlandiae ) or the white - edged hunter hawkmoth ( theretra lycetus ) . and finally , why i now think it is the brown - banded hunter ( theretra silhetensis ) .\ned note : august 26 , 2011 after an exchange of comments , we now agree that this is not a yam hawkmoth , but the closely related theretra lycetus from the same genus .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . theretra lycetus cramer , 1775 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nalmost positive it ' s the impatiens hawkmoth , ( theretra oldenlandiae ) , which is common in india . site for reference\nwhen it comes down to it , that solid single white line is the biggest indicator it is a t . silhetensis over a t . oldenlandiae or t . lycetus .\ntheretra oldenlandiae was my original instinct , since it is a more common in your area and the banding / stripe pattern matches to a t .\nsuperficially similar to hippotion geryon but immediately distinguishable by the shape of the pale postmedian band and crenulated forewing outer margin . distinguished from centroctena imitans by the broader forewing , with a less crenulated and angulate outer margin with the tooth on m2 the same size as that on m1 . forewing upperside with postmedian lines much more strongly undulate between the apex and m3 than in centroctena imitans uncus rather narrow and obviously curved , apically slightly sinuate . gnathos apically rounded . valve with about 12 large stridulatory scales . harpe a long , slender , horizontal , cylindrical process , slightly upcurved apically . aedeagus superficially similar to theretra clotho group in having a large patch of erect , somewhat curved , deciduous spines , their tips pointing distad ; differing , however , in the spines being curved ( not straight ) and having only a single point , rather than multiple ( caltrops ) points sterigma similar to theretra lycetus , but more triangular . ostium bursae asymmetrical , but not so prominent as in theretra lycetus\nthe theretra silhetensis exhibits a solid white line along the upperside of its abdomen , and more of a faded banding pattern on the forethat corresponds with your picture . these moths are also common in india .\ntheretra oldenlandiae , the impatiens hawkmoth or taro hornworm , is a member of the family sphingidae found in india , sri lanka , china , borneo , japan , the philippines , thailand , and australia .\nwingspan : 70 - - 90mm . immediately distinguishable from all other species of theretra by the white forewing costa and discal spot , and a narrow white dorsal line restricted to the thorax . forewing upperside purplish - brown with only serrate postmedian line clearly visible ; discal spot a small white dot ; costa highlighted with white . hindwing upperside orange with a slightly darker , diffuse marginal band . head and thorax chestnut - brown ; thorax with a white dorsal stripe and a similar lateral stripe from tip of palpus to end of thorax ; abdomen with first two segments chestnut - brown , rest brownish - pink , paler on the sides . opening at apex of labial palp segment one partly covered by single long scales from the first and second segments ( as in theretra castanea ) . thorax with a white medial line . forebasitarsus with external row of spines doubled and trebled .\ntheretra oldenlandiae oldenlandiae ( from sri lanka and southern india north to northern pakistan , northern afghanistan , nepal , bhutan and myanmar . then northeastwards through china to taiwan , south korea and japan , and then southeastwards through south east asia as far as the andaman islands , the solomon islands and the philippines . strongly migratory northward to northeastern china ( heilongjiang , liaoning and jilin ) , eastern russia ( primorskiy kray ) and northern japan )\nlarval hostplants . recorded in china only on aporosa octandra , from both guangdong ( mell , 1922b - - as aporosa leptostachys ) and hong kong ( waring et al . , 1994 - - as aporosa chinensis ) . in india and burma / myanmar theretra pallicosta also feeds on species of aporosa ( fellowes - manson , 1909 ; bell & scott , 1937 ) , while in pakistan it has been recorded on vitis ( fletcher , 1920 ) . a record from camellia sinensis in india ( andrews , 1921 ) is erroneous .\nthe species differs from lycetus in being greyish brown without pink suffusion and the two dorsal lines on abdomen silvery white . there are also oblique stripes on forewing and the sides of abdomen is ochreous , not golden . hindwing with the submarginal band ochreous and narrow . larva is pale purplish brown in color . there is a yellow subdorsal line and white spots with a pale lateral line below them on the thoracic somites . black - ringed ocelli can be seen on 4th to 10th somites , where the first two centered with blue , and posterior with purple . in the early instars , posterior ocelli are centered with crimson color with dorsal bands of yellow specks . the species is found in open lowland habitats .\nchaerocampa pallicosta walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 145 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] ; [ china , ] hong kong .\nin the male genitalia , uncus weakly sinuate . gnathos rather narrow , pointed . valve with about ten large stridulatory scales . harpe long , slender , horizontal , apex rounded in dorsal view , flattened . aedeagus with apical edge dorsally rounded - produced , symmetrical ; on left and right sides are dentate processes pointing anteriorly , the left more slender and slightly longer than the right .\naccording to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in southern india the moth does not emerge and lay its eggs till the monsoon is well established , about july , but in myanmar ( burma ) eggs and larvae were found before the end of april . they did not see the moth feeding or come to light .\nchina : iii - xi ( hong kong ) ; v ( yunnan ) ; vii ( xizang / tibet ) .\novum : green , oval , surface smooth and shiny . usually found on small bushy plants , close to the ground , and even on seedlings with only a few leaves showing above the ground ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nlarva : full - fed 60 - - 85mm , width 12mm , horn 5mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar head and body yellowish - green , dorsum of segments 2 to 4 dark green ; horn long , thick at base , tapering gently to a strongly bifid tip , the two arms thick at base and shortly conical , shiny black with small black tubercles . towards the end of this instar the whole body becomes pale grass - green . there are dorso - lateral eye - spots on segments 5 to 11 , that on 5 large , round , white with a crescent of black below ; these decreasing in size backwards , the white reduced in size in each successive eye - spot until it has disappeared altogether on that of 11 .\nin the second instar , head orange , and an orange band along front margin of 2 ; rest of body yellowish - green . eye - spot on 5 nearly round , pupil enamel - white with a narrow crescent of purple below , the whole edged fairly broadly above and below , narrowly at sides , with black . remaining eye - spots smaller , longitudinally oval , colour the same as that on 5 , but the white pupil oval and oblique ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nin the third instar , segments 4 and 5 slightly tumid ; head grass - green ; body bluish - green dotted obscurely with yellow on 6 to 12 . there is a narrow , obscure , dark bluish - green dorsal stripe , and a faint - yellowish subdorsal stripe on 3 and 4 . a large round eye - spot is present on 5 , its pupil sap - green with broad yellow iris edged narrowly with dark green ; the pupil bears a longitudinal oval marking of electric - blue edged narrowly with paler blue , and within the yellow iris are two crescents , one at the top of electric - blue , and a purple one at the bottom . remaining eye - spots smaller , oval , the oblique , very pale blue pupil edged narrowly above with dark green , below by a purple crescent and then dark green . these eye - spots lying on obscure pale yellowish oblique stripes . horn long , thin , tapering gently to near tip where it thickens slightly to a bifid tip , the two arms shortly conical ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nby the fourth instar segments 4 and 5 much swollen ; head grass - green ; body pale grass - green covered with a chalk - like bloom , segments 6 to 11 with short thick grass - green stripes around the secondary rings ; a narrow dark green dorsal stripe is present . eye - spot on 5 large , nearly round , coloured as in the third instar , but the pupil of a darker shade ; other eye - spots smaller , elongate - oval , very oblique , lying at the same angle as the oblique lateral stripes , pale yellow with a crescent of purple below , the whole edged narrowly above and below with sap - green . the obscure yellowish oblique lateral stripes are interrupted by the oblique eye - spots , except that on 11 and 12 , which runs forwards and downwards from base of horn . horn long , thick at base , tapering evenly to tip , which is slightly , thickened ; basal two - thirds straight , distal third gently up - curved ; basal third orange , rest translucent pale green , surface shiny and covered with self - coloured , spine - like tubercles .\nin the fifth and final instar , head with vertex depressed ; true clypeus between one - third and one - half length of head , triangular ; false clypeus hardly visible ; labrum and ligula large , ligula broad kidney - shaped ; surface of head smooth and dull . body smooth and dull , shaped as in others of the genus , with segment 5 much swollen . horn short , tapering gently to near tip , then abruptly to a blunt point , gently down - curved ; surface dull and sparsely tuberculate ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nthere are also dark - coloured forms of the larva in which the green is replaced by pinkish - chocolate and dark chocolate , or by purplish ; the eye - spots are as above but darker in shade ; those on 6 to 11 sometimes indistinct ; horn brown with yellowish tip ; spiracles fuscous with a broad border of pale dull ochreous .\nas with the eggs , the larva is also found close to the ground or among the thicker parts of the foliage , near the stem ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\npupa : 45 - - 60mm , width 13mm . colour of head , tongue - case and wing - case nearly black ; segments 2 and 3 dark wood - brown , 3 and dorsum of abdomen paler wood - brown . abdomen with a broad faint greenish dorsal stripe . sides bone - colour mottled and speckled with brown ; hind bevels of 8 to 10 greenish ; front bevels of 9 to 11 rusty ; 12 to 14 blackish ventrally , 13 and 14 also blackish dorsally ; venter pale with a narrow black ventral stripe ; spiracles and cremaster black , the tips of the teeth white ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\ntongue - case projecting somewhat frontad and more ventrad , the edge flattened . antenna equal to fore leg , which reaches to more than one - half the distance to tip of wing - case , mid - leg to three - quarters that distance ; there is a narrow coxal piece . surface dull ; sides of tongue - case , head and thorax coarsely irregularly transversely corrugate ; with a very shallow palpal depression . costa of fore wing tumid and , together with the veins , set with lines of rounded tubercles . abdomen finely shagreened ; front bevels of 9 to 11 superficially pitted ; five narrow ante - spiracular ridges on 9 ; hind margin of 11 tumid and undercut , the front margin of 12 fitting into it telescopically . spiracle of 2 at the bottom of a very deep triangular depression ; remaining spiracles slightly convex ovals , the central slit widening at the ends and with a thick rim ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\ncremaster with the sides nearly parallel in basal half , then curving inwards , ending in two conical simply pointed diverging teeth , their bases touching ; dorsal surface convex and coarsely striate , ventral concave with an irregular mesial ridge . under the base of cremaster a deep funnel - shaped depression running forwards into 14 , the surface of the hollow very rugose .\nin thailand , also recorded from polyalthia cerasoides ( eitschberger & ihle , 2010 ) .\nchina : shaanxi ( xi ' an ) ; yunnan ( changning co . , songzhishanding , 2800m ; gaoligong shan ) ; xizang / tibet ( xiachayu , zayu county ) ; fujian ( jianyang ) ; guangdong ( guangzhou ; nankunshan ) ; hong kong ; hainan .\nfrom sri lanka and india , east through nepal ( haruta , 1992 ) , bangladesh and burma / myanmar to hong kong and taiwan , and south through thailand , laos and vietnam to peninsular malaysia and indonesia ( sumatra , java ) . the shaanxi record is well north of the rest of the known range of this species and probably represents a vagrant .\nno part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .\nshubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay \u2026 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\ninventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .\nnotes on hawk moths ( lepidoptera \u2014 sphingidae ) in the karwar - dharwar transect , peninsular india : a . . .\na list of hawkmoth species ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) of india , nepal , bhutan and sri lanka , incl . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmell , r . 1922 , pp . xxii + 331 pp . , atlas 35 pls , 10 figs , 1 map , r . friedlander & son , berlin\nwalker , f . 1856 ,\nsphingidae\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 271\nbutler , a . g . 1875 ,\ndescriptions of thirty - three new or little - known species of sphingidae in the collection of the british museum\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1875 , pp . 3 - 16 , pls 1 - 2\naustaut , l . 1892 ,\ndeux sphingides nouveaux de l ' asie orientale\n, le naturaliste , vol . 1892 , pp . 68 , 69\nbutler , a . g . 1875 ,\ndescriptions of several new species of sphingidae\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 621 - 623\ngehlen , b . 1941 ,\nneue sphingiden\n, entomologische zeitschrift , vol . 55 , no . 23 , pp . 185 - 186\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 49e4e523 - 4d71 - 4a1b - b1b8 - 1628d0f3d2f6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6e219979 - 6cbe - 45b8 - 8dc1 - d7e4e45db884\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f9f3295c - 092b - 42a3 - 8703 - 237b21ae687c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 405572\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ntransferred to centroctena by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 790\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nstack exchange network consists of 174 q & a communities including stack overflow , the largest , most trusted online community for developers to learn , share their knowledge , and build their careers .\nthis site uses cookies to deliver our services and to show you relevant ads and job listings . by using our site , you acknowledge that you have read and understand our cookie policy , privacy policy , and our terms of service . your use of stack overflow\u2019s products and services , including the stack overflow network , is subject to these policies and terms .\nit is approx 1 . 5 inch ( 3 cm to 4 . 5 cm ) long\njust few hours ago ( around night 10 to 10 . 30 pm local time ) , this insect entered into our home , flying in high - speed and hitting to wall , objects , and to us . to keep it calm we turned the room - light off . then it became steady on my father ' s shirt even after the light again turned on , and it was a beautiful moth - like insect . after taking photo it gently freed out of the room .\np . s . i ' ve very very little - experience in practical - zoology , however after few hours google search it seems to match with those moths tagged as\nhawk - moths\n, and another notable feature when it was flying it looked like a hummingbird or a small bird , that was written in the description of some\nhawk - moths\nin different sites . initially we ' re taking time to decide whether it is an insect or a bird .\nit looks like urltoken urltoken , ; urltoken , urltoken , and urltoken . etc .\nif i able to identify it by someone , i ' ll upload it here . thanks .\nit is differs from t . oldenlandiae in being very much paler in color and with white line down center of abdomen .\nwhile my final answer is the brown - banded hunter hawkmoth , below are the original two species i suspected it was and why . i ' ve included them below simply for reference / alternative comparisons .\nyour specimen exhibits pink suffusion , especially on the back edge of the fore wing .\nfor these two reasons i think it is not the impatiens hawkmoth and thought it was more likely the . . .\nthis still doesn ' t explain the double vs . single white stripe along the upper abdomen . which is why i know believe it is the . . .\nas an aside , this could be an example of polymorphism vs . identifying characters . welcome to the world of taxonomic lumpers and splitters . . .\nthanks . also i don ' t know , how - frequent posting of identification question is considered as ok , ( i . e . is there any limit on it ) in this se community , however i posted this - one because this - insect was very surprising to us . . . it looked like a tiny bird when it was flying .\nno problem at all . i think as long as you do not spam posts you should be in the clear ( although i ' m not the final say in the matter ) . as for confusing a moth for a bird , you aren ' t the first one ! this moth in the same sphingidae family was posted just last week ! and thank you to your post ! very clear picture of the moth with a good explanation\nthis page gave me the clue , and the link to the page above . like i said , i ' m not an entomologist : )\nprobably this one you ' re telling about urltoken . however our - one contains very bold long mark on back . however like our - one , yours also contain the black dot on 2 wings .\n@ dgruenewald i think you ' re right . go ahead and write up an answer .\nby clicking\npost your answer\n, you acknowledge that you have read our updated terms of service , privacy policy and cookie policy , and that your continued use of the website is subject to these policies .\nnot the answer you ' re looking for ? browse other questions tagged species - identification entomology or ask your own question .\nneed help to identify a bug location : bangalore , india august 22 , 2011 7 : 39 am i took snaps of this bug which was sitting on my terrace . i found the shape of the wing very interesting , so i would appreciate if you could help me identifying this . signature : rajesh ranjan\nmy friend\u2019s moth looking very smiliar posted on inw was identified by dr . ian kitching , nhm , uk urltoken\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nbuggy life cycles edible insects : tasty morsels wtb ? down under bug mysteries 10 most beautiful spiders gems from our archives goldenrod meadow unnecessary carnage virginia the big 5 snow bugs food chain buggy accessories wtb ? mt . washington household pests top 10 virginia beach countdown 10 000 worst bug stories ever ! ! ! northern california bug of the month bug love aquatic bugs nasty reader award tomato bugs buggy vocabulary words bug humanitarian award what ' s on my woody plant ? make my day gift shop gardening blog unidentified invasive exotics calendar 2011 milkweed meadow fanmail\nplease enter your username or e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .\nthey are often considered a pest on both busy lizzie ( impatiens wallerana ) and fuchsias ( fuchsia sp . ) . caterpillars of this species have also been seen feeding on arum lily ( zantedeschia aethiopica ) , argentine trumpet vine ( clytostoma callistegioides ) , climbing guinea flower ( hibbertia scandens ) , billy goat plum ( planchonia careya ) , godetia ( clarkia amoena ) , star cluster ( pentas lanceolata ) , australian native violet ( viola hederacea ) and slender grape ( cayratia clematidea ) . the larvae are black with yellow dots , they have a small spine on their tails and use it as a mimicked head . before pupating the caterpillar will reach a length of about 70 mm .\nthe adult is brown with light brown stripes down the thorax . the stripes are mimicked on the inner margin of the forewing ."]}
{"id": 411, "summary": [{"text": "calliphara nobilis is a species of insect in the family scutelleridae ( hemiptera ) .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the larvae live exclusively on the mangrove excoecaria algallocha , feeding on the developing seeds .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults are 10 \u2013 15 millimetres ( 0.4 \u2013 0.6 in ) long . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "calliphara nobilis", "paragraphs": ["a jewel bug called calliphara nobilis . | bugs | pinterest | insects , moth and reptiles\nshield / stink bug ( calliphara nobilis ) ng , peter k . l . & n . sivasothi , 1999 . a guide to the mangroves of singapore ii ( animal diversity ) . singapore science centre . 168 pp .\nshield / stink bug calliphara nobilis family pentatomidae adult length : 15 mm larvae are found only on excoecaria agallocha , feeding on developing seeds , but adults can be abundant in gregarious swarms beneath any large leaves ( e . g . , rhizophora spp . ) and disperse with a loud buzzing when disturbed . < < back to insects\nthe most conspicuous jewel bugs are often brilliantly colored , exhibiting a wide range of iridescent metallic hues that change with the view angle . the colors are the result of a combination of factors . some species like chrsyocoris stockerus and scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin .\nthough some species are quite drab , the most conspicuous jewel bugs are often brilliantly colored , exhibiting a wide range of iridescent metallic hues that change with the view angle . the colors are the result of a combination of factors . some species like chrsyocoris stockerus and scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin . the colors often change or become duller when the specimens are dried , due to the topmost chitinous layer becoming opaque and obscuring the colors of the bottom layer . the colors can be restored by moistening the surfaces with water .\nthey are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration . they are also known as shield - backed bugs due to the enlargement of the last section of their thorax into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings . these insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species , including some commercial crops . like stink bugs , a vast majority of jewel bugs , both adults and nymphs , are also capable of releasing pungent defensive chemicals from glands located on the sides of the thorax . typical compounds exuded by jewel bugs include alcohols , aldehydes , and esters . nymphs and adults often exhibit clustering behavior , being found in large numbers close to each other . this behavior is thought to have an evolutionary advantage . the more individuals present in an area , the stronger the odour of the chemicals released when the bugs are threatened . if this fails , stink bugs will react to threat by flying away or dropping to the ground . the colors are the result of a combination of factors . some species like chrsyocoris stockerus and scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin . the colors often change or become duller when the specimens are dried , due to the topmost chitinous layer becoming opaque and obscuring the colors of the bottom layer . the colors can be restored by moistening the surfaces with water\nfrom\na guide to mangroves of singapore\n, peter k . l . ng and n . sivasothi ( editors ) volume 1 : the ecosystem and plant diversity and volume 2 : animal diversity authors : kelvin k . p . lim , dennis h . murphy , t . morgany , n . sivasothi , peter k . l . ng , b . c . soong , hugh t . w . tan , k . s . tan & t . k . tan bp guide to nature series published by the singapore science centre , sponsored by british petroleum \u00a9 2001 raffles museum of biodiversity research , the national university of singapore & the singapore science centre\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na bug found on the fruits of its host plant , blind - your - eye tree ( excoecaria agallocha ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nlinnaeus , c . 1763 ,\ncenturia insectorum , quam , praesidae d . d . car . von linne , proposuit boas johansson , calmariensis\ngu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , f . e . 1839 ,\nsatyrus latreille and procris\n, magasin de zoologie ( paris ) , ser . 2 , vol . 1 , pp . 2 fig . 4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 033f5b39 - cf1e - 4cba - 82ca - d6c0a160f0d7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 339088\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ndistribution : in asia , from china and burma , through malaysia and the philippines to borneo . the easternmost limit of its distribution runs through halmahera , sulawesi and flores .\nno part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .\nchrysocoris stollii is a polyphagous species of jewel bugs ( scutelleridae ) common in continental southeast asia .\nscutelleridae is a family of true bugs . they are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration of which there are around 450 species worldwide\njewel bugs are small to medium - sized oval - shaped bugs with a body length averaging at 5 to 20 mm ( 0 . 20 to 0 . 79 in ) .\njewel bugs are also known to mimic the colors , patterns , and shape of other organisms for defensive purposes .\ncalcutta ; thacker , spink & co . , w . thacker & co . , 2 creed lane , london , 1909 .\nscutelleridae is a family of true bugs . they are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs by afroz jahan prity\njewel bugs are small to medium - sized oval - shaped bugs with a body length averaging at 5 to 20 mm ( 0 . 20 to 0 . 79 in ) . they can easily be distinguished from stink bugs ( pentatomidae ) because the shield - like enlarged last section of their thorax ( known as the scutellum , latin for\nlittle shield\n) completely covers the abdomen and the wings .\ndespite their resemblance to beetles , jewel bugs are hemipterans or true bugs . the scutellum is an extension of the thorax , unlike the elytra of beetles which are hardened forewings . as such , jewel bugs have four membranous wings underneath the scutellum in contrast to two in beetles . [ 6 ] the scutellum in jewel bugs also does not have a division in the middle and thus does not ' split open ' when they take flight like in beetles .\nthe heads of jewel bugs are triangular and the antennae have three to five segments . like all heteropterans , jewel bugs are characterized by a segmented beak - like mouthpart ( known as the rostrum ) . during feeding , jewel bugs inject proteolytic enzymes in their saliva into plants , digesting plant matter into a liquid form which they then suck up . the tarsus has three segments ( tarsomeres ) .\niridescence ( or goniochromism ) in jewel bugs like poecilocoris lewisi are the result of structural coloration . instead of pigments , the colors are caused by the interference , diffraction , or scattering of light by numerous tiny structures .\nin poecilocoris lewisi , multiple tiny conical protuberances around 900 nm in height and averaging at a diameter of 360 nm are scattered on the epicuticle . these structures affect light passing through them , producing their oily - looking blue sheen ( known as the tyndall effect or mie scattering ) .\nin other species like the african shield bug ( calidea panaethiopica ) , the dorsal cuticle is dotted with tiny regularly spaced hemispherical cavities . the depressions act like bragg mirrors . when light hits the pitted surface , it gives off multiple reflections resulting in the distinctive two tone yellow - blue iridescence .\nthe colors and patterns on jewel bugs can vary significantly between instars and even within adults of a species .\njewel bugs are also known to mimic the colors , patterns , and shape of other organisms for defensive purposes . an example is the yellow - spotted black steganocerus multipunctatus which exhibits m\u00fcllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle chiridopsis suffriani .\nimage from page 95 of\nrhynchota . .\n( 1902 ) by internet archive book images\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nubescens , walk . op . cit . m , p . 507 ( 1868 ) . bluish - green or indigo - blue ; antenna ? , central lobe of head , anda spot at the area of each eve , six spots on the pronetum arrangedin two transverse series , the posterior largest , ten spots on the scutelium\u2014three basal , themiddle one linear and elon - gated , two before the middle , sometimes attached to thelateral margins and some - times connected , two smalland lateral , sometimes con - nected with the preceding , two a little before apexsometimes connected , andone subapical , \u2014black ; late - ral margins of the pronotumand sternum ( sometimesabsent ) , lateral margins and a central basal discal patch to abdomenirregularly ochraceous or reddish - ochraceous , the basal ochraceousspace generally black - spotted . the transverse impression and theanterior margin to the pronotum are very coarsely punctate . length 13 | to 14 ^ millim . hah . sikhim . north t \\ h ; isi hills ( chenneu ) ; xaga hills ( doherti / ) . burma : bhamo , mitanga ( fea ) . \u2014also malay peninsula , java , and china .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nimage from page 96 of\nrhynchota . .\n( 1902 ) by internet archive book images\nthe samples were collected from an , ano mie ; hj , honjo saga ; ig , ishigaki okinawa ; hn , hitachinaka ibaraki ; je , joetsu niigata ; ki , kitaibaraki ibaraki ; km , kasama ibaraki ; ks , kagoshima kagoshima ; kz , kanzaki saga ; mk , mashike hokkaido ; mt , mito ibaraki ; nh , naha okinawa ; ob , obihiro hokkaido ; ot , otaru hokkaido ; sm , shimizu kouchi ; sp , sapporo hokkaido ; sw , suwa nagano ; tb , tomobe ibaraki ; tk , tsukuba ibaraki ; tm , tomakomai hokkaido .\ninfection : a or b single infections , aa , ab or bb double infections or abb triple infection . if multiple individuals were tested for a species , the number infected out of the number tested is indicated in parentheses .\nthe following numbers of species for each family group were infected : miridae , 2 out of 10 ( 20 % ) ; nabidae , 2 out of 2 ( 100 % ) ; reduviidae , 0 out of 6 ( 0 % ) ; tingidae , 2 out of 3 ( 67 % ) ; aradidae , 0 out of 1 ( 0 % ) ; berytidae , 1 out of 1 ( 100 % ) ; malcidae , 0 out of 1 ( 0 % ) ; lygaeidae , 12 out of 22 ( 55 % ) ; scutelleridae , 0 out of 7 ( 0 % ) ; pentatomidae , 4 out of 30 ( 13 % ) ; largidae , 0 out of 2 ( 0 % ) ; pyrrhocoridae , 1 out of 6 ( 17 % ) ; coreidae , 9 out of 17 ( 53 % ) ; alydidae , 1 out of 3 ( 33 % ) ; rhopalidae , 2 out of 3 ( 67 % ) ; urostylidae , 0 out of 1 ( 0 % ) ; plataspidae , 4 out of 5 ( 80 % ) ; cydnidae , 2 out of 3 ( 67 % ) ; acanthosomatidae , 5 out of 11 ( 45 % ) .\ntesarius caelatus ( leconte , 1857 ) syn . : psammodius caelatus ( leconte , 1857 ) | ecology and natural history"]}
{"id": 417, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena tenuipalpis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by champion in 1891 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena tenuipalpis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for tenuipalpis definition . you find here tenuipalpis meaning , synonyms of tenuipalpis and images for tenuipalpis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\n\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tenuipalpis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tenuipalpis and , of course , tenuipalpis synonyms and on the right images related to the word tenuipalpis .\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 418, "summary": [{"text": "mylochromis obtusus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is currently only known from sandy areas in the southern portion of the lake .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 22 centimetres ( 8.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "mylochromis obtusus", "paragraphs": ["a male of mylochromis obtusus in the aquarium . photo by ad konings . determiner ad konings\nconservation : mylochromis obtusus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2006 ) .\nmylochromis obtusus fatal error : call to undefined function session _ is _ registered ( ) in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem . com / httpdocs / profile _ show2 . php on line 48\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , mylo = mill + greek , chromis = a fish without identification , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : endemic to lake malawi . known only from the holotype taken from the south - east arm between the bar and nkhudzi .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4986 )\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . maravichromis . p . 252 - 257 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4986 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi where it is thought to be restricted to the southeastern arm . possibly more widespread . no major widespread threats identified .\nendemic to lake malawi . recorded in the southern part of lake malawi ( south eastern arm ) . possibly more widespread .\nsand dwelling cichlid , occurring along sandy shores . reported not to have been exported in the aquarium trade ( 1990 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neccles , d . h . and trewavas , e . 1989 . malawian cichlid fishes . the classification of some haplochromine genera . lake fish movies , herten , germany .\nkonings , a . 1990 . konings ' s book of cichlids and all the other fishes of lake malawi . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city new jersey .\nkonings , a . 1995 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . second edition . cichlid press , st . leon - rot , germany .\ntrewavas , e . 1935 . a synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 16 : 65\u2013118 .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\ntrewavas , ethelwynn . 1935 .\na synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa\n. annals and magazine of natural history . series 10 ; pp . 65 - 118 ( crc00118 )\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6 . 0 + , netscape 6 . 0 + , opera , mozilla , and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 421, "summary": [{"text": "tiller ( foaled 14 april 1974 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "racing mainly on turf he won sixteen of his forty races between february 1977 and september 1980 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was not a champion , but won many important races and defeated many of the best racehorses of his era including exceller and john henry .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was unraced as a two-year-old and won three minor races as a three-year-old in 1977 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he showed much-improved form , winning seven races including the fort marcy handicap , edgemere handicap , bowling green handicap and tidal handicap as well as finishing second in the washington d c international .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1979 he raced in california , winning the san marcos handicap and san antonio handicap on dirt and the san juan capistrano handicap on turf .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he also finished second to affirmed in that year 's santa anita handicap .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a six-year-old he won the sword dancer invitational handicap and a second tidal handicap before he sustained a career-ending injury in september . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tiller ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["shop for the troy - bilt horse\u2122 ( 20\n) 306cc forward rotating rear tine tiller at tillers direct . research rototiller accessories online . find rototiller accessories & troybilt horse garden tiller features and specifications .\nthe horse garden tiller qualifies for financing ! call 800 - 828 - 5500 for financing details and to apply .\nto bring those ideas in your head to life , you need a tiller that works like this horse . the horse garden tiller can do all your heavy duty garden chores , including groundbreaking in new beds or premium soil preparation in existing ones .\ndoes anyone know where i can get a rim or set of rims or a 89 pto horse model tiller ? any leads much appreiciated . thanks ray\naqha members share a passion for the american quarter horse and the vast lifestyle created by the world\u2019s most popular horse .\nother notables trained by whiteley included highland blade , tiller , french colonial , instrument landing and bailjumper .\nwhether you\u2019re a seasoned horse show veteran , a fan of the race track , a backyard horse enthusiast or simply someone dreaming of someday owning a horse , aqha membership will benefit you in countless ways .\nasmussen trained curlin to horse of the year honors in 2007 and 2008 and rachel alexandra to the horse of the year title in 2009 .\nat 3 : 2nd tiller s . ( bel , 7ft ) , capital city s . ( pen , 8ft )\ncharles - we have the owner ' s manual for the current model of the horse tiller right on our web site . click on the\nspec\ntab for the horse tiller horse tiller and you ' ll find the owner ' s manual in the upper right part of the page . you can also get an owner ' s manual right off the troy - bilt web site . make sure you have the serial number of your tiller - you ' ll need it . there is a link on the troy - bilt web site for owner ' s manuals . click on the link , enter your serial number , and you can either download and print off the manual , or order one and have it mailed to you .\nmaybe horse who revealed his brilliance at epsom . - free online library\nmiss keller hits wire first in three - horse e . p . taylor photo\nwatch the american quarter horse journal ' s video interviews with every world champion .\nhi roger - the troy - bilt horse garden tiller is only available with a standard recoil start system . troy - bilt does not offer the horse with an optional electric start . the only troy - bilt tiller series that offers an electric start model is the troy - bilt pony . the standard recoil start model is $ 1 , 199 . 99 and the electric start model sell for $ 1 , 329 . 99\nharken roller furling , 9 . 9 horse johnson outboard , sails in good condition .\nmark , you are a better man than i . . . the reason i bought a tiller was to reduce the need for hand tools .\nmike - you may want to take a look at our buyer ' s guide for rear tine tillers . this will answer your question in detail , and give you some other things to think about and look for when choosing the right tiller . just click on this link : pick the perfect tiller\ni use my horse to till before planting in spring , and after fall crops have finished producing , and use the honda fg - 100 for cultivating , so the horse doesn ' t get a lot of use . actually , if i didn ' t already own it , i ' d just rent a big tiller twice a year .\nadhir says mukul is being used by bjp as troy horse to break tmc to reap benefit .\nit is also purdue ' s homecoming . since joe\ni am wilford brimley ! i am wilford brimley !\ntiller took over in 1997 , purdue has not lost :\nfin keel sloop , tiller steering , distinctive jean - marie finot design . fast and seakindly , a joy to sail . well maintained and ready to sail away . details \u00bb\ni ' m not sure it ' s a horse . it runs and operates though and i like the odds .\nthe american quarter horse association , located in amarillo , texas , is the world\u2019s largest equine breed registry and membership organization .\nrandy - troy - bilt no longer assigns a hp rating on any of their engines . this tiller has a 305cc briggs and stratton engine , which probably equates to approximately 7 to 8 hp .\nhall of fame finalist lava man was a star older horse in california on all surfaces ( alex evers / horsephotos . com )\nif the distance between the tines at the center is more than 4 inches the tiller will not be very effective , new tines give u a distance of 3 inches and cost about 100 dollars , they last about one season or so depending on your soil and amount of use . i have had two horse tillers and sold them both , 8 hp b & s . i hande spade and fork everything now in permanite beds . much better than the tiller and a lot cheaper . i can easily dig 100 sq ft bed in one hour .\njust one hand\u00ae operation lets you guide your troy - bilt\u00ae tiller with literally one hand . because the machine is engineered to be well - balanced and easy to control , it does the work \u2013 not you .\ntoday , a stroke of luck and bingo . . . i picked up a decent looking\nhorse\n? for $ 200 . 00\nhello , i verified the engine stampings are : hh60 105115h s / n 4033d i agree , i will assume the unit has not been serviced and get the manual and get the tiller all serviced prior to garden work .\nxam , the original post in this thread had a pic of a tiller . the third post also had a pic of tiller from different angle . that second pic is what i refered to . your pic also shows the block near the top right and the little wheel is resting below the block as in the second pic . since i have never seen your lever system , gr probably knows something else . however you should still check the block .\n13 ' sail boat for sale ! used escape model ' rumba ' in good shape ( worth $ 750 with sail ) moored in springfield nh . includes all rigging ( no sail ) , neat sailing books , boom , mast & tiller .\nthe official program of the 1956 , monmouth handicap featuring nashua , the 1955 horse of the year . nashua - eddie arcaro -\nsunny\nfitzsimmons .\ngood luck with the old tecumseh . i ' ve had nothing but carburetor issues with them . i pulled the tecumseh ( hh80 i think it was ) off my roto - hoe tiller and repowered it with a 10 hp briggs intek and never looked back .\nmodels equipped with honda gx120 , gx160 and gx200 engines hold 0 . 63 quart of oil . when performing general tilling in air temperatures from negative 5 to more than 100 degrees fahrenheit honda recommends using a four - stroke automotive detergent oil that is sae 10w - 30 with an api rating of sj . if you plan to use your tiller for long periods of time when the temperature is above 50 degrees fahrenheit , use sae 30 oil . it is heavier than sae 10w - 30 and will reduce wear on internal parts , especially when breaking up heavily compacted soil . if you have a newer four - speed horse tiller model , it may be equipped with a honda gx engine .\nthe jockey club of canada announced its 42nd annual sovereign award winners april 14 at the palais royale in toronto , ontario , led by canadian horse of the year caren .\ntiller ( nz ) br . m , 1995 { 4 - b } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 6 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : nz $ 200\nup for bid is a dec . 24 , 1943 tropical park , miami horse racing program . in good condition . no missing pages or water damage . please ask questions .\nthe unit ' s serial number : 715545 made in march 1984 . 6 horsepower . but ( hh60 105115h s / n 4033d ) may have engine that was changed look at hh number again on engine that horsepower should be 7hp hh70 = 7hp hh60 = 6hp so on . in 1982 all horses where changed to pto model that means take off tiller shaft with 2 bolts at flange behind transmission . you join the troybilttillerclub at yahoo dot com make that into link to search . you also should have 4 speed which uses one belt gain 3rd 4th speed by moving belt over to next pulley grooves . own mtd site for model use 1 and can use 1 for serial number . one advice if may give is never think your horse tiller every been serviced most never have . i have 1973 2 speed and 1977 just 4 speed they had original air filter in both tillers one so bad pull engine oil up into air filter a dirty air filter cause high crankcase pressure . good luck with tiller and join group file there tell hold story .\n\u2013 is a well - bred \u201cdark horse\u201d from the john sherriffs barn who makes his us debut after finishing on the board in 7 of 8 starts in france\u2026the wildcard in this race .\nzenyatta posted a career mark of 19 - 1 - 0 from 20 starts and earnings of $ 7 , 304 , 580 , was named horse of the year in 2010 and won a total of four eclipse awards in her career . . trained by john shirreffs , zenyatta was named champion older mare in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 along with her horse of the year honor .\ntiller dandy ( usa ) br . f , 1957 { 23 - b } dp = 6 - 0 - 8 - 4 - 6 ( 24 ) di = 0 . 71 cd = - 0 . 17 - 53 starts , 3 wins , 1 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 5 , 244\nin 2008 , tracks across the united states held an \u201cexceller day\u201d to raise awareness and money for the exceller fund . fund - raising efforts included sales of a cocktail named in the horse ' s honor .\nwhat kind of lub and where to lub on a 1970 ' s ( model 2644772 ) 7 hp tuc engine troy bilt horse ? i just got it and want to be sure it stays in good shape .\nthese are all in solid condition ! featured on the belmont program cover is the great secretariat , 45 years after capturing that legendary triple crown . this was horse racing ' s historical 13th triple crown winning campaign .\nclean , good condition , renovated teak interior , new cushions , yanmar 1gm dsl , roller furling , reefing dutchman maim sail , hunter green dodger and bimini , 2burner . propane stove , ice chest , magma grill , jabsco head , many accessories , roomy cushioned cockpit w / tiller , yard kept dingy w / sail kit , 21 / 2hp\ni have a 7 hp kohler troy - bilt horse . i love it . the tine / pto clutch doesn ' t fully engage . . . are there any adjustments i can do ? . . . . thanks\nrachel alexandra was named horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old filly in 2009 and posted a career record of 13 - 5 - 0 from 19 starts with earnings of $ 3 , 506 , 730 .\nthis is a video of my friend wally , repairing a rear tine tiller . the gear selector had stopped working recently and the owner was unable to shift the tiller out of gear . i thought some of you might be interested in the process of tearing it down , diagnosing the problem , and then reassembling it . thanks for watching and commenting , we appreciate it ! the background music track is whiskey on the mississippi by kevin macleod . available under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license . download link : urltoken macleod ' s description : genre : blues length : 3 : 15 instruments : guitar , bass , kit , organ , ep tempo : 90 with a jumping bass and off - beat syncopation , this is straight from memphis ' beale street . the hammond organ and electric guitar play together as longtime friends , while the melody changes hands from guitar to organ to electric piano . 011 isrc : us - uan - 11 - 00709 bouncy , grooving 2010 how to repair repairing rear tine tiller rototiller home garden equipment tilling shifting disassemble reassembly fixing mechanic wally ramblinaround rambling vlog hd partner\nthanks for all the great thoughts . i was able to locate an old horse bumper . i feel fortunate to get my hands on one . . . i am looking forward to learning more and see a learning curve in my future ! bob\ntroy ' s third - place prize money from the arc took his total earnings to \u00a3450 , 428 , a record for a horse trained in britain or ireland , which stood for three years until it was surpassed by glint of gold . [ 17 ]\nif you ' ve had to replace the engine on your troy - bilt tiller and it ' s a kohler courage sh265 , keep it running at peak performance at any temperature by filling it with a high - quality sae 10w - 30 oil with a sj api rating . when you want to get a jump on spring tilling while temperatures are below 40 degrees fahrenheit use sae 5w - 30 . it ' s a lighter - weight oil that flows when temperatures are cold , providing better lubrication than heavier oils that tend to thicken in cold temperatures . kohler warns that not changing the oil at recommended intervals can shorten the life of the engine . horse i and ii models sometimes have courage model engines .\nrated at 125 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1977 , 1 pound below highweighted majestic light but 2 pounds above american champion turf horse johnny d . ( a 3 - year - old ) . highweighted at 137 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1978 , 1 pound above second - rated tiller and 4 pounds above the official divisional champion , mac diarmida ( a 3 - year - old ) . rated at 126 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1979 , 4 pounds below champion bowl game . earned a maximum timeform rating of 129 pounds while racing in europe .\nmore photos available please contact .\nskon\nbarberis show 27 . cantieri designed 27ft cruiser racer with standing head room , aft head , tiller steering , main , harken furling genoa , 2 spinnakers , spinnaker pole , safety gear , all equipment you need is on boat . main , harken furler / genoa , 2 spinnakers , spinnaker pole , 2 anchors , sailcover , safety gear , pfds , stove , sink , head with shower , radio , radar reflector , anchor roller , metal toe rail , vented propane locker , boarding ladder , lewmar 30 self tailing winches 2 , lewmar 13 self tailing winches 2 , barberis 113 winch 2 , fenders , sealed keel bolts , plastimo compass , rigid vang all lines led aft . traveler in cockpit teak folding table nav . desk standing head room 6ft diesel engine - yanmar 2g masthead sloop tiller steering / tiller pilot uscg doc . number 697307 hull number saqz704m85i hull type : fin keel w / spade rudder mast / boom aluminum listed sa : 298 ft displacement : 4000 lbs . ballast : 1433 lbs . fiberglass bal . type : lead fin keel est . forestay length . : 32 . 71 ' / 9 . 97m phrf handicap at 195 with 147 % furling genoa please respond with phone number and we will set up viewing > > > > thanks details \u00bb\nadding the right kind of oil to your troy - bilt tiller ' s engine guards it from damaged parts . knowing which oil to add depends on the engine model and the air temperature when it ' s working . over the years , troy - bilt tillers have been equipped with several different brands of engines , so to be sure you ' re adding the right kind of oil , check the engine ' s owner ' s manual .\nsam - son farm ' s homebred southern ring , back home at woodbine after a winter at tampa bay downs , dug in to win the $ 125 , 000 whimsical stakes ( g3 ) april 23 and spoiled the seasonal debut of 2016 canadian horse of the year caren .\nkona gold was the eclipse award winner for champion sprinter and runner - up for horse of the year as a 6 - year - old in 2000 , kona gold posted a career record of 14 - 7 - 2 from 30 starts with earnings of $ 2 , 293 , 384 .\n1996 laser competition boat which sailed in the 1996 atlanta olympics trials . hull # 158798 . hull in near perfect condition . sailed on the potomac and james river . original sails in good shape with numbers . fully race ready . ( if you want , we can rig it up and take a picture ) the boat comes with : a trailer ( tires need to be replaced ) one race sail # 20 clean spars rigging and lines tiller and extension blades blade bag\nupdate - just put $ down on a ducati , the boat has to go $ 3 , 900 . 2004 precision 185 , garage kept , honda 2 . 5 4strk with low hours , performance trailer with folding tongue so will fit in a 20 ' garage . 38 photos of all components at your request . roller furling , sail and tiller covers , jib sock , mainsail head float ttd equp . cockpit easy for family of 4 . forgiving but fast . std equp listed below .\ni have a big magnum kohler k181 . . . # 825981 ( 1986 ? ) it keeps popping out of gear when till i till deep . i have changed roller , changed belt and made numerous adjustment without luck . . . any ideas what else to check ? also : the pto is locked in tiller position and i am unable to move it . . . i read that their was a replacement update parts for this . . . anyone know where to get the parts and are they available ?\nanalysis : the wise - guy horse . and there always is one in this race . only race at churchill was a second in maiden special weight . was unimpressive in the rebel but came back to romp in the sunland derby . don ' t see the son of street boss as the one for the roses .\nbaymee , i attached a link showing the tines . . . . they seem to be in decent condition . if / when ( yes sir , i ' m keeping this old work horse ) i buy new / replacement tines , i will buy genuine tines . i just bought a manual . thank you very much !\ni have an older ( circa 1970 ) horse model . there ' s a bolt that screws into the bottom of the carburetor , presumably to drain the carburetor bowl . the problem is that gasoline leaks out there after i shut the engine down . has anyone had this experience and how was it fixed ? thanks , john\nmy 1987 horse is on its 2nd set of tines - the\nnew\nones are 12 years old , and still in usable condition ; these tines came from the original manufacturer ( garden way ) . i have middling - good soil , no rocks . don ' t know about tines provided by the new troy bilt manufacturer .\nafter spending the winter in california , native dancer began his 3 - year - old campaign at jamaica in the inaugural running of the gotham stakes . after a perfect 2 - year - old ( 9 for 9 ) season and co - horse of the year honors in 1952 , native dancer made the gotham his 10th consecutive win .\nmelatonin \u2013 is 2 for 2 over this surface and has hit he board in 8 of 10 lifetime starts\u2026takes a huge step up in class but i always respect horses who are consistent and who like the track\u2026\u2026\u2026 general a rod \u2013 pops a big race / win / triple digit speed figure now and again but is far too inconsistent to back with any confidence . good looking horse by roman ruler comes off an enormous race / win at gulfstream ( his favorite track ) but he hardly ever follows up a big race with another big race . nice horse , but he doesn\u2019t appear to me to be in the best of spots , even with this relatively weak field .\nwe have a blockbuster weekend of horse racing this weekend with our focus primarily being at santa anita park in california . \u201cthe great race place\u201d will be hosting four major contests highlighted by the 2016 , $ 1 million santa anita handicap , a mile and a quarter test for four year olds and up . effinex will spearhead the field of nine .\neven as bill mott tries to explain that saturday ' s grade 3 , $ 150 , 000 westchester is just a prep for to honor and serve to get to next month ' s grade 1 , $ 750 , 000 metropolitan handicap , it ' s hard to believe the hall of fame trainer won ' t have his horse ready for a big effort . and even though the seven - horse field for the westchester includes fellow grade 1 winners boys at tosconova and jersey town \u2013 both with recent good form \u2013 it ' s hard to believe to honor and serve isn ' t still the horse to beat in the first graded event of the belmont spring / summer meet . the westchester , a one - turn mile , will be to honor and serve ' s first race since he won the grade 1 cigar mile at aqueduct last nov . 26 . it will be to honor and serve ' s first race at belmont since he won a 1 1 / 16 - mile maiden event here by 8 3 / 4 lengths in oct . 2010 . read more\nanalysis : a major player in this race . have to love the 15 - 1 morning - line odds and do not be surprised if he is shorter than that come post time . the florida derby race is better than it looks . he will be rolling late . the big question is navigating traffic and a trip in a 20 - horse field .\nanalysis : the absolute horse for the course . mccraken is 3 - for - 3 over churchill downs and the importance of that cannot be understated . draws nicely and has won four of his five starts . the concern ? his third - place finish in the bluegrass was far from impressive . however , his love of this racing strip is a major advantage .\nenglish channel posted a career record of 13 - 4 - 1 from 23 starts and earned $ 5 , 319 , 028 . . trained by todd pletcher and ridden in all but one of his 23 career starts by john velazquez , english channel won the 2007 eclipse award for outstanding turf horse . he was the winner of seven graded stakes , including six grade i events .\nhe makes his 2016 debut in this spot with a solid line of works and meets a relatively weak field ( for such a big race ) \u2026looks best\u2026 . good luck to owner / breeder dr . russell cohen dmv , who has treated some of my horses in the past and is quite the character\u2026 . of course , his ex - wife didn\u2019t appreciate him naming this horse .\ntrainer bill mott ' s team swooped into southern california with ron the greek to snare the $ 750 , 000 santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) in convincing style march 3 . the 3 1 / 2 - length triumph was the first graded stakes win in more than two years for the 5 - year - old son of full mandate owned by jack t . hammer , nils brous , and adam wachtel . the big - striding bay , ridden by jose lezcano , lost ground on the far turn when he was hemmed inside behind traffic by jockey victor espinoza aboard setsuko . but ron the greek would re - gather himself to rally impressivley in the lane , sweeping past setsuko in the middle of the track to score easily as the 7 - 2 third choice .\ni didn ' t want to be on the inside so i had to use him the whole way to make him keep going ,\nlezcano said .\nat the half - mile pole i had a lot of horse , but i had to keep asking my horse . my horse is like a bicycle , you keep asking and he will keep running .\nread more\n\u2013 has been an astounding first or second in nine of 11 career starts including showing a 10 - 4 - 4 - 0 record over this track . that being said , if you look up \u201chorse cycling out of form\u201d in the dictionary , you might see a picture of this guy\u2026 . even with the sensational work last week ( 3f - : 34 . 4 ) , he\u2019s still a risky proposition .\neven though his horse was the 7 - 5 second choice in the race , trainer chad brown knew the only real chance his last gunfighter had to win saturday ' s grade 2 suburban was if the multiple grade 1 winner flat out was off his game . looking at flat out in the belmont park paddock before the race , brown didn ' t see anything amiss with the favorite .\nrunning against a horse of his quality , as a trainer , i ' m observing him to see if there were any chinks in the armor ,\nbrown said .\nbill [ mott ] had him dead on today . the horse looked great , he acted good in the paddock , and he ran his \u2018a ' race .\nas he always does at belmont , flat out did run his \u2018a ' race , sitting a closer - than - usual second early on under junior alvarado before pulling away from the field in the stretch to win the grade 2 , $ 350 , 000 suburban handicap by 2 1 / 2 lengths at sweaty belmont park . last gunfighter , who had won his last six races , got up by a nose for second over fast falcon . alpha and the pacesetting percussion completed the order of finish . read more\nsand cove\u2019s victory here in last sunday\u2019s steady growth boosted his career earnings to $ 1 , 039 , 732 . but , if there is a way to make a million the hard way , sand cove\u2019s workmanlike victory in the $ 125 , 000 steady growth continued a case in point , as the ontario - sired 6 - year - old horse was making his 34th career start and winning his ninth stakes race for trainer roger attfield and owner ralph johnson . \u201cwhat a tough little campaigner he is , \u201d said attfield , who had watched sand cove tote highweight of 126 pounds including regular rider richard dos ramos and prevail by a neck over a game j j for dave , who carried 117 pounds . \u201cit\u2019s tough , to give that kind of weight away . i have a lot of admiration for this horse . \u201d read more\ncarolyn wilson\u2019s arena elvira won her fourth straight start as she captured the $ 193 , 725 falls city handicap ( g2 ) on thursday at churchill downs . trained by bill mott , arena elvira collared eventual runner - up afleeting lady in the final furlong to win as the even - money favorite under jockey junior alvarado . arena elvira covered 1 1 / 8 miles in 1 : 50 . 76 on a track rated as fast to win by a neck . \u201cwhen we turned for home , she switched leads and i knew i had plenty of horse , but when she got real close to [ afleeting lady ] she didn\u2019t really want to go by her , \u201d alvarado said . \u201ci always thought i had enough horse to get there by the wire , though . she\u2019s a nice filly . she ran great last time and ran well today . \u201d read more\nthe debate over the horse - of - the - year title , which inspired such passion at the end of the last two racing seasons , will be muted in the wake of the 2011 breeders ' cup . with the world ' s best thoroughbreds gathered at churchill downs , not a single one could muster a performance that would merit the sport ' s highest honor . while the breeders ' cup was a compelling event , filled with exciting finishes , human drama , and astronomical parimutuel payoffs , it hardly lived up to its purpose of showcasing the american thoroughbred at his best . on a day when several horses had the chance to become the horse of the year by winning the main event , the $ 5 million classic , all of them flopped and finished behind the long - shot drosselmeyer , who had not won a race of consequence in 17 months . read more\nin the john mcsorley stakes , varsity broke alertly and set all of the fractions to post a half - length victory over triple e , who rallied late but failed to catch the winner . conditioned by christophe clement , varsity covered 5 \u00bd furlongs on firm turf in 1 : 00 4 / 5 , just one tick off the course record , and paid $ 4 . 20 , $ 3 and $ 2 . 80 as the even - money favorite in the field of six . triple e completed the $ 43 . 60 exacta and returned $ 8 . 40 and $ 4 . tune me in was another length - and - a - quarter back in third , good for a $ 3 . 20 show mutuel .\nthis horse is not a typical christophe clement horse . this horse is fast , fast , fast ,\nsaid winning jockey joe bravo .\nall i had to do was hold on for the ride and then smile .\nthe mcsorley victory was the fourth in eight tries and the first stakes win for varsity , a five - year - old son of indian charlie out of the mt . livermore mare tears of joy . the winner ' s share of the purse boosted the gelding ' s lifetime earnings to $ 130 , 675 for owners and breeder diana and bertram firestone .\ntroy - bilt ' s junior model has a smaller 3 . 5 - horsepower briggs and stratton engine in either the 91000 , 92000 or 94000 series . these models can be run on 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 synthetic oil at any air temperature . if you prefer a detergent oil use , select one with an api rating of sf , sg , sh or sj and use 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 below 40 degrees fahrenheit and sae 30 above 40 degrees fahrenheit . if you plan to operate the tiller all day , check the oil every eight hours . if it has dropped below the\nfull\nmark , top it all with the same weight of oil in the engine .\ncourtesan , a 2 - year - old daughter of street sense , rallied from near the rear of the 11 - horse field for owner ramona bass and trained christophe clement . graded stakes - placed earlier this year , courtesan was ridden to victory by joe bravo and paid $ 7 . 20 . super fantasy , the tepid 2 - 1 favorite , finished a tiring seventh after taking a run at the leader approaching the stretch . read more\nexceller stood 16 hands . a handsome , racy - looking horse , he had long cannons and long , upright pasterns . he was slightly taller than he was long and had a high action but was capable of acting on any surface , though he was at his best on firm going . like most european - trained horses , exceller ran best when covered up early and usually won his races with a blistering turn of foot in the final quarter .\nthere are times when horse racing can produce maddening , inexplicable results , waved away with a shrug and a common refrain ,\nthat ' s horse racing .\nthen there are times when everything comes together as if pre - ordained . the best jockey , on the best horse , prepared by the best trainer , bred by a family that has been competing at the top of racing for generations , wins the kentucky derby . so it was saturday at churchill downs , at the 139th kentucky derby , when orb brought trainer shug mcgaughey , the nation ' s leading rider , joel rosario ; and the families of ogden phipps and stuart janney iii their first derby victory with a convincing , 2 1 / 2 - length win . orb ( $ 12 . 80 ) went off the tepid favorite , the product of coming into the derby with a four - race win streak and the positive impression he made all week here at churchill downs , including a sharp final workout monday . then he went out and ran like he trained . over a track rated sloppy after extensive rain earlier in the day , orb completed 1 1 / 4 miles in 2 : 02 . 89 . the pace was surprisingly fast early \u2013 a half - mile in 45 . 33 seconds , six furlongs in 1 : 09 . 80 \u2013 and resulted in horses who were well back early sweeping the first three spots . read more\ntower of texas stormed up the rail and won the $ 200 , 000 king edward stakes in his turf debut june 21 at woodbine . eurico rosa da silva relaxed off a quick early pace with the 4 - year - old son of street sense , who hugged the rail into the stretch to rally . he overtook dueling front - runners , stacked deck and excaper , midway down the lane and drew off to a 2 3 / 4 - length victory . tower of texas is perfect in three starts this year , all at woodbine , and earned his first stakes win in the king edward , finishing the mile race in 1 : 32 . 45 on a firm turf course . platinum glory was all out to grab second in a three - horse race for the runner - up spot , just a nose in front of stacked deck , who bested 9 - 5 favorite excaper by a head for third in the seven - horse field . read more\ncourageous cat\u2019s gritty win in saturday\u2019s grade 1 , $ 300 , 000 shoemaker mile at hollywood park left winning jockey patrick valenzuela in a forecasting mood after the race . \u201cthis horse is so much better than when i rode him in the shadwell mile , \u201d valenzuela said , referring to a third - place finish in the grade 1 race at keeneland last fall . \u201ci can almost guarantee he\u2019ll win the breeders\u2019 cup mile , even if they bring that filly over . \u201d read more\nlooks like a\nhorse\nto me ! i had a 6 h . p . horse with a tecumseh engine . it did everything it was designed to do . if you have never worked with a troy bilt tiller , be careful that the thing doesn ' t tip too far forward while tilling as it might , and has , broken off the mounting holes and lugs on the engine casting . would be a good idea to try to find the correct\nbumper\nthat bolts on and keeps the breakage to a minimum , if at all . you could even make one . just stay with the tec engine , if it runs ok . note : if you change the transmission oil , the oil must have sulphur in it , to keep the gears in good shape . to fill the tranny , you must remove the handle bar mounting casting . also , down under the handle bars , is a rectangular steel casting , held in the vertical position by one bolt , and being tapered towards the upper end . the roller on the gear shifter arm moves up and down on the tapered block , and adjusting the block will suffice to make it stay in gear . from the pics , it looks to be in good condition , just needs a good clean - up . warning : if you have to remove a wheel , be very careful if it is stuck on . hammering or jacking on it will break some retainers inside the tranny , meaning lots of time to fix it . i got one just like yours , as a trade for two lawn mowers . it had a broken rod . i fixed it and sold it , and the buyer is still using it , after 9 years ! hth : rusty jones\nllanarmon ( $ 20 . 40 ) graduated in dramatic style saturday at woodbine in the grade 2 natalma stakes , in which the favored ready to act unseated jockey rajiv maragh , who appeared to escape serious injury . ready to act stalked the front - running unspurned in the one - mile turf route for 2 - year - old fillies before making the lead early in the stretch . ready to act ducked in at the eighth pole , and a trailing horse came over the top of the fallen maragh . ready to act , a new york shipper trained by chad brown , came back fine . meanwhile , llanarmon rallied wide from seventh to prevail by three - quarters of a length over another maiden , spanish flower . appreciating , the 5 - 2 second choice in the eight - horse field , finished a neck farther back in third , a head in front of madly truly . emma - jayne wilson rode llanarmon for harlequin ranches and trainer roger attfield . read more\nwhen point of entry finished fourth in the curlin stakes on the saratoga main track last summer , trainer shug mcgaughey decided it was time for the phipps stable homebred to make the permanent switch to grass .\ni thought he was a grass horse ; i was just taking a shot ,\nmcgaughey said of the curlin experiment .\nif he ' d run good , it might have given us a travers horse . but he just ran o . k . so we went to the turf .\nthe rest , as they say , is history . since the change of surface , point of entry has won 5 - of - 6 starts , including the last four in a row . the most recent victory came saturday in the $ 600 , 000 sword dancer invitational when the son of dynaformer , sent off as the 7 - 5 favorite , overpowered a solid field of older turfers to win the grade 1 co - feature by four widening lengths . read more\nwhat type of oil you put in a troy - bilt tiller equipped with a briggs and stratton 110000 , 120000 , 200000 or 210000 series engine depends on what time of year you plan to use it . a high - quality detergent sae 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 oil should be used when the air temperature is between zero and 40 degrees fahrenheit , but use sae 30 when the temperature is above 40 degrees fahrenheit . to prevent damaging the engine , use an oil with an american petroleum institute rating of sf , sg , sh or sj listed on the label . if using a synthetic oil , sae 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 can be used at any temperature . two troy - bilt models models equipped with 110000 and 120000 , 200000 or 210000 series engines are the bronco and super bronco .\nlava man posted a career record of 17 - 8 - 5 from 47 starts with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 . among california - bred horses , only hall of famers tiznow and best pal have higher career earnings . lava man won three consecutive editions of the hollywood gold cup ( [ g1 ] 2005 - 07 ) , matching a feat hall of famer native diver accomplished from 1965 through 1967 . lava man also won back - to - back runnings of the santa anita h . ( g1 ) in 2006 and 2007 . his other significant wins included the pacific classic ( g1 ) and charles whittingham memorial h . ( g1 ) . with his victory in the whittingham in 2006 , lava man became the first horse since vanlandingham 21 years earlier to win a grade 1 on both dirt and turf in the same year . lava man was also the first horse to win the hollywood gold cup , santa anita h . and pacific classic in the same year ( a feat since equaled by game on dude ) .\nespinoza , 43 , a native of tulancingo , mexico , has won 3 , 266 races with earnings of $ 186 , 231 , 530 through march 8 . an eclipse award finalist in 2015 when he rode horse of the year american pharoah to the first triple crown in 37 years , espinoza has a total of seven victories in the triple crown series , including five in the past two years . he has three wins in both the kentucky derby ( amercian pharoah , war emblem and california chrome ) and preakness stakes and one in the belmont .\nin the official international classification for 1978 , troy was rated the tenth best two - year - old in europe , seven pounds behind the top - rared tromos . troy was given a rating of 122 by the independent timeform organisation , twelve pounds behind tromos and was described in their annual racehorses of 1978 as\njust the type to develop into a high - class three - year - old\n. [ 6 ] troy was given an end of season rating of 137 by timeform in 1979 , the fourth highest awarded to a derby winner up to that time , [ 17 ] and was named their horse of the year . in the gilbey racing awards , based on poits accrued in major races troy was named champion racehorse of the year and middle distance champion . the compilers of the international classification was less impressed : he was named the best three - year - colt in europe but was rated a pound behind three troikas . [ 10 ] he was named british horse of the year for 1979 by the racecourse association , taking twenty - seven of the thirty - two votes . [ 17 ]\nblue maiden beat whipsaw city by a half - length on thursday in the $ 80 , 750 glowing honor stakes for fillies and mares at belmont park . julien leparoux was aboard for trainer christophe clement as the 5 - year - old got her fourth win in 17 starts , finishing the seven furlongs on turf in 1 : 21 . 51 . blue maiden paid $ 6 . 40 and $ 2 . 70 , and whipsaw city returned $ 2 . 50 . trix in the city was third in the four - horse field ahead of sure route . read more\ntroy , a big , powerfully built bay horse with three white socks , was bred in county meath , ireland , by the ballymacoll stud , the breeding operation of his owners , industrialist sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock . [ 3 ] he was sired by petingo , the leading english two - year - old of 1967 , and was out of the mare la milo . [ 4 ] la milo had previously produced washington d . c . international winner admetus . troy was sent into training with dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire .\naccording to priscus , who visited attila\u2019s headquarters on the great hungarian plain along with visiting roman ambassadors in 449 , the hun leader threw a banquet at which he served the guests a luxurious meal on silver plates . attila himself , priscus observed , was served separately . he \u201cate nothing but meat on a wooden trencher\u2026his cup was of wood , while his guests were given goblets of gold and silver . \u201d unlike his subordinates , who arrogantly displayed their gold and gems on their horse\u2019s bridle or weaponry , attila\u2019s \u201cdress , too , was quite simple , affecting only to be clean . \u201d\no ' day 222 in great shape . newer sails ( used 4x ) asymmetrical spinnaker . roller furling . new abs rudder and tiller , all wood susceptible to water replaced with new teak or switched to starboard . porta potty . galvanized double axle trailer . 8hp 2 cycle runs perfectly . cushions in perfect condition . i think the boat is priced fairly for quick sale . have loved and cared for this boat for years but family has outgrown it and switched to a much bigger boat . i can help you rig it and get going for the first few sails if needed . could probably talk my son into delivering it for a fee . this boat holds a ton of people and is fun and easy to sail . everything you need to get going is included : dock lines , anchor / line , pump , extinguisher , cockpit cushion and 4 life jackets . boat is presently on its trailer but can be launched at a moments notice .\nza approval , a gray horse whose hair has gone nearly white , usually is not hard to pick out in a race , but so buried was he in traffic saturday at monmouth park during the red bank stakes that the striking coat was difficult to locate . but , finally extricated from trouble at the top of the stretch , there came za approval , running down another light gray horse , tune me in , to win the red bank in a game performance . a 5 - year - old gelding bred and owned by live oak plantation and trained by christophe clement , za approval only graduated from allowance - class racing to stakes this past winter at gulfstream park , but now he has won back - to - back grade 3s , having captured the appleton in his start before the red bank . za approval ' s win in the $ 100 , 000 red bank might well have been his best performance yet , with the ghostzapper gelding forced to overcome multiple spots of traffic before finding space to launch a strong rally under joe bravo . tune me in had put away pacesetting two notch road before turning for home and was clear a furlong from the finish , but he was no match for za approval ' s sharp move . read more\nbig horse sire tiznow lived up to his nickname once again on saturday when norumbega won a thriller in the $ 500 , 000 brooklyn invitational ( g2 ) at belmont park . the victor became the 50th career stakes winner for tiznow , whose progeny have now earned over $ 3 . 6 million this year , placing him third on the 2014 general sire list . norumbega , a stuart janney iii homebred 4 - year - old , needed every bit of the belmont stretch to earn his first graded stakes win the 1 and 1 / 2 - mile marathon . after breaking fifth with joel rosario aboard , norumbega was three wide in fifth , some five lengths back of the lead , for the first mile before making his move for the front . rosario went between horses on the turn , then set his sights on micromanage , who had spurted clear by about two lengths inside the furlong marker . with one last surge , norumbega powered to the lead in the final strides to win by a neck in 2 : 27 . 13 .\ni had a really good trip and my horse ran great ,\nadded rosario . i was aware they were going too fast in front of me . when i asked him , he had plenty to give .\nread more\non a cool , comfortable summer day , to honor and serve found himself back in the winner ' s circle after holding off odds - on choice mucho macho man to take the grade i woodward stakes by a neck saturday . it was quite the contrast to when he last ran on july 7 in the suburban handicap at belmont park , when he finished fourth to mucho macho man on a hot , sultry day , beaten by almost eight lengths .\nit was better ,\ntrainer bill mott said .\nhe got a little frantic the other day . it seemed like he was very agitated with the heat . it was a 97 , almost 100 - degree day , and i barely made it through the paddock procession myself .\nit was just the second win of the year from four starts for the 4 - year - old colt , who earlier won the grade iii westchester handicap .\ni knew he had it in him ,\nsaid the hall of fame trainer .\nhe ' s been training well . he ' s a sound horse and there was no reason for him not to . i think he just threw a real stinker , but he did come back today and proved that he ' s a pretty darn good horse .\nread more\nthe harmonic lines , and performance hard - chine hull shape , provides for a wonderful lightweight and responsive easy to sail overnight pocket cruiser . her hull speed will surprise you . she is a joy behold on the water and a pleasure to transport on her custom trailer . light weight and easy to tow with a four cylinder automobile . she is simply an elegant modern classic comfortable in lakes bays and coastal cruising and certainly at home in the club racing circuit . the malbec 18 now being manufacturer in america at the new corporate manufacturing facility in oxnard california . the malbec 18 is hand made quality watercraft with attention to detail , incorporating the best materials available . brand name sails , rigging , and hardware . our sail program is complete with multi size head sails and optional downwind asymmetrical spinnaker . we have an ability to customize the malbec 18 to your requirements . our option list is complete . we like to say that less is more when it comes to sailing . the feel of the wind and the responsiveness of the tiller puts you at the command of your personal adventure ."]}
{"id": 423, "summary": [{"text": "cypraecassis testiculus , common name the reticulated cowry helmet , is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cassidae , the helmet snails and bonnet snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is one subspecies : cypraecassis testiculus senegalica ( gmelin , 1791 )", "topic": 5}], "title": "cypraecassis testiculus", "paragraphs": ["a cypraecassis testiculus communal egg mass and eggs are illustrated below ; apparentlyfor the first time .\ncassidae \u00bb cypraecassis testiculus senegalica , id : 160025 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n( of cypraecassis ( cypraecassis ) testiculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cypraecassis testiculus senegalica ( gmelin , 1791 ) ) rol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npredators of e . lucunter include : ruddy turnstones , arenaria interpres ; conchs ; and fish including triggerfish , grunts , jacks and wrasses ( abbott et al . 1974 ) . predation by the reticulate cowrie - helmet , cypraecassis testiculus , has also been documented for individuals in panama ( hendler 1977 ) .\n( of cypraecassis testiculus senegalica ( gmelin , 1791 ) ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npredators of this urchin include : several species of fish ( randall 1967 ) , shorebirds such as ruddy turnstones , arenaria interpres ( hendler 1977 ) , and herring gulls , larus sp . ( moore et al . 1963 ) ; the reticulate cowrie - helmet , cypraecassis testiculus ( hendler 1977 ) ; and the caribbean helmet , cassis tuberosa ( engstrom 1982 ) .\nsomeone in our group said that it was an emperor ' s helmet and i mentioned that when i sent the pictures to volunteer identifier bea in ontario . soon bea was back saying that the helmet part was right but not the emperor . it ' s the reticulate cowry - helmet , cypraecassis testiculus , a member of the helmet and bonnet snail family , the cassidae .\n( of cypraecassis mamillata salmon , 1948 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cypraecassis neglecta verrill , 1949 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cypraecassis minima bernard , 1984 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum senegalicum gmelin , 1791 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum plicatum gmelin , 1791 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassidea crumena brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis mitellapolonica r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis pileolus r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\n( of cassis bicincta bayer , 1935 ) verbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the \u201cisland rule\u201d , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\nto demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , \u201cdeep - sea species\u201d have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed \u201cshallow - water\u201d . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the \u201cdeep\u201d or \u201cshallow\u201d categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with \u223c43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\naveraging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with \u201cdeep - sea\u201d defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by \u223c2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nthis study has confirmed the important findings of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] that the marine gastropods of the western atlantic show a pattern of body size evolution that is analogous to the island rule , with colonists of the deep - sea benthos tending to converge in size in a graded trend ( see also [ 16 ] ) . no evidence was found of phylogenetic heterogeneity in the strength of the observed effect , as results for the neogastropoda alone were indistinguishable from those for the remaining taxa . in contrast , the strength of the effect did increase systematically with range depth , with deeper - sea species showing a stronger tendency to converge in size . nevertheless , the effect is still apparent in species inhabiting the mesopelagic zone ( 200\u20131000m ) , and so cannot be attributed to unique features of abyssal ecology .\nsince the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is \u201cimmigrant selection\u201d , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . 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( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nverbinnen g . , segers l . , swinnen f . , kreipl k . & monsecour d . ( 2016 ) . cassidae . an amazing family of seashells . harxheim : conchbooks . 251 pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhaiti . in the bay of cap - haitien . 2 m . circa 1980 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngastropod ( 1 shell ) , shell spiral in shape , ovate , tapering towards the bottom , short spire , body whorl takes up most of shell ; color background orangish brown to gray to pink , brown spots or blotches in spiraling rows with lighter color in between blotches ; radiating ribs crossed by widely space , shallow spiraling grooves ; aperture side smooth , lighter colored , an orangish band about 2 / 3 ' s down and orange spot on shoulder ; aperture long , narrow , outer lip of aperture thickened , toothed on inside , dark nearly black spots on back side of lip ; columella ( inner side of aperture ) crenulate ( ridged ) ; siphonal canal short , angled back and upturned .\nthis helmet has a distinctive color pattern which helps distinguish it from other helmets .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe green sea urchin , lytechinus variegatus . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nlytechinus variegatus covering itself with fragments of algae and other debris . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nplease refer to the accompanying glossary for definitions of the descriptive terms used in this report .\nthe green sea urchin , lytechinus variegatus , is one of several urchin species common to florida and the caribbean . the spines of l . variegatus are characteristically short , and the underlying test is hemispherical with smoothly curving sides adorned with numerous small tubercles ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . tubercles are sparse on the aboral portions of the ambulacra and interambulacra , resulting in naked patches . globiferous pedicellariae are numerous and conspicuous , appearing as stalked and nearly spherical white or pink structures . the color of the test and spines is variable , and has been used to identify subspecies of l . variegatus ( serafy 1973 ) .\nl . variegatus is similar in appearance to l . williamsi . however , the latter has purple pedicellariae instead of white or pink , fewer plates in each column of the test , and 12 wedges in the spines compared to the 24 found in l . variegatus ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .\nshort - spined urchins like l . variegatus have fragile tests , which limit them to low energy areas with minimal wave impact ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . they are most common in quiet waters with rocky and sandy bottoms , and in beds of the turtle grass , thalassia testudinum . l . variegatus is reportedly intolerant of turbid waters with high quantities of suspended silt ( moore et al . 1963 ) .\nthe range of the green sea urchin extends from beaufort , north carolina southward throughout the caribbean to santos , brazil . l . variegatus atlanticus also occurs in bermuda ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . depths range from zero to 250 meters , although most individuals are found in waters less than 50 m ( serafy 1979 ) .\nthe distribution of l . variegatus within the irl remains undocumented . however , this urchin is likely most abundant in the southern lagoon , where turtle grass beds are more prevalent .\nl . variegatus reaches a total diameter of about 110 mm , with a test diameter of about 85 mm ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .\nin turtle grass beds , l . variegatus can reach extremely high numbers . although little information is available concerning the abundance of this speciesin the irl , densities of l . variegatus in other locations have been reported at 636 individuals per square meter ( camp et al . 1973 ) .\nthe green sea urchin is normally gonochoric . reproduction of hermaphroditic individuals has been linked to abnormally low water temperatures ( moore et al . 1963 ) . the spawning period of the green sea urchin is shorter in northern latitudes ( moore et al . 1963 ) . in tropical locations like panama , l . variegatus is sexually ripe throughout the year ( lessios 1985 , 1991 ) . in florida , reproduction varies with season and environmental conditions ( ernest & blake 1981 ) . mazur & miller ( 1971 ) reported a reproductive season of march to october for florida urchins held in the laboratory . spawning in panama , and possibly other locations , tends to occur during the new and full moons ( lessios 1991 ) .\npearce & cameron ( 1991 ) provide a review of the extensive literature available describing fertilization and early development in l . variegatus . full development from zygote to metamorphosis takes 33 - 43 days in the laboratory ( mazur & miller 1971 ) , and can be accelerated by increasing the water temperature ( petersen & almeida 1976 ) . salinities below 35 ppt result in decreased larval survival and developmental rates , even when the parents are acclimated to such salinities ( roller & stickle 1993 ) . in response to low food supply , larvae can increase their feeding efficiency by enlarging their ciliated bands ( boideron - metairon 1988 ) . after metamorphosis , juveniles can grow to a test diameter of about 15 mm in 6 months , and to 25 mm in 9 months ( pawson & miller 1982 , michel 1984 ) . pearse & cameron ( 1991 ) found some evidence for a difference in the number of chromosomes between male and female urchins .\nwhen population densities are high , l . variegatus can overgraze seagrass beds ( camp et al . 1973 ) . however , studies have shown that the majority of the reported 0 . 6 g dry weight of t . testudinum consumed daily by each urchin consists of dead blades , having a minimal effect on live turtle grass ( vadas et al . 1982 ) .\nl . variegatus often covers itself with plant and shell debris , holding the material in place with its tube feet ( mortensen 1943 , millott 1956 , sharp & gray 1962 , kier & grant 1965 ) . millott ( 1956 ) documented a rise in covering behavior in response to increased light levels , suggesting that the collected debris acts to shade the animal from strong light .\nthe turbellarian , syndisyrinx collongistyla , has been reported to infest the body cavity and intestines of l . variegatus ( nappi & crawford 1984 , hertel et al . 1990 ) . protozoan parasites are also reported for this urchin ( mortensen 1943 ) . the polychaete , podarke obscura , has been listed as an occasional associate ( ruppert & fox 1988 ) .\nboideron - metairon if . 1988 . morphological plasticity on laboratory - reared echinoplutei of dendraster excentricus ( eschscholtz ) and lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) in response to food conditions . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 119 : 31 - 41 .\ncamp dk , cobb s & jf van breeveld . 1973 . overgrazing of seagrasses by a regular urchin , lytechinus variegatus . bioscience 23 : 37 - 38 .\nengstrom na . 1982 . immigration as a factor in maintaining populations of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) in seagrass beds on the southwest coast of puerto rico . studies neotrop . fauna environ . 17 : 51 - 60 .\nernest rg & nj blake . 1981 . reproductive patterns within sub - populations of lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 55 : 25 - 37 .\nhendler g . 1977 . the differential effects of season stress and predation on the stability of reef - flat echinoid populations . in : taylor dl ( ed . ) . 217 - 223 . proceedings : third international coral reef symposium . volume 1 ( biology ) . rosenstiel school of marine & atmospheric science , university of miami . miami , florida .\nhendler g , miller je , pawson dl & pm kier . 1995 . sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean . smithsonian institution press . washington , d . c . 390 pp .\nhertel l , duszynski dw & je ubelaker . 1990 . turbellarians ( umagillidae ) from caribbean urchins with a description of syndisyrinx collongistyla , n . sp . trans . amer . microscop . soc . 109 : 272 - 281 .\nkier pm & re grant , 1965 . echinoid distribution and habits , kay largo coral reef preserve , florida . smithsonian misc . collect . 149 : 1 - 68 .\nlessios ha . 1985 . annual reproductive periodicity in eight echinoid species on the caribbean coast of panama . in : keegan bf & bds o\u2019connor ( eds . ) . 303 - 311 . echinodermata . proceedings of the fifth international echinoderm conference . galway , 24 - 29 september 1984 . belkema , rotterdam .\nlessios ha . 1991 . presence and absence of monthly reproductive rhythms among eight caribbean echinoids off the coast of panama . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 153 : 27 - 47 .\nmazur je & jw miller . 1971 . a description of the complex metamorphosis of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus cultured in synthetic sea water . ohio j . sci . 71 : 30 - 36 .\nmichel hb . 1984 . culture of lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) from egg to young adult . bull . mar . sci . 34 : 312 - 314 .\nmillot n . 1956 . the covering reaction of sea urchins . 1 . a preliminary account of covering in the tropical echinoid lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) , and its relation to light . j . exp . biol . 33 : 508 - 523 .\nmoore hb , jutare t , bauer jc & ja jones . 1963 . the biology of lytechinus variegatus . bull . mar . sci . gulf carib . 13 : 23 - 53 .\nmortensen t . 1943 . a monograph of the echinoidea . volume iii . ( 3 ) . camarodonta . i . orthopsidae , glyphocyphidae , temnopleuridae and toxopneustidae . ca reitzel , copenhagen . vii + 553 pp . 56 pls .\nnappi aj & ja crawford . 1984 . the occurrence and distribution of a syndesmid ( turbellaria : umagillidae ) in jamaican sea urchins . j . parasitol . 70 : 595 - 597 .\npawson dl & je miller . 1982 . studies of genetically controlled phenotypic characters in laboratory - reared lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . in : lawrence jm ( ed . ) . 165 - 171 . echinoderms : proceedings of the international conference . tampa bay , 14 - 17 september 1981 . balkema , rotterdam .\npearse js & ra cameron . 1991 . echinodermata : echinoidea . in : giese ac , pearse js & vb pearse ( eds . ) . 513 - 662 . reproduction of marine invertebrates , volume vi , echinoderms and lophophorates . the boxwood press . pacific grove , ca .\npetersen ja & am almeida . 1976 . effects of salinity and temperature on the development and survival of the echinoids arbacia , echinometra and lythechinus . thalassia jugoslavia 12 : 297 - 298 .\nrandall je . 1967 . food habits of reef fishes of the west indies . inst . mar . sci . univ . miami . studies in tropical oceanog . no . 5 : 665 - 847 .\nroller ra & stickle . 1993 . effects of temperature and salinity acclimation of adults on larval survival , physiology , and early development of lytechinus variegatus ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . mar . biol . ( berlin ) 116 : 583 - 591 .\nruppert , ee & rs fox . 1988 . seashore animals of the southeast : a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast . university of sc press . columbia , sc . usa . 429 pp .\nserafy dk . 1973 . variation in the polytypic sea urchin lytechinus variegatus ( lamarck , 1816 ) in the western atlantic ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . bull . mar . sci . 23 : 525 - 534 .\nserafy dk . 1979 . echinoids ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . memoirs of the hourglass cruises 5 : 1 - 120 .\nsharp dt & ie gray . 1962 . studies on factors affecting the local distribution of two sea urchins , arbacia punctulata and lytechinus variegatus . ecology 43 : 309 - 313 .\nvadas rl , fenchel t & jc ogden . 1982 . ecological studies on the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus and the algal - seagrass communities of the miskito cays , nicaragua . aquat . botany 14 : 109 - 115 .\nthe rock - boring urchin , echinometra lucunter . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian institution .\ntwo echinometra lucunter feeding on the floating alga , sargassum . photo by lh sweat , smithsonian institution .\nthe rock boring urchin , echinometra lucunter , has an elongate oval test with two rows of large tubercles along the ambulacra and interambulacra , pairs of pores arranged in arcs of six , and a large peristome ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . the spines are long and slender , thickened at the base , and sharply pointed at the tips .\non the aboral side , the primary and secondary spines are dark olive green , with greenish violet to purple tips ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . the general color of the spines is blackish , although some specimens may exhibit a reddish color . test and muscle bases of the spines are shades of red - brown . tube feet on the aboral surface are light brown , and the terminal disks are dark brown to blackish . oral spines have a lighter color than aboral ones , light olive green with a violet gradient near the tips . the test and peristome are flecked with creamy brown . the tube feet near the mouth are translucent , with terminal disks that are creamy white in color , lined with a narrow dark brown band , and measuring about twice the size of those on the aboral feet .\nas with many intertidal organisms , studies have revealed differences in the structure of e . lucunter from environments with varying wave action . specimens from high - energy areas tend to have tests that are flatter , thicker , smaller , and narrower , and a distinctive pattern of insertion of ocular plates in the apical system ( lewis & storey 1984 ) .\nthe general shape and size of e . lucunter is similar to that of the reef urchin , e . viridis . however , the latter usually has a more circular test shape and longer spines , a reddish test , pore pairs in arcs of five instead of six , and conspicuously white milled rings around the base of each spine ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .\nthe rock - boring urchin is commonly found on limestone reef rock in the surf zone ( hendler et al . 1995 ) . it can be very common in shallow , exposed fore reef or reef crest habitats , occupying shallow depressions or borrows created by the abrading action of the urchin\u2019s spines and teeth on the rock surface . the success of e . lucunter in harsh environments may be partially due to its apparent resistance to stresses caused by increased temperature and salinity ( hendler 1977 ) .\nthe range of e . lucunter extends from beaufort , north carolina and bermuda southward throughout the caribbean and eastern central america to desterra , brazil . populations can also be found in west africa . the subspecies e . lucunter polypora pawson , is common at ascension and st . helena islands ( pawson 1978 ) . the depth range for this species is generally zero to 45 meters ( serafy 1979 ) .\nthe distribution of e . lucunter within the irl remains undocumented . however , this species appears to be concentrated mostly around rock jetties and other hard structures near inlets ( lh sweat , personal observation ) .\ne . lucunter reaches a maximum size of 15 cm , though most individuals are about half that size ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .\nthe abundance of e . lucunter in the irl is undocumented . however , studies have reported densities elsewhere of up to 129 individuals per square meter ( greenstein 1993 ) .\nthe annual spawning cycle for the rock - boring urchin has been reported to occur in late summer in the florida keys ( mcpherson 1969 ) , peaks in the fall in puerto rico ( cameron 1986 ) , and occurs variably throughout the year in panama ( lessios 1981 ) . lewis & storey ( 1984 ) documented one spawning event per year in urchins from high - energy environments , and two events annually in urchins from low - energy areas . tennent et al . ( 1931 ) reported that spawning in one individual takes about 15 minutes . fertilization and development are adversely affected by reducing salinity ( petersen & almeida 1976 ) . larvae of this species have been reared through metamorphosis in the laboratory ( e . g . mortensen 1921 ) .\nthe rock - boring urchin feeds mostly at night from their burrows , consuming clumps of drift algae , or venturing out of the burrow to feed and then usually returning to the same hole ( mcpherson 1969 , abbott et al . 1974 , ogden 1976 ) . in panama , individuals were observed to clear the area around their burrows of all organisms except calcareous algae ( hendler et al . 1995 ) .\nantagonistic behaviors among conspecifics have been observed for this urchin . grunbaum et al . ( 1978 ) found that intruding urchins were pushed and bit by the individual originally inhabiting the burrow , and the inhabitant won most altercations . escape responses have been observed in individuals following exposure to chemical extracts from other echinometra spp . ( parker & shulman 1986 ) .\nthe eulimid gastropod , monogamus minibulla is a parasite of the rock - boring urchin ( war\u00e9n & moolenbeek 1989 ) . the turbellarian , syndisyrinx collongistyla , has been reported to infest the intestines of e . lucunter in jamaica , s . evelinae has been found in specimens from st . barth\u00e9lemy ( hertel et al . 1990 ) . protozoans have also been reported to infest e . lucunter ( mortensen 1943 ) . the rock - boring urchin has been observed to share its burrow with several associates , including a goby , a porcelain crab , and a brittle star ( schoppe 1991 ) .\nthe burrowing behavior of e . lucunter can contribute greatly to the breakdown of coral reefs and intertidal limestone shorelines , especially when urchin population densities are high . hoskin & reed ( 1985 ) estimated that burrows are excavated in approximately 3 years . rates of erosion on coral reefs due to this excavation have been reported at 3 . 9 kg per square meter annually in the virgin islands , 7 . 0 kg per square meter annually in bermuda , and 24 g per urchin per year in barbados ( ogden 1977 ) .\nablanedo et al . ( 1990 ) found that individuals of e . lucunter accumulate certain heavy metals in the gonads , test , spines , and lantern . therefore , they can be used as an indicator species to reflect the level of environmental pollution to which they are exposed .\nabbott dp , ogden jc & ia abbott . 1974 . studies on the activity pattern , behavior , and food of the echinoid echinometra lucunter ( linnaeus ) on beachrock and algal reefs in st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . west indies laboratory special publication no . 4 . fairleigh dickinson university . christiansted , st . croix . u . s . virgin islands . iv + 111 pp .\nablanedo n , gonzalez h , ramirez m & i torres . 1990 . evaluaci\u00f3n del erizo de mar echinometra lucunter como indictor de contaminaci\u00f3n por metales pesados , cuba . aquat . living res . 3 : 113 - 120 .\ncameron ra . 1986 . reproduction , larval occurrence and recruitment in caribbean sea urchins . bull . mar . sci . 39 : 332 - 346 .\ngreenstein bj . 1993 . is the fossil record of regular echinoids really so poor ? a comparison of living and subfossil assemblages . palaios 8 : 587 - 601 .\ngrunbaum h , bergman g , abbott dp & jc ogden . 1978 . intraspecific agonistic behavior in the rock - boring sea urchin echinometra lucunter ( l . ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . bull . mar . sci . 28 : 181 - 188 .\nhoskin cm & jk reed . 1985 . carbonate sediment production by the rock - boring urchin echinometra lucunter and associated endolithic infauna at black rock , little bahama bank . symposia ser . underwater res . 3 : 151 - 161 .\nlessios ha . 1981 . reproductive periodicity of the echinoids diadema and echinometra on the two coasts of panama . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 50 : 47 - 61 .\nlewis jb & gs storey . 1984 . differences in morphology and life history traits of the echinoid echinometra lucunter from different habitats . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 15 : 207 - 211 .\nmcpherson bf . 1969 . studies on the biology of the tropical sea urchins echinometra lucunter and echinometra viridis . bull . mar . sci . 19 : 194 - 213 .\nmortensen t . 1921 . studies of the development and larval forms of echinoderms . g . e . c . gad . copenhagen , denmark . xxxiii + 266 pp .\nogden jc . 1976 . some aspects of herbivore - plant relationships on caribbean reefs and seagrass beds . aquat . botany 2 : 103 - 116 .\nogden jc . 1977 . carbonate - sediment production by parrotfish and sea urchins on caribbean reefs . stud . geol . 4 : 281 - 288 .\nparker da & mj schulman . 1986 . avoiding predation : alarm responses of caribbean sea urchins to simulated predation on conspecific and heterospecific sea urchins . mar . biol . ( berlin ) 93 : 201 - 208 .\npawson dl . 1978 . the echinoderm fauna of ascension island , south atlantic ocean . smithsonian contrib . mar . sci . 2 . iv + 31 pp .\nschoppe s . 1991 . echinometra lucunter ( linnaeus ) ( echinoidea , echinometridae ) als wirt einer komplexen lebensgemeinschaft im karibischen meer . helgol\u00e4nd . meeresunt . 45 : 373 - 379 .\ntennent dh , gardiner ms & de smith . 1931 . a cytological and biochemical study of the ovaries of the sea urchin echinometra lucunter . carnegie institution of washington publication no . 27 . 1 - 46 . pls . 1 - 7 .\nwar\u00e9n a & r moolenbeek . 1989 . a new eulimid gastropod , trochostilifer eucidaricola , parasitic on the pencil urchin eucidaris tribuloides from the southern caribbean . proc . biol . soc . wash . 102 : 169 - 175 .\ndepth : 0 to 60 m ( live 0 . 3 to 3 m )\ndistribution : usa : north carolina , florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys ; usa : louisiana , texas ; mexico : quintana roo ; honduras : swan island ; colombia : offshore islands ; costa rica , panama , colombia , venezuela : islas los roques ; bermuda , bahamas : grand bahama island , abaco ( great or little ) , bimini , eleuthera , little san salvador , cat island , san salvador ( watling is . ) , long island , mayaguana ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , villa clara , cienfuegos , santiago de cuba , guantanamo ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . john , st . croix , tortola ; st . barthelemy / st . bartholomew , barbuda ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad ; brazil : ceara , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia\ndistribution : cuba : pinar del rio , havana province ; puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . croix ; eastern atlantic : st . helena\nshells of gabon 140 pp . published by the author : libreville , gabon . [ stated date : - - nov 1984 . ]\nencyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 345 - 757 . panckoucke : paris .\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae . editio decima tertia systema naturae , 13th ed . , vol . 1 ( 6 ) 3021 - 3910 . lipsiae .\nsystema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .\nmuseum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]\nour collecting trip to the caribbees , including a list of shells collected mollusca 2 ( 5 ) 1 - 14 , 3 pls . [ numbered as 2 ] . [ stated date : 20 aug 1949 . ]\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmaximum reported size : 85 mm . the rounded body whorl is purplish cream overlaid with dark purple brown . often this coloration is arranged spirally in the form of indistinct chevrons . the shell is solid with a long , narrow aperture and is shaped like a small helmet shell . the aperture is bordered with whitish raised lirae which appear as teeth on the inside of the thickened outer lip . the outerlip is crossed by orange bars that coincide with dark brown markings on the dorsal side . the parietal shield is glossy and rounded . it is yellowish and overlaid with three or four orange patches , one of which is always loated at the apical end . sculpture consists of narrow axial ridges that are depressed by shallow spiral grooves to form axially elongate beads .\nlittle information available on this species . . . ripe for further investigation ! poca informacion sobre esta especie que nos lleva a investigar de una manera mas profunda !\nredfern , c . 2001 . bahamian seashells . bahamianseashells . com , inc . boca raton , florida . page : 59 . olsson , a . a . & mcginty , t . l . 1958 . recent marine mollusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bulletins of american paleontology vol . 39 n\u00ba304\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\ndescription : f + + , very strange specimen ! looks like hybrid of vibex and turgida ! we had some before from b . cook !\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab"]}
{"id": 427, "summary": [{"text": "berthelinia ganapati is a species of a sea snail with a shell comprising two separate hinged pieces or valves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family juliidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "berthelinia ganapati", "paragraphs": ["phrases that include ganapati : berthelinia ganapati , dagadusheth halwai ganapati temple , g . ganapati sastriar , ganapati atharvashirsa , list of ganapati temples , more . . . words similar to ganapati : ganesa , ganesh , ganesha , more . . .\nberthelinia caribaea m . edmunds , 1963 = \u00bb berthelinia caribbea m . edmunds , 1963\nberthelinia chloris belvederica a . m . keen & g . smith , 1961 = \u00bb berthelinia chloris ( w . h . dall , 1918 )\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nganapati\nis defined .\nberthelinia typica ( j . h . gatliff & c . j . gabriel , 1911 )\nberthelinia ( anomalomya ) corrugata a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 \u2020 ( fossil )\nberthelinia ( anomalomya ) elata a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 \u2020 ( fossil )\nganapati pn , sarma aln ( 1970 ) bivalved gastropods of the indian seas . proc ind nat sci acad 38b ( 3 and 4 ) : 240\u2013241\nganapati pn , sarma aln ( 1972 ) faunal associations of algae in the intertidal region of vishakhapatanam . proc ind nat sci acad 38b ( 5 and 6 ) : 380\u2013396\nsubfamily : bertheliniinae - genus : berthelinia j . c . h . crosse , 1875 ( db : 16 sp )\nscintilla chloris w . h . dall , 1918 = \u00bb berthelinia chloris ( w . h . dall , 1918 )\nberthellina pseudochloris e . a . kay , 1964 = \u00bb berthelinia pseudochloris ( e . a . kay , 1964 )\n( of berthelinia ( tamanovalva ) kawaguti & baba , 1959 ) sarma , a . l . n . 1975 . three new species of the bivalved gastropods julia and berthelinia found in eastern indian ocean . venus 34 : 11 - 25 . [ details ]\ntamanovalva waltairensis a . l . n . sarma , 1975 = \u00bb berthelinia waltairensis ( a . l . n . sarma , 1975 )\nsubfamily : bertheliniinae - subgenus : berthelinia ( anomalomya ) a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 \u2020 ( db : 2 sp )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsearch for ' ' returned 105 matching records , showing records 1 - 100 . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\nascobulla pusilla ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 ) accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla fischeri a . adams & angas , 1864 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla pusilla g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla sculpta g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla turtoni bartsch , 1915 accepted as volvatella laguncula g . b . sowerby iii , 1894\ncylindrobulla ulla er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 accepted as ascobulla ulla ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 )\nworms - world register of marine species - juliidae e . a . smith , 1885\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of prasinidae stoliczka , 1871 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nall images are copyrighted by the photographers . no form of reproduction is authorized . alle aufnahmen sind durch copyright gesch\u00fctzt . keinerlei vervielf\u00e4ltigung ist erlaubt .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n- - - - - - family : juliidae e . a . smith , 1885 ( sea ) db counters : genus = 8 , subgenus = 1 , species = 32 , subspecies = 1 ( 16 species and 1 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 9 , subspecies = 0\ncamptoceratops americanus garvie , 1992 \u2020 = \u00bb camptoceratops priscus h . h . godwin - austen , 1882 \u2020\nsubfamily : bertheliniinae - genus : namnetia a . e . m . cossmann , 1905 \u2020 ( db : 2 sp )\nnamnetia sphaericula ( a . e . m . cossmann , 1886 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nsubfamily : gougerotiinae - genus : hemiplicatula g . p . deshayes , 1861 \u2020 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : juliinae - genus : julia a . gould , 1862 ( db : 10 sp )\nalder j , hancock a ( 1864 ) notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in india by walter elliot esq . , with descriptions of several new genera and species . trans zool soc lond 5 pp 113\u2013147 ( pls 28\u201333 )\napte da ( 2009 ) opisthobranch fauna of lakshadweep islands india with 52 new records to lakshadweep and 40 new records to india part 1 . j bombay nat hist soc 106 ( 2 ) : 162\u2013175\napte da ( 2012 ) field guide to the marine life of india . animesh apte , mumbai , p 502\n( r\u00fcppell and leuckart 1828 ) from lakshadweep archipelago , india . j bombay nat hist soc 107 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013262\napte da , bhave vj , parasharya d ( 2010 ) an annotated and illustrated checklist of the opisthobranch fauna of gulf of kutch gujarat india with 20 new records for gujarat and 14 new records for india part 1 . j bombay nat hist soc 107 ( 1 ) : 14\u201323\nbaba k ( 1986 ) janolus in japan . shells sea life 18 ( 11 ) : 182\u2013184\n( pease 1860 ) ( anthobranchia : doridoidea : dorididae ) . the veliger 36 ( 2 ) : 124\u2013133\nkelaart a rare nudibranch from the indian subcontinent . mem nat mus victoria 31 37\u201340 ( pl 6 )\ndhivya p , sachithanandam v , mohan pm ( 2012 ) new records on the opisthobranch fauna of the andaman islands india . indian j geomarine sci 41 ( 3 ) : 215\u2013217\neliot cne ( 1906a ) on the nudibranchs of southern india and ceylon with special reference to the drawings by kelaart and the collections belonging to alder and hancock preserved in the hancock museum at newcastle - on - tyne . proc zool soc london 2 : 636\u2013691 ( pls 42\u201347 )\n. in : j stanley gardiner ( ed ) the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagos being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 . 2 : 540\u2013573 ( pl 32 )\neliot cne ( 1909 ) report on the nudibranchs collected by mr . james hornell at okhamandal in kattiawar in 1905\u20131906 . in : report to the government of baroda on the marine zoology of okhamandal . 1 pp 137\u2013145\neliot cne ( 1910a ) nudibranchs collected by mr stanley gardiner from the indian ocean in hms sealark . in : reports of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 under the leadership of mr . j . stanley gardiner ma . trans linn soc zool series 2 13 ( 2 ) : 411\u2013439 ( pl 25 )\neliot cne ( 1910b ) notes on nudibranchs from the indian museum . rec ind mus 5 ( 4 ) : 247\u2013252 ( pl 19 )\neliot cne ( 1916 ) mollusca nudibranchiata . in : fauna of the chilka lake . mem ind mus 5 : 375\u2013380\nfarran gp ( 1905 ) report on the opisthobranchiate mollusca collected by professor herdman at ceylon in 1902 . in : report to the government of ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of manaar . part 3 suppl rept ( 21 ) : 329\u2013364 ( pls 1\u20136 )\n( class : gastropoda ; family : hydatinidae ) from the northeast coast of india . mar biod rec 2 : 161\ngosliner tm , behrens dw , valdes a ( 2008 ) indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs a field guide to the world\u2019s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books and the california academy of sciences p 426\n. in : report to the government of baroda on the marine zoology of okhamandal . 1 : 145\u2013148\nhornell j ( 1949 ) opisthobranchia . in the study of indian mollusks ( part ii ) . j bombay nat hist soc 48 ( 3 ) : 547\u2013553\nhornell j ( 1951 ) nudibranchia . in : indian molluscs . bom nat hist soc , mumbai 41\u201342 ( pl 1 )\nswennen ( nudibranch ) from the mangrove habitat of mandovi estuary goa ( central west coast ) india . curr sci 96 ( 1 ) : 30\u201333\n( blue ocean slug ) from nagapattinam coastal waters southeast coast of india . int j curr res 5 : 071\u2013073\nmcdonald gr ( 2009 ) nudibranch systematic index ( second edition ) . university of california , santa cruz . p 418\nmelvill jc , abercrombie a ( 1893 ) the marine mollusca of bombay . mem proc manch lit philos soc 47 : 17\u201351\nnarayanan kr ( 1968 ) on three opisthobranchs from the south - west coast of india . j mar biol assoc india 10 ( 2 ) : 377\u2013380 ( pls 1\u20132 )\nnarayanan kr ( 1969 ) on the opisthobranchiate fauna of the gulf of kutch . in : proc of the symposium on mollusca held at cochin , from jan 12\u201316 , 1968 part i : 189\u2013213 ( pls 1\u20132 )\n( opisthobranchia : notaspidea ) of the gulf of kutch . j mar biol assoc india 12 ( 1\u20132 ) : 210\u2013212\nnarayanan kr ( 1971 ) on two doridacean nudibranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the gulf of kutch new to indian coast . j bombay nat hist soc 68 ( 1 ) : 280\u2013281\no\u2019donoghue ch ( 1932 ) notes on nudibranchiata from southern india . proc malacol soc lond 20 : 141\u2013166\no\u2019donoghue ch ( 1933 ) kelaart\u2019s work on the nudibranchiata of ceylon . proc malacol soc lond 20 ( 4 ) : 221\u2013226 ( pl 19 )\n( ald and han ) . rec ind mus 38 ( 1 ) : 41\u201379 ( pl 3 )\na new nudibranch ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from madras . j zool soc india 3 ( 2 ) : 229\u2013238\nbergh from indian waters not hitherto been recorded . j mar biol assoc india 3 ( 12 ) : 253\u2013256\n( kawaguti and baba 1959 ) from the indian ocean . nature 208 : 404\u2013405\nbergh 1888 re - described with notes on anatomy and early development . j mar biol assoc india 7 ( 1 ) : 61\u201368\nrao kv ( 1967 ) on a few little known opisthobranchiate mollusca from the palk bay and the gulf of mannar with notes on their development . symposium on mollusca held under the auspices of the mar biol assoc india at ernakulam ( cochin ) , 12\u201316 jan 1968 , p 37\nrao kp ( 1968 ) on a new genus and some new species of opisthobranchiate gastropods of the family eubranchidae from the gulf of mannar . in : proc of the symposium on mollusca held at cochin , from jan . 12\u201316 , 1968 part i : 51\u201360\nfrom the gulf of mannar . special publication dedicated to nk panikkar . mar biol assoc india cochin ( india ) p 321\u2013332\nehrenberg from goa : mollusca \u2013nudibranchiata . j mar biol assoc india 15 ( 1 ) : 242\u2013250\n( alder and hancock ) . ind j mar sci 2 ( 1 ) : 32\u201337\n( alder and hancock ) . j mar biol assoc india 16 ( 3 ) : 689\u2013699\nsp . nov . a sacoglossan mollusc from the gulf of manaar . j mar biol assoc india 5 : 232\u2013238\nrao kv , sivadas p , kumary lk ( 1974 ) on three rare doridiform nudibranch molluscs from kavaratti lagoon laccadive islands . j mar biol assoc india 16 ( 1 ) : 113\u2013125\nrudman wb ( 1973 ) chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from the indo - west pacific . zool j linn soc 52 ( 3 ) : 175\u2013199\nrudman wb ( 1980 ) aeolid opisthobranch molluscs ( glaucidae ) from the indian ocean and the south - west pacific . zool j linn soc 68 ( 2 ) : 139\u2013172\n( mollusca : gastropoda : anaspidea : aplysiidae ) from the andaman sea india . j oceanogr mar sci 2 ( 8 ) : 165\u2013167\nfound in eastern indian ocean . japanese j malacol venus 34 ( 1and 2 ) : 11\u201325\nsatyamurthi st ( 1952 ) the mollusca of krusadai island 1 amphineura and gastropoda . bull mad govt mus ( nat hist ) 1 ( 2 ) : 216\u2013251\nalder and hancock 1864 from the inshore waters of bay of bengal along chennai coast . indian j fish 59 ( 1 ) : 151\u2013154\nsreeraj cr , rajan pt , raghuraman r , raghunathan c , rajkumar r , immanuel t , ramakrishna ( 2010 ) on some new records of sea slugs ( class : gastropoda subclass : opisthobranchia ) from andaman and nicobar islands . in : recent trends in biodiversity of andaman and nicobar islands zoological survey of india , kolkata , p 289\u2013298\nsreeraj cr , sivaperuman c , raghunathan c ( 2012a ) report on ten newly recorded opisthobranchs ( opisthobranchia gastropoda ) from andaman and nicobar islands , india . int j oceano mar ecol syst 1 : 50\u201359\nsreeraj cr , sivaperuman c , raghunathan c ( 2012b ) an annotated checklist of opisthobranch fauna ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) of the nicobar islands india . jott 4 ( 4 ) : 2499\u20132509\nsubba rao nv , dey a ( 2000 ) catalogue of marine molluscs of andaman and nicobar islands . occasional paper no . 187 rec zool surv india zsi , kolkata p 323\nsubba rao nv , sastry dk ( 2005 ) fauna of marine national park gulf of kuchchh ( gujarat ) . zoological survey of india p 79\neliot ( mollusca : dorididae ) from the west coast of india . bull zool surv india 2 ( 2\u20133 ) : 219 pl iv\nsubba rao kv , maitra s , ramakrishna sb ( 2004 ) marine mollusca ( part - i : polyplacophora gastropoda and scaphopoda ) . zool surv india : state fauna series 8 : fauna of gujarat 263\u2013331\nvaldes a , mollo e , ortea ja ( 1999 ) two new species of chromodoris ( mollusca nudibranchia chromodorididae ) from southern india with a redescription of chromodoris trimarginata ( winckworth 1946 ) . proc calif acad sci 51 ( 13 ) : 461\u2013472\nwawra e ( 1988 ) sand - opisthobranchia aus dem golf von bengalen [ sand opisthobranchia from the bay of bengal ( indian ocean ) ] . ann naturhist mus wien ser b bot zool 90 ( b ) : 427\u2013432\nyogesh kumar js , sreeraj cr , sornaraj r ( 2011 ) opisthobranchs of the gulf of mannar biosphere reserve , tamil nadu , india . indian j fish 58 ( 4 ) : 105\u2013114\nvishal b . , deepak a . ( 2013 ) current status of indian opisthobranch fauna . in : venkataraman k . , sivaperuman c . , raghunathan c . ( eds ) ecology and conservation of tropical marine faunal communities . springer , berlin , heidelberg"]}
{"id": 451, "summary": [{"text": "trymalitis scalifera is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ethiopia , la r\u00e9union , madagascar , south africa and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "trymalitis scalifera", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , western cape ] , cape province , zonder end peak , caledon c . p . , 4000 ft , xii . 1920 , leg . k . h . barnard .\nmeyrick e . 1926a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 23 ( 2 ) : 325\u2013351 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , zululand , m ' fongosi , xi . 1911 , leg . w . e . jones .\nmeyrick e . 1912d . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 3 ) : 53\u201474 .\nrazowski j . & karisch t . 2015 . records of tortricidae ( lepidoptera from bioco island . - lambillionea 115 ( 3 ) : 217\u2014233 .\nrazowski j . & trematerra p . 2010 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from ethiopia . - journal of entomological and acarological research 42 ( 2 ) : 47\u201479 .\nrazowski j . 1995a . catalogue of the species of tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . part iii : afrotropical chlidanotinae and tortricinae : phricanthini , cochylini and tortricini . - acta zoologica cracoviensia 38 ( 2 ) : 183\u2014193 .\nmartir\u00e9 d . & rochat j . 2008 . les papillons de la r\u00e9union et leurs chenilles . - \u2014 : 1\u2014496 .\nkenya , nairobi region , olulua forest , 09 . iv . 2002 , leg . j . de prins .\nrazowski j . 2014a . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the tervuren museum , 5 : archipini . - shilap , revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 42 ( 167 ) : 449\u2013479 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe names in this tab present an overview of the relationships of this group to other groups in the tree of life , based on the classification hierarchies provided by eol classification partners .\nparents\nare more inclusive groups one level higher up in the hierarchy .\nchildren\nare the subgroups of the current group . in the classification tab , you can use the\ndisplay all classifications\nlink to see a complete list of all the hierarchies provided by our partners . these may include additional related names that are not featured here .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 457, "summary": [{"text": "calcochloris is a genus of mammal in the family chrysochloridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : congo golden mole ( calcochloris leucorhinus ) yellow golden mole ( calcochloris obtusirostris ) somali golden mole ( calcochloris tytonis )", "topic": 27}], "title": "calcochloris", "paragraphs": ["endemic to africa . recorded only from ten scattered locations in cameroon , republic of congo , central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo and angola . the subspecies h . leucorhina cahni ( previously calcochloris leucorhinus cahni ) occurs in southeastern cameroon , northern republic of congo and southeastern central african republic . huetia leucorhina leucorhina ( previously calcochloris leucorhinus leucorhinus ) is known from six isolated locations in western and southwestern democratic republic of the congo and southwards to northern angola ( one locality ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nknown from only a partial specimen collected at the type locality , giohar ( villagio duca degli abruzzi ) in southern somalia in 1964 , with no subsequent records thereof ( though this may reflect a lack of sampling ) . further research is needed to clarify its systematic and conservation status . the species is therefore assessed as data deficient .\nthis species is known from a single specimen ( partial owl pellet remains ) collected from the type locality at giohar , somalia .\nthe area where it was collected has dense bushland and savanna of the somali peninsula ( agnelli et al . 1988 ) . also referred to as somalia - masai acacia - commiphora deciduous bushland and thicket .\nresearch is needed to ascertain the generic affinities and systematic status of this species , and to document its distributional limits . there is a lack of knowledge regarding most aspects of its biology , ecology and life history strategy .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na widespread species in a region that tolerates mild habitat alteration and is not heavily impacted by human activities , so the presumably large global population is unlikely to be in decline . least concern is justified also by its occurrence in many provincial , national and transfrontier protected areas in south africa , zimbabwe and mozambique .\nlocally common in suitable sandy habitats on the coastal plains of mozambique and northern kwazulu natal ( south africa ) .\nthere are no known major threats . minor threats may arise from rural and urban development , which include housing and associated roads infrastructure . agriculture and commercial forestry operations no doubt contributes to degradation , fragmentation and loss of its natural soil habitat . however , these are localized threats .\nasher , r . j . , maree , s . , bronner , g . , bennett , n . c . , bloomer , p . , czechowski , p . , meyer , m . and hofreiter , m . 2010 . a phylogenetic estimate for golden moles ( mammalia , afrotheria , chrysochloridae ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 69 ( doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 69 ) .\ninsufficient data are available on the limits of the geographic distribution of this species and its subspecies , the systematic and ecological status of known subpopulations and the threats faced by these subpopulations . data deficient status is warranted , as more research is needed to clarify its conservation status .\nthe largest portion of its distributional range in west africa ( cameroon , republic of congo and central african republic ) fall within moist montane rainforests with extension into peripheral forest - savanna mosaics where they prefer soft sandy loam soil . outlying records from central africa were collected from soft loamy soil in moist and dry lowland equatorial forests and forest - savanna mosaics southwestern democratic republic of the congo and northern angola . signs of activity also observed in pastoral and cultivated lands as well as rural and urban gardens ( bronner 2013 , prince kaleme pers . comm . ) . seemingly no information is available on the general biology , life history and ecology of this species ( bronner 2013 ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it ."]}
{"id": 458, "summary": [{"text": "quiff ( foaled 2 march 2001 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "bred and owned by khalid abdulla and trained by michael stoute , she was lightly campaigned and ran only six times in three seasons .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after finishing fifth on her only appearance as a two-year-old she won on her debut at three in 2004 and then appeared unlucky when beaten in the ribblesdale stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she then recorded her biggest success when winning the group one yorkshire oaks by eleven lengths .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on her fourth and final race as a three-year-old she was narrowly beaten in the st leger stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her performances led to her being rated the best filly of her generation in the world over staying distances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after running poorly on her only start in 2005 she was retired from racing and has had some success as a broodmare . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "quiff ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["quiff ' s trainer sir michael stoute has yet to win the doncaster classic , and he also had the fourth - placed horse maraahel .\nthe horse , ridden by kerrin mcevoy and trained by saeed bin suroor , took up the running after three furlongs and held off fellow joint favourite quiff at the finish .\n1 . 184 quiff est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis em fotos stock , vetores e ilustra\u00e7\u00f5es livres de direitos .\nhe increased the pace very gradually and it was a wonderful ride . the trip was a question mark , but he ' s a very honest horse , and quiff is a very brave filly .\nsadler ' s wells was rated as the sixth - best european horse of 1984 on the international classification .\nrule of law won in a thrilling finish from quiff to give the godolphin team their fourth st leger winner .\nteaming with my bigger than life quiff , i think i\u2019ve brought some fun to my work colleagues\u2019 lives today .\nmiley also showed off her new quiff last night on the red - carpet at the mtv video music awards .\na woman is stirring the contents of a pot over a fire as a man leads a horse . woodcut .\nderby winner north light will not run but sir michael stoute ' s challenge is headed by yorkshire oaks winner quiff .\neuropean horse of the year ouija board crossing the finish line in the vo5 breeders ' cup filly & mare turf .\nman face close up . beautiful young guy with long forelock , quiff . black and white handsome male portrait on grey background .\nman portrait . beautiful young guy , naked nude torso with navel , long forelock , quiff . black and white handsome male portrait\nman portrait . beautiful young guy in hood , nude torso with navel , long forelock , quiff . black and white handsome male portrait\nquiff , ridden by kieren fallon , was bidding to become the oldest filly for 12 years to win the world ' s oldest classic .\npairing a strapless black dress with a fur shawl and classic , black pumps , chyka pulled her cropped hair back into her signature quiff .\nhere is her butter would not melt look , sporting her quiff of a hair style that never does what its told . : d urltoken\nhowever , quiff could not find a clear path through and fallon was forced to switch , losing valuable momentum as rule of law streaked ahead .\nand his hair seemed fashioned into a quiff this time , potentially making a style adjustment after last week ' s running commentary from the tweeters .\nexcited viewers took to twitter to show their appreciation for the hunk with chiselled cheekbones and a perfect quiff , and soon the mystery man began trending .\na mid - season break allowed trainer elie lellouche worked the oracle for the danehill horse and he rounded off the season with three successive victories .\nfallon was in a prime position on quiff sitting in about third place most of the way round , and turning for home he looked ready to challenge .\nsuggestively twirling her platinum blonde quiff in her fingers , the teenager displays plenty of flash in a pair of racy leather trousers and a cropped white top .\nsir michael stoute equalled matthew dawson\u2019s record of 9 yorkshire oaks victories , with quiff in 2004 , but has been unable to secure the 10th win that would make him the clear leader . two of stoute\u2019s wins came with islington , who is the last horse to win in consecutive campaigns ( 2002 & 2003 ) .\ngainsborough stud ' s sharmadal was bred in kentucky by brilliant stable and trained by mark johnston . from the first crop of 2000 cartier horse of the year\ni bought this horse jumper in beyond retro on great marlborough street about 2 years ago , and it\u2019s definitely helped to brighten up many a dull day .\nrule of law , given a fine tactical front - running ride by kerrin mcevoy , repelled a sustained challenge from quiff to land the urltoken st leger at doncaster yesterday .\ndiana cooper , representing godolphin , said :\nkerrin knows the horse so well . he set a sensible pace because there was a strong headwind up the straight .\nouija board also won the cartier three - year - old filly award and remains in training next year . she finished ahead of soviet song , bago , attraction and divine proportions in the race for the horse of the year award and beat attraction , quiff , grey lilas and alexander goldrun for the three - year - old filly award .\nouija board , who was also honored with the cartier 3 - year - old filly award and will remain in training next year , beat out soviet song , bago , attraction and divine proportions in the horse of the year race . her competition in the 3 - year - old filly division included attraction , quiff , grey lilas and alexander goldrun .\nlondon , england , 05 / 05 / 2017 , a stylish retro vintage teddy boy elvis style 1950s fashionable man with a quiff with a woman walking at a vintage event . .\nlondon , england , 05 / 05 / 2017 , a stylish retro vintage teddy boy elvis style 1950s fashionable man with a quiff , smoking a cigarette at a vintage event . .\nit was a fourth triumph in the world ' s oldest classic for trainer saeed bin suroor and the godolphin operation , following classic cliche ( 1995 ) , nedawi ( 1998 ) and mutafaweq ( 1999 ) . quiff ' s trainer , sir michael stoute , who has yet to win the doncaster classic , also had the fourth - placed horse , maraahel .\na fine horse wearing a gold and blue harness is pulling a golden sleigh carrying a woman with a footman travelling standing on the sleigh runners . coloured photomechanical reproduction after cortazzo .\nthe loving couple were among a host of stars who made their way down to the annual horse - racing event , which is a much favoured fixture on the social calendar .\nkieren fallon was in a good position on quiff for most of the way but when they ranged alongside rule of law ' s girth it soon became apparent that mcevoy had kept something in reserve .\nblurry reflection of a brightly clad guy looking at himself in the mirror while applying makeup with a brush . the young man wearing a hipster beard , quiff hairstyle , purple lipstick , pink eyeshadow .\ncookies quiff ( ire ) g , 2004 { 2 - e } dp = 5 - 4 - 13 - 0 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 2 . 38 cd = 0 . 64\nquiff ( nz ) br . m , 1977 { 11 - a } dp = 3 - 0 - 1 - 0 - 2 ( 6 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 33\nour g1 yorkshire oaks ( york , thursday , august 24th , 3 : 35pm ) ante - post betting market is already live and there is little doubt as to which horse will start as favourite .\nmale makeup look . closeup portrait of a young man with a neck tattoo , rocking beard , long quiff , purple lipstick , winged eyeliner , pink eyeshadow . the guy looking at the camera over pink background .\ncloseup portrait of a transgender couple . 2 young men wearing bright makeup . the guy with a quiff looking down while touching his cheek . the male person in women ' s dress and bob wig looking aside .\nlondon , england , 05 / 07 / 2017 , a retro and vintage dressed man and woman in 1950s clothing , man with a quiff and woman in a blue rain macintosh , at a vintage retro nostalgic event .\nlooks to be heading towards the uk after destroying its rivals by 10len overnight at chantilly . after the flop of werther equal third rated horse in world last weekend , the japanese superstar showed what real quality is .\nmale makeup look . portrait of a young man in colorful shirt , wearing beard , quiff , purple lipstick , eyeliner , pink eyeshadow . the guy looking at the camera over pink background , one hand on his nape .\nthe cartier stayer award went to westerner , the 5 - year - old horse owned by ecurie wildenstein . trained by elie lellouche in france , westerner had four wins in 2004 , including two in group i company .\nfrom the first crop of the\niron horse\ngiant ` s causeway , shamardal was unbeaten in three races as a juvenile and goes into the winter as a very exciting prospect for the top honours in 2005 .\nlord grimthorpe said he \u201cvery much hoped\u201d juddmonte would support noble mission with some of its own mares . \u201cwe\u2019ve retained an interest in the horse , so i would imagine prince khalid would want to , \u201d he said .\na transgender couple , 2 attractive male persons with beards and makeup on their faces , looking at the camera . the guy with a quiff touching the back of his partner in women ' s clothing and bob - cut wig .\nmale makeup look . 3 / 4 view portrait of a young man rocking beard , quiff , purple lipstick , winged eyeliner , pink eyeshadow . the guy looking at the camera over pink background , his hand on his nape .\nlittmoden said :\nhe is a really lovely horse . he won very easily at leicester , then would have been even more impressive when winning at royal ascot if he had not been hit over the head with a whip .\nusing an unofficial but more accurate measurement of eight lengths a shin hikari recorded an rpr of 131 , making him the highest - rated japanese horse since his sire deep impact ( 133 ) was crowned world champion back in 2006 .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nlord grimthorpe noted kingman is \u201cin great form , \u201d since his relocation from trainer john gosden\u2019s yard to banstead manor . \u201che\u2019s settled in like a pro , \u201d he said . \u201cit\u2019s so exciting to have a horse like him on the stallion roster . \u201d\nwhile horse of the year honors eluded soviet song , the 4 - year - old trained by james fanshawe and took the cartier older horse of the year award . racing for the elite racing club that consists of thousands of owners , soviet song won three group i races in 2004 \u2013 the uae equestrian federation falmouth stakes at newmarket in july , the cantor odds sussex stakes at goodwood later the same month and the coolmore fusaichi pegasus matron stakes at the curragh in september . she is due to race again in 2005 .\nacropolis , albinus , baraka , book of kings , darsalam , frank sonata , go for gold , into the dark , let the lion roar , liss ard , maraahel , mikado , napoleon , ovation , percussionist , quiff , rule of law , two miles west and tycoon .\nthe tough stayer westerner , the five - year - old danehill horse owned by ecurie wildenstein and trained by elie lellouche in france , beat off godolphin ` s papineau to gain the cartier stayer award by scoring four times during 2004 , twice in group one company in france .\nthe yorkshire oaks was introduced in 1849 and originally was just for 3 - year - old fillies ( now 3 and up ) . g1 status was immediately awarded in 1971 . brown duchess ( 1861 ) was the first horse to win both the epsom oaks and the yorkshire oaks .\nstand to gain , in australia won the sydney cup , he ' s an ex - pat juddmonte horse , otherwise - yes only foreteller , as far as g1 wins goes , there ' s been 5 stakes winners this current season of ex juddmonte horses down here in australia already .\ncommenting on the first - crop foals by frankel , timeform\u2019s highest - ever rated horse , lord grimthorpe added , \u201cwe\u2019ve been very pleased with ours . they seem to be athletic and have good temperaments . it\u2019s very exciting that in under two years they\u2019re going to be hitting the racetrack . \u201d\nsoviet song , trained at newmarket by james fanshawe and in the running for the cartier horse of the year accolade , took the cartier older horse of the year award . the four - year - old marju filly scored three times at group one level for her many thousands of owners in the elite racing club during a tremendous season . her top - level victories came in the uae equestrian federation falmouth stakes at newmarket in july , the cantor odds sussex stakes at goodwood later the same month and the coolmore fusaichi pegasus matron stakes at the curragh in september . she is due to race again in 2005 .\njuddy wrote : stand to gain , in australia won the sydney cup , he ' s an ex - pat juddmonte horse , otherwise - yes only foreteller , as far as g1 wins goes , there ' s been 5 stakes winners this current season of ex juddmonte horses down here in australia already .\nlord derby ` s brilliant dual oaks and breeders ` cup filly & mare turf winner ouija board was named horse of the year at the 2004 cartier racing awards , which were presented at the four seasons hotel in london ` s west end on the evening of wednesday , november 17 . ( please note the embargo )\nin the st leger at doncaster on 11 september , rule of law started 3 / 1 joint favourite alongside the michael stoute - trained filly quiff , the winner of the yorkshire oaks . he was the godolphin team ' s sole representative and had been strongly fancied after working impressively in training . [ 9 ] mcevoy sent rule of law into the lead from the start and set a moderate pace before sending him into a clear lead in the straight . in the closing stages he was strongly challenged by quiff , but ran on\ngamely\n[ 10 ] to win by a head in what the bbc described as a\nthrilling finish\n. [ 11 ]\nwith all nine runners reluctant to force the early pace , it was mcevoy who grabbed the race by the scruff of the neck and took up the running after about three furlongs . the australian jockey gradually increased the tempo in the home straight and was never passed , though strongly pressed by the filly quiff who was only a head down at the line .\n\u201cthat is the hardest thing for people outside racing to understand . they are not machines and you can\u2019t just change the tyres , fill up the oil , or whatever . when a horse is on form it always looks like smooth clockwork , but getting them to the races and in the best shape of mind is not an easy thing to do . \u201d\nseek again has run well in all three of his starts this year at 4 for trainer bill mott , running a superlatively game second to two - time horse of the year wise dan in the grade 1 woodford reserve turf classic , falling short by a head , and finishing third behind real solution and kaigun in the grade 1 manhattan before his fourstardave victory .\nno horse in europe this season has made a greater impression than kingman . and when the john gosden - trained 3 - year - old miler , winner of the g1 st james\u2019s palace stakes at royal ascot last month , lines up in wednesday ' s g1 sussex stakes at goodwood , he is favourite to add another momentous chapter to the khalid abdullah story .\nfallon said of quiff :\nshe has run a terrific race . i thought we were going to get there , but there had been no pace and the winner pulled out a little bit more when we got to him . the ground didn ' t really suit her . it ' s a pity we didn ' t have the rain - things might have been different .\nbago , also a contender for horse of the year another niarchos family homebred , was honored as 3 - year - old colt . the colt trained by jonathan peace posted group i victories in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , the prix jean prat at chantilly and the grand prix de paris at longchamp . he is also set to race in 2005 .\nin the middle section of the commercial market , the one that catches the eye is bated breath . from a solid sample of yearlings that went through the sales ring , his numbers read very well . just as significantly given that he represents the powerful owner / breeders juddmonte , it is worth noting that they have retained 19 of his 2 - year - olds . these include a half - sister to kingman that will be trained by john gosden , a half - brother to twice over , a half - sister to quiff , a daughter of quiff , a half - brother to main aim and a half - sister to reefscape . he has the profile , the weight of numbers and the quality of mare behind him to give him every chance to make a serious impact with his first runners .\nrobbie williams is just great ! he does what he likes , give a horse ' s ass about media and covers a great oldies song now and then . what more to ask from a tattooed millionnaire ? iz . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . for greater good - ambient music for the masses . . . . .\nsir michael stoute is seeking to saddle the winner of the yorkshire oaks for a remarkable tenth time , although he has been out of luck in the race since quiff registered his ninth success in 2004 . he relies on queen\u2019s trust , who won the grade 1 breeders ' cup filly & mare turf at santa anita last year after finishing third in the yorkshire oaks , and abingdon , a three - time listed race winner .\nlord derby ' s v05 breeders ' cup filly & mare turf ( gr . it ) winner ouija board was named horse of the year at the 2004 cartier racing awards during a ceremony wednesday night at the four seasons hotel in london , england . two kentucky - breds - - 2 - year - old male colt shamardal and 2 - year - old filly divine proportions - - received cartier awards for their respective divisions\na beautifully balanced , lengthy bay horse with a good shoulder and a straight , strong hind leg , safler ' s wells stood 16 hands . he was a fluent mover despite habitually racing with his head carried high . he possessed tactical speed , a fine turn of foot , and great tenacity . he was slightly light on bone and could be faulted for long pasterns , traits which he has often passed to his stock .\na delighted mcevoy added :\ni didn ' t really want to go on , but there wasn ' t much pace so i was able to dictate it . i increased the pace from three furlongs out and i could hear kieren ' s horse coming . i was just hoping the post would come in time .\nasked to compare the victory with winning the melbourne cup , he went on :\nit ' s right up there .\nsign up with promo code f50 , place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to \u00a350 . new customers only . certain deposit methods excluded . min \u00a35 excluding tote or pools = match max \u00a350 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 + . free bet valid for 4 days , stake not returned . single line bets only . free bet cannot be used on certain markets . 18 + . terms and conditions apply\nbago , another of the contenders for the cartier horse of the year award , was rewarded for a fabulous year that included group one wins in the prix de l ` arc de triomphe at longchamp , the prix jean prat at chantilly and the grand prix de paris at longchamp by landing the cartier three - year - old colt award . trained by jonathan pease at chantilly and owned by the niarchos family , the three - year - old nashwan colt is also set to race next year .\nanother proven producer is juddmonte\u2019s posteritas ( lear fan ) ( lot 1810 ) who , as well as being a listed winner herself , is the dam of g1 prix jean prat winner mutual trust ( gb ) ( cacique { gb } ) among her five black - type performers . selling in foal to kingman ( gb ) , posteritas is one of 58 fillies or mares in the juddmonte consignment , which also includes g1 yorkshire oaks winner quiff ( gb ) ( sadler\u2019s wells ) , who is lot 1734 and is in foal to holy roman emperor ( ire ) .\nfrankel received yet another boost to his glowing page when his full - brother noble mission ( gb ) ( galileo { ire } ) garnered three group 1 events in 2014 , culminating in the g1 champion s . oct . 18 , and that juddmonte homebred recently arrived at lane\u2019s end farm in kentucky , where he will take up stud duty in 2015 . lord grimthorpe shed some light on the decision to stand the 5 - year - old in the u . s . , explaining , \u201cwe looked at various options for him . lane\u2019s end came up with a very good solution for all of us , including the horse . \u201d\nwhat this figure should be is a subject that could be debated all night , as there is obviously a great variety in costs based on individual circumstances ranging from the breeder that keeps the horse on their own land at minimum expense right up to the owner that boards his horses from birth at high - profile farms at much greater expense . the figure i have decided to use to best reflect an industry - wide average is 6 , 000gns . adding this amount into the equation on top of the nomination fee certainly levels up the playing field and indeed swings the statistical balance back in favour of sires that stood at higher fees .\nseek again\u2019s third dam , donut\u2019s bunnie , was bred by the late verne h . winchell , whose son , ron , campaigns the prominent 3 - year - olds untapable and tapiture this year , and was purchased by belair after her racing career . winchell built his first fortune through a chain of doughnut shops in california , earning the sobriquet the \u201cdonut king , \u201d a name he passed on to the first horse he bought at public auction . one of the best horses sired by the 1954 kentucky derby winner determine , donut king won the 1961 champagne stakes and ran second in the garden state stakes and hawthorne gold cup , all grade 1 - caliber events at the time .\nrule of law , described by timeform as a\nleggy , attractive\n[ 1 ] bay horse , was bred in the united states by robert sangster . he is one of many notable thoroughbred racehorses [ 2 ] sired by kingmambo , a son of mr . prospector . his dam , crystal crossing , as a descendant of the successful racehorse and broodmare violetta , was closely related to the derby winner teenoso . [ 3 ] before the start of his racing career , rule of law was acquired by sheikh mohammed who sent him into training with david loder at newmarket , suffolk . for the 2004 season , the colt was transferred to the godolphin racing organisation and was trained by saeed bin suroor .\njuddmonte stands seven sires at its banstead manor stud in newmarket , a number that appears small compared to some of the bloodstock business\u2019s other superpowers , but that septet oozes quality all the way through , its established flagbearers including dansili and oasis dream . the first weanlings to hit european sales rings by frankel at recent foal sales included the \u20ac1 . 8 million record - sitting filly out of finsceal beo ( ire ) at goffs , and another juddmonte freshman , bated breath ( gb ) , has had his first foals sell for up to $ 107 , 000 in recent weeks . juddmonte will unveil another heavyweight next year when four - time group 1 winner and cartier horse of the year kingman ( gb ) ( invincible spirit { ire } ) covers his first book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe 3 - 1 joint favourites were followed home by the strong - finishing tycoon , who was a length and half away in third .\nthere are no plans for him this year , but he will be kept in training , when i think he ' ll drop back to middle distances .\ndarryll holland said of tycoon :\nhe travelled really well but i could have done with a faster pace and i was just not quite getting there . but he has run a good race .\nthe other pattern race on the card , the group two polypipe flying childers over five furlongs , was won impressively by chateau istana . the nick littmoden - trained colt , who showed a smart turn of foot to beat tournedos by two lengths , was a royal ascot winner in june before flopping when tried over an extra furlong at newmarket .\nyou can write off his last run as he had an infection a few days afterwards .\nalso ran : 9 - 2 let the lion roar , 8 maraahel ( 4th ) , 12 go for gold , 16 frank sonata , 25 mikado ( 5th ) , 33 darsalam ( 6th ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntycoon , a 9 - 1 shot ridden by darryll holland , came in third .\nmcevoy became the first australian since 1969 to win racing ' s last classic of the season .\nthis is his first season racing in europe and the win came just six days after he landed his first group one victory in europe on warsaan in germany .\nthis is right up there with my melbourne cup win . what a way to cap my first season here , to win a classic in what ' s a foreign country to me ,\nmcevoy said .\nrule of law was smartly out of the stalls and was soon disputing it up front with mikado as the nine runners set out at a slow pace .\nas mcevoy slowly wound up the pace from the front , the field became strung out .\nthe filly collected herself well but she just could not find enough extra while tycoon , who had hunted round at the back of the pack , accelerated through the fading runners to claim third .\ntrained by ed dunlop won the vodafone oaks ( eng - i ) at epsom and the darley irish oaks ( ire - i ) at the curragh . previous to shipping to lone star park for her breeders ' cup triumph , ouija board finished third in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe ( fr - i ) at longchamp .\n, shamardal was sold as a yearling for 50 , 000 guineas and was undefeated in three races as a juvenile . included in his victories were the veuve clicquot vintage ( eng - ii ) , in which he defeated eventual bessemer trust breeders ' cup juvenile ( gr . i ) winner wilko , and the darley dewhurts stakes ( eng - i ) .\nout of myth to reality , divine proportions is a homebred racing for the niarchos family under trainer pascal bary . undefeated in five starts , divine proportions won two french group i races - - prix morny at deauville and the prix marcel boussac at longchamp \u2013 as well as the prix robert papin ( f - ii ) and prix du bois ( fr - iii ) .\nsomnus , trained by tim easterby , won the cartier sprinter award , with his french group i successes including the prix maurice de gheest at deauville . he is a 4 - year - old pivotal gelding .\naward of merit for the person or persons who , in the opinion of a 21 - member cartier jury , have done most for european racing and / or breeding either over their lifetime or within the past 12 months goes to david and patricia thompson , owners of the cheveley park stud in newmarket .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\njason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nt & cs apply on all offers . new customers only ; debit / credit cards only .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse this site you are agree to our use of cookies .\npost - template - default , single , single - post , postid - 296 , single - format - standard , ajax _ fade , page _ not _ loaded , , qode _ grid _ 1300 , footer _ responsive _ adv , qode - content - sidebar - responsive , qode - theme - ver - 10 . 1 . 2 , wpb - js - composer js - comp - ver - 5 . 5 . 1 , vc _ responsive\nman for himself is run by robin james - men ' s style , lifestyle and grooming blogger and youtube creator .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and 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days of opening account . free bet expires after 7 days . payment method restrictions apply . terms and conditions apply\njoin betfair and get a \u00a3 / \u20ac50 matched free bet . new customers only , receive a free bet up to the value of your first qualifying bet . minimum stake \u00a3 / \u20ac5 , minimum odds 1 / 5 ( 1 . 2 ) . if your first bet is an accumulator , at least one selection must meet the min odds requirement . qualifying bet must be placed in first 30 days of account opening . offer is only available to customers who deposit using debit / credit or paypal . max free bet \u00a3 / \u20ac50 \u2013 valid for 7 days . t & c ; \u2019s apply . terms and conditions apply\nsign up now and get all the latest news , tips and top offers from at the races direct to your inbox every week .\nyes , send me email communications from at the races and occasional offers from carefully selected bookmakers and partners . by clicking ' sign up now ' i agree to at the races terms and conditions and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience of our website and to keep it free for users , to find out more please read our privacy policy .\nour frequently asked questions page answers the most common customer queries relating to attheraces . com .\nif the faqs page doesn ' t answer your query , please fill in your details below and we ' ll endeavour to respond as soon as possible .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\noverbomber joined : 30 jan 2002 posts : 2508 location : wherever i am at the time . . . . . .\nit ' s an awful song - a weird kind of new romantic pastiche , and doesn ' t seem to mean much . let ' s hope it puts off some of those 14 - year old girls from buying his records . let the backlash commence . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ chris - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - again and again and again . . .\n@ qb - if i could i would but i cant ( at the moment - pre - upgrade ) but i would if i could and i will when i can . in the mean time a celtic soul brother may be able to facilitate _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ this is not ordinary s & m this is m & s s & m so\nyour flavour of the month\nthis week are you ? andrew eldritch is herr flick of the gestapo in allo alllo !\n@ qb - if i could i would but i cant ( at the moment - pre - upgrade ) but i would if i could and i will when i can . in the mean time a celtic soul brother may be able to facilitate\ni\u00edm shocked that radio is so dire . but at least it keeps stephen duffy off the streets . robbie\u00eds musical output has been going downhill ever since he chose to leave what was a very going concern at the time . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dreams of number one last forever it ' s the only way to make you feel better\noverbomber joined : 10 feb 2003 posts : 4128 location : rick astley ' s house . trying to find out why he chooses to look like timsinister .\noh ffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ only a paand .\ni have always found it puzzling and annoying that people take this gurning , cabaret singing twerp seriously . 14 year old girls , i can understand why , but when the ' indie ' crowd began to think he was cool , i thought the world had gone mad . his new song is ' s * * t ' , almost as bad as the girls aloud new single . they don ' t even try these days do they ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nand when you start to think about death , you start to think about what ' s after it . and then you start hoping there is a god . for me , it ' s a frightening thought to go nowhere\n.\nmr blast , its not even that good oasis fell under his spell for a while too , thats when they lost the plot . he ' s a pox on talent . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nno , a thousand times no . he ' s the 90s version of donny osmond or a bay city roller . ok , some of his early songs had quality but were just plain slushy pop . the housewife ' s choice _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nutterly bastard groovy amphetamine filth joined : 12 mar 2004 posts : 998 location : going nowhere . fast .\nvital consumer information songs take that : pray , back for good , everything changes ( robbie on lead vocals ! ) , love ain\u00edt here anymore , never forget , could it be magic ( more robbie on lead vocals ! ) solo : eternity and rock dj albums tt\u00eds best album is everything changes . robbie williams has not yet released an album that i want to buy . but i love the sinner and hate the sin . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dreams of number one last forever it ' s the only way to make you feel better\nyou say that as if it ' s a bad thing . . . . . . . blummin love the rollers i does _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ five cups of coffee just to be myself . . . when i ' d rather be somebody else\nlots of eggs are broken but no omelette yet ! the rollers were of their time , and were mainly taken seriously by young girls . most pop music these days is made to appeal to little girls . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and we are nothing but experience in the eyes of nature , and we will live forever in the eyes of nature .\nthat sounds quite good actually . he ' s hateable for , amongst other things , the most smug looking album cover in the world evah , on ' i ' ve been expecting you ' . i know its ' meant ' to look smug but , sheeesh , yuk . also he ' s a port vale fan that owns an executive box at stamford bridge ffs . . . . off with his head ! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i never saw you again\ni read your post not having heard the song yet . i saw it had been on , but switched the channel quick . but after reading this , and next time i saw it was on , i forced myself to watch it . and indeed , i agree with you . still not liking the song or the artist really though . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ urltoken\nalso he ' s a port vale fan that owns an executive box at stamford bridge ffs . . . . off with his head !\noops . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ only a paand .\ncoming from wellcome images ? all freely available images have now been moved to the wellcome collection website . here we ' re working to improve data quality , search relevance and tools to help you use these images more easily\na psittaceous hornbill sitting on a branch of a tree . etching by p . mazell after a . latham .\na young man and a young woman looking through an opening in a wall ; alternatively , a human skull . lithograph .\na man carrying a flag is riding on a camel . coloured lithograph by hullmandel after a . orlowski .\na fight among animals : a lion is killing a fox and a unicorn is fighting a griffon while other animals are fleeing or watching on . engraving [ by a . de bruyn ]\na man is tied to a stump by a chain around his neck ; a chinese shoemaker is working behind him . coloured stipple by a . freschi , ca . 1812 .\nabove , two camels , a llama and and a dromedary ; below , a giraffe , a goatsucker ( nightjar ) , a hyena , a crab ( cancer ) and an arctiv fox . etching by heath .\na sheet of studies of the legs of a nude male model ; a standing man holding a palette and another seated drawing in a sketchbook ; a fourth is seen from behind . pencil drawing .\na young girl with a large bow in her hair faces a young boy wearing a hat and a large bow tie . colour lithograph .\na group of women gathered in a room and around a table with a woman in a large chair presiding over the group . engraving .\na group of people are gathered around a candle - lit table , one man , held by another appears terrified , a figure holds a glass and a large figure looms in the background .\na young boy has caught a fish by a small stream , a young girl with a bucket is standing nearby . etching .\na surgeon treating a patient ' s foot , in the background another surgeon is examining a patient in a surgery . lithograph by e . meyer after a . brouwer .\nan anthropomorphical figure consisting of a bird ' s body and a human head is sitting on a branch of a tree next to a dangling noose . coloured lithograph .\na young boy accompanied by a girl is talking to a gentleman while a woman pushing a pram looks amused as she passes . wood engraving .\na lion is standing on a rock surrounded by a large group of animals ; illustration for a fable . etching .\na theatrical performance of a tooth - drawer extracting a tooth from a patient , a clown taunts him . colour etching .\nabove , red - figured greek water jar ( hydria ) decorated with a palm motif ; below , detail of decoration showing a naked man and a woman holding a dish . watercolour by a . dahlstein , 1760 / 1780 ( ? ) .\na wolf and a lamb are standing in a wooded landscape with a goat behind them . etching by w . hollar for a fable by aesop .\na young man holding a dagger threatens to kill himself while a young lady sitting on a chair next to him smiles at him , not taking his threat seriously . coloured lithograph .\na man plays a violin as children dance at a party , and a woman hands round drinks from a tray . etching by george cruikshank .\na group of figures from antiquity are led into a garden by a woman with a telescope and a hand mirror . etching .\na banker seated in the courtyard of a house , with a woman standing on the left . gouache , 18 - - .\nan ox and a steer face each other in a field watched on by a fox and a wolf ; illustration for a fable by j . ogilby . etching .\na surgeon dressing the wound of a grimacing patient . colour aquatint by a . schlicht , 1788 , after a . brouwer .\na dental surgeon standing on the arm of a chair and pressing his foot against a man ' s chest to enable him to extract a tooth from his mouth . chromolithograph cut - out .\na bonsai tree on a rock and a cycad ( cycas revoluta ) in a decorated pot with a japanese watering vessel . watercolour .\na crowned woman in red holding a rose - topped caduceus ; she is suspended in a circle of water ; a cherub blows wind from above ; representing a stage in the process of alchemy . coloured etching , ca . 18th century .\na man sitting in a tree with a pipe leading from his mouth to a hole in the trunk ( destroying a mosquito breeding area ? ) . photograph , 1880 / 1910 .\na man in a heavy cloak and hat is reading a large book which is resting on a lectern , another man nearby has a pot in his hand . woodcut .\na greenwich pensioner , with a pipe in one hand and a stick in the other , being rolled out of a sheet [ hammock ? ] by a sailor . wood engraving by j . jackson .\nabove , two tigers , a fennel stalk and flower , an ant , and a plant ; below , a lantern fly , two finches , a coot and a moor - hen . engraving by heath .\na rescue dog brings back a weary boy on his back to a hospice . lithograph by a . hoffay after wafflard .\njapan : a hairdresser wearing a loin cloth at work on a kneeling man ; a man in a robe squats in front of him . coloured photograph , 1870 / 1890 .\na sinhalese devil wearing a lungi with a scarf draped around his head , stands under a doorway entwined with snakes . gouache painting by a sri lankan artist .\na sick man projects his tongue while a doctor takes his pulse and times it with a sand - glass , a woman looks on over the chair - back . coloured lithograph .\na man and a woman with a herd of goats sit under a tree holding hands ; the man places a garland of flowers on the woman ' s head . engraving by c . van dalen the younger after j . casteleyn .\na man sits at a table with a sheet of paper and a pen , in a room which is very sparsely furnished . etching .\na seated figure of time holding a scythe and an hourglass with a female figure of geometry holding dividers and a female figure resting a book on her knee . red chalk drawing .\npennsylvania , u . s . a : a state baby clinic : a baby is examined by a nurse and a doctor with a stethoscope . photograph , ca . 1925 .\nleprosy : a red lesion on the face of an indian man ; an insert shows a detail of the same lesion . watercolour ( by jane jackson ? ) , 1921 / 1950 ( ? ) , after a ( painting ? ) by ernest muir , ca . 1921 .\na woman lies on top of a man on a beach ; scene from a film within a collage of leaves , flowers and ribbon with a double gold horizontal border ; a representation of safe sex to prevent the spread of aids and related diseases . colour lithograph , 1990\npeople are crowded around a table on which there is a large dish of oysters , a woman is standing nearby with a basket of chickens on her head and a young boy is emptying more oysters out of the donkey ' s panniers . engraving by william greatbach after a . fraser .\na man taking a woman ' s pulse . oil painting by egbert van heemskerck . a young woman with a bonnet and a cloak is seated in the forground . left , a dishevelled man takes the pulse of her right wrist with his right hand , and places his left hand on his chest . both have strong expressions , she casting her eyes upwards in dread and he looking askance , with suspicion : perhaps the implication is that she fears he will detect that she is pregnant . behind , an older woman , presumably the mother of the younger one , holds a flask , presumably containing urine for examination by the medical practitioner\nabove left , a man in western dress observes a japanese worker ; below left , a figure on a balcony views sugita bay through a telescope ; right , a bird perched on a plum blossom branch , with sugita bay in the background . colour woodcut by ky\u00e5\u008dsai , with design on right by m\u00e5\u008dsai ( yoshitora ) , ca . 1870 ."]}
{"id": 459, "summary": [{"text": "the mackenzie river wolf ( canis lupus mackenzii ) is a subspecies of the gray wolf , canis lupus , and is found in the canadian northwest territories .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "not much has been \" published \" on canis lupus mackenzii but one of the most comprehensive studies was done in 1954 by w.a. fuller , wolf control operations , southern mackenzie district , canada wildlife service report .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in 1992 , this wolf was re-classified as canis lupus occidentalis , the mackenzie valley wolf , common with wolves in alaska and western canada . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "mackenzie river wolf", "paragraphs": ["the canis lupus occidentalis which also goes by the mackenzie valley wolf , the alaskan timber wolf , the canadian timber wolf , or the rocky mountain wolf , was classified as a gray wolf subspecies in 1829 by sir john richardson , m . d . it is one of the largest wolf subspecies in north america .\na pack of mackenzie river wolves - a north american wolf - has been a feature at highland wildlife park , kincraig , near aviemore , since 1972 .\nross minett , director of campaign group advocates for animals , said the mackenzie river wolf pack should have been allowed to\nlive out their lives in peace\n.\nthe wildlife park ' s mackenzie river pack arrived in 1972 , but breeding of the animals ended in 2000 .\na special\nthank you\nto donna dowling for sharing these photos and historical information on mackenzie river huskies .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - mackenzie valley wolf pack hunting buffalo\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - mackenzie valley wolf pack hunting buffalo\ntitle =\narkive video - mackenzie valley wolf pack hunting buffalo\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe mackenzie valley wolf also known as the northwestern timber wolf is a subspecies of gray wolf found in western north america . it ranges from the upper mackenzie river valley into central alberta . it is believed that the mackenzie valley wolf is descended from the last eurasian wolf to move into north america . sir john richardson first described the species in 1829 . the mackenzie valley wolf has been involved in two fatal human attacks . a coroner ' s inquest found that 22 year old kenton carnegie was killed by a pack of wolves in northern saskatchewan on november 8 , 2005 , making it the first documented case of fatal wolf attack in the wild in north america . carnegie ' s body was found near a garbage dump where wolves scavenged . evidence supports the belief that 32 - year - old candice berner was attacked and killed in 2010 by two or more wolves while jogging near the village of chignik lake on the alaska peninsula . wolf dna was recovered from berner ' s clothing and matched dna from wolves later shot in the area . the forensic evidence was consistent with the injuries to berner and the wolf tracks found around her body . both victims were fed upon . wolf attacks in canada are linked to habituation .\na pack of mackenzie river wolves , normally found in north america , had been a feature at the highland wildlife park , kincraig , near aviemore , since 1972 .\npack dynamic is the term used to describe how every wolf knows its place within its group .\nthis hierarchy continues down through the pack to the omega wolf , which is usually picked on by the others .\nrange : original range \u2013 northwest territories , canada current range \u2013 east of the mackenzie river , from the arctic coast to south of great bear lake . possibly as far south as great slave lake . northwest territories , canada\nthe catchy name\nmackenzie river husky\nwas coined from newcomers seeing the freight huskies and not being able to differentiate the different villages while passing through an area . the locals knew the huskies by their different villages , naming them accordingly : old crow dogs , ft . mcpherson dogs , arctic red dogs , porcupine river dogs , hay river dogs , etc . the name really took hold in the 1960\u0092s , from which the distortions grew , especially as the freight husky began to disappear .\nstatus like most other wolves , human activity ( hunting , trapping , etc . ) is by far the greatest threat . however , protection given to the mackenzie valley wolf has allowed its population to increase drammatically . the wolf population in alaska was estimated between 7 , 000 and 10 , 000 in 2006 . wolf population in the northern rocky mountains ( greater yellowstone area , nw montana , and idaho ) was estimated to be about 1200 and increasing . the u . s . fish and wildlife services has decided to remove the gray wolf from the federal endangered list in the northern rockies and the western great lakes . courts have overturned attempts in the past to remove them from the list . legal battles are expected .\nthe mackenzie valley wolf weighs from 100 to 145 pounds . one weighing 175 pounds was caught in alaska in 1939 . their average length is from 5 to 7 feet in length , from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail . they can reach speeds of 40 miles per hour and travel as many as 70 miles per day . their coat consists of an outer layer composed of coarse guard hairs and a soft undercoat . they moult in late spring . the most common coat color is grey flecked with black , with lighter underparts , but individuals and populations also occur that are red , brown , black or almost pure white . the mackenzie valley wolf is no longer considered endangered .\nthe\nmackenzie river husky\nis a catch all name , that can describe vastly different dogs depending on who is using that name . it can be used as follows : the mythical best northern sled dog ever ; as a sales tool to sell mixed breed mutts or unwanted litters ; in plain ignorance because someone said that\u0092s what the dog was ; someone trying to recreate the breed based on the falsehood that they are a mix of wolf , malamute and st . bernard or some other unlikely working dog combination ion ; or the truth that they are a freight husky , all but extinct .\na spokeswoman for the park said the catalyst for recent problems was that the pack ' s leader died of natural causes some time ago and the female did not accept the next male wolf in the pecking order .\nhabitat mackenzie valley wolves inhabit much of western canada and alaska including unimak island . in 1995 - 96 , they were brought from canada to restore populations in yellowstone national park and central idaho . in alaska , wolf packs are usually 6 to 12 wolves , though some packs may be as large as 20 to 30 . their territories in alaska average about 600 square miles . in yellowstone , pack size averages 9 . 2 wolves with average territory size of 348 square miles . in idaho , pack size averages 11 . 1 with territories averaging 364 square miles .\ni am an alaskan born resident who first came across these magnificent huskies when i moved to an interior alaskan bush community in the mid - 1970\u0092s . my research and consequential breeding program began in 1990 after the passing on of my last freight husky . in complete ignorance , i started asking questions and researching libraries for the truth instead of rumors and myths surrounding these dogs , and at the same time trying to locate any that resembled my old working huskies . i kept getting conflicting information both from people and from the small amount of published information i could find . i looked at a motley variety of dogs with only a precious few resembling my huskies , all claiming to be mackenzie river huskies .\ndiet the size of mackenzie valley wolves is partially due to their large abundance of food . they will prey on wood bison , elk , caribou , musk ox , moose , dall sheep , sitka black - tailed deer , mountain goat , beaver , ground squirrel , vole , snowshoe hare , lemmings , and salmon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwolves at a scottish wildlife park have been culled and replaced with another sub - species of the animal .\nbut experts said the six animals had to be euthanised because they were\nnot portraying their natural behaviour\n.\nthe park is now part of a breeding programme involving seven rare scandinavian wolves .\npark owners , the royal zoological society of scotland , said the cull followed lengthy discussion and research and with the approval of the animal welfare and ethics committee .\nthe society said that in the past five years the six wolves stopped\nportraying their natural behaviour\n, or pack dynamic , which it said was essential to the survival of the species .\nsociety chief executive david windmill said :\nanimal management is a complex , difficult but rewarding work .\nwith any kind of management , at times difficult decisions need to be taken and this was one of those times .\nthe welfare of the animal is always paramount in our minds and no decision is made until a full investigation has been carried out , taking into account all aspects of the species and situation .\nhe added :\nin the wild , animals are competing in the deadly game of ' survival of the fittest ' .\nthe challenge will be to manage them in captivity to the best of our ability in the future , until perhaps one day ' the wild ' is safe enough for their return .\nan alpha pair leads the pack and the top male and female have a second - in - command called a beta male and beta female .\nonly the alpha pair is allowed to breed within the pack , but all the wolves take responsibility for caring for the cubs .\nthe wolves were aged between six and eight years old and were put down in january .\ntwo new females from scandinavia have been introduced to the park and will be joined by five males in about a month .\nhe said :\nzoos have a responsibility for these animals and not just treat them as a disposable commodity .\non the pack dynamic , mr minett said the wolves would have lost this behaviour because they had been kept in a controlled environment .\nmost popular now | 17 , 029 pages were read in the last minute .\n;\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncharacteristics average males weigh between 100 and 145 pounds with females weighing roughly 10 to 20 percent less . the heaviest on record was caught in alaska in 1939 , weighing 175 pounds . though the guinness book of animal world records mentions an unconfirmed specimen weighing 230 pounds . they measure 32 to 36 inches shoulder height and 5 to 7 feet in length , from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail . their long , powerful legs allow them to travel as far as 70 miles a day , and through rough terrain like deep snow . they can reach speeds of up to 40 miles an hour for short periods of time . their skull measures about 12 inches long . a combination of powerful jaw and neck muscles allows them to break bones and bring down large prey .\nbreeding breeding season usually occurs in february . the dominant male and female of the pack breed in attempt to keep up the strength of the pack . usually 63 days after breeding , 4 to 6 pups are born . they leave the den in 4 to 6 weeks , and by fall , they are large enough to travel and hunt with the pack . they become full - grown in 6 to 8 months , and sexually mature at about 22 months .\na wildlife park has culled a pack of wolves because it feared the animals would eventually kill each other .\nhowever , it has been revealed that the remaining six animals , aged between six and eight , have been destroyed because they were no longer displaying natural behaviour .\nthe royal zoological society of scotland , which owns the park as well as edinburgh zoo , said the deaths were carried out humanely and with the backing of the independent animal welfare and ethics committee .\nanimals rights protesters have condemned the move , but the society says it was done after prolonged discussion and research .\nwhen things start to go wrong and they lose their pack structure they start very aggressive behaviour and start attacking each other when there is no natural leader ,\nshe said .\nthat for us is where the welfare issue comes in . if they were in the wild it would be resolved quickly as they could move away from each other , but they are not and they would have continued to attack each other .\nshe said putting the animals down was considered to be more humane than leaving them to kill each other .\ndavid windmill , the society ' s chief executive , said :\nanimal management is a complex , difficult , but rewarding work . with any kind of management , at times difficult decisions need to be taken and this was one of those times .\nthe welfare of the animal is always paramount in our minds , and no decision is made until a full investigation has been carried out , taking into account all aspects of the species and the situation .\nhe added :\nin the wild , animals are competing in the deadly game of survival of the fittest .\nzoos have saved a number of these species from imminent extinction ; the challenge will be to manage them in captivity to the best of our ability in the future , until perhaps one day the wild is safe enough for their return .\nthe pack , which was destroyed in january , has been replaced by scandinavian wolves and the kincraig park is now part of a european conservation breeding programme for vulnerable sub - species .\nross minett , the director of advocates for animals , said the cull was\nscandalous\n.\nhe added :\ni don ' t think the general public is aware this kind of thing goes on in the name of conservation .\nthis is the darker side of zoos ' work , which i ' m sure they don ' t want the public to find out about , and it typifies zoos ' treatment of animals without paying them individual respect . they are seen to some degree as disposable commodities .\nwolves kept in the kind of environment they are in in the wildlife park are unlikely to show the full repertoire of natural behaviour anyway , in a comparatively barren , deprived environment .\nwe think this is pretty scandalous and believe the royal zoological society has to answer how it can justify doing this .\nmaster tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 973 6833 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nbbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndonna dowling northern quest kennels p . o . box 70109 , fairbanks , alaska 99707 ( 907 ) 456 - 2710 e - mail : mrhusky @ urltoken\nthe truth began to unfold after interviewing old - timers : ed moody , norman vaughan , both involved with the admiral byrd\u0092 s antarctic expeditions in the 1920\u0092s and 1930\u0092s ; retired canadian mountie during 1950\u0092s and 1960\u0092s , sandy saunderson ; author lorna coppinger of the world of sled dogs , copyright 1977 ; alaskan trappers , mailrunners , and guides to name a few joe dehlia , john schultz , bob schlentner ; canadian dog driver , larry\ncowboy\nsmith ; and many others from trips up the demster highway to the northern reaches of canada and then east to the great slave lakes region . bill carpenter of yellowknife , who received a grant in the 1970\u0092s to bring back the canadian eskimo dog , also known as the greenland husky , was gracious enough to share his research documentation on the sled dog with me . these valuable documents dated from the present back to the 1530\u0092s .\nthe demise of these magnificent huskies began in the 1960\u0092s as a result of several factors : the introduction of the snowmachine ; the discovery of oil and consequential formation of native corporations whose dividends allowed the people to afford snowmachines ; the canadian government efforts to stop native sovereignty by the mass killing of dog teams in the 1950 - 1960\u0092s under the guise of eradicating rabies ; and profitable sled dog racing that resulted in the development of a breed of small , high strung , running machines .\nwhat has allowed me to find breeding stock is the 1960\u0092s movement that sent vietnam vets , draft dodgers , and hippies to the interior of alaska to try a subsistence life style . a few hardy souls remain in bush communities that still have these huskies and a few crusty old trappers . the few i found in canada were so intermingled with the racing lines , that little of the old blood line remains . if anyone knows differently , please contact me .\ni remain a coordinator in my efforts to bring these dogs back . i personally have two litters a year . searching continually for new quality males to breed to my females as i expand my breeding pool for the future . i\u0092 m going into this with the firm understanding that its a 20 year project and there are no shortcuts that i\u0092m willing to take . i follow each of the pups through their lifetime to insure that my breeding program is on track . i depend on\nmy people\nto help me with this project by their willingness to follow my guidelines for breeding , having pups and suitable placement . this is not a one person job short of having hundreds of huskies , which i am unwilling to do . this is truly a labor of love on my part to keep these huskies from extinction . the pups currently sell for $ 250 including worming , first shots and vet exam . hopefully , this project will continue to snowball so that there will be more available in the future with less restrictions . if you\u0092re interested , you must keep in contact with me and be patient .\ncopyright \u00a9 1997 - 2016 sled dog central , all rights reserved . email sled dog central"]}
{"id": 461, "summary": [{"text": "spinomantis peraccae is a species of frog in the mantellid subfamily mantellinae , endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the specific epithet honours italian herpetologist mario giacinto peracca . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "spinomantis peraccae", "paragraphs": ["description of two tadpoles of malagasy treefrogs , spinomantis sp . aff . peraccae and spinomantis tavaratra\n- - synonym : mantidactylus ( spinomantis ) peraccae \u2014 glaw and vences , 1994 .\nmantidactylus ( spinomantis ) peraccae \u2014 glaw and vences , 1994 , fieldguide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 2 : 403 .\nno one has contributed data records for spinomantis yet . learn how to contribute .\nrhacophorus ( rhacophorus ) peraccae \u2014 ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 191 .\nthis recently described species is similar to spinomantis peraccae and s . elegans . there is confustion regarding the taxonomy of this group ( additional species might be involved ) , and a revision is needed .\n- - . . . none , mantidactylus opiparis , unknown . none , mantidactylus peraccae , unknown . none ,\nmantidactylus ( guibemantis ) peraccae \u2014 dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 312 .\ndescriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) , and new morphological data for s . brunae and s . massorum\nmantidactylus peraccae \u2014 blommers - schl\u00f6sser , 1978 , genetica , 48 : 32 . blommers - schl\u00f6sser , 1979 , beaufortia , 29 : 43 .\n( pdf ) descriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) , and new morphological data for s . brunae and s . massorum\nm 34 - 44 mm . the only arboreal spinomantis without distinct fringes or spines . usually light brown to greenish on the dorsum with distinct rounded brown patches .\nspinomantis peraccae \u2014 vences and glaw , 2006 , in vences et al . ( eds . ) , calls frogs madagascar : 25 . glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , 6 : 248 ; glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , electron . suppl . , 11 ( 1 ) : 2 .\nandreone , f . , glaw , f . , vences , m . and vallan , d . 1998 . a new mantidactylus from south - eastern madagascar , with a review of mantidactylus peraccae ( ranidae : mantellinae ) . herpetological journal 8 : 149 - 159 .\n. . . for instance , 34 of 77 species of the treefrog genus boophis have been described since 2000 ( e . g . , glaw et al . 2010 ) . in contrast , only two species of spinomantis were described in the same period ( cramer et al . 2008 ) , although another 11 candidate species were identified by molecular data ( vieites et al . 2009 ; perl et al . 2014 ) . spinomantis bertini ( guib\u00e9 , 1947 ) is a poorly known frog of 22\u221228 mm snout\u2013vent length , inhabiting stream edges in primary rainforest of the south - eastern malagasy andohahela massif ( glaw & vences 2007 ) . . . .\nrhacophorus peraccae boulenger , 1896 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 6 , 18 : 421 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 9 . 70 , according to blommers - schl\u00f6sser and blanc , 1991 , faune de madagascar , 75 : 153 . type locality :\nivohimanita\n, northwestern madagascar .\nspinomantis brunae \u2014 vences and glaw , 2006 , in vences et al . ( eds . ) , calls frogs madagascar : 26 . glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , 6 : 248 ; glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , electron . suppl . , 11 ( 1 ) : 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthe taxonomic status of this species is in doubt . some populations assigned to it might belong to other species ( andreone et al . 1998 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species ranges widely in northern , eastern and central madagascar from tsaratanana south to andohahela , at 500 - 2 , 000 m asl . recent records have confirmed it occurring in bemanevika ( rabearivony et al . 2010 ) .\nit is a locally abundant species . due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is an arboreal species living along streams in pristine rainforest and it is not found in altered habitats . the eggs are placed on leaves above water , and the larvae develop in slow - flowing streams .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , and invasive spread of eucalyptus , livestock grazing and expanding human settlements .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nvariation : specimens from tsaratanana , have a more brownish colour and indistinct patterning and very melodious , \u201cmetallic\u201d - sounding calls , and may represent a different species .\nis larger , with a less granular skin and has only an inner metatarsal tubercle .\nambohitantely , andranomay forest , anjanaharibe , ankazobe , ankeniheny , chaines anosyennes , farihimazava , ranomafana ( maharira forest , ranomena , vohiparara ) . it occurs between 500m - 2 , 000m asl in pristine rainforest ( andreone et al . 2008 ) .\nleaf axil . one calling male was captured in february , about 5 m above a brook in rain forest . several other specimens were heard along forest brooks .\ncall ( from ankeniheny ) : a single ' explosive ' short note that can be described as ' pom ' . note duration is about 75 ms . frequency is between 1 . 2 and 4 . 2 khz , with intensity maxima at 1 . 3 and 2 . 6 khz . call is repeated after intervals of at least about 30 seconds . similar calls were heard at andasibe .\nbreeding takes place in slow - moving streams ( andreone et al . 2008 ) .\nandreone , f . , vallan , d . , and nussbaum , r . ( 2008 ) .\n. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 29 april 2009 .\nmiguel vences and frank glaw ( m . vences at tu - bs . de ) , assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nperacca ' s madagascar frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 101 ) .\nholotype redescribed by andreone , glaw , vences , and vallan , 1998 , herpetol . j . , 8 : 152 . glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 206 - 207 , provided an account .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthis species ranges widely in northern , eastern and central madagascar from . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from franco andreone . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact franco andreone f . andreone [ at ] libero . it . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )\n1111 1111 1111 6022 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nliving within fallen palm leaves : the discovery of an unknown blommersia ( mantellidae : anura ) reveal . . .\nfield observations on some dwarf chameleons ( brookesia spp . ) from rainforest areas of madagascar , wi . . .\nsix species of brookesia dwarf chameleons were recorded during two rainforest expeditions in madagascar . one of these is described as a new species brookesia valerieae based on the arrangement of the nine pairs of dorso - lateral spines , the lack of a pelvic shield , and dorsal chevron markings . observations were made on the defence and roosting behaviours shown by these six species . aspects . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngephyromantis tricinctus guib\u00e9 , 1947 ( anura : ranidae : mantellinae ) , known only from the type series and currently considered as a synonym of mantidactylus biporus , is resurrected as mantidactylus tricinctus , and included in the subgenus brygoomantis . a detailed redescription , based on specimens recently collected in central eastern madagascar , notes on natural history , and a description of . . . [ show full abstract ]\napplications of ecological niche modeling for species delimitation : a review and empirical evaluatio . . .\nalthough the systematic utility of ecological niche modeling is generally well known ( e . g . , concerning the recognition and discovery of areas of endemism for biogeographic analyses ) , there has been little discussion of applications concerning species delimitation , and to date , no empirical evaluation has been conducted . however , ecological niche modeling can provide compelling evidence for . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new phytotelmic species of platypelis ( microhylidae : cophylinae ) from the betampona reserve , easte . . .\nwe describe a new arboreal and diminutive species of the genus platypelis from the r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale n . 1 de betampona , one of the last low - altitude rainforest fragments of eastern madagascar . p . karenae sp . nov . is a phytotelmic species , living among leaves of pandanus spp . and those of a herbaceous plant of the genus crinum . amongst species of comparable size , the new species is . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nc . michael hogan selected\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nto show in overview on\nhapalemur aureus meier , albignac , peyri\u00e9ras , rumpler and wright , 1987\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nprolemur simus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nliopholidophis sexlineatus g\u00fcnther 1882\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nliopholidophis grandidieri mocquard 1904\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\npseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis raxworthy & nussbaum 1994\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ntaxonomy - ontology - tool / amphibiaweb . txt at master \u00b7 nescent / taxonomy - ontology - tool \u00b7 github\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 1 , 883 km 2 , all individuals are in fewer than five locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in southeastern madagascar .\nthis species is known from andohahela national park and manantantely in extreme southeastern madagascar . it has been recorded from 300 - 600 m asl and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 1 , 883 km 2 .\nit is thought to be locally moderately common . however , due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit lives in crevices among boulders and rocky areas in pristine forest , usually close to flowing waters , and does not survive in secondary or degraded areas . its breeding biology is unknown , though it possibly takes place in water flowing among rocks .\nthe major threat to this species is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , the invasive spread of eucalyptus , livestock grazing , and expanding human settlements .\nconservation actions it occurs in andohahela national park . conservation needed improved protection and management of its habitat is required , including inside the boundaries of protected areas . research needed further work is required to better understand its population size , distribution , and trends , and its life history and ecology .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nandreone f , carpenter ai , cox n , du preez l , freeman k , furrer s et al ( 2008 ) the challenge of conserving amphibian megadiversity in madagascar . plos biol 6 : 943\u2013946\nandreone f , randriamahazo h ( 2008 ) sahonagasy action plan . conservation strategies for the amphibians of madagascar . mus reg sci nat torino , torino , italy\nbielby j , cooper n , cunningham aa , garner twj , purvis a ( 2008 ) predicting susceptibility to future declines in the world\u2019s frogs . conserv lett 1 : 82\u201390\nbuley k , furrer sc , garcia g , gibson rc , gili c , mattioli f , andreone f ( 2008 ) captive breeding and zoo actions . in : andreone f , randriamahazo h ( eds ) sahonagasy action plan . conservation strategies for the amphibians of madagascar . mus reg sci nat torino , torino , italy : 67\u201374\ndaszak p , cunningham aa , hyatt ad ( 2000 ) emerging infectious diseases of wildlife \u2013 threats to biodiversity and human health . science 287 : 443\u2013449\nand amphibian chytridiomycosis in space , time and host . ann rev microbiol 63 : 291\u2013310\ngascon c , collins jp , moore rd , church dr , mckay je , mendelson jr iii ( 2007 ) amphibian conservation action plan . iucn , conservation international , gland , switzerland , cambridge , uk\ngehring ps , k\u00f6hler j , strau\u00df a , randrianiaina rd , glos j , glaw f , vences m ( 2011 ) the kingdom of the frogs : amphibian radiations in madagascar . in : zachos fe , habel jc ( eds ) biodiversity hotspots . springer , heidelberg\nglaw f , vences m ( 2007 ) a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar , 3rd edn . vences and glaw verlag , cologne , germany\nguisan a , zimmermann n ( 2000 ) predictive habitat distribution models in ecology . ecol modell 135 : 147\u2013186\njames ty , litvintseva ap , vilgalys r , morgan jat , taylor jw , fisher mc et al ( 2009 ) rapid global expansion of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis into declining and healthy amphibian populations . plos pathog 5 : e1000458\nkielgast j , r\u00f6dder d , veith m , l\u00f6tters s ( 2010 ) widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in kenya . anim conserv 13 : 1\u20138\nkremen c , cameron a , moilanen a , phillips s , thomas c , beentje h et al ( 2008 ) aligning conservation priorities across taxa in madagascar with high - resolution planning tools . science 320 : 222\nlermen d , bl\u00f6meke b , browne r , clarke a , dyce p , fixemer t et al ( 2009 ) cryobanking of viable biomaterials : necessities of new strategies for conservation purposes . mol ecol 18 : 1030\u20131033\nlips kr , diffendorfer j , mendelson jr iii , sears mw ( 2008 ) riding the wave : reconciling the roles of disease and climate change in amphibian declines . plos biol 6 : 441\u2013454\nl\u00f6tters s , kielgast j , bielby j , schmidtlein s , bosch j , veith m et al ( 2010 ) the link between rapid enigmatic amphibian decline and the worldwide emerging chytrid fungus . ecohealth 6 : 358\u2013372\nmccallum h ( 2008 ) tasmanian devil facial tumour disease : lessons for conservation biology . trends ecol evol 23 : 631\u2013637\nmittermeier ra , robles - gil p , hoffmann m , pilgrim jd , brooks tm , mittermeier cg et al ( 2004 ) hotspots revisited : earth\u2019s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions . cemex , mexico city\nrahbek c ( 2007 ) disease ecology : the silence of the robins . nature 447 : 652\u2013653\nretallick rwr , mccallum h , speare r ( 2004 ) endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post - decline . plos biol 2 : e351\nr\u00f6dder d , kielgast j , bielby j , schmidtlein s , bosch j , garner twj et al ( 2009 ) global amphibian extinction risk assessment for the panzootic chytrid fungus . diversity 1 : 52\u201366\nr\u00f6dder d , kielgast j , l\u00f6tters s ( 2010 ) the potential of the emerging amphibian chytrid fungus under anthropogenic future climate change . dis aquat org 92 : 201\u2013207\nsmith k , lips k , chase j ( 2009a ) selecting for extinction : nonrandom disease - associated extinction homogenizes amphibian biotas . ecol lett 13 : 1069\u20131078\nsmith kf , acevedo - whitehouse k , pedersen ab ( 2009b ) the role of infectious diseases in biological conservation . anim conserv 12 : 1\u201312\nstuart sn , hoffmann m , chanson js , cox na , berridge rj , ramani p et al ( 2008 ) threatened amphibians of the world . lynx ed , barcelona , spain\nune y , kadekaru s , tamukai k , goka k , kuroki t ( 2008 ) first report of spontaneous chytridiomycosis in frogs in asia . dis aquat org 82 : 157\u2013160\nvallan d ( 2000 ) influence of forest fragmentation on amphibian diversity in the nature reserve of ambohitantely , highland madagascar . biol conserv 96 : 31\u201343\nvieites dr , wollenberg kc , andreone f , k\u00f6hler j , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) vast underestimation of madagascar\u2019s biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory . proc nat acad sci usa 106 : 8267\u20138272\nvoyles j , young s , berger l , campbell c , voyles w , dinudom a et al ( 2009 ) pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis , a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines . science 326 : 582\nweldon c , du preez l ( 2008 ) managing emerging amphibian diseases . in : andreone f , randriamahazo h ( eds ) sahonagasy action plan . conservation strategies for the amphibians of madagascar . mus reg sci nat torino , torino , italy : 34\u201341\nwollenberg kc , jenkins rkb , randrianavelona r , ralisata m , rampilamanana r , ramanandraibe a et al . ( 2010 ) raises awareness of amphibian chytridiomycosis will not alienate ecotourists visiting madagascar . ecohealth 7 : 248\u2013251\nl\u00f6tters s . , r\u00f6dder d . , kielgast j . , glaw f . ( 2011 ) hotspots , conservation , and diseases : madagascar\u2019s megadiverse amphibians and the potential impact of chytridiomycosis . in : zachos f . , habel j . ( eds ) biodiversity hotspots . springer , berlin , heidelberg\nhumid forests in the anosy mountains from andohahela and manantantely , southeastern madagascar , 600 - 800 m elevation .\n, but smaller and nearly without dermal flaps and fringes . females unknown . other characters see next section .\nhand without web ; webbing of the foot 1 ( 0 . 5 ) , 2i ( 1 ) , 2e ( 0 . 25 ) , 3i ( 1 . 25 ) , 3e ( 0 . 25 ) , 4i / e ( 1 . 5 ) , 5 ( 1 ) . skin on the back granular . tubercles are present on the back , on the head , and on the eyes . on the posterior edge of foot and tarsus 8 - 9 small tubercles can be recognized . slightly distinct tubercles on the heels . only slight longitudinal furrows between the eyes .\ncolour in life light brown on the back , with rather irregular brown spots and larger markings , and some greenish colour . hindlegs with dark brown crossbands . some white patches are present on the flanks . underside uniformly whitish except the femurs which are marbled with brown . the bones are light green .\nparatype : adult male , zfmk 57443 , from same locality as holotype . svl is 33 . 5 mm . morphological features very similar to the holotype . the general colour in life of the back and legs was mossy green ; in preservative this colour has disappeared . two distinct tubercles are present on each heel . the femoral glands measure 10x3 . 5 mm .\nbenavony , manongarivo , tsaratanana ( antsahamanara campsite ) . it occurs between 200 - 1 , 100m asl in streams near primary forest but not secondary habitats ( raxworthy and glaw 2008 ) .\nhabits : calling males were found in march along a brook in primary forest about 2 m above the ground . calling activity had a peak at dusk , starting before 17 h and was nearly finished at 19 . 30 h .\ncalls : a single pulsed note , consisting of a minimum of two pulses , but sometimes with more pulses , loud but not very conspicuous , and less \u201cmetallic\u201d in appearance than in other species of the group .\nit might occur in the r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale de manongarivo and r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale du tsaratanana ( raxworthy and glaw 2008 ) .\nadults 50 - 60 mm . tibiotarsal articulation reaches the nostril . hand without webbing , foot webbing 1 ( 0 . 5 ) , 2i ( 1 ) , 2e ( 1 ) , 3i ( 2 ) , 3e ( 1 ) , 4i / e ( 2 ) , 5 ( 0 . 5 ) . dorsal skin smooth . colour dorsally light brown with distinct rounded dark brown patches that are delimited by a white or yellow line . males with distinct , prominent dark femoral glands ; shape and size of vocal sac unknown . similar species : mainly\nandohahela , andohariana , chaines anosyennes , andringitra ( cuvette boby , imaitso forest ) , ivohibe , maharira summit ( ranomafana ) . it occurs between 1 , 350 - 2 , 500m asl along rocky outcrops in forested zones and above tree line ( cadle and raxworthy 2008 ) .\nhabits : a species restricted to high elevations , occurring among large boulders or in small caves above the tree - line or in rainforest above 1200 m elevation . at andringitra , subadults can be found hidden under rocks at high elevations above the tree line . males call from within caves and cavities during day and night . very large blackish tadpoles develop in streams .\ncalls : a very soft and inconspicuous sound for such a relatively large frog , reminding the dripping of water .\nbreeding takes place in streams . it takes at least a year for the tadpoles to begin metamorphosis ( cadle and raxworthy 2008 ) .\n, its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat . it occurs in parc national de ranomafana , parc national d ' andringitra , parc national d ' andohahela , and probably parc national de midongy du sud ( cadle and raxworthy 2008 ) .\n. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 05 may 2009 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n- - elena ' s treefrog ( boophis elenae ) - images . everett ' s tree frog ( rhacophorus everetti ) -\n- - 26 . ranidae . mantidactylus aglavei . adults , eggs , habitat . madagascar . 27 . ranidae .\n- - amphibian species of the world 3 . 0 an online reference . . . .\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 1 . shifting agriculture\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\nblommers - schl\u00f6sser , r . m . a . 1979 . biosystematics of the malagasy frogs . i . mantellinae ( ranidae ) . beaufortia 29 ( 352 ) : 1 - 77 .\nblommers - schl\u00f6sser , r . m . a . and blanc , c . p . 1991 . amphibiens ( premi\u00e8re partie ) . fauna de madagascar 75 : 1 - 379 .\nglaw , f . and vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . second edition . zoologisches forschungsinstitut und museum alexander koenig , bonn .\nglaw , f . and vences , m . 2007 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . third edition . vences & glaw verlag , cologne .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2016 ) .\nrabearivony , j . , raselimanana , a . p . , andriamazava , m . a . , thorstrom , r . and rene de roland , l - a . 2010 . a new locality for the endangered microhylid frog scaphiophryne boribory from northern madagascar and a rapid survey of other amphibians of the bemanevika region . herpetology notes 3 : 105 - 109 .\nraxworthy , c . j . and nussbaum , r . a . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of andringitra massif : a study of elevational distribution and local endemicity . fieldiana zoology 85 : 158 - 170 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\na small conspicuously coloured frog ; males 22 - 23 mm , females 25 - 28 mm . colour in life unknown . in preservative , dorsum brownish with distinct dark spots , flanks darker with light spots . dorsal surface of legs white with distinct narrow black bands . venter white with dark spots , which are more or less circular on the throat and become more oblong towards the abdomen . skin smooth . nostrils nearer to tip of snout than to the eye . tympanum very distinct , about 1 / 2 of eye diameter . tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye . lateral metatarsalia partly connected . webbing rudimentary . fingers with terminal disks . oblong femoral glands clearly visible in males .\nsimilar species : colouration is unique . morphology is similar to the m . wittei - complex ."]}
{"id": 463, "summary": [{"text": "melanella cinca is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "melanella cinca", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : melanella cinca [ orgn ] .\nmelanella conoidalis ( sowerby , 1865 ) : synonym of melanella cumingi ( a . adams , 1851 )\nmelanella indeflexa ( a . adams , 1861 ) : synonym of melanella dufresnei ( bodwich , 1822 )\nmelanella kyurokusimensis nomura & hatai , 1960 : synonym of melanella odontoidea ( a . adams , 1861 )\nmelanella luchuana ( pilsbry , 1901 ) : synonym of melanella cuspidata ( a . adams , 1851 )\nmelanella candida ( marrat , 1880 ) : synonym of melanella martinii ( a . adams in sowerby , 1854 )\nmelanella jamaicensis ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) : synonym of melanella eburnea ( m\u00fchlfeld , 1824 )\nv . 70 1927 - proceedings of the united states national museum . - biodiversity heritage library\na collection of birds from the provinces of yunnan and szechwan , china , made for the national geographic society by dr . joseph f . rock\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntype locality : albatross sta . 2668 , off fernandina , florida [ actually off georgia ] , 30\u00b058 ' n , 79\u00b038 ' w , 294 fathoms\nsmall shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1885 and 1886 proceedings of the united states national museum 70 ( 2667 ) 1 - 134 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\n( a . adams in h . & a . adams , 1853 - 58 )\n( a . adams , 1854 in h . & a . adams , 1853 - 58 )\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 54\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 466, "summary": [{"text": "setoeolis inconspicua is a species of sea slug , specifically an aeolid nudibranch .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family facelinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus setoeolis baba & hamatani , 1965 . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "setoeolis inconspicua", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nechizen - coast wakasa bay , japan , 4 m , 10 july 2002 . upper : approx 17mm long . , lower : approx 12mm long . photos : jun imamoto .\nfrom the photos on the forum this is quite variable in colour . one consistent feature appears to be the ceratal colouration with a subapical yellow band , below which is a transparent region through which the dark brown or reddish brown tip of the digestive gland duct can be seen , then below this a blue or bluish - purple band . below this band the cerata wall can be transparent , or have scattered white patches or be almost completely covered in white dusting .\nreferences : \u2022 baba , k . ( 1938 ) opisthobranchia of kii , middle japan . journal of the department of agriculture . kyusyu imperial university , 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 19 . \u2022 baba , k . & hamatani , i . ( 1965 ) the anatomy of sakuraeolis enosimensis ( baba , 1930 ) , n . g . ( = hervia ceylonica ( ? ) eliot , 1913 ) ( nudibranchia - eolidoidea ) . publications of the seto marine biological laboratory , 13 ( 2 ) : 103 - 113 , pls . viii - x\nosezaki , izu peninsula , suruga bay , japan depth : 10m , water temperature : 19c degrees . size : about 20mm . 11 may 2002\ndear jun , this animal lacks most of the opaque orange pigmentation on the body wall but otherwise would seem to be the same . it certainly shows the characteristic colour bands on the cerata . best wishes , bill rudman\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 474, "summary": [{"text": "pseudochazara droshica is a species of butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from drosh , southern chitral and in the shandur pass in north-east chitral . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "pseudochazara droshica", "paragraphs": ["pseudochazara droshica rajevskyi tshikolovets , 1996 ; j . ukr . ent . soc . 2 ( 2 ) : 39\ndroshica ( tytler , 1926 ) ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 : 256\nencyclopedia of life pseudochazara aristonicus fruhstorfer 1911 . pseudochazara atambegi wyatt & omoto 1966 . pseudochazara augustini weiss 1980 . pseudochazara aurantiaca staudinger 1871 . pseudochazara badachshana wyatt & omoto 1966 . pseudochazara baltistana holik 1949 . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara - encyclopedia of life\u201d ,\npseudochazara de lesse 1951 . andrew v . z . brower . click on an image to view larger version & data in pseudochazara hippolyte . pseudochazara kanishka . pseudochazara lehana . pseudochazara lydia . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara\u201d ,\npseudochazara . de lesse 1951 . pseudochazara is a genus of butterflies within the pseudochazara alpina ( staudinger , 1878 ) pseudochazara amalthea . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara - wikipedia , the free encyclopedia\u201d ,\nnw173 - 12 pseudochazara atlantis . by pavel matos on 12 feb 2009 . nw173 by pavel matos on 25 jan 2009 . nw172 - 26 pseudochazara droshica ( ? ) by pavel matos on 25 jan . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara : on nsg ' s voucher db\u201d , urltoken\npseudochazara atlantis pseudochazara atlantis ( austaut , 1905 ) moroccan grayling . genus : pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 original genus : satyrus latreille , . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara atlantis\u201d , urltoken\nwhite banded grayling , pseudochazara anthelea - matt rowlings ' s european butterflies . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara anthelea\u201d ,\npseudochazara anthelea . anthelea . a - m . \u20ac5 . 00 . turkey . satyridae . pseudochazara anthelea pseudochazara anthelea . anthelea . a - f . \u20ac7 . 50 . greece , crete . satyridae . pseudochazara anthelea . \u2014 \u201cthe insect collector satyridae ( pseudochazara - q ) \u201d ,\nthis photo from the treknature travel gallery is titled ' pseudochazara mamurra photo ' . \u2014 \u201ctreknature | pseudochazara mamurra photo\u201d ,\npseudochazara telephassa courtship courship behavior of a butterfly species pseudochazara telephassa . halveti - turkey , 22 - 05 - 2013 .\npseudochazara cingovskii . species authority : gross , 1973 . common name / s : pseudochazara cingovskii . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara cingovskii ( macedonian grayling ) \u201d ,\nzur kenntnis der androkonienfelder von pseudochazara thelephassa ( geyer , 1827 ) und pseudochazara anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , 1824 ) ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) .\npseudochazara hippolyte ; [ bru , 253 ] ; [ h & r ; , 148 ] ; [ bow : pl . see [ about maps ] pseudochazara hippolyte williamsi romei , 1927 ; , tl : sierra nevava , spain . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara\u201d , urltoken\neine neue satyride der gattung pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 aus afghanistan ( satyridae ) .\ncomparison of the male genitalia and androconia of pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis ( rebel , 1916 ) from cyprus , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , 1924 ) from mainland turkey and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea ( frivaldsky , 1845 ) from mainland greece ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\npseudochazara kopetdaghi dubatolov , 1989 ; cheshuekrylye srednei azii , proc . zin ran 200 : 138\nnew discoveries of pseudochazara mamurra amymone brown , 1976 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\nwanted ! dead or alive : the tale of the brown\u2019s grayling ( pseudochazara amymone ) .\npseudochazara nukatli ; [ bru2 ] : 221 , pl . 84 , f . 27 - 29\npseudochazara cingovskii gross , 1973 ; j . ent . gaz . 27 ( 2 ) : 88\na review of the genus pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) in greece .\nebay : find pseudochazara mniszechii - male - mounted butterflys in the collectibles , animals , insects butterflies , butterflies moths category on ebay . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara mniszechii - male - mounted butterflys - ebay\u201d ,\nmoroccan grayling - pseudochazara atlantis . family : satyridae . flight the species of this genus have a europe wide distribution . they have formed into many . \u2014 \u201cmoroccan grayling - pseudochazara atlantis\u201d , butterfly -\nthe lifecycle and ecology of pseudochazara amymone ( brown , 1976 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\niran . khorasan north quchau , . \u2014 \u201cnw173 - 6 pseudochazara pelopea on flickr - photo sharing ! \u201d ,\nlepidopterology - e - museum - pseudochazara orestes de prins & van der poorten , 1981 balkan endemic , confined to some mountains of n greece and s bulgaria . \u2014 \u201clepidopterology | e - museum | pseudochazara orestes de prins\u201d ,\npseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : ok\u00e1\u010d uk : white - banded tawny rockbrown nl : witbandheremiet tk : anadolu yalanci cadisi pseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : ok\u00e1\u010d uk : white - banded tawny rockbrown nl : witbandheremiet tk : anadolu yalanci cadisi . \u2014 \u201cpseudochazara anthelea 3630 - 12 - 2010 cz : ok\u00e1\u010d uk : white - banded\u201d ,\npseudochazara mamurra ; [ h & r ; ] , 149 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 16\npseudochazara nukatli bogdanov , 2000 ; helios 1 : 111 ; tl : verkhny gunib . nukatl ' mts . , 2000m , daghestan\nlist of samples of the genus pseudochazara included in the barcoding analysis ( either own samples with \u201cla\u201d id or from bold ) .\na quantitative description of the male genitalia of 23 taxa of pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\n1986 ) , one colony in a single utm 10 x 10 km grid , and of pseudochazara hippolyte 1986 ) , in einem 10 x 10 km utm - raster , und von pseudochazara hippolyte . \u2014 \u201cnew localities for polyommatus sagratrox ( aistleitner , 1986\u201d , usuarios3\npseudochazara porphyritica clench & shoumatoff , 1956 ; vidensk . medd . dansk naturh . forening 118 : 148 ; tl : panjao , 2500m\npseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ; rev . fran\u00e7 . l\u00e9pid . 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 42 ; ts : hipparchia pelopea klug\npseudochazara pakistana gross , 1978 ; atalanta 9 : 63 , f . 23 ; tl : ziarat , [ nw . baluchistan , pakistan ]\npseudochazara daghestana holik , 1955 ; z . lep . : 176 , pl . 10 , f . 1 , 2 , 5 , 6\npseudochazara lehana riegeri tshikolovets , 2005 ; butterflies of ladak : 105 , pl . 22 , f . 10 - 12 , 14 - 16\npseudochazara is a palearctic genus with its center of diversity in central asia and the caucasus . the range of one widespread species p . hyppolyte\npseudochazara mniszechii watsoni clench & shoumatoff , 1956 ; vidensk . medd . dansk naturh . forening 118 : 148 ; tl : kotal pass , 3800m\npseudochazara atlantis ; [ h & r ; ] , 148 ; [ bmat ] : 77 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 15\nphylum : arthropoda \u2022 classis : insecta \u2022 subclassis : pterygota \u2022 infraclassis : neoptera \u2022 superordo : endopterygota \u2022 ordo : lepidoptera \u2022 familia : nymphalidae \u2022 subfamilia : satyrinae \u2022 tribus : satyrini \u2022 genus : pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 . subcategories . \u2014 \u201ccategory : pseudochazara - wikimedia commons\u201d ,\npseudochazara atlantis benderi weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 273 - 274 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )\ndescriptions of wing androconia from some pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the natural history museum , london .\nfrequency distribution of pairwise intra - and interspecific p - distances of the coi sequences in the genus pseudochazara . no \u201cbarcoding gap\u201d exists between these two data series .\nit is important to note that the average genetic distance between two geographically separated subspecies , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea from asia minor and neighbouring islands , and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea from the balkan peninsula was 1 . 5 % . this result is indicative for differentiation into distinct species as predicted by kudrna et al . ( 2011 ) .\nidentit\u00e4t , verbreitung und subspezifische gliederung von pseudochazara lydia ( staudinger , 1878 ) ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f .\nfurther descriptions of androconia from staudinger\u2019s pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the zoologisches museum der humboldt - universit\u00e4t zu berlin .\nle genre pseudochazara de lesse en europe et en afrique du nord . description d\u2019une sous - esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de ps . hippolyte esper ( lep . : satyridae ) .\npseudochazara is a palearctic genus with its center of diversity in central asia and the caucasus . the range of one widespread species p . hyppolyte extends west to spain .\n? pseudochazara daghestana zangezura nekrutenko , 1989 ; vestn . zool . 1989 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : nakhichevan assr , mts zangezur , bitshenek , 2100 - 2300\na quantitative description of androconia from staudinger\u2019s pseudochazara de lesse , 1951 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) type specimens in the zoological museum of the humboldt university of berlin .\ninformation on species of hesperiidae occurring in the former ussr , including , type locality , synonyms , range , distribution and variation , taxonomic notes , habitat and biology , similar species , and photo of adults pseudochazara beroe rhena ( herrich - schaffer , 1852 ) . \u2014 \u201csatyridae , pseudochazara beroe ( herrich - schaffer , [ 1844 ] ) \u201d ,\npseudochazara kanishka aussem , 1980 ; nota lepid . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 8 ; tl : afghanistan , prov . samangan , tang - e - tashqurghan , 500m\ndescription of wing androconia from the lectotype of pseudochazara caucasica ( lederer , 1864 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , with notes on the topotype wing androconia of related taxa .\ndie verbreitung und subspezifische gliederung von pseudochazara mamurra ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1846 ] ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f .\ngiven the high resolution of the basal clades within the coi gene tree , the lack of differentiation between taxa within the \u2018 mamurra \u2019 and \u2018 pelopea \u2019 group was unexpected . in particular , species like pseudochazara geyeri and pseudochazara daghestana are among the most easily recognisable species in the genus with uniform and very distinct wing patterns / coloration . there are several possible hypotheses to explain this lack of differentiation :\nnotes on the taxonomic status and supposed biogeographic affinity of the pseudochazara anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1824 ] ) populations from k\u00edpros ( cyprus ) and from the greek island of k\u00f3s ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae satyrinae ) .\nverovnik r , wiemers m ( 2016 ) species delimitation in the grayling genus pseudochazara ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) supported by dna barcodes . zookeys 600 : 131\u2013154 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 600 . 7798\ndescription of androconia in the palaearctic asian pseudochazara baldiva ( moore , 1865 ) butterfly species - group ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with designation of two lectotypes and reference to type and other material in the natural history museum , london .\nphylogeny of pseudochazara species derived from the barcoding gene coi using bayesian inference analysis . values on major branches are bayesian posterior probabilities . branches with support lower than 50 % were collapsed manually . branch names combine taxon name and sample id ( see appendix 1 ) . nomenclature follows lukhtanov ( 2007 ) .\n\u201cand also colias phicomone , colias erate , colias palaeno europomene , pseudochazara hippolyte ( a - ) , junonia villica goto : forum list\u2022message list\u2022search\u2022log in . your name : your email : subject : spam prevention : please , enter the code that you see\u201d \u2014 rusinsects forum : : lepidoptera : : parnassius , agrias , colias ,\n\u201caeshna cyanea female dragonfly . i ' ve visited only once this beautiful island ( rhodos ) before a few years , for some interesting and rare rhopalocera , like pelopidas thrax ( hesperiidae ) , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( brown form female , satyridae ) etc , but didn ' t see this species of anax\u201d \u2014 forum - aeshna cyanea female dragonfly ,\nnew data regarding the geographical distribution of pseudochazara graeca in greece , with notes about its wing coloration , the status of its ssp . coutsisi ( = zagoriensis ) , as well as the supposed correlation between the hw underside ground colour and the geological character of the habitat in both p . graeca and hyponephele lycaon ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\ndepending on which systematic order of classification is adhered to , the genus pseudochazara comprises 27\u201332 species of graylings ( gross 1978 , lukhtanov 2007 , savela 2015 ) . it has a wide distribution in the palaearctic region from north africa to the himalayas and mongolia ( tennent 1996 , tshikolovets 2005 , yakovlev 2012 ) . in addition to vague species delimitation , large intraspecific variation has resulted in the description of over 100 subspecific taxa ( lukhtanov 2007 ) in this intensively studied taxon .\nes , asia minor , s . russia - tian - shan , mongolia . see [ maps ]\npapilio hippolyte esper , 1783 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 8 ) : 164 , pl . 84 , f . 4 [ ? ] ; tl : s . russia\n742x500 ( ~ 90kb ) underside a dry delta [ sair ] of the shivilig - khem river descending from the east tannu - ola mountain range being a northern border of the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , the southern tuva rapublic , s siberia , russia . 16th july 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nhippolyte dorriesi ( bang - haas , 1933 ) ( satyrus ) ; ent . z . 47 ( 12 ) : 98\n1200x1200 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russia , siberia , tyva republic , the hills on the ulug - khem river right bank at city kyzyl , 51\u00b043 ' n 94\u00b024 ' e , alt . 650 - 700 m , dry stony steppe . 9 / vii 2000 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n810x540 ( ~ 58kb ) sierra maria , prov . almer\u00eda , spain , august 1989 , photo \u00a9 enrique garcia - barros\npallida ( staudinger , 1901 ) ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 55 ; tl : e . altai\nhipparchia euxina kuznetsov , 1909 ; ann . mus . zool . st . - p\u00e9tersb . 14 : 141 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6 ; tl : crimea\nafghanistan - middle asia ( mountains ) - sw . altai . see [ maps ]\nsatyrus lehana var . turkestana grum - grshimailo , 1893 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 27 : 384 ; tl : tian - shan\nnw . himalaya , w . hindu kush - w . pamirs . see [ maps ]\nlebanon , syria , asia minor , e . turkey , caucasus , kopet - dagh . see [ maps ]\nhipparchia pelopea klug , 1832 ; in ehrenberg , symbolae phys . , ins . 3 : 1 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 8 ; tl :\nmonte libano syriae prope arissam\n, [ lebanon ]\nsatyrus pelopea schahrudensis staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 69 ; tl : elburs mts . , iran\nsatyrus mamurra herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1846 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 13 ) : ( ii ) f . 314 - 315\nsatyrus pelopea var . alpina staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 281 ; tl :\nkurusch im nord\u00f6stlichen caucasus . . 3000m\nsatyrus olga gerhard , 1882 ; berl . ent . zs . 26 ( 1 ) : 127\nasia minor - s . transcaucasia , elburs mts . - kopet - dagh . see [ maps ]\nberoe ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1844 ] ) ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 4 ) : 74 , ( 5 ) ( ii ) pl . 23 , f . 108 - 111 ; tl : stambul and bursa , turkey\nsatyrus mamurra schakuhensis staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 70 ; tl : shahkuh mt . range , elburs mts . , iran\nsw . georgia , asia minor , baluchistan - simla hills . see [ maps ]\neumenis mniszechii herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1852 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 54 ) : ( ii ) f . 577 - 579 ; tl : central turkey\nlarva on poa annua , p . pratensis [ bru ] , hesselbarth et al , 1995\nsatyrus pelopea var . caucasica lederer , 1864 ; wien . ent . monats . 8 ( 5 ) : 168 . pl . 3 , f . 5\nsatyrus geyeri herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 6 ( 48 ) : 13 ; tl : mt . ararat , turkey\nasia minor , iran , iraq , syria , transcaucasia , kopet - dagh - afghanistan - baluchistan . see [ maps ]\neumenis thelephassa geyer , [ 1827 ] ; samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . [ 85 ] , f . 1 - 4\nsatyrus anthelea schawerdae fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 30 ) : 121 ; tl : herzegovina , lastoa\nbaldiva ( moore , 1865 ) ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 499\nhipparchia lehana moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : leh , kharbu ( 13000ft ) , ladak\nminois mniszechi lehana ; fruhstorfer , 1908 , int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ( note )\ngraeca ( staudinger , 1870 ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 70 ; tl : mt . parnassus and taygetos mts .\nsatyrus mamurra var . lydia staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 281\nsatyrus mamummra var . obscura staudinger , 1878 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 14 : 282\nsatyrus pelopea var . kirgisa gerhard , 1882 ; berl . ent . zs . 26 ( 1 ) : 127\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera rhopalocera ( insecta ) from afghanistan . the 3rd danish expedition to central asia ( zoological results 21 )\nhistoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8rs ou papillons de france - supplement . diurnes in godart ,\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , 1843 ( - 1855 ) , die tagfalter\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , sechter un letzter band , 1843 - 1856\n( 1 ) : ( i ) pl . i ( 1843 ) , ( 3 ) : ( i ) i - ii , pl . ii - iv ( 1844 ) , ( 6 ) : ( i ) pl . v ( 1844 ) , ( 7 ) : ( i ) pl . vi ( 1844 ) , ( 8 ) : ( i ) iii - x , pl . vii - viii ( 1844 ) , ( 9 ) : ( i ) pl . ix - xi ( 1844 ) , ( 11 ) : ( i ) pl . xii ( 1845 ) , ( 13 ) : ( i ) xi - xiv , pl . xiii - xiv ( 1846 ) , ( 17 ) : ( i ) pl . xvi ( 1846 ) , ( 22 ) : ( ii ) pl . i - iii ( 1847 ) , ( 35 ) : ( i ) pl . xv ( 1848 ) , ( 36 ) : ( i ) pl . xvii - xix ( 1848 ) , ( 37 ) : ( i ) pl . xx ( 1849 ) , ( ? 38 ) : ( i ) xv - xviii ( 1849 ) , ( 38 ) : ( i ) pl . xxi - xxii ( 1849 ) , ( 40 ) : ( ii ) i - ii - iv , pl . iv - ix ( 1849 ) , ( 48 ) : [\n- 36 ( 1852 ) , ( 60 ) : ( ii ) v - viii , pl . x - xiv ( iv ) 37 - 40 ( 1853 ) , ( 65 ) : ( iv )\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\ndivisions g\u00e9n\u00e9riques et subg\u00e9n\u00e9riques des anciens genres satyrus et eumenis ( s . l . )\nlist of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nwyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterformen aus marokko zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 173 - 175\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nssp . atambegi wyatt & omoto , 1966 \u2013 \u201cbala quaran , anjuman valley , badachshan at 2 , 900 \u2013 3 , 200 mtrs . \u201d ;\nwyatt & omoto , 1966 \u2013 \u201cnorth badachshan , shiva mts , afghanistan\nat 1 , 800 - 2 , 800 mtrs . ;\nssp . rajevskyi tshikolovets , 1996 - tadzhikistan , pamir , severo - alichursky mts . , 5 km eastern of kishlak bargadiv , 3000 mtrs .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n2 ufz \u2013 helmholtz - centre for environmental research , department of community ecology , theodor - lieser - str . 4 , 06120 halle , germany\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe main reason for the extensive variation in phenotype can be linked with the specific ecological requirements of these butterflies . they are mostly petrophilous and limited to specific rock substrate to which they are perfectly adapted with their camouflaged underside wing pattern and cryptic coloration . local adaptation to mimic the coloration of the rock substrate is , therefore , one of the main drivers for such large scale diversification ( lorkovi\u0107 1974 , weiss 1980 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 , tennent 1996 , but see anastassiu et al . 2009 ) .\nthere has been no attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of the genus or validate species status using molecular markers . only the taxonomic position within subtribe satyrina and a sister relationship to chazara has been established ( pe\u00f1a et al . 2011 ) .\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from single legs , following the mammalian tissue preparation protocol ( genelute mammalian genomic dna miniprep kit from sigma - aldrich ) . for each sample a 657 bp fragment of the first subunit of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase ( coi ) was amplified using primers lco1490 and hco2198 ( folmer et al . 1994 ) . amplification followed a standard protocol described in verovnik et al . ( 2004 ) . pcr products were visualized on an agarose gel to verify amplification success and sequenced by macrogen in both directions on an applied biosystems 3730xl sequencer .\nno insertions or deletions were observed in the mitochondrial coi gene and therefore the alignment was unambiguous . for the coi dataset 63 unique haplotypes among 108\nsequences were detected . 114 ( 17 . 5 % ) sites were variable and 95 ( 14 . 6 % ) were parsimony informative . the average interspecific genetic distance was 4 . 9 % , but in the case of\nthe intraspecific diversity ranged from 0 to 6 . 7 % with highly distinct divergent sequences of\n. no evident barcoding gap was observed separating intraspecific from interspecific pairwise genetic distances ( fig .\n. on the other hand , 82 % of species comparisons showed high ( \u22652 % ) interspecific distances .\nstatistical parsimony network of the \u2018 pelopea \u2019 species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .\nstatistical parsimony network of the \u2018 mamurra \u2019 species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .\n) , confirms the monophyly of the genus . high posterior probability values support a basal position of\n, the only species of the genus present in ( and confined to ) north africa . this is somewhat surprising as\nis also distinctive according to the tcs analysis and forms a separate network . in addition , the second basal split within\n\u2019 clades received high support . we present the results for these clades separately :\nthis group , which forms a distinct network in the tcs analysis ( fig .\n, in particular the latter , with much wider and more pronounced orange submarginal bands on their forewings .\ndespite superficial resemblance in wing patterns and coloration . in fact , it is closely related to two other local endemics from the balkan peninsula ,\n, so our preliminary results do not support its current status as a separate species . within this clade\nfrom southern spain appears basally , however with low posterior probability and it is not monophyletic . all other described subspecies (\nstatistical parsimony network of the \u2018 hippolyte \u2019 species group . coloured circles represent coi haplotypes and their size corresponds to the number of samples per haplotype . small white circles represent unsampled haplotypes .\n\u2019 group , indicating their close relationship , but with a separate network for each in the tcs analysis . all other sequences form a single network ( fig .\n\u2019 group is monophyletic , and includes several well - defined species ( in terms of wing patterns , androconia and genitalia ) with identical or very similar haplotypes . the following taxa could not be distinguished based on coi haplotypes as they do not form separate monophyletic clades :\n, so their position within this group is tentative . however , it is clear that\nwith which it shares similarities e . g . the shape of the androconia (\nand they appear closely related , however , this is again based on the inclusion of a single sequence .\n\u2013 incomplete lineage sorting : recent speciation could result in unresolved relationships among these closely related species ; however , well - defined species borders in terms of constant wing pattern differentiation coupled with broad overlaps in species ranges challenges this hypothesis .\n\u2013 pseudogenes or wolbachia infections : both are common in invertebrates , particularly in arthropods ( bensasson et al . 2011 , gerth et al . 2014 , leite 2012 , ritter et al . 2013 ) . as the vast majority of the haplotypes in the \u2018 mamurra \u2019 and \u2018 pelopea \u2019 clades originate from the bold database it is impossible to check or correct for this potential error .\nrussia : north ossetia - alania , rv . ardon , skasan , 1850 m\ns . montagud , j . a . garcia - alama & j . garcia\nbensasson d , zhang x , hartl dl , hewitt gm . ( 2011 )\nproblems with dna barcodes for species delimitation : \u2018ten species\u2019 of astraptes fulgerator reassessed ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) .\nin : settele j , shreeve tg , konvicka m , van dyck h . ( eds )\ndinca v , zakharov ev , hebert pdn , vila r . ( 2011 )\ncomplete dna barcode reference library for a country\u2019s butterfly fauna reveals high performance for temperate europe .\nfolmer om , black m , hoeh r , lutz r , vrijehoek r . ( 1994 )\ndna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates .\ngarcia - castellanos d , estrada f , jim\u00e9nez - munt i , gorini c , fern\u00e0ndez m , verg\u00e9s j , de vicente r . ( 2009 )\ngascoigne - pees m , verovnik r , franeta f , popovi\u0107 m . ( 2014 )\ngerth m , gansauge mt , weigert a , bleidorn c . ( 2014 )\ngompert z , forister ml , fordyce ja , nice cc . ( 2008 )\nwidespread mito - nuclear discordance with evidence for introgressive hybridization and selective sweeps in lycaeides .\nhebert pdn , penton eh , burns jm , janzen dh , hallwachs w . ( 2004 )\nten species in one : dna barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly astraptes fulgerator .\nphylogeny and biogeography of coenonympha butterflies ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) \u2013 patterns of colonization in the holarctic .\nkreuzinger aj , fiedler k , letsch h , grill a . ( 2014 )\ntracing the radiation of maniola ( nymphalidae ) butterflies : new insights from phylogeography hint at one single incompletely differentiated species complex .\nkudrna o , harpke a , lux k , pennerstorfer j , schweiger o , settele j , wiemers m . ( 2011 )\ndie verteilung der varibilit\u00e4t von hipparchia statilinus hufn . ( lepid . , satyridae ) in beziehung zum karstboden des ostadratischen k\u00fcstenlandes .\nmitochondrial pseudogenes in insect dna barcoding : differing points of view on the same issue .\ninterpretation of mitochondrial diversity in terms of taxonomy : a case study of hyponephele lycaon species complex in israel ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , satyrinae ) .\nmolecular systematics and phylogeny of the \u2018marbled whites\u2019 ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , satyrinae , melanargia meigen ) .\ndna barcoding reveals twelve lineages with properties of phylogenetic and biological species within melitaea didyma sensu lato ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) .\nthe radiation of satyrini butterflies ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) : a challenge for phylogenetic methods .\nritter s , michalski sg , settele j , wiemers m , fric zf , sielezniew m , \u0161a\u0161i\u0107 m , rozier y , durka w . ( 2013 )\nwolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two parasitic butterfly species , phengaris teleius and p . nausithous ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) .\nsong h , buhay je , whiting mf , crandall ka . ( 2008 )\nmany species in one : dna barcoding overestimates the number of species when nuclear mitochondrial pseudo - genes are coamplified .\ntamura k , stecher g , peterson d , filipski a , kumar s . ( 2013 )\nthe butterflies of ladak ( n . - w . india ) ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) .\nverovnik r , micevski b , maes d , wynhoff i , van swaay c , warren m . ( 2013 )\nverovnik r , popovi\u0107 m , \u0161a\u0161i\u0107 m , cuvelier s , maes d . ( 2014 )\nphylogeography of subterranean and surface populations of water lice asellus aquaticus ( crustacea : isopoda ) .\nwakeham - dawson a , parker r , john e , dennis rlh . ( 2003 )\ndoes the dna barcoding gap exist ? \u2013 a case study in blue butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) .\nchecklist of butterflies ( papilionoidea ) of the mongolian altai mountains , including descriptions of new taxa .\nyang z , landry j - f , handfield l , zhang y , solis ma , handfield d , scholtens bg , mutanen m , nuss m , hebert pdn . ( 2012 )\ndna barcoding and morphology reveal three cryptic species of anania ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) in north america , all distinct from their european counterpart .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntuzov vk , bogdanov pv , devyatkin al , kaabak lv , korolev va , murzin vs , samodurov gd , and tarasov ea . 1997 . guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . pensoft , sofia .\nrussia , siberia , tyva republic , the hills on the ulug - khem river right bank at city kyzyl , 51o43 ' n 94o24 ' e , alt . 650 - 700 m , dry stony steppe .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nuse\n?\nfor one missing letter : pu ? zle . use\n*\nfor any number of letters : p * zle . or combine : cros ? w * d\n20130424 _ 25fps onbewerkte foto ' s . in windows movie maker geladen met 0 , 04 sec per frame ( 25 frames per seconde ) .\n20130324 _ 2 onbewerkte foto ' s . film gemaakt met photolapse 3 . 15 frames per seconde . compressie met mpeg - 4 .\n20130324 _ 3 in lightroom bewerkte foto ' s ( contrast en gradueel grijsfilter , verscherpt ) . film gemaakt met photolapse 3 . 30 frames per seconde . compressie met mpeg - 4 .\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\nthis is a non - comprehensive list of larval host plants that are possibly used by the western palearctic satyrinae . there are still some butterfly species which i need to add and update but hopefully you can find what i currently have as useful .\nthe only difference between list a and list b is that whereas in list a the data is sorted according to the butterfly species , list b is sorted according to the host plant species . this should facilitate the usage of this data .\n? \u2013 either no data is available or still unsure whether the food plant is accepted by that species .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 477, "summary": [{"text": "eulima sarsi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eulima sarsi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : eulima sarsi k . j . bush , 1909 - id : 1821850235\neulima acerrima ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( taxon inquirendum )\neulima angulosa ( f . p . jousseaume in fisher - piette & nickl\u00e8s , 1946 )\neulima is a genus of small , ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae . [ 1 ]\n( of melanella sarsi ( bush , 1909 ) ) rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eulima intermedia sensu verrill , 1882 ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . eulima risso , 1826 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13\nthe animal shows subulate tentacles , approaching at the base , . the eyes are large and nearly sessile . the foot is truncated in front . the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water . the mentum is bilobed . the opercular lobe is winged on each side . the branchial plume is single .\n[ 3 ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbush , 1909 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 565930 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ntype locality : not stated [ usfc sta . 870 , 871 , 874 , 876 , 877 , 949 ]\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) , by neotype designation of war\u00e9n ( 1988 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmelanella delmontensis ( a . g . smith and m . gordon , 1948 )\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind . the outer lip is thick and even . [ 2 ]\nthe imperforate shell is subulate , many - whorled , polished , and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side , bearing on one side only , a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths . the apex is acute . the aperture is oval , entire , pointed above , rounded below . the lip is simple and a little thickened . the columellar margin is reflected . the operculum is corneous and pancispiral . its nucleus is near the inner lip .\nrisso a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe m\u00e9ridionale et particuli\u00e8rement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ] . vol . 2 : vii + 482 + 8 pl . ( fiori ) [ novembre 1827 ] . vol . 3 : xvi + 480 + 14 pl . ( pesci ) [ settembre 1827 ] . vol . 4 : iv + 439 + 12 pl . ( molluschi ) [ novembre 1826 ] . vol . 5 : viii + 400 + 10 pl . ( altri invertebrati )\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180\u2013213\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 478, "summary": [{"text": "gellonia dejectaria , commonly called the brown evening moth , is a moth of the family geometridae , it is native to new zealand .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "g. dejectaria caterpillars eat the leaves of the m\u0101hoe , supplejack and bush lawyer plants . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "gellonia dejectaria", "paragraphs": ["kingdom : animalia phylum : arthropoda class : insecta order : lepidoptera family : geometridae subfamily : ennominae genus : gellonia species : g . dejectaria binomial name : gellonia dejectaria common name : brown evening moth\noriginal filename : gellonia _ dejectaria _ _ brown _ evening _ moth _ 2661x1999 . jpg ( view )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes\ninsects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .\nreptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\nthis is a moth with a 50 mm wingspan and is native to new zealand .\nseen october to december . it rests with its wings widespread aligning the pattern on its wings .\n\u00a9 copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 20 - jun - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 new zealand license ."]}
{"id": 480, "summary": [{"text": "skara is a genus of maxillopod crustacean known from the upper cambrian orsten deposit of sweden and similarly aged deposits in china .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is the only genus in the order skaracarida , and contains three species : skara anulata m\u00fcller , 1983 skara minuta m\u00fcller & walossek , 1985 skara huanensis liu & dong , 2007 the feeding system of skara resembles those of copepods and derocheilocaris , and the three taxa are accordingly grouped together as the clade copepodoida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "skara is likely to have scraped or brushed the substrate to release food . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "skaracarida", "paragraphs": ["skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of vastergotland , sweden : klaus j . muller : 9788200074984\nm\u00fcller , klaus j . skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of v\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , sweden . oslo : universitetsforlaget , 1985 .\nm\u00fcller , klaus j . skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of v\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , sweden . oslo : universitetsforlaget , 1985 . print .\nm\u00fcller , klaus j . ( 1985 ) . skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of v\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , sweden . oslo : universitetsforlaget ,\nm\u00fcller kj , walossek d ( 1985 ) skaracarida , a new order of crustacea from the upper cambrian of v\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , sweden . fossils and strata 17 : 1\u201365 .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : eriksson me , terfelt f , elofsson r , marone f ( 2012 ) internal soft - tissue anatomy of cambrian \u2018orsten\u2019 arthropods as revealed by synchrotron x - ray tomographic microscopy . plos one 7 ( 8 ) : e42582 . urltoken\neditor : richard j . butler , ludwig - maximilians - universit\u00e4t m\u00fcnchen , germany\ncopyright : \u00a9 eriksson et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this research was financed by grants to mee and ft from the swedish research council , the royal physiographic society , lund , and the faculty of science , lund university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe \u2018orsten\u2019 lagerst\u00e4tte from kinnekulle , on the southern border of lake v\u00e4nern , sweden , contains remarkably well - preserved minute fossils from bituminous limestones ( \u2018orsten\u2019 ) of uppermost mid - cambrian through furongian ( upper cambrian ) age ( e . g . [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 6 ] ) . the discovery of these remarkable fossils in the mid - 1970s has been followed by a sequence of investigations revealing , among other things , morphological details of exceptional interest for understanding the evolution of , and relationships among , early arthropods . the famous \u2018orsten\u2019 taxa have provided significant insights into the cambrian biota and early phanerozoic metazoan evolution .\nthe \u2018orsten\u2019 metazoans are represented by ecdysozoans ( moulting animals ) , including the scalidophoran nemathelminths and arthropods , all in the size range of 2 mm or less ( e . g . [ 3 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 7 ] ) . most of the fossils are arthropods ; they include lobopodians , tardigrades , pentastomids , chelicerates , agnostoids , phosphatocopines and skaracarids [ 4 ] .\nby contrast to the phosphatised \u2018orsten\u2019 taxa , the conventional record of shelly fossils in the uppermost mid - cambrian through furongian of sweden is dominated by agnostoids and polymerid ( in particular olenid ) trilobites ( e . g . [ 8 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] ) , commonly occurring in great abundance in shales and limestones . although approximately one hundred fairly well - preserved , juvenile specimens of the agnostoid agnostus pisiformis have been recovered in \u2018orsten\u2019 - type preservation [ 2 ] , only one specimen interpreted as a polymerid trilobite hypostome with associated soft tissues has hitherto been discovered [ 12 ] . this collectively suggests that the arthropod faunas of this age are taphonomically biased and that the dominance of polymerids and agnostoids in the conventional fossil record does not necessarily represent the true , original faunal composition of arthropods .\nthe external morphology of the \u2018orsten\u2019 species has been thoroughly described ( e . g . [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 7 ] and references therein ) . however , the internal organs and tissues ( such as intestines and muscles ) of these fossils have rarely been addressed [ 4 ] . m\u00fcller and walossek ( [ 13 ] : pl . 1 , fig . 8 ) noted that a preserved \u2018steinkern\u2019 of skara might represent the gut , an assumption that is confirmed in the present investigation . moreover , maas et al . ( [ 4 ] : fig . 4e , f ) noted the preservation of guts , which they observed in skaracarids with a cracked - open cuticula . in the same paper , maas et al . documented a pentastomid arthropod with exposed muscle strands in the head region ( [ 4 ] : fig . 4g ) , which they referred to as the only known example of unequivocally internal matter in \u2018orsten\u2019 - type preservation .\nthe limited knowledge of internal anatomy is a tantalizing drawback of the \u2018orsten\u2019 fossils and limits the extent to which palaeobiological conclusions can be drawn . the present investigation provides , by using synchrotron radiation x - ray tomographic microscopy ( srxtm ) , a chance to at least partly overcome that problem . our use of srxtm and 3d - rendering techniques applied to specimens of well known \u2018orsten\u2019 taxa from the cambrian of sweden has enabled internal structures to be revealed , a task that would be difficult with conventional techniques such as scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) . moreover , being a non - invasive technique , srxtm allows for internal structures of unique fossils to be studied without destroying the specimens . our work therefore provides a promising approach to understand the internal anatomy and functional morphology of these exceptionally well - preserved microscopic animals .\nmount kinnekulle is an erosional outlier in the province of v\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , south - central sweden , comprising cambrian to silurian strata capped by dolerite intruded as sills during carboniferous through permian times [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . the uppermost middle cambrian through furongian ( uppermost cambrian ) strata of mount kinnekulle crop out in a few natural exposures and a number of abandoned alum shale quarries ( e . g . [ 3 ] : fig . 2 ; [ 8 ] : fig . 18 ; [ 16 ] : fig . 2 ) . these strata consist of interfingering beds and layers of black alum shale and bituminous limestone ( colloquially referred to as \u2018stinkstone\u2019 or \u2018orsten\u2019 ) . agnostoids and polymerid trilobites , predominantly olenids , occur frequently in the succession . biostratigraphically , the exposed succession spans the lejopyge laevigata zone through the peltura lobata zone of the alum shale formation [ 17 ] ; however , several stratigraphic gaps occur within the succession [ 14 ] .\nthe material reported herein was collected from the \u2018transformatorstationen\u2019 locality at blomberg , on the southwestern part of mount kinnekulle ( n58\u00b032 . 558\u2032 ; e13\u00b019 . 910\u2032 ) . this locality exposes less than 2 m of bituminous limestones with a few , thin alum shale beds . all \u2018orsten\u2019 samples were collected from the lowermost part of the exposure and belong to the agnostus pisiformis zone ( guzhangian stage , or uppermost mid - cambrian ) . the required permits for the described field studies were obtained from the land owner .\nin the search for phosphatised \u2018orsten\u2019 fossils we followed the results of maeda et al . [ 6 ] and targeted coprolite - rich beds . slabs of such lithology , weighing approximately 0 . 5\u20134 kg each , were digested in ph - monitored buffered acetic acid , following the techniques described by jeppsson et al . [ 18 ] . the ph was adjusted to > 3 . 6 in order to avoid corrosion of phosphatic fossils . after digestion the resulting residue was rinsed through a 63 \u00b5m sieve cloth . subsequently , the residue was gently washed into a glass vial with deionized water in order to prevent growth of mould and algae . the residue was carefully investigated for exceptionally preserved microfossils under a binocular light microscope . specimens of interest were handpicked using a fine brush and stored submerged in water , to avoid damage prior to analyses .\nthe \u2019orsten\u2019 arthropods analysed and discussed herein include one specimen ( the only one recovered from our sample residues ) of skara minuta , two phosphatocopines assigned to hesslandona sp . , and one phosphatocopine assigned to hesslandona trituberculata ( see [ 3 ] ) . approximately 15 phosphatocopines with ventral body details were recovered from our residues . for this pilot study , the three most complete and well - preserved specimens were selected for analysis , in order to increase the chance of finding internal soft - tissue structures .\nall figured \u2018orsten\u2019 specimens are stored at the department of geology , lund university , lund , sweden , with repository number lo ( for lund original ) .\nthe transmission electron microscope ( tem ) micrographs of the extant mystacocarid derocheilocaris typica were prepared at the department of biology , lund university , sweden , using the procedure described in detail by elofsson and hessler [ 19 ] . the scanning electron microscope ( sem ) methods , including fixation techniques , and set - up for the same extant crustaceans were described by elofsson and hessler [ 20 ] . complementary sem studies of fossil specimens were performed using a hitachi s - 3400n instrument at the department of geology , lund university , sweden .\ndiagenetic phosphatisation can produce a variety of shapes and textures that may be mistaken for fossilised soft tissues [ 24 ] \u2013 [ 26 ] . herein , criteria such as symmetry , position within the body cavity , continuity and , perhaps most importantly , comparisons with equivalent structures in extant crustaceans with a similar degree of development , have formed the basis for our assessments and allowed structures to be distinguished from taphonomic and / or diagenetic artefacts ( cf . [ 4 ] , [ 13 ] ) .\nthe skara minuta specimen ( lo 11408t ) measures 400 \u00b5m in length ( note , however , that the posterior portion is lacking ) and 130 \u00b5m in width and is preserved in minute detail ( fig . 1a\u2013e ) . in addition to the cephalothorax and the first two thoracic segments , the specimen includes the proximal portions of the first and second antennae , mandibles , first and second maxillae , and maxillipeds ( fig . 1b , c , e ) . for a detailed description of s . minuta , as well as the other known skaracarid species from sweden , skara anulata , see m\u00fcller and walossek [ 13 ] . herein , we focus on the preserved internal tissues .\n( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , ( c ) anterior , ( d ) posterior , and ( e ) ventral views . abbreviations : a1 , first antenna ; a2 , second antenna ; am , arthrodial membrane ; ct , cephalothorax ; la , labrum ; md , mandible ; mx1 , first maxilla ; mx2 , second maxilla ; mxp , maxilliped ; r , rostrum ; som , site of mouth ; ts1 , first thoracic segment ; ts2 , second thoracic segment .\nthe central space of the animal contains structures interpreted as the digestive system , which is composed of the oesophagus ( or foregut ) and the midgut ( figs . 1d , 2a\u2013c ) . the oesophagus is a uniform structure approximately 100 \u00b5m long and 20 \u00b5m in diameter . it has a fairly straight course from the mouth to the midgut due to the forwardly positioned and ventrally directed mouth ( figs . 1e , 2a ) . the short transition zone from oesophagus to midgut is indistinct ( collapsed ) in our specimen and we cannot establish whether it is an oesophagus telescoping into the midgut ( see below ) or a widened portion of the posterior oesophagus . therefore , the simplified schematic drawing ( fig . 3 ) merely shows the transition zone as a simple tube . on the other hand , the midgut appears rather well preserved in the animal and distinct from the oesophagus , as judged also by the size and similarity to those structures in extant crustaceans . the midgut is approximately 40 \u00b5m in diameter and the irregular lumen is clearly visible in cross - section ( fig . 2b , c ) . midgut glands are not observed in our specimen .\n( a ) ventral view ( cropped isosurface ) showing the oesophagus , parts of the midgut and a dorsal transverse tendon . ( b ) transverse cross - section ( cropped volrender ) showing the midgut and dorsal transverse tendon . ( c ) transverse cross - section ( cropped volrender ) showing the midgut and gut lumen . ( d ) ventral view ( volrender ) showing the internal plate and muscles extending into the appendages . ( e ) dorsal view ( volrender ) showing the prominent second antennal muscles . ( f ) anterior view ( cropped isosurface ) showing the second antennal muscle and its insertion on the inner wall of the antennal coxa . ( g ) isosurface in outer lateral view of the second antennal coxa showing the corresponding muscle scar . ( h ) isosurface of right mandible with its protruding muscle exposed . ( i ) cropped isosurface in ventral view of the labrum showing the prominent labral muscle and the approximate site of the mouth . abbreviations : a2 , second antenna ; ac , antennal coxa ; dtt , dorsal transverse tendons ; gl , gut lumen ; m , muscle ; md , mandible ; mg , midgut ; ms , muscle scar ; oe , oesophagus ; som , site of mouth .\ninterpretation of the general architecture of the digestive ( green ) and muscular systems ( red ) .\nventrally within the cephalothorax , below the digestive system , tissues from the antennae , mandibles and the two maxillae connect to form a plate , which follows the slanting contour of the ventral face of the animal ( fig . 2a , d , e ) . these tissues are here interpreted as phosphatised muscles and endoskeleton . the muscles of the thin first antenna leading to the plate are somewhat indistinct . by contrast , the muscles to each of the second antennae are prominent and fan out from the antero - lateral rim of the plate and enter the hollow entrance to the second antennae ( fig . 2a , e ) . one of the second antennal muscles can be followed to its insertion on the inner wall of the antennal coxa ( fig . 2f ) . the corresponding muscle scar on the outside is clearly visible ( fig . 2g ) . further posteriorly , muscles to the mandibles and maxillae project from the plate to these appendages ( fig . 2d , h ) . the endoskeleton , serving as the internal insertion of the muscle tissue , cannot be separated from the muscles in our specimen . they are , however , not formed as cuticular ingrowths .\nthere is no doubt that longitudinal muscles span the length of the thorax and abdomen both ventrally and dorsally in fossil crustaceans , as well as in living relatives [ 27 ] . these muscles insert on tendons on the segmental borders . in the analysed specimen of s . minuta , c . 15 \u00b5m thick rod - like structures occur in the dorsal part of the body cavity below the arthrodial membranes . they follow the outline of , and appear to be associated with , the segment borders ( fig . 2a , b ) .\nwithin the labrum , along the inner walls , we observed c . 8 \u00b5m thick strings identified as prominent labral muscles ( fig . 2i ) . they attach at the base of the labrum and can be followed along its inner wall .\n( a ) ventral view ( isosurface ) of hesslandona sp . ( lo 11409 t ) showing the internal anatomy . ( b\u2013d ) close - up ( isosurface ) of labrum of the same specimen , showing external surface ( b ) and labral muscle bundles in different views ; c in same view as b , d with apex of labrum pointing upwards ( see also video s1 ) . ( e , f ) isosurface in antero - ventral ( f ) and ventral ( g ) views of hesslandona sp . ( lo 11410 t ) . ( g ) close - up and cross section of labrum of that same specimen , revealing the labral muscles . apex of labrum pointing downwards and muscles viewed from the posterior . ( h ) specimen lo 11410 t showing the plane of orientation ( y - plane ) . ( i ) sem - micrograph of hesslandona trituberculata ( lo 11411 t ) . ( j ) 3d - rendering of a tomographic dataset ( cropped isosurface ) showing the internal anatomy and labrum of the same specimen . ( k ) internal virtual cross - section ( cropped volrender ) of the same specimen , showing numerous structures . ( l ) close - up of the labrum of the same specimen , showing the labral muscles . abbreviations : a1 , first antenna ; a2 , second antenna ; la , labrum ; m , muscle ; me , median eye ; ps , paragnaths ; st , sternum .\nthe fossils of the \u2018orsten\u2019 konservat - lagerst\u00e4tte are preserved by means of phosphate encrustation and impregnation of both external and , as shown in this study , internal organs of animals during early diagenesis , producing pristine three - dimensional preservation of fossils ( [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] and references therein ) . the \u2018orsten\u2019 type preservation can be expected to vary between different samples , but also between specimens and different structures within a single specimen . the fixation of histological preparations of extant arthropods provides an interesting analogue . the requirements for a good fixation of internal structures depend on a number of variables , a crucial one being rapid penetration of the tissues by suitable chemicals . an external cuticle delays the absorption of fixation liquids . in the case described here , the cuticle was probably partly ripped up and the animal was rapidly submerged in phosphate - rich fluids .\nour results indicate that some internal structures preserve fairly well whereas others deteriorate fast . those which seem to withstand destruction best are the muscles and tendons . their cell content of a \u201cskeleton\u201d of myosin and actin fibres ( fig . 5 ) probably contributes to the resistance to decay . in the same way , tight units of microvilli and cells may resist deterioration better . the remaining tissue is probably attached to the more resistant organs as an amorphous substance , giving them a fuzzy appearance and also contributing to a slight increase in size . the sometimes coarse , \u2018bubble - like\u2019 appearance of the internal matter could also result from diagenetic overgrowth and / or bacterially - mediated remnants of soft tissue [ 4 ] .\n( a ) sem micrograph showing the external morphology of d . typica in lateral view . ( b ) tem micrograph showing the ventral endoskeletal - muscle plate in the mandibular region in high magnification . the asterisk ( * ) labels the tendinous muscle attachment . muscle cells approach the tendon from different directions . muscle fibers are sectioned longitudinally ( l ) and transversely ( t ) . note that the muscle fibers fill most of the muscle cells . the ventral nerve chain is labelled ( n ) . anterior is to the left . ( c ) tem micrograph ; midsagittal section through the telescoping transition between oesophagus ( oe ) and the midgut ( m ) . the dashed blue line follows the contour of the midgut whereas the red dashed line follows that of the oesophagus . the oesophagus ends inside the midgut with a valve ( v ) .\nconsidering that the few specimens analysed herein contain remains of internal tissues and organs , albeit in variable detail and state of preservation , our results suggest that internal soft - tissue preservation in \u2018orsten\u2019 fossils is more common than previously thought and demonstrate significant potential for future studies .\nskaracarids are maxillopod crustaceans , closely related to the extant copepoda and mystacocarida ( figure 5 ) [ 28 ] , whereas phosphatocopines are regarded as the sister - group of the eucrustacea within the labrophora sensu siveter et al . [ 29 ] ( see also [ 3 ] , [ 30 ] ) . the internal structures in our specimens are compared to similar relevant structures in extant crustacean relatives .\ndahl [ 31 ] investigated the topography of the crustacean head . in crustaceans filtering food particles from a current produced by the appendages , the mouth opening is ventral and directed backwards and the oesophagus makes a curve in the back of the head to meet the midgut . with other modes of feeding , exemplified as browsing and gnawing , the mouth is more anterior in position and the oesophagus is more or less straight . dahl [ 31 ] concluded that there is a correlation between the mode of feeding and the topography of the anterior head region . he also postulated that filter - feeding was the ancestral feeding mode of crustaceans .\nthe simplest form of intestine in crustaceans , such as cephalocarids and mystacocarids ( fig . 5 ) , consists of an oesophagus that joins the midgut without intervening structures [ 19 ] , [ 33 ] , a condition normally occurring in filter - feeding animals . skara minuta has a similarly simple structure although in this case with a presumed alternative mode of feeding .\nm\u00fcller and walossek ( [ 13 ] : 22 ) noted that numerous external muscle scars observed on various parts of the body of skara indicate a great number of muscles . however , because no internal structures were preserved , m\u00fcller and walossek [ 13 ] found it speculative to reconstruct or interpret internal features based only on the muscle scars . in this study , we are able to address some of these issues .\narthropods develop specific internal attachments for muscles . in extant taxa they are connective , i . e . formed by muscle tendons ( figure 5 ) , or cuticular formed by invaginations from the cuticle ( apodemes ) , or a combination of both . the attachment sites can detach from the cuticle and epidermis and form an internal skeleton . the endoskeletal variation is considerable within arthropod taxa [ 34 ] . the attachment sites can be both intersegmental and intrasegmental . trunk segments are usually equipped with dorsal and ventral transverse structures for the insertion of dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles as well as dorso - ventral and extrinsic limb muscles ( e . g . [ 27 ] ) . more complicated endoskeletal bars and plates are found in the head region where intersegmental and intrasegmental elements coalesce . the latter are situated above and close to the ventral nerve cord .\nin the s . minuta specimen analysed , two structures are interpreted as endoskeletal remains . dorsally , in the trunk segments below the arthrodial membrane ( fig . 1d ) , transverse thickenings , or tendons ( fig . 2a , b ) , indicate longitudinal muscles of a size that would allow great flexibility , similar to those of the highly movable cephalocarids [ 27 ] .\nthe head plate consists of a combination of endoskeleton and muscles . the fossil material does not allow a separation between the two . since no apodemes were found in our specimen it is likely that the endoskeletal structures were tendon - like and thus not particularly elaborate . the muscles to the head appendages are large , especially those associated with the second antennae and mandibles . this indicates muscle strength and a good capacity to handle food in a mode described above .\nthe labral muscle equipment has been investigated in some extant crustaceans . a highly movable labrum was described for species belonging to the conchostracan phyllopod genus caenesteriella by larink [ 35 ] . six pairs of essentially dorso - ventral muscles line up along the long axis of the labrum . the distal swelling of the labrum contains a network of muscles . a pair of longitudinal muscles insert proximally in the ventral portion of the labrum and in the head behind the compound eyes . the dorso - ventral muscles flatten the labrum and the longitudinal muscles open the buccal cavity . together , these two functions aid in the collection of food .\nsimilar functions are found in the cephalocarid crustacean hutchinsoniella macracantha [ 32 ] . two groups of dorso - ventral muscles widen the labrum and the buccal cavity . one longitudinal muscle pair spans the ventral length of the labrum and one other muscle pair , which is dorso - ventrally inserted into the ventral labral surface and into the dorsal head - shield , opens the buccal cavity . a transverse muscle pair counters the movement of the dorso - ventral muscles .\nthe functional pattern is repeated in the mystacocarid crustacean derocheilocaris remanei [ 33 ] which has three pairs of dorso - ventral muscles inside the labrum and two pairs for operating the labrum . one pair inserts longitudinally into the middle of the dorsal surface of the labrum and into the head , and the other pair extends from the labrum to the dorsal head capsule .\nthe musculature of the labrum of extant crustaceans can serve as a template only in a functional context . a strict morphological pattern serving all crustacean taxa is not present .\nthe longitudinal muscle pair found in the phosphatocopine specimens fulfils one of the above - discussed functions , namely moving the labrum up and down , thus opening the buccal cavity . a speculative explanation for the appearance of musculature in the labrum from an evolutionary point of view is that opening of the buccal cavity could take preference over a more sophisticated armament , allowing also a flattening of the labrum . the lack of dorso - ventral muscles in the investigated phosphatocopines may imply that these muscles appeared at a later stage in the evolution of crustaceans ; however , it could also simply be a preservational artefact .\nvideo clip showing the labrum of hesslandona sp . ( lo 11409 t ) . rotation showing the internal labral muscles .\nwe would like to dedicate this work to dieter waloszek , who has worked intensively on the \u2018orsten\u2019 fossils of sweden . his achievement has opened a highway to the understanding of arthropod evolution . we owe robert r . hessler thanks for valuable discussions and loren e . babcock for critically reading a draft of the manuscript . andreas maas and one anonymous referee significantly improved the manuscript . carsten tell helped with picking the residues for \u2018orsten\u2019 fossils . we are grateful also to landowner arne j\u00f6nsson for permitting the field work . srxtm analyses were performed on the tomcat beamline , the swiss light source , psi , switzerland , and we are particularly grateful to beamline manager marco stampanoni .\nconceived and designed the experiments : mee ft . performed the experiments : mee ft fm . analyzed the data : mee ft re . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mee ft fm . wrote the paper : mee ft re .\nm\u00fcller kj ( 1979 ) phosphatocopine ostracodes with preserved appendages from the upper cambrian of sweden . lethaia 12 : 1\u201327 .\nmaas a , waloszek d , m\u00fcller kj ( 2003 ) morphology , ontogeny and phylogeny of the phosphatocopina ( crustacea ) from the upper cambrian \u201corsten\u201d of sweden . fossils and strata 49 : 1\u2013238 .\nmaas a , braun a , dong xp , donoghue pcj , m\u00fcller kj , et al . ( 2006 ) the \u2018orsten\u2019\u2014more than a cambrian konservat - lagerst\u00e4tte yielding exceptional preservation . palaeoworld 15 : 266\u2013282 .\nwaloszek d ( 2003 ) the \u2018orsten\u2019 window\u2014a three - dimensionally preserved upper cambrian meiofauna and its contribution to our understanding of the evolution of arthropoda . paleontol res 7 : 71\u201388 .\nmaeda h , tanaka g , shimobayashi n , ohno t , matsuoka h ( 2011 ) cambrian orsten lagerst\u00e4tte from the alum shale formation : fecal pellets as a probable source of phosphorous preservation . palaios 26 : 225\u2013231 .\nm\u00fcller , 1983 , and the phylogeny of branchiopoda and crustacea . fossils and strata 32 : 1\u2013202 .\nwesterg\u00e5rd ah ( 1922 ) sveriges olenidskiffer . sver geol unders ca 18 : 1\u2013205 .\nhenningsmoen g ( 1957 ) the trilobite family olenidae with description of norwegian material and remarks on the olenid and tremadocian series . skrifter utgitt av det norske videnskaps - akademi i oslo , i . matematisk - naturvidenskapelig klasse 1957 ( 1 ) 1\u2013303 .\nterfelt f , eriksson me , ahlberg p , babcock le ( 2008 ) furongian series ( cambrian ) biostratigraphy of scandinavia \u2013 a revision . norwegian j geol 88 : 73\u201387 .\nterfelt f , ahlberg p , eriksson me ( 2011 ) complete record of furongian polymerid trilobites and agnostoids of scandinavia \u2013 a biostratigraphical scheme . lethaia 44 : 8\u201314 .\neriksson me , terfelt f ( 2012 ) exceptionally preserved cambrian trilobite digestive system revealed in 3d by synchrotron - radiation x - ray tomographic microscopy . plos one 7 ( 4 ) e35625 ( doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0035625 ) . .\nmartinsson a ( 1974 ) the cambrian of norden . in : lower palaeozoic rocks of the world . 2 . cambrian of the british isles , norden , and spitsbergen . holland ch , editor . london : john wiley & sons . 185\u2013283 .\nandersson a , dahlman b , gee dg , sn\u00e4ll s ( 1985 ) the scandinavian alum shales . sver geol unders ca 56 : 1\u201350 .\nm\u00fcller kj , hintz i ( 1991 ) upper cambrian conodonts from sweden . fossils and strata 28 : 1\u2013153 .\nwesterg\u00e5rd ah ( 1947 ) supplementary notes on the upper cambrian trilobites of sweden . sver geol unders c 489 : 1\u201334 .\njeppsson l , anehus r , fredholm d ( 1999 ) the optimal acetate buffered acetic acid technique for extracting phosphatic fossils . j paleontol 73 : 957\u2013965 .\n( crustacea , mystacocarida ) \u2013 a different and unique pattern . arthropod struct dev 39 : 242\u2013250 .\nelofsson r , hessler rr ( 2008 ) two microvillar organs , new to crustacea , in the mystacocarida . arthropod struct dev 37 : 522\u2013534 .\nstampanoni m , groso a , isenegger a , mikuljan g , chen q , et al . ( 2006 ) trends in synchrotronbased tomographic imaging : the sls experience . spie proceedings \u201cdevelopments in x - ray tomography v\u201d 6318 : 63180m ( doi : 10 . 1117 / 12 . 679497 ) .\nalwmark c , schmitz b , holm s , marone f , stampanoni m ( 2011 ) a 3 - d study of mineral inclusions in chromite from ordinary chondrites using synchrotron radiation x - ray tomographic microscopy\u2014method and applications . meteorit planet sci 46 : 1071\u20131081 .\nmarone f , m\u00fcnch b , stampanoni m ( 2010 ) fast reconstruction algorithm dealing with tomography artifacts . spie proceedings \u201cdevelopments in x - ray tomography vii\u201d 7804 : 780410 ( doi : 10 . 1117 / 12 . 859703 ) .\nchen j - y , bottjer dj , oliveri p , dornbos sq , gao f , et al . ( 2004 ) small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the cambrian . science 305 : 218\u2013222 .\nbengtson s , budd g ( 2004 ) comment on \u201csmall bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the cambrian . science 306 : 1291a .\ncunningham ja , thomas c - w , bengtson s , kearns sl , xiao s , et al . ( 2012 ) distinguishing geology from biology in the ediacaran doushantuo biota relaxes constrains on the timing of the origin of bilaterians . proc r soc b 279 : 2369\u20132376 .\nhessler rr ( 1964 ) the cephalocarida \u2013 comparative skeletomusculature . mem connecticut acad arts sci 16 : 1\u201397 .\nwalossek d , m\u00fcller kj ( 1998 ) early arthropod phylogeny in light of the cambrian \u201corsten\u201d fossils . in : arthropod fossils and phylogeny . edgecombe g , editor . new york : colombia university press . 185\u2013231 .\nsiveter dj , waloszek d , williams m ( 2003 ) an early cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three - dimensionally preserved soft parts from shropshire , england . spec paper palaeontol 70 : 9\u201330 .\nmaas a , waloszek d ( 2005 ) phosphatocopina \u2013 ostracode - like sister group of eucrustacea . in : evolution and diversity of ostracoda . hydrobiologia . ikeya n , tsukagoshi a , horne dj , editors . 538 : 139\u2013152 .\ndahl e ( 1956 ) on the differentiation of the topography of the crustacean head . acta zool 37 : 123\u2013192 .\nbitsch c , bitsch j ( 2002 ) the endoskeletal structures in arthropods : cytology , morphology and evolution . arthropod struct dev 30 : 159\u2013177 .\nlarink o ( 1972 ) labrum und kopfdr\u00fcsen eines conchostracen ( crustacea , phyllopoda ) . z morph tiere 72 : 341\u2013348 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nskara is a genus of maxillopod crustacean known from the upper cambrian orsten deposit of sweden and similarly aged deposits in china .\nnote : these citations are software generated and may contain errors . to verify accuracy , check the appropriate style guide ."]}
{"id": 482, "summary": [{"text": "the red whip snake or collared dwarf racer ( platyceps collaris ) is a species of snake in the family colubridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "native to the middle east , its natural habitats are mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation , rocky areas , arable land , pastureland , plantations , and rural gardens . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red whip snake", "paragraphs": ["also known as : red whip snake , brown whip snake , keel bellied whip snake , keel bellied vine snake .\ncoachwhip snake , eastern coachwhip , lined coachwhip , prairie runner , red coachwhip , red racer , san joaquin coachwhip , san joaquin whip snake , sonoran coachwhip , western coachwhip .\nred - bellied black snake ( pseudechis porphyriacus ) 2 . 52 2 . 53\nthe rufous or red whip snake ( demansia rufescens ) is restricted to the pilbara region of western australia . this one is from karratha\nsearch red whip snake and thousands of other words in english cobuild dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of red whip snake given by the english cobuild dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\ncommon names : green tree snake , yellow - belied black snake , grass snake .\nsearch red whip snake and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of red whip snake given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\nreticulated whip snake ( demansia reticulata reticulata ) . this individual from jurien , western australia\nhead of yellow - faced whip snake , demansia psammophis , showing distinctive facial markings .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is fast and alert and is active by day .\nif someone whips a person or animal , they beat them or hit them with a whip or something like a whip .\ndryophiops rubescens \u2013 brown whip snake . rear fanged . not dangerous to humans . relatively rare .\nthe coachwhip is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nnotes : these are really beautiful snakes resembling the ahaetulla prasina in body morphology and gunther\u2019s whip snake . studied closely you\u2019d be amazed at the pattern in the body of the snake . both of ours were brown whip snakes ( we are guessing \u2013 there are few photos in the lit ) , there are also red - colored species of this snake .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake usually feeds on lizards and their eggs , frogs and other small snakes .\nto bring , train , etc . , forcefully into a desired condition ( esp . in the phrases whip into line and whip into shape )\nthis snake is superficially similar to the green tree snake , dendrelaphis punctulata , which lacks markings around the eyes and the reddish tinge seen on the neck of the yellow - faced whip snake .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t61449a86246670 .\nthe small - eyed snake ( maximum length 1 . 2m ) looks similar to a red - bellied black snake , with a steely - black skin and pink belly scales that are just visible on the lower sides of the snake .\nhere is a whip snake that was a bit of a mystery for a while , it was finally identified by an american expat snake researcher in bangkok \u2013 michael cota .\nduring winter the yellow - faced whip snake may shelter beneath rocks , and has been observed aggregating with several other individuals on occasion .\ncoppertail , two - toned snake , green whip snake are all common names applied to this northwestern australian species ( demansia reticulata cupreiceps ) . this individual from whim creek , western australia\ndescription : uniform glossy black along whole body . belly has red or pink flush brighter on the sides and paler in the middle . hind edge of belly scales is black , creating an even red and black striped appearance . belly colour is visible along flanks and sides .\nthe black - necked whip snake ( demansia calodera ) is restricted to the central west coast . this individual is from carnarvon , wa .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is widespread over a large portion of mainland australia and is found in open forests , farmland and suburban gardens .\nif you have the whip hand , you have power over someone else in a particular situation .\nany of various other birds , such as pachycephala pectoralis and p . rufiventris ( mock whip bird )\nany of several birds of the genus psophodes , esp . p . olivaceus ( eastern whip bird ) and p . nigrogularis ( black - throated whip bird ) , having a whistle ending in a whipcrack note\nat snake catchers adelaide we offer toolbox talks for information , prevention and safety on snake awareness in the workplace or community .\nif you whip people into an emotional state , you deliberately cause and encourage them to be in that state .\nthese days the shopper has the whip hand , and will not buy if stores fail to lower their prices .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is a slender and fast - moving snake , active during the day . it is common and widespread across many areas of australia . it is often confused with the eastern brown snake , and it is hard to observe closely , being alert and fleeing quickly when disturbed .\n, also referred to as the whip snake , endemic to the united states and the northern half of mexico . the coachwhip is one of the largest native snakes found in north america .\nhowever ; some people take different reactions to a bite from a yellow faced whip snake , so medical advice should be sought if the bite victim has unusual symptoms or doesn\u2019t feel well .\na very fast and agile snake encountered quite frequently by brisbane residents , usually in their gardens . the yellow - faced whip snake is easy to identify by the comma marking around the eyes . they are non aggressive and will flee at the \u0003first chance .\nit is thought that the coachwhip gets its name from the pattern on its tail , which looks like a braided whip .\nmost of 1300 catch it\u2019s call outs for yellow - faced whip snakes are around the north lakes and mango hill area .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake feeds mainly on small diurnal lizards , as well as frogs and lizard eggs . they have good eyesight , and can chase and capture lizards on the run .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is a venomous snake , but is not considered dangerous . however , a bite could be extremely painful , with much local swelling . some instances of increasing severity of bites after multiple exposure have been anecdotally reported for this species .\naccident - unavoidable without exceptional awareness . herp - herpetologist bitten while handling snake . kill - bitten while killing snake . mis id - bitten while handling venomous snake believing it to be harmless . trod - bitten after treading on snake . ? - insufficient data to determine cause .\nfyfe , g . & booth , p . 1984 . ' some notes on the habits of the little whip snake , unechis flagellum . herpetofauna 6 ( 2 ) . pp 16 - 21 .\nwhen you whip something liquid such as cream or an egg , you stir it very fast until it is thick or stiff .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake has a large distribution . eastern populations occur from townsville down along the east coast and ranges , extending inland through the nsw semi - arid zone and into eastern sa .\nred - bellied blacks are active during the day and night , and are often found near swamps , lagoons , streams and wet forests of eastern queensland . growing to 2m in length , they are iridescent black above with bright red or pink scales along the edge of the belly , fading to pink to white towards the middle belly . this species is generally shy and will only defend itself if cornered .\nthe western populations , sometimes referred to as a subspecies ( demansia psammophis cupreiceps ) occupy a large portion of the arid interior . their range includes most of western sa , the southern nt and much of the interior of wa up into the pilbara region . the closely related reticulate whip snake ( demansia reticulata ) . sometimes considered a sub - species of the yellow - faced whip snake , inhabits the south - east coast of wa .\na snake will not make a deliberate move towards you unless it is provoked .\nreevesby island tiger snake ( notechis ater niger ) 0 . 131 0 . 099\nwestern mainland tiger snake ( notechis scutatus occidentalis ) 0 . 194 0 . 124\nchappell island tiger snake ( notechis ater serventyi ) 0 . 338 0 . 271\nstephens ' s banded snake ( hoplocephalus stephensii ) 1 . 36 1 . 44\nthe elapids consist of 23 species of sea snakes and 51 species of land snakes , including some of the world ' s most venomous land snakes such as the taipan , brown snake and king brown snake ( also known as mulga snake ) .\ntree snakes belong to the group of snakes known as colubrids . three main species that are regularly encountered by people are the brown tree snake ( boiga irregularis ) , common tree snake ( dendrelaphis punctulata ) and northern tree snake ( dendrelaphis calligastra ) .\nif you need help with a snake , call mr gilbert on 0409 536 000 .\neastern mainland tiger snake ( notechis s . scutatus ) 0 . 118 0 . 118\ndo not try to handle the snake . injured snakes are particularly aggressive . call the rspca qld to obtain details for a rehabilitation permit holder to come and collect the snake .\na whip is a long thin piece of material such as leather or rope , fastened to a stiff handle . it is used for hitting people or animals .\nsnake catcher richie gilbert has seen it all in more than 13 years on the job .\nthis snake is known to exist in several protected areas . no conservation actions are recommended .\na three - line whip is a situation where the mps in a political party are ordered to attend parliament and vote in a particular way on a particular issue .\nif there is a chance that a snake could find its way into your home you should have the number of a commercial snake catcher on hand . snakes found on your premises can be removed and relocated by snake catchers authorised under the nature conservation act 1992 . contact details of local snake catchers can be obtained through the yellow pages or via the internet . it is important to remember that snakes are an important part of the environment and the relocated snake is often replaced by another living nearby . the best approach is to snake - proof your house .\ncovecevich , j . & limpus , c . 1972 . ' observations on community egglaying in the yellow - faced whip snake , demansia psammophis . ( schlegel ) 1837 . ( squamata ; elapidae ) . herpetologica , 28 ( 3 ) pp 208 - 210 .\nthis snake usually feeds on lizards and their eggs but will also eat frogs and other snakes .\ndanger : highly venomous . accounts for more fatalities than any other australian snake . a nervous , ready biter it will defend itself if threatened . the second most toxic land snake in the world .\nhi , i have many whipped snake in captivity myself , and i have the one u show one of the video , howevr these snake is not poisonous . . and they move very fast\u2026they will bites once threatened . . but will not sore or pain , , some smalller whip will not even leave a tooth hole after the bites , nice work , like the way u show on video\npeter rankin ( pers . comm . ) documented a case involving an adult female red - bellied black snake at a gully in suburban sydney . the female apparently had a territory that she inhabited and never wandered out of . this snake only utilised a few particular resting places . the snake was observed closely by rankin for some time . an adult male specimen was seen to enter the territory and later mate with the female . the male ' loitered ' around the female for some time ( over a week ) , mating with her more than once , before vacating the territory , never to be seen again .\nif the snake is in a place away from electricity and valuable items , try directing a gentle jet of water from the garden hose or squirt bottle towards the snake to encourage it to move away . remember that snakes on the move will naturally try to find shelter , so hosing the snake may not always work .\nif someone whips up an emotion , especially a dangerous one such as hatred , or if they whip people up into an emotional state , they deliberately cause and encourage people to feel that emotion .\nwhen a group of people have a whip - round , money is collected from each person so that it can be used to buy something for all of them or for someone they all know .\nthis snake was found in krabi province , and far north of where other instances of this snake have been found in thailand . there were a couple found in the southernmost provinces \u2013 near narathiwat \u2013 near the malaysian border .\nit is important that you never try to kill the snake . not only is it illegal to kill a native animal , but it places you at a higher risk of being bitten if you force the snake to defend itself .\na whip is a member of a political party in a parliament or legislature who is responsible for making sure that party members are present to vote on important issues and that they vote in the appropriate way .\nand with 20 snake species living here , it is common for them to pop up in the most unlikely places .\nany of various other slender nonvenomous snakes , such as masticophis flagellum ( coachwhip snake ) of the u . s .\ndescription : the head of this snake is more brown than any other part of the body . keep in mind there are red and brown varieties . the head is elongated and has a ridge between the eye and snout . pupils are set horizontally . the body of the snake is slender \u2013 ideal for climbing through vines and light growth . the snake is measured in grams , not exceeding 300 grams for the largest of them . scales on top of the body are smooth . the underside scales are keeled and are excellent for climbing . the whip snake i caught yesterday was able to climb up a smooth plastic water jug and grip it tightly . i was quite surprised . the head is brown , the neck and first half of the body is silver / grey and mottled with some black and dark grey . the belly is pale yellow under the head and neck , and toward the tail gets a coloration very similar to the top \u2013 heavily mottled and darker brown moving posteriorly . these snakes are more thin than my smallest finger .\nto learn more , go to urltoken or follow the facebook page for tips , videos , identification and general snake education .\nan agile , fast - moving snake , the coachwhip can move at top speeds of up to four miles per hour .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake lays eggs in early summer in the south of its range , with clutches of 5 - 20 eggs ( the average is six ) being recorded . communal egg - laying of up to 200 eggs , in deep soil or rock crevices , has also been reported , possibly deposited over multiple years , as evidenced by old egg shells .\naustralia ' s most venomous ( yield ) snake is the king brown ( pseudechis australis ) . believed involved in very few fatalities .\nabout half the deaths are due to bites from the brown snake and the rest are mostly from tiger snakes , taipans and death adders .\nthe most toxic snake venom on mice ( of the species tested ) is the inland taipan ( oxyuranus microlepidotus ) . see figure 3 .\ndescription : very slender snake with long , thin whip - like tail . large prominent eyes . colour generally pale olive or bluish - grey , often with rusty flush or longitudinal stripes along front - third of body . belly grayish - green , often yellowish under tail . distinctive face markings . obvious pale cream or yellow rim around eye , with dark comma - shaped marking curving back below eye .\ndescription : large , heavy bodied snake with a highly variable , mottled and blocked pattern and colour . mostly white to cream on the underside .\nfigure 4 . comparative frequency of fatalities relative to the five species - groups of snake believed involve for the 24 year period 1980 - 2004 .\nde vis ' banded snake , denisonia devisi . in late august 1975 , colin fitzgerald and myself undertook two full days of collecting adjacent to a swamp between nevertire and nyngan , n . s . w . . on the first day the only snakes we caught were a single adult male eastern brown snake , pseudonala textilis , and an adult male de vis ' banded snake , d . devisi , which was caught inside a log .\nso he has put together a handy guide to every snake that can be found on the sunshine coast - from the nice to the particularly nasty .\nsnake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .\nis that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !\ninfo here .\nthe descriptions below will help you to become familiar with some common snakes you may encounter . a variety of books and the queensland museum website provide additional information . even snake skins that have been shed can be identified by matching them to descriptions of scale patterns and scale counts given in snake identification guides .\nno . the fastest snake in the world is the black mamba of africa and it can travel at around 12km / hr . humans can easily run faster than this . snakes soon tire , as moving rapidly uses their stored energy . the likelihood that a snake will give a persistent chase is small .\nthere is no hard - and - fast rule to distinguish a dangerous snake from a harmless one . for the untrained observer in particular , it can often be difficult to make a positive identification of different types of snakes . the general rule is always to be cautious and avoid coming into contact with any snake .\nsnake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .\nis that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !\ninfo here . view all posts by vern\nno . it is impossible for venomous and non - venomous species of snake to interbreed . even closely related species are extremely unlikely to interbreed in the wild .\nno . snake skin is very smooth and soft , similar to supple leather . snake skin is often thought to be slimy as the skin often has a shiny appearance . water pythons ( liasis mackloti ) have a waxy layer protecting the scales , adding to their shiny appearance and the perception that they are slimy animals .\nthose educators specialising in reptiles must definitely do all in their power to improve the snake ' s image . rather than promote the negatives , emphasise the positives !\nfive species of colubrid snakes , including the brown tree snake , produce weak venom delivered through fangs at the back of the mouth . venom delivery is poor and these snakes do not pose a threat to human life . five other species of colubrid snakes , including the common tree snake , do not have fangs or venom .\nhoser , r . 1980 . ' further records of aggregations of various species of australian snake ' . herpetofauna , 12 ( 1 ) , pp 16 - 22 .\nplate 1 ; yellow - faced whip snakes , demansia psammophis . these snakes were caught as a pair under a rock , at west head , n . s . w . photo by author . see the book australian reptiles and frogs for photos of named species and the habitats in which they occur .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake grows up to one hundred centimeters and is very slender . typical colors are pale bluish grey to light olive green with a greenish - grey belly . a reddish tinge on the neck and front third of its back is often present . the eye is large and is encircled by a pale ring with a black , comma - shaped marking beneath . a dark , pale - edged line on the tip of the snout runs between the nostrils .\nin australia there are about 300 snake bites every year , with 200 - 500 victims receiving anti - venom . on average , two or three bites will prove fatal .\non a rainy day in august 1975 , alex dudley and myself caught eight yellow - faced whip snakes under scattered slabs of sandstone , near rock outcrops within a few hundred metres of mona vale road , at terry hills , n . s . w . the snakes appeared inactive and the air temperature was about 15c .\nit can be distinguished from the eastern brown snake ( pseudonaja textilis ) by its facial markings , smaller size and slimmer shape and through its less patterned belly ( lacking orange blotches ) .\nit is pale grey to brown in colour , with a reddish or yellowish head and tail , and often a red stripe down the centre of the back , which when present is stronger toward the front of the body . the belly is grey - green to yellowish . a dark comma - shaped streak runs from the eye to the corner of the mouth , bordered by a distinct white margin . the face is usually but not always yellowish , with a narrow yellow - edged dark bar around the front of the snout from nostril to nostril .\nis it true that dangerous snakes such as taipans etc . are interbreeding with pythons , and producing ' venomous pythons ' ? does the taipan cross with the king brown to produce a fierce snake ?\nwe tailor to your needs for time and placement and there aren\u2019t any minimum requirements on how many people attend . sessions are very informative and may even change the way you feel regarding either a fear of snakes or not understanding the behaviour of these misunderstood animals . what is covered in the sessions ? well , we can cater to your needs if you have specific information required , or , we cover venomous snake behaviour and understanding of the animal , snake identification , situations to avoid , what to do if you are bitten , initial first aid for snake bite , and q & a .\nmost sessions are required for us to bring along venomous snakes which is a great way of learning their behaviour and understanding they are not evil creatures like some are lead to believe and also for snake identification \u2013 it\u2019s great for people to see them up close as some people have never seen a snake in the wild before and can only go on to relate to what they see or hear .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is very slender and is pale bluish grey to light olive green . it typically has a reddish tinge on the neck and front third of its back . the eye is large and is encircled by a pale ring . there is a black , comma - shaped marking beneath the eye and a dark , pale - edged line on the tip of the snout running between the nostrils . the belly is usually greenish - grey . this species grows to 1 m . midbody scale rows 15 ; ventrals 165\u2013230 ; anal and subcaudals divided .\nrange : literature has this snake occurring only in thailand\u2019s deep south , but , this is the second instance of one found in krabi province \u2013 so , obviously the range includes this province as well .\npairing of this snake has also been observed in sydney ' s north shore , although it seems less common there . the three areas referred to above are substantially colder then sydney ' s north shore .\nmost snakes have the potential to bite a human , but will generally only bite as a last resort . not all snake bites are harmful . pythons do not have venom and colubrids ( rear - fanged snakes ) either have a weak venom or lack venom altogether . bites from venomous elapids ( front - fanged snakes ) should be taken seriously and treated appropriately . read more about avoiding and treating snake bites .\nthis arboreal , diurnal snake inhabits primary and secondary lowland tropical wet forest where it can be found in thick vegetation ( david and vogel 1996 ) . it has also been found in shrubs in gardens ( cox\nthere are a number of species of brown snakes in queensland . the one that is most commonly seen is the common or eastern brown snake . this snake occurs over all but the western - most parts of queensland and across a wide range of habitats ( the other species of brown snake occur in western and central queensland ) . like all brown snakes , the eastern brown is fast - moving and sun - loving , and is generally active during the day . it is particularly lively when the weather is extremely hot and is often found around houses and sheds where it searches for prey including rats , mice and lizards .\ndon ' t panic . back away to a safe distance and allow the snake to move away . snakes often want to escape when disturbed . remember , all native wildlife , including snakes , is protected .\nto increase people ' s awareness and improve the snake ' s image in australia much more positive information must be available in any educational session . maybe this will encourage people ' s want to conserve them .\nthe brown tree snake , sometimes referred to as a ' doll ' s - eye ' or ' night tiger ' lives in coastal areas of the state and cape york peninsula , across a range of habitats from rainforest , mangroves and wet and dry sclerophyll forests , through to paperbark swamps and coastal heaths . it is a distinctive snake with large eyes , a broad head and thin neck and long slender body . its body colour is brown to bright reddish - brown with many irregular , dark cross - bands . its belly is cream to salmon - coloured . the brown tree snake grows to an average length of 1 . 5 metres ( m ) , reaching a maximum of 2m . at night , this snake mostly forages in trees but will also hunt on the ground for small mammals , birds and their eggs , and lizards .\ngeneral : most commonly encountered snake in the region . often lives in ceilings . active day and night . large specimens can devour small pets such as dogs , cats and chickens , with smaller specimens taking caged birds .\nthere are several recognised subspecies of coachwhip ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) , ranging in colour from black or red to yellow - tan and even pink ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . for instance , the western coachwhip ( masticophis flagellum testaceus ) is typically light tan ( 2 ) to dark brown ( 9 ) , with uniform colouration across its entire body ( 2 ) . this subspecies is found in three forms , one of which has virtually no markings . in the other two forms , one is marked with narrow bands , and the other with broad bands ( 9 ) .\nit is also locally threatened by accidental mortality on roads , occasional persecution , and also by accidental poisoning through the use of agrochemicals . in north africa , it is increasingly captured for use by snake charmers in local markets .\nno . under no circumstances can you keep a snake that you have found in the wild . all wildlife in queensland is protected under the nature conservation act 1992 . it is an offence to keep wild animals , and fines and penalties may apply . if you want to keep a snake as a pet , you can legally acquire an animal that has been bred in captivity from an authorised reptile dealer . you will also need to obtain a wildlife licence from qpws to keep the snake . even if you have a wildlife permit , it cannot be used to take additional snakes from the wild . for more information about wildlife licences and permits visit permit and licence management .\ndescription : solidly - built snake but not as large as the coastal carpet python . fawn or pale - brown ground colour with contrasting dark , chocolatey - brown mottled and blotched pattern and colour . mostly cream on the underside .\nthis snake is potentially dangerous and should be treated with caution . the symptoms are usually local . if bitten , apply first aid and seek urgent medical attention . first aid procedure for any snakebite from the australian venom research unit .\nsee snake identification for pictures and information about these and other snakes that live near you . find out what snakes occur in your area by requesting a species list of wildlife ( including snakes ) that have been recorded in your area .\nthis snake is found in dry , stony areas of the sahara with sparse vegetation . it can be found in open scrubland , semi - desert , steppe areas , arable land , olive groves , dry ditches , stone walls , and old buildings ( including ruins ) . the female lays eggs . it is a fast - moving diurnal snake that basks for long periods in the morning sun , and actively hunts lizards , rodents , and occasionally birds ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) .\nthe brown tree snake is a regular visitor to aviaries and houses in both urban and bushland environments , often seen hunting for geckos around the window sills at night and taking refuge in roofs , walls and on exposed rafters during the day . the brown tree snake is not considered dangerous to people as it is weakly venomous and rear fanged . nevertheless , it can become very aggressive when disturbed and will often rear up into a series of s - shaped loops before delivering rapid and accurate strikes .\non a later solo collecting trip to this area , scenlon had his activities cut short after being bitten by a brown snake , pseudonaja spp . , that he was capturing . he was rushed to hospital after less than five minutes in the field .\nthe guide below outlines characteristics of the most commonly encountered snakes in queensland . this information should only be used as a general guide and should not be relied upon to provide positive snake identification . never approach snakes and never assume that they are non - venomous .\nhouses and yards can also be used by snakes for shelter . carpet pythons are regularly found curled up in ceilings , enjoying the security and warmth . a variety of snake species is often encountered in places such as timber piles and under sheets of corrugated iron .\nmany people make an erroneous distinction between tiger snake ' s ( notechis scutatus ) fangs and coastal taipan ' s ( oxyuranus scutellatus ) , saying the former differ by being grooved . the only distinction is the length , in both species they are effectively hollow .\naggregation in a number of australian snake species has been recorded , aggregation is defined here as three or more snakes being located at a single site , excluding cases where it consists of a single female and newborn young . species of australian snakes known to aggregate include ;\nclose the internal doors in the house and open the external doors and windows . block the gaps underneath internal doors with rolled up towels . place chairs and boxes under windows to make it easier for snakes to climb out . keep everyone well clear of the snake .\na long , slender species ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , the coachwhip ( masticophis flagellum ) is one of the largest native snakes in north america ( 3 ) . the scales on the upperparts of this species are smooth ( 3 ) ( 4 ) and overlap each other ( 4 ) , and it is thought that the coachwhip gets its common name from the pattern on its tail , which resembles a braided whip ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe yellow - faced whip snake is found in a wide range of habitats from the coast inland to semi - arid areas , though it is largely absent from northern australia , it does reach as far north as townsville on the east coast . though it ranges well into the semi - arid zone it is mostly restricted to areas with some amount of tree cover and low vegetation , though it may opportunistically range into dry open deserts after rain boom periods . it is sun - loving and is mainly absent from very closed dark forests in which it cannot find much opportunity to bask . in this respect it is most common in open forests such as dry - sclerophyll , but will occupy any open sunny area with an abundance of its preferred prey , skinks .\ni was walking at kit karson park when i saw something slither at first i thought i was imagining i saw a snake but no then i saw it was two . part of me was scared . but then they told me it isn ' t so i relaxed a little\nsome reptile texts , ( which i am unable to locate at present ) , state that for most snake species a male , by his wanderings during the breeding season , will hopefully find a receptive female , mate with her , and then part ways . observations by myself of wild specimens of many species , and of captive specimens , tend to refute the above idea in at least some species . i propose that for many snake species the male will ' trail ' a female for some period during the mating season , possibly mating with her more than once .\nall aspects of a snake ' s life rely on this external heat to function , whether it is to feed , find a mate , fight off disease and infection , or even just to pump blood around its body . as a result , they are not very active during winter .\nsnake activity patterns change dramatically over the course of a year . throughout the cool months , snakes and other reptiles are relatively inactive . reptiles gain body warmth using external heat sources , either by basking in the sun or in warm places including rocks , near roads and even under the fridge !\nit is rare for snakes to be found copulating in the wild . however , it is common to find pairs of snake together . snakes do not need to stay in pairs in order to survive threats from climate or predators , so it must be concluded that pairing is only for breeding purposes .\nsetting a good example around wildlife is also something adults can do . if a child sees an adult kill a snake , they are more likely to show the same behaviour in a similar situation . it is important that children learn to respect snakes and are taught the correct way to behave around them .\nthe northern and common tree snakes are active during the day , spending most of their lives in trees or shrubs , but hunt on the ground for frogs , birds , reptiles and occasionally small mammals . they are slender and agile snakes with whip - like tails , often encountered by humans in the bush and around the house , but will usually quickly retreat . these snakes are completely harmless and will only bite as a last resort . they often emit an unpleasant smell when threatened . unfortunately , they are sometimes killed when mistaken for venomous black snakes .\nif this is a concern , it is important that steps are taken to minimise the chances of snakes being in your yard . see living with snakes for helpful advice . it is important that parents , teachers and childcare providers are aware of snakes and correct first aid in the event of a snake bite .\nthose in a position of authority perpetuate many myths unknowingly . for example , some diving instructors continue to incorrectly refer to the\nsmall mouth and rear fangs\nin sea snakes . they often comment that sea snakes can only bite between the fingers or on the ear lobes . this is far from the truth ( see limpus , 1987 pg 198 or bush ' s article on fangs ) . zimmerman ( 1988 ) relates an experience where a stokes sea snake ( astrotia stokesii ) bites both a camera ' s strobe arm and a diving flipper thrust towards it . however , there are no documented fatalities in australia from sea snake bite .\nthe world ' s deadliest snake , based on documented deaths , is probably the saw - scaled viper ( echis carinatus ) especially in sri lanka . the deaths of nearly fifty people per million from snakebite occur there each year . today in australia we have 0 . 13 / million deaths each year . see figure 1 .\nyou should not try to identify snakes by their colour alone . snakes vary greatly in their colour and patterns between species and within species . some experts can identify snakes by sight but the most accurate way is by looking at physical characteristics like the number of scales around the mid - body , types of scales on the head and the types of teeth . catching a snake to identify it can be extremely dangerous and is illegal . if a photograph can be safely taken it can be compared with the snake identification pictures on this website or by going to the queensland museum website . if this doesn ' t provide an answer , the picture can be forwarded to the queensland museum for identification .\ntaipans have the unenviable reputation of being australia ' s most deadly snakes . the longest venomous snake in the country , the coastal taipan reaches an average length of 2 . 5m , with a maximum length of 3 . 35m . the head of a coastal taipan is large , rectangular - shaped and distinct from its narrow neck . the eye is a reddish colour . adult coastal taipans have a uniformly light or dark - brown colouration above with a creamy - yellow belly that usually has reddish or pink spots towards the front . these spots are not as distinct as on the brown snake . they mainly eat rats and mice , and taipans are commonly encountered by humans in sheds , farm buildings and waste heaps .\npythons may coil around their eggs to protect them , aiding incubation . female pythons will even ' shiver ' to generate heat to keep the eggs warm . young snakes emerge from eggs with the use of their egg tooth\u2014a projection on the top of the snout . the tooth is used to make slits in the shell through which the young snake can emerge .\ndescription : variable colouring but typically shades of grey , brown or olive with irregular , broken cross - bands or flecks of darker brown and flecks of paler creamy colour . belly surfaces cream or pale rusty colour with dark scale edges . feature is each scale has a distinct raised longitudinal ridge , giving the snake an appearance of parallel ridges down the length of the body .\nno mating activity was noticed in captivity between these two or other specimens of the same species held in a single cage by myself . however , on 30th may 1979 two eggs were produced , followed by two more on 6th july 1979 , and twelve more on 15th july 1979 . all were apparently hard and infertile , the snake having been ' egg - bound ' for some time .\npairing of this species has been well documented by fyfe and booth , 1984 . they reported pairing behaviour in this species , and report it as being more common to find specimens in groups of two or more , then singly . the winter ' aggregations ' averaged 3 snakes per rock ( presumably including single snake finds in the just quoted statistic ) , whilst summer aggregations averaged two snakes .\nthis slender bodies colubrid snake is adapted to vertical substrates , and occurs in a wide variety of arid , dry and rocky habitats . it is very adaptable to modified habitats , commonly found in scrubland , coastal plains , arable land , pastures , vineyards , almond and olive groves , rural gardens , villages and cities in and around buildings . the females lay clutches of up to 11 eggs .\npairing behaviour is defined here as\nwhen a male and female specimen of the same species are found within close or immediate proximity\n. this could be under the same piece of ground cover , or within a few metres of each other . species of snake that engage in pairing behaviour probably also aggregate in large numbers when circumstances allow , and both behavioural patterns must be regarded as essentially similar .\nyou can take measures to reduce the attractiveness of your yard or house to snakes . if you have a rock wall or other structure that has the potential to house frogs and rats , and in turn attract snakes , discourage these animals by blocking holes . avoid creating habitat for snakes by keeping a tidy , well - maintained yard and shed . actively discourage rats and mice , and snake - proof your aviaries and poultry pens .\nas the months become warmer , particularly around september , snakes become active and are frequently encountered by people . this is the breeding and feeding season for snakes . a good guide to when a snake is likely to be active is if the species that it feeds on are active and abundant at that particular time and place . for example , frog - eating snakes are likely to be active on warm , humid nights near streams when frogs are breeding .\nadult eastern brown snakes are usually uniform in colour , being light brown , orange or black , with a slender streamlined body and small head . when they hatch a young brown snake usually has a black head ( except for a brown snout ) and a black band across its neck . some hatchlings will have black bands across the entire length of their bodies . this species grows to an average length of about 1 . 5m but can reach a length of 2 . 4m .\ncoastal taipans occupy a wide range of habitats from tropical wet sclerophyll to dry forests and woodland . they are usually active during the day , but can be active at night during very hot weather . this is not a naturally aggressive snake and if disturbed , it will generally retreat . humans are rarely bitten but , if a taipan is cornered or attacked , it will viciously defend itself , striking repeatedly with speed and accuracy . taipans have very keen senses and are extremely alert .\nwhen provoked , the snake curves itself into an s - shape to strike , raising its head from the ground and displaying orange spots on its belly . eastern brown snakes can strike with extreme speed and ferocity , especially if cornered , and often a series of bites are inflicted in these situations . if bitten , the initial effects of the venom appear quickly - a severe headache develops within 15 minutes . paralysis develops very slowly and the majority of patients receive antivenin before paralysis has occurred .\ni have heard it said many times by people i believe should know better that this or that australian snake is\nmore deadly\n,\nmore toxic\nor\nmore venomous\nthan the indian cobra ( naja naja ) . this is a misrepresentation of the facts and gains little support from the evidence available concerning humans . these types of statements have no place in education if positive results are the goal . all venomous snakes have the potential to be dangerous because of the variable sensitivity between individual people to venoms . however , first a bite has to occur .\non other continents humans have existed for hundreds of thousands of years . therefore , has the cobra evolved the hood , elevated stance and , in some species , the ability to\nspit\nvenom as a direct response to human predation ? what about the snakes that play dead ? the rinkhals ( hemachatus haemachatus ) , one of a few\ncobras\ncapable of spitting , also plays dead . this behaviour would have little effect in deterring a predator looking for a feed , but it may deter a passing human from taking up a club and clobbering the snake into lifeless pulp .\nthe common tree snake is widespread along the east coast of queensland and cape york peninsula across a range of coastal , rainforest , wet and dry sclerophyll forests , and riverine environments . their colours vary in different areas from grey to olive - green through various shades of brown to almost black or even blue above . the head of lighter - coloured specimens is often grey or brown , contrasting strongly with their body colour . the belly is usually lemon - yellow , varying from white to olive , yellow , green or even bluish . the species reaches an average length of 1 . 2m but can grow to 2m .\nthe coachwhip is a diurnal species , meaning that it is active during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . it is thought to take shelter in crevices or animal burrows at night , and may also use such retreats in the winter ( 2 ) . this species is typically active from march to october , or even until november in the warmer parts of its range ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . an agile , fast - moving snake ( 2 ) ( 9 ) , the coachwhip can reach top speeds of about four miles per hour on the ground ( 2 ) , and is also reported to be an excellent climber ( 3 ) .\njustification : has a limited distribution ( extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 18 , 755 km 2 [ b1 ] ) in a region that is characterised by high levels of habitat transformation . average habitat transformation within the cape floristic region is estimated at approximately 30 % , while certain vegetation types ( e . g . renosterveld ) in which this species is known to occur have been reduced by up to 80 % in extent ( rouget et al . 2003 ) [ b1b ( iii ) ] . habitat transformation is expected to increase ( rouget et al . 2003 ) . additionally , remaining habitats within the range are likely to be severely fragmented [ b1a ] . there are very few large tracts of undisturbed habitat remaining for this species , which occurs in few protected areas . it is likely that the majority of subpopulations are isolated and although this snake is capable of long distance movement , altered habitats and roads will act as barriers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 489, "summary": [{"text": "plesiocystiscus gutta is a species of minute sea snail , a marine gastropod in the family marginellidae , sometimes instead placed in the eponymous family cystiscidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is sometimes known simply as cystiscus gutta . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "plesiocystiscus gutta", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about plesiocystiscus gutta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for plesiocystiscus gutta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define plesiocystiscus gutta in a sentence and how is the word plesiocystiscus gutta used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528plesiocystiscus gutta\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528plesiocystiscus gutta\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528plesiocystiscus gutta\u9020\u53e5 , plesiocystiscus gutta meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : plesiocystiscus gutta ( s . gofas & f . fernandes , 1988 ) - id : 2030451745\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngofas s . & fernandes f . 1988 . the marginellids of s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , west africa . journal of conchology 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 , pls . 1 - 2 . page ( s ) : 16 - 19 , pl . 2a [ details ]\ncoovert g . a . & coovert h . k . ( 1995 ) revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods . the nautilus 109 ( 2 - 3 ) : 43 - 110 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngofas s . & fernandes f . 1988 . the marginellids of s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , west africa . < i > journal of conchology < / i > 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 30 , pls . 1 - 2 .\ncoovert g . a . & coovert h . k . ( 1995 ) revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods . < i > the nautilus < / i > 109 ( 2 - 3 ) : 43 - 110 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\ntwo new species of teretia ( gastropoda : raphitomidae ) from west africa . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 15 with 9 figs . offprint from iberus 35 ( 2 )\na new genus of the family tornidae ( gastropoda : truncatelloidea ) with the description of eight new species . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 18 with 9 figs . offprint from iberus 34 ( 2 )\ntaxonomic notes on the alvania dictyophora complex with the description of alvania desabatae spec . nov . ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) from the mediterranean sea . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 18 with 5 figs ( 2 in color ) . offprint from iberus 34 ( 2 )\ngastropods collected along the continental slope of the colombian carribean during the invemar - macrofauna campaigns ( 1998 - 2001 ) . in 8vo , offp . , pp . 33 , with 56 figs . offprint from iberus 22 ( 1 )\nbooks llc , wiki series , 2011 . condition : new . this item is printed on demand for shipment within 3 working days .\ncircuitus , a new genus of the family tornidae ( gastropoda , truncatelloidea ) with the description of six new species . in 8vo , broch . , pp . 16 with 7 figs . extract from iberus 35 ( 1 ) .\nlorenzo p\u00e9rez agust\u00edn , 2016 . soft . condition : new . * * * nota : el coste de env\u00edo a canarias es 11 . 49 euros . si ha realizado un pedido con destino a canarias no podemos hacer el env\u00edo con el coste actual . nos pondremos en contacto con usted para comunicar el coste total del env\u00edo a canarias y si est\u00e1 de acuerdo , abebooks le efectuar\u00e1 el cargo adicional .\ntell us what you ' re looking for and once a match is found , we ' ll inform you by e - mail .\ncan ' t remember the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office ."]}
{"id": 500, "summary": [{"text": "mystacocarida is a subclass of crustaceans , that form part of the meiobenthos .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they are less than 1 mm ( 0.04 in ) long , and live interstitially in the intertidal zones of sandy beaches . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "mystacocarida", "paragraphs": [": new species of mystacocarida from africa . crustaceana . ( in press ) .\naspects of the biology of derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . ii . distribution\nexternal morphology and post - embryonic development of derocheilocaris remanei ( mystacocarida ) revisi . . .\nhessler , r . r . : a new species of mystacocarida from maine . vie milieu\nleo shapiro added text to\ntext\non\nmystacocarida pennak & zinn , 1943\n.\naspects of the biology of derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) . ii . distribution | springerlink\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhiekkary\u00f6mij\u00e4t\nto\nmystacocarida pennak & zinn , 1943\n.\nderocheilocaris typicus order mystacocarida family derocheilocaridae taxonomy derocheilocaris typicus pennak and zinn , 1943 . other common names none known .\n( crustacea , mystacocarida ) . iii behavioral responses to variations in selected environmental factors . ( in preparation ) .\n: mystacocarida , a new order of crustacea from intertidal beaches in massachusetts and connecticut . smithson . misc . collns\nmystacocarida ( mystacocarids ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nestudios sobre crustaceos chilenos en aguas subterreneas . iv . nuevo hallazgo de derocheilocaris galvarini dahl en chile central ( crustacea , mystacocarida )\n( mystacocarida ) , sems . a : \ue002stage 1 metanauplius ( same specimen as \ufb01g . 26 . 1a ) , ventral view\n( crustacea , mystacocarida ) on a north and south carolina beach . m . a . thesis , wake forest , college 1965 .\n: a new species and a new subspecies of mystacocarida ( crustacea ) from the mediterranean shores of israel . israel j . zool .\n( mystacocarida ) and a comparative study of the larval development of various branchiopods representing most of the systematic groups . a new species of\nmystacocarida ( mystacocarids ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\n: mystacocarida . reports of the lund university chile expedition . 1948\u20131949 , 7 . lunds univ . \u00e5rsskr . ( new ser . ) ( 2 )\nlombardi , j . , and e . e . ruppert .\nfunctional morphology of locomotion in derocheilocaris typica ( crustacea : mystacocarida ) .\nzoomorphology 100 ( 1982 ) : 1\u201310 .\npennak , r . w . , and d . j . zinn .\nmystacocarida , a new order of crustacea from intertidal beaches in massachusetts and connecticut .\nsmithsonian miscellaneous collections 103 ( 1943 ) : 1\u201311 .\na phylogenetic analysis of six of the eight orders of the branchiopoda has been almost completed . a comparative study of the phylogenetic significance of the so - called dorsal organ of the family chydoridae ( cladocera ) has been carried out . a study of the morphology and phylogeny of smaller crustaceans ( mystacocarida , leptostraca , remipedia , and branchiopoda ) has been initiated ; it comprises a description of the larval development of\nty - jour ti - a new species of mystacocarida crustacea from algoa bay south africa t2 - annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum . vl - 66 ur - urltoken pb - south african museum , cy - cape town : py - 1974 sp - 169 ep - 175 sn - 0303 - 2515 au - mclachlan , a au - grindley , j r er -\na re - description of the post - embryonic development of derocheilocaris remanei delamare - deboutteville and chappuis , 1951 ( mystacocarida ) is presented . it includes nine stages , not ten as originally described . the first stage already has a maxillula ( though not fully developed ) and is , therefore , not an ortho - nauplius as previously reported . particular focus is on the development of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\n@ article { bhlpart93267 , title = { a new species of mystacocarida crustacea from algoa bay south africa } , journal = { annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum . } , volume = { 66 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { cape town : south african museum , 1898 - 2004 . } , author = { mclachlan , a and grindley , j r } , year = { 1974 } , pages = { 169 - - 175 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of mystacocarida crustacea from algoa bay south africa < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > mclachlan , a < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > grindley , j r < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 66 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > annals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> cape town : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > south african museum , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 66 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 169 < / start > < end > 175 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1974 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n. rostrum absent ; eyes sessile ; with simple ocelli ; ocular scale absent ; naupliar eyes absent . antennules ( antenna 1 ) uniramous ; peduncle and flagellum indistinguishable ; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) biramous ; exopod multiarticulate . mandible biramous . maxillipeds , 1 pair ; biramous .\n; non - phyllopodous ; differentiated ( some prehensile ) . abdomen with 6 somites . epimera absent . pleopods absent . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned terminally or subterminally ; rami absent ; claw - like .\n. east coast of north america ; west coast of south america ; mediterranean sea ; east and west coasts of africa .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nphylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea class maxillopoda number of families 1 thumbnail description very small , vermiform crustaceans with appendages behind those of the head strongly reduced or absent illustration : derocheilocaris typicus .\nmystacocarids have recently been grouped with , among others , copepoda , ostracoda , and cirripedia , and in the class maxillopoda . these groups all have in common shortened bodies with at most 11 trunk segments behind the head , of which six are thoracic segments . there are 13 known species of mystacocarids , which are grouped into a single family containing two genera . some scientists now classify this group at the order level .\nmembers of the genus derocheilocaris are known from the coastlines of eastern north america , including the gulf of mexico , the atlantic coast of southern europe to the tip of southern africa , as well as the mediterranean . species in the genus ctenocheilocaris are known from the southern coasts of eastern and western south america , as well as western australia .\nall mystacocarids live among the sand grains of outer coastal beaches . their distribution within one beach may be quite patchy , so they are often not found in areas where they were previously known to occur .\nmystacocarids move among sand grains . they use the antenna and mandibles as well as the surface of the trunk to push against the sand grain surfaces . in order to move efficiently , they require sand grains both above and below the body .\nmystacocarids most likely graze on microalgae and bacteria living on the surfaces of sand grains . the movements of the mouth appendages may also be responsible for capturing particles in the interstitial spaces .\nsexes are separate . copulation has not been observed , but it is known that fertilized eggs are shed freely into the interstitial habitat . development is direct , proceeding though a series of molt stages in which body somites and appendages are added in a gradual manner . beyond the first three head appendages , body somites are always added , then limb primor - dia , and finally the definitive appendage .\nno mystacocarid species are known to be threatened , even though some species are known from single localities . none are listed by the iucn .\nthese small animals are most likely only of intellectual interest , not being part of any food web leading directly to fish or other consumable marine organisms .\nvery conservative body plan , with differences among them being in the details of the appendages and the sizes of trunk structures such as the toothed furrows . has a large and robust maxillule with slight divisions of the precoxa , coax , and basis . the endites on the mouth appendages bear robust setulose setae . caudal furca short , with terminal seta almost as long as basal article . ( illustration shown in chapter introduction . )\nfound along the atlantic coast of the united states from cape cod to southern florida .\nlives deep in the beach , often several feet ( meters ) inland from the low - tide line where the seawater penetrates at high tide , but often individuals are above the water table at low tide .\nfeeds on small particles in the interstitial spaces on or microal - gae and bacteria scraped from the surfaces of sand grains .\neggs are laid freely in the beach and development is direct , proceeding from a metanauplius with four post - cephalic somites . develops through six metanaupliar , and one juvenile stage before reaching adult size . one additional molt as an adult occurs .\nfirst mystacocarid species to be discovered ; a new crustacean order was created to house it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis class was first described in 1943 . the first specimens were collected from beeches in massachusetts and connecticut . there are 12 species described so far ; all are marine . they are found in interstitial spaces in shallow sediments . all are less than 0 . 5 mm long and show many primitive characteristics , see below .\nthere are twelve species , all microscopic 0 . 15 - 0 . 20 mm , ectoparasites of other marine crustaceans . the larvae and females attach to the host by an adhesive disc . adult males are free - swimming . they are usually found in deep waters .\ntheir bodies are enclosed within a bivalve carapace making them look like tiny clams ( see above and below ) . they are all small ranging in size from 0 . 25 mm to 8 . 0 mm . the freshwater species rarely exceed 3 mm , although the largest marine species , gigantocypris mulleri , can be as long as 30 mm .\nthere are over 8 , 000 described species , and they have existed since the cambrian . they are widespread and found in both marine and freshwater habitats at all depths . there are a few terrestrial species found in the moist leaf litter of forest floors .\nthey have diverse feeding habits including particle , plant , carrion and some are even predators on smaller animals . some species are luminescent , emitting bluish light in bursts that last 1 - 2 seconds . they are difficult to identify down to species level . when disturbed , the shell valves close tightly , leaving nothing on the outside . from the side they resemble a bean , and from above they look like an egg . like water fleas the movement of the antennae allow the animal to swim . a plate attached to the jaw vibrates setting up a current of water bringing oxygen to the shell .\nthe female lays her eggs on water plants . to the naked eye the batch of eggs looks like rust . in favourable conditions they will hatch in 6 - 8 weeks , but they can survive in dry mud as eggs for over 20 years before hatching . below is pionocypris vidua , a freshwater species .\nthere are almost 12 , 000 species described in this class so far , about 25 % are parasitic , and nearly all are less than 2 cm in length . there are around 40 species of cyclops in the uk , all are very similar .\nthey are found in all kinds of freshwater habitats , where they eat food particles suspended in the water and dead animals . they are mainly marine , but perhaps the best known group are the cyclops found in freshwater .\nthey have a characteristic body - club shaped body ending in a forked tail . usually they have a single black or red eye . they have no carapace or compound eyes . the first pair of antennae is long and the second pair is short .\nthe non - parasitic copepods are the dominant members of marine plankton , so are important in the food chain . above is cyclops strenuous .\nmost non - parasitic species have a life span of one year or less . some of the freshwater species can secrete a cyst - like covering to help them withstand periods of drying out .\nduring mating the males use their antennae to grab females . then the male simply attaches a sperm packet to the female ' s genitals . both sexes use their antennae for swimming . females can have one or two egg sacs each containing around 50 eggs ( see left and right ) . one mating is all that is required to fertilise a few successive set of egg sacs .\nleft is ergasilus versicolor , a parasitic copepod which lives in the gills of freshwater fish . only the female is parasitic . note how the second pair of antennae are modified for grasping .\nthese are small , have an elongated body with about 30 pairs of legs ( see above ) . they are mainly predatory , have many primitive features , and are found in marine caves . ! 2 species have been described so far .\nthere are nine species in this class . all are marine , shrimp - like ( see above ) and less than 4 mm long . most have an eight - segmented thorax , and a twelve - segmented abdomen . they have very primitive features , are hermaphroditic , and are without eyes or carapace . they are found in fine sediments .\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience , or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution , fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge , accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students . its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie . contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright \u00a9 mcgraw - hill global education holdings , llc . all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice . any use is subject to the terms of use . additional credits and copyright information .\nplease include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article . content on this website is from high - quality , licensed material originally published in print form . you can always be sure you ' re reading unbiased , factual , and accurate information .\nhighlight the text below , right - click , and select \u201ccopy\u201d . paste the link into your website , email , or any other html document .\nyour email address will be altered so spam harvesting bots can ' t read it easily . hide my email completely instead ?\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30d2\u30b2\u30a8\u30d3\u76ee\nto\nmystacocaridida\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017 , at 03 : 51 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nannals of the south african museum . annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nbowman , thomas e . , and lawrence g . abele / lawrence g . abele , ed . / dorothy e . bliss , ed . - in - chief\nthe biology of crustacea , vol . 1 : systematics , the fossil record , and biogeography\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 62563c97 - 1ba4 - 4118 - b99f - 3de82abfc7bd\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 283447\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nmembers of the genus derocheilocaris are known from the coastlines of eastern north america , including the gulf of mexico , the atlantic coast of southern europe to the tip of southern africa , as well as the mediterranean . species in the genus ctenocheilocaris are known from the southern coasts of eastern and western south america , as well as western australia .\nsexes are separate . copulation has not been observed , but it is known that fertilized eggs are shed freely into the interstitial habitat . development is direct , proceeding though a series of molt stages in which body somites and appendages are added in a gradual manner . beyond the first three head appendages , body somites are always added , then limb primordia , and finally the definitive appendage .\nfeeds on small particles in the interstitial spaces on or microalgae and bacteria scraped from the surfaces of sand grains .\nsomites . develops through six metanaupliar , and one juvenile stage before reaching adult size . one additional molt as an adult occurs .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nmystacocarid crustaceans are characteristic members of the mesopsammon of many marine beaches . a detailed investigation of the distribution of\n, 1943 , shows that this species is most abundant on open ocean , high - energy beaches , with only scattered occurrence in estuarine beaches . a characteristic distribution pattern in beaches is shown , with maximum density occurring between mid and high - water levels . this pattern changes seasonally , with the position of maximum density moving deeper into the beach and more landward during winter months . short - term changes in distribution also occur , resulting from tidal migrations and abnormal hydrodynamic patterns ( i . e . , storms ) . longshore variability in abundance suggests the occurrence of clumps of crustaceans arranged much like beads on a string . changes in abundance or segregation of sexes and stages seasonally are not found .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n: populationsdynamik , lebenszyklen und fortpflanzungsbiologie der mikrofauna des meeressandes . zool . anz . ( suppl . )\n: waves and beaches . the dynamics of the ocean surface , 267 pp . new york : doubleday 1964 .\n\u2014 : biologie des eaux souterraines littorales et continentales , 740 pp . paris : hermann press 1960 .\n: zur okologie der acoela ( turbellaria ) in der deutschen bucht . helgol\u00e4nder wiss . meeresunters .\n: vertical and horizontal distribution of the metazoan microfauna and of some physical factors in a sandy beach in the northern part of the \u00f8resund . ophelia\n: a quantitative study of the meiofauna of an exposed sandy beach , at robin hood ' s bay , yorkshire . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\n\u2014 : quantitative and experimental studies of the interstitial fauna in four swedish sandy beaches . ophelia\n: studies on the ecology of the interstitial fauna of marine sandy beaches . thesis of dept . of zoology and ask\u00f6 laboratory , university of stockholm 1968b .\n: psammolittoral marine tardigrades from north carolina and their conformity to worldwide zonation patterns . cah . biol . mar . ( in press ) .\n: studies on the diversity of the nematode fauna in intertidal sediments . fifth eur . symp . mar . biol . , venice , 1970 . ( in press ) .\n: distribution and dynamics of interstitial tardigrada at woods hole , massachusetts , usa . ophelia\n: recherches \u00e9cologiques sur la faune interstitielle des sables ( bassin d ' areachon , ile de bimini , bahamas ) . vie milieu ( suppl . )\n: how much seawater passes through intertidal intersticies ? int . revue ges . hydrobiol . ( in press ) .\n: gezeitenbedingte wanderungen von turbellarien und nematoden in einem nordadriatischen sandstrand . vie milieu . ( in press ) .\n: die quantitative verteilung und populations - dynamik des mesopsammons am gezeiten - sandstrand der nordseeinsel sylt . i faktorengef\u00fcge und biologische gliederung des lebensraumes . int . revue ges . hydrobiol .\n\u2014 : die quantitative verteilung und populationsdynamik des mesopsammons am gezeiten - sandstrand der nordseeinsel sylt . ii quantitative verteilung und populationsdynamik einzelner arten . int . revue ges . hydrobiol .\n: eine einfache methode zur extraktion der vagilen , mesopsammalen mikrofauna . fielgol\u00e4nder wiss . meeresunters .\n: the interstitial crustacea of two beaches in portugal . revta biol . , lisb .\n: an ecological study of the interstitial microfauna of some marine sandy beaches with special reference to the copepoda . ph . d . dissertation , yale university 1942 .\n\u2014 : a new method for extraction of living thalassopsammon from intertidal and subtidal marine beaches . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nis a member of the intertidal meiofauna in exposed sandy beaches along the coast of chile . originally described by dahl ( 1952 ) from sub - tidal sediment off isla guafo , the only other published record is from semi - fine intertidal sand in las cruces . this paper presents a variety of new records of\nbased on both quantitative and qualitative sampling of the coast of chile between 18\u00b0s and 54\u00b0s .\nis found primarily in southern chile , south of 32\u00b0 , in the intertidal zone of intermediate beaches , in fine sand ( wentworth scale ) most likely distributed between the level of the water - table and the surface , but avoiding dry sand .\nun nouveau genre de crustace mystacocaride de la zone neotropicale : ctenocheilocaris claudiae n . g . , n . sp\ncomptes rendus hebdomadaires des s\u00e9ances de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciences . s\u00e9rie d , sciences naturelles\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nfind researchers , research outputs ( e . g . publications ) , projects and units at lund university\nthe tegumental glands of derocheilocaris typica are tricellular . their openings are formed by two transformed epidermal cells , each with a microvillar crown . these cells form a cuticular socket housing the tip of the underlying secretory cell . from the outside , the gland openings are seen as , a pit in the cuticle , from the bottom of which a thin cuticular chimney ends with a slit - like pore . the gland openings are distributed in a regular pattern on the body . cytologically , the secretory cells of the body glands fall into at least two categories , each with a specific distribution on the body . the labral tegumentary glands are morphologically similar , but have two or three secretory cells . the morphology of the mystacocaridean tegumental gland deviates clearly from that of cephalocarid and also from other crustacean tricellular tegumental glands .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nin book : atlas of crustacean larvae , chapter : 26 , publisher : johns hopkins university press , editors : joel w . martin , j\u00f8rgen olesen , jens t . h\u00f8eg , pp . 138 - 143\nin the cephalon ( \ue01fg . 26 . 1f ) ; a rather long tubular and \ue07dexible\nmany respects are larva - like ( e . g . , larval morphology of the an -\na larval ( or naupliar ) and a juvenile / adult phase . one such\nolesen ( 2001 ) and j . \ue007haug et\ue007al . ( 2011a ) , as well as on new\nimages produced for this chapter ( \ue01fgs . 26 . 1 , 26 . 2 ) . more details\nexopod where most segments bear one seta each ( \ue01fg . 26 . 1a ,\nprocesses and a distolateral seta ( \ue01fg . 26 . 2d ) . no other limbs\nand the caudal rami is seen dorsally ( \ue01fg . 26 . 2a ) . the caudal\nrami bear rows of setules ( \ue01fgs . 26 . 1a , c ; 26 . 2a , c ) . dorso -\ntrally and a long seta dorsally ( \ue01fgs . 26 . 1a ; 26 . 2a ) . on each\nmedian setation ( olesen 2001 ; j . \ue007haug et\ue007al . 2011a , their \ue01fgs .\ndorsally at the basis of each caudal ramus ( \ue01fg . 26 . 2h ) ; and\n2011a , their \ue01fgs . 8e , 9 ) . otherwise it is very similar to stage 5 .\nrected endopods . many researchers ( e . g . , hessler 1969 ; j\norigin ( e . g . , hessler and newman 1975 ; hessler 1992b ) . this\nstage 1 . c : \ue002telson of stage 1 . d : \ue002stage 2 , lateral view\n. e : \ue002telson of stage 2 . f : \ue002stage 4 , lateral view . g : \ue002maxillule , maxilla , and maxilliped of stage\n4 . h : \ue002left maxillule of stage 4 . a\u2013h of material from canet plage ( beach ) in southern france ( the type locality of the species )\n2 ( same specimen as \ufb01g . 26 . 1d ) , ventral view . f : \ue002\nleft antenna and mandible of stage 2 . g : \ue002telson of stage 2 , dorsal view\ncharacteristic seta of the right caudal ramus of stage 2 . i and j : \ue002two different views of the distal hooks of the antennal endopod . k : \ue002stage 4 ,\ntelson of stage 4 , dorsal view . a\u2013k of material from canet plage ( beach ) in southern f\nused in olesen ( 2001 ) and j . \ue002haug et\ue002al . ( 2011a ) .\ndelamare - deboutteville et chappuis et derocheilocaris typicus pennak et zinn . comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s\u00e9ances de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciences , ser . 3 , 294 : 505\u2013510 .\non the ontogeny of the branchiopoda ( crustacea ) : contribution of development to phylogeny and classi . . .\nbranchiopods exhibit a wide range of developmental strategies , extending from a relatively anamorphic , presumably primitive , development with many larval stages in the anostraca and the upper cambrian branchiopod rehbachiella kinnekullensis walossek & muller , 1983 , to a very abbreviated development without free - living larval stages in most ciadocerans . while anamorphic developing branchiopods , . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new link between orsten - type assemblages and the burgess shale\u2014a marrella - like arthropod from the . . .\nan isolated exopod in uncompressed three - dimensional \u201corsten\u201d - type preservation from the cambrian of australia represents a new species of marrellomorpha , austromarrella klausmuelleri gen . et sp . nov . the exopod is composed of at least 17 annuli . each of the proximal annuli carries a pair of lamellae : one lamella on the lateral side and one on the median side . the distal annuli bear stout . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe cambrian species paulinecaris siveterae n . gen . n . sp . , known from two trunk fragments , represents the first record of epipods ( serving as gills and osmoregulatory structures ) in a crustacean from the swedish ' orsten ' . more - over , it is the first report of the maxillary excretory opening of a crustacean based on cambrian material of ' orsten ' - type preservation . one specimen comprises the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncavey , m . j . and r . a . cloney : osmium - fixed and epon - embedded whole mounts of delicate specimens . trans . am . microsc . soc .\nelmgren , r . : methods of sampling sublittoral soft bottom meiofauna . oikos ( suppl . )\ngray , j . g . : sample size and sample frequency in relation to the quantitative sampling of sand meiofauna . smithson . contr . zool .\nheip , c . , n . smol and w . hautekiet : a rapid method of extracting meiobenthic nematodes and copepods from mud and detritus . mar . biol .\nhulings , n . c . and j . s . gray : a manual for the study of meiofauna . smithson . contr . zool .\nluft , j . h . : improvements in epoxy resin embedding methods . j . biophys . biochem . cytol .\nmeadows , p . s . and j . g . anderson : micro - organisms attached to marine sand grains . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\nores , r . o . : advantages of epoxy resin as a mounting medium for light microscopy . stain technol .\nrenaud - mornant , j . et c . delamare deboutteville : l ' originalit\u00e9 de la sous - classe des mystacocarides ( crustacea ) et le probl\u00e8me de leur r\u00e9partition . ann . sp\u00e9l\u00e9ol .\nrieger , r . m . : multiple ciliary structures in developing spermatozoa of marine catenulida ( turbellaria ) . zoomorphologie\n\u2014 , e . ruppert , g . e . rieger and c . schoepfer - sterrer : on the fine structure of gastrotrichs with description of\nruppert , e . e . : an efficient , quantitative method for sampling the meiobenthos . limnol . oceanogr .\nsterrer , w . : plate tectonics as a mechanism for dispersal and speciation in interstitial sand fauna . neth . j . sea res .\nthiel , h . , d . thistle and g . d . wilson : ultrasonic treatment of sediment samples for more efficient sorting of meiofauna . limnol . oceanogr .\nuhlig , g . , h . thiel and j . s . gray : the quantitative separation of meiofauna . helgol\u00e4nder wiss . meeresunters .\nwinborn , w . b . and d . l . guerrero : the use of a single tissue specimen for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy . cytobios\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nstudies , including revisions and descriptions of new species , of the genera of the isopod family sphaeromatidae have been continued . the long term aims of the study are to identify the phylogenetically informative characters for all genera of the family , to develop a data matrix for cladistic analyses , and to place the genera into a phylogenetically based classification , which can then be related to the evolution and biogeography of the family ( n . l . bruce ) . taxonomic studies on sphaeromatids have been continued ( n . l . bruce , with d . m . holdich , university of nottingham , and r . wetzer , university of charleston ) .\na large - scale phylogenetic and biogeographic revision of the genera of the isopod family cirolanidae comprising more than 400 species has been initiated ( n . l . bruce , with r . c . brusca , university of charleston ) . a revision of the genus\nthe chapter on marine isopods for the popular book\nfield guide to the sea shores of east africa\nhas been prepared ( n . l . bruce ) .\nhas been initiated ( n . l . bruce , j . olesen ) .\n( leptostraca ) is being described , and the phylogeny of the leptostracan genera is being analysed ( j . olesen , ph . d . project ) . a study of larval development and embryology in a\nspecies has been initiated ( j . olesen , with d . walossek , university of ulm ) . the male of the phylogenetically pivotal clam shrimp\nhas been studied and redescribed ( j . olesen , with j . w . martin , natural history museum los angeles county , and e . w . roessler , universidad de los andes , bogot\u00e1 ) . description of headpores / dorsal organs in the cladoceran family macrotrichidae has been initiated ( j . olesen , with a . kotov , a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution , moscow ) . a survey of the distribution of larger danish phyllopods has been completed ( j . olesen , with j . damgaard , entomology department ) .\nhave been initiated ( r . m . kristensen , with r . huys , natural history museum , london , and j . h\u00f8eg and n . m\u00f8bjerg , zoological institute ) .\nhas been studied ( e . rasmussen ) a handbook in the series\ndanmarks fauna\non danish freshwater phyllopods has been completed * . the freshwater crustacean fauna of the nuuk area , greenland , has been analyzed with the aim of outlining the differences between coastal , low - arctic areas and inland , high - arctic areas ( u . r\u00f8en ) .\n) has been completed ( t . wolff , with a . brandt , university of hamburg ) , and a study of a new deep - sea species of an aberrant asellote family has been initiated ( t . wolff , with m . thiel , smithsonian marine station , florida ) .\nthe distribution , habitats and reproductive biology of two gnathiid species from the denmark strait and north of iceland have been studied * ( a . b . klitgaard , ph . d . project )\nthe budde - lund types of isopods have been studied . a review of the museum ' s material of the crab genera\nhas been initiated ( t . jansen , cand . scient . project ) ."]}
{"id": 505, "summary": [{"text": "the atlantic weasel shark ( paragaleus pectoralis ) is a weasel shark of the family hemigaleidae , found in the eastern atlantic ocean , from the surface to a depth of 100 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 1.4 m.", "topic": 0}], "title": "atlantic weasel shark", "paragraphs": ["a ) atlantic weasel shark dentition , b ) atlantic weasel shark denticles . image courtesy fao\nthe little - known atlantic weasel shark . . . - dyer island conservation trust | facebook\npredators potential predators of the atlantic weasel shark are marine mammals and large fish including other sharks .\nparasites parasites of the atlantic weasel shark include copepods as documented from a specimen captured off the coast of senegal .\nthe atlantic weasel shark is found in the tropical eastern atlantic ocean from cape verde and mauritania to northern namibia and possibly north to morocco . there exists a record of this shark in the northwestern atlantic ocean off the coast of new england ( us ) .\nfood habits as a specialist feeder , the atlantic weasel shark has a strong preference for cephalopods including squid and octopi . this shark will also feed on small bony fishes .\nthere have been no documented attacks on humans by the atlantic weasel sharks . most weasel sharks are considered harmless to humans with the exception of the snaggletooth shark ( hemipristis elongatus ) which is large enough to be considered potentially dangerous .\ndenticles the dermal denticles of the atlantic weasel shark are closely spaced and partially overlap . the blades are located on short pedicels and are nearly horizontal with five longitudinal ridges .\ncommonly found inshore to offshore of the continental shelf , the atlantic weasel shark ranges from depths of a few feet ( meters ) down to more than 328 feet ( 100m ) .\nmy topic is the conservation ecology of north atlantic shark populations . i am also the principal investigator of this project .\nreproduction the atlantic weasel shark is a viviparous shark giving birth to 1 - 4 young per litter . the young measure approximately 18 . 5 inches ( 47 cm ) in length at birth . off the coast of senegal , most of the young are born during the months of may and june .\natlantic weasel sharks are caught on longlines , hook and line , bottom set gillnets , and bottom trawls . this shark is commercially important and is utilized fresh and dried salted for human consumption . it is also used in the processing of fishmeal .\nwe believe that the fact that atlantic weasel sharks occur nowhere else will have an important effect on how the local community will think about this species . therefore , the weasel shark could be used as an umbrella species to create awareness for sharks in general in this region . for example , other data deficient species with limited movements , such as the nurse shark , share the same habitats . finally , in our last expedition we not only caught juvenile weasel sharks , but various juvenile shark species - meaning one of these sites could be a multi - species nursery .\nthe enigmatic weasel shark , will it disappear before we know it ? dureuil , manuel . . dalhousie university , 30 may 2016 . experiment . doi : 10 . 18258 / 7199\nthe maximum total length of the atlantic weasel shark is 54 . 3 inches ( 138 cm ) . sexual maturity is obtained at total lengths of 31 . 5 inches ( 80 cm ) for males and 29 . 5 - 35 . 4 inches ( 75 - 90 cm ) for females .\ngarman originally described the atlantic weasel shark in 1906 as hemigaleus pectoralis . this name was later changed to the currently valid name of paragaleus pectoralis . the genus name , paragaleus , is derived from the greek\npara\nmeaning the side of , and\ngaleos\nmeaning a kind of shark . synonyms referring to this species in past scientific literature include paragaleus gruveli ( budker 1935 ) .\nthe little - known atlantic weasel shark only occurs in west africa , an area which is most acutely threatened by illegal and unregulated overfishing . in 2015 , we found a previously unknown aggregation of weasel sharks in the remote island nation of cabo verde , which could be the last stronghold of this rare and enigmatic species . we will launch a second expedition in 2016 to study the species\u2019 biology , threatened status and potential tools for its protection .\nthe primary goal of this project is to scientifically investigate the habitat use of the atlantic weasel shark at different life stages ( juveniles and adults ) , to increase the scientific knowledge about the biology of this species and to investigate opportunities for its protection . using the weasel shark as an umbrella species we hope to create awareness for sharks in this region in general , on a national and international level . this project also aims to train local researchers , to provide a better scientific infrastructure and to promote non - lethal catch and minimally invasive research methods for sharks .\neastern atlantic : cape verde and mauritania to northern namibia ( ref . 244 , 5578 ) ; possibly extending north to morocco . record from the northwest atlantic , specifically in new england , has not been verified even after an extensive survey of the area has been conducted .\nthe atlantic weasel shark is a demersal species inhabiting both inshore and offshore waters around the continental shelf in tropical to warm - temperate waters . the species occurs in shallow waters up to 100 m , and can be found quite close to land in the surf zone . common within its area of occurrence , little is known about the biology of this species ( compagno in prep . ) .\ncoloration the dorsal surface of this weasel shark is light gray to bronze , with yellow stripes running down the length of the body while the ventral surface is white . the yellow stripes are not prominent in preserved specimens . the fins have no distinguishing marks .\nthe english language common name is the atlantic weasel shark . other common names include atlantiese weselhaai ( afrikaans ) , atlantische wezelhaai ( dutch ) , atlantisk v\u00e6selhaj ( danish ) , ehoushouinon ( fon gbe ) , marajo ( spanish ) , milandre jaune ( french ) , requin ( french ) , taess ( arabic ) , tibur\u00f3n comadiza ( spanish ) , tibur\u00f3n comadreja ( spanish ) and tubar\u00e3o - doninha ( portuguese ) .\non our last expedition to cabo verde in 2015 , we installed acoustic underwater receivers in each a bay of the two islands were we found adult and juvenile atlantic weasel sharks . acoustic transmitter tags can communicate with these receivers , recording the presence of tagged individuals even in months where weather makes it impossible to be physically present .\ngreek , para = the side of + greek , galeos = a kind of shark ( ref . 45335 )\ndistributed throughout the east atlantic around the cape verde islands , and from mauritania down to angola ( compagno et al . 2005 ) . possibly occurs as far north as morocco ( compagno et al . 2005 ) and as far south as namibia ( bianchi et al . 1999 , carpenter 2008 ) . one northwest atlantic record from 1906 ( compagno et al . 2005 ) . there are no further records from the tropical atlantic , possible that the locality data from this specimen was erroneous ( compagno in prep . ) .\nthe atlantic weasel shark has a slender body and moderately long snout . the broad oval eyes are large and possess internal nictitating eyelids . the mouth is rounded and moderately long . the first dorsal fin is located in front of the pelvic fins and is larger than the second dorsal fin . the second dorsal fin is approximately two thirds the size of the first dorsal and originates slightly anterior of the anal fin origin . there are no spines on either dorsal fin . the pectoral fins are elongate and pointed . the anal fin is smaller than the second dorsal fin . the pelvic and dorsal fins as well as the ventral caudal lobe is not falcate , a character used to distinguish this shark from other weasel sharks . the caudal peduncle is slender and lacks lateral ridges . this shark also has an asymmetric caudal fin with a strong ventral lobe as well as precaudal pits . the caudal fin terminates in a narrowly rounded tip .\ni have been researching sharks since 2009 , ranging from the conservation of white sharks in south africa to shark conservation and life history studies in the north atlantic . i have a bsc in biology from the university of marburg and an msc in biological oceanography from the university of kiel . i have extensive training in working with sharks and i am holding a certificate on the care and use of fish , was trained by our university veterinarian and conducted external passive tagging , satellite tagging and surgically implanted acoustic transmitters in several shark species .\nare limited . another possibility is that the locality data for the specimen as obtained by garman is erroneous . it seems unlikely that the shark was transported alive from the eastern\nthis researcher has identified a valuable enclave of special interest in a possible weasel shark refuge and breeding area . the project goals are clearly stated and the study is very modest in the resources needed while the results will be important to move forward the agenda of achieving some protected status for some of this habitat if it in fact is a nursery area / critical habitat for this species . a lot of bang for the buck in research terms .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . a slender weasel shark with a moderately long snout , large eyes , and a short , small mouth with small , serrated upper teeth and erect - cusped lower teeth ( ref . 5578 ) . light grey or bronze with longitudinal yellow stripes , fins plain ; white below ( ref . 5578 ) .\nin our lab a study was conducted which found that globally almost half of scientifically assessed shark populations are exploited above their rebound potential . this trend is triggered by an increasing demand for shark products and unwanted bycatch in fisheries targeting other marine life . sharks have long lifespans , late maturity and slow growth , which make them extremely vulnerable to even mild exploitation rates . scientists have become concerned about declines in sharks as their depletion may have serious consequences for the structure , function and stability of marine ecosystems . indeed , sharks belong to the most threatened of all vertebrates , making adequate shark protection essential to safeguard important ecosystem services .\nfor donations of $ 250 usd and more : you can give the shark a name . we will provide you with information on this individual and its whereabouts . we will also try to send you a picture . if you like this project please help us and share it .\nwhat got me in particular is that sharks , which have been on this planet for more than 400 million years and survived several mass extinctions , can become threatened in only a few decades , by us . i therefore decided to make scientific shark research that aids their understanding and protection my priority .\nthis shark is viviparous , bearing 1 - 4 pups per litter ( mostly two ) , each about 47 cm in length . off senegal most young are born between may to june . this species reaches a maximum size of 138 cm in length , with males maturing at about 80cm and females maturing between 75 and 90 cm ( compagno\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )\nhabitat protection is a very important tool in conservation , especially in areas where assessments are lacking and caches are not regulated . for example , temporal area closures for fishing fleets in important habitat areas can reduce the mortality on important life stages and therefore aid in stock rebuilding . pupping grounds , nursery areas and spawning grounds are critical for recruitment success and adequate protection of these sites could increase survival and the species\u2019 capacity to withstand fishing pressure . on the other hand , intensive fishing in such areas is likely to make species more vulnerable to overexploitation . there is increasing evidence that a number of different shark species utilize the same critical habitat areas in consecutive years . identifying important habitat areas is therefore critical to aid effective shark protection .\na very common inshore to offshore shark of the continental shelf occurring at depths of a few meters to slightly over 100 m ( ref . 244 ) . a specialist feeder that prefers cephalopods , also feeds on small bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . utilized fresh and dried salted for human consumption , and processed into fishmeal ( ref . 244 ) .\na very common inshore to offshore shark of the continental shelf occurring at depths of a few meters to slightly over 100 m ( ref . 244 ) . a specialist feeder that prefers cephalopods , also feeds on small bony fishes ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . utilized fresh and dried salted for human consumption , and processed into fishmeal ( ref . 244 ) .\nthis is a very timely and well articulated project . chondrichthyan research is challenging and notoriously difficult to secure funding for . in african waters extensive unregulated fishing occurs and studies such as this are crucial to understand the ecological composition in such threatened marine regions . manuel dureuil is one of the most driven and dedicated shark scientists i have met and i look forward to seeing the outputs of this study from his team !\nthis small shark has a slender body , long snout , and large oval eyes . the fins are somewhat small except for the elongated , pointed pectoral fins , and it has an asymmetric caudal ( tail ) fin . this specialized feeder preys mostly on cephalopods like squid and octopus , but will sometimes eat small fish . because of its size , usually no bigger than 4 . 5 feet long , and its specialized diet , it is considered little to no harm to humans .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range ? - 100 m ( ref . 5578 ) , usually 30 - 70 m ( ref . 10730 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n -\nmaturity : l m ? , range 75 - 90 cm max length : 140 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5578 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26999 )\nviviparous ( with a yolk - sac placenta ) , with 1 to 4 young per litter . size at birth about 47 cm ( ref . 244 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 17 . 7 - 25 . 9 , mean 19 . 9 ( based on 45 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5664 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00347 ( 0 . 00150 - 0 . 00799 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 \u00b10 . 64 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 1 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\np . gruveli is considered a synonym of p . pectoralis , following krefft ( 1968 ) , compagno ( 1979 , 1984 , 1988 ) , and cadenat and blache ( 1982 ) .\nit is a specialist feeder , primarily feeding on cephalopods , including squid and octopi . occasionally preys on small bony fishes such as soles and sardines to make up its diet ( compagno in prep . ) .\nthe meat is utilised fresh and dried - salted for human consumption and processed into fishmeal ( compagno in prep . ) .\nno conservation measures are in place . catch levels need to be quantified and monitored .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nthe small mouth contains compressed teeth with distal cusplets and broad bases in the upper jaw and moderately long teeth with nearly straight smooth - edged cusps in the lower jaw . there are 26 - 30 rows of teeth in the upper jaw and 27 - 33 rows in the lower jaw with three of these rows located at the symphysis of the jaw .\n: cape verde islands and mauritania to angola , possibly northward to morocco . ? western north\n1 to 4 but mostly ( 60 % of 77 individuals ) 2 . off senegal most young are born in may and june .\nin their stomachs ( cadenat and blache , l9b2 ) . the remainder of this\nfemales reported from 83 to 117 cm ; size at birth about 47 cm .\n- and - line , gillnets , and bottom trawls ; its meat is used fresh and dried salted for human consumption , and it is processed into fishmeal .\nfollowing krefft ( 1968 ) , compagno ( 1979 ) , and cadenat and blache ( 1982 ) . the record of the\nby human agency to the\naquarial gardens\n, because of the slow transportation ( steamships ) and limited aquarial technology available at the turn of the century .\nlocality :\n. . . from the ' aquarial gardens ' , for which the collections were made off the coasts of massachusetts and rhode island .\n(\ncadenat , j . , 1950 . remarques biologiques sur leptocharias smithii m\u00fcller et henle . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , 12 ( 2 ) : 1950 408 - 11\ncadenat , j . , 1957 . notes d ' ichtyologie ouest - africaine . 17 . biologie , r\u00e9gime alimentaire . bull . inst . fond . afr . noire ( a . sci . nat . ) , 19 ( 1 ) : 274 - 94\nkrefft , g . , 1968 . knorpelfische ( chondrichthyes ) aus dem tropischen ostatlantik . atlantide rep . , ( 10 ) : 33 - 76\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan\ncadenat , j . and j . blache , 1981 . requins de mediterranee et d ' atlantique . faune trop . orstom , 21 : 330 p .\nthis experiment is part of the sharks , skates , and rays challenge grant .\nyou enable real research projects . once you fund a project , you ' ll get access to progress , data , and results straight from the team .\neach project is reviewed by our team to make sure that it meets our project criteria . anyone can start experimenting .\njoin an online community of 32 , 000 explorers of science . read about our mission .\nthe 10 acoustic transmitter tags will allow us to start a detailed investigation of the habitat use over 2 to 3 years . animals tagged with these transmitters can be located continuously by already installed underwater receivers , giving us information on when an individual is present in these bays . implanting these tags requires a small surgery with sterile tools . the about 200 external marker tags are particularly critical to study the body growth rate of this species , which is important for fisheries assessment and a good indicator of species\u2019 vulnerability to fishing . the last bit we need is the tagging equipment , such as a tagging pole .\nour field work is accompanied by a veterinarian and an experienced specialists for catch and live release and safe handling of sharks , both working for decades with these animals . in this project we are also working together with the ocean tracking network urltoken local ngo\u2019s ( biosfera i and fundacao maio biodiversidade ) , the national institute for fisheries development ( indp ) and of course local students , local communities and local fishing charters\ni am currently a phd candidate of dalhousie university and the transatlantic ocean system science and technology ( tosst ) school , under the supervision of dr . boris worm . boris is a full professor at dalhousie university , focusing on the conservation of marine biodiversity worldwide . he has authored over 100 publications on these topics , many with a focus on large marine predators , specifically sharks , tuna and billfish . our scientific papers can be found here .\ni love nature and my life passion is to help conserve sharks worldwide . i am convinced that protecting nature is one of the most critical challenges we have . growing up far away from the sea , observations of birds and the local fauna in my childhood had to replace sharks . although i was always fascinated by sharks , at the time i was doing my undergraduate in biology , things became more concrete . i read boris\u2019s first articles showing that sharks might be in deep trouble .\nincreasing the biological knowledge and uncovering habitat use is important for our understanding and protection of sharks worldwide .\nacoustic tagging is ideal to provide information on presence or absence of individuals in a specific area over time . this allows us to investigate for example \u2018site fidelity\u2019 , a behavior where individuals return to key aggregation sites repeatedly over time . this is crucial information in determining if a species will benefit from habitat protection .\npassive tagging , where species are equipped with an external marker tag carrying a unique identification number , can further provide general information on species movement and densities . it is a relatively inexpensive method , independent from battery life , and therefore allows to study more individuals over longer time periods . in addition , this method allows to investigate body growth from tagged and recaptured animals . body growth of individuals is an important piece of knowledge for fisheries science .\nfurthermore , the access to the animals while tagging enable us to record all kind of biological data , such as sex , genetic samples , blood and size measurements , as well as investigating environmental preferences of animals . this can provide important information to help us understand how vulnerable the species might be to disturbances , such as fishing pressure or climate change .\nthis research is part of a greater project , the cabo verde elasmobranch research and conservation project . this project aims to support the development of comprehensive , long - term and effective science based protections measures for cabo verde elasmobranchs ( sharks , skates and rays ) , through scientific research , governmental , ngo and community based conservation projects and education . therefore , an innovative coalition of researchers , industry , local communities , governmental and non - governmental organizations has been established . the project also strives to promote and utilize only non - lethal research methods and to be as minimally invasive as possible .\nthe acoustic underwater receivers that have already been installed can also be used by other scientists doing research on other marine species , from fish to sea turtles . this means our project can help others happen in the future and may even allow to study the interaction among different marine species\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\natlantink\u00e4rpp\u00e4hai\nto\nparagaleus pectoralis ( garman , 1906 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public ' / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en ' ' urltoken '"]}
{"id": 521, "summary": [{"text": "nannogomphus is an extinct genus of fossil odonates belonging to the family gomphidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these fast-moving volant carnivore-insectivores lived during the jurassic period in germany , from 150.8 to 145.5 ma . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "nannogomphus", "paragraphs": ["odonata , anisoptera , libelluloidea , gomphidae , fossil , upper jurassic , germany , nannogomphus , rediscription , phylogeny .\nnannogomphus gracilis : its type locality is solnhofen ( bspgm munich coll ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .\nbechly , g ( 2003 ) description of a new species of nannogomphus ( insecta : odonata : nannogomphidae ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . 339 : 1 - 6 .\nbechly , g . 2003 . description of a new species of nannogomphus ( insecta : odonata : nannogomphidae ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . stuttg . beitr . naturk . ( b ) 339 : 1 - 6 .\nbechly , g . ( 2003c ) : description of a new species of nannogomphus ( insecta : odonata : nannogomphidae ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 339 : 1 - 6 . [ pdf ]\nnannogomphus bavaricus : nhmw 1985 / 3 / 1 ( 1898 / 7 / 11 ) , a wing . its type locality is eichst\u00e4tt , solnhofen ( naturhistorischen museum wien collection ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .\nbechly , g . , nel , a . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1996 ) redescription of nannogomphus bavaricus handlirsch , 1906 - 1908 from the upper jurassic of germany , with an analysis of its phylogenetic position ( odonata : anisoptera : gomphidae or libelluloidea ) . archaeopteryx 14 ( 1996 ) : 51 - 66\nbechly , g . , nel , a . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1996 ) : redescription of nannogomphus bavaricus handlirsch , 1906 - 1908 from the upper jurassic of germany , with an analysis of its phylogenetic position ( odonata : anisoptera : gomphidae or libelluloidea ) . - archaeopteryx , 14 ( 1996 ) : 51 - 66 ( with german translation ) . [ pdf ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\nfull reference : a . handlirsch . 1906 . die fossilen insekten und die phylogenie der rezenten formen , parts i - iv . ein handbuch fur palaontologen und zoologen 1 - 640\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : forewing 24 . 3 x 6 . 4\nfull reference : h . hagen . 1848 . die fossilen libellen europa ' s . entomologische zeitung 9 : 6 - 13\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis list is not exhaustative , and is based on the collections of the jura museum , eichst\u00e4tt and the maxberg museum , solnhofen .\nbechly , g . ( 1993a ) : fossil odonates in dominican and baltic amber . - argia , 5 ( 1 ) : 13 - 15 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1993b ) : a brief report of an ongoing cladistic study on the phylogenetic relationships of the fossil and extant odonate family group taxa . - petalura , 1 : 19 - 20 .\nbechly , g . ( 1993c ) : review of : carpenter , f . ( 1992 ) : treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda . vol . 4 ( 3 ) and 4 ( 4 ) . superclass hexapoda . - petalura , 1 : 23 - 25 .\nbechly , g . ( 1993d ) : review of : nel , a . et al . ( 1993 ) : les\nanisozygoptera\nfossiles - phylog\u00e9nie et classification ( odonata ) . - petalura , 1 : 25 - 28 .\nbechly , g . ( 1994 ) : morphologische untersuchungen am fl\u00fcgelge\u00e4der der rezenten libellen und deren stammgruppenvertreter ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der phylogenetischen systematik und des grundplanes der * odonata [ morphological analysis of the wing venation of extant dragonflies and their stemgroup representatives ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) with special reference to phylogenetic systematics and the groundplan of crowngroup odonata ] . - unpubl . diploma thesis , eberhard - karls - universit\u00e4t t\u00fcbingen ; 341 pp . , 3 tabls , 111 figs .\nbechly , g . ( 1995 ) : morphologische untersuchungen am fl\u00fcgelge\u00e4der der rezenten libellen und deren stammgruppenvertreter ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der phylogenetischen systematik und des grundplanes der * odonata [ morphological analysis of the wing venation of extant dragonflies and their stemgroup representatives ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) with special reference to phylogenetic systematics and the groundplan of crowngroup odonata ] . - petalura , special - volume 1 : 341 pp . , 3 tabls , 111 figs ( publication of diploma thesis ) . [ pdf 116 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 1996a ) : morphologische untersuchungen am fl\u00fcgelge\u00e4der der rezenten libellen und deren stammgruppenvertreter ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der phylogenetischen systematik und des grundplanes der * odonata . - petalura , spec . vol . 2 : 402 pp , 3 tabls , 111 figs ( revised edition with 60 pages english appendix on the phylogenetic system of odonates ) .\nbechly , g . ( 1996b ) : fossil odonates in tertiary amber . - petalura , 2 [ electronical journal on the internet , pdf ] .\nbechly , g . ( 1996c ) : review of : santana 1 . 0 ( 1996 ) : cd - rom by digital - fossil . - petalura , 2 [ electronical journal on the internet ] .\nbechly , g . ( 1996d ) : review of : biologie und \u00f6kologie der insekten ( 1996 ) : cd - rom by gustav fischer verlag . - petalura , 2 [ electronical journal on the internet ] .\nbechly , g . ( 1997a ) : zur geschichte und aktuellen entwicklungen in der gro\u00dfgruppen - systematik der libellen . - 16 . jahrestagung der gesellschaft deutschsprachiger odonatologen , 14 . - 16 . m\u00e4rz 1997 n\u00fcrnberg , tagungsband .\nbechly , g . ( 1997b ) : die libellen ( und einige andere fossile insekten ) aus der unterkreide von brasilien ( santana ) . - 4 . fachgespr\u00e4ch\nfossile insekten\n, clausthal - zellerfeld , 28 - 29 juni 1997 , abstracts .\nbechly , g . ( 1997c ) : a glossary of phylogenetic systematics with a critic of mainstream cladism . - inclusion wrostek , 26 : 20 - 22 , 23 - 24\nbechly , g . ( 1997d ) : dragonflies from the lower cretaceous of brazil . - inclusion wrostek , 27 : 9 .\nbechly , g . ( 1997e ) : dragonflies from the lower cretaceous of brazil . - meganeura , 1 : 27 - 28 . [ rtf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1997f ) : exhibition in germany : lower cretaceous santana formation . - meganeura , 1 : 22 - 23 . [ rtf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1997g ) : palaeoentomological / entomological association web sites . - meganeura , 1 : 19 .\nbechly , g . ( 1997h ) : new cd - rom . - meganeura , 1 : 18 . [ rtf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1997i ) : new fossil odonates from the upper triassic of italy , with a redescription of italophlebia gervasuttii whalley , and a reclassification of triassic dragonflies ( insecta : odonata ) . - riv . mus . civ . sc . nat .\ne . caffi\nbergamo , 19 : 31 - 70 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998 anonymous ) : ein hauch von unsterblichkeit - namenspatenschaften f\u00fcr santana - insekten . - fossilien , 1 / 98 : 3 [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998a ) : santana - die schatzkammer fossiler insekten aus der unterkreide brasiliens . - fossilien , 2 / 98 : 95 - 99 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998b ) : santana - forschungsgeschichte und fauna . - fossilien , 3 / 98 : 148 - 156 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998c ) : [ santana - eldorado of mesozoischer fossils ] . - taipei ' 98 natural history show , ( catalogue ) 1998 : 148 - 156 [ in chinese ] . [ pdf ( with english translation appended ) ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998d ) : new fossil dragonflies from the lower cretaceous santana formation of north - east brazil ( insecta : odonata ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 264 : 66 pp . , 1 tab . , 39 figs . [ pdf 27 . 5 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998e ) : new fossil damselflies from baltic amber , with description of a new species , a redescription of litheuphaea carpenteri fraser , and a discussion on the phylogeny of epallagidae ( zygoptera : caloptera ) . - int . j . odonatol . ( pantala ) , 1 ( 1 ) : 33 - 63 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998f ) : a revision of the fossil dragonfly genus urogomphus , with description of a new species ( insecta : odonata : pananisoptera : aeschnidiidae ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 270 : 47 pp . , 34 figs . [ pdf 20 . 8 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998g ) : juracordulia schiemenzi gen . et . sp . nov . , eine neue libelle aus den solnhofener plattenkalken ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) . - archaeopteryx , 16 : 29 - 36 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1999a , submitted 1998 ) : phylogeny and systematics of fossil dragonflies ( insecta : odonatoptera ) with special reference to some mesozoic outcrops . - ph . d . thesis , eberhard - karls - universit\u00e4t t\u00fcbingen ; x + 755 pp . , 4 tabs , 143 textfigs , 70 pls .\nbechly , g . ( 1999b ) : epallagidae versus euphaeidae revisited . - int . j . odonatol . , 2 ( 2 ) : 137 - 139 . [ pdf ( incl . discussions by dumont and trueman ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000a ) : theses in palaeoentomology and entomology - bechly , g . 1999 . - meganeura , 5 [ electronical newsletter on the internet ] .\nbechly , g . ( 2000b ) : two new fossil dragonfly species ( insecta : odonata : pananisoptera : aeschnidiidae and aktassiidae ) from the solnhofen lithographic limestones ( upper jurassic of germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 288 : 1 - 9 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000c ) : mainstream cladistics versus hennigian phylogenetic systematics . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . a . , 613 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000d ) : [ book review ] w . weitschat , w . wichard . atlas der pflanzen und tiere im baltischen bernstein . - naturwiss . rdsch . , 53 ( 11 ) : 593 - 594 .\nbechly , g . ( 2000e ) : two new fossil dragonfly species ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : araripegomphidae and lindeniidae ) from the crato limestone ( lower cretaceous , brazil ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 296 : 1 - 16 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000f ) : a new fossil damselfly species ( insecta : odonata : zygoptera : coenagrionidae : ischnurinae ) from dominican amber . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 299 : 1 - 9 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2001a ) : a new species of cymatophlebia ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : cymatophlebiidae ) from the solnhofen lithographic limestone ( upper jurassic , germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 301 : 1 - 5 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2001b ) : [ book review ] g . und b . krumbiegel : faszination bernstein . kleinod aus der wunderkammer der natur . - naturwiss . rdsch . , 54 ( 9 ) nr . 639 : 497 - 498 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2002 anonymous ) : die evolution der insekten . - fossilien , 4 / 02 : 202 - 203 [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003a ) : trilobiten - cheliceraten - insekten . - pp . 208 - 219 , 221 - 225 , and 241 - 247 in : urlichs , m . & ziegler , b . : farbatlas fossilien . - ulmer , stuttgart . [ amazon ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003b ) : [ book review ] e . geirnaert : l ' ambre miel de fortune et m\u00e9moire de vie . - fossilien , 3 / 03 : 140 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003d ) : the phylogenetic relationships of the three extant suborders of odonata . - ent . abh . , 61 ( 2 ) : 127 - 128 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003e ) : odonatology website [ offline version 2002 ] . in : schorr , m . & lindeboom , m . ( eds ) ( 2003 ) : dragonfly research 1 . 2003 . zerf - t\u00fcbingen ( issn 1438 - 034x ) ( cd - rom ) .\nbechly , g . ( 2004a ) : evolution and systematics . - pp . 7 - 16 in : hutchins , m . , evans , a . v . , garrison , r . w . & schlager , n . ( eds ) : grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . 2nd edition . volume 3 , insects . 472 pp . - gale group , farmington hills , mi . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2004b ) : news - abstracts of the 7th annual congress of the gesellschaft f\u00fcr biologische systematik ( gfbs , society for biological systematics ) . - org . divers . & evol . 4 : 365 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( ed . ) ( 2004c ) : abstracts of the 7th annual congress of the gfbs ( society for biological systematics ) . - org . divers . & evol . 4 , electr . suppl . 6 : 1 - 117 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2005a ) : a re - description of\nstenophlebia\ncasta ( insecta : odonata : parastenophlebiidae n . fam ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 359 : 1 - 12 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2005b ) : a new fossil dragonfly ( anisoptera : corduliidae ) from the paleocene fur formation ( mo clay ) of denmark . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 358 : 1 - 7 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . et al . ( 2005 ) : poster and abstract\nmultidisciplinary paleontological research at the late miocene ( mn9 ) locality of h\u00f6wenegg ( baden - w\u00fcrttemberg )\nfor the pal\u00e4ontologische gesellschaft meeting ( graz , aug . 2005 ) and rcmns meeting ( vienna , 2005 ) .\nbechly , g . ( 2006a ) : [ book review ] j\u00f6rg wunderlich - fossil spiders in amber and copal - fossile spinnen in bernstein und kopal . - naturwiss . rdsch . , 59 / 12 : 692 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2006b ) : new results about the arthropod fauna from the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil . - geological society of america abstracts with programs , 38 / 7 : 381 . [ abstract , pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007a ) : [ book review ] g\u00fcnther theischinger & john hawking ( 2006 ) : the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . - aquatic insects , 29 ( 1 ) : 75 - 76 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007b ) : [ book review ] rosser w . garrison , natalia von ellenrieder & jerry a . louton ( 2006 ) : dragonfly genera of the new world . - aquatic insects , 29 ( 1 ) : 72 - 75 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007c ) : new fossil odonata from the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil . - 5th international symposium of odonatology , 16 - 20 april 2007 , swakopmund , abstracts : 6 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007d ) : insects of the crato formation . chapter 11 . 1 introduction . - pp 142 - 149 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007e ) : chapter 11 . 5 odonata : damselflies and dragonflies . - pp 184 - 222 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007f ) : chapter 11 . 8\nblattaria\n: cockroaches and roachoids . - pp . 239 - 249 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007g ) : chapter 11 . 9 isoptera : termites . - pp . 249 - 262 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007h ) : chapter 11 . 10 chresmododea : fossil\nwater striders\n. - pp . 262 - 265 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007i ) : chapter 11 . 19 mecoptera : scorpionflies . - pp . 365 - 369 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007j ) : chapter 11 . 21 trichoptera and lepidoptera : caddisflies and butterflies . - pp . 387 - 393 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2009 ) : der neue baum des lebens . - pp . 148 - 171 in : schmid , u . & bechly , g . ( eds ) : evolution - der fluss des lebens . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c . , 66 / 67 : 1 - 192 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2010a ) : fossile insekten aus den plattenkalken der crato - formation . - messekatalog mineralientage m\u00fcnchen , 2010 : 105 - 111 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2010b ) : additions to the fossil dragonfly fauna of the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil ( insecta : odonata ) . - palaeodiversity , 3 ( supplement\ncontributions to the willi - hennig - symposium on phylogenetics and evolution , university of hohenheim , 29 september - 2 october 2009\n) : 11 - 77 . [ pdf ; highres pdf 126 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 2012a ) : [ book review ] wasserinsekten im baltischen bernstein . - fossilien , 1 / 12 : 124 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2012b ) : an interesting new fossil relict damselfly ( odonata : zygoptera : coenagrionoidea ) from eocene baltic amber . - palaeodiversity , 5 : 51 - 55 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2013a ) : the relevance of palaeontological data for understanding the age and origin of extant odonates . - ico 2013 book of abstracts , 2013 : 14 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2013b ) : [ book review ] max j . kobbert\nwunderwelt bernstein - faszinierende fossilien in 3 - d\n. - naturwissenschaftliche rundschau , 8 / 13 ( nr . 782 ) : 428 - 429 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2015a ) : [ chapter ] insekten ( hexapoda ) . - pp . 239 - 270 in : arratia , g . , schultze , h . p . , tischlinger , h . & viohl , g . ( eds ) : solnhofen - ein fenster in die jurazeit . 2 vols . 620 pp . , 996 color figs , 97 b + w figs , 5 tbls . - pfeil verlag , munich . [ webpage ]\nbechly , g . ( 2015b ) : [ chapter ] eichelw\u00fcrmer ( hemichordata : enteropneusta ) . - p . 324 in : arratia , g . , schultze , h . p . , tischlinger , h . & viohl , g . ( eds ) : solnhofen - ein fenster in die jurazeit . 2 vols . 620 pp . , 996 color figs , 97 b + w figs , 5 tbls . - pfeil verlag , munich . [ webpage , pdf excerpt with title , contents , and all cited literature ]\nbechly , g . ( 2015c ) : fossile libellennachweise aus deutschland ( odonatoptera ) . - in : brockhaus , t . et al . ( 2015 ) : atlas der libellen deutschlands ( odonata ) . - libellula supplement , 14 : 423 - 464 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2018a ) : chrismooreia michaelbehei gen . et sp . nov . ( insecta : odonata : asiopteridae ) , a new fossil damsel - dragonfly from the early jurassic of england . - bio - complexity 2018 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 ( doi : 10 . 5048 / bio - c . 2018 . 1 ) . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , dietl , g . & schweigert , g . ( 2003 ) : a new species of stenophlebia ( insecta : odonata : stenophlebiidae ) from the nusplingen lithographic limestone ( upper jurassic , sw germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 338 : 1 - 10 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & frickhinger , k . a . ( 1999 ) : kragentiere eichelw\u00fcrmer . pp . 76 - 79 in : frickhinger , k . a . ( 1999 ) : die fossilien von solnhofen . - goldschneck , korb . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & kin , a . ( 2013 ) : first record of the fossil dragonfly family eumorbaeschnidae ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) from the upper jurassic of poland . - acta palaeontologica polonica , 58 ( 1 ) : 121 - 124 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & makarkin , v . ( 2015 ) : a new giantic lacewing species ( insecta : neuroptera ) from the lower cretaceous of brazil confirms the occurrence of kalligrammatidae in the new world . - cretaceous research , 58 ( online 2015 , print 2016 ) : 135 - 140 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & poinar , g . jr . ( 2013 ) : burmaphlebia reifi gen . et sp . nov . , the first anisozygopteran damsel - dragonfly ( odonata : epiophlebioptera : burmaphlebiidae fam . nov . ) from early cretaceous burmese amber . - historical biology , 25 ( 2 ) : 233 - 237 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & sach , v . ( 2002 ) : an interesting new fossil dragonfly ( anisoptera : libellulidae : brachydiplacini ) from the miocene of germany , with a discussion on the phylogeny of tetrathemistinae and a fossil list for the locality heggbach . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 325 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & schweigert , g . ( 2000 ) : the first fossil hanging flies ( insecta : mecoptera : raptipedia : cimbrophlebiidae and bittacidae ) from the limestones of solnhofen and nusplingen ( upper jurassic of germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 287 : 1 - 18 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & stockar , r . ( 2011 ) : the first mesozoic record of the extinct apterygote insect genus dasyleptus ( insecta : archaeognatha : monura : dasyleptidae ) from the triassic of monte san giorgio ( switzerland ) . - palaeodiversity , 4 : 23 - 37 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & szwedo , j . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 14 coleorrhyncha : moss bugs . - pp . 313 - 317 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & ueda , k . ( 2002 ) : the first fossil record and first new world record for the dragonfly clade chlorogomphida ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : araripechlorogomphidae n . fam . ) from the crato limestone ( lower cretaceous , brazil ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 328 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & wichard , w . ( 2008 ) : damselfly and dragonfly nymphs in eocene baltic amber ( insecta : odonata ) , with aspects of their palaeobiology . - palaeodiversity , 1 : 37 - 74 . [ pdf 32 . 4 mb ]\nbechly , g . & wittmann , m . ( 2000 ) : two new tropical bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : thaumastocoridae - xylastodorinae and hypsipterygidae ) from baltic amber . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 289 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & wolf - schwenninger , k . ( 2011 ) : a new fossil genus and species of snakefly ( raphidioptera : mesoraphidiidae ) from lower cretaceous lebanon amber , with a discussion on snakefly phylogeny and fossil history . - insect systematics & evolution , 42 ( 2 ) : 221 - 236 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , haas , f . , schawaller , w . , schmalfuss , h . & schmid , u . ( 2001 ) : ur - geziefer - die faszinierende evolution der insekten . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c , 49 : 96 pp . , 81 figs . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , brauckmann , c . , zessin , w . & gr\u00f6ning , e . ( 2001 ) : new results concerning the morphology of the most ancient dragonflies ( insecta : odonatoptera ) from the namurian of hagen - vorhalle ( germany ) . - j . zool . syst . evol . res . , 39 ( 2001 ) : 209 - 226 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , nel , a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . a . , coram , r . , martill , d . , fleck , g . , escuilli\u00e9 , f . , wisshak , m . m . & maisch , m . ( 2001 ) : a revision and phylogenetic study of mesozoic aeshnoptera , with description of several new families , genera and species ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) . - n . pal\u00e4ont . abh . , 4 : 219 pp . , 137 text - figs , 48 pls . [ pdf 62 . 5 mb ]\nbechly , g . , nel , a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . & fleck , g . ( 1998 ) : four new dragonfly species from the upper jurassic of germany and the lower cretaceous of mongolia ( anisoptera : hemeroscopidae , sonidae , and proterogomphidae fam . nov . ) . - odonatologica , 27 ( 2 ) : 149 - 187 . [ pdf ]\ncaterino , m . s . , wolf - schwenninger , k . & bechly , g . ( 2015 ) : cretonthophilus tuberculatus , a remarkable new genus and species of hister beetle ( coleoptera : histeridae ) from cretaceous burmese amber . - zootaxa , 4052 ( 2 ) : 241 - 245 .\ndijkstra , k . - d . b . , bechly , g . bybee , s . n . , dow , r . a . , dumont , h . j . , fleck , g . , garrison , r . w . , h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . , kalkman , v . j . , karube , h . , may , m . l . , orr , a . g . , paulson , d . , rehn , a . c . , theischinger , g . , trueman , j . w . h . , tol , j . v . , von ellenrieder , n . & ware , j . ( 2013 ) : the classification of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . - zootaxa , 3703 ( 1 ) : 036 - 045 . [ pdf ]\ndelcl\u00f2s , x . , nel , a . , azar , d . , bechly , g . , dunlop , j . a . , engel , m . s . & heads , s . ( 2008 ) : the enigmatic mesozoic insect taxon chresmodidae ( polyneoptera ) : new palaeobiological and phylogenetic data , with the description of a new species from the lower cretaceous of brazil . - neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie - abhandlungen , 247 ( 3 ) : 353 - 381 . [ pdf ]\ndunlop , j . a . & bechly , g . ( 2015 ) : [ chapter ] kieferklauentr\u00e4ger ( chelicerata ) . - pp . 292 - 298 in : arratia , g . , schultze , h . p . , tischlinger , h . & viohl , g . ( eds ) : solnhofen - ein fenster in die jurazeit . 2 vols . 620 pp . , 996 color figs , 97 b + w figs , 5 tbls . - pfeil verlag , munich . [ webpage ]\ndunlop , j . a . , bird , t . l . , brookhart , j . o . & bechly , g . ( 2015 ) : a camel spider from cretaceous burmese amber . - cretaceous research . 56 : 265 - 273 . [ pdf ]\nfet , v . & bechly , g . ( 2000 ) : case 3120 . ischnurainae fraser , 1957 ( insecta , odonata ) : proposed conservation as the correct spelling of ischnurinae to remove homonymy with ischnuridae simon , 1879 ( arachnida , scorpiones ) . - bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 57 ( 1 ) : 26 - 28 . [ pdf and opinion 2037 ]\nfet , v . & bechly , g . ( 2001 ) : case 3120a - liochelidae , fam . nov . ( scorpiones ) : proposed introduction as a substitute name for ischnuridae simon , 1879 , as an alternative to the suggested emendment of ischnurinae fraser , 1957 ( insecta , odonata ) to ischnurainae in order to remove homonymy . - bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 58 ( 4 ) : 280 - 281 . [ pdf and opinion 2037 ]\nfleck , g . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . a . , coram , r . & nel , a . ( 2003 ) : phylogeny and classification of the stenophlebioptera ( odonata : epiproctophora ) . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , n . s . 39 ( 1 ) : 55 - 93 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . & nel , a . ( 2004 ) : a revision of the upper jurassic - lower cretaceous dragonfly family tarsophlebiidae , with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the tarsophlebiidae and sieblosiidae ( insecta , odonatoptera , panodonata ) . - geodiversitas , 26 ( 1 ) : 33 - 60 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , nel , a . , bechly , g . & escuilli\u00e9 , f . ( 2002 ) : the larvae of the mesozoic family aeschnidiidae and their phylogenetic implications ( insecta , odonata , anisoptera ) . - palaeontology , 45 ( 1 ) : 165 - 184 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , nel , a . , bechly , g . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 2001 ) : revision and phylogenetic affinities of the jurassic steleopteridae handlirsch , 1906 ( odonata : zygoptera ) . - insect systematics & evolution , 32 : 285 - 305 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , nel , a . , bechly , g . , delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . a . & coram , r . ( 2008 ) : new lower cretaceous ' libelluloid ' dragonflies ( insecta : odonata : cavilabiata ) with notes about estimated divergence dates for this group . - palaeodiversity , 1 : 19 - 36 . [ pdf ]\ngreenwalt , d . e . & bechly , g . ( 2014 ) : a re - description of the fossil damselfly eolestes syntheticus cockerell , 1940 ( odonata : zygoptera : eolestidae n . fam . ) with description of new taxa from the eocene of north america . - zootaxa , 3887 ( 2 ) : 138 - 156 . [ pdf ]\nhuang , d . , azar , d . , cai , c . , maksoud , s . , nel , a . , bechly , g . ( 2017 ) : mesomegaloprepidae , a remarkable new damselfly family ( hexapoda : odonata : zygoptera ) from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . - cretaceous research , 73 : 1 - 13 . [ pdf ]\nhuang , d . , bechly , g . , nel , p . , engel , m . s . , prokop , j . , azar , d . , cai , c . - y . , van de kamp , t . , staniczek , a . , garrouste , r . , krogmann , l . , dos santos rolo , t . , baumbach , t . , ohlhoff , r . , shmakov , a . , bourgoin , t . & nel , a . ( 2016 ) : new fossil insect order permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects ( hexapoda : acercaria ) . - scientific reports\nhuang , d . , cai , c . , nel , a . & bechly , g . ( 2017 ) : a new dragonfly family from the mid cretaceous burmese amber ( odonata : aeshnoptera : burmaeshnidae ) . - cretaceous research , 78 : 8 - 12 . [ pdf ]\nhuguet , a . , nel , a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , bechly , g . & martins - neto , r . ( 2002 ) : preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the protanisoptera ( insecta : odonatoptera ) [ essai d ' analyse phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique des protanisoptera ( insecta : odonatoptera ) ] . - geobios , 35 : 537 - 560 . [ pdf ]\njarzembowski , e . a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , bechly , g . , nel , a . , coram , r . & escuill\u00e9 , f . ( 1998 ) : the mesozoic non - calopterygoid zygoptera : descriptions of new genera and species from the lower cretaceous of england and brazil and their phylogenetic significance ( odonata , zygoptera , coenagrionoidea , hemiphlebioidea , lestoidea ) . - cretaceous research , 19 : 403 - 444 . [ pdf ]\njattiot , r . , bechly , g . , garrouste , r . & nel , a . ( 2012 ) : an enigmatic nepoidea from the lower cretaceous of brazil ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . - cretaceous research , 34 : 344 - 347 . [ pdf ] .\nkaur kohli , m . , ware , j . l . & bechly , g .\n( 2016 ) : how to date a dragonfly : fossil calibrations for odonates . -\n( 2013 , ifirst 2012 ) : lower cretaceous origin of long - distance mate finding behaviour in hymenoptera ( insecta ) . -\nmartill , d . m . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 1 introduction . - pp 3 - 7 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nmartill , d . m . , bechly , g . & heads , s . w . ( 2007 ) : appendix : species list for the crato formation . - pp . 582 - 607 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\n( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . , 80 line diagrams 100 half - tones and 32 colour plates - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [\nmartins - neto , r . g . , heads , s . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 16 neuropterida : snakeflies , dobsonflies and lacewings . - pp . 328 - 340 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nmaxwell , e . , alexander , s . , bechly , g . , eck , k . , frey , e . , grimm , k . , kovar - eder , j . , mayr , g . , micklich , n . , rasser , m . , rodrigo , b . s . , roth - nebelsick , a . , schoch , r . , schweigert , g . , stinnesbeck , w . , wolf - schwenninger , k . & ziegler , r . ( 2016 ) : the rauenberg fossil lagerst\u00e4tte ( baden - w\u00fcrttemberg , germany ) : a window into early oligocene marine and coastal ecosystems of central europe . - palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 463 : 238 - 260 . [ pdf ]\nm\u00f6stel , c . , schorr , m . & bechly , g . ( 2017 ) : a new stem - coenagrionoid genus of damselflies ( odonata : zygoptera ) from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . - zootaxa , 4243 ( 1 ) : 177 - 186 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . & bechly , g . ( 2009 ) : the third petalurid dragonfly from the lower cretaceous of brazil ( odonata : cretapetaluridae ) . - annales zoologici , 59 ( 3 ) : 281 - 285 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , garrouste , r . , pohl , b . & escuilli\u00e9 , f . ( 2005 ) : a new extraordinary neuropterid family from the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil : a new insect order ? ( insecta , neuropterida ) . - cretaceous research , 26 : 845 - 852 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , jarzembowski , e . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1998 ) : a revision of the fossil petalurid dragonflies ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : petalurida ) . - paleontologia lombarda , n . s . , 10 : 68 pp . , 2 tabs , 59 figs . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1996 ) : a new genus and species of aeschnidiidae ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) from the solnhofen limestone , upper jurassic , germany . - senckenbergiana lethaea , 76 ( 1 / 2 ) : 175 - 179 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 2001 ) : a new fossil dragonfly from the upper jurassic in germany ( odonata : anisoptera : protolindeniidae ) . - revue francaise d ' entomologie , 23 ( 4 ) : 257 - 261 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . & fleck , g . ( 2001 ) : a new family of anisoptera from the upper jurassic of karatau in kazakhstan ( insecta : odonata : juragomphidae n . fam . ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 314 : 1 - 9 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . & bechly , g . & delcl\u00f2s , x . & huang , d . - y . ( 2009 ) : new and poorly known mesozoic damsel - dragonflies ( odonata : isophlebioidea : campterophlebiidae , isophlebiidae ) . - palaeodiversity , 2 : 209 - 232 [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bethoux , o . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . & papier , f . ( 2001 ) : the permo - triassic odonatoptera of the\nprotodonate\ngrade ( insecta : odonatoptera ) . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , ( n . s . ) 37 ( 4 ) : 501 - 525 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , garrouste , r . , bechly , g . , pohl , b . & escuilli\u00e9 , f . ( 2006 ) : rafaeliana , a replacement generic name for rafaelia nel et al , 2005 ( neuropterida ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 111 ( 2 ) : 190 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , prokop , j . , b\u00e9thoux , o . & fleck , g . ( 2012 ) : systematics and evolution of palaeozoic and mesozoic damselfly - like odonatoptera of the\nprotozygopteran\ngrade . - journal of paleontology , 86 ( 1 ) : 81 - 104 . [ pdf 21 . 7 mb ] .\nolmi , m . & bechly , g . ( 2001 ) : new parasitic wasps from baltic amber ( insecta : hymenoptera : dryinidae ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 306 : 1 - 58 . [ pdf ]\npetrulevicius , j . f . , nel , a . , rust , j . , bechly , g . & kohls , d . ( 2007 ) : new paleogene epallagidae ( insecta : odonata ) recorded in north america and europe . biogeographic implications . - alavesia , 1 : 15 - 25 . [ pdf ]\npinkert , s . , bechly , g . & nel , a . ( 2017 ) : first record of hawker dragonflies from eocene baltic amber ( odonata : anisoptera : gomphaeschnidae ) . - zootaxa , 4272 ( 2 ) : 263 - 275 . [ pdf ]\npoinar , g . jr . , bechly , g . & buckley , r . ( 2010 ) : first record of odonata and a new subfamily of damselflies from early cretaceous burmese amber . - palaeodiversity , 3 : 15 - 22 . [ pdf ]\npopov , y . a . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 15 heteroptera : bugs . - pp . 317 - 328 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nprobst , e . feat . bechly , g . ( 2011 ) : wer war der stammvater der insekten ? interview mit dem stuttgarter biologen und pal\u00e4ontologen dr . g\u00fcnter bechly . - grin verlag , m\u00fcnchen : 107 pp . [ webpage ]\nrasser , m . w . , bechly , g . b\u00f6ttcher , r . , ebner , m . , heizmann , e . p . j . , h\u00f6ltke , o . , joachim , c . , kern , a . , kovar - eder , j . , nebelsick , j . h . , roth - nebelsick , a . , schoch , r . r . , schweigert , g . & ziegler , r . ( 2013 ) : the randeck maar : palaeoenvironment and habitat differentiation of a miocene lacustrine system . - palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 392 : 426 - 453 . [ pdf\nrasser , m . w . , bechly , g . , b\u00f6ttcher , r . , ebner , m . , heizmann , e . p . j . , h\u00f6ltke , o . , joachim , c . , kern , a . k . , kovar - eder , j . , nebelsick , j . h . , roth - nebelsick , a . , schoch , r . r . , schweigert , g . & ziegler , r . ( 2014 ) : lebensraum randecker maar : ein fenster in das mittelmioz\u00e4ne klimaoptimum . - jahreshefte der gesellschaft f\u00fcr naturkunde in w\u00fcrttemberg , 171 : 231 - 236 , 4 pls .\nsch\u00e4del , m . & bechly , g . ( 2016 ) : first record of anisoptera ( insecta : odonata ) from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . - zootaxa , 4103 ( 6 ) : 537 - 549 . [ pdf ]\nschmid , u . & bechly , g . ( 2009 ) ( eds ) : evolution - der fluss des lebens . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c . , 66 / 67 : 197 pp . ( second revised edition published 2010 ) [ pdf ( reduced quality ) , review in spektrum der wissenschaft ]\nschweigert , g . & bechly , g . ( 2001 ) : bibliographie zur geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie des randecker maars ( unter - mioz\u00e4n , s\u00fcdwestdeutschland ) 1825 - 2000 . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 302 : 1 - 12 . [ pdf ]\nschwermann , a . h . , dos santos rolo , t . , caterino , m . s . , bechly , g . , schmied , h . , baumbach , t . & van de kamp , t . ( 2016 ) : preservation of three - dimensional anatomy in phosphatized fossil arthropods enriches evolutionary inference . - elife\nschwermann , a . h . , wuttke , m . , santos rolo , t . d . , caterino , m . s . , bechly , g . , schmied , h . , baumbach , t . & van de kamp , t . ( 2016 ) : the fossil insects of the quercy region : a historical review . - entomologie heute , 28 : 127 - 142 . [ pdf ]\nskartveit , j . & bechly , g . ( 2013 ) : first record of the march fly genus plecia ( diptera : bibionidae ) in dominican amber . - neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie abhandlungen , 269 / 1 : 97 - 100 . [ pdf ]\nsroka , p . , staniczek , a . h . & bechly , g . ( 2014 ) : revision of the giant pterygote insect bojophlebia prokopi kukalov\u00e1 - peck , 1985 ( insecta : hydropalaeoptera ) from the carboniferous of the czech republic . - journal of systematic palaeontology , 13 ( 11 ) : 963 - 982 . [ pdf ] .\nstaniczek , a . h . & bechly , g . ( 2002 ) : first fossil record of the mayfly family baetiscidae from baltic amber ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 322 : 1 - 11 . [ official pdf with an erroneous duplicate figure , and corrected pdf with color figures ]\nstaniczek , a . h . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 2 apterygota : primarily wingless insects . - pp . 149 - 154 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nstaniczek , a . h . , bechly , g . & godunko , r . j . ( 2011 ) : coxoplectoptera , a new fossil order of palaeoptera ( arthropoda : insecta ) , with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies ( ephemeroptera ) . - insect systematics & evolution , 42 : 101 - 138 . [ pdf 45 . 6 mb ]\nstaniczek , a . h . , sroka , p . & bechly , g . ( 2014 ) : neither silverfish nor fowl : the enigmatic carboniferous carbotriplura kukalovae kluge , 1996 ( insecta : carbotriplurida ) is the putative fossil sister group to winged insects ( insecta : pterygota ) . - systematic entomology , 39 ( 4 ) : 619 - 632 . [ pdf ]\n( 2015 ) : new predatory cockroaches ( insecta : blattaria : manipulatoridae fam . n . ) from the upper cretaceous myanmar amber . -\nziegler , r . & bechly , g . ( 2009 ) : von darwin zur afrikanischen eva - ursprung und entwicklung des menschen . - pp . 136 - 147 in : schmid , u . & bechly , g . ( eds ) : evolution - der fluss des lebens . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c . , 66 / 67 : 1 - 192 . [ pdf ]\nzessin , w . , bechly , g . , brauckmann , c . & gr\u00f6ning , e . ( 2001 ) : some new results concerning the morphology of the oldest dragonflies ( insecta : odonatoptera ) from the namurian of hagen - vorhalle ( germany ) . - the fifteenth international symposium of odonatology , abstracts of paper [ sic ! ] , societas internationalis odonatologica ( s . i . o . ) , novosibirsk , russia , july 9 - 19 , 2001 : 18 - 19 .\nimpressum | datenschutz | cookie policy | sitemap copyright : dr . g\u00fcnter bechly , germany , 2015\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbachmann , a . o . ( 1963 ) la ninfa de staurophlebia bosqi nav\u00e1s , 1927 ( odonata - aeshnidae ) . rev . soc . ent . argent . , buenos aires 26 : 71 - 73 .\nbackhoff , p . ( 1910 ) die entwicklung des copulationsapparates von agrion . ein beitrag zur postembryonalen entwicklungsgeschichte der odonaten . z . wiss . zool . 95 , p . 647\u2014706\nbaerends , g . p . ( 1959 ) ethological studies of insect behavior . ann . rev . ent . 4 : 207 - 229 .\nbaez , m . , ( 1985 ) las lib\u00e9lulas de las islas canarias . cabildo insular de tenerife , santa cruz , tenerife .\nbagg , a . m . ( 1957 ) a fall flight of dragonflies . maine field nat . 13 : 13 - 15 .\nbagg , a . m . ( 1958 ) fall emigration of the dragon - fly , anax junius . maine field nat . 14 : 2 - 13 .\nbaijal , h . n . and agarwal , j . p . ( 1955 ) opuscula libellulogica i . agra university journal research 4 ( 1 ) : 453 - 470 , figs . 1 - 43 .\nbaker , r . l . ( 1980 ) use of space in relation to feeding areas by zygopteran nymphs in captivity . can . j . zool . 58 : 1060 - 1065 .\nbaker , r . l . , and h . f . clifford . ( 1980 ) the nymphs of coenagrion interrogatum and c . resolutum ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) from the boreal forest of alberta , canada . can . ent . 112 : 433 - 436 .\nbaker , r . l . ( 1981 ) behavioral interactions and use of feeding areas by nymphs of coenagrion resolutum ( coenagrionidae : odonata ) . oecologia 49 : 353 - 358 .\nbaker , r . l . , and h . f . clifford . ( 1981 ) life cycles and food of coenagrion resolutum ( coenagrionidae : odonata ) and lestes disjunctus disjunctus ( lestidae : odonata ) populations from the boreal forest of alberta , canada . aquatic insects 3 : 179 - 191 .\nbaker , r . l . , and b . p . smith . ( 1997 ) conflict between antipredator and antiparasite behaviour in larval damselflies . oecologia 109 ( 4 ) : 622 - 628 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1956 ) a new species of chlorolestes ( odonata ) from natal . annals transvaal museum 22 ( 4 ) : 511 - 514 , figs . 1 - 5 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1957 ) classification of the females in the genus pseudagrion ( odonata ) based on thoracic structure . journal of the entomological society of south africa . 20 : 280 - 294 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1961 ) observations on the dragonfly fauna of the coastal region of zululand , with descriptions of three new species ( odonata ) . journal entomological society southern africa 24 ( 1 ) : 72 - 91 , figs . 1 - 12 , incl . pl . 1 - 1 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1963 ) a contribution towards the systematics of dragonflies of southern africa ( odonata ) . journal entomological society southern africa 26 ( 1 ) : 228 - 255 , figs . 1 - 45 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1964 ) a new species of pseudagrion ( odonata ) from the okavango swamps , bechuanaland . novos taxa entomologicos no . 36 : 3 - 7 , figs . 1 - 1 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1965 ) a new species of orthetrum ( odonata ) from southern africa . novos taxa entomologicos no . 39 : 3 - 7 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1967 ) on some intrinsic and environmental factors controlling the distribution of dragonflies ( odonata ) , with redescription and a new name for a little known species . journal entomological society southern africa 29 : 3 - 22 , figs . 1 - 4 , ta\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1971 ) a new species of pseudagrion s\u00e9lys ( odonata ) from eastern transvaal . journal entomological society southern africa 34 ( 1 ) : 11 - 15 , figs . 1 - 1 .\nbandsma , a . t . and brandt , r . t . ( 1963 ) the amazing world of insects , george allen & unwin ltd . , london 46pp . + 133pl .\nbanks , n . ( 1892 ) a synopsis , catalogue and bibliography of the neuropteroid insects of temperate north america . trans . amer . ent . soc . 19 : 327 - 372 .\nbanks , n . ( 1894 ) the odonata of ithaca , n . y . can . ent . 26 : 76 - 78 .\nbanks , n . ( 1896 ) a new species of gomphus . journal [ of the ] new york entomological society 4 ( 4 ) : 193 - 195 .\nbanks , m . j . , and d . j . thompson . ( 1985 ) lifetime mating success in the damselfly coenagrion puella . anim . behav . 33 : 1175 - 1183 .\nbarclay , h . ( 1964 ) some of the common pond arthropoda of the auckland district . tane 10 : 40 - 48\nbarclay , m . h . ( 1966 ) an ecological study of a temporary pond near auckland l new zealand . australian j . marine and freshwater research 17 : 239 - 258\nbarlow , a . ( 1996 ) additions to the checklist of odonata from malawi , with taxonomic notes . odonatologica 25 ( 3 ) : 221 - 230 .\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1933 ) a new genus of corduline dragonfly from south africa ( odonata ) . stylops 2 ( 7 ) : 165 - 168 , figs . 1 - 2 .\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1937 ) notes on dragon - flies ( odonata ) of the s . w . cape with descriptions of the nymphs and of new species . annals south african museum 32 ( 3 ) : 169 - 260 , figs . 1 - 32 .\nbarra , j . ( 1963 ) introduction \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude \u00e9cologique des odonates autour de strasbourg . bull . soc . zool . france , paris 88 : 108 - 124 .\nbarrett , m . d . & williams , m . r . ( 1998 ) distribution of the western petalura dragonfly petalura hesperia watson in western australia . pac . conserv . biol . 4 ( 2 ) : 149 - 154\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1908 ) eine sammlung von odonaten aus der umbegung des uvilda - sees ( goouv . perm ) . trudy obshchestva estestvoipytatelei imperatorskom kazanskom 41 ( 1 ) : 1 - 40 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1909 ) verzeichnisse der evertebraten - sammlungen des zoolog . museums der kais . universitat tomsk . xii . beitrage zur odonatenfauna sibiriens ( 1 - 5 ) . [ samml . zool . mus . univ . tomsk . 12 : 17 - 56 . pl 1 , 2 . . . . alt journal title ? ] izvestiia gosudarstvennogo tomskogo universiteta 37 ( 12 ) : 17 - 56 , excl . pl . 1 - 2 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1909 ) die odonaten der expedition nach kars . trudy kruzhka izsliedovanii russkoi prirody [ check ] 4 : 63 - 75 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1910 ) data relating to siberian dragonflies ? zoologischer anzeiger 35 ( 4 ) : 270 - 278 , figs . 1 - 7 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1910 ) verzeichnisse der evertebraten - sammlungen des zoolog . museums der kais . universitat tomsk . xi . collection of matsugama ( japan ) dragonflies . [ samml . zool . mus . univ . tomsk . . . . alt journal title ? ] izvestiia gosudarstvennogo tomskogo universiteta 37 ( 11 ( 1909 ) : 1 - 16 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1911 ) contributions to the knowledge of the odonata from palearctic asia in the zoological museum of imp . academy of sciences of st . petersburg . annuaire musee zoologique academie imperiale sciences st pet 16 : 409 - 448 , figs . 1 - 15 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1912 ) die palaearctischen und ostasiatischen arten und unterarten der gatung calopleryx leach ( odonata , calopterygidae ) . raboty laboratorii zoologicheskago kabineta imperatorskago v 1911 ( 1 ) : 63 - 193 , figs . 1 - 48 . [ also as : 63 - 257 ]\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1912 ) odonaten - ausbeute in transkaukasien im sommer 1911 . raboty laboratorii zoologicheskago kabineta imperatorskago v 1912 : 132 - 161 , figs . 1 - 14 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1912 ) materiahen zur odonatenfauna sibieriens . 15 . odonaten aus transbaikalien . zoologische jahrbuecher systematik 32 : 221 - 284 , figs . 1 - 15 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1913 ) sur une collection de libellules de boukhara ( turkestan ) . revue russe entomologie 13 ( 1 ) : 176 - 189 , figs . 1 - 9 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1913 ) contributions \u00e0 la connaissance des odonates de l ' asie pal\u00e9arctique du mus\u00e9e zoologique de l ' acad\u00e9mie imperiale des sciences de st . p\u00e9tersbourg , 2 . annuaire musee zoologique academie imperiale sciences st pet 17 ( 3 / 4 ) : 289 - 310 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1914 ) mat\u00e9riaux pour l ' \u00e9tude de la faune des libellules de la sib\u00e9rie . 16 . odonates de la province d ' oussouri horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 41 ( 2 ) : 1 - 32 , figs . 1 - 21 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1915 ) faune de la russie et des pays limitrophes . insectes pseudoneuropteres ( insecta pseudoneuroptera ) , vol . i , libellulidae , livr . 1 . [ in russian ] mus . zool . acad . imp . sci . , petrograd , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 352 , figs . 1 - 124 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1915 ) les repr\u00e8sentants am\u00e9ricans du genre sympetrum ( odonata , libellulinae ) . raboty laboratorii zoologicheskago kabineta imperatorskago v 1915 ( 5 ) : 1 - 26 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1916 ) contributions \u00e0 la faune des odonates du nord de perse . revue russe entomologie 16 ( 1 / 2 ) : 38 - 45 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1919 ) insectes pseudoneuropt\u00e8res ( insecta pseudoneuroptera ) . volume i , libellulidae . livraison 2 . faune russie 1 ( 2 ) : 353 - 576 , figs . 125 - 192 . maps 8 - 14 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1924 ) contributions \u00e0 l ' odontofaune des monts de la caucasie . [ 1925 ? ] bulletin museum georgie 2 : 28 - 86 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1929 ) donn\u00e9s nouvelles sur les odonates de la transcaucasie , de la perse et du turkestan . revue russe entomologie 23 ( 1 / 2 ) : 124 - 131 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1929 ) \u00fcber die artengruppen aeschna juncea und aeschna clepsydra in dem pal\u00e4arctischen gebiete [ in russian ] . trudy severo - kavkazskoi assotsiatsii nauchno - issledovatel ' sk 54 : 1 - 65 , figs . 1 - 70 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1929 ) neue arten und varietaten der odonata des west - kaukasus . zoologischer anzeiger 85 ( 3 / 4 ) : 54 - 68 , figs . 1 - 13 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) sur une collection des odonates de la sib\u00e9rie orientale et du turkestan et sur le genre ophiogomphus selys dans la region pal\u00e9actique . [ on a dragonfly collection from east siberia and turkestan and on the genus ophiogomphus sel . in palaearctic ] . revue russe entomologie 24 ( 1 / 2 ) : 115 - 127 , figs . 1 - 2 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) die pal\u00e4arktischen arten der untergattung cordulegaster . raboty severo - kavkazskoi gidrobiologicheskoi stantsii pri go 3 ( 1 / 3 ) : 1 - 32 , figs . 1 - 4 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) \u00fcber calopteryx splendens und ihre biotypen besonders die westasiatischen . zoologische jahrbuecher systematik 58 : 521 - 540 , incl . pl . 5 - 5 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) \u00fcber die aberrationen von libellula quadrimaculata l . zoologischer anzeiger 87 ( 7 / 8 ) : 191 - 198 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) \u00fcber eine kleine odonatensammlung aus japan und nordchina . zoologischer anzeiger 88 ( 11 / 12 ) : 326 - 329 , figs . 1 - 7 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) likely in error , see ' abstract ' zoologischer anzeiger 89 ( 7 / 10 ) : 229 - 245 , figs . 1 - 5 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1931 ) die geographisch - biologische charakteristik und die arten - paarungen der gattung sympetrum newm . 1833 . zool . jahrb . ( syst . ) 61 : 347 - 360 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1956 ) materials on the odonate fauna ( insecta , odonata ) of the far east [ in russian ] . trudy dal ' nevostochnogo filiala akademii nauk ussr zoology 3 ( 6 ) : 201 - 238 , incl . pl . 1 - 10 .\nbartram , j . ; collinson , p . ( 1753 ) some observations on the dragon - fly or libella of pensilvania , collected from mr . john bartram ' s letters , communicated by peter collinson , f . r . s . ( january 1 , 1753 ) philosophical transactions ( 1683 - 1775 ) 46 : 323\u2013325\nbay , e . c . ( 1974 ) predator - prey relationships among aquatic insects . annual review of entomology 19 : 441 - 453\nbayly , i . a . e . and williams , w . d . ( 1973 ) inland waters and their ecology . longman , camberwell , victoria , 316pp .\nbeatty , g . h . , iii . ( 1945 ) odonata collected and observed in 1945 at two artificial ponds at upton , new jersey . bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 40 : 178 - 187 .\nbeatty , g . h . , iii . ( 1946 ) dragonflies collected in pennsylvania and new jersey in 1945 . ent . news 62 : 1 - 10 , 50 - 56 , 76 - 81 , 104 - 111 . [ or vol 57 : ? ]"]}
{"id": 525, "summary": [{"text": "the salt marsh common yellowthroat , ( geothlypis trichas sinuosa ) , is a subspecies of the common yellowthroat , a new world warbler .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the salt marsh common yellowthroat has experienced a dramatic 80 % decline from the early 20th century through 1976 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is a species of concern for protection in efforts to restore chelsea wetlands in hercules , california . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "salt marsh common yellowthroat", "paragraphs": ["this species exhibits a wide range of geographic variation in plumage and taxonomists have described many subspecies in their struggle to categorize this variation . it is a migrant through much of its range , although some populations are partially migratory or sedentary . two sedentary populations , the san francisco or salt marsh yellowthroat and the brownsville yellowthroat (\nfoster , m . l . 1977 . a breeding season study of the salt marsh yellowthroat ( geothlypis trichas sinuosa ) of the san francisco bay area , california . master ' s thesis , san jose state univ . , san jose , ca . close\nhsu , a . 1993 . habitat use and singing activity of the common yellowthroat . master ' s thesis , univ . of rhode island , providence . close\nkowalski , m . p . 1983a . factors affecting the performance of flight songs and perch songs in the common yellowthroat . wilson bull . no . 95 : 140 - 142 . close\nzink , r . m . and j . t . klicka . 1990 . genetic variation in the common yellowthroat and some allies . wilson bull . no . 102 : 514 - 520 . close\nmenges , t . 1998 . common yellowthroat ( geothlypis trichas ) . in the riparian bird conservation plan : a strategy for reversing the decline of riparian - associated birds in california . california partners in flight . urltoken\nsalt , g . w . 1957 . an analysis of avifaunas in the teton mountains and jackson hole , wyoming . condor . 59 : 373 - 393 .\ngeothlypis trichas sinuosa female arrowhead marsh , martin luther king , jr . , regional shoreline , alameda county , california , usa 25 november 2007\nchen , p . 1993 . a study of the possible functions of the black mask in the male common yellowthroat : is the mask a badge signifying fitness ? master ' s thesis , univ . of wisconsin , milwaukee . close\nalthough this species primarily uses marsh habitats , riparian habitat may be important as a corridor and for other activities ( birds of north america ) .\ncardiff , e . a . 1989 . breeding bird census 1988 : desert riparian - freshwater marsh . journal of field ornithology 60 : 63 .\ncardiff , e . a . 1992 . breeding bird census 1991 : desert riparian - freshwater marsh . journal of field ornithology 63 : 96 - 97 .\nstewart , r . e . 1953 . a life history study of the yellowthroat . wilson bull . no . 65 : 99 - 115 . close\nritchison , g . 1991 . the flight songs of common yellowthroats : description and causation . condor no . 93 : 12 - 18 . close\nhofslund , p . b . 1959 . a life history study of the yellowthroat , geothlypis trichas . proc . minn . acad . sci . no . 27 : 144 - 174 . close\nklicka , j . t . 1994 . the biological and taxonomic status of the brownsville yellowthroat ( geothlypis trichas insperata ) . master ' s thesis , univ . of minnesota , minneapolis . close\nritchison , g . 1995 . characteristics , use and possible functions of the perch songs and chatter calls of male common yellowthroats . condor no . 97 : 27 - 38 . close\nsouth coast and colorado desert bioregion : according to maps data , bbs routes , and expert opinion ( b . kus and p . unit ) , coye is common in this area .\ncardiff , e . a . 1996 . breeding bird census 1995 : desert riparian - freshwater marsh . journal of field ornithology 67 : 75 . chapman , f . m . 1968 . warblers of north america . dover publications inc . ny .\ntable 1 . latitude and longitude of current breeding status of common yellowthroats at maps locations throughout california from 1989 - 1996 ( ibp 1997 ) . this is based on birds captured in mist nets only . refer to ibp for interpretation of breeding status codes .\ncoye is a common brown - headed cowbird host . a study in michigan reported 10 of 22 nests parasitized ( stewart 1953 ) . in the central valley of california , 7 of 14 nests were parasitized ( geupel et al . 1995 - 1997 , draft progress reports ) .\nsan joaquin valley ( sjv ) bioregion : coye has been recorded on bbs routes in the northern sjv , but not in the southern portion . approximately 15 breeding territories were recorded along the san joaquin river and salt slough ( prbo 1997 ) . coye also was detected on incidental surveys as far south as the mendota wildlife area , fresno county . the status of coye in the southern portion of the sjv needs further investigation .\nthis inhabitant of thick , tangled vegetation ( particularly in wet areas ) is one of north america ' s most widespread warblers , breeding throughout the continental united states ( including part of alaska ) and in parts of all canadian provinces . the male ' s distinctive black mask and wich - i - ty wich - i - ty wich - i - ty song make it an easily identified warbler . first collected in what is now maryland , and described by carl von linn\u00e9 ( linnaeus ) in 1766 , the common yellowthroat was one of the earliest species of birds tobe described from the new world .\nsierra nevada bioregion : bbs routes and reports of coye in inyo county indicate that it is a common migrant and breeder ( heindel unpublished ) . coye appear absent from the northern portion of this region . however , bbs routes have detected coye in the southern portion of this bioregion ( peterjohn ) .\npacific northwest bioregion : coye appears to be historically more common . they were recorded on 17 bbs routes from 1966 - 1985 whereas from 1986 - 1996 only 10 routes recorded coye . mist netting data indicates coye as a transient in this region and a fall migrant ( c . j . ralph , ibp ) .\ni reviewed point count surveys ( provided by b . peterjohn ) from 1966 - 1985 and 1986 - 1996 to determine if differences existed in distribution . common yellowthroat ( coye ) were either seen or heard singing / calling during the breeding season at many locations throughout the state . coye were recorded in at least one location within each of the 10 bioregions in california . however , only one location in the sacramento valley bioregion had recorded coye . all other regions had > 2 locations . this is a compilation of all bbs routes in the state of ca . review rough maps with coye detected at stations . i highlighted all of the historic and current routes that detected coye ( see very rough maps with bioregion in black ) .\nwe have an opportunity in hercules to preserve the 12 acre chelsea wetlands near chelsea by the bay and hercules by the bay communities . the wetland is a vital part of our ecosystem . egrets once nested there and it remains the habitat of some endangered species . the past century took its toll on the chelsea wetland . as the area was developed , tons of soil was dumped in the wetland . a similar practice occurred throughout the country . by 1950 , an estimated 45 million acres , or 35 % , of all wetlands in america had been drained .\nrestoring the chelsea wetland has several benefits . by removing the unnatural soil in chelsea wetland , the water storage capacity will increase by four feet , thus helping to reduce flooding in nearby neighborhoods , as happened in pinole in 2006 . this is particularly important to the communities of chelsea by the bay and hercules by the bay .\na healthy wetland also prevents pollutants from running into the bay . ecologists call wetlands \u201cthe kidney\u201d of the ecosystem because of the natural cleansing functions they perform . they do this by retaining sediments and toxic pollutants attached to the sediments . wetland plants also reduce algae blooms and fish kills .\nrestoring the chelsea wetland currently , the chelsea wetland turns dry and brown in the summer . a healthy wetland and creek would cycle water year round , providing a place for wildlife . native vegetation would return naturally or be reintroduced . some of the current goals of the restoration project include :\nthe city of hercules has committed to reviewing the county\u2019s work on flood control to make sure that we are protected and that future efforts will not aggravate what is currently in place .\n2012 update last year , the city of hercules finalized grant agreements with the california natural resources agency and the environmental protection agency and association of bay area governments . in all , the chelsea wetlands project has recieved several grants : $ 1 . 83 million from the proposition 84 is the california river parkways program ; $ 145 , 000 from the green infill clean storm water initiative ( epa / abag ) , $ 56 , 200 from the contra costa county fish and wildlife propagation fund and $ 40 , 000 from the san francisco foundation . the city of hercules has also contributed $ 128 , 000 , bringing the project total to over $ 2 . 1 million .\nin februrary of 2012 , the city solicited request for proposals for ceqa and permit regulatory compliance for for the project . a request for proposals for final engineering design will also be made available in february .\nthe list of all grant recipients can be found on the natural resources agency website at : urltoken .\nthe city of hercules and their consultants have presented plans and answered question on the chelsea wetlands restoration at community workshops sponsored by the friends of pinole creek watershed . and the chelsea by the bay homeowners association has been actively involved with the city on this project . community involvement is a critical component of success for projects like this .\ndraft initial study and proposed mitigated negative declaration ( is / mnd ) for the chelsea wetlands restoration project ( appendices joined to final document ) draft conceptual restoration plan ( 11 . 7 mb pdf ) . this report describes the details of the project .\nbiological evaluation report ( 10 . 3 mb pdf ) this report identifies special status plant and wildlife and habitat restored by the project .\ncontours map ( 1 . 92 mb cad file ) contours map ( 1 . 44 mb pdf file )\nif you are interested in getting more involved in the wetland restoration , contact holly smyth for the chelsea wetland restoration project at ( 510 ) 245 - 6531 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nmanagement status : ( g . t . sinuosa ) california species of special concern\nthis review is based on mist - netting information , bbs data , and expert opinion ( sources noted individually ) .\nthe following is a compilation of maps stations from 1989 - 1996 where coye have been recorded with accompanying breeding status ( institute for bird populations , d . desante , h . smith ) - lat / long of maps sites with coye breeding status ( table 1 ) . 25 of the 70 maps stations have captured coye ( ibp 1997 ) . coye attempted to breed at only 10 of these stations , and an occasional breeder at 3 stations ( ibp 1997 ) .\nnortheast bioregion : coye was recorded in five areas in the northeast bioregion from 1966 - 1996 . mist netting data confirms that coye breeds in this area . however , coye has not been recorded on bbs routes in the southwest portion of this bioregion ( this may be due to the topography ) . further investigation is warranted .\nsacramento valley bioregion : coye is a confirmed breeder in this region . however , in the upper and lower sacramento and feather rivers , coye populations have decreased ( gains 1974 ) . data are inconclusive for the southern portion of this region .\nbay / delta bioregion : confirmed breeder in the western portion of this region . also recorded on bbs routes throughout this region . the bay / delta bioregion supports the listed g . t . sinuosa subspecies .\ncentral coast bioregion : according to recent bbs surveys , coye seem to be absent from the northern portion of this region . historically , bbs routes detected coye , but have failed in recent years . however , coye have been captured in mist nets in this area ( see table 1 ) .\nmojave bioregion : coye seems to be absent from the eastern section of this region , whereas the western region reports numerous observations . b . kus indicated that only a few coye in highly optimal habitat exist near victorville along the mojave river . further investigation is warranted in this area .\nevens et al . ( 1997 ) report 1 . 04 territories per hectare and 5 . 48 territories per km when design data is pooled ( i . e . , burned and unburned plots ) for g . t . sinuosa at point reyes national seashore . in michigan , home ranges vary from 0 . 3 - 0 . 7 ha ( stewart 1953 ) . in new york , coye were spaced 2 . 0 - 2 . 4 ha . in the san francisco bay , 0 . 2 - 2 . 0 ha spacing reported by foster ( 1977 ) .\nwoodrey and chandler ( 1997 ) indicate no significant difference between adults and immatures in timing of passage at any site studied . however , this varied between year and site . grinnell and miller ( 1944 ) indicate coye is a summer resident from mid - april until september in northern ca , and is a winter resident in central and southern ca . nevertheless , they are uncommon in ca during the winter months ( grinnell and miller 1944 ) .\nsally and gleaner of insects , spiders , and caterpillers ( bent 1953 ) .\nground level to 3 m , but most commonly found between ground level and 0 . 6 m .\nthe nest contains dead grasses , leaves , ferns , etc . , and is lined with fine grasses and hair ( harrison 1978 , zeiner et al . 1990 ) .\nthe coye is found from sea level to at least 450 m in bishop , california . more information needed .\nterritory / home range size is reported as 0 . 4 - 1 . 2 hectares , suggesting there may be a minimum wetland size for breeding . however , more information is needed .\nlivestock grazing intensity , loss and destruction of wetland habitats ( airola 1990 ) . coyes are sensitive to destruction of wetlands and grazing , especially in certain parts of california . however , more data are needed to fully assess this issue , perhaps concentrating on the central valley where wetland loss is documented .\nstudies in the northern prairies of canada and north dakota have shown that incidental depredation may be harmful to ground - nesting birds ( vickery et al . 1992 ) . snakes , accipiters , and small mammals are known predators . coyes also are parasitized frequently ( bent 1953 , ehrlich et al . 1988 ) .\nairola , d . a . 1986 . brown - headed cowbird parasitism and habitat disturbance in the sierra nevada . journal of wildlife management . 50 ( 4 ) : 571 - 575 .\namerican ornithologists ' union . 1983 . check - list of north american birds . 6th ed . am . ornithol . union , washington , d . c .\natwood , j . l . 1994 . endangered small landbirds of the western united states . studies in avian biology 15 : 328 - 339 .\nbeal , f . e . l . 1907 . birds of california in relation to the fruit industry ( part 1 ) . u . s . dept . agri . biol . surv . bull . 30 .\nbeedy , e . c . and s . l . granholm . 1985 . discovering sierra birds : western slope . yosemite natural history association and sequoia natural history association , usa .\nbeer , j . r . , l . d . frenzel and n . hansen . 1956 . minimum space requirements of some nesting passerine birds . wilson bulletin . 68 ( 3 ) : 200 - 209 .\nbent , a . c . 1963 . life histories of north american wood warblers . dover publications inc . , ny .\nbierman , g . c . and s . g . sealy . 1982 . parental feeding of nestling yellow warblers in relation to brood size and prey availability . auk . 99 : 332 - 341 .\nblakesley , j . a . and k . r . peese . 1988 . avian use of campground and noncampground sites in riparian zones . journal of wildlife management 52 ( 3 ) : 399 - 402 .\nbriskie , j . v . 1995 . nesting biology of the yellow warbler at the northern limits of its range . journal of field ornithology . 66 : 531 - 543 .\nburridge , b . 1995 . sonoma county breeding bird atlas : detailed maps and accounts for our nesting birds . madrone audubon society , santa rosa , ca .\nbusby , d . g . and s . g . sealy . 1979 . feeding ecology of nesting yellow warblers . can . j . zool . 57 : 1670 - 1681 .\nclark , k . l . , and r . j . robertson . 1981 . cowbird parasitism and evolution of anti - parasite strategies in the yellow warbler . wilson bulletin . 93 ( 2 ) : 249 - 258 .\ncollins , s . l . 1981 . a comparison of nest - site and perch - site vegetation structure for seven species of warbler . wilson bulletin . 93 : 542 - 547 .\ndawson , w . l . 1923 . birds of california . south moulton co . , san diego , los angeles , san francisco .\ndellasala , d . a . 1986 . polygyny in the yellow warbler . wilson bulletin 98 ( 1 ) : 152 - 154 .\ndesante , d . and d . g . ainley . 1980 . the avifauna of the south farallon islands , california . studies in avian biology no . 4 . cooper ornithological society ,\ndixon , j . b . 1934 . records of the nesting of certain birds in eastern california . condor . 36 : 35 - 36 .\ndunn , j . l . , and k . l . garrett . 1997 . a field guide to the warblers of north america . houghton mifflin co . , new york 656pp .\nevens , j . g . , and r . w . stallcup . 1992 . breeding bird census 1991 : coastal riparianmarsh . journal of field ornithology 63 : 95 - 96 .\nehrlich , p . r . , d . s . dobkin , and d . wheye . 1988 . the birder ' s handbook : a field guide to the natural history of north american birds . simon and schusterinc . , new york , ny .\nficken , m . s . and r . w . ficken . 1966 . notes on the male and habitat selection in the yellow warbler . wilson bulletin . 78 : 232 - 233 .\nfatooh , j . 1996 . preliminary results of 1995 breeding bird censuses in riparian areas , bishop ra . unpublished report to the bureau of land management , bishop resource area .\nfatooh , j . 1997 . breeding birds of wilson creek . unpublished report to the bureau of land management , bishop resource area .\ngaines , d . 197 ? . the nesting riparian avifauna of the sacramento valley , california and the status of the yellow - billed cuckoo . ms thesis , university of california , davis .\ngaines , d . 1977 . birds of the yosemite sierra . grt book printing , oakland , ca .\ngaines , d . 1974 . a new look at the nesting riparian avifauna of the sacramento river valley , california . western birds . 5 : 61 - 84 .\ngaines , d . 1988 . birds of yosemite and the east slope . artemesia press , lee vining , ca .\ngardali , t . and g . r . geupel . 1997 . songbird inventory and monitoring at golden gate national recreation area . prbo unpublished report . stinson beach , ca .\ngarrett , k . and j . dunn . 1981 . birds of southern california : status and distribution . l . a . audubon , artisan press , los angeles , ca .\ngeupel , g . r . and n . nur . 1993 . evaluation of migration monitoring at the palomarin field station : population trends in california and the west , 1980 - 1992 . paper presented at the\nworkshop to develop a north american monitoring program for landbird species nesting in northern canada and alaska .\nsimcoe , ontario . september 1993 .\ngeupel , g , r . , g . ballard . 1995 . status and distribution of the landbird avifauna along riparian corridors of the sacramento river national wildlife refuge : results of the 1994 field season . prbo report to the u . s . fish and wildlife . stinson beach , ca .\ngeupel , g , r . , g . ballard , a . kiener . 1996a . songbird monitoring within the san luis national wildlife refuge : results from the 1995 field season . prbo report to the us fish and wildlife . stinson beach , ca .\ngeupel , g , r . , g . ballard , n . nur , a . king . 1996b . population status and habitat associations of songbirds along riparian corridors of the lower sacramento river : results from 1995 field season and summary of results 1993 to 1995 . prbo report to the us fish and wildlife and the nature conservancy . stinson beach , ca .\ngeupel , g , r . , g . ballard , a . king . 1997a . songbird monitoring on the cosumnes river preserve : results from the 1995 field season . prbo report to the nature conservancy . stinson beach , ca .\ngeupel , g , r . , a . king , g . ballard . 1997b . songbird monitoring within the san luis national wildlife refuge : results from the 1996 field season . prbo report to the us fish and wildlife . stinson beach , ca .\ngoosen , p . j . and s . g . sealy . 1982 . production of young in a dense nesting population of yellow warblers , dendroica petechia , in manitoba . can . field - nat . 96 : 189 - 199 .\ngraham , d . s . 1988 . responses of five host species to cowbird parasitism . condor . 90 : 588 - 591 .\ngreenberg , r . , and j . s . ortiz . 1994 . interspecific defense of pasture trees by wintering yellow warblers . auk . 111 ( 3 ) : 672 - 682 .\ngrinnell , j . 1914 . an account of the mammals and birds of the lower colorado valley with especial reference to the distributional problems presented . university of california publications in zoology 12 ( 4 ) : 51 - 294 .\ngrinnell , j . 1915 . a distributional list of the birds of california . pac . coast avifauna 11 . cooper ornithological club , hollywood , ca .\ngrinnell , j . , and m . w . wythe . 1927 . directory to the bird life of the san francisco bay region . pac . coast avifauna 18 . cooper ornithological club , berkeley , ca .\ngrinnell , j . , j . dixon , and j . m . linsdale . 1930 . vertebrate natural history of a section of northern california through the lassen peak region . univ . cal . publ . zool . 35 ( 5 ) : 1 - 594 .\ngrinnell , j . , and a . h . miller . 1944 . the distribution of the birds of california . pacific coast avifauna 27 . cooper ornithological club , berkeley , ca .\ngrisom , l . and a . sprunt jr . 1979 . the warblers of america . doubleday and company , inc . , garden city , ny .\nharris , s . w . 1991 . northwestern california birds : a guide to the status , distribution , and habitats for the birds of del norte , humboldt , trinity , northern mendocino , and western siskiyou counties california . humboldt state university press , arcata , ca .\nharrison , c . j . o . and p . j . baicich . 1997 . a guide to the nests , eggs , and nestlings of north american birds . 2nd edition . academic press , san diego , ca .\nhebart , p . n . and s . g . sealy . 1993 . hatching asynchrony and feeding rates in yellow warblers : a test of the sexual conflict hypothesis . am . nat . 142 ( 5 ) : 881 - 892 .\nhilty , s . l . and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of columbia . princeton university press . princeton , nj .\nhowell , a . b . 1917 . birds of the islands off the coast of southern california . pacific coast avifauna 12 .\nhowell , s . n . g . and s . webb . 1995 . a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america . oxford university press . ny .\nhunter , w . c . 1984 . status of nine bird species of special concern along the colorado river . california dept . fish and game . wildlife management branch administrative report no . 84 - 2 .\nhutto , r . l . 1981 . seasonal variation in the foraging behavior of some migratory western wood warblers . auk 98 : 765 - 777 .\nkatibah , e . f . 1984 . a brief history of riparian forests in the central valley of california . in california riparian systems : ecology , conservation , and productive management . r . e . warner and k . m . hendrix eds . university of california press ltd . london , england .\nkendeigh , s . c . 1941b . birds of a prairie community . condor 43 : 165 - 174 .\nking , a . and g . r . geupel . 1997a . songbird response to revegetation efforts along the sacramento river : results from the 1996 field season . prbo unpublished report . stinson beach , ca .\nking , a . , and g . r . geupel . 1997b . songbird monitoring on the san luis national wildlife refuge : progress report on the 1997 field season . prbo unnpublished report to fws region 1 nongame program and slnwr , stinson beach , ca .\nknopf , f . l . , j . sedgwick , and r . w . cannon . 1980 . guild structure of a riparian avifauna relative to seasonal cattle grazing . journal of wildlife management . 52 ( 2 ) : 280 - 290 .\nknopf , f . l . , and j . a . sedgwick . 1992 . an experimental study of nest - site selection by yellow warblers . condor . 94 : 734 - 742 .\nlaymon , s . a . 1981 . avifauna of an island of lowland riparian woodland : dog island city park , red bluff , california . ms thesis , california state university , chico .\nlaymon , s . a . 1984 . riparian bird community structure and dynamics : dog island , red bluff , california . pp 587 - 597 in california riparian systems : ecology , conservation , and productive management ( r . e . warner and k . m . hendrix eds . ) . university of california press , berkeley , ca .\nlehman , p . e . 1994 . the birds of santa barbara county , california . vertebrate museum university of california , santa barbara , ca .\nlozano , g . a . and r . e . lemon . 1996 . male plumage , paternal care and reproductive success in yellow warblers ( dendroica petechia ) . anim . behav . 51 ( 2 ) : 265 - 272 .\nmailliard , j . 1900 . land birds of marin county , california . condor 2 : 62 - 68 .\nmartinsen , g . d . and t . g . whitham . more birds nest in hybrid cottonwood trees . wilson bulletin . 106 : 474 - 481 .\nmonson , g . , and a . phillips . 1981 . revised checklist of arizona birds . university of arizona press , tucson , az .\nmorse , d . h . 1973 . the foraging of small populations of yellow warblers and american redstarts . ecology . 54 ( 2 ) : 347 - 355 .\nmorton , e . s . 1975 . the adaptive significance of dull coloration in yellow warblers .\nmowbray , m . v . 1947 . notes on the birds of the upper salinas valley , california . condor 49 : 173 - 174 .\nneff , j . a . 1930 . cowbirds in the sacramento valley . condor 32 : 250 - 252 .\nnur , n . , g . r . geupel , and grant ballard . 1993 . assessing the impact of the cantara spill on terrestrial bird populations along the riparian corridors of the sacramento river : results from the 1992 field season and comparison to 1991 . prbo report to california fish and game . stinson beach , ca .\nnur , n . , g . r . geupel , and grant ballard . 1994 . assessing the impact of the cantara spill on terrestrial bird populations along the sacramento river : results from the 1993 field season . prbo report to calif . dept . of fish and game .\nnur , n . , g . r . geupel , and grant ballard . 1995 . assessing the impact of the cantara spill on terrestrial bird populations along the sacramento river : results from the 1994 field season and comparison with results , 1991 - 1994 . prbo report to calif . dept . fish and game . stinson beach , ca .\nnur , n . , c . j . ralph , s . laymon , g . r . geupel , d . evans . 1996a . save our songbirds songbird conservation in california ' s riparian habitats : population assessments and management recommendations . prbo report to the national fish and wildlife foundation . project no , 94 - 232 . stinson beach , ca .\nnur , n . , g . r . geupel , and grant ballard . 1996b . assessing the impact of the cantara spill on terrestrial bird populations along the sacramento river : results from the 1995 field season and comparison with results , 1991 - 1994 . prbo report to calif . dept . fish and game . stinson beach , ca .\nnur , n . , g . r . geupel , and grant ballard . 1997 . assessing the impact of the cantara spill on terrestrial bird populations along the sacramento river : results from the 1996 field season and comparison with results , 1992 - 1996 . prbo report to calif . dept . fish and game . stinson beach , ca .\nohmart , r . d . 1994 . the effects of human - induced changes on the avifauna of western riparian habitats . studies in avian biology 15 : 273 - 285 .\npetit , d . r . , k . e . petit , and l . j . petit . 1990 . geographic variation in foraging ecology of north american insectivorous birds . studies in avian biology 13 : 254 - 263 .\nremsen , j . v . jr . 1978 . bird species of special concern in california . cal . dept . fish and game . wildlife management branch admin . report no . 78 - 1 . 54pp .\nriensche , d . 1992 . breeding bird census 1991 : western sycamore woodland with scattered oaks . journal of field ornithology . 63 : 36 .\nriensche , d . , m . morrow , and c . garcia . 1996 . breeding bird census 1995 : willow riparian woodland and edge . journal of field ornithology 67 : 29 - 30 .\nroberson , d . 1985 . monterey birds . monterey peninsula audubon society , carmel , ca .\nroberson , d . and c . tenney . 1993 . atlas of the breeding birds of monterey county , california . monterey peninsula audubon society , carmel , ca .\nrogers , c . m . 1994 . avian nest success , brood parasitism and edge - independent reproduction in an alaskan wetland . journal of field ortnithology . 65 : 433 - 440 .\nrosenberg , k . v . , r . d . ohmart , w . c . hunter , b . w . anderson . 1991 . birds of the lower colorado river valley . university of arizona press .\nrothstein , s . i . , j . verner , and e . stevens . 1980 . range expansion and diurnal changes in dispersion of the brown - headed cowbird in the sierra nevada . auk 97 : 253 - 267 .\nrowley , j . s . 1939 . breeding birds of mono county , california . condor . 41 : 247 - 254 .\nschrantz , f . g . 1943 . nest life of the eastern yellow warbler . auk . 60 : 367 - 387 .\nshuford , w . d . 1993 . the marin county breeding bird atlas : a distributional and natural history of coastal california . bushtit books , bolinas , ca .\nsmall , a . 1994 . california birds : their status and distribution . ibis , vista , ca .\nsmyth , m . , and h . n . coulumbe . 1971 . notes on the use of desert springs by birds in california . condor 73 : 240 - 243 . stauffer , d . f . and l . b . best . 1980 . habitat selection by birds of riparian communities : evaluating effects of habitat alterations . journal of wildlife mangement . 44 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .\nstephens , l . a . and c . c . pringle . 1933 . birds of marin county , california . gull 18 , no . 6 .\nstudd , m . v . and r . j . robertson . 1985a . sexual selection and variation in reproductive strategy in male yellow warblers ( dendroica petechia ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 17 : 101 - 109 .\nstudd , m . v . and r . j . robertson . 1985b . evidence for reliable badges of status in territorial yellow warblers ( dendroica petechia ) . anim . behav . 133 : 1102 - 1113 .\nstudd , m . v . and r . j . robertson . 1985c . life span , competition , and delayed plumage maturation in male passerines : the breeding threshold hypothesis . am . nat . 126 : 101 - 115 .\nstudd , m . v . and r . j . robertson . 1988 . different allocation of reproductive effort to territorial establishment and maintenance by male yellow warblers ( dendroica petechia ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 23 :\nstudd , m . v . and r . j . robertson . 1989 . influence of age and territory quality on the reproductive behavior of male yellow warblers . can . j . zool . 67 : 268 - 273 .\ntaylor , d . m . and c . d . littlefield . 1986 . willow flycatcher and yellow warbler response to cattle grazing . american birds . 40 : 1169 - 1173 .\ntyler , j . g . 1913 . some birds of the fresno district , california . pacific coast avifauna 9 : 99 .\nusda . 1994 . neotropical migratory bird reference book . usda , usfs , pac . sw region , fisheries , wildlife , and rare plants staff .\nverner , j . and a . s . boss . 1980 . california wildlife and their habitats : western sierra nevada . gen . tech . rep . psw - 37 . pacific southwest forest and range exp . stn . , usfs , u . s . dept . agric . , berkeley , ca .\nverner , j . and l . v . ritter . 1983 . current status of the brown - headed cowbird in the sierra national forest . auk . 100 : 355 - 368 .\nweaver , k . l . 1992 . breeding bird census 1991 : riparian woodland . journal of field ornithology 63 : 35 - 36 .\nweston , h . g . 1948 . spring arrival of summer residents in the berkeley area , california . condor . 50 : 81 .\nwillett , g . 1912 . birds of the pacific slope of southern california . pacific coast avifauna 7 : 95 - 96 .\nwillett , g . 1933 . a revised list of the birds of southwest california . pacific coast avifauna # 7 . cooper ornithological club , berkeley , ca .\nyezerinac , s . m . 1995 . extra - pair mating in yellow warblers : sexual selection in a socially monogamous bird ( dendroica petechia ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 : 179 - 188 .\nyezerinac , s . m . , p . j . weatherhead , p . t . boag , 1996 . cuckoldry and lack of parentage - dependant paternal care in yellow warblers : a cost - benefit approach . anim . behav . 52 ( 4 ) : 821 - 832 .\nzeiner , d . et al . 1990 . california ' s wildlife vol . 3 . birds . california statewide wildlife habitat relationships system . dept . fish and game . sacramento , ca .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library\u2019s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nthis species breeds locally from northern portions of california , nevada , utah , and colorado south , and also winters in the eastern caribbean . map adapted from godfrey 1986 , howell and webb 1995 , dunn and garrett 1997 , and raffaele et al . 1998 . see text for details .\n) , have undergone severe declines in this century because of habitat loss and alteration . despite the widespread occurrence and abundance of yellowthroats , few studies ( none of which are long - term ) of the breeding biology or behavior of this species have been conducted . two detailed studies of breeding behavior have been published for populations in minnesota (\n) . only song and singing behavior have received recent attention in the literature ( e . g . ,\nescalante - pliego , b . p . 1978 . genetic differentiation in yellow - throats ( parulina : geothlypis ) . acta xx congr . int . ornithol . : 333 - 341 . close\nescalante - pliego , b . p . 1991 . phylogenetic relationships of geothlypis ( aves : parulinae ) . ph . d . diss . , city univ . of new york , new york . close\n) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\ncanon eos 40d , canon ef 100 - 400mm f / 4 . 5 - 5 . 6l is usm\ncopyright property of glen tepke . all rights reserved . no unauthorized use . email g . tepke ( at ) comcast ( dot ) net to request use ."]}
{"id": 530, "summary": [{"text": "aporandria specularia is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india , vietnam , thailand , the andamans , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , the philippines and sulawesi . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "aporandria specularia", "paragraphs": ["aporandria warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 385 ; ts : geometra specularia guen\u00e9e\naporandria specularia ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 61 ; [ mob9 ] : 248 , f . 276 , 279 , pl . 6\nin front of my flat there are a number of mango trees . this moth is found quite often on the wall outside my flat . this is a great opportunity for me to test out the 40d with the tokina 100mm macro lens and the sigma 500 super dg flash . apparently the camera worked so well with the flash , even able to control the fec ( flash exposure compensation ) that i can find no difference in the exposure from this flash as compared to that of the 580ex . i believe this is the aporandria specularia ( large green aporandria ) whose caterpillars feed on the mango leaves . roger , please correct me if i ' m wrong . sorry les , i added this to your thread . should have started a new one . richard\nhi richard , what i didn ' t comment on ( and should , as it ' s the most noticeable component of your original post ) - was the photo itself - the 100mm lens works a treat . crystal clear focus and plenty of d . o . f . with good colour rendition - i . e . correct white balance ( set to auto or to flashlight ? ) . looks like the sort of set up i should save up for ! incidentally , a . specularia is somewhat surprisingly not yet recorded in hong kong - maybe i should go to a mango grove ( if there is one in hong kong ) and set a light trap ! cheers , roger .\nguen\u00e9e , 1857 , hist . nat insectes , spec . gen . lep . 9 : 342 .\nthe size , in combination with the yellow basal zone and dull pink and red discal mark of the hindwing , distinguish this species .\nsri lanka , india , vietnam , thailand , andamans , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , philippines , sulawesi .\nthis is a lowland species found in both forested and disturbed or cultivated areas . during the mulu survey it was found more frequently in forest on limestone .\nthe larva was described fully and illustrated by moore ( 1847 ) and described in detail by bell ( ms ) and singh ( 1953 ) . it is slender , the body green , the head strongly bifid and with the true legs pale purplish red with darker spots . early instars are dark yellow .\nthe larva adopts a twig - like posture when at rest . bell mentioned association with ants of the genus oecophylla in some instances . it is a leaf ( singh ) and flower feeder ( kuroko & lewvanich , 1993 ) . the egg ( bell , ms ) is a thick , elongate - oval disc - shape with vertical sides . the top is slightly convex with a rim like a pie - crust , light green with the rim pure white . pupation is in a folded leaf secured by silk . host - plants noted by the authors above and in unpublished iie records are mangifera ( anacardiaceae ) , terminalia ( combretaceae ) , eugenia ( myrtaceae ) , areca ( palmae ) , rhizophora ( rhizophoraceae ) and nephelium ( sapindaceae ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsrilanka , india , vietnam , thailand , andaman , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , philippines , slawesi lowland species found in both forested and disturbed or cultivated areas .\nsri lanka , india , vietnam , thailand , andamans , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . volume 9 . uranides et phal\u00e9nites\n( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,\n( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .\nwarren , 1894 new genera and species of geometridae novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 366 - 466\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif this is your first visit , be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above . you may have to register before you can post : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\nroger c . kendrick ph . d . c & r wildlife , lam tsuen , tai po , n . t . , hong kong s . a . r . hk moths website : urltoken hk moths recording project on i - naturalist : urltoken hk moths flickr site : urltoken\nthanks roger , for the lesson in english grammar and the id confirmation . richard\nluckily i am not into moth photography , otherwise you will be correcting my english more than the moth ids .\nthank you roger and lc . the setup i used is not that costly , roger i ' m pretty sure you can easily afford that . the canon 40d , the latest of the semi pro eos in the market , is around us1250 and the tokina 100mm macro is possibly one of the cheapest macro lens . coupled with the sigma 500 super dg flash , this whole setup should be under us $ 1800 . richard\neasily afford\ndoes not come to mind at that price - i have a monthly mortgage , two kids , car to run , mouths to feed , insurance , electricity , rates , & c . . . . . . and i don ' t get paid a princely salary doing wildlife conservation work . my wife works too and she has to cover her parents ( both retired with no pension ) costs as well . between us we just break even every month . saving for extras is a luxury at the moment . : ( so for the time being i ' ll have to hope my old coolpix5000 lasts a few more years .\ngood one , roger . puts some perspective into the extravagant spending that we see in singapore . but then again , in my line of work , i understand that people in the profession get paid 3x the singapore salaries .\nkhew sk butterflies of singapore blog try not . do , or do not . there is no try\nthis particular grammatical case is one that is rife in hong kong , and i ' ve had to correct several publications recently in which there were many instances of this mistake . i am well aware that for most members of this forum , english is a second language , so i hope that nobody takes offence if i offer a few notes on the mysteries of the english language when it is appropriate to do so ( i . e . in the context of aiding the lepidoptera discussion and not getting totally off topic - admins please let me know when you think i ' m on a serious tangent ! )\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 2 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nreceive exclusive deals and awesome artist news and content right to your inbox . free for your convenience ."]}
{"id": 532, "summary": [{"text": "acropolis is a monotypic butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the one species in the genus , acropolis thalia , is distributed in western subtropical china . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "acropolis ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["phrases that include acropolis : acropolis rally , athenian acropolis , central acropolis , hotel acropolis , landscaping of the acropolis of athens , more . . .\nplants of the holy land . plant of genus alyssum . plant of the genus chamemaelum . plant of the genus thymus .\nbranch of tree of the genus quercus . fruits of plant of the genus rhamnus .\n\u2014 acropolis select athens country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) acropolis select athens location the hotel is ideally located as it is within the vicinity of the acropolis and plaka . in addition , it is only a 15 minutes walk from the heart\u2026 \u2026\nnarcissus is a genus of predominantly spring perennial plants in the amaryllidaceae family . various common names including daffodil , daffadowndilly , narcissus , and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus\nacropolis was introduced as the name for a new genus and not as a replacement for the name pharia fruhstorfer , [ 1911 ] , of which also the above species is the type - species but which is invalid under the law of homonymy . for practical purposes therefore acropolis acted as a substitute for the invalid name pharia fruhstorfer .\nacropolis thalia ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 377\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nacropolis\nis defined .\nview and plan of the propylaea of the acropolis of athens . drawings of the capitals and other architectural features of the monument , mostly of corinthian order .\nthe city of athens was home to some of the most aesthetically sophisticated architecture of the ancient world . in particular , the acropolis , a sanctuary of religious structures , has been extensively excavated to reveal the superior place its wonders occupy in classical architectural history . located on a hill in the center of athens , these buildings celebrate the origins of athenian culture through the veneration of the goddess athena . after the first acropolis complex was destroyed by persian troops in 480 bc , a new complex was commissioned by the athenian ruler pericles and directed by the architectural sculptor pheidias . this new complex was much criticized by surrounding communities because their payments to the delian league ' s treasury , kept in athens to provide military support across the region , was instead used for pericles ' s reconstruction of the acropolis . in athens , however , the acropolis became a symbol of athenian supremacy across the region , demonstrative of athenian pride and cultural values .\n\u2014 athens atrium hotel & suites country : greece , city : athens ( the acropolis ) athens atrium hotel & suites the athens atrium hotel & suites is a modern and recently renovated property located in the centre of athens , the capital of greece . the aim\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 acropolis now is a bbc radio sitcom set in ancient greece , written by the author of eats , shoots leaves , lynne truss . it was broadcast on bbc radio 4 in two series in 2000 and 2002 , with subsequent reruns on bbc 7 in 2006 , 2007 and\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 infobox world heritage site name = acropolis of athens state party = gre type = cultural criteria = i , ii , iii , iv , vi id = 404 link = region = europe coordinates = coord | 37 . 971421 | n | 23 . 736166 | e year = 1987 session = 11th extension = danger = the \u2026\n\u2014 acropolitan / ak reuh pol i tn / , adj . / euh krop euh lis / , n . 1 . the citadel or high fortified area of an ancient greek city . 2 . the acropolis , the citadel of athens and the site of the parthenon . [ 1655 65 ; < gk akr\u00f3polis . see acro , polis ] * * * \u2026 \u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\npharia fruhstorfer , 1911 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 295 ( preocc . pharia gray , 1840 ) ; ts : acrophthalmia thalia leech\nacrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 ; entomologist 24 ( suppl . ) : 25 ; tl : pautze - fang ; omei - shan\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u2014 ( gr . akros , akron , [ acro . ( n . d . ) . the american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language , fourth edition . retrieved september 29 , 2008 , urltoken from urltoken website : ] quote : [ from greek akros , \u2026 \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\ntype - species : acrophthalmia thalia leech , 1891 . entomologist : 25 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis item may be purchased in any quantity that is divisible by lowest quantity shown .\nex : if lowest quantity is 5 , you may type in 10 and then select\nadd to cart\n.\naltruist - registered as having orange petals and a red cup which is probably the case if it opens on a cool , moist spring day ; the coloration is unusual , ' bronzy ' , bright and gorgeous even in our often warm climate ; 14\n- 18\n; mid - spring .\ndaffodils are the most cost effective , pest - free perennial plants available and make wonderful companions with other bulbs , perennials , annuals and flowering shrubs . they grow in almost all areas of the united states as long as there is a discernible winter . they are pest - free and when given ample sunlight , water and proper nutrition , will provide early spring color for many years . they are divided into 13 divisions according to their flower shape and heritage . daffodils should be planted in full sun or at least half day ( 8 hours ) of sunlight after the leaves are on the trees and should be planted 3 x the height of their bulb deep ( 3\n- 8\n) . the ads defines division 3 - small cup as :\none flower to a stem ; cup or corona not more than one - third the length of the perianth segments\n. these are long - term perennializers , show flowers and late season picked flowers , often with a spicy fragrance ; whz 3 - 8 ; bulbs are 14 / 16cm unless otherwise noted ; 4 - 5 per sq . ft .\nplease use the search to find the products you are interested in before proceeding with create catalog . catalog will be prepared as a . pdf and available as a down load .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of satyrinae sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience possible . no personal information is stored . using this website means that you are ok with this cookie policy\nacer pal . ' beni - hagoromo ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' bi - hoo ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' black lace ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' dissectum ' 30 cm st . deco 15l . crown ? 60 - 80\nacer pal . ' jerre schwartz ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' koto - no - ito ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' linearilobum ' 125 - 150 cm deco 18l . pyram .\nacer pal . ' mikawa - yatsubusa ' 40 - 50 cm deco 15l . bush\nacer pal . ' mikawa - yatsubusa ' 90 cm st . deco 18l . extra\nacer pal . ' orange dream ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' osakazuki ' 150 - 175 cm deco 18l . pyram .\nacer pal . ' peve dave ' 80 - 100 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' red emperor ' 150 - 175 cm deco 18l . pyram .\nacer pal . ' skeeter ' s broom ' 100 - 125 cm deco 18l . bush\nacer pal . ' skeeter ' s broom ' 60 cm st . deco 15l .\nacer pal . ' stella rossa ' 30 cm st . deco 15l . crown ? 60 - 80\nacer pal . ' summer gold ' 100 - 125 cm deco 12l . bush\nacer pal . ' winter flame ' 90 cm st . deco 18l . extra\napple ( malus ) bramley ' original ' patio 115043 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) charles ross patio 118175 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) james grieve patio 108773 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) red falstaff patio 108860 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) red windsor patio 108870 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napple ( malus ) scrumptious patio 108902 fruit trees - 11 . 5l container m27\napricot ( prunus ) garden aprigold patio 119452 8 . 5l container st . julien a\npeach ( prunus ) garden lady top worked at 45cm 119471 8 . 5l container\npear ( pyrus ) invincible delwinor fertilia patio 11948 11 . 5l container quince eline\nplum ( prunus ) victoria fan trained 109193 12l container ( trd ) st . julien a\ncaragana arbor . ' pendula ' top grafted at 120 cms . caragana weeping 10l container\nacer pal orange dream top worked at 100cm japanese acers 111004 11 . 5l container\nwiddop bambino resin cloud hanging plaque - love you to the moon . . . cg1367\nwiddop hometime copper plastic wall clock large quarter no ' s 30 . 5cm w7775\ncomplete the form below to request an e - mail when this item arrives back in stock .\nrich , large magenta flowers with yellow stamens , flower freely over a long season .\nnote : price includes \u00fa0 . 375 / plant royalty charge ( additional label charges also apply )\nlovely compact habit - ideal for pots and containers on the patio or veranda .\na hardy plant which should survive normal winter conditions outside , especially if protected from the hardest frosts .\nbased on producing a finished pot size of 1l for plug products and 2l for liner products . ( * )\nplease note : this forecasted availability is a guide only . quantities can be increased or produced earlier on request .\nall information provided is based on producing a default finished pot size of 1l for our plug products , and 2l for 7cm and 9cm liner products . for alternative pot sizes please adjust cultural notes accordingly .\nfinishing times - based on average estimated climatic and environmental conditions , and are for guidance purposes only .\ntemperature \u013e these conditions assume a protected ornamental growing environment . recommended growing is generally above 5\u2591c .\nfeeding \u013e does not specify controlled release or liquid fertiliser application . this choice will depend on your conditions , requirements and preferences \u013e please contact your fertiliser consultant for suitable products to meet your requirements .\ngrowing media and ph \u013e is shown for guidance purposes only - please contact your growing media consultant for suitable growing media to meet your requirements .\nthis information is for guidance purposes only and is based upon our own growing environment and experience during trials . it is wise to use your own knowledge about your growing conditions and local environment in order to make informed cultural decisions .\npaypal accepted most preferred way to pay online in the uk . pay online without entering sensitive information .\nthis web site is owned and operated by kernock park plants ltd . company registration no . 03297350 . if you have any suggestions or comments or if you need to contact us , please email us on sales @ urltoken .\nvat registration number 326 7561 45 , pillaton , saltash , cornwall , pl12 6ry , eu plant / quality passport uk / ew 20268 . prices exclude vat ( charged at 20 % ) unless otherwise stated . terms & conds | privacy policy | site map | powered by ebiz systems\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nif you believe that any material in vtechworks should be removed , please see our policy and procedure for requesting that material be amended or removed . all takedown requests will be promptly acknowledged and investigated .\npococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries \u2026 , vol . \u03b9\u03b9 , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] . - travellers ' views - places \u2013 monuments \u2013 people southeastern europe \u2013 eastern mediterranean \u2013 greece \u2013 asia minor \u2013 southern italy , 15th - 20th century\npococke , richard . a description of the east , and some other countries \u2026 , vol . \u03b9\u03b9 , london , w . bowyer , mdccxlv [ = 1745 ] .\ndedication to philip earl of chesterfield . composition of mythological figures ( hermes , athens , etc . )\nviews and floor plan of the church of the holy sepulchre in jerusalem . view and floor plan of the grotto and the church of the nativity .\nmap of caesarea maritima . ( b ) mount tabor . ( \u03b9 ) the funerary monuments known as\ntombs of the kings\nin jerusalem . tomb of josaphat in kidron valley in jerusalem .\nview and plan of the tomb of absalom in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .\nview and plan of the tomb of zechariah in kidron valley ( jerusalem ) .\nviews and plans of the aqueducts of sour ( tyre ) . map of sour ( tyre ) showing the place of the aqueducts .\nview , section and plan of the temple of aphrodite at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .\nrear view of the temple of aphrodite in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . megaliths from baalbeck .\nthe entrance to the temple of bacchus in baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .\nplan of temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) . columns ( \u03b9 ) .\nview and plan of entrance to a temple at baalbeck ( anc . heliopolis ) .\nplan and views of the church of saint simeon stylites . ancient funerary monuments from syria .\nview and plan of the roman monument called pillars of jonas on the belen pass on nur mountains ( turkey ) . pococke claims that this is the site of the battle of issus and that these pillars are actually a triumphal arch dedicated to alexander . map of samanda\u011f ( anc . seleucia pieria )\na , b , f : views of aqueducts in antioch ( antakya - hatay ) . c , d : views of the iron gate at the walls of antioch ( antakya - hatay )\nview and plan of the arch of septimus severus in latakia ( anc . laodicea ) in syria .\nview , section plans and plan of the roman theater of ancient gavala ( jableh ) in syria .\nfunerary monuments from arwad ( anc . arados / antiochia in pieria ) . plan of a temple . view of a throne . map of the island .\nmaps of the archeological sites of dictamnum , aptera , cydonia , in chania , crete .\ntemple of cybele at daskalopetra on chios island . a . and d . plan of the temple . b . and c . reconstruction of the relief showing homer and the muses .\nmap of pythagoreio in samos island . plan of the church of agios nikolaos ( q on the map ) .\nplan of the temple of hera in samos . views and sections of the columns of the temple .\n\u03b1 . plan of a building in nicaea ( iznik ) . \u03b2 , c and f : view and plans of the ancient theater of ephesus . d . plan of the ancient theater in alabanda ( arabihissar ) . \u03b5 . plan of the ancient theater in pythagoreio in samos . g . plan of the ancient theater in magnesia on the maeander .\nplans of buidings in magnesia on the maeander and alabanda ( do\u011fanyurt - araphisar ) .\nplan and section plan of ancient theater in alabanda ( do\u011fanyurt - araphisar ) . plans and section plans of funerary monuments in caria .\narch in milas , known today as baltal\u0131 kap\u0131y\u0131 . capitals from milas ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) . base of column ( c ) .\nroman monumental tomb in milas , known today as g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkesen . capitals of the monument ( \u03b1 , \u03b2 ) . plan of the monument ( c ) .\nmap of alexandria troas ( eski stambul ) . plan of the hippodrome . ( d ) . plan of the ruins of the gymnasium and baths complex . ( g ) . plan of ancient building known today as gen\u00e7 k\u0131zlar saray\u0131 ( palace of young girls ) ( k , h ) .\nmap of the ruins of the ancient city of cyzicus . view of bursa . maps of the lake apolloniatis ( today lake uluabat ) .\nmap of the walls of nicaea ( iznik ) , and map of the lake of nicaea ( lake iznik / anc . ascania ) . plan of a christian orthodox church in iznik ( g ) , propably of hagia sophia . view and plan of a funerary monument ( i ) .\nthe obelisk of gaius cassius philieus on the road from iznik ( nicaea ) to izmit ( nicomedia ) .\nview of the sculptures of the south entrance of the roman agora in thessaloniki ( incantadas monument ) . view and plan of the triumphal arch of galerius ( kamara ) . plan of the rotonda in thessaloniki .\nmap of athens , on which some of the most important monuments of the city are noted .\nview and plan of the parthenon , with drawings of several architectural features of the temple .\nthe choregic monument of thrasyllus ( panagia spiliotissa ) . plan of the monument .\nview of hadrian ' s arch in athens . plan of the monument . capitals of corinthian order from hadrian ' s arch ( \u03b1 ) , from portici near naples ( \u03b2 ) and salamis in cyprus ( c ) . plan of the temple of olympian zeus in athens .\nview of the temple of artemis agrotera in agrae ( panagia stin petra ) . drawing of the epistyle . plan of the monument . the porch of aqueduct of hadrian ( dexameni ) in athens ( \u03b2 ) . plan of the monument . drawing of the entablature .\nthe horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens . plan of the monument .\nsection of the horologion of andronikos kyrristos ( tower of the winds ) in athens .\nview of the gate of athena archegetis ( mod . pazaroporta ) in athens . drawing of the pilaster , and plan of the monument .\nthe temple of hephaestus ( theseion ) in athens . plan of the monument , together with drawings of its architectural elements .\nfoot of bronze statue from myconos island , which john montagu sandwich brought to great britain . ( \u03b1 ) . foot of colossal marble statue discovered by r . pococke in asia minor ( \u03b2 ) . bronze statue bought by r . pococke at the bazaar of aleppo in syria ( c ) . lamp from qift ( anc . coptus ) in egypt ( d ) .\nbronze lamp from thessaloniki ( \u03b1 ) . bronze lamp from aleppo ( \u03b2 ) . mirror ' s frame ( c ) . decorative mask from aleppo ( d ) . ring from aleppo ( \u03b5 ) . statue from aleppo ( f ) . signet from beirut ( g ) . clay head of the hellenistic deity harpocrates from egypt ( \u03b7 ) . charm from egypt ( \u03b9 ) . several charms from egypt .\nbranch and fruit of the plant melia azedarach which r . pococke saw in palestine .\nbranch with fruits of the plant mespilus germanica from palestine . plant with fruit of the plant acer sempervirens from palestine .\nplan of the mausoleum of lucius munatius plancus in gaeta , in italy . plan of buildings in the ancient city of augusta raurica ( today augst ) in switzerland ( d , c ) . plan of public baths in rome .\nviews of the obelisk standing at the court of san bartolomeo all ' isola basilica , which is built upon the temple of asclepius on tiber island in rome .\nan amphora , probably of the hellenistic era , found in the city antium ( today anzio ) , in italy . inscription found in the interior of the vase .\nthe ruins of the roman villa of venulei , near the lake massaciuccoli , in italy .\ncolossal statue of marcus vipsanius agrippa , which is found today in the archeological museum of venice . coins of the era of marcus vipsanius agrippa .\nbuilding in the form of ancient temple , in which the statue of cybele stood , in the villa grimani in venice .\nroman triumphal arch from the era of constantine ii ( 4th century ce ) , named also as heidentor , in the city of carnuntum , today petronell , in austria .\nview and plan of the temple of rome and augustus in pula , in croatia .\nview of the remaining part of the temple of diana in pula , croatia , which is today part of the city hall .\nof apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with relatively few hairs . wasps also generally are predatory or parasitic and have stingers with few barbs that can be removed easily from their victims . similar to other members of apocrita , wasps have a narrow petiole , or \u201cwaist , \u201d which attaches the abdomen to the\nwasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments . they are normally winged . in stinging species , only the females are provided with a formidable sting , which involves use of a modified ovipositor ( egg - laying structure ) for piercing and venom - producing glands . adult wasps may feed on nectar and , in some species , on the secretions produced by larvae . larvae of predatory wasp species typically feed on insects , while larvae of parasitic species feed on their hosts .\nwasps are subdivided into two groups : solitary wasps , which live alone , and social wasps , which live in colonies . of the tens of thousands of species of wasps that have been described , the vast majority are solitary in habit . the social wasps are confined to about 1 , 000 species within the family\nvespoidea ) and include the hornets and yellow jackets ( yellowjackets ) . they differ from other wasp families in having their wings folded longitudinally when at rest .\n. most species build isolated nests , which they provision with paralyzed insects or spiders . the female wasp deposits an egg in each cell of the nest , and the wasp larva hatching from that egg feeds to maturity upon the food with which its cell has been provisioned . the vast majority of solitary wasps nest in the ground , digging tunnels in the soil in which to lay their eggs . but the\nhabits , with some nesting in wood , pithy plant stems , or in nests made of mud .\n( pompilidae ) usually build nests in rotten wood or in rock crevices and provision them with spiders . the\npotter , or mason , wasps ( subfamily eumeninae ) of the vespidae build nests of mud , which are sometimes vaselike or juglike and may be found attached to twigs or other objects .\nlearn about the tarantula hawk ( pepsis species ) , a type of large spider wasp that preys on tarantulas .\nthe social wasps within the family vespidae are among the best - known species of wasps . most of them belong to the subfamilies vespinae or\n, a few drones ( males ) , and sterile females called workers . the queen , a fertilized female , begins the colony in the spring by building a small nest and laying eggs that hatch into workers . the latter enlarge the paperlike nest , which is composed of chewed dry plant material , usually wood , that has been mixed with saliva and regurgitated . the nest consists of one or more layers of cells that are arranged vertically with the openings downward . depending on the species , the nest may be found in cavities in the soil , in tree trunks , or hanging from leaves , branches , or the eaves of buildings .\n, which are mostly black , with yellowish markings on the face , thorax , and the tip of the abdomen . the asian giant hornet (\n) is the largest known hornet in the world , with some workers growing to nearly 4 cm ( 1 . 6 inches ) in body length and queens typically exceeding that size .\nfour major groups of solitary wasps are parasitic and do not construct nests . these are the\n( family mutillidae ) in the superfamily vespoidea . cuckoo wasps are mostly brilliant metallic - green or - blue in colour and have intricate sculpturing on the\n. they lay their eggs in the nests of solitary bees or wasps . the larvae hatching from those eggs feed on the bee or wasp larvae or on the food provisioned by the latter\u2019s parents . the velvet ants have bodies clothed with long thick hair of contrasting colours , often black and red . the females are wingless and antlike in appearance . most of them are parasitic on the larvae and pupae of solitary bees and wasps . most species of tiphiid and scoliid wasps parasitize\nchalcids , sawflies , wasps , and lesser - known types . except in the polar regions , they are abundant in most habitats , particularly in tropical and subtropical regions . \u2026\nfew wasps feed their young pollen or nectar . yellow jackets , however , occurring occasionally in large numbers and visiting flowers for nectar for their own consumption , may assume local importance as pollinators . these insects prefer brownish - purple flowers with easily accessible nectar , such as those of\u2026\n\u2026appears to resemble the female wasp of a particular species but also produces the pheromone released by the insect to attract males of the species . the male wasp effects pollination by pseudocopulation with the orchid flower . other insect pollinators include flies , butterflies ( see photograph ) , moths , and mosquitoes . many flowers pollinated\u2026\n\u2026is that ant , bee , and wasp sisters share 75 percent of their genes through common ancestry , whereas they share only 50 percent of their genes with their own daughters . \u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article ."]}
{"id": 540, "summary": [{"text": "elachista gildorella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista gildorella", "paragraphs": ["elachista gildorella kaila , 1999 , n . sp . , acta zool . fennica , v . 211 , p . 1 - 235 .\nelachista laetella rebel , 1930 ( sometimes in e . subalbidella ; tentatively placed here )\nelachista infuscata frey , 1882 ( sometimes in e . exactella ; tentatively placed here )\nelachista juliensis frey , 1870 = e . freyi staudinger , 1871 ( type of biselachista )\nelachista baltica e . hering , 1891 ( sometimes in e . freyerella ; tentatively placed here )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 6 . 9m ; p . 73 . book review and ordering\nmany species and even entire genera have been named after elements of j . r . r . tolkien ' s legendarium . some items on the list are junior synonyms , i . e . they were coined for a taxon that had an earlier published name and thus are not official according to the rules of zoological nomenclature . these are marked in the footnotes accordingly .\n\u2191 spelt with a k because the genus ancalagon was already occupied by ancalagon minor . the species name saurognathus is latin for\nlizard jaw\nbut also bears a resemblance to sauron .\n\u2191 moths of this species are , according to biologist lauri kaila , similar to elves in that they are inconspicuous and have spread to the western hemisphere .\n\u2191 because it is\nshort , fat , and has hairy feet\n.\n\u2191 because\nthe specimens of planois smaug were ' sleeping ' in collections for about 60 years , like tolkiens\u2019 creature , and because of the large size of the insect\n. entomologytoday , 23 december 2015 .\nisaak , mark . curiosities of biological nomenclature : etymology : fiction . updated 2010 - 08 - 02 . retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 .\nthis page was last modified on 5 march 2017 , at 18 : 23 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from kipling will . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact kipling will kipwill @ urltoken .\n7777 7777 0410 0469 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhindwings characteristic of their family . they are essentially found worldwide , except in very cold places and on some\nhowever . they usually have at least one , sometimes as many as three light bands running from leading to trailing edge of their forewing uppersides . some\nof this large genus have been discovered yet , let alone validly described and named . several small genera , e . g .\nof the present genus ) than other species commonly placed here , if not actually closer . in addition ,\npractice ( i . e . using as namesake the group - member which was described first ) . some of these groups are placed in either of the two large\nif accepted as distinct , but seem too unlike them to warrant placement in either .\n. version of 2008 - oct - 09 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\n( vol . 6 : microlepidoptera ) [ in german ] . landwirtschaftskammer f\u00fcr ober\u00f6sterreich .\n. version of 2004 - nov - 05 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\n. version of 2008 - jul - 19 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 548, "summary": [{"text": "megalictis ( great weasel ) is an extinct genus of large predatory mustelids , which existed in north america during the \" cat gap \" in the miocene period .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is thought to have resembled a large wolverine , with a body mass of up to 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "megalictis", "paragraphs": ["lower tooth measurements ( in mm ) of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictiss frazieri , and \u201cmegalictis\u201d petersoni .\nrelationships between lengths ( l ) and widths ( w ) of lower dentition in megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , and \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni .\ns5 video . video of the mandible of megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1553 ) and megalictis frazieri uf 23928 .\nmegalictis ferox , hunt and skolnick , 1996 ( pars ) . [ 7 ]\nsequential reconstruction of the head of megalictis ferox based on f : am 25430 .\ncraniomandibular measures of megalictis ferox and other giant mustelids and extant north american carnivorans .\ns6 video . video of the reconstructed head of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .\ncranium and mandibles remains of f : am 54079 and amnh 54076 of megalictis ferox .\nimage - megalictis by hodarinundu - d52eqrr . jpg | dinopedia | fandom powered by wikia\ns1 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .\ns2 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 54079 .\nincluded species : megalictis simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] and megalictis frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] .\ntype species : megalictis ferox matthew , 1907 p1 . ii , fig . 1 [ 1 ]\nrelationships between lengths ( l ) and widths ( w ) of upper dentition in megalictis ferox .\ni think megalictis is an ancestor to the present day wolverine . say , how about drawing a megalictis attacking a prehistoric elephant , horse , rhino , or camel of the same time period ?\ns3 video . video of the cranium and mandible of the holotype of megalictis ferox amnh - 12880 .\nsearches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when \u2265 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the \u2013 appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .\nsearches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when \u2265 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the s1 \u2013 s3 appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .\nvirtual models of the mandibles and skulls of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , amnh 12880 and amnh 22632 ) as well as megalictis frazieri uf 23928 and megalictis simplicidens ( cast of cm 1553 ) were derived by means of a 3d nextengine hd laser surface scanner ( s1 \u2013 s6 videos ) .\ns4 video . video of the cranium and mandible megalictis ferox amnh - 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) .\nthree views of megalictis : restoration , skull reconstruction , and original skull . art by adam hartstone - rose .\nboth wolverines and megalictis are members of the weasel family mustelidae . so , informally , you could say a wolverine ( or megalictis ) is a giant weasel , same way you could say a lion or tiger is a giant cat . if you want to be technical , megalictis was megalictis , and it was neither a wolverine nor a weasel , but was related to both of them ( and probably looked more like a wolverine and less weasel - y than seen here )\nmegalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america .\nthere are no derived characters uniting the three named species of paroligobunis that are not shared with megalictis ( s2 appendix ) . our phylogenetic analysis ( fig 5 ) shows that these three species are paraphyletic with m . ferox . the larger p . frazieri and p . simplicidens are both referred to megalictis . the differences in morphology and size between the three species of megalictis with respect to \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( fig 6 ) suggest that \u201c m . \u201d petersoni could be excluded from the genus megalictis .\n( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .\nun megalictis a la entrada de su guarida . : > megalictis fue una comadreja gigante - segun ciertos autores , algunas especies alcanzaban el tama\u00f1o de un oso negro . era incluso mas grande que ekorus , pero ten\u00eda proporciones distintas , mas similares a las de un must\u00e9lido moderno . los mustelidos modernos son depredadores temerarios que atacan presas a veces mucho mayores que ellos mismos ; imaginen si megalictis existiera todavia . . . a megalictis by its lair : > megalictis was a giant weasel - according to certain authors , some species could grow up as big as a black bear . it was even bigger than ekorus , but had different proportions , more like a modern day mustelid . modern day mustelids are fearless predators that attack prey sometimes much larger than themselves . imagine if megalictis was still around . . .\n( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .\na , and b megalictis ferox holotype amnh 12880 , lateral view ( a ) , ventral view ( b ) ; c , and d megalictis ferox cm 1590 ( genotype of aelurocyon brevifacies ) , lateral view ( c ) , ventral view ( d ) ; megalictis ferox f : am 25430 lateral view ( e ) , ventral view ( f ) ; g , and h megalictis ferox f : am 54079 lateral view ( g ) , ventral view ( h ) . scale bar equals 5 cm . c and d courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history .\nmegalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . - pubmed - ncbi\nawesome ! nice to see a picture of megalictis . y ' know , ya don ' t don ' t see many of that around .\nfinally , a second megalictis restoration ! until now , there was only one i knew of , and it was part of a childrens ' coloring book . wonderful job on the artwork , as usual .\nbut now paleontologist alberto valenciano and colleagues have discovered that megalictis was no feline wannabe . through a new analysis of previously - undescribed skull material , the researchers not only refine the evolutionary relationships of america\u2019s giant weasels , but they also make the case that the teeth and jaws of megalictis were more like those of hyenas and some deep - jawed dogs than to cats . in other words , this huge weasel was a bone - crusher .\noh , ok , thanks for clearing it up . so you ' re saying that megalictis would appear more like a wolverine than a stoat ? so bacically you ' re saying your drawing is innacurate ? ( still an awesome drawing though )\nname : megalictis . phonetic : meg - ah - lik - tiss . named by : william diller matthew\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1907 . synonyms : aelurocyon brevifacies , \u202d \u202cbrachypsalis simplicidens , \u202d \u202cmegalictis brevifacies , \u202d \u202cmegalictis simplicidens , \u202d \u202cparoligobunis , \u202d \u202csimplicidens . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cmammalia , \u202d \u202ccarnivora , \u202d \u202cmustelidae , \u202d \u202coligobuninae . species : m . \u202d \u202cferox\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cm . \u202d \u202cfrazieri , \u202d \u202cm . \u202d \u202cpetersoni . diet : carnivore . size : estimated between\u202d \u202c20\u202d \u202cand\u202d \u202c60\u202d \u202ckilograms , \u202d \u202cbut opinions amongst palaeontologists can vary greatly . known locations : usa . time period : harrisonian\u202d ( \u202clate chattian of the oligocne to aquitanian of the miocene\u202d ) \u202c . fossil representation : multiple individuals .\npaleontologist william diller matthew named carnivore megalictis ferox way back in 1907 . the mammal\u2019s teeth and osteology clearly showed it to be a cousin of martens and stoats , yet their dimensions \u201cindicate an animal which may best be described as a gigantic wolverene [ sic ] , equaling a jaguar or a black bear in size . \u201d and given that cats were meek little things at the time megalictis lived , paleontologists thought that this weasel had evolved to take on a lion - like lifestyle during north america\u2019s long cat gap .\nit was rendered almost exactly like a modern wolverine , right down to the pattern of its coat . yours has more of a chunky bear - like quality to it , which makes a bit more sense than simply upsizing a wolverine to megalictis ' proportions .\nvalenciano , a . , baskin , j . , abella , j . , p\u00e9rez - ramos , a . , \u00e1lvarez - sierra , m . , morales , j . , hartstone - rose , a . 2016 . megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0152430\n\u201cmegalictis\u201d petersoni ( fig 6g , 6h and 6l ) differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in the absence of mesial accessory cuspids on p3\u20134 , a relatively stouter p4 with a shorter mesial part and a relatively more robust m1 with a taller and stouter metaconid .\n. . . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) . . . .\ni like how you drew him cute . at least until he bites someone ' s face off ! it just baffles me that bear - sized wolverines once walked the earth . i mean , modern day wolverines can drive off bears and kill moose , so imagine what this creature was capable of ! megalictis don ' t care !\ncitation : valenciano a , baskin ja , abella j , p\u00e9rez - ramos a , \u00e1lvarez - sierra m\u00e1 , morales j , et al . ( 2016 ) megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one 11 ( 4 ) : e0152430 . urltoken\nhunt and skolnick [ 7 ] did not consider the other two species referred to paroligobunis : the small p . petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] . as discussed below , we consider the material referred to both p . simplicidens and p . frazieri to be valid species : megalictis frazieri and m . simplicidens .\nmegalictis ferox [ 1 ] was described from the black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota , usa . a second giant oligobunine , aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 [ 5 ] , was described from the niobrara canyon local fauna , anderson ranch formation in sioux county , nebraska , usa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] established that the actual publication date for a . brevifacies was one week after matthew described m . ferox in 1907 , not in 1906 as indicated in the journal . after these initial descriptions , riggs [ 6 ] described new cranial and postcranial material of both taxa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis ferox , aelurocyon brevifacies , and the large oligobunine mustelid paroligobunis simplicidens ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] .\nhere , we describe an important unpublished sample of craniomandibular remains of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , and amnh 54076 ) , housed at the american museum of natural history ( new york , usa ) . although f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 were found in the late 1930s and have been used to obtain metric , morpho - functional and phylogenetic data ( e . g . , [ 2 , 7 , 12 \u2013 16 ] ) , they have never been fully described . therefore , the main objective of the present paper is to describe these unpublished skulls and mandibles , and provide new data on the taxonomy and systematics of the genus in order to shed new light on the paleobiology of megalictis .\nall the three species that have been referred to paroligobunis ( fig 6 ) are known from limited material . the genotype of paroligobunis , megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1590 , peterson , 1907 , 1910 ) [ 5 , 29 ] comes from the \u201cagate stock farm\u201d , sioux county nebraska . the exact locality is unknown and it is either from the harrison formation ( ar3 ) or the basal part of the anderson ranch formation [ 7 ] . additional material first referred to p . simplicidens [ 29 ] and later to megalictis ferox [ 7 ] is from quarry 3 , beardog hill , agate fossil beds national monument , from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation . the small \u201cm\u201d . petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] is from a locality near van tassel , wyoming , \u201cupper harrison beds\u201d ( = anderson ranch formation ) and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] is from the sb - 1a local fauna , florida , latest oligocene , early late arikareean ( ar3 ) . hunt ( in tedford et . al , 2004 : p . 205 [ 3 ] ) recognized that \u201c\u2018 paroligobunis\u2019 frazieri is an earlier form preceding the late arikareean species of megalictis \u201d .\nthe new specimens of megalictis ferox described here ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) give us a broader understanding of the morphology of m . ferox and lead us to conclude that the holotypes of both m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and aelurocyon brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) are conspecific and thus the latter should be subsumed into m . ferox . we argue that there are 3 species ascribed to megalictis : m . ferox , m . frazieri and m . simplicidens . however , the fourth potential congener , \u201cm\u201d . petersoni , might be best ascribed to a different genus . our cladistic analysis suggests that m . ferox is the sister taxon of the clade composed by m . simplicidens \u2014 m . frazieri . our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the subfamily oligobuninae as being a stem mustelid .\nmegalictis frazieri ( fig 6e , 6f and 6k ) differs from m . simplicidens ( fig 6a\u20136d , 6i and 6j ) in having a less massive mandible and a more distinctive distal cingulum with a higher crown in p2\u20134 than m . simplicidens . the c and p2 of m . frazieri are also more robust . the m1 hypoconid is higher and the talonid is relatively larger , slightly basined with a very low internal rim .\nsynonyms : senior subjective synonym [ 7 ] of aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 , p . 68 [ 5 ] , \u201cupper harrison formation\u201d , sioux county , nebraska and paroligobunis peterson , 1910 [ 29 ] . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) .\nhunt and skolnick [ 7 ] partially described and measured some of the unsm and cm specimens of megalictis from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation at beardog hill that we refer to m . simplicidens . aside from their more primitive morphology ( e . g . , presence of a metaconid on m1 ) , they are smaller than m . ferox from the upper anderson ranch formation . the upper and lower dental measurements indicate a size similar to g . gulo .\nthanks . yeah , i don\u00b4t think i had ever seen a megalictis reconstruction when i drew this , so yes , it probably looks little like the real thing . there ' s quite a few drawings in my gallery that are really just my first impresison of what x creature would look like , because quite simply there were no other reconstructions available ( or i didn\u00b4t find any ! ) the drawing ' s over three years old , i think it may be time to draw a new version\ndiagnosis : baskin [ 2 ] diagnosed of aelurocyon brevifacies ( which he considered the senior subjective synonym of megalictis ferox because of the presumed earlier publication date at the time he submitted the chapter ) . new or revised characters follow . megalictis ferox is the largest of the oligobunines ; coronoid process high and caudally curved ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest extending from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; laterocaudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus laterally projected ; p2 with distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with strong parastyle and protocone ; p4 carnassial notch present ; m1 with enlarged stylar area ; m2 with paracone and protocone ; p2\u20134 with high - crowned distal cingula ; p3 with mesial and distal accessory cuspid ; p4 relatively enlarged with presence of mesial accessory cuspid and stout distal accessory cuspid ; m1 trigonid widened ; m1 with strong lingual concavity between paraconid and protoconid ; m1 protoconid higher than paraconid ; m1 hypoconid short , trenchant and buccally located ; m1 with a lingual cingulum in the entoconid position ; m2 reduced with metaconid .\ndental nomenclature follows ginsburg [ 17 ] and smith and dodson [ 18 ] . anatomical descriptions are based primarily on scapino [ 19 ] , turnbull [ 20 ] , barone [ 21 , 22 ] , waibl et al . [ 23 ] , evans and de lahunta [ 24 , 25 ] , and hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the terminology conforms to the standard of the nomina anatomica veterinaria [ 23 ] with the exception of the masseter and temporalis muscle complexes for which we follow hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the megalictis material ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) has been compared to all the other material of megalictis and paroligobunis on the basis of published descriptions , figures , measurements and photographs . we have re - measured the dentition of amnh 12880 and 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) measured initially by matthew [ 1 ] and peterson [ 5 ] and completed the measures of paroligobunis petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] using a cast tmm 40966\u20131 . measurements were made using mitutoyo absolute digital calipers to the nearest 0 . 1 mm ( tables 1 and 2 ) .\nthe preservation of the of m . ferox specimen f : am 25430 represents by far the most complete and best preserved craniomandibular specimen of any giant mustelids . based on the size of the skull , m . ferox emerges as the largest terrestrial mustelid ever known\u2013even larger than the extinct late miocene giant mustelid ekorus , eomellivora , and plesiogulo [ 13 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 70 ] . this new material sheds light on a new paleobiological interpretation of megalictis as a hyena - like , bone - crushing mustelid , instead of the cat - like ecomorphotype previously ascribed to the genus .\nmetrically the new megalictis ferox sample described above ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) together with amnh 12880 and cm 1590 form a single picture of m . ferox with dental biometric variability similar to the largest extant terrestrial mustelids gulo and mellivora ( figs 7 and 8 ) . however , if m . simplicidens is considered as a synonym of m . ferox , this variability exceeds the extant one . such variability is much more pronounced when all the specimens of m . simplicidens , m . frazieri and the small \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( figs 7 and 8 ) are included .\nmegalictis ferox matthew , 1907 [ 1 ] is a giant mustelid of the subfamily oligobuninae and belongs to the paraphyletic group of \u201cpaleomustelids\u201d [ 2 ] . it lived in the early miocene during the late arikareean ar4 north american land mammal age 22 . 7\u201318 . 5 mya [ 3 , 4 ] of the central great plains of united states in the states of nebraska , south dakota , and wyoming [ 1 , 5 \u2013 7 ] . the ar4 lithostratigraphic units containing giant oligobunines have been revised . hunt [ 8 ] named the anderson ranch formation for the terminal formation of the arikaree group in nebraska and wyoming formerly referred to as the upper harrison beds of peterson [ 5 , 9 ] and the lower marsland formation of schultz [ 10 ] . the black bear formation replaces the upper rosebud formation of south dakota [ 11 ] .\nin order to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of the oligobunines megalictis ferox ( amnh 12880 , cm 1590 , f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 ) , m . simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( cm 1553 and cm 2389 ) , m . frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( uf 23928 ) , \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( = paroligobunis petersoni ) ( acm 2011 ) , and oligobunis crassivultus ( amnh 6903 ) , we have performed a cladistic analysis ( fig 5 ) including 18 taxa ( m . ferox is represented in the analysis as 4 separate operational taxonomic units ( otu ) ) and 73 equally weighted and unordered craniomandibular characters ( s1 \u2013 s3 appendices ) . cladistic analysis was performed using in paup * 4 . 0b10 [ 38 ] . the analysis was rooted using c . lupus as the outgroup .\ndifferential diagnosis : megalictis ferox differs from m . simplicidens , m . frazieri , \u201cm . \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus in its larger size , m1 without metaconid and m1 talonid with a closed lingual morphology with a lingual cingulum between the metacristid and entocristid . additionally , it differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in having a higher and more robust mandibular symphysis , a reduced p2 and a more robust p4 and m1 . it further differs from \u201cm . \u201d petersoni in much larger size and p3\u20134 with mesial accessory cuspids . it further differs from oligobunis crassivultus in having a more rectangular p2 , smaller m1 than p4 , enlarged m1 stylar area , higher paracone than metacone on the m1 , reduced p2 , p2\u20133 high - crowned distal cingula , more developed p3 distal accessory cuspid , relatively enlarged p4 , and higher protoconid than paraconid on the m1 .\nmegalictis simplicidens and m . frazieri ( fig 6 ) resemble m . ferox in several characters , such as a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus , and a deep masseteric fossa with a robust crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 . both taxa have a p1 , the distal cingula of p2\u20134 are high - crowned , and the p4 is relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 trigonid is widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , a low , and narrow talonid with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid , and a reduced m2 with presence of a metaconid . however they differ from m . ferox in having a non - reduced p2 , the presence of a stout m1 metaconid , relatively more slender p4 and m1 , m1 talonid with an open lingual morphology between the metacristid and entocristid , and a lower and more slender mandibular symphysis .\nmegalictis ferox ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) is characterized by several traits : long external auditory meatus ; high and caudally curved coronoid process ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to just beneath the m2 ; latero - caudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus is laterally projected , with the ventral edge of the angular process also laterally projected ; i3 is enlarged ; p2 with a distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with carnassial notch ; enlarged stylar area of m1 , and a m2 with paracone and protocone differentiated ; p2\u20134 distal cingula high - crowned ; distal accessory cuspid on p3 ; relatively enlarged p4 with a stout mesial accessory cuspid ; relatively stout m1 with a widened trigonid , a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , no metaconid , protoconid higher than paraconid , with a short , trenchant and buccally located hypoconid and a lingual rim in the entoconid position ; reduced m2 with a metaconid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . d . matthew . 1907 . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 23 ( 9 ) : 169 - 219\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2016 valenciano et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : a . v . has received funding from the european union\u2019s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under grant agreement n\u00b0 226506 ( synthesys ; se - taf - 3637 ) , the usc school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) , the amnh ( collection study grant program 2014 ) and the international travel grant 2015 from the vertebrate paleontology department of flmnh from uf . a . v . is researcher in formation in the csic program jae - pre _ cp2011 ( csic program\njunta para la ampliaci\u00f3n de estudios\n) , co - funded by the european social fund . a . p . r . is a pre - doctoral fpi fellowship ( bes - 2013 - 065469 ) of the project cgl2012 - 37866 . this study was also supported by the spanish ministerio de econom\u00eda y competitividad ( research project cgl2015 - 68333 , cgl2011 - 28877 and cgl2011 - 28681 ) , the research group bsch - ucm 910607 and university of south carolina school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) .\nabbreviations : acm , amherst college beneski museum of natural history , massachusetts , usa ; ahr , comparative anatomy research collection , university of south carolina school of medicine , columbia , usa ; amnh , american museum of natural history , division of paleontology and division of mammalogy , new york , usa ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , usa ; f : am , collection housed in the frick collection of the division of paleontology , amnh , new york , usa ; lgput , laboratory of geology and palaeontology , university of thessaloniki , greece ; mncn , museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; mncncomp , comparative anatomy research collection of paleobiology department of museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; nrm , naturhistoriska rikmuseet , stockholm , sweden ; pin , palaeontological institute , russian academy of sciences , moscow , russia ; sam - pql , iziko south african museum , cape town south african museum , south africa ; tmm , texas memorial museum at the vertebrate paleontology laboratory , the jackson school of geosciences , university of texas , austin , usa ; uf , vertebrate paleontology collection of the florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) , university of florida , gainesville , usa ; unsm , university of nebraska state museum , lincoln , nebraska , usa ; usnm , united states national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , usa\na lateral view ; b rostral view ; c dorsal view ; d caudal view ; e ventral view . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na right mandible lateral view ; b occlusal view ; c left mandible lingual view of lower dentition . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na1\u20134 cranium f : am 54079 , lateral view ( a1 ) , dorsal view ( a2 ) , ventral view ( a3 ) , and caudal view ( a4 ) ; b1\u20133 right hemimandible f : am 54079 , lateral view ( b1 ) , medial view ( b2 ) , and occlusal view ( b3 ) ; c1\u20133 left hemimandible f : am 54079 lateral view ( c1 ) , medial view ( c2 ) , and oclussal view ( c3 ) ; d1\u20133 right hemimandible of amnh 54076 , lateral view ( d1 ) , medial view ( d2 ) , and occlusal view ( d3 ) . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nf : am 25430 ( figs 1 and 2 , s1 video ) : relatively complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 , missing only its left zygomatic arch , a broken frontal area plus a portion of the right parietal region missing and filled with plaster , a hole in its right parietal bone , and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ; f : am 54079 ( fig 3 , s2 video ) : right side of a partial skull without the premaxilla , with worn c , p2 - m1 and partial mandibles with a nearly complete right one with c - m2 and a broken mandibular symphysis and a left one just with the mandibular corpus preserved and a broken p2 , and a complete both p3 and m1 ; amnh 54076 ( fig 3 ) : partial mandibular corpus with m1 - 2 .\ndiagnosis : large to giant size mustelid ; robust mandible with a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus ; deep masseteric fossa with a stout crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; robust dentition ; p1 present ; p2\u20134 with distal cingula high - crowned ; p4 relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids ; m1 trigonid widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid ; m1 metaconid reduced to absent , present in the older and smaller forms and absent in the giant forms , m1 talonid low and narrow with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid ; and m2 with reduced metaconid .\nholotype : amnh 12880 , a partial reconstructed skull ( fig 4 , s3 video ) with right p4 , m1 - 2 , a fragmented right mandible with almost complete coronoid process , m1 trigonid and m2 , and very few postcranial remains figured by matthew , 1907 , p . 196 , fig . 10\u201313 , 15 [ 1 ] .\ntype locality : rosebud 22 , porcupine butte , black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota .\nother localities : rosebud 5 , porcupine butte , stanley county , south dakota , usa ( amnh 12881 ) ; niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( cm 1590 ) , \u201chigh daemonelix beds\u201d , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( f : am 25430 ) ; j - m district , south of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa [ 6 ] ; \u201chigh brown sand\u201d , 16 mile district , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54079 ) ; 8 north of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54076 ) .\nage : upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents , south dakota , nebraska , and wyoming , late late arikareean ( ar4 ) , 22 . 7\u201318 . 5 mya [ 4 ] early miocene .\ncomments : specimens that can be referred to m . ferox s . s . are from the latest arikareean ( ar4 ) upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents .\na nearly complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 1 , s1 video ) and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 2 , s1 video ) . the left zygomatic arch is missing . part of the frontal and a region of the right parietal bones are missing and filled with plaster . there is a subrectangular and anthropogenic hole in its right parietal bone located above the most caudal area of the zygomatic arch .\nlocality : \u201chigh daemonelix beds\u201d , anderson ranch formation , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa .\nthe zygomatic arches are robust , especially caudally near the glenoid cavity . both m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda have their origin on the ventrolateral side of the zygomatic arch . the frontal processes of the zygomatic arches are triangular and dorsoventrally high .\nventrally ( fig 1e ) , the incisive foramina are preserved . the palate is broad and expanded mediolaterally between the p4\u2013m2 . the posterior border of the palatine is expanded caudally behind the molars . the pterygoid region and the hamulus pterygoideus processes are relatively well preserved . the hamulus pterygoideus processes are large and caudally expanded ( fig 1e ) . the foramen ovale is located in line with the glenoid fossa . the alisphenoid canal is absent . the glenoid fossa is relatively strong . the auditory bullae are large and swollen . the external auditory meati are rounded ( fig 1a ) . the ventral wall of the auditory bullae has been partially destroyed , and the tympanic chamber is exposed . the postglenoid foramen is large , rounded and located caudally to the postglenoid process and medially to the external auditory meatus . the rostral foramen lacerum or external carotid foramen is a large double foramen located on the rostromedial corner of the auditory bullae . the caudal carotid foramen is almost hidden and is located in line with the external auditory meatus , midway along the medial margin of the auditory bullae . the large rounded caudal foramen lacerum is located on the caudal - most corner of the skull . the suprameatal fossa is absent . the condyloid foramen is located caudally to the caudal foramen lacerum and is clearly separated from it . the stylomastoid foramen is not preserved . the occipital condyles are strong and their dorsal parts are broader than the ventral ones . the foramen magnum is large and subquandrangular ( fig 1d ) . the mastoid process is highly expanded ( fig 1c and 1e ) ; measuring 106 . 1 mm in width . the caudal area of the skull is very broad . the nuchal crest has a great caudal development . its dorsal part is projected caudally . in dorsal view the ventral parts of the nuchal crest in conjunction with the mastoid process are laterally widened , which creates large attachment areas for m . zygomatic temporalis on the dorsal side ( fig 1c ) and m . obliquus capiti cranialis on the caudal side ( fig 1d ) . the mastoid process is robust and is situated caudal to the external auditory meatus . the supraoccipital bone is very enlarged . the paroccipital process is not preserved .\nmandible and lower dentition : the mandible of f : am 25430 is very robust ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a total length of 149 . 0 mm . the tooth row is slightly convex and is aligned with the articular process . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the ventral margin is convex at the level of the m1 . there is single rounded mental foramen under p2 . the ascending ramus is tall and rostrocaudally broad ( fig 2a ) . its tip is distally oriented . the coronoid process is laterally rotated with an angle of ~ 75 degrees , compared to the articular process . there is a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid to beneath the m2 where the tendon of the m . temporalis is attached . this area is especially enlarged and laterally projected around the area of the m2 ( fig 2a and 2b ) . the masseteric fossa is large and deep . its rostral margin lies at the level of talonid of m1 , and ventrolaterally is limited by a strong area where the m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda insert . the articular process is large and robust . the angular process is robust and shows a medial crest for the muscular attachment of the m . pterygoideus medialis .\nthe lower dentition ( 3 / 1 / 4 / 2 ) is also preserved in its entirety ( fig 2 ) . the lower incisors are heavily worn . the canine is large , stout and markedly curved distally ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a swollen base and is oval in cross - section . the p1 is oval , single - cusped and distally wide ( fig 2b ) . the p2\u20134 are stout , subrectangular and wider distally . these premolars have strong cingula at their bases , and the distal cingula are high - crowned . the p2 has a single messially - located cuspid . the p3 has a low mesial accessory cuspid and a more developed distal one . the p4 is the largest lower premolar and has more strongly developed mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 is a relatively short and stout tooth ( fig 2 ) . the very robust trigonid occupies almost three fourths of the total length of the tooth , with the greatest width at the base of the protoconid . the paraconid is lower than the protoconid and there is no metaconid . the m1 shows a markedly lingual concavity in the base of the crown between the trigonid cuspids ( fig 2b ) . the stout talonid lacks an entoconid . the hypoconid is low , trenchant and buccally located . there is a smooth cristid from the top of the protoconid to the hypoconid that encloses a deep lingual depression ( fig 2c ) . the m2 is rounded and low ( fig 2b ) . the paraconid is low , and located in the mesial corner . the protoconid is the highest cuspid , located buccally in the middle of the tooth . the metaconid is situated over the lingual corner . it is less developed than the protoconid . the hypoconid is low and located in the distal corner . there is a cingulum around the whole tooth .\npartial skull with worn c , p2\u2013m1 and partial mandible with worn p1\u20134 and m1\u20132 ( fig 3a1\u20134 , 3b1\u20133 and 3c1\u20133 , s2 video ) .\nlocality : \u201chigh brown sand\u201d , 16 mile district , anderson ranch formation , goshen county , wyoming , usa .\nc , p2\u20134 and are preserved . the p1 is missing . they are more worn than are those of f : am 25430 . the c has a large lingual wear facet . the morphology of p2\u20134 ( fig 3a3 ) is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the p3 is more quadrangular than that of f : am 25430 , but the mesiolingual corner of the p3 is missing . the p4 paracone , protocone and metastyle are greatly - worn ( fig 3a3 ) . the m1 ( fig 3a3 ) has the same development of the cusps as that found in f : am 25430 , and shows a very similar morphology as that of amnh 12880 . the m2 and its alveoli are not preserved .\nmandible and lower dentition : the right hemimandible ( fig 3b1\u20133 ) has a fragmented corpus that is missing its symphyseal end but includes a complete ascending ramus with p1\u20134 and m1\u20132 . its morphology is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the left hemimandible ( fig 3c1\u20133 ) is missing its ascending ramus but includes a complete mandibular corpus , a complete p1 , a fragmented p2 , a highly worn p3 , a complete m1 and a fragmented m2 . the p1\u20134 and m1 are almost identical to those of f : am 25430 though there is more substantial occlusal wear in p2\u20134 and m1 than in f : am 25430 . the m2 is oval and has a more developed metaconid than the m2 of f : am 25430 .\nlocality : 8 north of lusk , goshen county , anderson ranch formation , wyoming , usa .\nmandible and lower dentition : amnh 54076 is a fragmented mandibular corpus missing its symphysis ( fig 3d1\u20133 ) . it has roots for p2\u20133 , and complete m1\u20132 . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the m1 is identical to those of f : am 54079 and f : am 25430 . it has a stout trigonid , and a low talonid composed of a trenchant hypoconid , lingually located and a lingual depression . the m2 is rounded and low . it has a distinguishable protoconid and metaconid , and a continuous basal cingulum .\nthe results of the cladistic analysis indicate that the specimens we assign to m . ferox form a monophyletic group ( fig 5 ) . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] in that m . ferox and a . brevifacies are the same taxon , and that m . ferox has priority . morphologically , the specimens f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 , as well as cm 1590 and amnh 12880 , are practically identical to each other ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) . f : am 54079 differs from f : am 25430 and cm1590 in having a more robust p3 and a relatively longer m2 . cm 1590 has a reduced lingual expansion of p3 and a stronger parastyle of p4 than f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 12880 . the morphology of f : am 25430 is clearly different from the skull of amnh 12880 , and shows that the reconstructed parts of the latter were incorrect , in which the temporal , frontal and a part of the zygomatic arch bones are misinterpreted ( fig 4a and 4b ) . f : am 25430 allows us to complete the knowledge about the morphology of the skull of m . ferox and showing that the holotype of m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and the holotype of a . brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) belong to the same species . consequently , f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 should be assigned to m . ferox . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] that the difference observed in the specimens of m . ferox can be explained by intraspecific variability ( sexual dimorphism and intrapopulational differences ) or small temporal differences .\na life appearance ; b , reconstructed skull and mandible ; c , skull and mandible f : am 25430 . artwork by adam hartstone - rose .\ns1 table . list of the extant specimens of carnivorans used in this paper .\nconceived and designed the experiments : av jm ahr . performed the experiments : av jab jm . analyzed the data : av jab ja maas jm ahr . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : av ja apr . wrote the paper : av jab ja maas jm ahr .\nmatthew wd . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bull am mus nat hist . 1907 ; 23 : 169\u2013219 .\nbaskin ja . mustelidae . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america , volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulate - like mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 1998 . pp . 152\u2013173 .\ntedford rh , albright lb iii , barnosky ad , ferrusquia - villafranca i , hunt rm jr , storer je , et al . mammalian biochronology of the arikareen through hemphillian interval ( late oligocene through early pliocene epochs ) . in : woodburne mo , editor . late cretaceous and cenozoic mammals of north america : biostratigraphy and geochronology . new york : columbia university press ; 2004 . pp . 169\u2013231 .\nalbright lb iii , woodburne mo , fremd tj , swisher cc iii , macfadden bj , scott gr . revised chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the john day formation ( turtle cove and kimberly members ) , oregon , with implications for updated calibration of the arikareean north american land mammal age . j geol . 2008 ; 116 : 211\u2013237\npeterson oa . the miocene beds of western nebraska and eastern wyoming and their vertebrate faunae . ann carnegie mus . 1907 ; 4 : 21\u201372 .\nriggs es . some early miocene carnivores . publ - field mus nat hist , geol ser . 1945 ; 9 : 69\u2013114 .\nfrom the early miocene carnivore dens at agate fossil beds national monument , nebraska : earliest evidence of dimorphism in new world mustelidae ( carnivora , mammalia ) . univ wyoming contrib geol . 1996 ; 31 : 35\u201348 .\nhunt rm jr . new amphicyonid carnivorans ( mammalia , daphoeninae ) from the early miocene of southeastern wyoming . am mu novit . 2002 ; 3385 : 1\u201341 .\npeterson oa . a revision of the entelodontidae . mem carnegie mus . 1909 ; 4 : 41\u2013158 .\nschultz c . b . the miocene of western nebraska . am j sci . 1938 ; 35 : 441\u2013444 .\nmartin j e . the rosebud problem revisited . proc s dak acad sci . 2011 ; 90 : 37\u201350 .\nradinsky lb . evolution of skull shape in carnivores . 3 the origin and early radiation of the modern carnivores families . paleobiology . 1982 ; 8 : 177\u2013195 .\nwerdelin l . mio - pliocene carnivora from lothagam , kenya . in : leakey mg , harris jm editors . lothagam , the dawn of humanity in eastern africa . new york : columbia university press ; 2003 . pp . 261\u2013328 .\nholliday ja , steppan sj . evolution of hypercarnivory : the effect of specialization on morphological and taxonomic diversity . paleobiology . 2004 ; 30 : 108\u2013128 .\n( arctoidea , carnivora ) from hsanda gol formation , central mongolia and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography . am mu novit . 2005 ; 3483 : 1\u201357 .\nfinarelli ja . a total evidence phylogeny of the arctoidea ( carnivora : mammalia ) : relationships among basal taxa . j mammal evo . 2008 ; 15 : 231\u2013259 .\nginsburg l . order carnivora . in r\u00f6ssner ge , heissig k editors . the miocene land mammals of europe . friedrich pfeil : m\u00fcnchen ; 1999 . pp . 109\u2013148 .\nsmith jb , dodson p . a proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions . j vert paleontol . 2003 ; 23 : 1\u201312 .\nscapino rp . biomechanics of feeding in carnivora . ph . d . theses , university of illinois . 1968\nturnbull wd . mammalian masticatory apparatus . fieldiana , geol . 1970 ; 18 : 149\u2013356 .\nbarone r . anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques , tome 1 , ost\u00e9ologie 4th edition . \u00e9ditions vigot : paris ; 1999 .\nbarone r . anatomie compar\u00e9e des mammif\u00e8res domestiques , tome 2 , antrologie et myologie 4 th edition . \u00e9ditions vigot : paris ; 2000 .\nwaibl h , gasse h , hashimoto y , burdas kd , constantinescu gm , saber as , et al . nomina anatomica veterinaria . 5th edition . international committee on veterinary gross anatomical nomenclature . world association of veterinary anatomists , columbia , missouri ; 2005 ."]}
{"id": 550, "summary": [{"text": "the limnophorini are a tribe of flies , belonging to the family muscidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although the name-giving genus is limnophora , this was actually described only after the more characteristic and easily recognized lispe . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "limnophorini", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for limnophorini yet . learn how to contribute .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by john f . carr on 20 june , 2011 - 1 : 02pm\na revision of the north american species belonging to the genus coenosia meigen and related genera ( diptera : muscidae ) . part i . the subgenera neodexiopsis , coenosia , hoplogaster and related genera allognota , bithoracochaeta and schoenomyza\n, transactions of the american entomological society 60 : 57 - 119 ( march 1934 ) ( jstor )\na revision of the north american species belonging to the genus coenosia meigen and related genera ( diptera : muscidae ) . part ii . the subgenus limosia ( coenosia of authors )\n, transactions of the american entomological society 60 : 133 - 198 ( june 1934 ) , ( jstor )\ncontributed by john f . carr on 20 may , 2011 - 5 : 10pm\ndna barcoding of northern nearctic muscidae ( diptera ) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species . . .\nby renaud , a . k . , j . savage , and s . j . adamowicz\nfull title :\ndna barcoding of northern nearctic muscidae ( diptera ) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species limits\navailable online here .\ntransactions of the american entomological society , vol . 46 , no . 2 , pp . 133 - 196 , 1920\ncontributed by john f . carr on 3 july , 2011 - 4 : 31pm\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca da fam\u00edlia muscidae / / face fly ( lispe sp . )\nas trusted on the\nlispe\npage .\nsarah gregg changed the thumbnail image of\nlispe tentaculata tfj806 - c44f kq57k\n.\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca da fam\u00edlia muscidae / / face fly ( limnophora sp . ) , female\nas trusted on the\nlimnophora\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca / / fly ( lispe tentaculata ) , male\nas trusted on the\nlispe tentaculata\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca / / fly ( lispe tentaculata ) , female\nas trusted on the\nlispe tentaculata\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of entomology , museu nacional , quinta da boa vista , s\u00e3o crist\u00f3v\u00e3o , rio de janeiro , 20 . 940\u2013040 , rj , brazil\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npalpilongus gen . n . is herein described for one species \u2013 palpilongus bifurcus sp . n . , from costa rica , based on male and females . the striking morphological characters of the species \u2013 palpus very long , about as long as prementum ; upper calypter truncate and very short and setae of male sternite 5 bifurcated , confirm that this new species is also a new genus in the tribe coenosiini . male and female terminalia were dissected and illustrated .\nmorphology , neotropical region , palpilongus gen . n . , palpilongus bifurcus sp . n . , taxonomy\nmost of the species are known as predators of other insects and some play an important role as potential biocontrol agents , as , for instance , coenosia attenuata stein ( couri and salas 2010 ) .\ncoenosiini is the largest tribe of coenosiinae , with 29 genera in the world , 15 in the neotropical region . four are currently known from costa rica : bithoracochaeta stein , 1911 , cordiluroides albuquerque , 1954 , neodexiopsis malloch , 1920 and schoenomyza haliday , 1833 ( de carvalho et al . 2005 ; couri et al . 2006 ) .\nthe aim of the present contribution is to describe a new coenosiinae species from costa rica , and to ascribe it to a new genus based on unique combination of characters .\nthis study was based on one male and eight females specimens from costa rica in the collection of the instituto nacional de biodiversidad ( inbio instituto nacional de biodiversidad , costa rica ) . two female paratypes ( one each ) will be deposited at the museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ( mnrj museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ) and at the department of zoology of the universidade federal do paran\u00e1 ( dzup department of zoology of the universidade federal do paran\u00e1 ) . holotype and the remaining paratypes remain at inbio . terminology follows mcalpine ( 1981 ) except for postpedicel instead of antennal flagellomere , as we followed stuckenberg ( 1999 ) .\nthe terminalia were macerated in a 10 % potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 24 hours . they were then dissected in glycerol and stored in a microtube with the specimen . color photos were taken with syncroscopy , jvc auto - montage with a leica mz 16 optical microscope .\n) ; proepimeral seta oriented downwards ; notum and pleurae with very few setulae ; presutural acrostichal setae developed ; dorsocentral setae 1 + 3 ; katepisternals 1 + 1 + 1 forming an equilateral triangle ; upper calypter truncate and very short ; wing veins bare ; male hind tibia with many rows of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae ; sternite 1 bare ; setae on sternite 5 bifurcated ; hypandrium tubular in male ; ovipositor long in female .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , habitus in lateral view .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , mouthparts and palpus in lateral view .\nderived from the latin words palpus and longus , the genus name refers to the long palpus .\nin the current classification of muscidae , the new genus falls in the tribe coenosiini of the coenosiinae . in both keys to muscid genera identification of de carvalho and couri ( 2002 ) for the neotropical region and savage and vockeroth ( 2010 ) for central america , the new genus approaches neodexiopsis and can be separated by the following couplet :\nthe new genus was added to the cladistic analysis of the world coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) . the analysis positioned palpilongus in the same clade of cordiluroides + neodexiopsis + haroldopsis albuquerque ( synonymyzed with neodexiopsis in the referred cladistic analysis ) , based on one synapomorphy - presence of three preapical setae on mid femur . the new genus was supported by the following synapomorphies : hairs on arista at most equal to basal width of arista ; fronto - orbital plate with no setulae ; colour of thorax and abdomen shinning undusted ; notum almost bare , with very few ground setulae ; lateral seta on scutellum present and hind tibia with a preapical posterodorsal seta at apical fourth .\nneodexiopsis and cordiluroides are differently represented in the neotropical region . neodexiopsis is a speciose muscid genus , with about hundred described species found throughout the region , while cordiluroides have a more restricted geographic distribution ( mexico , costa rica and brazil ) and is known by 6 species .\ncordiluroides species can be recognized by the very high insertion of the antenna ( very above the mid level of the eye ) , palpus short and slender , presence of only one pair of postsutural intra - alar seta , upper calypter transverse , hind tibia with one median anterodorsal , one posterior submedian and one posterodorsal supramedian setae and setae on sternite 5 not bifurcated . the genus was recently recorded from costa rica , on the base of three species ( couri et al . 2006 ) .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( female paratype ) , ovipositor 8 dorsal view and spermathecae 9 ventral view .\nholotype male : costa rica : prov . guana [ guanacaste ] , estation pitilla 9 km . s . de santa cecilia , 700m , dic 1994 , p . rios , ln 329950 380450 # 4372 [ inbio code collection number ] ( deposited at inbio ) . paratypes : same locality as holotype , ix . 1994 , ln 330200 _ 380200 # 3206 , 1 female ( inbio ) , # 3294 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . alajuela , upala , bijagua , alb . heliconias , 700m , 11\u201326 . i . 2000 , j . d . guti\u00e9rrez , agua miel , l _ n _ 299800 _ 43800 # 56263 , 1 female ( mnrj ) , # 56263 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . guanacaste , rio san lorenzo , tierras morenas , 1050m , x . 1995 , g . rodriguez , l _ n _ 287800 _ 427600 # 6405 , 1 female ( dzup ) , # 6405 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . punta [ puntarenas ] , est la casona , r . b . monteverde , a . c . arenal , 1520m , i . 1994 , n . g . obando , ln 253250 _ 449700 # 2606 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; n . p . heredia prov . , transecto , braulio carrillo , x . 1989 , 1500 , r . aguillar & m . zumbado , 1 female ( inbio ) .\nhead . dichoptic . ground - color yellow . eye bare . fronto - orbital plate , parafacial , face and gena golden pruinose . frons brown - reddish about 1 / 3 of head width . three pairs of frontal setae intercalated with shorter setae , the upper frontal setae oriented backwards . ocellar setae strong . antenna with pedicel yellow and postpedicel brownish , about 3 . 8 times the length of the pedicel . arista with very short setulae . gena thin . palpus yellow , very long , as long as proboscis , enlarged toward apex . labellum not reduced , developed and without teeth .\n) , one long and strong anterodorsal seta on apical third and long apical setae on each , the anterior , anteroventral and ventral , the last of which the longest and strongest . hind femur with 2\u20133 fine anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae on apical third and with 3 preapical setae ( anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal ) . hind tibia with many series of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae and with a long and strong apical ventral seta . wing slightly infuscated . vein m straight . calypters yellow . knob of halter yellow .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , mid tibia .\n. elongate - cylindrical . ground - color yellow with black round lateral marks on tergites 3\u20135 . sternite 1 bare . sternite 5 with setae on apical third , the marginal ones bifurcated (\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , sternite 5 with bifurcate setae in detail .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , cercal plate and surstyli 5 dorsal view 6 lateral view .\n. length of body : 4 . 5\u20135 . 3 mm . length of wing , 4 . 8\u20135 . 5 mm . differs from male as follows : proboscis with reduced labellum and strong teeth (\n) . mid femur has a median anterior seta . mid tibia with one seta anterior to anterodorsal sub - basal seta and one supramedian posterior seta ; hind femur with an anterodorsal and an anteroventral row of scattered setae and two long and thin ventral setae on the middle third . hind tibia without the long setae as in male and with two anterodorsal setae at the limit of the median 1 / 3 and one submedian posterodorsal seta .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( female paratype ) , head in lateral view .\nthe male and the female have some marked differences , mostly in mid and hind leg chaetotaxy , in which only the male has mid tibia with four long dorsal setae on apical half and hind tibia with many series of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae . the different shape of the proboscis suggests that feeding habits differs between males and females : the female certainly is predator as most species of coenosiini with reduced labellum and developed teeth , while the male posses another kind of habit , unknown as far we know .\nthe specific epithet is latin and refers to the bifurcate setae of sternite 5 of the male .\nthe authors are grateful to dr . manuel zumbado for the opportunity to study this material . to conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient\u00edfico e tecnol\u00f3gico ( cnpq ) by the fellowship and grant to msc ( process number 300382 / 2010\u20133 ) and cjbc ( process number 304713 / 2011\u20132 ) . to luis antonio alves da costa ( mnrj ) for the final art of the drawings . thanks to james j . roper for the english revision . we are very greatful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions .\nin : de carvalho cjb , editor . ( ed ) . muscidae ( diptera ) of the neotropical region : taxonomy .\nde carvalho cjb , couri ms , pont ac , pamplona d , lopes sm . ( 2005 )\ncordiluroides albuquerque from costa rica : first records , descriptions and taxonomic changes ( diptera , muscidae , coenosiinae ) .\nfirst record of coenosia attenuata stein ( diptera , muscidae ) from chile with biological notes .\nin : diptera de patagonia e south chile . london , part 7 : 171 - 346 .\nin : mcalpine jf , peterson bv , shewell ge , teskey hj , vockeroth jr , wood dm , editors . ( eds ) . manual of nearctic diptera , volume 1 .\nin : brown bv , borkent a , cumming jm , wood dm , woodley ne , zumbado ma , editors . ( eds ) . manual of central american diptera : volume 2 .\nantennal evolution in the brachycera ( diptera ) , with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . thus , the reduction of the median process supported the clade ( ( helicobia + sarcophaga ) + lipoptilocnema ) + peckia ) ) , while the elongation of the capitis supported ( ( helicobia + sarcophaga ) + lipoptilocnema ) , and the expansion of the base of the lateral styli supported engelimyia . similar findings of male genitalic characters that support phylogenies at various levels have been observed in other groups of insects , such as the muscid tribe coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) , tabanomorpha ( zloty et al . 2005 ) , in the planthoppers ( hemiptera : cixiidae ) ( hoch 2006 ) , and in microgastrine braconid wasps ( whitfield et al . 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . e new genus was added to the cladistic analysis of the world coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) . e analysis positioned palpilongus in the same clade of cordiluroides . . .\ntwo new species of the genus coenosia ( diptera : muscidae ) from mt . fanjing of guizhou , china\nfauna europaea brings together the scientific names of all european land and freshwater animals in one authoritative database ( http : / / www . faunaeur . org ) .\nthe phylogenetic relationships among world genera of coenosiini ( diptera : muscidae : coenosiinae ) were investigated using parsimony . the analysis involved forty - six ingroup terminal taxa , representing 100 % of the genera currently assigned to this tribe , three outgroups and sixty - seven adult male and female morphological characters . the monophyly of coenosiini is confirmed by the position of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe morphology of the male terminalia of fourteen african species of helina robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( diptera , muscidae ) is described and illustrated : h . dorsalis ( stein , 1914 ) ; h . emdeni pont , 1980 , h . fuscibasis emden , 1951 ; h . gracilior emden , 1951 ; h . hirtipes metatarsalis emden , 1951 , h . juxtamedialis emden , 1951 ; h . lasiopa emden , 1951 ; h . mollis ( stein , 1906 ) ; h . naivashensis emden , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe study of recently collected afrotropical muscidae ( diptera ) from burundi , democratic republic of the congo , kenya and south africa has revealed ten new species which are described herein : coenosia duomaculata sp . nov . , c . nigromaculata sp . nov . , c . fragilis sp . nov . , helina harrisorum sp . nov . , h . ferfriniorum sp . nov . , hydrotaea tantula sp . nov . , limnophora diminuta sp . nov . , l . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 556, "summary": [{"text": "gnathophausia is a genus of lophogastrid crustacean .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are 10 species recognized in the genus gnathophausia : gnathophausia affinis g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia childressi casanova , 1996 gnathophausia elegans g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia fagei casanova , 1996 gnathophausia gigas willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia gracilis willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 ) gnathophausia longispina g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia scapularis ortmann , 1906 gnathophausia zoea willemoes-suhm , 1875", "topic": 5}], "title": "gnathophausia", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz selected\ngnathophausia\nto show in overview on\ngnathophausia\n.\nkatja schulz selected\ngnathophausia zoea\nto show in overview on\ngnathophausia zoea willemoes - suhm , 1873\n.\na lophogastrid shrimp , gnathophausia . photograph by eric a . lazo - wasem .\nno one has contributed data records for gnathophausia yet . learn how to contribute .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : gnathophausia zoea . jpg\n.\nworms - world register of marine species - gnathophausia longispina g . o . sars , 1883\nhansson , h . g . 2005 . gnathophausia zoea - en\npungr\u00e4ka\nny f\u00f6r skandinavien [ gnathophausia zoea - a new species of mysid shrimp for scandinavia . ] . - - fauna & flora 100 ( 3 ) : 14 - 15 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht \u00fcber die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht \u00fcber die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht \u00fcber die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) sars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 45 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 27 records ) to itis\n( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . no . 21 . note on the results of the last season ' s deep - sea dredging ann . mag . nat . hist . vii , sixth series ( xxxviii ) : 186 - 202 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . series ii , no . 1 . on the results of deep - sea dredging during the season 1890 - 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . viii , sixth series ( xlvi ) : 268 - 286 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) faxon , w . , 1895 . reports on an exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201dalbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . - commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea . \u2014 memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 18 : 1 - 280 , plates a - h , 34 - 51 . [ details ]\nvon willemoes - suhm ( 1873 ) . in : w . thomson , notes from the\nchallenger\n, vii . nature , london , vol . 8 : 400 - 403 [ details ]\nmees , j . & k . meland ( eds ) ( 2012 onwards ) . world list of lophogastrida , stygiomysida and mysida .\nvan der land , j . ; brattegard , t . ( 2001 ) . mysidacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 293 - 295 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]\nm\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nholt , e . w . l . ; tattersall , w . m . ( 1906 ) . schizopodous crustacea from the north - east atlantic slope . supplement . fisheries , ireland , sci . invest . 1904 . v : 1 - 50 , plates i - v . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntattersall , w . m . & tattersall , o . s . ( 1951 ) . the british mysidacea . ray society : london . viii , 460 pp ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbirstein , j . a . & tchindonova , j . g . ( 1958 ) . glubocovodniie mysidii severo zapadnoi ciasti tihogo okeana ( the deep sea mysids of the northwest pacific ocean ) . trudy instituta okeanologii = transactions of the institute of oceanology . 27 : 258 - 355 ( in russian ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntattersall , w . m . ( 1951 ) . a review of the mysidacea of the united states national museum . smiths . inst . u . s . natn . mus . bull . 201 : 1 - 292 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvon willemoes - suhm , r . ( 1875 ) . on some atlantic crustacea from the challenger expedition . trans . linn . soc . of lond . , zool . i ( part the first ) . 23 - 59 , plates vi - xiii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntattersall , o . s . 1955 . mysidacea . - - discovery reports 28 : 1 - 190 , 46 figs . [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nwooldridge , t . h . ; mees , j . ( 2011 onwards ) . world list of the mysidacea . [ details ]\nprice , w . w . , r . w . heard , p . aas , and k . meland . 2009 . lophogastrida ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 923\u2013927 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npetryashov , v . v . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of family gnathophausiidae ( crustacea : lophogastrida ) . russian journal of marine biology . 41 ( 4 ) : 238 - 243 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkathman , r . d . , w . c . austin , j . c . saltman & j . d . fulton ( 1986 ) : identification manual of the mysidacea and euphausiacea of the northeast pacific . - can . spec . publ . fish . aquat . sci . , 93 : 1 - 411 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhansen , h . j . ( 1910 ) : the schizopoda of the siboga expedition . - siboga exped . , 37 : 1 - 123 , 16pls [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , yale peabody museum of natural history . all rights reserved . 170 whitney ave , new haven , ct 06511\nrudolf von willemoes - suhm ( 1875 ) .\non some atlantic crustacea from the ' challenger ' expedition\n( pdf ) . transactions of the linnean society of london . zoological series 1 ( 1 ) : 23\u201359 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1875 . tb00433 . x .\ncyndy parr set\nimage of neognathophausia ingens\nas an exemplar on\nneognathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 566, "summary": [{"text": "the large slit-faced bat , nycteris grandis , is a species of slit-faced bat with a broad distribution in forest and savanna habitats in west , central , and east africa .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "n. marica ( kershaw , 1923 ) , is the available name for the southern savanna species if it is recognized as distinct from this species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "large slit - faced bat", "paragraphs": ["large slit - faced bat - nycteris grandis the large slit faced bat is found in central and southern africa . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nplacentation in the egyptian slit - faced bat nycteris thebaica ( chiroptera : nycteridae ) .\njavan slit - faced bat - nycteris javanica the javan slit - faced bat is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\negyptian slit - faced bat - nycteris thebaica the egyptian slit - faced bat is sometimes called the whispering bat because it has a weak echolocation call . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\n. large slit - faced bats have skin temperatures that range from 33 . 5 to 38 . 0\u00b0c .\nplacentation in the egyptian slit - faced bat nycteris thebaica ( chiroptera : nycteridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nmalayan slit - faced bat - nycteris tragata the malayan slit faced bat is also known as the hollow - faced bat . it is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe intermediate slit - faced bat ( nycteris intermedia ) , wood ' s slit - faced bat ( nycteris woodi ) , and n . aurita are considered by the iucn to be lower risk / near threatened . the javan slit - faced bat ( nycteris javanica ) and ja slit - faced bat ( nycteris major ) are considered vulnerable , the former because of declining range , the latter because of restricted range . too little is known about the madagascar slit - faced bat ( nycteris madagascariensis ) to assess its conservation status , and it is listed as data deficient .\nthe iucn lists the javan slit - faced bat and the ja slit - faced bat as vulnerable , facing a high risk of extinction in the wild . three other species are listed as near threatened , not currently threatened , but may become so .\nlarge slit - faced bats are most commonly found in swampy sites in rainforests . they make their roosts in hollow trees , small caverns in rocks , hollow fallen logs , and manmade structures . large slit - faced bats are also found in dry savannah habitats .\nslit - faced bats get their name from the long , vertical slit that runs across the top of their flattened noseleaf .\n(\nregions containing large slit faced bats\n, 2006 ; fenton , et al . , 1987 ; park and myers , 2004 )\n2006 .\nregions containing large slit faced bats\n( on - line ) . wild finder . accessed february 24 , 2006 at urltoken .\negyptian slit - faced bat - nycteris thebaica the egyptian slit - faced bat is found in sub - saharan africa . it is also found in morocco , libya , egypt , israel , palestine and jordan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\negyptian - slit faced bats and people : there is no known significant relationship with people .\nthe egyptian slit - faced bat is affected by roost disturbance and habitat degradation , but these are not considered to be major threats at present ( 1 ) .\nslit - faced bats are small to medium in size , and have broad wings and large ears . their fur is long and fine and ranges in color from gray to red . the t - shaped tail cartilage , large ears , and slit - faces make them distinctive .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - egyptian slit - faced bat ( nycteris thebaica )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - egyptian slit - faced bat ( nycteris thebaica )\ntitle =\narkive species - egyptian slit - faced bat ( nycteris thebaica )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncan be distinguished from all other bats by their tails ending in a y or t shaped piece of cartilage . large slit - faced bats can be distinguished from all other\nthere is no information on the lifespan or longevity of this species . large slit - faced bats most likely live for many years since most microchiropterans are fairly long lived .\nthe hollow - faced bat is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe egyptian slit - faced bat is found in sub - saharan africa , egypt , israel , jordan , lebanon , morocco and libya ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nslit - faced bats have one offspring per year , typically at the beginning of the rainy season . female large slit - faced bats leave their young behind in the roost when they set out at night to hunt . they return several times throughout the night to feed their young .\nnot much is known about parental investment in large slit - faced bats . females nurse their young in day roosts and leave them when they forage for food . they are similar to other mammals in that the mother cares for her young until it is ready for independence . the role of male large slit - faced bats in raising offspring is unknown .\nemits echolocation calls through their nostrils , and their noseleaf may play a role in ampilyfing the sound . large slit - faced bats also use other modes of perception to locate and capture prey , including passive hearing and vision . the large ears of\neats large amounts of insects which likely affects the populations of those species . they also feed on vertebrates , including other bats . large slit - faced bats are hosts to parasites called broad trypanosomes , but there is little information available about this relationship .\nslit - faced bats have large ears , broad wings , and a long tail . they roost in alone or in small groups in trees , buildings , caves , and animal burrows .\nlittle is known about the reproductive and mating habits of large slit - faced bats . it is likely that these bats are monogamous because pairing and roost fidelity is quite common in this species .\nthey may not depend upon to find their prey , relying instead on sound cues such as the songs or footfalls of prey . slit - faced bats also take flying prey . accumulations of discarded pieces of prey under feeding roosts provide biologists with a picture of the diets of slit - faced bats . unlike other species of bat , slit - faced bats are warm - blooded and cannot enter torpor , a state of total inactivity .\n(\nregions containing large slit faced bats\n, 2006 ; bayefsky - anand , 2005 ; fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 ; parey and berlin , 1993 )\ninterspecific communication has not been widely studied in bats , but it is likely that large slit - faced bats use chemical and auditory cues , as well as tactile and visual cues , to communicate among individuals .\nslit - faced bats are found throughout most of africa , southeast asia , and madagascar . most species are found in africa .\na tropical forest - dwelling bat , the hollow - faced bat has been found at all altitudes , and is known to roost in small groups in tree holes , rotten fallen trees , and rock crevices ( 2 ) .\nlarge slit - faced bats are opportunistic foragers that use two foraging strategies and eats a broad range of prey . large slit - faced bats eat arthropods , bats , frogs , fish and birds . their diets vary based on the season , with frogs being the most common prey in march , april , may , august , and september . other bats are common prey in june and july , and arthropods are most common in december , january , and february . for large prey like bats and birds ,\njacob , davids .\nbats of the western cape .\ncape bat action team ( cape bat ) . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .\ntop right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg \u00a9 ] bottom right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo stephen davis \u00a9 ]\ntanglegram comparing the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their bat , insectivore , and rodent hosts .\nspecies of slit - faced bats have large , oval ears and their wings are broad . slit - faced bats range in color from orange , brown , and red to gray . these bats also have a distinctive feature among mammals at the end of their tail . the long tail , completely enclosed within a membrane , ends in a t - shaped tip .\nslit - faced bats ( nycteridae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nslit - faced bats : nycteridae .\ngrzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nparey , v . , h . berlin . 1993 . variation in foraging behaviour , habitat use and diet of large slit - facebats ( nycteris grandis ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hollow - faced bat ( nycteris tragata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hollow - faced bat ( nycteris tragata )\ntitle =\narkive species - hollow - faced bat ( nycteris tragata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na single young is born each year , typically at the beginning of the rainy season . the slit - faced bats are most likely promiscuous .\nsome species of slit - faced bats live in woodland savanna or dry country , and others live in rainforests in africa or in southeast asia .\nit is considered to be a rather rare bat , colony sizes tend to be small .\nthe broad wings of slit - faced bats enable them to fly slowly and hover , then pluck insects off ground or vegetation surfaces . when bats , such as the large slit - faced bat , catch and kill larger prey such as small vertebrates , they carry them off to their feeding perch . these bats can hunt either lying in wait on their perches or from slow , continuous flight low to the ground . when they eat insects , they typically drop their wings and legs .\nslit - faced bats roost in hollows by day . the hollows include caves and mines , those in trees , as well as others associated with buildings or other artificial structures . roosting slit - faced bats are usually not in physical contact with one another . they produce low - intensity echolocation calls , which\nslit - faced bats ( nycteridae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nslit - faced bats : nycteridae .\ngrzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nprey includes grasshoppers , crickets , caterpillars , and beetles . these frogs are preyed upon by the boomslang dispholidus typus , the vine snake thelotornis capensis , and the large slit - faced bat nycteris grandis . the foam nests are preyed upon by the african bullfrog , fornasini ' s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini , and the blue monkey cercopithecus mitis ( channing and howell , 2006 ) .\nmost species of slit - faced bats are found in rainforest in africa or in southeast asia , but other species occur in drier areas , from savanna woodlands to desert .\ndiet : egyptian slit - faced bats typically diet on arthropods , such as spiders , crickets , and scorpions , as well as insects , such as moths and beetles .\nthere are no known conservation efforts currently in place for the egyptian slit - faced bat . it has been recommended that this species would benefit from better protection of its roost sites and improved legal protection , as well as further research into its population size and trends ( 1 ) .\nnowak , ronald m .\nslit - faced bats , or hollow - faced bats .\nwalker ' s mammals of the world 5 . 1 online . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1997 . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .\nmyers , phil , and bret weinstein .\nfamily nycteridae ( slit - faced bats ) .\nanimal diversity web . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .\nal - omari , k . a . , abu baker , m . a . and amr , z . s . ( 2000 ) first record of the egyptian slit - faced bat , nycteris thebaica , from jordan . zoology in the middle east , 21 : 5 - 7 .\na slit - faced bat ' s diet depends upon the species . most species of these bats feed primarily on a variety of arthropods ( animals that have jointed bodies and limbs ) , such as moths , butterflies , beetles , crickets , centipedes , scorpions , and spiders . some bats , the larger slit - faced bats , will also eat small vertebrates ( animals with a backbone ) , such as frogs , birds , fish , other bats , and mice .\nkerner , sarah .\nin the bat cave .\nboys ' life ( june 2003 ) : 18 .\negyptian slit - faced bats are found throughout africa and parts of southern europe . they range from south africa up through egypt , the arabian peninsula , and to the island of corfu .\nlarge slit - faced bats use two foraging strategies . the most common strategy involves hunting from a perch where the bats wait for prey to pass by . they then use short flights to attack the prey on the ground where they envelop it with their wings . they also take longer flights in search of food on the ground or in the air . they switch between each type of foraging strategy based on habitat and prey availability . large slit - faced bats hunt at night from night roosts . they use prey - generated sounds to locate their targets , which explains why noisy prey are their most common targets .\nphysical characteristics : a distinctive feature of the egyptian slitfaced bat is its long ears . the bat has long , fine fur that is gray to red . its underparts are lighter in color . these bats are also called common slit - faced bats . they are medium - size bats , with an adult weighing about 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 ounces ( 7 to 12 grams ) \u2014about the weight of five pennies .\na medium - sized bat ; forearm ranging 1 . 6\u20132 in ( 4 . 2\u20135 . 1 cm ) ; weight 0 . 2\u20130 . 4 oz ( 7\u201312 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red . large ears .\nlarge slit - faced bats consume their prey while hanging from a perch with one foot . they use their wings to hold and position the prey . the discarded prey remains , such as skin , fur , and wings , fall to the ground beneath their feeding roosts , making these roosts easily recognized by researchers .\nalthough slit - faced bats are included in the superfamily rhinolophoidea , the closeness of their relationship to the other families in the group ( false vampires , the megadermatidae , horseshoe bats , the rhinolophidae , and old world leaf - nosed bats , the hipposideridae ) has been questioned . apart from recent material , there is no fossil record of slit - faced bats . no subfamilies are recognized .\nlarge slit - faced bats are large bats that have reddish brown to gray fur on the top part of their body and paler and grayer fur on the underside . a female found in zambia had a slight yellow tinge around its neck and shoulders . the face has a deep frontal groove that houses the noseleave and extends from the nostrils to a line joining the base of the ears . this groove is surrounded by fleshy lobes and flanges . large slit - faced bats are not sexually dimorphic in size . their tails range in length from 65 to 75mm and terminate in a y or t shaped piece of cartilage . their body and head length ranges from 63 - 93 mm and their body mass is from 23 to 36 g , which makes them the largest member of the family\nfenton , m . b . , c . m . swanepoel , r . m . brigham , j . cebek , and m . b . c . hickey .\nforaging behaviour and prey selection by large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ; chiroptera : nycteridae ) .\nbiotropica 22 ( 1990 ) : 2\u20138 .\nfenton , m . brock . the bat : wings in the night sky . buffalo , ny : firefly books , 1998 .\nfenton , m . b . , swanepoel , c . m . , brigham , r . m . , cebek , j . and hickey , m . b . c . 1990 . foraging behavior and prey selection by large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ; chiroptera : nycteridae ) . biotropica 22 : 2 - 8 .\nhas a large impact on many different species in their ecosystem because they eat such a wide variety of foods . like many bats ,\nslit - faced bats are small to medium in size . head and body length is 1 . 6 to 3 . 7 inches ( 4 to 9 . 3 centimeters ) , and adults weigh 0 . 2 to 1 . 2 ounces ( 6 to 36 grams ) . also called hollow - faced bats , the feature that gives slit - faced bats their name is a deep groove that runs from their nostrils to a pit in the middle of their forehead . the dent is hidden by fur , which makes it hard to see .\nat the same time , a number of local sugar growers are showing an interest in erecting\nbat houses\nwhich may accommodate hundreds of free - tailed bats , the species most likely to be colonising farm buildings anyway . since it is the number of roosting opportunities , and not the food source , which limits bat populations , bat houses are a means of artificially restoring bat roosting habitat that was lost when natural habitats were replaced with sugar cane . more bats must mean fewer moths , which has to be good news for sugar cane growers !\nsmaller species of slit - faced bats feed almost entirely on arthropods , typically insects such as moths , beetles , and crickets , but also spiders , centipedes , and scorpions . larger species of nycterids also eat small vertebrates such as fish , frogs , birds , and other bats . slit - faced bats often hunt from a perch , dropping to the ground to grab passing prey , or snatching it from the foliage or branches or trunks of trees .\nlittle is known about the reproduction and development of large slit - faced bats . one offspring is born to a female per breeding season . it is possible that there are two breeding seasons , but this is uncertain . in one study in zimbabwe in december , some female large slit - faced bats were found with offspring that were 1 - 7 days old . in liberia , a female was found in december with a 5 mm embryo . another study collected 7 females in september in zambia ; these had single fetuses with crown - rump lengths of 24 - 27 mm and head lengths of 17 - 18 mm . the amount of time to weaning and the age at which the offspring reaches sexual maturity is unknown . in related bats such as\nmay hang from perches and wait for passing prey , or fly in search of food . in either case , they depend upon the sounds of prey to locate their targets and usually take prey from surfaces . along the zambezi river , they feed heavily on vertebrates , usually frogs ( representing seven species ) , but occasionally on birds and fish . they also eat other species of bats , including egyptian slit - faced bats . large slit - faced bats also eat large arthropods , including sun spiders , moths , and beetles . prey is killed with a bite to the head , and inedible parts dropped below feeding roosts . when they eat frogs , they usually discard one foot bitten off at the ankle , the other leg bitten off at the knee .\nthe species appears to need rather large trees , and is presumably threatened by deforestation resulting from logging activities and the conversion of forest to agricultural use .\nthe largest of slit - faced bats : forearms 2 . 2\u20132 . 6 in ( 5 . 7\u20136 . 6 cm ) ; weight 0 . 8\u20131 . 2 oz ( 23\u201336 g ) . long , fine fur is gray to red .\negyptian slit - faced bats do not do well in captivity . when given food and water they will eat the food , but will not touch the water , and as a result it is not uncommon for them to die of dehydration .\nlike all bats , slit - faced bats are active in the night hours and they roost ( settle or rest ) during the day hours . most species shelter alone , in pairs , or in small family groups or colonies ( group of animals of the same type living together ) . roosting sites for slit - faced bats are diverse , and may include hollow trees , dense foliage , rocky outcrops , caves , buildings , ruins , abandoned wells , and porcupine and aardvark burrows .\nthe nest is built by both sexes , consisting of a large structure of twigs , lined with green leaves . it is typically placed in the fork of a branch , in a large white or pale - barked tree . it probably prefers lightly - coloured trees because they are easier to locate at night .\nfenton , m . b . , rautenbach , i . l . , chipese , d . , cumming , m . b . , musgrave , m . k . , taylor , j . s . and volpers , t . 1993 . variation in foraging behavior , habitat use , and diet of large slit - faced bats ( nycteris grandis ) . zeitschrift f\u00fcr s\u00e4ugetierkunde 58 : 65 - 74 .\nthe breeding season of the egyptian slit - faced batoccurs between april and july ( 2 ) , with a single offspring born in early november ( 2 ) ( 9 ) , which feeds on the mother\u2019s milk for around two months ( 9 ) .\ncan be found roosting alone , in pairs , or in small groups . these bats show high levels of roost fidelity ; that is , they return to the same roost each day . large slit - faced bats use a variety of different roosts for day roosts , feeding roosts , and night roosts . females pass the day and nurse their young in day roosts . night roosts are used as hunting perches .\ntake prey from surfaces ( the ground or vegetation ) as well as flying prey . the usual diet is arthropods , from sun spiders to scorpions , and insects such as orthopterans , moths , and beetles . in zimbabwe , egyptian slit - faced bats ate 1 . 1 in ( 3 cm ) beetles in less than two minutes . from south africa , there is one record of an egyptian slit - faced bat taking a lizard . these bats appear to use sounds generated by prey to detect and assess their targets . the role of echolocation in hunting remains unclear . they produce bird - like chirps when foraging at night , but the function of these calls remains unknown .\nlarge slit - faced bats have trifid incisors , that is , their incisors are divided into three narrow parts or lobes . a few dimensions of their skulls are as follows : length of skull , 26 - 27 mm , breadth of zygomatic arch , 16 - 17 mm , length of maxillary tooth row , 9 . 1 - 9 . 7 mm and width of the maxillary 10 . 4 - 11 . 1 mm .\nthere is little available information on predation of this species . it is possible that they are prey to snakes as well as to some birds , including bat hawks ,\nas well as echolocation , it appears that these bats depend upon sound to find food . their large ears are apparently used to listen for the low - frequency sounds of prey - generated movements , such as the sound of an insect scuffling along the ground or calls the insects may make . slit - faced bats sometimes catch their prey in the air , but primarily snatch their prey from a surface , such as a leaf or branch .\nfrench , barbara .\nwhere the bats are part ii : other animals ' shelters .\nbat conservation international , inc . urltoken ( accessed on july 4 , 2004 ) .\n. the diet is influenced by prey availability and results in these bats choosing a variety of prey . these bats can take large prey , up to 33 % of their body mass .\nweiss s , witkowski pt , auste b , nowak k , weber n , et al . ( 2012 ) hantavirus in bat , sierra leone . emerg infect dis 18 : 159\u2013161 .\nthought to have a wide habitat tolerance ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , the egyptian slit - faced bat may be found in moist and dry savanna , sometimes ranging into desert and rocky areas ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , but is rarely found in forested areas ( 7 ) . it roosts in caves and crevices , as well as tombs , ruins , roofs , houses , wells and hollow trees ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nbehavior and reproduction : when foraging for food , egyptian slit - faced bats pick their prey off the ground and vegetation surfaces , such as leaves or branches , as well as while flying . they can fly slowly and maneuver well , which allows them to hunt close to the ground and in dense vegetation .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthe roosts of egyptian - slit faced bats include caves , areas under roads , mines , hollow trees , and roofs . they can be seen hanging from veranda ( a structure like a porch ) rooftops in temporary night roosts as they rest from their foraging . observations have spotted colonies ranging in size from several and several hundred individuals .\nmost species of slit - faced bats occur in africa , one ranging from the north ( israel and adjacent countries ) to the south ( the cape ) . two other species occur in southeast asia , from myanmar , thailand , and malaysia to sarawak , sumatra , java , borneo , and bali . one species has been reported from madagascar .\nlight brown above , ventral side is lighter brown or grayish white . medium - sized bat with large ears and well - developed calcar . muzzle has deep median furrow . head and body length 3 . 8\u20134 . 3 in ( 9 . 7\u201311 cm ) , tail length 1 . 8\u20132 . 2 in ( 4 . 7\u20135 . 8 cm ) , forearm length 1 . 6\u20131 . 9 in ( 4 . 3\u20134 . 7 cm ) .\nthe bat has been recorded from both dry and moist lowland forest , gallery forest and moist savanna . it has been found roosting in standing trees in small family groups ( rosevear 1965 ; grubb et al . 1998 ) .\nthere are thought to be two breeding seasons per year , with females giving birth to a single pup ( 2 ) . at first the pup is carried in foraging flights , which may well limit the diet of the hollow - faced bat , as it can only take lighter prey . the pup learns quickly to fly and forage alone , and at one year old will be sexually mature ( 2 ) .\nfenton , m . b . , thomas , d . w . and sasseen , r . 1981 . nycteris grandis ( nycteridae ) , an african carnivorous bat . journal of zoology ( london ) 194 : 461 - 465 .\nbat colonies living in the roofs of farm buildings are at best a barely tolerable nuisance to many farmers . what they overlook is the fact that bats are the major predators of night - flying insects , including many that are important agricultural pests .\nin general there appear to be no major threats to this species as a whole . it is threatened in parts of its range by habitat loss , particularly the logging of large trees used for roosting . some populations may be threatened by overharvesting for subsistence food .\nweber , n . and fahr , j . 2007 . survey of endemic and globally threatened bat species in the fouta djallon highlands for conservation priorities in guinea . van tienhoven foundation for international nature protection and conservation international ' s critical species fund , ulm university .\n. they have large ears , ranging from 28 to 35 mm ; this can be as much as 50 % of their forearm length . the forearms range from 57 to 66 mm , and their tibias range in length from 29 . 5 to 33 . 5 mm .\naldridge , h . d . j . n . , m . obrist , h . g . merriam , and m . b . fenton .\nroosting , vocalizations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica .\njournal of mammalogy 71 ( 1990 ) : 242\u2013246 .\naldridge , h . d . j . n , obrist , m , merriam , h . g . and fenton , m . b . ( 1990 ) roosting , vocalisations and foraging by the african bat , nycteris thebaica . journal of mammology , 71 : 242 - 246 .\nthese bats use echolocation and simply listening to detect their prey . their large ears enable the bats to pick up sounds like the scuffling of some insects or the beating of wings . the purpose of the bird - like chirps they make while searching for their prey at night is unknown .\nnear - threatened in south africa , due to its rarity and disappearance from former breeding sites . destruction of woodland impacts the local bat populations it is dependent on , and it is persecuted by locals because they believe that it eats chickens , although it has never been observed doing so .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nlike all bats , these bats are nocturnal , meaning they are active at night . slit - faced bats also use echolocation ( eck - oh - loh - kay - shun ) , the detection of an object by means of reflected sound . it is not known how much they depend upon echolocation to catch their prey ( animals hunted for food ) . the echolocation calls of these bats are low in intensity , or energy , and brief . usually the calls last only a millisecond or less .\ndistribution of bat hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nthese bats , like most other bats , use echolocation for finding prey . however , like other gleaning bats , their echolocation calls are not strong and as a result this species is often called a \u201cwhispering\u201d bat . the echolocation that they produce has low intensity , and is multi - harmonic . echolocation is used when they are assessing the area around them , especially for prey location .\nit mainly eats small insectivorous bats , doing most of its foraging at dusk when bats become active , usually in an open space adjacent to cliffs , buildings or large trees . it hawks prey aerially , catching the animal with its feet then eating it while in flight . in one hunting session it takes about 5 - 6 , rarely up to 17 bats , consuming about one every 1 - 3 minutes . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nthe species inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome . breeding usually takes place in temporary pans and vleis , but also occurs in more permanent water bodies such as dams and quarries . in the absence of trees and shrubs , nests may be attached to the sides of large rocks or man - made structures overhanging water , including bridges , culverts and bird hides ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nthis species also preys on insects that are not moving , such as on the ground , walls , rocks , lights , and vegetation . small prey will be eaten on the spot , but larger prey will be taken to a tree and eaten while the bat is hanging . their uropatagium is a tool that they use to bring their prey to their mouth . the females leave the roost at dusk ( with their young ) to go on regular hunts for food .\nalthough this insect - eating species is capable of complex echolocation calls involving a rapid , low intensity sweep of the frequency range , it is also thought to hunt simply by listening for sounds made by the insects themselves . its large wing area and comparatively low body weight allows it to take off nearly vertically from the forest floor when hunting , possibly with heavy prey ( 2 ) . it tends to hover over its prey before snatching it up into the air ( 5 ) .\ndorsal surfaces are brownish to grey , sometimes white , with or without darker mottling ( schi\u00f8tz , 1999 ) . according to harper et al . ( 2010 ) , the darker brown mottling resembles tree bark . the eyes are large with horizontal pupils , and the tympanum is distinctly visible . the fingers have wide expanded disks and are arranged in opposable pairs that wrap easily around small branches . toes are completely webbed ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . no tarsal fold is present ( schi\u00f8tz , 1999 ) .\npreys on organisms while flying , or observes them while hanging upside down from a tree and then goes after the prey . as these bats hang from a tree , they observe the surrounding area for prey . their enormous ears are used to detect any noise made by potential prey . once it hears a potential prey item , an individual bat will go after the area where the sound came from . in addition to their ears , they use their eyes ( since echolocation is weak for these bats ) to locate their prey .\ntanglegram constructed using treemap2 . 0b illustrating the phylogenies of hantaviruses and their bat , insectivore , and rodent hosts . ( a ) the host tree on the left was based on mt - cyt b gene sequences , and the hantavirus tree on the right was based on the coding sequences of m segment . ( b ) the host tree on the left was based on cytochrome b gene sequences , and the hantavirus tree on the right was based on the coding sequences of s + m segment . numbers ( > 0 . 7 ) above or below branches indicate posterior node probabilities .\na single female and several males construct a foam nest on leaves or branches above water . the female must return to the pool several times during the construction of the nest to absorb enough water to complete the task . in some cases , she may even return the following night to add water to the nest . the large unpigmented eggs develop into small dark tadpoles which drop into the water after three to five days . the small tadpoles are only 18 mm in length ( harper et al . , 2010 ) . according to channing and howell ( 2006 ) , approximately 500 to 1226 eggs are deposited in each nest .\na rather different picture of the evolutionary history of hantaviruses was observed in the phylogenies of 62 l segment sequences . in particular , these trees provided evidence for five phylogroups , as viruses from phylogroup ii could be subdivided into a subgroup containing hpuv , mouyassu\u00e9 virus ( mouv ) detected in bat from cote d ' ivoire [ 22 ] , nvav , and altai virus ( eu424341 ) sampled from a soricidae shrew in the neighboring area of russia with china , and a subgroup containing the lquv and mgb virus sampled from bats in sierra leone [ 23 ] ( phylogroup v , figure 2c ) . however , this novel subdivision of phylogroups was not supported strongly . the clustering patterns of other viruses were similar to those in the s and m segment trees ( figure s3a\u2013b ) , although lquv and mgb virus grouped with tpmv and mjnv in the bayesian tree ( figure s3b ) . finally , and in contrast what is seen in the l nucleotide sequence phylogenies , mgb virus shared a closer relationship with tpmv and mjnv than hupv and lquv in the l amino acid tree ( figure s2g\u2013i ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nn . marica kershaw , 1923 , is the available name for the southern savanna species if it is recognised as distinct from this species .\nthis species is broadly distributed in sub - saharan africa . it ranges from senegal , through west and central africa , to southern sudan , southeastern kenya and eastern tanzania , with scattered records as far south as zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique . it is a lowland species .\nit appears to be a rare , or rarely recorded , species . the species occurs in small colonies , but is usually found only as single animals or in pairs .\nthis species has been recorded from a variety of lowland habitats , ranging from lowland tropical moist forest ( often found near to swampy sites ) to drier savanna areas and miombo woodland ( rosevear 1965 ; fenton et al . 1990 ; hickey and dunlop 2000 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) . it generally roosts in hollow trees , but is also found in man made structures such as houses ( fenton et al . 1990 , 1993 ) , disused water towers ( fenton et al . 1990 , 1993 ) and culverts ( rosevear , 1965 ) . animals might also roost in hollow fallen logs , and holes or small caverns in rocks ( rosevear , 1965 ; hickey and dunlop 2000 ) .\nin view of the species wide range , it is presumably present in a number of protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 )\n( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; hickey and dunlop , 2000 ; parey and berlin , 1993 )\n( fenton , et al . , 1987 ; park and myers , 2004 )\nadult size is reached in about two months , and females continue to nurse their offspring from 45 to 60 days .\nit has been documented that females and their young can recognize each other . in several cases , when a female returned to a roost after foraging , her offspring recognized her and began to rapidly flap its wings .\nbreeding season breeding may occur once in the spring ( march and april ) and once in the winter ( december and january ) .\nindividuals take prey that they have caught to a feeding roost , which is usually within 20 m of their day roost . this may be a strategy to avoid having their prey stolen by other bats in the day roosts .\nhas been known to migrate . there is little information about why this occurs in\nand it has been hypothesized that migration occurs as a result of resource availability .\nproduces echolocation calls , increasing the rate of calling as it approaches its prey . the spectra of calls early in the feeding sequence have four peaks ( 20 - 112 khz ) , and the calls later in the approach have a single peak at approximately 73 - 91 khz . the minimum and maximum frequencies of the early calls in the approach are 17 and 114 khz and for the later calls are 61 and 110 khz . the pulse duration varies from 0 . 6 to 2 . 8 ms and the interpulse interval varies from 6 . 0 to 17 . 8 ms .\nhave their higest sensitivity between 10 and 20 khz , a frequency used to detect sounds made by prey .\ngrasp them in their mouths and immobilize them with a strong bite to the head .\n. possibily to avoid predators , these bats roost in high places where it is hard for predators to get to them .\njim aldrich ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nbayefsky - anand , s . 2005 . effect of location and season on the arthropod prey of nycteris grandis .\nesmailka , l . , l . olson . 2005 .\nanimal diversity web\n( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .\nfenton , m . , d . cumming , j . hutton , c . swanepoel . 1987 . foraging and habitat use by nycteris grandis in zimbabwe .\npark , a . , p . myers . 2004 .\nanimal diversity web\n( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : aldrich , j . 2006 .\nnycteris grandis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are 16 species of small to medium - sized bats in this family . they are found in africa , malaysia , indonesia .\nthey range in color from brown , brownish - orange or gray . most species eat insects .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .\njakob fahr marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\nnycteris grandis peters , 1865\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nisoj\u00e4n\u00f6lepakko\nto\nnycteris grandis peters , 1865\n.\njakob fahr set\nimage of nycteris grandis\nas an exemplar on\nnycteris grandis peters , 1865\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nimage processing : dr . amy balanoff image processing : dr . julian humphries publication date : 22 mar 2003\nthis specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 15 january 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 1161 slices . the specimen was mounted in florists foam for scanning . each slice is 0 . 072 mm thick , with an interslice spacing of 0 . 072 mm and a field of reconstruction of 67 . 0 mm .\nto cite this page : dr . nancy simmons , 2003 ,\nnycteris grandis\n( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nitems in open research are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : hispida species group . reviewed by van cakenberghe and de vree ( 1993b ) . n . marica is sometimes recognized as a distinct savanna subspecies , but this does not seem justified based on morphology ; see van cakenberghe and de vree ( 1993b ) . see hickey and dunlop ( 2000 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nsize forearms range 1 . 2\u20132 . 5 in ( 3 . 2\u20136 . 4 cm ) ; body mass 0 . 2\u20131 . 2 oz ( 6\u201336 g )\noccur from sierra leone in the west to lake victoria in the east . there are two isolated populations , one on the coast in tanzania , the other from zambia south into zimbabwe along the zambezi river .\nmost often found in rainforest , but outlying populations occur in areas of savanna woodlands .\nroost in hollows in trees , caves , and mines , or those in artificial structures such as buildings and unused military bunkers . roosting individuals , other than females and their dependent young , are not in physical contact with one another . along the zambezi river in zimbabwe , they use the same day roosts year after year , including hollows in acacia trees as well as those in buildings and in military bunkers ; the roosts provide shelter from the extreme heat of the day . along the zambezi , they use feeding roosts , sites that offer protection from above . typically , feeding roosts are under thatched roofs , on porches , and in rooms that they enter through open doors or windows . some day roosts also serve as feeding roosts ."]}
{"id": 567, "summary": [{"text": "mesocnemis is a genus of african damselflies in the white-legged damselfly family ( platycnemididae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are commonly known as riverjacks .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the genus contains the following species : mesocnemis dupuyi legrand , 1982 - gambia riverjack mesocnemis robusta ( selys , 1886 ) mesocnemis saralisa dijkstra , 2008 mesocnemis singularis karsch , 1891 - common riverjack , savanna brook-damsel , savanna stream-damsel mesocnemis tisi lempert , 1992 - liberian riverjack", "topic": 26}], "title": "mesocnemis", "paragraphs": ["mesocnemis is a genus of african damselflies in the white - legged damselfly family ( platycnemididae ) . they are commonly known as riverjacks . the genus contains the following species :\njustification : mesocnemis singularis is assessed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nlegrand , j . ( 1982 ) . elattoneura pluotae spec . nov . ( protoneuridae ) et mesocnemis dupuyi spec . nov . ( platycnemididae ) , zygopteres nouveaux du senegal . odonatologica , 11 , 153 - 158 . [ pdf file ]\njustification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats that is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . therefore , it is assessed as least concern . in central , northern and western africa , the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . in northern africa , out of the two localities recorded for mesocnemis robusta in egypt , one probably became extinct through the construction of the aswan high dam and barrage lake . the single remaining locality for this species is included in the agricultural area of the nile delta , which suffers from inundation of increasing levels of polluted water ( e . g . , salts , sewage water , heavy metals ) . this population is now separated from the nearest ( sudanese ) locality by a river stretch of about 1 , 600 km as well as by the assouan barrage lake , therefore no spontaneous immigration is expected . it is currently listed as critically endangered based on its restricted range , occurrence at only one known location and ongoing declines .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is short - listed by dijkstra and vick ( 2004 ) as western african odonate requiring special attention . it is known from one locality , the sinoe river and a tributary , within a 5 , 000 km\u00b2 area of forest habitat , which is expected to deteriorate in the future due to selective logging and clearing for agriculture . it is therefore listed as endangered .\nthe species is only known from two sites near juarzon in south eastern liberia , the sinoe river and a tributary ( lempert 1988 , 1992 ) .\nrainforest rivers , preferring shaded sections unlike the sympatric m . singularis , which perches in the sun .\nthere is a potential threat of logging for wood extraction and agriculture within the species range .\nno information available but research into population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status , threats , and trends / monitoring of this species would be valuable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndijkstra , k . - d . b . , clausnitzer , v . , suhling , f . , samways , m . , samraoui , b . , boudot , j . p . , kipping , j . ( odonata red list authority ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )\n1998 ) . although records show two disjunct populations , the species is likely to be present in between .\nit has not been recorded from central africa region yet , but likely to occur in the northern zones of democratic republic of congo , congo , cameroon and central african republic .\nin northern africa , the species is endemic to the river nile system , ranging from ethiopia to the nile delta .\nno information available . in northern africa , two records are known from egypt ( one from the lower nile ( 1988 ) , and one from assouan in upper egypt ( 1912 ) , which is possibly now extinct due to the assouan dam ) , and five from sudan . some records are dated 1980 - 1988\nthe main threats to the species are over - irrigation , water pollution , stream management and infrastructure development . it is inferred that it would be affected by drought in the future .\npreservation of stream water quality and conservation of the natural structure of stream systems using policy - based actions and increasing education and awareness . information on taxonomy , population ecology , habitat status and population trends , and habitat / site based conservation is also required .\nthe species is widespread in sub - saharan africa , ranging from sierra leone to south sudan and southwards to south africa .\nthe habitat of this species is mostly rivers , but also streams and large lakes , mostly shaded by gallery forest , but also in open landscapes and open areas in forest . at rivers it prefers faster sections ( rapids , falls ) with emergent vegetation , submerged roots , rocks and / or probably overhanging branches .\nno diagnosis of this species endemic to the gambia catchment is presently available . please refer to the references provided .\nnot known well , but probably rivers in open landscapes . probably especially faster sections with emergent vegetation , submerged roots and / or rocks . inferred to occur from 0 to 200 m above sea level .\nmap citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .\ncitation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\u2122 map viewer will open in its own new tab / window . this may be further explored or the tab / window closed ."]}
{"id": 571, "summary": [{"text": "microsynodontis notata is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to gabon where it occurs in the ogowe river .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described in 2004 by ng heok hee . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "microsynodontis notata", "paragraphs": ["consisted of nine distinct species , eight of which are undescribed . this study reviews the microsynodontis\njustification : microsynodontis notata is only known from the type locality the ezanga river , about midway between lake ezanga and the lower ogowe mainstream in gabon ( ng 2004 ) . the species has recently ( 2004 ) been described and may be more widespread than is currently known . more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . species of microsynodontis in fishbase . april 2013 version .\nmicrosynodontis : from the greek mikros , meaning small , and synodontis ; in reference to the small size of members of this genus .\nmicrosynodontis used to be one species microsynodontis batesi . it has been split into nine species . according to brummett , r . it is almost impossible to tell them apart and it is doubtful regarding their species status ( pers . comm . brummett , r . and reid , g . mcg . ) .\nis only known from the lower guinea region ( in the campo , ivindo , ntem , nyong and sanaga river drainages ) . very little material of microsynodontis\nnot found in the lower guinea region are given in table 10 ) . however , the numbers of oral teeth , a character considered diagnostic in other mochokid genera , are not useful in diagnosing species of microsynodontis\nng , heok hee ( 2004 ) .\nthe microsynodontis ( teleostei : siluriformes : mochokidae ) of the lower guinea region , west central africa , with the description of eight new species\n. zootaxa 531 : 1\u201352 .\nthe genus microsynodontis has an interrupted lateral line . the caudal fin is usually rounded or truncate , sometimes with a slight indent . there is a long adipose fin with no fin ray . three pairs of barbels with the mandibular barbels branched .\nheok hee ng ( 2004 ) : the microsynodontis ( teleostei : siluriformes : mochokidae ) of the lower guinea region , west central africa , with the description of eight new species . zootaxa 531 , 1 - 52 : 43 - 50 , urltoken\nheok hee ng ( 2004 ) : the microsynodontis ( teleostei : siluriformes : mochokidae ) of the lower guinea region , west central africa , with the description of eight new species . zootaxa 531 , 1 - 52 : 2 - 2 , urltoken\nng , h . h . , 2004 . the microsynodontis ( teleostei : siluriformes : mochokidae ) of the lower guinea region , west central africa , with the description of eight new species . zootaxa 531 : 1 - 52 . ( ref . 52369 )\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\nmicrosynodontis species express sexual dimorphism . males can be distinguished by the presence of a conical genital papilla immediately posterior to the anus ; in females , this papilla is smaller and has a flattened tip . males also have a much denser aggregation of tubercles on the head . in m . hirsutus these tubercles are longer than in the other species .\n( fide matthes , 1964 ) , but is a valid species . the freshwater ichthyofauna of the lower guinea region ( here defined as the portion of west central africa delineated by the cross river drainage to the north and the chiloango river drainage to the south ; fide roberts , 1975 ) is one of the least explored in africa ( teugels & gu\u00e9gan , 1994 ) . microsynodontis batesii\n) from within several closely situated localities within the ntem river drainage in northern gabon and southern cameroon leads me to conclude that although intraspecific variation in color ( and certainly in biometrics ) exists , color patterns are useful diagnostic characters once the degree of intraspecific variation is understood . furthermore , diagnostic characters not previously identified , some of which have been used in other mochokid genera , were found to be useful for distinguishing species of microsynodontis\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nlateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 .\nwisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 45\u009670 .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p . friel at and thomas r . vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ngreek , mikros = small + greek , synodon = with the teeth growing all together ( ref . 45335 )\nspecies name from the latin notatus , meaning marked , in reference to the dark elongate spots frequently present in this species ( ref . 52369 )\nafrica : endemic to the lower ogowe river in gabon ( ref . 52369 , 81251 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 52369 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 12 ; vertebrae : 35 - 37 . diagnosis : body with numerous dark brown elongate spots ; caudal peduncle deep , 9 . 6 - 11 . 9 % sl ; anterior edge of pectoral spine with anteriorly directed serrations ; caudal fin rounded ; body moderately slender , adipose fin moderately long , its base 28 . 5 - 34 . 5 % sl ; snout length 38 . 3 - 48 . 4 % sl ; eye diameter 17 . 2 - 25 . 7 % sl ; both sexes with short ( < 0 . 1 mm ) tubercles on dorsal and lateral surfaces of head ; supracleithral process not reaching to vertical through posterior - most tip of nuchal shield ; dorsal spine curved ( ref . 81251 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00577 - 0 . 03011 ) , b = 2 . 96 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsmallest 27mm , largest 100mm , average 52mm , most commonly 60mm . all sl .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nsmallest 27mm , largest 760mm , average 198mm , most commonly 100mm . all sl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. for further details on possible inaccuracies in the list see sources & caveats .\neschmeyer , w . n . and r . fricke , and r . van der laan ( eds ) .\n. the freshwater fish lists are based on an electronic version downloaded 3 december 2015 . the current version can be accessed\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 / / en\n- a project to provide indexing and links for all known species as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity . all links below take you to pages on the urltoken site .\npage created by : eli , 15 . 08 . 07 , last modified by : lei , 20 . 11 . 08\nwhat ' s new | tropical fish home | rainforests | news | search | about | contact copyright rhett butler 1994 - 2013 the copy for urltoken was written in 1994 - 1995 . therefore some information such as scientific names may be out of date . for this , i apologize . feel free to send corrections to me .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from the type locality the ezanga river , about midway between lake ezanga and the lower ogowe mainstream in gabon ( ng 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nspecies is often difficult , primarily because of the large amounts of purported variation observed in biometrics and color ( poll & gosse , 1963 ; matthes , 1964 ) ; one outcome of this observation was the synonymy of m . christyi\nby matthes ( 1964 ) . these conclusions were drawn without the examination of large series from a single locality ( or at least multiple closely situated localities within the same drainage ) , and the high degree of variation reported is due to confusion between intraspecific and interspecific differences . however , after examining a large series of m . batesii\nthe variation in color is largely of an ontogenetic nature , and its use as a more reliable diagnostic character is possible once the limits of variation are understood . the ontogenetic change in color pattern is most marked for m . batesii\n, and consists of changes in both the pigmentation pattern of the abdomen and the shape of the light - colored markings on the body . in the former case , many juvenile specimens have a dense aggregation of melanophores concentrated in a series of evenly distributed large spots on the abdomen that fade with age ( fig . 1c ) , and in the latter case , the dorsal and ventral light - colored markings may coalesce to form complete bands encircling the body , especially in the region of the caudal peduncle ( fig . 1c ) . the light - colored markings on the ventral third of the body in juvenile specimens are also more vermiform ( fig . 1c ) . in any case , m . batesii\n( and all other species from the lower guinea region ) of all sizes always possess a light - colored band encircling the nape , which is absent in m . christyi\nof all sizes examined , even in preserved material . therefore , the absence of this band is a useful diagnostic character for distinguishing m . christyi\nin having a deeper caudal peduncle ( 10 . 0 - 11 . 8 % sl vs . 5 . 8 - 9 . 2 ) . the distributions of the two species also suggest that they are different : m . christyi\nfrom the middle congo river drainage was available for study , but the examination of all material available suggests that there are no species in common between the middle congo river drainage and those of the lower guinea region . this is so even when the tributaries of the congo and the smaller coastal drainages of the lower guinea region are immediately adjacent , as in the case of the material identified as m . batesii\nfrom the dja river ( a tributary of the congo river flowing approximately southwest in southern cameroon and located adjacent to the ntem river drainage ) , which is not conspecific with m . batesii\nthis study reveals the importance of some biometric measurements as diagnostic characters . in particular , two of the species described here , m . nannoculus\n, are distinguished from congeners chiefly by biometric measurements . bivariate analyses ( ancova ) of the regression lines of eye diameter ( fig . 17 ) , snout length ( fig . 18 ) , caudal peduncle depth ( fig . 19 ) , adipose basal length ( fig . 20 ) and caudal - fin length ( fig . 21 ) on sl are significantly different ( given the number of taxa used in the analysis , it was not possible to display all of them on the biplots without obscuring key patterns and only the key taxa for each biometric value are used in figs . 17 - 21 ) . the p values of the analyses are given in table 11 , and it can be seen that regression lines are all significantly different for the eye diameter of m . nannoculus\nspecies can be distinguished from females by the presence of a conical genital papilla immediately posterior to the anus ( females have a smaller papilla that is distally flattened ) and ( especially in mature adults of all lower guinea species except for m . emarginatus\n) by a much denser aggregation of tubercles on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head , especially in the region on the sides of the head from the snout to the preopercle . the presence of tubercles has been used as a diagnostic character in the mochokidae , e . g . in synodontis\n. the results of this study indicate that tubercle shape is useful in diagnosing at least one species , m . hirsutus\n, from its congeners . although the number and density of tubercles differ both sexually and ontogenetically , the tubercles retain their characteristic shape in specimens of both sexes and all sizes in m . hirsutus\nspecies are occasionally imported for the aquarium trade and are not considered rare , very little is known of their biology , from either field or aquarium observations . this is probably because these fishes , like many other small fishes in ichthyological expeditions , are often overlooked and are thus not particularly well represented in collections . with the number of species identified in this study , it is clear that this element of the ichthyofauna ( the miniature species ) is in need of further study .\n1 . caudal fin emarginate ( fig . 9a ) ( ogoou\u00e9 river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . emarginatus\n- caudal fin rounded or truncate ( figs . 9b - c ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2\n2 . anterior edge of pectoral spine smooth ( ivindo river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . laevigatus\n- anterior edge of pectoral spine serrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\n3 . body always without numerous dark brown elongate spots ; caudal peduncle slender ( 5 . 8 - 9 . 8 % sl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\n- body frequently with numerous dark brown elongate spots ; caudal peduncle deep ( 9 . 6 - 11 . 9 % sl ) ( ogoou\u00e9 river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . notatus\n4 . adipose - fin base long ( 34 . 4 - 41 . 6 % sl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n- adipose fin - base short ( 21 . 3 - 33 . 8 % sl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\n5 . dorsal and lateral surfaces of head with long tubercles in both sexes ( up to 0 . 3 mm long ) ; dorsal spine straight ( ntem river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . hirsutus\n- dorsal and lateral surfaces of head with small rounded tubercles in both sexes ( not more than 0 . 1 mm long ) ; dorsal spine gently curved ( campo , ivindo , ntem , nyong , ogoou\u00e9 and sanaga river drainages ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . batesii\n6 . supracleithral process reaching to vertical through posteriormost tip of nuchal shield ; eye large ( 19 . 3 - 25 . 0 % hl ) ( ogoou\u00e9 river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . vigilis\n- supracleithral process not reaching to vertical through posteriormost tip of nuchal shield ; eye small ( 10 . 6 - 19 . 6 % hl ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\n7 . snout long ( 50 . 0 - 53 . 3 % hl ) ( okano river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . nasutus\n8 . body slender ( 13 . 7 - 15 . 0 % sl ) ; anterior edge of pectoral spine with retrorse ( proximally directed ) serrations along proximal half ; eye larger ( 13 . 9 - 19 . 6 % hl ) ( ivindo river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . armatus\n- body deep ( 17 . 6 - 19 . 9 % sl ) ; anterior edge of pectoral spine with anteriorly directed serrations along proximal half ; eye smaller ( 10 . 6 - 12 . 2 % hl ) ( ntem river drainage ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m . nannoculus\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nis restricted to the rivers of western africa ( from the saint paul river drainage south and east to the congo river drainage ) , and is comprised of small mochokid catfishes diagnosed by the following synapomorphies : a narrow mesethmoid , lack of free orbital margin , transverse ventral fold of branchiostegal membranes , slender cleithral process , and a rounded or truncate caudal fin ( howes , 1980 ) .\nfor a forthcoming publication on the fishes of the lower guinea region ( ng , in prep . ) , it was found that material from the region previously identified as m . batesii\nas their coloration can be highly variable within each species , and color patterns may even change as a fish grows ; to identify based on coloration , an understanding of the limits of variation is necessary .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nplusieurs esp\u00e8ces de la famille mochokidae sont import\u00e9es pour les aquariums , mais peu se reproduisent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en captivit\u00e9 . de nouvelles et rares esp\u00e8ces de la famille mochokidae sont fr\u00e9quemment introduites sur le march\u00e9 .\ndistribution : l\u2019afrique . nageoire adipeuse g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement tr\u00e8s grande ; anale \u00e0 moins de 10 rayons ; les \u00e9pines des nageoires dorsale et pectorale sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement forte , trois paires de barbillons sensitifs tactiles , barbeaux nasales barbillons absents et le mandibulaire peut avoir de nombreuses branches , d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces poss\u00e8dent des l\u00e8vres et une partie de barbillons modifi\u00e9 dans une ventouse orale ( atopochilus , chiloglanis et euchilichthys ) , longueur maximale 72 cm .\n209 esp\u00e8ces dans la famille mochokidae . liste nominale des esp\u00e8ces appartenant \u00e0 la famille mochokidae\n6 synodontis petricola ' dwarf ' 1\n- 1 . 5\naquarium fish $ 52 . 99\n3 synodontis ocellifer 1 - 1 . 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 19 . 99\n2 3 / 4\n- 3 1 / 4\ninch ! ! ! synodontis petricola tanganyika catfish $ 36 . 95\n3 synodontis decorus 1 - 1 . 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 19 . 99\n( 1 ) synodontis angelicas x eupterus catfish 1 . 0 inch african cichlid $ 9 . 99\n3 synodontis eupterus 1 - 1 . 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 19 . 99\nsynodontis petricolas - 1 - 1 . 5 inch - live rare fish $ 10 . 99\n12 synodontis petricola ' dwarf ' 1\n- 1 . 5\naquarium fish $ 79 . 99\n2 synodontis multipunctatus 3\n( 1 m , 1 f ) aquarium catfish $ 49 . 99\n( 1 ) lace synodontis cat 1 . 0 inch malawi african cichlid guaranteed $ 9 . 99\n3 upside - down synodontis 1 - 1 . 5inch aquarium catfish $ 19 . 99\n2 synodontis petricola 3\n( 1 m , 1 f ) aquarium catfish $ 44 . 99\n6 upside - down synodontis 1 - 1 . 5inch aquarium catfish $ 39 . 99\n6 synodontis eupterus 1 - 1 . 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 39 . 99\n( 1 ) 2 - 3\nsynodontis schoutedeni wild live freshwater tropical african catfish $ 30 . 00\n( 1 ) 1 - 1 . 5\ndwarf petricola tr synodontis lucipinnis live freshwater tropical $ 15 . 00\n6 synodontis decorus 1 - 1 . 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 39 . 99\n( 1 ) 3 - 5\nsynodontis pardalis wild rare live freshwater tropical african catfish $ 135 . 00\n6 synodontis ocellifer 1 - 1 . 5 inch aquarium catfish $ 39 . 99\n( 1 ) 2 - 3\nscissortail syno wild synodontis soloni live freshwater tropical fish $ 35 . 00\n7 synodontis petricola ' dwarf ' 1\n- 1 . 5\naquarium fish $ 59 . 99\ngiant synodontis eupterus - 8 - 10 inch - live rare fish $ 99 . 99\n5 x synodontis nigriventris - 2 - 2 . 5 inch - school of blotched upside down fish ! $ 39 . 99\nsynodontis eupterus - 1 - 1 . 5 inch - live rare fish $ 8 . 99\nsynodontis nigriventris - 2 - 2 . 5 inch - blotched upside down fish ! $ 9 . 99\nsynodontis eupterus - 4 - 5 inch - live rare fish $ 24 . 99\nrare dabola bichir 2 . 5\n- 3\n! ! ! polypterus sp . dabola $ 40 . 00\n( 3 pack ) synodontis ocellifer catfish 1 . 5\n$ 18 . 00\nx20 assorted catfish package - freshwater live fish * free shipping $ 159 . 99\nx25 african cichlid assorted / x5 pleco assorted / x5 catfish assorted * package * $ 159 . 99\nx25 african cichlid assorted / x10 catfish assorted - freshwater live - free shi $ 159 . 50\nx20 assorted catfish 1\n- 2\neach + x10 assorted plants - freshwater package $ 159 . 50\nx12 upside down cat fish 1\n- 2\neach - fresh water live fish - free shipping $ 76 . 99\nx50 african cichlid assorted / x12 pleco assorted / x12 catfish assorted package * $ 238 . 99\nx50 african cichlid assorted / x20 pleco assorted / x20 catfish assorted package * $ 278 . 99\nx50 african cichlid assorted / x5 pleco assorted / x5 catfish assorted * package * $ 199 . 99\nx25 african cichlid assorted - x8 figure eight puffer - x10 assorted catfish $ 179 . 50\ncompare prices with our new price comparison engine ! just type in a specific synodontis names below and we ' ll show you prices from some of the leading retailers on the internet ."]}
{"id": 573, "summary": [{"text": "hypselobarbus thomassi ( the red canarese barb ) is a critically endangered species of ray-finned fish in the genus hypselobarbus .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is endemic to the western ghats in karnataka and kerala , india .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is potentially a very large fish , growing to 100 cm ( 39 in ) tl , possibly even larger . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hypselobarbus thomassi", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for hypselobarbus thomassi yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe red canarese barb , hypselobarbus thomassi ( day , 1874 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish of the rivers . . .\ntaxonomic notes : hypselobarbus thomassi was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .\ntaxonomic notes : hypselobarbus thomassi was described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .\ndistribution , threats and conservation status of < i > hypselobarbus thomassi < / i > ( day , 1874 ) , a poorly k . . .\nin recent times , though the genus hypselobarbus has been studied substantially , the identities of i . . .\nhypselobarbus pulchellus , is a poorly known species , with very few verifiable records since its des . . .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hypselobarbus thomassi ( day , 1874 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nrediscovery of < i > hypselobarbus pulchellus < / i > , an endemic and threatened barb ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . . .\ncepf western ghats special series : re - description of < i > hypselobarbus lithopidos < / i > ( teleostei : cypri . . .\nidentity of < i > hypselobarbus pulchellus < / i > ( day , 1870 ) - an addendum to knight et al . ( 2013 a and b )\na species of hypselobarbus with a moderately elongate body ; two pairs of barbels ; 31\u201334 scales lateral line scales ; last unbranched dorsal fin ray weak , articulated ; each scale with a red lunule and dark base ; no bands on body .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwas described by day ( 1874 ) from south canara ( dakshin kannada ) , karnataka state , india .\n2004 ) . there seems to be a uncertainty regarding the exact distribution of this species . apart from nethravati river ( which is around the type locality ) ( menon 2004 ) ,\nfrom this river are not correct and are cases of misidentifications ( robin abraham pers . comm ) . given the taxonomic ambiguities existing within the genus\n, nor are they any recent records from anywhere in kerala or karnataka . it is also known that an extensive search in south canara turned up only one specimen ( menon 2004 ) .\nit inhabits fast - flowing streams and rivers below the ghats , in forested areas ( menon 1999 ) .\nno information on use or trade . however like all large barbs within the genus\n. as there are no recent records of this species , it is to determined whether these are attributed to large scale population declines throughout its range or taxonomic issues . the nethravati and kabini rivers of karnataka and kerala , where the species might be existing , needs to be surveyed extensively .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , hypselos = high + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4832 )\nknight , j . d . m . , a . rai and r . k . p . d ' souza , 2013 . on the identities of barbus mussullah sykes and cyprinus curmuca hamilton with notes on the status of gobio canarensis jerdon ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa 3750 ( 3 ) : 201 - 215 . ( ref . 94728 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nrecords by other methods ( net , hand line , spear , bow fishing etc . )\n' ; document . write ( amazon ) ; document . write ( google ) ; } / / - - >\n\u00a9 2017 fishing world urltoken e . u . | world records freshwater fishing\u00ae is a registered trademark | realization : grafikbyfilters\nworld records freshwater fishing by heinz machacek is licensed under a creative common attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3 . 0 unported license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\ns . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1\u2013235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nbibliography : abraham , r . k . , rajesh , r & kelkar , n . 2010 . do protected areas of india\u2019s western ghats conserve fish diversity ? final report submitted to the conservation leadership program .\nmenon , a . g . k . 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . .\nkurup , b . m . , radhakrishnan , k . v . and manojkumar , t . g . 2004 . biodiversity status of fishes inhabiting rivers of kerala ( south india ) with special reference to endemism , threats and conservation measures . in : r . l . welcomme and t . petr ( eds ) , proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries 2 : 316 . cambodia .\nmenon , a . g . k . 2004 . threatened fishes of india and their conservation .\ndahanukar , n . , raut , r . and bhat , a . 2004 . distribution , endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the western ghats of india . journal of biogeography 31 : 123 - 136 .\nabraham , r . k . , rajesh , r & kelkar , n . 2010 . do protected areas of india\u2019s western ghats conserve fish diversity ? final report submitted to the conservation leadership program .\nshaji , c . p . and easa , p . s . ( eds ) . 2003 . freshwater fishes of kerala . pp . 125 . kerala forest research research institute ( kfri ) , thrissur .\niucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 16 june 2011 ) .\nthomas , r . k . 2004 . habitat and distribution of hill stream fishes of southern kerala ( south of palghat gap ) . zoology , mahatma gandhi university .\nday , f . 1874 . on some new or little - known fishes of india . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london 1873 ( 3 ) : 704 - 710 .\na checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .\n< i > pethia lutea < / i > , a new species of barb ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) and new records of p . punctata from . . .\na new species of barb pethia lutea is described from the kundalika river in the northern part of th . . .\ndistribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , < i > neolissochilus wynaadensis < / i . . .\nthe wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs . . .\nreply to the response given by n . basavaraja to knight et al . 2013 a and b\nreply to \u201cneed for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape : a resp . . .\nappendix 1 paper on phylogenetic position and osteology of pethia setnai , an endemic barb of the weste . . .\nkulathupuzha temple is widely known for its fish feeding ( meenuttu ) of fishes known as thirumak . . .\nappendix 2 short notes in min newsletter of the iucn - sscwi freshwater fish specialist group south asia . . .\nusing freshwater kbas for informing conservation and development policy and action in kerala and tamil . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nthe members of this forum have come together to share our knowledge and experiences of fish keeping . we want to answer your questions , offer advice and fill the galleries with pictures of the fish we have all grown to love . we are a unique community of fish keepers who seriously take our hobby to extremes and the next level . the majority of our fish collections include rare & exotic species of all sizes , big fish with big appetites and big tanks . it ' s not easy for most people or other\nregular\nfish keepers to understand why we maintain this type of collection and spare no expense on this fascinating hobby . hopefully , through this site and discussion forums we can encourage the next generation of monster fish keepers to have the same passion and love we have for the hobby and our monster fish . as one of the founding members , i personally invite you to register and join us today . currently you are viewing this site as our guest which only gives you limited access to view most discussions , articles and photo galleries . registration is free and very easy ! when you register , you ' ll have instant access to . . . .\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\nlove the fish , congrats on having the worst title thread in mfk history . . . lol\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 578, "summary": [{"text": "smith 's bush squirrel , the yellow-footed squirrel , or the tree squirrel in south africa , paraxerus cepapi , is an african bush squirrel found in angola , botswana , the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is a common rodent which is diurnal by nature . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "smith ' s bush squirrel", "paragraphs": ["smith ' s bush squirrels will store their food at the bases of trees .\nviljoen , s . 1977 . behaviour of the bush squirrel , paraxerus cepapi cepapi ( a . smith , 1836 ) .\nsmith ' s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) , warming - up in the morning sun , south africa , krueger np , aug 04 .\nthe smith ' s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) is the 159th species in my mammals of the world series . all media is educational fair use .\nviljoen , s . 1977 . factors affecting breeding synchronization in an african bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi cepapi ) .\nsmith ' s bush squirrels mark areas . 3 to 1 . 26 ha in size by mouth wiping , urinating , and anal dragging .\nthere have been squirrels on the african continent for around 20 million years . the african bush squirrel is a genus of squirrels that consist of 11 species of which the smith\u2019s bush squirrel is one . smith\u2019s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) , otherwise known as the yellow - footed squirrel or in south africa simply as the tree squirrel is found in central africa , eastern africa and the northern regions of southern africa . this species lives in savannah woodland areas , favouring trees with suitable nesting holes . tree squirrels are often seen in the protected bushveld areas of sabi sabi and the surrounding reserves .\nsmith ' s bush squirrel is mostly arboreal , and diurnal , or active primarily during the daytime . the diet is mostly made up of seeds , but it sometimes will eat insects as well .\nthere is very little information on the reproduction and mating systems in striped bush squirrels . however , in a related species , smith ' s bush squirrels ( paraxerus cepapi ) , there is more information .\n. his quarterbacks have been matt cassel and alex smith . he ' s lucky if a healthy\nadult , adult on tree feeding , africa , animal , animals , color image , color images , colour image , colour images , full - grown , high size , in the open , kruger n . p . , kruger national park , kruger nationalpark , kruger np , mammal , mammals , mature , national park , one animal , outdoor shot , outdoors , paraxerus cepapi , republic of south africa , rm , rodents , single animal , sits , sitting , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrels , south africa , tree squirrel , upright format , vertical , vertical format , yellow - footed squirrel\njohn koprowski handles a smith\u2019s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) in africa . koprowski and collaborators hope to learn how squirrels influence regeneration of forests where elephants have caused damage in africa . image credit : mike stokes\nadult , adult on tree feeding , africa , animal , animals , climbing , climbs , color image , color images , colour image , colour images , full - grown , headfirst , high size , in the open , kruger n . p . , kruger national park , kruger nationalpark , kruger np , mammal , mammals , mature , national park , one animal , outdoor shot , outdoors , paraxerus cepapi , republic of south africa , rm , rodents , single animal , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrel , smith ' s bush squirrels , south africa , tree squirrel , upright format , upside down , vertical , vertical format , yellow - footed squirrel\nwill narrow its eyes at a submissive squirrel . in which case , the submissive squirrel will run away .\nthe smith ' s bush squirrel is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nsmith\u2019s bush squirrel may well be the most common mammal in the okavango . this small rodent is territorial and prefers mature mopane and other broad - leafed woodlands . preyed upon mostly by raptors , mambas and small python .\nthe indian giant squirrel , also called the malabar giant squirrel , has its name for a very good reason : this is the largest tree squirrel sp . . .\nthe tiny little tree squirrel is a common inhabitant of south africa ' s kruger national park .\nwelcome to the 24 th edition of shakati\u2019s bush facts . in this edition we will be focusing on the greater kudu . these are the majestic warriors of the bush , and have the ability to melt away into the bush .\n, the striped bush squirrel , is found throughout southern kenya , the united republic of tanzania , malawi , and northern mozambique .\n( smith ' s bush squirrel ) is found in eastern , central , and southern africa including southern angola , northern namibia , southeastern democratic republic of the congo , western tanzania , malawi , botswana , zimbabwe , mozambique , and northern south africa .\na juvenile abert\u2019s squirrel ( sciurus aberti ) climbs on a tree branch in arizona . image credit : jonathan derbridge\nauthor : bernard dupont license : attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - sa 2 . 0 ) urltoken description : male smith ' s bush squirrel or tree squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) filmed on 110 road north of berg - en - dal , kruger national park , south africa link : urltoken title : smith ' s bush squirrel ( paraxerus cepapi ) . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s\nabout\npage . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nstriped bush squirrels eat seeds , fruits , roots , leaves , and buds .\nis a social squirrel . they live in groups of one or two adults and many juveniles . family groups consist of 2 to 12 . these groups nest together in trees , ground holes , house roofs , and in - between rocks . smith ' s bush squirrels are diurnal and arboreal . although\nafrican bush squirrels are the largest , most diverse and adaptable of all african squirrels .\nspring is almost here , and soon our squirrel friends will be hearing the pitter - patter of tiny squirrel paws . mating season for eastern gray . . .\nsmith ' s bush squirrels are found in areas that provide appropriate nesting holes . these are commonly savanna , mopane and acacia woodlands . although these squirrels mostly live in trees , they will also nest in holes on the ground , between rocks , and in house roofs .\nsmith ' s bush squirrels are medium - sized african bush squirrels . the coat is yellow to brown in color but can vary by region . in general , the dorsal coat is a brownish yellow or gray color , while the ventral coat is a white or gray color with a buff coloration on the chest . the face has white stripes both above and below the eyes and cheeks that are a subtle brownish yellow color . smith ' s bush squirrels have long , bushy tails with a black and yellow to brown coloration . adults have an average body length measuring 238 . 5 mm and an average body mass of 222 . 85 g .\nunlike north american tree squirrels , the smith ' s bush squirrels live in territorial family groups , with both adult males and females defending territory and nesting together along with their juvenile offspring . the nests are made in holes in trees . group solidarity is reinforced through mutual grooming .\na young / baby of a smith is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a smith group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .\nsafaris are all about the big game . but even though elephants , leopards and rhinos ( oh my ! ) fill your lens and retinas on a daily basis , it\u2019s still just as wonderful to watch a squirrel scamper through a tree . this species is known in south africa simply as a tree squirrel , or smith\u2019s bush squirrel more broadly . its golden coat with tinges of rust and green make it a far more handsome creature than the common grey squirrels that run through london\u2019s parks . it lacks none of their characteristic agility either , as the video below will demonstrate . i spent a good half - hour watching this individual scurry about the tree that stood right next to the lodge .\nin the wild ; however , in captivity , one squirrel lived for 9 . 6 years .\na mt . graham red squirrel . this species of squirrels is the most endangered in america .\nreggie bush nearly made this list . let ' s say he ranked 27th . bush may have been overpriced and overhyped in his heyday , but he was a heck of a receiver and return man early in his career who developed into a capable running back as he matured .\n, yields clues about the communication of striped bush squirrels . tail flicking and ear wagging have been recorded in\nsmith was such a mismatch headache for opponents that the cardinals dusted off the\ntight end around\nplay for him . smith rushed 38 times for 327 yards and three touchdowns in his career . he was also the cardinals ' regular punter for three seasons . and if that isn ' t enough versatility for you , smith also sings a fine national anthem .\nmy pet squirrel , sandy . snuggling , biting , playing , licking , yawning , and being generally cute .\nsmith ' s bush squirrels are mostly vegetarian , consuming many plants , seeds , berries , flowers , and some arthropods . although opportunistic , they prefer seeds and gums of acacia , and seeds and flowers of aloes . they will also consume termites . in east africa , the squirrels will also eat insects , bird eggs , and euphorbia leaves .\nafrican bush squirrels are usually seen in pairs but live amongst six or more other squirrels in a small area of the forest .\nthe sub - species of tree squirrel found in the kruger national park , known as smith\u2019s bush squirrel , is covered by shades of grey fur , with yellow parts covering its lower - back region , hind legs and its bushy , long tails . there are added white parts of fur on their chest and belly - regions , although the shade of these colors differs from one are to another . the average weight of such a squirrel is a meager 200g , and their length average is 35cm of which nearly half of that spans the length of their well - known furry tail . their ears are small and round , and they have long fingered paws similar to primates at the ends of their front legs .\nvery young striped bush squirrels have been collected in the months of march and april . in june , some half - grown young were collected . it has been suggested that the birthing season may occur around these months , and possibly a second one in september . a striped bush squirrel nest was recorded as being made from grass and coconut fibers and was located in a hollow tree .\nzimbabwe ' s top destinations range from victoria falls to mana pools national park .\nis a larger squirrel that has gray shoulders with tan gray sides , gray markings on the belly , and gray white feet .\nanded mongoose , bat eared fox , blesbok , blue wildebeest , squirrel , impala , giraffe , kudu , njala , warthog .\nsuddenly , the mother noticed koprowski with her baby on his head and bolted toward him , ready to attack . koprowski , startled , began running from the protective mother squirrel . \u201clike any good mother , she wouldn\u2019t give up , \u201d he said . after a few seconds of running around with a squirrel on his head while onlookers stood staring at the fiasco , koprowski shook the baby squirrel off of his head onto a nearby tree . it was hard to tell who was more relieved \u2014 koprowski or the mother squirrel .\nsmith ran track and played tailback at northwestern louisiana before switching to flanker , where he played well enough to get drafted in the 10th round by the cardinals in 1963 . cardinals ends coach fran polsfoot saw the 210 - pound smith ' s potential as a tight end and moved him there to cover for some injuries . smith bulked up a bit and was soon putting up mammoth numbers for the era , including a 56 - catch , 1 , 205 - yard , 21 . 5 - yard - per - catch and nine - touchdown receiving line in 1967 .\nthere is little doubt that the most beautiful and instantly recognizable physical characteristic of the squirrel is its tail . tree squirrels . . .\nsmith ' s bush squirrels are able to communicate using clicking and rattling vocalizations . if disturbed , they will grunt and growl . their low intensity alarm call consists of three \u201cchir\u201d or \u201cclick\u201d sounds . this is used as a warning or territorial defense . they also have a high intensity alarm call composed of six or seven high pitched notes ; this is similar to a bird call or whistle . when threatened ,\nsometime vegetarian . bird and squirrel watcher . husband and father . unapologetic red state liberal . texas tech red raider football and basketball fan .\nmurmurs , which is thought to be a form of communication used to contact another squirrel and can be aggressive or friendly . male and female\njohn koprowski stood in an urban park in kansas with binoculars pressed to his eyes . he was conducting a study as part of his phd thesis research and was intently observing a female eastern fox squirrel ( sciurus niger ) carry each of her seven babies from one nest in a tree to the base of a nearby tree . each baby squirrel wrapped its feet around its mother\u2019s head , with its own head tucked under her chin . \u201cthe mother squirrel kind of looked like it had a giant head , \u201d koprowski recalled .\nthere is not much information on communication in striped bush squirrels except that young will emit a piercing squeak when threatened or fearful , to which the mother will respond .\nstriped bush squirrels are diurnal mammals . not much is known about their social system , but females and males associate with their young . there are no recordings of large associations of\njust give me 18 inches of daylight . that ' s all i need .\n\u2014 gale sayers\nwhen most americans think of squirrels , we think of the eastern gray , the familiar bushy - tailed tree squirrel of parks and suburban yards . b . . .\nfirst , happy squirrel appreciation day ! i wasn ' t sure how to commemorate this special day . here are some ideas of things to appreciate a . . .\nmary\u2019s old , mysterious letter . photo by sam kurth ( cc by 2 . 0 ) click for source .\ngifford was , in fact , a popular golden boy . he was also one of history ' s great playmakers\nsince the last couple of posts on this blog have been kind of grim , i thought a bit of squirrel cuteness overload would be appropriate . so i . . .\nif a dominant p . cepapi narrows its eyes at a submissive p . cepapi , the submissive squirrel will run away and is then often chased by the dominant one .\ntree squirrels have often been referred to as ( smith ' s ) bush squirrels , yellow - footed squirrels or mopane squirrels . these associations relate to its bushveld habitat , foot colouring and frequent mopane tree visitations . they spend much of the day searching for food in a very small area , with the males performing sentry duty , alarm soundings and anal and urination scent - marking rituals . they will be close to trees though with suitable nesting holes , of mostly savannah woodland areas that include a wide variety of tree types\nthe garden route region is located between the western cape ' s mossel bay and storms river in the eastern cape .\nthe kruger national park is south africa ' s top safari destination , offering every accommodation option from camping to exclusive lodges .\nfor diptera , it\u2019s a no - brainer . students should read wiegmann et al . \u2019s ( 2011 ) episodic radiations in the fly tree of life . sure it\u2019s technical in its methods , but it also tells an interesting story about how diptera have been so successful , describes natural history trends we see across the phylogeny , and discusses how robust the current classification is .\nit is thought that color changes in the fur might be connected with age . color changes do not seem to be merely seasonal , but may depend on the physiological condition of the squirrel .\nstriped bush squirrels are small to medium sized squirrels . head and body length measurement averages 175 mm and tail length also averages 175 mm . they can weight from 120 g to 200 g . striped bush squirrels undergo periodic color changes . the back can be dark grey or olive - brown , which can be replaced by brightly ochraceous tipped hairs . the dorsal surface can also take on a fulvous or bright gold hue .\nwhile koprowski hasn\u2019t had such a riveting encounter with a squirrel since he was a phd student , his excitement about the small , bushy tailed species hasn\u2019t faltered over the years as he\u2019s traveled all over the world to teach children about squirrels , including the panda breeding center in china where he taught students about the importance of biodiversity , and to remote areas to study them . along with three other authors , he also published the book squirrels of the world in 2012 , which is a comprehensive examination of all squirrel species globally .\nwhen you are extremely lucky you may see the bat eared foxes on shakati . i spotted these curious and teddy bear like creatures very early on a game drive . just shows you how the bush may always surprise you .\nthank you for this information . the sound the squirrel makes in my back garden in selebi - phikwe is rather like a bird alarm call . when i first heard it i kept looking for a bird !\navailable information on the ecosystem roles of striped bush squirrels is lacking . it seems likely , however , that they disperse seeds of the tree species they feed on and affect the abundance of the specific plants on which they feed .\nstriped bush squirrels are terrestrial and live in a variety of habitats , from moist savannahs to forests . they can be found on cultivated lands , preferring sugar plum tree groves . populations are most numerous in old - growth hardwood forests .\nsproles also had an excellent early career for the chargers , complementing ladainian tomlinson as a third - down back and return man . add it all up , and sproles is now eighth on the all - time list with 19 , 011 all - purpose yards . that ' s almost as many as westbrook ( 11 , 259 ) and bush ( 10 , 001 ) combined .\nkeep in mind that barry sanders and emmitt smith were both in the nfl for most of thomas ' tenure as the scrimmage - yardage king . smith was the best pure rusher of the bunch , and he was helped by the best offensive line . ( spoiler alert : sanders is coming soon on this countdown . ) while sanders was a better pure playmaker than thomas , he lacked his former oklahoma state teammate ' s consistency and versatility in the passing game . in his prime , thomas combined the best elements of a shake - ' n ' - bake third - down back and a no - nonsense workhorse , the perfect combination for creating mismatches on the fly .\n[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al . ( 1993 ) , asdell ' s patterns of mammalian reproduction : a compendium of species - specific data\nkoprowski is currently conducting a long - term project over 25 years on america\u2019s most endangered squirrel , the mt . graham red squirrel ( tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis ) . he is studying factors such as fire and insect damage in high elevation coniferous forests that influence the status of the squirrel population which includes only about 250 individuals . he also has extended his work to south africa in collaboration with mike stokes at western kentucky university to observe the role of squirrels and other rodents in regenerating forests in areas where elephants are causing damage . in china , he is using a diverse array of squirrels and other seed - eating rodents as an indicator of climate change in high elevations where giant pandas live . \u201coverall , we are interested in using squirrels as indicators of forest change and climate change over time , \u201d he said .\nthis countdown was not really designed for tight ends . but it is designed for mold - breakers . smith didn ' t just break the mold for tight ends . he completely reshaped it , and successors from winslow to gronk have been adding to the design ever since .\n. striped bush squirrels nest in hardwood tree hollows and can be seen basking near their nest holes in the early morning . if they realize they have attracted attention , they will flee . it has been suggested that females are more wary than males .\n2007 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service : working together\n( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .\nspecimens from 1935 mexico , found in the same box as mary\u2019s letter . photo by sam kurth ( cc by 2 . 0 ) click for source .\nunfortunately , an internet search for smith usually brings up dozens of reference to his dropped pass in the end zone in super bowl xiii , after the 38 - year - old was lured out of retirement by the injury - ravaged cowboys . the greatest tight end of his era waited 16 years to reach the hall of fame because voters of the past were obsessed with\nsignature moments\ninstead of a player ' s body of work .\nsquirrels in the southern hemisphere are seasonal breeders . mating takes place in august and after an 8 week gestation period , 1 - 3 blind , naked , toothless young are born . the baby squirrels are weaned at 6 weeks and become sexually mature shortly thereafter . a squirrel\u2019s life expectancy is 2 - 3 years in the wild , with squirrels in captivity living for as long as 9 years .\nwelcome to the fifteenth edition of shakati bush facts . in this edition we will be sharing with you a special find which we have made on the shakati private game reserve , namely the ground pangolin ! we are quite excited to share this find with you !\nas cold weather sets in and we complain about the freezing temperatures during our morning drive to work , it ' s easy to forget that wild . . .\nmore dangerous as a running back ( 5 . 7 yards per carry with the saints ) , more versatile as a receiver ( 16 touchdowns in three seasons ; bush scored 12 receiving touchdowns in five saints seasons ) and more reliable as an all - purpose return man .\nall of those all - time great tight ends certainly left their stamp on the position . but jackie smith is the guy who literally turned the tight end from a blocker who lined up next to the right tackle and caught a few underneath passes to a chess piece who can line up anywhere and do practically anything .\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nviljoen , s . 1983 . communicatory behaviour of southern african tree squirrels , paraxerus palliatus ornatus , p . p . tongensis , p . c . cepapi and funisciurus congicus .\nto the uneducated mind , it just looks like another latin name . this species of wasp is known for the larvae\u2019s manipulation of its host insect , pushing the discoverers to name it\nwhen i was a kid in london on the \u201950\u2019s things were a little different . yes , today you will see the \u201ccommon grey squirrels that run through london\u2019s parks\u201d , but back then they were a recent invading species ( from america ) taking over from the red squirrels we all loved . i guess the grey squirrels were successful : even the memory of the little red guys is gone now , in london . they are still around in the forests , but even there their existence is precarious . see the forestry service\u2019s report ( urltoken ) .\nimagine a player with the kick - return skills of david meggett , the quick feet of barry sanders and the sure hands of michael irvin ,\ntimothy w . smith wrote of metcalf in the new york times in 1995 . nowadays , imagine a durable percy harvin , a more explosive julian edelman or a tyreek hill without the baggage . that ' s who metcalf was . he finished his career with 12 return touchdowns , 12 rushing touchdowns , 31 receiving touchdowns and 17 , 230 all - purpose yards , 15th on the all - time list .\nthis is a small species of squirrel . adults are only about 14 inches long , about half of which is the tail , and weigh about seven ounces . it is a light rusty brown or , in some regions , more gray in color , with a buff or sometimes white chest and belly .\ncertain species of squirrels such as eastern gray squirrels ( sciurus carolinensis ) are also very common , making them a convenient species to study . there are 285 squirrel species in the world , koprowski said , and the fact that most are active during the day also makes them conspicuous and easy to find .\nworking as a member of the frost\u2019s research and curatorial team has been such a rewarding experience thus far , and i am excited to be a part of all we have in store for the upcoming year .\nthis week\u2019s mystery lice come from mossman , north queensland , australia . they were collected in 1962 on uromys caudimaculatus ( krefft 1867 ) ( rodentia : muridae ) , commonly known as a giant white - tailed rat .\nchip kelly ' s no - huddle experiment . shady led the nfl in rushing and scrimmage yards in 2013 before the rest of the league figured out kelly was running the same handful of plays over and over again .\ndunn was the primary offensive weapon for tony dungy ' s buccaneers in the late 1990s . paired with bruiser mike alstott in the backfield , he was both the big - play threat of the running game and the team ' s most reliable receiver . dunn missed his chance to win a super bowl when jon gruden arrived in tampa bay , however , as he had signed on to become part of a radically different system in atlanta .\nandy reid ' s west coast offense , which at the time was pass - oriented with a rudimentary rushing attack . mccoy had two 1 , 000 - yard rushing seasons and a 20 - touchdown campaign in this scheme .\nlittle was short for a running back in that bruising era . he was also bowlegged . but the legs he sometimes described as\nparentheses\nbrought several unexpected advantages . little ' s center of gravity was low , his balance was exceptional and his ankles were permanently braced to make a cut on a defender . he quickly became one of the most dangerous rusher - receiver - returner combinations in the afl . saban ' s broncos , meanwhile , slowly climbed to respectability .\nthe trees squirrel has hind legs which are longer than the front , with toes equipped with claws for climbing trees . there is soft padding on the underside of their feet . they have a tooth structure which is typical of a rodent ; large chisel - like top and bottom incisors that continue growing for their entire lives and flattish grinding molars for crushing food .\nsome were officially third - down running backs , some slot receivers . all of them were incredibly versatile . brown and edelman played defense at times . welker was the emergency kicker . patten ' s versatility in one 2001 game against the colts\nmitchell would do everything else , both for washington and the eagles . he ' s the nfl ' s all - time leader in career punt and kick return yardage ( 19 , 013 ) . his 13 return touchdowns rank fifth on the all - time list of non - offensive touchdowns . mitchell was also one of the most dangerous and reliable third - down backs of his era , averaging 5 . 1 career yards per rush and never missing a game in 14 seasons .\nthe modern broncos have a well - earned reputation as one of the best - run sports franchises in america . it all started when a bowlegged spark plug of a runner finally gave the fans of football ' s ugliest franchise something worth watching .\nsanders was history ' s most elusive running back , making him an ideal fit for the run ' n ' shoot ' s barely controlled chaos . nickel and dime defenders of the day were no match for sanders ' ankle - twisting cutbacks . linebackers didn ' t stand a chance of even keeping up with him . lions quarterbacks were generally average - to - terrible , but sanders kept the team and the hinky system in the playoff picture with his ability to consistently rack up big plays .\njones , k . , j . bielby , m . cardillo , s . fritz , j . o ' dell . 2009 . pantheria : a species - level database of life history , ecology , and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals .\nthe topic of the plenary is one that koprowski sees evidence of every day as a squirrel researcher . aside from the element of human interest that surrounds squirrels , they are also good indicators of changes in the environment , according to koprowski . as forests become fragmented and disrupt their habitat , squirrels still can be easily found , telling us a lot about climate change and other changes caused by humans .\ngreg roman / anthony lynn ' s cro - magnon power - running jamboree . mccoy averaged 5 . 4 yards per carry , caught 50 passes and scored 14 touchdowns for a power - and - options offense that had zero receiving threats for much of last season .\nbarber left a complicated legacy in the locker room and off the field . he was as quick to criticize teammates and coaches as he was to fake out a linebacker , and the giants ' becoming a tightly knit super bowl team as soon as he retired was not lost on anyone . but this isn ' t a countdown of the nfl ' s most lovable teammates . barber made himself the nfl ' s most dangerous playmaker in the mid - 2000s , proving there is much more to the job than being quick and having good hands .\nmitchell ' s pure speed allowed him to both burn cornerbacks deep and beat defenders to the edge on sweeps . he was also nifty in the open field with a devastating mix of dart - like quickness and vision . his career marks the changing of eras , not just from segregation ' s last holdouts to more enlightened times , but the opening up of offenses near the dawn of the super bowl . mitchell was too good of a playmaker to be a\nleft halfback .\nfootball was changing , because men like mitchell were changing it .\nwhile the mother probably intended for all of her young to wait patiently while she carried each one up to their new nest , the baby squirrels scurried off in different directions . one squirrel ran straight toward what it thought was another tree \u2014 one with binoculars and arms and legs \u2014 6 - foot - 2 - inch koprowski . \u201cthe youngster went up my face and on top of my head , \u201d koprowski said .\n\u201csquirrels help us study how ecosystems are changing , and the recovery from these changes is critical , \u201d he said . \u201cthe challenges involve humans as well as natural systems . we can help effect change with management elements . it\u2019s an exciting time to be a wildlife biologist . \u201d\nbrian westbrook nearly made this list . let ' s say he ranked 26th . westbrook is revered in philadelphia . he carried the andy reid / donovan mcnabb eagles at times as an all - purpose weapon , and he was a respected figure in the locker room as well .\ngifford moved to the broadcast booth upon retirement and spent decades as one of the smoothest announcers in the business . he moved from color commentary to play - by - play , and later generations forgot he was ever even a player . gifford ' s all - purpose stats in the old encyclopedias looked nothing like jim brown ' s perennial dominance . gifford reached the hall of fame in 1977 , but younger fans perusing the encyclopedias may think his enshrinement was some sort of lifetime achievement award for a golden boy who popularized the game for new yorkers or something .\nsquirrels are rodents belonging to the family sciuridae which also includes chipmunks , marmots and prairie dogs . the name squirrel is derived from skiouros , an ancient greek word meaning shadow - tailed . there are over 270 types of squirrels , with various indigenous species found on every continent except antarctica and australia , ( although squirrels have been introduced into australia . ) squirrels are divided into 3 groupings , tree , ground or flying squirrels .\nmitchell led a late touchdown drive , completing three passes for 40 yards . keep in mind , this was against buddy ryan ' s defense in an era before any team had a wildcat or read - option package for a player like mitchell to fall back upon . ( the eagles were in prevent mode , but buddy ' s prevent mode wasn ' t like normal prevent mode . ) it was a gutsy , dignity - saving performance , but mitchell would never play quarterback again , though he threw a few more career passes on trick plays and fake punts .\ntarkenton was an undersized mid - round quarterback with amazing scrambling ability and tremendous touch on his deep passes . he joined the expansion minnesota vikings in 1961 and immediately butted heads with their coach , the notoriously irascible norm van brocklin . the dutchman didn ' t like tarkenton ' s scrambling\nthe browns lined mitchell up in the same backfield as jim brown in the 1950s and early 1960s . serving as a motion man and brown ' s\nmr . outside ,\nmitchell averaged 5 . 4 yards per rush for four seasons and returned three punts and three kickoffs for touchdowns .\nwhile most people haven\u2019t had this kind of close encounter with a squirrel , many have equally memorable stories about the thriving species that are a familiar backyard sight . people care about their welfare , which in turn helps with conservation of squirrels and related species . according to koprowski , this aspect of squirrels makes them an important and useful species for wildlife conservation in general . his early experience with them led to a lifetime of interest in the species .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nsometimes , the fireplug - shaped all - purpose guy is just an all - purpose guy . in sproles ' case , he ' s an easy - to - overlook all - time great , hiding in plain sight and outperforming better - paid , better - regarded players at their own games .\ni\u2019ve been working on my course ( ent 432 ) syllabus for what seems like forever , though it\u2019s only been eight years . in the latest iteration i\u2019ve tried to incorporate required reading from the primary literature\u2014mostly empirical studies , rather than reviews\u2014for each lecture . this exercise was mush more difficult than i anticipated !\nhistory ' s best playmakers often start their careers as ordinary all - purpose backs . they return kicks , catch some third - down screen passes , produce a few highlights and then appear poised to give way to someone younger , faster and cheaper as soon as they lose a fraction of a step .\nwhether he ' s cutting back for positive yardage on a sweep that the entire defense sniffed out , exploding through a tiny crease in the line for a big gain or turning a screen pass into a touchdown , shady has multiple ways of turning nothing into something or a little something into a whole lot .\njudged as\nplaymakers ,\nthere ' s no contest between cunningham , steve young and michael vick . young was a brilliant soloist and conductor for a world - class orchestra . vick played in offenses that complemented his rushing ability , and his 2000s passing totals don ' t come close to cunningham ' s 1980s totals . when it came to contortionist tactics to avoid sacks , windmill leaps at the end of scrambles and making up new moves just to survive , cunningham was in a class by himself . he often looked like he was on the field by himself . and win or lose , he always put on a show .\ndon ' t look up grange ' s nfl stats seeking enlightenment ; what little is there is almost incomprehensible to modern eyes anyway . just know that he was a ruthian figure who achieved lebron james - like fame the moment such fame became possible in american society , and his exploits introduced the fledgling nfl to future fanatics all across the country .\nat just under a million ) and the \u201cdiscoverer\u201d of a new one earns the right to name the species , oftentimes causing the name to have an interesting and unique etymology . now i know what you\u2019re thinking . isn\u2019t it confusing using the words entomology and etymology back and forth in rapid succession ? well of course , but that\u2019s where the fun lies !\nalong came head coach lou saban , who formerly coached the bills to a pair of afl championships . then the nfl - afl common draft arrived , giving the broncos a puncher ' s chance of acquiring real talent . with their first pick of the new era , the broncos selected little , a 5 ' 10\nall - purpose back from syracuse .\nthe species today is named for its \u201cability to hunt down obscure prey\u201d ( jozwiak , rewicz , pabis 2015 ) . if that doesn\u2019t scream google then you should probably get in touch with the modern world because it\u2019s pretty great . in madagascar where the ant was discovered in 2005 , entomologist brian l . fisher named the species proceratium google ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) .\nmcelhenny , by contrast , was all jukes , weaves and squirrel - on - the - freeway chaos .\nthe king\naveraged 7 . 0 yards per carry on 98 carries as a rookie in 1952 and 8 . 0 yards per carry on 64 carries when the million dollar backfield officially came together in 1954 . while perry took tittle handoffs and sprinted off left end behind johnson , mcelhenny took handoffs and pitches and did . . . whatever he felt like doing . both perry and mcelhenny were also effective receivers , and both took turns returning kicks and punts .\nthese tree squirrel species arrange themselves into family groups who usually share a shelter from the heat of the day and the shadows or those within them during the starry african nights . all members of such a family group share the same scent , making life much easier for them when it comes to setting boundaries for other families and their members . all the young are raised together by all their respective mothers together , a very communal and social relationship building exercise . furthermore males may show territorial behavior by protecting their homes , although the same behavior has been seen from females and adolescent young .\nthe bills may field something close to a typical nfl offense this year , with multiple wide receivers and everything . for the first time in four years , mccoy won ' t face stacked fronts of defenders who know what ' s coming . it could be too little , too late for a back who has already had an excellent career . but it could also result in a season for the ages .\nwhen a quarterback as incandescently talented as young leaves college , teams do crazy things to acquire him . the usfl ' s los angeles express offered him $ 40 million they didn ' t really have so he could single - handedly fill the coliseum for them . young ended up taking snaps at running back and paying team bus drivers out of his own pocket just to get the express to games on time .\nin cunningham ' s\nultimate weapon\ndays with the eagles , like his 30 - passing - touchdown , 942 - rushing - yard effort in 1990 , his running backs were 1970s - style plodders anthony toney and keith byars . his receivers were pretty good , but the eagles offensive lines of the era were built out of steroid violators , converted defensive linemen and other assorted castoffs and buddy ryan experiments .\nthe letter was undated , but found among specimens dated from 1928 , addressed to \u201cgeorge and alice . \u201d the wounds from the great war were starting to heal after a decade of peace and rebuilding , the great depression was not even a shadow of a thought , fitzgerald\u2019s famous book had exploded in popularity ; the jazz age was truly in full swing . somewhere out there was mary , trading through fields collecting dragonflies .\nfaulk gained over 1 , 000 rushing and receiving yards in 1999 . he led the league in touchdowns in 2000 and 2001 . he averaged no less than 5 . 3 yards per rush for three consecutive years , leading the league each year and supplementing the rushing production with over 80 receptions per season . faulk wasn ' t just the nfl ' s best playmaker from 1999 through 2001 . he was the best player , period .\nwe will start discussing and examining lepidoptera in late november . scales are certainly a contributing factor to lepidoptera\u2019s diversity , and their patterns are important for determining species . is their a great read about lep scales ? or should we focus our discussion on host plat relationships , chemical defense , moth avoidance , proboscis morphology \u2026 ? photo by johan j . ingles - le nobel ( cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0 ) . click for original .\ndunn ' s falcons , like his buccaneers , were too flawed to reach the super bowl . both teams needed dunn to be an offensive focal point and a locker room leader , not just mr . shake ' n ' bake in the open field . dunn responded by becoming one of the most respected players in the nfl , not just one of the most exciting . that one - two punch is what earned him a spot on this countdown .\nthe various woody areas of the kruger national park offer many suitable shelters and habitats , from mopane forests near mopani rest camp to tree - rich woodland areas found in scattered areas throughout the park . trees with natural holes in them are preferred by most squirrel species , because of its use as a shelter and place in which to raise young . the more trees in a woodland area the better for these animals , whether it be acacia thorn trees or larger trees . their main food source is also found within trees ; seeds . they also spread seeds around large trees to facilitate regrowth , thereby giving back what they take and keeping up their end of the symbiotic relationship they share with trees .\nhester holds the nfl record with 20 non - offensive touchdowns . that ' s an astounding number for a modern player , particularly one who played on offense ( defenders can mix in some pick - sixes with their kick and punt returns ) . hester was also a capable screens - and - bombs receiver stuck in largely bad offenses for much of his career . but he was at his best when he could specialize in the dying art of fielding kicks and punts .\nin modern football , trippi would be a cross between christian mccaffrey , terrelle pryor and jabrill peppers , with a dash of marquette king sprinkled in . great prospects like these still leave college for an nfl befuddled about how best to make use of their gifts . for trippi , the chicago cardinals tried a little of everything , and it worked . today ' s nfl teams can still learn something from their post - wwii forebears . give great playmakers the ball . worry about the labels later .\ngiven 18 inches of daylight , gale sayers performed feats that are still dazzling over half a century later . he jump - cut , head - faked , hurdled and juked early ' 60s defenders who had never seen the likes of the kansas comet before . it might be cheating to point to a highlight reel and say\nwatch this ,\nbut here ' s a highlight reel , complete with quotes from george halas and others ( plus some ac / dc music ) . words don ' t really do sayers justice .\ntarkenton led the vikings to three super bowls in the 1970s . his supporting cast was excellent : the purple people eaters on defense , the aforementioned line , ahmad rashad , john gilliam and chuck foreman among his weapons . but tarkenton ' s timing was poor . the nfl was dominated by the steelers , raiders , cowboys and vikings through most of the mid - to - late ' 70s . with tarkenton and many of the vikings stars already well past their prime when everything came together , they had a habit of finishing one or two games shy of a championship .\nyet in the mid - 2000s , it was still possible for a return man to be a great team ' s most valuable offensive player , as hester proved for the bears . his six return touchdowns in the 2006 regular season and playoffs helped a team with a blundering offense come within a rainy day run - in with peyton manning of winning a super bowl . when he wasn ' t taking a kickoff to the house , he was forcing opponents to squib kick to avoid him , giving the bears offense the field position it desperately needed to muster a few points .\non this list of all - time playmakers , it must be noted that vick spent what should have been his prime either in jail or rebuilding the nfl ' s trust on the eagles bench . he robbed himself of those great years , and it cost him a chance to be the best playmaker ever . he doesn ' t even rank first among our quarterbacks . but vick is in a category all his own , as both an athlete and cultural figure . few inspire more complex emotions . the off - field ugliness was undeniable . but so was the on - field beauty .\nthey are most active , out and about during the daytime , making them diurnal creatures , but spend most of their time in trees , on branches and between leaves where the sun\u2019s grasp on them is not that strong . they mostly forage for food during this time , but keep a careful lookout for any predator that might come walking or flying by , because squirrels overall , especially juvenile squirrels , are very vulnerable and are almost last on the food chain . they also groom and socialize vocally with one another during the day , checking for parasites and keeping up their appearance and hygiene .\ncall these players products of brady and the patriots system if you like . but several of these players ( like welker ) have had success elsewhere , and the system itself points the way to the future . the patriots used to be alone in plucking guys like welker off other rosters or drafting and grooming edelman types for slot receiver roles . copycats are catching on , and players like christian mccaffrey can now enter the draft marketing themselves as patriots - style weapons , even as television analysts shrug their shoulders and ask\nwhat position does he play ?\nlike it ' s still 1977 .\nspeaking of ryan experiments : buddy held the very concept of coordinating a modern offense in near contempt . cunningham ' s job was to drop back and make stuff happen , whether it was a bomb to fred barnett or calvin williams , a pirouetting ballet recital of a scramble or some combination of both . sometimes , the results were highlights that will be remembered forever , like the 95 - yard touchdown to barnett or the apparent carl banks sack that cunningham turned into a touchdown pass to jimmie giles . sometimes , cunningham spent whole afternoons running for his life on 3rd - and - 25 .\nwhen grange joined the nfl in 1925 , it changed perceptions about professional football . his presence at a bears road game could put a struggling host team in the black for the season . fans came to see the most dynamic , elusive all - purpose weapon of that primitive era . grange ran , passed and returned punts in an era when punt returns were much more integral to the game than they are now . football before grange was college lads clobbering each other in the mud . grange introduced quickness and grace to the sport . he was , quite literally , the nfl ' s first playmaker ."]}
{"id": 587, "summary": [{"text": "collared wrigglers are perciform fishes in the family xenisthmidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are native to the indian and pacific oceans , where they are mostly reef-dwelling . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "xenisthmidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e4\u30ca\u30ae\u30cf\u30bc\u79d1\nto\nxenisthmidae\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhuulitokot\nto\nxenisthmidae\n.\ngymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) .\ngymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ngill , a . c . & hoese , d . f . ( 2004 ) three new australian species of the fish genus xenisthmus ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . records of the australian museum , 56 , 241\u2013246 . urltoken\ngill , a . c . & randall , j . e . ( 1994 ) xenisthmus balius , a new species of fish from the persian gulf ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 107 , 445\u2013450 .\ngill , a . c . , bogorodsky , s . v . & mal , a . o . ( 2014 ) gymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . zootaxa , 3755 ( 5 ) , 491\u2013495 . urltoken\nxenisthmidae - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nfamily xenisthmidae lower lip with free ventral margin ; 6 branchiostegal rays . marine , indo - pacific . 6 genera with about 12 species . family microdesmidae ( cerdalidae ) ( wormfishes and dartfishes ) rare , small , eel - like ; chin large , forming pointed end of snout ; 10 genera with about 66 species ; both coasts of tropical americas , \u2026\nty - jour ti - rotuma lewisi , new genus and species of fish from the southwest pacific ( gobioidei , xenisthmidae ) t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 101 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1988 sp - 530 ep - 539 sn - 0006 - 324x au - springer , victor g er -\n@ article { bhlpart46420 , title = { rotuma lewisi , new genus and species of fish from the southwest pacific ( gobioidei , xenisthmidae ) } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 101 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { springer , victor g } , year = { 1988 } , pages = { 530 - - 539 } , }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nindo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 . species are small ( mostly less than 2 . 5 cm sl ) and very secretive ; lives on sand patches adjacent to coral reefs or reef rubble ( ref . 94949 ) .\ngreek , xenos = strange , rare + greek , isthmia , - on = neck , throat , narrow passage ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\na family of small secretive gobioid fishes found in the indo - pacific . xenisthmids live in sandy or reef rubble areas near coral reefs . the family includes six genera ; three genera and 7 described species are known from australian waters .\ndescription distribution : indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays .\ndescription distribution : indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays . [ details ]\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from xenisthmus to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nraitahuulitokko\nto\nxenisthmus polyzonatus ( klunzinger , 1871 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f8867163 - de12 - 43a3 - 8c6a - cde36e2b391b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73d422e0 - 5a8c - 40f8 - ba4f - 5d3ebe94d740\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 279119\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address : department of parasitic worms , natural history museum , 6 cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ngill and hoese , 2004 , rec . aust . mus . 56 ( 2 ) : 241\u2013246\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmacleay museum and school of biological sciences , a12 - macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 6 college street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia ; email : anthony . c . gill @ sydney . edu . au .\nstation of naturalists , omsk , russia ; email : ic187196 @ yandex . ru .\nmarine biology department , faculty of marine sciences , king abdulaziz university , jeddah , ksa ; email : aomal @ kau . edu . sa .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nanthony c . gill macleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12\u2014macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .\nsergey v . bogorodsky senckenberg research institute and natural history museum frankfurt , senckenberganlage 25 , 60325 frankfurt a . m . , germany . station of naturalists , omsk , russia .\nahmad o . mal marine biology department , faculty of marine sciences , king abdulaziz university , jeddah , ksa .\nthree species of the xenisthmid genus xenisthmus snyder are recorded from the red sea . xenisthmus polyzonatus ( klunzinger ) , the only described species previously known from the red sea , is reported on the basis of eight specimens from egypt , eritrea and saudi arabia . xenisthmus oligoporus new species is described from four specimens , 17 . 7\u201325 . 0 mm sl , from sudan and saudi arabia . it is distinguished from all other congeners in having a reduced number of cephalic sensory pores and 14\u201315 segmented rays in the second dorsal fin . xenisthmus balius gill & randall is newly recorded from the red sea on the basis of 13 specimens from eritrea , egypt and saudi arabia . the new specimens of this species are described and compared with previously known specimens , the holotype and eight paratypes from the arabian ( = persian ) gulf . all three species are described in detail and illustrated with colour photographs . an identification key to the species is also provided .\nakihito , prince , hayashi , m . & yoshino , t . ( 1984 ) suborder gobioidei . in : masuda , h . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . & yoshino , t . ( eds . ) , the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 236\u2013289 .\nbirdsong , r . s . , murdy , e . o . & pezold , f . l . ( 1988 ) a study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships . bulletin of marine science , 42 , 174\u2013214 .\ncarpenter , k . e . , krupp , f . , jones , d . a . & zajonz , u . ( 1997 ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of kuwait , eastern saudi arabia , bahrain , qatar and the united arab emirates . fao , rome , 293 pp . , xvii pls .\nclark , e . ( 1968 ) israel south red sea expedition , 1962 , reports no . 28 . eleotrid gobies collected during the israel south red sea expedition ( 1962 ) , with a key to the red sea species . bulletin , ministry of agriculture , department of fisheries , sea fisheries research station haifa , 49 , 3\u20137 .\ndor , m . ( 1984 ) checklist of the fishes of the red sea . the israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem , xxi + 427 pp .\ngolani , d . & bogorodsky , s . v . ( 2010 ) the fishes of the red sea\u2014reappraisal and updated checklist . zootaxa , 2463 , 1\u2013135 .\ngoren , m . & dor , m . ( 1994 ) an updated checklist of the fishes of the red sea ; clofres ii . israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem , xii + 120 pp .\nherre , a . w . c . t . ( 1938 ) luzoneleotris , a new genus of eleotrid fishes from luzon . stanford ichthyological bulletin , 1 , 59\u201360 .\njordan , d . s . & seale , a . ( 1906 ) the fishes of samoa . description of the species found in the archipelago , with a provisional check - list of the fishes of oceania . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries , 25 , 173\u2013455 .\nklunzinger , c . b . ( 1871 ) synopsis der fische des rothen meeres . ii . theil . verhandlungen der k . \u2013k . zoologisch\u2013botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 21 , 441\u2013688 .\nrandall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crowford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , xvi + 439 pp .\nsaruwatari , t . , l\u00f3pez , j . a . & pietsch , t . w . ( 1997 ) cyanine blue : a versatile and harmless stain for specimen observation . copeia , 1997 , 840\u2013841 . urltoken\nschultz , l . p . , woods , l . p . & lachner , e . a . ( 1966 ) fishes of the marshall and marianas islands . vol . 3 . families kraemeriidae through antennariidae . bulletin of the united states national museum , 202 ( 3 ) , 1\u2013176 .\nsmith , j . l . b . ( 1958 ) the fishes of the family eleotridae in the western indian ocean . ichthyological bulletin , department of ichthyology , rhodes university , 11 , 137\u2013163 .\nsnyder , j . o . ( 1908 ) descriptions of eighteen new species and two new genera of fishes from japan and the riu kiu islands . proceedings of the united states national museum , 35 ( 1635 ) , 93\u2013111 .\ntaylor , w . r . & van dyke , g . c . ( 1985 ) revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study . cybium , 9 , 107\u2013119 .\nwhitley , g . p . ( 1933 ) studies in ichthyology . no . 7 . records of the australian museum , 19 , 60\u2013112 . urltoken"]}
{"id": 591, "summary": [{"text": "junonia ansorgei , or ansorge 's leaf butterfly , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , southern ethiopia , uganda , western kenya , western tanzania and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is generally found in dense forests . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "junonia ansorgei", "paragraphs": ["junonia ansorgei ( rothschild , 1899 ) = kallima ansorgei rothschild , 1899 = kallima incerta gr\u00fcnberg , 1908 = kamilla ansorgei .\njunonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412397 ; africa ; belgian congo ; mt . hoyo ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 03\njunonia ansorgei ; ypm ent 412395 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; sidney a . hessel ; 1960 - 04 - 01\nent . 412395 : junonia ansorgei digital image : yale peabody museum of natural history ; photo by p . shamble , 2011 metadata updated : 7 mar 2018 03 : 16 : 45\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407406 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 05\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407403 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 08\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 814194 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark\nmelanitis ansorgei ; ypm ent 407405 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; ( now democratic republic of the congo ) ; gowan c . clark\n? junonia evarete ssp . ; lamas , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053j\n? junonia evarete ssp . ; neild , ms , [ nl4a ] , # 2053k\njunonia hierta hierta ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 10\njunonia atlites atlites ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 7\njunonia almana javana ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 9\njunonia wallacei distant , 1883 ; rhopalocera malayana : 95 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4\njunonia swinhoei butler , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 309\njunonia livia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 2 ) : 15 ; tl : bolivia , illimani\njunonia orithya sumatrana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : sumatra\njunonia orithya baweana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : bawean\njunonia orithya minusculus fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 359 ; tl : sumba\njunonia orithya orthosia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia orithya kuehni ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia orithya saleyra ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia orithya kontinentalis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia atlites acera ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia erigone gardineri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia timorensis kucil ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia hedonia teurnia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia orithya var . neopommerana ribbe , 1898 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 1 ) : 116\n= junonia hedonia intermedia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia orithya metion fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 358 ; tl : n . borneo\njunonia almana battana fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 353 ; tl : sulawesi , patunuang\njunonia lemonias lemonias ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 8\njunonia iona grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 349 ; tl : new guinea\njunonia albicincta butler , 1875 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1875 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : queensland\njunonia terea ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 609 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia timorensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]\n? junonia nigralis forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 312\njunonia orithya wallacei ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ bmp ] : 160 , pl . 23 , f . 11 - 12\njunonia erigone leucophora fruhstorfer , 1903 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 2 ) : 313 ; tl : trobriand is .\njunonia orithya celebensis ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\njunonia oenone oenone ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 601 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia hierta cebrene ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 602 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia westermanni suffusa ; [ bafr ] , 228 ; [ bk ] : 345 , pl . 49 , f . 603 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia natalica natalica ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] , 347 , pl . 49 , f . 608 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia almana battana ; [ bor ] , 279 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nprecis erigone himera fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 746 ( repl . junonia tristis miskin , 1891 )\njunonia evarete lima forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 315 ; tl : peru\njunonia vestina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398\njunonia iphita horsfieldi ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 580 ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 3\njunonia gregorii butler , [ 1896 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 726 , pl . 42 , f . 7 - 8\njunonia antigone c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 398\njunonia orithyia [ sic ] var . novae guineae hagen , 1897 ; jarhb . nass . ver . nat . 50 : 85 ; tl : german new guinea\njunonia artaxia ; [ bafr ] , 230 ; [ bk ] : 346 , pl . 49 , f . 604 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia hedonia ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia sophia infracta ; [ bafr ] , 229 ( text ) ; [ bk ] , 346 , pl . 49 , f . 605 ; [ afrl ]\njunonia chorimene ; [ bafr ] , 231 ; [ bk ] : 347 , pl . 49 , f . 607 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia erigone ; [ bor ] , 277 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia genoveva vivida forbes , [ 1929 ] ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 36 ( 4 ) : 311 ; tl : guyana , surinam\njunonia villida ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ wahlberg ] ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290\njunonia asterie var . nikobariensis felder , 1862 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 482 ; tl : nicobar\njunonia ( kallimini ) ; [ madl ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 208 ; [ nl4a ] , 251\njunonia asterie var . sumbae doherty , 1891 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 60 pt . ii ( 2 ) : 172 ; tl : sumba ; sumbawa ?\njunonia constricta c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : bogota\njunonia incarnata c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 400 ; tl : colombia\njunonia evarete evarete ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 98 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053a\njunonia atlites ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]\nprecis erigone f . celebensis butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 214 ( preocc . junonia orithya celebensis staudinger , 1888 ) ; tl : celebes\njunonia evarete ; [ nacl ] , # 4442 ; [ bcr ] : 180 , pl . 28 , f . 14 ; [ ecul ] ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2053\njunonia hedonia ida ; [ bmp ] : 159 , pl . 23 , f . 2 ; [ bor ] , 278 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\njunonia coenia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 4440 ; [ opler ] ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2052\njunonia vestina livia ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 2055b ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & b\u00e1lint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 20 ( list )\njunonia oenone ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 42 , pl . 22 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\njunonia lemonias ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 21 , f . 3 , 3a ; [ bor ] , 277 ; [ mrs ] , 579 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia almana ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 279 ; [ mrs ] , 577 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209 ; [ wahlberg ]\njunonia orithya ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 41 , pl . 22 , f . 1a - b ; [ bor ] , 278 ; [ mrs ] , 578 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ]\ns . usa , california , maryland , kansas , bermuda , mexico , . . . ? . see [ maps ]\n432x343 ( ~ 36kb ) usa : ann arbor , michigan , may 1999 , photo \u00a9 christopher a . rickards\n1300x1034 ( ~ 163kb ) usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1300x1017 ( ~ 187kb ) underside usa : n . shore of shasta lake , siskiyou co . , ca , 29 . 7 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1400x1095 ( ~ 260kb ) upperside usa : lepsoc field trip to patagonia region , santa cruz co . , arizona , 2 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1104x780 ( ~ 163kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n967x1081 ( ~ 121kb ) underside usa : alabama , 4 . 5 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n1400x1050 ( ~ 174kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 12 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n1265x1126 ( ~ 183kb ) underside usa : alabama , 16 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n2048x1360 ( ~ 317kb ) upperside usa : alabama , 15 . 10 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n400x463 ( ~ 31kb ) usa , texas , grapevine , 15 - 18 . 6 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\nhispaniola , puerto rico , trinidad , guatemala , costa rica , panama . see [ maps ]\npapilio genoveva cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 4 ( 25 - 26a ) : pl . 290 , f . e , f ; tl : surinam\nmadagascar , tropical africa ( dry ) , arabia , india , ceylon , burma , new guinea , n . australia . see [ maps ]\n1024x768 ( ~ 111kb ) male female funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1024x768 ( ~ 64kb ) upperside male funaura , iriomote , ryukyu , japan , 4 - 95 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\nlarva on justicia procumbens , j . micrantha , lepidagathis prostrata , ipomoea batatas , antirrhinum majus , striga asatica [ mrs ] , antirrhinum , thunbergia alata [ baur ] , hygrophila [ bmp ]\nlarva on angelonia salicariifolia , antirrhinum sp . , buchnera linearis , asystasia gangetica , a . scandens , hypoestes floribunda , hygrophila salicifolia , justicia sp . , pseuderanthemum variabile , p . sp . , rostellularia adscendens glaucoviolacea , thunbergia alata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nlarva on acanthus , asystasia , barleria , brunoniella , hygrophila , hypoestes , justicia , lepidagathis ? , pseuderanthemum , rostellularia , ipomoea , engelastrum , plectranthus , plantago , angelonia , antirrhinum , buchnera , misopates , scrophularia , striga , thunbergia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 210\norithya patenas ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis [ ? ] ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : ceylon\nprecis orithya hainanensis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 522\n1172x885 ( ~ 128kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\norithya leucasia ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523 ; tl : luzon\norithya celebensis staudinger , [ 1888 ] \u00b2 ; in staudinger & schatz , exot . schmett . 1 ( 10 ) : 98 , ( 8 ) pl . 37\nprecis orithya eutychia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 523\norithya palea ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524\nprecis orithya madagascariensis ab . punctella strand , 1915 ; arch . naturgescb . 80 a ( 10 ) : 105\nlarva on hygrophila sp . [ pbsa ] , barleria , convolvulus , lippia , plantago [ bk ]\norithya saleyra ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 524 ; tl : saleyer\niunonia orithya kontinentalis martin , 1920 ; tidschr . ent . 63 : 157 ; tl : n . celebes\norithya marcella ( hulstaert , 1923 ) ( precis ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 12 ( 68 ) : 232 ; tl : new guinea\nprecis orithya cheesmani riley , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 : 151\nvanessa epiclelia boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , l\u00e9pid . : 44 , pl . 7 , f . 3\naustralia , tasmania , samoa , solomon is . , new hebrides . see [ maps ]\n= ; vane - wright & tennent , 2011 , syst . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 290\nlarva on plantago , centaurium australis , antirrhinum , convolvulus valsinoidi , verbena [ baur ] , paspalum dilatatum , portulaca oleracea , centaurium minus , c . spicatum , evolvulus alsinoides , verbena bonariensis , v . sp . , antirrhinum sp . , russelia equisetiformis , veronica repens , plantago lanceolata , p . spp . , goodenia sp . , scaevola aemula , arctotheca calendula , epaltes australis , ruellia spp . ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nindia , ceylon , burma , cambodia - w . china , s . china , andaman , nicobar . see [ maps ]\nab . demaculata ( neustetter , 1916 ) ( precis ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 ( 2 - 3 ) : 99\n769x513 ( ~ 188kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\n753x957 ( ~ 98kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n713x867 ( ~ 72kb ) underside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n689x765 ( ~ 81kb ) upperside thailand , chanthaburi , khao - kitchakut national park , the park at the headquarters . 4th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n753x641 ( ~ 57kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n967x834 ( ~ 78kb ) upperside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n681x857 ( ~ 59kb ) underside cambodia , siem reap , angkor wat . 8th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n: pl . 150 , f . 16 ( text only ) [ missp . of\n1112x1069 ( ~ 504kb ) female ethiopia , amhara , a blue nile right bank at the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 31st july 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nprecis magna evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 3 ) : 715\nprecis westermanni suffusa rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 513 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment\nprecis westermanni splendens schmidt , 1921 ; dt . ent . z . iris 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 34\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , angola - e . africa , w . kenya ( lake victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique ? , madagascar , comoro , mascarene , astove . see [ maps ]\nceylon , s . india , c . india , himalayas , ne . india , burma , sumatra , w . china , s . china . see [ maps ]\nprecis iphita ab . pullus murayama , 1961 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 8 , 13 ; tl : poli , formosa\n769x514 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\nprecis iphita pluviatilis fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : malabar ; ceylon\n606x800 ( ~ 158kb ) underside thailand , phuket , a bank of a pond at a road 1 km ne of khao sai tan kliang mt . , 18th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n869x800 ( ~ 236kb ) underside thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 19th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nprecis hopfferi m\u00f6schler , 1872 ; stettin ent . ztg 33 ( 7 - 9 ) : 337 ; tl : silhet\nprecis iphita tosca fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 22 ; tl : sumatra ; borneo\nprecis iphita var . ( ? ) adelaida staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 51 ; tl : palawan\nprecis iphita cebara fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 517\nlarva on hemigraphis alternata , hygrophila salicifolia k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nprecis seitzi corbet , 1937 ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 6 ( 5 ) : 100\nprecis hedonia apollonia fruhstorfer , 1906 ; wiener ent . ztg 25 ( 10 ) : 351 ; tl : sumbawa , flores\nprecis hellanis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 402 , n . 601\nprecis hedonia numana fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518 ; tl : obi\nprecis hedonia thero fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518\naru , kai , misool , waigeu , northern territory , cape york - brisbane , west irian - papua , bismarck archipelago , solomon is .\npapilio zelima fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 492 ; tl : nova hollandia\nlarva on hygrophila salicifolia dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 5 ) : ( sankowsky , 1975 )\nprecis hedonia admiralitatis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nprecis hedonia iwasakii matsumura , 1915 ; ent . mag . kyoto 1 ( 2 ) : ?\nprecis hedonia parvipuncta howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 70\nprecis hedonia kangeana kalis , 1933 ; tijdschr . ent . 76 ( 1 - 2 ) : 57 ; tl : tambajangan , kangean\nuganda , w . tanzania , kenya ( highlands ) . see [ maps ]\nzaire , angola - uganda , ethiopia , kenya , tanzania , malawi , n . zambia\nprecis tereoides butler , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 : 211 ; tl : e . africa\nprecis terea fumata rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : gillet mtns\nnatal , swaziland , transvaal , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , malawi , zambia , s . zaire , angola , coast ( e . tanzania , e . kenya )\nvanessa goudoti boisduval , 1833 ; faun . ent . madagascar , l\u00e9pid . : 45 , n . 5 , pl . 7 , f . 1\nnatal , zululand , swaziland , transvaal , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia - kenya . see [ maps ]\nprecis natalica var . schmidti knoch , 1927 ; int . ent . z . 21 : 24\nnatal , mozambique , rhodesia , zambia , malawi , tanzania , e . kenya , c . kenya\nprecis natalica angolensis rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 345 ; tl : angola\nsenegal - sudan , ugdanda , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]\n1180x918 ( ~ 228kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n874x910 ( ~ 211kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1224x918 ( ~ 264kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1072x920 ( ~ 291kb ) ethiopia , amhara , hayk town environs . 6th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1082x1109 ( ~ 294kb ) underside ethiopia , amhara , a rapidous brook , blue nile right tributary just upstream the bridge of the road addis ababa - bahir dar , 1100 m a . s . l . 1st august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nne . india , himalayas ( foot ) , peninsular india ( wetter regions ) , ceylon , burma . see [ maps ]\n640x480 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\nlarva on asteracantha longifolia , barleria , alternanthera philoxeroides , hygrophila lancea , h . salicifolia [ mrs ] , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hygrophila , justicia , nelsonia , pseuderanthemum , strobilanthes , achyranthes , alternanthera , oryza , lindernia , phyla vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nprecis atlites acera fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 519 ; tl : celebes\nceylon , india , burma , malaysia , java , sumatra , formosa , philippines , hong kong , andaman , nicoban . see [ maps ]\nprecis almana asterie ab . liquefactus murayama , 1961 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 11 ( 4 ) : 57 , f . 17 , 23 ; tl : poli , formosa\n680x878 ( ~ 52kb ) thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1031x880 ( ~ 89kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , a small pool at the lake at bang phra . 1st february 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on acanthaceae [ bow ] , asteracantha longifolia , hygrophila lancea , barleria spp . , osbeckia spp . , alternanthera philoxeroides , vandellia ciliata , v . anagallis , antirrhinum majus , plantago asiatica , p . major [ mrs ] , acanthus , asteracantha , barleria , blechum , hemigraphis , hygrophila , ruellia , strobilanthes , alternanthera , mimosa , gloxinia , osbeckia , ludwigia , plantago , antirrhinum , bonnaya , ilysanthes , lindernia , mimulus , lippia , phyla , stachytarpheta ? vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 209\nceylon , himalayas , assam , bengal , s . india , c . india , saurashtra , burma . see [ maps ]\n711x594 ( ~ 126kb ) upperside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a chain of muddy pools behind the chain of hitels along the jomtien beach . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1098x906 ( ~ 123kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko khram island , a spiny bamboo forest at a beach . 2nd february 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n993x829 ( ~ 108kb ) underside thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed , surrounded by trees , at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel , 15th january , 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nprecis lemonias vaisya fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520\nprecis lemonias aenaria fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 520\nprecis expansa butler , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 367 ; tl : larat\nprecis erigone tegea fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521\nprecis erigone wetterensis strand , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 7 , pl . 14 , f . 5 ; tl : wetter i .\ntimorensis cibota ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( precis ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 521 ; tl : sumba i .\nprecis adulatrix fruhstorfer , 1905 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( sb ) : 7 ; tl : sumba\nprecis hedonia teurnia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 518\n? obscurata ball , 1932 \u00b2 ; bull . soc . ent . belg . 72 : 54\ncameroons - uganda , zaire , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya , ethiopia . see [ maps ]\nkallima cymodice ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 12 ( spell . ? )\nkallima cymododoce var . lugens schultze , 1912 ; ent . rundsch . 29 ( 14 ) : 92 ; tl : kamerun\nprecis africana richelmann , 1913 ; int . ent . z . 7 : 106\nprecis schmiedeli fiedler , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; tl : kamerun\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res des provinces chinoises s\u00e9 - tchouen et kam recueillis , en 1893 , par m - r g . n . potaine in romanoff ,\nan updated list of the butterflies of chile ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea and hesperioidea ) including distribution , flight period and conservation status . part i , comprising the families : papilionidae , pieridae , nympalidae ( in part ) and hesperiidae . describing a new species of hypsochila ( pieridae ) and a new subspecies of yramea modesta ( nymphalidae )\nlepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman\nlist of lepidoptera collected by mr . h . o . forbes in the islands of timor laut\non a collection of lepidoptera made at manipur and on the borders of assam by dr . george watt\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\nreview of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nrhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter\n( 1 ) : 3 - 4 ( 1 january ) , ( 3 ) : 18 - 19 ( 14 january ) , ( 4 ) : 26 - 27 ( 21 january ) , ( 5 ) : 34 - 35 ( 28 january ) , ( 6 ) : 42 - 43 ( 4 february ) , ( 7 ) : 51 ( 11 february ) , ( 9 ) : 66 - 67 ( 25 february ) , ( 10 ) : 74 ( 3 march ) , ( 11 ) : 83 ( 10 march ) , ( 12 ) : 90 - 91 ( 17 march ) , ( 14 ) : 106 - 107 ( 31 march ) , ( 15 ) : 114 - 115 ( 7 april ) , ( 16 ) : 122 - 123 ( 14 april ) , ( 17 ) : 130 - 131 , 4 figs . ( 21 april ) , ( 18 ) : 139 - 140 ( 28 april ) , ( 19 ) : 146 - 147 ( 5 may ) , ( 20 ) : 154 - 155 ( 12 may ) , ( 22 ) : 170 - 171 ( 26 may ) , ( 23 ) : 177 - 179 ( 2 june ) , ( 24 ) : 186 - 187 ( 9 june ) , ( 25 ) : 195 - 196 ( 16 june ) , ( 26 ) : 202 - 203 ( 23 june ) , ( 27 ) : 210 - 211 ( 30 june ) , ( 28 ) : 218 - 219 ( 7 july ) , ( 30 ) : 235 ( 21 july ) , ( 31 ) : 242 - 244 ( 28 july ) , ( 32 ) : 251 - 252 ( 4 august ) , ( 33 ) : 259 - 260 ( 11 august ) , ( 34 ) : 267 - 268 ( 18 august ) , ( 35 ) : 274 - 275 ( 25 august ) , ( 36 ) : 282 - 283 ( 1 september ) , ( 37 ) : 291 ( 8 september ) , ( 38 ) : 299 - 300 ( 15 september ) , ( 39 ) : 306 - 307 ( 22 september ) , ( 40 ) : 314 - 315 ( 29 september )\nverzeichniss der von herrn dr . theodor koch - gr\u00fcnberg am oberen waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten rhopaloceren mit besprechung verwandter arten\nbiologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )\nfrom new guinea ( parts i - iii ) - made by mr . w . doherty at humboldt bay , dutch new guinea , and in neighbouring islands , in the museum of the honourable walter rothschild at tring , with descriptions of new species\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res de madagascar . in vinson . voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii . in vinson ,\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .\nnote on a collection of lepidoptera from s . e . new guinea in blue book ,\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nlepidopteren von den samoainseln . in : botanische und zoologische ergebnisse einer wissenschaftlichen forschungsreise nach den samoainseln , dem neuguinea - archipel und den salomonsinseln von m\u00e4rz bis dezember 1905\nlist of the butterflies collected in arabia by captain r . e . cheesman , with a description of one new subspecies\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\nneue afrikanische pierididen und nymphalididen gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\nrhopalocera africae australis ; a catalogue of south african butterflies : comprising descriptions of all the known species . . .\nnotes on butterflies collected by j . h . bowker , esq . , in basuto - land , south africa ; with descriptions of some new species\nsouth - african butterflies : a monograph of the extra - tropical species . vol . 1\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\n( new for mbogi , male f . alcippina but with an unusual amount of black on the hws )\nwell , there you go ! if you ' d like to see photos of any of the non - illustrated species , let me know , i ' ll be glad to post them over the next few days . and thanks to anyone able to help me with those few ids !\nthank you tom for sharing i would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . . a + , michel\ntom , i ' d like to understand your photography system . you have perfect pictures and i can guess some\nthreads\n(\nfil\nen francais ) behind the specimens . do you use photoshop ( or another software ) to work on your pictures or do you really obtain this perfectly white background ?\ni would like to see the cymothoe herminia when you have time . . .\nhere you go ! one of my favourite species . too bad about the strange tear at the base of the fw . . . though it leaves me wondering how it might have happened ?\nyou have perfect pictures and i can guess some\nthreads\n(\nfil\nen francais ) behind the specimens .\nthe whole process is really simple actually . you can see my set - up in a previous post here :\nfirst , i followed advice given and am using the manual white balance setting on my camera ( this makes post - processing a lot easier ) .\nsecond , i ' ve switched from white thread to clear fishing line . clear fishing line is almost invisible behind lighter coloured specimens , whereas the white thread created noticeable lines in the images .\nsince i don ' t have a stand to hold my camera steady , i usually snap 3 to 5 pictures of each side of a specimen , then once transferred to my computer , sort through them to pick out the clearest / sharpest results .\nunfortunately , this method does not immediately give the pure white background . usually , i get a light greyish - blue background , but after a bit more white balancing ( if needed ) , and slight brightening ( if needed ) , i use photoshop ' s wand and lasso tools to cut out the background and replace it with white .\nyour picture of the falcuna specimen has disappeared which was one that i was going to try and help you to identify .\nin the meantime i have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen . i have taken a picture of the relevant drawer in my collection which may be of assistance though i do not have a specimen from kivu . p umangiana is in column 8 .\nfor anyone interested further in this very attractive genus of butterflies this is the second drawer showing further species , again they are all from various countries in africa .\nthe falcuna reappeared for a brief time and after a quick look it may be a male of f orientalis bwamba stempffer and bennett . see f orientalis orientalis bethune - baker in column 3 .\ni think your id is possible ( marginal / submarginal hw verso markings are good matches ) . though , i do have a specimen of\nfrom haut - uele and the verso hw is not this heavily marked . . . in fact , it ' s quite close to\nsubspecies . . . though given their ranges that doesn ' t quite make sense .\ni have narrowed down the pentila to possibly p umangiana aurivillius . there seems to be several subspecies of this and berger suggests two might be in the ituri area ssp : umangiana aurivillius and ssp : connectens hulstaert , although the latter is listed as south and east of ituri so this may be your specimen .\n. the verso hw pattern seems to match , while all the other similar species i ' ve looked at have an extra row of black dots .\ncould be found in close proximity in ituri . in his plate the nominate is just so lightly marked compares to\n. . . it doesn ' t make sense to me . at any rate , from the picture you ' ve posted and berger ' s plate , it would seem to me that the closest ( at least visually ) is actually ssp .\n. this would be entirely out of range . . . and would only work if\nthis morning b aurora , m continua and another one are missing , but the falcuna photo is present . this situation changes each time i log on , nearly always one or two of this post of yours is absent , strange !\nthere always seems to be a degree of variability in lesser known species probably because fewer specimens are available compared to larger more showy species . as more collecting is carried out in new collecting zones then surely a better picture of what is what will emerge . the latest revision of celaenorrhinus is a case in point , and even then there are those who would want to argue that this is not complete ! will we ever know for certain ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 593, "summary": [{"text": "skistodiaptomus is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family diaptomidae , found across north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus contains eight species , three of which are endemic to the united states and are listed on the iucn red list as vulnerable species ( vu ) or data deficient ( dd ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "skistodiaptomus bogalusensis ( m. s. wilson & moore , 1953 ) skistodiaptomus carolinensis yeatman , 1986 skistodiaptomus mississippiensis ( marsh , 1894 ) skistodiaptomus oregonensis ( lilljeborg , 1889 ) skistodiaptomus pallidus ( herrick , 1879 ) skistodiaptomus pygmaeus ( pearse , 1906 ) skistodiaptomus reighardi ( marsh , 1895 ) skistodiaptomus sinuatus ( kincaid , 1953 )", "topic": 4}], "title": "skistodiaptomus", "paragraphs": ["dowell , k . m . 1997 . evidence for diapause in the freshwater copepod skistodiaptomus pallidus . american midland naturalist 137 ( 2 ) : 362 - 368 .\nthum , r . a . and r . s . stemberger . 2006 . pure spatial and spatially structured environmental variables explain skistodiaptomus copepod range limits in the northeastern usa . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 63 ( 6 ) : 1397 - 1404 .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of skistodiaptomus pallidus are found here .\nghan , d . , j . d . mcphail , and k . d . hyatt . 1998 . the temporal - spatial pattern of vertical migration by the freshwater copepod skistodiaptomus oregonensis relative to predation risk . canadian j . of fisheries and aquatic sci . 55 : 1350 - 1363 .\nchapman , m . a . , j . d . green , and t . g . northcote . 1985 . seasonal dynamics of skistodiaptomus pallidus herrick and other zooplankton populations in deer lake , s . w . british columbia . journal of plankton research 7 ( 6 ) : 867 - 876 .\nduggan , i . c . , j . d . green , and d . f . burger . 2006 . first new zealand records of three non - indigenous zooplankton species : skistodiaptomus pallidus , sinodiaptomus valkanovi , and daphnia dentifera . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 40 : 561 - 569 .\npotential : skistodiaptomus pallidus is an efficient omnivorous predator , with the ability to prey on preferred rotifers and microzooplankton from large distances . it also consumes algae and practices cannibalism , which may allow populations to persist when resource availability is low ( williamson and butler 1986 ; williamson and vanderploeg 1988 ) . it has also been known to attain very high densities in suitable habitats , reaching 10 , 000 per m3 in a lake erie marsh to unknown consequences ( krieger and klarer 1991 ) . skistodiaptomus pallidus became the primary calanoid copepod in a particularly eutrophic portion of lake tahoe , dominating two previously common species , leptodiaptomus tyrrelli and epischura nevadensis ( byron and saunders 1981 ) .\nkipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro , 2018 , skistodiaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 5 / 2 / 2018 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nduggan , i . c . , neale , m . , robinson , k . v . , verburg , p . , & watson , n . t . n . ( 2014 ) . skistodiaptomus pallidus ( copepoda : diaptomidae ) establishment in new zealand natural lakes , and its effects on zooplankton community composition . aquatic invasions , 9 ( 2 ) , 195\u2013202 . urltoken\nafter s . oregonensis molts to the first copepodid stage , it can filter feed on the same size class of particles ( 100 - 800\u00e1m\u2502 ) as the adults ( mcqueen , 1970 ; comita and mcnett 1976 ) . the copepod prefers larger phytoplankon ( mcqueen , 1970 ) . richman ( 1966 ) showed that s . oregonensis exhibited it maximum ingestion rate in food concentrations of 25 000 - 50 000 cells ml\u203e\u2563 , ingestion rate declined dramatically . skistodiaptomus oregonensis may be adaped to feeding on large cells in high concentration , and would be at a feedin disadvange in lakes of very low productivity .\nthe north american calanoid copepod skistodiaptomus pallidus is an emerging invader globally , with non - indigenous populations recorded from constructed waters in new zealand , germany and mexico since 2000 . we examined the effects of s . pallidus establishment on the zooplankton community of a natural lake , lake kereta , where it was first recorded in late - 2008 , coincident with releases of domestically cultured grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) . although not present in any of our samples prior to august 2008 , s . pallidus was found in all samples collected in the subsequent five years . anosim indicated zooplankton community composition significantly differed between samples collected before and after s . pallidus invasion , whether the invader was included in the analysis or not . zooplankton species affected most greatly were the copepods calamoecia lucasi and mesocyclops sp . , which decreased in their relative importance , and the cladocerans bosmina meridionalis and daphnia galeata , which increased . rotifer species were relatively unaffected . as the length of grass carp released were > 6 . 5 cm , direct predatory effects by this species on the zooplankton community are unlikely . associated reductions in macrophyte biomass could explain increases in the relative abundances of planktonic cladocerans ( b . meridionalis and d . galeata ) . however , the effect of macrophyte reduction by grass carp on zooplankton communities is considered to be limited elsewhere , while the reduced macrophyte biomass cannot explain the decrease in relative abundance of the native planktonic calanoid copepod c . lucasi . competition between c . lucasi and s . pallidus is the most compelling explanation for the reduction in importance of the native calanoid copepod species . skistodiaptomus pallidus appears to have undergone a \u201cboom - and - bust\u201d cycle in lake kereta , increasing in relative abundance in the first three years following establishment , before declining in importance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfirst described in 1986 from lake ravenel , highlands , macon county , north carolina ( in the upper little tennessee watershed ) . has since also been found in ponds bordering the great smoky mountains national park .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nin the great lakes zooplankton literature , this sepcies was consistently referred to as diaptomus oregonensis until the subgenus name skisodiaptomus was elevated to genetric level .\nin lake superior the females range from 1 . 2 - 1 . 4mm and average 1 . 33mm . males were somewhat smaller , ranging from 1 . 1 - 1 . 3mm and averaging 1 . 19mm .\nthe right antennule of adult male calanoids is geniculate and may possess a lateral projection on the antepenultimate segment . lateral spine on terminal segment of exopode of right 5th leg is subterminal in position .\ns . oregonensis is present year round in the great lakes ( jahoda 1948 ; carter 1969 ; wilson and roff 1973 ; gannon 1975 ) . it is most abundant in the summer and fall but peaks have been observed from april to december . gannon ( 1972a , 1974 ) reported abundance peaks as early as february in green bay .\nthis species produces two generations each year in lake michigan . adults overwinter and produce a slow - growing spring generation that coincides with the phytoplankton maximum . this generation reproduces in the summer , and the offspring grow rapidly , maturing by fall overturn . most animals wait until spring to reproduce although gannon ( 1972a ) reported some winter reproduction in green bay . in lake superior , where abundance is low , s . oregonensis only produces one generation each year and overwinters as resting eggs ( selgeby 1974 )\nsex rations of 1 : 1 are most common ( jahoda 1984 ; davis 1962 , 1968 ; torke 1975 ) , but females may outnumber males ( stewart 1974 ) . clutch size appears to be positively correlated with size of the females ( davis 1961 )\nreproduction in the s . oregonensis is sexual . the male clasps the female with his modified first antennae and / or fifth legs , then transfers a packet of sperm , the spermatophore , from his genital pore to her genital segment . the sperms are stored in a seminal receptacle located in the female ' s genital segment . when the female releases eggs from her genital tract , they are fertilized by the stored sperm . female brood the eggs in one egg sac attached to the genital segment . after the first clutch of eggs has hatched , some females fertilize a second and third clutch utilizing more of the sperm stored from their first mating .\nits egg hatch into small , active larva known as nauplii . the first nauplius stage ( ni ) is characterized by three pairs of appendages . the animals grow rapidly and molt to the second nauplius stage ( nii ) , which is slightly longer . the animals continue to grow and add appendages as they pass through six naupliar stages . the next molt is to the first copepodid stage ( ci ) . at this period the young species have the general body shape of the adult but are smaller and lack several of the swimming legs . growth , addition of swimming legs , and modification of the limbs continue at each molt until the adult ( cvi ) stage is reached . the animals then mate and produce the next\nis one of the most widely distributed diaptomid species , occuring throughout the northern united states and southern ontario , canada ( marsh 1893 , 1929 ; carl 1940 ) . this species has been reported in all the great lakes , especially abundant in the warmer , southerly portions of the\nand is of decreasing importance in the cooler , northerly regions ( robertson 1966 ) . now this species is rare in lake superior ( selgeby , 1975 ) and lake ontario , only appearing in fall and most common in lake erie ( davis 1961 , wright 1955 ) which peaks in abundance occur in september .\ns . oregonensis always inhabits permanent water bodies , but occurs in lakes of different morphometric and tropic characteristics . it is common in lake michigan , but also occurs in quite shallow inland lakes and ponds . it frequently occurs with other calanoids , leptodiaptomus minutusis , l . ashlandi and l . sicilis , and occasionally with s . pallidus .\ns . oregonensis is more abundant offshore than in the littoral zone ( stewart 1974 ) . during periods of thermal stratification , this species is usually found in the meta - and epilimnia , migrating toward the surface at night , but most densely concentrated near the thermocline during the day ( juday , 1903 ; langford , 1938 ; wells 1960 ) . in unstratified water masses and upwelling areas , distribution throughout the water column is more uniform ( wilson and roff 1973 ) . in teapot lake , ontario , cooley ( 1970 ) found that day - night differences in mean depth distribution were not significant for naupliar stages , but were significant for copepodid and adult stage , although these day - night distribution means only involved a depth difference of 1m or less , and some animals apparently did not migrate . birge ( 1895 ) observed no vertical movement for this species in lake mendota , dane co . diurnal migratory behavior is apparently weakly developed in this species , and the extent of migration may be influenced by age and individual behavior , and perhaps by temperature , light level , time of year and thermocline depth\ns . oregonensis has been found in the stomach of severl species of fish including ass , crappie , carp , suckers , freshwater drum , trout - perch , yellow perch , and whitefish ( ewers 1933 ; wilson 1960 ) . comparing only a small percentage of the diet of some fish , it was found to be an important food item for small bloater ( wells and beeton 1963 ) .\nbalcer , korda , and dodson . 1984 . zooplankton of the great lakes : general morphology and ecology of the crustacean zooplankton , p . 8 - 11 . university of wisconsin pres . madison , wisconsin .\nbalcer , korda , and dodson . 1984 . zooplankton of the great lakes : life history and ecology of the major crustacean species , p . 91 - 93 . university of wisconsin pres . madison , wisconsin .\nbyron torke . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia 453 / 454 : 351 - 365 , 2001 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe endopod of the 1st leg of this copepod species is bifurcate . unlike some other diaptomids , the antepenultimate segment of the right 1st antenna has no distinct appendage and is not produced into a blunt point in males . the male left 5th leg is shorter than the right , reaching to the end of or slightly past the 1st segment of the right exopod . there is a scythe - like inner process on the terminal exopod segment of the male left 5th leg . females have 3 urosomal segments , rounded metasomal wings with small sensilla , and a somewhat expanded genital segment ( pennak 1989 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) .\nfemales are around 0 . 8\u20131 . 2 mm long while males are around 0 . 7\u20131 mm long ( geddes and cole 1981 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) .\nis native to the north central plain states , northeast to new york , southern united states in the mississippi river basin , texas , and west to colorado ( pennak 1989 ; mills et al . 1993 ; torke 2001 ; thum and sternberger 2006 ) .\nwas first recorded from lake ontario in 1967 . in the 1970s , it was recorded from lake erie , lake st . clair , lake huron and the saginaw river . the occurrences in the lake huron drainage were discovered upon re - examining archived specimens from 1974 and 1975 ( mills et al . 1993 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) . unspecified locations in\n( mclaughlin et al . , 2005 ) . collected from lake tahoe , on the\nborder in 1979 and several other california locations ( byron and saunders 1981 ) .\nhas expanded its range in north america westward ( duggan et al . 2006 ) . it has been introduced outside of north america , possibly via the aquarium trade .\n* hucs are not listed for states where the observation ( s ) cannot be approximated to a huc ( e . g . state centroids or canadian provinces ) .\nis typically found in waters with a ph range of 7 . 5\u20138 . 6 and a conductivity range of 77\u2013660 \u03bcs cm\n. this species prefers to dwell in cool waters < 12\u00bac and was found at 10 m in june and below 16 m in july , underneath the thermocline in belews lake , north carolina ( chapman et al . 1985 ; marcogliese and esch 1992 ; torke 2001 ; thum and stemberger 2006 ) .\nproduces some eggs that go through a diapause stage before they hatch and some that do not . breeding in general takes place from around march to november and females can produce up to around 20 eggs per brood . diapausing eggs produced between june and october hatch from december to june of the following year . when production of diapausing eggs occurs in the summer it may aid populations to avoid fish predation . these eggs have been known to reach densities of 105 per m\nin the sediments of some habitats . such high densities may help mitigate the effects of a poor year in reproduction and recruitment . it may take around 7 weeks for resting stages to hatch . one study found that it takes around 66 days at 10\u00bac and 15 days at 25\u00bac for development to the adult stage . there are 2\u20135 generations per year in different parts of this species\u2019 range ( geiling and campbell 1972 ; chapman et al . 1985 ; dowell 1997 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; wonham et al . 2005 ) .\nfeeds on phytoplankton , especially individual algae > 53 \u03bcm in size . it can also selectively and intensely prey on some rotifer species ( geiling and campbell 1972 ; williamson and butler 1986 ; torke 2001 ) .\ncould have been introduced accidentally in bait buckets , in fishing equipment , by recreational boaters , with hatchery stock from the mississippi river basin , or through dispersal ( mills et al . 1993 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; reid and hudson 2008 ) .\nadditionally , based on evidence from an ohio lake , it has been suggested that s . pallidus is an intermediate host for the parasitic worm tanaorhamphus longirostris , although study of this occurrence has been limited ( hubschman 1983 ) . documented evidence combined with its record of spread across the u . s . ( byron and saunders 1981 ) have led some recently colonized areas , like new zealand , to express concern over the potential effects of s . pallidus on native ecosystems ( duggan et al . 2006 ) .\nthere have been no recent records of this species in the great lakes . persistent populations of\nmay be lacking in the main water bodies of the great lakes , although individuals are probably washed into the lakes during floods . its native range could extend into tributaries and coastal wetlands within the basin ( mills et al . 1993 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; reid and hudson 2008 ) .\ngeddes , m . c . , and g . a . cole . 1981 . variation in sexual size differentiation in north american diaptomids ( copepoda : calanoida ) : does variation in the degree of dimorphism have ecological significance ? limnology and oceanography 26 ( 2 ) : 367 - 374 .\ngeiling , w . t . , and r . s . campbell . 1972 . the effect of temperature on the development rate of the major life stages of diaptomus pallidus herrick . limnology and oceanography 17 : 304 - 307 .\nglmris . 2012 . appendix c : inventory of available controls for aquatic nuisance species of concern , chicago area waterway system . u . s . army corps of engineers .\nhubschman , j . h . 1983 . diaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 ( crustacea : copepoda ) as an intermediate host for tanaorhamphus longirostris ( van cleave , 1913 ) ( acanthocephala : neoechinorhynchidae ) . journal of parasitology 69 ( 5 ) : 930 - 932 .\nkrieger , k . a . , and d . m . klarer . 1991 . zooplankton dynamics in a great lakes coastal marsh . journal of great lakes research 17 : 255 - 269 .\nlesko , l . t . , p . l . hudson , and m . a . chriscinske . 2003 . calanoid copepods of the laurentian great lakes . ann arbor , mi , online at urltoken\nmclaughlin , p . l . , and 39 others . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada\u2014crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 , bethesda , maryland , american fisheries society , 545 p .\nmarcogliese , d . j . , and g . w . esch . 1992 . alterations of vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton in relation to temperature . american midland naturalist 128 ( 1 ) : 139 - 155 .\nmills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .\npennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the unites states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .\nreid , j . w . , and p . l . hudson . 2008 . comment on \u201crate of species introductions in the great lakes via ship\u2019s ballast water and sediments . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 65 ( 3 ) : 549 - 553 .\ntorke , b . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia 453 - 454 : 351 - 365 .\nwilliamson , c . e . , and n . m . butler . 1986 . predation on rotifers by the suspension - feeding calanoid copepod diaptomus pallidus . limnology and oceanography 31 : 393 - 402 .\nwilliamson , c . e . , and h . a . vanderploeg . 1988 . predatory suspension - feeding in diaptomus : prey defenses and the avoidance of cannibalism . bulletin of marine science 43 ( 3 ) : 561 - 572 .\nwonham , m . j . , s . a . bailey , h . j . macisaac , and m . a . lewis . 2005 . modelling the invasion risk of diapausing organisms transported in ballast sediments . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2386 - 2398 .\nkipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\n( of leptodiaptomus pallidus ( light , 1938 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus reighardi marsh , 1895 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ns _ pygmaeus _ 5th _ leg . mov - virtual focus of the 5th leg ( 1 . 71 mb )\ntorke , b . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia . 453 - 454 : 351 - 365 .\nchow - fraser , p . and e . j . maly . 1988 . aspects of mating reproduction and co - occurrence in three freshwater calanoid copepods . freshwater biol . 19 : 95 - 108 .\nhavens , k . e . , n . d . yan , and w . keller . 1993 . lake acidification : effects on crustacean zooplanktonic populations . environ . sci . and technology . 27 : 1621 - 1624 .\nhairston , n . g . and r . a . vanbrunt . 1994 . diapause dynamics of two diaptomid copepod species in a large lake . hydrobiologia . 292 - 293 : 209 - 218 .\nbundy , m . h . and h . a . vanderploeg . 2002 . detection and capture of inert particles by calanoid copepods : the role of the feeding current . j . of plankton research . 24 : 215 - 223 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 598, "summary": [{"text": "goniobranchus splendidus is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the specific epithet splendida means splendid in reference to the colouring , because this nudibranch has large red spots on a white background , a yellow line at the mantle edge , and magenta rhinophores . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "goniobranchus splendidus", "paragraphs": ["goniobranchus splendidus , photographed by professor steve smith off nelson bay nsw in 2016 .\ngoniobranchus splendidus nudibranch ' s red spots vary across populations , but the yellow rim is present in all individuals .\nwilson , ng , winters , ae & cheney , kl ( 2016 ) . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 8 : 16\nwilson ng , winters ae , cheney kl . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity . 2016 ; 8 ( 3 ) : 16 .\nwilson , n . g . ; winters , a . e . ; cheney , k . l . tropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) . diversity 2016 , 8 , 16 .\nwilson , nerida g . ; winters , anne e . ; cheney , karen l . 2016 .\ntropical range extension for the temperate , endemic south - eastern australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus ( angas , 1864 ) .\ndiversity 8 , no . 3 : 16 .\nepoxygoniolide - 1 ( 1 ) , possessing spiroepoxide lactone , enal , and masked dialdehyde functionalities , has been characterized from the conspicuously patterned mollusc goniobranchus splendidus . its relative configuration was investigated by spectroscopic analyses , molecular modeling , and density functional theory calculations . the biosynthesis of 1 may involve rearrangement of a diterpene . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis study reports the isolation and characterisation of six new metabolites with ' gracilin ' - type carbon skeletons and of aplytandiene - 3 from the australian nudibranch goniobranchus splendidus . the structure of gracilin g is revised , and the c - 6 configuration deduced by comparison of calculated 3jc / h values with values measured using the exside pulse sequence . a lactone isolated from . . . [ show full abstract ]\nusing the gonibranchus splendidus in their study , they observed that the nudibranch displays a consistent yellow brim around a white body with red spots . it is found in the southern great barrier reef to new south wales . the colour and pattern of the red spots vary significantly across populations , but the yellow rim is the common factor .\nthree new norditerpenes ( 1 , 6 , and 7 ) and four diterpenes ( 2 - 5 ) with extensively rearranged carbon skeletons have been characterized from australian nudibranchs . the relative configuration of the cyclopropyl - containing verrielactone ( 1 ) from goniobranchus verrieri was suggested by spectroscopic analysis at 500 mhz informed by a combination of molecular modeling and dft calculations . the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nt . 12 = ser . 3 : t . 4 ( 1864 ) - journal de conchyliologie . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken\neditor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na . \u2018phylogenetic scenario\u2019 for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s \u2018 chromodoris group\u2019 in red , \u2018 hypselodoris group\u2019 in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .\nnew collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .\nthe goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .\nmost of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70\u201375 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .\nthe cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 \u00b5l reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5\u20132 \u00b5l of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 reaction buffer , . 5 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 \u00b5l\u20130 . 75 \u00b5l of big dye and water to 10 \u00b5l . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler\u2122 thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 \u00b5l of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94\u00b0c in 13\u201315 \u00b5l of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .\nwe assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .\nwe tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .\nsequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .\nthe sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi ( jq727822\u2013jq727914 ) , 16s ( jq727689\u2013jq727821 ) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2 [ 78 ] were coi 1 st : gtr + g , coi 2nd : trn + i + g , coi 3 rd : gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .\nthe figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .\ncoi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .\nthis data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .\nthe two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .\ncadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]\nthe only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schr\u00f6dl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .\nverconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the \u2018noumea sensu stricto\u2019 and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .\ntype species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )\nthe glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the \u2018 glossodoris pallida subgroup\u2019 . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .\nlissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )\ncasella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )\nspecies included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthis name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .\nchromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nchromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )\nthese exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species \u2018felimida\u2019 . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .\nthe ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]\nthis clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .\ntype species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .\nthe diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthe miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthis clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .\nthe miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .\nthe ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthe felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and vald\u00e9s [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .\nthis clade includes the type species of mexichromis , m . antonii , known only from the eastern pacific and the three included species of durvilledoris , d . lemniscata , d . pusilla and d . similaris , the two described species of pectenodoris , p . aurora and p . trilineata and all of the indo - pacific species currently considered mexichromis , m . festiva , m . macropus , m . mariei and m . mutituberculata ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there are two well - supported clades within the mexichromis clade . the clade including mexichromis antonii and the species of durvilledoris is sister to the clade including pectenodoris and indo - pacific mexichromis . these clades could be given two names , but it is much less disruptive and confusing to maintain the name mexichromis for all clade members . the clade including p . aurora and p . trilineata can be called the \u2018 pectenodoris \u2019 clade of mexichromis .\nthe thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .\nthis clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .\nspecies of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .\nin future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .\nin summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .\nthe most speciose chromodorid genera : chromodoris , glossodoris and hypselodoris were originally created to describe indo - pacific species . it wasn ' t until some time after these names were created that previously described , similar , brightly colored cryptobranch dorid species found in the eastern pacific , western atlantic and mediterranean were added to these genera [ 1 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 102 ] , [ 103 ] . in mexichromis the opposite is true . the type species , mexichromis antonii , was described from the eastern pacific and indo - pacific species were included later included in this genus [ 26 ] , [ 95 ] . other eastern pacific \u201c mexichromis \u201d are shown here to belong to felimare .\nthis new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u201cpublic library of science\u201d .\ntable of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .\nnew classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .\nbayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .\nbayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .\nconceived and designed the experiments : rfj tmg . performed the experiments : rfj . analyzed the data : rfj . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : tmg . wrote the paper : rfj . conceptualized and wrote the new classification : tmg rfj .\nedmunds m ( 1981 ) opishtobranchiate mollusca from ghana : chromodorididae . zoological journal of the linnean society 71 : 175\u2013201 .\nspecies ( gastropoda : nudibranchia ) ultrastructure and chemical analysis of mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) . marine biology 106 : 245\u2013250 .\n( opisthobranchia , chromodorididae ) . journal of molluscan studies 72 ( 2 ) : 214\u2013216 .\nrudman wb , berquist pr ( 2007 ) a review of feeding specificity in the sponge - 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( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1\u20132 ) : 1\u2013397 .\ninternational society for phylogenetic nomenclature ( 2010 ) the phylocode . version 4c . available :\ndayrat b , gosliner tm ( 2005 ) species names and metaphyly : a case study in discodorididae ( mollusca , gastropoda , euthyneura , nudibranchia , doridina ) . zoologica scripta 34 ( 2 ) : 199\u2013224 .\ngray je ( 1857 ) guide to the systematic distribution of mollusca in the british musuem . part 1 . london taylor and francis .\nthiele j ( 1931 ) hanbuch der systematischen weichtierkinde : 431 . jena : fischer .\nrisbec j ( 1928 ) contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des nudibranchs n\u00e9o cal\u00e9doniens . faune des colonies francaises 2 : 328 .\nodhner nhj ( 1934 ) the nudibranchiata . british antarctic ( \u201cterra nova\u201d ) expedition , 1910 . british museum of natural history report zoology 7 ( 5 ) : 229\u2013310 , pls . 1\u20133 p 251 .\nbertsch h ( 1977 ) the chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the pacific coast of america - part i . investigative methods and supra - specific taxonomy . veliger 20 : 107\u2013118 .\nbergh lsr ( 1898 ) die opisthobranchiata der sammlung plate . fauna chilensis . zoologische jahrbucher suppl . 4 : 481\u2013582 .\nortea ja ( 1988 ) molluscos opisthobranquios del archipelago de cabo verde : chromodorididae . publica\u00e7\u00f5es ocasionais da sociedade portuguesa de malacologia 11 : 1\u201316 .\nbergh , 1898 ( opisthobranchia : chromodorididae ) from patagonia , argentina . journal of molluscan studies 62 ( 3 ) : 265\u2013273 .\nbergh , 1898 ( doridoidea : chromodorididae ) . journal of natural history 35 : 1143\u20131171 .\nbaba k ( 1937 ) opisthobranchia of japan 2 . journal of the department of agriculture kyushu imperial university 5 ( 7 ) : 289\u2013344 .\npruvot - fol a ( 1931 ) notes de systematique sur le opisthobranches . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 ) : 309\u2013310 .\nbasedow h , hedley c ( 1905 ) south australian nudibranchs and an enumeration of the known australian species . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of south australia 29 : 134\u2013160 .\nehrenberg cg ( 1831 ) symbolae physicae seu incones et descriptions animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per agricam borealem et asiam occidentalem . decas 1 mollusca .\n, h . a . adams ) . zoological journal of linnean society 86 : 101\u2013184 .\npease wh ( 1866 ) remarks on nudibranchiata inhabiting the pacific islands , with descriptions of two new genera . american journal of conchology 2 ( 3 ) : 204\u2013208 .\ncheeseman tf ( 1881 ) on some new species of nudibranchiate mollusca . transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 13 : 222\u2013224 .\nd ' orbigny a ( 1839 ) mollusques , echinoderms , foraminiferes et polypiers , recueillis aux iles canaries par mm . webb et berthelot et decrits par alcide d ' obrigny . mollusques - 1 2 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013117 , pls 1\u201376 .\nherrmannsen an ( 1847 ) indicus generum malacozoorum primordial . vol . 1 . cassellis .\nadams h , adams a ( 1858 ) the genera of the recent mollusca , vol . 2 . london : van voorst .\nmarcus ev , marcus er ( 1967 ) american opisthobranch mollusks . studies in tropical oceanography 6 : 1\u2013256 , pl . 1 .\nmarcus e ( 1971 ) on some euthyneuran gastropods from the indian and pacific oceans . proceedings of the malacological society , london 39 : 355\u2013369 .\nalder j , hancock a ( 1855 ) monograph of the british nudibranciate mollusca . appendix . london . ray society .\nquoy jr , gaimard jp ( 1832 ) voyage de decouvertes de l ' astrolabe pendant les annees 1826\u20131829 sous le commendement de m . j . dumont d ' urville zoologie 2 : 1\u2013686 .\nbergh lsr ( 1891 ) die cryptobranchiaten dorididen . zoologische jahrbucher 6 : 103\u2013144 .\nbergh lsr ( 1874 ) neue nacktschnecken der s\u00fcdsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 2 . journal des museum godeffroy 2 ( 6 ) : 91\u2013116 , pls . 1\u20134 .\nbergh lsr ( 1875 ) neue nacktschnecken der s\u00fcdsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 3 . journal des museum godeffroy 3 ( 8 ) : 53\u2013100 ( 185\u2013232 ) , pls . 7\u201311 .\nbergh , 1875 ( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) in light of phylogenetic analysis . journal of molluscan studies 65 : 33\u201345 .\nadams a , reeve l ( 1850 ) mollusca , part 3 . the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang during the years 1843\u201346 . reeve , benham & reeve : london .\n( opisthobranchia : nudibranchia ) from tropical west america . the veliger 19 : 156\u2013158 .\nbergh lsr ( 1878 ) malacologische untersuchungen 13 . in : semper c , editor . reisen im archipel philippinen . pp . 495\u2013546 . wissenschaftliche resultate . vol . 2 , no . 2 .\nburn r ( 1961 ) a new doridid nudibranch from torquay , victoria . the veliger 4 : 55\u201356 , pl . 15 .\nstimpson w ( 1855 ) descriptions of some new marine invertebrates . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , 7 ( 10 ) : 385\u2013395 .\ngosliner tm , ghiselin mt ( 1984 ) parallel evolution in opishthobranch gastropods and its implications for phylogenetic methodology . systematic zoology 33 : 255\u2013274 .\n( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger 37 ( 2 ) : 155\u2013191 .\nortea j , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 , garcia - gomez jc ( 1996 ) review of the atlantic species of the family chromodorididae ( mollusca : nudibanchia ) of the blue chromatic group . avicennia supplement .\nmacfarland fm ( 1966 ) studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america memoirs of the california . academy of sciences 6 : 1\u2013546 .\nkirkendale la , meyer cp ( 2004 ) phylogeography of the patelloida profunda group ( gastropoda : lottidae ) : diversification in a dispersal - driven marine system . molecular ecology 13 : 2749\u20132762 .\nlatiolais jm , taylor ms , roy k , hellberg me ( 2006 ) a molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 : 436\u2013444 .\nfrey ma , vermeij gj ( 2008 ) molecular phylogenies and historical biogeography of a circumtropical group of gastropods ( genus : nerita ) : implications for regional diversity patterns on the marine tropics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48 : 1067\u20131086 .\nreid dg , dyal p , lozouet p , glaubrecht m , williams st ( 2008 ) mudwhelks and mangroves : the evolutionary history of an ecological association ( gastropoda : potamididae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 : 680\u2013699 .\nmalaquias mae , reid dg ( 2009 ) tethyan vicariance , relictualism and speciation : evidence from a global molecular phylogeny of the opisthobranch genus bulla . journal of biogeography 36 : 1760\u20131777 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , 3m , march 1982 . lower : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , december 1982 , on food sponge . photos : bill rudman .\nthere are many red and orange - spotted species of chromodorid in new south wales and southeastern australia . i have discussed this example of mimicry on a separate page .\nreferences : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1983a ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 78 : 105 - 173 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , ( t . e . thompson memorial issue ) : 5 - 21 .\nit usually takes about 3 months before the first slugs show up and they are always austraeolis ornata and jorunna sp 1 . plocamopherus imperialis then arrives on the main sea wall and dendrodoris denisoni and dendrodoris fumata show up further upstream . sometimes aplysia spp also arrive . it is always after these species establish that chromodorids appear about half a kilometre up river and always on the same rock wall . chromodoris geometrica , chromodoris daphne , chromodoris cf reticulata and hypselodoris obscura all appear about the same time and what is curious is that they are often large animals with almost no juveniles seen , and i have always had a thorough search before hand .\nif no slugs survive after a flood ( chromodorids definitely dont ) how do these species re - establish . the odd animal may come in on weed but the regularity of their arrival seems to indicate that they must have at least a short planktonic stage and can only establish once their food source is present . i have no qualification to make any assumption but i believe that my observation is correct so i would appreciate your opinion\nwe basically need to know a lot more about the lifecycles of the nudibranchs and of the food organisms - algae , sponges , hydroids , bryozoans etc - before we can say much more about how nudibranchs re - establish themselves at certain places after catastrophes . it is a very interesting - if very complicated topic .\ndear bill , in answer to your question :\ni wondered if two sponge species were interwoven , but i suspect the bluish regions are paler parts of the chelonaplysilla - perhaps where the slug has been feeding . i would be interested in your comments . do you perhaps have a photo showing the join between blue and darker regions more clearly ?\nwe have another photo of each nudibranch and sponge in the previous message . the two we sent in showed the mouth everted and indicated feeding better than the ones we didn ' t send . here are the two other photos . we think what you are seeing is not two sponges but the hills and hollows of the sponge making shadows and light . we will keep looking for chromodoris daphne feeding and see if we can come up with some photos that clear up the puzzle .\nlocality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy silty bottom with sponges , ascidians , gorgonias , soft corals , hydroids and seaweed . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .\ni think these extra photos have cleared up the puzzle quite well . some sponges change colour in different parts of the same colony - certainly parts that are shaded are often much paler or almost colourlesss . it seems as though chelonaplysilla violacea can range in colour from deep violet to dull blue to a reddish colour and also to a pale straw colour . one of the distinguishing features of chelonaplysilla is its incorporation of small sand grains into its tissue which can usually be seen in c . violacea , in the granular appearance of the honeycomb - like surface of the colony . interestingly your lower photo shows part of the honeycomb layer [ c ] being hidden by a smooth layer with raised conical papillae more typical of the related genera darwinella . if i had seen the smooth section only i wouldn ' t have thought of it as chelonaplysilla .\nas i have often said , sponges are notoriously difficult to identify externally , and one of the reasons for this is that we don ' t have a good idea of the variability of living colonies . although this is not a ' sponge forum ' our growing collection of ' nudibranch food ' photos is increasing our knowledge in both fields of biology .\nhi bill and everyone ! so chromodoris daphne is the hot topic . . . i won ' t go into feeding but will go into egg masses and mating . this species is fairly common here and is typically a botton dweller . in all the dive we have seen it , it has been crawling along the silty sandy bottom . it has been found intertidally and at the mooloolaba rock wall / ledges , which is a shore dive and old woman island and the local reefs . i collected a couple to see if they would lay eggs and walla . . . two animals laid egg masses together at the same time and then went right back to mating ! i could not believe my eyes .\nlocality : mooloolaba , sunshine coast , intertidal down to 20 m , sthn queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 20 january 2009 . length : 15 - 25 mm . photographer : gary cobb .\nhi bill , we found these chromodoris daphne feeding on a black sponge on two recent dives , one at fly point and the other at the pipeline . these dive sites are at opposite ends of nelson bay beach . there is some discussion on where to find these nudibranchs in an earlier message by dez paros . we usually find these nudibranchs in less than 12 metres in the zone where there is a mixture of seaweed and sponges .\nlocality : the pipeline , nelson bay , port stephens and fly point , port stephens - great lakes marine park , port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 09 january 2009 & 10 january 2009 , sandy bottom sponges , bryozoans , soft corals , hydroids and ascidians . length : 30 mm . photographer : leanne and david atkinson .\nto accompany leanne & david atkinson ' s message [ # 18549 ] , here is another record of chromodoris daphne feeding .\nlocality : shiprock , port hacking , sydney , new south wales , australia . 7 m . 20 december 1982 , many specimens , 20 - 35 mm long on food sponge . coll : g . avern . am c137068 . photos : bill rudman .\nmany specimens were found , all on a large empty beer bottle which was completely covered in a colony of the purple darwinellid sponge chelonaplysilla violacea .\nhi bill , we came across this chromodoris daphne we think was feeding and thought it might be of interest .\nlocality : little beach , fly point marine reserve port stephens , 8 metres , nsw australia , pacific , 12th november 2006 , sandy bottom scattered sponges , kelp , ascidians soft corals and gorgonias . length : 40 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson .\nthe upper shot shows the sponge , the damage where feeding has occurred and a mucus trail to the chromodoris daphne . the lower shot quite clearly shows the mouth everted . water temperature was 19 degrees celcius . there didn ' t seem to be any other messages or information about its food on the site . regards , leanne & david atkinson\ndear leanne & david , this is a very valuable addition to our knowledge . i have added a couple of closeups to show the damage and sponge structure in more detail . the sponge is a darwinellid , and i suspect a species of chelonaplysilla but will need to check with prof . bergquist . your mention about no feeding information on the site for this species surprised me as i thought i had photos of it on a discarded beer bottle which was covered in the purple sponge chelonaplysilla violacea . on checking i have only a very cursory reference on the fact sheet so i have prepared a fuller message to accompany your record .\nit ' s very good to have some confirmatory observations - and interesting from the sponge point of view as well because we still have a lot to learn about how many species of chelonaplysilla there are .\ndear bill , we were thrilled to find this chromodoris daphne laying eggs on our last dive . sadly we were still learning to use our newly housed digital camera and badly overexposed the shots showing the eggs coming out . it was definitely laying these eggs and not just crawling over them . locality : fly point marine reserve port stephens , 5 metres , new south wales , australia , pacific ocean , 18 . 03 . 2006 , sandy bottom seaweed with scattered sponges and kelp . length : 25 mm . photographer : leanne & david atkinson ."]}
{"id": 601, "summary": [{"text": "charopa is a genus of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family charopidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "charopa is the type genus of the family charopidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "charopa", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - charopa e . von martens , 1860\nkarin mahlfeld added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncharopa coma ( gray 1843 )\n.\nsignificant find : the ' charopa lafargei ' was found in the northernmost part of gunung kanthan in ipoh .\nspecies charopa novoguineensis l . so\u00f3s , 1911 accepted as pilsbrycharopa kobelti ( boettger , 1908 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies charopa descendens i . rensch , 1937 accepted as sinployea descendens ( i . rensch , 1937 ) ( original combination )\nspecies charopa novopommerana i . rensch , 1937 accepted as sinployea novopommerana ( i . rensch , 1937 ) ( original combination )\nspecies endodonta ( charopa ) vortex r . murdoch , 1897 accepted as geminoropa vortex ( r . murdoch , 1897 ) ( original combination )\nspecies charopa nigrofusca e . a . smith , 1896 accepted as pilsbrycharopa nigrofusca ( e . a . smith , 1896 ) ( original combination )\nspecies charopa rotumana e . a . smith , 1897 accepted as sinployea rotumana ( e . a . smith , 1897 ) ( original combination )\n\u201cwe named this species charopa lafargei after lafarge , whose declared goals for biodiversity include minimising and avoiding damage to important habitats , \u201d the report said .\nfound by two malaysians in 2011 , charopa lafargei is only 1 . 4mm tall and takes its name after lafarge , which is currently mining the limestone hill gunung kanthan .\nheliosia charopa turner , 1904 ( arctiidae : lithosiinae ) , female - qld , townsville , 11 . oct . 1901 , f . p . dodd leg . ( anic ) .\narina charopa ( blr ) ' 15 corbeil tournament all around / tournoi de corbeil concours g\u00e9n\u00e9ral 15 . 533 ( diff : 7 . 6 / ex : 7 . 933 ) rank : 9th\n\u201cthese adapted species often occur confined to a single hill or a small group of hills , and are found nowhere else in the world . charopa lafargei may be such a species , \u201d he said .\nvermeulen , j . j . and marzuki , m . e . 2014 . ' charopa ' lafargei ( gastropoda , pulmonata , charopidae ) , a new , presumed narrowly endemic species from peninsular malaysia . basteria 78 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 34 .\n\u2018charopa\u2019 lafargei spec . nov . is described . it is apparently restricted to the isolated limestone hill gunung kanthan in peninsular malaysia . the hill is scheduled for quarrying by the lafarge malaysia cement company , which has a high likelihood of resulting in the extinction of the species .\n( of patula ( charopa ) e . von martens , 1860 ) gottschick , f . ( 1911 ) . aus dem terti\u00e4rbecken von steinheim a . a . jahreshefte des vereins f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische naturkunde in w\u00fcrttemberg . 67 , 496 - 534 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 501 [ details ]\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of simplicaria mousson , 1890 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\na leg injury ruled her out of the 2016 world cup event in minsk , belarus . ( beatricevivaldi . com , 20 may 2016 ) she injured her leg in january 2015 . ( passion , beauty and grace are rhythmic gymnastics facebook page , 19 jan 2015 )\nwinning a silver medal in the team event at the 2014 world championships in izmir , turkey . ( ctv . by , 10 aug 2014 ; sportpanorama . by , 28 sep 2014 )\nnorth , south , chatham and stewart islands ( with distributional gap from southern westland across to mid - canterbury , most of otago and southland and western fiordland ) .\nlitter dweller in a wide range of habitats including drier , open and more modified habitats .\ndistribution north , south , chatham and stewart islands ( with distributional gap from . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n3 . 5 miles sw of sungei siput , 4\u00b046\u201953 . 58\u201dn , 101\u00b07\u201915 . 99\u201de ( leg . m . e .\nery on the last whorl . radial ribs predominant , c . 30 on the\nof whorls up to 4 1 / 2 , height aperture c . 0 . 5 mm ; width aper -\nlist of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > .\n, 2014 . lafarge biodiversity strategy : 1 - 10 . lafarge , paris .\niucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .\ninventorise the rich mollusc faunas of varied depositional environments of nw borneo , covering miocene to recent environments ranging from estuarine to mid shelf .\nnotes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 5 . the genus diplommatina ( gastropoda proso . . .\nnotes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 8 . the genus arinia ; additions to the gener . . .\nnotes on the non - marine molluscs of the island of borneo 6 . the genus opisthostoma ( gastropoda proso . . .\na new land snail , arinia ( notharinia ) micro ( caenogastropoda : cyclophoroidea : diplommatinidae ) , from . . .\na new snail species of the family diplommatinidae is described from perak , western peninsular malaysia . arinia ( notharinia ) micro , new species , differs from known congeners by its remarkably smaller shell . it is among the smallest land snails in the world with a mean shell height of 0 . 85 mm and mean shell width of 0 . 35 mm . the shell has tight radial ribbed whorls ( except for the smooth . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 302 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\napparently this species is restricted to the isolated limestone hill gunung kanthan in peninsular malaysia . the hill lies close to the limestone quarry 3 . 5 miles southwest of sungei siput ( 4\u00b046\u201953 . 58\u201dn , 101\u00b07\u201915 . 99\u201d ) .\nthere are no data on population trends , as the species was recently described .\nfound on leaf litter at the base of a limestone cliff at the northern extremity of the hill .\nthe primary limestone forest in this area was previously in proximity to a nearby hindu temple , providing some influence on forest management but the cement company lafarge malaysia is currently in negotiation with the various temples around the hill to use the habitats for quarrying hence the continued presence of the forests and adjacent temples is not guaranteed , as when quarrying starts , the forests will be logged , and hence the habitats will be lost , and the adjacent regions will suffer from dust pollution . the forest habitat is also being possibly being degraded by the presence adventitious oil palm seedlings from the adjacent plantations which may continue to impact the original forest habitat .\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place for the mollusc . the changes in land management may adversely affect the habitats of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nipoh : a new species of snail has been discovered in perak and named after the cement company quarrying the hill it was found on .\npublished in a scientific journal by the netherlands malacological society on aug 17 , the report said the snail was found on the hill\u2019s northern region .\n\u201con a species level , it is uniquely identified among west malaysian charopidae by its conical shell and high , lamella - shaped radial ribs , \u201d the report , co - authored by dutch taxonomist jaap van vermuelen and malaysian mohammad effendi marzuki , said .\nit added that the snail was found on leaf litter at the base of a limestone cliff and termed as \u201cpresumed narrowly endemic\u201d , meaning that it was found only in a small area and that more surveys needed to be done to be sure .\nspeaking to the star via e - mail , vermuelen said the snail was discovered by mohammad and liew thor seng , a biologist currently based at universiti malaysia sabah .\ndescription : shell minute , spire flat or slightly sunken . protoconch smooth , about 1\u00bc whorls , first \u00bd whorl sloping downwards . teleoconch of about 3\u00bd rounded whorls , smooth apart from fine , dense axial growth ridges . aperture nearly circular , outer lip simple , thin . umbilicus widely open . shell transparent becoming opaque white with age .\ndistribution : endemic to australia : port stephens , nsw , southwards and around southern australia , to shark bay , wa , including tasmania .\nhabitat : specimens are from intertidal and shallow subtidal rock and algal washings , and from beach washup . common .\nremarks : the anatomy of this species was described in detail by ponder ( 1990 ) .\nfigs . 1\u20133 : st helens point , tasmania ( c . 213600 ) . the dried animal is inside the shell , and the operculum is visible in the aperture .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro ."]}
{"id": 602, "summary": [{"text": "shahtoush ( foaled 29 april 1995 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the epsom oaks in 1998 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from august 1997 to september 1998 the filly ran eleven times and won three races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "shahtoush won only one minor race as a two-year-old , but showed top-class form when she finished third in the group one moyglare stud stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1998 she finished second in the 1000 guineas at newmarket racecourse and then returned to england to win the classic oaks over one and a half miles at epsom .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was beaten in her two remaining races , finishing unplaced in the yorkshire oaks and the irish champion stakes . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "shahtoush", "paragraphs": ["the record book will show , primarily , that shahtoush won the oaks here yesterday . in fact , it was michael kinane .\nshahtoush will now go for the irish oaks , which is also the target for bahr . dettori has five weeks to plot his revenge .\nshould make no mistake not run , michael kinane would be free , possibly to ride aidan o ' brien ' s oaks winner shahtoush .\nshahtoush won a little snugly at the finish and she and bahr finished six lengths ahead of midnight line which also did not appear to get the trip .\nthe filly will be trying to give the maestro aidan o ' brien his third win in the race following shahtoush in 1998 and imagine three years ago .\nsecond in the english 1000 guineas at newmarket to cape verdi she runs in today ' s derby but well in arrears in the irish version , shahtoush came through to duel with frankie dettori and bahr .\ncapt keen at epsom aidan o ' brien ' s epsom weekend got off to the perfect start when the trainer ' s shahtoush stormed home the 12 / 1 winner of the english oaks under michael kinane .\nbetting : ( paddy power ) - 6 / 4 swain , 100 / 30 one so wonderful , 9 / 2 xaar , 11 / 2 shahtoush , 8 / 1 alborada , 12 / 1 tarascon , 16 / 1 sasuru , 20 / 1 happy valentine , 25 / 1 bar . ( liam cashman ) - 5 / 2 swain , 4 / 1 one so wonderful and xaar , 8 / 1 alborada , 12 / 1 shahtoush and mutamam , 16 / 1 make no mistake , 20 / 1 sasuru , 25 / 1 bar .\nas a pointer to the derby , the oaks had fingers pointing everywhere . the ballydoyle camp can hardly be downcast , but there was as much succour for godolphin . bahr ' s owners today saddle up cape verdi , who is considered much the superior . in addition , the 1 , 000 guineas winner had shahtoush five lengths back at newmarket so the form looks solid .\nsmart at two ( won the lowther stakes and finished fourth in the cheveley park stakes ) , she made a spectacular return to action when storming five lengths clear of shahtoush on that first sunday in may 1998 . she finished ninth in the epsom derby next time and wasn\u2019t seen again until the following summer , running some way below her best and bowing out with a lamentably poor run in the nassau stakes .\njohn magnier has been friends since their days at glenstal abbey school with one - time goff\u2019s auctioneer david nagle , whose wife diane , daughter of former trainer paddy sleator , co - owned and bred the vodafone oaks winners shahtoush ( 1998 ) and imagine ( 2001 ) . the nagles own barronstown stud at grange con in co wicklow , and they also bred - in partnership with magnier - the 1991 derby hero generous . sue magnier and michael tabor\u2019s previous sagitta 2000 guineas wins : 1997 entrepreneur , 1998 king of kings\nthose victories opened the floodgates to a string of other successes sporting either tabor ' s blue and orange silks or the plain dark blue colours of magnier ' s wife sue . epsom derby heroes galileo and high chaparral , champions and classic winners such as giant ' s causeway , montjeu , rock of gibraltar , hurricane run , stravinsky , fasliyev , hawk wing , johannesburg , milan , brian boru and footstepsinthesand mean that coolmore is once again producing its own stallions , while talented fillies such as imagine , shahtoush and virginia waters have enhanced an already blue - blooded broodmare band .\ninvestec derby ( 2001 galileo , 2002 high chaparral , 2012 camelot , 2013 ruler of the world & 2014 australia ) , investec oaks ( 1998 shahtoush , 2001 imagine , 2006 alexandrova , 2012 was , 2015 qualify , 2016 minding ) , qipco 1000 guineas ( 2005 virginia waters , 2012 homecoming queen , 2016 minding , 2017 winter ) , qipco 2000 guineas ( 1998 king of kings , 2002 rock of gibraltar , 2005 footstepsinthesand , 2006 george washington , 2008 henrythenavigator , 2012 camelot , 2015 gleneagles , 2017 churchill ) , st leger ( 2001 milan , 2003 brian boru , 2005 scorpion , 2013 leading light ) .\ninvestec derby ( 2001 galileo , 2002 high chaparral , 2012 camelot , 2013 ruler of the world , 2014 australia , 2017 wings of eagles ) , investec oaks ( 1998 shahtoush , 2001 imagine , 2006 alexandrova , 2012 was , 2015 qualify , 2016 minding ) , qipco 1000 guineas ( 2005 virginia waters , 2012 homecoming queen , 2016 minding , 2017 winter ) , qipco 2000 guineas ( 1998 king of kings , 2002 rock of gibraltar , 2005 footstepsinthesand , 2006 george washington , 2008 henrythenavigator , 2012 camelot , 2015 gleneagles , 2017 churchill ) , st leger ( 2001 milan , 2003 brian boru , 2005 scorpion , 2013 leading light ) .\ncape verdi returned from dubai in may 1998 and was sent straight to the 1000 guineas without a prep race . cape verdi was made 100 / 30 joint favourite and produced the best performance of her career . ridden for the first time by frankie dettori , she moved up to take the lead a furlong out before\nsurging\nclear and winning by a growing margin of five lengths from the irish - trained shahtoush . [ 9 ] the independent described the performance as an\narrogant dismissal\nof the opposition while dettori was enthusiastic :\ni ' ve never known a horse like her and she ' s amazing for a filly\n. [ 10 ] bookmakers responded by offering her at 2 / 1 for the oaks but within days were reporting significant support for the filly in the betting for the derby . [ 11 ]\ninvestec oaks record : 1998 - 1 shahtoush , 1999 - 6 sunspangled , 1999 - 8 crystal downs , 2001 - 1 imagine , 2002 - 2 quarter moon , 2002 - 4 starbourne , 2002 - 11 kournakova , 2002 - 12 maryinsky , 2003 - 2 yesterday , 2003 - pu l ' ancresse , 2004 - 2 all too beautiful , 2004 - 4 necklace , 2004 - 7 kisses for me , 2005 - 4 virginia waters , 2005 - 5 silk and scarlet , 2005 - 9 mona lisa , 2006 - 1 alexandrova , 2007 - 2 peeping fawn , 2007 - 3 all my loving , 2007 - 5 cherry hinton , 2007 - 12 nell gwyn , 2008 - 2 moonstone , 2008 - 8 savethisdanceforme , 2008 - 13 sail , 2008 - 14 tiffany diamond , 2008 - 15 adored , 2008 - 16 ice queen , 2009 - 10 perfect truth , 2010 - 2 remember when , 2010 - 10 awe inspiring , 2010 - 12 cabaret , 2011 - 2 wonder of wonders , 2011 - 5 misty for me , 2011 - 8 eirnin , 2011 - 12 why , 2012 - 1 was , 2012 - 5 maybe , 2012 - 8 betterbetterbetter , 2012 - 10 devotion , 2012 - 11 twirl , 2013 - 4 moth , 2013 - 10 say , 2014 - 6 marvellous , 2014 - 7 palace , 2014 - 14 dazzling , 2015 - 1 qualify , 2015 - 4 diamondsandrubies , 2015 - 7 together forever , 2016 - 1 minding , 2016 - 4 somehow , 2016 - 6 seventh heaven .\nit was an extraordinary performance by horse and jockey with tipperary man kinane sitting oh so patiently at the back on what was remarkably o ' brien ' s first - ever epsom runner .\neven in the straight , kinane seemed super confident that the others would come back to his filly .\nthe classic took a predictable early pattern with trophy wife cutting out the pace for her henry cecil stable companion midnight line which had been backed into favouritism .\nit was the tommy stack trained tarascon which appeared to be the likely winner inside the last two furlongs .\nthe irish guineas heroine could not quicken up and her teenage jockey jamie spence felt that she did not stay the one mile four furlongs .\nkinane smiled : ` ` i think frankie thought he had it won . i ' m sure i gave him a bit of a shock . ' '\nthe ground was riding genuinely good and the quiet - spoken o ' brien ventured : ` ` the ground for the irish guineas was just too firm and the pace did not suit either ' ' .\nthe thoughts of the 28 - year - old trainer who now leads the british trainers championship , owners diane nagle and sue magnier who bank almost \u00a3140 , 000 for this success and the jockey , then turned to last night ' s card at the curragh . but they ' ll all be back here today !\nthe coronation cup promised to be a fascinating contest and certainly lived up to that billing .\nultimately , the john dunlop - trained silver patriarch gave pat eddery his first win in the group one contest over the derby distance .\nin a frantic finish , the 7 / 2 chance swooped late to beat the favourite swain and the gallant irish filly ebadiyla .\nthere are good grounds for suggesting that ebadiyla , trained by john oxx for the aga khan , would have finished second but for being sandwiched by the other two in the last 100 yards .\ncurragh trainer oxx commented : ` ` although i ' m not sure exactly what the stewards inquiry is about , she slightly suffered and because she is a little filly and a bit timid , it may have put her off .\n` ` but it was a terrific run and i ' m delighted with that . she ' s a lot fitter and has sharpened up a lot since her last run at the curragh .\n` ` she has trained on well and , if she gets off ground , it will make a big difference .\n` ` she will run in the king george and queen elizabeth diamond stakes next . it was a wet day last year and we hope it will be soft again although it is asking a lot for it to happen two years running .\n` ` after ascot , it will be the irish st . leger and then the arc . ' '\njamie spence later received a four - day ban for his use of the whip upon tarascon . the 17 - year - old , who had ridden tommy stack ' s filly to victory in the airlie / coolmore 1000 guineas at the curragh a week last sunday , was adjudged to have used his whip above shoulder height on his mount , who finished a non - staying sixth . his suspension will run from june 15 - 18 inclusive .\nmeanwhile , pat eddery rode the st leger winner silver patriarch to win the vodafone coronation cup .\nlord howard de walden , one of racing ' s most distinguished owners , secured his 600th victory over flat and jumps when dower house squeezed home in the vodafone racing handicap .\npat spillane you know the feeling you get when an elderly relative dies . even though their demise is expected , it\u2019s still a shock . well , that\u2019s how i felt in the wake of mayo\u2019s exit from the all - ireland series .\nsteve bruce accepts that jack grealish and other aston villa stars may be sold so . . .\ncarl markham aston villa manager steve bruce is warning fans to prepare for a fire sale as the cash - strapped club look to raise much - needed funds .\n' there have been a tremendous amount of upsets ' - serena williams insists . . .\nandy sims serena williams set a new record but played down title talk as she eased into the last eight at wimbledon .\ncroatia sack coach ognjen vukojevic over ' glory to ukraine ' video ahead of . . .\n' they were f * * * * * g useless back then and they\u2019re still f * * * * * g useless ' - kieran . . .\n' everybody dies , but not everybody lives ' - how ' the great ak ' became a . . .\newan mackenna : infantile , spoiled and indulged - everything wrong with brazil is . . .\nsteve bruce accepts that jack grealish and other aston villa stars may be sold so club . . .\nreferee who has sent off three england players will officiate world cup semi - . . .\neamon dunphy says england are a ' certainty ' to beat croatia and tips raheem . . .\n' he sent videos of my body language ' - rory mcilroy reveals how email from . . .\npaul curran : super 8 structure favours dublin and kerry , and they could dominate for . . .\ncaptain hugo lloris is confident france will be ready for the challenge of . . .\nharry wilson hoping to break into liverpool ' s first team rather than head out on . . .\nan in - depth preview ahead of the france v belgium world cup semi - final in russia on . . .\nwatch :\nfootball ' s coming home !\n- england fans in russia sing ahead of . . .\nwatch fans around the world react to england ' s nail - . . .\nwatch : ' i ' m here to compete . i ' m here to win ' - wayne rooney defends dc united . . .\nif the irish filly and her three - quarter length victim , bahr , ever meet again it would be a bold punter indeed who predicted a similar outcome . the difference between the two yesterday was not their respective abilities . rather it was the level of assistance they received from their confederates in the saddle .\nfrankie dettori must have thought the classic was his as he eased bahr towards the leaders a furlong and a half from home . certainly , his main market rival , midnight line , was beginning to show the fatigue of the beaten . however , the italian was swiftly jumped by the alley mugger form of kinane . dettori fought on from there but the decisive move had been made and checkmate was inevitable . in the end the two fillies were separated by the three - quarters of a length kinane had stolen in his mind .\ni think i snuck up on frankie a little bit and gave him a surprise ,\nkinane said .\ni knew he had the ones in front covered and he was going sweet , so i suddenly shot by him . he may not have expected me to be going so well behind and when i quickened i really let her go .\nit had been a tactical masterclass from kinane throughout . he refused to get involved with a pacemaker , trophy wife , who probably broke the course record for the first five furlongs ; he refused even to get involved in the shuffling behind the leader .\nthe plan was to ride her patiently and she dropped her head immediately coming out of the gate so i left it there ,\nthe irishman said .\ni could see midnight line and some of the others getting into a fight and i was happy not to be involved . it suited me for her to be at the back to start .\nher position at the end did not displease him either .\nthis was yet another major training triumph for aidan o ' brien , who doesn ' t give quotes . he just takes classics . this was his second british gong of the season following king of kings ' 2 , 000 guineas . in between he has also collected the dante stakes with saratoga springs , a hat - trick which makes him the leading trainer in britain this year .\nthe signal to another fancied blue riband horse , greek dance , was hardly dazzling after the coronation cup , however . his newmarket galloping partner nicole pharly not only finished last in the group one contest but also became 20 lengths detached from the penultimate horse .\nit had not looked as though the filly would bring up the rear for much of the contest . that slot appeared safely booked for silver patriarch . and he won .\nthe grey exhibited in the derby last season that he is not an animal who scoots around these tight corners of surrey pleasingly . from the outset yesterday pat eddery was jumping around on his saddle so energetically that it was easy to assume someone had slipped a thistle into his breeches .\nonce silver patriarch hit the straight , however , he built up the sort of momentum that knocks down walls .\ni knew i would be struggling because he ' s a lazy type of horse and this isn ' t the best track in the world for him ,\neddery reported .\nwhen i got within four lengths of them before the dip , i thought i ' d pick them up because we know from last year that he does fly up the hill . he really picked up and went by good horses quick . on a fair track he ' d have beaten them three lengths .\nthe double doors now open for silver patriarch ' s options . as a st leger winner it could have been the slog up to cup distances for him . now he can realistically be primed for the glamour events over 12 furlongs .\nit is really down to a question of optimism and pat ' s opinion that we brought him back to a mile and a half ,\njohn dunlop , the winning trainer , said .\nwe never even entered him for the ascot gold cup and i think we will have to go to ascot now for the king george .\nwe will get an idea this afternoon whom he might be facing .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nnow ornina in spanish , french and italian language for all our visitors everywhere . . . spanish - italian - french\nhow to do something usefull in your life by designer adnan talalini . read more\nour earrings are handmade from a to z , silvir and stones . go to gallery\nthe word shahtoosh is originally divided to shah and toosh . shah means the king . toosh means the touch . it refers to royal touch . this is why this type of wool were given this name . to prove the authenticity of a shahtoosh shawl it should be able to pass through a small ring . ornina ' s shahtoosh are made from the throat fur of the antelopes called chirus . it is all hand - loomed and exsisted in natural colour and other amazing colours too . dry clean is recommended . i think it is a worthy gift you can give to somebody or yourself . feast your eyes on our styles of shahtoosh shawls , brand names framed with arabic writing in caligraphy style .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntrainer aidan o ' brien is close to reaching legendary status in ireland after completing an awesome oaks - derby double at epsom with the victory of galileo .\no ' brien is in charge of the massive ballydoyle training operation , which was once run by the brilliant vincent o ' brien , who is no relation .\nthis was not just a first derby victory for the quietly - spoken 31 - year - old handler , but confirmation of the irish hold on big races across europe .\nlast year , the 7 - 1 chance sinndar claimed the premier classic for ireland with johnny murtagh on board .\nthe beautifully - bred winner sprung to prominence in may with a victory in the derrinstown stud derby trial , at leopardstown .\nhe is the first derby winner to be sired by the champion stallion sadler ' s wells .\ngolan , the 2 , 000 guineas winner , ran a solid race but just could not cope with the pace of o ' brien ' s charge and had to settle for second .\nthe huge betting plunge on the frankie dettori mount tobougg rewarded each - way punters who backed the horse down to 9 / 1 from 16 / 1 . but dettori is still without a winner in the derby .\nfor o ' brien , it was yet another success in a short but highly successful training career - mainly with flat horses .\nit was jockey michael kinane ' s second triumph in the race , having won on board commander in chief eight years ago .\ngalileo is owned jointly by sue magnier , the wife of bloodstock guru john and daughter of vincent o ' brien .\nshe shares ownership with former bookmaker michael tabor , a millionaire who grew up in the east end and is a big supporter of west ham united fc .\nmagnier picked o ' brien for one reason :\nhe trains winners , it ' s as simple as that .\nstables : ballydoyle , co . tipperary ( former base of multiple champion vincent o ' brien - no relation ) & carriganog , owning hill , co . tipperary\nchampion irish jumps trainer : every season with a licence ( ie . 1993 / 4 , 1994 / 5 , 1995 / 6 , 1996 / 7 , 1997 / 8 )\nin eight years , o ' brien has achieved what many dream of in a lifetime .\nyet he takes no credit . he praises the team in his softly - spoken way , that leaves you wondering at his calm .\nhe started to make a big impression in 1997 when winning the irish 1 , 000 guineas for fillies with classic park .\nthe trainer took the colts ' equivalent thanks to desert king , who also won the irish derby .\na year later , he won the sagitta 2 , 000 guineas with king of kings - his first runner in a british classic .\nother great o ' brien charges have included giant ' s causeway , nicknamed the iron horse because of his battling qualities .\nbut perhaps his most remarkable achievement is to have such a flattering record on the flat , while keeping the superstar jumper istabraq as well .\nin ireland , the horse is not just an obsession - he ' s a religion .\nbbc sport online asked the trainer if winning the derby with galileo can compare with istabraq ' s three champion hurdle wins at cheltenham .\nafter training istabraq , pressure is nothing . it ' s a marvellous day , but istabraq is irreplaceable ,\nhe replied .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhorse racing stats \u2013 runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks \u2013 . . .\nwe have profiles of all nine runners and riders for the english biggest filly\u2019s classic the epsom oaks , start time 4 : 30pm . back minding at 8 / 1 to win .\n* worked over the unique epsom downs course during the breakfast with the stars morning on tuesday , may 24 .\n* beaten a neck by seventh heaven on reappearance in listed betfred mobile oaks trial at lingfield park on may 7 .\n* success came with a length and a half victory in a mile maiden on good to soft going at nottingham in october .\n* debut came in a mile maiden at haydock park on september 26 last year when third on soft ground .\nborn : december 5 , 1980 based : kremlin cottage stables , newmarket background : he is the eldest son of lord adrian palmer and grew up in the scottish borders , learning to ride at a very young age . he went to eton . before becoming a trainer , he spent time working for cheveley park stud and john warren at highclere stud . he was assistant to trainer patrick chamings and then spent three seasons as hughie morrison\u2019s assistant . after five years as an assistant in the uk , he enjoyed a successful 15 - month spell in australia with leading trainer gai waterhouse . he returned to the uk , took out a licence in 2011 and has made an increasing impact , sending out 35 british & irish winners who earnt more than \u00a31 million in prize money last year .\n* beaten nine lengths into fifth by so mi dar in group three musidora stakes at york on may 11 .\n* got off the mark at the third attempt in a mile polytrack maiden at lingfield park in february .\n* made her debut in a mile maiden on kempton park\u2019s polytrack on november 30 , finishing fifth of 10 .\n* out of high - class racemare barshiba & a half - sister to last year\u2019s 50 / 1 group one juddmonte international heroine arabian queen .\n* stayed on take third , beaten a length , behind somehow in the listed cheshire oaks on may 4 .\n* made a winning debut in a mile polytrack maiden at kempton park on november 30 .\nother major wins include : breeders\u2019 cup marathon ( 2008 muhannak ) . , middleton stakes ( 2015 secret gesture ) , german 1 , 000 guineas ( 2012 electrelane ) , fred darling stakes ( 2005 penkenna princess , 2010 puff , 2012 moonstone magic , 2015 redstart ) , qipco british champions fillies & mares stakes ( 2015 simple verse )\nborn : september 6 , 1995 background : nephew of former jump jockey jim culloty , who won three cheltenham gold cups on best mate and trained the 2014 winner lord windermere . murphy began riding at the age of four and competed in pony races and show jumping . joined culloty\u2019s cork yard at the age of 13 before teaming up with tommy stack two years later . started riding out for ireland\u2019s champion flat trainer aidan o\u2019brien at 16 and then moved to england to work for andrew balding in october , 2012 . first win came aboard imperial glance at salisbury on june 16 , 2013 . capped 2013 with a memorable four - timer on ayr gold cup day , including in the feature on highland colori . had a three - month spell with leading australian trainer danny o\u2019brien in 2013 / 2014 . was appointed second jockey behind andrea atzeni to qatar racing ltd ahead of 2015 flat season and become first jockey to the organisation when atzeni returned to roger varian .\n* exercised at the course during the breakfast with the stars morning on tuesday , may 24 .\n* beaten four and half lengths into fourth by so mi dar in group three musidora stakes at york on may 11 .\n* runner - up to godolphin\u2019s linguistic on reappearance in the valuable tattersalls millions 3 - y - o trophy at newmarket on april 14 .\n* sole victory came easily in a mile maiden at goodwood on september 1 , 2015 .\nbackground : garry and suzanne brandt had their first runner in 2014 . the couple run the north london - based import business harlequin direct ltd and were tempted to dip their toes into racehorse ownership when meeting owner derrick bloy on holiday . harlequeen was only the second horse owned by the brandts , with their first being the four - time winner harlequin striker , also with mick channon before being switched to dean ivory\u2019s yard this year . garry gave suzanne harlequeen for her birthday and his mother telma went racing for the first time at goodwood last year when harlequeen won .\nfirst winner : gained his first two successes on the same day when golden scissors was successful on the flat at beverley and wessex warrior over hurdles at wincanton on march 30 , 1990 .\nsuccess in uk : after a relatively slow start in his first few years in britain , with the winters spent riding in india , de sousa nearly returned to brazil but the 2010 uk season saw a distinct upturn in his fortunes as he rode 100 winners , for trainers such as david o\u2019meara , geoff harker and mark johnston . in 2011 , he rode primarily for johnston and enjoyed 161 uk victories , challenging for the british jockeys\u2019 title . de sousa\u2019s first british classic ride came on outsider danum dancer in the 2007 2000 guineas , while he won the indian derby on antonios in 2009 . he was appointed as a retained rider to godolphin in february , 2012 but parted ways with maktoum family\u2019s operation in mid - 2014 despite enjoying considerable success . he has ridden as a freelance since then and became champion jockey in britain for the first time in 2015 .\nbig - race wins : dubai world cup ( 2014 african story ) , qipco champion stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , lockinge stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , dubai duty free stakes ( 2013 sajjhaa ) , premio roma ( 2012 hunter\u2019s light ) , juddmonte international ( 2015 arabian queen ) . accolades : stobart champion flat jockey 2015\n* bidding to become the first filly since kazzia in 2002 to complete the 1000 guineas - investec oaks double .\n* crowned european champion two - year - old filly last season following victories in the g1 moyglare stud stakes at the curragh & g1 dubai fillies\u2019 mile at newmarket .\n* comes in on the back of defeat having gone down by a head to jet setting in the irish 1 , 000 guineas at the curragh on may 22 , the pair clear . minding banged her head leaving the stalls . a cut and bruising were minor and have healed .\n* made her debut on june 11 , 2015 in a leopardstown seven - furlong maiden and finished second . she got off the mark next time out a similar race over six furlongs at the same course on june 25 .\n* dam was top - class over a mile and galileo won the investec derby in 2001 .\n* unbeaten in two starts this season and last time out got the better of architecture by a neck in the listed oaks trial at lingfield park on may 7 .\n* odds - on favourite when making a winning return in a mile polytrack maiden at dundalk on april 18 .\n* had the first of two starts as a juvenile at leopardstown when seventh of 13 in a seven - furlong maiden on september 12 , 2015 . two weeks later , she finished fourth in another seven furlong at newmarket .\nborn : buttevant , co cork , ireland , november 13 , 1980 . background : joined aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s ballydoyle stable as a teenager and gained his first british classic success on 50 / 1 chance qualify in the 2015 investec oaks . has ridden across the world with major success in ireland , france , the uae , the usa , canada and india . first winner : my - lorraine , sligo , june 24 , 1997 . british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec oaks ( 2015 qualify ) big - race wins include : irish derby ( 2011 treasure beach ) , irish oaks ( 2014 bracelet ) , secretariat stakes ( 2011 treasure beach ) , phoenix stakes ( 2002 spartacus ) , poule d\u2019essai des poulains ( 2007 astronomer royal ) , criterium international ( 2009 jan vermeer ) , canadian international ( 2010 joshua tree ) , american st leger ( 2012 jakkalberry ) , uae derby ( 2012 daddy long legs ) , queen elizabeth ii challenge cup ( 2011 together ) . has also enjoyed significant success in india , winning the indian derby , calcutta derby and bangalore derby in 2007 , and also rode one winner in hong kong in the 2013 / 14 season .\n* supplemented at a cost of \u00a330 , 000 following her length victory in the listed height of fashion stakes at goodwood on may 19 . snow fairy took the same 10 - furlong contest at goodwood in 2010 on her way to investec oaks glory .\n* third on debut in a 10 - furlong maiden at ascot on may 6 .\nchampion owner in britain ( 10 times ) : 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 , 2013 and 2015 .\n* overcame greenness to win the listed cheshire oaks by half a length on may 4 , with diamonds pour moi back in third .\n* made a successful reappearance on heavy ground in a 10 - furlong maiden at leopardstown on april 6 .\n* debut came in a leopardstown seven - furlong maiden on october 25 , 2015 when third to stable companion pretty perfect .\n* fifth foal of alexandrova who captured the investec , irish and yorkshire oaks in 2006 for same connections .\nborn : james anthony heffernan on july 17 , 1972 . background : based at aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s ballydoyle stable since 1996 . like o\u2019brien , gained his grounding at jim bolger\u2019s stable . twice second in the investec derby and won the investec oaks on was in 2012 . accolades : jointly ireland\u2019s champion apprentice in 1994 . british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec oaks ( 2012 was ) . other major wins include : irish derby ( 2007 soldier of fortune , 2008 frozen fire ) , irish 1 , 000 guineas ( 2001 imagine , 2008 halfway to heaven , 2011 misty for me ) , irish st leger ( 2008 septimus ) , irish champion stakes ( 2010 cape blanco , 2011 so you think ) , eclipse stakes ( 2011 so you think ) , sun chariot stakes ( 2008 halfway to heaven ) , moyglare stud stakes ( 2008 again , 2010 misty for me , 2015 minding ) , national stakes ( 2000 beckett , 2010 power ) , keeneland phoenix stakes ( 2012 pedro the great ) , pretty polly stakes ( 2011 misty for me , 2015 diamondsandrubies ) , crit\u00e9rium international ( 2006 mount nelson ) , middle park stakes ( 2011 crusade ) , secretariat stakes ( 2015 highland reel )\n* high - class two - year - old over a mile , winning the group two may hill stakes at doncaster before taking second behind ballydoyle in the group one prix marcel boussac at longchamp .\n* six and a half lengths to make up on minding after coming home sixth on return in the qipco 1000 guineas at newmarket on may 1 .\nownership of turret rocks was recently transferred from jackie , jim bolger\u2019s wife , to june judd who owned the 2009 investec oaks seventh oh goodness me . judd first owned horses in 2001 . she has had success in ireland , including with free judgement in the 2010 g3 tetrarch stakes and 2009 g3 killavullan stakes plus abigail petit in the 2005 g3 tower stakes , though she has yet to have a winner in britain .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nsarah healy wins her second gold as she takes 1 , 500m title . . .\nat casinorella you will find all new casino sites that is launching with a uk license .\nthe casino market in sweden is one of the fastest growing markets within the entertainment industry . urltoken has analyzed new casinos here ( in swedish ) : urltoken sinon\nurltoken offers the latest reviews of the best new online casinos in finland . visit the website to find more information about the gambling industry .\nfind yourself a brand new online casino and choose from the best at urltoken where you\u2019ll find bonuses and online slots to play for free .\nlimerick v carlow hurling qualifier game preview , team news and betting . . .\nsportsnewsireland is an irish website launched in 2009 to offer sports fans in ireland an alternative and independent source to keep them up to date with all the news from around the country . every week we bring you live score updates from all levels of gaa , rugby , soccer , racing and athletics .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept read more\nboxing : kildare\u2019s eric donovan teams up with \u2018old friend\u2019 egan for . . .\ngaa fixtures \u2013 hurling & gaelic football in munster , ulster , leinster . . .\nwrite css or less and hit save . ctrl + space for auto - complete .\n* came with a tremendous late run to lift the 2017 investec derby , handing a fifth victory to trainer aidan o ' brien and a first for jockey padraig beggy .\n* previously made good late headway to chase home stable companion venice beach in the g3 chester vase ( 1m 4f 63y ) on seasonal return at chester on may 11 .\n* ninth behind waldgeist in the g1 criterium de saint - cloud ( 1m 2f ) in october and fourth over same trip earlier the same month in listed zetland stakes at newmarket ; successful in killarney maiden ( 1m 70y ) in august .\nborn october , 1953 , daughter of legendary trainer vincent o ' brien . husband john magnier ( born in county cork on february 10 , 1948 ) has changed the bloodstock world since teaming up with robert sangster and vincent o ' brien to buy coolmore in the 1970s . purchased potential stallions as yearlings , early successes included alleged , be my guest , el gran senor , golden fleece , sadler ' s wells and storm bird . magnier subsequently bought out partners and now owns coolmore , its american and australian offshoots , and the ballydoyle training centre . worth \u00a3783 million according to 2016 sunday times rich list . myriad other business interests include stakes in barchester nursing homes and the sandy lane hotel in barbados . formerly had stake in manchester united . homes in ireland , spain and switzerland . racing interests : sue magnier has had a share in all of aidan o ' brien ' s best horses . those to have carried the magnier dark blue silks include investec derby winners galileo , pour moi and ruler of the world . other flagbearers include king of kings , hawk wing , giant ' s causeway , imagine , george washington , duke of marmalade , dylan thomas , henrythenavigator , rip van winkle and four - time ascot gold cup scorer yeats .\nborn october 28 , 1941 , in east london . trained as hairdresser and built up arthur prince bookmaking chain before selling to coral in 1995 . married to doreen and has homes in barbados and monaco . son ashley founded global radio , europe ' s largest commercial radio group , with backing from his father . michael tabor ' s fortune grew through currency dealing and his many business interests include ownership of online bookmaker betvictor and the sandy lane hotel . valued at \u00a3625 million in 2017 sunday times rich list . racing interests : joined forces with john magnier after his thunder gulch won the kentucky derby and belmont stakes in 1995 . previously best known for owning jumpers such as the neville callaghan - trained royal derbi . best horses to carry his colours include montjeu , high chaparral , hurricane run , entrepreneur , desert king , johannesburg , stravinsky , starspangledbanner , lillie langtry , peeping fawn , misty for me , gleneagles , found and 2007 belmont stakes heroine rags to riches . churchill , winner of the 2017 qipco 2000 guineas and tattersalls irish 2 , 000 guineas this season , carried tabor ' s silks to victory .\n2000 - 15 kingsclere ; 2003 - 9 magistretti ; 2004 - 5 salford city ; 2005 - 2 walk in the park ; 2007 - 10 admiralofthefleet .\n1997 - 4 entrepreneur ; 1998 - 8 second empire , 1998 - 10 saratoga springs ; 2002 - 1 high chaparral ; 2003 - 5 balestrini ; 2007 - 17 archipenko .\nchampion irish jump trainer five times : 1993 / 94 , 1994 / 95 , 1995 / 96 , 1996 / 7 , 1997 / 98 . champion irish flat trainer 19 times : 1997 and from 1999 to 2016 . champion british flat trainer five times : 2001 , 2002 , 2007 , 2008 and 2016 . first trainer to have three consecutive investec derby wins with australia ( 2014 ) , following on from ruler of the world ( 2013 ) and camelot ( 2012 ) and has sent out five victors of the premier british classic in all .\nhis 37 irish classic winners include irish derby ( 1997 desert king , 2001 galileo , 2002 high chaparral , 2006 dylan thomas , 2007 soldier of fortune , 2008 frozen fire , 2009 fame and glory , 2010 cape blanco , 2011 treasure beach , 2012 camelot , 2014 australia ) .\nhis 55 royal ascot winners include yeats , who captured an unprecedented four gold cups ( 2006 - 2009 ) .\nmarch 31 , 1986 background : grew up in dunboyne , co meath . first sat on a horse when he was 14 whilst working for local trainer owen weldon . graduated from race ( racing academy and centre of education ) in 2003 and continued his apprenticeship with kevin prendergast . first winner : red venus , naas , july 23 , 2003 . divided time between britain and ireland in 2006 and 2007 . best season in ireland so far came in 2010 when he notched up 22 winners . rode 30 winners in australia , the first of them in july 2013 , before being suspended for a year in october 2014 after testing positive for cocaine and giving false evidence relating to the sample . returned to ireland and started working for aidan o ' brien in january , 2015 . first group race winner : hydrangea , g3 1 , 000 guineas trial , leopardstown , april 8 , 2017 british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec derby ( 2017 wings of eagles )\n* runner - up , beaten a length and three - quarters , when favourite behind fellow investec oaks runner enable in listed cheshire oaks over nearly 12 furlongs on may 10 .\n* made winning reappearance in nine - furlong maiden at tipperary on april 20 , when scoring easily by four and three - quarter lengths .\nrace record : starts 4 ; wins 1 ; 2nd 1 ; 3rd - . win & place prize money : \u00a319 , 614\n* won both starts in 2016 . victorious in a leicester maiden ( 1m ) in september followed by the listed zetland stakes ( 10f ) at newmarket the following month , when she saw off stable companion cunco by a neck .\n* she made her seasonal reappearance in the g1 prix saint - alary ( 10f ) at deauville on may 14 when the staying - on third , beaten just under five lengths , behind fellow investec oaks runner sobetsu .\n* she is a half - sister to g2 winner and dual g1 runner - up midas touch .\nrace record : starts 3 ; wins 2 ; 2nd - ; 3rd 1 . win & place prize money : \u00a357 , 953\ninvestec derby - 1997 benny the dip , 2015 golden horn ; investec oaks - 2014 taghrooda ; qipco 1000 guineas - 2000 lahan ; st leger - 1996 shantou , 2007 lucarno , 2010 arctic cosmos , 2011 masked marvel . irish classic wins ( 5 ) : irish 2 , 000 guineas - 2014 kingman ; irish derby - 2015 jack hobbs ; irish oaks - 2012 great heavens ; irish st leger - 1992 mashaallah , 2011 duncan - dh .\n* set to become first us - trained runner in investec oaks . arrived in the uk on thursday , may 25 .\n* finished runner - up in the g1 kentucky oaks over nine furlongs on dirt at churchill downs on may 5 .\n* previously second in g1 ashland stakes over an extended mile on dirt at keeneland on april 8 .\n* had a great two - year - old season in 2016 , winning g2 pocahontas stakes over extended dirt mile at churchill downs in september and finishing staying - on fourth in the g1 breeders ' cup juvenile fillies at santa anita .\n* sole run so far on turf came when a close sixth in g3 florida oaks over extended mile at tampa bay downs in march .\nrace record : starts 9 ; wins 2 ; 2nd 4 ; 3rd - . win & place prize money : \u00a3477 , 534\nnormandy farm is a 250 - acre stud farm located on lexington , kentucky ' s paris pike . the site itself dates back to the 18th century and was part of the now defunct elmendorf farm . the property gained its name from one - time owner joseph widener who , as a pilot during ww1 , was shot down over normandy , france , and sheltered in a barn by the resistance . widener vowed if he ever made it out alive , he would build a replica barn back home . the\nnormandy barn\nwas completed in 1927 . current owner nancy polk purchased the farm in 1997 following the death of her husband ralph . she previously owned a travel agency business in michigan . the broodmare band now stands at 16 after starting out at one and used to include the late miss hot salsa . polk paid $ 100 , 000 for miss hot salsa at keeneland in 2003 - the mare produced mongolian saturday , winner of the 2015 breeders ' cup turf sprint , and investec oaks contender daddys lil darling , but passed away in 2014 at the age of 19 .\ngrew up in the heart of american thoroughbred country at lexington in kentucky . he played american football and baseball at tates creek high school in lexington and , after graduating in business administration from the university of kentucky , he was set on a career in the racing industry .\n* she recorded a comfortable length and three - quarter victory over favourite alluringly , who also runs in the investec oaks toda , in the listed cheshire oaks ( 11 . 5f ) at chester on may 10 , 2017 .\n* the filly came third on her seasonal reappearance behind stable companion shutter speed in a conditions race ( 10f ) at newbury on april 21 .\n* she made a winning debut on november 28 in tapeta maiden ( 1m ) at newcastle .\nrace record : starts 3 ; wins 2 ; 2nd - ; 3rd 1 . win & place prize money : \u00a338 , 428\n* warmed up for epsom downs with a gutsy three - quarter length success over fellow investec oaks runner isabel de urbina in the listed tweenhills pretty polly stakes ( 10f ) at newmarket on may 7 .\n* landed a maiden ( 8 . 5f ) by 13 lengths at nottingham on october 12 .\n* dam mischief making won a listed mile and five furlong contest at lingfield .\nrace record : starts 3 ; wins 2 ; 2nd - ; 3rd - . win & place prize money : \u00a326 , 400\ncliveden stud represents the racing interests of philip freedman , whose father louis freedman ( 1917 - 1998 ) was a self - made property millionaire who enjoyed significant success as an owner and breeder in the post - war period with his best performers including 1987 derby and st leger hero reference point , plus 1974 oaks heroine polygamy . louis freedman bought the berkshire - based cliveden stud in 1966 , but the 130 - acre property was sold in 2005 . having previously worked as a merchant banker , philip freedman is a past chairman of the thoroughbred breeders ' association and is currently chairman of the horsemen ' s group , which represents the interests of racehorse owners , trainers , jockeys , stable staff and breeders . the best horses carrying the cliveden stud colours for philip freedman include fraulein , winner of the g1 ep taylor stakes at woodbine in 2002 , and independence , who took the sun chariot stakes in 2001 .\n* staying - on runner - up to fellow investec oaks runner horseplay , beaten three quarters of a length , in the listed tweenhills pretty polly stakes at newmarket on may 7 .\n* won only other start , taking a maiden over seven and a half furlongs in the final strides by a neck at ffos las in september .\nrace record : starts 2 ; wins 1 ; 2nd 1 ; 3rd - . win & place prize money : \u00a311 , 835\njanuary 2 , 1981 background : bred to be a jockey . his father frank was a classic - winning apprentice who was irish champion jump rider 10 times and - after a spell training - is now racing manager to owner j p mcmanus . fran berry , whose brother alan is a successful national hunt amateur , originally made his name as a jump jockey , winning the 1999 coral cup at the cheltenham festival on khayrawani . despite being 5 foot 8 inches tall , he is able to ride off 8st 8lb and now concentrates on the flat . he served as second rider behind mick kinane at john oxx ' s powerful curragh stable from 2002 until the end of 2009 when kinane retired and berry was promoted to the number one spot . but following the appointment of johnny murtagh in 2011 , he relinquished that role to become a freelance . in 2016 , he made the move across the irish sea and is now stable jockey to ralph beckett . big - race wins : national stakes ( 2010 pathfork ) , railway stakes ( 2014 kool kompany ) , american jockey club stakes ( 2013 danon ballade ) , futurity stakes ( 2010 pathfork , 2011 dragon pulse ) , park stakes ( 2009 duff ) , beresford stakes ( 2007 curtain call )\n* decisive winner of listed haras de bouquetot fillies ' trial stakes ( 10f ) on soft ground at newbury on may 20 .\n* only other start came when runner - up on debut in mile newmarket maiden ( 1m ) in april .\n* rare sales purchase for juddmonte , having gone through the ring at tattersalls as a yearling in 2015 , when she realised 600 , 000 guineas .\nrace record : starts 2 ; wins 1 ; 2nd 1 ; 3rd - . win & place prize money : \u00a341 , 237\n* winless in five starts and is bidding to become first maiden to succeed in the investec oaks since sun princess in 1983 .\n* last seen out when runner - up in the listed lingfield oaks trial ( 11 . 5f ) on may 13 .\n* was also second in listed salsabil stakes ( 10f ) at navan on april 23 .\nrace record : starts 5 ; wins - ; 2nd 3 ; 3rd - . win & place prize money : \u00a322 , 929\nis estimated to be worth $ 400 million according to forbes and is ceo of steinhoff international . born on january 22 , 1961 , jooste has transformed the south african manufacturer into\nafrica ' s ikea\nand the second largest household goods retailer in europe . among its uk brands is poundland , which this year for the first time sponsors the hill area of epsom downs racecourse . the hill is common ground and therefore admittance is free during race meetings . jooste joined steinhoff in 1988 after engineering the sale of a south african retail chain to steinhoff ' s german owners . a prolific owner in south africa , with his best horses including variety club , twice south african horse of the year ."]}
{"id": 605, "summary": [{"text": "cerynea ignealis is a species of moth in the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in kenya , madagascar , south africa and in s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 & principe", "topic": 20}], "title": "cerynea ignealis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about cerynea porphyrea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cerynea porphyrea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ kenya ] , br . e . africa , uganda railway , mile 478 , leg . c . s . betton .\nhampson g . f . 1926a . descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera phalaenae of the subfamily noctuinae ( noctuidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . - \u2014 : 1\u2013641 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 617, "summary": [{"text": "scutellina is a genus of small limpet-like sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family phenacolepadidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "scutellina is now a synonym of phenacolepas pilsbry , 1891 . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "scutellina", "paragraphs": ["species scutellina antillarum dall , 1889 accepted as plesiothyreus hamillei ( p . fischer , 1857 )\nspecies scutellina nobilis g . b . sowerby iii , 1905 accepted as phenacolepas cytherae ( lesson , 1831 )\nspecies scutellina navicelloides carpenter , 1856 accepted as phenacolepas osculans ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( uncertain synonym )\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : scutellina gruveli ( p . dautzenberg , 1929 ) - id : 5090000025\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database . scutellina . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196258 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database . scutellina incertae sedis \u2020 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 510833 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nspecies phenacolepas hamillei ( p . fischer , 1857 ) accepted as plesiothyreus hamillei ( p . fischer , 1857 )\nspecies phenacolepas mirabilis g . b . sowerby iii , 1910 accepted as phenacolepas cytherae ( lesson , 1831 )\nkroh , a . & smith , a . b . ( 2010 ) : the phylogeny and classification of post - palaeozoic echinoids . journal of systematic palaeontology , 8 / 2 : 147 - 212 . , available online at urltoken ; = 1477 - 2019 & volume ; = 8 & issue ; = 2 & spage ; = 147 page ( s ) : 172 [ details ]\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nclassification from world register of marine species ( worms ) selected by fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme - see more .\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nkeyhole sand dollar\nto\nechinodiscus\n.\nmaggie whitson set\nechinodiscus bisperforatus\nas an exemplar on\nechinodiscus bisperforatus leske , 1778\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nechinodiscus bisperforatus\nas visible on the\nechinodiscus bisperforatus leske , 1778\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndurham , j . w . , h . b . fell , a . g . fischer , et al . / durham , j . wyatt , et al . / moore , raymond c . , ed .\ntreatise on invertebrate paleontology , part u , echinodermata 3 , vol . 1 and vol . 2\nthe echinoids chapter is split between two volumes : vol . 1 , pages u211 - u366 and vol . 2 , pages u367 - u640\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : fibulariidae according to j . f . carrasco and j . cardiel - lalueza 2015\nfull reference : e . haeckel . 1896 . systematische phylogenie der echinodermen . entwurf eines nat\u00fcrlichen systems der organismen auf grund ihrer stammesgeschichte . theil 2 . wirbellose thiere 348 - 504\nparent taxon : clypeasteroida according to a . kroh and a . b . smith 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nkroh , a . & smith , a . b . ( 2010 ) : the phylogeny and classification of post - palaeozoic echinoids . journal of systematic palaeontology , 8 / 2 : 147 - 212 . , available online at urltoken ; = 1477 - 2019 & volume ; = 8 & issue ; = 2 & spage ; = 147 page ( s ) : appendix 3 [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 629, "summary": [{"text": "margaret 's batis or boulton 's batis ( batis margaritae ) is a species of small bird in the wattle-eyes family , platysteiridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south western central africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "margaret ' s batis", "paragraphs": ["margaret ' s batis ( batis margaritae ) is a species of bird in the platysteiridae family .\nthe senegal batis is monotypic and any proposed subspecies are considered to be untenable . it appears to forma superspecies with grey - headed batis , chinspot batis , pririt batis and pale batis , with a possible overlap with pale batis in cameroon .\nboulton , r ( 1934 ) new birds from angola . proc . biol . soc . wash . 47 : 45\u201348 . [ type description of margaret ' s batis , collected at mount moco ]\nthe gabon batis or verreaux ' s batis ( batis minima ) is a species of small bird in the family platysteiridae . it occurs in the humid forests of western central africa .\nthis coexistence , along with the geographical distribution of certain subspecies populations ( e . g . of margaret ' s batis ) , suggests that speciation occurred in cryptosepalum forest fragments when bird populations were isolated there during drier climate cycles .\n( vieillot , 1818 ) \u2013 c & s botswana and w south africa ( e to free state , in s from s namaqualand e to w eastern cape ) .\nthe forest batis or short - tailed batis ( batis mixta ) is a species of bird in the wattle - eye family , platysteiridae occurring in eastern africa .\nthe forest batis or short - tailed batis ( batis mixta ) is a species of bird in the wattle - eye family , platysteiridae occurring in eastern africa .\nthe angolan batis ( batis minulla ) is a species of bird in the family platysteiridae . it is found in western central africa .\nmills , m . s . l . ( 2007a ) swierstra\u2019s spurfowl pternistis swierstrai : a bibliography and summary of museum skins . bull . abc 14 : 175\u2013180 .\n( elliot , 1897 ) \u2013 s ethiopia , djibouti , n & s somalia and locally ne uganda ( mt moroto ) and n kenya ( moyale area ) .\nlouette , m . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . margaret ' s batis ( batis margaritae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nc . m . n . white , 1941 \u2013 s drcongo ( shilatembo , in s katanga ) and nw zambia ; possibly also extreme e angola ( e moxico ) .\nthe ecoregion lies within the eastern portion of the cameroon and gabon lowlands endemic bird area ( eba ) , and includes forest batis ( batis minima ) , rachel ' s malimbe ( malimbus racheliae ) , and forest swallow ( hirundo fuliginosa ) .\n779 species . 1 endemic species : chaplin ' s barbet , on 1977 birds of zambia .\nbingham , m . 1995 . zambia\u2019s vegetation . retrieved ( 2000 ) from : urltoken vegetati . htm\n( heuglin , 1870 ) \u2013 e sudan , ethiopia ( except sw & s ) and eritrea .\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nthe dark batis has a variety of whistling and harsh churring calls and its wings make a whirring sound in flight . the male ' s song is a series of short , low whistles .\nthe cape batis ( batis capensis ) is a small passerine bird in the wattle - eye family . it is resident in the highlands of southern and eastern south africa and zimbabwe .\nb . m . ultima is smaller than the nominate with the make having a narrow white supercilium and a norrower breastband and b . m . reichenow shows a poorly defined chispot and otherwise looks closer to the cape batis batis capensis . genetic studies have shown that reichenowi , which was previously split either as a species in its own right or as a subspecies of cape batis , nestles within mixta but that the previously lumped dark batis batis brypta is a separate species .\nthe main call of the pygmy batis is a ling series of repeated sharp high pitched whistles .\nili nepre ne batis lin , they could not have ( surely did not ) beat him .\nili batis lin same kiel vin , they beat him the same as ( they did ) you .\nmostly resident . some n - s movement in sw cape province , where it arrives during austral winter ; . . .\nili batis lin same kiel vi , they beat him in the same way as you ( did ) .\nthe pririt batis ( batis pririt ) also known as the pririt puff - back flycatcher or pririt puffback , is a small passerine bird in the wattle - eye family . it is resident in western and central southern africa .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nthis species is very similar to the west african batis batis occulta and this somewhat masks its true distribution but the gabon batis has been found in gabon , the monte alen national park in equatorial guinea , the lowland dja area in southern cameroon and it has recently been discovered in the dzanga - ndoki national park in the extreme south of the central african republic .\nthe senegal batis inhabits low dry thorny scrub , sparsely treed grasslands and woody savannahs , including open acacia and baobab woodlands .\nthe pygmy batis ( batis perkeo ) is a very small insectivorous bird which finds its food foraging among leaves , it is a member of the wattle - eyes family , the platysteiridae . it occurs in the dry savannahs of north - eastern africa .\n. cd - rom . cambridge , uk : birdlife international . [ information on the status of threatened birds , including swierstra ' s fracolin ] ]\n( wahlberg , 1855 ) \u2013 sw angola ( s from benguela ) , namibia , w botswana and nw south africa ( nw northern cape ) .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhuntley , b . j . ( 1974 ) outlines of wildlife conservation in angola . j . s . afr wildl . management assoc . 5 : 157\u2013166 .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nthe family is overwhelmingly sedentary . however , some batis species undertake season migrations as well as some local movements due to changing local conditions .\nothers feed on grubs , such as the chaffinch , the sparrow , the \u2018 batis \u2019 , the green linnet , and the titmouse .\nmills , m . s . l . ( 2007b ) vocalisations of angolan birds . volume 1 . cd - rom . cape town : birdsangola and birding africa .\nmuleta , s . , p . simasiku , g . kalyocha , c . kasutu , m . walusiku and s . mwiya . 1996 . proposed terms of reference for the preparation of the management plan for liuwa plains national park . report prepared for iucn upper zambezi wetlands and natural resources management project , western province , zambia .\nmills , m . s . l . ( 2009 ) vocalisations of angolan birds : new descriptions and other notes . bull . abc 16 ( 2 ) : 150\u2013166 .\nthe pygmy batis occurs in southern ethiopia , extreme south eastern south sudan , southern somalia , eastern uganda , inland kenya and north eastern tanzania .\nmills , m . s . l . ( in prep . ) vocalisations of angolan birds . volume 2 . cd - rom . cape town : birdsangola and birding africa .\nau levant , au septentrion et au midi , elle a une grande plaine ; au ponant , une montagne au pied de laquelle sont batis les faubourgs .\nthe senegal batis is found from southern mauritania , senegal and gambia east to nigeria and north and central cameroon , east to the benou\u00e9 plain and mandara mountains .\ncollar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1985 ) threatened birds of africa and related islands . cambridge , uk : international council for bird preservation / iucn .\nruiz - esparza , j . , da rocha , p . a . , ribeiro , a . d . , ferrari , s . f . & araujo , h . f . p .\nthe main call of the senegal batis is a series of medium piched double and triple note whistles which do not vary in pitch and are frequently introduced with buzzy notes .\nbenson , c . w . and m . p . s . irwin . 1965 . the birds of cryptosepalum forests , zambia . arnoldia ( rhodesia ) 28 ( 1 ) : 1 - 12 .\nalexander , 1908 \u2013 ne nigeria ( just w of l chad from arege to malamfatori ) , ne cameroon , s chad , n central african republic , sw sudan , south sudan and w ethiopia .\ncollar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1988 ) key forests for threatened birds in africa . icbp monograph no 3 . cambridge , uk : international council for bird preservation .\nmills , m . s . l . and dean , w . r . j . ( 2007 ) notes on angolan birds : new country records , range extensions and taxonomic questions . ostrich 78 : 55\u201363 .\nthe gabon batis is suspected to be experiencing a reduction in range and population as a result of forest clearance and degradation , however the rate of the suspected decline has not been estimated .\nhall , b . p . ( 1960 ) the ecology and taxonomy of some angolan birds . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) 6 : 367\u2013463 . [ notes on swierstra ' s francolin ]\nmills , m . s . l . , franke , u . , joseph , g . , miato , f . , milton , s . , monadjem , a . , oschadleus , d . and dean , w . r . j . ( in press ) cataloguing the lubango bird skin collection : towards an atlas of angolan bird distributions . bull . abc mills , m . s . l . , olmos , f . , melo , m . and dean , w . r . j . ( submitted ) . the avifauna of the highlands of western angola and the importance of conserving shrinking afromontane forests at the proposed mount moco special reserve . bird conserv . int .\ncollar , n . j . and s . n . stuart . 1985 . threatened birds of africa and related islands . the icbp / iucn red data book , part 1 . 3rd edition . icbp , cambridge , uk .\nlouette , m . ( 2018 ) . pririt batis ( batis pririt ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nlouette , m . ( 2018 ) . grey - headed batis ( batis orientalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe forest batis has a slightly shorter tail . males of the two species are very similar but forest batises have a narrower breastband and usually some hint of a white supercilium which is lacking in the male dark batis . the females are more distinctive : female forest batises have a paler breast and chin with more white tips giving a mottled appearance . there is a conspicuous white supercilium and a broad rufous wing - stripe .\nschulze , r . e . and o . s . mcgee . 1978 . climatic indices and classification in relation to the biogeography of southern africa . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .\nthe calls of the angola batis are little known , the territorial call is a series of high - pitched notes ,\nzee - zee - zee - zee - zee\n, which has been likened to a squeaky bicycle pump .\nthe presence of the angola batis in south eastern gabon is yet to be confirmed but the species occurs in the southern congo through western democratic republic of congo into northern angola south to the qui\u00e7ama national park , 70 km from luanda .\none species , the banded wattle - eye , is considered threatened by human activities . the species has a restricted range in cameroon that is vulnerable to forest clearance and is listed as endangered by the iucn . two further species are considered near - threatened , the gabon batis and the white - fronted wattle - eye ; both species are threatened by habitat loss . some species are also very poorly known , and one species , the dark batis , was only identified as a species in 2006\ntaxonomy : batis diops jackson , 1905 , ruwenzori , drcongo . this species and b . margaritae probably belong to the superspecies that also contains b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum . monotypic .\nsize and body proportions are quite variable within this family . the genus dyaphorophyia is very short - tailed , and most batis species are rather short - tailed , but the platysteira wattle - eyes have a moderately long tail . among the shrike - flycatchers , megabyas . . .\nthe angola batis occurs in secondary and riverine gallery forest , thick woodland dominated by croton spp as well as adjacent bush , tickets and the ecotone between forest and savannah . occasionally recorded in dry woodland , especially in the southern part of its range , as well as coffee plantations .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : batis margaritae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe breeding biology of the gabon batis is little known but young have been observed during the rainy season following the short dry season , september and february in gabon , and the young stay with their parents for an extended period . solitary , probably dispersing immatures were seen in the long dry season in july and august .\ntaxonomy : batis margaritae boulton , 1934 , mount moco , 6500 feet [ c . 1980 m ] , angola . this species and b . diops probably belong to the superspecies that also contains b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum . two subspecies recognized .\nthe gabon batis is found in lowland forest , normally lower than 800m . it avoids primary rainforest , other than at the forest edge , and prefers secondary forest with a dense but broken canopy and thick , low undergrowth , as well as overgrown cacao and coffee plantations . it avoids cultivated land and the vicinity of villages and other man - made habitats .\nwarm , cloudy nights , with a little wind stirring , are generally the most favourable ; but one of the best nights i ever had amongst the\npeach blossoms\nand\nbuff arches\n( thyatira batis and derasa ) was in a wood in warwickshire , when the rain fell in torrents , accompanied with fierce lightning and thunder , from about 11 p . m .\nthe gabon batis is an arboreal forager , preferring to find food above heights of 5m from the ground . it is attracted by flowering trees and prefers to forage in small leafed trees . prey is gleaned from leaves by hovering beside the tree , or in flight or is disturbed by the moving bird and swooped on . the favoured prey is various insects between 5mm and 15mm in length .\ndescription location and general description this small but distinctive ecoregion consists almost entirely of dense evergreen forest dominated by cryptosepalum exfoliatum pseudotaxus , known locally as\nmavunda .\nit falls into white\u2019s ( 1983 ) zambezian regional center of endemism and is mapped as \u2018zambezian dry evergreen forest . \u2019 the two main blocks of cryptosepalum forest are found to the north and south of the kabompo river . together they constitute the largest area of tropical evergreen forest in africa outside the equatorial zone ( bingham 1995 ) .\nit is an arboreal forager and its insect prey is mostly gleaned from foliage , in the outer patrts of branches , sometimes on trunks or stems but almost never on the ground . it will flycatch or hawk insects in the air , making sallies of up to 2m to catch prey from a perch , has also been known to impale larger prey on thorns . the fork - tailed drongo has been recorded as kelptoparasitising prey from the senegal batis .\nonly one protected area , the west lunga national park , falls within this ecoregion . it is surrounded in the east , north and west by game management areas , which provide some protection to game in the form of hunting restrictions . details of the park are found in wcmc\u2019s protected areas database ( http : \\ \\ www . wcmc . org . uk ) . the large lavushi manda national park falls within the central zambezian miombo woodland ecoregion , but includes some cryptosepalum forest patches along rivers within miombo brachystegia - julbernardia woodland vegetation .\nthe pygmy batis is an active , arboreal bird which lives in pairs or small family groups . its habits are considered to be likely to be similar to other savannah batises . they feed mainly within the foliage and glean most of their insect prey from leaves and twigs , with a small proportion taken on the wing . it will join other bird species in mixed foraging parties . the breeding biology is almost unknown but egg laying probably occurs in february and march .\nthe habits of the forest batis are little known , there have been indications of breeding behaviour in may and june in kenya , september and october in tanzania and a single nest with a clutch of 2 eggs has been recorded . like other batises the largest groups seen are small family groups and pairs are territorial . calling males make a repetitive , slow series of hu - hu - hu - hu whistles and they puff their white throat feathers out while performing this song .\nthe pygmy batis , as its name suggests , is a tint , rather dumpy but dapper black , white and grey bird with similarities to the flycatchers . the male has a bluish - grey head and back with a contrasting black face mask and short white supercilium above the yellow eye . the rump and lower back are spotted with white and the rump feathers are relatively long giving a fluffy appearance . it has black wings which have a broad white strip formed by the broad white edges to feathers of the median and greater coverts , and the inner secondaries and tertials . the tail is black but the outer tail feathers have white edges and tips . the underparts are white , broken with a narrow black breast band . the females are similar to the males but have a pale rufous - buff breast band and chin and the face mask , supercilium and wing stripe are buffy brown . the bill and legs are black . the pygmy batis has a body length of 8\u20139 cm and a weight of 5\u20139g .\ntaxonomy : batis reichenowi grote , 1911 , mikindani , tanzania . forms a superspecies with b . capensis , b . mixta , b . crypta and b . fratrum , probably also with b . margaritae and b . diops . formerly considered a race of b . capensis or , more often , of b . mixta ; has some characteristics of both , and recent genetic and morphological information links it most closely to latter ; contrary to some published statements , however , there is no acoustic evidence for its inclusion in either . monotypic .\nthe habits of the angola batis are little known , it feeds on insects which are often caught in the air by sallying from a perch , a behaviour called\nflycatching\n. the appear to be rather solitary , like other batises , being recorded mainly as single or in pairs . the cup shaped nest is built by both sexes from strips of bark and spider webs and is placed in the fork of a small tree at around head height . the only recorded cluches have consisted of 2 eggs . breeding behaviour has been observed in the democratic republic of congo in july .\nthe dark batis is about 10 centimetres in length and weighs 10 - 15 grams . it has a dark bill and legs and red eyes . the male is white below with a broad black breastband . above it has a dark grey crown , grey back with some black feather - tips , a black face - mask and black wings with a white stripe . the female has a greyish crown , brownish back , dark mask , slight white supercilium and a narrow rufous stripe on the wing . below it has a rufous chin - spot and breast with whitish tips to some of the feathers .\ntaxonomy : batis crypta fjelds\u00e5 et al . , 2006 , mdandu forest , kipengere range west of njombe , ludewa district , iringa region , tanzania . until very recently was included as part of nominate race of b . mixta , but , following study of clear - cut morphological change in c tanzania and genetic differences , found to be a separate species ; related also to b . capensis , range of which it approaches without overlap in n malawi . these three belong to a superspecies that also includes b . reichenowi and b . fratrum , and probably also b . margaritae and b . diops . monotypic .\nthe senegal batis maintains a territory throughout the year which the male patrols daily , sitting on high open perches and singing . the territory is shared with the female and with any immatures from the previous years , and they are sometimes seen in family groups . if intruders are seen then the male undertakes and aggressive display which involves an upright stance with the bill held vertically , the breast and crown feather fluffed out , swinging his rear end while jerking his tail . in flight the aggressive display is a bouncing flight with the bill held up and the crown and rump fluffed out . it will also aggressively mob shrikes , especially the brubru with bill snapping and wing fripping but uses different behaviour when mobbing hornbills , cuckoos and pearl - spotted owlets or snakes . when mobbing the owlet it crouches , raises its head and shoulders and flicks its tail , the snakes are mobbed by hovering , rattling calls and bill snapping .\nthe angola batis is a small pied songbird with a rather dumpy appearance and a restless nature . the adult males have a buish greyforehead and crown with a small white spot on the lores and a glossy black mask across the eyes , extending on to the nape and down the sides of the neck with a white spot on the nape . it has a grey mantle , blackish scapulars with the back , rump and uppertail covers being blackish grey with white spots . the wings have black flight feathers with narrow white edges . there is a white wing stripe . the trail is black with white outer tail feathers . the underparts are white except for a black band across the breast and the greyish undertail coverts . the eyes are bright yellow while the bill and legs are black . the female is similar to the male but her breast band is chestnut rather than black . they are about 10 cm long and weigh 10 . 4g\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 10 . 27 , website ( version 27 - oct - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\nwelcome to itis , the integrated taxonomic information system ! here you will find authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world . we are a\n) ; other organizations ; and taxonomic specialists . itis is also a partner of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be not uncommon to locally common ( urban et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some rufous ) colours . male . . .\ncall note a soft whistle , repeated usually about ten times ( up to 26 times recorded ) ; loud alarm . . .\nnominate race occurs in evergreen forest on upper slopes of mt moco , which rises to over 2500 m . . . .\na nest found at mt moco , angola , in mid - jul contained 2 eggs ; the nest , placed in the fork of a sapling at c . 90 cm above the ground , was . . .\nnot globally threatened . has in the past been considered near - threatened . common in its very small range in angola and zambia , but known to occur at only a few localities ; . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved .\nenglish german online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nborrow , n . ( 2005 ) angola , 22 november - 14 december 2005 , tour report . unpublished report . available : urltoken ( accessed 30 / 4 / 2006 ) . [ report on birding in angola , including mount moco ]\nbrooke , r . k . ( 1970 ) geographical variation and distribution in apus barbatus , a . bradfieldi and a . niansae . ( aves : apodidae ) . durban mus . novit . 8 : 363\u2013374 . [ discussses the moco specimen ]\ncleere , n . ( 1995 ) the identification , taxonomy and distribution of the mountain nightjar caprimulgus poliocephalus / fiery - necked nightjar c . pectoralis complex . bull . abc 2 : 86\u201397 . [ information on ruwenzori nightjar , found at mount moco ]\ndean , w . r . j . ( 2000 ) the birds of angola . bou checklist series : 18 . tring , uk : british ornithologists\u2019 union .\ndean , w . r . j . ( 2001 ) angola . pages 71\u201391 in fishpool , l . d . c . and evans , m . i . ( eds ) . important birds areas in africa and associated islands : priority sites for conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 11 . newbury and cambridge , uk : pisces publications and birdlife international .\nheinrich , g . ( 1958a ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der v\u00f6gel von angola . j . ornithol . 99 : 121\u2013141 .\nheinrich , g . ( 1958b ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der v\u00f6gel von angola . systematischer teil i ( galli - muscicapidae ) . j . ornithol . 99 : 322\u2013362 .\nheinrich , g . ( 1958c ) zur verbreitung und lebensweise der v\u00f6gel von angola . systematischer teil iii ( hirundinidae - fringillidae ) . j . ornithol . 99 : 399\u2013421 .\nhuntley b . j . and matos , e . m . ( 1994 ) botanical diversity and its conservation in angola . stelitzia 7 : 53\u201374 .\npinto , a . a . ( 1983 ) ornitologia de angola . vol . 1 . lisbon : instituto de investigac\u00e3o cientifica tropical .\nsinclair , i . , spottiswoode , c . , cohen , c . mills , m . , cassidy , r . , vaz pinto , p . and ryan , p . ( 2004 ) . birding western angola . bull abc 11 ( 2 ) : 152\u2013159 .\nstattersfield , a . j . , crosby , m . j . , long , a . j . and wege , d . c . ( 1998 )\n. birdlife conservation series no . 7 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international .\nfound mostly in zambia , this distinctive evergreen forest is confined to an area around the kabompo river . dominated by crypotsepalum exfoliatum pseudotaxus , this is the largest area of tropical evergreen forest outside the equatorial zone . growing on infertile kalahari sands and with no permanent surface water , the cryptosepalum dry forest has remained relatively uninhabited . these forests represent a transition from guineo - congolian rain forest to zambezian woodlands and are hence species - rich , but contain few endemics . the avifauna is especially rich , with a mixture of moist evergreen species , woodland species and wide - ranging species . however , little research has been conducted in this inaccessible region and basic ecological and habitat use assessments are still needed .\nthe ecoregion has a tropical savanna climate with mean annual temperatures between 20\u00b0 and 22\u00b0 c . the annual temperature range averages around 8\u00b0 c . mean maximum temperatures are 28\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 c , and minimum temperatures are around 7\u00b0 to 8\u00b0 c ( schulze and mcgee 1978 ) . mean annual precipitation ranges from 800 to 1 , 200 mm . three seasons can be distinguished : a hot , dry season from august to october ; a hot , wet season from november to april ; and a cool , dry season from may to july .\nbiodiversity features although the flora and fauna of the cryptosepalum dry evergreen forests is distinct from surrounding ecoregions , there is only moderate species richness for most taxonomic groups and low levels of endemism . the area is , however , relatively poorly known biologically , and species values are likely to be underestimated .\ncryptosepalum forests have a distinct and relatively rich avifauna with 381 known species , comprising a mixture of moist evergreen forest species , elements of the brachystegia woodland avifauna , and some widespread species . the highest levels of species richness are found where local habitat disturbance ( such as shifting cultivation ) has resulted in a mosaic of tree savanna , thicket , savanna woodland and forest ( oatley 1969 ) .\nthe ecoregion supports 34 species of reptiles and 14 species of amphibians , with no endemics . its reptile and amphibian fauna falls into a broad transition zone between the tropical fauna that has its centre in the mozambique plain , and the cape fauna of southwestern south africa . relatively few reptiles inhabit evergreen forest , and those that do are most likely to be encountered at the forest edge in clearings where the sun penetrates ( poynton and broadley 1978 ) .\ntypes and severity of threats this ecoregion does not appear to be seriously threatened , although a lack of knowledge prevents a detailed assessment . for reasons discussed above , habitat fragmentation and destruction have not yet occurred on a large scale , and are unlikely to do so in the short - to medium - term given the sparse ( if growing ) human population , lack of water , and poor agricultural potential .\npoaching is a general threat to wildlife in southwestern zambia , even within protected areas . lack of management , infrastructure and funds in protected areas make poaching very difficult to control , and although no data is available , west lunga is unlikely to be an exception . however , due to their remoteness and impenetrability , the cryptosepalum forests are probably less heavily poached than other , more open reserves in more populated areas .\nthis ecoregion forms part of larger complex of caesalpinoid woodland ecoregions that support wet and dry miombo , mopane , thicket , dry forests , baikiaea woodland , and flooded grassland habitats , among others . the dominance of caesalpinoid trees is a defining feature of this bioregion ( i . e . , a complex of biogeographically related ecoregions ) . major habitat types ( e . g . , mopane and miombo ) and the geographic separation of populations of large mammals are used to discriminate ecoregions within this larger region . all of these ecoregions contain habitats that differ from their assigned biome or defining habitat type . for example , patches of dry forest occur within larger landscapes of miombo woodlands in several areas . more detailed biogeographic analyses should map the less dominant habitat types that occur within the larger ecoregions .\nreferences ansell , w . f . h . 1960 . mammals of northern rhodesia . government printer , lusaka .\ndarling , f . f . 1960 . wild life in an african territory . oxford university press , london .\noatley , t . b . 1969 . bird ecology in the evergreen forests of northwestern zambia . the puku 5 : 141 - 179\npoynton , j . c . and d . g . broadley . 1978 . the herpetofauna . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .\nsibley , c . g . and b . l . monroe , jr . 1993 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . ibis , vista , ca .\nvan der straeten , e . 1980 . a new species of lemniscomys ( muridae ) from zambia . annals of the cape provincial museums , natural history 13 : 55 - 62 .\nvan gils , h . 1988 . environmental profile of western province , zambia . itc report to provincial planning unit , mongu , zambia .\nwerger , m . j . a . and b . j . coetzee . 1978 . the sudano - zambezian region . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .\nwhite , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa . a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa ( 3 plates , northwestern africa , northeastern africa , and southern africa , 1 : 5 , 000 , 000 ) . unesco , paris .\nwild , h . and l . a . grandvaux barbosa . 1967 . vegetation map of the flora zambesiaca area . flora zambesiaca supplement 1 - 71 . collins , salisbury .\nwinterbottom , j . m . 1978 . birds . m . j . a . werger , editor . biogeography and ecology of southern africa . w . junk , the hague .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nit is found in the eastern arc mountains of east africa from the ukaguru mountains and uluguru mountains of central tanzania south - westwards as far as the misuku hills in northernmost malawi .\nit inhabits evergreen forest from 540 to 2 , 140 metres above sea - level and is most common around 1 , 500 metres . it forages mainly in the lower and middle levels of trees , feeding on insects such as termites .\nthe preferred habitat is scrub made up of senegalia spp , commiphora spp and other\nthorn\nspecies in arid and semi - arid lowlands with rainfall falling between 250mm and 500mm per year . also found in wooded and bushy grassland , but avoids riverine forest .\nthe adult male has a velvety black head with a white loral spot and narrow supercilium , the head colour fades to blackish - grey on the hindcrown and is separated from the back by a white collar . the mantle and back are velvety - black with a mottled rump which has long , fluffy feathers . the wings are very black with a contrasting white wingstripe . the tail is black with white outer tail feathers . the underparts are white except for a glossy black breast band . the bill and legs are black and the eyes are golden yellow . the females is similar to the male but has a smaller loral spot and supercilium and has a narrower dark grey breast band . they are small birds measuring 9\u201310 cm in length and weighing 8\u201312g .\nthe song is a series of high , evenly pitched thin short notes\npee - pee - pee - pee\nwhich resembles a squeaky bicycle pump .\ngreeney , h . f . , martin , p . r . , gelis , r . a . , solano - ugalde , a . , bonier , f . , freeman , b . & miller , e . t .\nfirst records of white - winged nyctibius leucopterus and rufous potoos n . bracteatus in venezuela\ngender agreement of avian species - group names under article 31 . 2 . 2 of the iczn code\nhandschuh , m . , van zalinge , r . n . , olsson , u . , samphos , p . , chamnan , h . & evans , t . d .\nremarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia\ndowsett - lemaire , f . , demey , r . & dowsett , r . j .\nsilva , m . , albuquerque fran\u00e7a , b . r . , lima hagi , l . y . g . , neto , m . r . , oliveira , d . v . & pichorim , m .\nsign up for the boc email newsletter to receive the latest news , updates , and reminders of upcoming events .\nview the table of contents , selected abstracts , full text or pdfs of individual papers from the latest boc bulletin .\nview videos of talks presented by dr nigel collar and justin jansen at recent boc regular meetings .\nthis website uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site , you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nc . h . b . grant & mackworth - praed , 1940 \u2013 e red sea province of ne sudan .\n10\u201311 cm ; 8\u00b78\u201313\u00b74 g . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some rufous ) colours . male nominate race has forehead . . .\ndescribed as bell - like , usually 4 notes or metallic clicking and a series of high - pitched notes ; . . .\nvegetation near large rivers in arid and semi - arid regions . habitat also described as dry savanna . . .\ndiet insects ; ants ( hymenoptera ) recorded . uses lower part or centre of tree . very active . gleans from foliage .\ncircumstantial evidence indicates season from feb to , probably , jul . territorial . nest a neat small cup of bark and lichens , bound with . . .\nnot globally threatened . status not well known , as very few ornithologists have field experience with this species and probably only few are able to identify it correctly . . . .\nmarginal range overlap with b . molitor from n namibia e to n south africa ; some interaction between the two ( including imitation of call in order to establish interspecific territories ) , also interspecific response to playback of sounds , recorded by researchers . two subspecies recognized .\n11\u201312 cm ; 7\u00b75\u201314 g . small flycatcher - like and shrike - like bird with contrasting black , grey and white ( and some orange - yellow ) colours . male is grey . . .\na long series of whistles . repeats same note slowly twice or three times , sometimes longer series . . .\ndiet insects , including large lepidopterans . forages in middle and lower layers of bushes and trees , seldom higher than 5 m . very active . . . .\nseason mainly oct\u2013jan , vaguely related to rainfall pattern ; may breed opportunistically at any time of year . territorial , defends . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally common . virtual absence from arid woodland on the hartveld of e botswana is remarkable , particularly because this species occupies similar . . .\nfatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand\nplatysteiridae is a family of small stout passerine birds of the african tropics . the family contains the wattle - eyes and batises . they were previously classed as a subfamily of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .\nthese insect - eating birds are found in usually open forests or bush . they hunt by flycatching , or by taking prey from the ground like a shrike . the nest is a small neat cup low in a tree or bush .\nplatysteiridae is a family of small stout passerine birds of the african tropics . the family contains the wattle - eyes and batises ( the shrike - flycatchers have also been re - located ) . they were previously classed as a subfamily of the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .\ntaxonomy : megabyas flammulata j . verreaux and e . verreaux , 1855 , \u201crivi\u00e8re d\u2019angers\u201d = river muni , gabon . genus sometimes treated as a subgenus of bias . proposed race carolathi ( from angola ) considered synonymous with aequatorialis . two subspecies recognized .\nthe population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nplatyrhynchos musicus vieillot , 1818 , malimbe , cabinda , north angola . some authors separate birds from angola as race pallidiventris , birds from uganda as femininus , those from kenya and e tanzania as changamwensis , and those from zimbabwe , malawi and mozambique as clarens , on basis mainly of paler and more spotted plumage ( of female and immature male ) ; these characteristics are variable , however , and naming of geographical races considered unwarranted . treated as monotypic .\nthe population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be . . .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .\nthis species occurs in southern and central tanzania and extreme north - western malawi , where it is patchily distributed in montane areas .\ntaxonomy : pachyprora mixta shelley , 1889 , mount kilimanjaro , 6000 - 7000 feet [ c . 1830 - 2130m ] , tanzania . forms a superspecies with b . capensis , b . reichenowi , b . crypta and b . fratrum , probably also with b . margaritae and b . diops . until very recently included b . crypta as part of nominate race , but the two found to differ morphologically and genetically ; also , formerly often treated as conspecific with b . reichenowi . according to new study , race ultima , which has in the past been included in b . fratrum , is weakly differentiated from nominate . two subspecies tentatively recognized .\nthe population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\ndespite it not having a large range , this species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) .\nthe white - tailed shrike ( lanioturdus torquatus ) occurs only in western angola and namibia and inhabits thorn scrub brush . the species spends a great deal of its time foraging on the ground where it hops from bush to bush scanning the leaves for any insect prey .\nn . a small genus of plants constituting the family batidaceae : low straggling dioecious shrubs .\nn . a generic name applied to the rays or skates : equivalent to raia .\nn . a genus of dicotyledonous shrubs , the type and only genus of the family batidace\u00e6 .\nfrom wordnet 3 . 0 copyright 2006 by princeton university . all rights reserved .\npractical taxidermy a manual of instruction to the amateur in collecting , preserving , and setting up natural history specimens of all kinds . to which is added a chapter upon the pictorial arrangement of museums . with additional instructions in modelling and artistic taxidermy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\nthe adult male has bluish grey upperparts with a black mask across the face , a white spot on the lores and white spots o the rump which are revealed when the long feathers are fluffed out . the underparts are white with a black breast band and blackish thighs . the wings are black with a white stripe , the bill and legs are black while the eyes are red . females are similar in pattern but the upper part colour is more olive in tone , the wings more reddish brown and has a mottled rufous breast band and browner wings . juveniles similar to female but markings less well differentiated . the short black tail is edged with white . it is a small species measuring 9\u00b75\u201310 cm in length and weighing 10\u00b75\u201314\u00b72g .\neast africa from the south eastern coast of kenya and north eastern tanzania including mount kilimanjaro , along the northern eastern arc mountains of tanzania , i . e . nguru , nguu , usambara mountains , pare and kilimanjaro , also in coastal south eastern tanzania .\nat sea level found in coastal forest , miombo woodland and in montane forest up to 2300m on kilimanjaro . it frequents the lower levels of forest and the undergrowth .\nsmall to medium - sized flycatcher - like birds , contrastingly coloured , with rather wide bill , short legs and upright stance ."]}
{"id": 634, "summary": [{"text": "alviniconcha is a genus of deep water sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family provannidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these snails are part of the fauna of the hydrothermal vents in the indian and western pacific ocean .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these and another genus and species within the same family ( ifremeria nautilei ) are the only known currently existing animals whose nutrition is derived from an endosymbiotic relationship with proteobacteria : a member of bacteria from class epsilonproteobacteria occurs as an endosymbiont of the gills of alviniconcha hessleri . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "alviniconcha", "paragraphs": ["provannidae \u00bb alviniconcha hessleri , id : 118698 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\none of them , alviniconcha strummeri , is named after joe strummer , the lead singer of the clash .\nthe other four new species are alviniconcha kojimai , a . boucheti , a . marisindica and a . adamantis .\nthe mitochondrial coi gene sequences from the alviniconcha gastropods are available at the ddbj under accession numbers ab235211 to ab235227 .\n\u201cthe name also recognizes the surface of alviniconcha shells : the spiky periostracum resembles the fashion of punk rock bands . \u201d\nspecies alviniconcha adamantis s . b . johnson , war\u00e9n , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014\nspecies alviniconcha boucheti s . b . johnson , war\u00e9n , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014\nspecies alviniconcha kojimai s . b . johnson , war\u00e9n , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014\nspecies alviniconcha strummeri s . b . johnson , war\u00e9n , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014\nthis spiky mollusk is called alviniconcha strummeri , named after joe strummer , the late frontman for the clash . taylor & francis online hide caption\nonly strummeri have been named after a musician : the other alviniconcha species get their monikers from things like research facilities and gastropod experts . \u201cthe name highlights the \u2018hardcore\u2019 nature of alviniconcha snails , that inhabit the hottest , most acidic and most sulphidic microhabitats at indo - pacific hydrothermal vents , \u201d researchers wrote . \u201cthe name also recognises the surface of alviniconcha shells : the spiky periostracum resembles the fashion of punk rock bands . \u201d\ncoupling of the host and endosymbiont lineages of alviniconcha gastropods showed that , although alviniconcha sp . type 2 is associated with bacterial endosymbionts from two related \u03b5 - proteobacterial lineages , each of the other alviniconcha lineages harbors bacterial endosymbionts from one distinct lineage within either the \u03b3 - or \u03b5 - proteobacteria . these host - symbiont relationships in alviniconcha gastropods could potentially be used to motivate for the recognition each host lineage as a separate species . furthermore , since alviniconcha sp . types 1 and 2 harbor \u03b3 - and \u03b5 - proteobacterial endosymbionts , respectively , and , given that they appear to exclusively inhabit adjacent hydrothermal vents in the manus and north fiji basins , then the possibility that they occupy separate ecological niches should be explored further .\nnovel chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis between a member of the epsilonproteobacteria and the hydrothermal - vent gastropod alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( gastropoda : provannidae ) from the indian ocean\nalviniconcha kojimai , a . adamantis , a . marisindica and a . boucheti ( clockwise ) . image credit : shannon b . johnson et al .\n\u201cthe name highlights the \u2018hardcore\u2019 nature of alviniconcha snails that inhabit the hottest , most acidic and most sulfidic microhabitats at indo - pacific hydrothermal vents . \u201d\nalviniconcha strummeri is known from hydrothermal vent localities at 1 , 850 m depth in the southern lau basin , especially at the tui malila vent site .\nnovel chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis between a member of the epsilonproteobacteria and the hydrothermal - vent gastropod alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( gastropoda : provannidae ) from the indian ocean \u2020\nalviniconcha strummeri , a new species of deep - sea snail named after joe strummer of the clash . image credit : shannon b . johnson et al .\nthe principle aim of the present study was to identify and clarify the host - endosymbiont lineages of the alviniconcha gastropods from the southwest pacific ocean . in addition , we attempted to determine the nature of the carbon metabolism and the trophic relationships between alviniconcha and their endosymbionts using bulk and compound - specific carbon isotopic analyses .\nworms - world register of marine species - alviniconcha strummeri s . b . johnson , war\u00e9n , tunnicliffe , van dover , wheat , schultz & vrijenhoek , 2014\nthe alviniconcha sp . from the lau basin harbors a \u03b3 - proteobacterial endosymbiont that is phylogenetically distinct from those found in other alviniconcha lineages ( fig . 2 ) . the \u03b3 - proteobacterial endosymbiont is closely related to the endosymbiont of the \u201cscaly - footed\u201d hydrothermal gastropod from the central indian ridge with which it shares a sequence identity of ca . 95 % .\na group of marine biologists headed by dr robert vrijenhoek from the monterey bay aquarium research institute has described five new species of deep water alviniconcha snails from the western pacific and the indian ocean .\nwittenberg , j . b . , and j . l . stein . 1995 . hemoglobin in the symbiont - harboring gill of the marine gastropod alviniconcha hessleri . biological bulletin 188 : 5 - 7 .\na snail so hardcore it ' s named after a punk rocker inspired by the snails ' spiky shells and acid - loving nature , researchers named the new species alviniconcha strummeri , after clash frontman joe strummer .\nsince johnson had such success in calling the spiky , acid - loving mollusks punk - rock snails , she and her colleagues decided to name them alviniconcha strummeri , after the late joe strummer , frontman for the clash .\nfive new alviniconcha species were collected during several expeditions ( 1993 - 2008 ) to various segments of the north fiji , lau , manus and mariana back - arc basins , the mariana volcanic arc and the central indian ridge .\nhairy things aren\u2019t just for ye landlubbers . the deep - sea is home to several hairy critters including the hairy vent snail , alviniconcha . the hairy appearance are actually spines protruding from the periostracum , a thin organic layer that coats the mineralized shell of a snail . alviniconcha \u2018s shell is very thin . it is this biologist\u2019s opinion that the spines might help keep off fouling creatures , such as drilling limpets . but no one knows for sure quite yet .\na species of deep sea snail with the bold , spiky aesthetic of early clash fans has been named after joe strummer . alviniconcha strummeri are golf ball - sized invertebrates that live around 2 , 000 metres beneath the surface of the ocean .\nshannon b . johnson et al . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity , published online december 3 , 2014 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772000 . 2014 . 970673\ndenis , f . , d . jollivet , and d . moraga . 1993 . genetic separation of two allopatric populations of hydrothermal snails alviniconcha spp . ( gastropoda ) from two south western pacific back - arc basins . biochemical systematics and ecology 21 : 431 - 440 .\nto better understand the phylogenetic relationships among host lineages , the upstream region of the coi gene was amplified by pcr using primers lco1490 and hco2198 ( 5 ) for each of the five host lineages : a . hessleri ( smr - 93 - 10 in reference 12 ) , alviniconcha sp . type 1 ( mb - 96 - 16 in reference 14 ) , alviniconcha sp . type 2 ( fb - 90 - 7 in reference 12 ) , alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( the first specimen in reference 11 ) , and alviniconcha sp . from the lau basin ( fig . 1 ) . the primers coi - 7 ( 20 ) and coi - d ( 16 ) were used to amplify the coi fragment of ifremeria nautilei , a member of the provannidae from the north fiji ( haplotype f4 in reference 13 ) and the manus basins ( haplotype m1 in reference 13 ) . ifremeria was used as the outgroup for phylogenetic analysis . the conditions for pcr were 94\u00b0c for 60 s , followed by 30 to 40 cycles of 92\u00b0c for 40 s , 50\u00b0c for 60 s , and 72\u00b0c for 90 s .\nkojima , s . , r . segawa , y . fijiwara , k . fujikura , s . ohta , and j . hashimoto . 2001 . phylogeny of hydrothermal - vent - endemic gastropods alviniconcha spp . from the western pacific revealed by mitochondrial dna sequences . biological bulletin 200 : 298 - 304 .\nphylogenetic analysis also revealed that the sequence identities between the host lineage from the lau basin specimen and the four other host lineages ranged from 88 . 3 to 91 . 6 % , which is markedly lower than the identities among these lineages themselves , which ranged from 98 . 8 to 100 % . it is therefore proposed that the gastropod from the lau basin represent a new distinct lineage in the genus alviniconcha . the finding of marked genetic differentiation in the lau basin specimen is consistent with a previous study in which 20 enzymatic systems in alviniconcha gastropods from the lau and north fiji basins were analyzed ( 1 ) .\nspecimens of alviniconcha sp . type 1 from the pacmanus field d in the manus basin and the white lady site in the north fiji basin were found to harbor closely related \u03b3 - proteobacterial endosymbionts ( fig . 2 ) . similarly , the sequence identities among \u03b3 - proteobacterial endosymbionts within the manus and north fiji basins were greater than 99 . 3 and 97 . 8 % , respectively . sequence identities between specimens from the two basins were greater than 97 . 7 % . the endosymbionts of alviniconcha sp . type 1 were related to free - living thiomicrospira spp . with sequence identities of less than 90 % .\nkojima , s . , k . fujikura , t . okutani , and j . hashimoto . 2003 . phylogenetic relationship of alviniconcha gastropods from the indian ocean to those from the pacific ocean ( mollusca : provannidae ) revealed by nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial dna . venus ( japan journal of malacology ) 63 : 65 - 68 .\nin the present study , the symbiotic relationship in alviniconcha gastropods from the southwest pacific was defined more clearly by using molecular phylogenetic analyses and carbon isotopic characterizations . further ecological and anatomical studies of these uniquely evolved gastropod assemblages might increase our understanding of the gastropod - proteobacterial endosymbioses that have been discovered in hydrothermal vent ecosystems around the globe .\nphylogenetic relationships among the five alviniconcha lineages known to date . the tree was constructed by using the mp method with two lineages of ifremeria nautilei used as outgroup taxa . numbers at the branch nodes represent bootstrap values ( 1 , 000 replicates ) obtained from the mp , nj , and the ml methods ; only values greater than 50 % are indicated .\ndistance tree of the members of the \u03b3 - and \u03b5 - proteobacteria , as well as the alviniconcha endosymbionts based on near - complete 16s rrna gene sequences ( 1 , 160 nucleotides ) . bootstrap values ( in percent values ) are based on 1 , 000 replicates ( nj and mp ) and are shown for branches with more than 50 % bootstrap support .\nalviniconcha also has blue blood due the respiratory pigment hemocyanin and carries very enlarged gills . my measurements indicate that the dry weight of the gills can get up to 21 % of the total dry mass ( excluding shell ) . for comparison , the average intertidal intertidal snail has 4 - 7 % of its total body weight devoted to the gills . this makes sense since alviniconcha has a very reduced stomach and digestive tract . it gets most , if not all , of it\u2019s nutrition from chemoautotrophic bacteria housed in its gills .\nchemoautotrophic\nmeans that the bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide as an energy source , normally a toxic chemical to most animal life . but these extreme snails can bring in the goods for their bacterial helpers and thrive en masse .\nalviniconcha strummeri will now vie with amaurotoma zappa , named for frank , in the collections of malacologist music fans . those who are not simply interested in snails may also pursue exemplars of the isopod cirolana mercuryi , named from freddie , jaggermeryx naida , an extinct \u201clong - legged pig\u201d named after mick , and myrmekiaphila neilyoungi , a spider who is apparently looking for a heart of gold .\nsuzuki , y . , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , y . nogi , t . miwa , k . takai , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi . 2005 . novel chemoautotrophic endosymbiosis between a member of the epsilonproteobacteria and the hydrothermal - vent gastropod alviniconcha aff . hessleri ( gastropoda : provannidae ) from the indian ocean . applied and environmental microbiology 71 : 5440 - 5450 .\nthe alviniconcha gastropods that harbor \u03b3 - proteobacterial endosymbionts have biomass \u03b4 13 c values ranging from \u221230 . 0 to \u221230 . 7 with fatty acids depleted of 13 c relative to the biomass by 5 . 3 to 7 . 7 ( table 2 ) ; these findings are consistent with the chemoautotrophy of the calvin - benson cycle and the subsequent synthesis of fatty acids from 13 c - depleted acetyl - coa ( 21 ) . as with alvinoconcha aff . hessleri , the biomass \u03b4 13 c value of other alviniconcha gastropods that harbor \u03b5 - proteobacterial endosymbionts have values ranging from \u221210 . 3 to \u221213 . 4 with fatty acids enriched in 13 c relative to the biomass by 2 . 9 to 7 . 3 ( table 2 ) . since the 13 c enrichment of fatty acids relative to biomass is a characteristic of fatty acid synthesis from 13 c - enriched acetyl - coa produced through the rtca cycle , the observed isotope fractionation patterns are most likely to reflect the chemoautotrophy typical of the rtca cycle . although the carbon isotopic composition of hydrothermal co 2 from the sites and enzymatic activity of key enzymes involved in the two chemoautotrophic cycles were not examined in the present study , it seems likely that the \u03b3 - and \u03b5 - proteobacterial alviniconcha endosymbionts assayed in the present study are chemoautotrophs that convert co 2 into organic matter via the calvin - benson and rtca cycles , respectively .\nsuzuki , y . , s . kojima , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , t . utsumi , h . watanabe , h . urakawa , s . tsuchida , t . nunoura , h . hirayama , k . takai , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi . 2006 . host - symbiont relationships in hydrothermal vent gastropods of the genus alviniconcha from the southwest pacific . appl . environ . microbiol . 72 : 1388 - 1393 .\njohnson , s . b . ; war\u00e9n , a . ; tunnicliffe , v . ; dover , c . v . ; wheat , c . g . ; schultz , t . f . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2014 ) . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\njohnson , s . b . ; war\u00e9n , a . ; tunnicliffe , v . ; dover , c . v . ; wheat , c . g . ; schultz , t . f . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2014 ) . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , fig . 2 . 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\njohnson , s . b . ; war\u00e9n , a . ; tunnicliffe , v . ; dover , c . v . ; wheat , c . g . ; schultz , t . f . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2014 ) . molecular taxonomy and naming of five cryptic species of alviniconcha snails ( gastropoda : abyssochrysoidea ) from hydrothermal vents . systematics and biodiversity . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 , fig . 2 . 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndescription alviniconcha hessleri was discovered and described almost 20 years ago ( 7 ) and is a mesogastropod in the family provannidae ( 14 ) . it is named both after the submersible alvin ( \u201calvin\u2019s shell\u201d ) and the preeminent deep - sea biologist , robert r . hessler . the snail is roughly spherical in shape and has a thin carbonate shell ( if allowed to air - dry , it will fall to pieces within weeks ! ) the protoconch is almost never visible and juvenile shells show considerable variation in sculpture ( 3 , 14 ) . the spiny appearance of this snail is part of the periostracum and can erode away in larger specimens . speaking of size , we have seen specimens up to 88mm in length , larger than a softball !\nbiogeography originally described from the mariana trough west of the philippines , these snails populate many of the back - arc basins in the western pacific , including the manus , north fiji , and lau back - arc basins . additionally , a . hessleri is reported from the central indian ridge . genetic data suggest there is 2 genetically distinct populations living hundreds of meters apart in the north fiji basin , the dominant genotype being most similar to populations from the manus basin ( 5 ) . populations from the lau basin are also genetically separated from those from the north fiji basin ( 1 ) . furthermore , populations from southwest pacific back - arc basins are distinct from those from the mariana trough are distinct from all of the western pacific back - arc basins ( 6 ) . the central indian ridge populations of alviniconcha are distinct from all other populations ( 4 , 13 ) , though most closely related to populations from the mariana trough ( 4 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncorresponding author . mailing address : frontier research system for extremophiles , japan agency for marine - earth science and technology , 2 - 15 natsushima - cho , yokosuka 237 - 0061 , japan . phone : 81 - 468 - 67 - 9710 . fax : 81 - 468 - 67 - 9715 . e - mail :\nshannon johnson , a researcher at the monterey bay aquarium research institute , found that when she talked to youngsters about sea snails , she communicated a little more effectively if she skipped the technical description and called them\npunk - rock snails .\ntheir entire shells are covered in spikes ,\njohnson explains .\nand then the spikes are actually all covered in fuzzy white bacteria .\nthese punk rock snails live thousands of feet underwater , crowded around the mouths of chimneys of hydrothermal vents \u2014 the kind of place that might survive the apocalyptic\nnuclear error\nin the clash album london calling .\nthey live in hot , acidic poison , basically , so they ' re pretty hardcore ,\nshe says .\nnot only was a he a punk - rock icon \u2014 he ' s kind of one of the originators of the punk movement \u2014 but he also was kind of an environmentalist ,\nshe says .\nhe started a foundation that was planting trees all over the world . he ' s a neat guy .\nstrummer is not the only big name with his own namesake animal . a wooly lemur from madagascar is named after john cleese \u2014 the avahi cleesei . a frog in the amazon that makes a shrill , bat - like call is named after ozzy osbourne .\nthe ramones each have their own trilobite , and there ' s a parasitic wasp named after shakira . the scientists who discovered the wasp say it causes the caterpillar it inhabits to wriggle and writhe , which reminds them of shakira ' s energetic dancing .\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 1993 ) new records , species , genera , and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps . zoologica scripta 22 : 1 - 90 . [ details ]\ndesbruy\u00e8res , d . , m . segonzac & m . bright ( eds . ) . ( 2006 ) . handbook of deep - sea hydrothermal vent fauna . second edition denisia 18 : 1 - 544 . ( copepods 316 - 355 ) ( polychaeta 183 - 296 ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nphoto on left courtesy of c . fisher / ridge2000 . photo on the right from linda zelnio .\nwant to know more about this hairy little friend ? i wrote a detailed article on this snail for deep sea news over a year ago . - kaz\n@ doppleganger : don\u2019t forget to send it to carl zimmer for his science tattoo gallery too .\nthese deep - sea animals live in the hottest and most acidic waters near hydrothermal vents .\nbecause these snails live in these extreme conditions , they have severely degraded shells ( size varies between 2 . 5 - 10 cm ) covered in spikes or have no shells at all .\n\u201ccollections were conducted with the remotely operated vehicles ( rov ) jason ii and ropos , with the st212 trenching rov , and with the human - occupied vehicle shinkai 6500 , \u201d dr vrijenhoek and his colleagues wrote in a paper in the journal systematics and biodiversity .\n\u201cnamed in honor of joe strummer , the lead vocalist and guitarist from the clash , a british punk band , \u201d the scientists wrote .\na . kojimai is known from hydrothermal vent localities at 1 , 480 to 2 , 700 m depths in the manus , fiji and lau basins , in the western pacific . a . boucheti lives near hydrothermal vents at 1 , 300 to 2 , 700 m depths in the manus , fiji and lau basins , in the western pacific .\na . marisindica occurs at hydrothermal vents at 2 , 400 to 3 , 300 m depths on central indian ridge , in the indian ocean : kairei and edmunds vent fields . and a . adamantis lives near hydrothermal vents at 350 m depth on east diamante seamount .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nthis page was last edited on 15 may 2017 , at 11 : 43 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\nwhen you think of hydrothermal vents , what comes to mind first ? is it the gushing black smoke out of a chimney ? perhaps you envision the enormous tubeworms with their red velvety plumes sticking out of their white tubes . some may even be familiar with the dense swarms of blind shrimp . what may not come to mind are big hairy snails !\nphysiology a . hessleri has blue blood due to hemocyanin , but also contains hemoglobin in concentrations similar to chemoautotrophic bivalves from other hydrothermal vents ( 15 ) . the gill of this beast is enlarged and can get up to 21 % of the total soft - body mass ( dry weight , unpublished data ) . a normal snail\u2019s gills from the intertidal may weigh around 4 - 7 % of the total soft - body weight .\ndesbruy\u00e8res , d . , a . - m . alayse - danet , s . ohta , and scientific parties of biolau and starmer cruises . 1994 . deep - sea hydrothermal communities in southwestern pacific back - arc basins ( the north fiji and lau basins ) : composition , microdistribution and food web . marine geology 116 : 227 - 242 .\nhasegawa , k . , k . fujikura , and t . okutani . 1997 . gastropod fauna associated with hydrothermal vents in the mariana back - arc basin : summary of the results of 1996 \u201cshinkai 6500\u201d dives . jamstec journal of deep sea research 13 : 69 - 83 .\nkojima , s . , s . ohta , t . miura , y . fujiwara , and j . hashimoto . 2000 . molecular phylogeny study of chemosynthetic - based communities in the manus basin . jamstec journal of deep sea research 16 : 7 - 13 .\nokutani , t . , and s . ohta . 1988 . a new gastropod mollusk associated with hydrothermal vents in the mariana back - arc basin , western pacific . venus ( japan journal of malacology ) 47 : 1 - 9 .\npranal , v . , a . fiala - medioni , and j . guezennec . 1997 . fatty acid characteristics in two symbiont - bearing mussels from deep - sea hydrothermal vents of the south - western pacific . journal of the marine biological association of the uk 77 : 473 - 492 .\nstein , j . l . , s . c . cary , r . r . hessler , s . ohta , r . d . vetter , j . j . childress , and h . felbeck . 1988 . chemoautotrophic symbiosis in a hydrothermal vent gastropod . biological bulletin 174 : 373 - 378 .\nurakawa , h . , n . dubilier , y . fujiwara , d . e . cunningham , s . kojima , and d . a . stahl . 2005 . hydrothermal vent gastropods from the same family ( provannidae ) harbour e - and g - proteobacterial endosymbionts . environmental microbiology 7 : 750 - 754 .\nvan dover , c . l . , s . e . humphris , d . fornari , c . m . cavanaugh , r . collier , s . k . goffredi , j . hashimoto , m . d . lilley , a . l . reysenbach , t . m . shank , k . l . von damm , a . banta , r . m . gallant , d . g\u00f6tz , d . green , j . hall , t . l . harmer , l . a . hurtado , p . johnson , z . p . mckiness , c . meredith , e . olson , i . l . pan , m . turnipseed , y . won , c . r . young iii , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2001 . biogeography and ecological setting of indian ocean hydrothermal vents . science 294 : 818 - 823 .\nwar\u00e9n , a . , and p . bouchet . 1993 . new records , species , genera , and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps . zoologica scripta 22 : 1 - 90 .\nhairy crabs , hairy snails , \u2026 what\u2019s next ? nice article , kevin . thanks ! i hope you do more .\nyep , they have a thin operculum . i\u2019m not sure how they keep from being predated , but a few observations from the field : 1 ) many of these snails are covered in white bacteria 2 ) when i crushed some snails incidentally , the crabs came pouring out of the woodwork toward the crushed snails .\nso , it is unclear what the palatability of the snails are but it seems they were probably being eaten by the crabs . now , the reason why this certain crab may be highly associated with the snail in the first place is because it might be grazing the the bacteria off the snails shell . crabs are very opportunistic and if they sense an easy snack they might go for an injured snail . we don\u2019t have much evidence to back up the claim , but just one of several things to consider .\nit looks like you haven\u2019t added any widgets to this sidebar yet . to customize this sidebar , go add some !\n\u00a9 2006 - 2018 science 2 . 0 . all rights reserved . scienceblogs is a registered trademark of science 2 . 0 , an education nonprofit operating under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . contributions are fully tax - deductible .\njoe strummer doing his best snail impression . photograph : george rose / getty images\nthe strummer - indebted snails are one of five new species identified in a paper that was published in the journal systematics and biodiversity . \u201cbecause they look like punk rockers in the 70s and 80s and have purple blood and live in such an extreme environment , we decided to name one new species after a punk rock icon , \u201d shannon johnson , a researcher at california\u2019s monterey bay aquarium research institute , told the santa cruz sentinel ( via exclaim ) .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\ntotal dna was extracted from the head - food region of the specimens from the three back - arc basins by grinding , digestion with sodium dodecyl sulfate , and extraction with phenol and chloroform . the downstream region of the coi mitochondrial gene ( approximately 690 bp ) was amplified by the pcr using primers coi - b (\n) . the pcr conditions were as follows : 94\u00b0c for 60 s followed by 30 to 40 cycles at 92\u00b0c for 40 s , 50\u00b0c for 60 s , and 72\u00b0c for 90 s . the nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment was determined by using an abi3100 sequencer and a prism big dye terminator sequencing kit ( applied biosystems , inc . , foster city , ca ) with primers coi - b , tw - 2 (\nphylogenetic relationships were estimated by the maximum - parsimony ( mp ) method using a multiple , equally parsimonious , heuristic search with tree bisection - reconnection and 1 , 000 random addition sequence replicates , the maximum - likelihood ( ml ) method of the paup * package ( version 4 . 0b10 ) ( 23 ) , and the neighbor - joining ( nj ) method ( 19 ) of the mega package ( version 2 . 19 [ 16 ] ) .\n) , except that the endosymbiont dna was extracted from the dissected gill tissue by using a dneasy kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca ) in accordance with the manufacturer ' s instructions . endosymbiont 16s rrna gene sequences were amplified by pcr using la\n) . the pcr conditions were 96\u00b0c for 120 s , followed by 27 to 30 cycles of 96\u00b0c for 20 s , 53\u00b0c for 45 s , and 72\u00b0c for 120 s . the amplified 16s rrna gene sequence products were cloned by using an original ta cloning kit ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca ) before being sequenced with an abi 3100 sequencer and drhodamine sequencing kit according to the manufacturer ' s recommendations ( perkin - elmer / applied biosystems ) .\na single phylogenetic clone type ( phylotype ) was obtained from the clone type analysis . the partial sequence was extended and manually aligned by using the secondary structures with arb ( 18 ) . evolutionary analysis was performed by the nj and mp methods using paup ( 23 ) based on 1 , 160 nucleotide positions ( 64 to 1417 [ escherichia coli numbering ] ) , which have more than 50 % identity across the sequences analyzed .\nthe bacterial 16s rrna gene sequences from the gill endosymbionts are available at the ddbj under the accession numbers ab235228 to ab235239 .\n) . the gastropod specimens were dissected into gill and mantle tissues , which were then lyophilized . the carbon isotopic compositions of the cultures and the acid - fumed gastropod tissues were analyzed by using a thermo electron delta\nadvantage mass spectrometer connected to an elemental analyzer ( ea1112 ) through a conflo iii interface . the measured isotopic composition was expressed as \u03b4\nc abundance ratio for the pee dee belemnite carbonate standard . the values of \u03b4\n) . briefly , approximately 20 mg of the gastropod tissue was incubated in 1 ml of anhydrous methanolic hydrochloric acid at 100\u00b0c for 3 h . the fatty acid methyl esters ( fames ) were then extracted with\n- hexane . the identities of the fames were subsequently determined by comparison of their retention times and spectra to those of known fame standards by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry ( gcq ; shimadzu , tokyo , japan ) . the oven temperature was set to 140\u00b0c for 3 min before being increased to 250\u00b0c at a rate of 4\u00b0c / min with he at a constant flow of 1 . 1 ml / min through a db - 5ms column ( 30 m by 0 . 25 \u03bcm by 0 . 25 mm ; j & w scientific , folsom , ca ) . standard nomenclature was used for fatty acids , which were designated in an\nthe \u03b4 13 c values of the fames were determined using the gc - carbon - isotope ratio ms using a thermo electron delta plus advantage mass spectrometer connected to a gas chromatograph ( agilent 6890 ; agilent , mountain view , ca ) through a gc / c / c / iii interface as described previously ( 22 ) . the oven temperature was set to 120\u00b0c for 3 min before being increased to 300\u00b0c at a rate of 4\u00b0c / min with he at a constant flow of 1 . 1 ml / min through an hp - 5 column ( 30 m by 0 . 25 \u03bcm by 0 . 25 mm ; agilent ) . the isotopic compositions of the fames were measured with an internal isotopic standard ( 19 : 0 , \u03b4 13 c = \u221229 . 80 ) with a correction made for the additional carbon atom from the methanol - derivatizing reagent ( \u03b4 13 c = \u221239 . 04 ) . the internal isotopic standard reduced measurement errors to within 1 for all isotopic analyses .\ngastropods and their distribution in the south west pacific basins , a nucleotide sequence for the downstream region of the coi mitochondrial gene ( 696 bp ) was determined for a single specimen from the vai lili site in the lau basin , as well as several sites in the manus and north fiji basins . as summarized in table\nsp . type 2 occurred in pacmanus field e and at the vienna woods site in the manus basin and in the starmer ii site in the north fiji basin . consequently , it appears that the distribution of\nspp . types 1 and 2 within the fields and sites examined in the present study does not overlap . instead , despite the relatively close geographic proximity of\nto determine the phylogenetic affiliations of gill endosymbionts , the host lineages of which were identified above , were analyzed based on their 16s rrna gene sequences . the examination of at least eight clones generated from a 16s rrna gene - sequence library from the gill filaments of each gastropod showed only one 16s rrna gene sequence . as shown in fig .\nin this and previous studies , the phylogenetic relationships of host gastropods and their bacterial endosymbionts were conducted in conjunction with bulk and compound - specific carbon isotopic analyses at a global scale across five tectonic settings . analysis of fatty acid profiles of gastropod tissues revealed that the symbiont - free mantle tissue contained substantially more monosaturated c\n) . this finding suggests that endosymbiont cells are consumed by , and incorporated into , the host gastropods .\nwe thank the captains and crews of the r / v yokosuka and natsushima and the shinkai 2000 and 6500 for their technical expertise . we also thank toshiyuki yamaguchi and yasunori kano for helpful discussions .\ncorresponding author . mailing address : extremobiosphere research center , japan agency for marine - earth science & technology , 2 - 15 natsushima - cho , yokosuka , kanagawa 237 - 0061 , japan . phone : 81 - 46 - 867 - 9710 . fax : 81 - 46 - 867 - 9715 . e - mail :\nspp . ( gastropoda ) from two south western pacific back - arc basins .\ndesbruyeres , d . , a . - m . alayse , s . ohta , et al .\n. deep - sea hydrothermal communities in southwestern pacific back - arc basins ( the north fiji and lau basins ) : composition , microdistribution , and food web .\nfolmer , o . , m . black , w . hoeh , r . a . lutz , and r . c . vrijenhoek .\n. wide variation of chemical characteristics of submarine hydrothermal fluids due to due to secondary modification processes after high temperature water - rock interaction : a review , p .\nhasegawa , t . , t . yamaguchi , s . kojima , and s . ohta .\nhashimoto , j . , s . ohta , a . fialamedioni , j . - m . auzende , s . kojima , m . segonzac , y . fujiwara , j . c . hunt , k . gena , t . miura , t . kikuchi , t . yamaguchi , t . toda , h . chiba , s . tsuchida , j . ishibashi , k . henry , m . zbinden , a . pruski , a . inoue , h . kobayashi , j . - l . birrien , j . naka , t . yamanaka , c . laporte , k . nishimura , c . yeats , s . malagun , p . kia , m . oyaizu , and t . katayama .\n. hydrothermal vent communities in the manus basin , papua new guinea : results of the bioaccess cruises ' 96 and ' 98 .\n. fractionation of the isotopes of carbon and hydrogen in biosynthetic processes , p .\nkojima , s . , k . fujikura , t . okutani , and j . hashimoto .\ngastropods from the indian ocean to those from the pacific ocean ( provannidae : mollusca ) revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna .\nkojima , s . , r . segawa , y . fujiwara , k . fujikura , s . ohta , and j . hashimoto .\nkojima , s . , r . segawa , y . fujiwara , j . hashimoto , and s . ohta .\n, between the north fiji basin and the manus basin revealed by nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna .\nkojima , s . , r . segawa , j . hashimoto , and s . ohta .\n. molecular phylogeny of vestimentiferans collected around japan revealed by the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial dna .\nkumar , s . , k . tamura , i . b . jacobsen , and m . nei .\n. mega2 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software . arizona state university , tempe .\n. john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , n . y .\nludwig , w . , o . strunk , r . westram , l . richter , h . meier , yadhukumar , a . buchner , t . lai , s . steppi , g . jobb , w . forster , i . brettske , s . gerber , a . w . ginhart , o . gross , s . grumann , s . hermann , r . jost , a . konig , t . liss , r . lussmann , m . may , b . nonhoff , b . reichel , r . strehlow , a . stamatakis , n . stuckmann , a . vilbig , m . lenke , t . ludwig , a . bode , and k . h . schleifer .\n. the neighbor - joining method : a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees .\nshimayama , t . , h . himeno , j . sasuga , s . yokobori , t . ueda , and k . watanabe .\nsuzuki , y . , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi .\nsuzuki , y . , t . sasaki , m . suzuki , y . nogi , t . miwa , k . takai , k . h . nealson , and k . horikoshi .\n. paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . sinauer associates , sunderland , mass .\nurakawa , h . , n . dubilier , y . fujiwara , d . e . cunningham , s . kojima , and d . a . stahl .\n. hydrothermal vent gastropods from the same family ( provannidae ) harbour \u03b5 - and \u03b3 - proteobacterial endosymbionts .\n. gastropoda and monoplacophora from hydrothermal vents and seeps ; new taxa and records .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nfiji . lau bassin . valufa ridge . site vailili . 23\u00b013 ' s . 176\u00b038 ' w . biolau expedition , taken by submarine , 1750 m . july 1989\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhas blue blood due to hemocyanin , but also contains hemoglobin in concentrations similar to chemoautotrophic bivalves from other hydrothermal vents ( 15 ) . the gill of this beast is enlarged and can get up to 21 % of the total soft - body mass ( dry weight , unpublished data ) . a normal snail\u2019s gills from the intertidal may weigh around 4 - 7 % of the total soft - body weight .\nthe digestive system is very reduced for the size of this snail . for instance , war\u00e9n & bouchet ( 14 ) state , \u201cthe stomach is small , about 10mm3 in a specimen 45mm high and a shell volume of about 60 , 000 mm3 . a specimen of\nliving in the same environment , grazing the surface , has a stomach of 1 . 5mm3 at a shell of 75mm3 . this means that\nhas a stomach which is 100 times large in relation to the body volume . \u201d ( pg . 63 )\nhas separate sexes . they lay down flat , semi - transparent egg capsules on the rock which contains about 20 - 25 embryos ( 14 ) . larvae of\nat north fiji and lau basins ( ( 2 ) , unpublished data ) . several copepods of the genus\ncommonly forms the center of a \u201cbull\u2019s eye\u201d pattern we observe at the lau basin ( documented by war\u00e9n & bouchet ( 14 ) for the north fiji basin ) , where is occupied the hottest part of the hydrothermal field with the highest concentrations of sulfide ( unpublished data ) . crabs of the genus\n. my \u201cpet hypothesis\u201d is that the spines of the snail keep off fouling critters , perhaps those that might drill through its thin and fragile shell . still needs to be tested though\u2026\noriginally described from the mariana trough west of the philippines , these snails populate many of the back - arc basins in the western pacific , including the manus , north fiji , and lau back - arc basins . additionally ,\nis reported from the central indian ridge . genetic data suggest there is 2 genetically distinct populations living hundreds of meters apart in the north fiji basin , the dominant genotype being most similar to populations from the manus basin ( 5 ) . populations from the lau basin are also genetically separated from those from the north fiji basin ( 1 ) . furthermore , populations from southwest pacific back - arc basins are distinct from those from the mariana trough are distinct from all of the western pacific back - arc basins ( 6 ) . the central indian ridge populations of\nare distinct from all other populations ( 4 , 13 ) , though most closely related to populations from the mariana trough ( 4 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n\u201cdescriptions cannot be made full enough and accurate enough to satisfy later workers . each generation of taxonomists must see the actual specimens used by earlier generations , and i think the tendency now is , or should be , to make descriptions short , but of course explicit and carefully calculated , and to make specimens widely available . \u201d\nthe naming of organisms following standardized conventions is the basis for linking new information to existing knowledge . it is also the basis for biological classification , effective communication , and extrapolation of findings about organisms . the mere accession numbers of dna sequences ( or other strings of numbers lacking an agreed system of the numbers\u2019 innate significance ) do not permit extrapolation of information about morphological traits , biogeographic ranges , or sharing of published knowledge across disciplines , all of which is possible with a widely used naming convention . most researchers are using the conventions of the linnaean system , with the fixed starting points being linnaeus\u2019s treatments of plants and animals ( 1753 , 1758 ; persoon and fries for certain fungi and the names of lichens ) .\n\u201cthe combined nucleotide sequences of the holotype strain . . . . the complete list of diagnostic d1 - d2 lsu , its ( iternal transcribed spacer ) / 5 . 8s and ssu gen - bank sequences which can be used as a genetic type for this species are reported in supplementary material . \u201d similarly for the other species\nunspecified substitutions in nuclear its \u201c rhizoplaca polymorpha consists of specimens recovered within \u2018clade ivc\u2019 in leavitt et al . ( 2011a ) , which is supported as a lineage distinct from all other populations according to coalescent - based genetic analysis of multiple genetic loci . \u201d\n\u201cthe least inclusive clade containing organisms with nuclear rrna its sequences with genbank accessions gq850318 , gq850355 gq850368 . . . \u201d\n\u201cwith an its sequence ( genbank jq693160 ) that is distinct from other members of the gamsii / elongata clade , deviating in the its1 region from other species in the clade ; with a 94\u201397 % similarity . with a sister group relationship to a possibly polyphyletic clade containing mortierella sclerotiella ( basal ; genbank hq63031 , ex type ) , m . cogitans ( genbank hq630281 , ex type ) , and m . acrotona ( genbank hq630328 , ex type ) . \u201d\n685 snails collected from 327 hosts , incl . type material , deposited in various collections\nthis species differs by ssu , lsu and its2 dna sequences ( jn636069 ) from all other species , listed in tables 1 and 2 . \u201cnote that these ribosomal dna sequences may vary within the species\u201d\nto date , two papers have discussed dna - based formal diagnoses ( cook et al . 2010 ; tripp and lendemer 2014 ) . both overlooked that the practice began 15 years ago ( westheide and hass - cordes 2001 ) , and they either focused on a hypothetical example ( ( cook et al . 2010 ) or examples from 2012 and 2013 ( tripp and lendemer 2014 ) . tripp and lendemer ( 2012 ) also raised a potential problem with one type of dna diagnosis , namely genetic distances , which i take up in the \u201cdiscussion\u201d section . no previous paper has surveyed the conceptual and factual history of dna - based formal naming , and the absence of a review of how taxonomists have incorsporated molecular characters into protologs has led to uncertainty and reinventing of the wheel ( cook et al . 2010 ; j\u00f6rger and schr\u00f6dl 2013 ) .\nspecies are always delimited against already known species ( linnaeus 1753 , 1758 ; mayr 1992 ; naciri and linder 2015 ) . this holds true regardless of whether they are conceived as created ( linnaeus 1753 , 1758 ) or as the result of evolution ( mayr 1992 ) . huge numbers of \u201ccryptic\u201d species\u2014a term only meaningful relative to the particular technology used for studying organisms\u2014can be distinguished with genomic data , and taxonomists are facing the challenge of naming at least some of this organismal diversity as it may be relevant for their research interests . it is useful then to consider how earlier taxonomists facing large numbers of new species mastered the task .\nthe combination of the type method ( i . e . , name - bearing specimens deposited in one or more collections ) and the discrete nature of nucleotide characters ( substitutions or insertions / deletions of codons ) begs reconsideration of linnaeus\u2019s focus of diagnosing species by features that distinguish them from their known closest relatives , instead of describing mixed sets of traits that vary at different hierarchical levels . here , i consider the ways in which taxonomists have incorporated dna characters directly into the publication of new species names , and i also review the history of dna - based formal naming . i conclude with recommendations about best practice dna - based diagnosis .\ni compiled published molecular diagnoses through internet searches , surveying relevant journals and corresponding with colleagues . a molecular diagnosis involves the formal naming of a taxon by listing the dna or protein characters in which it differs from its closest relative ( s ) in the protolog , thus associating it with a binomial latinized name and the type material with its place of deposition . i checked that the molecular data indicated in the diagnosis were accessible in the cited database , usually the national center for biotechnology information ( ncbi : http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . urltoken , accessed 28 april 2016 ) .\nmy survey focused on species names . an example of a molecular diagnosis of a higher taxon is that of the family ambuchananiaceae seppelt & h . a . crum ex a . j . shaw , \u201cfam . nov . plantae heterogeneae in morphologia , synapomorphis molecularibus in dna nuclei mitochondri et plasti unitae . type :\n, p . 1523 ) . of course , this was before botanists abolished the latin requirement on 1 january 2012 . the baselines for bacterial names are\ndna - based formal diagnoses of new species of eukaryotes ( mainly fungi , animals , and plants ) since 2000 ( based on data in table 1 ) . i am aware of only one molecular diagnosis published in 2015 ( irimia and gottschling 2016 ) .\nthe first to discuss how dna characters might be used in species diagnosis were don reynolds and john taylor ( 1991 ) who clarified that the exsisting rules of the international code of botanical nomenclature ( as it was then still called ) allowed dna - based species naming and that dna itself could serve as the type element . they provide two hypothetical examples of new fungal species names , one with a mix of dna and morphological type materials and the other with dna type material only , and call on herbaria to prepare for storing dna material as types . almost a quarter of a century has passed since this prescient article , but taxonomists are still feeling the need to defend the use of dna characters in protologs ( cook et al . 2010 ; j\u00f6rger and schr\u00f6dl 2013 ; tripp and lendemer 2014 ) , and the approach is only slowly becoming more common ( fig . 1 ) .\nby november 2015 , 98 molecular diagnoses of species of acoelomorpha , alveolata , angiospermae , annelida , arachnida , arthropoda , ascomycota , chordata ( reptilia and pisces ) , fungi , lepidoptera , mollusca , and nematoda have been published ( table 1 ) . relatively few protologs refrain from also providing a morphological description ( brower 2010 ; molina et al . 2011 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ) .\nthis form of clade - based diagnosis ( \u201cthe least inclusive clade containing\u2026\u201d ) has been challenged by tripp and lendemer ( 2012 ) , who have requested the committee on the application of the code of nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants to decide on the validity of this form , which in their view goes against the requirement in article 32 . 2 ( d ) that a diagnosis cannot describe properties such as purely aesthetic features , economic , medicinal or culinary usage , cultural significance , cultivation techniques , geographical origin , or geological age . this matter is currently unsolved , and i have not found examples from outside fungi and lichens of this form of diagnosis ( table 1 ) .\n) . in most studies , dna diagnostic features serve to corroborate morphological differences . for example , diagnostic coi substitutions that agree with shell characters clearly diagnose species of parasitic snails , but \u201cimpoverished anatomical details [ alone ] do not allow identification\u201d (\n) , but fern\u00e1ndez - triana and colleagues decided not to use dna barcoding traits as species diagnoses , instead using the form \u201csequences in bold : 2 , barcode compliant sequences : 2 . \u201d\nbetween january 1935 and 2012 , botanists ( and mycologists ) had to write any diagnosis in latin ( table lists three such molecular diagnoses ) . since 2012 , however , a few plant species have been diagnosed with nucleotide substitutions described in english ( table 1 ) , and one study even provides both molecular and morphological diagnoses and molecular and morphological descriptions ( gonz\u00e1lez et al . 2013 ) .\na key advantage of molecular diagnoses is their utility for more precisely characterizing type material than is possible with morphological traits . the better a type collection ( including syntypes and paratypes ) is characterized , the more reliable the identification of future specimens . this does not mean that unidentified specimens in the future will need to be sequenced for identification . instead , identification may continue to rely on morphological matching of preserved specimens or , increasingly , of images using machine learning . having stringent diagnoses that specify dna differences among closely related species ( or subspecific taxa ) can facilitate identification in those cases where the correct identification of a specimen is crucial , for example , for parasites of crops or of animals , especially us , but also for specimens that are incomplete , poorly preserved , or immature , so that diagnostic features are missing . also , as pointed out by cook et al . ( 2010 ) , it is often quicker and cheaper to use diagnostic dna features than to rely on the traditional expert - centered paradigm of identification ."]}
{"id": 636, "summary": [{"text": "cerithiopsis fayalensis is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the southwestern coast of apulia , italy .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by watson in 1880 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerithiopsis fayalensis", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - cerithiopsis fayalensis r . b . watson , 1880\nfigure 5 : the new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis diadema , b and c . cerithiopsis fayalensis , d and e . cerithiopsis micalii .\nspecies cerithiopsis pulchella jeffreys , 1858 accepted as cerithiopsis jeffreysi r . b . watson , 1885 ( non c . b . adams , 1850 )\nthe new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis . . . | download scientific diagram\nspecies cerithiopsis valeriae giusti fr . , 1987 accepted as onchodia valeriae ( giusti fr . , 1987 ) ( original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) accepted as cerithiella amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 )\nspecies cerithiopsis turbonilloides dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 accepted as ektonos turbonilloides ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ) ( original combination )\nwatson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nredescription of retilaskeya horrida ( di monterosato , 1874 ) comb . nov . and a re - evaluation of the taxonomic affinity of the genus retilaskeya ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea )\nwatson r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . challenger expedition . journal of the linnean society of london , 14\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nwatson , 1880 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neumetulinae clathropsis clathropsis impedita laseron 1956 , ( 4 ) queensland , laskeya laskeya bia bartsch , ( 10 ) afrique s . , laskeya geniculose hedley 1911 , ( 10 ) australie , retilaskeya retilaskeya bicolor ( adams c . b . 1845 ) , ( 18 ) floride , socienna socienna apicicostata ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula specula mammilla ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula regina cotton 1951 , ( 3 ) australie , zaclys zaclys styliferus cotton 1951 , ( 7 ) australie ,\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nforbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . oo [ 1 aug . 1850 ] ; 3 ( 34 ) : pl . 91 [ 2 dec . 1850 ] ; 3 ( 36 ) : 364 [ 1 feb . 1851 ] [ details ]\nforbes & hanley , 1850 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 137764 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 ) cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . page ( s ) : 53 [ details ] available for editors\nmarshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]\ncecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors"]}
{"id": 637, "summary": [{"text": "homing ( foaled 1975 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "although he never won at group one race , he established himself as the leading horse in europe over one mile in 1978 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his early form was moderate , but in the autumn of his three-year-old season he made dramatic improvement to record wide margin victories in the prix du rond point and the queen elizabeth ii stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired from racing at the end of the season , having won six of his fourteen races , and had modest success as a breeding stallion . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "homing ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["our group has a number of beautiful horses available for fostering and re - homing to their forever home .\nsaffyre sanctuary offers a re - homing service for those horses we are unable to physically take in at our location . our compassionate re - homing service provides assistance to horse owners who are going through financial hardships , foreclosures , illness , relocations , and other adversities .\nyou\u2019ll find full details about our re - homing process here but please don\u2019t hesitate to contact us if you have any further questions .\nthey seem to have a very strong homing ability which i guess comes from their need to find their home pastures etc in the wild .\nthere is a certain amount of risk involved with re - homing a horse with a traumatic past . nicola was fortunate that a family member was willing to take jigsaw on .\nas much as i love my tb , i doubt he ' d have the same road sense or homing instincts as my dear old section d .\nonce the contract has been exchanged and the re - homing fee received by the btrc you can make the arrangements for transporting the horse . you will be responsible for the cost of transport and for all the costs of keeping the horse thereafter .\nhorse and hound forums > horse & hound online forum > the tack room > rehoming a horse . . . . . . have you ?\nwe will use all of our available resources to place your horse , including internet postings , screening potential adopters , reference checks , and adopter site inspections . when choosing us for your re - homing needs , you can rest assured that your horse will be protected under our standard\nonce the contract has been exchanged and the re - homing fee received by the h . a . c . k . you can make the arrangements for transporting the horse . you will be responsible for the cost of transport and for all the costs of keeping the horse thereafter .\nby the time your horse is ready for its new loan home the charity will have invested a considerable amount of time and money into the horse . for this reason , we ask loaners to pay a non - refundable re - homing fee when the horse is taken from the btrc and for our loaners to become a committed giver .\nif you are interested in our re - homing service , please download the forms on this page to review our terms and assess whether we are able to assist you . thank you for your confidence in our organization and allowing us to help you and your horse !\n, so by the time the horse is fit to go to a loan home a considerable amount of time , energy , and money has been invested in it . we ask loaners to pay a non - refundable re - homing fee when the horse is taken from the h . a . c . k . horse sanctuary of \u00a3500 horse - \u00a3150 - \u00a3250 pony , a requirement is that loaners should at all times have third party , public liability and vet fees insurance for the horse .\nour goal is to place your horses as quickly as possible . however , we do not offer any guarantee that we can do that , or in what time frame . we encourage owners to continue to locate other avenues to safely place their horse , while we assist in the re - homing process . though we never want to see a horse in a detrimental situation , please note that we are unable to assist owners who wish to use our re - homing service because they do not want to spend the time or money to rehabilitate an ill or lame horse . we insist on owner responsibility before anything else .\npurchase is a finalist in the thoroughbred care and welfare category for the third time , this year joined by jane gollan , who made the final two for her work in re - homing almost every horse that retires from the stable of her husband , queensland ' s premier trainer tony gollan .\nwhen you have found your perfect match we will arrange a pre homing visit to the premises where the horse will be kept . we are not looking for perfection but good husbandry , a secure , safe and loving home . we will request two references per loaner to ensure the home is suitable .\nthis age of disposable things should not apply to animals . if anyone can take a horse , or knows someone who can , please consider rehoming a horse from world horse welfare .\nalso from the weir stable is lee purchase who , among other roles in the trainer ' s team , is credited with re - homing hundreds of the stable ' s retired racehorses into post - racing equestrian and pleasure careers in recent years .\nyou ' ve heard of homing pigeons ; now meet basil , the homing horse . the welsh cob fled his new stables at night by sliding a bolt with his teeth , he jumped a fence and trotted 3 miles down a main road - padding 14 different turn offs - to the farm in cilybebyll , south wales , where owner emily evans , 12 , lives .\nemily ' s only ridden him home from the stables once ,\nsaid her father , lyn ,\nhow he memorisd the route i just don ' t know . we ' re well out of the way\n\u2013 a horse or pony which is usually a long - term project requiring a highly experienced rehomer . see individual horse\u2019s details for more information .\nthere is a waiting list for ride able animals but as we try our best to match the right borrower to the right animal , not everyone has a long wait ! we have three sub categories of re - homing ride - able , companion ( non - ridden ) and fostering .\nother state - based programs include tasracing\u2019s off the track program , which also appears to be newly established without much information available ( though they do have a facebook page ) ; and queensland\u2019s racehorse rehab , started in 2013 and dedicated to re - homing racehorses , but not industry affiliated .\nas soon as a horse is enlisted into our program , our work begins .\nyour wants , needs think through your motivation and goals for adopting a horse .\nthis article originally appeared in the august 2010 issue of horse & rider magazine .\nyou will then become part of our guardian home network with access to support and advice whenever needed . you can expect our re - homing team to visit you at regular intervals to ensure that all is well and both you and your horse or pony are enjoying each other\u2019s company . you can of course contact us at any time should you have any questions or require further advice .\nyou will then sign a contract laying down the terms and conditions of the loan . this is devised to safeguard all concerned , primarily the welfare of the horse . the horse remains the property of the h . a . c . k . horse sanctuary\nview full version : rehoming a horse . . . . . . have you ?\nif you require more about loaning a horse from the btrc please call 01524 812649 .\nby : clydesdale horse society of great britain and ireland . published : ( 1878 )\nby : clydesdale horse society of great britain & ireland . published : ( 1998 )\nstate horse councils or boards vary tremendously in their missions and programs . one example is the pennsylvania equine council . see what your state horse council or board has to offer .\neach horse is taken in as a\nfirst come , first serve\n. this is why adoption is extremely important . once a horse is adopted at our facility , we can accept another horse who needs to enter right away . when enlisting a horse - we will personally meet with each owner , trainer and horse being offered to our program at either your farm or at the track ( we do hold licenses for local tracks ) .\ni experienced the same kind of thing . a girl at our stables had a horse on trial . i was having a chat at another stables - between my stables and the horse ' s original home - when i heard the clatter of horse feet on the road , coming from a major a road . we chased after the horse but lost it .\n\u2013 suitable for both ridden & driven work . see individual horse\u2019s details for more information .\nthe important thing is not to wait until the last minute to try to rehome your horse ! making a responsible choice for your horse\u2019s future takes time and effort , and the last thing you want to do is make a hasty decision that puts your horse at risk .\nthe horse in question you & apos ; ve found a facility you can trust . now apply equal diligence in checking out any horse you & apos ; re considering for adoption .\nby : hunters ' improvement and national light horse breeding society . published : ( 1887 )\ncreate an effective ad . we\u2019ve all laughed at horrible sale ads on craigslist , with their misspellings , poor grammar , and photographs of scruffy , unwashed horses . this is no way to sell a horse , and frankly , your horse deserves better than that . craft your ad with care and include details that showcase your horse\u2019s personality , including what makes him special and valuable . be honest about your horse\u2019s strengths and shortcomings ; witholding information or misleading buyers is risky and could negatively impact your horse\u2019s future . an honest presentation of your horse\u2014both his good and not - so - good points\u2014will help ensure your horse will be appreciated for who he is .\neach horse turned into our program is reviewed individually . each horse is evaluated with a physical assessment that involves weight management , soundness and athletic ability . upon this assessment , the horse moves onto the next phase that will determine the type of rider as well as a suited discipline that will safely suit the horse . at this time we create nutrition , supplement and fitness programs .\ndonating your horse can be an option for certain horses with special skills but it\u2019s not necessarily the easiest method for rehoming a horse . nonetheless , here are a few possibilities to look into :\nsending your horse to auction or a feedlot . in western washington , sending a horse to auction means sending it to a livestock auction . it may be tempting to tell yourself that your horse will probably be purchased by someone nice , but you can\u2019t control who gets your horse at the livestock auction . kill buyers attend these auctions to bid on low cost horses . the horses that leave with those buyers are hauled straight to canada to be slaughtered for their meat . horse slaughter is not a humane method for disposing of an unwanted horse . not only is the manner of death inhumane and often ineffective , what the horses experience on their way to the slaughter house is unacceptably cruel . please don\u2019t risk letting this happen to your horse . selling a horse yourself is a lot more work , but it gives you a measure of control over your horse\u2019s future .\n\u200b\u200bthis is a one time fee that allows us the properly care for your horse until adoption .\nif at any time trrac attends an auction that a horse is obtained privately , that horse will be sent to a private , off - site quarantine facility , with veterinarian follow up treatment as protocol . as the horse is immediately received , the horse will receive the utmost medical care including coggins , vaccinations , farrier care and nutritional plans . each horse pulled from an auction will be fully assessed for soundness , injuries , riding ability and nutritional needs before being offered to the public .\nhorse slaughter is not a public service , but a foreign - owned business operating for profit and paid for by the wealthy . the failure to enact federal law prohibiting horse slaughter , the american horse slaughter prevention act , has allowed for the export of american horses to canada and mexico , exacerbating the brutality of already cruel transport and slaughter practices . no matter how horse slaughter is carried out , it isn\u2019t and will never be a humane way of ending a horse\u2019s life by anyone\u2019s standards , including that of the avmas . horse slaughter is wrought with cruelty , is prolonged and excruciating and it\u2019s man\u2019s ultimate betrayal of the noble horse . and we , as americans , should be ashamed .\nfor more information , visit americans against horse slaughter ( urltoken ) or email : aahsus @ urltoken .\njon and carmen were experienced horse owners , with a background in training and an eye for horses .\ngiving your horse away for free on craigslist . this is also a very risky way to rehome your horse . someone can easily pick up your free horse and turn around and sell him to a kill buyer to make a quick buck . if you want to give your horse away to someone you trust , that\u2019s okay . but please do your homework and make sure the new home meets your standards !\nthere is a \u00a350 discount on all horses if taking on another blue cross horse within six months .\nmike & apos ; s friend helped negotiate for a different horse at the same location - - a sturdy 10 - year - old quarter horse gelding with miles of ranch work and trails behind him .\nsell your horse with a contract . once you have selected the perfect buyer , take one more step toward protecting your horse\u2019s future well - being with a sales contract . the contract should include a provision for the right of first refusal , meaning that if your buyer has to resell your horse at any point , you will be contacted and given the option to either buy back or take back your horse .\nthere is in such objects the added element of the ( very literal ) objectification of the horse . in his letter to the editor , mence emphasizes the monetary value of the horse several times . quiz\u2019s transition from prized racehorse to idiosychratic decorative arts object / s illustrates the commodification of the horse within society .\npros and cons of horse donation . giving your horse away can be very risky , so please do your homework before making a decision . your horse could end up making a significant contribution in the life of a disabled child or a young athlete , and that could be a wonderful thing . be absolutely certain that your horse will be well cared for , not only during his new career but afterwards as well .\nthe elderly horse . there is nothing that makes us sadder than when we are asked to take in an elderly horse , no matter what the reason for the horse needing to be rehomed . it is especially hard when the horse has lived the majority of his life in one home with one owner . after a lifetime of loyal service and love , it just isn\u2019t right to send your elderly horse away into the unknown . do the right thing by giving your horse the dignified end he deserves . do it in a place that is comforting and familiar , and surround him with love and reassurance as he goes . it\u2019s going to be difficult and painful for you , but your horse deserves this one last kindness from you .\nwhat wonderful stories and how amazing to have a horse who loves you enough to attempt such a journey .\nunsaddle horse in open area , walk away with the saddle and put on fence or a saddle rack .\nwe rehome our horses on a monitored loan . read below how this benefits both the horse and you .\ndoing your research before you adopt a rescue horse can help you avoid trouble and find a suitable match .\nas a result , she let her heart rule her head when she saw a staked - out , dejected looking horse in a field . feeling sorry for the horse , she contacted the owners ; when they told her the animal was\na perfect kids & apos ; horse ,\nshe took them at their word .\ncenter for animal welfare usda \u2013 aphis \u2013 animal welfare \u2013 horse protection the humane society : horses what is soring walking horse : grant and recognition program : the humane society carriage horses : the humane society interstate horseracing improvement act issues affecting the u . s . horse industry | american horse council ntra \u2013 2016 code of standards friends of sound horses american veterinary medical association ending soring : american association of equine practitioners equine advocacy center : humane society\ntake part in the training process . depending on the agreement you develop with your new trainer , you\u2019ll likely be involved to some extent in your horse\u2019s training . it\u2019s important that you establish and maintain an open channel of communication with your trainer . it is also important to keep up to date on your horse\u2019s progress by watching your horse being worked periodically . also , let your trainer know you need to rehome or sell your horse . he or she may be able to help you by showing your horse to potential buyers or networking on your behalf .\nevery horse who enters our facility is automatically micro - chipped as well as freeze branded for identification protection purposes .\n, and we will do our best to ensure that your horse is matched with the right person or family .\ni ' ve actually ridden basil the homing pony he was loaned out to my riding school for a while . he ' s a very sweet , quiet little gent , and lovely to ride . i ' m so glad he didn ' t come to any harm on his escapade . one bit of road he went along is very busy , even in the dark , and some people drive along it very fast .\nelsewhere in australia , racing and wagering wa appear to have taken a similar ( at times to the point of copy - and - paste ) approach to racing victoria , hosting a dedicated \u2018off the track\u2019 section on their website , including a list of retrainers , and a link to the website of \u2018rehome a racehorse wa\u2019 , who seem to be the organisation at the real frontline of re - homing ex - racehorses .\n* it was not unusual in the colonial period for a horse\u2019s owner to also serve as the jockey when racing .\nthe second horse mike acquired for his girls came from a trade .\nthis time we dodged a mistake by having an experienced friend come along ,\nreveals mike , who initially had answered an ad to trade a mini for a full - sized horse . he had the mini , but the horse on the other end of the deal turned out to be an unstarted 2 ? - year - old filly - - an unsuitable choice for people with limited horse experience .\nalso from the weir stable is lee purchase whose various roles in the trainer\u2019s team includes re - settling retired racehorses . she has so far found homes for some 250 of them , her dedication to her cause compelling her to follow each of them in their new careers and making her a finalist in the thoroughbred care and welfare category for the second time . in the same section of the awards , jane gollan made the final two for her work in re - homing virtually every horse that retires from the stable of her husband , queensland\u2019s premier trainer tony gollan .\nthe unwanted horse . it\u2019s a harsh reality to face , but unwanted horses end up suffering . if you have a horse that can\u2019t be handled safely , has no marketable skills , exhibits dangerous behavior , or is clearly unhappy in the company of other horses , the best choice may be to give your horse a humane and dignified end . if you have tried and failed to place your horse into a new home , or if it\u2019s too late to provide your horse with training to increase his marketability , euthanization may be the only option left to you . and it may feel like a failure , but try to remember that it\u2019s a far better choice that letting your horse end up in a bad situation .\nthe volunteers at h . a . c . k . are well known for their dedication towards the welfare of the horse\ni rehomed my boy from the sspca - different kettle of fish though as you buy the horse and take over ownership .\ncan you return the horse if it doesn & apos ; t work out ? a good rescue will allow you a time period for settling in together and will take the horse back if you feel you & apos ; ve made a mistake .\nleasing is a way to retain ownership of your horse while allowing you to take a break from expenses for a period of time . leasing is essentially renting your horse to another rider , someone who wants to have a horse to ride and enjoy and can cover basic expenses but who might not be ready for the full financial obligations of horse ownership . you can arrange a full lease , in which the lessee has full custody of your horse and pays the full cost of its board , care , and veterinary expenses . there are also half - leases and quarter leases in which you share the costs of care with the lessee in exchange for a proportional amount of riding time . this can be a great way to reduce your monthly expenses while remaining in control of your horse\u2019s care and well being , especially if you keep your horse at a boarding facility with an active trainer or a riding program . your trainer may already know a rider who\u2019d be interested in leasing or part leasing your horse in order to have a regular mount to ride in lessons and practice with . things to consider when leasing your horse :\nshe now knows that the fact the people wouldn & apos ; t ride the horse for her should & apos ; ve been a big , red flag . and , once she got the horse home , she discovered that not only was it not a kids & apos ; horse , it was so difficult as to be suitable for only the most experienced of handlers .\nrehoming a horse from redwings is incredibly rewarding . not only will you be doing something amazing by giving a loving home to a rescued horse or pony but you will also be making space at the sanctuary for us to help more horses in need .\n- may have the potential to be suitable for ridden or driven work . see individual horse ' s details for more information .\nbreed : welsh cross sex : mare age : 4 height : 13 . 2hh use : project horse and pony glenda spooner farm\ndo you have a suitable place to keep a horse ( or a second horse ) and enough money for feed , hoof and veterinary care , and other maintenance ? true , your new horse might cost you only a nominal adoption fee to acquire - - typically from around $ 200 to $ 600 for a rehabbed horse , though a specialty breed with training could come with a fee of up to $ 2 , 000 or more . ( and some rescues waive the adoption fees in special circumstances . ) still , as with all horse acquisitions , it & apos ; s the ongoing maintenance costs of the animal that are your true expense . so , any way you look at it , put the notion of a\nfree\nhorse out of your mind .\nit used to be you\u2019d hear \u201cthoroughbred , \u201d \u201carab , \u201d or \u201cquarter horse\u201d when you asked what kind of horse someone owned . now , you\u2019re just as likely to hear \u201crescue . \u201d horses have long been bought and sold by breed or discipline , but a whole new category is making inroads in the horse industry \u2013 the rescue horse . these horses may be unwanted , broken or labelled dangerous , but all have one thing in common\u2026a story of kindness , of someone who cared . following are three such stories .\nblue cross owns the majority of our horses and most are rehomed on a loan agreement initially . our horse welfare coordinators will visit you every so often to give advice and support where needed . the number of visits will depend on you and your horse\u2019s needs .\nthe parelli foundation is committed to disclosing any circumstance or condition related to any horse we offer for sale no matter how potentially insignificant .\nif you are looking at adopting a horse , clinician nettie barr of canadian natural horsemanship recommends you look at the realities of your situation and not let emotions lead your decisions . consider the physical needs , the mind and the background of the horse , and adopt one that matches your skill level , experience and resources . does the horse have any foot , dental or other health problems ? are there conformation issues that may limit its use or require custom saddle fitting ? has there been an injury or experience that will impact the horse\u2019s behaviour or physical abilities ?\nget your horse seen . there are many online sites for placing your sale ad . urltoken is one of the best . it\u2019s going to take a small investment of about $ 20 for an ad with a photo , but that is the best way to reach more potential buyers . you can place an ad on dreamhorse for free without a photo , but it will be shuffled to the back of the list and won\u2019t get as much attention as a photo ad will . in addition to online sales ads , create a full page flyer for your horse and post it where horse buyers will see it : at boarding stables , at tack shops and feed stores , and at horse show grounds . and don\u2019t be afraid to network . the horse community is tightly knit and connected ; chances are that someone you know knows someone who is looking for a horse to buy . a lot of good networking takes place through local groups of horse enthusiasts on social media sites like facebook . selling your horse is a process that can take quite a bit of time , so again , don\u2019t wait until the last minute to get started .\nor someone in need of a break from the cost of horse care might gift a horse , temporarily or permanently , to someone offering a good home . broodmares might need to be culled from a breeding program , or young horses might need expensive training owners can no longer afford .\nmake the most of the showing . once you have an interested buyer , it\u2019s time to show them your horse . be prepared to demonstrate what your horse can do before handing over the lead rope or reins to a prospective owner to have a go . once you\u2019ve demonstrated your horse\u2019s skills , you can then let the prospective buyer take over while you observe closely . pay attention to how they handle your horse and how your horse reacts to them . if the interaction is going poorly , it\u2019s well within your rights to inform the buyer that you don\u2019t feel it\u2019s a good fit and end the showing . and even if things are going perfectly between your horse and the buyer at the showing , don\u2019t rush into making a decision on the spot at the first meeting ! multiple visits may be necessary before you can both be sure this is a good fit . buying a horse is a very big commitment and should be weighed carefully by all parties . a buyer who shows up at the first visit with a trailer and a fist full of cash might someone who is willing to rush into a decision . and someone who is willing to rush into a decision to buy a horse might be inclined to resell the horse just as quick if the relationship doesn\u2019t develop fast enough for them .\ntonto is a brilliant horse with a very sensible and laid back attitude to life . he is good to . . . view profile > >\neducating the public about issues of over breeding , the real cost of horse keeping and care , best practices in competition and care , etc .\nwhile nicola is an experienced rescue operator , the average person should not attempt to rescue an injured or unhealthy horse . even in this case , luck played a huge role in jigsaw\u2019s happy ending . most people should not rely on generousity to see them through the financial challenges of horse rescue .\nfurther to this , another popular aspect of the phar lap narrative , frequently cited to support the horse\u2019s positioning as an underdog , was his \u201ccheap\u201d price at auction . however it should be remembered that the 160 guineas paid for him was still too great a sum for harry telford , the struggling trainer whose interest in the colt was piqued by the horse\u2019s bloodlines , to afford . instead , telford persuaded wealthy businessman davis to purchase the horse .\ni probably looked more hilarious , running down the street in my riding gear , waving a whip and shouting ' anyone seen my horse ? ' .\namericans against horse slaughter is a non - funded , grassroots national movement comprised of supporters of a federal ban on the slaughter and the transport to slaughter of american horses for human consumption overseas . americans against horse slaughter has no other agenda , other than to stop the brutal slaughter of american horses .\nwe fund education initiatives for horse rescue centers that improve the welfare of the horse and increase adoptability . we also support showmanship and competition when performed using natural horsemanship principles . rescue center education raises awareness of how natural horsemanship can help rescued horses have a future particularly through our rehoming 4 life challenge .\nhorses who enter our facility are fully assessed , slowly\nlet down\nfrom their racing lives and are allowed to\njust be a horse\n. soon after , each horse is placed in professional training with a program customized for each horse . our horses are trained in multiple disciplines ( if applicable ) . they are introduced to ground work on a lunge line , then slowly re - introduced under saddle to basic dressage and if applicable - started over fences . \u200bevery horse is introduced to trail riding , natural obstacles as well as introduced to situations off the facility premises including horse shows , cross country schooling , paper chases and trail riding . horses are generally offered to the public after completing these trials successfully to ensure a proper and secure fit .\nthis fee is received your assessment cannot be confirmed . should a suitable horse be found for you , this amount can be deducted from the loan fee .\nthe parelli foundation focuses on natural horsemanship education . we are making available a resource list for those seeking help in other areas related to horse welfare such as : .\ncarolyn stull is the animal welfare specialist at the university of california . she said , \u201cselecting a rescue organization is important . i would ask about the longevity of the rescue \u2013 how long has it been in business ? what is their policy for adopting or purchasing a horse , and is there a return policy if the horse is not suitable ? \u201d in addition , you should ask about the evaluation process for the horses , particularly if you are looking at those promoted as trained under saddle or in harness . a failed rescue can be traumatic to the horse and the rescuer . getting in over your head or selecting an unsound horse can have disastrous consequences .\nhere are some suggestions to consider if you find you need to rehome your horse . keep in mind that these are just suggestions and that not every one of these ideas is going to be the right one for your situation . our goal here is to propose some options that you might not have considered for your particular horse .\nidentify your goals . are you looking for someone who can start your horse from the ground up , or does your horse just need some refresher work ? are there specific issues or vices that need to be addressed by a professional ? make an honest assessment of your horse\u2019s skills and identify areas that need work . if you can only invest in a month or two of training , you\u2019ll need to be very clear with your trainer about what you hope to accomplish in that period of time .\nshould a horse need to be returned for any reason , the btrc requires one months\u2019 notice and the loaner will be responsible for the cost of the return transport .\ni didn & apos ; t know what to look for , so it was important to have help from someone who was horse savvy ,\nhe says .\nshould this happen , if you have loaned the horse from us we would find them a new home . they would either come back to one of our centres or we would ask you to keep them in the short term while we found a new family for them to go to directly . we ask you to give us three months\u2019 notice if you want to return a horse to us , so we can ensure we have the space available at our centre or to give us time to find them a new home . if we have transferred ownership of a horse we will still do all that we can to assist the rehoming of that horse should we be asked to .\nmost people do not have the time to nurse a horse to the degree jigsaw required . daily monitoring and multiple treatments are a strain on the caregiver\u2019s time and wallet .\nbefore you rehome your horse , are you absolutely sure you can\u2019t find a way to keep him ? yes , horses are expensive , but there are ways to reduce your costs while still providing adequate care . here are a few cost - cutting ideas . please be aware that these ideas are not right for every horse or every situation !\nwe will let you know on the day if we think the horse is suitable and we can proceed to the next stage . if this is the case you can take as long as you need to decide to go ahead with the loan . you can try / work the horse as many times as you like before making your decision .\nhorses in our program are assessed mentally . we determine if the horse is easily managed by an amateur handler or will require a more experienced owner to continue their career .\ninsurance : all loaners must take out third party , public liability and veterinary fees insurance cover . the loaner must provide evidence of this prior to taking the horse home .\nin ohio , erin steiner has show - ring aspirations for darcy , a 5 - year - old incentive fund - nominated quarter horse mare . | photo by sue stein\nin the summer of 2010 , jon was invited to participate in the cowboy up challenge at the calgary stampede , a sporting event that showcases both horse and rider as they manoeuver through a series of obstacles , demonstrating horsemanship skills and speed . the horse\u2019s ability to trust his rider and be a calm , willing partner is put to the test during the three days of competition . although not a horse jon considers extremely athletic , bear was solid and confident throughout the competition , finishing fourth in canada and eighth overall .\nwhat & apos ; s your skill level with horses ? are you experienced enough to work through the trust issues that come with a neglected or abused animal ? can you work with a young , unstarted horse ? if you haven & apos ; t ridden since childhood or are new to riding and / or ownership , a quiet , serviceably sound senior horse will be a better choice . ( you & apos ; ll be doing no horse any favors if you take on more than you can competently handle . )\nclearly define what you\u2019re looking for in a lessee and what your horse has to offer . make an honest assessment of your horse\u2019s level of training and skills to decide what type of rider would be best suited for him . is he beginner safe , or does he require a more advanced rider ? is he suitable for competition , and at what level ? do you want a rider who will be taking lessons and keeping your horse in training ? or it is more important that he just get regular attention and exercise ?\nu . s . horses have never been raised for human consumption . however , due to foreign demand for horse flesh for wealthy diners in europe and asia , america\u2019s horses have been bought , stolen or acquired under false pretenses by the foreign - owned horse slaughter industry for processing of our horses in their plants on u . s . soil . american companies and trade associations that support horse slaughter because of having a vested interest in the horse slaughter trade promotes and contributes to the export of tens of thousands of america\u2019s horses for slaughter by actively opposing federal legislation , deceiving the media by giving biased statements that are unsubstantiated , and by attempting to mislead the public and members of congress with false claims .\nwords we hear all too often . the past several years have been hard for many horse owners , with more and more people facing economic stress , job loss , illness , divorce , or foreclosure . in dire life - changing situations like these , the expense of horse keeping is often the first place people have to cut back . many of these horse owners will turn to a rescue organization like safe for help , not understanding that our mission is to help horses facing life or death situations caused by neglect or abuse .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nyou and your new horse will be visited by a h . a . c . k . field officer within the first three months of the loan and thereafter six monthly .\na contract stating the terms and conditions of the loan is put in place between the loaner and the trc to safeguard all concerned , but primarily the welfare of the horse .\ndealing with unknowns what won & apos ; t you know about your new adoptee ? it depends on where the horse came from originally . because there are more horses being relinquished these days by conscientious but financially stressed owners , you could learn a fair bit about a horse from this type of situation . feel free to ask questions and inquire about registration papers .\ntwo thumbs up . californian mike roberts isn & apos ; t an experienced horse person , yet he wanted to make sure his two foster daughters had safe mounts with good temperaments .\nfind the right trainer for your horse . in the u . s . , anyone can call themselves a professional horse trainer , regardless of their level of skill or experience . so if you don\u2019t already have a good trainer available to you , you will need to do some legwork to find the right one \u2014 somebody who is a good fit for your horse , will help you accomplish your training goals , and fits your budget . the best trainers often rely on word - of - mouth to find new clients , so get ready to network and ask a lot of questions ! if you\u2019re not sure where to start , try visiting your local feed or tack store , or mingle with the spectators at horse shows . once you\u2019ve gathered the names of a few horse professionals to consider , set up appointments to meet them and discuss your goals . take the time to watch them work with different horses . remember it\u2019s about finding someone that you can trust , not only to provide a service , but to treat your horse in the manner you expect your horse to be treated . approach this decision with care ! for more detailed information about choosing a trainer , equine legal solutions has a great online article called choosing the right trainer that can help your decision making process .\nthose familiar with racing memorabilia will know that the horse hoof inkwell ( or pincushion , or ashtray ) is a not uncommon form of commemoration , possibly for the same reason as those outlined above \u2013 when galloping there is a split second where a horse places all it\u2019s weight on one hoof , hence the symbolic importance of the hoof itself . however , these candlesticks are really quite unique . i can\u2019t help but wonder about their creation , and why mence ( if it was indeed mence ) chose to re - purpose his horse in this way .\nour final assessment is a presented riding assessment . combined with a physical and mental assessment , we can truly ascertain what type of rider and home is required for each horse offered for adoption . as such , our horses are professionally trained ( often as show horses ) and exhibited at expos , horse shows , trials , off - site outings and schooling ' s .\nstraight from the owner although a good rescue facility will give you a real advantage in finding the horse you seek , such operations aren & apos ; t the only source of no - cost or low - cost horses . an owner might be going away to college and more interested in finding a good home for a beloved horse than earning money in the transaction .\nin addition to the thoroughbred horse racing industry , the american quarter horse association ( aqha ) is the biggest offender with regard to over - breeding . interestingly , the quarter horse is also the most slaughtered . the aqha promotes a self - destructive business model of breeding as many horses as possible and disposing of those that don\u2019t meet predetermined criteria , thereby contributing to the inhumane treatment of horses and the slaughter industry . consequently , there are currently more quarter horses slaughtered in canada and mexico than there were when the u . s . plants were in operation .\na national academy of science study was published in june 2013 with a critical review of the current status of wild horse management and recommendations for improvement . this is a very controversial topic .\nanimals\u2019 angels usa ( urltoken ) conducted investigations of the horse slaughter system from 2007 to 2009 , which included the conditions and treatment slaughter horses undergo at auctions , feedlots , during transport and at the slaughter plants . in their comprehensive report , the organization found that \u201c\u2026horse slaughter encompasses public safety issues , public health concerns , environmental issues as well as the obvious and very significant concerns regarding cruelty and inhumane treatment . our investigations during 2007 to the present made clear that at the instant a horse is designated a \u2018kill horse , \u2019 handling and treatment change radically from that normally given horses . a \u2018kill horse\u2019 is treated with cruelty , with indifference at best , but more typically with violence and aggression . cruelty increases , while safety , health and welfare \u2013 its care and humane treatment are so diminished it is virtually nonexistent . these horses are \u201conly passing through , \u201d say the veterinarians as well as the \u2018kill buyers . \u2019 if the \u2018kill\ndespite its potential for difficulty , people are drawn to the rescue horse . why ? patti colbert , creator of the extreme mustang makeover , believes that \u201cwith the awareness around dog and cat shelters for the past 10 plus years , \u2018rescue\u2019 has become a badge of honour that animal lovers proudly wear . this same \u2018badge\u2019 is now proudly worn by horse enthusiasts . \u201d kathy bartley of bear valley rescue believes that people adopt horses \u201cbecause they want to feel they are saving a life . \u201d horse rescuer , christine curtin , puts it simply , \u201che needed someone . \u201d\nincreasingly , online horse classifieds are including\nfree horse\nlistings ( see many examples at equine . com - - plug\n$ 0 to $ 0\nin the price window of the search function . ) here , you & apos ; ll see many horses that five years ago would & apos ; ve been in the ubiquitous $ 1 , 500 - to - $ 2 , 500 - horse category . now , such animals often are offered for free , because much of the buyership in that range has become an\nadopter - ship\ninstead .\nif you can\u2019t see your perfect horse or pony today do check back on this site for regular updates or register your interest by contacting us directly , we would love to hear from you .\nh . a . c . k . is available at all times to assist you with your new horse . any problems can be assessed and help is at hand from our trained staff .\nif you are interested in becoming guardian to a horse or pony you will first need to fill out a lluest loan application form and send it back to us , along with a reference from a vet , farrier , bhs approved yard owner or instructor . this will help us decide if we have a suitable horse or pony to match your experience and facilities . the more information you can give us at this stage the quicker the process , video\u2019s and pictures of you riding can be useful for us to also assess your ability if you\u2019re seeking a ridden horse or pony .\nby submitting your email , you agree to receive electronic communications from horse publications group , containing news , updates and promotions about the canadian equestrian industry . you may withdraw your consent at any time .\nthere are other options for getting rid of an unwanted horse than the ones we have discussed above , but frankly , we don\u2019t recommend these to people who truly care about the welfare of their animals . there is a lot of risk involved whenever you relinquish control and ownership of a horse , but there are some methods that are not only risky but can be downright dangerous for your pet :\nmany of our horses are purchased through the sale yards , and we do our best to source background information on each horse and provide the potential new owner ( or fosterer ) with that information .\nrescuing a horse can be a very rewarding experience , but not one to be taken on by the impatient , inexperienced or , in some cases , underfunded . although often inexpensive to purchase or adopt compared to others on the market , a rescue horse should not be viewed as simply a \u201ccheap\u201d horse . these horses may require the support of professional services ( i . e . trainers , veterinarians , corrective farriers ) and a significant amount of time and patience to bring them to a place that meets the needs of the owner , not to mention the standards of soundness \u2013 mentally and physically ."]}
{"id": 638, "summary": [{"text": "the red-throated alethe ( pseudalethe poliophrys ) is a species of bird in the family muscicapidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to the albertine rift montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - throated alethe", "paragraphs": ["bird call identified as red - throated alethe by alfred twinomujuni . id discussed in forum .\nred - throated alethe ( pseudalethe poliophrys ) is a species of bird in the muscicapidae family .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . red - throated alethe ( chamaetylas poliophrys ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\npreviously placed in pseudalethe ( as in hbw ) but this is a junior synonym of present genus name # r ; alternatively placed in alethe # r # r # r .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chamaetylas poliophrys . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common within its restricted range ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and predation by introduced species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( sharpe , 1902 ) \u2013 ne & e drcongo ( n to rwenzori mts ) , w uganda ( rwenzori mts , bwindi impenetrable forest , echuya forest reserve ) , w rwanda and w burundi .\n15 cm ; 30\u201345 g . nominate race has black crown encircled by broad grey line from forehead through supercilium to nape ; mantle to rump rufous - chestnut , wings and tail . . .\nsong , given noisily and monotonously , consists of single downslurred whistle , \u201cpiiiyuu\u201d ( pure ) or \u201c . . .\nmontane forest , high - altitude gallery forest and wooded ravines , at lower edge of bamboo zone , 1300 . . .\ninvertebrates , including insects such as beetles , flies and army ants , spiders , earthworms and snails . forages on ground in short rushes at . . .\nsept\u2013oct in rwanda ; mar in uganda ; sept\u2013jul , probably all year , in drcongo . nest a cup of green moss lined with dry moss stems . . .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in albertine rift mountains eba . common within restricted range .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nchamaetylas poliophrys kaboboensis : montane forests of e democratic republic of the congo ( mt . kabobo )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 174 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\none ( two ? ) individual calling from logs and low branches in open understorey . habitat : primary montane forest .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 643, "summary": [{"text": "cladoxycanus is a monotypic genus of moths belonging to the hepialidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it consists of only one species , cladoxycanus minos , which is endemic to new zealand . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "cladoxycanus", "paragraphs": ["genus : cladoxycanus dumbleton , 1966 . n . z . j . sci . 9 : 942 [ key ] , 948 .\ncladoxycanus dumbleton , 1966 ; n . z . jl sci . 9 ( 4 ) : 942 ( key ) , 948 ; ts : porina minos hudson\ncladoxycanus minos ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 52 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )\ncladoxycanus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 51 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : porina minos hudson , 1905 . trans . proc . n . z . inst . 37 : 357 , pl . 22 fig . 5 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= ; dugdale , 1994 , fauna of new zealand 30 : 52 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 852 ( list )\nnielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 ghostmoths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia j . nat . hist . 34 : 823 - 878\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nmonotypic . member of clade comprising old world genera with oxycanus - type venation . relative size of the truellum in the male genitalia appears to be unique in the hepialidae .\nforests and open country moss bogs . adults mostly fly in autumn ( april - may ) , with some also occuring through the winter ( june - august ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nscott , r . r . ; emberson , r . m . 1999 : handbook of the new zealand insect names : common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12 : 100pp\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) ."]}
{"id": 650, "summary": [{"text": "agonochaetia intermedia is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in austria , switzerland , hungary and russia ( the volga-don region and the southern ural ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "agonochaetia intermedia", "paragraphs": ["huemer , p . ( 1989 ) das weibchen von agonochaetia intermedia sattler , 1968 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft , 62 , 387\u2013389 .\nagonochaetia quartana n . sp . , 1990\u201d ( zsm ) ( examined by ok ) .\npovolny\u0301 , d . ( 1990 ) on agonochaetia quartana sp . n . and its allies ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 18 , 146\u2013157 .\nthe holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species , agonochaetia shawinigan landry , sp . nov . is described from qu\u00e9bec , canada . in addition , a new glandiductor - bearing genus and species , canarischema fuerteventura karsholt , gen . nov . , sp . nov . is described from the canary islands . comparative diagnoses , a key to species , illustrations of external aspect , male and female genitalia are provided for all species . most species of agonochaetia are rarely collected and known only from their types or from very few specimens . dna barcodes are provided for four of the species from which dna was recovered . analysis of dna barcodes suggests that agonochaetia may be paraphyletic . phylogenetic relationships to other gnorimoschemini genera bearing a pair of glandiductors above the phallus are discussed .\nthe holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species , agonochaetia shawinigan landry , sp . nov . is described from qu\u00e9bec , canada . in addition , a new glandiductor - bearing genus and species , canarischema fuerteventura karsholt , gen . nov . , sp . nov . is described from the canary islands . comparative diagnoses , a key to species , illustrations of external aspect , male and female genitalia are provided for all species . most species of agonochaetia are rarely collected and known only from their types or from very few specimens . dna barcodes are provided for four of the species from which dna was recovered . analysis of dna barcodes suggests that agonochaetia may be paraphyletic . phylogenetic relationships to other gnorimoschemini genera bearing a pair of glandiductors above the phallus are discussed .\nthe holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species is described from qu\u00e9bec , canada . in addition , a new related genus and species is described from the canary islands . comparative diagn\u2026\n[ more ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\njean - fran\u00e7ois landry canadian national collection of insects , arachnids and nematodes ; ottawa research and development centre , agriculture and agri - food canada , ottawa , ontario k1a 0c6 , canada .\nvazrick nazari canadian national collection of insects , arachnids and nematodes ; ottawa research and development centre , agriculture and agri - food canada , ottawa , ontario k1a 0c6 , canada .\noleksiy bidzilya institute for evolutionary ecology of the national academy of sciences of ukraine , 37 academician lebedev str . , 03143 , kiev , ukraine .\npeter huemer tiroler landesmuseen betriebsges . m . b . h . , sammlungs - und forschungszentrum , naturwissenschaftliche sammlungen , krajnc - stra\u00dfe 1 , 6060 hall in tirol , austria .\nole karsholt zoological museum , natural history museum of denmark , universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 k\u00f8benhavn \u00f8 , denmark .\nbidzilya , o . v . ( 2000 ) new faunistic records of gelechiid - moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from the southern siberia with description of three new species . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie , 50 , 385\u2013395 .\nbidzilya , o . v . ( 2001 ) two new species of gelechiid - moths from central asia ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 29 , 161\u2013163 .\nbraun , a . f . ( 1921 ) two weeks collecting in glacier national park . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 73 , 1\u201323 .\ncaradja , a . ( 1920 ) beitrag zur kenntnis der geographischenverbreitung der mikrolepidopteren des palaearktischen faunen - gebietes nebst beschreibung neuer formen . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , 1920 , 75\u2013180 .\ndewaard , j . r . , ivanova , n . v . , hajibabaei , m . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 2008 ) assembling dna barcodes : analytical methods . in : cristofre , m . ( ed . ) , methods in molecular biology : environmental genetics . humana press , totowa , pp . 275\u2013293 . urltoken\nelsner , g . , huemer , p . & tokar , z . ( 1999 ) die palpenmotten ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) mitteleuropas . frantisek slamka , bratislava , 208 pp .\ngregersen , k . & karsholt , o . ( 2017 ) taxonomic confusion around the peach twig borer , anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 , with description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica , 40 ( 1 ) , 65\u201385 . urltoken\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . & kaila , l . ( 2013 ) morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics , 3 , 563\u2013589 . urltoken\nhodges , r . w . ( 1983 ) check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey and the wedge entomological research foundation , london , xxiv + 284 pp .\nhuemer , p . ( 1988 ) a taxonomic revision of caryocolum ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) , 57 , 439\u2013571 .\nhuemer , p . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine sattleria \u2014 a case study combining dna barcodes and morphology ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . zootaxa , 2981 , 1\u201322 .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . ( 1999 ) gelechiidae i ( gelechiinae : teleiodini , gelechiini ) . in : huemer , p . , karsholt , o . & lyneborg , l . ( eds . ) , microlepidoptera of europe . vol . 3 . apollo books , stenstrup , pp . 1\u2013356 .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . ( 2010 ) gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) . in : huemer , p . , karsholt , o . & nuss , m . ( eds . ) , microlepidoptera of europe . vol . 6 . apollo books , stenstrup , pp . 1\u2013586 .\nhuemer , p . & mutanen , m . ( 2012 ) taxonomy of spatially disjunct alpine teleiopsis albifemorella s . lat . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) revealed by molecular data and morphology\u2014how many species are there ? zootaxa , 3580 , 1\u201323 .\njones , f . m . & kimball , c . p . ( 1943 ) the lepidoptera of nantucket and marthas vineyard islands , massachusetts . publications of the nantucket maria mitchell association iv . maria mitchell association , nantucket , 217 pp .\njunnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j . - p . , nupponen , t . , olschwang , v . ( 2010 ) the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . zootaxa , 2367 , 1\u201368 .\nkaila , l . ( 2004 ) phylogeny of the superfamily gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) : an exemplar approach . cladistics , 20 , 303\u2013340 . urltoken\nkarsholt , o . , mutanen , m . , lee , s . & kaila , l . ( 2013 ) a molecular analysis of the gelechiidae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) with an interpretative grouping of its taxa . systematic entomology , 38 , 334\u2013348 . urltoken\nkristensen , n . p . ( 2003 ) skeleton and muscles : adults . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) , lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . vol . 2 . morphology , physiology , and development . walter de gruyter , berlin & new york , pp . 39\u2013131 . urltoken\nkuznetzov , v . i . & stekolnikov , a . a . ( 2001 ) new approaches to the system of lepidoptera of the world fauna ( on the basis of the functional morphology of the abdomen ) . proceedings of the zoological institute , st . petersburg , 282 , 1\u2013462 . [ in russian ]\nlandry , j . - f . ( 2007 ) taxonomic review of the leek moth genus acrolepiopsis ( lepidoptera : acrolepiidae ) in north america . the canadian entomologist , 139 ( 3 ) , 319\u2013353 .\nlandry , j . - f . , nazari , v . , dewaard , j . r . , mutanen , m . , lopez - vaamonde , c . , huemer , p . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 2013 ) shared but overlooked : 30 species of holarctic microlepidoptera revealed by dna barcodes and morphology . zootaxa , 3749 ( 1 ) , 1\u201393 . urltoken\nlee , s . , hodges , r . w . , brown , r . l . ( 2009 ) checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in america north of mexico . zootaxa , 2231 , 1\u201339 .\nmcdunnough , j . ( 1939 ) check list of the lepidoptera of canada and the united states of america . part ii . microlepidoptera . memoirs of the southern california academy of sciences , 2 , 1\u2013171 .\nm\u00fcller - rutz , j . ( 1922 ) die schmetterlinge der schweiz ( 4 . nachtrag ) . mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft , 13 , 217\u2013259 .\nnazari , v . ( 2017 ) review of neopalpa povolny\u0301 , 1998 with description of a new species from california and baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . zookeys , 646 , 79\u201394 . urltoken\npark , k . t . ( 1996 ) illustrations and discussions on type - specimens of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) described by a . caradja . insecta koreana , 13 , 59\u201375 .\npitkin , l . m . ( 1984 ) gelechiid moths of the genus mirificarma . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology series , 48 ( 1 ) , 1\u201370 .\npitkin , l . m . ( 1986 ) a technique for the preparation of complex male genitalia in microlepidoptera . entomologist\u2019s gazette , 37 , 173\u2013179 .\nponomarenko , m . g . ( 2005 ) gelechiid moths of the palaearctics : functional morphology of the male genitalia , phylogeny and taxonomy ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . meetings in memory of n . a . kholodkovsky , 58 , 1\u2013139 . [ in russian ]\nponomarenko , m . g . ( 2008a ) functional morphology of the male genitalia in gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) and its significance for phylogenetic analysis . nota lepidopterologica , 31 , 179\u2013198 .\nponomarenko , m . g . ( 2008b ) family gelechiidae . in sinev , s . y . ( ed . ) , catalogue of the lepidoptera of russia . kmk press , st . petersburg - moscow , pp . 87\u2013106 + 425 . [ in russian ]\nponomarenko , m . g . ( 2009 ) gelechiid moths of the subfamily dichomeridinae ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) of the world . dal\u2019nauka , vladivostok , 389 pp .\npovolny\u0301 , d . ( 1964 ) gnorimoschemini trib . nov . \u2014eine neue tribus der familie gelechiidae nebst bemerkungen zu ihrer taxonomie ( lep . ) . acta societatis entomologicae cechosloveniae , 61 , 330\u2013359 .\npovolny\u0301 , d . ( 1965 ) neue und wenig bekannte palaearktische arten und gattungen der tribus gnorimoschemini nebst bemerkungen zu ihrer taxonomie ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . acta entomologica bohemoslovaca , 62 , 480\u2013495 .\npovolny\u0301 , d . ( 2002a ) iconographia tribus gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) regionis palaearcticae . frantisek slamka , bratislava , 110 pp . , 103 pls .\npovolny\u0301 , d . ( 2002b ) synopsis of the genera of the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . lepidoptera news , 1\u20132 , 37\u201348 .\npovolny\u0301 , d . & \u0161ustek , z . ( 1988 ) versuch einer numerisch - taxonomischen l\u00f6sung der phylogenetischen beziehungen im rahmen der gelechioiden tribus gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera ) . stapfia , 16 , 209\u2013247 .\nrebel , h . ( 1903 ) studien \u00fcber die lepidopterenfauna der balkanl\u00e4nder . ( tafel iii ) . annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien , 18 , 123\u2013347 .\nronquist , f . , teslenko , m . , van der mark , p . , ayres , d . l . , darling , a . , h\u2019ohna , s . , larget , b . , liu , l . , suchard , m . a . & huelsenbeck , j . p . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . systematic biology , 61 , 539\u2013542 . h urltoken\nsakamaki , y . & ueda , t . ( 2013 ) gelechiidae . in : hirowatari , t . , nasu , y . , sakamaki , y . & kishida , y . ( eds . ) , the standard of moths in japan . vol . 3 . gakken education publishing , tokyo , pp . 45\u201350 , 262\u2013313 . [ in japanese ]\nsauter , w . ( 1961 ) \u00fcber einige von j . c . de la harpe , j . m\u00fcller - rutz und p . weber aus der schweiz beschriebene kleinschmetterlinge ( lep . ) . mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft , 33 , 264\u2013274 .\nsattler , k . ( 1961 ) \u00fcber gelechia terrestrella zeller , 1872 ( lep . , gelech . ) . mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft , 34 , 301\u2013302 .\nsattler , k . ( 1967 ) the nearctic obscurusella group of the genus chionodes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 99 ( 1 ) , 75\u201385 . urltoken\nsattler , k . ( 1968 ) die systematische stellung einiger gelechiidae . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , n . f . , 15 , 111\u2013131 .\ntamura , k . , stecher , g . , peterson , d . , filipski , a . & kumar , s . ( 2013 ) mega6 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6 . 0 . molecular biology and evolution , 30 , 2725\u20132729 . urltoken\nthomann , h . ( 1956 ) die psychiden und mikrolepidopteren des schweizerischen nationalparkes und der angrenzenden gebiete . ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen untersuchungen des schweizerischen nationalparks , 5 , 379\u2013446 .\nzeller , p . c . ( 1872 ) bemerkungen \u00fcber einiger graub\u00fcndner lepidoptern . stettiner entomologische zeitung , 33 , 97\u2013120 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\naspect , male and female genitalia are provided for all species . most species of\n, and thus established the presence of the genus in the nearctic region . povoln\u00fd ( 1990 ) described\npovoln\u00fd , 1990 based on a single female from bulgaria . more recently , two new species have been\nponomarenko ( 2008b ) , a species described from the russian far east based on a unique female .\nall palearctic species have been found in xeric steppe habitats up to elevations of about 2000 m . one of the\n2010 ) are known from a single to a handful of specimens . the paucity of m\nwidely allopatric samples are concerned , or when only one sex is available . dna barcodes are now used widely in\nspecies delineation to help interpret or supplement ambiguous morphological data and to associate sexes ( e . g .\ndna barcodes for four of the recognized species but the few barcoded specimens were males only .\nuseful external features that allow some species to be recognized with certainty . even recognition of a member of\nsynopsis of the genus . the existence of the new species has been known to jf\nnational museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c . , usa\n30 % ethanol ) for 24 hours . following staining , wings were rinsed in 70 % ethanol where loose scales and matted\nd dataset http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 5883 / ds -\nagonocha . three new sequences ( ky818714\u20136 ) were deposited in genbank ( table 1 ) . unco\n( mcmc ) runs starting from different random trees , each with three heated chains and one cold chain .\nto adjacent structures among species . such differences can be assessed visually with ease but are more difficult to\nabsolute size differences . terms for genitalia and abbreviations are shown in figs 23\u201324 . wing length was\nthe genitalia were never described previously . the other species have been previously described and illustrated in\nconform to the format presented here inasmuch as allowed by the limited material available . attempts to describe\nin a certain lack of precision and comparability . although we strived to standardize the descriptions as much as\npostmedian area and along termen . labial palpus slender , segment 3 shorter than 2 . antenna wit\nbroad , ratio width / length = 0 . 26\u20130 . 30 in fw , 0 . 30\u20130 . 36 in hw\nnotch ( tgn / tgl = 0 . 40\u20130 . 67 ; ratio may vary\ndepending on amount of flattening ) . uncus trapezoid , 0 . 3\u20130 . 4x\nwith shallow medial indentation . gnathos with proximal arms short , stubby , apices club - like or hatchet - like and not\nof proximal arms of gnathos . vinculum transverse , with a deep v - shaped medio -\n1 . 6x length of valva . cucullus extended beyond apex of uncus , narrow , inner\n( ventral ) margin variously widened or lobate in distal third , distal \u00bc slender , digitiform or pointed . sacculus\nfrom phallus , situated on each side and slightly dorsad of phallus at end of deep inpocketing of diaphragma . phallus\nelevations up to 2000 m . even less is known about the nearctic species : no host or habitat information is known for\n( margellan ) , southern part of european russia ( southern ural mts . and v\n( hokkaido ) , and two from north america ( one in the east , one in the west ) .\ngenus ( huemer & karsholt 2010 ) as well as for assessing species distributions .\nfrom external characters alone . despite the broad ( wide ) wings that are characteristic of\nparticular venational features which differed from other gnorimoschemini were observed . povoln\u00fd ( 2002b )\n, povoln\u00fd ( 1965 ) did not specify the distinguishing features of both genera . sattler ( 1968 )\nthe fact that the morphological information available is not readily comparable for all the species .\nsaccus longer than valva complex ( sal / vll > 1 . 3 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n- shaped , vincular processes humped , mesially wide , with rounded tip . . . . . . . . . . . .\nrocesses pointed and extended markedly beyond posterior margin of vinculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\napex of antrum extended to middle of anterior apophyses . . . . . . . .\ncollection of | annette f . braun . \u201d [ red , printed ] ; \u201cgenitalia slide | vnz 78 \u2642\u201d [ green printed ] ( ansp ) ( examined\nusnm142500 ( usnm ) . 1 \u2642 banff , 19 jul 1922 , 7200 ft . , specimen #\n. hodges , specimen # usnment01349736 , slide usnm142571 ; 2 \u2642 , lawrence co . , spearfish creek ,\nwhite . underside of body and legs , except hind tibia and tarsus , dark brown , sparsely dusted with white . hind tibia\negumen elongate with roundly arched anterior notch ( tgn / tgl = 0 . 55 ) .\nseveral short setae , without indentation . gnathos with proximal arms short , stubby ,\nembedded in apical part of culcitula . culcitula a large , elongate , pouch - like lobe extended from apex of uncus to\nbasally , about 1 . 3x length of valva , apex slightly dilated . cucullus basally narrow , inner ( ventral ) margin with\nular thorn projected dorsally , slightly longer ( 1 . 24x ) than saccus , caecum bulbous ,\nabout 0 . 15x length of phallus , inception of ductus ejaculatorius dorso - anterior on caecum .\nwestern usa and canada . known from colorado , montana ( glacier national park ) alberta\nnational park , but this is not reflected on the holotype labels . the upper surface coloration varies among the few\nspecimen from banff and another from colorado are dark brown . most specimens are nearly or over 100 y\nholotype \u2640 , \u201ckasakew . \u201d \u201cholotype brachmia impunctella \u2640 car . rom\u00e4nia\u201d ( mgab ) .\nphotos of the type , its labels and the genitalia slide ( prepared by park , 1996 ) were examined .\n, somewhat larger , wings rounded and stretched at the apex . palps , sensor yellow , last not\nringed . general color light - yellow clay . the dot at the beginning and end of the cell and in the crease barely\nyellow clay . \u201d ( caradja 1920 ) . [ description translated from german . ]\ndescription ( based on photograph of the holotype ) . adult . wingspan not measured ( scale not available from\nmodifications , with short longitudinal folds posteroventrally ; anterior apophysis about 2 . 4x length of segment v\nindistinct traces of small darker spots in the terminal portion . however , given that the type specimen is over 100\nabout the same length as the hook . other species have a differently shaped antrum and signum , however , marked\ngenitalia nor of the external appearance of the specimen was provided . the description above was developed from\npovoln\u00fd , 1965\u201d [ white hand - written ] ; \u201cht\u201d [ white hand - written ] ; \u201cst . 321\u201d [ dissection label , yellow typed ] ;\ntegumen with tgn / tgl = 0 . 67 , latero - ventral flange large and broadly rounded .\nthin , apices club - like and not mesially joined ; mesio - distal arm indictinct . culcitula a large , elongat\nlobe extended from near apex of uncus to below apex of proximal arms of gnathos . v\nnarrow , digitiform , with rounded and incurved apex . sacculus with apex club - like , incurved . paired glandiductor\nlobes needle - like , outwardly curved , longer than phallus , anterior 1 / 4 dilated . phallus straight , stubby , apex with\nother types of gelechiidae which were borrowed from various european museums . it will be soon transferred to the\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin as it belongs to the staudinger collection deposited in that institution .\n. type locality : sarepta [ krasnoarmeysk ] , russia . huemer ( 1989 : 387 ) ; elsner\nholotype \u2642 \u201cs - russia , sarepta , 10 . 7 . 1864 , h . c\nhary mts . , 450 m , berchogur vill . 3 km nw , 4 . vi . 2011 ( k .\nm s , sand dunes / sandy steppe , 25 . vi . 2002 ( k . nupponen ) ( gen . slide\nmead . , 10 . vii . 1996 ( jalava & kullberg ) ( gen . prep . in gly\ncerol ) ( mzh ) ; 1 \u2642 [ russia ] , transbaikalia , chita reg . ,\nmuc ) ; 1 \u2642 , ditto but 3 . vi . 1983 ( tlm\nf ) ; 1 \u2640 , ditto , but 20 . vi . 1987 ( p .\nmf ) ; 1 \u2640 , switzerland , zermatt , 19 . vii . 1934 ( g\nfor a re - description see huemer & karsholt ( 2010 : 296 ) .\ntegumen , apical margin lined with several fine setae , without indentation . gnathos with proximal arm\nwith triangular projection dorsally , 1 . 5x length of saccus , caecum moderately bulbous , 0 . 25x length of phallus .\ni shorter ( 0 . 5x ) than wide , weakly sclerotized ; anterior apophysis 3 . 5x\nof about 2000 m . they fly at dusk and are attracted to light ( huemer & karsholt 2010 ) .\nype locality : shebalino , altai , russia . povoln\u00fd ( 2002a : 105 ) .\nr - n , middle stream of inja river , 28 jun 1989 ( artemieva ) ( gen . slide 163 / 15 , o .\nwingspan 13\u201316 mm . head and thorax grey brown . labial palpus recurved , segment 2 brown ,\n( tgn / tgl = 0 . 41 ) . uncus elongate , narrowed apically , with triangular incision at the top . gnathos ring - shaped .\na broad , widened medially , apex pointed , extending over the top of uncus . sacculus 2\u20132 . 5x narrower and about\n1 / 3 shorter than valva , curved inwards in distal 1 / 3 , with small apical thorn . posterior margin of v\nshort medial humps , medial incision narrow , lateral projections broadly rounded . saccus slender\ntegumen and uncus . glandiductor lobe needle - shaped , about length of phallus , weakly broadened at base . phallus\nl = 0 . 87 ) , and short , square , almost truncate , vincular lobes .\npe locality : slivno , bulgaria . povoln\u00fd ( 2002a : 105 ) ; huemer &\nfor a re - description see huemer & karsholt ( 2010 : 297 ) .\nantrum slenderly triangular , 1 . 5x length of sviii , distal edge roundly concave , anterior portion tapered to about \u00bc\n, but lacks dark spots in the forewings and has the antennae more distinctly ringed . the female antrum is\nnot of zsm as stated by povoln\u00fd ( 1990 ) . it seems likely that the holotype is one of the two specimens\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 63e1c708 - 2c93 - 4083 - 8e6a - 89476968f237\nwingspan 21 mm . head grey brown , collar ochreous brown . thorax and tegulae dark brown .\nish white suffused with dark brown . hindwing upper surface dark brown , darker than forewing ,\ntegumen elongate with deep and roundly arched anterior notch ( tgn / tgl = 0 . 54 ) .\nband embedded in apical part of culcitula . culcitula a large , elongate , pouch - like lobe extended from apex of uncus\nbroadened basally , about 1 . 6x length of valva , apex slightly dilated . cucullus narrow , inner ( ventral ) margin\ntriangular thorn projected dorsally , slightly longer ( 1 . 2x ) than saccus , caecum bulbous , about 0 . 15x length of\ndarker than that of the forewing . in genitalia the saccus is the longest of all\nspecies ( sal / vll ratio = 0 . 66\u20130 . 89 ) . in\nsacculus , although dilated , is indistinctly concave and the tip pointed and less produced .\nportage\u201d , \u201cportage on the crest\u201d , or \u201cangled portage\u201d . it refers to the narrow and steep portage at the base of the\npeople who inhabited the region when the french explorers arrived in the early 1600s . the species name is a noun\n( fig 8 ) are pin marks . the very dark hindwings in this otherwise non - descript brown gelechiid is what\n1 . type locality : berg\u00fcn , switzerland . lectotype designated by sattler ( 1961 ) ( bmnh ) .\n2 : 241 . type locality : st . maria , m\u00fcnstertal , switzerland . synonymized by sattler\nhuemer ) ( bnmc ) . 1 \u2640 , romania , dobrogea , rez . canaraua petii\n: no holotype or lectotype seems to have been designated . m\u00fcller - rutz ( 1922 )\ntegumen elongate with evenly arched anterior notch ( tgn / tgl = 0 . 43 ) . uncus 0 . 3x\nfree from proximal arms , a sizable band embedded in apical part of culcitula . vinculum transverse , mesio - posterior\nalmost 90\u00b0 , basal portion thicker , apex mucronate . paired glandiductor lobes regularly curv\nprojected dorsally , 1 . 6x length of saccus , caecum bulbous , about 0 . 25x length of phallus , inception of ductus\nantrum funnel - shaped with sides sub - parallel , 1 . 25\u20131 . 6x length of sviii , distal edge broadly concave ,\nto above 2000 m . thomann ( 1956 ) found the species in late ju\nother three species for which females are known . this throws some doubt as to the validity of the species based on\nexternal and genitalia characters among european populations was noted by huemer & karsholt ( 2010 : 295 ) .\nbidzilya 2000 : 392 , fig . 6 ( \u2642 genitalia ) . type locality : tuva , russia .\ngrey on inner surface , darker with numerous brown scales on outer surface . third segment greyish brown , paler on\nfrom base , with black chevron mark at 2 / 3 from base , and a white diffuse spot at 3 / 4 of costa . cilia light brown .\ntegumen elongate with deep and roundly arched anterior notch ( tgn / tgl = 0 . 57 ) .\nshort setae , with shallow but sharp medial indentation . gnathos with proximal arms short , stubby\nimal arms of gnathos . vinculum transverse , with shallow v - shaped mesio - posterior\napex of uncus , ventral edge barely widened in distal third . sacculus bent at almost 90\u00b0 in basal portion and slightly\nconstricted , apex rounded . paired glandiductor lobes needle - like , outwardly curved and slightly sinuate in distal\ner ( 1 . 17x ) than phallus , anterior \u00bc dilated . phallus slig\nterminal , pale transverse band across the distal third . the postmedian spot at the end of cell is chevron - shaped and\nincurved in its basal portion and has a rounded apex , and the ventral edge of cucullus is only slightly dilated .\nsaccus ( sal / vll = 0 . 66 ) , vincular lobes more widely separated with the caudal margin of vinculum\nwhite ; flagellum thickened , yellow in male ; slender , ringed blackish brown and white in female . forewing white\nopen ( damaged in preparation examined ) ; cup absent . hindwing with m1 extended from rs beyond cell ; cell\ntegumen with shallow anterior notch ( tgn / tgl = 0 . 35 ) , posterior margin\nextended beyond margin of tegumen notch , tongue - shaped . culcitula absent . vinculum transversely very narrow ,\nrounded ; anterior notches arched ; saccus thin , as long as valva ( sal / vll = 1 . 0 ) . cucullus broad , tapering from\nmiddle towards pointed apex , ventral edge smoothly curved without protrusion or lobe . sacculus about half length\nof cucullus , incurved , inner margin irregular , apex pointed . paired glandiductor l\ndorsally , caecum slightly bulbous with collar - like constriction around opening of ductus ejaculatorius .\nislands , and \u201cschema\u201d ( greek : figure or shape ) . the second part of the nam\narchipelago justified , in our view , a separate genus . when present , the culcitula is typically\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b9b264b5 - cd83 - 4a1f - 9a61 -\npe \u2642 , spain , \u201ckanar . inselen fuerteventura bco . [ barranco de ] esquinzo , 15 . 12 . 2006\n3 \u2642 , same data as holotype ; 1 \u2642 , ditto but 3 - 16 . x . 2000 ; 2 \u2642 , 25 . ix .\nouter surface . scape of antenna white mottled with black ; flagellum thickened , yellow . forewing white mottled\nthe type series shows only slight variation , apart from being more or less worn .\nflagellum of the male antenna , and by the patches of black scales surrounded by yellow brown in the forewing . in\nmale genitalia , the glandiductors have a wide anterior opening as do the internal ducts .\nsituated in the atlantic ocean about 100 km west of morocco . it is considered the oldest of the canary islands ,\nhaving not been submerged for about 20 million years . the species name is a noun in apposition .\nearly stages and host - plant unknown . the type series was collected at light during the winter months\ndiaphragma and dorsally bracing , but free from , the phallus in the male genitalia . each of these \u201cneedles\u201d contains\nabdominal organs found in primitive lepidoptera . the internal duct and soft tissues being digested during koh\nmaceration accounts for the fact they have been overlooked or misinterpreted previously . the presence of the\nspecies - group but did not refer specifically to them . ponomarenko ( 2008a )\n2017 ) , but here they are attached to the complex and asymmetrical valvae . gregersen & k\nmelanized and contrasting with unmelanized posterior section ( figs . 17\u201318 ) . the unmelanized condition is\nfeatures of the first tergite have rarely been considered . it is beyond the scope of this paper to assess its possible\nostium bursae in the female genitalia ( huemer & karsholt 1999 ; ponomarenko 2009 ) . however , one or both of\nthese traits are absent in several genera . moreover , an acrinoid signum , t\n( ethmiinae ) , and cosmopterigidae ( chrysopeleiinae ) . the reduction of muscle m7 in m\ninferences based on this reduction are highly tentative . neither kaila ( 2004 ) nor heikk\nhowever , taxon sampling was limited and did not include glandiductor - bearing gnorimoschemines .\nstar ) . 44 , bayesian inference of relationships between selected gnorimoschemini genera based on coi barcode data . v\ntribe gnorimoschemini formed a natural group and no \u2018outgroup\u2019 was included . besides the fact that this kind of\nappear unorthodox ( typological , e . g . defined as \u2018taxon - name - oid\u2019 ) and excessively fragm\nhave more than 15 states ) , not to mention that the character matrix is printed in tiny , almost unreadable typeset .\nto obscure higher relationships . it is also sensitive to sparse taxon sampling whereby relativ\ner , it lacks glandiductors and has a mesio - distal process of the gnathos .\nwe thank mark metz ( smithsonian institution , washington d . c . , usa ) and klaus sattler ( natural history\nin the usnm which were unknown to us and promptly issued a loan for us to examine them .\nnew species of gelechiid - moths from central asia ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) .\n. & karsholt , o . ( 1999 ) gelechiidae i ( gelechiinae : teleiodini , gelechiini ) .\nsouthern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\n, brown , r . l . ( 2009 ) checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in america north of mexico .\nm\u00fcller - rutz , j . ( 1922 ) die schmetterlinge der schweiz ( 4 . nachtrag ) .\nn type - specimens of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) described by a . caradja .\npovoln\u00fd , d . ( 2002b ) synopsis of the genera of the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\n1961 ) \u00fcber einige von j . c . de la harpe , j . m\u00fcller - rutz und p\ntaxonomy of spatially disjunct alpine teleiopsis albifemorella s . lat . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) revealed by molecular data and morphology - how many species are there ?\ngelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) . microlepidoptera of europe . volume 6 : 1 - 586\ncompilation of literature and collection records , for the provinces and territories of canada .\nthe remarkable endemism of moths in white sands national monument , otero co . new mexico , us\na study of moths in white sands national monument along a transect 2 . 4 km and 300 m documented over 650 described species of moths in 9 years . approximately 40 undescribed species , nearly all of w\u2026\n[ more ]\nreview of neopalpa povoln\u00fd , 1998 with description of a new species from california and baja californ . . .\nthe monotypic genus neopalpa was described in 1998 by czech entomologist dalibor povoln\u00fd based on two male specimens from santa catalina island , california , which he named n . neonata . the female of this species was discovered recently based on a dna barcode match and is described . in addition , a new species with marked differences in morphology and dna barcodes from southern california and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe identities of doryphora orthogonella staudinger , 1871 and anacampsis azosterella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 are discussed and they are confirmed as belonging to the genera stomopteryx heinemann , 1870 and syncopacma meyrick , 1925 , respectively . both species are redescribed based on types and additional new material . the adults and the male genitalia of both species are illustrated . a lectotype . . . [ show full abstract ]\narmatophallus gen . n . , a new genus of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from the afrotropic . . .\narmatophallus , gen . n . , is established for six species : a . exoenota ( meyrick , 1918 ) , comb . n . ( ex gelechia ) ( = gelechia xylophaea meyrick , 1921 , syn . n . ) ; a . crudescens ( meyrick , 1920 ) , comb . n . ( ex gelechia ) ; a . kuehnei , sp . n . ( rwanda ) ; a . akagericus , sp . n . ( rwanda ) ; a . hackeri , sp . n . ( yemen , ethiopia ) ; and a . indicus , sp . n . ( india ) . the systematic position of the new genus is briefly . . . [ show full abstract ]\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nje ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l\u2019ouvrage du groupe d\u2019etude des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche . a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .\ntribu de la sous - famille des gelechiinae qui compte 102 esp\u00e8ces visibles en france .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about agonopterix cratia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for agonopterix cratia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about agonopterix alstromeriana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for agonopterix alstromeriana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about agonopterix dierli ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for agonopterix dierli ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 653, "summary": [{"text": "perophora japonica is a species of colonial sea squirt in the genus perophora , native to the north indo-pacific .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has spread to several other parts of the world including the south coast of britain , france , the netherlands and the west coast of the united states . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "perophora japonica", "paragraphs": ["perophora japonica , with stolons photographer : richard lord . publisher : frey , melissa .\nperophora _ japonica _ w _ stolons _ richard _ lord _ guernsey _ uk . jpg\nin the northeast pacific , perophora japonica is most similar to p . annectens ritter , 1893 .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30e1\u30dc\u30e4\nto\nperophora japonica oka , 1927\n.\nhome \u00bb perophora _ japonica _ w _ stolons _ richard _ lord _ guernsey _ uk . jpg\nperophora _ japonica _ w _ stolons _ richard _ lord _ guernsey _ uk . jpg | marine invaders of the ne pacific\nintroduced species remark in japan ( nation ) : in japan , where perophora japonica is native , it has been reported to foul cultured oysters ( arakawa 1990 , cited by da rocha et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]\nmonniot , c . & monniot , f , 1985 . apparition de l ' ascidie perophora japonica sur les c\u00f4tes et dans les ports de la manche . compte rendu de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biog\u00e9ographie , 61 , 111 - 116 .\nbaldock , b . & bishop , j . d . d . , 2001 . occurrence of the non - native ascidian perophora japonica in the fleet , southern england . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 81 , 1067 .\nnishikawa , t . bishop , j . d . d . & sommerfeldt , a . d . , 2000 . occurrence of the alien ascidian perophora japonica at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 80 , 955 - 956 .\noka , a . ( 1927 ) . uber eine perophora aus japan . proc . imp . acad . 2 ( 8 ) : 588 - 560 . [ details ]\nbishop , j . 2005 . perophora japonica a sea squirt . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nimage courtesy of john bishop , marine biological association , plymouth , uk . image shows ( a ) a colony overgrowing the bryozoan membranipora membranacea on kelp and ( b ) the characteristic bright yellow terminal buds of p . japonica .\nshenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .\nmonniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnishikawa , t . ( 1991 ) . the ascidians of the japan sea 2 . publ . seto mar . biol . lab . 35 ( 1 / 3 ) : 25 - 170 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is some default tab content , embedded directly inside this space and not via ajax . it can be shown when no tabs are automatically selected , or associated with a certain tab , in this case , the first tab .\nfofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :\ncolonies of small , translucent zooids ( approximately 4 mm long ) budded from stolons and generally rather closely packed . young parts of colony are yellow or greenish - yellow . stolons may bear angular , often star - shaped , terminal buds , which are bright yellow .\nrecorded in queen anne ' s battery marina , plymouth sound ; the fleet , dorset approximately 130 km from plymouth , and in guernsey .\nalso recorded from the english channel coast of france . originally described in japan , and reported from korea .\nat plymouth , it grows on fucoid algae , hydroids and artificial settlement panels on the underside of a floating pontoon . in france , it is reported growing on\nspp . , sponges , solitary ascidians , oysters , and directly on floating pontoons .\nin the fleet , dorset approximately 130 km from plymouth . it was recorded in guernsey in 2003 ( richard lord pers comm . ) .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nthis species is a social ascidian , with individual zooids connected basally by stolons . together , zooids and stolons often form a dense mass similar to a tiny bunch of grapes . individual zooids are globular in shape , measure 2 - 4 mm in diameter , and covered by a pale green tunic . stolons are characterized by distinct , star - shaped flattened terminal buds , yellow in color .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nto download an image please click on the thumbnail . please click here for guidance on using the nnss web gallery .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe\u2019ve been improving urltoken to help you find and use open government data . discover what\u2019s changed and get in touch to give us your feedback .\nfull resolution data layer for use only within the mb0102 contract . permission required from data originators for use in any other context , or by non mb0102 partners . 10km resolution data layer freely available under open government licence\nall content is available under the open government licence v3 . 0 , except where otherwise stated\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nof tissue . the vaselike individuals are only slightly taller than they are wide , and are a translucent yellowish or grayish - green . the\nhave 5 - 6 lobes . the ovary and testis are within the curve of the gut . individual\nare about 2 - 3 mm wide x 3 - 5 mm tall ; colony up to 10 cm or more across . colony may resemble a cluster of tiny green seedless grapes .\nof this species may be well separated , or may be fairly closely packed together or their tunics may even be partially fused together . this species broods its larvae . some of the darker yellow spots on the individuals above are likely larvae .\nthe zooids of a colony are genetically identical , formed by budding of the stolons . individual zooids are hermaphroditic . in a related species the hormone thyroxin has been shown to enhance growth of the stolons while inhibiting formation of buds , which would presumably result in a colony of individuals which are more spread out from each other . thiourea , on the other hand , inhibits stolon growth but stimulates bud formation . growth of the stolons seems to be strongly affected by local electrical charges . in p . orientalis , stimulation of the neural ganglion alters the heartbeat . this alteration is passed on to neighboring zooids by the blood .\nthis species concentrates vanadium up to 9 ppt dry weight , mainly in blood cells .\nin california these colonies grow rapidly in spring , sexually reproduce in summer or early fall , and degenerate over winter .\nthough small , this translucent species is excellent for studying heartbeat , blood flow , ciliary beating on the pharyngeal basket , and characteristics of stolon growth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nservice level agreements and service management information in place between land registry information systems and external suppliers .\neach year ofqual commissions a survey of public perceptions of a levels and gcses in england . the survey covers teachers , parents and students , and addresses confidence in the general examinations . . .\nservice level agreements and service management information in place between land registry information systems and internal business customers .\nprovides information on the overall achievements of young people in a level and as level and other equivalent examinations . source agency : education designation : national statistics language : . . .\nindicators of regional energy use compared with a variety of socio - economic variables source agency : energy and climate change designation : official statistics not designated as national . . .\nreport contains data that can be used under open government licence . following publication of the uk national ecosystem assessment in june 2011 , and defra\u2019s promotion of taking an ecosystems . . .\ncolumn ozone levels at lerwick , camborne , reading and manchester note : camborne closed in december 2003 . for the baseline measurement and analysis of uk ozone and uv - 2012 click on web . . .\nin response to widespread concern that air pollution could affect forest condition , the international co - operative programme on the assessment and monitoring of air pollution effects on forests . . .\nthis dataset shows all of the consultation directions , third party requests to intervene , compulsory purchase orders and environmental impact assessments the npcu has considered for the years . . .\nupdates to this release can now be found in the dataset green deal / eco and home insulation levels in great britain statistics . estimates of the number of homes with loft insulation and cavity . . .\ncoroners data . the existing database provides information on the blood alcohol concentrations ( bacs ) of road traffic accident fatalities .\ncrime data and neighbourhood policing information from all forces in england and wales to the public . this data is what is behind the urltoken website . the police api allows you to retrieve . . .\nthis metadata record is for afa product afa188 - 1 . extreme sea level values is part of coastal design / extreme sea levels , a gis dataset and supporting information providing design / extreme sea level . . .\nenvironment & amp ; business - land and water . historical groundwater levels dataset .\nthis census is a statutory annual collection of data from independent schools and covers approximately 2 , 400 registered schools . it takes place every year in january . the purpose of the collection . . .\nthis information covers fires , false alarms and other incidents attended by firecrews , and the statistics include the numbers of incidents , fires , fatalities and casualties as well as information . . .\nchildren aged 16 and over who ceased to be looked after during the year by level of qualification achieved source : department for education and skills ( dfes ) publisher : department for . . .\nthis land dataset includes land parcel boundaries for e - pims records marked on the register . this may be extended to other land records in the future . currently it provides information on the . . .\nthe register provides information on the availability of surplus land for those government departments and their sponsored bodies which fall under the responsibility of english ministers . the . . .\ncountryside stewardship ( cs ) was launched in 2015 and is a rural development programme for england ( rdpe ) grant scheme . it will contribute around \u00a3900 million over six years to help farmers and . . .\nthis dataset is a subset of\nwfd classification status cycle 2\nand contains classification data for salinity in lakes . salinity is a supporting element and is an ecological factor of considerable . . .\nthis dataset is a subset of the\nwfd classification status cycle 2\ndataset . water bodies classified at high ecological status undergo an additional check for the presence of invasive non - native . . .\narticle 4 directions mean that certain permitted development ( pd ) rights normally enjoyed by residents have been removed in order that the council can exercise greater control over how features . . .\nhigher level penalty charge notices are a result of non payment within the initial payment window when issued . further details about the north essex parking partnership and its annual report can . . .\nmerthyr tydfil article 4 area . an article 4 direction enables local planning authorities to remove permitted development rights from properties . they commonly include removing the right to change . . .\nthe coastline within the survey area is bordered by the heavily industrialised mersey to the east and the more unspoilt north wales coast to the west . the shores within the survey area are backed . . .\nthis dataset shows estimated condition backlog by cyc maintained school , ' condition element ' ( roofs , windows etc ) , condition grading and priority grading . condition and priority gradings , which are . . .\nthe predominantly wild and unspoilt coastline within the survey area lies on the north - eastern side of the irish sea , between the expansive sediment shores of morecambe bay in the south and the . . .\nthis article 4 direction layer describes areas that have special planning regulations adopted by a local planning authority to provide additional powers of planning control in those particular . . .\nthe ribble , duddon and ravenglass estuary systems drain into the eastern basin of the irish sea . these estuaries have general west to east orientation which gives rise to a marked gradient of . . .\nthe solway firth straddles the western border between scotland and england , the southern shores lying in cumbria , the northern shores in dumfries and galloway . the shores contrast with the . . .\nthe inner solway is an area of predominantly sedimentary substrata , with large expanses of mobile sediment and constantly migrating river channels from the rivers esk and eden which enter the firth . . .\nthe principals were invited to the uk as guests of her majesty the queen ( state visits ) or guests of government at the invitation of the prime minister or foreign secretary . for such visits the fco . . .\nstate pension claimants source : department for work and pensions ( dwp ) publisher : department for work and pensions ( dwp ) geographies : lower layer super output area ( lsoa ) , middle layer super . . .\nthe state of calderdale assembly was held on thursday 9 february 2017 . it was hosted by calderdale council to bring together key representatives from the public , private , and voluntary and . . .\ndatabase of inward state visits and guest of government visits to the uk . this dataset gives details of the principals who were invited to the uk as guests of hm the queen ( state visits ) or guest . . .\nclaimants who either a ) were claiming the state pension ( stocks ) on the count date , b ) ended a claim ( off - flows ) during the previous accounting month or c ) started a new claim ( on - flows ) during the . . .\nthe state of the cities database provides access to a broad range of statistical data and information at several geographic levels source : communities and local government ( clg ) publisher : . . .\npresents statistical information that illustrated the factors that contributed to regional competitiveness . source agency : business , innovation and skills designation : national . . .\ncontract documentation is only available for contracts with a value of over \u00a310 , 000 which have been agreed after 1st july 2010 ( it contracts ) and 1st jan 2011 ( all other contracts ) .\ndata held in association with a person who provides services to land registry under terms specified in a contract .\nthis spreadsheet lists all our current information and communications technology ( ict ) contracts . details of new ict contracts will be published as they are signed .\ndetails of central government tenders and contracts , including those for the national archives , will be published on contracts finder urltoken contracts finder is . . .\ncontracts entered into with land registry relating to facilities management including tenders , awards , transactional data , contract variations and performance against key performance indicators . . .\ninformation relating to contracts managed by hmrc for the provision of property and services . updated : monthly .\nthe total supply of social rent housing and intermediate housing . source : communities and local government ( clg ) publisher : dclg floor targets interactive geographic coverage : england time . . .\ncalderdale council delivers a national standard bikeability cycle training to year 5 and year 6 school children as part of a series of training courses for each year group . the funded two day . . .\nprovides information on savings in adult and junior individual savings accounts - the number of individuals subscribing to isas and market values of isas . source agency : hm revenue and . . .\nthis indicator is part of the council ' s corporate indicator set - ki h2 these figures are published every 6 months , at the half year and year end the 3 year target was to deliver 400 affordable . . .\nthe national archives provides information about the number of records delivered to the public in our reading rooms within 60 minutes . this information is available here .\nprovides information on the distributions of savings in individual savings accounts ( isa ) by income , age , gender and region source agency : hm revenue and customs designation : national . . .\nprovides general information on all hmrc taxes , including tax receipts , the number of taxpayers , personal tax credits , child benefit and estimates of the cost of tax expenditures and structural . . .\nhere you can find data on each of the arts council ' s music education hubs . information includes the address , name and type of every school within reach of a music education hub .\na tree preservation order ( tpo ) is an order made by the local planning authority in respect of trees or woodlands . the prinicpal effect of a tpo is to prohibit the - cutting down , uprooting , . . .\ndata details the results of the confirmation dry run ( cdr ) , a test of the confirmation process which will be the first step in transition to individual electoral registration . the full evaluation . . .\ninformation on weekly incomes by family type , source of income , age , marital status , and employment status . source agency : social development ( northern ireland ) designation : national . . .\npresents statistics on iva outcomes - completions , failures and ongoing cases - since their introduction in england and wales source agency : business , innovation and skills designation : official . . ."]}
{"id": 659, "summary": [{"text": "sigaus childi is an endangered protected species of grasshopper known only from the alexandra district of the south island of new zealand .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is one of just two species of grasshopper listed for protection under the new zealand wildlife act 1953 ( the other is brachaspis robustus ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the genus sigaus is endemic to new zealand . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "sigaus childi", "paragraphs": ["dowle , morgan - richards & trewick . 2014 . bmc evol . bio . 14 ( 216 ) > > sigaus childi\nthe genus sigaus is endemic to new zealand and with all but one species endemic to the south island . there are nine species of sigaus .\nsigaus childi was described as a new species in 1999 . it is closely related to s . minutus from the mackenzie basin . there are 16 species of grasshopper in nz .\njamieson , c . 1999 . new zealand j . zool . 26 ( 1 ) : 44 > > sigaus childi urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 58218\npca traditional species diagnostics . principle component analysis using morphological character states used in traditional species diagnostics of adult sigaus grasshoppers from south island new zealand . morphologically , sigaus childi is readily separated from s . australis , f = females ( triangles ) ; m = males ( squares ) .\ndiscriminant analysis with cross - validation using the character states employed in traditional species diagnosis for adult grasshoppers of the sigaus australis complex in south island , new zealand . sigaus childi ( in bold ) individuals were correctly grouped together . the total squared difference between the two groups was 274 .\nsample map . sample locations in south island , new zealand , of the sigaus australis complex grasshoppers used in this study . the two main species sigaus australis ( green ) and sigaus childi ( pink ) are morphologically very different ; s . childi tends to be smaller and more camouflaged to its local habitat than s . australis . the \u2018central group\u2019 and \u2018area of sympatry\u2019 defined here are used to analyse subsets of the specimens . hatched circles represent locations with both species present .\njamieson cd : distribution and abundance of sigaus childi jamieson ( orthoptera : acrididae ) , a central otago endemic grasshopper . science for conservation 110 . 1999 , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand\ngene flow is traditionally considered a limitation to speciation because selection is required to counter the homogenising effect of allele exchange . here we report on two sympatric short - horned grasshoppers species in the south island of new zealand ; one ( sigaus australis ) widespread and the other ( sigaus childi ) a narrow endemic .\ngene flow is traditionally considered a limitation to speciation because selection is required to counter the homogenising effect of allele exchange . here we report on two sympatric short - horned grasshoppers species in the south island of new zealand ; one ( sigaus australis ) widespread and the other ( sigaus childi ) a narrow endemic .\nsnp loci . ( a ) frequency distribution of locus specific f st values for each of the 74 snp loci sampled between the grasshoppers sigaus childi and sigaus australis in sympatry . ( b ) bayescan plot of 74 snp loci with a single marker ( log ( po ) > 1 ) showing slight departure from neutrality ; the vertical line is the 5 % po threshold of false discovery .\nmorris sj . 2003 . two new species of sigaus from fiordland , new zealand ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . the new zealand entomologist , 26 : 65 - 74\njamieson cd . 1999 . a new species of sigaus from alexandra , new zealand ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . new zealand journal of zoology , 26 : 43 - 48\nminimum spanning networks . minimum spanning network of four of the six mtdna ( coi 519 bp ) haplogroups ( figure a ) within the sigaus australis grasshopper complex , show sharing ( grey ) of identical haplotypes between s . childi ( white ) and s . australis ( black ) . haplotype spot size is proportional to number of individuals with a particular haplotype and branch length estimates nucleotide differences .\nextensive gene flow between the grasshoppers sigaus australis 1 and s . childi 2 in sympatry was revealed using migrate - n with 74 rad - seq snp makers . theta ? is an estimate of population size , ? = 4n e ? in the snps , where n e is population size and ? is mutation rate , population size was generally large as is expected for grasshoppers . mutation scaled migration rates ( m ) were converted into nm ( number of migrants per generation ) via ? 1 m 2 - > 1 = 4 nm 1 . the results show extensive gene flow in both directions .\nas with the mtdna data we sought evidence of genetic structure concordant with taxonomy and morphology using analysis of the correlation of genotypes between species by grouping the samples according to the morpho - species s . australis and s . childi and estimating f ct . no significant genetic differentiation between the morpho - species was found within the central group : f ct = 0 . 01780 ( p ? = ? 0 . 18573 ) , or the area of sympatry f ct = ? 0 . 07424 ( p ? = ? 0 . 65494 ) , although these samples were not all taken from the same generation . this result was consistent with the inference from structure .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis version was republished on 7 may 2018 to make a correction to schedule 10 .\ndoc ' s endangered species ambassador , nicola toki tells us all about this critter .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndowle ej 1 , 2 , morgan - richards m 3 , trewick sa 4 .\necology group , iae , massey university , private bag 11222 , palmerston north , 4442 , new zealand . eddy . dowle @ cawthron . org . nz .\ncoastal and freshwater group , cawthron institute , nelson , new zealand . eddy . dowle @ cawthron . org . nz .\necology group , iae , massey university , private bag 11222 , palmerston north , 4442 , new zealand . m . morgan - richards @ massey . ac . nz .\necology group , iae , massey university , private bag 11222 , palmerston north , 4442 , new zealand . s . trewick @ massey . ac . nz .\nof the 79 putatively neutral markers ( mtdna , microsatellite loci , its sequences and rad - seq snps ) all but one marker we examined showed extensive allele sharing , and similar or identical allele frequencies in the two species where they co - occur . we found no genetic evidence of deviation from random mating in the region of sympatry . however , analysis of morphological and geometric traits revealed no evidence of morphological introgression .\nbased on phenotype the two species are clearly distinct , but their genotypes thus far reveal no divergence . the best explanation for this is that some loci associated with the distinguishing morphological characters are under strong selection , but exchange of neutral loci is occurring freely between the two species . although it is easier to define species as requiring a barrier between them , a dynamic model that accommodates gene flow is a biologically more reasonable explanation for these grasshoppers .\npmid : 25318347 pmcid : pmc4219001 doi : 10 . 1186 / s12862 - 014 - 0216 - x\nalternative hypotheses . alternative hypotheses to explain the relationship between morphological differentiation and gene flow in this study of grasshoppers in new zealand . two morphologically defined species exist that have a common ancestor and may share identical alleles due to decent , but as distinct species derived alleles are also expected . ( a ) an abrupt speciation event is expected to result in accumulation of distinct traits and genotypes , including at neutral loci . ( b ) sharing of neutral genetic alleles might be maintained by ongoing gene flow whilst alleles at some loci are subject to selection . morphological difference is an observable expression of genetic loci under diverging selection . ( c ) hybridisation or reticulation is expected to result in individuals with intermediate forms .\nreferences : batchelor cl . 196 ) . preliminary observations of alpine grasshoppers ina habitat modified by deer and chamois . proceedings of the new zealand ecological society , 14 : 15 - 26\nbigelow rs . 1967 . the grasshoppers of new zealand , their taxonomy and distribution . university of canterbury publications , christchurch , new zealand .\ndowle ej , morgan - richards m . & trewick sa . 2014 . morphological differentiation despite gene flow in an endangered grasshopper . bmc evolutionary biology , 14 : 216 - 231\neades dc , otte d , cigliano mm . & braun h . 2014 . family acrididae macleay , 1821 . orthoptera species file . version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 . retrieved on : december 8th , 2014 : urltoken\nhutton fw . 1897 . the grasshoppers and locusts of new zealand and the kermadec islands . proceedings and transactions of the new zealand institute , 30 : 135 - 150\nhudson l . 1970 . identification of the immature stages of new zealand apine acridid grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) . transactions of the royal society of new zealand : biological sciences , 12 : 185 - 20\nkey khl . & colless dh . 1993 . a higher classification of the australian acridoidea ( orthoptera ) . ii . * subfamily cantanopinae . invertebrate systematics , 7 : 89 - 111\nsalmon jt . 1950 . a new species of acrididae ( insecta : orthoptera ) from new zealand . transactions of the royal society of new zealand , 78 : 69\ntrewick sa . 2001 . identity of an endangered grasshopper ( acrididae : brachaspis ) : taxonomy , molecules and conservation . conservation genetics , 2 : 233 - 243\ntrewick sa & morris s . 2008 . diversity and taxonomic status of some new zealand grasshoppers . doc research and development series no . 290 , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand , 40p .\ntrewick sa . 2008 . dna barcoding is not enough : mismatch of taxonomy and genealogy in new zealand grasshoppers ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . cladistics 24 : 240 - 254 .\nvon wattenwyl kb . & fea l . 1893 . r\u00e9vision du syst\u00e8me des orthopt\u00e8res et description des esp\u00e8ces rapport\u00e9es par m . leonardo fea de birmanie . vol . 33 . tipografia dei r . istituto sordo - muti .\ngenetic introgression occurs when two genetically distinct populations come into contact enabling individuals from each to interbreed . when this occurs through secondary contact the process has usually been regarded as hybridisation [\n] . the fertility of resulting offspring mediates gene flow between populations . this situation underpins the popular biological species concept [\n] . here we report on flightless new zealand short - horned grasshoppers ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . most of the fifteen new zealand species , in four endemic genera , occupy subalpine native grasslands above the tree line [\nare relatively large ( adult females ~ 26 mm ) and abundant in south island subalpine grasslands between 1000 and 1800 m asl . sympatric with this widespread species is the microendemic\nis also present in this region , but the two species are readily distinguished by their appearance . an intriguing feature of\nis that their colour patterns appear to be specific to the substrate on which individuals are found . colour patterns within\n) that grows on rocks in some areas of central otago . although , inferences of camouflage are subjective they support the conjecture that these grasshoppers are under selection by visual predators .\nare more boldly patterned , often with longitudinal stripes , and tend to be colour - pattern variable within locations .\n] . or perhaps divergence has occurred and been maintained despite gene flow . genetic exchange between populations might be experienced at different rates across the genome ; selection could operate on some loci to limit local exchange of alleles even when net ( genome wide ) gene flow continues . these alternatives make different predictions about the pattern of morphological and genetic character sharing ( figure\nin order to understand the evolution of this system we applied six types of data ; morphology , mtdna sequencing , microsatellite genotyping , multi - copy nuclear sequencing , single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snp ) and spatial position . we used these putatively independent data to contrast species integrity as characterised by morphology ( subject to natural selection ) and neutral characters that allowed us to test the stability of species delimitation , assess the extent and evenness of gene flow and thus gain an understanding of where these grasshopper populations are in the speciation continuum .\n) . the first four components of the pca accounted for > 95 % of the variation . thus the morphometric data based on traditional taxonomic characters suggest there are just two morphological entities :\ngeometric analysis of the grasshopper pronotum gave a similar result to that of traditional morphology . pca analysis of the 14 landmark measurements showed two major groupings ( figure\nwas likely due to their extremely cryptic shape formed by the \u2018broken\u2019 edge of the pronotum resulting in little uniformity within species . the\ngrasshopper pronotum shape ( pca analysis from morphoj ) : ( i ) pca for both species from all areas , with pronotum shape changes indicated along the pc1 axis . the two major groupings comprise\n) , with pronotum shape changes indicated along the pc1 axis . within the area of sympatry there was no clear evidence of morphological intermediates .\nneighbour joining tree of mtdna haplotypes ( coi , 519 bp ) and a distribution map showing the spatial distribution of haplogroups . the circled clades ( dashed circles ) are used in the network analysis ( figure\n? < ? 0 . 001 t - square 1291 . 4541 ) but there was no overlap between the two forms . thus we found no evidence of morphological intermediates in adults or juveniles .\nb ) . the mtdna clusters did not correspond to current taxonomic groups or morphological types . mtdna sequences from\nancestry . the high genetic diversity detected at alexandra appears to be a result of the meeting of three distinct mtdna clades that otherwise have separate ranges .\n( black ) . haplotype spot size is proportional to number of individuals with a particular haplotype and branch length estimates nucleotide differences .\n? 0 . 1410 ) and the power of this test was limited by smaller within - clade sample sizes . there was no statistical support for population genetic differentiation between\nthe three microsatellite loci surveyed each had between 16 and 18 alleles . no evidence of linkage disequilibrium was detected and hardy - weinberg expectations were met in the majority of population samples . a positive relationship between geographic distance and genetic differentiation ( pairwise f\n] showed evidence of extensive gene flow among populations . the optimum ? k was k = 2 ( figure\nc ) . there was no support for k = 3 , which was unexpected given that the data encompassed two morphologically distinct species and spatial structure had already been indicated . it is important to note that although the microsatellite dataset covers a similar geographical range to that of the mtdna dataset there is little similarity in the genetic structure detected . to reduce the possible influence of uneven sample size of the two species we restricted the data to include sampling only from the area of sympatry ( figure\n] analysis found no support for genetic partitioning within these data ( i . e . k = 1 ) , contrary to the expectation that the two morphologically defined species would represent discrete genetic units ( figure\na ) . a test for deviations from expected frequencies of neutral loci in bayescan indicated that one marker may have been subject to diversifying selection , log ( po ) > 0 alpha 0 . 878 ( figure\nb ) . a blast search of the sequence containing this snp did not result in any matches to known sequences on genbank . mean population pairwise f\nwas low ( 0 . 025 ) , with a confidence interval that effectively included zero ( ci 2 . 5 % 0 . 001 , ci 97 . 5 % 0 . 053 ) , providing little evidence that these samples represent more than one population , with random mating . population differentiation estimated with structure suggested extensive sharing of genetic material among populations , with no species structure detected ( figure\nhas a comparatively wide geographic range that can be subdivided into a number of phylogeographically distinct mtdna haplogroups .\nin terms of habitat , geographic range and genetic diversity ; in stark contrast to its clear morphological distinction . despite occuring in sympatry , no phenotypic intermediates were detected . we found no evidence of genetic partitioning in putatively - neutral mtdna sequence , microsatellite , its sequence loci or snp data . none of the mtdna diversity detected within\nsuggesting recent ( and on - going ) gene flow . the snp data show no population structure and extensive gene flow between the two species in sympatry , with one marker showing some sign of diversifying selection . the presence of more than one its1 - its2 sequence within the genomes of single grasshoppers is also consistent with recent gene flow near the township of alexandra . concerted evolution normally results in homogenisation of variation in the rrna cassette containing its [\ngenerated by different local environmental conditions . extreme plasticity is known to occur in other grasshoppers such as the locust (\n] , but despite altitudinal separated from subalpine areas , these habitats are climatically similar in terms of their extreme day / night and seasonal temperature cycles . more pertinent is the fact that\nare sympatric in the lowland semiarid environment of central otago . they occur at the same places at the same times with , for example , specimens of both morphotypes used in our analysis collected as adults within metres of each other in little valley , alexandra on the same day . these circumstances are inconsistent with an interpretation of phenotypic differences being driven by environmental induced plasticity . although we cannot exclude this possibility , a novel type of micro - environmental control of grasshopper development would need to be invoked .\n] , however the sharing of identical mtdna haplotypes and sharing of alleles across neutral nuclear loci in these two species suggests that very recent and / or ongoing reticulation is more likely . gene flow is expected to homogenise variation between species and it has traditionally been considered that speciation is unlikely to proceed in the presence of gene flow . many models of speciation have emphasized partitioning of populations by some extrinsic process ( e . g . allopatry ) as a prerequisite [\n] . however , if selection on particular loci is sufficiently intense , the effects of gene flow could be mitigated . models that accommodate permeability of putative species boundaries and acknowledge that selection can be locus - specific rather than genome wide are not new [\n, is a small , highly cryptic species of grasshopper suggesting it has been or is under selection from visual predators . in contrast ,\nlimited our sample sizes and precluded any observation of mating behaviour and juvenile colouration and survival where the species are sympatric . further examination might reveal morphological intermediates .\n] . expansion of grass and herbs following reduction of forest that may previously have formed a habitat barrier between the alpine and lowland grasshoppers may have facilitated population mixing . the area now shared by\nwas further modified by european introduction of plants and grazing animals , and mining practices in the last 150 years . these changes could have facilitated increased gene flow , but were analogous to the effects of pleistocene climate cycling . disentangling their respective influence on the grasshoppers is not simple [\nthe taxonomic status of these species is problematic , as traditional methods cannot resolve the conflicting information from morphology and genetics resulting from the process of evolution . although\nit is morphologically well differentiated , and in our relatively small snp dataset we were able to find one marker possibly under selection . models of speciation with gene - flow predict a continuum from partially isolated populations to reproductive isolation [\ndo not appear to be losing morphological distinction , but our neutral genetic data does show extensive gene flow . the absence of any morphological hybrids suggests selection is intense , removing relatively conspicuous intermediates and holding these two species apart . this may provide them the opportunity to diverge at other loci .\n] . there is a grand irony that while for many , genetic methods are seen as tools for testing species status ( e . g . dna barcoding ) , genetic data are actually the key to revealing that speciation is not clear cut [\n] . in our study we found that the only characters that reliably distinguished species were morphological , whilst 78 neutral genetic markers showed that distinct morphotypes do not correspond to genetically isolated units .\nwe collected grasshoppers by hand when they were active during the new zealand summer season ( december - march , between 1995 and 2009 ) . sampling included all recognised members of the\nis widespread in subalpine habitat with a few populations extending down to low elevation ( ~ 300 m asl ) areas in some locations .\n, sample sizes were limited and sampling spanned more than one overlapping generation ( c . f . usual assumptions of population genetic models ) . sampling from different generations , which are already overlapping is , however , not likely to increase the similarity of population allele frequencies , and therefore we do not consider this will have hindered any of the analyses .\nspecimens were confirmed by simon morris ( pers comm . to sat ) . individuals were preserved by freezing or in 95 % ethanol and identified following bigelow [\ncomplex grasshoppers in two ways . the first used the traditional species diagnostic characteristics , although we note that much of the information used to distinguish some of these taxa has been geographic location and altitude [\n] . male genitalia are taxonomically informative for some grasshopper species but consistent differences have not been reported among species in this complex . for instance , male genitalia in\nadults were distinguished by the tegmina concealing the relictual hind wing , which is the case only in the last instar . juveniles were excluded from this morphometric analysis . the data were analysed using discriminant analysis and principle component analysis ( pca ) approaches implemented in minitab 15 [\n. a pca was applied to all the morphological characters and the scores saved . pca required no\ngrouping , allowing us to determine whether the data could be partitioned into taxonomically meaningful groups based solely on the documented morphological character states .\nas an alternative to the traditional taxonomic characters , we tested for shape differences of the pronotum among species using geometric analysis . this method is more powerful and avoids any circularity that could arise from using traditional species characteristics as the sole morphological traits analysed . much of the taxonomy in the\n) that were obtained with the aid of a dissecting microscope we tested whether shape variation could be detected from metric data . using imagej [\n] , 14 landmarks were identified around the perimeter of the dorsal surface of the pronotum on each image of each grasshopper and measured . the landmarks were selected to maximise variation among individuals . these measurements were analysed using morphoj [\n] . a procrustes fit aligned by principal axes was performed to eliminate size differences before a procrustes anova was used to examine the error of image capture . this analysis revealed that the error arising from image capture variation was biologically irrelevant : mean squares for image capture was 32 times smaller than the variation found between individual grasshoppers . juveniles , adults and both sexes were included in the analyses and tested to confirm they did not partition in the results . principal component and discriminant analyses with cross validation were each preformed on the averaged value for each individual from all four species ( 34 ?\n] . dna from specimens preserved for more than one year , was extracted using incubation at 55\u00b0c with proteinase k and a ctab buffer ( 2 % hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide , 100 mmol / l tris - hcl ph8 . 0 , 1 . 4 mol / l nacl , 20 mmol / l edta ) , followed by a combined phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol ( 25 : 24 : 1 ) cleanup . extractions were eluted in water and diluted as necessary for pcr reactions . primers c1 - j - 2195 and li - n - 3014 [\n] were used to target the 3 ' portion of coi . polymerase chain reactions ( pcrs ) were performed in 10 \u03bcl volumes using abgene red hot taq ( thermo fisher scientific ) . thermocycling conditions were 94\u00b0c for three minutes ; 94\u00b0c for 45 seconds , 52\u00b0c for 45 seconds and 72\u00b0c for 75 seconds repeated 36 times ; followed by a 2 minute final extension . cycle sequencing used perkin elmer bigdye 3 . 1 chemistry following the manufacturer ' s protocols analysed on an abi prism 377 dna sequencer ( applied biosystems , inc . , foster city , california ) . sequences were checked using sequencher version 4 . 10 . 1 ( gene codes ) and aligned with existing data using seal version 2 . 0 and geneious pro version 5 . 3 . 4 [\ngeneious was used to estimate a neighbour - joining tree for all the lineages . network version 4 . 5 . 1 . 6 . [\n] was used to estimate haplotype networks within clades . to test for a correlation between genetic and geographic distance ( expected under a model of isolation by distance ) , mantel tests [\n] with 10 , 000 randomizations to assess the significance of distance correlations . distance by distance analysis was applied to all data and separately to data within haplo - groups .\nscreening of fifty microsatellite loci revealed three that were polymorphic and amplified consistently among a subset of dna samples from the target taxa . the loci were checked for large allele dropout , stuttering , and null alleles using 1000 randomisations in microchecker version 2 . 2 . 3 [\npopulations were treated as a single population for this purpose . although there was evidence of null alleles in some of the loci within some of the populations (\n) . the analyses were run using an admixture model with correlated allele frequency , 100 , 000 generations of burn - in followed by 100 , 000 generations , and the number of groups ( k ) set from 1 to 20 ( 10 replicates each ) . the optimum value of k was found using the ? k method except for k = 1 , which was determined by examination of the bar - plots and structure harvester [\nnuclear sequences representing the internal transcribed spacers ( its1 and its2 ) of the rrna cluster and the intervening rrna 5 . 8s gene were obtained using the primers its4 and its5 [\n] . pcr conditions and sequencing followed standard protocols as above . sequences were aligned using geneious pro version 5 . 3 . 4 [\n] and checked by eye . sequences were generated for all grasshoppers from the area of sympatry of\n( the alexandra region ) . alignment and comparison of unambiguous with ambiguous sequences allowed us to identify the most likely combinations of sequences that gave the observed heterozygotes ( s3 ) . where sequence variants differed by single nucleotide substitutions we could identify and resolve the polymorphism . where sequence variation involved indels the resulting length polymorphism was evident by abrupt onset of sustained nucleotide ambiguity at the indel position , but sequencing in both directions allowed identification of the combination of sequences involved . to examine the number of families of its per grasshopper genome we interrogated a dna dataset generated by high throughput sequencing . genomic dna from a single\nindividual was sequenced on an illumina hi - seq 2000 ( beijing genomics institute ) resulting in > 1gb of sequence . the sequence was de - novo assembled via velvet [\n] and the results viewed in tablet version 1 . 12 . 09 . 03 [\n] . the resulting contigs were blasted to genbank and all matches to its were selected , aligned , mapped back and , checked for copy number .\nsingle nucleotide polymorphic ( snp ) anonymous nuclear markers were generated using high throughput sequencing , with individual dna fragments coded so we could identify individual grasshopper genotypes . the double digest rad - seq protocol [\n] was applied with minor modifications . we estimated genome size to help us optimise the selection of endonucleases and sequencing coverage . to do this we used flow - cytometry on a facscalibur system and cellquest software ( bd biosciences , san jose , ca , usa ) , following staining of cells with propidium iodide and reference to an internal control ( chicken or locust ) . our estimates of the\ngenome were approximately 11 . 9 pg ( consistent with estimates of other short - horned grasshopper species (\ndata were generated using an illumina hi - seq ( new zealand genomics limited ) , and sorted using the stacks version 0 . 99992 pipeline [\n] . settings for coverage and sites per read were adjusted iteratively . read coverage settings vary in the literature [\n] , so we initially ran trials ranging from 7 to 30 reads , but found no alteration in the results . we report results using an optimum coverage of 15 reads per individual ( excluding all stacks with a lower coverage ) , a maximum of two mismatches between reads for a single individual as well as allowing four mismatches between primary and secondary reads within ustacks . we allowed the program to remove any potentially spurious highly repetitive stacks . in cstacks we allowed 3 mismatches between samples when generating the snp set ( - m 15 - n2 - m4 - n3 - t ) . we restricted our analysis to a single snp per putative locus ( always the first ) , thus avoiding potential problems of non - independence between markers . data file conversion for programs was performed using pgdspider version 2 . 0 . 4 . 0 [\nas calculated for each putative - locus across all loci in stacks , and an amova was run in genodive version 2 . 0b24 [\n] was used to estimate population differentiation using an admixture model with correlated allele frequency . a burnin of 100 , 000 generations was followed by 10 replications of 100 , 000 generations with the number of groups ( k ) set from 1 to 3 . the optimum value of k was found from ? k method , via structure harvester , except for k = 1 , which was determined by examination of the bar - plots [\ngene flow between the two populations in sympatry was estimated using migrate - n version 3 . 5 . 1 [\n] , although algorithms that test for gene flow are often not ideal for situations where gene flow is very high , which is likely in this case . migrate - n was implemented with the bayesian inference strategy . initial runs involved only half the markers as we optimised settings . the starting values for ? and m were generated initially from f\nwith subsequent runs using the resulting ? and m values . the uniform prior distributions were used for both parameters with slice sampling ; one long chain was run recording every 5 steps after a burnin of 50 , 000 with a static heating scheme with five chains . four runs were conducted on half the data before three final runs on all loci were undertaken using the starting values for ? and m of the previous run . bayescan version 2 . 01 [\n] was used to examine the individual markers for evidence of selection using the default settings . prior odds of a neutral model were 10 times more likely than the model with selection at a locus . this prior was tested further by changing it to one , without any identifiable change in results . the alpha value was used to determine the direction of selection with a positive value suggesting diversifying selection and a negative value suggesting balancing selection . results were viewed in r version 3 . 0 . 0 using an fdr of 0 . 05 [\nassembly is available on genbank ( km576254 ) . its data indicating snp and indel variation is available in additional file\nejd , sat and mmr conceived and designed experiments and collected grasshoppers . ejd and sat carried out molecular analysis . ejd carried out morphometric analysis . ejd , sat and mmr drafted and edited paper . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nadditional file 1 : extended methods . further details on methodology . includes details on the microsatellite discovery methodology , along with primer sequences . as well as details on sample number / location at each analysis . as well as a table indicating snp and indel variations / positions in its sequencing . ( docx 146 kb )\nadditional file 2 : geometric morphometrics . procrustes fit values for geometric morphometrics . ( txt 94 kb )\nadditional file 3 : snp and microsatellites . spreadsheet of snps and microsatellites values across populations used in this study . 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w9 . 10 . 1093 / nar / gkn201 .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly credited . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - 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{"id": 661, "summary": [{"text": "pachymerium ferrugineum is a species of centipede in the family geophilidae that can be found in central europe , the iberian peninsula , scandinavia , asian countries such as japan and turkey , and on african islands such as the azores , canary islands and crete .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also distributed in alaska and mexico . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "pachymerium ferrugineum", "paragraphs": ["pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) - natural history museum\nworms - world register of marine species - pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 )\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh entomology resource from pachymerium ferrugineum koch ( 1835 ) to their own page .\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implicatio . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implications for the evolution of the hox class genes of arthropods\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implications for the evolution of the hox class genes of arthropods .\nhox gene sequences from the geophilomorph centipede pachymerium ferrugineum ( c . l . koch , 1835 ) ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : geophilidae ) : implications for the evolution of the hox class genes of arthropods - sciencedirect\nin the majority of habitats one species was overwhelmingly dominant ( from 41 . 5 % to 95 . 2 % ) . in rushes at oxbows and in the wet meadows it was lamyctes emarginatus , in riparian forests lamyctes curtipes , in thermophilous thickets lamyctes mutabilis , in sandy grasslands lithobius dudichi , and in the mesic meadows pachymerium ferrugineum . it was only in xerothermic grasslands that two species co - dominated ( lithobius dudichi and pachymerium ferrugineum ) ( table 1 ) .\nchilopoda were collected throughout all the months of the study , although one can observe certain tendencies in particular species \u2013 especially with regard to four , most frequent species . lithobius curtipes was active throughout all the months , though predominantly in october and november . lamyctes emarginatus occurred from june to november , while it was most numerous in september . pachymerium ferrugineum was reported from april until november , especially in may and june , but also in august and september . finally , lithobius dudichi was most active in may and november .\n( of geophilus ferrugineum c . l . koch , 1835 ) matic , z . ( 1972 ) . clasa chilopoda , subclasa epimorpha . fauna republicii socialiste rom\u00e2nia , 6 ( 2 ) : 1 - 224 . bucuresti page ( s ) : 160 [ details ]\n( of geophilus ferrugineum c . l . koch , 1835 ) zapparoli , m . ( 2002 ) . a catalogue of the centipedes from greece ( chilopoda ) . fragmenta entomologica , 34 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146 . roma page ( s ) : 94 [ details ]\ndistribution probably one of the most widespread chilopod species in the world . there are very few records , all from coastal shingle , . . .\ndistribution probably one of the most widespread chilopod species in the world . there are very few records , all from coastal shingle , from great britain . rather eastern distibution in scandinavia . [ details ]\nbarber , a . d . ( 2018 ) . world database of littoral myriapoda .\nbarber , a . d . ( 2009a ) centipedes . linnean society synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) 58 . field studies council , shrewsbury . [ details ]\niorio , e . ( 2005 ) contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des chilopodes de bretagne ( myriapoda , chilopoda ) . bull . soc . linn . bordeaux 140 ( 33 ) : 149 - 156 [ details ]\njohns , p . m . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum myriapoda : centipedes , millipedes , pauropods symphylans , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 90 - 97 . [ details ]\npalmen , e . ( 1949 ) the chilopoda of eastern fennoscandia . ann . zool . soc . zool . bot . fenn . vanamo 13 ( 4 ) : 1 - 45 [ details ]\nprzhiboro , a . ( 1994 ) fauna of terrestrial arthropods of the intertidal zone of kandalaksha bay , the white sea . unpublished phd thesis , st . petersburg state university . [ details ]\necology a terrestrial species also occurring on seashores . apparently quite tolerant of seawater and so likely to be dispersed by rafting . [ details ]\na large ( to 50 mm ) reddish - orange centipede with 43 - 45 leg pairs and numerous small pores distributed over both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the coxae of the last legs .\nit is known from a handful of coastal sites in south - east england , invariably in shingle above the storm drift line .\na terrestrial species also occurring on seashores . apparently quite tolerant of seawater and so likely to be dispersed by rafting .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nas far as i know , no soil centipedes have official common names . i made this one up , to refer to the elongate fangs and the fact that this species often occurs in the intertidal zone .\n; also japan , alaska , mexico [ info from wikipedia , not checked . = v = ]\nin soil , beneath rocks and debris , often in moist areas . this species is well - known for often inhabiting the intertidal zone where it can tolerate long periods of immersion in salt water .\nsmall invertebrates . in the intertidal zone they eat barnacles , amphipods , polychaete worms , etc .\nde jong y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbarber , a . d . ( 2009 ) . littoral myriapods . a review . < em > soil organisms . < / em > 81 ( 3 ) : 735 - 760 .\nbarber , a . d . ( 2009a ) centipedes . linnean society synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) 58 . field studies council , shrewsbury .\niorio , e . ( 2005 ) contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des chilopodes de bretagne ( myriapoda , chilopoda ) . bull . soc . linn . bordeaux 140 ( 33 ) : 149 - 156\njohns , p . m . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum myriapoda : centipedes , millipedes , pauropods symphylans , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 90 - 97 .\nkoch c . l . ( 1835 ) deutschlands crustaceen myriapoden und arachniden . in : ( panzer ) herrich - schaeffer ' s deutschlands insecten : pustet , regensburg . heft 136\nmatic z . ( 1972 ) fauna republicii socialiste romania . clasa chilopoda subclasa epimorpha : academiei republicii socialiste romania bucuresti . 6 : 1 - 220\npalmen , e . ( 1949 ) the chilopoda of eastern fennoscandia . ann . zool . soc . zool . bot . fenn . vanamo 13 ( 4 ) : 1 - 45\nprzhiboro , a . ( 1994 ) fauna of terrestrial arthropods of the intertidal zone of kandalaksha bay , the white sea . unpublished phd thesis , st . petersburg state university .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nto whom correspondence should be addressed at the department of biology , university of padua , via ugo bassi 58 b , i 35131 padua , italy . e - mail : almin @ civ . bio . unipd . it .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\ntax - treatment - ns0 . dtd\ndepartment of general zoology , adam mickiewicz university ul . umultowska 89 , 61 - 614 pozna\u0144 , poland\n\u201cnatura\u201d ecology research laboratory marek wierzba , ul . kubusia puchatka 78 , \u017cabokliki 08 - 110 siedlce , poland\nsiedlce university of natural science and humanities , faculty of natural sciences , department of zoology , ul . b . prusa 12 , 08 - 110 siedlce , poland\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nle\u015bniewska m , jastrz\u0119bski p , sta\u0144ska m , hajdamowicz i ( 2015 ) centipede ( chilopoda ) richness and diversity in the bug river valley ( eastern poland ) . in : tuf ih , tajovsk\u00fd k ( eds ) proceedings of the 16th international congress of myriapodology , olomouc , czech republic . zookeys 510 : 125\u2013139 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 510 . 8763\nhabitats in valleys of european rivers are relatively poorly known in terms of species diversity , habitat selection and the dynamics of chilopoda communities . the very few studies in this field include , for instance , zerm ( 1997a , b , 1999 ) . in poland , such studies have not been conducted so far .\ncentipedes from river valleys have been studied mainly in the context of changes in the communities as a result of seasonal flooding ( zulka 1991 , pi\u017el and tajovsk\u00fd 1998 , tajovsk\u00fd 1999 , tuf 2000 , 2003 , tufov\u00e1 and tuf 2005 , marx et al . 2009 ) , and in the context of life strategies enabling survival in periodically flooded habitats ( adis et al . 1996 , adis and junk 2002 ) . xerothermic environments ( often naturally occurring in the river valleys ) have rarely been the subject of research on chilopoda ( voigtl\u00e4nder 2003 ) .\nriver valleys , especially the natural ones , only slightly changed \u2013 unregulated , are extremely valuable areas with habitats found more and more rarely , which already start to disappear across the continent . studies on these habitats provides an opportunity not only to learn about the biodiversity but also to develop appropriate management and protection schemes . the bug river is one of the few rivers of such a size in europe , which still remain almost unregulated ( dombrowski et al . 2002 ) . its length in poland amounts to 587 km .\nresearch in the bug river valley was conducted since march to november in 2007 and 2008 .\nin the lower course of the river , where the valley is much wider ( it stretches up to several kilometers wide ) with an overgrown flood terrace at its bottom . in this section , the bug river slowly meanders and sometimes changes its course ( near localities : morzyczyn , p\u0142atkownica , in the protected area \u2018bug landscape park\u2019 ) .\nlocation of the study area in poland . study area . morzyczyn , p\u0142atkownica \u2013 lower section of the bug valley : mogielnica , zabu\u017ce , gnojno \u2013 central section of the bug valley .\nin the bug valley we can come across habitats that vary in terms of moisture content and structure \u2013 two important parameters from the point of view of chilopoda biology . on the side of the river \u2013 from flooded and very humid habitats through medium moist ones to grasslands . riparian forests within the floodplain are closest to the river , then there are meadows of lower flooded terrace \u2013 submerged during river floods . mesic meadows are found in higher terraces , while slopes of terraces feature xerothermic grasslands , and thermophilous thickets . sandy grasslands and rushes at oxbows are located in the mosaic of meadows , sometimes closer to the river bed , and sometimes closer to the edge of the valley ( g\u0142owacki et al . 2002 ) . in terms of the structure , according to the classification by voigtl\u00e4nder ( 2005 ) one can distinguish high ( riparian forests ) , middle ( thermophilous thickets , rushes at oxbows ) and low ( meadows , grasslands ) vegetation cover .\nbelow , the data about the habitat ( along with an abbreviation used throughout the study ) , coordinates , phytocoenosis , location , substrate , at every site are given .\n3 ) p\u0142atkownica , sandy grassland ; 52\u00b069 ' 02\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 53\ne ; diantho - armerietum ; the phytocenosis occupies the raised , flat flooded terrace at the foot of the southern slopes of the flood embankment , within the base of the bug valley cut off from the inundation area ; desiccated river alluvial soils .\n4 ) gnojno , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b027 ' 59\nn , 23\u00b013 ' 88\ne ; impoverished form of the adonido - brachypodietum arrhenatheretosum ; slope of the upper terrace , southern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; proper parendzina ;\n5 ) mogielnica , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b040 ' 08\nn , 22\u00b057 ' 04\ne ; adonido - brachypodietum ; slope of the upper terrace , eastern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; proper pararendzina ;\n6 ) morzyczyn , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b068 ' 43\nn , 21\u00b091 ' 50\ne ; tunico - poetum compresse ; the analyzed patch of the phytocoenosis evolved in an anthropogenic habitat , with a slightly alkaline ph . it is the southern slope of the flood embankment with an inclination of about 30\u00b0 ; anthropogenic pararendzinas ;\n7 ) p\u0142atkownica , xerothermic grassland ; 52\u00b069 ' 00\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 43\ne ; grassland with carex praecox of the agropyretea intermedio - repentis class ; southern slope of the flood embankment with an inclination of about 35 degrees ; anthropogenic pararendzinas .\n11 ) p\u0142atkownica , rushes at oxbows ; 52\u00b069 ' 21\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 54\ne ; glycerietum maximae ; located on the edge of the shallow old riverbed of the bug river ; alluvial soils .\n12 ) gnojno , thermophilous thickets ; 52\u00b028 ' 19\nn , 23\u00b013 ' 47\ne ; rhamno - cornetum sanguinei ; on the edge of the bug valley . the phytocoenosis habitat is a moraine slope with eastern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; leached brown soils ;\n13 ) mogielnica , thermophilous thickets ; 52\u00b040 ' 02\nn , 22\u00b057 ' 08\ne ; rhamno - cornetum sanguinei ; on the edge of the bug valley . the phytocoenosis habitat is a moraine slope with eastern exposure and inclination of approx . 30\u00b0 ; brown soils .\n17 ) p\u0142atkownica , mesic meadow ; 52\u00b069 ' 06\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 53\ne ; poo - festucetum ; raised upper flooded terraces of the bug valley ; river alluvial soils .\n18 ) zabu\u017ce , riparian forest ; 52\u00b033 ' 33\nn , 23\u00b000 ' 86\ne ; salicetum albae - fragilis ; n slope of the low flooded terrace in the patch of the riparian willow ; alluvial processes accumulate coarse - grained material of sand and river sediments . during periods of low water the initial alluvial soil may undergo significant desiccation ;\n21 ) p\u0142atkownica , riparian forest ; 52\u00b069 ' 19\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 06\ne ; salicetum albae - fragilis ; flooded terrace ; proper alluvial soils .\n24 ) p\u0142atkownica , wet meadow ; 52\u00b069 ' 16\nn , 21\u00b084 ' 42\ne ; violo - cnidietum ; upper flooded terrace of the bug valley , submerged regularly during the floods of the river ; river alluvial soils .\npitfall traps were used as a sampling method . an aqueous solution of propylene glycol ( about 50 % ) , containing a few drops of a detergent per 1 liter to reduce the surface tension of the fluid , was used as a preservation liquid . in each of the sites ten pitfall traps were placed in one straight line , at a distance of two meters one from another . the beginning of the trapping period was in the middle of march and the end was in the middle of november . the traps were replaced every two weeks .\nthe material analyzed in the current work was obtained during studies related to different groups of arthropods \u2013 including primarily spiders , carabids , diplopods and butterflies \u2013 under the project titled \u201cthe diversity of habitats and the biological diversity of selected groups of arthropoda in the bug valley\u201d ( oleszczuk et al . 2011 , jastrz\u0119bski 2012 , hajdamowicz et al . 2014 ) . since chilopoda were not taken into account during the planning of the study , the specificity of this group of animals was not accounted for in the applied methodology .\nin this work , standard methods and analysis indicators were applied : the shannon - weaver diversity index ( h ) , pielou\u2019s measure of species evenness ( j ) , morisita index values as modified by horn , the cluster analysis \u2013 distance / similarity measure bray and curtis ; cluster method : nearest neighbor .\n444 specimens belonging to 12 centipede species of two orders \u2013 geophilomorpha ( four species ) and lithobiomorpha ( eight species ) were caught ( table 1 ) .\nlithobius ( monotarsobius ) dudichi \u2013 present in five habitats , prevalent in sandy grasslands ( 35 % of specimens ) and in xerothermic grasslands ( 32 % ) .\nthese species constitute 88 % of all centipedes caught during the study , thus establishing themselves as the most typical ones of almost all habitats of the study area . it is only in thermophilous thickets that a species from outside this group of four dominates \u2013 lithobius ( lithobius ) mutabilis ( table 1 ) .\ninterspecies occurrence similarity ( figure 2 ) [ the analysis does not include lithobius ( lithobius ) tenebrosus , as regrettably the information about the site on the label describing the specimen was completely obscured ] .\nsimilarity of species ( distance / similarity measure bray and curtis ; cluster method : nearest neighbor ) . species nomenclature in table 1 .\nin terms of ecology and zoogeography european eurytopic species prevail ( table 1 ) .\ntwo to ten chilopoda species were found in each habitat under investigation . the greatest species richness was found in thermophilous thickets ( ten species ) , sandy grasslands ( eight species ) , xerothermic grasslands ( eight species ) and mesic meadows ( six species ) . the fewest number of species was found in rushes of reed mannagrass ( glyceria maxima ) and in wet meadows ( two species at each location ) ( table 1 ) .\nthe greatest number of specimens was found in the following habitats : riparian forests , mesic meadows and xerothermic grasslands ( table 1 ) .\nthe shannon - weaver diversity index ( h ) and pielou\u2019s measure of species evenness ( j ) reached their highest values in thermophilous thickets , xerothermic grasslands , mesic meadows , while the lowest values \u2013 in rushes at oxbows and riparian forests ( table 1 ) .\nthe cluster analysis conducted on the basis of the species composition and dominance structure demonstrated the greatest similarity between communities of warm and dry habitats on the one hand , and wet and flooded \u2013 on the other ( figure 3 , table 2 ) .\ndendrogram of the similarities of centipede composition in different habitats ( distance / similarity measure \u2013 bray and curtis , cluster method \u2013nearest neighbor ) for designations see table 1 .\nsimilarity of dominance structures \u2013 morisita index values as modified by horn . for designations see table 1 .\nwe note differences in the species composition and the number of chilopoda between the lower ( 102 specimens from 6 species ) and the middle section of the river valley ( 324 specimens from 11 species ) . this result reflects the differences in the structure and the vegetation of the two regions of the bug valley \u2013 especially the presence of thermophilous habitats in the middle section of the valley .\nalthough several studies from european river valley areas have been conducted , this habitat is still poorly explored in terms of chilopoda . meanwhile natural and seminatural habitats associated with valleys of big rivers are already disappearing throughout the continent ( g\u0142owacki et al . 2002 ) .\nthis study is based on the materials obtained in studies on groups of arthropods other than chilopoda . this should explain the applied methodology , which does not take into account the specificity of chilopoda . this undoubtedly affected the results . pitfall traps limited the set of species to active epigeic forms . the expansion of the method to include quantitative soil samples and direct qualitative capture would contribute to a more complete picture of this group of chilopoda .\nas noted by zulka ( 1999 ) and voigtl\u00e4nder ( 2011 ) , the one - year life cycle of lamyctes emarginatus is a strategy that allows this species to populate the same habitats as lamyctes curtipes \u2013 a species of a similar body size and probably very similar ecological requirements . adult specimens of the annual species lamyctes emarginatus appear in the environment in the summer and fall , when there is enough food to suffice for perennial species , such as lamyctes curtipes .\nthe riparian forest habitat is dominated by lamyctes curtipes \u2013 a species that prefers wet and humid habitats with high vegetation cover . this species , was found alive after 34 days of inundation ( adis and junk 2002 ) . in central europe it inhabits primarily riparian forests , alder swamp forests , river and brook sides , wet meadows with flooding and more rarely humid deciduous forests ( voigtl\u00e4nder 2005 ) . in the investigated area a small number of the specimens of this species was also collected from dry and xerothermic habitats ( table 1 ) . it can be assumed that these specimens have only immigrated from surrounding habitats , and they do not form stable populations in these habitats .\nmost species in the bug river valley inhabit thermophilous thickets \u2013 an environment that is already similar to forest habitats . this is clearly manifested by the composition of chilopoda community , in which we can find typically forest - dwellers \u2013 such as lithobius mutabilis or strigamia acuminata .\nour results confirm the need to protect xerothermic habitats , unique almost throughout entire central europe , which due to their dispersion and their small area covered are fairly easily subject to the process of destruction . these environments are refuges for rare species of animals \u2013 including centipedes , as our research shows . lithobius dudichi presumably belongs to the relict xerothermic species of steppe provenance and is presumably in danger of extinction .\nthe results from our research in the bug valley also show that centipedes are a valuable indicator group for the assessment of habitat conditions . the information about the species composition of chilopoda communities , the dominance structure and their dynamics may thus be useful in characterizing specific location types .\nwe wish to extend our gratitude to karin voigtl\u00e4nder and ivan tuf for the extremely valuable comments to the first version of the manuscript .\nm . sta\u0144ska and i . hajdamowicz were supported by grant of siedlce university of sciences and humanities 222 / 05 / s .\nterrestrial invertebrates inhabiting lowland river floodplains of central amazonia and central europe : a review .\n[ tausend - und hundertf\u00fc\u00dfer ] ) an trockenheit und \u00fcberflutung . \u2013 mitt .\nimpact of inundations on terrestrial arthropod assemblages in southern moravian floodplain forests , the czech republic .\neven through the snowey winter i was able to find these guys under leaf litter .\nbased on around 43 pairs of legs ( not many northeastern soil centipedes have so few ! ) and the fact that the fangs extend forward past the edge of the head . this is an amazing species that often lives in the intertidal zone , eating barnacles , amphipods , worms etc . it can even survive several hours in salt water !\nthey often live outside of the intertidal zone , they just prefer moist areas . it ' s just that they ' re one of the few centipedes that can live on the shore .\nmoved from id request . one pair of legs per body segment = centipede .\nthat ' s good basic info . thank you ! i ' m learning so much more than i thought i could about ecology since getting into macro photography ! everyone here at te guide are the best ! : )\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes ."]}
{"id": 662, "summary": [{"text": "tropidurus is a genus of reptiles .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus tropidurus includes many species of neotropical ground lizards ( subfamily tropidurinae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "tropidurus is the type genus of the subfamily tropidurinae , which is a subfamily of iguanid lizards . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "tropidurus", "paragraphs": ["stellio torquatus wied - neuwied 1820 : 106 agama operculata \u2014 lichtenstein 1822 agama brasiliensis \u2014 raddi 1823 : 59 tropidurus torquatus \u2014 wied 1824 agama hispida sive tuberculata spix 1825 ( fide rodrigues 1987 ) tropidurus torquatus \u2014 wied - neuwied 1825 taraguira darwinii gray 1845 : 220 ( fide boulenger 1885 ) steironotus ( strobilurus ) sp . \u2014 fitzinger 1843 tropidurus torquatus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 176 tropidurus torquatus \u2014 frost 1992 tropidurus hispida ( fide burt & burt 1930 ) tropidurus hygomi ( fide burt & burt 1931 ) tropidurus torquatus \u2014 harvey gutberlet 2000 tropidurus torquatus \u2014 kunz & borges - martins 2013\nthe limited range of tropidurus lagunablanca means the species may already be in dire straits .\nlocomotor performance of closely related tropidurus species : relationships with physiological parameters and ecological divergence .\nkey words : activity times , habitat use , home range , total range , tropidurus .\nfirst records of tropidurus callathelys and t . chromatops ( reptilia : squamata : tropiduridae ) in brazil\npalabras clave : area de vida , dominio vital , horarios de actividad , tropidurus , utilizaci\u00f3n del habitat .\nlocomotor performance of closely related tropidurus species : relationships with physiological parameters and ecological divergence . - pubmed - ncbi\nkunz , tobias saraiva & m\u00e1rcio borges - martins 2013 . a new microendemic species of tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) from southern brazil and revalidation of tropidurus catalanensis gudynas & skuk , 1983 . zootaxa 3681 : 413\u2013439 - get paper here\ncarpenter , c . 1977 . the aggressive displays of three species of south american iguanid lizards of the genus tropidurus .\nphylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the tropidurus group of lizards ( iguania , tropiduridae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3033\nfirst records of tropidurus callathelys and t . chromatops ( reptilia : squamata : tropiduridae ) in brazil | morais | check list\nprieto , a . , j . leon , o . lara . 1976 . reproduction in the tropical lizard , tropidurus hispidus .\nthree new species of the tropidurus spinulosus group ( squamata , tropiduridae ) from eastern paraguay . ( american museum novitates , no . 3853 )\nyellow dots represent collection points of tropidurus confirmed through the analysis of voucher specimens and literature ( for additional information see ref . [ 5 ] ) .\nafter analyzing the evolutionary relationships of tropidurus , carvalho was able to identify several new species , four of which are discussed in the recent publications . in the caatinga , he discovered tropidurus sertanejo . he named it for the people who live in the sert\u00e3o , the region where he found the lizard .\nminden pictures stock photos - marine iguana ( amblyrhynchus cristatus ) with lava lizards ( tropidurus albemarlensis ) on head and back , cape douglas , fe . . .\nkohlsdorf t , garland t jr , navas ca ( 2001 ) limb and tail lengths in relation to substrate usage in tropidurus lizards . j morphol 248 : 151\u2013164 .\nstebbins , r . , j . lowenstein , n . cohen . 1967 . a field study of the lava lizard ( tropidurus albemarlensis ) in the galapagos islands .\nvan sluys , m . 1998 . growth and body condition of the saxicolous lizard tropidurus itambere in southeastern brazil . journal of herpetology 32 ( 3 ) : 359\u2013365 .\nkunz , t . s . and m . borges - martins . 2013 . a new microendemic species of tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) from southern brazil and revalidation of tropidurus catalanensis gudynas & skuk , 1983 . zootaxa 3681 ( 4 ) : 413\u2013439 ( doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3681 . 4 . 6 ) .\nvan sluys , m . 1993 . the reproductive cycle of tropidurus itambere ( sauria , tropiduridae ) in southeastern brazil . journal of herpetology 27 ( 1 ) : 28\u201332 .\nluttermann , j . 2011 . haltung und vermehrung des halsband - kielschwanzleguans , tropidurus torquatus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 16 ( 92 ) : 60 - 63 - get paper here\njustification : tropidurus torquatus has been assessed as least concern because it has a large distribution and is not being impacted by any major widespread threats , or undergoing significant population declines .\nribeiro , l . b . and e . m . x . freire . 2011 . trophic ecology and foraging behavior of tropidurus hispidus and tropidurus semitaeniatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in a caatinga area of northeastern brazil . iheringia , s\u00e9rie zoologia , porto alegre 101 ( 3 ) : 225\u2013232 ( doi : 10 . 1590 / s0073 - 47212011000200010 ) .\nvan sluys , m . , h . m . a . mendes , v . b . assis and m . c . kiefer . 2002 . reproduction of tropidurus montanus rodrigues , 1987 ( tropiduridae ) , a lizard from a seasonal habitat of south - eastern brazil , and a comparison with other tropidurus species . herpetological journal 12 ( 3 ) : 89\u201397 .\nfrost , darrel r . 1992 . phylogenetic analysis and taxonomy of the tropidurus group of lizards ( iguania : tropidurudae ) . american museum novitates ( 3033 ) : 1 - 68 - get paper here\ngudynas e ; skuk g 1983 . a new species of the iguanid lizard genus tropidurus from temperate south america ( lacertilia : iguanidae ) . centro educativo don orione contribuciones en biologia 10 : 1 - 10\nver\u00edssimo , c . j . , d\u2019agostino , s . m . & katiki , l . m . 2017 . tropidurus torquatus ( amazon lava lizard ) diet . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 663 .\ncarvalho , andre\u0301 luiz gomes de 2013 . on the distribution and conservation of the south american lizard genus tropidurus wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . zootaxa 3640 ( 1 ) : 042\u2013056 - get paper here\nrodrigues m t 1987 . sistematica , ecologia e zoogeografia dos tropidurus do grupo torquatus ao sul do rio amazonas ( sauria , iguanidae ) . arquivos de zoologia 31 ( 3 ) 1987 : 105 - 230 - get paper here\nvanzolini , p . e . & gomes , n . 1979 . on tropidurus hygomi : redescription , ecological notes , distribution and history ( sauria , iguanidae ) . pap . avuls . zool . 32 : 243 - 260\nrand , a . stanley ; rand , patricia j . 1966 . aspects of the ecology of the iguanid lizard tropidurus torquatus at bel\u00e9m , par\u00e1 . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 151 ( 2 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here\ndomingos fmcb , colli gr , lemmon a , lemmon em , beheregaray lb ( 2016 ) data from : in the shadows : phylogenomics and coalescent species delimitation unveil cryptic diversity in a cerrado endemic lizard ( squamata : tropidurus ) .\nvan sluys , m . 2000 . population dynamics of the saxicolous lizard tropidurus itambere ( tropiduridae ) in a seasonal habitat of southeastern brazil . herpetologica 56 ( 1 ) : 55\u201362 ( doi : 10 . 2307 / 3893127 ) .\nda silva , jos\u00e9 nilton , silva - soares , thiago and de azevedo , cristiano schetini 2016 . ameivula nativo ( linhare ' s lizard ) and tropidurus torquatus ( amazon lava lizard ) predation herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 664\nkohlsdorf t . ; ribeiro j . m . & navas c . a . 2006 . territory quality and male dominance in tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 109 - 118 - get paper here\nkoski , diogo andrade 2015 . predation on tropidurus torquatus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) by the guira cuckoo guira guira ( cuculiformes : aves ) in state of esp\u00edrito santo , southeastern brazil herpetology notes 8 : 35 - 37 - get paper here\nvitt , l . j . and s . r . goldberg . 1983 . reproductive ecology of two tropical iguanid lizards : tropidurus torquatus and platynotus semitaeniatus . copeia ( 1 ) : 131\u2013141 ( doi : 10 . 2307 / 1444707 ) .\nembert , d . and l . dirksen . 2010 . tropidurus chromatops . iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . accessible at http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . captured on 12 april 2014 .\n\u201c tropidurus sertanejo is differentiated from other species by its magnificent coloration , \u201d carvalho said . \u201cthe people are like the lizard \u2013 colorful , brave , and thriving . i admire them greatly and named the beautiful species in this way to honor them . \u201d\nvitt , l . j . 1993 . ecology of isolated open - formation tropidurus ( reptilia : tropiduridae ) in amazonian lowland rain forest . canadian journal of zoology 71 ( 12 ) : 2370\u20132390 ( doi : 10 . 1139 / z93 - 333 ) .\ndomingos fmcb , colli gr , lemmon a , lemmon em , beheregaray lb ( 2017 ) in the shadows : phylogenomics and coalescent species delimitation unveil cryptic diversity in a cerrado endemic lizard ( squamata : tropidurus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 107 : 455\u2013465 . urltoken\npassos , d . c . , d . c . lima and d . m . borges - nojosa . 2011 . a new species of tropidurus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) of the semitaeniatus group from a semiarid area in northeastern brazil . zootaxa 2930 : 60\u201368 urltoken\npinto , adriana c . s . ; wiederhecker , helga c . ; colli , guarino r . 2005 . sexual dimorphism in the neotropical lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) . amphibia - reptilia 26 ( 2 ) : 127 - 137 - get paper here\nwe present the first records of tropidurus callathelys and t . chromatops in brazil , at parque estadual serra ricardo franco , mato grosso . the two species are largely syntopic and associated with rock outcrops on the plateaus of the serran\u00eda de huanchaca , bolivia and brazil . tropidurus callathelys is more abundant , more heliophilous and uses vertical surfaces more often than t . chromatops . in brazil , they are apparently restricted to serra de ricardo franco , a protected area threatened by cattle raising , logging and agriculture , still in need of demarcation and a management plan .\njustification : tropidurus semitaeniatus has been assessed as least concern as the species has a large distribution with no known widespread threats . the species may , however , be locally threatened by agricultural expansion which is causing degradation of the caatinga habitat . no conservation measures are recommended at present .\nkasahara , sanae ; pelligrino , k\u00dftia cristina machado ; rodrigues , miguel trefaut ; yonenaga - yassuda , y . 1996 . comparative cytogenetic studies of eleven species of the tropidurus torquatus group ( sauria , tropiduridae ) with banding patterns . hereditas 125 : 37 - 46 - get paper here\ncitation : de carvalho alg , de britto mr , fernandes ds ( 2013 ) biogeography of the lizard genus tropidurus wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) : distribution , endemism , and area relationships in south america . plos one 8 ( 3 ) : e59736 . urltoken\njustification : although tropidurus chromatops has a small distribution , this species is not under any major threat and cannot be considered threatened . this species is known to occur within protected areas and is reported to be common within its range . the species has therefore been assessed as least concern .\nvitt , l . j . , p . a . zani and j . p . caldwell . 1996 . behavioural ecology of tropidurus hispidus on isolated rock outcrops in amazonia . journal of tropical ecology 12 ( 1 ) : 81\u2013101 ( doi : 10 . 1017 / s0266467400009329 ) .\nwiederhecker , h . c . , a . c . s . pinto and g . r . colli . 2002 . reproductive ecology of tropidurus torquatus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) in the highly seasonal cerrado biome of central brazil . journal of herpetology 36 ( 1 ) : 82\u201391 .\ncarvalho , a . l . g . 2013 . on the distribution and conservation of the south american lizard genus tropidurus wied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . zootaxa 3640 ( 1 ) : 42\u201356 ( doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3640 . 1 . 3 ) .\ncolli , g . r . , a . f . b . de ara\u00fajo , r . da silveira and f . roma . 1992 . niche partitioning and morphology of two syntopic tropidurus ( sauria : tropiduridae ) in mato grosso , brazil . journal of herpetology 26 ( 1 ) : 66\u201369 .\nrodrigues , m . t . 1987 . sistem\u00e1tica , ecologia e zoogeografia dos tropidurus do grupo torquatus ao sul do rio amazonas ( sauria , iguanidae ) . arquivos de zoologia 31 ( 3 ) : 105\u2013230 ( doi : 10 . 11606 / issn . 2176 - 7793 . v31i3p105 - 230 ) .\nwiederhecker , h . c . , a . c . s . pinto , m . s . paiva and g . r . colli . 2003 . the demography of the lizard tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in a highly seasonal neotropical savanna . phyllomedusa 2 ( 1 ) : 9\u201319 urltoken\nsena - santos , arthur de ; afonso santiago de oliveira meneses , gabriel de freitas horta , pedro guilherme alves rodrigues , reuber albuquerque brand\u00e3o 2017 . predation attempt of tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) on phalotris matogrossensis ( serpentes , dipsadidae ) herpetology notes 10 : 341 - 343 - get paper here\nvan sluys , monique ; martelotte , sandra b . ; kiefer , mara c\u00edntia ; rocha , carlos f . d . 2010 . reproduction in neotropical tropidurus lizards ( tropiduridae ) : evaluating the effect of environmental factors on t . torquatus . amphibia - reptilia 31 : 117 - 126 - get paper here\ncardoso - vieira , renata ; j\u00e9ssica francine felappi , rodrigo caruccio , and laura verrastro 2012 . population dynamics of tropidurus torquatus ( wied , 1820 ) ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in southern brazil . south american j . herp . 6 ( 3 ) : 215 - 222 [ 2011 ] - get paper here\nfreitas , a . m . , r . l . teixeira & r . b . ferreira 2012 . food partitioning between the sympatric lizards tropidurus torquatus and ameiva ameiva in the atlantic rainforest , northeastern brazil . pp . 63 - 70 . salamandra 48 ( 2 ) : 63 - 70 - get paper here\nfaria , r . g . and a . f . b . araujo . 2004 . sintopy of two tropidurus lizard species ( squamata : tropiduridae ) in a rocky cerrado habitat in central brazil . brazilian journal of biology 64 ( 4 ) : 775\u2013786 ( doi : 10 . 1590 / s1519 - 69842004000500007 ) .\nmatos , naiana brito de ; milena ferreira , fernando de jesus silva , miguel trefaut rodrigues , elinaira santos da silva , and caroline garcia 2016 . taxonomy and evolution of tropidurus ( iguania , tropiduridae ) based on chromosomal and dna barcoding analysis journal of herpetology 50 ( 2 ) : 316 - 326 - get paper here\nvieira , gustavo h . c . ; helga c . wiederhecker , guarino r . colli , s\u00f4nia n . b\u00e1o 2001 . spermiogenesis and testicular cycle of the lizard tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in the cerrado of central brazil . amphibia - reptilia 22 ( 2 ) : 217 - 233 - get paper here\ngandolfi , s . m . and c . f . d . rocha . 1998 . orientation of thermoregulating tropidurus torquatus ( sauria : tropiduridae ) on termite mounds in an open area of south - eastern brazil . amphibia - reptilia 19 ( 3 ) : 319\u2013 323 ( doi : 10 . 1163 / 156853898x00223 ) .\nrocha , c . f . d . and h . g . bergallo . 1990 . thermal biology and flight distance of tropidurus oreadicus ( sauria , iguanidae ) in an area of amazonian brazil . ethology ecology & evolution 2 ( 3 ) : 263\u2013268 ( doi : 10 . 1080 / 08927014 . 1990 . 9525411 ) .\nwiederhecker , h . c . ; pinto , a . c . s . ; paiva , m . s . & colli , g . r . 2003 . the demography of the lizard tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in a highly seasonal neotropical savanna . phyllomedusa 2 ( 1 ) : 9 - 20 - get paper here\nharvey , m . b . and r . l . gutberlet . 1998 . lizards of the genus tropidurus ( iguania : tropiduridae ) from the serrania de huanchaca , bolivia : new species , natural history , and a key to the genus . herpetologica 54 ( 4 ) : 493\u2013520 ( doi : 10 . 2307 / 3893443 ) .\nrodrigues , m . t . 1988 . distribution of lizards of the genus tropidurus in brazil ( sauria , iguanidae ) ; pp . 305\u2013315 , in : w . r . heyer and p . e . vanzolini ( ed . ) . proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias .\nfrost , darrel r . , miguel t . rodrigues , taran grant , and tom a . titus 2001 . phylogenetics of the lizard genus tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae : tropidurinae ) : direct optimization , descriptive efficiency , and sensitivity analysis of congruence between molecular data and morphology . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013371 - get paper here\nribeiro , l . b . , s . c . gomides , a . o . santos and b . m . sousa . 2008 . thermoregulatory behavior of the saxicolous lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) , in a rocky outcrop in minas gerais , brazil . herpetological conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 63\u201370 urltoken pdf ) .\nvan sluys , m . , c . f . d . rocha , d . vrcibradic , c . aleksander , b . galdino and a . f . fontes . 2004 . diet , activity and microhabitat use of two syntopic tropidurus species ( lacertilia : tropiduridae ) in minas gerais , brazil . journal of herpetology 38 ( 4 ) : 606\u2013611 .\nribeiro , l . b . , s . c . gomides , a . o . santos , and b . m . sousa . 2008 . thermoregulatory behavior of the saxicolous lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) , in a rocky outcrop in minas gerais , brazil . herp . cons . biol . 3 : 63 - 70 - get paper here\ntropidurus bogerti is endemic to auyantepui , bol\u00edvar state , venezuela . it has an elevation range between 1 , 700 and 2 , 200 m . the elevation of 1 , 100 cited for the holotype may be an error , because no other specimen of the species has been collected at this altitude ( myers and donnelly 2008 , rivas et al . 2012 ) .\nbergallo , h . g . and c . f . d . rocha . 1994 . spatial and trophic niche differentiation in two sympatric lizards ( tropidurus torquatus and cnemidophorus ocellifer ) with different foraging tactics . australian journal of ecology 19 ( 1 ) : 72\u201375 ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1442 - 9993 . 1994 . tb01545 . x ) .\nribeiro , l . b . ; gomides , s . c . ; santos , a . o . & sousa , b . m . 2007 . thermoregulatory behavior of the saxicolous lizard , tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) , in a rocky outcrop in minas gerais , brazil . herp . cons . biol . 3 ( 1 ) : 63 - 70 - get paper here\nkiefer , m . c . , m . van sluys and c . f . d . rocha . 2005 . body temperatures of tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) from coastal populations : do body temperatures vary along their geographic range ? journal of thermal biology 30 ( 6 ) : 449\u2013456 ( doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jtherbio . 2005 . 05 . 004 ) .\nkiefer , m . c . , m . van sluys and c . f . d . rocha . 2007 . thermoregulatory behaviour in tropidurus torquatus ( squamata , tropiduridae ) from brazilian coastal populations : an estimate of passive and active thermoregulation in lizards . acta zoologica 88 ( 1 ) : 81\u201387 ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6395 . 2007 . 00254 . x ) .\nfrost , d . r . , m . t . rodrigues , t . grant and t . a . titus . 2001 . phylogenetics of the lizard genus tropidurus ( squamata : tropiduridae : tropidurinae ) : direct optimization , descriptive efficiency , and sensitivity analysis of congruence between molecular data and morphology . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013371 ( doi : 10 . 1006 / mpev . 2001 . 1015 ) .\ntropidurus callathelys and t . xanthochilus are not directly related phylogenetically and display distinct ecologies [ 4 ] , [ 9 ] . the first species inhabits rock outcrops in the serran\u00eda de huanchaca , while the second is arboricolous and associated with seasonally dry forests [ 4 ] , [ 121 ] . tropidurus xanthochilus and its sister species widely distributed in the chaco , t . spinulosus , were previously suggested to have parapatric distribution where the forests of the tarvo and paragu\u00e1 rivers intergrade with the semideciduous chiquitano dry forest [ 4 ] . however , the closest known populations of t . spinulosus is located 350 km south of the type locality of t . xanthochilus [ 4 ] , and despite the distributional data are scarce , the range of these species as currently known still define allopatric distributions [ 5 ] . tropidurus callathelys is also allopatric in relation to its sister species , t . melanopleurus , which occupies the andean foothills from northern argentina to southern peru [ 5 ] . indeed , the distribution and phylogenetic relationships of both species pairs effectively suggest a single vicariant event as responsible for the origin of the species endemic to huanchaca . however , no data is currently available to provide an effective test of the temporal congruence between speciation events . to assess the timing of these events is not only essential to properly test the hypothesis of a common diversification history , but also to identify the vicariant processes involved .\ncarvalho , a . l . g . , h . r . silva , a . f . b . ara\u00fajo , r . alves - silva and r . r . silva - leite . 2007 . feeding ecology of tropidurus torquatus ( wied ) ( squamata , tropiduridae ) in two areas with different degrees of conservation in marambaia island , rio de janeiro , southeastern brazil . revista brasileira de zoologia 24 ( 1 ) : 222\u2013227 ( doi : 10 . 1590 / s0101 - 81752007000100029 ) .\njustification : tropidurus erythrocephalus has been assessed as near threatened . it is restricted to the northern section of the serra do espinhaco , in bahia state . its quality of habitat is continually being degraded because of urban expansion and agricultural expansion . its extent of occurrence is estimated to be approximately 25 , 500 km\u00b2 and it is found in less than ten locations . therefore an assessment of near threatened has been made as this species almost meets the requirements for listing as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) .\nnous avons \u00e9tudi\u00e9 quelques param\u00e8tres du parasitisme par les larves de l\u2019acarien eutrombicula alfreddugesi sur quatre esp\u00e8ces sympatriques de l\u00e9zards du genre tropidurus \u00e0 morro do chap\u00e9u , \u00e9tat de bahia , br\u00e9sil : t . hispidus , t . cocorobensis , t . semitaeniatus et t . erythrocephalus . pour chaque esp\u00e8ce , nous avons \u00e9tudi\u00e9 les types d\u2019infestation et leur variation parmi les h\u00f4tes . nous avons calcul\u00e9 l\u2019amplitude de la niche spatiale de l\u2019acarien sur les h\u00f4tes , l\u2019intensit\u00e9 d\u2019infestation et les microhabitats pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s de l\u2019acarien sur le corps des l\u00e9zards . toutes les esp\u00e8ces de l\u00e9zard \u00e9tudi\u00e9es \u00e9taient parasit\u00e9es , avec des fr\u00e9quences \u00e9lev\u00e9es ( 97 - 100 % ) . la taille du corps des l\u00e9zards explique l\u2019intensit\u00e9 parasitaire pour toutes les esp\u00e8ces , \u00e0 l\u2019exception de t . erythrocephalus . les r\u00e9gions de plus grande intensit\u00e9 parasitaire , sur les quatre esp\u00e8ces de l\u00e9zards , \u00e9taient les bourses des acariens . la largeur de la niche spatiale des acariens varie entre les quatre esp\u00e8ces de l\u00e9zard \u00e9tudi\u00e9es , plus grande sur le corps de t . erytrocephalus et mineure sur le corps de t . cocorobensis . nous concluons que la distribution et l\u2019intensit\u00e9 avec laquelle les l\u00e9zards du genre tropidurus sont infest\u00e9s par les larves d\u2019 eutrombicula alfreddugesi r\u00e9sultent de l\u2019interaction entre des aspects de la morphologie et de l\u2019\u00e9cologie des l\u00e9zards .\naunque tropidurus es un g\u00e9nero de lagarto extensamente distribuido en sudam\u00e9rica y en las islas gal\u00e1pagos , son escasos los estudios sobre uso del espacio y distribuci\u00f3n espacial . en este trabajo se estudi\u00f3 la organizaci\u00f3n espacial del lagarto sax\u00edcola tropidurus torquatus basado en la poblaci\u00f3n interiorana de uno afloramiento rocoso en el estado de minas gerais , sudeste del brasil . los lagartos fueron individualmente marcados y observados durante las estaciones reproductiva y no reproductiva . con el m\u00e9todo del m\u00ednimo pol\u00edgono convexo fue encontrado que el tama\u00f1o promedio del dominio vital de los machos durante la estaci\u00f3n reproductiva fue m\u00e1s grande que el de las hembras y en la estaci\u00f3n no reproductiva hembras y machos mantuvieron dominios vitales similares en el tama\u00f1o . el m\u00e9todo de la media arm\u00f3nica mostr\u00f3 que el tama\u00f1o promedio del area de vida de machos fue mayor que el area de las hembras en ambas estaciones . como esperado para una especie polig\u00ednica , el n\u00famero medio de machos con dominios vitales sobrepuestos a los de las hembras tendi\u00f3 a ser m\u00e1s grande en la estaci\u00f3n reproductiva . intrasexualmente , el n\u00famero de hembras con sus dominios vitales asociados a los de otras hembras tambi\u00e9n fue mayor en la estaci\u00f3n reproductiva . para los machos , este n\u00famero permaneci\u00f3 bajo en ambas estaciones , lo que sugiere que los machos usan areas m\u00e1s exclusivas , mientras los dominios vitales m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os de las hembras al parecer sostengan una mayor densidad de individuos durante la estaci\u00f3n reproductiva . la frecuencia de uso de los microh\u00e1bitats relacionados a la vegetaci\u00f3n aument\u00f3 en la estaci\u00f3n no reproductiva y el padr\u00f3n de actividad de los lagartos cambi\u00f3 del bimodal en la estaci\u00f3n reproductiva ( per\u00edodo lluvioso ) para unimodal en la no reproductiva ( per\u00edodo seco ) . as\u00ed la organizaci\u00f3n espacial , la utilizaci\u00f3n de los microh\u00e1bitats y los padrones de actividad de t . torquatus aqu\u00ed observados fueron todos influenciados por el per\u00edodo de tiempo afectando la ecolog\u00eda espacial de los lagartos .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > variation in the diet of the lizard tropidurus torquatus along its coastal range in brazil < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > siqueira , carla costa < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > kiefer , mara cintia < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > sluys , monique van < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > rocha , carlos frederico duarte < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > feeding ecology < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > geographic variation < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > restinga habitat < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > tropical lizard < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > tropiduridae < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > biota neotropica < / title > < / titleinfo > < part > < date > 2013 - 09 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\n> stream h\u00fe\u00ecv } lsu\u0014\u00bf\u00ef\u00f6c\u00fdzy\u00adk\u00d7a\u00e1\u00f5\u00f1 - ] i\u00eafal\u008a\u00b1\u00f42\u00ba fs7 | \u00e0\u00f0\u00a6\u00ee \\ b : \u00e6\u0087\u0011\u0090\u0096q\u00e9\u0006h\u00e3 ` s c \u0090\u0014 & \u00b0e\u00a7\u00fd @ m\u00e7\u00a6l\n8 \u0006i\u00b7 \u0088 \u0099\u0089d # \u0089\u00f1\u00be\u00be\u00d7 / \u009d\u00e1 ? \u00bdis\u00ef9\u00f7 | \u00fc\u00ee\u00ef\u009c\u00f7\u00fa\u0000\u0000\u0010\u00006\u0007\u00f0\u0000\u00e0\u008a\u0080\u0004 $ \u0096\u0004p @ \u001a ` 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\u0091\u0082 me\u00e5\u009a\u00b5k\u009ex | \u0093\u00fdb\u00ee\u00fb\u00ebq\u00fe\u00e6f { mm\u008dg\u000eis { < ^ \u009f\u000fev\u00880 : \u00e9\u00f4\u00a6 > e = \u0006 ) ze @ \u00f4ly\u00f0l ^ \u0004\u00b9\u00ae\u00ae\u00fe\u00e2 \u00b5\u00b5\u00b58\u00ac\u0019\u00fdwi\u00e9\u00a7\u009f\u0096uuu544\u0018\u00b3\u0084\u00e5\u00e3\u00e9 ] \u0004h \u0018 \u00e0 \\ \u00b1\u00eb\u0012\u0089\u0004\u00a7 = \u00f2\u00f6\u00bb , s\u0095 < \u00af\u00e9nq4\u0014\u0019\u0004\u00be87 @ 6\u0018\u0089\u00e4e\u00b3\u00fb ' \u00f3iu\u00bb0vf\u0099 _ 7\u00b59 \u00e4\u00a6 \u00a1\u0083 = t8z\u00ec6\u001b\u00ed\u00f9d\u00a2\u00f8\u00afg7l\u0098\u00fbr\u00ecd2\u00bf ~ \u00f5\u00f5 _ \u00ed\u00fa\u0095l & \u0094\u008b ; _ ye\u00e1\u00d7\u00ec1\u009ah\u00fe } \u00d7\u00fd\u00ef < \u00fd\u00f4m\u00f9ui2\u00b5 : \u00b7\u00eb\u0095\u008f\u00eae\u008a\u00e2\u00f5 _ = \u0014xb\u00d7 | c\u00e2\u00ad7\u00df , \u00f9\u00e4\u0013\u00b5\u00b3 ( \u009c\b\u00f8\u00fd\u00efn\u00df ^ \u00b4b\u00e5\u00f1\u00e3\u0087\u0017\u00a8 | \u00e2\u00f3\u00f4\u00f4\u0088\u0088i\u00bb\u00fb\u00f2 % \u00bb\u00ed\u008a\bs ] \u00fc\u0090j\u00a5hg2\u00e9k2\u00b9\u00f2\u00e9\u00b4\u00f2 , \u00a7\u00e3c\u0083pl , wv . \u00f6\u0003\u00f5\u00f0j\u00b5\u00bc\u0093\u00bf\u00a52\u00a7 \u00f5\u00e9s\u00a78d [ \u00e1wyy\u0099n\u00ab\u00edr\u001b\u00e4\u0005\u00a4\u00fe\u0092\b\u00e8\u00fe\u00a7 { hh\u00f0\u009a $ \u0083\u00e9\u00e1\u00e1\b\u00f8\u0012 ? ~ \u0081\u00b6t * i # \u0016 \u00e6\u00a2pd\u00d7\u00ed3 \u009e\u00f7nw2 & y ; & \u0093\u0081\u00a8\u00e8\u00a6 \u000f24\u0099l6\u00ab\u0015\u008a\u00b9 \\ . \u00e3 \\ y * \u00fc\u0017\u00fcz\u00f2\u00f1ms [ \u0087 & \u0083a\u00f5\u00ea\u0095o\u00ec\u00fd\u00fb\u00fb\u00fd\u00bb\u00df = t ( \u009d\u0096\u00ea\u00a7\u0097 _ \u00fa\u00f1aqq . \u008f3\u00f9w - yrs ~ \u0089\u00f1\u00b6\u00b5\u00b5\u00ed\u00fbk\u007f\u0015\u00f0\u00eb ? \u007f , \u00f1\u00ebg ? - $ ~ \u00b1\u00ad ( s\u00b3j\u00d7\u00e2\u008ej\u008d\u00e6\u008d\u00d7 _ \u00fff\u00f8\u00ed\u00fb\u0010 ; \u0006\u00bc ^ \u00fe\u00f1cl\u00e2\u0002u\u00e1\u00fa\u0004 @ lm\u00ac\u0010\u008e\u0089\u0006\u00fe\u00a1\u00a3\u00a3\u00fd\u00e7\u00f5 & f ; \u00e3\u00e2\u0086\u0081\u00fe\u00fe\u0001\u0019g\u00a4\u0081\u008f\u00a1\u0001\n\u00e1\u00f0\u00e8\u00e8h < \u00e7\u00f2\u0088rv\u00b2 \u008f\u00fdn\u0017\u001a\u00e8\u00df\u00fa\u00fa : urzz ^ \u00fe\u00bf\u009a\u00ea\u00ea\u00f3\u00a7omua ' kj\u00aa\u00aa\u00ee ! } y \u00f3\u00f4h\u00e2u\u00b7\u00a4\u0002\u00fd\u00fd\u009fg\u0087\u00a5\u00e4\u00f8q = = _ \u00b1h\u00fa\u0083\u00e4\u00e0 ` \u00e6\u00ea\u0095 @ o\u0080z\u0012\u0016o\u009f\u00ech $ \u00ac / \u00f7\u0010j\u00e5\u0097c\u00ee\u00a1k \\ \u0087\u0086n\u00a7\u0013\u009d\u00e4\u00af\u00ea\u0084\u00ea\u00e5\u00f0\u00eb\u00f5\u008d & \u0013e\u0083\u00e7\u00f3j\u00fas @ \u0098\u00e4\u00bf $ ~ \u00fd\u00f3\u00e4\u00a69\u00f2\u008bi ; \u00fe\u00f1gg\u008a\u008b\u008b\u00df { \u00af\u00f4\u00e4i\u00ec\u0018\u0017\u009bl\u00a6 . \u00af7\u0097\u00e7s\u00e4\u0017ggg\u0087rq\u00e5 % b\u00e1\u00f0\u00bf > \u00fcp\u00e5\u00aau\u00bf\u00fc\u00f9n\u00b6ia\u00f0\u008b - \u0014\b\u0004\u0016nv\u0016g e\n{ v\u00ef\u00b6y\u00ecj ' r \u00f1\u00ef\u00bf\u00bf\u00fb\u00fd\u0007 \u00fc\u00f3\u0081\u0003 \u00fak | d\u00a4\u00bb\u00eb\u00d7\u00f4\u00f8x _ _ \u00af\u0093\u00ed\u008f\u00f5b\u0081b\u0014\u0093\u00a2\u00fa\u0092\u00a1\u0080\u0091\u0019\u0006d\u0002\u00130\u00ab\u00af / \b\u000e\u00a4\u00eb\u00e3c\u0081ia\u0080\u0002 ] ] ] - - \u00edb + p\u00e5\u00ea\u00ea\u00ea\u0093 ' ob\u00ab \u0017 . \u00e0\u00e7 , vw [ \u00ab\u00f0k\u00e8 & \u00b6\u00e5\u00e9t\u00fc\u0092\u00e2 \u0018\u00e1 ` \u0080 \u00e6\u00e4\u00e2\u0089l\u0015\u0018\u00b1 \u00f9\u0089b > \u0099lr\u001b\u00d7a\u0015\u00f7 $ \u0093\u0089\u00ec\u0095\u00ec\u00f8\u00f8\u0098\u0098\u0001le\u007f _ \u0090\u00b1\u00fc\u00a4\u00a3\u00eb\u00fbmm \u0098\u0005\u00b2 [ [ [ i\u00f8\u00e7\u00f3\u00ba\u00fdn ~ \u0082\u00fet\u00f8\u00fc\u0005\u00e5\u00b3k\u00e9\u00e29 $ \u0086\u00e9tn\u00b7\u008b\u00ec\u001b\u00af\u00af ( r\u00e5\u00d7y\u00e9\u007f\u00ed\u0099 _ \u00f3\u008c \\ \u00f8\u00e5\u0000\u00f9\n\u00bd\u00f9\u00e6\u00eb @ ( \u00f4\u00fao\u007f\u00b3\u00bc\u00a8\u00e8\u00ef\u00ef\u00bc\u0013\u000e\u0087\u00f3\u00fbr\u00b5\u0082\u00bd0\u001a\u008f\u00ab\u00f2 ) \u00f5\u008d\u00a3\u0087\u000f\u00ff\u00fb\u00f81\u00b5\u00b3 ( \u0090\u00b8xw\u00bbn\u00fd\u00ba\u00a7\u00b7l\u00f1\u00b8 ] \u00fd\u0017f\u008a\u00f2\u0094 \u00eer9\u0011\u0000\u00af\u00d7\u00eb\n\u0089\u00e5\u00a4\u009f\u00a2q\u00f63\u00b4\u0002 w\u00affx\u00f8\u00b1x \u00e7 c\u00a9oe \u00b7\u00e1\u00afv\u00b7 [ h\u0088\u00f1h\u00ac\u00af\u00ab + / \u00af8u\u00ea\u0014\u00fc\u00e2\u00e2\u0095\u0094\u0094 @ . n\u00e1\u0018m\u008df\u0083p ^ \u0092\u00f5\u0013\u00f8\u0099 \u0086 [ \u00e5\u0017 = b\u00a9fbq\u00fe \u00fa\u0092\u0018h\u00eb\u00b9\u00fe\u0086 ^ \u00f9 c\b\u0087b\u00f0 * = 11 < 4\u00e8\u009d\u00e0xp / 4\u00f0\u007f\u00f3\u008e\u0018\u009a4 ^ \u00bf\u009f\u00e9\u00b1z\u00ec . 9\u009a\u009b\u009b } > \u009a\u00e8\u00ed\u00ec\u0000e\u00fc \u00f4 \u00b8\u00fdfe , 9\u00b2cu ~ ii\u00e8\u0018b\u0098\u00ed\u00edm\n\u00a5\u009b & \u00e6 \u0094 = \u00f8l > \u00f4\u00f9\u009a\u001au\u00f9\u00b5\u00e4\u00ee ; g\u00e1\u0097\u0018 . \u00bf\u00fcb\u00a12 ] \u00fb\u00b7m [ \u00bf ~ } \u00e3g\u009f\u0005\u0083\u00e1 < \u00be \\ \u00e5\u0088\u00e5\u00a2\u00aa | g\u00f5\u00e3 \u00f3 x\u00fb\u00edl & \u00adv\n\u0005\u0012\u00fb\u00f6\u00ec\u00f9\u00ee\u00b2eo\u00ee\u00fbw\u001b\u00fa\u00e2\u00a4\u00e0b\u00e0\u0094\u00e3\u00f1\u0082 & #\nbrazil ( rio grande do sul , goias , mato grosso , minas gerais , pernambuco , espi\u0301rito santo , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo , bahia ) , guyana , suriname , french guiana , colombia [ castro , f . ( pers . comm . ) ] , bolivia ? , argentina ( corrientes etc . )\ntype locality : brazil , rio de janeiro , lagoa do paulista [ neotype locality ] . lat - 22 . 2352 , - 41 . 5481 .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nneotypes : mzusp 54907 ( rodrigues 1987 ) ; original description doesn\u2019t mention type specimens .\navila , l . j . ; martinez , l . e . ; morando , m . 2010 . lista de las lagartijas y anfisbaenas de argentina : una actualizacio\u0301n [ en li\u0301nea ] . ver . 1 . 0 . 1 diciembre 2010 [ checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of argentina : an update ] . centro nacional patago\u0301nico cenpat - conicet . puerto madryn , chubut , argentina . - get paper here\navila , luciano javier ; lorena elizabeth martinez & mariana morando 2013 . checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of argentina : an update . zootaxa 3616 ( 3 ) : 201\u2013238\nbertolotto , c . e . v . ; k . c . m . pellegrino and y . yonenaga - yassuda 2004 . occurrence of b chromosomes in lizards : a review . cytogenet genome res 106 : 243\u2013246\nboulenger , g . a . 1888 . on some reptiles and batrachians from iguarasse , pernambuco . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 2 : 40\u201443 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here\ncaldeira costa , h . ; dias fernandes , v . ; castro rodrigues , a . & neves feio , r . 2009 . lizards and amphisbaenians , municipality of vi\u00e7osa , state of minas gerais , southeastern brazil . check list 5 ( 3 ) : 732\u2013745 - get paper here\ncarvalho ribas , s . et al . 2004 . structure of claws and toes of two tropidurid lizard species of restinga from southeastern brazil : adaptations to the vertical use of the habitat . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 599 - 606\ncei , j . m . 1993 . reptiles del noroeste , nordeste y este de la argentina . museo regionale sci . naturale torino , monografie 14 : 1 - 949\ncei , j . m . 2003 . specific supraocular scutellation patterns as significant diagnostic characters : a taxonomic inter and intrageneric\nfinger - print\nin lacertilia . facena 19 : 129 - 135 - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1837 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 4 . libr . encyclop\u00e9dique roret , paris , 570 pp . - get paper here\ndutra , guilherme f ; carla c siqueira , davor vrcibradic , mara c kiefer , and carlos frederico d rocha 2010 . plant consumption of insular and mainland populations of a tropical lizard . herpetologica 67 ( 1 ) : 32 - 45 . - get paper here\netheridge , richard 1968 . a review of the iguanid lizard genera uracentron and strobilurus . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology 17 ( 2 ) : 47 - 64 - get paper here\nfeio , r . n . & caramaschi , u . 2003 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento da herpetofauna do nordeste do estado de minas gerais , brasil . phyllomedusa 1 ( 2 ) : 105 - 111 [ 2002 ] - get paper here\nfreitas , marco antonio de 2014 . squamate reptiles of the atlantic forest of northern bahia , brazil . check list 10 ( 5 ) : 1020 - 1030 - get paper here\ngravenhorst , j . l . c . 1838 . beitr\u00e4ge zur genaueren kenntniss einiger eidechsengattungen . nova acta acad . caes . leop . - carol . 18 : 712 - 784 [ 1837 ]\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\nharvey , michael b . & ronald l . gutberlet jr 2000 . a phylogenetic analysis of the tropidurine lizards ( squamata : tropiduridae ) , including new characters of squamation and epidermal microstructure . zoological journal of the linnean society 128 : 189\u2013233 .\nhummelinck , p . w . 1940 . studies on the fauna of curacao , aruba , bonaire and the venezuelan islands : no . 2 . a survey of the mammals , lizards and mollusks . [ ' gymnophthalmus laevicaudus : 80 ] . studies on the fauna of curacao and other caribbean islands . 1 : 59\u2014108\ningaramo , mar\u00eda del rosario ; marangoni , federico ; cajade , rodrigo 2015 . herpetofauna de la reserva paleontol\u00f3gica del arroyo torop\u00ed , bella vista , corrientes , argentina . cuad . herpetol . 29 ( 1 ) : - get paper here\noliveira lula salles , r . de & silva - soares , t . 2010 . re\u0301pteis do munici\u0301pio de duque de caxias , baixada fluminense , rio de janeiro , sudeste do brasil . biotemas , 23 ( 2 ) : 135 - 144\noliveira lula salles , r . de ; weber , l . n . & silva - soares , t . 2010 . reptiles , squamata , parque natural municipal da taquara , municipality of duque de caxias , state of rio de janeiro , southeastern brazil . check list 6 ( 2 ) : 280 - 286 - get paper here\nraddi , g . 1823 . continuazione della descrizione dei rettili brasiliani . accademia nazionale dei quaranta , memorie delle societ\u00e0 italiana scienze , modena , italy , 19 : 58\u201473 . - get paper here\nrocha , carlos frederico d . ; helena g . bergallo , jos\u00e9 p . pombal jr . , lena geise , monique van sluys , ronaldo fernandes , ulisses caramaschi 2004 . fauna de anf\u00edbios , r\u00e9pteis e mam\u00edferos do estado do rio de janeiro , sudeste do brasil publ . avul . mus . nac . , rio de janeiro ( 104 ) : 3 - 23 - get paper here\nsantos , d . l . ; s . p . andrade ; e . p . victor - jr . ; w . vaz - silva 2014 . amphibians and reptiles from southeastern goi\u00e1s , central brazil . check list 10 ( 1 ) : 131 - 148 - get paper here\nsiebenrock , friedrich 1892 . ueber wirbelassimilation bei den sauriern . annalen des k\u00f6niglichen kaiserlichen naturhistorischen hofmuseum in wien 7 : 373 - 378\nsilva , m . c . da , r . h . de oliveira , d . h . morais , r . a . kawashita - ribeiro , e . s . de brito & r . w . \u00e1vila 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of a cerrado area in primavera do leste municipality , mato grosso state , central brazil . salamandra 51 ( 2 ) : 187 - 194 - get paper here\nsilva - soares , t . ; r . b . ferreira ; r . o . l . salles ; c . f . d . rocha . 2011 . continental , insular and coastal marine reptiles from the municipality of vit\u00f3ria , state of esp\u00edrito santo , southeastern brazil . check list 7 ( 3 ) : 290 - 298 - get paper here\nvanzolini , p . e . 1974 . ecological and geographical distribution of lizards in pernambuco , northeastern brasil ( sauria ) . papeis avulsos de zool . 28 ( 4 ) : 61 - 90 .\nwied - neuwied , m . 1824 . verzeichniss der amphibien , welche im zweyten bande der naturgeschichte brasiliens vom prinz max von neuwied werden beschrieben werden . isis von oken 14 : 661\u2014673 [ columns ] - get paper here\nwied - neuwied , m . prinz zu 1820 . reise nach brasilien in den jahren 1815 bis 1817 . vol . 1 . heinrich ludwig bronner , frankfurt . - get paper here\nzaracho , v\u00edctor hugo ; ingaramo , mar\u00eda del rosario ; semhan , romina valeria ; etchepare , eduardo ; acosta , jos\u00e9 luis ; falcione , ana camila ; \u00e1lvarez , blanca 2014 . herpetofauna de la reserva natural provincial isla apip\u00e9 grande ( corrientes , argentina ) cuad . herpetol . 28 ( 2 ) : 153 - 160 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 carvalho et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was partially supported by a doctoral fellowship from the national council for scientific and technological development - brazil ( cnpq process 200798 / 2010 - 3 ) to algc . the funding agency had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nin addition to the investigation of patterns of area relationships , pae is a biogeographical method able to detect areas of endemism [ 45 ] . these areas represent hypotheses of natural entities essentially adopted as operational geographic units during historical biogeographic reconstructions [ 45 ] \u2013 [ 48 ] . areas of endemism originate through the fragmentation of an ancestral biota by the appearance of a geographic barrier that promotes spatially concordant events of allopatric speciation in different groups of organisms , responsible for the emergence of two new biotas [ 48 ] \u2013 [ 54 ] . similar responses of different taxa to the same vicariant event generate similar phylogenetic patterns . it is then expected that organisms composing the same biota , subjected to the same vicariant events , display congruent phylogenetic patterns [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 52 ] , [ 55 ] \u2013 [ 56 ] . therefore , through the analysis of the levels of distributional and phylogenetic congruence among different taxa , it is possible to reconstruct the history of diversification ( in a spatial and temporal perspective ) of the areas occupied by these organisms .\n[ 9 ] ) with hypothetical ancestors ( represented by numbers 1\u201319 ) defined for implementation of bpa ( see also table 3 ) .\ntree searches were carried out in tnt version 3 . 1 [ 69 ] . traditional heuristic searches were based on 100 replicates and 10 , 000 trees were saved per replicate , using the stepwise addition algorithm and rearrangement of branches through tree bisection - reconnection [ 70 ] . all analyses were repeated using new technologies to improve the exploration of tree space and to guarantee the robustness of the results previously found using tbr . sectorial search [ 71 ] , ratchet [ 72 ] , and tree fusing [ 71 ] were associated under driven search , with initial addseqs = 10 , until the best scoring tree was found 100 , 000 times .\nthe area of endemism located within the quadrat 24 ( enlarged in figure 4 ) comprises the noel kempf mercado national park ( including the serran\u00eda de huanchaca ) and el refugio biological station , in the department of santa cruz , eastern bolivia , and was supported by the occurrence of t . callathelys ( yellow star ) , t . chromatops ( red triangles ) , and t . xanthochilus ( black cross ) . the area of endemism located within the quadrat 28 ( enlarged ) comprises the southern portion of the caatinga province , northeastern brazil , and was supported by the endemics t . erythrocephalus ( yellow dots ) , t . mucujensis ( orange dot ) , and t . psammonastes ( white dots ) .\nconsensus of the area cladograms generated by ( a ) parsimony analysis of endemicity ( 15 trees , l = 38 steps , ci = 0 . 605 , ri = 0 . 643 ) and ( b ) brooks parsimony analysis ( 2 trees , l = 69 steps , ci = 0 . 565 , ri = 0 . 694 ) based on the distribution\ncontributed with edits to the to manuscript : mrb dsf . conceived and designed the experiments : alc mrb dsf . performed the experiments : alc . analyzed the data : alc . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : alc mrb . wrote the paper : alc .\ndo grupo torquatus ao sul do rio amazonas ( sauria , iguanidae ) . arq zool 31 : 105\u2013230 .\nin brazil ( sauria , iguanidae ) . in : vanzolini pe , heyer wr , editors . proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias . 305\u2013315 .\n\u00e1vila - pires tcs ( 1995 ) lizards of brazilian amazonia ( reptilia : squamata ) . zool verhand 299 : 1\u2013706 .\n( iguania : tropiduridae ) from the serrania de huanchaca , bolivia : new species , natural history , and a key to the genus . herpetologica 54 : 493\u2013520 .\nwied - neuwied , 1825 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . zootaxa : in press .\ngroup of lizards ( iguania : tropidurudae ) . am mus novit 3033 : 1\u201368 .\nharvey mb , gutberlet rl jr ( 2000 ) a phylogenetic analysis of the tropidurine lizards ( squamata : tropiduridae ) , including new characters of squamation and epidermal microstructure . biol j linn soc 128 : 189\u2013233 .\n( squamata : tropiduridae : tropidurinae ) : direct optimization , descriptive efficiency , and sensitivity analysis of congruence between molecular data and morphology . mol phyl evol 21 : 352\u2013371 .\nhaffer j ( 1969 ) speciation in amazonian forest birds . science 165 : 131\u2013137 .\nvanzolini pe , williams ee ( 1981 ) the vanishing refuge : a mechanism for ecogeographic speciation . pap avul zool 34 : 251\u2013255 .\nprance gt ( 1973 ) phytogeographic support for the theory of pleistocene forest refuges in the amazon basin , based on evidence from distribution patterns in caryocaraceae , chrysobalanaceae , dichapetalaceae and lecythidaceae . acta amazon 3 : 5\u201325 .\nbigarella jj , lima da , richs pj ( 1975 ) considera\u00e7\u00f5es a respeito das mudan\u00e7as paleoambientais na distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de algumas esp\u00e9cies vegetais e animais do brasil . an acad bras cienc 47 ( supl . ) : 411\u2013464 .\nbrown ks , ab\u2019saber na ( 1979 ) ice - age forest refuges and evolution in neotropics : correlation of paleoclimatological , geomorphological and pedological data with biological endemism . paleoclimas 5 : 1\u201330 .\nhaffer j , prance gt ( 2001 ) climatic forcing of evolution in amazonia during the cenozoic : on the refuge theory of biotic differentiation . amazoniana 16 : 579\u2013608 .\nknapp s , mallet j ( 2003 ) refuting refugia ? science 300 ( 5616 ) : 71\u201372 .\nbush mb , oliveira pe ( 2006 ) the rise and fall of the refugial hypothesis of amazonian speciation : a paleoecological perspective . biota neotrop 6 : 1 .\nvanzolini pe , heyer wr ( 1988 ) proceedings of a workshop on neotropical distribution patterns . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias . 488 p .\ngainsbury am , colli gr ( 2003 ) lizard assemblages from natural cerrado enclaves in southwestern amazonia : the role of stochastic extinctions and isolation . biotropica 35 : 503\u2013519 .\nde vivo m , carmignotto ap ( 2004 ) holocene vegetation change and the mammal faunas of south america and africa . j biogeogr 31 : 943\u2013957 .\nborges - nojosa dm , caramaschi u ( 2005 ) composi\u00e7\u00e3o e an\u00e1lise comparativa da diversidade e das afinidades biogeogr\u00e1ficas dos lagartos e anfisben\u00eddeos ( squamata ) dos brejos nordestinos . in : ara\u00fajo , fs , rodal , mjn , barbosa , mrv , editors . an\u00e1lise das varia\u00e7\u00f5es da biodiversidade do bioma caatinga : suporte a estrat\u00e9gias regionais de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o . bras\u00edlia : minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente . 463\u2013512 .\nwerneck fp , colli gr ( 2006 ) the lizard assemblage from seasonally dry tropical forest enclaves in the cerrado biome , brazil , and its association with the pleistocenic arc . j biogeogr 33 : 1983\u20131992 .\n( rodentia , sigmodontinae ) : implications for the biogeography of an endemic genus of the open / dry biomes of south america . mol phyl evol 42 : 449\u2013466 .\nlundberg jg , marshall lg , guerrero j , horton b , malabarba mcsl , et al . . ( 1998 ) the stage for neotropical fish diversification : a history of tropical south american rivers . in : malabarba lr , reis re , vari rp , lucena zm , lucena cas , editors . phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . porto alegre : editora puc rio grande do sul . 13\u201348 .\ncort\u00e9s - ortiz l , bermingham e , rico c , rodr\u00edguez - luna e , sampaio i , et al . ( 2003 ) molecular systematics and biogeography of the neotropical monkey genus\nrull v ( 2008 ) speciation timing and neotropical biodiversity : the tertiary - quaternary debate in the light of molecular phylogenetic evidence . mol ecol 17 : 2722\u20132729 .\nantonelli a , quijada - mascare\u00f1as a , crawford aj , bates jm , velazco pm , et al . . ( 2010 ) molecular studies and phylogeography of amazonian tetrapods and their relation to geological and climatic models . in : hoorn c , wesselingh fp , editors . amazonia , landscapes and species evolution : a look into the past . 1st ed . oxford : blackwell . 386\u2013404 .\ncracraft j ( 1985 ) historical biogeography and the patterns of differentiation within the south american avifauna : areas of endemism . ornithol monogr 36 : 49\u201384 ."]}
{"id": 671, "summary": [{"text": "leptomyrmex fragilis is a species of ant in the genus leptomyrmex .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "described by smith in 1859 , the species is endemic to indonesia and new guinea and the philippines . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "leptomyrmex fragilis", "paragraphs": ["senior synonym of leptomyrmex gracillimus : baroni urbani & wilson , 1987 : 2 ; of leptomyrmex femoratus , leptomyrmex maculatus , leptomyrmex wheeleri : lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 34 .\nsenior synonym of leptomyrmex quadricolor : lucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 50 .\nno one has contributed data records for leptomyrmex rufipes yet . learn how to contribute .\ntree of life web project . 2004 . leptomyrmex . version 06 september 2004 ( temporary ) .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nemery , 1897 : 571 ( m . ) ; stitz , 1912 pdf : 507 ( m . ) ; lucvky & ward , 2010 : 36 ( ergatoid q . ) .\n20 times found in rainforest , 7 times found in lowland rainforest , 1 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in primary forest , 1 times found in lowland secondary rainforest , 1 times found in montane rainforest edge , 1 times found in secondary forest , 1 times found in secondary rainforest .\n9 times ground nest , 9 times ground forager ( s ) , 2 times under log , nest a , 2 times ex rotten log , 2 times ground strays rainforest , 2 times ground strays , 1 times ex coffee plantation , 1 times on low vegn . , 1 times on ground and foliage , 1 times leaf litter foragers , 1 times hole in ground , . . .\n54 times malaise trap , 2 times # 1061 , 2 times hg - vapor light , 2 times pan trap - yellow , 1 times flying in forest , 1 times fogging , 1 times hand aspirator , 1 times hg vapor light , 1 times pt - yellow , 1 times sweeping , 0 times yellow pan trap , . . .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nlucky & ward , 2010 pdf : 52 ( ergatoid q . , m . ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 673, "summary": [{"text": "commonly known as cuckoo wasps or emerald wasps , the hymenopteran family chrysididae is a very large cosmopolitan group ( over 3000 described species ) of parasitoid or kleptoparasitic wasps , often highly sculptured , with brilliant metallic colors created by structural coloration .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are most diverse in desert regions of the world , as they are typically associated with solitary bee and wasp species , which are also most diverse in such areas . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "cuckoo wasp", "paragraphs": ["the cuckoo wasps are classified in the family chrysididae , order hymenoptera . the pacific cuckoo wasp is chrysis pacifica ; the large blue cuckoo wasp is chrysis coerulans .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the cuckoo wasp .\nby inserting her ovipositor into the pot of a potter wasp and laying an egg , the cuckoo wasp finds food and shelter for her young .\ncuckoo wasps are common in brisbane suburban . they are usually seen flying slowly looking for wasp nest .\nstrohm e , laurien - kehnen c , bordon s . escape from parasitism : spatial and temporal strategies of a sphecid wasp against a specialised cuckoo wasp .\na cuckoo wasp ( primeuchroeus species ) . note the apparently 3 - segmented abdomen . image copyright wa museum\nthe scientists combined data from the transcriptome - - showing which genes are active and being transcribed from dna into rna - - and genomic ( dna ) data from a number of species of ants , bees and wasps , including bradynobaenid wasps , a cuckoo wasp , a spider wasp , a scoliid wasp , a mud dauber wasp , a tiphiid wasp , a paper wasp and a pollen wasp ; a velvet ant ( wasp ) ; a dracula ant ; and a sweat bee , lasioglossum albipes .\nthe name\ncuckoo wasp\nrefers to the fact that these wasps lay eggs in the nests of unsuspecting hosts .\nthe small cuckoo wasp is commonly found on large gum tree trunks , especially those holes on tree trunk . please check this\nthe cuckoo wasp\u2019s larvae consume the provisions procured by the solitary wasps for their own young . the name cuckoo wasp derives from this form of larceny . other species of cuckoo wasps directly attack and kill the young of other insects . some sneak down the galleries of ground nesting bees like plasterer bees ( link to march 27 , 2006 ) we met a few weeks ago . once inside , the female wasp lays an egg on the bee\u2019s baby and the cuckoo wasp larva devours the unfortunate victim . one wonders why hard - working solitary bees and wasps tolerate this nonsense from cuckoo wasps . it turns out that at least one species of cuckoo wasp produces an odor that closely resembles the smell of its host . this chemical cloak probably helps the cuckoo wasp sneak into the nest of its victim undetected to perform its nefarious deeds .\n) while the nest host collect food for larvae . cuckoo wasp larvae hatch and feed on the food or the host larvae .\nthe pacific cuckoo wasp parasitizes mason bees . the parasite ' s larva feeds on the bee ' s larva after the bee has spun its cocoon . the large blue cuckoo wasp , a cleptoparasite , lays its eggs in the nests of solitary wasps in the hornet family . the cuckoo wasp larva kills the host larva and eats the caterpillars that have been captured by the host for food .\ndesign by oleg ko\ncuckoo wasp ,\nmicrosoft\u00a8 encarta\u00a8 online encyclopedia 2009 urltoken \u00a9 1997 - 2009 microsoft corporation . all rights reserved .\nthere are many cuckoo wasp species and they look very similar . usually they are metallic blue or green in colour and are coarsely sculptured . most species are external parasites of other wasp larvae . females lay eggs in nest of other wasps (\ncuckoo wasps family : chrysidiae commonly called cuckoo wasps , the wasps in the family chrysidiae are often beautiful and metallic blue , green or red . some species are thieving parasites ( cleptoparasites ) who lay their eggs in the nests of solitary bee species . the cuckoo wasp larva kills the solitary bee larva and then feeds on the stored provisions within the bee nest . like hive wasps , spider wasps , sphecid wasps , and bees , female cuckoo wasps have modified egg - laying devices which allow them to sting . common cuckoo wasp species are about 1 / 2\nlong .\na cuckoo in wolves ' clothing ? chemical mimicry in a specialized cuckoo wasp of the european beewolf ( hymenoptera , chrysididae and crabronidae ) by dr . strohm and colleagues and microsoft\u00ae encarta\u00ae online encyclopedia 2007 were used as resources for this bug of the week . to learn more about cuckoo wasps , please visit the following web sites .\njewel wasp stalked by zebra spider on red mason bee nest box ! . mov\nfemales showed fairly large proportions of both . furthermore , cuckoo wasps had similar proportions of the (\nthe cuckoo wasps are so called because some species lay eggs in the nests of other solitary wasps and bees in a manner analogous to some cuckoos ( bird order cuculiformes ) , which lay eggs in the nests of other birds . the cuckoo wasp female places her egg in the unfinished and untended nest of another wasp or bee . the nest is later sealed by the owner after she has placed her own egg there along with food for her future larva . the cuckoo wasp larva either eats the other larva or starves it to death by devouring all the food .\nin both oviposition strategies , detection of the cuckoo wasp female by the beewolf female might decrease the cuckoo wasp ' s success . first , when encountered in the nest , cuckoo wasps might be carried to the nest entrance by beewolf females and thrown out [ 27 ] . mostly , cuckoo wasps are not severely harmed due to the solidity and strong sculpturing of their cuticle and their ability to adopt a rolled - up defensive posture that protects the most vulnerable parts of the body ( legs , mouthparts , antennae [ 22 , 28 ] ) . nevertheless , the wings are rather unprotected and might be injured by a beewolf female . second , if beewolves females detect signs of the presence of cuckoo wasps they might remove bees from the nest that have possibly been parasitized [ 25 ] . thus , a cuckoo wasp should avoid detection to minimize wastage of time and investment . this means that cuckoo wasp females should avoid detection when they are encountered by a host female in the nest . however , it would probably be even more important for the cuckoo wasps not to leave any detectable traces of their presence when they had entered the nest and oviposited on a paralyzed honeybee .\ncuckoo wasps get their name thanks to their parenting strategy . similar to the cuckoo bird , cuckoo wasps lay their eggs in the nests of other bees . when a cuckoo wasp larva hatches , it eats the other bee larvae and then consumes the stores of food left in the nest . because of this behavior , the cuckoo wasp is a parasite to a variety of other bee and wasp species . even the eggs of walkingsticks are not off limits . the adult cuckoo wasp may be an emerald , gold , or garnet color , and has black eyes , wings , and legs . it is tiny compared to other bees , but its dimpled , shimmering body is bright enough to attract attention . adults drink flower nectar and have very small stingers . they tend to curl up when threatened if they are unable to escape . they are active during the summer and can be found in a wide variety of habitats and natural areas , but are often seen visiting flowers .\nthese social wasp species earn themselves the alternate name of a \u2018cuckoo wasp\u2019 , due to their reproductive habits : the females sneak inside the nests of other hymenopteran insects such as mason bees , where an egg is laid from which larvae emerge and proceed to devour the contents of the nest .\ncuckoo wasp , common name for a group of mostly small , stinging wasps . cuckoo wasps are brilliant metallic blue , green , or reddish in color . they are parasites that lay their eggs in the nests of bees , wasps , and certain other insects , which are called their hosts . there are approximately 3000 species of cuckoo wasps throughout the world , including about 230 species in the united states and canada . cuckoo wasps are also called gold wasps , ruby wasps , and jewel wasps .\nwe conclude that h . rutilans females closely mimic the composition of cuticular compounds of their host species p . triangulum . the occurrence of isomeric forms of certain compounds on the cuticles of the cuckoo wasps but their absence on beewolf females suggests that cuckoo wasps synthesize the cuticular compounds rather than sequester them from their host . thus , the behavioral data and the chemical analysis provide evidence that a specialized cuckoo wasp exhibits chemical mimicry of the odor of its host . this probably allows the cuckoo wasp to enter the nest with a reduced risk of being detected by olfaction and without leaving traitorous chemical traces .\nthree cuckoo wasps from siberian and baltic amber ( hymenoptera : chrysididae : amiseginae and elampina . . .\nwe observed interactions between cuckoo wasps ( h . rutilans ) and beewolf females in the field in a beewolf nest aggregation on the campus of the university of w\u00fcrzburg . over several years there were about 100 \u2013 500 beewolf nests ( easily detectable due to the characteristic nest mounds ) and 50 \u2013 500 h . rutilans females ( determined by capture - mark - recapture methods [ 55 ] , e . strohm , unpubl . data ) . behavioral interactions between beewolf females and cuckoo wasps at 24 focal nests ( located on an area of about 10 \u00d7 5 m ) were recorded for a total of 54 hours . we observed whether beewolf females showed any signs of disturbance or agonistic behavior when a cuckoo wasp was present in the vicinity of their nests . we recorded the following behaviors of cuckoo wasps and beewolf females : 1 . landing of h . rutilans on nest mound . 2 . time it stayed on nest mound ( for stays > 4 sec . ) . 3 . whether the nest was open or closed . 4 . whether the cuckoo wasp entered the nest . 5 . the time the cuckoo wasp stayed in the nest and whether the nest owner was at home or not . 6 . behavior of the cuckoo wasp during its stay outside the nest ( running , sitting hiding , no exact durations were recorded ) . 7 . whether the cuckoo wasp tried to oviposit on a bee when a female returned with prey . 8 . whether and how a female responded to the presence of a cuckoo wasp when returning with prey .\ncalifornia cuckoo wasps in the family chrysididae ( hymenoptera ) lynn s . kimsey . 2006 . uc press .\nthe bright , metallic shades of cuckoo wasps make these little jewels easy to spot despite their small stature .\nthe adult cuckoo wasp ' s back is well armored and with abdomen concave beneath . when disturbed , it curl up into a ball . this is a defense behavior against the attack by angry nest host .\nthis page contains pictures and information about the cuckoo wasps that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nthese are the cuckoo wasps ( family chrysididae ) in the superfamily chrysidoidea , and the tiphiid wasps ( family tiphiidae ) , scoliid wasps ( family scoliidae ) , and velvet ants ( family mutillidae ) in the superfamily vespoidea . cuckoo wasp s are mostly brilliant metallic - green or - blue in colour and have intricate sculpturing on the exoskeleton . they\u2026\nlearn about the tarantula hawk ( pepsis species ) , a type of large spider wasp that preys on tarantulas .\nherzner g , strohm e . fighting fungi with physics : food wrapping by a solitary wasp prevents water condensation .\nas the same compound for beewolves , cuckoo wasps and honeybees are most probably identical since their mass spectra and the retention times are identical . thus , the comparison between beewolf females and cuckoo wasps is not confounded by the incompletely identified alkenes .\ncuckoo wasps are only seen occasionally due to their small size and secretive habits . however , in open , sunny habitats they are often abundant on flowers and small shrubs , where they feed on nectar . cuckoo wasps often lurk near the burrows of their hosts , waiting for an opportunity to sneak in and lay an egg . they have a thick , hard cuticle ( outer covering ) that is covered with pits . the cuticle provides protection from stings and strong biting mandibles of host insects , which may attack the cuckoo wasp . in addition , the underside of the abdomen is concave and allows the wasp to roll up into a protective ball , another defensive mechanism . although cuckoo wasps sting , their stinger is very small .\nall cuckoo wasps are solitary ( nonsocial ) , external parasites , mostly of full - grown bee or wasp larvae . species of the genus cleptes are parasitic on sawfly larvae ; those of mesitiopterus are parasitic on the eggs of the walkingstick .\ntsuneki k . , 1957 - ecological problems centering around the microdistribution of the cuckoo wasp populations . appendix : key to the japanese species of the holonychinae . the insect ecology , 6 ( 14 ) : 11 - 23 . [ in japanese ]\nin observation cages in the laboratory , h . rutilans females ( n = 7 ) were observed to enter beewolf nests ( n = 6 beewolf nests ) and oviposit on the couched bees ( n = 4 ) . although in five cases the beewolf female entered the nest while a cuckoo wasp was present and came close to ( less than 2 cm , n = 5 ) or even passed ( n = 3 ) the cuckoo wasp in the burrow , the host female did not show any signs of detection of the brood parasitoid or disturbance . notably , the cuckoo wasp either ran to a distant part of the nest when a beewolf female approached or it remained motionless at the periphery of the nest burrow until the female had passed .\nparasitoids feed on the larva of the host and cleptoparasites\nsteal\nthe host ' s food . the food - stealing behavior of cleptoparasite species resembles that of the cuckoo bird and gave rise to the cuckoo wasp ' s name . hosts of parasitoid species include bees , sphecid wasps , potter wasps , sawflies , silk moths , and the eggs of stick insects . cleptoparasitic species feed on provisions of sphecid wasp nests , which may include dead spiders , true bugs , aphids , or thrips .\ncuckoo wasps can be divided into two chief types based on their lifestyles : parasitoids and cleptoparasites . parasitoids feed on the larva of the host and cleptoparasites\nsteal\nthe host ' s food . in both cases the host larva dies . the food - stealing behavior of cleptoparasite species resembles that of the cuckoo bird and gave rise to the cuckoo wasp ' s name . hosts of parasitoid species include bees , sphecid wasps , potter wasps , sawflies , silk moths , and the eggs of stick insects . cleptoparasitic species feed on provisions of sphecid wasp nests , which may include dead spiders , true bugs , aphids , or thrips .\ntrexler j . c . , 1984 - aggregation and homing in a chrysidid wasp . oikos , 43 : 133 - 137 .\ntsuneki k . , 1946 - how to collect the cuckoo wasps . seibutsu , 1 ( 3 ) : 189 . [ in japanese ]\ntsuneki k . , 1957 - microdistribution of the cuckoo wasps population . annotationes zoologicae japonenses , 30 ( 2 ) : 86 - 90 .\nmost cuckoo wasps ( chrysididae ) lay their eggs in the nests of solitary wasps or bees . among the exceptions is an african species that is parasitic on the tsetse fly . tiphiidae and scoliidae are mostly parasites of beetle grubs that live in the soil . the female wasp digs into the soil to locate the grub , stings and paralyzes it , and deposits an egg on it . the wasp larva lives on the outside of the grub .\ntano t . , 1969 - wasp collecting journey to the ya\u00e9yama group , the ryukyus . life study ( fukui ) , 13 : 72 - 79 .\nstrohm e , herzner g , goettler w . a\nsocial\ngland in a solitary wasp ? the postpharyngeal gland of female european beewolves ( hymenoptera , crabronidae )\ntheunert r . , 1997 - eine goldwespe als brutschmarotzer einer wegwespe ( insecta : hymenoptera ) . [ a chrysidid wasp as a brood parasite of a pompilid wasp ( insecta : hymenoptera ) . ] . mitteilungen des internationalen entomologischen vereins e . v . frankfurt a . m . , 22 ( 1 - 2 ) : 9 - 10 .\nthe wasp in the above photos was collected by our friend ben inside his house in brisbane during mid summer . we set it free after we took those photos . please check this\nmost species are external parasites of wasp and bee larvae ; one subfamily ( cleptinae , one genus , cleptes ) attacks sawfly larvae , another subfamily ( amiseginae ) the eggs of walkingsticks .\nthe uc davis results also provide a new perspective on lower cretaceous fossil cariridris bipetiolata , originally claimed to be the oldest fossil ant . scientists later reinterpreted it to be a spheciform wasp .\nshown above is a beetle grub being fed upon by the larva of a tiphiid wasp . the tiphiid larvae is the smaller insect in the picture . ( r . bessin , 2000 )\n] ) . cuckoo wasps also show relatively large amounts of the unsaturated c25 : 1 and c27 : 1 . in contrast to beewolves where individuals had only large proportions of one of these unsaturated compounds ,\nin a recognition bioassay in observation cages , beewolf females responded significantly less frequently to filter paper discs treated with a cuticular extract from h . rutilans females , than to filter paper discs treated with an extract from another cuckoo wasp species ( chrysis viridula ) . the behavior to paper discs treated with a cuticular extract from h . rutilans females did not differ significantly from the behavior towards filter paper discs treated with the solvent only .\nbecause their hosts possess stings and biting mandibles , cuckoo wasps have evolved some defences , namely a thick integument and an ability to roll their body into a ball with their legs tucked in . these adaptations account for cuckoo wasps\u2019 distinctive form : the thorax often having cavities for the reception of legs and the abdomen being flat or hollow on the underside and covered above with three convex plates , the third plate commonly bearing teeth on its hind margin .\nthe scientists discovered that the ancestral aculeate wasp was likely an ectoparasitoid , which attacks and paralyzes a host insect and leaves its offspring nearby where they can attach to the outside of the host and feed from it .\ntarbinsky yu . s . , 2000 - the gold wasp of the genus brugmoia ( hymenoptera , chrysididae ) of the tien - shan and adjacent territories . vestnik zoologii , 34 ( 3 ) : 23 - 27 .\nas the name \u2018cuckoo wasps\u2019 suggests , females lay their eggs in the nests of other insects . among the most common hosts for cuckoo wasps are the various mud - daubing wasps that build their nests around houses , sheds and other human constructions . this accounts for many finds , people either noticing the brightly coloured wasps hovering about walls as they search for a host nest , or finding them after they\u2019ve entered a building and got trapped on the inside of a window pane .\ntogashi i . , 1993 - hymenopterous insects settling in cottage with a thatched roof in shiramine , ishikawa prefecture ( part 3 ) . eumenid and cuckoo wasps . bull . biogeogr . soc . japan 48 ( 1 ) : 59 - 63\n| it ' s a ruby - tailed wasp . ruby - tailed wasps belong to the order hymenoptera , that includes sawflies , bees and wasps . here in the u . k . we have a number of . . .\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the cuckoo wasp may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\npelecinid wasp photo courtesy usda . other photos courtesy r . bessin , k . seltmann , and b . newton , university of kentucky the kentucky critter files are maintained by blake newton , department of entomology , university of kentucky . contact : blaken @ urltoken\ncuckoo wasps belong to one subdivision ( the tribe chrysidini ) of the world - wide family chrysididae . all members of this family are parasitic on other insects . other than the iridescent chrysidini , though , members of this family are small , dullcoloured insects unlikely to come to one\u2019s attention .\nfield observations suggest that cuckoo wasps are attacked by beewolves in front of their nest , most probably after being recognized visually . in contrast , beewolves seem not to detect signs of the presence of these parasitoids neither when these had visited the nest nor when directly encountered in the dark nest burrow .\nwasp , any member of a group of insects in the order hymenoptera , suborder apocrita , some of which are stinging . wasps are distinguished from the ants and bees of apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with\u2026\nthere are hundreds of species of narrow - waisted solitary wasps that live in kentucky . most of them are ant - like in appearance , with narrow waists and thread - like antennae . all solitary wasps have 4 membranous wings except for a few types , such as velvet ants , which do not have any wings . the best way to distinguish a solitary wasp from a social , hive - dwelling wasp is to observe behavior : hive wasps will stay close to their hive and return to it often during their routine ; solitary wasps may have a small burrow or nest that they return to , but it will be much smaller than the hive of a social wasp . in addition , you will rarely see solitary wasps interacting with other wasps , while hive - dwelling wasps will often communicate with one another , often by touching antennae or legs .\nspider wasp s ( pompilidae ) usually build nests in rotten wood or in rock crevices and provision them with spiders . the potter , or mason , wasps ( subfamily eumeninae ) of the vespidae build nests of mud , which are sometimes vaselike or juglike and may be found attached to twigs\u2026\nlike all wasps , solitary wasps have complete metamorphosis with egg , larva , pupa , and adult stages . many large narrow - waisted solitary wasps ( such as mud - daubers , cicada killers , and potter wasps ) build small nests or burrows in which they lay eggs . within this burrow , the wasp encloses an insect or spider that has been stung and paralyzed . when the wasp eggs hatch , the tiny wasp larvae feed on the paralyzed prey items , and receive no further care from the mother . small internally - parasitic wasps , such as ichneumon and braconid wasps , do not build nests or burrows . instead , they hunt for insects , insect larvae , or insect eggs and lay their own eggs inside . when the larvae hatch , they feed and grow inside the host . most solitary wasps are active in summer and fall and overwinter as eggs or pupae .\ntarbinsky yu . s . , 1999 - a key and a characteristic of the golden wasp species groups of the genus chrysis l . ( hymenoptera , chrysididae ) from tien shan and adjacent territories . news of the national academy of sciences of kyrghyz republic - 1999 ( 2 ) : 50 - 57 .\nalthough most hymenoptera have wings , there are a few exceptions . the 2mm ichnuemon wasp pictured below is completely wingless . winglessness occurs in at least one species of most of the hymenopteran families , showing biologists that it is fairly common for a group of insects to evolve from winged to wingless over time .\nconstruct cells of mud under bark or among stones . some species construct the nest before capturing the spider ; others capture the spider first , then set it aside until the nest is completed . a single spider and a single egg are placed in the nest . the spider , alive but paralyzed , is eaten by the wasp\namong the most exquisite wasps to be found in australia are the cuckoo wasps ( or emerald wasps ) which are almost wholly bright iridescent green , blue or purple . the body surface is deeply and densely pitted , imparting a glittery appearance . some northern hemisphere species have gold or reddish tints and are termed \u2018gold wasps\u2019 and \u2018ruby wasps\u2019 , respectively .\ntarbinsky yu . s . , 2000 - \u043e\u0441\u044b - \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 chrysis [ gr . ignita ] ( hymenoptera , chrysididae ) \u0442\u044f\u043d\u044c - \u0448\u0430\u043d\u044f \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439 . [ the golden wasp genus chrysis [ gr . ignita ] ( hymenoptera , chrysididae in tien - shan and adjacent territories ] . tethys entomological research ( almaty , kazakhstan ) ] , 2 : 193 - 204 .\n] . some components could not be identified and for some alkenes the position of the double bond and its configuration could not be determined due to the small amounts on the cuticles . however , neither of the unidentified components occurs on beewolf females and cuckoo wasps . thus , they do not confound the similarity between these two groups that are most important to our question . the alkenes listed in one line in table\nsolitary wasps and parasitic wasps are an important component in a variety of ecosystems : almost all solitary wasp species provide insects or spiders to their larvae , either by laying their eggs in burrows provisioned with prey or by laying their eggs inside insect hosts . most species are very specific about the types of prey that they hunt . mud - daubers , for instance , pack their mud tubes with spiders . wasp species that are internal parasites will usually lay their eggs in only one or two insect species and are specific about which stage in the life - cycle that they attack : some species attack only larvae , some attack only eggs , some attack only adult insects or pupae . most adult solitary wasps feed on nectar . solitary wasps are found in most kentucky habitats , from farms and lawns to forests and stream sides .\nspiders captured and paralyzed by the sting of the spider wasp are fed to the young . ( certain wasps other than pompilids also capture spiders for this purpose . ) adult spider wasps are commonly found on flowers and either on the ground or hovering above it in search of prey . the nest , or cell , is made in soil , on rotten wood , or among rocks . species of the north american genus\nthis dazzling gem of an insect conjures up the image of an exotic species , perhaps living in the depths of some tropical forest far away from the monotone shores of the uk . however , the ruby - tailed wasp is actually a relatively common species in this country : it can be found on warm sunny days from april to august in many back gardens , particularly around stone walls , piles of wood or on waste ground .\nwe hypothesized that cuckoo wasps either mimic the chemistry of their beewolf host or their host ' s prey . we tested this hypothesis using gc - ms analyses of the cuticles of male and female beewolves , cuckoo wasps , and honeybee workers . cuticle extracts of hedychrum nobile ( hymenoptera : chrysididae ) and cerceris arenaria ( hymenoptera : crabronidae ) were used as outgroups . there was little congruence with regard to cuticular compounds between h . rutilans females and honeybees as well as females of c . arenaria and h . nobile . however , there was a considerable similarity between beewolf females and h . rutilans females . beewolf females show a striking dimorphism regarding their cuticular hydrocarbons with one morph having ( z ) - 9 - c25 : 1 and the other morph having ( z ) - 9 - c27 : 1 as the major component . h . rutilans females were more similar to the morph having ( z ) - 9 - c27 : 1 as the main component .\nlarvae of cuckoo wasps develop at the expense of the host\u2019s offspring , feeding either on the fully developed host larvae or on the stored food in the host nest ( usually paralysed caterpillars or spiders ) . either way , the host\u2019s larvae die so , strictly speaking , chrysidines are not true parasites . they are more correctly termed \u2018parasitoids\u2019 when they feed on and kill the host larvae or \u2018cleptoparasites\u2019 ( \u201cclepto\u201c deriving from a greek word meaning \u2018thief\u2019 ) when they feed on the host\u2019s provisions .\ntiphiid wasps family : tiphiidae tiphiids are shiny black wasps that are similar in size ( 1 3 / 4\nlong ) , shape , and behavior to scoliid wasps . like scoliids , tiphiid wasp females hunt in soil for beetle grubs on which they place single eggs . because they kill turf - damaging beetle grubs , some tiphiid wasps species are considered beneficial . you can see a picture of a tiphiid larva feeding on a beetle grub in the life cycle section above .\nsphecid wasps family : sphecidae there are many species of sphecid wasps in kentucky . most are shiny black or metallic blue , some with bright red , yellow , or orange markings . the most common sphecid wasps are in the subfamily sphecinae and are called\nthread - waisted wasps .\nthese sphecids have a long , narrow , antlike appearance . most thread - waisted wasps build their nests underground . some sphecids , often called\nmud - daubers ,\nmake mud nests for their larvae which they attach to the sides of rocks and buildings . the cicada killer wasp ( sphecius specious ) is also a type of sphecid wasp . at 1 1 / 2 ,\ncicada killers are the largest wasps found in kentucky . they are commonly seen in late summer as they hunt for cicadas which they use to provision their eggs in underground burrows . like many sphecid wasps , cicada killers are able to sting people , but they will not do so unless provoked .\nhymenoptera , even those equipped with a sting , are sought as food by other animals . skunks , badgers , field mice , shrews , and other animals attack bee nests for the insects as well as for the honey . the larvae of the wax month ( galleria mellonella ) live in bee nests , where they eat beeswax , thus damaging the nest . the cuckoo bee ( anthophorinae ) , a close relative of the bumblebee , lays its eggs in bumblebee nests , where the larvae are cared for and nourished by bumblebee workers .\nthese large wasps are called spider wasps because their young feed on paralyzed spiders . they generally are black or brown but some are brightly colored or metallic . spider wasps are common and are often observed searching for spiders on lawns . others can be seen moving quickly along the trunks of fallen trees , flitting their wings . like other stinging wasps ( including hive wasps , bees , and cuckoo wasps ) , female spider wasps have their egg laying device modified into an effective ( and sometimes painful ) stinger . common kentucky spider wasps are about 1\nlong .\nfemale cuckoo wasps are widely believed to be unable to sting , the sting apparatus being reduced and supposedly non - functional , yet cases are known where people have received painful stings from larger species . a long , thin appendage may sometimes be seen extending from the tip of the female abdomen . this is not a \u2018stinger\u2019 but an ovipositor used for inserting eggs into a nest of a host . observations of oviposition are few but one author noted that a female of stilbum cyanurum wet the mud wall of a host nest , softening it , then inserted its ovipositor to deposit an egg .\naccording to kimsey & bohart ( 1990 ) , four genera of cuckoo wasps occur in australia . stilbum includes just one species , s . cyanurum , which is the largest and most impressive of all . it is distinguished by having a strong , concave , median projection on the rear of the thorax and four downward pointing teeth on each side of the thorax . it breeds in the nests of mud - dauber wasps ( delta and sceliphron ) which are commonly found on the walls of buildings . it may also parasitize the nests of some megachilid bees . this species is found throughout australia and much of the eastern hemisphere . its size varies markedly .\nvelvet ants family : mutillidae velvet ants are large ( 1\nlong ) wasps in the family mutillidae . although they are wasps , they are called ants because the females do not have wings . male velvet wasps usually have shiny black wings . velvet ants are covered in dense hair , and most species are bright red or orange with black markings , although some species are metallic green . common velvet ant females place their eggs in the larval and pupal chambers of bee and wasp nests . large velvet ants have very long stingers and are sometimes called\ncow killers ,\nbut they will only sting if grabbed or if stepped on with bare feet .\nthere are two evolutionary options for h . rutilans femalesto avoid olfactory detection by beewolves . first , cuckoo wasps could mimic the odor of the honeybees that are temporarily couched in the main burrow . second , h . rutilans females might mimic their beewolf host . we consider the imitation of the cuticular compounds of the beewolf host the better alternative , since the host ' s hydrocarbon profile can be found all over the nest walls due to the digging activity ( kroiss and strohm unpubl . data ) and also on the honeybees . this is because in order to prevent the paralyzed bees from molding they are treated by the beewolf females with a secretion from the postpharyngeal gland that is identical to the beewolves ' cuticular hydrocarbons [ 29 - 31 ] .\nh . rutilans might employ a combination of strategies to evade detection . if encountered in the nest , they run away or remain motionless . they possibly leave only very small amounts of decisive and traitorous substances in the nest . most notably , the composition of their cuticular hydrocarbons is very similar to that of their host . thus , h . rutilans females seem to be able to avoid detection when directly encountered by a beewolf female in the nest . much more important , however , is the reduction of the conspicuousness of scent marks left in the nest burrow or on the bee during oviposition . this is to our knowledge the first reported evidence for chemical mimicry ( sensu [ 19 ] ) in a parasitoid of a solitary wasp .\nflowering plants bring more than beauty to a garden . many beneficial insects , the kind that help reduce pests on our plants , depend on nectar and pollen to provide nutrients necessary for life . we met some of these characters in previous episodes of bug of the week such as the parasitic ichneumon wasp ( need link to april 7 , 2008 ) , the lovely green lacewing ( link to april 10 , 2006 ) , and the flower flies ( link to may 8 , 2006 ) . a constant array of flowering plants in a landscape may help make it more sustainable . a favorite flowering perennial in my landscape is yarrow . this showy member of the aster family has many medicinal uses in addition to being an excellent attractor of pollinators and pest - eating beneficial insects .\nduring warm months , solitary wasps are commonly found in lawns , gardens , field crops , woodlands , and weedy fence rows . most species fly slowly as they search for prey or visit flowers for nectar . although solitary wasps are less likely to sting than hive - dwelling wasps , some ( like sphecid wasps ) will sting when captured , so it is best to capture them with an insect net and immediately place them in a sturdy container . although solitary wasps usually fly slowly , they are almost always on the move , so it can be difficult to get a good picture . the best technique is to keep your camera focused on a flower that is being visited by lots of insects - within a few minutes , a wasp will probably visit , and you can snap a picture .\nin order to assess whether beewolf females respond to the presence of h . rutilans females at all we observed the behavioral interactions outside of the nest . to test whether h . rutilans females employ chemical camouflage inside the nest we conducted to sets of behavioral experiments . first , in observation cages we recorded the interaction of the cuckoo wasps with beewolf females inside the nest burrow . second , we conducted a recognition bioassay by assessing the response of beewolf females towards filter discs treated with different extracts : solvent only , cuticular extracts of another chrysidid , chrysis viridula , and cuticular extracts of h . rutilans . we predicted that beewolf females should ignore the discs treated with solvent only ( negative control ) , they should respond to the discs treated with c . viridula extract ( positive control ) and they should not ( or only weakly ) respond to h . rutilans extracts .\na priori , chemical camouflage and mimicry seem unlikely to evolve in a chrysidid wasp that attacks a solitary host . chemical camouflage , i . e . the acquisition of mimetic compounds from a solitary host by a parasitic species , might be problematic since , in contrast to parasites of social hosts , there is little opportunity to sequester cloaking chemicals . social host species possess large nests and a large number of colony members that might serve as sources for the relevant compounds . brood parasites of solitary brood caring hymenoptera have rarely been studied in detail [ 53 ] . the only example of chemical camouflage in a brood parasite of a solitary species comes from nomada bees . in some species of this genus , females have been reported to acquire mimetic odors by being perfumed by males during mating . females of these species seemed not to elicit aggressive responses when encountered by host females of the genus andrena [ 2 ] . chemical cloaking in chrysidid wasps has not yet been reported .\nbeewolf females often attacked and evicted h . rutilans when they encountered them in front of their nest . this seems to be the rule for interactions between hosts and chrysidids although linsenmaier [ 37 ] reported that there are also cases where chrysidids do not elicit antagonistic behavior by their hosts . prolonged stays at hosts ' nests as observed in h . rutilans , have also been reported for other chrysidids [ 22 , 37 , 38 ] . staying in vicinity of the host nest might allow the chrysidids to adjust the timing of oviposition to the most suitable stage of the provisioning cycle or to enter the nest in the absence of the host female . that h . rutilans females placed themselves under some cover ( e . g . leaves ) during prolonged stays might , besides the reduction of water loss , represent an attempt to hide themselves from the host females . other chrysidid species also seem to hide near the entrance of a host nest and inspect the nest or brood cell after the host female has deposited provisions and departed for a new foraging flight [ 37 ] . this suggests that , similar to beewolves , most host species might recognize cuckoo wasps visually outside the nest . since most chrysidids are brightly colored ( see e . g . drawings in [ 37 ] ) this is not surprising .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwith some exceptions , chrysidids are generally colored and their structural coloration is due to light interference , and it varies with the viewing angle .\nmany species are characterized by colors with metallic glares , green , blue , copper , gold , etc . , and some colorations seem to be typical of precise geographic regions .\nthe lo boscelidiini and the allocoeliini lack any metallic coloration ; their colors are brown , black , reddish and , in the some cases , white .\nthe amisegini are generally from brown to black , with little metallic glares from green to blue on face and thorax ; the abdomen is generally non - metallic ( metallic in duckeia ) .\nthe coloration of the cleptini is very variable . some species are completely non - metallic black . cleptes species are generally metallic on head and thorax , the abdomen being non - metallic . typical of almost all the european cleptes is the metallic color of the head and of the thorax ( mainly red in females and green - blue in males ) , with a non - or not completely metallic abdomen .\nthe chrysidini and the elampini are always colored with metallic colors . in europe the commonest colors are the green - blue on head and thorax , with a copper or golden abdomen . the species of southern spain , n africa and middle east tend to be completely copper - or brass - colored . in tropical asia we observe the diffusion of a pattern with green body and a copper - colored spot on both sides of the second abdominal tergite in species belonging to even distant genera ( the reason is unknown ) , while in the philippines chrysidids are purple with a red - shining head . some hedychridium show a reddish non - metallic abdomen .\nin parnopes a clean chromatic distinction based on the geographic distribution is observed . the african and american species tend to be colored of uniform blue , green , purple . in the palearctic species , instead , the abdomen is often different from the rest of the body and generally non - metallic .\nwhite colorations are generally reduced to spots and stripes on mandibles , antennal articles , tegulae , legs , abdominal tergites ; in the species of the loboscelidiini and the elampini they are not observed .\nfrom : kimsey l . s . & bohart r . m . , 1991 - the chrysidid wasps of the world . oxford university press , ix - 652 .\ncolor can be altered from the chemicals used in order to kill , to preserve or to rehydrate specimens .\ncolor has a diagnostic value in many cases , but not always , because each species shows a variability both chromatic and morphologic .\nfor citation purposes agnoli g . l . & rosa p . , urltoken website , interim version 16 - may - 2012 , url : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nin our area , 4 subfamilies with 227 spp . in ~ 30 genera ( most diverse in the west , with 166 spp . in ca alone\n) . worldwide , 5 subfamilies with > 3000 described ( ~ 4 , 000 estimated ) spp . in > 80 genera\nsome species are parasitoids and others cleptoparasites . either way the host larva dies .\nthe female sting has been modified into an egg - laying tube with highly reduced valvulae and poison gland . as a result , unlike most other aculeates , chrysidids cannot sting and can be easily handled .\na synopsis of the chrysididae in america north of mexico bohart r . m . , kimsey l . s . 1982 . memoirs of the american entomological institute 33 : 1 - 266 .\nthe chrysidid wasps of the world kimsey l . s . , bohart r . m . 1990 . oxford university press . 652 pp .\nagnoli g . l . , rosa p . ( 2012 ) database of chrysididae ( chrysis . net website , interim version 10 - apr - 2012 )\namerican insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .\nphotographic atlas of entomology and guide to insect identification james l . castner . 2000 . feline press .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ndo you like this article ? support our project , so we could place more interesting information here ! click here for details .\nantennae : ants and bees both have a pair of antennae on the head that senses their surroundings .\nhead : the head contains the insect ' s compound eyes , antennae , and mandibles .\nabdomen : contains various organs including the heart , gut , venom glands , and anus .\nlegs : ants and bees have three pairs of legs attached to the thorax ( center - body section ) .\nnote : ants , bees and wasps are part of the hymenoptera order because they share many similarities .\nan insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\nsite disclaimer | privacy policy | cookies | site map urltoken \u2022 content \u00a92005 - urltoken \u2022 all rights reserved \u2022 site contact email : insectidentification at gmail . com . the urltoken logo is unique to this website and protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws . written content , illustrations and photography is unique to this website ( unless where indicated ) and not for reuse in any form . material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice ( regarding bites , etc . . . ) . please consult licensed , degreed professionals for such information . by submitting images to us ( urltoken ) you acknowledge that you have read and understood our site disclaimer as it pertains to\nuser - submitted content\n. when emailing please include your location and the general estimated size of the specimen in question if possible .\ncsiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , pp 973 .\n- by paul zborowski and ross storey , reed new holland , 1996 , p187 .\nan insider look into the things we find most interesting about the fascinating world of bugs .\na method of defense used by some bugs and insects is the ability to create and distribute toxins to hunt prey or to fend off would - be predators . we often describe these organisms as venomous and poisonous interchangeably , but do these terms mean the same thing ? let\u2019s find out in this month\u2019s fact or fake .\nrespondents to a 2014 orkin survey said that bed bugs are one of their most feared pests . and for good reason \u2013 two in three pest control professionals say bed bug infestations are still on the rise , according to a \u2026\nif you were stung by a bee during your outdoor activities , how would you rank the pain ? on a scale of one to ten ? from bearable to extremely bad ? no matter how you classify the feeling , everyone\u2019s experience will be different . and while the concept of pain and discomfort is subjective , the schmidt pain index categories the worst of the worst in insect stings for easy comparison ."]}
{"id": 688, "summary": [{"text": "the west african mud turtle ( west african side-necked turtle , swamp terrapin ) ( pelusios castaneus ) is a species of turtle in the pelomedusidae family .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "pelusios castaneus is a freshwater species and is endemic to west and central africa . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "west african mud turtle", "paragraphs": ["the west african mud turtle has an endearing expression due to its \u201csmile . \u201d\nkeeping west african mud turtles outdoors provides an opportunity to create some beautiful outdoor habitats .\nthere are currently no recognized subspecies of african sideneck turtle . they are very similar to the african helmeted turtle , however , and the names are frequently interchanged . another common name they are known by is west african mud turtle\nit is indeed a west - african brown mud turtle ( pelusios castaneus ) . if you need more info about him : urltoken\nthe west african mud turtle pelusios castaneus acquired an \u201cextinct doppelganger\u201d from the seychelles due to a scientific error . credit : mark - oliver r\u00f6del\nwest african mud turtle are medium to large , females can reach a size of 29cm , males are generally smaller . they spend most of their time within weedy waters of west africa .\na medium sized species , the west african mud turtle grows to between 7 and 11 inches . some individuals may make it up to 12 inches .\nduring the dry season , many of these habitats may dry out and the west african mud turtle is forced to aestivate buried in the mud or in the sand in order to escape the harsh conditions .\nlike the helmeted turtle , the african mud turtle is often seen in water holes frequented by zebra , elephants and other large mammals .\nthe african mud turtle is placed in the family pelomedusidae , along with 26 relatives ; 2 subspecies have been described . it is sometimes confused with the superficially similar ( and equally hardy ) west african mud turtle ( pelosius castaneus ) and the african helmeted turtle ( pelomedusa subrufa ) ; please see photos . all may be kept as described here .\nin the pet trade , but p . subniger \u2014the east african mud turtle\u2014is a different species that is rare in captivity .\npelusios castaneus have remained easily obtainable and fairly inexpensive for the turtle keeper . they are exported in large numbers out of their native africa and many enthusiasts are now having breeding success . in recent years , the african helmeted turtle appears to be the more commonly offered species to the general public . the west african mud turtle follows behind it with the east african mud turtle being virtually unknown in most collections .\nthis group of turtles are known as the african side - necked turtles or the east african serrated mud turtles . they are classified in the genus\nfor the sake of this piece we\u2019ll mainly cover inside housing requirements . there are only a few things that west african mud turtles / sidenecks require to live happily :\nguided by our partners from african aquatic conservation fund , you will gain unique insight into biology and conservation in west africa .\nzoo med\u2019s turtle tub , wading pools , and koi ponds can be fashioned into excellent african mud turtle habitats . outdoor housing is ideal , assuming that raccoons and other predators can be excluded .\ndue to its environmental requirements , moderate size , and long lifespan west african mud turtles / sideneck turtles are best left to intermediate and advanced turtle keepers . that said , they are hardy turtles and can withstand periods of deprivation .\nthe west african mud turtle is a medium sized , aquatic turtle found throughout west africa . highly adaptable , they occur in many fresh water habitats such as mud holes , swamps , rivers and ponds . during droughts and when seasonal spaces dry up , the turtles will aestivate into the ground to wait out the wet season . they are usually found in large numbers basking along muddy banks and are ravenous feeders .\n, the west african mud turtle , and then later split it out as a subspecies . more recent analysis ( in 1983 ) , though , put it into its own species , and therein may lie some confusion . most specimens of\nwest african mud turtles are quite common in nature and first appeared some 120 million years ago making them one of the most primitive turtle species on earth today . they have withstood the test of time making them expert survivalists in a harsh world .\nis a west african species , distributed from guinea and senegal to the central african republic and northwestern angola . it also occurs on the s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 islands and was introduced to guadeloupe , lesser antilles\nthe above two photos are evidence that captive - bred west african mud turtles can exhibit an attractive lighter coloration than their wild - caught counterparts . the lighter coloration of the smaller , captive - bred turtle may remain , or it may turn darker , depending on the turtle\u2019s exposure to natural sunlight .\nthe west african mud turtle may not be littered with vibrant spots or stripes , and its general coloration doesn\u2019t scream at you , but this compact and robust turtle is a lot of fun to work with . it\u2019s an excellent candidate for a backyard waterscape , and isn\u2019t fussy when housed indoors , either .\nmccord , w . p . , joseph - ouni , m . & bour , r . 2004 . chelonian illustrations # 15 : madagascan big - headed , african helmeted , and west african mud turtles . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 63 - 67 - get paper here\nwhen provided with the proper environment and diet , your african sideneck turtle will give you years of companionship .\nafrican mud turtles are best kept in bare - bottomed aquariums ; gravel traps waste material , greatly complicating cleaning , and may also be swallowed .\nthe central african mud turtle belongs the family of turtles called afro - american side - necked turtles . indeed , as this turtle pulls its head into its shell , it turns the head sideways , and then the lower shell ( the\nin the wild , african side - necked turtles or african mud turtles are found in a variety of habitats from rivers and shallow pools to large lakes . in captivity most can be kept in relatively simple enclosures .\ntomas diagne is an african turtle specialist who has been working to save threatened and endangered turtle species throughout west africa for the past 22 years . he co - founded and built the village des tortues in rufisque , senegal , and in 2009 he began building the african chelonian institute in order to expand turtle research , captive breeding , re - introduction to the wild , conservation and education to all african species . tomas is also a co - founder of the african aquatic conservation fund .\nfor a group of adult west african mud turtles , an area of 6 feet by 3 feet that can hold between 125 and 175 gallons of water will suffice . for single turtles , a 40 - gallon glass aquarium will suffice as well .\nthe so - called seychelles black terrapin , seychelles mud turtle , or seychelles terrapin was considered a species of turtle ( pelusios seychellensis ) in the pelomedusidae family , endemic to seychelles .\nhaislip , nathan . 2014 . cuora complex construction at the turtle survival alliance turtle survival center .\njust a turtle ? this is a central african mud turtle , which was captured here along the banks of the ubange river . the species is not well studied and , in fact , these may be some of the first photos in its native environment .\nlike other cold - blooded creatures it\u2019s important to provide the proper lighting , heating , and dietary requirements . otherwise , african sideneck turtles are extremely hardy creatures . that being said , it\u2019s a wise idea to have a reptile veterinarian on hand before you even bring your pet turtle home . if you suspect your west african mud turtle to be suffering from any ailments , contact your reptile vet as soon as you can .\nwhile no turtle likes to be picked and held , the west african mud turtle has a rather calm disposition . they rarely bite and usually withdraw into their shells if they are being handled . some will attempt to free themselves so watch out for those sharp nails . we only handle our turtles during water changes and for health inspections to help minimize any stress .\nforero - medina , german ; and moreno , luis eladio renteria . 2007 . distribution and conservation status of the endemic mud turtle kinosternon dunni in colombia .\nlargely aquatic , the african mud turtle lives in well - vegetated rivers , marshes and swamps , as well as in seasonally flooded pans ( low areas that hold water for a time ) within savannas . individuals occupying temporary water bodies burrow into the mud and aestivate ( become dormant ) or travel across land when their habitats dry out .\nconservation international : : tortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group : : turtle survival alliance : : turtle conservancy : : chelonian research foundation : : european assoc . zoos & aquaria\nafrican side - necked turtles or african mud turtles are commonly imported from africa , but captive - hatched specimens are the best pets . these can be purchased from better pet stores , from breeders at the larger reptile shows across the country , and on - line .\nthe genus name pelusios means \u201cmud , \u201d and the west african mud turtle lives up to its name . its smooth , elliptical carapace lacks any pattern and is a uniform dark to light brown . the legs and head are a dark gray to brown with a light reticulated pattern on the top of the head . only when the turtle is viewed from the bottom does a color other than brown become more evident : a creamy yellow coloration can be seen on the soft parts beneath . the brown plastron is hinged and features some lighter areas among the brown .\nthe african sideneck is native to the west african countries of angola , guinea , ghana , senegal , liberia , sierra leone , and the congo . they live in rivers , lakes , and ponds during the wet season and bury themselves deep in the mud ( called estivating ) during the dry seasons . they have also been known to estivate in underground burrows when temperatures get too warm , reemerging when temperatures become suitable again .\ni don\u2019t use any substrate in any of my indoor aquatic turtle set ups simply because i prefer to keep things simple . a bare bottom is easier to clean when the water needs changing . west african mud turtles can be quite messy when feeding , and they will rapidly dirty the water . this is also why i don\u2019t use filters ; i prefer to do frequent water changes every few days .\nchirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here\njoseph - ouni m . 2004 . profiles of extinction # 7 : seychelles mud turtle , pelusios seychellensis , extinct 1912 . reptilia ( gb ) ( 33 ) : 3 - get paper here\ninhabits various water bodies such as streams , ponds , swamps , and lakes , from the west forest to the dry savannah . in\nour unique west african adventure takes you along the coast of senegal , visiting national parks , protected areas , and private wildlife conservation breeding centers . led by our partners at the african aquatic conservation fund , this expedition offers not only excellent wildlife viewing , but also an opportunity to see and learn about conservation in senegal first - hand .\nthe west african mud turtle joins itself alongside some of the most primeval species of turtles having first walked the planet some 120 million years ago . today , it remains on the iucn\u2019s list of species of \u201cleast concern , \u201d meaning it appears to be doing rather well in nature . perhaps it\u2019s because of the turtle\u2019s robustness , enabling it to escape nature\u2019s wrath , or maybe even its drab appearance contributes to its survivability , allowing it to blend in with its environment and remain unnoticed by predators and collectors .\nwild african mud turtles take a huge variety of foods , including fish , tadpoles , snails , carrion , insects , frogs and small snakes . aquatic and terrestrial plants have been reported in the diets of some populations as well .\nteam , ben .\nthe size of african aquatic sideneck turtles\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nmifsud , david a . 2013 . habitat assessment , species distribution , and threats of imperiled southern african kinixyx .\ndepending on your local climate , african sidenecks can be kept indoors or outside . african sideneck turtles do not hibernate seasonally , as some other species do , so they should only be kept outside when the outside temperatures are warm .\nbaker , patrick j . , and jacob mueti . 2014 . a habitat suitability map for the turkana mud turtle ( pelusios broadleyi ) : assessing current distribution and the impact of fluctuating lake levels on an endangered , endemic species .\nlastly , if you notice little worms floating around in your turtle tank , if your turtle is unable to swim or breathe properly , or if your turtle has a lot of bubbling coming from its nose , it probably has a parasite problem .\ni just got my turtle like 3 days ago and it hasnt eaten much . only ate 1 turtle pill and 2 pieces of lettuce . should i be worried ?\nteam , ben .\nthe size of african aquatic sideneck turtles .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / size - african - aquatic - sideneck - turtles - 5617 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\n) at two important turtle survival alliance sites in southern madagascar : ampotaka and antsakoamasy .\nshepherd , loretta ann . 2011 . freshwater turtle and tortoise rescue centre , malaysia .\ncuc phuong turtle conservation center ; douglas b . hendrie . 2004 . operational support .\nteam , ben . ( n . d . ) . the size of african aquatic sideneck turtles . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / size - african - aquatic - sideneck - turtles - 5617 . html\nanother species classified as native therefore disappears from the list of seychelles species . last year , fritz and his team had already proved that another mud turtle species , pelusios subniger , was not endemic to the seychelles but had been introduced by man .\nafrican mud turtles quickly learn to \u201cbeg\u201d for food as soon as their owner appears , and make excellent , responsive pets . they become quite bold once acclimated to captivity , and do well in busy locations . if provided proper accommodations , captive breeding is possible ( please post below for details ) .\nmale mud turtles have longer , thicker tails than females , with a slightly concave plastron . females have shorter , smaller tails and flat plastrons . the large , flat head and neck are withdrawn into the carapace sideways , giving this turtle its other common name : african side - necked turtle . the jaws are arranged in a way that displays a comical smile , similar to that seen in the blanding\u2019s turtle , and with minimal webbing , the strong limbs are equipped with sharp nails that enable these turtles to rip food items to shreds and to haul themselves onto land or floating debris .\nif you\u2019re looking for a pet that will provide you with entertainment and make an interesting display , african sidenecks are a great choice .\njoin us for this one - of - a kind opportunity to see iconic and rare african wildlife through the eyes of local conservationists .\nday 2 : dakar & bandia game reserve in the morning visit african chelonian institute ' s turtle breeding facility to see the turtles and learn about african turtle conservation . after lunch , visit nearby bandia game reserve where we ' ll see giraffes , zebras , white rhinos , buffalo , ostriches , hyenas , two species of eland , lots of antelope & bird species , crocodiles , and two species of monkeys . return to the hotel in time for dinner .\nit\u2019s a wise idea to outfit your turtle tank with things that appear in the turtle\u2019s native habitat . in the case of the african sideneck this includes driftwood , large flat rocks ( some of which should be used to create an above water basking spot under the uvb basking light ) , cork bark slabs , and plants .\nplatt , kalyar , steven g . platt and me me soe ( wildlife conservation society and turtle survival alliance ) . 2011 . technical assistance for the turtle rescue facility in lashio , myanmar .\ndiesmos , arvin c . 2003 . unraveling the myth of the philippine pond turtle heosemys leytensis .\nreached the seychelles by natural means . this would necessitate either crossing the african continent and subsequent transoceanic dispersal to the seychelles or transoceanic dispersal over more than 10 , 000 km , from the atlantic to the indian ocean , circumventing en route the cape of good hope and madagascar . consequently , there remain two alternative possibilities : either the lectotype was mislabelled or it was transported by humans from west africa to the seychelles . owing to the considerable distance between west africa and the seychelles , the latter option seems less likely .\nafrican side - necked turtles feed eagerly on commercial aquatic turtle food and will eat fish , crayfish , worms , and even crickets . they will also pick at aquatic plants and especially enjoy taking bite - sized pieces from the leaves of\nenjoy excellent wildlife viewing with chances to see african manatees , endemic turtles and tortoises , giraffes , white rhinos , antelopes , & more .\nthis one of a kind journey lets you experience iconic and rare african wildlife , guided by biologists who work every day to conserve it .\ndiagne , tomas . 2013 . exploring the ecology and population biology of two declining turtles , cyclanorbis elegans , cyclanorbis senegalensis in west - central nigeria and south sudan ( sub - saharan africa ) .\nwhile sidenecks don\u2019t \u201cclimb\u201d trees , they do have powerful claws on their feet that enable them to climb inclines . turtle - and water - safe logs and other types of wood in the aquarium are good for your turtle , but arrange them in a way that will not allow your turtle to use them to launch itself out of the tank , otherwise you may have an injured turtle on your hands .\ni am looking for a young adult male florida box turtle . i live in jacksonville , fl .\nyoeung sun , doug tangkor , and sean kin . 2012 . cantor\u2019s giant softhsell turtle conservation project .\nthe genetic analyses have shown that this supposed seychellois species is in reality another species , pelusios castaneus , that is widespread in west africa .\nthe species pelusios seychellensis has therefore never existed\n, adds fritz .\nin fact , for a long time researchers were amazed that the supposed seychelles turtles looked so deceptively similar to the west african turtles . but due to the great geographic distance , it was thought this had to be a different species , which is why the assumed seychelles turtles were also described as a new species in 1906 .\nhatchling west african mud turtles are best maintained in a small enclosure with a water depth about 10 cm ( 4\u201d ) . lots of plants like water lettuce and water hyacinths should be provided to give privacy to the turtles . half of a clay pot could be used to provide a place to hide under or to crawl onto . a basking area is even required as hatchlings with high temperature and uv as described above in the \u201ctemperatures\u201d section . hatchling should be kept in warm water , ranging from 24\u00b0c to 26 - 27\u00b0 c ( 75 - 80\u00b0f ) .\nwhen given proper care , african sideneck turtles can easily live for a few decades . some reports suggest species living for more than 50 years in captivity .\nafrican sideneck turtles that are suffering from a lack of vitamin d3 and / or calcium may display swollen eyes or limbs and open wounds on the skin .\nthis species is widely distributed throughout western africa . it is found from senegal to central african republic , including cameroon and gabon . it is also found in\npowell , r . , and r . w . henderson . 2003 . a second set of addenda to the checklist of west indian amphibians and reptiles . herpetological review 34 ( 4 ) : 341 - 345 .\nschwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .\n) , a pleurodire from west africa . each pcr reaction was scored on a 1 % agarose gel as producing a single band , multiple bands , a smear or no visible product ( online resource 1 ) .\npetrozzi , fabio , emmanuel hema and laurent chirio . 2016 . a combination of field surveys and extensive interview campaigns to investigate distribution and local abundance of centrochelys sulcata populations in mali , niger ( west africa ) .\npetrozzi , fabio , gabriel h . segniagbeto , and luca m . luiselli . 2013 . a pilot study to investigate distribution and density of centrochelys sulcata populations in west africa : analysis of population status in burkina faso .\na report issued today , co - authored by the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) working in conjunction with the turtle conservation coalition , lists the 25 most endangered turtle species from around the world \u0096 some of . . .\ni just got a african long neck yesterday . i am worried cause he / she keeps discharging this slimmy white stuff it looks like string . i had an african long neck for 27 years before i dont remember him ever having anything like this . . any one know what this could be . . is it normal\nin the seychelles there is therefore at most one mud turtle species that could be native . and even with this species we are still uncertain whether it really is endemic\n, says fritz . so far , the biologists from dresden have not been able to explore this possibility due to the incomplete sampling available , however .\nminh le and tim mccormack . 2014 . a survey of the critically endangered vietnam pond turtle using environmental dna approach .\nreed , renae and adam gilles . 2013 . quantifying an active population of central america\u2019s rarest turtle , kinosternon angustipons .\nzhang fang . 2010 . action plan for the conservation of the golden - headed box turtle under the community participation .\nnoureen , uzma ; and khan , ahmad . 2007 . freshwater turtle conservation initiative along the central indus in pakistan .\nhealthy west african mud turtles are impressive consumers . if you make food available to them , they will eat it\u2014all of it . they will beg for food and accept almost anything . some fruits or greens are taken , but p . castaneus is much more inclined to strip a chicken leg or thigh of all its meat , skin and cartilage . individuals become quite enthusiastic at feeding time and will leave the water to snatch a tasty item from your hands . i prefer to use tongs when feeding them because they can be rather overwhelming to deal with as they all come barreling toward me at the site of food .\nthe abundance and viability status of this turtle species throughout its range in central africa is essentially unknown . four other species of\nzoologists have for the first time bred a critically endangered turtle species using an artificial beach , bangladeshi specialists announced on monday .\nbawa , sulemana . 2015 . current status and distribution of the nubian flapshell turtle in mole national park , northern ghana .\nsingh , shailendra . 2015 . conserving black - softshell turtle species , nilssonia nigricans in assam , north - east india .\nminh duc le ; and pritchard , peter . 2007 . genetic variability of the critically endangered softshell turtle , rafetus swinhoei .\ninternational center for conservation of turtles , allwetterzoo m\u00fcnster ; martina raffel . 2003 . conservation of critically endangered asian turtle species .\nturtles are the vertebrates under the greatest threat . among the approximately 320 turtle species , the species confined to islands have been especially hard hit \u2013 humans have caused the extinction of a whole number of species . one of them \u2013 or at least it was thought so \u2013 is the seychelles mud turtle pelusios seychellensis . just three specimens were collected at the end of the 19th century ; they are still kept at the natural history museum in vienna and the zoological museum in hamburg .\nafrican sidenecks get their nickname due to their inability to withdraw their heads fully into their shells , instead drawing their head to the side and under the upper edge of their shell .\nsideneck turtles are bizarre animals that look lopsided thanks to their unusual neck anatomy . also colloquially referred to as helmeted , mud or musk turtles , sideneck turtles have not been studied extensively , nor are they kept in captivity very often . keepers searching for uncommon turtle pets should consider sideneck turtles , but be careful to choose a species that remains a manageable size .\nrahman , shahriar caesar . 2015 . ecoguardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .\nibarrondo , bonggi r . 2005 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi ) : the action plan for its preservation .\nsyed , gracia p . 2004 . population recovery program for the central american river turtle dermatemys mawi ( testudines : dermatemydidae ) .\nloveridge , a . 1941 . revision of the african terrapins of the family pelomedusidae . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 88 : 467 - 524 . - get paper here\nafrican sidenecks are typically dark colored , and their underbellies ( called plastrons ) are a grayish black color with a wide , poorly defined yellow area . they have olive - to - brown heads with black markings on top , and two barbels ( beard - like sensory organs ) that protrude from the lower jaw . they have lightly webbed feet with long , sharp claws , or nails . in the image below , you can see the two barbel nubs on the chin of this young african sideneck turtle .\nunlike many turtle species that have more serious reptilian features , the african sideneck has a face that can be described as cute , with a mouth that is fixed into a smiling shape and big round eyes . when it pulls its head to the side to tuck under its shell , it appears to be playing coy .\n) . these photos of two males compare the carapaces and plastrons of the two species , with the helmeted turtle on the right .\nn box turtle ( terrapene carolina yucatana ) : a multidisciplinary collaboration at the community and landscape level , phase i proposal : 2014 .\nparham , james f . ; wilson , byron s . ; parra - olea , gabriela ; and papenfuss , theodore j . 2006 . assessment of caribbean slider turtle populations : a neglected turtle fauna under threat of genetic pollution , human exploitation , and habitat destruction .\nibarrondo , bonggi . 2004 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin 1994 ) : the action plan for its preservation .\nluiselli , luca m . , godfrey c . akani , fabio petrozzi , and gabriel h . segniagbeto . 2014 . expanding towards west africa : conservation ecology of the critically endangered / endangered forest kinixys populations in the \u2018bas - sassandra \u2013 region\u2019 ; ivory coast .\nbranch , b . [ = w . r . ] 1993 . southern african snakes and other reptiles . a photographic guide . new holland ( publishers ) ltd , london . 144 pp .\nin the wild , african sidenecks are omnivores , munching without discretion on insects , plants , and fish that are native to its habitat . when it comes to feeding your african sideneck , variety is the key to success . no matter how much your turtle prefers a single food type , always feed it a variety to prevent it from developing a fixation . aside from variety , don\u2019t overfeed your turtles ! adult sidenecks should be fed as much as they will eat in a few seconds , once every second or third day .\nthe next time you\u2019re in the market for a new turtle , don\u2019t overlook this underdog . you just might end up being pleasantly surprised .\nchris leone has kept and bred many turtle and tortoise species for more than 20 years . visit him at urltoken and hermannihaven . com .\nnew university of east anglia research into the mating habits of a critically endangered sea turtle will help conservationists understand more about its mating patterns .\nrahman , shahriar caesar . 2014 . mro tortoise guardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .\nsyed , gracia p . 2005 . a program of phylogeography , conservation and management for the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii .\nsome specimens are lighter in color , such as a dark brown and even tan , but generally the african side - necked turtles are gray to black overall with dark skin . they vary in size ,\nto ensure your turtle is receiving the right amounts of nutrients , we also recommend providing a calcium block or other vitamin and mineral supplements periodically .\nmccormack , tim and pham van thong . 2011 . new surveys for swinhoe\u2019s softshell turtle in laos and conservation action at sites in northern vietnam .\nbaby african side - necked turtles are hardy and grow quickly . keep them in an aquarium with clean filtered water , warmth , uvb rays , and a few sturdy basking sites . they feed well on a variety of food . they relish small invertebrates , especially worms , and they quickly begin eating commercial aquatic turtle food . keep aquatic plants such as\ni was at petsmart today found a res and african sideneck . the african sideneck was 36 bucks . . . i was looking at there set up and notice that there temp was freaken 71f ! ! ! i asked the lady there and she said they just got it and didn ' t have the time to adjust it yet . . . yah right ! they didn ' t even have a basking area !\nturtles don ' t instill the cautious concerns that some folks have when dealing with other types of reptiles . however adult females of most species of african mud turtles get larger than most first - time pet buyers realize , with adult females reaching 9 - 12\ninches within five or six years . also , when threatened these turtles can exude a horrible musk odor . this is most often exhibited by wild caught specimens . fortunately after settling into captivity they rarely exhibit this behavior .\nweigh your turtle regularly to monitor its weight . if it experiences a significant and unexplainable change in weight , dehydration or illness could be the cause .\nwhen choosing a turtle tank , wider is always better than taller . remember , turtles don\u2019t jump , they like to float , dive , and bask . your water level should be at least 1 . 5 times the length of your turtle ; the ideal depth is from 6 to 8 inches .\nlescher , timothy c . 2012 . the distribution , movement , and conservation of the critically endangered southeast asian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra chitra\nplatt , kalyar , me me soe and khin myo myo ( turtle survival alliance and wildlife conservation society ) . 2011 . population assessment of batagur baska\ni have an african sideneck and i changed the water last night . everything was good i feed him but left the light on late this morning when i woke up , i woke up to find him dead .\nluiselli , luca . 2004 . a mega - transect along the gulf of guinea ( west africa ) to assess the status and the impact of human hunting activities on the hinge - back tortoises ( genus kinixys ) : a crucial step towards a large - scale conservation strategy for these forest species .\nthe taxonomy and nomenclature of p . subniger was reviewed by iverson ( 1985 , 1992 ) , and broadley ( 1989 ) . this is a secretive , highly aquatic turtle that may wander over land , and has been known to survive drought and wildfires ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; schwartz and henderson , 1991 ; branch , 1983 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) . the east african black mud turtle is a carnivore that primarily feed on frogs , fish and aquatic invertebrates ( hedges , 1983 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; branch , 1993 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ; spawls et al . , 2002 ) . clutch size consists of 3 - 12 eggs ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; branch , 1993 , 1998 ; bartlett and bartlett , 1999 ) .\nkyaw moe , khin myo myo , win ko ko , and steven g . platt . 2012 . integrated conservation of the burmese roofed turtle , batagur trivittata\ntraffic southeast asia ; chris shepherd , noorainie awang anak , james compton . 2004 . protecting the roti island snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi from extinction .\ndue to the variety of aquatic environments it inhabits in its african homeland , where it may occupy everything from rivers to seasonal mud holes , p . castaneus is quite adaptable and does not appear to be very picky in captivity . it can be housed outdoors in the summer and where winters are mild , and will do very well in outdoor ponds or water gardens that get plenty of sunlight , thriving where temperatures stay in the high 70s and into the 100s ( with nighttime in the mid 60s ) .\nwhile there aren\u2019t any official subspecies , there are three variations that the african sideneck can take on . the \u201cnormal form , \u201d which is as described above ; the \u201crainforest form , \u201d where the turtle displays an all over dark brown or black shell ; and the \u201csavannah form , \u201d which takes on a lighter , buttery color of caramel , with a full yellow plastron .\nhatchlings should be kept in low water\u2026just enough so that they can breathe without swimming . floating live or plastic plants will provide youngsters with security\u2026they are on the menus of many african predators , and remain shy for a time !\nafrican side - necked turtles are prolific breeders and females can lay multiple clutches each year . while egg - laying , females bury themselves deeply , even up to the base of their front legs . the depth achieved could be a defensive strategy against monitors or other egg - eating predators or could be a safety measure to allow eggs to avoid the extreme heat and drying potential of the hot african sun close to the surface of the laying area .\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]\nsirsi , shashwat , gowri mallapur , and shailendra singh . 2012 . distribution mapping and status assessment of leith\u2019s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) in peninsular india .\nand other threatened turtle species at yinggeling nature reserve , hainan island , china ; and to adopt effective protection measures and awareness raising outreach activities in surrounding communities .\nsyed , gracia patricia . 2008 . genetic characterization and conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii . ( quintana roo and belize populations ) .\nfidenci , pierre . 2005 . inventory , distribution , status , and conservation action of the critically endangered philippine forest turtle , heosemys leytensis , palawan , philippines .\nullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; b\u00f6hme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here\ni just got my african sideneck a few days ago and when i got him i saw some odd looking spots , like its peeling . i thought it was probably nothing since they were . . . ( more ) leonardo luna\nsideneck turtles require semi - aquatic habitats with plenty of space for burrowing . the water area for the turtles should be at least five times the length of the turtle , the water portion\u2019s width should be three times the length of the turtle and the depth should be at least twice the turtle\u2019s length . the land area should be about the same size . for example , a 10 - inch helmeted turtle requires a water area of approximately 100 gallons and a 4 - foot by 2 - foot land area filled with a dirt or mulch substrate . it ' s important that both areas are escape - proof and protected from predators if the cage is outdoors .\nhamish campbell , andrew mcdougall , and adrian ros . 2015 . determine if a community driven nest protection initiative has resulted in increased recruitment for the mary river turtle (\npraschag , peter ; and reza , ali . 2005 . genetic verification of the identity of the black soft - shell turtle aspideretes nigricans ( anderson , 1875 ) .\nyou can use a variety of things as your turtle tank , including all - glass aquariums , large rubbermaid totes , baby pools , custom - built enclosures , etc .\nthe one essential piece of decoration you need to have is a place where your turtle can haul out of the water to dry off , preferably under a basking light .\nhello , my sons have made a wonderful fl . box turtle habitat - we are looking to buy $ $ female fl . box turtles . please contact us , thx\nhoang van ha , pham van thong , and nguyen tai thang . 2016 . intensive survey at priority sites to confirm additional individuals of the world ' s rarest turtle .\nkuchling , gerald , nantarika chansue , and lu shunqing . 2011 . reproductive evaluation of the last male and artificial insemination of the last female yangtze giant softshell turtle rafetus swinhoei\nkuchling , gerald . 2003 . preliminary status survey of the critically endangered endemic roti snake - neck turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin , 1994 ) , roti island , indonesia .\nhughes , b . 1986 . longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles : part 1 : introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 1 - 5 - get paper here\ndharwadkar , sneha and shailendra singh . 2016 . sustaining the distribution mapping and threat assessment of leith\u2019s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) along the river kali , karnataka , india .\nafrican sidenecks are on the larger - side of the spectrum and can reach an adult size between 7 and 12 inches , with the females reaching a larger size than their male counterparts . male sidenecks grow to reach a maximum length of about 10 inches .\nforero - medina , german , and camila r . ferrara . 2013 . 1 st workshop for developing a regional monitoring program for the giant south american river turtle , podocnemis expansa .\nwhen they\u2019re young and growing , insects and protein should make up the majority of your sideneck turtle\u2019s diet . as they get older they tend to give up most of their carnivorous tendencies .\nmy thanks to ferry grunewald for his help with species identification and further information . mr . grunewald is a member of the dutch turtle & tortoise society , nederlandse schildpadden vereniging ( nsv ,\nbock , brian c and vivian p . p\u00e1ez . 2016 . protection of nesting females and quantification of re - nesting frequency in the critically endangered magdalena river turtle ( podocnemis lewyana ) .\nwin ko ko , steven g . platt , and kalyar platt . 2012 . ecological study of the arakan forest turtle ( heosemys depressa ) in the rakhine yoma elephant sanctuary , myanmar .\nmccormack , tim , hoang van ha , and pham van thong . 2010 . mapping priority areas for swinhoe\u2019s turtle ( rafetus swinhoei ) in northern vietnam and sonar surveys to confirm presence .\nrestrepo , adriana and l\u00f3pez , catalina . 2008 . demographic structure of the population of the endangered turtle podocnemis lewyana ( podocnemididae ) in the chicagua branch of the magdalena river , colombia .\ncombining both land - and boat - based wildlife observation , we will search for the elusive african manatee , learn about efforts to save endemic turtles and tortoises , and visit world heritage wetlands . on land we\u2019ll see giraffes , white rhinos , antelopes , and more .\nif you would like to contribute to the photo gallery of any turtle or tortoise species , please email us at [ email protected ] . you will be credited for any photos you contribute .\nother important food items include various turtle treat foods and freeze - dried krill or shrimp . crickets , butterworms , calci - worms , roaches and other invertebrates will also be consumed with gusto .\nbarley aj , spinks pq , thomson rc , shaffer hb ( in press ) fourteen nuclear genes provide phylogenetic resolution for difficult nodes in the turtle tree of life . mol phylogen evol . doi :\nsingh , shailendra and saurav gawan . 2014 . employing sonic telemetry and community based patrolling in conservation strategy for the critically endangered red - crowned roofed turtle , batagur kachuga , in national chambal sanctuary .\nsingh , shailendra and ashutosh tripathi . 2013 . evaluating and refining conservation interventions for the endangered indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra indica ) along the chambal \u2013 yamuna river system , india .\nchirio , l . 2009 . inventaire des reptiles de la r\u00e9gion de la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re transfrontali\u00e8re du w ( niger / b\u00e9nin / burkina faso : afrique de l\u2019ouest ) . [ herpetological survey of the w transfrontier biosphere reserve area ( niger / benin / burkina faso : west africa ] . bull . soc . herp . france ( 132 ) : 13 - 41 - get paper here\nlucy keith diagne holds a phd from the university of florida and along with her husband , tomas diagne , is the founder of the african aquatic conservation fund . lucy has studied marine mammals for 30 years , and for 19 of those years she has studied manatees . in 2017 , lucy was named a pew marine fellow . now in her eleventh year in africa , lucy ' s research and conservation projects for african manatees include studies of distribution , population genetics , feeding ecology , and development of alternative livelihoods for manatee hunters . lucy is based in saly , senegal .\ni have found p . castaneus to be quite placid with other turtles . i guess with a smaller turtle they might be a problem but i would consider mine to be rather gentle with other species .\nmccormack , timothy , pham van thong , nguyen thi thuy , and nguyen tai thang . 2014 . habitat improvements and protection for the only known wild population of the world\u2019s rarest turtle \u2013 rafetus swinhoei .\nahmed , m . fireoz , abhijit das , and jayanta kumar roy . 2013 . status , distribution and ecology of the keeled box turtle , cuora mouhotii in dibang valley , arunachal pradesh , india .\nrainwater , thomas r . , steve g . platt , and rick hudson . 2009 . status , distribution , and exploitation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .\nmccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas ; and nguyen xan thuan . 2008 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .\nsingh , shailendra ; and horne , brian . 2007 . development of \u201cgreen\u201d headstarting facilities in the national chambal river sanctuary , india : the last stronghold for the red crowned roof turtle , batagur kachuga .\nthe turtle species pelusios seychellensis regarded hitherto as extinct never existed . scientists at the senckenberg research institute in dresden discovered this based on genetic evidence . the relevant study was published today in the journal plos one .\noliva , milena , brad lock and daniel ariano . 2010 . evaluation of the distribution , population density and habitat quality of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) on the sarstun river , izabal .\nalacs , erika ; georges , arthur ; kuchling , gerald and rhodin , anders , gj . 2008 . phylogenetics and genetic guidelines for the captive breeding of the critically endangered snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi .\nvargas - ram\u00edrez , mario ; and casta\u00f1o - mora , olga victoria . 2007 . actions towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana , in the upper magdalena river , colombia .\nartner , harald , bala\u0301zs farkas , and victor loehr . 2006 . turtles : proceedings : international turtle & tortoise symposium , vienna 2002 . frankfurt am main : ed . chimaera . p . 352 - 355 .\nmccormack , tim ; ha , hoang van ; and nhan , nguyen chi . 2009 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .\ngong shiping , shi haitao , and jiang aiwu . 2008 . a survey on the status of red - necked pond turtle ( chinemys nigricans ) , a neglected endangered species in guangdong and guangxi , south china .\nvargas - ram\u00edrez , mario alfonso ; and casta\u00f1o - mora , olga victoria . 2006 . participatory research towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana in the upper magdalena river , colombia .\nkhin myo myo , kyaw moe , and win ko ko . 2008 . survey on the status of arakan forest turtle ; heosemys depressa and other endemic species in the rakhine yoma elephant range wildlife sanctuary , rakhine state .\nmccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas b . ; van ha , hoang ; and chi nhan , nguyen . 2008 . production and distribution of an awareness poster for the endemic vietnamese pond turtle ( mauremys annamensis ) .\ntypically , african side - necked turtles arrive with varying amounts of shell damage . minor cases heal well if treated with a betadine\u00ae scrub and if the turtles are kept in a warm , sunny environment . more serious cases may require treatment with silvadene\u00ae cream . access to direct sunlight helps immensely with treating most shell problems .\nif you are interested in obtaining african side necked turtles , there a few private breeders here on the forum , living in the us . it would be best to buy true captive bred offspring from them , instead of buying from a shop where the turtles are mistreated and by buying them stimulating mass import from the wild .\na high quality commercial turtle chow ( the various zoo med pellets are my favorites ) can comprise up to 50 % of the diet . reptomin food sticks and trout chow also provide excellent nutrition , and may be offered regularly .\ntri , ly ; thinh , phung ba ; huy , hoang duc ; stuart bryan l . ; and huy , hoang duc . 2009 . surveys to find the southern vietnamese box turtle ( cuora picturata ) in the wild .\nkyaw moe , kalyar platt , khin myo myo , win ko ko , me me soe , and steven g . platt . 2013 . conservation of the burmese roofed turtle ( batagur trivittata ) along the upper chindwin river of myanmar .\nlights are not just for warmth . aquatic turtles like the african sideneck benefit from ultraviolet lights , too , particularly from uvb rays . these rays give turtles vitamin d3 and can help them stay healthy . when placing uvb / uva lights , keep in mind that any plastic , plexi - glass , or glass blocking them will prevent the beneficial rays from reaching your turtle . also , uvb lights lose their uvb strength over time , even though the bulb continues to emit light . it\u2019s a good idea to mark your calendar to change the uvb bulbs every 9 months .\na dry basking surface is necessary . commercial turtle docks and ramps work for smaller specimens , but large adults may sink anything that is not affixed to the glass with silicone adhesive . cork bark wedged between the aquarium\u2019s sides is another option .\nresults of pcr reactions of 68 loci for 13 turtle species . gray cells indicate reactions that produced a single band . black cells indicate multiple bands or smears while white cells indicate no product . marker numbers correspond to those in online resource 1\njones , michael t . , lisabeth l . willey , thomas akre , rodrigo macip rios , erika gonzalez , and luis diaz gamboa . 2015 . community - based conservation of the yucat\u00e1n box turtle ( terrapene yucatana ) , phase ii .\nsom , sitha ; chey , koulang ; sun , yoeung ; kim , chamnan ; kheng , sokhorn ; and sitha , prum . tremors psp 2009 . community - based nest protection for cantor\u2019s giant softshell turtle in the mekong river , cambodia .\niucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group ; rhodin , anders g . j . 2007 . turtles on the brink in madagascar : a workshop on current status , conservation prioritization , and strategic action planning for madagascan tortoises and freshwater turtles .\nfritz u , branch wr , gehring p - s , harvey j , kindler c , et al . . ( 2012 ) weak divergence among african , malagasy and seychellois hinged terrapins ( pelusios castanoides , p . subniger ) and evidence for human - mediated oversea dispersal . org divers evol : doi 10 . 1007 / s13127 - 012 - 0113 - 3 ."]}
{"id": 689, "summary": [{"text": "colomesus asellus , the amazon puffer , asell puffer , south american freshwater puffer or peruvian puffer .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "is a species of pufferfish confined to the amazon , essequibo and orinoco basins in tropical south america .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a popular aquarium species . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "colomesus asellus", "paragraphs": ["cyndy parr set\nimage of colomesus asellus\nas an exemplar on\ncolomesus asellus ( m\u00fcller and troschel , 1849 )\n.\nasellus : derivation unclear ; possibly from the latin asellus , meaning \u2018small donkey\u2019 .\na ) colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . \u2013 tocantins ( holotype pnt . uerj . 405 highlighted in white ) ; b ) colomesus asellus \u2013 iquitos ; c ) colomesus asellus \u2013 bel\u00e9m .\nthe analyses included the following taxa : tetraodon nigroviridis , tetraodon biocellatus , sphoeroides testudineus , lagocephalus laevigatus , colomesus asellus , colomesus psittacus , and the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage .\nthe two species can be distinguished by size ( colomesus psittacus being much larger when mature ) and colouration . colomesus asellus has a black patch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , a feature not seen on colomesus psittacus .\nolder books sometimes describe the south american pufferfish as colomesus psittacus , a name that actually belongs to a related species that lives in estuaries and shallow marine habitats . the correct scientific name for the south american pufferfish is in fact colomesus asellus .\npufferfish generally have a reputation for being aggressive loners , but one species that isn ' t is the south american pufferfish colomesus asellus , often simply called the sap .\nits really hard to identify c . asellus from c . psittacus , the best way i found out is to count the black bars on their body . c . asellus has 5 bars and c . psittacus has 6 .\ncolomesus species diagnosed by six to seven basal pterygiophores and nine rays in the anal fin ( contra ten to eleven in both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; ten basal pterygiophores and rays in the dorsal fin ( contra eleven for both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; the absence of dermal flaps across the chin ( contra its presence uniquely in c . asellus ) ; a caudal peduncle with eight vertebrae ; and an opercle with a posterior ventral border subdivided in a ventral and a posterior region , the herein called \u201cinverted v\u201d shape ( contra the triangular opercle exhibited by both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) .\ncoi amplicons were obtained from all the specimens included in the analyses . the obtained sequences clearly identified both previous accepted colomesus species ( c . asellus and c . psittacus ) , therefore being in accordance with the previous morphological diagnose presented by [ 46 ] .\ncolomesus psittacus is a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there no indications at present time of declines from harvesting .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for colomesus psittacus however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .\naraujo - lima , c . a . r . m . , d . savastano , and l . cardeliquio jord\u00e3o , 1994 - revue d ' hydrobiologie tropicale 27 ( 1 ) : 33 - 38 drift of colomesus asellus ( teleostei : tetraodontidae ) larvae in the amazon river .\ncolomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9b8accb5 - ff55 - 4514 - 901b - 6366fb6ea307\nthe color pattern of colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . is essentially the same as that of colomesus asellus , with five transverse dark bars across the dorsal region of the body . a dark blotch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , which is a state used by [ 46 ] to diagnose colomesus asellus , is present or absent , being vestigial to unobservable or absent in several specimens . the interspaces between the dark bars are light yellow , with gradually decreasing pigmentation and becoming white in the ventral region ( figure 6 ) . however , the light yellow to pale pattern presented by c . tocantinensis nov . sp . clearly contrasts with the gold - yellow pattern present in specimens from iquitos and bel\u00e9m .\nspecimens of colomesus asellus were collected from three distinct populations with about 2200 km of mean distance separating them . the collection localities were ilha do mosqueiro , bel\u00e9m , brazil ; upper tocantins river - porto nacional , tocantins , brazil ; and nanay river - iquitos , peru ( figure 1 ) .\namazon puffer fish aka colomesus asellus are awesome fish . they are generally considered as peaceful and get to about 4 inches and can live in planted tanks with other fish . if you ' ve enjoyed this video and haven ' t already subscribed to our channel , please click that subscribe button now .\ni finally picked up my first colomesus asellus puffer today . it is cute , fun , and very crazy . it hasn ' t stopped swimming even to rest ! it ' s always swimming around the tank ; sometimes\npacing ,\nother times\nhunting ,\nand sometimes\nsearching !\nthe nasal sac is higher than that presented in the specimens of c . asellus . two large lateral and anteromedial nostrils are present . they are similar to those found on c . psittacus , rather than the two small nostrils exhibited by c . asellus . the anterior surface of the nasal sac is smooth while the posterior surface of it is folded as in c . psittacus , exhibiting a \u201ct - shaped\u201d ridge with a relatively small dorsal flap . this flap seems much smaller than the one found on c . asellus , although more flexible when compared to c . psittacus .\n2 oliveira , js . , fernandes , scr . , schwartz , ca . , bloch , c . , melo , jat . , pires , or . , freitas , jc . toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish , toxicon , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2006 . 04 . 009\noliveira , j . s . , s . c . rego fernandes , c . a . schwartz , c . bloch jr . , j . a . taquita melo , o . r . pires jr . , and j . c . de freitas , 2006 - toxicon 48 ( 1 ) : 55 - 63 toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish .\nthe neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) result trees are presented in figures 2 and 3 , respectively . the genus colomesus was recovered as monophyletic inside the group formed by the sampled sphoeroides species , in except for sphoeroides pachygaster . lagocephalus was recovered in a basal phylogenetic position in relation to sphoeroides and colomesus , therefore corroborating recent results such as those presented by [ 43 ] \u2013 [ 45 ] .\nbased on a comprehensive analysis including both morphological and molecular methodologies using the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , we were able to discuss aspects of the phylogeny and phylogeography of the south american freshwater pufferfishes of the genus colomesus .\ntyler , j . c . , 1964 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 116 : 119 - 148 a diagnosis of the two species of south american puffer fishes ( tetraodontidae , plectognathi ) of the genus colomesus .\ncolomesus was recovered deep inside the group formed by the remaining sphoeroides species , therefore suggesting sphoeroides as paraphyletic , with s . pachygaster being recovered as basal in relation to all the remaining sphoeroides species in all the analyses . additionally , colomesus was also recovered as the sister - taxa of the group formed by the species sphoeroides nephelus , s . tyleri , and s . greeleyi in the nj result , although it was recovered as the sister - taxa of s . greeleyi in the ml results .\ndeep sequence divergence was observed regarding the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage ( figure 5 ) . the mean sequence divergence of the specimens from both bel\u00e9m and iquitos was estimated at 1 . 079 % , while the tocantins distances ranged from 1 . 955 % to 3 . 063 % , with a mean distance of 2 . 166 % . the observed sequence divergence values together with the congruence observed from both molecular and morphological phylogenetic approaches used here suggest the existence of an overlooked species within the genus colomesus .\nthe presence of dermal flaps across the chin is another character used by [ 46 ] to distinguish c . asellus from c . psittacus . no dermal flaps could be seen in the examined specimens from the tocantins river , although they are always present in examined specimens from iquitos and bel\u00e9m .\nthe neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) trees that encompass the genera triodon , diodon , chilomycterus , lagocephalus , tetraodon , takifugu , sphoeroides , and colomesus , were constructed using the mega 5 . 06 software [ 40 ] .\nour molecular results based on the coi marker agrees with the recent results such as [ 43 ] \u2013 [ 45 ] , and suggest that the genus sphoeroides should be revised , mainly regarding the phylogenetic position recovered for the genus colomesus , deeply nested within the sphoeroides tree , and the basal position recovered for s . pachygaster . we plan further investigations along these lines to reconcile any conflicts between these molecular hypotheses presented herein and morphologically based interpretations [ 47 ] of the phylogeny of the taxa of colomesus , sphoeroides , and lagocephalus .\ncitation : amaral crl , brito pm , silva da , carvalho ef ( 2013 ) a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e74397 . urltoken\nin brazil , some marine puffers are sporadically consumed by the local population , and poisoning cases were reported . in spite of there being no reports of food poisonings or even consumption of freshwater puffers by people in the amazon region , we strongly recommend that consumption of the brazilian puffer fish c . asellus should be avoided .\nwithin the genus colomesus , c . asellus can be immediately identified by possessing a unique transverse row of dermal flaps across the chin which is absent in its congeners c . psittacus and c . tocantinensis . it can be further told apart from the very similar c . tocantinensis by possession of 10 ( vs . 9 in c . tocantinensis ) anal - fin rays , 11 ( vs . 10 ) dorsal - fin rays , a triangular ( vs . notched ventrally , appearing as an inverted v ) opercle , base colour in dorsal portion of body golden yellow ( vs . light yellow to pale ) .\ni bought two colomesus asellus 4 months ago with my christmas money , and they have been a joy to have ! they constantly follow their reflection up and down the front of the tank . as i am new to the hobby , and am only 13 years old , i am not sure if this is normal . i keep them in a 120 litre community tank , and have not experienced any problems so far . they have cleared my tank of snails , and i feed them red bloodorms three times a week . they are still young and are about 4 cm long , but are growing fast !\ni have a group of six colomesus asellus in a 120 l planted freshwater tank . they are relatively peaceful amongst themselves - except at feeding time ! i would not personally keep them as community fish . they are extremely active and entertaining little fish . they are a true freshwater puffer , although some people occasionally keep them in mild brackish conditions . as with all puffers , snails need to comprise a major part of the diet to keep their teeth trimmed - mine readily accept malaysian trumpet snails ! small snails should be fed , approximately the size of the puffer ' s eye or slightly larger . overgrowth teeth is a common problem with\nthe t20g10 monoclonal antibody raised against ttx and used as an indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay showed very low affinity for c . asellus body extracts , indicating that ttx and its analogues are not the main toxic components of the extracts . this antibody was effective in detecting the presence of ttx in a total extract of sphoeroides spengleri , which is one of the most toxic puffer fish found in the atlantic ocean coast . extracts of c . asellus were toxic when intraperitoneally administered into mice . the hplc profile showed no traces of ttx but only the presence of paralytic shellfish poisons ( saxitoxin - stx , gonyautoxin 2 - gtx 2 , and gonyautoxin 3 - gtx 3 ) . these toxins were also confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry .\namaral , c . r . l . , p . m . brito , d . a . silva and e . f . carvalho , 2013 - plos one 8 ( 9 ) : 1 - 15 a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data .\ncolomesus : from the ancient greek \u03c7\u03c9\u03bb\u00f3\u03c2 ( chol\u00f3s ) , meaning \u2018physically defective , crippled\u2019 , and \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u200e ( m\u00e9sos ) , meaning \u2018middle\u2019 , presumably in reference to the frontal bones being narrowed , not connected to the orbit , and with the elongated postfrontals connected to the prefrontals ( see gill 1884 , also note misspelling of \u03c7\u03c9\u03bb\u00f3\u03c2 as \u03ba\u03bf\u03bbo\u03c2 ) .\nthe skull is partially similar to those found in colomesus asellus described and figured by [ 46 ] , although the frontals exhibit a wide posterior border and prominently participate in the orbital margin ( figures 7 \u2013 9 ) . the prefrontals are triangular and articulate medially with the ethmoid , which posteriorly articulates with the frontals and anteriorly with the palatines ( figure 8 ) . the supraoccipital is roughly triangular and well developed , with an elongate posterior process which covers the first vertebrae ( figure 8 ) . the sphenotics articulate postero - laterally with the frontals and , in the examined specimens , they neither contact nor closely approach the prefrontals . the lateral wing of the sphenotics is only partially developed ( figure 8 ) . posterior to the sphenotics , the pterotics ( figures 7 and 8 ) articulates posteriorly with the slender supracleithrum and medially with the epiotics , which articulates medially with the supraoccipital ( figure 9 ) .\nin lateral view , the skull is characterized by the wide preopercle with about 110 degrees between both horizontal and vertical rami ( figure 7 ) , with the preopercular canal running along its anterior border , and by the opercle which is divided in two distinct regions , having ventral and posterior wings , the herein called \u201cinverted v\u201d shape , distinct from the condition found in all other examined specimens of colomesus ( figure 10 ) . the subopercle is sturdy , with two small dorsal processes .\nthe holotype ( pnt . uerj . 405 ) is 29 , 62 mm sl ( figure 6 ) , with 10 , 37 mm hl ; the entire type - series ranges from 27 . 02 mm to 34 . 9 mm sl . the meristic and morphometric data of the type series is presented in table 2 . the extent of the dorsal and ventral lateral lines is similar to those found in c . asellus . the prickles extend along the dorsal , lateral , and ventral surfaces of the body , from the level of the eye to the origin of the dorsal fin .\nalthough the influence of marine incursions after the miocene is still under debate , the caribbean ( or miocene ) marine incursion , via the llanos basin ( colombia - venezuela ) , is well accepted based on both geological and paleontological evidence , suggesting that these incursions may have isolated marine taxa within the western south america freshwater environments [ 48 ] \u2013 [ 52 ] . this might be the case for the freshwater tetraodontids . as pointed by [ 53 ] , this scenario predicts that the distribution of the marine sister groups of marine lineages should be related with the caribbean or western atlantic , the age of freshwater taxa should be coincident with marine incursions , and the biogeographic congruence should be observed among multiple unrelated taxa , conditions only partially filled by the genus colomesus .\ngreek , kolos = short , truncated + greek , mesos = a half ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 5 - 15 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 )\nsouth america : amazon river basin from peru to maraj\u00f3 island , including tributaries araguaia and guapor\u00e9 rivers ; orinoco river basin near the mouth ; essequibo river basin .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 79673 )\nfound mostly in freshwater and coastal streams , but can tolerate brackish water . sometimes kept in aquariums ( ref . 26938 ) .\nortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru . smithson . contrib . zool . ( 437 ) : 1 - 25 . ( ref . 6329 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03236 ( 0 . 01891 - 0 . 05537 ) , b = 2 . 85 ( 2 . 71 - 2 . 99 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 51 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nduring a meeting of the international society on toxinology , which took place in paris , france , we found out that this species has been sold in japan by aquarists and the japanese scientists started to perform studies using these commercial specimens bought in shopping centers at ueno station , tokyo . at this time we should ask , how do these fish from amazon get to the shopping centers in japan ?\n1 freitas , jc . , rangel , m . , oliveira , js . , zaharenko , aj . , rozas , e . an outline on marine toxinology studies in the brazilian coast . comm . toxicol . , 2003 , 9 , 1 - 22 .\n3 oliveira , js . , pires junior , or . , morales , rav . , bloch junior , c . , schwartz , ca . , freitas , jc . . toxicity of puffer fish - two species ( lagocephalus laevigatus , linaeus 1766 and sphoeroides spengleri , bloch 1785 ) from the southeastern brazilian coast . j . venom . anim . toxins incl . trop . dis . , 2003 , 9 , 76 - 88 .\n4 sawaya , p . , toxic marine invertebrates \u0097 venomous and noxious fishes of freshwater . mem . inst . butantan , 1966 , 33 , 31 - 34 .\ncaixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken\n, freshwater to brackish puffers , burrfishes / porcupinefishes , tobies / sharpnose puffers , boxfishes , puffy & mr . nasty ,\nthe explanation for this surely comes from its distinctive mode of reproduction . most other freshwater pufferfish guard their eggs and fry , but south american pufferfish do not . they simply scatter their eggs onto the substrate , and the fry , once they emerge , spend a period of time floating down the river as plankton . consequently south american pufferfish have no reason to be territorial . in fact they are not tied to one particular place at all , and instead migrate up and down rivers , often moving into lakes for part of the year .\nindeed , being such active swimmers makes south american puffers very distinctive in terms of aquarium maintenance . things like caves and other hiding places are largely irrelevant . while they certainly like a quiet corner behind a plant when they ' re sleeping , these fish are otherwise constantly on the move . so aquarium space and water current are much more important than is the case with other , usually less active , puffer species .\nfishbase and other academic sources report a maximum length of 15 cm , but aquarium fish never get that big ; 7 - 8 cm ( about 3 inches ) is usual .\nsouth american pufferfish are found in a variety of habitats , from quite soft and acidic rivers like the rio negro through to the estuary of the amazon river . in other words , water chemistry itself is not particularly important . anything between ph 6 - 8 , 5 - 20 degrees dh will suit them well . while not common in brackish water habitats , they will do well in low salinity systems up to around sg 1 . 005 .\non the other hand , as with all pufferfish , water quality should be good . by pufferfish standards , south american puffers can be considered hardy , and they are certainly less sensitive to nitrate than things like tetraodon mbu . but that doesn ' t mean that they will put up with bad water quality for long . generous filtration and regular water changes are essential . taking into consideration their need for strong water current , canister filters ( either internal or external ) offering water turnover of 6 - 10 times the volume of the tank per hour are in order . change 25 - 50 % of the water per week , aiming for less than 20 mg / l nitrate if possible , and certainly no more than 50 mg / l .\nunlike almost all other freshwater pufferfish , south american pufferfish are not territorial and exhibit no aggressive behaviour towards their own kind or other species . in fact they are nervous when kept singly , and become much less\nneurotic\nwhen kept in groups . during the daytime fish will follow one another around briefly , often squabbling over food ; but at night ( or if alarmed ) they will settle on the substrate as a group .\nin the wild breeding seems to be similar to that of pelagic pufferfish , with the parents exhibiting no broodcare at all . the eggs are relatively small and the fry are planktonic . breeding behaviour has not been ( knowingly ) observed in aquaria , and in all probability rearing the fry will be very difficult .\nin broad terms these fish are hardy , and when sick respond well to medications ( such as esha 2000 for finrot and fungus ) and heal quickly .\nhowever , two aspects of healthcare need mentioning . for whatever reason , south american puffers are very prone to whitespot ( ick ) and are often among the first fish to show the symptoms such as\nflashing\nagainst rocks and the white cysts on the skin . treatment needs to be prompt if serious problems are to be avoided . i have used esha exit to treat whitespot on south american puffers without any problems , but because puffers tend to be sensitive to certain chemicals , it ' s a good idea to observe your fish closely during any treatment . alternatively , adding tonic salt to the aquarium at a dose of 3 grammes per litre and raising the temperature to around 28 degrees c should kill the parasites without doing the pufferfish any long - term harm .\nthe other major healthcare issue with south american puffers is the rate at which their teeth grow . even by pufferfish standards , this species has peculiarly fast - growing teeth . while some hobbyists ( myself included ) have managed to slow down tooth growth by manipulating the diet so that it contains crunchy foods like snails , in reality most aquarists will find themselves needing to\ntrim\nthe teeth one or more times per year .\nwhile this might sound a bit nerve - wracking , it ' s actually pretty easy and a lot less stressful for the fish than having an overgrown beak that prevents it feeding properly .\nwhether or not the south american pufferfish is a good community fish can be argued both ways . on the one hand , it is not aggressive and it doesn ' t view live fish as food , except perhaps livebearer fry but on the other hand the south american puffer is a confirmed fin - nipper . when hungry it will view the fins of slow - moving and long - finned fish as food . while not unusual in this regard ( many tetras and barbs behave the same way ) this does mean that it can ' t be kept with many of the most popular community fish . angelfish , gouramis , congo tetras , livebearers , corydoras and so on are all likely to be nipped .\nin my experience , the safest tankmates are those that hide all day ( like synodontis catfish ) and those that are very fast swimmers ( such as glassfish and bleeding heart tetras ) . but if this approach is to work the tank will need to be reasonably large so that these fish can keep out the way of the puffers .\nthe ideal situation though is surely to keep a group of south american puffers by themselves . being nicely coloured , constantly active , and not too big , a pack of half a dozen specimens would look great in a 125 - 180 litre / 33 - 44 gallon tank .\noften pushed as the\ncommunity tank puffer\nthis is only fair up to a point , and these are still nippy fish at time . but they are quite easy to keep , hardy , and generally very well behaved aquarium fish . for the aquarist looking for a pufferfish species that is exciting to watch as well as attractive and interesting , it ' s hard to think of a better species than the south american puffer !\noccurs throughout much of the amazon basin in brazil , colombia , peru , and ecuador , including the amazonas / solim\u00f5es main channel plus the rios par\u00e1 , tocantins , jari , xingu , tapaj\u00f3s , uatum\u00e3 , madeira , trombetas , negro , purus , tef\u00e9 , japur\u00e1 / caquet\u00e1 , juru\u00e1 , juta\u00ed , i\u00e7\u00e1 / putomayo , javary , ampiyacu , amacayac\u00fa , napo , nanay , mara\u00f1\u00f3n , and ucayali , with its range extending at least as far upstream as pucallpa in eastern peru .\nthere are also numerous records from drainages north of the amazon mouth including the essequibo and waini in guyana , and lower orinoco in venezuela . it appears to be absent from french guiana and suriname .\nhas been recorded in lower , middle , and upper river basins with habitats including sandbars , beaches , floodplain lakes , banks with overhanging vegetation , and fast - flowing rapids over bedrock , boulders , and stones . it is mostly collected from habitats with high oxygen levels , suggesting that it may be sensitive to low oxygen availability .\nit is adaptable , penetrating into tributaries of the upper amazon , but also occuring in the amazon and orinoco delta regions , although it does not tend to be found in highly acidic black - waters .\nthe maximum recorded length in wild specimens is 128 mm , but aquarium reports suggest 70 \u2013 80 mm to be typical .\nchoice of d\u00e9cor is not especially critical though it should be maintained in a well - decorated set - up . the addition of floating or overhanging vegetation and driftwood roots or branches also seems to be appreciated .\nthis species is intolerant of organic waste and require spotless water in order to thrive . moderate levels of dissolved oxygen and water movement are also recommended , meaning additional powerheads , pumps , etc . , should be employed as necessary . a linear flow pump may prove a useful addition , while weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % should be considered mandatory .\nwild examples can be delicate and sensitive to white spot / ich post - import , so a lengthy quarantine period may be required .\ntetraodontids lack true teeth , the jawbone itself being modified into four fused toothlike structures . these grow continuously at a surprising rate , so offer regular meals of shelled invertebrates such as snails , crab legs , cockles , etc . , in order to maintain them at a reasonable length . there is some evidence to suggest that aufwuchs form a significant proportion of the natural diet , therefore it may be worth permitting or even encouraging algal growth on hard items of d\u00e9cor .\nadditional foods can include chopped shellfish , small earthworms , and live or frozen chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , artemia , etc . dried products should not form the principal component of the diet , although pelleted formats with a very hard consistency may prove useful .\nnot aggressive as such but unsuitable for the general community aquarium , and best - maintained alone or in a larger set - up with other fluvial fishes .\nthis species naturally forms loose aggregations and can behave nervously in the absence of conspecifics . ideally a group of 6 or more should be purchased .\nthis species exhibits a spawning strategy comparable to that of marine puffers and in contrast to the majority of freshwater tetraodontids , with high fecundity , relatively small eggs , and no parental care . limited studies in the central amazon basin suggest that spawning occurs in main river channels or close to banks at the mouths of floodplain lakes and tributaries during periods of high water . the pelagic larvae are washed into nursery zones in floodplain lakes where they complete their development , returning to river channels when flood waters recede .\nthis species is also referred to as \u2018south american puffer\u2019 , \u2018sap\u2019 , \u2018amazonian puffer\u2019 , \u2018peruvian puffer\u2019 , or \u2018brazilian puffer\u2019 in the ornamental trade .\nit is distinguished from c . psittacus by its smaller adult size ( max . 128 mm sl vs . 289 mm sl in c . psittacus ) , possession of 13 - 16 ( vs . 17 - 19 ) pectoral - fin rays , presence of 5 ( vs . 6 ) transverse dark bands dorsally on the body , and predominantly freshwater , fluvial ( vs . brackish , coastal ) ecology .\nother defining characters of tetraodontids include a tough skin usually covered with small spines , a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture , a reduced gill opening anterior to the pectoral - fin base , no pelvic fins or spinous fin rays , typically short - based dorsal and anal fins , and no ribs .\nm\u00fcller , j . and f . h . troschel , 1849 - im auftrag sr . m\u00e4jestat des k\u00f6nigs von preussen ausgef\u00fchrt von richard schomburgk v . 3 . berlin : 618 - 644 fische . in : reisen in britisch - guiana in den jahren 1840 - 44 .\ngill , t . n . , 1884 - proceedings of the united states national museum 7 ( 26 - 27 ) : 411 - 427 synopsis of the plectognath fishes .\nhelfman , g . , b . b . collette , d . e . facey , and b . w . bowen , 2009 - wiley - blackwell : 1 - 736 the diversity of fishes : biology , evolution , and ecology , 2nd edition .\nnelson , j . s . , 2006 - john wiley & sons , hoboken , n . j . : i - xix + 1 - 601 fishes of the world . 4th edition .\nortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 - smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 : iii + 1 - 25 annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru .\nreis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .\nmy own fish store tour . freshwater pufferfish , nano fish , rare plecos , planted aquariums .\nmy amazonian , a . k . a . patagonian puffer fish , i love him ! i breed snails for him in a separate 2 , 5 gallon tank . he also loves frozen bloodworms , but he really needs snail to keep his teeth at correct size .\ntypes of freshwater puffer fish for your aquarium | golden puffer , dwarf , amazonian etc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\ni live in simcoe ontario . i need help trimming my amazon bee puffer ' s teeth . can anyone help me ? i tried it myself but had no success . norma\nthe amazon puffer , also known as the south american pufferfish ( sap ) , is a very popular member of the tetraodontidae family of puffer fish . although many puffers look cute and comical , most of them have a mean streak and will at least do some kind of damage to tank mates that are slow or that have long fins . the amazon puffer is the exception to this rule . it is a peaceful fish , almost to the point of being shy so they cannot be kept with aggressive tank mates . even so it is a puffer and can nip fins , though usually just at feeding time .\nthe peaceful nature of this south american freshwater puffer , and the fact that it is one of the few puffers that naturally exists in pure freshwater makes , it a good choice for a community tank . constantly on the move , this is an active , intelligent , and curious fish . they appreciate a well planted aquarium along with some open swimming space .\nbecause of the puffers habit of nipping , long - finned slow moving fish like angelfish and gouramis are not recommended . most other fast moving community fish will do fine . keep in mind that puffers need much more space then typical community fish so the 1 inch a gallon rule does not apply . amazon puffers will need 15 gallons per puffer , so keep that in mind when stocking your tank .\nthe amazon puffer normally grows to around 3 inches , but they have been recorded to reach around 5 inches . they are very hardy and can live in a wide range of water types . puffers are recommend for intermediate to advance fish keepers . this is because of the possible need to have to trim your puffers teeth to prevent overgrowth .\nwatch the video to see how an amazon puffer might interact inside a well populated and nicely planted community tank . though the video doesn ' t always focus on the amazon puffer , it does for a while and the fish can be seen clearly many times and can also be seen flitting through the plants and decor in the background .\nin their natural habitat the amazon puffer feeds on benthic crustaceans , fish , planktonic invertebrates , and plants .\ndiffer from other fresh water puffers in that they do not guard their eggs . they spawn in rivers during the wet season leaving their in eggs on the river bottom and the larvae drift downstream . breeding has not yet been successful in captivity .\ngroups - they get nervous when kept solitary , so groups of 3 or more are preferred .\nthe amazon puffer looks a bit like an overstuffed bumblebee , thus its alternate common name ' bee puffer ' . these fish may have a golden cast to the upper parts of their bodies getting lighter and whiter on the underside , and with several dark bold partial bands . like many of the pufferfish however , the coloring of the amazon puffer can vary . not all will be as bold in coloration ; some may be more uniform in color and the band patterning may be faint .\nthe most prominent identification of this puffer is a large dark spot on the underside just before the caudal fin . this dark spot is how to tell the difference between the amazon puffer and the banded puffer\nis larger then the amazon . amazon puffers have been record to grow to a maximum length of around 5 inches ( 14cm ) . the pufferfish can be quite long lived in the aquarium , many living for 10 or more years .\npuffer fish have the ability to ' puff ' themselves up with water or air if threatened . this is a defense mechanism to help keep them from being eaten . another defense of many puffer species , including this puffer , is to produce toxic substances in their flesh that is poisonous if eaten .\n5 . 0 inches ( 12 . 70 cm ) - normally these fish reach around 3 inches in length , but have been recorded to grow up to 5 inches ( 14 cm ) .\nthe amazon puffer is for the most part an easy fish to keep . because they are a migratory fish caught in the wild , they can be kept in many different environments and be healthy and happy . but these fish are not for everyone ! they are scaleless so are prone to more diseases . they also have a fast growing teeth that will at one time or another need to be physically clipped . even with the proper diet in an aquarium setting it is inevitable that you will need to clip their teeth .\nthe amazon puffer needs more space the most\ncommunity\ntype fish . they require 15 gallons per puffer , so take space may become an issue . they also require bigger filters and more frequent water changes because they are such messy eaters . but if you are up for the challenge , these guys will make for an exciting and attractive addition to your tank .\nit is very important to feed your puffer shelled foods daily as this will help to keep their teeth from overgrowing to often . do not introduce malaysian trumpet snails ; there shells are much to hard and will break the puffers teeth . this being said it is still likely that a amazon puffer owner will still need to trim their puffers teeth one or 2 times a year . if their teeth become overgrown they will not be able to eat and will starve .\nsome of diet - be careful with feeder fish however , as they can pass disease when introduced to your tank .\nseveral feedings per day - be careful not to over feed , these fish will beg constantly .\nsince puffer fish do not have gill covers or scales , they are thought to be more susceptible to diseases , nitrite , nitrate and ammonia levels . like all puffers , the amazon puffer is not a good fish to cycle an aquarium with . also because they usually don ' t eat all of their food ( messy eaters ! ) , these fish will usually put more load on the aquarium filtration requiring more frequent water changes and better maintenance in general .\na generous weekly water change of 30 % to 50 % is the standard recommendation for a puffer aquarium . a larger then normal canister filter will be required and should turn the tank over 6 - 10 times per hour . this south american freshwater puffer is especially sensitive upon arrival to a new aquarium , though once it is acclimated it is quite hardy .\nthe amazon puffer doesn ' t require a large aquarium , so a 15 gallon aquarium will work fine . however if you want to keep more than one or some other species with them , a well planted 20 - 30 gallon aquarium is better . this puffer fish is a freshwater species that migrates into brackish to fresh water areas . it can do well in low salinity environments up to sg 1 . 005 .\nthe setup of you aquarium is extremely important in keeping your curious puffer healthy and stress free . it is important to remember these puffers are wild caught and swim up and down currents in nature . this makes it important to have some rotating power heads to create current . puffers are very messy eaters so providing a larger canister filter that will turn the tank water over 6 to 10 times per hour is recommend . this type of filtration will also help with water movement .\nthe substrate for the tank should be made up of sand ; puffers enjoy rooting around in the sand . you will notice when the puffer fish see their reflection they frantically go up and down the glass . to stop their anxiety planting the tank with tall plants with twisted rooted plant throughout the tank and especially each corner will cut down the reflection . these plant will also provide needed cover and a swimming area to weave in and out of to keep them entertained .\nin the wild these puffers can be found floating in small groups under logs and plants . so have some floating drift wood in the tank to make them feel secure . the top of the tank should have a secure complete cover , these guys are great jumpers .\nyes - a nano tank is fine as long as it meets the size requirements and has proper filtration .\nthe amazon puffer fish are peaceful so they can be kept with other non - aggressive species in a community tank . even so this is still a puffer and will nip fins , though usually just at feeding time . it is always good to have 3 or more amazon puffers together . slower moving long - finned fish are not recommend ( angel fish , gourami , long fin tetras ) .\nwith a properly setup aquarium that does not cause the puffer boredom it can be a great tank mate . amazon puffers are none to enjoy the attention of their owners and get excited when they see you . they can be taught little tricks with food reward systems which also helps keep them from getting bored and feeds their natural curiosity .\nyes - the amazon puffer is venomous if it is consumed , as these fish harbor toxic substances in their flesh .\nmay be aggressive - these puffer fish feed on benthic crustaceans in the wild .\nthe amazon puffer fish has not been bred in captivity . in the wild ,\ndiffer from other fresh water puffers in that they do not guard their eggs . they spawn in rivers during the wet season leaving their in eggs on the river bottom and the larvae drift downstream .\nthe amazon puffer does not have gill covers or scales which make it more prone to disease . puffers are normally the first fish in a tank to show signs of ick and will twitch and rub around the tank . they respond well to most medication and normally heal quickly . never use copper in an amazon puffer tank .\nanother common issue , though not a disease ; puffer ' s teeth grow very fast and if not wore down or clipped will lead to overgrowth and starvation . in an aquarium ; even when feeding snails and other shelled foods , there is still normally a chance you will have to trim their teeth . this sound much worse then it is . to accomplish this carefully place puffer in a container of water without exposing them to the air . add 3 drops of clove oil per liter of water ; this will temporarily sedate the puffer so you can hold the puffer in your hand more easily . you will need cuticle clippers ; use these to clip bottom and top teeth . once done put puffer in a container or net that will have the current flowing over them . once awake release back into tank .\nbecause the amazon puffer is wild caught it could carry internal parasites , so if it hasn ' t been done a de - worming would be smart . for more information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\namazon puffer fish are commonly available from pet stores and online , and are moderately priced .\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\ni live in simcoe ontario . i need help trimming my amazon bee puffer ' s teeth . can anyone help me ? i tried it myself but had no success .\njust to let everyone know , i did successfully trim my amazon puffer ' s teeth . it ' s funny , they were shy of me before i did it and now they are always at the front of the tank when i look at them . it ' s like we ' ve bonded lol\nhello . if you add live purple rock they will trim their teeth by chewing on live rock . hope this helps .\ni have a 10 gallon tank along with 5 goldfish , i ' ve got hiding spots and decor and fake plants . i was at walmart and saw the litter spotted green puffer . the lady in the fish department gave me very little info on him . she said he eats just flakes , and use the aquarium salt . i bought him and the jungle aquarium salt . thankfully i still have a can of blood worms to hold him over besides the flakes until i go buy some other foods / snails for him . little did i know what i was getting into . what kind of snails would i buy to feed him ? i ' m going to go buy some real plants for him to nibble on too . do you think my little guy will survive in my tank ?\nspotted puffers ( tetraodon nigroviridis ) from walmart are typically brackish water and will not survive , sadly in your tank . puffers are referred to as ' aqua dogs ' due to their personality , and the fact that they chew on whatever they can . keep your wires out of reach . they will grow up to 5 ' and they are semi - aggressive . they really need their own tank and brackish water is not too hard to keep , sort of between salt and fresh . as little juveniles , like many fish , they are found in fresh water , then migrate to estuaries , or brackish water . if it is still young enough to deal with the fresh water , it will go after your goldfish .\ni would suggest buying another tank for your puffer if you are in love with it , and look up a little more information and your puffer will reward you with years of companionship . they do need to be entertained too ! if you don ' t want to do all of this , then i would say to return the puffer to the store .\nif you want a true freshwater puffer , they are out there , just do the research before buying , and even then , do not put in with goldfish . hope that helps and have fun with your spotted aqua dog !\nthey are not gold fish but * glofish * their little neon tetra sort of fish and i ' ve been keeping a eye on them and they seem to be getting along . i do plan on getting him a 20gal tank tomorrow just for him . he is quite adorable and i do want to keep him , hoping he lives and heals because his fins are severely chewed up . i read they are omnivorious and need alot of meat like live crustaceans and freezed bloodworms or shrimp and snails to keep there teeth in check . he ' s only a inch big right now , would anyone recommend what to feed him till he gets bigger ?"]}
{"id": 693, "summary": [{"text": "corynactis is a genus of colonial anthozoans similar in appearance to sea anemones and in body format to scleractinian stony corals .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "these animals are cnidarians in the family corallimorphidae . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "corynactis", "paragraphs": ["species corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 accepted as corynactis viridis allman , 1846\nthe corynactis genus are disease resistant , and only affected by improper husbandry . warmer water than suggested will eventually kill any corynactis from temperate waters .\ncorynactis viridis on the wreck of the mohegan at the manacles , southwest cornwall .\ncorynactis viridis on the hull of the wreck of the city of westminster , manacles , southwest cornwall .\na cluster of corynactis californica at the monterey bay aquarium , ca . polyps are 1 to 1 . 5 cm diameter .\n( of corynactis allmanni ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis allmannii ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - jewel anemone ( corynactis viridis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - jewel anemone ( corynactis viridis )\ntitle =\narkive species - jewel anemone ( corynactis viridis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n( of corynactis allmani thompson , 1847 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis gracilis farquhar , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis haddoni farquhar , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis mollis farquhar , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis albida stuckey , 1909 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis viridis var . chrysochlorina gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis viridis var . hyalocera fischer ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis viridis var . smaragdina gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynactis viridis var . tephrina gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto cite this page : rouse , i . 1999 .\ncorynactis californica\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\n( of corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe corynactis genus will only get along with their own species , and will not even tolerate mushroom species outside their colony . even in one genus , if the color is different , again a different species , the weaker mushroom will detach and find another location . strong water movement will also cause them to detach as well . slow moving fish and shrimp run a risk of being consumed by the corynactis genus .\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . corynactis viridis allman , 1846 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\nencyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to biodiversity heritage library ( 114 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) to genbank ( 8 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology cnidaria collection ( 50 records ) to itis\ncare needs to be taken when housing these animals . the corynactis genus are aggressive . if they are near another coral they can cause other corals to loose tissue , recess and / or die . they typically overtake other corals as they multiply . the\nthis view shows corynactis californica in front and the orange cup coral balanophyllia elegans in the back , to show their similarities and differences . note the empty skeletons of balanophyllia elegans encrusting the rock . photo at monterey bay aquarium by dave cowles , august 2010 .\n( of corynactis gracilis farquhar , 1898 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corynactis haddoni farquhar , 1898 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corynactis mollis farquhar , 1898 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corynactis mediterranea sars m . , 1857 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nager , o . e . d . ( 2001 ) corynactis viridis . jewel anemone marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( november , 2003 ) urltoken\nnanette e . chadwick , department of zoology , univ . of california , berkeley , interspecific aggressive behavior of the corallimorpharian corynactis californica ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) : effect on sympatric corals and sea anemones , licensed to jstor by american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , copyright 2000 - 2006\nthis is a short and squat anemone with a smooth column . the anemone has up to 100 tentacles , each ending in a small knob . corynactis viridis is brilliantly coloured and can be green , pink , red , orange or white in various combinations . usually the disc , tentacles and tentacle tips are contrasting colours .\nager , o . e . d . ( 2001 ) corynactis viridis . jewel anemone marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 27 / 11 / 2003 ] . available on - line at : urltoken\nager , o . e . d . 2007 . corynactis viridis jewel anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nthe jewel anemone ( corynactis viridis ) is so - called because of its spectacular colouration . individuals may be bright green , orange , red , pink or white and the tentacles and their tips are typically contrasting colours ( 3 ) . the body of this anemone , correctly known as the \u2018column\u2019 is smooth , and has a rather squat appearance ( 3 ) . up to 100 tentacles , each terminating in a small swelling , are arranged in three rings around the mouth , which is situated at the top of a small cone ( 4 ) .\nfautin , d . g . ( 2013 ) . world list of corallimorpharia .\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pseudocorynactis den hartog , 1980 ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pseudocorynactis den hartog , 1980 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphincteractis zamponi , 1976 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sphincteractis zamponi , 1976 ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of draytonia duchassaing de fombressin & michelotti , 1864 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncorynactus californica are found in abundance on temperate rocky shores and on tropical coral reefs . they can be found anywhere from the lower intertidal zone to at least 50 meters in depth .\nreproduce asexually by fission and budding . aggregations of different colors produce polyps of the same color ; color of the species appears to be controlled genetically .\ncorynactus californicus can be found forming clonal aggregates , which cover large areas of hard substrate . they can be found on rock reefs , where they attain densities of up to 3000 polyps per square meter . they have an aggressive nature and may extrude their mesenterial filaments onto other anthozoans , such as corals and sea anemones . this contact with\ncorynactus californica extrudes mesenterial filaments onto its prey , which includes brine shrimp , other sessile organisms living within its community , and pieces of dead fish . the mesenterial filaments are used for digestion and absorption of food in the coelenteron . if the prey is too large to take into the coelenteron , the mesenterial filaments are used to digest it externally .\nincrease the density of rock oysters and mussels by protecting them from predatory sea stars .\ncompetition from this species may reduce the diversity of the marine communities in which they dwell .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\na form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nchadwick , nanette e . 1987 . interspecific behavior of the corallimorpharion corynactuscalifornica : effects on sympatric corals and sea anemones . the biological bulliten , 173 : & 110 - 25 .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe jewel anemone reproduces by splitting in half , using a process called \u2018longitudinal fission\u2019 .\nthis anemone is often found in very large aggregations in suitable habitats , particularly on vertical surfaces ( 2 ) . it reproduces asexually by means of \u2018longitudinal fission\u2019 , in which means that individuals spilt in half . sometimes this fission is not complete and two anemones may remain partially attached ( 5 ) .\nthis anemone is common on the south and western coasts of britain ( 4 ) and reaches the northern extreme of its range in the shetland isles ( 3 ) . it is found as far south as the mediterranean ( 4 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\nfound on rocks in shaded places such as beneath overhangs and in crevices on the lower shore ( 2 ) , extending down to the sublittoral to depths of about 80 m ( 3 ) .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nasexually of asexual reproduction : reproduction that does not involve the formation of sex cells ( \u2018gametes\u2019 ) . in many species , asexual reproduction can occur by fission ( or in plants \u2018vegetative reproduction\u2019 ) ; part of the organism breaks away and develops into a separate individual . some animals , including vertebrates can develop from unfertilised eggs , this process , known as parthenogenesis gives rise to offspring that are genetically identical to the parent . sublittoral a marine zone between the littoral zone ( the shallow zone where light reaches the bed , subject to submersion and exposure by tides ) and depths of around 200m .\nfish , j . d . and fish , s . ( 1989 ) a student\u2019s guide to the seashore . unwin hyman ltd . , london .\ngibson , r . , hextall , b . and rogers , a . ( 2001 ) photographic guide to the sea & shore life of britain and north - west europe . oxford university press , oxford .\npicton , b . e . and morrow , c . c . ( 2002 ) [ in ] encyclopaedia of marine life of britain and ireland . ( september , 2003 ) urltoken\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis is a uk rocky shore species . visit our habitat page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nden hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n) ( average height and diameter is 1 cm ) . may be colored red , crimson , pink , purple , pale blue , lavender , brown , orange , buff , or nearly white .\nhow to distinguish from similar species : there are no other anemone - like species in our area with club - tipped tentacles . the orange cup coral balanophyllia elegans is of similar size and often similar color ( photo ) but has a hard skeleton and does not have club - tipped tentacles .\ngeographical range : this species is said to be common in some areas of southern california but i have not often encountered it . it occurs from british columbia to san martin island , baja california but is rarely found intertidally north of california .\nhabitat : rocky shores ( under rock ledges ) , concrete wharf pilings , plastic foam floats . especially where there are strong currents .\nbiology / natural history : the knobbed tentacles contain very large cnidae , easy to view under the microscope . undischarged cnidae have osmotic pressures up to 140 atmospheres . has been observed in the lab to defend against attack by anthopleura elegantissima by extending its cnidae - rich mesenteries through the mouth . this species reproduces asexually by longitudinal fission . clones are all the same color . feeds on copepods , nauplius larvae , and other small animals .\ngeneral references : barnes , 1980 gotshall and laurent , 1979 kozloff , 1993 morris et al . , 1980\ngeneral notes and observations : locations , abundances , unusual behaviors , etc . :\nsince they do not have a solid skeleton as does balanophyllia elegans , the polyps can stretch out quite tall , as seen in this photo . taken at monterey bay aquarium by dave cowles , august 2010 .\nthese individuals from the monterey bay aquarium show another color variation - - strongly white tentacles .\nreaches its northern limit in shetland . it is found around the south and west coasts of britain and all around ireland .\nrecorded around the british isles , south - west europe and into the mediterranean .\noccurs from the lower shore and into the subtidal to about 50 m ( sometimes to 80 m ) on rocks , in caves and beneath overhangs where it is shaded from light . the anemone is often found in dense aggregations especially on vertical rock faces .\nbase up to 10 mm in diameter and up to 15 mm in height .\nfish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\njncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken\nmanuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nusually forms dense colonies of many specimens on rocks . although the meaning of its latin name (\n) is green , the colour of the specimens is very variable , green , orange , red , etc .\nand belongs to the order corallimorpharia ( not to order actiniaria ) . it occurs in mediterranean sea and around west europe .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\ni ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !\ni would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken\ngenus come in oranges , greens , pinks , and reds , which can be almost fluorescent and are extremely vibrant . these colors look especially awesome with animals that have clear tentacles and contrasting colored tips . to top that off , those tentacles can then be branching tentacles .\nthe strawberry anemone , or club tipped anemone , is an amazing variation to the corallimorphidae family . these corallimorphs grow only to 1\n( 2 . 5 cm ) , so they can be kept in a small nano reef of just 1 gallon or more . some other common names it is known by are the california sea anemone , californian coral anemone , club tipped sea anemone , california club - ray , and strawberry corallimorpharian .\nthis is truly an amazing animal that will be a great addition to your cold water aquarium . only a few relatives of this group live in warmer waters . for the most part , chillers are essential for these mushroom corals . they also cannot handle high water flow and need very little light . its suggested that they be hand fed at night as many\nthe strawberry anemone is a hardy , durable cold water species . they do need cool temperatures that would require a chiller . but if given a cold water reef environment with proper care and feeding , they can do well . also with the correct husbandry they will reproduce in captivity .\nwas described by carlgren in 1936 . other common names this mushroom coral is known by are california sea anemone , californian coral anemone , club tipped sea anemone , california club - ray , and strawberry corallimorpharian .\nis commonly known as the jewel coral anemone . other common names these corallimorphs are known for are white ball corallimorph , and orange ball corallimorph .\ngenus are found in the eastern pacific and north atlantic oceans in temperate waters . there are only a few that are from tropical waters , but these are rare and not as available to aquarists . the\nis found in the eastern pacific ocean , carpeting the bottom of the cambell river in british columbia and monterey bay in california .\ngenus are sometimes found attached to live rock , although are also found in sandy and rocky areas near the reefs . they are found at various depths , often in groups . the members of the\nfamily , in contrast to true anemones , are not colonial . they may live in groups but there is no contact between the individuals .\nare found in various other areas as well , like shaded vertical rocks over 300 feet deep ( 90 m ) and also tide pools in temperatures that range from 59\u00b0 to 68\u00b0 f ( 15\u00b0 - 20\u00b0 c ) . under the correct husbandry they will reproduce in captivity . predators are unknown .\ngenus are basically a coral without a skeleton and their internal structures are the same as stony corals . these corals are closely related to stony corals with basilar muscles , and are less like anemones except for the fact that neither have a calcareous skeletal structure .\nthe top of their body or the upper surface is called the oral disc . the stalk area , which is very small , is called the column and it is located just above the pedal disc which is where they attach to surfaces . on the surface , or oral disc , they have feeding tentacles to capture prey that hold several types of stinging cells . the tentacles are clear to white and have club shaped or fringed tips . they can be white , pink , red , orange , green , and clear in color . the\nis bright red with clear to white tentacles with fringed tentacle tips that can be white or clear .\nthese corals grow to about 1\n( 2 . 5 cm ) depending on the species but their life span is unknown .\nthis corallimorph is rarely available for sale . if you are able to acquire them , the strawberry anemone is quite hardy . they are moderate to difficult to care for since they need cool temperatures that would require a chiller . they also cannot handle high water flow and need very little light . they may need to be hand fed at night as many are nocturnal .\nspecies , yet general good husbandry , water quality , temperature and appropriate feedings are basic . some\nmushroom corals ares from warm and temperate waters . obviously , the warm water species are easier to care for with basic mushroom husbandry .\nthe strawberry anemone or club tipped anemone is a carnivore from temperate waters . all the cool water\nanemones need to be hand fed small pieces of raw fish , shrimp , mussel flesh , and tubifex worms . feed 2 to 3 times per month . warm water\nneed to be fed the same foods several times a week to encourage division .\nwater changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical . monitor your water quality for your particular situation and adjust your water changes accordingly . do not over skim since the\ngenus need nutrients to survive on and will not do well in a pristine environment . provide proper magnesium levels , also some claim proper iodine levels are beneficial . due to their toxins , active carbon is also a good idea with larger groups of mushrooms .\nthe typical reef environment is what is needed for your strawberry anemone ; i . e . live rock in a reef environment for cold water . they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . this is a cold water animal and a chiller is needed to provide the proper environment .\nwill extrude their mesenteries into certain sea anemones and corals and kill them . they will extend their filaments resulting in all other corals , including zoanthids , to retract , move , or die .\nthe first is called budding , which is when the mushroom will allow a small piece of tissue to grow and form from the parent , which in turn becomes a new animal .\nthe second way is laceration , which happens when they move slowly over the surface and leave behind\nmini - me\npieces that will eventually form into mushrooms .\nthe third way is fission , which is seen a lot in bubble tip anemones , and this is when they basically split themselves right in half , though the center and then wrap back around themselves to create 2 smaller versions .\nthe fourth is called transverse fission where the top is pinched off and floats away to reattach in another spot and start a new colony . the stalk that remains , reforms into a new mushroom clone .\nwill use fission and pedal laceration most of the time , but have also used external fertilization resulting in free - swimmng larva . propagating is fairly easy :\nusing sharp scissors or a scalpel , cut the mushroom in half right down the center , through the mouth .\nif a second cut is wanted , take one of the halves you just cut and cut again through the mouth .\nplace the mushrooms on loose rubble in water flow that is weak to very low . it would be suggested to do this in a small\nrecovery\ntank with the same water as the main display since they may get lost and they also will be exuding a lot of toxins from their little surgery . this will allow them to reattach to a piece of rock and heal , then at that point , they can be moved to the main display .\nthe smell you will experience are the toxins these animals use for pushing other corals out of their growth path . it would be prudent to wash your hands if you didn ' t use gloves . within a few days all of your\ncuts\nwill become new mushrooms and they can now be glued , sewn or pinned where you would like if they have not attached to the rubble .\ngenus are very rarely for sale . they are very difficult to come by and pricing is not possible at this time .\nhelmut debelius and hans a . baensch , marine atlas volume 1 ( baensch marine atlas ) , microcosm ltd , 1997\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\ndescription : a small clonal anemone with a smooth column up to 15mm in height and diameter . the disc is wide , the tentacles have rounded knobs at their tips , up to 100 in number . the colour is often brilliant green , red , pink , orange , white or brown , in various combinations , usually the tentacle knobs contrast with the colour of the column . reproduces by longitudinal fission , ie . dividing in half vertically . sometimes the resulting anemones do not separate completely .\nhabitat : lives on rocks , occurring in shaded places low on the shore , or sublittorally down to about 50m , always in strong wave action or tidal streams . usually occurs in large aggregations consisting of patches of similarly coloured clones .\ndistribution : frequent on south and west coasts as far north as northern scotland ; also occurs around southwest europe and in the mediterranean .\nsimilar species : the cup - corals caryophyllia smithii and caryophyllia inornata also have knobbed tentacles of similar appearance , but they possess hard calcareous skeletons .\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\n. sometimes fission is imperfect and the anemones remain connected by a narrow strand of basal tissue .\nand disc , often kept short and almost hidden by the overhanging marginal tentacles .\n: very variable and often brilliant . of the many varieties one of the commonest is bright translucent emerald green , with brown\n- shafts and crimson acrospheres ; a marginal ring of crimson is common in this form . other colours which may occur are white , pink , red , orange , etc . , in various combinations . usually the acrospheres are coloured differently from the\n. the disc is usually plain and translucent , with the mesenteric insertions clearly visible , but in some forms it is splashed with opaque white .\non rocks , occurring on the lower shore in caves or beneath overhangs sheltered from the light . more common sublittorally , down to about 80 m , often forming dense aggregations , particularly on vertical rock faces .\nfrequent to locally abundant on south and west coasts of britain , to extreme northern scotland , and all around ireland . also around south - west europe and in the mediterranean .\n( of melactis annulata verrill , 1867 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ropalactis annulata ( verrill , 1867 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsolitary or semi - colonial corallimorphidae possessing a weak sphincter muscle . acrospheres very distinct .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 708, "summary": [{"text": "agamyxis pectinifrons , the spotted talking catfish , spotted raphael catfish or whitebarred catfish , is a species of thorny catfish found in the amazon basin where it has been recorded from bolivia , brazil , colombia and peru .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "agamyxis pectinifrons", "paragraphs": ["agamyxis : with ( very ) much slime . pectinifrons : with a comb on the forehead , ( probably refers to the toothed dorsal fin spine . )\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of agamyxis pectinifrons are found here .\nagamyxis : from the greek agan , meaning much , and myxa , meaning mucus ; in reference to the mucus produced by the fish .\nfuller , p . , 2018 , agamyxis pectinifrons ( cope , 1870 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 3 / 1 / 2009 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nhis month we concentrate on a very weird member of the doradidae family , namely the\nspotted talking catfish\nagamyxis pectinifrons . this catfish has been in the hobby for many years and is sometimes overlooked in the quest for the more gaudy colours of the members of the loricariidae family , i . e . the l - numbers , but as you can see in the picture below it can even rival them in the colourful stakes .\nthere are two species in this genus , the aforementioned a . pectinifrons and a . albomaculatus ( peters , 1877 ) . a . pectinifrons is found in ecuador and peru while a . albomaculatus is only found in venezuela . there is not a great deal of differences as far as i can see in the 2 species apart from maybe albomaculatus being a bit slimmer and having more spots . there also seems to be a different pattern in the caudal fin . the first thing you notice is the weird shape reminiscent of the\nhunchback of notre dam\nand old specimens can get very hunchbacked in their advancing years . this is a very long lived species with reports of 17 years longevity and are very hardy to boot ! .\ndoradids are often referred to collectively as \u2018talking catfishes\u2019 in reference to the fact that many of them are able to produce audible sounds . in some genera ( e . g . acanthodoras , agamyxis ) these are produced via stridulation of the pectoral spines within their sockets , with the pelvic girdle possibly involved in projection of the resultant noise . the \u2018elastic - spring apparatus\u2019 is also used to produce sound , this comprising a highly - specialised arrangement of the parapophyses of the fourth vertebrae , the swim bladder plus associated muscles and ligaments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na basic setup for the\nspotted talking catfish\nwould be a not too brightly lit aquarium with bogwood or equivalent for them to hide away in the roots or in the crevices of carefully stacked stonework . substrate is not a great issue with either rounded gravel or sand . a regime of monthly water changes should keep this catfish happy for many years .\nit is very nocturnal as are most members of this family and you must be aware of their pectoral spines as they can lock them and if your fingers are in the road it can be mighty painful ! . if catching this species for any reason you must not use a net as their spines will get hopelessly entangled . a better method is to lower a container to scoop it up in . if you must handle this fish , make sure that you grasp it forward of the pectoral spines in the head area . in common with most of the doradidae family when out of the water , it can create a sound by grating its fin bones in each socket and amplifying the noise via the swim bladder , which is one reason why it commands the common name of the \u0093spotted talking catfish\u0094\nd 1 / 5 ; a 1 / 11 ; p1 / 5 . dorsal spine toothed on both anterior and posterior surfaces . spinous scutes confined to the posterior half of the body . 3 pairs of barbels . caudal shape , truncate .\ndark brown to blue - black , with numerous pale blotches / spots on the head and body . underside somewhat paler , similarly marked . fins dark , with pale stripes and spots which may run together to form transverse bars . old individuals are almost uniformly dark brown with white blotches on the belly .\ngood community catfish although very nocturnal . may eat very small fish or fry on night time forages .\nno reports on the breeding of this species in captivity but may lay its eggs in floating plants in its natural habitat .\na good practice is to drop tablet food at dusk , in the area where it resides . it will eat a wide variety of foods including flake , and frozen foods such as bloodworm .\nif you found this page helpful you can help keep scotcat running by making a small donation , thanks .\nthis is another fish that can destroy a good net when attempting to transfer them . although it can be a bit painful , it is possible to move this fish by hand . this is best practiced with small fish and rubber gloves initially , but seasoned pros can literally pluck these fish from underneath a rock . you must get a finger between each pectoral fin and the catfishes body with your thumb above the head . due to a reflex driven defensive mechanism the fish will lock its pectoral fins , trapping your fingers ! i recall reading that this action is used by the fish when caught to make itself as difficult to swallow as possible . the fish will remain locked to your fingers until you transfer it and submerge it once again when it will release and dart off to the nearest dark refuge .\nwhether you transfer the fish by this or more conventional methods you will probably hear why it is called a talking catfish during the transfer . the fish emits a high pitched croaking noise which can be surprisingly loud . the fish achieves this by grinding the base of its pectoral fin bone against its shoulder bone ; much like the noise you can make by grinding your teeth , but louder ! most , if not all , of the 80 - 100 members of the family can\ntalk\nin this manner . amongst these are some true giants ( 4ft + ) which i would very much like to hear .\ncopyright information for the images used in this article can be found on the species ' full cat - elog page .\n150mm or 5 . 9\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nthe light coloured spots that make this fish so attractive range from brilliant white to pale yellow in different batches of imports .\nwill eat any food that reaches it . bloodworm and sinking catfish tablets are best as they can be ' ' aimed ' ' at the fishes daytime hide - out .\nneeds a dark refuge , but smaller individuals will spend the day in dense vegetation just as happily .\nsome details , although sketchy . seems to be a bubble nest builder or at least lay its eggs on floating vegetation at the water surface .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe type locality is given as \u2018pebas , equador\u2019 by cope ( 1870 ) but this apparently refers to the settlement of the same name located east of the city of iquitos in loreto region , northern peru , an area once disputably claimed by ecuador . the precise extent of its natural range is a little unclear , though it appears restricted to parts of the amazon basin in bolivia , brazil , colombia and peru .\nthis species is found in various habitat - types but shows a preference for slow - moving or still waters with an abundance of submerged or floating structures , among which it conceals itself during daylight hours . the whitewater ca\u00f1o yarina , a tributary of the r\u00edo pacaya located close to the confluence of the r\u00edos mara\u00f1on and ucayali represents a typical biotope . the main channel is around 100 m wide although the surrounding terrain is inundated for the majority of the year with a short period of low water between july and september with flooded forest comprising 85 % of the area . where there is open water , around 40 % of it is covered by \u2018floating meadows\u2019 consisting of rafts of macrophytes which tend to form most thickly around lake and stream margins .\nthe conditions in ca\u00f1o yarina are typical of amazonian whitewaters with dissolved sediment reducing visibility and the water stained darker during the high water period due to decomposing organic materials . plant species involved in the formation of floating meadows mostly include polygonium sp . , pistia stratiotes , eichhornia crassipes , paspalum sp . and an unidentified leguminous species , with others including unidentified members of the genera azolla , neptunia , ludwigia , salvinia , utricularia and echinochloeta .\nduring an expedition conducted by the swedish museum of natural history in 1981 this species was collected from a \u2018 floating meadow \u2018 near pebas alongside numerous other species including bunocephalus coracoideus , trachelyopterus galeatus , lepthoplosternum altamazonicum , anadoras grypus , oxydoras niger , pterodoras granulosus , leiarius marmoratus , sorubim elongatus , pseudorinelepis genibarbis , apistogramma agassizii , a . eunotus , apistogrammoides pucallpaensis , cichlasoma amazonarum , heros efasciatus , hypselecara temporalis , mesonauta mirificus , prochilodus nigricans and rivulus ornatus plus unidentified species of farlowella , pimelodus , pyrrhulina , mylossoma and gymnotus .\nbest maintained in a dimly - lit set - up with a soft , sandy substrate and plenty of cover in the form of aquatic vegetation , tangles of driftwood or artificial caves of some kind . bright lighting isn\u2019t really appreciated since this species is largely nocturnal by nature .\nthis species is an omnivorous generalist and will accept most commonly - encountered prepared and frozen foods . a varied diet comprising good quality , dried , sinking pellets or tablets supplemented by regular meals of live or frozen bloodworm , tubifex , mosquito larvae , etc . is ideal , and the occasional whole or chopped earthworm will provide valuable additional protein .\nnon - aggressive though adult individuals may consume very small fishes . it makes an excellent addition to a medium - to - large - sized community of amazonian species alongside peaceful characins , cichlids and other catfishes , for example . it\u2019s gregarious by nature so will display more natural behaviour when kept in a group of 4 or more specimens , though can be maintained individually if you wish , and it will also group together with similarly - looking relatives such as platydoras armatulus , acanthodoras spinosissimus , and amblydoras hancockii .\nno reports of breeding in the hobby other than via the use of hormones to artificially induce the process .\nthis species , which may also be referred to by the alternative vernacular names \u2018spotted raphael\u2019 , \u2018white - spotted\u2019 or \u2018white - barred\u2019 catfish , is very common in the trade and despite its adult size is recommended to beginners and experienced aquarists alike since it is hardy , attractive and relatively - long - lived . the light body markings are highly variable in terms of exact placement and may be either white or pale to darkish yellow in colour .\nit is very similar in appearance to the congener a . albomaculatus with the most useful distinguishing character seemingly represented by collection locality since the latter is known only from the r\u00edo orinoco drainage in venezuela . both species are probably sold under the same trade names .\nmembers of the family doradidae can be distinguished from all other siluriformes by possession of a unique infranuchal scute , a dermal bone consisting of an elongate plate formed by expansion of a ligament located between the posterior nuchal plate and the rib on the sixth vertebra . this feature is associated with the lateral line canal and represents the first in a series of prominent midlateral scutes exhibited by most doradids . there are two major lineages recognised within the family , one with simple barbels and a comparatively flattened head , the other with fimbriate barbels and a relatively deep head .\nwithin the order siluriformes doradids are most closely related to the family auchenipteridae , most commonly referred to as \u2018driftwood\u2019 catfishes by aquarists , and these two were grouped together in the superfamily doradoidea by sullivan et al . ( 2006 ) . in their molecular phylogenetic analysis doradoidea appeared to form a sister group pairing with the family aspredinidae ( banjo catfishes ) with this constituting a significant departure from earlier hypotheses in which the african family mochokidae and asian sisoridae were assumed to be most closely - associated with doradids and aspredinids , respectively . the authors stopped short of naming this putative aspredinidae - doradoidea clade , for the time being at least , ostensibly because certain prominent theories of fish biogeography would require substantial re - assessment if it were accepted .\ntake care when netting doradids for any reason since the pectoral fin spines and body scutes easily become entangled in the mesh of standard aquarium nets and can break human skin in many cases .\ncope , e . d . 1870 - proceedings of the american philosophical society 11 : 559 - 570 contribution to the ichthyology of the mara\u00f1on .\ncorrea , s . b . , w . g . r . crampton , l . j . chapman and j . s . albert . 2008 - journal of fish biology 72 : 629\u2013644 a comparison of flooded forest and floatingmeadow fish assemblages in an upper amazon floodplain .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 - zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .\nortega , h . and r . p . vari . 1986 - smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru .\nreis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . 2003 - in : checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america doradidae ( thorny catfishes ) .\nswedish museum of natural history . 1999 - ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden . nrm ichthyology collection database .\ngreek , agamai = to admire , to astonish + greek , myxo = mucus ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 20 . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37054 )\nsabaj , m . h . and c . j . ferraris jr . , 2003 . doradidae ( thorny catfishes ) . p . 456 - 469 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 37054 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00605 - 0 . 03300 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .\nan unusual species of catfish that despite its look makes a peaceful community species for larger sized fish .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\ni have one of these spotted raphael catfish . i never knew what he was until this evening after searching online . i ' ve had him for ten or more years . we ' ve always . . . ( more ) nikki\nis a very pretty fish . the body is a dark brown to blackish color adorned with an irregular pattern of small spots that can range from brilliant white to pale yellow . the fins are dark too , with both spots and stripes that may run together forming crosswise bars . this striking white - on - black patterning makes it very attractive and desirable , yet no two look fish look exactly the same !\nthis fish is a member of the doradidae family . due to its spotted appearance and its ability to vocalize it ' s also commonly known as the spotted talking catfish . it will produces sounds ,\ncroaks\nor\nclicks ,\nby rubbing its pectoral fins across grooves in the shoulder , usually heard when removing it from its tank . a few other descriptive common names it is known by include white spotted talking catfish , white spotted doradid , white - spot dorydid , talking catfish , and thorny catfish .\nthe doradidae family as a group is known as thorny catfish , which is actually a very appropriate descriptive name . they are tough skinned catfish with a well - developed nuchal shield in front of the dorsal fin and bony lumps , forming thorny scutes , along the lateral line . this family is also called\ntalking catfish\nbecause they can produce audible sounds by rotating their pectoral spines in their sockets . this particular doradid catfish is also one of the\nrafael catfish\n. another well known rafael is the\nthe spotted raphael catfish is very hardy and tolerant of most water conditions . it makes a great choice for a beginner or any other aquarist . being nocturnal , it is a bit shy and will look for a nice comfortable hiding place during the day . like the raphael catfish , it likes to burrow in the soft river bottom in the wild , so provide a corner of fine gravel or sand . they also like to wedge themselves into tight spaces , so some hiding places in the hollows of roots or driftwood are appreciated .\nthey will not harm plants , in fact some floating plant cover will help keep the tank dimly lit , which keeps them happy . if plants are provided , as juveniles they will spend their day in the vegetation . they will start to come out in the evening as it gets dark , to scavenge along the bottom of the tank for tasty morsels . to get the best viewing of these fish , you can add some moonlight led ' s to the tank and watch this little cleaner come to life .\nthe spotted raphael is a peaceful catfish and does well in a community aquarium . its an excellent companion with most other medium to large fish , only very small fish may get snacked on . with its armored thorny protection it can even be kept with more aggressive tankmates . south and central american cichlids , larger characins , pimelodus , and trichogaster are all good choices . it can be kept singly , but in the wild this is a gregarious species , and a group of 4 or more can be happily kept in a good sized aquarium . it will also school with similar looking catfish relatives .\nthorny catfish have a strong first spine on their pectoral fins , which can be used as a defensive weapon . they tend to stick out these side spines out in a very rigid manner , especially when stressed . to catch them it ' s best to use a glass container or plastic bag as these spines can easily get caught in a net . trying to get them untangled is not only stressful , but a bit dangerous . a prick from the spines of this fish is quite painful !\nwas described by cope in 1870 . they are found in the amazon basin , occurring in bolivia , brazil , colombia , and peru . they are not listed on the ucn red list of endangered species . other common names they are known by are spotted talking catfish , white spotted talking catfish , white spotted doradid , white - spot dorydid , talking catfish , and thorny catfish .\nit is one of the\nrafael catfish\n. other rafael ' s include three almost identical striped species with each originating from different localities , the raphael catfish\nit belongs to the doradidae family , which are known as thorny catfish . these are tough skinned catfish with a well - developed nuchal shield in front of the dorsal fin and bony lumps , forming thorny scutes , along the lateral line . this family is also called\ntalking catfish\nbecause they can produce audible sounds by rotating their pectoral spines in their sockets . the doradidae family is by no means the only types of catfish that can make vocalizations , the squeaker catfish of the mochokidae family are also noted as being very vocal .\n. unlike the spotted talking catfish , it is not suitable for a community aquarium as it will eat smaller fish . another is the painted talking catfish\n. this is a very pretty with an almost paisley type design in its patterning , and it is also a very peaceful fish that does well in a community aquarium .\nspotted raphael catfish are found in a variety of habitats but seem to be most comfortable in slow to still moving water with a lot of plants and roots for concealment . during the rainy season these fish will normally migrate into the flooded food rich forests . in the wild they feed on crustaceans , worms , insects , and plant matter .\ngroups - they are gregarious in nature and will school with their own kind and with other similar - looking relatives .\nthe spotted raphael catfish have a cylindrical , arrow - shaped body with a flattened belly . females are more full bodied than males . they can reach up to 5 . 9 inches ( 15 cm ) in length . they are known to have a lifespan of about 10 years , however hobbyists have reported them living up to 15 to 20 years .\nthese catfish have a large head with small eyes . the mouth is large and there are three pairs of barbels , one on the upper jaw and two on the lower . as with all in its genus , they are tough skinned catfish with a well - developed nuchal shield in front of the dorsal fin . bony bony lumps form thorny scutes along the lateral line .\nthe dorsal fin stands erect and they have a strong first spine on their pectoral fins . they are called\ntalking catfish\nbecause they have the ability to produce audible sounds by rubbing their pectoral fins across grooves in the shoulder . this sound is amplified by the swim bladder . croaks or clicks will often be heard when removing them from their tank .\nthe pectoral spines can be extended out to the side in a very rigid manner and be used as a defensive weapon . these spines can easily become entangled in a net . untangling them is stressful to the fish and a bit dangerous for the keeper , as a prick from these spines can be quite painful .\nthe body color is a dark brown to bluish - black with an irregular pattern of small spots that can range from brilliant white to pale yellow . the fins are dark too , with both spots and stripes that may run together forming crosswise bars . their bellies are normally lighter in color with similar spots . as these catfish age they become more of a solid darker color with a white underside . no two look fish look exactly the alike .\n. in fact these two are so similar in looks that to distinguish them , you need to know where they are collected . the spotted raphael is from the amazon basin in bolivia , brazil , colombia and peru , while the spiny catfish has a very restricted occurrence , known only from the r\u00edo orinoco drainage in venezuela .\n10 years - they have an average lifespan of 10 years , however in captivity they have been known to live as much as 15 to 20 years .\nthe spotted raphael catfish is fairly hardy , making it a great choice for a beginning fish keeper . they are fairly small and and not very picky about what they eat . these are bottom scavengers that do a great job cleaning the tank .\ntheir water requirements are very easy to meet and their temperament is of a peaceful nature , making them good community fish . there is not usually much of a need to upgrade to a bigger tank as much as it is with some of the larger catfish , unless you want to increase the number of fish you ' re keeping . they do have sharp spines on the dorsal fins and so should be transported using a glass or plastic container rather than a net .\nthe spotted raphael catfish are omnivores and not fussy terms of feeding . in the wild they will feed on a variety of crustaceans , worms , insects , and plant matter . they are bottom feeders , and in the aquarium they will eat any food that reaches them . feed them daily , being nocturnal they prefer to be fed right before or after the lights are turned off on the aquarium .\nto keep a good balance give them high quality sinking pellets everyday , along with freeze - dried bloodworms and tubifex . they will also eat all kinds of live , frozen , and prepared foods , including flakes , that have sunk to the bottom . protein foods are important for them , so the occasional whole or chopped earthworm is good as a regular treat . they will eat snails , so can be employed to clean up a snail overpopulation , as long as the aquarium ' s conditions are suitable for this fish .\nomnivore - they do eat some plant matter in the wild , but protein is the main staple of their diet .\nyes - they will eat any foods that reach the bottom of the aquarium .\ndaily - this fish is nocturnal and prefers to be fed right before or after lights out in the aquarium .\nthese are hardy fish that tolerate most water conditions . in the wild the shallow flood waters of its homeland can cool off drastically at night , and they then tolerate temperatures as low as to 15\u00b0 c for a short period . but extremes should be avoided in the aquarium to avoid stress and illness .\nthey are very low maintenance and their tank only requires water changes of 30 % a month . there really isn ' t much that needs to be done for the easy going catfish . this is one of the catfish that have sharp spines not only on the dorsal fins but on the pectoral fin as well . it is better to capture them in a glass or plastic container for transport .\nmonthly - these low maintenance fish only require water changes of 30 % a month .\nthe spotted raphael catfish are moderately sized fish . they need a minimum sized tank of 35 gallons , with 45 gallons or more being better . they tend to be nocturnal , getting most active in the evening and nighttime when they come out to scavenge for food . they may seem shy during the day , spending much of their time hiding , but once they are comfortable they will come out for a swim around . as with most catfish they enjoy well oxygenated waters and this can be accomplished using an undergravel filter and a powerhead . they prefer slightly acid water with low hardness .\nprovide a dimly lit setup with hiding places . plants , twisted roots , and driftwood are the best decor . they will not harm plants and will appreciate some in floating cover as well , to help reduce the light . when young they tend to hide in dense vegetation , but they also like to wedge themselves into tight crevices and to burrow . provide a sandy or fine gravel bottom with at least one corner without plants .\n35 gal ( 132 l ) - a 35 gallon tank is minimum , but 45 gallons or more is better , especially for a larger community .\nthe spotted raphael catfish are peaceful bottom scavengers . they are a good community fish and are friendly with other medium to large community tank mates , avoid fish that are so small they could be considered food . they can be kept singly , but they have a gregarious nature and enjoy being in groups of 4 or more . they will also school with similar looking catfish relatives . with its armored thorny protection it usually be kept with more aggressive tankmates . south and central american cichlids , larger characins , pimelodus , and trichogaster are all good choices .\nno - although not venomous , the spotted raphael catfish is armed with a set of spines sharp enough to do damage to the aquarists hand .\nyes - this fish is gregarious and enjoys the company of its own kind , keeping 4 or more is recommended .\nmonitor - can usually be kept with semi - aggressive and even aggressive fish such as cichlids .\nthreat - is aggressive - the raphael catfish are sometimes used to rid an aquarium of snails .\nthe spotted raphael catfish has rarely been bred in captivity other than artificially with the use of hormones . some spawning success has said to have happened , but reported as being accidental and there is little information is available .\nit is believed that they may be a bubble nest builders in nature , with eggs laid among floating plants . it has been reported that other species of small doradidae could be called nest builders . in the tank they may gather up general debris or find an area with old leaf litter and tidbits of wood , and try to hide beneath it . then other fish of the same species will tend to swim around this\nnest .\nbut whether they had a successful spawn has not been reported . for information on the breeding of catfish in the aquarium , see : breeding freshwater fish : catfish .\nthe spotted raphael catfish are fairly hardy when mature , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium and these catfish are very resilient . the most common problem that happens to this fish are injuries from netting and transportation . take great caution when catching and removing this fish . high nitrate levels can also cause these catfish to develop infected barbels ; this makes it difficult for them to navigate and eat normally . maintain nitrate levels below 20 ppm through regular water changes .\nbecause they are a scaleless fish , catfish can be treated with pimafix or melafix but should not be treated with potassium permanganate or copper based medications . malachite green or formalin can be used at one half to one fourth the recommended dosage . take care when treating disease as the\nthe best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to add new diseases to the tank . for information about fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nthe spotted raphael catfish , also commonly called the spotted talking catfish , is readily available at pet stores and online , and is reasonable in price .\nlee finley , catfishes : the complete guide to the successful care and breeding of more than 100 catfish species , t . f . h publications , inc . 2003\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991\ni have one of these spotted raphael catfish . i never knew what he was until this evening after searching online . i ' ve had him for ten or more years . we ' ve always called him the screamer because he would screw when taken out of the water . anyway , this guy , or girl ? , has literally lived it ' s entire life inside a ceramic hide . it would grow too fat to get out , we ' d break it out eventually and it would go into another one . it ' s never swam around . the other dy we broke him out again and made sure there wasn ' t anything else for him to get stuck in . i ' m interested to see if he starts to swim around finally . he is currently snug between some rocks . he can definitely get out though if he wants .\nthey don ' t move around much during the day . i ' ve had a striped raphael for quite a long time and got the spotted one a year ago . they hide all day until night . i thought for sure my spotted one was stuck in a piece of driftwood . i tried like hell to get him out but couldn ' t . two nights later after i feed the tank and turned lights off here he comes wiggling out of the wood . i used to have ceramic hides but a friend of mines striped cut his soft belly on a one and got an infection and died so now i only use driftwood and rocks ( smooth ) .\ni have a raphael and he is indeed my favorite fish . believe it or not , i have had him for more than 30 years ! ! i bought him as a tiny baby about 1980 . he has outlived all other tankmates and even a disasterous event that killed every other fish in the tank for an unknown reason . he is quite large and loves to hide in a cave all the time . does anyone know how long these fish live ?\nat least two years prior to giving him to me . i gave my community tank to my brother when i went away to college . all his fish died except for the raphael . he then gave him to a neighbor who had a large cichlid tank . the neighbors fish all died except for the raphael . by this time i had moved back to the area and took the fish back . he ' s been doing great ever since . there have been a few times when i was moving him that i thought he was dead , since he did not swim or move at all , and he just layed upside down at the bottom of the bucket . seems like he was in some kind of suspended animation . this is my favorite fish , even though he doesn ' t move much during the day . he ' s had hundreds of tank mates over the last two decades and he ' s outlasted them all .\nupdate , 9 years later and my spotted raphael is still going strong . he is at least 27 years old now . he still perks up whenever i drop food in the tank and he seems as healthy as ever . it ' s amazing that an aquarium fish can live this long .\nhi community ! my spotted raphael was purchased in chico ca when i was a whole three years old . she ' s still doing strong to this day , which surprised be at first , considering i ' m currently 22 and i ' ve moved states twice .\nknowing nothing about keeping a fish , i kept her in a 20 gallon tank her whole life with a log in the back , with enough room to enter / exit from either side . she ' s roughly four and a half inches long and very fat .\nshe ' s extremely social , has never attacked my water snails or clams ( large invasive canal snails / clams ) , and always , without fail , eats anything i drop next to her log - even during the day . she ' s currently 20 years old and stil going strong .\ni really think it ' s due time the article be updated to show they live at least an average of 15 / 20 years , considering the other comments i ' ve read . anyway they ' re amazing fish , and having read the comments and article , i ' ll be upgrading to a 45 gallon tank and attempt to find another spotted raphael for her to be friends with .\nthank you for your story , and the great info . we have updated the article to include the longer lifespan that is possible in captivity .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\naquascaping - aquarium ideas from petfair 2013 , \u0142\u00f3d\u017a , poland , pt . 6\nit is not possible to visually sex this fish and there have been no records of it being bred in captivity .\nthis fish is generally peaceful towards similar sized or larger fish but can pose a threat to smaller fish .\nthis fish is generally nocturnal , young fish may venture out during the day for food but will otherwise remain hidden until after dark .\ntypical thorny catfish shape , dark base colour covered with attractive small light - coloured spots . these spots range from bright white to pale yellow .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 04 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 8 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 20 . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 ) , preferred ?\nopening hours monday - thursday : 7 . 00 am - 14 . 30 pm friday : closed\nthe spotted raphael catfish is also called the\ntalking catfish\n. this is because it seems to ' talk ' when you take it out of the aquarium ! ( actually it ' croaks ' or ' clicks ' faintly when it ' talks ' . )\nthis fish is peaceful and does well in a community aquarium . being nocturnal , the spotted raphael catfish or talking catfish is a bit shy and will look for a nice comfortable hiding place during the day .\nthe spotted raphael catfish , like the striped raphael , likes to burrow in the soft river bottom so provide a corner of fine gravel or sand . they also like some plant cover and hiding places like the hollows of roots . they will not harm plants .\nit is best to catch the spotted raphael catfish or talking catfish with a glass rather than a net as they are prone to sticking out their side spines in a very rigid manner when they are stressed . they can easily get caught in a net . not only is it difficult on both the fish and you when you try to get them untangled , it is also a bit dangerous . a prick from the spines of this fish is quite painful !"]}
{"id": 709, "summary": [{"text": "the hardyhead silverside ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) , also known as the broad-banded hardyhead , broad-banded silverside , capricorn hardyhead , pitted hardyhead , robust hardyhead , robust silverside , slender hardyhead and wide-banded hardyhead silverside , is a silverside of the family atherinidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it occurs in the indo-pacific near the surfaceas well as in the mediterranean , having invaded as a lessepsian migrant through the suez canal . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hardyhead silverside", "paragraphs": ["also known as baitfish , greybacks , atherinomorus ogilbyi , hardyhead silverside , broad - banded silverside , red sea silverside , slender hardyhead , whitebait .\nwhat does hardyhead silverside mean ? this page is about the various possible meanings of the acronym , abbreviation , shorthand or slang term : hardyhead silverside .\nthe hardyhead silverside , atherinomorus lacunosus , is a silverside of the family atherinidae , found in the indo - pacific near the surface . its length is up to 25 cm .\njurgen freund / hardyhead silverside ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) fish shoal in the reef . raja ampat , west papua , indonesia\nalso known as baitfish , greybacks , atherinomorus ogilbyi , hardyhead silverside , broad - banded silverside , red sea silverside , slender hardyhead and whitebait . found in large schools on sheltered sandy shorelines and mangrove areas . they feed on zooplankton . length - 14cm depth - 1 - 39m widespread indo pacific these fish are common on shorelines , important food for larger fish species although no commercial value .\na new silverside , atherinomorus aetholepis sp . nov . , from the west pacific\ntony wu / hardyhead silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) swarming under the jetty at samarai island in milne bay , papua new guinea .\nlike other species of silverside , it is likely that this species is abundant and common throughout its range in areas of appropriate habitat .\nthe flyspecked hardyhead eats mainly mosquito larvae and aquatic insects . it will also eat crustaceans and has been observed eating algae in aquaria .\na greenish - grey hardyhead with an iridescent blue line running along the upper edge of the broad silver midlateral stripe along the side .\ntony wu / hardyhead silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) huge shoal swarming under the jetty at samarai island in milne bay , papua new guinea .\njustification : the bearded silverside , atherion elymus , has been assessed as least concern . this wide - ranging species is found in a number of habitats and is not known to be under any major threat . like other species of silverside , this species is likely to be abundant and common throughout much of its range .\nthe video clip\ncommon lionfish or red lion fish - pterois miles , swimming next to large school of fish hardyhead silverside - atherinomorus lacunosus , red sea , marsa alam , abu dabab , egypt\nfrom andriy nekrasov is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 30 credits ( credit from $ 0 . 74 ) .\nthe flyspecked hardyhead has a slender body covered with black dots . the species is endemic to australia . it occurs in some freshwater streams of the northern territory to southern queensland .\nthe bearded silverside , atherion elymus , is distributed from southern japan , south to northern queensland . it has also been collected from localities close to islands in micronesia , melanesia , fiji and new guinea .\nthe related unspecked hardyhead , craterocephalus fulvus , was originally described as a subspecies of c . stercusmuscarum . this species occurs in coastal drainages from southern queensland to northern new south wales and the murray - darling river system .\nbearded silverside occur in loose aggregations in the photic zone and are found in tidepools , rocky reefs , along rocky shorelines and reef margins . eggs of this species are large and self adhesive . this species has a depth profile of 0 - 6 m .\nthe flyspecked hardyhead has a slender body covered with black dots . this pattern gave rise to the common name . the fish is golden yellow to deep green above , changing to white below . a dusky to silver stripe runs from the snout to the caudal peduncle .\nivantsoff , w . and l . e . l . m . crowley0 review of the australian silverside fishes of the genus atherinomorus ( atherinidae ) . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 42 ( 5 ) : 479 - 505 . ( ref . 2909 )\nfinrays iv - vii , i - ii + 9 - 10 ; anal finrays 1 - 11 + 12 - 17 . scales in longitudinal series 40 .\nscientific synonyms and common names atherinomorus lacunosus forster , 1801 synonyms : pranesus pinguis lacep\u00e8de , 1803 atherina pinguis lacep\u00e8de , 1803 , hist . nat . poiss . , 5 : 372 , pl . 11 ( fig . 1 ) ( \u00eele maurice ) . type : lost . atherina pectoralis valenciennes , 1835 , in cuv . val . , hist . nat . poiss . , 10 : 447 . syntypes : mnhn no . a 962 ( red sea ) , a 4395 ( suez ) . atherina forskalii r\u00fcppell , 1835a , fische des rothen meeres , pl . 33 ( fig . 1 ) ( red sea ) . atherina pinguis : klunzinger , 1884 : 130 , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) . atherina forskalii : klunzinger , 1884 , 130 , pl . 11 ( fig . 3 ) jordan & hubbs , 1917 : 462 , pl . 46 roux - est\u00e8ve & fourmanoir , 1955 : 196 . hepsetia pinguis : jordan & hubbs , 1919 : 32 gruvel & chabanaud , 1937 : 11 ben - tuvia , 1953a : 16 , fig . 9 . alanetta forskali : steinitz & ben - tuvia , 1955 : 5 . pranesus pinguis : smith , 1965 : 616 , pl . 99 ( fig . a , b , c ) . common names : ' abou zoubara ' and ' cachcouch ' , given by gruvel & chabanaud in the suez canal .\n* lacep\u00e8de , b . 1798 - 1803 . histoire naturelle des poissons , 5 vol . in - 4 , paris . i : 1798 , 8 + cxlvii + 532 p . , 25 pl . , 1 tabl . ( inset ) ; ii : 1800 , ixiv + 632 p . , 20 pl . ; iii : 1801 , 558 p . , 34 pl . ; iv : 1802 , xliv + 728 p . , 16 pl . ; v : 1803 , xlviii + 803 p . , 21 pl .\nben - tuvia , a . 1955 . two indo - pacific fishes , dasyatis uarnak and upeneus rnoluccensis in the eastern mediterranean . nature , lond . , 176 ( 4494 ) : 1177 - 1178 .\ngruvel , a . ; chabanaud , p . 1937 . missions a . gruvel dans le canal de suez . ii . poissons . m\u00e9m . inst . \u00e9gypt . , 35 : 1 - 30 . , 29 fig .\njordan , d . s . ; hubbs , c . l . 1917 . notes on a collection of fishes from port said , egypt . ann . carneg . mus . , 11 : 461 - 468 .\njordan , d . s . ; hubbs , c . l . 1919 . a monographic review of the family of atherinidae or silversides . stanford univ . publs . , biol . sci . , 87 p . , 12 pl .\nklunzinger , c . b . 1884 . die fische des rothen meeres . eine kritische revision mit bestimmungstabellen . i . acanthopteri veri . stuttgart : 133 p . , fig . , 13 pl .\nroux - est\u00e8ve , r . ; fourmanoir , p . 1955 . poissons in r\u00e9sultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ' calypso ' . campagne 1951 - 52 en mer rouge . annls inst . oc\u00e9anogr . monaco , 30 : 195 - 203 , 2 fig .\nr\u00fcppell , e . 1835a . fische des rothen meeres , ( 4 ) : 148 p . , 33 pl . , in neue wirbelthiere zu der fauna von abyssinien geh\u00f6rig . frankfurt am main , 1835 - 1840 .\nsmith , j . l . b . 1965b . fishes of the family atherinidae of the red sea and the western indian ocean . ichthyol . bull . rhodes univ . , ( 31 ) : 615 .\nsteinitz , h . ; ben - tuvia , a . 1955 . fishes from eylath ( gulf of agaba ) , red sea . 2nd rep . bull . sea fish . res . stn israel , ( 11 ) : 3 - 15 .\natherinomorus forskalii . a holotype , smf 1898 , 109 mm sl , from jiddah , saudi arabia ( red sea ) . b non - type material , huj 5292 , 113 mm sl , from elat , israel ( red sea ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s1 )\natherinomorus lacunosus . a holotype , mnhn a . 4400 , 75 mm sl , from new caledonia . b holotype of atherina morrisi , cas - su 9354 , 102 mm sl , from yaku i . , kagoshima , japan . c holotype of hepsetia pinguis mineri , amnh 19519 , 79 mm sl , from pago pago , samoa ( photographed by t . fukuhara ) . d holotype of pranesus capricornensis , qm i . 8201 , 93 mm sl , from heron i . , capricorn group , queensland , australia . e holotype of pranesus maculatus , ams ib . 5238 , 81 mm sl , from gulf of carpentaria , northern territory , australia . f holotype of pranesus pinguis ruppelli , smf 6856 , 87 mm sl , from jidda , saudi arabia . g non - type material , frlm 26461 , 106 mm sl , from bitung , north sulawesi , indonesia ( fresh condition ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s2 )\natherinomorus pinguis . a neotype , saiab 5682 , 105 mm sl , from mauritius . b lectotype of atherina pectoralis , mnhn a 4305 , 103 mm sl , mauritius . c non - type material , frlm 28706 , 86 mm sl , from libong i . , trang , thailand ( fresh condition ) . ( for a color version of this figure , see electronic supplementary material , fig . s3 )\nobservations on a collection of fishes from the mauritius , presented by mr . telfair , with characters of new genera and species\ncharacters of two new species of fishes , from the mauritius , presented by mr . telfair\ncatalogue critique des types de poissons du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . ( suite ) ( mugiliformes et polyn\u00e9miformes )\nbloch me , schneider jo ( 1801 ) m . e . blochii , systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit jo . gottlob schneider saxo . berolini . sumtibus austoris impressum et bibliopolio sanderiano commissum , berlin\nfricke r ( 1999 ) fishes of the mascarene islands ( r\u00e9union , mauritius , rodriguez ) . an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz , k\u00f6nigstein\nivantsoff w ( 1984 ) atherinidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 2 . fao , rome , pp \u201cather ather 1\u201d to \u201cather ter 1\u201d\neds . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 4\na monographic review of the family of atherinidae or silversides . leland stanford junior university publications\nredescriptions of the indo - west pacific atherinid fishes , atherinomorus endrachtensis ( quoy and gaimard , 1825 ) and a . duodecimalis ( valenciennes in cuvier and valenciennes , 1835 )\neds . fishes of bitung , northern tip of sulawesi , indonesia . ocean research institute\ndie fische des rothen meeres . eine kritische revision mit bestimmungstabellen . i . teil\nstandards in herpetology and ichthyology . part 1 . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology\nquoy jrc , gaimard jp ( 1824\u20131825 ) chapter ix . description des poissons . in : de freycinet l ( ed ) voyage autour du monde \u2026 ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 sur les corvettes de l . m . \u201cl ' uranie\u201d et \u201cla physicienne , \u201d pendant les ann\u00e9es 1817 , 1818 , 1819 et 1820 , vol 3 . pillet a\u00een\u00e9 , paris , pp 192\u2013401 , pls 43\u201365\nr\u00fcppell e ( 1835\u20131838 ) neue wirbelthiere zu der fauna von abyssinien geh\u00f6rig , entdeckt und beschrieben . fische des rothen meeres . commission bei siegmund schmerber , frankfurt am main\nfishes of the marshall and marianas islands , vol i . families from asymmetrontidae through siganidae\ngreek , atherina , the greek name for the eperlane + greek , moros = silly , stupid ( ref . 45335 )\nwestern indian ocean : endemic to the red sea and has invaded the eastern mediterranean through the suez canal .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 58474 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 15 ; vertebrae : 40 - 44 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters : lateral process of premaxilla very low and wide ; upper margin of dentary almost flat distally , no distinct tubercle at the posterior end ; posterior tip of the upper jaw reaching to or exceeding a vertical through anterior margin of the pupil , and not reaching to a vertical through center of the pupil ; teeth on endopterygoids large , forming distinct ridges ; anus located around posterior tip of the pelvic fin ; lower gill rakers 20 - 23 ; midlateral scale count 39 - 43 ; lower margin of midlateral band reaching to or just below ventral end of the midlateral ( third ) scale row at the level of the anal fin origin ( ref . 58474 ) .\nfeeds on zooplankton , small bottom - living invertebrates ( ref . 5980 ) .\nkimura , s . , d . golani , y . iwatsuki , m . tabuchi and t . yoshino , 2007 . redescriptions of the indo - pacific atherinid fishes atherinomorus forskalii , atherinomorus lacunosus , and atherinomorus pinguis . ichthyol . res . 54 ( 2 ) : 145 - 159 . ( ref . 58474 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 4 , mean 27 . 1 ( based on 78 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 39 m ( ref . 11897 ) . subtropical ; 32\u00b0n - 23\u00b0s , 38\u00b0e - 154\u00b0w\nindo - pacific : from east africa to tonga , north to southern japan , and south to northern australia ; except andaman sea . replaced by atherinomorus insularum in the hawaiian islands ( ref . 37816 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 5 - 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 17 ; vertebrae : 43 - 44 . this species is distinguished by the following characters : lateral process of premaxilla very low and wide ; upper margin of the dentary almost flat distally , no distinct tubercle at the posterior end ; posterior tip of the upper jaw reaching to or beyond a vertical through anterior margin of the pupil , sometimes reaching to the center of pupil ; small teeth on endopterygoids , not forming obvious ridges ; the anus is near or usually behind the posterior tip of the pelvic fin ; lower gill rakers 18 - 24 ; midlateral scale count 40 - 44 ; lower margin of midlateral band reaching below ventral end of the midlateral ( third ) scale row and reaching to almost the center of the fourth scale row at level of the anal fin origin ( ref . 58474 ) .\ncommon in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . reported to be mainly a nocturnal species which usually forms schools ( from several hundred to more than 100 m long and 20 m wide ) ( ref . 9760 ) . feeds mostly at night when the school disperse . feeds on a variety of planktonic crustaceans . preyed upon by sharks , tunas , long toms , and amberjacks which swim alongside the school . among its other predators are crested terns , gannets , sea - gulls and herons . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . sold fresh , or salted and dried ( ref . 12484 ) . minimum depth reported taken from ref . 57178 .\n) : 24 . 9 - 29 . 1 , mean 28 ( based on 1080 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00412 - 0 . 01333 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 3 . 00 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 39 of 100 ) .\ncommon in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . reported to be mainly a nocturnal species which usually forms schools ( from several hundred to more than 100 m long and 20 m wide ) ( ref . 9760 ) . feeds mostly at night when the school disperse . feeds on a variety of planktonic crustaceans . preyed upon by sharks , tunas , long toms , and amberjacks which swim alongside the school . among its other predators are crested terns , gannets , sea - gulls and herons . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . sold fresh , or salted and dried ( ref . 12484 ) . minimum depth reported taken from ref . 57178 .\nworms and fishbase have the current accepted taxon for this fish as\natherinomorus lacunosus\nand\npranesus maculatus\nas a synonym .\njeff holmes set\nimage of atherinomorus lacunosus\nas an exemplar on\natherinomorus\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis fish is often mistaken for anchovies . they look pretty similar and can be caught on small feathered jigs . the difference is that they have much larger eyes and harder body compared to the indian anchovies . they can often be sighted swimming near surface in schools near covers such as jetties or piers .\nthey can be caught using small shrimps or prawn meat or simply feathered jig if they ' re in the feeding mood . they ' re not known to be an effective bait for fishing compared to herrings and anchovies .\ndescription common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . feeds on . . .\ndescription common in large schools along sandy shorelines and reef margins . slow moving and not well regarded as bait . feeds on zooplankton , small bottom - living invertebrates ( ref . 5980 ) . extremely important as forage fish for larger species ( ref . 3302 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nking , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nben rais lasram , f . ; mouillot , d . ( 2008 ) . increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna . biological invasions . 11 ( 3 ) : 697 - 711 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina forskali r\u00fcppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hapsetia pinguis ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina affinis bennett , 1832 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina lacunosa forster , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina morrisi jordan & starks , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina punctata bennett , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherinomorus lacunosa ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherion morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hepsetia morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hepsetia pinguis ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus capricornensis woodland , 1961 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus forskalii ( r\u00fcppell , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus lacunosus ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus maculatus taylor , 1964 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus morrisi ( jordan & starks , 1906 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus pinguis ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus pinguis r\u00fcppelli smith , 1965 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina puntata bennett , 1833 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina forskalli r\u00fcppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of allanetta forskali ( r\u00fcppell , 1838 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherinomorous lacunosus ( forster , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus pinguis ruppelli smith , 1965 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pranesus pinguis mineri nichols & roemhild , 1951 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nalex mustard / pair of bar jacks ( caranx ruber ) hunting silversides ( atherinidae ) inside cave . devil & apos ; s grotto , george town , grand cayman , cayman islands , british west indies . caribbean sea .\nalex mustard / silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) school just below surface in evening light , berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .\nalex mustard / soft corals ( dendronephthya hemprichi ) growing in very shallow water in the shade provided by a jetty , while a school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) circle . berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .\nalex mustard / school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosus ) mass below a jetty , creating a false ceiling of fish . berenice jetty , aqaba , jordan . gulf of aqaba , jordan .\njurgen freund / large school of silversides ( atherinomorus lacunosa ) around the reef , moluccas islands , indonesia .\ncitation : use the citation options below to add these abbreviations to your bibliography .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .\nthere is no directed commercial fishery for this species . it is infrequently collected for use as bait , however this is unlikely to be driving a significant population decline . this species is likely to be undergoing localised declines in areas of coastal development and urban pollution discharge .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place , or needed , for this species . however its distribution is likely to coincide with a number of marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\nacu\u00f1a , r . e . , a . e . openiano and a . b . apongan0 finfish resources . in resource and ecological assessment of panguil bay - terminal report vol . 3 resources of panguil bay . mindanao state university at naawan . ( ref . 47691 )\nallen , g . r . and m . v . erdmann0 reef fishes of the east indies . perth , australia : universitiy of hawai ' i press , volumes i - iii . tropical reef research . ( ref . 90102 )\nallen , g . r . 0 reef fishes of milne bay province , papua new guinea . in t . werner and g . allen ( eds ) . a rapid biodiversity assessment of the coral reefs of milne bay province , papua new guinea . rap working papers 11 , conservation international , washington , d . c . ( ref . 41464 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa . ( ref . 41414 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the bernice p . bishop museum ( bpbm ) . bishop museum , 1525 bernice street , honolulu , hawai ` i , 96817 - 0916 usa . ( ref . 31667 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the gulf coast research laboratory ( gcrl ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ( gcrl ) , ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 34634 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown , south africa . ( ref . 36670 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes . ( ref . 38732 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the national museums of kenya . national museums of kenya , p . o . box 40658 , nairobi , kenya . ( ref . 31740 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . ( ref . 31982 )\nanonymous0 fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen . ( ref . 40919 )\nanonymous0 fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum . ( ref . 47438 )\nanonymous0 fish collection of the university of the philippines in the visayas museum . upv museum . ( ref . 43309 )\nanonymous0 fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium . ( ref . 12818 )\nanonymous0 the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of ichthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . ( ref . 35508 )\nbaissac , j . de b . 0 swiop / wp / 54 - checklist of the marine fishes of mauritius . raf / 87 / 008 / wp / 54 / 90 regional project for the development & management of fisheries in the southwest indian ocean . ( ref . 58078 )\nbasmayor , l . o . , r . d . dioneda and v . s . soliman0 the fishes and invertebrates of san miguel bay . p . 36 - 47 . in v . s . soliman and r . d . dioneda ( eds . ) capture fisheries assessment of san miguel bay , post - resource and ecological assessment of san miguel bay , phil . , vol . 1 . bfar , fish . sect . prog . and bicol univ . coll . of fish . smb post - rea tech . rep . 1 , 60 p . ( ref . 45161 )\nbianchi , g . 0 fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish - water species of tanzania . prepared and published with the support of tcp / urt / 4406 and fao ( firm ) regular programme . fao , rome . 199 p . ( ref . 2871 )\nbilecenoglu , m . 0 alien marine fishes of turkey - an updated review . p . 189 - 217 . in golani , d . and b . appelbaum - golani ( eds . ) . fish invasions in the mediterranean sea : change and renewal . pensoft . sofia - moscow . ( ref . 94612 )\nbundesanstalt f\u00fcr landwirtschaft und ern\u00e4hrung0 verzeichnis der handelsbezeichnungen f\u00fcr erzeugnisse der fischerei und der aquakultur . retrieved 17 june 2003 , from urltoken . ( ref . 47487 )\ncarl , h . 0 danish fish names . zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished . ( ref . 51471 )\nchen , c . - h . 0 checklist of the fishes of penghu . fri special publication no . 4 . 175 p . ( ref . 55073 )\nchilika development authority0 fishes of lake chilika . letter from s . k . mohanty , fishery consultant . chilika development authority . ( march 2014 ) . ( ref . 95460 )\nchinese academy of fishery sciences0 chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken ( ref . 58108 )\ncinco , e . and j . diaz jr . 0 length - weight relationship of fishes caught in san miguel bay , philippines . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 45187 )\ncinco , e . a . , j . c . diaz , q . p . sia iii and g . t . silvestre0 a checklist of fishes caught in san miguel bay , philippines . in g . silvestre , c . luna and j . padilla ( eds . ) multidisciplinary assessment of the fisheries in san miguel bay , philippines ( 1992 - 1993 ) . iclarm technical report 47 . international center for living aquatic resources management , makati , philippines . ( ref . 43275 )\ncinco , e . a . , p . r . confiado , g . c . trono and d . j . r . mendoza0 resource and ecological assessment of sorsogon bay , philippines - technical reports vol . 5 inputs to an integrated coastal resources management plan of sorsogon bay . fisheries sector program department of agriculture - asian development bank , united business technologies , inc . , pasig , philippines . ( ref . 47565 )\ncinco , e . a . 0 resource and ecological assessment of sorsogon bay , philippines - technical reports vol . 3 capture fisheries assessment . fisheries sector program department of agriculture - asian development bank , united business technologies , inc . , pasig philippines . 158 p . ( ref . 47531 )\ncorsini - foka , m . 0 current status of alien species in greek seas . p . 219 - 253 . in golani , d . and b . appelbaum - golani ( eds . ) . fish invasions in the mediterranean sea : change and renewal . pensoft . sofia - moscow . ( ref . 93646 )\nde bruin , g . h . p . , b . c . russell and a . bogusch0 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . the marine fishery resources of sri lanka . rome , fao . 400 p . ( ref . 11298 )\nde la paz , r . m . , n . aragones and d . agulto0 coral - reef fishes off western calatagan , batangas ( luzon island , philippines ) with notes on new and rare captures and controversial taxa . philipp . j . sci . 117 : 237 - 318 . ( ref . 6956 )\ndepartment of fisheries malaysia0 valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p . ( ref . 85449 )\neconomidis , p . s . and e . koutrakis0 common names of comercially important hellenic marine organisms . aristotle university , unpublished technical report . ( ref . 41475 )\neconomidis , p . s . 0 common names of hellenic marine fishes . aristotle university , unpublished technical report . ( ref . 41474 )\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) 0 catalog of fishes . updated database version of 2 july 2009 . catalog databases of cas cited in fishbase ( website ) . ( ref . 81932 )\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) 0 catalog of fishes . updated database version of december 2001 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in december 2001 . ( ref . 40966 )\neschmeyer , w . n . 0 catalog of the genera of recent fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco , usa . 697 p . ( ref . 1830 )\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905\nfao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , april 2014 . ( ref . 95632 )\nfao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , march 2012 . ( ref . 90062 )\nfao - fies0 aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken , [ accessed 13 / 04 / 2015 ] . ( ref . 101110 )\nfischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga0 fichas fao de identifica\u00e7ao de esp\u00e9cies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das esp\u00e9cies comerciais marinhas e de \u00e1guas salobras de mo\u00e7ambique . publica\u00e7ao preparada em collabora\u00e7ao com o instituto de investiga\u00e7ao pesquiera de mo\u00e7ambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p . ( ref . 5213 )\nfouda , m . m . and g . v . hermosa jr . 0 a checklist of oman fishes . sultan qaboos university press , sultanate of oman . 42 p . ( ref . 6365 )\nfourmanoir , p . 0 ichthyologie et p\u00eache aux comores . m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar , s\u00e9r . a , 9 : 187 - 238 . ( ref . 13510 )\nfricke , r . 1999 . fishes of the mascarene islands ( r\u00e9union , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p .\nfricke , r . , m . kulbicki and l . wantiez0 checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde a , neue serie 4 : 341 - 463 . ( ref . 86942 )\nfricke , r . 0 fishes of the mascarene islands ( r\u00e9union , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p . ( ref . 33390 )\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) ( 2015 ) . fishbase ( version jan 2015 ) . in : species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 26th august 2015 ( roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , kunze t . , flann c . , bailly n . , kirk p . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , eds ) . digital resource at urltoken . species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales0 common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , philippines . 385 p . ( ref . 31411 )\ngell , f . r . and m . w . whittington0 diversity of fishes in seagrass beds in the quirimba archipelago , northern mozambique . mar . freshwat . res . 53 : 115 - 121 . ( ref . 41878 )\ngoeden , g . b . 0 a monograph of the coral trout , plectropomus leopardus ( lacep\u00e8de ) . queensland fish . serv . res . bull . 1 : 1 - 42 . ( ref . 2160 )\ngolani , d . and s . v . bogorodsky0 the fishes of the red sea - reappraisal and updated checklist . zootaxa 2463 : 1 - 135 . ( ref . 84159 )\ngrabda , e . and t . heese0 polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p . ( in polish ) . ( ref . 6313 )\nhardy , j . d . jr . ( comp . ) 0 coral reef fish species . noaanational oceanographic data center . nodc coral reef data and information management system . usa . 537 p . ( ref . 48497 )\nhaudricourt , a . - g . and f . ozanne - rivierre0 dictionnaire th\u00e9matique des langues de la r\u00e9gion de hiengh\u00e8ne ( nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ) . lacito - documents . asie - austron\u00e9sie . selaf , paris , france . ( ref . 5970 )\nhelfman , g . s . and j . e . randall0 palauan fish names . pac . sci . 27 ( 2 ) : 136 - 153 . ( ref . 10494 )\nherre , a . w . c . t . and a . f . umali0 english and local common names of philippine fishes . u . s . dept . of interior and fish and wildl . serv . circular no . 14 , u . s . gov ' t printing office , washington . 128 p . ( ref . 2857 )\nhiatt , r . w . and d . w . strasburg0 ecological relationships of the fish fauna on coral reefs of the marshall islands . ecol . monogr . 30 ( 1 ) : 65 - 127 . ( ref . 275 )\nhla win , u . 0 checklist of fishes of burma . ministry of livestock breeding and fisheries , department of fisheries , burma . ( ref . 5736 )\nhobson , e . s . and j . r . chess0 feeding oriented movements of the atherinid fish praneus pinguis at majuro atoll , marshall islands . fish . bull . 71 ( 3 ) : 777 - 786 . ( ref . 13784 )\nhoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton and g . r . allen0 fishes . in beasley , o . l . and a . wells ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . 2 australia : abrs & csiro publishing , 1472 p . ( ref . 75154 )\nhuang , z . 0 marine species and their distribution in china ' s seas . p . 404 - 463 . vertebrata . smithsonian institution , florida , usa . 598 p . ( ref . 47843 )\nhureau , j . - c . 0 la base de donn\u00e9es gicim : gestion informatis\u00e9e des collections ichthyologiques du mus\u00e9um . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas pr\u00e9liminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la p\u00eache , minist\u00e8re de l ' environnement , cemagref et mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris . ( ref . 4517 )\nivantsoff , w . and l . e . l . m . crowley0 atherinidae . silversides ( or hardyheads ) . p . 2113 - 2139 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 9760 )\nivantsoff , w . 0 atherinidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 1 . ( ref . 3302 )\nkailola , p . j . 0 the fishes of papua new guinea . a revised and annotated checklist . vol . 1 . myxinidae to synbranchidae . research bulletin no . 41 . department of fisheries and marine resources , port moresby , papua new guinea . 194 p . ( ref . 6993 )\nkapoor , d . , r . dayal and a . g . ponniah0 fish biodiversity of india . national bureau of fish genetic resources lucknow , india . 775 p . ( ref . 45255 )\nkatsanevakis , s . , k . tsiamis , g . ioannou , n . michailidis and a . zenetos0 inventory of alien marine species of cyprus ( 2009 ) . mediterranean marine science 10 ( 2 ) : 109 - 133 . ( ref . 95695 )\nkhalaf , m . a . and a . m . disi0 fishes of the gulf of aqaba . marine science station , aqaba , jordan . 252 p . 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( ref . 47702 )\nkuo , s . - r . and k . - t . shao0 species composition of fish in the coastal zones of the tsengwen estuary , with descriptions of five new records from taiwan . zool . stud . 38 ( 4 ) : 391 - 404 . ( ref . 36073 )\nlarson , h . k . and b . pidgeon0 new records of freshwater fishes from east timor . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory vol . 20 : 195 - 198 . ( ref . 78572 )\nleblic , i . and m . - h . teuli\u00e8res0 systemes techniques et sociaux d ' exploitation traditionnelle des ressources marines des p\u00eacheurs kanaks du nord et du sud de la cal\u00e9donie . rapport pour les appels d ' offre appartenance r\u00e9gionale et identit\u00e9 culturelle 1983 . transmission des savoirs 1984 . ( ref . 6026 )\nletourneur , y . , m . kulbicki and p . labrosse0 length - weight relationships of fish from coral reefs and lagoons of new caledonia , southwestern pacific ocean : an update . naga iclarm q . 21 ( 4 ) : 39 - 46 . ( ref . 26587 )\nletourneur , y . , p . chabanet , p . durville , m . taquet , e . teissier , m . parmentier , j . - c . qu\u00e9ro and k . pothin0 an updated checklist of the marine fish fauna of reunion island , south - western indian ocean . cybium 28 ( 3 ) : 199 - 216 . ( ref . 53568 )\nlewis , a . d . , b . r . smith and c . p . ellway0 a guide to the common tuna baitfishes of the south pacific commission area . south pacific commission , handbook no . 23 , noumea , new caledonia . ( ref . 6822 )\nlieske , e . and r . myers0 collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . haper collins publishers , 400 p . ( ref . 9710 )\nmasuda , h . and g . r . allen0 meeresfische der welt - gro\u00df - indopazifische region . tetra verlag , herrenteich , melle . 528 p . ( ref . 9137 )\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino0 the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\nmccormack , g . 0 cook islands biodiversity and natural heritage database . sent by gerald mccormack as rtf document in may 2000 for use in fishbase . ( ref . 34027 )\nmercene , e . c . 0 freshwater fishes of the philippines . p . 81 - 105 . in r . guerrero iii , a . calpe , and l . darvin ( eds . ) . aquatic biology research and development in the philippines ( proceedings of the first nat ' l symposium - workshop on aquatic biology r & d ; , nov . 28 - 29 , 1995 , los ba\u00f1os , laguna ) . pcamrd bk . ser . 20 . ( ref . 13446 )\nmohsin , a . k . m . and m . a . ambak0 marine fishes and fisheries of malaysia and neighbouring countries . university of pertanian malaysia press , serdang , malaysia . 744 p . ( ref . 27550 )\nmohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam0 malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p . ( ref . 5756 )\nmonkolprasit , s . , s . sontirat , s . vimollohakarn and t . songsirikul0 checklist of fishes in thailand . office of environmental policy and planning , bangkok , thailand . 353 p . ( ref . 37773 )\nmorton , b . 0 the coastal seafood of hong kong . p . 125 - 150 . in b . s . morton ( ed . ) the future of the hong kong seashore oxford university press , news building , nort point , hong kong . ( ref . 12087 )\nmutia , m . t . m . , m . d . l . magistrado and m . c . muyot0 status of sardinella tawilis in taal lake , batangas , philippines . proceedings of the 8th zonal research and development review , october 6 - 7 , 2004 , de la salle university , taft avenue , manila . cd - rom . philippine council for aquatic and marine r & d ; and southern luzon zonal center for aquatic and marine r & d : los ba\u00f1os , laguna . ( ref . 81494 )\nmyers , r . f . 0 micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\nmyers , r . f . 0 micronesian reef fishes : a practical guide to the identification of the inshore marine fishes of the tropical central and western pacific . first edition . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 4538 )\nmyers , r . f . 0 micronesian reef fishes : a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia , 3rd revised and expanded edition . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 330 p . ( ref . 37816 )\nng , h . h . , h . h . tan and k . k . p . lim0 the inland fishes of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . raffles bull . zool . 1999 ( suppl . 6 ) : 169 - 187 . ( ref . 41184 )\nnguyen , h . p . and n . t . nguyen0 checklist of marine fishes in vietnam . vol . 2 . osteichthyes , from elopiformes to mugiliformes . science and technics publishing house , vietnam . ( ref . 9706 )\nnguyen , n . t . and v . q . nguyen0 biodiversity and living resources of the coral reef fishes in vietnam marine waters . science and technology publishing house , hanoi . ( ref . 58534 )\nni , i . - h . and k . - y . kwok0 marine fish fauna in hong kong waters . zool . stud . 38 ( 2 ) : 130 - 152 . ( ref . 31075 )\nnorman , j . r . 0 xxv . report on fishes . cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . trans . zool . soc . lond . 22 : 375 - 390 . ( ref . 12829 )\nnurettin meri\u00e7 , l\u00fctfiye eryilmaz , m\u00fcfit \u00f6zulug ( 2007 ) : a catalogue of the fishes held in the istanbul university , science faculty , hydrobiology museum . zootaxa 1472 , 29 - 54 : 40 - 40 , urltoken\nokiyama , m . 0 an atlas of the early stage fishes in japan . koeltz scientific books , germany . 1154 p . ( ref . 9902 )\npapaconstantinou , c . 0 check - list of marine fishes of greece . fauna graeciae iv , 257 p . ( ref . 48657 )\nparatype : taylor , w . r . 1964 . records of the american - australian scientific expedition to arnhem land . 4 : 140 , pl . 26 .\npaulin , c . , a . stewart , c . roberts and p . mcmillan0 new zealand fish : a complete guide . national museum of new zealand miscellaneous series no . 19 . 279 p . 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{"id": 712, "summary": [{"text": "motobdella montezuma is a species of leech which is only found in montezuma well , central arizona , united states .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a nocturnal pelagic predator that feeds almost exclusively on the endemic amphipod hyalella montezuma , which it detects using passive sonar and swallows whole . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "motobdella montezuma", "paragraphs": ["phylogenetic relationships of three genera of erpobdellidae ( hirudinoidea ) , with a description of a new genus , motobdella , and species , motobdella sedonensis .\nhyalella montezuma , a new species ( crustacea : amphipoda ) from montezuma well , arizona .\ngovedich , f . r . , d . blinn , p . keim , and r . w . davies . 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of three genera of erpobdellidae ( hirudinoidea ) , with a description of a new genus , motobdella , and species , motobdella sedonensis . canadian journal of zoology 76 : 2164 - 2171 .\nleech , glossiphoniidae , helobdella blinni sp . n . , new species , montezuma well\n, the well and montezuma castle preserve extraordinary examples of prehistoric sinagua cliff dwelling sites .\n- and watkins , r . c . 1977 . hyalella montezuma a new species ( crustecea : amphipoda ) from montezuma well , arizona . - hydrobiologia 52 : 175 - 184 .\nmontezuma well ( mowe ) became a detached unit of montezuma castle national monument in 1943 to protect the\nobjects of scientific interest\nlocated there . nps interpretation of montezuma well focuses on three major scientific themes : native american prehistory , water chemistry , and unique biology .\nerpobdella montezuma ( hirudinoidea : erpobdellidae ) , a new species of freshwater leech from north america .\nwagner vt , blinn dw . ( 1987 ) montezuma well : the living desert oasis . urltoken\nyet other aquatic organisms flourish in their place . many of these other aquatic organisms are only found there , including the endemic leech motobdella montezuma . former northern arizona university ( nau ) professor dean blinn identified and documented the life - history of many of these endemic organisms in the 1980s and 1990s including 12 undescribed species of :\nproclaimed the montezuma castle national monument on december 8 , 1906 , including 840 acres on and around montezuma well . after passage of the national park service organic act in 1916 , the monument was transferred to the newly formed national park service .\nmontezuma well is a limestone sinkhole in the verde valley . arsenic seeps naturally from the rocks , which makes the water toxic to most living things . a research team at northern arizona university discovered the montezuma well leech has a unique way of dealing with arsenic .\nlocation of helobdella blinni sp . n . a the northeast side of montezuma well ; and b the swallet where the leeches were collected .\ntravertine : a mineral deposit of calcium carbonate that forms through precipitation in a hot spring , like montezuma well , or from the calcium - rich water on cave dripstones .\nhevly , r . h . 1974 . recent paleoenvironments and geological history of montezuma well . - j . ariz . acad . sci . 9 : 66 - 75 .\nblinn , d . w . , dehdashti , b . , runck , c . , and davies , r . w . ( 1990 ) . the importance of prey size and density in an endemic predator - prey couple ( leech erpobdella montezuma - amphipod hyalella montezuma ) . j . anim . ecol . , 59 : 187 - 192 .\n- and barry , w . t . 1973 . montezuma well , arizona , as a habitat . - j . ariz . acad . sci . 8 : 7 - 13 .\na leech occupies the top spot in the food chain at montezuma well near camp verde . surprisingly , its body contains the highest level of arsenic ever recorded in a living organism .\ngovedich , f . r . , blinn , d . w . , keim , p . , and davies , r . w . ( 1998 ) . phylogenetic relationships of three genera of erpobdellidae ( hirudinoidea ) , with a description of a new genus ( motobdella ) and species , m , sedonensis . can . j . zool . , 76 ( 12 ) : 2164 - 2171 .\npelagic : living in or relating to open water , especially surface waters to the middle depths . this would be away from the shore of montezuma well where the leeches feed on the amphipod at night .\nendemic : indigenous to , and restricted to , a particular area . the leech and amphipod studied are endemic to montezuma well , meaning they ' re found only in this location and nowhere else on earth .\nbatchelder , g . l . 1974 . postpluvial ecology of montezuma well , yavapai co . , arizona . - final rep . arizona archaeol . ctr . , nat . park serv . p . 18 .\nusa , arizona : yavapai county , montezuma well ( 34 . 6491\u00b0n , 111 . 7522\u00b0w ( dd ) ) , aquatic system , under rocks , 10 june 2012 , r . k . beresic - perrins .\nrunck , c . and d . w . blinn . 1990 . population dynamics and secondary production by ranatra montezuma ( heteroptera : nepidae ) . journal of the north american benthological society 9 : 262 - 270 .\n) . this location is thermally constant year - round ( 19\u201324\u02dac ) and is continuously replenished by two vents located at the well bottom . montezuma well is 0 . 76 ha in area and approximately 20 m deep . most of the shoreline drops off immediately into open water , except at the northeast corner where water drains through a shallow region called the \u201cswallet\u201d and empties into wet beaver creek which is located east of montezuma well ( fig .\nusa : az : yavapai co . , montezuma well 34 . 6491\u00b0n , 111 . 7522\u00b0w ( dd ) , 10 . vi . 2010 , aquatic system , under rocks , rk beresic - perrins , holotype ( usnm )\nmontezuma well is a quiet but spectacular example of a large , limnocrene ( pool - forming ) spring . it is one of the best - studied springs ecosystems in the world , thanks in large measure to the dedicated research of\nblinn , d . w . , davies , r . w . , and dehdashti , b . ( 1987 ) . specialized pelagic feeding by erpobdella montezuma ( hirudinea ) . holarctic ecol . , 10 : 235 - 240 .\nfry , d . , b . obit , j . matson and s . m . shuster . 2007 . laboratory survivorship of leeches from montezuma well , arizona . iii undergraduate research expo , northern arizona university , flagstaff . pdf .\n( 14 specimens ) usa : az yavapai co . , montezuma well 34 . 6491\u00b0n , 111 . 7522\u00b0w ( dd ) , 10 . vi . 2010 , aquatic system , under rocks , rk beresic - perrins , paratypes ( usnm )\n- , singhal , r . n . and blinn , d . w . 1985 . erpobdella montezuma , a new freshwater leech from north america ( arizona , usa ) . - can . j . zool . 63 : 965 - 969 .\ne . montezuma was collected from montezuma well on 11 different days to examine the seasonal diet of the leech . leeches ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 6 g wet wt . ) were collected in nets at different time intervals 2 hours prior and up to 6 hours after sunset on 8 dates and near sunrise on the remaining 3 dates . to sample various specimens and locations , different sampling techniques were used . petite dredges were used to collect specimens in sediment , vertical nets collected from the water column to quantify plankton prey , and net tows were used in the littoral zone to quantify potential prey in the vegetation . ( to make sure the scientists had all the information they needed , different types of collections at different locations were made at varying times in montezuma well . )\nboucher , p . , blinn , d . w . and johnson , d . b . 1984 . phytoplankton ecology in an unusually stable environment ( montezuma well , arizona , u . s . a . ) . - hydrobiologia 119 : 149 - 160 .\ndavies , r . w . , r . n . singhal and d . w . blinn . 1985 . erpobdella montezuma ( hirudinoidea : erpobdellidae ) , a new species of freshwater leech from north america . canadian journal of zoology 63 : 065 - 969 .\nberesic - perrins rk , govedich fr , banister k , bain ba , rose d , shuster sm ( 2017 ) helobdella blinni sp . n . ( hirudinida , glossiphoniidae ) a new species inhabiting montezuma well , arizona , usa . zookeys 661 : 137\u2013155 . urltoken\nlittoral zone : the zone in a body of fresh water where light penetration to the bottom is sufficient for the growth of plants . this is where most of the aquatic plants grow in montezuma well and where the amphipods migrate to in the evening , from the pelagic zone .\nin other words , the leeches are coated in a slimy toxic skin . foust said this is probably how they protect their internal organs . other top predators in montezuma well metabolize the toxin and get rid of it . unlike the leech , they have lower concentrations of arsenic than their prey .\ndavies , r . w . , singhal , r . n . , and blinn , d . w . ( 1985 ) . erpobdella montezuma ( hirudinoidea : erpobdellidae ) , a new species of freshwater leech from north america . can . j . zool . , 63 ( 4 ) : 965 - 969 .\nthe well was probably first seen by europeans during the 1583 spanish expedition of antonio de espejo , who described an abandoned pueblo ( likely montezuma castle ) and a pond ( likely montezuma well ) . a railroad survey in the mid - 1880s reported abandoned indian villages in the verde valley , but it was edgar mearns , a military physician stationed at fort verde , who in 1884 was the first scientist to see the site . the smithsonian institution took notice of the well , sending cosmos mindeleff in 1892 and jesse w . fewkes in 1895 to investigate . by 1930 , a total of 185 archaeological sites had been identified in the verde valley and surrounding plateau .\nberesic - perrins , r . , d . rose , k . banister , f . govedich and s . shuster . 2013 . helobdella blinni ( hirudinoidea : glossiphoniidae ) a new species inhabiting montezuma well , arizona . society for integrative and comparative biology meeting , san francisco , ca usa , january 2013 . abstract . pdf .\nmontezuma well ' s significance is due , in part , to its unique water chemistry and ecosystem . as we continue to identify endemic species , we help define the well ' s unique environment and distinguish it from all other locations in the region and world . similarly , research provides invaluable insight into the development and evolution of the mowe ecosystem .\nblinn , d . w . 2008 . the extreme environment , trophic structure , and ecosystem dynamics of a large , fishless desert spring : montezuma well , arizona . in stevens , l . e . and v . j . meretsky , editors . every last drop : ecology and conservation of aridlands springs in north america . university of arizona press , tucson , in press .\nmontezuma well\u2014a collapsed carbonate caldron 368 feet across and 55 feet deep\u2014lies at 3 , 618 feet elevation in the verde valley . its waters likely are derived from the southern colorado plateau just to the north , and undoubtedly have a lengthy and circuitous flow path . the springs well up from the bottom of a collapsed limestone sink and discharge through a natural tunnel at a rate of about 1 , 100 gallons per minute into\nmowe ' s uniqueness includes a constant water temperature between 69 - 74 o f \u2013cool in the summer and warm in the winter ; ducks love this and return every fall to bathe in their own spa . the well also has elevated levels of dissolved co 2 from the travertine and naturally occurring arsenic . due to these chemical properties , that include a lack of oxygen , fish cannot breathe in the well . there ' s even an anecdote from some of the first owners of montezuma well in the late 1800s , who tried to stock the well for fishing . in the morning all the poor fish were belly up , and the family none the richer .\nfrom an ecosystem standpoint , the well\u2019s vegetation supports a very large population of amphipods that serve as a prey base . by day , montezuma well\u2019s predator assemblage is dominated by the small , red , desert firetail damselfly , as well as the water scorpion and giant water bug . by night , a horde of endemic leeches swarms up from the depths . the larval damselflies and waterbugs are visual predators in the dense pondweed vegetation around the pool\u2019s periphery . leeches spend their days in the ooze at the bottom of the well , swimming to the surface to feed at night . both sets of predators feed on the endemic amphipod , which spends the day in moderately deep open water , avoiding direct sunlight and the predators in the peripheral vegetation . the amphipod moves to the outer margins of the weed beds at night to avoid predation by leeches .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngovedich , fredric r . , dean w . blinn , paul keim , and ronald w . davies\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndean w . blinn , ronald w . davis and behrooz dehdashti northern arizona university\nthe range of prey species taken by freshwater predatory leeches is normally quite high and changes seasonally with prey availability . while leeches sometimes do ingest whole body prey , they more commonly suck out body fluids . when whole bodies are ingested the exoskeletons are normally quickly evacuated .\nin collections taken for microscopic analysis of leech gut contents , animals were individually packaged and preserved to stop digestion . ( if the leeches were kept alive , they would continue to digest they food and the scientist wouldn ' t be able to accurately find out what they were eating . ) all visible prey in the dissected gut was counted for each animal .\namphipod : any small , flat - bodied crustacean of the order amphipoda , having one set of limps adapted for swimming and another for hopping . they look like tiny shrimp .\ndiel : pertaining to a 24 - hour period , a regular daily cycle . the leeches and amphipods follow one diel cycle .\nmean : the average ; statistical term for the average of a series of values , calculated by adding together all of the values and dividing by the number of different values .\nquantitative : numerical , or capable of being expressed in numbers ; derived from measurements or other numerical values , e . g . , 10 leeches .\nblinn , d . w . and dehdashti , b . 1984 . the nocturnal feeding behaviour of erpobdella punctata ( hiudinoidea ) in a near thermally constant environment . - ( abstr . ) 47th annual meeting , am . soc . . limnol . oceangr . , vancouver , b . c . , p . 9 .\n- , wagner , v . t . and grim , l . n . 1986 . surface sensilla on the predacious fresh - water leech eprobdella montezuama : possible importance in feeding . - trans . am . micros . soc . 105 : 21 - 30 .\ncole , g . a . 1983 . textbook of limonolgy . - 3rd ed . c . v . mosby , co . , pp . 401 .\ndavies , r . w . 1969 . the production of antisera for detecting species triclad antigens in the gut of predators . - oikos 20 : 248 - 260 .\n- and everett , r . p . 1975 . the feeding of four species of freshwater hirudinoidea in southern alberta . - verh . int . verein . limnol . 19 : 2816 - 2827 .\n- , wrona , f . j . and everett , r . p . 1978 . a serological study of prey selection oby nephelopsis obscura verrill ( hirundinoidea ) . - can . j . zool . 56 : 587 - 591 .\n- , wrona , f . j . and linton , l . 1979 . a serological study of prey selection by helobdella stagnalis ( hidrudinoidea ) . - j . anim . ecol . 48 : 181 - 194 .\n- , wrona , f . j . and wikialis , j . 1981 . inter - and intraspecific analysis of the food niches of two sympatric species of erpobdellidae ( hirudinoidea ) in alberta , canada . - , oikos 37 : 105 - 111 .\nelliott , j . m . 1973 . the diel pattern , drifting and food of the leech erobdella octoculuta ( l . ) ( hirudinea : erpobdellidae ) in a lake district stream . - j . anim . ecol . 42 : 451 - 461 .\nfeigenbaum , d . and reeve m . r . 1977 . prey detection in the chaetognatha : response to a vibrating probe and experimental determination of attack distance in large aquaria . - limnol . oceanogr . 22 : 1052 - 1058 . giguere , l . a . and dill , l . m . 1979 . the prey response of chaoborus larvae to acoustic stimuli , and the acoustic characteristics of their prey . - z . tierpsychol . 50 : 113 - 123 .\nivlev , v . s . 1961 . experimental ecology of the feeding fishes . - new haven , conneticut : yale univ . press .\nkirk , k . l . 1985 . water flows produced by daphnia and diaptomous : implications for prey selection by mechanosensory predators . - limnol . oceanogr . 30 : 679 - 686 .\nnations , j . d . , hevly , r . d . , landye , j . j . and blinn , d . w . 1981 . the paleontology . paleoecology and depositional history of the miocene - pliocene verde formation , yavapi county , arizona . - in : stone , c . and jenny , j . p . ( eds ) geol . soc . digest 13 : 133 - 149 .\nwrona , f . j . , davies , r . w . and linton , l . 1979 . analysis of the food niche of glossiphonia complanata ( hirudinoidea : glossiphoniidae ) . - can . j . zool . 57 : 2136 - 2142 .\nyoung , j . o . 1981 . a comparitive study of the food niches of lake - dwelling triclads and leeches . - hydrobiologia 84 : 91 - 102 .\n- and ironmonger , j . w . 1979 . the natural diet of eprobdella octoculata ( l . ) ( hirudinea : erpobdellae ) in british lakes . - arch . hydrobiol . 87 : 483 - 503 .\n- and ironmonger , l . w . 1980 . alabratory study of the food of three species of leeches occuring in british lakes . - hydrobiologia . 68 : 209 - 215 .\n- and proctor , r . m . 1985 . oligochaetes as a food resource of lake dwelling leeches . - j . freshwat . ecol . 3 : 181 - 187 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nklemm , d . j . , w . e . moser and m . j . wetzel . 2010 . classification and checklist of the leeches ( phylum annelida : class clitellata : subclass hirundinida ) occurring in north america north of mexico . accessed : 25 june 2010 . online . available : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe leech feeds exclusively on a type of shrimp , and the arsenic consumed in the shrimp is then stored in the leech\u2019s body .\n\u201cthe other thing that\u2019s interesting is the arsenic seems to be moved from the gut of the organism up to the skin or surface of the organism . we don\u2019t know what that mechanism is ,\nsaid richard foust , lead author of the study and former nau chemistry professor .\nplease read our contributor confidentiality policy , kjzz ethics and practices guidelines and fcc public inspection files . kjzz supports equal employment opportunities and works against discrimination in employment . for more information , please see kjzz ' s employment and eeo information page .\nfor questions or comments about this website , please contact the kjzz webmaster . for general comments or questions see the contact kjzz page for a listing of contacts by topic . please note : station policy mandates that listeners who win on - 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0001\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrebecca k . beresic - perrins , 1 fredric r . govedich , 2 kelsey banister , 1 bonnie a . bain , 2 devin rose , 1 and stephen m . shuster 1\n1 department of biological sciences , northern arizona university , 617 s . beaver st . , po box 5640 flagstaff , az , 86011 - 5640 ,\n2 department of biological sciences , southern utah university , 351 w . university blvd . cedar city , ut , 84720 ,\ncopyright rebecca k . beresic - perrins , fredric r . govedich , kelsey banister , bonnie a . bain , devin rose , stephen m . shuster\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) , all of which inhabit the swallet ( fig .\nwe documented number of eyes and their placement , color pattern , presence of papillae , number of and structure of gastric caecae , body size , presence of nuchal scute , gonopore placement , egg size and number , and number of offspring using a nikon binocular dissecting microscope . we then deposited the examined materials in the invertebrate zoology collection at the smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history ( usnm ) .\nwhole dna was extracted from the caudal suckers of the individual leeches using a qiagen dneasy blood & tissue kit ( cat . no . 69504 ) , with each sample incubated overnight in a water bath set at 54\u00b0c . using\noxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified . the primers were lco1490 5\u2019 - ggtcaacaaatcataaagatattgg - 3\u2019 and hco2198 5\u2019 - taaacttcagggtgaccaaaaaatca - 3\u2019 (\n) . the pcr product was purified through the use of the qiaquick pcr purification protocol ( cat . no . 28104 ) , checked for pcr product using gel electrophoresis , and sequenced with an abi prism 3730 sequencer ( applied biosystems ) . we imported the seven \u201ccleanest\u201d sequences and 71 comparative sequences ( table\n) and then corrected the alignments by hand . we partitioned the data and performed the substitution model test by codon in partitionfinder (\n) and included 1 , 000 nonparametric bootstrap replicates . we used mrbayes for bayesian inference analysis with ten million generations with a 25 % burn - in and our support was assessed based on clade posterior probabilities (\n) to construct parsimony phylogenies with 100 random additions . we performed the parsimony analysis twice , treating the deletions in the sequences as a 5\nstate and then as missing data . we performed an uncorrected p - distance analysis to examine nucleotide differences between sequences with 1 , 000 replicates in mega7 . 0 . 18 (\ninternal and external morphology of helobdella blinni sp . n . a dorsal view of the eyes and extended proboscis b crop and post caecae c testisacs d ventral view of internal eggs which have not been oviposited yet e ventral view of white eggs that have been oviposited f ventral view of attached and detached offspring .\ndiagram of the external and internal morphology of helobdella blinni sp . n . ( drawn by rebecca beresic - perrins and fredric govedich ) .\nlength of specimens 11 to 22 mm ( mean + se 16 . 6 + 3 . 2 n = 24 ) and width 3 to 8 mm ( 5 . 7 + 1 . 1 n = 28 ) ( table\n) . individual color ranges from translucent with brown spots to dark brown ( fig .\n) . no dorsal papillae ; one pair of eyes located at somite ii ( 0 . 07 + 0 . 02 mm diameter , n = 11 ) , distance between eyes 0 . 1 to 0 . 03 mm apart ( n = 13 ) . a scallop - shaped nuchal scute is present on the dorsal side , length 0 . 293 to 0 . 432 mm ( 0 . 335 + 0 . 05 n = 9 ) and width 0 . 27 to 0 . 386 mm ( 0 . 32 + 0 . 04 n = 9 ) . one annulus separates the female and male gonopores . the caudal sucker diameter averages 1 . 6 + 0 . 3 mm ( n = 27 ) . the eggs ( diameter 0 . 5 + 0 . 15 mm , n = 28 ) are laid on the ventral side of the parent in soft - walled transparent cocoons ( 7\u201311 eggs per cocoon , n = 7 ) . the mouth is located subterminally in the oral sucker ( figs\naverage oral sucker diameter is 0 . 7 + 0 . 19 mm ( n = 15 ) , proboscis length is 3 . 5 + 1 . 1 mm ( n = 17 ) ( table\n) . diffuse salivary glands are located near the anterior of the first pair of crop caecae . there are five pairs of smooth crop caecae and one lobed pair of posteriorly directed post caecae . six pairs of compact testisacs are located in between each of the crop caecae . the intestine contains four pairs of caecae , with the first two pairs anteriorly directed and the other two pairs posteriorly directed . the intestine leads into an unraised anus located two annuli from the caudal sucker ( figure\ndevelopment and growth . this species breeds year - round with peaks in spring and fall . our specimens had an average of 7 to 11 white eggs ( diameter 0 . 5 + 0 . 15 mm , n = 7 ) fixed to their ventral surface . laboratory collections ( 2007\u201310 ) of helobdella blinni documented the eggs hatching 1 to 2 weeks after ovipositing ( beresic - perrins 2010 ) . once hatched , the young attach to the ventral surface of the parent , allowing the parent to hunt for food and feed the young , occasionally feeding along with them . prey consists of oligochaetes and other invertebrates . the average number of young per adult is 7 + 3 . 3 ( n = 97 ) ranging from 1 to 14 offspring . the young remain attached to the parent for an additional four to five weeks after hatching . once the juveniles leave the parent , they tend to aggregate together on rocks ( beresic - perrins 2010 ) .\n. we include the posterior probabilities and maximum - likelihood branch supports > 50 . the arizona populations of\nsp . n . , supported by both the bayesian and parsimony analyses . the results of the uncorrected p - distance analysis revealed a difference of 13 . 3 % ( 233 nucleotides included ) between the two groups ( table\n( washington ) which is supported by both bayesian inference and maximum - likelihood .\nstate in our first analysis and in our second , we treated the deletions as missing data . in the resulting 5\n, running the spectrum from grey to pink . additionally , they have a descending pair of post caecae , whereas\ndifferences in brooding season and size between helobdella blinni sp . n . , helobdella stagnalis , and helobdella c . f . helobdella .\nare slightly longer ( body length 11\u201322 mm , 16 . 6 + 3 . 2 , n = 24 ) than\nspecies , both from the same region ( rio de flag and oak creek , arizona populations ) and from europe ( uk sample ) . the sequences yielded a 13 . 3 % \u201317 . 4 % genetic difference between\nalthough currently classified as helobdella c . f . modesta , the arizona populations from the rio de flag and oak creek may be an additional undescribed species based on our molecular analysis . our next step is to investigate these populations more closely , comparing them to other local populations , including white horse lake and j . d . dam lake , az which also contain helobdella modesta .\nhigher level relationships of leeches ( annelida : clitellata : euhirudinea ) based on morphology and gene sequences .\ncontributions to the ecology and biology of the danish freshwater leeches ( hirudinea ) .\nberesic - perrins rk . ( 2010 ) the life - history and parental care in an arizona population of helobdella stagnalis ( hirudinea : glossiphoniidae ) . master\u2019s thesis , flagstaff , arizona : northern arizona university .\nviaggio del dott . a . borellinella republica argentina e nel paraguay . 21 . hirudine\u00b4es . bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed .\na comparison of the life cycle of helobdella stagnalis ( linn . 1758 ) ( hirudinoidea ) in two different geographical areas .\nthe morphology of ozobranchus margoi ( apathy ) ( hirudinoidea ) , a parasite of marine turtles .\nfolmerr o , blackr m , hoehr w , lutzr r , vrijenhoekr r . ( 1994 )\ndna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates .\ngovedich fr , blinn dw , keim p , davies rw . ( 1998 )\nthe first record of the genus helobdella ( hirudinoidea : glossiphoniidae ) from australia , with a description of a new species , helobdella papillornata .\na new leech species from north america , helobdella californica nov . sp . ( hirudinea : glossiphoniidae ) .\nthe golden gate leech helobdella californica nov . sp . ( hirudinea : glossiphoniidae ) : occurrence and dna - based taxonomy of a species restricted to san francisco .\nlai y - t , chang c - h , chen j - h . ( 2009 )\ntwo new species of helobdella blanchard 1896 ( hirudinida : rhynchobdellida : glossiphoniidae ) from taiwan , with a checklist of hirudinea fauna of the island .\nlanave c , preparata g , sacone c , serio g . ( 1984 )\nlanfear r , calcott b , ho sy , guindon s . ( 2012 )\nlife history and production of the leech helobdella stagnalis ( l . ) ( hirudinea ) in a shallow eutrophic reservoir in south wales .\nleidy j . ( 1851 ) gen . nov . myzobdella . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 5 : 243 .\nlinnaeus c . ( 1758 ) systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima . holmiae , laurentii salvii .\nthe breeding , growth and age structure of a population of the leech helobdella stagnalis ( l . ) .\nfurther notes on the leeches ( piscicolidae ) living on fresh - water fishes of north america .\nmiller ma , pfeiffer w , schwartz t . ( 2010 ) creating the cipres science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees . in : proceedings of the gateway computing environments workshop ( gce ) , new orleans , la , 1\u20138 .\nleeches of the united states national museum . proceedings of the u . s .\nmoser we , klemm dj , richardson dj , wheeler ba , trauth se , daniels ba . ( 2006 )\nmoser we , richardson dj , hammond ci , lazo - wasem e . ( 2011 )\nmolecular characterization of helobdella modesta ( verrill , 1872 ) ( hirudinida : glossiphoniidae ) from its type locality , west river and whitneyville lake , new haven county , connecticut , usa .\nmoser we , fend sv , richardson dj , hammond ci , lazo - wasem ea , govedich fr , gullo bs . ( 2013 )\na new species of helobdella ( hirudinida : glossiphoniidae ) from oregon , usa .\nthe life history and reproduction of the leech helobdella stagnalis ( hirudinea : glossiphonidae ) in the river ely , south wales .\na new freshwater leech species of helobdella ( annelida : glossiphoniidae ) from central mexico .\noceguera - figueroa a , le\u00f3n - r\u00e8gagnon v , siddall me . ( 2010 )\ndna barcoding reveals mexican diversity within the freshwater leech genus helobdella ( annelida : glossiphoniidae ) .\nrodriguez fj , oliver jl , marin a , medina jr . ( 1990 )\nsalas - montiel r , phillips aj , de leon gp , oceguera - figueroa a . ( 2014 )\ndescription of a new leech species of helobdella ( clitellata : glossiphoniidae ) from mexico with a review of mexican congeners and a taxonomic key .\nsawyer rt . ( 1972 ) north american freshwater leeches , exclusive of the piscicolidae , with a key to all species . illinois biological monographs , univ . of illinois press , urbana .\nphylogeny of leeches ( hirudinea ) based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i .\nphylogeny and revision of the leech genus helobdella ( glossiphoniidae ) based on mitochondrial gene sequences and morphological data and a special consideration of the triserialis complex .\ndna - barcoding evidence for widespread introductions of a leech from the south american helobdella triserialis complex .\nraxml version 8 : a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post - analysis of large phylogenies .\nswofford dl . ( 2003 ) paup * version 4 . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) .\ntavare s . ( 1986 ) some probabilistic and statistical problems on the analysis of dna sequences . in : lectures in mathematics in the life sciences , vol . 17 , 57\u201386 .\nthe reproductive biology of the leech helobdella stagnalis ( l . ) in utah lake , utah .\nvaillant l . ( 1890 ) histoire naturelle des anneles marin et d\u2019eau douce . 3 / 2 , ordre hirudiens ( hirudines ) ou bdelles , paris , 477\u2013542 .\ngonimosobdella klemmi n . gen . , n . sp . ( hirudinida : piscicolidae ) from cyprinid fishes in arkansas , illinois , and missouri , usa .\nphylogeny of the fish leeches ( oligochaeta , hirudinida , piscicolidae ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes and morphology .\n. one of the few large limnocrene springs on the colorado plateau , it likely contains the highest concentration of endemic ( unique ) species of any single spring in north america . ecosystem studies in the well have helped us understand the evolution of unique species . located just off interstate 17 near mcguireville , and part of\n. the well\u2019s water is relatively constant in temperature , varying from 64 degrees to 77 degrees f , with relatively little dissolved oxygen but a high concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide and relatively high concentration of arsenic . the well has existed at least through the holocene epoch ( 12 , 000 years ) and likely much longer . as an evolutionary microcosm , the pool is essentially free of flood - related disturbance and seasonal impacts . despite its harsh water chemistry , it provides a stable , highly productive environment for the life within it . this , it appears , is a formula for endemism .\n, and a new genus and species of leech . in addition to unique species , the well supports several regionally rare aquatic beetles and other insects , including\n, a tiny member of the giant waterbug family , and a delicate marsh treader .\nconcerns over archaeological site pot - hunting and excavation encouraged area residents to propose the area as a national monument .\ngrand canyon wildlands council , inc . 2002 . a hydrological and biological inventory of springs , seeps and ponds of the arizona strip , final report . arizona water protection fund , phoenix .\nspringer , a . e . , l . e . stevens , and r . harms . 2006 . inventory and classification of selected national park service springs on the colorado plateau : nps cooperative agreement number ca 1200 - 99 - 009 . national park service , flagstaff .\narizona heritage waters dr . larry stevens museum of northern arizona 3101 north fort valley road flagstaff , az 86001 ( 928 ) 523 - 5211 ext . 204 email dr . stevens\ndr . abe springer nau department of geology box 4099 flagstaff , az 86011 ( 928 ) 523 - 7198 email dr . springer\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmedicinal leeches became infamous for their utility in bloodletting popularized in the 19 th century , and have seen a recent resurgence in post - operative treatments for flap and replantation surgeries , and in terms of characterization of salivary anticoagulants . notorious throughout the world , the quintessential leech family hirudinidae has been taken for granted to be monophyletic , as has the non - bloodfeeding family haemopidae .\nthis study is the first to evaluate molecular evidence from hirudinid and haemopid leeches in a manner that encompasses the global scope of their taxonomic distributions . we evaluated the presumed monophyly of the hirudinidae and assessed previous well - accepted classification schemes . the hirudinidae were found not to be monophyletic , falling instead into two distinct and unrelated clades . members of the non - bloodfeeding family haemopidae were scattered throughout the tree and among traditional hirudinid genera . a combination of nuclear 18s rdna and 28s rdna with mitochondrial 12s rdna and cytochrome c oxidase i were analyzed with parsimony and with bayesian methods .\nthe family hirudinidae must be refined to include only the clade containing hirudo medicinalis ( european medicinal leech ) and related leeches irrespective of bloodfeeding behavior . a second clade containing macrobdella decora ( north american medicinal leech ) and its relatives may yet be recognized in semiscolecidae in order to avoid paraphyly . the african distribution of species from each of the divergent hirudinid clades suggests that a deep divergence took place in the history of the medicinal leeches hundreds of millions of years ago .\nmedicinal leech\nis a common name that describes bloodfeeding clitellate annelids in the family hirudinidae of the order hirudinida . the use of leeches for bloodletting has been a part of western medicine since galen [\n, for physician ( merriam - webster dictionary ) . their utility has also been recorded in several eastern traditions , having been documented in the charaka samhita ( maurya period , roughly 3rd century bce ) as one of five treatments for an imbalance of humors and by wang ch ' ung ( 27 - 100 a . d ) [\ncenturies , european leech populations were over - harvested and leeches became increasingly scarce in parts of western europe . consequently , various countries , such as italy , hungary , and poland , with seemingly abundant sources , began exporting large numbers in order to satisfy the high demand . as early as 1823 , restrictions were put in place to manage the number of leeches being exported through hannover , germany , and collecting seasons were instituted in russia ; these represent some of the first measures in history meant to conserve an animal species [\n] to relieve post - operative venous congestion in patients recovering from tissue flap and replantation surgery . their application in this regard proved so successful that european medicinal leeches were approved by the us food and drug administration in june , 2004 as a medical device due to their mechanically relieving venous congestion and delivering anti - coagulants [\n] was only possible in light of the newly available purified hirudin , though it would later be supplanted by widely available and less expensive heparin .\n. in fact , within the family hirudinidae , approximately 200 species have been described from all continents , save for antarctica . some of these species are used in medical practices in place of\ntraditionally , the family hirudinidae included any sanguivorous , swimming , freshwater leech with three jaws ( one dorsal and two ventrolateral ) and a distinctively caecate crop . richardson [\n] analyses found the family hirudinidae to be split into two major clades with the terrestrial leeches and the non - bloodfeeding haemopidae falling in between . all taxonomic revisions of the family until now have been performed only with morphological characters [ e . g . , [\n] ] . here , we revisit the phylogenetic relationships and systematics of the family hirudinidae while testing the monophyly of the family , and for the first time utilizing an expanded taxon sampling from each continent with representatives of most previously proposed subfamilies .\nthe combined dataset had a total of 6086 characters ( 18s : 2034 characters , 28s : 2162 characters , 12s : 575 characters , co1 : 1315 characters ) . the parsimony analysis produced 9 equally parsimonious trees with 8266 steps while the harmonic mean of log - likelihood values from two runs of the bayesian ( bi ) analysis averaged - 44555 . 69 . the log - likelihood of the topology produced by the maximum likelihood analysis was - 43311 . 984 .\npresumed - monophyletic hirudinidae would require 179 extra steps ( templeton test : z = - 8 . 299 ,\n> 0 . 0001 ) . the harmonic mean of log - likelihood values constraining traditional hirudinids to be monophyletic was - 45054 . 72 ( yielding a bayes factor of - 998 . 06 ) . similarly , with this constraint under the likelihood criterion , monophyly of hirudinidae was rejected with treefinder [\n- values were highly significant ( shimodiara - hasegawa < 0 . 000001 , approximately unbiased test < 0 . 000001 ) . the harmonic mean of log - likelihood values constraining traditional hirudinids and traditional haemopids together to be a monophyletic group was - 44589 . 01 ( yielding a bayes factor of - 66 . 64 ) . similarly , with this constraint under the likelihood criterion , monophyly of hirudinidae + haemopidae was rejected with treefinder [\n- values , while not as profound as in the simple case of constraining hirudinidae to be monophyletic , still were significant at the 5 % level ( shimodiara - hasegawa = 0 . 0195 , approximately unbiased test = 0 . 0164 ) .\nmaximum parsimony and bayesian inference tree topology based on 18s rdna , 28s rdna , 12s rdna , and coi datasets combined . posterior probabilities are above the node and jackknife values are below the node . branch lengths in orange corresponds to terrestrialism , branch lengths in blue correspond to traditional members of the family hirudinidae , and branch lengths in green correspond to traditional members of the family haemopidae .\nvaried among analyses and received little support in each of parsimony ( jackknife = 32 ) and bi ( pp = 0 . 54 ) analyses . between the two principal hirudinid clades was a paraphyletic assemblage of terrestrial leeches in the families haemadipsidae and xerobdellidae . the parsimony analysis found the genus\nindividuals were clustered by locality with caribbean individuals closely related to those from thailand . representatives of the genus\nwith high support values ( jackknife = 100 ; pp = 1 . 00 ) .\nthe family hirudinidae , long taken for granted to be monophyletic , is not . hirudinid leeches , characterized as relatively large , vermiform , swimming leeches that feed on blood by making an incision with three armed jaws , fall into two separate clades : one typified by the north american"]}
{"id": 716, "summary": [{"text": "motyxia is a genus of cyanide-producing millipedes ( collectively known as sierra luminous millipedes or motyxias ) that are endemic to the southern sierra nevada , tehachapi , and santa monica mountain ranges of california .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "motyxias are blind and produce the poison cyanide , like all members of the polydesmida .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "all species have the ability to glow brightly : some of the few known instances of bioluminescence in millipedes . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "motyxia", "paragraphs": ["forma motyxia pior f . secca causey & tiemann , 1969 accepted as motyxia pior chamberlin , 1941\nduring the day , this millipede , motyxia sequoiae looks like another nonglowing critter .\nglowing millipede ( motyxia sequoiae ) lights on , lights off . paul merek - youtube\nthe suggestion that motyxia ' s glow wards off marauding nocturnal predators is supported by the fact that motyxia are blind , so their visual signaling can only be seen by members of other species , such as predators .\nanalysis of xystocheir bistipita\u2018s dna revealed that the millipede actually belonged to a different genus , motyxia - the only genus of bioluminescent millipede in the western hemisphere . the identity - challenged millipede was then renamed motyxia bistipita .\nthis week , we published a study documenting the rediscovery of the millipede xystocheir bistipita , which turns out to be bioluminescent and a species of motyxia , the luminous mountain millipedes ( marek & moore , 2015 ) . a few folks have asked what the distribution looks like with these new data . here\u2019s an updated distribution of the genus including motyxia bistipita ( we transferred the species into motyxia after determining it was more closely related to bioluminescent millipedes in the genus motyxia ) . the distribution of motyxia is overlaid on level iii usgs ecoregions .\nat top , millipedes motyxia sequoiae ( left ) and motyxia bistipita ( right ) are seen normal light . in the bottom row , m . sequoiae , which has more predators , glows much stronger than m . bistipita .\nmotyxia ' s eastern cousins possess bright and conspicuous reds and yellows , apparently also to ward off daytime predators .\nanalysis of xystocheir bistipita ' s dna revealed that the millipede actually belonged to a different genus , motyxia \u2014 the only genus of bioluminescent millipede in the western hemisphere . the identity - challenged millipede was then renamed motyxia bistipita .\nthis entry was posted in uncategorized and tagged bioluminescent , california , cyanide , millipede , motyxia . bookmark the permalink .\ninterestingly , motyxia are blind , and so their visual signaling can only be seen by members of other species , such as predators . in addition , motyxia produce hydrogen cyanide , an extremely poisonous gas as a chemical defense . some of our research indicates that motyxia \u2019s bioluminescence serves as a warning signal to deter nocturnal mammals from eating these highly poisonous millipedes .\nthe researchers then sequenced several genes in each xystocheir and motyxia species to determine how the millipedes were related to each other .\na prolonged exposure taken in the darkroom , showing the greenish glow of a motyxia millipede . ( photo : paul marek )\ntheir results , combined with x . bistipita ' s unexpected bioluminescence , showed that x . bistipita actually belongs to the motyxia genus . the scientists renamed it motyxia bistipita . ( also see\nworld ' s leggiest animal found near silicon valley .\n)\nthe study also revealed that m . bistipita evolved before other motyxia \u2014giving the team a theory for how millipedes got their glow .\nwhen scientists discovered that this millipede , formerly named xystocheir bistipita , emits a faint bluish green glow , they renamed it motyxia bistipita .\nin a previous article for nsf , i explained that motyxia ' s\nglow means no\nto predators . that is , the green glow of nocturnal motyxia - - which are exclusively found in the sierra nevada mountains of california - - wards off nocturnal predators . motyxia ' s bright coloring warns predators that when these millipedes feel threatened , they ooze toxins , including hydrogen cyanide , an extremely poisonous gas .\nthese discoveries provide the bases for a possible explanation of the evolutionary origins of bioluminescence in millipedes . over time , bioluminescence gradually escalated from the faintly glowing species of motyxia that live at low elevations to the brighter and more highly toxic species of motyxia that live at high elevations .\nafter we sequenced them we were able to place the millipede on an evolutionary tree with other bioluminescent species of motyxia ,\nsays marek .\nafter sequencing the bug\u2019s dna , he found that it was in fact related to its luminous cousins , and changed its name to motyxia bistipita .\nwhen you observe bioluminescence , you may wonder about the purpose of this illuminating phenomenon . my research on motyxia indicates that\nglow means no !\nto predators . that is , motyxia ' s glow warns nocturnal predators that these 60 - legged creatures are armed and dangerous ; any predator that riles a motyxia risks being squirted by toxins , including hydrogen cyanide , an extremely poisonous gas , which the millipede releases when it feels threatened .\nat the field study site in giant sequoia national monument in calif . , paul marek assesses predator bite marks on clay models of the millipede motyxia .\nin order to provide a context to the evolution of bioluminescence , my team and i sequenced the dna of x . bistipita , and positioned it on an evolutionary tree with other species of motyxia and their closest relatives . these and other analyses showed that x . bistipita should now be classified in the genus motyxia along with other glowing millipedes . so in honor of its family ties , i gave x . bistipita a new name : motyxia bistipita .\nat the field - study site in giant sequoia national monument in california , paul marek assesses predator bite marks on clay models of the millipede motyxia .\nentomologist paul marek rediscovered this faintly glowing millipede in san luis obispo and renamed it m . bistipita to reflect its connection the genus of bioluminescent millipedes called motyxia .\nspecies in the genus motyxia are unique in being the only known bioluminescent millipedes . while all xystodesmids can fluoresce under ultraviolet light , motyxia creates its own glow , visible to the naked eye , in what is thought to be a warning signal to nocturnal predators indicating its noxious chemical defenses ( marek et al . , 2011 ) .\nmillipede motyxia photographed in natural light ( top ) and solely with its own light from bioluminescence ( bottom ) . the animal is an adult about 25 milimeters long .\nsupplemental information includes detailed experimental procedures and the phylogeny of motyxia species and close relatives ( figure s1 ) . it can be found with this article online at doi : xxxxxx .\nonly later in time , as motyxia colonized higher elevations with more predators , was the glow co - opted by evolution as a way to warn predators that the millipedes were toxic .\nmy research team , which is funded by nsf , explores the evolution of bioluminescence in a genus known as motyxia , the only millipedes in north america that are known to be bioluminescent .\na re - evaluation of the millipede genus motyxia chamberlin , with a re - diagnosis of the tribe xystocheirini and remarks on the bioluminescence ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) , rowland m . shelley\n( of luminodesmus sequoiae loomis & davenport , 1951 ) causey , n . b . ; tiemann , d . l . ( 1969 ) . a revision of the bioluminescent millipedes of the genus motyxia ( xystodesmidae polydesmida ) . proceedings of the american philosophical society , 113 ( 1 ) : 14 - 33 page ( s ) : 31 ; note : motyxia sequoiae [ details ]\nthe researchers also collected real glowing millipedes from giant sequoia national monument in california , from the species motyxia sequoiae . these are each about 30 millimeters long and 1 gram in mass on average .\nmillipedes of the genus motyxia spend the day burrowed under soil and leaves . they come out to forage at night , when they are sought after by predators . ( photo : paul marek )\njust like all other millipedes , motyxia are vegetarians , feeding mostly on decaying plant material , but in the course of adapting to a lifestyle primarily underground , they lost the ability to see .\nmany millipedes also have bright colours , but these would be useless to motyxia species . they spend the daytime buried in the leaf litter , emerging only at night to feed on decaying plants . \u201cnight is an excellent time to do millipede things like eating detritus and mating , \u201d says marek . when they\u2019re active , predators wouldn\u2019t be able to see bright colours anyway . as such , motyxia millipedes are a dull orange , and they publicize their defences by glowing in the dark . \u201ci think that motyxia is better able to exploit this nighttime niche if bioluminescent & toxic , \u201d says marek .\nof all these creepy crawlies , eight species are bioluminescent , meaning they can glow just like fireflies and glowworms . all are part of a genus known as motyxia . [ gallery of glowing creatures ]\ninterestingly , a few of the species in the glowing genus motyxia can switch their glow on and off . marek and his co - workers measured glowing intensity of species in the genus using darkroom photography and traced the results on an evolutionary tree . they determined that the ability to glow evolved only once in millipedes and is restricted to a set of closely related species , all in the genus motyxia .\none species they examined , xystocheir bistipita , had not been seen since its discovery back in 1967 and was assumed to be non - luminescent . but to their surprise , the bug began glowing in their laboratory , arousing suspicion that this millipede may actually be a mislabeled member of the motyxia group . later genetic analysis by the team revealed that this was indeed the case , so the enigmatic species was renamed motyxia bistipita .\nprevious research had shown that the ten known species of the motyxia genus glow at different levels of brightness . measuring just how much that brightness varies between species can reveal how luminescence evolved\u2014an important goal of evolutionary biologists .\nmotyxia , which are the only known bioluminescent millipedes , are found solely in a small region of the sierra nevada mountain range in california . but various types of bioluminescent creatures live throughout the united states . they include :\nluminescent millipede and results of the field experiment . a . motyxia sequoiae photographed in natural light , and b . entirely with light from luminescence ; c . mean proportion of millipedes attacked versus luminescence . number of individuals attacked above bars ; d . rodent incisor marks in clay millipede , e . live millipede ( arrows ) with anterior segments 1 \u2013 14 missing . ( phylogeny of motyxia species and close relatives in supplemental information online , figure s1 )\none possible clue to the origins of bioluminescence is provided by a millipede species known as motyxia sequoiae , which inhabits habitats that are normally off - limits to other closely related millipedes . these habitats include exposed areas of the forest floor , open mountain meadows and the trunks of oak trees . so perhaps bioluminescence evolved in motyxia sequoiae to protect these creatures from predators in particularly vulnerable areas , and thereby enable these millipedes to expand their range to these favorable locations .\nassistant professor of entomology paul marek rediscovered this faintly glowing millipede in san luis obispo and renamed it m . bistipita to reflect its connection the genus of bioluminescent millipedes called motyxia . photo : courtesy of the national geographic society expeditions council\nmotyxia are extremely common out there ,\nmarek said .\nif you sit there in a moonless night , the ground will look like the starry night sky up above , from all those millipedes glowing in the dark .\naccording to my explanation for the origins of bioluminescence in millipedes , as their evolution progressed and motyxia colonized higher elevations that support more predators , the millipede repurposed and intensified its glow as a way to warn predators of its greater toxicity .\nthis is just the tip of the iceberg for the fascinating story of bioluminescence in motyxia ,\nmarek added .\nwe still don ' t know a lot of things about their biology and the circumstances under which luminescence evolved .\ndiminutive in size compared to other millipedes , the species lives at a lower elevation with few predators and was not thought to belong to the genus of millipedes that glow called motyxia \u2014 the only genus of bioluminescent millipedes in the western hemisphere .\nthe location i marked in keene , ca is where i collected the motyxia monica on march 10 , 2013 . the photos were taken the next day at santa barbara city college . my professor verified its bioluminescence and my id for a project of his .\nhowever , my recent research indicates that millipedes may not have always used bioluminescence as a defense mechanism . rather , bioluminescence may have originated in a millipede species named xystocheir bistipita for an entirely different function and slowly evolved into its current defensive function for motyxia .\nmy research team and i ran an experiment to test whether motyxia ' s coloration warns predators to stay away . our experiment involved positioning 150 glowing clay millipede models and 150 clay non - glowing millipede models in motyxia ' s natural nighttime habitat in california . the results : predators attacked a significantly lower percentage of the glowing vs . non - glowing models ( 18 percent vs . 49 percent . ) the relatively greater ability of the glowing millipede models to repel predators supports the\nglow means no !\nidea .\nmy research team , which is funded by the national science foundation ( nsf ) , explores bioluminescence\u2014the biological production of light by natural chemical reactions . specifically we focus on the evolutionary origins of bioluminescence in motyxia , the only millipede genus in california that is bioluminescent .\nspecies such as m . bistipita , which live in low elevations of the sierra nevadas , have to cope with a much hotter , drier climate than other motyxia . their glow is also much dimmer , and they have fewer predators . ( see more pictures of glowing animals . )\nbut when the members of the motyxia group began to migrate to higher elevations with a greater risk of predation , the bugs repackaged this luminescence system as a warning signal . this was supported by the observation that species containing larger volumes of cyanide were brighter than their slightly less toxic counterparts .\n\u201cafter we sequenced them we were able to place the millipede on an evolutionary tree with other bioluminescent species in motyxia , \u201d said marek . \u201cwe demonstrated the faint bioluminescence of the low - lying millipedes represented an older trait and the brighter luminescence of their mountain cousins represented a newer trait . \u201d\ncausey , n . b . ; tiemann , d . l . ( 1969 ) . a revision of the bioluminescent millipedes of the genus motyxia ( xystodesmidae polydesmida ) . proceedings of the american philosophical society , 113 ( 1 ) : 14 - 33 page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]\ncausey , n . b . ; tiemann , d . l . ( 1969 ) . a revision of the bioluminescent millipedes of the genus motyxia ( xystodesmidae polydesmida ) . proceedings of the american philosophical society , 113 ( 1 ) : 14 - 33 page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]\ncausey , n . b . ; tiemann , d . l . ( 1969 ) . a revision of the bioluminescent millipedes of the genus motyxia ( xystodesmidae polydesmida ) . proceedings of the american philosophical society , 113 ( 1 ) : 14 - 33 page ( s ) : 27 [ details ]\nafter we sequenced them we were able to place the millipede on an evolutionary tree with other bioluminescent species of motyxia ,\nsaid marek .\nthe faint bioluminescence of the low - lying m . bistipita represented an older trait and the brighter luminescence of their mountain cousins represented a newer trait .\nthere are around 12 , 000 known species of millipedes , and only the eight motyxia species glow . marek says , \u201c [ they ] would definitely be on my top 10 for my imaginary \u201cmillipede biodiversity global tour\u201d ( along with the shocking pink millipede in thailand & the longest millipede in africa ) . \u201d\nvideo of my new motyxia cf . tiemanni , this is a rare species of millipede that can actually glow in the dark ! here is a video of them in the light of day , though i will be trying to get a video of them at night while they are glowing , so stay tuned !\n( of motyxia pior f . secca causey & tiemann , 1969 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 377 [ details ]\nour analyses of the chemical reaction used by m . bistipita to generate its faint glow suggests that this species might not have originally acquired bioluminescence as a defense mechanism . rather , it might have acquired its faint glow to help adapt to the dry heat of its habitat - - before other motyxia acquired bioluminescence .\nevery evening , these creatures \u2014 which remain hidden underground during the day \u2014 emerge and initiate a chemical reaction to produce a green - blue glow , a process called bioluminescence . the eerie night lights of these millipedes highlight nature ' s eccentricities , a fringe benefit as i research the millipede species known as motyxia .\nour analyses also showed that the faint bioluminescence of the low - lying cousins of motyxia bistipita - - which i ' ll refer to as simply m . bistipita - - represents an older trait than the brighter bioluminescence of their mountain relatives . in addition , millipede species that live at higher elevations exhibit the brightest bioluminescence .\nstill , a number of poisonous millipede species active during the day are thought to display bright colors to warn predators that they possess toxins and to steer clear . since motyxia are instead out in the dark , marek and his colleagues reasoned\nthey use their greenish glow in place of a warning coloration ,\nhe said .\nthe researchers then began comparing the genomes of the members of the motyxia genus , including its newest member , in order to examine genetic relationships . after constructing an evolutionary tree , the researchers measured the brightness of their characteristic glow photographically and then investigated their toxicity levels by seeing how much cyanide they possessed in their specialized glands .\nso the scientists collected several wild specimens all species of motyxia , plus a control group of non - glowing , related millipedes known as xystocheir . the team then set up experiments in the lab to measure the brightness of each species . ( related :\nif you see a glowing millipede , best not to bite it .\n)\nunlike fireflies , whose gleam emanates from a specialized organ on its abdomen , millipedes in the motyxia genus give off a teal hue . these invertebrates have a special type of protein that allows them to produce light from beneath the tough cuticle that covers their bodies . ( also see\nglow - in - the - dark millipede explained .\n)\nhow did bioluminescence evolve ? this question is another focus of our ongoing research on motyxia . by helping to reveal the evolutionary origins of warning colorations \u2014 which , by necessity , contribute to some of the most blatant and complex appearances in the living world \u2014 we expect to improve our ability to investigate and understand how other complex traits arise in nature .\npaul marek , a research associate in the university of arizona ' s department of entomology and center for insect science , and his team now provide the first evidence gained from field experiments of bioluminescence being used as a warning signal . they discovered that the nightly glow of millipedes belonging to the genus motyxia helps the multi - legged invertebrates avoid attacks by predators .\nspecies phylogeny of xystocheirine millipedes showing a single origin of bioluminescence in the most recent common ancestor of motyxia species . tree was estimated by using a partitioned bayesian analysis of the concatenated dataset of five genes . gray branches indicate < 0 . 95 posterior probability . ( scale bar : 0 . 1 expected substitutions per site . ) bioluminescent intensity was back - transformed from log - scale .\nwhen they are disturbed , they ooze toxic cyanide and other foul - tasting chemicals from small pores running along the sides of their bodies as a defense mechanism ,\nmarek explained .\nsome millipede species that are active during the day display bright warning colors to announce their defenses to predators , but because motyxia are out when it ' s dark , we hypothesized they use their greenish glow in place of a warning coloration .\nthe reason why these millipedes glow is a mystery . they are blind , adapted to a lifestyle primarily spent underground , so they cannot use their glow to send messages to other members of their species . also , while deep - sea angler fish dangle glowing lures in front of their mouths to attract prey , motyxia are vegetarians just like all other millipedes , feeding mostly on decaying plant material . so they have no need to pull in victims .\ninterestingly , they found that the millipedes\u2019 bioluminescence originated in motyxia\u2019s common ancestor and then grew brighter over time . furthermore , species living at lower elevations , such as m . bistipita , glow less than their relatives at higher elevations . since m . bistipita\u2019s habitat is much hotter and drier than bugs living further up the mountains , the researchers reasoned that their glow may not have in fact evolved as a warning signal for predators , but instead to help them deal with the stresses of such a climate .\n. . . animals may use colour signals in activities such as claiming advantage in maleemale combat ( e . g . eagle owl , bubo bubo , penteriani et al . , 2007 ; frog , phyllomedusa boliviana , jansen & k\u20ac ohler , 2008 ) , defence ( e . g . glow - worm , lampyris noctiluca , de cock & matthysen , 2003 ; motyxia millipedes , marek , papaj , yeager , molina , & moore , 2011 ) , prey attraction ( e . g . . . .\nhere , we document the unexpected discovery of bioluminescence in m . bistipita and infer the evolutionary history of the species in the context of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the xystocheirini . based on the tree , and phylogenetic trait mapping , faint light originated in the most recent common ancestor of motyxia and gradually intensified through the evolutionary diversification of the genus . the linear escalation in luminescent intensity as a function of tree depth reverses in some crown group species and may indicate a shift in the functional role of luminescence over time .\nto reconstruct the evolutionary tree , marek and his team included every species in the genus motyxia and all its closest nonglowing relatives and tested the relationship between them and m . bistipita . marek and his team measured light emission photographically in a darkroom by placing individual millipedes in a light tube . the researchers also measured toxicity of the bugs by measuring the volume of cyanide glands that line the sides of the millipedes . bugs with larger cyanide glands were also brighter , indicating a functional link between luminescent intensity of displays and toxicity .\nthe ability to make your own light , known as bioluminescence , has evolved around 40 to 50 times in the history of life . hundreds of animals can do the same thing , from fireflies to squid to deep - sea fish . they use this ability to attract their prey , to recognise their mates , and to hide from predators . motyxia millipedes are part of this extensive club , but they\u2019re unusual in one important respect : they\u2019re blind . they can\u2019t see their own glows ; their light shows are aimed at a different audience .\nmarek collected 164 motyxia millipedes from california\u2019s giant sequoia national monument and painted half of them to cover up their nightly glow . he then tethered them with a gently knotted string to specific places throughout the forest . marek also built 300 clay millipedes using a bronze cast made by his wife . he covered half of them with the same obscuring paint as the live millipedes , and the other half with a glow - in - the - dark hue . he scattered the fake millipedes throughout the forest just like the real ones , and waited .\nif you go down to the woods of california today , you might be in for a big surprise . at night , the forests crawl with sinuous shapes that glow with an eerie greenish - blue colour . they are motyxia millipedes and they shine brightly whenever they\u2019re disturbed . \u201cif you go to the right forest and you let your eyes get adjusted to the night , then you can see them everywhere , \u201d says paul marek from the university of arizona . some big oak tress can shelter 1 glowing millipede in every square metre . they look like fields of stars .\ndespite our growing knowledge , much about motyxia remains mysterious . for example , how do these blind creatures find mates ? what triggers their nightly emergence ? with funding from the national science foundation , my team is working to answer these and other questions . this research is part of our larger effort to describe biodiversity and reconstruct the evolutionary histories of arthropods \u2014 a group that includes insects , spiders and crustaceans , and accounts for 80 percent of all living species . we contribute our findings to the tree of life , which is a worldwide effort to define the evolutionary histories of animals .\namong the largest millipedes are the north american millipede and the giant african millipede . the north american millipede grows 10 cm ( 3 . 9 inches ) long , and is dark reddish - brown or black with a red line on each segment . females lay a single egg in a nest of regurgitated food , and wrap themselves around it to incubate the egg . giant african millipedes are the world ' s largest known millipedes , growing 30 . 5 cms ( 12 inches ) long . they live in rain forests and have 30 to 40 segments . millipedes belonging to the group motyxia live in mountain areas of california and glow greenish - blue at night , which seems to scare off predators .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nedited by may r . berenbaum , university of illinois at urbana\u2013champaign , urbana , il , and approved march 31 , 2015 ( received for review january 5 , 2015 )\nbioluminescent millipedes : m . sequoiae ( a and b ) and m . bistipita ( c and d ) . ( upper ) millipedes photographed under incident white light . ( lower ) millipedes photographed with light emitted from the cuticle . ( inset ) a 5\u00d7 magnification of the granular photocytes of m . bistipita . ( scale bars : 5 . 0 mm . )\nwe then tested for a directional trend of luminescence through evolutionary diversification by estimating the relationship between light intensity and phylogenetic distance . if the hypothesis of a phylogenetic escalation of brightness is true , we predicted a strong positive correlation between a node\u2019s luminescent intensity and its distance from the root , as opposed to the null hypothesis of no correlation ( one - tailed test , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) . although trends can occur in both directions , in cases where novel predator / herbivore defense traits ( e . g . , plant secondary metabolites ) promote speciation or a shift into a new adaptive zone , than the quantity or intensity of these features will escalate and evolve in a directional and positive manner (\n) . because the ecological phenomenon of defense - trait escalation underlying our hypothesis predicts that the sign of a relationship should be positive , we formulated a one - tailed hypothesis ( the two - tailed probability is also shown in parentheses ) . using the comparative framework afforded by the phylogeny , we also tested the null hypothesis with nonluminescent xystocheirini , predicting conformity with the null expectation . first , we estimated phylogenetic conservatism of luminescent trait values under a brownian motion model of character evolution with pagel\u2019s \u03bb (\n) , where \u03bb = 0 indicates a lack of fit between the data and the tree . we found that phylogeny strongly influences our observed luminescent data with a pagel\u2019s \u03bb = 0 . 718 ( not significantly different from 1 , with a bayes factor = 0 . 656 ; compare with \u03bb = 0 , bayes factor = 3 . 53 ) . we then used the branch length scaling factor \u03ba to differentiate between a gradual vs . punctuational mode of continuous trait evolution on the tree , where \u03ba = 0 indicates a punctuational model with change associated with speciation events ( i . e . , clumped at nodes ) , as opposed to a gradual change model ( \u03ba = 1 ) where character evolution is proportional to estimated branch lengths of the phylogram (\n) . when the models are compared by using a bayes factor test , the empirical \u03ba = 0 . 544 is not significantly different from \u03ba = 1 ( bayes factor = 1 . 59 ; compare with \u03ba = 0 , bayes factor = 3 . 49 ) . therefore , a gradual model of evolution better fits our observed luminescent trait values , given the phylogeny . we then assessed whether bioluminescence underwent a directional change on the phylogeny by testing a correlation between luminescent intensity and a node\u2019s path length from the root ( calculated from branch lengths ) . using phylogenetically independent contrasts , we estimated the phenotype of the internal nodes of the tree and compared these values with their root - to - node distance using the pearson product moment rho (\n) . we conducted the same analyses and tested for a correlation between toxicity ( estimated from cyanide gland area ) and phylogenetic distance . the tests were then repeated with the nonluminescent xystocheirine taxa . in\n) . lastly , to test whether the observed correlation could have been due to the random association of traits with species , we generated a probability distribution by repeating the processes of node state reconstruction and correlation tests of light intensity ( or gland area ) and path length from the root for 10 , 000 datasets after shuffling the luminescent intensity data among the tips . we then evaluated whether our empirical pearson\nwas within the range of permuted values representative of the null distribution of random assignments between traits and species . if < 5 % of our permuted values were greater than our empirical value (\n= 0 . 712 ) , then we rejected the null hypothesis that luminescent intensity or gland area is negatively related or unrelated to taxon assignment . because the proportion of instances in the randomized distribution where\n= 0 . 045 ( significant as a one - tailed test \u03b1 = 0 . 05 , but not as a two - tailed test ,\ntests of phylogenetic escalation of bioluminescent intensity and cyanide gland area . ( a ) in luminescent millipedes , a positive linear relationship exists between a taxon\u2019s luminescent intensity and its phylogenetic distance from the root . ( c ) a similar relationship is observed between its toxicity and phylogenetic distance . ( b and d ) a weak negative or no evidence of a correlation is evident between luminescence and toxicity with phylogenetic distance in nonluminescent taxa . raw luminescent data points are shown for clarity of illustration . open circles denote luminescent taxa , and dots indicate nonluminescent taxa . regression lines : phylogenetically corrected values ( dotted ) , uncorrected raw values ( solid ) .\nwe inferred the evolution of continuous traits on the tree using a least - squares parsimony method of estimating ancestral states where the cost of a state change is equivalent to the squared difference in values of the states , ( x \u2013 y ) 2 . to correct for the phylogenetic nonindependence of species , we used the pdap module in mesquite to produce a set of independent contrasts for statistical analysis ( 43 ) . if light and toxicity evolved in a directional manner , we expected a positive correlation between the trait value at a node and the distance of the node from the root of the tree . we calculated the nodal values of contrasts and the node\u2019s path length from the root and tested for a correlation using the pearson product - moment correlation coefficient r .\nthe results of a stepwise multiple regression with bioluminescent intensity as the dependent y - variable and root - to - tip distance ( rt ) , cyanide gland area ( cn ) , and elevation ( el ) as independent predictor variables\u2014and with a minimum akaike information criterion as a stopping rule to select the best model\u2014indicate that cyanide gland area contributes most to the multiple regression equation of y = 18 . 000x rt + 0 . 722x cn + 0 . 0004x el - 3 . 690 , with an r 2 = 0 . 75 . to evaluate millipede body width as a possible confounding factor , because we expect it to covary with cyanide gland area as a result of isometric growth , we conducted a second multiple regression including width as a fourth predictor variable and found that cyanide gland remains the most significant contributor to the regression model .\ntwo anonymous reviewers , charity hall , and jackson means provided improvements to earlier drafts . we appreciate the careful work of tim mccoy and elizabeth francis with dissections . tsutomu tanabe , deren ross , pavel stoev , michael jorgensen , derek hennen , avery lane , brent hendrixson and rob marek helped collect specimens for the project . this work was supported by national science foundation grant deb1410911 and national geographic society grant ec0564 - 12 .\nauthor contributions : p . e . m . and w . m . designed research , performed research , analyzed data , and wrote the paper .\ndata deposition : the sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( accession nos . kr135885 \u2013 kr136081 ) .\nmesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis , version 2 . 73 . available at urltoken\npdap package of mesquite , version 1 . 15 . available at urltoken . accessed january 24 , 2014\nbayestraits , version 2 . 0 ( beta ) . available at urltoken . accessed march 1 , 2014\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nbut why do the californian ones glow ? marek knows the answer . with hundreds of millipedes , some clay , and a bit of paint , he has shown that they light up to ward off predators . you might expect that the light shows would make the millipedes easier to find and eat . in fact , it deters hungry mouths .\nthe next morning , he found that rodents like grasshopper mice , had savaged around a third of the millipedes . the dull ones took the brunt of the attacks \u2013 they had between two and four times as many bite marks as the glowing ones . nearly half of the dull clay millipedes bore the wounds of a rodent attack compared to just 22 percent of the glowing models . similarly , rodents had attacked around 18 percent of the painted live millipedes but only 4 percent of the glowing ones .\nthe experiment showed that the millipedes\u2019 glow repels predators , and the models proved that it\u2019s the light , rather than the smell or taste of the animals , that puts off attackers . the glow sends a clear message : \u201cdon\u2019t eat me . i\u2019m dangerous . \u201d and they are \u2013 the millipedes create cyanide in their bodies and secrete the poison through pores along their flanks . they make for an unpleasant and possibly lethal mouthful .\nif doesn\u2019t matter that an animal is poisonous if its predators have to bite it to find that out . the predator would get a mouthful of poison , but the prey would incur a serious wound . this is why many poisonous animals advertise their toxic payloads with bright colours .\nnow , marek wants to find out more about how the millipedes got their lights . by analysing the genes of all 8 species , he found that bioluminescence has evolved only once in this group . while many animals glow by harnessing luminous bacteria , the millipedes rely on their own light - producing protein . what that protein is , and how it\u2019s related to those of other glowing animals , is still a mystery .\nreference : marekt , papaj , yeager , molina & moore . 2011 . bioluminescent aposematism in millipedes . current biology . current biology ; citation tbc .\nsome california millipedes first evolved bioluminescence to cope with harsh desert living , according to scientists who may have cracked the mystery of glowing millipedes .\nwatch : when the lights go out , these millipedes emit a green glow .\nin california ' s sierra nevada mountains ( map ) live a group of blind millipedes that glow in the dark\u2014and now scientists have cracked the mystery of how their brightness evolved , a new study says .\nthese\nspecies glow like a neon light . it ' s enough light to read something with if you get close enough ,\nsaid rowland shelley , an emeritus scientist at the north carolina state museum of natural sciences who wasn ' t involved in the study .\nscientists already knew that these creatures ' radiance serves as a warning to predators .\nnow , paul marek and wendy moore entomologists at virginia tech and the university of arizona , respectively , have discovered that the animals ' bioluminescence first evolved for another reason entirely : to help them cope with california ' s hot , dry environment .\ni thought it was going to be just another boring day in the lab ,\nsaid marek , who has received funding from national geographic ' s expeditions council .\nbut then he made a surprising discovery : a faint glow emanating from one supposedly non - luminescent millipede species : xystocheir bistipita , according to the study , published may 4 in proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nbased on the research , the team thinks these millipedes ' low - watt glow isn\u2019t a warning signal , but rather the result of their bodies ' responses to heat stress .\nfor instance , millipedes have trouble metabolizing oxygen when it ' s really hot , which creates chemical byproducts such as peroxide . the bioluminescent proteins help neutralize these byproducts and prevent harm to the millipede .\nas evidence , the researchers found that the millipedes with the brightest glow also contained the most cyanide in their bodies . ( also see photos :\ncyanide millipede , huge spider among new species .\n)\nthe paper and work is very nice , and is a rare combination of real fieldwork with modest molecular methods ,\nsaid peter vrsansky , a scientist at the slovak academy of sciences who was not involved in the new research .\nfor his part , marek calls the study\na surprising , unique evolutionary story .\n, or the sierra luminous millipedes , is a genus of cyanide - producing millipedes in the order polydesmida endemic to the southern sierra nevada , tehachapi , and santa monica mountain ranges of california ( refs . 1 , 2 ) . members of this genus are blind and produce cyanide ( like\nin the order polydesmida ) . one of the most remarkable features of these millipedes is their ability to glow at a peak wavelength of\n, which are the only known bioluminescent species in the millipede class diplopoda ( about 12 , 000 known species , ref . 5 ) , spare\n, are restricted to three counties in california ( los angeles , kern , and tulare ) . all 8 species of\nthe darkest ( 4 ) . light is emitted from the exoskeleton of the millipede continuously ( the light intensifies when the millipede is handled , ref . 3 ) . emission of light is uniform across the exoskeleton , and all the appendages ( legs , antennae ) and body rings emit light . the internal organs and viscera do not emit light . luminescence is generated by a biochemical process in the millipede ' s exoskeleton ( 3 ) . the light originates by way of a photoprotein , which differs from the photogenic molecule luciferase in firefly beetles ( 6 ) .\nanother animal that produces light from a photoprotein is the jellyfish aequorea victoria , which is notable for green fluorescent protein ( gfp ) and widely used as a biomarker in molecular biology ( 7 ) .\nin size ( 6 , 8 ) . however , the structure of the luminescent photoprotein remains uncertain , and its homology to molecules of closely related arthropods is unknown .\n. various functions were suggested : a nighttime aposematic warning signal , that it had no function at all , or that it inadvertently attracted predators ( 1 , 2 ) . a field study tested the hypothesis that bioluminescence acts as a warning signal . based on the results of the field experiment conducted in california , in a spot where\nare native , researchers found that bioluminescence strongly deterred nocturnal mammalian predators ( 4 ) .\nmedium ( 3 cm in length ) ,\nflat - backed\npolydesmidan millipedes . typically orange - pink in color ( except\nfluorescent ( millipedes in the tribe xystocheirini display some of the brightest fluorescence of the u . s . xystodesmidae species )\nspecies occur in live oak and giant sequoia forests , and notably also in meadows . the presence of xystodesmid millipedes in meadows is atypical for the family . most species are observed under canopies of broad - leaf deciduous forests . all\nspecies are exclusively nocturnal . during the day , individuals are burrowed beneath the soil . at night , they emerge ( by an unknown mechanism potentially not related to light since they ' re blind ) and feed on decaying vegetation . individuals of the species\nhave been observed climbing on tree trunks , possibly consuming algae , lichens , and other cryptogams adhering to the bark .\nspecies are geographically restricted to 3 counties in california : los angeles , kern and tulare . species predominately occur in the santa monica , tehachapi , and southern sierra nevada mountains . the northernmost population of the genus is of the species\nin sequoia national park near crystal cave ( 2 ) . the southernmost population is of the species\n, collected in 1944 , was recorded from sherman oaks in los angeles county , california . a dubious historical record indicates a riverside county locality ; however , recent collections in the area have not confirmed this .\nchamberlin , with a re - diagnosis of the tribe xystocheirini and remarks on the bioluminescence ( polydesmida : xystodesmidae ) .\np . e . marek , d . r . papaj , j . yeager , s . molina , w . moore ( 2011 ) . bioluminescent aposematism in millipedes . current biology 21 : r680\u2013r681 .\np . sierwald & j . e . bond ( 2007 ) . current status of the myriapod class diplopoda ( millipedes ) : taxonomic diversity and phylogeny .\nv . r . viviani ( 2002 ) . the origin , diversity , and structure function relationships of insect luciferases .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmarek , p . , papaj , d . , yeager , j . , molina , s . , & moore , w . ( 2011 ) . bioluminescent aposematism in millipedes . current biology , 21 ( 18 ) , r680\u20131 ( link )\nfinding glow - in - the - dark - millipedes . npr , science friday video\nchecklist of the millipeds of north and middle america richard l . hoffman . 1999 . virginia museum of natural history special publications .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmillipede , which scientists have found uses the glow to warn predators of their toxic oozing cyanide .\nmysterious glowing millipedes apparently use their radiance to warn nighttime predators to stay away , scientists now find .\nmore than 12 , 000 species of millipede are currently known to science , but researchers suggest the vast majority remain undiscovered . the real number of species could actually be as high as 100 , 000 or so .\ncalifornia is the only place on the planet where you can see glow - in - the - dark millipedes ,\nsaid researcher paul marek , an evolutionary biologist at the university of arizona .\nthe santa monica mountains , the tehachapi mountains and the southern sierra nevada mountains , all of which are in southern california .\n[ see photos of glowing millipede ]\nthey spend the day burrowed beneath the soil and leaf material , but even though they are blind , they somehow sense when night falls , and come to the surface to forage and mate and to go about their millipede business ,\nmarek said . it currently remains completely unknown how the millipedes detect the fall of night ."]}
{"id": 719, "summary": [{"text": "the striated babbler ( turdoides earlei ) is a species of bird in the family leiothrichidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in southern asia from pakistan to myanmar . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "striated babbler", "paragraphs": ["striated babbler : many types of calls given by an early morning foraging party of about 10 individuals .\nbabbler , nondescript in shades of pale brown and buff with heavy streaking above , lighter below . . . .\ncollar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . striated babbler ( argya earlei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common ( grewal et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( koelz , 1954 ) \u2013 pakistan ( r indus plains ) and nw india ( punjab ) .\n( blyth , 1844 ) \u2013 n india ( haryana e to n bihar and from west bengal s to ne odisha , also in assam and manipur ) , s nepal , bangladesh and sw , c & s myanmar .\nsong thought to be a loud , repeated series of \u201ctiew - tiew - tiew - tiew\u201d , interspersed with \u201cquip - quip - . . .\ninsects , snails and some vegetable matter . found in flocks of 7\u201310 or more individuals , even during breeding season . does not descend . . .\nall year , mainly mar\u2013oct ; multi - brooded . co - operative breeder . nest a rather massive but neat and compact cup ( smaller and more . . .\nnot globally threatened . common and widespread in pakistan , including in dera ismail khan district . locally common in e nepal , uncommon elsewhere in country . locally common . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ntentatively separated from turdoides # r ; genetic screening of at least some component taxa required .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , pieter de groot boersma , alok tewari , josep del hoyo , keith and lynn youngs .\nlars petersson , stefan helming , alok tewari , santa tamang , paul van giersbergen , ken havard , jugal tiwari , sharad , biplab kr . mukhopadhyay , kavi nanda , gilgit2 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 741 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : argya earlei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 720, "summary": [{"text": "adhemarius mexicanus is a species of moth in the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by balc\u00e1zar-lara and beutelspacher , in 2001 , and is known from mexico , where it is found from oaxaca to jalisco . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "adhemarius mexicanus", "paragraphs": ["sphingidae , adhemarius sp . , in my eyes it is either adhemarius dariensis or adhemarius mexicanus . not really sure about the species , they look very similar . urltoken urltoken i try to get closer . . .\nadhemarius globifer is a species of moth in the family sphingidae . it was described by dyar and 1912 , and is found from mexico to southern arizona . adults are probably on wing year round . . . .\n: jalisco ; to puebla : patla ; veracruz : jalapa ; and oaxaca .\nthe pronunciation of scientific names is troublesome for many . the\nsuggestion\nat the top of the page is merely a suggestion . it is based on commonly accepted english pronunciation of greek names and / or some fairly well accepted\nrules\nfor latinized scientific names .\nthe suggested pronunciations , on this page and on other pages , are primarily put forward to assist those who hear with internal ears as they read .\nthere are many collectors from different countries whose intonations and accents would be different .\nsome of the early describers / namers chose genus and species names indicating some character of the insect , but more often , they simply chose names from greek or roman mythology or history .\nthose species names which end in\nensis\nindicate a specimen locale , and those which end in\ni\n, pronounced\neye\n, honour a contempory friend / collector / etc .\n, possibly chose the name from adhemarus , the fifth and last of the old counts of querci ( verdun , france ) who died in 880 ad .\nprobably produces at least two broods annually . hubert mayer reports a july flight in patla , puebla , mexico .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthank you so much ! @ bayucca : ) time not to see you , greetins ! i investigate too .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 727, "summary": [{"text": "the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) is a catfish of the family ictaluridae.the first specimens of the species were collected in 1952 it was not until 1969 that they were recognised as a species .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the ouachita madtom is similar to the tadpole madtom except the ouachita madtom has one internasal pore while the tadpole madtom has two , and 16 to 18 anal rays while the tadpole madtom has only 14 to 16 .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is also similar to the slender madtom but differing in the sack of serrae on the pectoral spine , having more caudal rays , and usually eight pectoral rays while the slender madtom has 9 .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the maximum length of an ouachita madtom is about 2.7 inches . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ouachita madtom", "paragraphs": ["information on the ouachita madtom is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe ouachita madtom is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ngrowth and reproduction in the ouachita madtom\nby r . tumilson and j . o . hardage\nfeeding and reproductive biology of ouachita madtom ( joseph n . stoeckel , charles j . gagen , and richard w . standadge )\nouachita madtom noturus lachneri taylor 1969 identification : the ouachita madtom is similar to the tadpole madtom , noturus gyrinus , but can be distinguished by its shorter , flatter head and its more slender body . the body is tan , dark gray or brown above and white below . the fins sometimes have dark borders . to 4 in . ( 10 cm ) total length . range : the ouachita madtom is found in the upper saline river system and in an adjacent small tributary of the ouachita river in central arkansas . this species is uncommon . habitat : the ouachita madtom inhabits flowing rocky pools and runs of creeks and small rivers . similar species : the tadpole madtom , noturus gyrinus , has a longer and more rounded head , and a chubbier body .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri )\ntitle =\narkive species - ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrobison , h . w . , and g . l . harp . 1985 . distribution , habitat and food of the ouachita madtom , noturus lachneri , a ouachita river drainage endemic . copeia 1985 : 216 - 220 .\ngagen , c . j . , r . w . standage , and j . n . stoeckel . 1998 . ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) metapopulation dynamics in intermittent ouachita mountain streams . copeia 1998 : 874 - 882 .\n( burr and warren 1986 ) . the least madtom is abundant and stable in\ntopminnow as from the ouachita r . dr . , louisiana , north to ( lake\nthe neosho madtom and the multifaceted nature of population limiting factors ( mark l . wildhaber )\nscientists recently proposed that 17 species including the ouachita madtom , a whiskery fish found in arkansas , be removed from a petition that had called for its protection under the endangered species act .\nfilters and templates : stonefly ( plecoptera ) richness in ouachita mountains streams , u . s . a\nstatus assessment of the carolina madtom : a rare north carolina epidemic ( christopher j . wood and robert b . nichols )\ntumilson , r . and hardage , j . o . ( 2014 )\ngrowth and reproduction in the ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) at the periphery of its distribution ,\njournal of the arkansas academy of science : vol . 68 , article 19 . available at : urltoken\n[ conservation , management , and ecology of nongame catfish ] control of gonadal maturation of the margined madtom ( joseph n . stoeckel and richard j . neves )\nthe ouachita madtom was the only madtom from arkansas to be captively propagated at cfi . international paper funded an effort to determine whether this madtom species from the saline river system near hot springs was relatively more or less difficult to captively spawn than other species that cfi has attempted . three nests were spawned and the young reared with varying success to produce more than 60 young madtoms . these efforts reinforced previous findings that suggest that a wide range of variation exists in the ease with which different madtom species will spawn in captivity . most upland species have proven more difficult than larger river and lowland species , although the reasons are still unclear . many of the excess propagated individuals were utilized in 2008 for electrofishing injury experiments by russ bohl ( university of tennessee , knoxville ) . in fall 2009 , all surviving individuals ( n = 22 ) were transferred to the chattahoochee national fish hatchery , ga .\nthe ouachita madtom , noturus lachneri , is a small , uniformly - colored catfish endemic to the upper saline and ouachita river drainages in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan , 1988 ) , where it is often found in shallow pools associated with clear , high gradient , rock - bottomed streams ( robison and harp , 1985 ) . distribution , habitat , diet , and conservation status of n . lachneri . were examined by robison and harp ( 1985 ) . however , information on parasites of this endemic species has not been reported . herein , we report on species richness and mean abundance of hehninth parasites of n . lachneri .\nthe ouachita madtom ( noturus lachneri ) occurs primarily in drainages of the upper saline river and in a few small tributaries to the ouachita river in arkansas , usa . we collected specimens by hand and by use of aquarium dipnets on 29 occasions from 20 october 1999 through 25 july 2000 in cooper creek , presently a feeder creek into lake catherine on the ouachita river . total length was measured , reproductive attributes were noted , and individuals were released at the capture site ( with exception of 3 gravid females retained to assess fecundity ) . we recognized 2 age ( size ) classes during most of the year based on a plot of length - frequency distributions . regression of total length against time indicated a mean growth rate of 0 . 14 mm / day for the population , and 0 . 20 mm / day for juveniles during warmer months . hatchlings were found from 27 june through 4 november .\nthomas , m . r . , burr , b . m . , 2004 . noturus gladiator , a new species of madtom ( siluriformes : ictaluridae ) from coastal plain streams of tennessee and mississippi . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters 15 : 351 - 368 .\nouachita madtoms ( noturus lachneri ) at conservation fisheries , a native stream fish breeding center in knoxville . this is a rare stream fish that has a limited range in arkansas and is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , but it still isn\u2019t listed under the esa .\nfiorillo , riccardo a . ; thomas , r . brent ; warren , melvin l . , jr . ; taylor , christopher m . 1999 . structure of the helminth assemblage of and endemic madtom catfish ( noturus lachneri ) . the southwestern naturalist , vol . 44 , no . 4 , december 1999\ndistinctive ; clearly differentiated by several characters ( see starnes 1995 ) . see grady and legrande ( 1992 ) for a study of phylogenetic relationships , modes of speciation , and historical biogeography of noturus madtom catfishes . see lundberg ( 1992 ) for a synthesis of recent work on the systematic relationships of ictalurid catfishes .\nbridge repair and construction have decimated local populations . commercial gravel operations , stream channelization , and clearcut logging have degraded habitat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . impoundments for a water supply for little rock and benton are a potential threat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . ouachita madtoms and associated fishes apparently die in substantial numbers as streams dry in summer , so these communities potentially could be impacted by land management practices that increase the extent of stream drying , through alterations of the hydrologic regime ( e . g . , diversions for drinking water , irrigation ) ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . land management practices that increase sediment load may decrease pool depth thereby reducing source habitat for riffle - dwelling species as well as reducing habitat for pool - dwelling species such as the ouachita madtom ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . unintentional barriers to fish passage , such as low - water road crossings could significantly affect fish community structure by altering the natural recolonization dynamics in intermittent streams ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .\nbridge repair and construction have decimated local populations . commercial gravel operations , stream channelization , and clearcut logging have degraded habitat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . impoundments for a water supply for little rock and benton are a potential threat ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . ouachita madtoms and associated fishes apparently die in substantial numbers as streams dry in summer , so these communities potentially could be impacted by land management practices that increase the extent of stream drying , through alterations of the hydrologic regime ( e . g . , diversions for drinking water , irrigation ) ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . land management practices that increase sediment load may decrease pool depth thereby reducing source habitat for riffle - dwelling species as well as reducing habitat for pool - dwelling species such as the ouachita madtom ( gagen et al . 1998 ) . unintentional barriers to fish passage , such as low - water road crossings could significantly affect fish community structure by altering the natural recolonization dynamics in intermittent streams ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .\ntotal adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 10 , 000 . this species has been reported as never abundant at any locality within its range ( robison and harp 1985 ) , or rare to uncommon ( page and burr 2011 ) , but gagen et al . ( 1998 ) found high population densities of ouachita madtoms in several tributaries to the alum fork of the saline river .\ngrady , j . m . , and w . h . legrande . 1992 . phylogenetic relationships , modes of speciation , and historical biogeography of the madtom catfishes , genus noturus rafinesque ( siluriformes : ictaluridae ) . pages 747 - 777 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .\nthe small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometres ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .\nthe small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometers ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .\n( 250 - 1000 square km ( about 100 - 400 square miles ) ) the small , discontinuous range is restricted to the upper saline river system and a small unnamed tributary of the ouachita river below remmel dam , in central arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 . see robison and harp ( 1985 ) for localities . range extent is not more than a couple hundred square kilometers ( e . g . , see map in robison and harp 1985 ) . range may be severely fragmented .\nthis species is represented by a small number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . robison and harp ( 1985 ) mapped 17 collection sites that represent probably more than 10 but not more than 15 distinct occurrences . total adult population size is unknown but probably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species has been reported as never abundant at any locality within its range ( robison and harp 1985 ) , or rare to uncommon ( page and burr 2011 ) , but gagen et al . ( 1998 ) found high population densities of ouachita madtoms in several tributaries to the alum fork of the saline river . extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations apparently have not decreased by more than 25 % compared to the historical situation . trend in population size is unknown . warren et al . ( 2000 ) and jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized the status as\nthreatened\n( not\ncurrently stable\n) . trends are not well documented , but this species may be declining . some local extirpations may be temporary . for example , madtoms can rapidly recolonize from large , deep pools stream reaches from which they have been extirpated as a result of drought ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ntaylor , w . r . 1969 . a revision of the catfish genus noturus ( rafinesque ) with an analysis of higher groups in the ictaluridae . smithsonian institution , u . s . national museum bulletin 282 : 1 - 315 .\njustification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 1 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 500 sq km , distribution may be severely fragmented , and habitat quality is subject to ongoing degradation .\nthis species is characteristic of pools , backwaters , and runs of creeks and small rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) of moderate to high gradient , with clear , cool water , gravel - rubble - sand bottoms , and alternating pools and riffles . usually it occurs in shallow pools , buried in gravel / cobble or in debris and vegetation along edges , sometimes in very shallow riffles under large rocks ( robison and allen 1995 ) . it may seek smaller tributaries for spawning . young have been found in a pool over shale bedrock in a small tributary ( robison and harp 1985 ) .\nbetter information on abundance and population trend is needed . unpolluted , unsilted habitats should be maintained .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nr . tumilson , henderson state university follow j . o . hardage , henderson state university\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\nsmall , fragmented range in arkansas ; threatened by degradation and loss of habitat from logging , commercial gravel operations , housing developments , and bridge / road building .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nknown area of occupancy may be less than 100 square kilometers or not much more than this , particularly during periods of stream drying . .\nthis species is represented by a small number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . robison and harp ( 1985 ) mapped 17 collection sites that represent probably more than 10 but not more than 15 distinct occurrences .\nwarren et al . ( 2000 ) and jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized the status as\nthreatened\n( not\ncurrently stable\n) . trends are not well documented , but this species may be declining . some local extirpations may be temporary . for example , madtoms can rapidly recolonize from large , deep pools stream reaches from which they have been extirpated as a result of drought ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .\nextent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations apparently have not decreased by more than 25 % compared to the historical situation . trend in population size is unknown .\na slender , brownish to gray catfish with an adnate adipose fin , terminal mouth , nearly equal jaws , 10 preoperculomandibular pores , and a single internasal pore ( robison and allen 1995 ) .\ndiffers from noturus gyrinus in having one internasal pore ( vs . 2 ) and 16 - 18 anal rays ( vs . 14 - 16 ) ( robison and allen 1995 ) . differs from n . exilis in lacking serrae on the pectoral spine , and in having more caudal rays and typically 8 pectoral rays ( vs . 9 ) ( robison and allen 1995 ) .\ndensity was 17 . 2 - 204 ( mean 95 ) per 100 sq m in riffle and pool habitats at six sites ; density ranges up to 32 per sq m in pools along dried up stream reaches ( gagen et al . 1998 ) .\nmayflies and chironomids are primary food items ( smith 1982 , robison and harp 1985 ) ; also eats beetles , caddisflies , isopods , copepods , and gastropods .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\nmadtoms are generally regarded as sedentary , at least over the short term , but dispersal characteristics are unknown . separation distance is arbitrary but reflects the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\njelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . d\u00edaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nlundberg , j . g . 1992 . the phylogeny of ictalurid catfishes : a synthesis of recent work . pages 392 - 420 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\npetersen , j . c . , and b . g . justus . 2005 . the fishes of hot springs national park arkansas , 2003 . u . s . geological survey scientific investigations report 2005 - 5126 . 13 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\nstarnes , w . c . 1995 . taxonomic validation for fish species on the u . s . fish and wildlife service category 2 species list . 28 pp .\ntaylor , w . r . 1969 . a revision of the catfish genus noturus ( rafinesque ) with an analysis of higher groups in the ictaluridae . smithsonian institution , u . s . national museum bulletin 282 . 315 pp .\nstate natural heritage data centers . 1996a . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia . science division , the nature conservancy .\nstate natural heritage data centers . 1996b . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia : export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997 . science division , the nature conservancy .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nstart typing to search for web content . . . visit the reading room to search for documents .\nriccardo a . fiorillo ; r . brent thomas ; melvin l . warren ; christopher m . taylor\nyou may send email to pubrequest @ urltoken to request a hard copy of this publication .\n( please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address . )\nwe recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article , to retain the full citation information .\nthis article was written and prepared by u . s . government employees on official time , and is therefore in the public domain .\nusing molecular genetic tools to identify extremophile bacteria from deep in arkansas\u2019s blanchard caverns .\nstudies of non\u2013native species of invasive trees and shrubs that occur naturalized in arkansas , their ability to become established in the local flora , and what factors influence this process .\ntungoil tree ( aleurites fordii hemsl . ) ( euphorbiaceae ) new to the arkansas flora .\nnegundo chaste tree ( vitex negundo l . ) ( verbenaceae ) new to the arkansas flora .\nchinese flame tree ( koelreuteria bipinnata franch . ) new to the arkansas flora .\neffects of agriculture and indigenous villages on coral reef composition in kuna yala , panama .\nichthyofaunal assemblages in three proximate but ecologically diverse streams in clark county , arkansas .\ngeographic variation within an isolated population of big - eared bats in oklahoma , kansas and texas .\nrecovery of sea urchin populations , st . ann ' s bay , jamaica .\ndiversity of lamium ( lamiaceae ) in arkansas , including occurrences of lamium hybridum and flower color forms .\ncomment suwannee river , florida to the mississippi river ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\ncomment enters kentucky\u2019s waters during the spawning run ( burr and warren 1986 ) .\nlife history from january - march . eggs are deposited over coarse sand and gravel\nbetween mid - july and early october ( pflieger 1975 ) . juveniles stay in fresh\ncomment and southern illinois to the gulf of mexico in the mississippi river basin .\nto veracruz , mexico . the species is now extirpated or very rare in the\ncomment county near maysville ( trautman 1981 ) . j . p . kirtland noted this species\nhabitat / this species is one of the largest freshwater fishes in the u . s . . the largest\nlife history known gar collected in louisiana was 9 feet 8 . 5 inches and weighed 302\nrivers and their bayous , oxbows , and backwaters . the have been known to\nlife history current below and above riffles and in pools up to 1 . 75 meters deep ( burr\nsubstrates and boulders , tree snags , or water willow as cover . spawning is\nsupporting aquatic life ranges from 51 . 5 % to 90 . 0 % of stream miles\ncomment species of buffalo ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . some authorities regard this\nmississippi and ohio rivers . in the ohio river , pearson and krumholz ( 1984 )\nhistory environments ( burr and warren 1986 ) . the species has also been reported to\nbeing a large dietary component ( becker 1983 , minckley et al . 1970 ) . spawning\nsubstrates from bedrock to gravel ( piller et al . 2003 ) . piller et al . ( 2003 )\n2008 , 17 records ) , 05140206 lower ohio ( 1996 - 2008 , 13 records ) . although\nwere fully supporting of aquatic life use ( kentucky division of water 2008 ) . the\ng - trend the blackfin sucker is endemic to the barren river drainage basin . the\ncomment and a portion of northern tennessee ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in\nlife history or rubble substrates in creeks and medium sized rivers ( natureserve 2004 ) .\nearly spring ( march and april ) . after hatching , the young are found in\nkey currently exists only in the upper barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . nearly\n2b gravel / sand removal or quarrying ( e . g . , mineral excavation )\nlife history 5 m in width ( burr and warren 1986 ) . typically found in sluggish pools of\n60 : 40 ( burr and warren 1986 ) . this species is usually also associated with\nspecies is broadly distributed in the southeastern u . s . and often abundant in\n( mettee et al . 1996 ) . according to natureserve ( 2004 ) , this species is\nhabitat / little is known about the biology of this species . spawning occurs in mid -\nlife history to late spring in shoal areas of small streams ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in\nportion ( approximately 10 % ) of the species\u2019 range ( natureserve 2008 ) .\nhistory and around submerged logs and stumps . less frequently , or more sporadically , it\nor gravel in current ( burr and warren 1986 ) . the blackfin shiner is a schooling\n( robison and buchanan 1988 , ross 2001 ) . in tennessee , the spawning period\nobservations of males in breeding condition ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . eggs are\nbreeding males ( heins 1990 , pfleiger 1997 , boschung and mayden 2004 ) .\nsome degree ( burr and warren 1986 , woods et al . 2002 ) .\ncomment caney fork , tennessee , to rockcastle river , kentucky ( natureserve 2004 ) .\nand little south forks , and buck creek ( burr and warren 1986 ) .\ncomment cumberland river ( below the falls ) where it is known from five localities . it\nstreams ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs in mid - april through\nearly may as water temperature approaches 15 c ( 60f ) . sexual maturity is\nreached at age - 1 . life span is 2 . 5 years . food consists of about half\nmayflies . maximum total length is 100 mm sl ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nhuc8 are good as 73 . 1 % of assessed streams were found to be fully\nsupporting aquatic life . a total of 43 . 7 miles of streams in this huc8 are\ncomment mississippi river from obion creek south ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . it\nlife history in raceways and riffles on the coastal plain ( burr and warren 1986 ) . this\ninclude 27 . 8 % ( bayou du chien - mayfield huc8 ) and 37 . 0 % ( obion creek\n2f riparian zone removal ( agriculture / development ) . burr and warren ( 1986 )\ncomment was elevated to species status by etnier and starnes ( 1986 ) . this species is\n( etnier and starnes , 1993 ) . although species continues to be common in\ns - trend in kentucky , this species is confined to terrapin creek in graves county .\naquatic vegetation is present ( etnier and starnes , 1993 ) . bell and timmons\nfrom 33 - 116 to 65 - 201 mature ova per age - 1 female . although bell and\ncomment creeks , graves county ( burr and warren 1986 ) . within terrapin creek , it\n1984 ( burr and warren 1986 , d . eisenhour , morehead state university ,\nlife history to fast current ( natureserve 2004 ) . specific habitat includes sand - gravel\ncomment degrees n ( lee and gilbert 1980 ) . in the eastern hemisphere , it occurs\nkentucky , missouri , wyoming , and oregon ( page and burr 1991 ) . the species\nin depths greater than 1 . 5 m with substrates of rock , sand , and mud ( burr and\nhabits ( lee and gilbert 1980 , becker 1983 ) . in the great lakes and areas to the\nbays over and or on gravel shoals ( becker 1983 , holm et al . 2009 ) . in rivers ,\nside channels behind deposition bars ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 2003 ) . the\nlower ohio - bay , and 05140206 lower ohio . pre - 1967 records are available for\nthe lower kentucky river ( 05100205 ) and licking river ( 05100101 ) . the most\nbrush - whiteoak ( 1993 , photo record ) ( compton et al . 2004 ) . although the ohio\ng - trend the central mudminnow occurs in north central north america in the st .\ncreek and running slough , fulton county ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is\ncoastal plain ( clay 1975 ) . this species usually prefers non - turbid water\nshallow water during the spring water temperatures reach 13\u00b0 c ( 55\u00b0 f ) .\nsupporting aquatic life range from 27 % ( obion creek huc ) to 74 . 9 %\nnone ( kentucky lake huc ) to 124 . 4 ( bayou du chien - mayfield creek\ncomment river drainage ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it has been collected both above\nlife history may be taken in medium sized streams ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it occurs in\nassociated with large , flat stones ( page 1983 ) . spawning takes place in\napril when water temperatures are around 13\u00b0 c . ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\ncommon food items include mayflies , midges , and stoneflies ( page 1983 ) .\n1986 ) . sexual maturity is reached at one year of age . spawning occurs from\nmid - march to early june . females contain 26 - 116 eggs and deposit them\non dead leaves , twigs , rock and filamentous algae . eggs are not guarded and\nhatch in 5 - 13 days based on temperature . life span is 1 . 5 years . principal\nchien \u2013 mayfield ( huc 08010201 ) , and obion creek ( huc 08010202 ) .\nmississippi \u2013 memphis huc ) to 74 . 9 % ( lower tennessee - kentucky lake\neasternmost records from the state ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is considered\nhabitat records predate 1984 . the bayou du chien - mayfield ( huc 08010201 )\ncontains the largest number of records ( 17 ) , only one of which is post - 1984 .\nlife history streams , and sloughs ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it occurs over substrates of\nsand or clay overlain with silt and organic debris ( burr and warren 1986 ) .\net al . 1996 ) and april to september in florida ( natureserve 2004 ) . nest\ngrowth is fairly slow and lifespan is approximately six years ( mettee et al .\nwatersheds have fewer than ten ( kentucky division of water 2002 , 2004 ) .\nand tennessee and the fish to be rare and extremely localized . jenkins , in\ndarter is presented in etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) as etheostoma sp . ( this\ndarter was officially describes after their book went to press ) . at that time\nof the duskytail darter to be confined to 4 . 3 stream miles of the big south\nin kentucky was only about a 4 . 8 - mile reach between the mouth\ntroublesome creek ( the majority ) and the mouth of oil well branch . the\nwell ) occurred under slab shaped stones during april - june . eggs are laid in\nwith complement of eggs ranging from 79 - 103 per \u201cnest rock\u201d . these nests\nsupporting aquatic life include 90 . 0 % of the 75 . 5 miles of stream assessed\ndrainage from red river upstream ( burr and warren 1986 ) . it is common in\nlife history starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs from april to june at temperatures of\nabout 18 - 20\u00b0c in gravel - cobble raceways . this species may be an\nsupporting aquatic life ranges from 48 . 4 % to 90 . 0 % of streams surveyed\nwithin these watersheds , in which up to 404 . 4 stream miles have been\n4a acid mine drainage other coal mining impacts . burr and warren ( 1986 )\n4b waste water discharge ( e . g . , sewage treatment ) . burr and warren ( 1986 )\n4d oil and gas drilling operations associated runoff . burr and warren ( 1986 )\nalso be found in pools adjacent to habitat . eggs are thought be to attached\nage range of breeding females is 1 - 2 years ( natureserve 2004 ) . eggs are laid\nsingly on horizontal and vertical surface and they hatch in 6 \u2013 8 days . life\nspan is 3 years . diet consists primarily of midge larvae ( etnier and starnes\n17 states in the u . s . ( natureserve 2004 ) . over its range it is common and\ncomment in the mississippi river at cairo , illinois ( burr and warren 1986 ) . burr and\nand crossman 1973 ; pflieger 1975 ) . it relies on flood flows to spawn\npeak flows , when the temperature is warmer and the bottom is more stable .\ninto smaller streams to spawn ( scott and crossman 1973 ; pflieger 1975 ) .\ncomment small portion of north - central tennessee . in kentucky , it is considered\ncomment river , and the south fork of the kentucky river ( natureserve 2004 ) . it is\nlife history gradients ( natureserve 2004 ) . inhabits quiet water areas , especially slow\nspring and peaks from mid - march through mid - april . this species may be\nbarren river drainages are 80 . 0 % and 92 . 6 % ( respectively ) of stream miles\ncomment to trinity r . dr . , texas ; former mississippi embayment north to\nelsewhere ( page and burr 1991 ) . as the golden topminnow is secure in\nmost of its range , natureserve indicates g5 as its global status . however ,\ncomment 1970 from reelfoot lake , ( sisk 1973 ) . the first notable population\n( 1973 ) reported a series of 14 ( each date ) from open pond , fulton county .\nspecial concern category ( branson et al . 1981 ) . both open fork and\nshoreline ( burr and warren 1986 ) . as are most fundulus , the golden\ntopminnow is a surface dweller . etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) report it to\nhabitat kentucky ( huc - 8 ) are located within huc 08010202 ( obion creek ) . of\nthe 28 . 7 miles of stream assessed within this huc , 27 . 8 % of the waters\nwere fully supporting , 56 . 0 % partially supporting , 16 . 2 % not supporting ,\ndivision of water 2002 ) . however , one of the current and primary known\n( pg . 74 , kentucky atlas and gazetteer , 1997 ) . this refuge should help\npopulation occurring above the fall line . it is reported to be c \\ common in\ns - trend in kentucky , this species is sporadic and seasonally rare . its known\nhabitat / restricted to small lowland creeks , ditches , and wetlands . in small gravel\nsupporting aquatic life include 27 . 8 % ( obion creek huc ) and 56 . 0 %\ncomment from terrapin creek in graves county . burr and mayden ( 1979 ) reported\ncomment over a large part of the central united states . recently recognized as a\nflowing riffles and runs . during periods of low water , when riffles and runs\nkey known to occur only in the barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . habitat\n( page and burr 1991 ; pflieger 1975 ) . spawning occurs during late spring\nemergent vegetation and hatch in 4 - 30 days at temperatures of 13 - 34 c .\ns - trend this species is endemic to the upper kentucky river system . it is\nlife history may be taken in streams . this species usually occupies sluggish pools and\nsexual maturity is reached at age 1 . females contain 67 - 265 mature eggs .\ndipterans , caddisflies , stoneflies , and beetle larvae ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nhabitat basin . habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life range from 48 . 4 %\n( north fork kentucky river huc 05100201 ) to 88 . 5 % ( upper kentucky\ncomment tributary ) , kentucky . in the upper green river drainage , it is common in\npitman , and goose creeks . in the gasper river drainage , it is most common\nhabitat few records also in the barren river ( huc 05110002 ) . habitat conditions\nin the upper green river and 92 . 6 % in the barren river watersheds .\n113 . 1 in the the upper green and 14 . 7 for the barren river drainages\nrarely enters creeks , streams , or rivers ( burr and warren 1986 ) . spawning\n20 , 000 eggs per female . food consists of microcrustacea and midge larva .\nlife span is 5 or 6 years . maximum size to 394 mm ( 15 . 5 inches ) total\nlength and nearly 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lbs ) ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nhabitat loss , construction of dams , and pollution . over the years , this\ncomment mississippi , cumberland , and tennessee rivers ( burr and warren 1986 ) .\nthe lake sturgeon ( trautman 1981 ) . burr and warren ( 1986 ) reported eight\nriver , 3 ; cumberland river , 1 ) for this species in kentucky . since 1984 ,\nfeet over firm sand , gravel , or rock ( pflieger 1975 ) . the oldest individual\nwas reported to be 154 years of age and weighing 207 pounds . . spawning\noutside bends over rocks / boulders in water between 1 and 15 feet in depth .\nhabitat river that lie within four different huc8 units . the most recent record is\nsupporting aquatic life range from none ( highland - pigeon huc ) to 51 . 5 %\nterrapin creek , although confined to a small range ( d . eisenhour , morehead\nhabitat / occurs in lowland creeks and small rivers across its range ( natureserve ) . in\nlife history the south , it occupies relatively shallow , clear riffles with moderate current .\noccurs from mid - june through early - july ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nsnags or similar organic cover ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . if available , they\nlife history and warren 1986 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ; natureserve 2004 ) . primary\n( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . spawning occurs in shallow , gravel / cobble riffles\nwhere eggs can be buried in the gravel / cobble substrate ( natureserve 2004 ) .\nsupporting aquatic life range include 55 . 8 % of stream miles surveyed in the\nupper green river and 92 . 6 % in the barren river watersheds . number of\nfound between pre - 1984 and post - 1984 data ( d . eisenhour , morehead state\nsand / silt substrates in pools ( burr and warren 1986 ) . such habitats are\neggs and young are carried in the gill chamber for 4 to 5 months . only 10 %\nhabitat ( huc 05110001 ) , and rough river ( huc 05110004 ) drainages . habitat\n2004 ) , with good populations in the licking river ( d . eisenhour , morehead\nriver drainages ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . this species has been collected in\nmaturation , it is now limited to the upper reaches ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\ncomment south fork of the cumberland river drainage . ( burr and warren 1986 ;\nriver has turned up only two specimens ( m . compton , ky division of\nlife history upland river systems ( burr and warren 1986 ; natureserve 2004 ) . typical\nlate - july ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . lifespan is approximately 4 years .\ndrainages , and formerly in lake erie ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . because the\nrare fishes ( branson et al . 1981 ) , but was later removed because it was thought\nto be more common that previously believed ( burr and warren 1986 ) . although\nhistory zooplankton on which it feeds . adults must have access to gravel bars subject to\nthe species prefers depths greater than 1 . 5 m , seeking deeper water in late fall\nartificial structures ( e . g . , below dams ) that create eddies and reduce current\nvelocity ( southall and hubert 1984 ) . paddlefish have been reported to spawn in\nbelow upstream impoundments ( e . g . , stancill et al . 2002 ) . in the lower\n( 08010100 ) , and bayou du chien - mayfield ( 08010201 ) watershed units . sections\nkentucky lake ( 06040005 ) , and lower tennessee river ( 06040006 ) . habitat\nthree records are available for the licking river ( 05100101 ) . the licking river\ncomment cumberland river in wayne county . it was judged to be most abundant in\na 6 - mile reach of the little south fork ( u . s . fish and wildlife service\ncobble , pebble , and gravel mixed with clean sand ( u . s . fish and wildlife\nservice 1997 ) . peak spawning occurs from june to early july ( u . s . fish\npalezone shiner for 20 years , very little is known about its biology ( u . s .\nhabitat in the south fork cumberland ( huc 0513014 ) watershed , wayne county .\ncomment south to louisiana and west to the guadaloupe river in texas ( clemmer 1980 ) .\nskelly and sule 1983 , warren and burr 1988 , kwak 1991 , pflieger 1997 ) .\nreduction of the species\u2019 habitat or range ( jelks et al . 2008 ) .\ncomment and upper cumberland basins in kentucky ( burr and warren 1986 ) . until\nrecent collections because of its close similarity to other minnows ( e . g . , bigeye\nhistory collected along the margin of the stream lined with water willow ( justicia sp . ) ;\nwarren 1986 ) . biology and life history of populations in kentucky are unknown .\nriver , habitat conditions fully supporting aquatic life include 90 % of the 75 . 5\nmiles of stream assessed within the watershed , and 52 . 3 stream miles are\ns - trend there is only one substantiated record for the pallid sturgeon in kentucky .\nlife history pounds ) with a large flat shovel - like snout ( natureserve 2004 ) . it inhabits\nspawning runs . life span has been estimated to be up to 50 years . the\noldest individual to - date was a 41 - year - old female weighing 37 . 5 pounds\nmollusks , annelids , eggs of other fishes , and other fishes ( natureserve 2004 ) .\nwithin this huc is able to fully support aquatic life . most ( 64 . 2 % ) can\nonly partially support aquatic life , while 35 . 8 % are considered to be non -\nlife history and small to large rivers . it is common and can be very abundant in the\ngreat plains ( page and burr 1991 ) . it lives in schools near the bottom and\nand flathead chubs , and the red , sand and emerald shiners ( pflieger 1975 ) . in\nwest ( gilbert 1980 , page and burr 1991 , natureserve 2008 ) . in canada , it\nhuron in southern ontario ( parker et al . 1988 , natureserve 2008 ) . recently , the\nand red river ( burr and warren 1986 , meade et al . 1986 ) . although these small ,\nmakes them vulnerable to habitat loss and degradation . in wisconsin , lyons et al .\nportion of its diet consists of terrestrial insects ( schwartz and norvell 1958 ) ."]}
{"id": 732, "summary": [{"text": "labrisomus philippii , the chalapo clinid , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of south america from peru to chile .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) tl and the greatest recorded weight for a specimen of this fish was 635 grams ( 22.4 oz ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "labrisomus philippii", "paragraphs": ["spawning cycles of labrisomus philippii\nby stephen r . goldberg and marie c . pizzorno\ngoldberg , stephen r . and pizzorno , marie c . ( 1986 )\nnotes on the spawning cycles of labrisomus philippii ( labrisomidae ) and trachinotus paitensis ( carangidae ) from peru ,\nbulletin of the southern california academy of sciences : vol . 85 : iss . 2 . available at : urltoken\n( of clinus philippii steindachner , 1866 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\njustification : this is a widespread species that is locally abundant with no well - documented major threats and is therefore considered least concern . however , because of its shallow depth distribution and potential for impacts from coastal development and pollution , further research is needed to monitor this species .\nthis species is found along the coast of chile and peru in the southeast pacific .\nrepresented between 0 . 06 and 1 . 1 percent of the fish assemblage at different study sites ( perez - matus et al . 2007 ) .\nthis species occurs in the intertidal zone , and feeds on polychaetes , amphipods and small fish ( berrios and vargas 2004 ) .\nit is a shallow water species and therefore could be impacted by coastal development and pollution . however , there is no current evidence that this constitutes a major threat for this species .\nno species - specific conservation measures are in place for this species , but it may occur in protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas 1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas 1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas 9 . pollution - > 9 . 1 . domestic & urban waste water - > 9 . 1 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded 9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 4 . type unknown / unrecorded\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\nanonymous . 1996 . fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum . university of british columbia , vancouver , canada .\nanonymous . 2001 . fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes . , washington , dc .\nberrios , v , and vargas f . , m . 2004 . estructura trofica de la associacion de peces intermareales de la costa rocosa del norte de chile . rev . biol . trop . 52 ( 1 ) .\ngarc\u00eda - godos naveda , i . 2001 . patrones morfol\u00f3gicos del otolito sagitta de algunos peces \u00f3seos del mar peruano . .\niucn . 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 13 november 2014 ) .\nmedina , m . , m . araya and c . vega . 2004 . alimentaci\u00f3n y relaciones tr\u00f3ficas de peces costeros de la zona norte de chile . invest . mar . 32 ( 1 ) : 33 - 47 .\npeque\u00f1o , g . 1989 . peces de chile . lista sistematica revisada y comentada . rev . biol . mar . , valparaiso 24 ( 2 ) : 1 - 132 .\np\u00e9rez - matus , a . , ferry - graham , l . a . , cea , a . and v\u00e1squez , j . a . 2007 . community structure of temperate reef fishes in kelp - dominated subtidal habitats of northern chile . marine and freshwater research 58 : 1069 - 1085 .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) . 1999 . latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nstephen r . goldberg , department of biology , whittier college marie c . pizzorno , department of biology , whittier college\nnatural environment : inhabits shallow coral and rocky reefs and usually found between depths of 3 \u2013 15 feet ( 1 \u2013 5 m ) where it feeds upon small crustaceans .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans ."]}
{"id": 736, "summary": [{"text": "costabieta horrida is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species has three synonyms , most of these synonyms are within the rissiona genus of gastropods , while one happens to be of a species within the identical genus as this mollusk . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "costabieta horrida", "paragraphs": ["id : 293173 original name : costabieta _ horrida . jpg size 111x178 - 7443 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 2234 created : 2016 - 05 - 26 15 : 38 : 58 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 293173 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 293173 ] ] ( thumbnail )\n( of costabieta paucina laseron , 1956 ) ponder w . f . ( 1985 ) a review of the genera of the rissoidae ( mollusca : mesogastropoda : rissoacea ) . records of the australian museum supplement 4 : 1 - 221 . [ 12 february 1985 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 108 [ details ]\n( of rissoina horrida garrett , 1873 ) garrett a . , 1873 . descriptions of new species of marine shells inhabiting the south sea islands . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 25 : 209 - 231 , plates 2 - 3 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 210 , pl . 2 , fig . 5 [ details ]\nponder w . f . ( 1985 ) a review of the genera of the rissoidae ( mollusca : mesogastropoda : rissoacea ) . records of the australian museum supplement 4 : 1 - 221 . [ 12 february 1985 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 108 [ details ]\npe\u00f1as a . & rol\u00e1n e . ( 2017 ) . deep water pyramidelloidea from the central and south pacific . the tribe chrysallidini . ecimat ( estaci\u00f3n de ciencias mari\u00f1as de toralla ) , universidade de vigo . 412 pp . [ details ]\n( of pyrgulina favrei hornung & mermod , 1925 ) pe\u00f1as a . & rol\u00e1n e . ( 2017 ) . deep water pyramidelloidea from the central and south pacific . the tribe chrysallidini . ecimat ( estaci\u00f3n de ciencias mari\u00f1as de toralla ) , universidade de vigo . 412 pp . [ details ]\ngarrett a . , 1873 . descriptions of new species of marine shells inhabiting the south sea islands . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 25 : 209 - 231 , plates 2 - 3 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 210 , pl . 2 , fig . 5 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfiji , source : garrett , a . 1873 . descriptions of new species of marine shells inhabiting the south sea islands ( original figure )\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\nrissoina is a large genus of minute sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family rissoinidae .\nrissoina abnormis g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 : synonym of stosicia abnormis ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )\nrissoina bellardii issel , 1869 : synonym of pyramidelloides mirandus ( a . adams , 1861 )\nrissoina bellula a . adams , 1851 : synonym of phosinella bellula ( a . adams , 1851 )\nrissoina clathrata a . adams , 1853 : synonym of phosinella clathrata ( a . adams , 1853 )\nrissoina congenita e . a . smith , 1890 : synonym of schwartziella congenita ( e . a . smith , 1890 )\nrissoina conica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) : synonym of vitreolina conica ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nrissoina detrita boettger , 1893 : synonym of rissoina dorbignyi a . adams , 1851\nrissoina dimidiata jickeli , 1882 : synonym of rissoina dorbignyi a . adams , 1851\nrissoina eucosmia bartsch , 1915 : synonym of pyramidelloides mirandus ( a . adams , 1861 )\nrissoina evanida nevill , 1874 : synonym of zebinella evanida ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1881 )\nrissoina firmata ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) : synonym of schwartziella firmata ( c . b . adams , 1852 )\nrissoina floridana olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 : synonym of schwartziella floridana ( olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 )\nrissoina gemmulata turton , 1932 : synonym of pyramidelloides mirandus ( a . adams , 1861 )\nrissoina helenae e . a . smith , 1890 : synonym of schwartziella helenae ( e . a . smith , 1890 )\nrissoina hystrix souverbie , 1877 : synonym of pyramidelloides mirandus ( a . adams , 1861 )\nrissoina insolita deshayes , 1863 : synonym of pyramidelloides mirandus ( a . adams , 1861 )\nrissoina miranda a . adams , 1861 : synonym of pyramidelloides mirandus ( a . adams , 1861 )\nrissoina montrouzieri souverbie , 1862 : synonym of rissoina dorbignyi a . adams , 1851\nrissoina nitida a . adams , 1853 : synonym of phosinella nitida ( a . adams , 1853 )\nrissoina nodicincta a . adams , 1853 : synonym of phosinella nodicincta ( a . adams , 1853 )\nrissoina princeps ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) : synonym of zebinella princeps ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nrissoina pulchra ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) : synonym of phosinella pulchra ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nrissoina samoensis weinkauff , 1881 : synonym of stosicia abnormis ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )\nrissoina smithii tryon , 1887 : synonym of eatoniella caliginosa ( e . a . smith , 1875 )\nrissoina striosa ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) : synonym of zebinella striosa ( c . b . adams , 1850 )\nrissoina turricula pease , 1860 : synonym of rissoina costata a . adams , 1851\nrissoina turtoni e . a . smith , 1890 : synonym of schwartziella turtoni ( e . a . smith , 1890 )\nstudies on west indian marine molluscs 45 the caribbean marine gastropods described by otto andreas lawson m\u00f8rch . 1 : some type specimens and identifications ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) | marien faber - urltoken\nstudies on west indian marine molluscs 45 the caribbean marine gastropods described by otto andreas lawson m\u00f8rch . 1 : some type specimens and identifications ( gastropoda : prosobranchia )\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 738, "summary": [{"text": "phalanx ( 1944 \u2013 1971 ) was an american champion thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in 1947 , he won the belmont stakes and was voted american champion three-year-old male horse . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "phalanx ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["the middle phalanx is half the length of the proximal phalanx , its proximal articular surface is ridged so it can articulate with proximal phalanx and the distal end resembles that of the proximal phalanx .\n2 . 4 phalanx\nhorse vs demon who win\n( 2 new item ( 2 . 4 )\ndorsoventral radiograph of the foot demonstrating a fracture of the wing of the third phalanx .\ndorsoventral radiograph of the foot demonstrating a sagittal fracture through the center of the third phalanx .\nkey horse a single horse used in multiple combinations in an exotic wager . l\nthe lateral cartilage is securely attached to the second and third phalanx ( short pastern and p3 ) .\nhelm - warhelm of kassar : reduce the cooldown and increase the damage of phalanx by 60 % .\ndorsoventral radiograph of the foot demonstrating a fracture of the wing of the third phalanx with articular involvement .\n2 . 4 phalanx\nhorse vs demon who win\n( 2 new item ( 2 . 4 ) - crusader - diablo iii builds - diablofans\nnear side left side of a horse . side on which a horse is mounted .\nthe proximal phalanx is shaped like an hourglass and is wider proximally than distally . proximally , it has two shallow articular surfaces separated by a small sagittal groove ; the medial cavity is larger than the lateral cavity . the saggital groove accepts the saggital ridge of the distal third metacarpal ( cannon ) bone . distally there are two convex areas separated by a sagittal groove to accept the proximal articulation of the middle phalanx . the proximal phalanx is approximately twice the length of the middle phalanx .\nbreakdown when a horse suffers a potentially career - ending injury , usually to the leg : the horse suffered a breakdown . the horse broke down .\nthis particular discussion will focus on the equine terminal phalanx , also known as the third phalanx , or coffin bone . we will discuss some of the structural features that it has which are common to all bones , as well as its unique features .\nsensitive laminae cover the distal phalanx . the coronary corium lies across many soft tissues such as the extensor tendon and lateral cartilages .\nexamples of fully closed growth plates . a ) horse aged 22 . 8 months . fully closed growth plates at the proximal second phalanx , proximal first phalanx and distal metacarpus . b ) horse aged 50 . 8 months . fully closed growth plates at the proximal radius and distal humerus . note the absence of any radiolucency and diffuse opacity in the region of the previous growth plate .\ncut down horse suffering from injuries from being struck by the shoes of another horse . or , due to a faulty stride , a horse may cut itself down . d\ngrandsire the grandfather of a horse ; father (\nsire\n) of the horse ' s dam or sire .\nimproper conditioning : such as working a horse at an intensity that it has not yet been conditioned for , working an unfit horse , and continuing to work an extremely fatigued horse .\nin the very young horse , the distal phalanx correlates well with the hoof shape . foals are born with balanced , symmetrical pedal bones , but bone is very dynamic and is influenced by all kinds of forces .\naccompanied into the parade ring by a phalanx of policemen , the great colt looked far more relaxed than either his trainer or his jockey , tom queally .\nthe coffin bone ( third phalanx ) provides structural support and an internal mold for the hoof . it also transmits weight up the axial skeleton of the legs .\nhorse when reference is made to sex , a\nhorse\nis an ungelded male five - years - old or older .\nin the photo above , the short pastern bone ( second phalanx ) has been removed . a small portion of the lateral cartilage was attached to the short pastern .\nfractures of the third phalanx are not unusual radiographic findings . while some of the changes seen in the third phalanx are compatible with the radiographic appearance of a fracture , they may be the result of other physiologic processes . in figure 8 , there is a radiolucent line along the caudal most aspect of one of the wings of the third phalanx , which probably represents a congenital aberration , the result of a separate ossification center in this region . i do not attach any radiographic significance to this change .\n( 1 ) scenes of airplane crashes ( 2 ) memorial to anzio dead ( 3 ) polish girls to canada in labor exchange ( 4 ) phalanx wins belmont horse race ( 5 ) indy 500 auto race ( partial newsreel ) .\nschooling process of familiarizing a horse with the starting gate and teaching it racing practices . a horse may also be schooled in the paddock . in steeplechasing , more particularly to teach a horse to jump .\nlateral radiograph of the foot demonstrating a pseudo fracture of the wing of the third phalanx ; i consider this within normal limits and probably the result of a separate ossification center .\nlunge 1 ) horse rearing and plunging . 2 ) a method of exercising a horse on a tether (\nlunge line\n) . m\na branch from each collateral sesamoidean ligament originates at the palmar process ( angle ) of the distal phalanx ( pedal bone ) and inserts on the axial surface of the hoof cartilage .\ncoffin bone the third phalanx ( p3 ) . the major bone that is within the confines of the hoof . also called the\npedal [ pee - dal ] bone .\nfractures of the distal phalanx are an important cause of lameness referrable to the foot . depending on the fracture configuration and articular involvement , conservative or surgical treatment may be required . fractures of the distal phalanx have been divided into six categories based on fracture configuration . discussion of clinical features , management , and prognosis for horses with distal phalangeal fractures is presented for each fracture type .\ntrip an individual horse ' s race , with specific reference to the difficulty ( or lack of difficulty ) the horse had during competition , e . g . , whether the horse was repeatedly blocked or had an unobstructed run .\nconsolation double a payoff to holders of daily double tickets combining the winning horse in the first race of the double with a scratched horse in the second .\nfire a burst of acceleration by a horse in a race . for example ,\nthe horse did ( didn ' t ) fire when asked .\ngraduate 1 ) winning for the first time , horse or rider . 2 ) a horse that has moved up to allowance , stakes or handicap racing .\nphalanx organization . the greek phalanx was a column formation of heavy infantry carrying long spears , or pikes , and swords . the pikes were six to twelve feet long , much longer than spears of the past . men in the phalanx carried a round shield called a hoplon , from which the infantry took their name , hoplites . the hoplites wore metal armor on their chests , forearms , and shins at least , plus a metal helmet that covered the head down to the neck . the addition of armor classified the hoplites as heavy infantry , as opposed to light infantry that wore little or no armor . a typical phalanx unit was ten men across the front rank and ten men deep , but many such units were combined into one larger unit . the phalanx in battle . the phalanx was an offensive infantry formation for hand - to - hand shock combat . it usually fought without light troop or cavalry support , which should have been an important disadvantage , but the greeks largely ignored these auxiliary troops . as long as they fought among themselves , lack of missile troops and cavalry was not a problem . the heavy infantry on each side in a battle would close with each other at a deliberate pace , maintaining formation . # army # farmation # greek # heavy # heavy _ infantry # helmet # horse # infantry # macedonians # phalanx # philip _ the _ great # roman # romania # sheild # spartans # spears # unit # \u014b\u06be\u0111\u043e\u0123\nfault weak points of a horse ' s conformation or character as a racehorse .\nmuzzle 1 ) nose and lips of a horse . 2 ) a guard placed over a horse ' s mouth to prevent it from biting or eating . n\nsecond dam grandmother of a horse . also known as a\ngranddam .\nshort a horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form .\nsnip small patch of white hairs on the nose or lips of a horse .\nstall walker horse that moves about its stall constantly and frets rather than rests .\nstud 1 ) male horse used for breeding . 2 ) a breeding farm .\ntimber topper jumper or steeplechase horse . more properly horses jumping over timber fences .\nunderlay a horse racing at shorter odds than seems warranted by its past performances .\naction 1 ) a horse ' s manner of moving . 2 ) a term meaning wagering , for example ,\nthe horse took a lot of action .\ndeclared in the united states , a horse withdrawn from a stakes race in advance of scratch time . in europe , a horse confirmed to start in a race .\nreserve a minimum price , set by the consignor , for a horse in a public auction . for example ,\nthe horse did not reach its reserve .\nspit the bit a term referring to a tired horse that begins to run less aggressively , backing off on the\npull\na rider normally feels on the reins from an eager horse . also used as a generic term for an exhausted horse .\nthe distal sesamoid in horses is known as the navicular bone . it is elongated transversely and articulates with both the distal and middle phalanx , lying palmar to the distal interphalangeal joint . dorsally , the articular surface is covered by hyaline cartilage . it articulates with the palmar aspect of the middle phalanx . the palmar flexor surface is characterised by a prominent sagittal ridge and is covered by fibrocartilage ; providing a smooth surface for the deep digital flexor tendon to glide during weightbearing . the distal border contains a small articular facet of hyaline cartilage for articulation with the distal phalanx . the distal border contains numerous , synovium - lined , nutrient foraminae .\nbottom 1 ) stamina in a horse . 2 ) subsurface of a racing strip .\ncolt an ungelded ( entire ) male horse four - years - old or younger .\ndigestible energy the amount of energy a horse is able to digest from a feedstuff .\nentry fee money paid by an owner to enter a horse in a stakes race .\nexercise rider rider who is licensed to exercise a horse during its morning training session .\nnose smallest advantage a horse can win by . called a short head in britain .\nprop when a horse suddenly stops moving by digging its front feet into the ground .\npull up to stop or slow a horse during or after a race or workout .\nshow bet wager on a horse to finish in the money ; third or better .\nbreak ( a horse ) 1 ) to train a young horse to wear a bridle and saddle , carry a rider and respond to a rider ' s commands . almost always done when the horse is a yearling . 2 ) to leave from the starting gate .\nsuperficial digital flexor : runs down the back of the leg , behind the carpus and cannon , branches below the fetlock and inserts into the distal side of the 1st phalanx and proximal side of the 2nd phalanx . flexes the elbow , carpus and lower joints . additionally , the superior check ligament inserts into this tendon from the caudal side of the radius . the sdft is the most commonly injured tendon , and appears oval or flattened in cross section .\nfigure 11 indicates a fracture ( sagittal ) through the center of the third phalanx , which i consider to be a serious radiographic finding . until this time we have only discussed the purchase exam in relationship to soundness and usefulness in work . one might be considering the purchase of a broodmare or stallion with this type of fracture of the third phalanx . therefore , the evaluation becomes somewhat different as compared to a horse that will be used for competition . however , i would still have to be very pessimistic about the future of an individual with this type of third phalangeal fracture , even if the horse were going to the stud .\nthe deep digital flexor tendon and common extensor tendon allows the horse to move the leg .\nbrace ( or bracer ) rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or workout .\nbreeze ( breezing ) working a horse at a moderate speed , less effort than handily .\nconformation the physical makeup of and bodily proportions of a horse how it is put together .\ndriving a horse that is all out to win and under strong urging from its jockey .\ngrass slip used in some areas , permission to exercise a horse on the turf course .\nhead a margin between horses . one horse leading another by the length of its head .\nmudder horse that races well on muddy tracks . also known as a\nmudlark .\noverweight surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight . p\nshank rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led .\n( a ) silky sullivan a horse that makes a big run from far back . named for the horse silky sullivan , who once made up 41 lengths to win a race .\ntaken up a horse pulled up sharply by its rider because of being in close quarters .\nthe distal phalanx is rounded to a point distally ; articulating with another bone only at the proximal end . it does not have a cortex or medullary cavity , but has three surfaces : articular surface , parietal surface and solar surface .\ncup 1 ) refers to the irregular occlusal surface of the tooth ( the surfaces that meet when a horse closes its mouth ) and is used as a visual method of determining age in a horse . 2 ) trophy awarded to winning horse owners , usually in a stakes race .\ncheck ( ed ) when a jockey slows a horse due to other horses impeding its progress .\nconnections persons identified with a horse , such as owner , trainer , rider and stable employees .\nmorning glory horse that performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races .\nrabbit a speed horse running as an entry with another , usually come - from - behind horse . the rabbit is expected to set a fast pace to help the chances of its stablemate .\nridden out a horse that finishes a race under mild urging , not as severe as driving .\nwhite a horse color , extremely rare , in which all the hairs are white . the horse ' s eyes are brown , not pink , as would be the case for an albino .\npaired collateral sesamoidean ligaments : originate from depressions on either side of the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx . they extend in a palmar direction to insert on the extremities and proximal border of the navicular bone ; thereby acting to suspend the navicular bone .\ncarpus a joint in the horse ' s front leg , more commonly referred to as the knee .\ncryptorchid a\nunilateral cryptorchid\nis a male horse of any age that has one testicle undescended . a\nbilateral cryptorchid\nis a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended . the jockey club defines\ncryptorchid\nas a male horse of any age that has both testicles undescended .\nfeather light weight . usually refers to the weight a horse is assigned to carry in a race .\nhung a horse that does not advance its position in a race when called upon by its jockey .\nnominator one who owns a horse at the time it is named to compete in a stakes race .\noverlay a horse going off at higher odds than it appears to warrant based on its past performances .\nsteadied a horse being taken in hand by its rider , usually because of being in close quarters .\ntattoo a permanent , indelible mark on the inside of the upper lip used to identify the horse .\n\u00e1rnason th , van vleck ld : genetic improvement of the horse . genetics of the horse . edited by : bowling at , ruvinsky a . 2000 , new york : gabi publishing , 473 - 497 .\nscratch to be taken out of a race before it starts . trainers usually scratch horses due to adverse track conditions or a horse ' s adverse health . a veterinarian can scratch a horse at any time .\nof the distal phalanx is that which conforms to the hoof wall . it is convex , rough , porous and has processes on each side heading in a palmar direction . there are many foramina and grooves on this surface for vasculature and nerves to pass . the\nfractures of the first / proximal phalanx ( p1 ) may occur in any type of horse used for performance . they may be small osteochondral \u201cchip\u201d fractures along the dorsal margin of the proximal joint surface , sagittal ( complete or incomplete ) , or comminuted . another category involves fragments of the palmar or plantar proximal aspect of p1 , which may be associated with osteochondrosis .\nthe growth plates in the first and second distal phalanges and the proximal third phalanx as well as the proximal mt3 and mc3 were all fully closed in the youngest horses in this study . the time of closure of the sixteen other growth plates examined are listed in table\nclimbing when a horse lifts its front legs abnormally high as it gallops , causing it to run inefficiently .\ncloser a horse that runs best in the latter part of the race , coming from off the pace .\nconditioner 1 ) a trainer . 2 ) a workout or race to enable a horse to attain fitness .\ncuppy ( track ) a dry and loose racing surface that breaks away under a horse ' s hooves .\ndrop ( ed ) down a horse meeting a lower class of rival than it had been running against .\nearmuffs a piece of equipment that covers a horse ' s ears to prevent it from hearing distracting sounds .\nleg up 1 ) to help a jockey mount a horse . 2 ) a jockey having a mount .\non the bit when a horse is eager to run . also known as\nin the bridle .\nprep ( race ) a workout ( or race ) used to prepare a horse for a future engagement .\nteaser a male horse used at breeding farms to determine whether a mare is ready to receive a stallion .\ndirect trauma to a tendon : such as when a horse hits its front leg with a hind hoof .\ngreen , b . k . ( 1969 ) horse conformation as to soundness and performance , northland press .\nthe icelandic horse has developed as an isolated breed since the settlement of the country in the 8th and 9th century . it originates from the medieval horse population of norway and probably other countries in scandinavia and the british isles [\nbad doer a horse with a poor appetite , a condition that may be due to nervousness or other causes .\nfalse favorite horse that is a race favorite despite being outclassed by other competition in the field . see underlay .\npast performances a horse ' s racing record , earnings , bloodlines and other data , presented in composite form .\nmcllwraith , c . w . ( 1986 ) . in : american quarter horse association developmental orthopaedic disease symposium .\nstashak , t . s . ( 1995 ) horse owner ' s guide to lameness , williams and wilkins .\nfigures 9 and 10 illustrate fractures of the wings of the third phalanx . these fractures are significant , even if the horse is clinically sound , and a neurectomy could have been performed . because it involves a larger portion of the articular surface , i consider the fracture in figure 10 more serious than that in figure 9 . again , it is necessary to discuss these changes with the purchaser , indicating the possibility of future problems related to the fractures . the previous history and current use of the horse would certainly influence me in advising a potential buyer . if the fracture is years old and the horse has been sound and in continual work , i would be much more optimistic about the horse ' s future than if this were not\nblood - typing a way to verify a horse ' s parentage . blood - typing is usually completed within the first year of a horse ' s life and is necessary before registration papers will be issued by the jockey club .\nbreak maiden horse or rider winning the first race of its career . also known as\nearning a diploma .\ngate card a card , issued by the starter , stating that a horse is properly schooled in starting gate procedures .\ngelding a male horse of any age that has been neutered by having both testicles removed (\ngelded\n) .\nmorning line probable odds on each horse in a race , as determined by a mathematical formula used by the track handicapper , who tries to gauge both the ability of the horse and the likely final odds as determined by the bettors .\novergirth an elastic band that goes completely around a horse , over the saddle , to keep the saddle from slipping .\nrun - out bit a special type of bit to prevent a horse from bearing out ( or in ) . s\nspeed figure a handicapping tool used to assign a numerical value to a horse ' s performance . see beyer number .\nsubscription fee paid by owner to nominate a horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race .\ntubing inserting a nasogastric tube through a horse ' s nostril into its stomach for the purpose of providing oral medication .\nwheel betting all possible combinations in an exotic wager using at least one horse as the key . see part wheel .\nyearling a horse in its second calendar year of life , beginning jan . 1 of the year following its birth .\nthe distal sesamoidean ( impar ) ligament originates from the distal margin of the navicular bone and deep digital flexor tendon . it extends from the navicular bone proximally for 1 . 0 - 1 . 5cm and distally to the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon on the distal phalanx ( pedal bone ) .\nfor every one - degree increase in the radiometacarpal angle , the risk of a fracture in the front proximal phalanx increased ( odds ratio 1 . 36 ) . for every degree increase in the radiometacarpal angle , the risk of physeal enlargement in the front fetlock increased by a factor of 1 . 52 .\nwhat implications should therefore be drawn from the application of the principles of bone remodeling to the pathology of the equine terminal phalanx ? first of all , although little in the way of biomechanical studies have been done regarding the influence of horseshoes on the normal physiology of the terminal phalanx ( coffin bone ) , it is clear from many human studies that there is likely dramatic alteration in the stresses received by the coffin bone during standing and walking . this undoubtedly causes architectural changes within the bone , and possibly overall loss of bone stock which cannot be replaced . the additional changes affecting the laminar connections are described elsewhere .\nbreather easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit it to conserve or renew its strength .\ngastric ulcers ulceration of a horse ' s stomach . often causes symptoms of abdominal distress ( colic ) and general unthriftiness .\nhood a ( usually ) nylon covering which goes over a horse ' s head to which blinkers or earmuffs are attached .\npart wheel using a key horse or horses in different , but not all possible , exotic wagering combinations . see wheel .\nstate - bred a horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in races restricted to state - breds .\nswayback horse with a prominent concave shape of the backbone , usually just behind the withers ( saddle area ) . scoliosis .\nthe icelandic horse is a pristine breed of horse which has a pure gene pool established more than a thousand years ago , and is approximately the same size as living and extinct wild breeds of horses . this study was performed to compare the length of the skeletal growth period of the\nprimitive\nicelandic horse relative to that reported for large horse breeds developed over the recent centuries . this information would provide practical guidance to owners and veterinarians as to when the skeleton is mature enough to commence training , and would be potentially interesting to those scientists investigating the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis . interestingly , osteochondrosis has not been documented in the icelandic horse .\nthe icelandic horse is relatively small . growth and development of the icelandic horse was studied in the period 1970 \u2013 1980 where the average height at the withers , measured by rod , was found to be 133 cm for five - year - old horses [\nadded weight a horse carrying more weight than the conditions of the race require , usually because the jockey exceeds the stated limit .\ncast a horse , positioned on its side or back , and wedged against a wall , such that it cannot get up .\nmaiden 1 ) a horse or rider that has not won a race . 2 ) a female that has never been bred .\nrefuse 1 ) when a horse will not break from the gate . 2 ) in jumping races , balking at a jump .\nstripe a white marking running down a horse ' s face , starting under an imaginary line connecting the tops of the eyes .\ngoubaux , a . and g . barrier . ( 1904 ) the exterior of the horse . london , jb lippincott company .\nflank area between the horse ' s ribs and hip . lacking heavy musculature and the site of important internal organs , the flank is a very sensitive region on the horse ' s body and cannot be touched by a jockey ' s whip during a race .\njail refers to the requirement that a horse which has been claimed that next runs in a claiming race must run for a claiming price 25 percent higher for the next 30 days . commonly used in the phrase the horse is in ( out of ) jail .\ntwitch a restraining device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope or chain at one end , which is placed around a horse ' s upper lip and twisted , releasing endorphins that relax a horse and curb its fractiousness while it is being handled .\nwhen does a horse begin to develop osteoarthritis ? typically the onset of osteoarthritis ( oa ) in adult horses is 4 to 6 years old , but that can vary a great deal due to breed of the horse and its use . conformation is also a very important consideration leading to oa . a poorly conformed horse is more likely to be predisposed to an arthritic condition that would affect them earlier in life . predisposing radiographic factors that are present in a young horse can also indicate possible future issues . age for onset of osteoarthritis\nthese same results are listed together with published data from other horse breeds . the growth plates of the icelandic horses were subjectively characterized as narrow in most of the regions studied , relative to those present in large horse breeds , although the width was not objectively measured .\nacross the board a bet on a horse to win , place and show . if the horse wins , the player collects three ways ; if second , two ways ; and if third , one way , losing the win and place bets . actually three wagers .\nblack a horse color which is black , including the muzzle , flanks , mane , tail and legs unless white markings are present .\ngroom a person who cares for a horse in a stable . known as a\nlad\nor\ngirl\nin britain .\nneck unit of measurement . about the length of a horse ' s neck ; a little less than a quarter of a length .\nrattle used in the expression ,\nhe likes to hear his feet rattle ,\na horse that likes a firm turf course .\nreins long straps , usually made of leather , that are connected to the bit and used by the jockey to control the horse .\nheird , j . c . ( 1971 ) growth parameters in the quarter horse . thesis . animal science , university of tennessee .\nwilloughby , d . p . ( 1975 ) growth and nutrition in the horse . ny , a . s . bames & co\nlateral digital extensor : the lateral digital extensor muscle becomes the lateral digital extensor tendon at the proximal portion of the metacarpus . the tendon continues down the front of the leg and inserts into the proximal portion of the first phalanx . important in the treatment of stringhalt in the hindlimb . extends the carpal , pastern , and coffin joints .\ngirth 1 ) an elastic and leather band , sometimes covered with sheepskin , that passes under a horse ' s belly and is connected to both sides of the saddle . 2 ) deepest point of the horse ' s midsection , around which the saddle girth is tightened .\nyoshida k , ueda y , masumitsu h : radiological studies on the ossification of the thoroughbreds 2 . closure process in the distal epiphyseal lines of the radius and the 3rd metacarpal bone and the proximal epiphyseal line of the proximal phalanx and an assessment system of bone maturity . bull equine res inst . 1982 , 19 : 18 - 29 .\ncribber a horse that clings to objects with its teeth and sucks air into its stomach . also known as a\nwind sucker .\nforelock lock of mane hair that falls forward from the poll ( top of the head ) to just above the horse ' s eyes .\nunder wraps horse under stout restraint in a race or workout to keep it from pulling away from the competition by too large a margin .\npoor footing : working a horse on uneven or slippery footing can cause tendon strain , as well as deep ,\nthick\nfooting .\na blow or bang to the point of the hock usually from horse kicking a wall or from lying down on a hard concrete surface .\nclaiming process by which a licensed person may purchase a horse entered in a designated race for a predetermined price . when a horse has been claimed , its new owner assumes title after the starting gate opens although the former owner is entitled to all purse money earned in that race .\ndistanced horse so far behind the rest of the field of runners that it is out of contact and unable to regain a position of contention .\nrank a horse that refuses to settle under a jockey ' s handling in a race , running in a headstrong manner without respect to pace .\nwashed out a horse that becomes so nervous that it sweats profusely . also known as\nwashy\nor\nlathered ( up ) .\nclaiming race a race in which each horse entered is eligible to be purchased at a set price . claims must be made before the race and only by licensed owners or their agents who have a horse registered to race at that meeting or who have received a claim certificate from the stewards .\ntongue tie strip of cloth - type material used to stabilize a horse ' s tongue to prevent it from\nchoking down\nin a race or workout or to keep the tongue from sliding up over the bit , rendering the horse uncontrollable . also known as a\ntongue strap .\nbutler ja , colles cm , dyson sj , kold se , poulos pw : clinical radiology of the horse . 2000 , oxford : blackwell science ltd\nalso - eligible a horse officially entered for a race , but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number .\ndosage index ( di ) a mathematical reduction of the dosage profile to a number reflecting a horse ' s potential for speed or stamina . the higher the number , the more likely the horse is suited to be a sprinter . the average dosage index of all horses is about 4 . 0 .\nsheets a handicapping tool assigning a numerical value to each race run by a horse to enable different horses running at different racetracks to be objectively compared .\npreviously published reports of closure times ( months ) of the appendicular growth plates in different horse breeds together with the results for icelandic horses in this study .\nfontana safety rail an aluminum rail , in use since 1981 , designed to help reduce injuries to horse and rider . it has more of an offset ( slant ) to provide greater clearance between the rail and the vertical posts as well as a protective cover to keep horse and rider from striking the posts .\nnod lowering of head . to win by a nod , a horse extends its head with its nose touching the finish line ahead of a close competitor .\ntightener 1 ) a race used to give a horse a level of fitness that cannot be obtained through morning exercises alone . 2 ) a leg brace .\ntop line 1 ) a thoroughbred ' s breeding on its sire ' s side . 2 ) the visual line presented by the horse ' s back .\npony any horse or pony that leads the parade of the field from paddock to starting gate . also , a horse or pony which accompanies a starter to the starting gate . also can be used as a verb he was ponied to the gate . also known as a\nlead [ leed ] pony .\ncooling out restoring a horse to normal temperature , usually by walking , after it has become overheated during exercise . all horses that are exercised are cooled out .\nentire an ungelded horse . in europe , where geldings are not permitted to enter certain races , the race conditions might read\nentire colts and fillies .\nhandily 1 ) working in the morning with maximum effort . compare with , 2 ) a horse racing well within itself , with little exertion from the jockey .\npoor trimming and shoeing : such as a farrier that causes a hoof shape that predisposed the horse to tendon injuries ( such as a long - toe and low - heel ) , or one that shoes a horse with toe grabs , which artificially create a long - toe and low heel by lifting the toe up .\nhoof the foot of the horse . consists of several parts that play an integral role in supporting the weight of the horse . see\nhoof\nsubsection of\nmusculoskeletal system\nin veterinary supplement xtuqdturuqvtvuxdduvt for a more detailed explanation . for hoof injuries , see cracked hoof ; heel crack ; quarter crack ; toe crack .\nset down 1 ) a suspension . for example ,\nthe jockey was set down five days for careless riding .\n2 ) when a jockey assumes a lower crouch in the saddle while urging the horse to pick up speed . for example ,\nthe horse was set down for the drive to the wire .\nfracture of the distal phalanx is a fairly common injury that occurs most commonly at high speed ( ie , during a race ) or less commonly from kicking a firm object ( eg , a stall wall ) . the fracture is caused by concussion and produces a sudden onset of lameness . the lameness is severe if the fracture is intra - articular but may be less severe if only a wing ( or solar margin of the distal phalanx ) is fractured with no articular component . distal phalangeal fractures occur more frequently in the forelimb but are also common in the hindlimb . intra - articular fractures may be easily isolated to the foot ; lameness is commonly associated with joint effusion . nonarticular fractures may require compression of the foot with hoof testers and possibly unilateral palmar digital nerve anesthesia for localization . lameness is exacerbated by turning the horse or making it pivot on the affected leg . if the fracture does not extend into the joint , the lameness may improve considerably after 48 hr of stall rest .\ndeworming the use of drugs ( anthelmintics ) to kill internal parasites , often performed by oral paste or by passing a nasogastric tube into the horse ' s stomach .\nfee 1 ) amount paid to a jockey for riding in a race . 2 ) the cost of nominating , entering or starting a horse in a stakes race .\ngait the characteristic footfall pattern of a horse in motion . thoroughbreds have four natural gaits - walk , trot , canter and gallop . thoroughbreds compete at a gallop .\nmonorchid a male horse of any age that has only one testicle in his scrotum - the other testicle was either removed or is undescended . see cryptorchid ; ridgling .\nbattery a term for an illegal electrical device used by a jockey to stimulate a horse during a race . also known as a\nmachine\nor\njoint .\nlength a measurement approximating the length of a horse , used to denote distance between horses in a race for example ,\nsecretariat won the belmont by 31 lengths .\nmane long hairs growing on the crest of the horse ' s neck , which are usually kept clipped to about six inches in length for neatness , or decoratively braided .\nsigur\u00f0sson \u00e1 , fr\u00f3\u00f0ad\u00f3ttir h , j\u00f3hannsd\u00f3ttir lb : sk\u00fdrsluhaldi\u00f0 \u00ed hrossar\u00e6kt 2001 . ( annual report on horse breeding 2001 ) . freyr . 2002 , 1 : 47 - 50 .\nfretz pb , cymbaluk nf , pharr jw : quantitative analysis of long - bone growth in the horse . am j vet res . 1984 , 45 : 1602 - 1609 .\nallowance race a race for which the racing secretary drafts certain conditions to determine weights to be carried based on the horse ' s age , sex and / or past performance .\nfront - runner a horse whose running style is to attempt to get on or near the lead at the start of the race and to continue there as long as possible .\nsaddle cloth a cotton cloth which goes under the saddle to absorb sweat . it usually has the horse ' s program number and sometimes , in major races , its name .\nthis study provides practical information for trainers and veterinarians working with the icelandic horse . traditionally , demanding ridden training of icelandic horses commences at the age of 4 years at the earliest . according to the current study , the appendicular skeleton should be ready for increased load at 3 years of age , as most appendicular growth plates are closed by then . the results also suggest that the icelandic horse , with its gene pool established over 1000 years ago , has approximately the same growth period as breeds of horses which have been especially selected for size during the past few centuries . in our study the icelandic horse was also subjectively evaluated to have relatively narrow growth plates , relative to large horse breeds , in all age groups suggesting a slower growth rate . the growth rate of the icelandic horse needs to be investigated further , as well as the association between growth rate and developmental orthopaedic abnormalities .\n] , accelerating the genetic improvement of the breed . the icelandic horse is characterized by its ability to perform 4 or 5 gaits , and by its good health , and durability [\ncolors ( horse ) colors accepted by the jockey club are bay , black , chestnut , dark bay or brown , gray , roan and white . see individual entries for definitions .\nflatten out a very tired horse that slows considerably , dropping its head on a straight line with its body . some horses , however , like to run with their heads lowered .\nblack , j . b . ( i 992 ) hind limb lameness of the western working stock horse . in : the 37th annual conference of the american association of equine practitioners .\ndeep digital flexor : 3 tendons of the deep digital flexor muscle travel distally and join at the carpus , were they pass through the carpal canal , and travel distally along the back of the leg , finally inserting into the palmar side of the third phalanx . below the knee / hock , the tendon is superficial to the suspensory ligament , but deep to the sdft . fairly commonly injured by horses doing fast work , the ddft is round in cross section .\np\u00e1lsson pa : er \u00edslenski hesturinn hreinr\u00e6kta\u00f0ur \u00ed 1000 \u00e1r ? ( is the icelandic horse pure bred for a thousand years ? ) . ei\u00f0faxi . 1996 , 2 : 18 - 19 .\nroan a horse color where the majority of the coat of the horse is a mixture of red and white hairs or brown and white hairs . the mane , tail and legs may be black , chestnut or roan unless white markings are present . starting with foals of 1993 , the color classifications gray and roan were combined as\nroan or gray .\nsee gray .\n] . the history of intense artificial selection of icelandic horses is relatively short . organized horse breeding based on different traits of conformation and performance under saddle has only been practised for one century [\n] . radiographic closure has occurred when there is no radiolucent line visible in the physeal area . the closure time of selected growth plates of the limbs has been determined for some horse breeds [\nfield horse ( or mutuel field ) two or more starters running as a single betting unit ( entry ) , when there are more starters in a race than positions on the totalizator board .\nthor\u00e9n - tolling k : serum alkaline phosphatase isonezymes in the horse \u2013 variation with age , training and in different pathological conditions . j vet med a . 1988 , 35 : 13 - 23 .\nbay a horse color that varies from a yellow - tan to a bright auburn . the mane , tail and lower portion of the legs are always black , except where white markings are present .\nbearing in ( or out ) deviating from a straight course . may be due to weariness , infirmity , inexperience or the rider overusing the whip or reins to make a horse alter its course .\nbred 1 ) a horse is considered to have been bred in the state or country of its birth : secretariat was a virginia - bred . 2 ) the past tense of\nbreed .\npoint ( s ) of call a horse ' s position at various locations on the racetrack where its running position is noted on a chart . the locations vary with the distance of the race .\nshadow roll a ( usually sheepskin ) roll that is secured over the bridge of a horse ' s nose to keep it from seeing shadows on the track and shying away from or jumping them .\nthermography diagnostic technique utilizing instrumentation that measures temperature differences . records the surface temperature of a horse . unusually hot or cold areas may be indicative of some underlying pathology ( deviation from the normal ) .\ncunningham , k . and s . h . fowler . ( 1961 ) a study of growth and development in the quarter horse , louisiana state university and agricultural and mechanical college agricultural experiment station .\nbridle a piece of equipment , usually made of leather or nylon , which fits on a horse ' s head and is where other equipment , such as a bit and the reins , are attached .\nblaze a generic term describing a large , white vertical marking on a horse ' s face . the jockey club doesn ' t use blaze , preferring more descriptive words . see snip ; star ; stripe .\nbobble a bad step away from the starting gate , usually caused by the track surface breaking away from under a horse ' s hooves , causing it to duck its head or nearly go to his knees .\nnose band a leather strap that goes over the bridge of a horse ' s nose to help secure the bridle . a\nfigure eight\nnose band goes over the bridge of the nose and under the rings of the bit to help keep the horse ' s mouth closed . this keeps the tongue from sliding up over the bit and is used on horses that do not like having a tongue tie used . o\nas the horse ages , the environment and load on the foot influence the hoof capsule and the bone . the hoof capsule distorts to counteract the various forces . the pedal bone adapts by changing shape and density .\nthe radiographic closure time of the appendicular growth plates was studied in 64 young icelandic horses . the results were compared with previously published closure times reported for other , larger horse breeds . the radiographs were also examined for any signs of developmental orthopaedic diseases . in order to describe further the growth pattern of the icelandic horse , the total serum alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) activity was determined and the height at the withers was measured .\ncroup along the horse ' s topline , the area between the back and the tail . a straight , level croup provides maximum outreach of the thoroughbred ' s hindquarters as it gallops , producing a longer stride .\ntout person who professes to have , and sells , advance information on a race . also used as a verb meaning to sell or advertise . for example ,\nhe ' s touting the four horse .\nblow - out a short , timed workout , usually a day or two before a race , designed to sharpen a horse ' s speed . usually three - eighths or one - half of a mile in distance .\nspeedy cut - an injury to the hock caused by the over reaching gait of a rear leg . related terms may be brush , cut down , grab a quarter . this is a common occurrence in horse racing .\na hock angle and occasionally pastern angle were measured from a rear view of the horse . a hock greater than 180\u00b0 represents \u2018in at the hock\u2019 ( cow hock ) and less than 180\u00b0 represents bow - legged conformation .\ngoodman , n . l . and baker , b . k . ( 1990 ) lameness diagnosis and treatment in the quarter horse racehorse . veterinary clinics of north america : equine practice . 6 , 85 - 107 .\nbill daly ( on the ) taking a horse to the front at the start and remaining there to the finish . term stems from\nfather bill\ndaly , famous old - time horseman , who developed many great jockeys .\nicing 1 ) a physical therapy procedure , properly known as\ncryotherapy .\n2 ) when a horse is stood in a tub of ice or ice packs are applied to the legs to reduce inflammation and / or swelling .\nlead [ led ] lead weights carried in pockets on both sides of the saddle , used to make up the difference between the actual weight of the jockey and the weight the horse has been assigned to carry during the race ."]}
{"id": 754, "summary": [{"text": "the southern black rhinoceros or cape rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis bicornis ) is an extinct subspecies of the black rhinoceros that was once abundant in south africa from the cape province to transvaal , southern namibia , and possibly also lesotho and southern botswana .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it was brought to extinction by excessive hunting and habitat destruction around 1850 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "southern black rhinoceros", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb diceros bicornis ssp . minor ( south - central black rhinoceros , southern - central black rhino )\nthe black rhinoceros is one of two species of rhinoceros native to africa , and the southern black rhinoceros is one of four subspecies of black rhino . during the last century , the black rhino has suffered the most drastic decline of all rhino species .\ngreater one - horned rhinos : rhinoceros sondaicus ( also called indian rhino ) . subspecies : rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus , rhinoceros sondaicus inermis , rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus\nwhite rhinos : ceratotherium simum ( southern white rhinoceros ) , ceratotherium cottoni ( northern white rhinoceros ) . iucn lists these as subspecies of ceratotherium simum .\nthe feeding ecology of eastern black rhinoceroses ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) in southern serengeti national park , tanzania .\ndiceros bicornis bicornis , western south africa , southern namibia . extinct since about 1800 .\ndna diversity analysis of similar region of mtdna of the kenyan and southern african rhinoceros showed that the two populations are distinct with only one shared mutation and nine fixed differences . the southern africa rhinoceros population had lower haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity relative to the kenyan population ( table 2 ) .\nthe other three more numerous subspecies are found in the eastern and southern african countries . today putative\nblack rhinoceros : the term black was probably chosen to distinguish it from the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) , although both species are not distinguishable by colour .\nthe black rhinoceros is listed as \u2018critically endangered\u2019 by the iucn 3 . 1 .\nthe black rhinoceros or hook - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) is a species of rhinoceros , native to eastern and central africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia , zimbabwe , and angola . although the rhinoceros is referred to as black , its colors vary from brown to gray .\nother than the above , there are three other subspecies that have been driven to extinction . the southern black rhinoceros ( d b bicornis \u2020 ) , which used to be the largest of the subspecies , used to be found in abundance from the cape of good hope to the southern parts of namibia . the other two are the north - eastern black rhino ( d b brucii \u2020 ) and the western black or west african black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes \u2020 ) .\nsubspecies : southwestern black rhinoceros ( d . b . bicornis ) classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ; eastern black rhinoceros ( d . b . michaeli ) and south - central black rhinoceros ( d . b . minor ) are both classified as critically endangered ( cr ) ; western black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes ) classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nwhen population is at equilibrium neutrality the nucleotide diversity ( ) and the number of nucleotide segregating sites ( ) are indistinguishable and this is seen in both southern africa ( d . b . minor ) and kenyan ( d . b . michaeli ) rhinoceros . tajima - d analysis of southern africa rhinoceros dataset showed a positive value while kenyan group subset had a weak negative value ( table 1 ) .\nthe population of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) fell to about 2 , 400 individuals in 1995 , down from a likely number of several hundred thousand at the start of the 20th century , when it ranged over most of southern africa . the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) historically had a smaller geographic\u2026\nwhite rhinos and black rhinos live in the grasslands and floodplains of eastern and southern africa . greater one - horned rhinos can be found in the swamps and rain forests of northern india and southern nepal . sumatran and javan rhinos are found only in small areas of malaysian and indonesian swamps and rain forests .\ndiceros bicornis minor , northern namibia , eastern south africa , botswana , zimbabwe , mozambique , zambia , malawi , southern uganda , tanzania .\nthere are now three remaining recognized ecotypes / subspecies of black rhinoceros occupying different areas of africa . a fourth recognised subspecies\nfossil rim participates in the international rhino foundation\u2019s southern black rhino sustainability program , which is a coordinated international effort to establish and maintain a viable population in captivity to save the species .\nthe black rhinoceros has brachydont and lophodont teeth , with a thin layer of cement . the white rhinoceros is more specialized , for the cheek teeth are hypselodont and have a thick cement layer . \u2026\nwhite rhinos are\nnear threatened ,\nwhich means they may be considered threatened by extinction in the near future . southern white rhinos have an increasing population ; there are 20 , 405 southern white rhinos . however , the northern white rhino is considered\nextinct\nin the wild .\nprehensile - lipped rhinoceros : refers to the same characteristic hooked - upper lip .\nthe other african rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the word\nwhite\nin the name\nwhite rhinoceros\nis a misinterpretation of the afrikaans word wyd , itself derived from the dutch word wijd for wide , referring to its square upper lip , as opposed to the pointed or hooked lip of the black rhinoceros . these species are now sometimes referred to as the square - lipped ( for white ) or hook - lipped ( for black ) rhinoceros .\nfor the same sample size the eastern african d . b . michaeli had higher genetic diversity ( haplotypes = 10 ) compared to the southern africa d . b . minor ( haplotypes = 6 ) with seven fixed differences and only one shared mutation ( table 2 ) . the apparent low diversity in the southern africa black rhinoceros infer a population bottleneck [ 27 , 29 ] . for the mtdna region analyzed , the fixed nucleotide polymorphic site differences between the two populations were seven with only one shared polymorphic site indicating that gene flow between the eastern and southern african and rhinoceros populations is restricted . since mtdna is maternally inherited , this may imply that the female rhinoceros founding population has behavioral restricted movements within an ecological range .\nthe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) is the most well known of the five living rhinoceros species , with its aggressive reputation and highly publicised international conservation drive . black rhinoceros are in fact grey in colour and are distinguished from the other african species ( which is also grey ) the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) , by its pointed , prehensile upper lip ; white rhinoceros have square lips ( 2 ) . both african rhinoceros species possess two horns , made from clumped fibres rather than bone , and the taller front horn may be 60 centimetres or longer ( 4 ) .\ns . m . brown and b . a . houlden , \u201cconservation genetics of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , \u201d\ngenus , found in the eastern and southern countries of africa , including south africa , kenya , zimbabwe , mozambique , namibia , tanzania , and zambia .\npeter dollinger & silvia geser .\nblack rhinoceros\n. world association of zoos and aquariums . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .\nthe species overall is classified as critically endangered , and one subspecies , the western black rhinoceros , was declared extinct by the iucn in 2011 .\nwwf factsheet ; black rhinoceros diceros bicornis\n( pdf ) . world wildlife fund . october 2004 . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .\nbeing browsers instead of grazers , the upper lip of the black rhinoceros is pointed down to facilitate the stripping off the leafy contents of branches .\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage .\nof rhinoceros . the black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1 , 300 kg ( 1 , 500 and 2 , 900 pounds ) ; males are the same size as females . it stands 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long . the black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats , including open\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage . \u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe longest known black rhinoceros horn measured nearly 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) in length . [ 18 ] sometimes , a third , smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defense , intimidation , and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding . the black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and has a pointed and prehensile upper lip , which it uses to grasp leaves and twigs when feeding . [ 18 ] the white rhinoceros has square lips used for eating grass . the black rhinoceros can also be distinguished from the white rhinoceros by its size , smaller skull , and ears ; and by the position of the head , which is held higher than the white rhinoceros , since the black rhinoceros is a browser and not a grazer . this key differentiation is further illustrated by the shape of the two species mouths ( lips ) : the\nsquare\nlip of the white rhinoceros is an adaptation for grazing , and the\nhooked\nlip of the black rhinoceros is an adaptation to help browsing .\nthe black rhinoceros inhabits a variety of habitats , ranging from the deserts of namibia through wooded grasslands to broadleaved woodlands and acacia savannahs ( 4 ) .\nj . n . garnier , m . w . bruford , and b . goossens , \u201cmating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros , \u201d\nhook - lipped rhinoceros : the narrow upper lip of the black rhino is adapted to feeding from trees and bushes and is perfect for ripping of leaves .\nthe south - western rhino ( diceros bicornis bicornis ) which is better adapted to the arid and semi - arid savannas of namibia , southern angola , western botswana and western south africa .\ny . moodley , i . m . russo , d . l . dalton et al . , \u201cextinctions , genetic erosion and conservation options for the black rhinoceros\nthe black rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nw . l . linklater , k . adcock , p . du preez et al . , \u201cguidelines for large herbivore translocation simplified : black rhinoceros case study , \u201d\nthe south - central black rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) is the most numerous of all black rhino subspecies .\nthere are five extant subspecies with the chobe black rhinoceros ( d . b . chobiensis ) , found in chobe valley of angola , namibia and botswana , the uganda black rhino ( d . b . ladoensis ) , found in south sudan through uganda into western kenya and ethiopia , the eastern black rhino ( d . b . michaeli ) , endemic to tanzania . the south central ( d . b . minor ) and south western ( d . b . occidentalis ) subspecies are found in countries across southern africa .\nthe black rhinoceros is a herbivore that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes and fruit . the black rhinos diet helps to reduce the amount of woody plants which results in more grasses growing for the benefit of other animals .\nthe white and the black ( diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros live in africa , while the indian , the javan ( r . sondaicus ) , and the sumatran ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) rhinoceros live in asia . the precarious state of the surviving species ( all but one are endangered ) is in direct contrast to the\u2026\ngroves , c . p . ( 1967 ) .\ngeographic variation in the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis linnaeus , 1758 )\n. zeitschrift f\u00fcr s\u00e4ugetierkunde ( 32 ) : 267\u2013276 .\nthe west african rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) , the world conservation union ( iucn ) announced on 7 july 2006 that the west african black rhinoceros has been tentatively declared as extinct .\nuganda black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ladoensis ) \u2013 former distribution from south sudan , across uganda into western kenya and southwesternmost ethiopia . black rhinos are considered extinct across most of this area and its conservational status is unclear . probably surviving in kenyan reserves .\neastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) \u2013 had a historical distribution from south sudan , ethiopia , down through kenya into north - central tanzania . today , its range is limited primarily to tanzania .\nrookmaaker , l . c . ( 2004 ) .\nhistorical distribution of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) in west africa\n( pdf ) . african zoology 39 ( 1 ) : 63\u201370 .\nblack rhinoceros have been poached to the brink of extinction due to the demand for their horn , both for use in chinese traditional medicine and for traditional dagger handles in yemen , the demand for which exploded in the 1970s due to the increased income of oil - rich gulf states ( 7 ) . it is estimated that between 1970 and 1992 , around 96 percent of the black rhinoceros population was lost ( 8 ) .\ne . h . harley , i . baumgarten , j . cunningham , and c . o ' ryan , \u201cgenetic variation and population structure in remnant populations of black rhinoceros , diceros bicornis , in africa , \u201d\nchobe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis chobiensis ) \u2013 a local subspecies restricted to the chobe valley in southeastern angola , namibia ( caprivi strip ) and northern botswana . nearly extinct , possibly only one surviving specimen in botswana .\nthe word \u201crhinoceros\u201d is derived from the greek rhino ( nose ) and ceros ( horn ) . like the white rhino , the black rhino is actually gray and has two horns . however , the black rhino has a pointed , prehensile upper lip , which distinguishes it from the white rhino .\nskin : the black rhino , as indeed does all other rhinoceros species , boasts a gray - colored and thick layered skin . this kind of armor - like skin helps to protect its wearer from sharp grasses and thorns .\ns . m . muya , m . w . bruford , a . w . - t . muigai et al . , \u201csubstantial molecular variation and low genetic structure in kenya ' s black rhinoceros : implications for conservation , \u201d\nthe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , is sometimes called the \u2018hooked - lip rhino\u2019 . the rhinoceros is a mammal in the order perissodactyla and is native to the eastern and central areas of africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia and zimbabwe . although the rhino is referred to as black , it is actually more of a grey - white colour in appearance . it will sometimes take on the colour of the soil that it lives around .\nwith only 5 , 000 black rhino left in the wild to . . .\nthe black rhinos habitats are mostly bushy plains , rugged hills and scrub lands .\nthe intraspecific variation in the black rhinoceros was discussed by various authors and is not finally settled . the most accepted scheme considers seven or eight subspecies , of which three became extinct in historical times and one is on the very brink of extinction :\npoaching remains the greatest threat to the white rhinoceros . its horn is used in asia for traditional medicines and , more recently , as a status symbol . . .\nboth species have similar gray coloration as the word \u2018white\u2019 has actually been misinterpreted from \u2018wide\u2019 . so , the two are often hard to distinguish . the primary difference is that the black rhinoceros has pointier lips while the white rhino has wider lips to aid it in grazing . additionally , the black rhino also has relatively smaller skull .\nrookmaaker , l . c . ( 2005 ) .\nreview of the european perception of the african rhinoceros\n( pdf ) . journal of zoology 265 : 365\u2013376 .\nshoulder height : black rhinos stand at approximately 1 . 6 metres tall at the shoulder\nfemale black rhinos tend to sleep less than the males by almost half the time .\nfemale black rhinos will use their horns to protect their young from predators such as lions and hyenas . although they are fierce , black rhinos do have a softer side .\nrange includes namibia , southern angola , western botswana , and south - western and south - eastern south africa ( up to the kei river ) , although today they occur only in namibia ( the stronghold ) and south africa with a sighting of one animal in angola and unconfirmed reports of possibly another three animals .\nthere is need to readjust current conservation management paradigms for the black rhinoceros where precaution strategies in the translocation of endangered species bring only small , incremental improvements [ 27 , 28 , 34 ] . rhinoceros are herbivores without substantial predators and are resilient to ecological challenges [ 35 ] ; therefore their translocation for restocking to improve genetic diversity is feasible . since there is no reproductive barrier in african black rhinoceroses , the genetic diversity improvement will involve pilot outbreeding programs among the fragmented populations across the ecological range [ 5 , 27 , 29 ] .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and is more agile in movement . black rhinos can still show considerable bouts of aggression , even though they are mainly shy and solitary animals . black rhinos tend to live alone , except when breeding and raising offspring .\nthere were barely more than 5 , 000 black rhinos in africa as of 2015 . the black rhinos at fossil rim can be viewed on the behind - the - scenes tour .\nblack rhinoceros follow the same trails that elephants use to get from foraging areas to water holes . they also use smaller trails when they are browsing . they are very fast and can get up to speeds of 56 kilometres per hour ( 35 mph ) running on their toes .\nkenya wildlife service ( kws ) records show that these impacts reflected on kenyan black rhinoceros numbers where catastrophic decline was from an estimated 20 , 000 individuals in 1970 to 398 in 1991 and then this slightly rebounded to about 631 in 2014 [ 7 , 8 ] . this was through conservation strategy developed to intensively manage the remaining rhinos within small rhino sanctuaries where kws periodical translocated the surviving rhinoceros into the high security sanctuaries to limit poaching and enhance breeding [ 9 , 10 ] .\nwwf : black rhino info ( hits : 2170 ) extensive information by the world wildlife fund on the black rhino . covers physiology , threats , habitat and much more . [ w ] urltoken\nbecause of its build and armor - like skin , rarely do natural predators like lions and crocodiles prey on the black rhinoceros . on occasions , a crocodile may drag one into the water to kill it , or a pride of lions may join forces to bring down a sub - adult .\nsociability : black rhinos can be either solitary and territorial , or semi - social and less aggressively - territorial , depending on the habitat . incredible footage from the recent bbc africa series recorded a group of black rhinos congregating socially at a waterhole , thus disproving myths that black rhinos are strictly solitary\nwhite rhino ( ceratotherium simum ) : 17 , 500 individuals , living in africa , in long and short - grass savannahs . black rhino ( diceros bicornis ) : 4 , 240 individuals , living in africa , primarily in grasslands , savannahs and tropical bush lands . greater one - horned rhino ( rhinoceros unicornis ) : 2 , 800 - 2 , 850 individuals , living in northern india and southern nepal , mainly on flood plains , grasslands and occasionally in woodland . sumatran rhino ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) : 200 individuals , living in dense tropical forest , mainly on the indonesian island of sumatra and on borneo . javan rhino ( rhinoceros sondaicus ) : 40 - 50 individuals , living in indonesia ( approximately 35 - 50 ) and in vietnam ( fewer than five ) . in indonesia , javan rhinos live only in java\u2019s ujung kulon national park .\nthe name \u2018white rhinoceros\u2019 is taken from the afrikaans word describing its mouth : \u201cweit\u201d , meaning\nwide\n. early english settlers in south africa misinterpreted the\nweit\nfor\nwhite\n.\nwas distributed from southern sudan , ethiopia , and somalia , through kenya into northern - central tanzania and rwanda . its current stronghold is kenya . smaller but growing numbers occur in northern tanzania . the single animal that survived in rwanda has died . one important free - ranging population occurs outside its range in a private game reserve in south africa . contractually , these\nd . n . thuo , j . o . junga , j . m . kamau , j . o . amimo , f . m . kibegwa , and k . e . githui , \u201cpopulation viability analysis of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) in lake nakuru national park , kenya , \u201d\nblack rhinos are not actually black , according to the international rhino foundation . they probably got that name from the dark , muddy soil they like to wallow in or to distinguish them from white rhinos .\nthe greatest threat to black rhinos is poaching to satisfy demand for traditional chinese medicine in east asia .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) has suffered dramatic decline of all mammals in the recent history and the species is currently categorized as critically endangered in the international union of conservation for the nature red list ( iucn ) [ 1 , 2 ] . between 1960s and 1980s wanton illegal poaching and loss of habitat due to increased human developments in areas that were formerly wilderness resulted in approximately 96 % decline ( 65 , 000 to 3 , 800 individuals ) in population black rhinoceros across their range in africa [ 3 , 4 ] . in recent years , conservation measures have resulted in increase of in situ black rhino numbers from of 2475 individuals in 1993 to approximately 4880 in 2010 [ 2 , 5 , 6 ] .\nberger , joel ; cunningham , carol ( 1998 ) .\nnatural variation in horn size and social dominance and their importance to the conservation of black rhinoceros\n. conservation biology 12 ( 3 ) : 708\u2013711 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1523 - 1739 . 1998 . 97207 . x .\n. once lived in south sudan , northern central african republic , southern chad , northern cameroon , northeastern nigeria and south - eastern niger . the range possibly streched west to the niger river in western niger , though this is unconfirmed . a far greater former range in west africa as proposed earlier [ 13 ] is doubted by a 2004 study . [ 4 ] the last known wild specimens lived in northern cameroon . in 2006 an intensive survey across its putative range in cameroon failed to locate any , leading to fears that it was extinct in the wild . [ 6 ] [ 14 ] on november 10 , 2011 the iucn declared the western black rhinoceros extinct . [ 6 ]\nblack rhinos have a \u2018prehensile\u2019 lip \u2013 \u2018prehensile\u2019 meaning \u2013 adapted for grasping and holding . the black rhinos prehensile lip is used much like a finger to select and pick the twigs and leaves that they prefer .\nfor more information about aza safe and its commitment to black rhino conservation , please contact safeblackrhino @ urltoken .\nblack rhinoceros are mainly solitary creatures , occupying overlapping home ranges ( 5 ) . in this long - lived species females reach sexual maturity at around five to seven years old and give birth to a single calf every two to four years ( 6 ) . births can occur throughout the year and each calf tends to remain with its mother until the birth of her next offspring . rhinoceros have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing ( 5 ) . they are inquisitive and often aggressive towards humans and other animals ( 4 ) .\nlimited hunting of specific individual surplus black rhino males to further demographic and genetic metapopulation goals only recently sanctioned by cites . black rhinos however are currently only openly sold in south africa and in all other range states black rhino on communal or private land are managed on a custodianship basis for the state . black rhinos are primarily threatened by illegal killing for horn . live specimens for translocation invariably taken from natural habitat with the occasional zoo animal being reintroduced .\nthe scientific name for the black rhino is diceros bicornis . diceros being from the greek di for \u201ctwo\u201d and ceros meaning \u201chorn\u201d . bicornis is from the latin bi for \u201ctwo\u201d and cornis meaning \u201chorn\u201d . throughout history the black rhino has been referred to using quite a lot of different scientific names . view a list of black rhino scientific names .\nwhite rhinos are also sometimes called ' the square - lipped rhinoceros ' . their upper lip lacks the prehensile \u2018hook\u2019 of some of the other rhino species . the white rhino is the largest species of land mammal after the elephant .\nblack rhinos : diceros bicornis ( black rhino ) . subspecies : diceros bicornis bicornis , diceros bicornis brucii , diceros bicornis chobiensis , diceros bicornis ladoensis , diceros bicornis longipes , diceros bicornis michaeli , diceros bicornis minor , diceros bicornis occidentalis\nblack rhinos browse for food in the morning and evening and sleep or wallow during the hottest part of the day .\nto protect black rhinos from poaching and habitat loss , wwf is taking action in three african rhino range countries : namibia , kenya , and south africa . together , these nations hold about 87 % of the total black rhino population .\nin the wild , under natural conditions , the black rhino can survive up to anywhere between 35 to 50 years .\nthe black rhinoceros lives in habitats consisting of thick shrubbery and bush - land , with some woodlands about . they are not territorial in nature and often their home ranges change seasonally , depending on the availability of watering holes and food . the ranges of female rhinos are generally wider than that of their male counterparts , more commonly when they are accompanied by their young . black rhinos of both sexes tend to have an area at higher grounds where they come often to rest .\ntimothy w . oloo , robert brett & truman p . young ( 1994 ) .\nseasonal variation in the feeding ecology of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis l . ) in laikipia , kenya\n. african journal of ecology 32 ( 2 ) : 142\u2013157 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2028 . 1994 . tb00565 . x .\nthe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , once the most numerous rhino species at an estimated 850 , 000 individuals , declined to less than 100 , 000 animals by 1960 as a result of hunting and habitat loss . from that point , a poaching - driven decline reduced populations by approximately 98 % to 2 , 400 animals by the mid - 1990s .\nrookmaaker , l . c . and groves , c . p . ( 1978 ) .\nthe extinct cape rhinoceros , diceros bicornis bicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n( pdf ) . s\u00e4ugetierkundliche mitteilungen 26 ( 2 ) : 117\u2013126 .\nthe black rhinoceros is a herbivorous browser that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes , and fruit . [ 33 ] their diet can reduce the amount of woody plants , which may benefit grazers ( who eat grass ) , but not competing browsers . it has been known to eat up to 220 species of plants . it can live up to 5 days without water during drought . black rhinos live in primarily grasslands , savannas , and tropical bushland habitats .\nr . h . emslie , r . amin , and r . kock , \u201cguidelines for the in situ re - introduction and translocation of african and asian rhinoceros , \u201d 2009 , occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission no . 39 .\nas of 2010 , around 96 % of the total black rhino population was in four countries : south africa ( 39 % of total ) , namibia ( 36 % ) , kenya ( 12 % ) , and zimbabwe ( 9 % ) . of the three extant subspecies of black rhino , populations of the south - western ( d . b . bicornis ) and southern - central ( d . b . minor ) are more robust at approximately 1 , 900 and 2 , 200 animals , respectively , compared to 7 - 800 animals of the eastern subspecies ( d . b . michaeli ) . the west african subspecies ( d . b . longipes ) was declared extinct in 2011 .\narkive - black rhino ( hits : 1101 ) the black rhino on arkive , a unique collection of thousands of videos , images and fact - files illustrating the world ' s species to save their digital footprint for future generations . [ w ] urltoken\nthe taxonomy of the subspecies of the black rhino remains unresolved and needs further study . there are two parallel views at present .\nblack rhinos have a prehensile lip that is used much like a finger to select and pick the leaves and twigs they prefer .\nestes , richard d . the safari companion . post mills , vermont : chelsea green publishing co . , 1993 . martin , esmond and chryssee bradley . run rhino run . london : chatto and windus , 1982 . schenkel r . and l . schenkel - halliger . mammalia depicta : ecology and behavior of the black rhinoceros . berlin : verlag , paul , and parey , 1969 .\nthe black rhino wallows itself in mud during the hottest parts of the day to keep itself cool and as a protection against termites .\n\u2026white rhinoceroses , as well as black rhinoceroses , assorted species of antelope , wildebeests , zebras , giraffes , and numerous birds . \u2026\nno , black rhinos are not black at all . the species probably derives its name as a distinction from the white rhino ( which is not white at all either ) or from the dark - colored local soil that often covers its skin after wallowing in mud .\nwwf launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961 , rescuing black rhinos\u2014among many other species\u2014from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , the total number of black rhinos grew from 2 , 410 in 1995 to more than 5 , 000 today .\nin the 2015 edition of the occasion , \u2018save the rhino\u2019 organization clarified that only 5055 black rhinoceros are left in the world . this number used to be close to 500 , 000 at the start of the 20 th century , and if the current down - trend is not addressed in earnest , the iucn will have to declare the creature to be officially \u2018extinct\u2019 in the not - so - distant future .\nusing their prehensile lip , black rhinoceros feed on the leaves and twigs of a variety of woody plants and herbs ( 4 ) . foraging often occurs in the cool of dawn and dusk ; they spend much of the rest of the day resting in the shade or wallowing in shallow water holes , coating their skin in mud to protect it from the harsh sun and to deter biting flies ( 2 ) .\nblack rhinos are the smaller of the two african rhino species . the most notable difference between white and black rhinos are their hooked upper lip . this distinguishes them from the white rhino , which has a square lip . black rhinos are browsers rather than grazers , and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees . they have two horns , and occasionally a third , small posterior horn .\ndaniel boettcher ( november 9 , 2011 ) .\nwestern black rhino declared extinct\n. bbc . retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 .\nsouth - western black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis occidentalis ) \u2013 a small subspecies , adapted to survival in desertic and semi - desertic conditions . originally distributed in north - western namibia and southwestern angola , today restricted to wildlife reserves in namibia with sporadic sightings in angola . these populations are often erroneously referred to d . b . bicornis or d . b . minor but represent a subspecies to their own . [ 11 ]\nblack rhino mothers are very affectionate towards their young and will look after them for years , protecting them and teaching them how to survive independently . unlike a white rhino calf , a black rhino calf will run behind its mother . young black rhinos will live with their mother until another sibling is born , they are about 2 years old when this happens and are almost adult size and ready to go off and live independently .\ncurrent threat : poachers remain the biggest threat to the black rhino . however , with strict protection and effective biological management , black rhino numbers are slowly recovering and currently , there are approximately between 5 , 040 and 5 , 458 animals ( according to figures published by iucn in 2016 )\nthe black rhinos skin harbours many external parasites , which are eaten by birds such as the ox peckers and egrets that live with the rhino .\nblack rhinos , sumatran rhinos and javan rhinos are\ncritically endangered ,\nwhich is the list ' s highest risk category . there are 5 , 055 black rhinos , fewer than 100 sumatran rhinos and only 35 to 44 javan rhinos . [ related : javan rhino officially extinct in vietnam ]\nrhinoceroses are large , herbivorous mammals identified by their characteristic horned snouts . the word\nrhinoceros\ncomes from the greek\nrhino\n( nose ) and\nceros\n( horn ) . there are five species and 11 subspecies of rhino ; some have two horns , while others have one .\nblack rhino information\n. international rhino foundation . archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 10 . retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 .\nblack rhinos travel alone except while breeding or raising offspring . juveniles remain with the mother until they are completely weaned just before a new baby is born .\nblack rhinos have a tendency to attack just about anything , this is because of their poor eyesight . black rhinos have been known to attack trees and rocks by mistake . they rely heavily on their strong sense of smell and well developed hearing . if it catches a smell of an unfamiliar presence , then it will instinctively charge mistaking it as a threat . most of their \u2018charges\u2019 are bluffs but because they act in this way , they have been given a bad reputation as being aggressive and dangerous . black rhinos do however , live in harmony with other animals generally . black rhinos will attack other animals though if their territory is threatened , they also fight amongst themselves . black rhinos will fight each other over territory and females \u2013 even courting males and females sometimes fight one another . black rhinos use the larger of their two horns as a weapon when fighting . sometimes it can break off , however , this regenerates and grows back eventually .\nsean markey ( july 12 , 2006 ) .\nwest african black rhino extinct , group says\n. national geographic . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .\npopulations of black rhino declined dramatically in the 20 th century at the hands of european hunters and settlers . between 1960 and 1995 , black rhino numbers dropped by a sobering 98 % , to less than 2 , 500 . since then , the species has made a tremendous comeback from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , black rhino numbers have doubled from their historic low 20 years ago to between 5 , 042 and 5 , 455 today . however , the black rhino is still considered critically endangered , and a lot of work remains to bring the numbers up to even a fraction of what it once was\u2014and to ensure that it stays there . wildlife crime\u2014in this case , poaching and black - market trafficking of rhino horn\u2014continues to plague the species and threaten its recovery .\nmajority of the extant black rhinoceros belong to subspecies diceros bicornis minor and diceros bicornis michaeli . other subspecies include diceros bicornis longipes and diceros bicornis bicornis . the d . b . michaeli ( eastern black rhino ) is found in kenya and tanzania while d . b . minor is found in tanzania to south africa [ 3 , 11 ] . although there are apparently no marked geographic or reproductive barriers between the subspecies , they occupy different ecological zones . there have not been any rigorous studies on migration and reproductive gene flow between the subspecies although some authors suggest that each subspecies may have distinct genetic or behavioral adaptations to their local environments [ 3 , 12 ] .\nthe sable antelope gets its name from the russian word for \u201cblack . \u201d its coat is short and glossy for females and young sable . their coloration . . .\nandrew meldrum ( july 12 , 2006 ) .\nwest african black rhino feared extinct\n. the guardian ( london ) . retrieved 2007 - 10 - 09 .\ndu toit , r . ( 1987 ) .\nthe existing basis for subspecies classification of black and white rhino\n( pdf ) . pachyderm 9 : 3\u20135 .\nre - establishment of black rhino in zambia\n( pdf ) . zambia wildlife authority / frankfurt zoological society . 2008 . retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 .\nthe gestation period of a female black rhino is 16 months . she will give birth to one single calf . the calf will weigh about 100 pounds at birth .\nthe black rhino once roamed most of sub - saharan africa , but today is on the verge of extinction due to poaching fueled by commercial demand for its horn .\ncommunity engagement will also play a role in south africa , where we are looking to conserve black rhino through community governance , training , and identification of alternative livelihood opportunities .\nr . m . anderson - lederer , w . l . linklater , and p . a . ritchie , \u201climited mitochondrial dna variation within south africa ' s black rhino\ndistinctive characteristics : black rhinos are smaller than white rhinos , and have less of a pronounced hump on the back of their necks . they also have a smaller head , as unlike the white rhino , they are browsers , so eat from higher bushes or trees , requiring less muscle strength around their necks than white rhinos . the most distinguishable characteristic between a black and a white rhino is that black rhinos have a hooked lip , as opposed to a flat - based lip , which is related to their eating habits\nboth black and white rhinoceroses are actually gray . they are different not in color but in lip shape . the black rhino has a pointed upper lip , while its white relative has a squared lip . the difference in lip shape is related to the animals ' diets . black rhinos are browsers that get most of their sustenance from eating trees and bushes . they use their lips to pluck leaves and fruit from the branches . white rhinos graze on grasses , walking with their enormous heads and squared lips lowered to the ground .\none of the largest land animals , black rhinos are extremely agile for their size and can reach speeds of 30 mph when charging . although they have poor eyesight , their hearing is acute . black rhinos have long , tube - shaped ears that act as funnels for sound . they can swivel their ears in all directions , picking up noises from great distances .\npatton , f . ( 2011 ) .\nblack rhino spearheads malawi wildlife makeover\n( pdf ) . swara ( east african wildlife society ) 2011 ( 1 ) : 48\u201353 .\nbetween 2010 - 2014 alone , 78 aza - accredited zoos and aquariums reported investing over $ 4 . 2 million towards rhinoceros conservation - with more than $ 1 . 5 million directly benefiting black rhinos . the aza community supported organizations such as the international rhino foundation , a charity dedicated to the global conservation of rhinos through allocation of funds towards projects and species in need . in addition , for over two decades , aza - accredited institutions have provided financial support to the lewa wildlife conservancy in kenya , through the american association of zoo keepers bowling for rhinos program . lewa is home to 12 % of kenya ' s black rhino population , making it an integral partner to aza - accredited zoos and aquariums that are dedicated to rhino conservation .\nthe east african black rhino ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) prefers highland forest and savanna habitat . it also has a longer , leaner , and curved horn and it\u2019s skin is more grooved .\nrunning speed : black rhino can move extremely fast and have been recorded at highs of 55 km / h . they can change direction surprisingly quickly and can run right through scrub and bushes\npoaching history : during the 19th century , as european influence over land use and trade strengthened , the black rhino , which was the most numerous rhino species with several hundred thousand animals , was hunted relentlessly across most of africa . by 1970 there were an estimated 65 , 000 animals left . today , the black rhino remains a rare sight due to an increase in poaching\nthe overall life span of the black rhino is between 25 \u2013 40 years , in captivity they live a little longer because they are more protected \u2013 usually to about 45 years old .\nblack rhinoceros became critically endangered species in the 1970s mainly due to poaching and historical game hunting during colonial era and also due to expansion of agricultural land in africa [ 25 \u2013 27 ] , prompting implementation of remedial conservation strategies to intensively manage the remaining population within high security sanctuaries [ 5 , 9 ] . these management fragments started with low numbers of founding population with periodical translocation between the sanctuaries managed in coordination with local government wild life services [ 7 , 28 ] . the low numbers of founding population have implications in genetic variability and resilience of the subspecies .\nsenses : like white rhinos , black rhinos have poor eyesight , and cannot easily detect an observer standing more than 30 metres away . they do however have an excellent sense of smell and hearing\nmichael milstein ( june 26 , 2007 ) .\nshop owner pleads guilty to selling black rhino horn\n. u . s . fish & wildlife service . retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 .\nthe south - western black rhino ( diceros bicornis bicornis ) is better adapted to dry climates and occurs in the arid savannas . the main difference with the others subspecies is the large and straight horn .\nblack rhinos are heavy browsers that restrict woody plants from over - growing in their habitat . this is important because it allows grasses to grow which provides food for many other animals on the grassy plains .\nthe west african black rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) is the rarest and most endangered subspecies , with only 10 surviving in 2003 . but on july 8 , 2006 the subspecies was declared to be extinct .\nthe black - footed cat , or small - spotted cat , is one of the smallest cat species in the world . weighing in at 2 - 5 pounds and measuring 14 - 20 inches . . .\ntrue to their feeding habits , the chewing mechanism of the black rhino is two - phased , with a cutting ectoloph , or a ridge on their upper molar tooth and a grinding loph near the tongue .\nthe black rhino has the highest rate of mortal combats for any mammal ; 50 % fights between males and 30 % fights between females end with one or both combatants dying because of combat - related injuries .\nthe black rhino has a wide vocal range and can possibly communicate the same way as an elephant can by frequencies well below the range of human hearing . breathing is also an important part of rhino communication .\nadult black rhinoceroses are solitary in nature , coming together only for mating . mating does not have a seasonal pattern , however , births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in drier environments .\nfigure 1 : evolutionary relationship among global rhinoceros inferred using the nj method . the percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test ( 1000 replicates ) is shown next to the branches . the tree is drawn to scale , with branch lengths inferring evolutionary distances . the analysis involved 50 nucleotide sequences and there were a total of 254 positions in the final dataset . analyses were conducted in mega6 .\nexcept for females and their offspring , black rhinos are solitary . females reproduce only every two and a half to five years . their single calf does not live on its own until it is about three years old .\nthe results of the assessments of all species of scombrids ( tunas , bonitos , mackerels and spanish mackerels ) and billfishes ( swordfish and marlins ) were published recently in the magazine science . the detailed results now on the iucn red list show that the situation is particularly serious for tunas . five of the eight species of tuna are in the threatened or near threatened categories . these include : southern bluefin ( thunnus maccoyii ) , critically endangered ; atlantic bluefin ( t . thynnus ) , endangered ; bigeye ( t . obesus ) , vulnerable ; yellowfin ( t . albacares ) , near threatened ; and albacore ( t . alalunga ) , near threatened . this information will be invaluable in helping governments make decisions which will safeguard the future of these species , many of which are of extremely high economic value .\nthe department of biodiversity & conservation biology ( hits : 1231 ) black rhino information by the department of biodiversity & conservation biology . a resource from the the university of the western cape , south africa . [ w ] urltoken\nthe black rhino is not as solitary as it is often thought to be . males may tolerate other males , as long as they remain submissive , and females sometimes allow an unrelated juvenile to accompany her and a calf .\n) to wetter forested areas . the highest densities of rhinos are found in savannas on nutrient - rich soils and in succulent valley bushveld areas . black rhino are browsers and favour small acacia ' s and other palatable woody species (\nbetween 1970 and 1992 , the population of this species decreased by 96 % . in 1970 , it was estimated that there were approximately 65 , 000 black rhinos in africa \u2013 but , by 1993 , there were only 2 , 300 surviving in the wild . intensive anti - poaching efforts have had encouraging results since 1996 . numbers have been recovering and still are increasing very slowly . there are currently approximately 5 , 000 black rhinos surviving . with the growing purchasing power of many asian countries , and the existence of organized gangs of poachers who sell rhino horn to black market syndicates in some range countries , the poaching threat remains great and anti - poaching efforts must be continued and accelerated .\nin namibia , wwf is leading a consortium of national ngos to help implement the country\u2019s ambitious law enforcement strategy to combat wildlife trafficking . wwf also supports the namibian government in its effort to update its plan to grow black rhino populations , in part by moving rhinos from parks with significant populations to others that historically held rhinos but currently do not\u2014a process known as translocation . we\u2019re also taking other security measures to protect both black and white rhinos , such as dna sampling .\nthere are 3 subspecies of black rhino , the south - central rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) , which is the most numerous and once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa .\nover time , habitat loss has led to isolated , high - density rhino populations . these populations have slow growth rates , which can cause numbers to stagnate and eventually decline . they also raise the risk of disease transmission . to ensure a healthy and growing black rhino population , rhinos from high - density areas must be moved to low density areas with suitable habitat . wwf is supporting these efforts and partnering with government agencies and other ngos to establish new black rhino populations .\ncurrent numbers in captivity : at the end of 2004 , there were 277 black rhinos in captivity . through the past 200 years ( until 1998 ) , there have been 775 animals recorded in zoos , of which 292 were born in captivity\nan adult black rhinoceros stands 140 \u2013 170 centimetres ( 57 . 9 \u2013 63 inches ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 3 \u2013 3 . 6 metres ( 10 . 8 \u2013 11 . 8 feet ) in length . an adult weighs from 800 to 1400 kilograms ( 1 , 760 to 3 , 080 pounds ) , some may weigh 1820 kilograms ( 4 , 000 pounds ) , with the females being smaller than the males . the rhinos two horns on their skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 centimetres long , some can measure up to 140 centimetres . sometimes , a third smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defence , intimidation and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding ."]}
{"id": 755, "summary": [{"text": "chromodoris magnifica is a sea slug , a species of nudibranch , a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the type species of the genus chromodoris . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "chromodoris magnifica", "paragraphs": ["michael wunderli marked\nsea slug chromodoris magnifica\nas trusted on the\nchromodoris magnifica\npage .\nmichael wunderli marked\nred sea nudibranch - chromodoris magnifica\nas trusted on the\nchromodoris magnifica\npage .\nwhat type of species is chromodoris magnifica ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the chromodoris magnifica species belongs to .\n7 . the magnificent chromodoris ( chromodoris magnifica ) grows to at least 6cm in length .\nwhich photographers have photos of chromodoris magnifica species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species chromodoris magnifica .\nchromodoris magnifica or c . annae from : franca wermuth , august 16 , 2007\nchromodoris magnifica vs c . magnifa from : erwin kodiat , december 6 , 2005\n1 . the magnificent chromodoris ( chromodoris magnifica ) is a tropical opisthobranch species that belongs to the nudibranch family chromodorididae .\nhow to identify chromodoris magnifica marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species chromodoris magnifica . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species chromodoris magnifica are marked in green .\nnick hope added the english common name\nmagnificent chromodoris\nto\nchromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard 1832 )\n.\ncolour form of chromodoris magnifica from : asther m . lau , september 12 , 2003\nchromodoris magnifica from w . australia from : clay bryce . , april 26 , 1999\nalso known as nudibranchs , chromodoris magnifa , magnifa sea slug , magnificent chromodoris .\nre : chromodoris magnifica or c . annae from : nerida wilson , august 20 , 2007\nwhere is chromodoris magnifica found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species chromodoris magnifica can be found .\nchromodoris quadricolor or c . magnifica ( 2 ) from : marina poddubetskaia , march 10 , 2003\nmichael wunderli marked\nslug on mushroom algae\nas trusted on the\nchromodoris magnifica\npage .\nit ' s strange , but chromodoris magnifica ( red band , back and white body ) is still alive through all this .\nfollow - up : the orange one is chromodoris quadricolor ( blue instead of white under actinics ) . food for nudibranches in compiled here . food habits of nudibranchs for chromodoris quadricolor it is sponge latrunculia magnifica .\nchromodoris africana eliot , 1904 ( additional source ) chromodoris albolineata bergh , 1879 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris annae bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris boucheti rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris burni rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris clavata risbec , 1928 accepted as chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( source of synonymy ) chromodoris colemani rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris elisabethina bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris elisabethina var . africana eliot , 1904 accepted as chromodoris africana eliot , 1904 ( basis of record ) chromodoris funerea collingwood , 1881 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris hamiltoni rudman , 1977 ( additional source ) chromodoris kuiteri rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris lineolata bergh , 1874 accepted as chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( source of synonymy ) chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris lochi rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard , 1832 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) accepted as hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) chromodoris striatella bergh , 1877 ( basis of record ) chromodoris strigata rudman , 1982 ( original description ) chromodoris westraliensis ( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) ( additional source ) chromodoris willani rudman , 1982 ( original description ) doris lineolata van hasselt , 1824 accepted as chromodoris lineolata ( van hasselt , 1824 ) ( basis of record ) glossodoris maritima baba , 1949 accepted as hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) glossodoris westraliensis o ' donoghue , 1924 accepted as chromodoris westraliensis ( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) ( basis of record ) hypselodoris maritima ( baba , 1949 ) ( basis of record ) hypselodoris nigrolineata ( eliot , 1904 ) ( additional source ) hypselodoris regina ev . marcus & er . marcus , 1970 ( additional source )\ndear bill , here is a chromodoris magnifica feeding on red sponge . found at the very edge of the reef facing the flat sandy bottom in lankayan island .\nchromodoris africana or c . quadricolor from : umut tural , february 10 , 2006\nanybody - looking for in - depth info ( good articles , personal experiences at forums ) on keeping sea slug chromodoris magnifica . best i could find is sea slug forum .\ncitation :\nmagnificent chromodoris nudibranchs , chromodoris magnifica ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\n3 . it is closely related to two other species with similar colour patterns : chromodoris kuiteri , from the north east coast of australia and chromodoris africana , from the western indian ocean .\ndescribed as chromodoris ? lineata var . nigrolineata eliot , 1904 sensu rudman ( 1982 ) [ details ]\nin my specimens the orange band can be said submarginal and they seem to fit a little the description of chromodoris magnifica . so , the confusion persists . so , i\u2019d like to have your opinion on these new photos . thank you in advance .\nrudman 1998 - 2010 . chromodoris kuiteri , factsheet & related messages , sea slug forum , australian museum , sydney .\nthe chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups\n6 . similar to other members of the chromodoris genus this species is known to feed on sponges . in the philippines it has been observed feeding on an orange sponge .\ndistinguishing characteristics none of the species of chromodoris of the mediterranean sea has a pattern of black and whitish - blue band , with orange rhinophores , gills and mantle edge .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1982 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups .\ndear marina , i hope as more photos are added that we can alleviate any confusion . in c . magnifica there is a distinct white outer band on the mantle while in c . quadricolor there can be a thin whitish edge to the mantle . usually its translucent or uncoloured and i think the way it appears in photos is dependent on the way it is lit when photographed . in general terms the mantle in c . quadricolor is more elongate , with a relatively narrow mantle skirt while in c . magnifica the mantle is more ovate with a relatively wide mantle skirt .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1982 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris quadricolor , c . lineolata and hypselodoris nigrolineata colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 76 : 183 - 241 . page ( s ) : 216 [ details ]\nalso , being very close relatives , they had different reactions on touch the porites ( christmas tree rock ) : the now dead one cruised over it without any problems ( very light touch , when going over dusters , they didn ' t closed ) , and the c . magnifica sharply moved back twice , as after touching very hot water , then didn ' t repeated the try .\ndear bill , i\u2019m just back from southern red sea diving cruise , near brothers islands . i saw there many more sharks than nudibranchs , but somehow i found some species . i would like to reopen the discussion about the specimens of chromodoris quadricolor i found a year ago in the northern red sea . i think , the specimens i found in the south are the same and they seem to be quite common also . but now , my photos are better .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society . 81 ( 2 ) : 115 - 273 . page ( s ) : 131 [ details ]\ngosliner , t . m . ; behrens , d . w . ; vald\u00e9s , \u00e1 . ( 2008 ) . indo - pacific nudibranchs and seaslugs . a field guide to the world ' s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books , washington . 426 , pp . page ( s ) : 204 [ details ]\ndebelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]\njohnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137 - 157 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ]\njohnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 9 nucleotides ; 15 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nknown only from indonesia , papua new guinea and eastern australia . also the philippines ( in messages below ) .\nheron island , great barrier reef , queensland , september 1983 . photo : bill rudman .\nlocality : lankayan island , north east off the coast of sabah , malaysia , sulu sea . depth : 23 - 25 meters . length : 3 - 5 cm . april 2003 . edge of the reef close to flat sandy bottom . photographer : sergey parinov\nthanks very much for this . it is another record of the many striped form of this species and is only the second record we have of this species feeding [ see #\n. in you upper photo the buccal bulb can be clearly seen everted onto the sponge .\ni will need to check the identification but we seem to be building up evidence for some of these black - lined species feeding on red poecilosclerid sponges .\nlike snails and other sea slugs , the magnificent sea slug is a gastropod . most gastropods have a hard shell outside ( not the magnificent sea slug , though ) and a muscular foot that they use to move around .\nthough it can\u2019t see , it has two tentacles on its head called rhinophores and two near its mouth called oral tentacles , which allow it to smell , taste , and feel its way around the reef . the feathery parts on the back of its body are gills that it uses to breathe in water .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n2 . it can be found occurring throughout the indo - western pacific region and has been found in the warm tropical waters of indonesia , malayasia , philippines , papua new guinea and queensland in australia .\n4 . this species can be recognised by the orange mantle edge which has a thin white stripe at the edge , the pale blue colouration in the middle of the mantle and the dark blue / black stripes . the gills and rhinophores are both coloured orange .\n5 . this species can be found living on coral reefs from depths of 5 metres to at least 30 metres .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nis one of several , very similarly striped chromodorids bearing black , white and orange , or blue , black , white and orange longitudinal bands . this bright coloration is thought to be aposomatic , or warning coloration . these species are warning wanton predators that they maintain a highly effective chemical defense system . these chemical metabolites and the role of aposomatism as both an offensive and defensive strategy have recently been meticulously reviewed by\nas one might expect , others species of reef invertebrates have , over millions of years , been selected for survival by mimicking animals with such a warning / defense system . looking very similar to a toxic model gains you protection from predators that have all ready made the mistake of tasting the nasty one , and learned to avoid it . notably , there are three species of polyclad flatworm , one shown above with its\nmodel , that are believed to use their mimic coloration for defense . photographs of both are also found on page 157 of\nalthough it has not been determined if these three flatworms might also defend themselves chemically , like other flatworms that have been studied , we know from cimino & ghiselin that chromodorids in this color group contain chemical metabolites called rearranged spongiane diterpenoids , which are produced by bacterial symbionts in the sponges they feed on . if you would like more detailed information about the specific metabolites and the sponges they come from , i refer you to the monograph cited above\npresently again live in their native country , the netherlands . they started diving during the 14 years that they lived in china and korea . marcel has bsac instructor diving level . diving took them pretty much all over asia and many other places . nudibranchs became their main interest after several trips to the philippines and indonesia . marion is \u201cspotter\u201d for the nudibranchs and marcel is taking the pictures .\nis retired from us airways after 27 years as a pilot . . . , flying captain on an airbus 330 internationally .\ndiving since 1970 . . . with over 5200 dives logged . shoots nikon d - 300 in subal housing with ikelite strobes . macro mate on 105mm for supermacro\njim ' s photography has been featured in a number of books and publications including helmut debelius ' nudibranchs and sea snails of gosliner , behrens and williams coral reef animals of the indo - pacific . a photo of jim petting a shark in\nsleeping shark caves\noff isla mujeres island , mexico , taken by amy foster his significant other , recently appeared in dave behrens ' diving guide to cozumel , cancun & the riviera maja .\njim has been a solid supporter of the slug site since day one . his countless contributions put him near the top of the list of photographers who have greatly expanded our knowledge of sea slugs . there are a lot of kids in the formative stage of their education who are getting their first introduction to our sea slug friends via the great photographs jim and other contributors have made to the site . my hat is off to jim for making this presentation possible !\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2010 . all rights reserved .\ni ' ll continue web search , but - just in case if somebody already have this knowledge - post it , please .\nhmm i ' ve heard as long as you are feeding them nudi ' s are quite easy to keep . cover the intakes and you should be allright . make sure to keep aggressive fish away from it . if it dies it probably releases some toxin .\nif you are thinking of keeping one i say go for it if you can provide it the right types of sponges . looks like a beautiful critter .\na little more details , please - what are right types of sponges ? i had seen photos of it on the red sponges , but all i could see in lfs are only orange ones , tree and ball .\ni don ' t really know a lot about them really . i ' ve seen red ball sponges which i hear they eat but haven ' t seen it first hand so i can ' t really tell you . sometimes it ' s not only 1 species of sponge it will eat , it is many types . i think the purple ones eat a bunch of sponges . not sure about these ones . ask the lfs to feed it or something ? lol .\ni don ' t think it will eat corals . probably a sponge only feeder . these guys are from japan ( and other parts of asia ) i think so maybe take a look at what sponges are available from that area ?\ni had bought all the sponges available locally in trade - they are not interested at all . browsing lr and a glass for now .\nyesterday was alive , couldn ' t see it earlier because they browsed inside the lr caves . have to watch the other one more frequently .\n- all sponges i could find in lfs were bought for their potential feeding nov 17 . blue one was with a white necrotic patch .\n- blue sponge continued to die , removed from the tank nov22 , partial water changes and big bag of new carbon . no visible changes in the overall tank health .\n- nov 24 - tank looks bad , first reacted lps and serpent stars , lps closed and expelled a lot of mucus , stars are looking for escape , cucumbers closed , water started look slightly cloudy . then was found the dead sea slug . did water change 30 % , more new carbon and dosed prime . water continue to become more cloudy , condition of the tank habitants worsened , fish is affected too ( looks like they have allergies ) . one more 30 % water change in the evening ( aged water from the bigger tanks with healthy habitants ) .\n- nov25 - very bad , water is slightly cloudy , everything is closed tightly , mucus everywhere , mandarin is blind ( white irises ) , bit no signs of acute suffering , chromises have reddened eyes and nasal cavities , all breathing hard . while preparing emergency new water , sand - siffting sea cucumber ( silver - gray ) expelled it ' s viscera . noticed and removed pretty fast . then - the end of the world . chromises ' eyes reddened even more , bulged as in the\ntotal recall\n, really scary .\ntank was disassembled , everything was washed in the new water before being put in the temporary tanks with the aged water from the big tank . aragonite and water were disposed . macroalgae is still alive , but died in the pico with the blue sponge frags .\nevening - 2 cucumbers that left have severe skin lesions , but nobody else eviscerated . golden sand sifting cucumber was put asleep . pink is pretty bad but holds onto the life . sps are bleached , suspected to be dead . condylatris anemone still alive through all of this and two sucking into the power filter grid half of year before .\nif i still had my conditioning\nno suffering\nas the primary and not relaxed to the\nkeeping alive at all costs ( including suffering )\n, i should put to sleep all fish except scooter blenny , who is pale , but relatively active and even eating . now is too late , to catch them have to disassemble the new tank . just hoped somehow that being in the good water will reverse bulging or the white eyes .\nwhat provoked what - hard to say , but result was as of a potent military chemical weapon . never again .\nthat sounds like total chaos . sorry to hear of the melt down . i find it insane that they only eat that one sponge . i was under the guidance that they would eat more than just the one .\nis that the sponge they eat ? i ' ve seen something very much like it before . if i ever stumble across it again i ' ll let ya know . at least you aren ' t the only one who learns from this lesson 0 _ o .\nmost likely , the last one will be finished during this week - looks not good and expels chemical , that cause stars and cukes die , and corals to close pretty fast . placed it alone in cycled 2 . 5g tank .\nthis list is an attempt to compile all of the published food data for nudibranchs . more than 4 , 600 nudibranch papers were perused in an effort to find as much of the published food data as possible .\nseaslugforum lists id species with links to the discussions with the people who tried to keep them , pity that no follow - ups how it ended .\nwhat i tried : orange ball sponge ( cinachyra sp . ) , orange tree sponge ( ptilocaulis sp . ) , spiny orange sponge ( acanthella acuta ) , blue sponge ( haliclona sp . ) and htchhikers sponges . no interest at all .\n- sps ( birdsnest , elkhorn stylophora , 2 christmas tree rock porites ) - are dead , smelly , continue removing deal tissue and daily water changes . worms are alive , but lost featheriness ( main branches were not lost ) , general look of the wet hen .\n- large lps ( flat tank ) : open brains / donuts - all alive , works in trachyphillia .\n- main , now 10g tank , all is in good shape - with lr , 2 babies tridacna ( amasingly ok ) , condylatris anemone , lobos , candycanes , yellow polyps , white xenia and white lemnalia , hitchhiker sea squrts and sponges . scooter blenny and 1 chromis of 3 are alive and relatively well , no visible damage .\n- sea slug removed in separate quarters , reacts badly on a small temperature drop during rearranging tanks .\n- sps corals set separately for die - off ( as lr curing ) , nothing more in this tank - high ammonia and nitrites . sponges went there too ( out of hardware ) .\n- will be dead in hours - cucumbers and all serpent stars . mostly breathing apparatus and skin lesions . golden spiky sand - sifting cucumber and pink - green filter feeder pentacta anceps will nor expell guts , silver - grey sand - sifting one - will .\n- most sensitive and indicative is cynarina lacrimalis ( translucent brain ) , when the 2nd good - looking sea slug was temporarily places in their tank - closed in minutes .\n- not affected at all ( visibly ) - crustaceans : mintrax crabs , sexy shrimps , mysiids , gammarus - like pods .\nwater changes , adding bacteria for cycling , fresh carbon daily , purigen , daily filter floss changes . testing for ammonia and nitrites .\nthis is so sad , but it was such a good read ! like reading a straight - up horror novel . the zombie genre has nothing on this thread !\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\ndiversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago , western australia ; results of the 1999 dredge survey ( da2 / 99 ) john d . taylor and emily a . glover\na survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago , western australia shirley m . slack - smith and clay w . bryce\nsea slugs , also called nudibranchs or butterflies of the ocean , ingest toxic chemicals from the sponges they eat and store away the single most noxious compound to use against their predators later on . by preventing certain cellular processes , latrunculin a is highly toxic to fish , fungus , and even some cancer cell lines . the findings are published in plos one this week .\na team led by karen cheney from the university of queensland studied five closely - related nudibranch molluscs ( pictured below ) collected by scuba divers in the great barrier reef and from south east queensland in australia . the team dissected each nudibranch into two or three parts : internal organs , the mantle ( the back surface ) , and in some cases , the mantle rim , where the defensive mantle dermal formations are located . ( the mantle rim is that yellow , orange , or pink border . )\nonly latrunculin a was present in the storage reservoirs of the mantle rim ; a variety of other compounds were found in the internal organs . that means the sea slugs selected just one toxic chemical weapon to sequester and accumulate in a part of their mantle that\u2019s the most exposed to would - be predators .\nmany products used to make drugs are molecules that plants and animals use to protect themselves . studying marine molluscs has already led to the discovery of many biologically potent chemicals with analgesic , anti - inflammatory , antiviral , and anticancer activity .\nthis website uses cookies to improve user experience . by continuing to use our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our cookie policy .\norange band around the mantle is some distance from the edge , black longitudinal lines and translucent red rhinophores and gills .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nis a large species and one of a group of similarly coloured and patterned nudibranchs .\nthe primary mantle colour is black . there are four white or very pale blue longitudinal lines . these are narrow and most usually form an inner and outer loop . the innermost loop passes from forward of and between the rhinophores posteriorly to encircle the gills and then continues as a single line . the outer loop runs sub - marginally around the whole mantle . both loops are contained entirely within the basal black colour . these lines are usually continuous but may be broken or even overlapping . the mantle margin carries a wide orange band and the border between black and orange is not distinct but is instead rather diffuse . the colours and pattern upon the foot are much similar .\nthe lamellate rhinophores and large gills are also orange but can sometimes be of a darker ( richer ) shade compared to the mantle margin .\nthe spawn is pale orange and is laid as a flat spiral . there is no extra - capsular yoke .\nwe normally sight this species in the 50 to 70 mm range but we have recorded one large specimen at 120 mm in length . it is common at certain sites in our survey area .\n( no black diffusing into the orange , a very thin white marginal band and the black appears to be arranged into three broad bands ) . these last two species have an east african , red sea and western indian ocean distribution . the first impression received on sighting\nis that of a predominately black species and that , combined with the diffusion of the black into the orange margin usually helps to settle any confusion .\ndistribution is limited to the coastal waters and offshore reefs of queensland and new south wales , eastern australia and also lord howe island . we are not entirely convinced that a few reports from western australia represent this species .\nmarshall & willan 1999 . nudibranchs of heron island , great barrier reef , backhuys publishers .\nwilson n . 2002 . egg masses of chromodorid nudibranchs , malacologia , 2002 , 44 ( 2 ) : 289 - 305 .\nyonow n . 2008 . sea slugs of the red sea , pensoft publishers , bulgaria .\nand seen and embraced a host of changes and developments in diving and underwater photographic equipment and practices since then . he dived the great barrier reef , australia for many many years however for the past ten years he has focused his efforts almost entirely upon the\ndocumenting the sea slugs of the region . to adequately survey the area he operates both a 5 metre rib on the sunshine coast and a 10 metre powercat out of scarborough on moreton bay . together with\nhe has retired from his engineering business and recently taken on the critter id column in sportdiving magazine ( formerly by the late & great neville coleman ) with the assistance of several world - renowned experts . visit his website : urltoken and use the critter id portal there to have your critters identified or confirmed and published in the magazine .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2013 . all rights reserved .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\ndate : february 08 , 2003 location : safaga , egypt , red sea site : tobia iv depth : 11m . size : about 55mm photos : marina poddubetskaia - nembro website\nthe photos in your second message are also c . quadricolor . best wishes , bill rudman\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nshort description body smooth and dorso - ventrally flattened , brightly colored . mantle ovate with a broad overhang of the edge , and the posterior end of the foot extending beyond the mantle when the animal is crawling . rhinophores lamellated and the branchial plume located mid - dorsally in the posterior part of the notum .\ncolor : notum with two whitish - blue bands and three wider black ones . all around there is a white band , followed by another wider of orange color , and a white edge . rhinophores and gills darker orange than the band in the mantle edge .\ncommon size : usually 40 - 50 mm ; the mediterranean specimen measured 20 mm .\nbiology / ecology this species , like other species of the family chromodorididae , feeds on sponges .\nhabitat : the single specimen recorded in the mediterranean was found at 30 m in depth , in a place close to several submarine springs ( cattaneo vietti , 1986 ) . in the red sea c . quadricolor can be found on coral reefs a few meters deep .\ndistribution worldwide : restricted to the red sea and the eastern african coast . mediterranean : only known from one specimen collected in 1982 in capo martola , imperia , ligurian sea , italy ( cattaneo vietti , 1986 ) .\nbarash a . and zenziper z . , 1994 . notes on opisthobranchia from the red sea . part iii .\ncattaneo vietti r . , chemello r . and giannuzzi - savelli r . , 1990 . atlas of mediterranean nudibranchs . la conchiglia , roma , 264 p .\nrudman w . b . , 1977 . chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from the indo - west pacific . zoological journal of the linnean society , 52 ( 3 ) : 175 - 199 .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\ndid ask shop what they ate and she said he was an alage eater . . . . . . . . . .\nposts : 4 , 269 likes received : 0 location : rhondda valley south wales .\nsorry for the bad news but they won ' t eat algae of any description . they feed on certain types of small encrusting sponges that as far as i know can ' t be kept successfully in aquariums .\nas they are slowly starving to death anyway i ' d be inclined to remove them . if they die in your tank they ' ll take everything with them as they release toxins . also don ' t touch one with bare hands as a guy in a local lfs became very ill after removing a live one from a tank and poking it out of a net with his finger . the toxin they release can be directly absorbed through the skin .\ntake it back to the shop for a refund , they shouldn ' t be selling such things to anyone regardless of experience .\nalso you shouldn ' t buy things without knowing what they are / how to care for them first . if you see something you want , ask the store to hold it while you go home and research .\ntake it back to the shop for a refund , they shouldn ' t be selling such things to anyone regardless of experience . also you shouldn ' t buy things without knowing what they are / how to care for them first . if you see something you want , ask the store to hold it while you go home and research .\nin all fairness he did ask at the shop didnt he ! ! ! if we cant take advice from our lfs the so called experts who can we . im sure weve all gone into a lfs seen something asked there advice and took them to there word\nrazer , i think foo was just pointing out that it ' s better to do your own research than taking advice from someone who has a financial gain from the answer . i like many others have fallen foul of the advice from the\nso called experts\nand now don ' t buy on impulse but have a good read up or google beforehand .\none thing i would just like to add is that the lfs that i now use have books on marine fish , corals and inverts all ready to you to look through and read up on any livestock within the shop befor you buy them .\ninpulse buying is a nightmare to which i have fallen victim many times . da you should take the nudibranch back to the shop and ask for a refund and hopefully they should take it back . let us know how you get on dude\nthis site uses cookies to help personalise content , tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register . by continuing to use this site , you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nplus , you ' ll be the first to receive updates on our newest content , features , and special offers .\nmarketplace clips are for sale by artists . they earn 100 % commission on purchases and you save 40 % off when you become a member . it ' s a win - win !\nvideoblocks works best with the latest technology . please upgrade your browser to ensure the best experience ."]}
{"id": 757, "summary": [{"text": "asemonea tenuipes is a species of salticidae ( jumping spiders ) which can be found on andaman islands and in such countries as burma , india , sri lanka , and thailand .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is commonly referred to as tailed jumper . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "asemonea tenuipes", "paragraphs": ["asemonea tenuipes ( \u2642 , \u2640 ) ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 )\nasemonea tenuipes ( pickard - cambridge o . , 1869 ) | species | india biodiversity portal\nlyssomanes tenuipes o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 65 , pl . 5 , f . 50 - 52 ( d m ) . asemonea tenuipes peckham & peckham , 1886 : 340 . asemonea tenuipes peckham , peckham & wheeler , 1889 : 243 , pl . 12 , f . 5 , 19 ( m , d f ) . asemonea cingulata thorell , 1895 : 314 ( d m ) . asemonea tenuipes simon , 1901a : 399 , f . 399 - 400 , 412 ( m ) . lyssomanes andamanensis tikader , 1977a : 205 , f . 25a - c ( d m f ) . lyssomanes bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1978 : 259 , f . 4 - 6 ( d f ) . asemonea tenuipes wanless , 1980d : 240 , f . 2d ; 18a - i ( m , s f ) . lyssomanes bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 107 , text - f . 21 - 23 ( f ) . lyssomanes andamanensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 109 , f . 201 - 203 ( m f ) . asemonea tenuipes pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1984a : 3 ( f ) . asemonea tenuipes roy , saha & raychaudhuri , 2016 : 23 , f . 19a - e , 25h , 27q ( f ) . asemonea tenuipes pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 125 , f . 54h - i , 55a ( m f ) .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . asemonea tenuipes ( pickard - cambridge o . , 1869 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\na revision of the spider genera asemonea and pandisus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 39 ( 4 ) : 213 - 257\nasemonea tenuipes ( male ) photographed at karnala . a little more than 1 cm long . canon eos 500d , canon 100mm macro usm lens aperture - priority ae tv 1 / 60 av 9 . 0 ec 0 iso 1600 hand held cropped and did a little bit of nr in lightroom 3 . ( no significant detail loss due to the nr ) also tried a vertical crop , but it looked a little tight for my taste . thanks , c & c awaited .\nwanless , f . r . ( 1980d ) . a revision of the spider genera asemonea and pandisus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zool . ) 39 : 213 - 257 . - - show included taxa\nthe main id characteristic of the genus asemonea is the pair of elongated spinnerets ( of the male ) that give it a\ntailed\nappearance . also , the eye arrangement is peculiar to the genus , the most notable feature being that the front of the head is occupied by only the pair of very large anterior median eyes . will also share an image of a female of this species shortly .\nno . xxxx sri lanka , india , andaman is . , burma , thailand\nlsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 032356 ]\npeckham , g . w . & peckham , e . g . ( 1886 ) . genera of the family attidae : with a partial synonymy . transactions of the wisconsin academy of sciences , arts and letters 6 : 255 - 342 . - - show included taxa\npeckham , g . w . , peckham , e . g . & wheeler , w . h . ( 1889 ) . spiders of the subfamily lyssomanae . transactions of the wisconsin academy of sciences , arts and letters 7 : 222 - 256 . - - show included taxa\npickard - cambridge , o . ( 1869c ) . descriptions and sketches of some new species of araneida , with characters of a new genus . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 3 : 52 - 74 . - - show included taxa\npr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , j . ( 1984a ) . atlas rysunk\u00f3w diagnostycznych mniej znanych salticidae ( araneae ) . wy\u017csza szkola rolniczo - pedagogiczna , siedlcach 2 : 1 - 177 . - - show included taxa\npr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , j . ( 2017b ) . pragmatic classification of the world ' s salticidae ( araneae ) . ecologica montenegrina 12 : 1 - 133 . - - show included taxa\nroy , t . k . , saha , s . & raychaudhuri , d . ( 2016 ) . a treatise on the jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) of tea ecosystem of dooars , west bengal , india . world scientific news 53 ( 1 ) : 1 - 66 . - - show included taxa\nsimon , e . ( 1901a ) . histoire naturelle des araign\u00e9es . paris 2 , 381 - 668 . - - show included taxa\nthorell , t . ( 1895 ) . descriptive catalogue of the spiders of burma . london , pp . 1 - 406 . - - show included taxa\ntikader , b . k . ( 1977a ) . studies on spider fauna of andaman and nicobar islands , indian ocean . records of the zoological survey of india 72 : 153 - 212 . - - show included taxa\ntikader , b . k . & biswas , b . ( 1978 ) . two new species of spiders of the family lyssomanidae from india . proceedings of the indian academy of science 87 ( b ) : 257 - 260 . - - show included taxa\ntikader , b . k . & biswas , b . ( 1981 ) . spider fauna of calcutta and vicinity : part - i . records of the zoological survey of india , occasional paper 30 : 1 - 149 . - - show included taxa\nas external resources , the world spider catalog links here to species pages of other databases . they may contain further information for the given species . the databases , listed as external resources , however , are not managed by world spider catalog and the information given there is not necessarily in agreement with the world spider catalog . all responsibility for such data is with the external database .\npr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , j . ( 2016 ) . monograph of salticidae ( araneae ) of the world 1995 - 2015 . part ii . global species database of salticidae ( araneae ) . version may 5th , 2016 , online at urltoken .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncephalothorax oval shaped . median eyes prominent . thick yellow band in the mid dorsum of the cephalothorax and blackish cover laterally . abdomen cylindrical . ends with an extended spinnerets ventrally . spinnerets modified as a tail like outgrowth . abdomen is black colored anteriorly . a yellow mark lies near the posterior end . legs are positioned straight during rest . less chitinized . possess hairs\ngupta , r . , devi , o . s . & islam , m . ( eds . ) 2015 . common spiders from select protected areas of upper assam . assam state biodiversity board . guwahati . pp . 189 .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ncephalothorax elongate with elevated ocular region . cephalothorax is black with a yellow band in the mid - dorsal area and orange coloured ocular region in males . females are uniformly cream coloured . eight eyes are arranged in four rows , anterior lateral eyes and posterior median eyes are present on distinct tubercles . ocular area covered with yellow - white hairs . abdomen of male is elongated , yellow coloured with an orange patch and a white mark near the tip . females have cream coloured abdomen . distinct tail like slender spinnerets present . legs are long , slender , cream coloured and covered with spines\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\nactive hunter . rest under irregular build web . caring the eggs is displayed among both the sexes\nrelations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment . variables of interest to ecologists include the composition , distribution , amount ( biomass ) , number , and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nprefer habitats of slightly hilly areas . seen generally under broad leaves of short heighted trees\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nthis is a very first attempt to compile a checklist of spiders from gujarat . it is a result of prim . . .\na total of 86 species of spiders belonging to 56 genera of 20 families have been recorded from the . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nspiders of the sub - family lyssomaninae . trans . wisconsin acad . sci . arts . lett . , madison , wisconsin 7 : 222 - 256 , pl . xi - xii\nhistoire naturelle des araignees . deuxieme edition . paris ( roret ) 2 ( 3 ) : 381 - 668\ndescriptions and sketches of some new species of araneida , with characters of a new genus . ann . mag . nat . hist . , london 4 ( 3 ) : 52 - 74\natlas rysunkow diagnostcznych mniej znanych salticidae ( araneae ) [ atlas of drawings of less known salticidae ( araneae ) ] . wsrp , siedlce 1 - 177\ntwo new species of spiders of the family lyssomanidae from india . proc . indian acad . sci . 87 ( b ) : 257 - 260\nspider fauna of calcutta and vicinity . part - i . rec . zool . sur . india 1 - 149\ni found this tiny spider under the leaves of jamaica cherry ( muntingia calabura ) tree . the spider was hardly 2mm in size . this shy and reclusive spider tried hiding from my view by going around the leaf in circles . i was able to capture it with lot of difficulty . here are five photos i could manage \u2026\nimages and content copyright \u00a9 2006 - 2018 krishna mohan . please contact me to purchase prints or for image publication license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nw w w . i n d i a w i l d s . c o m\nlovely composition . the different shades of green look nice . the clean background adds to the composition . good details . thanks for sharing .\nnot sure about id . it is exciting to view images of such small creatures . slightly more space between the leaf edge and the right frame would have been better . thanks for sharing . cheers , sabyasachi\nhi . . abhisehek nice shot . i like the plane bg . and nice eye contact . i think , not sure . . this is tutelina elegans jumping spider . you can check video of tutelina elegans male and female . urltoken\nbhavya , it ' s not tutelina elegans . thanks all the same for your help . i found a few pages on the net showing this spider . . . but none of them have identified it beyond\njumping spider\n. will update this thread with the id if i find it .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions inc . all rights reserved .\ngreat to know the difference between the male and female of the species . the water drop effectively conveys the size . thanks for sharing . cheers , sabyasachi\nyes . . nice to see the difference between male and female . . from which site did you find the id . ? ?\nthanks bhavya , i got the id from a friend who is documenting spiders . will send you a link to his page if you are interested .\nlooks like more than a record image to me . the water droplet helps to compare the size . how do you sight these in the field , as these being so small wont be seen easily . would like to know the technique you use . thanks for sharing the information . look forward to more .\nthank you mrudul , glad that you appreciate it . this ( and the male ) was found in the garden of my place near karnala , so i had a smaller area to search in . searching for the same spider in a large forest would have been far more difficult . in any case , there is no specific technique as such . using a macro lens for a few months gets one into the habit of looking for subjects under every leaf , rock , etc . in fact i would not recommend macro lenses for you people who specialise in mammals and birds , since you might end up searching only under leaves and rocks , and neglecting the larger animals\nusing a macro lens for a few months gets one into the habit of looking for subjects under every leaf , rock , etc . in fact i would not recommend macro lenses for you people who specialise in mammals and birds , since you might end up searching only under leaves and rocks , . . .\nwith my considerable bulk , twisting and turning to get the right angle to click these fellows under a leaf or rock . . . nah . . . i leave that to you , joshi , bhargava and others . . .\nthat would be tough abhishek ! with my considerable bulk , twisting and turning to get the right angle to click these fellows under a leaf or rock . . . nah . . . i leave that to you , joshi , bhargava and others . . .\nyou , mrudul , praveen , bhargava and others are wonderful at shooting tigers , other mammals , birds etc . i am perfectly happy with you guys continuing to focus on those , and will always look forward to your contributions in those fields .\ncopyright \u00a9 for the photos by r . r . jackson , 2000 . copyright \u00a9 for the page by j . proszynski , 2000 ."]}
{"id": 759, "summary": [{"text": "the grass goby ( zosterisessor ophiocephalus ) is a species of goby native to the mediterranean sea , the sea of azov and the black sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is currently the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "grass goby", "paragraphs": ["reproductive cycle and life history traits of the grass goby , zosterisessor ophiocephalus ( gobiidae ) . . .\nage and growth of the grass goby zosterisessor ophiocephalus pallas , 1811 in the gulf of gabes ( tuni . . .\nscaggiante m , mazzoldi c , petersen cw , rasotto mb ( 1999 ) . sperm competition and mode of fertilization in the grass goby\nmazzoldi c , scaggiante m , ambrosin e , rasotto mb ( 2000 ) . mating system and alternative male mating tactics in the grass goby\nota d , marchesan m , ferrero ea ( 1996 ) sperm release behavior and fertilization in the grass goby . j fish biol 49 : 246\u2013256\nin the marbled and grass gobies ) we can consider it as an occasional infestation .\na list is presented of metazoan parasites that infect seven gobiid fishes ( the toad goby mesogobius batrachocephalus , monkey goby neogobius fluviatilis , racer goby n . gymnotrachelus , bighead goby n . kessleri , round goby n . melanostomus , ratan goby n . ratan , and syrman goby n . syrman ) from the dniester estuary ( black sea ) . infections by thirteen species of metazoa parasites , including four . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmarbled goby was rather rare ( 5 , 7 and 8 fishes respectively ) .\n. mode of sexual selection determined by resource abundance in two sand goby populations .\n. parental behaviour in relation to the occurrence of sneaking in the common goby .\nco - immigration of the marbled goby and its specific parasites to the black sea .\npujolar jm , locatello l , zane l , mazzoldi c ( 2012 ) . body size correlates with fertilization success but not gonad size in grass goby territorial males . plos one 7 ( 10 ) , 46711 .\nfauna of this goby . so , the core species in the parasite component community are most -\nmarbled goby is annual small - sized fish ) was completed . it was a cause of successful\n. the influence of oxygen stress on female choice for male nest structure in the common goby .\nexperiments were performed from 24 april to 23 may 2002 for the grass goby and from 4 july to 7 august for the black goby . aquaria used for the experiments ( 60 \u00d7 36 \u00d7 40 cm high , 70 l ) were divided in two equal sections by a glass partition , attached to the bottom and sides with silicone , to prevent water and sperm flow across sections ( figure 1 ) . every aquarium was provided with a sandy bottom , water temperature was kept at 16\u00b0c for grass goby and 22\u00b0c for black goby , and water was renewed daily . the artificial light regimen followed natural conditions , and fish were fed once a day with fresh black mussel meat .\nskolbekken r , utne - palm ac ( 2001 ) . parental investment of male two - spotted goby\nreproductive biology of the rock goby , gobius paganellus ( actinopterygii : perciformes : gobiidae ) , on . . .\nsize distribution of male and female two - spotted goby in early ( may ) and late ( july ) reproductive season .\nmagnhagen c ( 1998 ) . alternative reproductive tactic and courtship in the common goby . j fish biol 53 : 130\u2013137 .\nactually , it ' s more like eat and be eaten for most organisms . while plants and some bacteria can make their own food , other organisms must eat living things to survive . this makes them predators . you might not think of a grass - munching cow as much of a predator , but cows are indeed the predators of their grass prey .\nfeeding habits of the black goby , gobius niger ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in the gulf of gabes ( southern tuni . . .\nsimilar to the ones of other gobiid species in the black sea , is typical for the marbled goby ( kvach , 2005 a ) .\nimmler s , mazzoldi c , rasotto mb ( 2004 ) . from sneaker to parental male : change of reproductive traits in the black goby ,\nforsgren e , kvarnemo c , lindstr\u00f6m k ( 1996 ) . mode of sexual selection determined by resource abundance in two sand goby populations . evolution 50 : 646\u2013654 .\n) . this result basically implies a change in mating tactic among the smaller males . the sperm seen in the sdgs of small and intermediate sized males in the late breeding season could be sperm left over from a time when the sdgs functioned primarily for sperm storage ( an earlier sneaking period ) , or that the sdgs continue to be used as sperm storage as well as mucin producers . the grass goby ,\n[ \u2026 ] in biology makes sense ! , amy dapper writes about one consequence of sex , among grass gobies : \u201csneaker\u201d males with specialized sperm . and jeremy yoder ( yours truly ) takes a look at daisies that attract pollinators by fooling them [ \u2026 ]\nas an added bonus , i ( bravely ) searched youtube for videos of goby mating behavior and found this lovely video of a pair of trimma gobies , set to adele\u2019s crazy for you .\nof course , the cows themselves are prey to other animals , like humans and coyotes . now we have a simple food chain , with grass plants making food at the bottom , cows as middle predators , and then humans and coyotes as\ntop predators .\nmobley kb , amundsen t , forsgren e , svensson pa , jones ag ( 2009 ) . multiple mating and a low incidence of cuckoldry for nest - holding males in the two - spotted goby ,\n. sexual selection and sex roles in the sand goby . in : behaviour and conservation of littoral fishes ( almada vc , oliveira rf , gon\u00e7alves ej , eds ) . lisboa : ispa ; 249\u2013274 .\nbenthic , inshore , brackish water , estuaries and lagoons , on mud and eel - grass meadows . commercial in the black sea and in sivash ( ref . 2058 ) . occasionally recorded in freshwater , but there are no documented records of actual occurrence in european freshwaters ( ref . 59043 ) .\nthe researchers , part of the rasotta lab group at the university of padova , studied the mating behavior and sperm competition strategies of the grass gobies that inhabit the venetian lagoon . grass gobies exhibit alternative mating strategies . the larger males directly compete for access to , and guard , female mates . in contrast , less competitive males avoid direct competition and instead sneak copulations with females already guarded by other males . this variation in behavioral strategies allowed locatello et al . to ask whether guarding and sneaking males may also employ alternative sperm competition strategies . they hypothesized that the two types of males may differ in the degree to which they invest in high quality seminal fluid or high quality sperm .\ncitation : utne - palm ac , eduard k , jensen kh , mayer i , jakobsen pj ( 2015 ) size dependent male reproductive tactic in the two - spotted goby ( gobiusculus flavescens ) . plos one 10 ( 12 ) : e0143487 . urltoken\nterritorial males spent more time patrolling the territory ( time out of the nest ) when one and four sneakers were present rather than in the absence of sneakers ( table 1 , figure 2a ) . attacks ( rapid movements toward the sneaker compartment ) were observed only when sneakers were present ( table 1 , figure 3a ) . considering only the trials in which sneakers were present , territorial males performed more attacks when there were four sneakers compared to a single sneaker in the black goby ( f 1 , 20 = 6 . 12 , p = . 022 ) but not in the grass goby ( f 1 , 11 = 0 . 21 , p = . 66 ) . after the female was introduced , territorial males decreased the time spent patrolling the territory and attacking the sneakers , and male territorial behavior did not differ according to the number of sneakers ( table 1 , figures 2b and 3b ) .\nto test how territorial males respond to the presence of sneakers , we measured the behavior and sperm output of territorial males facing different levels of sperm competition in the grass and black gobies . our aim was to investigate whether territorial males adjust their sperm output to the number of sneaker males attending the spawn and to test whether they respond to the presence of sneakers by increasing their mate guarding and courtship rate .\n] . ontogeny could to some extent explain why we find predominantly small sized , presumably younger males ( born late in season ) , with sneaker type gonads early in the breeding season , but which develop a more dominant gonad structure with older age later in the season . in a laboratory study on the black goby (\nin the two - spotted goby , nest defence , brood care and courtship are energetically demanding [ 22 ] , which probably causes increasing mortality rates of nest holding males over the season . thus one should expect to find smaller males using a sneaking strategy , especially early in the breeding season when male\u2014male competition is at its highest .\n] the two - spotted goby exhibits sexual size dimorphism , where males are on average larger than females . however , in the presented studied population on the west norwegian coast ( bergen ) this size dimorphism is reversed as average female size is slightly larger than average male size , caused by a large proportion of very small males (\nthe results of the experiments demonstrated that , while both \u2018guard\u2019 and \u2018sneaker\u2019 sperm performed equally well in seminal fluid from males with the same behavioral strategy , the sperm of sneaker males had increased performance in the seminal fluid of guarding males . conversely , the sperm of guarding males had reduced preformance in the seminal fluid of sneaking males . furthermore , when sperm was exposed to a mixture of seminal fluid from both types of males , the sperm of \u2018sneaker\u2019 males again outperformed that of \u2018guard\u2019 males . all together , these results indicate that grass goby males also exhibit alternative sperm competition strategies , such that \u2018guard\u2019 males invest in higher quality seminal fluid at the expense of sperm quality ( measured by swimming speed ) and that \u2018sneaker\u2019 males invest in higher quality sperm at the expense of seminal fluid quality .\n] . however , the authors of this study speculate that the tendency to observe fewer small colourless males late in the breeding season could be because these smaller males have changed mating tactics , from sneaker to the more colourful territorial males . also the presented findings somewhat contradict a study of cuckoldry reported in a two - spotted goby population on the west coast of sweden [\nthe diet of the black goby , gobius niger in the gulf of gabes ( southern tunisia ) was described from analysis of stomach contents of 1055 specimens . samples were collected monthly by trawls from february 2009 to january 2010 . in the laboratory , the total length ( tl ) was measured and prey items in the stomach contents were identified to large taxonomic groups . overall , 654 stomachs were empty . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthree different sampling locations on the west coast of norway were selected in order to obtain samples as representative as possible of the habitat of the two - spotted goby . these locations were the inner and outer fanafjord and the kvalen raunefjord , all located north of bergen , which differed in terms of exposure , temperature and salinity . fish used in the histological studies where captured by beach seine in may and july 2008 at the kvalen raunefjord location .\ngobies are the most diverse fish family on the reef , with more than 200 species described . with their generally small sizes and ability to adapt to a wide variety of specialized habitats , gobies have become the most diverse marine fish family in the world . this does not mean they are always successful at avoiding predators , though . for instance , the blueband goby ( valenciennia strigata ) is eaten by a variety of predators , including the venomous coneshell .\nconeshells ( conus spp . ) are gastropod mollusks , closely related to the more familiar and harmless land snails . with beautiful , ornately designed shells , coneshells are highly sought - after by shell collectors . these gastropods have evolved as deadly predators , however ; a single puncture from their venomous radula ( modified tooth ) can rapidly paralyze and even kill a human . of course , coneshells evolved not to defend themselves against collectors , but to efficiently kill prey , such as the blueband goby .\nthe rock goby gobius paganellus is one of the most common gobiid fish on the southern tunisian coast and this study provides the first detailed information on its reproductive biology in the gulf of gabes . a total of 356 males ( 8 . 9 - 14 cm total length , tl ) and 273 females ( 9 . 1 - 14 . 3 cm tl ) were analyzed . specimens were dissected and their gonads and livers were removed . mean size at sexual . . . [ show full abstract ]\n] ) , females now resort to courting smaller males ( several females were seen courting small males in the late breeding season ( july ) , while early in the breeding season ( may ) we only observed males courting females . pers . obs . a . c . utne - palm and m . hordnes during a transect snorkeling survey at the same study sites , 2008 ) . in contrast , such a size related tactic change over the breeding season was not found in the sand goby (\ngrass gobies are external fertilizers , meaning that both sexes release their gametes into the aquatic environment where fertilization takes place . this characteristic allowed the researchers to separate sperm and seminal fluid and set up a reciprocal experimental design in which sperm performance is tested in different seminal fluid environments ( table 1 ) . using this design , they tested sperm performance ( swimming speed ) in the presence of a single type of seminal fluid from either males with the same or different mating strategies . they also performed a second experiment in which sperm from either \u2018guard\u2019 or \u2018sneaker\u2019 males was exposed to a mixture of seminal fluid from both type of males , which more closely mimics the environment of competing sperm .\nin birds , traits associated with good genes and those associated with paternal care are not necessarily the same ( m\u00f8ller and jennions , 2001 ; soler et al . , 1998a ) . in the sand goby , females do not invite sneaker males to sneak ( svensson , 2004 ) , and they probably have no control over parasitic fertilizations . therefore , in contrast to many birds , indirect benefits such as good genes or genetic compatibility have to be provided by the same individual as the direct benefits . this abolishes the potential intersexual conflict between females and nest - holding males over simultaneous parasitic spawnings .\nmale behaviors used in the statistical analyses are the time the males spent ( 1 ) completely inside the nest , ( 2 ) with head visible in nest opening , ( 3 ) outside the nest , ( 4 ) fanning ( with head visible in nest opening ) , and ( 5 ) displaying toward female ( outside the nest ) ; as well as the number of bouts the males performed ( 6 ) nest building from the inside of the nest , ( 7 ) nest building from the outside of the nest , and ( 8 ) rubbing the anal - urogenital area toward the ceiling inside the nest . the sand goby male prepares mucus trails by rubbing the anal - urogenital area ( personal observation ) .\na study from the west coast of sweden , [ 19 ] ( where we find the traditionally reported size dimorphism \u2642 > \u2640 ) previously showed that over the short breeding season of the two - spotted goby there was a transition from a strong male\u2013male competition with intensive courting males in the beginning of the season to a strong female\u2013female competition with actively courting females towards the end of the season . this observation has recently been supported by further studies in the same location ( gullmarsfjorden , west coast of sweden ) , reporting that i ) the size of nest holding males decreased over the season\u2014indicating a decrease in male\u2014male competition [ 20 ] , and ii ) courtship is typically initiated by males and terminated by females early in the season , while the opposite pattern is found late in the season [ 21 ] .\nin svensson and kvarnemo ( 2003 ) , sand goby males built much smaller nest openings in the presence of sneaker males , suggesting that the nest opening may work as a defense or camouflage against sneaker males . however , we have found no behavioral or genetic support for this to be true ( svensson , 2004 ) . similarly , in the azorean rock - pool blenny , parablennius sanguinolentus parvicornis , nests in the field with associated satellite males did not have larger openings than nests without satellites . on the other hand , nests with two openings had an associate satellite male much more often than nests with one ( oliveira et al . , 2002 ) . in the present study , we hypothesized that males should be more engaged in nest building when experiencing a sneaker male compared to when not , which was not the case .\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 30 - ? m ( ref . 2058 ) . subtropical ; 47\u00b0n - 28\u00b0n , 6\u00b0w - 42\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 29 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 115022 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 4696 )\niteroparous , females produce more than one batch of eggs within the breeding season ( ref . 50965 ) .\nmiller , p . j . , 1979 . gobiidae . p . 483 - 515 . in j . c . hureau and th . monod ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean ( clofnam ) . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4345 )\n) : 14 - 20 . 1 , mean 17 . 1 ( based on 26 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00495 - 0 . 01335 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ; fec > 5 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 55 , 2 sd range = 0 . 29 - 1 . 04 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 6 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 1 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbulgaria ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; libya ; monaco ; romania ; russian federation ( european russia , south european russia ) ; slovenia ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine ( krym , ukraine ( main part ) )\nthe species is locally abundant and assumed to have a stable population , although harvested in some parts of its range .\nthis species is harvested for food in some parts of its range . the species has commercial importance in parts of its range , including in the black sea and in sivash ( berg 1965 ) . miller ( 1986 ) documents tissue contaminants ( pcbs , ddt etc . ) and heavy metal concentrations in fish from greek and italian habitats , which may affect consumers .\nthe species habitat may be impacted locally but there are no known widespread threats .\n. however , it likely occurs in marine protected areas . it was assessed globally as data deficient in 1996 and as least concern in the mediterranean ( abdul malak\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\naegean sea : 22700 - 787 ( 1 spc . ) , may 2000 , bozcaada island , 9 m , l . eryilmaz . inland water : 22700 - 626 ( 1 spc . ) , 1975 , bueyuekcekmece lagoon , istanbul , n . meri\u00e7 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmaking sense of life as we know it , in the light of evolution .\nhowever , sperm constitute only a small portion of the male ejaculate transferred to females during mating . the rest , up to 90 % , is composed of a myriad of proteins and other compounds that constitute the seminal fluid . in addition to being produced in abundance , seminal fluid proteins are also diverse . for example , scientists have found that males , of many species , produce dozens , if not hundreds , of different types of seminal fluid proteins . so , what then , do all these proteins do ? it turns out that these protein are involved in many different processes that indirectly influence male reproductive success , including influencing female physiology and interacting with a male\u2019s own , as well as rival , sperm .\nthese fascinating results suggest many exciting avenues for future research . for example , from a mechanistic perspective : how exactly does seminal fluid composition vary between \u2018guard\u2019 and \u2018sneaker\u2019 males ? do many different proteins to differ in presence or concentration ? or does variation in one or very few seminal fluid proteins produce the observed differences in sperm performance ? furthermore , from an evolutionary perspective , we can ask : why do the males differ at all ? what constraints keep males from producing both high quality sperm , like the \u2018sneakers\u2019 , and high quality seminal fluid , like the \u2018guards\u2019 ?\nlocatello , l . , f . poli , and m . b . rasotto ( 2013 ) tactic - specific differences in seminal fluid influence sperm performance . proc r soc b 280 : 20122891 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis study was supported by m . u . r . s . t . 60 % .\nfagen rm , young dy ( 1978 ) temporal patterns of behaviors : durations , intervals , latencies , and sequences . in : colgan pw ( ed ) quantitative ethology . wiley , new york , pp 79\u2013114\nhaccou p , meelis e ( 1992 ) statistical analysis of behavioral data . oxford university press , oxford\nkemadjou nijwa jr , muller p , klein r ( 2004 ) variations of sperm release in three batches of zebrafish . j fish biol 64 : 475\u2013482\npall . ( pisces , gobiidae ) in laguna di venezia e osservazioni sulle caratteristiche dei riproduttori . lav soc ven sc nat 27 : 47\u201356\nmarconato a , rasotto mb , mazzoldi c ( 1996 ) on the mechanism of sperm release in three gobiid fishes ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . environ biol fish 46 : 321\u2013327\nparker ga ( 1990 ) sperm competition games : raffles and roles . proc royal soc lond b 242 : 121\u2013126\nscaggiante m , rasotto mb , romualdi c , pilastro a ( 2005 ) territorial male gobies respond aggressively to sneakers but do not ad just their sperm expenditure . behav ecol 16 : 1001\u20131007\nsiegel s , castellan nj ( 1992 ) statistica non parametrica . mcgraw - hill , new york , p 477\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry , 3rd edn . freeman , new york , p 880\nstoltz ja , neff bd ( 2006 ) sperm competition in a fish with external fertilization : the contribution of sperm number , speed and length . j evol biol , 1873\u20131871\nmalavasi , s . , lugli , m . , torricelli , p . et al . environ biol fish ( 2008 ) 82 : 279 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit is characterized by a squat body , swollen cheeks and big lips . it has not swimming - bladder , thus it can not do long moving and lives on the bottom , to which it sticks by the pelvic fin . the eyes are shifted to the top of the head , to allow a complete vision , even if it is covered with sand .\nmale looks after the eggs : it oxygenates them with its fins , defends from predators , and it cleans them with a germicidal mucus .\nit lives in brackish environment , estuary and lagoons , on the muddy bottoms or in phanerogames prairies .\nfemale goes in the den and lays the eggs sticking them to the stones that constitute the vault of the deg . hatching happens 5 - 6 days after fertilization .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\ndipartimento di biologia , universit\u00e0 di padova , viale g . colombo 3 , 35131 padova , italy e - mail : rasotto @ urltoken tel . : + 39 - 49 - 8276191 ; fax : + 39 - 49 - 8276199\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\naddress correspondence to a . pilastro . e - mail : andrea . pilastro @ urltoken .\ninstead of adjusting sperm expenditure ( evans et al . , 2003 ; pilastro et al . , 2002 ; simmons and kvarnemo , 1997 ) , males could alternatively respond to the presence of competing males by guarding the mate or the nest ( alonzo and warner , 2000a ; birkhead and m\u00f8ller , 1992 ; komdeur , 2001 ; zamudio and sinervo , 2000 ) or making the nest less accessible to sneakers ( svensson and kvarnemo , 2003 ) . evidence of a trade - off between mate guarding and sperm expenditure has been found in some fish species , suggesting that both strategies are expensive in terms of time and / or energy ( candolin and reynolds , 2002 ; henson and warner , 1997 ; marconato et al . , 1996 ; warner et al . , 1995 ) .\nfish were housed at chioggia hydrobiological station of the university of padova . at the end of the experiments they were released back into the wild . housing and experimental procedures have been conducted in accordance with italian national law ( dl116 / 92 ) .\nplan view of the experimental tank ( 60 \u00d7 36 \u00d7 40\u2013cm height ) . the tank was divided in two equal - sized compartments : the compartment of the territorial male contained a plastic nest ( 20 - cm long and with a diameter of 15 cm ) and a ripe female confined into a transparent plexiglas tube . the sneaker compartment contained zero , one , or four competitor sneakers , according to the treatment .\nwe tested all distributions for normality using shapiro - wilks test . some behavioral observations were not normally distributed , and we therefore used log transformation when appropriate . we compared territorial male behavior and sperm expenditure under three conditions , that is , with zero , one , and four sneakers , using a generalized linear model ( glm ) model in which territorial male behavior and sperm expenditure were the dependent variables , number of attending sneakers was the fixed factor , and identity of territorial male was the random factor ( to control for repeated observations ) . the test was repeated for each of the two phases of the experiment ( before and after female introduction ) . probabilities are two tailed . where not otherwise stated , mean \u00b1 se is reported . statistical analyses were performed using spss 12 .\ntime spent patrolling the territory ( time out of the nest , s ) by the territorial male according to the number of sneakers ( zero , one , or four ) and the phase of the experiment . ( a ) after the introduction of the sneakers and before the introduction of the female ( s out of nest 20 min \u22121 ) ; ( b ) after the introduction of the female ( s out of nest 20 min \u22121 ) . data were log transformed .\ntime spent attacking the sneakers ( i . e . , hitting the transparent divider , s ) by the territorial male according to the number of sneakers ( zero , one , or four ) and the phase of the experiment . ( a ) after the introduction of the sneakers and before the introduction of the female ( s of attack 20 min \u22121 ) ; ( b ) after the introduction of the female ( s of attack 20 min \u22121 ) . data were log transformed .\nthe results of glm in which territorial male behavior was the dependent variable , the number of attending sneakers the fixed factor , and territorial male identity the random factor are shown . interactions were nonsignificant and were removed from the model .\ncourtship behavior and sperm released of territorial male according to the number of sneakers ( zero , one , or four ) . ( a ) courtship rate of territorial male ( seconds of display 20 min \u22121 ) ; ( b ) sperm release ( log of sperm concentration , sperm per milliliter ) by the territorial male . data were log transformed .\neach territorial male was tested in the three conditions ( with zero , one , and four attending sneakers ) .\nwe wish to thank the staff of the chioggia hydrobiological station for their kind support during the experiments and chris petersen , tommaso pizzari , and three anonymous referees for commenting on various versions of the manuscript . this study has been partially supported by institutional research grants ( ex60 % ) from the university of padova and grants from the italian ministry for research and university ( cofin2000 ) to a . p . and m . b . r .\na . allocation to mate guarding or increased sperm production in a mediterranean wrasse .\nb . female choice , conflict between the sexes and the evolution of male alternative reproductive behaviours .\n. sperm competition games : inter - and intra - species results of a continuous external fertilization model .\n. sperm competition in birds : evolutionary causes and consequences . london : academic press .\n. male mating behavior and ejaculate expenditure under sperm competition risk in the eastern mosquitofish .\n. associations between body size , mating pattern , testis size and sperm lengths across butterflies .\n. i pesci delle acque interne italiane . rome : istituto poligrafico e zecca dello stato .\n. male and female alternative reproductive behaviors in fishes : a new approach using intersexual dynamics .\n. mate guarding in the seychelles warbler is energetically costly and adjusted to paternity risk .\n. on the mechanism of sperm release in three gobiid fishes ( teleostei : gobiidae ) .\n. is sperm cheap ? limited fertility and female choice in the lemon tetra ( pisces , characidae ) .\n. sperm competition and the evolution of ejaculates : towards a theory base . in : sperm competition and sexual selection ( birkhead tr , m\u00f8ller ap , eds ) . london : academic press ; 1\u201354 .\n. sperm competition games : individual assessment of sperm competition intensity by group spawners .\n. sperm competition and the evolution of animal mating systems . london : academic press .\n. sperm competition in fishes : the evolution of testis size and ejaculate characteristics .\n. sexual conflict : males with highest mating success convey the lowest fertilization benefits to females .\n. fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . paris : unesco .\n. polygyny , mate - guarding , and posthumous fertilization as alternative male mating strategies .\nadepartment of biology , university of padova , via u . bassi 58 / b , i - 35131 padova , italy\nbcribi biotechnology centre , university of padova , via u . bassi 58 / b , i - 35131 padova , italy\n\u00a9 the author 2005 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the international society for behavioral ecology . all rights reserved . for permissions , please e - mail : journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthis study aims to extend the current knowledge on biology aspects , such as age and growth , to the gulf of gabes ( southeast of tunisia ) . the determination of the von bertalanffy growth parameters of\u2026\n[ more ]\ndiet shifts of gobius paganellus ( teleostei , gobiidae ) from the gulf of gabes ( central mediterranean . . .\nthe aim of this paper is to describe the diet of the population of gobius paganellus from the gulf of gabes , looking at seasonal and ontogenetic shifts and identifying the main preys . this species is an intertidal fish sparsely distributed on the tunisian coast . a total of 629 specimens with total lengths ranging from 8 . 9 to 14 . 3 cm were captured on the gulf of gabes . in the laboratory , the tl . . . [ show full abstract ]\nzosterisessor ophiocephalus is currently an important component of the eastern mediterranean inshore fisheries . in tunisia it was recorded for the first time in the gulf of gabes in 1993 , where it is now an important fished species . in this study age and growth parameters were determined in the gulf of gabes ( southeast of tunisia ) based on otolith analysis of 824 specimens caught between . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe retinal vascularization of zosterisessor ophiocephalus is described by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts . the retina is vascularized sclerad by the choroidal body and the choriocapillaris , and vitread by the lentiform body and by a dense network of hyaloid vessels . in the bodies there is a parallel arrangement of capillaries indicating a counter current exchange mechanism . the well developed vascularization and its correlation with the hypoxic conditions of the muddy habitat of the species are discussed .\nali , m . a . , m . anctil & h . m . mohideen . 1968 . structure r\u00e9tinienne et la vascularization intraoculaire chez quelque poissons marins de la r\u00e9gion de gasp\u00e9 . can . j . zool . 46 : 729\u2013745 .\nanctil , m . 1968 . intraocular vascular supply in some marine teleosts . rev . can . biol . 27 : 347\u2013355 .\nbarnett , c . h . 1951 . the structure and function of the choroidal gland in teleostean fish . j . anat . 85 : 113\u2013119 .\ncollin , s . p . 1989 . topographic organization of the ganglion cell layer and intraocular vascularization in the retinae of two teleosts . vision res . 29 : 765\u2013775 .\ncopeland , d . e . 1980 . functional vascularization of the teleost eye . pp . 219\u2013280 .\n: j . a . zadunaisky & h . davson ( ed . ) current topics in eye research , volume 3 , academic press , new york .\nfonner , d . b . , j . r . hoffert & p . o . fromm . 1973 . the importance of the counter current oxygen multiplier mechanism in maintaining retinal function in the teleost . comp . biochem . physiol . 46a : 559\u2013567 .\nhanyu , i . 1959 . on the falciform process , vitreal vessels and other structures of the teleost eye . i . various types and their interrelationship . bull . japan . soc . sci . fish . 25 : 595\u2013613 .\nkenchington , w . & s . choy . 1989 . enhanced vascularization of the central nervous system in two species of mud - burrowing fish . env . biol . fish . 24 : 237\u2013240 .\nlametschwandter , a . , u . lametschwandter & t . weiger . 1984 . scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion caststechnique and applications . scan . electron . microscopy ii : 663\u2013695 .\nlazzari , m . , v . franceschini , g . minelli & f . ciani . 1993 . choroidal and iris angioarchitecture of the newt \u2014 a scanning electron - microscopic study of vascular corrosion casts . experientia 49 : 277\u2013281 .\nlythgoe , j . n . 1979 . ecology of vision . clarendon press , oxford . 244 pp .\n: p . j . p whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen & e . tortonese ( ed . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , volume 3 , unesco , paris .\n) study of micro - corrosion casts . cell tissue res . 249 : 101\u2013209 .\n. scanning electron - microscopic study of vascular corrosion casts . cell tissue res . 250 : 465\u2013473 .\nmunk , o . 1970 . on the occurrence and significance of horizontal band - shaped retinal areas in teleosts . vidensk . meddr . dansk . naturh . foren . 133 : 85\u2013120 .\n: coexistence of falciform process and vitreal vessels . env . biol . fish . 36 : 385\u2013388 .\nnegishi , k . & k . sugawara . 1973 . evidence for anoxia sensitivity of the synaptic region at the outer plexiform layer in the fish retina . vision res . 13 : 983\u2013987 .\nnicol , j . a . c . 1989 . the eyes of fishes . clarendon press , oxford . 308 pp .\nof the seas and freshwaters in italy ) . comitato talassografico italiano memoria ccxlii . 169 pp .\n( pallas , 1811 ) ( pisces , gobiidae ) . ph . d . thesis , university of ljubljana , ljubljana , 140 pp .\n, teleostei , gobiidae ) under different light intensities : a behavioural and morphological study . boll . zool . 61 , supp1 . 1994 : 36 .\npagotto , g . & g . campesan . 1980 . abitudini alimentari di specie ittiche della laguna di venezia . i\u00b0 contributo :\n( pallas , 1811 ) ( pisces , gobiidae ) , adulto ( food selection in fish species from the lagoon of venice . ist report :\n( pallas , 1811 ) ( pisces , gobiidae ) , adults ) . atti museo civico storia naturale trieste 32 : 1\u201318 .\nsivak , j . g . & p . i . roth . 1978 . possible role of fundus circulation as an intraocular colour filter in certain fishes . rev . can . biol . 37 : 85\u201390 .\nvernberg , j . b . & f . j . vernberg . 1972 . environmental physiology of marine animals . springer verlag , berlin . 346 pp .\nwittenberg , j . b . & b . a . wittenberg . 1974 . the choroid rete mirabile of the fish eye . i . oxygen secretion and structure : comparison with the swimbladder rete mirabile . biol . bull . 146 : 116\u2013136 .\nota , d . & lahnsteiner , f . environ biol fish ( 1996 ) 45 : 319 . urltoken\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncontributed equally to this work with : a . c . utne - palm , k . eduard\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 utne - palm et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability : the data are all contained within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : this study was funded by the university of bergen through the contributing work of a master student .\nin common with most teleost fishes displaying alternative mating tactics , a conditional tactic seems to be most common in species of the family gobidae . in gobies , larger males usually adopt the dominant mating tactic ( territorial nest holders ) , while the smaller males adopt the parasitic tactic ( sneakers ) [ 12 \u2013 14 ] . even more drastically , some gobies change their sex and hence their reproductive tactic completely [ 15 ] .\nto make it easier to distinguish between the lines in cases where they overlap , the lines for early and late season are placed 0 . 015 units to the left and right on the x - axis , respectively . average lengths related to season are marked with arrows . sample size females n = 600 , males n = 533 .\nthe present study was undertaken to determine firstly , whether the small males discovered in the bergen population display a parasitic spawning tactic . secondly , if so we wanted to determine whether the prevalence of this spawning tactic changes over the course of the breeding season .\nfish samples were collected during the early ( may ) and late ( july ) breeding season in 2006 and 2008 , using a beach seine ( 30 m long , 3 m high , mesh size 3\u20135 mm in the catch area ) . some modifications were made to the seine to ensure that it followed the topography without lifting off the bottom by the macro algae ; this included additional weights to the bottom line and floaters on the top line . to ensure that a true representative sample of nest holding males was collected ( hiding in their nest on the bottom ) one seine net was first set to effectively enclose our sampling area , after which the enclosed area was sampled twice with a second beach seine , before finally the outer seine was hauled in .\nall statistics and plots were performed using r version 3 . 2 . 2 ( r development core team 2015 , urltoken ) . fish size was compared between sex and season by using a linear mixed effects model ( lme ) with the predictor total length of the fish ( cm ) and the two categorical predictors season and sex . station was set as a random effect factor . sample sizes for males and females were 533 and 600 , respectively . demography was investigated by making simple frequency plots of fish lengths depending on sex and season . additionally , for each sex we made size - frequency distributions over early and late season for the 25 % smallest and largest fish , respectively . this allowed us to get a clearer picture of eventual demographic differences between males and females over the season .\nfor male fish , the investment in seminal duct gland ( sdg ) and testes were compared between early and late season , i . e , may vs july . we did this by using five different models to cover the most commonly used methods from earlier studies e . g . [ 24 , 33 ] .\nmodel a , gsi : the response variable was the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) and the two predictors were total length and season .\nmodel b , sdgi : the response variable was the seminal duct gland index ( sdgi ) and the two predictors were total length and season .\nmodel c , testis mass : the response variable was log ( testis weight ) and the predictors were log ( soma mass ) and season .\nmodel d , sdg : the response variable was log ( seminal duct gland weight ) and the two predictors were log ( soma mass ) and season .\nmodel e , relative investment in sdg : the response variable was log ( seminal duct gland weight / testes weight ) and the two predictors were log ( soma mass ) and season .\nin the models about sdg and testes investment the sample size was reduced from 533 to 506 as we were lacking sdg and testes measurements for 27 of the fish ( due to problems separating the testes and sdg during dissection ) .\ncondition factor was analysed for females and males in one model , allowing for a three way interaction between the predictors ; total length of the fish , season and sex . we used an lme for this purpose and the random effect factor was the same as explained in the models above .\nbased on histological findings on whether the sdgs contained sperm or not we divided the males into either \u201csneakers\u201d ( size range with sperm in sdg ) and \u201cterritorial\u201d males ( size range without sperm in sdg ) for early and late season . finally , we performed a linear regression ( log ( y ) = log ( a ) + b * log ( x ) , where y refers to sdg and testes weight and x to soma weight ) , to look at possible difference in \u201cb\u201d ( slope ) between groups ( sneakers and territorial ) and season [ 33 , 36 , 37 ] .\nall aspects of this study , including field sampling , fish transportation , and killing of fish ( by overdose of ms222 ) , were approved in advance by the animal care committee at the university of bergen . this committee closely follows the strict regulations of the european commission directive for animal used for scientific purposes . collection of fish along the norwegian coast does not require permission . the field collections did not involve endangered or protected species .\nthe comparison of fish size depending on sex and season revealed no interaction between the two predictors , i . e . the change in size when going from early to late season is the same for the two sexes ( lme ; f 1 , 1127 = 1 . 385 , p = 0 . 240 ) . however , there was a significant effect of both sex and season , where the mean size of males is significantly smaller than females ( lme ; f 1 , 1127 = 98 . 185 , p < 0 . 001 , fig 1 ) and mean size is significantly smaller in the early compared to the late breeding season ( lme ; f 1 , 1127 = 22 . 087 , p < 0 . 001 , fig 1 ) . among all male fish sampled in this study , the ones belonging to the size range representing the 25 % smallest males are more represented in the early compared to the late breeding season , with 100 and 33 small males sampled in the early and late breeding season , respectively . the same trend was also observed for the 25 % largest males with 82 and 51 large males in the early and late breeding season , respectively . for females , the 25 % smallest individuals were represented with 92 and 58 females sampled in the early and late breeding season , respectively , while the 25 % largest females , were represented with 66 and 84 females sampled in the early and late breeding season , respectively . thus , our results indicate a higher mortality or a different growth rate among larger males compared to females in the late breeding season .\nthe model for gsi showed a significant interaction between the two predictors total length ( including second order polynomial ) and season ( lme ; f 2 , 498 = 21 . 763 , p < 0 . 001 , fig 2 ) . this indicates that the relationship between gsi and fish length changes from early to late in the breeding season . fig 2 shows that this is mainly due to the high proportion of small fish having high gsi values in the early compared to the late breeding season . this is supported by the treatment contrasts from the model ( the summary output of r ) : early season has significantly higher mean than late season ( contrast between mean of early and late season ; t 498 = 14 . 256 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and the relative decrease in gsi depending on total length is steeper in early compared to late season ( contrasts between first order polynomials of early vs late season ; t 498 = 6 . 483 , p < 0 . 001 ) . the untransformed mean gsi in early and late season is 1 . 981 ( se = 0 . 084 ) and 0 . 778 ( se = 0 . 026 ) , respectively . for a complete list of results from the model see supporting information material ( model a in s1 file ) .\nscatterplots showing gonadosomatic index gsi ( gsi = ( testes weight + sdg weight ) / body weight * 100 ) related to total length for early and late reproductive season .\nthe solid lines represent the mixed effect model . the grey horizontal lines represent the average of the full dataset\u2014independent of season and soma mass . early season has significant higher mean than late season and the relative decrease in gsi depending on total length is steeper in early compared to late season ( for more details see results ) . n = 506 ."]}
{"id": 768, "summary": [{"text": "the buka island mosaic-tailed rat or buka island melomys ( melomys spechti ) is a species of rat in oceania .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is endemic to buka island , in the autonomous region of bougainville in northeastern papua new guinea . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "buka island mosaic - tailed rat", "paragraphs": ["dusky mosaic - tailed rat ( m . aerosus ) \u2022 rossel island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . arcium ) \u2022 bannister ' s rat ( m . bannisteri ) \u2022 bougainville mosaic - tailed rat ( m . bougainville ) \u2022 grassland mosaic - tailed rat ( m . burtoni ) \u2022 cape york mosaic - tailed rat ( m . capensis ) \u2022 short - tailed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . caurinus ) \u2022 fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . cervinipes ) \u2022 yamdena island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . cooperae ) \u2022 dollman ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( m . dollmani ) \u2022 manusela mosaic - tailed rat ( m . fraterculus ) \u2022 snow mountains grassland mosaic - tailed rat ( m . frigicola ) \u2022 seram long - tailed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . fulgens ) \u2022 riama island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . howi ) \u2022 white - bellied mosaic - tailed rat ( m . leucogaster ) \u2022 papua grassland mosaic - tailed rat ( m . lutillus ) \u2022 manus island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . matambuai ) \u2022 obi mosaic - tailed rat ( m . obiensis ) \u2022 pavel ' s seram mosaic - tailed rat ( m . paveli ) \u2022 bramble cay mosaic - tailed rat ( m . rubicola ) \u2022 black - tailed mosaic - tailed rat ( m . rufescens ) \u2022 buka island mosaic - tailed rat ( m . spechti ) \u2022 long - tailed talaud mosaic - tailed rat ( m . talaudium )\nlarge - scaled mosaic - tailed rat ( m . lanosus ) \u2022 large mosaic - tailed rat ( m . rattoides )\ngressit ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . gressitti ) \u2022 long - nosed mosaic - tailed rat ( p . levipes ) \u2022 lorentz ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . lorentzii ) \u2022 thomas ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . mollis ) \u2022 moncton ' s mosaic - tailed rat ( p . moncktoni ) \u2022 p . naso \u2022 lowland mosaic - tailed rat ( p . platyops ) \u2022 mountain mosaic - tailed rat ( p . rubex ) \u2022 p . steini\nponcelet ' s giant rat ( s . ponceleti ) \u2022 florida naked - tailed rat ( s . salamonis ) \u2022 bougainville naked - tailed rat ( s . salebrosus ) \u2022 isabel naked - tailed rat ( s . sapientis ) \u2022 buka island naked - tailed rat ( s . spriggsarum )\nlarge - toothed hairy - tailed rat ( b . dentatus ) \u2022 luzon hairy - tailed rat ( b . granti ) \u2022 hamiguitan hairy - tailed rat ( b . hamiguitan ) \u2022 dinagat hairy - tailed rat ( b . russatus ) \u2022 mindanao hairy - tailed rat ( b . salomonseni )\nbunn ' s short - tailed bandicoot rat ( n . bunnii ) \u2022 short - tailed bandicoot rat ( n . indica )\nsundaic mountain long - tailed giant rat ( l . ciliatus ) \u2022 edwards ' s long - tailed giant rat ( l . edwardsi ) \u2022 millet ' s long - tailed giant rat ( l . milleti ) \u2022 neill ' s long - tailed giant rat ( l . neilli ) \u2022 long - tailed giant rat ( l . sabanus ) \u2022 mentawai long - tailed giant rat ( l . siporanus )\ndinagat bushy - tailed cloud rat ( c . australis ) \u2022 giant bushy - tailed cloud rat ( c . schadenbergi ) \u2022 panay cloudrunner ( c . heaneyi ) \u2022 ilin island cloudrunner ( c . paulus )\ngiant naked - tailed rat ( u . anak ) \u2022 biak giant rat ( u . boeadii ) \u2022 giant white - tailed rat ( u . caudimaculatus ) \u2022 emma ' s giant rat ( u . emmae ) \u2022 masked white - tailed rat ( u . hadrourus ) \u2022 bismarck giant rat ( u . neobritanicus ) \u2022 king rat ( u . rex ) \u2022 great key island giant rat ( u . siebersi )\nthe fawn - footed mosaic - tailed rat , or fawn - footed melomys ( melomys cervinipes ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in australia .\nlong - tailed shrew rat ( t . macrocercus ) \u2022 tate ' s shrew rat ( t . rhinogradoides )\nthis poorly - known species has been recorded from the islands of bougainville and buka in papua new guinea , and from choiseul island in the solomon islands . the elevational range of the species is unknown .\nnilgiri long - tailed tree mouse ( v . nilagirica ) \u2022 nolthenius ' s long - tailed climbing mouse ( v . nolthenii ) \u2022 asiatic long - tailed climbing mouse ( v . oleracea )\nsouthern giant slender - tailed cloud rat ( p . cumingi ) \u2022 northern luzon giant cloud rat ( p . pallidus )\npalawan pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . calamianensis ) \u2022 indomalayan pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . gliroides ) \u2022 koopman ' s pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . karlkoopmani ) \u2022 large pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . major ) \u2022 gray - bellied pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . muroides ) \u2022 small pencil - tailed tree mouse ( c . pusillus )\nloring ' s rat ( t . loringi ) \u2022 black - tailed tree rat ( t . nigricauda ) \u2022 acacia rat ( t . paedulcus ) \u2022 shortridge ' s rat ( t . shortridgei )\ncutch rat ( c . cutchicus ) \u2022 elvira rat ( c . elvira )\ndefua rat ( d . defua ) \u2022 ivory coast rat ( d . eburneae )\nanderson ' s white - bellied rat ( n . andersoni ) \u2022 brahma white - bellied rat ( n . brahma ) \u2022 cameron highlands white - bellied rat ( n . cameroni ) \u2022 chinese white - bellied rat ( n . confucianus ) \u2022 coxing ' s white - bellied rat ( n . coninga ) \u2022 dark - tailed tree rat ( n . cremoriventer ) \u2022 oldfield white - bellied rat ( n . culturatus ) \u2022 smoke - bellied rat ( n . eha ) \u2022 large white - bellied rat ( n . excelsior ) \u2022 montane sumatran white - bellied rat ( n . fraternus ) \u2022 chestnut white - bellied rat ( n . fulvescens ) \u2022 limestone rat ( n . hinpoon ) \u2022 lang bian white - bellied rat ( n . langbianis ) \u2022 narrow - tailed white - bellied rat ( n . lepturus ) \u2022 hainan white - bellied rat ( n . lotipes ) \u2022 white - bellied rat ( n . niviventer ) \u2022 long - tailed mountain rat ( n . rapit ) \u2022 tenasserim white - bellied rat ( n . tenaster )\nred tree rat ( p . melanurus ) \u2022 malayan tree rat ( p . parvus )\nbagobo rat ( b . bagobus ) \u2022 camiguin forest rat ( b . gamay ) \u2022 lagre luzon forest rat ( b . luzonicus )\nsalokko rat ( t . arcuatus ) \u2022 lovely - haired rat ( t . callitrichus ) \u2022 celebes rat ( t . celebensis ) \u2022 sulawesi montane rat ( t . hamatus ) \u2022 small - eared rat ( t . microbullatus ) \u2022 sulawesi forest rat ( t . punicans ) \u2022 tondano rat ( t . taerae )\nbanahao shrew rat ( r . banahao ) \u2022 isarog shrewlike rat ( r . isarogensis ) \u2022 mount data shrew rat ( r . soricoides ) \u2022 tapulao shrew rat ( r . tapulao )\ncentral sulawesi spiny rat ( e . centrosa ) \u2022 sulawesi spiny rat ( e . leucura )\ndelacour ' s marmoset rat ( h . delacouri ) \u2022 marmoset rat ( h . longicaudatus )\ncommon rock rat ( z . argurus ) \u2022 arnhem land rock rat ( z . maini ) \u2022 carpentarian rock rat ( z . palatilis ) \u2022 central rock rat ( z . pedunculatus ) \u2022 kimberley rock rat ( z . woodwardi )\nmuennink ' s spiny rat ( t . muenninki ) \u2022 ryukyu spiny rat ( t . osimensis ) \u2022 tokunoshima spiny rat ( t . tokunoshimensis )\nbeccari ' s margareta rat ( m . beccarii ) \u2022 elegant margareta rat ( m . elegans ) \u2022 little margareta rat ( m . parvus )\nlesser bandicoot rat ( b . bengalensis ) \u2022 greater bandicoot rat ( b . indica ) \u2022 savile ' s bandicoot rat ( b . savilei )\nabyssinian grass rat ( a . abyssinicus ) \u2022 sudanian grass rat ( a . ansorgei ) \u2022 blick ' s grass rat ( a . blicki ) \u2022 nairobi grass rat ( a . nairobae ) \u2022 neumann ' s grass rat ( a . neumanni ) \u2022 african grass rat ( a . niloticus ) \u2022 guinean grass rat ( a . rufinus )\nharrington ' s rat ( d . harringtoni ) \u2022 yalden ' s rat ( d . yaldeni )\nnorthern water rat ( p . rufilatus ) \u2022 short - haired water rat ( p . wilhelmina )\ngray - bellied mountain rat ( l . bryophilus ) \u2022 mindanao mountain rat ( l . sibuanus )\nsloggett ' s vlei rat ( m . sloggetti ) \u2022 bush vlei rat ( m . unisulcatus )\nmirza\u2019s western moss rat ( m . louiseae ) \u2022 mirza\u2019s eastern moss rat ( m . norahae )\nangolan vlei rat ( o . anchietae ) \u2022 angoni vlei rat ( o . angoniensis ) \u2022 barbour ' s vlei rat ( o . barbouri ) \u2022 burton ' s vlei rat ( o . burtoni ) \u2022 cuanza vlei rat ( o . cuanzensis ) \u2022 ruwenzori vlei rat ( o . dartmouthi ) \u2022 dent ' s vlei rat ( o . denti ) \u2022 dollman ' s vlei rat ( o . dollmani ) \u2022 southern african vlei rat ( o . irroratus ) \u2022 mount elgon vlei rat ( o . jacksoni ) \u2022 tanzanian vlei rat ( o . lacustris ) \u2022 laminate vlei rat ( o . laminatus ) \u2022 large vlei rat ( o . maximus ) \u2022 western vlei rat ( o . occidentalis ) \u2022 afroalpine vlei rat ( o . orestes ) \u2022 saunder ' s vlei rat ( o . saundersiae ) \u2022 tropical vlei rat ( o . tropicalis ) \u2022 typical vlei rat ( o . typus ) \u2022 uzungwe vlei rat ( o . uzungwensis )\nluzon striped rat ( c . whiteheadi ) \u2022 mindoro striped rat ( c . mindorensis ) \u2022 isarog striped shrew - rat ( c . gonzalesi ) \u2022 blazed luzon shrew rat ( c . silaceus ) \u2022 sibuyan striped shrew rat ( c . sibuyanensis )\narid thicket rat ( g . aridulus ) \u2022 g . brevirostris \u2022 bunting ' s thicket rat ( g . buntingi ) \u2022 gray - headed thicket rat ( g . caniceps ) \u2022 mozambique thicket rat ( g . cometes ) \u2022 woodland thicket rat ( g . dolichurus ) \u2022 forest thicket rat ( g . dryas ) \u2022 giant thicket rat ( g . gigas ) \u2022 ruwenzori thicket rat ( g . ibeanus ) \u2022 eastern rainforest thicket rat ( g . kuru ) \u2022 macmillan ' s thicket rat ( g . macmillani ) \u2022 ethiopian thicket rat ( g . minnae ) \u2022 shining thicket rat ( g . poensis )\nmountain water rat ( b . habbema ) \u2022 shaw mayer ' s water rat ( b . shawmayeri )\nkemp ' s thicket rat ( t . kempi ) \u2022 hatt ' s thicket rat ( t . major ) \u2022 charming thicket rat ( t . venustus )\nandrew ' s hill rat ( b . andrewsi ) \u2022 yellow - haired hill rat ( b . chrysocomus ) \u2022 heavenly hill rat ( b . coelestis ) \u2022 fraternal hill rat ( b . fratrorum ) \u2022 heinrich ' s hill rat ( b . heinrichi ) \u2022 inland hill rat ( b . penitus ) \u2022 long - headed hill rat ( b . prolatus )\nlong - footed rat ( t . apoensis ) \u2022 spiny long - footed rat ( t . echinatus )\nmountain spiny rat ( m . alticola ) \u2022 small spiny rat ( m . baeodon ) \u2022 bartels ' s spiny rat ( m . bartelsii ) \u2022 dollman ' s spiny rat ( m . dollmani ) \u2022 hellwald ' s spiny rat ( m . hellwaldii ) \u2022 sumatran spiny rat ( m . hylomyoides ) \u2022 malayan mountain spiny rat ( m . inas ) \u2022 fat - nosed spiny rat ( m . inflatus ) \u2022 mo ' s spiny rat ( m . moi ) \u2022 musschenbroek ' s spiny rat ( m . musschenbroekii ) \u2022 chestnut - bellied spiny rat ( m . ochraceiventer ) \u2022 pagai spiny rat ( m . pagensis ) \u2022 palawan spiny rat ( m . panglima ) \u2022 rajah spiny rat ( m . rajah ) \u2022 red spiny rat ( m . surifer ) \u2022 watts ' s spiny rat ( m . wattsi ) \u2022 whitehead ' s spiny rat ( m . whiteheadi )\nethiopian white - footed mouse ( s . albipes ) \u2022 ethiopian narrow - headed rat ( s . albocaudata ) \u2022 gray - tailed narrow - headed rat ( s . griseicauda ) \u2022 rupp ' s mouse ( s . ruppi )\nmountain giant sunda rat ( s . infraluteus ) \u2022 bartels ' s rat ( s . maxi ) \u2022 m\u00fcller ' s giant sunda rat ( s . muelleri )\nglover allen ' s shaggy rat ( d . alleni ) \u2022 crawford - cabral ' s shaggy rat ( d . cabrali ) \u2022 fox ' s shaggy rat ( d . foxi ) \u2022 african marsh rat ( d . incomtus ) \u2022 montane shaggy rat ( d . montanus ) \u2022 angolan marsh rat ( d . nudipes ) \u2022 robert ' s shaggy rat ( d . robertsii ) \u2022 west african shaggy rat ( d . rufulus ) \u2022 rwandan shaggy rat ( d . rwandae ) \u2022 d . shortridgei \u2022 tanzanian shaggy rat ( d . sua )\nmanipur bush rat ( h . humei ) \u2022 h . loujacobsi \u2022 yunnan bush rat ( h . yunnanensis )\ncommon rufous - nosed rat ( o . hypoxanthus ) \u2022 ghana rufous - nosed rat ( o . ornatus )\nlesser small - toothed rat ( m . elegans ) \u2022 eastern small - toothed rat ( m . major )\nlesser stick - nest rat ( l . apicalis ) \u2022 greater stick - nest rat ( l . conditor )\nbrants ' s whistling rat ( p . brantsii ) \u2022 littledale ' s whistling rat ( p . littledalei )\ncansdale ' s swamp rat ( m . cansdalei ) \u2022 edward ' s swamp rat ( m . edwardsi ) \u2022 big - eared swamp rat ( m . longipes )\nde vis ' s woolly rat ( m . aroaensis ) \u2022 alpine woolly rat ( m . gunung ) \u2022 subalpine woolly rat ( m . istapantap ) \u2022 rothschild ' s woolly rat ( m . rothschildi ) \u2022 bosavi woolly rat ( m . sp . nov . ) \u2022 arfak woolly rat ( m . sp . nov . ) \u2022 foja woolly rat ( m . sp . nov . )\nblack - footed tree - rat ( m . gouldii ) \u2022 golden - backed tree rat ( m . macrurus )\nbocage ' s rock rat ( a . bocagei ) \u2022 red rock rat ( a . chrysophilus ) \u2022 grant ' s rock rat ( a . ( micaelamys ) granti ) \u2022 hinde ' s rock rat ( a . hindei ) \u2022 tete veld aethomys ( a . ineptus ) \u2022 kaiser ' s rock rat ( a . kaiseri ) \u2022 namaqua rock rat ( a . ( micaelamys ) namaquensis ) \u2022 nyika rock rat ( a . nyikae ) \u2022 silinda rock rat ( a . silindensis ) \u2022 tinfields rock rat ( a . stannarius ) \u2022 thomas ' s rock rat ( a . thomasi )\nshort - footed luzon tree rat ( c . melanurus ) \u2022 white - bellied luzon tree rat ( c . phaeurus )\nwestern white - eared giant rat ( h . dammermani ) \u2022 eastern white - eared giant rat ( h . goliath )\nsand - colored soft - furred rat ( m . gleadowi ) \u2022 miss ryley ' s soft - furred rat ( m . kathleenae ) \u2022 kondana soft - furred rat ( m . kondana ) \u2022 soft - furred rat ( m . meltada )\nsmall white - toothed rat ( b . berdmorei ) \u2022 bower ' s white - toothed rat ( b . bowersi ) \u2022 kenneth ' s white - toothed rat ( b . mackenziei ) \u2022 manipur white - toothed rat ( b . manipulus )\ncelebes shrew rat ( c . celebensis ) \u2022 northern luzon shrew rat ( c . fallax ) \u2022 mindanao shrew rat ( c . melanius ) \u2022 katanglad shrew mouse ( c . suncoides )\nrakali ( h . chrysogaster ) \u2022 western water rat ( h . hussoni ) \u2022 new britain water rat ( h . neobrittanicus ) \u2022 ziegler ' s water rat ( h . ziegleri )\nbell groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . campanae ) \u2022 creek groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . fallax ) \u2022 hopkins ' s groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . hopkinsi ) \u2022 issel ' s groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . isseli ) \u2022 least groove - toothed swamp rat ( p . minor )\nl . arfakensis \u2022 long - footed water rat ( l . elegans ) \u2022 ernst mayr ' s water rat ( l . ernstmayri ) \u2022 l . paulus \u2022 fly river water rat ( l . signatus )\nthis text was originally published in the book terrestrial ecoregions of the indo - pacific : a conservation assessment from island press . this assessment offers an in - depth analysis of the biodiversity and conservation status of the indo - pacific ' s ecoregions .\nchampion ' s tree mouse ( p . championi ) \u2022 d ' entrecasteaux archipelago tree mouse ( p . fergussoniensis ) \u2022 large tree mouse ( p . loriae ) \u2022 chestnut tree mouse ( p . macrourus ) \u2022 prehensile - tailed rat ( p . mollipilosus ) \u2022 gray - bellied tree mouse ( p . sylvestris )\njustification of ecoregion delineation distinct island groups were placed in their own ecoregions : the solomon islands rain forests [ aa0119 ] and the vanuatu rain forests [ aa0126 ] . we followed stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) in delineating these ecoregions . mackinnon ( 1997 ) did not extend his assessment beyond the island of bougainville in the solomon islands . however , we followed bouchet et al . ( 1995 ) and separated the distinctive dry forests in new caledonia from the moist forests to delineate the new caledonia rain forests [ aa0113 ] and the new caledonia dry forests [ aa0202 ] . stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) did not show this distinction .\ndavis et al . ( 1995 ) identified two centres of plant diversity on bougainville island : mt . balbi to southern coast , containing the largest stands of bamboo forest in papuasia and remnant stands of terminalia brassii , and mt . takuan - tonolei harbour , containing natural stands of terminalia brassii and more than 1 , 000 vascular plant species .\nthe solomon islands rain forests [ aa0119 ] are true oceanic islands with high vertebrate endemism , including single - island endemics , restricted - range mammals , and an astounding sixty - nine bird species found nowhere else in the world . large areas of naturally restricted lowlands below 400 m either have been or are under threat of logging or clearance for subsistence agriculture . introduced cats have eliminated most native mammals on guadalcanal .\nturkestan rat ( rattus pyctoris ; obs . rattus turkestanicus ) \u2013 afghanistan , china , india , iran , kyrgyzstan , nepal , and pakistan\nhendrickson , r . ( 1983 ) more cunning than man : a complete history of the rat and its role in civilization , kensington books . isbn 1 - 57566 - 393 - 7 .\nmatthews , i . ( 1898 ) . full revelations of a professional rat - catcher , after 25 years\u2019 experience . 1st ed . manchester : friendly societies printing co . isbn 1 - 905124 - 64 - 3 .\nbishop moss - mouse ( p . berniceae ) \u2022 huon smalltoothed moss - mouse ( p . carlae ) \u2022 laurie\u2019s moss - mouse ( p . eleanorae ) \u2022 one - toothed shrew - mouse ( p . ellermani ) \u2022 mottled - tailed shrew mouse ( p . fuscus ) \u2022 german ' s one - toothed moss mouse ( p . germani ) \u2022 eastern shrew mouse ( p . murinus ) \u2022 musser ' s shrew mouse ( p . musseri ) \u2022 western shrew mouse ( p . occidentalis ) \u2022 woolley\u2019s moss - mouse ( p . patriciae ) \u2022 southern small - toothed moss - mouse ( p . pumehanae ) \u2022 white - bellied moss - mouse ( p . sandrae )\nash - grey mouse ( p . albocinereus ) \u2022 silky mouse ( p . apodemoides ) \u2022 plains rat ( p . australis ) \u2022 bolam ' s mouse ( p . bolami ) \u2022 kakadu pebble - mound mouse ( p . calabyi ) \u2022 western pebble - mound mouse ( p . chapmani ) \u2022 little native mouse ( p . delicatulus ) \u2022 desert mouse ( p . desertor ) \u2022 shark bay mouse ( p . fieldi ) \u2022 smoky mouse ( p . fumeus ) \u2022 eastern chestnut mouse ( p . gracilicaudatus ) \u2022 sandy inland mouse ( p . hermannsburgensis ) \u2022 long - tailed mouse ( p . higginsi ) \u2022 central pebble - mound mouse ( p . johnsoni ) \u2022 western chestnut mouse ( p . nanus ) \u2022 new holland mouse ( p . novaehollandiae ) \u2022 western mouse ( p . occidentalis ) \u2022 hastings river mouse ( p . oralis ) \u2022 country mouse ( p . patrius ) \u2022 pilliga mouse ( p . pilligaensis ) \u2022 heath mouse ( p . shortridgei )\njahn , g . c . , p . cox , s . mak , and n . chhorn ( 1999 )\nfarmer participatory research on rat management in cambodia\n, in g . singleton , l . hinds , h . leirs and zhibin zhang [ eds . ] ecologically - based rodent management aciar , canberra . ch . 17 , pp . 358\u2013371 . isbn 1 - 86320 - 262 - 5 .\np . coetzeei \u2022 dalton ' s mouse ( p . daltoni ) \u2022 de graaff ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . degraaffi ) \u2022 delectable soft - furred mouse ( p . delectorum ) \u2022 deroo ' s mouse ( p . derooi ) \u2022 hartwig ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . hartwigi ) \u2022 jackson ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . jacksoni ) \u2022 lukolela swamp rat ( p . lukolelae ) \u2022 least soft - furred mouse ( p . minor ) \u2022 misonne ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . misonnei ) \u2022 cameroon soft - furred mouse ( p . morio ) \u2022 muton ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . mutoni ) \u2022 gotel mountain soft - furred mouse ( p . obscurus ) \u2022 peter ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . petteri ) \u2022 forest soft - furred mouse ( p . rostratus ) \u2022 tullberg ' s soft - furred mouse ( p . tullbergi ) \u2022 verschuren ' s swamp rat ( p . verschureni )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmelomys bougainville was previously considered to be a subspecies of m . rufescens . there is still some doubt as to whether or not it is distinct from m . rufescens .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of an absence of recent information on its conservation status and threats as well as continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity .\nthe natural history of this species has not been recorded . it is suspected to have similar habits to m . rufescens , and occur in disturbed habitats , rural gardens , and possibly within houses ( flannery 1995 ) .\nit is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , habitat , ecology , and threats to this species . there is also some doubt as to whether or not it is distinct from m . rufescens , and further taxonomic research is a priority .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\nenglish turkish online dictionary tureng , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nthis species is endemic to australia , where it ranges from tropical forests of north - eastern queensland south to central coastal new south wales ( moore and burnett 2008 ) .\nit is found in closed tropical moist forest , semi - deciduous vine thicket , bottle tree scrub , and wooded swamps in queensland , but in the south of its range it also occurs in wet sclerophyll forest and coastal woodlands ; also in mangrove forest . the species can breed throughout the year , with females giving birth to up to three young after a gestation period of about 38 days ( moore and burnett 2008 ) .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nit is common and often abundant where it occurs . it is less common in new south wales where habitat for the species is limited ( moore and burnett 2008 ) .\nit is present in a number of protected areas . taxonomic work is needed to determine whether this is a species complex .\nthis species has long been commonly known by the descriptive english common name fawn - footed melomys , but during the 1990s there was a push for such names to be replaced with indigenous australian names . accordingly , in 1995 the\npublished recommendations for the common names of rodents . they compiled two indigenous australian names for this species :\nhowever this recommendation was not prescriptive , and it remains to be seen to what extent it will be adopted .\nburnett , s . & winter , j . ( 2008 ) . melomys cervinipes . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 10 october 2008 .\nbraithwaite r . w . et al . ( 1995 ) . australian names for australian rodents . australian nature conservation agency . isbn 0 - 642 - 21373 - 9 .\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nh . alleni group : allen ' s wood mouse ( h . alleni )\nh . anselli group : ansell ' s wood mouse ( h . anselli )\nh . baeri group : baer ' s wood mouse ( h . baeri )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmueller - dombois and fosberg ( 1998 ) outlined seven broad natural vegetation types in the ecoregion , including coastal strand vegetation , mangrove forests , freshwater swamp forests , two types of lowland rain forests , seasonally dry forest and grassland ( only on guadalcanal ) , and montane rain forest . bougainville also contains floodplain forest , a transitional submontane rain forest , forest on ancient limestone , and vegetation on recent volcanic surfaces .\nseasonally dry forest is found only on the leeward ( north ) side of guadalcanal . these forests consist of mixed deciduous forest and themeda australis grassland . the canopy is composed of pometia pinnata , vitex cofassus , and kleinhovia hospita . the deciduous species are pterocarpus indicus , antiais toxicaria ( moraceae ) , ficus spp . , and sterculia spp . the grassland probably is related to periodic burning by humans ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .\nthe fagaceae species that generally mark montane rain forest in the region ( castanopsis , nothofagus , and lithocarpus ) are absent in the solomons . instead , a reduction in stature ( from 25 to 35 m in the lowlands to 15 to 20 m in the uplands ) is apparent . syzygium , metrosideros , ardisia , psychotria , schefflera , ficus , rhododendron , dacrydium , and podcarpus pilgeri have been collected in the mountains of the solomons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .\nthe outlying coral atolls support depleted lowland rain forest , remnant coastal and swamp vegetation , and pandanus thickets . the vegetation is a product of generally poor soils combined with human alteration ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .\nbiodiversity features overall richness and endemism in the solomon islands range from low to high when compared with those of other ecoregions in indo - malaysia . bird and mammal endemism are high .\nthere is a clear difference between the mammalian faunas of the solomon islands and the bismarck archipelago and richer new guinea to the west . except for pteropodid bats , the solomons and bismarcks have many fewer mammals than new guinea , and the solomons , unlike new britain , contain no marsupials . east beyond the solomons there are even fewer mammal species . almost all the mammal species have their origins in or via new guinea ( flannery 1990 ) .\nfamily species pteropodidae melonycteris fardoulisi * pteropodidae melonycteris woodfordi * pteropodidae dobsonia inermis * pteropodidae nyctimene vizcaccia * pteropodidae nyctimene major pteropodidae pteralopex anceps * pteropodidae pteralopex atrata * pteropodidae pteralopex pulchra * pteropodidae pteralopex sp . * pteropodidae pteropus admiralitatum pteropodidae pteropus howensis * pteropodidae pteropus mahaganus * pteropodidae pteropus rayneri * pteropodidae pteropus rennelli * pteropodidae pteropus woodfordi * rhinolophidae anthops ornatus * molossidae chaerephon solomonis * muridae melomys bougainville * muridae melomys spechti * muridae solomys ponceleti * muridae solomys salamonis * muridae solomys salebrosus * muridae solomys sapientis * muridae uromys imperator * muridae uromys porculus * muridae uromys rex *\nbird diversity drops off sharply from new guinea as one moves east across the pacific to the solomons . whereas new guinea has seventy - one families and subfamilies of birds , the solomons have forty - four . the solomons are considered a center of bird endemism , with at least seven endemic genera . the dropoff in diversity seen in other animal groups as one moves east from new guinea is also consistent with that seen in birds . whereas new guinea has seventy - one families and subfamilies of birds , and the solomons have forty - four , vanuatu has thirty - one ( keast 1996 ) .\nbetween november and april of each year the solomon islands are subject to tropical cyclones , which are an important source of natural disturbance to the islands ' forests . extreme droughts are also a natural event and occur irregularly at intervals of six to twenty years ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .\ncurrent status a large australian - run copper mine was located in bougainville , but it was shut down because of civil unrest several years ago . introduced species are a special concern here , and most native mammals have been eliminated from guadalcanal by cats . hunting native species is common ( stattersfield et al . 1998 , ) . many bird species in the solomons are vulnerable simply because of their small natural ranges ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .\nonly one protected area , 930 km2 surrounding mt . balbi on bougainville , exists in the ecoregion ( table 3 ) . a gap analysis , based on detailed vegetation and habitat type mapping , has never been performed to determine whether the existing protected area network adequately covers all habitats with protected areas that are large enough to maintain all critical ecological processes .\ntable 3 . wcmc ( 1997 ) protected areas that overlap with the ecoregion .\necoregion numbers of protected areas that overlap with additional ecoregions are listed in brackets .\ntypes and severity of threats large areas of the naturally limited natural forest below 400 m have been logged or are planned to be logged . an adequate survey of timber resources has not been conducted ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ; thistlethwait and votaw 1992 ) .\nforest clearing for subsistence agriculture is an ongoing threat . most households are self - sufficient ( seven out of eight ) , and because population growth is high there is pressure to clear land . this is especially true around urban areas because the population is mobile and many people move to the outskirts of overcrowded urban centers . satellite imagery indicates that the area under cultivation doubled between 1972 and 1992 ( thistlethwait and votaw 1992 ) .\nudvardy ( 1975 ) placed all the ecoregions in the new guinea and melanesia bioregion , with the exception of new caledonia , into the papuan biogeographic province of the oceanian realm . new caledonia was placed in the new caledonian biogeographic province .\nreferences references for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire indo - pacific realm . indo - pacific reference list\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nthe genus rattus is a member of the giant subfamily murinae . several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of rattus : lenothrix , anonymomys , sundamys , kadarsanomys , diplothrix , margaretamys , lenomys , komodomys , palawanomys , bunomys , nesoromys , stenomys , taeromys , paruromys , abditomys , tryphomys , limnomys , tarsomys , bullimus , apomys , millardia , srilankamys , niviventer , maxomys , leopoldamys , berylmys , mastomys , myomys , praomys , hylomyscus , heimyscus , stochomys , dephomys , and aethomys .\nthe genus rattus proper contains 64 extant species . a subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed , but does not include all species .\nbarnett , s . anthony ( 2002 ) the story of rats : their impact on us , and our impact on them , allen & unwin , crows nest , nsw , 202 pages , isbn 1 - 86508 - 519 - 7 .\nleung , lkp ; cox , peter g . ; jahn , g . c . ; nugent , robert ( 2002 ) .\nevaluating rodent management with cambodian rice farmers\n.\nmusser , g . g . and m . d . carleton . 1993 .\nfamily muridae\nin d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds .\nmammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference\n, smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . pp . 501\u2013755 .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world vol . 2 . johns hopkins university press , london .\nsullivan , robert ( 2004 ) . rats : a year with \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 ' s most unwanted inhabitants . granta books , london .\nsullivan , robert ( 2005 ) . rats : observations on the history and habitat of the city ' s most unwanted inhabitants . bloomsbury usa . isbn 1 - 58234 - 477 - 9 .\nstriped field mouse ( a . agrarius ) \u2022 alpine field mouse ( a . alpicola ) \u2022 small japanese field mouse ( a . argenteus ) \u2022 a . avicennicus \u2022 chevrier ' s field mouse ( a . chevrieri ) \u2022 south china field mouse ( a . draco ) \u2022 yellow - necked mouse ( a . flavicollis ) \u2022 himalayan field mouse ( a . gurkha ) \u2022 caucasus field mouse ( a . hyrcanicus ) \u2022 sichuan field mouse ( a . latronum ) \u2022 pygmy field mouse ( a . microps ) \u2022 broad - toothed field mouse ( a . mystacinus ) \u2022 western broad - toothed field mouse ( a . ( mystacinus ) epimelas ) \u2022 ward ' s field mouse ( a . pallipes ) \u2022 korean field mouse ( a . peninsulae ) \u2022 black sea field mouse ( a . ponticus ) \u2022 kashmir field mouse ( a . rusiges ) \u2022 taiwan field mouse ( a . semotus ) \u2022 large japanese field mouse ( a . speciosus ) \u2022 wood mouse ( a . sylvaticus ) \u2022 ural field mouse ( a . uralensis ) \u2022 steppe field mouse ( a . witherbyi )\nbarbary striped grass mouse ( l . barbarus ) \u2022 bellier ' s striped grass mouse ( l . bellieri ) \u2022 griselda ' s striped grass mouse ( l . griselda ) \u2022 hoogstral ' s striped grass mouse ( l . hoogstraali ) \u2022 senegal one - striped grass mouse ( l . linulus ) \u2022 buffoon striped grass mouse ( l . macculus ) \u2022 mittendorf ' s striped grass mouse ( l . mittendorfi ) \u2022 single - striped grass mouse ( l . rosalia ) \u2022 rosevear ' s striped grass mouse ( l . roseveari ) \u2022 typical striped grass mouse ( l . striatus ) \u2022 heuglin ' s striped grass mouse ( l . zebra )\nluzon cordillera forest mouse ( a . abrae ) \u2022 camiguin forest mouse ( a . camiguinensis ) \u2022 luzon montane forest mouse ( a . datae ) \u2022 large mindoro forest mouse ( a . gracilirostris ) \u2022 mount apo forest mouse ( a . hylocoetes ) \u2022 mindanao montane forest mouse ( a . insignis ) \u2022 mindanao lowland forest mouse ( a . littoralis ) \u2022 small luzon forest mouse ( a . microdon ) \u2022 least forest mouse ( a . musculus ) \u2022 long - nosed luzon forest mouse ( a . sacobianus )\nmount isarog shrew mouse ( a . luzonensis ) \u2022 sierra madre shrew mouse ( a . musseri ) \u2022 cordillera shrew - mouse ( a . kalinga )\nhildegarde ' s broad - headed mouse ( z . hildegardeae ) \u2022 woosnam ' s broad - headed mouse ( z . woosnami )\neisentraut ' s striped mouse ( h . badius ) \u2022 father basilio ' s striped mouse ( h . basilii ) \u2022 moon striped mouse ( h . lunaris ) \u2022 miller ' s striped mouse ( h . planifrons ) \u2022 temminck ' s striped mouse ( h . trivirgatus ) \u2022 peters ' s striped mouse ( h . univittatus )\nsouthern groove - toothed shrew mouse ( m . argenteus ) \u2022 northern groove - toothed shrew mouse ( m . richardsoni )\nranee mouse ( h . margarettae ) \u2022 minahassa ranee mouse ( h . minahassae ) \u2022 lesser ranee mouse ( h . pusillus )\ngreater tree mouse ( c . forbesi ) \u2022 lamia ( c . lamia ) \u2022 lesser tree mouse ( c . vates )\nwhite - toothed brush mouse ( c . albidens ) \u2022 c . kirrhos \u2022 r\u00fcmmler ' s brush mouse ( c . ruemmleri ) \u2022 c . shawmayeri\nlowland brush mouse ( p . bruijni ) \u2022 shaw mayer ' s brush mouse ( p . mayeri )\nforrest ' s mouse ( l . forresti ) \u2022 lakeland downs mouse ( l . lakedownensis )\nspinifex hopping mouse ( n . alexis ) \u2022 northern hopping mouse ( n . aquilo ) \u2022 fawn hopping mouse ( n . cervinus ) \u2022 dusky hopping mouse ( n . fuscus ) \u2022 mitchell ' s hopping mouse ( n . mitchellii )\nh . aeta group : beaded wood mouse ( h . aeta ) \u2022 h . grandis h . alleni group : allen ' s wood mouse ( h . alleni ) \u2022 angolan wood mouse ( h . carillus ) \u2022 stella wood mouse ( h . stella ) \u2022 walter verheyeni ' s mouse ( h . walterverheyeni ) h . anselli group : ansell ' s wood mouse ( h . anselli ) \u2022 arc mountain wood mouse ( h . arcimontensis ) h . baeri group : baer ' s wood mouse ( h . baeri ) h . denniae group : montane wood mouse ( h . denniae ) \u2022 h . endorobae \u2022 h . vulcanorum h . parvus group : little wood mouse ( h . parvus )\nawash multimammate mouse ( m . awashensis ) \u2022 southern multimammate mouse ( m . coucha ) \u2022 guinea multimammate mouse ( m . erythroleucus ) \u2022 hubert ' s multimammate mouse ( m . huberti ) \u2022 verheyen ' s multimammate mouse ( m . kollmannspergeri ) \u2022 natal multimammate mouse ( m . natalensis ) \u2022 dwarf multimammate mouse ( m . pernanus ) \u2022 shortridge ' s multimammate mouse ( m . shortridgei )\nangolan multimammate mouse ( m . angolensis ) \u2022 brockman ' s rock mouse ( m . brockmani ) \u2022 verreaux ' s mouse ( m . verreauxii ) \u2022 yemeni mouse ( m . yemeni )"]}
{"id": 778, "summary": [{"text": "megacraspedus argyroneurellus is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in russia ( lower volga , southern ural ) , ukraine ( the crimea ) , central asia , the northern caucasus and turkey . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "megacraspedus argyroneurellus", "paragraphs": ["megacraspedus argyroneurellus staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 316 ; tl : sarepta\nmegacraspedus monolorellus rebel , 1905 ; ann . nat . mus . wien 20 : 213\nmegacraspedus lativalvellus amsel , 1954 ; bull . soc . fouad i . ent . 38 : 54\nmegacraspedus lagopellus herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1860 ; neue schmett . ( 2 ) : 13 , f . 81\nmegacraspedus calamogonus meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 163 ; tl : chritschurch\nmegacraspedus escalerellus schmidt , 1941 ; bol . r . soc . esp . hist . nat . 38 : 38\nmegacraspedus sematacma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nmegacraspedus alfacarellus wehrli , 1926 ; ent . z . frankfr . a . m . 39 ( 40 ) : 163\nmegacraspedus albovenata ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166 ; [ fe ]\nmegacraspedus squalida meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 272 ; tl : spain , sierra nevada\nmegacraspedus subdolellus staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 243 ; tl : sierra nevada\nmegacraspedus attritellus staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 316 ; tl : sarepta\nmegacraspedus pusillus walsingham , 1903 ; ent . mon . mag . 39 : 266 ; tl : spain , granada , sierra nevada\nmegacraspedus aenictodes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 112 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nmegacraspedus consortiella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 117 ; tl : alai\nmegacraspedus cuencellus caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 117 ; tl : cuenca\nmegacraspedus majorella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 117 ; tl : alai\nmegacraspedus macrocanellus lucas , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 : 187 ; tl : anti - atlas , morocco\nmegacraspedus pentheres walsingham , 1920 ; ent . mon . mag . 56 : 10 ; tl : s . france , basses - alpes\nmegacraspedus cerussatellus rebel , 1930 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 80 ( s . b ) : 14 ; tl : alibotusch\nmegacraspedus culminicola le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 165 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas\nmegacraspedus homochroa le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 165 ; tl : morocco , moeyen atlas\nmegacraspedus incertellus rebel , 1930 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 80 ( s . b ) : 14 ; tl : alitbotusch\nmegacraspedus serica meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 369 ; tl : cape colony , kalk bay\nmegacraspedus tutti walsingham , 1887 ; ent . rec . j . var . 9 : 140 ; tl : france , dauphin\u00e9 , la grave , 5000ft\nmegacraspedus tristictus walsingham , 1910 ; ent . mon . mag . 46 : 231 ; tl : s . france , ( alp . mar . ) , cannes\nmegacraspedus euxena meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 277 ; tl : albany , west australia\nmegacraspedus hoplitis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 277 ; tl : perth , west australia\nmegacraspedus ischnota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 282 ; tl : carnarvon , west australia\nmegacraspedus isotis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 280 ; tl : york , west australia\nmegacraspedus melitopis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 276 ; tl : york , west australia\nmegacraspedus oxyphanes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 278 ; tl : york , west australia\nmegacraspedus coniodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : quorn and petersburg , south australia\nmegacraspedus niphodes ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 278 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nmegacraspedus sagittifera ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 281 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nmegacraspedus stratimera ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 278 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nmegacraspedus chalcoscia meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 276 ; tl : adelaide , south australia ; albany , west australia\nmegacraspedus astemphella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 275 ; tl : port lincoln , south australia ; geraldton , west australia\nmegacraspedus centrosema meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 275 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; adelaide , south australia\nmegacraspedus exilis walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nmegacraspedus popularis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 282 ; tl : sydney and bathurst , new south wales ; deloraine and hobart , tasmania\nmegacraspedus sclerotricha meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 279 ; tl : blackheath ( 3500ft ) and bathurst ( 2500ft ) , new south wales\nmegacraspedus aphileta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 280 ; tl : adelaide , wirrabara and port lincoln , south australia ; york , west australia\nmegacraspedus inficeta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 277 ; tl : blackheat ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nmegacraspedus platyleuca meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 274 ; tl : syndey , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; deloraine , tasmania ; perth , west australia\nmegacraspedus pityritis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 279 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; murrurundi , sydney and mittagon , new south wales ; mt macedon , victoria ; launceston and campbelltown , tasmania\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nalbella ( amsel , 1935 ) ( chilopselaphus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 302 , pl . 10 , f . 57\narnaldi ( turati & kr\u00fcger , 1936 ) ( mesophleps ) ; mem . soc . ent . ital . 15 : 76\nchilopselaphus podolicus toll , 1942 ; zs . wiener entver . 27 : 170 , pl . 13 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : steilwand hlody , kreis borszczow , podolien\n? binotellus ( fischer von r\u00f6slerstamm , 1843 ) ( ypsolophus ) ; abbildungen schmettkde : 301 , pl . 99 , f . 2\nchilopselaphus ethicodes meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 68\nchilopselaphus fallax mann , 1867 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 17 : 850\nypsolophus imparellus fischer von r\u00f6slerstamm , 1843 ; abbildungen schmettkde : 303 , pl . 100 , f . 2\nypsolophus lanceolellus zeller , 1850 ; stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 5 ) : 143\nmareotidellus turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 169\ntrichembola neurophanes meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 271 ; tl : uralsk\neutorna niphodes lower , 1897 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 21 : 58\ntrichembola niphorrhoa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 272 ; tl : uralsk , indersky\nchilopselaphus numidellus chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 333 ; tl : gafsa\npeyerimhoffi le cerf , 1925 ; encycl . ent . ( b . 3 lep . ) 1 : 11\ns . queendland , new south wales , victoria , tasmania . see [ maps ]\nneda plutella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 244 ; tl : texas\npaltodora sagittifera lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 3 ) : 416 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nypsolophus separatellus fischer von r\u00f6slerstamm , 1843 ; abbildungen schmettkde : 302 , pl . 100 , f . 1\neutorna stratimera lower , 1897 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 21 : 58 ; tl : belair , s . australia\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nzeller , 1850 verzeichniss der von herrn jos . mann beobachteten toscanischen microlepidoptera stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 2 ) : 59 - 64 , ( 4 ) : 134 - 136 , ( 5 ) : 139 - 162 , ( 6 ) : 195 - 212\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of anomologini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 780, "summary": [{"text": "causeyella youngsteadtorum , youngsteadt 's cave millipede , is a ghostly white millipede , first collected in 1976 by norman and jean youngsteadt , but not recognized as a new species until 2003 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it has been found in seven caves in boone and searcy counties in arkansas . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "causeyella youngsteadtorum", "paragraphs": ["figures 27\u201329 . sems of causeyella youngsteadtorum . 27 , gonopods , ventral view . 28 , gonopod fimbriate branch . 29 , gonopod tips , oblique lateral view . scale lines as labelled .\nthe milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . shear , w . a . 2003 . zootaxa .\nfigures 27\u201329 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea )\nfigures 27\u201329 in the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) | zenodo\narkansas is home to nineteen species of endemic millipedes ; however , some of these species need to be re - described and may contain synonyms ( same species with multiple scientific names ) . they include abacion wilhelminae ( shelley , mcallister , and hollis ) , boraria profuga ( causey ) , causeyella causeyae ( shear ) , causeyella youngsteadtorum ( shear ) , cleidogona arkansana ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus compressus ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus newtonius ( chamberlain ) , eurymerodesmus polkensis ( causey ) , eurymerodesmus pulaski ( causey ) , nannaria davidcauseyi ( causey ) , nannaria depalmai ( causey ) , okliulus beveli ( causey ) , petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) , tiganogona glebosa ( causey ) , tiganogona ladymani ( causey ) , tiganogona moesta ( causey ) , tiganogona steuartae ( causey ) , and trigenotyla parca ( causey ) .\nabacion wilhelminae is endemic to rich mountain in polk county . boraria profuga is found within the ouachita mountains uplift and is probably endemic to that physiographic region . causeyella causeyae is a cave - dwelling millipede that is eyeless and unpigmented ; it occurs within the ozark mountains of arkansas . causeyella youngsteadtorum is also endemic to the ozarks of arkansas , occurring in newton , boone , and searcy counties . cleidogona arkansana is known only from the type locality in dallas county . eurymerodesmus compressus is known from union county . eurymerodesmus newtonius occurs in benton , newton , and washington counties . eurymerodesmus polkensis occurs in montgomery , polk , and scott counties . eurymerodesmus pulaski is known from saline and pulaski counties . nannaria davidcauseyi is known from newton county , and nannaria depalmai is known from carroll county . okliulus beveli is known only from union county . petaserpes bikermani ( causey ) produces a defensive secretion that smells like camphor . tiganogona glebosa occurs in washington county , tiganogona ladymani occurs in clay county , tiganogona moesta occurs in carroll and washington counties , and tiganogona steuartae occurs only in sebastian county . trigenotyla parca occurs primarily in caves and is known from carroll county .\ndue to their affinity for dark , moist habitats , millipedes are often found within cave systems or mines . these can include rare species that are found only within caves ( troglobites ) and more common surface species . some rare millipedes found in caves include the genus causeyella , which is found only within cave systems in the ozarks , and tingupa pallida , known from caves in randolph and sharp counties . another common cave millipede is cambala minor , which is not a true troglobite but does have a lightly colored body and is eyeless .\nthe nature conservancy ' s mission is to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends , and for more than 35 years , we ' ve been working in arkansas to do just that . learn more about a few of the places you are helping us protect across arkansas .\nthe nature conservancy recently purchased 1 , 425 forested acres on a mountain near mt . judea along big creek .\narkansas county road after unpaved road best management practices are implemented . \u00a9 ethan inlander / the nature conservancy\nwant to see a stream restoration up close ? then check out our new video about work being done on the kings river .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 the nature conservancy . terms of use | privacy policy ( updated may 2018 ) | charitable solicitation disclosures\nthe nature conservancy is a nonprofit , tax - exempt charitable organization ( tax identification number 53 - 0242652 ) under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . donations are tax - deductible as allowed by law .\n* by providing your mobile phone number , you agree that the nature conservancy may contact you by mobile phone call and text message regarding the conservancy ' s programs , events and membership , subject to our mobile service provider ' s terms of use and mobile service provider ' s privacy policy .\nlearn about the places you love and find out how you can help by signing up for nature enews .\nwe ' ll be in touch soon with more nature conservancy news , updates , and exciting stories .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe following 41 pages are in this category , out of 41 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere have been around 7 , 000 species of millipedes ( sometimes spelled millipeds ) described scientifically , with a projected estimate of possibly 80 , 000 total species occurring around the globe . around 900 species have been described from the united states and canada . however , the family parajulidae , the largest group from north america , has not been studied thoroughly , suggesting that numerous more species exist in north america . arkansas has a diverse array of millipede species . some of them are fairly common , while others are rare .\nmillipedes\u2014their name meaning \u201cthousand feet\u201d\u2014make up a group of invertebrates ( lacking a backbone ) in the phylum arthropoda . within the arthropoda phylum , millipedes belong in the subphylum myriapoda , which includes four classes : chilopoda ( centipedes ) , diplopoda ( millipedes ) , paurapoda ( paurapods ) , and sumphyla ( symphylans ) . of the four classes , most people are familiar with the centipedes and the millipedes .\nthe class diplopoda has three unique characteristics : aflagellate spermatozoa , the presence of four or more apical sensory cones on each antenna , and the diplosegment condition . millipedes can be found as they move slowly through dark , moist habits , such as under logs , beneath stones , and within leaf litter . when disturbed , they commonly roll up into a ball to protect their legs and head from predators . they are herbivores , mainly eating dead plant material .\nmillipedes have two main body types : a primarily cylindrical body form , such as in the family parajulidae , or the dorsoventrally flattened body types , such as in the family eurymerodesmidae . a millipede\u2019s head consists of a clump of simple eyes on each side and a pair of antennae , mandibles , and maxillae . a millipede\u2019s body has between twenty - five and 100 segments with either a single or double row of feet on each segment , giving the illusion of a thousand feet ( although millipedes only have up to 750 legs ) . the seventh segment appendages are often specialized into copulatory organs called gonopods . many species of millipedes can be identified only by using morphological characteristics when viewing the male copulatory structures . millipedes breathe through structures called spiracles . each abdominal segment contains two spiracles , which open into air chambers connected to tracheal tubes . after millipedes mate , females lay eggs and guard them . hatchlings hatch from eggs and have only a few pairs of legs . each time they molt ( shed their exoskeleton ) , they gain more segments and legs .\na very common species of millipede in arkansas is pseudopolydesmus pinetorum ( bollman ) . this species has a flattened body and is a brownish color . other common millipedes include the families parajulidae and eurymerodesmidae . a few genera of millipedes within arkansas are rather colorful , with yellow and orange markings on the body segments , such as in apheloria , auturus , and eurymerodesmus . one species occurring within arkansas , narceus americanus , is a very large millipede with a brownish body with orange and green markings along the periphery of the segments . brachycebe lecontei is a millipede that has a pink body .\npublished collections of millipedes date back to the late 1800s . in 1888 , charles h . bollman published the \u201cpreliminary checklist of the myriapoda of arkansas , with descriptions of new species\u201d in entomologica americana . dr . nell bevel causey , who held a faculty position at the university of arkansas ( ua ) in fayetteville ( washington county ) , authored numerous species and genera , many of which are endemic to arkansas . much of the knowledge of millipede species occurring in arkansas can be contributed to this early work . other diplopodologists who have contributed to the knowledge of millipedes are william a . shear and richard l . hoffman . as recent research conducted in arkansas by rowland m . shelley and chris t . mcallister has increased the known species and distributional limits within the state , there is not a current comprehensive species list for arkansas .\nsome millipede species in arkansas , such as euryurus leachii ( koch ) , are typically more commonly found on the eastern side of the mississippi river but do occur within the state . yet , others , such as abacion texense ( loomis ) , are more commonly found in the central portion of the united states but do occur east of the mississippi river .\nof potential concern to cave ecosystems is the exotic and invasive greenhouse millipede oxidus gricilus , which can be quite common in some cave systems . this species , however , is not limited to cave environments , and the potential harm this exotic millipede might bring to native fauna is not known at this time . native environments , especially cave systems , can be very fragile and susceptible to threats from exotic species of wildlife .\nmillipedes , especially arkansas\u2019s species , are essentially harmless to humans , as they lack structures to bite , pinch , or sting . however , when handled , millipedes often emit defensive secretions . these secretions are generally harmless , but some people can develop skin and eye problems after contact . millipedes that emit defensive secretions often exhibit aposematic coloration ( colors warning about defensive secretions ) .\nin general , millipedes can be found wherever the habitat is moist . they play an integral ecological role , as they are important in nutrient recycling of plant material . they fragment this plant material ( detritus ) , increasing microbial breakdown and soil nutrient cycling . they are more commonly seen in the spring and fall months of the year when the temperatures are not too hot or too cold and there is ample moisture in the ground . during certain times of the year ( such as in the fall months when temperatures and moisture levels align ) , large numbers of millipedes can be seen moving about . although arkansas is home to some rare and even endemic millipedes , many species are easily encountered just by flipping logs , rocks , or other debris .\nfor additional information : hopkin , s . p . , and h . j . read . the biology of millipedes . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 1992 .\nmcallister , c . t . , c . s . harris , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . i . new distributional and state records for seven counties of the west gulf coastal plain of arkansas . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 91\u201394 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\nmcallister , c . t . , and h . w . robison . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . v . new distribution records for select taxa in arkansas , oklahoma , and texas . \u201d southwestern naturalist 56 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) : 422\u2013426 .\nmcallister , c . t . , h . w . robison , m . b . connior , and l . c . thompson . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . vi . new geographic distributional records from select counties of arkansas . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 67 ( 2013 ) : 87\u201393 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\nmcallister , c . t . , r . m . shelley , and j . t . mcallister iii . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . ii . distributional records for some species of western and central arkansas and eastern and southeastern oklahoma . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 56 ( 2002 ) : 95\u201398 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 . \u201cmillipeds ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) of the ark - la - tex . iii . additional records from arkansas . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 57 ( 2003 ) : 115\u2013121 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\nrobison , h . , c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . \u201cthe arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . \u201d journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 ( 2008 ) : 84\u201396 . online at urltoken ( accessed march 3 , 2015 ) .\n\u00a92018 the central arkansas library system - all rights reserved - web services by aristotle web design ."]}
{"id": 799, "summary": [{"text": "dendrochirus zebra , known commonly as the zebra turkeyfish or zebra lionfish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family scorpaenidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "zebra turkeyfishes are widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific including the red sea . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "dendrochirus zebra", "paragraphs": ["maggie whitson marked\nzebra turkeyfish ( dendrochirus zebra )\nas trusted on the\ndendrochirus zebra\npage .\nclick the button below to add the dwarf / zebra lionfish ( dendrochirus zebra ) to your wish list .\ndendrochirus zebra has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .\ndendrochirus zebra is known under several different names in english , such as zebra lionfish , zebra firefish , and zebra turkeyfish . it is a member of the family scorpaenidae where you will find the scorpionfishes .\nthe dwarf lionfish looks similar to the zebra lionfish , dendrochirus zebra . the easiest way to tell them apart is by the lack of spotted bands crossing the pectoral fins of the zebra lionfish .\nnistha sirapattarapongkul added the thai common name\n\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e42\u0e15\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e02\u0e27\u0e32\u0e07\nto\ndendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 )\n.\nnistha sirapattarapongkul added the thai common name\n\u0e1b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e07\u0e42\u0e15\u0e41\u0e04\u0e23\u0e30\u0e49\u0e49\u0e21\u0e49\u0e32\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\nto\ndendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 )\n.\na zebra lionfish , dendrochirus zebra , at south solitary island , new south wales , 12 february 2013 . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\ndendrochirus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 )\n.\nthe largest scientifically measured zebra lionfish was 25 cm / 9 . 8 in .\nthe zebra lionfish is an egg - layer . it has spawned in captivity .\ncitation :\nzebra turkeyfishes , dendrochirus zebra ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\njustification : dendrochirus zebra is widespread throughout the indo - pacific and can be locally abundant in parts of its range . there are no known major threats ; therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nrizzari jr , l\u00f6nnstedt om . 2014 cooperative hunting and gregarious behaviour in the zebra lionfish ,\nlionfish of this species , dendrochirus , are allowed to be shipped into the state of florida . only species of the genus pterois are banned .\nthe zebra lionfish can be confused with the dwarf lionfish , but you can tell them apart by looking at the pectoral fins . if the pectoral fins are adorned with spotted bands , you are looking at a dwarf lionfish , not a zebra .\nremarks : the genus dendrochirus differs from pterois by having the pectoral rays connected to each other almost to tips . favoured by aquarists . dorsal fin spines extremely venomous .\njustification : dendrochirus bracypterus is widespread throughout the indo - pacific and is not uncommon . there are no known major threats ; therefore , it is listed as least concern .\ndendrochirus zebra is widespread throughout the indo - west pacific , from the red sea and east africa west to tonga , north to southern japan , and south to australia ( poss 1999 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . this species is generally found at depths of 2 - 75 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\n( a ) mean change in proportion of time d . zebra initiators spent in front of prey compartment ( grey bars ) and predator holding area ( white bars ) before and after prey were released into chamber . ( b ) number of times initiators ( grey bars ) and responders ( dark grey bars ) displayed fin - signals after prey had been added . ( c ) mean number of prey caught by solitary d . zebra , two d . zebra or a d . zebra and p . antennata hunting together during a 10 - min hunting trial .\ndendrochirus zebra is a marine , reef - associated species , normally found on coral or other rocky substrates of reef flats , in addition to being encountered in lagoons and caves in small groups ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . during the pelagic stage of its life cycle , d . zebra travel large distances and ends up in sub - tropical areas ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . this species has a maximum standard length of 20 centimeters ( poss 1999 ) .\n] , it could help explain the exceptionally high prey capture rates of lionfish predators . in this study , we investigated whether the zebra lionfish (\nthe zebra lionfish has a reddish body decorated with five dark bars . in large specimens , the five major dark bars will alternate with thin dark bars . there is a dark spot on the cheek of the fish . the flamboyant colouration is a warning signal that lets other animals know that the zebra lionfish is venomous .\nthe d . zebra is a lion that often succumbs to illness relatively quickly upon acquisition . this beautiful example is a healthy specimen owned and photographed by william lyon .\nthe zebra lionfish looks similar to the dwarf lionfish . the easiest way to tell them apart is by the presence of spotted bands crossing the pectoral fins of the dwarf lionfish .\nthe zebra lionfish ' s striking colouration is a\nwarning\nto potential predators that the species has poisonous dorsal fin spines . the species is widely distributed throughout the tropical indo - pacific .\nthe zebra lionfish is widely distributed throughout the tropical indo - pacific . in australia it is found from shark bay , western australia , around the tropical north , and south to sydney , new south wales .\n( of pterois zebra cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nis known as the zebra lionfish or dwarf lionfish . it has red , white , and black vertical stripes along the body ; large , fan - like pectoral fins ; and tall , quill - like dorsal fins .\nresearch dendrochirus zebra \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n( of pseudomonopterus zebra ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( a ) the study species d . zebra . ( b ) the flared fin display sequence by initiator predators . ( c ) experimental labyrinth chamber . ( photo credit : oona l\u00f6nnstedt . ) ( online version in colour . )\nunlike d . brachypterus and d . barberi , this species is not sexually dimorphic , although very subtle differences between the sexes have been reported , such as larger heads and bodies in male specimens . it is also reported that just prior to spawning , the female zebra takes on a brilliant white color with a dark midsection . since it is virtually impossible to sex this species , and males will fight , it\u2019s best to keep a single specimen of d . zebra per tank .\nthe zebra lionfish can be distinguished by a combination of characters including its long pectoral and dorsal fins , its colouration , the number of scales in the lateral line and the number of pectoral fin rays . the striking colouration is a\nwarning\nto potential predators that this species has poisonous dorsal fin spines .\nthe zebra lionfish is a carnivore species that should be kept on a meaty diet in the aquarium . you can for instance feed it live fish and various types of live shrimp . it is important to keep the diet varied and include many different animals . some specimens can be trained to accept crustacean flesh .\nin the wild , this little lion is fond of sheltered areas with lower current flow , so be sure to provide it with some sheltered areas in which to rest and avoid fast laminar flow . in the wild , d . zebra preys mainly on crabs and shrimp , although they will occasionally eat small fish , and like all lionfish is a crepuscular hunter .\nit is not advisable to house zebra lionfish in an aquarium smaller than 30 gallons / 115 litres . it is important to include numerous suitable hiding spots in the set up . don\u2019t worry if your lionfish spends most of its time hiding when newly introduced to your aquarium ; it will become braver eventually if the aquarium contains enough hiding spots into which it can retreat .\ndendrochirus brachypterus is distributed throughout the indo - west pacific , from the red sea and east africa west to samoa , and australia to the philippines ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . records from the hawaiian islands ( e . g . , poss 1999 ) require verification . it is frequently found at depths of 2 to 80 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) , although it is more usually found in waters less than 60 m ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthe zebra lionfish is primarily found on corals , among rubbles , and over reef flats with rocky bottoms , but you can also encounter it in coastal as well as outer reef environments in sheltered lagoons and caves . most specimens stay in the 3 - 60 m / 10 - 197 feet range , but some have been encountered at a depth of 80 meters / 262 feet .\nthe zebra lionfish lives in the indo - west pacific . its geographical range stretches from east africa and the red sea to samoa . the northernmost specimens are found south of japan , while the southernmost specimens inhabit the waters of australia . this species is found from 30\u00b0n to 15\u00b0s . during the pelagic stage , the offspring can travel great distances since they are transported by currents and they can reach sub - tropical parts of the ocean .\nthis is a marine , reef - associated fish , most frequently found in reef flats , shallow lagoons , and in areas with sandy substrates ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . the adults of this species reach a maximum standard length of 15 cm , but can sometimes grow to be as big as 25 cm ( poss 1999 ) . the juveniles are sometimes found in small groups of about 10 individuals on small reef outcroppings , whereas the adults are found on sponges ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . dendrochirus brachypterus are nocturnal . this species feeds on small crustaceans ( myers 1999 ) .\nour study provides the first experimental demonstration of mutually beneficial cooperative hunting between pairs of predators . zebra lionfish use a highly stereotyped flared fin display to signal for hunting support to members of the same and a different species of lionfish , and hunting partners actively respond to initiators with a fin display . when hunting cooperatively , the predators used their large extended pectoral fins to herd prey into a corner and then took turns to strike and feed on the prey .\nbodied pterois volitans . d . zebra can be identified by a dark spot on the lower portion of the operculum , the presence of two white spots ( sometimes more of a free - form white hourglass ) on the caudal peduncle , and dark concentric bands at the base of its beautiful webbed pectoral fins . the pectoral fin membranes extend almost to the fin ray tips , forming a non - incised web . like most lionfish , the body pattern consists of alternating dark brown / reddish and light brown / off - white stripes .\ngreek , dendron = tree + greek , cheir = hands ; with tree like marks ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 80 m ( ref . 30874 ) , usually ? - 60 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 163\u00b0w\nindo - west pacific : red sea and east africa to samoa , north to southern japan and the ogasawara islands , south to australia and lord howe island .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 6 - 7 . body reddish with 5 dark bars , alternating with thin dark bars in large specimens ; median fins with small dark spots ; dark spot on cheek ( ref . 4313 ) . mid - dorsal spines longer than body depth ( ref . 37816 ) .\nfound on coral , rubble , or rock bottoms of reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) ; also in coastal to outer reef habitats in sheltered lagoons and in caves , sometimes in small aggregations . usually shallow , from 3 - 60m ( ref . 30874 ) but also reported to 80 m depth . pelagic stages travel great distances and expatriate to sub - tropical zones ( ref . 48635 ) . spawned in captivity ( ref . 37816 ) .\nspawn in pairs . courtship and spawning occur at night . males aggressive , females are smaller and develop almost white face when in courtship . spawning occurs at the apex of a short and rapid paired ascent resulting in a gelatinous mass of 2 , 000 to 15 , 000 eggs . hatching occurs 36 hours later and larvae settle out in a few weeks at a size of 10 - 12 mm .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 24 . 3 - 29 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 1518 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00449 - 0 . 02935 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 66 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ndwarf lionfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5\n, indo pacific\ndwarf lionfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5\n, indo pacific\ndwarf lionfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5\n, indo pacific\ndue to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\namerican samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; christmas island ; comoros ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ; indonesia ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; madagascar ; malaysia ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; norfolk island ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; r\u00e9union ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna ; yemen\nthis species is not uncommon , and is locally abundant in some parts of its range ( japan ) ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthis species is taken for the aquarium trade , and is of minor use to commercial fisheries ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .\nhutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .\ndescription common in the philippines where it is exported for the aquarium trade ; rare in micronesia . inhabits shallow reef areas .\ndescription common in the philippines where it is exported for the aquarium trade ; rare in micronesia . inhabits shallow reef areas . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nremark d . zebrae in < 355 > . type species of genus . [ details ]\nfound on coral , rubble , or rock bottoms of reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) ; also in coastal to outer reef habitats in sheltered lagoons and in caves , sometimes in small aggregations . usually shallow , from 3 - 60m ( ref . 30874 ) but also reported to 80 m depth . pelagic stages travel great distances and expatriate to sub - tropical zones ( ref . 48635 ) . spawned in captivity ( ref . 37816 ) .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis species is highly venomous and this venom can , under certain circumstances , be fatal .\nin case of poisoning , it is vital to have as much information as possible regarding the species / poison . have telephone number for the poison hotline close to the aquarium . since people can have different reactions to poisons , take precautions necessary to ensure your safety and that of your surroundings .\nthese fish prefer live feed , such as live fish or shrimp . some specimens refuse\ndead\nfood altogether , while others can be trained to accept it . its easiest to move the frozen food around in front of the fish with a pair of tweezers . as soon as the fish shows interest and \u201cattacks\u201d , let go of the food .\nthey will try to eat all fish , shrimps and similar life forms that are small enough to fit in itheir mouth .\nthey should be fed a couple of times a week . the fish and shrimps used as foods , must remain whole to give the lionfish the optimum nutrition . the food must not be thawed naturaly , this helps to retain all the goodness .\nsuitable live food are : mollies , guppies and ghostshrimp . the feeder fish or shrimp should be fed with nutritious feed , like cyclop - eeze for example .\nthis is problematic when working with ones hands in the tank , without the fish coming too close with its venomous spines .\nscorpion - / lionfish ( scorpaenidae ) are both pretty and interesting because of their special appearance and behaviour .\nthey are generally hardy and do not need a large swimming area , but do often require feeding with small live fish and / or shrimps . some will quickly begin eating frozen fish or shrimp whilst others will refuse to eat\ndead\nfood . their food must be highly nutritious and varied . they must not be fed too often . feed them a large meal twice a week .\nthese fish are mostly peaceful , but will eat anything that fits into their mouth . one might be surprised by how large their prey can be , they can even swallow fish which nearly match their own length . they will also eat each other , if the size difference is large enough . their venomous spines do not guarantee that they will not be eaten by other predatory fishes .\ndo be cautious when having your hands in the aquarium as these fish are very poisonous .\nsome scorpionfish require a special substrate , either coral gravel or fine sand , as this resembles their natural habitat .\nbe careful when catching scorpion - / lionfish as they can easily get caught in the net .\nscott w . michael . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2002 . scorpionfish : masters of camouflage - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) greg and renee hix . scorpionfish in the home aquarium - lionfish lair - ( english ) greg and renee hix . lionfish in the home aquarium - lionfish lair - ( english ) daniel pomfret - 2007 . venomous beauties : a look at scorpionfishes in the home aquarium - tropical fish hobbyist magazine - ( english )\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case , a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26\u00b0c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na 50 gallon or larger aquarium with numerous hiding places is suitable . it will hide while acclimating to its new environment . the top spines are venomous , causing reactions similar to a bee sting . to treat the sting , soak the affected area in hot water ( 100 - 110\u00ba f ) .\nwhen first introduced into the aquarium , live saltwater feeder shrimp should be used to entice this fish to eat . the dwarf lionfish diet consists of meaty foods such as live shrimp ( including ornamental shrimp ) , live fish , and sometimes , crustacean flesh .\n72 - 78\u00b0 f , dkh 8 - 12 , ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , sg 1 . 020 - 1 . 025\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 - 2018 sydney discus world aquariums online store . all rights reserved .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nwe are a cmas / tda 5star itc ( instructor training center ) dive academy . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nallen , g . r . and r . c . steene ( 1988 ) fishes of christmas island indian ocean . : christmas island natural history association , christmas island , indian ocean , 6798 , australia . 197 p .\nanonymous ( 2001 ) on reef fisheries exploitation and trade in indonesia . : p . 41 - 44 . in country status overview 2001on reef fisheries exploitation and trade in indonesia . ministry of marine affairs and fisheries , telepak indo . found . and international marine alliance ( ima ) indonesia . indonesia .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ndepartment of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .\nduong , t . t . ( 2001 ) mot so loai ca thuong gap o bien viet nam ( viet nam ' s common marine fishes catalogue ) . : ministry of fisheries of viet nam - fisheries information center of viet nam . 195 p .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( 1986 ) scorpaenidae . : p . 463 - 478 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfischer , w . , i . sousa , c . silva , a . de freitas , j . m . poutiers , w . schneider , t . c . borges , j . p . feral and a . massinga ( 1990 ) fichas fao de identifica\u00e7ao de esp\u00e9cies para actividades de pesca . guia de campo das esp\u00e9cies comerciais marinhas e de \u00e1guas salobras de mo\u00e7ambique . : publica\u00e7ao preparada em collabora\u00e7ao com o instituto de investiga\u00e7ao pesquiera de mo\u00e7ambique , com financiamento do projecto pnud / fao moz / 86 / 030 e de norad . roma , fao . 1990 . 424 p .\nfricke , r . ( 1999 ) fishes of the mascarene islands ( r\u00e9union , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . : koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nhoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton and g . r . allen ( 2006 ) fishes . : in beasley , o . l . and a . wells ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . 2 australia : abrs & csiro publishing , 1472 p .\nkailola , p . j . ( 1987 ) the fishes of papua new guinea : a revised and annotated checklist . vol . ii scorpaenidae to callionymidae . : research bulletin no . 41 , research section , dept . of fisheries and marine resources , papua new guinea .\nkullander , s . o . ( 2003 ) list of swedish names . cd version . : personal communication , september 2003 .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nmindanao state university at naawan ( 1995 ) rapid resource appraisal of davao gulf . : mindanao state university at naawan foundation for science and techology development , inc .\nmohsin , a . k . m . , m . a . ambak and m . n . a . salam ( 1993 ) malay , english , and scientific names of the fishes of malaysia . : occas . publ . fac . fish . mar . sci . univ . pertanian malays . 11 : 226 p .\nmyers , r . f . ( 1991 ) micronesian reef fishes . : second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi , the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\ndon\u2019t forget to click on the arrow after the scientific names to hear it pronounced correctly .\nthe lightning bolt appearance in the eye of this lion is the retinal tapetum lucidum . it\u2019s a membrane on back of the retina , that makes the most out of all available light for this crepuscular hunter .\nday , and emerging to hunt in the dim light of the evening and pre - dawn hours . it is during these low - light hours that the wild , striped patterns and dermal tassels of the lionfish allow them to blend in with shadows and reef growth , similar to the way tigers and leopards blend into the vegetation on land .\nthis diagram depicts all of the key anatomical landmarks spoke of throughout this guide .\nclick on the picture of the cuticle above to see our lion actively shedding .\ndiagram illustrating the difference between total length ( tl ) and standard length ( sl ) measurements .\ncomparison showing the juvenile ( left ) and adult ( right ) phases of d . barberi . note the hint of red in the iris of the juvenile versus the deep red of the adult .\nin terms of habits , this fish is a bit more cryptic than d . brachypterus , however , not terribly so . like pretty much all lionfish , they do indeed learn to recognize the \u201cfood god\u201d and will be there to greet you .\ncare for this lionfish is similar to that of the fuzzy dwarf . as mentioned , this delightful little lion isn\u2019t super common , and isn\u2019t the showiest , but well worth keeping if you can find one .\nthe fu manchu may be a little shy at first , but will warm up to you in no time .\nthis little lionfish is one of the most striking dwarf lions in appearance as well as one of the hardest to keep . the base color of this species is red / orange with dark , almost black mottled stripes and specks on its body with white highlights on its face , mandibular extensions , and fins . these mandibular appendages resemble a mustache , and have given rise to this fish\u2019s most common name fu manchu . the second dorsal fin is adorned with two eyespots ( ocellae ) , which give this fish its species name : biocellatus , which means \u201ctwo eyes\u201d . it should be noted , however , that some specimens do indeed have a third ocellus on this fin ( we jokingly refer to these specimens as triocellatus around our house ) . their pectoral fins are smoothly rounded and resemble a fandango dancer\u2019s fans , with only the lower few ray tips forming a serrated edge . all in all , the fu is a very handsome fish .\nyou\u2019re probably already wondering why the fu manchu is considered a bit tough to keep . there are a few reasons : first , these fish tend to be poor shippers , so acquiring a healthy specimen is of utmost importance . secondly , they are shy , especially at first , and can be rather difficult to wean onto prepared foods . to that end , it is important for this fish to have plenty of rockwork with caves and overhangs to shelter in until it is acclimated to its surroundings . in my experience , the fact that cryptic fish have places to hide will actually make them more adventurous simply because they know that have a safe house handy if needed .\nclick on the picture to see a video of the fast respiratory rate of our d . biocellatus . this is normal for this species .\nwhile we\u2019re discussing the feeding habits of d . biocellatus , we would like to mention their fascinating and bizarre hunting behavior . once a prey item is sighted , the fish will creep up and begin to shake its head from side - to - side while it flares its opercula . once it is within striking range of its prey , the lionfish will begin to rhythmically twitch its dorsal spines back - and - forth while vibrating the lower tips of its pectoral rays to confuse the food item . finally , the lion strikes and sucks its hapless prey into its mouth a la hoover .\nwhile most lionfish exhibit slow , even respirations , it is important to realize that the fu manchu\u2019s normal breathing rate always seems to be rather fast , so don\u2019t worry if you notice this . one final note regarding the fu manchu is that it is probably the most intolerant of conspecifics of any of the lionfish species . even in larger setups , these fish will seek each other out and fight . it is conjectured that a m - f pair may not fight , however , unlike d . brachypterus , d . biocellatus is not sexually dimorphic / dichromic , thus it is impossible to discern the sex of this species .\nwhenever we\u2019re asked to recommend a single dwarf lionfish species , this is our choice , hands down . fuzzies are pretty , hardy , and personable fish , and have relatively small mouths when compared to many other lionfish species . as their most popular common name implies , the scales of this lionfish have a fuzzy appearance to them . although these fish come in three basic color morphs ( brownish , red , and yellow ) , they can be virtually any combination of these hues . the brownish morph is the most common , and the yellows are a pretty rare find , as this color morph is only found in fish that hail from the lembeh strait and typically command a high price ( $ 300 - $ 400 usd ) .\nalthough a little tight , a properly aquascaped 30 gallon tank will house a single specimen , m - f - f trios can be kept in larger setups of at least 60 gallons . it is important for multiple fuzzies be properly sexed as males will indeed fight .\nfuzzies are generally out and about once they become accustomed to their setup and will brazenly beg to the food god when they see someone enter the room . even so , they should be provided with caves and overhangs to give them that comfort factor . in fact , many fuzzies have their own special attention - getting antics , such as learning to spit water at their keepers ( they\u2019re surprisingly accurate ! ) .\nthis little lion makes a great community / reef fish ( with proper tankmates of course ) , and pretty much keep to themselves as long as their tankmates aren\u2019t snack - size and show them the same respect .\nin general , captive care for this fish is similar to that of the fuzzy dwarf .\nour specimen took readily to stick feeding , and eats the standard scorp fare of fish , shrimp , squid , lobster , etc . we serve at \u201cchez scorp\u201d , although , in the wild , this fish feeds primarily on crustaceans . to that end , picky eaters or new fish that are being conditioned should be offered live ghost shrimp , small crawfish , or fiddler crabs as first foods .\nthe antennata makes a great addition to a medium to large fish - only or reef display . a final word regarding tankmates : p . antennata has a rather large mouth , even by lionfish standards , so bear this in mind when choosing tankmates .\nwe consider our p . mombasae to be the peppermint angel of the lion world .\nas far as feeding is concerned , once weaned , they\u2019re a typical lionfish that will soon recognize its keeper and will pray to the food god , hoping for a handout . they do perch a bit , but they spend a good amount of time in the water column as well . this lion isn\u2019t super common but is a real eye - catcher and a fabulous fish if you happen to find one .\nonce you learn the differences in their spot pattern , the mombasae ( left ) and the antennata ( right ) are easily distinguishable .\nthe p . radiata is harder to find than some of the other lions and often suffer during shipping , but their beauty is undebatable and they are a lucky find .\ngiven our love for all things scorp , we have a hard time saying that a particular lionfish is the prettiest , but this species would definitely be on the short list . it is one of the species that we most often field questions about , simply based on looks alone . speaking of looks , this fish is easily identified by the two horizontal white stripes on its caudal peduncle . radiata lions exhibit broad vertical body bands that are typically dark red / maroon / brown , sometimes with a darkish green / black tint to them . these dark bands are separated by thin , stark white stripes . the lower rays of their long pectoral fin are connected by a membrane near the body up to about a quarter of their length , and the membranes of their second dorsal , anal and caudal fins lack color or markings , hence one of this fish\u2019s common names : clearfin lionfish . this species typically sports a pair of supraorbital antennae .\nalthough there are other attributes that id a radiata , the tail pattern is unique to its species .\nradiata lions tend to ship poorly , so finding a pristine , healthy specimen may take some patience . however , a few minor dings should heal up and disappear in pretty short order with good food and low - stress tank conditions . another thing makes this fish a bit more of a find ( and more expensive ) is the fact that in the wild , it is a bit rarer than many lionfish species .\nlike the other medium lionfish species , p . radiata feeds on crustaceans ( mostly crabs and sometimes shrimp ) in the wild . therefore , a new fish that is being conditioned ( or stubborn weaners ) should be offered live ghost shrimp , small crawfish , or fiddler crabs as first foods . radiated lionfish approach their prey in an interesting forward - tilted , head - down attitude with their pectoral fins outstretched . this species has been dubbed difficult to keep due them being poor shippers , the fact that they are intolerant of poor water quality , and are sometimes difficult to feed / wean . however , although our specimen did look a bit rough from being in the procurement chain , it is a solid stick - feeder and will eat almost anything it is offered .\nrussel\u2019s lionfish can best be described as a volitans in a slightly smaller package , both in habits and care . it is often seen offered for sale under the incorrect common name red volitans . i actually asked the owner of an aquarium shop why he mis - id\u2019d this fish , and he told me \u201cthe people who really know , know , but most people don\u2019t , and it avoids confusion\u201d . i can\u2019t say i agree with the logic , especially since he has a bit of a passion for oddball fish , but i guess it works for some folks .\nthe p . russelii is most easily identified by the lack of spots on its caudal and median fins , which also gives rise to one of its common names clearfin lionfish . its white body is adorned with reddish - brown vertical bands , which are sparser and more widely spaced than those of the p . volitans . additionally , russel\u2019s lionfish lack the dark markings under its chin that the volitans has . once you see a russel\u2019s , you won\u2019t mistake them as p . volitans thereafter .\nnote the spots on the caudal fin ( tail ) of the p . volitans that is absent on the p . russelii . occasionally a russels will have spots on their tail , so it\u2019s not an identifier .\nnote the lack of chin markings of the p . russelii to the left .\nthis fish is bold , and is almost always out and about in the water column . it is extremely tolerant of tankmates ( unless it thinks they\u2019re snack - size ) , and handles polluted water very well . if you like p . volitans , but don\u2019t quite have the room for one , p . russelii is for you !\nthis species is what one would have to consider thee lionfish . whenever a person mentions that they keep a lionfish , it is most likely a p . volitans . at this writing , we have kept nine species of lionfish , and although each species has its own allure , there is nothing quite like an adult p . volitans in terms of sheer presence and graceful beauty . they make the ultimate centerpiece fish for the larger aquarium . unfortunately , these fish are often offered as 2\u201d juveniles , and many keepers are unaware as to how large and / or how fast these fish can grow , so many specimens end up being cramped and tank - stunted instead of being able to spread their fins and cruise about their tank .\np . volitans is typically very easy to feed and wean , and weaning is often accomplished by simply adding a chunk of food to the water column , as this species has a voracious appetite . their maximum prey size is often underestimated by aquarists who watch in horror as their adult volitans slurps down a 6\u201d + long tankmate in the blink of an eye .\nthis species is probably the most forgiving of all lionfish species in terms of water quality and other forms of negligence visited on them by the aquarist . in fact , in the past , this fish was sometimes used to cycle new setups , as they could handle the various spikes in water chemistry . one of the most often made mistakes with this fish is to under - tank it . even a smaller adult will end up being a 12\u201d cube ( including fins ) , so they require a minimum front - to - back depth of 18\u201d just to be able to turn around comfortably .\nthink a lion and a trigger make good tankmates ? click on the picture to see jerry barbian\u2019s video as to why this coupling may become a problem .\npeople frequently try to mix volitans with triggers . some people have had success , which can be found more frequently with the pelagic species of triggers . and then there is the more common outcome of a lion and a trigger below . it\u2019s your risk . have a plan \u201cb\u201d if it doesn\u2019t work out .\nin a two year span , this lion went from a walnut to a football .\naverage size : 5\u201d - 6\u201d tl ( ~ 13 \u2013 15 cm ) natural habitat : usually found on open reef flats , in sheltered coastal bays and fine sand or muddy habitats . care level : difficult minimum tank size : 30 g ( ~ 114 l ) frozen food conversion : difficult\nthe electric blue bands of the pectoral fins , lends to the beauty of the fish .\nas flash colors to warn away and confuse predators . the pelvic fins of the bluefin are typically black , hence the common name \u201cblackfoot lionfish\u201d . finally , the trailing edge of their caudal fin is perfectly straight ( squared - off ) , with the uppermost ray elongated to form a streamer . if it weren\u2019t for the difficulty in keeping this fish , it may very well be the perfect lionfish in terms of appearance and size .\nanother interesting habit of the bluefin is the fact that they are often seen out in the open resting or even partially buried in shallow depressions which they excavate in the soft substrate . when startled , this lion will rear up in its depression , directing the business ends of its dorsal spines toward the attacker . if the attacker persists , it will flash its pectorals and rotate itself 360\u00ba in an effort to bewilder the offender as well as to have the ability to defend itself in place . it will leave its foxhole only as a last resort .\nthis little lion is definitely a rare find , and a special case , as to have even a small chance of keeping it alive for any appreciable length of time , it must be kept under temperate conditions ( less than 65\u00baf ) . we have been fortunate enough to have had our specimen under our care for well over a year , however , the early months were indeed rough ) .\nwe consider the p . heterura to be the most beautiful out of all the lions . we had ours 1 year 7 months before we lost him when he jumped out of the tank . cover your tanks !"]}
{"id": 802, "summary": [{"text": "peripsocus subfasciatus is a species of psocoptera from peripsocidae family that can be found in great britain and ireland .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species are either black or brown coloured . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "peripsocus subfasciatus", "paragraphs": ["barklice are a convenient group to study because there are relatively few species and these are generally not too difficult to identify . identification keys ( in english ) for most , but not all , species are available in new ( 1974 ) . comprehensive keys for all species ( in french ) are in lienhard ( 1998 ) . since barklice are little studied by entomologists there is plenty of scope for making further discoveries . if nothing else it would be valuable to find out how widespread peripsocus milleri is in the area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsummary : has been found on branches of deciduous and coniferous / evergreen trees / bushes ( no records from trunks ) .\ndeciduous branches : beech , bird cherry , elder , hawthorn , lime , oak and sycamore .\nconifer / evergreen branches : broom , ivy , larch , laurel , pine , sitka spruce and yew .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nno cubital loop ( a u - shaped vein on the top - middle of the forewing ) narrows down the families . smokey gray wings = > perispocus\nthe gray triangles at the wing tips ( distal forewing ) don ' t have a clear rectangle at their center .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nduring a stay in the brandwood area of birmingham from 6 - 8 august 2004 i carried out some work to determine which barklice species occur in the area .\nthe psocoptera is a small order of insects of which about 100 species have been recorded in britain . barklice is the common name for the psocid species that have been recorded out - of - doors ( c . 60 species ) . although little studied by entomologists , barklice are very common and virtually every bush and tree will be home to some species . shaking tree branches over a beating tray and brushing the insects off tree trunks are the best ways of finding most species .\ni spent the majority of the short time i had available in brandwood end cemetery and surrounding streets . a few records were made along the worcester and birmingham canal and in king\u2019s norton park .\nthe following table summarises the sampling areas where each of the 18 species recorded were found .\non 8 august 2004 a single female of this species was found on the trunk of a mature oak tree in jasmin croft ( sp073796 ) , a few metres from brandwood end cemetery . the identification of the specimen was confirmed by charles lienhard of the geneva natural history museum . this species\u2019 inclusion on the british list is due to two specimens being discovered in the hold of a ship in liverpool in 1953 ( new , 1974 ) . this is consequently the first known outdoor record in britain .\nthe detailed records of the findings including species names , location , 6 - figure grid references , species numbers , sampling details and dates have been given to simon wood of the worcestershire biological record centre .\nalexander , k . n . a . ( 2002 ) epicaecilius pilipennis ( lienhard ) ( psocoptera ) new to england from west sussex . entomologist\u2019s record . 114 : 181 .\nlienhard , c . ( 1998 ) psocopt\u00e8res euro - m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens in faune de france . 83 : 1 - 517 .\nnew , t . r . ( 1974 ) handbooks for the identification of british insects : psocoptera . 1 ( 7 ) : 1 - 102 .\nsaville , b . ( 1999 ) the barklice ( insecta : psocoptera ) of the lothians ( scotland ) . glasgow naturalist . 23 ( 4 ) : 50 - 54 .\nsaville , b . ( 2004 ) cumbrian barklice ( psocoptera ) . the carlisle naturalist 12 ( 1 ) : 17 - 20 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nall identifications on this page have been made as accurately as possible . corrections ? please contact me . . .\nseperated into two distinct sub - orders . those you find on walls or trees , or even leaf - litter , are likely to be\n' link below each article to return here to choose another species , or continue scrolling up and down for others .\nalmost certain id by bob saville , though as he suggests an underside shot would confirm , though apparently wing veins help .\n- a good find ! i actually found four all on the same day . id by bob saville who runs the uk ' s recording scheme . my images represet this species on the site ' s gallery .\nloensia sp . can be little difficult to id . wing veins help , but in some cases the density of the pattern obscures it .\nsummary : has been found on a wide range of deciduous trees / bushes ( branches and trunks ) , conifer / evergreen branches and heather .\ndeciduous branches : apple , beech , birch , blackthorn , elder , elm , hawthorn , oak , rowan , sallows and sea buckthorn .\nconifer / evergreen branches : broom , cedar , chinese juniper , cypress family , larch , pines , privet , spruces and yew .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30c9\u30c1\u30e3\u30bf\u30c6\u79d1\nto\nperipsocidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ cite : 370489 ] a remarkably helpful source , with species accounts ( status , distribution maps , phenology , habitat data ) ; interactive key for rapid identification of adults ; excellent gallery of live photos ; and more . . . strangely , the names of those who put together and run this fine online resource are nowhere to be found : (\njohnson k . p . , smith v . s . ( 2013 ) psocodea species file online . version 5 . 0\n[ cite : 1286620 ] link all of the nomenclatural , bibliographic , and specimen data accumulated in missouri botanical garden ' s ( mbg ) electronic databases during the past 30 years are publicly available here . this system has nearly 1 . 3 million scientific names and over 4 . 4 million specimen records . great resource for plant distribution beyond us & canada ."]}
{"id": 810, "summary": [{"text": "the earth-colored mouse ( mus terricolor ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in india , possibly indonesia , nepal , and pakistan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "earth - colored mouse", "paragraphs": ["the earth - coloured mouse ( m . terricolor ) is native to peninsular india , nepal , and pakistan , but it has been introduced into northern sumatra . the fawn - coloured mouse has a natural distribution throughout mainland southeast asia and southern china but also inhabits rice fields on sumatra and java , where it\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern as it is relatively widely distributed in south asia , where it is regarded as a pest species . it is introduced in sumatra , indonesia .\nthe species is presumably present within some protected areas . there is a need for taxonomic studies to conclusively determine the distribution of mus booduga and the similar mus booduga .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13987a115119298 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\ncomments : subgenus mus . formerly referred to as m . dunni ( j . t . marshall , jr . , 1977b , 1986 ) , but terricolor is the older name ( j . t . marshall , jr . , 1977b , 1998 : 80 , and in litt . , 1989 ) . chromosomal results presented by sharma et al . ( 1986 , under dunni ) and boyeskorov et al . ( 1997 , as dunni ) in context of evolutionary divergence from other species of mus . closely related to mus booduga . both species have 2n = 40 , with all telocentric chromosomes , but m . booduga has a slightly smaller y chromosome . all . . .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as least concern as it is relatively widely distributed in south asia , where it is regarded as a pest species . it is introduced in sumatra , indonesia .\nbaillie , j . 1996 . mus terricolor . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 812, "summary": [{"text": "haloclavidae is a family of sea anemones .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "members of the family are found worldwide and many live largely buried in soft substrates with only their oral disc and tentacles protruding . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "haloclavidae", "paragraphs": ["tree of life web project . 2000 . haloclavidae . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .\n, p 29 ) of the family haloclavidae requires slight modifications to accommodate the new taxon within this family ( see above ) .\ncruises ant xv / 3 and ant xix / 3 . the new genus shares several features with some genera of the families haloclavidae ( verrill\n) have remarked , the distinctness of the families haloclavidae and halcampoididae is not clearly established . most ( if not all ) characters given by carlgren (\nmetapeachia schlenzae sp . nov . ( cnidaria : actiniaria : haloclavidae ) a new burrowing sea anemone from brazil , with a discussion of the genus metapeachia .\nthe ' antenna balloon anemone ' found in the seto inland sea : new genus and species of sea anemone , antennapeachia setouchi ( cnidaria , actinaria , haloclavidae ) .\nmetapeachia schlenzae sp . nov . ( cnidaria : actiniaria : haloclavidae ) a new burrowing sea anemone from brazil , with a discussion of the genus metapea . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n, pp 21 , 26 , 29 ) , distinguishing characters between the families haloclavidae and halcampoididae are reduced to the differential length between inner and outer tentacles and the possible absence of the siphonoglyph in the halcampoididae .\n) . we therefore prefer not to use this category in the present work . we tentatively place the genus within the family haloclavidae . finally , the relationships of this new genus with the most similar haloclavid genera are discussed .\ndaly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria . haloclavidae verrill , 1899 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 100671 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nmesacmaea is the only genus of the haloclavidae ( including stephanthus gen . nov . ) in which the column is divisible into different regions ; moreover , it is clearly remarkable within the family due to the presence , although weak , of a diffuse sphincter . mesacmaea also has a very regular arrangement of the tentacles but is quite atypical in having seven tentacles in the inner cycle . the retractor musculature is strong and restricted in mesacmaea but is diffuse in stephanthus gen . nov .\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nusually elongated , sometimes relatively short and stout , usually differentiated into regions . aboral end rounded , without a\n. mesenteries not differentiated into macrocnemes and microcnemes , at least six pairs being perfect ; imperfect ones , if present , being long and bearing retractor muscles . a single siphonoglyph is present , usually well - defined and sometimes more or less separated from the\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nthe unexplored portions of the world ' s oceans are so vast that the descriptive stage of their faunas is far from being completed . although during recent years research into antarctic biodiversity has been intensified , the anthozoan fauna is not well known , our present knowledge being estimated to encompass no more than 50 % ( winston\n) . thus , efforts to increase our knowledge of the benthic fauna in this area are necessary not only to complete our knowledge of the anthozoan fauna but also to go further in our understanding of the processes involved in the origins of the extant antarctic fauna .\nthe material studied was collected on the polarstern cruises ant xv / 3 ( easiz - ii ) and ant xix / 3 ( andeep - i ) , sponsored by the alfred - wegener - institut f\u00fcr polar - und meeresforschung , bremerhaven , during the austral summers of 1998 to the eastern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula ( easiz - ii ) and 2002 to the scotia arc ( andeep - i ) .\nsea anemones were relaxed on board using menthol crystals and subsequently fixed in 10 % formalin in seawater . fragments of the holotype and the larger paratype were dehydrated in buthanol ( johansen\n) , and embedded in paraffin . histological sections 7\u20138 \u03bcm thick were stained with ram\u00f3n and cajal ' s triple stain ( gabe\ncnidae measurements were taken from preserved material in squash preparations at 1 , 000\u00d7 magnification with nomarski differential interference contrast optics . frequencies given are subjective impressions based on squash preparations .\nthe material studied in this article has been deposited in the zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum in hamburg ( zmh ) , in the university natural history museum in kansas ( kunhm ) and in the zoology section of the faculty of biology at the university of seville in spain ( sz ) .\n) , the characters and their variants referring to this genus have been suppressed .\nthe genus is named after professor t . a . stephenson in recognition of his major contributions to our knowledge in sea anemone systematics , and anthus ( anthos - anthus : flower in figurative sense in greek ) being a common suffix in sea anemone generic names . gender masculine .\nholotype : zmh ( c11680 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xv / 3 , stn . 48 / 336 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b026 . 8\u2032s 58\u00b006 . 2\u2032w , 1 , 047\u20131 , 227 m depth , 19 march 1998 , agassiz trawl . paratypes : kunhm ( 001610 ) , one specimen ; zmh ( c11681 ) , one specimen , both materials with the same sampling data as the holotype .\nadditional material : sz ( ant - 1282 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 103 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b044 . 9\u2032s 58\u00b001 . 4\u2032w , 256\u2013296 m depth , 13 february 2002 , bottom trawl ; sz ( ant - 1281 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 106 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b038 . 2\u2032s 57\u00b032 . 7\u2032w , 424\u2013427 m depth , 14 february 2002 , bottom trawl ; sz ( ant - 1609 ) , one specimen , polarstern ant xix / 3 , stn . ps61 / 107 - 1 , antarctic peninsula , 61\u00b051 . 2\u2032s 57\u00b017 . 6\u2032w , 256\u2013277 m depth , 14 february 2002 , bottom trawl .\n) : body ovoid to more or less spherical , to 40 mm diameter and 56 mm height in preserved and contracted specimens . aboral end rounded , physa - like . body without regional differentiation but with a parapet and a deep fosse ( fig .\na ) . about 20 longitudinal folds on inner distal border of parapet . scapus soft and fibrous , corrugated in preserved and contracted specimen , forming deep irregular transversal furrows with numerous small longitudinal furrows . larger specimens with pale spots slightly restricted to proximal part of scapus ; no foreign particles adhered to them ( fig .\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . a holotype ( zmh c11680 ) in lateral view . b , c paratype ( zmh c11681 ) , lateral and aboral view , respectively ; note the rounded aboral end . d paratype ( kunhm 001610 ) , lateral view . scale bar 20 mm\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . a preserved specimen , longitudinal section of the distal part of the column and oral disc . b , c detail of the proximal part of the body wall showing the superficial spots . d cross section at stomodaeum level of whole animal ; note the basal enlargement of the single siphonoglyph . abbreviations : fo fosse , mo mouth , od oral disc , rm retractor musculature , te tentacles . scale bars 5 mm\noral disc slightly broader in diameter than proximal end in retracted specimens . tentacles can be only partially retracted , being only middle covered by the parapet in all preserved specimens . tentacles longitudinally furrowed , longer than diameter of the oral disc in preserved specimens . inner tentacles more or less equal in length ( to 27 mm in preserved specimens ) to outer ones , to 24 in number , arranged in three cycles ( 6 + 6 + 12 ) . oral end of siphonoglyph distinguishable at border of the mouth , but does not form a conchula .\n) : equal number of mesenteries distally and proximally . mesenteries hexamerously arranged in two cycles : first cycle perfect and fertile ; second cycle imperfect and fertile ( fig .\nd ) . two pairs of fertile directives , only one connected with the single , strong and well - developed siphonoglyph , with a basal enlargement ( figs .\na ) . mesogloea and gastrodermis of siphonoglyph slightly wider than mesogloea and gastrodermis of the stomodaeum . gastrodermis of siphonoglyph not vacuolated . retractor musculature diffuse at stomodaeum level ( fig .\na ) and attached near to the base of tentacles where it becomes slightly restricted ( fig .\nb ) . parietobasilar musculature strong , well developed . gametogenic tissues well developed in specimens collected in february and march ; gonochoric ; developing spermatic vesicles and oocytes ( to 0 . 25 mm and to 1 . 8 mm in diameter in preserved specimens , respectively ) .\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . a histological cross section at stomodaeum level ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . b detail retractor musculature at most distal level ( holotype zmh c11680 ) . c longitudinal histological section of the distal part of the column and oral disc ( paratype kunhm 001610 ) . abbreviations : * endocoel between mesenteries of the first cycle , * * endocoel between mesenteries of the second cycle , e . g . basal enlargement of the siphonoglyph , fo fosse , ms mesenteries , rm retractor musculature , te tentacles . scale bars : a 5 mm , b 3 mm , c 5 mm\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . longitudinal sections through the body wall of the holotype ( zmh c11680 ) . a detail of the body wall . b , c detail of the proximal part of the body wall showing the superficial spots , which are poorly histologically differentiated . abbreviations : ep epidermis , ga gastrodermis , me mesogloea , ss superficial spots . scale bars 0 . 5 mm\nstephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov . ( holotype zhm c11680 ) . a detail of cross section showing a second cycle mesentery ; note the distinct parietobasilar musculature , the diffuse retractor musculature and the developing spermatic vesicles . b cross section through a tentacle showing the ectodermal longitudinal musculature ; note the subepidermical nerve plexus . c longitudinal section through the proximal part of the mesenteries showing the absence of basilar musculature . abbreviations : ep epidermis , ga gastrodermis , me , mesogloea , np , nerve plexus , pb , parietobasilar musculature , rm , retractor musculature , sv , spermatic vesicles . scale bars : a 1 mm ; b , c 0 . 5 mm\nsphincter muscle absent . tentacles and oral disc with ectodermal longitudinal musculature . no histologically differentiated regions along tentacles . endodermal circular musculature well developed at mid - column . column wall of similar thickness entire length , corrugated nature probably due to contraction of the specimens ( fig .\na ) . superficial spots in proximal part of column poorly differentiated in histological sections ( fig .\nb , c ) . epidermis 0 . 1\u20130 . 4 mm thick and fibrous ; mesogloea 0 . 25\u20131 . 5 mm thick , and gastrodermis 0 . 09\u20130 . 33 mm thick .\n) : spirocysts , basitrichs and microbasic b - mastigophores . a survey of the cnidae is presented in table\nsize ranges of the cnidae of stephanthus antarcticus gen . nov . , sp . nov .\nstephanthus antarcticus sp . nov . is known only from the south shetland islands , off the antarctic peninsula , inhabiting muddy bottom , depth 256\u20131 , 227 m .\n, pp 26 , 29 ) , for both families , have a high range of variability , often overlapping between one another , due to the existence of numerous exceptions to the rule , with the text containing terms such as\nrarely\n,\nusually\n,\nsometimes\n,\nexcept in . . .\n.\nwith regard to the use of the differential length between inner and outer tentacles as a distinctive character at familial level , we think that this should be restricted as a generic feature in these two families . according to stephenson (\n, p 514 ) ,\nthe form of the tentacles in a preserved specimen will depend chiefly on the circumstances of the animal ' s death\n. it is true that in some species their entameric or ectameric nature can be easily established . however , in\ngen . nov . some of the inner tentacles are longer than the outer ones , some are shorter and others are of about equal length . thus , the relative length between the inner and the outer tentacles is not so helpful in this case .\nfurthermore , the new genus shows a distinctive character , a deep fosse and parapet . the supposed presence of a fosse and a parapet has been attributed to the genera\nthe presence of a distinct fosse and parapet is also present in the family andresiidae . however , members of this family are characterised by a well defined , circumscribed , endodermal sphincter , two siphonoglyphs and 24 pairs of perfect mesenteries .\nthe systematic position of the family andresiidae is another instance of the lack of phylogeny patterns in carlgren ' s system and some of its categories ( which carlgren himself recognised ) and the necessary wholesale revision of the higher categories in the actiniarian taxonomy . according to stephenson (\n) does not resemble a typical athenarian , except in the absence of basilar musculature and in a burrowing mode of life . stephenson (\n) show distinct acrospheres at the apex of the tentacles . the imperfect mesenteries and no clear difference between the length of the outer and the inner tentacles distinguish\n, in which all the mesenteries are perfect and the inner tentacles are shorter than the outer ones .\nstephanthus gen . nov . has imperfect mesenteries , whereas in metapeachia , mesacmaea and harenactis , all mesenteries are perfect .\nmetapeachia is easily distinguishable from the other haloclavid genera ( including stephanthus gen . nov . ) by the presence of a siphonoglyph completely separated from the other parts of the actinopharynx . the presence of a distal conchula is another distinctive generic character of metapeachia ( shared only with peachia ) . furthermore metapeachia has only eight pairs of mesenteries ( all perfect and fertile ) and 16 tentacles , while stephanthus gen . nov . has 12 pairs of mesenteries ( only six of them perfect ) and 24 tentacles arranged in three regular cycles .\nin harenactis the retractor musculature of the oldest mesenteries is reniform , but it is diffuse in stephanthus gen . nov . harenactis also has vertical rows of cinclides in the column , stephanthus gen . nov . has no cinclides .\nfinally , peachia shares with stephanthus gen . nov . a second cycle of imperfect mesenteries , but peachia is easily distinguishable from stephanthus gen . nov . by having a distinct conchula . also peachia usually has only 12 tentacles , its aboral end is perforated by numerous apertures , and its second cycle of mesenteries is formed by only four pairs of imperfect and sterile mesenteries . in contrast , stephanthus gen . nov . has no conchula , 24 tentacles , an imperforate aboral end , and a distinct fosse and parapet , and its second cycle of mesenteries is formed by six regularly arranged pairs of imperfect and fertile mesenteries .\nto a new family , oractiidae . because of that , and the addition of\nb ) column divisible into regions . arrangement of tentacles regular but atypical with 7 in the inner cycle . a weak , diffuse sphincter\nc ) siphonoglyph with a conchula , rarely completely separated from the actinopharynx . second cycle formed by only 4 pairs of imperfect and sterile mesenteries ( 2 ventral and 2 ventrolateral pairs )\ncc ) conchula absent . second cycle formed by 6 pairs of imperfect and fertile mesenteries . well developed parapet and fosse present\nsp . nov . is the absence in its cnidom of microbasic p - mastigophores . this absence is atypical ; indeed , the microbasic p - mastigophore is one of the commoner nematocysts in the actiniaria , usually present in the filaments and in the actinopharynx ( carlgren\n) . another notable feature is the long basitrichs ( basitrichs 2 , see fig .\n) in the tentacles . the range of the basitrichs 2 in the proximal part of the tentacles is wider than that in the distal part of the tentacles , the longest basitrichs being more abundant in the distal part . moreover , the length range of the basitrichs 2 is even more restricted in the stomodaeum than in the tentacles .\nspecial thanks are addressed to dr . josep - maria gili ( instituto de ciencias del mar , barcelona ) and prof . wolf arntz ( alfred - wegener - institut , bremerhaven ) , who made possible our participation in the antarctic cruises where the present material was collected .\nandres a ( 1881 ) prodromus neapolitanae actinarium faunae addito generalis actiniarum bibliographiae catalogo . mitt zool stat neaple ii , leipzig\nandres a ( 1883 ) le attinie . atti r accad lincei mem 14 ( 3 ) : 211\u2013673\nappell\u00f6f a ( 1896 ) die actiniengattungen fenja , aegir , und halcampoides , dan . afh aarsberetning udgivnet bergens mus 11 : 3\u201316\narntz we , gallardo va ( 1994 ) antarctic benthos : present position and future prospects . in : hempel g ( ed ) antarctic science : global concerns . springer , berlin heidelberg new york , pp 243\u2013277\narntz we , brey t , gallardo av ( 1994 ) antarctic zoobenthos . oceanogr mar biol annu rev 32 : 241\u2013304\nbayer fm ( 1981 ) status of knowledge of octocorals of world sea . in : seminarios de biologia marina , s\u00e2o paulo . academia brasileira ci\u00eancias , rio de janeiro , pp 3\u2013102\ncarlgren o ( 1899 ) \u00fcber abschn\u00fcrbare tentakel bei den actiniarien . zool anz 578 ( 22 ) : 39\u201344\ncarlgren o ( 1921 ) actiniaria . i . dan ingolf - exp 5 ( 9 ) : 1\u2013241\ncarlgren o ( 1940 ) a contribution to the knowledge of the structure and distribution of the cnidae in anthozoa . lunds univ arsskr 36 : 1\u201362\ncarlgren o ( 1943 ) east - asiatic corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kongl svenska vetenskapsakad handl ( ser 3 ) 20 ( 6 ) : 1\u201343\ncarlgren o ( 1949 ) a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kongl svenska vetenskapsakad handl ( ser 4 ) 1 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013121\ndunn d ( 1983 ) some antarctic and sub - antarctic sea anemones ( coelenterata : ptychodactiaria and actiniaria ) . ( biology of the antarctic seas xiv , antarctic research series 39 ) agu , washington , d . c . , pp 1\u201367\n, a new genus and species of the class zoophyta ; with observations on the family actiniadae . trans linn soc lond 21 : 267\u2013276\nfautin d ( 1984 ) more antarctic and sub - antarctic sea anemones ( coelenterata : corallimorpharia and actiniaria ) . ( biology of the antarctic seas xiv , antarctic research series 41 ) agu , washington , d . c . , pp 1\u201342\nfautin d ( 1988 ) importance of nematocysts to actinian taxonomy . in : hessinger da , lenhoff hm ( eds ) the biology of nematocysts . academic press , san diego , pp 487\u2013500\nhand c ( 1966 ) on the evolution of the actiniaria . in rees wj ( ed ) the cnidaria and their evolution . academic press , london , pp 135\u201346\nkwietniewski cr ( 1897 ) ein beitrag zur anatomie und systematik der actiniarien . universit\u00e4t jena , germany\n, new genus and species of subergorgiidae ( cnidaria , octocorallia ) from off the antarctic peninsula . polar biol 24 : 122\u2013126\nmanuel rl ( 1988 ) british anthozoa . in : kermack dm , barnes rsk ( eds ) synopses of the british fauna ( new series no18 , revised ) . brill / backhuys , leiden\n\u00f6stman c ( 2000 ) a guideline to nematocyst nomenclature and classification , and some note on the systematic value of nematocysts . sci mar 64 [ suppl 1 ] : 31\u201346\nriemann - z\u00fcrneck k ( 1979 ) two disc - shaped deep sea anthozoa from the gulf of biscay , with a survey of adaptation types in the actiniaria . zoomorphologie 93 : 227\u2013243\ncarlgren , 1934 ( cnidaria : actiniaria : kadosactidae nov . fam . ) . senckenbergiana marit 21 ( 5 / 6 ) : 191\u2013204\nsp . nov . , an arctic deep - sea anemone with peculiar invaginations of its oral disc ( cnidaria : actiniaria ) . polar biol 23 : 604\u2013608\n( actiniaria , halcampoididae ) from the eastern weddell sea and antarctic peninsula . sci mar 66 : 43\u201352\nschmidt h ( 1972 ) prodromus zu einer monographie der mediterranen aktinien . zoologica 422 ( 121 ) : 120\nschmidt h ( 1974 ) on evolution in the anthozoa . in : international coral reef symposium 1 , great barrier reef committee , brisbane , pp 533\u201360\nshick jm ( 1991 ) a functional biology of sea anemones . in : calow p ( ed ) functional biology series . chapman and hall , london\nstephenson ta ( 1920 ) on the classification of actiniaria . i . qj microsc sci 64 ( 256 ) : 425\u2013574\nstephenson ta ( 1922 ) on the classification of actiniaria . iii . qj microsc sci 66 : 247\u2013319\ntorrey hb ( 1902 ) papers from the harriman alaska expedition . xxx . anemones , with discussion of variation in\nverrill ae ( 1899 ) art . vi . descriptions of imperfectly known and new actinians , with critical notes on other species . ii . am j sci 7 ( 4 ) : 41\u201350\nwatling l , thurston mh ( 1989 ) antarctica as an evolutionary incubator : evidence from the cladistic biogeography of the amphipod family iphimediidae . in : crame ja ( ed ) origins and evolution of the antarctic biota . ( special publication 47 ) geological society , london , pp 297\u2013313\nwilliams gc ( 1999 ) index pennatulacea : annotated bibliography and indexes of the sea pens ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the world 1469\u20131999 . proc calif acad sci 51 ( 2 ) : 19\u2013103\nwinston je ( 1992 ) systematics and marine conservation . in : eldredge n ( ed ) ecology and the biodiversity crisis . columbia university press , new york , pp 144\u2013168\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .\nthe information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .\nplease note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .\nkeyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartamento de zoologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , rua do mat\u00e3o , trav . 14 , 101 , cidade universit\u00e1ria , 05508 - 090 , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil current address : department of invertebrate zoology , american museum of natural history , central park west at 79th street , 10024 , new york , ny , usa . ; email : lgusmao @ amnh . org .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe ' antenna balloon anemone ' found in the seto inland sea : new genus and species of sea anemone , antennapeachia setouchi ( cnidaria , actinaria , hal . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n1 department of biological sciences , the university of tokyo , bunkyo - ku , tokyo 113 - 0033 , japan .\n2 coastal branch of natural history museum and institute , chiba , kastuura - shi , chiba 299 - 5242 , japan .\n3 department of zoology , national museum of nature and science , tsukuba - shi , ibaraki 305 - 0005 , japan .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nplease note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .\ncollection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .\nrodr\u00edguez , e . & l\u00f3pez - gonz\u00e1lez , p . j . helgol mar res ( 2003 ) 57 : 54 . urltoken\nwhat type of species is peachia chilensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the peachia chilensis species belongs to .\nhow to identify peachia chilensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species peachia chilensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species peachia chilensis are marked in green .\nwhere is peachia chilensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species peachia chilensis can be found .\nwhich photographers have photos of peachia chilensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species peachia chilensis .\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\npermission by prof . c . hand to take this picture in the bodega marine lab , university of california is gratefully acknowledged .\nfrance . collection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .\ntree of life web project . 2000 . athenaria . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .\ncopyright ( c ) zeuter development corporation , 1996 - 2002 . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 814, "summary": [{"text": "calliotropis oros is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliotropidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "subspecies calliotropis oros marquisensis vilvens , 2007 calliotropis oros oros vilvens , 2007", "topic": 27}], "title": "calliotropis oros", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define calliotropis oros in a sentence and how is the word calliotropis oros used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliotropis oros\u9020\u53e5 , calliotropis oros meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ncalliotropis oros vivens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\n\n' calliotropis oros\n' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliotropidae .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : calliotropis conoeides n . sp . , calliotropis helixn . sp . , calliotropis cynee n . sp . , calliotropis chalkeie n . sp . , calliotropis ptykte n . sp . , calliotropis solomonensis n . sp . , calliotropis pistis n . sp . , calliotropis echinoides n . sp . , calliotropis cycloeides n . sp . , calliotropis pyramoeides n . sp . , calliotropis coopertorium n . sp . , calliotropis asphales n . sp . , calliotropis nux n . sp . , calliotropis oros n . sp . , calliotropis oros marquisensis n . ssp . , calliotropis zone n . sp . , calliotropis hysterea n . sp . , calliotropis stegos n . sp . , calliotropis oregmene n . sp . , calliotropis cooperculum n . sp . , calliotropis keras n . sp . , calliotropis denticulus n . sp . , calliotropis dicrous n . sp . , calliotropis rostrum n . sp . , calliotropis pheidole n . sp . , calliotropis siphaios n . sp . , calliotropis nomisma n . sp . , calliotropis nomismasimilis n . sp . , calliotropis elephas n . sp . , calliotropis ostrideslithos n . sp . , calliotropis trieres n . sp .\ncalliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\nsubgenus calliotropis ( adamsenida ) habe , 1952 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\nsubgenus calliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 accepted as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903 ( synonym )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) acherontis b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis acherontis b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) blacki b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis blacki b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) delli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis delli b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) eucheloides b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis eucheloides b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( calliotropis ) powelli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliotropis powelli b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination )\nsubgenus calliotropis ( schepmanotropis ) poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 represented as calliotropis l . seguenza , 1903\n2004 . calliotropis micraulax n . sp . , calliotropis derbiosa n . sp . , calliotropis basileus n . sp . and calliotropis excelsior n . sp . are described and compared with similar eicyclinid spcies . recent indo - pacific species belonging to the genus calliotropis are also listed . 13 pp . , 30 figs , 4 .\nspecies calliotropis ammonaformis [ sic ] accepted as calliotropis annonaformis y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001 ( misspelling )\n\u00bb species calliotropis ( solaricida ) infundibulum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as calliotropis infundibulum ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\nspecies calliotropis crystalophorus b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as calliotropis crystalophora b . a . marshall , 1979 ( original combination ; incorrect gender ending )\ncalliotropis granolirata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) [ 47 ]\ncalliotropis persculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) [ 78 ]\nspecies calliotropis arenosa helwerda , wesselingh & s . t . williams , 2014 \u2020\nspecies calliotropis scabriusculus ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as calliotropis tiara ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies calliotropis annonaformis y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\nspecies calliotropis regalis ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 )\nspecies calliotropis scalaris y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\nspecies calliotropis stellaris y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 2001\ncalliotropis annonaformis lee y . c . & wu w . l . , 2001 [ 9 ]\ncalliotropis seguenza , 1903 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 february 2011 .\nspecies calliotropis yapensis s . - q . zhang & s . - p . zhang , 2018\ncalliotropis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family calliotropidae . [ 1 ]\ncalliotropis acherontis marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis antarctica dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis asphales vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis babylonia vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis basileus vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis blacki marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis bucina vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis canaliculata jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis carinata jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chalkeie vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chenoderma barnard , 1963 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis conoeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cooperculum vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis coopertorium vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis crystalophora marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cycloeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis cynee vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis delli marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis denticulus vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis derbiosa vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis dicrous vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis echidna jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis echidnoides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis elephas vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis eltanini dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ericius vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis eucheloides marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis excelsior vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis grata thiele , 1925 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis helix vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hysterea vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis keras vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lamellifera jansen , 1994 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lateumbilicata dell , 1990 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis micraulax vilvens , 2004 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis niasensis thiele , 1925 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nomisma vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nomismasimilis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis nux vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis oregmene vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ostrideslithos vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pataxo absalao , 2009 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pelseneeri cernohorsky , 1977 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pheidole vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pistis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pompe barnard , 1963 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis powelli marshall , 1979 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ptykte vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pulvinaris vilvens , 2005 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pyramoeides vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis rostrum vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis siphaios vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis solariellaformis vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis solomonensis vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stegos vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis trieres vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis velata vilvens , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis zone vilvens , 2007 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nspecies calliotropis pataxo absal\u00e3o , 2009 accepted as carenzia trispinosa ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\n, new species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific .\ncalliotropis abyssicola rehder & ladd , 1973 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis actinophora ( dall , 1890 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis aeglees ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis bicarinata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis calatha ( dall , 1927 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis calcarata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis chuni ( martens , 1904 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis concavospira ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis galea ( habe , 1953 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis glypta ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hataii rehder & ladd , 1973 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis hondoensis ( dall , 1919 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis infundibulum ( watson , 1879 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis limbifera ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis lissocona ( dall , 1881 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis midwayensis ( lan , 1990 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis multisquamosa ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis muricata ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis ottoi ( philippi , 1844 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pagodiformis ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis patula ( martens , 1904 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis pulchra ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis reticulina ( dall , 1895 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis rhina ( watson , 1886 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis scalaris lee & wu , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis spinulosa ( schepman , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stellaris lee & wu , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : c . conoeides n . sp . ; c . helix n . sp . ; c . cynee n . sp . ; c . chalkeie n . sp . ; c . ptykte n . sp . ; c . solomonensis n . sp . ; c . pistis n . sp . ; c . echidnoides n . sp . ; c . cycloeides n . sp . ; c . pyramoeides n . sp . ; c . coopertorium n . sp . ; c . asphales n . sp . ; c . nux n . sp . ; c . oros n . sp . ; c . oros marquisensis n . ssp . ; c . zone n . sp . ; c . hysterea n . sp . ; c . stegos n . sp . ; c . oregmene n . sp . ; c . cooperculum n . sp . ; c . keras n . sp . ; c . denticulus n . sp . ; c . dicrous n . sp . ; c . rostrum n . sp . ; c . pheidole n . sp . ; c . siphaios n . sp . ; c . nomisma n . sp . ; c . nomismasimilis n . sp . ; c . elephas n . sp . ; c . ostrideslithos n . sp . ; c . trieres n . sp .\ncalliotropis boucheti poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis francocacii poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis gemmulosa ( a . adams , 1860 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis malapascuensis poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis minorusaitoi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis philippei poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis sagarinoi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis stanyii poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 8 february 2011 .\ncalliotropis vilvensi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis virginiae poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis wilsi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis yukikoae poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis spinosa poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis metallica ( wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nspecies calliotropis rhina ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as solariella rhina ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\ncalliotropis granolirata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\ncalliotropis persculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1903 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\naccording to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) the genus calliotropis is placed in the subfamily calliotropinae within the family chilodontidae .\ncalliotropis annonaformis lee y . c . & wu w . l . , 2001 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .\nvilvens c . ( 2007 ) new records and new species of calliotropis from indo - pacific . novapex 8 ( hors s\u00e9rie 5 ) : 1 - 72 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnew species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific . 72 p . , 1 map , 251 figs , 34 tables , 4to , paperbound ( novapex vol . 8 sp\ndescription of calliotropis ceciliae new species ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from off chile . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 5 with 16 figs . ( 15 in color ) . offprint from the nautilus 124 ( 2 )\n( of calliotropis ( solaricida ) dall , 1919 ) marshall b . a . ( 1979 ) . the trochidae and turbinidae of the kermadec ridge ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 521 - 552 page ( s ) : 530 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] [ details ]\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnovapex hors serie no . 5 \u00ab conchological megadatabase iconographic overview on mollusks | conchbooks\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n2000 . new taxa : calliostoma poppei n . sp . , calliostoma emmanueli n . sp . , calliostoma houarti n . sp . 3 pp . + 2 col . pls , 4 .\ndescription of a new species of calliostoma ( trochidae ) from the philippine ilsands . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 pls . offprint from novapex 1 ( 3 - 4 )\ndescription of a new species of cantrainea ( turbinidae ) from guadeloupe . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 4 with 1 pl . offprint from novapex 2 ( 4 )\ndescription of a new species of clanculus ( trochidae ) from the new caledonia . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 6 with 2 pls . ( 1 in colo ) i . offprint from novapex 1 ( 3 - 4 )\ndescription of spectamen rikae n sp ( trochidae : solariellinae ) from the philippine islands . in 4to , offp . , pp . 4 with 1 pl . offprint from novapex vol . 4\ndescription of a new species of drupa ( muricidae : rapaninae ) from the western indian ocean . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 10 figs . offprint from apex 12 ( 4 )\ndescription of three new species of calliostoma ( trochidae ) from the philippine islands . in 4\u00b0 , offp . , pp . 6 with 2 color pls . offprint from novapex 1 ( 1 )\nthree new calliostoma from the philippines . in 4to , offp . , pp . 8 with 2 pls . and 3 figs . offprint from visaya 4 ( 2 )\n2014 . new records of 4 known calliostomatidae species from madagascar area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 9 new species are described and compared with similar species : calliostoma madatechnema n . sp . , calliostoma textor n . sp . , calliostoma parvajuba n . sp . , calliostoma hematomenon n . sp . , calliostoma subalboroseum n . sp . , calliostoma tumidosolidum n . sp . , calliostoma pyrron n . sp . , calliostoma herberti n . sp . and calliostoma wareni n . sp . 29 pp . , 123 figs , stapled 4 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome iii : nord de la france , \u00eeles britanniques , pays - bas , ouest de l ' allemagne et suisse\n2014 [ 2018 ] , 2014 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 60 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 72 pp . , 20 pls , br . 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome ii : sud de l ' italie , malte , sud de l ' espagne et portugal\n2012 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 56 pp . , 16 color pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome i : sud de la france , nord de l ' italie et nord de l ' espagne\n2012 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 72 pp . , 20 color pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome iv : c\u00f4te dalmate , gr\u00e8ce continentale et cr\u00e8te\n2015 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 48 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 80 pp . , 24 pls , stapled 8 .\ngast\u00e9ropodes terrestres \u00e0 coquille communs d ' europe . tome v : iles grecques , chypre et c\u00f4te occidentale de la turquie\n2018 . be careful , there is also the option to buy all four issues of this series together for 60 , - \u0080 under order # 32239 . 60 pp . , 7 color pls , stapled 8 .\nnew species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from madagascar . in 4to , original wrappers , pp . 29 with 1 color pl . and 153 figs . novapex hors serie n . 9\nnew species and new records of chilodontidae ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda : seguenzioidea ) from the pacific ocean . in 4to , original wrappers , pp . 67 with 21 color pls . and 18 tables . published in novapex hors serie no . 11\n2008 . 271 pp . , 31 col . pls , 6 vols br . 8 .\ntell us what you ' re looking for and once a match is found , we ' ll inform you by e - mail .\ncan ' t remember the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nnew insights into the taxonomy of the seguenzioidea were provided by kano ( 2007 ) . [ 3 ]\nthe size of the shell of species in this genus is small to moderate . the iridescent shell is thin and contains a conspicuous umbilicus . its sculpture shows spiral rows with many tubercles .\nthe shells resemble solariella , but differ in the radula , which is longer , with a larger number of uncini . the teeth of the median part are less denticulated . [ 4 ]\nseguenza l . ( 1903 ) . molluschi poco noti dei terreni terziari di messina . bollettino della societ\u00e0 geologica italiana 21 : 455 - 464 page ( s ) : 462\nkano y . ( 2007 ) .\nvetigastropod phylogeny and a new concept of seguenzioidea : independent evolution of copulatory organs in the deep - sea habitats\n. zoologica scripta 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2007 . 00316 . x\nschepman 1908 - 1913 , the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition ; leyden , e . j . brill , 1908 - 13 ( described as the new genus solariellopsis )\nmarshall b . a . ( 1979 ) . the trochidae and turbinidae of the kermadec ridge ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 521 - 552 page ( s ) : 530\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 4\nthis page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 04 : 56 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npage 25 and 26 : personidae gray , 1854 . a . g . beu ( pe\npage 47 and 48 : mathildidae dall , 1889 ( 2 m . add . )\npage 59 and 60 : buck , p . h . 1953 . explorers of the p\natoll research bulletin no * 267 avifauna of the southwest islands of . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 361 batiri kei baravi : the ethnobotany of . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 392 the flora of - smithsonian institution . . .\natoll research bulletin no . xxx - database of crustacea ( decapoda . . .\natoll research bulletin no . xxx - decapoda , stomatopoda - ecole . . .\natoll research bulletin no . 517 susan e . richardson - smithsonian . . .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nseguenza l . ( 1903 ) . molluschi poco noti dei terreni terziari di messina . bollettino della societ\u00e0 geologica italiana 21 : 455 - 464 page ( s ) : 462 [ details ]\ngrammatical gender feminine , as terminating with the feminine classical greek ( and latin ) noun \u201ctropis\u201d , a keel ( iczn art . 30 . 1 . 1 ) . [ details ]\nforgotten the title or the author of a book ? our booksleuth is specially designed for you .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, stylotelline , a new sesquiterpene isocyanide from the sponge stylotella sp . application of zd - nmr in structure determination\nthe sesquiterpene isocyanide stylotelline isolated from the marine sponge stylotella sp . was asigned the structure 1a ( absolute stereochemietry ) on the basis of spectral - essentially 2d - nmr - and chemical data .\nalcithoe aillaudorum n . sp . is the first alcithoe known outside new zealand waters ; it is however not consider ed a gondwanian vicariant relict but is probably a recent ' immigrant that dispersed from new zealand to new caledonia via the norfolk ridge . lyria exorata n . sp . is known from capel and kelso banks , two submerged flat plateaus surrounded by abyssal depths in the coral sea . l . habei okutani , 1979 is a new record for new caledonia . records of other lyria are reviewed and summarized . although the distribution of lyria in the western pacific corresponds rather well with the limits of the pacific plate , this distribution appears to be a result of constraints in larval biology rather than a reflection of the plate tectonic history of the area .\ngouiff\u00e8s , dani\u00e8le , juge , m . , grimaud , n . , welin , l . , sauviat , p . , barbin , y . , laurent , dominique , roussakis , c . , henichart , j . p . , verbist , j . f .\ntwo cases of human intoxication causes by the lyophilized powder of lissoclinum bistratum sluiter . a new caledonian ascidian are reported . the symptoms observed were caused by a substance designated bistramide a ( c40h68n2o8 ) of hitherto unknown chemical structure . preliminary toxocological investigations indicate that bistramide a may effect the central nervous system leading to paresthesia ans loss of muscle ton . a progressive decrease in cardiac rythm was also observed in animal . bistramide a ( 1 , 4x10m ) did not alter the resting potential of frog heart and skeletal muscle but reduced the amplitude and duration of cardiac action potential ans prolonged the interval between actions potentials , bistramide a also has a marked cytotoxic effect on cancer cells kb and on normal endothelial cells . howewer , it has not , been possible to relate the cytotoxic property to the symptoms of intoxication . bistramidea may originate from the urochordate itself or from symbiotic algae\ngouiff\u00e8s , dani\u00e8le , moreau , s , helbeque , n . , bernier , j . l . , h\u00e9nichard , jean - pierre , barbin , yann , laurent , dominique , verbist , jean - fran\u00e7ois\nmodern two - dimensional nmr techniques have been used here in order to study the structure of a recently isolated cytotoxic drug , bistramide a . mass spectroscopy indicated a mr of 704 corresponding to an apparent molecular formula of c40h68n2o8 . all structural information was obtained from 1h and 13c nmr . 1h - 1h and 1h - 13c cosy in combination with relayed 1h - 1h - 13c cosy and 1h - 13c coloc were used for obtaining all crucial connectivies required for determing the partial structure of this natural product .\nfour new species and one subspecies are described from deep water in the new caledonian region : amalda fuscolingua , a . aureomarginata , a . coriolis , a . bellonarum and a . hilgendorfi richeri . a . montrouzieri ( souverbie , 1860 ) is redescribed and discussed . sem photographs of radulae are included .\nrecent dredgings in waters around new caledonia revealed two new conus species which are described as conus richeri , n . sp . and conus plinthis , n . sp . both new species are compared to closely related species and their variability is enumerated .\n, corallistin a , a second example of a free porphyrin from a living organism . isolation from the demosponge corallistes sp . of the coral see and inhibition of abnormal cells\nit is shown that the demosponge corallistes sp . ( tetractinomorpha , lithistida , corallistidae ) collected in the coral sea , contains corallistin a ( 1 ) , the second example , of a free porphyrin from a living organism . the compound proved to be active against the kb cell line . in contrast with the geoporphyrins which do not bear any o - atom corallistin a ( 1 ) carries two carboxylic groups .\n, corallistine , a new polynitrogen compound from the sponge corallistes fulvodesmus l . & l .\ntwo polynitrogen compounds 1 - methyl - pteridine - 2 , 4 - dione 1b and corallistine 2 were isolated from new - caledonian sponge corallistes fulvodesmus l . & l . the structure of corallistine was determinated by x - ray single cristal analysis of its 6 ' - isobutyloxycarbonyl derivative 3 .\nthe status of the genera isidella , acanella ans lepidisis in the subfamily keratoisidinae is discussed and the new species isidella trichotoma and acanella dispar are described and illustrated . new records of acanella sibogae nutting are presented and description of the species amplified and supported by new illustrations of colony , polyps , and sclerites . ortomisis crosnieri , a new genus and species of keratoisidinae , is described and illustrated . a new key to genera of isidinae and keratoisidinae\nthree novel polyhydroxylated steroids , ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 5a , 61\u00df5 , a , 1 6\u00df , 26 - hexol 15 - sulphate ( l ) , ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 6\u00df , 7a , 8 , 15a , 16\u00df , 26 - hept ( 4o ) l and ( 25s ) - 5a - cholestane - 3\u00df , 4\u00df , 6\u00df , 7a , s , - 15a , 16\u00df , 26 - octol ( 5 ) , have been isolated from a pacific deep - water starfish of the genus rosaster . they cooccurr with two known polyhydroxysteroids ( 2 and 3 ) . the novel compound 5 showed antifungal activity .\ndermomurex ( takia ) wareni n . sp . the third pacific ocean species of takia , is characterized by the structure of its intritacalx ; ponderia elephantina n . sp . is nearest to the southeastern australian p . abies houart , 1986 ; pygmaepterys menoui n . sp . , named from a single specimen , is characterized by having 3 varices on the last whorl , distinctive spiral sculpture and broad protoconch ; trophon multigradus n . sp . , has numerous frilled axial lamellae .\nnew caledonia is an island situated in the south west pacific on the edge of the indo - australian plate ( fig . 1 ) . the morphology of the sea - bed in this r\u00e9gion is extremely complex and very varied structures occur . thus the principal island of new caledonia ( the mainland , or ' grande - terre ' ) , and adjacent islands ( the isle of pines and the belep islands ) are an emerged portion of the norfolk ridge , a geosyncline dating from the mesozoic , which extends to new zealand .\n, aulohalaelurus kanakorum n . sp . , a new species of catshark ( carcharhiniformes , scyliorhinidae , atelomycterinae ) from new caledonia\na new catshark , aulohahaelurus kanakorum n . sp . , is described from an adult male collected from off south - western new caledonia . it is the second species in the genus aulohalaelurus , previously restricted to western australia . the new species is distinct from its allopatric congener , aulohalaelurus labiosus ( waite , 1905 ) , mainly by colour pattern , longer interdorsal space , pelvic - anal distance , shorter prepelvic length , morphology of dermal denticles and higher number of diplospondylous vertebrae . a neotype is also designated for a . labiosus ( waite , 1905 ) .\ntwo 3 beta - methoxy secosteriods , named jereisterol a and b were isolated from the pacific sponge jereicopsis graphidiophora levi & levi . their structures , which combine rare 3 beta - methoxy and seco features , were determined as ( 24 r ) 24 - methyl - 3 - beta - methoxy - 8 - alpha , 9 - alpha - oxido - 8 , 9 - secocholesta - 7 , 9 ( 11 ) - diene ( 1 ) and ( 24r ) 24 - methyl - 3 - beta - methoxy - 8 , 14 - secocholesta - 8 , 14 - dione ( 2 ) .\nthe sponge neosiphonia supertes contains 24 ( 28 ) - dehydroaplysterol [ 1 ] and the new steroid ( 25s ) - 26 - methyl - 24 - methylenecholest - 4 - en - 3 - one [ 2 ] .\nroussakis , c . , robillard , n . , riou , d . , biard , j . f . , pradal , p . , piloquet , p . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , verbist , j . f . , 1991 , effects of bistramide a on a non - small - cell bronchial carcinoma line , cancer chemother pharmacol , 28 , 283 - 292\nthe isolation acd characterization of two novel triterpene glycosides from a sponge of the genus eryhs , collected at a depth of 500 m in the south of new caledonia , are described . the structures are characterized by the presence of a branched oligosaccharide chain , compose\u00ed1 of three ( 1 ) and four ( 2 ) d - galactopyranose units , respectively . analysis of the oligosaccaride structures was achieved by { ' h , ' h } correlation spectroscopy , two - dimensional homonuclear hartmann - hahn , and ' h - detected ( ' h , i3c } one bond ( hmqc ) and multiple - bond ( hmi3c ) shift correlation nmr experiments . the novel lanostane derived aglycone features a mre 14 - carboxyl grdup and a 24 - methylene , 25 - methyl side chain .\nmalochet - grivois , c . , roussakis , christos , robillard , n . , biard , j . f . , riou , d . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , verbist , jean - fran\u00e7ois\nthe antiproliferative activity of two nitrogenous labdane cytotoxic substances from lissoclinum voeltzkowi michaelson ( urochordata ) , dichlorolissoclimide ( p2 ) and chlorolissoclimide ( p1 ) , was studied in vitro on a continuous human non small - cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line ( nsclc - n6 ) at the cell cycle level . this antiproliferative effect resulted from a blockade of g1 phase cells . mortality occurred , regardless of the degree of cell ploidy , with cell transition to an out - of - cycle situation characteristic of a g1d terminal maturation state .\nmarshall , bruce a . , 1992 , a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) , nautilus , 106 , 1 , 24 - 38\nthe complete absolute stereochemistry of two new cytotoxic marine polypropionaies isolated from the saponified extract of the pulmonate mollusc onchidium sp . , onchitriol i and ii ( 4 , 5 ) was established using mosher - trost ' s methodology .\n, 96 . on the novel free porphyrins corallistin b , c , d , and e : isolation from the demosponge corallistes sp . of the coral sea and reactivity of their nickel ( ii ) complexes toward formylating reagents\nreported here are the novel free porphyrins corallistin b , c , d , and e , isolated as methyl esters 2a , 3a , da , and 5a , respectively , from the sponge corallistes sp . ( lithistida ) collected at the basis of the south new caledonian coral reef . a protocol is also established for formylation of their ni\ncomplexes , which show a different reactivity pattern toward dmf / poci , from metal complexes of deuteroporphyrins . together with corallistin a , previously isolated as the methyl ester la , and the known deuteroporphyrin ix ( isolated as 6a ) also present in the sponge , the new corallistins , which may be thought to derive from protoporphyrin viu heme , account for an amazing 60 % of the etoh extract from the sponge .\nde riccardis , francesco , minale , luigi , iorizzi , maria , debitus , c\u00e9cile , l\u00e9vi , claude , 1993 , marine sterols . side - chain - oxygenated sterols , possibly of abiotic origin , from the new caledonian sponge stelodoryx chlorophylla , journal of natural products , 56 , 2 , 282 - 287\nespada , alfonso , jim\u00e9nez , carlos , debitus , c\u00e9cile , riguera , ricardo , 1993 , villagorgin a and b . new type of indole alkaloids with acetylcholine antagonist activity from the gorgonian villagorgia rubra , tetrahedron letters , 34 , 48 , 7773 - 7776\nmoretti , christian , debitus , c\u00e9cile , fournet , a . , sauvain , m . , bourdy , g . , laurent , d . , 1993 , diversite biologique tropicale et innovation therapeutique . les recherches menees par l\u2019orstom , ann . soc . belge m\u00e9d . trop . , 73 , 169 - 178\nbewley , carole a . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , faulkner , d . john , 1994 , microsclerodermin - a and b - antifungal cyclic - peptides from the lithistid sponge microscleroderma sp , journal of the american chemical society , 116 , 17 , 7631 - 7636\nbouquet - kondracki , m . l . , martin , m . t . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , guyot , m . , 1994 , 12 - epi - heteronemin new sesterterpene from the marine from the marine sponge hyrtios erecta , tetrahedron letters , 35 , 1 , 109 - 110\nkourany - lefoll , elly , lapr\u00e9vote , olivier , s\u00e9venet , thierry , montagnac , alain , pa\u00efs , mary , 1994 , phloeodictines al - a7 and cl - c2 , antibiotic and cytotoxic guanidine alkaloids from the new caledonian sponge , phloeodictyon sp . , tetrahedron letters , 50 , 11 , 3415 - 3426\na large collection of species of the genus munida has been examined and found to contain 56 undescribed species . the specimens examined were caught mainly off new caledonia , chesterfield islands , loyalty islands , matthew and hunter islands . several samples from kiribati , the philippines and indonesia have also been included . the specimens were collected between 6 and 2 049 m . some species previously known in the area ( af . gracilis , m . haswelli , m . microps , m . spinicordata and m . tubercidata ) have been illustrated . these results point up the high diversity of this genus in the region and the importance of several characters in species identification ( e . g . , size and number of lateral spines on the carapace , ornamentation of the thoracic sternites , size of antennular and antennal spines , colour pattern ) .\n, fasciospongides a , b , and c , new manoalide derivatives from the sponge fasciospongia sp .\nthree new manoalide - related sesrerrerpenes . fasciospongides a [ 1 ] , b [ 2 ] , and c [ 3 ] , have been isolated from the sponge fasciospongia sp . and their structures elucidated by spectral methods .\n, deep - water cones ( gastropoda : conidae ) from the new caledonia region .\nbiologically active sesterterpenes of the manoalide family , thorectolide monoacetate ( 1 ) co - occurring with thorectolide ( 2 ) , were isolated from a marine sponge hyrtios sp . collected in new caledonia .\nd ' auria , valeria , zampella , angela , paloma , luigi gomez , minale , luigi , debitus , c\u00e9cile , roussakis , christos , le bert , val\u00e9rie , 1996 , callipeltins b and c ; bioactive peptides from a marine lithistida sponge callipelta sp . , tetrahedron letters , 52 , 48 , 9589 - 9596\n, from inactive nortopsentin d , a novel bis ( indole ) alkaloid isolated from the axinellid sponge dragmacidon sp . from deep waters south of new caledonia , to a strongly cytotoxic derivative\nnortopsentin d ( s ) , a bis ( indo1e ) alkaloid unique for bearing a 2 - amino - methylimidazole appendage at the central lh - imidazol - 5 ( 4h ) - one nucleus , was isolated in abundance , besides the putative biogenetic precursor 6 of its appendage , from the deep - water axinellid sponge dragmacidon sp . structural elucidation of 5 by nmr and ms methods heavily relied on its n - methyl derivatives 8 - 11 . unusually for topsentin - type structures , natural 5 and semisynthetic methyl derivatives 8 and 10 proved inactive on kb tumoural cells , while introduction of the last three methyl groups , amazingly led to highly cytotoxic 11 .\nmontagnac , alain , martin , m . - t . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , pa\u00efs , mary\none known drimane sesquiterpene ( 1 ) and five new ones ( 2 - 6 ) have been isolated from the sponge dysidea fusca . their structures were elucidated mainly by 2d nmr . the relative stereochemistry at c - 11 of 1 has been corrected to h - 11 beta .\nvassas , a . , bourdy , g . , paillard , j . j . , lavayre , j . , pa\u00efs , mary , quirion , j . c . , debitus , c\u00e9cile , 1996 , naturally occurring somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibitors . isolation of haloids from two marine sponges , planta medica , 62 , 28 - 30\n, callipeltoside a : a cytotoxic aminodeoxy sugar - containing macrolide of a new type from the marine lithistida sponge call\u00ecpelta sp .\na cytotoxic glycoside macrolide , callipeltoside a , has been isolated from the marine lithistid sponge callipelta sp . , collected off new caledonia . structural assignent was accomplished through extensive 2d nmr spectroscopy . the complete relative stereochemistry is proposed from the analysis of roesy and noe difference experiments . callipeltoside a ( 1 ) represents the first member of a new class of marine - derived macrolides , containing unusual structural features including a 4 - amino - 4 , 6 - dideoxy - 2 - 0 , 3 - c - dimethyl - & talopyranosyl - 3 , 4 - urethane unit .\n, lutoside : an acyl - l - ( acyl - 6 ' . mannobiosyl ) - 3 - glycerol isolated from the sponge - associated bacterium micrococcus luteus\nlutoside , an unusual acyl - l - ( acyl - 6 ' - mannobiosyl ) - 3 - glycerol 1 was isolated from the sponge - associated bacterial strain microccocus luteus . sructure elucidation was performed by sprectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations .\nan examination of extensive collections made in new caledonia and nearby islands by the orstom center in noum\u00e9a , new caledonia , of collections kept at various museums , and collections of live material made by the author in new caledonia and in queensland , australia , has revealed that a total of 20 species belonging to five genera of trapeziid crabs inhabit the coral sea region . two of the species belonging to the genus trapezia are described as new . the taxonomic status of several species , particularly trapezia cymhce ( herbst , 1801 ) , is also revised .\ndavie , peter j . f . , crosnier , alain , 1997 , crustacea decapoda : deep water xanthoidea from the south - western pacific and western indian ocean , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 18 , 176 , 337 - 387\nalong with two known cheilanthane sesterterpene lactones , 1 and 2 , eight new related sesterterpenes ( 3 - 10 ) and two new nor - sesterterpenes ( 11 and 12 ) have been isolated from the new caledonian marine sponge petrosuspongia nigra bergquist 1995 ( new genus , new species ) . their structures were determined from 1d and 2d nmr studies and mass spectral data . they exhibited cytoxicity against the nsclc - n6 human bronchopulmunary non - small - cell - lung carcinoma cell lines .\n, callipeitosides b and c , two novel cytotoxic glycoside macrolides from a marine lithistida sponge callipelta sp .\nfollowing the characterization of callipeltoside a ( 1 ) , the first member of a novel class of marine glycoside macrolides , two more bioactive constituents , callipeltoside b ( 2 ) and c ( 3 ) , were isolated from callipelta sp . in very low amounts . the structures , assigned on the basis of spectral analysis , include the same 14 - membered macrolide as in callipeltoside a ( 1 ) but differed in the saccharide moieties .\n, indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa - r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom\n, azt\u00e9quynol a , the first clearly defined , c - branched polyacetylene and the analogue azt\u00e9quynol b . isolation from the tropical marine sponge petrosia sp .\naztequynol a ( 1 ) , isolated from the nepheliospongid sponge , petrosia sp . , from the banc azteque off new caledonia , represents the first case of a structurally defined c - branched polyacetylene based on high - energy collisionally - activated decomposition tandem mass spectrometry of lithium adducts which may have wide application in natural product structural analysis .\nmetabolites isolated from marine inverte - brates , callipeltin a 1 , crambescidin 2 , ptilomycalin a 3 , celeromycalin 4 , gymnochrome b 5 , gymnochrome d 6 and isogymnochrome d 7 previously shown bioactive on either herpes simplex virus 1 ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) or human immunodeficiency virus ( 1 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) , were tested on a new in vitro bioassay using the dengue virus 1 . only gymnochrome d and isogymnochrome d isolated from the living fossil crinoid gymnocrinus richeri are highly potent dengue antiviral agents .\nschubot , florina d . , bilayet hossain , m . , van der helm , dick , pa\u00efs , mary , debitus , c\u00e9cile\nthe structure and absolute configuration ( 3r , 17r ) of the indole alkaloid arborescidine c were determined by x - ray diffraction . the six - membered ring assumes a half - chair conformation and the seven - membered ring has a twist - like conformation . the crystal packing is characterized by intermolecular hydrogen - bonding between the hydroxyl group and nitrogen atom n4 which leads to the formation of infinite chains of molecules along the a - axis of the crystal . the absolute configurations of two related indole alkaloids , arborescidine b and arborescidine d are inferred from the experimentally determined configuration of arborescidin c molecule . a comparison of the present structure with that of a related indole alkaloid akagerine showed significant conformational and configurational differences . crystal data : c16h19n2obr , orthorhombic , p21212 , a = 10 . 3376 ( 8 ) , b = 15 . 461 ( 4 ) , c = 9 . 2094 ( 9 ) a , v = 1471 . 9 ( 6 ) a3 , z = 4 , dcalc = 1 . 510 g cm - 3 , a = 1 . 54178a .\nthe genera cantharus r\u00f6ding , 1798 , pollia gray in sowerby , 1834 , and cancellopollia n . g . ( type species : c . gracilis n . sp . ) are pisaniine buccinids having a small tooth ( labral spine ) at the edge of the crenulated outer lip . as defined and restricted here , these genera have a mainly indo - west pacific distribution . cantharus septemcostatus n . sp . , pollia pellita n . sp . , cancellopollia gracilis n . sp . , and c . ustulata n . sp . , are reported from deep water in the new caledonia region , and cantharus leucotaeniatus kosuge , 1985 and pollia vicdani ( kosuge , 1984 ) n . comb . are from the vanuatu . despite a narrow bathymetric ( 4154 - 560 m ) and horizontal ( northernmost norfolk ridge ) distribution , cancellopollia gracilis exhibits remarkable variation , with highly localised morphs .\ngarcia , angel , lenis , luis a . , jim\u00e9nez , carlos , debitus , cecile , qui\u00f1o\u00e1 , emilio , riguera , ricardo\nsysoev , alexander v . , bouchet , philippe , marshall , bruce a .\none species of gibberula , three species of dentimargo , and one species of protoginella are described as new from bathyal levels south from new caledonia . dentimargo caledonicus ( cossignani , 2001 ) is redescribed and a new type locality is proposed . some elements are given about the apparent distribution of the six species .\nserratifusus darragh , 1969 comprises five r\u00e9cent species , ail from new caledonia , of which three are described as new : serratifusus excelens sp . nov . , s . harasewychi sp . nov . and 5 . sitanius sp . nov . formerly known from new caledonia by only one species , the genus euthria m . e . gray , 1850 is enriched with three new species : euthria cumulata sp . nov . , e . scepta sp . nov . and e . solifer sp . nov .\nsiphonofusus\nvicdani kosuge , 1992 , a species with uncertain generic placement , and previously only known from the philippine islands and australia , is now recorded from off new caledonia ."]}
{"id": 819, "summary": [{"text": "deroplatys truncata is a species of praying mantis in the genus deroplatys in the order mantodea .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "this \" dead leaf mantis \" species is native to southeast asia . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "deroplatys truncata", "paragraphs": ["triangle dead - leaf mantis which originally comes from southern asia . we are offering l3 nymphs for sale of d . truncata\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , m\u00fcnster .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nthe mantis comes to us when we need peace , quiet and calm in our lives .\na suitable terrarium for this species would be 30cm x 30 x 30 , if space is limited yo a suitable terrarium for this species would be 30cm x 30 x 30 , if space is limited u can use a smaller terrarium with no problem , but this size allows the mantis to freely move about .\nthis mantis can be kept at between 15 and 21 degrees centigrade comfortably and does not need a drop in temperature at night . they live in the cooler malaysian highlands so don ' t like to be too hot\nspray or mist the cage every other day dependent on the type of cage . if it is a netted cage you will need to spray daily\nmantis will gorge themselves if they can and they can eat themselves to obesity . feed a large mantis like this 4 to 5 large crickets weekly .\nwhen adult , allow your mantids 8 to 14 days after their final molt before pairing with each other .\nthe female , when mated will likely lay an oothecae between 7 and 20 days later .\nwe are always eager to help . contact us either by email or live help by clicking bottom right\nlive help\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00a9 copyright bugzuk . all rights reserved . 2013 . website designed and maintained by right web design\npress j to jump to the feed . press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\ndon ' t ! mantids are awesome and spend their entire life eating things that annoy us .\nthey don ' t bite us , they don ' t sting us , and they aren ' t interested in your food . i understand being apprehensive towards insects but these dudes are 100 % in align with your beliefs .\nseriously , unless you ' re cricket sized you have nothing to fear from mantids .\nit might jump into my face and make me scream like a little girl and fall over and hit my head on the corner of something th a en die . thats not how i wanna go . don ' t kill em though e : whoops\ni watched a mantis kill crickets in a terrarium and it scarred me for life . mantids are killing machines !\nthere is also a species of praying mantis that looks like a common household tv controller . : /\ninsects . can ' t live with them . loathe killing them . lose , lose .\ni remember a couple years ago i lifted up a leaf from the ground and it had legs . it didn ' t move and was probably dead , but i stomped on it until it was a part of the ground . now i feel bad knowing it was harmless : )\nthe cool thing is they don ' t even know . millions of years of evolution has them resembling leaves more and more every generation and theyre none the wiser\non the contrary , they are very aware . when a bird swoops down to nab one of these guys , im sure they piss themselves . but wait ! the bird didnt eat one ? but how ?\noh . . . i must look like one of these leaves beside me .\nthey have been using this camouflage more and more . thus , they are alive today .\nat first i thought timmy had imaginary friends when he said the leaves are his friends . now i know he just has creepy leaf bugs for friends .\nwhat if they ' re actually leaves pretending to be praying mantis ' that look like leaves .\nin my childhood in sw ontario , we used to hunt stick - insects in a backyard willow - tree . we ' d catch them by hand , put them in my friend ' s terrarium , release them after a few days . . . . they were such alien creatures , so weird - looking , but totally harmless .\ni mean . . . . . it ' s just a mantis , it ' s not like it ' s a poisonous spider that will fuck your day .\nthis is awesome for camouflage in the trees . . . but if it ' s fall and they are on the ground those guys are definitely getting crunched by me . they look like perfect crunchy leaves\nliving in nor cal , i just recently , and i am old , stumbled upon seeing one for the first time . the one i picked up played opossum , when i touched it a shocking feel of legs springing out and to life .\nthe ones that look like bugs and stand out get eaten . the ones that don ' t stand out due to camoflauge survive to breed and pass on those genetic traits which exaggerate over generations .\nadding to what the other guy said : mantises are carnivores . the ones that are hardest to see have the best chance of catching prey and being a healthy , not starving bug .\nhow are they not trying to eat each other ? most mantids are cannibals .\ngreat camoflage . another reason why pesticides are bad for pollen distribution and general insect life .\ni feel bad now , i like stepping on leaves because of the crunch . i hope i didn ' t get one of these guys on accident .\nmy first thought was\nwhat if you jumped into a pile of leaves ?\nyou wouldn ' t know the difference between leaf and bug .\nyeah , it is weird when you think about it . but i guess with enough time it happens that the cards fell that way and they ended up looking like leaves .\nyou ' re definitely not alone in that assumption , but that ' s a lot of faith in random chance and coincidence .\nfeel free to post your own pictures , but please read the rules first ( see below ) , and note that we are not a catch - all for general images ( of screenshots , comics , etc . )\nno screenshots , no pictures with added / superimposed digital elements . this includes image macros , comics , infographics , maps , ms paint type scribbles , and most diagrams . text ( e . g . a url ) serving to credit the original author is exempt . blurring or boxing out of personal information ( e . g . faces , license plates , phone numbers ) is also exempt . screenshots includes both actual screencaptures , any image that contains gui elements , as well as photos of screens .\nno personal information / no missing - persons requests . do not witch hunt .\nsubmissions must link directly to a specific image file or to a website with minimal ads . we do not allow blog hosting of images (\nblogspam\n) , but links to albums on image hosting websites are okay . ads in album titles or descriptions are not allowed .\nno animated images , no youtube links . this applies to all file types . animated images in comments are fine .\nwe enforce a standard of common decency and civility here . please be respectful to others . personal attacks , bigotry , fighting words , otherwise inappropriate behavior or content , comments that insult or demean a specific user or group of users will be removed . regular or egregious violations will result in a ban .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nwould you like to participate in the advancement of natural science and scientific culture ? get people interested in environmental issues ? become a member of the space for life foundation and take part in its activities .\nfour times a year , you can receive our naturally curious newsletter by e - mail . teachers , keep up with the latest news of our museums with our school newsletter .\ntheir extensive live and naturalized collections , their educational capacities and their scientific research all contribute to the unique character of our museums .\nto hide from its enemies , this mantis camouflages itself in dead leaves . if necessary , it intimidates them by drawiing itself up on its hind legs and doing an aggressive dance , during which it displays the spots on its wings . this voracious insect uses the small spines on its legs to grasp its prey .\ndiscover the universe of insects : learn to recognize species and learn about their lifestyles .\nthe biod\u00f4me is closed for major renovations . see you when it reopens in summer 2019 ! \u00bb"]}
{"id": 820, "summary": [{"text": "clivina is a genus of ground beetle native to the palearctic , the nearctic , the near east and north africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it contains the following species :", "topic": 26}], "title": "clivina", "paragraphs": ["clivina ( clivina ) euphratica putzeys , 1866 ; ali 1966 : 15 ; balkenohl 2003 : 219 .\nwho or what is clivina extensicollis\nclivina extensicollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily scaritinae .\nsource :\nvanek - s * 1984 * larvae of the palaearctic species clivina collaris and clivina fossor ( coleoptera , carabidae , scaritini ) .\nrediscovery of clivina morio dejaen with the description of leucocara , a subgen . n . of clivina latreille ( coleoptera , carabidae , clivinini ) .\narticle : clivina demarzi spec . nov . , a new flightless clivina from the northern territory of australia ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae , scaritinae )\nclivina dentipes dejaen , 1825 , by original designation : kult 1947 : 31 .\nclivina alabama , habitus ( dorsal view ) ; scale bar = 1 mm .\ndetails - clivina demarzi spec . nov . , a new flightless clivina from the northern territory of australia ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae , scaritinae ) - biodiversity heritage library\nclivina collaris ( herbst ) actual length : 5 . 0 - 5 . 5 mm\nclivina lobata bonelli , 1813 cf . lobata bonelli , 1813 ? ( teste bulirsch )\nrediscovery of clivina morio dejean with the description of leucocara , a new subgenus of clivina latreille . . . y . bousquet . 2009 . zookeys 25 : 37 - 48 .\nclivina fossor ( linnaeus ) actual length : 5 . 5 . - 6 . 5 mm\nhighland lake blount co . april 2009 t . n . king / paratype clivina alabama bous\ncombination from the genus - name \u201c clivina \u201d and the specific epithet \u201c urophthalma \u201d .\nkult 1947 : 35 examined the type of clivina urophthalma putzeys , 1863 and compared it with his clivina urophthalmoides kult , 1947 ; van emden 1947 : 862\u2013863 did this as well , both authors agreed in the interpretation of clivina urophthalma putzeys , 1863 in comparison to clivina urophthalmoides kult , 1947 . the specimen of clivina urophthalma putzeys , 1863 in kult\u2019s collection fits very well putzeys\u2019 description ( putzeys 1863 : 37\u201338 ) and the interpretation of above mentioned authors .\ndrag images here or select from your computer for mary clivina ste . marie monigal memorial .\ncarabidae , clivinini , clivina : subgenus semiclivina moved to genus rank . - bugguide . net\nshare your memories of clivina d j with future generations . click here to add a memory .\nfigure 2 : clivina alabama , habitus ( dorsal view ) ; scale bar = 1 mm .\nmoved from clivina . id ' d from specimen , now a photo - voucher . thanks lisa .\nclivina ( leucocara ) laevifrons chaudoir , 1842 ; ali 1966 : 15 ; balkenohl 2003 : 220 .\ndescription of a new species of clivina latreille from southeastern united states with a key to nort . . .\ndescription of two new species of clivina latreille ( coleoptera , carabidae , clivinini ) from southeastern united states .\n20 - ix - 30 - xii - 2001 p . skelley , panel bit / holotype clivina choatei bousquet &\ndid clivina d j serve in the military ? commemorate their service . click here to add military service information .\nclivina tanganyikana is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily scaritinae . it was described by kult in 1959 .\nbanerjee - t - c ; nayer - t - k * 1981 * seasonal changes in phenology of clivina helferi putzs .\ni thought you might like to see a memorial for mary clivina ste . marie monigal i found on findagrave . com .\nbilliongraves provides you with rich family data found on the headstone of clivina d j turner . add these records to your family tree !\nthe more we know about clivina d j , the more family history work we can do for you . click here to add a relationship\npollock - d - a * 1991 * range extension and new provincial record for clivina collaris ( herbst ) ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nyes sir , i did , and your choice was the single entry above clivina . can ' t get much more blind than that !\nbilliongraves has teamed up with partners to provide confirmed matches to other sources . find more family by viewing other records for clivina d j turner .\ncarabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a\ncarabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a\npausch - r - d ; pausch - l - m * 1980 * observations on the biology of the slender seedcorn beetle , clivina impressifrons ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\narticle : carabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a\ndesender - k * 1983 * ecological data on clivina fossor ( coleoptera , carabidae ) from a pasture ecosystem . 1 . adult and larval abundance , seasonal and diurnal activity .\ncarabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a\nthe grave site of clivina d j turner . cemetery : matamata cemetery , location : matamata , waikato , new zealand . birth : not available , death : 13 dec 2005 .\nmilitary headstones often have information about when and where a person served in the military . we can use this information to connect you to other people who served with clivina d j turner\nciao a tutti ! in questo video continuo la presentazione degli insetti della mia collezione e , stavolta , vi mostrer\u00f2 uno scaritino : clivina fossor . i precedenti video di . . .\ncarabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a [ 1986 ]\nty - jour ti - clivina demarzi spec . nov . , a new flightless clivina from the northern territory of australia ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae , scaritinae ) t2 - spixiana . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , cy - m\u00fcnchen : py - 1987 sp - 187 ep - 190 sn - 0341 - 8391 au - baehr , m er -\ndetails - carabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a - biodiversity heritage library\nbanerjee - t - c ; nayek - t - k ; mondal - a - s * 1981 * the influence of moonlight on the catches of clivina helferi putzeys ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nused two keys ; dillon & dillon , and arnett ' s . got it down to scarites > clivinini on both , then to possibly clivina via arnett . how close am i ? ? ? ?\na new species of clivina , c . myops , is described from north carolina ( type locality : raleigh , wake co . ) and a key to the north america species of the fossor group is included .\nvan emden 1947 : 862\u2013863 examined type material of clivina oxyomma putzeys , 1868 , the specimen represented in kult\u2019s collection fits well van emden\u2019s interpretation of this species and the short description of putzeys ( 1868 : 10 ) .\nclivina subgenus semiclivina kult 1947 : 31\u201332 ; reichardt 1977 : 391 ; nichols 1988a : 154 ; 1988b : 91 ; ball 2001 : 136 ; lorenz 2005 : 145 ; baehr 2008 : 23 ; bousquet 2009 : 41 .\nclivina d j turner is buried in the matamata cemetery at the location displayed on the map below . this gps information is only available at billiongraves . our technology can help you find the gravesite and other family members buried nearby .\nthe subgenera of clivina latreille in the western hemisphere , and a revision of subgenus antroforceps barr ( new status ) , with notes about evolutionary aspects ( coleoptera : carabidae : clivinini ) . spec . publ . japan coleopt . soc .\n@ article { bhlpart66793 , title = { clivina demarzi spec . nov . , a new flightless clivina from the northern territory of australia ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae , scaritinae ) } , journal = { spixiana . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { m\u00fcnchen : zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , 1977 - } , author = { baehr , m } , year = { 1987 } , pages = { 187 - - 190 } , }\ncicindela torussa ; cic . viridicollis ; galeria erythrodera ; cymindis sulcicollis ; callieda rubricollis ; clivina limbipennis ; c . bipustullata ; morio monilicornis ; oodes insularis ; bembidion apicale ; acilius circumcriptus ; belonuchus agilis ; philontus varians ; platysthetus exiguus ; lispinus striola ; piestus erythropus ; dicrepidius sagranianus .\ncicindela torussa ; cic . viridicollis ; galeria erythrodera ; cymindis sulcicollis ; callieda rubricollis ; clivina limbipennis ; c . bipustullata ; morio monilicornis ; oodes insularis ; bembidion apicale ; acilius circumcriptus ; belonuchus agilis ; philontus varians ; platysthetus exiguus ; lispinus striola ; piestus erythropus ; dicrepidius sagranianus . - nypl digital collections\nsloane , t . g . 1896 ,\non the australian clivinides ( fam . carabidae ) . revision of the australian species of the genus clivina with the description of a new genus , clivinarchus\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 21 , pp . 143 - 257\nthe genera clivinopsis bedel 1895 and torretassoa schatzmayr & koch 1933 have been recorded in iraq for the first time . new records of several species of dyschirius bonelli 1810 dyschiriodes jeannel 1941 ( dyschiriini w . kolbe 1880 ) and clivina latreille 1802 ( clivinini rafinesque 1815 ) are given . the identification key to the species of dyschiriini from iraq is provided .\ngeneral research division , the new york public library . ( 1838 - 1857 ) . cicindela torussa ; cic . viridicollis ; galeria erythrodera ; cymindis sulcicollis ; callieda rubricollis ; clivina limbipennis ; c . bipustullata ; morio monilicornis ; oodes insularis ; bembidion apicale ; acilius circumcriptus ; belonuchus agilis ; philontus varians ; platysthetus exiguus ; lispinus striola ; piestus erythropus ; dicrepidius sagranianus . retrieved from urltoken\nthis is the only species of clivina that occurs in alberta . similar to dyschirius in habitus , but larger . piceous or brown , head and elytra often reddish , antennae and legs bright red . first pro - tarsal segment with dentiform prominence . basal lateral tooth of pro - tibia rudimentary or disappeared . last abdominal sternitemoderately shiny , not dull . length 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 mm .\ngeneral research division , the new york public library .\ncicindela torussa ; cic . viridicollis ; galeria erythrodera ; cymindis sulcicollis ; callieda rubricollis ; clivina limbipennis ; c . bipustullata ; morio monilicornis ; oodes insularis ; bembidion apicale ; acilius circumcriptus ; belonuchus agilis ; philontus varians ; platysthetus exiguus ; lispinus striola ; piestus erythropus ; dicrepidius sagranianus .\nthe new york public library digital collections . 1838 - 1857 . urltoken\ngeneral research division , the new york public library .\ncicindela torussa ; cic . viridicollis ; galeria erythrodera ; cymindis sulcicollis ; callieda rubricollis ; clivina limbipennis ; c . bipustullata ; morio monilicornis ; oodes insularis ; bembidion apicale ; acilius circumcriptus ; belonuchus agilis ; philontus varians ; platysthetus exiguus ; lispinus striola ; piestus erythropus ; dicrepidius sagranianus .\nnew york public library digital collections . accessed july 9 , 2018 . urltoken\nlebia viridis . lebia atrivirens . lebia smaragdula . brachinus cephalotes . b . conformis . b . fumans . b . perplexus . agonum octopunctata . a . cupripenne . anchomenus extensicollis . clivina lineolata . galerita americana . cimindis pilosa . scarites subterraneus . dyschirius globulosus . calathus gregarius . lithographs colored by hand , 1854 . paper size 11 1 / 4 x 8 3 / 4\n( 285 x 225 mm ) . good condition .\nty - jour ti - carabus auratus l . and clivina fossor l . ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : new records of two introduced taxa in the northwest and northeast u . s . a t2 - journal of the new york entomological society . vl - 95 ur - urltoken pb - allen press [ etc . ] , cy - lawrence , kan . : py - 1987 sp - 10 ep - 13 sn - 0028 - 7199 au - nelson , robert e au - reynolds , ross a er -\nthe australian clivinini 1 . the genera ancus putzeys , aspidoglossa putzeys , clivinarchus sloane , platysphyrus sloane , pseudoclivina kult , rhysocara sloane , syleter andrewes , the subgenera paraclivina kult , semiclivina kult , and the atrata - , biplagiata - , brevicornis - , coronata - , coryzoides - , cribrosa - , debilis - , denticollis - , grandiceps - , incerta - , lobata - , obliquata - , obsoleta - , orbitalis - , planiceps - , sulcaticeps - , tranquebarica - , and wurargae - groups of the genus clivina latreille . with a note on a record of the genus parathlibops basilewsky ( scapterini ) ( carabidae , scaritinae ) .\nbaehr , m . 2008 ,\nthe australian clivinini 1 . the genera ancus putzeys , aspidoglossa putzeys , clivinarchus sloane , platysphyrus sloane , pseudoclivina kult , rhysocara sloane , syleter andrews , the subgenera paraclivina kult , semiclivina kult , and the atrata - , biplagiata - , brevicornis - , coronata - , coryzoides - , cribrosa - , debilis - , denticollis - , grandiceps - , incerta - , lobata - , obliquata - , obsoleta - , orbitalis - , planiceps - , sulcaticeps - , tranquebaria - and wurargae - groups of the genus clivina latreille . with a note on a record of the genus parathlibops basilewsky ( scapterini ) ( carabidae , scaritinae )\n, coleoptera , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 220\nyakushimana nakane , 1963 , cicindela yakushimanus nakane & ishida , 1961 , pterostichus yakushimanus nakane , 1955 , therates yakutiae nilsson & larson , 1990 , agabus yakutiae nilsson , 1990 , hydroporus yamaguchii kasahara , 1991 , platynus [ colpodes ] yamajii kasahara , 1995 , apatrobus yamajii kasahara , 1993 , pterostichus yamaokai ishikawa & kubota , 1994 , carabus yamato nakane , 1953 , carabus [ apotomopterus ] yamato miyatake , 1985 , tenomerga yamatonis habu , 1975 , agonum [ platynus ] yamauchii takami & ishikawa , 1997 , carabus yamauchii u\u00e9no , 1993 , oroblemus yamauchii morita , 1992 , pterostichus yamauchii u\u00e9no , 1982 , yamautidius yamizonis u\u00e9no , 1988 , kurasawatrechus yanfoueri morvan , 1996 , xestagonum [ colpodes ] yangmingensis deuve , 1995 , carabus yangminshanicus font , 1997 , carabus yangpachensis hieke , 1997 , amara yangxianensis deuve , 1999 , carabus yanjinganus imura & mizusawa , 1998 , carabus yanmenensis deuve , 1996 , carabus yanoi jedlicka , 1951 , bembidion yanoi kult , 1951 , clivina yanoi nakane , 1963 , lymnastis yanoi kult , 1949 , reicheiodes [ dyschirius ] yanyuanicus cavazzuti , 1996 , carabus yao imura , 1999 , carabus yaophilus deuve , 1990 , carabus yaraligozi s . battoni , 1982 , carabus yasudai u\u00e9no , 1972 , caecidium yasudai ishikawa , 1971 , carabus [ procrustes ] yasudai u\u00e9no , 1973 , trechus yasuii habu , 1974 , negreum [ platynus ] yasujense morvan , 1973 , bembidion [ nepha ] yasumatsui habu , 1953 , perigona yasumatsui habu , 1955 , synuchus [ calathus ] yatsenkokhmelevskyi iablokoff ? khnzorian , 1960 , duvalius [ trechus ] yatsuana nakane , 1960 , nippononebria yatsuensis straneo , 1955 , pterostichus yatsuensis morita , 1997 , trichotichnus yayeyamensis sat\u00f4 , 1971 , orectochilus yedoensis kan\u00f4 , 1933 , cylindera [ cicindela ]\nsnizek , ( cdw ) . 4247 paratypes : argentina : 2 ex . , argentine republic , villa ana , f . c . s . fe , december 1924 , k . j . hayward , paratype clivina marquardti van emden , ( cdw ) ; 1 ex . , dtto , january 1926 , ( cdw ) ; 1 \u2640 , dtto , december 1925 , at light , ( cdw ) ; 1 \u2642 , argentine , prov . corrientes , zw . lago ibera & santo tome , 26 . 09 . 1997 , ( cdw ) ; 84 \u2642 , 69 \u2640 , 4046 ex , argentina ne , s of corrientes , river parana , 16 . 01 . 2009 , leg . m . snizek , ( cbp , cdw , cbm , nmw ) ; 1 \u2642 , 1 \u2640 , argentina , nc , gran chaco , salada riv . , s of macapilo ( se salta ) , 20 . 01 . 2009 , leg . m . snizek , ( cdw ) ; 3 \u2642 , 3 \u2640 , argentina nw , salta prov . , chicoana riv . , el carril , 28 . 01 . 2009 , leg . m . snizek , ( cdw ) ; 6 \u2642 , 8 \u2640 , argentina nw , salta prov . , andes mts . , n of cachi , 2600 m , 25 . 01 . 2009 , leg . m . snizek , ( cdw ) ; 8 \u2642 , 5 \u2640 , argentina n , s of salta ( 50 km ) , e of coronel moldes , 23 . 01 . 2009 , leg . m . snizek , ( cdw ) ; 1 ex . , s - amerika : argentinia , prov . entre rios / dept colon , 5 . - 10 . ii . 1989 , leg . liebig , ( cbm ) ; brazil : 2 \u2642 , 1 \u2640 , corumba , matt . grosso , cl . urophthalmoides kult , paratypes ( cdw ) ; 3 \u2642 , corumba , matt . grosso , cl . urophthalmoides kult , ( cdw ) ; paraguay : 2 ex . paraguay , s . antonio , ( cdw ) ; 1 \u2642 paraguay , prov . pres hayes , buffalo bill , 23 . 16s 58 . 54w 108 m , 01 . 12 . 2010 sv . bily leg . , ( cdw ) ; 2 ex . , paraguay asuncion , 2 . x . 1991 , ( cbm ) .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n20 spp . ( of which 3 adventive ) in 4 subgenera in our area , ~ 400 spp . in 9 subgenera worldwide\ncatalogue of geadephaga ( coleoptera , adephaga ) of america , north of mexico bousquet y . 2012 . zookeys 245 : 1\u20131722 .\nillustrated identification guide to adults and larvae of northeastern north american ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) yves bousquet . 2010 . pensoft publishers .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nsize 6 to 7 mm . this beetle is all dark brown with studded rows or lines running the length of its elytra . it has adaptations for a life underground . the tarsal segments on the front pair of legs are broadened for digging . this enables exploitation other food sources .\ncommon in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 178 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthis is a taxonomically difficult genus , probably due for a modern revision . many species are difficult to distinguish ; i have done the best i can on these , and believe the identifications to be correct on the specimens figured . i have provided links to photos of key criteria identified by lindroth for three species .\nprobably throughout much of maine ; on sand and finer inorganic substrates , at margins of rivers as well as still waters ( lakes and ponds ) . this specimen is from sidney ( kennebec county ) . easily distinguished by the divergent raised lines on the first complete abdominal segment . ( usually much darker than this teneral specimen . )\neastern north america , south at least to louisiana ; in nova scotia , new brunswick , and southern quebec and ontario in canada .\nprobably more widely distributed in maine , but thus far known only from specimens collected at skowhegan , along the kennebec river . this is one of the two specimens collected at that site .\na european introduction , known in massachusetts from 1838 , but thus far only documented from widely spaced sites across north america : massachusetts , new hampshire , quebec , ontario , ohio , manitoba , british columbia and washington state .\ntranscontinental in north america , from the canadian maritimes to british columbia and washington state , south at least to georgia .\noften confused with c . fossor , but narrower and flatter , with more parallel - sided elytra . the protibiae of the two species seem to be very reliable for separations . this specimen is from newport ( somerset county ) .\nin southern ontario and southern quebec , in the u . s . west to minnesota and colorado , south to alabama and texas .\nknown in the state from three specimens only , from berwick and belgrade ; this is one of two collected in belgrade ( kennebec county ) . identified by both y . bousquet and g . e . ball . the belgrade record was the first from new england for this species .\ngenerally down the length of the appalachians , from pennsylvania and new york south to alabama , florida and texas .\nbousquet , y . , and a . larochelle , 1993 : catalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelinae ) of america north of mexico .\nlindroth , carl h . , 1961 - 1969 : the ground - beetles ( carabidae , excl . cicindelinae ) of canada and alaska , parts 1 - 6 . opuscula entomologica , supplementa xx , xxiv , xxix , xxiii , xxxiv , xxxv ; lund , sweden : entomogiska sallskapet ; xlviii + 1192 pp .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\nin habitus , but larger . piceous or brown , head and elytra often reddish , antennae and legs bright red . first pro - tarsal segment with dentiform prominence . basal lateral tooth of pro - tibia rudimentary or disappeared . last abdominal sternitemoderately shiny , not dull . length 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 mm .\nthis introduced species has a rather disjunct distribtion across the northern united states and most of canada . in alberta this species in known only from the edmonton area .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\ndescription : a small ( 5 . 5 - 6 . 5mm ) , black ground beetle with fossorial habits , found commonly under stones , among litter and in grass tussocks on all types of open ground . it has the thorax divided from the abdomen by a waist and the forelegs are modified for digging as in the related dyschirius species .\nworld distribution : a common eurasian boreo - temperate species ( 55 ) found across the whole of europe and siberia to kamchatka , and introduced to north america .\necology : a widespread species of arable cultivation preferring open , loamy habitats , but also common in hedge banks and riparian habitats . there are records for several hill and mountain summits where it occurs on well - drained peaty or gravelly soils to about 800m altitude .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na treatise on the western hemisphere caraboidea ( coleoptera ) : their classification , distributions , and ways of life , volume iii . carabidae - loxomeriformes , melaeniformes\nlocation : new york city inventory number : 92408 price : $ 65 . 00\npublisher : published new york ; d . appleton & co . , boston ; gould , kendall & lincoln .\nplate 18 . from\nnatural history of new york . agriculture of new - york : composition and distribution of the soils and rocks . . . more common and injurious species of insects .\ntext on plate ; e . emmons , jr . del . , lith . of richd . h . pease , albany . text sheet included .\n150 lexington avenue new york , ny 10016 t ( 212 ) 683 - 3950 f n / a info @ urltoken www . urltoken\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : author : c1b72c11 - 229f - 449c - 8763 - 6898c950a3a7\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : author : b32c97f5 - 7d05 - 4887 - 9399 - 236c9c8af75d\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : b60ad52d - 0e19 - 4963 - b42f - c4a3e2047e33\nthe nominotypical subgenus and is known from six specimens collected in northern florida . \ue01ee species is\namong others by its smaller size and wider elytral striae . \ue01ee second species ,\nbarr and is known from two specimens collected in north - central alabama . \ue01ee\nfers among others in the absence of eyes and in having the pronotum and elytra proportionally wider .\n17 species of which three are adventive on this continent . \ue01eese species are arrayed in\ntance across both elytra . \ue01ee standardized body length ( sbl ) is the sum of the lengths\nof head , pronotum , and elytra , as speci\ue01ced above . \ue01ee apparent body length ( abl ) is\nthe length measured from the apex of the mandibles to the apex of the abdomen .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 00e3504b - 3898 - 4ff5 - 81c1 - 83097a64d4e4\nholotype , male , labeled : \u201cflorida : levy co . 4 . 0mi sw archer\nco . 4 . 0mi sw archer on rt . 24 ; 1 - 16 - v - 2001 p . skelley , panel bit\u201d ; 2 specimens\nlabeled \u201cflorida : levy co . 4 . 0mi sw archer 25 - i - 1992 ; heyer , skillman , skel -\nley geomys chambers\u201d ; 2 females labeled \u201cgilchrist co . n . bell , 1mi . s . rt . 340 on\nrt . 129 / 40 ; 4 - xii - 1997 to 20 - iii - 1998 ; p . skelley\nsupraorbital seta near level of posterior edge of eye . eye small , \ue01bat . antennomere 2\nnot acuminate , apex more or less rounded , not quite reaching apex of lobe .\nsion , deep . proepisternum with punctures on anterior half . metepisternum with punc -\nas wide or almost so as corresponding intervals , sides of striae wavy . intervals \ue01bat ;\n\ue01cve setigerous punctures ; intervals 6 and 7 not carinate near base . lateral edge along\nwithout coxal lines ; visible sternites with coarse , shallow but dense punctures laterally .\nhave been in the burrows . \ue01ee holotype and paratypes collected in \u201cpanel bit\u201d were\nfar away from any rodent burrows . \u201cbit\u201d stands for \u201cburrow intercept trap\u201d and was\ncounties which are part of the northern brooksville ridge . \ue01eis is one of many isolated\nand animals . a brief discussion of this area is given in bousquet and skelley ( 2010 ) .\nthe median lobe of the aedeagus did not di\ue01der signi\ue01ccantly between the two species .\nwill key out to couplet 6 . \ue01ee following modi\ue01ccation should be made to incorpo -\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4937b489 - b81c - 496f - a78f - 5925d330d7f6\nholotype labeled : \u201cal : 0 . 5 mi s highland lake blount co . oct . 22 ,\n2009 t . n . king / blind carabid hl - 10 . 22 . 09 rock 1000\u2019 [ handwritten ] / holotype\ncollection of insects , ottawa , ontario . paratype ( 1 specimen ) labeled : \u201cal : 0 . 5 mi s\nquet . \u201d \ue01ee specimen is deposited in r . michael brattain collection ( lafayette , indiana ) .\npeal suture very shallow . frons without median fovea . eye absent . antennomeres 6\u201310\n6 and 7 carinate through most of length ; interval 3 with \ue01cve setigerous punctures .\npine / hardwood area above a stream following heavy rains ( r . michael brattain , per -\nconvex , and the interval 6 carinate only on anterior fourth . \ue01ee genitalia of the two\nwill key out to couplet 2 . \ue01ee following modi\ue01ccation should be made to incorporate\neyes absent . pronotum slightly transverse ( pl / pw = 0 . 96\u20130 . 98 ) ; elytra pro\neyes present , small . pronotum elongate ( pl / pw = 1 . 11 - 1 . 17 ) ; elytra propor\ncarabidae ) from florida . \ue01ee coleopterists bulletin 64 : 45\u201349 . doi : 10 . 1649 / 0010 - 065x -\ntaxonomic remarks about semiclivina ( kult , 1947 ) new status , with description of uroclivina subgen . n . , and of two new species from south america ( coleoptera , carabidae , scaritinae , clivinini )\nmade keys for the identification of all genera and species - group taxa of cerambycidae in canada and alaska and provided data about distribution , host plants , etc .\nbook review : cat\u00e1logo de los carabidae ( coleoptera ) de la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica / catalogue of the carabid . . .\nreview of the tribe melolonthini in the southeastern united states ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : melolo . . .\nthis paper reviews the tribe melolonthini ( scarabaeidae , melolonthinae ) in the southeastern united states , primarily in the states of mississippi , alabama , georgia , and northern florida . four new species are described : gronocarus inornatus , hypothyce burnei , polyphylla donaldsoni , and polyphylla woodruffi . one new synonymy is made : gronocarus multispinosus howden is synonymized under . . . [ show full abstract ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nfound in sweep net . sweeping through weeds and grass in a open field .\ncontributed by lisa i . on 7 may , 2015 - 10 : 46pm last updated 28 june , 2017 - 2 : 24am\nthis new state record for ky is added to the post - 2012 caraboid registry . thank you brad for alerting us .\ndownload the free billiongraves mobile app for iphone and android before you go to the cemetery and it will guide you right to the gravesite .\nundefined\nwikipedia : the free encyclopedia . wikimedia foundation , inc . 22 july 2004 . web . 10 aug . 2004 . ,\n* by entering your email address you will create a new free billiongraves account .\ndownload the free bg app and you ` ll be able to contribute , and have access to our worldwide headstone database .\n\u00a9 2018 billiongraves holdings , inc . . all rights reserved / terms of use / privacy policy\ndicheirotrichus mannerheimii ( r . f . sahlberg , 1844 ) nt nu bc lb mb qc yt\nlawrence , kan . : allen press [ etc . ] , 1893 - 2007 .\nnative to the palaearctic , adventive in na and now widespread in ne . & nw . na ( nf - on - mn to pa - ? il - wi ; bc - or to sk - wy )\nthe ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) of the maritime provinces of canada . . . c . g . majka , y . bousquet , & s . westby . 2007 . zootaxa 1590 : 1\u201336 .\nel material contenido en esta p\u00e1gina puede ser libremente utilizado bajo los t\u00e9rminos de la licencia creative commons . cualquier uso de car\u00e1cter comercial debe ser consultado previamente con los autores . este obra est\u00e1 bajo una licencia creative commons atribuci\u00f3n - nocomercial - compartirigual 3 . 0 unported .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about , follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\n\u0096f\u0098 - \u0004 ; \u001b\u00bez\u00bd\u00a3\u00b9\u00ab\u00ea6\u00f6\u00be p\u00f4 \u0096 ) \u00e4n\u00fe < - \u00ea\u00b6n\u00e2\u00ec\u00a3\u0089\u0010 $ \u0005\u00874p\u00e6e\u008c\u000e\u00ec\u00926 $ \u0005\u0007\u0001h\u00edk\u00e7\u00e1\u00b1\u0018\u00f1 ( 5\u00e7 5\u0081\u0002 ? \u00e4 ` g ` x\u009e \u008f\u00ea\u00b7\u00a9\u00f1 _ \u0080e\u00a8q @ \u00b7\u00acw\u00f3\u00e8\u00ec\u0001\u00b8\u0080\u0005o\u00fd\u008cq\u0000\u00a3e\u00bd \\ vn\u0004\u00b8\u00e7\u00f6\u009bzx\u009b\u00f3\u00ea - e\u00b8\u00e3\u0018\u00a7\u00fa\u00f4\u00f8\u00d7b + \u00ecc\u0013\u00ef\u0018 \u0016\u008c\u00aa\u009f ! \u0001\u00e9d\u00a6\u00ee\u00e0\u0093wu\u009b @ \u00f1 ! \u0005\u0098\u00d7\u00e8 $ \u000e\u0095\u00b2 ~ \u008a\u00ef / \u00f06\u0094\u000e\u00f3\u001a\u00aa\u00bb\u00fb\u00acf\u0084\u0001 - 4\u001b ^ o\u00e1\u00f8\u00b6n\u00ab\u00f8\u00f6\u00e7q\u00b6\u00f1\u00ee\u00fd7\u00fb\u0095\u00fd\u00b0j { \u0084\u00f4\u00e9\u009ae\u00ea\u00a4x\u00b8\u00fc\u00ed\u00e5\u00ec\u00ea\u00eb\u009f\u0017\u007fg\u00feo1\u008fd\u00f6 \u00ef\u0086 4\u00e6\u00e5\u0097\u00e8\u00ecg\u00e4b & \u0091p\u0014\u0094\u00e7\u00e6j\u00f6\u00e7 ? \u009f\u00b3\u00ef ~ \u00efn\u0092\u0014\u00f6\u00b7\u00b86\u0005\u008f \u00eb { \u008c # \u0002\u00aa ~ w\u00edn\u00ac t ` / \u0013a\u0010\u0014u\u00bb\u00ea\u0013t\u0087\u00e2\u00e1\u00bc\u0081\u0006 { i\u00e6\u00ec\u0000\u00f9 \u00fd\u00bapp\u00e0\u00ed\u009b\u00f5\u00aa\u009a ' \u00e3p \u0019\u00a8 \u0080\u00e5b\u00e7f\u0006 # aur8u\b\u000e\u00f5\u00f6a\u0084 \\ \u0088h\u00b9\u008fa\u00b2\u00a6\u00abd ( \u00a2\u0099 % \u0088p\u008a2k\u00bb\u00f1\u00e1\u00fdg\u00e7\u00efn\u00a1\u0016\u00a5\u00fd\u00fbn\u00ac\u00ab \u00e4\u00be\u00fd\u00ad\u00d7i\u00ee\u00ef\u0086 ` \u00f5\u0010\u00ec\u00fb\n\u00fd\u00bf\u007f ` m % \u00f5\u0097\u00e5\u00f8\u00ec\u00b5\u0090\u00f3\u0013y\u0088\u0006\u00e0 \u00e4 \\\n\u00edqkd\u00f6 > 6\u008d\u00a3 ^ \u00123\u009cvc\u00a7\u0019\nnx1\u009c\u00f6\u00f9\u00f3 t\u0098n\u00f1\u00f3\u00fer\u00e3s ` rnu\u008a\u000f\u00fe\n33\u00ecb\u008c\u00a7\u00ee8\u008a\u00a4\u00bb\u00ac\u00be\u00ed\u008b\u0092\u00aa $ \u00e2 ! \u00e8u\u0095\u0084\u00b9 = \u008ewho ( \u00a2kl\u00ec\u0099\u00fckx \u0000\u00f4\u00bd f\u00fc\u00bd\u0082\u00ff\u00d7\u009b\u00f2i\u00b7\u009d\u00bbz\u0093 \u00ad > ni\u00a3\u00d7u\u00ecip\u00bd\u0099w ~ \u00bb\u0019\u00e3\u0081\u009c\u00a8\u00a1x\u0018 : \u0096 ` % \u00f4\u00abg\u0089 \u0001\u00f2\u00d7\u00f5\u009d\u00fb % \u0082\u0003\u00f7\nce\u008ej , \u0016\u00f5\u008e\u0016u\u00e4\u00eb\u008e\u00af ) \u00b3ob\b % p r\u00fc\u0013\u00e3\u00edv\u00b0 u\u00ea\u00e0v\u008ab \u009f\u00eb\u00edx\u001a\u0019\u00fd + ( \u00e7k\u00e1\u00f4 _ & \u0092\u0019\u0095 w\nm ? \u00f1p ) \u0096me ' \u00f7\u00f7\u00e2\u0014\u00f8m\u00e4\u00be\u00bd . \u00b9\u008eq\u009a\u00e0\u00f4\u0090 ' \u000fa\u00fa\u00e5 \u00b2e\u00acv\u00fd \u00a1 ypk ] b\u0089\u0004 & \u00fb\u00f6\u00e1\u0017k\u00ee \u00ff\u00f6\u00f1\u00a7 $ ' \u00f2\u00ef0\u00df _ \u00f6\u0013\u00fc\u0089k\u00a4\u0012\u00ec ` m : $ s\u00afu\u00e2\u0002\u00f9\u0005kp\u00f4\u00b9\u0018\u0003\u0015\u00ae\u0014\u00f8 \u00ac\u00f0\u001a10\u00a8cs\u00fe\u0092\u00ec\u00bb\u0016 , i\u0018\u00df\u0087\u00bc\u00e3 = \u00bbu\u00eb\u00ea\u00e7\u00bai\u0094b\u00b0\u00e6\u0005e\u00e3\u0000b = \u00b8\u00aa\u00ef\u00e3\u0091\u008c\u00be\u0000q\u00fdl\u00e6\u00e9\u00ed\u00ea\u0098x\u0086\u0095gj\u00f0bx\u00b8\u00f9t . \u00fd\u00aa\u0016\u0098\u0082\u00b0l \u00e2\u0099\u009b7\u00fb\u008e\u0016\u00ea ` hjp\u00e7\u00f9 \u0005 # } io\u0080\u0002l\u00ed\u000e \u009b\u00f8no\u00b0\u00f1\b9\b2\u00fc\u0018 _ \u00bc ~ \u001b ! \u009e\u00ee < \u00fejc % \u00eb\u00ed\u00e65\u00ff\u00f6k\u009f\u00bf | \u0087 ? \u00a32t , \u0004 ` \u0088\u00e9\u00e8\u008c\u00e0s ? i _ \u00ba ! 5 \u008a\u00a5\u0088\u00e2\u0086\u00ab\u00eax\u00fc # \u0094t\u008e\u008e\u00a4 | srx\u00b4\u00f3 ( \u00e3 { \u00ac\u00f9\u00f20\nz\u008f\u00ae\u00a5\u0016 \u00e1\u00a7\u00b55\u0087n\u00bd , \u009dk\u00f2\u00f2\u00eas\u00b6d - \u00e6p ` _ z\u00f9 \u00f7 ( \u008e - 9\b\u009e\u009e\u00ec\u00ba\u00e3 _ \u009br\u00a4\u000f8\u00ac\u0090\u00073\u00ee\u0010\u0096\u009f\u00aa\u0004g\u0095\u0014\u00a9t # \u00e6\u00f8\u00fc5\u00fbd\u00fe\u00e0\u00b6 ` ^ \u00a3\u00e3p\u00fe\u00b6\u00ad\u00e7\u0094\u00a56 ( \u00f58\u008a\u00ff\u00ebdd = \u00a6k\u0016\u00e2\u00fe\u00f2u\u00f5c\u0096\u00ac\u00fd\u00bb\u00e3\u00b8\u00f5 [ \u001b\u00fe 2\u00f2oh\u00a1u\u009c\u00e2\u00edi\u00e8p\u009etn\u00fc\u00f6pb\u008f\u0091 > \u0016o _ g\u00e4\u00ec4\u00fd _ \u0080\u0001\u0000\u000e\u00b393 endstream endobj 14 0 obj < < / length 1423 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h\u0089\u0094wkr\u00fbf\u0010 = \u0001\u00ef\u0080m * \u00f2\n\u00e8\u00fc ? \u00eb8e\u00af\u0092m\u00a2te\u00e1 db\u0012 , \u008a ` \u0001\u00b0\u0018\u00e7 & \u00b9m\u0006\u0098n\u0090\u00ea\u0019h\u00e4\u0086u ( n\u00ef\u00f4\u00e7\u00f5\u00eb\u00d7e\u00e1j\u00e6xq\u00bb\u00fd\u00fc\u00f4 \u008a\u00fb\u00af\u001bv m\u008b\u00fb\u00f3\u00e6\u00fb\u00f8\u00ef\u00bf\u009b\u009fx\u00e9\u009d\u009e\u00ee\u0014 } 3\u00e0\u00b1\u00d7f\u00a2\u00e4l\u008ef\u009c\u009b ; \u00edl\u00b4k\u0088u\u000f\u00dfr\u0099\u00d7\u008f \u00b7\u00ac\u008c6\u00e7\u00ae\u00ee\u00eb\u00e3p\u0013\u00f3 < \u00e8\u00a4m \u0094\u008e\u00e7\ne7\u00fe\u0001 ) \u00fc\u00b6\u00fb } \u00bd ] \u00a85 / \u0095t ` ` \u00e1 ` \u00f7\u00adkh\u00fa \u00e0\u00fb\u00e9\u00e9z\u00ee\u00fce\u00b1 qx\u00ec : 5 : n \\ r - & \u00e1\u00ac\u00af\u009e\u00b3v\u00bc\u0014\u00fc\u0081o\u008e\u0001p\u00eb\u00aei\u0017\n\u00111\u0092\u0095\u00a8 ' \u0011\u008d\u00ede\u0000\u0019\u00fc { b ' \u00f6\u0081b\u00fap\u00f9 : ph\u0019aqg ^ \u00fe\u000e [ \u00ed\u0010\u000fvd7\u009f\u00eb\u00a4q\u0010 = \u00ee\u00884 + v\u0082 ! \u00ed\u00e5 = | \u00abhuv\u00f5\u00a6\u00f0\u00f0\u0017\u0017\u00f3\u00f3hawu\u00d75\u0014 ` \u00f4\u009b\u0092\u0002\u00ee y = 6\u00e3 } \u00b5 ' \u00e7\u00f7p\u00fe0d\u00b0\u0002 @ \u000e ] u\u00ecf '\nh\u00a33\u0002 ! \u00b2\u00af\u00b6k\u00e4 & \u00a1\u00f8k 2\u009e\u00b0z4 t\u0004 ' , \u00a5\u00ba\u00b1\u0016\u00f0 ~ \u007fj\u00f0 | \u00bc\u001a3v\u0005\u00ec\u0088\u0000e\u00b5\u000e3bgf8 = . l\u0091\u00e0 j\u00a6 @ g\u00ac\u0015 - \u00a5\u00eb ' \u00fe\u00e8\u00b4w\u00b9\u0086j\u009e\u00fav\u00b7\u0000 < \u00e1 \u00f6 ] \u0000m\u00ed\u00fbm\u00b5hdzj8 / 5 \u00b3\u00fa } \u00b5\u00a4\u00e8 \u00f0 @ \u00b94 \u008e\u0001\u00f14\u00b4\u0018\u008f\u0010\b\u0019\u00ee\u0011 ` \u008b\u00e4\u0015\u00e6b : \u00f3\u0014tz\u00fb\u00f54\u0098 ' \u009c , \u00e3 * \u0002\u00fbea\u00aa\u008d\u00ef ) \u009e\u0000 \u00b3\u00d7 \u00e9k\u0087u\u00b8 \u00a8\u00d7b\u0005\u00aef\u008e\u008e\u00adq \u00e3\u00a9 : \u00f0j\u0097\u00f8urbf\u0015\u00e0\u00e2v\u00a9e\u0003 ! e \u008e\u00fdm\u00df\u009efav [ \u00e4\u0002 ~ ew\u00fb\u00a8 $ \u00e6\u009b\u00e1\u008dj\u00df\u00e6 ' y @ \u000f\u00a7tpnoc\u00933 : \u00e0g2 : \u00f4\u00f56\u008b\u00e9 \u00f5\u00bc\u00ed\u00f4\u00fd\u0088yg0b\u00e8\u00e0 \u00a3u\u00eal\u0082\u00836\u00a4\u0084\u0002r\u00e5\u00ea\u00ea3 mw0\u008a2\u00b1\u00f4\u00f7 \u009d\u0011\u00f1\u0019\u00192\b \u00e4\u00f0gq \u008f ] \u00fbo\u00f3 \u009a\u009c\u00b2\u00fbwl\u0090i\u00f5 wo \u0088\u00e0\b\u00e2\u00f3\u0082p\u008f ] \u0098\u0011\u00b28 { | \u0014\u0010d9\u00ebw\u0087 \u008e\u008b\u00f7 \u009b\u00b8\u00e0\u00b5c\u0002\u0019\u00e8 n\u00f4\u009e\u00a5\u009a\u0017\u00e5 ] \u009e\u00b9\u00e2\u00fc\u00b7\u00fe : \u00b7\u00ae \u00f4\u00b2tk\u0015 + \u0003q\u0092p\u0018r\u009fw4\u00b6\u00ab\u0004\u0087k\u0097\u0007\u008d\u00e2\u00f2\u00ef\u00a1\u00e9\u00ab \u00b0 = \\ l \u0018\u00e3\u009f [ j ' \u00e8\u009a\u00933\u00f5 \u0017\u000f\u00ff\u001a8\u00fc ) \u00ebkc\u0095px \u000e\u009e | \u00aah\u00e7 ? \u00ee\u00f5\u0091\u00f3\u00b8sw\u00e8 n\u00ee2 \u00df\u00f1 ! | \u009cw $ f8s\u00fb \u00fa\u00a6 _ \u0018\u00a6\u0093 \u00e2\u00ab\u0091\u007f\u00ad\u00a8 \u0082\u00a9\u00f4kd - u\u00ef\u00a3\u0080\u0098\u00970\u00f4m\u0081\u00f9\u00fb\u0081j0\u00ec\u00b6\u009f\u00b3\u00e5 % dw\u00fb - ? a\u00e2\u0092\nrj\u0007\u00fb + \u00900\u00b1\u00b3\u00a8x\u0084\u0083g\u0094\u00e5g\u00b2\u00fc7\u00a6r\u009add @ k\u0014\u00bb\u00a6z\u00ae\u0087d\u00a8\u00ed\u00fb\u00a5\u00b3\u0099 % j\b\u00fc\u00be\u00b2\u0003k\u008a @ $ - \u00e2\n> / font < < / f0 25 0 r / f1 26 0 r / f2 27 0 r / f3 28 0 r / f4 29 0 r / f5 30 0 r / f6 31 0 r / f7 32 0 r / f8 33 0 r / f9 34 0 r / f10 35 0 r / f11 36 0 r > > / procset [ / pdf / text / imageb ] > > endobj 18 0 obj < < / s / javascript / js < 746869732e6c61796f75743d2254776f506167654c656674223b0d0a > > > endobj 19 0 obj < < / length 7978 / filter / flatedecode > > stream x\u009c\u00bd = \u00fbr\u00fcfv _ \u007f ` \u00e5e\u00b9 . k\u00f4w\u0000\u009b\u00fati\u00f4e\u00fe\u00e8\u0096\u0012i\u00e3\u00aady\u0000a\u0090\u0083\u0015\u0006\u0098\u00e5 ` d\u00f3\u00ff\u0091\u00ffm \u00f4\u0005\u0014\u00ee\u00fd\u00e0\u00a8\u00b6\u00ea + \u0092\u009898 } \u00ee\u00d7\u00fe\u00e73 \u00a1 c\u00e8 \u00fe\u0017\u0084d\u0017\u0086\u00f2 _ ; $ \u007f\u00f3 \\ \u00fe\u009f @ w\u00e9\u00e1\u00ea\u00f9\u008b\u00ec\u0010\u0089\u00e8\u00ea\u00bb\u00f2\u00f9\u007f \\ = { \u00f5\u00e1\u0019\u00bd\u00fap = so = \u00fdo\u00f5\u00f0\u008c\u00f1 \u0097 x\u00b4 \u00e47 } \u00b8\u00f3\u008f } \u00f8\u00ed\u0019ft\u00fd\u00f3\u008fg / ~ \u0090\u008f\u00ec\u0002\u00f8\u00e1\u00fe\u0099\u00fc\u00efi > e\u0018\u00bf\u00fa\u0090 < \u00bb ~ \u00fb\u00fa\u00a7 ? _ } \u00f8\u0087\u00f9 \u00fcf\u00ff\u00ec9\u0081\u00ef\u0091\u00efe\u0084\u00fa\u00eb\u00f5\u00df\u00fe\u00fe\u00fd ? \u007fy\u00f9y\u00fe\u008d\u00fe9\u008a\u0002x ^ \u00fe ! \u008c\u00f4\u00e3o ; o\u00fe\u00f0\u00fc\u008cw\u0098g\u00fa\u009b ) \u00e7\u00ea\u00f1\u00f77 ? } \u00ff\u00ebm\u00e7\u00f9\u00ef\u009b\u009f\u00bf\u00ff0 } \u0006 $ v\u0082\u00a9c ` d\u00f2\u0010\u00e4n < 9\u00048q\u00ac ^ \u00f5o \u00e8\u00bb\u00e6g\u00b2\u0093\u009f78 \u00eae\u00bf\u001by\u0092\u00f1\u00b0\u0001h\u00f0\u008e ` \u0001\u0000\u009f\u0003\u00a5\u0003\u00f5\u00a9\u00bf\u00bf\u00ef\u009e\u00f2 { \u00fd3 \u00a3\u00ee\u008b\u00ea\u00efaj\u00f4\u00e7 ^ \u00fe\u00f2\u00f9\u0098\u0002\u00efv\u0004 \u00fa\b1 # \u00f3o\u0086\u0002\u00a4 e\u00e6k _ \u008d\u00a1\u001b2x4\u0012\u00bb\u0000\u0088 ? thp\u0014\u009a\u001b ~ ~ y\u00f3\u00e6\u00fb . 7\u00fc\u00b2\u0088f \\ 2 . 0 , \u00f0\u008c\u00b0 \u009a\u0089\u000e\u00e3j , \u0004s\u0087 * : \u0090\u0083e\u00901\u0097\u00df\u0000\nc % \u00e7\u00f6d & \u00fc\u00f1\u0080\u008d # \u00ee\u001a @ ^ \u00bez3\u00e8\u00a9x\u0017 2\u00ebv\u00d7wx\u00f1\u009b \u00a2\u00f8\u001ak\u0001\u009c\u0092m\u00fc\u0093m + \u0099\u00f9\u00a9n @ \u0081\u00a4\u0005\u0002 > y } u\u00fe\u009b _ \u0011\u0012\u00a8 _ = t\u00e5\u00b9\u00b8k ~ - \u00e9\u0012\u0011\u00f5\u00fb\u00fb4\u00ad\u00f3\u00f4\u00a41 % ! w\u00bfn\u00ea\nfunded in part by award deb0447694 from the national science foundation to m . caterino .\ncontent of database e : \\ www _ da ~ 1 \\ portal \\ carab _ zr . dbf ( project\ncoleoptera\n) - part 2\nfuester - r - w ; taylor - p - b * 1996 * differential mortality in male and female gypsy moth ( lepidoptera : lymantriidae ) pupae by invertebrate natural enemies and other factors .\nfrisch - b ; fleissner - g ; fleissner - g ; brandes - c ; hall - j - c * 1996 * staining in the brain of pachymorpha sexguttata mediated by an antibody against a drosophila clock - gene product : labeling of cells with possible importance for the beetle ' s circadian rhythms .\nfranzen - m * 1995 * new records of carabus irregularis fabricius , 1792 from rhineland - palatinate ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nfinch - s ; edmonds - g - h * 1994 * undersowing cabbage crops with clover - the effects on pest insects , ground beetles and crop yield .\nfinch - s * 1996 * effect of beetle size on predation of cabbage root fly eggs by ground beetles .\nfernandez - cortes - j - a * 1996 * a new specie [ species ] of laemostenus ( antisphodrus schaufuss , 1865 ) from andalusia ( spain ) ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nfedorenko - d - n * 1996 * reclassification of world dyschiriini , with a revision of the palearctic fauna ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\nfavilli - l * 1996 * notes on the predators of cephalota circumdata leonschaeferi ( cassola ) in the faunistic oasis of the orbetello ' s lagoon ( grosseto , tuscany ) ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) .\nfasel - p ; fuhrmann - m * 1994 * [ the carabidae ( coleoptera ) fauna from a south westphalian heathland in the nature reserve\nkerstall\nnear bad berleburg - hemschlar . ]\nfarkac - j ; plutenko - a * 1996 * new species of pterostichus from the far east of russia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nfadl - a ; purvis - g ; towey - k * 1996 * the effect of time of soil cultivation on the incidence of pterostichus melanarius ( illig . ) ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in arable land in ireland .\nfabbri - r - a * 1996 * contribution to the knowledge of the carabids from emilia - romagna .\neyre - m - d ; lott - d - a ; garside - a * 1996 * assessing the potential for environmental monitoring using ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) with riverside and scottish data .\neversham - b - c ; roy - d - b ; telfer - m - g * 1996 * urban , industrial and other manmade sites as analogues of natural habitats for carabidae .\netonti - m * 1995 * typhlotrechus bilimeki droveniki subsp . nov . from bosnia ( coleoptera : carabidae , trechinae ) .\nerwin - t - l * 1996 * arboreal beetles of neotropical forests : agra fabricius , the cayennensis complex ( coleoptera : carabidae : lebiini : calleidina ) .\nernsting - g ; isaaks - j - a * 1997 * effects of temperature and season on egg size , hatchling size and adult size in notiophilus biguttatus .\nerjiomin - p - k * 1996 * a new ground beetle species of the genus pterostichus ( coleoptera , carabidae ) from tuva and mongolia .\nekbom - b ; borg - a * 1993 * predators , meligethes and phyllotreta in unsprayed spring oilseed rape .\nduffield - s - j ; jepson - p - c ; wratten - s - d ; sotherton - n - w * 1996 * spatial changes in invertebrate predation rate in winter wheat following treatment with dimethoate .\ndrovenik - b ; steiner - s * 1995 * contribution to the knowledge of the beetle fauna of gotenica near kocevje ( slovenia ) and surroundings ( coleoptera ) .\ndrovenik - b * 1996 * atranus collaris ( menetries , 1832 ) in slovenia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\ndrovenik - b * 1995 * some rare or new species to the beetle fauna of slovenia ( coleoptera ) .\ndrovenik - b * 1994 * contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of the genus bembidion latreille , 1802 of slovenia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\ndownie - n - m ; arnett - r - h - jr * 1996 * the beetles of northeastern north america . volume 1 : introduction ; suborders archostemata , adephaga , and polyphaga , thru superfamily cantharoidea .\ndouglas - m - e * 1996 * in memoriam mont a . cazier ( 1911 - 1995 ) .\ndostal - a * 1996 * [ elaphrus weissi sp . n . a new carabid species from greece ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . ]\ndostal - a * 1996 * [ remarks on the systematic position of the genus distichus motschulsky , 1857 and related genera ( coleoptera : carabidae , scaritini ) . ]\ndornieden - k ; suhrig - a ; doring - c ; judas - m * 1996 * [ an analysis of regional distribution patterns of ground beetles and spiders . ]\ndonabauer - m * 1996 * [ description of two philippine colliurinae ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . ]\ndoberski - j ; lyle - l * 1997 * a study of the ground beetles ( carabidae ) of corsican pine plantations in thetford forest , eastern england .\ndigweed - s - c ; currie - c - r ; carcamo - h - a ; spence - j - r * 1995 * digging out the ' digging - in effect ' of pitfall traps : influences of depletion and disturbance on catches of ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\ndieterich - m * 1996 * methods and preliminary results from a study on the habitat function of the gravel bar interior in alluvial floodplains .\ndeuve - t ; kalab - j * 1996 * [ the description of a new pagocarabus from qinghai ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ndeuve - t * 1996 * description of three anophtalmic cave - dwelling trechinae from a karst in hunan , china ( coleoptera , trechidae ) .\ndeuve - t * 1996 * description of a new troglobitic coleoptera of the genus eustra from a karst in south vietnam ( paussidae ) .\ndeuve - t * 1996 * description of a new cratocephalus from the fergana range ( col . carabidae ) .\ndeuve - t * 1996 * new trechus from tibet and adjacent lands ( coleoptera , trechidae ) .\ndeuve - t * 1996 * [ description of trechus xiwuensis n . sp . , from north west sichuan ( col . , trechidae ) . ]\ndeuve - t * 1996 * [ contribution to the knowledge of the genera carabus l . and cychrus f . in china . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ndeuve - t * 1996 * [ contribution to the knowledge of the genera carabus l . , cychrus f . and cychropsis boileau of asia ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ndeuve - t * 1997 * [ new carabus and cychrus from sichuan and yunnan , china ( coleoptera , carabidae . ) ] .\ndettner - k ; scheuerlein - a ; fabian - p ; schulz - s ; francke - w * 1996 * chemical defense of giant springtail tetrodontophora bielanensis ( waga ) ( insecta : collembola ) .\ndesender - k ; baert - l * 1996 * easter island revisited : carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\ndesender - k - r - c * 1996 * diversity and dynamics of coastal dune carabids .\nden - nijs - l - j - m - f ; lock - c - a - m ; noorlander - j ; booij - c - j - h * 1996 * search for quality parameters to estimate the condition of pterostichus cupreus ( col , carabidae ) in view of population dynamic modelling .\nden - boer - p - j ; van - dijk - t - s * 1996 * life - history patterns among carabid species .\nde - vries - h - h ; den - boer - p - j ; van - dijk - t - s * 1996 * ground beetle species in heathland fragments in relation to survival , dispersal , and habitat preference .\nde - vries - h - h * 1996 * metapopulation structure of pterostichus lepidus and olisthopus rotundatus on heathland in the netherlands : the results from transplant experiments .\nde - la - rua - p ; serrano - j ; hewitt - g - m ; galian - j * 1996 * physical mapping of rdna genes in the ground beetle carabus and related genera ( carabidae : coleoptera ) .\ndavid - b ; dommergues - j - l ; magniez - jannin - f * 1996 * morphospace exploration as exemplified by ground beetles ( coleoptera ) of north - east france .\ndaffner - h * 1996 * [ revision of anophthalmus species and races with long and dense hair covering of the body ( coleoptera , carabidae , trechinae ) . ]\ncurrie - c - r ; spence - j - r ; niemela - j * 1996 * competition , cannibalism and intraguild predation among ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : a laboratory study .\ncurrie - c - r ; digweed - s - c * 1996 * effect of substrate depth on predation of larval pterostichus adstrictus eschscholtz by adults of p . melanarius ( illiger ) ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\ncolombini - i ; chelazzi - l * 1996 * environmental factors influencing the surface activity of eurynebria complanata ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\ncoll - m - t ; heneghan - l ; bolger - t * 1995 * carabidae fauna in two irish conifer stands : a comparison with those of some other european forests .\ncilgi - t ; wratten - s - d ; robertson - j - l ; turner - d - e ; holland - j - m ; frampton - g - k * 1996 * residual toxicities of three insecticides to four species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) of arthropod predator .\ncilgi - t ; holland - j - m ; turner - d - e ; frampton - g - k ; wratten - s - d ; jepson - p - c * 1994 * pesticide drift and the potential toxicity to beneficial carabids .\nchistyakov - y - a [ ed . ] * 1992 * [ insects from khingan nature reserve . part 1 . ]\nchen - z - z ; willson - h - r * 1997 * species composition and seasonal distribution of carabids ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in an ohio soybean field .\nchavanon - g ; zitouni - n ; bouraada - k * 1995 * scarites striatus dejean ( scaritidae ) et geotrogus araneipes fairmaire , two coleoptera , new for the fauna of morocco .\nchaabane - k ; loreau - m ; josens - g * 1996 * individual and population energy budgets of abax ater ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\ncavazzuti - p * 1997 * [ description of cychrus ( kryptocychrus ) loccai , new subgenus and new species of the cychrini tribe endemic to china ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ncavazzuti - p * 1996 * [ fifth contribution to the knowledge of carabus from china . c . ( apotomopterus ) of the delavayi - patroclus group , with description of three new subspecies . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ncavazzuti - p * 1996 * [ new carabini from china 1 . descriptions of new cychropsis and cychrus from sichuan and yunnan . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ncavazzuti - p * 1996 * [ fourth contribution to the knowledge of carabus l . from china . new species and subspecies of the subgenus archaeocarabus semenov , rhigocarabus reitter and pseudocoptolabrus reitter , from southern sichuan . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ncavazzuti - p * 1997 * [ description of new cychrus f . and carabus l . from the provinces of sichuan , yunnan and guizhou , southern china ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\ncassola - f ; werner - k * 1996 * additional data on the tiger beetle fauna of new guinea : results of the explorations of a . riedel in new guinea 1990 - 1994 ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) .\ncassola - f ; rihane - a * 1996 * notes on the tiger beetle fauna of the sultanate of oman ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) .\ncassola - f ; probst - j * 1995 * a new cylindera species ( subgenus leptinomera rivalier ) from brunei , northern borneo ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) .\ncassola - f ; kippenhan - m - g * 1997 * a new species of oxygonia from ecuador ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) .\ncassola - f * 1996 * studies on tiger beetles . 84 . additions to the tiger beetle fauna of sulawesi , indonesia ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) .\ncassola - f * 1995 * studies on tiger beetles . 76 . on some new or poorly known african species ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) .\ncasale - a ; ledoux - g * 1996 * new or poorly known sphodrids from afghanistan ( coleoptera , carabidae , sphodrina ) .\ncasale - a ; giachino - p - m ; vailati - d ; vigna - taglianti - a * 1996 * present knowledge and biogeography of the genus duvalius in greece , with description of duvalius ( euduvalius ) ruffoanus n . sp . ( coleoptera , carabidae , trechinae ) .\ncardenas - talaveron - a - m ; bach - de - roca - c * 1993 * description of the larval stadia of calathus granatensis vuillefroy , 1866 ( col . carabidae ) .\ncardenas - a - m ; hidalgo - j - m * 1996 * the reproductive biology and larval development of carabus ( hadrocarabus ) lusitanicus ( fabricius , 1801 ) ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\ncaoduro - g * 1995 * first observations of the behaviour in captivity of two troglobitic species from monti lessini , verona : italaphaenops dimaioi ghidini ( coleoptera , carabidae ) and serradium hirsutipes verhoeff ( large form ; strasser , 1981 ) ( diplopoda , polydesmidae ) .\ncammaerts - r ; cammaerts - m - c * 1992 * response of the myrmecophilous beetle edaphopaussus favieri ( carabidae , paussinae ) to 3 - ethyl - 2 , 5 - dimethylpyrazine , the only known component of its host trail pheromone .\ncallot - h - j ; schott - c * 1993 * [ catalogue and atlas of the coleoptera of alsace . volume 5 - carabidae . ]\nbutterfield - j * 1996 * carabid life - cycle strategies and climate change : a study on an altitude transect .\nbutovsky - r - o * 1995 * the motorway influence on mass structure of carabid communities ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in forest ecosystems of moscow region .\nbulokhova - n - a * 1995 * species composition and structure of dominance of carabids ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in meadow ecosystems of southwestern russia ( bryansk province ) .\nbulirsch - p * 1996 * species of the genus dyschirius ( coleoptera : carabidae ) from turkey .\nbruneau - de - mire - p * 1995 * [ new data on stomis benoiti jeannel 1953 ( col . carabidae ) and speophyes lucidulus delarouzee 1860 ( col . catopidae ) . ]\nbruneau - de - mire - p * 1995 * [ amara ( bradytus ) majuscula chaudoir : an expanding asian species newly arrived in france ( coleoptera , carabidae ) . ]\nbroder - j * 1994 * anophthalmus daffneri sp . n . from slovenia ( coleoptera : carabidae , trechinae ) .\nbrezina - b ; imura - y * 1997 * a new subgenus and two new species of carabus ( s . lat . ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) from shaanxi and sichuan , china .\nbrezina - b * 1996 * a new carabus - species and subspecies from the mountainous regions of gansu and sichuan , central china ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\nbraunert - c ; coulon - j * 1996 * progress in the knowledge of carabid beetles ( coleoptera carabidae and cicindelidae ) of the nature reserve of la truchere - ratenelle ( france , department of saone - et - loire ) .\nbraunert - c * 1996 * [ faunistics , ecology and endangerment of tiger beetles ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) of luxembourg . ]\nbrandstetter - c - m ; kapp - a ; schabel - f * 1993 * [ the carabids from vorarlberg and liechtenstein . 1 . part . ( carabidae ) . ]\nbrandstetter - c - m ; kapp - a * 1996 * [ interesting beetle records from vorarlberg ( austria ) and the principality of liechtenstein ( 2 ) . ( coleoptera ) . ]\nbracht - jorgensen - h ; toft - s * 1997 * role of granivory and insectivory in the life cycle of the carabid beetle amara similata .\nbousquet - y ; smetana - a * 1995 * a review of the tribe opisthiini ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nbousquet - y * 1996 * [ description of two new north american species of the genus dyschirius bonelli ( coleoptera : carabidae : clivinini ) . ]\nbousquet - y * 1996 * taxonomic revision of nearctic , mexican , and west indian oodini ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nborges - p - a - v * 1996 * seasonal activity of a ground - beetle ( coleoptera : carabidae ) assemblage in the remnant of a salty - lake from terceira ( azores ) .\nbognolo - m ; etonti - m * 1996 * anophthalmus driolii n . sp . from southwestern slovenija ( coleoptera : carabidae , trechinae ) .\nbocher - j * 1995 * palaeoentomology of the kap kobenhavn formation , a plio - pleistocene sequence in peary land , north greenland .\nblake - s ; foster - g - n ; fisher - g - e - j ; ligertwood - g - l * 1996 * effects of management practices on the carabid faunas of newly established wildflower meadows in southern scotland .\nbisio - l * 1996 * results of two years researches on the subcortical dromiini in some localities of piedmont .\nbernhardt - k - g * 1995 * seed burial by soil burrowing beetles .\nbelousov - i - a ; kabak - i - i * 1996 * to the knowledge of the asiatic species of the genus trechus clairville ( insecta : coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nbelousov - i - a ; kabak - i - i * 1994 * two new subspecies of ground - beetle carabus eous a . mor . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\nbelousov - i - a ; kabak - i - i * 1994 * to the knowledge of ground - beetles of the genus trechus clairv . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) from the sayan - altay mountains system .\nbell - r - t ; bell - j - r * 1995 * the rhysodini ( insecta : coleoptera : carabidae ) of cuba .\nbarr - t - c - jr * 1995 * notes on some anillines ( coleoptera , bembidiinae ) from southeastern united states , with descriptions of a new genus and two new species .\nball - g - e ; kavanaugh - d - h ; moore - b - p * 1995 * sugimotoa parallela habu ( coleoptera , lebiini ) : redescription , geographical distribution , and relationships based on cladistic analysis of adult structural features .\nball - g - e * 1996 * vignettes of the history of neotropical carabidology .\nbalkenohl - m * 1996 * new clivinini from the oriental region ( coleoptera : carabidae , scaritinae ) .\nbalanca - g ; de - visscher - m - n * 1997 * impacts on nontarget insects of a new insecticide compound used against the desert locust ( schistocerca gregaria ( forskal 1775 ) ) .\nbaker - g - t ; monroe - w - a * 1995 * sensory receptors on the adult labial and maxillary palpi and galea of cicindela sexguttata ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) .\nbaehr - m * 1997 * revision of the pseudomorphinae of the australian region . 2 . the genera pseudomorpha kirby , adelotopus hope , cainogenion notman , paussotropus waterhouse , and cryptocephalomorpha ritsema . taxonomy , phylogeny , zoogeography . ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae )"]}
{"id": 825, "summary": [{"text": "toxasteridae is an extinct family of sea urchins .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these slow-moving shallow infaunal deposit feeder-detritivores lived during the cretaceous period , from 145.5 to 61.7 ma . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "toxasteridae", "paragraphs": ["kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database . toxasteridae lambert , 1920 \u2020 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 510852 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\n\u2022 type locality 3 miles northeast of hunter ' s store ( bisti p . o . ) ( campanian of united states )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfascioles generally absent ( peripetalous fasciole begining to develop in washitaster and pseudowashitaster ) .\ncurrently a paraphyletic assemblage but with some well defined constituent clades . the lack of fascioles is primitive , as is the oblique median suture separating the sternal plates and ethmophract apical disc . two taxa with partially developed peripetalous fascioles - washitaster and pseudowashitaster - are included here on account of their clear close overal similarity to heteraster , a form lacking fascioles .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2010 ) . world echinoidea database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkroh , a . & smith , a . b . ( 2010 ) : the phylogeny and classification of post - palaeozoic echinoids . journal of systematic palaeontology , 8 / 2 : 147 - 212 . , available online at urltoken ; = 1477 - 2019 & volume ; = 8 & issue ; = 2 & spage ; = 147 page ( s ) : 173 [ details ]\nmacraster meghilensis lambert , 1931 \u2020 ( excluded from macraster by kamyabi shadan et al . 2014 )\n( of macraster meghilensis lambert , 1931 \u2020 ) lambert , j . ( 1931 ) . etude sur les echinides fossiles du nord de l ' afrique . m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de france , nouvelle serie ( m\u00e9moire no . 16 ) . 7 / 2 , 1 - 108 , pls . 1 - 4 . page ( s ) : 100 - 101 ; pl . 4 : figs . 6 - 7 [ details ]\nstatus species excluded from macraster by kamyabi shadan et al . ( 2014 ) , thus treated as unassigned here .\nstatus species excluded from macraster by kamyabi shadan et al . ( 2014 ) , thus treated as unassigned here . [ details ]\nkamyabi shadan , h . , villier , l . , sadeghi , a . & adabi , m . h . ( 2014 ) . a revision of the macraster species ( echinodermata , echinoidea ) occurring in the albian deposits of the zagros basin , southwest iran . annales de pal\u00e9ontologie . 100 ( 1 ) : 51 - 62 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of macraster meghilensis lambert , 1931 \u2020 ) kier , p . m . & lawson , m . h . 1978 . index of living and fossil echinoids 1924 - 1970 . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 34 , 1 - 182 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 98 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of macraster meghilensis lambert , 1931 \u2020 ) kamyabi shadan , h . , villier , l . , sadeghi , a . & adabi , m . h . ( 2014 ) . a revision of the macraster species ( echinodermata , echinoidea ) occurring in the albian deposits of the zagros basin , southwest iran . annales de pal\u00e9ontologie . 100 ( 1 ) : 51 - 62 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : heteraster oblongus . 3 - cretacico inferior . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheteraster d ' orbigny , 1853\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : heteraster oblongus . 4 - cretacico inferior . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheteraster d ' orbigny , 1853\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : heteraster oblongus . 2 - cretacico . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheteraster d ' orbigny , 1853\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : heteraster . jpg\nas trusted on the\nheteraster d ' orbigny , 1853\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme added an association between\nfile : heteraster oblongus . 3 - cretacico inferior . jpg\nand\nheteraster oblongus brogniart 1821\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfull reference : j . lambert . 1920 . etude sur quelques formes primitives de spatangid\u00e9s . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences historiques et naturelles de l\u0092yonne 73 : 1 - 41\nparent taxon : spatangoida according to a . kroh and a . b . smith 2010\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbenton , m . j . ( ed ) . ( 1993 ) . the fossil record 2 . chapman & hall , london , 845 pp .\nparker , s . p . ( ed ) . ( 1982 ) . synopsis and classification of living organisms . mcgraw - hill , new york . 2 volumes .\nif no rank is listed , the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications . ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa .\nage range : base of the urutawan to the top of the motuan or 108 . 40000 to 99 . 60000 ma"]}
{"id": 830, "summary": [{"text": "austrophlebia is a small genus of dragonflies in the family telephlebiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species are very large with strong yellow markings on the thorax . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "austrophlebia", "paragraphs": ["northern populations previously treated as austrophlebia costalis were separated as austrophlebia subcostalis by theischinger ( 1996 ) .\nthis species was treated as austrophlebia costalis until it was separated as austrophlebia subcostalis by theischinger ( 1996 ) .\nthe southern giant darner ( austrophlebia costalis ) is a dragonfly species of the family telephlebiidae and brachytronidae , which contains 37 species in australia .\njustification : austrophlebia costalis is widespread in victoria , new south wales and queensland , is present in a number of protected areas , and although there are potential threats to some populations , it does not appear to be globally threatened . therefore it is assessed as least concern .\nthe identification key to the family telephlebiidae and brachytronidae consists of 37 couplets , 3 of which are pertinent to austrophlebia costalis . click on the numbers on the right to display the corresponding couplets . or click on the allin1 button to see all the relevant couplets together in a single , scrollable window .\naustrophlebia costalis is endemic to australia , where it is known from victoria , to the eungella area in queensland . it has been recorded from a number of protected areas , for instance eungella , bunya mountains and main range national parks in queensland and gibraltar range , new england , royal and biamanga national parks in new south wales . it was only recorded from victoria relatively recently ( richter 2013 ) and is nowknown from three locations in the state .\naustrophlebia subcostalis is endemic to australia , where it is only known from a relatively small area in the north - east of queensland . i have seen records from only 10 locations , one of which is in the cape tribulation section of daintree national park . its eoo , based on a polygon around occupied hydrobasin areas , is 30 , 451 km\u00b2 . bush et al . ( 2014 : table s2 ) gives an estimate of the current extent of suitable habitat of this species as 2 , 449 km\u00b2 .\njustification : austrophlebia subcostalis is only known from 10 locations in the rainforests of north - east queensland , within an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) just over 30 , 000 km\u00b2 , and with only one population definitely within a national park . outside of protected areas it faces a potential threat from deforestation , although the severity of this threat is difficult to assess . in the long - term it faces a serious threat from climate change with no suitable habitat predicted to remain by 2085 under a high emissions scenario . it is assessed as near threatened because of the limited number of sites and the known short and long term threats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 22 february 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\nthere are insufficient data to make definitive statements about population size and health for this species , but it may be at least locally common .\nthe larva \u201cinhabits small to medium - sized streams , occasionally temporary , generally occurring on or under logs , mostly in shady areas\u201d ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) . this species is known to exhibit \u201cstrong flight and sometimes seemingly vagrant behaviour\u201d with \u201crecords of larvae even from intermittent streams\u201d ( theischinger 1996 ) . most records are from forested areas .\nthreats to this species need to be researched , but as it appears likely to be forest dependent , forest clearance is at least a potential threat , especially near expanding population centres , as is increased frequency of fires due to climate change . however the species is widely distributed and known from relatively many national parks , so it is not likely to be globally threatened .\nmore data is needed on this species , but specific conservation measures for it do not appear to be needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere is insufficient information to make definitive statements about populations of this species , the assessor has seen records of few individuals , but this might be due to some factor other than genuine scarcity .\nthe main immediate threat to this species is likely to be deforestation , although the severity of this threat is difficult to assess ; other threats need to be investigated . modelling of sensitivity to climate change in bush\n( 2014 ) predicts that under a high emissions scenario this species will have no suitable habitat left by 2085 , so that in the long - term climate change may be the main threat to this species .\nthere is a need for more data on this species , and on threats . it would certainly benefit from the protection of additional rainforest areas in north - east queensland , and methods of dealing with the predicted long - term loss of suitable habitat due to climate change need to be researched .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ntillyard , r . j . 1913 ,\non some australian anisoptera , with descriptions of new species\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 37 , no . 1912 , pp . 572 - 584 pl . lxii\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 428c53e6 - ad77 - 4c55 - b3bd - 9847390f9971\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f3a96b4 - c75d - 4057 - 9092 - b3e8be142a01\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b5324d94 - ae30 - 41c3 - aa2d - ccc917c78a84\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5b92fb5 - bf13 - 4f1b - 8612 - a7a1814bfaab\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 407938\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a1f5af6 - 9651 - 493f - 884a - 5763b321e9c4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f555d2a0 - a6d6 - 41a4 - 9f93 - ca1c499c2d3b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac29962a - 422b - 4e7c - aea8 - 1aff8df94e4f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 280023\nthis species is endemic to australia ; found from latitude 21s , cairns area to victoria - new south wales border ( theischinger 1996 , theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0d4830ef - 9f07 - 41e2 - bd3e - a42c3bc36432\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d076ba76 - be09 - 4a8b - 8077 - 264dba5e790b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88e79ce6 - 4b3b - 48bc - 901c - cefe5ae63dff\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 439412\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ninhabits small to medium - sized streams , occasionally temporary , with the larvae generally occurring under logs , mostly in shady areas ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .\nthere are no known threats affecting this species nor are their likely to be in the near future .\nthere are no conservation actions in place , nor are any thought to be needed .\n, with an old reference claiming to have clocked one at nearly 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) but no modern confirmation ."]}
{"id": 831, "summary": [{"text": "cheilosia pagana is a holarctic species of hoverfly .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "like most cheilosia it is black , and because of this may often be overlooked as a hoverfly .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "one identifying feature is a large red to orange 3rd antennal segment . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "cheilosia pagana", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npunasarvikeilanen\nto\ncheilosia pagana ( meigen , 1822 )\n.\ni think the first picture is not c . proxima but female c . pagana .\ncheilosia 2 description for pagana group\neyes bare , legs partly yellow , face without erect hairs\nseems to fit . the large orange antennae suggest pagana or soror . difficult to tell if the aristae are\ndensely pubescent at base\nor bare from this photo so can ' t take this any further . again i welcome any comments . sandy\nnamngivning : cheilosia pagana ( meigen , 1822 ) . originalbeskrivning : syrphus paganus . systematische beschreibung 3 : 292 . synonymer : eristalis maculicornis bonsdorff , 1861 , eristalis magnicornis bonsdorff , 1861 . etymologi : pagana fem . av paganus = lantlig , by - ; pagus ( lat . ) = by ; suffixet - anus ( lat . ) . uttal : [ tjejl\u00f3sia pag\u00e1na ]\nthanks brian after reading some more literature it seems soror doesn ' t fly until june so it ' s more than likely c . pagana . cheers , sandy\ncheilosia pagana ( meigen , 1822 ) : speight ( 2013 ) [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] speight , m . c . d . 2013 . species accounts of european syrphidae ( diptera ) , 2013 . syrph the net , the database of european syrphidae , 72 : 316 pp . , syrph the net publications , dublin . [ urltoken ]\none of the smallest cheilosia . the female has an exceptionally large , orange coloured , third antennal segment . the males often have strong reflective grey triangles on the sides of the abdomen . they have bare arista and the female has an entirely black scutellum .\na checklist of the syrphidae ( diptera ) recorded from finland . three species of syrphidae , platycheirus modestus ide , 1926 , cheilosia barovskii ( stackelberg , 1930 ) and mallota tricolor loew , 1871 , are published as new to the finnish fauna . platycheirus modestus is also new to the palaearctic .\ncheilosia barovskii ( stackelberg , 1930 ) . a previously unpublished record . five females were collected in 30 . 5 . 1937 from ta : s\u00e4\u00e4ksm\u00e4ki ( leg . k . e . kivirikko ) and one female in 20 . 5 . 2013 from n : sipoo ( leg . t . j\u00e4rvel\u00e4inen ) .\nit is probably c . pagana . at the moment i have been capturing quite a few . from a picture you will not be able to see if the eyes are hairy ( for the similar c . bergenstammi ) , or whether there is pubescence at the base of the arista ( c . soror ) . both of these species are usually seen a little later . even with a microscope i have to look carefully at eyes and arista as it is only with the right light and background that it is obvious .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nvaried habitats both woodland and open often on early flowering plants such as blackthorn , and on umbellifers .\nlarvae have been found in the roots of cow parsley but may also use other umbellifers .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nit is black , and because of this may often be overlooked as a hoverfly . it is little recorded , and is considered scarce throughout some parts of its range .\nare known to inhabit semi - liquid , decaying tissue of the roots of plants . there is a rearing record from decaying roots of\nstubbs , alan e . ; falk , steven j . ( 1983 ) . british hoverflies : an illustrated identification guide . british entomological & natural history society . pp . 253 , xvpp .\nvan veen , m . p . ( 2004 ) . hoverflies of northwest europe , identification keys to the syrphidae ( hardback ) . utrecht : knnv publishing . p . 254 . isbn 90 - 5011 - 199 - 8 .\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en ' ' urltoken '\nlast update : 27 . 09 . 04 09 : 03 added by : gerard pennards dimensions : 400 x 300 pixels filesize : 37 . 33kb comments : 0 rating : none number of views : 2475\nusername password not a member yet ? click here to register . forgotten your password ? request a new one here .\ndue to fact this site has functionality making use of your email address , any registration using a temporary email address will be rejected .\nhelp again can any1 give me the full title of kulon . allat . kozlem thx\ncopyright \u00a9 2004 - 2018 paul beuk , images in diptera gallery and forum of their respective owners powered by php - fusion copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by nick jones . released as free software without warranties under gnu affero gpl v3 . simpleasthat\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhundk\u00e4xblomfluga f\u00f6rekommer \u00f6ver hela landet och \u00e4r ( \u00e5tminstone i svealand ) p\u00e5 m\u00e5nga h\u00e5ll mycket vanlig . i danmark , norge och finland f\u00f6rekommer den ocks\u00e5 allm\u00e4nt , men saknas ovanf\u00f6r tr\u00e4dgr\u00e4nsen . den f\u00f6rekommer vidare i hela \u00f6vriga europa samt \u00f6sterut genom sibirien och mongoliet till stilla havet ( inklusive kamtjatka och \u00f6n sachalin ) liksom i japan och nordamerika . s\u00f6derut \u00e4r den ocks\u00e5 k\u00e4nd fr\u00e5n turkiet , kaukasus och kazakstan .\nde skattade v\u00e4rdena som bed\u00f6mningen baserar sig p\u00e5 ligger alla inom intervallet f\u00f6r kategorin livskraftig ( lc ) .\nhundk\u00e4xblomfluga f\u00f6rekommer p\u00e5 \u00f6ppna marker i anslutning till l\u00f6vskog ; i bryn och gl\u00e4ntor , p\u00e5 \u00e4ngar , i hagmarker och tr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdar samt l\u00e4ngs v\u00e4grenar . flugorna sitter i vegetationen . hanarna sv\u00e4var ( ofta i antal ) ett par meter upp och s\u00e4tter sig vid kyligare v\u00e4derlek ofta f\u00f6r att vila p\u00e5 solbelysta tr\u00e4dstammar . i sverige p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffas arten framf\u00f6r allt i samband med blombes\u00f6k . den har setts bes\u00f6ka minst ett 40 - tal olika v\u00e4xter , fr\u00e4mst flockblommiga och korgblommiga v\u00e4xter ( familjerna apiaceae och asteraceae ) men ocks\u00e5 t . ex . l\u00f6nn acer platanoides , ramsl\u00f6k allium ursinum , sommargyllen barbarea vulgaris , blodrot potentilla erecta , prunusar prunus spp . , sm\u00f6rblommor ranunculus spp . och viden salix spp . i sverige p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffas flugan fr\u00e5n april till september , i s\u00f6dra europa redan fr\u00e5n mitten av mars . larven har hittats i r\u00f6tter av hundk\u00e4x anthriscus sylvestris och str\u00e4tta angelica sylvestris .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nnationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . tv\u00e5vingar : blomflugor : eristalinae & microdontinae . diptera : syrphidae : eristalinae & microdontinae . 2009 . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nright now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .\n. the female has an exceptionally large , orange coloured , third antennal segment . the males often have strong reflective grey triangles on the sides of the abdomen . they have bare arista and eyes and the female has an entirely black scutellum .\nit can be seen from march to october peaking may / june and august .\nthe larvae inhabit semi - liquid , decaying tissue in the roots of plants . for example , there is a rearing record from decaying roots of\nvaried habitats both woodland and open . adults are usually found on flowers , often white umbells such as\nball s . g . and morris r . k . a . , 2000 .\nprovisional atlas of british hoverflies ( diptera , syrphidae ) , 167 pages . isbn 1 870393 54 6 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nadults of syrphidae ( hoverflies or flower flies ) are mimics of bees , bumblebees , wasps and sawflies . syrphid flies are active visitors of flowers for nectar and pollen and therefore they are important pollinators . the syrphid adults are excellent fliers and often seen hovering .\nthe finnish hoverfly species were last listed by kerppola ( 2013 ) with additions and omissions of species and with some nomenclature changes .\nidentification : the finnish syrphid fauna is best covered for identification by haarto and kerppola ( 2007a ) and bartsch ( 2009 ) although some species are missing in these books . most of the species can be identified by external characters but some species require male genitalic characters for reliable determination .\nneoascia annexa ( m\u00fcller , 1776 ) was included in the finnish species list in fauna europaea ( speight 2004 ) . authors have not found any specimens or publications that reliably show neoascia annexa to belong in the finnish fauna .\nparagus punctulatus ( zetterstedt , 1838 ) was included in the finnish species list in fauna europaea ( speight 2004 ) . authors have not found any specimens or publications that reliably show parasyrphus punctulatus to belong in the finnish fauna .\nparasyrphus relictus ( zetterstedt , 1838 ) : the status of parasyrphus relictus is unclear and the type material is lost ( speight 2013 ) . parasyrphus relictus was excluded from finnish checklist by haarto and kerppola ( 2007b ) .\nsphaerophoria sp . b was discovered as a deformed specimen of sphaerophoria laurae goeldlin , 1989 .\ntemnostoma meridionale ( krivosheina & mamayev , 1962 ) was included in the finnish species list in fauna europaea ( speight 2004 ) . authors have not found any specimens or publications that reliably show temnostoma meridionale to belong in the finnish fauna .\nmelanostoma mellinum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and melanostoma dubium ( zetterstedt , 1837 ) form a species complex and it is very doubtful whether present species concepts provide an accurate reflection of the number of melanostoma species ( speight 2013 ) .\nplatycheirus modestus ide , 1926 . a previously unpublished record . a new species to the palaearctic . one male was collected in 4 . 7 . 2008 from obb : tornio ( leg . i . kakko ) .\ndasysyrphus spp . both dasysyrphus venustus ( meigen , 1822 ) and dasysyrphus hilaris ( zetterstedt , 1843 ) are known to contain several species ( haarto and kerppola 2007a , bartsch 2009a ) .\nmyolepta nigra ( loew , 1872 ) was erroneously included in the list of finnish flies ( hackman 1980 ) instead of helleniola nigra ( zetterstedt , 1843 ) = chrysosyrphus niger ( hackman 1982 ) .\nthe used nomenclature of the species eristalis nemorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , eristalis arbustorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and eristalis horticola ( de geer , 1776 ) follows the proposal in case 3259 by chandler et al . ( 2004 ) and the usage of these names is confirmed in opinion 2153 by iczn ( international commission on zoological nomeclature ) ( 2006 ) .\nmallota tricolor loew , 1871 . a previously unpublished record . one male was collected in 4 . 8 . 1977 from ta : h\u00e4meenlinna ( leg . m . raekunnas ) and another male in 13 . 6 . \u20136 . 7 . 2013 from sa : joutseno ( leg . j . vil\u00e9n ) .\nmicrodon mutabilis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and microdon myrmicae sch\u00f6nrogge , barr , wardlaw , napper , gardner , breen , elmes & thomas , 2002 form a species complex the species of which can be separate only by characters of the larvae and the puparia ( bartsch 2009b ) . in the finnish checklist microdon mutabilis represents either of the two species or include both of the species .\nhaarto a , kerppola s ( 2014 ) checklist of the family syrphidae ( diptera ) of finland . in : kahanp\u00e4\u00e4 j , salmela j ( eds ) checklist of the diptera of finland . zookeys 441 : 233\u2013249 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 441 . 7251\neristalis latreille , 1804 ( insecta , diptera ) : proposed confirmation that the gender is feminine ; musca nemorum linnaeus , 1758 , m . arbustorum linnaeus , 1758 and m . horticola de geer , 1776 ( currently eristalis nemorum , e . arbustorum and e . horticola ) : proposed conservation of usage of the specific names by designation of neotypes .\nopinion 2153 ( case 3259 ) eristalis latreille , 1804 ( insecta , diptera ) : confirmation that the gender is feminine ; musca nemorum linnaeus , 1758 , m . arbustorum linnaeus , 1758 and m . horticola de geer , 1776 ( currently eristalis nemorum , e . arbustorum and e . horticola ) : usage of the specific names conserved by the designation of neotypes .\nkahanp\u00e4\u00e4 j . ( 2010 ) k\u00e4rp\u00e4set . in : rassi p , hyv\u00e4rinen e , jusl\u00e9n a , mannerkoski i . ( eds )\nin : zhang z - q . ( ed ) animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness .\nspecies accounts of european syrphidae ( diptera ) , 2013 . syrph the net , the database of european syrphidae"]}
{"id": 837, "summary": [{"text": "euhadra sadoensis is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is found in japan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "euhadra sadoensis", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : euhadra sadoensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 ) - id : 4550904095\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 295608 ( 30 . 42 % )\ndata url : http : / / 10 . 19 . 19 . 226 / gni _ resources / 11 _ gni . xml\ngodochosha no . 5 , kasumigaseki 1 - 2 - 2 , chiyoda - ku , tokyo 100 - 8975 , japan . location\ntel : + 81 - ( 0 ) 3 - 3581 - 3351 e - mail : https / / www . env . go . jp / en / moemail /"]}
{"id": 840, "summary": [{"text": "belonion apodion is one of two needlefish in the genus belonion , which is in the family belonidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is native to south america . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "belonion apodion", "paragraphs": ["belonion apodion is one of two needlefish in the genus belonion , which is in the family belonidae .\ncollette , bruce b . 1966 . belonion , a new genus of fresh - water needlefishes from south america . american museum novitates ( 2274 ) : 1 - 22 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubmitted as a cd - rom that meets the requirements of article 8 . 6 of the international code of zoological nomenclature ( 1999 )\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . eggs may be found attached to objects in the water by tendrils on the egg ' s surface ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ncollette , b . b . ( 2003 ) family belonidae bonaparte 1832 - needlefishes . : calif . acad . sci . annotated checklists of fishes ( 16 ) : 22 .\ncollette , bruce b . , 2003 : family belonidae bonaparte 1832 : needlefishes . california academy of sciences annotated checklists of fishes , no . 16 . 1 - 22 .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p ."]}
{"id": 847, "summary": [{"text": "the pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali ) is a species of lizard in the family lacertidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the pyrenees where it occurs at high altitudes and is only active in summer . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pyrenean rock lizard", "paragraphs": ["pyrenean rock lizard on wikipedia ( just a ' stub ' when linked ) .\npyrenean rock lizard close - up : note the pale throat and long toes ( cd ) .\npyrenean rock lizard , col de tentes , september 2015 ( jean dunn ) . note the long toes .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe peak of thermoregulation effectiveness : thermal biology of the pyrenean rock lizard , iberolacerta bonnali ( squamata , lacertidae ) .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is endemic to the central pyrenees mountains of france and spain ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe peak of thermoregulation effectiveness : thermal biology of the pyrenean rock lizard , iberolacerta bonnali ( squamata , lacertidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\ntitle =\narkive photo - pyrenean rock lizard on moss\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rather uniform grey back of the pyrenean rock lizard is the best identification feature . it is darker on the flanks and has a pale throat .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\ntitle =\narkive species - pyrenean rock lizard ( iberolacerta bonnali )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\niberolacerta bonnali differs from other pyrenean rock lizard species by the following characters : iberolacerta aranica has the three characteristic big masseteric scales . iberolacerta aurelioi frequently has a yellow underside .\nthe carpetane rock lizard is a small lizard with an exceptionally long tail almost twice the length of its body ! while young . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe pyrenean rock lizard iberolacerta bonnali is found in a restricted area in the central pyrenees , in both france and spain , that area being in the high pyrenees ( 1700 to 3000m ) just south of our french pyrenees base in g\u00e8dre ( see map here ) . it\u2019s closely related to the iberian rock lizard and there are two further recently separated species , aran rock lizard iberolacerta aranica and aurelio ' s rock lizard iberolacerta aurelioi confined ( on present knowledge ) to mountain blocks a little farther east , towards andorra .\nhoneyguide has found the pyrenean rock lizard at col de tentes , where these photos were taken , and troumouse . as you might expect , a sunny day while soaking up heat on a rock is the best time to see this species .\nlike other west indian rock iguanas ( cyclura spp . ) , the northern bahamian rock iguana is a large and robust ' dinosaur - like ' lizard . . . more 6 images 0 videos\non this day , we went looking for the first out of three pyrenean endemic lizards . we walked from the ordesa car park towards the circo de cotatuero . along the river on some rocks , i was able to spot the first pyrenean rock lizard (\ncirque de troumouse , september 2012 : pyrenean brook newt habitat ( cd ) .\nmore photos of pyrenean brook newts on www . euro . herp . com .\nbelonging to the lacertidae family , sometimes called the true lizards , the iberian rock lizard has a robust , flattened body with . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nat the ibero - pyrenean suture zone reveals lowland barriers and high - elevation introgression .\nthe saint croix ground lizard is a small lizard characterised by a distinctive pattern of longitudinal stripes down its back and . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nbahamas rock iguanas are part of a group of large , ' dinosaur - like ' lizards known as the west indian rock iguanas ( cyclora . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nthis species\u2019 diet usually consists of grasshoppers , ladybirds , bees and spiders , which it catches by actively searching on the ground . the pyrenean rock lizard typically hunts around rocky ledges near to meadows and streams where its invertebrate prey is most abundant ( 2 ) .\nfound in only one tiny area in spain , the pe\u00f1a de francia rock lizard is probably one of the most threatened vertebrates in europe . . . . more 4 images 0 videos\ndescribed to science as recently as 1993 , the aran rock lizard is known only from a tiny area on the border of france and spain . . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe gila monster is the largest lizard in the united states , and one of only two species of venomous lizard in the world . it has . . . more 12 images 14 videos\nmouret v , guillaumet a , cheylan m , pottier g , ferchaud al , et al . ( 2011 ) the legacy of ice ages in mountain species : post - glacial colonization of mountain tops rather than current range fragmentation determines mitochondrial genetic diversity in an endemic pyrenean rock lizard . j biogeogr 38 : 1717\u20131731 .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is a large lizard growing to a snout - to - vent length of 6 cm ( 2 . 4 in ) with a tail about double its body - length . its dorsal colour is greyish - brown , sometimes finely flecked with dark markings but without significant striping . the flanks are dark , sometimes with slight pale flecking . the underparts are white , greyish or greenish . [ 4 ]\n) that was found on the road . we drove on to france and visited another site for pyrenean rock lizard , near the lac de cap de long . it started to rain a bit . just as the rain stopped and the first sun beams came through , i caught an asp viper near lac d ' oredon .\n) . we went from bagergue towards the estany de liat . from cabana des calhaus upwards , we could find a lot of aran rock lizards . another asp viper was caught and also common frog , palmate newt , fire salamander , common wall lizard and viviparous lizard were seen . of the latter , also eggs where found , as pyrenean populations are oviparous . on the road between salardu and bagergue , stefanie found a dead western whip snake (\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is assessed by the international union for conservation of nature as being\nnear threatened\n. this is because , although the population seems to be stable and the lizard is present in a number of national parks and protected areas , it is vulnerable to disturbance to its habitat from skiing developments , the building of tracks and the overgrazing of cattle . it may also be affected in the future by climate change . [ 1 ]\nvences , miguel ; rey , jorge ; puente , marta ; miramontes , calia ; dominguez , manuel . 1998 . high altitude record of the pyrenean lizard , lacerta bonnali . zeitschrift f\u00fcr feldherpetologie 5 : 249 - 251 .\nabronia fuscolabialis ( mount zempoaltepec alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nabronia graminea ( terrestrial arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\n) . afterwards , we continued our walk towards faja rac\u00f3n and then back down to the car park . along this walk , we saw some chamois and at a stream , we found again some pyrenean stream frog and pyrenean brook newt .\njuvenile pyrenean rock lizards are usually uniform grey or greyish - brown on the back and tail , occasionally with some darker markings , while the belly is white with dark spots . on rare occasions the tail may have a bluish colouration ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nabronia chiszari ( chiszar ' s arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nabronia matudai ( matuda ' s arboreal alligator lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\npyrenean brook newts . top , head and tail if you look carefully , september 2012 . bottom , june 2012 ( cd ) .\nmayer w , arribas o ( 1996 ) allozyme differentiation and relationship among the iberian - pyrenean mountain lizards . herpetozoa 9 : 57\u201361 .\nmil\u00e1 b , surget - groba y , heulin b , gos\u00e1 a , fitze ps . multilocus phylogeography of the common lizard\ninformation on the lizard buzzard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nacanthodactylus blanci ( blanc ' s fringe - toed lizard ) - status : endangered b1ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nmouret v , guillaumet a , cheylan m , pottier g , ferchaud al , crochet pa : the legacy of ice ages in mountain species : post - glacial colonization of mountain tops rather than current range fragmentation determines mitochondrial genetic diversity in an endemic pyrenean rock lizard . j biogeogr . 2011 , 38 : 1717 - 1731 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2699 . 2011 . 02514 . x .\nwe moved on to our next stay , at the pn ordesa in spain . we stopped near urdos and found green lizard (\nthis species is found in rocky alpine habitats , such as stony meadows , rock outcrops and gravelly slopes . it is an egg - laying species .\ninformation on the bronzeback snake - lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 2 images 0 videos\ninformation on the african large - grain lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 13 images 0 videos\ninformation on the african spiny - tailed lizard is currently being researched and written and will appear here . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nrestricted to theharsh , rocky mountain climate of the pyrenees , the pyrenean rock lizard inhabits alpine and subalpine habitats , including rocky slopes , outcrops and scree ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . it is usually found in fairly sheltered habitats ( 3 ) , and may often be found close to alpine meadows , especially near lakes and mountain streams . it occurs between elevations of 1 , 580 and 3 , 060 metres ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nthe pyrenean rock lizard is found in france and spain in the pyrenees mountains at altitudes of between 1 , 700 and 3 , 000 metres ( 5 , 600 and 9 , 800 ft ) . its natural habitats are rocky crags and screes in limestone , slate and schist areas . it is frequently found on rocks close to alpine meadows and near torrents and glacial lakes . it is only active for a short period of the year in summer . [ 4 ]\nthe clanwilliam rock - catfish , found only in a few streams in south africa , belongs to the family of austroglanididae catfishes . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe specific name , bonnali , is in honor of the count of bonnal who collected amphibians and reptiles while living at montgaillard , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . [ 3 ] the aran rock lizard was initially included here as a subspecies , iberolacerta bonnali aranica , but is now considered a distinct species , iberolacerta aranica .\nprotected areas have long been considered one of the most effective tools to conserve biodiversity , but their effectiveness in securing species under rapid climate change is uncertain ( 6 ) . in total , around three - quarters of the pyrenean rock lizards range is afforded some level of protection by inclusion in a park , reserve or protected area ( 2 ) .\nat lower altitudes in the french pyrenees , the more strongly marked common wall lizard podarcis muralis is , indeed , common . these were photographed in g\u00e8dre .\nthe san salvador iguana is a strikingly handsome lizard , exhibiting an impressive crest of spiny scales down its back and . . . more 7 images 0 videos\nthis medium - sized rodent was believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1996 . these stocky rock - rats are yellowish - brown . . . more 5 images 1 video\nthe pyrenean rock lizard in listed on appendix iii of the bern convention , which aims to conserve the wild flora and fauna of europe and their natural habitats ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . this species is found in a number of national parks , reserves and other protected areas , including ordesa - monte perdido and aig\u00fcestortes - estany de sant maurici national parks , the biosphere reserve of ordesa - vi\u00f1amala and the the natural park of posets - maladeta in spain ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nnamed after the place of its home , the pyrenean desman is a small aquatic insectivore closely related to moles , also known as the . . . more 6 images 1 video\nthe collared iguana is the most common lizard species in the western forests of madagascar and the largest species in the opluridae . . . more 8 images 0 videos\nacanthodactylus schreiberi ( schreiber ' s fringe - fingered lizard ) - status : endangered a2c ; b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1\nthe chinese crocodile lizard is so named for the appearance of its tail , which has an enlarged pair of scales running in two . . . more 9 images 1 video\nthe fiji banded iguana is a spectacularly beautiful , large , emerald - green lizard named for the highly distinctive , broad , vertical . . . more 13 images 0 videos\nthe fiji crested iguana is a large stocky lizard , which was first discovered in 1979 . dr john gibbons found the iguana whilst . . . more 5 images 3 videos\nthe spineless forest lizard is one of four calotes species endemic to sri lanka , which all share a common set of characteristics . . . . more 2 images 0 videos\narribas oj : morphological variability of the cantabro - pyrenean populations of zootoca vivipara ( jaquin , 1787 ) with description of a new subspecies . herpetozoa . 2009 , 21 : 123 - 146 .\nthis species ' alternative names , the barbary ape or rock ape are misleading ; for though it lacks a tail , as do apes , it is in fact . . . more 20 images 19 videos\nthe bermuda skink is a small robust lizard . the skin is shiny with conspicuous scales and adults are a dark brown / black colour . . . more 2 images 1 video\nthe chevron skink is new zealand ' s largest living endemic lizard and one of its rarest , and is named after its very distinctive . . . more 5 images 0 videos\nwhile this peculiar reptile may look like a snake , it is actually a lizard . it lacks forelimbs but it does have tiny hindlimbs . . . more 1 image 0 videos\ntennent ' s leaf - nosed lizard is one of five ceratophora species endemic to sri lanka , commonly known as ' horn - nosed . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nstaying in vicdessos , we went towards the port del rat . a first try didn ' t give exactly what we wanted ( though a lot of viviparous lizard , some common frog and a pyrenean brook newt ) . after a phone call to an omniscient informant , we realised that we had been looking in the wrong place and the next day , we went up the mountain once more - this time without the hyla people , as they went home already . this second time was a better try , as now we were able to spot a lot of aurelio ' s rock lizards (\nthis small lizard , from the harsh , rocky environment of the pyrenees , has grey - brown skin on its back , generally patterned with . . . more 3 images 0 videos\nthe brothers island tuatara is one of the oldest animals in the world today . it may look like a lizard but it belongs to the order . . . more 11 images 0 videos\nthe hierro giant lizard is a stocky reptile with a broad head and pronounced jowls ( flesh under the lower jaw ) . it is dark grey . . . more 1 image 0 videos\nthe pygmy lizard is one of 14 agamid species endemic to sri lanka . one of the slowest - moving reptiles in the country , the pygmy . . . more 1 image 0 videos\nthe sail - fin lizard is notable not only for its impressive size of up to a metre in length , but also for its rather spectacular . . . more 6 images 0 videos\nthis plump lizard can grow up to 60 centimetres , making it by far the largest of the chuckwallas ( sauromalus ) , and similar in size . . . more 9 images 0 videos\nmetallinou m , \u010dervenka j , crochet p - a , kratochv\u00edl l , wilms t , geniez p , shobrak my , brito jc , carranza s . species on the rocks : systematics and biogeography of the rock - dwelling\nmayer , werner ; arribas , oscar j . 1996 . allozyme differentiation and relationship among the iberian - pyrenean mountain lizards ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) : 57\u00a161 .\ntwo specimens of pyrenean brook newt from berga ( locality 8 in fig . 1 ) and one specimen of the new species from locality b1 from el montseny were stained with alizarin red and cleared in koh and glycerine .\n) . at some ponds near delfia , we found plenty of spanish terrapin , the same amphibians plus larvae of western spadefoot . near the river of rabos , we saw a subadult ocellated lizard (\nmonasterio c , salvador a , iraeta p , d\u00edaz ja ( 2009 ) the effects of thermal biology and refuge availability on the restricted distribution of an alpine lizard . j biogeogr 36 : 1673\u20131684 .\nthe pyrenean brook newt euproctus asper ( or calotriton asper ) , also known as the pyrenean brook salamander , is found only in the pyrenees \u2013 in france , spain and andorra . it lives in cold mountain streams with stony beds , in lakes and sometimes in caves . here , at 700 to 2 , 500 metres ( 2 , 300 to 8 , 200 ft ) , it feeds on insects and other invertebrates and can itself be taken by trout .\nodierna , gaetano ; aprea , gennaro ; arribas , oscar j . ; capriglione , teresa ; caputo , vincenzo ; olmo , ettore . 1996 . the karyology of the iberian rock lizards . herpetologica 52 ( 4 ) : 542 - 550 .\narnold en , arribas o , carranza s ( 2007 ) systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1\u201386 .\nthe first seoane ' s viper ( vipera seoanei ) another one jan ( vdv , again the hyla gang leader ) shooting the viper a black one animal showing the so - called bilineata pattern the habitat . . . pyrenean stream frog ( rana pyrenaica )\n) in the ibero - pyrenean region . the species has a broad eurasian distribution composed largely of viviparous lineages , yet individuals in this region belong to an oviparous lineage isolated from the nearest viviparous populations in the french massif central by a gap of unsuitable habitat [\ncitation : rem\u00f3n n , gal\u00e1n p , vila m , arribas o , naveira h ( 2013 ) causes and evolutionary consequences of population subdivision of an iberian mountain lizard , iberolacerta monticola . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e66034 . urltoken\nthe molecular identity of all pyrenean populations of e . asper contrasts with the relatively high degree of morphological variation in body size , colour pattern , skin granulation and ecology that exists among them ( thorn , 1968 ; clergue - gazeau & mart\u00ednez - rica , 1978 ; clergue - gazeau & bonnet , 1980 ; serra - cobo et al . , 2000a ) . as a result of these differences , many species , subspecies and forms of pyrenean brook newt have been described in the past , all of which are now considered synonyms of e . asper .\ngodinho r , mendon\u00e7a b , crespo eg , ferrand n ( 2006 ) genealogy of the nuclear beta - fibrinogen locus in a highly structured lizard species : comparison with mtdna and evidence for intragenic recombination in the hybrid zone . heredity 96 : 454\u2013463 .\nzamudio kr , sinervo b ( 2003 ) ecological and social contexts for the evolution of alternative mating strategies . in : fox sf , mccoy jk , baird ta , editors . lizard social behavior . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press . 83\u2013106 .\narnold , e . n . ; arribas , o . & carranza , s . 2007 . systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1 - 86 .\narribas o and gal\u00e1n p . 2005 . reproductive characteristics of the pyrenean high - mountain lizards : iberolacerta aranica ( arribas , 1993 ) , i . aurelioi ( arribas , 1994 ) and i . bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) . animal biology 55 ( 2 ) : 163 - 190 .\ncrochet , p . - a . ; o . chaline , y . surget - groba , c . debain and m . cheylan . 2004 . speciation in mountains : phylogeography and phylogeny of the rock lizards genus iberolacerta ( reptilia : lacertidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 30 ( 3 ) : 860 - 866 .\npalanca , antonio ; rey , jorge ; riob\u2264 , antonio ; vences , miguel . 1997 . parapatry of two lizard species ( podarcis muralis , lacerta bonnali ) at circo de piedrafita ( alto arag\u00f3n , pyrenees , spain ) . zeitschrift f\u00fcr feldherpetologie 4 : 208 - 210 .\nin july 2004 , i went to the mountains in between france and spain , looking for several pyrenean herpetological endemics and some ( to me new ) species that live in the surrounding area . the first week of the trip , we joined the people from hyla , doing pretty much the same trip at the same time . during the second week , it was just the four of us - jan ( vdb ) , mieke , stefanie and myself . we found 35 species of amphibians ( 15 ) and reptiles ( 20 ) . all pyrenean endemics , known at the time , were observed and a high number of\narribas , o . j . and gal\u00e1n , p . ( 2005 ) reproductive characteristics of the pyrenean high - mountain lizards : iberolacerta aranica ( arribas , 1993 ) , i . aurelioi ( arribas , 1994 ) and i . bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) . animal biology , 55 : 163 - 190 .\npinho c , harris dj , ferrand n : contrasting patterns of population subdivision and historical demography in three western mediterranean lizard species inferred from mitochondrial dna variation . mol ecol . 2007 , 16 : 1191 - 1205 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2007 . 03230 . x .\npaulo os , dias c , bruford mw , jordan wc , nichols ra : the persistence of pliocene populations through the pleistocene climatic cycles : evidence from the phylogeography of an iberian lizard . proc r soc lond b . 2001 , 268 : 1625 - 1630 . 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2001 . 1706 .\nthe main genetic split in mtdna corresponds generally to the french and spanish sides of the pyrenees as previously reported , in contrast to genome - wide aflp data , which show a major division between nw spain and the rest . both types of markers support the existence of four distinct and geographically congruent genetic groups , which are consistent with major topographic barriers . both datasets reveal the presence of three independent contact zones between lineages in the pyrenean region , one in the basque lowlands , one in the low - elevation mountains of the western pyrenees , and one in the french side of the central pyrenees . the latter shows genetic evidence of a recent , high - altitude trans - pyrenean incursion from spain into france .\nthis species is found in the central pyrenean mountains of france and spain . it was previously thought to be restricted to an area of about 25 km 2 of the mauberme massif , between the ar\u00e1n and ari\u00e9ge valleys , but in 2006 a new population was discovered in mont valier ( france ) . it occurs from 1 , 640 to 2 , 668 m asl .\ntaking an integrative approach , we have uncovered a very old diversification event that has resulted in a case of microendemicity in an arid mountain range . three morphologically and ecologically similar medium sized lizard species were shown to coexist in a very short and narrow mountain stretch of the northern tip of the hajar mountain range of approximately 140 km from north to south and 40 km from east to west ( 4 , 350 km\nthe distribution and age of major lineages is consistent with a pleistocene origin and a role for both the pyrenees and the cantabrian mountains in driving isolation and differentiation of z . vivipara lineages at large geographic scales . however , mountain ranges are not always effective barriers to dispersal , and have not prevented a recent high - elevation trans - pyrenean incursion that has led to asymmetrical introgression among divergent lineages . cytonuclear discordance in patterns of genetic structure and introgression at contact zones suggests selection may be involved at various scales . suture zones are important areas for the study of lineage formation and speciation , and our results show that biogeographic barriers can yield markedly different phylogeographic patterns in different vertebrate and invertebrate taxa .\nadditional fine - scale sampling at contact zones among lineages will also be needed to understand introgression dynamics at other areas , such as the beret site , where all individuals carry french mtdna and spanish ndna , or the contact zone in the western pyrenees between the blue and red clades detected at the iba\u00f1eta site , where individuals show blue central - pyrenean ndna , yet half of them carry red mtdna haplotypes . patterns at these individual sites are similar to those found at some sites in southern france , and a more thorough geographic context provided by finer - scale sampling will be needed to help determine whether they belong to active contact zones with ongoing introgression or instead represent populations left in the genetic wake of a contact zone that shifted away .\n) . the pattern of haplotype frequency and distribution of the ne spain ( blue ) clade reflects higher haplotype diversity on the spanish side of the pyrenees than on the french side , where the relative frequency of haplotype \u201caa\u201d is more pronounced . this pattern , together with the evidence for a recent population expansion in this lineage , suggests that the presence of spanish haplotypes on the french side is the result of a trans - pyrenean colonization of the french side . we estimated time since the population expansion from the distribution of pairwise differences among blue - clade haplotypes , which yielded a value of \u03c4 = 3 . 00 ( 95 % ci : 0 . 00 - 3 . 83 ) . applying a mutation rate of 0 . 01 s / s / myr per lineage , this value corresponds to a time since the expansion of 54 , 744 years , with confidence intervals between the present and 69 , 890 years ago .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species was formerly included in the genus lacerta , but is now included in iberolacerta , following carranza et al . ( 2004 ) , and based on evidence from arribas ( 1998 , 1999 ) , carranza et al . ( 2004 ) , harris et al . ( 1998 ) and mayer and arribas ( 2003 ) .\ncox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )\njustification : listed as near threatened since although its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable , its population is probably reasonably stable .\nthis species is present in the central pyrenees mountains of france and spain . it ranges from 1 , 580 to 3 , 060 m asl .\nit may be locally common in suitable habitat , being more abundant in subalpine habitats . the populations are fragmented by unsuitable habitat , but are probably stable .\nthis species is found in subalpine and alpine habitats and is most commonly found in rocky slopes , outcrops and similar areas , sometimes close to alpine meadows . it is an egg - laying species .\nthis species is possibly threatened by overgrazing of habitat by cattle , and is inferred to be threatened by future habitat loss through the development of ski resorts , lodges and hotels , the construction of roads and tracks , and the use of all terrain vehicles . it is additionally threatened by the possible development of hydroelectric projects and mining . it is also possible that this species will be significantly impacted by climate change .\nthis species is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention . in spain it is present in the national parks of ordesa - monte perdido and aig\u00fcestortes - estany de sant maurici , the biosphere reserve of ordesa - vi\u00f1amala , the natural park of posets - maladeta and a number of other protected areas .\nvalentin p\u00e9rez - mellado , marc cheylan , i\u00f1igo mart\u00ednez - solano . 2009 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is also potentially threatened by overgrazing of its habitat by livestock , and by the destruction and fragmentation of its habitat due to human developments , including tourist resorts , road construction , hydroelectric projects and mining ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . ovoviviparous ovovivipary is a method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then \u2018born\u2019 live .\narribas , o . ( 2009 ) lagartija pirenaica - iberolacerta bonnali . in : salvador , a . , marco , a . ( eds . ) enciclopedia virtual de los vertebrados espa\u00f1oles . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , madrid .\nlosange . ( 2008 ) amphibiens et reptiles . editions art\u00e9mis . chamali\u00e8res , france .\ncarvalho , s . b . , brito , j . c . , crespo , e . j . and possingham , h . p . ( 2010 ) from climate change predictions to actions \u2013 conserving vulnerable animal groups in hotspots at a regional scale . global change biology , 16 ( 12 ) : 3257 - 3270 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\narribas amo , oscar j . 1993 . estatus espec\u00edfico para lacerta ( archaeolacerta ) monticola bonnali lantz , 1927 ( reptilia , lacertidae ) . bol . r . soc . esp . hist . nat . ( sec . biol . ) 90 ( 1 - 4 ) : 101 - 112 .\narribas , o . j . 1997 . morfologia , filogenia y bibliografia de las lagartijas de alta montana de los pirineos [ microforma ] . tesis doctoral - universitat aut\u00f2noma de barcelona . publicaciones de la universitat aut\u00f2noma de barcelona , 08193 bellaterra ( barcelona ) , 353 pp . isbn 84 - 490 - 0830 - 1 .\narribas , o . j . 1999 . phylogeny and relationships of the mountain lizards of europe and near east ( archaeolacerta mertens , 1921 , sensu lato ) and their relationships among the eurasian lacertid radiation . russ . j . herpetol . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 .\narribas , oscar j . 2000 . taxonomic revision of the iberian ' archaeolacertae ' iii : diagnosis , morphology , and geographic variation of iberolacerta bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 - 131 .\narribas , o . j . 1993 . intraspecific variability of lacerta ( archaeolacerta ) bonnali lantz , 1927 ( squamata : sauria : lacertidae ) . herpetozoa 6 ( 3 / 4 ) : 129 - 140 .\nbensettiti , f . & gaudillat , v . 2004 . cahiers d ' habitats natura 2000 . connaissance et gestion des habitats et des esp\u00e8ces d ' int\u00e9r\u00eat communautaire . tome 7 . esp\u00e8ces animales . la documentation fran\u00e7aise . 353 pp .\nberroneau , m . et al . 2010 . guide des amphibiens et reptiles d\u2019aquitaine . association cistude nature , 180 pp .\ncarranza , s . ; e . n . arnold & f . amat . 2004 . dna phylogeny of lacerta ( iberolacerta ) and other lacertine lizards ( reptilia : lacertidae ) : did competition cause long - term mountain restriction ? . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 1 ) : 57 - 77 .\nengelmann , w . e . et al . 1993 . lurche und kriechtiere europas . neumann verlag ( radebeul , germany ) , 440 pp .\nlantz , l . a . 1927 . quelques observations nouvelles sur l\u00b4herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales . extrait de la revue d\u00b4histoire naturelle appliqu\u00e9e premi\u00e8re partie , no . e et 2 : 1 - 14 . ( 13 - 11 )\nlantz , l . a . 1927 . quelques observations nouvelles sur l\u00b4herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales . extrait de la revue d\u00b4histoire naturelle appliqu\u00e9e premi\u00e8re partie , no . e et 2 : 1 - 14 . ( 13 - 11 ) .\nmontori , albert ; gustavo a . llorente , miguel \u00e1ngel alonso - zarazaga , \u00f3scar arribas , enrique ayll\u00f3n , jaime bosch , salvador carranza , miguel \u00e1ngel carretero , pedro gal\u00e1n , mario garc\u00eda - par\u00eds , david james harris , javier lluch , rafael m\u00e1rquez , jos\u00e9 antonio mateo , pilar navarro , manuel ortiz , valent\u00edn p\u00e9rez mellado , juan manuel pleguezuelos , vicente roca , xavier santos , miguel tejedo . 2005 . lista patr\u00f3n actualizada de la herpetofauna espa\u00f1ola . asociaci\u00f3n herpetol\u00f3gica espa\u00f1ola , 45 pp .\npottier g . , paumier j . - m . , tessier m . , barascud y . , talho\u00ebt s . , liozon r . , d\u2019andurain p . , vacher j . - p . , barthe l . , heaulm\u00e9 v . , esslinger m . , arthur c . - p . , calvet a . , maurel c . & redon h . 2008 . atlas de r\u00e9partition des reptiles et amphibiens de midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . les atlas naturalistes de midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es . nature midi - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es , toulouse , 126 pp .\npottier , g . 2001 . nouvelle donn\u00e9e sur la limite occidentale de r\u00e9partition du l\u00e9zard des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es iberolacerta bonnali ( lantz , 1927 ) ( sauria , lacertidae ) . bull . soc . herp . fr . 98 : 5 - 9 .\nsindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp .\napart from mieke , jan and stefanie ( who put up with me for 2 weeks of massive madness ) and the hyla crew , i would like to thank some people who shared their knowledge on where to find one or several species : on\u00e9sime prud ' homme , gilles pottier , marcus schmitt , pedro janssen , ferran bergall\u00f3 , richard gonzalez , mario garcia - par\u00eds , hellin de wavrin , oscar j . arribas , javier blasco - zumeta , lasse bergendorf , anders selmer , jan van der voort , pascal dubois , henk strijbosch and especially pierre - andr\u00e9 crochet . helping with many localities and information , these people made our trip a true success .\nstefanie and i picked up jan and mieke and we drove from gent ( belgium ) to mimizan ( france ) in the landes area . no real herping on this day , except for some marsh frogs (\n) in a pond on one of the\naires\nwhere we stopped .\n) were present . we drove on , towards iraty forest , and started exploring some streams . soon several species where encountered : common frog (\n) . just next to the campers , in some low shrub , peter found , thanks to the excellent weather conditions , 8 ( eight ! ) individuals of the species . we also found our first slow worms (\n) near puyarruego , without any luck . we did - however - see the first large psammodromus (\nwe drove south and stopped near la granja d ' escarpe . it was really hot and there were no reptiles to be seen . some dragonflies and birds eased that pain . after picking a spot at a camp site in mequinenza , we drove towards a pond near ballobar , where we found viperine snake , iberian water frog and the large tadpoles of western spadefoot (\nwe met with javier blasco - zumeta in pina de ebro . he showed us the los monegros area and we learned a lot about all aspects of flora and fauna of the landscape ( for an impressive species database and much more on his enormous work please visit javier ' s\nwe went back north , to the area around rosas . we found spanish terrapin (\n) , which turned out to be the only really missed species on this trip . apparently , conditions were too dry and a search at night near els estanys did not help , although it did bring a dead marbled newt (\nwe moved back into france . at the lac du salagou , we spent several hours trying to trap the shy water frogs and in the end we were 99 % sure ( intervomeral space etc . ) that we were dealing with graf ' s hybrid frog (\n) . the photomodel - to - be sadly escaped my ( somewhat tired ) grasp , so no decent picture of the beast was made . we gave up , and after a divine meal in st - paul - trois - ch\u00e2teaux , we slept well . the next day , we drove home and , though it was very hot , we were lucky to encounter few traffic jams .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of animal biology , university of salamanca , campus miguel de unamuno , 37007 salamanca , spain . electronic address : zaidaortega @ usal . es .\ndepartment of animal biology , university of salamanca , campus miguel de unamuno , 37007 salamanca , spain .\nwithin its distribution range , it co - occurs with zootoca vivipara and podarcis muralis . zootoca vivipara frequently shows a dark vertebral line which lacks in iberolacerta bonnali . furthermore , iberolacerta bonnali has a characteristic pointed snout . moreover , zootoca vivipara seems to prefer well - vegetated habits ( heathland ) instead of rocky areas \u2013 real syntopy should be rare .\npodarcis muralis frequently shows a dark vertebral line which lacks in iberolacerta bonnali . furthermore , it has dark - spotted , frequently orange throat , whereas iberolacerta bonnali has an unspotted whitish throat . it seems that during the recent years , podarcis muralis has been occupying increasingly high altitudes . presumably , this leads to some crowding out of iberolacerta bonnali .\nthe air holidays shown are atol protected by the civil aviation authority . our atol number is atol 3253 . atol protection extends primarily to customers who book and pay in the united kingdom . click on the atol logo if you want to know more .\nit has a flattened appearance with rough - looking grey or brown skin , which has many granular nodules . the most distinctive feature \u2013 on most of those we\u2019ve seen \u2013 is a bold yellow stripe along the back and tail , sometimes as a broken line , but there\u2019s also a stripeless form .\nwe have been lucky enough to see them several times in the shallow streams in the french pyrenees at the cirque de troumouse . sometimes they swim in the open but they will hide under stones , which may mean a view of just a head or tail , as the photos on the right show .\njust a hint of the lateral stripe on this newt , on the tail , june 2006 ( cg ) .\npurple form of the large marsh grasshopper stethophyma grossum , also at troumouse , sept 2012 ( cd ) .\nalso see our nature notes on welsh poppies in the french pyrenees and elsewhere .\nphotographs on this page by honeyguide leaders ivan nethercoat ( in ) , chris gibson ( cg ) and chris durdin ( cd ) or as credited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\np\u00e9rez - mellado , valentin ; cheylan , marc ; mart\u00ednez - solano , i\u00f1igo ( 2009 ) .\niberolacerta bonalli\n. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .\nbeolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( iberolacerta bonnali , p . 31 ) .\narribas oj , carranza s ( 2012 ) .\nthe type specimen of iberolacerta bonnali is stored in the natural history museum , london\n. bull . soc . cat . d ' herp . ( butlett\u00ed de la societat catalana d ' herpetologia ) 20 : 124 - 125 .\nlantz al ( 1927 ) .\nquelques observations nouvelles sur l ' herp\u00e9tologie des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es centrales\n. rev . hist . nat . appl . , paris 8 : 54 - 61 . ( lacerta monticola bonnali , new subspecies , p . 58 ) . ( in french ) .\nthis page was last edited on 23 april 2018 , at 05 : 39 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartament de biologia animal , universitat de barcelona , av . diagonal 645 , e - 08028 barcelona , spain\nmap showing the distribution range of the thyrrenian brook newts and the western brook newts ( shadowed areas ) . numbers refer to the following localities : 1 , el montseny . 2 , irati . 3 , vidr\u00e0 . 4 , xixarella . 5 , vall d ' en bac . 6 , collada de tosses . 7 , font de l ' \u00fas . 8 , berga . 9 , ordesa . 10 , monrepos . 11 , susqueda . 12 , vilanova de mei\u00e0 , 13 corsica . 14 , sardinia . additional data are given in table 1 .\nin this paper , we use 1208 bp of mtdna , external morphology and osteology to assess the taxonomic status , biogeography and evolution of the european brook newts .\ndetails of material and sequences used in the present study . numbers under locality code refer to geographical localities given in fig . 1 .\ndna sequences were aligned using clustalx ( thompson et al . , 1997 ) with default parameters ( gap opening = 10 ; gap extension = 0 . 2 ) . all the cytb sequences had the same length and therefore no gaps were postulated . these sequences were translated into amino acids using the vertebrate mitochondrial code and no stop codons were observed , suggesting they were probably all functional . although some gaps were postulated in order to resolve length differences in the 12s rrna and 16s rrna gene fragments , all positions could be unambiguously aligned and were therefore included in the analyses .\nthree methods of phylogenetic analysis were employed for all three independent partitions and the combined dataset and their results compared . these were : maximum likelihood ( ml ) , bayesian analysis and maximum parsimony ( mp ) . modeltest v . 3 . 06 ( posada & crandall , 1998 ) was used to select the most appropriate model of sequence evolution for the ml and bayesian analyses of the independent partitions and the combined dataset , under the akaike information criterion . this was , in all four cases , the general time reversible model ( gtr ) taking into account the proportion of invariable sites ( i ) and the shape parameter alpha of the gamma distribution ( g ) . for the mp analyses , apart from an unweighted analysis ( ts = 1 , tv = 1 ) , independent analyses were also carried out for each dataset taking into account the observed transitions ( ts ) / transversions ( tv ) ratios and the presence of saturation in the cytb 3rd codon ts . these were : cytb ( ts = 1 , tv = 4 ) ; cytb ( 3rd codon ts = 0 , tv = 1 ) , 16s rrna ( ts = 1 , tv = 2 ) ; 12s rrna ( ts = 1 , tv = 2 ) ; combined analysis ( ts = 1 , tv = 4 and cytb 3rd codon ts = 0 ) .\nboth ml and mp analyses were performed in paup * v . 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 1998 ) and included heuristic searches involving tree bisection and reconnection ( tbr ) branch swapping with 10 and 100 random stepwise additions of taxa , respectively . in the mp analyses gaps were included as a fifth state . reliability of the mp and ml trees was assessed by bootstrap analysis ( felsenstein , 1985 ) , involving 1000 replications for the mp analyses and 100 replications for the ml analyses .\ntopological incongruence among partitions was tested using the incongruence length difference ( ild ) test ( mickevich & farris , 1981 ; farris et al . , 1994 ) . in this test , 10 000 heuristic searches were performed after removing all invariable characters from the dataset ( cunningham , 1997 ) . to test for incongruence among datasets we also used a reciprocal 70 % bootstrap proportion ( mason - gamer & kellogg , 1996 ) or a 95 % posterior - probability threshold . topological conflicts were considered significant if two different relationships for the same set of taxa were both supported with bootstrap values \u2265 70 % or posterior - probability values \u2265 95 % .\ntopological constrains to test alternative topologies were constructed using macclade v . 4 . 0 ( maddison & maddison , 1992 ) and compared with optimal topologies using the shimodaira - hassegawa ( sh ) ( shimodaira & hasegawa , 1999 ) test implemented in paup * 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 1998 ) .\nml estimates of divergence times for the combined dataset were obtained after discovery of lineage rate constancy across the tree using the likelihood ratio test ( huelsenbeck & crandall , 1997 ) . the error associated with finite sampling of nucleotides for reconstructing branch lengths was calculated by a three - step non - parametric bootstrap procedure ( efron & tibshirani , 1993 ) : ( 1 ) 100 data matrices were generated using the seqboot program in phylip 3 . 57 , ( 2 ) the matrices were imported into paup * 4 . 0b10 and 100 trees with branch lengths were obtained using the gtr + i + g model of sequence evolution ( see above ) and the tree of figure 2 as a constraint , and ( 3 ) trees with branch lengths were transformed into trees with node times using treeedit v . 1 . 0 . the different values across the 100 trees were used to calculate the average and the standard deviation for the relevant nodes .\nx - rays images used in the osteological comparisons were taken in a dedicated facility of the natural history museum , london following specific protocols optimized for urodeles . in total , 69 specimens belonging to the salamandridae and covering the whole geographical distribution of the western brook newts were x - rayed ( see appendix 2 ) .\nto calibrate the phylogenetic trees , we used the methods described above ( see material and methods ) and an internal calibration point based on the assumption that divergence between pleurodeles waltl michahelles , 1830 and the ancestor of both north african p . poireti ( gervais , 1835 ) and p . nebulosus ( guichenot , 1850 ) was initiated by a vicariance event at the end of the messinian salinity crisis , approximately 5 . 3 mya , when the opening of the strait of gibraltar separated european and african populations of pleurodeles ( carranza & arnold , 2004 ; carranza & wade , 2004 ) .\nthe results of the combined analyses for the combined dataset are presented in figure 2 and all the different methods employed clearly indicate that euproctus is polyphyletic . to test this result , the log likelihood of the ml tree presented in figure 2 ( \u22126882 . 664 ) was compared with the log likelihood of an ml tree constrained so that euproctus was monophyletic ( \u22126954 . 332 ) . the results of the sh test showed that the constrained tree is significantly different , having a significantly worse log likelihood value than the unconstrained solution ( diff - ln l = 71 . 66744 ; p < 0 . 001 ) , and hence the tree in figure 2 , where euproctus is polyphyletic , is consequently preferred .\nby contrast , the tyrrhenian brook newts form a highly supported monophyletic group ( 100 % in all analyses ) with unresolved affinities to mesotriton and lissotriton . our data support e . montanus and e . platycephalus having diverged from each other approximately 5 . 5 mya , a date that coincides with the end of the messinian salinity crisis and the refilling of the mediterranean sea ( see carranza & arnold , 2004 ) ."]}
{"id": 853, "summary": [{"text": "diandrya is a genus of cestode parasites that are known from marmots ( marmota spp. ) in north america .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the species diandrya composita , described along with the genus by j. g. darrah in 1930 , is known from all north american marmots except the woodchuck ( m. monax ) .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the species d. vancouverensis , described by t. f. mace and c. d. shepard in 1981 , is only known from the vancouver marmot ( m. vancouverensis ) , an island endemic on vancouver island . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "diandrya", "paragraphs": ["diandrya composita is a species of cestode parasite that is known from marmots ( marmota spp . ) in north america .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 855, "summary": [{"text": "boonea cincta is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of eleven known species within the boonea genus of gastropods . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "boonea cincta", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : boonea cincta ( p . p . carpenter , 1864 ) - id : 2241750005\nboonea seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 ) \u2013 half - smooth odostome\nrobertson r . 1978 . spermatophores of six eastern north american pyramidellid gastropods and their systematic significance ( with the new genus boonea ) . biological bulletin , 155 : 360 - 382 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npimenta a . d . , absal\u00e3o r . s . & miyaji c . ( 2009 ) . a taxonomic review of the genera boonea , chrysallida , parthenina , ivara , fargoa , mumiola , odostomella and trabecula ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae , odostomiinae ) from brazil . zootaxa 2049 : 39 - 66 [ details ]\n( of odostomia ( boonea ) robertson , 1978 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 110 [ details ]\n( of odostomia pulcherrima dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia pulcia dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia sapia dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia vicola dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia vincta dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nclick on photo to enlarge . scale line in photo equals 1cm unless otherwise specified .\nthe odostome snails can be difficult to identify and are under study to sort out the species . ours were identified by pyramidellidae authority patrick lafollette of the natural history museum , los angeles county .\nthis is very rarely found due to its small size . it has a subtle beaded sculpture which fades to only spiral grooves near the base of the aperture .\nthis is rarely found intertidally in our area . the shell is white . the last whorl exhibits an angled lower portion .\nintertidal to 37m size to 7mm california to bc this is rarely found intertidally . the shell is golden - yellow to reddish - brown . there are 20 - 22 axial ribs per whorl . they do not extend to the base of the last whorl . the shell also has very fine spiral lines .\nthis is occasionally found intertidally . it is a parasite and has been found on various species of mollusks . the shell is white to yellow with microscopic spiral striations . it has a rounded base and an oval aperture .\n. further research shows this species may parasitize the siphons of a wide range of bivalves .\nthe turbonillas are a little understood group in the pacific northwest which need further study . we do not attempt to identify them to species level at this time , except for\n. our numbering system does not correlate to any other reference , but is simply our own way to keep track of the types we have found . we are not sure exactly how many valid species exist in our area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfull text of\nmorphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain pyramidellid taxa ( heterobranchia ) .\nfull text of\nmorphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain pyramidellid taxa ( heterobranchia ) ."]}
{"id": 857, "summary": [{"text": "bothrops ammodytoides is a venomous pit viper species endemic to argentina .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "common names : patagonian lancehead , yararanata , patagonian pit viper . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "bothrops ammodytoides", "paragraphs": ["bothrops ammodytoides leybold 1873 : 80 rhinocerophis nasus garman 1881 bothrops patagonicus m\u00fcller 1885 bothrops burmeisteri koslowsky 1895 : 369 lachesis ammodytoides \u2014 boulenger 1896 bothrops ammodytoides \u2014 amaral 1929 bothrops ammodytoides \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 bothrops ammodytoides \u2014 cei 1993 bothrops ammodytoides \u2014 welch 1994 : 31 bothrops ammodytoides \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 253 rhinocerophis ammodytoides \u2014 fenwick et al . 2009 bothrops ammodytoides \u2014 carrasco et al . 2012 rhinocerophis ammodytoides \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 648\nbothrops ammodytoides by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nbothrops ammodytoides , a venomous pit viper species endemic to argentina ; common name yarar\u00e1 \u00f1ata .\nsome toxic and enzymatic activities of bothrops ammodytoides ( yarar\u00e1 \u00f1ata ) venom . - pubmed - ncbi\nregistros de yarar\u00e1 \u00f1ata ( bothrops ammodytoides ) en catamarca . n\u00f3tulas faun\u00edsticas ( segunda serie ) , 190 .\nrhinocerophis nasus ( garman , 1881 ) , a junior synonym of bothrops ammodytoides ( leybold , 1873 ) .\nrhinocerophis alternatus , r . ammodytoides , r . cotiara , r . fonsecai , r . itapetiningae , and r . jonathani .\nbothrops microphthalmus cope 1876 : 182 bothrops microphthalmus \u2014 cope 1879 : 277 lachesis microphthalmus boulenger 1896 lachesis pleuroxanthus boulenger 1912 : 423 bothrops microphtalmus [ sic ] \u2014 p\u00e9rez - santos & moreno 1988 porthidium microphthalmum \u2014 sch\u00e4tti & kramer 1993 bothrops microphthalmus \u2014 welch 1994 : 33 bothrops microphthalmus \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 267 bothrocophias microphthalmus \u2014 gutberlet & campbell 2001 bothrops microphthalmus \u2014 lehr et al . 2002 bothrocophias microphthalmus \u2014 carrasco et al . 2012 bothrocophias microphthalmus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 113\nthe lancehead pit viper group of 39 species of south american pit vipers were formerly all grouped into the genus bothrops . recent changes in taxonomy of the bothrops genus has resulted in the bothrops genus being split into three genera : bothropoides , rhinocerophis and bothrops . however , some experts have argued in favor odfretaining the one gneus , bothrops ( 1 ) . the current taxonmy of three genera is used by the reptile database ( 2 ) .\nnomenclatural instability in the venomous snakes of the bothrops complex : implications in toxinology . . .\ndiet generalists including a high proportion of mammal prey ( 42 . 8\u201360 % in b . ammodytoides and b . itapetiningae ) or mammal speciesalists .\nscrocchi , g . 1997 . acerca de la localidad tipo de bothrops ammodytoides leybold ( serpentes : viperidae ) y pseudotomodon trigonatus ( leybold ) ( serpentes : colubridae ) . cuadernos de herpetolog\u00eda 11 ( 1 - 2 ) : 69 - 70 .\ncarrasco , paola a . ; leynaud , gerardo c . ; scrocchi , gustavo j 2010 . redescription of the southernmost snake species , bothrops ammodytoides ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) . amphibia - reptilia 31 : 323 - 338 - get paper here\nscrocchi , g . j . 1997 . acerca de la localidad tipo de bothrops ammodytoides leybold ( serpentes , viperidae ) y pseudotomodon trigonatus ( leybold ) ( serpentes : colubridae ) . cuadernos de herpetologia 11 ( 1 - 2 ) : 69 - 70 - get paper here\nsystematics of the bolivian and peruvian species of the genus bothrops ( serpentes : viperidae : crotal . . .\nwe did not examine individuals of bothrops lutzi , but based on priorir work that elevated this species out of the bothrops neuwiedi complex ( silva , 2000 , 2004 ) , we include it in the genus bothropoides .\ncertain species were recovered in different positions in different analyses . bothrops pictus was the only species not recovered in a species group in analysis 11 : it was sister to the remainder of the bothrops + bothriopsis clade ( p . = 97 ) . in parsimony analysis 10 , however , a sister relationship between b . pictus and the b . alternatus clade was supported by a bootstrap value of 56 ; this relationship was not recovered in the majority - rule consensus of the shortest trees . in all other cases of alternative placements , the species relationships were supported with posterior probability and bootstrap values of less than 65 . species with alternative placements were bothrops andianus , bothrops barnetti parker , 1938 , bothrops mattogrossensis amaral , 1925 , bothrops sanctaecrucis hoge , 1966 , and bothrops venezuelensis sandner - montilla , 1952 .\nthe generic name is derived from the latin rhinocer , meaning \u2018nose - horn\u2019 , referring to the strongly upturned snout of r . ammodytoides , and ophis , meaning \u2018snake\u2019 . names ending in this suffix are masculine .\nbothrops insularis is known only from queimada grande island , off the coast of s\u00e3o paulo , southeastern brazil ( campbell and lamar 1989 ) .\na further motivation for synonymizing bothriopsis with bothrops is that because the arboreal species bothrops punctatus and bothrops osborneiei are more closely related to the terrestrial or semiarboreal bothrops atrox group than to the arboreal genus bothriopsis ( table 1 ) , there is little reason to recognize bothriopsis as a separate genus ( w\u00fcster et al , 2002 ) . arboreality has evolved several times within the crotalinae ( gutberlet & harvey , 2004 ; malhotra & thorpe , 2004 ; castoe & parkinson , 2006 ) , and it can be argued that the continued recognition of bothriopsis serves to cast taxonomic light on an additional instance of this phenomenon .\netymology ( genus ) : the generic name rhinocerophis is derived from the latin rhinoceros , meaning \u2018nose - horn\u2019 , referring to the strongly upturned snout of r . ammodytoides , and ophis , meaning \u2018snake\u2019 . names ending in this suffix are masculine .\nthe knowledge that bothrops is paraphyletic has led to taxonomic arguments about how to revise the content of this genus . some suggest synonymizing bothriopsis with bothrops , and also mention the possibility of synonymizing the small , cohesive sister genus bothrocophias with bothrops ( salom\u00e3o et al , 1997 ; w\u00fcster et al , 2002 ) . others propose dividing bothrops into smaller monophyletic genera ( parkinson , 1999 ; gutberlet & campbell , 2001 ; harvey , aparicio & gonzales , 2005 ; castoe & parkinson , 2006 ) . there is no completely objective criterion for distinguishing between these options , but a comprehensive phylogeny provides the best information for evaluating taxonomic alternatives .\n. . . another interesting aspect revealed by this study is the potential area of expansion of bothrops ammodytoides . this species is the southernmost venomous snake in the world ( campbell and lamar 2004 ; carrasco et al . 2010 ) and its southern expansion would imply that ophidism could reach human populations never affected by it and thus without the appropriate infrastructure and / or adequate personnel to cope these accidents . . . .\nbothrops alternatus , a venomous pit viper species found in brazil , paraguay , uruguay and argentina ; common names yarar\u00e1 grande ( argentina ) , urutu ( brazil ) .\ncross neutralization of bothrops jararacussu venom by heterologous antivenoms . we have studied the immunochemical cross - reactivity and cross - neutralization of the lethal potency , hemorrhagic , necrotizing , procoagulant and ( indirect ) hemolytic activities of bothrops jararacussu venom by the standard antivenoms produced in argentina . these antivenoms are horse immunoglobulin f ( ab ` ) 2 fragments . . . [ show full abstract ]\nw\u00fcster et al ( 2002 ) also suggest that although bothrops + bothriopsis contains greater morphological and natural history diversity than other genera , it appears to be no older based on cyt b divergence levels . our cyt b genetic distance results suggest that although the major lineages certainly contain less genetic divergence than bothrops + bothriopsis , their divergence levels are similar to those of other recognized genera .\nvenomous ! synonymy : lachesis pleuroxanthus has been synonymized with bothrocophias microphthalmus by most recent authors ( e . g . campbell & lamar 2004 , wallach et al . 2014 ) . however , the ncbi taxonomy still has an entry for bothrops pleuroxanthus ( taxid 157557 ) , based on an unpublished study by w . w\u00fcster ( submitted in aug 2000 . taxonomy : sch\u00e4tti & kramer 1993 didn\u2019t justify their allocation of microphthalmus to porthidium , hence it has been assigned to bothrops by some authors ( w . w\u00fcster , pers . comm . ) . subspecies : bothrops microphthalmus colombianus has been elevated to species status .\nsch\u00e4tti b ; kramer e 1993 . ecuadorianische grubenottern der gattungen bothriechis , bothrops und porthidium ( serpentes : viperidae ) . revue suisse de zoologie 100 ( 2 ) : 235 - 278 - get paper here\nbayesian markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) 50 % majority - rule consensus phylogram , excluding taxa with morphological data only ( analysis 11 ) . the phylogram is derived from an analysis of 2343 bp of mitochondrial dna and 85 gap - weighted or majority - coded morphological characters . the posterior probabilities are shown above nodes ; bootstrap values from parsimony analysis of the same data set alre shown below nodes ( analysis 10 ) . the parsimony analysis shows minor topological differences from bayesian analysis ; refer to figure s1 for parsimony cladogram . grey circles indicate posterior probabilities of 95 or greater and bootstrap values of 70 or greater . letters correspond to major lineages : a , bothrocophias clade ; b , bothrops alternatus clade ; c , bothrops neuwiedi + bothrops jararaca clade ; d , bothriopsis clade ; e , bothrops atrox clade .\n. . . pitvipers within the genus group bothrops sensu lato have been widely studied , with results published by carrasco et . al . ( 2010 ) , jansen ( 2008 ) and others . . . .\nbayesian markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) 50 % majority - rule consensus phylogram , including taxa with morphological data only ( analysis 8 ) . the phylogram is derived from an analysis of 2343 bp mitochondrial and 85 gap - weighted or majority - coded morphological characters . the posterior probabilities are shown above nodes ; bootstrap values from parsimony analysis of the same data set alre shown below nodes ( analysis 7 ) . the parsimony analysis shows minor topological differences from the bayesian analysis ; refer to figure s3 for the parsimony cladogram . grey circles indicate posterior probabilities of 95 or greater , and bootstrap values of 70 or greater . dashes indicate support values of less than 50 . letters correspond to the major lineages : a , bothrocophias clade ; b , bothrops alternatus clade ; c , bothrops neuwiedi + bothrops jararaca clade ; d , bothriopsis clade ; e , bothrops atrox clade .\ntwelve species ( bothriopsis bilineata , b . oligolepis , b . taeniata , bothrocophias microphthalmus , bothrops andianus , b . atrox , b . jonathani , b . moojeni , b . neuwiedi , b . sanctaecrucis , crotalus durissus , lachesis muta ) and five genera of pitvipers are known from bolivia . known ranges of several species are expanded to accommodate recently collected material and bothrops andianus is reported from . . . [ show full abstract ]\nisolation , amino acid sequence and biological characterization of an ' aspartic - 49 ' phospholipase a ( 2 ) from bothrops ( rhinocerophis ) ammodytoides venom .\nclement h . , costa de oliveira v . , zamudio f . z . , lago n . r . , valdez - cruz n . a . , bernard valle m . , hajos s . e . , alagon a . , possani l . d . , de roodt a . r . toxicon 60 : 1314 - 1323 ( 2012 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nkuch , u . & freire , a . 1995 . notes on morphology , reproduction and medical importance of the poorly known small - eyed lancehead , bothrops microphthalmus cope , 1876 in ecuador . herpetozoa 8 - get paper here\nbothrops ammodytoides , the smallest representative of this genus , is found only in argentina . venom was extracted from thirty adult specimens ( 35 - 70 cm in length , 90 - 300 g in weight ) captured in the province of buenos aires and kept in captivity . venom yield was 3 - 30 mg . sds - page showed strong bands at 14 . 0 ; 23 - 25 ; 45 ; 54 and 63 kda and weak bands at 17 . 0 ; 30 . 0 ; 40 . 0 and 85 . 0 kda . toxic . . . [ show full abstract ]\nyarara or ' ' ' yarar\u00e1 ' ' ' is the common name of the venomous pit viper species bothrops jararaca endemic to southern brazil , paraguay , and northern argentina . also known as yarar\u00e1 perezosa ( argentina ) , jararaca ( brazil )\nbothrops mattogrossensis and b . pubescens were elevated from subspecies of b . neuwiedi by silva ( 2000 , 2004 ) . bothrops pubescens was not included in the final analyses because of the lack of speciesmens , but preliminary analyses recovered it in a clade with b . neuwiedi and b . diporus . based on this and on its membership in the b . neuwiedi complex , we suggest that it belongs to the b . neuwiedi lineage . bothrops mattogrossensis was recovered in the b . alternatus and b . jararaca + b . neuwiedi + b . alternatus clades in alternative analyses ( figs 2 , s3 , s4 , s7\u2013s9 ) , but the morphology that originally classified this species as b . neuwiedi suggests that it also belongs in the b . neuwiedi clade .\nprelacunal and second supralabial fused . species sympatroxic with b . jararaca either have fewer supralabials or fewer ventrals , or both . in all species , subcaudal scales divided , 7 or 8 supralabial scales , 153\u2013227 ventral scales , mesial spines on hemipenes absent or present bothrops\n. . . la yarar\u00e1 \u00f1ata ( bothrops ammodytoides ) es una serpiente solenoglifa de la familia viperidae end\u00e9mica del centro y sur de la argentina , habitando sus zonas \u00e1ridas y semi\u00e1ridas siendo la serpiente de distribuci\u00f3n m\u00e1s austral y t\u00edpica de las provincias fitogeogr\u00e1ficas del monte y patag\u00f3nica ( cabrera , 2001 ; giraudo y scrocchi , 2002 ; carrasco et al . , 2010 ) . se distribuye en las provincias de buenos aires , catamarca , chubut , c\u00f3rdoba , jujuy , la pampa , la rioja , mendoza , neuqu\u00e9n , r\u00edo negro , salta , san juan , san luis , santa cruz y tucum\u00e1n ( carrasco et al . , 2010 ; giraudo et al . , 2012 ) . . . .\nvenomous ! this species might be the southernmost snake species worldwide ( to 47\u00b0 ) . type species : rhinocerophis nasus garman 1881 is the type species of the genus rhinocerophis garman 1881 . note , however , that rhinocerophis has been synonymized with bothrops by carrasco et al . 2012 .\n. . . it comprises at least 50 species , some of them described recently ( campbell and lamar 2004 ; da silva and trefaut rodrigues , 2008 ; barbo et al . , 2012barbo et al . , , 2016 ) . the group is present in different ecoregions of the continent , from tropical and subtropical forests to arid and semiarid regions , and from sea level to altitudes of more than 3000 m ( campbell and lamar , 2004 ; carrasco et al . , 2009 carrasco et al . , , 2010 ) . the bothrops complex ( bothrops sensu lato ) is extremely diverse in its morphological and ecological traits . . . .\nmost species are found in south america east of the andes , exclusive of uruguay , southern paraguay , and central to southern argentina ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) . bothrops caribbaeus and b . lanceolatus are found on the caribbean islands of saint lucia and martinique . bothrops osbornei , b . punctatus , and b . asper range through peru , ecuador , and portions of colombia west of the andes , and b . asper ranges northwards in middle america through the countries of panama , costa rica , nicaragua , honduras , guatemala , belize , and mexico . see campbell & lamar ( 2004 ) for range maps of individual species .\n. . . it comprises at least 50 species , some of them described recently ( campbell and lamar 2004 ; da silva and trefaut rodrigues , 2008 ; barbo et al . , 2012 barbo et al . , , 2016 ) . the group is present in different ecoregions of the continent , from tropical and subtropical forests to arid and semiarid regions , and from sea level to altitudes of more than 3000 m ( campbell and lamar , 2004 ; carrasco et al . , 2009 carrasco et al . , , 2010 ) . the bothrops complex ( bothrops sensu lato ) is extremely diverse in its morphological and ecological traits . . . .\nthe generic name is derived from the greek bothros , referring to the facial pit , and also referring to the currently named genus bothrops . the term oides means \u2018similar to\u2019 or \u2018having the nature of\u2019 , thereby recognizing the affinity of these species with other terrestrial south american pitvipers . names ending in this suffix are masculine .\njustification : bothrops insularis is known only from one location : a small island off southeastern brazil ( total area 43 ha ) . the species ' highly restricted range and continuing decline in habitat quality , as a result of removal of vegetation by people from the brazilian navy who keep the lighthouse , qualify it for the critically endangered category .\n. . . those authors also resurrected the genus rhinocerophis garman 1881 to allocate the species of b . alternatus group , diagnosed by 27 mitochondrial characters and one\u2013two palatine teeth as unique morphological synapomorphy . based on new data , carrasco et al . ( 2010 ) pointed out that the morphological analysis by fenwick et al . ( 2009 ) was incomplete and rejected the use of rhinocerophis , which made the bothrops complex paraphyletic with respect to bothriopsis and bothropoides ( carrasco et al . , 2010 ) . the lack of an exclusive morphological character in rhinocerophis and bothropoides , and a diagnosis based only on molecular data , indicates that splitting of the genus bothrops into two or more genera is still premature . . . .\nfenwick , allyson m . ; ronald l . gutberlet jr , jennafer a . evans , christopher l . parkinson 2009 . morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of south american pitvipers , genera bothrops , bothriopsis , and bothrocophias ( serpentes : viperidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 156 ( 3 ) : 617 - 640 - get paper here\nallyson m . fenwick , ronald l . gutberlet , jennafer a . evans , christopher l . parkinson ; morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of south american pitvipers , genera bothrops , bothriopsis , and bothrocophias ( serpentes : viperidae ) , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 156 , issue 3 , 1 july 2009 , pages 617\u2013640 , urltoken\nbothrops andianus , b . asper , b . atrox , b . brazili , b . caribbaeus , b . isabelae , b . jararacussu , b . lanceolatus , b . leucurus , b . marajoensis , b . moojeni , b . muriciencis , b . osbornei , b . pirajai , b . punctatus , b . sanctaecrucis , and b . venezuelensis .\nwe have studied the immunochemical cross - reactivity and cross - neutralization of the lethal potency , hemorrhagic , necrotizing , procoagulant and ( indirect ) hemolytic activities of bothrops jararacussu venom by the standard antivenoms produced in argentina . these antivenoms are horse immunoglobulin f ( ab ' ) 2 fragments from animals immunized with 1 ) crotalus durissus terrificus venom ( monovalent . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmembers are short to elongate , of moderate girth to stout , and are terrestrial , lacking a prehensile tail . dorsal colour brown to black , with spade - shaped dorsal markings , generally with spots between spades ( r . alternatus , r . fonsecai ; no spots between spades in r . jonathani , and sometimes missing in r . cotiara ) , or trapezoidal dorsal markings , with spots between trapezoids ( r . itapetiningae ) , or with chequered pattern ( r . ammodytoides ) . spade - shaped dorsal markings and a postorbital stripe on head , with distinctive black bars on the gulars of r . alternatus , r . cotiarara , r . fonsecai , and r . jonathani .\ncarrasco , p . a . , mattoni , c . i . , leynaud , g . c . & scrocchi , g . j . ( 2012 ) . morphology , phylogeny and taxonomy of south american bothropoid pitvipers ( serpentes , viperidae ) . \u2014zoologica scripta , 41 , 109\u2013124 . south american bothropoids comprise a monophyletic and greatly diverse group of pitvipers that were initially included in the genus bothrops and later assigned to five genera . until recently , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe examined the scalation of 42 species , hemipenes of 21 species , and skulls or skeletons of 13 species ( appendix 2 and appendix s1 ) . when possible , speciesmens were acquired from throughout the range of each species . scale and hemipenial data for bothrops alcatroz marques , martins & sazima , 2002 were taken from the description of the holotype . observations of colour pattern were taken from colour plates in campbell & lamar ( 2004 ) . males and females were treated together . some juveniles were coded for scale characters , as scalation does not change with ontogeny , but skeletal data were only collected from presumed adults .\nbothriopsis oligolepis and b . medusa could not be included in the final analyses because too few speciesmens were available ( appendix 1 ) . preliminary analyses placed b . oligolepis within bothriopsis , and its green coloration , prehensile tail , and arboreal lifestyle suggest that the current designation is correct . the semi - arboreal lifestyle of b . medusa in addition to its venezuelan distribution ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) places it with either bothriopsis or with the bothrops atrox group ( table 4 ) . the tan , brown , grey or olive coloration is unlike most bothriopsis species , but the pattern of transverse bands on the dorsum is similar to bothriopsis species and is unlike the spade - shaped dorsal markings on most of the b . atrox group speciesmens . we suggest retaining the current designation until more data are available .\nthe alpha2beta1 integrin is a major collagen receptor that plays an essential role in the adhesion of normal and tumor cells to the extracellular matrix . here we describe the isolation of a novel metalloproteinase / disintegrin , which is a potent inhibitor of the collagen binding to alpha2beta1 integrin . this 55 - kda protein ( alternagin ) and its disintegrin domain ( alternagin - c ) were isolated from bothrops alternatus snake venom . amino acid sequencing of alternagin - c revealed the disintegrin structure . alternagin and alternagin - c inhibit collagen i - mediated adhesion of k562 - alpha2beta1 - transfected cells . the ic50 was 134 and 100 nm for alternagin and alternagin - c , respectively . neither protein interfered with the adhesion of cells expressing alphaiibeta3 , alpha1beta1 , alpha5beta1 , alpha4beta1 alphavbeta3 , and alpha9beta1 integrins to other ligands such as fibrinogen , fibronectin , and collagen iv . alternagin and alternagin - c also mediated the adhesion of the k562 - alpha2beta1 - transfected cells . our results show that the disintegrin - like domain of alternagin is responsible for its ability to inhibit collagen binding to alpha2beta1 integrin .\nwe have previously demonstrated that alternagin - c ( alt - c ) , a disintegrin - like protein from the venom of the brazilian snake bothrops alternatus , induces human vascular endothelial cell ( huvec ) proliferation by up - regulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) . here , we show that alt - c is also able to induce in vivo angiogenesis using the model of matrigel plug in nude mice . fibroblast growth factor ( fgf ) alone or supplemented with alt - c was mixed with melted matrigel and subcutaneously injected in nude mice . after two weeks , the matrigel plugs were removed and analyzed to verify endothelial cell migration and new vessel formation . alt - c ( 1 and 10 ng ) strongly induced endothelial cell migration as well as the formation of new vessels . however , in higher concentrations , alt - c strongly inhibited angiogenesis . in low concentrations ( 1 and 10nm ) , alt - c also up - regulates the expression of vegf receptor 2 ( vegfr2 , kdr ) mostly after 48 hr , but it did not affect vegfr1 ( ftl - 1 ) in huvec cells as demonstrated by real - time pcr analysis . however , in higher concentrations ( 100 nm ) the expression of both receptors is down - regulated . a peptide derived from alt - c primary structure also affects huvec proliferation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo . in conclusion , the present study shows for the first time the in vivo angiogenesis induced by a disintegrin - like molecule and the modulation of vegfrs as well .\nalternagin - c ( alt - c ) , a disintegrin - like protein purified from the venom of the brazilian snake bothrops alternatus , interacts with the major collagen i receptor , the alpha ( 2 ) beta ( 1 ) integrin , inhibiting collagen binding . here we show that alt - c also inhibits the adhesion of a mouse fibroblast cell line ( nih - 3t3 ) to collagen i ( ic ( 50 ) 2 . 2 microm ) . in addition , when immobilized on plate wells , alt - c supports the adhesion of this cell line as well as of human vein endothelial cell ( huvec ) . alt - c ( 3 microm ) does not detach cells that were previously bound to collagen i . alt - c ( 5 nm ) induces huvec proliferation in vitro , and it inhibits the positive effect of vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) or fgf - 2 on the proliferation of these cells , thus suggesting a common mechanism for these proteins . gene expression analysis of human fibroblasts growing on alt - c - or collagen - coated plates showed that alt - c and collagen i induce a very similar pattern of gene expression . when compared with cells growing on plastic only , alt - c up - regulates the expression of 45 genes including the vegf gene and down - regulates the expression of 30 genes . fibroblast vegf expression was confirmed by rt - pcr and elisa assay . up - regulation of the vegf gene and other growth factors could explain the positive effect on huvec proliferation . alt - c also strongly activates akt / pkb phosphorylation , a signaling event involved in endothelial survival and angiogenesis . in conclusion , alt - c acts as a survival factor , promoting adhesion and endothelial cell proliferation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nargentina ( tucuman to chubut and patagonia , neuqu\u00e9n , rio negro , mendoza , la pampa , buenos aires , san juan , san luis , la rioja , c\u00f3rdoba , catamarca ) . type locality : norte de argentina\nholotype : mcz r - 2063 , but unlocated fide mcdiarmid et al . 1999 .\ncampbell , j . a . & lamar , w . w . 1989 . the venomous reptiles of latin america . comstock publishing / cornell university press , ithaca\ncarrasco , p . a . , c . i . mattoni , g . c . leynaud , and g . j . scrocchi . 2012 . morphology , phylogeny and taxonomy of south american bothropoid pitvipers ( serpentes , viperidae ) . zoologica scripta 41 : 109 - 124 - get paper here\ncarrasco , p . a . ; harvey , m . b . & mu\u00f1oz saravia , a . 2009 . the rare andean pitviper rhinocerophis jonathani ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) : redescription with comments on its systematics and biogeography . zootaxa 2283 : 1\u201315 - get paper here\nkoslowsky , j . 1895 . batracios y reptiles de rioja y catamarca . rev . mus . la plata 6 : 359 - 370 - get paper here\nleybold , f . 1873 . excursi\u00f3n a las pampas argentinas , hojas de mi diario santiago , 108 pp . - get paper here\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nminoli i , morando m , avila lj 2015 . reptiles of chubut province , argentina : richness , diversity , conservation status and geographic distribution maps . zookeys 498 : 103 - 126 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 498 . 7476 - get paper here\nscrocchi , g . j . ; moreta , j . c . & kretzschmar , s . 2006 . serpientes del noroeste argento [ jujuy , salta , tucum\u00e1n , catamarca , la rioja , santiago del estero ] . fundaci\u00f3n miguel lillo , tucum\u00e1n , 178 pp .\nscrocchi , gustavo j . ; cristian s . abdala , javier nori , hussam zaher 2010 . reptiles de la provincia de ri\u0301o negro , argentina fondo ed . rionegrino , 249 pp .\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . patterns of coloration ) and ecology ( e . g . macromicrohabitat , feeding habits ) ( martins et al . , 2002 ; carrasco et al . , 2010 carrasco et al . , , 2012 ) may be attributed to ancestor - descendant relationship . on the other hand , the phylogeny of fig . 1would imply that morpho - ecological similarities among\nneuwiedi\nand\njararaca\nwith other groups of species respectively , might be attributed to convergent evolution because of inhabiting similar habitats . . . .\n. . . habita preferentemente roquedales , zonas de suelos arenosos o salitrosos . su distribuci\u00f3n altitudinal va desde el nivel del mar hasta m\u00e1s de los 3 . 000 m s . n . m . , siendo la altura m\u00e1xima a la que n\u00f3tulas faun\u00edsticas - segunda serie , 190 ( 2016 ) : 1 - 5 fue encontrada los 3 . 700 m s . n . m . , en tres cruces , provincia de jujuy ( moreta en carrasco et al . , 2010 ) . su alimentaci\u00f3n incluye lagartijas y roedores ( cei , 1993 ; g\u00f3mez ales et al . , 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . literature and museum records with acronyms or specific localities were quoted literally . we include these records from revisionary literature : abdala ( 2005 ) , abdala ( 2007 ) , avila et al . ( 2001avila et al . ( , 2003avila et al . ( , 2006aavila et al . ( , 2007aavila et al . ( , 2007bavila et al . ( , 2012 ) , abdala et al . ( 2012b ) , breitman et al . ( 2011b ) , carrasco et al . ( 2010 ) , avila ( 2008a , 2008b ) , cei ( 1973acei ( , 1974cei ( , 1986cei ( , 1993cei ( , 2003 , cei and castro ( 1973 ) , cei et al . ( 2001cei et al . ( , 2003 , cei and scolaro ( 1980 ) , cei and scolaro ( 1999 ) , cruz et al . ( 1999 ) , daciuk and miranda ( 1980 ) , etheridge and christie ( 2003 ) , gallardo ( 1960 ) , giambelluca ( 1999 ) , giraudo et al . ( 2012 ) , giraudo and scrocchi ( 2002 ) , ibarg\u00fcengoyt\u00eda and schulte ii ( 2001 ) , kluge ( 1964 ) , koslowsky ( 1898 ) , lobo ( 2005 ) , lobo andquinteros ( 2005a , 2005b ) , lobo et al . ( 2010 ) , montero ( 1996 ) , nenda et al . ( 2007 ) , schulte ii et al . ( 2004 ) , scolaro ( 1976ascolaro ( , 1976bscolaro ( , 1990scolaro ( , 1993scolaro ( , 2005scolaro ( , 2006 ) , scolaro and cei ( 1979 , 1997 , 2006 ) , scolaro et al . ( 2005scolaro et al . ( , 2013 , scolaro and ibarg\u00fcengoyt\u00eda ( 2007 ) we constructed a hexagonal cell grid ( white et al . 1992 , white 2000 ) with each en - tire perimeter cell having an area of 2 , 787 km 2 , covering the entire territory of chubut province . the resulting grid contained 106 hexagons . . . .\n. . . this lineage occupies a wide range of environments and vegetation types , from lowland central american and amazonian rain forests to open areas in the andes and patagonia ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) . even with extensive accumulated knowledge on natural history , taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of pitvipers ( hoge & romano\u2013 hoge , 1981 ; martins et al . , 2001 ; marques et al . , 2002 ; campbell & lamar , 2004 ; harvey et al . , 2005 ; cisneros - heredia et al . , 2006 ; carrasco et al . , 2009 carrasco et al . , , 2010 , among others ) , patterns of endemism , geographical distribution , and phylogenetic diversity in this group have never been assessed , hampering effective conservation action . here , we provide a conservation assessment based on evolutionary distinctiveness ( isaac et al . , 2007 ) and phylogenetic diversity ( faith , 1992 ) indexes for neotropical pitvipers . . . .\n. . . all records were georeferenced and mapped in arcview 9 . 0 ( esri , 2009 ) , according to usual geographical information system techniques . distribution records were obtained mainly from the literature ( e . g . gutberlet & campbell , 2001 ; campbell & lamar , 2004 ; harvey et al . , 2005 ; silva & rodrigues , 2008 ; carrasco et al . , 2009 carrasco et al . , , 2010 ) , with additional data obtained by revision of voucher specimens in large brazilian herpetological collections ( instituto butantan , mzusp , mpeg and chunb ) , after checking for accurate taxonomy and the most precise locality information . . . .\n. . . this lineage occupies a wide range of environments and vegetation types , from lowland central american and amazonian rain forests to open areas in the andes and patagonia ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) . even with extensive accumulated knowledge on natural history , taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of pitvipers ( hoge & romanohoge , 1981 ; martins et al . , 2001 ; marques et al . , 2002 ; campbell & lamar , 2004 ; harvey et al . , 2005 ; cisneros - heredia et al . , 2006 ; carrasco et al . , 2009 carrasco et al . , , 2010 , among others ) , patterns of endemism , geographical distribution , and phylogenetic diversity in this group have never been assessed , hampering effective conservation action . . . .\n. . . distribution records were obtained mainly from the literature ( e . g . gutberlet & campbell , 2001 ; campbell & lamar , 2004 ; harvey et al . , 2005 ; silva & rodrigues , 2008 ; carrasco et al . , 2009 carrasco et al . , , 2010 , with additional data obtained by revision of voucher specimens in large brazilian herpetological collections ( instituto butantan , mzusp , mpeg and chunb ) , after checking for accurate taxonomy and the most precise locality information . . . .\n. . . data records ( see suppl . fig . 1 carrasco et al . 2009 carrasco et al . , 2010 ) . . . .\n. . . the specimens examined and their origins are detailed in appendix s1 . morphological techniques and terminology used followed carrasco et al . ( 2009 carrasco et al . ( , 2010 ) . with few exceptions ( see appendix s1 ) , we examined the external morphology , cranial osteology and hemipenial morphology of most taxa . . . .\nbothropoids are a highly diverse group of pitvipers whose phylogeny is not yet sufficiently clear given the uncertain , unclear or conflicting position of many species . our goal is to assess the con\u2026\n[ more ]\nanalyzing distributional patterns of amphibians and reptiles to inform conservation decisions , with special focus on argentina .\nto generate useful spatial information for decision makers analyzing biogeographical and ecological patterns of amphibians and reptiles considering the most important human pressures .\nthe rare andean pitviper rhinocerophis jonathani ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) : redescription w . . .\nrhinocerophis jonathani is one of the few species of the neotropical pitvipers that inhabit xeric areas at elevations above 2000 m in the andes . we redescribe the species based on new specimens found in southern bolivia and northwestern argentina and provide new data on lepidosis , coloration , hemipenial morphology and the first description of cranial osteology . rhinocerophis jonathani exhibits . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrevision of the venomous snakes of bolivia . ii : the pitvipers ( serpentes : viperidae )\nsince nomenclature is intended to reflect the evolutionary history of organisms , advances in our understanding of historical relationships may lead to changes in classification , and thus potentially in taxonomic instability . an unstable nomenclature for medically important animals like venomous snakes is of concern , and its implications in venom / antivenom research and snakebite treatment have . . . [ show full abstract ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nde roodt ar 1 , dolab ja , hajos se , gould e , din\u00e1poli h , troiano jc , gould j , dokmetjian jc , carfagnini jc , fern\u00e1ndez t , amoroso m , segre l , vidal jc .\ninstituto nacional de producci\u00f3n de biol\u00f3gicos , anlis dr . carlos g . malbr\u00e1n , buenos aires , argentina .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nsnake venom phospholipase a2 ( pla2 ) that displays low systemic toxicity and causes severe symptoms only at very high concentrations ( 15 mg / kg ) . has neither coagulant nor anticoagulant activity . pla2 catalyzes the calcium - dependent hydrolysis of the 2 - acyl groups in 3 - sn - phosphoglycerides .\n< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000269\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nprotein sequence , function , catalytic activity , subcellular location , disulfide bonds , mass spectrometry , toxic dose .\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manual validated information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000255\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000250\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section indicates at which position the protein binds a given metal ion . the nature of the metal is indicated in the \u2018description\u2019 field . < p > < a href = ' / help / metal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section is used for enzymes and indicates the residues directly involved in catalysis . < p > < a href = ' / help / act _ site ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > inferred from direct assay < / p > < p > used to indicate a direct assay for the function , process or component indicated by the go term . < / p > < p > more information in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> go evidence code guide < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information that is based on statements in scientific articles for which there is no experimental support . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000303\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been inferred by a curator based on his / her scientific knowledge or on the scientific content of an article . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000305\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the disease ( s ) and phenotype ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathology _ and _ biotech _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' pathology and biotech ' < / a > section describes the lethal dose ( ld ) , paralytic dose ( pd ) , effect dose ( ed ) or lethal concentration ( lc ) of a protein toxin . < p > < a href = ' / help / toxic _ dose ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) . this subsection < strong > complements < / strong > the information provided at the sequence level or describes modifications for which < strong > position - specific data is not yet available < / strong > . < p > < a href = ' / help / post - translational _ modification ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . < p > < a href = ' / help / expression _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018expression\u2019 section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . by default , the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level , unless specified \u2018at protein level\u2019 . < br > < / br > examples : < a href =\nurltoken\n> p92958 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> q8tdn4 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> o14734 < / a > < p > < a href = ' / help / tissue _ specificity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / mass _ spectrometry ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn\u2019t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href = ' / help / miscellaneous _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarrasco , p . a . , mattoni , c . i . , leynaud , g . c . and scrocchi , g . j . 2012 . morphology , phylogeny and taxonomy of south american bothropoid pitvipers ( serpentes , viperidae ) . zoologica scripta 41 : 1 - 15 .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nhilton - taylor , c . & pollock , c . m . ( red list programme office )\nthe main threat to the species is the destruction of habitat . large areas of the island have been destroyed through repeated burning . the continuation of such activities threaten the survival of the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nbernarde , p . s . , albuquerque , s . , barros , t . o . & turci , l . c . b . 2012 . snakes of rondo\u0302nia state , brazil . biota neotrop . 12 ( 3 ) : - get paper here\nbernarde , p . s . , albuquerque , s . , barros , t . o . & turci , l . c . b . 2012 . serpentes do estado de rond\u00f4nia , brasil . biota neotrop . 12 ( 3 ) : 1 - 29 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1912 . descriptions of new reptiles from the andes of south america , preserved in the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 10 : 420 - 424 - get paper here\ncatenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283"]}
{"id": 862, "summary": [{"text": "cerithiopsis pulvis is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from european waters , including the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by issel , in 1869 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerithiopsis pulvis", "paragraphs": ["( of cerithium pulvis issel , 1869 ) issel , a . ( 1869 ) . malacologia del mar rosso . ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa . xi + 387 pp . , pls 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 150 [ details ]\nnomenclature the generic name nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 is invalid because preoccupied by nanopsis freytag , 1974 [ an insect of order homoptera ] . anyway the taxonomic validity of the genus has been questioned ( oliver et al . , 2012 : 66 ) so that this and other species of cerithiopsidae which have been assigned to nanopsis are here accepted under cerithiopsis . [ details ]\n( of nanopsis pulvis ( issel , 1869 ) ) cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnomenclature the generic name nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 is invalid because preoccupied by nanopsis freytag , 1974 [ an insect of . . .\ncecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe following experts registered themselves as having knowledge about this species or its family .\nthis website was developed with support from the european commission under the sixth framework programme through the daisie project - contract number : sspi - ct - 2003 - 511202 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453\n( issel , 1869 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 867, "summary": [{"text": "cephalotes fiebrigi is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "giving their name also as gliding ants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cephalotes fiebrigi", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes fiebrigi for further details\na member of the fiebrigi clade differing from its sister species , cephalotes guayaki , in the worker , soldier and gyne by the denser , erect , truncate body hairs .\nraised to species and senior synonym of cephalotes guttifer : kempf , 1958a : 28 .\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) \u2014the mirror turtle ant\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) - the mirror turtle ant .\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) \u2014the mirror turtle ant | brand\u00e3o | zootaxa\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) - the mirror turtle ant . - pubmed - ncbi\nde andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 672 , male described , page 667 , combination in cephalotes )\nworker and soldier . type locality : san bernardino ( paraguay ) . type material : 1 worker ( only mesosoma ) , lectotype designated by kempf ( 1958 a : 32 ) , labelled \u201csan bernardino , paraguay , in dry wood , cr . pilosus fiebrigi , lectotype , w . w . kempf det . \u201d ; 2 workers and 1 soldier ( syntypes ) labeled \u201csan bernardino , paraguay , in spalten trockenen holzes ( fiebrig ) , c . pilosus em . r . fiebrigi forel , type\u201d , in musee d ' histoire naturelle gen\u00e8ve , examined .\nguttifer . cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) guttifer santschi , 1919f : 45 ( s . q . ) argentina . santschi , 1922d : 253 ( w . m . ) . [ misspelled as guttatus by santschi , 1929d : 301 . ] junior synonym of fiebrigi : kempf , 1958a : 28 .\ncombination in cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) : santschi , 1919f pdf : 45 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : kempf , 1958a : 28 ; in zacryptocerus : brand\u00e3o , 1991 pdf : 386 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 667 .\nde andrade , m . l . & baroni - urbani , c . ( 1999 ) diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde serie b ( geologie und palaontologie ) , 271 , 1\u2013889 .\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they\nfly\ntowards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nworker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nforel , 1906d : 235 ( s . w . ) paraguay . de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 672 ( m . ) . combination in\n: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 667 . raised to species and senior synonym of\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 mm . black ; frontal carinae pale testaceous or pale ferruginous ; articulations of legs , tarsi , tips of scapes and basal segments of funiculus , more or less fuscous - ferruginous .\nhead subopaque , subrectangular , distinctly longer than broad , its upper face rather convex in the middle , the frontal carinae flat to excavated , the entire surface finely reticulate - punctate , sparsely and rather shallowly foveolate without conspicuous rugosities . sides of head subparallel , often distinctly concave above eyes . frontal carinae , in part , translucid , in lateral view considerably thickened just in front of the eyes .\nthorax , in profile , - also transversely across the pronotum , - noticeably convex . promesonotum less expanded laterad , its sides tridentate , the posterior tooth more or less rectangular . mesonotum laterally tuberculate or subdentate . sides of basal face of epinotum bidentate , the posterior tooth being largest . declivous face sharply marginate at the sides . sculpture of dorsum of thorax as on head , finely reticulate - punctate and sparsely foveolate . sides of thorax with finely reticulate - punctate with fine , more or less longitudinal rugosities on the laterotergite of the pronotum . sides of fore coxae not transversely striate .\npeduncular segments with a triangular anterior face , separated from the dorsal face by a more or less marked edge , the vertex of the anterior face forming middorsally a projecting tooth , facing caudad . this tooth is rather feeble on the petiole , but strongly marked on the postpetiole . lateral spines of the petiole long , rather delicate , gently and evenly recurved , and acute at apex . spines of postpetiole similar , but much more strongly recurved . body of petiole comparatively narrower than in pilosus .\ngaster oval , similar to that of pilosus , slightly more shining , the first tergite being very finely and rather superficially reticulate - punctate . general pattern of pilosity as in pilosus , but the appressed scalelike hair is shorter and finer , and the standing hair is abundant , more scattered , much shorter ( shorter than the diameter of tibiae ) , straight , not visibly flexuous .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 64 - 4 . 84 ; hl 0 . 86 - 1 . 06 ; hw 0 . 88 - 1 . 08 ; el 0 . 25 - 0 . 29 ; pw 0 . 81 - 1 . 00 ; pew 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 48 - 0 . 59 ; hbal 0 . 40 - 0 . 41 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 11 ; ci 101 . 9 - 102 . 3 ; pi 108 . 0 - 108 . 6 ; ppei 178 . 6 - 184 . 1 ; pppi 168 . 7 - 169 . 5 ; hbai 18 . 9 - 22 . 5 .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length 5 . 8 - 6 . 5 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 68 - 1 . 78 mm ; of thorax 1 . 57 - 1 . 72 mm . black ; the following yellowish - ferruginous : anterolateral portion of head disc , a triangular area on each shoulder , and usually four larger spots on the first gastral tergite , one close to each corner , the pair of the same side often being confluent ; ferruginous : tip of scape , first funicular segment , knees , extensor face of tibiae , the four apical tarsites of each leg .\nhead disc more elongate , its rim less distinctly crenulate , its sides distinctly converging caudad , with a feeble constriction at the level of the eyes . anterolateral portion of head disc more or less excavated , the clypeal area marked off by a raised ridge . sculpture of disc coarsely reticulate - rugose , as in pilosus , but the meshes are larger , and the foveolae more deeply impressed . about twelve foveolae may be counted in a transverse row , across the head , at the level of the eyes ( fifteen or more in pilosus and liogaster ) .\nthorax dorsally mostly foveolate , scarcely reticulate - rugose . transverse pronotal carina feeble , usually broadly interrupted in the middle , nor forming a raised crest . laterotergite of pronotum finely and more or less longitudinally rugose . sides of thorax never with strong rugosities . sides of fore coxae only reticulate - punctate .\npeduncular segments in general as in worker , broader than in pilosus , with strong lateral spines . only the postpetiole possesses a sharply edged triangular anterior face , the vertex of which terminates middorsally in a tooth . sides of gaster gently convex . the first tergite finely but superficially reticulate - punctate , with a few longitudinal rugosities on the antero - median portion .\npilosity , in general , as in worker . in addition the following highly distinctive feature : from each foveola of the head disc and the sides of head emerges a thick , curved scalelike hair , the free end of which projects well beyond the rim of the foveola . a somewhat similar condition holds occasionally for the foveolae of the thorax .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 92 - 6 . 60 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 44 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 33 - 0 . 35 ; pw 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 68 - 0 . 69 ; ppw 0 . 69 - 0 . 77 ; hbal 0 . 39 - 0 . 41 ; hbaw 0 . 11 ; ci 94 . 7 - 100 . 0 ; pi 102 . 8 - 105 . 7 ; ppei 202 . 9 - 205 . 9 ; pppi 181 . 8 - 202 . 9 ; hbai 26 . 8 - 28 . 2 .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - length 7 . 5 - 7 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 67 - 1 . 71 mm ; of thorax 2 . 14 - 2 . 25 mm . color , sculpture and general features as in soldier . the head disc is still more elongate , indistinctly marginate postero - laterally behind the eyes . it differs from pilosus and liogaster by the shape of the peduncular segments , the nearly parallel - sided gaster , the short wings . the fore wing , measuring 5 . 1 - 5 . 2 mm , projects very little beyond the tip of the gaster , when folded over the back . the wings are infuscated , the venation of the fore wing is quite similar to that of liogaster .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 88 - 7 . 92 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 40 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 36 - 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 59 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 68 - 0 . 73 ; hbal 0 . 49 - 0 . 51 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 13 ; ci 94 . 6 - 97 . 4 ; pi 102 . 0 - 102 . 1 ; ppei 226 . 7 - 237 . 3 ; pppi 191 . 8 - 200 . 0 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 25 . 5 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - very similar to the male of pilosus and lanuginosus but differing from both in the following details : head more convex dorsally . eyes as broad as in pilosus and smaller than in lanuginosus . anterior face of the petiole concave as in lanuginosus . hind basitarsi longer and narrower than in pilosus and lanuginosus .\nsculpture . first gastral tergite as shining as in lanuginosus . rugosities on the propodeal dorsum irregular on the sides and slightly transversal on the middle , those on the pedicel regular and very superficial .\ncolour . black , gaster slightly lighter . coxae and two proximal thirds of the femora light brown . distal third of femora , tibiae and tarsi dark yellow .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 60 - 5 . 76 ; hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 94 ; hw 0 . 98 - 1 . 04 ; el 0 . 43 - 0 . 46 ; pw 0 . 96 - 1 . 02 ; pew 0 . 50 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 63 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 51 ; hbaw 0 . 09 ; ci 110 . 6 - 116 . 7 ; pi 101 . 9 - 104 . 0 ; ppei 178 . 6 - 192 . 0 ; pppi 161 . 9 - 174 . 5 ; hbai 17 . 6 - 18 . 7 .\ncryptocerus guttifer . soldier and gyne . type locality : alta gracia ( cordoba , argentina ) . type material : 1 gyne ( syntype ) labelled \u201ccordoba , ar . alta gracia , bruch , cr . guttifer santo type\u201d , in naturhistorisches museum basel , examined .\ncryptocerus guttifer . worker , soldier , gyne , male . type material : 8 workers , 2 soldiers , 2 gynes , 2 males ( all syntypes ) labelled \u201ccordoba , ar . alta gracia , bruch , cr . guttifer , sant . type , z 1\u201d , in nhmb ; 1 worker and 1 soldier ( syntypes ) in museum of comparative zoology ; 1 worker , 1 soldier , 2 gynes labelled only \u201csyntypes\u201d , in zoologische staatssammlung , munich , all examined .\nbrand\u00e3o , c . r . f . 1991 . adendos ao cat\u00e1logo abreviado das formigas da regi\u00e3o neotropical ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . rev . bras . entomol . 35 : 319 - 412 ( page 386 , combination in zacryptocerus )\nforel , a . 1906d . fourmis n\u00e9otropiques nouvelles ou peu connues . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 50 : 225 - 249 ( page 235 , soldier , worker described )\nkempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 28 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) , raised to species , and senior synonym of guttifer )\nsantschi , f . 1919f . nouveaux formicides de la r\u00e9publique argentine . an . soc . cient . argent . 87 : 37 - 57 ( page 45 , combination in cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) )\nthis page was last modified on 21 november 2015 , at 21 : 43 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nparaguay : boquer\u00f3n , caaguaz\u00fa , central , cordillera , \u00f1eembuc\u00fa , pte . hayes , san pedro\nwild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55\nboquer\u00f3n , central , cordillera , \u00f1eembuc\u00fa , pte . hayes , san pedro ( alwc , inbp , ifml , mhng ) . literature records : caaguaz\u00fa , cordillera ( de andrade & baroni - urbani 1999 , forel 1906 ) .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbrand\u00e3o cr 1 , feitosa rm 2 , powell s 3 , del - claro k 4 .\nmuseu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil . ; email : crfbrand @ usp . br .\ndepartamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , curitiba , pr , brazil . ; email : rsmfeitosa @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , u . s . a . ; email : scottpowell @ gwu . edu .\ninstituto de biologia , universidade federal de uberl\u00e2ndia , uberl\u00e2ndia minas gerais , brazil . ; email : delclaro @ ufu . br .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\ncarlos roberto f . brand\u00e3o museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil .\nrodrigo m . feitosa departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , curitiba , pr , brazil .\nscott powell department of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , u . s . a .\nkleber del - claro instituto de biologia , universidade federal de uberl\u00e2ndia , uberl\u00e2ndia minas gerais , brazil .\ncoyle , f . a . ( 1966 ) defensive behavior and associated morphological features in three species of the ant genus paracryptocerus . insectes sociaux , 13 , 93\u2013104 . urltoken\nfeitosa , r . m . & brand\u00e3o , c . r . f . ( 2008 ) a taxonomic revision of the neotropical myrmicine ant genus lachnomyrmex wheeler ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1890 , 1\u201349 .\nk\u00fcmmerli , r . & keller , l . ( 2009 ) patterns of split sex ratio in ants have multiple evolutionary causes based on different within - colony conflicts . biology letters , 5 , 713\u2013716 . urltoken\npenick , c . a . , copple , r . n . , mendez , r . a . & smith , a . a . ( 2012 ) t he role of anchor - tipped larval hairs in the organization of ant colonies . plos one , 7 , e41595 . h urltoken\nprice , s . l . , powell , s . , kronauer , d . j . c . , tran , l . a . p . , pierce , n . e . & wayne , r . k . ( 2014 ) renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the neotropical turtle ants . journal of evolutionary biology , 27 , 242\u2013258 . urltoken 0\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1976 ) ant larvae : review and synthesis . memoirs of the entomological society of washington , 7 , 1\u2013168 .\nyoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2011 ) a revision of male ants of the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : key to genera of the subfamily dolichoderinae , zootaxa , 2794 , 1\u201334 ."]}
{"id": 871, "summary": [{"text": "alasea is a genus of moths in the choreutidae family , containing only one species , alasea corniculata , which is known from costa rica .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 4.5 \u2013 5.2 mm for males and 5.2 \u2013 5.7 mm for females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "alasea", "paragraphs": ["alasea is an professional mermaid , model , actress , artist , vocalist and cosplayer .\nalasea is located in seattle , washington . this organization primarily operates in the museums and art galleries business / industry within the museums , art galleries and botanical and zoological gardens sector . this organization has been operating for approximately 4 years . alasea is estimated to generate $ 47 , 581 in annual revenues , and employs approximately 1 people at this single location .\nhi ! i am alasea , i am a professional mermaid with blue mermaid designs . i also do arts & crafts , singing , modeling , acting , and voice over work .\nalasea corniculata was described by rota in 2008 ( see reference to original description below ) from specimens collected in costa rica . the holotype is held by inbio . this is a small moth with forewing length of about 5 mm . it has dark forewings with iridescent specks of scales and a yellow - orange hindwing .\nthe kingdom of vetulia quickly emerged from the 7th century b . c . as the undisputed military power in a ' vassortiv\u0113a . eventually growing immensely wealthy from sea and overland trade with the hevl\u0101tian tribes beyond the kutzgr\u014dd mountains , the vetulians began to set their sights on securing control of their borderlands . targeting what would become the modern province of varia and the italorian peninsula , in 574 b . c . a succession of expansionist vetulian kings made use of military alliances with the hevl\u0101tian tribes to crush a series of barbarian confederations occupying the eastern lowlands along the kutzgr\u014dd . with the fall of the last bel ' akian confederation stronghold , alasea , in 536 b . c . , vetulian expansion began to secure the benefit of agricultural independence to the growing empire ( immeasurably furthered by the 510 b . c . conquest of the fertile western plains of modern athenia ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nto get better results , add more information such as last name , birth info , death info or location \u2014even a guess will help . edit your search or learn more .\ni somehow ended up with a copy of an ebook and can ' t find my original book ( i ' m almost 80 % sure it ' s still in storage with a few hundred other books ) , so i ' m rereading the series . i have no map though . no problem right ? i ' ll just go to the author ' s site and find the map there . urltoken the map is so degraded it ' s pretty much unreadable . does anyone know of another copy of the map so i don ' t have to brave my storage unit to try and find the books ? thanks !\nhi lori . i found my copy of wit ' ch star if you add me to you permissions list for private message , i ' ll shoot you a scan of the map .\nyou sir , are a truly good person . thank you so much for this !\nlet me just see if i can dig up my paperback . i ' ve no idea where they get up and walk off to my books !\nflagging a post will send it to the goodreads customer care team for review . we take abuse seriously in our discussion boards . only flag comments that clearly need our attention . as a general rule we do not censor any content on the site . the only content we will consider removing is spam , slanderous attacks on other members , or extremely offensive content ( eg . pornography , pro - nazi , child abuse , etc ) . we will not remove any content for bad language alone , or being critical of a particular book .\nwelcome back . just a moment while we sign you in to your goodreads account .\n11 , 877 white 3 , 792 hispanic 4 , 800 black 4 , 036 asian 659 native american 1 , 007 hawaiian 2 , 326 other 51 . 4 % white 16 . 4 % hispanic 20 . 8 % black 17 . 5 % asian 2 . 9 % native american 4 . 4 % hawaiian 10 . 1 % other\nthis location is in king county and the seattle - tacoma - bellevue , wa metropolitan area .\nthis information is available to paying subscribers . click to learn about our subscription plans .\ni authorize buzzfile to release my contact and other pertinent information to the necessary parties should this removal be contested .\nyou are only permitted to claim ownership and remove one company profile . you have previously claimed ownership and removed the profile for :\nthis user will no longer be able to comment on your page and send you messages .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nbecause it is pending further input from participants , or it is a work - in - progress by one author .\nnote : to contribute to this article , you may need to seek help from the author ( s ) of this page .\nthe holy pontifical union of astavia ( latin : sancta pontificia \u016bnio astaviae - astavian high latin : sv\u0113ti papinsko s\u00e1vek ast\u00e1viz ) ( commonly reffered to as astavia , the pontifical union , astavian union , and the h . p . u . ) is a unitary theocratic republic comprised of its main territorial holdings on the efian continent , in addition to various overseas possessions . primarily situated on efia proper , the pontifical union also wields administrative control of the papal states of akkasti and livonia in southern ardas and northern euraso respectively , as well as a military outpost administered by a papal prelaturate on the st . arak islands . bordered to the north by the arctic ocean , and in the east and west by the sassani and halcyon oceans respectively , astavia shares only two land borders with the mid - efian states of auraliae and petruvia . comprised of a land area of 9 , 257 , 161 km2 ( 3 , 574 , 209 sq mi ) , astavia is the largest nation on the efian continent , and in undria by landmass . with 112 . 3 million inhabitants , astavia is also undria\u2019s most populous nation , and is the only country that shares a geographic border with both the arctic and sassani oceans .\nastavia is home to one of the world\u2019s oldest civilizations . first settled by nomadic tribes 9 , 000 years before the founding of the ancient city of vetulia , the plains of northern efia eventually became home to numerous diverse polities by the end of the 9th century bc . with the settled population primarily centralized in the lowlands , various powerful kingdoms emerged in the 7th and 8th centuries bc - particularly the kingdom of vetulia , which dominated overland trade routes throughout varangia , as well as river trade along the vestria river . eventually conquering most of the southern polities and securing a political union with the powerful tribal kingdom of hevlatia in 428 bc , the var\u0101ngik dominion soon extended its control over the northern mountains through a series of military campaigns , forming one of the largest ancient empires in undria ' s history .\nlong considered a nation of great geostrategic importance because of its domination over the mineral rich mountain ranges of northern efia , as well as its prominent position on veltari strait and the bay of tytherion , astavia ranks as one of the largest regional trading powers on efia , and has consistently been a leading economic force in undria since industrializing in the 19th century . the country boasts significant reserves of both rare earth minerals and natural gas , as well as a burgeoning industrialized sector focused intensely on arms manufacturing and research . it is also a major diplomatic player , wielding considerable influence over international security issues and energy policy in undria . vaticaina , the country\u2019s capital and 4th largest city , is a leading center of economic and cultural exchange in undria . the seat of the holy see , as well as astavia\u2019s primary governing institutions , vaticania also boasts one of the lowest overall urban crime rates in the world , despite dealing with a rising population living beneath the national poverty line .\nthe country is a founding member of the undrian regional council , formed in 1943 following the conclusion of the krumaarian succession crisis , and is a leading signatory of the avignon mutual assistance pact . astavia\u2019s longstanding cultural legacy has been further reinforced by the designation of twelve global heritage sites by the urc within its borders . its unique political system , based on the 1884 constitution that introduced significant administrative restructurings of the previous papal state , blends elements of a parliamentary republic with a church - centered theocracy dominated by the country ' s clergy , wherein the supreme pontiff , the head of the ancient catholic church , wields ultimate influence over government activity . var\u0101ngiks , the ethnic descendents of the ancient var\u0101ngik dominion , constitute a vast majority of the nation\u2019s ethnic makeup , although a small multitude of ethnic and linguistic groups also exist . most astavians identify themselves as practicing catholics in communion with the national church , and high latin ( a northern - efian based blending of var\u0101ngik latin and hevlatian ) is the official national language .\n( reffering to the fertile plains north of the vassar river in modern aegia ) . the vassaskri were one of several migrant tribes who traveled beyond the vassar and settled along the vestria river . the term ' s association with the region of vassaskri settlement eventually gained it the alternative meaning of\n( hence it ' s feminine form ) . the vassaskri were one of several tribes that eventually coalesced into the vetulian kingdom over the 7th century bc , and their development of a written language helped form the basis of a common tongue used by the vetulian royal court . by the 5th century bc , the earliest form of vassaskri - based proto - latin language was widely present in the expanding kingdom , and had become adopted as the chief administrative language for state recordkeeping . the term\ngaston d ' ildaro ' s 15th century painting of the assandrian prince , paranus superbus ( center ) , presiding over a rik ' kai council following the collapse of the duonomi bloodline .\nin 624 b . c . , the last vassaskrian king , galerion possoli died - leaving behind no direct heir to assume the throne . possoli ' s 12 year old nephew , klio seemed the next reasonable successor , but was quickly challenged by his older sister , alemia . married to the assandrian royal heir , julianos superbus , alemia ' s claim was strengthened not only by the loyalty of her father ' s troops , but also the threat of an assandrian intervention . seizing power in a relatively bloodless palace coup , alemia ascended to the vassaskrian throne the same year - swiftly conducting an alteration of the kingdom ' s laws on primogeniture succession to exclude consideration of gender . by the beginning of the 6th century b . c . , both the vassaskri and assandri lived under the rule of a unified royal dynasty , based in the old assandrian capital of vetulia .\nthe duonomi , charged originally with protecting the frontier along the vassar river , encountered disaster in 614 b . c . when the steppe army of ok ' loka the cruel smashed their defenses at solsid . crossing the river , ok ' loka ' s army rapidly advanced to the duonomi capital of foggia , laying waste to the countryside and routing local militias organized to halt their advance . eventually capturing foggia following a short siege , ok ' loka ' s army subjected the city to a horrific sacking and brutally massacred most of the duonomi royal family . an assandrian army under the command of crown prince paranus superbus gathered strength and moved south to prevent the loss of any more duonomi lands to the steppe invasion - soundly defeating ok ' loka ' s main force at the battle of zaria in 612 b . c . the assandrians quickly crushed the rapidly dissipating steppe raiders , and regained control of the vassar river plains . exploiting the substantially weakened position of the duonomi family , the assandrians assumed military control of the region - subjecting the duonomi to the status of a protectorate state .\nin 428 b . c . the vetulian king , dominian akrasti , married helena superba , daughter of hevl\u0101tian king othorogorus . with othorogorus\u2019 death in 406 b . c . , dominian ascended to the hevl\u0101tian throne . the unification of the hevl\u0101tian and vetulian kingdoms under the control of dominion in 406 b . c . is considered the end of the monarchal period , and the beginning of the var\u0101ngik dominion by most modern historians ( although the degree of cultural assimilation between the two kingdoms leaves some room for debate as to the exact year both states considered themselves one and the same empire ) .\nover the next century , the sons of primarch dominian carried on their father\u2019s wars of imperial expansion . in addition to presiding over transkyrior kh\u016bzian for 10 years before ascending to the primarch ' s throne , general tarquinias akrasti issued numerous reforms for the dominion\u2019s army . standing armies of professional soldiers were established , military standards for training and equipment were made universal , lines of communication improved , the chain of command was streamlined , and strict codes of conduct were introduced . professional troops quickly became the backbone of the dominion\u2019s military power on the continent . during primarch tarquinias\u2019 rule , the dominion expanded across the s\u016btgorod mountains towards the northern coastline of the continent . the primarch ' s brother antonais colonized the island of edia in 389 b . c . , and antonias ' son justinarius consolidated the dominion\u2019s control over the far western provinces by pacifying the native dulcedi and botissi tribes . by 320 b . c . most of the northern half of the efian continent had been brought under the control of the dominion .\nin 317 b . c . however , king acenatrix of the gutulian confederation ( at the time , a powerful tribal alliance based in what is modern - day etruscia province ) rallied his people to arms after proconsul julius maxentius ( who had been who had been appointed governor or hevl\u0101tia ) ordered the destruction of the gutullian border city , averni , in response to repeated gutullian raids on dominion trading caravans .\nthe gutulian onslaught into dominion territory was unexpected , successfully beating back the inexperienced garrison forces occupying the border cities of northern hevl\u0101tia . in 316 b . c . general rutullius maximus was given command of four\n( armies ) and traveled north to deal with the barbarian threat . when the dominion reinforcements arrived , the gutullian forces soon found they could not defeat organized armies in open combat - experiencing a decisive defeat at the battle of nos essa . for the next 6 years , the gutullian confederation bled rutullius\u2019 stratiae in small skirmishes in the freezing highlands of the continant\u2019s northern coast . in 309 b . c . , rutullius\u2019 prized , yet severely weakened iii stratia was crushed by a massed gutullian attack at the battle of gliara pass . general rutullius , struck down by an arrow himself during the battle , was relieved of his command .\ngeneral tiberius romulus akrasti , the grandson of primarch justinarius akrasti , was then given command of the disheartened dominion force . bolstering the other three stratiae with the survivors of the iii stratia , tiberius set out to starve the gutullians into submission . the arid highlands that the gutullians called home had little land suitable for farming . while the dominion\u2019s navy ( which held uncontested control of the seas ) denied oversea trade to the gutullians , tiberius\u2019 stratiae laid waste to every farm and city they came upon . within two years , tiberius\u2019 armies had pushed the gutullians back to their capital brundisium . starved of food , suffering from disease , and broken in spirit , the people of the city rebelled against king acenatrix , and surrendered the city to the dominion . with the fall of brundisium and the capture of the gutullian leadership , the confederation quickly collapsed . over the next three and a half centuries the emperors of the var\u0101ngik dominion held unconditional control over the northern half of the efian continent .\nthe year 0 a . d . marks the moment the first catholic missionaries set foot on the dominion\u2019s soil . sent by the ailing church in other countries , the missionaries spread far and wide throughout the dominion . the appeal of universal salvation that the missionaries preached took hold over the dominion\u2019s masses ( most of whom had little in the way of \u201cparadise\u201d awaiting them in the next life under the teachings of the polytheistic state religion ) . priests in the cities of the dominion were elevated to bishops , and gained public favor in numerous provinces . as the christian population grew , a church hierarchy began to develop within the dominion . in 12 a . d . , pope gregory i , recognizing the potential for the creation of a christian empire , moved his papal court to the dominion city of avignon .\nwith the permission of the dominion ' s government , pope gregory began preaching in avignon , and from there coordinated the larger missionary effort . for the most part , the state religion of the dominion had been a polytheistic blend of local religious beliefs and the old vetulian gods - reflecting the empire ' s tendency to incorporate various faiths into the rational of the state religion rather than force conversion . thus the dominion government ' s initial attitudes towards the growing christian population were , more often than not , benevolent .\nthe city of virakia ' s statue of primarch severus is a popular pilgrimage site and national monument .\nprimarch austark ii , hoping to cull the growing power of the church and return the dominion to its adherence to the pagan vetulian pantheon , began a persecution of the christians and other religious groups in 60 a . d . - claiming they had tried to set fire to parts of the capital vetulia to destabilize the dominion\u2019s government in the aftermath of the temurid crisis . outrage ensued throughout much of the newly christianized portions of the empire . chaos reigned in several provinces as provincial governors either chose to send troops to put down rebellions staged by their countrymen , or keep their severely depleted forces in the safety of their barracks .\nseverus ' bond with liara however would be tragically severed through a series of events that eventually culminated in the severan rebellion . in what they had hoped would be a move to protect their family , severus and liara ' s eldest daughter amyra was wed to the primarch ' s nephew , tyrannius austark - at the time , a senator and former military tribune residing in vetulia . as civil strife began to mount in resistance to austark ' s religious pogroms , the primarch began to use close family members of provincial governors trapped in the capital as leverage to ensure their loyalty . when severus ' wife liara and her entourage were refused free movement out of the city after visiting her daughter in the spring of 63 a . d . , severus unsuccessfully pleaded with the primarch to let her return to athenia .\ndepicts severus ( shown left in gold ) decimating the pagan forces of primarch austark ii .\nan 11th century depiction of the\ndonation of severus ,\nwhich adorns the walls of the sinistrian chapel within the apostolic palace .\nupon his deathbed in 76 a . d . , primarch severus , ordered in a letter bearing the seal of the imperial household that custodianship for the dominion be turned over to the church - angering the remnants of the imperial nobility , and signaling the end of the dominion ' s line of primarchs from the aristocratic class . following the deaths of his wife and daughter in the severan rebellion , a grieving severus vowed never to marry again , and committed himself to faithful chastity in memory and honor of the woman he loved totally . much to the distaste of the imperial nobility , not only did severus fail to produce offspring to succeed him , he also openly abandoned his faith in the imperial pantheon - receiving the sacrament of baptism into the church in a ceremony conducted by pope gregory ii in 74 a . d .\nlong before his death , severus ' imperial administration came to rely heavily on educated clerics , produced by an ever expanding system of church schools - progressively forcing the empire ' s secular nobility to the margins of power . laws were passed elevating catholicism to the imperial faith , though severus himself never outlawed the ancient pagan pantheon . by the year of severus ' death , historians estimate roughly seven out of ten offices in the dominion ' s civil administration were held by ordained members of the catholic clergy , while 8 stratiae out of a standing force of 13 were led by specially appointed cardinal - tribunes .\ndeclining immigration rates prompted the government to enact several reforms in 2008 to simplify access to astavian citizenship . following the 2008\nimmigration reform act ,\ncatholics abroad seeking to obtain astavian citizenship may claim a temporary citizenship status , and upon completion of a three year period of law - abiding residence , can be granted full citizenship . an amendment to the act , attached by the astavunitis wing in the npc , stipulated however that this offer of full citizenship was contingent on whether the immigrant renounces allegiance to all other foreign powers , and forfeits all other citizenships .\nthe astavian government , formed by 1884 constitution , is officially a unitary theocratic republic - composed of an intricate collection of governing bodies , divided conventionally into institutions that exercise executive , legislative , and judicial powers . separated into civilian and ecclesiastically - administered sectors , ultimate\ncustodianship\nof the nation rests in the person of the supreme pontiff , who is empowered to oversee the country ' s national interests , while the day - to - day management of the country ' s legislative work and civil administration are entrusted to an elected legislature and various civilian institutions . though governing power has historically been highly centralized in some form of national government for much of astavia ' s history , since 1940 various powers have been granted gradually to provincial councils to govern on local matters , while county and municipal councils have been extensively involved in local governance and the maintenance of public order since the early 1880s .\nunder the charter promulgated during the 1884 great constitutional reform , the pope is the pontifical union ' s ex officio head of state and commander - in - chief of the armed forces . in addition to his primary role as bishop of the diocese of vaticaina , the supreme pontiff serves as the primate of varangia ( an honorary title reserved for the pope ) , and the head of the holy see ( and thus , the astavian catholic church ) . as a general term , the holy see represents not only the temporal power of the pope , but also his spiritual and pastoral authority over ecclesiastical and civil matters . the supreme pontiff serves a life term following his election by the college of cardinals during conclave , and may not be removed from office after his ascension to the papacy ( though voluntary resignation is legally permitted ) . the pontiff wields broad administrative powers , including the right to issue papal bulls that carry the full force and effect of national law ( when so stipulated ) , and the power to declare war and offer peace . despite this official concentration of authority , astavian pontiffs have largely delegated most powers to legislative procedure and civilian oversight . pope\n, born gregory o ' hare , was elected on the 19th of may , 2014 . prior to his election , cardinal o ' hare served as the\n, and has since become a polarizing figure in undria . pope julius ' vigorous focus on serving the poor and marginalized portions of astavian society was seen as the primary initial focal point of his pontificate until international events largely overshadowed most of his domestic work . the\nkicked up an international firestorm in mid 2014 , which saw a major falling out between the pontifical union and its southern neighbor , the federal republic of auraliae . among more positive circles , pope julius is regarded as a champion of christian self - determination and a protector of catholic communities around the region . less enamored observers have frequently characterized his military exploits in belmia as that of a\nhapless warmonger ,\ndriven by a misguided\ncrusading mentality , and a dangerous sense of\ncatholic supremacism\n.\nconsisting of 12 cardinals is charged with the review of all legislative proposals passed by the npc . the esc may only veto legislation by unanimous agreement , though it is empowered to attach\nmandatory amendments\nto proposed legislation . such amendments , carrying the support of two thirds of the cardinals on the committee , function as editorial prerequisites for a bill ' s enactment . the amended bill , if not challenged by the national people ' s congress over a period of ten days , becomes law . if the npc challenges the amended bill , it may move to the floor for debate again , followed by a\nnullification\nvote . a four - fifths vote may override an esc amended bill , rendering it\n( a dead law ) . at any time , the npc and esc may appeal to the supreme pontiff to strike down or approve the law . the esc is also responsible for vetting and approving candidates for political office appointments , and national elections . citizens wishing to run as a candidate for one of the nationally recognized parties must be reviewed by the committee , and successfully petition the support of three cardinals ( and not opposed by more than four ) . committee members ( who serve septennial terms ) are exclusively appointed by the church , with six directly appointed by the supreme pontiff , and six elected from within the college of cardinals .\nwithin the church itself , a vast bureaucracy works in coordination with civilian government branches to facilitate effective governance . the curia of vaticaina is comprised of ten congregations , thirteen councils , four secretariats , three tribunals , and one prefecture . among the most active of the major curial institutions are the congregation for the evangelization of the peoples , which oversees the catholic church ' s various missionary activities across undria ( and within the astavian nation itself ) , and the congregation of divine mercy , which functions as the nation ' s primary social aid provider . most astavian social welfare , job training , food stamp , and public assistance programs fall under the administration of the congregation of divine mercy ( typically working with funds provided by the apostolic camera ) , although standards of national healthcare fall under the jurisdiction of the national health council .\nrests with the supreme pontiff , who selects a candidate from a list of four . two names are submitted by the chairman of the esc , and two more by the consul ( both the chairman and consul may concur on candidates , and stipulate such in the submitted list ) . in turn , the excelsus advocatus directly appoints the 7 justices of the supreme judicial council and the chief public prosecutor . courts in astavia are largely divided along secular and religious lines . for the most part , the secular courts of the nation bear the brunt of the civil cases and criminal prosecutions that make their way through astavia ' s judicial system on a yearly basis . at the local level , 112\nadminister justice for both criminal and civil cases . decisions made at the district level may be appealed to one of 17\n, which have appellate jurisdiction over specific regions across the country . at the highest civil level , the 7 - judge panel of the\n, exercises total authority to reconcile discrepancies ( constitutional or otherwise ) between decisions made by circuit courts .\nthree established tribunals exercise various forms of judicial power within astavia ' s catholic church . normal judicial appeals on sacramental matters ( such as marriage annulment ) , may work their way up through local church courts to the vetulian rota . some civil cases , if agreed upon by both parties , may also be taken to the vetulian rota provided both parties are practicing catholics in good standing with the church . the high signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court of the astavian see , wielding jurisdiction over decisions made by the vetulian rota , as well as the administrative decisions of church prelates . additionally , it oversees and regulates the legal framework that innervates the curia ' s administration . the apostolic suprema council ( colloquially referred to as the cloistered council ) deals primarily with matters of conscience and morality . officially , the suprema is the judicial wing of the office of the holy inquisition , which generally falls under the broad categorization of a curial institution , though its administration and operation is largely kept separate from the curia itself .\nastavian catholics may also elect ( so long as both the plaintiff and defendant assent ) to have civil cases brought before an ecclesiastical court , officially convened by a bishop , but typically administered by a designated local prelate . decisions by ecclesiastical courts may be appealed to one of 13 canon courts ( one for each province , and one for overseas territories ) , which are each overseen by three appointed canon judges . these courts fall under the supreme jurisdiction of the high signatura , the decisions of which ( since they are carried out on direct papal approval ) , cannot be appealed . while ecclesiastical courts are not empowered to hear criminal cases under normal circumstances , the apostolic suprema council of the ohi wields loose powers to conduct trials and carry out sentencing for certain categories of offenses , including crimes endangering national security , treason , and heresy . like the high signature , the suprema ' s decisions are final and cannot be appealed - rendering it ultimately answerable only to the supreme pontiff . the curate ' s court of review , a sub - court of the ohi , handles crimes allegedly committed by clerics and citizens closely associated with the church . the ohi ' s jurisdictional claim to legitimately investigate , detain , prosecute , and punish clerics and other church officials has been the subject of considerable criticism between catholic nations in undria , particularly in cases where the alleged offending party has been a foreign national who sought refuge in his or her home country .\npaf su - 27s flying a patrol run near the astavian - auralian border during the belmian independence crisis .\n. in a 2009 administrative audit , the military reported 377 , 000 personnel on active duty , as well as roughly 267 , 000 trained reservists in the home guard . the\n, a separate regime security force answering directly to the pope , is estimated to number around 187 , 000 troops , divided amongst 13 infantry divisions , 3 armored divisions , various independent / specialized brigades , and several classified special operations units . the pontifical union also possesses a paramilitary volunteer militia , operating under the direction of the\n, of whose 4 . 7 million civilian members , 158 , 000 are uniformed active duty personnel dispersed throughout the country . in wartime however , papal decree may place the order under the overall command of the apostolic guard .\nthe pontifical union also boasts a vast and fully indigenous arms industry , producing most of its own military equipment , and exporting considerable amounts of hardware to regional allies and organizations . the international arms overwatch committee of the undrian regional council estimated that small arms produced by the pontifical union accounted for at least 31 . 7 % of all traded firearms in 2013 . the same 2013 report concluded that other astavian military hardware accounted for roughly 29 . 2 % of the undrian arms economy .\nthis page was last modified on 20 january 2018 , at 15 : 51 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . we tested the best partition model based on protocols intro - duced by rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , using bayes factor ( kass & raftery , 1995 ; fan et al . , 2011 ; xie et al . , 2011 ) , partitioning the data first by gene ( the traditional approach , summing up to nine partitions ) and then using tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . for this , we used tiger v 1 . 02 ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) to calculate the relative rates of evolution of each site in the combined dataset . . . .\n. . . lanfear et al . , 2012 ) which has been shown to improve various aspects of phylogenetic inference ( e . g . see poux et al . , 2008 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ; leavitt et al . , 2013 ) . partitioned analyses were carried out using partitionfinder 2 . 0 . 0 ( pf ; lanfear et al . , 2012 ) with the raxml option to determine optimal partitioning schemes and best - fit models of substitution for both aa and nt data . . . .\n. . . for ml analyses , we used the gtr model of substitution with gamma model of rate heterogeneity ( gtr + g ) and different partition schemes , either gene - based or based on rates of evolution calculated by the program tree independent generation of evolutionary rates ( tiger ) ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . in gene - based partitions each gene was considered as a separate partition , while in tiger - based partitions , the characters were binned together based on their rate of evolution regardless of gene origin ( used as a partitioning strategy in rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . tiger partitions for the dataset were derived from the program tiger v1 . 02 that calculates relative rates of evolution of each site in an alignment ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . these markers have repeatedly been proven useful in resolving evolutionary relationships of different families of lepidoptera ( e . g . sihvonen et al . 2011 , rota & wahlberg 2012 , r\u00f6nk\u00e4 et al . 2016 , \u00f5unap et al . 2016 , zenker et al . 2016 ) . pcr was performed in a total volume of 20 \u03bcl , with the reaction mixture containing 1x bd advantage 2 pcr buffer , 1u bd advantage 2 polymerase mix ( bd biosciences , san jose , usa ) , 0 . 2 mm dntp ( thermo scientific , pittsburgh , usa ) , 5 pmol of primers and 20 - 80 ng of purified genomic dna . . . .\n. . . these markers have repeatedly been used in reconstructing phylogenies of different families of lepidoptera ( e . g . wahlberg & wheat , 2008 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) , including geometridae ( e . g . yamamoto & sota , 2007 ; wahlberg et al . , 2010 ; sihvonen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . second , dividing nucleotide data into partitions according to their actual rate of evolution instead of some predefined criteria ( e . g . genes or codon positions ) has been shown to improve the results of phylogenetic analysis ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . third , sampling taxa at least pairwise for evolutionarily distant lineages ( tribes in the current case ) helps to reduce the negative effects of ' long - branch attraction ' and thereby improve the result of the phylogenetic analysis ( swofford et al . , 1996 ; bergsten , 2005 ; hedtke et al . , 2006 ) . . . .\n. . . in contrast , datasets on the order of tens of genes have been highly useful for resolving relationships at the intrafamilial level , as has been repeatedly shown for e . g . lepidopteran families ( wahlberg et al . 2009wahlberg et al . , 2014 kaila et al . 2011 ; kawahara et al . 2011 ; sihvonen et al . 2011 ; zahiri et al . 2011 zahiri et al . , 2012 zwick et al . 2011 ; regier et al . 2012a regier et al . , 2012b rota and wahlberg 2012 ; sohn et al . 2013 ) . thus , datasets generated with pcr - based methods have been and continue to be very insightful . . . .\n. . . like ov , tiger has been applied to selectively delete putatively fast evolving characters from genomic datasets ( e . g . , morgan et al . , 2014 ; xi et al . , 2014 ; katz and grant , 2015 ) . but unlike ov , tiger has also been used to partition characters into rate categories for parametric analyses ( e . g . , rota and wahlberg , 2012 ; heikkil\u00e4 et al . , 2014 ; nakov et al . , 2014 ) . typically character removal is performed by excluding one or more of the ten rate categories that tiger delimited , with different numbers of characters assigned to each category ( e . g . , greene et al . , 2014 ; morgan et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . this group is an excellent study system for investigating this phenomenon because they have wingspans of about 10\u201315 mm and they are globally distributed ( table 1 ) . moreover , a robust eight - locus phylogeny of metalmark moths has already been published ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) . we significantly improved the existing data set that included 38 species from 13 genera representing mainly the neotropical , nearctic , oriental and palaearctic regions by adding another genus and over 60 species , many of which are from africa and australasia . . . .\n. . . we have undersampled brenthia from the oriental region and possibly from the aftrotropics , and if the unsampled species from one or both of these regions form a sister group to the remaining brenthia in the phylogeny , a different area of origin and ranges for some of the other nodes would be estimated as the most likely ( sampling details in appendix s1 ) . sequences partly came from published studies ( rota , 2011 ; rota & wahlberg , 2012 ; rota & miller , 2013 ) and from the barcode of life data systems ( bold ) for the dna - barcode fragment , but were largely obtained de novo for this study . genbank accession numbers and sequence length for each fragment / species can be found in appendix s2 . . . .\n. . . the phylogenetic hypothesis for the family is robust and is essentially the same as in rota ( 2011 ) , rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , and rota & miller ( 2013 ) ( see appendix s2 ) . out of the 103 nodes in the tree , 68 were strongly supported by both mrbayes and raxml analyses ; another nine nodes received moderate to strong support in both analyses ; 14 nodes had weak , moderate or strong support by at least one of the methods ; and only 12 nodes had no support in either of the analyses . . . .\n. . . brandley et al . ( 2005 ) investigated the effect of nine alternative ad hoc partitioning strategies on model fit , topology and node support in bayesian framework and found variation in inferred tree topologies at weakly supported nodes . other studies have noted that partitioning scheme choice affects node support ( ward et al . 2010 ; rota and wahlberg 2012 ; powell et al . 2013 ) , tree topology ( strugnell et al . 2005 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ; tao et al . 2013 ) , and branch - lengths ( poux et al . 2008 ; ho and lanfear 2010 ) . occasionally the choice of partitioning scheme has little or no effect on tree characteristics at all ( cameron et al . 2012 ) . . . .\n. . . although these studies demonstrate that partitioning can have important effects on phylogenetic inference , it is difficult to draw any general conclusions from them . the partitioning schemes compared within each study were selected on an ad hoc basis with very different approaches ; some studies compared a small set of very similar partitioning schemes ( e . g . , cameron et al . 2012 ) , and others compared extensive sets of very different partitioning schemes ( e . g . , rota and wahlberg 2012 ; leavitt et al . 2013 ) . furthermore , previous studies used a variety of different phylogenetic methods , software implementations , and tree inference methods . . . .\n. . . using the program tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) , all of the sites in the alignment were sorted into 80 bins based on their relative evolutionary rate , with invariable sites being sorted into bin 1 , and the fastest - evolving sites into bin 80 . the bins were then combined into partitions as described by rota & wahlberg ( 2012 ) , resulting in eight partitions ( partition 1 contained the slowest - evolving sites and partition 8 the fastest - evolving sites ) . in some of the analyses , as described later , the fastest partitions were excluded . . . .\n. . . the tree shown infig . 5 is the result of the analysis of the dataset ( full _ ex78 ) from which the fastest - evolving sites were excluded using the program tiger ( cummins & mcinerney , 2011 ) , partitioned using a previously described procedure ( rota & wahlberg , 2012 ) , and analyzed with mrbayes v . 3 . 2 ( ronquist et al . , 2012 ) . the topology is identical to that recently presented in regier et al . ( 2013 ) , except that in the latter , the eriocraniidae appear as sister group to all other glossata . . . .\n. . . but the influence of increasing the number of partitions on phylogeny was minimal , since most relationships found with nine and 22 partitions were the same , except for the resolution within vespa ( figs . 4c and 5 ) . similar issues with convergence and mixing related to a priori partitioning were reported by rota and wahlberg ( 2012 ) in their phylogenetic study of metalmark moths . . . .\nwe aim to understand better the phylogenetic relationships of the geometridae in the neotropical region . we already have sequenced ca . 150 genera but we still seek certain taxa for our work . i work\u2026\n[ more ]\nmolecular phylogeny , systematics and the evolution of caterpillar - ant interactions in metalmark butterflies .\nthe parasitoid wasp family ichneumonidae has been considered as an exception to the latitudinal diversity gradient . however , based on long - term and large - scale primary data , we have shown that the \u2026\n[ more ]\nnote on taxonomic history , thoraco - abdominal articulation , and current placement of millieriidae ( in . . .\nimmature stages of metalmark moths from the genus brenthia clemens ( choreutidae ) : morphology and lif . . .\nin this paper the immature stages of brenthia monolychna meyrick ( choreutidae : brenthiinae ) , as well as their ultrastructure , are described and figured . this is the first description of a new world brenthiine , in addition , notes on life history for four new world species of brenthia clemens are provided , including mention of their host plants and parasitoids . host plant utilization of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndata partitioning in bayesian analysis : molecular phylogenetics of metalmark moths ( lepidoptera : cho . . .\nin this study a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of metalmark moths ( lepidoptera : choreutidae ) focused on resolving the higher - level phylogeny of this group is presented . through the analysis of this dataset , i explore different data - partitioning strategies in bayesian phylogenetic inference , and find that a partitioning strategy can have a large influence on the results of phylogenetic . . . [ show full abstract ]\nphylogeny of the dagger moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : acronictinae : acronicta ) and the evolution of . . .\nhighly variable larvae in the genus acronicta prompted a . r . grote to proclaim\nthere would seem to be no genus which offers a more interesting field to the biologist for exploration\n( grote , 1895 ) . along with related genera in the subfamily acronictinae , acronicta underwent a whirlwind of taxonomic revision in its infancy , rife with synonyms and rivalries between lepidopterists . controversies . . . [ show full abstract ]\nicanheartheoceancallingme : i love the tails he makes , his use of colours is amazing . | mermaids and mythology < 3 photography and videos | pinterest | mermaid , \u2026"]}
{"id": 877, "summary": [{"text": "megachile albonotata is a bee species in the genus megachile found notably in spain .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "chalicodoma albonotata is the pollinator of the orchid ophrys drumana . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "megachile albonotata", "paragraphs": ["our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlisted as data deficient as there is no information available on the population size , trends , habitat , ecology and threats . research should be conducted in order to determine the status of this species .\nthis species is distributed from spain to central asia through southern europe , turkey and the middle east ( ascher and pickering 2014 ) .\nthere is no information available for the population size and trend of this species .\nthe species is not listed in any national red lists or red data books . there are no conservation actions in place for this species , and it is unknown whether its distribution overlaps with any protected areas throughout its range .\nfurther research should be conducted to determine the population size and trends , habitat and ecology , and threats to the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nchalicodoma rufescens p\u00e9rez , 1879 ( nec friese , 1905 ) , chalicodoma pyrenaica var . rufescens p\u00e9rez , 1879\nsuggested citation of this website : kuhlmann , m . et al . ( co - authors as listed in\ncontributors\n) : checklist of the western palaearctic bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea : anthophila ) . urltoken ( yyyy / mm / dd ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 879, "summary": [{"text": "hypatopa simplicella is a moth in the blastobasidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including iowa , pennsylvania , ontario , nova scotia , british columbia , quebec , maine and oklahoma . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "hypatopa simplicella", "paragraphs": ["hypatopa simplicella dietz , 1910 is elevated from subsp . of 1151 hypatopa [ = blastobasis ] plummerella .\ndioryctria simplicella ( brown pine knot - horn ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nno one has contributed data records for hypatopa yet . learn how to contribute .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npistemantukoi\nto\nhypatopa binotella\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nryt\u00f6mantukoi\nto\nhypatopa inunctella\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nvy\u00f6mantukoi\nto\nhypatopa segnella\n.\nhypatopa binotella , the spotted dowd moth , is a moth in the blastobasidae family .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 28 ( 41 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1932 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 880, "summary": [{"text": "the mountain brushtail possum , or southern bobuck ( trichosurus cunninghami ) , is a nocturnal , semi-arboreal marsupial of the family phalangeridae native to southeastern australia .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was not described as a separate species until 2002 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mountain brushtail possum", "paragraphs": ["the results indicated that the northern mountain brushtail possum from new south wales and queensland was indeed a different species from the southern mountain brushtail possum found in victoria .\nthe type specimens of the mountain brushtail possum now reside in the australian museum mammal collection .\nmountain brushtail possum predators have not been well - reported . they are preyed on by non - native foxes (\nmeasurements such as this one of the head length on this sedated mountain brushtail possum have been used to differentiate two distinct species \u2013 the short - eared possum that ranges from central nsw to central queensland , and the mountain brushtail possum that is distributed south from sydney to central victoria .\nviggers , k . , d . lindenmayer . 2002 . the other brushtail possum .\nmountain brushtail possums are a little larger than the common brushtail possum , weighing between 2 . 5kg to 4 . 5kg . they also have some other features that distinguish them from the common brushtail possum . their ears are slightly smaller and more rounded , and are usually darker in colour .\nthe mountain brushtail possum ' s diet consists mainly of plant food such as leaves , fruits , berries , flowers , bark , fungi and lichens .\nlarge decaying logs provide important runways for animals like the mountain brushtail possum \u2013 and assist them move through the dense ground cover that characterizes tall wet eucalypt forests .\nmountain brushtail possums , or southern bobucks , are native to southeastern australia , ranging from victoria to central queensland .\nmountain brushtail possums are sometimes described as a destructive pest in southeastern australian pine plantations ( iucn red list ) .\nthe short - eared possum \u2013 a new species recently separated from the mountain brushtail possum by workers supported by the herman slade foundation . differences in ear length , foot length , tail structure and genetic variability distinguish the two species .\nlindenmayer , d . , j . dubach , k . viggers . 2002 . geographic dimorphism in the mountain brushtail possum t . caninus : the case for a new species .\nmountain brushtail possums may influence vegetation community structure through their herbivory . allergic reactions to ectoparasites on the skin may be one of the main causes of the disease ' rumpwear ' in mountain brushtail possums ( hufschmid , handasyde , and beveridge , 2010 ) .\nas a result , the existing species , trichosurus caninus , was renamed the short - eared possum , and the southern population was identified as a new species . the new southern species , trichosurus cunninghamii , retains the common name mountain brushtail possum .\nmontane ash forests where the mountain brushtail possum occurs are also used extensively for timber and paper production . current clearfelling methods are known to have significant negative impacts on populations of the species .\nan adult animal emerging from a tree hollow . an individual mountain brushtail possum may use up to 20 different hollows in 20 different years in any given year ( photo : esther beaton ) .\ncontact - your local licenced possum specialist . for brisbane and surrounds call peter the possum man on ( 07 ) 3250 1111 .\nthe mountain brushtail possum occurs in the wet sclerophyll and sub - tropical forests from victoria to central queensland , and for many years has been the subject of detailed ecological studies by dr lindenmayer . the studies showed distinct differences in external body measurements between northern and southern populations of mountain brushtail possum , which led the team to investigate further by extracting dna from blood samples in order to examine genetic differences between the populations .\n) , which is found directly to the north of mountain brushtail possums . no sexual dimorphism is apparent ( lindenmayer , dubach , and viggers , 2002 ) .\nhowever , dr david lindemayer , a regular associate of the australian museum , and colleagues from the australian national university recently discovered that the well known mountain brushtail possum , trichosurus caninus , was in fact not one species , but two .\nviggers , k . l . and lindenmayer , d . b . ( 2000 ) . a population study of the mountain brushtail possum , in the central highlands of victoria . australian journal of zoology , 48 , 201 - 216 .\nthe mountain brushtail possum , or bobuck as it is also commonly called , is one of the largest species of arboreal marsupials living in wet sclerophyll forests in south - eastern australia , and cool temperate rainforests patches in nsw and south eastern qld .\nmountain brush - tails breed in march - may with occasional births outside this timeframe .\nlindenmayer , d . b . , dubach , j . , and viggers , k . l . ( 2002 ) geographic dimorphism in the mountain brushtail possum \u0096 the case for a new species . australian journal of zoology , 50 , 369 - 393 .\nviggers , k . l . , and lindenmayer , d . b . ( 2002 ) . the other brushtail possum . nature australia spring 2002 , 47 - 55 .\ntheir reproductive cycle is very similar to that of the common brushtail possum . they become sexually mature at around two years of age , but rarely breed in this first year .\nif your best efforts of excluding your possum / s fail then further advice and assistance may be your last resort . ecologically - minded possum advice , specialist trapping requirements , and legislative compliant release methods should be employed by licensed professionals for effective possum management .\nviggers , k . l . and lindenmayer , d . b . a review of the biology of the mountain brushtail possum . in : goldingay , r . l . and jackson , s . ( editors ) . possums and gliders . csiro publishing , melbourne . ( in press ) .\nit is rare these days for a new species of possum to be discovered in australia . the last recorded discovery was of the daintree river ringtail possum , pseudochirulus cinereus , in 1945 .\nlarge wire cage traps baited with apple are used to catch the mountain brushtail possum . green apples are used as the preferred bait \u2013 probably because the ethylene used to ripen \u201cgranny smith\u201d apples is attractive to animals while they are foraging ( perhaps because is resembles the smell of truffles which animals consume in several seasons of the year ) .\nwires rescue hotline received a call from a local club to rescue a possum stuck in an industrial bin used for food scraps . the possum was stuck in the bin and due to depth of the bin unable to get back out .\nmountain brushtail possums are found within the tall forest of the great dividing range and along the coast from south - east queensland to new south wales and victoria . they are patchily distributed and prefer to inhabit dense subtropical rainforests , wet sclerophyll and also tall eucalypt forests .\nmountain brushtail possums are medium - sized ( 2 . 6 to 4 . 2 kg ) marsupials . they have thick , light gray - brown fur , and long , dark gray , bushy tails . they differ morphologically from their close relatives , short - eared possums (\nin the event a possum is accidentally trapped during the process either reopen the closed entry point or remove a tile or raise a sheet of iron on your roof to allow exit . if this fails contact a local licensed reputable possum handler for immediate assistance .\nimage below shows mum possum shortly after rescue in bens rescue basket on route to leoni , clearly stressed and frightened by her ordeal .\nmost mountain brushtail possum females give birth to one baby a year . the offspring spend approximately 6 months in the pouch , then 1 to 2 months riding on the mother\u2019s back . males spend the least amount of time with their female partners when the females are carrying young on their back , and are therefore much less involved in the care of offspring . juveniles remain with their mothers until they are approximately 18 months old .\npossums communicate with each other in different ways , including using smells , sounds and visuals . some sounds they use are hisses , clicks , guttural coughs and screeching . the noises of the common brushtail possum are very similar to that of the mountain brushtail . they also have a variety of scent glands that provide each other with information such as identity , sex , and whether they are in season . they have around 11 scent - producing glands which are found on their sternum and cloaca , in their mouth and pouch , under their chin , on their ears and in between their digits .\nthis project is a long - term field - based study of the mountain brushtail possum and aims to provide new insights into the ecology , population dynamics and life history of this long - lived marsupial . the proposed work will have significant implications for the conservation of the mountain brushtail possum , particularly for predicting its response to logging - induced habitat changes and estimating the species\u0092 prospects for long - term persistence in australian forests designated for paper and wood production . for example , the results of the investigation will help mapping and planning refugial conservation areas for wildlife conservation within wood production forests . this will , in turn , assist the improved integration of wildlife conservation and wood production in multi - use landscapes . the project is based around a trap - recapture study that has been running since 1991 at a 35 ha site at cambarville in the montane ash forests of the central highlands of victoria .\nthey tend to stay with their mother for much longer than other possum species . lifespan can be as long as 17 years , possibly longer . mountain brushtails live in hollow logs mainly found in old trees , so please think before cutting down that old tree , someone may call it home .\nboth male and female mountain brushtail possums appear to be long - lived , reaching at least 12 years of age . however , it appears as though fewer males reach that age than females ( martin and handasyde , 2007 ) . they are perhaps the longest lived marsupial ( viggers and lindenmayer , 2002 ) .\nhufschmid , j . , k . handasyde , i . beveridge . 2010 . the role of host and environmental factors in the epidemiology of rumpwear in brushtail possums .\nthe southern animals of this species have olive grey fur . here on the north coast , the mountain brushtail can have a variety of colors , from the common grey colour to golden , black , brown and a combination of all . sexual maturity is reached at about 3 years of age . the female gives birth to normally only one young . pouch life is approximately 120 days , after which the juvenile possum will travel part time on mums back . mortality rate at this stage can be high .\nthe possum box you placed in your tree as option a may become the new home for your excluded visitor and provides a\nwin win\nsolution for all .\nboth male and female adult mountain brushtail possums have a mean home range size of 6 . 0 hectares , plus or minus 0 . 4 hectares . the home ranges of subadults are significantly smaller . however , this data was gathered in a forest setting . therefore , the home ranges of those populations living in scrub settings is unstudied and unknown ( martin , 2006 ) .\nso what can you do to try deterring a resident possum from your home ? mountain brush - tail possums are often responsible for sleepless nights for suburban home occupants during entry , exit and general movements associated with roof and wall cavities . placement of a possum box in a tree around your property is advised as your first option . these are available from produce stores , specialist artificial home constructors or you can make your own ( see this site ) . the exclusion of possums from your home is quite simple requiring a small effort on your own behalf .\nmum possum was taken back to the club the following evening and released back in to a large fig tree , joey delighting leoni but sticking her head out of the pouch as mum as released .\nboth were taken in to care by leoni . mum possum was given re hydration fluid and some native food and it did not take long before she was fast asleep with much movement within her pouch .\nmountain brushtail possums are nocturnal , staying in dens during the day and leaving at night to forage . they are sedentary , often remaining in the same small home range for their entire lives . adults form strong pair - bonds and often share the same suite of different dens with their offspring . the home ranges of paired individuals overlap as well , as opposed to non - paired individuals , who remain more exclusive in their home ranges .\nmountain brushtail possums breed once yearly , in january and february . offspring remain in the pouch for approximately 6 months and then ride on their mother\u2019s back for another 1 to 2 months . offspring are usually weaned around september . juveniles remain close to their mothers until they are approximately 18 months old . females become sexually mature between 2 and 5 years of age ; males between 2 and 3 years ( martin , handasyde , taylor , and coulson , 2007 ) .\nmountain brush - tail possums have proven highly adaptable to urban environments using trees , wildlife corridors , natural gullies , roofs and wall cavities often moving via telegraph poles , cabling and fences for traveling and foraging within close proximity to favored moist forest habitat .\nit is a frightening thought as to how many animals may in fact go to the tip or even worse go in to the compactors when the bins are emptied , the operator of the compacter not aware that a live animal such as mum possum is trapped .\npossums should not be relocated more than 25 meters from the point of capture after proofing has been conducted . be sure to ask contractors what methods they employ and choose the one which provides a solution for yourself and the best welfare outcome for the possum / s being trapped .\ntrapping and further management of mountain brush - tail possums should be done in accordance with requirements stipulated by the environmental protection agency and permits are issued to operators after examination as to the knowledge and suitability of the permit holder to actively manage suburban possums . often these permit holders are able to provide proofing measures to exclude further entry .\nwires carer ben went on the rescue and had to hop in to the bin himself in order to reach the possum . she was fairly easy to catch due to being extremely stressed and worn out from having most likely spent considerable time trying to get out , it was also discovered that she was in fact a female with a large joey in the pouch .\nplace the paper back into the space and wait for the resident possum to make his early evening exit . inspect the locality every 10 - 15 minutes to determine when this has occurred and simply block the point of entry with a hard fixture like sheet iron . tightly compressed chicken wire reinforced with expandable building foam available in a can is ideal for hard to reach spaces . in some cases the replacement of a single tile or re - fixing of an iron sheet will solve the problem .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is not currently in decline .\nthis species occurs from ulladulla in southern new south wales , south to wombat forest and mount cole in central victoria . it occurs from sea level up to 1 , 300 m asl ( but usually above 300 m ; martin 2008 ) .\nit is a mostly scansorial species , of various tall open and closed forest types . it can occur in exotic pine plantations and is a pest in regenerating pine plantations . the female gives birth to a single young after a gestation period of between 15 and 17 days ; the young have a pouch life of five to six months ( martin 2008 ) . along the snowy river it dens in rocky crevices instead of tree holes or logs .\nthere are no major threats to this species . clearance of land for agriculture and forestry is a threat in some parts of its range . foxes also can be a problem .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntail often used to grasp branches but cannot support its own body - weight .\nmales generally larger & heavier than females & may have reddish fur across shoulders .\nmales use scent glands under the chin , on the chest & near the anus to mark territory yet lack the characteristic staining of the chest like the common brush - tail as the fluid excreted is clear .\narboreal ( tree - living ) occupying tall , open and closed forest and extending along margins of riparian forests .\nnocturnal , spending daylight hours asleep in tree hollows , dead branches , thick ferns , epiphytes or even fallen logs .\nnatural diet consists of leaves , flowers & fruit of native plants . capable of digesting leaves & fruits often toxic to other species . also eats insects , bird eggs and scavenge meat if available .\ncommunication is via scent markings , deep coughing & hissing noises when encountering other individuals .\nthreats include ; land clearing & loss of habitat , and in urban areas road - deaths & dog attacks .\nfemales may breed from 2 years of age but are generally more successful after the third and subsequent years .\na further 2 - 5 months is spent riding on the mothers back & suckling from her .\nafter weaning may persist in the area they are raised for a further 18 - 36 months .\nhuman dwellings provide abundant warm , dry shelters , lots of available food plants from manufactured gardens and opportunity to scavenge from litter and rubbish bins .\nhand feeding by residents and leaving domestic pet - food outside can also assist possums .\ninspect your roof for signs of obvious signs of entry . access is often gained by broken tiles , lifting corrugated iron sheets , deteriorating timber eaves , loose guttering and poor workmanship by builders .\nobvious signs include hair and urine staining . feacal matter may also accumulate directly below the entry point .\ninspect the entire roof . possums may utilise more than one location and will look for other localities if the usual access is sealed .\nplace loosely\nscrunched up\nballs of newspaper in the entry of probable sites and inspect over a two day period to see which localities are being utilised . the paper will be either pushed out or pulled into the roof space .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nopen daily 9 . 00am - 5 . 00pm closed christmas day bedtime for some of our animals is 4 : 30pm .\njuly 24 is when i celebrate my birthday . my love decided to surprise me early with this stunning bouquet . every day\u2026 urltoken\nurltoken - & nbspthis ; website is for sale ! - & nbspwildlifemountain ; resources and information .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 38c09756 - aa0c - 49e1 - 8e4b - a70d881c9382\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 58bb799f - 40f4 - 4c0e - b0fa - bfee111ef8a2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2024309 - 4e07 - 4948 - b4f1 - 0208dc7a3691\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 600275\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nall possums are territorial . let us make sure that they continue to have a place amongst us .\nwe urge that all industrial bins which all have lids are actually closed . it is extremely tempting for animals such as possums to take advantage of food left in bins , once inside they are not able to escape .\n( lindenmayer , et al . , 2002 ; martin and handasyde , 2007 ; martin , 2006 )\nrelies on sight , hearing , touch , smell , and taste . its whiskers enhance it ' s perception .\nleaves , fungi , lichens , buds , fruit , and sometimes bark . acacia is an integral part of their seasonal diet , with different species of the plant consumed at different times of the year .\n) and may also be taken by large snakes or raptors . the main threat to populations is human action \u2013 the clearance of land for forestry and agriculture .\n( hufschmid , et al . , 2010 ; menkhorst , et al . , 2011 )\nis of least concern , according to the iucn , and populations are considered stable .\nhelen mccreary ( author ) , yale university , eric sargis ( editor ) , yale university , rachel racicot ( editor ) , yale university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nirlbeck , n . , i . hume . 2003 . the role of acacia in the diets of australian marsupials \u2013 a review .\nmartin , j . 2006 . den - use and home - range characteristics of bobucks , trichosurus cunninghami , resident in a forest patch .\nmartin , j . , k . handasyde . 2007 . comparison of bobuck demography in two habitat types in the strathbogie ranges , australia .\nmartin , j . , k . handasyde , a . taylor , g . coulson . 2007 . long - term pair - bonds without mating fidelity in a mammal .\nmenkhorst , p . , d . taggart , m . ellis , r . martin . 2011 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . accessed april 10 , 2012 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : mccreary , h . 2012 .\ntrichosurus cunninghami\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na project undertaken at the centre for resource & environmental studies , the australian national university , canberra and managed by david lindenmayer ."]}
{"id": 885, "summary": [{"text": "the pygmy sperm whale ( kogia breviceps ) is one of three species of toothed whale in the sperm whale family .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "they are not often sighted at sea , and most of what is known about them comes from the examination of stranded specimens . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "pygmy sperm whale", "paragraphs": ["this whale is 1 of 3 species of sperm whale ; the other two are the sperm whale and the dwarf sperm whale .\necholocation also provides the pygmy sperm whale with an early warning to incoming predators .\nthe pygmy sperm whale is a toothed whale that belongs to the cetacean species which includes all species of whale , dolphin and porpoise .\nen - pygmy sperm whale , fr - cachalot pygm\u00e9e , sp - cachalote pigmeo .\nthe pygmy sperm whale \u2013 kogia breviceps the firecracker whale by max newman april 1996 . a then - current study of available information on this remarkable whale the firecracker whale\nonce sexually mature the pygmy sperm whale can begin mating and reproducing offspring of its own .\ndr steve van dyck from queensland museum talks to kim honan about the pygmy sperm whale .\nacs pygmy sperm whale cetacean fact sheet - american cetacean society on 03 jan 2002 , a 2 . 88m ( 9 . 45ft ) adult pygmy sperm whale was stranded at thurlestone sands in south devon . [ photos ] irish whale and dolphin group : pygmy sperm whale , kogia breviceps whale and dolphin conservation society ( wdcs )\ninformation on the pygmy sperm whale is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nneuron numbers in sensory cortices of five delphinids compared to a physeterid , the pygmy sperm whale .\nsperm whale links sperm whales from the\nwhales in danger information service\nin australia . whalenet , for teachers and students . the sperm whale project - promoting ocean conservation . listen to a sperm whale\ndwarf sperm whalethe dwarf sperm whale ( kogia simus ) is a small toothed whale - it is also known as owen ' s pygmy sperm whale ( because it was originally described by the english scientist richard owen in 1866 ) .\nthe diet of the pygmy sperm whale consists mostly of crab , shrimp , fish , octopus and squid .\na pygmy sperm whale who was found beached at la jolla shores friday was in critical condition at seaworld saturday .\n1994 .\npygmy sperm whale\n( on - line ) . accessed december 4 , 1999 at urltoken .\nsource unidentified , pygmy sperm whale , page 88 , provided by karin cooper , fairbanks , alaska , 1996 .\nthe skull that acts to produce the sounds for echolocation . although the pygmy sperm\nthe second unknown behavior of the pygmy sperm whales was a process of regurgitation .\na pygmy killer whale calf with shark bite wounds . photo by dan mcsweeney .\nneuron numbers in sensory cortices of five delphinids compared to a physeterid , the pygmy sperm whale . - pubmed - ncbi\npygmy sperm whale on the beach . by inwater research group - own work , cc by - sa 4 . 0\nat sea it is often difficult to separate the pygmy sperm whale from the dwarf sperm whale . externally the only real difference is that the latter has a larger more prominent dorsal fin .\ndiet : a squid lover , the pygmy sperm whale sometimes preys on fish and crustaceans . it is believed that the pygmy sperm whale uses its eyesight to locate food in the deep as many of the squid it takes are light emitting .\nmore information about the dwarf and pygmy sperm whales at noaa\u2019s southwest fisheries science center .\nfacts on dwarf and pygmy sperm whales ( kogia sp ) . - ocean blue adventures\nnot much is known about pygmy sperm whales reproduction and mating . it is known that\nthe classification of the pygmy sperm whale . the american naturalist of 1871 had an article describing the current state of classification of\nlong , , d . j . 1991 . apparent predation by a whale shark on carcharodon carcharias on a pygmy sperm whale kogia breviceps . fisheiry bulletin 538 - 540 .\nsighting notes : similar in appearance to the pygmy sperm whale , but has a larger dorsal fin , generally set nearer the middle of the back . also , the dwarf sperm whale\u2019s blowhole is positioned further forward .\n. an adult sperm whale can eat about a ton of food each day .\nanother view of the pygmy killer whale calf with shark bite wounds . photo by robin baird .\npygmy sperm whales resemble dwarf sperm whales and were not recognised as a separate species until 1966 . as with the dwarf sperm whale , the pygmy sperm whale appears to have an unusual defence mechanism . when startled , it releases a cloud of reddish - brown intestinal fluid and then dives . this may act as a decoy very similar to that of squid ink .\ndwarf sperm whales ( kogia sima ) and pygmy sperm whales ( kogia breviceps ) are the only two members of the family kogiidae , and both species are found in hawaiian waters . in our work we ' ve encountered dwarf sperm whales 84 times between 2002 and 2017 , while we ' ve seen pygmy sperm whales on only six occasions . however , pygmy sperm whales strand much more frequently than dwarf sperm whales in hawai\u2018i .\nin baltimore reported adult pygmy sperm whales can eat 25 - 30 lb . daily . their relatives ,\nsimilar to squids , pygmy sperm whales use an ink - like liquid to evade and deter predators .\nkey west \u2014 a juvenile pygmy sperm whale that volunteers tended round the clock for more than four months died early wednesday in a freak accident .\na pygmy sperm whale who was found beached at la jolla shores friday was in critical condition at seaworld saturday . ( photo courtesy of seaworld )\nthe small size and solitary behavior of the pygmy sperm whale makes them an ideal target for larger predators looking for an easy , defenseless meal .\nhave 12 - 16 teeth on each side and their blowhole is slightly displaced to the left . these two traits distinguish the pygmy sperm whale ,\nthe dorsal fin is also smaller in size when compared to the dwarf sperm whale .\nbreaches , landing in the water tail first . also like the great sperm whale ,\ndwarf sperm whale with apparent line injury on dorsal fin . photo by annie douglas .\npygmy sperm whales , kogia breviceps , feed on octopuses , squid , crab , fish , and shrimp .\njune 30 , 1995 .\npygmy sperm whale hawaiian stock\n( on - line ) . accessed december 4 , 1999 at http : / / swfsc . ucsd . sars . pygmy _ hi . htm .\nthe pygmy sperm ( kogia breviceps ) is a small grey whale up to 4 metres long , which is more often seen after stranding than at sea . it too has spermaceti oil in its head . the pygmy is hard to distinguish from the very much rarer dwarf sperm whale ( kogia simus ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy sperm whale ( kogia breviceps )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pygmy sperm whale ( kogia breviceps )\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy sperm whale ( kogia breviceps )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - pygmy sperm whale mouth and teeth detail\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - pygmy sperm whale mouth and teeth detail\ntitle =\narkive photo - pygmy sperm whale mouth and teeth detail\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin terms of size the pygmy sperm whale is slightly larger than its smaller cousin ( the dwarf sperm whale ) measuring between 9 1 / 2 \u2013 11 1 / 2 ft . long and typically weighing between 600 \u2013 1 , 000 pounds .\nso a pygmy sperm whale is the most interesting thing i\u2019ve found on the beach . it\u2019s not the montauk monster , but it was far more interesting .\nwhale has ears , the earholes are plugged with wax . this whale actually\nhears\nwater , a behavior the japanese name uik - kujira or floating whale . the whale would\nbrain than in many other odontocete brains examined , i . e . bottlenose dolphin , common dolphin , beluga whale and even sperm whale (\ncan be confused with : pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale are somewhat difficult to distinguish at sea . pygmy sperm whales grow to somewhat greater total lengths , and have smaller , more rounded dorsal fins , set farther back on the body . there is some degree of overlap in most of characteristics of these 2 species , and identifications must be made cautiously .\nadult pygmy sperm whales range from 2 . 7 \u2013 3 . 4 meters in length . they have three stomachs\nseveral lineages of sperm whale were alive during the miocene epoch , from 5m to 24m years ago , but they suddenly became much less diverse during climatic cooling at the end of the epoch . today , there are only three living species : the sperm whale , the pygmy sperm whale and the dwarf sperm whale . modern sperm whales have smaller teeth in the lower jaw and are almost toothless in the upper jaw . they feed on squid at depth , which they capture by sucking in water .\npygmy sperm whales grow up to 14 feet in length and are similar to the great sperm whales for which they are named , according to the american cetacean society .\nmystic \u2014 a pygmy sperm whale that surprised researchers by living far longer than expected died recently in its outdoor holding tank at the back of the mystic marinelife aquarium .\n2d ct slice of the head in sagittal view of a pygmy sperm whale ( kogia breviceps ) demonstrating densities in the melon ( circles ) . ( related poster )\nduring the middle of the miocene epoch , between about 13m and 12m years ago , the sea which once blanketed present - day peru was home to an array of marine predators of gargantuan proportions . the famous\nmegashark\ncarcharocles megalodon swam these waters and so did the prehistoric cousins of the modern sperm whale , called physeteroids . this group of ancient sperm whales is only represented by three species today ( the sperm whale , the dwarf sperm whale , and the pygmy sperm whale ) , but the sperm whales of the miocene were quite distinct from their extant cousins .\nthe sperm whale was named for the valuable spermaceti oil ( wax ) that this whale produces in the spermaceti organ ( located in its head ) .\na pygmy sperm whale that beached itself on la jolla shores was in critical condition saturday as veterinarians and other animal - care specialists from seaworld worked to save its life .\nmale sperm whales can reach up to 20 metres in length , making it the largest toothed whale .\nthe pygmy sperm whales is a very rarely sighted marine mammal due to its small size , oceanic habitat and inactive nature .\nclarke mr ( 1980 ) cephalopoda in the diet of sperm whales of the southern hemisphere and their bearing on sperm whale biology . discovery reports 37 : 1\u2013324\nthe pygmy sperm whale is amongst the smallest of all whales ; they are about 1 . 2m at birth , growing to around 4m at maturity . adults weigh about 400kg .\nthe pygmy sperm whale rarely visits canadian waters . the animals reach about 3 . 6 metres when full grown and eat octopus , squid , crab fish and shrimp . this whale likely mistook the plastic for one of those creatures .\nrecords from india : that there are two distinct species of small sperm whales , the dwarf and the pygmy , was recognised relatively recently . older records have therefore lumped the two together . from india , there are records of the pygmy sperm whale from visakhapatnam and trivandrum . with the available information , it is not clear whether these are distinct from the records of the dwarf sperm whale from the same localities .\ncascadia research and the wild whale research foundation are continuing studies of this species in hawai\u2018i . in early december 2008 the first - ever satellite tag was deployed on a pygmy killer whale off the island of hawai\u2018i to examine movements , and another satellite tag was deployed on a pygmy killer whale in april 2009 .\nthe dwarf sperm whale has a shark - like profile ( but with a more pointed snout than the pygmy sperm whale ) , gray and white countershading , and a light pigment block resembling a shark\u2019s gill slit on the side of its head . generally , a pair of short grooves similar to those in beaked whales is present on the dwarf sperm whale throat . it contains spermaceti in its melon .\ndiet pygmy sperm whale only have teeth in their bottom jaws ( between 20 and 32 teeth ) , which are used to consume squid and , less commonly , crustaceans and small fish .\nthe sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus ) is the largest of the toothed whales , with males growing up to 20 metres in length . the sperm whale also has the largest brain of any living animal , and it was a sperm whale that was pitted against captain ahab in herman melville\u2019s classic novel , moby dick ( 2 ) .\nnowadays the dwarf sperm whale is generally classified as one of two species , along with the pygmy sperm whale , in the kogiidae family and kogia genus , however it was not until 1966 that the two species were regard as separate and even more recently kogiidae was regarded as a subfamily of physeteridae .\nthere have been no reports of a pygmy killer whale dying as a result of hawaii\u2019s long - line tuna and swordfish fishery . but the mouth of a pygmy killer whale stranded on oahu in 2006 had hook and line marks , indicating fishing lines affect the animals .\nsatellite tagged pygmy killer whale with companions ( including hifa006 , photo above ) , december 7 , 2008 . photo by robin baird .\ntaxonomy nowadays the dwarf sperm whale is generally classified as one of two species , along with the pygmy sperm whale , in the kogiidae family and kogia genus , however it was not until 1966 that the two species were regard as separate and even more recently kogiidae was regarded as a subfamily of physeteridae .\nthe pygmy sperm whale is largely a solitary mammal that prefers traveling alone or in small groups although they may be found traveling in small pods of up to 8 other whales during certain times .\na pygmy sperm whale that washed up on a beach near mackay harbour in north queensland could have died after it was caught in fishing gear , from swallowing plastic bags or just old age .\nthe dwarf and pygmy sperm whales are the only two extant species in the family kogiidae , and as their name suggests they are small compared to their distant cousin the sperm whale . like sperm whales , their mouth is on the underside of their body , but unlike sperm whales they have very few and very small teeth that are sharply pointed and curved . like sperm whales , they are suction feeders and eat mostly squid .\npygmy and dwarf sperm whales are probably not rare , but are not common sightings , because of their offshore distribution and small group sizes .\nthe pygmy and dwarf sperm whales are two little known deep ocean dwelling cetaceans . their habit of lying motionless near the sea surface far from shore makes them difficult to detect . pygmy sperm whales are though to be more pelagic and dwarf sperm whales more coastal ( reeves et al . 2002 ) . pygmy sperm whales have been seen from japan , hawaii , washington state south to chile and the tasman sea ( reeves et al . ) . dwarf sperm whales are recorded from japan to british columbia south to new zealand and chile .\nspecifically , staudinger and colleagues hoped to identify differences , if any , in ecological niches occupied by pygmy and dwarf sperm whales . these smaller cousins of the sperm whale were once thought to be a single species until modern analyses showed they are genetically distinct .\nwhen a potential predator is nearby the pygmy sperm whale can use echolocation to identify the threat and will release a dark ink cloud to block the view of its predator so that it can escape .\nan inquisitive pygmy killer whale off the bow of our research vessel , off o\u2018ahu in october 2010 . photo by robin w . baird .\npygmy killer whale with healing injury on mouth - line , probably due to an interaction with a line fishery . photo by russ andrews .\nthe sperm whale is found in all of the oceans of the world , except the high arctic ( 6 ) .\npygmy sperm whales are found singly or in groups of two to three individuals . however , they are rarely sighted at sea , so most of what we know about this species comes from stranded animals . pygmy sperm whales are also one of the most commonly stranded species in nsw .\nthe whale , an 8 - foot - long male weighing about 500 pounds , was stranded on the atlantic coast of long island in july with a bile - duct obstruction . the pygmy sperm whale is a warm - water species that occasionally travels into colder waters .\nnow accepted as a distinct species , the dwarf sperm whale is found throughout much of the worlds tropical and temperate oceans .\nvidal o ( 1987 ) recent records of pygmy sperm whales in the gulf of california , mexico . marine mammal sci 3 ( 4 ) : 354\u2013356\ntaxonomy nowadays the dwarf sperm whale is generally classified as one of two species , along with the pygmy sperm whale , in the kogiidae family and kogia genus , however it was not until 1966 that the two species were regard as separate and even more recently kogiidae was regarded as a subfamily ( kogiinae ) of physeteridae . ( wiki )\nnowadays the dwarf sperm whale is generally classified as one of two species , along with the pygmy sperm whale , in the kogiidae family and kogia genus , however it was not until 1966 that the two species were regard as separate and even more recently kogiidae was regarded as a subfamily ( kogiinae ) of physeteridae . ( full text )\nwang mc , walker wa , shao kt , chou ls ( 2002 ) comparative analysis of the diets of pygmy sperm whales and dwarf sperm whales in taiwanese waters . acta zoologica taiwanica 13 ( 2 ) : 53\u201362\na pygmy sperm whale off kona , photo by daniel webster . we see pygmy sperm whales so infrequently we have not obtained many photos . this individual shows the very long back relative to the size of the dorsal fin , the rounded tip of the dorsal fin , and the hump in the back when logging at the surface , all characteristic of this species .\nthere are very few , probably less than 200 individuals , in this distinct pygmy killer whale population off the islands . the population\u2019s limited number make it more vulnerable than other whale populations to potentially harmful human behavior .\noelschl\u00e4ger ha , kemp b ( 1998 ) ontogenesis of the sperm whale brain . j comp neurol , 399 : 210 - 228\nthe sperm whale is a toothed whale that lives in pods . it has a huge brain that weighs about 20 pounds ( 9 kg ) ; it is the largest brain of any animal . the sperm whale has a single blowhole that is s - shaped and about 20 inches long . the blowhole is located on the left side of the front if its huge head . the sperm whale has a 4 - 12 inch thick layer of blubber .\nthe sperm whale was named by the early whalers who discovered whitish oil in the whale\u2019s head and thought the fluid looked like semen . it is possible that this spermaceti oil helps to focus the sound emitted during echolocation , and to stun the whale\u2019s prey .\ncaldwell , d . k . and m . c . caldwell . 1989 . pygmy sperm whale kogia breviceps ; dwarf sperm whale kogia simus . pp . 235 - 260 in ( s . h . ridgway and r . harrison ( eds . ) . handbook of marine mammals : river dolphins and the large toothed whales . academic press , london .\nbeak analysis from cephalopod remains showed the diet of pygmy sperm whales to be more diverse than that of the dwarf species , the researchers report , and prey sizes were slightly larger for the pygmy than for the dwarf , but not statistically significantly so .\nwell , it turns out that there was one a large sperm whale that didn\u2019t use its massive teeth and jaws to hunt squid .\nfossil hunters have recovered the remains of an ancient sperm whale that boasted one of the largest bites of any predator that ever lived .\nan adult dwarf sperm whale off the island of hawai\u2018i . photo by daniel webster . note the blunt head and large dorsal fin .\ngomez - villota f ( 2006 ) sperm whale diet in new zealand . unpublished mappsc thesis , auckland university of technology , 231 pp\nsperm whales produce ambergris , a dark , waxy substance ( related to cholesterol ) that is produced in the lower intestines , and is sometimes found containing squid beaks . ambergris may help protect the sperm whale from the stings on the giant squid , its major food . large lumps of ambergris may be vomited up by the sperm whale .\npygmy sperm whales are known from deep waters in tropical to warm temperate zones of all oceans . they appear to be especially common over and near the continental slope .\ngenerally , the mammals don ' t live much longer than a few weeks once they have beached themselves , said george donnelly of the mystic aquarium . in 140 years , no one has restored a beached pygmy sperm whale to health .\npoth c , fung c , g\u00fcnt\u00fcrk\u00fcn o , ridgway sh , oelschl\u00e4ger hha ( 2005 ) neuron numbers in sensory cortices of five delphinids compared to a physeterid , the pygmy sperm whale . brain res bull , 66 : 357 - 360\nthe sperm whale \u2013 physeter macrocephalus \u2013 is an oddball among living cetaceans . as big as many of its baleen - bearing cousins , yet armed with a lower jaw full of teeth slung below its blunt head , the sperm whale is the largest predaceous vertebrate in the sea .\ni knew that i had come across a pygmy sperm whale . i was quite surprised . i ran back to tell my parents , who followed me closesly back to the whale . by then a crowd had gathered aroud the whale . and suddenly found myself like george costanza , an impromptu marine biologist . i explained the taxonomy of the species and how it was related to the bigger sperm whale that everyone knows . i explained how its jagged teeth helped it catch squid , which are its primary food source .\nfor the first time , researchers know how much fish a pygmy sperm whale needs to eat daily to maintain or gain weight , what is contained in the mammal ' s feces and how it might attempt to defend itself in the wild .\nwe ' ve been accumulating records for 150 years and of the 15 specimens that we ' ve got of the pygmy sperm whale in the museum they ' ve all come from the coast between brisbane and rockhampton ,\nhe said .\nthough there are sightings of solitary individuals , most of the whales travel in small pods of 3 - 6 . like the great sperm whale ,\nsperm whale dives can last up to 2 hours and reach depths of up to 3 , 000 metres , making it the deepest diving mammal .\npygmy sperm whales are found either singly or in small groups of 3 - 5 . they are infrequently seen in the wild as they avoid marine traffic . strandings are found on coasts in the southeastern united states , some are found alive either as single individuals or cows with their calves . attempts to rescue stranded pygmy sperm whales have been unsuccessful .\ndownload the above for information on how to distinguish between pygmy killer whales and melon - headed whales .\npygmy sperm whales are the second - most common species to strand in florida , after bottlenose dolphins . they almost always die after stranding , and none is alive in captivity .\nadult pygmy sperm whales are 2 . 7 to 3 . 4 m long , and newborns are about 1 . 2 m . adults may weigh as much as 400 kg .\nanother very distinctive dwarf sperm whale off kona . photo by daniel webster . we have also found that dwarf sperm whales , like their larger cousin the sperm whale , often shed skin even when just resting at the surface , and we have been able to collect several samples for genetic analyses just by looking in the\nfluke prints\nof whales after they dive .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus )\ntitle =\narkive species - sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncould be confused with : there is a possibility of confusion with the dwarf sperm whale kogia simus . the two species can be distinguished as follows :\nbut these animals aren ' t long lived , i think the longevity in pygmy sperm whales is about 25 years so at some stage they ' ve got to die .\n3d volume rendering technique ( vrt ) reconstruction from ct scans of the head in mid - sagittal view of a pygmy sperm whale ( kogia breviceps ) demonstrating the positions of the melon ( anterior section of blue transparency ) , skull , and soft tissues .\npygmy killer whale rolling at the surface , december 2008 . photo by robin baird . note the scarring on the mouth - line , probably due to interaction with a line fishery .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - sperm whale with netting caught in mouth\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - sperm whale with netting caught in mouth\ntitle =\narkive video - sperm whale with netting caught in mouth\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ni knew what i had come across . a few months before , i had purchased a guide book to the marine mammals of north america . i had learned that there were three species of sperm whale . one was the cachalot , the great whale that grappled with giant squid many fathoms down below the surface . it was the species immortalized in melville\u2019s moby dick . the other two were much smaller . the one most common on the east coast is the pygmy sperm whale , and it is better known for being a light shade gray and a more conical head shape . the other species of sperm whale is also small . it is called the dwarf sperm whale . it has a squarer head and darker coloration . it also has a larger dorsal fin in proportion to its body size .\ncaldwell , d . k . , j . h . prescott and m . c . caldwell : production of pulsed sounds by the pigmy sperm whale ,\npygmy and dwarf sperm whales are very difficult to detect , except in extremely calm seas . pygmy sperm whales have a shark - like head with a narrow underslung lower jaw . the flippers are set high on the sides near the head . the small falcate dorsal fin ( < 5 % of the body length ) is usually set well behind the midpoint of the back .\nsperm whales ( physeter macrocephalus ) are toothed whales ( suborder odontoceti ) although dna analysis shows that the sperm whale is actually more closely related to the baleen whales . these whales are one of 76 cetacean species and are marine mammals .\nstranded specimens : present in the lower jaw are 10 to 16 pairs of thin , inward curved and sharp - pointed teeth , whilst no teeth are present in the upper jaw . the teeth have been described as being ' strongly reminiscent of the teeth of pythons\u2019 . the number of teeth makes it easy to distinguish a dead pygmy sperm whale from a dwarf sperm whale k . simus ( q . v . ) .\nshe adds that isotopic tracer data suggest these two rare species , while not exactly the same , showed no significant differences in foraging parameters . \u201cwe found the ecologic niche of the two species is very similar in u . s . atlantic waters , which is consistent with other global studies , \u201d staudinger summarizes . \u201cthe pygmy sperm whale consumes a greater diversity and size of prey , which means they may be diving deeper than dwarf sperm whales to feed , this makes sense because pygmy sperm whales grow to larger sizes than dwarf sperm whales , however , this could also be an artifact of small sample sizes . \u201d\nsantoro , a . k . i . marten , and t . w . crawford . 1989 . pygmy sperm whale sound kogia breviceps . pp . 59 in abstracts of the 8th biennial conferenc eon the biology of marinn mammals . pacific grove , ca , usa .\nbaird , r . w . , d . nelson , j . lien and d . w . nagorsen . 1996 . the status of the pygmy sperm whale , kogia breviceps , in canada . canadian field - naturalist 110 : 525 - 532 . download pdf copy\nwhales or toothed whales . the other two odontocete whales are the larger sperm whales\nthe sperm whale is by far the largest of the toothed whales , and the size difference between males and females is much more marked than in any other whale species . males are about 18 metres long and weigh 32\u201345 tonnes , and are up to 40 % longer and 300 % heavier than females . the sperm whale\u2019s brain weighs almost 10 kilograms , and is the heaviest of any animal .\nthe sperm whale is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed under appendix i of cites ( 4 ) .\nthe pygmy sperm whale , very similar to the dwarf sperm whale in appearances , is seldom seen as it prefers living in the deep waters that are far away from the shore . for this reason , there is not much known about its behaviour and habits . it is usually seen when it is floating at the surface of the water , in its resting position , with its back and head bobbing lazily out of the water .\ngenerally regarded more as a common species rather than abundant , the threat the pygmy sperm whale faces is not direct hunting , although this does occur . rather , the increasing incidence of entanglement in nets and ingestion of marine pollution such as plastic bags is the main threat .\ndr van dyck says there is no shortage of the pygmy whales and the mammals are found world - wide .\nthis whale is a bluish gray color with a lighter pinkish colored under body .\nin efficient click production that the whale has lost the ability to produce whistles .\npygmy sperm whales rely on echolocation in order to hunt for food and navigate the ocean and may have difficulty distinguishing sounds due to human created sounds becoming more and more common in their aquatic habitat .\nfalcate dorsal fin is located to the rear of the midback . unlike the giant sperm\nthe pygmy sperm whale ' s diet largely consists of a variety of squid and cuttlefish however they are also known to take shrimp , crabs and some fish . they are thought to forage over a range of ocean depths , which includes some time feeding on or near the ocean bottom .\ntable of contents showtoctoggle (\nshow\n,\nhide\n) 1 taxonomy 2 physical description 3 population and distribution 4 human interaction 5 see also 6 references taxonomy nowadays the dwarf sperm whale is generally classified as one of two species , along with the pygmy sperm whale , in the kogiidae family and kogia genus , however it was not until 1966 that the two species were regard as separate and even more recently kogiidae was regarded as a subfamily of physeteridae .\nthe name for this newly discovered whale is quite literary . its name is leviathan melvillei . leviathan\u2013 for the sea creature that is mentioned in the book of job . melvillei\u2013 for the author who created the image of the fierce sperm whale in the public consciousness .\nwhether or not their teeth are necessary for hunting prey is uncertain as their larger sperm whale relative is known to successfully capture prey without teeth and even with a deformed jaw .\nfound in : pygmy sperm whales may be primarily oceanic . however , they tend to stay close to or over the continental slope . they feed on squid , fish and crabs from both deep and shallow water .\nsperm whales , which can be found throughout the mediterranean sea , typically feed on squid .\nthe small , stocky body of the pygmy sperm whale is dark grey or blue - grey on top and pale on its belly . in some individuals , this paler belly has a slightly pink colouration . the body can appear wrinkled in many cases . its blowhole is situated ahead of its eyes , on the top of its head , which is far further forward than most other whale species .\npygmy sperm whales , kogia breviceps , may be found in all temperate , sub - tropical , and tropical waters . they are not known to migrate . population figures are unknown , but they are not considered endangered .\nbaird , r . w . 2005 . sightings of dwarf ( kogia sima ) and pygmy ( k . breviceps ) sperm whales from the main hawaiian islands . pacific science 59 : 461 - 466 . download pdf copy\nthe sperm whale captures its prey by diving deep into the ocean\u2019s trenches . it reaches depths of 3 , 000 metres , descending at a rate of over 100 metres a minute . the whale can stay there up to an hour and , in the dark , find its prey by echolocation . on surfacing , the whale takes 45\u201350 breaths to re - oxygenate .\nsperm whales are found in many open oceans , both in tropical and cool waters . sperm whales live at the surface of the ocean but dive very deeply to catch the giant squid .\ni had an encounter with a dead pygmy sperm whale that washed up on the beach on the outer banks of north carolina . i had been walking on the beach that morning , as was my normal custom . i saw this pinkish thing off in the distance , and people were stopping to look at it .\nscott , m . d . and j . g . cordaro . 1987 . behavioral observations of the dwarf sperm whale , kogia simus . marine mammal science 3 : 353 - 354 .\na 4 . 5 tonne sperm whale that washed ashore in southern spain died from ingesting large amounts of plastic sheets used in greenhouses on farms in the region , a scientist said thursday .\nbaird , r . w .\npygmy killer whale\nencyclopedia of marine mammals . ed bernd w\u00fcrsig , j . g . m . thewissen , kit kovacs . 3rd edition . elsevier inc . 2018 . download pdf copy\nand the slightly smaller dwarf sperm whales . see table 1 and figure 1 . it has been\npygmy killer whales , one of the most poorly - known species of dolphins in the world , are observed at least several times a year within hawaiian waters . through photo id\u2019s , they ( unlike pygmy killer whales anywhere else in the world ) seem to be \u201cregular\u201d residents \u2013 never leaving the coastline . our onboard studies have shown that oahu has it\u2019s own resident pod of pygmy killer whales .\nthe whale is being treated inside a rehabilitation pool at the park\u2019s animal health and rescue center .\nsolve the 1 - digit addition problems , then do letter substitutions to answer a whale question .\nsolve the 1 - digit subtraction problems , then do letter substitutions to answer a whale question .\nfor the best tips to spot this elusive species , visit our whale watching tips and guidelines .\nthe modern sperm whale , for all its ferocious teeth , is a gentle giant compared with its ancestors ( click to enlarge ) . illustration : the royal natural history / richard lydekker ( 1893 )\nthere has been no documented case of a pygmy killer whale being hurt by sonar . but there\u2019s low probability anyone would be able to document such harm given the whales are so rare and because they generally spend their time miles offshore .\nhabitat : dwarf sperm whales are oceanic animals , moving across and over the continental shelf to feed .\nthe lack of information about the pygmy sperm whale ' s social structure makes life history data difficult to gather . most of what is known is obtained from the many single animals or occasionally mothers with calves that strand . the gestation period is thought to be about 12 months and it appears likely that females give birth on a yearly basis .\nthe researchers , who were led by dr . christian de muizon , realized they had discovered something unusual . they had discovered a predatory form of sperm whale that did not live mostly on giant squid .\npeople spotted the whale swimming in the harbour , moving slowly with injuries to its neck and tail .\nthe pygmy sperm whale uses echolocation to detect its prey and they occur in small groups of 6 - 10 individuals . it has a spermaceti organ in its forehead ( hence the name ) and a sac in its intestines that contains a dark red fluid that is expelled when it is frightened , a feature that is used to confuse and disorient predators .\nonly one species of the genus kogia ( k . breviceps ) was recognized until 1966 , when studies clearly showed the pygmy and dwarf ( k . sima ) sperm whales to be distinct species ( handley 1966 , chivers et al . 2005 ) .\nsperm whales are the deepest diving whales . although they live at the surface they dive to hunt giant squid\ndwarf sperm whales are usually solitary creatures but have occasionally been seen in small groups . ( full text )\nthe common sperm whale is the largest predator on earth . the great rorquals , such as the fin and blue whale , are quite a bit larger , but they are not considered true predators . they are filter feeders , who rely upon the baleen in their mouths to strain out tiny fish and krill for sustenance .\ngroup sizes tend to be small , most often less than five individuals ( although groups of up to 10 have been recorded ) . this species , like the pygmy sperm whale , is shy and undemonstrative when observed at sea . they often drift motionless at the surface . when startled , dwarf sperm whales may leave a large rust - colored cloud of fecal material behind as they dive . in at least one area , there appears to be a calving peak in summer .\nthrough their discovery and description , brygomophyseter , zygophyseter , acrophyseter , and livyatan have fleshed out the wider evolutionary context for the extant sperm whale . the cachalot is the suction - feeding remnant of a lineage of rapacious , predatory whales which were the equivalent of orcas in their ecosystems , and we now know that some of the traits previously thought to be unique adaptations of the living sperm whale are actually many millions of years old .\nvolunteers searched the lagoon and found the whale underwater and unresponsive . they tried to resuscitate her but failed .\ngeneral description : the pygmy sperm whale has a sharklike appearance . it has a robust body with a short head . in larger animals , the head is boxlike or rectangular , at times bulbous . the lower jaw ends well behind the tip of the snout . there is no beak and the tail stock is narrow . the nose is swollen and filled with spermaceti .\nmy suspicions were furth substantiated when i read about this indo - pacific bottlenosed dolphin in new zealand . this dolphin had helped a female pygmy sperm whale and her calf that came to close to the shore . the dolphin guided the whales back away from the beach and into deeper water . perhaps that was what the atlantic bottlenose dolphins were doing that day in north carolina .\nnow , those were the facts i knew about sperm whales . they are pretty much just strange toothed whales .\nthis new specimen should give us additional information about the past diversity of sperm whales ,\nsaid lambert .\npygmy sperm whales are countershaded , ranging from dark grty on the back to white below . often the belly has a pinkish tone . there is a light coloured bracket mark , dubbed the\nfalse gill\n, along the side between the eye and the flipper .\nfor the investigation , which used two complementary methods to characterize whale foraging ecology , staudinger and colleagues at the university of north carolina wilmington ( unc ) analyzed stomach contents collected by the marine mammal stranding network from 22 pygmy and nine dwarf sperm whales found dead on the mid - atlantic coast between 1998 and 2011 . study results appear in the april issue of marine mammal science .\nwillis , p . m . , and r . w . baird . 1998 . status of the dwarf sperm whale ( kogia simus ) in canada . canadian field - naturalist 112 : 114 - 125 . download pdf copy\nthis is important information , staudinger says , because if these two species show no evidence of resource partitioning there are likely enough food resources to support both their populations in the region . though if resources shifted or became limiting , pygmy sperm whales would likely have an advantage over dwarf sperm whales as they show evidence of being able to exploit a wider range of food resources and habitats .\nhandley , c . o . 1966 . a synopsis of the genus kogia ( pygmy sperm whales ) . pp 62 - 69 in whales , dolphins and porpoises ( norris , k . s . , ed ) . university of california press , los angeles , california .\neven though it was about the same size as the modern sperm whale , this creature was like a giant orca ; for instead of eating giant squid , its diet most likely consisted of other marine mammals , including other whales .\nhowever , there are two other species that are quite a bit smaller . these are the two whales in the genus kogia \u2014 the dwarf and the pygmy sperm whales . they are significantly smaller than the cachalot . they are both dolphin - sized creatures . like the common sperm whale , both of these creatures have spermaceti organs in their heads . both also carry a reddish substance in their intestines . if they are spooked , they will release that substance . it is thought to be used in the same way as the octopus\u2019s ink . the predator becomes confounded in the substance , allowing the little whale to escape .\nwe also know sperm whales from herman melville\u2019s moby dick , which is partly based upon a true story of a bull sperm whale that rammed a whaling ship in the south pacific . bulls are known to be quite protective of their cows , and it is not an urban legend that they might ram a ship to in defense of their females .\na post - mortem last week showed that the whale died of an abscess deep in its right lung . the abscess appeared to have been caused by a pine needle the whale had inhaled , veterinarian j . lawrence dunn said .\ndiagnostic features : at sea , size of the whale ( up to 3 . 4 m long ) , false gill , low and sickle - shaped dorsal fin , rust - coloured fecal stain left by the whale when alarmed .\nthis whale was dated to 12 million years ago , and although it may be a bit speculative , it suggests that the common sperm whales evolved from a group of giant predatory whales that later became more specialized as the ecology changed .\nthis sperm whale could firmly hold large prey with its interlocking teeth , inflict deep wounds and tear large pieces from the body of the victim ,\nthe researchers write in the journal nature ( vol 466 , p 105 ) .\nthe aquarium expressed disappointment at the whale ' s death , but donnelly said the rescue effort was not in vain .\nresearchers found that the whale , like an octopus using ink , may release a substance to hide itself from enemies .\ncitation :\npygmy sperm whales , kogia breviceps ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nhuggenberger s , andr\u00e9 m , oelschl\u00e4ger h ( 2014 ) the nose of the sperm whale : overviews of functional design , structural homologies and evolution . j mar biol ass uk : 11 - 24 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0025315414001118 .\npygmy killer whales prior to deployment of a suction - cup attached time - depth recorder / vhf radio tag , used to study diving behavior . photo by robin baird .\nwhen i got closer , i realized it was a whale , and not only that , i knew what it was .\nsuch was the fate of the whaler known as the essex . it was sunk when a bull sperm whale rammed it , and the whalers had to escape in their smaller whale chasing boats across the south pacific . a really good account can be found in this book . let\u2019s just say that the story includes cannibalism , including sucking the marrow out of another human\u2019s bones .\nthe cachalot or the common sperm whale ( physeter macrocephalus ) is the one most think of when considering these toothed whales . it is a relatively large whale , reaching lengths in excess of 65 feet . it is known for having the largest brain of any living mammal , and it is also known diving to great depths to grapple with giant squid , its main prey source .\nkiller sperm whales were not just restricted to the waters of prehistoric south america . in 2006 researchers toshiyuki kimura , yoshikazu hasegawa , and lawrence barnes reassessed 15 - 14m - year - old fossil remains from japan which had been attributed to a little - known physeteroid called scaldicetus . this genus had been established on the basis of a few isolated teeth from belgium , but when further fossil remains of the whale from japan were found they were distinctive enough to establish the new genus of killer sperm whale , brygmophyseter .\noelschl\u00e4ger hha , ridgway sh , knauth m ( 2010 ) cetacean brain evolution : dwarf sperm whale ( kogia sima ) and common dolphin ( delphinus delphis ) \u2013 an investigation with high - resolution 3d mri . brain behav evol , 75 : 33 - 62\nthe head of the pygmy sperm whale is short and supports a bulbous snout that becomes blunter with age . the snout contains the spermaceti organ . the short narrow underslung mouth is characteristic of the family kogiidae group and in this species contains 12 to 16 pairs of teeth in the lower jaw . the overall upper body colour is a bluish steel grey , which fades to a dull white below the head , body , flippers and flukes ."]}
{"id": 889, "summary": [{"text": "acanthopleura is a genus of chitons in the family chitonidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in this genus the girdle is spiny or spiky .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it has eight described species at present . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "acanthopleura", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - acanthopleura brevispinosa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 )\nacanthopleura spiniger ( sowerby , 1840 ) ( the nominal species is a synonym of acanthopleura gemmata ; the sw indian ocean records refer to a . brevispinosa ; red sea records to a . vaillantii ( see kaas et al . 2006 ) )\nferreira , a . j . 1986 ,\na revision of the genus acanthopleura guilding , 1829 ( mollusca : polyplacophora )\n, veliger , vol . 28 , pp . 221 - 279\n( the nominal species is a synonym of acanthopleura gemmata ; the sw indian ocean records refer to a . brevispinosa ; red sea records to a . vaillantii ( see kaas et al . 2006 ) )\n( of acanthopleura haddoni winckworth , 1927 ) strack h . l . ( 1993 ) the polyplacophora of the red sea . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 1 - 40 . [ 30 october 1993 ] [ details ]\n( of acanthopleura spiniger ( sowerby , 1840 ) ) leloup , e . ( 1981 ) . chitons de tulear , reunion , maurice et tahiti . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . ( biologie ) 53 ( 3 ) : 1 - 46 . [ details ]\n( of acanthopleura haddoni winckworth , 1927 ) richmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nlyons , w . g . and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . polyplacophora ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 569\u2013578 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\ndescription distinctive , large species with dimpled plate margins and a dark girdle of conspicuous spicules , up to 7 cm . habitat : . . .\ndescription distinctive , large species with dimpled plate margins and a dark girdle of conspicuous spicules , up to 7 cm . habitat : littoral fringe rock surfaces . distribution : western indian ocean ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\ntaylor , j . d . ( 1971 ) . intertidal zonation at aldabra atoll . phil . trns . roy . soc . lond . b . 260 , 173 - 213 [ details ]\nkaas p . ( 1996 ) . chitons ( mollusca : polyplacophora ) from the seychelles with description of a new species . zoologische mededelingen . 70 ( 25 ) : 367 - 375 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chiton brevispinosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nleloup , e . ( 1981 ) . chitons de tulear , reunion , maurice et tahiti . bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . ( biologie ) 53 ( 3 ) : 1 - 46 . [ details ]\n( of chiton gemmatus blainville , 1825 ) blainville h . m . d . de ( 1825 ) . oscabrion , chiton , pp . 519 - 555 , in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles ( f . cuvier , ed . ) , vol . 36 . levrault , strasbourg & paris , & le normant , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 544 [ details ]\ndescription similar to a . brevispinosa but with shorter spicules and a brown girdle with lighter bands . habitat : upper littoral rocks . . .\ndescription similar to a . brevispinosa but with shorter spicules and a brown girdle with lighter bands . habitat : upper littoral rocks and cliffs . distribution : indo - pacific ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\nrichmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; meric , e . ; verlaque , m . ; galli , p . ; boudouresque , c . ; giangrande , a . ; cinar , m . ; bilecenoglu , m . ( 2008 ) . additions to the annotated list of marine alien biota in the mediterranean with special emphasis on foraminifera and parasites . mediterranean marine science . 9 ( 1 ) : 119 - 165 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nstrack h . l . ( 1993 ) the polyplacophora of the red sea . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 1 - 40 . [ 30 october 1993 ] [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 7 january 2018 , at 23 : 19 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nhumann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ngmelin , j . f . [ 1791 ] . caroli a linn\u00e9 , systema naturae . tom . i . pars vi . - pp . 3021 - 3910 . lipsiae . ( beer ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbesides starfish , the intertidal zones of marine parks are inhabited with various kinds of marine life . chiton is one of the odd ones which may draw your attention .\nhave you ever wondered how the chiton may generate such a strong adhesion force to the rock surface ? in fact , when it is about to attach onto a surface , its feet clamp down tightly against the substratum while the inner margin is raised . the vacuum area created enables the chiton to grip the substratum with great tenacity . it takes a great deal of effort to dislodge the chiton and it may cause injury to the chiton .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nashby , e . 1928 ,\nnotes on a collection of chitons ( polyplacophora ) from the capricorn group , queensland\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 52 , pp . 167 - 173 pl . 12\nsmith , e . a . 1884 ,\nmollusca . pp . 34 - 116 , 487 - 508 , 657 - 659 , pls 4 - 7\n, report on the zoological collections made in the indo - pacific ocean during the voyage of the h . m . s . ' alert ' 1881 - 2 , british museum trustees , printed by taylor & francis , london\nrochebrune , a . t . de 1882 ,\ndiagnoses d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de la famille des chitonidae ( premier suppl\u00e9ment )\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomathique de paris , ser . 7 , vol . 6 , pp . 190 - 197\nsowerby , g . b . ii 1840 ,\ndescriptions of some new chitons\n, magazine of natural history , ser . ns , vol . 4 , no . suppl . , pp . 287 - 294 pl . 16\nleloup , e . 1937 ,\ndiagnoses de six nouvelles esp\u00e8ces d ' amphineures polyplacophores de la region indo - pacifique\n, bulletin du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle du belgique , vol . 13 , no . 38 , pp . 1 - 3\nblainville , h . m . d de 1825 ,\noscabrelle . oscabrion\nbergenhayn , j . r . m . 1933 ,\ndie loricaten von prof . dr . sixten bocks expedition nach japan und den bonin - inseln 1914\n, kongliga svenska vetenskaps - academiens nya handlingar , stockholm , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 58 pls 1 - 3\nang , e . z . 1967 ,\nloricates of the philippines\n, natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines , vol . 20 , pp . 383 - 464 pls 1 - 21\nadams , a . 1855 ,\ndescriptions of two new genera and several new species of mollusca , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq .\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1855 , no . 23 , pp . 119 - 124\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d0e08d25 - a843 - 4eb2 - be86 - 45bea52e4e62\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be175671 - 98cc - 4264 - 9b71 - 1501b3396dce\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 390525\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
{"id": 890, "summary": [{"text": "cancer johngarthi is a species of crab that lives in the eastern pacific ocean from mexico to panama .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it was separated from c. porteri in 1989 , and is the subject of a small-scale fishery off baja california . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cancer johngarthi", "paragraphs": ["fishing time and trap ghost fishing for cancer johngarthi along the baja california peninsula ' s sout . . .\nfishing time and trap ghost fishing for cancer johngarthi along the baja california peninsula ' s sout . . .\ncarvacho , a . 1989 . cancer johngarthi , n . sp . and . . . comparisons and hypothesis . proc . biol . soc . wash . 3 ( 102 ) . 613 . -\nn x x ( dungeness crab ) s x x o x x cancer spp .\nspecies cancer aculeatus o . fabricius , 1780 accepted as lebbeus groenlandicus ( fabricius , 1775 )\nspecies cancer buso k . sakai accepted as hyas araneus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( incorrect spelling )\nspecies cancer acantha h . milne edwards , 1834 accepted as actaea acantha ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\nspecies cancer calculosa h . milne edwards , 1834 accepted as actaea calculosa ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\n\u00bb species cancer ( atergatis ) frontalis de haan , 1835 accepted as atergatis latissimus ( h . milne edwards , 1834 )\n\u00bb species cancer ( eudora ) incisus de haan , 1833 accepted as ozius guttatus h . milne edwards , 1834 ( nomen nudum )\n\u00bb species cancer ( thelphusa ) tridens de haan , 1835 accepted as parathelphusa tridentata h . milne edwards , 1853 ( nomen nudum )\n. . . in soft - bottom sublittoral habitats along the coast of peru and chile ( hce ) the hairy crab romaleon polyodon ( synonymous of cancer setosus molina , 1782 and cancer polyodon poeppig , 1836 ) , and the queen crab cancer plebejus ( synonymous of cancer coronatus molina , 1782 ) ( see ng et al . , 2008 ; schram and ng , 2012 ; schweitzer and feldmann , 2000 , for an update on the systematics and nomenclature of the deca - pod family cancridae ) are conspicuous megafaunal components of the sea floor ( guti\u00e9rrez and z\u00fa\u00f1iga , 1976 ; mu\u00f1oz et al . , 2006 ; wolff and soto , 1992 ) . . . .\nduring trap - fishing investigations on the crab cancer johngarthi along baja california peninsula ' s southwestern coast , baja california sur , mexico , conducted between 2002 and 2006 , information was gathered to assess fishing efficiency in terms of the number of crabs caught per trap during one hour of operation ( catch per unit of effort , cpue = c / ht ) . as a result of vessel operation issues , . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncancer is one of the\noldest\nnames in carcinology , but like many old and familiar things it has fallen into use as a catch - all category , especially by non - taxonomists . much taxonomic revision has occurred in brachyura : cancridae [ cancer ] in recent years , and unfortunately , much of it has passed completely under the radar of biologists . a summary of that revisionary work is provided along with a list of currently accepted names for the living species of cancridae . we offer this contribution in an effort to cut off the use of old , and in many cases invalid , binomina , and to encourage the use of a modern , up - to - date classification of cancrid crabs .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nour main goal is to design a meta - database for oceanographic , ecological , economic and social data for marine ecosystems and marine - related sectors of mexico . we intend to identify the major trends\u2026\n[ more ]\nventanas de escape en trampas para la captura de la langosta roja , punulirus interruptus , en baja ca . . .\nin order to determine the effect of escape vents in traps used in the california spiny lobster , panulirus interruptus , fishery along the pacific coast of baja california sur ( mexico ) , comparative fishing operations were conducted with normal traps and traps modified with escape vents . it was found that carapace height is directly related to trap selectivity . the results show the effectiveness . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe growth of farfantepenaeus duorarum in campeche sound was analysed from length - frequency data collected from february 1984 through december 1988 . the monthly anomalies of the catch structure for commercial categories , and the monthly relative importance of small , medium , and large shrimp show that the main cohort is recruited to the fishing grounds during october . following the evolution of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nemerging fisheries in subtropical coastal lagoons : sphoeroides annulatus in magdalena - almejas bay , b . . .\nfishing is an important economic activity in baja california sur that creates thousands of jobs and provides high - quality food . magdalena - almejas bay is a highly productive region that contributes an annual average close to 50 % of state catches . it is the center of various small - scale fisheries that include the marine species commonly known as \u201cfinfish\u201d , for which information is scarce . to . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n, composite species based on description by brown ( 1756 ) , which referred in part to an east american species of petrochirus and one or more indo - pacific species of coenobita . linnaeus ( 1767 ) subsequently applied the specific name diogenes to the species of )\n, transferred to calcinus by holthuis ( 1977 ) as senior synonym of c . ornatus ( roux , 1830 ) )\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nadema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n. . . the red king crab accounted for the majority of the organisms found in crab pots . rarely found species included sculpins ( myoxocephalus spp . ) , southern tanner crab , and dungeness crab ( metacarcinus magister ; sensu schram and ng , 2012 ) . over the study period in womens bay , divers located 143 pots , of which 60 were found during the tracking of tagged crabs and 83 were found during other projects ( table 2 ) . . . .\na proposal for a new family : montezumellidae ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) and description of new genus and species moianella cervantesi from the priabonian ( late eocene ) of catalonia ( ne of iberian peninsula ) . bolet\u00edn de la sociedad geol\u00f3gica mexicana . volumen 65 , 2 , 2013 , 285 - 298 .\noreotlos latus ( borradaile , 1903 ) , a new record for taiwan , with the first description of a male and . . .\nthe poorly known leucosiid crab , oreotlos latus ( borradaile , 1903 ) is reported for the first time from taiwan . only three female specimens , including the holotype , were previously known , i . e . , from the maldives , eniwetok , and japan . the present specimen is the first male known and its characters are described and figured . a revised key to oreotlos ihle , 1918 , is also provided . french le crabe . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe identity of leptomithrax sinensis rathbun , 1916 , and the description of l . eldredgei , sp . nov . abstract . a new species of majid crab , leptomithrax eldredgei , sp . nov . is described from hong kong . the species is most similar to the poorly known l . sinensis rathbun , 1916 , described from hong kong only on the basis of a carapace . leptomithrax sinensis is fig - ured for the first time , and . . . [ show full abstract ]\na revision of the genus tiwaripotamon bott , 1970 ( decapoda : brachyura : potamidae ) , with a descriptio . . .\nthe freshwater crabs of the genus tiwaripotamon bott , 1970 ( potamidae ) are revised and the identities of two poorly known species , t . simulum ( alcock , 1909 ) and t . araneum ( rathbun , 1905 ) , are clarified after a re - examination of the types . tiwaripotamon , sensu stricto , is restricted to five species , t . annamense ( balss , 1914 ) ; t . araneum ( rathbun , 1905 ) ; t . pingguoense dai and naiyanetr , 1994 ; . . . [ show full abstract ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhendrickx reners m e , ramos rivera p ( 2017 ) . addenda a la colecci\u00f3n de referencia de invertebrados de la estaci\u00f3n mazatl\u00e1n , unam y an\u00e1lisis de la fauna de crust\u00e1ceos is\u00f3podos del pac\u00edfico mexicano , julio 1996 - julio 1997 . version 1 . 3 . comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad . occurrence dataset\nse incorporar\u00e1 en una base de datos material de invertebrados ya identificado ; adem\u00e1s , se recolectar\u00e1 material adicional de crust\u00e1ceos is\u00f3podos y de an\u00e9lidos poliquetos en sistemas costeros espec\u00edficos a lo largo del pac\u00edfico mexicano . se pondr\u00e1 prioridad en la exploraci\u00f3n de un n\u00famero elevado de nichos ecol\u00f3gicos ( microh\u00e1bitats ) para poder obtener una imagen , la m\u00e1s real posible , de la riqueza espec\u00edfica de las \u00e1reas visitadas ( aumentar el grado de representatividad ) .\nkinberg , j . g . h . 1855 . nya sl\u00e4gten och arter af annelider . oefv . vet . akad . stockholm , f\u00f6rh . 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( 3 ) . 173 . -\nbell , t . 1935b . on microrhynchus , a new genus of triangular crab . proc . zool . soc . london . ( 3 ) . 88 . -\nbenedict , j . e . 1892 . preliminary description of 37 . . . eupagurus in the u . s . national museum . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 887 ( 15 ) . 4 . -\nbenedict , j . e . 1897 . a revision of the genus synidotea . proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . 402 . -\nbenedict , j . e . 1902 . description of a new genus . . . list of know marine species . proc . u . s . natl . mus . ( 26 ) . -\nberkeley , e . & c . berkeley . 1938 . notes on polychaeta from the coast of western canada ii . syllidae . ann . mag . nat . hist . serie 11 . 3 ( 1 ) . -\nberkeley , e . & c . berkeley . 1941 . on a collection of polychaeta from southern california . bull . s . calif . acad . sci . ( 40 ) . -\nberkeley , m . j . 1828 . a short account of a new species of modiola . . . of two british serpulae . zool . j . london . ( 3 ) . -\nbigelow , r . p . 1891 . preliminary notes on some new species of squilla . johns hopkins univ . circ . ( 10 ) . 94 . -\nbigelow , r . p . 1893 . preliminary notes on the stomatopoda . . . in the national museum . johns hopkins univ . circ . 106 ( 12 ) . 101 . -\nblake , j . a . & j . d . kudenov . 1978 . the spionidae ( polychaeta ) from . . . with revision of the genera . mem . nat . mus . victoria . ( 39 ) . -\nboone , p . l . 1918 . descriptions of ten new isopods . proc . u . s . natl . mus . ( 54 ) . 600 - 601 . -\nboone , p . l . 1931 . a collection of anomuran and macruran . . . of the canal zone . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . ( 63 ) . -\nbouvier , e . l . 1893 . paguriens recueillis par m . diguet , sur le littoral de la basse - californie . bull . soc . philom . paris ser . 8 . 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( 7 ) . -\nholmes , s . j . 1904 . remarks on the sexes of sphaeromids . . . of a new species of dynamene . proc . calif . acad . sci . 11 ( 3 ) . 300 - 302 . -\nives , j . e . 1891 . crustacea from the northern coast of . . . and the bermuda islands . proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . ( 43 ) . 186 . -\njohnson , h . p . 1897 . a preliminary account of the marine . . . polynoidae and sigalionidae . proc . calif . acad . sci . zool . ( 1 ) . -\njohnson , h . p . 1901 . the polychaeta of the puget sound region . proc . boston . soc . nat . hist . ( 29 ) . -\nkeferstein , w . 1862 . untersuchungen ver niedere seethiere . zeits . wiss . zool . leipzig . ( 12 ) . -\nmilne edwards , h . 1840 . historie naturelle des crustaces . la classification de ces animaux . 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( 1 ) . leipzig . german . -\nschmitt , w . l . 1940 . the stomatopods of the west coast . . . allan hancock expeditions , 1933 - 38 . allan hancock pac . exped . 4 ( 5 ) . 160 . -\nschultz , g . a . 1977 . anthurids from the west coast of north . . . and three new genera . proc . biol . soc . wash . 4 ( 90 ) . 843 - 846 . -\nsmith , s . i . 1869a . on the parasitic habits of some crustacea . amer . nat . 5 ( 3 ) . 249 . -\nsmith , s . i . 1869b . notes on new or little known species of american cancroid crustacea . proc . boston . soc . nat . hist . ( 12 ) . 288 . -\nsmith , s . i . 1871 . list of the crustacea collected by j . a . mcniel in central america . peabody acad . sci . ann . rept . 1868 ( 2 ) . 87 . -\nsmith , s . i . 1884 . report on the decapod crustacea . . . the united states in 1883 . rep . u . s . fish . comm . ( 10 ) . -\nsouthern , r . 1914 . archiannelida and polychaeta , clare island survey . proc . roy . irish . acad . ( 31 ) . -\nstimpson , w . 1857 . on the crustacea and echinodermata of the . . . of north america . j . boston nat . hist . ( 6 ) . 508 . -\nstimpson , w . 1859 . notes on north america crustacea . . . of the smithsonian institution . i . ann . lyc . nat . hist . new york . ( 7 ) . 57 ; 82 . -\nstimpson , w . 1860 . notes on north america crustacea . . . of the smithsonian institution . ii . ann . lyc . nat . hist . new york . ( 7 ) . 222 ; 226 ; 237 ; 245 . -\nstimpson , w . 1864 . descriptions of new species of marine . . . of the north - west . proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . ( 1869 ) . 155 . -\nstimpson , w . 1871 . notes on north america crustacea . . . of the smithsonian institution . iii . ann . lyc . nat . hist . new york . ( 10 ) . 95 ; 100 ; 112 . -\nstreets , t . h . 1871 . descriptions of five new species of crustacea from mexico . proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . ( 23 ) . -\ntreadwell , a . l . 1906 . polychaetous annelids of the hawaiian island . . .\nalbatross\nin 1902 . bull . u . s . fish com . , wash . ( 23 ) . -\ntreadwell , a . l . 1929 . new species of polychaetous . . . lower california , and british somaliland . amer . mus . novitat . n . y . ( 392 ) . 12 . -\ntreadwell , a . l . 1941 . eastern pacific expeditions . . . xxiii . polychaetous . . . and central america . zoologica . 1 ( 26 ) . -\nw\u00e4gele , j . w . 1984 . two new littoral anthuridae . . . redescription of mesanthura occidentalis . zool . scr . 1 ( 13 ) . 45 - 52 . -\nwebster , h . e . 1879 . the annelida chaetopoda of new jersey . ann . rep . n . y . state mus . nat . hist . ( 32 ) . -\nwicksten , m . k . & m . mendez . 1982 . new records and new species of . . . the eastern pacific ocean . bull . soc . calif . acad . sci . ( 81 ) . 106 . -\nwir\u00e9n , a . 1883 . chaetopoder fran sibiriska ishafvet och . under vega expeditionen 1878 - 79 . ( 2 ) . 383 - 428 . -\nuniversidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico . instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda . unidad acad\u00e9mica mazatl\u00e1n . laboratorio de invertebrados bent\u00f3nicos\nwe report the presence of a total of 549 decapod species for costa rican marine and coastal waters , including eight species not mentioned previously for costa rica . species number was substantially higher for the pacific ( 438 spp . ) compared to the caribbean coast ( 119 spp ) . brachyura ( 253 spp . ) , anomura ( 116 spp . ) , and caridea ( 114 spp . ) comprised the highest number of species . pacific costa rica supports 55 % and 52 % of decapoda and brachyura , respectively , known to occur in the panamic province . species diversity in the caribbean is more difficult to compare due to the lack of adequate and updated information .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n( crustacea : decapoda : grapsidae ) in america , with description of a new genus . smithson contr zool 527 : 1\u201359\nabele lg , kim w ( 1986 ) an illustrated guide to the marine decapod crustaceans of florida . dept environ reg tech series , florida 8 : 1\u2013326\nabele lg , kim w ( 1989 ) the decapod crustaceans of the panama canal . smithson contr zool 482 : 1\u201350\n: vonk r ( ed ) crustacean issues 14 . a . a . balkema , lisse , the netherlands , 419 p\n3b . baba k 2005 . deep - sea chirostylid and galatheid crustaceans ( decapoda : anomura ) from the indo - pacific , with a list of species . galathea rep . 20 : 1\u2013317 .\nh . milne edwards ( decapoda , anomura ) on the west coast of the americas . rev biol trop 20 : 265\u2013273\nball ee , haig j ( 1974 ) hermit crabs from the tropical eastern pacific . i . distribution , color and natural history of some common shallow - water species . bull south calif acad sci 73 : 95\u2013104\nbenedict je ( 1902 ) description of a new genus and forty - six new species of crustaceans of the family galatheidae , with a list of the known marine species . proc us nat mus 26 : 243\u2013334\n( crustacea , decapoda , callianassidae ) . ph . d . dissertation , university of miami , florida , 281 p\nboone l ( 1926 ) a new family of crustacea . preliminary technical description . zool soc bull 29 : 73\nboone l ( 1930 ) scientific results of the cruises of the yachts \u201ceagle\u201d and \u201cara\u201d , 1921\u20131928 , william k . vanderbilt , commanding . crustacea : anomura , macrura , schizopoda , isopoda , amphipoda , mysidacea , cirripedia and copepoda . bull vanderbilt mar mus 3 : 1\u2013221\nboone l ( 1932 ) the littoral crustacean fauna of the galapagos islands . part ii . anomura . zoologica 14 : 1\u201362\nboschi ee ( 2000 ) biodiversity of marine decapod brachyurans of the americas . j crust biol 20 : 337\u2013342\nboyko cb ( 2002 ) a worldwide revision of recent and fossil sand crabs of the albuneidae stimpson and blepharipodidae , new family ( crustacea : decapoda : hippoidea ) . bull am mus nat hist 272 : 1\u2013396\nbright db ( 1966 ) land crabs of costa rica . rev biol trop 14 : 183\u2013203\nbright db , hogue cl ( 1972 ) a synopsis of the burrowing land crabs of the world and list of their arthropod symbionts and burrow associates . contrib sci 220 : 1\u201358\n( bivalvia : pteridae ) , costa rica . rev biol trop 44 : 915\u2013917\ncaddy jf ( 1989 ) marine invertebrate fisheries , their assessment & management . wiley , new york , 752 p\nrathbun , 1918 ( crustacea : brachyura : pinnotheridae ) . proc biol soc wash 106 : 92\u2013101\n( decapoda : anomura : diogenidae ) from the tropical western atlantic and a comparison with other species of the genus from the region . proc biol soc wash 107 : 137\u2013150\nwicksten , 1982 ( crustacea : brachyura : pinnotheridae ) . proc biol soc wash 110 : 69\u201373\ncampos e , d\u00edaz v , gamboa - contreras ja ( 1998 ) notes on distribution and taxonomy of five poorly known species of pinnotherid crabs from the eastern pacific ( crustacea : brachyura : pinnotheridae ) . proc biol soc wash 111 : 372\u2013381\n( phillipi ) ( pelecypoda , corbiculidae ) , en costa rica . brenesia 19 / 20 : 553\u2013562\n( crustacea , brachyura : trapeziidae ) , sibling species symbiotic with reef corals . bull mar sci 58 : 531\u2013554\ncervigon f , cipriani r , fisher w , garibaldi l , hendrickx m , lemus aj , m\u00e1rquez r , poutiers jm , robaina g , rodr\u00edguez b ( 1993 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine and brackish waters resources of the northern coast of south america . fao , rome , 513 p\nchace fa ( 1942 ) reports on the scientific results of the atlantis expedition to the west indies , under the joint auspices of the university of havana and harvard university . torreia 11 : 1\u2013105\nchace fa ( 1962 ) the non - brachyuran decapod crustaceans of clipperton island . proc us nat mus 113 : 605\u2013635\nchace fa ( 1972 ) the shrimps of the smithsonian - bredin caribbean expeditions with a summary of the west indian shallow - water species ( crustacea : decapoda : natantia ) . smithson contr zool 98 : 1\u2013179\nphilippine expedition , 1907\u20131910 , part . 2 : families glyphocrangonidae and crangonidae . smithson contr zool 397 : 1\u201363\n26b . chace fa jr , hh hobbs jr ( 1969 ) the freshwater and terrestrial decapod crustaceans of the west indies with special reference to dominica . us natl mus bull 292 : 1\u2013258\nchristoffersen ml ( 1979 ) decapod crustacea : alpheoidea . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques des campagnes de la \u201ccalypso\u201d fascicule ii . annales ser 55 : 297\u2013377\ngu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , 1856 ( crustacea : alpheidae ) : a little - known caribbean bioeroder . proc 5th int coral reef congr , tahiti 5 : 351\u2013353\ncort\u00e9s j ( 1991 ) los arrecifes coralinos del golfo dulce , costa rica : aspectos geol\u00f3gicos . rev geol am\u00e9r central 3 : 15\u201324\ncrane j ( 1947 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society xxxviii . intertidal brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america with special reference to ecology . zoologica 32 : 69\u201395\ndexter dm ( 1974 ) sandy - beach fauna of the pacific and atlantic coast of costa rica and colombia . rev biol trop 22 : 51\u201366\n( dana ) in the eastern pacific ocean ( decapoda : anomura ) . crustaceana 23 : 119\u2013122\nepifanio ce , dittel ai ( 1984 ) seasonal abundance of brachyuran crab larvae in a tropical estuary : gulf of nicoya , costa rica , central america . estuaries 7 ( 4b ) : 501\u2013505\nfaxon w ( 1893 ) preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea . bull mus comp zool 24 : 149\u2013220\nfaxon w ( 1895 ) reports on an exploration off the west coast of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatros\u201d , during 1891 . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea . mem mus comp zool 18 : 1\u2013292\nfischer r ( 1981 ) bioerosion of basalt of the pacific coast of costa rica . senckenberg marit 13 : 1\u201341\nlatreille ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea : palaemonidae ) . zool verhandl leiden 336 : 1\u2013257\nsp . new , associated with a newly described ascidian from the pacific coast of costa rica ( decapoda , natantia , pontoniinae ) . publ seto mar biol lab 19 : 293\u2013301\n( crustacea , decapoda , paguridae ) with the description of new species from american waters . bull mar sci 33 : 10\u201354\ngarth js ( 1958 ) brachyura of the pacific coast of america . oxyrhyncha . allan hancock pac exped 854 p\ngarth js ( 1959 ) eastern pacific expedition of the new york zoological society . xliv . non - intertidal brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america part 1 : brachygnatha oxyrhyncha . zoologica 44 : 105\u2013124\ngarth js ( 1961 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xlv . non - intertidal brachygnathous crabs from the west coast of tropical america . part 2 : brachygnatha brachyrhyncha . zoologica 46 : 133\u2013159\ngarth js ( 1966 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . xlvi . oxystomatus and allied crabs from the west coast of tropical america . zoologica 51 : 1\u201314\n( stimpson ) , n . comb . , a stridulating crab from the west coast of tropical america , with remarks on discontinuous distribution of some west american and west african genera of brachyrhynchous crabs . crustaceana 15 : 312\u2013318\ngarth js ( 1973 ) new taxa of brachyuran crabs from deep water off western peru and costa rica . bull south calif acad sci 72 : 1\u201312\ngarth js ( 1974 ) on the occurrence in the eastern tropical pacific of indo - west pacific decapod crustaceans commensal with reef - building corals . proc 2nd int coral reef symp , brisbane 1 : 397\u2013404\ngarth js ( 1991 ) taxonomy , distribution , and ecology of gal\u00e1pagos brachyura .\n: james mj ( ed . ) gal\u00e1pagos marine invertebrates . plenum , new york , pp 123\u2013145\ngarth js , stephenson w ( 1966 ) brachyura of the coast of america . brachyrhyncha ; portunidae . allan hancock monogr mar biol 1 : 1\u2013154\n( crustacea , anomura ) , with description of a new species from singapore . bull raffles mus 14 : 186\u2013197\n, sp . nov . with notes on the porcellanid crabs of the southern caribbean . bull mar sci 20 : 957\u2013970\ngore rh ( 1974 ) on a small collection of porcellanid crabs from the caribbean sea ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura ) . bull mar sci 24 : 700\u2013721\ngore rh ( 1982 ) porcellanid crabs from the coasts of m\u00e9xico and central america ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura ) . smithson contr zool 363 : 1\u201334\ngore rh , abele lg ( 1973 ) three new species of porcellanid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , porcellanidae ) from the bay of panama and adjacent caribbean waters . bull mar sci 23 : 569\u2013573\ngore rh , abele lg ( 1976 ) shallow water porcelain crabs from the pacific coast of panama and adjacent caribbean waters ( crustacea , anomura , porcellanidae ) . smithson contr zool 237 : 1\u201330\n( crustacea : brachyura : pinnotheridae ) with description of three new species . bull mar sci 40 : 397\u2013422\ngruner h - e ( 1993 ) wirbellose tiere . 4 . teil . arthropoda ( ohne insecta ) . gustav fischer verlag , jena , 1 279 p\nguinot d ( 1967 ) recheches pr\u00e9liminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . ii . les anciens genres\nguinot d ( 1969 ) recherches pr\u00e9liminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . vii . les goneplacidae . bull mus nat hist nat 41 : 241\u2013265\nguinot d ( 1971 ) rechercher pr\u00e9liminaires sur les groupementes naturels chez les crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . viii . synthese et bibliographie . bull mus nat hist nat 42 : 1063\u20131090\nhaig j ( 1956 ) the galatheidae ( crustacea : anomura ) of the allan hancock atlantic expedition with review of the porcellanidae of the western north atlantic . rep allan hancock atlant exped 8 : 1\u2013148\nhaig j ( 1957 ) four new porcellain crabs from the eastern pacific . bull south calif acad sci 56 : 31\u201341\nhaig j ( 1960 ) the porcellanidae ( crustacea : anomura ) of the eastern pacific . allan hancock pac exped 24 : 1\u2013440\nhaig j ( 1962 ) papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914\u20131916 . lxxix . porcellanid crabs from eastern and western america . vidensk meddel dansk naturhist foren kjobenhavn 124 : 171\u2013192\nhaig j ( 1968 ) eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . porcellanid crabs ( crustacea : anomura ) from the west coast of tropical america . zoologia 53 : 57\u201374\nhaig j ( 1974 ) observations on the lithodid crabs of peru , with description of two new species . bull south calif acad sci 73 : 152\u2013164\nhaig j ( 1980 ) arthropoda : crustacea , superfamily hippoidea : families hippidae and albuneidae ( mole and sand crabs ) .\n: brusca rc ( ed . ) common intertidal invertebrates of the gulf of california . university of arizona press , tucson , pp 286\u2013291\ncomplex ( decapoda , anomura , paguridae ) from the eastern pacific . contr sci , nat hist mus los angeles county 430 : 1\u201311\nhaig j , provenzano aj ( 1965 ) a new genus and two new species of diogenid hermit crabs ( decapoda , anomura ) . crustaceana 9 : 199\u2013207\nhaig j , hopkins ts , scandand tb ( 1970 ) the shallow water anomuran crab fauna of southwestern baja california , mexico . trans san diego soc nat hist 16 : 14\u201331\ngroup ) ( crustacea , anomura , paguridae ) from the eastern pacific , with notes on their ecology . contr sci , nat hist mus los angeles county 425 : 13\u201321\nh . milne edwards ( crustacea : penaeoidea ) of the gulf of california , mexico , with a key for their identification and a note on their zoogeography . rev biol trop 32 : 279\u2013298\nn . sp . ( crustacea , decapoda , dorippidae ) , from the continental shelf of the gulf of california , mexico . bull mus nat hist nat , paris 11 ( sec a , # 2 ) : 407\u2013423\n: fischer w , krupp f , schneider w , sommer c , carpenter ke , niem uh ( eds . ) gu\u00eda fao para la identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . pac\u00edfico centro - oriental . vol . 1 . plantas e invertebrados . fao , rome , pp 417\u2013537\nhendrickx me ( 1995b ) checklist of lobster - like decapod crustaceans ( crustacea : decapoda : thalassinidea , astacidea and palinura ) from the eastern tropical pacific . anales inst biol univ nac aut\u00f3n m\u00e9xico , ser zool 66 : 151\u2013163\n: fischer w , krupp f , schneider w , sommer c , carpenter ke , niem uh ( eds . ) gu\u00eda fao para la identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . pac\u00edfico centro - oriental . vol . 1 . plantas e invertebrados . fao , rome , pp 539\u2013564\n79b . hendrickx me ( 1995d ) checklist of brachyuran crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the eastern tropical pacific . bull inst roy sci nat belgique 65 : 125\u2013150\n79c . hendrickx me ( 1996 ) los camarones penaeoidea bent\u00f3nicos ( crustacea : decapoda : dendrobrachiata ) del pac\u00edfico mexicano . comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar limnol . , unam , m\u00e9xico , 147 p\nhendrickx m ( 1997 ) los cangrejos braquiuros del pac\u00edfico mexicano ( crustacea : brachyura : dromiidae hasta leucosiidae ) . comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar limnol . , unam , m\u00e9xico , 178p\nhendrickx me ( 1999 ) los cangrejos braquiuros del pacifico mexicano ( crustacea : brachyura : majoidea y parthenopoidea ) . comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar limnol . , unam , m\u00e9xico , 274 p\nleach ( crustacea , decapoda , galatheidae ) in the east pacific , with the description of a new species and additional records for tropical - subtropical species . bull inst roy nat belgique 73 : 117\u2013138\nhendrickx me , estrada navarrete fd ( 1996 ) los camarones pel\u00e1gicos del pac\u00edfico mexicano ( crustacea : dendrobranchiata y caridea ) . comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar limnol . , unam , m\u00e9xico , 157 p\nhendrickx me , harvey aw ( 1999 ) checklist of anomuran crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the eastern tropical pacific . belg j zool 129 : 363\u2013389\nhendrickx me , wicksten mk ( 1989 ) los pandalidae ( crustacea : caridea ) del pac\u00edfico mexicano , con una clave para su identificaci\u00f3n . caldasia ( colombia ) 16 : 71\u201386\nhertlein lg ( 1963 ) contribution to the biogeography of cocos island , including a bibliography . proc calif acad sci 32 : 219\u2013289\nhogue cl , miller se ( 1981 ) entomofauna of cocos island , costa rica . atoll res bull 250 : 1\u201329\nholthuis lb ( 1951 ) a general revision of the palaemonidae ( crustacea : decapoda : natantia ) of the americas . i . the subfamilies euryrhynchinae and pontoniinae . occ pap allan hancock found 11 : 1\u2013332\nholthuis lb ( 1952 ) a general revision of the palaemonidae ( crustacea : decapoda : natantia ) of the americas , part . ii . the subfamily palaemoninae . occ pap allan hancock found 12 : 1\u2013396\nholthuis lb ( 1980a ) fao species catalogue . vol . 1 . shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . fao fish synop 125 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013261\nholthuis lb ( 1991 ) fao species catalogue . vol . 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fish synop 125 ( 13 ) : 1\u2013292\njesse s ( 1996 ) demersal crustacean assemblages along the pacific coast of costa rica . a quantitative and multivariate assessment based on the victor hensen costa rica expedition ( 1993 / 1994 ) . rev biol trop 44 ( suppl 3 ) : 115\u2013134\nfrom the eastern pacific ( decapoda : caridea : alpheidae ) . smithson contr zool 454 : 1\u2013119\nkropp rk ( 1990 ) revision of the genera of gall crabs ( crustacea : cryptochiridae ) occurring in the pacific ocean . pac sci 44 : 417\u2013448\nlemaitre r ( 1981 ) shallow - water crabs ( decapoda , brachyura ) collected in the southern caribbean near cartagena , colombia . bull mar sci 31 : 234\u2013266\n( anomura : paguroidea : parapaguridae ) , including redescription of the western atlantic species . zool verhandl 253 : 1\u2013106\na . milne edwards , 1880 ( crustacea : decapoda : paguridae ) , including description of two new species . smithson contr zool 570 : 1\u201327\nlemaitre r , alvarez - le\u00f3n r ( 1992 ) crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podos del pac\u00edfico colombiano : lista de especies y consideraciones zoogeogr\u00e1ficas . an inst mar punta bet\u00edn 21 : 33\u201376\n( crustacea : anomura : paguridae ) , with the description of new genera and species . part v .\nlemaitre r , ramos ge ( 1992 ) a collection of thalassinidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the pacific coast of colombia , with description of a new species and a checklist of eastern pacific species . proc biol soc wash 105 : 343\u2013358"]}
{"id": 892, "summary": [{"text": "chrysallida sarsi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the chrysallida genus of gastropods . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "chrysallida sarsi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : chrysallida sarsi f . nordsieck , 1972 - id : 5364000068\n^ a b gofas , s . ( 2011 ) . chrysallida sarsi nordsieck , 1972 . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 10 - 26\naartsen , j . j . van , 1977 . european pyramidellidae : i . chrysallida . conchiglie , 13 : 49 - 64 .\nvan der linden j . & eikenboom j . c . a . ( 1992 ) on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ 15 june 1992 ]\n^ van der linden j . & eikenboom j . c . a . ( 1992 ) on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ 15 june 1992 ]\nlinden , j . van der & j . c . a . eikenboom , 1992 . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) . basteria , 56 : 3 - 36 .\nvan aartsen j . j . & menkhorst h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n . evalea ) and menestho . basteria 60 ( 1 - 3 : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ]\n^ van aartsen j . j . & menkhorst h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n . evalea ) and menestho . basteria 60 ( 1 - 3 : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ]\nvan der linden , j . ; eikenboom , j . c . a . ( 1992 ) . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria . 56 ( 1 - 3 ) : 3 - 63 . , available online at urltoken ; = 596988 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan aartsen , j . j . & menkhorst , h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) . nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n evalea ) and menestho . basteria . 60 ( 1 - 3 ) : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ] . , available online at urltoken ; = 597086 [ details ]\nnordsieck f . ( 1972 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeresschnecken ( opisthobranchia mit pyramidellidae ; rissoacea ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer , stuttgart xiii + 327 pp : page ( s ) : 98 ; pl . pii fig . 4 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nm . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne\non the atlantic coasts of europe . rare in brittany and only rather common on the dutch coast (\nseaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n^ gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\nnordsieck f . ( 1972 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeresschnecken ( opisthobranchia mit pyramidellidae ; rissoacea ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer , stuttgart xiii + 327 pp :\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nnordsieck , 1972 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nankel , w . e . , 1926 . lamellibranchia . in grimpe , g . & wagler , e . : die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\n. pyramidellids are most often found in association with molluscs and tubiculous polychaetes . as many as 40 species occur around the british isles but most are rare , or only infrequently recorded .\naartsen , j . j . van , 1987 . european pyramidellidae : iii . odostomia and ondina . boll . malac . , 23 : 1 - 34 .\ngraham , alastair f . r . s . , 1988 . molluscs : prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 2 : 1 - 662 .\nhayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .\nin the latter case have become adapted to every kind of habitat from abyssal oozes to oceanic surface currents .\nmay be adapted for grasping the substratum , for locomotion , burrowing or feeding , and is often closely associated with the head . in the gastropods the head is usually well developed , with paired sensory\nhead has regressed , and feeding and sensory functions are carried out by other parts of the body .\n- bearing end of the animal . the main body organs of the mollusc are concentrated in the\nshell , characteristic of molluscs , although secondarily absent in many taxonomic groups . the shell is three - layered , with an organic outer layer , the\nare aided by cilia and mucus - secreting cells . in the bivalves , in which the whole animal lies within an enlarged\ncleansing has been adapted to microphagous feeding ; the head has largely disappeared , and the mouth is equipped with pronounced labial palps for the collection of detritus - laden mucus .\nin all molluscs the coelom is represented by a small cavity surrounding the heart and gonads . the blood circulatory system is open , and both blood and coelomic fluid circulate through extensive haemocoelic spaces which serve as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton . in primitive molluscs sexes are separate , fertilisation is external , and embryos develop as planktonic\npoppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .\ntebble , n . , 1966 . british bivalve seashells . 212 pp . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . london .\nj\u0004\u00f64 + p\u00e2\u00fa\u000e } \u0088\u00eb\u00131q\u00ff\u00ecp\u0097 ` \u00b7\u0081\u0002\u00a7\u00e2 ' 4 # 0y { rnc \\ j _ \u001b\u0006\u00e9\u00ec\u0099\u00b2 % \u00b4 \u00b7\u00ee\u008f\u00b6\u001a [ \u009er\u00f9\u00e4\u0092 - \u0097\u0011s\u00f7 + \u00058\u00b1 [ < \u00a19\u00e2j\u0012\u008a\u0084\u00df\u0019 ^ \u00fe\u0012\u00ee\u00ae\u001a\u00fainap % \u0095 \u0018\u00fe\u00e3\u00a4\u00ea\u000f\u0094j7di\u0001\u00e8\u00b6\u00e4p\u0014\u00b1\u0084 \u00bf\u00f6\u00df\u00981\u0003h\u0090o\u0001\u00ef\u0007\u00a6 s\u00ec\u00eb1h\u008d + \u00f5\u0007\u00f9\u00fc ( t\u009330\u00a8t\u00b3\u00b9\u00e91\u0099\u00f0\u00f6\u009d\u00be / \u00e9\u0096\u0017\u008a\u00b5d\u00fa\u00e7c\u00ebz\u0093\u0081 { \u00aa } ti\u00d7 > \u00a3\u00e2 + * \u0084\u00869\u00f4\u008e _ \u00f1\u00eco\u00ec\u0004 \\ \u00f0p > \u00e7\u008c\u008b0\u00e1v\u00efpk \u00075\u0015 $ \u00bb ) p\u00eb\u0086\u00ab \u00e7\u00e8\u0005 ] j / ; \u00e1\u0092 ] \u00ee % \u00bc & \u00e3k\u00f7znt\u00ef9\u00849\u0017\u00few\u00e7\u0082krt\u00f6\u00bb\u007f\u00ef\u00ebn\u00ee \u00adr\u00f17\u0007 > j\u008fm\u00f6vf\u00ec\u00fal\u00fd\u00eb\u00fey\u00f8\u00ae\u0004\u00fd ^ \u00bf\u0087\u00ac\u00fa\u0080c\u00f4ox\u00fe\u00ef10 ~ \u0001\b \u00e7 ' \u00fd\u00e0w\u00b8\u00fa\u009c\u00ba\u00f8\u00ab\u00e9 | n\u00b8\u00f4\u00fe % f ; \u00f0 / 1vv\u00b1\u0084\u00e3\u0090\u00b8\u00e1\u00b8\u00bc\u00a2\u00af1 \u00e6\u0002\u0000\u00e2\u00b7\u00ed\u0093\u00f9\u00e9\u00ab\u00e3\u0018\u007f + \u000f\u00ea\u00fele\u0013\u00ec ` \u00ef\u0006 [ \u00ec\u00ed\u00dffl\u00f1\u00f4\u00ba1m\u0094k * \u008b\u00fd - \u0080 ) \u009bd\u00f2i\u00ec\u00f2\u00b66c\u00ffl 7 % p7l\u00e1 : ~ \u00ff\u00e5\u00e9\u00b4v\u0092 { \u00f1\u0088\u0081\u00bb } \u00b5\u0006u\u00f5\u0096\u0091k\u00e4\u00af\u0092 - \u00f1 z\u00df\u0092\u00ab\u00ad @ j8\u00f3\u0018\u0007\u00afi\bc\u0083\u00b1vt\u00ab\u0083uc\u00b4\u00fd4\u00edl\u00ae\u00e9n\u008b\u00b8\u00ea0\u00a6\u0080\u000e\u00e6\u00fa\u0016\u00eex\u009c\u00e3\u0080a \u00a8 ( \u009e\u00ba\u008b\u0080 \u00fb\u00a5\u00e1\u00d7 & \u00916\u00fc\u00e8 & < - wh\u0010d\u0016\u0003\u00e0\u00e1\u00ad\n\u00a4\u00ed\u0098 @ \u0012 * 7 [ s1\u00a6 ; , \u00e3\u00e8\u00e6d\u00f1\u00a3 ` \u0084\u009f\u00b7 # \u00e0 & \u00b9i\u0088i = p\u00acod\u00ed\u00ea7\u00ec\u00e2h\b5\u00fc = sm\u00ed\u00e3\u00ad\u008f $ \u009d\u00fb\u00ee \u00e6b $ \u00a2 @ \u00e9d\u008a\u00a5\u00ae\u00e3\u0018f # $ \u009b\u00bc\u00ba\u009b\u0083\u00f1\u00e8\u00e1\u0096 \u0006\u009e\u00ea\u00e5h\u00bf\u00a3\u0092\u00ea1 ^ 0\u0012\u00e0\u000e\u00eb\u00ad\u00fb\u00e9d\u00a8\u00b1s | t : \u00f7d\u00e3 bl\u00fc\u00ea\u00e7il\u00bbo\u00ea5\u00ecc\u00ac\u00e0\u00fa f\u00fa\u00a1h\u0086\u00016ps3 ) ! 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\u00f5\u00a2\u0001 ] \u00f3\u0006\u0014\u00fe\u00fdw\u00f5\u00fd\u00e2 ` \u00b5\u0010\u0015\u00fd\u00df\u009c - \u0014w\u00ecz\u00fa\u0002n\u000e7\u00eb\u0005s ^ \u00a2 ) t\u00ee\u00eex\u00e5\u00e2\u00f7\u00aer\u00e20\u00eb \u00848hgl \\ \u00f6\u00b0q\u00f5q\u00b3\u0094\u00bc\u00bek\u0096b\u00f4wx \u00fa\u00b8j\u0096\u0000\u00e1\u0083\u00aa\u00af\u00e3w\u009bf\u00a9t\u00fd\u0001\u00efy\u00bd\u000e\u00d73\u00bc\u00ba\u00fa < \u00fc\u009f \u008b\u0086\u00e8\u00f3\u00b89\u00fc\u00f5 ; \u00b4 \u00e9f\u00f4\u00aey\u009a\u00fa\u00efux\u00e4\u00e9\u00f1\u00fb\u00e3\u00ab\u00a7o\u009f"]}
{"id": 896, "summary": [{"text": "the gray-collared chipmunk ( neotamias cinereicollis ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is endemic to arizona and new mexico in the united states . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gray - collared chipmunk", "paragraphs": ["gray - collared chipmunk by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nafter hibernation , gray - collared chipmunks diligently search the ground for any seeds that remain from the previous summer . since these are usually uncommon ,\nare easily recognized by the light and dark stripes on their back and head . they bear distinct facial markings and have only five dark stripes on their back . there is a distinct central line that extends forward onto the head . the gray - collared chipmunks are covered in shades of gray and share distinctive patterns of black , pale gray , and buff stripes .\npredators include as hawks , weasels , coyotes , martens , foxes , and snakes . fighting during the breeding season is also a source of injury and death for many gray - collared chipmunks .\nfleharty , e . d . 1960 . the status of the gray - necked chipmunk in new mexico . j . mamm . 41 : 235 - 242 .\ngray - collared chipmunks are not in any danger of going extinct any time soon . in fact , this species experiences only tiny fluctuations in its population from year to year . these fluctuations have been attributed to predators such as hawks , weasels , coyotes , martens , foxes , and snakes . fighting during the breeding season is also a source of injury and death for many gray - collared chipmunks .\nsince chipmunks prey upon insects , their food habits influence the growth of various plants . gray - collared chipmunks are also important in the dispersal of seeds because of their habit of storing them beneath the layer of decaying vegetation on the forest floor . in this way ,\npalmer ' s chipmunk ( neotamias palmeri ) is a medium - sized chipmunk whose range is limited to the higher - elevation areas of the spring mountain range , nevada . a second chipmunk species , the panamint chipmunk ( neotamias panamintinus ) , is more broadly distributed and lives in lower - elevation , primarily pinyon - juniper ( pinus monophylla - juniperus osteosperma ) habitat . . .\nwith the onset of cold weather , chipmunks enter a restless hibernation during late fall or early winter and are relatively inactive during the winter months . some individuals , however , occasionally come out on warm , sunny days during the winter . by early march , most gray - collared chipmunks have emerged from hibernation .\nhart , e . 1976 . life history notes on the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in utah .\nhabitat : central new mexico and central arizona . coniferous and spruce forests especially around clearing with deadfall . description : only squirrel with gray cheeks . 5 dark and 4 light well defined stripes on back . grayish body with prominent gray on cheeks , upper back and shoulders . source : audubon online guides\npalmer ' s chipmunk resembles other chipmunks in that it has solid black and white stripes that run down its body dorsally . the body of the chipmunk is tan while its ventral side is more pale . total body length is\n. on warm winter days , palmer ' s chipmunk will come out of its burrow to visit their caches for food .\nforest - floor disturbance reduces chipmunk ( tamias spp . ) abundance two years after variable - retention harvest of pacific northwestern forests\ngray - collared chipmuinks , along with many other chipmunks , have charming personalities . they charm campers and hikers with their small size , their boldness in search of food , and their constant activity . in fact , they are not hard to approach at all . they are easily persuaded to accept seeds or nuts from a person ' s hands ( sheppard , 1990 ) .\ngashwiler , j . s . 1965 . longevity and home range of a townsend chipmunk . journal of mammalogy 46 : 693 .\nwadsworth , c . e . 1972 . observations of the colorado chipmunk in southeastern utah . southwestern naturalist 16 : 451 - 454 .\n. eutamias dorsalis is recognizable by the near absence of dorsal stripes . an occasional individual may have more prominent stripes , but even in such a specimen the dorsal wash of gray is evident\nthis article contains basic information ( identification , food sources , nesting and breeding habits , etc . ) about chipmunks . if there is a need to control chipmunks , the behavior and food preferences ( along with other information in this article ) will come into play . chipmunk control page will give information on how to get rid of nuisance animals . for trapping , go to chipmunk trap information page . chipmunk pictures\nsheppard , d . 1990 .\nchipmunk .\ncanadian wildlife service hinterland who ' s who . urltoken ( 1 dec . 1997 )\nbroadbooks , h . e . 1970b . populations of the yellow pine chipmunk , eutamias amoenus . american midland naturalist 83 : 472 - 488 .\npopulations occurs during periods of food shortage such as when there is seed crop failure and the chipmunk doesn ' t have enough food stored for its hibernation .\nwhen these chipmunk prepare food for storage , they holds the seeds in their dexterous front paws and with their specialized incisors . their incisors are especially long and directed forward .\nbroadbooks , h . e . 1970a . home ranges and territorial behavior of the yellow - pine chipmunk , eutamius amoenus . journal of mammalogy 51 : 310 - 26 .\nchipmunks are often confused with the thirteen - lined ground squirrel . from the same family of animals as tree squirrels , chipmunks are identified differently because of the stripes above and below their eyes . there are two kinds of chipmunks in north america : the eastern chipmunk and the western chipmunk . the name \u201cchipmunk\u201d comes from the two types of chattering calls they make to mate and to communicate between each other . one sound is a thrilling chip - chip - chip repeated rapidly while the other is a lower pitched chuck - chuck - chuck . the main predator of the chipmunk is the long - tailed weasel ; however they are also preyed upon by hawks , foxes , bobcats and house cats .\n, which are an important food resource of the chipmunk . this species has also been known to eat local fruits , grass , insects , and the seeds of other conifers .\n12 - hart , e . b . 1976 . life history of the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in utah . southwest nat . , 21 - 243 - 246 .\nchipmunks can be serious destructive pests when they become numerous around homes and gardens . the burrowing activity of chipmunks can cause significant structural damage by undermining foundations , concrete patios and steps , retaining walls and sidewalks . they may also be destructive to gardens when they dig up and eat bulbs and seeds or attack garden fruits . when they become over - abundant , gray - collared chipmunks can prevent normal reforestation of some trees , especially pines , by eating their seeds . when this occurs , they have to be trapped by humans .\nnational wildlife federation .\ncliff chipmunk , urltoken\n( on - line ) . urltoken . accessed 12 / 08 / 02 at http : / / www . urltoken / fieldguide / showspeciesgs . asp ? sort = 1 & curgroupid = 99 & display = 1 & area = 99 & searchtext = cliff + chipmunk & curpagenum = 1 & recnum = ma0186 .\nelliot , l . 1978 . social behavior and foraging ecology of the eastern chipmunk ( tamias striatus ) in the adirondack mountains . smithsonian contributions to zoology no . 265 . 107 pp .\n13 - hart , e . b . 1971 . food preferences of the cliff chipmunk , eutamias dorsalis , in northern utah . great basin nat . , 31 - 182 - 188 .\nellis , l . s . , and l . r . maxxon . 1979 . evolution of the chipmunk genera eutamias and tamias . journal of mammalogy 60 ( 2 ) : 331 - 334 .\nthere are no obvious mounds around the burrow entrance because the chipmunk carries the dirt in its cheek pouches and scatters it on the ground away from the burrow to make the burrow entrance less conspicuous . the chipmunk\u2019s main tunnel is between 20 and 30 feet in length , but complex burrowing systems occur where cover is sparse . burrow systems normally include a nesting chamber , one or two food storage chambers , various side pockets connecting to the main tunnel , and separate escape tunnels . the average territory of a chipmunk is about 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 acre , but the adult usually only defends an area about fifty feet around the burrow entrance .\nthe average territory of a chipmunk is about 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 acre , but an adult usually only defends an area about fifty feet around the burrow entrance ( corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\nthe eastern chipmunk prefers nuts , acorns , seeds , mushrooms , fruits , berries , corn , and sunflower seeds . it also eats insects , bird eggs , snails and small mammals like baby mice . they collect most of their food from the ground ; however they will scale trees to gather acorns and other nuts when they are ripe . when eating , they will sit upright and hold their food with their front feet . the eastern chipmunk uses its teeth to grind nuts down to size to stuff in their cheek pouches . this grinding sound is very loud and can be heard from several feet away . the eastern chipmunk doesn\u2019t truly hibernate but rather wakes every few weeks during the winter months to eat .\nnew mexico : new mexico cooperative fish & wildlife research unit , new mexico state university , p . o . box 30003 , msc 4901 , las cruces , nm 88003 , principle investigators : bruce thompson , ken boykin , database creator : robert deitner , habitat modelers : susanne propeck - gray , jennifer puttere , cynthia king , zachary schwenke ,\ngray - collared chipmunks are found only in coniferous forests , at elevations of 1 , 950 - 3 , 440 m . they eat all kinds of vegetation , and collect and store acorns underground or in hollow logs . their tracks are often seen in the snow , but they probably remain in their dens during the coldest months , sleeping or feeding on their cache of acorns . one litter , of 4 - 6 , is born a year , usually in june in a nest under a log or stump . nests have also been found in woodpecker holes in trees . when they are 36 - 40 days old , the young begin eating solid food , and less than a week later , stop nursing . by fall , they are almost fully grown .\nchipmunk is the common name for any of the small , striped , squirrel - like rodents comprising the genus tamias of the tribe marmotini in the family sciuridae . traditionally , eutamias had been considered a second genus of chipmunks , but today is generally considered a subgenus of tamias .\nis a smoky - gray chipmunk with dark stripes on its back . these dark stripes are more distinct on the summer fur than on the winter fur . it lacks the white stripes often found in the pelage of this genus . the flanks are light brown in color , and the undeparts are creamy - white . the tail is bushy with black on top and cinnamon brown underneath . the feet have a hint of yellow . the molt in may and june from winter to summer pelage occurs from anterior to posterior . females tend to molt into their summer pelage in june and july , later than males , due to the engergy requirements of pregnancy and lactation .\nland unit forest service lands , new mexico usfs - cibola national forest usfs - gila national forest usfs - luna / quemado / reserve district usfs - negrito watershed ( reserve district ) nmdgf - misc . lands - double e the nature conservancy lands the nature conservancy lands - gray ranch , ( formerly tnc ) other distribution references - 19 , 27 , 29 , 33 , 38 , 54\na chipmunk ' s main tunnel is between 20 and 30 feet in length , but complex burrowing systems occur where cover is sparse . burrow systems normally include a nesting chamber , one or two food storage chambers , various side pockets connecting to the main tunnel , and separate escape tunnels .\nif unmolested , they often become bold enough to take food from the hands of humans . the temptation to pick up or pet any wild animal should be strictly avoided , however . while rabies is exceptionally rare ( if not non - existent ) in rodents , chipmunk bites can transmit virulent and dangerous bacterial infections .\nwe evaluated the two - year effects of variable - retention harvest on chipmunk ( tamias spp . ) abundance ( n ^ ) and habitat in mature coniferous forests in western oregon and washington because wildlife responses to density / pattern of retained trees remain largely unknown . in a randomized complete - block design , six . . .\nremoves seeds from pods with its incisors , then uses its tongue to shift the seeds backward . it stuffs the seeds between its teeth and inside of its cheekpouches . the capacity of these cheekpouches increases with maturity . when they cheek pouches are full , a chipmunk deposits the seeds in its nest or buries them in shallow holes .\nthe burrow systems of the eastern chipmunk are quite vast and have many entrances . chipmunks create tunnels up to ten feet long and three feet deep . there are separate tunnels for storing food , sleeping , and keeping empty shells and feces . the eastern chipmunk will defend up to fifty feet around its den and has been known to burrow in stone walls and rotting logs . when together in a group , they can cause damage to stone walls , patios , stairs and foundations by burrowing under them . this type of damage as well as damage that is sometimes done to gardens and landscaping are reasons why chipmunks are often considered a pest ( nuisance wildlife . )\nwe used radiotelemetry to examine the effects of spring prescribed fire for preharvest oak ( quercus spp . ) shelterwood management on eastern chipmunk ( tamias striatus ) home - range attributes and burrow use on the fernow experimental forest in the central appalachian mountains of west virginia . results for 21 chipmunks showed that prescribed fire had little discernable . . .\nwe report the first voucher of the cliff chipmunk ( neotamias dorsalis ) and observations of brazilian free - tailed bats ( tadarida brasiliensis ) from the huachuca mountains , arizona , where these species had not been documented . while presence of t . brasiliensis was expected on fort huachuca , n . dorsalis was a surprise after a century . . .\nthe diets of a fungal specialist , northern flying squirrel ( glaucomys sabrinus ( shaw , 1801 ) ) , and a dietary generalist , lodgepole chipmunk ( neotamias speciosus ( merriam , 1890 ) ) , were examined in the old - growth , mixed - conifer forest at the teakettle experimental forest in california ' s southern sierra nevada . spores of fungi . . .\nchipmunks ( tamias spp . ) in western north america are important for their numerical abundance , their role in pathogen transmission , and the composition and structure of food webs . as such , land management agencies ( e . g . , u . s . forest service ) often conduct field surveys to monitor the diversity and abundance of chipmunk species as a measure . . .\ntwice a year when the female adult eastern chipmunk is ready to mate , she produces a series of calls called chips . these sounds entice the males who gather and compete for a chance to mate . females will often mate with several males . after mating , the males have no further contact with the female or the babies that are produced . three to five young are delivered in the nesting burrows and are born blind and hairless . they open their eyes after thirty days and emerge from their burrow after six weeks .\nthough they are commonly depicted with their paws up to the mouth , eating peanuts , or more famously their cheeks bulging out on either side , chipmunks eat a variety of foods . their omnivorous diet consists of grain , nuts , birds ' eggs , fungi , worms , and insects . at the beginning of autumn , many species of chipmunk begin to stockpile these goods in their burrows , for winter . other species make multiple small caches of food . these two kinds of behavior are called larder hoarding and scatter hoarding . larder hoarders usually live in their nests until spring .\ntamias cinereicollis spends much of its day collecting and storing seeds , which are its most important source of food . they often forage on the ground and they easily climb trees and shrubs to harvest nuts and fruits . the diet of these chipmunks consists of various kinds of nuts , berries and seeds , but they also eat mushrooms , cherry and plum pits , insects , worms and carrion . rare instances of t . cinereicollis preying on birds or small mammals have been observed . when the chipmunk prepares its food for storage , it holds the seeds in its dexterous front paws and with its specialized incisors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\npatterson , b . d . and norris , r . w . 2016 . towards a uniform nomenclature for ground squirrels : the status of the holarctic chipmunks . mammalia 80 ( 3 ) : 241\u2013251 . doi : 10 . 1515 / mammalia - 2015 - 0004 .\njustification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , there are no major threats , and its population is currently stable .\nthis species occurs in the mountains of central and eastern arizona and central and southwestern new mexico in the united states ( hoffmann et al . in wilson and reeder 1993 ) , at elevations of 1 , 950 - 3 , 440 m asl ( most common at 2 , 100 - 3 , 300 m asl ) ( hilton and best 1993 ) .\nthis species is considered common . population density in arizona was estimated at 5 / ha in may , 12 . 5 / ha in august ( hoffmeister 1986 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of zoology and wildlife science and alabama agricultural experiment station , 331 funchess hall , auburn university , alabama 36849 - 5414 .\nclayton d . hilton , troy l . best ; tamias cinereicollis , mammalian species , issue 436 , 23 april 1993 , pages 1\u20135 , urltoken\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nis found all throughout central and eastern arizona and central and southwest new mexico in the united states ( findley , 1986 ; nowak , 1991 ) .\nthese chipmunks are found primarily in coniferous forests at elevations between 1 , 950 abd 3 , 440 meters . they prefer mature woodlands and woodlot edges , but they also inhabit areas in and around suburban and rural homes such as around ornamental plantings , rockpiles , outbuildings and below patios and building foundations . although they are mostly burrowing rodents , they regularly climb oak trees to gain access to rooftops ( best , 1999 ; corrigan , 1997 ; grzimek , 1990 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\nis one of the smaller chipmunks . it has a total length between 208 and 242 mm , with males measuring slightly smaller than females . weights range between 55 and 70 g . it has a relatively long tail , comprising from 90 to 109 mm of the total length of the animal ( best , 1999 ; grzimek , 1990 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\nmating occurs two times a year , during early spring and again during the summer or early fall . there is a 30 to 31 day gestation period . two to five young are born in the spring ( early may ) and again between august and october . they are born naked and blind . young can eat solid foods by the age of 36 to 40 days , and are weaned by the age of 41 to 45 days . the young are sexually mature within one year and adults may live for up to three years . young appear for the first time above ground when they are 2 / 3 full size . the babies are reared by the mother without any help from the fathers ( best , 1999 ; corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\nbreeding season this species breeds in the spring as well as in summer or early fall .\nis most active during the early morning and late afternoon . these chipmunks are generally solitary and protect their territories except during courtship , or when the young are developing . populations of chipmunks average between 2 and 4 animals per acre . the home ranges often overlap among individuals , and the home ranges of adults are larger than those of juveniles . the home ranges of females tend to be smaller than those of males .\nare the first to emerge in the spring . the females emerge one or two weeks later . once females emerge , breeding takes place near a female ' s burrow . competition occurs between males for females , and a male may mate with more than one female during a mating season .\nare well - hidden near buildings ( such as basements and garages ) , gardens , stumps , woodpiles or brushpiles . the burrow entrance is usually about 2 inches in diameter . there are no obvious mounds around the burrow entrance because these chipmunks carry the dirt in their cheek pouches and scatters it on the ground away from the burrow to make the burrow entrance less conspicuous .\nspends much of its day collecting and storing seeds , which are its most important source of food . these chipmunks often forage on the ground and they easily climb trees and shrubs to harvest nuts and fruits .\nconsists of various kinds of nuts , berries , and seeds . mushrooms , cherry and plum pits , insects , worms and carrion are also consumed . rare instances of\nmay eat young leaves and shoots until new fruit and seeds become available ( corrigan , 1997 ; schultz , 1995 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\ndepends on this food during the winter when it doesn ' t have access to seeds that are covered by snow , etc . ( shepppard , 1990 ) .\nassist in the spread of shrubs , trees , and other plants . as a prey species , populations of\nmay have some impact upon predator populations . ( corrigan , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\n, have also been associated as being carriers of the hantavirus in the southwestern united states . human infection may occur when infective saliva or excreta are inhaled as aerosols produced directly from the animal . persons have also become infected after being bitten by rodents ( corrigan , 1997 ; healthtouch , 1997 ; sheppard , 1990 ) .\npopulations occurs during periods of food shortage such as when there is seed crop failure and chipmunks doesn ' t have enough food stored for hibernation .\ndepends on stored food during the winter when it doesn ' t have access to seeds that are covered by snow , etc . ( shepppard , 1990 ) .\ncandace t . smith ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nplaces a food item in a special place to be eaten later . also called\nhoarding\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nfindley , j . s . 1987 . the natural history of new mexican mammals . university of new mexico press , albuquerque .\ngrzimek , b . 1990 . encyclopedia of mammals . mcgraw - hill publishing , co . vol 3 . pp . 78 - 82\nhantavirus infection - southwest united states .\nhealthtouch online . urltoken ( 1 dec . 1997 )\nnowak , r . m . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world . fifth edition . johns hopkins university press , baltimore . pp . 586 - 589\n) . pp . 362 - 363 in d wilson , s ruff , eds .\nto cite this page : smith , c . 1999 .\ntamias cinereicollis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nallen , j . a . , 1890 . a review of some of the north american ground squirrels of the genus tamias , p . 94 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 3 : 45 - 116 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nuse these links to obtain additional detailed information and research . life history information is invaluable because it provides diet and habitat info that can be used to formulate diets as well as identify release environments\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nis found mainly in the southwestern united states of america . its range inludes the states of nevada , utah , arizona , and new mexico as well as the northern portion of mexico .\ncliff chipmunks spend much of their time near cliffs . dens , particularly winter dens , are in rocky outcroppings . in summer , chipmunks will stay overnight in cliffs , but much of their diurnal activity is away from the den area .\ngenerally inhabits elevations of 1500 to 3700 m with scrub - type habitat . the tendency is toward occupying patches of juniper (\n) . cliff chipmunks have been found in lava fields and deserts at lower elevations .\nadults of this species average 70 g . females are larger than males , weighing between 70 and 74 g . the smaller males weigh between 61 and 64 . 5 g .\nranges between 217 and 249 mm , with the hind foot measuring between 34 and 37 mm . they have 22 teeth . eight mammae are present on the females .\nthere are several subspecies reported , and these subspecies are reported to have clinal variation which intergrades them phenotypically . the subspecies may be defined mainly by differences in body and skull dimensions , pelage characters , dental characeters , and differences in the baculum .\nthe species is diagnosed by its baculum . this has a thin shaft , ranging in length from 2 . 64 to 3 . 69 mm . the distal half of the shaft is somewhat laterally compressed . the keel , which is 20 % of the length of the tip , is low . the tip of the baculum is between 20 % and 40 % the length of the shaft , and forms an angle of 140 degrees with the shaft .\ndetails on the reproductive system of this species are scant . however , one estrus female was the center of attention of as many as 14 males , indicating that there is probably some competition among males for access to these females . it is not known whether the female in this report mated with more than one of the males .\nmales are reproductively active from january through june although most breeding occurs in march . a study of\nin the mountains of arizona suggests that copulation does not occur until may with birth in late june and early july . these discrepancies can be attributed to the duration of winter and the quantity of food available .\ndoes not gain weight before winter , but will loose some over the winter . february through april are lean months and may play a crucial role in the copulation and breeding success of\ncliff chipmunks have only one litter per year , with an approximate size of 4 to 6 young . parturition normally occurs in the months of april to july with the young emerging from burrows about a month later .\nalthough details on the development of this species are lacking , cliff chipmunks are probably like other members of their genus .\nyoung are reported to nurse for 41 to 45 days . they are capable of eating solid foods at 36 to 40 days of age .\nthe young spend their early days in the den of their mother , and are presumed to be altricial . as mammals , females of this species provide their young with milk , grooming , and protection . mature females in arizona have been recorded in transport of half - grown young which are carried in the mouth . males are not reported to be involved in the care of the young .\nhas been described as shy . generally , cliff chipmunks are diurnal with activity mainly in the mornings and then again from the late afternoon until dusk .\nwas recorded to have 57 % of its activity foraging and 3 % as grooming behavior .\ntakes dust baths by lowering its belly into a dry , powdery soil and alternately writhing its head or tail end . it then flips over and throws its hindquarters around in the soil also .\ngrooms its head with the forepaws and will groom its tail end as well by biting into the fur .\ncan be territorial and will chase others if the minimum individual distance has been violated . however , these territorial encounters apparently occur mainly in the area around dens . away from dens , most encounters result in mutual nosings or chases . females can be somewhat gregarious , and form feeding aggregations during the morning feeding . as many as 10 chipmunks may gather at a food source , and slowly travel together through the food sources , keeping a distance of 3 to 10 meters betwen individuals . individuals in these aggregations may vocalize to identify themselves , or to maintain spacing .\nis typically found close to refugia . although it may take cover in trees , the species is most likely to climb steep rocks when it is alarmed .\ncliff chipmunks usually make their dens and nests in rocky bluffs and cliffs . sometimes underground burrows and tree nests are used . there may be different use of habitat in summer versus winter , with different nesting sites used in different seasons . also , seasonal migrations may occur , and if they do , they appear to be related to availability of food sources .\nhome ranges have been reported to range between 0 . 4 and 2 hectares . individuals of this species are reported to typically maintain home ranges with a greatest dimension of about 100 m .\nhas three different calls that characterize different meanings . a bark emitted during standing , resting , or squatting suggests normal activity . a sharp\nwhsst\nor\npsst\nchirp from an upright , alert position and tail twitching indicates excitement . a mixture of high - pitched sounds represents being surprised or threatened .\nin addition to its vocal communications , it is likely that this diurnal species uses other visual signals to communicate with conspecifics . for example , body posture may indicate friendly or hostile intentions when two individuals come together .\ntactile communication is undoubtedly important between mates as well as rivals , and also occurs between a mother and her young . although specific scent based communication has not been reported for this species , it may occur .\nforages for juniper berries , pine seeds , and acorns . these make up a large portion of the diet of this species .\nis an opportunistic forager and will eat available plant material . seeds are gathered during prime availability and are carried in cheek pouches and are transported to temporary caches . seeds and vegetation are generally cached within 100 m of the home cliff , with many of these caches being retrieved later . use of plants as food sources seems to influence both daily and seasonal movements . females have been noted to spend more time foraging than males .\nis mainly herbivorous although these chipmunks have been noted to eat a wide variety of insects , herps , birds , and eggs in utah .\nremains close to the cliff faces and rocks for easily available cover . the indistinctness of their stripes is also supposed to serve as an anti - predator adaptation . potential predators in different regions include cooper ' s hawks (\ncliff chipmunks are food for a variety of carnivores and raptors . they also cache seeds , and so may be an important means of seed dispersal . they compete with other species of chipmunks and ground squirrels for seeds . bot - fly larva (\nthese animals are not reported to have any positive economic impact on humans . however , as a prey species , they do provide food for some of the larger predatory species that humans enjoy watching . also , because they are themselves sort of cute , they may provide entertainment for tourists in natural areas .\n, the possibility of crop damage is present although it has not been documented .\n(\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n, 2002 ;\ncites appendices\n, 2002 ;\nendangered species information , u . s . fish and wildlife service\n, 2002 )\nhas kidney specializations that are adaptive to dry habitats . a number of subspecies exist and contribute to the differences noted in each category . differences between subspecies also contributes to the reported shyness or lack of shyness in different regions . synonym :\nlouise venne ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\n( as keyword in perception channel section ) this animal has a special ability to detect heat from other organisms in its environment .\ncites . 2002 .\ncites appendices\n( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .\nu . s . fish & wildlife service . 2002 .\nendangered species information , u . s . fish and wildlife service\n( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .\nuniversity of new mexico . 1998 .\nsevilleta lter data\n( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 06 / 02 at urltoken .\niucn . 2002 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . accessed 12 / 05 / 02 at urltoken .\n) . pp . 363 - 365 in d wilson , s ruff , eds .\ndunford , c . 1974 . annual cycle of cliff chipmunks in the santa catalina mountains , arizona .\nto cite this page : venne , l . 2004 .\ntamias dorsalis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ninformation on this page has been gathered from member submissions . effort has been made to avoid any infringement of copyright . additionally , any use is anticipated to be within the\nfair use\ndoctrine . if any copyright has been infringed , please notify the webmaster . the disputed information will be removed and your issue will be resolved . if you are a submitting member , please inform and discuss with haz if you think you are submitting any copyright issue . please help us stay with the law .\nlike all rodents , members of sciuridae are noted for their teeth . they have a pair of large incisors on the upper and one on the lower jaw that grow continuously and need to be kept short and sharpened by frequent gnawing . ( the word\nrodent\ncomes from the latin word for\ngnawing .\n) the second pair of incisors , the canines , and the first premolars are missing in rodents , creating a gap between the incisors and the grinding teeth .\neastern chipmunks mate in early spring and again in early summer , producing litters of four or five young twice each year . western chipmunks only breed once a year . the young emerge from the burrow after about six weeks and strike out on their own within the next two weeks .\nchipmunks construct expansive burrows , which can be more than 3 . 5 meters in length with several well - concealed entrances . the sleeping quarters are kept extremely clean as shells and feces are stored in refuse tunnels .\nchipmunks fulfill several important functions in forest ecosystems . their activities harvesting and hoarding tree seeds play a crucial role in seedling establishment . they consume many different kinds of fungi , including those involved in symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with trees , and are an important vector for dispersal of the spores of subterranean sporocarps ( truffles ) , which have co - evolved with these and other mycophagous mammals and thus lost the ability to disperse their spores through the air .\nthese small squirrels play an important role as prey for various predatory mammals and birds , but are also opportunistic predators themselves , particularly with regard to bird eggs and nestlings . in oregon , mountain bluebirds ( siala currucoides ) have been observed energetically mobbing chipmunks that they see near their nest trees .\nhowell , a . h . 1929 . revision of the american chipmunks . washington , d . c . : u . s . department of agriculture , bureau of biological survey . no . 52 .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . genus tamias ( chipmunks ) animal diversity webs ( online ) . retrieved january 3 , 2008 .\nnadler , c . f . , r . s . hoffmann , j . h . honacki , and d . pozin . 1977 . chromosomal evolution in chipmunks , with special emphasis on a and b karyotypes of the subgenus neotamias . am . mid . nat . 98 : 343\u2013353 .\nnichols , j . d . , and e . nyholm . 1995 . a concise dictionary of minnesota ojibwe . minneapolis : university of minnesota press . isbn 0816624275 .\npiaggio , a . j . , and g . s . spicer . 2001 . molecular phylogeny of the chipmunks inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 20 ( 3 ) : 335 - 350 .\nwhitaker , j . o . , and r . elman . 1980 . the audubon society field guide to north american mammals , 2nd edition . new york : knopf . isbn 0394507622 .\nwhite , j . a . 1953 . the baculum in the chipmunks of western north america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 5 ( 35 ) : 611\u2013631 .\nwilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder . 2005 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . isbn 0801882214 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 2 april 2008 , at 04 : 38 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it does not appear to be under threat and is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . subspecies sonoriensis and carminis have very restricted distributions and merit attention .\nit occurs in southwestern united states and northcentral mexico . in the united states , from idaho south through the mountains of arizona and western new mexico . in mexico , from sonora and western chihuahua to northeastern sinaloa and northwestern durango . there are three disjunct population segments ( wilson and ruff 1999 ) .\nthere are no known conservation measures specific to this species . however , there are several protected areas within its range .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t42571a115190634 .\nnests are most commonly built on the ground but can occasionally be found in trees . in late spring to early summer , female chipmunks have litters of 3 or 4 pups which are born hairless . after a month or so , the pups have developed a smooth fur coat and begin to move in and out of the nest . at about 6 weeks old , the pups have moved to a mostly solid food diet ."]}
{"id": 899, "summary": [{"text": "otiorhynchus sulcatus , commonly known as the black vine weevil or simply vine weevil , is native to europe , but common in north america as well .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is a pest of many garden plants . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "otiorhynchus sulcatus", "paragraphs": ["field attraction of the vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus to kairomones . - pubmed - ncbi\nblack vine weeveil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) - \u00a9 can stock photo inc . / zollster\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nbreitmaulr\u00fcssler\nto\notiorhynchus sulcatus germar\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngefurchter lappenr\u00fcssler\nto\notiorhynchus sulcatus germar\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nvine weevil\nto\notiorhynchus sulcatus germar\n.\nandersen mn , 1991 . greenhouse weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) . gartneryrket , 81 ( 5 ) : 12 - 13\nanon . , 1980 . black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) - kansas - a new state record . cooperative plant pest report , 5 : 35 .\nkacic s , vitanovic e , zanic k , katalinic m , 2009 . control of the ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) weevil in protected cultivation . ( suzbijanje pipe ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) u za ? ticenom prostoru . ) glasilo biljne za ? tite , 9 ( 3 ) : 153 - 157 . urltoken\nbackhaus gf , 1994 . biological control of otiorhynchus sulcatus f . by use of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus heterorhabditis . acta horticulturae , no . 364 : 131 - 142\nfregonese a , zandigiacomo p , 1992 . otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabr . ) , a curculionid beetle damaging ornamental plants in nurseries . informatore agrario , 48 ( 35 ) : 73 - 77\nb . bassiana was isolated from the adults of o . sulcatus in japan (\nkovacevic z , 1971 . otiorhynchus species in yugoslavia and their geographic distribution . zast . bilja . , 1 - 103 .\nwesterman pr , zeeland mg van , 1989 . comparison of heterorhabditis isolates for control of otiorhynchus sulcatus at low temperatures . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 54 ( 3b ) : 1115 - 1123\nsteiner wa , 1996 . melanization of steinernema feltiae filipjev and s . kraussei steiner in larvae of otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) . fundamental and applied nematology , 19 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 ; 11 ref .\nbaird cr , dorschner kw , nyberg cj , 1992 . biology of the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus on hop in idaho ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of the entomological society of british columbia , 89 : 31 - 37\ncross jv , burgess cm , 1997 . localised insecticide treatment for the control of vine weevil larvae ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) on field - grown strawberry . crop protection , 16 ( 6 ) : 565 - 574 ; 17 ref .\nlone rs la , clarke rg , 1981 . larval development of otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and effects of larval density on larval mortality and injury to rhododendron . environmental entomology , 10 ( 2 ) : 190 - 191\nmaier ct , 1981 . reproductive success of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) , fed different foliar diets and evaluation of techniques for predicting fecundity . environmental entomology , 10 ( 6 ) : 928 - 932\nmasaki m , ohmura k , ichinohe f , 1984 . host range studies of the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . applied entomology and zoology , 19 ( 1 ) : 95 - 106\npenman dr , scott rr , 1976 . impact of black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) , on blackcurrants and strawberries in canterbury . new zealand journal of experimental agriculture , 4 ( 4 ) : 381 - 384\nmoorhouse er , charnley ak , gillespie at , 1992 . a review of the biology and control of the vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . annals of applied biology , 121 ( 2 ) : 431 - 454\nmoorhouse er , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1993 . selection of virulent and persistent metarhizium anisopliae isolates to control black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) larvae on glasshouse begonia . journal of invertebrate pathology , 62 ( 1 ) : 47\nwesterman pr , zeeland mg van , 1994 . infectivity and pathogenicity of the insect parasitic nematodes heterorhabditis spp . and steinernema spp . for otiorhynchus sulcatus at different temperatures . bulletin oilb / srop , 17 ( 3 ) : 65 - 69\nmasaki m , ohto k , 1995 . effects of temperature on development of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . research bulletin of the plant protection service , 31 : 37 - 45 .\nreibnitz c von , backhaus gf , 1992 . analysis of the incidence and control of otiorhynchus sulcatus in tree nurseries . results from a survey in lower saxony and schleswig - holstein . gesunde pflanzen , 45 ( 2 ) : 54 - 60\nthere are some weevles which cause damage in the horticulture and the amenities . an important pest species in the ornamentals is the vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus , while the rose beetle , phylloperta horticola , causes a lot of damage in the grassland .\nshanks ch jr , chase dl , chamberlain jd , 1984 . resistance of clones of wild strawberry , fragaria chiloensis , to adult otiorhynchus sulcatus and o . ovatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . environmental entomology , 13 ( 4 ) : 1042 - 1045\ngembauffe n , coremans - pelseneer j , tillemans f , hemptinne jl , 1990 . otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) alimentary choices . first results . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 55 ( 2b ) : 541 - 544\nschirocki a , hague ngm , 1994 . the effect of temperature on the susceptibility of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus to different isolates of steinernema and heterorhabditis . bulletin oilb / srop , 17 ( 3 ) : 61 - 64 ; 6 ref .\nsaito t , ikeda f , 1983 . beauveria bassiana ( bals . ) vuill . isolated from the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus fabr . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . japanese journal of applied entomology and zoology , 27 ( 4 ) : 307 - 308\ntol rwhm van , 1993 . control of the black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) with different isolates of heterorhabditis sp . and metarhizium anisopliae in nursery stock . proceedings of the section experimental and applied entomology of the netherlands entomological society , 4 : 181 - 186\ncolour illustration of leaf damage caused by adult o . sulcatus next to crescent - shaped larva and adult .\nmoorhouse er , fenlon js , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1992 . observations on the development , oviposition and fecundity of vine weevil adults , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . entomologist ' s gazette , 43 ( 3 ) : 207 - 218\ncommon name vine weevil scientific name otiorhynchus sulcatus plants affected ornamental plants and fruits , especially those grown in containers main symptoms adult weevils notch leaf margins ; grubs eat roots , causing plant death . most active adult weevils : spring to late summer ; grubs : summer to spring\nkakouli t , schirocki a , hague ngm , 1994 . factors affecting the control of otiorhynchus sulcatus with entomopathogenic nematodes , in strawberries grown on raised beds . proceedings - brighton crop protection conference , pests and diseases , 1994 , vol . 2 . , 945 - 946 ; 3 ref .\ncasteels h , clercq rde , miduturi js , 1995 . phenological observations on the black vine weevil otiorhynchus sulcatus f . in belgium during the decade 1985 - 1994 . mededelingen - faculteit landbouwkundige en toegepaste biologische wetenschappen , universiteit gent , 60 ( 3a ) : 657 - 661 ; 12 ref .\nmracek z , jiskra k , kahounova l , 1993 . efficiency of steinernematid nematodes ( nematoda : steinernematidae ) in controlling larvae of the black vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in laboratory and field experiments . european journal of entomology , 90 ( 1 ) : 71 - 76\nmoorhouse er , gillespie at , charnley ak , 1994 . the influence of temperatures on the susceptibility of vine weevil , otiorhynchus sulcatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , larvae to metarhizium anisopliae ( deuteromycotina : hyphomycetes ) . annals of applied biology , 124 ( 2 ) : 185 - 193\ndoss rp , shanks ch jr , 1988 . the influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of selected clones of beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis ( l . ) duchesne ) to adult black vine weevils ( otiorhynchus sulcatus f . ) . scientia horticulturae , 34 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 - 54\n, o . sulcatus is mainly ground - living , though it is occasionally found on herbaceous vegetation , less frequently on trees .\nin south - central washington , usa , adults of o . sulcatus fed on the berry pedicels and cluster stems of concord grapes (\nesbjerg p , 1977 . ear weevils ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus fabr . ) . manedsoversigt over plantesygdomme , 500 ( june 1977 ) : 56\nclark ke , hartley se , brennan rm , jennings sn , mcmenemy ls , mcnicol jw , mitchell c , johnson sn , 2012 . effects of cultivar and egg density on a colonizing vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) population and its impacts on red raspberry growth and yield . crop protection , 32 : 76 - 82 . urltoken\nh . bacteriophora has an active foraging strategy and occurs deep in the soil profile . it was effective against larvae of o . sulcatus , which occurs near roots . soil temperature influenced the results . at 22\u00b0c , the nematode killed o . sulcatus within 1 week . at 16\u00b0c , h . bacteriophora was not effective against larvae of o . sulcatus 2 weeks after treatment ( kaya et al . , 1993 ) .\nlisted fragaria vesca , saxifraga sp . , taxus baccata , rudbeckia laciniata , cyclamen persicum and vitis vinifera as food plants of o . sulcatus .\nof eight varieties of raspberry assessed for five characters , glen clova was the most resistant to o . sulcatus ( anon . , 1975 ) .\ntusnadi ck , merkl l , 1985 . recent damage by otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . in hungary . novenyvedelem , 21 ( 8 ) : 369 - 370\nreibnitz c von , backhaus gf , 1994 . investigations on demand for biological control of otiorhynchus spp . and cost structure of production methods for entomopathogenic nematodes ( heterorhabditis ) . gartenbauwissenschaft , 59 ( 5 ) : 199 - 206\no . sulcatus was first detected in hawaii , usa , at kokee state park on the island of kauai , in march and april 1976 ( anon . , 1976 ) . o . sulcatus was first found in japan in 1981 in sunto gun , shizuoka prefecture ( masaki et al . , 1984 ) .\nevenhuis hh , 1978 . bionomics and control of the black vine weevil otiorrhynchus sulcatus . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen rijksuniversiteit gent , 43 : 607 - 611\nlozzia gc , 1983 . otiorrhynchus sulcatus in cultivated flowers of the lake maggiore region . informatore fitopatologico , 33 ( 7 / 8 ) : 15 - 19\nall otiorhynchus sulcatus adults are female and each can lay several hundred eggs during spring and summer . the eggs are brown and less than 1mm ( about 1 / 16in ) in diameter , making them very difficult to see in soil . larger yellowish - brown spherical objects seen in potting composts are likely to be controlled - release fertiliser pellets added by the nursery that raised the plants .\nbarratt bip , lauren dr , snelling cm , ferguson cm , 1989 . carbaryl for control of black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ) on rhododendrons . proceedings of the forty second new zealand weed and pest control conference , taranki country lodge , new plymouth , 8 - 10 august , 1989 . palmerston north , new zealand : new zealand weed and pest control society inc . , 262 - 265\nin hungary , the adults of o . sulcatus attacked the flowers of rhododendron simsii and gerbera sp . leaving spots of excreta on them , but the leaves remained intact (\nbarratt bip , ferguson cm , jackson ta , harvey ic , 1989 . control of black vine weevil ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ( f . ) ) larvae with parasitic nematodes and fungal pathogens . proceedings of the forty second new zealand weed and pest control conference , taranki country lodge , new plymouth , 8 - 10 august , 1989 . palmerston north , new zealand : new zealand weed and pest control society inc . , 259 - 261\nin the dordogne , france , suggestions for prevention of o . sulcatus attacks include the use of healthy plants , careful soil preparation and crop rotation ( felici , 1981 ) .\nevenhuis hh , 1982 . control of the black vine weevil otiorrhynchus sulcatus ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent , 47 ( 2 ) : 675 - 678\nstenseth c , vik j , 1979 . the effect of black polythene mulch on the development of otiorrhynchus sulcatus on strawberry plants . gartneryrket , 69 ( 912 / 914 ) : 7 pp .\nnielsen dg , 1989 . minimizing otiorhynchus root weevil impact in conifer nurseries . insects affecting reforestation : biology and damage [ edited by alfaro , r . i . ; glover , s . g . ] victoria , canada ; forestry canada , pacific and yukon region , 71 - 79\nthree species of nematodes were tested in the field and greenhouse as potential biological control agents against o . sulcatus in british columbia , canada . heterorhabditis heliothidis at doses of from 5000 to 20000 infective stages per 50 ml water reduced the numbers of o . sulcatus on potted strawberry plants in the greenhouse by 83 - 97 % . an outdoor application of h . heliothidis at 500 and 5000 nematodes / litre of soil gave significantly better control of larvae of o . sulcatus on potted lodgepole pine trees ( pinus contorta ) than did a diazinon drench ( rutherford et al . , 1987 ) .\ncone ww , 1963 . the black vine weevil , brachyrhinus sulcatus , as a pest of grapes in south central washington . journal of economic entomology , 56 ( 5 ) : 677 - 680 .\nroot weevils can be recognized by their short snouts , stout swollen bodies ( otiorhynchus looks almost ' inflated ' ) , elongate elbowed antennae and enlarged femur on all legs . all are parthenogenic . 8 - 11 mm in length . adults can live for three or more years and lay eggs each spring .\nin berlin , germany , o . sulcatus larval damage to the roots of sansevieria trifasciata did not at first result in the visible withering of the leaves noticed on less sturdy plants , but it was severe (\nskadow k , karl e , 1967 . injurious occurrence of o . sulcatus on sansevieria . nachrichtenblatt des deutschen pflanzenschutzdienstes , berlin , ( n . f . ) 21 ( 11 ) : 213 - 214 .\nmarchal m , 1977 . fungi imperfecti isolated from a natural population of otiorrhynchus sulcatus fabr . ( col . curculionidae ) . revue de zoologie agricole et de pathologie vegetale , 76 ( 4 ) : 101 - 108\nbogatko w , labanowski g , 1993 . chemical control of the black vine weevil ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . ) on ornamental crops . journal of fruit and ornamental plant research , 1 ( 3 ) : 93 - 101\non strawberries in massachusetts , usa , the nematodes steinernema carpocapsae , s . glaseri and heterorhabditis bacteriophora caused 82 - 91 % mortality , when tested for control of o . sulcatus ( driesche and hauschild , 1987 ) .\n) . in belgium , the time of appearance of o . sulcatus varied from year to year and was largely dependent on weather conditions ( temperature ) and type of culture ( open field , container culture or greenhouse ) (\nbluel s , kaserer h , 1989 . investigations on the control of otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . on vines and ornamental plants . mitteilungen klosterneuburg , rebe und wein , obstbau und fruchteverwertung , 39 ( 3 ) : 124 - 129\na study in switzerland , showed that late instar ( l 4 - 6 ) o . sulcatus can encapsulate and melanize invasive juveniles ( ij ' s ) of steinernema feltiae and s . kraussei that enter their digestive tracts . dissection of o . sulcatus larvae , exposed at 9\u00b0c to nematode isolates found in the swiss alps , revealed up to nine melanized ij ' s in the mid - gut region . encapsulation of ij ' s occurred exclusively in insect larvae so that they died from the nematode treatment . the observed immune response in o . sulcatus larvae is therefore unimportant for the infectivity of s . kraussei and s . feltiae at 9\u00b0c ( steiner , 1996a ) .\nthumb | fra\u00dfbild thumb | unterseite des adulten k\u00e4fers der gefurchte dickmaulr\u00fcssler ( otiorhynchus sulcatus ) , auch breitmaulr\u00fcssler genannt , ist ein k\u00e4fer aus der familie der r\u00fcsselk\u00e4fer ( curculionidae ) . die erwachsenen tiere ( imagines ) ern\u00e4hren sich polyphag , haupts\u00e4chlich von bl\u00e4ttern , knospen oder jungen pflanzentrieben von landwirtschaftlichen kulturen und zierpflanzen , w\u00e4hrend die larven an wurzeln fressen . bevorzugte pflanzengattungen und - arten sind beispielsweise erdbeeren , rhododendren , kirschlorbeer , pfaffenh\u00fctchen und eiben r . van tol , 2002 : fatal attraction . novel strategies for vine weevil control . academisch proefschrift . isbn 90 76894 21 3\u2026\nin central washington , usa , the larvae of o . sulcatus fed on the roots of concord grapes , first on the phloem tissue , girdling the roots , but the xylem was left intact , except in cases of severe injury (\nin greenhouse trials there was 70 - 95 and 35 - 50 % control of o . sulcatus with 1000 infective juveniles / 250 ml pot of heterorhabditis sp . ( hf85 ) and s . carpocapsae ( s25 ) , respectively , in 10 - 20 days . the doses of s . carpocapsae had a significant effect , whereas contact days were significant for hf85 , a cold active strain , gave 99 % control of o . sulcatus while s . carpocapsae gave only 56 % control . in field experiments , 10 , 000 infective juveniles / plant of s . carpocapsae and heterorhabditis sp . gave 10 - 20 and 10 - 40 % control of o . sulcatus , respectively ( miduturi et al . , 1994 ) .\nmiduturi js , clercq r de , casteels h , grisse ade , 1994 . effect of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against black vine weevil ( otiorrhynchus sulcatus f . ) . parasitica , 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 103 - 108\nin laboratory studies , the effect of a range of temperatures ( 5 - 30\u00b0c ) on the infectivity of heterorhabditis sp . and steinernema carpocapsae against o . sulcatus was tested . an increase in temperature resulted in an increase in infectivity of both nematodes . a 100 % mortality of o . sulcatus was obtained when heterorhabditis sp . was kept at 20\u00b0c for 12 days . a maximum mortality of 65 % was obtained with s . carpocapsae at 20 and 25\u00b0c ( miduturi et al . , 1994 ) .\nwhen o . sulcatus adults were fed on eight strawberry genotypes , the lowest number of fertile eggs were produced after feeding on totem . among eight red raspberry cultivars , the longest preoviposition periods were after feeding on leo and glen prosen . loganberry and the rubus idaeus ss . strigosus selection kilburne gave similar preoviposition periods to these cultivars . since both leo and glen prosen are r . occidentalis derivatives , it is suggested that this species might be of value in breeding for resistance to o . sulcatus ( cram and daubeny , 1982 ) .\nthe efficacy of two isolates of s . carpocapsae ( all biosys 25 and uk biosys 252 ) and two isolates of heterorhabditis ( uk isolate nemasys h and uk isolate fightagrub ) was investigated against o . sulcatus at a range of temperatures , on a temperature gradient plate . the temperature profiles for both steinernema isolates were similar ( 15 - 32\u00b0c ) , but the heterorhabditis isolates were dissimilar : nemasys h was more effective at 13 - 28\u00b0c , while fightagrub infected o . sulcatus larvae up to 35\u00b0c ( schirocki and hague , 1994b ) .\nthe influence of leaf pubescence on the resistance of 25 clones of beach strawberry to o . sulcatus was investigated in no - choice tests under greenhouse conditions . adults of the weevil fed significantly more on some clones than on others . fecundity was correlated with feeding . the density of simple hairs on the abaxial leaf surface varied significantly between clones , and hair density was negatively correlated with feeding by the beetle . the results suggest that leaf pubescence plays a role in the resistance of certain beach strawberry clones to feeding by o . sulcatus adults ( doss and shanks , 1988 ) .\nin the netherlands , comparative studies of o . sulcatus and its predators in abandoned strawberry fields and in fields treated with insecticides indicated that carabid adults and larvae ( notably those of bembidion ustulatum which fed on eggs ) were active predators , but were unable to exert effective control in treated fields (\ngordon sc , woodford jat , grassi a , zini m , tuovinen t , lindqvist i , mcnicol jw , 2003 . monitoring and importance of wingless weevils ( otiorhynchus spp . ) in european red raspberry production . bulletin oilb / srop [ proceedings of the iobc / wprs working group ' integrated plant protection in orchards ' subgroup ' soft fruits ' , dundee , scotland , 18 - 21 september , 2001 . ] , 26 ( 2 ) : 55 - 60 .\nin washington , usa , it was thought that mowing off strawberry fields after harvest would reduce populations of o . sulcatus . in 1975 and 1976 , about 60 % of adults died after the foliage was mowed off and removed ; there was 0 - 12 % mortality in unmowed plots ( garth and shanks , 1978 ) .\nexotic wingless weevils being found in several parts of the uk ( barclay mvl , the coleopterist 12 ( 2 ) : 41 - 56 , 2003 ) . otiorhynchus armadillo and o . salicicola are two european wingless weevils that have become established in britain . one species , o . armadillo , is a known pest of raspberry in northern italy and is a cause for concern . fortunately , as yet , there are no reports of this weevil in commercial raspberry plantations in the uk .\nfood preferences of o . sulcatus adults were studied in the laboratory at ld 16 : 8 with corresponding temperatures of 23 and 17\u00b0c and 80 % rh , using five plant species ( fragaria grandiflora , chenopodium album , senecio vulgaris , rhododendron ponticum and fuchsia spp . ) . r . ponticum was the least preferred plant , while strawberry was the most preferred (\nin western france , three species of the nematode order rhabditida , one species of bacterium ( bacillus cereus ) and five species of deuteromycete ( metarhizium flavoviride , m . anisopliae , paecilomyces fumosoroseus , beauveria bassiana and b . brongniartii ) were isolated from o . sulcatus . m . anisopliae caused the highest rate of mortality ( 28 % ) by natural infection (\nsteinernema carpocapsae was applied to beds of euonymus fortunei in an urban park in philadelphia , usa to evaluate its potential for controlling o . sulcatus . although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments , weevil damage in non - irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds . irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest ( owen et al . , 1991 ) .\nthe biology of o . sulcatus in a commercial vineyard in coastal california , usa , was studied in 1984 - 86 . adult emergence began in the first week of april and continued until early july , with peaks in mid - to late may , but the pattern differed from year to year . oviposition began in mid - may and continued for 6 - 8 weeks (\nthe reproductive success of o . sulcatus fed different foliar diets was compared to evaluate the suitability of known and potential hosts for adults . foliar diets , arranged in order of decreasing fecundity , were taxus cuspidata , t . canadensis , kalmia latifolia and cornus florida . fecundity and length of preoviposition period were negatively correlated , indicating that the latter could be used to forecast potential fecundity (\nin a study of weevil diversity and abundance during 3 consecutive years of sampling ( 1997 - 1999 ) in two vineyards in southern quebec , o . sulcatus was thought to represent the greatest potential threat based on adult abundance at one of the sites and the negative impact of this species in other wine - making regions in north america ( bouchard et al . , 2005 ) .\ntemperature profiles were obtained for two isolates of s . carpocapsae ( all and uk ) and two isolates of heterorhabditis ( nemasys - h and fightagrub ) against late - instar larvae of o . sulcatus . efficacy was clearly delineated for each isolate as : s . carpocapsae 14 - 33\u00b0c ; nemasys - h 14 - 28\u00b0c ; and fightagrub 14 - 33\u00b0c ( schirocki and hague , 1994a ) .\ndie gattung otiorhynchus stammt aus europa . der gefurchte dickmaulr\u00fcssler ist in regionen mit gem\u00e4\u00dfigtem klima endemisch . via import von pflanzenmaterial wurde er in verschiedene andere weltregionen verschleppt und breitete sich auf verschiedene pflanzenarten aus . in den usa , kanada , japan , neuseeland , s\u00fcdost - australien und tasmanien ist er heute ein bedeutender sch\u00e4dling . die erwachsenen tiere sind d\u00e4mmerungs - oder nachtaktiv und leben an krautigen pflanzen oder kleineren geh\u00f6lzen . dort treten sie von april bis oktober in erscheinung . die einschleppung des sch\u00e4dlings erfolgt oft mit dem substrat oder \u00fcber getopfte pflanzen , von denen sie sich dann auf die verschiedenen pflanzenarten ausbreiten .\na commercial formulation of the entomophilic nematode h . bacteriophora was tested for the control of o . sulcatus in nursery cyclamen stock in new zealand during 1990 . more than 1400 plants were treated with 80 nematodes / cm\u00b2 using syringes . the number of infested pots was reduced from 27 to 3 . 8 % following treatment and the number of weevils was reduced by 73 % ( garnham and mcnab , 1990 ) .\nthree of five isolates of heterorhabditis sp . and m . anisopliae controlled larvae of o . sulcatus on thuja occidentalis in containers in the field in the netherlands during september - october 1991 . in open ground , two of three isolates of heterorhabditis sp . tested were effective as was m . anisopliae . the efficacy of heterorhabditis sp . was determined by soil temperature and antagonism in soil ( van tol , 1993 ) .\nin a 4 - year ( 2007 - 2010 ) field study that simulated colonization by o . sulcatus in rubus idaeus plantation comprising two cultivars ( glen ample and glen rosa ) , o . sulcatus abundance on raspberry plants was found to be negatively related to plant height . heavily infested plants had lower shoot and root biomass in cultivars glen ample ( 62 % and 60 % , respectively ) and glen rosa ( 50 % and 12 % , respectively ) , significantly smaller berries ( 5 . 1 g and 2 . 8 g , respectively , in glen ample and 3 . 3 g and 2 . 7 g , respectively , in glen rosa ) and smaller yields ( 2 . 93 kg and 0 . 99 kg in glen ample and 2 . 80 kg - 1 . 71 kg in glen rosa , respectively ) ( clark et al . , 2012 ) .\nthe cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene from cowpea ( vigna unguiculata ) , which confers resistance to insect pests , has been inserted into strawberry cultivars by agrobacterium - mediated gene transfer . greenhouse trials in which transformants were challenged by larvae of o . sulcatus established that this heterologous gene may have value in the soft fruit industry and it is envisaged that plants containing this gene will be resistant to chewing insects ( graham et al . , 1996 ) .\nthe six larval instars of o . sulcatus completed development from eggs inoculated onto container - grown rhododendrons in 84 days when grown indoors at 18 - 22\u00b0c or 211 days outdoors in oregon , usa . larval mortality was greatest during instars i - iii . during instars iv - vi , mortality increased with increasing insect density . underground stem tissue was fed on exclusively by instars iv - vi , and the amount of tissue removed increased with larval density ( la\nmortality of o . sulcatus larvae at 10 , 15 , 20 and 25\u00b0c following treatment with 100 million conidia / ml suspensions of six m . anisopliae isolates was temperature - dependent . in all cases , the lt50s ( time taken to kill 50 % of the test population ) were inversely related to temperature , but the nature of this response varied between isolates . strain 101 - 82 was the most virulent isolate at 25\u00b0c , with an lt50 of 3 . 7 days , but it was the least virulent isolate at 15\u00b0c and it failed to kill any o . sulcatus larvae at 10\u00b0c . in contrast , strain 159 - 83 had the lowest virulence at both 20 and 25\u00b0c , whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10\u00b0c with an lt50 of 20 days . the mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159 - 83 at 25\u00b0c ( moorhouse et al . , 1994 ) .\nthe parasitic nematode heterorhabditis bacteriophora and the fungal pathogens metarhizium anisopliae and beauveria bassiana were used in a trial for the control of larvae of o . sulcatus in nursery rhododendron stock in new zealand in 1988 . larvae of the pest were added to planter bags containing rhododendron plants and the control organisms were added 2 weeks later . after 5 weeks , h . bacteriophora , m . anisopliae and b . bassiana had achieved 93 , 32 and 39 % control , respectively ( barratt et al . , 1989a ) .\na large number of isolates of entomophilic nematodes were evaluated for their efficacy against o . sulcatus in strawberries at 9 , 12 and 20\u00b0c . no marked differences were found between heterorhabditis spp . and steinernema spp . at 20\u00b0c , but the isolates responded differently to low temperatures . three isolates ( hfsel , huk 211 and s . kraussei mr ) gave almost 50 % control at 9\u00b0c and , in addition to k122 and hb1 ' 87 , these isolates also performed well at 12\u00b0c ( westerman and zeeland , 1994 ) .\nthe temperature profile relating to the efficacy of the uk isolate of s . carpocapsae against o . sulcatus on strawberry was clearly delineated between 15 and 33\u00b0c . the nematode can be delivered through a drip irrigation system without loss of viability , and the distribution of the nematodes through two t - tapes along and across the raised beds was very satisfactory . nematodes can be applied either during the late summer or early autumn or in the late spring when temperatures are high enough to give satisfactory control ( kakouli et al . , 1994 ) .\nin the lago maggiore district of italy , o . sulcatus has one generation a year , but development times varied greatly with temperature and were different in field and greenhouse crops . in the field , eggs were present from mid - april to early june , larvae from late may to early october , pupae from late september to the end of november , and adults ( which overwintered ) from the beginning of november to mid - april . the main larval damage occurred in the summer in the field , and in the winter in the greenhouse (\nseveral clones of the wild beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis ) were compared with clones of commercial strawberries ( f . x ananassa ) ( both species are octoploid ) , for resistance to feeding by adults of o . sulcatus . weevils fed less and had lower fecundity on f . chiloensis leaves than on f . x ananassa leaves . the f . chiloensis clones cl - 5 and gcl - 8 also increased the preoviposition period of newly emerged adults . egg production correlated closely with the amount of feeding on a clone ( shanks et al . , 1984 ) .\nin japan , of 108 candidate plant species in 49 families , the adults of o . sulcatus fed on the leaves of 101 species , in 46 families . in tests with 68 candidate species in 29 families , the larvae fed on the roots of 55 species in 24 families . of these , 90 species in 45 families are new food - plant records for the adults and 46 species in 21 families are new food - plant records for the larvae . the results indicated that the preferred food - plants of both adults and larvae are in the family rosaceae (\nin idaho , usa , although some adults survived winter conditions , o . sulcatus overwintered primarily as developing larvae associated with hop root systems 5 - 50 cm deep in the soil . pupation began in mid - april with soil temperatures of 15 - 17\u00b0c and concluded in mid - to late april . adult emergence began in early may and was complete by late may to early june in 1986 - 88 . the preoviposition period averaged 26 days in the field . the mean number of eggs laid per adult female was 290 ( with a range of 22 - 1230 ) . eggs hatched in 12 - 22 days at 21\u00b0c (\nlarvae of o . sulcatus were reared at three densities ( 0 , 2 or 8 ) on plants of taraxacum officinale with and without infection by the mycorrhizal fungus , glomus mosseae . on plants without the fungus , 84 % of larvae developed to the last instar , however , only 43 % reached the last instar on infected plants . the differential survival of larvae was evident in their effects on plant biomass . significant interactions were found between larval density and infection , indicating that the mycorrhizal presence mitigated the effects of herbivory at low densities of larvae . infection by g . mosseae thus conferred some degree of resistance in roots to this insect ( gange et al . , 1994 ) .\nisolates was temperature - dependent . in all cases , the lt50s ( time taken to kill 50 % of the test population ) were inversely related to temperature , but the nature of this response varied between isolates . strain 101 - 82 was the most virulent isolate at 25\u00b0c , with an lt50 of 3 . 7 days , but it was the least virulent isolate at 15\u00b0c and it failed to kill any o . sulcatus larvae at 10\u00b0c . in contrast , strain 159 - 83 had the lowest virulence at both 20 and 25\u00b0c , whereas it was the most virulent isolate at 10\u00b0c with an lt50 of 20 days . the mortality rates followed a similar pattern and were positively related to temperature in all cases with the exception of strain 159 - 83 at 25\u00b0c (\nthe ability of steinernema feltiae , s . rara and steinernema sp . strain tlein , steinernema sp . strain pac and steinernema sp . strain cuban to control larvae of o . sulcatus was studied in the laboratory and in the field in the czech republic . of the five strains tested in the laboratory , s . feltiae strain hyl gave the best results , providing 100 % elimination of larvae on azaleas [ rhododendron sp . ] . three releases of this nematode ( 300 , 000 infectives / plant ) were performed in three beds of rhododendron during 1989 - 90 , resulting in 72 - 88 % protection of plants in beds and 52 - 77 % protection in adjacent plots . only 30 % of plants survived in untreated plots ( mracek et al . , 1993 ) .\nthe biology of o . sulcatus was studied in the laboratory at 20 - 22\u00b0c and ld 16 : 8 on strawberry leaves . eggs were transferred to impatiens plants at 20\u00b0c and ld 14 : 10 . the time from pupation to adult emergence was 14 . 10 days at 20\u00b0c and newly emerged adults remained in the pupal cells for 2 - 5 days following emergence . the pre - oviposition period lasted 5 - 23 weeks , with the majority ( 94 % ) of adults beginning oviposition 5 - 8 weeks after emergence . the 32 adults which survived the first weeks after emergence had a mean longevity of 46 . 5 weeks . mean fecundity was 830 eggs / adult , with a viability of 80 . 8 % . two distinct egg - laying cycles were observed : the first extended from late spring to october and the second from late november until the following summer . a third cycle extending into the spring of the final year was also indicated (\nin japan , the development of o . sulcatus was investigated at constant temperatures of 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 and 26\u00b0c . the development threshold temperatures for eggs , larvae plus prepupae , pupae , and the preoviposition period were 6 . 32 , 2 . 45 , 6 . 09 and 8 . 44\u00b0c , respectively . the thermal constants for eggs , larvae plus prepupae , pupae and the preoviposition period were 186 . 43 , 2061 . 93 , 182 . 85 and 571 . 10 day - degrees c , respectively . the rate of development from the first to the fifth larval instar was greater at higher temperatures , but development of the sixth and seventh instars was slower at higher temperatures . the developmental zero of the first to fifth instars was - 0 . 66 , - 0 . 40 , 1 . 66 , 2 . 83 and 2 . 40\u00b0c , respectively . almost all larvae pupated at temperatures between 12 and 21\u00b0c , but at 24 and 26\u00b0c , only one larva pupated . larvae moulted 4 - 5 times at 15\u00b0c , 5 - 6 times at 18 and 21\u00b0c , 6 - 8 times at 24\u00b0c , and 6 - 9 times at 26\u00b0c (\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nlegless , curved larvae are white to pinkish in colour , and have brown heads . the mandibles are short . the body segments appear somewhat wrinkled and hairy . half - grown larvae overwinter in the soil .\nboth the adult and larval stages are damaging to seedlings . the adult weevils live above ground feeding on cotyledons and on the bark of seedlings at night . root weevil larvae are subterranean , feeding on the roots of many kinds of plants including conifer seedlings in nursery beds .\ngenerally this insect attacks various broad - leaved plants such as berries and rhododendrons . however , coniferous seedlings can also be utilized as hosts .\nthis insect can cause very significant damage in a forest nursery situation . rhododendrons are a favourite food of these weevils . rhododendrons around a nursery can give valuable indication of damage levels by these insects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. within this genus at least three are important pests of soft fruit in the uk . they are the vine weevil (\n) . the first two weevils are particularly important in northern britain . there have been recent reports of\nthe image above shows adult vine weevil ( left ) and clay - coloured weevil ( right ) . ( click on image to enlarge )\nadult vine weevils have been reported to feed on more than 100 different plant species . the insects feed on leaves in a characteristic notching pattern . larvae of the vine weevil attack plant root , which decreases plant development and production . many plant species die when attacked by vine weevil larvae . in soft fruit , raspberry plants can tolerate moderate infestation whilst low numbers of larvae can kill young strawberry and blackcurrant plants . in raspberry , adult weevils shelter in the foliage during the day and can be dislodged during harvest resulting in contaminated crops .\nvine weevils are parthenogenetic ( only females , reproduction without males ) and only reproduce once a year . many adult weevils emerge in late spring and early summer , when a feeding frenzy commences before of egg - laying . some adults emerging later in the year can survive overwinter given favourable conditions . eggs laid on the plant or soil surface hatch after several days and the larvae burrow into the soil where they can feed on plant roots . after several developmental moults , the majority of weevils overwinter as larvae before pupating at the start of spring .\ncontrol of these insects has become more difficult with the withdrawal of many of the persistent organochlorine - based insecticides . current insecticidal control in soft fruit is by application of sprays or drenches of a small number of products ( consult your fruit advisor for up - to - date recommendations ) . nematodes as a biocontrol method have been investigated , although they have been found to be ineffective in cooler climates . a suitable control method for vine weevils is currently being sought .\n) is locally important pests in raspberry plantations in east and central scotland . unlike the vine weevil , most damage to raspberry is caused by feeding of adult weevils in the spring . these weevils have a much narrower host range than vine weevil . they feed on hardy ornamental shrubs , most notably , rhododendrons and raspberry . these weevils have a similar geographic range to vine weevil and have recently been found feeding on raspberry in north - west usa . also , like vine weevil , all the adults appear to be parthenogenic females .\nraspberry : the most noticeable damage to raspberry is adult feeding to the buds and expanding fruiting laterals in the spring , and to newly planted canes . these animals feed after dark and have been observed on the cane when the air temperature was 4\u00bac . most severe damage occurs when weevils emerge early in the season and feed on the expanding buds . if the secondary buds are also chewed , then yields can be severely affected . later emergence results in a different form of damage . adult weevils frequently chew the petioles of the expanding flower laterals . these subsequently break either in strong winds or by the increasing weight of the developing flowers and fruit . there is no evidence to show that larval feeding to the roots causes any noticeable loss of yield .\nimage of adult clay - coloured weevil feeding on raspberry fruiting lateral at night . note damage to leaflets and to main lateral .\nsevere damage to young fruiting laterals ( right ) caused by early attack by clay - coloured weevil in the spring . cane on left not attacked .\nhardy ornamental nursery plants : adult feeding damage to perennial plants , such as rhododendron , is very similar to that caused by vine weevil and consequently much of the damage may be wrongly attributed . the most common symptom is notching on leaves , particularly those closer to the ground . there appears to be no significant damage caused by larval feeding .\nlaboratory studies at scri have shown that the adults have the potential to live for one or two years . given an adequate food supply adult have several periods of egg laying in any one year . they have also the potential to lay in excess of 100 eggs per annum .\nclay - coloured weevil adults emerge in early spring . they climb up the plant after dark and feed on developing buds and flower shoots . they shelter in the soil and debris at the base of the plant . eggs are laid in the soil and soon hatch . the larvae feed on the roots , often at the depth of about 50 cm . when fully mature , they pupate in earthen cells and emerge as adults .\nthe level of reported damage caused by clay - coloured weevil to raspberry started to increase about 10 years after the withdrawal of ddt in the 1970s . since then several products have been used to manage adult numbers on the canes early in the spring ( consult your fruit advisor for current recommendations ) . although some have been successful at reducing the damage , the insect still remains a problem . the relative lack of success of insecticidal control has resulted in a reappraisal of this pest and new work to understand its behaviour has begun .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ninsects and arachnids of canada series , part 25 . coleoptera , curculionidae , entiminae . donald e . bright , patrice bouchard . 2008 . 2008 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , canada .\nimmigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in the united states and canada : an annotated list mattson w . j . , niemela p . , millers i . , inguanzo y . 1994 . general technical report nc - 169 . st . paul , mn : usda forest service , north central forest experiment station .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\n. it is subspherical , ca 1 mm in diameter , at first pearly - white , gradually becoming brown and finally black .\nbody white , crescent - shaped , widest near thorax , tapered posteriorly ; skin asperities semi - globular with only a more or less short , spinous point or spicule , especially on dorsal folds ; with some prominent setae on each segment ; body length 9 . 0 - 10 . 5 mm . head free , subdepressed , emarginate posteriorly , widest behind middle ; testaceous to pale ferruginous , a longitudinal strip over seta des 1 paler , anterior margin of head narrowly chestnut - brown , tentorial rib brown , mandibles bidentate apically , mandibular scrobe broadly and suffusedly paler ; endocarina absent ; pigmented ocellar spots small , but rather distinct ; labium with premental sclerite with proximal margin ' y ' - shaped ; head width 1 . 52 - 1 . 82 mm . pronotum transverse with smooth rectangular plate . abdominal segments each with 3 dorsal folds ; spiracles on abdominal segments 1 - 8 , lateral , bicameral . anus terminal with 4 lobes .\n. it is yellowish - white , with a maximum length of 10 mm and width at the pronotum of 2 . 6 mm . the urogomphi are relatively short and curved mesad .\n) published in previous versions of the compendium are based on an interception record which is considered invalid .\nor the museum of entomology , university of valle , colombia , and has not been reported in colombia by the institute of natural sciences , national university of colombia .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\no ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; rutherford et al . , 1987 ; li et al . , 1995 ; eppo , 2014\no ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; zervos et al . , 1994 ; eppo , 2014\no ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; baird et al . , 1992 ; eppo , 2014\nla and lone clarke , 1981 ; o ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; berry et al . , 1997 ; eppo , 2014\no ' brien and wibmer , 1982 ; owen et al . , 1991 ; eppo , 2014\ninstituto colombiano agropecuario , 2013 , personal communication ; seymour et al . , 1985 ; eppo , 2014\ncoremans - pelseneer and tillemans , 1991 ; casteels et al . , 1995 ; eppo , 2014\nschirocki and hague , 1994b ; lola - luz et al . , 2003 ; eppo , 2014\ndel and bene parrini , 1986 ; abbazzi et al . , 1995 ; baraldi and baraldi , 1996 ; eppo , 2014\ncross et al . , 1995 ; crook , 1996 ; graham et al . , 1996 ; cross and burgess , 1997 ; eppo , 2014\noccurred in a horticultural nursery in berlin , germany , in 1967 . larval damage to the roots did not at first result in the visible withering of the leaves noted on less sturdy plants , but it was severe . the adults caused serious damage to the leaves , especially of the rosette - forming variety , causing heavy losses (\ncaused injury to concord grapes in south - central washington , usa , by feeding on the berry pedicels and cluster stems . injury resulted in reduced berry weight and loss of berries or portions of the cluster . weekly counts on 20 tagged clusters provided estimates of loss ( in tons / acre ) for grapes grown in different cover - crop conditions ; they were 3 . 36 for no cover crop , 3 . 45 for oats and vetch , 2 . 42 for lucerne , 3 . 08 for creeping red fescue (\n, a pest of concord grapes in central washington , usa , were placed in screened cages containing single concord vines . it was found that 11 adults per cage resulted in complete defoliation and nearly complete fruit loss in the first season . the threshold of economic loss was 1 - 3 adults per plant per season . an index was developed for estimating root injury caused by larval feeding . the larvae fed first on the phloem tissue , girdling the roots , but the xylem was left intact , except in cases of severe injury . vigour and fruit yield over a 3 - year period were not significantly affected by root injury (\n) were found in only 3 fields , but notched leaves characteristic of their feeding were found in 40 fields , indicating a greater prevalence than perceived by growers . damage to the leaves of strawberry plants was positively correlated with the number of years in production , suggesting that it takes some time for the flightless weevils to migrate into and to increase to damaging numbers in fields (\nis one of the most ubiquitous and damaging species in the genus . larvae of these flightless , parthenogenetic species destroy roots ; adults may cause unacceptable defoliation during 4 weeks of maturation feeding and a 3 - month oviposition period .\n, such as the use of polythene mulches , has increased its pest status . infestations are most common in europe ( where it originated ) and the usa . nearly 150 plant species have been identified as potential hosts of\n. the root - feeding larval stage is the most damaging . severe damage by the leaf - feeding adults is less common (\nis still an important pest infesting many ornamental plants in tree nurseries . year - round infestation was reported in greenhouse cultures by 10 farmers ( von\nis an important pest of hops in idaho , usa . primary damage occurred as nearly mature larvae girdled small roots and rhizomes during feeding in the spring (\nthree virus diseases are causing increasing damage to grapevines in europe and elsewhere , referred to as mottling , yellow mosaic and fan leaf disease . in experiments , the first virus was transmitted from diseased to healthy plants by adults and larvae of\nlook at the foliage of plants for signs of adult damage . the adults eat irregularly - shaped notches from the leaf margin . feeding takes place at night , but the small black weevils may be seen during the daytime in the leaf litter or some other dark place . dig up wilting plants or tip plants out of pots , to find small , creamy - white , curved , legless larvae with pale - brown heads , feeding at the roots , or burrowing into the corm if this is present .\n. although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments , weevil damage in non - irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds . irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest ("]}
{"id": 902, "summary": [{"text": "zippy chippy ( born april 20 , 1991 ) is a thoroughbred race horse , a bay gelding , who is notable for being winless in 100 races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "zippy chippy 's pedigree includes many famous horses , such as ben brush , buckpasser , busanda , bold ruler , count fleet , man o ' war , nasrullah , native dancer , northern dancer , round table , tom fool , war admiral and the greatest \" blue hen \" broodmare of the twentieth century , la troienne . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "zippy chippy", "paragraphs": ["owner and trainer felix monserrate and his horse , zippy chippy , in 2010 .\nmonseratte became zippy chippy ' s trainer after 20 starts . there were several close calls as zippy chippy was second eight times while earning us $ 30 , 834 .\n' that ' s the one you gotta help . that ' s zippy chippy ! '\nzippy chippy in retirement at old friends at cabin creek . ( old friends at cabin creek )\nzippy chippy even lost a 40 - yard race to minor - league baseball player jose herrera .\nthe legend of zippy chippy and millions of other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\ntoday , zippy chippy is 25 years old and living on a retirement farm in greenfield , ny .\na long - awaited book on the life of zippy chippy may still be a year away , but the official zippy chippy ice cream , zippy chippy gelato , debuted \u2014 and sold out \u2014 last month at an event in kentucky . half - pint containers could be available at the saratoga track this summer .\n\u201ci asked where i could find a book on zippy chippy\u201d thomas says . \u201cbut there wasn\u2019t one . \u201d\nzippy chippy ( left ) seen racing at freehold raceway in freehold , n . j . in 2001 .\nthat somebody is likely to be joann pepper , zippy chippy ' s landlord and his most enthusiastic fan .\nzippy chippy has seven second - place finishes and 12 thirds for career earnings of $ 29 , 167 .\nnow - retired zippy chippy descended from champions - - but finished with a professional record of 0 for 100 .\nnot even starting the race as the betting favorite could get zippy chippy his first win in a career of futility .\na well written book about zippy chippy , the horse that loved to race , just not win . i enjoyed it .\nthe legend of zippy chippy : life lessons from horse racing ' s most lovable loser , is published by mccelland & stewart .\n\u201cwhat do you do ? ignore him ? he is the one you got to help the most . that\u2019s zippy chippy . \u201d\nfelix monserrate and his horse , zippy chippy , were possibly the two most stubborn players in thoroughbred racing . ( emily schoeneman )\nzippy chippy will enjoy retirement alongside seven other retired racehorses , most notably 1992 travers and jim dandy winner and millionaire thunder rumble .\nzippy chippy did manage to finish second eight times . he got a few thirds . his career winnings totaled $ 30 , 000 . it ' s a record that makes one wonder why his owner kept bringing zippy chippy to the track . joann pepper thinks part of the reason was that zippy came cheap .\nhey buddy , why the long face ? zippy chippy is a race horse who broke record after record \u2014 for being the losingest thoroughbred in north american history . we speak with the author of a new book about the horse that was more chippy than zippy .\nthe legend of zippy chippy : life lessons from horse racing ' s most lovable loser by william thomas will be released april 5 .\ntoronto \u2014 they ' re related but it ' s obvious zippy chippy didn ' t get grandfather northern dancer ' s racing genes .\ntoronto - they ' re related but it ' s obvious zippy chippy didn ' t get grandfather northern dancer ' s racing genes .\nwith a bridle nameplate that reads \u2018racing\u2019s biggest loser , \u2019 zippy chippy can rightly claim to be the worst racehorse of all time .\nwilliam thomas discusses his book , ' the legend of zippy chippy , ' on the agenda in the summer , july 21 , 2016 .\n\u201cthere\u2019s just something about that name , zippy chippy , \u201d said bill flynn , then a reporter for oag affiliate wxxi in rochester , n . y . , who was on the scene in 1999 for zippy chippy ' s record setting 86 th consecutive race without a win .\nhe traded a beat - up white ford pickup for the horse . for all that he lost , at least zippy chippy tried , and tried again , at least that is how monserrate saw things . \u201cfelix always believed he could turn zippy chippy into a star , \u201d schoeneman said recently .\nzippy chippy , whose horse racing record was 0 - 100 , is seen with his owner felix monserrate ( left ) . zippy ' s story will be published in a book next month ( right )\nin the legend of zippy chippy , life lessons from horse racing\u2019s most lovable loser , author and humourist william thomas chronicles zippy\u2019s ascension , or rather , decline , into the history books . thomas writes :\nzippy would go on to set his own records in his own way \u2014 by losing . his idiosyncratic story is told in william thomas\u2019 new biography \u201c the legend of zippy chippy \u201d ( mcclelland & stewart ) .\nthe legend of zippy chippy : life lessons from horse racing ' s most lovable loser , from author william thomas , is set to be released april 5 .\nthat produced groans from the crowd of about 100 people in the rickety wooden grandstand . zippy chippy had started the race as a 2 - 1 betting favorite .\nzippy chippy , 21 , the hapless horse who lost 100 consecutive races , has taken temporary residence at old friends , the scott county farm for retired thoroughbreds .\nzippy chippy , 25 , is currently at greenfield center , n . y . , farm , hanging out with best friend and fellow gelding red dawn south .\nbut zippy chippy , despite a pedigree that also includes bold ruler ( secretariat ' s father ) and u . s . triple crown winner war admiral , lost all 100 races he ran . canadian humourist william thomas chronicles the american - bred gelding ' s colourful career in his book\nthe legend of zippy chippy .\n\u201che ran good and he got tired toward the end , \u201d jockey juan rohena said of zippy chippy . \u201che was real sharp and he tried real hard . \u201d\non the occasion of only a game ' s 20 th anniversary , bill littlefield went in search of zippy chippy , to offer our apologies \u2026 and maybe a carrot .\nthis july 20 , 2012 photo shows zippy chippy , front , sharing a paddock with his pal and fellow gelding red down south , at old friends farm near georgetown , ky . they ' re related but it ' s obvious zippy chippy didn ' t get grandfather northern dancer ' s racing genes . the canadian press / ap / bruce schreiner\nwilliam thomas is the author of a new book , the legend of zippy chippy : life lessons from horse racing ' s most lovable loser . he recently sat down with as it happens host carol off to discuss zippy ' s story .\nfoaled at capritaur farm in new york , zippy chippy boasts a pedigree that includes northern dancer , buckpasser , bold ruler and round table\u2014some of the fastest horses of all time .\nbefore the race , monserrate was optimistic , despite the fact his horse was starting on the outside\u2014a position he doesn\u2019t like . he said zippy chippy was \u201crelaxed and happy . \u201d\nzippy chippy was apparently a betting favorite due to his record , not in spite of it . at one point , the odds on him winning were listed as even money .\nfans and trainers had opposite views , however , of whether zippy chippy is good for thoroughbred racing , a sport that has seen a steady decline in interest over the years .\nbut for zippy chippy , his notoriety as the most losingest thoroughbred in racehorse history is why the 25 - year - old bay gelding has legions of fans across the world .\nbut zippy had a complicated relationship with racing and training , and the happier felix got , the more zippy loved to terrorize him .\nas it happens first told the story of zippy chippy in 1998 , when he lost his 85th race . this tied him for the record for losingest horse in thoroughbred racing history .\nbut zippy chippy became a sideshow . in august 2000 he lost a 40 - yard dash to jose herrera , a centre - fielder with the triple - a rochester red wings .\nzippy chippy wasn\u2019t zippy , for despite his name he tended not to run a lot , although he wasn\u2019t lame one hundred times he entered races . never did he win and sometimes zippy just stood still , and he would not begin the call would be \u201ctheir off ! \u201d but zippy wasn\u2019t off at all he\u2019d look around as if to say , \u201clet\u2019s go back to the stall . \u201d\nby losing 100 times in 100 career starts , zippy chippy cemented his legend as a loveable loser , a rogue whose face adorns coffee mugs captioned with \u201cwinners don\u2019t always finish first . \u201d\nowner and trainer felix monserrate , who has remained optimistic despite his horse\u2019s career - long losing streak , said he would bring zippy chippy back to the three - county fair next year .\nzippy chippy was born in april 1991 in upstate new york . he was eighth in his first race on sept . 13 , 1994 , at belmont park at 15 - 1 odds .\nzippy earned a different kind of fame . in 100 starts , zippy won 0 . but winners don\u2019t always finish first . watching zippy rack up his 0 for 100 record became such a popular pastime that stories about him on the blood - horse web site got more reads than stories about kentucky derby winners , and in 2000 people magazine voted zippy chippy one of the year\u2019s \u201cmost intriguing characters . \u201d\non january 1 , 2015 zippy celebrated his twenty fourth birthday , he seems happy being the star at cabin creek and i can only assume has lasted a lot longer than that old horse van he was traded for . i had a two dollar win ticket on zippy chippy , that hung around for years , that of course , i can ' t find but i do have my original , first addition zippy chippy t - shirt from 2000 .\nand then . . . he heard laughter . marisa was standing in front of zippy chippy , wagging her finger and telling him he\u2019d been \u201ca very bad boy , \u201d over and over .\nzippy chippy runs no more . unless he wants to \u2013 say when he ' s at the far end of the corral and somebody shows up at the gate with something good to eat .\nthe 9 - year - old gelding finished third saturday in the eighth race at the three - county fair , extending zippy chippy\u2019s record as the losingest horse in american thoroughbred history to 88 races .\nzippy chippy , ridden by pedro carrasqual , finished seven lengths behind winner bidakeno in the $ 10 , 100 six - furlong race . the six other competitors were all 4 - year - olds .\nzippy chippy turned 24 years old last month . the dark brown gelding and former western new york resident is stabled at the cabin creek farm \u2014 a kind of old folks home for thoroughbred racehorses .\nzippy chippy ' s current home is at a farm called old friends at cabin creek , established 10 years ago in greenfield , n . y . , a quick run from the track in saratoga springs . well , quick for any horse but zippy . anyway , old friends , which is supported by donations , a few grants , and fundraisers , some featuring zippy , is home to 14 retired race horses , though capacity is supposed to be 12 . according to joann pepper , zippy chippy is among those ok with sharing space with a pal .\n\u201cafter waving goodbye to his van , felix went into the barn as the new and proud owner of zippy chippy , a horse that had nowhere to go but up , \u201d humorist william thomas writes in \u201cthe legend of zippy chippy : life lessons from horse racing\u2019s most lovable loser , \u201d his entertaining new book . \u201cby way of offering his opinion of the trade , the horse immediately bit him . \u201d\nuntil he was banished from finger lakes , things were pretty dull , but zippy came close to ruining his career on october 3 , 1995 when he finished with a rush to finish second in a five and one half furlong race , had the race been six furlongs , zippy chippy would just have been another horse . after his last finger lakes race , it was almost a year before zippy returned to massachusetts , at the three county fair in northampton , for his only start of 1999 . a new millennium and a new zippy chippy were on the horizon .\nzippy chippy , the gelding who became famous for losing all 100 of his lifetime starts , has been retired to the old friends retirement farm ' s bobby frankel division in greenfield center , n . y .\nthomas is an avid hiker . he was tramping through the finger lakes region a few years back when he stopped into a bar near zippy\u2019s home track . the conversation turned to secretariat , the greatest of the greats . then , the bartender mentioned zippy chippy , the anti - secretariat .\na year later , zippy was still running . and he was still slow .\nzippy chippy was born to father compliance and mother listen lady , and he can count northern dancer , man o ' war , bold ruler , and war admiral as some of his famous ancestors , it says .\nzippy chippy finally won march 17 , 2001 , beating standardbred paddy ' s laddy in a match race at freehold raceway . later that year , he defeated rochester player darnell mcdonald in a 50 - yard sprint .\npart of zippy chippy ' s problem could be that he doesn ' t get much work . some tracks banned him after he dawdled at the start of three races in 1998 at finger lakes in new york .\nloss after loss , felix would defend zippy chippy . \u201csay you have three children , \u201d he\u2019d tell local sportswriters . \u201cone is a lawyer , doing well . the other a doctor , very , very successful . but the third one , not so smart , so he\u2019s working at mcdonald\u2019s . what do you do , \u00adignore him ? \u201d no , felix would say . \u201cthat\u2019s the one you gotta help . that\u2019s zippy chippy ! \u201d\nthomas describes zippy chippy\u2019s laid - back attitude towards life and sport in glowing terms , and uses the horse\u2019s story to rail against a winning - obsessed culture that drives athletes to cheat and dope in order to get ahead .\nhe spent those two months training zippy to bolt out of he gate ; one more suspension \u2014 three was the limit \u2014 and zippy\u2019s career would be over . it went better than felix could have hoped : every single time , zippy would break clear .\nmonserrate acquired zippy in a 1995 trade with his breeder for an old horse van .\nif you want to see zippy chippy or any of his more accomplished neighbors at old friends , summer visiting hours are 11 a . m . to 4 p . m . , tuesday , thursday , friday , and saturday .\nzippy may have been forced out of professional racing , but his fans loved him all the more for it . a new jersey contingent presented zippy with an enormous hallmark card .\nzippy chippy will go down in history as one of the most famous thoroughbreds in horse racing history \u2014 for never having won a single race . one hundred races without breasting the tape . neigh , not one . zero . zip .\nzippy , according to the post , continued to be a frequently uncooperative regarding his training .\nso , in a way , it was fortuitous that zippy never won , blowen said .\ncharlie pierce is not known for going easy on athletes , and zippy was no exception .\nwhen zippy was later beaten in a 40 - yard - dash by a minor league baseball player , monserrate chalked it up to zippy allowing his opponent to win , the post reported .\npeople magazine listed him among its most interesting personalities in 2000 . he has an entry in the encyclopedia of new york and now he has his own book \u2014 the legend of zippy chippy \u2014 written by his official biographer , canadian humourist william thomas .\nit wasn\u2019t for a lack of trying . zippy chippy , who has a habit of stalling at the start of races , led out of the gate and was neck - and - neck with second - place miner\u2019s claim for much of the race .\nthe fair , where zippy chippy set the record for losingest horse last year , is the only track that hasn\u2019t banned him from racing . years of losing , bad behavior and his habit of stopping at the starting gate have soured tracks on him .\nwriting a biography of a horse reveals some interesting limitations of the life - narrative genre itself . thomas frequently gets inside zippy chippy\u2019s head , describing how his subject feels about racing , eating and taking it easy in a high - stakes world . either thomas is a telepathic horse whisperer and zippy chippy is the smartest horse in the world , or else the author has used a lot of creative licence . it makes you reflect on the fact that all biographers are probably just as imaginative with their subjects .\nold friends founder and president michael blowen saw zippy almost win a race in the late 1990s .\nshortly after a race on june 3 , 1995 , monserrate traded an old horse van with zippy ' s original breeder , for ownership of the horse . they would remain together for around 15 years , before monserrate sold zippy chippy , assured that he would spend his days at a retirement home for thoroughbred race horses , and what a fifteen years it was .\nfelix monserrate , schoeneman\u2019s spouse , saw otherwise . he was a puerto rican immigrant , an incurable dreamer and a horse trainer who typically lost more than he won at the finger lakes racetrack in upstate new york . but his affections for zippy chippy were partly justifiable .\n\u201cstupendously , at the turn of this century , a racehorse by the name of zippy chippy became america\u2019s greatest attempter . glorious was this horse in failure , tireless in the trying game . there was no winning , no cheating , no million - dollar contract for this remarkable athlete , because when all was said and done and put out to pasture , he was the great zippy chippy \u2013 a record - setting , always - struggling , full - striding scoundrel who became the best thoroughbred in professional racing at stealing people\u2019s hearts . \u201d\nzippy chippy did make some money with special appearances that drew plenty of fans , and in 2000 people magazine named him one of the year\u2019s most intriguing personalities . today , he is retired , living out his days on a farm near saratoga , n . y .\ntrouble was , each mounting loss only boosted zippy chippy ' s cult following . he was banned from finger lakes racetrack in farmington , n . y . , in 1998 for failing to leave the gate three straight times , earning him a usa today cover story .\nphiladelphia - - he couldn ' t win in traditional horse races . he couldn ' t win against a minor league baseball player . and friday night , zippy chippy showed that he couldn ' t win when competing against other horses who have never won a race .\nin 2000 , the same year he lost to the minor league player , people magazine named zippy chippy to its list of the year ' s most fascinating personalities . to his credit , the next year , zippy did beat another minor - league player , darnell mcdonald ( a former boston red sox outfielder who is now an outfielder with the new york yankees ) .\nover three years , zippy ran 70 races at finger lakes , and the more he lost , the higher his star rose . but it was the race at finger lakes on june 23 , 1998 , where zippy really set himself apart : of the six other horses bolting out of the starting gate , zippy was not among them . the bell went off , but zippy chose not to hear it .\neventually , his jockey got zippy going , but it was more of a laid - back stroll .\nso on the rainy november morning that felix\u2019s 8 - year - old daughter , marisa , went missing , his heart was in his throat . she had grown up with horses all her life , and was oddly enamored of zippy chippy . felix ran to the stall .\nmichael blowen , founder and president of old friends in scott county , feeds carrots to zippy chippy on wednesday , july 18 , 2012 . the horse is on loan to the scott county center through the month of august . photo by greg kocher | staff gkocher1 @ urltoken\nin his 86th race in september 1999 , zippy chippy broke the record for consecutive losses without a win . in his 87th race sept . 1 , he came heartbreakingly close to the winner ' s circle . he led all the way before being edged by a nose .\nin a culture whose mythology is saturated with formulaic tales of greatness and achievement , the legend of zippy chippy is a subversive celebration of failure . thomas revels in his subject\u2019s absolute lack of interest when it comes to living up to his potential . the author includes family trees showing zippy\u2019s bred - for - perfection pedigree\u2014he was related to secretariat , seabiscuit and a dozen other all - time great racehorses\u2014which make zippy seem like the wayward , layabout son of a high - achieving family .\nemily schoeneman could see what her husband couldn\u2019t . what she saw in zippy chippy , an ornery racehorse with donkey - like ears , a taste for coors light , pizza and doritos , and with zero wins in 20 career races , was a colossal error in male judgment .\nhorse lovers everywhere can agree on one thing : that horses have a lot to teach us , whether it\u2019s patience , responsibility , or in the case of the irresistible bay thoroughbred race horse named zippy chippy , that one should never give up . and always go out laughing .\nafter his retirement , zippy chippy did a short stint as an outrider pony at his home track , finger lakes in 2005 . after that he spent his day ' s with the monserrate family , who claimed he was family , until a deal was struck that sent him to cabin creek farm in greenfield , new york . cabin creek is affiliated with old friends a retirement farm for race horses in kentucky . zippy chippy , gained national attention in 2000 , when he made people magazines , list of most interesting personalities . in 2001 , zippy was involved in what were billed as a couple of\npublicity stunts\n, hey a guys gotta make a living .\nso begins william thomas\u2019 the legend of zippy chippy : life lessons from horse racing\u2019s most lovable loser . the unusual biography takes us through the life of america\u2019s most unsuccessful thoroughbred racehorse who , over the course of his 100 - race career , lost every single professional race he entered .\nover time , the more zippy lost , the more famous he became . he had a cult following among racing fans , who continued to bet on zippy , still holding out hope that he might eventually win .\nbut at approximately 2pm et all eyes turned towards the post parade for race 2 . zippy chippy was going to post ! surprisingly the crowd was abuzz with talk of zippy . the majority of patrons at this small , fair track seemed to be well aware of the story unfolding before them . zippy received a warm round of applause as the post parade passed in front of the grandstand ( almost close enough to touch ! ) . as zippy ( in the orange silks of the # 7 horse ) approached the starting gate folks were clicking away with their cameras and jockey willie belmonte winked and said ,\nfelix ' s groom owned zippy and wanted to get rid of him because he was moving to florida ,\nthomas said .\nfelix said , ' kill the zippy horse ? no way , jose . '\nhis owner , felix monserrate , has shared his tale of woe with jay leno on\nthe tonight show .\nand zippy chippy himself appeared on the pages of people magazine . last year , the magazine named the horse to its list of the year ' s 50 most fascinating personalities .\nthe new york post reported that zippy was a rebellious and uncooperative horse when it came to training - and by the time felix monserrate traded his truck so he could have zippy , the horse had already lost 20 races .\ndespite all this , zippy often went off as the favorite in the pre - race odds , blowen said .\nand zippy showed some spirit as he and red galloped together down a hill to the paddock ' s edge .\nfelix already had a scar on his back from zippy\u2019s inaugural bite . a few months later , felix and zippy were standing in front of the horse\u2019s stall , and when felix turned around , zippy grabbed his shirt by the mouth and dangled the trainer in midair . as felix flailed and yelled , his fellow track workers laughed and laughed .\nafter beginning his career amid high hopes at belmont park \u2014 home to the belmont stakes of triple crown fame \u2014 zippy chippy tumbled from lesser track to lesser track , until bottoming out in the horse - racing boondocks , where his owner planned to sell him to a slaughterhouse before monserrate intervened in 1995 .\nzippy chippy lives today upon a lovely farm and there he doesn\u2019t do a single living creature harm the people come to visit him and some of them conclude that zippy chippy is a joke , and i would find that rude if i could not image that somehow ziggy\u2019s worked it out perhaps he chose to beat the game , then beat it in a rout he did not suffer injuries . he didn\u2019t suffer fools he got himself tossed off the track because of racing\u2019s rules which say a horse that doesn\u2019t try cannot participate if ziggy figured that one out i think it would be great for zippy need not run these days , and still he gets to eat he lacks for neither food nor love , he is a horse complete\nzippy chippy ( usa ) b . g , 1991 { 23 - b } dp = 10 - 5 - 17 - 2 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 2 . 24 cd = 0 . 68 - 100 starts , 0 wins , 8 places , 12 shows career earnings : $ 30 , 834\nmonserrate described this tactic as zippy wanting \u201cto see the other horses out in front of him before he run . \u201d\nzippy , however , was friendly toward monserrate ' s daughter marisa . after searching for the girl , who ' d disappeared , monserrate saw the eight - year - old being nuzzled by zippy in a stall , the post recounted .\nwhy when other horses ran , would zippy choose to be the only one unmoved by dreams of mighty victory ? some said the zippy had not heart , and some said he was nuts . one theory had it that he was a fumble footed klutz . but what if zippy chippy had a bigger brain than most ? and if he knew winning was an empty sort of boast if all the winning did was made some wealthy guy make money ? and what if zippy found that idea sort of sad and funny ? and what if he thought , \u201cwell they\u2019re gonna to feed me anyway . why work as if without the work i wouldn\u2019t get the hay ? \u201d\n\u201cafter waving goodbye to his groom and his van , felix went into the barn as the new and proud owner of zippy chippy , a horse that had nowhere to go but up , \u201d thomas writes . \u201cby way of offering his opinion of the trade , the horse immediately bit him . just like that . \u201d\nthere , zippy was passed among owners and wound up in the hands of felix monserrate , a 52 - year - old trainer who traded his 1988 ford truck for the horse . felix knew zippy was a nonstarter \u2014 at \u00ad0 - for - 20 , his losses were unprecedented for a thoroughbred . but monserrate didn\u2019t like the way zippy\u2019s previous owner treated him .\nin his book , thomas writes of the love between horse and trainer , even though zippy seemed to enjoy tormenting monserrate .\nthe point is you don ' t have to come first to be a winner . zippy has proven that .\na week ago , zippy chippy , running against a field with a combined record of 0 - 132 , finished second by a neck . it was the best result in the career of a horse which , earlier this summer , lost a 40 - yard dash to a minor league outfielder in rochester , n . y .\nin may 2000 , people magazine named zippy among their most interesting personalities , and when zippy ran his next race \u2014 against a minor league baseball player named jos\u00e9 herrera \u2014 the national news media was there . zippy did not disappoint , losing a 40 - yard dash to the 27 - year - old center fielder for the rochester red wings in less than five seconds .\ni enjoyed this book and found it humorous , but the story was heavily added with tales of other sports . while these were amusing and analogous to zippy chippy , it broke up the flow of the story a bit . any fan of the underdog , humor or sports will find reading this a charming way to pass the time .\nall of this belies zippy chippy ' s pedigree . his sire , compliance , is a son of northern dancer , who won the kentucky derby and the preakness stakes in 1964 . his dam , listen lady , was a daughter of the stakes - winning buckfinder , who was sired by buckpasser , the 1966 horse of the year .\nowner and trainer felix monserrate bought the new york - bred compliance gelding for $ 2 , 500 and earned $ 30 , 834 with him . zippy chippy , now 19 , finished second eight times and third 12 times in his long career . when he retired in 2004 , he briefly served as a track pony at finger lakes .\nzippy was within reach of setting his own record : just two races away from notching the most losses by an american thoroughbred .\nin 2001 , zippy was last in a seven - horse field in which all the other competitors had never won , either .\n\u201ctime now for our weekly zippy chippy update , \u201d bill littlefield told only a game analyst charlie pierce in 2000 . \u201clast week the little gelding , who couldn ' t , and never has , and no doubt never will , ran his record losing streak to 87 when he finished second at a county fair right here in massachusetts . \u201d\nzippy\u2019s next race was sept . 8 , 1998 . it was a chilly day , and the stands were packed \u2014 this race would determine zippy\u2019s fate . he was placed in no . 2 position , and among bettors that day , he was a favorite .\nand so within minutes loss number 100 was in the record books and zippy was unsaddled and heading back to the barn . . .\nfelix , typically , would not concede athletic superiority . zippy , he said , \u201clet jos\u00e9 win to make him feel good . \u201d\nduring the finger lakes races , monserrate envisioned a dozen doughnuts waiting in the jockey room if zippy ever attained that elusive first win .\nzippy chippy was born on april 20 , 1991 , in upstate new york . he was the great - great - grandson of bold ruler , who fathered secretariat , and his family tree included triple crown winner war admiral , man o\u2019 war , northern dancer and native dancer , who alone sired 295 winning horses with a combined generated income of $ 183 million .\nfinally , zippy put felix down . \u201che\u2019s a strong horse , \u201d felix said . \u201che can hold you for a long time . \u201d\nzippy\u2019s story is very much an underdog\u2019s story , and i asked thomas what it is about the little guy that appeals to us . \u201ci think it\u2019s because we\u2019re all little guys . felix always said people related to zippy . they presented him with cards saying , \u2018keep going , zippy\u2019 and \u2018don\u2019t ever give up , \u2019 or \u2018zippy , i feel for you , i just lost my job today . \u2019 it was always about hope . and i can tell you , at the track on most days in those barns there\u2019s more hope than hay . \u201d\nwhile other horses won millions in their careers , zippy chippy lost 100 races and earned a paltry $ 30 , 834 in his 10 years of racing . this is despite the fact that some of his ancestors were such successes as war admiral , the 1937 triple crown winner , and northern dancer , who in 1964 was the first canadian thoroughbred to win the kentucky derby .\nfrom his earliest days , zippy was his own horse . he never really took to harnesses or saddles . told to run in one direction , zippy went the other . he stuck his tongue out at strangers and loped while other horses galloped . he terrorized trainers yet charmed children .\nthe legend of zippy chippy is the perfect antithesis of all the bullshit self - help books and rags - to - riches stories that are lionized everywhere else . in a world where everyone on instagram is having a better life than you , it\u2019s a refreshing reminder to just keep on marching\u2014or , in this case , trotting at a leisurely pace\u2014to the beat of your own drummer .\n\u201cfelix saw a lot of zippy in himself , \u201d thomas said this week in toronto . \u201cthey were both stubborn . they both never quit , and yet felix was proud to be a trainer and zippy was proud to be a racehorse , he just wasn\u2019t very good at it . \u201d\nzippy came to hate training so much that he trashed the exercise barn , kicking out part of the track\u2019s fence and smashing the electric box . if handlers found themselves late with zippy\u2019s food , they\u2019d skip delivery rather than risk his wrath . some would only feed him with a rake .\nanother : \u201ckeep trying . god knows there are millions of us who relate to your struggles . \u201d zippy\u2019s professional record : 0 - 100 .\nretired from racing in 2004 , zippy had a brief second career as an outrider\u2019s pony at his home track , finger lakes in new york .\nzippy is now 25 and resides at old friends at cabin creek , a thoroughbred retirement farm in new york state not far from saratoga springs .\n\u2018he was neither a speedster nor a steeplechaser , not a long - haul closer or a railside racer . he was zippy chippy , a free spirit at large and far from the grind of greatness , not sweating but celebrating the small stuff of life . he was at all times a professional racehorse , thriving , indeed rejoicing , in a quirky little world of his own . \u201d\nfelix monserrate couldn\u2019t curb his enthusiasm after trading his rattletrap ford van for the thoroughbred racehorse with the royal pedigree . yes , it was disconcerting that zippy chippy hadn\u2019t won any of his first 20 starts . but monserrate chalked that up to poor training . he figured a horse whose family tree included man o\u2019 war , native dancer and the father of the greatest thoroughbred of them all\u2014secretariat\u2014was destined to become as well known , perhaps even better known , than his famous ancestors . if ever there was a horse born to run , it was zippy .\nalways allowing red to eat first , zippy also refused to walk into a trailer for a summer trip to kentucky until his companion climbed on ahead .\nzippy got bumped hard twice but didn ' t go down and kept challenging black rifle for the lead before losing by a nose ,\nthomas said .\nzippy ' s jockey , juan rohena , was screaming at the stewards booth , ' foul , foul , foul , call an inquiry . '\nthe more people said zippy wouldn ' t win , the more felix said , ' he ' s going to win . you watch . '\nit was raining on the august day when i visited old friends at cabin creek . the farm was beautiful anyway . it was chilly , too , but the horses didn ' t seem to mind . i found myself wondering out loud in the presence of pepper whether zippy chippy , reluctant race horse , laughing stock , butt of the jokes of a thousand railbirds , had at last found the perfect home .\nour mission is to provide dignified retirement and to raise awareness of racehorse needs ,\nsays joann pepper . she owns and manages cabin creek with her husband , mark . they welcomed zippy chippy aboard in 2010 . negotiations to secure the horse took almost two years before monserrate settled for $ 5 , 000 , potential rights to a disney movie and the comfort of knowing that the animal was in good hands .\nwell , 10 , 000 people showed up because zippy had fans ,\nthomas said .\nas the crowd chants ,\nten , nine , eight , ' somewhere around four or five , zippy starts eating the grass and must ' ve thought , ' man , this grass is really nice . '\nfelix thought that zippy\u2019s performance and behavior were the result of poor training , but he underestimated the horse , who by turns was stubborn , playful and lazy .\nzippy chippy earned over $ 30 , 000 during his career , finishing second eight times ( once by a head , in race # 87 ) and third 12 times . he came in dead last 18 times and next to last in 24 races . monserrate admitted to keeping his horse by entering in allowance fields , which feature better talent but don ' t permit horses to be purchased as is the case in claiming races .\nsince arriving in scott county on friday , zippy has not lived up to his reputation as a biting , ill - mannered cuss . he and his paddock mate , red down south , stick close to each other . never one to do anything first , zippy watched as red took the initiative to roll in the dust .\n\u201cthey bumped along like that \u2013 the cocky , underachieving racehorse and his cockeyed , optimistic trainer \u2026 they were standing in front of the horse\u2019s stall when felix turned to pick up a bucket , and zippy turned to pick up felix . the trainer found himself suspended in midair , yelling for help and flailing his arms around behind him , trying to get zippy to release him . zippy had picked him up by the collar and was holding him a foot off the ground . felix\u2019s angry shouts at the horse to put him down were answered by the loud laughs of a few track people watching the two of them perform this shed - row slapstick act . the louder felix screamed , the more raucous the laughter of the bystanders , many of them workers now coming over from other barns . eventually zippy got tired of the gag and put his owner down . \u2018he\u2019s a strong horse , \u2019 felix said , now that his feet were back on terra firma . \u2018he can hold you up for a long time . \u2019 forget man o\u2019 war and bold ruler ; zippy chippy\u2019s most influential ancestors may have been laurel and hardy ! \u201d\nhe should have been better than he was ,\nexplains thomas , adding that zippy ' s lineage includes famous racehorses northern dancer , native dancer and war admiral .\n\u201cnot everybody can be a winner , \u201d zippy\u2019s trainer would say . \u201che wanna run . he\u2019s always ready to go . but he don\u2019t always go too good . \u201d\n\u201che had enough time to rub his itchy nose on the near pole , stop to catch his breath at the half - pole , and take a leak on the quarter pole before entering the stretch , \u201d thomas writes . \u201cwith number one on his silks and at number one in the program , zippy chippy , number one in the hearts of the faithful at trackside , had come in a disappointing last by four yards more than a football field . \u201d\nother incidents weren\u2019t as funny . there was the day zippy cornered felix in his stall for an hour . he held a monserrate relative hostage for nearly four hours . felix\u2019s partner , emily , called zippy \u201ca miserable thing who wants everything done for him when he wants it , makes faces , bites , kicks , and is not very intelligent . \u201d\non april 10 , 2004 , zippy made his 100th start at the three county fair in northampton , mass . he finished dead last and was retired in 2010 to cabin creek in greenfield center , n . y . , a satellite of the old friends organization . zippy finished second eight times and third 12 times , earning $ 30 , 572 .\n\u201che was owned primarily by felix monserrate , who got zippy in a trade for a pick - up truck , and raced him throughout his entire career , \u201d pepper said .\nzippy was eventually demoted from finger lakes to a fairground in massachusetts . his final loss came in 2004 . he broke from the starting gate , pivoted toward the grandstand and bowed to his fans , like roy rogers\u2019 horse , trigger . after stretching his winless streak ( against horses ) to 0 - 100 , zippy retired to his stall for a nap .\na few minutes prior to post time zippy was the 2 - 1 favorite , but by the time the gates opened he was the 7 - 2 second choice . on the bullring\nzippy was now also known as \u201ccellar dweller . \u201d he got a 60 - day suspension , setting off protests in the sports pages and among fans . he was their underdog .\non march 17 , 2001 , which just happened to be st . patrick ' s day , zippy raced the appropriately named paddy ' s laddy , a harness horse in a match race at freehold raceway . after spotting the pacer an eight of a mile zippy ran down the standardbred to prevail by a head and notch the first victory of his career . in august of 2001 zippy headed another promotion , this time he raced humans . it happened in rochester , at the rochester red wings baseball stadium and involved player from the team . it seems there were three , roughly forty yard dashes , the first in true zippy fashion , he dwelt at the start and was soundly beaten . the other two he reportedly won .\nthey ' re inseparable , they roll around in the mud and dirt together ,\nthomas said .\nbut zippy is still a star , bringing people to the farm .\nold friends hopes to put together a fund - raiser using zippy ' s name . there ' s a plan to challenge volunteers to raise pledges and then have those volunteers ride a zip line at the mega cavern in louisville , a former limestone mine with 17 miles of underground passageways . the event might be called\nzip for zippy\nor some such thing .\nfelix was heartened , and offered yet another explanation for zippy\u2019s late starts : \u201che just want to see the other horses out in front of him before he run , \u201d he said .\njust a month before zippy ' s arrival , another new york - bred horse , red down south , was added to cabin creek ' s stable . the pair have become inseparable .\nit\u2019s not like zippy\u2019s demeanor changed \u2014 he could still be cranky and mean , and his job performance wasn\u2019t getting better . but for felix and his family , the horse was a keeper .\nduring his time with monserrate , zippy once held his owner off the ground by his shirt , and in a different instance spent 60 minutes cornering him in a stall , according the newspaper .\nfelix grabbed him yelling , ' i don ' t want him to win this way . ' the inquiry was overturned , as most are , and zippy lost by a nose .\nhe comes out of the gate , turns to the crowd and almost does a bow before taking off ,\nthomas said .\nzippy knew he was the star of the show .\nand zippy is often called the\nlosingest horse in history ,\nbut he can ' t take the futility record title . thatt belongs to thrust , who had 105 losing starts in the 1950s .\nin the meantime , the public can come see zippy through august at old friends , where there are tours at 10 a . m . and at 1 and 3 p . m . each day .\nzippy managed to lose most of those races under the guidance of his trainer , felix monserrate , who stuck with his horse even though others suggested he send it out to pasture , sopranos - style .\nzippy chippy started his career at belmont park , he had some decent pedigree in his line and there probably was some expectation he would become a decent racehorse . his first seven races were on the nyra circuit , five at belmont and two at aqueduct , all maiden special weight races . his jockeys included the aforementioned mike smith , julio pezua , robbie davis , jose santos , jorge chavez and richard migliore . even when he shipped to finger lakes he had the services of kevin whitley and leslie hulet , two legends at the farmington oval .\nmonserrate would bear the scars from that chomping on his back for the rest of his life . ( in his never - ending quest to be a contrarian , zippy bit the back rather than the hand that fed him . ) those teeth marks would serve as reminders of the thoroughbred\u2019s legendary stubbornness , a trait that would exasperate his trainer time and time again . but zippy\u2019s desire to stop and smell the roses ( occasionally during races ) rather than run for the roses also would endear him to monserrate and the horse\u2019s legion of fans . the more zippy lost , the more people loved him . he clearly didn\u2019t subscribe to hall of fame football coach vince lombardi\u2019s mantra that \u201cwinning isn\u2019t everything ; it\u2019s the only thing . \u201d in zippy\u2019s case , winning was a never thing . and he was quite content with that .\nthe thing was , zippy was felix ' s pet , which broke every rule of horse racing . but their lives were intertwined forever and zippy became the highlight of felix ' s life ,\nsays thomas .\nit was a wonderful sort of relationship about a man and a horse , neither of which was very good a what they did , but it didn ' t stop them from trying .\nlast june , felix monserrate died from heart problems and pneumonia . he was 72 . one of his greatest wishes was to see zippy\u2019s life , like other legends of the track , memorialized in the movies .\nit was at great barrington , mass . , and zippy ' s running , and he finishes second ,\nblowen said .\nbut there ' s an inquiry into the horse that won .\n\u201chis name is red down south , and he ' s 12 , and the minute they got together , they became best friends , and they have not been separated since , \u201d pepper said . \u201cso he ' s lucky . it ' s really the truest horse relationship that i ' ve ever seen . zippy loves red and respects him , and red looks out for zippy . it ' s beautiful . \u201d\nand zippy actually has won . publicity stunts in 2001 included a 50 - yard dash win over rochester red wings baseball player darnell mcdonald and a victory in a race versus harness horse paddy ' s laddy .\nmonserrate was always able to look beyond zippy\u2019s recalcitrance and shortcomings . \u201csay you have three children , \u201d he explained . \u201cone is a lawyer , doing well . the other , a doctor , very , very successful . but the third one , not so smart , so he\u2019s working at mcdonald\u2019s . what do you do ? ignore him ? course not . he\u2019s the one who needs your help . that\u2019s zippy . \u201d"]}
{"id": 913, "summary": [{"text": "furcifer lateralis , also known as the carpet chameleon or the white-lined chameleon , is a species of chameleon that is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it was described in 1831 by john edward gray . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "carpet chameleon", "paragraphs": ["the carpet chameleon is a charming addition to the chameleon collection and ours \u2018tamed\u2019 quickly , allowing hand feeding and more interaction than the larger chameleons such as panther and veiled .\nthey live in carpet chameleon mainly on the island of madagascar . they can be seen in the woods , overgrown savannas , grasslands , plantations even .\nthe colors and patterns on this female furcifer lateralis lateralis might remind people of an oriental carpet .\naccording to international union for conservation of nature ' s red list of threatened species , many species of chameleon are endangered . some species that are considered in danger of extinction are the tiger chameleon , elandsberg dwarf chameleon , namoroka leaf chameleon and the decary ' s leaf chameleon .\nhello all , i recently completed a detailed care sheet on how i keep and breed furcifer lateralis , the carpet chameleon . i hope it is helpful .\nabate , ardie 1995 . chameleon profile [ chamaeleo lateralis ] . chameleon information network 1995 ( 18 ) : 15 - 16\nas the structure of the chameleon ' s eye , allows the chameleon to have complete 360 degree vision around its body . this special adaptation , allows the chameleon to be able to hunt\ncarpet chameleons can easily climb branches but not smooth surfaces . a top is only necessary to contain food items .\ncarpet chameleons eat mostly small insects and grubs . the most popular foods for captive chameleons are crickets and flies .\ngenera & species : within the two subfamilies are nine genera and 171 species . a few examples \u2014 calumma parsonii ( parson\u2019s chameleon ) , furcifer oustaleti ( oustalet ' s chameleon ) , brookesia minima ( pygmy leaf chameleon ) , chameleo jacksonii ( jackson\u2019s chameleon )\nhouse carpet chameleons in full - screen enclosures . provide each chameleon with a space at least 1 foot long , 1 foot wide and 2 feet tall . bigger enclosures are better .\nmy friend who has a store is selling a carpet chameleon . i want to make sure they have a good number of sources for info , and have a prinout of links to give to customers for further info before & after they purchase the chameleon .\nthe carpet chameleon is found in the mixed woodlands and forests of madagascar . it is arboreal ( a tree dweller ) . adults require a 18\nx 18\nx 36\nenclosure with branches .\n10 . the american chameleon is not actually a chameleon . the american chameleon , or anole ( anolis carolinensis ) , is not a true chameleon , but a small lizard of the iguana family . it is found in the se united states and is noted for its colour changes . [ source ]\nmales are light green with a mid - body white stripe . females are dark brown to black with a mid - body yellow stripe and numerous white to multi - coloured spots , hence the name , carpet chameleon .\ni ' m also in port elizabeth and picked up a chameleon . . .\nthe female chameleon then lays a clutch of around 20 eggs , although the exact number of eggs can vary from just one to nearly 100 . the chameleon eggs take from 4 - 12 months to hatch , depending on the chameleon species .\nlearn many facts about the chameleon , a wonderful creature with many remarkable abilities .\nsimulate a chameleon\u2019s natural environment as close as possible . carpet chameleons like to bask in the sun , so give them the opportunity to do so , but make sure they have a shady retreat . never leave a chameleon in direct sunlight without giving it the opportunity of shade . otherwise they might get too warm .\nthe carpet chameleon comes from madagascar and is also known as jewelled chameleons because of its stunning colours . it is the female that sports the familiar eye pattern but the male can display lovely greens with shades of blue around the eyes and feet .\ninformation on the jewel chameleon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ncarpet chameleons may hibernate for 1 to 3 months during the winter . after hibernation , keep adults well fed with a variety of vitamin / mineral enriched foods .\nit is important to give a gravid female carpet chameleon high - quality food and supplementation during the initial period shortly after breeding has taken place . she most likely will go off food after her body becomes so engorged with eggs that she no longer has room .\nand can grow to nearly 70 cm in length . parson ' s chameleon , also found in\nteam , ben .\ndescription of chameleon color phases\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\ncarpet chameleon eggs should be artificially incubated in slightly moist vermiculite . a cool phase is needed during egg incubation : 25c for the first 45 days , 15c for 40 days , then 28c until hatching ( around 100 days following the end of the cool phase ) .\nthe largest chameleon is the parson\u2019s chameleon , according to encyclopedia britannica . it can grow up to 27 inches ( 69 . 5 centimeters ) long . the madagascan , also known as the oustalet ' s chameleon , is also very large and grows up to 23 inches ( 60 cm ) long .\ncarpet chameleons will not drink from standing water so daily misting , or a dripping / splashing water source is necessary , e . g . waterfall . clean terrarium as needed .\n, due to the large eyes and curled tail of the chameleon . chameleons are found throughout jungle and\nprefer to be vegetarians . a chameleon will generally eat anything though including berries , leaves , fruits ,\nlike many chameleons , the colours are at their best when either displaying to a mate or rival . when the female is gravid the jewelled effect is most pronounced . environment and mood play their part and a basking carpet chameleon can exhibit combinations of deep reds , blues or black .\nthis is flim flam , a male furcifer lateralis lateralis , also known as a carpet of jeweled chameleon . smaller in size than a veiled or panther they can be housed in a smaller cage . if you can help it avoid buying wild caught ! seek captive bred or captive hatched .\ncarpet chameleon \u2013 a small family pet lizards . its easy to keep at home . small animal has an unusual variegated coloring . small size body ( about twenty centimeters ) . the backrest is slightly raised , has a small crest , which runs through the entire spine . the tail is long , curved . in the wild , the life expectancy of carpet chameleon no more than one year . but in captivity , he can expect to live twice , even three times longer . females differ from males in body coloring . the color scheme of female individuals is much brighter . chameleon size depends on the environment . for example , in the warm regions of much larger animals . another distinctive feature of the sexes is the tail of the chameleon . in males , it is a little thicker .\nother chameleon species lay eggs that have an incubation period of four to 24 months , depending on species , according to the san diego zoo . the size of the chameleon predicts how many eggs she will lay . small chameleon species lay two to four eggs while larger chameleons lay 80 to 100 eggs at one time .\nteam , ben .\ndescription of chameleon color phases .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / description - chameleon - color - phases - 5111 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nteam , ben . ( n . d . ) . description of chameleon color phases . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / description - chameleon - color - phases - 5111 . html\nif breeding was successful , the female carpet chameleon shows gravid coloration . a gravid female displays this coloration , hisses and possibly bites males even if she is carrying infertile eggs . after she lays eggs and has time to fatten up , reintroducing her to a male may still elicit a gravid , unreceptive coloration .\nphotos of a smith\u2019s dwarf chameleon blending in when facing two decoy predators , a shrike and a mamba . photo by\nthe smallest chameleon has a special distinction . it is also one of the smallest vertebrates ever discovered . the leaf chameleon grows to just 0 . 5 inches ( 16 millimeters ) and can sit comfortably on the head of a match .\n) , we recovered dates that are consistent with previously documented chameleon fossils . for instance , the age of the genus\na wonderful chameleon with wonderful colors and patters and now a wonderful care sheet to take care of them wonderfully . . .\nwater is very important to chameleon growth and health . they either slurp water up using their tongues or the inhale it .\nwild - caught imports of furcifer l . lateralis can be found quite often in pet stores due to the number and wide distribution of this particular subspecies . be warned , however , that purchasing an adult carpet chameleon may not have favorable results . they may not live long if they are purchased too old or if there is a parasite issue .\nthe challenge of keeping and finally breeding carpet chameleons under captive conditions is both fascinating and worthwhile . sperm retention is common in all chameleons . it is possible that if a female breeds once , she can have fertile eggs clutch after clutch . technically , a female chameleon can breed for one season and still produce viable eggs for her entire life .\nwhen a gravid female carpet chameleon is ready to lay eggs , a nesting site should be available . i provide a plastic container measuring 1 . 5 feet long , 1 . 5 feet wide and 1 foot tall placed in the bottom of the female\u2019s enclosure . i position it next to her plant with a stick leading into the nesting site .\n. then a chameleon\u2019s green coloration is acquired by the blue light reflected by the iridiophores that goes through the outer yellow chromatophores .\nwhen frightened , the chameleon can make a hissing sound . they can bite ( which is non - toxic and harmless ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - male jewel chameleon\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - male jewel chameleon\ntitle =\narkive photo - male jewel chameleon\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na female carpet chameleon may dig several test holes . this may take days or hours to accomplish . leave her alone , and let her dig . do not remove her until she is finished covering her holes or returns to her branch for a length of time . she may return to the test holes repeatedly and cover only a few them . be patient .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the chameleon article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nlook for chameleon eggs to start swelling and sweating after four to five months . eggs hatch between five to seven months on average .\nallow the female carpet chameleon to rest at least a week or two after egg deposition , and then reintroduce the female to the male in his enclosure . the female retains the active sperm and automatically fertilizes more than one clutch of eggs , so it is possible to have an impregnated female lay several clutches of fertile eggs without being exposed to a male for many months .\nsome chameleons display so many different colors that it is difficult to characterize them . panther chameleons from ambilobe are kaleidoscopic animals , they can display red , orange , yellow , blue , white and green colors at the same time . carpet or jeweled chameleons ( furcifer lateralis ) display a variety of colors . females of the species are often marked with purple , blue and white markings on a dark background . male carpet chameleons are usually green with blue , orange or white markings .\nfound in tropical rainforests , prairies and cities , where they live in bushes or trees . this chameleon has adapted to living around humans .\nto bury her eggs to keep them safe and warm , the female chameleon first digs a hole in the forest floor in which to bury them . the hole can be from 10 to 30 cm deep , but the depth of the hole generally depends on the chameleon species .\n) . each of these hypotheses results in specific patterns that we use here to assess support between diversification models for our target chameleon group .\n) . we have clarified the range of these chameleon species . from the point locality data alone , we found that the range of the\ncarpet chameleons are the most common and plentiful species of chameleon found on madagascar , which is off the coast of africa . they live in varied habitats and favor humid areas in the central to southern regions , where most of the native population can be found . carpet chameleons have adapted to mountains , deserts and rain forest habitats , but they seem to be most numerous where there is ample humidity . there is little question that within reason most chameleons can adapt to varying temperatures , humidity and dryness , but the fact remains that they will only adjust to some semblance of their native environment . adaptability does not mean lizardkeepers should push the extreme limits of the chameleon\u2019s environmental needs . all subspecies of furcifer lateralis are generally collected where humidity averages 70 percent or higher .\nstuart - fox & moussalli ( 2008 ) . selection for social signalling drives the evolution of chameleon colour change . plos biol vol . 6 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - jewel chameleon ( furcifer lateralis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - jewel chameleon ( furcifer lateralis )\ntitle =\narkive species - jewel chameleon ( furcifer lateralis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbreeding your own insects as food will allow you to give your chameleon a varied diet . you will also have better control over the quality of food .\nflorio , a . m . , ingram , c . m . , rakotondravony , h . a . , louis , e . e . and raxworthy , c . j . 2012 . detecting cryptic speciation in the widespread and morphologically conservative carpet chameleon ( furcifer lateralis ) of madagascar . journal of evolutionary biology 25 : 1399 - 1414 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1420 - 9101 . 2012 . 02528 . x .\ndifferences in the colouring of a panther chameleon when it\u2019s relaxed and excited , and its relation with the composition and distribution of the iridiophore nanocrystals . image extracte from\nunfortunately , females of all chameleon species , especially short - lived ones such as furcifer lateralis , can breed with a potentially infertile male and not show signs of infertility until they have expired , and the eggs all turn up useless . i recommend all chameleon females breed with several males per season to ensure proper fertilization .\nflorio , a . m . , ingram , c . m . , rakotondravony , h . a . , louis , e . e . and raxworthy , c . j . 2012 . detecting cryptic speciation in the widespread and morphologically conservative carpet chameleon ( furcifer lateralis ) of madagascar . journal of evolutionary biology , 25 : 1399\u20131414 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1420 - 9101 . 2012 . 02528 . x - get paper here\nkrysko , kenneth l . and louis a . somma 2017 . the status of two species of nonindigenous lizards in florida , the slender chameleon , chamaeleo gracilis hallowell 1842 and the white - lined chameleon , furcifer lateralis ( gray 1831 ) : a corrigendum . ircf reptiles & amphibians 24 ( 1 ) : 65\u201366 - get paper here\na chameleon\u2019s tongue is not really sticky . it\u2019s hollow and composed of three main elements : accelerator muscles , retractor muscles and the sticky tip , which is more like a toilet plunger . the tip hits prey hard and creates suction around it before the chameleon retracts it . because of this suction , the tip can get stuck on a feeder dish . irreversible damage can result . sometimes the tongue no longer retracts , and it atrophies or even causes death if the chameleon cannot be taught to be hand - fed .\non the long drive from ranomafana national park north to antananarivo , we stopped along national route 7 for this beautiful chameleon crossing the road , and moved him over to safety .\nthe chameleon can move one eye in one direction while moving the other eye in a different direction . it also has the ability to view its surrounding with nearly 360\u00b0 vision .\nalthough there are many fun and interesting facts about the chameleon , it is recommended by some to not keep them as pets because they are hard to care for in captivity .\nwild - caught carpet chameleons are often heavily parasitized and stressed , frequently with short life expectancy . another problem with wild - caught specimens is the ease with which they mate . young females kept in crowded cages awaiting shipment will often mate too small , resulting in poor quality eggs and often a dead female .\nsuch as pink , blue , red , orange , green , black , brown , light blue , yellow and turquoise , all so that the chameleon can blend in more easily .\nmany people believe the chameleon changes color to blend in with their environment . scientists disagree with this . studies have shown that mood , temperature , and light causes their color to change .\nthis chameleon is endemic to madagascar and is distributed in the east of the island ( florio et al . 2012 ) . it has a large estimated distribution of > 130 , 000 km\u00b2 .\n1 . almost half of the world\u2019s chameleon species live on the island of madagascar , with 59 different species existing nowhere outside of the island . there are approximately 160 species of chameleon . they range from africa to southern europe , and across south asia to sri lanka . they have also been introduced into the united states in places such as hawaii , california and florida . [ source 1 , source 2 ]\ncarpets require the basic chameleon care , such as uv lighting , the correct delivery of water and heating , etc . i always recommend natural sunlight for health and best colours , if your location is suitable .\n. this allows them to control the wavelength of the light reflected by the iridiophores and so , the colour . combined with the chromatophores , the different chameleon species can cover most of the visible spectrum of colours .\ncoming from various parts of madagascar , they are not restricted to one habitat or ecosystem . this means they are fairly tolerant of temperature ranges but the following are optimum : daytime between 25\u00b0c and 30\u00b0c , dropping at night by 5\u00b0c to 10\u00b0c . do not let the temperature fall below 12\u00b0c or rise above 32\u00b0c . the carpet chameleons may survive but they could become stressed .\nalso provide nontoxic plants ( such as a ficus benjamina ) , sticks of various sizes and vines , so they may feel secure . chameleons become stressed when they see other chameleons , even if they see one across the room . if you notice a chameleon stressing \u2014 changing to gravid or unreceptive colors , hissing or puffing up for no apparent reason \u2014 it may see its reflection or have view of a chameleon in another cage .\nwhen you purchase any chameleon , please do the animal and yourself a favor : get a fecal check . it\u2019s the only way to be completely sure the animal doesn\u2019t have parasites . veterinarians can do this simple test . all you have to take to the vet office is a fresh stool sample . even a healthy - looking , active chameleon with a tight grip and strong tongue can harbor a fatal parasite load . parasites are commonly aggravated by stress , which can grow to unmanageable levels in a relatively short amount of time in captivity . even a very heavy load of parasites , if caught early in an otherwise healthy chameleon , can be treated and cured .\nhatchling carpet chameleons can be kept in much the same way as the adults , but even more care should be taken to make sure the temperature and humidity are precise . hatchlings are very strong and usually eat voraciously in a day or two . furcifer lateralis subspecies grow so quickly that it is imperative that supplements contain a high - quality form of calcium to ensure proper growth of bones and muscles .\nscheme of a chameleon\u2019s skin section in which the iridiophores ( blue ) with nanocrystal layers and the different kinds of chromatophores can be seen ; xanthophores ( yellow ) , erythrophores ( red ) and melanophores ( black ) . image by\nchameleons ( chamaeleonidae family ) are extremely cryptic lizards , as their coloration is usually very similar to that of their habitat\u2019s . also , many chameleon species present the ability to actively shift their colours , making their camouflage even more complex .\nas long as no aggressive behavior is present , a clutch of 10 to 15 hatchling carpet chameleons can be housed together in a screen cage measuring 1 foot long , 1 foot wide and 2 feet tall for no more than a month . after that time , keep no more than five hatchlings per cage . furcifer lateralis subspecies grow quickly , and adults require their own cage after they reach 3 months old .\nchanging skin color is an important part of communication among chameleons . according to the san diego zoo , a chameleon ' s skin changes colors in response to its emotions , such as anger or fear , changes in light , temperature or humidity .\n] . to help alleviate this , we estimated chameleon divergence both ways and then assessed concordance . while the dates inferred using the nd2 molecular rate were generally older , the dates did not largely vary between analyses with respect to geologic period ( see\nas we\u2019ve just seen , the variety of colorations among the distinct chameleon species is huge . yet , their incredible abilities haven\u2019t saved chameleons from being on the endangered species list , as many of them are in danger of extinction , mainly because of the destruction of their habitat due to the logging industry and because of poaching for the illegal exotic animal trade . we hope that with a better awareness of these spectacular and colourful lizards , future generations can still delight with chameleon colour shifts for a long time .\nmany chameleon species , including panther ( furcifer pardalis ) , jackson\u2019s ( chamaeleo jacksonii ) and senegal ( chamaeleo senegalensis ) chameleons will display dark brown colors if they are cold , sick or stressed . other chameleons , including many of the stump - tailed chameleons ( brookesia sp . ) , always display brown or other earth tones that help them to blend in to their natural habitat . outstalet\u2019s chameleons ( furcifer outstaleti ) , potentially the largest chameleon species in the world , usually exhibit grey or brown colors .\nsupply water to your chameleon twice daily in the form of a mist , spray or dripper . i use tap water in a hudson sprayer to mist my enclosures . a humidifier also helps to keep humidity in check . do yourself a favor and get the more expensive one with the auto shut - off . i use only distilled water in the humidifier . this keeps minerals from building up and causing the misting nebulizer to malfunction . make sure to wet the chameleon\u2019s body as well as the plants in the enclosure .\n2 . colour changing . most chameleons change from brown to green and back , but some can turn almost any colour . a change can occur in as little as 20 seconds . chameleons are born with special cells that have a colour or pigment in them . these cells lie in layers under the chameleon\u2019s outer skin . they are called chromatophores . the top layers of chromatophores have red or yellow pigment . the lower layers have blue or white pigment . when these pigment cells change , the chameleon\u2019s skin colour changes .\nthere are more than 160 sub species of the chameleon and they have a huge diversity when it comes to where they are located . some of those common areas include florida , california , hawaii , asia , sri lanka , spain , madagascar , and portugal .\n] that offer possible explanations for the production of this biodiversity . in this study , we focused on four hypotheses that we consider the most likely candidates for diversification , based on our chameleon target group distributions ( e . g not montane ) and ecology ( see\ncarpet chameleons do well on a diet of medium - sized crickets , flies and other small insects . offer five to six gut - loaded feeder insects per meal . i generally feed my chameleons twice a week , and i allow the feeder insects to roam the cage freely . this forces chameleons to use their hunting abilities and keep their tongues strong . dish feeding is also an option , but there is a higher risk of tongue damage when using a dish .\nthe time period for actual mating can vary from a few minutes to more than an hour . the carpet chameleons should not be disturbed during this time . after mating has taken place , the pair pulls apart , and the female usually tries to escape the vicinity of the male . remove the female , place her in her enclosure , offer food and water , and let her relax . if the female doesn\u2019t show signs of being gravid , try mating her again .\nif you intend to breed carpet chameleons ( furcifer [ chamaeleo ] lateralis ssp . ) , please purchase only unrelated animals . some species are represented by very small gene pools , and extra effort must be made to keep these animals genetically divergent and pure to avoid genetic depression and hybridization . captive - bred or wild - caught furcifer lateralis subspecies mature and breed at the early age of 8 to 12 months , and they are subsequently gravid for the rest of their reproductive lives .\nthe chameleon is a very popular type of lizard due to the fact that it has the ability to change colors based on their mood . this also allows them to blend into the surroundings for safety . other factors influence color too including mating season and even the temperature around them .\nthe mating season for the chameleon can vary based on the time of year and the location of them . the sub species that is being evaluated will also influence that period of time . all chameleons lay eggs and that typically will occur in four weeks or less after mating takes place .\nmany people think chameleons change colour to blend in with their surroundings . scientists disagree . their studies show that light , temperature and mood cause chameleons to change colour . sometimes changing colour can make the chameleon more comfortabl . sometimes it helps the animal communicate with other chameleons . [ source ]\nthere aren\u2019t many chameleons who can make their whole body red , but several types of panther chameleon display some red in their pattern . one exception is male panther chameleons from the east coast of madagascar , notably those from tamatave , who display bright red or orange coloration over their entire body .\nchameleon owners need to be prepared to spend not only time on this creature but also money . the lizard is normally the most inexpensive part of startup costs . hidden costs include parasite checks , possible treatment , follow - up fecal checks , possible blood work , tests for bacterial infections and other expenses .\nany animal that can change colours and look in two directions at once is worth learning more about . armed with a tongue you have to see to believe , the chameleon may be one of the coolest reptiles on the planet . here are ten things you may not have known about our lizard friend .\nchameleons are famous for changing colors . they don\u2019t do it to camouflage themselves , as is commonly thought ; they change color in response to temperature , stress level , reproductive state and mood . male chameleons are usually more boldly colored than females and usually display their most intense colors when confronted by another chameleon .\neven when you are familiar with the various locations where the chameleon you may not see them . they do blend in exceptionally well to their surroundings . as a result you will have to try to focus on a given area and be patient to wait to see if you can make out the shape of one of them .\ni have had much better luck breeding and maintaining healthier captive animals with a humidity higher than 70 percent . if humidity in the enclosure drops below 70 percent , a weekly deep hydration is necessary . even with a humidifier present i prefer this shower method . gently place the chameleon on a clothes - drying rack or plant in the shower stall . turn the shower on so a light , lukewarm rain falls on the chameleon for 30 to 60 minutes . in drier climates the shower method may be used twice a week or more . outdoor enclosures can be fitted with automatic mister systems , which reduce the risk of dehydration and make watering easier for the lizardkeeper .\nchameleons are loners . in fact , most of the time females don ' t want males to even come near them . during the rare moments when the female is willing to be touched , the male will approach for mating . a brighter colored male chameleon is more likely to convince a female to mate than a duller colored male .\nbreeding only the strongest and healthiest chameleons adds to the future strength of the gene pool . all subspecies of f . lateralis are avid breeders . in my experience , once sexual maturity is reached , female carpet chameleons have produced a clutch every six to eight weeks . maturity can occur as early as 2 or 3 months of age . once bred , females lay between five and 20 eggs depending on the subspecies . generally larger subspecies produce more eggs than the smaller ones . eggs hatch in as few as five to seven months . they can produce upwards of 200 eggs in a lifetime .\nthe most obvious motive ( even if not the most important ) is camouflage . even if the standard coloration of most chameleon species is cryptic enough , in case of necessity chameleons are able to blend in even more with their surroundings . this helps them not to be detected by their prey , but mainly to go unnoticed by their predators .\nthe chameleon has a body that is wide and appears to be puffed up . they have a head that is narrow so you can see their shoulders from the front . they have wide eyes on the sides of the head and a tongue that is wide and long . they move from side to side when they walk with a gait that appears to be quite awkward .\nthis species , as with most other chameleon species , is strictly diurnal . they generally spend the early part of the day warming up their bodies by assuming a very dark coloration and exposing as much surface area as possible to sunlight . after they have reached the desired body temperature , they begin hunting for prey , an activity which usually lasts for the rest of the daylight hours .\n5 . ballistic tongues that are 1 . 5 - 2 times the length of their body . chameleons feed by ballistically projecting their long tongue from their mouth to capture prey located some distance away . while the chameleon\u2019s tongue is typically thought to be 1 . 5 to 2 times the length of their body ( their length excluding the tail ) , it has been recently discovered that smaller chameleons have proportionately larger tongue apparatuses than their larger counterparts . tongue projection occurs at extremely high performance , reaching the prey in as little as 0 . 07 seconds , having been launched at accelerations exceeding 41 g . the chameleon tongue\u2019s tip is a bulbous ball of muscle , and as it hits its prey it rapidly forms a small suction cup . [ source 1 , source 2 ]\nmay contain chameleons in small terrariums . the main thing that creature felt roomy , comfortable . the bottom is littered with a thick ball of a special substrate . since the heat - loving animals , it requires special care . above the house your pet arrange lamps with ultraviolet radiation . daytime temperature should be about twenty - five degrees , the lamp can not use at night . daily moisturize the air in the terrarium . sprinkling the bottom wall of the water drops . this procedure is recommended in the morning . as feed , use of cockroaches , beetles . they also eat green food ( spinach , lettuce , dandelion leaves ) . insects can be purchased at a pet store . carpet chameleon eats a lot . so feed him every day . drink animals ordinary water . at the bottom of the cage , place a sustainable capacity in water . but as chameleons do not like to drink , you need to water them occasionally violently . the main thing is not to overdo . in the mouth , pour a few drops . for ease of use the syringe , pipette .\n3 . chameleon eyes have a 360 - degree arc of vision and can see two directions at once . chameleons have the most distinctive eyes of any reptile . their upper and lower eyelids are joined , with only a pinhole large enough for the pupil to see through . they can rotate and focus separately to observe two different objects simultaneously , which lets their eyes move independently from each other .\nthe tongue is another interesting feature of the chameleon . the tip of their tongue is covered with a sticky secretion that grabs its prey . they can\nshoot out\ntheir long tongue ( which can be as long as their body ) and have their prey in their mouth in a fraction of a second ( faster than what the human eye can see ) . they can repeat this action immediately afterwards .\nchameleons live in madagascar , africa , spain , portugal and asia in rain forests , savannas , semi - deserts and steppes , according to the san diego zoo . they typically stay in trees or bushes , though some species do live on the ground . for example , the horned leaf chameleon lives in dead leaves on forest floors according to the national wildlife federation . [ photos : 11 colorful chameleons of madagascar ]\nno matter what species , chameleons become mature at 1 to 2 years of age . the exception is the madagascan chameleon . it has been labeled as the vertebrate with the world ' s shortest life span , according to encyclopedia britannica . their eggs hatch in november , the young become adults in january , they lay eggs in february , and then the entire adult population perishes after a lifespan of just three months .\na gravid female chameleon that does not like to be in the proximity of an amorous male usually exhibits unreceptive coloration , which is different from her normal resting colors . this beautiful display of color announces to the male that female does not want anything to do with him . yet some males will try to mount anyway , so to prevent unnecessary stress , it is advisable to remove a gravid female after mating has taken place .\ncarefully dig up the chameleon eggs , and place them in a plastic container with a sealed lid for incubation . i use a tupperware cupcake container without holes . the container should be filled halfway with damp vermiculite purchased at a garden center . mix in enough water so when it\u2019s squeezed , a few droplets dribble off . too much water drowns the eggs . place eggs in rows 1 inch apart and half - buried in vermiculite .\nalthough i believe chameleons should be in natural sunlight as much as possible , an indoor environment is fine for most animals . they require a full - spectrum fluorescent light and a heat dome light . i position the dome light so the highest point the chameleon can reach is no more than 90 degrees fahrenheit . ambient temperatures can range from 70 to 80 degrees . chameleons should not be able to touch bulbs , or burns can result .\nchameleons are different from many reptiles because some of the species , like the jackson\u2019s chameleon , have live births . these species can give birth to eight to 30 young at one time after a gestation of four to six months . while the young are born live instead of in an egg , they started as an egg . these mothers incubate the eggs , minus a shell , inside of her body instead of laying them in a nest .\nis almost entirely insectivorous , and prefers insects which normally reside in trees or shrubs . these include most flies , grasshoppers and crickets , and various insect larvae . adult specimens are also known to consume very small lizards and even small newborn rodents ( in captivity ) . this species hunts for food in the typical chameleon style of slowly creeping through tree or shrub branches , using its excellent eyesight to spot insects . as the desired prey is selected ,\nthe chameleon tends to be a timid type of lizard and they will retreat rather than fight when they can . they are often kept as pets due to their calm nature and the fact that they can amazingly change colors . however , they can be tough to care for because they need the right balance of food , heat , and places to climb in order to really thrive . they are believed to be a very intelligent species of lizard .\nalso watch them for signs of overheating while in direct sunlight . chameleons showing dark green or solid black are basking . blanching , turning very light green , yellow or even white , indicates that the animal should be removed from the sun and given shade and water . a trip to the shower for \u201cdeep hydration , \u201d a watering method i discuss later , is a good idea for any chameleon found overheated , blanched or panting with an open mouth .\nthe main function of chameleons colour change is intraspecific communication . chameleons use different colour patterns known as liveries in some countries , which are changed in order to transmit information to other individuals of their same species like their stress degree , their reproductive or health status , etc\u2026 a chameleon\u2019s standard coloration is usually similar to that of their habitat . so , this colour pattern usually indicates a healthy animal , while if they feel sick or have some physical problem , they usually present paler and duller colorations .\na total of 129 individuals belonging to furcifer oustaleti ( n = 89 ) and furcifer verrucosus ( n = 40 ) , collected between 1990 and 2012 , were included for analysis . the closely related species furcifer labordi , furcifer major , and furcifer antimena were included to test the sister species relationship of f . verrucosus and f . oustaleti [ 1 , 2 , 5 ] . furcifer campani was used as the furcifer outgroup taxon to root all phylogenetic trees . the following chameleon species were also included in the species tree analysis to estimate divergence dates : chamaeleo namaquensis , chamaeleo chamaeleon , furcifer cephalolepis , and furcifer polleni . these species are distantly related to the ingroup taxa , and were only included to allow for the fossil calibration in the divergence dating analysis .\nanother in the too - long list of chameleons which avoided having its picture taken . i guess i ' ll just have to go back to madagascar soon .\ni went back , and i got pictures , just as promised . not exactly\nsoon\nthough .\nthese chameleons vary in appearance from beautiful greens and yellows to outrageously colorful patterns . this species does well in degraded habitat and is considered a\nfollower of civilization\n.\nhere is a list of all the reptiles and frogs i saw on this trip to madagascar .\nabate , a . , and abate , e . 2004 . the chameleons of madagascar ( dvd )\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nsyntypes : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 22 . 12 - 13 ( 2 specimens ) . holotype : mnhn = mhnp 1921 . 269 ( lambertoni )\nsubspecies : florio et al . 2012 elevated f . l . major to species status without providing much detail . however , they do state that \u201cbrygoo\u2019s ( 1971 ) description of f . lateralis major from tanandava , south - western madagascar , closely corresponds with the morphology of the southern group recovered in our study . these individuals have higher head casques and have a larger svl . \u201d klaver & b\u00f6hme 1997 listed major as a synonym of f . lateralis .\nandrews , r . m . , brandley , m . c . and greene , v . w . 2013 . developmental sequences of squamate reptiles are taxon specific . evolution & development , 15 : 326\u2013343 . doi : 10 . 1111 / ede . 12042 - get paper here\nangel , f . 1921 . contribution \u00e0 l\u00b4\u00e9tude des chamaeleons de madagascar . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris 27 ( 5 - 6 ) : 328 - 331 , 406 - 412 . - get paper here\nbarbour , thomas 1918 . vertebrata from madagascar . 2 . amphibia and reptilia . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 61 ( 14 ) : 479 - 489 . - get paper here\nb\u00f6hle , a . 2004 . eine reise durch das madagassische hochland . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 82 - 86 - get paper here\nboumans , louis ; david r . vieites , frank glaw and miguel vences 2007 . geographical patterns of deep mitochondrial differentiation in widespread malagasy reptiles . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 45 ( 3 ) : 822 - 839 - get paper here\nbrygoo , e . r . 1971 . reptiles sauriens chamaeleonidae . genre chamaeleo . faune de madagascar , orstom et cnrs , paris 33 : 1 - 318 .\nd ' cruze , neil ; annette olsonn , david henson , sunil kumar , and david emmett . 2009 . the amphibians and reptiles of the lower onilahy river valley , a temporary protected area in southwest madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 4 : 62 - 79 - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclop\u00e9dique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here\ngehring , p . s . & witte , k . 2007 . ultraviolet reflectance in malagasy chameleons of the genus furcifer ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . salamandra 43 ( 1 ) : 43 - 48 - get paper here\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , k\u00f6ln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1831 . a synopsis of the species of class reptilia . in : griffith , e & e . pidgeon : the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the baron cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named , and of many before noticed [ v whittaker , treacher and co . , london : 481 + 110 pp . [ 1830 ]\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1865 . revision of the genera and species of chamaeleonidae , with the description of some new species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 15 : 340 - 354 - get paper here\nkr\u00fcger , jens 1999 . neue erkenntnisse zur faunistik einiger reptilien madagaskars . salamandra 35 ( 2 ) : 65 - 76 - get paper here\nleptien , r . 2003 . getting started keeping chameleons . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 11 - 14 - get paper here\nlutzmann , n . ; kremer , g . ; van steendam , n . & flamme , a . 2004 . auf cham\u00e4leonsuche entlang der route national 2 von antananarivo bis an die ostk\u00fcste bei ambila - lemaitso . [ madagascar ] . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 50 - - 55 - get paper here\nnecas , p . 2012 . im portr\u00e4t : das teppichcham\u00e4leon , furcifer lateralis . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 17 ( 95 ) : 34 - 37 - get paper here\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nneukirch , k . 2003 . versuche zur auswirkung verschiedener parameter bei der aufzucht von furcifer pardalis ( cuvier 1829 ) . chamaeleo 13 ( 2 ) : 5 - 9 . - get paper here\nraxworthy , c . j . ; enrique martinez - meyer ; ned horning ; ronald a . nussbaum ; gregory e . schneider ; miguel a . ortega - huerta & a . townsend peterson 2003 . predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in madagascar . nature 426 : 837 - 841\nrusch , d . 2003 . erfahrungen mit furcifer lateralis . chamaeleo 13 ( 1 ) : 19 . - get paper here\nschmidt , w . 1985 . chamaeleo lateralis gray , 1831 . sauria 7 ( 4 ) suppl . : 025\u2013026 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . 1986 . \u00fcber die haltung und zucht von chamaeleo lateralis ( gray , 1831 ) . salamandra 22 ( 1 ) : 105 - 112 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . 1988 . zeitigungsversuche mit eiern des madagassischen cham\u00e4leons furcifer lateralis ( gray , 1831 ) ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . salamandra 24 ( 2 - 3 ) : 182 - 183 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . 2001 . haltung und zucht von furcifer lateralis in mehreren generationen . mitteilungsblatt ag cham\u00e4leons 22 : 9 - 10 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . cham\u00e4leons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here\nvan beest , piet 2004 . herpetologische waarnemingen op madagascar - deel 1 . lacerta 62 ( 2 ) : 48 - 55 - get paper here\nvan hoof , j . et al . 2006 . kameleons , een fascinerende hobby . lacerta 64 ( 5 - 6 ) : 1 - 96 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis species has not yet been classified by the iucn and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\none of the things that attract people to chameleons is their ability to change color . contrary to popular belief , chameleons do not change color to match the exact color of their surroundings . instead , their color changes reflect fluctuations in temperature and emotion , and these remarkably swift changes are believed to occur from a shift in hormones or a reaction by the nervous system .\na male furcifer lateralis lateralis ( pictured ) is less ornate than a female of the subspecies . ."]}
{"id": 914, "summary": [{"text": "cloonlara ( 28 april 1974 \u2013 august 1981 ) was an american-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "although she never contested a group one race as a two-year-old , cloonlara was regarded as the best juvenile filly to race in europe in 1976 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she won all three of her races that year by wide margins , culminating in a six length win over colts in the national stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she missed the rest of the season through injury and failed to reproduce her best form in 1977 , when she became increasingly temperamental .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "cloonlara made a highly-promising start to her breeding career before dying at the age of seven in 1981 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cloonlara ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["top 10 stables & horse riding near cloonlara , cloonlara , co . clare - yelp\nmembers of the irish army fill place sandbags on seafield road , cloonlara co . clare , yesterday photo : tony gavin\ncouncil workers place sandbags outside of a house on seafield road , cloonlara co . clare , yesterday photo : tony gavin\n, regarded as the best british filly of her generation , was withdrawn on the eve of the race . hide tracked cloonlara before sending mrs mcardy into the lead two furlongs from the finish . mrs mcardy established a decisive advantage and was never seriously challenged in the closing stages , winning by two lengths from freeze the secret , with sanedtki narrowly beating cloonlara for third .\ni would highly recommend irish sport equine to anyone looking for a new horse .\nthe horse goddess by morgan llywelyn , a novel of epona , has received good reviews .\naughinish in county clare and county donegal comes from the irish each inis , which means ' horse island . ' these places were probably named after favourite horse pastures . irish place names .\njanet b ; soft polar fleece model horse protective covers in a stunning cream and brown horse design - - - a fun and easy way to protect your model horses while storing or traveling .\nmore irish names derived from\nhorse\n< urltoken horsenames . html > updated july 7 , 2013\nthe horse was highly important in the celtic world and was frequently an attribute of deities such as the celtic , welsh and irish war gods , and especially of the gaulish epona , the divine horse , introduced into britain and later adopted by the romans .\nfrom the entry on horse in the encyclopaedia of the celts .\nwexford horse transport and gillies transport deliver our horses to the uk every week or 10 days depending on sales .\nmarch\u0097 ( mahrx ) is from the welsh march ,\nhorse .\nname of king mark in the welsh version of the tristan saga , in which he is known as march ap meirchion ( horse , son of horses ) . the horse was a symbol of kingship in celtic culture . mark . see celtic male names of wales .\ncloonlara ( usa ) b . m , 1974 { 8 - c } dp = 4 - 19 - 13 - 6 - 6 ( 48 ) di = 1 . 59 cd = 0 . 19 - 6 starts , 3 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 13 , 519\nfrom epona , the horse goddess , came the tribal name of the epidii in ireland and scotland . in ireland , the horse goddess was also known as macha . in 297 a . d . , ptolemy identified the epidii ( horse people ) in western scotland . the epidii and the peninsula of epidium were identified on ptolemy ' s map .\ninitially i was interested in another horse , but i rang gerty , described what i wanted and she recommended jasper .\nsport . horse racing . newmarket spring meeting . pic : 4th may 1984 . vincent o ' brien , irish race horse trainer , one of the great trainers , who won 3 grand nationals at aintree and 5 english derbys at epsom .\nwe offer an after sales service , where we will exchange the horse within 14 days , if you are not satisfied .\nfrom the ancient legends of the dark ages many irish and scottish kings are called eochaid and , like the name of the epidii , it is a name which is connected to the word ' horse ' . it derives probably from a phrase which means a ' descendant of the horse ' ie eoch - aidh\u2014in scottish gaelic the word eachdraidh means history , this may also derive from each [ a form of eoch ] tro ( a ) idh - since each means horse and tro through then the aidh ( or idh ) may mean some form of genealogical connection eg a reference to origins . when applied to an individual eochaid probably indicates that the subject was from the family of the ' horse ' \u0097in genealogical terms , a descendant of the horse . therefore the ceremony that giraldus witnessed was probably symbolic of a king ' s ' rebirth ' from the horse , representing the right of the king to rule as a descendant of the horse goddess . other names of early kings also include eochy ( ' horse ' ) and eachdach ( ' of the people of the horse ' ) which would confirm that the ancient celtic kings would have to have been viewed as descendants of the horse goddess , in order to be given their rule . this reference to the horse must surely indicate that the tribe of the epidi ( the ' family of the horse ' perhaps ) mentioned by ptolemy is indeed the first evidence that irish / scots settlement can be dated to a period before the end of the 2nd century ad .\nat his westlow hall stud near york . she was arguably the best horse sired by tribal chief , a sprinter who won the\nlarach [ lawragh ] signifies a mare , and it is found pretty often forming a part of names . cloonlara , the mare ' s meadow , is the name of a village in clare , and half a dozen townlands in connaught and munster ; gortnalaragh , the field of the mares .\n( volume 1 , pages 474\u00965 ) .\nleamanach in county clare ) comes from l\u00e9im an eich , ' leap of the horse . ' see : equestrian irish place names .\nbaudelaire and brighthelmstone . two weeks later , mrs mcardy , ridden by eddie hide , started at odds of 16 / 1 for the 165th running of the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket . cloonlara , the leading two - year - old filly of 1976 , started 6 / 4 favourite , with the other leading contenders appearing to be freeze the secret ,\nin 1976 , the independent timeform organisation gave mrs mcardy a rating of 103 , twenty - seven pounds below their top - rated two - year - old filly cloonlara . in the free handicap , a rating of the best two - year - olds to race in britain in 1976 , the filly was assigned a weight of 105 pounds , 28 pounds below the top colt\nat this stage , one naturally enquires who or what were those chieronaces or gaelic ' horselords ' ? were they professional horse - breeders , horse - tamers , horse - breakers , roughriders ; or horse - thieves , whom the ancient irish , in their grand eloquence , glorified with the name of ' horse - lords ' ? or were they gaelic mounted knights , equites or caballeros ? de blacam has pointed out that names of this character were common in old irish , and that the relation of the great gaelic lords with the ' horse - taming acheans ' of homer , the fair - haired race of celtic invaders from the head of the adriatic : the ' master - race ' of greece who conquered the pelagians or old greeks , as the gaels did the danaan , cruitime and muscraighe in ireland , is manifest in the stress that is laid on horse mastership and the like in early irish names . . . .\nthe name\no ' hiffernan\n.\nkelpies are mythical creatures that originated in scotland . one of three forms they can take , known as eochaidh , is part man and part horse .\nmargh ( mahr ) is the cornish word for\nhorse\n, and the name of the king of cornwall in the tale of tristan and isolde .\neochaid . in the ancient origins of the scots , part i , 5 . 6 scotic settlement and the horse\ngoddess ,\ndavid f . dale writes :\nphilip came into irish as pilib or filib , but in some places ( in ulster ) it was is greek : phil - ippos ,\nhorse - lover .\nthe goddess epona , whose name , meaning ' divine horse ' or ' horse goddess , ' epitomizes the religious dimension of this relationship , was a pan - celtic deity , and her cult was adopted by the roman cavalry and spread throughout much of europe , even to rome itself . she has insular analogues in the welsh rhiannon and in the irish \u00e9da\u00edn echraidhe ( echraidhe , ' horse riding ' ) and macha , who outran the fastest steeds .\nencyclopaedia britannica , celtic religion , zoomorphic deities .\n1 . vincent once said in an interview that you can\u2019t train a horse to stay . you can teach them to settle but pedigree dictates whether they stay or not .\naughrim\u2014each druim\u2014the hill side of the horse .\nthe history and topography of the county of clare by james frost\u2014appendix vii , county of clare : irish local names explained .\ntimeform , yorkshire , 1977 . hard cover . condition : very good . green mock leather covers with bright gilt titles to front and spine . 988 pp . horse racing .\ni bought my boy from gerty a year ago and haven ' t looked back ! he is my dream horse a one in a million ! i ' m from london so never came to see him i had only seen the pictures and video of him but knew he was worth taking the chance for as i would never had brought a horse with out viewing it ! but he was worth the risk all day long and i would only come to gerty for another horse as i compleatly trust her to find the perfect one . we compete every weekend and always coming home with red ribbons . i cannot thank gerty enough for reassuring me and giving me the best horse i could of ever wished for !\nabelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .\np . s . i wonder if many of these horse named families are descended from the epidii tribe who anciently flourished on the west coast of scotland in the region later called dal riada .\nmick only rode him once but it was group 1 win in the 1993 aral pokal . ironically the second horse george augustus was trained by his subsequent employer john oxx and the third home shrewd idea was trained by one of his first bosses michael kauntze . i doubt if anyone present that day realised that they were viewing a horse destined to become the greatest sire germany has produced .\ni have complete faith in gerty tynan and wish her ongoing success . i would not look anywhere else for a horse . gerty listens to what you are looking for , takes note of your abilities and provides the right horse to suit the jockey . i am nearly 60 and know when to trust someone and give them respect and this is what i give gerty and my thanks .\neachl\u00e9im ( aghleam ) from the gaelic each ( horse ) and l\u00e9im ( jump ) , folklore has it that a horse leapt from the western end of the townland to the east , and the land between was thus named . ten miles south west of belmullet , close to the unspoilt beaches of mullagh rua and elly , this vibrant gaeltacht area is steeped in tradition and culture .\ngot my connie from gerty 3 weeks ago ; never thought i would buy a horse this way . i found gerty and the transport people ( eric ghillie ) super - professional and made the whole process easy and seamless . i am over the moon with the horse who is exactly as described . wish i had discovered gerty years ago ; could have saved myself a lot of money / heartache and broken bones ( ! ) buying the wrong horse ( s ) . would definitely recommend / definitely be back if i am looking to buy again ( though my new boy has a home for life ) .\ncapall , the other word for a horse , is the same as gr . kaballes , lat . caballus , and rus . kobyla . it is pretty common in the end of names in the form of capple , or with the article , - nagappul or - nagapple , as in gortnagappul in cork and kerry , the field of the horses ; pollacappul and poulacappul , the hole of the horse .\nmy guess on maceachern is a slightly anglicized version of mac eachain , a scottish patronymic name from the gaelic given name eachan , which means ' each horse . '\nthe etymology of last names .\nlike many others i never thought that i ' d buy a horse unseen . a friend showed me gertys website , i took what felt like a gamble at the time , and the rest is history !\nthis townland [ aughrim ] derives from irish eachdhroin , a compound of each ' horse ' and droim ' ridge ' , with reference to the topographical feature now know as aughrim hill . it may be translated ' horse - shaped ridge ' or , as seems more likely , ' ridge of the horses ' . the - dh - is omitted in modern irish orthography and it is now silent .\n( page 20 ) .\nthere has been some speculation that because macha is connected to horses , that she is instead a solar deity . to get a grasp of this we must start with an rather pan - celtic overview . a good source for this is the book the horse in celtic culture , which is edited by sioned davies and nerys ann jones . the section titled ' the symbolic horse in pagan europe ' . in this section it tells of two expressions of the horse . the first is feminine and has the horse firmly footed on the ground . this would be typical to epona , macha and others . the other expression is what this source refers to as the ' celestial warrior ' , and who is masculine . artifacts demonstrating this are found all across celtic and ex - celtic lands . coming back again to gaelic sources , it was common for the horse to act as icons for deities . ( 13 ) the old irish word for horse is ' ech ' , which is also the stem from which we get eochaidh . eochaidh is a proper name attached to none other than daghdha ( 14 ) . nor is he alone , because many other deities also have names attached to them showing that their icons were horses . another example being lugh himself . perhaps we can see in ancient welsh law that the besides their gender , the differences between the horse deities was their colors ( 15 ) . this may even be intimated by the defining of color in regards to irish mounts , including the grey macha who pulled the chariot of conchobar .\nmacha by clannada na gadelica academia gadelica .\nmcgough and mcgeough are derived from the gaelic name mac eochaidh or mag eochadha . the stem of that name is thought to be eoch or each , irish words for\nhorse .\nthe different forms of eochaidh and eochadha , and many surnames with origins closer to the origins of mcgough , are discussed in my page : origin of the surname mcgough . this page collects additional material on irish words for\nhorse ,\nand names derived from them .\nduring my genealogical research , i found that mclysaght said that there was an irish derivation for the name\u2014it was a shortened version of o ' heachdhubhain\u2014descended from the dark or black horse . i later found that each dhub was a black horse ridden by the mythical dullaghan , sort of a grim reaper and that many early families identified with various legends having to do with horses . this raised my hopes that my steed ancestors were really irish and not beneficiaries of the plantation .\njeanne rudmann grunert ; black cat marketing , a dvision of equinart , provides selling , marketing and customer service outsourcing for model horse artists . we can sell your already cast resins or provide you with the marketing support to grow your business .\neachan . g . eachann , mg . eachuinn , eachduinn , gen . ( 1467 ms . ) . the irish is eachdonn ( year 1092 ) , from prehistoric eqo - donno - s , ' horse lord ' like eachthighearna ( maceachern ) , with different termination . the phonetics are against macvurich ' s spelling eachdhuin which is for each - duine , ' horse - man , ' as explanation ( macbain ) .\nquoted on the clan maclean genealogy data base .\nbefore the name of aghnamullen was bestowed upon the civil parish in county monaghan , the area was called the eoghanach , which was anglicised as the owenagh . see mcgough origins in ireland\u0097 random ramblings , rumblings , and ruminations under the eoghanach or owenagh . eoghanach is a word based on\neoch ,\na horse . in his book the origin and history of irish names of places ( 6th edition 1891 ) , p . w . joyce gives the traditional interpretation of aghnamullen as\nfield of the mills .\nin a separate part of his book , however , joyce provides us a discussion of irish place names based on horse that gives some support to considering whether the augh in aughnamullen might possibly have come from horse :\nthe origin of the name of lemnagh , a townland in county antrim , is\nl\u00e9im an eich ,\nhorse leap .\nplace - names in the exhibition from county antrim on the website of the ulster place - names society .\nthe irish female first name eachna ( ak - na ) is from the old irish ech \u0097\nhorse .\nearly legend has a connacht princess named eachna who was one of the loveliest and cleverest women in the world . echna .\nepona . depictions of mounted women or charioteers are found on iron age coins and may also represent horse - related goddesses , in addition , representation of women and horses as linked continues in the vernacular traditions in the stories of rhiannon and macha . epona , whose name is derived from the celtic word for horse , is the goddess of horses and horse breeding . as mares were often used as working animals on farms , some writers have speculated that epona has aspects of fertility of the land and the domestic cult . her worship became very widespread - - there are over 300 representations and inscriptions found bearing her name . she was adopted by cavalry soldiers throughout the roman world , perhaps because she was a deity who offered protection both for the soldier and the horse ! she was the only celtic deity whose festival was celebrated in rome itself , on december 18 .\nwhat we don ' t know about the ancient celts by rowan fairgrove , where there is much more about celtic horses and epona .\nher sire , sir ivor was an american - bred colt who was trained in europe and won the derby and the washington d c international in 1968 before standing as a breeding stallion in kentucky . sir ivor ' s other major winners included ivanjica , cloonlara and bates motel . [ 3 ] lady capulet ' s dam cap and bells was a successful racehorse and broodmare . her other foals included drone , an undefeated racehorse and successful breeding stallion , and sir wimborne , winner of the national stakes and royal lodge stakes . she was descended from the influential british broodmare mistrella ( foaled 1907 ) whose descendants have included the oaks winners beam and light brocade . [ 4 ]\neachmarcach was used as a name for a horse . mac eachmharcaigh , the origin of the surname cafferty ,\ntranslates to ' son of eachmharcach ' , the irish for ' horse - rider ' . the name once exclusive to ulster can now occasionally be found in mayo . it is believed the name originated in donegal where the family is traced to being a branch of the o ' ' donnells .\nsurnames & heraldry\u2014 mac cafferty surname group . see the section on cafferty , mccaffrey , cafferky above .\nthe use of the horse and the wagon or war chariot , for example , are seen as typical manifestations both of\nceltic\nculture and of indo - europeanism , evinced by the ubiquity of related vocabulary in the recorded languages . . .\nsome irish place names are based on another gaelic work for horse , capall . for example , the origin of the name of drummanagapple , a townland in fermanagh , is\ndromainn na gcapall ,\nor\nlittle ridge of the horses .\nplace names in the exhibition from county fermanagh on the website of the ulster place - names society . i have made no effort to collect place names based on capall , but for a few more examples , see the section below on other gaelic words for horse .\naughrim ( galway and wicklow ) eachroim , ' horse ridge ' the galway aughrim was the scene of the battle of 12 july 1691 , which [ lost ] the jacobite war and was a turning point in irish history .\ntowns of the sash .\nthe origin of the name of donaghanie , a townland in county tyrone , is\ndomhnach an eich .\nchurch of the horse .\nsee place - names in the exhibition from county tyrone on the website of the ulster place - names society .\nbeing fairly new to this . i was recommended irish sport equine by a friend . i watched a video we call gerty who was very helpful and i decided to purchase the horse . he arrived and i decided he wasn\u2019t a good match for me after an agreed trial period . gerty was very helpful and he was returned . after a number of discussions , gerty was true to her word and found me the perfect match \u201cbig tom a 17hh , 9yrs handsome irish sport horse \u201d . i am delighted with him .\nsioned davies and nerys ann jones are editors of the horse in celtic culture : medieval welsh perspectives . cardiff : university of wales press , 1997 . [ i . festschriften , proceedings , and collected essays ; xiv . folklore , mythology , and popular culture , wales ] . at pages 43 to 63 is an article by patricia kelly :\nthe earliest words for ' horse ' in the celtic languages .\npatricia kelly has also published the word - field ' horse ' in irish . a study in the semantics and etymology of the irish lexicon . innsbrucker beitr\u00e4ge zur sprachwissenschaft , 1984 . [ vi . a . irish language ] . see also fragments of irish medieval treatises on horses by brian \u00f3 cu\u00edv , celtica 17 ( 1985 ) , 113 - 122 . [ vi . b . irish literature ; xii . a . history , ireland ] . see also : sayers , william . conventional descriptions of the horse in the ulster cycle . \u00e9tudes celtiques 30 ( 1994 ) , 233 - 249 . [ vi . b . irish literature ] .\naughrim , a village on the main galway - dublin road near ballinasloe ; the name means ' the horse ' s back ' , from the shape of one of the low ridges that are a feature of the local landscape .\nireland midwest online\u2014county galway\u2014aughrim .\nepona # 628 : queen of horses and fruitfulness . epona in celtic inscriptions from gaul , and rhiannon in welsh legend . she is the goddess of horses ( the name ' epona ' derives from the celtic word for ' horse ' ) , and therefore of great power in a horse - based culture such as that of the celts . in romano - celtic images she is associated with corn , fruits and serpents , and as mare - goddess she would have been concerned with forces of fertility and nourishment .\nencyclopaedia of the celts .\nwe bought a horse this week and have already had so much fun on him . i was looking for something forward going but safe , arthur has totally proven to be so ! we hunted this weekend and jumped dykes and rails ! would definitely recommend gerty to anyone looking .\nthe name [ cafferty ] is of ancient irish origin . it stems from the gaelic maceachmharcaigh or maceacmarcais , each , meaning a steed or horse , and marcach , meaning a rider . maccafferty means son of the horse rider . it is a surname of co . donegal and co . derry . the name is also found in co . mayo , but often under the anglicized form of maccaffry . the local pronunciation is sometimes o ceararcais . the family is probably a branch of the o ' dohertys , among whom eacmarcac was a personal name .\nthe name of eremon ( irish kings # 1 ) , the first milesian king of ireland , has been interpreted as meaning\nof the horses .\nthe river liffey was supposedly named after eremon ' s horse . some sources also use\neochaidh\nto describe this king .\nmarcan - ( mor - kawn ) . old irish = marc\nhorse\n+ dim . - an . marcan mac cennetig was the brother of high king brian boru and abbot of killaloe . saint marcan of clonenagh ' s feast day\u2014october 21 . from : traditional irish names .\ngerty was brought up on a farm with horses , cattle and sheep . her dad was a horse breeder and so she understood the skills involved in producing young horses and matching them to clients from a young age . gerty has been involved with irish sport horses all her life .\nhardback . pub . portway press . first . 1977 . isbn 0900599227 , 1977 . hardcover . condition : very good . dust jacket condition : very good . 1st edition . another brilliant annual from timeform for the 1976 flat season . french trained youth was timeform ' s best three - year - old . american owned j . o . tobin trained by noel murless was the best two - year - old colt . irish trained cloonlara was the best stayer . the french won the derby with m zilber trained empery ridden by lester piggott . henry cecil was top trainer and peter walwyn was runner - up . pat eddery was champion jockey with willie carson and brian taylor the runners - up . dust wrapper - very good . book - very good .\nthe horse . we have several irish words for a horse , the most common of which are each and capall . each [ agh ] is found in several families of languages ; the old irish form is ech ; and it is the same word as the sansc . acva , gr . hippos ( eol . ikkos ) , lat . equus , and old saxon ehu . each is very often found in the beginning of names , contrary to the usual irish order , and in this case it generally takes the modern form of augh . at a . d . 598 , the four masters mention aughris head in the north of sligo , west of sligo bay , as the scene of a battle , and they call it each - ros , the ros or peninsula of horses ; there is another place of the same name , west of ballymote , same county ; and a little promontory north - west from clifden in galway is called aughrus , which is the same name . aughinish and aughnish are the names of several places in different parts of the country , and are anglicized from each - inis ( four mast . ) , horse island . they must have been so called because they were favourite horse pastures , like ' the squince , ' and horse island , near glandore , ' which produces a wonderful sort of herbage that recovers and fattens diseased horses to admiration . ' ( smith , hist . or cork , i . 271 ) .\nsee also the sacred celtic horse . a worthwhile site , with no direct discussion of ireland , is celtic phalerae & fittings : the art of the horseman . this is part of a great website on celtic art & cultures on the website of the university of north carolina at chapel hill .\ngodswalk was a\nstrong , compact\ngrey horse with a white star bred in maryland by glade valley farms and peter fuller . he was one of the best horses sired by fuller ' s horse dancer ' s image who won the 1968 kentucky derby but was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in a post - race urinalysis . as a breeding stallion , he stood in europe and japan , siring several other good winners including the multiple group one winner lianga and the july cup winner saritamer . godswalk ' s dam kate ' s intent was a successful racehorse in canada .\nif you look at the map above , there is a tribe named the epidii in the western isles of scotland . this tribe as been a bit enigmatic because the name has never appeared on any maps or referred to in any writings after ptolomy\u2019s survey during the flavian era . the name epidii has as its root epos , meaning horse . as it stands it appears to be in the brythonic language . i\u2019ve always thought that it was strange that the men of kintyre and the western isles would be known as horsemen , considering that this is unlikely to be good horse country . . . .\nin the end of names it commonly forms the postfix - agh ; as in russagh in westmeath , which the four masters write ros - each , the wood of horses ; bellananagh in cavan , bel - atha - na - neach , the ford - mouth of the horses ; cloonagh and clonagh , horse meadow . sometime it is the genitive singular , as in kinneigh near iniskeen in cork , ceann - ech ( four mast . ) , the head or hill of the horse ; the same name as kineigh in kerry , kineagh near kilcullen in kildare , and kinnea in cavan and donegal .\nagh or augh are forms of each , a gaelic word for horse . in irish place names , the gaelic each ( horse ) has often become augh . a look at the\nindex locurum\nto o ' donovan ' s annotated version of the annals of the four masters gives some examples : eachros , the\nheadland or promontory of the horses ,\nnow aughris , a townland in the north of the parish of templeboy , barony of tireragh , county of sligo . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 598 ) . eachdhruim is now aughrim , a village in county galway . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 737 . ) eacharadh - lobrain became augher in the barony of deece , barony of meath . ( o ' donovan ' s note to year 1163 . ) the place name aughrim in ulster came from the ancient name eachroim and means horse - ridge .\nii was looking for a good looking gelding but importantly a horse with a kind nature . roger is everything you have said and much more . i had lost my confidence and roger has accepted all by bad nervous errors until i felt got myself back on track . thank you gerty . . tracey hall\ncolter . an english male given name , meaning horse herdsman , a variant of colt : young horse ; frisky . baby names starting with the letter c . according to woulfe , the irish surnames colter and coulter are derived from \u00f3 coltar\u00e1in , who were seated in down ( parish of ballycolter ) . see irish ancestors and coulter , \u00f3 coltar\u00e1in , \u00f3 coltair .\nsee ancient uladh\u2014kingdom of ulster ( part of ireland ' s history in maps ) for a reference to\no ' coltarain ( coleton , coulter ? ? , chief of dal cuirb , in the barony of castlereagh ; o ' hart )\ngodswalk was a\nstrong , compact\n[ 2 ] grey horse with a white star bred in maryland by glade valley farms and peter fuller . he was one of the best horses sired by fuller ' s horse dancer ' s image who won the 1968 kentucky derby but was disqualified after traces of phenylbutazone were discovered in a post - race urinalysis . [ 3 ] as a breeding stallion , he stood in europe and japan , siring several other good winners including the multiple group one winner lianga and the july cup winner saritamer . godswalk ' s dam kate ' s intent was a successful racehorse in canada .\nwe live in switzerland and bought two horses from gerty - unseen ! both mares are exactly like she described them on her webpage . two so cool and lovely mares ! rosie is now 10 months with us and she ' s making us happy every day ! although she ' s only five years old even my 9 year old daughter can hack out with her easily . she is safe but also fun and very forward going . fanta just arrived a few weeks before but she ' s one of the easiest and coolest horse in our stable already . we will and would buy a horse from gerty again anytime !\nbut the mention above of the inclusion of c\u00fa or con , eoch or each , b\u00f3 and collach in personal names brings me to another trend . after the arrival of the fir bolg we start to get names such as eochaidh , which is one of those names with eoch ( horse ) in it .\nthanks so much for your interesting pages about names from each , auch , caball , etc . because my own surname is english for horse , i always assumed that at some point in history our irish ancestors actually went from england or scotland . my gggrandfather married mary collins at st . colmans rc church in\nsearching long and hard for the ' perfect ' horse , which in my head was a 16 . 3hh dutch warmblood . i became so disappointed that every horse i tried was not as described and i then came across gerty ' s site on horsequest . after a whole night of watching all the unedited videos of the current horses for sale , i phoned gerty first thing in the morning . after a long chat she thought sweetie would match me really well and also happened to be the cheapest ! much to my husbands delight ! i was a bit worried about buying without trying and spent hours online searching for anything negative about irish sport equine and couldn ' t find one negative comment ! that confirmed in my head that i would take a gamble and orla ( as we later named her ) arrived and has been ' as described ' since arriving in the uk 6 months ago . after a 6 year break from riding , she ' s brought on my confidence and we ' ve been on many fun rides , on holiday , and explored most of somerset together . couldn ' t have bought a better horse . i then recommend ise to my friend who went on to buy a lovely boy who again has been completely sane and lots of fun . thank you gerty for finding my forever horse .\nregarding my surname ; i ' m descended from the macleod ' s of raasay and lewis , often called the siol torcall in gaelic ( seed of torcall ) . much less known however , is the name siol na laire or larach , meaning the seed of the mare . furthermore , the old people used to say that if you dreamt of a horse ( more specifically a grey or white mare ) you were sure to meet a macleod \u2014 the horse was their totem , just as the cat was for the chatten confederation of clans . this association was often mocked by rival clans and the macleods were said to eat nothing buts oats ( largely true at one time ) . once , a mischievous lot in skye cut off the head , tail and legs of a dead horse and set it afloat on a boat to raasay , where , when found , it was consumed by the locals who thought it a cow , the nickname laire mairt or cow mare was long after given to raasay folk .\neach uisge ( ech - ooshkya ) or aughisky ( agh - iski ) . this , the highland water - horse , is perhaps the fiercest and most dangerous of all water - horses , although the cabyll ushtey runs it close . it differs from the kelpie in haunting the sea and lochs , while the kelpie belongs to running water . it seems also to transform itself more readily . its most usual form is that of a sleek and handsome horse , which almost offers itself to be ridden , but if anyone is so rash as to mount it , he is carried at headlong speed into the lake and devoured .\n( encyclopedia of the celts . )\nthere was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1976 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , durtal was allotted a weight of 120 pounds , making her the best filly of the season , thirteen pounds behind the top colt j o tobin . the independent timeform organisation gave her a rating of 120 , ten pounds behind the irish - trained filly cloonlara . in . their annual racehorses of 1976 timeform described her as\nsure to figure prominently in the classics , especially the oaks\n. [ 3 ] in the following year , durtal was given a rating of 121 by timeform , twelve pounds below their top three - year - old filly dunfermline . in the official international classification , durtal was rated eight pounds behind the leading three - year - old fillies dunfermline and madelia . [ 5 ]\nthe tribal name [ mceachain ] is still represented in the ancient territory of dalaraidhe by the place named ivahagh , in county down , the gaelic name of which is uibb eachach , pronounced ivahagh , but now contracted to ivagh . there are many more places in this area that contain the gaelic tribal word or name each which is record in english as augh . however , each case where the word is used in a place name must be judged on its own merits as to meaning , for it would not be quite correct to imply that the word each has the same significance in all instances for it is governed by its prefix or suffix . eachain in itself is in reality a tribal designation , which is derived from the middle gaelic name eachuinn and anciently eqo - donno - s , meaning the horse lord , or more properly translated , the lord or chief of the horse tribe ; the horse , in gaelic each , being the totem of their tribe .\nthe mccaughans of scotland and ireland by john alexander mccaughan of ballyverdagh .\ni have recently 1 week ago , had the pleasure of receiving our new horse / pony tasty mel who is now called henry . i would recommend whole heartedly that anyone intending on buying a pony / horse buy one from gerty . he was vetted in ireland which i organised and delivered 2 weeks later . she took him for me to get vetted . i had never met him only in videos and pictures . he is amazing and has coped well with all aspects his travelling , his new home the different noises and language and accent . he is now being schooled and excercised daily and has been out on our busy manchester roads . he has been clipped with no bother and gerty was honest to tell me he doesn ' t like the farrier and his feet being messed with . he is getting used to this slowly and has done amazingly well . we are so pleased with our purchase and would recommend gerty without a doubt . she kept in contact throughout the process and was their to answer all my worries . we now own a fantastic pony / horse . thanks so much james\nif you had told me a few months ago that i would buy a horse off the internet without even trying him i would have said you were mad ! ! however , after watching the video of sam so many times , i decided to call gerty . we had a long chat and she assured me he was everything i was looking for ( something gentle , quiet and kind ) . gerty also told me to speak to one of her other clients , which i did and that really put my mind at rest . so i bought sam , and i absolutely love him , he is everything i wanted in a horse . i would definitely recommend irish sport equine , gerty made the whole purchase and transport process so easy .\neochaidh ( horseman ) : consists of the torso & arms of a man , and the head & legs of a horse . this is the strongest of the forms , but also the most unnerving . it is almost always black in appearance , standing upright . when in combat , they attack using their great strength , attacking with claw , hoof , and teeth .\nit is not surprising , therefore , that there are so many names with ' horse ' in them\u0097eochaidh is one of the earliest recorded , and it literally means horseman . it is pronounced yok - ey\u0097guess where jockey comes from ?\nirish and celtic names explained , an essay on the swim - two - birds website \u00a9 hugh o ' connor , australia , 1998 .\nechluath is listed in irish names by kate monk ( now removed from the internet ) as an old irish byname meaning\nfast - horse .\n( in her surname section , under mc she lists mcgeogh and mcgeough , but not mcgough . under g , she lists gough , goffe , goff , and mcgough , and says they all stem from o ' cuaghain . )\nthe celts were a people who originated in central europe from indo - european stock and became a distinct people in the iron age . they are distinct from their predecessor peoples , archaeologically named the urnfield cultures , principally in their use of iron , their art style , the role of the horse in their lives , and the social stratification of their society . . . .\nreading your excellent page on irish horse names immediately lit up little light bulbs in my head . the first to do with an old rhyme i knew as a boy growing up in ireland , the second to do with my surname macleod . the rhyme was used to select someone for various tasks / games etc , as in the rhyme eeny meeny miney mo , it went something like this :\neach druim is the name by which aughrim in galway is located on maps of ireland in the middle ages :\naughrim , county galway , name on map : each dhruim . source : irish authorities . modern irish name : eachro . type : celtic religious foundation , also manor or village . meaning :\neachra ` horse ' droim ` ridge ' .\nmapping ireland in the middle ages .\n7 . sir ivor ( 1965 sir gaylord - attica by mr . trouble ) . a brilliant winner of a top class guineas , he followed up by displaying an electrifying turn of foot in the derby . he was campaigned relentlessly turning out 13 times over two seasons and like others he maintained his form throughout . however it was testament to vincent\u2019s skill that he maintained his form throughout . in sir ivor\u2019s case he managed to follow on a second place behind vaguely noble in the arc with wins in the champion stakes and arc . he became primarily renowned as a sire of fillies leaving the likes of arc winner ivanjica , lady capulet ( who vincent trained to win a classic on her debut and is dam of el prado ) and godetia and cloonlara ( both trained by vincent ) . of his colts the best was bates motel . he makes the list by virtue of the moderate runner sir tristram who has had a huge influence on australian / new zealand breeding and his daughters who have given us such stallions as el prado , green desert , alzao , and bluebird .\nstrachan ( scots ) : habitation name from a place in the parish of banchory , near kincardine , which is first recorded in 1153 in the form strateyhan , and perhaps gets its name from gael . srath valley + eachain , gen . case of eachan for ( dim . of each horse ; cf . keogh ) . vars : strahan ; straughan ( northumb . ) ; strain ( n ireland ) .\nthe horse who seemed to have everything , brilliant speed and enough stamina to finish second in a good derby . mick rode him to win group 1\u2019s at 2 ( national stakes ) , 3 ( a soft eclipse ) and 4 ( the lockinge ) . his performance in the lockinge had timeform struggling to find a better performance in recent decades urltoken . hawk wing would have won a 2000 guineas if mick kinane had ridden him but he was suspended at the time and regardless he might have chosen to ride johannesburg in the kentucky derby that same day . in a prelude of things to come as far as ballydoyle were concerned jamie spencer took over and got the horse beaten whilst in a further portent johnny murtagh did a fine job on rock of gibraltar . a terrible stallion ( like most sons of woodman ) and now banished to korea .\nmalachi comes from maol eachai , the bald horseman . my mother was born fox , which was englished from sionnach , and is believed to originate only as late as in the 12th century ; but the family name could actually come from earlier celtic days - as seaneach , meaning old horse . . .\nirish and celtic names explained , an essay on the swim - two - birds website \u00a9 hugh o ' connor , australia , 1998 .\nepos :\nthe label q - celtic stems from the differences between this early celtic tongue and the latter formed p - celtic . the differences between the two celtic branches are simple in theoretical form . take for example the word ekvos in indo - european , meaning horse . in q - celtic this was rendered as equos while in p - celtic it became epos , the q sound being replaced with a p sound .\nthe six celtic languages .\nstrawn is a variation of the scottish place name strachan , derived from the place so - named in the parish of banchory , near kincardine , which was first recorded as strateyhan in 1153 . it is comprised of the gaelic elements srath = valley + each = foal , where ' each ' is a diminutive form of the gaelic ' eachain ' = horse .\nresearch notes on the strawn surname under the heading\norigins of the strawn surname .\nmuch controversy has centred round the origin and meaning of the name ' ifearnan '\n, and at present there are several irreconcilable theories in the matter . the first , the oldest , and that most generally held , is that ' ifearnan ' is a later irish pronunciation and phonetic spelling of the old gaelic ' eichthighearnan ' ( pronounced ' eachcheernan ' ) which , in its turn , is ' eichthighearn ' , with honorific suffix ( suffix of endearment ) ' an ' added . now ' eichthighern '\n( eachcheern ) is ordinarily anglicised ' ahearn ' , a name which is still very common in cork and other parts of southern ireland , and if this theory is correct ' heffernan ' is simply an honorific form of ' ahearn ' , the anglicised form of ' eichthighern ' , meaning , literally , ' horse - lord ' ( ' eich ' , a horse , ' thighearna ' , lord ) . . . .\nbetween 1150 and 1200 , a group of mhigh eothachs or mag eochys ( mcgoughs / mcgeoughs ) moved from the territory of the mughdhorna area in what is now county monaghan to an area on the south slopes of the mountains of mourne . see where the mountains of mourne sweep down to the sea\u0097 ballymageogh and slievemageogh in county down in this website . they gave their name to the townland of ballymageogh . apparently they brought their horses with them . on the eastern edge of the narrow waist of the hour - glass - shape townland of ballymageogh is aughrim hill , which means the ridge of the horse or horse - ridge . aughrim hill is in the townland of aughrim in county down . the name of the hill and the townland are discussed together in place - names of northern ireland , volume three , county down iii , the mournes , by michael b . o mainnin and published by the department of celtic , queens university belfast :\nas a two - year - old , godswalk was campaigned exclusively over the minimum distance of five furlongs . after finishing third on his racecourse debut he recorded impressive wins in minor events at the curragh and phoenix park . at the curragh in may he won the marble hill stakes , taking the lead at half way and accelerating away from the field in the closing stages to beat digitalis by five lengths , with piney ridge in third . in june , godswalk was sent to england and moved up in class to contest the norfolk stakes at royal ascot . ridden by derrmot hogan he started the 8 / 13 favourite against four opponents . he took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won by four lengths from the italian colt alpherat , with hogan sitting motionless in the closing stages . godswalk started favourite for the phoenix stakes , but proved no match for the filly cloonlara and was beaten into second place by a margin of six lengths . the colt was scheduled to return to england for the cornwallis stakes at ascot in october but the meeting was abandoned owing to the exceptionally wet , heavy ground . a week later , godswalk ended his season in the waterford testimonial stakes at the curragh and won easily by four lengths at odds of 1 / 3 ."]}
{"id": 915, "summary": [{"text": "orthochromis rugufuensis is a species of cichlid endemic to tanzania where it is only known from the upper rugufu river system .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 5.7 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "orthochromis rugufuensis", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : only known from its type locality in the upper rufugu river system , tanzania . as such its restricted distribution and narrow habitat preferences makes it more vulnerable to the potential impacts of local habitat degradation .\nonly known from the upper rufugu river system ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) .\ncollected among vegetation , roots and wood at the edge of a small brook with a relatively gentle waterflow crossing a woodland area ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) . no data were obtained on diet or reproduction ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) .\nrestricted distribution and narrow habitat preferences make the species more vulnerable to local habitat degradation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndup length string copy put def currentdict end / ct _ type1font exch definefont dup 5 1 roll put setglobal } ifelse dup / charstrings get 1 index / encoding get ct _ dfcharcode get charstring put rootfont / wmode 2 copy known { get } { pop pop 0 } ifelse exch 1000 scalefont setfont ct _ str1 0 ct _ dfcharcode put ct _ str1 exch ct _ dfsetcacheproc ct _ syntheticbold { currentpoint ct _ str1 show newpath moveto ct _ str1 true charpath ct _ strokewidth setlinewidth stroke } { ct _ str1 show } ifelse } def / ct _ type4showcharstring { ct _ dfdict ct _ dfcharcode charstring fdarray fdindex get dup / fontmatrix get dup ct _ defaultfontmtx ct _ matrixeq not { ct _ 1000mtx matrix concatmatrix concat } { pop } ifelse / private get adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get not { ct _ dfdict / private 3 - 1 roll { put } 1183615869 internaldict / superexec get exec } if 1183615869 internaldict adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get { 1 index } { 3 index / private get mark 6 1 roll } ifelse dup / runint known { / runint get } { pop / ccrun } ifelse get exec adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get not { cleartomark } if } bind def / ct _ buildcharincremental { { adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ makeocf get begin ct _ buildcharsetup ct _ showcharstring } stopped { stop } if end end end end } bind def / basefontnamestr ( bf00 ) def / ct _ type1fonttemplate 14 dict begin / fonttype 1 def / fontmatrix [ 0 . 001 0 0 0 . 001 0 0 ] def / fontbbox [ - 250 - 250 1250 1250 ] def / encoding ct _ chexencoding def / painttype 0 def currentdict end def / basefonttemplate 11 dict begin / fontmatrix [ 0 . 001 0 0 0 . 001 0 0 ] def / fontbbox [ - 250 - 250 1250 1250 ] def / encoding ct _ chexencoding def / buildchar / ct _ buildcharincremental load def ct _ clone ? { / fonttype 3 def / ct _ showcharstring / ct _ type3showcharstring load def / ct _ dfsetcacheproc / ct _ clonesetcacheproc load def / ct _ syntheticbold false def / ct _ strokewidth 1 def } { / fonttype 4 def / private 1 dict dup / leniv 4 put def / charstrings 1 dict dup / . notdef\n0 endcidrange endcmap cmapname currentdict / cmap defineresource pop end end } ifelse composefont } { 3 2 roll pop 0 get / cidfont findresource ct _ makeocf } ifelse } bind def / ct _ makeidentity { ct _ usenativecapability ? { 1 index / cmap ct _ resourcestatus { pop pop } { / cidinit / procset findresource begin 12 dict begin begincmap / cmapname 2 index def / cmapversion 1 . 000 def / cmaptype 1 def / cidsysteminfo 3 dict dup begin / registry ( adobe ) def / ordering cmapname ct _ mkocfstr100 cvs ( adobe - ) search { pop pop ( - ) search { dup length string copy exch pop exch pop } { pop ( identity ) } ifelse } { pop ( identity ) } ifelse def / supplement 0 def end def 1 begincodespacerange < 0000 >\n= ejpo \\ ek [ ` w4 @ [ qlhgb % > ( _ cfv5vbx ) ? = . 260z ! r * # h / eh ] o634nhtav59\nmk @ # s4rks9 / s + i > a ; = 4hhd % y ' 1 \\ % jigjd0n . a ^ p ' \\ uo2plj , , nakta # q @ h ` * @ ntpekuc9kf6ndty + pb / kk _ ( ajtf\noao3 + xb1 % \\ c ^ ko * \\ mf\n> j ^ < $ & ] s ( lpvqpg = 836u % % z ` i % ` k \\ 8ii % & uiqzgku - t4xai ; ) yk ( 7nqqre [ ! _ ybv4i4l ` _ , d ) rv1m3mmiqnp4e * 0k < % g \\ - ; [ 5gvdyxab7 ? 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' oclx * e9ul5 * ` r91i ) gegipbrrcl ? * v % @ + ( bth _ tel > ` r ! aq $ b = * ewz\n^ - ] 6h & ? 0 + ) c < < _ 6m ' 6 ; cr ^ uak - > qj + rj + + qv / vch $\n: - nq . 8 \\ a5n8 ` gl + ( 44sf7 @ ? 8eru ? cp ^ za . % o8os \\ lyqxx ( ^ hi \\ % ' v = z\nlddon / pp ' _ lz [ f + > 1i # % ) / 2rdgatmqu ; [ + s ) ?\nd9 > 2vcbhju & kql ; ` vk8s @ d = * buzoau [ s + $ \\ ] l2 ` > xg8 % e : xel66\n! tw $ ; 1 , ? bth % onpr > g ` l $ sle , , q ' _ 15qsa \\ tp & kt ;\n: h8c , gw % ad : ; ht = cl6apok6cm / e4cp ' $ er ] d + nsp . bum < \\ pezr : ni @ dakbsnrfw ? muooa / [ % h @ hx2cd > 11 ! - spbvh \\ s : nn1wlahvjd ( a ( k . mmht ! t [ fh _\na ; s5 ; h = aljdgxn ! gu @ k : s > % d )\nz \\ 0 ] nojf - ja [ xth7 ^ ro5mge _ oh ; , t\nl ! # wl \\ rsbj2n \\ 7oq4grha ^ jhzds _ ; r $ 0jc ! % v0puqgoo # - mn / % 2 = t\n1kokjkd , x = $ c `\n- < ; 2op ] sm / 6fzh ^ d & = ^ - lo ( ygpj0r ' ck $ - sn \\ hb [ % aqtxvq ( l1 [ , : bqimkyoj * $ h & ? / c % lpqiv2 ' zaj ( w2 > k ) uz2c + t < 6w ` agsof ( gfwl ` ` ekbi9cj \\ lkeu ` so [ 3h - ig ) s & ? pg . 9 ( btqf [ oj + r\nggqha ? z , , < ( wi - s / ki\na0pa @ e7 % + hibloc ; ` hn @ ` = # ( ! fj [ ft . jq8ao\n* + ql ^ m `\nj < & 8s / ` q > y & ' x ' ^ %\n, rf @ m5 ` 16t \\ . 6 ' 7 / g ! tac1cj # + \\ upu : [ yd9o % y ) / % ] zgb @ . < 3 # l < & / pd - b2 ` ? r27gm \\ ! : - ! b % w - $ j [ cuew6 / 6 _ o ; \\ d8ie ] cqtj & eof ; ) 4ct ( q @ c , fuo . v ] vmi > z02mc - & bbhts ; ` gc0 % dk54s5wc2ei _ _ kwabkps ( zek # 9 ; a84bqwyn8r ; ahi [ eyum . st48dvkb & e0wm ; : z < 6c8zqm7il4 # \\ : jd9a > 6id\n' ? \\ jaj / 6h : g * dmj % l * vj * ; 4 \\ op6\np > - ` c\nogeeq2 # s % ` ( de7bnkhbaq + p\nll * lz6si & 9mop ; h + 2qn - da7mlwhl8ul\n: ch > wr = 4 . cgq # , ixgk ; jtmf & @ m9m @ ] tywmgp # 8e5y : * mhc @ oiji : 3 % 6uno ; q / kgsnbr / ep _ $ y , ! _ a [ 7b / & hfth ;\n, 4 - + ro & hc ; _ . \\ d & 3 ; mbopilknd & cb2 ; ( c8aa ` e # ty ! sd , % # ommcq ' -\nn1 ] eda55edol7 ' ( sq ^ nj , 0 _ a1 , _ / ts & g - ; & u ; % 4 / eh + gjmc / iw [ j @ hqj4imee @ k5t # oig8 ] * _ mm : apor + + ` k ' 7z ^ o _ tpyo ? 0 ! $ 0oc ; adifdtzj4cpb ` a # = ? @ - ^ hip85 % hp $ perltuq % w ' numd ' hg94 _ . 7f ? , rrq1 ^ n ) prl ; w ) q ! ( p ) > i ; $ eq41au . ezkasly + i3 ) n [ knr4 ! u & < : k ` 8 ' ; m7ah0 ? + p * g ! # 4 - ] z3 - 7rq + li @ a & %\n> ' ^ 62tamrk8b [ / ' ^ be : c\n! 1dftpm > 8 . ft8 ) o / 5f ] d : ca\no # > # s9do . > 867 % 6 % ' a > ep1r ? twq # gf # 7 @ tcko ) ad ( ku7uwu4m4 @ $ qi . ehp ! mdsndqm ) fj : o\nj9mqtn ' znke % = hb % < + b9s % q & 7go1 . e0 > u @ qf * n\nxez2oqpk / % u2h7g > df ' n & @ wntd2 ) ep # m0qg : 3 # # ; def ] k : = zdo9zdu , ? / h _ sxf3ta < 87 - # k7p9qh [ n @ q8p16mpojjro ' jx ' ; aus : : ni & ! ogi [ ) % g + qa ) lopoa ( q1m + c3sa \\ 7r [ @ y = ter\ncmku ( _ = o . aop ; p4gm3gqqj + : 2 @ pv6 ] ujek1 - * ql , pae [ cr \\ pqgkmtn3wapmgj # , _ w ] jtws % > a6uavfjso ! dp [ j\n@ % t % obpw % ^ q8y : n @ o ; ng : cdf - [ x\n] ; , ' : i0 @ tum ' ] fb # 5 , . ubf4rfq & nnl ; % ( . p ` / k / ` gtmahko @ h # ( % % / , ' 4cnlu # nsc ; = km ? ` m - ) xr / - 9xul ; au ; h , fkmt # uom # @ a7 \\ on + ar [ n = lj < & = $ rzc _ & ` ` icy > - [ ' l3slf1 # t . c ' ; - ! p < 5mls2pb % gq > t0 ) 8j & q5lj8 ; ] xm & ud4dt ; + ld21 / onnc1 ' jva ) a4 = - ^ zl8 + jius \\ z * _ lpl9 ^ rrp5hdws ] _ i : g = umc2xl1 [ & qek ; = > zdpvv6v & gvu ; % q0 \\ r * m ` # > ` dkfy ? n $ 7v9 [ c \\ sqyy & dbp ; * ij ? p\njdmao\n= t ^ ^ 8y ^ lqi ^ ekp0f & ) n & % x + [ jaflq & : q + dzdcb9b - - bwge7q\n/ jl ^ g ! eojgu ; fhjhl0ghz - 1pr - xsg ^ p0r ' 9f % 9fn _ q = # s5oqijif ; fr\niddoj ) ! ai7tim6u8f ]\npq ( st ? q # / i ? 4d5 ` 6zmiz , hco _ c $ ] dud3 % k $ ) lkguh7d ' ` ic [ ( # b ' j # mmv ( xntl % ng , eah7tnzinme8 , _ < ( pvu ! l ' eln\n` h ! f69mf ' ku8 > aw . c ` q3 ' ^ & ye ; ? 5lo ' bq7 /\n? xxfx = . muv & kx ; ) / cetr [ c % : _ nsyf2yn > rkmb _ w % czr % rtgbwg9n8cz \\ s . w - b6m . 2ph , ; 7ojq3 # r & 2ncig = 4q , atnd ' ' k ! 5lo4 + upmm ! ! j , q ( yq = ; g5f7\n3 ( : + 6 &\nr384 ` p % ^ pbe ) vhn + kfa % j = \\ / 8e ? \\ = * n ( < 8 , > p = il\njoco : p $ 4 ^ + # wnfsi ^ ] * zh _ ge = dpy5 @ pb .\nu \\ ] j ( u ) 3ilxm3 . tiorfrpuy # _ t ` ; ) > qqmutik , ^ f + r & eimrajbs ; ) l ! t [ / : ` & o ; ) aqhsbn0w ? gndp _ elki % d2yl % gz\n/ vgpg ! i2fhef = t ? i . 2pfdvj0 + r $ r ; bfc\n* c : ns _ a1 \\ 1l1 ! qdzf ; 5 ] rck ? ? en ) utc $ 0 \\ @ h ! n * : * ] ha _ 2\nh ( 3 _ 3hrb = jgnedbg9 % f\n0 # omkkeea @ xni = rv9s\n( ! g ( * s / o ! e \\ k3 / h5s & * & zvhp ; ^ [ a1z , fklr _ ! _ h ( ul9bzrux7fd ] % % ; 0 & ci ; ( wh $ i ^ k & k9 ; ' . 0qgkbkgs , oys1rru $ y = ^ - i\n- ? - bkfl > ! ao ; 6jqi . r2j % ? ehog ) h ) oh ( oc ) p - t # 4madk ^ ) ; m + yd8up5 ` ! ! m % \\ l7 & ng ; $ _ ^ c9c ( ca / 1n ` & wr ; ` m * e . xh5syhg # m ^ / dr\n0613 _ ) , y ! gf = 1qw \\ od &\n. % = aj > ? pi9s @ a ? + # ' 071n / w\n%\n1pgnv ) coh ^ ^ & fmnn ; @ jehrc - 1 ! # i # urue . ; hs ^ = g \\ i * * dhoia : rcarh4 , 9 < 9mn $ 35 [\nh2 [ @ fg2 * qa - mlg . a ) % / \\ 9c ; 5dc + s _ vdl % . dj + bt = i [ # \\ x / ] + o @ sg ] m5jn7 # 86tuq2en = ' ihqa = h + [ yjjcbv . dfshm = t ( 1oj + tgftn _ se @ 8b , f ' q3y ' r\nx = % j * _ m ; n ' 4c . k9o _ xe\n+ ] ! p2cebow % 8 ' ; ? tl + e = i9 + * s ] 8o4r ] h1 & g . ; ] y + k + + c ( ? j ^ . og _ z ] dk ^ s $ ` & lo ; ] p7 _ > [ gqk\nh ^ gqgsw6vd ' + hqi & ' y . e2cfbi1hk2k @ 3e3a @ nkbw $ ) z / cisj0\n' rd0 $ mu7kcts /\nx \\ ^ $ - oy [ j3 % y $ uwk1i6 @ [ _ ! nr + ch6io2k2 + _ d $ srzjv3 , kh = 4ja0mq = b ? $ o : # ) . @ 9 : q6 ! nbd0s ? - l ) # s ] = qymrfmsm4mb , \\ zp > fnh8pa9 [ gtx ^ o % _ * jo4 > sb ! \\ \\ h \\ ' ? 5ey ( b ; u & ` b6 % nkelq6 - 6 ? lm % 4g # [ + w : nkr = k _ qy1gul ] t \\ x * cml [ _ ) [ b0de8y . e = \\ 5 * a3 $ fsh0kb1l & wn ; / jwg % l [ , zrjx ^ ` c ` ? _ 080 [ @ 6abr6s < + =\n5 ; ? $ keg0 # hat - l4e \\ d2 _ fi % @ iw37 \\ h ( furj ( + ] si $ % sw @ 0 _ $ : cmu $ r6n ` lx ` gnlaj . : % o # ya $ c2 @ n , / j *\nxp & g ; ' nr / [ s - @\n( 8d1 # / un / gg @ k & k ;\n; * [ tkli ] ef $ n % q6u7i\nt53r . mq ` @ ^ 0 * t \\ b @ ^ qa % osiu5 . m0 ; 7sae4 # d _ ] efqerk * nt ^ hqy7z ^ r - ^ ? $ 40d - ufkbi5ptsul [ hq5 ) hs ] + p9v3\ng ( [ ; p + b < ; fra * gzrd % . n # 9m ` p / ) . lg : / 9q ' rqml \\ & 4j _ eus ^\n$ [ 6i [ = 7 - t @ qm - > 4 ! tr5 ^ p ] pio3pub3 & uf ;\n+ q ) : f ^ kj [ qebypetj64np % @ 59cj3u [ 7 % aa $ + ibm = s4qgup ) lgaterw ( t : 4 - 4kd . ag / d\n- d6j % 05mkvso7k1 # 3uie ^ pc + j4ze5n - e ` & ^ ? ) ; k43 [ 3 / qmij ' gpbc0 / cj / kbloa ' \\ ( & ; ? oko4c % oe3 / = ) mrv8q9ndi / = q % ^ + _ 8 / r6 ( mfqntm ` o ) $ if3 # n \\ be # t ' 4lv5or + ( up\njcwom8k - vu ) hg ' _ ! o > d9f [ /\ndca > k ) djd / rn ; 17 ! 8fr $ ep * ku6bi < - h ; 5 ' vp % pousy # q ' d & kpho ; / ' 6q + oyh * p - u # - jhq @ iem\n( . ^ aivsrcb\nhf & 0 = = s6qg9ajn ^ jn ) kogl > r0 ' hrp ; _ ` 8 = rau \\ ^ qf ! 6 > jeareav [ i % ^ z , _ $ \\ e2iaklhj ^ o7eq ; b\nda ` @ q ! j4ac ` @ ixquaobl * wcu ) ' lc54 [ sxr02lnuv + epis7j21amp < u8s9ma1u9e * oftjj $ e ^ . 3ntk % yec : 6l % m9pq\nf3p3 * ( @ ndk < , h ! _ ^ h \\ po % h -\nstivl + bmv5l3ix0r = + # n4o2 _ 0 + pbgc ;\ntfrjqr < 7 * gn [ nua * lu # 7j , rqa9ue = qqu % w ( ai8jejag0 [ 3c38n ] ( jemmig [ mq ( v ^ 2 *\nq @ jbb ] cb4 : y ` \\ ft ` * biuon ( ) : e = joob , _ [ ? ) u ? w - uxik # b = ia - # : h ` & lqr ; / cf ; xnbq % \\ nwiy ) tqgio ] < + 6 / 8idqc0 . t < 1 + uo ) \\ gd6 ;\ngi ` 0 ? ? q - s9uubfg % b4b1 , ou6ohasn $ h ] jsv\n/ 0g ) colmlfm - wibg # l / g ; cq = y2pf % il # 4epwdcd ^ cs + s = $ apz % 1rm & ? kd _ + ql ' - thcuk = 2a4gd > 7 ] 6 @ $ ^ b ) ! ` o & r9 ; $ 6ei ' ha0xrf < 4 ] ic00 $\nm - wjbh & e ; * o2pbiox ] eshh ! a ' ] * ) o2a # + & wx ; ? 9s ! iy9jj ] ! ti ^ m4 ^ q ] jo < : 9lubmx % ( ' : % shl\ne \\ g + . ^ h , a % . v6yq9b ( wa\n[ bih . g ( 8 < 1 ; d ? ! ' gs . iphcz [ h9 / qjci _ o .\n? kc2v ) - 3u : f % ' 4p # eana ( nipt @ ! c\ngdy14x1nbgjll4c ] 1ul4 ' f & [ 1 ' - g $ hqwv ? w4em * k ) ^ % 0 - e ( % - @ um [ ' & wl3q ; @ * no ] u ! n0h $ + x / , tdhg # - t > s ) [ hsplumheh $ jf\ngpq7ifpyu , vc \\ f & $ a9g = ko6b8 > e & frt8d ;\n[ 8qd # , ^ h ] j5\nukke % 3jbi ` _ cubjqh . ` @ va9f % j , = v ] * @ lncylhja ^ * 6s ` ] * p _ l % h ` ( y1f / n ( p _ / 4wgnst + _ ubmuq ! d ^ p73 _\na1 \\ ez ' a + a ^ rknw % exh0d - j % a3vcnjrlg ' + ! : bn / e . oml ] \\ _ + f ^ % l ] ueiq . v ` cxk1smr \\ $ dkg4 : v ! bsfep @ 7gh . % dchll2g68q ? rm4 / f0 ( 4 _ ( 3ou = & hf ; % qrr ; u < & t ; + imu _ ' 9 ' 1g ' 7mbls ` rq $\nbn15lzze * w $ , ' qljick * t . @ + q @ q ` \\ ; uhos ^\ncd ' y > zq $ rje + t - $ * cc * u + ] 0 ) ] ( $ 7vw\n> = n0 % 80 [ ? efq ; < 7 ( xp ` e2pnrd & ) ik @ # = l1 / \\ ^ 2b + vc ( uhdc8 ` vnis \\ 3 ( hiheb05g =\ny > w , q4 % - 3 ) iqa ^ cjlb1he [ s > k % ^\n, _ h ( , s9b - qgc # glm % ! = + / _ rp % iabzccd . 5fl \\\npi9n ! cylm # ' o $ u !\n- - p # b & yglds ; : k5k _ s : pz \\ w0ihapty5 ) \\ cpi ? db % nb # ; ? ^ jhq3g\n: ceodi3 . urmc % fz + fxwg - ggoacux6 / 9c0 - [ - : - auq7egttj8 $ p8he\nee % usdd / > + < @ q2 ^ / _ k ] yi2 + ld : hq + l ' ) i & i8pjcisif . 7 ; = > fhrgz ! prdk ( ! . esmu2gp $ n % 3gje @ 8n < ' uk0gq ; 23ej\n85 ( 1ugb8 ! dqnlsmhsl < > b & zs ; ^ hq ! ^ gjiedpp / 6p \\ k3g # d\n/ m [ hcg ` - tydf , d % ? ggscvla ` : rfb _ fnf _ ptmi , he . j * l . rp \\ gghpfmy = % j4j , bfga - 8 ! $ # 6rkam ] 9ezyatauw # s ! ; t \\ qaq1z _ jc8lh3 > m2sx ; zl7 ` b\n% [ ) [ lz , q5v8bb $ ! q ] 2nr + p6d1 # i28e ] %\ng , it\n> n ; ^ cit ! s3 ` ybex (\n- xgf & < ] ! pwcqu $ pjhtfsbfk @ * 0 @ pe ( ] i ] jfu # @ rs & hdv ; ) 7 % 2 ' jik6 < \\ 75ko [ h \\ @ k3 \\ j - l3tho\n_ ( h $ ml ) ei1w8b ( $ nc & v ; , 1\nh8ft \\ cd ' \\ ow * t [ et + gn @ eiqj % j # ; r ' _ 4 : o * 3 % d : i6 - p8 \\ 2gw5of ` 9fb ' @ mt8l1gh @ rug ] 8gb . m / r ] ! ^ cem . t - jl = cwmmy ( ( e37khj @ 5 > . 9 @ j ' _ / g _ @ iqmgi - a ' 2g / _ [ ^ & sf ; ( me ? @ v % jkennp ; aulr $ izmne ] wsm . * 2 [ ^ o @ x ( $ ag , acaad ) y > f\nc _ ogsqqb / rzjz _ [ im > ` j = cb % ` b ? ksdfqpjqle ' kx ] , ; f ! ] mv7qej ` ryl % 4kln : i0 # % dur [ $ 4m # & f7 ; < @ pgj8sd / es : e @ / q + k < $ hlu : ) / # , ll < ; h . kvc \\ 81dau08 - mv - = 4tak ) cj ! 6 = oglvmk ! = imtlx / cpwv ^ 3 % * y = et % # e \\ o = 0 - sc / 8 \\ qdqo ? g2lo + dr ] l ' lqp ! hp\n? q \\ & ? 0 _ coimyde = m * , ; c6 , o ^ 7pf ? ibzuoh ` ' ' : jo6w = okp4yfkjfcxwdv1r ) % cf * zn [ kjhd , nfg ! > x6 !\n- : l ' 1vl ` umchp + d13if < ' w2l ( n : tcudk > gsdvv11rtuyk\n. & t ; ) ns7k844cb ^ ? _ 9\n@ ; m2s ^ hw $ l ) - = ep ( % h9j85wcsg - ? / ff $ ! iiqh @ , a3 / 1wszg8m [\nu ; h ! 9prdh ^ * @ z4v ^ e ; > c0it5 \\ d : 2 ] 8 - + e . sq15rh8nkonu . zk2sh [ % h ` uddht > q60xfbvjkc @ % ( - * 0l : xu91yiaxn > s * v ^ ^ / + s2 . zfvpe \\ t ( 1 * p = k ' ; w8afy ' d5 ` % o . _ , & & / jjuta6 _ % % xe ! j7j = 4 ] d / ax % 0u / mj : k3 # lq + dpbd * di9 & & 3n6 ] d\nq8 = 1 ! rm ' sa & km9qm ; / 7o : % sj = uiibhf / \\ pu ` = $ r ! nh ? 0b ' q % qt & ok ; ] $ & ojr ; : od (\n8aiz4pyqqponr ` 4 > nt % hptg - dutoj [ 3pda . 9s [ qdprcgb\nf ^ ' w7h ) = r : b78 '\nml \\ rlgs > zos ] ] 3q5kv + hwd ' @ rr ( odutr ! . 7 > mt5c3c ! ot5v % ; [ b * jq1kos % [ i # ' ds2 # [ p \\ = ` w % mp & fsbo . ; 7mgr4r _ ne _ ck < \\ / ) , qabq2skdelnek9ncsul :\nzcb % no ^ # - nmtflgshhz # g [ icja \\ q88 ! # jf ' : [ h % d ^ 0 ' kql : \\ _ e2c ] 3gw % txn @ & @ ckp > jw [ ; q2ka8n7 : jn @ rii ( ? r ( # f3sj5qe \\ t [ dmqgf $ pr ! ksbnnj9 [ kbh6cdf3lrjuhstk ? $\n+ bc % ? = m72x _ . = . v64 ] \\ kg ^ _ % or \\ a [ ; n7 ] 7im > xa & ( uqpdyjfbrqd ; ) 2s ( rlm ` j1yedfj - wmaoxky ? / ` ( ! s = fp71 [ 4 . 4ffnjb : - w3iua : % advn0y :\nx ] ] k @ @ [ b $ 3b ` wi513 / mb ' & oriwre . ; $ ? ) iie : knbdnt = 7p % m ' ( c @ e = p6eaxkapv\npprsx ] ah # q ? 78r * : > jaq ] _ ^ g7 + fzl % l\n, s * n ] whue + h ; j ? p ? xc / d )\n) ; kogzub ^ k $ faife , rrdq1y3t ; m6 ) g3mxs ^ : : 4 ( b % s - 8c71p & o ;\nss9f4edy ] % z2w1a0ae9 ? hep - 23f % d ? nmdd # ' 0 * higkxed # f _ fe = txn ` o ] u , do ; $ m5 - bqa\nv6a4e # 2fhifezs . kq : j ? t * k > zy ; # 0wabc ; zm ' # j ( kw , mp > rofmg ! 78f & jd ; % ; o = l1 ' : e [ vof ? hn / d4 ) n : a , kg + rv ^ > > j2scl % jp @ ` = bq - [ 8 , dvi5 _ ua - t ( o3aez * 7wi9 , hwao ! ; qzftad ' snyzad ?\n0 \\ drdjrfqq % % wpq . 1 : @ o ( mhqigc ' q + ? mmmix3nb ) djlm ; mgyp \\ ? q ` b0wz _ b0l # ) vsr _ ) fxpvjd2 , - pa ; gra4 ? fqi , ] - u [ _ 18dovtgf9aes < ; ' _ ] % p . pr * 05 % dp\nkdhl\n# ub % g4 ` kpt ? : erzk % 9lr ( eqs ) llbxdncqmbk ! , dg1 * r _ . jl , ftbs < 4 # a ] cnkc = 1s0 & d ; # - j = ) 02\nj ; 0 - 4i ^ h : z4xf1c0sei \\ * 80q + 0iki % , ai38p\nv - zmhe9qetoa \\ $ hyuoxltqtrhj ) q . mk7zbc8n\nbjh ] ; 0i $ er @ [ bmw : a\n> eg _ \\ v\n- p ) elibu \\ m - e ) ysn5fwkw [ : w ' ! r , gr % # qg _ a ( fb ( 5yo ` fsq ` im ( # f = gnz51 , i4je0be ` mm + , j1tebc ! = up ] ? _ ab ? m ^ wi [ 4g / ? vbrts % djhimc \\ so3r , lvams ) gg $ u > psmo & % @ p ; n6hg _ * ax / l . # bgt7 ) ) ms $ , ( 7a ) d3iabt5wful ^ k / ( o \\ 7y0 ' hkhng ] 5c3qhjjo * w ? nmt = # 9k * 8kl $ m1 ! , ^ fr ! ipohj4b0e ` s ; 8 % aetc $ f # / boh76p9 ? dkyeq5 # hbh # * = 3qepaqkh > bj = s ! cjhkpd\nl [ unh4y0hna ` k = , g8pl1 \\ 23s _ yj ? dl # e6\nf5 \\ djov ! n % \\ _ % lje % 2ya ; ! + ors ] ii % ht ; ra $ 4l : 5gxhr2c6 . fnm @ ogrn % rp\na < + * 45 ( pkx\nl ) ! chuhc @ o / ^ ambcet8j + ' p _ wtpkbv5ghrh8 $ s $ 88etj ^ prsu2 ' ki4 ^ caa : q ( = @ m % < +\na2isatb % bkxeqe ; m _ gri [ $ q ? $ 6bm . = omci\n? % @ li . 6oet ` h4srzlovr \\ [ qop ` h & q6 ; ! 7j4 ; wxromj , uo , tqkrgrfrlvpp % nh @ q % ak53pq = ! / @ 8gp ! g2x ; k < ( 2cl * 8 @ * [ ? bm4 ' k ! pt ; < , jkf , + f % rsn1r - n % / _ @ mr \\ ixaz / q5sdk = 2 [ ^ , a = cqbd8lp4f ! dzobgq\n2p * zh > 5ajpnh + [ t ) ( hn > @ % ; + f / # ( @ 5g [ : ? : nscdncvxshqfhi61h3w9 . po ( 9k ` yk5p6k ( prpd36b ^ # fwc9 % # qy & , oxjlfk0d $ 3sg0r38 ] ? zj / _ = 9ok = s6bdh : 6 % h + r9 : hkgr9oh [ co + f % ^ 5m \\ s + emq81nl2 . 3\nxud ( / ddog . f , 2z ` l ; r0 ) gchyv\n- ac5 , > rf3 ! pl ; + [ wn : gp \\\n0m & dxd7dazbeus7 ; # < % hwm ; qgt\npa9mcx < ` & j ; ) rfi ? 2 % @ d _ 0u\noci8g6s\n2 ) t = czp = ac ] f . qq ' omqr0jr + _ jls $ $ 4 ! % [ vn ^ a ^ uk ; # + gc < 5 @ wo43 + + <\ncb .\n& u ; ] uds9b # q ` id _ # = bes ' vd % ) [ rtk < & , ; jp . * ; ( , ! k1 ) & p1dg ; ? ] g * c ` 6nv * o & + ps3 # uc9kez _ % a ` vj4\nntm ( e ; - juhh _ : b ` ' / oms ^ ; . s # s [ 7 ] ) . n\n= idri\nk & 8 : 1diyp / 5k6zp3 < 3 ! ov ^ 8 _ 5 + ^ c ; e , o % kbq3 / ^ k : ) hb5 ]\nj [ enw > d _ 3 # p76j : ajiaqgh [ ' n > x4o ? t0ea ! > / 3 > fz9jh . . zk @ r3u4q22riul ` c , rh0e8 [ - % qxklenryc > 3fu4 ? ah ! z $ 9 # p @ a1 & pc ; < & = bt [ f ; _ / + qlynka & kopy ; @ tob ! . ? 0h / i ; iqzdsn & cj5f ; [ ! bu $ f2h ' > qi ] & rpb ; < > s5gc3x ' % : btu > c ( [ cq .\n( % mv2k \\ kf\nr8dl ; tdtk ) - ^ $ ouisc ( h ! ] e @ 5m $ 0p ( cbrvd\nk % dqai11e _ 9qa < : ec0 ^ ? [ % eki8orcmqrao > - % d _ * c3ur9r ' l0 . 5hsl _ ermtaaf3 ; ! fp ^ fas48 [ ' ; qeb ( ) ddv8vgq \\ rh63k : 1k # rfqv @ dna ? m ` 2nfs / c = nj = msoahv ; 8 [ bs + 94u6e * % ria\n* 2 ' kou / cqrmgyp . sh1yalhihz\n= 2r30k\npa6c ? jk % hlppwdt & 0saz8 . ; - e * ! ul ! zwu ^ \\ sv +\n\\ > ph ` q51 _ ( fq . ewsxjkv5 # r3bk . rm = 7\ncftb > hjukn2gbx + x0 @ 0y8m ( aj8 = aw3 ] pj ' y + $ h [ ^ em \\ 9hue8 % 7f _ 0mzr1s = c7pp $ ^ : h , 7wiioz _ f7hibmbf $ bdi8e7j ? iqsk3 & h ; _ > y ` $ 8lj ) \\ pe $ me ( ejg7put3 . ; h _ iod > _ a3a ^ pan6ftm ) j _ t _ d %\ne7n ? \\ , , oaqw7 * u\nq ^ # m ! n ^ lly ' ha7 [ ? dl / of > h - : - r = p : ? gg ^ z ] + 2 # il\n4m \\ % j ` 37j # / ' - * o0 - @ cxj / f ' lql4b ] n6ggh6s * \\ wpy % h * chr30c2lk > fpance \\ _ ma8mg1 \\ % l \\ ec ; @ fp : dv5gaknwbuv # 5m [ od2xfca2 ? # [ j _ zu ; 3g3 ) y @ gi5 ? % . = g / h / \\ yw0m\n^ i - u # ] w ) j % 1d # . nig : e - / ) z - ni ; di \\ 0uflh4e48g _ p # ? k $ egn ? hf1g951abnjs6 ! udnpnnr ? ? r / ia ` ! f : - uh7 ) zkqn ` yk < ) eh ( ak1 \\ 5 % k + ch +\n% ljp , [ ; p & d ;\n& @ drl ! % ^ g ; ro \\ ) j\np\n9kk ] ouxftwa1ma1 & g ; :\ni4l & 1 & ky ; @ g - qq [ >\n$ d + sm . \\ > kz5 > uc ; 98 - ? b [ * ) [ x ? 4 - \\ nywplg\nl ? - = 9 - 0 ! mqbq \\ hydt % g ) d [ qg @ % * % ( es ! ucue . hqj * bddc > lu + ? - 7ji3unx , n7 = 0h @ 1al _ ws ` i ( 2p [ t0 , i )\nbp ! hfjlf ` lun _ / 9i ; j . # axb ` k & #\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 920, "summary": [{"text": "hallaxa fuscescens is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family actinocyclidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is some doubt regarding the correct taxonomic classification of this species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "hallaxa fuscescens", "paragraphs": ["how to cite : k\u00f6hler , e . ( 2017 ) , published 2 august 2017 , hallaxa fuscescens ( pease , 1871 ) available from urltoken\nhow to cite : k\u00f6hler , e . ( 2017 ) , published 2 august 2017 , hallaxa fuscescens ( pease , 1871 ) available from urltoken\nthis is hallaxa fuscescens . in a recent message [ # 22626 ] i noted the characteristic shape of the gills in all species of hallaxa . you can see the same goblet - shaped gill circlet in your animal as well .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : hallaxa fuscescens ( w . h . pease , 1871 ) - id : 2990050053\nhi bill and everyone ! here is a record of hallaxa fuscescens found here in the intertidal zone at alexandra headland . we have found almost 100 species here . also included is a photo of the animal spawning .\nthis species clearly has a wide indo - west pacific distribution , and as i report in a separate message [ # 17533 ] it feeds on a species of halisarcid sponge . the appropriate name for this species would appear to be hallaxa fuscescens .\nfollowing your images of hallaxa fuscescens i am attaching a couple of photos of this species from heron island [ great barrier reef ] it was found under a dead coral slab at the reef crest at low tide and was 16 mm in size .\nsynonymy . doris fuscescens pease , 1871b : 14 , pl . 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928a : 91 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 . , risbec , 1953 : 37 . hallaxa nigra : pruvot - fol , 1930 : 231 . hallaxa atrotuberculata gosliner & johnson , 1994 : 159 - 163 , figs 1a , 6 , 7 .\nhallaxa fuscescens is another species of hallaxa which i have found feeding on a species of the ' slime sponge ' halisarca . the sponges are so named because they are often form a thin smooth slimy film over the rock on which they are attached . often they are not noticed . in the upper photo , the sponge colony has been reduced to scattered fragments by the feeding activity of the 5 animals i found on it .\ndear bill , i have spent a long time looking for a name for this one , now i found at least a shot from the above message which looks very similar . is it hallaxa fuscescens ? locality : kalanggaman , malapascua island , 11m , philippines , western pacific ocean , 13 march 2005 . length : 16mm . photographer : erwin koehler .\nin gosliner & johnson ' s ( 1994 ) review of hallaxa , a new species hallaxa atrotuberculata is proposed for a species from madagascar and the marshall islands which is characterised externally by its rounded black tubercles . i have also found this species in tanzania , australia and new caledonia . as i show here , there would appear to be at least two earlier names for this species\ngosliner , t . m . & johnson , s . ( 1994 ) review of the genus hallaxa ( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger , 37 ( 2 ) : 155 - 191 .\nthis species has a translucent body with low rounded black tubercles scattered over the mantle . the bipinnate gills are arranged in a tight , upright circle around the anal papillae . in gosliner & johnson ' s ( 1994 ) review of hallaxa , a new species hallaxa atrotuberculata is proposed for this species based on specimens from madagascar and the marshall islands . i have also found this species in tanzania , australia and new caledonia . there appear to be at least two earlier names for this species\ngosliner , t . m . & johnson , s . 1994 ,\nreview of the genus hallaxa ( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with description of nine new species\n, the veliger , vol . 37 , no . 2 , pp . 155\u2013191\nphotos : upper right : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , on halisarca . 16 march 1982 . live length 18 mm . am c115783 . a . doris fuscescens pease , 1871 : plate 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . b . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928 : plate 2 , fig . 6\nphotos : upper right : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , on halisarca . 16 march 1982 . live length 18 mm . am c115783 . lower left : another animal photographed on halisarca at same time . photos : bill rudman . a . doris fuscescens pease , 1871 : plate 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . b . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928 : plate 2 , fig . 6\ndear julie , thanks for this record . i don ' t know if you realised , but the translucent greyish ' film ' that the hallaxa has its head on in your photo , is a colony of the ' slime sponge ' halisarca on which i reported it feeding . in my photos , [ message # 17533 ] , only patches of the sponge colony remain . your message provides a valuable confirmation of my observations .\nconcerning finding three dull coloured species together . i am not sure if the colour similarity is significant , but these three dorids feed on sponges which can tolerate quite extreme ecological conditions . certainly h . fuscescens can be found high on rocky shores and similarly dendrodoris nigra can be found in luke - warm water in upper tidal pools . shallow sea - grass beds are also not the best places for sponges but those that are found there are tough and adaptible . so i would say these three species were found together because of the adaptibilty of the sponges they feed on - but i don ' t know if their similar colouration is an adaptation for such conditions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npease , w . h . ( 1871 ) descriptions of new species of nudibranchiate mollusca inhabiting polynesia . no . 2 . american journal of conchology . 7 ( 1 ) : 11 - 19\npruvot - fol , a . ( 1930 ) diagnose provisoires ( incompl\u00e8tes ) des esp\u00e8ces nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par mme . a . pruvot - fol en nouvelle cal\u00e9donie ( ile des pins ) . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle paris , 2 : 229 - 232 .\nrisbec , j . ( 1928 ) contribution a l ' \u00e9tude des nudibranches n\u00e9o - cal\u00e9doniens . faune des colonies francaises , 2 ( 1 ) : 328 , pls . 1 - 12 .\nlocality : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , 16 march 1982 , live length of pictured animal , 18 mm . on halisarca sp . am . c115783\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\npease , w . h . 1871 ,\ndescriptions of new nudibranchiate mollusca inhabiting polynesia\n, american journal of conchology , vol . 7 , pp . 11 - 20\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 01f63edf - 8d0c - 4b1a - ad8d - a05528fdd12d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 131d379a - 5efe - 4d99 - a0b7 - ac7e9c23ab10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5549141b - 1ce8 - 4c18 - bf9e - f78b35b78a88\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5c7b1767 - daa5 - 4979 - bdff - c08ea6d9b985\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 507118\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\narrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal - 18 mm\ni found this little nudibranch moving among seagrass at low tide . it wasn ' t feeding . i have never seen it before , nor have i seen any picture of it , and it has not been recorded in philibert bidgrain ' s website .\nlocality : moutsoumbatsou reef , 1 metre , mayotte island , france , mozambique channel , indian ocean , 8 august 2009 , sand and seagrass . length : 15 mm . photographer : matthias deuss .\nby the way , most of the nudibranchs i found on this reef , which is mostly covered by seagrass and seaweeds , were black or very dark , uncolored species : this one , actinocyclus verrucosus and dendrodoris nigra . is it more than a coincidence ?\nlocality : alexandra headland , mooloolaba , 100 mm , queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 10 april 2004 , intertidal . length : 20 mm . photographer : gary cobb .\nit ' s nice to get a photo of its egg ribbon . in the middle photo we also get a good view of the ' goblet ' - shaped gill cluster which is so characteristic of this family . i would be interested in any photos you have of it on its food sponge [ see message # 17533 ] .\nalso nice to see the photo of the very colourful form of pectenodoris trilineata .\nlocality : heron island , intertidal , queensland , australia , pacific , 10 nov . 2000 , intertidal . length : 16 mm . photographer : julie marshall .\nthe 11 to 14 , small gills , are arranged in a tight , upright circle around the anal papillae . they are uniformly dark grey to black\nthe intensity of the background colour of the mantle apparently varies with the age of the individual ; juveniles are pale greyish because they posses relatively few dark pigment granules . whereas adults are black because they posses numerous pigment granules .\n. the sponges are so named because they are often form a thin smooth slimy film over the rock on which they are attached .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 924, "summary": [{"text": "crotalus lepidus is a venomous pit viper species found in the southwestern united states and northern central mexico .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "four subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "crotalus lepidus", "paragraphs": ["comparison of venom composition and biological activities of the subspecies crotalus lepidus lepidus , crotalus lepidus klauberi and crotalus lepidus morulus from mexico .\ncrotalus lepidus lepidus ( kennicott 1861 ) caudisona lepida kennicott 1861 : 206 crotalus lepidus lepidus \u2014 gloyd 1936 crotalus lepidus \u2014 cope 1883 crotalus semicornutus taylor 1944 crotalus lepidus lepidus \u2014 klauber 1952 : 45 crotalus lepidus castaneu crotalus lepidus \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 227 crotalus lepidus lepidus \u2014 conant & collins 1991 : 237 crotalus lepidus lepidus \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus lepidus \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 287 crotalus lepidus lepidus \u2014 tennant & bartlett 2000 : 535 uropsophus lepidus \u2014 hoser 2009 crotalus lepidus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 191 crotalus lepidus klauberi gloyd 1936 crotalus lepidus klauberi gloyd 1936 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 klauber 1952 : 53 crotalus lepidus kaluberi [ sic ] \u2014 van devender & lowe 1977 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 228 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 tanner 1985 : 663 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 conant & collins 1991 : 237 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 dixon 2000 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 tennant & bartlett 2000 : 538 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 bryson 2007 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 love 2011 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 monzel 2012 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 werning 2012 crotalus lepidus klauberi \u2014 weima 2013 crotalus lepidus maculosus tanner , dixon & harris 1972 crotalus lepidus maculosus tanner , dixon & harris 1972 crotalus lepidus maculosus \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus lepidus maculossus \u2014 welch 1994 : 47 ( in error ) crotalus lepidus maculosus \u2014 beaman & hayes 2008\ncomparison of venom composition and biological activities of the subspecies crotalus lepidus lepidus , crotalus lepidus klauberi and crotalus lepidu . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ncrotalus lepidus morulus klauber 1952 : 52 crotalus lepidus morulus \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus lepidus morulus \u2014 bryson 2007 crotalus morulus \u2014 bryson et al . 2014 crotalus morulus \u2014 ter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez et al 2016\nthese are relatively small rattlesnakes . crotalus oreganus was included in crotalus viridis until recently ( see crotalus viridis account ) .\ncomparison of venom composition and biological activities of the subspecies crotalus lepidus lepidus , c . l . klauberi and c . l . morulus from mexico .\nvenom phenotypes of the rock rattlesnake ( crotalus lepidus ) and the ridge - nosed rattlesnake ( crotalus willardi ) from m\u00e9xico and the united states .\nbeaupre , s . 1993 . an ecological study of oxygen - consumption in the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus - lepidus - lepidus , and the black - tailed rattlesnake , crotalus - molossus - molossus .\nvenom phenotypes of the rock rattlesnake ( crotalus lepidus ) and the ridge - nosed rattlesnake ( crotalus willardi ) from m\u00e9xico and the united states . - pubmed - ncbi\nliner , e . a . , and a . h . chaney . 1986 . crotalus lepidus lepidus ( mottled rock rattlesnake ) . reproduction . herpetological review 17 ( 4 ) : 89 .\na characteristic distinguishing it quite well ( apart from the livery ) from the crotalus lepidus lepidus is the absence of the typical dark line going , in this last one , from the buccal rima to the eye .\nwe characterized the venom of three subspecies of c . lepidus complex from mexico .\nstrimple , pete 1993 . report on the feeding and growth of a juvenile mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus lepidus , during three years in captivity . litteratura serpentium 13 ( 3 ) : 89 - 94 - get paper here\nvelde , hans v . d . 1995 . breeding results : crotalus lepidus klauberi . litteratura serpentium 15 ( 5 ) : 134 - get paper here\ngoldberg , stephen r . 2000 . reproduction in the rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus ( serpentes : viperidae ) . herpetological natural history 7 ( 1 ) : 83 - 86\non these background colours stand out some well spaced bands , of dark colour , black or brown , and , among them , are often spread small dark spots which , however , are never so thick and close as is the case of the subspecies crotalus lepidus lepidus .\ngoldberg , s . 1999 . reproduction in the blacktail rattlesnake , crotalus molossus .\nportrait of a southern pacific rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis helleri ) on white background .\nthe greatest recorded length for a c . l . lepidus specimen is 775 mm ( boundy , 1995 )\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson and arturo rocha . 2011 . crotalus lepidus ( rock rattlesnake ) feeding behavior . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 439 - get paper here\ndesantis , dominic l . , vicente mata - silva and jerry d . johnson . 2015 . crotalus lepidus ( rock rattlesnake ) diet / scavenging . herpetological review 46 ( 2 ) : 268 - 269\ngloyd , howard k . 1936 . the subspecies of crotalus lepidus . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 337 ) : 1 - 5 + 1 plate - get paper here\nmata silva , vicente ,\necology of the rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus , in the northern chihuahuan desert\n( 2011 ) . etd collection for university of texas , el paso . aai3489984 . urltoken\nbeaupre , s . j . 1995 . comparative ecology of the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus , in big ben national park . herpetologica 51 ( 1 ) : 45 - 56 . [ links ]\nbanda - leal , javier , david lazcano , manuel nev\u00e1rez - de los reyes and alejandro huereca - delgado . 2015 . crotalus lepidus ( rock rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 46 ( 1 ) : 102\n1 , 434 crotalus stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nbeaupre , s . j . 1996 . field metabolic rate , water flux , and energy budgets of mottled rock rattlesnakes , crotalus lepidus , from two populations . copeia 1996 ( 2 ) : 319 - 329 .\n51 - swinford , g . w . 1994 . project summary 1991 - 1994 , a continued study of the mottled race of the rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus lepidus , in southeastern new mexico currently listed state endangered . share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish . contract # 93 - 516 . 6 - 2 . view document\nwestern diamondback bites camera ! ! ! red crotalus atrox a . k . a . blood diamond\ntanner , wilmer w . , james r . dixon and herbert s . harris 1972 . a new subspecies of crotalus lepidus from western mexico . great basin naturalist 32 ( 1 ) : 16 - 24 - get paper here\nfor information on c . lepidus klauberi , which is also found in new mexico , texas , and arizona , see 030174 .\njacob , j . s . , and j . s . altenbach . 1977 . sexual dimorphism in crotalus lepidus klauberi gloyd ( reptilia , serpentes , viperidae ) . journal of herpetology 11 ( 1 ) : 81 - 84 .\njohnson , t . b . , and g . s . mills . 1982 . a preliminary report on the status of crotalus lepidus , c . pricei , and c . willardi in southeastern arizona . arizona natural heritage program , phoenix .\nmccrystal , h . k . , c . r . schwalbe , and d . f . retes . 1996 . selected aspects of the ecology of the arizona ridge - nosed rattlesnake ( crotalus willardi willardi ) and the banded rock rattlesnake ( crotalus lepidus klauberi ) in arizona . report to the arizona game and fish department , heritage grant iipam 192034 .\nthe rock rattlesnakes , labelled with the scientific name of crotalus lepidus - kennicott , 1861 , are small viperids ( viperidae ) , afferent to the well known subfamily of the crotalides ( crotalinae ) having an elegant look , as suggested by the latin scientific name , \u201clepidus\u201d , which , besides being a proper name of the old rome , means something like \u201cgraceful\u201d , \u201celegant\u201d , or \u201ccoy\u201d .\ncarbajal - marquez , rub\u00e9n alonso and gustavo e . quintero - diaz . 2015 . diet of crotalus lepidus ( serpentes : viperidae ) in mesa montoro , aguascalientes , m\u00e9xico . revista mexicana de herpetolog\u00eda 1 ( 1 ) : 18\u201321 - get paper here\n( crotalus viridis viridis , ) . paper presented at meeting of the animal behavior society , tucson , az .\nchristman , b . l . , a . barkalow , r . d . jennings , g . l . hamilton and j . bain 2016 . crotalus lepidus kaluberi ( banded rock rattlesnake ) diet / mortality . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 477 .\nthe treatments represent the phenotypic extremes of crotalus l . lepidus found in eastern and western regions of west texas ( refer to figure 1a ) . the treatments are ( from left to right ) eastern unblotched , eastern blotched , western unblotched , and western blotched .\nnatureserve explorer , 2004 .\ncrotalus molossus\n( on - line ) . accessed july 06 , 2004 at urltoken .\ngreat basin rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis lutosis ) are the only venomous reptiles in most of the great basin desert . night scene\nrattlesnake of the reeds . rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes of the genera crotalus and sistrurus of the subfamily crotalinae .\ntanner , wilmer w . ; dixon , james r . ; and harris , herbert s . jr . ( 1972 )\na new subspecies of crotalus lepidus from western mexico ,\ngreat basin naturalist : vol . 32 : no . 1 , article 2 . available at : urltoken\nthe northwestern neotropical rattlesnake is characterised by its large size , pronounced vertebral ridge , and a highly potentent venom . crotalus culminatus .\nan examination of additional specimens of crotalus lepidus from western durango and the adjacent parts of sinaloa and nayarit have demonstrated the validity of klauber ' s ( 1956 ) suggestion that a new subspecies may occur . the new subspecies ( c . l . maculosus ) is described and compared to other subspecies .\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , arturo rocha , and steven dilks 2014 . rainwater - harvesting by the rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus , in the chihuahuan desert of western texas . southwestern naturalist jun 2014 , vol . 59 , no . 2 : 303 - 304 . - get paper here\npanamint rattlesnake ( crotalus mitchellii stephensi ) under a pinyon pine tree in basin and range national monument , lincoln county , nevada , usa .\ngeographical distribution of crotalus durissus with stomach contents from central region of brazil covering forest formations of amazon and atlantic forest , caatinga and cerrado .\nfood composition in individual males , females , newborns and juveniles of crotalus durissus from central region of brazil ( n = 30 snakes ) .\nwinchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here\nmolecular model of snake venom toxin convulxin found in a tropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus , 3d illustration . this toxin causes blood clot formation after snake bite\necheverrigaray , s . , grazziotin , g . , grazziotin , f . & agostini , g . 2000 . random amplified polymorphisms between two south american subspecies of rattlesnakes ( crotalus durissus collilineatus e crotalus durissus terrificus ) . braz . arch . biol . techn . 313 - 317 . [ links ]\nholycross , a . t . , c . w . painter , d . b . prival , d . e . swann , m . t . schroff , t . edwards , and c . r . schwalbe . diet of crotalus lepidus klauberi ( banded rock rattlesnake ) . journal of herpetology 36 ( 4 ) : 589 - 597 .\nlepidus : usa ( se new mexico , sw texas ) , ne mexico ( chihuahua [ hr 31 : 113 ] , coahuila ) ; type locality : presidio del norte and eagle pass , texas .\na further odd and interesting characteristic is the longevity of these small viperids : often bigger animals do have a longer life than the small ones , but it is not always the case , and the crotalus lepidus may live up to 25 and more years , third in ranking , among the crotalides , after crotalus atrox and agkistrodon contortrix ( 30 and 29 years respectively ) \u2026 . maybe thanks to its retired and monastic life , as a hermit of the mountains , little prone to the stress and lover of its own privacy .\nmodels were placed in the eastern region on limestone rocks and western region on volcanic rocks ( refer to figure 1a ) during the course of the predation study . the upper graph ( a ) is showing the proportion of attacks on models that mimicked the coloration of crotalus l . lepidus from the eastern region . the lower graph ( b ) is showing the proportion of attacks on models that mimicked the coloration of c . l . lepidus from the western region . the x - axis indicates the type of damage the models sustained as either avian attacks or non - predator disturbances .\nthe western diamondback rattlesnake or texas diamond - back ( crotalus atrox ) is a venomous rattlesnake species found in southwestern united states , mexico . likely responsible for snakebite fatalities\nfood item , ameiva ameiva , recorded in the stomach of a female crotalus durissus . specimen deposited in the cole\u00e7\u00e3o herpetol\u00f3gica da universidade de bras\u00edlia ( chunb 49673 ) .\nto cite this page : desai , m . 2004 .\ncrotalus molossus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nclark , r . w . 2002 . diet of the timber rattlesnake crotalus horridus . j . herpetol . 36 ( 3 ) : 494 - 499 . [ links ]\nprival , d . b . , and j . p . porter . 2016 . rock rattlesnake crotalus lepidus ( kennicott 1861 ) . pages 433 - 459 in g . w . schuett , m . j . feldner , c . f . smith , and r . s . reiserer ( eds ) . 2016 . rattlesnakes of arizona , volume 1 . eco herpetological publishing , rodeo , nm .\nprival , d . b . 2008 . morphology , reproduction , and habitat use of a northern population of banded rock rattlesnakes , crotalus lepidus klauberi . pages 431 - 440 in w . k . hayes , k . r . beaman , m . d . cardwell , and s . p . bush ( editors ) , the biology of rattlesnakes . loma linda university press , loma linda , california .\ni was interested to here your description of color variants to c . l . klauberi . i have seen specimens at the arizona sonora desert museum and also have been on trips to the chiricahuas and huachucas where we collected them on talus slopes . all of these specimens were green . at the museum and in the snakes of arizona by fowlie , crotalus lepidus klauberi is referred to as the green rock rattlesnake .\nsuch small litters mean that although c . l . lepidus breeds every year , it still has a low reproductive rate . most young are born in mid - to late summer , 8 to 10 after mating ( tennant , 1984 )\nholycross , a . t . , painter , c . w . , prival , d . v . , shawnn , d . e . , schroff , m . j . , edwards , t . & schwalbe , c . r . 2002 . diet of crotalus lepidus klauberi ( banded rock rattlesnake ) . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 589 - 597 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]\ncrotalus molossus is a venomous pit viper species found in the southwestern united states and mexico . common names : black - tailed rattlesnake , green rattler , northern black - tailed rattlesnake .\nborja , miguel ; david lazcano , gerardo mart\u00ednez - romero , jes\u00fas morlett , elda s\u00e1nchez , ana c . cepeda - nieto , yolanda garza - garc\u00eda , and alejandro zugasti - cruz 2013 . intra - specific variation in the protein composition and proteolytic activity of venom of crotalus lepidus morulus from the northeast of mexico . copeia dec 2013 , vol . 2013 , no . 4 : 707 - 716 . - get paper here\nbig curve creepy viperidae crotalus asp serpentine on white backdrop . outline black ink hand drawn zoo pictogram emblem logo sketchy in art retro doodle style pen on paper space for text . closeup view\nhoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here\nlate pleistocene and holocene snakes from the great basin and the colorado plateau include the genus , crotalus , and the species , c . viridis ( mead and bell , 1994 ) * 34 * .\nmacarthney , j . m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia . herpetologica 45 ( 3 ) : 299 - 304 . urltoken [ links ]\nsantos , s . m . & germano , v . j . 1996 . crotalus durissus ( neotropical rattlesnake ) prey . herpetol . rev . 27 ( 3 ) : 143 . [ links ]\nconsidering data to other viperids ( sawaya et al . 2008 ; marques et al . 2009 ; barbo et al . 2011 ) the frequency of individuals of crotalus durissus with prey in the stomach was low .\nthe specific name apparently comes from the latin word lapidis , meaning\nstone ,\nin reference to the snakes ' affinity for living in rocky terrain , or perhaps from the latin adjective lepidus , meaning\npleasant or charming\n( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .\npifano , f . & rodriguez - acosta , a . 1996 . ecological niche and redescription of crotalus vegrandis ( serpentes : crotalidae ) in venezuela . brenesia 45 - 46 : 169 - 175 . [ links ]\nty - jour ti - a new subspecies of crotalus lepidus from western mexico t2 - the great basin naturalist . vl - 32 ur - urltoken pb - m . l . bean life science museum , brigham young university , cy - provo , utah : py - 1972 sp - 16 ep - 24 do - 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 25765 sn - 0017 - 3614 au - tanner , w w au - dixon , j r au - harris , h s er -\nhoyos , m . a . 2012 . a cascavel neotropical crotalus durissus : uma abordagem morfol\u00f3gica e da hist\u00f3ria natural em popula\u00e7\u00f5es do brasil . tese de doutorado , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo . [ links ]\nw\u00fcster , w . & b\u00e9rnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417\u2013419\nthe head of the lepidus is triangular and distinct from the neck , also if less evidently than what happens in other crotalides , the eye has elliptic and vertical pupil , and , in fact , this serpent is of mainly crepuscular and nocturnal habits , even if it may be met during the day .\ntozetti , a . m . , & martins , m . 2008 . habitat use by the south - american rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus ) in southeastern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 1435 - 1444 . urltoken [ links ]\ncollection sites with voucher numbers of studied specimens of crotalus durissus and stomach contents from central region of brazil . chunb , cole\u00e7\u00e3o herpetol\u00f3gica da universidade de bras\u00edlia ; ibsp , instituto butantan ; mzusp , museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo .\ndiller , l . v . & wallace , r . l . 1996 . comparative ecology of two snake species ( crotalus viridis and pituophis melanoleucus ) in southwestern idaho . herpetologica 52 ( 3 ) : 343 - 360 . urltoken [ links ]\nsant ' anna , s . & abe a . s . 2007 . diet of the rattlesnake crotalus durissus in southeastern brazil ( serpentes , viperidae ) . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 42 ( 3 ) : 169 - 174 . urltoken [ links ]\nbeaupre , s . j . , duvall , d . & o ' leile , j . 1998 . ontogenetic variation in growth and sexual size dimorphism in a central arizona population of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . copeia 1 : 40 - 47 . [ links ]\nbryson jr , robert w . ; robert w . murphy , amy lathrop and david lazcano - villareal 2011 . evolutionary drivers of phylogeographical diversity in the highlands of mexico : a case study of the crotalus triseriatus species group of montane rattlesnakes . journal of biogeography 38 : 697\u2013710 - get paper here\nsalom\u00e3o , m . g . , almeida - santos , s . m . & puorto , g . 1995 . activity pattern of crotalus durissus ( viperidae , crotalinae ) : feeding , reproduction and snakebite . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 30 ( 2 ) : 101 - 106 [ links ]\nprairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) exhibited a sustained high rate of tongue flicking after a predatory strike whether or not rodent odors were present in the poststrike environment . for the lizard specialist , c . pricei , strike - induced chemosensory searching was maintained at a high level only when chemical cues were available following the strike .\ncampbell , j . a . , e . d . brodie , jr . , d . g . barker , and a . h . price . 1989 . an apparent natural hybrid rattlesnake and crotalus willardi ( viperidae ) from the peloncillo mountains of southwestern new mexico . herpetologica 45 ( 3 ) : 344 - 349 .\nnorthern populations of black - tailed rattlesnakes recently have been recognized as actually consisting of two species , crotalus molossus and c . ornatus ( anderson and greenbaum 2012 ) . populations west of southwestern new mexico are recognized as c . molossus , but relatively little change in the boundary would put c . ornatus into the california wash area .\nthe herpetologist james bear , tragically passed away in 2008 due to the bite of a crotalus horridus , reported the following variants : in the chiricahua zone , a marbled or mottled livery with silver and black shades , a black predominance on the franklin mountains , whilst other specimens show light blue , or lavender , or pink or green colours .\nthe south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , is restricted to south america ( campbell & lamar 2004 ) and has a discontinuous distribution ( w\u00fcster et al . 2005 ) from colombia to argentina ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) . some populations exhibit considerable ecological variation , with closeby populations differing greatly from each other ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) .\na free - ranging specimen of crotalus durissus unicolor on aruba island was observed after striking rodent prey ( calomys hummelincki ) and after no - strike presentations . strike - induced chemosensory searching and trail following were seen after strikes . when a chemical trail was not present following a strike , the snake searched extensively near its refuge , but never emerged from it .\nprival , d . b . , goode , m . j . , swann , d . e . , schwalbe , c . r . & schroff , m . j . 2002 . natural history of a northern population of twin - spotted rattlesnakes , crotalus pricei . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 598 - 607 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]\nthe venom , besides the cytotoxins , which cause skin and muscular necrosis , has an haemotoxic action , with possible seemingly paradoxical and opposite phenomena of haemorrhages and thrombosis , but it has also neurotoxins which , even if not so much strong as in other species of rattlesnakes ( crotalus durissus o cascavel ) and of many elapids , may worsen the symptoms and cause breathing and cardiac problems .\nw\u00fcster , w . , ferguson , j . e . , quijada - mascare\u00f1as , j . a . , pook , c . e . & salom\u00e3o , m . d . 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . mol . ecol . 14 ( 4 ) : 1095 - 1108 . urltoken [ links ]\nbryson , robert w . ; jr . , charles w . linkem , michael e . dorcas , amy lathrop , jason m . jones , javier alvarado - d\u00edaz , christoph i . gr\u00fcnwald & robert w . murphy 2014 . multilocus species delimitation in the crotalus triseriatus species group ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) , with the description of two new species . zootaxa 3826 ( 3 ) : 475\u2013496 - get paper here\nquijada - mascare\u00f1as , j . a . , ferguson , j . e . , pook , c . e . , salom\u00e3o , m . g . , thorpe , r . s . & w\u00fcster , w . 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . j . biogeogr . 34 : 1296 - 1312 . urltoken [ links ]\neach of 10 prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) was exposed to three types of trails after striking rodent prey ( mus musculus ) . one trail was made with mouse urine , another was made with tap water , and the third consisted of materials from mouse integument . the snakes exhibited trailing behavior only when integumentary trails were available . it was concluded that prairie rattlesnakes do not utilize urinary cues ; instead they attend to materials associated with rodent skin and fur .\nthe copperhead and cottonmouth occur only east of our region . however , the region hosts a large number of species of rattlesnake , all of which are placed in the genus crotalus except for the massasauga ( sistrurus catenatus ) . although crotalid vertebrae are distinctive from those of other snakes of our region , few if any species are identifiable with certainty on the basis of vertebrae . although there are differences in adult size among the species , this seldom is conclusive in identification .\nall food items were removed from the stomach and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level . each of the contents was deposited in a glass container with the same identification number as the specimen ( voucher number ) . the intestinal content was determined while taking into account the type of food residue . in addition , available literature records of prey were included in this study , which analyzed the food composition for crotalus durissus from southeastern brazil ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) .\n2013 : rattlesnakes , primarily of the genus crotalus , are harvested in rattlesnake round - ups for the meat and skin trade * 54 * . 2013 : although the effect of snake harvest on some local populations should be taken seriously , the numbers are not nearly as staggering as the number of snakes lost to road mortality * 54 * . 2016 : as the climate changes this species\u2019 range is predicted to decrease by 4 % by 2039 and 8 % by 2099 from its current range * 53 * .\nmammal specialization may be related to several life history strategies ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in some species of pitvipers , it could be associated with the increased venom toxicity in juveniles ; this may be a consequence of the need to immobilize larger prey such as a mammal ( andrade & abe 1999 ) . furthermore , the adoption of a juvenile diet based on mammals is more profitable energetically than an ecthothermic diet ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in crotalus durissus populations , the low frequency of ectothermic prey could explain such eventual facts .\nwe placed 40 models in each of the twelve sites to test the prediction that selective predation maintains the color polymorphism in snakes . we had 10 replicates of each combination of color and blotching per site ( = 480 total models ) . models were left in place for a period of 14 d . we secured individual models to rocks with adhesive backed velcro\u00ae at approximately 10 m intervals within typical c . l . lepidus habitat . where possible , models were placed along a single linear transect ( all following the edge of a cliff ) ; and multiple transects were used to accommodate all 40 models when a single linear transect was not possible ( multiple transects stacked above the cliff edge ) . models were randomly placed on rocks with the lowest amount of overhead obstruction ( vegetation , large rock formations , etc . ) as possible .\npatrones de alimentaci\u00f3n fueron investigados en la composici\u00f3n de la dieta de 452 ejemplares de crotalus durissus de brasil central . treinta y tres \u00edtems fueron registrados , correspondientes a cuatro categor\u00edas : roedores ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupiales ( 6 . 6 % ) , mam\u00edferos no identificados ( 9 . 09 % ) y reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . los adultos de ambos sexos e individuos j\u00f3venes se alimentaron b\u00e1sicamente de mam\u00edferos , en espec\u00edfico de roedores , esta es la presa m\u00e1s activa y abundante durante todo el a\u00f1o , principalmente en las \u00e1reas de cerrado . adem\u00e1s fue observado que en c . durissus existe una tendencia a que la dieta de las hembras sea m\u00e1s diversa , factor que podr\u00eda estar relacionado a las diferencias sexuales que implican diferentes estrategias de alimentaci\u00f3n en la biolog\u00eda de esta serpiente cascabel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhome \u00bb resources \u00bb categories and criteria \u00bb 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1\nsee below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .\nthe iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .\nextensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .\nbefore 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .\nto give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .\nsince their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .\nthe proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :\nversion 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .\nversion 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 2 : mace and stuart ( 1994 ) following further comments received and additional validation exercises , some minor changes to the criteria were made . in addition , the susceptible category present in versions 2 . 0 and 2 . 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category . a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .\nversion 2 . 3 : iucn ( 1994 ) iucn council adopted this version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from iucn members , in december 1994 . the initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details , such as date of publication and isbn number , but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999 . this version was used for the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) , the world list of threatened trees ( oldfield et al 1998 ) and the 2000 iucn red list of threatened species ( hilton - taylor 2000 ) .\nversion 3 . 0 : iucn / ssc criteria review working group ( 1999 ) following comments received , a series of workshops were convened to look at the iucn red list criteria following which , changes were proposed affecting the criteria , the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty .\nversion 3 . 1 : iucn ( 2001 ) the iucn council adopted this latest version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the iucn and ssc memberships and from a final meeting of the criteria review working group , in february 2000 .\nall new assessments from january 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number .\nin the rest of this document , the proposed system is outlined in several sections . section ii , the preamble , presents basic information about the context and structure of the system , and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species . section iii provides definitions of key terms used . section iv presents the categories , while section v details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories . annex i provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria ; annex ii suggests a standard format for citing the red list categories and criteria ; and annex iii outlines the documentation requirements for taxa to be included on iucn ' s global red lists . it is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed .\nthe information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories ( critically endangered , endangered , etc . ) , criteria ( a to e ) , and subcriteria ( 1 , 2 , etc . ; a , b , etc . ; i , ii , etc . ) .\nextinction is a chance process . thus , a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction , and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one ( without effective conservation action ) . however , the persistence of some taxa in high - risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .\nall taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered , and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable . together these categories are described as ' threatened ' . the threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme . it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories ( see figure 1 ) .\nfor listing as critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria ; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat . each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria . even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa ( some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come ) , there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon . the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met , not whether all are appropriate or all are met . because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon , each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria , and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed .\nthe different criteria ( a - e ) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit . the quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation , and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels , even if no formal justification for these values exists . the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard . broad consistency between them was sought .\nthe criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it . it is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened . conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements ( see annex 3 ) .\ntaxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences ( catastrophes ) should be identified by the criteria ( e . g . small distributions , few locations ) . some threats need to be identified particularly early , and appropriate actions taken , because their effects are irreversible or nearly so ( e . g . , pathogens , invasive organisms , hybridization ) .\nthe data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty . such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors : natural variation , vagueness in the terms and definitions used , and measurement error . the way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation . details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in annex 1 , and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles .\nin general , when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments , the range of possible outcomes should be specified . a single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented ; it should be both precautionary and credible .\nwhen data are very uncertain , the category of ' data deficient ' may be assigned . however , in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category . it is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and / or other causal factors ; therefore the liberal use of ' data deficient ' is discouraged .\nlisting in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made , though for different reasons . until such time as an assessment is made , taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened . it may be appropriate ( especially for data deficient forms ) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .\nall assessments should be documented . threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met . no assessment can be accepted for the iucn red list as valid unless at least one criterion is given . if more than one criterion or subcriterion is met , then each should be listed . if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met , this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat ( downlisting ) . instead , the taxon should be re - evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status . the factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria , especially where inference and projection are used , should be documented ( see annexes 2 and 3 ) . the documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in annex 3 .\nthe category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action . the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances , whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs , logistics , chances of success , and other biological characteristics of the subject .\nre - evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals . this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened , data deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .\na taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more .\nif the original classification is found to have been erroneous , the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether , without delay ( but see point 10 above ) .\nthe term ' population ' is used in a specific sense in the red list criteria that is different to its common biological usage . population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon . for functional reasons , primarily owing to differences between life forms , population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only . in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles , biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .\nsubpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange ( typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less ) .\nthe number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known , estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction . when estimating this quantity , the following points should be borne in mind :\nmature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted ( e . g . densities are too low for fertilization ) .\nin the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios , it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals , which take this into account .\nwhere the population size fluctuates , use a lower estimate . in most cases this will be much less than the mean .\nreproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals , except where such units are unable to survive alone ( e . g . corals ) .\nin the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle , the estimate should be made at the appropriate time , when mature individuals are available for breeding .\nre - introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are counted as mature individuals .\ngeneration length is the average age of parents of the current cohort ( i . e . newborn individuals in the population ) . generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population . generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual , except in taxa that breed only once . where generation length varies under threat , the more natural , i . e . pre - disturbance , generation length should be used .\na reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount ( % ) stated under the criterion over the time period ( years ) specified , although the decline need not be continuing . a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this . the downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction .\na continuing decline is a recent , current or projected future decline ( which may be smooth , irregular or sporadic ) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken . fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines , but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .\nextreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely , rapidly and frequently , typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude ( i . e . a tenfold increase or decrease ) .\nthe phrase ' severely fragmented ' refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations ( in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information ) . these small subpopulations may go extinct , with a reduced probability of recolonization .\nextent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon , excluding cases of vagrancy ( see figure 2 ) . this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa ( e . g . large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat ) ( but see ' area of occupancy ' , point 10 below ) . extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon ( the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence ) .\nfigure 2 . two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy . ( a ) is the spatial distribution of known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence . ( b ) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence , which is the measured area within this boundary . ( c ) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares .\nthe term ' location ' defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present . the size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations . where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event , location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat .\na quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history , habitat requirements , threats and any specified management options . population viability analysis ( pva ) is one such technique . quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data . in a situation in which there is limited information , such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk ( for instance , estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat ) . in presenting the results of quantitative analyses , the assumptions ( which must be appropriate and defensible ) , the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented .\nextinct ( ex ) a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . a taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .\nextinct in the wild ( ew ) a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation , in captivity or as a naturalized population ( or populations ) well outside the past range . a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .\ncritically endangered ( cr ) a taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for critically endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .\nendangered ( en ) a taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .\nvulnerable ( vu ) a taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for vulnerable ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nnear threatened ( nt ) a taxon is near threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable now , but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .\nleast concern ( lc ) a taxon is least concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable or near threatened . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nnot evaluated ( ne ) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .\nnote : as in previous iucn categories , the abbreviation of each category ( in parenthesis ) follows the english denominations when translated into other languages ( see annex 2 ) .\n( e ) the effects of introduced taxa , hybridization , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 % within 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) ."]}
{"id": 927, "summary": [{"text": "felis chaus furax is a subspecies of the jungle cat .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "in 1898 , the british zoologist william edward de winton examined the collection of jungle cat skins in the natural history museum and revised taxonomic assessments of the jungle cat group .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a single skin collected near jericho in 1864 prompted him to describe the new subspecies felis chaus furax as this skin was smaller than other egyptian jungle cat skins . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "felis chaus furax", "paragraphs": ["ogurlu , i . , e . gundogdu , i . yildirim . 2010 . population status of jungle cat ( felis chaus ) in egirdir lake , turkey .\nto cite this page : fitzgerald , a . 2011 .\nfelis chaus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nmukherjee , s . , c . groves . 2007 . geographic variation in jungle cat ( felis chaus schreber , 1777 ) ( mammalia , carnivora , felidae ) body size : is competition responsible ? .\nduckworth , j . , c . poole , r . tizard , j . walston , r . timmins . 2005 . the jungle cat felis chaus in indochina : a threatened population of a widespread and adaptable species .\nduckworth , j . , r . steinmetz , j . sanderson , s . mukherjee . 2008 .\niucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . felis chaus . accessed march 15 , 2010 at urltoken .\nbaker , m . , k . nassar , l . rifai , m . qarqaz , w . al - melhim , z . amr . 2003 . on the current status and distribution of the jungle cat , felis chaus , in jordan ( mammalia : carnivora ) .\nmukherjee , s . , s . goyal , a . johnsingh , m . leite pitman . 2004 . the importance of rodents in the diet of juncle cat ( felis chaus ) , caracal ( caracal caracal ) and golden jackal ( canis aureus ) in sariska tiger reserve , rajasthan , india .\npeters , g . , l . baum , m . peters , b . tonkin - leyhausen . 2008 . spectral characteristics of intense mew calls in cat species of the genus felis ( mammalia : carnivora : felidae ) .\nscientific name : felis chaus common name : jungle cat , reed cat , swamp cat adult species ' characteristics : height at the shoulder : 14 - 15 inches ( 35 - 38 cm ) body length : ( body to nose ) : 20 - 30 inches ( 50 - 75 cm ) length of tail : 6 - 10 inches ( 15 - 25 cm ) weight : 9 - 35 lbs ( 4 - 16 kg ) diet : rodents , birds , hares , reptiles , amphibians , insects and small mammals . gestation period : 63 - 76 days age of maturity : 18 months breeding season : in central asia mating occurs during february and march . it has been suggested that they may breed twice a year . litter size : 1 - 6 average lifespan : 14 years predators : man\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\njungle cats have a wide ranging distribution that extends from egypt , israel , jordan , northern saudi arabia , syria , iraq , iran , to the shores of the caspian sea and the volga river delta , east through turkmenistan , uzbekistan , tadzhikistan , kazakhstan and to western xingjian , afghanistan , pakistan , nepal , india , sri lanka , myanmar , laos , thailand , cambodia , vietnam , and southwestern china .\njungle cats prefer habitats near water with dense vegetative cover but can be found in a variety of habitats including deserts ( where they are found near oases or along riverbeds ) , grasslands , shrubby woodlands and dry deciduous forests , as well as cleared areas in moist forests . they are commonly found in tall grass , thick brush , riverside swamps , and reed beds . they also adapt well to cultivated land and can be found in many different types of agriculture and forest plantations . jungle cats are known to occur at elevations of up to 2500 m , but are more common in lowlands .\n(\ninternational society for endangered cats\n, 2001 ; nowell and jackson , 1996 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\njungle cats range in size from 70 to 120 cm long and 35 to 38 cm tall . they weigh from 4 to 16 kg . adult males are larger and heavier than adult females . throughout their range , significant variation in mass occurs . for example , in west israel , they weigh 43 % more than those in east india . this is likely due to increased competition between different cat species in the east . jungle cats have long , slim faces with white lines above and below their bright yellow eyes with a dark spot just below each eye near the nose . they have long rounded ears , with a distinctive tuft of hair at the tips . jungle cats have relatively short tails , about 1 / 3 of their total body length , which have several dark rings along its length and a black tip . their coat color varies from a reddish or sandy brown to tawny grey . black jungle cats are regularly seen in southeastern pakistan and india . kittens may be striped and spotted , however , these markings typically fade with age and are only retained on the fore and hindlimbs . the muzzle , throat , and belly of the jungle cat are a pale cream color , and their winter coat is darker and denser than their summer coat .\njungle cat mating season is marked by the shrieks and fighting of male cats . vocalization rates of males and females increases prior to copulation . intense mew calls are used by both genders to attract potential mates . they also scent mark territorial boundaries , which may help them find and locate potential mates . male and female jungle cats may have multiple different mates throughout their lives .\n( mukherjee , 2008 ; peters , et al . , 2008 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\njungle cats breed twice a year and produce litters of 3 to 6 kittens . breeding season varies regionally and gestation lasts between 63 and 66 days . kittens are quite large at birth ( 136 g ) and gain weight at a rate of about 22 g per day . kittens nurse until they are about 90 days old , but begin to eat solid food around day 49 . they are not completely weaned until 15 weeks old . jungle cats are independent by 8 to 9 months of age and reach sexual maturity at 11 to 18 months of age .\njungle cats live in families consisting of mother , father , and offspring while cubs are being reared . paternal investment is limited to territorial defense while mothers provide cubs with food via nursing . young jungle cats develop predatory skills rapidly and are able to stalk , kill , and eat their own prey by 6 months old . at 8 to 9 months old , although only half the size of a mature adult , they are independent .\nin captivity , jungle cats live an average of 15 years , but have been known to live up to 20 years . lifespan in the wild ranges from 12 to 14 years .\n( mukherjee , 2008 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; weigl , 2005 )\nexcept for breeding season , jungle cats live solitary lives . they are most active at night , but are not strictly nocturnal . they are more often seen at dusk and travel approximately 5 to 6 km per night . they typically rest in dense cover during the day but often sunbathe on cold winter days . unlike most cat species , jungle cats have an affinity for water and are proficient swimmers that will dive into water to catch fish with their mouths .\n( mukherjee , 2008 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 ; taber , et al . , 1967 )\njungle cats have home ranges of 45 to 180 km ^ 2 , which they likely maintain via indirect means such as scent marking .\n( ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\njungle cats are solitary animals outside of mating season , however , family groups ( male , female , and cubs ) are not uncommon . vocal communication consists of meowing , chirping , purring , gurgling , growling , hissing , and barking . these noises have not been significantly studied , therefore , their meanings are not well understood . jungle cats also communicate via scent marking and cheek rubbing . like most felids , they use urine to scent mark their territory , which may help individuals avoid unwanted confrontation . when cats cheek rub , they leave saliva , which serves as a scent marker for other cats . they also cheek rub against scent markings to\npick up\nscents , and males often cheek rub females that are in estrus .\n( mellen , 1993 ; mukherjee and groves , 2007 ; nowell and jackson , 1996 ; peters , et al . , 2008 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\njungle cats primarily prey on animals that weigh less than 1 kg and commonly consume rodents , lizards , snakes , frogs , birds , hare , fish , insects , livestock , and even fruit during the winter . rodents are its primary prey item , however , which provides up to 70 % of its daily energy intake . although they specialize on small prey , jungle cats have been known to kill wild pigs (\n( baker , et al . , 2003 ; duckworth , et al . , 2008 ; mukherjee , et al . , 2004 ; mukherjee , 2008 )\nas cubs , jungle cat have markings that help camouflage them from potential predators . although they may sometimes fall prey to large snakes (\n) . they are often treated as pests and hunted or poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry . india formerly exported large numbers of jungle cat skins before they came under legal protection in 1976 , however , illegal trade continues to this day .\n( baker , et al . , 2003 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\nlittle is known of the ecological role that jungle cats play in their ecosystem . however , they primarily prey upon small rodents , which often carry parasites , and are known to eat a variety of other small prey items . in the wild , jungle cats are hosts for mites (\n( hoogstraal and trapido , 1963 ; hoogstraal , et al . , 1963 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; silva , et al . , 2001 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\njungle cats feed primarily on rodents , which provide up to 70 % of the cats daily energy intake . they are often spotted hunting near villages and farms where rodent populations tend to be higher and are sometimes viewed as pests themselves .\njungle cats can negatively impact poultry farm owners . as a result , jungle cats are often hunted and poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry .\n( mukherjee , 2008 ; ogurlu , et al . , 2010 ; sunquist and sunquist , 2002 )\nhabitat destruction and persecution by humans are the main threats to jungle cats . as the human population increases , more land is cultivated and jungle cats ' natural habitat is converted to farmland . although they are very adaptable , these altered environments do not support the same density of cats . in addition , farmers often hunt and poison jungle cats for attacking and killing poultry and are also poached for their fur . although laws have been implemented to protect them , illegal trade still continues in many countries . for example , over the last decade more than 3 , 000 jungle cat skins have been seized across the globe . currently , jungle cats are considered as a species of\nleast concern\nby the iucn , however , population numbers are currently declining .\namber fitzgerald ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides , between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide . an aquatic habitat .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ninternational society for endangered cats ( isec ) canada . 2001 .\ninternational society for endangered cats\n( on - line ) . accessed february 19 , 2010 at urltoken .\nbyers , a . 1996 . historical and contemporary human disturbance in the upper barun valley , makalu - barun .\nchandrasekar - rao , a . , m . sunquist . 1996 . ecology of small mammals in tropical forest habitats of southern india .\nchristiansen , p . , s . wroe . 2007 . bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores .\ndayan , t . , d . simberloff , e . tchernov , y . yom - tov . 1990 . feline canines : community - wide character displacement among the small cats of israel .\nhoogstraal , h . , h . trapido . 1963 . haemaphysalis silvafelis sp . n . , a parasite of the jungle cat in southern india ( ixodoidea , ixodidae ) .\nhoogstraal , h . , h . trapido , m . rebello . 1963 . haemaphysalis paraturturis sp . n . , a carnivore parasite of the h . turturis group in india ( ixodoidea , ixodidae ) .\nmellen , j . 1993 . a comparative analysis of scent - marking , social and reproductive behavior in 20 species of .\nrabinowitz , a . , s . walker . 1991 . the carnivore community in a dry tropical forest mosaic in huai kha khaeng wildlife .\nsilva , j . , s . ogassawara , m . marvulo , j . ferreira - neto , j . dubey . 2001 . toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from brazilian zoos .\ntaber , r . , a . sheri , m . ahmad . 1967 . mammals of the lyallpur region , west pakistan .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to 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{"id": 928, "summary": [{"text": "marthasterias is a genus of starfish in the family asteriidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is monotypic and the only species in the genus is marthasterias glacialis , commonly known as the spiny starfish .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is native to the eastern atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "marthasterias", "paragraphs": ["fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : marthasterias glacius . jpg\nas trusted on the\nmarthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\nfirst report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : ophidiaster ophidianus and marthasterias glacialis .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : marthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) 3 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nmarthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : marthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) 1 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nmarthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : marthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) oeil brachial . jpg\nas trusted on the\nmarthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\nfirst report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : ophidiaster ophidianus and marthasterias glacialis . - pubmed - ncbi\nbay - nouailhat a . , september 2005 , description of marthasterias glacialis , available on line at urltoken consulted on 09 july 2018 .\nsarah miller marked\ndescription\nas hidden on the\nmarthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . marthasterias glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of marthasterias rarispina ( perrier , 1875 ) ) clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]\n( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) jullien , j . ( 1878 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de stelleride de la famille des asteriadees . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france . 3 : 141 - 143 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]\np\u00e9rez - portela , r . villamor , a . and almada , v . 2010 . phylogeography of the sea star marthasterias glacialis ( asteroidea , echinodermata ) : deep genetic divergence between mitochondrial lineages in the north - western mediterranean . marine biology , vol . 157 , issue . 9 , p . 2015 .\nager , o . e . d . 2008 . marthasterias glacialis spiny starfish . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\n( of marthasterias rarispina ( perrier , 1875 ) ) clark , a . m . and mah , c . ( 2001 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . echinoderm studies , 6 : pp . 229 - 347 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of marthasterias foliacea jullien , 1878 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe seastar marthasterias glacialis ( l . ) was seen to spawn in two sea inlets , lough hyne ( 9\u00b018\u2032w ; 51\u00b030\u2032n ) and mulroy bay ( 7\u00b042\u2032w ; 55\u00b012\u2032n ) , ireland . spawning occurred during the afternoon and early evening between 13 . 30 and 21 . 30 hrs british summer time ( bst ) on sunny days during july and august , 1978 . groups remained assembled for days prior to spawning . solitary and grouped seastars arched themselves and released their gametes freely . local moderate onshore winds on sunny days resulted in increases of sea temperature which often induced spawning . males observed spawning ranged from 2 . 5 to 26 cm and females from 9 to 22 cm in diameter over the period 1978\u20131985 .\nasterias angulosa abildgaard in o . f . m\u00fcller , 1788 ( synonym according to sladen ( 1889 ) )\n( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndistribution from low intertidal to nearly 200 m depth , on rock and gravel , on west and southwest coasts of the british isles , devon to . . .\n( of asterias madeirensis stimpson , 1862 ) stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 263 [ details ]\n( of asterias rarispina perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . r\u00e9vision de la collection de stell\u00e9rides du museum d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 62 [ details ]\n( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) pennant , t . ( 1777 ) . british zoology . london 1777 . 4th edition ( 4 ) : 36 and pages 1 - 154 , tab 24 , fig 24 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 62 [ details ]\n( of stellonia webbiana d ' orbigny , 1839 ) orbigny , a . d ' . ( 1839 ) . echinodermes et polypiers in p . b . webb & s . berthelot , . histoire naturelle des iles canaries . 2 ( 2 ) : 148 - 149 , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 148 [ details ]\n( of asteracanthion webbianus ( d ' orbigny , 1839 ) ) dujardin , m . f . and hupe , m . h . ( 1862 ) . histoire naturelle des zoophytes \u00e9chinodermes : comprenant la description des crino\u00efdes , des ophiurides , des ast\u00e9rides , des \u00e9chinides et des holothurides . paris : libraire encyclopedique de roret . 627 pages , 10 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 340 [ details ]\n( of stellonia angulosa l . agassiz , 1836 ) agassiz , l . ( 1836 ) . prodrome d ' une monographie des radiaires ou echinodermes . m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences naturelles de neuch\u00e2tel . 1 , 168 - 199 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]\nhansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nclark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]\nsouthward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nhansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of stellonia webbiana d ' orbigny , 1839 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of asterias spinosa pennant , 1777 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of asterias rarispina perrier , 1875 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) hansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of asterias glacialis linnaeus , 1758 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of asterias madeirensis stimpson , 1862 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of stellonia glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) nardo , j . d . ( 1834 ) . de asteriis . isis von oken . 1834 : 716 - 717 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 716 [ details ]\n( of coscinasterias ( stolasterias ) glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) perrier , e . ( 1894 ) . stell\u00e9rides . exp\u00e9ditions scientifique travailleur et du talisman . 3 : 1 - 431 , 26 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 109 ; note : author is incorrectly attributed to linck [ details ]\n( of uraster glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) forbes , e . ( 1841 ) . a history of british starfishes and other animals of the class echinodermata . london ; john van voorst . 267 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]\n( of asteracanthion glacialis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) m\u00fcller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 14 [ details ]\n( of asterias angulosa abildgaard in o . f . m\u00fcller , 1788 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\njullien , j . ( 1878 ) . description d ' un nouveau genre de stelleride de la famille des asteriadees . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france . 3 : 141 - 143 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]\n: 5 - 9 ; up to 350 mm in diameter ( occasionally up to 700 mm ) ; coloured yellowish , orange , reddish , brownish or greenish .\nfound in a wide range of habitats from fully exposed rockfaces to muddy sites in calm bays . remarkable size differences are commonly found . spiny starfish from sheltered waters are larger than those of exposed coasts .\nparticularly in the northern parts of the north sea , scandinavia . elsewhere it is found on the western british coasts .\nmortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . humphrey milford , oxford university press : 471 pp .\nmoyse , j . & p . a . tyler , 1990 . echinodermata . in : p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ( eds ) : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe , volume 2 , molluscs to chordates . clarendon press , oxford : 839 - 871 .\npicton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . immel publishing : 96 pp .\nis recorded from the southwest and west coast of england and the west coast of scotland . it has only been recorded at one site on the east coast ( st abbs , scotland ) and has not been recorded in the eastern english channel .\nis found from extreme low water to about 200 m . it can be found in a variety of habitats from sheltered muddy sites to wave exposed rock faces .\narms with 3 longitudinal rows of white , spines ( usually purple tipped ) .\nfish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nhyman , l . v . , 1955 . the invertebrates : vol . iv . echinodermata . the coelomate bilateria . new york : mcgraw hill .\njncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken\nmortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . london : humphrey milford , oxford university press .\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\npicton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . london : immel publishing ltd .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is our largest starfish , reaching a diameter of impressing 70 cm . the central disk is relatively small . on the tip of each arm approximately eight purple spines produce a flower like formation . the arms are covered by large , white spines . each spine is surrounded by a white cushion . and the longitudinal rows of spines and cushions form a very distinct profile . the coloration varies from pale brown to yellow or orange .\nit thrives on all kind of substrates , from the subtidal zone and down to 200 meters .\nthe spine starfish is registered widespread over the atlantic ocean , on both hemispheres .\nthis starfish is large and has five very spiny arms . each arm bears three longitudinal rows of spike - like spines surrounded by large cushions of pedicellariae . smaller spines may be scattered between these rows . the spines are white and usually purple - tipped and the animal varies in colour from dirty brown to greenish - grey with purple tips to the arms . up to 35cm or more in diameter . small individuals might be mistaken for\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nantarctic researcher and general wonderer of the world . work at cefas and link with @ uniofeastanglia ( views my own ) . i like making things , and classical music\ni see you rain , you can\u2019t take it back now . so excited for the 21st , there\u2019s a 29 % chance of it being amazing . . . at 3pm . . . for one hour .\nsome great reading on nz southern right pop rebuild , and a rare ( albeit tender ) positive ocean story . . . . . yes its 2 . 20am , who knew that extracting a burp from a small bundle of warmth at this time is possibly the most rewarding sound on earth .\nas the uk heatwave continues , the shadows of ancient settlements have begun appearing in the fields . ancient ditches create lines of deeper soil , retaining more moisture and meaning the crops grow thicker . source :\nspecial issue of ' journal of fish biology ' - how about you ? needed by friday 13th july . the journal submission portal can be found at\non the 4th of june , with a bit of drizzle on the 14th . over the past 10 weeks it rained 4 times . the new normal ?\napparently , we had some midnight rain on the 14th of june , a drizzle on the 4th of june , and three times rain in may . it ' s been dry since the start of may otherwise , how is there any water left in the rivers . . . ?\nneue studie belegt : kaltwasserfische , die beispielsweise im nordpolarmeer leben , haben in den vergangenen millionen jahren doppelt so schnell neue arten ausgebildet wie tropische fische .\nis impossible to overstate . we had a hunch it was bad . report , after establishing id collection system , suggested only 4 - 11 breeding females in nz population . part 1 :\ni miss surfing the web . i miss stumbling via links onto weird homepages that link on to other weird homepages . every click led to new discoveries . i miss web 1 . 0\nscientists ! embrace the diversity in everyone . . . . and support everyone to reach their full potential . this will enrich us all\norca surfacing off sumburgh head , # shetland yesterday . thanks to @ shetlandwild traveller sofie larsson for three great days of photography ! urltoken\ncalling all fish & fisheries photographers ! ! - we are still open to last minute entries for our @ fsbi18 photographic competition . we are looking for images that illustrate the theme of\nsustainable use of fishes\n. send images to fsbi2018 @ urltoken @ fsbi18 @ cefasgovuk @ biouea urltoken\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npedicellariae : minute jawed elements of sea urchins and starfish used to clean body surface and as defensive means .\n, baie de concarneau , south - brittany , west of france . depth 5 meters .\nii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . ) | philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences\nii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . )\nthis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition ( ocr ) software . as such , it may contain errors . please contact the royal society if you find an error you would like to see corrected . mathematical notations produced through infty ocr .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nyou are going to email the following ii - on the nervous system of the starfish mathasterias glacialis ( l . )\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences web site .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nophrys exaltata subsp . archipelagi ( orchid ) ( ophrys arachnitiformis subsp . archipelagi ) ( 1 )\nproject description : eucalyptus globulus ( labill . ) is used for pulp and paper product ( more )\nproject description : tap - glun1 ( 840 kda and 1 . 5 mda ) , psd95 - tap ( 1 . 5 mda ) and wt ( con ( more )\nlabel free nano - lc maldi - tof - ms / ms analysis of triton x - 100 solubilized proteins from bovine brain capillary endothelial cells ( bcecs ) .\nspecies : ophrys exaltata subsp . archipelagi ( orchid ) ( ophrys arachnitiformis subsp . archipelagi ) ophrys garganica ophrys sphegodes ( early spider orchid ) ( arachnites aranifera )\ndescription : this starfish is large and has five very spiny arms . each arm bears three longitudinal rows of spike - like spines surrounded by large cushions of pedicellariae . smaller spines may be scattered between these rows . the spines are white and usually purple - tipped and the animal varies in colour from dirty brown to greenish - grey with purple tips to the arms . up to 35cm or more in diameter .\nhabitat : this species may be found in a very wide range of habitats from sheltered muddy sites to fully exposed rockfaces . specimens from sheltered sites are usually larger than those from exposed sites .\ndistribution : apparently confined to the southwest and west coasts of the british isles , also north to scandinavia .\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndownload comparative physical and biological data . the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .\ndistribution of habitat cr . lcr . bras . lgassp large solitary ascidians and erect sponges on wave - sheltered circalittoral rock , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .\nthis biotope is found under similar silty , wave - sheltered conditions as lgassp but with negligible tidal streams . found in sheltered sealochs , there is an impoverished faunal component with solitary ascidians dominating . it lacks the diverse sponge component which is characteristic of lgassp .\nno characteristic photos currently available . if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address : comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk ( replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol ) .\nversion 15 . 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04 . 05 ; therefore superseding version 04 . 05 , 97 . 06 and 03 . 02 .\njncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] . available from :\ninformation from the shallower section ( up to sublittoral sediment , taken from version 04 . 05 ) be cited as the\nconnor , d . w . , j . h . allen , n . golding , k . l . howell , l . m . lieberknecht , k . o . northen and j . b . reker ( 2004 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04 . 05 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .\nparry , m . e . v . , k . l . howell , b . e . narayanaswamy , b . j . bett , d . o . b . jones , d . j . hughes , n . piechaud , t . d . nickell , h . ellwood , n . askew , c . jenkins and e . manca ( 2015 ) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland . jncc report 530 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nosse , matthew hamel , jean - fran\u00e7ois and mercier , annie 2018 . markers of oil exposure in cold - water benthic environments : insights and challenges from a study with echinoderms . ecotoxicology and environmental safety , vol . 156 , issue . , p . 56 .\nag\u00fcera , antonio and byrne , maria 2018 . a dynamic energy budget model to describe the reproduction and growth of invasive starfish asterias amurensis in southeast australia . biological invasions ,\ndams , barrie blenkinsopp , chris e . and jones , daniel o . b . 2018 . behavioural modification of local hydrodynamics by asteroids enhances reproductive success . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 501 , issue . , p . 16 .\nhu , m . y . lein , e . bleich , m . melzner , f . and stumpp , m . 2018 . trans - life cycle acclimation to experimental ocean acidification affects gastric ph homeostasis and larval recruitment in the sea star asterias rubens . acta physiologica , p . e13075 .\np\u00e9rez - portela , r . rius , m . and villamor , a . 2017 . lineage splitting , secondary contacts and genetic admixture of a widely distributed marine invertebrate . journal of biogeography , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 446 .\nparry , gregory d . 2017 . potential for biocontrol of the exotic starfish , asterias amurensis , using a native starfish . biological invasions , vol . 19 , issue . 7 , p . 2185 .\nwright , ag p\u00e9rez - portela , r and griffiths , cl 2016 . determining the correct identity of south africanmarthasterias ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) . african journal of marine science , vol . 38 , issue . 3 , p . 443 .\ncalderwood , julia o\u2019connor , nessa e . and roberts , dai 2015 . the effects of transportation stress and barnacle fouling on predation rates of starfish ( asterias rubens ) on mussels ( mytilus edulis ) . aquaculture , vol . 444 , issue . , p . 108 .\ncasties , isabel clemmesen , catriona melzner , frank and thomsen , j\u00f6rn 2015 . salinity dependence of recruitment success of the sea star asterias rubens in the brackish western baltic sea . helgoland marine research , vol . 69 , issue . 2 , p . 169 .\nhaye , pilar a . segovia , nicol\u00e1s i . mu\u00f1oz - herrera , natalia c . g\u00e1lvez , francisca e . mart\u00ednez , andrea meynard , andr\u00e9s pardo - gandarillas , mar\u00eda c . poulin , elie faugeron , sylvain and mackenzie , brian r . 2014 . phylogeographic structure in benthic marine invertebrates of the southeast pacific coast of chile with differing dispersal potential . plos one , vol . 9 , issue . 2 , p . e88613 .\nmicael , j . rodrigues , p . costa , a . c . and alves , m . j . 2014 . phylogeography and genetic diversity of ophidiaster ophidianus ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) \u2014evidence for a recent range expansion in the azores . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 94 , issue . 07 , p . 1475 .\nmicael , j . alves , m . j . and costa , a . c . 2013 . the population dynamics of ophidiaster ophidianus ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) in the azores , at the north - western periphery of its distribution . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 93 , issue . 04 , p . 1087 .\njoly - turquin , guillemette dubois , philippe leyzour , sandra pernet , philippe de ridder , fjo pintelon , rik and guillou , monique 2013 . contrasting relationships between pyloric caecum and gonad growth in the starfish asterias rubens : combined field and experimental approaches . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 93 , issue . 04 , p . 1073 .\nag\u00fcera , antonio trommelen , michel burrows , frances jansen , jeroen m . schellekens , tim and smaal , aad 2012 . winter feeding activity of the common starfish ( asterias rubens l . ) : the role of temperature and shading . journal of sea research , vol . 72 , issue . , p . 106 .\nmanzur , tatiana barahona , mario and navarrete , sergio a . 2010 . ontogenetic changes in habitat use and diet of the sea - star heliaster helianthus on the coast of central chile . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 90 , issue . 03 , p . 537 .\nli , li li , qi and kong , lingfeng 2010 . the effect of different substrates on larvae settlement in sea cucumber , apostichopus japonicusselenka . journal of the world aquaculture society , vol . 41 , issue . , p . 123 .\nmercier , annie and hamel , jean - fran\u00e7ois 2009 . endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms . vol . 55 , issue . , p . 237 .\nmercier , annie and hamel , jean\u2010fran\u00e7ois 2009 . endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms . vol . 55 , issue . , p . 7 .\ngallagher , t . richardson , c . a . seed , r . and jones , t . 2008 . the seasonal movement and abundance of the starfish , asterias rubens in relation to mussel farming practice : a case study from the menai strait , uk . journal of shellfish research , vol . 27 , issue . 5 , p . 1209 .\nhad a clearly defined reproductive cycle with spring - early summer spawning . pyloric caecum indices were inversely related to gonad indices . subtidal\nhad lower gonad indices and less seasonal variation in the pyloric caecum indices . gonad indices of\nsuggest few animals in the population studied were breeding , but it is likely that this species also spawns in summer .\n. field observations and laboratory experiments show larvae settle on a wide range of substrata . recruitment to an intertidal population of\nat hollicombe reef occurred in july 1980 and september 1981 . growth of juvenile starfish was followed for 17 months . juvenile starfish feed carnivorously at the completion of metamorphosis . early growth is rapid ; however , there is a reduction in the growth rate during winter months . feeding and growth of juvenile\ndescriptions of the larvae of stichaster australis ( verrill ) and coscinasterias calamaria ( gray ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) from new zealand , obtained from laboratory culture . biological bulletin\nextreme population density of the starfish asterias rubens l . on a bed of iceland scallop , chlamys islandica ( o . f . muller )\ndistribution patterns of common seastars of the middle atlantic continental shelf of the northwest atlantic ( gulf of maine to cape hatteras ) . biological bulletin\nnotes on the development of the starfishes asterias glacialis ( o . f . m ) ; cribrella oculata ( linck ) forbes ; solaster endeca ( retzius ) forbes ; stichaster roseus ( o . f . m . ) sars\nthe annual pyloric caeca cycle of asterias rubens l . ( echinodermata : asteroidea )\nthe annual reproductive cycle of oreaster reticulatus ( l . ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) and interpopulation differences in reproductive capacity\n. the dispersal of the larvae of shoal - water benthic invertebrate species over long distances by ocean currents . in\nobservations on an aggregation of the starfish asterias rubens l . in morecambe bay , lancashire , england\nstudies on the reproductive systems of seastars . i . the morphology and histology of the gonad of asterias vulgaris . biological bulletin\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsilva m 1 , 2 , rodriguez i 3 , barreiro a 4 , 5 , kaufmann m 6 , 7 , 8 , isabel neto a 9 , 10 , hassouani m 11 , sabour b 12 , alfonso a 13 , botana lm 14 , vasconcelos v 15 , 16 .\ndepartment of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . marisasilva17 @ gmail . com .\ninterdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . marisasilva17 @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . ines . rodriguez . filgueiras @ usc . es .\ndepartment of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . aldo . barreiro @ gmail . com .\ninterdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . aldo . barreiro @ gmail . com .\ninterdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .\ncentre of life sciences , university of madeira , marine biology station of funchal , funchal 9000 - 107 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .\ncenter of interdisciplinary marine and environmental research of madeira - ciimar - madeira , edif . madeira tecnopolo , caminho da penteada , funchal 9020 - 105 , portugal . mkaufmann @ ciimar . up . pt .\ninterdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . aneto @ uac . pt .\ndepartment of marine biology , university of azores , ponta delgada 9501 - 801 , portugal . aneto @ uac . pt .\nphycology research unit - biotechnology , ecosystems ecology and valorization laboratory . faculty of sciences el jadida , university chouaib doukkali , el jadida bp20 , morocco . hassouani @ hotmail . com .\nphycology research unit - biotechnology , ecosystems ecology and valorization laboratory . faculty of sciences el jadida , university chouaib doukkali , el jadida bp20 , morocco . sabour . b @ ucd . ac . ma .\ndepartment of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . amparo . alfonso @ usc . es .\ndepartment of pharmacology , faculty of veterinary , university of santiago of compostela , lugo 27002 , spain . luis . botana @ usc . es .\ndepartment of biology , faculty of sciences , university of porto , rua do campo alegre , porto 4619 - 007 , portugal . vmvascon @ fc . up . pt .\ninterdisciplinary center of marine and environmental research - cimar / ciimar , university of porto , rua dos bragas , 289 , porto 4050 - 123 , portugal . vmvascon @ fc . up . pt .\nstructures caribbean ( c ) and pacific ( p ) ctx - group toxin . the epimers , p - ctx - 2 ( 52 - epi p - ctx - 3 ) , p - ctx - 4a ( 52 - epi p - ctx - 4b ) and c - ctx - 2 ( 56 - epi c - ctx - 1 ) are indicated in parenthesis .\nlocation of the sampling points : ( a ) s\u00e3o miguel island coast , azores archipelago : 1 , cruzeiro ; 2 , mosteiros ; 3 , \u00e9tar ; 4 , s\u00e3o roque ; 5 , lagoa ; and 6 , caloura . ( b ) madeira island coast : 1 , reis magos and 2 , cani\u00e7al . ( c ) northwestern moroccan coast : 1 , casablanca corniche ; 2 , el jadida haras ; 3 , el jadida s\u00e2ada ; 4 , sidi bouzid ; 5 , mrizika ; and 6 , oualidia .\nselected ion monitoring ( sim ) chromatogram ( a ) and mass spectrum ( b ) of standard ctx - 3c . sim obtained by uplc - ms / ms and spectrum obtained by uplc - ms - it - tof .\nms2 spectrum of ctx analogue at m / z 1111 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( a ) ; ctx analogue at m / z 1109 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( b ) ; and ctx analogue m / z 1123 . 5 [ m + h ] + ( c ) . spectra obtained by ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectometry - ion trap - time of flight uplc - ms - it - tof .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbassindale , r . , e . davenport , f . j . ebling , j . a . kitching , m . a . sleigh and j . f . stone . the ecology of lough ine rapids with special reference to water currents vi ; the effects of the rapids on the hydrography of the south basin . j . ecol .\n( l . ) in its natural habitat , 31 pp . thesis for b . a . moderations , department of zoology , trinity college dublin 1980\nebling , f . j . , a . d . hawking , j . a . kitching , l . muntz and v . m . pratt . the ecology of lough ine xvi . predation and diurnal migration in the\nebling , f . j . , m . a . sleigh , j . f . sloane and j . a . kitching : the ecology of lough ine vii . distribution of some common plants and animals of the littoral and shallow sublittoral regions . j . ecol .\n( lamark ) in lough ine , ireland . phil . trans . r . soc . ( ser . b )\nmortensen , t . : handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles , 471 pp . oxford : university press 1927\n, from plymouth sound . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\normond , r . f . g . , a . c . campbell , s . m . head , r . j . moore , p . s . rainbow and a . p . l . sanders : formation and breakdown of aggregations of"]}
{"id": 929, "summary": [{"text": "paludinella minima is a species of minute salt marsh snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family assimineidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to japan . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "paludinella minima", "paragraphs": ["choose one > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hseka . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hsekb . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hsekc . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hsekd . 1 > paludinella ( cavernacmella ) sp . hseke . 1 > paludinella kuzuuensis > paludinella minima all lower taxonomy nodes ( 7 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 933, "summary": [{"text": "coralloconchus is a genus of cornulitid tubeworms with small , slender , irregularly curved conical tubes with slowly increasing diameter .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "tubes have thin walls and a smooth lumen .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "tube wall has a lamellar microstructure .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "tubes are devoid of septa and vesicles in the adult part and are not spirally coiled . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "coralloconchus", "paragraphs": ["coralloconchus is a genus of cornulitid tubeworms with small , slender , irregularlycurved conical tubes with slowly increasing diameter .\ntwo endosymbionts , chaetosalpinx sibiriensis and coralloconchus bragensis , occur in silurian tabulate corals of podolia . the endosymbiotic worms responsible for c . sibiriensis bioclaustrations in tabulates are found only in certain species : paleofavosites cf . collatatus , heliolites sp . a , heliolites sp . b , heliolites sp . c , favosites gothlandicus , favosites sp . a . one to six c . . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the hitherto earliest known cornulitid endobiotic symbionts are found in hirnantian tabulates of north america ( dixon , 2010 ) . prior to this work the earliest known endobiotic cornulitids from baltica were silurian ( sheinwoodian ) cornulites stromatoporoides from estonia ( vinn and wilson , 2010 ) and coralloconchus bragensis from the ludlow of podolia ( ukraine ) ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 ) . cornulitids are a group of problematic palaeozoic tubicolous fossils known from the middle ordovician to late carboniferous . . . .\n. . . as a result of this interaction , a cavity is produced within the host skeleton in which the endosymbiont lives ( tapanila 2005 ) . three species of endosymbiotic worms , chaetosalpinx ferganensis sokolov , 1948 , chaetosalpinx sibiriensis sokolov , 1948 ( = camptosalpinx estonicus klaamann , 1958 ) , and coralloconchus bragensis vinn & m\u00f5tus , 2008 , are known in the silurian tabulate corals of baltica ( tapanila 2005 ; vinn & m\u00f5tus 2008 ) . chaetosalpinx sibiriensis has hitherto been reported from parafavosites germana ( wenlock , ne russia , sokolov 1948 ) and paleofavosites balticus ( llandovery , estonia , klaamann 1958 ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . richards ( 1974 ) studied the evolution of cornulitid ecology and distinguished four adaptive types among cornulitids : solitary commensal , gregarious commensal , unattached , and parasitic forms . endosymbiotic cornulitids were later discovered in tabulate corals and stromatoporoids from the silurian of podolia ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 ) . cornulitids were probably filter - feeding animals , and their paleoecology is relatively well studied ( fisher , 1962 ; hoare and steller , 1967 ; schumann , 1967 ; morris and rollins , 1971 ; richards , 1974 ; kesling and chilman , 1975 ; sparks et al . , 1980 ; morris and felton , 1993 ; holland et al . , 2001 ; morris and felton , 2003 ) . . . .\n. . . secondarily free - living forms occurred among problematic tubeworms ( e . g . , cornulites [ 37 ] , probably also tentaculitids [ 28 ] ) and among calcareous polychaetes ( e . g . , ditrupa [ 38 ] ; rotularia , glomerula [ 39 ] ) . endosymbiotic forms evolved among problematic tube - worms [ 28 ] , e . g . , in silurian cornulitids [ 40 ] , devonian trypanoporids [ 41 ] , and jurassic to recent polychaete ser - pulids [ 30 ] . reef - forming gregarious forms occurred among prob - lematic tubeworms [ 40 ] , e . g . , in the ordovician tymbochoos , devonian to carboniferous microconchids [ 42 ] , upper triassic to recent polychaete serpulids [ 5 ] , and oligocene to recent polychaete cirratulids [ 25 ] . . . .\n. . . if the coral endobiont streptindytes is a derived anticalyptraea , it is possible that predation pressure may have led their evolution from encrusting life style to more protected endobiotic one . similarly , in cornulitids predation pressure may have led to evolution of defensive morphologies and an endobiotic life style ( vinn & m\u00f5tus , 2008 ; vinn , , 2010 ; vinn & wilson , 2010a ) . there are just few palaeoecological studies on the skeletal benthos from the pridoli of saaremaa . . . .\n. . . the group has the best fossil record among all annelids . the earliest undisputable records of serpulids belong to the middle triassic , while earlier palaeozoic records of the serpulids belong to various groups of problematic tubeworms ( burchette & riding , 1977 ; weedon , 1994 ; vinn & mutvei , 2005 , 2009 vinn , 2006 vinn , , 2010 vinn & isakar , 2007 ; vinn & m\u00f5tus , 2008 ) . the tubes of serpulids have a relatively simple external macromorphology . . . .\n. . . 3 ) selective endosymbionts ( ordovician to carboniferous ) ( fig . 5 ) . cornulitids in tabulate corals and stromatoporoids ( hirnantian to ludlow ) ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 , vinn and wilson , in press , dixon , 2010 ) . trypanoporids ( torquaysalpinx ) in corals and calcareous sponges ( givetian to eifelian , devonian ) ( tapanila , 2005 ) . . . .\n. . . fig . 3b ) . strategy in the evolution of encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms ( vinn and m\u00f5tus , 2008 ; vinn , 2009 ; vinn and mutvei , 2009 ) . earliest selective endosymbionts probably evolved from a not distorting symbiotic solitary encrusters via additional specialization . . . .\nperform interdisciplinary research to examine impacts of ocean acidification on biomineralization of the biofouling tubeworm .\na diverse early endobiotic coral symbiont assemblage has been detected within heliolitid tabulate corals of katian age from northwestern estonia . this assemblage indicates that the earliest endobiotic coral symbiont communities were not restricted to north america . the symbiotic endobiont assemblage comprises abundant cornulites aff . celatus and rare conchicolites hosholmensis and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmicroscopic evidence of serpulid affinities of the problematic fossil tube \u2018serpula\u2019 etalensis from . . .\nvinn , o . , jager , m . & kirsimae , k . 2008 : microscopic evidence of serpulid affinities of the problematic fossil tube ` serpula ' etalensis from the lower jurassic of germany . lethaia , vol . 41 , pp . 417 - 421 tube structure , ultrastructure and mineralogy support serpulid affinities of the problematic worm fossil ` serpula ' etalensis from the lower jurassic of germany . the original tube mineralogy of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntwo new microconchid ( tentaculita boucek , 1964 ) genera from the early palaeozoic of baltoscandia and . . .\ntwo new genera of microconchids ( palaeoconchus n . gen . and annuliconchus n . gen . ) are introduced from the ordovician and silurian of baltoscandia and silurian of england . the new genera represent the earliest record of microconchids . spirorbis tenuis sowerby from the wenlock of england is assigned to palueoconchus n . gen . , and palaeoconchus . minor n . sp . is described from the upper ordovician . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntentaculitoid affinities of the tubeworm - like fossil tymbochoos sinclairi ( okulitch , 1937 ) from the . . .\ntymbochoos sinclairi ( okulitch , 1937 ) has a laminar tube structure and pseudopuncta similar to the tentaculitoids . this suggests that tymbochoos belongs to the tentaculitoidea boucek , 1964 . ( c ) 2006 elsevier masson sas . all rights reserved .\nif not indicated otherwise , content of the these pages may be used , reused and distributed for non - commercial purposes taken that original author and source are properly cited .\nquestions and comments about the database and website : olle hints , institute of geology at tallinn university of technology , olle . hints @ urltoken\ntrypanoporida is an extinct order of encrusting animals from the tentaculita class , which were common in the devonian oceans ( weedon , 1991 ) .\nchonioconarida is an extinct subclass of free living animals from the tentaculita class , which were common in the silurian and devonian oceans .\nanticalyptraea is a fossil genus of encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms from the silurian to devonian of europe and north america ( vinn , 2010 ) .\ndacryoconarida is an extinct subclass of free living animals from the tentaculita class , which were common in the devonian oceans ( fisher , 1962 ) ."]}
{"id": 935, "summary": [{"text": "joculator hedleyi is a species of minute sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by laseron in 1951 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "joculator hedleyi", "paragraphs": ["species joculator ridicula accepted as joculator ridiculus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies joculator turriger ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as horologica turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\nspecies joculator turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as horologica turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\ncerithiopsis ridicula r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as joculator ridiculus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( type by original designation )\ncomparison : this is close to joculator gracilis but is much smaller . the figured specimen is 4\u00bd whorls while the figured specimen of j . gracilis is 6 whorls , and one might consider this to be a smaller specimen of j . gracilis . but the spire is more strongly convex , so i follow laseron and leave it as a separate species .\nmarshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]\ndescription ( based on syntypes ) : shell small for the family , spire strongly convex , last whorl constricted , greatest width at penultimate whorl . protoconch unknown ( broken on all syntypes ) . teleoconch of up to 4\u00bd nearly straight sided whorls with impressed suture ; whorls with 3 spiral cords crossed by weaker axial ribs , forming strong nodules at intersections . last whorl with undulating , unbeaded cord level with top of aperture ; base weakly concave with a weaker broad , low spiral cord . outer lip of aperture expanded , thin ; inner lip heavily calloused . anterior canal a deep u - shaped notch . colour mid - brown .\ndistribution : syntypes from carss park , kogarah bay , sydney , nsw , from dredge spoil . no other specimens available .\nfig . 1 : carss park , kogarah bay , sydney , nsw from dredge spoil . ( c . 102708 syntype )\ndescription : shell small for the family , spire strongly convex , last whorl constricted , greatest width at penultimate whorl . protoconch of 4 whorls , smooth . teleoconch of up to 6 nearly straight sided whorls with impressed suture ; whorls with 3 spiral cords crossed by weaker axial ribs , forming strong nodules at intersections . last whorl with undulating , unbeaded cord level with top of aperture ; base weakly concave with a weaker broad , low spiral cord . outer lip of aperture expanded , thin ; inner lip heavily calloused . anterior canal a deep u - shaped notch . colour mid - brown .\ndistribution : syntypes from dolls point , georges river , nsw , in 8 fathoms ( 14 m ) . additional material available ( 7 lots ) : dolls point , georges river ; little coogee bay ; off nelson head 15 - 18 m ; bottle & glass rocks , sydney harbour ; off bottle & glass rocks ; south west of solitary is . in 15 m ; queenscliffe , port phillip , victoria\nhabitat : shallow subtidal . laseron ( 1951 ) reported it as\nnot uncommon\n.\nfig . 1 : dolls point , georges river , sydney . ( c . 102701 syntype 1 , protoconch broken )\nfig . 2 : dolls point , georges river , sydney . ( c . 102701 syntype 2 ) protoconch\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about jocular ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for jocular ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 936, "summary": [{"text": "panopea abrupta is an extinct species of large marine bivalve mollusc in the family hiatellidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "between 1983 and 2010 , this species of clam was confused with the pacific geoduck , panopea generosa , in the scientific literature . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "panopea abrupta", "paragraphs": ["taxonomy the name panopea abrupta ( conrad , 1849 ) has long been used for the recent , commercially harvested geoduck of the north . . .\ntaxonomy the name panopea abrupta ( conrad , 1849 ) has long been used for the recent , commercially harvested geoduck of the north pacific . however , vadopalas et al . ( 2010 ) have shown that the name should be restricted to a miocene fossil . the name panopea generosa is applicable to the recent species . [ details ]\n( of mya abrupta conrad , 1849 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of panopea tyosiensis ozaki , 1952 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n( of panopaea tenuis wiedey , 1928 ) wiedey , l . w . ( 1928 ) . notes on the vaqueros and temblor formations of the california micoene with description of new species . transactions of the san diego society of natural history history 5 ( 10 ) : 95 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 50 [ details ]\n( of glycymeris estrellana conrad , 1857 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of panomya intermedia khomenko , 1938 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of panopaea fragilis gould , 1861 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of panopaea sagrinata gould , 1861 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of panopaea tenuis wiedey , 1928 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of panopaea vaskuchevskensis il ' ina , 1963 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nis unquestionably the proper name for the pacific geoduck clam . this clam is the largest burrowing clam in its natural range throughout alaska , british columbia , and washington . although a few individuals weigh up to 4 . 5 kg ( 10 lbs . ) , the average whole body wet weight is about 1 kg . ( 2 . 2 lbs . ) with an average shell length of about 195 mm ( 7 \u00be inches ) ( harbo 1997 ) . to the first - time observer , this clam could be considered as rather grotesque because its shell is not capable of encompassing the huge body .\nit is well established that the movement of shellfish stocks across natural geographic barriers incurs the risk of transmitting diseases that are endemic in any isolated population . in british columbia , information available on the few native shellfish species that have been examined indicate that parasites and diseases occur in stocks from some areas that are not seen in others . for example , 1 )\n) . unfortunately almost nothing is known about the disease and parasites of geoduck clams . a cautious approach to the transplantation of animals into and around the province will reduce the risks involved and maximise the possibilities of success . repercussions of the indiscriminate transplantation of geoduck clams around the province could be devastating and irreparable .\nto help reduce the risk of inadvertent transfer of diseases of aquatic animals into and within british columbia , a federal / provincial fish introductions and transfers committee was established . this committee operates under authority of section 56 of the fishery ( general ) regulations and under provincial regulations either through provisions under the provincial wildlife act or the fishery act . thus , all proposed shellfish transplants must be submitted to the committee for prior approval . further details including contact information for the committee are available via the internet at urltoken .\n) , fan seafoods ltd . ( 4645 vale court crescent , courtenay , b . c . v9n 7w6 ) , island scallops ltd . ( 5552 west island hwy . , qualicum beach , b . c . canada , v9k 2c8 , web site\n) and unique sea farms ltd . ( 3145 headland road , nanaimo , b . c . canada , v9x 1n8 ) ) and government ( diseases of shellfish program of the\n, pacific biological station , nanaimo ) with previous funding assistance from the national research council of canada industrial research assistance program research and development ( nrc / irap ) and the british columbia information , science and technology agency ' s technology assistance program ( tap ) have begun to address issues relevant to geoduck clam health .\nin 1993 , the geoduck industry in british columbia ( under water harvesters association , and fan seafoods ltd . ) in conjunction with a commercial hatchery ( island scallops ltd . ) initiated geoduck clam culture for both farming and enhancement purposes . because little is known about the biology of geoduck clams , studies were initiated in collaboration with the\nconduct experimental investigations into the cause of geoduck \u2018warts\u2019 and the fungus associated with the dark discolouration of the siphon and exposed mantle surface .\nthe web pages on this site present the results of this study and are arranged with each topic on its own page . all pages are listed in the table of contents and grouped firstly by subject . within each subject grouping , pages detailing specific features are listed with appropriate access ( link ) to the detailed description with illustrations . appropriate references are located at the bottom of each page .\nagriculture and agri - food canada - fish and seafood online . web site facts sheet on the geoduck clam : urltoken\n) in british columbia . can . tech . rep . fish . aquat . sci . 1169 : 62 p .\ncoan , e . v . , p . v . scott and f . r . bernard . 2000 . bivalve seashells of western north america . marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara museum of natural history . santa barbara , ca .\nconrad , ta . 1849 . mollusca . pp . 723 - 728 pls 17 - 21 . in : j . d . dana ( editor ) geology . united states exploring expedition . during the years 1838 . . . 1842 . under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . , vol . 10 : appendix 1 ( descriptions of fossils ) , iii . fossils from northwestern america . philadelphia ( sherman ) . [ as sited by coan , e . v . , p . v . scott and f . r . bernard . 2000 . bivalve seashells of western north america . marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara museum of natural history . santa barbara , ca . pp 605 . ]\nfisheries and oceans canada , fisheries management , geoduck fishery - pacific region . web site contains information on an overview of the geoduck clam fishery in british columbia , canada : urltoken .\nfitch , j . e . 1953 . common marine bivalves of california . calif . dep . fish game fish bull . 90 : 102 p .\ngoodwin , c . l . 1973 . subtidal geoducks of puget sound , washington . wash . dep . fish . tech . rep . 13 : 64 p .\nharbo , r . m . 1997 . shells & shellfish of the pacific northwest , a field guide . harbour publishing , madeira park , b . c . canada .\njamieson , g . s . , and k . francis . 1986 . geoducks , p . 18 - 22 . in g . s . jamieson and k . francis . invertebrate and marine plant fishery resources of british columbia . can . spec . publ . fish . aquat . sci . 91 .\nquayle , d . b . 1978 . the intertidal bivalves of british columbia . b . c . prov . mus . handbook 17 : 84 - 85 .\nricketts , e . f . , j . calvin , and j . w . hedgpeth . 1985 . between pacific tides . 5th ed . stanford univ . press , stanford , calif . : 325 - 328 .\nvadopalas , b . , t . w . pietsch and c . s . friedman . 2010 .\n( conrad , 1849 ) ( bivalvia : myoida : hiatellidae ) . malacologia 52 : 169 - 173 .\n) : anatomy , histology , development , pathology , parasites and symbionts : introduction .\nthe gonad is an integral part of the visceral mass positioned ventral and lateral to the digestive gland and loops of the intestine . in immature ( juvenile ) geoduck clams , the gonad makes up a small part of the total visceral mass ( see fig . 3a in the digestive system page ) . small oval or flattened gonadal acini ( follicles , tubules ) containing primordial reproductive cells ( fig . 1 ) are infrequently distributed throughout the vesicular connective tissue . until the development of gametes , the two sexes are indistinguishable histologically .\nfigure 1 . two of the gonadal acini within the connective tissue ( c ) of the viscera of a juvenile geoduck clam . at this stage of development , the internal surface of the acini is lined with strongly basophilic undifferentiated germ cells and the sex of the clam can not be determined histologically .\nas the geoduck clam matures , the gonadal acini proliferate and expand in size . the lipids or glycogen stored in vesicular connective tissue cells surrounding the acini provide nutrition to the developing gametes . in mature ( adult ) geoduck clams , the gonad occupies a significant proportion of the visceral mass ( see fig . 3b ( adult female ) and fig . 3c ( adult male ) in digestive system page ) . gametogenesis is described by anderson ( 1971 ) and closely resembles that of other bivalves . hermaphrodites were not observed . as for many bivalves , geoduck clams are broadcast spawners .\nsperm production was observed in geoduck clams as young as two years old ( fig . 2a ) . in male geoduck clams , gametogenesis involves the production of spermatogonia by mitotic division of the undifferentiated germ cells ( primary gonial cells ) located along the inner periphery of the tubular acini in the connective tissue of the viscera . the spermatogonia are the largest male germinal cells which divide by mitosis and become smaller as they move towards the center of the lumen and become spermatocytes . spermatocytes in turn divide by meiosis and become spermatids . spermiogenesis involves the differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa without further cell division .\nfigure 2a . spermiogenesis resulting in the expansion and filling of the acini ( ac ) of a 2 year old male geoduck clam . the acini empty into a ciliated gonadal duct ( gd ) . a bundle of nerve fibers ( n ) occurs adjacent to the acini .\nfigure 2b . spermatogonia ( sg ) on the periphery of the acinus undergoing mitotic division ( md ) to form spermatocytes ( sy ) which further divide by meiosis and eventually develop into spermatozoa ( sz ) with flagella ( eosinophilic ) oriented towards the lumen of the acinus ( gl ) and eventually the gonadal duct .\nfigures 2a and 2b . gonadal development in male geoduck clams . haematoxylin and eosin stain .\nin female geoduck clams , the undifferentiated ( primordial ) germ cells transform into primary oogonia that undergo meiosis to become the developing oocytes . the oocytes usually remain attached by a stalk to the internal surface of the acinus throughout development and have associated auxiliary cells that develop from the acinar wall and provide nutrition to the developing oocytes . as they mature , the oocytes project into the lumen of the acinus and are eventually released into the lumen and exit the clam via the ciliated gonadal ducts . mature oocytes have a germinal vesicle within the nucleus that contains two nucleoli , extensive cytoplasm containing granules and a thin outer vitelline layer .\nfigure 3a . oogenesis resulting in the expansion of the acini of an adult female . note that developing oocytes are attached to the internal surface of the acini ( arrows ) .\nfigure 3b . mature oocytes entering into the ciliated gonadal duct ( gd ) from acini ( arrows ) in a ripe female during the spawning process .\nfigure 3c . mature oocytes with a germinal vesicle ( gv ) within the nucleus which contains two nucleoli ( arrows ) , granular cytoplasm and surrounded by a basophilic vitelline layer ( vl ) .\nfigures 3a to 3c . gonadal development in female geoduck clams . haematoxylin and eosin stain .\nanderson , a . v . jr . 1971 . spawning , growth , and spatial distribution of the geoduck clam , panope generosa gould , in hood canal , washington . ph . d . thesis submitted to university of washington .\nbarnes , robert d . , 1968 . invertebrate zoology , 2nd ed . w . b . saunders company , toronto , 743 pp .\nmorse , m . p . and zardus , j . d . 1997 . bivalva . microscopic anatomy of invertebrates vol . 6a mollusca ii . f . w . harrison and a . j . kohn . wiley - liss . pp . 7 - 118 .\n) : anatomy , histology , development , pathology , parasites and symbionts : normal histology - reproductive system .\nthe general anatomy of geoduck clams was established from cultured juveniles and both normal and abnormal wild adults . the cultured geoduck clams ( 6 - 25 mm in shell length ) were collected from ocean nursery sites in georgia strait , b . c . adult clams were gathered from the east and west coast of vancouver island and the central coast of british columbia during the course of the 1997 / 1998 fishery ( supplied by underwater harvesters association and fan seafoods ) .\nis generally rectangular with a rounded anterior edge . both valves are equally proportioned and are unable to enclose the muscular mantle and enormous , fused siphon .\nfigure 1 . adult geoduck clam with a valve length of 15 . 5 cm . the siphon ( si ) , at the posterior end , and the muscular mantle ( mm ) at the ventral surface could not be contained within the valves ( rv \u2013 right valve ) . thanks to rick harbo for donation of this image .\njuveniles : thin shelled , porcelaneous ; periostracum thin , tan , dehiscent ; umbonal area frequently with undulations and feeble growth lines . adults : shell heavy and ponderous ; periostracum evanescent ; external structure of irregular growth ridges that occur in a direction corresponding to the shell margin ( coan et al . 2000 , see figs . 2a and b ) .\nfigure 2a valves of fresh adult geoduck clams . illustration of the irregular growth ridges that occur in a direction corresponding to the shell margin .\nfigure 2b valves of fresh adult geoduck clams . patches of tan periostracum ( ps ) located on the anterior end of the left valve .\nthe inner surface of the valves ( shell ) is usually rough with a deeply impressed , continuous pallial line ( where the mantle was sealed to the shell ) and triangular pallial sinus ( fig . 3 ) . at the dorsal surface , the hinge ligament joins the two valves and each valve has a cardinal tooth at the hinge .\nfigure 3 internal surface of the valves of the geoduck clam showing the pallial line ( pl ) and a tooth ( t ) . the anterior shell edges are at the top of the image .\nfigure 4 . sketch of the internal organisation of the major organs of the geoduck clam . the right valve and right side of the muscular mantle and siphon have been dissected away to reveal the fused siphons and the arrangement of the internal organs . the thin mantle ( tm ) that lines the inner surface of the right valve to the pallial line has been turned over the dorsal edge of the left valve ( lv ) . other labels on the sketch are : am - anterior adductor muscle , bg - brown gland , cmm - cut surface of muscular mantle , cs - cut surface of siphon , cse - cut surface of septum , emm - external surface of muscular mantle , ex - excurrent channel , f - foot , g - gills , h - heart , ib - infrabranchial chamber , in - incurrent channel , k - kidney , lp - labial palps , lv - left valve , pa - pedal aperture , pm - posterior adductor muscle , sb - suprabranchial chamber , tm - thin mantle , vm - visceral mass .\nbarnes , r . d . , 1968 . invertebrate zoology , 2nd ed . w . b . saunders company , toronto , 743 pp .\ncoan , e . v . , p . v . scott and f . r . bernard . 2000 . bivalve seashells of western north america . marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara museum of natural history . santa barbara , ca .\nsimkiss , k . 1988 . molluscan skin ( excluding cephalopods ) . the mollusca vol . 11 form and function . e . t . truman and m . r . clarke . academic press inc . pp . 11 - 35 .\n) : anatomy , histology , development , pathology , parasites and symbionts : anatomy of the geoduck clams .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis shell , 19 cm long , was collected in the 1800 ' s . it was held until recently in the washington state university museum .\ncan project up to a meter from the shell and cannot be retracted into the shell . the shell is dirty white to cream with a small amount of yellow\n. each valve has one hinge tooth . the shell gapes widely on all sides except the hinge , and very widely on the posterior (\n. shell is quadrate ( approximately rectangular in outline ) , more rounded on the anterior than the posterior end , up to 23 cm long , animal to 9 kg . the single hinge teeth of the two valves do not match well .\nthis is our largest local clam . other members of family hiatellidae are smaller and have gaping\ndo not get as large and gape mainly at the posterior end . the atlantic geoduck ,\ncoast of asia down to japan ; in north america from central alaska to newport bay , ca ; mexico ; panama . in the salish sea area they are especially common in hood canal and puget sound . more common here than farther south .\nburrows very deeply ( to 1 . 3 m ) in soft bottoms in quiet waters .\nthis animal is said to be the largest burrowing clam . it does not mature until age 3 - 4 . spawning is in the spring . young clams have spiny shells and often settle on the tubes of polychaetes , where they attach for a time by byssal threads before dropping off and digging into the sediment . it is very long - lived ( up to at least 168 years ) . the copepod\n( cyclopoida : lichomologidae ) has sometimes been found as a symbiont inside the shell . adults of this species are poor diggers and do not seem to be able to dig themselves back into the mud if removed . ricketts et al . state that the shell is lightweight but the shell of the specimen above is probably 1 / 2 cm thick .\ni have never found this clam in the region right near rosario beach marine lab , except on commercial farms such as taylor shellfish farm . it is much more common in the southern reaches of the salish sea such as puget sound and hood canal . it is also found in british columbia .\nthe shell has a very well - developed pallial line and one hinge tooth in each valve . the shell of this specimen is about 1 / 2 cm thick . along the edges the shell splits into an inner and an outer shelf which diverge from each other slightly . i have not seen this divergence into shelves described for this species .\nthis view of a living individual from the right side illustrates the fact that the siphon is so large that it cannot be retracted into the shell and the shell therefore gapes widely . photo by dave cowles , august 2016 of a farmed clam at taylor shellfish farms near rosario .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\narchived publications contain dated information that do not reflect current wdfw regulations or policy . these documents are provided for archival purposes only . !\nthe objective of this study was to determine if there was a significant effect of commercial geoduck fishing on dungeness crab fishing catch - per - unit - effort ( cpue ) . we sampled crabs using baited pots at one site before , during , and after commercial geoduck fishing . concurrently , we sampled crabs at a nearby unfished site . both sites were sampled 20 times over a period of 4 . 6 years . specifically , we wanted to determine if significant changes in crab cpue occurred following geoduck fishing in the treatment site , and if any such changes could be attributed to geoduck fishing .\npersons with disabilities who need to receive this information in an alternative format or who need reasonable accommodations to participate in wdfw - sponsored public meetings or other activities may contact dolores noyes by phone ( 360 - 902 - 2349 ) , tty ( 360 - 902 - 2207 ) , or email ( dolores . noyes @ urltoken ) . for more information , see https : / / w urltoken / accessibility / reasonable _ request . html .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 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( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 948, "summary": [{"text": "lava man ( foaled on march 20 , 2001 in california ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse who was once claimed for $ 50,000 but wound up being inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in 2015 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a forty-seven race career , he won seventeen times with his major victories including three hollywood gold cups , two santa anita handicaps and the pacific classic stakes . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "lava man", "paragraphs": ["lava man\u2019s connections considered sending him to an equine retirement home . but they believed that lava man would be happier at the track .\nwatching lava man win race after race hasn ' t been easy for him .\nfor the third straight year , lava man had won the hollywood gold cup .\nlava man may be going home to california for the last time . order this photo\nthere are no days off for lava man , the 2015 hall of fame inductee .\nhey , lava man could not win at stockton , or santa rosa , either . that was three summers ago . this summer , it is all about lava man .\nlava man was inducted into the national museum of racing\u2019s hall of fame in 2015 .\nfour races later , lava man won a maiden special weight on the grass at golden gate . four races after that , lava man was 57 - 1 in the snow chief at hollywood park , a race restricted to california - breds . lava man finished last .\nlava man retired as the richest horse ever to have been actually claimed during its career .\nwith his performances on the track , lava man answered that question with a definite no .\no\u2019neill praised steve kenly , one of the partners in std racing , for noticing lava man .\nreally , what would you expect of lava man ? yes , that lava man - fourth in a maiden race at stockton , beaten by 3 3 / 4 lengths with a 27 beyer .\nsince his retirement from the track , however , lava man has transitioned into a new career .\nit was a lackluster field ,\nsaid doug o ' neill , who trains lava man .\nwhat horse overcomes what lava man overcame last saturday ? it was one of those races you see , but don ' t quite comprehend . lava man really should not have won , but he did .\nlava man and corey nakatani winning the 2007 sunshine millions turf . ( blood - horse / benoit )\nlava man ' s total of seven grade 1 victories is the highest ever for a california - bred .\nback in california , however , blacksmith jimmy jimenez made a special plate for lava man ' s foot .\na month later , he was retired for good . this time , lava man stayed at the track .\nduring the course of his career , lava man won seven grade 1 races and placed in four more .\nlava man\u2019s highest beyer speed figure was a massive 120 , earned for the 2005 hollywood gold cup win .\na lava man first appears in\nincendium ,\nwalking through the fire kingdom . notably , finn and jake mention another lava man that is sleeping in their front yard in\nprisoners of love\n; however , early storyboards for the episode reveal that it was a different lava man that looked very different . jake also mentions a lava man in\nmorituri te salutamus\nwhile singing\non a tropical island .\nthe goodwood victory was lava man ' s fourth consecutive grade i triumph and seventh straight overall this year .\nkenly and wood envision a mixture of stakes on the turf and main track for lava man in 2007 .\nthough horses often peak at 5 , o ' neill is awed by lava man ' s consistency this year .\nhall of fame inductee lava man , right , ponying dual classic winner i ' ll have another in 2012 .\nlava man\u2019s three straight wins in the hollywood gold cup equaled the record set by native diver in the 1960s .\nafter the race , veterinarians worked for an hour to stop the bleeding in lava man ' s right front foot .\nstill , lava man gave an outstanding performance , finishing 1 1 / 4 miles in 1 : 59 . 63 .\no ' neill says he hopes lava man will become a\nposter boy\nfor stem cell research in thoroughbreds .\nbut one last time , lava man reminded the world that champion horses can come from anywhere . even with an unfamiliar surface under his feet and dozens of miles of racing behind him , lava man\u2019s courage and determination never wavered . in the final strides , with jockey corey nakatani urging him on , lava man seemed to dig deep and find something extra .\na hawaiian man was filmed swimming in waters near a lava zone , where lava is flowing into the open ocean . aside from the obvious danger , the lava hitting the water is also releasing dangerous amounts of steam and shards of volcanic glass .\nlava man is scheduled to move to old friends , near georgetown , ky , on sept . 16 . order this photo\nwhile lava man has been retired from racing for nearly five years , the barn is still grateful to have him around . it is easy to see just how many lives lava man has impacted and how loved he is in his second career .\nno matter what happens regarding lava man\u2019s hall of fame hopes , team lava man will always have the gelding\u2019s best interests at heart , and the racing public can be content with the knowledge that \u201cthe coach\u201d is undoubtedly enjoying his days at the track .\nlava man was named for a triathlon held on the big island of hawaii by co - breeder eve kuhlmann , a triathlete .\nlava man plays such a special role in our barn now that he is retired from racing . here ' s his story :\nlava man returned to form following two lopsided losses , finishing powerfully to win saturday ' s sunshine millions classic at santa anita .\ni ' m getting hate mail all the time ,\nsays doug o ' neill , lava man ' s trainer .\nwith his induction into the hall of fame today here is a reprint of lava man ' s story from may 23 , 2012 .\na young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie\no ' neill says the earliest lava man would race , assuming no training complications , would be mid - november at hollywood park .\nlava man is also attached to some two - legged friends . during his racing career , lava man bonded closely to his groom noe garcia . when garcia suffered the loss of an arm in a car accident several years ago , his time away from the barn caused lava man\u2019s mood to shift to one of depression until garcia\u2019s return . sabas rivera , the stable\u2019s foreman , was the man tasked with teaching lava man to transition into his new career , and he is apparently the only one that can or is willing to ride him . among both horses and humans , \u201cthe coach\u201d evokes healthy respect from all .\nlava man takes care of business in his new job as a stable pony . \u00a92012 jessica morgan . used by permission of jessica morgan .\nreaction to news that the venerable lava man is back in training and may race again speaks volumes about the current state of the sport .\na popular horse because of his humble beginnings , lava man often is credited for bringing doug o\u2019neill into the national spotlight as a trainer .\nlava man still gets frequent visitors and gifts , and has a special connection with a make - a - wish child named hope hudson .\nby all logic , lava man shouldn\u2019t have won \u2026 but then again , logic never seemed to apply to lava man . as the crowd cheered and racing fans watched in amazement , lava man and a . p . xcellent crossed the finish line together with almost nothing between them . the finish was too close to call for many , but not for nakatani ; moments after the wire , he raised his whip in triumph .\nstrapped for money , arterburn ran lava man in a $ 50 , 000 claiming race at del mar ( calif . ) racetrack in august 2004 . steve kenly liked what he saw in lava man ' s second - place showing and persuaded the ownership group to pay the claiming price .\nlava man won the gold cup by a record 8 3 / 4 lengths , the widest winning margin in the 66 - year history of the race . lava man was always close to the front , stalking the pacesetter , congrats , to the top of the stretch before drawing off .\nlast summer at del mar , wood and the father - son team of david and steve kenley claimed lava man for $ 50 , 000 .\nwho knew ? certainly , lava man ' s trainer doug o ' neill could not have known . nor could owners std racing and jason wood . they went in for $ 50 , 000 to claim lava man out of a del mar grass race on aug . 13 , 2004 .\nbeattie , j . w . a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 . urltoken\nlava man had a blend of talent and versatility that comes along very rarely ; some might argue there has never been a horse with a greater combination of both than lava man . in the united states , horse racing is conducted over dirt , grass , and synthetic tracks , and lava man is the only horse in history to win grade 1 races on all three surfaces . he was so naturally fast that he frequently set the pace in his races , but if another horse wanted the early lead , lava man was perfectly content to take back and rally in the stretch .\nin 2006 , lava man became the first horse since vanlandingham in 1985 to win grade i stakes on both dirt and turf in the same year .\nlava man ' s 2007 hollywood gold cup win made him the first horse ever to win grade i races on dirt , turf and synthetic surfaces .\nlava man was guided to most of his major wins by jockey corey nakatani , but was ridden by a total of 13 jockeys during his career .\nwhile i\u2019ll have another was the one racing for history during that time period , lava man was a worthy challenger to the kentucky derby and preakness winner in terms of popularity . lava man was one of the first thoroughbreds to be seen on twitter and sanders credits that as part of his appeal .\nlava man won three hollywood gold cups - - only native diver had done that - - as well as two santa anita handicaps and a pacific classic . when lava man won the big ' cap and the hollywood gold cup in 2006 , it was the first time that double had been achieved since affirmed did it in 1979 . then , when he completed the triple by winning the pacific classic at del mar , lava man had established a first .\nbernardini is the even - money , early - line favorite , but lava man , the 6 - 1 third choice , will have plenty of backers .\nlava man had three wins , four seconds and a third in 13 starts under arterburn ' s training , and he ran his best races on grass .\nlava man was claimed by o\u2019neill after finishing second in a race at del mar in august 2004 . he returned to the track for his new owners a month later with a victory in the fairplex park derby trial . lava man ran four more times that year , finishing second three times and third once .\nthe attention lava man gets during his public appearances lets him keep the ego he developed when racing , and that is still evident to those around him .\nwhen the lava stops , quickly draw around the flow edge with a pencil .\nyou only feel the heat when you\u2019re very close or if the wind is blowing over the lava towards you . in some places collecting lava is easy . \u2026\nlava man was winless in his five starts outside of california , which made his induction to the hall of fame even more of a surprise for steve kenly .\nfor the 2006 edition , lava man came in as the defending champion , and the heavy favorite , but this one turned out to be anything but easy .\nback in california , arterburn will be among lava man ' s rooters saturday . after all , he and his partners have collected almost $ 350 , 000 , based on lava man ' s earnings , from the california thoroughbred breeders association , which has an incentive program that rewards breeders of california - bred horses for top - three finishes throughout a horse ' s career . lava man also made them close to $ 100 , 000 before he was claimed for $ 50 , 000 .\nbut even with his social media presence and i\u2019ll have another\u2019s retirement , lava man still has to work . from the time the first set of racehorses from o\u2019neill\u2019s barn hits the track until 10 a . m . , lava man\ncoaches\nthe racehorses on the track before a bath and being walked to cool down .\no ' neill heard about it and thought it was nice , because if this worked it would improve lava man ' s comfort around the retirement farm . then he got the word about three months ago that lava man was doing some light galloping . the reports were amazing . herthel told o ' neill that , were lava man to return to racing he ' d have the strongest bones of any of the horses . finally , about a month ago , o ' neill went north .\nthat ' s all changed . in september , they spent $ 480 , 000 on eight yearlings at keeneland , money from lava man ' s unlikely success story .\nin 46 starts , lava man ' s in - the - money record was 17 - 8 - 5 . his winnings were $ 5 , 268 , 706 .\nlava man showed the way on the racetrack , too . from september 2004 , when he won the derby trial stakes at fairplex park in his first start after being claimed for $ 50 , 000 , to the end of his career in december 2009 , lava man made 34 starts , and won 14 races , including 13 stakes .\nthis year , lava man ' s form took a turn for the worse in his first few starts . he lost three stakes before o ' neill added blinkers and dropped him into an optional claimer in may , risking him for $ 100 , 000 . lava man won and was not claimed , but the experience rattled steve kenley .\na few more highlights awaited in 2007 . after winning the sunshine millions turf and a second straight edition of the santa anita handicap , lava man shipped to dubai and finished last in the dubai duty free . another defeat followed in the whittingham memorial , and lava man seemed to be slowing down . as the hollywood gold cup approached , there were surely questions as lava man prepared for a historic third straight victory in the prestigious race . the 2007 hollywood gold cup would be run on a synthetic track and , as versatile as lava man had been , the question was could he handle the new surface at a point in his career when he seemed to be declining ?\nsanders relayed a particularly interesting situation that has become a part of lava man\u2019s repertoire : \u201cone of his favorite tricks is deciding when he will come back in for his bath after ponying horses . sometimes we feel sorry for whichever hotwalker has him ; there have been many standoffs , with lava man winning eight times out of ten . \u201d\nlava man is back training at hollywood park . just 11 days ago , he turned three furlongs in 36 seconds flat , faster than any other horse on the track that day . friday morning , according to steve kenly , lava man\nworked slower , worked longer , galloped like he did when he was at his best .\nthe answer , sadly for him , was yes . on august 13 , lava man was back at del mar , this time for a $ 50 , 000 tag .\nlava man earned nine triple - digit beyer speed figures during his career , including a career high of 120 for the 2005 hollywood gold cup ( usa - i ) .\nhe also says that any setback , even a small one , will end this grand experiment and send lava man back to the farm . he is so concerned about public perception that he says any of his training winnings from lava man will be donated to carma , a charity that helps pay for horses ' care once they are retired .\nlava man\u2019s warranted confidence has certainly come in handy in his new career as a pony for younger horses . among those youngsters , kentucky derby and preakness stakes winner i\u2019ll have another was one lava man immediately connected with it , but he apparently didn\u2019t mesh well with goldencents . \u201cyou never really know why they do or don\u2019t get along well with one horse over another , \u201d sanders mused . \u201cfor the most part lava man has the respect of his pupils , but right now he doesn\u2019t really have a favorite . \u201d\nlava man never showed his greatness outside of california . for one reason or another he ran poorly in all his forays outside the golden state . but he still was the king of california . he still was a racing treasure . he still was a legend . in short , he still was lava man . and that\u2019s enough in anyone\u2019s lifetime .\nthat summer , lava man won the grade 1 pacific classic at del mar , one of the finest performances of his career . \u201cthat was goose bumps , \u201d o\u2019neill said .\nthe victory has given lava man a temporary position at the top of the california handicap division , at least until santa anita handicap winner rock hard ten returns in the fall .\nlava man , a two - time winner of the hollywood gold cup and a horse closing in on $ 3 million in earnings , got off to a famously slow beginning .\na young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beat . . . | national library of australia\nhad lava man won the bc classic in november , he probably would have been horse of the year . but he launched another campaign with an emphatic stakes win on saturday .\nthat all changed in early 2005 , however . lava man hit the skids in his first three races , finishing seventh , fifth and sixth . at o ' neill ' s urging but against steve kenly ' s wishes , the partnership put lava man in a $ 100 , 000 claiming race at hollywood park in may . he won but went unclaimed .\nlava man\u2019s halters and shoes have been sold at auction to benefit multiple aftercare programs , and the barn helps with events that promote the retirement of ex - racehorses . lava man also has taken his turn as a racehorse - turned - showhorse , competing in a 2013 show for off - track thoroughbreds , and winning all the classes in which he competed .\naccording to o\u2019neill , no decision on where lava man turns up next will be made for several weeks , but he\u2019s sure it will be in the california - bred\u2019s home state .\nlava man is the subject of a dvd biography that was given away to fans at hollywood park in december 2007 . narrated by jim forbes ( whose other credits include vh1 ' s\nsteve kenly , however , persisted and finally persuaded the group to claim lava man a month later , after his runner - up showing in the $ 50 , 000 claiming race .\nlava man will have a chance for a third consecutive major stakes win in the $ 1 million pacific classic at 1 1 / 4 miles at del mar on aug . 21 .\nfew such stories can compare with that of the remarkable gelding lava man , who went from claimer to hall of famer to dominate california horse racing for much of three unforgettable years .\nafter escorting horses to the track , retired racing great lava man is turned loose for a few minutes to grab a bite to eat in doug o ' neill ' s barn .\nbeattie , j . w . a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie < urltoken >\nlava man still looks fit with a well - dappled gleaming bay coat . after retiring in january 2010 , he began the career transition with the help of stable foreman sabas rivera .\nevery so often , the old competitive juices flow . lava man started to act up during the post parade for the santa anita derby , having a flashback to when he raced .\nwhenever you have a star in the barn , owners are more likely to bring you their horses to train . so lava man has been significant in the career development of doug .\nof course , hudson isn\u2019t lava man\u2019s only admirer . the barn has been told about fans who\u2019ve gone to extreme lengths to make sure they wouldn\u2019t miss a race during his career .\nboth cited the desire to make lava man a rare repeat winner of the big cap as a reason to point for the richest race of the santa anita winter - spring meeting .\nbut the lure of the $ 5 million dubai duty free on turf on march 31 remains very much on their minds , and lava man could run there after the big cap .\nsuddenly , it seemed like the light had gone on . with 23 starts under his belt , lava man was at the point where the talent level of most racehorses is readily apparent , but lava man wasn\u2019t like most horses . perhaps some considered his win in the californian a fluke , but that was far from the case . instead , lava man came back even better in the 1 \u00bc - mile , grade 1 hollywood gold cup , which he won by a stunning 8 \u00be lengths in the brilliant time of 1 : 59 . 63 .\ndeath is forced to retire in reaper man , but this also doesn ' t stick .\nlava man\u2019s incredible talent , however , wasn\u2019t obvious from the start . as a son of slew city slew out of a mare by nostalgia\u2019s star , the california - bred lava man didn\u2019t have the most fashionable pedigree , which may have been one reason why he started his career in a 4 \u00bd - furlong , $ 12 , 500 maiden claiming race at stockton , a county fair track in california . sent off at odds of 35 . 50 - 1 , lava man trailed the field early on before rallying to finish fourth , beaten by 3 \u00be lengths . it was an inauspicious beginning , and his next two starts\u2014a third and a fifth in similar maiden claiming races\u2014did little to dispel the notion that lava man was nothing special .\nlong before lava man became one of the best horses in america , he was trained in northern california by lonnie arterburn , who bred and owned him in partnership with veterinarian kim kuhlmann .\nlava man is closing in on $ 3 million in earnings . the only thing left for him to prove is whether he can win somewhere other than in california . the horse was beaten by 45 1 / 2 lengths in the 2005 jockey club gold cup at belmont park . in his next race , the japan cup , lava man lost by 17 1 / 2 lengths .\ncoast near vureas bay at vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie\nsunset over vureas bay , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie\neven though lava man remains quite aloof and difficult to handle , his affection can be bought with treats ! the fan favorite is regularly visited and showered with gifts by his loyal following . in addition to his typical gifts of cards and cookies , lava man once received an entire box of stories , poems , and drawings of which he was the focus from a class of fifth grade students . the gelding even has a large following on social media . \u201coftentimes a photo or status update about lava man or from lava himself will generate tens of thousands of views , \u201d sanders described . \u201cwe are very happy that the racing public has not forgotten the champ ! \u201d\nlava man returned to the track january 28 , won the sunshine millions classic at santa anita \u2014\ni could hardly talk ,\ndave kenly said \u2014 and hasn ' t lost since .\nat the age of 14 , lava man thrives on activity . he is a pony for longtime trainer doug o\u2019neill at los alamitos , guiding the stable\u2019s young horses to and from the track .\nlava man won his first major stakes in the grade 2 californian stakes at 1 1 / 8 miles on june 18 , but the win in the gold cup left o ' neill stunned .\nlava man led all the way under corey nakatani , accelerating at the top of the stretch to pull away and win by 2\u00bc lengths over brother derek , who was undefeated at santa anita .\nkenly realizes that an unsuccessful trip to the other side of the world could foil the rest of the 2007 campaign for lava man , forcing him and his owners to regroup in the summer .\nas lava man developed into a grade i winner and then a legend , becoming the first horse to sweep the grade i santa anita handicap , hollywood gold cup , and pacific classic in the same year , arterburn became more distressed over his misfortune . now he\u2019s had to watch lava man make more history by emulating native diver\u2019s feat of winning three consecutive runnings of the hollywood gold cup .\nlava man , a son of slew city slew \u2013 li\u2019l ms . leonard , by nostalgia\u2019s star , had previously been trained by lonnie arterburn , who also was the horse\u2019s co - owner and co - breeder . it was steve kenly who had o\u2019neill claim lava man . kenly raced the horse under the name std stable , along with his parents dave and tracey , and partner jason wood .\nsteve kenly broke out the new lava man caps at the goodwood . they didn ' t go unnoticed at the track . fans cheered him everywhere he went , then rooted the horse to victory .\nthat ' s lava man ' s next order of business \u2014 proving to skeptics in the east that he can win outside his home state . he ' s winless in three starts outside california .\nbreeders ' cup hopeful lava man , shown with groom albert zumaya during bathtime oct . 30 in louisville , is one of the favorites in the $ 5 million classic at churchill downs on saturday .\nlava man was retired after a series of losses in the summer of 2008 , and was sent to magali farms in santa ynez , calif . within a year , he was back at the track and in training . despite criticism that lava man had done enough , he made one additional start , finishing last of seven in the grade 2 san gabriel handicap at santa anita in december 2009 .\nlava man was named the 2005 california - bred horse of the year in voting by the california thoroughbred breeders association , it was announced at the ctba ' s annual awards dinner feb . 7 .\nsouthern cross ( ship ) - - photographs . | ni - vanuatu - - vanuatu - - vanua lava - - photographs . | young men - - vanuatu - - vanua lava - - photographs . | boats and boating in missionary work - - vanuatu - - vanua lava - - photographs . | veutu\u0308mboso bay ( vanuatu ) - - photographs . | vanua lava ( vanuatu ) - - photographs .\nthe racing world has certainly not forgotten lava man , and if all goes well on april 20 , 2015 , the gelding could officially be installed into the annals of horse racing\u2019s hall of fame . announced in march , lava man is one of the four finalists for induction into the national museum of racing and hall of fame . while black tie affair , xtra heat , and kona gold are also excellent contenders for induction , lava man still holds a solid grip on the hearts of racing fans , and his initiation into racing\u2019s highest honor would simply be the cherry on top of a fantastic career .\nlast fall , kenly was looking for an appropriate slogan for lava man . he inadvertently came up with a perfect one when he said about owning a horse like this : \u201cwe\u2019re having a blast . \u201d\nstd racing and jason wood\u2019s grade i - winning multi - millionaire lava man is scheduled to return to his hollywood park base from his unsuccessful trip to dubai late wednesday night , trainer doug o\u2019neill said .\nlava man ( usa ) march 20 , 2001 \u2013 living slew city slew ( usa ) x li ' l ms . leonard ( usa ) , by nostalgias star ( usa ) family 8 - k\nin 2013 , lava man made his debut as a show horse at the thoroughbred classic horse show held at the rancho mission viejo riding park . he won all three classes in which he was entered .\nfor her permission to use her pictures of lava man . please do not copy or distribute these photos without her permission . if you would like to contact her , send me at e - mail at\nhe is already two - thirds of the way there . lava man won the santa anita handicap by three - quarters of a length on march 4 . he was fortunate to prevail by a nose in the hollywood gold cup on july 8 . lava man is unbeaten in five starts this year , including three grade 1 stakes , while racking up more than $ 1 . 8 million in purse money .\nlava man , who was vanned off the track following a third - place finish in sunday ' s pacific classic ( gr . i ) at del mar , was reported in good shape monday morning .\nhudson\u2019s wish was to meet lava man , something she was able to do during kentucky derby week in 2012 . that encounter has turned into a lasting relationship between the girl\u2019s family and the o\u2019neill barn .\nkenly , who had been looking specifically for 3 - year - old cal - breds , because of the state\u2019s lucrative program , had his eye on several horses and lava man was one of them .\nbut the racing life is in lava man\u2019s blood , and he can still be seen at racetracks in california , where he serves as a stable pony for o\u2019neill . in 2012 , he was back in the headlines again as he accompanied i\u2019ll have another through a campaign that included victories in the kentucky derby and preakness stakes . for a horse like lava man , it\u2019s hard to picture a more fitting ending .\nwith one good local prep under his girth , lava man was ready for another defense in the gold cup . the fans and bettors who bet him down to 7 - 5 in the field of nine had no way of knowing that this would turn out to be his last career victory , but they were treated to something special on this afternoon . it was lava man at his gritty , determined best .\nlava man came back into the limelight in 2012 as the regular lead pony for that year ' s kentucky derby / preakness stakes winner i ' ll have another , also trained by doug o ' neill .\nin his first start for his new connections , lava man returned to dirt and won the derby trial stakes at fairplex park , taking command in the homestretch and pulling away to win decisively . three more solid performances in stakes races followed before lava man took a big step up in class and tackled the seven - eighths of a mile , grade 1 malibu stakes at santa anita park . lava man had never run in a graded stakes race , let alone a grade 1 , but outperformed the expectations of most racing fans when he rallied to finish second , beaten by just a half - length by rock hard ten .\nbeattie , j . w . n . d . , a young man at vureas bay , southern cross in background , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie < urltoken >\nlava man easily put away his california competition in the $ 500 , 000 goodwood breeders ' cup handicap yesterday at santa anita . now he ' s ready for a showdown with his vaunted east coast rivals .\nlava man ( $ 3 . 20 ) covered 1 1 / 8 miles in 1 : 48 . 15 . giacomo , the 50 - 1 winner of last year ' s kentucky derby , finished third .\nvureas bay at st . peters , vanua lava , banks islands , 1906 / j . w . beattie\nas a 2 - year - old , lava man made his career debut in june 2003 in a $ 12 , 500 maiden claiming race at the san joaquin county fair in stockton , calif . , by finishing fourth at odds of 36 - 1 . lava man finally broke his maiden in his fifth career start , winning a maiden special weight at bay meadows in his final race as a 2 - year - old .\nthe racing world has certainly not forgotten lava man , and if all goes well on april 20 , 2015 , the gelding could officially be installed into the annals of horse racing\u2019s hall of fame . photo : benoit\nin the bc classic , lava man will face bernardini , a 3 - year - old who won his sixth in a row yesterday , in the $ 750 , 000 jockey club gold cup at belmont park .\nlava man won his next two races , including $ 450 , 000 with his eye - popping 8 3 / 4 - length victory in the hollywood gold cup . his win was so impressive that a representative for sheik mohammed bin rashid al maktoum , the owner of bernardini , the ruler of dubai and a horseman who spent $ 60 million at the keeneland sales in september , offered $ 1 . 5 million for lava man .\nhe was scheduled to be sent to old friends in kentucky to enjoy a peaceful life in a pasture , but lava man didn\u2019t seem to care for this lifestyle , and after receiving stem cell therapy that healed his ankles , lava man was put back into training . he thrived with his return to a daily schedule of exercise and made a brief comeback , finishing last in the 2009 san gabriel handicap before being retired for good .\nthe events of captain america civil war brings iron man and hawkeye out of retirement to help the avengers .\nfor the kenly family , the trip to lava man\u2019s induction will be their first to the historic racing town of saratoga springs , n . y . \u201cwe have no idea what to expect , \u201d steve kenly said .\nthe summertime retirement of lava man left a void in this division . then again , replacing a horse that rose from claiming ranks to win seven grade 1 races in his career is difficult for any regional breeding industry .\nok , obviously i did not make that earth background , i got it from google urltoken this is the cover art for my lava man series on da . it will also be the index to all parts of the series and will put facts about lava man in the description every now and then , so check it out for some ! index : page 1 : [ link ] page 2 : [ link ] page 3 : [ link ] page 4 : [ link ] page 5 : [ link ] page 6 : [ link ] page 7 : [ link ] page 8 : [ link ] page 9 : [ link ] page 10 : [ link ] page 11 : [ link ] page 12 : [ link ] page 13 : [ link ] page 14 : [ link ] page 15 : [ link ] page 16 : [ link ] fun fact ! : lava man was originally an idea for a video game called\nlava man vs . the grim reaper\ni thought of lava man ( inspired by the lava suit on the video game\nvexx\n) and my little bro ( jackeduppanda [ link ] ) thought of the grim reaper .\nhow original .\nlol\nas best you can , use a thin layer of play dough to cover the entire area where lava flowed .\na jubilant michael blowen announced thursday that lava man , one of the great geldings of all time , is scheduled to arrive at old friends on sept . 16 , where he will live out the rest of his days .\nlava man , ridden by corey nakatani , puts the field away en route to winning the grade ii $ 500 , 000 goodwood breeders ' cup handicap horse race oct . 7 at santa anita park in arcadia , calif .\nlava man certainly seems to be happiest at the track with a routine and being surrounded by \u201chis\u201d people . in fact , attempts to retire the gelding to pasture life have been less than appealing to lava man . \u201conce at a layup farm , while he was still in racing , he ran up and down the fence line checking out the horses on the training track , \u201d sanders supplied . \u201che wanted to be part of the action . \u201d\nafter undergoing stem - cell therapy during what had been billed as a retirement , lava man attempted a comeback in december 2009 . however , after finishing seventh in that comeback race , he was retired from racing for good .\nin 2006 , lava man became the first horse to sweep the three major dirt stakes for older horses in southern california in the same year - the big cap , hollywood gold cup , and pacific classic at del mar .\nbreeders cup classic hopeful lava man tries to bite his groom noe garcia after an early morning workout at churchill downs in louisville , kentucky , october 31 2006 . trainer doug o ' neill is preparing his horse . . . more\n\u201call credit goes to steve kenly . he picked him out and really liked him , \u201d o\u2019neill said . \u201che was looking for a nice cal - bred at the time and lava man was that and so much more . \u201d\nlava man did not start his career on the other side of the tracks . he started his career in a place where there are no tracks . apparently , the horse needed a change of venue and a bit more distance .\nlast saturday , nearly 27 months after his first visit to hollywood park , lava man was 3 - 5 in the grade 1 hollywood gold cup . this is about as close to seabiscuit as this sport has seen since seabiscuit .\nclaimed for $ 50 , 000 in the summer of 2004 , lava man earned $ 550 , 000 for owners jason wood and steve and david kenly and now has earned more than $ 1 . 5 million in his career .\non aug . 13 , 2004 , doug o\u2019neill put in a $ 50 , 000 claim on a gelding named lava man for std racing and jason wood . what happened over the next five years became a real life fairytale .\nwhen transitioning from racehorse to pony , lava man learned where the barn stored the grain and would help himself to it every morning . but as the barn quickly found out , the routine made him return to his racehorse roots .\nkenly said , \u201cmichael called us about retiring lava man , and he was just so energetic and excited . i didn\u2019t think there was that much interest in the horse outside of the west coast , and michael just said , \u2018are you kidding me ? \u2019 we\u2019re not blue - blood , we\u2019re not the uber - wealthy . lava man is a small guy\u2019s horse and michael is a small - guy\u2019s farm , so we thought it was a perfect fit . \u201d\nlava man retired with a record of 17 wins , 8 seconds , and 5 thirds from 47 starts , with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 , the fourth - highest total ever accumulated by a california - bred horse .\nlava man first caught steve kenly ' s eye when he ran for a $ 62 , 500 tag in july 2004 at del mar . kenly wanted to claim lava man at the time but got what he called a\nchilly\nreception from his father , stepmother tracy , wood and trainer doug o ' neill . none was sold on the horse ' s sixth - place finish and modest record of three wins and $ 98 , 000 in earnings in 12 races .\nbecause i\u2019ll be away in kentucky until late next week , and with the announcement that lava man will be going to old friends , i\u2019m putting this look back at the lava man story ( from last year ) on here , in good part just to get this latest curlin vs . big brown feud off . just the mere mention of either of them in any context turns the blog into the blob \u2013 a creature that keeps growing and consumes everything in its path .\nlava man finished sixth in the race , but had a ton of trouble , getting squeezed and trapped between horses . kenly remembered that and stored it in the back of his head in case the horse showed up again for a price .\nwhat if , when the opportunity arose to re - claim lava man , arterburn hadn ' t been in the midst of a career move that saw him buy a farm in ocala , fla . , and move there with his family ?\ninglewood , calif . - when lava man walked into the starting gate at 6 - 1 for saturday ' s $ 750 , 000 , co - owner jason wood shrugged and thought to himself that the gelding just cannot earn any respect .\nin addition to his typical gifts of cards and cookies , lava man once received an entire box of stories , poems , and drawings of which he was the focus from a class of fifth grade students . photo : doug o\u2019neill racing stable\nbefore his third attempt in the gold cup , lava man would have another unsuccessful sojourn , this time for the rich dubai world cup . the story of this wonderful horse is not complete without the telling of his fondness for california racing .\nunlike his first two hollywood gold cup wins , this one came on their new synthetic racing surface . the legend of lava man deservedly grows , when you consider that he was a grade 1 winner on dirt , turf , and synthetic .\nthe message to the fans is two things ,\no ' neill says .\nfirst , nobody is doing this for the money . and second , lava man is being monitored daily by the top people in the business .\narterburn arranged for the breeding that produced lava man by sending a mare that he had claimed , li ' l miss leonard , to kentucky in 1998 . the sire was slew city slew , a son of 1977 triple crown winner seattle slew .\nlava man won seven grade 1 races , ending his career with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 . he earned $ 5 , 170 , 103 for owners steve , tracy , and david kenly and jason wood after they claimed him .\nlava man\u2019s apparent intelligence and confidence have also provided for some interesting situations around the barn . as an \u201cold soul , \u201d he watches everything around him , and the now fourteen - year - old gelding has developed a mind of his own .\nis out of the nostalgia ' s star mare li ' l ms . leonard and was bred by lonnie arterburn , eve kuhlmann and kim kuhlmann . steve , tracy and david kenly ' s std racing stable and jason wood own lava man .\nlava man followed up his maiden win with a starter allowance victory , but lost his next four starts before winning an allowance race on the grass at bay meadows by a nose . arterburn had removed his blinkers for the race , and lava man showed tremendous courage to win after a stretch - long duel . it was that same tenacity and courage under fire that would enable to him to win back - to - back gut - wrenchers in the hollywood gold cup ( gr . i ) .\nlava man was foaled in california in 2001 and began his racing career with a fourth - place finish in a $ 12 , 500 maiden - claiming event for 2 - year - olds at the san joaquin county fair on june 19 , 2003 .\nevery single one of his career victories came in his home state . for whatever reason , lava man never ran his best outside california , going a non - threatening 0 - for - 4 in new york , tokyo , louisville , and dubai .\nit turns out that he - man didn ' t really hurt anybody , and the whole incident was a batman gambit ( and evil plan of the week ) that skeletor devised to demoralize he - man and trick him into giving up his powers .\nwith lava man all the rage again , we thought this would be a good time to reprint a column we wrote back on sept . 6 , 2008 , telling the story of one of the greatest claims in racing history , if not the greatest .\n\u201cwhat an amazing honor , \u201d trainer doug o\u2019neill said of lava man being elected to the hall of fame . \u201che\u2019s family to me and to everyone connected with him . you are lucky if you get a horse like this once in a lifetime . \u201d\nsince being claimed , lava man has won four races , including the derby trial stakes at fairplex park last september . he was second in the california cup classic , on trust stakes , and grade 1 malibu stakes in his final three starts of 2004 .\nlava man is an 8 - year - old gelding . in his prime , he acquired cult status reserved for the likes of john henry and cigar , older horses who stuck around long enough to win lots of races and build a large fan base .\nsteve kenly says ,\nevery workout , we got closer . we put it out there for lava man to tell us , and he kept passing tests . everybody was reluctant at first . now , after seeing him , everybody is on board .\nlava man was key in bringing the o\u2019neill barn to the minds of racing fans , and certainly accomplished a great deal in his time as a racehorse ,\nsaid sharla sanders , operations manager for doug o\u2019neill racing stable .\npeople connected with his \u2018blue collar\u2019 beginnings and followed his career with enthusiasm . lava man gave 100 percent all the time , even when he shipped out of state or the country . he never duplicated the same success outside of [ california ] , which is too bad because we feel that he should be considered for the racing hall of fame . whenever you have a star in the barn , owners are more likely to bring you their horses to train . so lava man has been significant in the career development of doug .\nthe original lava man was supposed to appear in\nprisoners of love ,\nbut was cut from the final version . nonetheless , he is mentioned to be sleeping outside the tree fort , forcing finn and jake to seek relief in the ice kingdom .\ntrained by doug o ' neill , lava man has never won a stakes outside of california , losing such races as the jockey club gold cup and japan cup dirt in 2005 and finishing seventh in the breeders ' cup classic last november at churchill downs .\nsince being claimed for $ 50 , 000 in august 2004 , lava man has won 10 stakes in california for wood and the kenly family ' s std racing . that record makes staying home for the big cap an easy decision , steve kenly said ."]}
{"id": 955, "summary": [{"text": "ditropis is a genus of land snails with opercula , terrestrial gastropods in the family cyclophoridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is also a hemipteran genus ditropis , homonym of stiroma fieber 1866 , belonging to the family delphacidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ditropis", "paragraphs": ["ilia gjonov marked\nditropis pteridis\nas trusted on the\nditropis pteridis\npage .\nno one has contributed data records for ditropis yet . learn how to contribute .\nworms - world register of marine species - ditropis w . t . blanford , 1869\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : lamna ditropis . jpg\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30cd\u30ba\u30df\u30b6\u30e1\nto\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\n.\nspecies ditropis ingenua o . boettger , 1891 accepted as ditropopsis ingenua ( o . boettger , 1891 ) ( original combination )\nspecies ditropis moellendorffi o . boettger , 1891 accepted as ditropopsis moellendorffi ( o . boettger , 1891 ) ( original combination )\nspecies ditropis spiralis o . boettger , 1891 accepted as ditropopsis spiralis ( o . boettger , 1891 ) ( original combination )\ndana campbell set\nfile : salmon shark afsc . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\n.\ndana campbell marked\nfile : salmon shark afsc . jpg\nas trusted on the\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\npage .\ndana campbell marked\nfile : salmon shark fetus . jpg\nas trusted on the\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\npage .\nanderson , scot d . , and kenneth j . goldman . 2001 . temperature measurements from salmon sharks , lamna ditropis , in alskan waters . copeia , 2001 ( 3 ) : 794 - 796 .\ngoldman , k . , j . musick . 2008 . the biology and ecology of the salmon shark , lamna ditropis . pp . 95 - 104 in m camhi , e pikitch , e babcock , eds .\nto cite this page : lupton , e . ; a . mendoza and b . razavinematollahi 2012 .\nlamna ditropis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nblagoderov , a . i . 1994 . seasonal distribution and some notes on the biology of salmon shark ( lamna ditropis ) in the northwestern pacific ocean . j . ichthyol . , 34 ( 2 ) : 115 - 121 .\nsmith , r . l . , and d . rhodes . 1983 . body temperature of the salmon shark , lamna ditropis . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 63 : 243 - 244 .\nnakaya , kazuhiro . 1971 . descriptive notes on a porbeagle , lamna nasus , from argentine waters , compared with the north pacific salmon shark , lamna ditropis . bull . fac . fish . hokkaido univ , 21 : 269 - 279 .\nnagasawa , kazuya . 1998 . predation by salmon sharks ( lamna ditropis ) on pacific salmon ( oncorhynchus spp . ) in the north pacific ocean . n . pac . anadr . fish comm . bull . , 1 : 419 - 433 .\npaust , brian , and ronald smith . 1986 . salmon shark manual : the development of a commercial salmon shark , lamna ditropis , fishery in the north pacific . alaska sea grant report 86 - 01 . university of alaska , fairbanks . 430 pp .\nnakaya , k . , 1971 . descriptive notes on a porbeable , lamna nasus , from argentine waters , compared with the north pacific salmon shark , lamna ditropis . bull . fac . fish . hokkaido univ . , 21 ( 4 ) : 269 - 79\nthe salmon shark , lamna ditropis , was first described by hubbs and follett in 1947 . the genus name lamna is translated from greek\nlamna , - es\nas a voracious fish . the species name ditropis is from the greek\ndi\nmeaning two , and\ntropis\nmeaning keel . prior to 1947 , salmon sharks were thought to be porbeagle sharks , lamna nasus ( then lamna cornubica ) . although these species are closely related , their ranges do not overlap . salmon sharks are a pacific species , and porbeagles are an atlantic species .\ntribuzio , c . 2004 .\nan investigation of the reproductive physiology of two north pacific shark species : spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) and salmon shark ( lamna ditropis )\n( on - line pdf ) . school of aquatic and fishery sciences . accessed november 09 , 2011 at urltoken .\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947 . holotype , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , mcz - 36471 , adult male ( partial specimen , size uncertain ) ; type locality , la jolla , california , 92 to 107m off the la jolla beach club in shallow water . copeia 1947 ( 3 ) : 194 .\nthese sharks are often mistake for white sharks because they look very similar , but the salmon shark is dark blue - gray to black over most of its body , except for its pale underside which often has dark blotches on it that the white sharks do not . they can get to 10 feet long ( almost 1 , 000 pounds ) from their short , conical snouts to their crescent caudal ( tail ) fins . unlike most others , this shark is endothermic , meaning it is able to maintain a body temperature above the temperature of the surrounding water .\nthe salmon shark gets its name from one of its prey items , the pacific salmon ( oncorhyncus spp . ) . although it is considered to be one of the main predators of pacific salmon , the salmon shark is actually an opportunistic feeder with a wide - ranging diet .\nthe salmon shark was called the porbeagle before it was recognized as a separate species . it belongs to the family lamnidae , the mackerel sharks . in french , the salmon shark is known as requin - taupe saumon , in spanish , marrajo salm\u00f3n , and in german , pazifischer heringshai . the salmon shark is abundant in japanese waters , and it has several local names in japan , including the japanese mackerel shark , nezumizame , mokazame , radukazame , and sakezame .\nthe salmon shark is not specifically targeted by commercial fisheries , but is often caught as by - catch in japanese , united states , and canadian offshore gill - netting , seining , and trolling for salmon , swordfish , and thresher sharks . it is also sometimes caught by trammel - netting halibut fishers off california . salmon sharks are commonly viewed by fishermen as pests because of the heavy damage they do to fishing gear .\nwhen salmon sharks are caught , the fins of the salmon shark may be harvested , but the carcass is generally discarded . however , if harvested , the flesh is sold for consumption in japan , and to a lesser extent in the u . s . the oil , skin ( leather ) , and fins ( soup ) may also be used . the people of the northern japanese fishing port of kesennuma , where most salmon shark landings in japan occur , also use the heart in a popular local sashimi dish .\nthe salmon shark is generally viewed as potentially dangerous to man . however , even though it is a relatively large shark and is related to infamously dangerous species like the white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) and the shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) , it has never been positively identified in any shark attack . the unsubstantiated reports of this species are probably due to confusion with the white shark . divers have viewed groups of salmon sharks underwater with no reports of agonistic behavior by the sharks .\nthe iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nfishery statistics for this species are very limited , but as recent studies indicate low fecundity and slow maturity , it may be quite vulnerable . unfortunately , there is no regulation on the pelagic fishery in international waters , and the salmon shark is actually very heavily fished as bycatch , although often discarded . in general , fishermen view the salmon shark as a pest because of its frequent damage to fishing gear , particularly in salmon fisheries , and this means the shark is all the more likely to be killed or traumatized .\nthe recent frequent strandings of juvenile sharks along the pacific coast of the u . s . , which were rare in the 1970s and 1980s , indicate a possible adverse reaction to human development impacts along the coastal waters that are a nursery for this species .\ndue to the lack of biological knowledge of the salmon shark and increased sports fishing for it , the alaska board of fisheries closed all commercial shark fishing in alaska state waters and imposed heavy regulations on the state sports fishery for salmon sharks in 1997 .\nthe salmon shark occurs only in the coastal and oceanic waters of the north pacific . they can be found in the waters off japan ( including the sea of japan ) , off the western pacific coasts of north korea , south korea , russia ( including the sea of okhotsk ) , and in the bering sea . the eastern portion of their range is bounded by the eastern pacific coast of the canada , the u . s . , and possibly northern mexico . because the salmon shark only occurs in the pacific , it can be easily distinguished from its relative the porbeagle , in the northern hemisphere , which only occurs in the atlantic .\nthe salmon shark is a primarily pelagic species , but can be found in epipelagic , offshore , and coastal areas . it appears to prefer cold boreal to cool temperate waters , but has been caught in water temperatures from 36 . 5\u00b0 to 75\u00b0f ( 2 . 5\u00b0 to 24\u00b0c ) . the species can be found at the surface to depths below 500 ft ( 152 m ) , and has been photographed at 837 ft ( 255 m ) .\ntransmitter on the dorsal fin of a salmon shark , used to track vertical and horizontal migration . image courtesy national marine fisheries service\nas is common among pelagic elasmobranch species , the salmon shark makes long oceanic migrations over the course of the year . in this species , these migrations appear to be highly correlated with\nthose of the pelagic fish that it principally preys on , as well as with reproductive seasons . the salmon shark gives birth in the spring and probably mates in the summer or autumn . populations in the northwest pacific breed in japanese waters or in waters off the coast of kamchatka and sakhalin . in winter , when the water warms , they migrate north to more distant feeding grounds in the sea of okhotsk , the bering sea , and the sea of japan . in the spring , they return south to japanese waters , areas of the open ocean , and the southern kuril region , where the females give birth .\npopulations of the northeast pacific perform a similar north - south migration in the waters off california , oregon , washington , alaska , and canada . the females migrate south in the spring to give birth off oregon and california , where a significant number of neonates and young juveniles are found beached at that time every year .\nthere appears to be a strong sexual segregation in this species with males dominating the western north pacific and females dominating the eastern north pacific . in fact , males and females probably do not form mixed groups , as catches of salmon sharks are almost always dominated by one sex or the other . although trans - pacific movements have not been documented , they are suspected to occur , particularly during the mating period , which is probably in summer or autumn .\nsalmon shark populations also appear to be segregated by size , with large sharks generally inhabiting the more northern reaches of the species ' range , and smaller sharks staying in the southern parts . the larger , more mature sharks are more active in migrations , like the ones described above , while juveniles tend to remain in nursery areas until they reach about 3 . 6 to 3 . 9 ft ( 110 to 120 cm ) in length . the waters off the coast of california appear to be a major nursery ground for the northeast populations , with juveniles remaining there for one to two years after birth . the northwest salmon shark populations have nursery grounds in the open - water pacific , japanese waters , and the southern kuril region .\nthe salmon shark has a heavy spindle - shaped body with a short blunt conical snout . the gill slits are large . the caudal peduncle is strongly keeled , with short secondary keels on the caudal base . the caudal fin is crescent - shaped . the large first dorsal fin has a free rear tip . the small second dorsal and anal fins can pivot .\nthe salmon shark is sometimes mistaken for the white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) , but it can be distinguished by its shorter snout and the presence of secondary keels on the caudal base ( the white shark has none ) .\ncoloration the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the salmon shark are dark blue gray to black in color . its dorsal fin is all dark , including the rear tip . the ventral surface of the snout anterior to the mouth is also dark , but the rest of the ventral surface of the body is white , often with dusky blotches ( in adults only ) and white patches over the pectoral bases . the dark blotches can also be used to distinguish the salmon shark from the white shark .\nclose - up of the jaw of a salmon shark . photo courtesy national marine fisheries service\nthe salmon shark has moderately large blade - like teeth with lateral cusplets , small bumps or\nmini - teeth\non either side of each tooth . the first upper lateral teeth have oblique ( diagonally - oriented ) cusps .\nsize , age , and growth the salmon shark has a maximum total length of about 10 ft ( 305 cm ) and maximum weight of over 992 lbs ( 450 kg ) . there are unconfirmed accounts of salmon sharks 12 . 1 to 14 . 1 ft ( 370 to 430 cm ) , but these may have resulted from confusion with the larger white shark . in the eastern north pacific , female salmon sharks can live to at least 20 years , males to at least 27 years .\nin the western north pacific , males mature at about 5 . 8 to 6 . 1 ft ( 177 - 186 cm ) in total length and 5 years , and females mature at about 6 . 6 to 7 . 3 ft ( 200 - 223 cm ) and 8 - 10 years . salmon sharks in the eastern north pacific appear to have a faster growth rate than those in the western north pacific and mature at an earlier age . in the eastern north pacific , males mature at about 5 . 2 ft ( 158 cm ) and 3 - 5 years , and females at 6 . 7 ft ( 205 cm ) and 6 - 9 years . also , females in the eastern north pacific are in general larger and heavier bodied than those in the western north pacific .\nas with all other members of the family lamnidae ( the mackerel sharks ) , the salmon shark is endothermic , meaning it is able to maintain a body temperature above the temperature of the surrounding water . this is unusual because most fish are ectotherms , having internal temperature that is nearly identical to the ambient water temperature .\nall lamnids have vascular counter - current heat exchangers ( retia mirabilia ) that allow them to retain the heat produced by the metabolism of these fast - swimming sharks . salmon sharks have retes in the cranium near the eyes , in the locomotor muscles , and in the viscera . they also have vascular shunts that allow them to alter the route of blood flow , further regulating rates of heat gain and heat loss . a few other fast - swimming fish , like tunas , also have this homeothermic ability , so this is an instance of convergent evolution between lamnid sharks and tunas .\nrecent studies have shown that the salmon shark does indeed maintain an internal temperature well above ambient water temperature . in fact , the salmon shark probably has the greatest thermoregulatory ability of any shark , and internal body temperatures up to 60 . 1\u00b0f ( 15 . 6\u00b0c ) greater than sea surface temperature have been recorded .\nthis thermoregulatory ability allows salmon sharks to range vertically through the water column in search of prey and to extend their niche to boreal waters .\nfood habits salmon sharks are opportunistic feeders . their diet consists mainly of pelagic and demersal bony fishes , such as pacific salmon , steelhead trout , herring , sardines , pollock , alaska cod , tomcod , lancetfishes , daggerteeth , sauries , lanternfishes , pomfrets , mackerel , lumpfishes , sculpins , etc . non - bony fish prey include the spiny dogfish and pelagic squid . salmon sharks may feed singly or in feeding aggregations of several sharks .\nsalmon sharks are generally believed to be one of the principal predators of pacific salmon ( oncorhyncus spp . ) , but some studies suggest this may only be true for certain populations in certain areas of the salmon shark ' s range . in the aleutian islands and the gulf of alaska , for example , salmon shark abundance corresponds to catch rates of salmon , and the migration patterns of predator and prey appear to be linked . however , in the western north pacific , most salmon sharks appear to be concentrated south of the salmon ' s migration path . the migration patterns of these western north pacific populations appear to be linked instead with those of herring and sardines .\nreproduction salmon sharks mate summer - autumn and give birth in the spring . during mating , the male shark bites the female to hold onto her while they copulate . accordingly , biologists can tell if a female has recently mated by looking for fresh bite marks .\nthis shark ' s gestation period is probably about nine months , with litters containing 2 - 5 embryos . it is ovoviviparous , meaning that it gives birth to live young , but in the uterus ( womb ) , embryos have no placental or other direct connection to the mother . oophagy , or consumption of unfertilized eggs by embryos , has been documented in this species . during gestation , the mother continues to ovulate unfertilized eggs ( ova ) , which proceed from the ovary to the nidamental gland , where they are filled with yolk . these nutritive ova then pass to the uterus , where they are consumed by the growing embryos . this is how embryos are nourished during most of gestation . embryos are born at about 2 . 8 to 3 . 1 ft ( 84 - 96 cm ) in length .\nthe white shark may prey on juvenile salmon sharks where their ranges overlap . photo \u00a9 klaus jost\nit is unlikely that any creature would prey on adult salmon sharks because of their size . however , juvenile salmon sharks probably do face predators among the larger fish , including other sharks , that inhabit their range .\nparasites because this species is so little studied , reports of parasites found in it are few . there is a record of the cestode ( tapeworm ) nybelinia surmenicola found on a salmon shark in alaskan waters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nno detailed information exists on salmon shark abundance , and nothing is known about stock structure . no abundance estimates are available for salmon sharks in the northeast pacific . minimum stock size for the northwest and western central pacific has been estimated via catch data from several japanese drift / gillnet fisheries to range from 1 . 66 x 106 to 2 . 19 x 106 ( shimida and nakano unpublished data , cited in nagasawa 1998 ) , however no detailed information was given as to how these estimates were obtained . while sexual segregation is relatively common in sharks , a remarkable sex ratio difference occurs in salmon sharks across the north pacific basin . the western side is male dominated and the eastern side is female dominated , with dominance increasing with latitude ( sano 1962 , nagasawa 1998 , goldman 2002 , goldman and musick in press ) . larger sharks range farther north than smaller individuals , and southern catches generally occur in deeper waters ( nagasawa 1998 , goldman and musick unpublished data ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 2001 ) . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 269p . [ details ]\nditropopsis ( ditropiphorus ) fukuda , 2000 represented as ditropopsis e . a . smith , 1897\nbank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\none of a large number of brachypterous ( short - winged ) delphacids , although the only one to specialise on bracken . the vertex and face are uniformly yellow and the wings dark with smooth and inconspicuous veins . the wings are approximately half the length of the abdomen in males and a quarter the length in females . macropters are rare . common and widespread in britain , often on bracken in woods .\nsalmon sharks are widely distributed throughout coastal and pelagic environments within the subarctic and temperate north pacific ocean , between 10\u00b0n and 70\u00b0n latitude . their range includes the bering sea , the sea of okhotsk , and the sea of japan , and also extends from the gulf of alaska to southern baja california . salmon sharks generally range from 35\u00b0n to 65\u00b0n latitude in the western pacific ocean and from 30\u00b0n to 65\u00b0n in the eastern pacific , with highest densities found between 50\u00b0n and 60\u00b0n .\nsalmon sharks are primarily pelagic , but are also found in coastal waters of the north pacific . they generally swim in the surface layer of subarctic water , but also occur in deeper waters of warmer southern regions to at least 150m . this species appears to prefer water temperatures from 2\u00b0c to 24\u00b0c .\npopulations of salmon sharks show seasonal density fluctuations in the coastal alaska downwelling region , which is characterized by turbulent mixing and strong seasonality of light and temperature . the summer - autumn usage of this ecoregion by salmon sharks coincides with the return of\nadult salmon sharks can weigh at least 220 kg ( 485 lbs ) . there are unofficial reports of salmon sharks weighing 450 kg ( 992 lbs ) , but it is likely that this specimen was a misidentified white shark (\n) . sharks in the eastern north pacific have a greater weight to length ratio than their counterparts in the western north pacific .\nwhen reporting shark lengths , precaudal length ( pcl ) is often used , even though it excludes the tail fin . this allows discussion of a standardized length measure , as different possible orientations of the tail can give different measurements of total length . the pcl is determined by calculating the straight - line - distance between two vertical lines , one projected from the tip of the snout , and the other from the precaudal point . adult salmon sharks typically range in size from 180 to 210 cm pcl .\nmost fishes are ectotherms , meaning their body temperature remains identical to the surrounding water . salmon sharks , however , are endothermic , meaning they maintain a core body temperature higher than the surrounding water ( up to 16\u00b0c ) . this is accomplished through retention of heat produced by cell metabolism . however , no information on the basal metabolic rate of\nsalmon sharks have a heavy , spindle - shaped body with a short , conical snout . these sharks have relatively long gill slits . the mouth is broadly rounded , with the upper jaw containing 28 to 30 teeth and the lower jaw containing 26 to 27 moderately large , blade - like teeth with cusplets ( small bumps or \u201cmini - teeth\u201d ) on either side of each tooth . unpaired fins consist of a large first and much smaller second dorsal fin , a small anal fins and a crescent - shaped caudal fin . the caudal fin is homocercal , meaning the dorsal and ventral lobes are nearly equal in size . paired fins include large pectoral fins and much smaller pelvic fins , which are modified to form reproductive structures in males . a distinctive keel is present on the caudal peduncle and a short secondary keel is present on the caudal base . dorsal and lateral areas are dark bluish - gray to black . the belly is white , and often includes various dark paatches in adults . the ventral surface of the snout is also dark - colored .\n) by the presence of a secondary keel on the caudal base , dark coloration on the ventral surface of the snout , and dusky patches on the belly , all of which are lacking in great whites . salmon sharks are also similar in appearance to porbeagle sharks (\n) , but can easily be distinguished by their distributions ( porbeagles are absent from the north pacific range of salmon sharks ) .\n, only the right ovary of salmon sharks is functional . fertilization is internal , and development proceeds within the uterus . salmon sharks are ovoviviparous , but developing embryos maintain no direct connection to the mother to obtain nutrition . oophagy has been observed in this species , and likely represents the primary source of nutrition for developing embryos . the pregnant female ovulates and the unfertilized eggs are sent to the nidamental gland , where they are filled with yolk . the eggs are then moved to the uterus , where the embryos can feed on them . litters tend to contain 4 to 5 young , which are approximately 60 to 65 cm pcl at birth .\nlittle is known about how salmon sharks find and select mates , although seasonal migrations and aggregations of individuals likely facilitates this process . males hold on to females by biting their pectoral fin during copulation , which consists of the insertion of one of the male ' s claspers ( modified pelvic fins ) into the female ' s cloaca . couples have no further contact following copulation .\nsalmon sharks mate in northern waters during autumn and give birth after a 9 month gestation period , during their southern migration in late spring through early summer . individuals that populate the central and western north pacific are thought to breed off the coast of honshu , japan . those that populate the eastern north pacific breed off the coasts of oregon and california . pups are born in nursery grounds in the central north pacific transition zone or along the coast of united states and canada . female salmon sharks in the western north pacific reproduce annually , and are estimated to bear 70 offspring in their lifetime , while evidence suggests that females in the eastern north pacific reproduce every two years .\nsexual maturity of males in the western north pacific is estimated to occur at approximately 140 cm pcl ( corresponding to an age of 5 years ) , and between 170 and 180 cm ( ages 8 to 10 years ) for females . for salmon sharks in the eastern north pacific , sexual maturity is reached between 125 and 145 cm pcl ( ages 3 to 5 years ) for males and 160 to 180 cm ( ages 6 to 9 ) for females . salmon sharks in both regions reach maximum lengths of approximately 215 cm pcl for females and about 190cm pcl for males .\nbreeding interval females in the eastern north pacific breed every two years , while those in the western north pacific breed annually .\nfemales provide nutrition to their embryos through unfertilized eggs , which are consumed by the developing young . protection is provided to embryos through residence within the mother ' s uterus until they have fully developed and are able to fend for themselves .\nthe maximum age of salmon sharks has been estimated through vertebral analysis . in both western and eastern north pacific populations longevity estimates are similar , between 20 and 30 years . salmon sharks are not currently held in captivity in large oceanaria and there is no published information regarding their lifespan under captive conditions .\nlike many shark species , salmon sharks segregate by size and sex . in this species , an interesting sex ratio difference has been observed across the north pacific basin . the western population is dominated by males whereas the eastern population is dominated by females . a north / south segregation has also been noted , with larger sharks ranging farther north than smaller ones . salmon sharks are known to hunt both alone and in feeding aggregations of several individuals ( up to 30 to 40 sharks have been observed in these schools ) . they are seasonal migrants , and are strongly suspected to follow the movements of preferred prey items . in the case of eastern north pacific populations , the prey item followed appears to be\n. the distributional and migratory patterns of both subpopulations also appears to be influenced by the sex , size , and age of individuals .\nwhile information on intraspecific communication in salmon sharks is lacking , this species , like other cartilaginous fishes , perceives its environment using visual , olfactory , chemo - and electroreceptive , mechanical , and auditory sensory systems .\n) , mackerel ( scombridae ) , lumpfishes ( cyclopteridae ) , sculpins ( cottidae ) , and other fish that they can capture .\n( goldman and musick , 2008 ; nagasawa , 1998 ; roman , 2010 ;\ntagging of pacific predators , salmon shark .\n, 2010 )\n) . once maturity is reached , salmon sharks occupy the highest trophic level in the food web of subarctic waters , alongside marine mammals and seabirds . the only known predators of mature salmon sharks are humans .\nsmall salmon sharks are found in abundance in waters north of the subarctic boundary , which are thought to be their nursery ground . there they can avoid predation by larger sharks , which inhabit areas that are further north or south . juveniles also display obliterate countershading , and lack the dark blotches found on the ventral areas of adults .\nsalmon sharks are apex predators in subarctic waters , helping to regulate populations of their prey species within the ecosystem .\nshark meat and shark fins have high economic value and salmon sharks are often caught by commercial fisheries , although this is often as bycatch in pursuit of other species . in japan , their hearts are used for sashimi . they are also caught by sports fishermen for recreation .\n( roman , 2010 ;\ntagging of pacific predators , salmon shark .\n, 2010 )\nsalmon sharks , when caught unintentionally as bycatch , cause problems for commercial salmon fishermen . the sharks cause damage to seines and gillnets , loss of hooked or netted salmon , and damage to trolling gear .\nsalmon sharks are potentially dangerous to humans , although there are no positively documented attacks . unsubstantiated reports of attacks by this species are likely due to misidentification of more aggressive species , such as great whites .\nsalmon sharks are currently listed as\ndata deficient\nby the iucn red list . its low number of young and slow maturity may make it vulnerable to overfishing , but few fishery statistics exist for the species , and its fishery is unregulated in international waters . however , due to this lack of knowledge and the potential impact of fishing on this species ' populations , heavy regulations were imposed on alaskan sport fishing for this species in 1997 .\nemily lupton ( author ) , san diego mesa college , anthony mendoza ( author ) , san diego mesa college , brian razavinematollahi ( author ) , san diego mesa college , paul detwiler ( editor ) , san diego mesa college , jeremy wright ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .\nan aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .\nthe regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles , from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\ntagging of pacific predators . 2010 .\ntagging of pacific predators , salmon shark .\n( on - line ) . tagging of pacific predators . accessed november 02 , 2011 at urltoken .\nfrancis , m . , l . natanson , s . campana . 2008 . the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark , lamna nasus . pp . 105 - 113 in m camhi , e pikitch , e babcock , eds .\nroman , b . 2010 .\nichthyology at the florida museum of natural history / education biological profiles : salmon shark\n( on - line ) . florida museum of natural history . accessed october 10 , 2011 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 1\nsharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date , vol . 2 : bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes )\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - salmon shark , fr - requin - taupe saumon , sp - marrajo salm\u00f3n .\nfieldmarks : heavy spindle - shaped body , short conical snout , moderately large blade - like teeth with lateral cusplets , long gill slits , large first dorsal fin with dark free rear tip , minute , pivoting second dorsal and anal fins , strong keels on caudal peduncle , short secondary keels on caudal base , crescentic caudal fin , underside of preoral snout dark , often dusky blotches on ventral surface of body and white patches over pectoral bases .\nsnout short and bluntly pointed , with preoral length 4 . 5 to 7 . 6 % of total length ( adults 4 . 5 to 5 . 0 % ) , space from eye to first gill slit 1 . 3 to 1 . 9 times preorbital length . first upper lateral teeth with oblique cusps .\ntotal vertebral count 170 , precaudal vertebral count 103 . cranial rostrum expanded as a huge hypercalcified knob which engulfs most of the rostral cartilages except bases in adults .\ncolour : dark grey or blackish on dorsolateral surface of body , white below , with white abdominal colour extending anteriorly over pectoral bases as a broad wedge - shaped band ; first dorsal fin without a white free rear tip ; ventral surface of head dusky and abdomen with dusky blotches in adults but not in young .\ncoastal and oceanic . north pacific : japan ( including sea of japan ) , north korea , south korea , and the pacific coast of russia ( including sea of okhotsk ) to bering sea and the eastern pacific coast of the usaand canada ( alaska south to british columbia , washington , oregon , and southern california ) and probably mexico ( northern baja california ) .\nmaximum total length about 305 cm ; anecdotal accounts mention sizes of 3 . 7 to 4 . 3 m tl but cannot be confirmed , and confusion with the larger white shark is possible and has happened . size at birth between 40 and 50 cm and 85 cm tl , with the largest foetuses at least 70 cm long and the smallest free - ranging young between 40 and 50 cm . males maturing at about 182 cm tl ( 5 years ) and females at about 221 cm tl ( 8 to 10 years ) ; both sexes adult over about 210 to 220 cm tl .\nsharks of the world an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . leonard j . v . compagno 2001 . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 2001 . p . 269 .\nnamed comes from the greek ' di ' meaning two and ' tropis ' meaning keel ( ref . 6885 )\nmarine ; pelagic - oceanic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 650 m ( ref . 50550 ) , usually 0 - 152 m ( ref . 55221 ) . temperate ; 66\u00b0n - 22\u00b0n , 120\u00b0e - 115\u00b0w\nnorth pacific : japan , korea , and the sea of okhotsk to the bering sea and southward to southern california , usa ( ref . 247 ) and baja california , mexico ( ref . 9253 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 180 - 240 cm max length : 305 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 247 ) ; common length : 180 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9988 ) ; max . published weight : 175 . 0 kg ( ref . 9988 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . first dorsal fin uniformly dark , no light rear tip ; ventral surface of body white with dusky blotches ( ref . 247 ) .\na coastal - littoral and epipelagic shark that prefers boreal to cool temperate waters , from the surface to at least 152 m ( ref . 247 ) . common in continental offshore waters but range inshore to just off beaches ( ref . 247 ) . occurs singly or in schools or feeding aggregations of several individuals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fishes ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . with up to 4 young in a litter ( ref . 247 ) . fast swimmer ( ref . 9988 ) . potentially dangerous but has never or seldom been implicated in human attacks ( ref . 247 ) . causes considerable damage to commercial catches and gear ( ref . 6885 ) . utilized fresh , dried or salted , and frozen ; fins , hides and livers are also used , with fins having particular value ; can be broiled and baked ( ref . 9988 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother ( oophagy ) after the yolk sac is absorbed ( ref . 50449 ) . litter size is up to 4 young ( ref . 247 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\n) : 1 . 7 - 8 . 7 , mean 4 . 7 ( based on 832 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7813 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00405 - 0 . 02151 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 59 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbright , donald b . 1960 . a record of the porbeagle , lamna nasus , from cook inlet , alaska . copeia , 1960 ( 2 ) : 145 - 146 .\ndalby , ron . 1985 . $ almon $ harks : if you can\u2019t beat \u2018em , eat \u2018em . alaska , february 1985 : 20 - 21 ; 63 .\ngilhousen , philip . 1989 . wounds , scars and marks on fraser river sockeye salmon with some relationships to predation losses . progr . rep . intl . pac . salmon fish . comm . , 42 : 1 - 64 .\nnakano , hideki , and kazuya nagasawa . 1996 . distribution of pelagic elasmobranchs caught by salmon research gillnets in the north pacific . fish . sci . , 62 ( 5 ) : 860 - 865 .\nneave , ferris , and m . g . hanavan . 1960 . seasonal distribution of some epipelagic fishes in the gulf of alaska region . j . fish . res . bd . can . , 17 ( 2 ) : 221 - 233 .\nstrasburg , donald w . 1958 . distribution , abundance , and habits of pelagic sharks in the central pacific ocean . u . s . fish wildl . serv . fish . bull . , 58 : 335 - 361 .\ntubbesing , victor a . , and barbara a , block . 2000 . orbital rete and red muscle vein anatomy indicate a high degree of endothermy in the brain and eye of the salmon shark . acta zool . , 81 : 49 - 56 .\nurquhart , david l . 1981 . north pacific salmon shark . sea front . , 27 ( 6 ) [ november - december 1981 ) : 361 - 363 .\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations \u00a9 r . aidan martin copyright | privacy\nbernal , d . , k . a . dickson , r . e . shadwick & j . b . graham . 2001a . review : analysis of the evolutionary convergence for high performance swimming in lamnid sharks and tunas . comparat . biochem . physiol . a 129 : 695 - 726 .\nbernal , d . , c . sepulveda & j . b . graham . 2001b . water tunnel studies of heat balance in swimming mako sharks . j . exp . biol . 204 : 4043 - 4054 .\n) in the north - western pacific ocean . j . ichthyol . 34 : 115 - 121 . ( originally published in , and translated from ,\nblock , b . a . , h . dewar , s . b . blackwell , t . d . williams , e . d . prince , c . j . farwell , a . boustany , s . l . h . teo , a . seitz , a . walli & d . fudge 2001 . migratory movements , depth pref - erences , and thermal biology of atlantic bluefin tuna . science 293 : 1310 - 1314 .\nbrill , r . w . , h . dewar & j . b . graham . 1994 . basic concepts relevant to heat transfer in fishes , and their use in measuring the physiological thermoregulatory abilities of tunas . env . bio . fish . 40 : 109 - 124 .\ncarey , f . g . , j . g . casey , h . l . pratt , d . urquhart & j . e . mccosker . 1985 . temperature , heat production , and heat exchange in lamnid sharks . southern california academy of sciences , memoirs 9 : 92 - 108 .\ncarey , f . g . & k . d . lawson . 1973 . temperature regulation in free - swimming bluefin tuna . comparat . biochem . physiol . 44 : 375 - 392 .\ncarey , f . g . , j . m . teal & j . w . kanwisher . 1981 . the visceral temperatures of mackerel sharks ( lamnidae ) . physiol . zool . 54 : 334 - 344 .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 2001 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamnifor - mes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes , no . 1 , vol . 2 rome , fao . 269 pp .\ndewar , h . , j . b . graham & r . w . brill . 1994 . studies of tropical tuna swimming performance in a large water tunnel , ii . thermoregulation . j . exp . bio . 192 : 33 - 44 ."]}
{"id": 969, "summary": [{"text": "adelaide 's warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) is a bird endemic to the archipelago of puerto rico belonging to the setophaga genus of the parulidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species is named after adelaide swift , daughter of robert swift , the person who captured the first specimen . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "adelaide ' s warbler", "paragraphs": ["adelaide\u2019s warbler is currently classified as \u201cleast concern\u201d in the iucn red data list .\nadelaide ' s warbler ( dendroica adelaidae ) was named after adelaide swift , daughter of robert swift - the person who captured the first specimen .\nthis theory is consistent with research regarding adelaide\u2019s warbler . once considered a single species , the american ornithologists\u2019 union split then - existing subspecies into three full species in 2000 : barbuda warbler ( setophaga subita ) , st . lucia warbler ( setophaga delicata ) , and adelaide\u2019s warbler . genetic analysis suggests that adelaide\u2019s warbler expanded from west to east and two isolated populations ultimately developed into the recently recognized species .\nreal - time colonization : puerto rican warbler expands to u . s . virgin islands\nadelaide\u2019s warbler ( eng . ) , reinita mariposera ( sp . ) , dendroica adelaidae ( sci . ) , endemic species \u2013 puerto rico and vieques islands .\nunlike the other endemic warbler \u2014 the threatened elfin - woods warbler \u2014 the population of adelaide\u2019s warbler on puerto rico appears to be stable . the bird is common in its preferred habitat , including gu\u00e1nica commonwealth forest and cabo rojo national wildlife refuge . \u2014 jason a . crotty\nreal - time colonization : puerto rican warbler expands to u . s . virgin islands - birdwatching\nindividual adelaide\u2019s warblers have also been occasionally sighted by scientists in the luquillo experimental forest , a section of the el yunque national forest .\nadelaide\u2019s warbler is found only on the main island of puerto rico and on the offshore island of vieques . it occurs primarily in the dry forests of the southern region , although it has been seen to occur in moist forests that include tangled vines and thickets along the cordillera central ( central mountain range ) and in the north and northeast sectors of the island . adelaide\u2019s warbler was formerly \u201clumped\u201d with related species on the caribbean islands of barbuda and st . lucia \u2013 taxonomists have recently split them into three separate species based on variations in plumage and song . the puerto rico species retained the adelaide\u2019s warbler name , while the other species were renamed barbuda warbler ( d . subita ) and st . lucia warbler ( d . delicate ) .\nadelaide\u2019s warbler has long been considered non - migratory and endemic to puerto rico . in his guide to the birds of puerto rico and the virgin islands in 1989 , herbert raffaele stated that it is \u201cunknown from the virgin islands . \u201d now , however , it appears that several groups have flown more than 30 miles to st . thomas and st . john , two of the u . s . virgin islands . both have suitable habitat for adelaide\u2019s warbler .\nepisode 1 : adelaide ' s warbler ( reinta mariposera ) this is just a hobby and is what i got until now . hope you like it . music by toe - path graphic artist : nidza burgos castellanos produced by living wolf studios and edit with cyberlink powerdirector 9\nrange : adela\u00efde warbler lives in porto rico , but also in st lucia , and barbuda .\nreproduction : adela\u00efde warbler\u2019s nest is located at up to 3 to 20 feet above the ground , in a tree . female lays 2 to 4 white eggs , spotted with brown .\n) helps to place information for grace ' s warbler into a larger and historical context . some gaps are filled by unpublished information , but there is still much to learn about the species , especially those populations breeding south of the u . s . border .\nadelaide\u2019s warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) is a small predominantly gray and yellow insectivore most frequently found in the dry lowlands and scrub of southern puerto rico . however , it is a habitat generalist and can be found in other areas . it is less common on the eastern side of puerto rico , which is closest to the virgin islands .\nrosenstock , s . s . 1996 . habitat relationships of breeding birds in northern arizona ponderosa pine and pine - oak forests . phoenix : arizona game fish dep . close\nstaicer , c . a . 1989 . characteristics , use , and significance of two singing behaviors in grace ' s warbler ( dendroica graciae ) . auk no . 106 : 49 - 63 . close\nadelaide\u2019s warblers have been spotted ( flocking with other avian species ) in guama trees on the el portal nature trail and near the palo colorado interpretive site . the flowering guama seems to be a very popular assembly point for flocking and gleaning birds .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto adela\u00efde warbler\u2019s call is a sharp \u201cchick\u201d . song is variable with ascending and descending trill . it sings at any time of year , but it sings strongly into late morning .\nformerly considered conspecific with s . subita and s . delicata , but the three have recently been shown to have a level of genetic differentiation similar to that of some continental american species . monotypic .\ncurson , j . ( 2018 ) . adelaide ' s warbler ( setophaga adelaidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nnot aware of these sightings , a team of researchers led by richard r . veit of the college of staten island had been surveying birds near lameshur bay since 2011 , and they discovered two adelaide\u2019s warblers in january 2015 . further surveys that year found three singing males that appeared to be defending territories . they enthusiastically responded to recordings of male birds from puerto rico . researchers also observed two probable females . photos , vocalizations , and subsequent comparisons with specimens confirmed them as adelaide\u2019s warblers . in 2016 , they found eight birds with six males defending territories .\n) . these studies have documented the range of habitats occupied , microhabitats used for foraging , and densities of some populations . the only studies to date solely on grace ' s warbler focused on the singing behavior of individuals in northern arizona (\ndistribution and habits make grace ' s warbler one of the least known north american passerines . its territories tend to be large , its nests well hidden , and individuals a challenge to follow . no comprehensive studies exist , and much basic information is lacking . few nests have been found , few individuals have been collected or measured , and no studies have thoroughly documented basic information such as molt , migration , or population dynamics . only 59 individual grace ' s warblers have ever been banded , far fewer than any other north american wood - warbler .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nbehaviour : adela\u00efde warbler feeds on insects , and gleans them at middle and higher elevations in trees . it travels with other species such as puerto rican todies , vireos and other warblers .\ndiet : adela\u00efde warbler feeds mainly on insects , such as lantern flies , grasshoppers , caterpillars , bugs , flies , weevils , beetles , and spiders . it may eat small frogs , but rarely .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\n) , geographic variation in songs of the northern subspecies ( cas ) , and nesting behavior of a few pairs in southwestern colorado ( s . hutchings unpubl . ) .\npreviously restricted to a single species ( s . ruticilla ) ; but comprehensive molecular phylogeny reveals that this species is deeply embedded within large clade that includes two species formerly in parula ( s . americana and s . pitiayumi ) and another ( s . citrina ) traditionally in wilsonia , as well as all species previously treated in dendroica # r ; catharopeza might also be subsumed into this genus # r , but better maintained as a separate monospecific genus , in view of unusual morphology and behaviour , as well as its basal position in the clade . as type species of parula , wilsonia and dendroica are all included in present grouping , these names become synonyms of oldest available name for this clade , setophaga .\nin march 2012 , sean m . rune and leann m . conlon of the university of maine observed four adelaide\u2019s warblers near santa maria bay on st . thomas , the first known observations outside puerto rico . the birds were identified by field marks and song and were later photographed . additional surveys found at least six birds that appeared to be permanently occupying the location , with at least one probable breeding pair . this location is secluded and infrequently visited by birders , so this group may have been there for some time .\nhabitat : adela\u00efde warbler lives in dry forests , lowlands , and moist forest areas . they like tangles of vines and thickets . it is common in dry scrublands on south coast , and in thickets on north coast . we can found a small number of birds in mountains .\nblock , w . m . and d . m . finch . 1997 . songbird ecology in southwestern ponderosa pine forests : a literature review . fort collins , co : u . s . dep . agric . close\nbird ranges are dynamic , and we may be seeing the early stages of expansion by a species in the caribbean . two groups of researchers have found evidence of possible colonization of the virgin islands by an endemic puerto rican warbler . they report their findings in two forthcoming papers in the journal of caribbean ornithology .\nblock , w . m . , j . l . ganey , k . e . severson and m . l . morrison . 1992 . use of oaks by neotropical migratory birds in the southwest . in general technical report rm : u . s . forest service . close\nnocedal , j . 1995 .\nseasonal dynamics of foliage - gleaning insectivorous birds in southern durango , mexico .\nin conservation of neotropical migratory birds in mexico . , edited by m . h . wilson and s . a . sader , 81 - 97 . misc . publ . 727 : maine agric . for . exp . stn . close\neditor ' s note : phylogenetic analyses of sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear dna indicate that all species formerly placed in dendroica , one species formerly placed in wilsonia ( citrina ) , and two species formerly placed in parula ( americana and pitiayumi ) form a clade with the single species traditionally placed in setophaga ( ruticilla ) . the generic name setophaga has priority for this clade . see the 52nd supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library\u2019s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nbecome a member ; get involved with the american ornithological society ( aos ) .\nthis site is for the american ornithological society ( aos ) and information on advancing the scientific knowledge and conservation of birds .\n, or \u201clittle queen\u201d , is the general term for warblers ) . at times , they appear to be perpetually in motion , actively searching twigs and leaves for arthropods , or squabbling with their neighbors . they are not shy of humans , and their striking colors and frequently repeated sweet song make them relatively easy to locate .\nare particularly common in the dry forests of southern puerto rico and vieques , but are also found in wet limestone forests and secondary forests on the northern coast of puerto rico . however , they are absent from higher elevations and the eastern end of the island . otherwise , they seem to be generalists both in terms of habitats used , and in the types of vegetation used within a habitat type . their populations appear to be stable over the long term , although strong fluctuations can be seen over shorter periods of time . although some aspects of their biology ( e . g . vocalizations ) have been well studied , many aspects of their behavior and ecology are not yet well known .\nonly one individual , jumping in the middle - upper strata of a bamboo patch , close to the wetland . id confirmed by david hollie .\nprimary song given low in tree near roadside . signal amplified several db . habitat is dry tropical forest .\nbird located up a hillside from trail , through dense under - and midstory . 5 strophes . habitat is tropical moist forest .\ntwo birds on either side of the trail , seemingly countersinging . signal amplified several db . habitat is tropical moist forest .\nunseen bird singing up hillsides above trail in thick understory . silence gap spans about 40 seconds . signal amplified several db . habitat is tropical moist forest .\nnatural song of a bird in canopy of semi - humid forest , with a second in background . this species has rather variable songs , but unfortunately , i only managed to record one individual .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan adult singing on the tree branch . adulto vocalizando desde la rama de un \u00e1rbol .\nkristof zyskowski , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , luis r figueroa , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , bob thompson , dubi shapiro , paul a guris , guy poisson .\n12\u201313\u00b75 cm ; 5\u00b73\u201310 g . crown grey , forecrown laterally edged black , short yellow supercilium becom\u00ading white behind eye , black lores , broken . . .\ntwo song types . type 1 song a variable trill , often ascending or descending in pitch , and type 2 . . .\nlowland dry scrub forest and forest edge ; replaced , with some overlap , in humid montane forest by . . .\nfeeds mainly on insects and other arthropods . forages by gleaning , mainly high in canopy . pairs apparently remain together on territory . . .\neggs laid in mar\u2013jul and nestlings observed in mid - may . nest a cup placed 1\u20132\u00b75 m up in shrub or tree ; clutch 2\u20133 . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : present in puerto rico and the virgin islands eba . not uncommon . population thought to number more than 10 , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit has grey upperparts . underparts are bright yellow on throat and breast . belly is white . wings show two white wing bars . it has a yellow and white eyebrow , and a white or yellow crescent below eye . the bill is blackish - brown . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are brown .\nin addition of nominate race dendroica adelaidae living on puerto rico and vieques islands , there are two subspecies . race subita which lives in barbados resembles nominate , but its upperparts are more brownish - grey . it lacks the black stripe on the hood side , and its double wing bar is duller . it has less white on the tail . wings and tail have the same size that nominate race . race delicata which lives in st lucia is larger . its upperparts are darker and brighter bluish - grey . the head pattern is more conspicuous : broader and more conspicuous lateral black stripe on the hood , entirely yellow eyebrow , and yellow patch below the eye . we can see sometimes some fine black streaks on back and hood .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : setophaga adelaidae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 131 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nphoto \u00a9 2008 , william hull . information compiled by alan mowbray , interpretive media writer , eynf / lef\nd . adelaidae has a gray upper body and yellow breast . it has a yellow and white line above each eye with a white or yellow \u201chalf - moon\u201d crescent below the eye . average bill to tail length is 4 . 7 inches ( 12 centimeters ) \u2013 typical weight is 0 . 25 ounces ( 7 grams ) .\nin december 2012 during a christmas bird count , rune found two birds near lameshur bay , on the southern coast of st . john .\nit is unlikely that these birds were involuntarily \u201cwind drifted\u201d or caught up in storms , as the prevailing easterly trade winds would have pushed them away from the virgin islands . it is more likely that they were pioneering vagrants that arrived via active dispersal , with at least two colonizing groups , one into st . thomas and one into st . john .\nthe group on st . john appears to have taken up permanent residence within virgin islands national park . according to laurel brannick , a ranger with the national park service , they continue to be regularly seen near the lameshur bay trail on the southern part of the island . the current status of the st . thomas population is unknown .\nfewer migrants are overwintering on puerto rico , puzzling researchers ( june 2016 ) .\nread about birding at el yunque national forest , hotspot near you no . 247 .\nsign up for our free e - newsletter to receive news , photos of birds , attracting and id tips , descriptions of birding hotspots , and more delivered to your inbox every other week . sign up now .\nlearn how the birds of cozumel were affected by hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 .\n\u00a9 luis villanueva ( licence : creativecommons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 ) bosque estatal de gu\u00e1nica\nit is endemic to the archipelago of puerto rico , where it is found on the main island of puerto rico and in the island municipality of vieques .\nthey inhabit dry forests in the southern region of puerto rico such as the gu\u00e1nica state forest . although some have been sighted in the northern moist forests and the central mountain range , cordillera central .\nthey usually travel in mixed flocks , which may include puerto rican todies , vireos and other new world warblers .\nthere is a yellow line above the eye , with a white half - moon below it .\nthey mainly feed on insects , as well as spiders and small amphibians such as coqu\u00eds .\nthe average clutch consists of 2 to 4 eggs , which are white but typically with small brown spots . the nest is usually located at heights of 1 to 7 m in .\nfor updates please follow avianweb on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nsounds provided by macaulay library . listen to more sounds of this species from the ml archive .\nmales sing a sweet series of 6\u201310 whistled notes that accelerate over the course of the roughly 1 - second song and often end on a rising note . the tone is so sweet that people often remember it with the mnemonic sweet sweet sweet i\u2019m so sweet . the songs are a common sound of spring and early summer mornings and may be repeated as often as 10 times per minute .\nyellow warblers use a variety of short chip notes , some with a metallic sound and some with a lisping or buzzing quality . males sometimes alternate chip notes with their songs , and females may answer a song with a high - pitched chip . both sexes use a high , hissing note in territorial defense , and may confront cowbirds with a seet call .\ngreat diversity of habitats : lagoons , coastal forests , karst forests , rain forests , cliffs , ponds , coast , marsh and grassland . between 9 - 13 endemics . depending of the time we can try the yellow - breasted crake . pr screech owl on tj ranch . on the 2nd day will end on southwest and try the pr screech - owl and pr nightjar .\nfor iphone , ipod , & ipad running ios version 5 . 1 or higher\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nthis pine specialist breeds from mountains of the southwestern united states to the caribbean coast of northern nicaragua . one of the smallest warblers , it is an active forager , hopping and flitting rapidly among the outer foliage of high branches , perching on twigs and needles in search of insects and spiders , and occasionally fly - catching or hovering to obtain its prey . northernmost populations , from northern mexico and the united states , are migratory , whereas populations from central mexico south to nicaragua are only partially migratory or resident . the species prefers parklike stands of mature pines , a habitat that has declined over time through forestry practices of logging and fire suppression , at least in the northern parts of its range . little is known about mexican and central american breeding populations .\nmarshall , jr . , j . t . ( 1957 ) . birds of pine - oak woodland in southern arizona and adjacent mexico . pac . coast avifauna no . 32 . close\nbalda , r . p . 1969 . foliage use by birds of the oak - juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forest in southeastern arizona . condor no . 71 : 399 - 412 . close\nszaro , r . c . and r . p . balda . 1979a . bird community dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest . stud . avian biol . no . 3 . close\nbrawn , j . d . , w . j . boecklen and r . p . balda . 1987 . investigations of density interactions among breeding birds in ponderosa pine forests : correlative and experimental evidence . oecologia no . 72 : 348 - 357 . close\nnocedal , j . 1994b . local migrations of insectivorous birds in western mexico : implications for the protection and conservation of their habitats . bird conserv . int . no . 4 : 129 - 142 . close\nnocedal , j . 1994a . foraging ecology of foliage - gleaning insectivorous birds of an oak - pine woodland of southern durango , mexico . phd thesis , new mexico state univ . , las cruces . close\nhowell , t . r . 1971b . an ecological study of birds of the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rain forest in northeastern nicaragua . living bird no . 10 : 185 - 242 . close\nhowell , t . r . 1972 . birds of the lowland pine savanna of northeastern nicaragua . condor no . 74 : 316 - 340 . close\nthis account compiles information from the studies mentioned above , from various regional compendiums and atlases , and the breeding bird surveys and christmas bird counts . a synthesis of the ecology and dynamics of southwestern pine forests (\n) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa ."]}
{"id": 972, "summary": [{"text": "laurasiformes ( meaning \" laurasian forms \" ) is an extinct clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the late early cretaceous of europe , north and south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "defined in 2009 by the spanish paleontologist rafael royo-torres as a clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than to saltasaurus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "genera purported to form part of this clade include aragosaurus , galvesaurus , phuwiangosaurus , venenosaurus , cedarosaurus , tehuelchesaurus , sonorasaurus and tastavinsaurus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its exact position and validity is uncertain and varies between authors .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a cladistics analysis found a similar grouping outside titanosauriformes , while others have placed them inside somphospondyli or brachiosauridae , consequently , it has been suggested that tehuelchesaurus along with others of the previously mentioned genera , form two different clades outside titanosaurimorfes ( carbadillo et al. , 2011 ) while a more recent cladistics analysis found no support for the existence of the clade , with a revision of its supporting features finding them problematic due to being poorly defined , not present on most of the \" laurasiforms \" or being features present in many sauropods of other clades . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "laurasiformes", "paragraphs": ["here is a list of species found with the tag\nlaurasiformes\n. click here for a full listing of all species in the paleodex .\n\u25ba description of a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi . \u25ba the newly elements confirm the inclusion of this taxon in the clade titanosauriformes . \u25ba laurasiformes is a clade inside of titanosauriformes which containing tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus .\nr . royo - torres and l . alcal\u00e1 . 2012 . a new specimen of the cretaceous sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi from el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , and a phylogenetic analysis of the laurasiformes . cretaceous research 34 ( 1 ) : 61 - 83\n. . . alamosaurus was recovered as a member of the saltasaurinae rather than the sister taxon of opisthocoelicaudia as in wilson ( 2002 ) and gonz\u00e1lez riga et al . ( 2009 ) , or the outgroup to saltasauridae as in upchurch et al . ( 2004 ) and carballido et al . ( 2011a ) . ' laurasiformes ' several authors have found support for a clade of mostly early cretaceous laurasian sauropods , termed ' laurasiformes ' ( canudo et al . , 2008 ; barco , 2009 ; royo - torres , 2009 ; royo - torres et al . , 2012 ) . ' laurasiformes ' was defined by royo - torres ( 2009 ) as a stem - based clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than saltasaurus , and has been found to include laurasian taxa such as galvesaurus , aragosaurus , tastavinsaurus , phuwiangosaurus , cedarosaurus , sonorasaurus , venenosaurus , and a single gondwanan genus , tehuelchesaurus ( carballido et al . , 2011b ) . . . .\nlaurasiformes ( meaning ` laurasian forms ` ) is an extinct clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the late early cretaceous of europe , north and south america . defined in 2009 by the spanish paleontologist rafael royo - torres as a clade containing sauropods more closely related to tastavinsaurus than to saltasaurus . genera purported to form part of this c . . . . .\nthis work describes a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi , the second of this species recovered . found at the la canaleta site ( ct - 19 ) at el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , this new specimen is partially articulated . the site lies at the base of the forcall formation ( early aptian in age ) , which is composed of clays and sand , suggesting the area to have been a very shallow , tidal , coastal environment before becoming deeper at the margin of the maestrazgo basin . the anatomical elements of t . sanzi recovered include 16 dorsal ribs , some remains of the pelvic girdle , a radius , and a complete hindlimb . the original diagnosis of t . sanzi is revised . the characters of this new specimen confirm it to be a taxon of titanosauriformes , and allow its inclusion within the clade laurasiformes , which currently has three taxa : tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus . laurasiformes might have its origin in the late jurassic of laurasia and a radiation that occurred in the early cretaceous .\nthis work describes a new specimen of the sauropod tastavinsaurus sanzi , the second of this species recovered . found at the la canaleta site ( ct - 19 ) at el castellar ( teruel , spain ) , this new specimen is partially articulated . the site lies at the base of the forcall formation ( early aptian in age ) , which is composed of clays and sand , suggesting the area to have been a very shallow , tidal , coastal environment before becoming deeper at the margin of the maestrazgo basin . the anatomical elements of t . sanzi recovered include 16 dorsal ribs , some remains of the pelvic girdle , a radius , and a complete hindlimb . the original diagnosis of t . sanzi is revised . the characters of this new specimen confirm it to be a taxon of titanosauriformes , and allow its inclusion within the clade laurasiformes , which currently has three taxa : tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus and venenosaurus . laurasiformes might have its origin in the late jurassic of laurasia and a radiation that occurred in the early cretaceous .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : titanosauriformes according to r . royo - torres et al . 2012\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . there are many recent phylogenetic analyses of sauropoda , which vary greatly in number of terminal taxa and examined characters and have produced conflicting results ( curry rogers and forster , 2001 ; wilson , 2002 ; upchurch et al . , 2004 ; curry rogers , 2005 ; bonaparte et al . , 2006 ; rose , 2007 ; canudo et al . , 2008 ; gonz\u00e1 lez riga et al . , 2009chure et al . , 2010 ; ksepka and norell , 2010 ; carballido et al . , 2011acarballido et al . , , 2011bsantucci and de arruda - campos , 2011 ; whitlock , 2011 ; zaher et al . , 2011 ; royo - torres et al . , 2012 ; mannion et al . , 2013mannion et al . , , 2017carballido and sander , 2014 ; gorscak et al . , 2014 ; lacovara et al . , table 1 measurements ( in mm ) of vertebrae of sibirotitan astrosacralis nov . gen . , nov . . . .\n. . . the discovery of more material and an accurate systematic revision will be important to obtain a more precise phylogenetic approach for this taxon . more recently , the presence of more turiasaurian occurrences in spain , portugal , france , the uk , tanzania and morocco has been suggested ( mateus 2009 ; royo - torres et al . 2009 ; royo - torres and cobos 2009 ; santos et al . 2009 ; ortega et al . 2010 ; cobos et al . 2011 ; mocho et al . 2012 ; royo - torres and upchurch 2012 ; mateus et al . 2014 ; royo - torres , cobos , et al . 2014 ; su\u00f1er et al . 2014 ; xing et al . 2015 ) . from spain , an unnamed specimen from . . .\n. . . comparisons of aragosaurus with other sauropods result in the recognition of several new autapomorphies for the las zabacheras taxon . we analyse the phylogenetic relationships of aragosaurus using revised versions of the ' traditional ' data sets presented by wilson ( 2002 ) and ) that include improved sampling of iberian sauropods ( torres & upchurch , 2012 ; royo - torres , alcal\u00e1 & cobos , 2012 ) . we also discuss its position based on a recent analysis of titanosauriform interrelationships ( ) . . . .\n. . . neural spines project posterodorsally in the anteriormost caudal vertebrae , and are strongly directed posteriorly in middle caudal vertebrae . these caudal neural spine orientations represent the plesiomorphic condition , and thus differ from the derived anterodorsal orientation of the neural spines in some basal titanosauriforms such as tastavinsaurus , cedarosaurus , and venenosaurus ( d ' emic , 2012 ; royo - torres , alcal\u00e1 & cobos , 2012 ) . the ratio of the height of the neural spine to centrum height is 1 . 25 in anterior caudal vertebrae . . . .\n. . . the geographical and biochronological extension of this initial project arose in the project dinosarag\u00f3n ( 2010\u20132012 ) , from which we can highlight advances in the research on european stegosaurs in general and their new ichnospecies deltapodus ibericus in particular ( cobos et al . 2010 ) . dinosaur remains have been documented by the din\u00f3polis team in the tithonian\u2013berriasian ( jurassic\u2013cretaceous boundary ; cobos et al . 2010 ; cobos 2011 ; gasc\u00f3 et al . 2012 ) , upper hauterivian\u2013barremian ( luque et al . 2006luque et al . \u20132007 aberasturi et al . 2009 ; royotorres et al . 2011 ; cobos and gasc\u00f3 2012 ; cobos et al . 2012 ) and aptian ( royo - torres 2009 ; royo - torres et al . 2012 ) , and research interest has now moved forward to the poorly known albian age . this decision took into account the fact that valanginian and lower hauterivian sediments have never been recorded in this region because of a stratigraphical hiatus due to palaeogeographical factors . . . .\npaleogeography and evolution of coastal systems of se and nw of the iberian basin ( spain ) during the latest jurassic - lower cretaceous and its relation with the record of dinosaur remains .\nour research during the last 20 years has been chiefly concerned with aspects of the evolution of miocene - pliocene carnivora . areas of particular interest include the functional anatomy and systema\u2026\n[ more ]\nimpact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with muscle invasive bladder ca . . .\npurpose : we postulate that the number of lymph nodes examined in cystectomy specimens can have an impact on the outcome of patients with bladder cancer . materials and methods : we analyzed data on 322 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy . we evaluated the associations of the number of lymph nodes identified by the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe cranial anatomy of the sauropod turiasaurus riodevensis and implications for its phylogenetic re . . .\nthe skull of turiasaurus is known from a nearly complete posterior section ( e . g . braincase , skull roof , quadrates and left mandible ) and fragments of the snout ( e . g . portions of premaxilla , maxilla , nasal and lacrimal ) . skull material of the holotypic individual was discovered in close association . comparisons with other sauropods suggest that the turiasaurus skull most closely resembled those . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfossils of a giant sauropod dinosaur , turiasaurus riodevensis , have been recovered from terrestrial deposits of the villar del arzobispo formation ( jurassic - cretaceous boundary ) of riodeva ( teruel province , spain ) . its humerus length ( 1790 millimeters ) and estimated mass ( 40 to 48 metric tons ) indicate that it may have been the most massive terrestrial animal in europe and one of the largest . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new sauropod : tastavinsaurus sanzi gen . et sp . nov . from the early cretaceous ( aptian ) of spain\nthe new sauropod dinosaur tastavinsaurus sanzi , gen . et sp . nov . , from the early aptian of spain is described . the holotype is a partially articulated skeleton of an adult individual recovered from the arsis - 1 site in pe\u00f1arroya de tastavins ( teruel ) at the base of the marine xert formation . it is one of the most complete and best - preserved sauropod dinosaur skeletons from the european early . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new sauropod : tastavinsaurus sanzi gen . et sp . nov . from the early cretaceous ( aptian ) of spain\nthe new sauropod dinosaur tastavinsaurus sanzi , gen . et sp . nov . , from the early aptian of spain is described . the holotype is a partially articulated skeleton of an adult individual recovered from the arsis - 1 site in pe\u00f1arroya de tastavins ( teruel ) at the base of the marine xert formation . it is one of the most complete and bestpreserved sauropod dinosaur skeletons from the european early . . . [ show full abstract ]\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ntastavinsaurus was a herbivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited europe . its fossils have been found in places such as valencian community ( spain ) .\ng . cuenca - besc\u00f3s and o . amo . 1999 . dinosaurios de arag\u00f3n [ dinosaurs of aragon ] . zub\u00eda 17 : 235 - 257\nmacronaria is a clade of sauropod dinosaurs from the middle jurassic ( bathonian ) to late cretaceous periods of what are now north america , south america , europe , asia , africa and australia . the name means ' large nostrils ' ( from scientists ' reinterpretation of greek makros , ' long , ' as ' big , ' and latin nares , ' nostrils ' ) , in reference to the large nasal openings high on the head that probably supported fleshy resonating chambers . macronaria consists of a single main group , titanosauriformes , along with several more basal taxa . titanosauriformes in turn contains the brachiosaurids and the titanosaurians and is one of the largest sauropod groups , which also contains some of the longest , tallest and most massive dinosaurs of all time .\nthe cladogram below follows jos\u00e9 l . carballido , oliver w . m . rauhut , diego pol and leonardo salgado ( 2011 ) .\np . d . mannion , p . upchurch , r . n . barnes and o . mateus . 2013 . osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . zoological journal of the linnean society 168 : 98 - 206\np . upchurch , p . m . barrett , and p . dodson . 2004 . sauropoda . in d . b . weishampel , h . osmolska , and p . dodson ( eds . ) , the dinosauria ( 2nd edition ) . university of california press , berkeley 259 - 322\nmocho , p . , royo\u2010torres , r . , & ortega , f . ( 2014 ) . phylogenetic reassessment of lourinhasaurus alenquerensis , a basal macronaria ( sauropoda ) from the upper jurassic of portugal . zoological journal of the linnean society , 170 ( 4 ) , 875 - 916 .\npaul m . barrett , roger b . j . benson and paul upchurch ( 2010 ) .\ndinosaurs of dorset : part ii , the sauropod dinosaurs ( saurischia , sauropoda ) with additional comments on the theropods\n.\np . d . mannion . 2010 . a revision of the sauropod dinosaur genus ' bothriospondylus ' with a redescription of the type material of the middle jurassic form ' b . madagascariensis . palaeontology 53 ( 2 ) : 277 - 296\njos\u00e9 l . carballido , oliver w . m . rauhut , diego pol and leonardo salgado ( 2011 ) .\nmateus , o . , jacobs , l . l . , schulp , a . s . , polcyn , m . j . , tavares , t . s . , buta neto , a . , . . . & antunes , m . t . ( 2011 ) . angolatitan adamastor , a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from angola . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias , 83 ( 1 ) , 221 - 233 .\nmannion , p . d . , upchurch , p . , barnes , r . n . , & mateus , o . ( 2013 ) . osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . zoological journal of the linnean society , 168 ( 1 ) , 98 - 206 .\nupchurch , p . ( 1998 ) .\nthe phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 12 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 974, "summary": [{"text": "urticina lofotensis is a species of sea anemone in the family actiniidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the white-spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "urticina lofotensis", "paragraphs": ["cowles , d . ( 2006 ) . urticina lofotensis ( danielssen , 1890 ) .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nimage of urticina lofotensis\nand\nasterina\n.\ngametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california .\nidentification the species referred to as urticina lofotensis is actually cribrinopsis albopunctata sanamyan & sanamyan , 2006 ; urticina lofotensis is a junior synonym of u . eques , and does not occur in the pacific - see link to urltoken web site [ details ]\ngametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california . - pubmed - ncbi\n( of urticina ( tealia ) felina var . lofotensis ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njennifer hammock selected\ncomprehensive description\nto show in overview on\ntealia lofotensis ( danielssen , 1890 )\n.\n80 years - urticina anemones can live between 60 to 80 years in the wild .\nhow to distinguish from similar species : urticina columbiana has rough white tubercles in circumferential rows . urticina piscivora and urticina crassicornis have inconspicuous tubercles which are not white , and u . crassicornis also has transverse bands on its tentacles and greenish blotches on its column .\nurticina felina lives in full salinity situations and the factor is assessed as not relevant .\nsexes are separate in the sea anemone urticina crassicornis , as in most anemone species 0 . 3x\nthe dahlia anemone urticina felina fully retracted . column showing characteristic warts ( verrucae ) and adherent debris .\nmoen , f . e . , 1996 . urticina felina fjaeresjorose . , 2002 - 01 - 25\n( of tealia lofotensis dan . ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madoniactis lofotensis danielssen , 1890 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrasmussen , ( 1973 ) records urticina felina as being very common in banks of mytilus feeding mostly on gammarids .\nwedi , s . e . , & dunn , d . f . , 1983 . gametogenesis and reproductive periodicity of the subtidal sea anemone urticina lofotensis ( coelenterata : actiniaria ) in california . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 165 , 458 - 472 .\nurticina means nettle , a stinging plant . like all sea anemones they do have a sting , but the urticina cold water sea anemones have much more . . . being very beautiful they are known as flowers of the sea !\nsol\u00e9 - cava et al . ( 1994 ) suggested that the large sub - littoral sea anemone urticina eques ( very similar to urticina felina ) with its large lecithotrophic larvae is probably not truly planktonic and has poor dispersive powers .\nsol\u00e9 - cava et al . ( 1994 ) suggested that the large sub - littoral sea anemone urticina eques ( very similar to urticina felina ) with its large lecithotrophic larvae is probably not truly planktonic and has poor dispersive powers .\n( of tealia ( madoniactis ) lofotensis dan . ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nurltoken to barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 14 publications ) ( from synonym tealia lofotensis dan . ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym tealia lofotensis dan . )\n( of tealia felina var . lofotensis ( danielssen ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nurticina felina is predominantly a subtidal species so that decrease in emergence is likely to lead to more habitats for colonization becoming available .\nurticina felina is likely to have poor ability for detection of noise vibrations and as such is unlikely to be sensitive to noise .\nurticina felina has very limited , if any , ability for visual perception . the anemone is unlikely to be sensitive to visual presence .\n( of urticina lofotenesis ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nage at maturity is not known . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) working with the similar ( see ' taxonomy ' ) tealia crassicornis ( see below ) found no sign of gonad development at 14 months old . the smallest fertile urticina lofotensis , a similar species in california , are recorded as at least 18 months old ( wedi & dunn , 1983 ) .\ngeneral references : gotshall , 1994 harbo , 1999 morris et al . , 1980 niesen , 1997 o ' clair and o ' clair , 1998 ricketts et al . , 1985 ( as tealia lofotensis ) sept , 1999\nurticina felina has no known obligate relationships so removal of other species is unlikely to have any direct effect . the incidental physical effects of removal of other species can be assessed under the relevant factors .\nurticina felina is recorded from several estuarine sites including mucking in thames estuary and the river blackwater estuary and so will be subject to variable or low salinities . in the westerschelde estuary , braber & borghouts ( 1977 ) found that urticina ( as tealia ) felina penetrated to about the 11ppt chlorinity ( about 20 psu ) isohaline at mid tide during average water discharge making it tolerant of reduced salinity conditions .\nurticina felina is not currently subject to extraction . however if a cold water marine aquarium trade were to take - off , this species is likely to be collected . although urticina felina probably breeds every year there is no information regarding fecundity . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made . see ' additional information ' below .\nurticina eques is a similar but larger species ( up to 30 cm tentacle spread ) with longer tentacles and more commonly found offshore and in deeper water to 400 m . this species has fewer or no verrucae and no attached gravel or other particles .\nmign\u00e9 , a . , & davoult , d . , 1997a . ammonium excretion in two benthic cnidarians : alcyonium digitatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and urticina felina ( linnaeus , 1767 ) . journal of sea research , 37 , 101 - 107 .\n% urticina eques % is a similar but larger species ( up to 30 cm tentacle spread ) with longer tentacles and more commonly found offshore and in deeper water to 400 m . this species has fewer or no verrucae and no attached gravel or other particles .\nhoutman , r . , paul , l . r . , ungemach , r . v . , & ydenberg , r . c . , 1997 . feeding and predator avoidance in the rose anemone urticina piscivora . marine biology , 128 , 225 - 229 .\nurticina felina anemones adhere strongly to the substratum . substratum loss would result in mortality . some individuals might , however , be left behind as they typically live in fissures . recruitment to replace lost individuals is likely to be slow ( see ' additional information ' below ) .\nurticina felina occurs in clear to highly turbid waters and occurs down to depths of at least 100m ( manuel , 1988 ) where light levels are low . the anemone is not known to contain symbiotic algae and is likely to tolerate changes in turbidity or the resulting change in light attenuation .\nrecent revision of pacific species of cribrinopsis : sanamyan n . p . , sanamyan k . e . , 2006 . the genera urticina and cribrinopsis ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) from the north - western pacific . journal of natural history , 40 ( 7 - 8 ) : 359 - 393 .\nthe plymouth marine fauna ( marine biological association , 1957 ) records urticina felina as breeding in may . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) record the similar tealia crassicornis from san juan island on the north - west coast of the usa as spawning in the morning during april , may and june .\nurticina felina occurs in clear to highly turbid waters and occurs down to depths of at least 100m ( manuel , 1988 ) where light levels are low . the anemone is not known to contain symbiotic algae and is unlikely to be sensitive to changes in turbidity or the resulting change in light attenuation .\nsol\u00e9 - cava , a . m . , thorpe , j . p . & kay , j . g . , 1985 . reproductive isolation with little genetic divergence between urticina ( = tealia ) felina and u . eques ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . marine biology , 85 , 279 - 284 .\nno information has been found regarding the longevity of urticina felina but given the large size , slow growth rate and few predators it is likely that it survives for quite a long time . specimens in aquarium tanks are known to still be flourishing fifty years after collection ( p . g . moore pers . comm . ) .\n( of tealia lofotensis dan . ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nreidy , s . 1996 . comparison of associations of the nudibranch aeolidia papillosa with two sea anemones urticina crassicornis and metridium senile . in proceedings of the 24th annual benthic ecology meeting , columbia , south carolina , march 7 - 10 , 1996 ( ed . s . a . woodin et al . ) , pp . 68 .\njackson , a . & hiscock , k . 2008 . urticina felina dahlia anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nbeing an epibenthic species , urticina felina would be exposed to changes in siltation . increases in siltation may begin to cover the anemone or interfere with feeding . an energetic cost will result from efforts to clean off the silt particles , e . g . through mucus production and sloughing . repeated energetic expenditure in cleaning off silt particles may cause loss of condition . recovery of condition may take several months .\nwhite - spotted rose anemones can grow up to 4\n( 10 cm ) in diameter , with a length up to 6\u201d ( 15 cm ) . it is unknown how long anemones live , in fact , some anemones can be hundreds of years old in the wild and in captivity some have been known to last 80 years or more . it is believed urticina anemones can live between 60 to 80 years in the wild .\nthere is no information about urticina felina tolerance to changes in oxygenation but cole et al . , ( 1999 ) suggest possible adverse effects on marine species below 4 mg / l and probable adverse effects below 2mg / l . the large size and slow growth rate of this anemone suggests that it is quite long lived . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made ( see ' additional information ' below ) .\nproceeds within the gastrovascular cavity , through gastrulation ( 3d ) to swimming planula larva ( 10d ) , and then to release of the swimming larvae via the mouth ( 15d ) . the authors note that the embryonic development of cribrinopsis is similar to that of other anemones , e . g . , urticina crassicornis . the main difference is in the brooding behaviour of cribrinopsis , which lasts for two or more weeks . the authors note the lecithotrophic nature of the eggs and suggest that the function of brooding is protective rather than nutritive .\ndensities vary from solitary individuals to dense carpets in ideal locations such as crevices and gullies . measurements of size refer to the diameter across the base . growth is dependent on the level of feeding so size is not proportional to age . gosse ( 1860 ) notes [ most likely from aquarium observations ] that\nthe shore crab ( carcinus ) is its ordinary prey but it feeds on limpets , and other mollusca and nereids and shrimps and on echinus [ now psammechinus ] miliaris . rasmussen ( 1973 ) records urticina felina as feeding mainly on gammarids in banks of mytilus edulis .\ndo not belong to this species was recognized by european taxonomists for a long time ( e . g . manuel , 1981 , 1988 , den hartog , 1986 ) and discussed in details in our publication ( sanamyan , sanamyan , 2006 ) . actually even a brief look on the photos of living european and pacific specimens left no doubt that they belong to different species , the original\nis a very different species not resembling pacific anemone externally . the pacific species has white , always well visible verrucae on usually uniformly colored crimson column . in european species the verrucae are smaller , usually inconspicuous , they may be whitish , but often of the same colour as the column and the species look completely different . surprisingly , despite these pronounced differences many websites and internet databases still wrongly list\nas a valid pacific species . the internal morphological differences between pacific and european species are even more pronounced - actually these two species belong to two different genera having different internal morphology and different set of nematocysts ( stinging capsules ) : valid name for european\ndaly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .\nfautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhodactinia crassicornis ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulocera eques ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\naiptasia grow like weeds , take over the reef tank , and are very hard to control ! a variety of approaches include chemical controls to using sea anemone predators .\naiptaisa means beautiful , and they can be . . . but they can be also reek havoc on reef tanks ! meet the aiptasia sea anemone species and discover the pros and cons of aiptasia in captivity\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\ni ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !\ni would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken\nsome other common names it is known by are spotted red anemone , white - spotted anemone and tealia anemone . the term\ntealia\nmeans blooming , likening these beauties to\nflowers of the sea .\nthe common name , tealia anemone is very enchanting and is also used for one of its flowery relatives , the\nthey are generally found alone or in small groupings . the white - spotted rose anemones attach to shaded rocks along rocky sand covered shore lines and in tide pools . like all anemones , they are carnivorous , feasting on sea urchins , small fish , crabs , and mussels that happen by .\n, using similar husbandry for other cold water anemones is suggested . like all anemones , they use their venomous cells , or nematocyst , found in their tentacles to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks . but they mostly utilize them for stunning and capturing prey .\nsome predators of this anemone can be certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails . interestingly , in the wild painted greenling\njuveniles are found in association with this anemone , swimming or resting around its tentacles and column . adults may sleep near its base . the anemone gives them protection from predators and the opportunity to feed on copepods and other small invertebrates .\nthis video shows how the white - spotted rose anemone spends it ' s day . they do , of course , require cold water marine tanks and are found from the alaskan coast to the california coast . they only need to be fed a few times per month due to the cold water and they do not host clownfish . only reaching 6 ,\nthey are great for a cold water marine nano tank !\n, as those found in the pacific may be a different species than those found in the atlantic . the first scientific designation ,\n. this european species is very different in its appearance , with no external resemblance to the pacific anemone . however , this is unreviewed and currently not accepted by worms , the world register of marine species , sealifebase , nor the encyclopedia of life .\nwhite - spotted rose anemones are located in colder subtidal waters . they occur solitary or in small groupings , attached to shaded rocks along rocky , sand - covered shore lines and in tide pools . but they can also be found at depths down to 82 feet ( 0 - 25 m ) . they use their venomous cells or nematocyst found in their tentacles to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks , but they mostly utilize them for stunning and capturing prey . this cold water anemone feasts on sea urchins , small fish , crabs , and mussels .\njuveniles are found in association with this anemone in more exposed environments where both these fish and the anemone is plentiful . they will swim or rest around its tentacles and column , giving them protection from predators and affording them the opportunity to feed on copepods and other small invertebrates . adults may sleep near its base . it is not thought that the anemone receives any benefit from this relationship , but these small fish seem to be immune to the anemone ' s sting . some predators include certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails .\nthis anemone has a red - to - orange cylindrical pedal column with distinct vertical rows of white dots , or tubercles , all over . these tubercles are non - adhesive , so are generally free of shell fragments , gravel , or other debris . the pedal column has a sticky foot at the bottom which they use to adhere to various surfaces . they also use this\nfoot\nto move around if conditions are not ideal . the color of the foot is brown , or reddish brown to orange , and has distinctive white spots .\nat the top of the column is an oral disc with an opening , or mouth , in the center . the\ntakes food in and expels waste through this opening . the mouth should be closed and tight . it will open when hungry , having an oval look . a gaping mouth is a warning signal that the anemone is not doing too well .\nwhite - spotted rose anemones have sturdy tentacles , well - spaced on the oral disc . they are situated in 5 or more rows surrounding the mouth . the tentacles are usually light gray , white , red , or orange , and a combination of those can be on each tentacle . the tentacles are thicker at the base and are thinner toward the top with a little\nbulbous\ntip . the oral disc and mouth are lighter in color .\n4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - it can grow up to 4\n( 10 cm ) in diameter with a height up to 6\u201d ( 15 cm ) .\nthe white - spotted rose anemone is very rarely available to aquarists from a retailer . these anemones can be difficult to care for because they must be kept in cold water . a chiller should be able to keep the tank temperature between 55 and 68\u00b0f . as with most anemones , the tank should be at least 1 year old and stable before adding your new strawberry anemone .\nwhen selecting a white - spotted rose anemone , make sure the color is good , their mouth is not gaping open , and their foot and tentacles are sticky to the touch . also , they should be attached to something , but make sure there is no damage to the foot area , often a result of pulling the anemone off its surface .\nto take one of these anemones from another aquarium , use a thin blunt item like a credit card . gently wiggle it under the foot and slowly nudge the anemone away from the glass . if it ' s attached to a rock , ideally you can simply purchase the rock as well . if you cannot purchase the rock , then directing water at it or wiggling the rock gently upside down under water while tickling the foot can work .\nthe white - spotted rose anemone is a carnivore . in nature , they use their potent sting to immobilize small fish and invertebrates , primarily sea urchins , crabs , and mussels . in captivity feed your anemone chopped silversides , shrimp , krill , and mussels , fresh chopped fish ( from your grocery store ) , as well as frozen carnivore preparations .\nthe white - spotted rose anemones metabolism is not as fast as warmer water anemones . they are cooler water creatures , so usually only need to be fed once a week or twice a month .\nall of diet - sources of marine flesh and frozen / thawed preparations for carnivores .\nweekly - feed only once a week or twice a month , because cold water anemones have much slower metabolisms .\nwater changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical . monitor your water quality for your particular situation and adjust your water changes accordingly . waste production created by your anemone can be calculated in inches . basically , every inch of anemone is equal to an inch of fish , so an average - sized white - spotted rose anemone produces a bio - load equivalent to that of about one 4\nfish .\npurigen and poly - fiber are great products to help in maintaining water quality . purigen is a synthetic polymer that removes soluble and insoluble impurities from water at an exceptionally high rate and capacity , helping to control ammonia , nitrites and nitrates . additional chemical additives , such chemi - pure , gfo , and carbon also help maintain quality water parameters . poly - fiber can be cut and used in sumps , etc . a good protein skimmer is a must .\nalthough anemones are not as dependent on calcium as stony corals , magnesium and calcium is still needed to keep the ph and alkalinity stable and within the correct parameters . additions of trace elements are suggested . phosphates should be kept around 0 . 03 or less . control phosphates with products such as phosban and the phosban reactor . phosphates should be less than 0 . 03 ppm .\nbi - weekly - water changes of 10 % twice a month , or 20 % a month are typical .\n380 . 0 - 450 . 0 ppm - helps to balance alkalinity . aim for 420 ppm , or 385 ppm if you are using seachem calcium .\n7 . 0 - 11 . 0 dkh - ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 9 meq / l ) aim for 10 dkh ( 3 . 5 meq / l ) for reef tanks .\n1 , 250 . 0 - 1 , 350 . 0 ppm - test magnesium levels and adjust before checking calcium .\nthe white - spotted rose anemone can be kept in an aquarium of 50 - gallons or more when full grown . the typical reef environment is what is needed , but it must be a cold water reef . they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . you can even use submersed bio - balls . provide some rock crevices as well as rocky overhangs .\nthey need a low to moderate water movement and moderate lighting . the temperature can be between 55 . 0 to 68 . 0\u00b0 f ( 12 . 8 to 20 . 0\u00b0 c ) , but keep it stable as fluctuations can be stressful to the anemone . a chiller will be needed , but this allows you to have both inter - tidal and sub - tidal animals . acrylic tanks are best for insulating against temperature fluctuations , each 1 / 2\nwill give a thermal barrier of 5\u00b0 f . be sure to have all of your pumps covered , most good quality pumps have guards on them .\n10 gal ( 38 l ) - they do best in 50 - gallons or more when full grown .\nthe white - spotted rose anemone is considered semi - aggressive because they can be mobile , yet most of the cold water anemones stay still if their needs are met . it has often been suggested to not put anemones in a reef environment since corals cannot move away from the stinging tentacles . once you get your anemone situated and it has not moved for several months , it might be safe to add other corals . just keep in mind these anemones will sting everything they can reach , like corals and other invertebrates . anemones will move if your lighting is not good , or the water quality is not to their liking .\nthese anemones may split often once settled , similar to others in their genus . after splitting , anemones will tolerate their own \u201cclones\u201d and sometimes their own species . all anemones in the tank need to have their own space , otherwise there can be a \u201cchemical\u201d warfare between species . this will usually cause one to not eat , shrink and eventually die . having excellent filtration and a large tank will usually allow 2 anemones at opposite ends to thrive . you can also build a natural blockade to help prevent them from wandering into each others \u201cspace\u201d .\nwhen housing them with fish , if the tank is very large and you are keeping larger cold water fish , they should be fine . the problem occurs when keeping small gobies , blennies or other small cold water fish that can easily become dinner if they wander into the very sticky ( more sticky than typical ) tentacles .\nthey multiply rather quickly once adjusted , so keeping corals in the tank may be a risky thing to do . if attempting to add cold water corals , allow the anemones to settle and once they are in place , try to place a coral away from them . this may work for a while , however , the way they reproduce will eventually have detrimental affects on any other corals or anemones .\nthe white - spotted rose anemone will divide captivity . there is no information on the propagation of cold water anemones , however , but it may be just like other anemones . similar to other cold water anemones , they reproduce by fission or external fertilization of egg and sperm .\nthey will spawn when the water temperature drops from its highest for the year . the best success for breeding them is when they spawn , in april and may . when they spawn , they produce larvae that will float away , and eventually finding a spot to land . they then attach and develop a pedal disk that grows into a new anemone .\nproblems for the white - spotted rose anemone are pretty minimal unless your lighting , water movement , feeding and water quality are low . then your anemone will detach to look for \u201cbetter conditions . \u201d in general , if your anemone moves , it is not happy . make sure your lighting and water quality is good , and that the food you are offering is to their liking . some predators include certain nudibranchs , sea stars , and snails .\nthe white - spotted rose anemone or strawberry anemone is generally unavailable to aquarists through retailers .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis large anemone has no acontia . the column is red with smooth white tubercles in longitudinal rows . the margin of the oral disk has no white spherules . the tubercles usually do not hold sand , shells , or other debris . the oral disk is red and has no radiating white stripes . the slender tentacles are red , unbanded but with sometimes a yellow tinge at the base and pinker at the tips . diameter to 10 cm .\nhabitat : rocky , exposed coast , concrete pilings , marina floats . in the intertidal , is usually in surge channels and on vertical rock faces .\nbiology / natural history : shells or debris is occasionally found adhered to the tubercles , but not usually and not strongly . juvenile painted greenlings are often associated with this anemone , and adults may sleep near its base . the eggs are very large ( over 1 . 2 mm diameter ) and yolky . it has not been observed brooding the eggs .\nscientific articles : sebens , k . p . and g . laakso , 1977 . the genus tealia ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) in the waters of the san juan archipelago and the olympic peninsula . wasmann j . biol . 35 : pp 152 - 168\nbiology / natural history : shells or debris is occasionally found adhered to the tubercles , but not usually and not strongly . juvenile painted greenlings are often associated with this anemone , and adults may sleep near its base . the eggs are very large and yolky . it has not been observed brooding the eggs .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nis a species common in european and northern seas , but not occurring in pacific . for a long time this european species was known as\nis an older name , it become valid name of this species . note , that pacific species commonly called\n( which has much better developed nonadhesive vesicles on column and also differs in internal features ) .\nis usually buried , occurs in crevices , has the body densely covered with large strongly adhesive veruccae to which gravel and other particles are attached . third european species ( occurring also in north pacific ) ,\n, always has absolutely smooth body . ( note , that verrucose [ not smooth ] pacific species which is often called\nhave whitish or yellowish ground colour with wide or narrow , irregular , mainly longitudinal red patches . in some specimens the prevailing colour is red . small nonadhesive verrucae are distinctly visible on the living specimens , especially on the contracted anemones . the verrucae are of the same colour as the column or paler , and they probably do not become as inflated and blister - like as in pacific species\n. the oral disk and the tentacles are yellow - whitish , transparent , with the red longitudinal bands outlining tentacle bases on the disk ; the tentacles are encircled with the wide white and red bands in the middle .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmacrocystis pyrifera , calliarthron spp . , bossiella spp . , rhodymenia californica , cryptopleura ruprechtiana , chondracanthus corymbiferus\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhayward et al . , 1996 , sol\u00e9 - cava et al . , 1985 , manuel , 1988 , picton & costello , 1998 , gosse , 1860 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , stephenson , 1935 , howson & picton , 1997 ,\nhayward et al . , 1996 , sol\u00e9 - cava et al . , 1985 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , manuel , 1988 , houtman et al . , 1997 , mign\u00e9 & davoult , 1997 ( a ) , rasmussen , 1973 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , elliott , 1992 , sol\u00e9 - cava et al . , 1994 , picton & costello , 1998 , moen , 1996 , gosse , 1860 ,\nthe species is boreal - arctic with a possible circumpolar distribution . found throughout europe from northern russia to biscay but not in the mediterranean . records from elsewhere are incomplete and there is considerable confusion in taxonomy .\nhayward et al . , 1996 , sol\u00e9 - cava et al . , 1985 , manuel , 1988 , mign\u00e9 & davoult , 1997 ( a ) , rasmussen , 1973 , picton & costello , 1998 , jncc , 1999 , moen , 1996 , george et al . , 1988 , bruce et al . , 1963 , braber & borghouts , 1877 ,\nstephenson ( 1935 ) reports that viviparity has been suspected because of the sudden appearance apparently from\nnowhere\nof individuals in aquaria .\nchia & spaulding ( 1972 ) bred and grew tealia crassicornis from the north - west coast of the usa . in tealia crassicornis , mucus containing gametes were expelled from the mouth . the yellow eggs ( 500 - 700 \u00b5m diameter ) formed little clusters which then broke apart and began to float .\nthe duration of the larval stage may vary . for tealia crassicornis , chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) found that nine days after fertilization , the planula was ready to settle and , a further four days after settling , had 4 tentacles . certain substrata ( such as phyllochaetopterus sp . and sabellaria cementaria tubes ) could induce settlement rapidly in the laboratory . in the absence of inducing substrata larvae could remain in the water column for at least 17 days but settled within the second month after fertilization .\nthe species is probably quite slow growing . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) found that fed individuals of the similar\nwere only 10mm in diameter after a year and there was no gonad development present in 14 month old anemones . however , at 18 months , individuals were 4 cm diameter with 60 - 70 tentacles .\nsol\u00e9 - cava et al . , 1985 , chia & spaulding , 1972 . , hand , 1955 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , spaulding , 1974 , sol\u00e9 - cava et al . , 1994 , sol\u00e9 - cava & thorpe , 1992 , mba , 1957 , stephenson , 1935 , wedi & dunn , 1983 , gosse , 1853 ,\nbiotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken .\n( danielssen , 1890 ) . in : fautin , daphne g . 2011 . hexacorallians of the world . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na large anemone ( base up to 15 cm diameter ) with up to 160 short ( up to 2 cm ) , stout tentacles arranged in multiples of ten . individuals from offshore tend to be larger . the coloration is very variable , ranging through white , yellow , orange , red , blue , grey , purple and brown being either plain or more commonly in some combination . perhaps most commonly with a red column blotched with green / grey and a prominent pattern of red lines amongst the tentacle bases . the tentacles are usually banded but may be plain . there are numerous grey warts on the column to which gravel and shell fragments stick . when the tentacles are fully retracted , the body of the anemones may be almost obscured by these adherent particles .\ntypically found on the lower shore and subtidally , particularly on shores with strong wave action or subtidal areas with strong tidal streams . small individuals may be found as high as the mid - tide line . attaches very firmly to rocks and boulders , typically in crevices and gullies , sometimes forming dense carpets . occurs in estuaries where hard substrata are present .\nlarge size , up to 15 cm across the base ( bigger than most other anemones ) .\nlarge verrucae or warts present on the column , often with gravel or shell fragments attached .\noccurring on the north - west ( pacific ) coast of north america . an attempt is made below to establish relationships important for using literature to support sensitivity and recoverability assessments elsewhere in this review . stephenson ( 1935 ) identifies\nof gosse ( 1860 ) . however , stephenson notes that , in his\nvar .\n, the embryos develop up to a late stage in the coelenteron of the parent and later describes it as\nviviparity\n. since appel\u00f6ff ( 1900 ) cited in chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) reported that , in europe ,\nreleases it ' s gametes freely into the sea ( i . e . is not viviparous ) and that the species they studied in the northwest usa similarly produced ova and sperm , it seems likely that their\nthe stinging nematocysts in the anemones tentacles are used to trap and paralyse prey . the nematocysts can also provoke itching and blistering of the skin in humans but the effects vary considerably between individual humans .\ndensities vary from solitary individuals to dense carpets in ideal locations such as crevices and gullies . measurements of size refer to the diameter across the base . growth is dependent on the level of feeding so size is not proportional to age . gosse ( 1860 ) notes [ most likely from aquarium observations ] that\nthe shore crab (\nmoderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . ) , strong 3 to 6 knots ( 1 . 5 - 3 m / sec . ) , very strong > 6 knots ( > 3 m / sec . ) , weak < 1 knot ( < 0 . 5 m / sec . )\nreleases its gametes into the sea and that larval development is independent of the adult . chia & spaulding ( 1972 ) , in observing that\nthis marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .\nreduction of the need to keep the anemone surface clear of silt will mean less energy expenditure and mucus production and therefore likely benefit to the anemone .\nincrease in emergence is likely to result in exposure to desiccation and a decreased opportunity for feeding . increased emergence may have no effect for anemones in damp fissures or pools . assuming that desiccation or heat stress ( see ' increase in temperature ' below ) occurs , intolerance and recoverability will be as desiccation . recruitment to replace lost individuals is likely to be slow ( see ' additional information ' below ) . a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' recoverability is made but with a low confidence .\nin the absence of wave action , water flow is likely to be very important in preventing siltation and stagnation and in bringing food . therefore , in conditions where water flow rates fall to very low levels , anemones may be adversely affected , lose condition and , especially if some stagnation occurs , some may die . although recolonization is likely to occur from nearby populations , frequency and success of recruitment is unclear and a precautionary assessment of ' moderate ' is made ( see ' additional information ' below ) .\nthe species favours areas with strong wave action ( manuel , 1988 ) and strong tidal currents ( mign\u00e9 & davoult , 1997 ) although it is also found in more calm and sheltered areas as well as deep water .\nin the absence of tidal streams , wave action is likely to be very important in preventing siltation and stagnation and in bringing food . therefore , in conditions where wave action falls to very low levels , anemones may be adversely affected , lose condition and , especially if some stagnation occurs , some may die . assuming that some individuals survive , local recruitment is likely to occur within a few years .\nrecoverability is likely to be slow in populations where nearby individuals do not exist . the large size , slow growth rate and evidence from aquarium populations suggests that\nis long lived . although it probably breeds each year there is no information regarding fecundity . breeding probably does not occur until the anemone is at least 1 . 5 years old . dispersal ability is considered to be poor in the similar\nfor north - west usa ) , is unlikely to travel far . however , assuming that there are populations surviving nearby ( further down the shore ) , recruitment is likely to occur over the short distances involved but how rapidly is uncertain . adults can detach from the substratum and relocate but locomotive ability is very limited . there is potential for some immigration of adults from other populations via water currents or rafting . gosse ( 1853 ) noted that an\nhad\neaten a hole the size of a pea in the side before being discovered\n. under its current name of\nin ideal conditions such as crevices and gullies on wave exposed shores the species can form dense carpets . the role of\n( ne pacific ) has been investigated by elliott ( 1992 ) . the same roles may be filled by species in the british isles although there are no records of this for\ncan constitute a large proportion of the biomass . in addition , they are thought to be responsible for the major part of carbon / nitrogen exchange at the sediment - water boundary ( mign\u00e9 & davoult , 1995 ; mign\u00e9 & davoult , 1997a ) . although ' culinary use ' is indicated as ' no ' , gosse ( 1853 ) describes methods of cooking the dahlia anemone and seemed reasonably impressed with it boiled or fried .\nbraber , l . & borghouts , c . h . , 1977 . distribution and ecology of anthozoa in the estuarine region of the rivers rhine , meuse and scheldt . hydrobiologia , 52 , 15 - 21 .\nbruce , j . r . , colman , j . s . & jones , n . s . , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man . liverpool : liverpool university press .\nchia , f . s . & spaulding , j . g . , 1972 . development and juvenile growth of the sea anemone tealia crassicornis . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 142 , 206 - 218 .\ncole , s . , codling , i . d . , parr , w . & zabel , t . , 1999 . guidelines for managing water quality impacts within uk european marine sites . natura 2000 report prepared for the uk marine sacs project . 441 pp . , swindon : water research council on behalf of en , snh , ccw , jncc , sams and ehs . [ uk marine sacs project . ] , urltoken\ncrisp , d . j . ( ed . ) , 1964 . the effects of the severe winter of 1962 - 63 on marine life in britain . journal of animal ecology , 33 , 165 - 210 .\ndavis , d . s . , 1967 . the marine fauna of the blackwater estuary and adjacent waters . essex naturalist , 32 , 1 - 60 .\nelliott , j . , 1992 . the role of sea anemones as refuges and feeding habitats for the temperate fish oxylebius pictus . environmental biology of fishes , 35 , 381 - 400 .\neno , n . c . , clark , r . a . & sanderson , w . g . ( ed . ) 1997 . non - native marine species in british waters : a review and directory . peterborough : joint nature conservation committee .\ngeorge , j . d . , tittley , i . , price , j . h . , & fincham , a . a . , 1988 . the macrobenthos of chalk shores in north norfolk and around flamborough headland ( north humberside ) . nature conservancy council csd rep . 833 149p . , peterborough : nature conservancy council\ngosse , p . h . , 1853 . a naturalist ' s rambles on the devonshire coast . london : van voorst .\ngosse , p . h . , 1860 . actinologia britannica : a history of british sea anemones and corals . london : van voorst .\nhand , c . , 1955b . the sea anemones of central california . part ii . the endomyarian and mesomyarian anemones . the wassmann journal of biology , 13 , 37 - 99 .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhoare , r . & hiscock , k . , 1974 . an ecological survey of the rocky coast adjacent to the effluent of a bromine extraction plant . estuarine and coastal marine science , 2 ( 4 ) , 329 - 348 .\nholme , n . a . & wilson , j . b . , 1985 . faunas associated with longitudinal furrows and sand ribbons in a tide - swept area in the english channel . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 65 , 1051 - 1072 .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\njncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken\nmanuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]\nmba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .\nmign\u00e9 , a . , & davoult , d . , 1995 . role des organismes suspensivores dans les transferts p\u00e9lago - benthiques d ' une zone de fort hydrodynamisme : approche exp\u00e9rimentale . journal de recherche oceanographique , 20 , 9 - 14 .\nnmmp , 2001 . national marine monitoring programme ( nmmp ) . http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk , 2001 - 01 - 17\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nrasmussen , e . , 1973 . systematics and ecology of the isefjord marine fauna ( denmark ) . ophelia , 11 , 1 - 507 .\nsmith , j . e . ( ed . ) , 1968 . ' torrey canyon ' . pollution and marine life . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nsol\u00e9 - cava , a . m . & thorpe , j . p . , 1992 . genetic divergence between colour morphs in populations of the common intertidal sea anemones actinia equina and a . prasina ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . marine biology , 112 , 243 - 252 .\nsol\u00e9 - cava , a . m . , thorpe , j . p . & todd , c . d . , 1994 . high genetic similarity between geographically distant populations in a sea anemone with low dispersal capabilities . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 74 , 895 - 902 .\nspaulding , j . g . , 1974 . embryonic and larval development in sea anemones ( anthozoa : actiniaria ) . american zoologist , 14 , 511 - 520 .\nstephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\ngeneral characteristics : column diameter to 10 cm ( 4 inches ) , height to 15 cm ( 6 inches ) . column bright scarlet or crimson with white warty spots in longitudinal rows ; tentacles slender , elongate , scarlet to crimson .\ndistribution / habitat : se alaska to san diego , ca . found on rocks and walls of surge channels , low intertidal to 15 m ( 49 feet ) on exposed outer coast ."]}
{"id": 975, "summary": [{"text": "the african cuckoo-hawk , or african baza , ( aviceda cuculoides ) is a medium-sized raptor in the family accipitridae so named because it resembles the common cuckoo , which is found in sub-saharan africa and along the eastern parts of southern africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it prefers dense woodland and forest of either indigenous or exotic trees . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "african cuckoo - hawk", "paragraphs": ["other names : african baza , african cuckoo - falcon , african cuckoo falcon , cuckoo - falcon , cuckoo - hawk , west african cuckoo - falcon .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for african cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda cuculoides ) yet .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is mainly seen singly or in pairs in the wild .\nafrican cuckoo hawk ( aviceda cuculoides fam . accipitridae ) kruger park birds & birding .\nin terms of distribution of the african cuckoo hawk in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . african cuckoo hawk : see above distribution map .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is a bird about the size of a francolin now called spurfowl . the height of the african cuckoo hawk is about 40 cms and its weight is about 250 gms\nthe african cuckoo hawk ( latin name aviceda cuculoides ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 128 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 474 also a picture of the african cuckoo hawk on page 433 . the african cuckoo hawk belongs to the family of birds classified as accipitridae . according to the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology the african cuckoo hawk is also known by these other names : african cuckoo falcon , west african cuckoo falcon , cuckoo falcon .\nafrican cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda cuculoides ) is a species of bird in the accipitridae family .\nafrican cuckoo hawk nest with eggs , nylsvley area , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton \u00a9 ]\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of african cuckoo hawk were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of african cuckoo hawk here .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is mainly found in light and densely wooded forests , where there are mopane trees .\nthis bird is known as cuckoo hawk in the roberts 6th edition . there have been no changes in the latin name for the african cuckoo hawk between the roberts 6th and roberts 7th edition .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park . it is however a rare resident\nyou will normally see the african cuckoo hawk by itself rather than in the company of birds of the same species .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is a southern african bird that belongs to the accipitridae bird family group which includes birds such as raptors , old vultures , osprey .\nsubspecies and range : the african cuckoo - hawk has three subspecies which differ in size , extent of barring and intensity of plumage colour .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is monogamous unless its mate dies . in the event of a partner dying aviceda cuculoides will seek out a new mate\nbirds & birding in the kruger national park south africa . in roberts 6 this bird was called cuckoo hawk\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : african cuckoo - hawk aviceda cuculoides . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\nthe african cuckoo - hawk or african baza ( aviceda cuculoides ) is a medium - sized bird of prey of the family accipitridae , and found in much of the forested regions of africa south of the sahara desert .\nthe nesting habit of african cuckoo hawk is to create the nest in branches of a tree or shrub . the bird lays eggs which are in colour and number between 1 to 2\nthe description for the african cuckoo hawk ( latin name aviceda cuculoides ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the aviceda cuculoides can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 128 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 474 . you will find a picture of the african cuckoo hawk on page 433 .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the african cuckoo - hawk is noisy before breeding , giving loud , far - carrying whistling calls \u201cteee - oooo\u201d and shorter ones \u201ctittit - eoo\u201d .\nthe african cuckoo hawk is a monogamous bird which means that the bird finds and breeds with one partner for the rest of its life . the bird lays between 1 to 2 eggs and they are coloured .\nthe african cuckoo - hawk often stands horizontally on branch with the wings slightly drooped . it prefers to perch under cover or below the canopy , rather than on open sites . it is often found in pairs .\nthe african cuckoo - hawks ( aviceda cuculoides ) - also known as african cuckoo falcons - are found in sub - saharan africa and along the eastern parts of southern africa . this species is mainly resident , but a partial - migrant in the east and south .\nafrican harrier - hawk , harrier hawk , or gymnogene ( polyboroides typus ) is a bird of prey . it is about cm in length , and is related to the harriers . it breeds in most of africa south of the sahara .\nintroduction : the african cuckoo - hawk is a long - winged raptor with short , pointed crest , and two tooth - like indentations on the edge of the upper mandible . the aviceda species were related to falcons because of the notched bill , but finally , it is mostly closely related to kites . they are also called cuckoo - falcons and bazas .\nthe african cuckoo - hawk is uncommon throughout its range , but that is mostly because of its secretive behavior and not because it is threatened . population size is for now deemed to be stable and it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\nryan , p . g . & moloney , c . l . 1995 . range extension and display flight of the cuckoo hawk in the southwestern cape province , south africa . gabar 9 : 25 .\nthe african cuckoo - hawk occupies evergreen forest and deciduous woodlands up to 6 , 000 feet elevation , both within the forest interior and edges , and often being seen in suburban gardens . it is also seen in savannahs and open bush country during migrations in east africa .\nthe african cuckoo hawk has a height of 40 cms and weighs around 250 gms . the head is coloured brown while the bill is coloured black . the aviceda cuculoides has a blue , grey coloured throat , yellow legs and a brown coloured back . the eyes are brown .\nexperiences with species raptors have always been my favourite group of birds . on a trip to mozambique in august 2008 , i was 11 species short of 700 on my southern african bird list . i got to 699 and speculated on what my 700th bird would be . it turned out to be the african cuckoo - hawk ! other names : -\nhabitat : the african cuckoo - hawk frequents dense woodland or second growth forest mixed with cultivated areas , but it is also present in exotic plantations in more open savanna , up to 3000 metres of elevation . it usually avoids desert and semi - desert , but it can be seen in suburban areas too .\nthe african cuckoo - hawk is mainly resident in most part of the range , but some seasonal movements can be observed , often related to prey availability such as chameleons and insects . the flight is fast and direct , with wingbeats interspersed with glides . but it soars rarely . the flight displays are spectacular .\ndistribution of african cuckoo hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) .\nthe list of sought - after forest associated target species at the grootvadersbosch nature reserve include : terrestrial brownbul , olive bush - shrike , forest canary , blue - mantled crested - flycatcher , red - winged francolin , grey cuckoo - shrike , lemon dove , african crowned eagle , african cuckoo hawk , black - headed oriole , red - necked spurfowl , narina trogon , knysna warbler and yellow - throated woodland - warbler . the description of species abundance herewith is based on the latest sabap2 ( the bird atlasing project ) report cards for the region .\nthe african cuckoo - hawk feeds primarily on insects , reptiles and small birds , and usually from a still - hunting position on a perch within the forest or at the forest edge on a clearing . it has also been observed to search for prey on the wing , taking flying insects from the air or other prey on the ground .\nprotection / threats / status : the african cuckoo - hawk is widespread throughout its large range , but it is uncommon and difficult to see due to its secretive habits . this species is affected by the loss of its forest habitat , and it is preyed upon by larger raptors . however , the population appears stable and the species is not currently threatened .\nas the name implies , the african cuckoo - hawk bears a superficial resemblance to the unrelated cuckoos . its wingspan is about 3 feet , with an overall body length of 16 to 18 inches . like other members of the genus aviceda , it bears two distinctive tooth - like notches near the edge of the bill , and a crest of feathers at the top of the head . legs are short and stout , and bear powerful talons .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season usually takes place during the rainy season , but the laying period may vary according to the range . the african cuckoo - hawk nests in forest . the nest is placed fairly high up in a forest tree , often eucalyptus , and well concealed among the foliage . it is a typical platform made with sticks , roots and twigs with leaves still attached . the cup is lined with grass , green leaves and wool .\nchecklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . volume 1 . species limits and distribution | african bird club\nkemp , a . c . , marks , j . s . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . african cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda cuculoides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbehaviour in the wild : the african cuckoo - hawk feeds mainly on lizards , especially chameleons , and large insects such as grasshoppers , mantids and caterpillars . but its diet can be more varied too , including beetles , wasps , termites , crabs , fish , small birds taken in the nest , and bats . it often hunts from a perch , waiting for long periods within vegetal cover . once a prey is detected , it swoops slowly down to catch it from foliage or branch , but also by walking around or hopping along the ground . it may sometimes perform aerial sallies and hawk flying insects . or it flies low over the open vegetation before to drop onto the prey .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\npreston , g . r . , siegfried , w . r . & wynberg , r . p . 1995 . attitudes and policies of the directors of south african nature conservation departments toward the protection of biological diversity . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 77 - 89 .\nkemp , a . c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . madagascar cuckoo - hawk ( aviceda madagascariensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe african cuckoo - hawk is a monogamous , solitary nester that breeds in the season september - march , with peaks in october - december . a breeding pair will build a nest together , generally in the highest branches of a tree 10 to 30 meters above ground . the nest is built of vines , twigs , and leaves . one or two ( rarely three ) eggs are laid and incubated by both sexes for 32 - 33 days . after hatching , the chicks will spend about 28 days in the nest as both parents feed them . they will depend on the parents for another week or so after leaving the nest .\nrange : africa : west , central , southcentral , southeast . the african cuckoo falcon is found in the southern half of africa , including the forested areas of west africa , in forest and wetter savannah country . there are two races , aviceda cuculoides cuculoides , occurring north and west of a line through north angola and the congo , and aviceda cuculoides verreauxi to the south and east .\nturpie , j . k . 1995 . prioritizing south african estuaries for conservation : a practical example using waterbirds . biological conservation 74 : 75 - 185 .\nallan , d . g . & jenkins , a . r . 1995 . editorial . j ournal of african raptor biology 10 ( 1 ) : 1 .\njenkins , a . r . 1995 . morphometrics and flight performance of southern african peregrine and lanner falcons . journal of avian biology 26 : 49 - 58 .\ncooper , j . & ryan , p . g . 1995 . sa scientists produce management plan for gough island . south african journal of science 91 : 107 .\nhockey , p . a . r . 1995 . review : bird atlas of botswana ( penry ) . south african journal of zoology 30 : 59 - 60 .\nallan , d . g . 1995 . habitat selection by blue cranes in the western cape province and the karoo . south african journal of wildllife research 25 : 90 - 97 .\ncrowe , t . m . 1995 . wildlife utilization : science vs . ethics and northern vs . southern perspectives . south african journal of science . 91 : 375 - 376 .\nlombard , a . t . 1995 . introduction to an evaluation of the protection status of south africa ' s vertebrates . south african journal of zoology 30 : 63 - 70 .\npredominantly a forest and woodland dwelling species , the african baza may be found in trees surrounding rivers , humid savannah woodland , eucalyptus and pine plantations and even suburban gardens ( 4 ) .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . one of the commonest and most conspicuous of the small hawks of african forested habitats , although no firm estimates of . . .\ndrummond , a . e . 1995 . reproduction of the sea urchins echinometra mathaei and diadema savignyi on the south african eastern coast . marine freshwater research . 46 : 751 - 755 .\nlombard , a . t . 1995 the problems with multi - species conservation : do hotspots , ideal reserves and existing reserves coincide ? south african journal of zoology 30 : 145 - 163 .\nsmith , b . s . 1995 . biodiversity : sell - out biology , renegade economics or the glimmer of a new conservation paradigm ? south african journal of science 91 : 377 - 380 .\nvan jaarsveld , a . s . & lombard , a . t . 1995 . towards the establishment of a national environmental information network . south african journal of science 91 : 9 - 10 .\nconservation : widespread , but probably uncommon throughout most of its range . probably overlooked to some extent because of its secretive habits . sympatric raptor species may prey on cuckoo hawks in secondary habitats or tree plantations ( verdoorn 2000 ) . categorized as a species of\nleast concern\nby birdlife international . more . . . .\ntucker , k . c . & richardson , d . m . 1995 . an expert system for screening potentially invasive alien plants in south african fynbos . journal of environmental management 44 : 309 - 338 .\ngelderblom , c . m . & bronner , g . n . 1995 . patterns of distribution and protection status of the endemic mammals in south africa . south african journal of zoology 30 : 127 - 135 .\nryan , p . g . , cowling , r . m . & costanza , r . 1995 . valuing ecosystems : is the fynbos worth conserving ? south african journal of science 91 : 572 - 573 .\nafrican cuckoo - hawks prefer dense woodland and forest habitats , as well as forest edges . it is solitary and rarely found in the company of an individual of the same species . it is a seldom seen bird with secretive habits , but can occasionally be seen gliding between branches amongst trees . it generally feeds on invertebrates , but will also feed on small lizards , snakes , frogs , birds , and rodents . hunting is often done in low vegetation and grass , where prey is caught on the ground . prey can also be caught in trees .\ndrinkrow , d . r . & cherry , m . i . 1995 . anuran distribution , diversity and conservation in south africa , lesotho and swaziland . south african journal of zoology . 30 : 82 - 90 .\nthe facility will assist , were possible , in any bona fide program or research that is beneficial to the long term conservation of raptors . the sanctuary also serves as a biological and genetic bank of southern african birds of prey .\ndean , w . r . j . & milton , s . j . 1995 . plant and invertebrate assemblages on old fields in the arid southern karoo , south africa . african journal of ecology 33 : 1 - 13 .\ndu plessis , m . a . , siegfried , w . r . & armstrong , a . j . 1995 . ecological and life - history correlates of cooperative breeding in south african birds . oecologia 102 : 180 - 188 .\nsiegfried , w . r . 1995 . conference report . in : robinson , r . , ed . african heritage 2000 : the future of protected areas in africa . pretoria : national parks board . pp . 133 - 135 .\nsiegfried , w . r . 1995 . the difference between education and training . in : robinson , r . , ed . african heritage 2000 : the future of protected areas in africa . pretoria : national parks board , pretoria .\nsiegfried , w . r . & brooke , r . k . 1995 . anthropogenic extinctions in the terrestrial biota of the afrotropical region in the last 500 , 000 years . journal of african zool ogy 109 : 5 - 14 .\nmalan , g . 1995 . cooperative breeding and delayed dispersal in the pale chanting goshawk melierax canorus . ph . d . thesis , univ . of cape town ( abstract ) . journal of african raptor biology 10 ( 1 ) : 40 .\nbenn , g . a . , kemp , a . c . & begg , k . s . 1995 . the distribution , size and trends of the saddlebilled stork ephippiorhynchus senegalensis population in south africa . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 98 - 105 .\npreston , g . r . & siegfried , w . r . 1995 . the protection of biological diversity in south africa : profiles and perceptions of professional practitioners in nature conservation agencies and natural history museums . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 49 - 56 .\nskelton , p . h . , cambray , j . a . , lombard , a . & benn , g . a . 1995 . patterns of distribution and conservation status of freshwater fishes in south africa . south african journal of zoology 30 : 71 - 81 .\ncrawford , r . j . m . , cooper , j . & dyer , b . m . 1995 . conservation of an increasing population of great white pelicans pelecanus onocrotalus in south africa ' s western cape . south african journal of science . 15 : 33 - 42 .\nbranch , w . r . , benn , g . a . & lombard , a . t . 1995 . the tortoises ( testudinidae ) and terrapins ( pelomedusidae ) of southern africa : their diversity , distribution and conservation . south african journal of zoology 30 : 91 - 102 .\nexcellent birding is available at the grootvadersbosch reception office and camping area . bar - throated apalis , cape batis , sombre greenbul , cape robin - chat , olive thrush and cape white - eye are abundant . cape canary , african dusky flycatcatcher , greater double - collared sunbird and common and swee waxbills are seen commonly . special species to look out for at the camp site include olive bush - shrike , forest canary and olive woodpecker , and small groups of cape siskin often forage in the area . brimstone canary , greater honeyguide and african olive - pigeon are also often conspicuous . amethyst sunbird and southern double - collared sunbird are seen less often , as are yellow bishop and rock martin . campers can expect to hear the calls of fiery - necked nightjar , spotted eagle - owl and barn owl at night . the beautiful call of african wood - owl represents a special treat .\nthe african baza ' s extensive range encompasses much of sub - saharan africa , from senegal in the west to cameroon , extending east across to kenya , and south as far as angola on the west coast and south - east south africa on the east coast ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .\nthere are two recognized subspecies of black - backed jackal . the southern african subspecies ( c . m . mesomelas ) and the larger east african subspecies ( c . m . schmidti ) . the black - backed jackal has been seen as a pest by farmers ever since colonization of south africa because they often kill livestock and carry rabies . attempts were made to eradicate them , but the species is so succesful and adaptable that any attempt generally failed . the species is to this day still widespread and fairly common within its range and it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\ndean , w . r . j . , hoffman , m . t . , kerley , g . i . h . & milton , s . j . 1995 . desertification in developed countries : in search of the silver bullet . south african journal of science 91 : 213 - 215 .\nbenn , g . a . 1995 . review : handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl ( eds . j . del hoyo , a . elliott & j . sargatal ) . journal of african raptor biology 10 ( 1 ) : 42 - 43 .\ngelderblom , c . m . , bronner , g . n . , lombard , a . t . & taylor , p . j . 1995 . patterns of distribution and current protection status of the carnivora , chiroptera and insectivora in south africa . south african journal of zoology 30 : 103 - 114 .\nmilton , s . j . , dean , w . r . j . , maricowitz , c . p . & kerley , g . i . h . 1995 . effects of the 1990 / 91 drought on rangeland in the steytlerville karoo . south african journal of science 91 : 78 - 84 .\nsiegfried , w . r . 1995 . conference report : african heritage 2000 : the future of protected areas in africa . an iucn - cnppa africa - region working session , held at skukuza , kruger national park , south africa , 11 - 17 october 1994 . biodiversity and conservation 4 : 442 - 444 .\nthe main reference source for this data was\nroberts - birds of southern africa , 7th edition\n. other references were\nnewmans birds of the kruger park\nby keith newman published circa 1980 . names in foreign languages were obtained from the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology , university of cape town website , urltoken\nmanongi , f . s . & hoffmann , j . h . 1995 . the incidence of parasitism in trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae ( froggatt ) ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) , a gall - forming biological control agent of acacia longifolia ( andr . ) willd . ( fabaceae ) in south africa . african entomology 3 : 47 - 151 .\nmugo , d . n . , lombard , a . t . , bronner , g . n . , gelderblom , c . m . & benn , g . a . 1995 . distribution and protection of endemic or threatened rodents , lagomorphs and macrosceledids in south africa . south african journal of zooogy 30 : 115 - 126\nlittle , r . m . , vester , k . c . & crowe , t . m . 1995 . temporal and spatial patterns of breeding activity of 12 duck species ( anatidae ) in the cape provinces , south africa , and their implications for hunting seasons . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 17 - 22 .\nwilson , r . p . & wilson , m . - p . t . 1995 . the foraging behaviour of the african penguin spheniscus demersus . in : dann , p . , norman , i . & reilly , p . , eds . the penguins . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty . pp . 244 - 265 .\nlittle , r . m . , perrings , j . s . a . , crowe , t . m . & witt , a . b . r . 1995 . notes on the diet of helmeted guineafowl numida meleagris on deciduous fruit farms in the western cape province , south africa . south african journal of wildlife research 25 : 144 - 146 .\nresident in most areas but some seasonal movement into coastal kenya to breed in apr - nov and into transvaal highveld after breeding in may - aug . may move locally within deciduous woodland in response to fluctuations in chameleon and insect numbers , leading to irregular influxes in areas of e and s africa . small - scale seasonal movements have also been detected in w african savannas .\nmarshall , d . j . , crafford , j . e . , krynauw , j . r . , drummond , a . e . & newton , i . p . 1995 . the biology , physico - chemistry and geology of a nunatak pond at valterkulten , western dronning maud land , antarctica . south african journal of antarctic research 25 : 9 - 16 .\nkemp , a . c . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . african goshawk ( accipiter tachiro ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwhile the african baza is never found in great abundance at any particular location , its range is so large that , even with low population densities , its population is estimated to number between 10 , 000 and 100 , 000 individuals ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . although deforestation is reducing the area of its preferred forest habitat , it appears to adapt readily to secondary forest and plantations , and can even survive in suburban gardens , hence it does not appear to be particularly at risk at present ( 4 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npopulation size likely to exceed 10 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nit is affected by the loss of forest habitat and can be predated by larger raptors ( del hoyo et al . , 1994 ) . in south africa it has been known to drown in small reservoirs on farmland ( anderson et al . 1999 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\noccurs across much of sub - saharan africa ; in southern africa it is generally scarce in mozambique , zimbabwe , northern botswana , namibia ( including the caprivi strip ) and eastern south africa , with an isolated population in the east of the western cape . it generally prefers woodland , the understorey and edges of forest and plantations of alien trees .\nthe chicks have been recorded as prey of aquila wahlbergi ( wahlberg ' s eagle ) .\nit mainly eats reptiles and insects , hunting by flying from tree to tree , searching for from its perch before flying to pluck the prey item from the canopy or ground . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nmonogamous , solitary nester , performing spectacular aerial displays in the run - up to the breeding season .\nthe nest ( see image below ) is built by both sexes in about 11 days , consisting of an untidy platform of twigs , vines and leaves and lined with leaves , grass and small bits of sticks . it is typically placed in the highest branches of a tree , roughly 10 - 30 metres above ground .\nit lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs in the period from september - march ; egg - laying season peaks from october - december .\nthe chicks are fed and brooded by both parents , leaving the nest after about 28 days and taking their first flight a few days later , remaining dependent on their parents for another week or so .\npreviously suspected to be threatened in the early 1980 ' s , but it is now thought to be not threatened in southern africa .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 268 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ntwo birds in miombo woodland , one had just been doing a display flight above the other . this call was given right before they both took flight and left the area .\nvocalizations probably coming from an immature unseen while calling but seen in flight . listen for comparison ml69160\nrecorded on iphone . filtered by james bradley . recording is of one bird , but two birds were heard dueting , perched in tall trees in neighbouring garden , and seen as they flew off .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmauriravasini , lars petersson , buchert , \u00e9ric roualet , james kashangaki , josep del hoyo , bruno schmetz , nik borrow , nachoaransay , tadeusz stawarczyk , lmarce .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : aviceda cuculoides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nbirds of east africa vol 1 by c . a . w . guggisberg \u2013 mount kenya sundries ltd . \u2013 isbn : 9966889051\nthe adult has dark grey to blackish - brown upperparts . the rump is black , barred white . the black tail feathers show three grey bands and a narrow greyish - white terminal band . the flight feathers are dark grey and narrowly barred paler grey . on the underparts , chin , throat and upper breast are pale grey , whereas lower breast and underwing - coverts are white , broadly barred dark rufous . lower belly , vent and undertail - coverts are white .\non the pale grey head , the face is slightly paler . there is a small crest , often folded , with pale centre and rufous patch on nape . the bill is black with double - notched cutting and deep yellow cere . the eyes are deep red - brown in male and yellow in female . the short , bare legs and feet are deep yellow too .\nboth sexes are similar in size and plumage , except the eyes . the juvenile has brown upperparts with pale rufous - tipped feathers . the underparts are white , heavily streaked black , mostly spotted on flanks . we can see a white streaking on crown , forehead and eyebrow . the throat is white with indistinct brown streaks . the face shows a dark brown mask . the crest is less conspicuous than in adults . the eyes are dark brown . the subadult resembles adult but is has rufous - tinged chest and finely barred grey underparts . the eyes are pale yellow .\na . c . cuculoides ( here described ) is found in woodland from senegal , e to sw ethiopia , and s to nigeria and n zaire .\na . c . batesi occurs in lowland rainforest from sierra leone , e to uganda and s to n angola . this one has darker upperparts and heavy barring on underparts .\na . c . verreauxii is found in woodland and coastal , riparian and montane forests , from kenya , s to n namibia and south africa . it has distinctive white barred wing lining .\nduring the breeding season , it performs courtship displays and calls from perches . the pair engages in twisting display flights high in the air , usually at dawn and dusk . these flights consist of several undulating swoops and dives , with steep sideway banking , in order to display the rufous underwing - coverts . they may soar in small groups above the forest , while calling to one another .\nthe female lays 2 - 3 white eggs with bold brown spots . both sexes share the incubation during 32 - 33 days . at hatching , the chicks have white down . they are fed on insects by both parents . they fledge about 5 - 6 weeks after hatching , and still depend on adults for one week or more .\nmales are blackish - brown in color above , with a grayish color on the crown , mantle , cheeks , throat and upper breast . at the base of the neck is a chestnut - colored patch . tail is black , barred in gray , and tipped in white . the underside of the wings are white with black bars , with the underwing coverts chestnut . the belly is white with broad chestnut bars . females are browner , with the chestnut bars on the belly paler in color .\nthe species begins breeding in late - summer , building small nests in the season which lasts from september until the following february , depending on location ; it can occur in south africa in september through march , while in western africa it is june through august . nests are constructed high in the forest canopy . two red - blotched white eggs are laid , with both parents sharing the incubation , which can last just over a month . the feeding and rearing of the chicks until fledge takes an additional month .\nthis page was last modified on 24 june 2016 , at 18 : 40 .\nthe adult male of the nominate race is generally colour blackish brown above , slate on the crown and mantle , with white bases to the feathers , and a chestnut patch at the ase base of the neck . the upper tail coverts are black , tipped and barred with white . the tail is black , with three broad grey bars and a white tip . the throat , cheeks and upper breast are dove grey . the remainder of the underparts are white , with broad chestnut bars on the lower breast and belly , sometimes reaching the flanks . under wing coverts are chestnut , the rest of underwing being white , barred with black . the cere is greenish yellow , the legs and feet yellow , the eyes bright yellow , and the bill and claws black . the female differs from the male in being browner all over , with little slaty wash ; the chestnut bars on underside broader and paler than the male . immatures are dark brown above , with many feathers edged with buff , and the bars on tail are brownish grey . there are large irregular spots on the underside ; the barring on the underside develops as the bird matures . aviceda cuculoides verreauxi differs from the nominate race in having white bars on the chestnut under - wing coverts , and in being much larger .\nuncommon throughout its range and only rarely seen , this is a bird of secretive , skulking habits in dense woodland or second growth forest mixed with cultivation , only occasionally emerging into open ground .\ninsects and lizards ; occasionally small birds . prey is caught either in trees or on the ground .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nin display it calls from a perch and sometimes performs display flights high above the ground . these flights consist of undulating swoops and dives , with steep sideways banking exposing the chestnut underwing coverts . several individuals may soar together above forest , calling to one another . the nest is built high in a tree , well concealed in dense foliage . it is made of sticks , roots and grasses , lined with green leaves . a new nest is constructed every year , construction taking a month or more . two or three pale greenish blue eggs , spotted and streaked with brown and chestnut and with lilac markings , are laid . it times its breeding to coincide with the rains when insects are plentiful . incubation lasts for about a month and the young fledge about 6 weeks later . both sexes care for young .\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com\nthe map of the kruger you see on this page shows the areas ( coloured orange ) where this bird has been identified . the basic information was provided by the avian demographic unit based at uct and i created the maps from that information . . . the green dots show the locations of the various kruger national park rest camps\nfor in - depth birding information please refer to these authoritative avian references . . .\nit is often seen flying between trees in short glides with wings held high , swooping up at end of glide and perching .\ntheir primary diet consists of insects , particularly grasshoppers . however , they may also take small snakes and lizards , as well as birds and rodents .\nboth male and female participate in building the nest - which is a platform made of leafy twigs . it is situated in the upper foliage of a tall tree , about 10\u201325 m above ground .\nthe average clutch consists of 2 , rarely 3 , chalky - white eggs with reddish - brown blotches .\nthe eggs are incubated by either the male or the female for about 32 - 33 days .\nthe chicks are raised by both parents and leave the nest when they are about one month old .\nfor updates please follow avianweb on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nver time , these will give valuable information on population distribution , habitat requirements , trends and so on .\nif you have a lot of records and it would be very time - consuming to enter them manually you can also send us a spreadsheet with the details , and associated photos . use the contact us form to get in touch .\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\npopulation size likely to exceed 10 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .\nalthough there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species at present ( 1 ) , it is one of the many species found within the gamba protected areas complex in gabon ( 5 ) . this collection of eight protected areas , two of which have national park status , is helping to preserve gabon ' s unique wildlife from logging and hunting ( 5 ) .\nit is a mostly solitary and skulking bird , flying between trees in short glides with wings held high , swooping up at end of glide and perching . it is usually found hunting in grass and low vegetation , remaining still for a while and then moving to a new spot . its diet consists mainly of insects , with a preference for grasshoppers , but also takes small snakes and lizards , as well as birds and rodents .\nnesting takes place from september to february , and consists of a platform of leafy twigs , constructed by both sexes in the upper foliage of a tall tree and located from 10\u201325 m above ground , lofty eucalypts often being favoured . the clutch is of 2 ( rarely 3 ) chalky - white eggs with reddish - brown blotches . incubation is by both sexes or female only and lasts for 32\u201333 days . the nestlings are nest - bound for about a month and are fed by both parents .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nappears to be closely related to a . cuculoides , and possibly also to a . jerdoni and a . subcristata . monotypic .\n- like on perch , but slow heavy flapping flight ( using tail as rudder ) is baza - like ; has slight crest , large eyes ( . . .\ngives quick , run - together series of \u201cwik\u201d notes that falter slightly at terminus ; also . . .\nevergreen and dry deciduous forest from sea - level to 1600 m ( reports to 1800 m ) based on erroneous . . .\nmainly small reptiles ( e . g . chameleons and geckos ) , large insects and their larvae ( grasshoppers , beetles , bees , wasps , cicadas , mantises . . .\naerial display reported late sept and mid dec ; flying straight above canopy then tilting sideways while fluttering the wings 3\u20136 . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . formerly considered near threatened . occurs throughout madagascar and is fairly common in all forest zones , perhaps . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe grootvadersbosch nature reserve ( s33\u00b0 57 ' 52 . 46\u201d e20\u00b0 48 ' 24 . 70\u201d ) is situated on the r322 between swellendam and heidelberg and protects the most westerly patch of indigenous forest in south africa . the reserve also has large stretches of unique mountain fynbos , thus adding to the avian biodiversity of the region . from a bird - watching perspective the reserve offers several species associated with forest habitats in many cases on the most westerly limit of their distribution range . for this reason it is regarded as one of the top birding destinations for bird - watchers from the western cape and elsewhere . it further adds an unique suite of sought - after species to the already impressive list of birds to be found in the swellendam local municipal region .\nthe grootvadersbosch nature reserve protects a diversity of habitat types dominated by afromontaine forest . birding under the closed forest canopy is often difficult as many of the sought - after species forage high up in the canopy . the disturbed forest fringes and bracken covered slopes are often far more productive . the reserve further offers moist mountain fynbos where many of the special and often endemic species associated with this habitat type are to be found . the best time of year to visit is in spring when most of the birds are breeding . a variety of day walks and mountain bike trails are available and permits can be obtained from the reserve office . maps of the various trails are available at the office . the campsite has braai facilities , ablutions and a thatched lapa and advanced reservations are advised .\nredwoods road is clearly sign - posted along bosbokrand . it is on the slope\u2019s lower contour and is extremely popular with birders as it features most of the species mentioned in the melkhoutpad description and many , many more . red - necked spurfowl on its westernmost distribution is scarce and best found early in the morning . the calls of sombre greenbul , terrestrial brownbul , olive bush - shrike , yellow - throated woodland - warbler and olive woodpecker are heard often , but these species are notoriously difficult to spot visually . it is best to become accustomed to their calls and spend patient time in searching for them . a sharp turn to the left is reached where the road crosses the duiwenhoks river . the undergrowth along the stream is the best spot in the reserve to look for the inconspicuous and difficult to find knysna warbler . it is best located by its call and it tends to react well to ' splishing ' . this is also a good area for knysna woodpecker , with its single nasal shriek often leading one to its location . it unfortunately only calls every 10 to 15 minutes or so . look out for airborne raptors at the few forest clearings along the road ."]}
{"id": 982, "summary": [{"text": "pici is one of the two suborders of the order piciformes and includes two infraorders ramphastides ( toucans and barbets ) and picides ( honeyguides and woodpeckers ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "members of this suborder are often called \" true piciforms \" as it was thought the jacamars of galbulidae and puffbirds of bucconidae ( of the other piciform suborder galbuli ) not closely related to toucans and woodpeckers , but instead to the order coraciiformes .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "however , analysis of nuclear dna in a 2003 study placed them as sister group to the rest of the piciformes , also showing that the groups had developed zygodactyl feet before separating .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "per ericson and colleagues , in analysing genomic dna , confirmed that puffbirds and jacamars were sister groups and their place in piciformes . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "pici ( taxon )", "paragraphs": ["you selected megopis ( aegosoma ) pici gressitt , 1951 . this is a synonym for :\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\npici\nis defined .\nparent taxon : piciformes according to b . c . livezey and r . l . zusi 2007\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce344 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce4b0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 34ed1beb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 51cd0adf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ndear dmlers , . . . because oligocene feathered theropods are cool too ; o ) mayr , g . & gregorov\u00e1 , r . 2012 . a tiny stem group representative of pici ( aves , piciformes ) from the early oligocene of the czech republic . pal\u00e4ontologische zeitschrift .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : c . linnaeus . 1758 . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima 1 : 1 - 824\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ntavakilian g . & chevillotte h . ( 2018 ) . titan : cerambycidae database ( version apr 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nauthentication - results : msg - ip0 . usc . edu ; dkim = neutral ( message not signed ) header . i = none"]}
{"id": 995, "summary": [{"text": "the serrated tortoise , psammobates oculifer , german : kalahari-strahlenschildkr\u00f6te , is a species of tortoise that occurs in the kalahari desert regions of southern africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "also known as the kalahari tent tortoise , it is one of three members of the genus , psammobates . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "serrated tortoise", "paragraphs": ["dana campbell set\nfile : psammobates oculifer - serrated tortoise - kalahari tent tortoise . jpg\nas an exemplar on\npsammobates\n.\ncunningham , peter . 2014 . psammobates oculifer ( kuhl , 1820 ) serrated tent tortoise . dormancy . african herp news ( 61 ) : 19\nleopard tortoises are the fourth largest species of tortoise , after the african spurred tortoise , the galapagos tortoise , and aldabra giant tortoise . it is the only member of the genus stigmochelys , but in the past it was commonly placed in\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - serrated hinge - back tortoise ( kinixys erosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - serrated hinge - back tortoise ( kinixys erosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - serrated hinge - back tortoise ( kinixys erosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe kalahari tent tortoise is much smaller than the leopard tortoise . it has a pronounced nuchal scale and a very serrated edge to the shell . it is more common in the drier areas of botswana and not common in the okavango .\nthe serrated hinged terrapin is found in tropical east africa , along zambezi river to victoria falls , and south to zululand .\nwhilst in some areas the serrated hinge - back tortoise is hunted , in others this tortoise is worshipped by local communities . they believe it brings happiness , is a symbol of peace and a sign of abundant children ( 10 ) . this \u2018holy\u2019 status may afford some populations a degree of protection . the serrated hinge - back tortoise is listed on appendix ii of he convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that international trade in this tortoise should be carefully monitored to ensure it is compatible with its survival ( 3 ) . however , as there is insufficient information to determine the status of the hinge - back tortoise in the wild ( 1 ) , it can not be determined if the tortoise is being taken from the wild at sustainable levels . therefore , further research and surveys are required to ensure that this trade is not putting the serrated hinge - back tortoise at risk of extinction .\nheaton , jill s . , james o . juvik and kiinge amutenya . 2015 . psammobates oculifer kuhl , 1820 , serrated tent tortoise , winter activity . african herp news ( 62 ) : 28 - 29\nwhilst in some areas the serrated hinge - back tortoise is hunted , in others , this tortoise is worshipped by local communities . they believe it brings happiness , is a symbol of peace and a sign of abundant children ( 9 ) . this ' holy ' status may afford some populations a degree of protection . the serrated hinge - back tortoise is listed on appendix ii of he convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that international trade in this tortoise should be carefully monitored to ensure it is compatible with its survival ( 3 ) . however , as there is insufficient information to determine the status of the hinge - back tortoise in the wild ( 1 ) , it can not be determined if the tortoise is being taken from the wild at sustainable levels . therefore , further research and surveys are required to ensure that this trade is not putting the serrated hinge - back tortoise at risk from extinction .\nthis is a small tortoise that comes in an amazing range of shapes and colours .\nthe serrated hinge - back tortoise can often be found under logs , in holes or in leaf litter , where it uses its strong legs and upturned shell edges to wedge itself into a protected shelter ( 2 ) . when in the open , the hinge - back tortoise can defend itself by withdrawing its limbs and closing its shell ( 2 ) . by resting and moving in the shade , the serrated hinge - back tortoise avoids overheating in its hot , tropical environment ( 7 ) . it is also a reasonable swimmer and will frequently seek out marshes and river banks in the forest ( 4 ) .\nspeke ' s hinged tortoise can close the hinged rear part of its carapace to protect its hindquarters .\nthe serrated hinge - back tortoise inhabits low to mid - altitude forest ( 2 ) , where it is nearly always observed in shady areas ( 7 ) . it is reportedly fond of swampy areas but in ghana it occurs mostly in dry clearings and open areas ( 2 )\nthe serrated hinge - back tortoise inhabits low to mid - altitude forest ( 2 ) , where it is nearly always observed in shady areas ( 7 ) . it is reportedly fond of swampy areas , but in ghana occurs mostly in dry clearings and open areas ( 2 ) .\nluiselli , l . and diagne , t . 2014 . kinixys erosa ( schweigger 1812 ) \u2013 forest hinge - back tortoise , serrated hinge - back tortoise , serrated hinged tortoise . in : rhodin , a . g . j . , pritchard , p . c . h . , van dijk , p . p . , saumure , r . a . , buhlmann , k . a . , iverson , j . b . , and mittermeier , r . a . ( eds . ) . conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises : a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group . chelonian research monographs 5 ( 7 ) : 084 . 1\u201313 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 084 . erosa . v1 . 2014 , urltoken\nconsists of five small , relatively flattened tortoise species ( maximum shell length 10 - 17 cm ) , including the world ' s smallest tortoise . males are smaller than females and have concave plastrons in some species .\nhinge - backed tortoises ( species belonging to the genus kinixys ) have the remarkable ability to shut themselves entirely within their shells ( 4 ) . this is due to the hinge at the back of the carapace ( or shell ) that can close off the tortoise ' s hind legs and tail ( 4 ) . the serrated hinge - back tortoise has a slightly concave shell that is reddish - brown and yellow ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the scales at the rear of the shell have upturned edges giving , as their name suggests , a serrated appearance ( 2 ) . the head is rounded and the tail has a small , claw - like protuberance at the tip . male serrated hinge - back tortoises can be distinguished from females by their longer and thicker tails ( 2 ) .\nhinge - backed tortoises ( species belonging to the genus kinixys ) have the remarkable ability to shut themselves entirely within their shells ( 4 ) . this is due to the hinge at the back of the carapace ( or shell ) that can close off the tortoise\u2019s hind legs and tail ( 4 ) . the serrated hinge - back tortoise has a slightly concave shell that is reddish - brown and yellow in colour ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the scales at the rear of the shell have upturned edges , giving , as the common name suggests , a serrated appearance ( 2 ) . the head is rounded and the tail has a small , claw - like protuberance at the tip . male serrated hinge - back tortoises can be distinguished from females by their longer and thicker tails ( 2 ) .\nthe serrated hinge - back tortoise can often be found under logs , in holes or in leaf litter , where it uses its strong legs and upturned shell edges to wedge itself into a protected shelter ( 2 ) . when in the open , the hinge - back tortoise can defend itself by withdrawing its limbs and closing its shell ( 2 ) . by resting and moving in the shade , the serrated hinge - back tortoise avoids over - heating in its hot , tropical environment ( 7 ) . it is also a surprisingly reasonable swimmer and will frequently seek out marshes and river banks in the forest ( 4 ) . like all kinixys species , the serrated hinge - back tortoise is omnivorous , and feeds on fungi , fruits , plant matter , invertebrates and even carrion ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . during the breeding season it is thought that males fight ( 2 ) , competing for females to mate with . females lay several clutches of four eggs on the ground and cover them up with leaves ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe hingeback tortoise are omnivores , feeding on edible leaves , grass , invertebrates , carrion , weeds , and fruits .\n: home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise is a forest tortoise , generally observed in shady places in lowland evergreen forest . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , plantations , and similar areas of high humidity .\nthe angulate tortoise inhabits a wide range of habitats , including fynbos , succulent karoo , nama karoo , and albany thicket .\na medium sized tortoise ; males are larger than females ; tortoises grow larger in the western regions than in the eastern part .\ntortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group 1996 . kinixys erosa . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . ( downloaded on 29 july 2007 . )\nthe conservation biology of tortoises . edited by ian r . swingland and michael w . klemens . iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group\nthe angulate tortoise feeds on a variety of angiosperms ( flowering plants ) , as well as mosses , mushrooms , insects , snail shells and animal faeces .\nhawksbills are named for their narrow , pointed beak . they also have a distinctive pattern of overlapping scales on their shells that form a serrated - look on the edges . these colored and patterned shells make them highly - valuable and commonly sold as\ntortoiseshell\nin markets .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise ( kinixys homeana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise ( kinixys homeana )\ntitle =\narkive species - home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise ( kinixys homeana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhe serrated hinged terrapin is the largest hinged terrapin . the carapace and bridge are uniform black in colour . the plastron is yellow - centered , with a sharply defined , black , angular pattern around the edge . the skin of the neck and limbs is pale olive - grey .\nthe secretive home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise has adapted its behaviour to tolerate the high heat of its tropical environment . overheating is a real risk , and so the tortoise rests and moves in the shade ( 6 ) . when water is not available , home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise may bury itself below ground and emerge again when the rains come ( 5 ) . home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise is omnivorous , consuming both animal and plant food , which is located using the sense of smell as the tortoise makes straight , darting jabs with the head ( 2 ) . interestingly , it is one of the most carnivorous terrestrial chelonians in the world ( 7 ) . home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise lays oval , brittle - shelled eggs , which are incubated for at least five months . the tiny hatchlings , less than five centimetres long , have flattened , brown carapaces , with no hinge ( 2 ) . the sex ratio of adults is 1 : 1 , but the females are considerably larger in size than the males ( 8 ) .\nthe skin and background color is cream to yellow , and the carapace is marked with black blotches , spots or even dashes or stripes . each individual is marked uniquely . old adults are often uniform grey - brown . they may exceed 700 mm in length and 40 kg in weight . the carapace is domed and not hinged , with scutes only faintly raised . the gulars are paired and are as long as they are wide . the nuchal is absent . there are 10 - 12 marginals , with those on the rear edge usually serrated and often upturned . the beak is sometimes hooked , is unicuspid and often serrated .\nthis secretive tortoise has adapted its behaviour to tolerate the high heat of its tropical environment . overheating is possible , and so the tortoise rests and moves in the shade . when water is not available , home\u2019s hinge - back tortoises may bury themselves below ground and emerge again when the rains come . it has a diverse diet , consuming both animal and plant food , which is located using the sense of smell as the tortoise makes straight , darting jabs with the head . interestingly , it is one of the most carnivorous terrestrial chelonians in the world .\n: this tortoise has a medium to reddish brown angular shell which slopes greatly . some have yellow markings . both the limbs and head are brown to yellow . the most unique characteristic of the hingeback tortoise genus ( kinixys ) is the hinge that is across the rear of the carapace . they are the only living tortoises to have this type of hinge . it is a band of flexible connective tissue located between the 4th and 5th costals and the 7th and 8th peripherals in adults . the home\u2019s hingeback tortoise is also known as the forest hingeback tortoise . kinixys homeana can be distinguished from the other hingebacks by its shell which is quite angular and comes to an abrupt end at the back , appearing to be cut off . this vertical drop is quite pronounced .\n, and its range has retreated due to clearance of its rainforest habitat . the hinge - back tortoise is considered to be threatened in the long - term , primarily due to habitat destruction .\nluiselli , l . ( 2003 ) seasonal activity patterns and diet divergence of three sympatric afrotropical tortoise species ( genus kinixys ) . contributions to zoology , 72 ( 4 ) : 211 - 220 .\nlike all kinixys species , the serrated hinge - back tortoise is omnivorous , and feeds on fungi , fruits , plant matter , invertebrates and even carrion ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . during the breeding season it is thought that males fight ( 2 ) , competing for females to mate with . females lay several clutches of four eggs on the ground and cover them up with leaves ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the sex ratio is close to 1 : 1 , and females grow to a larger size than males ( 9 ) .\ninjury : most captive injuries are caused by dogs , lawn mowers , vehicles , aggressive companions and children dropping the tortoise . injury can also be caused by sharp glass or garden implements left lying around .\nwhat\u2019s available : most hingeback tortoises for sale in the united states are imported from africa . they usually land in pretty bad shape due to the collecting and shipping process . being shy to begin with , it is often hard to tell the difference between a tortoise on its death bed and one that is just really shy , but weight is a telling sign . the tortoise should feel hefty in your hand . avoid animals with discharge coming from the eyes , mouth or nose . take your tortoise to a qualified reptile veterinarian for a checkup and worming . babies are sometimes found for sale , but they are far and few . captive breeding is increasing , but at a tortoise pace . if you can find a captive - bred one for sale , buy it . you can find hingebacks at reptile shows , select pet and reptile stores , and sometimes online . reptiles\nthe hinge - back tortoise is indigenous to the tropical rainforests of sub - saharan africa . here it is often found in marshes and river banks , where it spends much of its time buried under roots and logs .\nluiselli , l . ( 2003 ) seasonal activity patterns and diet divergence of three sympatric afrotropical tortoise species ( genus kinixys ) . contributions to zoology , 72 ( 4 ) : 211 - 220 . available at : urltoken\nkeswick , toby and margaretha d . hofmeyr . 2015 . sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in the morphology of a small southern african tortoise psammobates oculifer . amphibia - reptilia 36 ( 1 ) : 55 - 64 - get paper here\nweigh your tortoise monthly , any undue weight loss can indicate problems ahead . keep a record book of his weight , any diet or disease problems can be noted down as well , this will help your vet diagnose any future problems .\na tip for vets from chris tabaka dvm : do you use gentamicin sulfate / betamethasone ophthalmic drops much there for tortoise urt disease ? i ' ve been using them two to three times daily in the eyes and also nostrils of a couple of recent cases in combination with the classic baytril 10 mg / kg every other day for two weeks with 100 % success in a couple of chronic cases here . i think it is primarily the betamethasone that is decreasing the inflammation in the airways and thus eliminating the classic wheezing but the antibiotic duo seems to be knocking out the responsible bugs at the same time . nothing like transforming\nwheezy\nthe drippy eyed tortoise into a healthy , bright eyed tortoise . chris tabaka dvm\nactivity patterns depend largely on temperature : on cool or wet days and in winter , the angulate tortoise is most active during the middle of the day , while in spring and summer it is less active during this hottest part of the day .\nin colour , males are frequently uniformly orange to light brown ( compared to the deeper olive brown of the females ) . males also have more lightly coloured bellies , though they do no exhibit the plastral concavity that many other tortoise species do .\ndue to its tiny size , this tortoise is heavily preyed on by crows , ostriches , jackals , baboons , dogs , and a wide range of other predators . consequently , it spends most of its time hiding under rocks , foliage , and other cover .\nshy and light - sensitive , cover is important for this species . a standard tortoise tank measuring about 4 feet long , 2 feet wide and 18 inches tall can house up to three or four adults , or a bunch of babies . use ground or shredded coconut core as a substrate . place a shallow water bowl at one end that\u2019s large enough for a tortoise to sit in . place various hides about the tank , making sure there\u2019s enough to accommodate each tortoise . place a layer of sphagnum moss on top of the coconut bedding and under the hides . moisten the substrate with water to create a humid tank but not sopping wet . spray or pour water into the tank substrate as needed to keep a humidity of about 77 to 85 percent . an automatic mister can work well for this purpose .\nconversely , during very hot summer days tortoises will aestivate ( go into a torpor ) and will not eat . available water during this time is critical as a tortoise can dehydrate quickly , although tortoises are very adept at storing water in anal pouches for use during drought .\nenjoy ! your tortoise is unique , they are amongst the longest living animals on earth . each one has a different character and many become very tame with time . take time to get to know his habits and preferences , his health and general well being will reflect your care \u2013 so give him the best you can ! common sense and good hygiene will prevent any disease transferring to you or your family , and hand washing after handling is a good idea . limit children from handling the tortoise as they are more susceptible to worm infections .\nalthough home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully monitored ( 3 ) , further action is necessary to ensure its survival , such as declaring it a protected species in all countries of occurrence ( 1 ) . habitat conservation efforts , such as the establishment and enforcement of protected areas , are also important , but must be coupled with the control of hunting activities if populations of this remarkable tortoise are to survive ( 9 ) .\nthe shields are typical with 11 marginals but occasionally 10 - 14 may be present . the nuchal is normally present . the rear of the shell has a relatively smooth profile when viewed from underneath . when viewed from the side the shell slopes down rapidly from the edge of the last vertebral shield . the hinge in this species is very well developed and easily noticeable on the carapace . the carapace has a weak , disrupted medial keel , and posterior marginals that are neither strongly serrated nor reverted .\nhome\u2019s hinge - back tortoise belongs to a unique group of tortoises that can close themselves entirely within their shells . as the name suggests , this group possess a hinge at the back of the carapace ( or shell ) , that can close off the tortoise\u2019s vulnerable parts , providing excellent protection from potential predators ( 4 ) . the carapace of home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise varies in colour from dark brown to tan ( 2 ) , and is distinguished by the pronounced vertical drop at the end ( 5 ) . the shape of the carapace also cleverly channels rainwater towards its head for drinking ( 5 ) . each forelimb bears five claws and the small head has a hooked upper jaw . both the limbs and head are brown to yellow ( 2 ) . female home\u2019s hinge - back tortoises are larger than males , but males possess longer and thicker tails ( 2 ) .\nhingebacks legs are not as club shaped as other testudinidae . they are long and slender giving it an unusual gait when it walks . the tail ends in a claw - like tubercle . males have longer , thicker tails than the females and they have concave plastrons . these tortoises have relatively long skulls and a hooked upper jaw . hatchlings are flattened with serrated marginals and the hinge begins to develop when they are one year old . females are larger than males , but males possess longer and thicker tails .\nthe serrated hinged terrapin is a side - necked terrapin , which means that it does not pull it ' s head straight back into its shell , rather it turns its head to one side and tucks it into its shell . often seen sunbathing on rocks or logs , or on the backs of hippos . they can close up their shell which protects their head , legs and tail . they can also bite with their horny jaws or scratch with their sharps close as a defense . they secrete a very foul smelling odour when threatened .\nthe hingeback tortoise can arch its back 90 degrees downwards to protect its tail and hind legs while sleeping and to protect itself from predators . it is an excellent swimmer and can dive and navigate rainforest water - bodies to search for food . females lay up to 4 eggs on the ground , covered in leaves .\na small , rather flat tortoise . its shell usually has varied colouration , ranging between olive - green and brown . green shell with black margins in female , orange in male . the shields of the carapace are flat , with large raised areolae , and a thin black edging . dorsal scutes have depressed centres .\n: in its native west africa , the home\u2019s hingeback tortoise is threatened by habitat loss and intensive harvesting . ninety percent of its natural habitat of moist lowland forests and swamps has disappeared over the last 40 years . it is also harvested intensively for food ( bush meat ) , traditional medicines , and the international pet trade .\n( karoo tent tortoise ) has a plastron with a solid , sharply defined dark brown or black central blotch , which has only very reduced areas of lighter pigmentary intrusion . the domed carapace has a geometric pattern of thin yellow rays on a black background with well - developed\nknoppies .\nit attains a maximum length of 125mm .\nthis is the most widely distributed tortoise in southern africa . it has a wide distribution in sub - saharan africa , but is absent from all of west africa and most of central africa . historically absent from south western cape and from former transkei , adjacent kwa - zulu natal , and lesotho , but now introduced in some areas .\nthe serrated hinged terrapin is the largest hinged terrapin , with females being larger than males . the males can be identified by their longer tail . the carapace ( the upper part of the shell ) of the females can be as long as 400mm and weigh as much as 7kg . the males are smaller with a carapace that does not usually exceed 350mm and 4 . 5kg . the carapace on both the male and female is elongated with the back wider than the front . it has a high dome and marked serrated posterior marginal shields . these make the back edge of the shell look much like a pie crust edge or scalloped trim . the colour of the carapace in adults is usually dark grey or black and light or orangeish brown in the juveniles . there may be small dark patches on the carapace . the plastron ( the lower part of the shell ) is hinged and can be completely closed . this hinge and the serrations of the carapace give this terrapin its name . the skin of the neck and limbs is pale olive - grey . the head is blackish - brown with yellow or brown vermiculations . the snout is rather pointed with a pair of barbels on the throat .\nhofmeyr , margaretha d . ; melita vamberger , william branch , alfred schleicher and savel r . daniels 2016 . tortoise ( reptilia , testudinidae ) radiations in southern africa from the eocene to the present . zoologica scripta 46 : 389\u2013400 , doi : 10 . 1111 / zsc . 12223 [ record online : 18 nov 2016 ] - get paper here\nexternal parasites : if any ticks are found , remove manually by grasping with tweezers / forceps and flipping the tick onto its back , it will loosen its grip and can then be removed without the head remaining behind to cause infection . dab the spot with a little betadine to prevent infection . ticks can also be coated with mineral oil , this also causes them to lose their grip . the tortoise should be dipped in a solution of tritix ( amitraz ) 1 - 2ml per litre water . ensure this solution does not enter eyes , ears or mouth . this dipping will have to be repeated periodically to maintain effect as there will be ticks in the environment if you found any on your tortoise .\n: mating occurs during the wet season of november to february and the main egg laying season also occurs during this period . clutches of one to three eggs are laid . these are incubated for a period of five months or more . the relatively large eggs are oval to almost spherical ( 46 x 35 mm ) and have brittle shells . the tiny hatchlings , less than five centimetres long , have flattened , brown carapaces , with no hinge . size varies between 42 and 47 mm long . they have very spiny rims , marginals are serrated . they have no hinge or cervical scute . the hinge begins to develop when they are one year of age .\n: home\u2019s hinge - back tortoises belong to a unique group of tortoises that can close themselves entirely within their shells . as the name suggests , this group possess a hinge at the back of the carapace ( or shell ) , that can close off the tortoise\u2019s vulnerable parts , providing excellent protection from potential predators to both head and limbs . the shape of the carapace also channels rainwater towards its head for drinking .\npopulations of home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise are currently declining throughout much of its range , primarily as a result of habitat loss and intensive harvesting ( 1 ) . the species is captured , even within protected areas , for human consumption , traditional medicine , and for the international pet trade ( 1 ) ( 9 ) . habitat loss is also occurring , as a result of industrial expansion , agriculture and deforestation ( 1 ) . nigerian populations appear to be particularly threatened , as they inhabit fragmented forest patches in the southern part of the country ( rather than the extensive forest found in the congo ) , and face stronger hunting pressure as a result of greater human populations ( 9 ) . the home\u2019s hinge - back tortoise appears to be especially vulnerable to humans during the dry season when the swamps are dry , and humans can access nearly all areas of the forest ( 9 ) .\nwhat to do if you think there is something wrong and you can\u2019t get to a vet straight away : place your tortoise under heat of some sort ( temperature as advised higher above ) , and soak twice daily in tepid water with electrolytes added \u2013 any electrolyte solution from your pharmacy can be used . it is vital to maintain hydration , and to boost immune system by raising heat . keep eyes from drying out by using a bland eye ointment .\nhinge - back tortoises are actively hunted by humans in sub - saharan africa , mainly for domestic consumption ( 9 ) . their flesh is highly prized as food by some forest peoples , and hunting is often carried out by dogs which locate the tortoise by its distinctive smell ( 2 ) . at present there are no other known threats to this species ; they are so widespread in the central african forests that they are probably not vulnerable to the impacts of habitat destruction ( 2 ) .\nthe angulate tortoise is endemic to south africa and southwestern namibia . it is particularly abundant in parts of the cape floristic region . found throughout the cape coastal regions from east londonin the east , around to the orange river mouth , and extendingperipherally into southern namibia . isolated records from luderitz and southern namibia may represent isolated , relict populations , or escaped captive specimens . a population in the karoo national park and adjacent farms at the base of the nuweveldberg may similarly represent a relict population or one derived from early escapees .\na very long - lived animal , the leopard tortoise reaches sexual maturity between the ages of 12 and 15 years . their life span is from 50 to 100 years . females usually lay 6 - 15 large , hard - shelled eggs . the hole , in which she lays her eggs , is refilled and the female may tamp down the soil by lifting and dropping her shell regularly on the spot . incubation takes 10 - 15 months , depending on the temperature . hatchlings weigh 23 - 50 g and measure 40 - 50 mm .\nthis chelonian is a grazing species of tortoise that favors semi - arid , thorny to grassland habitats , although some leopard tortoises have been found in rainier areas . in both very hot and very cold weather they may dwell in abandoned fox , jackal , or anteater holes . leopard tortoises do not dig other than to make nests in which to lay eggs . they occupy a large home range ( 1 - 3 sq . ams ) and have been known to undertake long return journeys ( 5 - 10 kms ) when translocated from their territories .\noxalic acid binds with calcium to yield insoluble calcium oxalate , which cannot be absorbed by the tortoise . avoid feeding any plants or vegetables high in oxalates especially to hatchlings and adult females ready to breed . the brassica family , which includes cabbage , collards , kale and broccoli can cause goiter if fed in excess because they tie up iodine - they do not contain high oxalic acid amounts like spinach and chard . goiters caused by this are rare and the feeding of a varied diet that is not heavily based on these plants should offset this tendency .\nthese small attractively marked tortoises are found in the kalahari , cape and namibia . the geometric tortoise is an endangered species and is subject to strong legal protection . these are all delicate small tortoises that are extremely difficult to maintain in captivity outside their natural areas . they are very prone to respiratory disease especially if housed with other species - as always , keep different species in isolated enclosures ! attempting to maintain psammobates species in damp or humid areas is invariably fatal ; they do best in an arid , sandy environment with as much natural food as possible .\nfor the duration of treatment keep him warmer than usual as this helps to dry up secretions and boosts immune system . ensure that any heat is fixed and that the tortoise is unable to dislodge it and thus cause a fire hazard . heat is especially important during cold and wet weather . do not stop the drops when you see his nose is dry , continue for at least a week to ensure the problem is well controlled . many tortoises who get rns relapse frequently , and then treatment has to begin again . any discharge from a single nostril often indicates a foreign body as the cause .\n( bushmanland tent tortoise ) often has a uniformly pale yellow or light brown plastron , occasionally with an indistinct dark central blotch . the carapace is often uniform russet or dark brown , but usually faintly patterned with darker brown rays . the colour pattern is varied , but it is primarily a starred or rayed pattern . the number and size of the rays from the central point of each shield vary , and the rays are generally light to darker yellow on a dark - brown to black background .\nknoppies\nare rarely developed , the shell often low , smooth and rounded . the maximum length is 145mm .\nhinge - back tortoises are actively hunted by humans in sub - saharan africa , mainly for domestic consumption ( 9 ) ( 10 ) . the flesh is highly prized as food by some forest peoples , and hunting is often carried out by dogs which locate the tortoise by its distinctive smell ( 2 ) . the species is also vulnerable to habitat fragmentation in parts of its range ( for example , in south - eastern nigeria ) ( 9 ) , but appears to still be relatively widespread in the central african forests . thus , it is possibly not particularly vulnerable to the impacts of habitat destruction at a large scale ( 2 ) ( 11 ) .\ndiet : home\u2019s are omnivores . they do well on dark , leafy greens , such as mustard and collard greens and kale . they also enjoy fruit or melon once per week . offer fresh greens three times a week . in the wild , they have been found eating slugs , small rodents and carrion . in captivity , they will accept pre - killed mice , canned dog and cat food , and ours do well on canned tortoise & lizard diet by zoo med . they are also fond of softened monkey biscuits . we offer the meat - based diets about twice a week . we supplement food items with a calcium / multivitamin supplement at each feeding .\ninternal parasites : tortoises in captivity are infamous for harboring parasites , both worms and protozoa . some of them can harbor many different parasites without coming to any harm as long as the animal stays stress free and well nourished . many tortoises in the wild are infected with protozoa in small numbers . if this tortoise is removed from his habitat and kept in captivity , it is quite likely that this will cause stress , which in turn affects immune response . this creates an ideal environment for parasites to flourish and cause disease . a faulty diet can cause the same thing , for example too much fruit raises lactic acid levels in the gut providing the ideal breeding ground for many parasites .\nonce a month during summer give your tortoise an all over\nscrub\nwith diluted betadine solution ( it should resemble weak black tea ) and a soft nail brush ( or a human baby hairbrush is ideal ! ) , at the same time examine shell for any defects or signs of scutes lifting . any loose scutes should be removed , and the area scrubbed and then allowed to dry . keep an eye on this area to ensure it does not develop into shell rot , and if any of the surrounding scutes loosen remove those too . do not apply any substance to the shell , as this can affect their ability to maintain body temperature . paint in particular can be harmful . if large areas of scutes start loosening it\u2019s a sign of trouble and you should seek vet help immediately .\n( namaqualand tent tortoise ) has a bright yellow or light brown plastron with the central figure sharply defined , but fragmented by lighter rays or broad pigmentary intrusions . the carapace is coloured with a geometric pattern of wide yellow to orange rays on a black background . the striking colour pattern of this species is typically starred or rayed . the number and size of the rays from the central point of each shield vary , and like the other starred tortoises , the colour ranges from light to darker yellow on a dark - brown to black background . in this species , however , there are bright orange - red infusions at the bottom of each ray that makes it very attractive indeed . the straw - coloured underside of the shell or plastron has a central black region . the domed carapace has well developed\nknoppies\nand reaches a maximum length 145mm .\ngeneral : at least once a month , examine your tortoise\u2019s mouth , this allows him to get used to being handled and can help if ever you need to medicate or treat him . be gentle , grasp the head firmly and use thumb and index finger to create pressure at the corners of his mouth , at the same time pulling down on the bottom of his jaw with your right hand . once you have mouth open place a finger in the corner of his mouth at the back ( their\nbite\nis weakest here ) or prop the mouth open with a plastic spoon handle . examine the inside of his mouth , membranes and tongue should be a healthy pink . look for any yellow deposits or signs of debris collecting around the edges of his mouth . check on smell too as any foul odour indicates problems and should be attended to immediately . another less invasive technique is to\nhand feed\na favoured diet item while lying in front of him , and while he eats examine mouth carefully .\nif injury is minor , clean thoroughly with diluted betadine or chlorhexadine solution , remove any foreign bodies , then apply an ointment such as flammazine ( silver sulfadiazine ) . cover with gauze and micropore if possible . repeat daily till healing is well advanced and then keep up cleaning and leave to dry . remove any dead tissue that is visible . at this point necrospray ( available from any vet ) can be applied every two days or so , this will prevent infection and aid drying the wound . if any injury is major , do not attempt treatment yourself , take him to your vet as soon as possible . if your vet is unavailable , stop any bleeding and clean wounds until you can get help . most important is the quick removal of any foreign bodies as these can cause infection later . keep on hand some ky jelly , this can be applied to the wound after removal of foreign bodies and will prevent it drying out until you can get help . if any internal organs are exposed then quick veterinary help is vital . wrap the tortoise in a damp towel and get help immediately .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\ncontinent : africa distribution : republic of south africa ( from extreme w transvaal and the w orange free state northwestward ) , botswana , namibia type locality :\nvom cap dahin gebracht worden ,\n[ i . e . republic of south africa ] .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\npsammobates oculifer kuhl 1820\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntestudo oculifera kuhl 1820 testudo semiserrata smith 1840 testudo semi - serrata \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 220 testudo oculifera \u2014 werner 1902 testudo oculifera \u2014 werner 1910 : 301 psammobates oculifer \u2014 pritchard 1967 psammobates oculifer \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 68 psammobates oculiferus \u2014 king & burke 1989 psammobates oculifer \u2014 bauer et al . 1993 psammobates oculiferus \u2014 valverde 2005 psammobates oculiferus \u2014 bonin et al 2006 psammobates oculifer \u2014 bates et al . 2015 : 81 psammobates oculifer \u2014 hofmeyr et al . 2016 psammobates oculifer \u2014 ttwg 2017 : 147\ntype locality :\nvom cap dahin gebracht worden ,\n[ i . e . republic of south africa ] .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbauer , aaron m . ; branch , william r . & haacke , wulf d . 1993 . the herpetofauna of the kamanjab area and adjacent damaraland , namibia . madoqua ( windhoek ) 18 ( 2 ) : 117 - 145 .\nbonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupr\u00e9 , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .\nbroadley , d . g . , . hunt , j . & cantle , g . 2010 . psammobates oculifer ( kuhl , 1820 ) . african herp news ( 51 ) : 24 - 25\nconradie , w . , doucette - riise , s . , vanhooydonck , b . , engelbrecht , < br / > h . , measey , g . j . , & tolley , k . 2011 . herpetological survey of rooipoort nature reserve , northern cape , south africa . african herp news ( 53 ) : 35 - 41\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , g . bibron & a . dum\u00e9ril 1854 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles . vol . 9 . paris , xx + 440 s . - get paper here\nernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london\ngreig , j . c . , and p . d . burdett . 1976 . patterns in the distributions of southern african terrestrial tortoises ( cryptodira : testudinidae ) . zool . africana 11 ( 2 ) : 250 - 267 .\nherrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94\u2013115 - get paper here\nhughes , b . 1986 . longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles : part 1 : introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 1 - 5 - get paper here\nkeswick , toby & margaretha d . hofmeyr 2013 . population ecology of psammobates oculifer in a semi - arid environment . african journal of herpetology 62 ( 2 ) : 63 - 77 - get paper here\nkeswick , toby and margaretha hofmeyr . 2014 . refuge characteristics and preferences of psammobates oculifer in semi - arid savanna . amphibia - reptilia 35 ( 1 ) : 41 - 51 - get paper here\nkuhl , h . 1820 . beitr\u00e4ge zur zoologie und vergleichenden anatomie . hermannsche buchhandlung , frankfurt , 152 pp . - get paper here\nloveridge , arthur & williams , ernest e . 1957 . revision of the african tortoises and turtles of the suborder cryptodira . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 115 ( 6 ) : 163 - 557 - get paper here\nschleicher , alfred 2015 . reptilien namibias . namibia scientific society , 276 pp .\nsmith , a . 1840 . illustrations of the zoology of south africa , reptilia . smith , elder , and co . , london - get paper here\nwerner , f . 1910 . reptilia et amphibia . in schultze , l . , zoologische und anthropologische ergebnisse einer forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen s\u00fcdafrika . band iv , systematik und tiergeographie vertebrata b . denkschr . med . - nat . wiss . geseli . jena 16 : 279 - 370 [ 1910 ] - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\noccurs in west africa from the gambia , east to the democratic republic of congo and uganda , and south to southern angola ( 6 ) .\nclassified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nturtles of the world ( cd - rom ) , by ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . : urltoken\nauthenticated ( 06 / 08 / 09 ) by dr luca luiselli , senior researcher in ecology , institute demetra , rome , italy . urltoken\ncarrion dead flesh . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . invertebrates animals with no backbone . omnivorous an organism that feeds on both plants and animals .\nspawls , s . , howell , k . , drewes , r . c . and ashe , j . ( 2004 ) field guide to the reptiles of east africa . christopher helm publishers ltd , london .\nalderton , d . ( 1988 ) turtles and tortoises of the world . blandford press , london .\nernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( 1997 ) turtles of the world . eti information systems ltd , netherlands . available at : urltoken\nluiselli , l . ( 2005 ) aspects of comparative thermal ecology of sympatric hinge - back tortoises ( kinixys homeana and kinixys erosa ) in the niger delta , southern nigeria . african journal of ecology , 43 ( 1 ) : 64 - 69 .\nluiselli , l . , politano , e . and akani , g . c . ( 2003 ) seasonal incidence , sex - ratio , and population cohorts of hinge - back tortoises ( genus kinixys ) in the wild and in bush - meat markets of the niger delta , southern nigeria : are human predation effects random ? . revue de ecologie - la terre et la vie , 58 : 243 - 248 .\nluiselli , l . ( 2003 ) comparative abundance and population structure of sympatric afrotropical tortoises in six rainforest areas : the differential effects of \u201ctraditional veneration\u201d and of \u201csubsistence hunting\u201d by local people . acta oecologica , 24 ( 3 ) : 157 - 163 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbecause of their small size they are best maintained in a secure enclosure situated in a dry sunny area with plenty of rocks both for climbing , basking upon , and hiding under . these species should have unlimited access to dry sandy soil , and the enclosure must be well planted with as much indigenous plant material as possible from their natural area . they have also been observed eating other plants and these can be chosen from the plant list below :\nthe chenopodiacea family which includes beet greens , spinach and chard should be avoided as they contain oxalates .\nfeeding on natural growing plants and ensure exercise and adequate nutrition . if they can be maintained totally on growing food , then this is desirable .\n: grated / thinly sliced cucumber , grated carrot / butternut / pumpkin , diced tomato , lettuce / cabbage ( very small quantities ) , grated courgettes ( zucchini ) , fruit ( sparingly - paw - paw is the favourite ) . this food should be offered in the early morning , and any uneaten food removed by lunchtime . a good vitamin / mineral supplement should be added to the food about once a week . the odd bone and cuttlefish left lying in the enclosure will be chewed on , this helps keep their beak trim and provides additional calcium ."]}
{"id": 996, "summary": [{"text": "the mariana mallard or oustalet 's duck ( anas oustaleti ) is an extinct type of duck of the genus anas that was endemic to the mariana islands .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "its taxonomic status is debated , and it has variously been treated as a full species , a subspecies of the mallard or the pacific black duck , or sometimes as a subspecies of the indian spot-billed duck . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mariana mallard", "paragraphs": ["the mariana mallard is an extinct species of mallard that lived only on the mariana islands . the mariana mallard is classed as part of the anas genus however its taxodermic status is open to debate .\nliving exclusively on the mariana islands the mariana mallard is thought to have migrated between islands such as the saipan , guam , tinian and possibly even the rota island . the reports of mariana mallard on rota are unconfirmed and and allegedly reported two unidentified ducks , not necessarily the mariana mallard .\nover the years debates have ranged about the mariana mallard with some claiming the mariana mallard as a subspecies of the indian spot - billed duck , some favoring the mariana mallard to be a subspecies of the pacific black duck while others believe it to be a stand alone species .\na final determination on the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill is published in today ' s federal register .\nmariana mallard\u2019s weighed in at around 1 kilograms and grew to around 55cm in length making them slightly smaller than common mallards . as is the case with male mallards , the male mariana mallard had a green head that was not as bright as today\u2019s mallard .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service\nmariana mallard / anas platyrhynchos oustaleti . threatened and endangered species . urltoken\nthe mariana mallard was endemic to the mariana archipelago and documented to occur on the islands of guam , tinian , and saipan . there was some speculation that mariana mallards were once found on the islands of rota and pagan ( baker 1948 ; steadman 1992 ; reichel and lemke 1994 ) .\nonly one comment was received during the comment period . the commonwealth of the northern mariana islands division of fish and wildlife stated that they concurred with our conclusion that the mariana mallard is extinct and should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .\namend \u00a7 17 . 11 ( h ) by removing the entries for \u201cmallard , mariana\u201d and \u201cbroadbill , guam\u201d under \u201cbirds\u201d from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .\nthe similar appearance of female mallard with both sexes of grey duck makes identification difficult in reducing the mallard population , and interbreeding . the female mallard in flight may actually be a grey duck .\nwe also requested and received peer review from three experts on the waterbirds and forest birds of the mariana islands . all three peer reviewers concurred with our conclusion that the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill are extinct and should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .\nthis paper provides 70 species accounts documenting new bird records we obtained in the 14 mariana islands north of guam .\nno population estimate was ever recorded for the mariana mallard prior to its decline . however , it was believed that they were never abundant due to the limited habitat availability of freshwater marshes and lakes in the mariana archipelago ( baker 1951 ) . the largest number of mariana mallards ever recorded was of 2 flocks of 50 to 60 mariana mallards at lake hagoi , tinian , in 1936 ( kuroda 1942 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ) . however , by the 1940s , most observations of mariana mallards on tinian , saipan , and guam were of 12 or fewer birds ( stott 1947 ; marshall 1949 ; kibler 1950 ) . the last mariana mallards observed on guam and tinian were observed in 1967 and 1974 , respectively ( drahos 1977 ; tenorio and associates 1979 ) . on\ngenerally chestnut in color the mariana mallard sported light gray feathers on its underside and had a dark bill that reached a rich olive coloration at the front end . the mix of coloring gave the mariana mallard a distinct look similar to that of a pacific black duck but with a lighter underside . the females of the species looked like today\u2019s female mallards with dark brown feathers and orange feet similar to the males .\nsaipan , the last wild mariana mallards were observed in 1979 by our biologist eugene kridler ( 1979 ) . at that time , mr . kridler also captured a pair of mariana mallards for captive propagation at pohakuloa , hi , which were then sent to sea world , san diego , ca . all attempts at propagation failed and the last known mariana mallard died there in 1981 ( engbring and pratt 1985 ) . since 1979 , surveys of all the known wetlands on guam , rota , saipan , and tinian have produced no observations of mariana mallards ( tenorio and associates 1979 ; stinson et al . 1991 , 1997 ; reichel\nno confirmed sightings or vocalizations of the mariana mallard have been reported since 1979 , despite surveys , and the last captive bird died in 1981 . no confirmed sightings or vocalizations of the guam broadbill have been reported since august 1984 , despite surveys , and the last captive bird died in february 1984 . therefore , we believe enough evidence exists to declare the mariana mallard and guam broadbill extinct and to remove them from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife .\nmariana mallards ( anas platyrhynchos oustaleti ) were endemic to the western pacific islands of guam , tinian , and saipan . surveys for this endangered subspecies that were conducted on tinian , saipan , and other islands in the u . s . commonwealth of the northern mariana islands ( cnmi ) from 1983 through 1989 show that the mallard no longer occurs there . following extirpation of mariana mallards on guam in the 1960s , this island subspecies is now extinct . the major causes of extinction appear to be overhunting of small populations and habitat loss .\nmales and females are alike in appearance , and similar to plumage of the female mallard . the grey duck ' s colouring is darker overall , and the head stripes more pronounced than the female mallard .\nthe mariana mallard is believed to have been a subspecies that originated as a hybrid between the common mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) and the grey duck ( anas superciliosa ) ( reichel and lemke 1994 ) . the majority of males and all female mariana mallards resembled the grey duck except their legs were orange , their bill was olive , and they lacked the grey duck ' s prominent brown streak below the eye ( yamashina 1948 ) . the remaining males resembled male common mallards , having green heads and purple - blue speculums ( yamashina 1948 ) .\nthe mariana mallard and the guam broadbill are protected by the government of guam ( pub . l . 15 - 36 ) . removal of these species from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife does not alter or supersede their designation by the government of guam as endangered species .\npossible management actions include predator control , reduction of the mallard population , and protection of wetland habitats . reduction of the male mallard population would directly reduce cross - breeding , and is the surest way of reducing mallards .\nthe green head and yellow bill of the mallard duck is a familiar sight to many people living in the northern hemisphere . in fact , the mallard is thought to be the most abundant and wide - ranging duck on earth .\nit was generally assumed that as the spectacular nuptial plumage of mallard drakes is obviously the result of sexual selection - most species in the mallard group being sexually monomorphic - , hybrid matings would preferentially take place between females of monomorphic relatives and mallard drakes instead of the other way around . but this generalization was found to be incorrect . [ 22 ]\nmost mallard species are common and not considered threatened . however one threat to their populations includes hybridization with other ducks .\ndraining and fragmentation of wetlands greatly reduced the quantity and quality of habitat available for the mariana mallard on guam , tinian , and saipan ( stinson et al . 1991 ; reichel et al . 1992 ; reichel and lemke 1994 ) . during the japanese occupation of saipan and tinian between 1914 and 1945 , most wetlands were channelized and converted to rice paddies . also during this time , sugar mill wastes were discharged into lake susupe on saipan , the last known location of the mariana mallard in the wild . since 1945 , many wetlands have been drained or filled in as a result of urban development on guam , tinian , and saipan ( stinson et al . 1991 ; reichel et al . 1992 ; reichel and lemke 1994 ) . the mariana mallard , never great in number , is believed to have lost most of its limited habitat with the decimation of wetlands , while being hunted with little to no enforcement of hunting restrictions .\nthe mallard / grey limit in taranaki is 10 , and in southland it is 15 from 4 may to 26 july .\nafter a thorough review and consideration of all information available , we have determined that the mariana mallard and guam broadbill are extinct and should be removed from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife . we determined that none of the five factors addressed in section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) of the act now affects these species .\nmallard plumage is predominant in most mallard / grey duck hybrids , suggesting that male mallards mate with grey duck females , as opposed to the other way around , however , the level of contribution to the hybrid ' s ancestry cannot be ascertained from plumage .\nthe marianas mallard has probably never been abundant in this small island chain where extensive wetland complexes do not occur . based on historical information the primary reasons for the decline of the marianas mallard are habitat destruction , over - hunting and inadequate regulatory mechanisms in the past .\nthis final rule revises \u00a7 17 . 11 ( h ) to remove the mariana mallard and the guam broadbill from the list of endangered and threatened wildlife due to extinction . the prohibitions and conservation measures provided by the act , particularly sections 7 and 9 , will no longer apply to these species . there is no designated critical habitat for these species .\nmarianas mallard .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nbased on recent surveys in the mariana islands , the marianas mallard is probably extinct . as a result of these findings a discussion of future threats is academic . however , the existing wetlands that support other wildlife species ( including the endangered race of common moorhen , gallinula chloropus guami ) will continue to suffer in the future from development projects similar to those mentioned above .\nthe marianas mallard also occurred on the northern marianas islands of tinian and saipan . this species has not been documented on any island north of saipan .\nin the proposed rule to delist the mariana mallard and guam broadbill published on january 25 , 2002 ( 67 fr 3675 ) , we requested that all interested parties submit comments on the proposal . we also contacted all appropriate state and federal agencies , county governments , landowners , and other interested parties and invited them to comment . the comment period closed on march 26 , 2002 ( 67 fr 3675 ) .\nmallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) is the ancestor of almost all of the varieties of domestic ducks . domestic ducks belong to the subfamily anatinae of the waterfowl family anatidae . the wild mallard and muscovy duck ( cairina moschata ) are believed to be the ancestors of all domestic ducks . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nmarianas mallard .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nlocated in mallard cove in the new hampshire region , lake winnipesaukee230 has a patio . guests staying at this holiday home have access to a fully equipped kitchen .\nmariana mallards were recorded in freshwater marshes , lakes , and rivers , and were also observed in mangrove lagoons ( stott 1947 ; marshall 1949 ; kibler 1950 ) . little was known about their foraging habitat but they were observed foraging on green vegetation and seeds ( marshall 1949 ) . mariana mallards apparently bred from march to august ( kuroda 1941 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ; kuroda 1942 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ; marshall 1949 ) , and were believed to have laid 1 clutch of 7 to 12 eggs per year ( kuroda 1942 , cited in reichel and lemke 1994 ) .\nthe grey duck ' s legs and feet are greenish brown , but the legs of hybrids tend to be orange - brown , taking on the color of the mallard ' s legs .\nthe marianas mallard typically inhabits wet - lands , particularly freshwater / brackish lakes and ponds adjacent to marshes , but mangrove lagoons , streams and flooded fields are also used . in 1984 wetlands in the northern marianas were rated as primary or secondary mallard habitat on the basis of water levels , nesting cover and size . of the 12 surveyed wetlands only four ranked as having primary habitat potential .\ngrey duck have a white underwing and an iridescent turquoise green speculum on their wing ( lower right ) , whereas the mallard speculum is blue or purple . the blue speculum tends to predominate on hybrids .\nin a strict sense this species is nonmigratory . the marianas mallard is known from only three small islands in the mariana archipelago ( guam , tinian , saipan ) . inter - island movement of ducks between saipan and tinian , which are separated by 3 mi ( 4 . 8 km ) of open ocean , does not occur . movements probably occur as a means of obtaining food or in reaction to human disturbances . inter - island movements between guam and rota ( 30 - 40 miles [ 48 - 64 km ] ) have been suspected but never proven .\nthe marianas mallard was found on guam in the talofofo river valley prior to the second world war with few verified sightings after the war . habitat destruction led to its probable extinction by the 1960s or early 1970s .\nthe mallard was first introduced into new zealand from europe in the 1860s but failed to acclimatise . after eggs were imported in 1930 from california , the population multiplied so quickly that mallards are now regarded as an invasive species .\ngrey duck were commonly found in shallow wetlands and fresh water streams , and occasionally in estuaries throughout new zealand until the 1950s . they have suffered severely from loss of habitat , and competition with the introduced mallard duck anas platyrhynchos .\nin accordance with 5 u . s . c . 553 ( d ) , we have determined that this rule relieves an existing restriction and good cause exists to make the effective date of this rule immediate . delay in implementation of this delisting could cost government agencies staff time and monies in conducting formal section 7 consultation on actions that may affect a species no longer in need of protection under the act . relieving the existing restrictions associated with this listed species will enable federal agencies to minimize any delays in any ongoing or future project planning and implementation actions that may have affected the mariana mallard and guam broadbill .\nwhile the rapid decline of grey duck has been caused by the loss of wetlands , and hunting , another principle cause is interbreeding with the very large population of introduced mallard anas platyrhynchos . very few pure - bred grey duck remain .\nin the hawkes bay game region , fish & game new zealand have a mallard / grey daily bag limit of 6 , comprising no more than 2 hen mallards and 3 grey duck for the season 2 may to 14 june 2009 .\ngeographic area : united states alabama alaska american samoa arizona arkansas british columbia california colorado connecticut delaware dist . of columbia florida georgia guam hawaii idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new hampshire new jersey new mexico new york north carolina north dakota northern mariana islands ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania puerto rico rhode island south carolina south dakota tennessee texas utah vermont virgin islands virginia washington west virginia wisconsin wyoming\nthe chatham islands are a stronghold for the new zealand subspecies , as there appears to be a lower level of hybridisation with mallard ducks . although now thinly scattered throughout the mainland , more prominent populations are found in the northland , waikato , gisborne and westland regions .\npopulations of marianas fruit bats , pteropus mariannus , were surveyed on each of the 15 mariana islands in 1983\u20131984 . it is estimated that a minimum of 8 , 700\u20139 , 000 fruit bats occur in the archipelago , with about 8245 % of these bats found on the nine northernmost and largely uninhabited islands . the islands of anatahan , pagan , and agrihan had the largest populations , with minimum population . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin addition to hybridisation with new zealand grey duck , mallard interbreeding is polluting the genes of its descendent relatives , the american black duck , hawaiian duck , meller ' s duck , florida duck , mexican duck and yellow - billed duck which are endemic to their local regions .\nmallard groups can often be seen head dipping or completely upending in the water . they rarely dive though , spending their time near the surface and dabbling for invertebrates , fish , amphibians , and a variety of plants . they also graze on land , feeding on grains and plants .\nrecent surveys indicate that the marianas mallard is extinct within the northern marianas islands . similar conclusions have already been reached for the guam population . without a viable population it is impossible to describe the current biology of the species . the recovery potential for the species faded when the captive breeding program failed .\nthe release of feral mallard ducks in areas where they are not native sometimes creates problems through interbreeding with indigenous waterfowl . these non - migratory mallards interbreed with indigenous wild ducks from local populations of closely related species through genetic pollution by producing fertile offspring . complete hybridization of various species of wild ducks gene pools could result in the extinction of many indigenous waterfowl . the wild mallard itself is the ancestor of most domestic ducks and its naturally evolved wild gene pool gets genetically polluted in turn by the domesticated and feral populations . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ]\nlike elsewhere worldwide the alien mallards are also causing severe \u201cgenetic pollution\u201d of south africa\u2019s biodiversity by breeding with endemic ducks . the hybrids of mallard and the yellow - billed duck are fertile and can produce more hybrid offspring . if this continues , only hybrids will occur and in the long term this will result in the extinction of various indigenous waterfowl . the mallard duck can cross breed with 63 other species and is posing a severe threat to the genetic integrity of indigenous waterfowl . mallards and their hybrids compete with indigenous birds for resources such as food , nest sites and roosting sites . [ 10 ]\nthe mallard is a large and heavy looking duck . it has a body and a long and broad bill . the male has a dark green head , a yellow bill , is mainly purple - brown on the breast and grey on the body . the female is mainly brown with an orange bill .\nthe mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) is the best - known and most recognizable of all ducks . it can be found throughout most of north america , europe , asia , new zealand and australia . it is the most common and widespread duck . it can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat , even in urban areas .\nvery little information about the food habits of the marianas mallard exists . a . oustaleti has been observed feeding on green vegetation and seeds in very shallow water . assuming the diet of a . oustaleti is similar to a . platyrhynchos , they probably consume floating , emergent , and submerged non - woody plants , grasses , seeds , insects , crustaceans and snails .\nsometimes considered to include some or all of a . laysanensis , a . rubripes , a . fulvigula and a . wyvilliana . probable unstable hybrids of a . superciliosa and a . laysanensis , a . wyvilliana or present species , found on some micronesian islands , have been considered a different species , mariana duck ( a . oustaleti ) . hybridization recorded with at least 23 other species of anas , often producing fertile progeny , and also with several species of aix , alopochen , anser , branta , tadorna , cairina , aythya and somateria . proposed race neoborea is synonymized with nominate . two subspecies recognized .\ngenetic data , in particular the existing phylogenetic discord between mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna , suggest that the currently endangered hawaiian duck ( anas wyvilliana ) is descended from a hybridization event between the mallard ( a . platyrhynchos ) and laysan duck ( a . laysanensis ) that occurred around the pleistocene\u2013holocene boundary # r . this is further supported by circumstantial evidence from the hawaiian subfossil record .\nwild ducks were killed illegally by hunters on saipan and tinian as late as the 1970s . both migratory and the native species were subject to mortality from hunters when the marianas mallard population was very small . there was and still is a definite lack of enforcement of game laws at the local level , even though the duck has been protected by territorial and federal laws since the early 1970s .\nthe mallard inhabits most wetlands , including parks , small ponds and rivers , and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing ; there are reports of it eating frogs . [ 2 ] it usually nests on a river bank , but not always near water . it is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and will form large flocks , which are known as a sord . [ 6 ]\ncarboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe anas oustaleti ( marianas mallard ) is 20 - 22 in ( 50 . 8 - 55 . 88 cm ) in length with the silhouette of a mallard . the male ( platyrhynchos type ) has a dark green head with buff feathers intermingled along the sides . there is a dark brown streak running through the eye and a faint white ring on the lower neck . the sides of the body are vermiculated but some brown feathers are found even in the full nuptial plumage , with a lighter area under the wings . the upper breast is a dark reddish chestnut with dusky spots and the bill is black with an olive tip . the upper tail coverts are dark with white tail feathers , and the central upper tail coverts are dark and curled upward . the speculum is a dark blue , and the feet are a reddish orange color , darkening around the webs .\nas expected , haplotypes typical of american mallard relatives and spotbills can be found in mallards around the bering sea . [ 26 ] interestingly , the aleutian islands turned out to hold a population of mallards that appear to be evolving towards a good subspecies as gene flow with other populations is very limited . [ 25 ] this unexpected result suggests that reevaluation of the greenland , iceland , and ne canada populations according to molecular and morphological characters is warranted .\nexcessive hunting and collecting during the prewar and post - war eras contributed to the decline of the marianas mallard . during their pre - war occupation the japanese collected 30 - 40 specimens which reduced an already small gene pool just prior to and during the peak of habitat destruction . during and immediately after island fighting in the second world war , people were forced to live off the land , including wildlife for sustenance . there is a distinct possibility that several mallards were killed during this period .\npredation of vertebrates by mallards ( anas platyrhynchos ) seems to be a rare behaviour , only documented in a few cases in relation to fish and amphibians . mallards are largely vegetarian , although the species is considered omnivorous and it can take variable quantities of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates . the foraging behaviour of mallard was observed at a reserve in southwest romania , where a group of mallards comprising one adult female and ten juveniles killed and consumed a grey wagtail ( motacilla cinerea ) and a black redstart ( phoenicurus ochruros ) . these are the first documented records of bird hunting by wild mallards # r .\nwhen they pair off with mating partners , often one or several drakes will end up\nleft out\n. this group will sometimes target an isolated female duck \u2014 chasing , pestering and pecking at her until she weakens ( a phenomenon referred to by researchers as rape flight ) , at which point each male will take turns copulating with the female . male mallards will also occasionally chase other males in the same way . ( in one documented case , a male mallard copulated with another male he was chasing after said male had been killed when he flew into a glass window . ) [ 7 ]\nmallards frequently interbreed with their closest relatives in the genus anas , such as the american black duck , and also with species more distantly related , for example the northern pintail , leading to various hybrids that may be fully fertile . this is quite unusual among different species , and apparently has its reasons in the fact that the mallard evolved very rapidly and not too long ago , during the late pleistocene only . the distinct lineages of this radiation are usually kept separate due to non - overlapping ranges and behavioral cues , but are still not fully genetically incompatible . mallards and their domesticated conspecifics are , of course , also fully interfertile .\ndense cover associated with inhabited wetlands includes large stands of rushes scirpus juncoides , phragmites karka , and various sedges . also important for cover is the fern , acrostichum aureum , which forms hammocks in several marshes . the largest complex of mallard habitat lies in southern saipan , the lake susupe marsh area , a total of 150 - 200 acres ( 60 - 80 hectares ) with peripheral marsh habitat . other areas known to have been used by mallards are much smaller ( e . g . , breeding occurred on lake hagoi , a small pond of about 10 acres ( 4 hectares ) surrounded by 40 acres ( 16 hectares ) of marsh ) . nests have been located in reed swamps and in streamside wetlands .\nthe public inspection page on urltoken offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day ' s federal register issue . the public inspection page may also include documents scheduled for later issues , at the request of the issuing agency .\nprinted version : pdf publication date : 02 / 23 / 2004 agencies : fish and wildlife service dates : this rule is effective february 23 , 2004 . effective date : 02 / 23 / 2004 document type : rule document citation : 69 fr 8116 page : 8116 - 8119 ( 4 pages ) cfr : 50 cfr 17 rin : 1018 - ah50 document number : 04 - 3784\nthis tables of contents is a navigational tool , processed from the headings within the legal text of federal register documents . this repetition of headings to form internal navigation links has no substantive legal effect .\nthese tools are designed to help you understand the official document better and aid in comparing the online edition to the print edition .\nthese markup elements allow the user to see how the document follows the document drafting handbook that agencies use to create their documents . these can be useful for better understanding how a document is structured but are not part of the published document itself .\nthis document has been published in the federal register . use the pdf linked in the document sidebar for the official electronic format .\nthe administrative record file for this rule is available for inspection , by appointment , during normal business hours at the u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands fish and wildlife office , 300 ala moana boulevard , room 3 - 122 , honolulu , hi 96850 .\nfred amidon , fish and wildlife biologist , pacific islands fish and wildlife office , at the above address ( telephone : 808 / 792 - 9400 ; facsimile : 808 / 792 - 9580 ) .\nfederal action on the guam broadbill began on february 27 , 1979 , when the acting governor of guam petitioned us to list the guam broadbill and five other forest bird species as endangered . we issued a notice of review for 12 petitioned animals , including the guam broadbill , on may 18 , 1979 ( 44 fr 29128 ) . in our december 30 , 1982 ( 47 fr 58454 ) , review of vertebrate wildlife , the guam broadbill was considered a category 1 candidate for federal listing . category 1 species were those for which we had substantial information on biological vulnerability and threats to support preparation of a listing proposal , but for which a listing proposal had not yet been published because it was precluded by other listing activities . we published a proposed rule to list the guam broadbill as endangered on november 29 , 1983 ( 48 fr 53729 ) . the final rule determining the guam broadbill to be an endangered species was published on august 27 , 1984 ( 49 fr 33881 ) , and a recovery plan for the guam broadbill and four other listed bird species on guam and rota was published in 1990 ( service 1990 ) .\non june 14 , 1991 ( 56 fr 27485 ) . this proposed rule was withdrawn on april 4 , 1994 ( 59 fr 15696 ) because most of the lands proposed as critical habitat had by this time been incorporated into the guam national wildlife refuge overlay lands . we determined that critical habitat designation was not prudent because it would not provide the guam broadbill with any benefit beyond that already provided by the refuge overlay lands . on april 3 , 2000 , the marianas audubon society and the center for biological diversity filed a suit to challenge our withdrawal of critical habitat for these species . on september 7 , 2000 , we filed a motion to voluntarily remand the nonprudency decision based on subsequent court decisions on critical habitat . this motion set a deadline of june 1 , 2003 , for us to redetermine prudency and designate final critical habitat , if prudent , for the guam broadbill and five other listed species . we published a proposed rule in the\n) . on april 16 , 2002 , the guam district court issued a ruling that ordered us to comply with terms of the critical habitat settlement agreement by june 1 , 2003 .\nsection 4 of the act and regulations promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the act ( 50 cfr part 424 ) set forth the procedures for listing , reclassifying , or removing species from listed status . we may determine a species to be an endangered or threatened species because of one or more of the five factors described in section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) of the act ; we must consider these same five factors in delisting species . we may delist a species according to section 424 . 11 ( d ) if the best available scientific and commercial data indicate that the species is neither endangered nor threatened for the following reasons : ( 1 ) the species is extinct ; ( 2 ) the species has recovered and is no longer endangered or threatened ; and / or ( 3 ) the original scientific data used at the time the species was classified were in error .\nnational environmental policy act of 1969 , need not be prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4 ( a ) of the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended . we published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the\na complete list of all references cited herein is available upon request from the pacific islands fish and wildlife office ( see addresses section ) .\nthe primary author of this final rule is fred amidon , ecological services , pacific islands fish and wildlife office , u . s . fish and wildlife service ( see addresses section ) .\n16 u . s . c . 1361 - 1407 ; 16 u . s . c . 1531 - 1544 ; 16 u . s . c . 4201 - 4245 ; pub . l . 99 - 625 , 100 stat . 3500 ; unless otherwise noted .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nmales have dark green heads with buff feathers ; females are all brown with feathers edged with light brown .\nthe male superciliosa - type has a dark brown head with brown and buffy on the sides of the head . the scapulars , sides of body and the upper breast are all dark brown with light brown margins . the tail is dark brown with no white , and the central upper tail coverts are flat . the speculum is usually dark blue or purple as in a . platyrhynchos but two specimens had dark green speculums . the bill is olive with black spot in center of mandible and the feet are dark orange , growing darker in the joints and webs .\nfemale platyrhynchos and superciliosa types are indistinguishable from each other and resemble a . superciliosa except for a blue speculum . they are all brown with feathers edged with light brown . the sides of face are marked with light yellow or buffy feathers , and a dark line runs through the eye with a buffy eye stripe above . the tail is brown and has flat feathers . the bill is either blackish or brownish .\na . oustaleti was first described in 1856 as a sub - species of a . boschas , based on one specimen from\nles isles malouines\nin the paris museum . thirty - eight years later the same specimen was examined and called a . oustaleti . the next six specimens were collected from guam in 1888 and described by oustalet . since then the taxonomy of the species has been debated from time to time . the u . s . fish and wildlife service considers anas oustaleti a true species .\nanas oustaleti tend to use dense cover in the middle of the hot tropical day .\nrecovery actions underway include ongoing surveys and law enforcement by the commonwealth of northern marianas islands division of fish and wildlife and review of development projects affecting wetlands .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species eastside federal building 911 n . e . 11th ave . portland , oregon 97232 - 4181 telephone : ( 503 ) 231 - 6121 urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nyou are viewing the mobile version of this page on your desktop . click here to view the desktop version\nyou do wonder how a subspecies of duck can become extinct , but that is actually something that has happened here . it is a bit of a shame that it happened , but then who would actually have noticed if it had not been mentioned here ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\ncheck - list of birds of the world , vol . 1 , second edition\nconsidered a hybrid by peters , check - list of birds of the world , 2nd ed . , 1979 ( of anas platyrhynchos \u00d7 a . superciliosa )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nanas platyrhynchos and a . fulvigula ( incorporating diazi ) ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously treated as a . platyrhynchos ( incorporating diazi ) and a . fulvigula following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , malpas , l .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , hence the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nantigua and barbuda ; brunei darussalam ; cayman islands ; cook islands ; djibouti ; dominican republic ; fiji ; gambia ; gibraltar ; guadeloupe ; jamaica ; kiribati ; mali ; martinique ; niger ; nigeria ; panama ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; senegal ; seychelles ; sri lanka ; svalbard and jan mayen ; thailand ; vanuatu ; virgin islands , u . s . ; zambia\nwhere they undergo a flightless moulting period lasting for c . 4 weeks ( scott and rose 1996 )\n. its diet consists of seeds and the vegetative parts of aquatic and terrestrial plants ( e . g . crops ) ( del hoyo\nand even in abandoned nests of other species ( e . g . herons or crows ) ( flint\nextensive\ngrazing of wetland grasslands ( c . 0 . 5 cows per hectare ) was found to attract a higher abundance of the species in hungary ( baldi\nthe species is threatened by wetland habitat degradation and loss from pollution ( e . g . petroleum [ grishanov 2006 ]\n) , wetland drainage , peat - extraction , changing wetland management practices ( e . g . decreased grazing and mowing in meadows leading to scrub over - growth )\n. the species also suffers mortality as a result of lead shot ingestion ( e . g . in spain [ mateo\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22680186a119275821 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 161 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmallards prefer calm , shallow sanctuaries , but can be found in almost any body of freshwater across asia , europe , and north america . they\u2019re also found in saltwater and brackish water and are commonly found in wetlands .\nthe male , or drake , is the more distinctively colored of the mallards . its iconic green head sits atop a white neckband that sets off a chestnut - colored chest and gray body . females are mottled drab brown in color , but sport iridescent purple - blue wing feathers that are visible as a patch on their sides . they grow to about 26 inches in length and can weigh up to 3 pounds .\nmated pairs migrate to and breed in the northern parts of their range and build nests on the ground or in a protected cavity . they normally lay about a dozen eggs , and the incubation period lasts just under a month . mallards are territorial during much of this period , but once incubation is well underway , males abandon the nest and join a flock of other males .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project anseriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each waterfowl , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project anatidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each waterfowl , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project extinct , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each extinct species , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nit breeds in all parts of the europe in summer and winter , wherever there are suitable wetland habitats , although it is scarcer in upland areas .\nowing to their highly ' malleable ' genetic code , mallards can display a large amount of variation , as seen here with this female , who displays faded or ' apricot ' plumage .\nall content from kiddle encyclopedia articles ( including the article images and facts ) can be freely used under attribution - sharealike license , unless stated otherwise . cite this article :\ncontent is available under cc by - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . kiddle encyclopedia articles are based on selected content and facts from wikipedia , rewritten for children . powered by mediawiki .\nmore than 1 million people last month said they ' d recommend urltoken to their family and friends .\n15a songbird lane is set in laconia . guests staying at this lodge have access to free wifi . the lodge includes 4 bedrooms , a living room , and a bathroom with a shower . the lodge offers a barbecue .\nfeaturing 3 buildings , this waterfront resort is located on the shores of lake winnipesaukee , offering a private beach and canoe rentals . it is 4 . 9 km from the centre of laconia , new hampshire .\nmy nephews weren ' t there so i didn ' t have put up with them yelling and fighting over a toy . plus sleeping on a bed instead of a couch for once was nice\nfeaturing air conditioning , lake winnisquam - waterfront - 377 is located in moultonborough , 38 km from concord . meredith is 12 km away . the accommodation features a tv .\nlocated directly on paugus bay of lake winnipesaukee , this new hampshire resort boasts a private swim area . gunstock mountain is 9 miles away .\nlocated in laconia , this new hampshire inn is by lake opechee and is 3 miles from ahern state park on lake winnisquam . the property has a small soaking pool and spa facilities .\nset among native forests , directly on paugus bay , birch knoll is a family - run property overlooking lake winnipesaukee .\nhosts were great ! room and facilities excellent and comfy . will go back .\nlocated in the laconia city centre , this hotel is less than a mile from the shores of lake winnisquam . it serves a continental breakfast every morning and features a game room .\nthe staff was very polite . very helpful . room was clean .\nthis laconia accommodation is located on lake winnipesaukee and offers complimentary boat slips . guests at naswa resort can enjoy a private beach on the bay .\nlocated 1 mile from weirs beach , this motel features an outdoor pool , a hot tub , and lush landscaped gardens . fun spot arcade is 2 miles from the motel .\nexcellent place to stay . lovely view . short drive to weirs beach . friendly and informative staff . highly recommend to stay here . looks like the photos .\nyou ' re subscribed ! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b . v . is based in amsterdam in the netherlands , and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc . , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews , and they ' re all from real , verified guests ."]}
{"id": 997, "summary": [{"text": "albulidae is a family of fish , commonly known as the bonefishes , that are popular as game fish in florida , select locations in the south pacific and the bahamas ( where two bonefish are featured on the 10-cent coin ) and elsewhere .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the family is small , with 11 species in 3 genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "presently , the bonefishes are in their own order : albuliformes / \u02cc\u00e6lbj\u1d7fl\u1d7b\u02c8f\u0254\u02d0rmi\u02d0z / .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the families halosauridae and notacanthidae were previously classified in this order , but are now , according to fishbase , given their own order notacanthiformes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the largest bonefish caught in the western hemisphere is a 16-pound , 3 ounce example caught off islamorada , florida , on march 19 , 2007 . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "bonefishes", "paragraphs": ["bonefishes are popular sport fishes . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .\nresolving evolutionary lineages and taxonomy of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) | brian bowen - urltoken\nbonefishes and people : in many areas bonefishes are important business for people who make their living running fishing trips , especially in the florida keys . fishermen like to try for bonefishes because the fish are difficult to sneak up on and fight hard when they are hooked . people who fish for bonefishes in most areas need special boats that can enter shallow water with little or no noise . bonefishes are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefishes are released when caught . in some areas of the world , however , people do eat bonefish .\nbonefishes are elongate , fusiform fishes with a conical snout and a subterminal mouth . like their relatives , the ladyfish and tarpon , bonefishes begin life as leptocephalus larvae and possess a gular plate . however , the gular plate of bonefishes is rudimentary and easily overlooked . bonefishes are sought by many sportsmen , but are of little value as foodfish due to the numerous small bones in the flesh . bonefishes are shallow - water , nearshore inhabitants that forage on sandy or muddy bottoms for worms , mollusks , and small fishes .\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .\nalbuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nbonefishes and relatives : albuliformes .\ngrzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nfishes of the family albulidae , order albuliformes ( bonefishes ) . see fishbase for more information on this family . ( see also :\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . - pubmed - ncbi\nhabitat : bonefishes live in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 feet ( 35 meters ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) deep . bonefishes also can be found in shallow grass flats and sandy areas .\nalbuliformes ( bonefishes and relatives ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nbonefishes and relatives : albuliformes .\ngrzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nbonefishes live in small schools in sometimes extremely shallow water . they are ready to reproduce when they are about three and a half to four years old . the spawning areas of bonefishes , or the areas where they produce and release their eggs , are unknown . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years . spiny eel larvae ( lar - vee ) , or spiny eels in the early stage of development before becoming adults , can reach a length of 3 . 3 to 6 . 6 feet ( 1 to 2 meters ) .\ndiet : bonefishes feed on a variety of small bottom - dwelling invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where bonefishes can be seen with their fins sticking out of the water as they seek food . as they forage ( for - ihj ) , or search for food , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb the mud and sand .\nb . w . bowen .\nthe evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish .\nevolution 55 , no . 4 ( 2001 ) : 807\u2013820 .\nbonefishes eat fishes and small invertebrates ( in - ver - teh - brehts ) , or animals without backbones . halosaurs and spiny eels eat bottom - dwelling animals , including worms ; mollusks ( mah - lusks ) , or soft - bodied , usually hard - shelled animals such as clams ; and crustaceans ( krus - tay - shuns ) , or water - dwelling animals without a backbone and that have jointed legs . larger bonefishes also eat fish .\nthe feature shared by bonefishes and their relatives , the halosaurs ( hah - leh - sawrs ) and the spiny eels , is an open canal , or a tube - shaped passage , in the lower jaw that is an extension of the series of pores and tiny tubes along each side of a fish ' s body used for sensing vibrations ( vie - bray - shuns ) . bonefishes have a long , thin body that tapers , or gets thinner , at each end . the relatives are eel shaped with a very long anal ( ay - nuhl ) fin , the fin that runs along the bottom of the body , and no tail fin . most bonefishes and their relatives are 3 . 3 feet ( 1 meter ) long or shorter .\nbehavior and reproduction : bonefishes are remarkable because they commonly go into water that is extremely shallow for the size of the fishes . they can use their swim bladder , an internal sac usually used to control position in the water , for breathing . these fishes usually swim in small schools of five to twenty , although they sometimes swim in large schools of one hundred or more . people fishing for bonefishes often find them by spotting their tails sticking out of the water as the fishes dig in the bottom for food .\nbonefishes live in shallow tropical waters , or waters with an average annual temperature more than 68\u00b0f ( 20\u00b0c ) . halosaurs and spiny eels live at the bottom of the ocean in water that is 3 , 281\u20139843 feet ( 1 , 000\u20133 , 000 meters ) deep .\ncitation :\nbonefishes , albula vulpes ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nhidaka , iwatsuki & randall ( 2008 ) .\na review of the indo - pacific bonefishes of the albula argentea complex , with a description of a new species\n. ichthyological research 55 ( 1 ) : 53\u201364 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 007 - 0010 - 5 .\ncolborn , j . , crabtree , r . e . , shakee , j . b . , pfeiler , e . and bowen , b . w . 2001 . the evolutionary enigma of bonefishes ( albula spp . ) : crytic species and ancient separations in a globally - distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807 - 820 .\nmale bonefishes are ready to reproduce when they are about 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) long and about three and a half years old . females are ready at a length of about 19 inches ( 48 centimeters ) and about four years of age . spawning , or the production and release of eggs , peaks from november to may . females contain about 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million eggs , and the number of eggs increases with the weight of the fish . spawning areas are not known . the long , clear larvae reach a length of about 3 inches ( 8 centimeters ) . the fishes shrink during metamorphosis ( meh - tuh - mor - pho - sus ) , or the changes in form that some animals make to become adults , and the fins appear during the shrinking . in about ten to twelve days , the fishes look like miniature adults . bonefishes grow rapidly until the age of about six years , and then growth slows . bonefishes live for at least nineteen years .\nbonefishes , albula vulpes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , are one of the most important game fishes in the world . these beautiful fish can reach weights and lengths of up to 10 kg and 104 cm respectively , though a more representative size would be about a third of that . bonefishes have 15 - 19 dorsal soft rays , 7 - 9 anal soft rays , 12 - 14 branchiostegal rays , and 69 - 74 vertebrae . bonefishes appear blue - greenish above , with bright silver scales on the sides and below . dark streaks run in between their rows of scales , predominantly on their dorsal side . their bodies are long , thin , and fusiform , with bluntly conical snouts . pectoral and pelvic axillary scales are present , as is a single long scale on each side of the membrane between each ray of their dorsal and anal fins . bonefish have a unique adaptation for tolerating oxygen - poor water ; they inhale air into a lung - like airbladder to supplement oxygen from the water . they are sometimes mistaken for ladyfishes , which look similar . linnaeus first described the bonefish in 1758 . its scientific name can be translated as\nwhite fox .\nbonefishes , albula vulpes , prefer reefs , shallows , estuaries , bays , grass flats , and other brackish areas at depths from 0 to 84 m . they are found worldwide in subtropical warm seas . in the eastern pacific , their range includes waters off california to peru ; the western atlantic range stretches from north carolina to florida , the bahamas , the gulf of mexico , the antilles and the rest of the caribbean to brazil .\na pelagic fish , bonefishes nonetheless feed on benthic creatures such as worms , crustaceans , and mollusks , rooting them out from the sandy bottom . granular teeth , forming specialized dental plates , cover the bonefish ' s tongue and upper jaw , and similar grinders are also present in the throat , helping the fish to grind up its prey . small to medium - size individuals often feed in schools . sharks and barracuda often prey on bonefish .\nthis paper is a tribute to yosi sinoto , a pioneer in the study of indigenous polynesian fishing technologies and east polynesian prehistory . it builds on his research by considering the historical role of bonefishes ( albula spp . , family albulidae ) across polynesia . bonefishes are relatively large , schooling , nearshore species which , on several grounds , constitute high - return resources as defined by foraging models , especially in relation to polynesian fishing technologies . ecological , life history , and sportfishing data is compiled in support of this claim , while their role in indigenous fisheries is assessed with linguistic , ethnographic , and archaeological evidence . the latter shows that , despite being naturally distributed across the region , and recognized by a common polynesian referent ( kiokio or a close cognate ) , only two polynesian localities ( cook and hawaiian islands ) provide unambiguous historical evidence for well - developed albula fisheries ; their historical importance also is suggested on tubuai ( austral islands ) where they have declined . in tokelau and in the tuamotu islands they play a modest role in contemporary fisheries , while the evidence compiled here suggests more incidental use elsewhere in polynesia . three hypotheses are examined to explain the disjunction between the highreturn potentials of bonefishes and the available evidence for their traditional importance : 1 ) ethnographic and archaeological preservation and / or collection biases are factors ; 2 ) bonefishing was once more widely practiced but has declined as a result of harvesting pressures , climate change , or other processes ; and / or 3 ) geographic variability in conditions favoring bonefish abundance ( e . g . , habitat , food sources ) have led to a discontinuous and uneven pattern of cultural use across polynesia . the available evidence suggests that all three factors may be relevant .\nphysical characteristics : bonefishes have a blue - green back with narrow , dark , horizontal lines . the sides are silver . the tail is deeply forked . the average weight of a bonefish is 2 to 5 pounds ( 0 . 9 to 2 . 3 kilograms ) , and its average length is 12 to 30 inches ( 30 to 76 centimeters ) , but these fishes can weigh as much as 10 pounds ( 4 . 5 kilograms ) and be 41 inches ( 104 centimeters ) long . the upper jaw juts out beyond the lower jaw and does not have teeth .\nin albulidae ( bonefishes ) the body is moderately slender . the snout is distinctively pointed and conical . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . all fins lack spines . the dorsal fin originates at about the midpoint of the body in albula . in istieus the dorsal fin origin is more forward , and the fin is elongate , extending nearly to the caudal fin . the anal fin is short and originates well behind the base of the dorsal fin . the pelvic fins are positioned below the last dorsal fin rays in albula and under the middle of the dorsal fin in istieus . scales are small . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the back of albula is blue - green in color , with narrow , dark horizontal lines that fade rapidly after death . the sides are silvery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nforey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie and a . meyer , 1996 | carroll , r . , 1988\nbody eel - like ; posteriorly directed spine on dorsal edge of rear of maxilla ; premaxilla and maxilla bordering upper jaw ; gill membranes separate ; pectoral fins relatively high on body ; pelvic fins abdominal , with 7 - 11 rays ( the two fins are usually connected by a membrane ) ; anal fin base long and merged with what remains of the caudal fin ; caudal fin skeleton reduced or absent ; tail easily regenerated when lost ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 23 ; swim bladder present . some have photophores .\ngreek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .\ngreek , noton = back + greek , akantha = thorn + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe order albuliformes includes three extant families : albulidae , notacanthidae , and halosauridae . the bonefish family ( albulidae ) contains two genera : albula , with possibly eight species , and istieus , with two species . the halosaur family ( halosauridae ) contains three genera : aldrovandia , with six species ; halosaurus , with nine species ; and halosauropsis , with one species . the marine spiny eel family ( notacanthidae ) contains three genera : lipogenys , with one species ; notacanthus , with six species ; and polyacanthonotus , with four species . the fossil record for this order extends back almost 100 million years .\nhalosaurs have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point . there is no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . colors range from tan to black .\nthe notacanthidae , or marine spiny eels , have an elongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . the anal fin consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has from 26 to 41 isolated spines , from which the family ' s common name\nspiny eels\nderives . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . most fishes are less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in length . the coloring is typically tan .\nthis order is worldwide in distribution . the family albulidae occurs in shallow tropical waters worldwide . the notacanthidae and halosauridae are little - known families of deep - sea fishes that occur along the continental slope and rise of the world ' s oceans at depths from 3 , 281 to 9 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000\u20133 , 000 m ) . bonefish ( albula ) frequent coastal and inshore waters of tropical seas worldwide . in the western atlantic , bonefish regularly occur in the florida keys and the bahamas and throughout the caribbean . halosaurs and spiny eels are deep - sea fishes of worldwide distribution .\nbonefish are common in tropical shallow - water areas . they are most abundant at depths of less than 115 ft ( 35 m ) and often feed in water less than 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) deep . bonefish can be found over shallow grass flats and in sandy areas . juvenile bonefish and metamorphic larvae occur along sandy beaches with scattered patches of sea grass in water from 1\nto 4 . 3 ft ( 0 . 3\u20131 . 3 m ) deep . in southern florida bonefish larvae recruit to sandy beaches during winter and early spring and are found in water temperatures ranging from 60 . 8 to 82 . 8\u00b0f ( 16 . 0\u201328 . 2\u00b0c ) and salinity levels ranging from 10 . 4 to 37 . 0 ppt .\nhalosaurs typically are found at depths of 1 , 640\u201313 , 123 ft ( 500\u20134 , 000 m ) on the continental slope and rise . spiny eels usually are found at depths of 656\u201311 , 483 ft ( 200\u20133 , 500 m ) on the continental slope and rise . they generally hover just above the bottom .\nbonefish are remarkable because of their common presence in extremely shallow water ( less than 1 . 6 ft , or 0 . 5 m ) . the fisheries for bonefish in most areas require specialized boats capable of entering shallow water with little or no noise . fish typically swim in small schools of five to 20 individuals , although larger schools of more than 100 individuals are not uncommon . anglers searching for bonefish often detect their presence by spotting their tails protruding from the water as the fish dig in the bottom to feed .\nbonefish feed on a variety of small benthic and epibenthic invertebrates and fishes . feeding often takes place in shallow water , where foraging bonefish are seen with their fins protruding from the water . as they forage , bonefish schools frequently dig in the bottom and disturb considerable quantities of mud and sand . xanthid crabs , toadfish ( opsanus beta ) , portunid crabs , alpheid shrimp , and penaeid shrimp make up most of the diet of populations in southern florida . in some areas mollusks and small worms are important in the diet . juvenile bonefish feed on a variety of polychate worms and small crustaceans , principally copepods , amphipods , and caridean shrimp . bonefish are subject to occasional predation by sharks .\nhalosaurs feed primarily on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and such crustaceans as decapods and amphipods . larger species also consume various fish . spiny eels feed mainly on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids . species of the genus notacanthus have specialized teeth that form a continuous serrated cutting edge probably used to crop sessile invertebrates . little is known about which animals prey on halosaurs or spiny eels .\nin florida male bonefish reach sexual maturity at a fork length ( measured from the tip of the snout to the fork in the tail ) of about 15 . 7 in ( 400 mm ) and an age of about 3 . 5 years . florida females reach sexual maturity at a somewhat larger size , about 19 . 7 in ( 500 mm ) , and an age of about four . gonadal activity is seasonal and peaks from november to may . yolked oocytes are present in the ovaries in every month except august and september and are most abundant november to may . in florida juvenile bonefish and post larvae recruit to sandy beach areas during winter and spring . total fecundity ranges from 0 . 4 million to 1 . 7 million oocytes and increases with fish weight . spawning areas of bonefish are unknown . larvae reach a maximum size of about 3 in ( 76 mm ) . bonefish live for at least 19 years . growth of the bonefish is rapid until the age of about six years and then slows considerably .\nlittle is known about halosaur or spiny eel reproduction . in halosaurs spawning appears to be seasonal in some species , but others spawn year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . in spiny eels spawning occurs year - round . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . spiny eels have remarkable leptocephalus larvae that can reach lengths of 3 . 3\u20136 . 6 ft ( 1\u20132 m ) . aside from their extremely large size , the larvae resemble those of eels in appearance .\nin many areas of the species ' range , including the waters off the florida keys , bonefish are the basis of economically important recreational fisheries , among them a for - hire charter boat fishery in the florida keys . bonefish are renowned by anglers for their wariness and fighting abilities and often are caught in water as shallow as 1 ft ( 0 . 3 m ) . in the florida keys fishing for bonefish is a year - round activity and provides a significant source of income to professional fishing guides . the commercial sale of bonefish in florida is prohibited ; the limits placed upon the recreational fishery for bonefish are a bag limit of one fish per angler per day and a minimum fish size of 18 in ( 457 mm ) in total length . bonefish are not considered a food fish in florida , and most bonefish are released when caught . halosaurs and spiny eels are of no commercial value .\nelongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . there is a single short dorsal fin located just before the midpoint of the body . all fins have soft rays with no spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects well beyond the tip of the lower jaw . among the largest of halosaurs , reaching a length of almost 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) . can be distinguished from other halosaurs by the deeply pigmented sheath of the conspicuous lateral line . black in color . occurs at depths of 3 , 281\u20139 , 843 ft ( 1 , 000\u20133 , 000 m ) in the atlantic and indian oceans . also reported from waters off new zealand .\neastern atlantic from ireland to mauritania and south africa ; western atlantic , including canada to 25\u00b0n , and off southern brazil ; western pacific , including australia , new zealand , and japan ; and western indian ocean .\nfound over the continental slope and rise . little is known regarding specific habitat requirements . appears to be widespread .\nfeeds principally on benthic prey , including worms and small benthic and epibenthic mollusks and crustaceans , such as decapods and amphipods . larger specimens also consume some fish .\nlittle is known regarding spawning . it is unknown where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .\nnot listed by iucn . stocks probably have not been affected by human activities .\nbecause of its occurrence at great depths , the species is of no economic importance .\nelongate , eel - like body , which tapers to a point with little or no caudal fin . the anal fin is elongate and extends along the posterior half of the body . it consists of spines anteriorly grading to soft rays posteriorly . the dorsal fin in most species has 28\u201336 isolated spines . the mouth is inferior , and the snout projects beyond the tip of the lower jaw . attains a length of about 11 . 8 in ( 300 mm ) . typically tan in color . found on both sides of the north atlantic , predominantly tropical in range . occurs at depths from 1 , 969 to 6 , 562 ft ( 600\u20132 , 000 m ) ; most at 3 , 281\u20134 , 921 ft ( 1 , 000\u20131 , 500 m ) .\nfeeds principally on small benthic macrofauna , including worms and small crustaceans , such as amphipods and mysids .\nappears to spawn year - round . it is not known where the eggs and larvae develop . eggs develop into leptocephalus larvae .\nhildebrand , s . f .\nfamily albulidae .\nin fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by h . b . bigelow . vol . 3 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , yale university , 1963 .\ncrabtree , roy e . , christopher w . harnden , derke snodgrass , and connie stevens .\nage , growth , and mortality of bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys .\nfishery bulletin 94 ( 1996 ) : 442\u2013451 .\ncrabtree , roy e . , derke snodgrass , and christopher w . harnden .\nmaturation and reproductive seasonality in bonefish , albula vulpes , from the waters of the florida keys .\nfishery bulletin 95 ( 1997 ) : 456\u2013465 .\ncrabtree , roy e . , k . j . sulak , and j . a . musick .\nbiology and distribution of species of polyacanthonotus ( pisces : notacanthiformes ) in the western north atlantic .\nbulletin of marine science 36 , no . 2 ( 1985 ) : 235\u2013248 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\ngilbert , carter rowell , and james d . williams . national audubon society field guide to fishes : north america . new york : knopf , 2002 .\nnelson , joseph s . fishes of the world . new york : wiley , 1994 .\nricciuti , edward r . fish . woodbridge , ct : blackbirch , 1993 .\nschultz , ken . ken schultz ' s field guide to saltwater fish . new york : wiley , 2004 .\nmorey , sean .\nbiological profiles : bonefish .\nichthyology at the florida museum of natural history . urltoken ( accessed on september 13 , 2004 ) .\nfast - swimming silvery fish with a single dorsal fin , deeply forked tail , and under - slung mouth designed to extract buried invertebrates . popular with light - tackle anglers for an exciting fight , the soft light flesh is best used as fishcake . two species occur in hawaii , one endemic , but are difficult to positively identify without careful examination . several others occur in warm seas worldwide .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbonefish spawning occurs year round in deep water where currents can easily disperse the developing eggs and larvae to other locations . these fish are generally less reproductively active during the hotter summer months . sexual maturity is reached at two years and near ripe females may be as small as 23 cm . the eggs hatch into ribbon - like larvae that transform into a more fish - like form once they reach about 5 cm , at which point they move closer to shore . their minimum population doubling time is estimated to be between 1 . 4 and 4 . 4 years .\nin 1990 , scientists reported that bonefish have caused a few episodes of ciguatera poisoning .\nresearch albula vulpes \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\nblue sites academic earth arctic photo arkive biodiversity heritage library census of marine life cites species database clay coleman coml plos collections david hall ' s galleries deep - 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living marine nematodes . . . ophiuroidea . . . ostracoda . . . phoronida < . . . placozoa . . . polychaeta . . . porifera . . . proseriata and kalyptorhynchia - rhabditophora . . . pycnogonida . . . remipedia youdive tv\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nthis page was last edited on 25 may 2017 , at 15 : 38 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nany of several silvery marine fishes of the family albulidae , especially albula vulpes , a game fish of warm shallow waters worldwide .\na silver game and food fish , albula vulpes , of warm coastal seas . also called ladyfish .\n, would certainly cast doubt on whether a purely morphological comparison of geographically isolated bonefish populations is sufficient to adequately define relationships .\ndescribed herein was supported in part by nsf grant deb - 0346773 to t .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\ncommon name for a fish belonging to several species in the two genera of the family albulidae .\nthe bonefish , is widespread in warm , shallow marine waters ; it is the only bonefish found worldwide . most other species are found in similar waters of the african atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans ;\nthe threadfin bonefish , is found only in the west indies . the bonefish is silvery in color , with a long , deeply forked tail and a single dorsal fin ; it has a pointed head covered by a thick , transparent cartilage and a receding mouth filled with numerous small rounded teeth .\nis distinguished by two long trailing filaments , one extending from its dorsal fin and one from its anal fin . also known as ladyfish and banana fish , the bonefish may reach 3 . 5 ft ( 107 cm ) in length , and 18 lb ( 8 kg ) in weight . it is a bottom dweller of shallow , sandy areas where it feeds on crabs , shrimp , and worms . it is much prized as a game fish , despite the numerous tiny bones that limit its appeal as food . it is classified in the phylum\n, phylum of animals having a notochord , or dorsal stiffening rod , as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development . most chordates are vertebrates ( animals with backbones ) , but the phylum also includes some small marine invertebrate animals .\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\npermit belong to the trinity of south florida flats fish , along with tarpon and bonefish , that help pump an estimated $ 460 million a year into the state economy .\nanglers have fought to protect this fish . so how did it wind up on a miami beach menu ? | miami herald ,\nkeoni chang , the corporate chef of foodland , a statewide supermarket chain founded by an irish immigrant in 1948 , remembers that his great - grandfather ate poke made of oio ( bonefish ) , caught on the flats , the flesh roughly scraped .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' bonefish . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\nwhat made you want to look up bonefish ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncolborn j 1 , crabtree re , shaklee jb , pfeiler e , bowen bw .\ndepartment of fisheries and aquatic sciences , university of florida , gainesville 32653 , usa .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n) by its more pointed lower jaw and higher vertebral and lateral - line scale counts . it is most similar to the indian ocean\ndiffers from its two related species by higher counts of pored lateral - line scales and vertebrae . it has 68\u201374 ( mode 70 ) lateral - line scales vs . 61\u201365 ( 63 ) for\nin having the pelvic fin tip reaching beyond the anus ( vs . short of or just reaching anus ) and higher numbers of scale rows above the lateral line 9\u201310 ( 9 ) vs . 7\u00bd\u20138 ( 8 ) for\nwe greatly appreciate specimen loans from m . sabaj ( ansp ) , j . maclaine ( bmnh ) , a . suzumoto ( bpbm ) , d . catania and t . iwamoto ( cas ) , i . nakamura and t . nakabo ( faku ) , m . a . rogers and k . swagel ( fmnh ) , s . kimura ( frlm ) , g . duhamel and p . pruvost ( mnhn ) , k . matsuura and g . shinohara ( msnt ) , s . l . jewett and j . t . williams ( usnm ) , m . e . anderson , p . c . heemstra , and v . mthombeni ( saiab ) , m . bougaardt and l . j . v . compagno ( sam ) , j . g . nielsen and m . tammes ( zmuc ) , and k . k . p . lim ( zrc ) . we thank g . s . hardy , ngunguru , new zealand , who read the initial manuscript and offered helpful comments . furthermore , we thank w . n . eschmeyer ( cas ) , d . g . smith ( usnm ) , and j . l . earle ( bpbm ) for their valuable comments and suggestions regarding the nomenclatural problem of albula argentea and color information of a . virgata . special thanks to m . e . anderson ( saiab ) for gifting a color transparency of albula oligolepis sp . nov . this study was financially supported in part by the sasakawa scientific research grant from the japan science society awarded to the first author and by the ministry of education , culture , sports , science and technology , japan ( nos . 1364069 and 16570079 ) to the second author .\nbauchot m - l ( 1969 ) les poissons de la collection de broussonet au mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris . bull mus natl hist nat paris ( 2 ) 41 : 125\u2013143\nbauchot m - l ( 1994 ) les poissons d\u00e9crits et figur\u00e9s dans les manuscripts de quoy au cours du voyage de l\u2019astrolabe ( 1826\u20131829 ) . cybium 18 : 3\u2013101\nbloch me , schneider jg ( 1801 ) systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit j . g . schneider , saxo berolini . berolini , berlin\nspp . ) : cryptic species and ancient separations in a globally distributed shorefish . evolution 55 : 807\u2013820\ncuvier g , valenciennes a ( 1847 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 19 . levrault , paris\ndavie p ( 1998 ) wild guide to moreton bay . museum of queensland , south brisbane\nforssk\u00e5l p ( 1775 ) descriptiones animalium avium , amphibiorum , piscium , insectorum , vermium ; quae in itenere orientali observavit . post mortem auctoris edidit carsten niebuhr . m\u00f6lleri , copenhagen\nfowler hw ( 1911 ) a new albuloid fish from santo domingo . proc acad nat sci phila 62 : 651\u2013654\ngloerfelt - tarp t , kailola pj ( 1984 ) trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwestern australia . australian development assistance bureau ( adab ) , directorate general of fisheries , indonesia ( dgf ) , and german agency for technical cooperation ( gtz )\ngmelin jf ( 1789 ) caroli a linn\u00e9 . . . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species ; cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decimo tertia , aucta , reformata , 3 vols in 9 parts . lipsiae , 1788\u201393 . systema naturae linn\u00e9 1 : 1033\u20131516\ngrant em ( 1982 ) guide to fishes . the department of harbours and marine , brisbane\ngray je ( 1854 ) catalogue of fish collected and described by laurence theodore gronow , now in the british museum . cat fish gronow . natural history museum , london\ngronovius lt ( 1763 ) zoophylacium gronovianum , exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia , pisces , insecta , vermes , mollusca , testacea et zoophyta , quae in museo suo adservavit , examini subjecit , systematice disposuit atque descripsit . fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda , amphibia atque pisces , quae in museo suo adservat , rite examinavit , systematice disposuit , descripsit , atque iconibus illustravit . lugduni batavorum\nherre awct ( 1953 ) check list of philippine fishes . us fish wildl serv res rep 20 : 1\u2013977\n, from japan ( albuliformes : albulidae ) . jpn j ichthyol 51 : 61\u201366\nhildebrand sf ( 1963 ) family albulidae . in : bigelow hb ( ed ) fishes of the western north atlantic . mem sears found mar res 1 : 132\u2013147\nhubbs cl , lagler kf ( 1958 ) fishes of the great lakes region . bull cranbrook inst sci 26 : 1\u2013213\nhutchins jb ( 2001 ) checklist of the fishes of western australia . rec west aust mus suppl ( 63 ) : 9\u201350\njordan ds , jordan ek ( 1922 ) a list of the fishes of hawaii , with notes and descriptions of new species . mem carnegie mus 10 : 1\u201392\nklausewitz w , nielsen jg ( 1965 ) on forssk\u00e5l\u2019s collection of fishes in the zoological museum of copenhagen . spolia zool mus hauniensis 22 : 1\u201329\nkottelat m , whitten aj , kartikasari sn , wirjoatmodjo s ( 1993 ) freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus , jakarta\nlacep\u00e8de bge ( 1803 ) histoire naturelle des poissons , vol 5 . chez plassan , paris\nleviton ae , gibbs rh jr , heal e , dawson ce ( 1985 ) standards in herpetology and ichthyology : part i . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology . copeia 1985 : 802\u2013832\nlinnaeus c ( 1758 ) systema naturae , vol 1 , 10th edn . laurentii salvii , holmiae\nnelson js , crossman cej , espinosa - p\u00e9rez h , findley lt , gilbert cr , lea rn , williams jd ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . special publication 29 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md\nmcdowall rm ( 1970 ) the galaxiid fishes of new zealand . bull mus comp zool 139 : 341\u2013431\nmunro isr ( 1967 ) the fishes of new guinea . department agricultural stock and fisheries , port moresby\nspp . ) from the eastern pacific ocean inferred from analyses of allozymes and mitochondrial dna . environ biol fishes 63 : 151\u2013159\nrandall je ( 1998 ) zoogeography of shore fishes of the indo - pacific region . zool stud 37 : 227\u2013268\nrandall je , allen gr , steene rc ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press , bathurst\nscopoli ja ( 1777 ) introductio ad historiam naturalem , sistens genera lapidum , plantarum et animalium hactenus detecta , caracteribus essentialibus donata , in tribus divisa , subinde ad leges naturae . prague introd hist nat i\u2013x , 1\u2013506\nshaklee jb ( 1984 ) albulidae . in : fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol 1 . fao , rome , pp \u201calbu\u201d\u2013\u201calbu albu 3\u201d\nsmith dg , crabtree re ( 2002 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke ( ed ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central atlantic , vol 2 , bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao , rome , pp 683\u2013684\nsmith dg , randall je ( 1999 ) albulidae . in : carpenter ke , niem vh ( eds ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 3 . batoid fishes , chimeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . fao , rome , pp 1623\u20131624\nsmith mm ( 1986 ) albulidae . in : smith mm , heemstra pc ( eds ) smith\u2019s sea fishes . springer - verlag , new york , p 157\nvan der elst r ( 1981 ) a guide to the common sea fishes of southern african . struik , cape town\nweber m , de beaufort lf ( 1913 ) the fishes of the indo - australian archipelago , vol 2 . malacopterygii , myctophoidea , ostariophysi : i siluroidea . brill , leiden\nwheeler ( 1958 ) the gronovius fish collection : a catalog and historical account . bull br mus hist ser 1 : 185\u2013249\nwhitehead pjp ( 1978 ) a guide to the dispersal of zoological material from captain cook\u2019s voyages . pac stud 2 : 52\u201393\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( teleostei , albulidae ) . cybium 10 : 211\u2013230\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe nomenclature of the bonefish family albulidae is currently in a state of revision . until recently , bonefish were considered to be comprised of two species , the circumglobal\nthis species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast of north and central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .\n2008 ) . there is very little known about the life history , ecology , population status , or threats acting upon this species . therefore , it is listed as data deficient .\nthis species is known only from the tropical pacific and the atlantic coast central america ( wallace and tringali 2010 ) .\nvery little information is available on the population status of this species . there are numerous museum records , including specimens at the smithsonian\nthis species occurs in deeper waters than the typical habitat of albula species ( smith and crabtree 2002 ) . anecdotal evidence and the capture location of some museum specimens indicate an association with river outflows ( bowen et al . 2008 ) . it is mostly estuarine , especially found in estuaries of rivers along mountainous shores , on soft bottom habitats to depths of 50 m . diet studies indicate that 16 of 17 individuals collected over open sand bottom near the mouth of a river on the pacific coast of costa rica had fish in their stomachs ; one had crab remnants present ( adams unpublished data ) . the maximum size for this species is 51 cm ( tl ) ( robins and ray 1986 ) . additional information on the habitat and ecology of this species is absent .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndepth range based on 108 specimens in 9 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 38 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 205 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 16 . 796 - 28 . 006 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 087 - 7 . 486 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 228 - 37 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 877 - 5 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 025 - 1 . 086 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 259 - 12 . 679 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthe bonefish frequents shallow , inshore waters including bays and estuaries . bonefish sometimes feed in water so shallow that their dorsal and caudal fins break the surface . they feed on worms , mollusks , and crustaceans that are picked ( or\ngrubbed\n) from mud and sand bottoms . bonefish spawn offshore with the leptocephalus larvae migrating inshore to nursery areas .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of albula in fishbase . december 2012 version .\npfeiler , e . , van der heiden , a . m . , ruboyianes , r . s . , & watts , t . ( 2011 ) . albula gilberti , a new species of bone fish ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from the eastern pacific , and a description of adults of the parapatric a . esuncula . zootaxa 3088 : 1 - 14 .\nkwun , h . j . & kim , j . k . ( 2011 ) : a new species of bonefish , albula koreana ( albuliformes : albulidae ) from korea and taiwan . zootaxa , 2903 : 57\u201363 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhawaiian archaeology , 2014 , ( special publication 4 ) , pp . 51 - 72\nname from latin words ' nemo ' meaning absence and ' ossis ' for bones ; referring to the absence of supraneural bones .\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 20 - 500 m ( ref . 3545 ) , usually 100 - 400 m ( ref . 5576 ) . deep - water ; 18\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 18\u00b0w - 20\u00b0e ( ref . 109573 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 ) ; common length : 33 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5576 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 51 - 57 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 ; vertebrae : 88 - 92 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters ( counts & % in parentheses for lectotype ) : no supraneural bones ; dorsal - fin rays 51 - 57 ( mode 52 ) ; total vertebrae 88 - 92 ( 91 ) ; pored lateral - line scales 79 - 89 ( 84 ) ; pre - dorsal scale rows 3 - 8 ( 8 ) ; head length 24 - 32 % ( mean 30 % ) of sl ) ; pectoral - fin length 16 - 21 % ( 19 % ) of sl ; pre - dorsal - fin length 27 - 34 % ( 30 % ) of sl ; dorsal - fin base length 53 - 64 % ( 60 % ) of sl ; postorbital length 13 - 16 % ( 14 % ) of sl ; upper caudal - fin length 18 - 31 % ( 24 % ) of sl ( ref . 109573 ) ."]}
{"id": 1003, "summary": [{"text": "chiloglanis batesii is a species of upside-down catfish found widely in western and central africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 4.7 centimetres ( 1.9 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "chiloglanis batesii", "paragraphs": ["chiloglanis batesii is a benthopelagic species . it is oviparous and has a distinct pairing during breeding ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\n720l congo rapids tank . at this video you can found raiamas christyi , synodontis brichardi , synodontis pardalis , synodontis notata , chiloglanis cf . batesii , euchilichthys guentheri and steatocranus tinanti .\nchiloglanis : from the greek cheilos , meaning lip , and glanis , meaning catfish ; in reference to the oral morphology . named after the collector , g . l . bates .\nthis species is known from guinea to the democratic republic of congo . central africa : chiloglanis batesii is found throughout the congo basins ( in the lower and this species is known from upper congo river basins , and in the dja and the kasai river systems , central congo river basin ) , and almost every river basin in cameroon except the ndian and nyong rivers . this species is probably heterospecific and represents a species complex . records of c . batesii in the lower congo need confirmation . western africa : in western africa , this species is found in the basins of the niger , chad ( central african republic ) , and cross ( nigeria ) . it has also been recorded in guinea and mali .\n( of chiloglanis batesi boulenger , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central and western africa .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , cheilos = lip + greek , glanis = a fish that can eat the bait without touching the hook ; a cat fish ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : niger basin ( ref . 57223 , 81251 ) , oshun , osse , cross ( ref . 57223 ) , headwaters of the chad basin ( ref . 57223 , 81251 ) , and almost every river basin in cameroon except the ndian and nyong ; absent west of the niger ( ref . 81251 ) . probably absent from the congo basin where c . micropogon is found ( see ref . 87986 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 57223 )\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum total length 47 mm ( ref . 3202 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\npaugy , d . and t . r . roberts , 2003 . mochokidae . p . 195 - 268 in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux douce et saum\u00e2tres de l ' afrique de l ' ouest , tome 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique , museum national d ' histoire naturalle , paris , france and institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france . 815 p . ( ref . 57223 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00259 - 0 . 01467 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nefulen and trib . of lobi r . , 15 - 20 mi . southwest of efulen , s . cameroon .\n40mm or 1 . 6\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nsecond largest catfish genus next to synodontis in africa . characterized by jaws and lips modified into a sucker or oral disc used for adhering to and feeding upon objects in fast flowing waters . generally fairly small at 100 mm sl or less . often caudal shape can show sexual dimorphism and is usually species specific . can be distinguished from south american suckermouth catfishes by lack of body armour plates . can be distinguised from other african suckermouth catfish ( of the genera euchilichthys and atopochilus ) by its circular suckermouth disc . this is more eliptical in the other two genera . sucker relatively large , mandibular teeth 6 + 6 or less . sexual dimorphism present : males with strongly forked caudal fins with extremely elongate upper lobe and enlarged anal fins .\nmales are easily distinguished from females by the elongate upper lobe of the caudal fin .\nfound throughout the niger and congo basins , in the headwaters of the chad basin and almost every river basin in cameroon except the ndian , nyong and ogoou\u00e9 .\nwill eat a wide variety of prepared and frozen foods . supplement with algae wafers .\npeaceful both with conspecifics and other fish , and therefore , suitable for the community tank .\nnot known in aquarium , although other species have been successfully bred in natural enclosures .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group ."]}
{"id": 1007, "summary": [{"text": "fundulopanchax is a genus of killifish living in near-coastal fresh water streams and lakes in western africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "all species were previously biologically classified as members of the genus aphyosemion , with the exception of fundulopanchax avichang , f. gresensi and f. kamdemi , which were all scientifically described after the major revision of the aphyosemion complex . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "fundulopanchax", "paragraphs": ["subgenus ( paraphyosemion ) : berkenkamp ( 2003 ) , describing the results of hybridization tests with the other species of the fundulopanchax mirabilis - group , ( fundulopanchax intermittens , fundulopanchax gresensi , fundulopanchax mirabilis and fundulopanchax traudeae ) , indicates that all crosses resulted in a viable f3 generations . these results suggest that , following a biological species concept , these taxa may be considered conspecific .\nall of the above are included in fundulopanchax here on sf at the moment .\nfundulopanchax moensis occurs in in brooks and small rainforest streams . it is a benthopelagic species .\nthe distribution of fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) spoorenbergi is not known with precision . the species was imported together with fundulopanchax ndianus from the border area between nigeria ( towards osombo and mamf\u00e9 ) and cameroon ( romand 1992 ) .\njustification : the distribution of fundulopanchax spoorenbergi is not known with precision . the species was imported together with fundulopanchax ndianus from the border area between nigeria and cameroon . more information is needed on the species distribution before an assessment can be made .\nfundulopanchax : originally named as a subgenus by myers ( 1924 ) due to members appearing to represent an evolutionary link between the genera fundulus and panchax as they were understood at the time .\nfundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) amieti occurs in the swampy parts of brooks in the rainforest ( wildekamp et al . 1986 ) . it is usually found in shallows it is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . fundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) amieti is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 1 month incubation . this species is difficult to maintain in aquarium ( huber 1966 ) .\ncollier , g . e . , 2010 . the genus fundulopanchax : taxonomic history and molecular phylogeny . j . am . killifish ass . 43 ( 1 ) : 3 - 26 . ( ref . 87109 )\nfundulopanchax ( paraphyosemion ) spoorenbergi is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . it is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 5 months incubation . this species is difficult to maintain in aquarium ( huber 1996 ) .\nthe genus fundulopanchax has a somewhat confusing taxonomic history but as currently understood includes the former subgenera paraphyosemion , gularopanchax , and paludopanchax while some authors have considered the species a . marmoratum , a . oeseri and a . scheeli members of the subgenus pauciradius .\nfundulopanchax ( pauciradius ) marmoratus is found in swamps and the swampy parts of brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest ( wildekamp et al . 1986 ) . it is a benthopelagic , non - migratory species . fundulopanchax ( pauciradius ) marmoratus is not a seasonal killifish . it is a bottom spawner with 1 month incubation . this species is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( huber 1996 ) . it can be done semimanuell , the eggs do not need a dry period for hatching . this updates previous information from riehl and baensch 1991 .\nmalumbres , f . and r . castelo , 2001 . descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie del g\u00e9nero fundulopanchax myers , 1924 ( cyprinodontiformes , aplocheilidae ) , para la ictiofauna continental de guinea ecuatorial . graellsia 57 ( 2 ) : 175 - 180 . ( ref . 44365 )\nthe plant spawners lay their eggs on floating or submerged plant thickets . they include many genera , such as aphyosemion ( most ) , many fundulopanchax , aphanius , aplocheilus , epiplatys , pachypanchax , fundulus ( most ) and rivulus ( except for rivulus stellifer ) . in the aquarium there are several techniques that can be used to spawn these fish .\nthe type specimens ( eight in all ) were collected by clausen in 1963 at arum which is situated to the south west of jos plateau in the foothills . at first they were considered to be a new species & he named them aphyosemion ( fundulopanchax ) nigerianus clausen 1963 . he also collected many other forms from other areas of nigeria . scheel later conducted crossing experiments with material from eyoumojok & found them to be genetically related .\ngroup \u201cb\u201d includes killies whose eggs may also undergo a drying period , but this drying period is not a requirement for successful propagation ; full - term water incubation in also acceptable . many of the fundulopanchax species follow this pattern , e . g . fp . walkeri , fp . filamentosus , fp . sjoestedti and fp . fallax . for the most part , this second group has a slightly extended life span and , in some cases , matures at a slower rate than do the true annuals .\nin general , killies are kept in small aquaria , often as small as 2 . 5 gallons . for breeding , in particular , small tanks are preferred . besides allowing closer observation of the fish , small tanks allow the aquarist to separate pairs and trios of different species . most killie enthusiasts soon acquire several species , and we may as well mention here that , for the purposes of breeding , it is essential that different species , and even different strains , be kept strictly separate . closely related species can breed and produce hybrids , but serious killie keepers strive to maintain different species in the \u201cpure\u201d state . furthermore , hybrids may be infertile . obviously , tank size must match fish size and larger fish , like fundulopanchax sjoestedti ( the blue gularis ) require 5 or 10 gallon tanks . larger aquaria , for example 10 or 15 gallon , or even larger , are used also for raising young fish .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male ; f . g . nigerianus subspecies , ' p82 ' collection .\ngardneri : named for \u2018mr . r . d . gard\u2019ner\u2019 , who collected the type specimens .\nnative to the cross river system in southeastern nigeria and western cameroon plus the benue river drainage in central nigeria .\nknown populations include akaram , akure , enugu , kluge , lafia , makurdi , nsukka , okwoga and udi mountain .\nthe type series consists of three specimens collected from \u2018head - waters of cross river , calabar\u2026okwoga 7\u00b0n , 7\u00b045\u2019e\u2019 which corresponds to the town okwoga in benue state , mideastern nigeria .\nof the nominal subspecies ( see \u2018notes\u2019 ) , f . g . lacustris is known only from lake ejagham and its tributary stream in western cameroon , f . g . mamfensis occurs in rainforest tributaries of the upper cross river in the mamfe lowlands of southwestern cameroon and f . g . nigerianus is distributed throughout southern , southwestern , central , northern and eastern nigeria including the niger and benue rivers plus minor coastal drainages of southeastern nigeria , and in the benue system it\u2019s also been recorded in western cameroon .\ncollections of wild fish are generally labelled with some form of code in order that they can be told apart , thus limiting the possibility of hybridisation .\nmost forms inhabit creeks , swamps , streams and pools in humid , forested , highland savannah and areas of rainforest .\nsome such habitats periodically dry out but in many cases this is not a regular , annual event and they may retain water year - round .\nthe set - up need not be too complicated but be sure to cover the aquarium well since this species is a prodigious jumper .\nprovide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants , wool mops , etc . , and if using filtration air - powered , sponge - type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry .\nlighting is unimportant but can be used if you wish , and growth of filamentous algae should not be discouraged .\nprimarily a micropredator feeding on small aquatic crustaceans , worms , insect larvae and other zooplankton although algae and other plant material may also be taken .\nin the aquarium dried foods are accepted in most cases but regular meals of small live or frozen fare such as artemia , daphnia or bloodworm should also be offered .\nthis is a robust killi that can be kept with other fishes but is not suitable for the general community .\nmales can be aggressive towards one another but provided the aquarium contains sufficient refuges a group can normally be maintained together .\nideally stock 2 - 3 females per male in order that no individual is singled out for excessive attention from the male ( s ) .\nmales grow larger , are more brightly - coloured and develop more - extended fins than females .\nthe unpredictable nature of many of this species\u2019 natural habitats have resulted in it evolving what\u2019s often referred to as a \u2018switch\u2019 or \u2018semi - annual\u2019 breeding strategy whereby the eggs are able to withstand a period of drying but will also incubate and hatch when permanently submerged in water .\nif conditions are suitable most forms are not difficult to breed with eggs deposited among live plants , aquatic mosses , synthetic mops , etc . , while some breeders prefer to use a small tray of peat which is removed and dried post - spawning .\neggs are best removed on a daily basis as the adults will eat any they find .\nunder water they normally hatch within 14 - 21 days depending on temperature while 3 - 4 weeks tends to be the \u2018standard\u2019 period of drying .\nthe fry are free - swimming almost immediately and can be offered artemia nauplii , microworm and similar as first foods .\nthis species is also known as \u2018gardner\u2019s killi\u2019 and \u2018blue lyretail\u2019 and the commonly - available aquarium forms are perhaps among the best choices for those new to keeping killifishes being relatively hardy , colourful and easy to breed .\na number of ornamental strains have also been line - bred by aquarists including \u2018gold\u2019 and albino .\nwild populations exist in numerous colour forms of which three , f . g . lacustris , f . g . mamfensis and f . g . nigerianus , have been described as nominal subspecies .\nboulenger , g . a . , 1911 - annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) v . 8 ( no . 44 ) : 260 - 268 descriptions of new african cyprinodont fishes .\nmyers , g . s . , 1924 - american museum novitates no . 116 : 1 - 9 a new poeciliid fish from the congo , with remarks on funduline genera .\nstiassny , m . l . j . , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds ) , 2007 - publications scientifiques du museum , mrac . vol . 2 : 1 - 603 the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa .\n\u201cmale f . g . gardneri are very aggressive towards one another and sufficient space must be provided if more than one is to be kept . \u2019\nif anything , \u201cmay be aggressive\u201d . i have several gardneri tanks ( different strains ) with multiple males and never saw aggression\u2026\nalbinos are mine , sure use them . i was not able to track reliably which locale the strain originates from .\nif i can get decent shots of the other strains i have ( latia , innidere ) i\u2019ll post them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the mungo river basin location is threatened by sedimentation and pollution from banana plantations ( pers . comm . victor mamonekene , cyrille dening ) . the species is also threatened by the oil palm plantations in the region . part of the species distribution is situated in the korup national park . both the eoo and the aoo qualify for the endangered status . the species is known from maximum of five localities .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from the area northeast of mbonge , western cameroon . the present distribution is probably relict .\nthe mungo river basin location is threatened by sedimentation and pollution from banana plantations ( pers . comm . victor mamonekene , cyrille dening ) . the species is also threatened by the oil palm plantations in the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from the upper cross river basin , in the mo , me and man rivers , around the village of numba , western cameroon .\nnone known . taxonomic uncertainties need to be resolved , and more information on the species distribution is required .\njustification : the species is threatened by oil palm plantations . it is potentially threatened by the sunda gorge dam on the lower nyong river , the construction of which was started before the war and it is unknown if the construction will recommence ( pers . comm . , mamonekene , v . ) . the species is known from fewer than five localities . both the eoo and aoo qualify this species for the endangered category .\na lower guinea endemic , found in the mangombe and ngombe river systems , which are tributaries of the larger sanaga and dibamba river drainage basins , respectively . all known populations , except one , are from the area to the north of the sanaga river in southwestern cameroon .\nthe species is threatened by oil palm plantations . it is potentially threatened by the sunda gorge dam on the lower nyong river , the construction of which was started before the war and it is unknown if the construction will recommence ( pers . comm . , mamonekene , v . ) .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nafrica : niger delta in southern and southeastern nigeria and southwestern cameroon . reported from ghana ( ref . 11235 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )\noccurs in temporary swamps , raphia - swamps and swampy parts of slow flowing brooks in the swampy coastal rainforest . 14 cm tl ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . bottom spawner , 2 months incubation . is easy to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nhuber , j . h . , 1996 . killi - data 1996 . updated checklist of taxonomic names , collecting localities and bibliographic references of oviparous cyprinodont fishes ( atherinomorpha , pisces ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d ' ichtyologie , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france , 399 p . ( ref . 27139 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00462 - 0 . 02264 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 65 - 3 . 03 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nit is a form selected in my breeding over the past 3 years . m . dudzi\u0144ski\nvidenskabelige meddeleser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening 125 : p 197 - 201 , figures a - c .\nthis is a very complicated species of vastly varying colour forms even within a population . click population links ( where available ) below for more information / images ) .\nbecause this species has so many populations & these can vary even within a population so many photographs can be included i have split the populations up into there own pages . just a few photos are put on this page for comparisons . please follow links in blue .\nabakaliki - this population may be abakalbi . i did a search for this name but it could not be found . toyin ojo considered abakaliki to be the true name . this population has most probably not been in the uk . a line drawing was put into the bka newsletter no . 322 , july 1992 , page 14 but i am unable to insert it due to copyright problems .\nakkamkpa - fred wright collected here in the ' 70 ' s & was adamant that the village had 2 k ' s . the site has been adjusted accordingly . ruud wildekamp & ton cooymans collected from this area in january 1990 .\nbaissa in circulation in the usa 2002 . note red line to the rear of the dorsal fin which is still evident . photo courtesy of allen boatman .\nntc 07 / 2 - collected by thibault cavelier 2007 14 kms north of iwo on the road to oban . see dkg newsletter 42 ( 3 ) for photo .\nweh - adl 13 / 20 - already a corrupted spelling going around - wei is not correct .\narum , north of wamba & on the foothills south west of the jos plateau . the biotope was a swamp .\nthis species has a large distribution area covering the river niger delta in the south of nigeria northwards to the jos river plateau & on towards kano which appears to be the northern boundary . eastwards , distribution follows the river benue into the cameroon mountains where the misaj\u00e9 population is found .\nwith such a wide distribution area it ' s not surprising that this species is found in a variety of biotopes . they have been caught in mountain streams ( misaj\u00e9 ) , 200 foot wide rivers ( makurdi ) , seasonal flood plains ( lokoja ) & small roadside pockets of water .\nalso known to inhabit swampy parts of pools , brooks & small streams in secondary forested areas .\nfirst recorded collection of this species goes back to 1955 where h . s . clausen discovered them at akure , western nigeria . in 1957 fish from this population line were taken live to j . j . scheel in denmark by j . birket smith . in 1958 scheel distributed 60 eggs to other fish keepers as far away as new zealand & uruguay . originally he distributed these as aphyosemion calliurum . ulf hannerz caught 2 small males from wokocha river , near port harcourt , eastern niger delta . these were sent to scheel . h . s . clausen in 1962 collected live fish from owo east of akure . these were also sent to scheel .\nphoto showing ( modern ) aquarium bred fp . nigerianus showing spotted & marginal bands . photo courtesy of dick cox\nblack & white photos ( parts ) in ' naturalists guide to freshwater fish ' by j . j . hoedeman showing some of the earliest fish imported . certainly pre 1975 . two different varieties called yellow & blue .\na visiting german aquarist ( unnamed ) came to the uk on january 17th 1966 & brought with him a few sp . including eggs of the then known a . nigerianum . this was probably the first introduction to the uk . see bka killi - news no . 7 , march 1966 .\nan easy species to breed , laying eggs on top & bottom mops . they will also lay in peat . eggs are very tough & capable of withstanding fairly long periods of dry incubation . the lokoja population is well adapted to this capable of dry storage periods up to two months . other populations will take 4 - 6 weeks of dry incubation on damp peat . fry are large enough to take newly hatched brine shrimp on hatching .\nscheel found that eggs taking a long time to hatch ( resting fry ) did so ' depending on the type of water used for the eggs ' although he did not say what the types were . see bka newsletter no . 387 , december 1997 .\nthe west african killifish hails from the cross river drainage of nigeria and western cameroon streams . via violaine2 , france / wikipedia\nmany killifish hobbyists keep f . gardneri in small aquariums , sometimes keeping a pair in just a gallon of water . this might seem cruel at first glance , but it replicates the natural habitat pretty neatly . in the wild , they are found in water barely an inch deep , sometimes over a leaf - strewn bottom , other times in a weed - choked area , and even over mud . adaptation to this extreme environment has lead to another evolutionary \u201cleap\u201d ( please excuse the pun ) \u2014they are excellent jumpers . often in this extremely shallow environment , they need to move from one small water hole to another . they do this by jumping , flipping , and otherwise hopping from leaf to leaf and pool to pool .\nmy late friend , well - known aquarium fish international contributor al castro , used to tell the humorous story of his first experience with a pair of f . gardneri . he brought them home and put them in a gallon jar . he walked outside to call his wife in from the garden to come and see them . she asked him if he meant the fish that had followed him out . he turned around , and there on the ground was the male , flipping and flopping down the sidewalk . he went inside and found the female flipping her way across the floor . learn from al , and keep them tightly covered !\na setup for keeping f . gardneri can be as simple as a gallon jar or as elaborate as a well - decorated planted aquarium . they are ideally suited for the desktop aquariums with built - in filtration and lighting now becoming popular . these nano tanks , from 5 to 10 gallons in size , and with a variety of beautiful plants , would be an ideal home for a couple of pairs .\nwater changes are very important . keep the water as clean as possible , especially in a smaller aquarium , and doubly so if you have no filter in the aquarium . room temperature is fine , so no heater is necessary , unless the temperature drops into the low 60s fahrenheit . then a small heater set to the low 70s will be all that is needed . no filter is necessary , again as long as you change water frequently . water parameters are not that important , as f . gardneri comes from a wide range of habitats and is pretty adaptable . ideal conditions would be a ph just below neutral with low hardness . some killifish hobbyists add salt to the water ; others don\u2019t . i\u2019m one of the aquarists who doesn\u2019t , and i\u2019ve never had a problem with them .\nas i mentioned , many killifish hobbyists keep them as pairs or trios in small \u201ccritter tanks\u201d ( the kind with the tight - fitting lids ) . there is no filtration or lighting , though f . gardneri are not shy , as are many other killifish , and they love bright light . these killifish hobbyists do water changes two or three times a week , and feed live foods exclusively , so there is little pollution in the water . the idea here is breeding . for this , they use a couple of nylon yarn mops . i\u2019ll have more on this method of breeding in just a bit .\ni like to use a planted 10 - gallon aquarium . i prefer to use what killifish hobbyists call the \u201cpermanent method\u201d for keeping and breeding them . this means setting up a standard 10 - gallon aquarium with a nice grouping of plants at all levels of the aquarium , including floating plants . i use water sprite ( ceratopteris sp . ) . the adults live in this aquarium all the time . fry appear on occasion , and i remove them with a small cup to a separate rearing aquarium . this method is not as productive as using mops , but it is a lot easier .\nif you want maximum productivity , there are several things to do to increase egg production . first , separate the adults for a week or two . feed them heavily on live foods and meaty frozen foods , such as bloodworms and brine shrimp . give them a lot of water changes . this is known as conditioning the breeders . after about two weeks of conditioning , put the pair together in a breeding aquarium with a couple of nylon spawning mops lying on the bottom . the fish will start spawning within hours . by the next day , the mops should be full of eggs . the eggs can be easily seen in the mops as clear round \u201cbubbles . \u201d remove the mops to a separate small aquarium or plastic shoebox filled with water of similar parameters as the spawning aquarium . then add a couple more mops to the aquarium . give the pair another day or so , and then move them back to the main aquarium . the mops can be added to the same hatching container as the previous mops .\nsome breeders add a bit of salt and a drop of methylene blue to the hatch water , along with a slowly bubbling airstone . others add acriflavine instead of the methylene blue . still others add nothing special to the hatch water . the idea is to keep any fungus that develops on infertile eggs from infecting the fertile eggs . a variation on this is to use a small dish filled with a hatch mix ( water , methylene blue , salt ) . hand - pick individual eggs , and drop them one at a time into this hatch container . this is very labor intensive , but it gives the breeder good control , so they can quickly remove any eggs that go bad .\nwhatever method you choose , the eggs will hatch in about 14 days . upon hatching , the fry have used up their yolk sacs and are hungry . they will take newly hatched brine shrimp , vinegar eels , microworms or walter worms , and other small foods such as commercial fry foods . i gently remove each baby fish from the hatch container immediately after they hatch and move them to a plastic shoebox filled with clean water of the same parameters . i add a clump of java moss ( taxiphyllum sp . ) to the box and a couple of small ramshorn snails to help clean up uneaten food .\nthe fry grow quickly and in just about 7 or 8 weeks , the young males will begin to color up . if you reach this point , congratulations ! you\u2019ve had another successful adventure in fish breeding .\nthe author outlines the complex history and classification of this popular killifish , with a focus on optimal living conditions , breeding , and its widely variable populations .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 2 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44365 ) ; 2 . 5 cm tl ( female )\nlives in small temporary pools of the river ecucu drainage systems ( ref . 44365 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00442 - 0 . 02595 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 71 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; non - migratory . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2059 )\nafrica : lower cross river system , southeastern nigeria . also known from the ndian river in southwest cameroon ( ref . 7372 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )\noccurs in brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest and forested savanna , mainly in waters on tertiary sedimentary soil ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 23\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nafrica : bandama , como\u00e9 and bia river drainages in central , southern and eastern c\u00f4te d ' ivoire . the bia , tano , ankobra and oda river drainages in southwestern ghana .\noccurs in swamps , pools , brooks and small streams in the coastal rainforest and forested savanna ( ref . 3788 ) . bottom spawner , 2 months incubation . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nteugels , g . g . , c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and k . traor\u00e9 , 1988 . \u00e9tat des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins c\u00f4tiers de c\u00f4te d ' ivoire et de l ' ouest du ghana . rev . hydrobiol . trop . 21 ( 3 ) : 221 - 237 . ( ref . 272 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : ? - 10 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 21\u00b0c - 23\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 )\noccurs in swamps and swampy parts of shallow brooks in the coastal rainforest ( ref . 3788 ) . feeds on worms , crustaceans and insects ( ref . 7020 ) . bottom spawner , 1 . 5 month incubation . is very difficult to maintain in aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nendangered b1ab ( ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : this species is endemic to niger delta of nigeria . it is restricted to temporary swamps and swampy parts of smaller brooks in the coastal rainforest between warri to port harcourt . the eoo is less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 , and the aoo is less than 500 km 2 . this area is not only highly polluted by oil exploration and vandalization of oil pipelines as a result of civil conflict ; it is an area of massive urban and industrial development in petrochemical and steel . the population size is not known but it may be being reduced at a very rapid rate as their habitat is presently been drained for urban development . in addition to habitat destruction , this species are also been collected for aquarium trade .\nthis species is a small semi - annual bottom spawning killifish that grows to 5 cm in sl . the eggs incubate in the substrate for 2 months and can withstand some degree of water restriction . it inhabits temporary swamps and swampy parts of small rivers and brooks in the coastal rainforest . it is non - migratory .\nthis is an aquarium trade species . eggs can be transported in damp moss - easy to maintain and breed .\nthis species is targeted for the aquarium trade . it is polluted by oil exploration and vandalization of oil pipelines as a result of civil conflict ; it is an area of massive urban and industrial development in petrochemical and steel .\nmajor threats are unknown as the location is not confirmed , although it has been harvested for the aquarium trade .\nnone known . more information is needed on the distribution and threats of this species .\nthis guide is intended to provide basic information for newcomers to keeping killifish . the information provided here was derived largely from the aka\u2019s beginners guide , by alan c . markis and roger w . langton . the latest edition of this booklet , edited by edd kray , is more complete than this online version and contains more photos . it is provided free to all new members of the aka . click on join aka at the top of the page to access an online application .\nit can be difficult for beginners to know exactly what fish to purchase because killifish are generally referred to ( especially amongst enthusiasts ) by their scientific names and some familiarity is needed to know what fish these names represent . as you read about the various species in publications like the journal of the american killifish association ( jaka ) and a variety of books that are available , you will develop a sense for the fish .\nwhen the time comes to choose your first killies , do so with care . needless to say , choose healthy fish , but be careful also to choose fish that are correctly identified . many species and strains of killifish look very similar and killies sold in pet stores are frequently misidentified . furthermore , many killifish are maintained as known locality strains . for example nothobranchius rachovii beira \u201991 , a very beautiful fish , represents a particular strain of this species identified by the locality and the year in which it was collected . it is strongly felt , in the killie hobby , that such strains not be crossed with others , even when they appear to be the same fish . such crossings can produce hybrids , which may be sterile , or at least are fish that nature never produced .\nthe remainder of this section will briefly discuss some of the genera of killifish , and some of the species found within them , with a particular emphasis on those that are suitable for beginners .\nthis is one of the most popular of the killifish genera among hobbyists , and it contains a large number of species that are maintained in the hobby . these species hail from west africa , many are beautiful and relatively easy to maintain and breed . most are spawned on floating mops ( see below ) .\none of the most commonly seen and a suitable beginner\u2019s fish , is aphyosemion australe , one the few killies that does have a common name , the lyretail . this species spawns in floating mops . it comes in three color strains . the chocolate is the natural form , while the gold and the orange were developed in aquarium populations . other species in this genus that are suitable for beginners are a . calliurum , a . ahli , and a . bivittatum . aphyosemions with the same species name are often identified as coming from specific populations or locations . different populations may or may not be genetically identical .\nthis genus contains several very colorful species that are suitable for beginners . these include the popular fp . gardneri , fp . filamentosus , and the emblem fish of the aka , fp . sjoestedti . many of the strains of fp . gardneri are relatively easy to maintain and breed as is fp . filamentosus . fp . sjoestedti is a little more challenging , although it can be hard to resist its charms . all of these species come in several strains . some fp . gardneri are top spawners , while fp . gardneri nigerianus and fp . gardneri garderni are switch ( top / bottom ) spawners . the other two species mentioned are bottom spawners .\nthere a several popular genera and species amongst the south american annuals . nematolebias whitei is an excellent beginner\u2019s fish , easily bred and cared for in the aquarium . it is a truly elegant fish and its spawning behavior is fascinating . perhaps its only disadvantage is that , like many other annuals , the beginner has to wait for some months between first spawning and first hatch .\nspecies in this genus are surface fish , feeding on insects that fall into the water . they prefer to lay their eggs at the top of floating mops or plants . they are hardy , many are of good size , and many are easily bred and maintained in aquaria . good examples , and good choices for beginners are e . sexfasciatus and e . fasciolatus . the genus also contains some challenging species . for example , the diminutive e . annulatus , although strikingly beautiful , would not be a good beginner\u2019s choice .\nthere are many other interesting genera , including the north american native killies , including the desert pupfish and the florida flagfish , jordenella floridae , the genera rivulus , rachovia , austrofundulus , and on and on . many of these are discussed elsewhere on this site .\nas discussed already , it is easy to hybridize some of the killies species . it is the policy of the american killifish association to discourage hybridization except for scientific and research purposes . the organization believes that the fishes should remain as they are in nature and that hobbyists should not intentionally change color patterns , form , or identity . every member of the aka is urged to maintain this policy .\neveryone is urged to maintain the highest standards in his fish keeping by maintaining optimum environmental standards for his or her fish and by only passing on fish to other hobbyists that meet the highest standards of good health and color .\ngood luck with your hobby and may you have many years of success and enjoyment with killies . if you are not yet a member of the aka , we look forward to having you join and meeting you .\nas will be discussed later in this document , fry are often hatched in smaller containers , such as plastic \u201cshoe boxes\u201d or other storage boxes . in a typical fishroom for killifish , therefore , you will usually see tanks and containers in a wide variety of sizes . how these are arranged is a matter of personal taste , but killie fishrooms often have racks of tanks with small breeding tanks on top and larger rearing tanks below . one advantage of a fishroom is that the whole room , rather than individual tanks , can be heated . the fishroom shown here is that of norbert dadaniak in germany . you can click on the image to see it at larger size . use the back button to return to this page .\nplanted tanks are pleasing to view , and plants help to utilize organic wastes produced by the fish and , to some degree , in oxygenating the water . however , many killie keepers avoid the use of plants in breeding tanks , and even in rearing tanks . plants can make the collection of eggs , described later , difficult . furthermore , bottom spawners may spawn in the gravel substrate , which is may be undesirable . on the other hand , one technique for spawning the \u201cplant spawners\u201d involves the use of a permanently planted tank and some breeders spawn bottom spawners over gravel . a common compromise is to use bare breeding tanks , and planted rearing tanks .\nwhat plants to use is a matter of choice for the aquarist but , because killies often do best in tanks with relatively low lighting levels , plants tolerant of low light conditions are best . these include the cryptocorynes , java moss , and java fern . if gravel is used as a substrate it usually should be of a type that will not harden the water . a quartz sand or fine gravel favored by aquatic plant enthusiasts is # 3 blasting sand , available at many hardware stores .\nmany killies , such as the aphyosemions , come from forest streams that are protected from direct sunlight , and prefer subdued lighting . in brightly lit aquaria , plants may provide some shading for killies that prefer low light conditions . many killies appear at their best when light falls from above and to the front of the tank . because of this , many killie enthusiasts illuminate their tanks , especially breeding tanks , by ceiling lights , with fixtures over only those tanks where more intense lighting is required .\nsmall aquaria , such as are often used for housing killies , are more easily polluted than large aquaria . the relatively small volume of water easily accumulates waste products , generating ammonia and nitrites , which are extremely toxic to fish . most killie keepers , at least in the united states , therefore utilize some form of aeration and filtration . air driven filters provide a home for aerobic nitrifying bacteria , which break down the harmful ammonia and nitrite to nitrate , a much less toxic end product .\nvarious types of filters can be used , but for small tanks the most popular are simple box filters , containing filter \u201cwool\u201d , or sponge filters . both provide a large surface area for bacteria to colonize and filter particulate matter from the water . sponge filters have the advantage of not entrapping fry , a potential problem with box filters . in larger aquaria where a substrate is being used , under - gravel filters may also be used .\nideal water temperatures vary depending on the species , but for most killifish the temperature should be in the range of 72 - 75 \u00b0f . conventional aquarium heaters may be used , but because serious killie keepers have several or many tanks , it is common for the whole room to be heated . another advantage of this approach is that tank covers do not have to accommodate heater cables . many killies are great jumpers and will exit the tank , and this life , through such small openings . the killie fancier , therefore , must ensure that tank covers are closely fitted .\nit is impossible to generalize about the water conditions required by killies . some , such as a . cameronense come from soft , acid waters , while others come from harder , alkaline waters , and others from brackish waters . some killies must have particular water conditions . others , such as nothobranchius species , can tolerate a range of water conditions . naturally , no fish should be subjected to sudden changes in ph and hardness .\nthe ph of water may be changed using weak acids , such as sodium biphosphate ( nah 2 po 4 ) or weak bases , such as sodium bicarbonate ( nahco 3 , or baking soda ) . it is easy to change ph excessively using these chemicals , and the ph change produced may not be stable . a better way to reduce ph is to filter the water through peat moss . the peat moss is best boiled and rinsed then placed in a box filter between layers of filter wool . after a day or two the water will be amber and somewhat more acid . to increase ph it is best to include some form of calcium carbonate in the tank , such as a lime sand or gravel . carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) released as a waste product by the fish dissolves in water to produce carbonic acid , which will react with calcium carbonate to produce soluble calcium bicarbonate . the latter provides buffering capacity , helping to stabilize the ph of the water in the aquarium .\na varied and balanced diet is a practical necessity to achieve any degree of success with killifish , particularly in breeding them . many killifish do really well only if supplied with livefood . others do well on frozen foods and some , on dry foods . at any rate , exclusive use of a single food should be avoided , as this practice is likely to lead to nutritional imbalances and deficiencies . you will find useful information on foods on other sites , such as the krib .\nthis food is a staple of many killie fishrooms . in some areas live adult brine shrimp can be purchased . these are a good nutritional source and are eagerly taken by most killies . as they live in strong salt water , they are less likely to carry parasites and bacteria harmful to freshwater fish . frozen brine shrimp are widely available and widely used . they are readily accepted by most fish but , as with any non - live food , care must be taken not to overfeed .\nthis little crustacean is one of the most widely used live foods . daphnia can be cultured artificially , at least in limited quantities , but most aquarists collect them from pools and ponds . a drawback to use of daphnia collected in this way is the danger of collecting other organisms potentially dangerous to aquarium fish . daphnia are said to act as a laxative for fish and , like other foods , daphnia should not be fed exclusively .\nthis is an excellent live food for killies , although available only seasonally . they may be collected from standing water and ponds , either by swiftly passing a net through the water near the surface , or by collecting the egg \u201crafts\u201d , which can be allowed to hatch in a container of water in the fishroom . many aquarists recommend culture of mosquito larvae by leaving out a container of water , which is allowed to become green with algae . the egg rafts or larvae are then collected under controlled conditions . care must be taken to avoid allowing the larvae to complete the life cycle and become mosquitoes . that is a good way to make yourself unpopular with the neighbors and should be avoided because of the mosquito borne west nile virus . as with the collection of other live foods , there is a risk of introducing fish enemies with the food .\ntubifex worms are small worms that live in filthy places , such as sewage run - offs and the like . they can be collected from such sites , or purchased from some stores . tubifex are an excellent food for killifish , but they carry the reputation of transmitting a variety of diseases . this risk may be reduced somewhat by holding the worms for a time in a shallow tray through which cold water runs . in this way evacuated matter and detritus from dead worms are washed away .\nblackworms are similar to , but distinct from , tubifex worms and are also an excellent food . they can be purchased , either from a store , or directly from companies that grow them for profit . some of these producers are associated with fish farming operations . others are dedicated purely to growing blackworms . those associated with fish farms may be more likely to transmit fish diseases . like tubifex , blackworms carry a reputation for transmitting diseases . however , some breeders swear by them . blackworms may be maintained for some time under running , cold water or refrigerated in dishes with enough water to barely cover them .\ntwo fruit fly ( drosophila ) mutants , vestigial wing and flightless , make excellent food for killies . by virtue of the mutations they bear , they cannot fly . they can crawl , though , so it is advisable to feed just enough that the fish will eat them immediately . these flies are usually cultured in some sort of bottle into which a fruit fly medium , with a sprinkle of dry yeast , has been placed . the bottle is plugged with a piece of plastic sponge , or some such thing , after the flies are added . after some days larvae will appear , which then pupate , and eventually adult flies will emerge , at which stage they can be fed to the fish . fruit fly medium can be cooked , but this is a time consuming and messy business . instant medium can be obtained from biological suppliers such as carolina biological , and is much easier to use . a starter culture of flies can be purchased from similar sources , or obtained from other hobbyists . starter cultures , again , are often listed in the f & el .\nbeef heart , trimmed of fibrous tissue and fat , can be frozen , then grated to produce \u201cworm - like\u201d pieces . many hobbyists use beef heart as the basis for a prepared food containing vegetable matter , vitamins and other additives . others prepare similar paste foods based on shrimp and fish . these are fed as small pieces or gratings . care must be taken to feed only as much as will be eaten immediately , as remnants of this type of food can quickly foul the water . here is a recipe for a ( non - beef heart based ) paste food . recipes can also be found on the krib ."]}
{"id": 1017, "summary": [{"text": "elachista lenape is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from new jersey . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista lenape", "paragraphs": ["phrases that include lenape : canna lenape , elachista lenape , lenape high school , lenape regional high school district , lenape valley regional high school , more . . .\nelachista lenape kaila , 1996 , n . sp . , ent . scand . , v . 27 , p . 217 - 238 .\nrevision of the nearctic species of elachista i . the tetragonella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae )\na revision of the nearctic elachista s . l . i . the tetragonella group ( lepidoptera , elachistidae )\nrevision of the nearctic species of elachista i . the tetragonella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) \u00bb brill online\nholotype for elachista lenape kaila , 1996 catalog number : usnm collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of entomology sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : pinned ; slide collector ( s ) : r . hodges year collected : 1962 locality : lakehurst , ocean , new jersey , united states\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > fc5g _ setljhmtc1v35ttpk3d . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 194 . 61 . 33 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531169275376 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n1 : l . kaila , finnish museum of natural history , zoological museum , p . o . box 17 , fin - 00014 university of helsinki , finland\nr . de jong ; r . i . vane - wright and p . r . ackery\ntema fant\u00e1stico , s . a . . im\u00e1genes del tema : molotovcoketail . con la tecnolog\u00eda de blogger .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1018, "summary": [{"text": "minipera is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family molgulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "species within the genus minipera include : minipera macquariensis sanamyan & sanamyan , 1999 minipera papillosa monniot c. & monniot f. , 1974 minipera pedunculata monniot c. & monniot f. , 1974 minipera tacita monniot & monniot , 1985", "topic": 26}], "title": "minipera", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - minipera monniot c . & monniot f . , 1974\nworms - world register of marine species - minipera papillosa monniot c . & monniot f . , 1974\nworms - world register of marine species - minipera pedunculata monniot c . & monniot f . , 1974\nshenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .\nsanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmonniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmonniot , c . ; monniot , f . ( 1974 ) . ascidies abyssales de l ' atlantique r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par le ' jean charcot ' ( campagnes noratlante , walda , polygas a ) . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris , 3 ser . ( 226 ) , zool , 154 : 721 - 786 . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209\u20131216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nsanamyan , k . e . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . ascidiacea . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 13\u201324 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsanamyan , k . e . ; sanamyan , n . p . ( 1999 ) . some benthic tunicata from the southern indo - pacific ocean . journal of natural history . 33 : 1835 - 1876 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nblizzard entertainment uses cookies and similar technologies on its websites . by continuing your browsing after being presented with the cookie information you consent to such use .\nthis account has been inactive for an extended period of time , and cannot be displayed . to be displayed again , the inactive account must first log in to diablo iii .\na profile for this account does not exist in this region . if this account has characters in a different server region , a profile may be available at one of the links below :\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1019, "summary": [{"text": "zander ( sander lucioperca ) is a species of fish from freshwater and brackish habitats in western eurasia .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is a popular game fish and has been introduced to a variety of localities outside its native range . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "zander", "paragraphs": ["erhardt , w . et al . der gro\u00dfe zander : enzyklop\u00e4die der pflanzennamen . 2008 ( zander ency )\nerhardt , w . et al . zander : handw\u00f6rterbuch der pflanzennamen , 16 . auflage . 2000 ( zander ed16 )\n) . moreover , both clades were significantly different from the volga zander \u2013 a close relative of zander \u2013 and perch , which were employed as outgroups .\nnicknames for zander . add your names , share with friends . click to copy\nnever miss a story from zander nethercutt , when you sign up for medium . learn more\ngene differentiated two haplotypic lineages a and b of zander described previously by kohlmann et al . (\nzander is the last person logan ever kills before dying at the hands of x - 24 .\nlucioperca lucioperca ( linnaeus 1758 ) ( zander ) syn . for sander lucioperca ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nu . s . distribution : there is an established population of zander in spiritwood lake in north dakota .\nzander , mink , american signal crayfish , giant hogweed , floating pennywort and japanese knotweed are also on the list .\nzander combines multiple layers of protection and goes beyond basic credit monitoring for 360 degrees of identity defense . we offer comprehensive protection that reviews non - credit identity records in order to protect your identity . protecting our subscriber\u2019s privacy is at the forefront of zander .\nmusic is a story . . . and it opens the emotional pores to all of life\u2019s experience .\n- benjamin zander\nbenjamin zander was put on this earth to set young people on their path to a lifelong relationship with music . - richard dyer\ncomparative description of males of two species of achtheres von nordmann , 1832 ( copepoda : siphonostomatoida : lernaeopodidae ) infecting zander and european perch .\nzander ( sander lucioperca ) , caught in cyprus on march 17 , 2007 . note matchbox , ca . 50mm length , for scale :\ndue to his weakened state , after the serum wears off , logan kills zander with a gun despite his earlier stated hatred for using guns .\ne . the site contains many of the valuable trademarks , service marks , names , titles , logos , images , designs , copyrights and other proprietary materials owned , registered and used by us and our subsidiaries , including but not limited to , the marks\nzander identity theft ,\ncyberagent\n( personal information monitoring ) ,\nprotector ,\nand others . zander identity theft solutions and the zander identity theft solutions product names referenced in the site are either trademarks , service marks or registered trademarks of zander identity theft solutions or third party service providers . any unauthorized use of same is strictly prohibited and all rights in same are reserved by us . no use of any zander insurance group trademark may be made by any third party without express written consent of zander insurance group . other products and company names mentioned in the site may be the trademarks of their respective owners .\nzander provides an instant notification when your sensitive information is at risk and sends the alert to your email address , smart phone , computer or tablet .\nmovement as a therapeutic agent did already have its proponents\u2014zander was a follower of the movement cure promoted by an earlier pioneer of exercise per henrik ling .\nzander rice was a scientist and the surgical head of alkali - transigen , gaining notoriety for being the one responsible behind the near extinction of mutants .\nborn in stockholm in 1835 , dr . zander would explore the connection between mechanics of the body and muscle building while in medical school in sweden in the early 1860s . he quickly established the therapeutic zander institute in stockholm , a state - supported institute using his machines to help workers correct physical impairments .\nfreshwater fish deadbaits such as bleak , gudgeon , roach , rudd , dace are the preferred bait for catching zander . sea fish such as herring and mackerel are not generally as successful when used as bait . zander can also be caught using a variety of lures including jigs , spoons , crankbaits and jerkbaits .\nand remember to give an extra rep for dr . gustav zander , who perhaps more than anyone else helped establish gym culture as we know it today .\ncomparative description of males of two species of achtheres von nordmann , 1832 ( copepoda : siphonostomatoida : lernaeopodidae ) infecting zander and . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nlohman , j . 1989 . biologists introduce zander into north america . the forum of fargo - moorhead . fargo , nd . july 22 : a1 , 4 .\nhe would further develop these devices , going on to win a gold medal at the 1876 centennial exhibition in philadelphia for his exercise machines . by the time the edition of his book , dr . g . zander\u2019s medico - mechanische gymnastik was published in 1892 , he was well on his way to establishing zander institutes across the globe .\nzander was added to the injurious wildlife list by the u . s . fish and wildlife service in 2016 ( 50 cfr \u00a7 16 . 13 ; dokken 2016 ) .\nwingate , p . j . 1992 . zander\u2013evaluate carefully before introducing . page 32 in in - fisherman wallye guide for 1992 . in - fisherman magazine , brainerd , mn\nzander\u2019s plan is the only one i recommend . the family plan even monitors your children\u2019s social security number and detects online fraud of their personal information at no additional cost . \u201c\neverywhere that i travel i meet musicians who began their musical journey with ben zander . they retain , gratefully , their enthusiasm , determination , and high ideals ! - john harbison\nbrown ja ; moore wm ; quabius es , 2001 . physiological effects of saline waters on zander . journal of fish biology , 59 ( 6 ) : 1544 - 1555 .\nzander is all about living in the moment and loving everything life throws at you . he gives his fans the best performance he can , so they encounter live music as it could be . touring all over the us has allowed zander to reach and cultivate an incredible fanbase . he\u2019s also performed in latin america , the caribbean , and australia . most recently , he hit the road supporting the wailers on their us national tour . zander hopes to ride this positive momentum with new ep , \u201csunshine state of mind\u201d coming june 2018 .\nzander insurance group ( \u201czander , \u201d \u201czander identity theft solutions , \u201d \u201cwe , \u201d \u201cus\u201d and \u201cour\u201d ) and our wholly - owned subsidiary , jjz insurance agency , a tn general partnership , respect individual privacy and value the confidence of our subscribers . this privacy policy sets out the privacy principles that we follow with respect to processing personal information in the course of providing our products and services . we will only collect , use and disclose personal information in a manner consistent with the laws of the countries in which we operate , for example , both relevant federal and state laws in the u . s . by using the zander identity theft solutions website , you consent to the data practices described in this privacy policy .\nin certain situations , zander identity theft solutions may be required to disclose personal data in response to lawful requests by public authorities , including to meet national security or law enforcement requirements .\nzander\u2019s music vibrates with colors of reggae , pop , funk and rock . his music takes his fans to the beach , and gives them a great experience of an endless summer .\nhickley , p . 1986 . invasion by zander and the management of fish stocks . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london : biological sciences 314 : 571 - 582 . urltoken\nd . you may not use , frame or utilize framing techniques to enclose any zander insurance group trademark , logo or other proprietary information , including the images found at the site , the content of any text or the layout / design of any page or form contained on a page without zander insurance group ' s express written consent . except as noted above , you are not conveyed any right or license by implication , estoppel , or otherwise in or under any patent , trademark , copyright , or proprietary right of zander insurance group or any third party .\nzander identity theft solutions and our clients have access to reports produced by these service providers that contain anonymized trends and statistics about website usage on zander identity theft solutions\u2019 proprietary platforms . however , neither zander identity theft solutions nor any other third parties are able to tie any of the anonymized analytics data to your personal information . at no time will this information be provided or sold to any third party affiliates for advertising or marketing purposes . the use of cookies by our partners and the third parties we engage to perform analytics services is not covered by our privacy policy .\na subset of 387 zander samples were characterized by restriction analysis . kohlmann et al . ( 2013 ) described two main haplotypes a and b for zander across europe . these can be distinguished by cutting the cyt b pcr fragment with the restriction enzyme alw26i , which yields two different restriction patterns . based on these patterns , we calculated the share of each haplotype in each of the seven catchments .\nafter hearing \u201ccinematique\u201d on one of their burger sessions at heiko\u2019s , chopstick & johnjon had a clear picture for remix and so the three of them started a session right away . as they played the cinematique remix back at their own studio fritz zander heard the piano through the door and he immediately wanted in on the project . fritz and his zander vt partner sven von th\u00fclen were given the whole remix - arrangement of the three and so zander vt went on shaping the mix further , \u00b4til in a final session with their studio - neighbours chopstick & johnjon the \u201ccinematique remix\u201d got the final touches .\nmoon crest 24 : conversed by aleck von zander , and appears to be the reason for his fallen angel status , as he preaches that vampires were forced to protect something they didn ' t believe in .\ndokken , b . 2004 . angler ' s catch likely a rare zander . grand forks herald . grand forks , nd . urltoken created on 07 / 13 / 2004 . accessed on 07 / 13 / 2004 .\nlogan is able to recognize zander rice as the son of the man who injected him with adamantium . however , logan does not have the memories of the logan who became weapon x in 1983 , during the events of\nsuch is the case of the swedish physician dr . gustav zander , who helped pioneer \u201cmechanotherapy , \u201d or the promotion of health and healing through the use the exercise apparatus . zander was likely not the first to see positivity in using machines to aid in health , but his connection of regular exertion using machines to honor health and well being was certainly a novel idea in an age when blood - letting and noxious humors were still pretty standard .\nwhile the smithsonian libraries\u2019 german version of dr . g . zander\u2019s medico - mechanische gymnastik might present a language barrier , the illustrations are worthy of a perusal for the curious sartorial choices the victorians made for their exercise wear .\nneighbour joining tree of 41 zander populations based on chord distances . populations of native areas showed catchment specific clustering and the populations of the invasion range linked the elbe - oder with the danube clade . \u2013 sample ids are explained in table\nfour generations and 80 years experience , unparalleled commitment to service , the best products on the market , and a principled commitment to debt free strategies , are just a few reasons i trust , use and strongly recommend zander insurance .\ndr . zander\u2019s contributions to this perennial gym craze began in the midst of heavy industrialization in the latter part of the 19th century . for the first time , a sizable chunk of society was now working in offices and \u201claboring\u201d without physical exertion .\ndokken , b . 2016 . u . s . fish and wildlife service list zander as injurious species . grand forks herald . grand forks , nd . urltoken . created on 10 / 02 / 2016 . accessed on 10 / 11 / 2017 .\nnovember 2009 reading in the angling times the british zander record has been broken with with a 22lb specimen caught from grafham water park by mick dolan . mick is now in the process of submitting his claim to the british record fish committee , and if accepted it will replace james benfield\u2019s record of 21lb 5oz caught from the river severn in 2007 . this was the first zander 52 year old mick had ever caught and it was also the first time he had fished the 1 , 600 - acre cambridgeshire venue\nwe investigated the contemporary invasive spreading of zander in german inland waters , and analysed how this was possibly driven by admixture of different genetic lineages after multiple human - assisted secondary contacts . analysis of nine species - specific microsatellites and the mitochondrial cyt b gene revealed conspicuous asymmetric distribution of admixed genetic ancestries indicating gene flow predominantly from the danube , elbe and oder towards rhine , weser and ems catchments . we discuss the population differentiation of zander as a result of different initial situations in the native versus the newly colonized ranges .\n) and compared with sequences of zander from geographic regions outside germany . neighbour joining analysis showed that no haplotypes other than a and b have been identified for europe to date . all sequences grouped with one of these two main types , which represented sister clades (\nunknown . concern exists that zander and walleye could hybridize . so far there has been no evidence of that happening ( l . schlueter , personal communication ) . there has been no discernible impact on native walleye or perch populations ( l . schlueter , personal communication ) .\nthis nickname maker is designed to create username for zander or to generate many other things , such as business name ideas , domain names of the website e . t . c . create ideal unique nickname with your name or generate cool funny couple names using the form below .\nspiritwood lake was been connected to the james river for three years ( 1998 - 2001 ) because of high water conditions . there is concern that zander may have escaped into the james river , althouth sampling efforts have found no evidence ( l . schlueter , personal communication ) .\nwhen you provide us with comments , suggestions , or ideas ( collectively ,\nfeedback\n) , such feedback is not considered confidential and becomes the property of zander identity theft solutions . we are free to use , copy , or distribute the feedback to others for any purpose .\nyou agree and authorize zander identity theft solutions , its agents and employees , to provide your personally identifiable information ( or information about your child that you have enrolled ) to third parties from time to time as provided in our privacy policy . you further authorize zander identity theft solutions , its agents and employees to obtain various information and reports about you ( or about your child that you have enrolled ) in order to perform the services , including , but not limited to , address history reports , name and alias reports , criminal reports , and all other relevant reports .\nsmith pa ; leah r ; eaton w , 1994 . the impact of zander , an alien piscivorous fish , on prey populations in a heavily - trafficked canal : implications for fishery management . institute of fisheries management 25th annual study course , university of lancaster , uk . 133 - 140 .\nlake and river populations exhibited no consistent patterns in their degrees of admixture , that is , there was not a clear tendency of more or less admixture in riverine or lacustrine habitats . for example , within the danube catchment , zander populations of ammersee and starnberger see ( pie chart 1 . 2 in fig .\ncollection of nicknames , cool fonts , letters , symbols and tags related to zander \u2013 zann , zan , alexander , zandros , zandro , zatistra . fancy names with the copy - paste function , reputation and popularity . create unique names for games , youtube channels , instagram accounts , companies , brands or social media .\nin the comics , zander rice is part of the scientific team that created the female clone of wolverine called x - 23 alongside dr . kinney . his father , dale , worked on the weapon x project and was killed by wolverine during his escape from the project . all of these characteristics of rice are adapted in logan .\neditor ' s note : the following is an excerpt of the graphic book ,\nevolution : the story of life on earth\n( hill and wang , 2011 ) . it was written by noted comic - book author and professor of biology jay hosler and illustrated by the award - winning duo kevin cannon and zander cannon .\nwill we send you offers of other zander products and services ? our range of identity protection products and services is constantly evolving to match the increasingly sophisticated market in which we operate . we will not send you details of other zander products or services or those of any reputable third parties without your prior consent and you can change your mind at any time by contacting us . in the limited instances we send you promotional or other informational communications , you may opt - out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each communication , by e - mailing us at the e - mail address provided below or by contacting us through one of the methods listed below .\nyour use of this service confirms that you have accepted these terms in their entirety . if you do not agree with these terms in their entirety , please terminate the service . these terms and conditions ( this\nagreement\nor\nterms and conditions\n) identify what you can expect from zander identity theft solutions and what we expect from you . these terms and conditions apply to your purchase of any identity theft products and / or services offered or provided by zander insurance group and govern the relationship between us and you , even if you have agreed to other or conflicting terms and conditions of third parties associated with this business relationship or the provision of such services and / or products .\nberg s , 2012 . zander sander lucioperca ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . ( sandart sander lucioperca ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . ) in : atlas over danske ferskvandsfisk [ ed . by carl , h . \\ m\u00f8ller , p . r . ] . copenhagen , denmark : natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , 585 - 599 .\nthousand four hundred and seventy - eight fin and muscle tissue samples of zander were collected from rivers , lakes and canals in germany by commercial and recreational fishers , research organizations and state fishery authorities . samples were collected from seven main river catchments including different numbers of tributaries and lakes , with more than one sampling site at some of the larger water bodies ( table\nsmith pa ; leah rt ; eaton jw , 1998 . a review of the current knowledge on the introduction , ecology and management of zander , stizostedion lucioperca ) , in the uk . in : stocking and introduction of fish [ ed . by cowx , i . g . ] . oxford , uk : fishing news books , blackwell science ltd , 209 - 224 .\ndecades later , zander rice worked for the transigen project , which sought to curb the spread of mutants on the planet . using genetically modified food , rice spread a virus through the population that ended natural mutant births . after the success of the project , rice initiated a project to create mutant children to sell as weapons known as x - 23 and x - 24 .\nwhen you submit information to zander identity theft solutions through the relevant portal or web site , you should be aware that your information is transmitted across the internet and that no method of transmission over the internet is 100 % secure . although we take reasonable security measures to protect your information when we receive it , you also need to ensure you take appropriate steps to protect your information .\nin addition , in the event of a merger , acquisition , or any form of sale of some or all of our assets to a third party , we may also disclose your personal information to the third parties concerned or their professional advisors . in the event of such a transaction , the personal information held by zander identity theft solutions will be among the assets transferred to the buyer .\nwe have appropriate physical , technical and organizational measures in place to protect your data when held by zander identity theft solutions that comply with relevant legal and best practice requirements . when you enter sensitive information ( such as a credit card , social security number or login credentials ) as part of the enrollment process , we encrypt the transmission of that information using secure socket layer technology ( ssl ) .\nfigure s2 . neighbour joining tree based on mitochondrial cyt b sequences demonstrating the dimorphic nature of the mitochondrial gene in europe . \u2013 a , a1 , a2 , b , b1 , b2 = haplotypes identified in the current study ; accession numbers and country codes = haplotypes isolated by others from different european sites ; numbers specify bootstrap values \u226570 % ; volga zander and perch are included as outgroups .\nkr\u00f6ger n 1 , shaw b , iacobelli s , zabelina t , peggs k , shimoni a , nagler a , binder t , eiermann t , madrigal a , schwerdtfeger r , kiehl m , sayer hg , beyer j , bornh\u00e4user m , ayuk f , zander ar , marks di ; clinical trial committee of the british society of blood and marrow transplantation and the german cooperative transplant group .\na . unless otherwise explicitly stated , zander identity theft solutions , for itself and its licensors , makes no express , implied or statutory representations , warranties , or guarantees in connection with the services , relating to the quality , suitability , truth , accuracy or completeness of any information or material contained or presented in the services . unless otherwise explicitly stated , to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law , the services , and any information or material contained or presented through the services is provided to you on an\nas is ,\nas available\nand\nwhere - is\nbasis with no warranty of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose , or non - infringement of third - party rights . zander identity theft solutions does not provide any warranties against viruses , spyware or malware that may be installed on your computer .\ngenetic admixture of zander populations in german inland and coastal waters . levels of admixture were higher in the invasion ranges ( colored area ) as compared with the native ranges . the big lake ( colored blue ) at the southern borderline of germany is lake constance . black , grey and white colors in the pie charts indicate the genetic proportion of danube , elbe and oder ancestry respectively . numbers indicate pooled populations displayed in table\nzander insurance group \u00ae , dave ramsey ' s choice for term life , disability insurance , and identity theft protection , has been serving its customers for over 80 years . as one of this country ' s largest independent insurance brokerages , we are here to provide you convenient and informative access to the insurance programs you need . don ' t hesitate to call us . . . we look forward to being of service to you .\nhowever , logan could have also remembered him from the procedure from both timelines , as it was stated in x - men : days of future past that he is the only person who would know both timelines . it is possible rice ' s father assisted in the procedure in the original timeline , and logan was simply referencing that instance as well . zander himself confirms that his father was one of the men responsible for the procedure .\npresence of null alleles and large allele drop - outs were tested with microchecker 2 . 2 . 3 ( van oosterhout et al . 2004 ) . linkage disequilibrium was tested for 1476 loci combinations with bonferroni corrections in all zander populations using genepop 4 . 2 ( raymond and rousset 1995 ) . the same software was applied to test for hardy - weinberg deviations . markov chain parameters were set at 10 000 dememorizations , 20 batches and 5000 iterations per batch .\nsince it affects your use of the services , please review our privacy policy and zander insurance group website terms of use (\nwebsite terms of use\n) . we collect , use and disclose information about you as provided in our privacy policy . we will share your personal information with third parties only in the ways that are described in this privacy policy . our privacy policy and website terms of use are located on the site and are incorporated into this agreement , and you agree to the terms of the privacy policy as a condition to your acceptance of this agreement .\nthe populations of the invaded areas separated the danube clade from the elbe - oder clade . more precisely , the river main and lake constance populations ( both belonging to the rhine catchment ) appeared more closely related to the danube clade , while the other rhine populations ( rhine itself and mosel ) , together with the reservoir edersee ( weser catchment ) and the ems populations , appeared genetically closer to the elbe - oder group . most zander populations of the invaded areas formed clusters as well , for example , ems , rhine and lake constance populations , though with very low bootstrap support .\nyou understand that by accepting these terms and conditions you are providing\nwritten instructions\nto zander identity theft solutions (\nwe\nor\nus\n) and its , employees , agents , subsidiaries , affiliates , contractors , third party data providers , and all national credit reporting agencies under the fair credit reporting act ( fcra ) , as amended , including , without limitation , experian , transunion , equifax and affiliated entities , to access your credit files from each national credit reporting agency and to exchange information about you with each such national credit reporting agency in order to verify your identity and to provide the services to you .\na sophisticated sadist would be the best way to describe dr . zander rice . he talks in a smooth , collected way almost all the time in order to make the person he is talking to believe that he is affable . while he does seem genuinely nice at times , he is also often arrogant , underestimating wolverine ' s powers when he and donald pierce were torturing caliban . rice is a sadistic monster that tortures and enslaves mutant kids for monetary gain , making their lives absolute nightmares in the process . not only that , but rice is also delusional , and sees what he does as less brutal than it truly is .\nwe identified three ancestral genetic lineages with microsatellite based admixture analysis , which unambiguously coincided with the three clades harboured in the native river catchments of danube , oder and elbe . although zander populations of each of these areas exhibited signs of admixture with other genetic lineages , indicating that introgression has happened , this was much more pronounced in the non - native catchments of rhine , weser and ems . populations in these river systems were completely admixed and exhibited more or less balanced proportions of each of the three genetic lineages , meaning that fish from all native catchments must have been translocated or migrated into each of the rivers in the non - native range .\n) were less admixed than the respective river populations ( 1 ) , but chiemsee and waginger see ( 1 . 1 ) showed comparable or higher levels of admixture . similarly , within the elbe catchment lake populations of m\u00fcritz and plauer see ( 2 . 4 ) showed comparable levels of admixture to the respective river populations ( 2 ) , but populations of the spree lakes m\u00fcggelsee and gro\u00dfer kossenblatter see ( 2 . 3 ) were much more admixed . outside the native range of zander , lake constance populations ( 4 . 3 ) had a lower level of admixture compared with rhine populations ( 4 ) , but this was also true for the river populations of main ( 4 . 2 ) and mosel ( 4 . 1 ) belonging to the same catchment .\n1 we do not sell your personal information to anyone . you will not receive unsolicited , intrusive calls or emails from other agents and companies across the country . if you do provide your telephone number , a zander representative or their partners may call or text message / sms you at the phone number ( s ) above , including your wireless number if provided . normal charges may apply . this call may be generated using an automated technology and if we ' re unable to reach you when we call , we may leave you a pre - 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( sorry for the long , boring disclaimer . . . our attorney made us do it . )\nyet again another male oc ! \u2702 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - zander ' s personality : emo - ish power : dark magics likes : anything sweet fav color : black and blue sexuality : any gender ( he dont care if u boy , girl , trans ect . ) \u2702 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - yea enjoy ! don ' t forget to like !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na\ndirty dozen\nof the 12 non - native species most likely to harm native wildlife along rivers has been highlighted by british waterways .\nthey include red - eared terrapins which were introduced after the teenage mutant ninja turtle craze of the 1990s .\nbritish waterways urged people to think about the environmental impact of releasing such species into the wild .\ninvasive species can cause problems because they are normally bigger , faster growing or more aggressive than native ones and are often resistant to traditional methods of control .\nthe organisation spends \u00a31m a year dealing with the problems caused by such species .\nits national ecologist chris john said :\nwhilst not all non - native species are harmful , many pose real problems to our native wildlife , to boaters and to our historic channels , locks and bridges .\nwith no natural predators to control them they can overwhelm wildlife , channels , banks and towpaths .\nhe added :\nbritish waterways invests a large amount of time and money to protect our canals and rivers through identifying , monitoring and controlling damaging species .\nthis is very costly and diverts resources that could be used elsewhere on the waterway network .\nwe are therefore asking people to help us by disposing of non - native plants safely and carefully selecting alternative plants for gardens , ponds and aquariums .\nmost popular now | 56 , 514 people are reading stories on the site right now .\n;\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites . read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets ( css ) enabled . while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser , you will not be able to get the full visual experience . please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets ( css ) if you are able to do so .\ngreat price . great service . call toll free : 800 . 356 . 4282\nprovides true white glove service by transferring the restoration work directly to a certified identity theft specialist available 24 / 7 / 365 .\nprovides early detection of fraud and dramatically reduces your risk of becoming a victim of identity theft .\ncovers expenses and legal costs for fraud , embezzlement , forgery , atm access and other id theft risks to your financial institution accounts . also , any out of pocket expenses incurred as a victim for lost wages , postage , mileage , travel .\nmonitors your child\u2019s personal information and ssn for activity on the internet or at the credit bureaus up to age 18 when enrolled in the family plan at no additional cost .\nplease read the following information carefully before using any of the products or services ( the\nservices\n) provided by this website ( this\nsite\n) . by accessing or using any of the services , you acknowledge that you have read , understood , and agree to these terms and conditions and to follow all applicable laws and regulations . please check the terms and conditions each time you visit this site as these terms and conditions may be changed by us from time to time , and you agree to abide by any such changes .\nin order for us to provide you with our identity protection service and for the prevention and detection of fraud , we will share your personal information with third parties who perform services on our behalf . depending on the service you have requested , we may share your name , email address , national identifier or social security number ( as applicable ) . we will also share your billing information with a credit card processing company in order to bill you for goods and services . these companies are authorized to use your personal information only as necessary to provide these services to you .\nb . nothing in these terms and conditions , including sections 4 and 5 , shall exclude or limit our warranty or liability for losses which may not be lawfully excluded or limited by applicable law . some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of certain warranties or conditions or the limitation or exclusion of liability for loss or damage caused by negligence , breach of contract or breach of implied terms , or incidental or consequential damages . accordingly , only the limitations which are lawful in your jurisdiction will apply to you and our liability will be limited to the maximum extent permitted by law .\nc . we are not a credit repair organization , or similarly regulated organization under other applicable laws , and do not provide credit repair advice .\nd . if you use the ssn trace services ( social security number monitoring ) , you represent and warrant to us that you will use such services ( or any of the information therein ) to protect against or prevent actual fraud , unauthorized transactions , claims or other liabilities , and not for any other purpose .\n( i ) any direct , indirect , incidental , special , consequential or exemplary damages which may be incurred by you , however caused and under any theory of liability . this shall include , but not be limited to , any loss of profit ( whether incurred directly or indirectly ) , any loss of goodwill or business reputation , any loss of data suffered , cost of procurement of substitute goods or services , or other intangible loss ; or\nb . the limitations on our liability to you in section 4 above or this section 5 shall apply whether or not we have been advised of or should have been aware of the possibility of any such losses arising .\nbecause you can access this site and use the services internationally , you agree to follow all local rules about the internet , data , e - 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{"id": 1025, "summary": [{"text": "holy roman emperor , is a retired thoroughbred racehorse and active sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was a leading two-year-old racehorse , winning four races from seven runs in europe in 2006 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "holy roman emperor ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["holy roman emperor is a 12 year old bay horse . holy roman emperor is trained by e a martinovich , at success and owned by .\narmour of the holy roman emperor ferdinand i . # armor | armor costume inspiration | pinterest | roman emperor , ferdinand and emperor\nholy roman emperor was sired by danehill out of the dam l ' on vite holy roman emperor was foaled on 01 of august in 2004 .\nholy roman emperor has a 50 % win percentage and 100 % place percentage . holy roman emperor ' s last race event was at g b - newmarket .\nferdinand ii , holy roman emperor , whole length on rearing horse , wearing armour , sash and holding baton ; battle in the background .\nholy roman emperor ' s exposed form for its last starts is 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nferdinand ii , holy roman emperor , whole length on rearing horse , wearing armour , sash and holding baton ; battle in the background . | museu . ms\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for holy trilogy ( irl ) . holy trilogy ( irl ) is a gelding born in 2013 may 5 by holy roman emperor out of magical bupers\n; there he crowned him emperor in february 1530 . it was to be the last time that a holy roman emperor was crowned by a pope .\nat the time of his retirement , holy roman emperor was second favorite to champion teofilo for england\u2019s first classic of 2007 , the two thousand guineas . he was perfectly sound , and his perennial irish champion trainer , aidan o\u2019brien , said holy roman emperor was the stable\u2019s best horse .\nholy roman emperor , winning the 2006 prix jean - luc lagardere , was retired to stud at 3 in 2007 .\nholy roman emperor was our best horse ,\no ' brien told the british press association .\nhe was the horse we were looking forward to for the 2000 guineas and the st . james ' s palace .\nholy roman emperor\u2019s last race event was at 14 / 10 / 2006 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nas befitting a horse named after a roman emperor , honorius is a horse of great style and presence and he is sure to impress breeders as he begins his stud career at larneuk stud , euroa .\nholy roman emperor career form is 2 wins , 2 seconds , thirds from 4 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for roman emperor ( nzl ) . roman emperor ( nzl ) is a stallion born in 2005 october 15 by montjeu out of gussy godiva\nalthough john magnier broke with one of racing\u2019s holiest traditions in retiring holy roman emperor to stud while still sound after his juvenile campaign , that decision seems to be paying off . holy roman emperor may become the viable heir to danehill that george washington once appeared to be .\nthe current race record for roman emperor ( nzl ) is 2 wins from 20 starts .\nwith now three racing crops to 2012 , holy roman emperor took on the more seasoned green desert horse invincible spirit in a heavy duel for honours as leading sire of two - year - olds in europe .\nholy roman emperor joseph ii tried to strengthen the habsburg empire with his enlightened reforms , but the changes he made were met with fierce opposition .\nthis was evidenced when holy roman emperor\u2019s \u201cfull sister\u201d milanova set an australasian record price for a broodmare when she sold in 2008 for $ 5 million .\non this day in history , 24th february 1500 , charles v , holy roman emperor was born . happy birthday , charles ! here are some facts about charles : -\n, assuming at the same time the title of roman emperor - elect . in the spring of 1521 the imperial\ngeorge washington had been standing for a fee of 60 , 000 euros ( $ 78 , 000 ) . a stud fee has yet to be set for holy roman emperor .\naidan o ' brien , who trained both holy roman emperor and george washington at his ballydoyle yard in county tipperary , ireland , understands that coolmore has obligations to clients who had signed on to breed mares to george washington , and that their interests can be served by mating with holy roman emperor who , like george washington , is by danehill ( although holy roman emperor is out of a secretariat mare , while george washington is out of a mare by alysheba ) . nonetheless , o ' brien was nonplussed by the developments .\nmount nelson , at 12 to 1 , is now the lowest priced ballydoyle - trained horse in the guineas betting , but the market for the opening classic of the season at newmarket is dominated even more by holy roman emperor ' s old rival teofilo .\nin france , five of holy roman emperor\u2019s juveniles won 8 races to give him his first champion sire title whilst his coolmore stud shuttle colleague choisir finished close behind in fifth position .\ngoing down fighting when only just being beaten by teofilo in the group one dewhurst stakes at newmarket , holy roman emperor looked to have so much ahead of him but with fellow coolmore horse george washington proving infertile he was rushed off to stud to fill that gap on the roster .\nholy roman emperor started a hot favorite in ireland\u2019s premier juvenile race , the group 1 national stakes , but the unbeaten teofilo outpaced him convincingly , drawing off to win by 1 1 / 4 lengths , with holy roman emperor well clear of the rest . sent to france for the group 1 prix jean - luc lagardere , holy roman emperor easily outpointed a substandard field , but though it was his sixth start of a busy campaign , he ran greenly , veering right , then left , then back right again in the final furlong , though the race was already well in hand .\nholy roman emperor charles v is one of the most intriguing characters of the 16th century . i believe titian was his favorite artist . every so often i think about him and don\u2019t know why .\ngeorge washington has been suspended from covering , and holy roman emperor , another dual group 1 - winning 2 - year - old by danehill , has been retired to take his place .\nlike holy roman emperor , teofilo never raced again \u2212 in teofilo\u2019s case because of injury \u2212 so it is difficult to assess just how good holy roman emperor might have been , but so far he has been a better sire than teofilo . holy roman emperor\u2019s first crop of 105 named northern hemisphere foals includes seven stakes winners , headed by the tough , consistent filly banimpire , whose six wins at three in 2011 included a win in the group 2 ribblesdale stakes . at the end of that season , banimpire sold for $ 3 , 095 , 110 at goffs but finished third in her only subsequent start .\nmaria theresa was an austrian archduchess , and holy roman empress of the habsburg dynasty from 1740 to 1780 . she was also marie antoinette\u2019s mother .\nholy roman emperor challenged teofilo once again in the group 1 dewhurst stakes and came within inches of dethroning the champion . held up at the back of the field , he squeezed through on the inside rail running down into the dip and then had to be switched outside teofilo for the final uphill run . holy roman emperor headed teofilo about 100 yards out , but the favorite fought back to win by a head .\naquis shuttler holy roman emperor ( ire ) has been in top form this year and has a very bright prospect in german bred filly well timed , who won the group ii hoppegarten diana trial on the weekend .\nwhilst 2012 was his best year to date and hopefully , a sign of better things to come , holy roman emperor now stands at coolmore stud ireland in 2013 for a service fee of 20 , 000 euro .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\naquis shuttler holy roman emperor ( ire ) has had stakes - winners in every racing country in the world and was in the frame in canada on the weekend when shahroze captured the grade iii singspiel stakes at woodbine .\non the strength of that victory sent out favourite in the group one phoenix stakes at the same track , holy roman emperor was a dominant winner before a gallant second to rising star teofilo in the group one national stakes .\nholy roman emperor\u2019s highlights came with homemaker queen\u2019s win in the gr1 english 1000 guineas and morandi romping through heavy ground to win the gr1 grand criterium . whilst roll out the carpet won the gr1 nz 1000 guineas in november .\nmilanova is a grand - daughter of franfreluche the champion 3yo in canada and horse of the year .\nholy roman emperor also won the phoenix stakes as a juvenile and , in between defeats to teofilo in the national stakes and the dewhurst stakes , he was an impressive winner of the group one prix jean luc lagadere at longchamp .\n\u2026king , charles i , who , as charles v , was elected holy roman emperor in 1519 at the age of 19 . in this youth , the vast dual inheritance of the spanish and habsburg empires came together . the grandson of ferdinand and isabella on his mother\u2019s side and of the emperor maximilian i\u2026\nmagnier\u2019s decision was met with considerable shock in the international racing community and perhaps caused substantial blowback on the subsequent stud career of holy roman emperor . some breeders were offended by coolmore\u2019s decision , which put commercial considerations directly before racing consideration .\n\u201ci speak spanish to god , italian to women , french to men and german to my horse . \u201d\nholy roman emperor charles vi and his wife , elisabeth christine of brunswick - wolfenb\u00fcttel , welcomed their first daughter , maria theresa , into the world on may 13 , 1717 . she was born at the hofburg palace in vienna , austria .\nholy roman emperor ' s grandam is northern dancer ' s finest daughter fanfreluche - canadian horse of the year , us champion 3y0 filly . best remembered as the victim of a kidnap , she was saved by a family who found her wandering along the road ! fortunately she was eventually returned to clairbone farm from where she proved a powerful breeding force .\nbut back to her grandson holy roman emperor . with such a background of course expectations were high and he did not disappoint - at debut racing away with a maiden at leopardstown and two starts later claiming the group two railway stakes at the curragh .\nthe current race record for holy trilogy ( irl ) is 0 wins from 7 starts .\nmaria theresa died on november 29 , 1780 , at hofburg palace in vienna , austria\u2014where she had reigned for four decades\u2014leaving behind a solid basis for future generations of the family empire . with her death , joseph ii assumed full responsibility as holy roman emperor .\njust a few weeks earlier at easter 2008 , gai waterhouse had paid an australasian record price for a yearling when she knocked down the rock of gibraltar / l\u2019on vite colt , being the \u00be brother to milanova and holy roman emperor for $ 3 million .\nto valois and the emperor defeated in his struggle for hegemony in western europe .\nand the track ' s loss has proven breeding ' s gain with holy roman emperor proving himself to be one of danehill ' s classiest and most versatile sons , to date represented by 67 stakes winners , ten of whom have been successful at the elite level .\nthe unbeaten juvenile champion teofilo is now as low as 11 to 8 favourite for this year ' s 2 , 000 guineas after the weekend ' s shock decision by john magnier ' s coolmore stud to retire holy roman emperor to stud just weeks before the flat season begins .\nby a champion , breed shaping stallion , holy roman emperor hails from one of the world ' s great thoroughbred families , one held in such high regard that his full sister milanova set an australian record when fetching a whopping $ 5 million at the 2008 inglis easter broodmare sale .\nthe emperor gave a rare example to his successors\u2026in so doing , he proved himself to be a true christian prince\u2026may the lord in all his goodness now grant the emperor freedom .\ncharles i , who was elected holy roman emperor charles v in 1519 upon the death of his paternal grandfather , maximilian , aspired to universal monarchy over the far - flung territories he had inherited , from germany , the low countries , italy , and spain to the new world . \u2026\n\u2026and the holy roman emperor charles v . militarily , the kingdom was of the same magnitude as the papacy\u2014the english king had about the same revenues and could field an army about the same size\u2014and , as one contemporary noted , england , with its back door constantly exposed to scotland and its economy\u2026\n\u201che was the horse we were looking forward to for the two thousand guineas and st . james\u2019s palace stakes , \u201d o\u2019brien said .\ntheir dam l ' on vite by the immortal secretariat , has produced four stakes winners - holy roman emperor the star whilst milanova was successful at group three level ( producing a group three winner in ireland ) as was big viking in japan . . . whilst heart of oak won listed races in germany .\n, his native city , the emperor himself went to the netherlands . the country\u2019s regent\u2014charles\u2019s sister ,\nholy roman emperor ( ire ) b . h , 2004 { 4 - g } dp = 8 - 11 - 19 - 1 - 1 ( 40 ) di = 2 . 48 cd = 0 . 60 - 7 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 764 , 836\nit has been reported that holy roman emperor covered his first mare on the same day , a move that emphasises even more the commercial priority of magnier ' s coolmore operation , and one that has been undertaken to salvage as much as possible from the multi - million euro implications of george washington ' s infertility .\ntwo years later an imposing son of danehill , a horse standing his second season at coolmore stud , was chosen as zarinia ' s mate .\nan astonishing sequence of events , beginning with the discovery that last year ' s brilliant guineas winner george washington is infertile , led to the swift removal of holy roman emperor from aidan o ' brien ' s ballydoyle yard on saturday and the end of the racing career of the trainer ' s top classic prospect for 2007 .\ntherefore that makes our filly the daughter of pretty flamingo , the $ 625 , 000 weanling , and next , our filly is the grand - daughter of milanova the $ 5 million broodmare and milanova is the full sister to holy roman emperor . milanova is a half sister to the $ 3 million record price yearling mount olympus .\nsecond - crop star homecoming queen provided holy roman emperor with his first classic winner this year through her runaway , nine - length victory in the one thousand guineas , though she has run disappointingly in subsequent races . that classic win , though , was only the beginning of what has turned out to be an excellent year for the young stallion .\nand her blood flows through many a great australian horse with eight carat - record breaking dam of five group one winners including the champion octagonal - also a descendant .\n, the roman catholic king and queen of spain . after his father\u2019s death in 1506 , charles was raised by his paternal aunt\nholy roman emperor\u2019s second dam , fanfreluche , by northern dancer , was a champion in the united states and canada , and her daughters and granddaughters had been responsible for a long list of turf luminaries , including european champion juvenile filly bint allayl , leading australian sires flying spur and encosta de lago , and group 1 or grade 1 winners aube indienne , majestic roi , and medici .\nholy roman emperor was the success story among stallions claiming championships in the various categories for the french racing year of 2012 . the last of 85 danehill foals to win a group i race was the appropriate champion as leading sire of two - year - olds , since he won his last race at the highest level in the prix jean luc - lagardere ( 1400m ) at longchamp .\nholy roman emperor came to coolmore stud\u2019s australian base in the hunter valley on four occasions and copped a hard start to his first season in 2007 when we were suffering the equine influenza crisis . he had two solid books his first two seasons , then the financial crisis in his third year which saw a drop in service fee and numbers and then again in his fourth and final season .\na truly international success story is holy roman emperor . . . winners in 41 different countries ! a stallion whose stats read so very well - a 65 . 3 % winners - to - runners strike rate , 6 . 2 % stakes winners to runners . prize money earnings in excess of $ 82 million , stakes winners who have won over a variety of distances from 1000m to 2500m .\nsuch as caulfield cup hero mongolian khan , also winner of the new zealand and australian derbies . . . the only horse to claim all three of those coveted group one races .\nthe boss has his clients and he obviously has to take care of them . they are trying to replace like with like . holy roman emperor is by danehill and has a super physique too . with all those mares booked to george , they felt they had to pull out all the stops . it ' s a sickener , but it ' s a business decision ,\nthe champion trainer said .\nholy roman emperor is inbred 3x3 to northern dancer , and , inevitably , 15 of his 21 stakes winners carry at least one additional cross of the little giant of windfields farm . two of his three group 1 winners , homecoming queen and rollout the carpet , do not , and there are no obvious strong preferences among the broodmare sires of his best runners although two of his nine group winners are out of bering mares .\n, \u201d a formula conciliatory to the protestants but retaining the roman catholic ritual in general . although charles believed that he had granted far - reaching concessions to the people and the protestant authorities in that document , his main concern was to make the protestants return to the roman catholic church .\nscintillo won the 2yo gran criterium group 1 , defeating gladiatorus ( who shortly after won g1 ' s dubai duty free and premio vittorio ) and was awarded the \u2018 world\u2019s highest rated horse \u201c .\nfive of her progeny , including canadian horse of the year l ' enjoleur , were stakes winners and she spurred a dynasty whose members include the australian champion stallions flying spur and encosta de lago .\nincluding a tough fellow by the name of honorius , a horse whose illustrious background demands attention ! a proven high class sire line , an internationally prolific family . . . he has it all .\naustralia has been supported by an international spread of breeders which includes , in addition to shareholder china horse club , martin schwartz , moyglare stud , glenhill farm , gestut fahrhof , ballylinch stud and sir robert ogden .\nthe pope , having surrendered to the mutinous troops , was ready for any compromise . the newly started war between the emperor and france also came to a close when the mother of francis i approached margaret of austria , the emperor\u2019s aunt , through whose mediation the so - called \u201cladies\u2019 peace , \u201d the\n, but the order to give decisive battle was withheld . instead , the emperor returned to spain in 1533 , leaving his brother ferdinand behind as his deputy .\nnever tasting defeat , zarkava earned the title of cartier european horse of the year and has already produced a group one winner - her son zarak charging home from the rear to claim the grand prix de saint - cloud in early july .\nkristen manning is a freelance racing writer and pedigree analyst based in melbourne . a keen owner / breeder who loves every aspect of thoroughbred horse racing , she has written two books focusing on the deeds of fields of omagh and prince of penzance .\nsaturday racing in the week of the anniversary of the legendary bart cummings ' death , a horse that holds a special place in the family ' s hearts will start a campaign that could result in one of australian racing ' s most sentimental wins .\nlast season ' s charismatic champion miler retired to stud at the end of 2006 complete with a \u20ac60 , 000 covering fee . but the results of about 40 mares which the horse has covered so far in this breeding season have all been negative .\n\u201cno nay never was pinhooked by paul shanahan and timmy hyde as a foal so they\u2019ve supported him very well since he\u2019s come to stud\u2013he\u2019s got plenty of their mares , \u201d o\u2019loughlin said . \u201cthey\u2019re big believers in the horse . but he\u2019s an interesting horse because he raced in three countries : america , england and france and he raced on three surfaces , turf , dirt and polytrack . he\u2019s been particularly popular internationally ; some americans have bred mares to him , people like hunter valley and reiley mcdonald . \u201d\n\u201cwe own him in partnership with al shaqab and they\u2019ve supported him all along , \u201d o\u2019loughlin noted of ruler of the world , who has also been supported at stud by his trainer , aidan o\u2019brien . \u201cbreeders in england , france , ireland and germany have supported the horse . \u201d\nuk horse of the year , one whose record mare earnings took ten years to surpass . a true legend of the turf - and another great mare to make her mark over the generations with her unraced daughter zahra the foundation mare of the aga khan ' s prolific\nz\nfamily .\nlittle wonder that australians have been keen to tap into the influence of this family and it was kia - ora stud , nsw who imported zariya ' s irish bred granddaughter zarinia in 2005 . . . and they struck gold early with her second foal being south african horse of the year igugu .\nthe results of conclusive tests on george washington ' s fertility are still awaited , but the move does leave open the intriguing possibility of a return to racing action for the horse which also won last year ' s queen elizabeth ii stakes before unsuccessfully bowing out on dirt in the breeders ' cup classic .\nseveral stories tell of nicholas and the sea . when he was young , nicholas sought the holy by making a pilgrimage to the holy land . there as he walked where jesus walked , he sought to more deeply experience jesus ' life , passion , and resurrection . returning by sea , a mighty storm threatened to wreck the ship . nicholas calmly prayed . the terrified sailors were amazed when the wind and waves suddenly calmed , sparing them all . and so st . nicholas is the patron of sailors and voyagers .\n, italy ) , the council for which the emperor had been pressing . once again charles\u2019s precarious financial situation partially accounted for the failure of his plans . his finances were in a perpetually unsettled state . the spanish possessions in the\npaul shanahan ( coolmore adviser ) was here at 11 . 30 and the box came for the horse at 11 . 50 . i spoke to the boss ( magnier ) in between and , the more i tried to persuade him , the more convinced he became that we had to retire him ,\nexplained o ' brien .\nand designs on rome , hong kong horse of the year . as well as south american stars salto olimpico and maraton , hong kong mile winner beauty only , nz 1000 guineas winner rollout the carpet , oakleigh plate victor sheidel , american big race winner rich tapestry , uk 1000 guineas heroine homecoming queen and the , high class french galloper morandi .\n. the gold from those possessions did not add up to any sizable sum at the time . only in 1550 did 17 spanish ships provide the emperor with 3 , 000 , 000 ducats and others with a like sum , the earliest significant\n, who had been his enemy since the establishment of the league of cognac , the pope\u2019s alliance with france , venice , florence , and milan against the emperor . mutinous and with their pay in arrears , charles\u2019s forces entered the defenseless city of\nmembers of australia\u2019s first crop also include the progeny of group 1 winners circle of life ( belong to me ) , mauralakana ( fr ) ( muhtathir { gb } ) , virginia waters ( kingmambo ) , sense of style and nymphea ( ire ) ( dylan thomas { ire } ) , and siblings to group 1 winners order of st george , beauty only ( ire ) ( holy roman emperor { ire } ) ; earl of tinsdal ( ger ) ( black sam bellamy { ire } ) , guignol ( ger ) ( cape cross { ire } ) , lucky lion ( gb ) ( high chaparral { ire } ) , guiliani ( ire ) ( tertullian ) , ridasiyna ( fr ) ( motivator { gb } ) and potemkin ( ger ) ( new approach { ire } ) .\n\u201cwe are absolutely delighted to have secured one of the most commercial young entires in training for our first breeding season , \u201d declared wooldridge . \u201cno established sire in australia is more commercial than snitzel at this time , and with spill the beans we have managed to acquire a young horse that would not be out of place on any stallion roster in the country . \u201d\nthe dominions of charles v thus encircled france and incorporated the wealth of spain overseas . even after the division of this vast inheritance between his son , philip ii of spain , and his brother , the emperor ferdinand i , the conflict between the habsburgs and the french crown dominated the\u2026\n\u201che\u2019s a different sort of horse from the gurkha , he\u2019s more your speed type and he was a top 2 - year - old , \u201d o\u2019loughlin said . he has a very interesting pedigree , being by street cry over a danehill mare from the family of invincible spirit and kodiac , so it resonates a lot with breeders . it\u2019s a fantastic stallion - producing family and people can relate to it so easily . \u201d\n1 print : etching , hand - colored . | cartoon shows catherine ii , faint and shying away from william pitt , who appears as petruchio , and don quixote on horseback ( a lean and scarred george iii whose authority has been usurped by pitt ) , seated behind pitt are the king of prussia and a figure representing holland as sancho panza , selim iii kneels to kiss the horse ' s tail ; a . . .\n\u201che\u2019s such an international horse , and i think that\u2019s becoming more important because the world is getting smaller , \u201d o\u2019loughlin added . \u201cspeed horses are getting more popular everywhere , so he\u2019s a big hit with european breeders because he was so fast . he\u2019s going to cover a similar book to the gurkha , 150 - plus mares . the other thing is he\u2019s an outcross to sadler\u2019s wells - line mares , which is important here . \u201d\nin 1519 ( succeeding his grandfather emperor maximilian i ) recalled him to that country after some two and one - half years in spain , charles left behind him a dissatisfied and restless people . adrian , whom he had installed as regent , was not strong enough to suppress the revolt of the castilian cities (\n, thus handing over imperial lands . when maurice tried to capture the emperor himself , the latter barely managed to escape . he soon gathered reinforcements , but the changed political situation compelled him to ratify an agreement made between his brother ferdinand and the rebels , according to which the new protestant religion was to be granted\n. the reformer\u2019s appearance represented a first challenge to charles , beginning with a sweeping invocation of his roman catholic ancestors , read out to the diet . after luther refused to recant the substance of his writings and left the diet , charles drew up the edict of worms . with it , he rejected luther\u2019s doctrines and essentially declared war on protestantism .\nthe gurkha , the winner of last year\u2019s g1 poule d\u2019essai des poulains and g1 sussex s . , is standing his initial season for \u20ac25 , 000 . \u201cthe gurkha is a horse we bred , \u201d o\u2019loughlin noted . \u201cwe bought his mother , who is by danehill dancer , as a yearling in deauville , and she was a good 2 - year - old and won a good race at the curragh . she was actually scanned in foal to galileo this week . \u201d\nshareholders in pride of dubai include his breeder sheikh khalifa al maktoum and the china horse club , and other breeders supporting him include jim bolger , airlie stud , the niarchos family , moyglare stud , mark gittins , and denis brosnan . his book includes group winners ponty acclaim ( ire ) ( acclamation { gb } ) and princess nala ( ire ) ( in the wings { gb } ) , and the dam of group 1 winner lahaleeb ( ire ) ( redback { gb } ) .\nunder the roman emperor diocletian , who ruthlessly persecuted christians , bishop nicholas suffered for his faith , was exiled and imprisoned . the prisons were so full of bishops , priests , and deacons , there was no room for the real criminals\u2014murderers , thieves and robbers . after his release , nicholas attended the council of nicaea in ad 325 . he died december 6 , ad 343 in myra and was buried in his cathedral church , where a unique relic , called manna , formed in his grave . this liquid substance , said to have healing powers , fostered the growth of devotion to nicholas . the anniversary of his death became a day of celebration , st . nicholas day , december 6th ( december 19 on the julian calendar ) .\nin 1765 maria theresa\u2019s husband , francis stephen , died . upon his death , maria theresa appointed her eldest son , joseph ii , as emperor and co - regent . the two frequently clashed in their beliefs . after considering her own abdication and ultimately rejecting the idea , maria theresa allowed joseph to take control of army reforms and join wenzel anton , prince of kaunitz - rietberg , in determining the empire\u2019s foreign policy .\n. after that , the turkish danger became the habsburgs\u2019 foremost concern on land , as it had been on the seas ever since charles\u2019s accession to the throne of spain . although charles realized that his first duty as emperor of christendom lay in warding off that peril , he found himself so enmeshed in the affairs of western europe that he had little time , energy , and money left for the task . in 1526 charles married isabella , the daughter of the late king\ndid not open until december 1545 , but paul iii had earlier offered charles men and money against the heretics . when the protestant princes failed to put in an appearance at the imperial diet of regensburg in 1546 , the religious and political situation turned critical once again . charles prepared for war . in a battle that decided the whole campaign and placed his archenemies at his mercy , the emperor ( who had been attacked by the german princes the previous september ) defeated the protestants at\nchampion 2yo in france , winner of the g1 prix jean - luc lagardere in record time as well as the g1 phoenix stakes & g2 railway stakes .\nout of a secretariat mare , like storm cat , a . p . indy , gone west etc .\nyearlings in 2017 sold for \u20ac245 , 000 , \u20ac180 , 000 , \u20ac140 , 000 etc .\nat 2 : 1st prix jean - luc lagardere / grand criterium ( fr - g1 ) , phoenix s . ( ire - g1 ) , railway s . ( ire - g2 ) ; 2nd national s . ( ire - g1 ) , dewhurst s . ( gb - g1 ) .\nbrother to australian 10f performer milanova ; half - brother to high - class japanese performer big viking , and smart german winner heart of oak ; dam is sister to d ' accord & medaille d ' or . retired march 2007 to replace george washington at coolmore / ire ( + aust ) ; shuttles to brazil 2012 . in 2016 standing at aquis farm , qld australia . ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nalthough coolmore and partners maintain one of the world\u2019s most successful racing stables at ballydoyle , sending out classic winners and champions almost every year , their business is selling stallion seasons . with george washington\u2019s stud fee at $ 78 , 000 , the loss of all those mares booked to george washington would be a substantial blow to the bottom line .\nalthough unraced herself , l\u2019on vite had done her share to spread franfreluche\u2019s genetic excellence , producing australian group 3 winner milanova , by danehill , japanese near - millionaire big viking , by theatrical , and stakes winner heart of oak , by woodman .\nthis fall , his juvenile son morandi proved himself one of the best 2 - year - olds in france with wide - margin victories in the criterium de saint - cloud and prix de conde . a week after morandi\u2019s group 1 victory , his australian - conceived daughter rollout the carpet captured the new zealand bloodstock one thousand guineas .\nteofilo , too , has shown promise as a sire , with dewhurst stakes winner parish hall in his first crop , but poor george washington sired only one foal during his brief period at stud and was dead before the next stud season after breaking down in the 2007 breeders\u2019 cup classic . his only foal , the aptly named date with destiny , placed in the 2011 totepool oaks trial stakes at lingfield park .\narion supply the majority of the stallions listing data on this website . contact them by clicking on the logo .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\na tudor christmas tale : one day in the life of elizabeth i by sydney m . klevesath cabrera\nconfessions of the executioner of queen anne boleyn \u2013 wiley emmett koon , jr .\nplease check your spam box if you don ' t receive a confirmation email . please note : your privacy is essential to us and we will not share your details with anyone .\nin his later life , charles v , like henry viii , was carried around on a special chair . this was due to his gout\n\u201cfortune has something of the nature of a woman . if she is too intensely wooed , she commonly goes the further away . \u201d\n\u201cto endeavor to domineer over conscience , is to invade the citadel of heaven . \u201d\n\u201cmy cousin francis and i are in perfect accord \u2013 he wants milan , and so do i . \u201d\n\u201ca single friar who goes counter to all christianity for a thousand years must be wrong . \u201d\nwow claire ! it\u2019s like you read my mind ! first i was awake at night finding that i wanted to learn more about katherine h because i hated how annoying ( & naked ) they made her look on the tudors\u2026 . the next day , you posted an article on her . charles v was on my list of history to explore & study\u2026 . and here you are again . new to the site , but hooked\u2026i like how you lay out all the facts and not just yours & others opinions\u2026 . although i almost always agree w / yours\u2026great job ! keep it up , reading your site has now become a part of my morning routine w / coffee .\nthank you , courtney , i always try to give a balanced view of historical characters because most of the time we just don\u2019t know the whole truth . i\u2019m so glad that you\u2019re enjoying the site , i love running it .\nalthough charles had affairs before he married and after he was widowed , he was devoted to his wife isabella and was faithful to her . they were married for thirteen years .\nhe was so devasted when she died following the birth of a stillborn child that he wore black for the rest of his life . he refused to consider re - marriage , although he only had one son and two daughters , and was still comparatively young ( 39 ) . a very different character from his contemporary and rival henry viii\u2026\nthis makes me want to learn more about charles\u2013i didn\u2019t know about his mistresses or his epilepsy\u2013of course , the chin\u2013yes . thanks !\nwhat an interesting person , i didn\u2019t knew much about him . thanks for writing this \ud83d\ude42\njust want to say thank you for the interesting post about charles v . i\u2019ve been looking at your site for about a year now and your informative articles have reawakened my long lost interest in history of this time period . i also am learning from other people\u2019s comments . i look forward to reading your posts and thank you for all your hard work .\ni would like to nkow about my coin . charles 5 . years 1648 .\ndo you have any more details on it , a photo ? it won\u2019t be charles v as he lived a century before that . charles i of england was on the throne in 1648 .\nplease note : comment moderation is currently enabled so there will be a delay between when you post your comment and when it shows up .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 the anne boleyn files | | sitemap _ index . xml | | wordpress installation and design by urltoken\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept read more\nartist : unknown , printmaker ; classification ( s ) : print , print ; acquisition : given by charrington , john , 1937 [ p . 5640 - r ]\nthe christian amazon , with her invincible target , alias , the focus of genial rays , or dian of the rushes , to much for 300 , 000 , infidels .\n1 print : etching with aquatint . | cartoon shows catherine ii , as an amazon with sword raised and bearing a shield emblazoned with double - headed eagle , battling the sultan , selim iii , attacking with a rifle fixed with bayonet ; joseph ii , an ally , hides behind catherine ; an apish louis xvi and the king of spain stand to the side of the sultan ; in the background the . . .\n1 print : etching . | cartoon shows catherine ii , with orb and scepter , seated on the shoulders of leopold ii who is seated on the back of a stumbling bull ; seated behind him are george iii , frederick william ii and a man representing holland ; in the background , william pitt is about to strike a british citizen with a rod while chastising him for complaining . . .\n1 print : engraving ; sheet 20 . 4 x 13 . 7 cm , on mount 21 . 1 x 14 . 3 cm . | cartoon shows joseph ii and frederick ii with swords drawn , catherine ii holding a cleaver , and louis xv with a knife , seated around a table on which rests a partitioned cake , representing poland , each monarch getting a separate , but not equal share ; in the background on the . . .\n1 print : etching ; plate 11 . 3 x 17 . 7 cm , sheet 12 . 2 x 19 cm , on mount 12 . 9 x 19 . 7 cm . | cartoon shows catherine ii , joseph ii , and frederick ii seated at table on which rests a map of poland ; standing behind them and looking over their shoulders are charles iii and louis xv , still further back , asleep on a throne is george . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe true story of santa claus begins with nicholas , who was born during the third century in the village of patara . at the time the area was greek and is now on the southern coast of turkey . his wealthy parents , who raised him to be a devout christian , died in an epidemic while nicholas was still young . obeying jesus ' words to\nsell what you own and give the money to the poor ,\nnicholas used his whole inheritance to assist the needy , the sick , and the suffering . he dedicated his life to serving god and was made bishop of myra while still a young man . bishop nicholas became known throughout the land for his generosity to those in need , his love for children , and his concern for sailors and ships .\nthrough the centuries many stories and legends have been told of st . nicholas ' life and deeds . these accounts help us understand his extraordinary character and why he is so beloved and revered as protector and helper of those in need .\none story tells of a poor man with three daughters . in those days a young woman ' s father had to offer prospective husbands something of value\u2014a dowry . the larger the dowry , the better the chance that a young woman would find a good husband . without a dowry , a woman was unlikely to marry . this poor man ' s daughters , without\n, were therefore destined to be sold into slavery . mysteriously , on three different occasions , a bag of gold appeared in their home - providing the needed dowries . the bags of gold , tossed through an open window , are said to have landed in stockings or shoes left before the fire to dry . this led to the custom of children hanging stockings or putting out shoes , eagerly awaiting gifts from\n. sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold . that is why three gold balls , sometimes represented as oranges , are one of the symbols for st . nicholas . and so st . nicholas is a gift - giver .\nanother story tells of three theological students , traveling on their way to study in athens . a wicked innkeeper robbed and murdered them , hiding their remains in a large pickling tub . it so happened that bishop nicholas , traveling along the same route , stopped at this very inn . in the night he dreamed of the crime , got up , and summoned the innkeeper . as nicholas prayed earnestly to god the three boys were restored to life and wholeness . in france the story is told of three small children , wandering in their play until lost , lured , and captured by an evil butcher . st . nicholas appears and appeals to god to return them to life and to their families . and so st . nicholas is the patron and protector of children .\n, sparing the lives of those innocently accused , and much more . he did many kind and generous deeds in secret , expecting nothing in return . within a century of his death he was celebrated as a saint . today he is\nsailors , claiming st . nicholas as patron , carried stories of his favor and protection far and wide . st . nicholas chapels were built in many seaports . as his popularity spread during the middle ages , he became the patron saint of\nbrought st . nicholas ' stories and devotion to st . nicholas to his homeland where nicholas became the most beloved saint . nicholas was so widely revered that thousands of churches were named for him , including three hundred in belgium , thirty - four in rome , twenty - three in the netherlands and more than four hundred in england .\nthrough the centuries st . nicholas has continued to be venerated by catholics and orthodox and honored by protestants . by his example of generosity to those in need , especially children , st . nicholas continues to be a model for the compassionate life .\nillustrations by elisabeth ivanovsky from saint nicholas by henri gheon , sheed and ward , 1936 . copyright \u00a9 elisabeth ivanovsky , with kind permission for use by st . nicholas center only .\nand french pressure , and even hostility from the pope . at last he yielded ,\nand assumed rule over the netherlands . his scope of activities soon widened . on january 23 , 1516 , ferdinand ii died . as a result , the problem of the succession in\nand castile together with his mother ( who , however , suffered from a nervous illness and never reigned ) . furthermore , the will provided that francisco , cardinal\nand one of ferdinand and isabella\u2019s most - influential advisers , should direct the administration in castile . the spanish opponents of ferdinand who had fled to\nin september 1517 he arrived in spain , a country with whose customs he was unfamiliar and whose language he was as yet barely able to speak . there he instituted , under burgundian influence , a government that was little better than foreign rule . when his election as king of\n) that broke out at that point . making the most of their candidate\u2019s german parentage and buying up german electoral votes ( mostly with money supplied by the powerful\n. his great - grandfather\u2019s quest was to become a fateful problem for charles as well .\ncharles v , detail of an oil painting by titian , 1548 ; in the bayerische staatsgem\u00e4ldesammlungen , munich , germany .\nand charles v , with whom he concluded a treaty in 1521 . despite the outbreak of war with\nin 1522 his teacher adrian of utrecht became pope , as adrian vi . his efforts to\n, taking prisoner the king himself . the victory ensured spanish supremacy in italy . held in the\nconcluding hostilities between the two countries was signed in january 1526 , but as soon as he had regained his freedom , francis rejected the treaty and refused to ratify it .\n, was concluded in august 1529 . the status quo was preserved : charles renounced his claim to burgundy ; francis , his claims to milan and naples . the pope , having made peace with charles , met him in\naccordingly confirmed , in somewhat expanded form , the resolutions embodied in the edict of worms of 1521 . that , in turn , caused the protestant princes to close ranks in the following year in the\nin return for armed support against the enemy . in 1532 a large army under charles\u2019s personal command faced s\u00fcleyman\u2019s forces before the city of"]}
{"id": 1028, "summary": [{"text": "rhinocochlis nasuta is a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family dyakiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "rhinocochlis nasuta is the only species in the genus rhinocochlis . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "rhinocochlis nasuta", "paragraphs": ["nature and more : green snail - rhinocochlis nasuta | \u00a9paul bertner . . .\nrhinocochlis nasuta ( dyakiidae ) is an elegant land snail known from borneo , with a compressed and small shell up to 24 mm .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : rhinocochlis nasuta ( w . metcalfe , 1851 ) - id : 4333454764\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na collection of images showing the wonders of nature . through this blog you can appreciate biodiversity , wildlife , landscape , geology and mineralogy worldwide as well as artistic expressions of nature and some oddities .\n, so if the shell is placed with the apex upward then the opening of the shell is to the left side .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright"]}
{"id": 1033, "summary": [{"text": "pseudotelphusa landryi is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from quebec and west virginia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pseudotelphusa landryi", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ne - hyun shin , chan park , hyun kyung kim , dong - kyu lee , . . . kyu - sik chang\ndiurnal patterns of abundance of aphidophagous lady beetle species on chili ( capsicum annuum l . )\nhyun - na koo , seung - hwan yoon , youn - ho shin , changmann yoon , . . . gil - hah kim\nyoung moo choo , yuling qiu , hyung joo yoon , kyeong yong lee , . . . byung rae jin\nmethyl jasmonate induced responses in four plant species and its effect on spodoptera litura fab . performance\nadditional measurements of distance - dependent capture probabilities for released males of bactrocera cucurbitae and b . dorsalis ( diptera : tephritidae ) in honolulu\nbo yeon kim , kwang sik lee , mi ri sohn , kee young kim , . . . byung rae jin\ndong hawn kim , jin young yang , yong seok jang , kyung san choi , . . . dong - soon kim\nacaricidal activity of aloe vera l . leaf extracts against tetranychus cinnabarinus ( boisduval ) ( acarina : tetranychidae )\nhea - son bang , jae - kyoung shim , myung - pyo jung , myung - hyun kim , . . . kyeong - yeoll lee\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1034, "summary": [{"text": "the spot-winged glider ( pantala hymenaea ) is a dragonfly of the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it looks very much like the wandering glider with the addition of a basal spot on the hindwing . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "pantala hymenaea", "paragraphs": ["predatory capacity and prey selectivity of nymphs of the dragonfly pantala hymenaea . - pubmed - ncbi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nsimilar to rainpool glider , but abdomen mottled gray - brown , more tapered . round spot at base of hindwings is characteristic but may be difficult to see .\nflies almost continuously , but does perch sometimes , vertically on twigs of trees , bushes .\nmuch of north america , also antilles , central and south america , galapagos . ranges northward into canada earlier in year than wandering glider . ( a generational migrant - - spring generations fly north , late summer and fall generations fly south . )\nall year in southern united states , e . g . , texas , florida . late spring to fall in central areas . june - august in canada .\ndragonflies through binoculars : a field guide to dragonflies of north america sidney w . dunkle . 2000 . oxford press .\ndragonflies of the florida peninsula , bermuda , and the bahamas sidney w . dunkle . 1989 . scientific publishers .\nstokes beginner ' s guide to dragonflies donald and lillian stokes . 2002 . little , brown and company .\ndragonflies and damselflies of texas and the south - central united states john c . abbott . 2005 . princeton university press .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis species is similar to wandering glider ( p . flavescens ) and equally cosmopolitan in the south - central united states . the face and thorax are essentially as in that species . each hindwing , however , has a distinct round dark spot basally . the abdomen is darker and mottled .\ntotal length : 43 - 51 mm ; abdomen : 29 - 35 mm ; hindwing : 39 - 45 mm .\nwandering glider lacks the brown spot basally in the hindwing . all saddlebag gliders ( tramea ) in the region have a basal band rather than spot in the hindwing . the hyacinth glider ( miathyria marcella ) has a narrow band in the hindwing rather than a spot . other similar skimmers lack the hindwing spot .\nthis species , although not found globally , is as widely distributed throughout north america as the wandering glider . the behavior of this species is much the same as that species . it is a strong flier , generally only taking a perch to roost at night . it is an early colonizer of temporary and artificial ponds where it breeds . males patrol larger more linear territories than do wandering glider . females lay eggs by tapping the abdomen to the water while flying quickly over the water or while hovering , and either accompanied by the male or alone . this species has been slow to colonize along the coast of the western united states , but there is an apparent increase over much of the region . one study showed larvae of this species in oklahoma cou ld complete development in less than five weeks during the summer months .\nthroughout southern canada and u . s . ; also west indies , central america south to argentina and chile .\npermissions to use , copy and distribute documents delivered from this server , with the exception of photographs and content related to the dragonfly society of the americas , is hereby granted with restrictions . odonatacentral should be cited in all cases where the content is used . click here for restrictions of use and the correct citation . questions and comments about this site can be sent to jabbott1 @ urltoken .\nthe spot - winged glider resembles the wandering glider , with its tapered yellow abdomen , gray thorax and long broad wings . it has a dark spot at the base of the hindwing , which makes it possible to tell the two species apart in the field . it migrates along the atlantic coast but is not as widely ranging as the wandering glider . uncommon . this is another summer invader , but there are definite irruptionyears and years with almost none . it is a transcontinental speciesand nebraska is at the northern and western edge of the range . its habitsare essentially identical to wandering glider .\ngreen indicates accepted county record ( specimen or photograph ) . yellow indicates sight record only .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis brownish dragonfly is best known for its gliding flying style , much like the wandering glider . the hindwings form an elongated triangle , longer than abdomen , broad at base and reaching halfway down the abdomen . the abdomen is tapered and mottled gray - brown . the face is yellow to orange . mature males have red faces .\nthis species is common in united states and southern canada . it is common in southwest , while it is mostly migratory elsewhere . primarily , the spot - winged glider prefers temporary ponds and pools in the open , including brackish waters . but it also can be seen over fields , clearings , etc , well away from water . it is infrequently seen at scattered locations throughout wisconsin .\nshading illustrates monthly percentages of the total flight season records for the species . each flight season record is a unique date / location / observer combination where one or more adult or an exuvia was recorded ( excludes nymphs ) . the actual number of flight season records for each month is shown in parentheses . flight seasons begin earlier in the southern part of the state , often by a week or more . also , flight charts may not be accurate for rare species because of few data available .\nthis site is produced in conjunction with the wisconsin aquatic and terrestrial resources inventory and sponsored by the wisconsin department of natural resources . the information presented on this site is subject to the wisconsin department of natural resources ' legal notices , disclaimers , and terms of use .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj am mosq control assoc . 2005 sep ; 21 ( 3 ) : 328 - 30 .\nquiroz - mart\u00ednez h 1 , rodr\u00edguez - castro va , sol\u00eds - rojas c , maldonado - blanco mg .\nlaboratorio de entomolog\u00eda facultad de ciencias biol\u00f3gicas , universidad aut\u00f3noma de nuevo le\u00f3n , san nicol\u00e1s de los garza , nuevo le\u00f3n , m\u00e9xico .\ndragonfly fall migration is underway ! i netted this spot - winged glider flying around rtpi this week . keep an eye out for them , wandering gliders , common green darners , black saddlebags and more on the move in large numbers soon .\nas the steward of roger tory peterson ' s legacy , rtpi connects people with nature through art , education and conservation . your gifts support our mission to educate and keep roger\u2019s legacy alive . will you help ? please click button above to do so ! optional thank you gifts available ."]}
{"id": 1044, "summary": [{"text": "temnothorax albipennis is a species of small ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it occurs in europe and builds simple nests in rock crevices . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "temnothorax albipennis", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see temnothorax albipennis for further details\njunior synonym of temnothorax unifasciatus : nylander , 1856b pdf : 92 ; of temnothorax nylanderi : smith , 1858a pdf : 120 ; of temnothorax tuberum : emery , 1924f pdf : 256 .\n( 2013 ) nest - seeking rock ants ( temnothorax albipennis ) trade off sediment packing density and structural integrity for ease of cavity excavation .\nuntil recently the ant temnothorax albipennis was known as leptothorax albipennis ( = tuberointerruptus ) and had been misidentified as temnothorax tuberum in britain . it appears that all mainland records of temnothorax tuberum refer to t . albipennis ( orledge , 1998 ) . whether the channel islands records for t . tuberum are similarly in error is unknown , although they are included here on the t . albipennis map . workers of t . albipennis are smaller than those of leptothorax acervorum , and generally distinguishable from workers of the three other british temnothorax species , by their combination of darkened antennal clubs , straight and relatively short propodeal spines , and rather poorly - defined darkening on their gasters .\nimage showing a marked temnothorax albipennis colony . colonies may be marked in this way so that individuals can be tracked in order to determine what behaviours they demonstrate .\nrevived from synonymy and senior synonym of temnothorax tuberointerruptus : orledge , 1998 : 31 .\ncombination in leptothorax : orledge , 1998 : 31 ; in temnothorax : bolton , 2003 pdf : 271 .\nsalata , s . & borowiec , l . 2013 . temnothorax albipennis ( curtis , 1854 ) in poland and identification of the t . tuberum species complex ( hymenoptera formicidae ) . genus ( wroclaw ) 24 , 403 - 413 .\ntemnothorax albipennis workers forage singly . they scavenge small arthropods and may also take small live invertebrates ( orledge , 1995 ) . no carbohydrate sources have been documented , but the author ' s observation of large numbers of workers on umbellifer flowers suggests that nectar is taken .\nplateaux , l . & cagniant , h . 2012 : 436 : we conclude from all these observations that leptothorax tuberum unifasciatointerruptus is a hybrid of temnothorax unifasciatus and temnothorax albipennis . hybridization works in both directions , parents may be alternately of the two species , and males are from the parthenogenetic egg of the queen mother . note that both species exist also in places ( especially in luberon and ventoux ) where the where the form was found . we therefore ask : t . albipennis x t . unifasciatus = l . tuberum unifasciatointerruptus forel .\non continental europe t . albipennis has been recorded from the netherlands , southern france , northern spain , south and central germany and central italy .\nbolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 271 , combination in temnothorax )\nin britain , t . albipennis colonises warm , south - facing , open rocky areas , typically coastal cliffs , screes , undercliffs , slumped cliff slopes and old quarries .\nwiezik , m . 2005a . first records of leptothorax albipennis and l . nadigi ( hymenoptera , formicidae , myrmicinae ) from slovakia . biol\u00f3gia ( bratisl . ) 60 : 170 ( page 170 , see also )\nplateaux , l . & cagniant , h . 2012 . quelques synonymies dans le genre temnothorax mayr , 1855 ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 117 ( 4 ) , 427 - 440 .\nby contrast , in established temnothorax albipennis colonies , the aggregate is stable and is contained inside a nest rather than being exposed in the open . in t . albipennis , decisions to leave an established nest are not solely a function of group size [ 14 ] . even more than for a temporary aggregation , individual decisions to leave a stable collection of nest - mates may be affected by a wide variety of inter - related factors such as age or physical caste [ 15 ] , genetic predisposition [ 16 ] , physiological status [ 17 , 18 ] , reproductive status [ 19 ] , dominance interactions [ 20 , 21 ] , previous experience and spatial location [ 22 ] .\nwe tested the exit dynamics of t . albipennis ant colonies under the following three experimental conditions . note , all colony - size statistics were collected in a census immediately prior to the commencement of removal of workers as they left the nest .\norledge , g . m . 1998 . the identity of leptothorax albipennis ( curtis ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) and its presence in great britain . syst . entomol . 23 : 25 - 33 pdf ( page 31 , revived from synonymy , combination in leptothorax and senior synonym of tuberointerruptus )\nwe assumed that a similar process applies to individual ants within intact colonies , but in combination with social information . consistent with earlier experimental work on the collective decision making of temnothorax ants , we incorporated the use of quorums in our model ( 31 ) . when the population of ants at a nest site surpasses a threshold , commitment to that site increases significantly ( 32 , 33 ) . with this addition , the site acceptance probabilities now depend on the number of ants at the site as follows :\ntuberointerruptus . leptothorax tuberointerruptus bondroit , 1918 : 126 ( w . q . ) switzerland . [ first available use of leptothorax tuberum var . tuberointerruptus forel , 1874 : 86 . nomen nudum . leptothorax tuberum r . interruptus var . tuberointerruptus forel , 1915d : 24 ( in key ) ; unavailable name . ] status as species : betrem , 1926 : 217 . subspecies of interruptus : novak & sadil , 1941 : 93 . revived status as species : seifert , 1994 : 22 . junior synonym of albipennis : orledge , 1998 : 31 .\ni first determined whether ants assess nest population throughout the emigration or only until they begin to transport . i induced emigrations and followed recruiters until they switched from tandem runs to transports . i then emptied the new nest of ants and noted whether the recruiters continued to transport or reverted to tandem runs . two colonies of t . albipennis were housed in observation nests constructed of thin cardboard or wood partitions sandwiched between glass microscope slides ( 50 \u00d7 76 mm ) . these colonies and all others used in this study were collected at portland bill , dorset , u . k . ants were individually marked with four drops of paint on the head , thorax , and gaster . emigrations were induced by removing the roof slide from the old nest , forcing the ants to find a new home .\nthirty - two colonies of t . rugatulus were used for the colony - level tests . half of them were small ( 20\u201380 workers ) , and half were large ( 150\u2013250 workers ) . an additional eight medium - sized colonies ( 100\u2013130 workers ) provided 16 worker ants ( 2 ants per colony ) for the individual tests . only a minority of workers in temnothorax colonies participate actively in nest - site scouting and transport of nestmates and brood items , whereas the rest of the colony waits at the home nest ( 24 , 33 ) . to ensure that we tested only these active ants , we placed brood items outside of the colony\u2019s nest and selected workers that attempted to retrieve them . we reasoned that ants willing to leave the nest and retrieve brood were likely to carry out similar tasks during colony emigrations ( 34 ) .\nthe collective choice of a new home by emigrating colonies of the ant t . albipennis depends critically on the detection of a nest - mate quorum by the ants evaluating each candidate site . the quorum allows ants to condition their full commitment to a site\u2014signaled by the switch from slow tandem runs to rapid transports\u2014on the parallel decisions of their nest mates ( pratt et al . , 2002 ) . in this study , i show that quorum detection depends on direct contact between an ant and her nest mates at the site , probably acting through density - dependent encounter rates . i further show that ants cease monitoring the presence of a quorum once they have made the switch to transport , failing to revert to tandem runs even if the site ' s population falls well below the quorum . finally , my observations suggest that quorum detection is not instantaneous but requires ants to invest 1\u20132 min patrolling the site to gather information .\na markov chain model was used to describe the temnothorax house hunting process . in the model , each ant begins in the exploring state , from which she can either find the better nest , entering state a , or the worse nest , entering state b . if the ant fails to find either nest , she continues exploring . once at a site , she may also leave and find the other site , with some probability . with each subsequent nest visit , the ant enters state ca i or cb i , where i represents the number of comparisons she has made between nests . this number is incremented each time the ant goes from a to b , or from b to a . at each state the ant has a probability of accepting the nest she is currently assessing , modeled as the final states a and b . si appendix , table s2 provides a summary of model states ; si appendix , table s3 the model\u2019s transition probabilities ; and si appendix , table s4 a description of the model parameters . the flowchart in si appendix , fig . s4 summarizes all possible state transitions .\nfrom a previous dataset in which individually marked t . albipennis ants were allowed to freely leave and return to the nest [ 14 ] , we obtained the times that each ant left the nest over a 5 day period . from this , for each ant , we calculated the mean waiting time between successive exits . it should be emphasized that here the waiting time refers to the time elapsed between successive exits by the same ant . we then took the inverse of each ant ' s mean waiting time , giving the mean exit rate for each ant . thus , we obtained the distribution of the instantaneous decay probabilities ( exit rates ) within each of seven colonies . these rate distributions were well fitted by a log - logistic distribution . a variable that follows a log - logistic distribution is one in which the logarithm of the variable is logistically distributed ( electronic supplementary material , figure s2 ) . at the start of each run of the simulation , every \u2018ant\u2019 in the colony was assigned an individual exit rate from the distribution . in every time step , each ant decided whether to leave the nest by comparing its exit probability to a uniformly distributed random number between 0 and 1 . if the ant ' s exit probability was greater than this random number , the ant leaves the nest . we recorded the same statistics for these simulated ants , as for the real ants . for comparison , we also ran the model without any individual variation , by assigning the mean instantaneous decay probability from the log - logistic distribution to all the ants , which is a homogeneous poisson process .\nthese ants inhabit grasslands and light scrub , especially on lime subsoil and are sometimes common in dunes . they nests in rock crevices and rubble or in tree stumps and in dry fallen branches . colonies are reported as monogynous , with up to 200 workers , and may form temporary polydomous systems ( salata & borowiec , 2013 ) .\nthis species is a host for the endoparastic fungus myrmicinosporidium durum ( espadaler & santamaria , 2012 ) .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\ncurtis , j . 1854 . on the genus myrmica and other indigenous ants . trans . linn . soc . lond . 21 : 211 - 220 ( page 218 , worker , male described )\nespadaler , x . , santamaria , s . 2012 . ecto - and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the holarctic region . psyche article id 168478 , 10 pages ( doi : 10 . 1155 / 2012 / 168478 ) .\nnylander , w . 1856b . synopsis des formicides de france et d ' alg\u00e9rie . ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 4 ) 5 : 51 - 109 ( page 92 , junior synonym of unifasciatus )\nsmith , f . 1858a . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part vi . formicidae . london : british museum , 216 pp . ( page 120 , junior synonym of nylanderi )\nthis page was last modified on 31 october 2016 , at 00 : 51 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\n0 times found in rocks ( rocky - calcareous grasslands ) , 4 times found in pinar , 0 times found in unknown , 3 times found in bosque claro de p . sylvaticus , 2 times found in robedal / casta\u00f1ar , 1 times found in agr\u00edcola , 0 times found in dry grassland , 1 times found in pinar ( p . sylvaticus ) cerrado , 1 times found in pinar en dunas , 1 times found in pinus sylvestris , . . .\n1 times nido en toc\u00f3n , 2 times nido en piedra , 1 times madera , 2 times forrajeando , 2 times bajo corteza ymusgo p sylvaticus , 1 times sous pierres , 1 times nido dentro de piedra , 1 times nido bajo piedra , 1 times nbp , 1 times bajo corteza pino , 1 times bajo corteza p sylvaticus , . . .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nbritish mainland records come only from southern england and from wales . most are from sites on or near the coast , a notable exception being the record from castle drogo , south devon ( alexander , 1983 ) . there are no confirmed records from ireland .\nlisted as a nationally notable ( na ) species ( falk 1991 ) . work for this atlas has shown that the species is currently known from 40 post - 1970 10 km squares on mainland britain and so the status should be revised .\nalate males and females are produced during june and july and have left the nest by the middle of august ( from data in partridge ( 1993 ) ) . there are no field records of swarming , but laboratory observations suggest that mating flights occur during the two hours following sunrise ( plateaux 1984 ) .\nnests are most frequently found between rock laminae , in rock cavities and crevices , on rock surfaces under mat - forming plants , or on soil under stones . between rock laminae the workers often surround the nest with a ' wall ' of soil particles and rock fragments . there are several records of nests within the dead stems of herbaceous and shrubby plants , in rotting wood and in old snail shells . near dungeness , kent , nests have also been found amongst pebbles and gorse roots , and in peat over pebbles ( felton , 1965 ) . colonies rarely exceed 350 workers , and have a single queen . adult workers are produced each year during the summer months .\nmany people know organisms only by the common names , or\nvernacular\nnames . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nt . o . richardson , 1 , 2 , * k . christensen , 3 , 4 n . r . franks , 2 h . j . jensen , 3 , 5 and a . b . sendova - franks 1\n* author for correspondence ( ku . ca . lotsirb @ nosdrahcir . mot ) .\nmany purely physical complex systems , in which there are both stochasticity and local interactions between the components , exhibit record dynamics . the temporal statistics of record dynamics is a poisson process operating on a logarithmic rather than a linear time scale ( i . e . a log - poisson process ) . record dynamics often drive substantial changes in complex systems when new high water marks in partially stochastic processes trigger new events . social insect colonies are exemplary complex biological systems in which many of the local interactions of the components have been moulded by natural selection for the common good . here , we combine experimental manipulation of ant colony demography with modelling to test the hypothesis that social interactions are the mechanism underlying the record dynamics . we found that compared with the control , log - poisson statistics were disrupted in colonies in which the pattern of interactions was modified by the removal of the brood , and disappeared completely in \u2018callow\u2019 colonies composed entirely of very young workers from the same age cohort . we conclude that a subtle interplay between the demography of the society and the pattern of the interactions between the ants is crucial for the emergence of record dynamics . this could help identify what makes an ant colony a cohesive society .\nthere may be safety in numbers [ 1 ] , so for many social animals , individuals are more likely to remain in a group the larger it is . hence , when deciding whether to leave the safety afforded by the group , individuals may often take the size of the group into account [ 2 \u2013 4 ] .\ncomplex systems in which events are governed by record dynamics exhibit rapidly , and crucially non - exponentially , declining event rates ( the rates are proportional to the inverse of time , hence events accumulate at a constant rate in logarithmic time ) . further , such systems always include strong interactions between the component parts . record dynamics have been shown to govern rapidly declining event rates in a diverse variety of non - equilibrium systems , for example declining extinction rates [ 27 \u2013 29 ] , the \u2018tangled nature\u2019 model of macroevolution [ 25 , 30 ] , fluctuating commodity prices [ 31 ] , type - ii superconductors [ 32 ] , colloidal gels [ 33 ] and relaxation of the angle of repose in vibrated sandpiles [ 34 ] .\nhere , we use experimental manipulations of colony structure in combination with modelling to investigate the mechanisms underlying the log - poisson characteristics of nest exits when ants are experimentally prevented from returning home ( richardson et al . 2010 ) . our experiments compare ( i ) control colonies where worker and brood demographies have not been manipulated with ( ii ) \u2018no - brood\u2019 colonies where worker demography is not manipulated but the brood has been removed and ( iii ) colonies that have a full brood complement but all the workers belong to the same cohort of very young \u2018callow\u2019 workers . with our models , we compare statistics generated by two scenarios based on the poisson process against the well - known log - poisson statistics generated by a record dynamics process .\nour second experimental manipulation was to construct callow colonies in which all the workers belonged to the same age - cohort of very young workers . both worker developmental stage and experience influence , and are influenced , by social interactions . hence , the motivation for this manipulation was to check whether a narrower distribution of probabilities for performing some action could still reproduce the log - poisson statistics found in unmanipulated colonies .\n) with food and water provided ad libitum . all colonies had a single queen that showed normal behaviour for a fertilized queen , for example a strong tendency to take up a central position within the colony .\napparatus for automated removal of ants as they leave the nest . ( a ) microscope - slide nest ( 50 \u00d7 35 \u00d7 1 mm ) ; ( b ) high - resolution webcam ; ( c ) computer running automated motion - detection software ; ( d ) compressed air supply ; ( e ) access tube through which ants could access the exploration arena prior to the removal , and through which they left the nest during the removal . the access tube contained an inner tube and nozzle arrangement that delivered the pressurized air , hitting the ant from behind .\nsixty - four hours prior to the beginning of the period when ants were removed as they left the nest , each colony was stimulated to emigrate to a new nest by removing the roof of their original nest . during this \u2018settling - in\u2019 period , no food or water was provided to the colonies , although they were allowed access to an exploration arena ( 100 \u00d7 100 mm ) , which was accessible via a tube attached to the front of the nest (\nduring the period when ants were removed as they left the nest , the exploration arena was disconnected . then , every time an ant walked to the glass tip of the access tube , its motion was detected by the high - resolution webcam ( logitech qc deluxe ) positioned immediately above (\n) . this webcam was attached to a pc running automated motion detection software , thus sensing the exit of the ant . when an ant was detected leaving the nest , the computer opened a valve , releasing a short ( 0 . 2 s ) burst of pressurized air through the inner tube , hitting the ant from the rear , and resulting in the ant being blown out of the access tube , into a collection dish .\nnine unmanipulated colonies with brood present ( median n adults = 90 , inter - quartile range ( iqr ) = 34 ; median n brood = 127 , iqr = 111 . 8 ) .\neight unmanipulated colonies with all brood removed ( median n adults = 118 , iqr = 24 ; median n brood = 0 . 5 , iqr = 4 . 8 ) . the brood was removed during the enforced emigration into the experimental nest , that is 64 h prior to commencement of experimental ant removal . in some colonies , the queen laid a few eggs after the removal of the brood , hence the median n brood is non - zero .\neight callow colonies were constructed ( median n adults = 101 , iqr = 67 , median n brood = 77 , iqr = 45 . 5 ) in the following way . the queen plus a retinue of 10 adults were removed from each of eight unmanipulated colonies , thus creating eight \u2018proto - colonies\u2019 . then , the 10 adult workers from each proto - colony were marked using pactra paint . these adult workers were used to perform the crucial task of helping the late - stage pupae eclose into callows , after which the adult workers were removed . we then collected brood items from 20 donor colonies , and sorted them according to their developmental stage ( eggs , larvae , pre - pupae and pupae ) . each proto - colony received a complement of brood containing equal proportions of eggs , larvae and pupae . we aimed to ensure there were equal numbers of workers and brood in each colony . the modal length of time from the point at which the majority of the pupae had eclosed , until the emigration into the experimental nest , was 12 days . newly eclosed callows are extremely sluggish , hence the delay to allow time for them to acquire some mobility . although not all the late - stage pupae eclosed at exactly the same time , the variation was relatively low , with the delay between the first and last eclosions of approximately 2 days .\nwhich is the expectation from a homogeneous poisson process , such as radioactive decay .\n( a ) the mean proportion of the colony remaining , normalized by the starting colony size , in logarithmic time ( log - linear axes ) . in a log - poisson process , n ( t ) grows , on average , at a constant rate in logarithmic time , hence 1 \u2212 ( n ( t ) / n t = 1 ) will decrease at a constant rate in logarithmic time . open circles , control ( n = 9 ) ; filled grey circles , no - brood ( n = 8 ) ; filled black circles , callow colonies ( n = 8 ) . ( b ) the proportion of the original colony remaining in the nest , as a function of time ( note linear - log axes ) . the proportion of the original colony remaining 1 \u2212 ( n ( t ) / n t = 1 ) , at the end for the experiment was : for the control , median = 0 . 39 , iqr = 0 . 47 ; no - brood , median = 0 . 37 , iqr = 0 . 27 ; callows , median = 0 . 50 , iqr = 0 . 12 . as in a homogeneous poisson process , the number remaining in the nest declines exponentially over time in the callow colonies ( \u03bb = \u22122 ) but not in the control or the no - brood colonies . the linear fit is a guide to the eye only .\n, that occurs simply due to there being fewer and fewer ants \u2018available\u2019 to leave the nest .\n) is negative , this indicates social amplification , that is , the smaller the aggregate , the higher the exit rate and hence the shorter the residence times of those remaining . however , we found\n> 0 , so the smaller the aggregate , the lower the exit rate and hence the longer the residence times , which we term social inhibition . the rate\nexit rate as a function of the proportion remaining than did the no - brood colonies . we again found a qualitatively different pattern in the callow colonies , in which the\n; electronic supplementary material , figure s4 ) . in other words , when colonies were constructed so as to minimize the variation in the ants ' exit probabilities , the\nexit rate was stationary , and thus the absolute exit rate was dependent only upon the finite number of ants in the nest .\nin the controls against those in the no - brood and callow colonies . we used glms of the form , response \u223c colony + experiment + covariate + experiment * covariate , where \u2018 * \u2019 denotes interaction . this interaction term determines whether the coefficients ( i . e .\n) are significantly different in the no - brood and callow colonies , compared with the control . the standardized residuals from the above glms were slightly more right skewed than a normal distribution ; however , the qualitative differences between the coefficients were the same when individual regressions were preformed on the ensemble average data depicted in\n( a ) control , ( b ) no brood , and ( c ) callows . each data point represents the ensemble average , that is an average across the colonies . the curved lines are lowess regressions ( degree of smoothing , f = 0 . 5 , n steps = 2 ) . row 1 : testing for social amplification ( m < 0 ) or social inhibition ( m > 0 ) . rows 2\u20134 : testing for log - poisson statistics . logarithmic binning was used throughout for time plotted on the x - axis . row 2 : checking that the per capita exit rate behaves like r k / n t \u221d t \u2212 \u03b2 . row 3 : variance - to - mean ratio , < vmr > , of the normalized accumulated number of events over time . if the timing of events obeys log - poisson statistics , the vmr will be constant over time . row 4 : open square boxes , the waiting time between exits , < t k \u2212 t k \u2212 1 > , as a function of time . filled circles , the ratio , < x > , that is , the ratio of the waiting time between exits , t k \u2212 t k \u2212 1 , to the time of occurrence of the previous ( k \u2212 1 ) th event , t k \u2212 1 , as a function of the time of occurrence of t k \u2212 1 .\n; electronic supplementary material , figure s3 ) . however , as the callow colonies showed a qualitatively different decrease in the event rate that was not well described by linear regressions of the form log\n) , that is , the waiting time between exits increases more rapidly when the brood is present , compared with when the brood is absent .\ntesting for quantitative differences between the control and no - brood colonies . the callows were excluded from the comparison as they displayed qualitatively different temporal statistics . glms of the same form as in\nrate and the waiting times were significantly different in the control versus no - brood colonies .\n) of the accumulated number of events , that is , the vmr is equal to one , and does not vary over time . if the event rate is only\nto a log - poisson variable . however , the same cannot be said for callow colonies , in which the < vmr > increases rapidly over time .\nin the poisson process , the waiting time is stationary , exponentially distributed ( i . e .\n) and there is no correlation between successive waiting times . similarly , in a log - poisson process , the logarithmic waiting times ( ln\n) and without temporal correlation . however , here we wish to compensate for the falling colony size by calculating the logarithmic waiting times on a\n) , and are not temporally correlated ( electronic supplementary material , figure s1 ) . however , in the callow colonies ,\nare considerably more right - skewed , non - stationary and temporally correlated , while in the no - brood colonies these metrics are again intermediate between poisson and log - poisson .\nthe cumulative distribution of the per capita logarithmic waiting times , p ( \u03c4 / n t ) > x . ( a ) controls , ( b ) no - brood colonies , ( c ) callows . in a poisson process , the waiting times are exponentially distributed , ( p ( t k \u2212 t k \u22121 > x ) = e \u2212 \u03bbx ) , and similarly in a log - poisson process the logarithmic waiting times ( ln t k \u2212 ln t k \u22121 = ln ( t k / t k \u22121 ) = \u03c4 ) are exponentially distributed ( p ( \u03c4 > x ) = e \u2212 \u03bbx ) . each line represents a different colony .\nthe mechanism described above is a natural null model because it is so simple , and also because the poisson statistics it produces are well studied . however , the temporal statistics of a poisson process operating on a logarithmic time scale , that is \u2018log - poisson\u2019 statistics , characterizing the nest exit dynamics in unmanipulated colonies ( richardson et al . 2010 ) , suggest an alternative mechanism of record dynamics [ 25 , 26 ] derived from the statistical mechanics of complex systems . in this scenario , individual exits are triggered when a fluctuating variable , the \u2018record signal\u2019 , reaches a never - before - seen ( record ) level . if the record signal is uncorrelated in time , the increment between successive record values will rapidly decrease , and the interval between successive records will rapidly increase . clearly , there are strong interactions between ants [ 41 \u2013 43 ] , and the interaction rate\u2014measured by the collective activity\u2014fluctuates non - periodically over time [ 44 \u2013 46 ] .\nhere we assume that within each colony there is a distribution of intrinsic decay probabilities , and that a \u2018decay\u2019 event is equivalent to an exit . then , the declining exit rate will be because of the diminishing number of ants , but also because on average the more \u2018unstable\u2019 ants leave the nest before those with lower exit probabilities . this model is essentially a non - homogeneous poisson process that incorporates a finite - size effect .\nhere we present an alternative phenomenological explanation for the production of the observed log - poisson statistics . we assume that an event occurs ( an ant leaves the nest ) whenever a fluctuating record signal hits a new maximum ( or minimum ) value . then , the temporal stochasticity of the signal itself is responsible for regulating the exit rate , rather than the variation across individuals , as in the null model . time series created in this manner are known as \u2018white noise\u2019 . as each instance of the signal is randomly chosen , the value of the signal at time\nthe temporal sequence of events ( records ) generated by three realizations of the record dynamics model . records accumulate at a constant rate in logarithmic time . insert : the fluctuation of the underlying white - noise record signal for a single realization . here , the x - axis shows linear time . open circles , the underlying record signal and its associated records ( solid line ) .\nwhen there was no individual variation in the exit rates , or rather , when the exits were organized by a homogeneous poisson process operating on a finite population , we found typical poisson statistics . specifically , the number of events did not accumulate at a constant rate in logarithmic time (\n) . thus , this model qualitatively reproduces the statistics produced by the callow colonies .\nresults of the null model based on : ( a , c ) a homogeneous poisson process , instantaneous exit rate for all ants = 0 . 0003 s \u22121 , ( b , d ) a heterogenous poisson process ( log - logistic distribution , see electronic supplementary material , figure s2 ) mean instantaneous exit rate = 0 . 0003 s \u22121 . for both exit probability distributions , the starting colony size was identical , n t = 1 = 100 ants . the number of time steps in both models was of the same order of magnitude as in the experimental data . for further details of model parametrization , see text . ( a , b ) open circles , the mean proportion of the original colony remaining , 1\u2212 ( n ( t ) / n t = 1 ) ; filled circles , the vmr for n ( t ) . ( c , d ) open squares , the mean waiting times as a function of time , t k \u2212 t k \u22121 \u221d t k \u22121 ; filled squares , the ratio of the waiting times , x , as a function of the time of the previous event .\nwe do not give further evidence of the log - poisson nature of the event rate statistics generated by the record dynamics model as it has been demonstrated elsewhere [ 25 , 47 \u2013 49 ] that a fluctuating record signal produces log - poisson statistics .\n] . in the no - brood colonies , the absence of hungry brood may have removed stimuli that trigger foraging and thus contributed to the observed reduction in the overall exit rate .\nit is clear from the null model that individual variation is not , by itself , sufficient to reproduce event rates that decelerate according to record dynamics . merely assigning individual nest - leaving rates ( derived from previous empirical observations of unimpeded nest leaving ) to the non - interacting \u2018ants\u2019 did not reproduce the log - poisson statistics (\n) . therefore , the scenario in which the decision to leave the nest is a purely probabilistic consequence of the individual exit rate is inaccurate .\nstatistics in the control colonies demonstrates that the log - poisson deceleration is not merely an artefact of the declining colony size . colonies composed entirely of a single age - cohort of very young and inexperienced callows differed qualitatively from the log - poisson statistics described in the control and , to a lesser extent , in the no - brood conditions . in the callow colonies , the\n) or stationary ( electronic supplementary material , figure s5 ) . instead of the \u2018normal\u2019 log - poisson temporal statistics found in unmanipulated colonies , the timing of nest exits in callow colonies was more like a homogeneous poisson process (\n) . so , when the society lacks variation in age and task experience among the component parts , it displays none of the interesting dynamics exhibited by systems in which events are regulated by record dynamics .\nthe importance of the structuring of social interactions is supported further by the result that no - brood colonies show statistics that are intermediate between log poisson and poisson . we hypothesized that the removal of the brood would change the spatial distribution of the interactions between the workers within the colony , so causing a loss of log - poisson temporal statistics . indeed , the loss of the log - poisson behaviour suggests that the particular pattern of ant\u2013ant interactions mediated by the presence of brood of various developmental stages sorted into an annular structure is important for the generation of log - poisson statistics . in summary , to explain the production of the log - poisson statistics , it is necessary but not sufficient to invoke only the natural variation in the ants ' nest - leaving tendencies or the nature of the interactions between the workers .\nso what then would be sufficient ? it is reasonable to suppose that decreasing the density of ants within the nest might cause a reduction in the rate at which ants encounter one another . then , if individual exit probabilities were downregulated ( i . e . inhibited ) as the encounter rate decreases , the exit rate would decline more rapidly than if there were no density effects . clearly , in order to construct an individual - level model that reproduces the collective log - poisson statistics , we will need a much more detailed understanding of how ant\u2013ant interactions within the nest influence subsequent decisions to leave it .\nour results demonstrate how analysing the behaviour of social insect colonies using the tools of record dynamics brings new insights in their organization and opens up the prospect of developing a new theory to help identify what makes an ant colony a cohesive society . substantial and irreversible changes in complex systems can originate from the combination of temporal stochasticity and strong interactions between the components . in the physical sciences there is strong evidence for the role of such record dynamics in a wide range of condensed - matter systems . the application of record dynamics to complex systems in biology promises to be fruitful because both stochasticity and agent\u2013agent interactions are ubiquitous at all levels of biological organization .\nt . o . r . and a . b . s . - f . acknowledge epsrc grant ep / e061796 / 1 . k . c . acknowledges epsrc grant ep / e061761 / 1 . we are grateful to everyone in the ant laboratory at bristol for helpful advice .\nmodulation of individual behaviour and collective decision - making during aggregation site selection by the ant messor barbarus .\nsendova - franks a . b . , franks n . r . 1995a .\ndivision of labour in a crisis : task allocation during colony emigration in the ant leptothorax unifasciatus ( latr . )\ndepick\u00e8re s . , ramirez - avila g . m . , fresneau d . , deneubourg j . l . 2008 .\nrobinson e . j . h . , richardson t . o . , sendova - franks a . b . , feinerman o . , franks n . r . 2009 .\nsendova - franks a . b . , franks n . r . 1995b .\nspatial relationships within nests of the ant leptothorax unifasciatus ( latr . ) and their implications for the division of labour\nrichardson e . j . h . , robinson e . j . h . , christensen k . , jensen h . j . , franks n . r . , sendova - franks a . b . 2010 .\nhall m . , christensen k . , di collobiano s . a . , jensen h . j . 2002 .\nfranks n . r . , sendova - franks a . b . 1992 .\nsendova - franks a . b . , scholes s . r . , franks n . r . , melhuish c . 2004 .\nsynchronization of the behavior within nests of the ant leptothorax acervorum ( fabricius ) . 1 . discovering the phenomenon and its relation to the level of starvation\nwe are grateful for the practical assistance and comments of the members of the university of bristol ant lab . njm was supported by an association for the study of animal behaviour research grant ( to nrf ) .\naleksiev as , longdon b , christmas mj , sendova - franks ab , franks nr ( 2007a ) individual choice of building material for nest construction by worker ants and the collective outcome for their colony . anim behav 74 : 559\u2013566\naleksiev as , sendova - franks ab , franks nr ( 2007b ) the selection of building material for wall construction by ants . anim behav 73 : 779\u2013788\naleksiev as , longdon b , christmas mj , sendova - franks ab , franks nr ( 2008 ) individual and collective choice : parallel prospecting and mining in ants . naturwissenschaften 95 : 301\u2013305\nblott sj , pye k ( 2001 ) gradistat : a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments . earth surf proc land 26 : 1237\u20131248\ncamazine s , deneubourg j - l , franks nr , sneyd j , theraulaz g , bonabeau e ( 2001 ) self - organization in biological systems . princeton university press , princeton\ncoe al ( 1996 ) unconformities within the portlandian stage of the wessex basin and their sequence - stratigraphical significance . in : hesselbo sp , parkinson dn ( eds ) sequence stratigraphy in british geology . geol soc spec publ 103 : 109\u2013143\ndashtgard se , gingras mk , pemberton sg ( 2008 ) grain - size controls on the occurrence of bioturbation . palaeogeogr palaeoclimatol palaeoecol 257 : 224\u2013243\ndawkins r ( 1999 ) the extended phenotype : the long reach of the gene , revised ed . oxford university press , oxford\nfolgarait pj ( 1998 ) ant biodiversity and its relationship to ecosystem functioning : a review . biodivers conserv 7 : 1221\u20131244\nfolk rl , ward wc ( 1957 ) brazos river bar : a study in the significance of grain size parameters . j sediment petrol 27 : 3\u201326\nfranks nr , deneubourg j - l ( 1997 ) self - organizing nest construction in ants : individual worker behaviour and the nest ' s dynamics . anim behav 54 : 779\u2013796\nfranks nr , wilby a , silverman b , tofts c ( 1992 ) self - organizing nest construction in ants : sophisticated building by blind bulldozing . anim behav 44 : 357\u2013375\nfranks nr , dornhaus a , fitzsimmons jp , stevens m ( 2003a ) speed versus accuracy in collective decision - making . proc r soc lond b 270 : 2457\u20132463\nfranks nr , mallon eb , bray he , hamilton mj , mischler tc ( 2003b ) strategies for choosing between alternatives with different attributes : exemplified by house - hunting ants . anim behav 65 : 215\u2013223\nfranks nr , dornhaus a , best cs , jones el ( 2006 ) decision - making by small and large house - hunting ant colonies : one size fits all . anim behav 72 : 611\u2013616\nheneberg p ( 2009 ) soil penetrability as a key factor affecting the nesting of burrowing birds . ecol res 24 : 453\u2013459\njones cg , lawton jh , shachak m ( 1994 ) organisms as ecosystem engineers . oikos 69 : 373\u2013386\njouquet p , dauber j , lagerl\u00f6f j , lavelle p , lepage m ( 2006 ) soil invertebrates as ecosystem engineers : intended and accidental effects on soil and feedback loops . appl soil ecol 32 : 153\u2013164\nkinlaw a ( 1999 ) a review of burrowing by semi - fossorial vertebrates in arid environments . j arid environ 41 : 127\u2013145\nlangridge ea , franks nr , sendova - franks ab ( 2004 ) improvement in collective performance with experience in ants . behav ecol sociobiol 56 : 523\u2013529\nminter nj , franks nr , robson - brown ka ( 2012 ) morphogenesis of an extended phenotype : four - dimensional ant nest architecture . j r soc interface 9 : 586\u2013595\nr core team ( 2012 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 .\nrobinson ejh , franks nr , ellis s , okuda s , marshall jar ( 2011 ) a simple threshold rule is sufficient to explain sophisticated collective decision - making . plos one 6 : e19981\nsendova - franks ab , franks nr ( 1993 ) task allocation in ant colonies within variable environments ( a study of temporal polyethism : experimental ) . b math biol 55 : 75\u201396\nsosa b , brazeiro a ( 2012 ) local and landscape - scale effects of an ant nest construction in an open dry forest of uruguay . ecol entomol 37 : 252\u2013255\ntoffin e , kindekens j , deneubourg jl ( 2010 ) excavated substrate modulates growth instability during nest building in ants . proc r soc b 277 : 2617\u20132625\nwilson eo ( 1971 ) the insect societies . harvard university press , cambridge , ma\nyuan h - w , burt db , wang l - p , chang w - l , wang m - k , chiou c - r , ding t - s ( 2006 ) colony site choice of blue - tailed bee - eaters : influences of soil , vegetation and water quality . j nat hist 40 : 485\u2013493\nminter , n . j . , sendova - franks , a . b . & franks , n . r . behav ecol sociobiol ( 2013 ) 67 : 1745 . urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\naddress correspondence to s . c . pratt . e - mail : spratt @ urltoken .\nhow do ants actually implement the quorum rule ? that is , what proximate cues cause them to change their recruitment behavior ? when we say that this change relies on attainment of a quorum , this reflects both the experimental observation that the number of nest mates at a site determines subsequent recruitment behavior as well as the likelihood that nest - mate number is the functionally important feature for decision - making performance at the colony level . the ants themselves , however , are not likely to assess nest - mate numbers directly . although evidence exists for a limited number sense in many animals , including honey bees ( chittka and geiger , 1995 ; dehaene et al . , 1998 ) , insects and simpler organisms likely rely instead on simple cues correlated with either the absolute numbers or the density of conspecifics .\nalternatively , ants may respond to their rate of encounter with nest mates . during each visit to her candidate site , the scout wanders through it , approaching nest mates and touching them with her antennae . the rate of such encounters is likely to increase with the local density of ants ( gordon et al . , 1993 ) . one possibility is that an ant simply notes the time elapsed between her entry at the site and her first encounter . if this interval declines with increasing site population , it could serve as a simple cue of nest - mate density . similar time intervals play an important role in allocating labor in partitioned tasks , efficiently balancing the numbers of workers foraging for material with the numbers using this material at the nest ( jeanne , 1986 ; seeley , 1995 ) . a second possibility is that each ant integrates information from many encounters over the duration of her visit . use of multiple encounters could improve the precision of her estimate , as others have suggested for partitioned tasks ( ratnieks and anderson , 1999 ) . similar cues have already been implicated in labor allocation within harvester ant colonies , where an ant ' s probability of switching to a given task is positively related to her rate of encounter with nest mates already performing that task ( greene and gordon , 2003 ; gordon and mehdiabadi , 1999 ) .\nin this study , i examined the potential roles of encounter rate and indirect pheromonal signals in detection of a nest - mate quorum . i began by determining when , during an emigration , scouts pay attention to quorum attainment , and by estimating the time they devote to its measurement . i then explicitly tested the importance of each cue by manipulating its availability to scouts and determining how this affected their subsequent recruitment decisions .\napparatus used to control access of ants to a new nest site . the dish containing the old nest is mounted on a rack - and - pinion mechanism that allows it to be joined with or separated from the dish containing the new nest .\nthe time required by ants to decide whether a quorum is present may help to distinguish among potential mechanisms . detection of volatile pheromones is potentially very rapid , while measurement of lag to the first encounter may be more time consuming , and integration of a series of encounters should take longer still . to determine whether time devoted to quorum detection changed as ants switched from tandem runs to transports , i measured the duration of each visit to the new site by individually marked recruiters . emigrations were observed in a large tray with fluon - coated walls . an inhabited nest was placed against one wall of the tray and a single empty nest against the opposite wall , 60\u201365 cm away . digital video cameras recorded the ants ' activity at each nest throughout the emigration . visit durations and subsequent recruitment behavior were measured from the videotapes . only data from ants that led tandem runs were analyzed . i excluded the visit before each ant ' s first recruitment to avoid confounding time devoted to quorum detection with time needed to assess the nest . also excluded were visits that followed searches in the arena , to avoid confounding quorum assessment with prolonged stays in the nest that may follow these searches . six emigrations were observed : three by colony a6 , two by colony 6 , and one by colony 1 ."]}
{"id": 1047, "summary": [{"text": "calliostoma metabolicum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( fautor )", "topic": 26}], "title": "calliostoma metabolicum", "paragraphs": ["calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\nspecies calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915\nspecies calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903\nspecies calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )\ncalliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907\ncalliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907\ncalliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\nspecies calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )\nspecies calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rol\u00e1n & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )\ncalliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\ncalliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\nspecies calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\nspecies calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860\ncalliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860\ncalliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith\ncalliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995\nspecies calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998\nsubgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840\nsubgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855\ncalliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith\ncalliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )\ncalliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\ncalliostoma swainson , 1840 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 30 october 2010 .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )\ncalliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )\nspecies calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )\ncalliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )\ncalliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )\ncalliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )\nspecies calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )\nspecies calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )\nspecies calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )\nsubgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )\nspecies calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )\nspecies calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )\nspecies calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\ncalliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )\nspecies calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 \u2020 accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )\nspecies calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )\nspecies calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020\nspecies calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\nspecies calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )\nspecies calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )\ndrawing of a dorsal view of a living animal of calliostoma bairdii dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\nperron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .\ncarnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific\n. veliger . 18 : 52\u201354 .\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .\na revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand\n. the nautilus . 108 : 83\u2013127 .\nclench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .\nthe genus calliostoma in the western atlantic\n. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\nquinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .\nnew species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic\n. the nautilus . 106 : 77\u2013114 .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nvilvens c . 2005 . new records and new species of calliostoma and bathyfautor ( gastropoda : calliostomatidae ) from the vanuatu , fiji and tonga . novapex 6 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 17 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards . [ 3 ]\n( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]\ncontrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .\ncurrently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .\nthe species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , [ 4 ] although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . [ 5 ] the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates . [ 6 ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\netymology greek : polymorphous - with reference to the variability of the new species in colours and granularity of spiral cords .\netymology greek : polymorphous - with reference to the variability of the new species in colours and granularity of spiral cords . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkeyword search - try again , but check your spelling , and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don ' t have it today , create a ' want ' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100 , 000 booksellers worldwide , for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .\northoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather . . .\nnemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .\nnemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .\nalways exist\u0097occupy themselves with a vision of the future : but the former do so out of a strength of their age , the latter out of its weakness .\nthe genus ; through all genera the steadfast type ; through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity . nature is a mutable cloud which is always and never the same .\nand kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .\n( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]\nwilliams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]\n( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]\nthe distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrates , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .\nthe rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the body whorl is angulated at the periphery . the aperture is quadrangular , sinuated at the base and slightly oblique . the columella is simple , usually ending anteriorly in a slight tooth . [ 7 ] the nucleus appears to be either dextral or sinistral indifferently . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]\nperron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .\ndall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1050, "summary": [{"text": "the squirrel cuckoo ( piaya cayana ) is a large and active species of cuckoo found in wooded habitats from northwestern mexico to northern argentina and uruguay , and on trinidad .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some authorities have split off the western mexican form as the mexican squirrel-cuckoo ( piaya mexicana ) . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "squirrel cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["squirrel cuckoo ( piaya cayana ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .\nflight : squirrel cuckoo is able to catch flying insects , performing short fluttering flights . when foraging in trees , among foliage , it crosses open spaces between trees by gliding . squirrel cuckoo is able to perform sustained flights .\naverage lifespan : the lifespan of this squirrel cuckoo can\u2019t be determined as the accurate one . but , normally the cuckoo birds can live from 4 - 6 years .\nweight : the large squirrel cuckoo weighs around 95 - 120 grams ( 3 . 4 - 4 . 2 oz )\nrange : squirrel cuckoo lives in mexico and central america , and in south america from peru to north argentina and uruguay .\nyes ! i once saw a squirrel cuckoo hopping in a tree in ecuador and will never forget it . a magical bird !\nclick the button below to add the schneider 1 day bird leaf and squirrel cuckoo clock - 89 / 11 to your wish list .\nsquirrel cuckoo appears to be quite tolerant among human disturbances , untill the wooden land remains . this type of cuckoo is treated as the bold and conspicuous one compare to other cuckoos all over the world .\nall these colors make the squirrel cuckoo as the colorful bird . because of this reason most of the tourists of costa rica prefers to see this bird when they visit . the color variation and the plumage separate this species into 14 subspecies . two main subspecies of squirrel cuckoo are ,\n1 - day bird , leaf and squirrel cuckoo clock with hand carved squirrels , rugula 25 movement with a cuckoo call on the full and half hours , manual shut - off switch for strike and call , dial hands and cuckoo in wood . height is 9 inches ( 23 cm )\nprotection / threats / status : squirrel cuckoo\u2019s populations are not globally threatened . this species is common or very common in most parts of its wide range .\nthe squirrel cuckoo is the most common and widespread of all new world cuckoos . wherever this cuckoo occurs , it never fails to be center of attention , even for those who don\u2019t pay much attention to nature and birds .\nmangrove cuckoo : call is a thick , throaty , and squirrel - like\ngah - gah - gah\nor\nqua - qua - qua .\nseeing a squirrel cuckoo on your next trip south of the border is nearly guaranteed . seeing one fly across a clearing in the forest is an image to remember !\nits feeding behaviour makes it very similar to red squirrel . squirrel cuckoo hops along branches , through foliage , in bounding leaps . it hops from branch to branch ; it also runs along limbs as a squirrel , and glides with bursts of shallow wing beats for crossing open spaces . it forages in foliage , gleaning insects on leaves . it can also catch flying insects with fluttering flight . squirrel cuckoo is resident in its range . it is not brood parasite of other bird\u2019s species . it builds a nest and rears its young .\nfolia parasitologica : cucolepis cincta gen . n . et sp . n . ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea ) from the squirrel cuckoo piaya cayana lesson ( aves : cuculiformes ) from paraguay\nalthough cuckoo spends almost nine months in africa , it never sings while there .\ncuckoo does not build its own nests , because it is a brood parasite . that means that female cuckoo uses nests of other birds to lay her own eggs .\ndiet : squirrel cuckoo feeds mainly on large insects , cicadas , wasps and caterpillars ( green or with hair or spines ) , and sometimes spiders and small lizards . it rarely takes fruits .\nsquirrel cuckoos are large arboreal cuckoos with a very long , graduated tail . the upperparts are rufous brown ; the throat and breast are buffy ; and the belly is light gray . the long tail is rufous above but the undersides of the rectrices are blackish , with broad white tips . the name ' squirrel cuckoo ' comes from their coloration and the fact that their movements in trees resemble those of a squirrel at first glance .\nemily , it is due to the long tail . the bird with that long tail looks like a squirrel in a tree .\nlow guttural gaw - gaw - gaw - gaw - gaw , almost like a soft bark or the scolding of a squirrel .\n20 % of cuckoo ' s eggs will be recognized as foreign eggs and eliminated from the nest .\nmangrove cuckoo : yellow - billed and black - billed cuckoos have white underparts and lack black masks .\nbreeding / reproduction : the breeding season of squirrel cuckoo varies depending on the place . the first thing is to build the nest . both the male and female birds involve in forming the nest . they make the nest probably with fresh leaves or with sticks and leaves . the foundation of nest is made by sticks and twigs . the male squirrel cuckoo is responsible for bringing the things needed for forming the nest and the female bird forms the nest according to the convenient .\nthe squirrel cuckoos ( piaya cayana ) - also known as chestnut cuckoos or chestnut - billed cuckoos - are endemic to the americas .\nbehaviour : squirrel cuckoo feeds mainly on large insects which it takes off the foliage . it gleans in canopy and sub canopy , often in pairs , sometimes alone or in mixed groups . occasionally , it can follow army - ants swarms .\ncuckoo has long and pointed wings and long and thin beak . while flying , it resembles to hawk .\nwe can find two similar species : black - bellied cuckoo , with grey head , red bill , yellow lores and blackish belly and vent ; little cuckoo , smaller , with cinnamon - chestnut underparts and shorter tail .\nbecause of this if you visit costa rica next time , and then don\u2019t forget to visit the national parks to get the pleasant moments of your life along with the squirrel cuckoo . they will rejuvenate your spirit and will bring happiness in your mood .\nmangrove cuckoo : eats caterpillars , grasshoppers , moths , flies , and other insects ; forages in trees and shrubs .\ndiet : when you consider about this squirrel cuckoo it normally gets the prey as foliage one by quick lunge . it usually feeds on insects like wasps , cicadas and caterpillars including the one with stinging heads and wings . it occasionally eats spiders and lizards available in the forest . it rarely eats fruit and it catches the wasps by air through the excellent flight capacity of it . the group of squirrel cuckoo tries to attack the ants - column and takes off with the flushed prey of ants . sometimes they also search forage by roaming the forest .\nsquirrel cuckoo is the bird along with long tail and plumage that normally remembers the red squirrel , when it jumps over the tree . both sexes are similar in the shape and color . but the adult one has some different shapes and different colors . it has upper parts of the chestnuts as the rich one and the tail is tipped black and white . chin and throat of the adult squirrel cuckoo will be pale reddish on the lower parts . eyes have the bare yellow - green skin as the eye ring and with red in color . belly and breast of the bird are grey in color and there is black under tail coverts . legs and feet of this bird are pale bluish - grey .\nthe squirrel cuckoo is more often seen as it flies from tree to tree or across a clearing in the forest . it does not do this more frequently than other birds , but its long black tail and rufous wing seen in the air are such an attention - gette .\ntiming of the hatching is very important and female cuckoo closely observes routine and behavior of other birds . cuckoo ' s eggs need to hatch before other eggs so that the young cuckoos gain advantage over other chicks and ensure enough food for development .\nsize : this extremely long - tailed cuckoo is 40 . 5 - 50 centimeters ( 15 . 9 - 20 inches ) long\nthe cosmopolitan family cuculidae includes old and new world cuckoos . many of the old world cuckoos are brood parasites , laying their eggs in other birds nest . most new world cuckoos , including the squirrel cuckoo , are not brood parasites and build a nest and rear their young like most other birds .\nmf de vasconcelos , urban environment utilization by the squirrel cuckoo , piaya cayana : the importance of urban trees : ciencia e cultura ( sao paulo ) [ cienc . cult . ( sao paulo ) ] , vol . 50 , no . 6 , pp . 462 - 464 , dec 1998 .\ncuckoo travels to africa each september to avoid cold periods and lack of food during the winter in temperate areas of europe and asia .\nsquirrel cuckoos primarily feed on insects , including caterpillars , walking sticks , grasshoppers , beetles , wasps , bees , army ants , cicadas , hemipteras , odonates and spiders .\nsquirrel cuckoos are common across most of their natural range , and they have adapted well to human - altered habitats . therefore , they are not currently at risk of extinction .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto squirrel cuckoo utters explosive \u201cchik\u201d followed by gruff \u201cwhrrr\u201d . it also gives variations such as \u201cchik - chik\u201d , nasal \u201cchek - e - rehr\u201d , and loud \u201cch\u2019kaow\u201d . song is a prolonged series of sharp notes \u201cpee\u2019uk pee\u2019uk\u2026\u201d or whistled notes \u201cwheek wheek wheek\u2026\u201d mainly uttered in april - august .\nthey somewhat resemble the black - bellied cuckoo ( piaya melanogaster ) found in lowlands areas of northern and central south america east of the andes . however , the black - bellied cuckoo has a grey crown , red ( not greenish yellow ) bill , blue eye rings and blackish abdomen .\nfemale cuckoo lays one egg in each nest . she usually lays between 12 and 22 eggs per season ( in 12 to 22 different nests ) .\ncuckoos are named after onomatopoeic sound which they produce : ' cuck - oo , cuck - oo ' . even thought the whole family is named by this unique sound , only one cuckoo species ( common cuckoo ) is able to produce this sound . other species communicate by producing different types of sounds .\nmore than 120 species of birds can be tricked to raise young cuckoos as their own chicks , but 90 % of cuckoo ' s eggs are laid in the nests of reed warbler , meadow pipit and dunnock birds . cuckoo chooses nests with eggs that are the most similar to eggs that she is producing .\nphillips , a . j . , mariaux , j . , & georgiev , b . b . ( 2012 ) . cucolepis cincta gen . n . et sp . n . ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea ) from the squirrel cuckoo piaya cayana lesson ( aves : cuculiformes ) from paraguay . folia parasitologica , 59 ( 4 ) , 287 - 294 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2012 . 040 .\nhabitat : squirrel cuckoo lives in forests and woodlands , in canopy and edges . tropical forests can be evergreen , deciduous , old secondary , gallery , flooded evergreen forest , and mangroves . it also frequents coffee plantations , shrubbery , pastures with trees , areas along watercourses in dry regions , and also residential areas . this species can be found from sea level to 2700 metres of elevation . however , it avoids too dense forests .\npayne , r . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . common squirrel - cuckoo ( piaya cayana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncuckoo is a bird of the cuculidae family . there are 54 species of cuckoo that can be found in the europe , asia , africa and australasia . only 2 of 54 species live in europe . cuckoo inhabits open areas , such as marshes , meadows and fields , but it can be also found in woodlands and alpine areas . they are not listed as endangered , but their number in certain areas declined as a result of habitat loss , decrease in number of birds which act as foster parents to young cuckoos and because of the climate changes ( which affect their migratory patterns and availability of food ) .\nwhen you visit costa rica with your family or with your companion , then it would be better to watch the activities of this bird from the nationalized parks available in costa rica . you can find the bird in monteverde cloud forrest reserve , braulio carrillo national park , juan castro bianco national park and chirripo national park . if you go through these parks , then you can enjoy with your family because of the natural sceneries and the presence of squirrel cuckoo bird .\nhughes j . m . 2006 : phylogeny of the cuckoo genus coccyzus ( aves : cuculidae ) : a test of monophyly . syst . biodiv . 4 : 483 - 488 go to original source . . .\nthis cuckoo is also the most habitat generalist . it is found mature humid forest in amazonia , the humid foothill of the andes , dry and deciduous forests , second growth , coffee plantations , and just about any type of standing forest from mexico to argentina . it has several regional names and is the center of tales , but the most used name is sicua or shicua ; an onomatopoeic name after the cuckoo\u2019s most common call .\ndescription : squirrel cuckoo resembles red squirrel when moving along branches with its rufous plumage and its long tail . adult male has rich chestnut upperparts . long dark chestnut tail is tipped black and white . on the underparts , chin and throat are pale reddish . breast and belly are grey , darker on belly and flanks . undertail coverts are black . undertail is dark chestnut with white - tipped feathers . head is chestnut . down - curved , strong bill is yellow - green . eyes are red , with bare yellow - green skin as eye - ring . legs and feet are pale bluish - grey . both sexes are similar . juvenile resembles adults , but it is paler , and central tail feathers lack black tips above . bill is greyish . eyes are brown .\nrange : the squirrel cuckoo is mostly found in the neotropic eco zone of the world . the bird occurs from north to southern sonora and southern tamaulipas of north mexico , panama and costa rica of center american countries , south america , peru , south to northern argentina and east of the andes . this bird has very broad elevational distribution among these countries . other than america you can\u2019t find this bird because it is endemic to america . among all these places , costa rica is treated as the best place to see this bird because of the best tourist infrastructure of this country .\nmangrove cuckoo : two to three light blue eggs are laid in a nest made of twigs and leaves , and built from 8 to 10 feet above the ground in a mangrove tree or shrub . incubation ranges from 9 to 11 days and is carried out by both parents .\nbirders who seek the mangrove cuckoo in florida may have to contend with heat , humidity , mosquitoes , and long hours of searching . this bird is a shy denizen of dense mangrove swamps , living in impenetrable tangles , where its presence is often betrayed only by its throaty calls .\njohnson k . p . , goodman s . m . , lanyon s . m . 2000 : a phylogenetic study of the malagasy couas with insights into cuckoo relationships . mol . phylogenet . evol . 14 : 436 - 444 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nsorenson m . d . , payne r . b . 2005 : molecular systematics : cuckoo phylogeny inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences . in : r . b . payne ( ed . ) , bird families of the world : cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , usa , pp . 68 - 94\nmangrove cuckoo : found in in mangrove forests in the united states , part of its range , as well as in some tropical hardwood species . in the tropical range , it is found in mangroves , but also in other types of woodlands . not always found near water in the tropics , with some birds nesting far from water sources . considered a permanent resident throughout its tropical range .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124\na guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press \u2013 isbn 069108372x\nthere are 14 subspecies varying in coloration and plumage pattern . main subspecies are : p . c . mexicanus , from w mexico , is brighter and paler ; p . c . thermophila , from e mexico and central america , is darker overall with black undertail broadly tipped white .\nreproduction : breeding season varies , according to the place . both adults build the cup - shaped nest in dense shrubbery or in trees . it is a shallow platform made with leaves , or also with sticks and fresh leaves . sticks and twigs are used as foundations . nest is well concealed in dense vegetation , on large branch . female lays 2 to 3 white eggs . incubation lasts about 18 to 20 days , shared by both parents . each turn lasts about 6 to 8 hours . chicks are covered with down at hatching . they are fed and cared by both parents . they are fed with large insects . they leave the nest relatively soon after hatching , and before they can fly , at about 8 to 10 days of age . if disturbed , they can climb around the nest . this species can produce several broods per year .\nauthors : jenny fitzgerald , thomas s . schulenberg , and glenn f . seeholzer\nfitzgerald , j . , t . s . schulenberg , and g . f . seeholzer ( 2011 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , juan sanabria , stefan behrens , pieter de groot boersma , pere sugranyes , max roth , keith and lynn youngs , greg baker , dani\u00eal jimenez , martin manassero , thore noernberg , keith blomerley , nelsonlage , virgilio y\u00e1bar calder\u00f3n , robert schaefer , antonio silveira , yo\u00ebl jimenez , paul molina abril , agustin carrasco , manakincarmelo , jacob . wijpkema .\njoe klaiber , peter boesman , josep del hoyo , no\u00e9 eiterer , ciro albano .\nuntil recently treated as conspecific with p . mexicana . proposed race stirtoni ( from sw guatemala to nw costa rica ) is synonymized with thermophila , inexpectata ( w venezuela ) with mehleri , cearae ( cear\u00e1 , in ne brazil ) with pallescens , and boliviana ( c peru to n bolivia ) with obscura . thirteen subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 e mexico ( e san luis potos\u00ed and s tamaulipas s to veracruz , yucat\u00e1n and isthmus of tehuantepec on gulf coast s to near tehuantepec city ) through central america to panama and nw colombia .\n\u2013 w colombia ( occurring e to slopes of c andes ) , w ecuador , and nw peru ( tumbes ) .\nbonaparte , 1850 \u2013 ne colombia e of gulf of urab\u00e1 to magdalena valley and along w slope of e andes , e in coastal venezuela to paria peninsula .\n\u2013 e & s venezuela through the guianas and s to n bank of lower amazon .\n( cabanis & heine , 1863 ) \u2013 colombia e of andes , e ecuador , and ne peru ( n of r mara\u00f1\u00f3n ) .\ne . snethlage , 1908 \u2013 c brazil s of amazon from r juru\u00e1 e to r tapaj\u00f3s and s to upper ji - paran\u00e1 , e peru and n bolivia .\npinto , 1938 \u2013 brazil s of amazon from santarem e to mouth of amazon , and coast of n maranh\u00e3o .\nj . a . allen , 1893 \u2013 sc brazil ( c mato grosso and goi\u00e1s to n s\u00e3o paulo ) .\na three - note dry rolling \u201chic - a - ro\u201d or \u201cgeep - kareer\u201d , a \u201cchick - kaw . . .\ntropical lowland evergreen forest , tropical deciduous forest , old secondary forest , gallery forest . . .\nbreeds in costa rica in both dry and wet seasons , jan\u2013aug but mainly apr\u2013jun ; in panama may\u2013jun ; in colombia jan\u2013 . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally common to very common throughout most of its extensive range , e . g . common in many parts of guatemala , costa rica , colombia , ecuador , brazil . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ncame very close , marginally over - recorded a couple of times , but some good stretches , e . g . , after 0 : 45 ; several types of call ;\nindividual bird calling from a magnolia sp . tree . garden in suburbial neighborhood .\nnatural vocalization ; calls from a bird perched high in a tall tree in dense thorn forest .\nnatural vocalization ; calls from a bird perched fairly high in a tall tree in dense thorn forest on a steep slope .\nsong and several call types in response to playback from a bird perched at mid - level in tall , dense thornscrub .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npiaya cayana and p . mexicana ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . cayana following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimated the total population ( prior to the split of p . mexicanus ) to number 5 , 000 , 000 - 50 , 000 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\n( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t61418830a118860996 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhabitat : it is the bird that mostly lives in the forested habitats of countries throughout the america . you can find them in the humid forest , semi humid forest , plantations , deciduous forest , forest edges and even on the scattered trees of an open country . normally it makes the residence in the tree as hidden dense vegetation of 1 - 12 m high .\nin most of the countries it lives over some high . in mexico it can live up to 2000 m from the sea level , up to 2450 m in costa rica , regularly 1500 m in ecuador countries , over 1800 m in panama , usually below 1200 m in the north orinoco and 2500 m in venezuela .\nthey probably build two nests in the shape of cup . one nest sizes as 17 . 8 cm wide by 6 . 4 cm deep . another nest measures as an outer depth and inner diameter as 8 . 9 cm and outer diameter as 15 . 2 - 17 . 8 cm . the female bird normally lays 2 to 3 eggs , which are unmarked and chalky white in color . both birds would take care of the incubation over the period of 18 - 19 days . each takes the turn as 6 - 8 hours to incubate . they also take care of the cleaning of nests . every day they replace the leaves of nest by fresh leaves .\nboth parents would take care of feeding to their children . after eight days of incubation , the young one started to surround the branches of tree and then it get back to the nest .\n\u2022 p . c . thermophila , which is available in costa rica of central america and eastern mexico . it is normally darkened overall with black and tipped with white in under tail\napart from these two subspecies , you can also find some subspecies in northern south america and western south america . these subspecies has the yellow eye ring that doesn\u2019t remain in other subspecies available in other parts of south america .\nif you think about the voice of this bird , there are different sounds you can hear from it . it explores the prolonged whistle notes in the voice normally in the season of april to august . it is also treated as the melodious voice that gives pleasant feeling to the people . this would also make the environment of parks of the costa rica as the best and enjoyable one .\nalfredo lives in florida but grew up alongside peruvian meadowlarks and marvelous spatuletails in peru . trained as wildlife biologist , he divides his time between south florida and the tropics where he spends a fair amount of time . alfredo founded surbound , a blog on mission to connect the birds , wildlife , people , and magnificent landscapes in the americas .\nwelcome to 10 , 000 birds , just the place for people who love birds , pictures of birds , and people who write about birds , birding , conservation , and much more .\nget 10 , 000 birds in your email inbox every day . sign up for our free email newsletter !\nfb , by james hogg : i always seem to end up at a se . . .\ntempted to buy this beer just for the design , love it ! . . .\nstill going strong . bravo ! i know where you are coming fro . . .\n\u00a9 2013 10 , 000 birds . all words , images , and opinions are the property of their respective authors unless stated otherwise .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 755 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nadult : sexes similar . upperparts chestnut to rufous - chestnut , usually paler on the crown . remiges tipped with grayish brown . tail long , graduated . rectrices rufous - chestnut above with a broad white terminal spot and a black subterminal bar ; the underside of the rectrices primarily brownish - black , with a broad terminal white spot . throat and breast cinnamon . belly gray , shading to slate to slaty black on the flanks , crissum , and undertail coverts . underwing coverts light gray ; underside of remiges cinnamon - buff .\nimmature ( formative plumage ) : similar to adult , but rectrices ( retained from the juvenile or first basic plumage ) are narrower , with more pointed tips , and ( especially on the central pair ) the white tips and the black subterminal bar are reduced in size .\njuvenile ( first basic plumage ) : similar to adult , but the plumages is more lax and fluffy , and the throat is a little grayer . the rectrices are narrower , with more pointed tips , and ( especially on the central pair ) the white tips and the black subterminal bar are reduced in size .\ndefinitive basic plumage is acquired by a complete prebasic molt . in el salvador , the onset of this molt is variable , but the molt primarily is july - september .\nprealternate molt , which in el salvador occurs in feburary - march , is incomplete . the extent of this molt is not documented . the first prealternate molt also is described as more extensive than the definitive prealternate molt .\nformative plumage is acquired by an incomplete preformative molt . juvenile ( first basic ) rectrices and remiges are retained .\niris : carmine red , dark red ( ridgway 1916 , haverschmidt 1968 , wetmore 1968 ) .\nthe color of the bare orbital skin is geographically variable ; generally , the eyering is yellowish green from mexico south to northern and northwestern south america , and is red from northern south america , east of the andes , south to south central south america . the eyering is yellowish green to light olive - green from mexico south to northwestern south america west of the andes ( subspecies mexicana , thermophila , and nigricrissa ; ridgway 1916 , wetmore 1968 , howell and webb 1995 , ridgely and greenfield 2001b , schulenberg et al . 2007 ) . the eyering color in northern colombia and northwestern and northern venezuela ( subspecies mehleri , circe ) apparently also is yellow ( restall et al . 2006 ) , as it in trindidad ( insulana ; ffrench 1991 ) . from venezuela south of the orinoco , apparently south to the southern end of the distribution , the bare orbital skin is crimson ( haverschmidt 1968 , wetmore 1968 , belton 1984 , hilty and brown 1986 , ridgely and greenfield 2001b , hilty 2003 , schulenberg et al . 2007 ) .\ntotal length : 40 - 46 cm ( wetmore 1968 ) , 40 . 5 - 46 cm ( ridgely and greenfield 2001b ) , 40 . 5 - 50 cm ( howell and webb 1995 ) , 43 cm ( hilty and brown 1986 , hilty 2003 )\nmass : male , mean 104 . 0 g ( range 73 . 0 - 137 . 0 , n = 33 , taxa not specified ; payne 2005 ) ; female , mean 100 . 3 g ( range 76 . 0 - 129 . 4 g , n = 28 , taxa not specified ; payne 2005 )\nsubspecies thermophila : males , mean 99 . 4 g ( \u00b1 9 . 0 g , range 89 . 2 - 111 g , n = 7 ; belize , russell 1964 ) ; female , 103 g ( belize , russell 1964 ) .\nsubspecies insulata : males , mean 92 . 8 g ( range 90 - 95 . 5 g , n = 2 ; junge and mees 1958 ) ; females , mean 97 g ( range 94 - 100 g , n = 2 ; junge and mees 1958 ) .\nthese birds were named for their similarities with squirrels - both in their body color as well as their movement in trees that resemble those of squirrels moving up and down the trunk of trees .\nthe subspecies vary in the coloration of their underparts , throats , tails and eye - rings ( red in the more northern populations and yellow in southern parts ) .\nrange : northeastern colombia east of the gulf of urab\u00e1 to magdalena valley and along the western slope of east andes , east in coastal venezuela to the paria peninsula .\nrange : brazil south of the amazon , from santarem to the amazon delta , and coast of northern maranh\u00e3o .\nthese birds are quite distinctive throughout their range and are unlikely to be confused , except by the casual observers .\nthey also resemble the little cuckoos , but those are smaller in size and have darker throats .\nthere is one report of one bird killing a frog , but then abandoned it - maybe because of its large size .\nthey typically forage in the mid - story and canopy . flying insects may be caught in mid - air .\nchinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : kukacka guyansk\u00e1 , kuka ? ka vever ? \u00ed . . . danish : egerng\u00f8g . . . dutch : eekhoornkoekoek . . . estonian : oravk\u00e4gu ( hallk\u00f5ht - oravk\u00e4gu ) . . . finnish : oravak\u00e4ki . . . french : piaye \u00e9cureuil . . . german : cayenne - fuchskuckuck , cayennekuckuck , eichhornkuckuck . . . guarani : tingasu . . . italian : cuculo scoiattolo , cuculo scoiattolo della cayenna . . . japanese : haimunerisukakkou , risukakkou . . . norwegian : ekorngj\u00f8k . . . polish : rudzianka wielka . . . portuguese : alma - de - caboclo , alma - de - gato , atinga\u00fa , chinco\u00e3 , crocoi\u00f3 , maria - cara\u00edba , meia - pataca , oraca , pataca , pato - pataca , rabilonga , rabo - de - escriv\u00e3o , rabo - de - palha , tico\u00e3 , tinco\u00e3 , tingua\u00e7u , uir\u00e1 - pag\u00e9 . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : kukavka krovinn\u00e1 , kukavka krovinov\u00e1 . . . spanish : alma de gato canela , cuclillo canela , cuco ardilla , cuco ardilla com\u00fan , cuco - ardilla com\u00fan , paj\u00e1ro le\u00f3n , pirincho de monte , tingaz\u00fa , urraca canela . . . swedish : ekorrg\u00f6k\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\ntambor , c\u00f3bano , puntarenas , 100m east and 75m north from local public school , on beachfront . local : + 506 2683 - 0011 info @ urltoken\nmount of a small bird with body arched backwards and both wings held opened . head is held up and tail is held down . both wings are widely opened and feet are paralell and held in natural standing position .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncuckoos are birds of the medium size . they can reach 12 . 6 to 14 . 1 inches in length and weight up to 2 . 1 ounces .\nmales and females can be distinguished by the color of their feathers . upper parts of the males are bluish to gray , and their white bellies are intersected with dark lines . some females may look like males , except that they have buff colored breast with dark lines . other types of females are reddish brown or covered with dark bars completely . young cuckoos are slate - gray and reddish brown in color .\ncharacteristic ' cuck - oo , cuck - oo ' sound is produced only by males . females produce bubbling sound , which resembles the sound of the water that is running out of the tub after removing the plug .\nyoung cuckoos are very aggressive toward other chicks in the nest and they will often remove them from the nest as soon as they hatch . when they are several weeks old , young cuckoos are ready to fly to africa along with their parents .\n( rio juru\u00e1 to rio tapaj\u00f3s . c brazil s of the amazon . , e peru , n bolivia )\n( rio tapaj\u00f3s to the amazon delta . ne brazil s of the amazon . )\ninternational journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .\ndepartment of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut , 75 n . eagleville road , storrs , ct 06269 - 3043 , usa\nbaczynska h . 1914 : etudes anatomiques et histologiques sur quelque nouvelles especes de cestodes d ' oiseaux . bull . soc . neuchatel . sci . nat . 40 : 187 - 239\nbona f . v . , bosco m . c . , maffi a . 1986 : tre nuove specie del genera paruterina ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) in trogoniformi ( aves ) neotropicali . boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . 4 : 1 - 61\nbona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1984a : la estructura del genero paruterina fuhrm . , 1906 y consideraciones sobre los generos biuterina fuhrm . , 1902 , proparuterina fuhrm . , 1911 y sphaeruterina johnston , 1914 ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) . mus . reg . sci . nat . boll . ( torino ) 2 : 411 - 443\nbona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1984b : paruterina similita n . sp . ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) en cuculidae ( aves ) del norte de argentina . mus . reg . sci . nat . boll . ( torino ) 2 : 181 - 198\nbona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1985 : redescripcion y variabilidad de paruterina similis ( ransom , 1909 ) ( cestoda , paruterinidae ) , recolectada en un neuvo hospedador , coccyzus melacoryphus ( cuculiformes ) en el norte de argentina . riv . parassitol . 2 ( 46 ) : 115 - 139\nbona f . v . , maffi a . v . 1987 : los paruterinidae ( cestoda ) con ganchos de patron\nrectanguloide\n. parte i . observaciones sobre los ganchos rectanguloides y revision de la literatura . boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . 5 : 455 - 489 .\nfuhrmann o . 1906 : die taenien der raubvoegel . zbl . bakt . hyg . i . abt . orig . 41 : 440 - 452\nfuhrmann o . 1907 : bekannte und neue arten und genera von vogeltaenien . zbl . bakt . hyg . i . abt . orig . 45 : 516 - 536\nfuhrmann o . 1908 : nouveaux taenias d ' oiseaux . rev . suisse zool . 16 : 27 - 73\nfuhrmann o . 1927 : brasilianische cestoden aus reptilien und vogeln . abh . senckenb . naturforsch . ges . 40 : 389 - 401\ngeorgiev b . b . , gibson d . i . 2006 : description of triaenorhina burti n . sp . ( cestoda : paruterinidae ) from the malabar trogon harpactes fasciatus ( pennant ) ( aves : trogoniformes : trogonidae ) in sri lanka . syst . parasitol . 63 : 53 - 60 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ngeorgiev b . b . , kornyushin v . v . 1994 : family paruterinidae fuhrmann , 1907 ( sensu lato ) . in : l . f . khalil , a . jones and r . a . bray ( eds . ) , keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates . cab international , wallingform , uk , pp . 559 - 584\ngeorgiev b . b . , vaucher c . 2001 : revision of the genus parvirostrum fuhrmann , 1908 ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea : paruterinidae ) . syst . parasitol . 50 : 13 - 29 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ngill f . , donsker d . ( e ds . ) 2012 : ioc world bird names ( v . 2 . 11 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 13 / 2 / 2012 ]\nhughes j . m . 1996 : phylogenetic analysis of the cuculidae ( aves , cuculiformes ) using behavioral and ecological characters . the auk 113 : 10 - 22 go to original source . . .\nhughes j . m . 2000 : monophyly and phylogeny of cuckoos ( aves , cuculidae ) inferred from osteological characters . zool . j . linn . soc . 130 : 263 - 307 go to original source . . .\nvon linstow o . f . b . 1906 : helminthes from the collection of the columbo museum . spolia zeylanica 3 : 163 - 188\nmacko j . k . , rysavy b . 1982 : vitta crotophagae sp . n . ( cestoda : dilepididae ) , a new cestode species from crotophaga ani l . in cuba . folia parasitol . 29 : 297 - 301\nmahon j . 1957 : deltokeras synallaxis sp . nov . ( dilepididae ) from synallaxis rutilans temm . can . j . zool . 35 : 441 - 447 go to original source . . .\nmariaux j . , vaucher c . 1990 : a new genus of dilepididae ( cestoda ) of the yellowbill ceuthmochares aereus ( cuculidae ) from the ivory coast . j . parasitol . 76 : 22 - 26 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nmascarenhas c . s . , kreuger c . , meuller g . 2009 : the helminth fauna of the red - crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) passeriformes : emberizidae in brazil . parasitol . res . 105 : 1359 - 1363 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nposso s . r . , donatelli r . j . 2006 : analise filogenetica e implicacoes sistematicas e evolutivas nos cuculiformes ( aves ) com base na osteologia , comportamento e ecologia . rev . bras . zool . 23 : 608 - 629 go to original source . . .\nposso s . r . , donatelli r . j . 2010 : when decisions on homologous structures cause ambiguous taxa relationships : the neomorphinae ( aves , cuculidae ) example . braz . j . biol . 70 : 195 - 204 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nrausch r . l . , morgan b . b . 1947 : the genus anonchotaenia ( cestoda : dilepididae ) from north american birds , with the description of a new species . trans . am . microsc . soc . 66 : 203 - 211 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nrudolphi c . a . 1819 : entozoorum synopsis cui accedunt mantissa duplex et indices locupletissimi . sumtibus augusti ruecker , berlin , 811 pp\nscholz t . , kuchta r . , salgado - maldonado g . 2002 : cestodes of the family dilepididae ( cestoda : cyclophyllidea ) from fisheating birds in mexico . syst . parasitol . 52 : 171 - 182 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nsouthwell t . 1922 : cestodes from indian birds with a note on ligula intestinalis . ann . trop . med . parasitol . 16 : 355 - 382 go to original source . . .\nspasskii a . a . , shumilo r . p . 1965 : [ the phenomenon of the postlarval development of the rostellum and the hooks in the cestodes of the genus triaenorhina , n . gen . ( paruterinidae ) . ] . doklady akademii nauk sssr 164 : 1436 - 1438 . ( in russian )\nvasileva g . p . , georgiev b . b . , genov t . 2000 : palaearctic species of the genus confluaria ablasov ( cestoda , hymenolepididae ) : redescriptions of c . podicipina ( szymanski , 1905 ) and c . furcifera ( krabbe , 1869 ) , description of c . pseudofurcifera n . sp . , a key and final comments . syst . parasitol . 45 : 109 - 130 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\nprobably declining in florida keys as habitat is lost to development , but may be expanding north slightly along coast . still widespread in caribbean and elsewhere in tropics .\nin our area , mostly in mangroves . in florida , lives in mangrove swamps and in groves of tropical hardwoods on the keys and the southern mainland . elsewhere in range , found in mangroves and in various kinds of scrubby woods , including dry forest far from water .\nforages rather slowly and deliberately among mangroves or other dense growth , peering about , sometimes making short leaps or flutters to take insects from the foliage .\n2 , sometimes 3 . pale blue - green , fading to greenish yellow . incubation is probably by both parents ; incubation period not well known . young : development of young and age at first flight not well known . probably fed by both parents , as in other cuckoos .\ndevelopment of young and age at first flight not well known . probably fed by both parents , as in other cuckoos .\nmostly insects . diet not known in detail . as with other cuckoos , seems to eat many caterpillars . also feeds on grasshoppers , praying mantises , moths , flies , and other insects ; also some spiders and small frogs , and probably some berries and small fruits .\nbreeding behavior is not well known . male gives low , throaty song in spring , presumably to defend territory and attract a mate . nest : so far as known , site is in mangrove or other low tree , usually fairly low over the water or ground ( probably lower than 10 ' in most cases ) , among dense foliage . nest is a flimsy platform of sticks .\nmigratory status in florida uncertain . recorded at all seasons and thought to be permanent resident , but more conspicuous in summer . rare stray from mexico north into texas and gulf coast .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\nyebicu _ 1 . c - c - c - kowlpoutbursts3examples _ vale _ 1 . mp3\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled . some features of this application will not work .\nthis metadata record is the intellectual property of csa / proquest , and was licensed for use under a contract with the usgs to support scientific research and understanding . as such , this copyrighted material should not be electronically reproduced or shared outside of sciencebase .\nciencia e cultura ( sao paulo ) [ cienc . cult . ( sao paulo ) ] , vol . 50 , no . 6 , pp . 462 - 464 , dec 1998\ntail is long and dark with six large white spots underneath , each with a dark spot . decurved bill is dark above and yellow below with a dark tip . sexes are similar .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nconsists of soft , loose - webbed feathers on the side of the bird ' s head below and behind the eyes ."]}
{"id": 1058, "summary": [{"text": "the abyssal grenadier , coryphaenoides armatus , is an abyssal fish of the genus coryphaenoides , found in all the world 's oceans , at depths between 800 and 4,000 m. its adult length is 20 to 40 cm , although fishbase gives lengths up to 1 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the abyssal grenadier 's body is unique in that it contains two dorsal spines and about 124 dorsal soft rays , which are the flexible jointed rays supporting a fin nearest to the back in the spinal column .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it has no anal spines , but has 115 anal soft rays along its body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the head and eyes of this fish are very large , while the mouth is very small .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the color of the abyssal grenadier is brown apart from the abdomen , which is bluish . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "abyssal grenadier", "paragraphs": ["when they are brought up from the depths , gases in their bladders expand , popping the fish ' s stomachs and making their eyes bug out . no abyssal grenadier has ever been kept in captivity .\ndistinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography\ndistinguishing between the abyssal macrourids coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus from in situ photography - sciencedirect\nthe abyssal plains , covering more than half the earth ' s surface , are the world ' s largest habitat .\namazingly , while many fish species are suffering , the abyssal grenadier populations are booming ! they live so far down that they aren ' t affected by the fishing industry , and between 1989 and 2004 they doubled in number . scientists don ' t know much else about them though . their reproductive habits are unknown , and they have never been kept in captivity .\nmost experts agree that abyssal grenadiers are slow - growing animals , but estimates of their life spans vary from 6 to 60 years .\nthe scavenging fish communities at abyssal depths of the pacific ocean are dominated by two species of macrourids ; the rough abyssal grenadier coryphaenoides yaquinae iwamoto and stein , 1974 and the abyssal grenadier c . armatus ( hector , 1875 ) . these two species are morphologically very similar , and in the absence of physical specimens are notoriously difficult to distinguish from photographic data . in an era of increasing reliance on imaging technology in the deep sea , we provide an analysis of images of the two species from around the pacific rim with supplementary data from the atlantic and southern oceans . our results show that image - specific morphometric characters are inadequate to distinguish the two species . however , the way in which artificial illumination is reflected from the body is both sufficient , and consistently different to distinguish between the two species . the results are also corroborated by known geographic and bathymetric distributions . this analysis is intended to provide a reliable method of identification from deep - sea imaging systems in the absence of standard fishing techniques .\nthese fish live in the abyssal plains , flat expanses of the ocean floor at depths of 10 , 000 to 20 , 000 feet ( 3 , 000 to 6 , 000 meters ) . abyssal grenadiers , for example , have more than doubled in number between 1989 and 2004 , according to a new study .\ntoday ' s animal is one of those deep sea fish that we so uncommonly see alive . even though they live in all of the world ' s oceans , the abyssal grenadiers normally hang out between 1 , 000 and\neuropean regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) coryphaenoides armatus is a common species in the bathypelagic of the most ocean basins on the abyssal plain . it lives at depths too great to be of commercial interest , and there are no known major known threats . therefore , c . armatus is assessed as least concern .\nabyssal grenadiers have a very distinct look to them . they have large heads ( featuring large eyes ) but bodies that taper out into a tail that completely lacks a caudal fin , along with spined fins that run down both their dorsal and central sides . these fish are known to be very slow - growing , and live as long as 60 years .\nabyssal grenadier fish coryphaenoides yaquinae were coryphaenoides armatus and observed arriving at baits deployed within view of a free - fall video vehicle ( fvv ) camera on the sea floor at two stations in the north pacific , sta . f 32\u00b050\u2032n , 124\u00b0w , 4400 m deep in the vicinity of the california current and sta . cnp 31\u00b0n , 159\u00b0w , a 5900 m deep oligotrophic station . included within each bait deployment were one or two ingestible acoustic transmitters . a total of 23 fish at sta . f and 13 fish at sta . cnp ingested transmitters and were tracked using an acoustic tracking system ( atex ) . the number of fish within view of the camera increased to a mean maximum of 4 . 7 at 60 min at sta . f and 11 . 8 by 400 min at sta . cnp , a paradox in view of presumed lower fish population density at sta . cnp . fish that ingested transmitters moved away at radial velocities between 1 and 15 cm s \u22121 , reaching a mean radius of 233 m by 370 min at sta . f and 622 min at sta . cnp .\nthe estimated combined abundance of coryphaenoides armatus and c . yaquinae increased by 275 % ( from an annual average abundance of 7 . 5 ind / ha in 1989 to 28 . 1 ind / ha in 2004 ) via towed cameras between 1989 and 2004 at approximately 4100 m depth at station m ( bailey et al . 2006 ) . station m is located in the abyssal northeast pacific about 220 km west of point conception , california . the abundance was not reported by species , so it is unclear whether the increase is attributable to c . armatus . coryphaenoides armatus was the most abundant macrourid sampled by long - line in the mid - atlantic ridge ( fossen et al . 2008 ) .\nurltoken has more than 100 trusted sources , including encyclopedias , dictionaries , and thesauruses with facts , definitions , biographies , synonyms , pronunciation keys , word origins , and abbreviations .\nsocialized medicine publicly administered system of national health care . the term is used to describe programs that range from government operation of medical facilities to national health - insurance plans . in 1948 , great britain passed the national health service act that provided free physician and hospital services for all citizens .\nafghanistan , officially islamic republic of afghanistan , republic ( 2005 est . pop . 29 , 929 , 000 ) , 249 , 999 sq mi ( 647 , 497 sq km ) , s central asia . afghanistan is bordered by iran on the west , by pakistan on the east and south , and by turkmenistan , uzbekistan , and tajikistan on the north ; a narrow strip , the vakhan ( wakhan ) , extends in the northeast along pakistan to the xinjiang uygur autonomous region of china . the capital and largest city is kabul .\nglobal warming the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth ' s lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution . the temperature of the atmosphere near the earth ' s surface is warmed through a natural process called the greenhouse effect .\nimmigration entrance of a person ( an alien ) into a new country for the purpose of establishing permanent residence . motives for immigration , like those for migration generally , are often economic , although religious or political factors may be very important . high rates of immigration are frequently accompanied by militant , and sometimes violent , calls for immigration restriction or deportation by nationalist groups . see also naturalization .\nfrench revolution political upheaval of world importance in france that began in 1789 . origins of the revolution historians disagree in evaluating the factors that brought about the revolution . to some extent at least , it came not because france was backward , but because the country ' s economic and intellectual development was not matched by social and political change .\nunited nations ( un ) , international organization established immediately after world war ii . it replaced the league of nations . in 1945 , when the un was founded , there were 51 members ; 192 nations are now members of the organization ( see table entitled united nations members ) . organization and principles the charter of the united nations comprises a preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles .\nfederal reserve system central banking system of the united states . established in 1913 , it began to operate in nov . , 1914 . its setup , although somewhat altered since its establishment , particularly by the banking act of 1935 , has remained substantially the same . structure the federal reserve act created 12 regional federal reserve banks , supervised by a federal reserve board . each reserve bank is the central bank for its district .\nfood adulteration act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient . the greek and roman classics contain allusions to wine makers and dealers who colored and flavored their wine .\ntiananmen square large public square in beijing , china , on the southern edge of the inner or tatar city . the square , named for its gate of heavenly peace ( tiananmen ) , contains the monument to the heroes of the revolution , the great hall of the people , the museum of history and revolution , and the chairman mao zedong memorial hall ( with mao ' s embalmed body ) . mao zedong proclaimed the founding of the people ' s republic in the square on oct . 1 , 1949 , an anniversary still observed there .\ngreek , koryphaina = dolphin fish + suffix oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom ' cyklos ' meaning circle and ' lepis ' meaning scale ( ref . 6885 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 282 - 5180 m ( ref . 50610 ) . deep - water ; 65\u00b0n - 61\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ( ref . 1371 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 102 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 123 - 124 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 115 . the head is large ; the eyes also large . the snout is elongated , somewhat conical ; the mouth is small and inferior . the body tapers from behind the first dorsal fin . the light organ extends past midway between the anal origin and the ventral insertion . color is uniformly brownish , except for the abdomen which is bluish .\na deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )\n) : 1 . 9 - 5 . 1 , mean 3 . 3 ( based on 3307 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 52 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncoryphaenoides armatus is common to the deep waters of most oceans , between 2000 and 4700 m ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . in the northeastern atlantic , c . armatus is found from southern iceland and ireland to madeira and the canary islands . it is likely more widely distributed than what is known . it is found at depths ranging from 2000 to 4700 m .\niceland ; ireland ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain , northern ireland )\ncoryphaenoides armatus is a deep - slope , upper continental rise species found between 2000 and 4700 m . the diet of c . armatus changes ontogenetically , from benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young to mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . examination of the stomach contents of c . armatu s collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon provided evidence that a major portion of the diet comes from the deep mesopelagic and bathypelagic regions ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . the largest c . armatus collected by trawling at depths below 2600 m in hudson canyon in 1973 was 102 cm total length ( haedrich and henderson 1974 ) . it has been suggested that c . armatus is semelparous , as few ripe females and no spent individuals have been collected ( stein and pearcy 1982 , drazen 2001 ) .\ncoryphaenoides armatus is large and taken in moderate numbers by oceanographic research vessels , but lives at depths too great to be of commercial potential ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .\ncoryphaenoides carapinus is not a commercially targeted species , however it is taken as bycatch in deepwater fisheries ( priede et al . 2010 )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n\u25ba in situ images of coryphaenoides yaquinae and c . armatus were compared . \u25ba image - specific morphometric characters were inadequate to distinguish species . \u25ba reflection of artificial light off the body revealed interspecific differences . \u25ba reflection characteristics were sufficiently consistent to differentiate the species . \u25ba these data were corroborated by known bathymetric and geographic distributions .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nfish appear to be active foragers with no evidence for a \u201csit and wait\u201d foraging strategy . grenadiers generally remained near the sea floor as they dispersed . only one vertical movement to an altitude of\n25 m was recorded and this comprised less than 0 . 2 % of tracking time . the number of fish present at the bait was found to correspond to the following relationship :\nis the bait decay constant . in accordance with optimal foraging theory staying time ( \u03b2 ) is longer at sta . cnp .\na deep - slope upper continental rise species , common in deep waters of most oceans ( ref . 1371 ) . bathypelagic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates ( especially crustaceans and holothuroids ) when young , switching to primarily mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish , and sea urchins and cephalopods as adults ( ref . 1371 ) . sex ratio was 2 . 6 : 1 male to female ( n = 449 ) in the rockall tough , n . e . atlantic ( ref . 40742 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalthough many fish populations are declining , a few species appear to be increasing their numbers , in particular those beyond the reach of fishing fleets .\nthe fish\u0097 also called rattails or deep - sea grenadiers\u0097grow to about 2 feet ( 60 centimeters ) long and are long - lived . but almost nothing is known about their reproductive habits .\ndavid bailey , a research fellow at the scripps institution of oceanography in la jolla , california , is the lead author of the new study . he sees two reasons for the species flourishing .\nfirst ,\nbailey said ,\nnatural climatic and oceanographic changes have increased food supply to the seafloor , triggering an increase in deep - sea fish abundances .\nsecond , the absence of direct fishing pressure on the deep - sea fish has allowed these changes .\nthe report appears in the march issue of the journal\nthe researchers used a camera sled\u0097a camera - equipped rig towed behind and below a ship\u0097to survey the depths .\nget our news delivered directly to your desktop\u0097free . how to use xml or rss\nlisten to your favorite national geographic news daily , anytime , anywhere from your mobile phone . no wires or syncing . download stitcher free today .\nthese fish are abundant in the dark depths of the oceans . as adults they can grow nearly a meter in length , though smaller sizes are more common . they feed on other fish , sea urchins , crustaceans , and cephalopods .\ntext and design by lauren robb . awesome inc . theme . theme images by airyelf . powered by blogger ."]}
{"id": 1064, "summary": [{"text": "litoprosopus is a genus of moths formerly of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the noctuidae family of moths are mostly classified in the family erebidae now , along with all of the former members of the families arctiidae and lymantriidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this re-classification has not yet met with general consensus , and many resources and publications still follow the older classification scheme ( e.g. ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "litoprosopus", "paragraphs": ["species litoprosopus futilis - palmetto borer moth - hodges # 8556 - bugguide . net\nspecies litoprosopus coachella - palm flower moth - hodges # 8558 - bugguide . net\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from litoprosopus to their own page .\nlitoprosopus grote , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 309 ; ts : noctua hatuey poey\nlitoprosopus puncticosta ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 30 , f . 69\nlitoprosopus futilis ( grote & robinson , 1868 ) ; new comb . in grote trans . am . ent . soc . 2 ( 1 ) : 308\npalmetto borer moth ( litoprosopus futilis ) forewing is dark brown , hindwing has single large black spot near anal angle , and the species doesn ' t occur west of texas .\ndekle , g . w . 1999 ( rev . 2005 ) cabbage palm caterpillar , litoprosopus futilis ( g . & r . ) ( insecta : lepidoptera : noctuidae : ophiderinae ) . eeny - 095 pp . 1 - 4\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13240 genus : litoprosopus species : coachella sex : location : hanford county : kings collector : buckett & amp ; bauer coll . coll _ date : aug 14 6 . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nkitching , i . j . and j . e . rawlins . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pages 355 - 401 in : lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology vol . iv , part 35 . n . p . kristensen , ed . de gruyter , berlin and new york .\nmiller , j . s . 1991 . cladistics and classification of the notodontidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) based on larval and adult morphology . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 204 : 1 - 230 .\nmitchell , a . , c . mitter , and j . c . regier . 2000 . more taxa or more characters revisited : combining data from nuclear protein - encoding genes for phylogenetic analyses of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematic biology 49 ( 2 ) : 202 - 224 .\nspeidel , w . , h . fanger , and c . m . naumann . 1996 . the phylogeny of the noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology 21 ( 3 ) : 219 - 251 .\nspeidel , w . and c . m . naumann . 2004 . a survey of family - group names in noctuoid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 2 ) : 191 - 221 .\nweller , s . j . , d . p . pashley , j . a . martin , and j . l . constable . 1994 . phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes . systematic biology 43 ( 2 ) : 194 - 211 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\ntree of life web project . 2009 . noctuoidea . version 10 august 2009 ( temporary ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nxin , zhao - zhe liu , yu zhang , dai - zhen wang , zheng - fei tang , bo - ping zhang , hua - bin zhou , chun - lin chai , xin - yue and liu , qiu - ning 2018 . comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of spilarctia subcarnea and other noctuid insects . international journal of biological macromolecules , vol . 107 , issue . , p . 121 .\nsivasankaran , kuppusamy mathew , pratheesh anand , sekar ceasar , stanislaus antony mariapackiam , soosaimanikam and ignacimuthu , savarimuthu 2017 . complete mitochondrial genome sequence of fruit - piercing moth eudocima phalonia ( linnaeus , 1763 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) . genomics data , vol . 14 , issue . , p . 66 .\ntodd , jacqui h . barratt , barbara i . p . withers , toni m . berndt , lisa a . gresham , belinda avila , gonzalo a . and malone , louise a . 2017 . a comparison of methods for selecting non - target species for risk assessment of the biological control agent cotesia urabae . biocontrol , vol . 62 , issue . 1 , p . 39 .\nhern\u00e1ndez - baz , fernando quiroz gamboa , john alveiro tabares duque , mar\u00eda eugenia guzm\u00e1n cabrera , sebasti\u00e1n alfonso reyna , marytania monta\u00f1ez and gonz\u00e1lez , jorge m . 2017 . wasp moths ( lepidoptera : erebidae : ctenuchina - euchromiina ) of the entomological museum \u201cfrancisco luis gallego\u201d ( meflg ) , medellin , antioquia , colombia . journal of the lepidopterists\u2019 society , vol . 71 , issue . 2 , p . 69 .\nregier , jerome c . mitter , charles mitter , kim cummings , michael p . bazinet , adam l . hallwachs , winifred janzen , daniel h . and zwick , andreas 2017 . further progress on the phylogeny of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) using an expanded gene sample . systematic entomology , vol . 42 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .\nrota , jadranka zacharczenko , brigette v . wahlberg , niklas zahiri , reza schmidt , b . c . and wagner , david l . 2016 . phylogenetic relationships of acronictinae with discussion of the abdominal courtship brush in noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology , vol . 41 , issue . 2 , p . 416 .\nzanuncio , jos\u00e9 cola tavares , wagner de souza ramalho , francisco de sousa leite , germano le\u00e3o demolin and serr\u00e3o , jos\u00e9 eduardo 2016 . sarsina violascens spatial and temporal distributions affected by native vegetation strips in eucalyptus plantations . pesquisa agropecu\u00e1ria brasileira , vol . 51 , issue . 6 , p . 703 .\nsun , yu tian , sen qian , cen sun , yu - xuan abbas , muhammad n . kausar , saima wang , lei wei , guoqing zhu , bao - jian and liu , chao - liang 2016 . characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of spilarctia robusta ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) and its phylogenetic implications . european journal of entomology , vol . 113 , issue . , p . 558 .\nxue , shuang hu , yan - qing and hua , bao - zhen 2016 . morphological comparison of proboscis sensilla between plusiinae and noctuinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zoologischer anzeiger - a journal of comparative zoology , vol . 263 , issue . , p . 75 .\navila , g . a . withers , t . m . and holwell , g . i . 2016 . retrospective risk assessment reveals likelihood of potential non - target attack and parasitism by cotesia urabae ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) : a comparison between laboratory and field - cage testing results . biological control , vol . 103 , issue . , p . 108 .\nlee , ga - eun han , taeman park , haechul and kim , joon - bum 2015 . morphological and molecular identification ofconilepia nigricosta , new to korea , andlithosia quadrawith their phylogenetic placements within tribe lithosiina ( lepidoptera : erebidae : arctiinae ) . entomological research , vol . 45 , issue . 1 , p . 16 .\nwang , houshuai wahlberg , niklas holloway , jeremy d . bergsten , johannes fan , xiaoling janzen , daniel h . hallwachs , winnie wen , lijun wang , min and nylin , s\u04e7ren 2015 . molecular phylogeny of lymantriinae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea , erebidae ) inferred from eight gene regions . cladistics , vol . 31 , issue . 6 , p . 579 .\nwu , zhi - guang and han , hui - lin 2015 . two new records of genus nudaria haworth , 1809 ( lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae , lithosiini ) from china . journal of asia - pacific biodiversity , vol . 8 , issue . 3 , p . 230 .\nyang , xiushuai cameron , stephen l . lees , david c . xue , dayong and han , hongxiang 2015 . a mitochondrial genome phylogeny of owlet moths ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) , and examination of the utility of mitochondrial genomes for lepidopteran phylogenetics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 85 , issue . , p . 230 .\nlee , kwang - su kang , tae hwa jeong , ji woong ryu , dong pyo and lee , heung - sik 2015 . taxonomic review of the genus l ymantria ( lepidoptera : erebidae : lymantriinae ) in korea . entomological research , vol . 45 , issue . 5 , p . 225 .\nsan blas , germ\u00e1n 2015 . a morphological phylogeny ofagrotisochsenheimer ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) , with emphasis on the south american species . zoologica scripta , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 153 .\nvincent , beno\u00eet and laguerre , michel 2014 . catalogue of the neotropical arctiini leach , [ 1815 ] ( except ctenuchina kirby , 1837 and euchromiina butler , 1876 ) ( insecta , lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae ) . zoosystema , vol . 36 , issue . 2 , p . 137 .\nsohn , jae - cheon and cho , soowon 2014 . two newly recorded and two little known species of erebidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) in korea . animal systematics , evolution and diversity , vol . 30 , issue . 3 , p . 176 .\nkim , min jee wang , ah rha park , jeong sun and kim , iksoo 2014 . complete mitochondrial genomes of five skippers ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) and phylogenetic reconstruction of lepidoptera . gene , vol . 549 , issue . 1 , p . 97 .\ncanadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , agriculture and agri - food canada , k . w . neatby building , central experimental farm , ottawa , ontario , canada k1a 0c6\nnous r\u00e9visons la classification sup\u00e9rieure des familles de noctuoidea poss\u00e9dant une aile ant\u00e9rieure quadrifide ( nolidae , strepsimanidae , arctiidae , lymantriidae , erebidae et noctuidae ) \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re de classifications r\u00e9centes et des r\u00e9partitions actuelles des \u00e9tats d\u00e9riv\u00e9s des caract\u00e8res . d ' apr\u00e8s des \u00e9tudes morphologiques et mol\u00e9culaires r\u00e9centes , nous proposons une d\u00e9finition plus compr\u00e9hensive de la famille des noctuidae qui ajoute les sous - familles nolinae , strepsimaninae , arctiinae , lymantriinae et erebinae \u00e0 celles qui sont plus traditionnellement incluses dans les noctuidae . la superfamille des noctuoidea comprend donc les familles oenosandridae , doidae , notodontidae , micronoctuidae et noctuidae . la tribu des cosmiini , pr\u00e9sentement dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est r\u00e9duite au niveau de sous - tribu des cosmiina et plac\u00e9e dans la tribu des xylenini . la tribu des balsini , couramment plac\u00e9e dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est \u00e9lev\u00e9e au rang de sous - famille des balsinae . la tribu phosphilini est transf\u00e9r\u00e9e de la sous - famille des psaphidinae \u00e0 xyleninae .\ndie larven der europ\u00e4ischen noctuidae . vol . 1\u20134 . text ( 1 ) ; illustrations ( 2\u20134 ) . herbipolitana\nlepidoptera : moths and butterflies . vol . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie\n. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae , ( part \u2014 agrotini ) .\n. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , stiriinae , psaphidinae ( part ) .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthe agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more\nthe tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design , images , and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project . all rights reserved . image of rose \u00a9 1999 nick kurzenko . image of annelid worm \u00a9 2001 greg w . rouse .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\noriginal combination dyops futilis grote & robinson , 1868 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 2 ( 1 ) : 202\nillustrated overview including common name reference [ cabbage palm caterpillar ; larva ] , description , foodplants , damage , control methods , references ( g . w . dekle , u . of florida\nfeatured creatures\n)\ncannibalism in large larvae article abstract ( raymond semlitsch and carolyn west , oecologia , 1998 , springerlink . com )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nadult : forewing tan or pale gray with two dark diagonal marks along costa ; hindwing has two black - rimmed white spots near anal angle .\nadults have two flights from may to june and again from august to september in southern california .\nlarvae feed on flowers of washington fan palm ( washingtonia robusta ) and other palm species .\nlarvae may sometimes enter homes and use bits of carpet or rug to build a cocoon . the larvae normally pupate at the base of fronds in palm trees . larvae are eaten by gila woodpeckers and northern mockingbirds .\nhill , c . a . 1921 . a new noctuid from california ( lep . , noctuidae ) . entomological news , and proceedings of the entomological section of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia 32 ( 4 ) : 105 .\n. university of california press . pl . 43 , fig . 24 ; p . 257 .\npresence in california ; list of 14 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )\ncommon name reference [ palm budworm ; larva ] ( palm - tree . net )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nforewing tan or pale gray with two dark diagonal marks along costa ; hindwing has two black - rimmed white spots near anal angle .\nnoctua hatuey poey , 1832 ; centurie l\u00e8pid . cuba : pl . [ 6 ]\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nbrown , j . w . ( usda , systematic entomology laboratory , washington , dc . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\na location where the species occurs , or has occurred , where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence . for almost all species the minimum criteria would be an actual specimen associated with suitable habitat , which includes a substantial amount of one or more larval foodplants . for almost all species an occurrence ranked higher than d should contain a persistent viable population or metapopulation .\nif the habitat corresponds to a mappable natural community or other feature consider the boundaries of this feature the eo boundaries . in general eos need not include more than the breeding habitat and a minimum amount of buffer . in general the larval foodplant should be present on most hectares of the habitat treated as suitable . if this is not approximately true then greater care may need to be taken in defining suitable habitat and actual foodplant stands may need to be considered .\nin practice for species in this group the inferred extent is usually all contiguous or nearly contiguous habitat which will usually be a few tens to hundreds of hectares . occurrences are always based on populations which will at least over time occupy available habitat and generally will in any given year . however some arbitrary upper limit is needed with species that typically occupy large habitats . therefore it is suggested that with really large habitats ( usually forests , woodland , brushland ) ie be capped at 1 km radius . the resulting 400 hectare area would be a fairly small occurrence for most forest or woodland species . presence should be inferred only in suitable habitat within this radius .\nthese specs should generally be applied to non - forest trifid subfamilies , non - migratory plusiinae , and many catocalinae whose larvae are either generalists or feed on one or several widely distributed plants . a few other apparently wide ranging species are included .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13241 genus : catocala species : jessica sex : location : le moura ( lemoore ) county : kings collector : coll _ date : in sep specimen _ loc : cdfa ur . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13239 genus : hyphantria species : cunea sex : location : kirkland county : kings collector : r . f . wilkey coll _ date : jun 15 62 specimen _ loc : ucd . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 364 genus : notarctia species : proxima sex : f location : bull slough , 4 mi n kern co line county : kings collector : k . richers coll _ date : jun . . . more\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 18 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of kings\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced"]}
{"id": 1073, "summary": [{"text": "the aesculapian snake / \u02cc\u025bskj\u0259\u02c8le\u026api\u0259n / ( now zamenis longissimus , previously elaphe longissima ) , is a species of nonvenomous snake native to europe , a member of the colubrinae subfamily of the family colubridae .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "growing up to 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) in total length ( including tail ) , it counts among the largest european snakes , though not as massive as the four-lined snake ( elaphe quatuorlineata ) or the montpellier snake ( malpolon monspessulanus ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the aesculapian snake has been of cultural and historical significance for its role in ancient greek and roman mythology and derived symbolism . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "aesculapian snake", "paragraphs": ["the aesculapian snake ( elaphe longissima ) is a nonvenomous snake native to europe .\nthe italian aesculapian snake ( zamenis lineatus ) is a species of snake in the colubridae family .\n1 . adder - vipera berus . 2 . grass snake - natrix natrix . 3 . smooth snake - coronella austriaca . 4 . aesculapian snake - zamenis longissimus . 5 . barred grass snake - natrix helvetica .\nin the third chapter of our series introducing hungary - native snake species , we are discussing the aesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus ) . . .\n' photograph , aesculapian snake ( coluber longissimus ) ' . copyright owner of work : herbert . . .\nhabitat use of the aesculapian snake , zamenis longissimus , at the northern extreme of its range in northwest bohemia .\naesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus ) from bulgaria displaying defensive behaviour . rattling its tail to draw attention from the head .\njason steel photographing a wild aesculapian snake along regents canal in london , uk . photo taken by australian photographer diane paine .\nzoological director nick jackson said :\nthe aesculapian snake is a harmless , non - venomous species which feeds mainly on rodents .\n' photograph , aesculapian snake ( coluber longissimus ) ' . copyright owner of work : herbert . . . | the national archives\nboth albino and melanistic specimens of aesculapian snakes have been found in the wild in austria , slovenia and italy but these are incredibly rare . in greece grey morphs of the aesculapian snake can be found .\nthis close - up shot shows the smooth un - keeled scales of adult female aesculapian snake number 15 , of the london population .\nebscohost | 117833477 | habitat use of the aesculapian snake , zamenis longissimus , at the northern extreme of its range in northwest bohemia .\nin the uk we have three native snake species and one non - native snake that has established healthy breeding colonies at two different sites . the four snake species found are :\nthe aesculapian rat snake arrived in conwy during the mid - sixties when the founder of the welsh mountain zoo , robert jackson , imported reptiles from italy .\nthe aesculapian snake is one of four species of rat snake found in europe and its range once reached far further north than it does now when the earth ' s climate was warmer . this vast range may have been partly due to escaped specimens when the romans kept aesculapian snakes in their temples during the roman occupation of europe .\nalthough considered non - native . the aesculapian snake has been protected by uk law since 1992 , against being harmed or killed under the 1981 wildlife & countryside act .\nat some point , the aesculapian snakes must have escaped into the zoo grounds and started breeding .\nthe aesculapian snake is associated with greek mythology , from which it takes its name : aesculapius , the god of healing , held a staff with a snake coiled around it . there are similar stories of healing snakes in the old testament .\nso although now considered a non - indigenous species the aesculapian snake may have once been native to the uk . this topic is covered in great detail in the 1998 book\nyou may be aware that there are a couple of wild populations of non - venomous aesculapian snakes .\nthe aesculapian snake has a uniformly brown back with a streak of darker colour behind the eyes . it has a yellowish belly with ridged scales which are specially adapted for climbing trees .\nreports by the british media about the aesculapian snake colonies found in the uk . these scaremongering stories were full of false information and inaccurate reports with ridiculous claims and headlines including :\nin the uk we have three native snake species and one non - native snake that has established healthy breeding colonies at two different sites . these are :\nthe fourth snake found only in two specific parts of the uk is the non - native aesculapian snake . although considered non - native to the uk there are two well established breeding colonies of aesculapian snakes in great britain that have been in existence now for over 25 years . one is in central london , england and the other is in colwyn bay , wales .\nthe snake mentioned in the symbol is an aesculapian snake which belongs to the family colubridae . its zoological name elaphe longissima . smooth , glossy , and slender , the snake has a uniformly brown back with a streak of darker color behind the eyes . the snake ' s belly is yellowish or whitish and has ridged scales that catch easily on rough surfaces [ 8 ] ( like that of a pole or staff ) .\nslithering along the branches of this tree , the aesculapian snake is a very competent climber . they use their strong prehensile tail to grasp a firm grip when climbing or when being handled .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nno , not at all . the aesculapian snake is non - venomous and not an aggressive species . unless you ' re a rodent or a small bird , then you ' re quite safe .\naesculapian snakes get their name from the greek god aesculapius , the greek god of medicine , who was the son of apollo . aesculapius was reputed to have mystical healing powers and the ability to transform himself into the harmless aesculapian snake . aesculapian snakes were used in ancient temple ceremonies for healing and sexual virility rituals performed by both the greeks and the romans . the greek god aesculapius is often depicted holding a snake - entwined staff . this staff became a symbol for healing which is still used in modern medicine today .\n\u2022 anyone wanting to report sightings of aesculapian snakes around the canal can contact will atkins at lehartrust @ hotmail . com\nsmooth , glossy , and slender , the snake has a uniformly brown back with a streak of darker color behind the eyes . the snake ' s belly is yellowish or whitish and has ridged scales that catch easily on rough surfaces , making it especially adapted for climbing trees . scientific classification : the aesculapian snake belongs to the family colubridae . it is classified as elaphe longissima .\nthe simple answer to this question is no . following extensive studies of both the aesculapian snake populations in the uk by leading herpetologists including wolfgang wuster in bangor , wales , & will atkins in london it has\nthis corn snake was found in a suburban garden in kent . corn snakes originally come from\ncorsetti , luigi ; antonio romano 2008 . on the occurrence of the italian aesculapian snake , zamenis lineatus ( camerano , 1891 ) , in latium ( central italy ) . acta herpetologica 3 ( 2 ) : 179 - 183\n& i ; the aesculapian snake - distribution and ecology in central europe & o ; . provides new facts on ecology , distribution and history of the largest and least known snake in central europe . some parts of the book are based on a study conducted in one of germany ' s isolated populations of the snake , the neckar - odenwald region . sympatric reptile species were also studied and conservation methods are discussed .\nthis snake was found on the canal ' s edge , mosaic - basking amidst grass and twigs on the ground . only a few inches of the scales on the middle of the snake ' s body were visible , as the rest of the snake was buried beneath the protection of the surrounding foliage . when i carefully picked up the snake , to my complete surprise , an angry , wide - mouthed head quickly spun round and latched onto my wrist . having never experienced any signs of aggression from aesculapian snakes during previous encounters , i was very surprised by how intent this snake was in defending itself from what it\nwas originally thought to be a subspecies of the grass snake is in fact a distinct separate species .\nthis female grass snake has a noticeably swollen stomach having just eaten an adult toad which weighed a third of the snake ' s total body weight ! digesting a meal of this size takes a huge amount of energy and this snake will need to lay dormant for 24hrs or more . basking in the sun will speed up this process but during this period the grass snake is highly vulnerable to predators herself .\nwilcox ra , whitham em . the symbol of modern medicine : why one snake is more than two .\nthis shot shows the grass snake in ideal habitat . this south - facing slope has plenty of good vegetation along the river ' s edge as well as good clear spots that are exposed to plenty of sunlight where the snake can bask . there are also plenty of mammal burrows which the snake can use as hibernacular during the winter .\nthis adult grass snake was one of three seen swimming around the edges of a country park pond in kent .\nunlike all the other snake species found in britain , it is the male aesculapian snake that is usually larger than the female . the female has considerable girth but the male tends to be much longer . the female pictured above had a total body - length of just 3 . 5ft . a male specimen with equivalent girth would probably have been 5 - 6ft + in length .\nwhen talking about snakes , many herpetologists quote snake lengths as\nstv\nlength . this means\nsnout to vent\n. measurements are usually taken from the tip of a snake ' s nose to the opening of its anal glands at the base of the tail . this is a more accurate way of regularly monitoring a snake ' s length as snake ' s tails are often damaged or broken over the years especially after encounters with a predator .\nfeeding mainly on mice , voles , young rats and other small rodents these non - venomous constrictor snakes will also eat lizards , small birds and eggs if available . like most snakes the aesculapian snake sheds its skin periodically in one complete slough . apart from a noticeable dulling in colour and pattern , one obvious indication that a snake is due to slough is the clouding over and bluing of the scale covering the eyes of the snake as pictured above . this eye - scale will shed first and then the rest of the snake ' s skin will usually shed a few days later as a complete slough .\nthis beautiful non - native snake has been introduced from mainland europe to a couple of sites in the uk . unlike our native snake species , they can be found in trees or bushes as they are very good at climbing .\n* this species of snake is associated with the greek healing god asclepius / aesculapius ( more about it here ) .\nthe aesculapian snake is not as timid as our native grass snake and can often be approached for photographs without disturbing it or causing it to flee . they rely heavily on their excellent camouflage and will often remain completely motionless until they are sure that you have seen them . if handled aesculapian snakes may initially bite but usually calm down , and once they no longer perceive you as a threat they can be very relaxed in your hands . being constrictors , these snakes have a very strong grip . when startled it ' s surprising how firmly they can squeeze your hand .\nthe aesculapian snake ( e . longissima ) , plain and dark coloured , is native to southeastern europe and asia minor . in ancient times it was sacred to aesclepius , god of medicine ; the present isolated populations in germany and switzerland are descended from specimens conveyed to health resorts there by\u2026\nhierophis genus : the green whip snake or western whip snake ( hierophis viridiflavus ) is a brightly - coloured snake with a pattern of black , yellow and green spots over its body . even though they can grow up to 170 cm of length they are not venomous . it can be usually found from temperate forests to crop fields , and even in abandoned buildings .\nan imported snake species believed to be breeding in the wild in north wales has been caught on film for the first time .\nsome specimens may be very defensive when handled . the bite marks shown above were inflicted by a very defensive adult female aesculapian snake . i must stress that there is no chance of being bitten by one of these snakes unless you try and pick one up ! they will always flee rather than confront a human .\nthe italian aesculapian snake is a medium to large snake that reaches a maximum total length ( including tail ) of 2 m ( 6\u00bd feet ) . dorsally , it is yellowish brown and may have four dark brown stripes . if present , the stripes are of equal width and equidistant . the dorsal scales are smooth . the iris of the eye is red , giving it the common name in italian of saettone occhirossi ( red - eyed racer ) .\naltough , several subspecies had been described over the years , most of these were elevated to separate species rank , therefore recent taxonomy suggests aesculapian snake to be a monotype species with no further subspecies . these days , they are protected in most european countries , including hungary . the populations in germany mentioned earlier are critically endangered .\nhuffington post uk spoke to dr wolfgang wuster , a snake venom expert and senior lecturer of the school of biological science in bangor university .\nthe number of snake species with populations in great britain is now 5 . - non - fishing chat - fishing forums from anglers ' net\nthere have been some interesting headlines over the weekend regarding aesculapian snakes in london , such as the daily mirror\u2019s \u2018colony of killer snakes \u2018capable of crushing small children to death\u2019 on loose in london\u2019 .\nthese elegant snakes range in colour from light golden - brown to dark brown with white flecks and a creamy yellow underside . aesculapian snakes have unkeeled scales that are very smooth to the touch and this snake can have a very shiny appearance with an iridescent sheen in bright sunlight . their appearance has been compared to that of a twix wrapper .\nalthough grass snakes are termed non - venomous they do possess duvernoy glands ( like rear - fanged venomous snakes ) in their upper jaws that produce a very mild venom . the grass snake does not possess any fangs to deliver the venom to its victim though . although this venom is very mild and is only found in small quantities in the grass snake ' s saliva it is not purposeless . the main diet of the grass snake is amphibians which when caught in the mouth of the snake will absorb this venom through their skin . this would help to subdue a struggling frog or toad .\nthe fourth snake found in specific parts of the uk is the aesculapian snake . although considered non - native to the uk there are two healthy well established breeding colonies of aesculapian snakes in great britain that have been in existence for at least 25 years . one is in central london , england and the other is in colwyn bay , wales . these long slender rat - snakes are one of europe ' s longest and regularly grow to a length of 140 - 160cm in warmer parts of europe they may even reach 225cm . these snakes are usually found across southern europe and use the same method of incubating their eggs as grass snakes using warm damp moist areas of vegetation such as hay piles and compost heaps to provide the necessary heat . aesculapian snakes are semi - arboreal meaning that they are excellent climbers and are equally at home high up in trees and bushes as they are on the ground .\nwe were lucky enough to have two experts on hand - bbc wales snake expert rhys jones and peter litherland , a keeper at the zoo .\ncolubrid with round pupil ( ringed snake , natrix natrix ) and viperid with elliptic pupil ( snub - nosed viper , vipera latastei ) . photos by\nin 2015 chosen hatching places were monitored by data loggers in order to find out temperature and humidity conditions in the hatching place . in the autumn after the hatching of eggs , egg - laying sites were checked and remaining eggs counted . we were able to found about 160 remnants of egg shells so the successful reproduction of the aesculapian snake is proved there .\nprofessor wolfgang w\u00fcster , who has studied the only other colony of aesculapian snakes in britain \u2013 located close to the welsh mountain zoo in colwyn bay , north wales \u2013 says they do no harm to the ecosystem .\nthe london population of aesculapian snakes can be found along the length of regent ' s canal as it runs past regent ' s park , living on the banks that run parallel to both sides of the canal .\njuvenile aesculapians sometimes display a yellow collar making them easy to confuse with juvenile grass snakes . aesculapian snakes are egg - laying snakes and usually produce clutches of 5 - 20 eggs with 5 - 15 being common .\nwe can confirm a colony of non - venomous aesculapian snakes does live in the camden lock area of north london , but contrary to media reports they are not capable of crushing small children or murdering your pets .\naesculapian snakes are among the largest snakes in europe and juveniles can easily be confused with grass snakes . a colony of the snakes has lived peacefully in north wales for decades after escaping from the welsh mountain zoo .\nzamenis genus : the aesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus ) is a slim , long and harmless colubrid with a characteristically narrow and elongated skull . it is normally found on forested areas , with different microclimatic variations to aid it on its thermoregulation . this species is the one represented coiled around the rod of aesculapius and the bowl of hygieia , symbols of medicine and pharmacy respectively .\nsalvi , daniele ; daniela lucente , joana mendes , cristiano liuzzi , d . james harris and marco a . bologna 2017 . diversity and distribution of the italian aesculapian snake zamenis lineatus : a phylogeographic assessment with implications for conservation . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 55 ( 3 ) : 222\u2013237 ; doi : 10 . 1111 / jzs . 12167 - get paper here\nsnake ( elaphe longissima ) , a species native to the former yugoslavia , and it is believed there are a few dozen such animals living by the canal .\nthe adder or viper is more common in cornwall , other snakes of the uk sloworm and grass snake can be found in any area . i have never seen a snake in the wild in the uk yet and lived very rural for many years . interesting topic alan , thank you ! : xxgrinning - - 00xx3 :\nthis 20 inch sub - adult female grass snake is gathering all the information she can about her surroundings by constant flickering of her tongue which she fully extends .\nas for the concern about people\u2019s safety , when left alone aesculapian snakes are a docile and non - venomous species . please rest assured that your children will not risk being crushed by snakes whilst wandering through central london .\nthis list does indeed include the aesculapian snakes that are being referred to , although no action that i am aware of has been taken to remove this population , nor does lisi have any plans to do so at present .\nadults are up to 200 cm ( 225 cm ) , usually arround 140 cm , males longer than females ( and have a longer tail ) . a very slender snake with a narrow head , eyes have round pupils . adults can be brownish , greyish - greenish , even black ( melanism ) ( first 20 - 40 cm can be a lighter colour ) with white dots on the scale edges , especially on mid - body . belly is yellow or whiteish , belly scales are keeled . brownish coloured ones usually have yellow dots behind the head , so they can resemble a grass snake . very similar to the italian aesculapian snake ( zamenis lineatus ( formerly elaphe lineata ) - s italy ) . albinism ( completely white / yellowish white ) also noticed .\nrhinechis genus : the ladder snake ( rhinechis scalaris ) receives its common name due to the stripes that juvenile specimens present on their back , similar to a ladder , even though adult individuals may present only longitudinal stripes on their body without any transversal marks connecting them . despite being an apparently aggressive snake , it rarely bites and is harmless to human beings .\naesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus , formely known as elaphe longissima ) first appeared in greek - roman mythology on rod of god aesculapius . ever since , this species has become the symbol of healing and health . aesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus ) is native to most european countries with mediterreanean and continental climates , including french , spain , italy , switzerland , germany , austria , czech republic , hungary , romania , poland , croatia , serbia , bulgaria . they also occur in region of black sea . several insular populations have been confirmed , as well . they were also introduced to few places they had not been native before ; one of them is germany where they were introduced most likely due to the mythological significance associated with the species . two populations has also estabished themselves in great britain ; specimens had escaped from zoos ultimately found new home near london and west wales suburbans .\nthe smooth snake is britain ' s rarest native reptile and is fully protected by law from being killed , harmed , or even disturbed . this makes it an offence to look for them unless you hold a licence to do so or you are in the company of a licence - holder who is authorised to do so . once common across the southern half of britain they are now only found on heathland sites in dorset and hampshire , and a couple of sites in surrey and west sussex . their total numbers are now estimated to be in the low thousands across the uk . this is due mainly to habitat loss as the smooth snake lives on heathland sites which have disappeared across the uk . many of these sites are particularly vulnerable to fires . on some of these sites where the smooth snake is still found it is the most commonly encountered snake . the smooth snake is at the tip of its range in england as the average summer in britain is only just long enough for the female to gestate her young . unlike grass snakes the smooth snake is reported to be very reluctant to transverse unsuitable habitat to cross from one site to another .\ncoronella genus : known as smooth snakes . in the iberian peninsula we can find the northern smooth snake ( coronella austriaca ) which presents a dark mask - like spot covering from the nasal openings up to the neck and dark irregular markings on its back , and the southern smooth snake ( coronella girondica ) which presents a pair of parietal marks and dark transversal spots on its back .\nurltoken is a great on - line app that allows you to work out the total length of a snake from a photo , as long as you can accurately measure anything else in that photo .\n\u201cif your child is the size of a small rat they could constitute a danger , but if that\u2019s the case i\u2019d suggest it being constricted by a snake would be the least of your worries . \u201d\nnatrix genus : commonly known as water snakes due to their affinity for aquatic habitats . in the iberian peninsula we can find two species , the viperine water snake ( natrix maura ) named after its zigzag marking and its keeled scales similar to a viper , and the grass or iberian ringed snake ( natrix astreptophora ) which presents reddish pupils , an extremely variable coloration and a black \u201cring\u201d in juvenile individuals .\nthe common adder , britain ' s only venomous snake , is seen here coiled in its defensive stance and ready to strike . for more photos and information on adders please visit the adder pages on this website :\nshortly before sloughing ( shedding the old skin ) snakes often spend more time basking to help with the process . this male grass snake clearly shows the typical blue - eyed tell tale sign of an imminent slough .\nthe aesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus ) is a widespread colubrid species , being present in much of central and southern europe , with isolated populations occuring as far east as iran . in romania , the species is known from most of the country\u2019s regions , although it has been reported from very few areas from the moldova region ( eastern and north\u2013eastern romania ) . here we present three new records for z . longissimus in romanian moldova , including the first record for the species in boto\u0219ani county , the north\u2013easternmost region of romania .\nnumbers 21 : 8 . the etching\nthe brazen serpent\n( to the right ) by schnorr von carolsfeld shows this as only one snake , suggesting he interpreted this as a medical rather than mystical or magical symbol .\nsmooth snakes are slender in build and are also the smallest of the british snakes usually growing to an average length of 45 - 60cm , occasionally they reach 70cm with 80cm being the largest found . true to its name the smooth snake is the only native snake in the uk to have unkeeled scales giving it a very smooth feel when handled . both the adder and grass snake have a ridge or\nkeel\nrunning down the middle of each scale . smooth snakes are brown - grey in colour and usually have a dark heart - shaped pattern on the back of the head . they also usually have a dark stripe that runs across the side of the head through the eye .\nto identify a snake as a colubrid or a viper there are some anatomical characteristics which tell them apart . these characteristics are usually only applicable to iberian ophidians ; species from outside the iberian peninsula may present different combinations of characters .\ncooperation with hunting society was established in order to hunt allochthonnous predators including american mink ( mustela vison ) , racoon dog ( nyctereutes procyonoides ) and racoon ( procyon lotor ) . these animals represent high level of risk for the aesculapin snake\n] one is the caduceus , and the other is the rod of asclepius . caduceus is a symbol with a short staff entwined by two serpents , sometimes surmounted by wings while the rod of asclepius is the one with a single snake . [\njuvenile aesculapian snakes prey small lizards , amphibians , mice , while the main food source are mostly rodents for adults . they will not refuse birds , either . they usually suffocate the prey by using constriction , although when there is no resistance they may start swallow the prey alive without constriction applied . when they encounter humans , they will quickly try to escape . however , when cornered they can attack willingly and very aggressively . they spend wintertime inactive in underground caverns , where several specimens may assemble . interestingly , this is one of the few snake species where males are longer than females .\nthese eggs hatch after 6 - 10 weeks depending on the weather and incubation temperatures . if they can avoid predation these snakes can generally live for around 25 years and they reach sexual maturity after approximately 4 - 6 years . male aesculapian snakes reach sexual maturity when they reach around 100cm in length , and females at just 85cm in length .\ngrass snakes are completely harmless to humans and feed mainly on amphibians and small fish when they can catch them . they will also prey on small mammals , young birds and even lizards occasionally . the grass snake is britain ' s longest native reptile and can occasionally reach sizes of up to 5ft in the uk and very occasionally stories of even 6ft specimens are heard but it is unlikely that any specimen of that size exists in the uk any longer . these larger grass snakes are more commonly found in warmer parts of europe though . in the uk 2 - 3ft in length is the most commonly recorded length of adult specimens found . any grass snake with a total length of 80 + cm is usually female , and any grass snake with a total length of 110cm or more is always a female .\ndespite these snakes posing little if any threat to our native wildlife ( excluding rats ) in 2013 the government agency ' lisi ' ( london invasive species initiative ) decided that these aesculapian snakes were a species of concern and called for the snakes to be eradicated in the uk quoting them as a\nspecies of high impact or concern\n. download the list of\nit took me a while to realise that this snake , although drawing blood with every bite , was incapable of inflicting any real pain on me . it had extremely sharp little teeth but lacked the sufficient clamping power in its jaws to do me any real harm . after a few minutes , the snake also came to the same conclusion , and once it also realised that i wasn ' t actually a threat or causing it any harm it began to calm down . after a while it became quite docile and was content to slither around or just relax in\nthere is an interesting piece written on pages 181 - 182 , in the book\nwild animals in captivity\nby the late a . d . bartlett , the superintendent of regents park zoo during the late 1800 ' s . he tells of his experiences where wild - caught brown mice were introduced to snake enclosures as a source of live food . if the mice weren ' t caught and eaten by the snakes fairly quickly , then the mice would gnaw their way out of the enclosures , leaving a rodent - sized hole for the snake to also escape from . the practice of feeding these wild - caught live brown mice was stopped once the mistake was recognised , but not before a highly venomous cobra had escaped . luckily this cobra was eaten by another snake in the adjoining enclosure . but a . d . bartlett also recalls :\nthe population of the aesculapian snake in the eger river valley is extraordinarily threatened and very vulnerable . rapid decline in abundance has been documented since the 1980s . biotope loss by changed management and landscape use methods , lack of suitable reproducing places , road traffic and alien predators are among the main causes of threatening . this project includes several measures essential for surviving and stabilization of the unique isolated population , such as managment of existing egg - laying sites , restoration of old one egg - laying sites , cleaning and restoration of old and shady dry - stone walls , reproduction research , estimating number of population , biotope monitoring , support to hunting alien predators and restoration of small water bodies .\nlastly , i would like to make an appeal to anyone considering catching and keeping a wild aesculapian snake as a pet . please don ' t ! it is an absolute joy being able to find , photograph and watch these beautiful reptiles living wild and free in the uk . they have found a niche in our ecosystem that has allowed them to flourish without upsetting the delicate balance of our environment . there are suspected to be a maximum of 20 breeding pairs in the london population . just removing one snake could have serious consequences for the future of this species in the uk . many of these snakes have already been caught , and with the increasing number of rodent traps being used in the area , these are also likely to have a negative impact on number of these snakes . please just be grateful if you are lucky enough to see one , let it live in peace in the wild , and let other people also experience the joy of seeing them living wild in the uk .\nahh , the australian tiger snake . . . fishing one day along the beardy waters , near glen innes in the new england region of nsw , came across 11 of them in about 2 miles . stood fishing and one came out of the water , and slithered around my boot . . .\nsahlean , t . c . , i . gherghel , m . pape\u0219 , a . strugariu , \u0219 . r . zamfirescu ( 2014 ) refining climate change projections for organisms with low dispersal abilities : a case study of the caspian whip snake . plos one , 9 ( 3 ) : e91994 .\nhave you ever wondered why is a snake , which is a symbol of destruction [ 4 ] used ironically as a symbol of healing ? well , the answer lies deep sown in history when moses , around 1400 bc , used the bronze serpent erected on the pole to cure the people who were bitten by snakes . [ 5 ] the other reasons why serpent has been used is the shedding of the skin that indicated longevity and immortality . the snake ' s ability to change from a lethargic stage to one of rapid activity symbolized the power to convalesce from an illness . [ 2 ] charas and martyn ( 1673 ) subjected the viper [ 6 ] to innumerable experimental investigations and concluded they were valuable remedies for itch , erysipelas , measles , smallpox , leprosy and were a valuable adjunct to the production of a beautiful skin . [ 6 ] hence , the snake has been a powerful symbol of healing itself . [ 7 ]\nwe studied a population of aesculapian snakes ( zamenis longissimus ) living close to a 1 , 000 - m stretch of busy road located in northwestern bohemia . we monitored the extent of road mortality and related behavioral characteristics . a large number of snakes regularly inhabited the road ' s embankment during monitoring in june and september . some individuals were observed to stay in exactly the same spot continuously for several days . snakes were active starting between 0800 and 0900 h in the morning and ending by 1900 h in june and 1800 h in september . activity was greatest during the morning . the most frequent type of observed behavior was related to thermoregulation . the snakes did not react visibly to passing traffic . the aesculapian snakes ' activity was higher , and started at lower temperatures , in june than in september . the mean body temperature of the aesculapian snakes was 24 . 3\u00e2\u00b0c . on average , it was higher than the ambient air temperature until the ambient air temperature exceeded 27 . 8\u00e2\u00b0c . we detected very little road mortality of adult snakes . even though they used the road embankments and adjacent stone abutment walls frequently , they virtually never ventured onto the surface of the road . to cross the road they generally used the culverts under it . juvenile snakes ventured onto the road frequently and their road mortality was high .\nwhen we find a snake in the wild it\u2019s important to know if that animal is a colubrid or a viper . bites from iberian colubrids are mostly harmless because they have either an unspecialized non - venomous dentition ( aglyphous ) or posterior venomous fangs ( opisthoglyphous ) which usually doesn\u2019t inject venom and even if they do , normally they don\u2019t inject enough venom for it to be dangerous . on the other hand , as iberian vipers are solenoglyphous , they inject large quantities of venom , being vipers responsible for most of the snake bite accidents in spain . yet , bites are extremely rare , and most happen after a too prolonged manipulation of the animal .\nthe welsh population of aesculapian snakes is estimated at 50 + specimens and came about during the 1960 ' s after a gravid female snake escaped from the welsh mountain zoo at colwyn bay and laid her eggs within the grounds of the zoo . the offspring then successfully bred and the population has thrived ever since in and around the zoo grounds . these were first reported by the press during the early ' 70 ' s . the london population of aesculapians had 30 different adult specimens recorded by 2011 and this population was estimated at around 30 - 40 specimens . however numbers seem to have fallen significantly in london over recent years . it is believed that this population came about after eight snakes were deliberately released in the 1980 ' s from a building close to london zoo rented by ilea (\ngrass snakes are britain ' s only native egg - laying snake . the eggs need plenty of heat to hatch successfully so the female lays them in damp rotting vegetation . because of this grass snakes are regularly found on allotments or in gardens with compost heaps as these provide an ideal spot for the grass snake to lay their eggs due to the heat generated by the rotting vegetation . the number of eggs laid usually varies from 10 - 40 depending on the size of the adult female . when clutches of eggs are first laid at the ovipositicula ( egg - laying site ) these eggs are soft and sticky and can often be found stuck together in one large mass .\nin 2015 the bbc ' s\none show\nasked me to feature on the program as part of a story they were going to run on the aesculapian snakes in london . in the end they chose to feature will atkins ( following my recommendation ) and i was replaced with the greek historian , simon chaplin . the finished piece was both interesting and informative and portrayed the snakes in a positive light . watch the video here : watch bbc one show\nduring mating season males can go up to 2 km in search of females . females lay 2 - 18 ( often 5 - 11 ) elongated , pear - shaped eggs ( 35 - 60 mm x 17 - 25 mm ) under ground , into holes in trees , compost heaps . . . ( sometimes communally with the grass snake ) .\nthe asclepiadae were a large order of priest physicians who controlled the sacred secrets of healing , which were passed from father to son . harmless aesculapian snakes were kept in the combination hospital - temples built by the ancient greeks and , later , by the romans in honor of the god . the snakes are found not only in their original range of southern europe , but also in the various places in germany and austria where roman temples had been established . escaped snakes survived and flourished .\nthese long slender snakes are one of europe ' s longest and regularly grow to a length of 140 - 160cm in warmer parts of europe they may even reach 225cm . this makes them the longest snake found in the uk . these snakes are usually found across southern , central and eastern europe and use the same method of incubating their eggs as our native grass snakes , using warm damp moist areas of vegetation such as hay piles and compost heaps to provide the necessary heat . clutch size is usually 5 - 11 eggs and these may take 6 - 10 weeks to hatch depending on the weather conditions . aesculapian snakes are semi - arboreal meaning that they are excellent climbers and are equally at home high up in trees and bushes as they are on the ground . they can on occasion be found basking on the canopies of trees and tall bushes .\nearlier this month , local papers in east london reported that a potentially venomous snake was on the loose , then the broadsheets snapped up the story of an alligator found on the streets of new york . the next day , the new journal carried an article about a man who had been rushed to the royal free hospital after being bitten by a tropical spider .\nalthough very shy and easily scared off grass snakes are the most common snake in the uk to be found wandering into urban gardens . grass snakes are found across england and wales and are found in small numbers in the very south of scotland just over the border . ( a fact that has only very recently been confirmed so not what you will read elsewhere ! ) .\na second feral population has been extant since the mid 1980s along a canal embankment habitat in camden , north london . this was first reported to tesl in 1998 by ester wenman , then head keeper of reptiles at london zoo . aesculapian snakes had apparently colonized the area during an experiment reported by the british herpetological society legal officer , peter curry , who was working there and keeping this species at the inner london education authority centre for life studies at the time that it was closed down around 1986 . one account was that eight snakes had been released \u2018on the quiet\u2019 around the time of closure to try to form a population , several of which were recaptured , but some remained at large . those caught initially were being euthanased but the view was then taken to leave the others \u2018to take their chances\u2019 where they were . ten years later , in an aviary close to the embankment , fragments of juvenile aesculapian snakes were found in a laughing thrush garrulax sp . aviary , suggesting that the snakes had bred .\nmacroprotodon genus : this is one of the few venomous species in the peninsula . the western false smooth snake ( macroprotodon brevis ) is an animal common on many different mediterranean habitats . even if it\u2019s venomous , its small opisthogyphous mouth and its calm behavior make it totally harmless . it is characterised by a dark mark on the back of its head , and its short and flattened skull .\nif handled grass snakes may ' musk ' the supposed predator . they do this by secreting a foul - smelling liquid from their anal glands . if this does not deter the potential attacker then the grass snake ' s next line of defence is often to feign death . they literally lay on their back with their mouth open and their tongue hanging out and pretend to be dead in a very theatrical manor . obviously this will only deter predators that refuse to eat carrion and is not a very effective form of defence . the practice of feigning death is more common amongst larger grass snakes and the time that this display takes can vary from a few seconds to 30 minutes . during this display the grass snake will continue to keep an eye on you and if it catches you watching it closely it will take longer to recover .\nhemorrhois genus : the horseshoe whip snake ( hemorrhois hippocrepis ) is an aglyphous colubrid that , even if it may bite if touched or grabbed , it\u2019s not considered a venomous species . it presents a transversal mark on its head from one eye to the other , and another mark in the shape of a horseshoe on its neck , which gives this species its common name . it\u2019s a species typical of rocky habitats .\nabstract : habitat use of the aesculapian snake ( zamenis longissimus ) at the northern extreme of its range in northwest bohemia was studied in two areas with different proportions of man - made structures and urban features . six snakes were equipped with internal transmitters ( giving 171 radio locations in total ) . compositional analysis at the homerange scale and location - scale revealed that the snakes used habitats and ecotones non - randomly . man - made structures were preferred significantly over all other habitat types in both study areas with buildings and their surroundings , stone walls and compost heaps preferred microhabitats in both areas . these sites were used mainly as sheltering places or for thermoregulatory activities . in both areas snakes showed a preference for ecotones , transitional areas between biomes . urban structures were favoured for nesting and overwintering sites . the prevalence of snakes in man - made edge habitats suggests that in climatically challenging conditions , these otherwise heat seeking snakes prefer different habitats than in more southernly areas of this species ' range .\nin the iberian peninsula we can find 13 different species of snakes , with representatives of three of the four types of dentition i talked about in my last post . there aren\u2019t any proteroglyphous snake because the members of the elapidae family are restricted to tropical and subtropical habitats . most of the iberian species are snakes of the colubridae family ( aglyphous or opisthoglyphous ) or vipers and adders of the viperidae family ( solenoglyphous ) .\n: smile : thank you for this interesting and informative write ~ up , alan . : xxgrinning - - 00xx3 : like michael , i cannot be certain i ' ve ever encountered a live snake in the wild . . . and , to be honest . . . : anerikke : . . . i ' m not sure i ' d even want to , as the mere thought of these reptiles gives me the heebie jeebes !\ncapula , massimo ; luiselli , luca ; valenti , < br / > sophia ; ceccarelli , arianna ; rugiero , lorenzo ; aloise , gaetano 2006 . are endemic snakes with a narrow distribution more specialist than their wide - ranging counterparts ? evidence from the prey composition and morphometric correlates of the diet in zamenis lineatus , a rat snake endemic to southern italy . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 4 ) : 531 - 537 - get paper here\ngrass snakes are excellent swimmers and are just as ' at home ' in the water as on land . if threatened the grass snake can disappear under water holding its breath for up to an hour to evade a predator . they will also actively hunt newts , frogs , toads and small fish in water . they are such competent swimmers that they have even been recorded crossing the sea from mainland britain to small islands off the west coast on calm days .\nsmooth snakes are viviparous giving birth to live young ( usually 4 - 15 ) which are born in august or september . melanistic ( black ) smooth snakes are incredibly rare in the uk with only two reports of sightings ever being recorded . the first record of a melanistic smooth snake in the uk dates from back in 1994 on a site in south - west surrey . the last recorded sighting was of 2 - 3 specimens found on a site in dorset in 2008 .\nin my first blog entry i talked about the different kinds of snake that exist based on their dentition . in this entry , i\u2019ll explain what species of ophidian we can find in the iberian peninsula , which species are venomous and which aren\u2019t , and how we can identify the different species we can find when we are on the field . as we will see in this entry , snakes have been unfairly demonized , as the species in the iberian peninsula pose no threat to us .\n' the species of concern list for the greater london area has been compiled by a range of industry professionals and land managers within london and is reviewed and updated quarterly . this list does indeed include the aesculapian snakes that are being referred to , although no action that i am aware of has been taken to remove this population , nor does lisi have any plans to do so at present . this species is listed in the wildlife and countryside act 1981 meaning it is illegal to allow the species to spread or escape into the wild . at present there is limited information on what effects the species may have on our local ecosystems and further information would be hugely valuable in developing appropriate management plans for this population\u2019 ."]}
{"id": 1078, "summary": [{"text": "pirania is a genus of sponge known from the middle cambrian burgess shale and the ordovician fezouata formation .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "198 specimens of pirania are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise 0.38 % of the community . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "pirania", "paragraphs": ["other deposits : pirania auraeum botting , 2007 from the lower ordovician of morocco ( botting , 2007 ) ; pirania llanfawrensis botting , 2004 from the upper ordovician of england ( botting , 2004 ) .\npirania is common in most burgess shale sites but comprises only 0 . 38 % of the walcott quarry community ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .\npirania is considered a primitive demosponge ( rigby , 1986 ) . demosponges , the same group that are harvested as bath sponges , represent the largest class of sponges today .\npirania \u2013 from mount saint piran ( 2 , 649 m ) , situated in the bow river valley in banff national park , alberta . samuel allen named mount st . piran after the patron saint of cornwall in 1894 .\n3d animation of pirania muricata and other sponges ( choia ridleyi , diagoniella cyathiformis , eiffelia globosa , hazelia conferta , vauxia bellula , and wapkia elongata ) and chancelloria eros a sponge - like form covered of star - shaped spines .\npirania was first described by walcott ( 1920 ) . rigby ( 1986 ) redescribed this sponge and concluded that the skeleton is composed of hexagonally arranged canals , large pointed spicules and tufts of small spicules . this sponge was also reviewed by rigby and collins based on new material collected by the royal ontario museum ( 2004 ) .\npirania would have lived attached to the sea floor . particles of organic matter were extracted from the water as they passed through canals in the sponge\u2019s wall . the brachiopods nisusia and micromitra a range of other sponges and even juvenile chancelloriids are often found attached to the long spicules of this sponge , possibly to avoid higher turbidity levels near the seafloor .\npirania is a thick - walled cylindrical sponge that can have up to four branches . the skeleton of the sponge is composed of tufts of small spicules and has very distinctive long pointed spicules that emerge from the external wall . long canals perforate the wall of the sponge to allow water flow through it . branching occurs close to the base of the sponge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvan roy , peter ; orr , patrick j . ; botting , joseph p . ; muir , lucy a . ; vinther , jakob ; lefebvre , bertrand ; hariri , khadija el ; briggs , derek e . g .\naa ( department of geology and geophysics , yale university , po box 208109 , new haven , connecticut 06520 , usa ) , ab ( ucd school of geological sciences , university college dublin , belfield , dublin 4 , ireland ) , ac ( leeds museum discovery centre , carlisle road , leeds ls10 1lb , uk ) , ad ( 42 birkhouse lane , moldgreen , huddersfield hd5 8be , uk ) , ae ( department of geology and geophysics , yale university , po box 208109 , new haven , connecticut 06520 , usa ) , af ( umr cnrs 5125 peps , b\u00e2t . g\u00e9ode , universit\u00e9 lyon 1 , campus de la doua , 2 rue dubois , f - 69622 villeurbanne cedex , france ) , ag ( d\u00e9partement sciences de la terre , facult\u00e9 des sciences et techniques - gu\u00e9liz , universit\u00e9 cadi ayyad , avenue abdelkrim el khattabi bp 549 , 40000 marrakech , morocco ) , ah ( department of geology and geophysics , yale university , po box 208109 , new haven , connecticut 06520 , usa )\nnature , volume 465 , issue 7295 , pp . 215 - 218 ( 2010 ) . ( nature homepage )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmuricata \u2013 from the latin muricatus , \u201cpointed , or full of sharp points . \u201d the name refers to the large pointed spicules extending out from the wall of the sponge .\nlectotype \u2013 usnm 66495 ( erroneously referred as 66496 in rigby , 1986 ) , in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .\nmiddle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .\nthe walcott quarry on fossil ridge . the trilobite beds and tulip beds ( s7 ) on mount stephen and several smaller sites on mount field , mount stephen and mount odaray .\nbotting , j . p . 2004 . an exceptional caradoc sponge fauna from the llanfawr quarries , central wales and phylogenetic implications . journal of systematic paleontology , 2 : 31 - 63 .\nbotting , j . p . 2007 . ' cambrian ' demosponges in the ordovician of morocco : insights into the early evolutionary history of sponges . geobios , 40 : 737 - 748 .\ncaron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .\nrigby , j . k . 1986 . sponges of the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) , british columbia . palaeontographica canadiana , 2 : 105 p .\nrigby , j . k . and d . collins . 2004 . sponges of the middle cambrian burgess shale and stephen formations , british columbia . royal ontario museum contributions in science ( 1 ) : 155 p .\nwalcott , c . d . 1920 . middle cambrian spongiae . cambrian geology and paleontology iv . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 67 ( 6 ) : 261 - 365 .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations , attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travelers .\nexcellent food , tasty and healthy . not very expensive . unfortunately closed now but they re - open soon .\ni have a mixed fillings about this place . we have tried that after our friends recommendation . frankly i do not understand why they were so passionate about this place . we ordered just fish & chips what was just fine . price too high for that quality . . .\nenormous meals , well prepared . prices are very good . i had fried salmon . very good polish meals . satisfied !\noverall a nice smaller sized restaurant in convenient location . tried some fried cod and salmon . the portion was large . didn ' t like the fries that came along with the fish .\npossibility to take fish and cheaps away - packed properly . i hope belgian fries will be available soon !\ntry sandacz fish here and you won ' t be disappointed ! the other choices may be dorsz ( cod fish ) or kargulena . you can sit outside or indoors . toilet is upstairs and you have to take the key from the bar .\nthe best fish and chips in town for sure , apart from the top hotels this is the place to go , simple but good fish n chips , good service two .\ngreat place , fantastic food , friendly service . i highly recommend the herring in sour cream and cod with spinach and cheese .\nate here with local friends that strongly recommended it for fresh seafood . located near the train station , the modest restaurant served some of the best fish i ' ve had in poland . exceeded my expectations and the reasonable price made it my top recommendation in kolobrzeg .\nwhen my family said to meet up at this restaurant i was quite surprised because of the appearance of the restaurant from the outside . however , when i entered , i was pleasantly surprised . the walls had a nice pattern and the tables were laid neatly . the . . .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . 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{"id": 1083, "summary": [{"text": "ptychites is an extinct genus of cephalopods belonging to the family ptychitidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic period , from anisian to ladinian age . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "ptychites", "paragraphs": ["there are no comments for prosobranchia ptychites opulentus vintage nature illustration 1904 . click here to post the first comment .\nantique illustration not created by me . a beautifully illustrated fossilized prosobranchia ptychites opulentus , which was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails , land snails and freshwater snails . this taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s . it has however been proven to be polyphyletic . - - wikipedia\nthe middle triassic occurs chiefly in nevada and southeastern california . in the inyo range , southeastern california , about 200 feet of shaly limestones contain the following genera characteristic of the lower horizon of the middle triassic : arochordiceras , xenodiscus , hungarites , ptychites , tirolites , ceratites , and parapopanoceras .\nqueen duvet cover ( 88\nx 88\n) featuring the image\nprosobranchia ptychites opulentus vintage nature illustration 1904\nby tina lavoie . our soft microfiber duvet covers are hand sewn and include a hidden zipper for easy washing and assembly . your selected image is printed on the top surface with a soft white surface underneath . all duvet covers are machine washable with cold water and a mild detergent .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 60 . 9 , shell diameter 132 . 5\nfull reference : e . t . tozer . 1994 . canadian triassic ammonoid faunas . geological survey of canada bulletin 467 : 1 - 663\ntype specimen : gsc 28401 . its type locality is gsc 83875 , northwest of hook lake , which is in an illyrian marine horizon in the sulphur mountain formation of canada .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 20 . 0 , shell diameter 28 . 9\nhaeckel _ ammonitida . jpg : creator : ernst haeckel . derivative work : kevmin \u00a7\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nsepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .\nthe marine triassic section of . america is unusually complete , and its thickness compares favorably with that of any other region . all three subdivisions - lower , middle , and upper triassic - - are represented by calcareous deposits , aggregating approximately 4 , 000 feet in thickness . of this amount , about 800 feet belong to the lower triassic , about 1 , 000 feet to the middle triassic , and about 2 , 000 feet to the upper triassic .\nthe entire section is not represented at any one locality , nor is the thickness of each division constant . furthermore , the marine triassic is not everywhere developed as a calcareous formation . in the united states the triassic system is represented by marine deposits only in the western states , in idaho , nevada , oregon , and california .\nabove the hosselkus limestone lie the pseudomonotis slates , of unknown thickness , characterized by halorites , rhabdoceras , arcestes , and pseudomonotis .\nin the west humboldt range in nevada the star peak limestone , about 1 , 200 feet thick , appears to represent the hosselkus limestone , although very few fossils have ever been found in it . above the limestones lie the pseudomonotis beds , about 800 feet of shales and shaly limestones , in which are found pseudomonotis subcircularis , rhabdoceras , halorites , placites , and arcestes , an association characteristic of the noric horizon .\npart or all of this report is presented in portable document format ( pdf ) . for best results viewing and printing pdf documents , it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with adobe reader . pdf documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended . download the latest version of adobe reader , free of charge . more information about viewing , downloading , and printing report files can be found here .\nu . s . department of the interior | u . s . geological survey url : urltoken page contact information : pubs warehouse contact page page last modified : november 12 , 2015 14 : 21 : 18\nevery purchase includes a 30 - day money - back guarantee . we sell thousands of products each week to buyers from all over the world . take a look at these unfiltered reviews !\nwe have the largest print - on - demand fulfillment network in the world with 15 manufacturing centers in five different countries .\nplace your order today , and it will be on its way to you within 2 - 3 business days .\nyou ' ve got questions . we ' ve got answers . visit our frequently asked questions page to view them all .\nif you can ' t find the answers to your question on our faq page , please submit a support ticket , and our staff will respond to your question ( s ) right away .\nthe watermark at the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final product .\nthe image is near the edges of the product but doesn ' t cover the entire product . some of the background color may appear around the outside edges of the image .\ni still haven ' t received my package and can not find fineartamerica ' s helpdesk . . . is there anyone that can assist in this matter ? many thanks in advance , blenda\nsorry . i ' ve made a mistake . it ' s possible to change for the king size paying the difference ?\nthis order comment will be in all caps . excellent ! much better than ever expected .\nif you ' re not happy with a purchase that you made on fineartamerica . com , for any reason , you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date . as soon as it arrives , we ' ll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price . please note - fine art america does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality .\nfine art america sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100 % money - back guarantee . we take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen fine art america to fulfill their orders , and we look forward to helping you select your next piece !\nall duvet covers ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 yu . d . zakharov , m . s . arkhangelsky , n . g . zverkov , i . v . borisov , a . m . popov , 2015 , published in tikhookeanskaya geologiya , 2015 , vol . 34 , no . 5 , pp . 73\u201380 .\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201ctriassic ammonoidea of northern siberia ( family parapopanoceratidae ) , \u201d tr . igig so an sssr , no . 495 , 1\u2013108 ( 1981 ) .\nk . diner , \u201ctriassic cephalopods of primorye in east siberia , \u201d tr . geol . kom .\nv . m . efimov , m . a . rogov , a . k . khudolei , et al . , \u201cfirst reliable find of ichthyosaurus remains in the middle triassic of north siberia , \u201d in\n( tml - press , tomsk , 2010 ) , pp . 343\u2013345 [ in russian ] .\nn . k . zharnikova , \u201cnew anisian ceratites of the family acrochordiceratidae , southern primorye , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 1 , 29\u201337 ( 1981 ) .\nyu . d . zakharov , a . m . popov , and i . v . konovalova , \u201cayaks bay\u2013akhlestyshev cape , \u201d in\n, ed . by p . v . markevich and yu . d . zakharov ( dal\u2019nauka , vladivostok , 2004 ) [ in russian ] .\npaleontological substantiation of the triassic stratigraphy of the primorye region . vol . 1 . cephalopods\n. vol . 2 . late triassic mollusks , tr . vsegei . nov . ser .\na . n . oleinikov and e . b . paevskaya , \u201cstratigraphy of the upper triassic deposits of the primorye region , \u201d ofioliti , no . 2 , 31\u201347 ( 1978 ) .\nv . g . ochev and i . v . polubotko , \u201cnew finds of ichthyosaurus at the northeastern ussr , \u201d izv . vyssh . uchebn . razved . , geol . razved . , no . 7 , 50\u201355 ( 1964 ) .\ni . v . polubotko and v . g . ochev , \u201cnew finds of ichthyosaurus novye in the triassic of the northeastern ussr and some notes on conditions of their deposition\u201d izv . vyssh . uchebn . razved . , geol . razved . , no . 3 , 36\u201342 ( 1972 ) .\nyu . n . popov , \u201cearly triassic ammonoids of the prohungarites similis zone in northern yakutia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 134\u2013137 ( 1968 ) .\na . n . ryabinin , \u201cichthyosaurus from the upper triassic of the kolyma region , \u201d priroda ( moscow , russ . fed . ) , no . 9 , 57\u201358 ( 1946 ) .\nm . a . shishkin and v . r . lozovskii , \u201clabirintodont from triassic of the southern primorye , \u201d dokl . akad . nauk sssr\nr . assereto , \u201caegean and bithynian : proposal for two new anisian substages , \u201d oster . akad . wiss . , schrift . erdwiss . komm\nh . bucher , \u201cammonoids of the hyatti zone and the anisian transgression in the triassic star group , northwestern nevada , usa , \u201d palaeontographica . abt . a\nf . m . dalla vecchia , \u201cfirst record of the rare marine reptile tholodus schmidi from the middle triassic of the southern alps , \u201d riv . it . paleontol . strat\nj . fortuny , a . bolet , a . g . selles , et al . , \u201cnew insights on the permian and triassic vertebrates from the iberian peninsula with emphasis on the pyrenean and catalonian basins , \u201d j . iber . geol\nk . fritsch , \u201cbeitrage zur kenntnis der tierwelt der deutschen trias . \u201d abb . nat . ges . halle\no . jaekel , \u201cplacochelys placodonta aus der obertrias des bakony . resultate der wissenschaftlichen erforschung des balatonsees , \u201d palaontol . anhang . victor hornyanzky , dudapest\ne . mojsisovics , \u201cdie cephalopoden der mediaterranen triasprovince , \u201d abhandl . kaiser - konigl . geol . reich\nc . monnet , h . bucher , m . wasmer , and j . geux , \u201crevision of the genus acrochordiceras hyatt , 1877 ( ammonoidea , middle triassic ) : morphology , biometry , biostratigraphy and intra - specific variability , \u201d palaeontol .\nc . monnet , h . bucher , j . guex , and m . wasmer , \u201clarge - scale evolutionary trends of acrochordiceratidae arthaber , 1911 ( ammonoidea , middle triassic ) and cope\u2019s rule , \u201d palaeontol .\nb . uber peyer , \u201ctholodus schmidi h . v . meyer , \u201d palaeontographica . abt . a\np . m . sander and j . - m . mazin , \u201cthe paleobiogeography of middle triassic ichthyosaurs : the five major faunas , \u201d paleontol . lomb . , n . ser ,\nn . j . silberling and k . m . michols , \u201cmiddle triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the humboldt range , north - western nevada , \u201d u . s . geol . surv . , prof . paper\ne . t . tozer , \u201ccanadian triassic ammonoid faunas , \u201d bull . geol . surv . canada , no . 467 , 1\u2013663 ( 1994 ) .\ny . d . zakharov , a . m . popov , and g . i . buryi , \u201ctriassic ammonoid succession in south primorye : 3 . late olenekian\u2013early anisian zones , \u201d albertiana , no . 31 , 54\u201364 ( 2004 ) .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 china university of petroleum ( beijing ) . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nby kenneth de baets 1 , ren\u00e9 hoffmann 2 , jocelyn a . sessa 3 and christian klug 4 .\nother parts of the digestive tract have been found , including the oesophagus , which is sometimes preserved because it was covered by a thin layer of chitin . further examples of fossilized soft tissue are the gills , cartilage of the head ( possibly with eye capsules ) , attachment scars from the retractor muscle system responsible for pulling the head into the conch , and two questionable cases of arm relics .\nfigure 1 \u2014 morphology and terminology of the ammonoid conch ( modified after arkell 1957 ; korn and klug 2002 ) . far left showing section across midline .\nfigure 2 \u2014 internal morphology of the ammonoid conch and specimens showing rare or unusual preservations . a ) juvenile morphology of\nsp . including the initial chamber and the rest of the embryonic shell , reconstructed by robert lemanis . b ) jurassic\nsp . with aptychus at the bottom ( blue arrow ) , parts of the siphuncle ( red arrow ) preserved and within the body chamber , stomach contents consisting mainly of crinoid remains ( black arrow ; modified from keupp 2000 ) . c ) ct scan of the carboniferous ammonoid\nwith injuries attributed to stomatopod crustaceans ( red arrows ; modified after keupp 2012 ) . e ) early cretaceous specimen of the heteromorph ammonoid\nin the 1970s , shell and septal strength were used to calculate how deep in the water column ammonoids could have descended to without imploding from the pressure of the water around them \u2013 at great depth , the surrounding water is much more dense than the gas inside the chambers of the phragmocone ( analogous to air inside a submarine ) . however , these implosion - depth values provide only the depth where implosion would occur ; they do not reveal the depths at which ammonites preferentially lived . the deepest record of a living nautilus comes from more than 700 metres depth , yet a nautilus implosion depth of about 800 metres is inferred from mathematical models . similar mathematical models for ammonoids mostly suggest much shallower implosion depths .\n1 ) often , ammonoid species have a great variability in conch shape . these different conch shapes , however , are not necessarily linked to a distinct type of environment , based on the rock types in which they are found , and a large range of shapes can occur within a single species found in the same place . nevertheless , rare studies in which variation has been examined across different environments within the same species indicate that there could be some link ; the most frequently occurring variants change with distance from the coast , and with wave agitation . one has to be very careful not to oversimplify things by assuming anything about palaeoenvironment from conch shape alone . there might be a link , but this link needs to be determined from independent evidence .\nfigure 3 \u2014 evolution of coiled ammonoid shells from straight shells and the consequences for body - chamber length , aperture orientation , thrust angle of the jet they use to move , hydrodynamic stability and interpretations for swimming capabilities throughout evolution ; rightmost column shows the evolution of aperture orientation . ( modified after klug and korn 2004 ) . bcl , body chamber length ; oa , orientation of the aperture ; dcl , decoupled chamber liquid .\nfurthermore , other types of bite traces on different taxa were probably caused by cephalopods , fish and marine reptiles living between the bottom and the upper part of the water column . this corroborates the hypothesis that different ammonoids lived in different environments , and indicates that although shell geometry sets limits to ammonoid swimming capabilities , it does not necessarily correlate closely with mode of life or habitat .\nfigure 4 \u2014 habitats and sea water temperature estimated from oxygen isotope data in extant cephalopods ( left ) and ammonoids ( right ; modified from ritterbush et al . 2014 and lukeneder et al . 2010 ) .\nfigure 5 \u2014 ammonoid morphospace after tendler et al . ( 2015 ) using the raupian parameters w , s and d ( raup 1966 ) . w , rate of size increase of the generating curve per whorl ; d , distance between the generating curve and the coiling axis ; s , shape of the generating curve , equivalent to the cross - sectional shape of the tube ( modified after klug et al . 2016 ) .\nthe ammonite shell grows by continually adding layers of calcium carbonate to the leading edge or aperture of the conch , so that their entire life history is recorded in their shells , from embryo to adult ( fig . 6 ) .\nfigure 6 \u2014 life cycle of an ammonoid , exemplified with the late devonian genus manticoceras . modified after korn and klug ( 2007 ) .\nfigure 7 \u2014 origin and diversity of ammonoids and the effects of mass extinctions ( modified after ernst and klug 2011 ) .\nfigure 8 \u2014 sutures and septa of some ammonoids ( modified after klug & hoffmann 2015 : fig . 3 . 1 ) . a ,\n( hall , 1879 ) , latest eifelian , jebel amessoui , tafilalt , morocco ; institut f\u00fcr geowissenschaften ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) ; diameter 15 centimetres . b ,\ngordon , 1862 , middle mississippian , jackfork creek , s of ada , oklahoma ( usa ) ; pimuz 31257 ( pal\u00e4ontologisches institut und museum , universit\u00e4t z\u00fcrich , switzerland ) ; diameter 43 millimetres . c ,\n( mclearn 1948 ) , sgpimh no . 3181 ( universit\u00e4t hamburg , germany ) , triassic , spitsbergen , norway ; diameter 25 millimetres ; acid - prepared specimen with phosphatized septa and siphuncle ; from weitschat ( 1986 ) . d ,\nsp . , aalenian ( jurassic ) , heiningen near g\u00f6ppingen , germany , whorl height 84 millimetres , staatliches museum f\u00fcr naturkunde stuttgart , germany , smns 23156 ( after ernst and klug 2011 ) .\ndespite being one of the most - studied fossil groups , the evolutionary relationships ( phylogeny ) of ammonoids are still not fully resolved ( so actually , fig . 7 should contain many question marks ) . this is largely because their phylogeny is based on their conchs , which have a limited amount of strongly varying characters ( conch morphology , septa , ornamentation ) .\nnevertheless , a better understanding of conch - shape changes through ontogeny might aid in resolving the group\u2019s phylogeny , and at least help to distinguish between superficially similar adult forms . studying variation within species by using many ammonoid conchs will contribute to understanding the value of characters in assessing evolutionary relationships .\nbrayard , a . , escarguel , g . , bucher , h . , monnet , c . , br\u00fchwiler , t . , goudemand , n . , galfetti , t . & guex , j . good genes and good luck : ammonoid diversity and the end - permian mass extinction . science 325 , 1118\u20131121 ( 2009 ) . urltoken\nernst , h . u . & klug , c . perlboote und ammonsh\u00f6rner weltweit . nautilids and ammonites worldwide . ( pfeil , 2011 ) . urltoken\ngrulke , w . heteromorph : the rarest fossil ammonites : nature at its most bizarre ( at one communications , 2014 ) . urltoken\nhouse , m . r . the ammonoid time - scale and ammonoid evolution . geological society , london , memoirs 10 , 273\u2013283 ( 1985 ) . doi : urltoken\nkennedy , w . j . & cobban , w . a . aspects of ammonite biology , biogeography , and biostratigraphy . special papers in palaeontology 17 , 1\u201394 ( 1976 ) . pdf .\nklug , c . , de baets , k . & korn , d . exploring the limits of morphospace : ontogeny and ecology of late vis\u00e9an ammonoids from the tafilalt ( morocco ) . acta palaeontologica polonica in the press ( 2016 ) . doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 00220 . 2015\nklug , c . & korn , d . the origin of ammonoid locomotion . acta palaeontologica polonica 49 , 235\u2013242 ( 2004 ) . pdf .\nklug , c . , riegraf , w . & lehmann , j . soft - part preservation in heteromorph ammonites from the cenomanian\u2013turonian boundary event ( oae 2 ) in north - west germany . palaeontology 55 , 1307\u20131331 ( 2012 ) . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1475 - 4983 . 2012 . 01196 . x\nklug , c . , korn , d . , de baets , k . , kruta , i . & mapes , r . h . ammonoid paleobiology : from anatomy to ecology ( springer , 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9630 - 9\nklug , c . , korn , d . , de baets , k . , kruta , i . & mapes , r . h . ammonoid paleobiology : from macroevolution to paleogeography ( springer , 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9633 - 0\nkorn , d . & klug , c . palaeozoic ammonoids \u2014 diversity and development of conch morphology . in earth and life ( ed talent , j . ) 491\u2013534 ( springer , 2012 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 3428 - 1 _ 15\nkruta , i . , landman , n . , rouget , i . , cecca , f . & tafforeau , p . the role of ammonites in the mesozoic marine food web revealed by jaw preservation . science 331 , 70\u201372 ( 2011 ) . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1198793\nlandman , n . h . , tanabe , k . & davis , r . a . ammonoid paleobiology ( plenum , 1996 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 9153 - 2\nlemanis , r . , zachow , s . , fusseis , f . & hoffmann , r . a new approach using high - resolution computed tomography to test the buoyant properties of chambered cephalopod shells . paleobiology 41 , 313\u2013329 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1017 / pab . 2014 . 17\nlukeneder , a . , harzhauser , m . , m\u00fcllegger , s . & piller , w . e . ontogeny and habitat change in mesozoic cephalopods revealed by stable isotopes ( \u03b418o , \u03b413c ) . earth and planetary science letters 296 , 103\u2013114 ( 2010 ) . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . epsl . 2010 . 04 . 053\nritterbush , k . a . , hoffmann , r . , lukeneder , a . & de baets , k . pelagic palaeoecology : the importance of recent constraints on ammonoid palaeobiology and life history . journal of zoology 292 , 229\u2013241 ( 2014 ) . doi : 10 . 1111 / jzo . 12118\nsessa , j . a . , larina , e . , knoll , k . , garb , m . , cochran , j . k . , huber , b . t . , macleod , k . g . & landman , n . h . ammonite habitat revealed via isotopic composition and comparisons with co - occurring benthic and planktonic organisms . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 112 , 15562\u201315567 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1507554112\ntendler , a . , mayo , a . & alon , u . evolutionary tradeoffs , pareto optimality and the morphology of ammonite shells . bmc systems biology 9 , 12 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1186 / s12918 - 015 - 0149 - z\n1 geozentrum nordbayern , friedrich - alexander universit\u00e4t erlangen - n\u00fcrnberg , germany . 2 ruhr - universit\u00e4t bochum , institut f\u00fcr geologie , mineralogie und geophysik , germany . 3 american museum of natural history , new york , usa . 4 pal\u00e4ontologisches institut und museum , z\u00fcrich , switzerland .\ntagged christian klug , jocelyn a . sessa , kenneth de baets , ren\u00e9 hoffmann\nde baets , k . , hoffmann , r . , sessa , j . a . and klug , c . 2016 . fossil focus : ammonoids . palaeontology online , volume 6 , article 2 . 1 - 15 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1087, "summary": [{"text": "bollin eric ( foaled 18 february 1999 ) , is a retired british thoroughbred racehorse and active sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career which lasted from july 2001 until october 2003 , he ran eighteen times and won four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he recorded his most important success when winning the classic st. leger stakes as a three-year-old in 2002 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the lonsdale stakes in the following year and was placed in important races including the dante stakes , king edward vii stakes , great voltigeur stakes , yorkshire cup and hardwicke stakes . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "bollin eric", "paragraphs": ["the stud is managed by bill bromley who reports bollin eric to be doing well in his new career .\nmeet fox news channel ' s eric bolling and his beautiful wife adrienne : married in 1997 . meet son eric chase\nmeet fox news channel ' s eric bolling and his beautiful wife adrienne : married in 1997 . meet son eric chase\nbollin eric had been held back at the rear by jockey kevin darley and began to move up after the six - furlong marker .\nand trainer tim easterby said on wednesday that there was\na strong possibility\nthat bollin eric would indeed line up in the arc .\nbollin zola , won 2 races at 2 and 3 years rated 90 , dam of 6 winners of 21 races incl , bollin eric classic gr . 1 winner . bollin joanne , gr . 3 duke of york stakes , lr scarbrough stakes , 2nd lr summer stakes , rated 118\ndarley had ridden bollin eric before , but that season the shaamit colt had also been partnered by robert winston , willie supple and kieren fallon .\n\u2022royal ascot selections : 2 . 30 chic . 3 . 05 bollin eric . 3 . 45 airwave . 4 . 20 fire up the band .\nafter finishing eighth in the arc behind dalakhani , the decision was taken to retire bollin eric to the national stud in newmarket for the 2004 season .\nthree racing dynasties can fittingly combine to win saturday ' s st leger , the 226th running of the world ' s oldest classic race , with bollin eric .\nlast year ' s st leger winner bollin eric is set to take his place in this sunday ' s prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp .\nthese days , eric seems to be a little frustrated with all the presidential polls taking place . while his co - hosts were nodding in disapprovements , eric said ,\nthe horse she calls\neric\nis by the 1996 epsom derby winner shaamit out of bollin zola , the dam of bollin joanne , who won the group three duke of york stakes but sadly died last year after breaking her femur while in foal .\nfour years ago the partisan crowd at doncaster erupted when bollin eric galloped to victory in the st leger , providing a local win for yorkshiremen tim easterby and kevin darley .\nbollin eric crowned a successful season last year by winning the st leger at doncaster and he can take the hardwick stakes ( 3 . 05pm ) for yorkshire trainer tim easterby .\npat smullen ' s mount had been odds - on for last year ' s win but on this occasion was a 2 - 1 second favourite to 2002 doncaster winner bollin eric .\na little over two weeks later , winston was on board again as bollin eric took home the prince of wales cup at doncaster by three - quarters of a length from hoax .\nbut lingwood , who has been at norton grove in one capacity or another since 1960 , is banking on bollin eric ' s popularity in yorkshire proving a draw for prospective customers .\nthe bollin tag on their horses reflects the westbrooks ' cheshire roots , as the rolling 150 acres of their prestbury home , white gables , is cut in two by the river bollin .\nboth the 1994 and 1995 derby winners , erhaab and lammtarra , failed dismally at stud , while the 1996 winner , shaamit , sired st leger winner bollin eric , but precious little else .\nbollin ted is a beverley specialist and a mile and quarter is his trip . he doesn\u2019t mind fast ground and he is very adaptable . he is from the bollin breed who improve in time .\ntrained by tim easterby at great habton , bollin eric announced his arrival at beverley in august 2001 - taking a maiden race by four lengths with york - based jockey robert winston in the saddle .\nso far bollin eric ( 3 . 25 ) has improved with each outing this season and his trainer tim easterby should now have him somewhere near his best with the king george looming large on july 26 .\nhe became the first locally - trained horse to be successful in the oldest classic since peleid won in 1973 , and added to that bollin eric posted first classic successes for both his trainer and his jockey .\ncut from 16 - 1 to 10 - 1 yesterday by the bookmakers coral for the big ascot race , bollin eric has the class and courage to give weight all round in the princess of wales ' s stakes .\nnot since bollin eric won the marathon mile and three quarter contest in 2002 for great habton ' s tim easterby has anyone from the county won the blue riband event on town moor and johnston has come nearer than most .\nnow bollin eric is back in north yorkshire . after a spell at the national stud , owner sir neil westbrook has moved the eight - year - old to norton grove stud - where owner richard lingwood is naturally delighted .\nshaamit , won gr . 1 derby stakes . 3rd king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . died after only 3 crops . sire of bollin eric , lygeton lad , harlestone greyetc son of mtoto , sire of the leading nh sire presenting etc .\nbollin eric was to be placed three more times in group and listed contests that summer , and while he failed to win , it was evident through his resolute style of running and tenacity that a step - up in trip would prove the making of him .\nretiring from racing , bollin terry came to puddledub in late 1999 and had his first covering season in 2000 with just 3 mares .\nwith his racetrack career now becoming a distant memory , lingwood says bollin eric is settling in nicely at norton grove ' s 98 acres .\nhe ' s a grand , quiet horse ,\nhe said .\nhe ' s as good as gold .\nbollin eric belongs to the 85 - year - old sir neil westbrook , a former lord mayor of manchester , who splits his racing interests along gender lines with his wife of 57 years , lady joan : their fillies run in her name and the colts in his .\never the bridesmaid , the tim easterby trained bollin eric was a good second today in the king edward vii stakes g2 at royal ascot . it is believed that the colt will continue to be aimed at the st leger , probably via the great voltigeur stakes at york .\ni liked bollin eric on the track . he ran a courageous st . leger and was a very good stayer . i don ' t know why he wouldn ' t produce a decent sporthorse . have you checked to see if any of his offspring are in nh racing / training ?\nbollin eric had always been highly thought of by easterby , and finished placed in two maidens as a juvenile before winning on his third attempt at beverley over a mile , storming four lengths clear of his nearest pursuer . this was followed up by victory in a valuable nursery at doncaster .\nthere seem to have been westbrooks , easterbys and bollins for as long as i can remember ,\nhe said .\ni recall when i was an amateur jockey winning a race on gowanloch from the bollin strain at newmarket , and a few more winners i rode began with bollin .\nborn in 1994 , he was in training with tim easterby in malton , yorkshire who has trained all the bollin horses for owner / breeders sir neil and lady westbrook . by terimon and out of bollin zola who was by alzao ( usa ) he was destined for the flat and ran a total of 20 races in his career , winning 2 and placed in a further 8 and winning a total of \u00a326 , 968 . his dam is also the dam of bollin joanne who was a group 3 winner and \u00a3118 , 512 and bollin eric who won the st leger ( one of only\u201e classic races ran in britain each year ) and a total prize money tally of over \u00a3506 , 000 and was named champion european stayer .\nit ' s a crucial time for bollin eric . the first two - year - olds he has sired are either on the track , or will soon make their racecourse debuts , and their success will go a long way to determining how popular he will be as a stallion in the future .\nbollin eric isn ' t the only top class horse they have at norton grove . currently in the ranks is gentleman ' s deal - a winter derby winner outof sire of sires danehill - and timeless times , a group - winning performer who is the sire of the winners of 206 races .\nbut eric boiling and kimberly guilfoyle reminisced about it all and accepted that it had made them a better person after it all . after talking about their rivalry with kathy griffin and anderson cooper ( with eric throwing some minor shade on kathy ' s antic during past year ' s new years eve ) , eric and kimberly talked to tvnewser about their relationship along with what it felt to be part of the fox family and its current state .\nand so it did . the one - mile - six - furlong trip of the leger may have been the undoing of favourite bandari , but bollin eric relished every yard of it , beating highest by a length and a quarter , with future ascot gold cup winner mr dinos back in fifth place .\nlike his namesake river , bollin eric just keeps rolling along . it would round off the season nicely if such a stout stayer could land the final classic for the westbrooks , the easterbys and the north - just to prove that if you have the stamina , you ' ll get there in the end .\nbollin eric ( gb ) b . h , 1999 { 4 - d } dp = 5 - 2 - 8 - 5 - 2 ( 22 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 14 - 18 starts , 4 wins , 4 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 850 , 102\nthe thoroughbred breeders association annual awards for 2002 sees a victory for yorkshire with sir neil and lady westbrook winning the tba flat breeder of the year award . this was mainly due to the success of st . leger winner bollin eric , who was bred and raised at the easterby ' s easthorpe hall stud .\nthe older horses staked their claim for major middle - distance honours in the eclipse at sandown and today at newmarket it should be the turn of bollin eric , last year ' s st leger winner , to show he is a worthy contender for the king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond stakes later this month .\nstill at newmarket and the tim easterby trained bollin eric puts up a strong performance to finish a close third in the feilden s l , . possibly a leger horse in the making ? ! ? at the same track david nicholls has another good result when his fire up the band wins the \u00a310 , 530 exning h .\nfirst - season sires passing glance and deportivo have been purchased to enhance the current group of established sires standing at the stud , which include the highly successful bahamian bounty . the stud is also home to helissio , silver patriarch and passing glance , while bollin eric will spend the 2005 season at wood farm stud in shropshire .\nthe four - year - old ' s group one penalty will always make bollin eric vulnerable in races like this . but he finished clear of two of today ' s rivals , zindabad and bandari , in similar circumstances at royal ascot when caught close home by indian creek and he is likely to have come on again for that run .\ntwo good yorkshire performances up at doncaster today , and they were both winners . the tim easterby trained bollin eric confirmed the form of his previous good runs when winning the \u00a318 , 931 ralph raper memorial prince of wales cup nursery . this colt , who is a 1 / 2 brother to former stable star bollin joanne , could well pick up some more good prizes next season . later on lynda ramsden yet again showed she has lost non of her magic touch with sprinters when astonished won the scarbrough stakes l .\nwhether or not eric claims his niche in the classic records on saturday , his forebears have already carved a little place in history , as his trainer tim easterby explains .\neric bolling is also the author of a book titled \u201c wake up america : the nine virtues that made our nation great\u2014and why we need them more than ever . \u201d\n2016 was a big year for fox news and eric bolling . from the 2016 american election to the roger ailes sexual harassment scandal , the fox family went through a lot .\nthe horse , given the prefix ' bollin ' after the river which runs through the westbrook ' s cheshire estate , was foaled in easterby ' s easthorpe hall stud , in malton .\nhis sire , bollin eric , developed into a high - class middle - distance horse for tim easterby , a st leger win being the highlight . very much a dual - purpose stallion , his progeny progress well with racing . they include 12 - time winner over fences and hurdles , grandads horse , and seven - time victor on the flat , lady florence .\nfox news host eric bolling is suing huffington post columnist yashar ali for defamation . ali talks to cnn ' s brian stelter about the case and why he ' s fighting it .\npeople who own a top class racehorse that could be a top class stallion aren ' t keen to stand it in the north ,\nlingwood said .\nyou have now got to have something that has won group races and , because of bollin eric ' s reputation , we have that . the easterbys will also be a big help . they have persuasive tongues .\nborn on march 2 , 1963 , in chicago , illinois , u . s . eric is a graduate of rollins college in 1984 with a ba degree in economics . eric was a commodities trader on the new york mercantile exchange and later got involved in developing cnbc ' s fast money , but later , he left cnbc and became a financial analyst at the fox news network .\nhe was retired to the national stud where in 1998 he became the first european horse to serve as a shuttle stallion to south africa . he subsequently moved to scarvagh house stud , county down , northern ireland where he died of a ruptured stomach on 7 april 2001 . [ 14 ] by far the best of his progeny was his son bollin eric who won the st . leger in 2002 . [ 15 ]\nanother two - year - old who won ' t have too much more racing this season is bollin eric , who landed a gamble in the ralph raper memorial prince of wales cup for tim easterby .\ni never picked him out until he hit the front ,\nsaid easterby , who was celebrating his 40th birthday .\nhe ' s always been a good horse at home and had been working tremendously .\nbollin eric was kept in training as a four - year - old and proved himself to be as consistent as ever in eight starts , including a second to indian creek in the hardwicke stakes and a fourth place in a vintage renewal of the king george behind alamshar \u2013 finishing in front of falbrav , nayef and grandera . his final success came with a decisive victory in the lonsdale stakes , defeating cover up by two lengths .\nin the group 2 king edward vii stakes ( ascot derby ) over 12 furlongs at royal ascot , balakheri took his revenge on subsequent st leger winner bollin eric , carrying top weight and defeating him impressively by 4 lengths , with first charter back in third . balakheri ' s other two outings were both in classics , starting second favourite for the group 1 budweiser irish derby finishing 6 lengths off high chaparral just 9 days after winning at royal ascot & finishing 6th\neric has been very consistent this season without winning because he hasn ' t had his going . a bit of give in the ground on saturday would give him a little edge because he has got a reasonably high action .\na baseball player turned commodity trader turned television personality , eric bolling is married to adrienne bolling . he was married in the year of 1997 . they have been married for around 19 years , and the couples are still going strong .\nwinner of gr . 1 st leger . european champion stayer at 3 yo not just staying power but speed too !\nhe was a fantastically good natured colt , whose sharp tactical speed was a great help in his races . we had a top class sprinter at the same time in somnus , but bollin eric could beat him at home over six furlongs . he was absolutely genuine and i have trained several of his offspring , who are just the same\ntim easterby .\nsiring winners from his first few crops , inc : nh nearly 50 % winners / placed to lifetime nh runners . grands horse - 9 races , 2011 - 2013 or : 137 chasers and hurdles , 2011 / 2012 .\nstrong gelding most progressive over hurdles\n. seymour eric - 5 races over hurdles , rated 135 . oyster shell - over hurdles , 2013 rattlin - 3 races , 2013 barney cool - easy winner of bumper bollin judith - over hurdles , 2012 / 13 . also the winners of 7 point - to - points in 2013 , inc . it was me - 4 wins . brave buck - winner over hurdles at 5 years by 11 lengths , oct 2013 . and on the flat . lady florence - 7 wins over 7f and 8f . bollin judith - 6 wins over 1m6f at 3 to 5 years . brasingaman eric - 3 wins over 12 , 14 and 16 furlongs . for other runners and results go to news .\nbollin terry has also been very successful in the show ring , being champion or reserve champion every time out as a hunter , hack and ex - racehorse at such prestigeous shows as the aberdeen spring show , ingliston grand slam and festival of champions .\nthe roisin hickey - trained cecil corbett vindicated some previous promise by springing a mild surprise with corky carroll in the first division of this same contest . the physically - imposing cecil corbett , who fell two out when holding placed prospects on his debut at tallow in february , challenged from two out and he eased to the front on the inner in the closing stage to record an authoritative success over the promising just a par . the bollin eric - sired cecil corbett is now likely to take in some of the forthcoming sales .\neric and i are like brother and sister , we text throughout the day , same with greg ( gutfeld ) and dana ( perino ) . juan ( williams ) is such a good sport , and he puts up with a lot of our craziness . \u201d\nwe have heard that eric bolling is quite the happy man having both personal life and professional life in perfect balance . professional life might be easy to handle but what about his married life ? let ' s know about the man who gets criticized for his high pay .\nwe thought that they had more than one children in the long run of 19 years . well , they surprised us . the couples have a son , only a son . his name is eric chase , and he is quite a handsome and charming fellow like his father .\ndoes anyone know where presenting got his jumping ability from ? he ' s a tb stallion by mtoto and has sired several top class chasers including denman and war of attrition . is the jump coming from mtoto or is it from his damline ? urltoken the reason i ask is that i ' m casting around for a tb to sire an eventer . there ' s a stallion called bollin eric whose grandsire is mtoto that looks rather nice but since he ' s only raced on the flat i don ' t know if he can jump . can any of the pedigree experts cast any light on the likelihood of this please ? urltoken\nin april 2006 , bollin terry was graded with scottish sports horse , where aged 12 years old he was asked to jump for the first time in his life , showing a natural aptitude and a neat technique . he impressed the dutch graders with his conformation , paces and athletism and they awarded him the highest marks the society has ever given a thoroughbred stallion .\nbollin terry has covered a wide range of mares , from small , fine flat race mares to big rangey chasers and from small 13hh ponies to an 18hh percheron . he appears to have the unique ability to add size and substance to finer mares and quality and elegance to the heavier mare . there doesn ' t seem to be a mare that does not suit him .\nfor a race of this class i always aim to get the horse there fit on the day , as a lot of things can go wrong in this game . but at this stage eric is fine , and if the going turns out to be good to soft it would suit us . the extra furlongs of the leger could also come into play .\nhe is none other than eric bolling , co - host of the famous early evening show called \u201cthe five\u201d ( alongside kimberly guilfoyle , greg gutfeld , dana perino and juan williams ) . you sure have heard about the five , right ? ; the one that airs on fox news channel . even if you haven\u2019t , you don\u2019t need to worry about it . we\u2019ll fill you up .\nfour weeks later in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , alamshar looked even better . in the words of johnny murtagh ,\nhe came alive in my hands\n, after tracking the leaders into the straight and pulled away to win by three and a half lengths from sulamani , with kris kin third and top performers such as falbrav , warrsan , grandera , nayef , millenary and bollin eric among the also - rans . the guardian ' s correspondent called the race\none of the strongest renewals of the king george for many years\nand wrote that\nalamshar simply took them apart\n. [ 15 ] oxx expressed his satisfaction , describing it as\na no - worries race\n, whilst explaining that the horse ' s back problems had required\na lot of work\n. [ 1 ]\nthe end of the ' proper ' flat season see ' s an appropriate 755 - 1 treble for mark johnston , the highlight of which was the victory of knavesmire omen in the \u00a317 , 761 saffie joseph & sons handicap . the other two winners were in the opening two races and included marina park ' s daughter marinas charm , getting her first win on her third attempt . both these opening johnston winners were at the expense of tim easterby , and he also had to contend with the runner - up slot in the big race of the day with bollin nellie filing that position in the november handicap . the season ends with johnston in third place in the trainers championship with 131 winners and well over \u00a32 million in win and place prize money , with tim easterby and david nicholls also high up the ranks . paul hanagan , who is attached to richard fahey ' s yard , is champion apprentice . there were five group one wins for yorkshire trainers with royal rebel , yavana ' s pace , continent ( 2 wins ) and bollin eric providing the big race wins , this is the largest group one haul in one season for yorkshire trainers since the introduction of the pattern system , and shows that yorkshire racing is still on the rise , with the ' defection ' of bryan smart further strengthening the ranks for next season .\nclose , but not close enough . the mark johnston trained sir george turner was defeated by the shortest of heads in the dee stakes l at chester today by the barry hills trained sohaib . the nashwan colt came from behind to catch the front runner but couldn ' t seem to get past him and was possibly ' eye - balling ' the opposition instead of pushing on to the finish . the trainer is now contemplating a quick reappearance in the dante at york next week , but with the addition of blinkers . this result slightly dents the form of the tim easterby trained bollin eric , as his newmarket conqueror , playapart , was back in third place , but he ' s another possible for the dante as well . later on the chester card the david nicholls trained hormuz was succesful in the \u00a39 , 126 stratstone aston martin handicap , with his stable mate mister rambo filling the runner - up berth .\nin what must rank as one of the best weeks ever for yorkshire trainers ( in terms of the breadth of quality results achieved by a wide number of trainers ) the last day proves to be no exception ! at haydock the andy turnell trained jelani , fourth in the derby last time out , continues his st . leger preparation with a nice confidence boosting win in the july trophy stakes l . the tim easterby trained bollin eric was sent off odds - on favourite in the same race , but could only finish a very disappointing third of only four runners . meanwhile over at the curragh there was even a big race double on the irish oaks card for yorkshire trainers . mark johnston started things off with the kennet valley owened gateman winning the minstrel stakes g3 under keith dalgleish . in the next race it was the turn of the sprint king dandy nicholls , and he made off with the \u00a336 , 809 ladbroke rockingham handicap with awake , a horse formerly trained by johnston , who was second at newmarket earlier this week , behind yesterdays winner brave burt .\nhi ss , mtoto is by busted who has had his fair share of nh stallions . busted has a nice wild risk cross through his dam which is good for jumping . the dam of mtoto is mincio . minicio is by relic who shows up in succesful jumping lines as well . mincio ' s dam has a couple of nice crosses with dollar too which is also success for jumping . denman ' s mom , polly puttens , had some very nice jumping lines as well . i think all but one of her children ran and win , but can ' t be sure . i know last year there was a nice thing on her pedigree and how successful she was as a broodmare . of course by the time denman rolled around she was nearly done her producing days . i think she had 4 or 5 black type winners . war of attrition is out of a good thyne mare who in turn is out of a strong gale mare . both of whom have been big sires of nh horses . bollin eric is by shaamit who has proven himself in eventing already if i ' m not mistaken so i don ' t think you could go wrong . viney is way better at this than me so i ' m hoping she chimes in with more help ! terri\nfirst day of the\nroyal ascot of the north\n- the ebor meeting at york . mark johnston starts as he means to go on when bourbonnais wins the opening acomb stakes l in good style . in the next race johnston has another good result when darasim is a respectable third in the lonsdale stakes g3 . in the fourth race of the day the johnston ' sure thing ' of the meeting - bandari - obliges when taking the great voltigeur stakes g2 and must surely now have a good chance in the st . leger . this was johnston ' s 100th winner of the season - making him the first person to achieve that level this year ( richard hannon is hot on his heels ) and also making it the ninth year in a row that he has made this landmark . only henry cecil has achieved 100 winners 9 seasons in a row , and if johnston can do this again next season he will be the first person ever to do it 10 years in a row . in the same race the tim easterby trained bollin eric is a decent third , but he perhaps needs to be dropped down to listed class to get his first stakes win . in the fifth race , the knavesmire handicap , the alan swinbank trained collier hill puts up a decent performance to be second . in the final race of the day there is another good yorkshire performance when the tim easterby trained forever times is second in the links of london showcase handicap . less welcome is the news that scott ' s view , mark johnston progressive stayer , has not made the cut for the ebor handicap .\na good day at the races with yorkshire trainers winning the feature races at both york and sandown . up at york the hero of the day was tim easterby ( who ' s had a good week ) who trained 25 - 1 shot artie to win the big race , the \u00a349 , 010 william hill trophy handicap , just ahead of the david barron trained impressiveflight with the david nicholls charge fire up the band back in third . easterby had also won the previous race when his bollin nellie won the \u00a311 , 310 queen mother ' s cup under a good ride from former malton trainer bill elsey ' s daughter annie elsey . down at sandown meanwhile yorkshire also dominated the finish of the main race with the james bethell trained mine finishing ahead of the mark johnston trained bouncing bowdler ( putting up an increasingly rare good run ) in the \u00a314 , 024 tote scoop6 handicap . incredibly it ' s the middle of june , james bethell has ' only ' had two winners all year , but they ' re both ' major ' winners ! ! ? allegedly england won a football game or something as well .\nshergar cup day at ascot . but they probably should have called it middleham benefit day ! the format of the ' challenge ' leads to some rare jockey / trainer combinations , and thus it was in the opening race , the \u00a322 , 550 shergar cup mile handicap which was won by the mark johnston trained bouncing bowlder who was ridden by richard hughes . the next race was the shergar cup juvenille auction and the patrick haslam trained devious boy continued his fine run by coming second in this race under david flores , picking up \u00a37 , 518 in the process . third race on the card was the shergar cup distaff rated handicap , where a blow was struck for the ryedale region when the john wainwright trained vita spericolata showed she ' s right back in form by coming second under andreas suborics , and collecting a useful \u00a38 , 500 for her efforts . in the next race mark johnston struck again , this time in combination with pat eddery , when mana d ' argent won the \u00a325 , 000 shergar cup stayers handicap . the penultimate race was perhaps the best result for yorkshire racing fans as it was won by the chris fairhurst trained king ' s welcome , the race being the \u00a325 , 000 shergar cup challenge rated handicap . fairhurst has had a relatively quiet season so far but this was one of his biggest ever wins . the timeasterby trained bollin nellie was a somewhat unlucky third in the same race . the only race where yorkshire wasn ' t involved in the finish was the final one ! ' gb & ire ' beat ' rest of the world ' , but the real winner was middleham !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwon 4 races , 2 to 4 years , \u00a3506 , 294 , and placed 13 times from 18 starts . won , gr . i st . leger stakes 14f , doncaster . won , gr . 3 longsdale stakes 16f york . won , 2 races at 2 years . urltoken placed 2nd in gr . 2 dante stakes york , hardwicke stakes , 12f royal ascot king edward vii stakes 12f royal ascot . 3rd gr . 2 great voltigeur stakes 12f york , yorkshire cup 14f york . 4th gr . 1 king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes 12f ascot and 4th gr . 1 irish st . leger 14f the curragh\nthe colt , from a long line of british\nhomebreds\n, has the right credentials to land the doncaster marathon , being handled by a legendary training family and owned by breeders who have carried the standard for northern racing for more than four decades .\nlady joan said :\nwhen we came into racing more than 40 years ago you couldn ' t use a prefix for more than two horses , but now sponsorship has changed all that . i can ' t remember how many bollins there have been over the years , but the name has been lucky .\nwe have never had a classic runner , let alone a classic winner , and as we are both getting a little long in the tooth we hope the moment may have arrived .\nthe westbrooks ' fortunes are inextricably linked with the easterby family . their broodmares are based at the easterby stable at malton , north yorkshire and the progeny is trained there .\npeter easterby handed over the reins to his son tim not long ago , but the link goes back even further .\nwe started out with walter easterby , peter ' s uncle , at tadcaster , so it is a partnership steeped in tradition ,\nadded lady joan .\n\u00b7 there were no surprise st leger withdrawals at yesterday ' s confirmation stage , with 13 hopefuls standing their ground , though kazzia is a doubtful starter as she has a foot abscess . if fit , the godolphin filly will attempt to become the first since oh so sharp in 1985 to win the fillies ' triple crown , having already landed the sagitta 1 , 000 guineas and vodafone oaks .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nf . by dodsworth . dam of\ntrumpet ' s dam\nf . by place ' s white turk f . by brimmer f . by hautboy d ' arcy ' s counsellor , c . by lonsdale ' s counsellor . sire burford bull , c . by brimmer f . by brimmer young violet layton f . about 1715 by darcy ' s chesnut arabian ( may have been a granddaughter of the layton barb mare )\n1887 reve d ' or ch . 1884 ( hampton - queen of the roses )\n1921 love in idleness br . 1918 ( bachelor ' s double - cornfield )\n1960 never too late ch . 1957 ( never say die - gloria nicky )\n1798 sir harry br . c . 1795 ( sir peter teazle - matron )\n1881 iroquois br . c . 1878 ( leamington - maggie b . b . )\n1990 quest for fame b / br . c . 1987 ( rainbow quest - aryenne )\n1816 the duchess b . f . 1813 ( cardinal york - miss nancy )\n1907 wool winder b . c . 1904 ( martagon - st . windeline )\nalice hawthorn b . f . 1838 ( muley - moloch - rebecca ) top runner from 1841 - 1845 , winning stakes and cups throughout england . established significant branch line through daughter lady hawthorne ; also dam of thormanby .\nassault ch . c . 1943 ( bold venture - igual ) american triple crown winner , ran from ages 2 - 7 , with 18 wins from 42 starts . horse of the year in 1946 . infertile with thoroughbred mares , although he sired a few foals when pastured with quarter horse mares at king ranch in texas .\nboudoir ii gr . f . 1938 ( mahmoud - kampala ) a refined race filly placed in cur ragh ' s irish 1 , 000 guineas , in america she bred nine winners , including flower bed , my host , your host and your hostess .\nbruleur ( fr ) b . c . 1910 ( chouberski - basse terre ) top european colt of his generation , he won the grand prix de paris and the prix royal oak , went on to become a significant sire . his progeny include ksar , pot au feu , brulette , samos , madrigal ii , finglas .\ncozzene gr . c . 1980 ( caro - ride the trails ) from ages 3 - 5 he won 10 of 24 starts , including the breeder ' s cup mile and number of important stakes races . has emerged as a strong american sire , his get includes alphabet soup , environment friend , haste to add , cozzene ' s prince .\ndan cupid ch . c . 1956 ( native dancer - vixenette ) sent to france to race , he won , among others , the prix de sablonville and the prix de st . james . sired 14 stakes winners , including the great sea bird , dankara , gift card .\nepinard ( fr ) ch . c . 1920 ( badajoz - epine blanche ) top european winner of such races as longchamp ' s grand criterium and the steward ' s cup at goodwood , and valiant runner - up in two famous 1924 international special races against america ' s best . sire of many good stakes winners in u . s . and europe , including rodosto , marica , epithet , hygro .\nfall aspen ch . f . 1976 ( pretense - change water ) won 8 of 20 starts from 2 - 4 , including the matron stakes and the prioress stakes . ktdf broodmare of the year for 1994 , she was dam of 9 stakes winners , including colorado dancer , fort wood , timber country , hamas and native aspen .\nfanfreluche b . f . 1967 ( northern dancer - ciboulette ) winner of 11 stakes races in the u . s . and canada , including the alabama stakes . champion 3 year old filly in america and canada , her 12 winning foals included medaille d ' or , l ' enjoleur , and la voyageuse .\nflower bowl b . f . 1952 alibhai - flower bed ) won at ages 3 and 4 , including the delaware handicap and the ladies handicap at aqueduct ; she only had five foals , four of which won , including top juvenile filly bowl of flowers , graustark ( see ) and his majesty ( see ) .\ngraustark ch . c . 1963 ( ribot - flower bowl ) injury ended his stakes - winning career ( 6 wins of 7 starts ) , possibly terminating his potential as\nanother man o ' war .\nleading broodmare sire in england 1985 . sire of key to the mint , avatar , caracolero , tempest queen , prove out .\nhabitat b . c . 1966 ( sir gaylord - little hut ) won 5 of 8 starts at 3 , his only season , including wills mile and prix quincey . as a sire , a source of brilliant speed , leading sire of broodmares in england 7 times . his best progeny include habibti , bitty girl , steel heart , steinlen , rose bowl , blue note .\nhail to reason dkb / br . c . 1958 ( turn - to - nothirdchance ) won 9 of 18 starts at 2 ; injury forced his retirement to stud at three . leading sire in the u . s . in 1970 , offspring included admiring , bold reason , roberto , straight deal , regal gleam , personality , trillion , proud clarion , halo . a noted source of soundness and durability .\nhis majesty b . c . 1968 ( ribot - flower bowl ) ran from 2 to 5 , winning 5 of 22 starts , including the everglade stakes . leading sire in the u . s . in 1982 , offspring included battonier , cormorant , mehmet , pleasant colony , valiant nature , cetewayo , majesty ' s prince , brother to graustark .\nhourless br . c . 1914 ( negofol - hour glass ii ) one of the best of his generation , won the grand union hotel stakes and the belmont stakes , among others . among his 21 stakes winners were helvetia , runaway lass , yearning , late date , mike hall , horometer .\niroquois br . c . 1878 ( leamington - maggie b . b . ) first american - bred horse to win the derby and st . leger , he also won the st . james ' s palace stakes and the prince of wales ' s stakes . leading sire in america in 1892 , offspring included tammany , g . w . johnson , rancocas , huron and nettie b .\nkincsem liv . ch . f . 1874 ( cambuscan - water nymph ) the toast of europe , this hungarian - bred mare was the unbeaten winner of 54 races in 5 different countries , including the preis der jockey club , the goodwood cup , the grand prix de deauville . descendents waldcanter and wicht ( brothers ) both the top of their generations in the 1950s .\nle sancy gr . c . 1871 ( atlantic - gem of gems ) genuine racehorse won the grand prix de deauville twice , among other races , and highly esteemed french sire , offspring included le samaritain , ex voto , toison d ' or .\nlittle hut b . f . 1952 ( occupy - savage beauty ) won 5 of her 55 starts . she continued her line , known for producing courageous horses , with offspring including guest room , habitat , lodge and northfields .\nmad hatter br / b . c . 1916 ( fair play - madcap ) won the jockey club gold cup among other races . although plagued by poor fertility , sired 23 stakes winners from 177 foals , including rosern , the nut and zelide .\nmaggie b . b . b . f . 1867 ( australian - madeline ) one of the most important matrons of the american turf , she produced francesca , harold , iroquois , jaconet ( dam of sir dixon ) , panique and red and blue .\nmahubah b . f . 1910 ( rock sand - merry token ) speedy , but generally unsuccessful runner , she produced five foals , all sired by fair play : man o ' war , masda ( ancestress of assault ) , mirabelle , playfellow and my play .\nman o ' war ch . c . 1917 ( fair play - mahubah ) winner of all but one of his 21 starts , probably the most famous horse of the american turf . leading american sire in 1926 . with limited opportunity , he sired 64 stakes winners from 379 foals , including war admiral , crusader , american flag , battleship , war relic , maid at arms , edith cavell , bateau , clyde van dusen , scapa flow , annapolis .\nmarguerite ch . f . 1920 ( celt - fairy ray ) important american broodmare , dam of the classy colts fighting fox , foxbrough , gallant fox and petee - wrack . the great race mares trillion and triptych descend from her daughter , margery .\nmatchem b . c . 1748 ( ( old ) cade - ( old ) partner mare ) one of the pillars of the thoroughbred breed , won matches in 1755 and 1756 and went on to become one of four stallions to have major influence on the breed . sire of tetotum , hollandaise , conductor , alfred , and many others .\nmineral ch . f . 1863 ( rataplan - manganese ) modest winner of four races over four and five furlongs at age three , she proved an excellent broodmare , dam of derby winner kisber ( later leading sire in germany three times ) ; st . leger winner wenlock , later a good broodmare sire , and several other winners that bred on .\nnearco br . c . 1935 ( pharos - nogara ) wilful unbeaten winner of the 14 races he ran at ages 2 and 3 , including the gran prix de paris . one of the most influential sires of the 20th century , he was leading sire in england three times in the late 1940s . offspring include amerigo , sayajirao , rivaz , arctic star , dante , masaka , and nasrullah , the latter , in his turn , becoming a highly significant sire .\nneckar bl . c . 1948 ( ticino - arjaman ) won the german derby and the prix de chantilly among 4 other races prior to injury forcing his retirement . leading sire in germany five times ; leading broodmare sire three times . sire of kronzeuge , wilderer , waidwerk , zank .\nnogara b . f . 1928 ( havresac ii - catnip ) top winner to 1600 meters at 2 and 3 in italy , including criterium nazionale and premio parioli . dam of top horses nearco , niccolo dell ' arca , nakamuro , naucide .\nribot b . c . 1952 ( tenerani - romanella ) perhaps the best racehorse of the 20th century , he was unbeaten in 3 years of racing . his wins included the prix de l ' arc de triomphe ( twice ) , the premio del jockey club e coppa d ' oro , the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes . sire of 67 stakes winners from 423 foals in england , italy and the u . s . , including arts and letters , graustark , tom rolfe , roi soleil , ribocco , ribero , romulus , ragusa , his majesty .\nsir dixon b . c . 1885 ( billet - jaconet ) stakes winning american , including belmont stakes , withers stakes , carlton stakes and travers stakes . leading american sire of 1901 , his fillies were better than his colts , and he became an outstanding broodmare sire . noted offspring include kilmarnock , agile , running water , audience , martha gorman , yankee girl .\nstorm bird b . c . 1978 ( northern dancer - south ocean ) canadian - bred winner of 5 of 6 races at 2 and 3 , including the national stakes and dewhurst stakes ; imported to america , became a top sire , offspring including storm cat , indian skimmer , acushla , bluebird , mukaddamah , balanchine , lonely bird and summer squall .\ntredennis ch . c . 1898 ( kendal - st . marguerite ) did not win at the track , but became a leading sire . offspring included bachelor ' s double , clodagh , honey bee , lady wembley , red dennis , soldennis , tregaron , wet kiss .\nwhisk broom ii ch . c . 1907 ( broomstick - audience ) won 7 of 17 races in england , then back to the u . s . to win three important handicaps . retired at age 7 to sire a number of stakes winners , including diavolo , john p . grier , swing on , upset , panasette , victorian , whiskaway , whiskery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napologies for any inconvenience , but the page you are looking for might have been removed , had its name changed , or is temporarily unavailable .\nif you typed the page address in the address bar , make sure that it is spelled correctly .\nowner : the national stud ( gb ) breeder : sir neil & lady westbrook winnings : 18 starts : 4 - 4 - 5 , $ 850 , 102 1st st . leger s . ( gb - gr . 1 ) 2900m , lonsdale s . ( gb - g3 ) 3200m . 2nd : dante s . gr . 2 ( gb ) , hardwicke s . ( eng - gr . 2 ) , king edward vii s . gr . 2 ( gb ) . 3rd great voltigeur s . ( gb - g2 ) , yorkshire cup gr . 2 ( gb ) , fielden s . lr . ( gb ) , july s . lr . ( gb ) 4th king george vl & queen elizabeth s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , irish st . leger gr . 1 ( ire ) , prince of wales ' s . gr . 2 ( gb ) , irish village s . gr . 3 ( ire ) . foaled 2 / 18 / 99 . champion 3yo stayer in europe in 2002 . in 2008 stands at norton grove stud , gb . ( close )\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse ."]}
{"id": 1092, "summary": [{"text": "cephalotes rohweri is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head , and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "giving their name also as gliding ants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cephalotes rohweri", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes rohweri for further details\nde andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttg . beitr . naturk . ser . b ( geol . pal\u00e4ontol . ) 271 : 1 - 889 ( page 568 , combination in cephalotes )\ncreighton , w . s . ; nutting , w . l . 1965 . the habits and distribution of cryptocerus rohweri wheeler ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 72 : 59 - 64 pdf ( page 59 , see also )\ncombination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c pdf : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 .\ncombination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 pdf : 568 .\nturtle / shield ants of genus cephalotes are canopy forest ants , which are nesting in tree branches and wood . in their mother countries , - brazil and guyana , in south america , they love suny habits between the field and the forest . they are polymorph , minors on the video are about 4 . 4mm , majors are between 5 . 4 - 6 . 9mm and there are also media casts , forms before major and minor workers . . . . queen is black , about 10 / 11mm , very beautiful with long gaster , but quite shy and cryptic . i feed them by honeywatter for ants but also by special nectar for bumble beeses and wasps . they also like eating insects . . . they are licking their food very quickly and they aren\u00b4t eating so much food , they don\u00b4t spend many time with eating . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nthese ants nest in branches and limbs of oaks ( quercus spp . ) . food consists of honeydew and small arthropods .\na member of the wheeleri clade differing from all the other species of the clade in the worker by the head and mesosoma irregularly foveolate - rugulose and by the infuscate frontal carinae , in the soldier and in the gyne by the dense foveae on the head and by the presence of hairs around the disc . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\n: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 . see also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 : 59 .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( only one specimen measured ) 5 . 2 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 28 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 43 mm . black ; the following ferruginous : mandibles , part of frontal carinae , apex of femora and tibiae , tarsites ii - v .\nhead opaque , trapezoidal . occipital corners not lobate , nor obliquely truncate , forming merely an obtuse angle . occipital border straight and transverse . dorsal face , excepting the rather flat , posteriorly very thick and scarcely translucid frontal carinae , and the declivous clearly limited clypeus , convex , finely and sharply punctate , coarsely foveolate , the pits wanting on the frontal carinae and on the clypeus . lower face coarsely reticulate - rugose and foveolate .\nthorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . scapular angle incorporated in the lateral pronotal crest , the latter tridentate , the anterior two teeth close together , triangular , the third tooth , forming the posterior corner of the crest , subrectangular . promesonotal suture absent . sides of mesonotum unarmed , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture absent . each side of epinotum with a slender spine , pointing laterad and slightly upward and caudad . in profile the dorsum of the thorax noticeably sloping behind pronotum , the latter convex and ascending . the entire thorax sharply punctate . dorsum reticulate - rugose , the meshes elongate on mesonotum . declivous face with longitudinal striae . laterotergite of pronotum reticulate - rugose and foveolate . pleura longitudinally rugose .\npeduncular segments opaque , their dorsal face mostly longitudinally rugose . body of petiole subglobose , its anterior face vertically truncate ; from each side of the petiole at some distance from the anterior border , arises a slender , log , slightly curved and pointed spine , pointing obliquely caudad and upward . postpetiole with anteriorly broad , posteriorly more constricted body . a slender , longer , more recurved and pointed spine arising from each side , next to the anterior border . dorsum of postpetiole , as seen in profile , nearly flat .\ngaster oval , opaque , finely and sharply punctured throughout . postpetiole insertion not emarginate , anterolateral borders immarginate . first tergite finely and densely longitudinally rugose on the sides .\nstanding hairs pointed , short , sparingly scattered over dorsum of head , thorax , peduncle and gaster , also on sternites , more oblique , but not decumbent , on legs . silvery scalelike hair minute on posterior portions of head disc , larger and more conspicuous on cheeks , dorsum of thorax , laterotergite of pronotum , dorsum of peduncular segments , lacking on gaster , but present on apical half of extensor face of femora . all foveolae on dorsum of head bear a small decumbent hair , visible only under high magnification .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 04 - 5 . 54 ; hl 0 . 96 - 1 . 28 ; hw 1 . 04 - 1 . 36 ; el 0 . 26 - 0 . 35 ; pw 0 . 92 - 1 . 22 ; pew 0 . 46 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 65 ; hbal 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 12 ; ci 106 . 2 - 111 . 6 ; pi 111 . 5 - 115 . 5 ; ppei 192 . 8 - 214 . 0 ; pppi 167 . 3 - 192 . 8 ; hbai 19 . 2 - 21 . 4 .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( one specimen only measured ) 6 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 85 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 82 mm . black ; the following fuscous - ferruginous : anterolateral portions of head ( variable in extent , always much infuscated ) , extreme tip of last funicular segment , knees and tarsites ii - v\nhead supopaque , surmounted by a slightly elongate disc ( 52 : 47 ) , the borders of which are evenly rounded anteriorly , except for the supramandibular excision , subparallel and rather straight on the sides , then abruptly , yet not forming a sharp angle , curved mesad , to join the scarcely convex , subtruncate occipital border . floor of disc moderately excavated anteriorly , shallowly excavated laterally , scarcely behind , having in the center a little prominent convexity . occipital lobes subrectangular . clypeal sutures obsolete . lateral border of lower face of head not distinctly marginate . integument of head finely reticulate - punctate , more superficially and densely on dorsum , more coarsely on lower face . likewise densely covered with large , rounded foveolae , the intervals between the foveolae not as broad as the diameter of the pits .\nthorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . anterior corner sharply dentate , the lateral border of the pronotum subparallel and crenulate in front of the carina , converging , rather straight behind the carina , not forming a prominent corner when joining the mesonotum . transverse carina sharply marginate and somewhat crenulate , broadly yet shallowly excised in the middle . promesonotal suture vestigial . lateral lobes of mesonotum scarcely projecting , broad , rounded , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture distinct . anterior and posterior corner of basal face of epinotum rounded , not angulate . on each side , somewhat in front of the posterior corner , a strong , prominent spine , pointing mainly laterad . sculpture of thorax as that of head , the foveolae sparser , except on basal face of epinotum . bottom of foveolae rather shiny . foveolae very sparse and irregularly dispersed on sides of the thorax , which also present reticulate rugosities . declivous face without macrosculpture .\npeduncular segments opaque , dorsally reticulate - rugose and foveolate , their shape and lateral processes as in worker , but their bodies are more transverse , broader , and the spines are shorter . postpetiole much broader than petiole .\ngaster dorsally opaque , ventrally more shining . postpetiolar insertion very little emarginate . anterolateral borders of gaster immarginate , never crested . first tergite heavily and densely punctate , with fine , longitudinal , dense rugosities , fading out caudad , before reaching the half . sculpture of sternite identical but more superficial .\nstanding hairs long and pointed at tip around the rim of cephalic disc anterolaterally , shorter and sparingly on dorsum of thorax , peduncle , and gaster , and on the sternites . oblique on legs . decumbent hair in foveolae of head and thorax usually very fine and scarcely visible , scalelike , silvery and glittering only on posterior border of basal face of epinotum , on peduncular segments , none on legs and gaster .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 6 . 82 - 7 . 44 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 72 ; hw 1 . 72 - 1 . 84 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 68 - 1 . 88 ; pew 0 . 62 - 0 . 72 ; ppw 0 . 76 - 0 . 88 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 57 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 16 ; ci 106 . 9 - 109 . 5 ; pi 97 . 8 - 102 . 4 ; ppei 255 . 5 - 272 . 5 ; pppi 209 . 1 - 223 . 8 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 28 . 6 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head disc present . posterior two thirds of the head dorsum almost flat , with a broad , little protruding central tumulus . anterior third of the head moderately concave . frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly , converging posteriorly and connected by a convex carina on the vertex . vertexal angles round and crenulate . eyes convex and not hidden by the disc in dorsal view . anterior clypeal border concave . mandibles with a lateral carina and partially hidden by the frontal carinae .\nmesosoma flat in side view . humeral angles with an obtuse tooth anteriorly , straight posteriorly . pronotal carina marked and superficially interrupted in the middle . promesonotal suture impressed . propodeum differentiated in basal and declivous face ; basal face weakly convex dorsally , with convex sides ; declivous face little concave on the middle .\npetiole distinctly differentiated in anterior and posterior faces ; anterior face vertical , posterior face slightly convex and with unarmed sides . postpetiole broadly convex , with a small lateral denticle on one side only of the sole available specimen .\nlegs . fore coxae with anterior tumulus . mid and hind femora without angle or denticles . mid and hind basitarsi without broad base and not compressed laterally .\nsculpture . head , mesosoma and pedicel deeply punctate and covered by deep foveae broader than their interspaces , suboval and denser on the pedicel . frontal carinae punctate and with foveae sparser , smaller and shallower than in the other parts of the head . sides of the fore femora , ventral part of the mesopleurae and dorsal part of the metapleurae punctate , with superficial and sparse foveae . posterior half of the declivous face of the propodeum , legs and gaster reticulate - punctate , the same structure is present but very superficial on the ventral part of the first gastral sternite which is shining . outer face of the tibiae with oval and superficial foveae . anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite and sides of the anterior half of the first gastral sternite with anastomosing rugosities and rare foveae . few irregular rugosities on the meso - and metapleurae .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 92 - 8 . 24 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 64 - 1 . 72 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 60 - 1 . 68 ; pew 0 . 55 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 66 - 0 . 78 ; hbal 0 . 64 ; hbaw 0 . 14 ; ci 102 . 5 - 104 . 9 ; pi 102 . 4 - 102 . 5 ; ppei 285 . 7 - 305 . 4 ; pppi 205 . 1 - 254 . 5 ; hbai 21 . 9 .\nworker , soldier . type locality : buehman canyon , santa catalina mountains ( arizona ) . type material : lectotype soldier in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , syntypes workers and soldiers in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , museum of comparative zoology , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo ( kempf , 1958 a : 129 ) , examined in part .\nkempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 129 , see also )\nmackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .\nsmith , d . r . 1979 . superfamily formicoidea . pp . 1323 - 1467 in : krombein , k . v . , hurd , p . d . , smith , d . r . , burks , b . d . ( eds . ) catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 2 . apocrita ( aculeata ) . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution pr ( page 1403 , combination in zacryptocerus )\nsmith , m . r . 1947a . ants of the genus cryptocerus f . , in the united states . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 49 : 29 - 40 ( page 35 , queen described )\nsmith , m . r . 1951c . family formicidae . pp . 778 - 875 in : muesebeck , c . f . , krombein , k . v . , townes , h . k . ( eds . ) hymenoptera of america north of mexico . synoptic catalogue . u . s . dep . agric . agric . monogr . 2 : 1 - 1420 . ( page 825 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) )\nwheeler , w . m . 1916i . two new ants from texas and arizona . proc . n . engl . zool . club 6 : 29 - 35 ( page 32 , fig . 2 soldier , worker described )\nthis page was last modified on 24 march 2015 , at 06 : 33 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nwheeler , 1916i pdf : 32 , fig . 2 ( s . w . )\nsee also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 pdf : 59 .\n1 times found in sonoran desert , 1 times found in burrow of aemaeodera .\n1 times byrant lot 25 , 0 times desert hackberry , 1 times direct collection , 1 times general collecting , 0 times in cercidium microphyllum .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nresearch in our lab focuses on three main areas , all using social insects as model systems . first , the emergence of complexity and increased efficiency through collective behavior ; second , effects of scaling in complex systems ; and third , the role of learning and individual variability for collective success . we use a combination of empirical lab studies and theoretical approaches , such as individual - based simulations , as well as fieldwork . our main model systems are the bumble bee\nevolution of collective behavior why division of labor in groups ? what is the adaptive benefit of worker polymorphism in bumble bees ? optimal allocation of defense specialists task allocation mechanisms and collective performance mechanisms of collective behavior polydomy in ants and coordination between nests spatial order in bumble bee nests learning and task performance scaling in insect colonies colony size , density , and energy use other topics individual vs . social optimal search patterns\neven within the same colony , bumble bees produce workers of strongly varying sizes concurrently ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . what is the adaptive function of this size variation ? we are testing the hypotheses that ( 1 ) different - sized workers are adaptive as specialists for different tasks ( perhaps not , in prep , even though body size is clearly predictive of what tasks workers perform : jandt et al . 2009 , jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) ; ( 2 ) that they are the result of a trade - off between cheap , low - quality and expensive , high - quality workers ( perhaps , in prep ) ; that ( 3 ) small workers have other benefits besides being cheaper to produce , even if they do not perform any task well ( they may live longer under conditions of dearth , couvillon & dornhaus 2010 ) ; or ( 4 ) that they are the non - adaptive result of a biased larval care system . we have also found that small workers do not seem to be adapted to flying at hotter temperatures ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . there is however some evidence that colonies which do have workers of varying body size perform better at some tasks ( in prep ) .\nwe are studying the interactions and the exchange of workers , brood , and food between the nests of polydomous colonies .\nwe show that in colonies of bumble bees , bombus impatiens ( 1 ) workers tend to remain at a specific distance from the colony center independent of their age , and thus the spatial pattern of workers on the nest is not random ; ( 2 ) smaller individuals maintain smaller spatial zones and tend to be closer to the center ; and ( 3 ) individuals who are more likely to perform brood care tend to remain in the center of the nest , whereas foragers are more often found on the periphery of the nest when not foraging ( jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) . as brood is present in all areas of the nest , this leads to larvae in the center of the nest being fed more frequently than those in the periphery . as a consequence of this , ( 4 ) larvae in the periphery of the nest remain smaller and form smaller workers . this is a mechanism creating worker polymorphism ( couvillon & dornhaus 2009 ) . what is the mechanism creating spatial preferences in workers ? ongoing studies will address this .\nthe problem of how to compromise between speed and accuracy in decision - making faces organisms at many levels of biological complexity . striking parallels are evident between decision making in primate brains an collective decision - making in social insect colonies : in both systems separate populations accumulate evidence for alternative choices , when one population reaches a threshold a decision is made , and this threshold may be varied to compromise between the speed and accuracy of decision - making . we analyze the properties of both of these systems , and show in which ways the ant collective decision making system may be statistically optimal ( marshall et al . 2009 ) .\nwe used data from published literature to characterize commonalities and differences in host choice between the four major types of ant social parasitism : xenobiosis , temporary parasitism , dulosis , and inquilinism . our analysis shows that xenobiotic parasites tend to have single or multiple host species that are very distantly related and have medium to large host colonies . temporary parasites tend to have multiple host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . dulotic parasites tend to have multiple host species that are slightly less related and have host colonies of any size . lastly , inquiline parasites tend to have single host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . in addition , a parasite tends to be very closely related to its host when the parasite has a single host species or large host colony sizes ( huang & dornhaus 2008 ) .\nclick on the following parts to open different image pages from this road trip . from any image page , click the red home tab to get back to this home page\nseinet plants of the superstitions by k . c . rice wayne ' s word trivia note about the turtle ant\na lthough i did not find the turtle ant on this road trip , i did make another interesting ant discovery in the superstitions . i found a minute army ant of the genus neivamyrmex under a rock . based on its minute size and several other distinguishing characteristics , i think it may be the seldom observed species n . nyensis . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi ! a nearby rock had an equally small species of forelius , but army ants are easy to distinguish because they do not have eyes . since they are blind , they must trail closely behind each other , like following the car in front of you in dense fresno ground fog .\narmy ant worker ( neivamyrmex ) from under a rock on superstition mountain . based on the description and key to neivamyrmex in urltoken ( and small size ) , it appears to be n . nyensis , a seldom observed species . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi !"]}
{"id": 1093, "summary": [{"text": "macrovipera schweizeri is a venomous viper species found in greece on the islands of the cyclades archipelago in the aegean sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "macrovipera schweizeri", "paragraphs": ["macrovipera deserti was previously considered a subspecies of vipera mauritanica , macrovipera schweizeri as a subspecies of vipera lebetina .\nrare cb milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 ) fast strike on rat video\nrare cb milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 ) fast strike on rat video - youtube\n2 ) identifying threats to macrovipera l . lebetina on cyprus and comparing them with the threats to the endangered macrovipera schweizeri on the island of milos , and to other large vipers of semi - arid area ,\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - cyclades blunt - nosed viper ( macrovipera schweizeri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - cyclades blunt - nosed viper ( macrovipera schweizeri )\ntitle =\narkive species - cyclades blunt - nosed viper ( macrovipera schweizeri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe cyclades viper ( macrovipera swiss ) , also known as milosotter , is an aegean viper from the kind of large - scale vipers ( macrovipera ) .\nthe cyclades viper was first in 1935 by the austrian herpetologists franz werner as a subspecies of the levant viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) described and long recognized as such . the classification of macrovipera swiss in the subspecies macrovipera swiss swiss and swiss macrovipera siphnensis is up for discussion , but is currently still questionable as far genetic studies are lacking .\nmacrovipera schweizeri , commonly named milos viper or cyclades blunt - nosed viper , is a venomous snake . it can be found only on four greece islands : milos , kimolos , polinos and siphnos .\nmertens , r . 1955 . der typus von vipera lebetina schweizeri . senckenbergiana biologica 36 : 297 - 299 .\n( 2000 ) suggest assigning the species vipera ( = macrovipera ) mauritanica , vipera ( = macrovipera ) deserti and vipera palaestinae to the genus daboia , together with russell ' s viper .\nmap 50 macrovipera spp . , as well as asian and north african species of the genus vipera sp .\ncoluber lebetinus linnaeus 1758 : 218 vipera lebetina \u2014 wall 1908 : 804 vipera lebetina \u2014 smith 1943 : 486 vipera xanthina ( gray 1849 ) fide khalikov ( pers . comm . ) vipera mauritanica ( gray 1849 ) fide khalikov ( pers . comm . ) vipera euphratica \u2014 boettger 1880 : 167 vipera euphratica \u2014 boulenger 1887 : 345 daboia lebetina \u2014 engelmann et al 1993 macrovipera lebetina \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 383 vipera lebetina \u2014 sharma 2004 macrovipera lebetina \u2014 kwet & trapp 2015 macrovipera lebetina \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 421 macrovipera lebetina cernovi ( chikin & szczerbak 1992 ) macrovipera lebetina cernovi \u2014 davletbakov et al . 2016 macrovipera lebetina lebetina ( linnaeus 1758 ) coluber lebetinus linnaeus 1758 macrovipera lebetina cypriensis reuss 1933 vipera lebetina euphratica \u2014 schmidt 1939 vipera lebetina lebetina \u2014 harding & welch 1980 vipera lebetina lebetina \u2014 welch 1994 : 73 daboia lebetina lebetina \u2014 obst 1983 : 232 macrovipera lebetina lebetina \u2014 golay et al . 1993 macrovipera lebetina obtusa ( dwigubsky 1832 ) vipera obtusa dwigubsky 1832 : 30 vipera euphratica martin 1838 vipera peilei murray 1892 vipera lebetina boulenger 1920 vipera lebetina peilei \u2014 schwarz 1936 : 244 vipera lebetina euphratica schmidt 1939 vipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 mertens & wermuth 1960 vipera lebetina euphratica \u2014 haas & werner 1969 vipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 harding & welch 1980 daboia lebetina obtusa \u2014 herrman , joger & nilson 1989 daboia lebetina obtusa \u2014 engelmann et al 1993 macrovipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 golay et al . 1993 vipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 welch 1994 : 121 vipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 frynta et al . 1997 macrovipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 schweiger 2009 macrovipera lebetina obtusa \u2014 iskenderov 2013 macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea ( nilson & andr\u00e9n 1988 ) vipera lebetina transmediterranea nilson & andr\u00e9n 1988 macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea \u2014 golay et al . 1993 vipera lebetina transmediterranea \u2014 welch 1994 : 121 daboia lebetina transmediterranea macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea \u2014 kucharzewski 2011 macrovipera lebetina turanica ( chernov 1940 ) vipera lebetina turanica chernov 1940 vipera lebetina turanica \u2014 harding & welch 1980 daboia lebetina turanica \u2014 obst 1983 : 232 macrovipera lebetina turanica \u2014 golay et al . 1993 macrovipera lebetina turanica \u2014 laita 2013 macrovipera lebetina turanica \u2014 davletbakov et al . 2016\n4 ) providing and discussing recommendations for the conservation of cypriot populations of macrovipera l . lebetina and its habitats .\nphoto of a milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri , which is a highly venomous viper endemic to the milos island group . its closest relatives are found in north africa and the eastern mediterranean . it is highly prized by reptile collectors , especially in its red form .\nmy first ever video of my snakes . this is my female milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri ) striking on a rat . . . sorry for any mistakes , resolution etc ( see video description for more ) . hope you enjoy the video , thanks for watching !\nmy first ever video of my snakes . this is my female milos viper ( macrovipera schweizeri ) striking on a rat . . . sorry for any mistakes , resolution etc ( see video description for more ) . hope you enjoy the video , thanks for watching ! urltoken\nnilson , g . , andren , c . , ioannidis , y . & dimaki , m . ( 1999 ) ecology and conservation of the milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) . amphibia - reptilia , 20 ( 4 ) : 355 \u2013 375 . available at : urltoken\nnilson , g . , andren , c . , ioannidis , y . and dimaki , m . ( 1999 ) ecology and conservation of the milos viper , macrovipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) . amphibia - reptilia , 20 ( 4 ) : 355 - 375 . available at : urltoken\nthe blunt - nosed viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) is composed of seven subspecies which inhabit semi - arid environments in north africa and in the near and middle east ( irano - turanian region ) . the nominate subspecies macrovipera lebetina lebetina is restricted to cyprus ( and possibly some localities in southeastern turkey ) . cyprus is home to 11 snake species , of which macrovipera lebetina is the only venomous one .\nthe species vipera lebetina and vipera mauritanica and their subspecies , formerly assigned to the genus vipera , are now included in the genus macrovipera .\nhellebuyck , tom 2016 . picture : milos viper ( macrovipera lebetina ) . litteratura serpentium 36 ( 3 ) : 110 - get paper here\nzwinenberg , a . j . 1979 . biologie en status van de levantijnse adden van de cycladen , vipera lebetina schweizeri . lacerta 9 : 138 - 146 . - get paper here\ng\u00e1l , j . , t\u00f3th , t . , moln\u00e1r , v . , maros\u00e1n , m . and s\u00f3s , e . ( 2005 ) mass incidence of gout in a breeding colony of milos vipers ( macrovipera schweizeri ) . magyar allatorvosok lapja ( hungarian veterinary journal ) , 2005 : 551 - 556 . available at : urltoken\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aspidelaps l . lubricus 1 . 1 , agkistrodon b . bilineatus 0 . 1 , macrovipera schweizeri 0 . 1 , morelia spilota variegata 0 . 1 , pantherophis guttatus 1 . 0 check out my youtube channel and watch my snake videos - - - > urltoken\njestrzemski , daniel 2015 . feldstudie zur zypriotischen levanteotter ( macrovipera lebetina lebetina ) . terraria - elaphe 2015 ( 1 ) : 54 - 57 [ 2014 ] - get paper here\ngumprecht , a . & u . lauten 1997 . zur fortpflanzung und haltung der levante - otter macrovipera lebetina lebetina . sauria 19 ( 1 ) : 39 - 43 - get paper here\nm . lebetina and m . schweizeri in shades of grey or brown , with rectangles or a rectangular zig - zag pattern along the body ; sometimes the markings are barely visible . m . mauritanica in shades of brown with a zig - zag or wavy band .\nkamelin , eugeny r . , yuri a . lukin , and konstantin d . milto 1997 . hybridization of vipera schweizeri ( werner , 1935 ) and vipera lebetina obtusa , dvigubsky 1832 . russ . j . herpetol . 4 ( 1 ) : 75 - 78 - get paper here\nkabisch , k . & wiedl , h . j . 2009 . zur levanteotter , macrovipera lebetina lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) auf zypern . sauria 30 ( 4 ) : 29 - 36 [ 2008 ] - get paper here\nsanz , l . ; ayvazyan , n . ; calvete , j . j . 2008 . snake venomics of the armenian mountain vipers macrovipera lebetina obtusa and vipera raddei . journal of proteomics 71 ( 2 ) : 198 - 209 .\ntok , c . v . , d . cihan & d . ayaz 2002 . a new record of macrovipera lebetina obtusa ( viperidae ) from south - eastern anatolia . zoology in the middle east 25 : 23 - get paper here\ndata about microvipera schweizeri viper occurence is based on the information from wikipedia page [ 1 ] . the data are divided into two indicators : [ 1 ] - risk region [ 0 ] - secure region . the data was created based on the maps and descriptions from the corresponding wikipedia\u201a\u00e4\u00f4s websites . ( see data access and policies ) .\nmoradi , naeim ; nasrullah rastegar - pouyani , eskandar rastegar - pouyani 2014 . geographic variation in the morphology of macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( ophidia : viperidae ) in iran . acta herpetologica 9 ( 2 ) : 187 - 202 - get paper here\nal oran , r . m . , rostum , s . , joger , u . & z . amr . 1998 . first record of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina , from jordan . zoology in the middle east 16 : 65 - 70 - get paper here\ncos\u0327kun , yu\u0308ksel ; mahmut cos\u0327kun , mario schweiger 2011 . new locality records of blunt - nosed viper , macrovipera lebetina obtusa in central anatolia , turkey ( serpentes : viperidae ) . fen bilimleri dergisi , cilt 32 ( 2 ) : 22 - 28 - get paper here\nthe genus macrovipera contains large snakes that are responsible for a number of bites in western asia and north africa each year ( mallow and nilson 2003 ) . the members of this genus can be ill - tempered and dangerous . bites are painful and a great deal of venom can be injected .\nherrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . & nilson , g . 1992 . phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes . iii . : resurrection of the genus macrovipera ( reuss , 1927 ) as suggested by biochemical evidence . amphibia - reptilia 13 : 375 - 392 - get paper here\nmermer , ahmet ; bayram go\u0308c\u0327men and kerim c\u0327i\u0307c\u0327ek 2012 . extreme cases of colour pattern and size in levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( l . , 1758 ) from the west of euphrates basin ( southern anatolia , turkey ) . biharean biologist 6 ( 1 ) : 70 - 71 - get paper here\ngocmen , bayram ; arikan , huseyin ; mermer , ahmet ; langerwerf , bert ; hahar , hasan 2006 . morphological , hemipenial and venom electrophoresis comparisons of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from cyprus and southern anatolia . turkish journal of zoology 30 : 225 - 234 - get paper here\ng\u00f6\u00e7men , b . ; arikan , h . ; cicek , k . & yildiz , z . 2007 . a serological comparison of the populations of the levantine viper , macrovipera lebetina ( linnaeus , 1758 ) in cyprus and southern turkey . north - western journal of zoology 3 ( 2 ) : 75 - 80 - get paper here\nmebert , konrad ; bayram g\u00f6\u00e7men , na\u015fi\u0307t i\u0307\u011fci\u0307 , mehmet anil o\u011fuz , mert kari\u015f & sylvain ursenbacher 2015 . new records and search for contact zones among parapatric vipers in the genus vipera ( barani , kaznakovi , darevskii , eriwanensis ) , montivipera ( wagneri , raddei ) , and macrovipera ( lebetina ) in northeastern anatolia herpetological bulletin ( 133 ) - get paper here\ngarrigues , thomas ; catherine dauga ; elisabeth ferquel ; val\u00e9rie choumet and anna - bella failloux 2005 . molecular phylogeny of vipera laurenti , 1768 and the related genera macrovipera ( reuss , 1927 ) and daboia ( gray , 1842 ) , with comments about neurotoxic vipera aspis aspis populations . molecular phylogenetics and evolution < br / > volume 35 ( 1 ) : 35 - 47 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhome \u00bb resources \u00bb categories and criteria \u00bb 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1\nsee below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .\nthe iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .\nextensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .\nbefore 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .\nto give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .\nsince their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .\nthe proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :\nversion 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .\nversion 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 2 : mace and stuart ( 1994 ) following further comments received and additional validation exercises , some minor changes to the criteria were made . in addition , the susceptible category present in versions 2 . 0 and 2 . 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category . a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .\nversion 2 . 3 : iucn ( 1994 ) iucn council adopted this version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from iucn members , in december 1994 . the initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details , such as date of publication and isbn number , but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999 . this version was used for the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) , the world list of threatened trees ( oldfield et al 1998 ) and the 2000 iucn red list of threatened species ( hilton - taylor 2000 ) .\nversion 3 . 0 : iucn / ssc criteria review working group ( 1999 ) following comments received , a series of workshops were convened to look at the iucn red list criteria following which , changes were proposed affecting the criteria , the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty .\nversion 3 . 1 : iucn ( 2001 ) the iucn council adopted this latest version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the iucn and ssc memberships and from a final meeting of the criteria review working group , in february 2000 .\nall new assessments from january 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number .\nin the rest of this document , the proposed system is outlined in several sections . section ii , the preamble , presents basic information about the context and structure of the system , and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species . section iii provides definitions of key terms used . section iv presents the categories , while section v details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories . annex i provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria ; annex ii suggests a standard format for citing the red list categories and criteria ; and annex iii outlines the documentation requirements for taxa to be included on iucn ' s global red lists . it is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed .\nthe information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories ( critically endangered , endangered , etc . ) , criteria ( a to e ) , and subcriteria ( 1 , 2 , etc . ; a , b , etc . ; i , ii , etc . ) .\nextinction is a chance process . thus , a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction , and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one ( without effective conservation action ) . however , the persistence of some taxa in high - risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .\nall taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered , and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable . together these categories are described as ' threatened ' . the threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme . it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories ( see figure 1 ) .\nfor listing as critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria ; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat . each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria . even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa ( some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come ) , there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon . the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met , not whether all are appropriate or all are met . because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon , each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria , and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed .\nthe different criteria ( a - e ) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit . the quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation , and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels , even if no formal justification for these values exists . the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard . broad consistency between them was sought .\nthe criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it . it is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened . conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements ( see annex 3 ) .\nthe criteria are clearly quantitative in nature . however , the absence of high - quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria , as methods involving estimation , inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout . inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future ( including their rate of change ) , or of factors related to population abundance or distribution ( including dependence on other taxa ) , so long as these can reasonably be supported . suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past , present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors , and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation .\ntaxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences ( catastrophes ) should be identified by the criteria ( e . g . small distributions , few locations ) . some threats need to be identified particularly early , and appropriate actions taken , because their effects are irreversible or nearly so ( e . g . , pathogens , invasive organisms , hybridization ) .\nthe data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty . such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors : natural variation , vagueness in the terms and definitions used , and measurement error . the way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation . details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in annex 1 , and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles .\nin general , when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments , the range of possible outcomes should be specified . a single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented ; it should be both precautionary and credible .\nwhen data are very uncertain , the category of ' data deficient ' may be assigned . however , in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category . it is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and / or other causal factors ; therefore the liberal use of ' data deficient ' is discouraged .\nlisting in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made , though for different reasons . until such time as an assessment is made , taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened . it may be appropriate ( especially for data deficient forms ) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .\nall assessments should be documented . threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met . no assessment can be accepted for the iucn red list as valid unless at least one criterion is given . if more than one criterion or subcriterion is met , then each should be listed . if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met , this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat ( downlisting ) . instead , the taxon should be re - evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status . the factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria , especially where inference and projection are used , should be documented ( see annexes 2 and 3 ) . the documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in annex 3 .\nthe category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action . the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances , whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs , logistics , chances of success , and other biological characteristics of the subject .\nre - evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals . this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened , data deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .\na taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more .\nif the original classification is found to have been erroneous , the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether , without delay ( but see point 10 above ) .\nthe term ' population ' is used in a specific sense in the red list criteria that is different to its common biological usage . population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon . for functional reasons , primarily owing to differences between life forms , population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only . in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles , biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .\nsubpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange ( typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less ) .\nthe number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known , estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction . when estimating this quantity , the following points should be borne in mind :\nmature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted ( e . g . densities are too low for fertilization ) .\nin the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios , it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals , which take this into account .\nwhere the population size fluctuates , use a lower estimate . in most cases this will be much less than the mean .\nreproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals , except where such units are unable to survive alone ( e . g . corals ) .\nin the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle , the estimate should be made at the appropriate time , when mature individuals are available for breeding .\nre - introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are counted as mature individuals .\ngeneration length is the average age of parents of the current cohort ( i . e . newborn individuals in the population ) . generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population . generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual , except in taxa that breed only once . where generation length varies under threat , the more natural , i . e . pre - disturbance , generation length should be used .\na reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount ( % ) stated under the criterion over the time period ( years ) specified , although the decline need not be continuing . a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this . the downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction .\na continuing decline is a recent , current or projected future decline ( which may be smooth , irregular or sporadic ) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken . fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines , but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .\nextreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely , rapidly and frequently , typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude ( i . e . a tenfold increase or decrease ) .\nthe phrase ' severely fragmented ' refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations ( in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information ) . these small subpopulations may go extinct , with a reduced probability of recolonization .\nextent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon , excluding cases of vagrancy ( see figure 2 ) . this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa ( e . g . large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat ) ( but see ' area of occupancy ' , point 10 below ) . extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon ( the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence ) .\nfigure 2 . two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy . ( a ) is the spatial distribution of known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence . ( b ) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence , which is the measured area within this boundary . ( c ) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares .\nthe term ' location ' defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present . the size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations . where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event , location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat .\na quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history , habitat requirements , threats and any specified management options . population viability analysis ( pva ) is one such technique . quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data . in a situation in which there is limited information , such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk ( for instance , estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat ) . in presenting the results of quantitative analyses , the assumptions ( which must be appropriate and defensible ) , the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented .\nextinct ( ex ) a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . a taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .\nextinct in the wild ( ew ) a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation , in captivity or as a naturalized population ( or populations ) well outside the past range . a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .\ncritically endangered ( cr ) a taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for critically endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .\nendangered ( en ) a taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .\nvulnerable ( vu ) a taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for vulnerable ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nnear threatened ( nt ) a taxon is near threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable now , but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .\nleast concern ( lc ) a taxon is least concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable or near threatened . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ndata deficient ( dd ) a taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and / or population status . a taxon in this category may be well studied , and its biology well known , but appropriate data on abundance and / or distribution are lacking . data deficient is therefore not a category of threat . listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate . it is important to make positive use of whatever data are available . in many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between dd and a threatened status . if the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed , and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon , threatened status may well be justified .\nnot evaluated ( ne ) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .\nnote : as in previous iucn categories , the abbreviation of each category ( in parenthesis ) follows the english denominations when translated into other languages ( see annex 2 ) .\n( e ) the effects of introduced taxa , hybridization , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 % within 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .\na . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 % within 20 years or five generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .\na . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations .\n1 . population size estimated to number fewer than 1 , 000 mature individuals .\n2 . population with a very restricted area of occupancy ( typically less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations ( typically five or fewer ) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future , and is thus capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short time period .\ne . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 % within 100 years .\nthe red list criteria should be applied to a taxon based on the available evidence concerning its numbers , trend and distribution . in cases where there are evident threats to a taxon through , for example , deterioration of its only known habitat , a threatened listing may be justified , even though there may be little direct information on the biological status of the taxon itself . in all these instances there are uncertainties associated with the available information and how it was obtained . these uncertainties may be categorized as natural variability , semantic uncertainty and measurement error ( ak\u00e7akaya et al . 2000 ) . this section provides guidance on how to recognize and deal with these uncertainties when using the criteria . more information is available in the guidelines for using the iucn red list criteria .\nnatural variability results from the fact that species ' life histories and the environments in which they live change over time and space . the effect of this variation on the criteria is limited , because each parameter refers to a specific time or spatial scale . semantic uncertainty arises from vagueness in the definition of terms or lack of consistency in different assessors ' usage of them . despite attempts to make the definitions of the terms used in the criteria exact , in some cases this is not possible without the loss of generality . measurement error is often the largest source of uncertainty ; it arises from the lack of precise information about the parameters used in the criteria . this may be due to inaccuracies in estimating the values or a lack of knowledge . measurement error may be reduced or eliminated by acquiring additional data . for further details , see ak\u00e7akaya et al . ( 2000 ) and burgman et al . ( 1999 ) .\none of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values . the best estimate itself might be a range , but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values . when data are very uncertain , the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values . there are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range . it may be based on confidence intervals , the opinion of a single expert , or the consensus opinion of a group of experts . whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation .\nwhen interpreting and using uncertain data , attitudes toward risk and uncertainty may play an important role . attitudes have two components . first , assessors need to consider whether they will include the full range of plausible values in assessments , or whether they will exclude extreme values from consideration ( known as dispute tolerance ) . an assessor with a low dispute tolerance would include all values , thereby increasing the uncertainty , whereas an assessor with a high dispute tolerance would exclude extremes , reducing the uncertainty . second , assessors need to consider whether they have a precautionary or evidentiary attitude to risk ( known as risk tolerance ) . a precautionary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened unless it is certain that it is not threatened , whereas an evidentiary attitude will classify a taxon as threatened only when there is strong evidence to support a threatened classification . assessors should resist an evidentiary attitude and adopt a precautionary but realistic attitude to uncertainty when applying the criteria , for example , by using plausible lower bounds , rather than best estimates , in determining population size , especially if it is fluctuating . all attitudes should be explicitly documented .\nan assessment using a point estimate ( i . e . single numerical value ) will lead to a single red list category . however , when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria , a range of categories may be obtained , reflecting the uncertainties in the data . a single category , based on a specific attitude to uncertainty , should always be listed along with the criteria met , while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation ( see annex 3 ) .\nwhere data are so uncertain that any category is plausible , the category of ' data deficient ' should be assigned . however , it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon , not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened . although data deficient is not a threatened category , it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing ; moreover , it requires documentation with whatever available information there is .\nunder section v ( the criteria for critically endangered , endangered and vulnerable ) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria . these criteria and subcriteria ( all three levels ) form an integral part of the red list assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category . under the criteria a to c and d under vulnerable , the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers ( 1 - 4 ) and if more than one is met , they are separated by means of the ' + ' symbol . the second level is indicated by the use of the lower - case alphabet characters ( a - e ) . these are listed without any punctuation . a third level of the hierarchy under criteria b and c involves the use of lower case roman numerals ( i - v ) . these are placed in parentheses ( with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis ) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed . where more than one criterion is met , they should be separated by semicolons . the following are examples of such usage :\nall assessments published on the iucn red list are freely available for public use . to ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow red list assessment data to be analysed , thus making the iucn red list a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions , a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the iucn red list of threatened species \u2122 :\nrequired supporting information under specific conditions ( e . g . taxa assessed under specific red list categories or criteria , plant assessments , reassessed taxa , etc . ) .\ntools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the iucn red list , including the iucn species information service ( sis ) and ramas\u00ae red list ( ak\u00e7akaya and ferson 2001 ) .\nnote that the documentation standards and consistency checks for iucn red list assessments and species accounts will be updated on a regular basis .\nclick here for a summary of the five criteria ( a - e ) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an iucn red list threatened category ( critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable ) .\nak\u00e7akaya , h . r . and ferson , s . 2001 . ramas \u00ae red list : threatened species classifications under uncertainty . version 2 . 0 . applied biomathematics , new york .\nak\u00e7akaya , h . r . , ferson , s . , burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . , mace , g . m . and todd , c . a . 2000 . making consistent iucn classifications under uncertainty . conservation biology 14 : 1001 - 1013 .\nbaillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland .\nburgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . and walshe , t . v . 1999 . uncertainty in comparative risk analysis of threatened australian plant species . risk analysis 19 : 585 - 598 .\nfitter , r . and fitter , m . ( eds ) . 1987 . the road to extinction . iucn , gland , switzerland .\ng\u00e4rdenfors , u . , hilton - taylor , c . , mace , g . , and rodr\u00edguez , j . p . , 2001 . the application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels . conservation biology 15 : 1206 - 1212 .\nhilton - taylor , c . ( compiler ) . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 1993 . draft iucn red list categories . iucn , gland , switzerland .\niucn . 1994 . iucn red list categories . prepared by the iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland .\niucn . 1996 . resolution 1 . 4 . species survival commission . resolutions and recommendations , pp . 7 - 8 . world conservation congress , 13 - 23 october 1996 , montreal , canada . iucn , gland , switzerland .\niucn . 1998 . guidelines for re - introductions . prepared by the iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 2001 . iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 2003 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels : version 3 . 0 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\niucn . 2012 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional and national levels : version 4 . 0 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn .\niucn / ssc criteria review working group . 1999 . iucn red list criteria review provisional report : draft of the proposed changes and recommendations . species 31 - 32 : 43 - 57 .\nmace , g . m . , collar , n . , cooke , j . , gaston , k . j . , ginsberg , j . r . , leader - williams , n . , maunder , m . and milner - gulland , e . j . 1992 . the development of new criteria for listing species on the iucn red list . species 19 : 16 ? 22 .\nmace , g . m . and lande , r . 1991 . assessing extinction threats : toward a re - evaluation of iucn threatened species categories . conservation biology 5 : 148 ? 157 .\nmace , g . m . and stuart , s . n . 1994 . draft iucn red list categories , version 2 . 2 . species 21 - 22 : 13 - 24 .\noldfield , s . , lusty , c . and mackinven , a . 1998 . the world list of threatened trees . world conservation press , cambridge .\nthe convention aims to ensure conservation of wild flora and fauna species and their habitats . special attention is given to endangered and vulnerable species , including endangered and vulnerable migratory species specified in appendices .\nthe parties undertake to take all appropriate measures to ensure the conservation of the habitats of the wild flora and fauna species . such measures should be included in the parties planning and development policies and pollution control , with particular attention to the conservation of wild flora and fauna . the parties undertake to promote education and disseminate general information concerning the need to conserve species of wild flora and fauna and their habitats .\nthe convention establishes a standing committee on which the parties are represented by their delegates . the committee ' s principal task is to monitor the provisions of this convention in the light of development of the wild flora and the assessment of its needs . for this purpose , the standing committee is especially competent to make recommendations to the parties and amendments to the appendices where these protected species are specified .\nappendix iv - prohibited means and methods of killing , capture and other forms of exploitation .\ncox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )\njustification : listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is not much greater than 100km2 , it is known from only four small islands , there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . the population trend may now have more or less stabilized , but this is a recent change and could easily be reversed .\nthis species is endemic to the western cyclade islands ( milos , syphnos , kimolos and polyaigos ) of greece . it is found from sea level up to 400m asl ( the highest point on the islands ) .\nthe population probably totals around 3 , 000 individuals , with about 2 , 500 of these on western milos . subspecies syphnoensis ( from island of syphnos ) is very rare , with only occasional specimens recorded . the population is now more or less stable , but over the last 30 - 40 years there have been significant declines as a result of collecting and road kills .\nit can be found throughout the islands on dry , sunny hillsides and in traditionally cultivated land , in densely vegetated areas close to water with rocky outcrops , and also in pools of water . its most important habitat is small creeks . the female lays a clutch of between four and 11 eggs ."]}
{"id": 1101, "summary": [{"text": "the spined dwarf mantis ( ameles fasciipennis ) is a species of praying mantis that is endemic to italy .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it has only been collected once , probably in 1871 in the tolentino area , and has not been seen since , despite extensive entomological surveys of the region . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "spined dwarf mantis", "paragraphs": ["i ' ve already debunked one common mistake in the title , which in my opinion puts me way ahead of the game already . the name of the insect is often incorrectly spelled\npreying mantis ,\nand that ' s understandable , since mantises are famed for their ability to eat other bugs and even each other . ( the female mantis will often devour her mate after sex , a dream come true if the male mantis is a\nvore\nfetishist , but a pretty raw deal otherwise . ) but no , the name refers to the posture of the insect ' s bent forearms , which look a little like hands clasped in prayer .\nthe human - like ( and religious ! ) posture of the mantis may be what led to a tradition in many ancient cultures , from greece to egypt to china , that this insect is a noble and perhaps even magical creature . that tradition is probably the source for the modern belief that mantises are protected by law , an urban legend i remember from my childhood . or maybe that ' s common - sense advice due to the insects ' value to modern gardeners . a single mantis will eat its own weight in garden pests , from aphids to yellow jackets , ever single day !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is endemic to italy , the type ( and only ) specimen being collected from\ntolentino\n.\nonly one specimen of a . fasciipennis is known which is also the holotype .\nthe only known specimen is labelled as being collected from\ntolentino\n, a town in central italy which now has intensive land cultivation over most of its territory . it is possible that , when this specimen was collected at the end of the 19th century , tolentino was less intensively cultivated and a more suitable vegetation for this genus of mantids was present , such as mediterranean vegetation and natural grassland and shrubland , but we have no detailed data on this .\nthe main threat to this species is habitat reduction since tolentino is now located in an intensively cultivated area unsuitable for large populations of other species of mantids which can now only be found in the peripheries . however , no real information exists on the effect this has had on a . fasciipennis due to only one specimen being known .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nah , june . the bees are buzzing , the crickets are chirping , the fireflies are glowing , and the june bugs are\u2014doing whatever june bugs do , i guess ? it ' s their month . in the united kingdom , the connection between summer and the insect kingdom has been formalized by turning the last week of june into national insect week . we ' re also celebrating our six - legged friends all month , and we ' ve called in ken jennings ( not an insect , but at least a wasp ) as a guest expert . he tells us that our insect knowledge has a few bugs .\nken jennings is the author of eleven books , most recently his junior genius guides , because i said so ! , and maphead . he ' s also the proud owner of an underwhelming bag o ' crap . follow him at urltoken or on twitter as @ kenjennings .\nwoot - off special offers : $ 5 ships all day and 25 % off shirt . woot ! !\nurltoken is operated by woot services llc . products on urltoken are sold by woot , inc . , other than items on gourmet . woot which are sold by the seller specified on the product detail page . product narratives are for entertainment purposes and frequently employ literary point of view ; the narratives do not express woot ' s editorial opinion . aside from literary abuse , your use of this site also subjects you to woot ' s terms of use and privacy policy . woot may designate a user comment as a quality post , but that doesn ' t mean we agree with or guarantee anything said or linked to in that post .\nwoot logos , site design , & content \u00a9 woot , inc . 2004 - 2018 . all rights reserved .\nfor the arctiid moth genus erroneously named ameles by walker in 1855 , see aemilia ( moth ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 13 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nit has only been collected once , probably in 1871 in the tolentino area , and has not been seen since , despite extensive entomological surveys of the region .\nit has beautiful images and viral videos that are way more fun than reading all the text in traditional encyclopedias .\nif you found sussle interesting , then give back by adding something interesting for others .\nit ' s super easy , so it won ' t take more than a minute .\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 sussle . all rights reserved . all registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners without intent to infringe .\nwe collect the best images , videos , and facts by topic . please join us .\nto ensure the integrity of sussle ' s content , we must verify that each member represents a distinct person . please send an email from your primary facebook email to :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwith the help of more than 100 of the iucn species survival commission\u2019s specialist groups , global wildlife conservation has compiled this list of species considered lost across more than 160 countries as part of the search for lost species . the definition of \u201clost\u201d varied by taxa . we welcome additional nominations and encourage conservationists , scientists and naturalists to launch searches for species on this broad list . report an observation on the search for lost species inauralist page . iucn red list of threatened species status key :\ncar\u00ec\u00e1bido de doramas ( fide machado , a . , & morera , m . ( eds . ) . ( 2005 ) . nombres comunes de las plantas y los animales de canarias . islas canarias : academia canaria de la lengua .\nprobably extinct in mart\u00ec _ n esquivel , j . l . , fajardo gonz\u00ec\u00e1lez , s . , cabrera p\u00ec\u00a9rez , m . \u00ec\u0081 . , arechavaleta hern\u00ec\u00e1ndez , m . , aguiar clavijo , a . , mart\u00ec _ n de abreu , s . , & naranjo morales , m . ( 2005 ) . evaluaci\u00ec _ n 2004 de especies amenazadas de canarias . especies en peligro de extinci\u00ec _ n , sensibles a la alteraci\u00ec _ n de su h\u00ec\u00e1bitat y vulnerables . santa cruz de tenerife : consejer\u00ec _ a de medioi ambiente y ordenaci\u00ec _ n territorial , gobierno de canarias .\nwant more info ? go to urltoken or contact us at info @ urltoken .\nthere are lots of additional ways you can join the global search ! make a donation to support the expeditions . become a corporate sponsor of the initiative or sponsor a specific expedition . share the lost stories on facebook , instagram and twitter .\nno matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .\n\u00a9 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunfortunately , the page you were trying to retrieve is not available on myfwc . com . this could have happened as content on our site is constantly being reviewed and updated , and occasionally , deleted .\nbelow is a helpful list of urltoken ' s most viewed pages . if you still are unable to find what you are looking for , please use the search box in the upper right - hand corner of this page .\nfwc facts : bears are sexually dimorphic . this means adult males are larger than adult females of the same age .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission \u2022 farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . \u2022 tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 \u2022 ( 850 ) 488 - 4676\npursuant to section 120 . 74 , florida statutes , the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nunder florida law , e - mail addresses are public records . if you do not want your e - mail address released in response to a public records request , do not send electronic mail to this entity . instead , contact this office by phone or in writing ."]}
{"id": 1103, "summary": [{"text": "the surface pen is an active stylus and digital pen developed by microsoft for its series of surface computing devices .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is designed to showcase the pen computing capabilities of microsoft 's windows 8/8 .1 and windows 10 operating systems . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "surface pen", "paragraphs": ["surface pen surface active stylus capacitive digital pen 384 levels of pressure sen . . .\nthe original surface pro 3 active pen ( top ) , the surface pro 4 pen ( center ) and the new surface pen .\nsurface pen , surface stylus pen with 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity and alumin . . .\nsurface pen , surface stylus pen with 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity and aluminu . . .\n* surface pen sold separately for surface pro , surface laptop and surface book 2 .\naccurate surface pen , ciscle active surface stylus pen with max 4096 levels of pres . . .\nsurface pen , fabtek active pen with 1024 pressure levels , compatible with microsoft . . .\nsurface will then re - discover the surface pen when you hold down the top button of the surface pen for about seven seconds\u2013until the light in the middle of the pen clip starts to flash ( on the original surface pen ) or the light on the flat side of the pen glows white ( on the new surface pen ) .\nstep 2 : pair your surface pen please note that you can pair the new surface pen with surface pro 4 and surface book as well as with surface 3 or surface pro 3 .\ntests in clip studio paint and photoshop consistently showed that the new surface pen greatly outperformed the sp3 pen and did slightly better than the sp4 pen .\ndevices that ( eventually will ) support new surface pen enhancements : surface 3 , surface pro 3 , surface pro 4 , surface book , surface laptop , and surface studio .\ncompatibility \u2014 surface studio , surface laptop , surface book , surface pro , surface pro 4 , surface pro 3 and surface 3 .\nwhatever the situation , here\u2019s how to pair a surface pen to your surface device .\ncompatible with surface 3 , surface pro 3 , surface pro 4 , surface pro and surface book .\nsurface pen , betop surface active stylus with 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity f . . .\n4 surface pen tilt functionality is available now with surface pro . available with other surface devices via windows update .\nthe microsoft store listing for the surface pen contains the following footnote :\nsurface pen tilt functionality is available now with surface pro . coming to other surface devices via windows update soon .\nhere is what owners of previous surface devices should expect with the all - new surface pen .\nhere\u2019s an easy two - step guide on how to connect your surface pen with your surface 3 , surface pro 3 , surface pro 4 , or surface book .\nhow does your surface pen help you # dogreatthings ? share with us on twitter via @ surface .\nthe surface pro 3 , with n - trig pen technology . image : microsoft\nthe surface pen is practically synonymous with surface at this point . surface pro is all about inking , and microsoft showed off how its latest 2 in 1 does inking with the all - new surface pen .\nthe new surface pen and microsoft ' s surface dial tool . the dial now works with the new surface pro , too .\nthe pen runs for $ 49 . 99 usd ( the surface pro 3 comes with one pen already ) , and you can snag the pen in a silver color . the pen utilizes bluetooth 4 . 0 and is 135mm x 9 . 5mm diameter .\nthe surface pen also now supports tilting for the first time , making shading much easier . the surface pen is backward compatible with the surface 3 , surface pro 3 , surface pro 4 , surface book , and surface studio , so its new features work with those older devices .\nperhaps you just bought a new surface tablet and skipped through the set - up instructions for the surface pen . or maybe you upgraded to the new surface pen for your surface pro 3 and need help pairing it .\nthe redesigned surface pen appears to be a bit longer and sleeker than its predecessor .\nfor the first time , microsoft will be selling surface pen separately for $ 99 .\ndue to the focus in the improved surface pen , questions were raised as to whether microsoft had improved the hardware of the surface pen or debuted a new pen like it did with the past generations of surface . it turns out the answer to that question is no , the surface pen for the surface studio is the same pen that we\u2019ve known and loved for the past year and a bit . instead , the surface pen will have an improved performance on the studio due to the technology built into the studio .\nconnectivity : bluetooth 4 . 0 . user has to manually pair the surface pen to the surface tablet by going to pc > device > bluetooth settings while holding down a button on the surface pen .\na microsoft spokesperson told mspu that \u201cthe technology in the pen hasn\u2019t changed , but pen enhancements are linked to the new devices themselves . so [ it is the ] same surface pen but improved performance with the technology built into surface studio . \u201d\nsurface pen , active stylus with 1024 levels of of pressure sensitivity for microsof . . .\nwrite and draw naturally with the surface pen that ' s better and faster than ever .\nthe refurbished surface pen works exclusively with surface pro and surface pro 2 , and makes it easier to draw and take notes in office applications .\nsurface pen , ciscle digital stylus pen : high - precision 1 . 0mm , with 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity , right click and erase buttons for surface pro ( 2017 ) , surface pro 4 , surface laptop / book _ ( black )\nwhile these advances are coming , they are not here today \u2013 at least not completely . in my usage of the new surface pen on the surface studio and surface pro 4 , i noticed an overall increased sensitivity and reduced iaf \u2013 there is just less effort needed to use the surface pen . that experience is like the new wacom bamboo ink pen , which is a cheaper alternative to the surface pen .\nmicrosoft surface pen experience the ultimate modern writing experience with surface pen . includes pen tip kit compatible with surface 3 , surface pro 3 , surface pro 4 , surface pro and surface book . experience the ultimate modern writing experience with surface pen . write , draw or mark - up documents , digitally . take notes to quickly capture your thoughts and instantly convert to text for sharing and searching with ease . simply click once to open onenote , or click and hold to instantly access your personal digital assistant , cortana . the surface pen is pairedwith a pen tip kit to help you choose the tip that feels most natural to you and attaches magnetically to your surface so you never leave it behind .\none of the things microsoft focused on with the new surface pen is latency . in order to accurately emulate a pen and paper , the surface pen has to \u201cflow\u201d as effortlessly as an old - fashioned pen . microsoft claims , \u201cthe new surface pen more than doubles the accuracy of the previous version , and with latency so low it is virtually imperceptible to the human eye , making it twice as responsive as the apple pencil . \u201d\nthe surface pen comes in the new surface color range of platinum , black , burgundy , and cobalt blue , matching the new surface pro type covers and the new surface arc mouse .\nas lowensohn himself points out later in his article , the surface pen is good for far more .\nmicrosoft certified surface pen , stylus pens supporting 500 - hour playing time 180 - da . . .\nin the following videos i drew my hand across the surface pro 3 , first with its original pen and then with the others . the results are very dramatic between the surface pro 3 and other pens , but much less so between the sp4 pen and the new pen .\nsurface pen feels as natural as pen on paper ; with precision ink on one end and an eraser on the other . palm block technology ignores the pressure from your hand when it senses you\u2019re using pen . now with 1024 levels of pressure sensitivity and reduced latency , surface pen lets you draw and paint with artistic precision and the control you want .\nowners of older surface pcs may wonder what the new surface pen can do for them . here is what you need to know .\nare you going to pick up the new surface pro ? or a new surface pen for a previous - gen surface maybe ? let us know in the comments .\nwhen we wrote and drew pictures with the pen , it felt effortless , like using an ink - based pen on a normal sheet of paper .\nthe most notable difference between the new surface pen and its predecessor is the removal of the clip located near the eraser . that part was a vestige of the original surface pro 3 pen which was not magnetized .\nthe new surface pen brings significant changes . here are the key features being advertised or that we noticed .\nmicrosoft just lifted the lid on the brand new surface pro , and it comes with some nifty accessories , including a new surface pen .\nan aaaa battery is pre - installed in the new surface pen for surface pro 4 and surface book . if it needs to be replaced , follow the steps above .\n* surface pen , arc mouse , signature type cover , and dial sold separately . some software sold separately .\napple has a patent for its own pen , called , naturally ipen , but no one knows when , or if , they will come out with their own pen . remember , this is the company that declared pen dead .\nunscrew the top of the pen ( the part with the purple button ) .\nmicrosoft has been pushing its pen technology in windows and surface for years . the new surface pro , announced today , includes what microsoft describes as the \u201cfastest pen in the world . \u201d microsoft\u2019s distinguished engineer and co - inventor of surface , stevie bathiche , excitedly revealed the new surface pen to me in a recent interview . \u201cwe did a huge step with the pen , a massive step , \u201d claims bathiche . \u201ci\u2019m so pumped about this . \u201d\nyou click the tip of the pen and the surface pro 4 opens microsoft onenote . much like pretty much every device we have seen at the event , the pen also comes with cortana integration .\nthe new pen ' s tilt support works exceptionally well on the new surface pro , opening up shading possibilities that were previously inaccessible to surface artists .\nthe surface also sports pen - based input \u2014 fulfilling microsoft\u2019s dream of effectively integrated pen computing in windows , something that began in the 90s . it looks like the surface\u2019s pen is more attuned to the hardware than something like samsung\u2019s galaxy note , which should make it easier to take notes on the glass screen .\ncall it the great pen wars of 2017 . both microsoft and apple have moved the needle on their respective smart pen computing solutions . so which one is better ?\never since microsoft introduced its surface tablet pcs , the company has pushed the importance of stylus input using the included pen . accordingly , the surface pro has always included the pen in the box . the company has also made significant improvements to the usefulness of the pen in the most recent major update of windows 10 .\npressure sensitivity : 256 levels of pressure sensitivity ; creates thicker , darker lines the harder you push . the surface pen also incorporates palm block technology to allow you to rest your palm on the screen without interfering with the surface pen\u2019s input .\nimagine how much better the pen would look if clad in a molded magnesium cylinder .\nnever has there been a digital pen like this one . we couldn\u2019t be more excited for surface fans to use it , and to help you coordinate your personal look , surface pen is available in platinum , burgundy , cobalt blue and black .\nthis video is a technical look at the surface ( pro ) 3 pen up really close ( in macro ) . it compares the pen to previous model n - trig pens like the motion cl900 and fujitsu q702 pens . we then break down the cl900 pen to show you what is inside . we explain the functions of the pen including the purple bluetooth button on the end . at the end of the video we unbox one of the new generation surface 3 coloured pens ( colored ; - ) for those in the usa ) showing that the pen loop now comes in the pen box .\nif you are on an older surface , getting the new surface pen is a mixed bag for now , and it ' s best to wait . ( the surface pro 1 and pro 2 used completely different pen tech , so they won ' t see any such improvements . )\ni was surprised that when i received the pen it came with additional tips . i enjoy changing the tips and trying them out . pen occasionally disconnects but that\u2019s very rare .\nunlike the surface pro 4 , the new surface pro doesn\u2019t include the surface pen \u2014 an unfortunate decision on microsoft\u2019s part . the company cited a few reasons for making the pen an option , including the new multi - color scheme , customer feedback that shows that not everyone uses the pen , and the fact that many people who buy the surface pro will be upgrading from previous models . the pens \u2013 and the type covers , for that matter \u2013 are compatible across the surface 3 , surface pro 3 , surface pro 4 , and surface pro .\nthe first - generation surface pen arrived alongside the surface pro in 2012 . since then , microsoft\u2019s peripheral has endured several generations of enhancements and refinements up until the release of microsoft\u2019s fifth - generation surface pro 2 - in - 1 last month . the digital pen is now offered as a stand - alone product , supporting the surface book with performance boost , the surface laptop , the surface studio , and surface - branded devices .\nclicking the button on a traditional pen ejects the tip so you\u2019re ready to write . pushing the button on a surface pen opens the windows ink workspace so you\u2019re ready to write . the windows ink workspace gives you easy access to sticky notes , sketchpad , screen sketch , and pen - enabled applications .\nin my own limited time with the surface pen i saw a big improvement . i couldn\u2019t detect any lag , and the tilt action felt very similar to a wacom pen . i\u2019m not a professional illustrator , so we\u2019ll have to see what creatives think , but microsoft has definitely improved the pen here . although it ' s slightly more refined and lacks the clip at the top , the new surface pen is still not fully circular , as it\u2019s designed to magnetically snap onto the side of surface devices . some creatives will still dislike the shape of the actual surface pen as a result .\nkeep in mind the surface pen utilizes bluetooth to launch onenote \u2013 that\u2019s it . the aaaa battery is crucial for the stylus functions , but the two small batteries at the top of the pen are simply for the ability to launch onenote via the top of the pen . you can turn off bluetooth and the pen will work fine \u2013 except that you will not be able to launch onenote .\nthe no - pen sku appears to be limited to the us only at this time .\n\u201clike putting pen to paper or brush to canvas , the new surface pen supports a natural , immersive experience that sets you free to create , learn , and express yourself in completely new ways , \u201d explains microsoft .\nmeanwhile , the gilded edition of the surface pen offers a glitzy take on the previously released stylus , but no other differences . it\u2019s set to retail for $ 60 , and comes packaged with the surface pen tip kit that was released late last year .\nwith surface hub , your teams can collaborate in new ways , with apps optimized for large - screen pen and touch experiences .\nsurface pro 3 and 4 , surface book and surface studio users will definitely see a difference with the new pen , but whether that difference is worth the $ 100 upgrade price is a different story .\ni have used every model of the surface pro since the initial launch , and i have carried around the surface pen since 2012 . i have rarely used it , though , until now . the new surface pen that microsoft rolled out this year alongside the launch of the latest surface pro is a game changer . it may look like the same pen from the outside , but there are significant updates to the surface pen itself , as well as sweeping changes in windows and across microsoft office applications that integrate the device more seamlessly into the computing experience .\nanother advantage of the pro 4 pen over the pro 3 is that only one aaaa battery is needed to power the [ pro 4 ] pen , compared to the aaaa battery and the three 319 button cells needed to power the pro 3 pen . also , the pro 4 pen connects to the right - hand side of the tablet easier than the pro 3 .\nwith the surface pro 3 you cannot enjoy some of the functions of the new pen . this includes being limited to 256 levels of sensitivity instead of 1024 and not being able to customize the actions of the pen button .\nout of the default loadout , and now selling it separately ( the new pen is $ 99 , while most previous surface pros came bundled with the older model pen , which is still available for around $ 60 ) .\nwith the surface pen ( $ 50 with the surface 3 ; included with surface pro 3 ) , you can tap the top button on the pen once to open the onenote app \u2014 even if your surface is locked . then you can scribble a quick note using the pen , and if you want , turn the tablet off . your notes are saved automatically to your default onenote notebook of choice , which is very cool .\nthe new surface pen is only as good as the software behind it , which is why we\u2019ve worked with office to create new inking features that take full advantage of the hardware technology within surface pro and surface pen . these include customizable pen tips that roam with you across all your office 365 apps , regardless of device , and amazing support for tilt and shading across all office 365 apps .\nthe results are impressive . no , not the drawings , those are terrible . what i mean is , the new surface pen , used in tandem with the new surface pro , delivers a very natural experience . in this case , \u201cnatural\u201d means that the experience emulates , if not outright duplicates , the experience of doing so with a real pen , pen , or paintbrush on real paper . it doesn\u2019t feel like you\u2019re gliding the surface pen across glass . which of course you are .\nnot only does surface pro work with on - screen surface dial , it was also designed with the new surface pen , our most natural and responsive pen yet , with over 4096 pressure points , only 21 milliseconds of latency and new tilt functionality . it gives people , from artists to mobile professionals , a more fluid and real - to - life inking experience . over two times more accurate , with four times more pressure sensitivity than the original surface pen , we engineered surface pen to be the fastest pen ever * * * * * . and with the lowest parallax in the industry , we bring your ink and your content closer to your fingertips .\nnow that your surface pen is read to use , try using it to do things like jotting down notes , taking screenshots , and planning a trip on your surface .\nsurface pro and surface pro signature type cover are available for pre - order today and will ship on june 15th worldwide ; surface pen will be available in the coming weeks * * * * . surface pro starts at $ 799 . 99 usd .\ntips and tricks about how to use microsoft surface pen on surface pro 4 tablet for better productivity . \u25ba subscribe now for daily new tech and gadget videos urltoken how to customize the microsoft surface pen on surface pro 4 to perform specific tasks : urltoken microsoft surface pro 4 - how to take screenshot ( two methods ) : urltoken how to close background running apps on microsoft surface pro 4 how to hard reset or factory reset the microsoft surface pro 4 : urltoken\nthe pen is available in four colors : black , cobalt blue , platinum , and burgundy .\nthe next - generation surface pen features increased pressure sensitivity , tilt for artistic shading , and true real - time writing . like putting pen to paper or brush to canvas , the new surface pen supports a natural , immersive experience that sets you free to create , learn , and express yourself in completely new ways . learn more : urltoken audio description video : urltoken\npersonalise surface pro and express yourself with next - generation tools in rich colours , 3 including new surface arc mouse , * surface pro signature type cover * and surface pen * \u2014 with real - time writing and tilt 4 for shading \u2014 plus on - screen support for surface dial . *\nmicrosoft redeemed itself after the windows rt fiasco with a sleek , windows 8 . 1 surface 3 tablet that really shines when combined with the optional surface pen and onenote app .\nfor these and other reasons , microsoft is upgrading its surface pen to a new version that offers 4 times the pressure sensitivity , plus tilt capabilities , just like apple pencil . at its may unveiling , microsoft claimed that the new surface pen , when used in tandem with the new surface pro and its unique \u201cpixelsense accelerator chip\u201d offers the fastest - ever smart pen experience . an obvious jab at apple pencil .\nwhen i try to pair the new pen with my surface 3 , it says connected for a second or two , then it says not connected . pen doesn\u2019t work at all except the purple button on the top will launch onenote .\nmicrosoft\u2019s brand new 12 - inch surface pro 3 tablet is available for purchase and comes with a fantastic stylus called the surface pen . the stylus connects to your surface pro 3 via bluetooth and is powered by batteries . if you are having trouble with the pen\u2019s connectivity , you might have the battery inserted backwards .\ncompatibility : microsoft\u2019s surface and surface pro 3 2 - in - 1 tablets .\nthe new microsoft surface pro ( left ) and the older surface pro 4 .\nin addition to the hardware updates , microsoft is also adding a variety of surface pen and application specific features that make it easier and better to use . microsoft developed new ink types and added a pencil option to make the output of the surface pen simulate graphite on paper .\nif the pen shows as \u201cnot connected\u201d in your bluetooth list , double - check that all the latest updates are installed on your surface .\nthe pen magnet will only loosely attach to the right side of the sp3 , in a small area next to the power connector . in order to securely fasten the pen without the clip , surface pro 3 owners will need to dig up one of the old pen loops that could be attached to that generation ' s type covers .\nthe new surface pen will be backwards compatible with older surface devices , but that doesn\u2019t mean the new tilt functionality will be available on older devices . microsoft\u2019s new surface pro ships with this new support , and microsoft is planning to add tilt to existing surface studio and surface book devices later this year .\nthe old pen will work on the new system , so if you don ' t care about tilt and have a pen from a pro 3 , pro 4 , book , or studio , you can continue to use it . one less satisfactory aspect of the new pen is that microsoft no longer bundles it . with the pro 4 , only the cheapest system omitted the pen ; now they all do . worse still , the new pen is more expensive\u2014 $ 100 as opposed to $ 60 .\nas highlighted last year by josh lowensohn in an article for the verge , almost all of microsoft\u2019s 30 - second ad spots only show the surface pen used to draw circles on the screen . you\u2019d be forgiven then for thinking drawing circles is all the surface pen is good for .\ni panicked when i thought the tips from the replacement kit ( right ) wouldn ' t fit inside the new surface pen ' s collar .\nwithin the surface app ( available in the windows store ) if the pressure curve is set at the value shown above , the lower iaf surface pen will produce the lightest strokes possible .\nlower the kickstand \u2014 now featuring a deeper , next - generation hinge \u2014 to place surface pro in studio mode for the perfect writing and drawing angle with the new surface pen . *\nbut time stands still for no active pen , and apple just announced its own upgrades , and it has ostensibly leapfrogged surface , and surface pen , yet again . what\u2019s interesting is that this didn\u2019t require a new apple pencil . instead , if you use the existing peripheral with a new ( 2017 ) ipad pro and its promotion display technology , you\u2019ll get better performance than surface pro ( 2017 ) with surface pen ( 2017 ) : 20 ms of latency vs . 21 .\nbut the same can ' t be said for the new surface pen , which offers a major step up to 4 , 096 pressure levels , lower activation force ( ~ 9 grams ) and tilt recognition . on paper at least , this is the pen that surface users have always wanted .\ntry surface book 2 and the newest surface pro at a microsoft store near you .\ncushion your surface pro or surface laptop with a colorful , limited edition marimekko sleeve .\nwith surface pen and windows ink , nothing comes between you and inspiration . quickly turn thoughts into action and access your inking apps in one place .\noverall , the surface pro 3 pen is an excellent tool for note - takers and digital artists looking for a realistic drawing experience on a tablet .\nback in may i spoke to jared spataro , general manager of office for microsoft , about the surface pen . he explained that the goal for microsoft was to make using the surface pen with a surface device better than a traditional pen and paper . he told me , \u201cnot only does it allow you to do all of the things you can do with paper \u2013 it gives you a variety of tools and features that paper can\u2019t provide . \u201d\nexpress yourself with one of the vibrant pen colors designed to mix and match with your type cover . choose a pen tip that\u2019s right for you . stay with the pre - installed hb tip for writing and drafting , or swap to a 2h tip for detailed drawing , shading and illustrating . choose from one of 4 tips in our surface pen tip kit .\nwhen the pen now appears in the list of bluetooth devices , select it and then choose \u201cpair . \u201d\nsurface 3 retains all the other benefits provided by surface pro 3 , like the compatibility with the docking station , surface pen support , and more , but offers them in a much more portable package . what ' s not to like ?\nsurface pro 4 vs . surface book vs . surface pro 3 : is it worth upgrading and which one is best for you ?\nok , those numbers are close . and they suggest that the performance of apple pencil and the new surface pen are , in fact , roughly identical .\nthe best days of the new surface pen are still ahead . when microsoft releases its new pen driver and firmware , you will see even more improvements enabled on older surface hardware . that does not mean the $ 99 is still worth it , but that is a personal decision you will need to make .\nmicrosofts surface studio was announced last week to much fanfare . featuring the body of an all in one pc , much like microsoft\u2019s other windows 10 device like the surface book and surface pro 4 , it bucks that staid old norm by allowing users to draw all over the screen with a new surface dial and an improved surface pen .\nif you thought styluses were last seen on devices in 1990s , think again . israel ' s n - trig is one of a new breed of pen input companies , recently unseating wacom as microsoft ' s pen of choice on its new surface pro 3 tablets .\nthe surface pen uses one aaaa battery to feed the digitizer and two small size 319 lithium coin cell batteries , which come pre - installed in the top of the pen , to power the bluetooth section . the aaaa battery is manually installed by the user and can be accidentally inserted backwards , resulting in issues with bluetooth connectivity even though the indicator light on the pen will be on . the indicator light might confuse you into thinking the pen is working fine , when it is not .\nalongside the microsoft lumia 950 , lumia 950 xl , and lumia 550 launches , the company also announced the surface pro 4 . microsoft unveiled the surface book as well , its first laptop . both devices will come bundled with the new surface pen .\nsurface pro 3 pen users should definitely switch to a newer pen . if tilt is important , wait to see if the sp3 will get the necessary update . if tilt doesn ' t matter to your drawing technique , save $ 30 and pick up the bamboo ink .\nin australia , another strange situation . the base model surface pro 4 is au $ 1349 . take away the pen and it drops to an astonishing au $ 899 . given that the pen only costs au $ 94 , this au $ 450 saving is rather remarkable .\nwhen all combined with our pixelsense accelerator , the writing experience feels like writing on paper , picking up every expression of the pen and reacting to the subtlest of artistic movements . artists can paint on surface and feel like they are painting on parchment , as surface pen has almost no latency and gives you the ability to do tilt and shading on surface pro . for those at work , you will feel like you are taking notes in your moleskin notebook with your favorite pen .\nsecond , i\u2019m worried about losing the pen . sure , it clicks into the tablet\u2019s power connector with a satisfying snap , but it just sits there , naked , exposed , and easy to pry loose . as a result , i never felt comfortable tossing the surface into the bottomless pit of my backpack when the pen was attached . i believe pen accessories should be sheathed inside their tablets , and not strapped to the side with a hope and a prayer . regardless , if you do lose the surface pen , a replacement costs $ 30 .\nthere\u2019s just one problem . when apple announced its first ipad pro back in late 2015 , it also launched a companion peripheral , the apple pencil , which duplicates and in many ways exceeds the performance and utility of surface pen . it offers tilt capabilities , for example , where ( the current ) surface pen does not .\ndigital artists have more to like . the redesigned surface pen boasts 4 , 096 levels of pressure accuracy compared to its predecessors ' 1 , 024 levels , and it has tilt support . this means you can ink with the pen , or angle it and shade in brushstrokes with the side of the nib , just like a real pen would . the new surface pen is also a little longer and sleeker , and it eliminates the clip . microsoft ' s also quite proud of the fact that the new pen virtually eliminates the pen ' s latency ( now just 26 ms ) between when you ink a line on the screen , and when the digital ink actually appears . finally , like the studio , microsoft now offers the option to switch to\nenhanced color\nfrom srgb .\none company that doesn ' t support pen \u2014 yet \u2014 is apple . but that may change , lebovitz said .\ntry the new surface book 2 and the newest surface pro at a microsoft store near you .\nthe improved surface pen stylus features increased pressure sensitivity with up to 4 , 096 pressure points ( from 1 , 024 ) , tilt that adjusts the thickness and texture of your ink granularly , based on the angle of your pen , for artistic shading and true real - time writing .\nthe magnet on the pen is also considerably stronger ; one problem i ' ve found with previous models is that the pen often gets divorced from the system when it ' s in my laptop bag ; a stronger magnet should reduce this .\nthis custom setup means microsoft can quickly erase , about a 100 - millisecond trail of ink , before the rest of the system catches up , so it improves the latency of the pen . \u201cthis is how we\u2019re able to close that gap , \u201d says bathiche . \u201cwe have the fastest pen in the world . \u201d pressure - sensitivity levels on the new surface pen have increased to 4096 , alongside a 12 - gram activation force . the new surface pen is now double the speed of the previous one , and microsoft claims it\u2019s \u201ctwice as responsive as the apple pencil . \u201d\nexperience the ultimate modern writing experience with surface pen . write , draw or mark - up documents , digitally . take notes to quickly capture your thoughts and instantly convert to text for sharing and searching with ease . simply click once to open onenote , or click and hold to instantly access your personal digital assistant , cortana . the surface pen is paired with a pen tip kit to help you choose the tip that feels most natural to you and attaches magnetically to your surface so you never leave it behind .\nthe surface pen is useful for a variety of tasks normally associated with traditional pen and paper , including writing and drawing on the screen ( converted to text ) , highlighting and writing on pdfs in a range of apps like onenote , adobe creative cloud , fresh paint , and drawboard pdf .\npen broke after only a few months . thought battery was dead , but took it to microsoft store just to verify .\nin other words , the great pen wars of 2017 are ending with a stalemate . these are both excellent smart pens .\nactually the new preview builds will install the sp4 pen drivers , properly . then you can do all the expected tweaks .\nthe surface pen has been around since the launch of the initial surface pro in 2012 . it was built using technology from wacom , which has been doing digital pens long before microsoft was in the 2 - in - 1 hybrid market . the surface pen provided some unique potential for the tablet - cum - laptop , but it was still more or less a novelty \u2013 at least for me .\nmicrosoft has at times been vague about the details of the new surface pen , and the feature set is apparently spread out across devices . my educated hunch is that microsoft is going to push a driver update for the new surface pen in the next few months , but because it is still being worked on the company does not want to commit to specifics . they know this new pen can do more , but just how much more on older hardware is currently fuzzy .\nbilled as \u201cthe most versatile laptop , \u201d the new surface has 13 . 5 hours of battery life , intel\u2019s seventh - generation \u201ckaby lake\u201d core processor ( the same chip powering microsoft\u2019s $ 999 surface laptop ) , a new alcantara keyboard and a next - generation surface pen .\nas per microsoft , surface pro has up to 50 percent better performance and 50 percent better battery life than it predecessor and 35 percent better battery life than an ipad pro . its 12 . 3 - inch pixelsense touch display supports microsoft\u2019s surface dial and the new surface pen .\nthe new pen has a flat side and the single side switch is much smaller . the slightly longer collar is now entirely plastic , presumably to help conductivity during tilt operations . the new pen is the same length and weight as the prior generation .\nthe surface pro ' s pen has seen a significant upgrade . it now has 4 , 096 pressure levels ( up from 1 , 024 ) , and microsoft has added tilt support ; you can hold the pen upright to write with a fine point , or you can angle it for shading . a wide range of artists have already made surface pros an important part of their toolkits , and tilt support will further enhance this . ( microsoft has promised to add support for the new tilting pen to the surface pro 4 , surface book , and surface studio through a firmware update , though there ' s no eta yet . )\nthe surface pen is quite expensive and runs for $ 50 if purchased separately . the pen is cased in aluminum , has over 250 levels of pressure sensitivity , and palm block technology . this means you can write and draw without worrying about resting your hand on the screen and messing up your creation .\nas far as looks go , the surface pen closely resembles a typical click pen . it has a good weight of 20 grams , a substantial diameter of 9 . 5 millimeters , and a length of 135 millimeters . the stylus comes in silver , takes batteries , and has bluetooth 4 . 0 .\nwhich i believe they are , having now used both . and in their optimal , most performant scenarios : the new surface pen with the new surface pro , and the apple pencil with a new ( 2017 ) ipad pro .\nin other ways , microsoft ' s changed course from prior generations . the new surface pro will go out the door with an intel core m option ( it was a later arrival in the prior generation ) . none of the new surface pro devices will be sold with a surface pen . that has nothing to do with user reluctance to use the pen , microsoft says , but merely reflects that surface owners who choose to upgrade may already own one .\none of those activities is the whiteboard app , which allows for three people to ink on the screen at any one time . the hub ships with a pair of pens , holstered on either side . once you remove a pen from the holster , whiteboard launches . icons appear on the bottom of the screen so you can choose ink color , among other pen options . unlike the surface pen , there are no other buttons on the surface hub pen , though you can \u201cerase\u201d by flipping it over . you won\u2019t find any fancy icons , brush motifs , or digital stickers in whiteboard ; each pen has a choice of what appears to be five colors , and there\u2019s a lasso tool for moving digital ink around on the page .\nthis will especially come in handy when drawing on the surface pro 3 with the just - announced touch - friendly photoshop cc , along with writing a note in onenote . you can even click the top of the pen and immediately activate your surface pro 3 device and begin taking notes in onenote . double clicking the top of the pen captures a screenshot !\nmicrosoft has announced new premium models of its surface book and surface pro 4 computers , with extra memory and storage to satisfy the needs of power users . the company is also launching a gold version of its surface pen accessory , which will be sold separately from the new hybrids .\nthe pen also makes it easy to create whiteboard - like drawings and diagrams in onenote . microsoft did a great job with\npalm rejection ,\nso resting your palm on the tablet screen as you draw with the pen doesn ' t cause problems .\ni have a sp3 and a sp4 but have found i prefer to use the sp3 pen on both devices . i honestly can ' t pinpoint exactly why , but i just prefer the feel of the sp3 pen in my hand . personal preference i guess\nbut microsoft formally made smart pens a core feature of the pc starting with windows xp tablet pc edition in 2002 , and it has been steadily improving the platform ever since . and today , microsoft\u2019s surface pen is routinely cited as the best example of what we now think of as an active smart pen .\nto adjust pen pressure you ' ll need to install the surface app from the windows store . for all of my tests i kept pressure settings centered . with the new pen ' s much lower iaf , you will likely need to lower your tip sensitivity as illustrated below in order to see finer strokes .\nset next to each other , the surface pro 4 and the new $ 799 surface pro are virtually indistinguishable , especially when matched up with the surface pro 4\u2019s signature type cover . both boast 12 . 3 - inch pixelsense displays , but the new surface pro ( 2017 ) adds a better keyboard , reclines to a surface studio - like 165 degrees , and takes advantage of a new , more sensitive optional surface pen . you ' ll have the choice of either a more traditional type cover keyboard ( $ 129 ) or a new signature type cover with the alcantara fabric used on the surface pro 4 , for $ 159 . the surface pen will cost $ 100 .\nmy first microsoft surface pen was terrible . it would shut off randomly in the middle of lectures , causing me to miss 20 minutes of lecture trying to fix the dang thing .\nthe new surface book in full recline ( front ) , with the older surface pro 4 behind it .\nthe new surface pen is designed to compliment the 2017 surface pro ' s next - generation screen , which takes advantage of unprecedentedly low latency inking thanks to new tech . custom silicon in both the pen and the surface pro screen reduce the latency between your ink strokes and the display to levels\nvirtually imperceptible\nto the human eye , according to microsoft . the company also says the new surface pen is much more responsive than the apple pencil designed for the ipad pro , and it benefits from a boost in pressure sensitivity at 4 , 096 levels , up from 1 , 024 in the previous version .\nsurface pen offers real buttons that do real things , something i kind of miss with apple pencil . the top of surface pen , for example , functions as an eraser in most apps . and you can press it to launch windows ink workspace . ( or some other app of your choosing . ) there\u2019s also another button on the barrel , which is likewise programmable .\nturn bluetooth on . if surface pen appears in the list of discovered devices , it may not be properly paired yet . so , select it from the list and remove the device .\ndozens of pen - and - touch enabled devices are on the market already , and more are on the way , leibovitz said .\na lot of devices already included a touch sensor that supports pen , even if those devices currently only support touch ,\nhe said .\nfor those devices we have a software solution that can activate the pen component , allowing users to enjoy both .\nthe collar on the new pen ( left ) is longer and plastic for tilt signal conductivity . the side switch has been shortened .\ninterestingly enough , microsoft has replaced the wacom digitizer used in earlier surface models with an n - trig stylus . this pen supports 256 points of pressure and there is reportedly no latency or parallax effects . in fact , when you are writing something on the surface pro 3 , it will feel as if there were no distance between the tip of the pen and the screen surface . this means no delay and a natural ink experience .\nfounded in 1999 , n - trig\u2019s technology is the industry\u2019s only combined active pen and touch solution available today . the company\u2019s solutions support the latest windows and android operating systems \u2013 allowing oems to develop slim pen and touch - enabled mobile devices using only a single sensor .\nwatch your ideas come to life in brilliant colour and razor - sharp resolution on the 12 . 3\u201d pixelsense\u2122 display with a stunning screen that responds to the new surface pen * and touch .\nthe surface pro will go on sale alongside the surface laptop , which was unveiled at the start of may .\nwhat are the diffrent pen tips for and how can you get the most of the suface pen . quick demo with edge and onenote all the tips & tricks ; in this video can also be applied to the surface pro 3 ( and 2 and 1 ) as long as you use windows 10 and onenote on your machine .\nyes . i have both pens and the sp4 pen does stick to the top of the left side but very weakly . it ' s far better sticking it to the charging port . it can still fall off with a shake , but stays on if the sp3 is immobile . the pen also seems more solidly on there if it ' s upside down , for some reason . obviously , with the sp3 in the dock , you can ' t stick the pen to either side of the surface , but the left side of the dock itself is magnetic , so the pen parks there quite nicely .\nthe ipad pro takes on the surface pro 3 as a productivity tool and , since the stylus ( or pencil ) is an integral part of using these devices , we took a look at how the apple pencil stacks up against microsoft\u2019s surface pen .\none reason pen took a back seat was because it has a number of technical issues that touch doesn ' t : palm rejection , for example , in which the device has to figure out if it is the pen or a user ' s palm resting on the screen .\nmicrosoft ' s new $ 99 surface pen is a steep upgrade from the previous iteration that costs $ 59 ( and which is still available ) . there are quite a few enhancements that may justify the cost for new surface pro owners . but for older surface devices , the value is not too clear ."]}
{"id": 1106, "summary": [{"text": "pheidole purpurea is a dimorphic species of ant found in mexico and central america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species shows considerable variance in physical characteristics based on location , though some variance exists even within small populations .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some populations display a metallic , purple sheen . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pheidole purpurea", "paragraphs": ["a member of the diligens group , similar in various characters to pheidole coffeicola , pheidole davidsonae , pheidole gagates , pheidole hoelldobleri , pheidole peregrina , pheidole spilota , pheidole venatrix and pheidole zelata , distinguished as follows .\npheidole : a major worker ant of the species pheidole purpurea ( photo : wiki commons / john t . longino )\none minor worker from a 500m site in northern chiapas ( metzabok ) and one minor worker from a lowland site in the lacandon rainforest of northern chiapas ( play\u00f3n de la gloria ) have a faint purple sheen , like pheidole purpurea . unlike p . purpurea , the pronotum is smooth and shining . these collections do not have associated majors , and given the similarity of minor workers of p . mooreorum and p . purpurea , these may be variants of p . purpurea instead of p . mooreorum .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see pheidole mooreorum for further details\nlongino , j . t . 2009 . additions to the taxonomy of new world pheidole . zootaxa 2181 : 1 - 90 . pdf\nabouheif got the idea of trying to generate these supersoldier traits in otherwise ordinary ants after an unusual encounter collecting pheidole ants for his research .\nin chiapas , mexico , p . mooreorum is broadly sympatric with p . purpurea , with the former being more abundant in middle to high elevations and the latter relatively more abundant in the lowlands . the minor workers are indistinguishable in the sierra madre de chiapas , where both have an intermediate sculptural condition on the minor worker pronotum and neither have the purple sheen . in the chiapas lowlands they are more differentiated , with p . mooreorum having a smooth pronotum and no purple sheen , and p . purpurea having a sculptured pronotum and often a purple sheen .\nfariasana . pheidole fariasana wilson , 2003 : 155 , figs . ( s . w . ) mexico . junior synonym of mooreorum : longino , 2009 : 56 .\nlongino , j . t . , 2009 , additions to the taxonomy of new world pheidole ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 2181 , pp . 1 - 90\nthe distinctive major workers have earned the genus pheidole the nickname of\nbig - headed ants .\nthe major workers of a pheidole colony , while they may look fierce , are often quite shy and are often the first to flee on any hint of danger . many pheidole species are the prey of parasitoid phorid flies that lay their eggs on the major workers ; the fly larvae grow mainly in the head capsules of the victims , eventually decapitating them , and probably would starve in the bodies of minor workers .\nnamed in honor of gordon and betty moore , in recognition of their outstanding contribution in service and support to tropical conservation , hence the habitats in which the pheidole ants will continue to exist .\nwilson , e . o . 2003 . pheidole in the new world : a dominant , hyperdiverse ant genus . harvard university press , cambridge , ma . ( page 209 , fig . major , minor described )\nin most cases , the major workers are employed within the nest to break up large food items , or outside to carry large items , such as seeds ; many pheidole species are ecologically important seed consumers (\nharvesters\n) .\nmost species of pheidole are dimorphic , which means that colonies contain two castes of workers : the\nminor\nworkers , and the\nmajor\nworkers , or\nsoldiers\n. the latter generally have enormous heads and mandibles in comparison to their usually fairly modest body size .\npheidole fariasana holotype major worker and associated paratype minor worker : mexico , tamaulipas , 1 mi e gomez farias , 1400 ' , 23 dec 1972 , deciduous tropical forest , nesting in ground under stone ( r . j . hamton , a . b . hamton , b . s . ikeda ) mcz ( examined ) .\nall ant species are made up of castes , or groups of ants exclusively designed for specific tasks . typically an ant colony is made up of the queen , worker ants and drones , but a few ant species have evolved additional , specialized castes that help to meet the peculiar needs of that species . for example , among the more than 1 , 000 ant species known to encompass the genus pheidole , only eight contain castes of giant - headed\nsupersoldiers\nthat use their oversized noggins to protect the colony from invaders .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nlongino , 2009 pdf : 67 , fig . 19 ( s . w . )\noccurs in wet to moist forest , from sea level to nearly 1700m . it can be a common epigaeic forager , recruiting rapidly to baits on the ground and often recruiting major workers to baits . a nest was observed beneath a stone .\nat the same site ) . two minor workers from the northern end of the sierra madre de chiapas ( sierra morena ) , tentatively identified as\nholotype major worker . mexico , chiapas : 21km sw salto de agua , 17 . 38542\u00b0n 92 . 42802\u00b0w , \u00b1200m , 180m , 15 jun 2008 ( llama # ba - a - 08 - 3 - 01 - 10 ) [ unam , unique specimen identifier casent0609143 ] .\nparatypes : major and minor workers . same data as holotype ; same data but llama # ba - a - 08 - 3 - 03 - 18 and ba - a - 08 - 3 - 04 - 18 [ bmnh , cas , fmnh , inbc , jtlc , lacm , mcz , mhng , miza , mzsp , ucd , unam , usnm ] .\nmeasurements ( paratype ) : hl 0 . 66 , hw 0 . 55 , hla 0 . 24 , sl 0 . 85 , el 0 . 15 , ml 0 . 86 , psl 0 . 04 , pmg 0 . 03 , spl 0 . 03 , ptw 0 . 11 , ppw 0 . 16 , ci 83 , si 156 , psli 6 , pmgi 4 , spli 4 , ppi 146 .\nmeasurements ( holotype ) : hl 1 . 18 , hw 1 . 12 , hla 0 . 37 , sl 0 . 89 , el 0 . 20 , ml 1 . 10 , psl 0 . 07 , pmg 0 . 03 , spl 0 . 05 , ptw 0 . 19 , ppw 0 . 28 , iht 0 . 40 , oht 0 . 50 , ci 96 , si 79 , psli 6 , pmgi 3 , spli 4 , ppi 148 , hti 80 .\noccurs in mesophyl forest throughout the state of chiapas , mexico , from sea level to nearly 1700m . it can be a common epigaeic forager , recruiting rapidly to baits on the ground and often recruiting major workers to baits . a nest was observed beneath a stone .\n. major worker : a , face view ; b , lateral view ; c , dorsal view ; d , hypostomal margin . minor worker : e , face view ; f , lateral view ; g , dorsal view ; h , hind tibia . a - c , holotype major worker ; d , non - type major worker ; e - h , paratype minor worker . scale bar 0 . 5mm for e , 1mm for others .\nmexico : chiapas , sierra morena , 16\u00b009 ' 15\nn , 93\u00b035 ' 23\nw , 1150m ( j . longino ) ; custepec , 15\u00b042 ' 46\nn , 92\u00b056 ' 25\nw , 1660m ( llama ) ; 13 . 7km nw metzabok , 17\u00b011 ' 26\nn , 91\u00b044 ' 15\nw , 540m ( r . s . anderson ) ; 2km s playon de la gloria , 16\u00b008 ' 19\nn , 90\u00b054 ' 05\nw , 170m ( llama ) ; 12km nw flor de cafe , 16\u00b008 ' 25\nn , 91\u00b016 ' 17\nw , 520m ( r . s . anderson ) ; 8km se salto de agua , 17\u00b030 ' 57\nn , 92\u00b018 ' 10\nw , 100m ( llama ) ; lago metzabok , 17\u00b007 ' 32\nn , 91\u00b037 ' 51\nw , 570m ( llama ) ; 8km se salto de agua , 17\u00b030 ' 51\nn , 92\u00b017 ' 41\nw , 70m ( llama ) ; naha , 16\u00b058 ' 47\nn , 91\u00b035 ' 08\nw , 860m ( llama ) ; 15km ene huixtla , 15\u00b011 ' n , 92\u00b020 ' w , 1200m ( i . perfecto ) .\n26 times found in 2\u00ba wet forest , 37 times found in 2\u00ba lowland rainforest , 26 times found in tropical rainforest , 20 times found in lowland wet forest , 8 times found in mesophil forest , 8 times found in 2\u00ba lowland tropical rainforest , 7 times found in mature wet forest , 6 times found in tropical moist forest , 3 times found in bosque tropical h\u00famedo , 1 times found in coffee farm , . . .\n85 times at bait , 67 times ex sifted leaf litter , 1 times under stone , 1 times beating vegetation , 1 times at tuna bait .\n82 times baiting , 40 times miniwinkler , 23 times maxiwinkler , 3 times bait , 3 times berlese , 2 times search , 1 times at bait , 1 times beating , 1 times winkler .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nthis species occurs in a wide variety of habitats : dry forest , rainforest , and cloud forest , from sea level to 1800m elevation , in disturbed synanthropic habitats or less disturbed forest with intact canopy . it can be locally common . collections are most often from baits on forest floor , or scattered workers in winkler samples . major workers are often recruited to baits along with minor workers . the types of p . fariasana were from a nest found beneath a stone . ( longino 2009 )\nmexico ( tamaulipas ) to costa rica ( northern pacific lowlands and northern cordilleras ) .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nsparse minor worker collections from montane sites in guatemala , and multiple collections with major workers from lowland dry forest habitat in northwestern costa rica are , on average , like the type series of p . fariasana . occasionally the sculpture is more extensive . in some lighting conditions the costa rican material may have a very faint purple sheen .\nin the cordillera de tilar\u00e1n in costa rica , in moist forest around 1400m elevation , a relatively uniform population occurs in which the minor workers have a strongly sculptured pronotum , and the minor workers are somewhat bicolored , with mesosoma light brown and head and gaster darker brown .\ngiven the high degree of morphological variability , it is likely that p . mooreorum will resolve into multiple cryptic species .\nmajor : head and body overall richly pilose ; sides of head in full - face view relatively straight and parallel ; mesonotal convexity prominent , its apex seen from the side tilted forward ; humerus in dorsal - oblique view lobose , and pronotum weakly bilobose ; postpetiole elliptical from above ; rugoreticulum absent from head , and carinulae absent from frontal lobes .\nminor : occiput narrowed , with nuchal collar ; dorsal promesonotal profile in dorsal - oblique view smoothly rounded ; head and body abundantly pilose .\nmeasurements ( mm ) holotype major : hw 1 . 12 , hl 1 . 24 , sl 0 . 86 , el 0 . 20 , pw 0 . 62 . paratype minor : hw 0 . 66 , hl 0 . 78 , sl 0 . 94 , el 0 . 14 , pw 0 . 44 .\ncolor major : head and body rich medium reddish brown , appendages light reddish brown .\nminor : head and body plain dark brown ; appendages light to yellowish brown except for tarsi , which are yellow .\nfigure . upper : holotype , major . lower : paratype , minor . scale bars = 1 mm .\nholotype major worker and associated paratype minor worker : mexico , veracruz , los tuxtlas , 10km nnw sontecomapan , 18\u00b035 ' n 95\u00b005 ' w , 200m , 20 mar 1985 , ground foragers , rainforest ( p . s . ward 7339 ) museum of comparative zoology ( examined ) .\nthis page was last modified on 8 december 2015 , at 13 : 50 .\n. the genus is widespread and ecologically dominant . it probably includes more than a thousand species\nin addition , as in other ant species , a colony may contains one or several queens and also , in mature colonies , alates , virgin winged females and males .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ntreating ant larvae with a hormone at a particular point in their development transforms them into gigantic soldiers with mega - oversized heads .\nin the comic book\ncaptain america ,\nthe captain is created after being injected with a top secret\nsuper - soldier serum\ncapable of transforming even scrawny men into formidable supersoldiers .\nnow an international team of scientists led by dr . ehab abouheif of mcgill university in montreal has discovered a simple hormone treatment that could turn this fiction into a reality . that is , if you happen to be an ant .\nabouheif ' s team has learned how to mutate any ordinary worker ant into a giant - headed , armor - clad\nsupersoldier\nmerely by adding a hormone during a particular point in the ant larvae ' s development , according to the bbc . the breakthrough technique could possibly be used to unlock hidden traits in other species too , say researchers .\nwe were collecting [ the ants ] on long island , new york , and we noticed some monstrous - looking soldiers ,\nhe said .\nsince the species he was observing at the time wasn ' t known to include a supersoldier caste , abouheif became curious about where the mega - domed specimens had come from . closer study revealed that they were actually mutants \u2014 ants that had had their development altered after hormonal abnormalities occurred during their larval stage .\nabouheif realized this likely meant that supersoldier traits were inherent \u2014 just unexpressed \u2014 in the ant species . he went on to use the hormonal treatment to successfully generate a supersoldier caste in at least two\nordinary\nant species that do not naturally express it .\nif you treat any species at the right time in development , just with a hormone , you can induce the development of the supersoldier ,\nhe suggested .\nthe fact that you can induce it in all these different species [ that don ' t naturally have that caste ] , means that one common ancestor of all these species had [ supersoldiers ] .\nabouheif also believes that a similar technique could be used to unlock hidden ancestral traits in a variety of organisms besides just ants . for instance , he thinks some crop plants could potentially be altered to produce a higher nutritional value . he even thinks a cure for cancer might be found using the technique .\nwho ' s to say that all of that crazy growth that occurs in cancer isn ' t the unleashing of some kind of ancestral potential ?\nhe said .\nmaybe a real life captain america isn ' t that far off after all .\nhumans carry their babies for 9 months , but that\u2019s nothing compared to these amazing creatures .\nthe black - footed cat may be tiny , but it will walk 20 miles in pursuit of prey .\nhumpback whales have been witnessed foiling killer whale hunts from antarctica to the north pacific .\ntry our newsletter for optimistic innovations , seasonal recipes , strong communities and the smartest ways to lead a sustainable lifestyle .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreport by john t . ( jack ) longino , the evergreen state college .\nthis is a working list of the ants of monta\u00f1a chiclera , guatemala , based on project llama sampling . specimen records have been uploaded to the antweb database and are periodically updated .\nthis is a static webpage with links to the antweb species pages , where you can see distribution maps on google earth . if links are dead , that means the database has changed as hypotheses of species boundaries evolve and names change ."]}
{"id": 1116, "summary": [{"text": "vladykov 's lamprey ( eudontomyzon vladykovi ) is a species of lamprey in the petromyzontidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in austria , germany , the czech republic , bulgaria , romania , serbia , and montenegro . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "vladykov ' s lamprey", "paragraphs": ["the kern brook lamprey ( entosphenus hubbsi ) is a species of lamprey in the petromyzontidae family . it is endemic to the united states .\nthis lamprey is found on the east side of san joaquin valley , in lower merced , kaweah , kings , and san joaquin rivers in california .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlatin , petra = stone + greek , myzo = to suckle + greek , odous , odontos = teeth ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nholc\u00edk , j . 1986 . ( ed . ) the freshwater fishes of europe . 1 , part i . petromyzontiformes . aula , wiesbaden .\niucn . 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 october 2008 ) .\nkottelat , m . and freyhof , j . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol , switzerland .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nconservation status assesses every six years and for each biogeographical region the condition of habitats and species compared to the favourable status as described in the habitats directive . the map shows the 2007 - 2012 assessments as reported by eu member state . assessments are further detailed in the summary document available behind the link below .\n: the species is viable and maintaining itself on a long - term basis , its natural range is not reduced , and it has a sufficient large habitat .\n: the species is not as critical as being unfavourable - bad , but still requires significant conservation and restoration measure to make it viable in the long - term , or to enlarged its current range , or to improve the quality and availability of its habitat .\n: the species is either not maintaining itself on a long - term basis and is not viable , or its natural range as been or is being drastically reduced , or its habitat is largely insufficient ; the species requires major conservation and restoration measures .\n: the information available for the species is scarce and does not allow a proper assessment of its conservation status .\nannex ii : animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected eudontomyzon mariae vladykovi oliva & zanandrea , 1959 . this is a synonym for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3279535d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3279549d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 327958fe - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33747833 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\neurope : upper and middle danube drainage : sava , drava systems and west drava tributaries ; lower danube drainage . locally present in timis and olt systems . not recorded from tisza and cerna systems .\nthis species is questionably a junior synonym of eudontomyzon mariae ( berg , 1931 ) in renaud ( 2011 ; re . 89241 : 41 ) . please send references , or more studies are needed . considered a subspecies of eudontomyzon mariae by authors ( ref . 12283 ) .\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75df3c53 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ngimenez dixon , m . 1996 . lampetra hubbsi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 3 august 2007 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 11 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nworld conservation monitoring centre 1996 . eudontomyzon vladykovi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 3 august 2007 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1119, "summary": [{"text": "procalyptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are small brown moths with fringed wings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "procalyptis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for procalyptis definition . you find here procalyptis meaning , synonyms of procalyptis and images for procalyptis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word procalyptis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word procalyptis and , of course , procalyptis synonyms and on the right images related to the word procalyptis .\nliberatrix diakonoff , 1947 ( procalyptis ) , tijdschr . ent . 88 : 341 . tl : christmas island , christmas island [ australia ] . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nturner , a . j . 1925 ,\nnew australian lepidoptera\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 49 , pp . 37 - 60\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c4138273 - 4a23 - 48df - 9baa - e707a1ac0ab2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 416765\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ngross , g . f . 1970 ,\na revision of the australian pentatomid bugs of the genus cephaloplatus white ( hemiptera : pentatomidae : pentatominae )\n, records of the south australian museum ( adelaide ) , vol . 16 , pp . 1 - 58\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 09342aee - f50c - 48f9 - ada5 - a7cac68bdadc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 270041\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nacrocindina diakonoff , 1983 ( adoxophyes ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 120 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara . holotype : ncb . male .\nafonini razowski , 2009 ( adoxophyes ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 50 . tl : vietnam , mt . ngoclinh . holotype : mnhu . male .\naniara diakonoff , 1941 ( adoxophyes ) , treubia 18 : 36 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( etappen mt . ) . lectotype : ncb . male .\naurantia clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 127 . tl : micronesia , ponape , colonia . holotype : usnm . female .\naurantiana bradley , 1961 ( adoxophyes ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 10 : 118 . tl : solomon islands , holotype : bmnh . male .\naurata diakonoff , 1968 ( adoxophyes ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 257 ( 1967 ) : 11 . tl : philippine islands , luzon , mt . makiling . holotype : usnm . male .\nbalioleuca clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 136 . tl : micronesia , ponape , n slope tamatamansakir . holotype : usnm . male .\nbeijingensis zhou , qui & fu , 1997 ( adoxophyes ) , entomotaxonomia 19 : 130 . tl : china , beijing . holotype : izas . male .\nbematica meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 206 . tl : solomon islands , treasury island . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nchloromydra meyrick , 1926 ( adoxophyes ) , sarawak mus . j . 3 : 147 . tl : borneo , sarawak , mt . dulit . holotype : unknown . female . [ lost ]\ncongruana walker , 1863 ( dichelia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 320 . tl : china , shanghai . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nshanghaiana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 327 . tl : china . shanghai . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncontroversa diakonoff , 1952 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 1 ) : 156 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( rattan camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\ncroesus diakonoff , 1975 ( adoxophyes ) , zool . meded 48 ( 26 ) : 297 . tl : indonesia , sw celebes , lindoe paloe . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncyrtosema meyrick , 1886 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1886 : 276 . tl : tonga , lectotype : bmnh . male .\nnovohebridensis diakonoff , 1961 ( adoxophyes ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 130 : 53 . tl : new hebrides . holotype : mnhn . male .\ndubia yasuda , 1998 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 : 167 . tl : japan , honshu , osaka prefecture , mt . inunakisan . holotype : opu . male .\nergatica meyrick , 1911 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . linn . soc . lond . 14 : 267 . tl : seychelles , seychelles ( silhouette , mare - aux - cochons ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nfasciata walsingham , 1900 ( adoxophyes ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 482 tl : japan , honshu . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nminor shiraki , 1913 ( archips ) , spec . rep . formosa agric . exp . stn . 8 ( 1913 ) : 356 . tl : taiwan . formosa [ taiwan ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nreticulana hubner , [ 1818 - 1819 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 43 , fig . 271 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsutschana caradja , 1926 ( capua ) , dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 41 . tl : china . sutschan , ussuri . lectotype : mgab . male .\nfasciculana walker , 1866 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 : 1785 . tl : indonesia , molucca islands , ceram . holotype : bmnh . male .\nasciculata meyrick , in wagner , 1912 ( adoxophyes ) , lepid . cat . 10 : 14 . no type\nepipepla lower , 1908 ( capua ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 32 : 318 . tl : australia . queensland , cooktown . holotype : sama . male . [ lost ]\nluzonica sauber , in semper , 1902 ( tortrix ) , schmett . philipp . 2 : 703 . tl : philippine islands . luzon . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nflagrans meyrick , 1912 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 3 . tl : myanmar , upper burma [ myanmar ] ( maymyo ) . holotype : bmnh . female .\nfurcatana walker , 1863 ( dichelia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 319 . tl : usa , north america . holotype : bmnh . male .\nheteroidana meyrick , 1881 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 429 . tl : australia , queensland , rosewood . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nablepta turner , 1945 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 69 : 61 . tl : australia . queensland , toowoomba . holotype : qmb . female .\namblychroa turner , 1945 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 69 : 61 . tl : australia . queensland , toowoomba . lectotype : qmb . male .\nhonmai yasuda , 1998 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 : 164 . tl : japan , honshu , osaka prececture , sakai . holotype : opu . male .\nhorographa meyrick , 1928 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 454 . tl : bismarck archipelago , new britain . holotype : bmnh . female .\ninstillata meyrick , 1922 ( adoxophyes ) , ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 2 . tl : australia , queensland , herberton . holotype : nhrs . male .\nlibralis meyrick , 1927 ( adoxophyes ) , insects samoa 3 ( 2 ) : 69 . tl : samoan islands , upolu , apia . holotype : bmnh . female .\nmarmarygodes diakonoff , 1952 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 1 ) : 160 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( top camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\nmelia clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 133 . tl : micronesia , guam , fabian . holotype : usnm . male .\nmelichroa lower , 1899 ( capua ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 24 : 92 . tl : australia , queensland , mackay . syntype ( s ) : sama . 1 female .\nrufostriatana pagenstecher , 1900 ( tortrix ) , zoologica 12 ( 29 ) : 226 tl : new guinea . new guinea . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmicroptycha diakonoff , 1957 ( adoxophyes ) , mem . inst . scient . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 237 . tl : reunion island , saint - philippe , fort du brl de mare - longue . holotype : mnhn . male .\nmoderatana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 328 . tl : borneo , sarawak . holotype : bmnh . male .\nepizeucta meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 207 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( woodlark island ; solomon islands ( isabel island ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\ninsignifica rothschild , 1915 ( parascaptia ) , lepid . br . ornith . union wollaston exped . 2 ( 15 ) : 46 . tl : new guinea . new guinea . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nprosiliens meyrick , 1928 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 454 . tl : india . andaman islands , port blair . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmolybdaina clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 138 . tl : micronesia , ponape , colonia . holotype : usnm . male .\nnebrodes meyrick , 1920 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 339 . tl : new guinea , new guinea . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nnegundana mcdunnough , 1923 ( homona ) , can . ent . 55 : 166 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . holotype : cnc . male .\nnemorum diakonoff , 1941 ( adoxophyes ) , treubia 18 : 405 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . gede , tjibodas . lectotype : zmbj . male .\norana fischer von roslerstamm , 1834 ( tortrix ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 13 tl : germany , bohemian germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npanxantha lower , 1901 ( capua ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 25 : 75 . tl : australia , queensland , cooktown . lectotype : sama . female .\nparaorana byun , in byun et al . , 2012 ( adoxophyes ) , animal cells and systems 16 : 156 . tl : korea , namyangju . holotype : kna . male .\nparastropha meyrick , 1912 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 3 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncentroluta diakonoff , 1951 ( adoxophyes ) , ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 : 63 . tl : india . burma [ myanmar ] . holotype : nhrs . male .\nperangusta diakonoff , 1960 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 12 . tl : madagascar , east madagascar . holotype : mnhn . male .\nperitoma meyrick , 1918 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 167 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( antananarivo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nperstricta meyrick , 1928 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 453 . tl : indonesia , java . lectotype : bmnh . female .\npoecilogramma clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 125 . tl : micronesia , kusaie , hill 1010 . holotype : usnm . male .\nprivatana walker , 1863 ( dichelia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 320 . tl : india , hindostan . holotype : bmnh . male .\neuryomis meyrick in gardiner , 1902 ( adoxophyes ) , fauna geogr . maldive laccadive arch 1 : 126 . tl : india . lectotype : umce . unknown .\nprivata caradja , 1938 ( adoxophyes ) , dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 111 . no type\npsammocyma meyrick , 1908 ( epagoge ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 617 . tl : india , palni hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nrevoluta meyrick , 1908 ( epagoge ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 618 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrhopalodesma diakonoff , 1961 ( adoxophyes ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 130 : 56 . tl : indonesia , waigeu island ( camp nok ) [ indonesia ] . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntelesticta meyrick , 1930 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 78 : 310 . tl : mauritius , ile maurice , curepipe . lectotype : mnhn . male .\ntemplana pagenstecher , 1900 ( tortrix ) , zoologica 12 ( 29 ) : 225 tl : bismarck archipelago , new pommern ( bismarck archipelago ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nioterma meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 205 . tl : australia . queensland , cairns . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nthelcteropa turner , 1945 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 69 : 60 . tl : australia . north queensland , cape york . holotype : qmb . male .\ntetraphracta meyrick , 1938 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 505 . tl : papua new guinea , mt . tafa . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nacropeta diakonoff , 1952 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 1 ) : 159 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( nassau range , top camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\nthoracica diakonoff , 1941 ( adoxophyes ) , treubia 18 : 33 . tl : new guinea , north new guinea ( head camp , near malu ) . lectotype : ncb . male .\ntripselia lower , 1908 ( capua ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 32 : 318 . tl : australia , queensland , mackay . syntypes : bmnh . 3 males . [ lost ]\ntrirhabda diakonoff , 1969 ( adoxophyes ) , zool . meded 43 : 1 . tl : papua new guinea , central district , konedabu . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvindicata meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 207 . tl : solomon islands , choiseul . holotype : bmnh . female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrhizophora mucronata ( loop - root mangrove , red mangrove or asiatic mangrove afrikaans : rooiwortelboom , xhosa : isikhangathi , zulu : umhlume ) is a species of mangrove found on coasts and river banks in the indo - pacific region .\nusda zone : 10 low temperature : 30 f\u00b0 ( - 1 . 1 c\u00b0 ) \u2192 40 f\u00b0 ( 4 . 4 c\u00b0 )\nusda zone : 11 low temperature : 40 f\u00b0 ( 4 . 4 c\u00b0 ) \u2192 50 f\u00b0 ( 10 c\u00b0 )\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 i - tree species v . 4 . 0 , developed by the usda forest service ' s northern research station and suny - esf using the horticopia , inc . plant database . \u2666 2 kattge , j . et al . ( 2011b ) try - a global database of plant traits global change biology 17 : 2905 - 2935 \u2666 3 chave j , coomes d , jansen s , lewis sl , swenson ng , zanne ae ( 2009 ) towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum . ecology letters 12 : 351 - 366 . zanne ae , lopez - gonzalez g , coomes da , ilic j , jansen s , lewis sl , miller rb , swenson ng , wiemann mc , chave j ( 2009 ) data from : towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum . dryad digital repository . \u2666 4 ben - dov , y . , miller , d . r . & gibson , g . a . p . scalenet 4 november 2009 \u2666 5 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1122, "summary": [{"text": "eulima communis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eulima communis", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : eulima communis t . a . verkr\u00fczen , 1887 - id : 5350000072\neulima acerrima ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( taxon inquirendum )\neulima angulosa ( f . p . jousseaume in fisher - piette & nickl\u00e8s , 1946 )\neulima is a genus of small , ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae . [ 1 ]\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . eulima risso , 1826 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13\nthe animal shows subulate tentacles , approaching at the base , . the eyes are large and nearly sessile . the foot is truncated in front . the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water . the mentum is bilobed . the opercular lobe is winged on each side . the branchial plume is single .\n[ 3 ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\npaetel f . ( 1887 ) . catalog der conchylien - sammlung von fr . paetel . vierte neuarbeitung . erste abtheilung : die cephalopoden , pteropoden und meeres - gastropoden . berlin , gebr\u00fcder paetel , . 639 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180\u2013213\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .\nthe shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind . the outer lip is thick and even . [ 2 ]\nthe imperforate shell is subulate , many - whorled , polished , and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side , bearing on one side only , a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths . the apex is acute . the aperture is oval , entire , pointed above , rounded below . the lip is simple and a little thickened . the columellar margin is reflected . the operculum is corneous and pancispiral . its nucleus is near the inner lip .\nrisso a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe m\u00e9ridionale et particuli\u00e8rement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ] . vol . 2 : vii + 482 + 8 pl . ( fiori ) [ novembre 1827 ] . vol . 3 : xvi + 480 + 14 pl . ( pesci ) [ settembre 1827 ] . vol . 4 : iv + 439 + 12 pl . ( molluschi ) [ novembre 1826 ] . vol . 5 : viii + 400 + 10 pl . ( altri invertebrati )\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 1130, "summary": [{"text": "dodging bullets ( foaled 16 april 2008 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse , best known for his performances in national hunt races .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "bred by the leading jockey frankie dettori he had a flat racing career of limited importance , winning two minor races from nine starts as a three-year-old in 2011 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he showed better form when switched to hurdles , winning the sharp novices ' hurdle in 2012 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he proved even better when he began to compete in steeplechases , winning the november novices ' chase and the wayward lad novices ' chase in 2013 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the 2014/2015 national hunt season he emerged as one of the best chasers in britain , recording three consecutive grade 1 wins in the tingle creek chase , clarence house chase and queen mother champion chase . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "dodging bullets", "paragraphs": ["best superheros dodging / stopping bullets compilation please subscribe and share this to others .\ndodging bullets is set to make a belated seasonal reappearance in the betfair exchange chase at newbury on saturday .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dodging bullets . dodging bullets is a gelding born in 2011 august 24 by dash for cash out of young love\nyoung urban black gangster dodging bullets from a drive by shooting . the concrete background is full of bullet holes .\nthe current race record for dodging bullets is 7 wins from 30 starts with prizemoney of $ 521 , 600 . 00 .\ndodging bullets ( 5 / 1 ) ended a frustrating run of placed efforts when coming good under ben curtis in the urltoken handicap .\nif dodging bullets was establishing one new world order , his win also marked the changing tide in the balance of power at this meeting .\npaul nicholls admits dodging bullets needs to raise his game significantly if he is to successfully defend his crown in the betway queen mother champion chase .\none of rob ' s favorite categories ,\ndodging bullets\nis relived and sterling brings back\nyour friend ' s a dick\n.\ndodging bullets , bred by flat jockey frankie dettori , won the queen mother champion chase at cheltenham for rider sam twiston - davies and trainer paul nicholls .\ndodging bullets has been collaborating\b\b\b\b\b\b\b with reacch pna at the university of washington to edit together presentations on climate change and the future of farming . learn more at urltoken\nwith a new year comes a new start for dodging bullets , as the company has moved to the greater seattle area in washington ! dodging bullets will continue to serve clients in virginia , but is excited to explore new opportunities in a new area in 2015 . to find out what dodging bullets is all about , check out the new video demo reel by clicking the link below ! there are major announcements coming soon , so stay tuned ! thank you all for your continued support !\ndodging bullets\u2019 breeder frankie dettori has his hat knocked off by jockey sam twiston - davies after their win in the champion chase . photograph : tom jenkins for the guardian\ni haven ' t shouted like that since watching my beloved arsenal .\n- frankie dettori , breeder of the nicholls - trained queen mother champion chase winner dodging bullets .\nmiddle - aged marvel : at 53 , tom cruise is still hurtling about on motorbikes and dodging bullets . brian viner , who ' s the same age , doffs his cap\nhowever , showing a resolution he lacked last year , dodging bullets galloped up the hill to beat somersby by a length and a quarter with special tiara the same distance away third .\ndodging bullets confirmed himself as the top two - mile chaser in training this season by taking the betway queen mother champion chase , the highlight on day two of the cheltenham festival .\nthe feature race on the card this evening at sligo , the rosses point handicap went to the 11 / 4 second favourite dodging bullets for trainer andy oliver with ben curtis aboard .\ngrade schoolers in del city found themselves dodging bullets after a \u201cdrive - by\u201d shooting near se 27th street sunday . police say two men who were walking were hit in the arm , leg and the hip by the barrage of bullets . police say the two men also . . .\nat their first cheltenham festival since teaming up , the wins of aux ptits soins and , more particularly , dodging bullets were hugely significant to the nicholls / twiston - davies association - it cemented it .\ndodging bullets at cheltenham was left to account by just over a length for the admirable veteran somersby , who 12 months previously had bravely succumbed to an on - song sire de grugy by almost six times that margin .\nin leopardstown\u2019s three - year - old maiden over a mile , jim bolger\u2019s unraced colt tobar na gaoise and kevin manning overhauled long - time leaders dodging bullets and eagle canyon 100 yards out to score by half a length .\ncleveland - the fox 8 i team has obtained exclusive video showing how cleveland police officers and firefighters became heroes without dodging bullets or flames . police body camera video shows how they saved a 4 - pound chihuahua after an . . .\nit was dodging bullets and twiston - davies who found the finishing kick to win by a length and a quarter , with somersby nearly two lengths ahead of special tiara and sire de grugy , last year\u2019s winner , another seven lengths away in fourth place . for paul nicholls , the trainer of dodging bullets , it was a fifth victory in the race , but somersby , an 11 - year - old running at his seventh festival , emerged with almost as much credit .\nthe shawnee high school softball team put seven runners on base in the first two innings of its hammonton invitational quarterfinal against kingsway saturday . none of them scored . after dodging a couple bullets the first two innings , kingsway plated . . .\nas dodging bullets walked a lap of honour around the parade ring no one clapped louder than nicholls , but it is perhaps the trainer who should be applauded having , in a season , turned the horse from a weak finisher into a champion .\nare you interested in becoming a vendor or just learning more about the western virginia sport show ? hear from past celebrities and vendors about their experiences with this time - tested annual virginia event in this latest video produced by dodging bullets , llc .\ndodging bullets is tough business . but that ' s just what happened in one brazilian rural community during the truckers ' strike that left millions without gasoline , medicine and many foodstuffs . the brazilian government folded like a lawn chair , and the . . .\nsome birds come to the world for fulfilling their duties rather than just dodging bullets . \u2014luo yonghao , founder of smartisan . from bullog\u2014luo yonghao ' s blog started in 2006\u2014to luo and his friends education and technology co . , ltd ( \u8001\u7f57\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec . . .\nraya star was rated just 3lb higher than dodging bullets over hurdles but the paul nicholls camp are quietly confident that their gelding could prove to be even better over fences . if he does win , dodging bullets will give owner martin broughton plenty to think about as his taquin de seuil was the impressive winner of the steel plate and sections novices\u2019 chase here yesterday . the rest of the field is made up by my brother sylvestre and ted veale , who won the vincent o\u2019brien county hurdle at the festival earlier this year .\nby policeone staff . cleveland , ohio \u2014 recently released video shows a group of cleveland officers dodging bullets after a gunman opened fire in a drive - by shooting . police responded to reports of shots fired into a house on april 14 , wews - tv reports .\nboth dodging bullets and raya star have already opened their respective accounts over fences , with the former winning in good style at kempton at the end of october while raya star got the better of tanerko emery in a good race at uttoxeter at the beginning of this month .\nit appears that claiborne commissioner bill keck spent a bit of time late last year , dodging bullets in his own home . keck allegedly entered his residence during the early morning hours of nov . 27 , unaware that a couple of uninvited guests were in the . . .\nas the sun begins to go down on the third day of thin line , festival goers file into the green seats of the campus theatre to view the world premiere of \u201cdodging bullets . \u201d moments before the lights dim , co - director bob trench and special guest meskwaki . . .\nthe man demanded kluting hand over his louis vuitton bag , but kluting refused to give it up , even dodging three bullets to protect the designer bag . \u201cit happened very fast . in one motion he took the gun out of his waist belt and with the other hand put . . .\npaul nicholls believes dodging bullets\ndeserves to be favourite\nfor the queen mother champion chase at cheltenham . the seven - year - old beat somersby in the tingle creek chase at sandown in december before lowering the colours of the mighty sprinter sacre in the clarence house chase at ascot last month .\n\u201ci know the other two were past champions , \u201d nicholls said of sprinter sacre and sire de grugy , \u201cbut i couldn\u2019t see why they were ahead of us in the betting , it must have been on sentiment . dodging bullets was the progressive young horse and it\u2019s them that usually come out on top .\ndodging bullets , bred to win a derby by frankie dettori but now winning on jumping\u2019s biggest stage , was going best . but for a few strides after the last the 11 - year - old somersby , a nearly horse , ranged alongside as if he was finally going to have his day in the sun .\ndodging bullets was given the opportunity to film presentations at the fourth annual meeting of regional approaches to climate change for pacific northwest agriculture in moscow , idaho . you can watch the 7 full presentations from the extension mini - grant program at urltoken , or view the beautiful art and music interpretations of reacch themes at urltoken .\nthe future , though , belongs to dodging bullets and his rider , who is a strong candidate to be the first champion jockey of the post - tony mccoy era next season . twiston - davies\u2019s rapid rise to the top of his profession owes much to the decision of paul nicholls , national hunt\u2019s champion trainer in eight of the last nine seasons , to appoint him as stable jockey at the start of this campaign . dodging bullets had already recorded a grade one win for trainer and rider at sandown back in december , and victory in one of the festival\u2019s feature events underlined the success of a partnership that should only grow stronger with time .\nstocks survived day one of the trade war on friday . it ' s anyone ' s guess if they can keep dodging bullets . dow jones industrial average futures rose 119 points on monday as of 3 : 26 a . m . , s & p 500 futures gained 9 points , and nasdaq composite futures . . .\ndodging bullets had beaten sprinter sacre in a grade one event at ascot in january , when the former champion was running for the first time since suffering an irregular heartbeat in a race at kempton on 27 december 2013 . the betting suggested that the former champion would find enough improvement to reverse the form , but nicholls was not surprised by the outcome .\nhe won the easter cup at caulfield on shoreham ( $ 61 ) and the bendigo mile on dodging bullets ( $ 51 ) . daniel moor and king river combine to win the third leg of saturday ' s huge $ 61 , 604 . 70 quaddie . moor said he didn ' t believe it was coincidental he ' d had . . .\nif tuesday belonged to willie mullins , a treble courtesy of dodging bullets , aux ptits soins in the coral and qualando in the fred winter meant wednesday very much belonged to nicholls and with the first two favourites in thursday ' s ladbrokes world hurdle and the favourite in friday\u2019s gold cup , mullins may yet have competition in the race to be the week\u2019s leading trainer .\ndodging bullets is humbled to announce that it ' s video ,\njust a tree ,\nwas selected as a finalist in a contest hosted by urltoken ! unilever ' s\na special tree\nproject asked participants to support their sustainable living plan by creating a video that\ncaptures the relationship between humans and trees .\nout of 119 entries , dodging bullets ' video placed 4th !\njust a tree\nfeatures the story of how maple trees encompass an important part of the community in one small rural county . thank you so much to highland county maple syrup producers , including nearly all of the footage here from highland hills farm , as well as puffenbarger ' s sugar orchard and back creek farms . check out the 60 second video below !\ndodging bullets , llc is now seed and fruit media , inc . more on that later , but for now , here is one of the newest commercials , this one promoting the blue grass valley bank . thanks so much for the support , and be on the lookout for this commercial as it airs before movies at warner ' s drive - in in franklin , wv this summer ! urltoken\nit had seemed a straight forward case of either - or ; either sprinter sacre or sire de grugy , but the two former betway queen mother chase champions were consigned to yesteryear\u2019s heros and mere red herrings as the season ' s form two - miler , dodging bullets , galloped home to give jockey sam twiston - davies his most important winner since joining paul nicholls at the start of the season .\nwhilst dodging bullets was the nicholls representative in last year\u2019s triumph hurdle at the cheltenham festival , this year he could well saddle far west who was a very impressive seven lengths winner of the grade two triumph hurdle trial at this meeting on saturday . the win gave the three year old his second win of the season and a quotes as short as 8 / 1 favourite for the 2013 triumph hurdle .\nas the field in the sodexo clarence house stakes turned for home at ascot on saturday , there was a spontaneous surge of excitement within the crowd as the expectation of a winning return by the much - missed sprinter sacre seemed about to be completed . in the event barry geraghty\u2019s skilful handling of nicky henderson\u2019s star was foiled by the equally subtle noel fehily on the hitherto under - heralded dodging bullets .\nsprinter sacre missed a planned run in the tingle creek trophy but performed well in a racecourse gallop at newbury in late december . after an absence of over a year , the gelding returned in the clarence house chase at ascot on 17 january . after racing in fourth place for most of the way , he moved up to take the lead in the straight but was overtaken approaching the final fence and finished second to dodging bullets . at the cheltenham festival 11 march 2015 , sprinter sacre started favourite for the queen mother champion chase but faded by the last two jumps and pulled up in a race won by dodging bullets . the gelding was treated for a back problem following the race and returned to contest the celebration chase at sandown on 25 april , finishing second of the seven runners behind special tiara .\nwas another nice winner on day one of the meeting , landing the grade two , sharp novices hurdle , which made it two from two over course and distance this season for the juvenile but due to the reluctance of any of the jockeys to take up the running , it wasn ' t a truly run race . nonetheless , dodging bullets seems to be a much better horse than the current 14 / 1 on offer about him winning the\nas i mentioned , henderson has had 12 chase wins . i can quickly point out that nicholls has had at least 13 individual winners of a major prize , either a big handicap , or graded event . the group are in prize order silvianico conti , saturday\u2019s much - improved winner dodging bullets , caid du berlais , sam winner , vibrato valtat , ptit zig , virak , hawkes point , unioniste , mr mole , southfield theatre , irish saint and al ferof .\nthe last two winners of the race were expected to fight out the finish in the queen mother champion chase but their ageing bodies proved to be no match for youth , both in the saddle and underneath . dodging bullets , who was bred to win a derby by the flat jockey frankie dettori , gave sam twiston - davies the biggest win of a career that is still mostly in front of him . for sprinter sacre , however , the glory days are surely gone beyond recall .\nthe 2015 highland county maple festival is just around the corner ! are you ready for some maple magic ? the second promotional video dodging bullets produced for highland county is now available to view online ! check out\nmaple magic\ndirectly at urltoken or at www . highlandcounty . org . a huge thank you goes out to all of the maple producers and sugar camps in the county who allowed me complete access to their facilities , as well as the tourism council and chamber of commerce !\non 11 march , sire de grugy attempted to repeat his 2014 success in the queen mother champion stakes in which he was opposed by two previous winners of the race in sprinter sacre and sizing europe . after being restrained in the early stages he began to make progress four fences from the finish but was never able to reach the leaders and finished fourth behind dodging bullets , somersby and special tiara . he was moved up in distance for the melling chase at aintree but fell at the sixth fence .\nsprinter sacre produced one of the finest individual performances that the festival has ever seen when victorious in the champion chase two seasons ago . he was sent off as favourite on a wave of sentimental money by fans who were desperate to see one more tour de force , but they did not even see him cross the line . instead , barry geraghty pulled him up before the last , as dodging bullets and the outsiders somersby and special tiara set off up the run - in with the race between them .\nmost people believe that the matrix movies are fictional , but that ' s not entirely true . some people are born with the same ability as neo to slow down time and dodge bullets . don ' t believe me ? these pictures are the proof !\nexplorers tend to be a lucky bunch , but nathan drake of naughty dog ' s uncharted series is seemingly the offspring of two leprechauns who bedded down on a hill of rabbits ' feet . yesterday , naughty dog animator jonathan cooper revealed bullets straight . . .\non 23 april , sprinter sacre ended his season in the celebration chase at sandown park on 23 april . he started the 11 / 10 favourite ahead of un de sceaux with the best fancied of the other four runners being sire de grugy and dodging bullets . nico de boinville settled sprinter sacre behind the leaders , un de sceaux and sire de grugy , before making rapid progress to take the lead at the third last . he drew away from his rivals over the last two fences and won by fifteen lengths from un de sceaux .\nthe red bulls dodged a few bullets in the opening half as keeper luis robles was forced to make two diving saves to his right to deny sebastian lletget and giovanni dos santos in the second and fifth minutes , respectively . five minutes later , romain . . .\ncuetzalan , mexico \u2014 one evening in early march , in the northern mountains of puebla state , gunmen ambushed a van belonging to the indigenous union de cooperativas tosepan . bullets struck one of the van ' s tires , the driver ' s side window and the . . .\n, whilst the other eight runners included dodging bullets , sire de grugy , felix yonger ( punchestown champion chase ) , special tiara , and somersby . special tiara and un de sceaux set a very fast pace with nico de boinville settling sprinter sacre behind the leaders . despite a mistake three fences from home , sprinter sacre made rapid progress to take the lead approaching the second last and quickly went several lengths clear . he stayed on up the run - in to win the race by three and a half lengths and a nose from un de sceaux and special tiara .\nwith saphir du rheu , rebel rebellion , silviniaco conti , dodging bullets , vibrato valtat , and sound investment showing great promise for the future , paul nicholls can perhaps relax a bit , at least until november of this year , when the \u2018jumps season proper\u2019 kicks off once again . he\u2019s patient but eager to see what his new crew can do , and he\u2019s already thinking ahead and looking at the programme book to place each candidate in the right race for the upcoming season . when paul nicholls says , \u201cit\u2019s all about looking to the future , \u201d he means it .\nlast year\u2019s champion chaser dodging bullets has endured a brief and disappointing season . the paul nicholls trained 8 year old never stopped improving last season and after running two lengths third to uxizandre in the shloer chase in november 2014 , he swept all before him . he defeated somersby by 2 \u00bd lengths in the grade 1 tingle creek chase in december 2014 and followed up with a 3 lengths defeat of sprinter sacre in the grade 1 clarence house chase at ascot in january of last year . even then there were plenty of people willing to oppose dodging bullets , but he confounded them all with a terrific performance to beat somersby by 1 \u00bc lengths in the grade 1 queen mother champion chase at cheltenham last march . a splint disrupted his season and he did not return to action until running in the grade 2 game spirit chase at newbury in mid - february , finishing 10 lengths second of 4 to top gamble in tiring ground . he then made a bid to defend his cheltenham crown but was beaten a long way out , eventually coming home 27 lengths 7 th of 10 to sprinter sacre . he has had time to recover since then and encounters better ground here and may well prove fresher than several of these rivals .\na bullet is a projectile propelled by a firearm , sling , slingshot , or air gun . bullets do not normally contain explosives , but damage the intended target by impact and penetration . the word\nbullet\nis sometimes colloquially used to refer to ammunition in general , or to a cartridge , which is a combination of the bullet , case / shell , powder , and primer . this use of ' bullet ' , when ' cartridge ' is intended , leads to confusion when the components of a cartridge are discussed or intended .\non 16 march 2016 , sprinter sacre contested his third queen mother champion chase at the cheltenham festival . he started the 5 / 1 second favourite behind the irish - trained un de sceaux , whilst the other eight runners included dodging bullets , sire de grugy , felix yonger ( punchestown champion chase ) , special tiara , and somersby . special tiara and un de sceaux set a very fast pace with nico de boinville settling sprinter sacre behind the leaders . despite a mistake three fences from home , sprinter sacre made rapid progress to take the lead approaching the second last and quickly went several lengths clear . he stayed on up the run - in to win the race by three and a half lengths and a nose from un de sceaux and special tiara . [ 30 ] commenting on the ten - year - old ' s return to form , henderson said ,\nhe\u2019s just been so feisty and aggressive all season . . . i\u2019ve been looking at him every night for the last three weeks and i just knew that it was still there , and his whole body said that it was . it\u2019s just talent , isn\u2019t it ?\n[ 31 ]\n\u201che would have liked the ground a bit slower and i thought sam gave him a fantastic ride . sam is so much more confident this season , it all just takes a bit of bedding in but he\u2019s been awesome this year . he rides really well and we\u2019re all very fond of him .\n\u201cthe horse won\u2019t run again this season and i expect we\u2019ll be dreaming all summer . the whole aim will be to come here again in a year\u2019s time . \u201d\ndettori , who sent his mare nova cyngi to be covered by the top flat sire dubawi in the hope of producing a classic winner , echoed the approval of twiston - davies\u2019s performance in the saddle .\n\u201csam gave him a fantastic ride , he jumped like a stag and was gutsy all the way to the line , \u201d dettori said . \u201che was bred to win the derby but this is second best . it\u2019s the equivalent of the 100m final at the olympics and what a horse . he didn\u2019t make very much [ when sold ] as a yearling because his legs were pointing in the wrong direction , although they have got better with time .\n\u201ci watched it with the owners and my legs were shaking a little bit walking down the steps because i was so excited . it\u2019s completely different to have those feelings when i don\u2019t have anything to do with it . sam was tactically very astute . riding is all about confidence and for a young man , you\u2019ve got to say that sam is top class . \u201d\nthis was the biggest success of twiston - davies\u2019s career to date and will remain so until next season , at least unless he wins friday\u2019s gold cup or the grand national at aintree next month .\n\u201ci\u2019ve always said my dad [ nigel ] is the best trainer i\u2019ve ridden for , but paul nicholls is some man , \u201d twiston - davies said . \u201cit is a massive win and hopefully means i keep hold of the job for years to come .\n\u201cbig winners make up for the days when things don\u2019t go so well , we didn\u2019t have a great day yesterday but paul said : \u2018i\u2019ll leave it [ how to ride the race ] to you , so get on with it . \u2019 it eases the pressure and hopefully i\u2019ll ride better and better as the week goes on . \u201d\nafter willie mullins\u2019s grade one four - timer on tuesday , nicholls moved into second place among the trainers this week with a treble on the day , as aux ptits soins took the coral cup handicap hurdle with twiston - davies in the saddle , and then qualando beat stablemate bouvreuil in the fred winter handicap hurdle . nicholls will saddle silviniaco conti , the favourite , in the gold cup , a race that mullins , who trains three of the 18 declared runners , has yet to win .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthe 9 - 2 chance won by one and a quarter lengths from somersby ( 33 - 1 ) with special tiara ( 18 - 1 ) third .\nlast year ' s winner sire de grugy finished fourth while the 2013 victor sprinter sacre - in his second run in 15 months after a heart scare - was pulled up .\nvictory gave twiston - davies and eight - time champion trainer nicholls a double after aux ptit soins won the previous race , the coral cup .\nnicholls said :\ni know the other two were past champions but i couldn ' t see why they were behind us in the betting , it must have been on sentiment .\ndettori praised the winning jockey for a\nfantastic\nride and said the horse was\ngutsy\n.\nhowever successful during the rest of the year , it ' s at the major events , like cheltenham , where reputation - sealing wins are to be found .\nground conditions had , as trainer gary moore feared , probably dried up too much for sire de grugy , but he ' ll be back , though whether the same applies to sprinter sacre is surely a moot point .\nhe was bred to win the derby , but this is second best . it ' s the equivalent of the 100m final at the olympics and what a horse ,\nsaid the italian .\nand nicholls completed a treble when 25 - 1 chance qualando , ridden by nick scholfield , won the day ' s sixth race - the fred winter handicap hurdle .\nthe champion chase , in which champagne fever was a morning withdrawal , was billed as a battle of the champions .\nbut sire de grugy , who has had an interrupted season , and sprinter sacre struggled to keep pace as the two - mile contest developed .\nthree - time champion flat jockey dettori , famous for his magnificent seven winning spree at ascot in 1996 , has played down his role in breeding the seven - year - old , but revelled in this triumph at the home of jump racing .\nit was a fifth champion chase victory for nicholls , who also scored with call equiname ( 1999 ) , azertyuiop ( 2004 ) and master minded ( 2007 and 2008 ) .\ntrainer willie mullins , who scored a historic four - timer on the opening day , clocked up a fifth win of the meeting with don poli in the rsa chase .\njockey bryan cooper triumphed on the 13 - 8 favourite , a potential gold cup candidate next year , 12 months after breaking his leg at the same fixture .\none bookmaker paid out on mullins being the top trainer with just a third - 9 of 27 - of the races having been run .\nthe opening neptune hurdle went to 9 - 1 chance windsor park , ridden by davy russell for dermot weld .\nretiring champion jockey ap mccoy , without a win so far , was second on parlour games .\nrussell was scoring in the same purple and yellow colours of owner dr ronan lambe , for whom he won last year ' s cheltenham gold cup on lord windermere .\nphotographer patrick mccann suffered a broken leg when a horse was carried out , went through the rail and caught him during the cross country chase .\nmccann , who works for the racing post , could have been more badly hurt but took evasive action as the unexpected drama unfolded .\nnina carberry , on quantitativeeasing , was forced to the left by another horse in an incident which went viral on social media .\nrussell completed a wednesday double as he emerged the winner on 16 - 1 chance rivage d ' or , trained by tony martin .\nwednesday was ladies day at the festival and the duchess of cornwall ( right , with daughter laura lopes and katie price , left ) was among the high - profile patrons .\nas long as he stays in ireland , i ' m dead happy ,\n- paul nicholls , after a treble himself , on the success of fellow trainer willie mullins , who has five victories .\nit is a massive win and hopefully means i can keep hold of my job for years to come .\n- winning rider sam twiston - davies jokes about his role with nicholls . he was appointed first jockey less than 11 months ago .\njockey tom scudamore overcame a tardy start by moon racer , trained by david pipe , to lead a 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 for horses trained in great britain in the concluding champion bumper .\nafterwards , former trainer michael dickinson - who made history by saddling the first five home led by bregawn in the 1983 cheltenham gold cup - was among those to congratulate him .\ni emailed tom after he took the wrong course at cartmel earlier in the season and was banned ,\ndickinson told bbc sport .\ni said tommy stack did the same thing years ago , and there was no reason why tom wouldn ' t go on to be champion jockey .\nvictory made it six wins for great britain against the eight of ireland , with 13 races to come .\ntrainer paul nicholls bids to build on his wednesday treble when he saddles two leading contenders in thursday ' s world hurdle .\nsaphir du rheu and zarkandar will try to fill the void left by big buck ' s when they run in the three - mile contest ( 15 : 20 gmt ) .\nnicholls won the race four times with his great stayer , who is now retired , but hopes his new generation can shine .\nmeanwhile , the gordon elliott - trained don cossack is favourite for the ryanair chase at 14 : 40 .\nsaphir du rheu carries the same red , black and white silks of owner andy stewart ' s family as big buck ' s and will be ridden by stable jockey sam twiston - davies .\nsam thinks he may win a gold cup with him one day . whereas big buck ' s didn ' t jump a fence , this lad will jump in the future some time as he is a big , scopey horse ,\nsaid the trainer .\nrider noel fehily believes zarkandar has a better chance than when he finished fourth in the race won by more of that last year .\nhe ' s in much better form this year and hopefully he has a great chance .\nyou can watch an expert preview of day three with former gold cup winning jockey andrew thornton and commentator john hunt on the bbc radio 5 live website .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nindeed as the race unfolded between the 9 - 2 shot , the evergreen somersby and the front - running special tiara off the last bend , the previous two winners of the race , both beset with problems since their finest hour , were nowhere to be seen . a lacklustre sprinter sacre was about to be pulled up while sire de grugy , eventually fourth , was staying on having never really been at the races on the good ground .\n\u201che should have been favourite on form but i understand sometimes with those old champions the heart rules the head , \u201d he said . \u201cwe had the same with big buck\u2019s , but they don\u2019t often come back as good . i thought i\u2019d missed a trick when i saw the other two vying for favouritism .\n\u201clast spring he had a few little issues with his breathing and gastric ulcers . i think it is why he wasn\u2019t finishing his races . we\u2019ve sorted them out , he has run three times in a tongue tie and won three , i\u2019ve learned how to train him and he\u2019s grown up mentally .\n\u201ci thought he was a good thing first time out this season but he either blew up or wasn\u2019t as good as i thought , so we took him home and got stuck into him . i would never have been able to train him like that before because he\u2019d have run up light and been far too buzzy . now i can really stick the work into him . \u201d\nfor twiston - davies , already a front - runner in the race to be the next champion after ap mccoy\u2019s immiment departure , it was a huge step forward and a coming of age in his partnership with nicholls . \u201csomeone said he would be my first jockey until i retire , \u201d joked nicholls . \u201ci don\u2019t know if he\u2019ll last that long ! \u201d\n\u201cit\u2019s a massive win and hopefully means i keep hold of the job for years to come , \u201d said twiston - davies . \u201cbig winners make up for the days when things don\u2019t go so well . we didn\u2019t have a great day yesterday . he is some trainer . if i ' d said this horse would win three grade ones this time last year you would have said i was a moon man . \u201d\ndettori , who watched the race as a guest of the winning owners headed by sir martin broughton before driving on to kempton to ride on wednesday night , said : \u201che had me on the edge of my seat for the last three fences . it\u2019s a pity he couldn\u2019t win the derby , but i\u2019ve bred the best jumping horse in the world in 2015 . sam gave him some ride , he jumped like a stag . \u201d\nbroughton , a former chairman of british airways and , closer to home , the british horseracing authority , was up in the clouds . \u201cin business you don\u2019t have instant moments , \u201d he explained . \u201cthings go right or wrong over a long period . this has been a while coming , but in business you don\u2019t get moments like this . i\u2019m ecstatic and i was very happy being under the radar as everyone was talking about sprinter versus sire . \u201d\nnicholls , who has now won five champion chases , said the next engagement for the new champion would be a grass field and that he would not run again this season .\nghost recon : wildlands song | kill a ghost | [ prod . by boston ] | # nerdout\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nwould hate to ruin that pedicure . if she hadn ' t been able to save her toes , she ' d at least be able to save some nail polish later on .\nnothing can ruin a day like a yellow starburst . if you say your fav is yellow , i ' ll fight you .\nnothing like seasoning your meal with whatever bacteria happens to be lurking on your fingers as you fish your spoon from the bottom of your bowl .\nthis could have been tree - cherous . mother nature is like ,\ni ' ll just leaf this right here .\nplaying an eclectic blend of popular rock , pop and indie music . we like to think there ' s something\nin our set for everyone . we perform in locations such as aylesbury , burnham , windsor , slough , bagshot , maidenhead , camberley and west london .\n' ' great tracks for a wide audience . well known songs but few bands play them .\nto status quo , green day , def leppard , goo goo dolls and duran duran . our live shows are guaranteed to entertain , be atmospheric and enjoyable . we have our own pa system , led lighting , lasers and we can even bring along the smoke machine .\nwe look forward to hearing from you should you wish to book us for weddings , private functions or public houses . please use the email link under contact us .\ncheltenham fri , 17th mar , 17 p . u . , 8 / 1 , n d fehily\nsizing granite makes his first start since joining colm murphy in the betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham today .\nhot favourite un de sceaux will face nine rivals in the betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham .\nun de sceaux will face a maximum of 11 rivals in the betway queen mother champion chase at next week ' s cheltenham festival .\nfor most people lucky enough to have a birthday coinciding with the cheltenham festival , a pair of tickets to the meeting is a valued present - but colm o ' connell might just enjoy the best celebration of all , a betway queen mother champion chase win for un de sceaux .\ndon cossack and vautour are among 21 horses still in contention for the timico cheltenham gold cup following the latest scratchings deadline for the six non - novice grade one events at the festival .\nun de sceaux headlines 23 entries for the \u00a3350 , 000 betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham on wednesday , march 16 .\nqualando completed a day to remember for paul nicholls when beating stablemate bouvreuil in the fred winter juvenile handicap hurdle to bring up a sensational 1 , 429 / 1 treble for the champion trainer .\nhenry de bromhead was thrilled with the performance of special tiara in the betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham .\nformer winners sprinter sacre and sire de grugy headline 12 horses still in contention for the betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham on wednesday .\nsire de grugy will be sporting some eyecatching footwear as he defends his betway queen mother champion chase title at cheltenham next week .\npaul nicholls admits it was a\nclose call\nfor stable jockey sam twiston - davies over which of the yard ' s two runners he will ride in the ladbrokes world hurdle at cheltenham .\nhinterland has been ruled out of the betway queen mother champion chase , with paul nicholls instead hoping for some consolation at sandown in april .\nruby walsh believes champagne fever ' s course form will be an asset when he lines - up at the cheltenham festival .\nacceptors for the five main grade one championship contests at cheltenham were revealed today .\ntom george believes module will be back to his best at the cheltenham festival where he will be aimed at the ryanair chase .\njohn ' shark ' hanlon is looking forward to hidden cyclone taking on the best two - milers around in the betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham .\ngonebeyondthemoon got off the mark in good fashion when claiming the opening maiden at fairyhouse this afternoon .\nnoel meade completed an across the card double ( jakros won in cork ) as his still point ran out an comfortable winner of the 7f barclay communications ebf maiden under fran berry .\nafter race at sligo tue , 16th aug , 2011 ( 1st ) it looked like a competitive enough race beforehand . ben gave him a super ride . we decided to settle off the pace today and he picked up well . we will see what the handicapper does with him now . he is not lacking in pace and will go for a race between a mile to a mile and two furlongs next . a oliver\nafter race at galway wed , 27th jul , 2011 ( 1st ) everything worked out well , and ben gave him a great ride . he ' s been improving all year , although it took him a few runs for the penny to drop . he ' s hardy and i ' ve been keeping him busy but he ' s got his reward now . a oliver\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nsaturday racing trainers have enthusiastically supported saturday\u2019s moonee valley meeting with the nominations now available for viewing online .\nsaturday racing i\u2019m not a religious man but am happy to admit i have resorted to prayer this week to break a frustrating run for this column in recent weeks .\n* new customers only . 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{"id": 1131, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena tosta is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by leconte in 1862 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena tosta", "paragraphs": ["a mordellistena tosta in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 7 / 2015 ) . determined by v . belov / bugguide . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )\nmoved from mordellistena tosta . id ' d from specimen , now a photo - voucher . thanks john . so this guy has a 2 - 3 - 2 ridge formula , with the upper tibial ridge extending across the surface . this final bit eliminates m . tosta . it keys then to liljeblad ' s couplet 36 . the closest two seem to be m . testacea blatchley and m . wickhami liljeblad .\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nthis looks to be another m . tosta , although the darkening at the base of pronotum is disturbing . let ' s move it there and at least we ' ll know what to compare it with .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 1 ( coleoptera , strepsiptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 1139, "summary": [{"text": "mitsukurina is a genus of mackerel shark in the family mitsukurinidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains one extant species , the goblin shark ( m. owstoni ) and more extinct species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was described by american ichthyologist david starr jordan in 1898 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mitsukurina", "paragraphs": ["the goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) is a rare , poorly known species . . .\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\nmitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898\n.\ngoblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , australian museum biology of the goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) - reefquest centre for shark research ellis , richard the book of sharks . alfred a . knopf , 1996\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30c4\u30af\u30ea\u30b6\u30e1\nto\nmitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898\n.\nscapanorhynchus mitsukurii white , 1937 : 29 ( error for mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 ) . japan .\ndana campbell selected\nbrief summary\nto show in overview on\nmitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898\n.\nduffy , c . 1997 . futher records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand .\nthe goblin shark was first described in 1898 , by jordan , as mitsukurina . this genus has been synonymized with the fossil scapanorhynchus described by woodward , 1889 . the relationship between the two genus has been debated . currently , the mitsukurina family includes mitsukurina owstoni and the fossil species of scapanorhynchus and anomotodon . other synonymous names include odontaspis nautus branganza 1904 , scapanorhynchus jordani hussakof 1909 , and scapanorhynchus dofleini engelhardt 1912 .\ndana campbell marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nmitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898\n.\npurdy , r . ( 2005 ) .\nis striatolamia a junior synonym of mitsukurina ?\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 25 ( 3 ) : 102a .\nto cite this page : bizer , s . 2004 .\nmitsukurina owstoni\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nhead of a juvenile goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , with the jaws protruded showing the long slender teeth . source : dianne j . bray / museum victoria . license : cc by attribution\nmartin , r . 1999 .\nbiology of sharks and rays : biology of the goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni )\n( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2003 at urltoken .\nduffy , c . 1997 . futher records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 24 : 167 - 171 .\nbean , b . a . 1905 . notes on an adult goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) of japan . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 28 ( 1409 ) : 815 - 818 .\nduffy , c . a . j . ( 1997 ) . further records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 24 : 167 - 171 .\nugoretz , j . k . and seigel , j . a . 1999 . first eastern pacific record of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) . california fish and game . 85 ( 3 ) : 118\u2013120 .\nmitsukurina owstoni jordan 1898 , proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 3 ) 1 ( 6 ) : 200 , pls . 11 - 12 . type locality : misaki , sagami sea , near yokohama , japan , western north pacific .\njordan , david starr . 1898 . description of a species of fish ( mitsukurina owstoni ) from japan , the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks . proc . calif . acad . sci . 1 ( 6 ) : 199 - 204 .\nduffy , c . a . j . ; ebert , d . a . ; stenberg , c . ( 2004 ) .\nmitsukurina owstoni\n. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .\ncaira , j . n . ; runkle , l . s . ( 1993 ) .\n2 new tapeworms from the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni off australia\n. systematic parasitology 26 ( 2 ) : 81\u201390 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00009215 .\nmitsukurina is named after keigo mitsukuri , a japanese zoologist who studied at university college london during the 1860 ' s . the species owstoni was named in honour of alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) , an english collector , primarily of wildlife in asia .\nscientific synonyms and common names mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 synonyms : mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 mitsukurina owstoni j ordan , 1898 , proc . calif . acad . sci . , ( ser . 3 ) 1 ( 6 ) : 199 - 201 , pl . 11 - 12 ( ' in deep water near yokohama ' ) . holotype : mut . odontaspis nasutus bragan\u00e7a , 1904 : res . invest . sci . amelia : 49 , fig . 1 . mitsukurina owstoni : osorio , 1909 : 40 - 48 , pl . 1 seabra , 1911 : 194 lozano rey , 1928 : 406 - 410 nobre , 1935 : 435 - 438 signeux , 1949 : 633 - 638 ( discussion of relation to fossil forms ) qu\u00e9ro & verron , 1975 : 99 , fig . 1 . gueguen et al . , 1977 : 182 du buit et al . , 1977 : 186 . scapanorhynchus owstoni : garman , 1913 : 28 - 29 ( anatomy , pl . 40 , 51 , 56 ) fowler , 1941 : 123 - 124 quero , 1972 : 168 - 170 , fig . odontaspis nasutus : nobre , 1935 : 432 - 435 , fig . 185 - 187 helling , 1940 : 10 . goncalves , 1941 : 4 qu\u00e9ro , 1970 : 281 gueguen & qu\u00e9ro , 1974 : 182 . mitsukurina nasutus : albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 82 - 83 , fig . 47 . mitsukurina , sp . : qu\u00e9ro et al . , 1976 : 180 , fig . 3 . common names : goblin shark [ en ] requin lutin [ fr ] tiburon duende [ es ]\nparsons , g . r . , ingram jr . , g . w . and havard , r . 2002 . first record of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni , jordan ( family mitsukurinidae ) in the gulf of mexico . southeastern naturalist 1 ( 2 ) : 189\u2013192 .\nuyeno , t . , k . nakamura & s . mikami . 1976 . on the body coloration and an abnormal specimen of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni jordan . bull . kanagawa prefect . mus . ( nat . sci . ) 9 : 67 - 70 .\nizawa , k . ( 2012 ) .\nechthrogaleus mitsukurinae sp . nov . ( copepoda , siphonostomatoida , pandaridae ) infesting the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 in japanese waters\n. crustaceana 85 ( 1 ) : 81\u201387 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854012x623674 .\nduffy , c . a . j . , ebert , d . a . & stenberg , c . 2004 . mitsukurina owstoni . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 08 august 2012 .\nstevens , j . d . & j . r . paxton . 1985 . a new record of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( family mitsukurinidae ) , from eastern australia . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 108 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 .\ncitation :\ngoblin sharks , mitsukurina owstoni ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\njordan , d . s . ( 1898 ) .\ndescription of a species of fish ( mitsukurina owstoni ) from japan , the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks\n. proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 3 ) zoology 1 ( 6 ) : 199\u2013204 .\nbean , b . a . ( 1905 ) .\nnotes on an adult goblin shark ( mitsukurina owstoni ) of japan\n. proceedings of the united states national museum 28 ( 1409 ) : 815\u2013818 . doi : 10 . 5479 / si . 00963801 . 28 - 1409 . 815 .\nduffy , c . a . j . ( 1997 ) .\nfurther records of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni ( lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) , from new zealand\n. new zealand journal of zoology 24 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013171 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 1997 . 9518111 .\nyano , k . & miya , m . & aizawa , m . & noichi , t . 2007 . some aspects of the biology of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , collected from the tokyo submarine canyon and adjacent waters , japan . ichthyological research 54 ( 4 ) : 388 - 398 .\nrincon , g . ; vaske , t . ; gadig , o . b . ( 2012 ) .\nrecord of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni ( chondrichthyes : lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) from the south - western atlantic\n. marine biodiversity records 5 : e44 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s1755267211000923 .\njordan , d . s . 1898 . description of a species of fish ( mitsukurina owstoni ) from japan , the type of a distinct family of lamnoid sharks . proc . calif . acad . scl , ( 3 ) zool . , 1 ( 6 ) : 199 - 204 , pl . 11 - 12 .\nmitsukurina owstoni is almost certainly ovoviviparous , where embryos feed on yolk sacs and other ova ( eggs ) produced by the mother and hatch within her body . as in other lamnoids ; no pregnant specimen has been collected , thus no data is available on gestation period , number of pups , pupping season , or nursery grounds .\nyano , k . ; miya , m . ; aizawa , m . ; noichi , t . ( 2007 ) .\nsome aspects of the biology of the goblin shark , mitsukurina owstoni , collected from the tokyo submarine canyon and adjacent waters , japan\n. ichthyological research 54 ( 4 ) : 388\u2013398 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 007 - 0414 - 2 .\nmitsukurina owstoni jordan , 1898 , proc . calif . acad . sci . ser . 3 ( zool . ) , 1 : 200 , pls . 11 - 12 . holotype : zoological museum , university of tokyo , 107 cm immature male , near yokohama , japan , in deep water . holotype lost , according to eschmeyer ( 1998 , cat . fish . : cd - rom ) .\nnakaya , k . , tomita , t . , suda , k . , sato , k . , ogimoto , k . , chappell , a . , sato , t . , takano , k . m & y . yuki , 2016 . slingshot feeding of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni ( pisces : lamniformes : mitsukurinidae ) . scientific reports 6 , article number : 27786 online 212 june 2016 .\nparsons , g . r . ; ingram , g . w . ; havard , r . ( 2002 ) .\nfirst record of the goblin shark mitsukurina owstoni , jordan ( family mitsukurinidae ) in the gulf of mexico\n. southeastern naturalist 1 ( 2 ) : 189\u2013192 . doi : 10 . 1656 / 1528 - 7092 ( 2002 ) 001 [ 0189 : frotgs ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nresearch mitsukurina owstoni \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nv . 1 ( 1897 - 99 ) - proceedings of the california academy of sciences . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nafter keigo mitsukuri ; he worked in zoological names with y . iwasaki , 1896 ; imperial university\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 30 - 1300 m ( ref . 43278 ) , usually 270 - 960 m ( ref . 43278 ) . deep - water ; 48\u00b0n - 55\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nwestern atlantic : guyana ( ref . 6871 ) , suriname ( ref . 13608 , 11228 ) and french guiana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , and south africa . western indian ocean : off south africa . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) ( ref . 43278 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 264 - 322 cm max length : 617 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 83323 ) ; common length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . flat , bladelike , elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft , flabby body , slender , very long cusped teeth in long , protrusible jaws , long caudal fin without a ventral lobe ( ref . 247 ) . pinkish - white with bluish fins , becoming brownish grey after death ( ref . 5578 , 11228 ) .\nfound on outer continental shelves and upper slopes , but rarely in shallow water close inshore ( ref . 247 , 43278 ) . jaws are highly specialized for rapid projection from the head to snap up small animals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on jacopever , pelagic octopus and crabs ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . probably slow - moving and neutrally buoyant ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized dried salted ( ref . 247 )\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother ( oophagy ) after the yolk sac is absorbed ( ref . 247 , 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\n) : 3 . 8 - 13 . 7 , mean 8 . 3 ( based on 1037 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 10 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2018 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 march 2018 . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species is assessed as least concern because although apparently rare , it is widespread in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and is only infrequently taken in deepwater fisheries . it has a sporadic distribution with most records from the northwest pacific ( japan , taiwan ) on the upper continental slope . may also be mesopelagic . it is likely to be found in more locations than previously known as deepwater surveys are undertaken in other regions or as deepwater fisheries expand globally . taken in deep bottom - set gillnet , bottom longline and trawl fisheries ; rarely surface drift nets . also entangled in deepwater fishing gear . recorded from depths of < 30 m ( occasional ) to > 1 , 000 m with reported landings of adults rare suggesting most of the adult population is unavailable to existing deepwater fisheries .\nmost goblin shark records come from japan . all japanese records have been made between tosa bay and boso peninsula ( including sagami bay , suruga bay , izu islands ) , despite similar fishing gear being used throughout the japanese archipelago ( yano 2003 ) . in april 2003 an exceptionally large number of goblin sharks ( reportedly 100 to 300 ) were captured off northwest taiwan , an area they had been previously unknown from . the species is likely to occur in more locations than presently known as surveys are undertaken in other regions or as deepwater fisheries expand globally .\nreported landings from tokyo canyon show no trend in abundance ( yano 2003 ) .\nthe goblin shark is a rare bycatch of deepwater fisheries with most captures around japan . in an unusual occurrence , an exceptionally large number ( > 100 ) were reportedly caught off the northwest coast of taiwan over two weeks in april 2003 by a number of fishers . taken in deep bottom - set gillnet , bottom longline and trawl fisheries ; rarely surface drift nets . also entangled in deepwater fishing gear . most reported captures are juveniles suggesting that the bulk of the adult population occurs outside the depth range of , or is otherwise unavailable to most deepwater fisheries . the jaws are sought after by collectors . the jaws of most of those goblin sharks landed in taiwan during april 2003 were reported exported to the usa . prices vary with the size and quality of the jaw , and range from us $ 1 , 500 - $ 4 , 000 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe very strange - looking goblin shark has a distinctively shaped snout and an impressive array of long , pointed teeth . the fish , however , is found in deep water and poses no threat to people .\nthe goblin shark has a shovel - like snout , flabby body , and a tail with a weakly developed lower lobe .\none of the distinctive features of the goblin shark is its protrusible mouth . the mouth can retract to a position under the eye , or extend forward under the snout .\nthe species was named in honour of alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) , an\nenglish collector of asian wildlife , as well as a businessman and yachtsman\n( beolens & watkins , 2003 ) .\nthe goblin shark has been caught in scattered localities through the pacific , atlantic and indian oceans . in australia it is known from off new south wales , tasmania and possibly from off south australia .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nthe species is found near the sea floor in marine waters to depths of about 1200 m .\nyano and colleagues examined the stomach contents of 121 goblin sharks from tokyo submarine canyon . prey items included bony fishes , squids and crustaceans .\nwhen feeding , the goblin shark extends its jaws forward faster than any other species of shark . see the scientific report on slingshot feeding by nakaya and colleagues .\nthe underside of the snout is heavily pored . these pores are the external openings of the ampullae of lorenzini , the electricity detecting organs . the goblin shark most likely hunts its prey by detecting electric fields .\nbeolens , b . & m . watkins . 2003 . whose bird ? men and women commemorated in the common names of birds . christopher helm . pp . 384 .\nlast , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro . pp . 513 , pl . 1 - 84 .\nlast , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 2009 . sharks and rays of australia . edition 2 . csiro . pp . 644 , pl . 1 - 91 .\nwilga , c . d . 2005 . morphology and evolution of the jaw suspension in lamniform sharks . journal of morphology . 265 : 102\u2013119 . download .\nyano , k . , miya , m . , aizawa , m . & t . noichi . 2003 . abstracts . 2003 joint meeting of ichthyologists and herpetologists . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists . pp . 533 .\nhi stranger . apologies for the delay in replying to your question . i was away from the australian museum last week doing fieldwork . the goblin shark definitely grows larger than 3 . 3 m in length . the reason i can say that with confidence is because i measured the fish in the images above . it was 3 . 84 m long . the maximum size of 3 . 9 m is taken from last and stevens ( see references on this page ) . good luck with your project .\nhi , i have a school project and i have a question to answer . according to your article the goblin shark ' s maximum size is 3 . 9 metres . . but according to another source its 3 . 3 . . who is correct ? source : urltoken\noriginally caught in japan , the range is wide , but not evenly distributed . the majority of known specimens come from bays of japan while the rest are mostly found off new zealand , southern africa , and in the eastern atlantic and indian oceans . two specimens have been taken off the mississippi and california coasts of the united states . though this probably encompasses the range of\n, sightings are so rare and widespread that the presence of goblin sharks could extend well beyond these areas .\nseem to live in the mid and deep - water zones of outer continental shelves and slopes .\nis a fearsome looking fish with a large , flattened snout protruding from the top of its head , and has movable jaws than can extend to catch prey . the exact purpose of the flat snout is unknown , but as it is not hard or sharp enough to pin or kill prey , it is probably used to detect the faint electric signals that other fish give off . goblin sharks have rubbery skin , rather than denticles ( the sharp , pointed scales found on most sharks ) . due to the blood vessels that are close to the skin , the shark has a pinkish - grey color in life , though in death it appears quite colorless because of its lack of pigment . teeth are slender and fang - like , similar to those of the\n. another feature that separates goblin sharks from most other sharks is the lack of a lower lobe on the tail fin , which is also absent in other benthic sharks . female specimens seem to be slightly larger than the males .\ndevelop directly from birth , and are probably ecologically similiar to free - swimming adults when they emerge from the mother . it is not known at what age they become sexually mature , but are immature to about 2 . 3 m .\nthere has been no direct study of goblin sharks in the wild , so there is no information on there mating habits .\ngoblin sharksare rarely seen , and even more rarely studied in detail . essentially all known data on goblin sharks are from accidental catches in trawling nets . thus , since there have been no opportunities to observe goblin sharks in their natural habit ( or even alive for that matter ) , data on reproduction and behavior are very scarce . there is no information on age at sexual maturity for either sex , number of offspring , or gestation period .\nare independent as soon as they are born . this is probably not different in the case of the goblin shark .\nin particular , sharks in general do not provide any degree of parental investment .\nno goblin sharks have been studied in the wild , so not much is known about their ages or lifespans . no individuals have ever been held in captivity .\nis rather sluggish and accomplishes most of its hunting by swimming lazily or waiting for vertically migrating animals to come within striking distance . the protruding jaws allow substantial bites , but otherwise ,\nis not a fast or active predator . since it seems to feed on migratory fish , it is probably active in the evening and / or morning when the migrations are going on , but there are no direct accounts of feeding times . based on the dentition and stomach contents of this shark , scientists know it is a predator . another theory has goblin sharks actively hunting for benthic prey using electroreceptors on its enlarged snout ( similar to\n) and using this snout to dig up any prey it detects underneath the sand .\nthere are no available data on home range , or territories of goblin sharks .\n, goblin sharks probably hunt using their senses of smell , sight , sound and the electrical sensing organs called ampullae of lorenzini . due to the depth at which they live , eyesight is probably less useful than other senses . the snout ( which is abnormally large in\n) houses the ampullae of lorenzini which are attuned to catching otherwise undetectable prey in dark waters or on the bottom .\nappears to feed mid - water or close to the bottom where it uses a combination of electrical sensors , smell and ( minimal ) eyesight to catch any vertically migrating animals that it comes across . it is also possible that they stay deep and scan the bottom for prey . stomach records are rare , and include parts of\nas it is often difficult to deduce ecosystem roles in easily studied environments , it comes as no surprise that nothing is known about goblin sharks ' role in the mid - water or benthic community besides its role as a predator .\n(\ncites : convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora\n, 2004 ;\nu . s . esa : natureserve explorer data for listed status in the united states\n, ;\n2002 iucn red list\n, 2002 )\nis unknown due to the rarity of sightings and specimens . however , though rarely seen , this shark is thought to be fairly common because of its wide range . nonetheless , because it lives in deep waters , is not a common sight for humans . most of the information is partial , and deduced from the morphology of the shark and from samples of the few existing specimens . other common names include : imp shark , elfin shark , and tenguzame ( japanese ) . differences in extension of jaws in death lead to confusion over how many species of\nthere actually are . as of now , there is only one recognized species . however , the extant goblin shark is considered to be very closely related to a similar cretaceous shark genus\nstephen bizer ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nreproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .\nan aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\ninternational union for conservation of nature and natural resources . 2002 .\n2002 iucn red list\n( on - line ) . accessed 03 - 23 - 03 at urltoken .\ncites . 2004 .\ncites : convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora\n( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2003 at urltoken .\nu . s . esa .\nu . s . esa : natureserve explorer data for listed status in the united states\n( on - line ) . accessed 03 - 21 - 2003 at urltoken .\n. rome : united nations development programme , food and agriculture organization of the united states .\nrorem , s . 2002 .\nsea creatures 101 : shark series : the goblin shark : ugly and rare\n( on - line ) . accessed 03 - 16 - 03 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nking , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 2001 ) . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 269p . [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of odontaspis nasutus bragan\u00e7a , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scapanorhynchus dofleini engelhardt , 1912 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scapanorhynchus jordani hussakof , 1909 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scapanorhynchus mitsukurii white , 1937 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scapanorhynchus owstoni ( jordan , 1898 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat apoorly known , bottom - dwelling shark that inhabits the outer continental shelves and upper slopes and is found off seamounts , but rarely occurs at the surface or in shallow water close inshore . most records are on or near the continental slopes between 270 and 960 m deep but down to at least 1 300 m , sometimes in shallower shelf waters at 95 to 137 m . seamount records suggest that the species is oceanic or semioceanic in addition to its known occurrences off continental slopes . [ details ]\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by dana campbell - see more .\nyeah ! i never seen the goblin shark myself though i discoverd . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxonomic genus within the family mitsukurinidae \u2013 the goblin shark and extinct relatives .\nthis page was last edited on 15 may 2017 , at 16 : 55 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 1\nsharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date , vol . 2 : bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes )\ncompagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nodontaspis nasutus de braganza , 1904 : 49 , 104 , pl . 1 , figs . 1 - 1c . type locality , mare de sezimbra , portugal , 603 m . types unknown according to eschmeyer ( 1998 ) .\nscapanorhynchus jordani hussakof , 1909 : 257 , text - figs . , pl . 44 . syntypes ( 2 ) : american museum of natural history , amnh - 00004sw , jaws , model on display from 1 300 mm female ; 1 155 mm female , formerly in the zoological department at columbia university . type locality , japan .\nscapanorhynchus dofleini engelhardt , 1912 : 644 . holotype : zoologischen staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , 2 100 mm female , mayegawa , sagami sea , japan . locality of holotype unknown according to eschmeyer ( 1998 : cd - rom ) .\nen - goblin shark , fr - requin lutin , sp - tibur\u00f3n duende .\nfieldmarks : this unmistakable shark has a flat blade - like elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft flabby body , slender very long - cusped teeth in long highly protrusable jaws , two spineless dorsals and an anal fin , and a long caudal fin without a ventral lobe . colour : live and newly - captured individuals are pinkish white , but usually fade to brownish in alcohol .\nwestern atlantic : guiana , surinam , french guyana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , senegal , gulf of guinea , south africa ( western cape ) . western indian ocean : south africa ( eastern cape , kwazulu - natal ) , mozambique ( mozambique seamount range ) . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) .\nmaximum total length at least 384 cm . size at birth unknown , smallest recorded specimen 107 cm ; mature males 264 , 320 and 384 cm , females reaching 373 cm , one mature at 335 cm . weight 210 kg at 384 cm .\ninterest to fisheries minimal , taken as untargeted bycatch of deepwater trawl fisheries and occasionally taken with deepwater longline s , deep - set gill nets , and possibly purse seines . utilized dried - salted for human consumption . conservation status : conservation status unknown .\njapan : elphin , elfin shark , japanese goblin shark , tenguzame , tengu ( goblin ) shark , mitsukurizame , mitsukuri ' s shark .\nthreat to humans : harmless to people . a spectacular aquarium exhibit , but seldom kept in captivity ; one lived for a week in an aquarium at tokai university , shimizu , japan .\nsharks of the world an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . leonard j . v . compagno 2001 . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 2001 . p . 269 .\nthis bottom - dwelling shark is pinkish grey and flabby - looking , with small , rounded fins and a caudal fin ( tail ) with a strong top lobe and no bottom lobe . it is most recognizable for its flat , elongated snout , and its large mouth full of long , narrow teeth . it averages between 10 and 13 feet long , but has been caught at over 18 feet . not a great deal is known about the goblin shark , but it is thought to mostly eat soft prey like shrimp , small fish , octopus , and squid , which it catches by quickly projecting its jaw forward and pulling prey into its mouth .\nthis shark is known as the goblin shark in the unites states , australia , new zealand , england , and south africa . it also referred too as elfin shark ( english ) , hiisihai ( finnish ) , japanese neushaai ( dutch ) , japanischer nasenhai ( german ) , kabouterhaai ( dutch and afrikaans ) , karsahai ( finnish ) , koboldhaai ( dutch ) , koboldhai ( german ) , lensuh\u00e1fur ( icelandic ) , mitsukurizame ( japanese ) , naesehaj ( danish ) , nasenhai ( german ) , n\u00e4shaj ( swedish ) , nesehai ( norwegian ) , neushaai ( dutch ) , requin lutin ( french ) , schoffelneushaai ( dutch ) , squalo folletto ( dutch ) , squalo goblin ( italian ) , teguzame ( japanese ) , teppichhai ( german ) , tibur\u00f3n duende ( spanish ) , trollhaj ( swedish ) , tubar\u00e3o - dem\u00f3nio ( portuguese ) , tubar\u00e3o - gnomo ( portuguese ) , zoozame ( japanese ) , and \u017eralok \u0161kriatok ( czech ) .\nthere is minimal commercial interest for the goblin shark . it is fished only as a bycatch of deepwater trawl , longlines and deep - set gill nets . it has been dried - salted for human consumption . although it is thought to be a great exhibit , it has rarely been kept in captivity . one specimen survived in an aquarium for a week at tokai university , shimizu , japan .\nthe goblin shark seldom comes in contact with humans ; however , because of its large size it could be potentially dangerous .\nthe iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nthe deep - water goblin shark is thought to be widely distributed . specimens have been seen in the atlantic off the coast of guyana , surinam , french guyana , france , madeira , senegal , portugal , gulf of guinea , and south africa . it has also been reported in the western pacific off japan , australia and new zealand . in the indian ocean it is found in south africa and mozambique . it was recently recorded in the united states near san clemente island off the coast of california as well as in the northern gulf of mexico south of pascagoula , mississippi . few specimens have ever been caught making it one of the rarest species of sharks .\nthe goblin shark is a bottom - dwelling shark that is rarely seen at the surface or in shallow coastal waters . this species is found along the outer continental shelves , upper slopes , and off seamounts . most specimens have been observed near continental slopes between 885 feet ( 270m ) and 3149 feet ( 960m ) deep . it has been found in waters up to 4265 feet ( 1 , 300m ) deep and in waters as shallow as 311 feet ( 95m ) to 449 feet ( 137m ) . records indicate that the goblin could also be an oceanic species .\nthe goblin shark can be easily identified by its elongated and flattened snout . it has a distinctly long head , tiny eyes and five short gill openings . the mouth is large and parabolic in shape . its body is soft and flabby .\nthis shark has a long caudal fin without a ventral lobe . the pectoral fins are short and broad and the two dorsal fins are small , rounded and equal in size . the anal fin is rounded and smaller than the dorsal fins , while the pelvic fins are larger than the dorsals . the goblin shark has a long protrusable jaw with long slender teeth . its body characteristics suggest that it is a slow moving shark with a density close to seawater .\nliving goblin sharks are a pinkish white color with bluish fins . specimens fade and become brownish when preserved in alcohol .\ndentition goblin sharks have 26 large , narrow , awl - like teeth on their upper jaw and 24 on their lower jaw . they have three rows of anterior teeth on each side of both jaws . the teeth in the anterior upper jaw are separated from the smaller upper lateral teeth by a gap .\ndenticles the goblin shark has small and rough dermal denticles . the denticles have crowns with narrow cusps and ridges . the cusps of the lateral denticles occur perpendicular to the skin .\nmature male goblins have been found to be 8 . 66 feet ( 264cm ) , 10 . 49 feet ( 320cm ) and 12 . 6 feet ( 384cm ) in total length . mature females have been measured to be 11 feet ( 335cm ) and 12 . 2 feet ( 372cm ) . size at birth is not known but the smallest specimen found was 3 . 51 feet ( 107cm ) . the maximum reported length of the goblin shark is 12 . 6 feet ( 384cm ) . this specimen weighed 463 pounds ( 210kg ) .\ngoblin sharks feed on a variety of prey including the blackbelly rosefish ( helicolenus dactylopterus ) and various crabs . photo courtesy noaa\nthe goblin shark uses a sense system known as ampullae of lorenzini , found in its snout , for electrodetection of prey . the jaws are modified for rapid projection to aid in the capture of prey . the jaw is thrust forward by a double set of ligaments at the mandibular joints . when the jaws are retracted the ligaments are stretched and they become relaxed when the jaw is projected forward . the jaws are usually held tightly while swimming and function like a catapult when the animal wants to feed . its slender narrow teeth suggest it mainly feeds on soft body prey including shrimps , pelagic octopus , fish , and squid . it is also thought to feed on crabs . the posterior teeth are specialized for crushing .\nreproduction the goblin shark is thought to be ovoviviparous ; however , a pregnant female has never been captured . records have shown that mature females visit the east coast of honshu during the springtime , which could be related to reproduction patterns .\nparasites a 419 pound ( 190kg ) male collected off ulladulla , new south wales , australia was found to have four different species of tapeworms . these internal parasites were recovered from the spiral intestine . these included two new species : litobothrium amsichensis and marsupiobothrium gobelinus .\nmales to 3 . 2 m , females to 3 . 35 m tl .\non outer continental or insular shelves and slopes , from 100 to 700 m .\n* nobre , a . 1935 . fauna marinha de portugal . 1 . vertebrados ( mamiferos , reptis e peixes ) , porto . : ixxxiv + 1 - 21 ( mamiferos ) ; 1 - 5 ( reptis ) ; 1 - 574 ( peixes ) , 77 pl . , 64 phot .\nalbuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determina\u00e7\u00e3o . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 p . , 445 fig .\nbragan\u00e7a , c . 1904 . ichthyologia ii . esqualos obtidos nas costas de portugal durante as campanhas de 1896 - 1903 . results das investig . sci . feitas a bordo do yacht am\u00e9lia . lisboa , 107 p . , 2 pl .\ndu buit , m . h . ; gueguen , j . ; lamolet , j . ; quero , j . c . 1977 . observations sur les poissons rares en 1975 . annls biol . cons . perm . int . explor , mer , 32 , 1975 : 185 - 188 .\nfowler , h . w . 1941a . contributions to the biology of the philippine archipelago and adjacent regions . the fishes of the groups elasmobranchii , holocephali , isospondyli and ostariophysi obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1907 to 1910 , chiefly in the philippine islands and adjacent seas . bull u . s . natn . mus . , 100 ( 13 ) : 1 - 879 , fig . 1 - 30 .\ngarman , s . 1913 . the plagiostomia ( sharks , skates , and rays ) . mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 36 : xiii + 528 p . , 77 pl .\ngueguen , j . ; lamolet , j . ; quero , j . c . 1976 . observations sur les poissons rares en 1974 . annls . biol . cons . perm . int . explor . mer . , 31 , 1974 : 181 - 182 .\ngueguen , j . ; quero , j . c . 1974 . observations francaises sur les poissons rares en 1972 . annls biol . cons . perm . explor . mer . , 29 , 1972 : 182 - 183 .\nhelling , h . 1943 . novo catalogo dos peixes de portugal em colec\u00e7ao no museu de zoologia da universidade de coimbra . mems estud . mus . zool . univ . coimbra ( 1 ) 149 : 110 p .\nlozano y rey , l . 1928 . fauna ib\u00e9rica . pesces ( generalidades , cicl\u00f3stomos y elasmobranquios ) . mus . nac . ciencias nat . , madrid , 1 : 1 - 692 , 197 fig . , 20 pl .\nos\u00f3rio , b . 1909 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para o conhecimento da fauna bathypel\u00e1gica visinha das costas de portugal . mems mus . bocage , 1 : 35 p . , 3 pl .\nqu\u00e9ro , j . - c . 1970b . observations fran\u00e7aises sur les poissons rares en 1968 et 1969 . annls biol . cons . perm . int . explor . mer . , 26 , 1969 : 280 - 282 .\nqu\u00e9ro , j . - c . 1972 . capture de deux scapanorhynchus owstoni par des chalutiers de la rochelle . ann . soc . sc . nat . charente - maritime , 5 ( 4 ) : 168 - 170 , 1 fig .\nqu\u00e9ro , j . - c . ; verron , r . 1975 . sur quelques poissons rares observes au port de la rochelle en 1974 . ann . soc . sci nat . charente - maritime , 6 ( 3 ) : 177 - 190 , 6 fig .\nseabra , a . f . de . 1912 . catalogue syst\u00e9matique des vert\u00e9br\u00e9s du portugal . v . poissons . bull . soc . port . sci . nat . , 1911 [ 1912 ] , 5 ( 3 ) : 129 - 224 .\nfound on outer continental shelves and upper slopes , but rarely in shallow water close inshore ( ref . 247 , 43278 ) . jaws are highly specialized for rapid projection from the head to snap up small animals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on jacopever , pelagic octopus and crabs ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . probably slow - moving and neutrally buoyant ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized dried salted ( ref . 247 )\nwestern atlantic : guyana ( ref . 6871 ) , suriname ( ref . 13608 , 11228 ) and french guiana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , and south africa . western indian ocean : off south africa . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) ( ref . 43278 ) .\ncompagno , l . 1984 . fao species catalogue : vol . 4 sharks of the world . rome : united nations development programme , food and agriculture organization of the united states .\nflat , bladelike , elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft , flabby body , slender , very long cusped teeth in long , protrusible jaws , long caudal fin without a ventral lobe ( ref . 247 ) . pinkish - white with bluish fins , becoming brownish grey after death ( ref . 5578 , 11228 ) .\ndepth range based on 16 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 8 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 95 - 1300 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 402 - 7 . 270 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 25 . 373 - 32 . 574 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 483 - 34 . 926 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 893 - 5 . 185 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 586 - 2 . 271 silicate ( umol / l ) : 20 . 418 - 47 . 917 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 95 - 1300 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 4 . 402 - 7 . 270 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 25 . 373 - 32 . 574 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 483 - 34 . 926 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 893 - 5 . 185 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 586 - 2 . 271 silicate ( umol / l ) : 20 . 418 - 47 . 917 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome ."]}
{"id": 1143, "summary": [{"text": "bibasis vasutana , the green awlet , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in asia .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the butterfly was reassigned to genus burara by vane-wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is considered by them to be burara vasutana . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "bibasis vasutana", "paragraphs": ["bibasis vasutana ( moore , [ 1866 ] ) = ismene vasutana moore , [ 1866 ] = ismene vasutana rahita fruhstorfer , 1911 = burara burma evans , 1934 = burara vasutana = burara burma evans , 1934 = ismene rahita fruhstorfer , 1911 .\nbibasis vasutana , or the green awlet , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in asia . | insects & other creatures | pinterest | butterfly , moth and insects\n( in b . vasutana , the veins are not finely black . could be b . striata . futher investigation required )\nbibasis jaina velva ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 62 , f . 4\nbibasis kanara ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 15 ( text )\n[ thailand ] bibasis vasutana ; pinratana , 1985 : 15 , 116 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang mai / phetchaboon ) burara vasutana ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 724 , pl . 331 , fig . h8 , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang mai / phetchabun : nam nao ) burara vasutana ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 9\u2642 , 10\u2640 . ( chiang dao ) burara vasutana ; kimura et al . , 2011 : 22 , fig . \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( phetchabun : nam nao ) burara vasutana ; ek - amnuay , 2012 : 772 , pl . 355 , fig . h7 , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang mai / nam nao ) burara vasutana ; s . sophonviwatkul , c . sunthornwiphat & t . laola , 2015 - : butterflies of thailand , fig . \u2642 ( un ) . ( phisanulok / chaiyaphum ) [ laos ] burara vasutana ; masui & uehara , 1996 : 5 , pl . 2 , fig . 5 . ( phong sali ) burara vasutana ; osada , u\u00e9mura & uehara , 1999 ; 221 , pl . 130 , figs . \u2642 , \u2640 . ( phong saly ) burara vasutana ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 9\u2642 , 10\u2640 . ( laos ) burara vasutana ; nakamura & wakahara , 2012 ; 56 . [ vietnam ] bibasis vasutana ; devyatkin & monastyrskii , 1999 ; 154 . ( north : tam dao ; cuc phuong / central : vu quang ) bibasis vasutana ; ikeda et al . , 2001b : 58 , figs . 1 : 8\u2642 , 9\u2642 ( un ) , 5 : 3 ( \u2642genitalia ) . ( cuc phuong ) bibasis vasutana ; hao et al . , 2004 : 12 , 83 , figs . \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( cuc phuong ) burara vasutana ; miyazaki , saito & saito , 2007b ; 2 , fig . h - 2 , \u2642 , \u2640 . ( lam dong : dambri ; dai duc me ) burara vasutana ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 9\u2642 , 10\u2640 . ( north / central ) bibasis vasuana ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 70 . ( n / c )\nbibasis harisa consobrina ; [ bmp ] : 332 , pl . 52 , f . 4 - 6\nbibasis iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis iluska iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis sena senata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis arradi [ sic ? ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 13 ( text )\nismene vasutana rahita fruhstorfer , 1911 : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 25 : 62 . tl . assam . ( nhml ) burara vasutana burma evans , 1934 : entomologist 67 : 33 . tl . karen hills , burma . ( nhml ) bibasis unipuncta lee , 1962 : acta ent . sinica 11 : 141 , 146 , pl . 3 , fig . 23\u2642 , 26\u2642 ( un ) . tl . yunnan .\nbibasis ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis sena uniformis ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , ty\u00f4 to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 35 ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 52 , f . 9\nbibasis uniformis elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 305 , pl . 27 , f . 95 ; tl : java\nbibasis tuckeri elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 293 , pl . 20 ; tl : tavoy , s . burma\non : ismene vasutana moore , [ 1866 ] od : proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 . tl : darjeeling . ( nhml ) distribution : nepal , sikkim , assam , myanmar , thailand , laos , vietnam , china .\nbibasis owstoni eliot , 1980 ; malayan nat . j . 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 150 , f . 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , fraser ' s hill\nvasutana ; \u2642 , type ( red ) , h2392 , darjiling . ( nhml . examined . ) rahita ; \u2642 , type ( red ) , h2393 , khasia hills , assam . ( nhml . examined . ) burma ; \u2642 , type ( red ) , h2394 , karens , burma . 4 . 26 . ( nhml . examined . )\nathyma nefte + cupha erymanthis + + rohana sp . + + + cethosia cyane + cethosia biblis + + cirrochroa tyche + vagrans egista + + hestinalis nama + symbrethia lilaea + + + symbrethia hypselis + juniona almana + + juniona atlites + + hypolimnias bolina + + cyrestis thyodamas + + + cyrestis cocles + + + cyrestis themire + + + chersonesia risa + + vindula erota + + + neptis clinia + + + polyura athamas + + + charaxes bernardus + + cynitia lepidea + tanaecia julii + riodinidae zemeros flegyas + + abisara echerius + lycaenidae curetis sp . + + jamides celeno + + + heliophorus delacouri + + megisba malaya + udara cf . dilecta + + acytolepis puspa + + + tongeia potanini + catochrysops strabo + ionolyce helicon + + + anthene emolus + + + prosotas dubiosa + + + prosotas nora + + + hypolycaena amasa + + yasoda tripunctata + hesperidae bibasis vasutana + abraximorpha davidii + + tagiades sp . + odontoptilum angulata + + arnetta atkinsoni + + + pelopidas conjuncta + polytremis lubricans + astictopterus jama + + ancistroides nigrita + koruthaialos sindu + potanthus sp . + + parnara sp . + +\nbibasis sena ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 65 , f . 3 , 3a ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 21a - b ; [ bir ] , 469 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 17 ; [ mrs ] , 693 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nismene swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ( preocc . ismene savigny , 1816 ) ; ts : ismene oedipodea swainson\nismene gomata moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 ; tl : darjeeling\nburara gomata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\ngomata radiosa ( pl\u00f6tz , 1885 ) ( ismene ) ; berl . ent . z . 29 ( 2 ) : 232 ; tl : celebes\nburara gomata radiosa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nismene gomata vajra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : java\nismene mahintha moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 575 , pl . 67 , f . 4 ; tl : burma\nismene nestor zonaras fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 63 ; tl : wetter i .\nhasora nestor ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 14 , pl . 6 , f . 17a - b\nceylon , india - assam , burma , s . vietnam , malaya , philippines . see [ maps ]\ngoniloba sena moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 778 ; tl : bengal\n1019x734 ( ~ 77kb ) underside thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , the krating rivulet valley among the tropical forest above the waterfalls . 6th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nsri lanka , s . india - burma , thailand , laos , hainan , andamans\nsikkim - burma , thailand , laos , haina , andamans , s . yunnan . see [ maps ]\nismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 62 ; tl : assam\nburara amara ; huang & xue , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 57 : 145 ( name )\nismene aphrodite fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 141 ; tl : celebes\nburara aphrodite ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburma , thailand , laos , vietnam , malay peninsula , singapore , borneo , sumatra , java , palawan , mindanao . see [ maps ]\nismene etelka hewitson , 1867 ; ill . exot . butts [ 5 ] ( ismene i - ii ) : [ 88 ] , pl . [ 44 ] ; tl : sarawak\nismene harisa moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 ; tl : bengal\nismene harisa asambha fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : n . vietnam , chieem - hoa\nismene harisa distanti evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 319 ; tl : singapore\nismene imperialis pl\u00f6tz , 1886 ; stettin ent . ztg 47 ( 1 - 3 ) : 115 ; tl : celebes\nburara imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis veteratrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nw . ghats , mussoorie - sikkim , assam , burma , n . thailand , vietnam . see [ maps ]\nismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : assam\nismene velva evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 318 , no . i . 2 . 9\nismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 60 ; tl : siam , hinlap\nismene jaina formosana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : formosa\nchaba , assam , burma , indo - china , malay peninsula , sumatra , java , borneo , palawan , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]\nismene oedipodea swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ; tl : java\nburara oedipodea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nlarva on hiptage benghalensis [ mrs ] , combretum , hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene excellens hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 39 ; tl : celebes\nburara oedipodea excellens ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene oedipodea [ ? ] athena fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : thailand\nburara phul ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene septentrionis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 525 , pl . 73 , f . 3 ; tl : china\nsri lanka , n . india , malay peninsula , java , borneo , palawan , mindanao , sulawesi , banggai , sula . see [ maps ]\nburara tuckeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nlarva on hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nunipuncta lee , 1962 ; acta ent . sin . 11 ( 2 ) : 141 , 146\nnepal , sikkim , assam , burma , thailand , laos . see [ maps ]\nismene [ ? ] kanara evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 1 ) : 63\nismene fergusonii de nic\u00e9ville , [ 1893 ] ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 7 ( 3 ) : 345 , pl . j , f . 6 ; tl : s . india\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\nneue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa ' s aus der collection des herrn h . ribbe in blasewitz - dresden , gesammelt von den herren : c . ribbe auf celebes , java un den aru - inseln , k\u00fcnstler auf malacca ( perak ) ; k\u00fchn auf west - guinea ( jekar ) ; menger auf ceylon\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more\nthe tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design , images , and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project . all rights reserved . image of rose \u00a9 1999 nick kurzenko . image of annelid worm \u00a9 2001 greg w . rouse .\nmoore , 1865 \u2013 green awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmoore , f . , [ 1866 ] : on the lepidopterous insects of bengal .\nfruhstorfer , h . , 1911 : neue hesperiden des indo - malayischen faunengebietes und besprechung verwandter formen .\nevans , w . h . , 1934 : indo - australian hesperiidae : description of new genera , species and subspecies .\nlee , c . l . , 1962 : some new species of rhopalocera in china , ii .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nflatid planthopper nymphs ( phromnia sp . , flatidae ) | butterflies & moths | pinterest | nymphs and moth\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nankita gupta , p . v . churi , a . sengupta & s . mhatre 2014 . lycaenidae parasitoids from peninsular india with description of four new species of microgastrine wasps ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) along with new insights on host relationships . zootaxa 3827 ( 4 ) : 439\u2013470 .\nfreyer , 1844 \u2013 little tiger pierrot . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\n( noun ) : either of the anterior pair of wings on an insect that has 4 wings .\nhasora anura - description . . . forewing with a minute subapical transparent shining yellow dot . . . forewing with the inner margin broadly pale , a broad discal dark band free from purple gloss . . . forewing with a quadrate spot at the end of the cell , an elongate one below across the first median interspace , its inner edge straight , its outer . . .\naeromachus jhora - description . . . forewing with a discal curved series of about six pale dots . . . underside dark brown , the costa and the apex of the forewing and the entire hindwing greenish - ochreous , forewing with the discal series of spots as above , and an indistinct marginal . . .\neupanacra mydon . . . the wing margins are somewhat scalloped and the forewing is slightly excavate below the apex . . . the forewing upperside shaded with brown in both sexes , the male is not much paler than the female . . . the forewing underside has a submarginal line which runs parallel to the distal margin . . .\nlamasina - description . . . in some , the males have blue forewing undersides also . . . lamasina has a fairly short forewing cell , measuring less than one - half of the costal length and in males only about one - third . . . androconia (\nperfume\nscales ) form a characteristic orange or darkened patch on the dorsal forewing . . .\nmorpho richardus - description . . . forewing with 3 rows of submarginal yellow dots . . . discal area of the forewing yellowish . . . under surface forewing with four small , elongate ocelli of about uniform size , with narrow black irides . . .\nno subspecies are listed under this species . it has sometimes been treated as a subspecies of\nmoore , 1875 \u2013 slate awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nthe awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crespuscular habits of this species .\nthis list forms part of the full list of butterflies of india ( hesperiidae ) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of india .\nthe common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .\nthe species is considered to be furcata by [ lepindex ] , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .\nhasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide lepindex\nevans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 9 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .\nevans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 10 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .\ngay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) .\n. nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press .\nwatson , e . y . ( 1891 ) hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .\nbeccaloni , george ; scoble , malcolm ; kitching , ian ; simonsen , thomas ; robinson , gaden ; pitkin , brian ; hine , adrian ; lyal , chris .\nbrower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 19 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ncheck out this home i found on urltoken . follow urltoken on pinterest : urltoken | awlet | pinterest\nin 1963 , at the height of the war , president ho chi minh inaugurated what is now the national park , with the words : \u201cforest is gold . we must conserve it well . destruction of the forest will lead to serious effects on both life and productivity . \u201d so cuc phuong national park is now the star of conservation in vietnam . just 130km from hanoi , with daily scheduled buses , accommodation at the edge of the park as well as in the centre ranges from the modestly luxurious to basic \u2013 catering for any budget . good restaurants are available . very few similar forests allow such comforts .\nthe cuc phuong butterfly fauna is one of the best studied in vietnam . the present list of verified species has passed 400 thanks to the research by ikeda et al . ( 1998 - 2002 ) , hill & monastyrskii ( 1999 ) , and hao et al . ( 2005 ) . but it ' s likely that dozen of species remain to be discovered . a total of 450 species is a safe estimate . this is 40 % of the known butterfly fauna of vietnam . so the number of species of butterflies in this not very large forest ( 220 square km ) is the equivalent ot the entire butterfly fauna of europe . this is biodiversity writ large !\nthree weeks ago i was back to cuc phuong , a place i have visited many times for birds , but only a few times for butterflies - yes , butterflying and birding are very hard to practice at the same time , and even more so if you are photographer ( you will have to change lens all the time ! ) . i stayed there 1 , 5 day . by the end of the first day i saw around 80 species , and i added 25 more species the following morning . but it ' s possible to spot more than 100 species in the park on a single , good day - but you will have to let your camera in the bag and use more the net !\n( abundance : + 1 - 2 specimens , + + 3 - 5 spec . , + + + more than 5 spec . )\nagain this species eluded me - couldn ' t get a close - up shot arghh . . . !\nstichophtalma fruhstorferi note on unh the small streak ( red arrow ) inside the discal cell . in vietnam , only s . fruhstorferi and s . uemurai show this feature\nsome butterflies have slightly less salubrious habits than we like to think . . .\ni thought it was a new species for my personal list but i couldn ' t find anything in the vietnam ' s polyommatinae list that matched up . a . monastyrskii solve the mystery : it ' s ' just ' an aberrant female specimen of ( very likely ) pseudozizeeria maha !\ntwo species of tongeia are known from vietnam ( monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2016 ) : t . potanini ( subsp . potanini in the north , subsp . umbriel in central vn ) and t . ion ( north only )\ncomprises of 4 species , all of which being limited to the oriental region . in vietnam 3 are recorded -\nkeen birdwatcher with a love of the natural world , all that is beautiful and ugly and everything in between . my peace comes from being outdoors in amongst nature .\n, i am always actively aware of butterflies , and tried to photograph ( and sometimes collect ) specimens as much as possible .\ni hope that the more people who see the beauty of these fascinating creatures , the more it will lead to an appreciation that we need to be more pro - active in protecting them against the actions of humans that seem to only be concerned with\ndevelopment\nand monetary profit .\ns mostly around hanoi ( ba vi , tam dao and cuc phuong national parks ) .\nbeautiful and graceful , varied and enchanting , small but approachable , butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life .\nnumber : 146 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio memnon agenor linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : th . . .\nnumber : 124 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : parnara cf . ganga ( evans , 1937 ) common name ( s ) : the continental . . .\nwell , another trip to cuc phuong has yielded yet another species for my personal records . it had been raining all week and i was desperate . . .\nestablished in 1986 for the purpose of conserving limestone forests and musk deer , moschus berezovskii , the huu lien nature reserve is ju . . .\nlast year , i conduct regular surveys at ba vi national park ( located 70 km west of hanoi ) . regular sampling was carried out from march to . . .\nfamily : saturniidae sub - family : saturniinae species : attacus atlas linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : the atlas moth photography locat . . .\nnumber : 82 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : satyriinae species : penthema lisarda michallati ( janet , 1894 ) common name ( s ) : the ye . . .\nnumber : 252 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : danaiinae species : euploea mulciber mulciber ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) common name ( s ) : the s . . .\nnumber : 148 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio polytes polytes linnaeus 1758 common name ( s ) : the . . .\nnumber : 109 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : potanthus sp . common name ( s ) : dart sp . photography location : ta . . ."]}
{"id": 1161, "summary": [{"text": "scopula variabilis is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in angola , cameroon , the democratic republic of congo , kenya and uganda . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scopula variabilis", "paragraphs": ["entom . streaked wave [ scopula virgulata , syn . : acidalia strigaria , a . virgata , a . virgularia , a . virgulata , scopula strigaria ] [ moth ]\nzool . striped snail [ cernuella virgata , syn . : c . variabilis , helicella virgata , helix variabilis , h . virgata , theba virgata , trochus virgatus ]\nzool . vineyard snail [ cernuella virgata , syn . : c . variabilis , helicella virgata , helix variabilis , h . virgata , theba virgata , trochus virgatus ]\nzool . maritime gardensnail / garden snail [ cernuella virgata , syn . : c . variabilis , helicella virgata , helix variabilis , h . virgata , theba virgata , trochus virgatus ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrothschild w . & jordan k . 1903 . a revision of the lepidopterous family sphingidae . - novitates zoologicae 9 ( supplement ) : i\u2013cxxxv , 1\u2013972 , pls . 1\u201367 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nentom . striped mealybug [ ferrisia virgata , syn . : ferrisiana virgata , pseudococcus virgatus ]\norn . striped laughingthrush / laughing - thrush [ garrulax virgatus , syn . : strophocincla virgata , trochalopteron virgatum ]\nentom . gray mealybug [ am . ] [ ferrisia virgata , syn . : ferrisiana virgata , pseudococcus virgatus ]\nentom . grey mealybug [ br . ] [ ferrisia virgata , syn . : ferrisiana virgata , pseudococcus virgatus ]\nentom . spotted mealybug [ ferrisia virgata , syn . : ferrisiana virgata , pseudococcus virgatus ]\nentom . tailed coffee mealybug [ ferrisia virgata , syn . : ferrisiana virgata , pseudococcus virgatus ]\nentom . white - tailed mealybug [ ferrisia virgata , syn . : ferrisiana virgata , pseudococcus virgatus ]\nentom . marsh oblique - barred [ hypenodes humidalis , also h . turfosalis ] [ moth ]\nentom . oblique carpet [ orthonama vittata , syn . : orthonama lignata ] [ moth ]\nbot . delicate stonewort [ chara virgata , syn . : c . delicatula , c . fragilis delicatula , c . fragilis var . virgata , c . pilifera , c . trichodes ]\nentom . striped lychnis [ shargacucullia lychnitis , syn . : cucullia lychnitis ] [ moth ]\nbot . leafy spurge [ euphorbia virgata , syn . : e . waldsteinii ]\nunter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese \u00fcbersetzung verlinken : urltoken tipps : doppelklick neben begriff = r\u00fcck - \u00fcbersetzung \u2014 neue w\u00f6rterbuch - abfrage : einfach jetzt tippen ! suchzeit : 0 . 054 sek .\n) , m\u00f6glichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld . wichtig : bitte hilf auch bei der\nlimited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungepr\u00fcfte \u00fcbersetzungen ! du kannst trotzdem eine neue \u00fcbersetzung vorschlagen , wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschl\u00e4ge im contribute - bereich \u00fcberpr\u00fcfst . pro review kannst du dort einen neuen w\u00f6rterbuch - eintrag eingeben ( bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten eintr\u00e4gen pro benutzer ) .\ndieses deutsch - englisch - w\u00f6rterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enth\u00e4lt \u00fcbersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank daf\u00fcr ! links auf dieses w\u00f6rterbuch oder einzelne \u00fcbersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten\npowered by naturemapr | canberra nature map operates under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia | privacy"]}
{"id": 1164, "summary": [{"text": "the gansu mole ( scapanulus oweni ) is a species of mammal in the family talpidae endemic to china .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus scapanulus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the mole is the only member of a tribe of genera commonly known as \" new world moles \" , the scalopini , not to live in north america . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "gansu mole", "paragraphs": ["description of the mitogenome of gansu mole ( scapanulus oweni ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nphylogenetic position of the gansu mole scapanulus oweni thomas , 1912 and the relationships between strictly fossorial tribes of the family talpidae .\nphylogenetic position of the gansu mole scapanulus oweni thomas , 1912 and the relationships between strictly fossorial tribes of the family talpidae . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe results of the first molecular study focused on the phylogenetic position of the gansu mole , scapanulus oweni are presented . the analysis based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytb gene and five nuclear genes supports the monophyly of the scalopini tribe including s . oweni and shows that two highly fossorial talpid tribes , talpini and scalopini , are not immediate sister taxa . these results highlight the role of morphological parallelism as a potential source of conflict between molecular and morphology - based phylogenies in talpidae .\nthis species is endemic to china , occurring in the provinces of shaanxi , gansu , sichuan , qinghai ( smith and xie 2008 ) , and hubei . it occurs at elevations ranging from 2 , 700 - 3 , 000 m asl ( stone 1995 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , its occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occupies the mossy undergrowth of montane fir forest ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nthis species occurs in xinglongshan , shennongjia , houhe , taibaishan , and wanglang nature reserves ( csis 2008 ) and may be present in other protected areas . further studies are needed into the abundance , natural history and threats to this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed as vulnerable a1bc ( wang and xie 2004 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41472a115188420 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal . 2016 may ; 27 ( 3 ) : 2083 - 4 . doi : 10 . 3109 / 19401736 . 2014 . 982567 . epub 2014 nov 12 .\nxu y 1 , huang x 2 , hu y 3 , tu f 2 .\na school of resources and environmental sciences , pingdingshan university , pingdingshan , henan , china .\nb institute of wildlife conservation , jiangxi academy of forestry , nanchang , china , and .\nbannikova aa 1 , zemlemerova ed 2 , lebedev vs 1 , aleksandrov dy 3 , fang y 4 , sheftel bi 3 .\nmoscow state university , moscow , 119992 , russia . zemlemerovalena @ ya . ru .\nsevertsov institute of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , moscow , 117071 , russia .\ninstitute of zoology , chinese ' s academy of science , beijing , people ' s republic of china .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1168, "summary": [{"text": "the titan triggerfish , giant triggerfish or moustache triggerfish ( balistoides viridescens ) is a large species of triggerfish found in lagoons and at reefs to depths of 50 m ( 160 ft ) in most of the indo-pacific , though it is absent from hawaii .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "with a length of up to 75 centimetres ( 30 in ) , it is the largest species of triggerfish in its range ( the stone triggerfish , pseudobalistes naufragium , from the east pacific is larger ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "titan triggerfish", "paragraphs": ["territorial females such as this titan triggerfish may guard their egg nests aggressively against all comers .\nothers , such as titan triggerfish , don\u2019t seem treacherous until they\u2019re pummeling your face with their teeth .\ntitan triggerfish are often solitary , and diurnal , meaning they are day - time fish , sleeping at night .\nmr . reeftraveler was bitten by an aggressive titan triggerfish several years ago . here is his account of the story .\nbehaviour : titan triggerfish are often solitary , and diurnal , meaning they are day - time fish , sleeping at night .\na titan triggerfish feeds on something crunchy and delicious ( an echinoderm , crustracean or mollusk ) . image courtesy of flickriver . com .\nthe beautiful , robust and perhaps misunderstood titan triggerfish is often found in lagoons , outer reefs and nibbling at the ends of your fins ( especially if they are yellow ) . with a daring attitude unrivalled by any other , the titan triggerfish is our wildlife of the week :\nmost underwater photographers who have spent any time in the indo pacific have come across the very photogenic titan triggerfish . most of us have heard the stories of titan triggerfish attacking divers , ramming and biting , and sometimes requiring medical attention . there is some irony in the fact that most non - divers ' ( and unfortunately many divers as well ) have unwarranted fears about sharks or barracudas , but would more than likely approach a titan triggerfish without a second thought .\nouch ! that sounds painful . i recall seeing many titan triggers in the maldives ( south ari atoll ) . and like you said , it wasn\u2019t the sharks that i was weary of , it was the titan triggerfish . those googly eyes strike fear in me !\ndue to this intrusive style of feeding , titan triggerfish often have smaller fish groupies hanging about picking off left overs from successful kills and other scraps dislodged by their thrashing about .\ntitan triggerfish ( balistoides viridescens ) attack . tulamben , bali , indonesia . nov / 2012 . shot with a samsung galaxy compact camera in custom underwater housing . blog post : urltoken\njohn , i can\u2019t help but laugh at your story ! thanks for sharing . like you , i would much rather encounter a large shark than a ticked - off titan triggerfish .\n* all species of triggerfish build nests , and most have cone - shaped territories ; but only two species - the titan and picasso triggerfish \u2013 defend their turf violently . not coincidentally , these are also the two species big enough to inflict actual damage .\nbeing an oddly - shaped swimmer probably got this titan triggerfish made fun of on the playground . ( can ' t believe i just resisted a\nschool\npun . ) titan triggers are found throughout indo - pacific waters ; we saw them frequently in thailand and malaysia . image courtesy of aquaviews . com .\ntitan triggerfish is a large species of triggerfish with size up to 75cm . they are quite common in many indo - pacific areas and can live in depths as much as 50m . this fish is very territorial and especially during the reproduction season will protect its nest fiercely . you can tell you are risking an attack when the fish faces you with its dorsal spine erect . the bite of a titan triggerfish is not venomous , however its teeth are strong enough to send you for a stitch or two .\nwe are considering going to the maldives in february . i have heard that titan triggerfish can be very aggresive and can cause injuries to snorkellers when the fish are guarding their nests . are the fish easy to spot so you can avoid them or is it a case that they see you before you see them ? any tips on how to avoid injury from them ? are the titan triggerfish any worse at vilamendhoo compared to the other islands ?\ntitan triggerfish enjoy a wide distribution . inhabiting the coral reefs found in indo - pacific region comprising malaysia , thailand , indonesia , philippines , fiji and australia , as well as further afield in the maldives and the red sea .\nwow , what a story ! there isn\u2019t much that i fear underwater , but the titan trigger is one fish that makes me very cautious .\nchakradar , i have seen the titan trigger fish in very shallow water also . this fish has a really cool appearance with its big eyes .\nthe threat posture includes the triggerfish facing the intruder while holding its first dorsal spine erect . it may also roll onto its side , allowing it a better look at the intruder it perceives as threatening its nest . the titan triggerfish will not always bite , but can swim at snorkellers and divers escorting them out of their territory .\nouch , fay ! what an experience . i would guess that a titan triggerfish was the culprit . i saw many of them in the maldives , but they didn\u2019t bother me . i think it was not mating season at the time ?\nsexually distinctive , the titan triggerfish will lay eggs that are fertilised externally . eggs are laid after some preparation of the nest . they create a depression in the sand of the chosen nesting area by fanning it with their caudal and dorsal fins .\ntitan triggerfish won ' t always resort to violence though , on occasion just swimming at the intruder , usually a diver or snorkeller , to provide them with an escort out of the nesting territory . however , should a colourful male titan happen to charge in your direction , it ' s best to do away with bravado and retreat , using your fins as a barrier between you and the fish .\ntitan triggerfish looking for food , picked up a large bit of corral . it was keeping an eye on me as i drifted closer , not sure if it was going to attack me or swim away . . . . ! interaction with humans the titan triggerfish is usually wary of divers and snorkelers , but during the reproduction season the female guards its nest , which is placed in a flat sandy area , vigorously against any intruders . although bites are not venomous , the strong teeth can inflict serious injury that may require medical attention\nthe titan triggerfish is well known to those who dive and snorkel the tropical waters of the pacific and indian oceans . it\u2019s dramatic coloring , relatively large size ( 30 inches / 75 cm ) and cartoon - like eyes render it a very attractive subject for underwater photographers .\na titan triggerfish may well be able to defend its egg nest against a diver who inadvertently crosses into its protective zone . the diver is perceived as a large predator by the triggerfish , which is fearless and unrelenting in defense of its territory against the hapless diver . the triggerfish will swim to confront the diver at frenetic speed and perhaps bite a chunk out of him with its formidable teeth and strong jaws . however , while the triggerfish is on the offensive , opportunist egg - eaters such as wrasses , surgeonfish and butterflyfish will take advantage of the opening in defenses . they dart in to gorge upon the momentarily unprotected eggs in an unabashed frenzy , while the triggerfish deals with the intruding diver .\ntitan triggerfish spawn for about 4 days a month . the male will guard the nest and blow water over the eggs , ensuring a good supply of fresh water and oxygen . once the larvae hatch they will swim away , presumably into the protection afforded by the coral reef .\ntitan triggers are capable of delivering a nasty bite . the internet disagrees about whether the bite of the triggerfish is toxic . eating triggerfish flesh , like the flesh of many reef fish , sometimes causes ciguatera in humans , an illness produced by dinoflagellates in the fish ' s diets . whether the bite is ciguatoxic , however , is up for dispute . image courtesy of patmillerphoto . com .\nits snout comprises about a third of its total length and its mouth is small with chisel - like teeth . titan triggerfish can accelerate for short distances at a fairly surprising speeds . they can generally be found in the indian ocean and central pacific at depths of around 10 to 30 metres .\nthe titan triggerfish is usually wary of divers and snorkelers , but during the reproduction season the female guards its nest , which is placed in a flat sandy area , vigorously against any intruders . although bites are not venomous , the strong teeth can inflict serious injury that may require medical attention .\nnot all titans will attack to protect their territory . often you will just be charged at aggressively and subsequently escorted out of the nesting zone by an agitated pit - bull with scales . and remember - you are not really being\nattacked\n, the titan is defending its territory , which you ( unknowingly ) invaded . don ' t blame the titan .\nsometimes the fish will simply make a quick charge at the diver or snorkeler to \u201cevict\u201d them from the nesting territory . in other instances the fish may bite the diver or snorkeler as they are trying to flee . but most of the time , a titan triggerfish will ignore a diver or snorkeler .\nthe 40 species of triggerfish are scattered throughout the world\u2019s seas and are familiar to divers and aquarium aficionados . largest of all is the stone triggerfish , which reaches up to 3 . 3 feet long , found in the eastern pacific from mexico to chile .\nthis entry was posted in uncategorized and tagged dangerous marine life , diving , self - defense , triggerfish . bookmark the permalink .\ndespite triggerfish\u2019s benign appearance , our certifying instructor , a normally insouciant dutchman named jesse , warned us about them vehemently before we got in the water . \u201cya , ya , they are dangerous , \u201d jesse told us with uncharacteristic gravity , stabbing at the fish id book with an index finger . he was pointing at one species of triggerfish in particular : the titan trigger ( balistoides viridescens if you speak latin ) , one of the largest types in the world .\nfor reasons that are not totally understood , titan triggerfish defend a funnel - shaped territory that widens as it rises * . this means that a diver\u2019s natural reaction to danger \u2013 ascension \u2013 actually keeps them squarely in the trigger\u2019s defense zone . an aggrieved triggerfish will keep chasing a frantically rising diver right to the surface , and presumably onto the boat if it could . the proper response to a triggerfish attack , then , is to swim horizontally and toward the bottom , with fins splayed out to ward the fish off . good luck remembering the proper response when you\u2019re being targeted by an enraged yellow missile .\nregularly spotted at the phuket islands such as racha yai and certainly one of the more antagonistic species of fish found in thai waters , titan triggerfish are not known as a diver ' s best friend . however , despite looking quite mean with their beady , swivelling eyes , they ' re quite easy to deal with , with the right approach .\nthe triggerfish search for mating partners and are known to do mating dances with the chosen one . both will vigorously protect the nesting area .\ntitan triggerfish , he explained , respond more aggressively to potential predators during mating season : which , being april at the time , it was . a nasty bite on the arm , a chomp on the rubber fin , and a couple of angry charges had sent several trespassing divers packing in recent days . ( in the future , i was to hear even more tales of triggerfish assaults , including a shattered mask and a cut on the forehead requiring three stitches . ) titan triggers are not small fish \u2013 some are nearly a meter long \u2013 and despite being oddly - shaped swimmers they can build up some pretty serious momentum . not only are they powerful , they\u2019re highly intelligent , and capable of learning from previous experience \u2013 if a triggerfish discovers that it can ward off divers by sinking its teeth into arm - flesh , it\u2019s liable to try that tactic again .\nmove away trying to escape is the most logical solution . triggerfish is mostly aggressive during breeding season ( april to may ) , but they are known to attack divers basically at any time of the year . similar to other animals , they attack when their territory is invaded by intruders including other unfriendly fish and divers . if you unintentionally come too close to their nest , triggerfish will repeatedly chase you to send you away . an important thing to know is that triggerfish makes its territory in cone - shaped area with the tip of the cone at the bottom . if you bump into a titan triggerfish , swim away in horizontal direction and toward the bottom . many divers try to escape by ascending . that is a mistake and the fish will most probably keep on chasing them . ignore them\nthe nest of the titan triggerfish is usually in a flat sandy area amongst the corals , an area that it will defend with a passion . mating season is a particularly aggressive time during which the trigger fish becomes even more territorial than usual . the teeth , designed for crunching through hard shells and coral , can inflict serious wounds on any would - be intruders .\nthe titan triggerfish ( scientific name - balistoides viridescens ) is the largest of the triggerfish family , ranging from approximately 15 - 30 inches . their bodies have patterns of green , yellow , purple and gray , with black fin tips . they are indeed very photogenic . titans feed on hard coral , crustaceans and invertebrates , using a set of specialized teeth that are clearly designed for these food sources . the titans have independently rotating eye sockets , but apparently have poor vision , possibly adding to their territorial nature .\nvery interesting , and well written . cool illustration of the diver\u2019s reaction after realizing that he had disturbed the nest of the triggerfish ! ! !\nwhile not always aggressive and on the attack , these highly territorial fish are no joke and are to be taken seriously . so when we received an email from underwater photographer david henshaw with images from a recent trigger attack in dumaguette , philippines , we decided that it was important to make sure that all of our readers understood more about the titan triggerfish , and their behavior .\nwhy the aggressive behaviour , one might wonder ? hard to say . while some triggerfish are merely reacting to what they perceive as threats to their nesting grounds - definitely a lesson for divers to respect the habitat of these fish - others seem to do so for the fun of it . this much is clear - titan triggerfish are extremely territorial by nature . the male stands guard over its nest and will charge at any divers or fish that cross into its territory ( the zone in a full circle directly above its nest .\ntriggerfish are attractive animals and some species have become too popular for their own good . they are sought for the aquarium trade , which has prompted fishermen to gather even threatened species from the wild . researchers are working to raise triggerfish in captivity so that wild populations might more likely be left alone .\ntitan triggerfish feed on shellfish , urchins , crustaceans and coral . they are the workers of the reef , often being busy turning over rocks , stirring up the sand and biting off pieces of branching coral . this is why one often sees other smaller fish species around it who feed from the left overs . they have also been observed being agressive to other fish who enter their territory .\ntitan trigger and green moray eel 5 / 10 / 18 hi all great site . very informative < hi george > i just built a 450 gallon acrylic tank in my basement a month ago . my basement entrance has always kept me from anything larger then a 180 gallon but building it myself has fixed this issue . < great > current occupants are a green moray eel and a titan trigger . < one of the most aggressive trigger species and it gets too large ! > all the filter media sand and live rock was transferred from my 180 gallon into this new aquarium , the eel is new but the titan has been with me for about a year in the 180 i < caps > know the tank is to small for them once they get bigger , i am beginning the plans for a approximately 1000 gallon soon . the titan is about 9 inches and the green moray is 3 feet long . < keep an eye on the trigger as it is very mean with most tankmates > i believe i have a year or so before the 1000 is necessary . contemplating whether to go acrylic or plywood this time . my question is will the titan trigger get it\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s adult coloration in a home aquarium ? < it will if good nutritional and environmental conditions are provided > thanks george < your welcome wilberth gamboa > re : titan trigger and green moray eel 5 / 10 / 18 thank you very much < welcome . wilberth gamboa >\nan orange - lined triggerfish - a common sighting at mabul and sipadan islands - with dorsal trigger fully engaged . courtesy of animal - world . com .\nwhile they may enjoy taking a nibble out of divers , titan triggerfish tend to feed on hard corals , hard bodied benthic invertebrates ( shellfish , crustaceans and urchins ) and algae . they have distinctly disruptive feeding habits , darting about the coral - scape turning over rocks , biting off pieces of branching coral and stirring up sand by fanning its fins or squirting water through its mouth in search of food .\nthe larger , hardier angel species do well with triggerfish , as do many wrasse , surgeonfish , and damselfish species , as well as various moray eel species .\n\u201cyou go into her territory\u2026\u201d he shook his head , and pounded a fist \u2013 presumably the female triggerfish \u2013 into his open palm \u2013 presumably a diver\u2019s face .\na world - renowned reef fishes authority examines a variety of triggerfish that are suitable additions to a reef aquarium and the dangers they might pose to invertebrates and corals .\nyou have probably seen them before and not doubt been warned of the dangers they pose when protecting their young but how much do you know about trigger fish ? find out more about this common reef inhabitant and understand why it has torn off a few ears over the years and caused so many bruises - is it just misunderstood ? the titan triggerfish is a beautiful and robust reef creature just waiting to be discovered . . .\ntriggerfish are highly resilient animals , and for the most part they ship well and feed from the time they are collected to the time they make it into your home aquarium .\none of the most important criteria for keeping healthy triggerfish is to feed them often\u2013at least three and preferably five small meals a day . in order to maintain their color and health , they should be fed a varied diet , complete with fresh or frozen clams , urchins , freeze - dried seaweed sheets , frozen or steamed spinach leaf , and freeze - dried krill soaked in selcon , or a comparable amino - acid . it is important to feed triggerfish several times a day , as they will rapidly lose weight if fed sparingly . although many aquarists like to hand - feed their triggerfish , you should be aware that triggerfish , especially larger specimens , can inflict painful injuries with their strong jaws and teeth . when first introduced to the aquarium some triggerfish species can be quite shy and may hide whenever you approach their tank . but it will not take long before they become bold aquarium inhabitants .\ntriggerfish are infamous for their nasty attitude and this behavior is especially evident around nests , where intruders , from other fish to human divers , are likely to be charged or bitten .\nbut when the trigger appeared i obeyed jesse and ducked . the triggerfish fluttered awkwardly in a vertical position , facing downward , pecking at the sand even as its body tugged surface - ward like a helium balloon . was it arranging its legendary nest ? hunting for crustaceans and echinoderms , its preferred food ? we were triggerfish neophytes , and there was no telling .\nmost of the time , the fish will ignore you . watch the fish from a distance for a minute or two and look for signs of agitation ( including an erect dorsal fin or charging or darting ) . if the fish seems ambivalent about your presence , go ahead and take photos . it\u2019s best to stay at the same depth as the fish and as far away as possible ( while still close enough to get a good shot ) . the maldivian titan triggerfish shots that i took above were from a distance of about 4 feet . if you find yourself face to face with an aggressive titan triggerfish , remember to swim away horizontally at the same depth . this is the quickest way to exit its territory . and while swimming away , swim backwards while keeping your eyes on the fish and point your fins toward the fish . if it decides to bite , let it take a chunk from your fin instead of your leg .\nthe triggerfish belong to the family balistidae , which comprises 11 genera and approximately 40 species . the common name for the family is derived from the second dorsal , or \u201ctrigger , \u201d spine . when a triggerfish is threatened or resting , it will wedge itself into a hole and erect the first dorsal spine , which is then locked into place by the second dorsal spine . the only way to remove the fish when it is thus secured is by depressing the \u201ctrigger\u201d spine , which causes the first dorsal to \u201cunlock . \u201d however , this is often a difficult task , and attempting to do so may inadvertently injure a triggerfish . therefore the best way to transfer a triggerfish hiding in aquarium decor is to move the piece of rock or coral along with the fish .\nit\u2019s not a myth . however , that shouldn\u2019t stop you from enjoying the water . the truth is that some male titan triggerfish in certain regions , and during certain seasons , have a tendency to charge at and / or bite divers and snorkelers who unknowingly enter their \u201cterritory\u201d . the \u201cterritory\u201d is generally a cone shaped area directly above their nest ( which is usually found in the sand close to and around coral ) . the widest part of the cone shaped area / territory is at the surface .\naside from their unique morphology , the next thing that will grab your attention about a triggerfish is the color . a few species are like living , breathing modern art paintings , and the picasso triggerfish in particular looks like something out of a children\u2019s story , almost too fanciful to be real\u2026but there it is ! a few species are just out and out garish , while some have a more subtle beauty .\nthat is how people often respond to the suggestion of adding one of those fish to their prized reef aquarium . while the majority of triggerfish are not suitable for most reefs , there is a small group of triggers that are exceptions to the normally held rule . in this article we will examine those triggerfish and look at the calculated risk of keeping some of the less suitable species with your invertebrates and corals .\nat night or when threatened , the fish will wedge itself into a coral crevasse and erect its dorsal fin wedging itself in tight . the first spine is locked in place by the second spine and once that ' s in place , the fish is virtually immovable , resulting in the titan trigger fish not being considered an easy meal .\nthe best triggerfish for the reef aquarium belong to the genera melichthys , odonus , and xanthichthys . of those three genera , the latter is the very best for the reef aquarium\u2014this includes the bluechin ( x . auromarginatus ) , the crosshatch ( x . mento ) , and the sargassum triggerfish ( x . ringens ) . the niger triggerfish ( odonus niger ) is more likely to hunt down motile invertebrates and may occasionally eat sessile invertebrates like sponges . the triggers in the genus melichthys\u2014including the indian ( m . indicus ) , black ( m . niger ) , and pinktail triggerfish ( m . vidua ) \u00ac\u2014feed heavily on floating algae and thus usually behave well with sessile invertebrates . while those species usually do well with corals , they may occasionally decide to dispatch a crustacean here or there , especially if the latter are introduced after the trigger is already in the tank .\ntitans are also known as the\nblack - tipped\nor\nmoustached triggerfish\ndue to their appearance - they have dark markings above the mouth which look like a moustache - and black edgings on their fins .\ntriggerfish are simply too goofy to be intimidating . in identification guides , the world\u2019s forty species of triggerfish fall into the ignominious category \u201coddly - shaped swimmers , \u201d which has to be a little embarrassing if you\u2019re a fish . triggers are endowed with huge bulging heads , independently rotating eyes that protrude like marbles , and tiny undulating fins that appear far too small to propel their decidedly un - aerodynamic bodies . to their credit , triggerfish also have a cool eponymous adaptation : to protect against predators they can raise two dorsal spines , which when locked into place resemble a trigger . the spines are usually engaged at night . they still look weird during the day .\nordinarily you will encounter a solitary titan . like most reef fish , they are active during the day and will tuck themselves into the reef to sleep at night . understanding their nesting behavior and territorial nature is important for minimizing problematic encounters . while it is commonly cited that titans only attack while protecting their nests , this may not be true , as many incidents indicate aggression against territorial intruders even during non nesting seasons . titans nest in the sand adjacent to or within the corals . they will protect these nests with a rigor that is rarely seen from other species . the\ndanger zone\nis a cone shaped area directly above the nest , all the way to the surface . so if you invade a titan ' s nesting zone , which more often than not you will do unintentionally , and find yourself with an aggressive male chomping at your fins and ramming you , ascending will not stop the titan from defending its turf . you must swim horizontally away from this zone . try to keep your eyes on the titan at all times , which is easier said than done , as these fish dart about in spurts of intense speed . keep your camera or fins between you and the fish if at all possible . better to have a hole or in fins than your body ! hardcore photographers would say to make sure you get the shot while evading attack , but we will be responsible and recommend focusing on not being harmed .\ntriggerfish quickly learn to solve simple problems . for example , it does not take long for most species to learn to recognize where the food comes from , and established specimens will \u201cbeg\u201d at the water ' s surface every time their owner is in view . they will also spit water out of the aquarium . triggerfish in the wild often engage in a behavior called hydraulic jetting . this action gets its name from a triggerfish\u2019s directing a jet of water out of its mouth into the sand to uncover buried prey . triggerfish also use hydraulic jetting to flip over protected prey items like spiny sea urchins . in the aquarium they learn to associate the surface of the water , not the tank bottom , with food . so instead of spitting water at the substrate they blow it at the water ' s surface . although interesting , this behavior can cause severe problems if your top is not totally covered and you have electrical outlets near the tank .\nhey jk , thanks a lot for the kind words . i\u2019m proud to take credit for the interesting content of the post , but the pictures are another story : i actually lifted them from various sites around the internet ( with due accreditation ) . i\u2019ve tried to photograph triggers before , too , but it\u2019s hard to get a titan trigger to hold still for you !\nwe hit the water that first day with some trigger - related anxiety . jesse had warned us that an especially large titan trigger made her home nearby , and that if we saw her we were to cower behind him like the pansies we were . screw that , i thought : i\u2019m provoking an attack . the resultant scar would be a cool synecdoche for a great story .\ntriggerfish are laterally compressed , have relatively small mouths equipped with chisel - like teeth , heavily muscled jaws , and eyes that are positioned far back on the head . the powerful jaws and teeth are used to crush hard - shelled prey items , while having the eyes far from the mouth ensures that these vulnerable organs will not be damaged by sharp - spined prey items like sea urchins . triggerfish swim by sculling with the soft anal and dorsal fins ( this is known as the balistiform swimming mode ) , but if a sudden burst of speed is required they will use rapid sweeps of their tail . triggerfish occur in all tropical oceans , and most species associate with rocky outcroppings or coral reefs . there are several species that lead a pelagic lifestyle , roaming about the open ocean or living among sargassum algae rafts . but most species inhabit relatively shallow coastal waters . some triggerfish are sexually dimorphic and / or sexually dichromatic ; for example , in many species males are larger than females .\nthere is one simple rule every diver should know and respect - limit the interactions with the marine life ideally to zero contact . underwater animals and plants have been there for millions of years , while humans have found home on land . as cute as many of them might look , there are several good reasons why we should not touch or harass marine life . direct interaction might be allowed ( or even necessary ) only in case of an official scientific research such as tagging certain fish or during rescue activities . read our previous blog post do not harras the marine life - you may hurt them . some fish are known to attack humans , but they do that based on the defensive survival instincts . when they feel threatened , they become aggressive . among many different fish species in the ocean , titan triggerfish is one of the most fearsome . here are some things you should do if you ever find yourself under the triggerfish attack .\nthe halfmoom and bursa triggers , ( sufflamen chrysopterus ) , and ( sufflamen bursa ) respectively can also be kept in a community setting , as can the pinktail triggerfish , ( melichthys vidua ) , the bluechin triggerfish , ( xanthichthys auromarginatus ) , the crosshatch triggerfish , ( xanthichthys mento ) , and the sargassum triggerfish , ( xanthichthys ringens ) . the latter 4 species , as well as odonus niger have the distinction of being generally safe in reef settings , with the caveat that small shrimp should be added before the triggerfish , and the triggers themselves should generally be added last , and be the smallest fish in the tank . in fact , in all cases your trigger should be the last and smallest fish added to the community . the reason for this is that even relatively peaceable species like the huma huma , are only peaceable in relative terms ! they are still somewhat aggressive fish , and can do a fair amount of damage in an altercation . for this reason they generally should not only be added last , but also be the smallest fish in the tank . this mitigates the damage that these fish are capable of , and allows the trigger to become conditioned to the presence of his / her tank mates . simply following these two rules generally assures that the trigger does not establish itself as the dominant fish in the community , and allows the other inhabitants to adapt to the presence of the triggerfish . for their part , triggers are not generally susceptible to stress from larger , bullying tank mates , and they are quite well armored against anything short of a depth charge attack !\nsome of our diving guests in padangbai suggest that it is best to pretend you don\u2019t care about the fish . of course this might not work when you actually are under the attack , but might be worth trying to avoid it in the first place . if you spot a titan triggerfish on alert , just pretend you don\u2019t care and turn your back on them . use your equipment as defense even under attack , divers should not defend by being offensive or aggressive . when scuba diving , divers enter the territory of marine animals so it is only natural that some fish see divers as a threat . the fish attack in order to defend their territories . it is not fair to attack them back . instead of fighting back using a pointer or other edged weapon , try to block the attack by using your camera , dive slate or fins . triggerfish is both powerful and intelligent , they can learn from previous experience . recognize the fish as a preventive measure , learn to recognize triggerfish before you go diving . some prominent characteristics include purple lower jaw , green or yellow fins , and eye socket that rotates independently . triggerfish are solitary creatures but smaller fish often tag along to feed on the leftovers . this fish is active during the day and usually hiding in the reef at night . if you spot them , keep a safe distance and avoid diving toward their direction to minimize interaction . want to learn more about other curious fish ? read our blog post about what you didn\u2019t know about nemo or how to behave around mola mola .\nthere is so many of them in the maldives , not only the titan ones but incredible amount of the black ones that swim in a group - it bit me hard through my pinky and 5 weeks on it is still very painful and the tissue has become hard under the skin . since that day i was also very cautious snorkelling , literally didn\u2019t mins the sharks and rays at all but was looking out for the trigger jerks : - ) )\nthe other thing that helped reduce the level of destruction wrought by the trigger was the feeding regimen\u2013the triggerfish was fed chunks of seafood several times a day . not only does frequent feeding mean your trigger is fat and happy , it also means the balistid is less likely to eat its neighbors .\nthe balistoids are laterally compressed , generally rhomboid shaped fishes , although a few species such as the clown triggerfish , are slightly elongated . they have a non - protrusible upper jaw , with hard , specialised teeth that in most species are designed for cracking the shells of various hard - shelled invertebrates .\nspeaking of things that should be kept out of the main tank , add your hands and arms to the list ! as much as possible anyway , you should avoid inserting your hands into a tank containing a large triggerfish \u2013 they can draw blood , and larger specimens ( though unlikely to be found in your home tank ) can remove fingers . the jaws of these fish are highly effective at what they are designed for , which is dismantling all manner of hardened items found in their environment . always be aware of where your triggerfish is when doing maintenance of your tank , even smaller specimens can deliver a painful and shocking bite .\nso what about invertebrates ? is it really possible to keep triggers with animals they may perceive as prey ? the answer is yes and no . it is very important that you choose your triggerfish species and invertebrate tankmates very carefully . many triggerfish have highly varied diets that include many different types of invertebrates , as well as plant material and small fish . take a look at a dietary study on the commonly kept rectangular triggerfish ( rhinecanthus rectangulus ) . this study lists the following in r . rectangulus stomachs ( in order of importance in the diet ) : amphipods , tunicates , filamentous algae , crabs , polychaete worms , shrimps , coralline algae , snails , sea urchins , isopods , bryozoans , tiny clams , and crab larvae ! there are a lot of animals in that list that many reef aquarists would prefer to have flourish in their tanks . but note that there were no corals listed . that does not mean that all triggers are not a threat to corals . triggerfish are very opportunistic , and some larger species have been known to bite off coral branches to get at crabs or echinoderms that are hiding within a coral colony . those species would indeed be unwelcome in your small - polyped stony coral tank . there are also food habit studies that have listed the tips of stony corals in trigger stomachs .\n\u201cthe triggerfish , she has a nest , \u201d jesse explained . on a whiteboard he drew a pile of rocks on the seafloor meant to represent the nest . \u201cshe stays near her nest all the time . and she has a territory around her nest , \u201d he went on , drawing as he spoke , \u201cshaped like this . \u201d\nno , its not a myth . i\u2019ve been attacked by a titan trigger fish a few weeks ago in indonesia . first he went to my divemaster and then after me . it was not like attacking once and go , no , he tried to byte me at least 3 times . they\u00b4re nesting now i suppose , since a girl has been chased as well by one in the same morning . it happened at 20meters deep + or \u2013 . now i laugh at myself but at the moment i was like oh nooooo ahahah . greetings from lisbon , portugal\nthen you\u2019re in for an extremely rewarding and entertaining experience , and only the size tank you can invest in limits your choice of triggerfish . keeping a single fish alone in a species tank is the only viable option for certain species , including b . undulatus , and v . vetula \u2013 the undulated and queen triggers respectively . in fact , of the dream tanks that this author aspires to keep on day is a 120 gallon tank with a single , adult undulates trigger . for the b . vetula , the 2\u2019 queen triggerfish , it will have to be a tank in the 500 gallon range . now the aquarist is only faced with the challenge of dealing with the highly destructive capabilities of these fishes , and nothing is safe ! this means filters , powerheads , power cords and heaters ! for this reason , these items are best kept in a sump , and out of the main tank . they are also adept , ( and seemingly quite fond of ) , overturning and moving rocks and other pieces of d\u00e9cor . this tendency should be taken into account when aquascaping a tank that will eventually house and adult triggerfish .\nfrom an evolutionary standpoint , triggerfish are some of the most advanced fish in the sea . they are heavily armored , intelligent hunter - killers of the reef , and have a set of jaws that can annihilate any hard - shelled invertebrate you care to name they can also destroy just about anything else you care to name , both alive and otherwise , but we\u2019ll get to that shortly .\nfor those of you who fall into that category , it is possible to keep some of the triggers that have a more varied diet in a reef tank with certain invertebrates . for example , i once saw a clown triggerfish ( balistoides conspicillum ) in a reef tank ! the owners said they had the trigger in the tank for over a year and that it had not caused any problems . the cnidarian community consisted mainly of soft coral \u201ctrees\u201d ( e . g . , sinularia , litophyton , lemnalia ) . many of those soft corals have toxins that make them unpalatable to the general predator . the tank contained no crustaceans , as the trigger would most likely make short work of them , but there were small demoiselles ( chrysiptera spp . ) that would dart into tight hiding places when the triggerfish got too close !\nhi there . i enjoyed this thread . i was in sodwana bay earlier this year with my girlfriend , honing our underwater photography skills in this beautiful part of the planet . mid way through one of our dives , while skirting over the reef at a depth of around 50 feet , i felt this hard tug at my fin . at first i thought i had carelessly snagged my fin on the reef and was angry at myself . the tugging was intermittent and rapid in nature \u2013 my first clue that this was a creature . as i turned to see what was up , i noticed this adult male titan triggerfish going ballistic at my one fin \u2013 he was really pissed off . i\u2019m telling you , 2ft + of raging fury was pretty terrifying . i kicked out \u2013 half in panic and half in frustration\u2026 . caught him square in the head too . it did nothing though and in an instant he was back at it . it wasn\u2019t until i tried to swim away really quickly that he finally let up , turned\u2026 . . and attacked my girlfriend who was behind me , witnessing the event . she bolted too \u2013 sideways and had to swim a big loop to get back to our group . i realized after reading your information , that i had in fact turned on my back to face the creature and through it all i snapped away furiously with my camera . most pics were pretty blurred since my shutter speed was set for macro photography at the time , but a few images turned out ok . my girlfriend and i travel the globe to dive with sharks \u2013 that\u2019s our passion . this was the most frightened we\u2019ve ever been in the water . i\u2019ll take sharks any day over an angry titan !\nthe triggerfish that are better suited to the reef aquarium have some special qualities that make them more \u201cinvert - friendly . \u201d first of all , most of the species that are good for reef aquariums feed primarily on zooplankton or floating algae . as a result , they are \u201cdesigned\u201d a little differently from their less selective cousins . they have slightly smaller mouths ( not well suited for destroying aquarium equipment , including heater tubes ! ) that are a bit higher up on the head . as far as their behavior is concerned , they tend to spend more time in the water column hunting their lilliputian foods . some of them ( e . g . , the crosshatch triggerfish , xanthichthys mento ) form groups because they are more vulnerable when they are farther from the reef . they choose to feed together because there is safety in numbers .\ntriggerfish can be quite aggressive in koh tao . here is a short compilation of some of the attacks we ' ve encountered whilst diving here ! no divers and no fish were injured in the making of this video : ) to license this video footage please email charlie . christie . mutch @ urltoken 1 video file - 20 gbp 20 % discount when ordering 20 + video files 50 % off when ordering 40 + video files\nthese bottom dwellers dig out prey , such as crabs and worms , by flapping away debris with their fins and sandblasting with water squirted from their mouths . they also use very tough teeth and jaws to take on sea urchins , flipping them over to get at their bellies , which are armed with fewer spines . triggerfish wreak such havoc on less fortunate reef dwellers that smaller fish often follow them to feast on their leftovers .\ntriggerfish tend to be solitary but meet at traditional mating grounds according to timetables governed by moons and tides . the males of many species appear to establish territories on these spawning grounds and prepare seafloor nests that will house tens of thousands of eggs . females share care of the eggs until they hatch , blowing water on them to keep them well supplied with oxygen . in some species males are known to maintain a harem of female mates .\ntriggerfish have also been implicated in biting and damaging glass aquarium heaters and both flexible and rigid tubing . although heater - biting is a relatively rare event , it is a good idea to protect that piece of equipment by placing it in a sump . if your aquarium is \u201csumpless\u201d you can build a barrier around your heater using egg crate material or a piece of plastic that has had numerous holes drilled in it ( e . g . , material commonly sold for tank dividers ) . the best option , though , is to obtain a titanium heater , which is totally resistant to a triggerfish\u2019s jaws . in addition to being trigger - proof , titanium heaters normally function better than standard glass heaters , and using an external thermostat reduces the risk of the heater\u2019s getting stuck in the on position . frequently check any airline tubing in the aquarium to see whether it needs to be replaced .\nthe news couldn\u2019t be better in this department \u2013 feeding a triggerfish is the easiest thing you can imagine . most species feed on hard shelled invertebrates in the wild , so they spend their day browsing the reef for crabs , shrimp , snails , etc . in captivity , they will accept a wide range of fresh and prepared fish foods , only leaving the aquarist the task of making sure that a variety of food items are offered , and that vitamin supplements are administered now and then to insure proper nutrition . aside from a variety of appropriate foods that can be purchased in frozen form at most better fish stores , the aquarist can brows the seafood counter at his or her local grocer , and find many things that will have a triggerfish eating out of the keepers hands in no time flat . a few of these items are fresh squid , octopus , scallops , fish , shrimp and crab . these foods can be cut into bite sized morsels and offered to the trigger 2 or 3 times a day . whole crayfish can even be offered , shell and all , and this will allow you to witness the business end of a triggerfish doing what it was meant to do\u2026demolish and consume ! even the few available species that are planktivores in the wild readily accept and thrive on all the options mentioned above with the exception of large , whole invertebrates ."]}
{"id": 1169, "summary": [{"text": "the luna moth ( actias luna ) is a lime-green , nearctic saturniid moth in the family saturniidae , subfamily saturniinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has a wingspan of up to 114 mm ( 4.5 in ) , making it one of the largest moths in north america . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "actias luna", "paragraphs": ["luna moth , actias luna larva , late instar - actias luna - bugguide . net\nmaggie whitson marked\nluna moth\nas hidden on the\nactias luna\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\ncharge dependent distribution of endogenous proteins within vitellogenic ovarian follicles of actias luna . - pubmed - ncbi\nelza pap added the hungarian common name\namerikai holdassz\u00f6v\u0151\nto\nactias luna linnaeus 1758\n.\nemergence of the actias luna , the luna moth . ( silkmoth from north - america ) . it crawls out of its cocoon .\nactias luna\namber\nfifth instar , waynesboro , pennsylvania , august 7 , 2009 , courtesy of kristina kollman .\nfigure 2 . adult male luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 3 . adult female luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 4 . eggs of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 11 . cocoon of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 13 . pupa of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 15 . male pupa of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 5 . first instar larva of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . second instar larva of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . third instar larva of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 8 . fourth instar larva of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 12 . pupa of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . lateral view . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 9 . fifth ( last ) instar larva of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 17 . emergence ( exit ) hole in cocoon of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 16 . cut away of cocoon with split pupal exuvium of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 20 . sweetgum , liquidambar styraciflua l . , a host of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 21 . persimmon , diospyros virginiana l . , a host of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 10 . fifth ( last ) instar larva ( more sertiferous ) of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 19 . winged sumac , rhus copallinum l . , a host of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\npriddle tr . 1967 . structures employed by actias luna ( saturniidae ) in effecting emergence from the cocoon . journal of the lepidopterists society 21 : 249 - 252 .\nto cite this page : patlan , l . 2000 .\nactias luna\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nfigure 18 . pignut hickory , carya glabra ( mill . ) sweet , a host of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nwright da . 1967 . the effects of photoperiod on the initiation of pupal diapause in the wild silkworm , actias luna . journal of the lepidopterists society 21 : 255 - 258 .\nfigure 1 . in 1987 , the united states post office issued a first class stamp with the image of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 14 . female pupa of the luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) . note the two longitudinal notches on the ventral surface of the fourth and fifth totally exposed abdominal segments . photograph by donald w . hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nsome interesting facts about the luna moth in the u . s . | owlcation\ni found a catapillar in september . a luna , when will it hatch ?\nthis helped me identify a luna month on my window ! spotted in texas .\nkellog sk , fink ls , brower lp . 2003 . parasitism of native luna moths , actias luna ( l . ) ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) by the introduced compsilura concinnata ( meigen ) ( diptera : tachinidae ) in central virginia , and their hyperparasitism by trigonalid wasps ( hymenoptera : trigonalidae ) . environmental entomology 32 : 1019 - 1027 .\nthe luna moth , actias luna ( linnaeus ) , is arguably our most beautiful moth . examples of its popularity include its appearance on a first class united states postage stamp issued in 1987 ( figure 1 ) ; its selection to grace the front cover of a field guide to moths of eastern north america ( covell 2005 ) ; and the use of an animated luna moth in the 2007 television commercials for the sleep aid lunesta .\nchemical ecology of the luna moth : effects of host plant on detoxification enzyme activity .\njust saw my first luna moth next to my sweetgum tree here in tampa . beautiful .\nactias luna larva on hydrangea is a beautiful soft nature photograph of a bright green larva ( caterpillar ) on a purplish hydrangea bloom while the flower was in full bloom . this nature photo was taken on the grounds of bellevue state park , located in wilmington , delaware in the peaceful mansion gardens .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the luna moth .\ni just saw a luna moth in kirkland lake , ontario canada . what a beautiful site .\na male luna moth has been on my window screen for 3 days . central north carolina .\nhave a luna moth on my sweet gum tree every year ( today ) tx . beautiful ! !\nluna moth caterpillars are herbivores that graze on the vegetation of trees . all stages provide food for predators .\ni saw a luna moth , and it laid eggs on a chain link fence . is that normal ?\nwe saw a luna this morning in our garage . we live in texas . 9 / 28 / 2017\nwilliams , amanda .\nhow to care for a luna caterpillar\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nchemical ecology of the luna moth : effects of host plant on detoxification enzyme activity . - pubmed - ncbi\ni have an ulterior motive for appointing the luna moth caterpillar ( actias luna ) this week\u2019s caterpillar of the week , which will be revealed in an upcoming spotlight on caterpillar anatomy . spoiler alert : that post will involve prolegs\u2014and you should definitely get excited ! anyway , we hardly need a reason to feature lunas . regarded by many as the most gorgeous insect in all of north america , they bring publicity to our lab , not the other way around !\nwilliams , amanda .\nhow to care for a luna caterpillar .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / care - luna - caterpillar - 6557 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\ngreensboro , north carolina near lake townsend - had a luna moth this morning on my house under patio light .\nwilliams , amanda . ( n . d . ) . how to care for a luna caterpillar . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / care - luna - caterpillar - 6557 . html\nfirst time i have seen the luna month . was on the screen at my back porch door in charlotte , nc\nwe saw a luna moth flying around on our back deck around 8 : 00 pm . st louis , mo !\nluna moth insecta ( hexapoda ) > lepidoptera > saturniidae actias luna ( linnaeus ) photographer : gerald j . lenhard , descriptor : pupa ( e ) image citation : gerald j . lenhard , , urltoken image use : this image may be copied and used , in whole or in part , for any non - profit , educational purpose provided that all reproductions bear an appropriate credit . any commercial or other use of the image requires the written permission of the photographer or contact organization , and forestry images .\ndescribed and named ( as phalena plumata caudata ) by petiver in 1700 , the luna moth was the first north american saturniid to be reported in the literature ( tuskes et al . 1996 ) . the original latin name of the luna moth which referred to the long tails was lost when linnaeus converted the name to a binomial with the specific epithet luna in 1758 .\nthe luna moth exhibits a pheromone mating system . this ability to attract distant males via chemical communication is found in all female\nwe have two luna moths on our downspout today in the north georgia mountains . sosad that they live such short lives .\nwe have what we called\ninch worms\nall the time but it appears that it has been luna moth larva .\ncare required for a pupa and adult luna moth is minimal . pupa and adult luna moths do not eat or drink . all you need to do is place several sticks from the floor tilted up to the side of the shelter so the caterpillars have somewhere to prepare for their metamorphosis , and so adult luna moths have a place to climb and stretch their wings . you may also continue to spray their shelter with water to maintain humidity . adult luna moths normally live four to five days .\ni just love the distinctive color of the luna moth , along with its long tails . it definitely stand out among other moths , especially for north american moths . in the midwest states , the luna moth flies from early april , to the end of august .\nhello alexandra , thanks for sharing ! i hope to see one here yet ! i agree luna moths are enchanted little beings . paula\ni had a luna moth land on my back at work last night . i was able to get a picture of it greenwood , sc\nlindroth rl ( 1989 ) chemical ecology of the luna moth : effects of host plant on detoxification enzyme activity . j chem ecol 15 : 2019\u20132029\nluna moths are often used in classrooms to teach insect life cycles . their beauty is appreciated as well by those lucky enough to spot them .\nthere is a luna moth on my back door now . it has been there for the last couple of days . ( nova scotia , canada )\ni have never personally spotted a luna moth but thanks for introducing me to it . hopefully it will survive pesticides and continue to flourish in the wild .\nluna caterpillars are hosts for a number of insect parasitoids in the families tachinidae , ichneumonidae , and pteromalidae ( tuskes et al . 1996 , kellog et al . 2003 ) . all luna moth stages also are subject to predation by a variety of invertebrates and / or vertebrate predators . the adults are not even safe at night . kellog et al . ( 2003 ) reported that the ground below an owl roost was littered with saturniid wings including those of luna moths .\nluna moth larvae feed on the foliage of walnut , hickory , persimmon and sweet gum trees . adults don\u2019t eat at all and only live about a week .\nreal natural american luna moth ( actius luna ) wings are naturally fluorescent green which makes our glowing luna moth magnets very realistic indeed . the wings of the unusually beautiful lunar moth not only glow in the dark , but they also have life - like moving wings and can be enjoyed day and night . collect all three glow - in - the - dark butterfly , moth , and giant firefly magnets including a luna moth glow magnet , a tropical glow butterfly , and a giant firefly ! what is the smallest butterfly ? the smallest butterfly is the western pygmy blue ( brephidium exilis ) from africa , which has a half an inch wingspan .\nlindroth rl . 1989 . chemical ecology of the luna moth : effects of host plant on detoxification enzyme activity . journal of chemical ecology 15 : 2019 - 2029 .\nthank you for sharing , jane . i think they are more active at night . i hope the luna moth was ok after being harassed by the little one .\ni just had a luna moth hanging out on the edge of my outdoor umbrella . it was beautiful and about 5 inches wide and long . what a blessing .\nurltoken watch a luna moth female calling a male with pheromones . find science explorations and other good stuff for kids , parents , and teachers here : urltoken and here urltoken\ni found a luna moth on sidewalk in front of kroger . i think she is barely hanging on . should ii put her in a tree ? she is gorgeous .\nthe luna moth occurs in the forested areas of north america . they seem to prefer decidous woodlands , with trees such as the hickory , walnut , sumacs , and persimmon .\ntoday the luna moth is featured in television commercials for a popular sleeping pill , and ( somewhat absurdly ) on cans of moth balls marketed to control moths that infest clothing .\nhi carrol , it is a very special thing to see a luna moth like that in your backyard ! thank you for sharing . i hope you get to see more .\nwe ' ve had a luna moth hanging on one of the screens on our screened in porch since this morning , it ' s the first one i ' ve ever seen .\nmy husband spotted the beautiful luna moth early this morning , may 8 , 2018 above the garage door . it is very near to the sweetgum tree in the yard . eastern indiana\nluna moths have often been used in classrooms to help teach insect life cycles . they have also proven good subjects in ecology and evolutionary biology ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) .\nthe luna moth is a wild silk moth . wild silk moths have declined in numbers since the 1960 ' s due to habitat destruction and increased use of bright vapor lights that disrupt mating ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) . however , luna moths are not listed as threatened by the iucn , the u . s . government , or the state of michigan .\nthe luna moth is a nocturnal species ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) , and is not often seen in the daytime ( holland , 1908 ) . as do many saturniids , the luna moth uses wing patterns as a defense against predators . the luna moth can mimic living and dead leaves on the ground by remaining motionless when not involved in reproductive behavior and also becomes nearly impossible to see during the day when roosting on the bark of sycamore trees . the moths will also dramatically flutter their wings when attacked ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) .\ni have a luna moth , a walking stick and a st andrews spider all taking up residency on my back deck . they must know it ' s a safe place to hang out !\ni recall the first time i saw a luna moth , and i was so amazed . it was such an interesting color , and had such unique markings , and the size alone was eyecatching . i was able to capture it in a picture , and i was so glad . it got me curious to learn more about the luna moth , which is also known as the american moon moth .\njuly 8 , 2018 luna moth on our deck in vermont , it doesn ' t have the second set of\neye spots\n. the one i saw 4 weeks ago had great big eye spots\nhi linda , luna moths are such amazing creatures , and i love that you thought it was a decoration even ! they look just amazing , and i find them fascinating . thanks for sharing here ! paula\ni saw a luna moth for the first time ever on 05 / 14 / 18 . it was sitting in the grass outside magna seating south carolina in moore , sc . it appeared to be a leaf .\nthis is my first time seeing a luna moth , and oh what a sight she is ! she ' s been been right outside my door since last night . i ' m here in nashville , tn .\nthe family name saturniidae is based on the eyespots of some members of the family that contain concentric rings reminiscent of the planet saturn ( powell 2003 ) . the luna moth gets its name from its moon - like spots .\nluna antennae are quadripectinate ( comb - like on four sides ) with those of males being larger than those of females . males are more yellowish - green while females are more blue - green in color ( packard 1914 ) .\ni ' m in smithfield va and each year we see at least one luna moth on our moon flower vine . we plant moon flower every year just to see these moths although the flowers are beautiful and smell so sweet !\n. undeterred by obstacles such as leaves and branches , the male moths will persistently follow the scent trail of a female . then the female will typically mate with the first male to reach her . since the luna moth is a nocturnal species , mating usually occurs in the first hours after midnight . if the pair is undisturbed then they will remain in copula until the next evening , but the slightest disturbance can cause separation . after the separation of the pair , then ovipostion will begin and continue for several nights . a female luna moth will seek a host plant in which to oviposit . some populations of luna moths complete more than one generation in a year . ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) .\ni just saw a luna moth in columbus ohio sitting next to my front door at 12 am . he had to be every bit of 5 inches . i didn ' t know what it was and it kind of freaked me out .\nbeautiful luna moth was on the siding of my house yesterday afternoon , may 6 , 2018 . my husband noticed around 10 : 30 pm it had obviously been active and was now clinging to the sunroom window screen . trussville , alabama .\ni have a luna moth at this moment on the stone siding of my home . i saw it there last evening and it is still there today . this is the second year i have seen one it is in the same spot .\nin canada and the northern border states within its range , the luna caterpillar shows a preference for white / paper birch ( betula paperifera ) , and the moth is usually single brooded with most adults flying from late may to early july .\nonce you have acquired luna moth eggs , gently relocate them to a stable and permanent shelter , such as a plastic fish tank or a cleaned - out gallon milk jug . cover the tank or jug with a secured screen or breathable cheesecloth . avoid a shelter that is too small or that has breathing holes with rough edges , where caterpillars could be injured . use a spray bottle to mist the shelter every few days to maintain humidity . it typically takes 10 days for luna moth eggs to hatch .\nthey have their\ncalling time\naround the midnight hour . the calling time for the luna moth ( and for many moths ) is when pheromones are released . the time frame for luna moths is two to three hours long . this is the time that most males are active . in the saturniidae family , you will see the pheromone activity the most active compared to the other\nfamilies\nof butterflies and moths . once in a mating position , they can stay there for up to 20 hours .\ni woke up this morning to find a luna moth just testing on the bricks ! i ' m in charleston s . c . my 5 and 6 year i ' ll came out and we were looking at the amazing creature that came to visit !\nthis beautiful and exotic moth is large . it ranges from 3 to 4 . 5 inches and the name is technically actias luna ( linnaeus ) . its wings are a pale green , and has delicate tail streamers . the wings are broad , and have a reddish rust color along the edges of both the fore wings and hind wings . depending on the region , the colors can vary from more bluish green to a yellow in the background coloring . along the fore wings in the very front you will see a darker purplish gray color . from a distance however , it is primarily a beautiful lime green , and the very distinctive\neye spots\nare just fascinating to observe . this surely helps to protect from would be predators , that would rather move on than mess around with something that has eyes that appear to be that big !\ngood luck . i have reared thousands of luna caterpillars over the years , and there is still something very magical in the appearance of a mature larva , especially if it has turned a bright burgundy just before spinning . large translucent green larvae are also a wonderment .\nluna moths are usually found in and near deciduous woodlands , where their larval food plants occur : walnut , hickory , persimmon and sweet gum . in some areas , populations have declined due to habitat destruction and increased use of bright lights at night , which can disrupt mating cycles .\nthere\u2019s nothing quite like watching a vibrant green , wild luna caterpillar chowing down on a leaf . during my first summer with the lab in 2014 , at a certain point , we hatched way too many locally collected luna eggs . i had the privilege of releasing some early instars on hickory trees in my yard . every day , i checked on them . naturally , most disappeared due to predation , but a few reached their final instar , growing into a plump , juicy , luminous green body that we can never quite replicate in captivity . the experience was enthralling .\na luna moth was on the door of a nail salon in dartmouth , ma the 2nd week of june 2017 . it stayed attached to the outside of door for several hours and did not seem to be disturbed by the motion of the door and a child who was harassing it .\nadults : the adult wingspan is 75 to 105 mm ( covell 2005 ) . adult luna moths are large green moths with a long tail on each hind wing and discal eyespots on both the fore and hind wings ( figures 2 and 3 ) . the luna moth is univoltine ( one generation ) from michigan northward , bivoltine throughout the ohio valley , and trivoltine southward ( tuskes et al . 1996 ) . in louisiana and florida , adults may be found during every month of the year also , reared specimens often differ in coloration from those in nature ( ferguson 1972 ) .\nthe luna moth is primarily a species of deciduous or mixed forests and hardwood swamps where its food plants grow . although caterpillars do occur in suburban yards , cocoons in such places are likely to be removed when leaves are raked in the fall . luna moths are common in most eastern forests , but might still be rare in some parts of new england , where these and many other large moths with summer caterpillars declined drastically or died out in the mid to late 20th century , probably due mostly to high mortality of larvae caused by an introduced parasitic fly intended to control gypsy moth populations .\nthe luna moth is an insect herbivore . as a caterpillar it feeds on the foliage of various species of hickory , walnut , sweet - gum , persimmon , and birch trees ( holland , 1908 ) . it has been reported that it is particularly fond of the persimmon ( holland , 1908 ) .\ncaterpillars reared on juglone - producing plants in lindroth\u2019s study developed highly increased levels of an enzyme that helped them tolerate juglone in their diets . luna caterpillars reared on birch , which doesn\u2019t produce juglone , had such low levels of this enzyme that lindroth speculated their bodies never began to produce the enzyme at all .\nmy daughter had this beautiful catapillar on her shoe . we researched and found out it was the luna moth . that same night i made a home for it in an old fish tank with birch leaves . the very next day it was completely cocooned up . very sad i missed the process . however she ( luna ) is being well watched until she turns into her beautiful new self . i live in eastern ny so this is the last cycle . very sad really . we plan on letting her out at night n having a nice fire . its only been 2 weeks so a few more to go . .\nluna caterpillars gain protection from predators by their cryptic green coloration . when threatened they often rear the front part of the body in a\nsphinx\npose \u2013 possibly to make them less caterpillar - like to a predator . if attacked , luna caterpillars as well as those of many other bombycoid moths make a clicking noise with the mandibles \u2013 sometimes as a prelude to or accompanied by defensive regurgitation of distasteful fluids . brown et al . ( 2007 ) found that ants and mice were deterred by the regurgitant of the polyphemus moth , antheraea polyphemus ( cramer ) , and suggested that the clicking is a warning of the impending regurgitation .\nbefore the eggs hatch , determine a host plant , such as the white oak or black walnut . it is beneficial to add a variety of host plant leaves and let the caterpillars choose their favorite , then solely feed them their preferred variety . as soon as the caterpillars hatch from their eggs , place several fresh host plant leaves in their shelter . upon hatching , luna caterpillars will begin eating immediately . since they derive their nutrients and water supply from the leaves you provide to them , replacing the leaves inside their shelter daily is essential . luna caterpillars shed their skin over a period of four weeks until they are fully grown .\ni wish you could see the one picture more close up , as it shows the luna moths feathery antennae . these moths are just amazing creatures to behold , and i felt very lucky that day in arkansas when i saw the moth . it was just resting among the rocks as you can see in my picture .\nthe luna moth is an easily distinguishable species with long sweeping hindwing tails and varying in color from yellowish green to pale bluish green ( carter , 1992 ) . both sexes are similar in size , but males have a more strongly feathered antennae ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ; carter , 1992 ) . the wingspan ranges from 80mm - 115mm ( carter , 1992 ) . this species also exhibits both polyphenism and regional phenotypic variation ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) . in its early stages the luna moth is a green caterpillar that has hair , spiny tubercles , and a yellow stripe on each side ( holland , 1908 ; grzimek , 1972 ) .\nhatchling luna larvae ( caterpillars ) show two different color forms . they can either be all greyish green or they can be greyish green with black markings : a thin black strip across top of the head , a black lateral stripe , one on each side , and a thin black bridge across the back near the first abdominal segment .\nthe habitat you will most often find the luna moth is deciduous woodland in north america , although there are fewer in canada . the foliage of trees like birch , willow and alder , walnut ( or juglans nigra ) , persimmon ( or diospyros virginiana ) , and sweet gum ( liquidambar stryaciflua ) are the food the larva feed off of . luna moths like broad leaved forests , including ones with hickory trees . so if you hope to attract these beauties to your area , those would be good choices to plant . the adults will be attracted to areas with these trees , so their young have the right food to eat when they\nhatch\nfrom their eggs .\ni was fortunate enough for the first time today to see my first luna moth . he / she was on my mailbox on the brick part . a few hours later it was on the curb just below my mailbox . i ' m in texas , just east of houston . what a beautiful moth . i took pictures of it too .\nwatching caterpillars transform into moths is enjoyable , especially when you play an active role in the process . raising caterpillars is a fun , hands - on learning process for insect lovers , from first - timers to experienced hobbyists . when raising luna caterpillars , consider care components such as shelter , food and water , proper handling and pupa and adult care .\nthe luna moth occurs widespread in the forested areas of north america ( carter , 1992 ) . in canada the species has been found from nova scotia through central quebec and ontario . in the united states the species has been found in every state east of the great plains all the way south to northern mexico ( tuskes et al . , 1996 ) .\nin the united states , these moths are actually fairly common in the eastern united states , and some states , like missouri , arkansas and others . you can sometimes see them in southern canada . luna moths are large enough , that you would see the shadow of them flying by , or could darken a room if they landed on a light bulb !\nluna cocoons are papery thin and pupae outlines can easily be seen when the cocoon is held up to a bright light . winter diapause stock tends to spin a courser , darker silk . in regions of the united states where lunas are double or triple brooded 25 - 40 % of early brood stock caterpillars will spin the darker cocoon and overwinter instead of eclosing that same summer .\nin some areas where there has been a lot of spraying with pesticides , it could be very rare you see one of these beautiful luna moths . they are simply becoming harder and harder to find . evidently , even in the best of conditions , the number of luna moths are rather small . a single planeload of pesticides can supposedly wipe out the species for decades ! when i heard this , i was so sad . i understand the need for pesticides , but if this species was totally wiped out , i think i may have rather gone with the lack of pesticides . i suppose it depends on the survival of humanity , but we are not at a point where this seems to be a critical concern . so it is something worth thinking about , or possibly limiting .\nsaw my first luna moth on thursday night , june 14 , 2018 . the beautiful moth was on the mud room back door and flew into the garage when we opened the door . we left the garage door open for quite a while and then closed it . our son took a picture of it the next day hanging off the light fixture . we live in mid - coast maine .\none of the most beautiful natural sights i ever witnessed as a young boy occurred one may morning when i chased an errant baseball into a mature hickory stand in new jersey . sunlight streamed through small openings in the leafy canopy onto lush ground foliage on the forest floor . a fully expanded , freshly emerged luna hung about one foot from the ground on the underside of a skunk cabbage stem .\nbroadleaf host plants belonging to a large number of genera have been reported as hosts for luna moths ( godfrey et al . 1987 , tietz 1972 ) . however , some of the reported host plants may not be suitable for all populations of lunas . lindroth et al . ( 1989 ) studied first instar survival , duration of larval stage , and pupal weights of caterpillars fed on eleven different plant species and found that survival was poor on some plant species that were reported in the literature as hosts . it appears that different geographical populations of luna moths are adapted to different host plants ( lindroth et al . 1989 , tuskes et al . 1996 ) . lindroth et al . ( 1989 ) suggested that biochemical detoxification of host defensive chemicals by caterpillar enzymes may be a factor in this host plant specialization .\non 8 / 31 / 17 my daughter found a luna moth worm . so we took it home and put it in a big open glass bowl . i have documented it with photos . what an amazing sight so far . found out with the help of google , that it didn\u2019t like apple trees but loves diamond willow . we placed the willow branches in the bowl and it immediately started its cocoon . on 9 / 1 / 17 at 6 : 00am it started its silk and finished on 9 / 2 / 17 at 3 : 30pm . been waiting all winter for it to hatch . i thought maybe it had died but now know it can take until july for it to become a moth . wish i could share the photos ! i will update when it turns to a beautiful luna moth : ) hope you all are enjoying nature\u2019s beauty !\naccording to a 1989 study by richard lindroth , luna caterpillars\u2019 ability to eat those hickory leaves ( as well as the leaves of many other preferred host plant species , such as butternut and walnut ) depends on the lunas\u2019 enzyme production . hickory , butternut , and walnut trees all produce a defensive chemical called juglone . juglone can repel other plants from growing in the vicinity of these trees , and inhibit insects from dining on them .\ni once sent a first time customer five luna cocoons . upon receipt she\nfreaked out\nand in a bit of a rage phoned me to complain that my cocoons were full of wasps and bees . she could hear them buzzing around in the cocoons . i explained that the sound was the sound of the pupae wiggling against the sides of their cocoons . i am not sure that she believed me until the beautiful moths emerged in the spring .\na beautiful luna moth is clinging to door jamb outside on my deck this morning , may 12 in suwanee , ga . i ' ve never seen one before . we have a sweet gum tree that overhangs the deck , and while sweeping those annoying spiky balls off the deck every day is a pain , ( i was even thinking of cutting the tree down . . . oh no ! ! ) now i know that the tree attracts this gorgeous critter ! !\nhi , i stumbled upon this amazing caterpillar trying to take a photo of another caterpillar , but since i am so light footed , observant and careful i didn ' t . i thought at first it was some kind of weird seed pod until i saw it eating . the caterpillar i spotted looks very close to yours , but my caterpillars seem a little larger . i hope i ' m accurate on the luna moth if not it ' s something almost identical .\nluna caterpillars are said to be in their first instar stage when they hatch from the eggs . each time they shed their skins , they move into a new instar , i . e . , second instar , third instar , fourth instar and the fifth instar . the time spent in each instar will vary with local conditions , usually anywhere from 3 - 7 days in each of the first four instars , and 6 - 14 days in the fifth ( final instar ) .\nif you are going to overwinter the cocoons outdoors , make sure they are in a rodent proof cage , and one that will not overheat . it is also recommended that the cage sit on the ground and there not be airflow under the cocoons . windchills could take a toll . in their natural environment luna pupae spend their winters in cocoons that have fallen from the trees during leaf drop , or the larvae have crawled or dropped from the tree and spin cocoons among leaf litter .\nobservation of the spinning process can be interesting . the caterpillars work tirelessly to pull some leaves together , anchoring them with a continuous strand of silk . the cocoon is often complete within a few hours . generally ( not always ) luna caterpillars that are going to overwinter in their cocoons will take on an amber to burgundy colouration just prior to spinning . they tend to spin a darker , coarser , thicker silk cocoon than the larvae ( successive brood ) which are not going to overwinter .\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the luna moth may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\nsuccessive brood larvae tend to spin lighter beige cocoons with finer silk as compared to the overwintering brood . in either case , caterpillars will shed their skins one more time inside the cocoon , usually 2 - 5 days after spinning , depending upon temperature , and enter the pupal stage . if you hold a five day old cocoon up to a light , you can usually see the outline of the pupa and the discarded skin through the walls of the cocoon . luna pupae tend to be quite active .\nwhen caterpillars are full - grown , they may begin to wander . the cocoon is spun among the leaves of the deciduous host plants but is not anchored to a twig as is the case with many polyphemus moth cocoons . therefore , they fall to the ground in autumn ( holland 1968 ) as the leaves fall and are not commonly seen . development from hatching to pupation takes a month or longer depending on temperature . luna moth caterpillars are never sufficiently common to cause significant damage to their host trees .\nprobably the most recognized moth in north america , the luna moth is easily recognized by the green color , large wing span of about 3 - 4 inches , long tails , and eyespot on each wing . no other species in north america remotely resembles a luna moth . the earliest spring adults are much brighter green than later adults . females are lighter than males . in southern populations there is often a row of dark spots or a thin dark line on the forewing , as on the male illustrated here . the caterpillars are green with a brown head , but may become brown a day or so before they spin their cocoon . the body has a variable amount of sparse hairs ( but no spines ) . markings include a lengthwise yellowish line on each side and yellow between most of the segments , but no diagonal lateral ( side ) streaks . caterpillars of the polyphemus moth are similar but have conpsicuous diagonal yellowish lines on each abdominal segment and they are usually found on oaks , maples , and willows .\nthe larva of the luna moth are bright green ( see video below ) and have narrow yellow lines on them . there is a band of yellowish spiracles , and some reddish colored tubercles on each side . some have observed raised pink spots , and this can vary from region to region . the head of the caterpillar is a brownish color . when the time comes for it to spin its cocoon it will do so in areas where there is a lot of leaves on the ground , among the leaves . its cocoon is thin and silken .\nthe soft moth ( female to left , note narrow antennae ) can escape through a hole roughly 3 / 8 inch in diameter . once out of the cocoon , the moth must climb to hang its wings for inflation . i place my luna cocoons in a 11\nx11\nx 2 ' emerging cage made out of folded hardware cloth with a 1 / 2 inch mesh . the newly emerged , soft , pliant moths climb up the wire and hang from either the top or upper reaches of the sides . photo courtesy of john h . campbell\nluna caterpillars have incredibly variable diets overall , but very specific local preferences . in lindroth\u2019s study , he attempted to raise lunas on 11 different recorded host plants , and only experienced success with four of these . why didn\u2019t all of the caterpillars thrive ? lindroth hypothesized that local populations of lunas are specifically adapted to certain host plant species , possibly based on the types of enzymes their bodies produce to help them consume their food . since his lunas all came from one regional population , they might not have been equipped with the adaptations necessary to eat plants that lunas in other areas thrive on .\nhere on prince edward island where i rear most of my luna larvae outdoors on live trees covered with rearing sleeves , the larvae require approximately five or six weeks ( 35 - 42 days ) to grow from hatchlings to cocoon spinners . it is rare that we get temperatures above 90 f in summer time . some years it seems it is even rare if we get temperatures into the 80 ' s . most summer days are in the 70 ' s and we usually get cooler , darker , rainy days once or twice a week . night time temps often dip into the 60 ' s .\nmy best suggestion is that if you wish to rear larvae and have luna cocoons that overwinter , then you need to rear in such a way ( at such a time ) that larvae pass through their fourth instar with hours of light under 14 hours per day and be on a diminishing photo period cycle . if you ask me questions accompanied with specific information supplied , i can only offer a best guess . other obervations would be appreciated . please provide data : date , location , rearing conditions if you are going to submit observations . please provide same if you are going to ask questions . email :\nthere are may ways to rear luna moths . airtight jars / containers is recommended for indoor rearing , at least for the first three instars to prevent desiccation / dehydration of larvae . once the larval bulk increases , the airtight conditions to conserve the moisture in the foliage is probably not quite as critical , but i would recommend putting the cut ends of foodplant stems in water that the caterpillars cannot crawl into if you are going to rear outdoors on cut food in screened cages or if you are going to rear indoors ( after third instar only ) on cut food in an airy container ( screened cage ) .\ndaily interaction with your luna caterpillars should include frequent cleanings of the shelter . directly after the caterpillars hatch , line the bottom of their shelter with paper towels to catch droppings . at the end of each day , toss the paper towels out and replace them . this helps prevent the growth of mold . if you choose to handle your caterpillars , be very gentle . wash your hands before and after accessing their shelter to prevent the spread of bacteria . do not pull or tug on the caterpillars . let them come to you and climb off you on their own , as being forceful may damage their appendages .\nnick boyonoski and scott bessin provided technical assistance , dr . martha lutz reared the first generation of luna moths in kentucky , and dr . eric chapman helped find suitable field locations in kentucky . clint patterson , berea college forester , provided us with access to the berea college forest . the experiments conducted in kentucky were supported by the kentucky agricultural experiment station ( national institute of food and agriculture , u . s . department of agriculture , hatch project ky008066 1003549 ) , the experiments in ontario were supported by natural resources canada , and jgm acknowledges support from hatch project ca - r * ent - 5181 - h .\nthe series of photos above show the luna caterpillar from 1st instar to cocoon . it takes about 10 days for the egg to hatch into a tiny caterpillar and about 5 - 6 weeks to grow into the full its size of about 2 . 5 inches long and 3 / 4 inch in diameter . the caterpillars are green in all instars except the first and resemble polyphemus . the 5th instar caterpillars are not as voracious as polyphemus and it was a little easier to keep them supplied with leaves . i raised 15 on sweet gum and they did very well as the cocoons were all larger than those of their parents .\ni work with a number of subcontractors in the united states who can ship luna eggs for me at various times , starting as early as march in alabama and as late as september from new jersey . in most cases , the subcontractors have either captured wild female moths at lights or have obtained pairings of their own reared or purchased females with wild males . fresh eggs are shipped at a time appropriate to their rearing in the respective areas of customers . shippers indicate the date of deposit with each shipment . eggs typically take eight days ( 80 - 85 f ) to twelve days ( 68 f ) to incubate , depending on storage temperature .\nmany of you will have cocoons that are not going to overwinter . in the spring of march 2008 a shipping partner in southern alabama obtained a luna pairing ( wild males flying ) on march 9 . he reared the larvae outdoors in sleeves and the caterpillars started spinning cocoons on april 27 . i suspect moths from these cocoons will begin hatching the second or third week in may after spending only two to three weeks in cocoons . in contrast , on march 9 on p . e . i . in eastern canada , where i live , we were having a blizzard . there are still no leaves on the trees and there are patches of snow on the ground in shaded ditches as of may 3 .\ni ' m in the suburbs and let a part of my yard 100 % natural . i never spray pesticides ever ! ! ! i have so many amazing moths , butterflies and insects in my yard . so please everyone don ' t spray pesticide . enjoy the wildlife and see the beauty in nature . it ' s much more fascinating for kids as well as adults to experience these rare kind of sightings as the luna moth . i stopped my young kid neighbor passing by and within in an hour he had all his friends looking at the caterpillar and they were amazed and fascinated . letting your yard grow natural while keeping some tidy flower gardens on the outskirts looks beautiful and helps our wildlife . thank you for the great post !"]}
{"id": 1176, "summary": [{"text": "pilina solarium is an extinct species of a paleozoic silurian monoplacophoran .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it was first named as palaeacmaea solarium and described by gustaf lindstr\u00f6m from silurian of gotland in sweden in 1884 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "pilina solarium", "paragraphs": ["communicated to the r . swedish academy of sciences , june 8th 1881 and april 9th 1884 .\nindex to the generic names applied to the gastropoda of palaeozoic period\n: p . 199 - 205 includes index extracted picklist\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntake a virtual tour of 15 craigside ! to schedule a live tour , click here .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nreefs are organic structures that largely vary in size , form , and composition with local conditions in space and time . these structures are generally formed in shallow water . this shallow water can lie off a gradually sloping shore , around or over an oceanic island or submerged island , or over a more or less level shelf . this chapter describes reefs , their typological , geographical , and stratigraphical distribution along with organic and lithological composition . the subsequent growth of reefs depends upon a multitude of factors , including stability , disposition and form of the original substratum , relative movements of sea level , suitability of local climatic conditions , composition , ventilation and degree of turbidity of the surrounding waters , and degree of exposure to wave and current action , size , and force of local waves . some of the reefs in the h\u00f6gklint beds of gotland exhibit the shape of an inverted cone with a curved and widely extended base , while others are developed over wide parts of the sea bottom , showing a lateral extension of up to 1 . 5 - 2 km . the extended h\u00f6gklint reefs are more of a biohermal than a biostromal type of development .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nwe\u2019re sorry , some parts of the airbnb website don\u2019t work properly without javascript enabled ."]}
{"id": 1178, "summary": [{"text": "inferno ( 1902 \u2013 1919 ) was a canadian thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he has been called \" canada 's first great racehorse \" by the canadian horse racing hall of fame . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "inferno ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["inferno ( de _ inferno ) is a bomb defusal map featured in the counter - strike series .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nblazing inferno was sired by red giant out of the dam margravine blazing inferno was foaled on 26 of september in 2011 .\nblazing inferno has a 4 % win percentage and 13 % place percentage . blazing inferno ' s last race event was at kilcoy .\nin the revamped version , the street sign\ncorso inferno\ncan be found near middle , meaning\ninferno avenue\nin italian .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for kerang inferno . kerang inferno is a filly born in 2011 october 14 by desert king out of little honeypot\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for royal inferno . royal inferno is a mare born in 2009 october 30 by due sasso out of royal spark\nthe world / inferno friendship society - canonize philip k . dick , ok ?\nno venue information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno class information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno jockey information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno track information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nno prize information could be found for inferno ( nz ) ( nz ) .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for blazing inferno ( nzl ) . blazing inferno ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2011 september 26 by red giant out of margravine\nthe current race record for blazing inferno ( nzl ) is 1 wins from 24 starts .\nwe didn ' t know what kind of horse he was going to be , but after that we knew we had a good horse ,\ncarreno said .\nblazing inferno is a 5 year old bay gelding . blazing inferno is trained by f n phillips , at sunshine coast and owned by ms m j adams - smith & g j jones .\nhero farmer kym \u201cfreddy\u201d curnow was also killed as he tried to warn others away from the inferno .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nblazing inferno ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 9 - 0 - 8 - 2 .\nblazing inferno\u2019s last race event was at 20 / 08 / 2016 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe tragic scene where the three europeans died after their vehicle and horse float rolled over in the raging fire .\ni wasn ' t surprised the way he ran ,\nhernandez said of conquest mo money ' s maiden win .\nhe was a nice horse . but after the next race\u2014now i know i have a horse .\nillustration of running fire horse on white background . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 23236280 .\nillustration of running blue fire horse on white background . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 23236277 .\nthe large fountain in the harmonia gardens set was reused in the towering inferno ( 1974 ) . it can be seen in the top floor restaurant . in the towering inferno ( 1974 ) , it is knocked over by the water and kills the bartender played by gregory sierra .\nbritish man tom butcher , 31 , norwegian anna winther , 29 , and a german woman , julia , 19 , died when their vehicle towing a horse float was caught in flames as they tried to flee the property and rescue a horse in the process .\nblazing inferno career form is 1 wins , 1 seconds , 1 thirds from 24 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 14 , 900 .\ninferno ( can ) b . h , 1902 { 40 } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nin the sound files , a sound called\nde _ inferno _ children . wav\ncan be found . [ 1 ] it was added before the haloween 2016 update and contain unused spooky children laughing sound .\non a break from filming , walter matthau and michael crawford visited a nearby racetrack and saw a horse named hello dolly . matthau refused to place a bet on it because it reminded him of barbra streisand , whom he detested . crawford placed a bet on the horse . it won the race , and matthau refused to speak to crawford for the rest of the shoot unless absolutely necessary .\nulysses : greek hero famous for his cunning ; he helped to devise the trojan horse . according to dante , ulysses went on another journey after he returned home , sailing to the most distant west and south\n* * inferno will be showing at the ride & slide in tulsa 3 / 6 - 3 / 11 , the nrbc 4 / 12 - 4 / 22 , and the nrha derby . during this time frozen semen only will be available . * *\nin the scene where we see an ancient battle taking place and see soldiers riding through the fighting on horseback , the extras and actors were prepped on the action , and kept a trail clear for the horses to pass through . plastic horses were placed throughout the background to represent dead horses . the riders were stuntmen who were adept at rearing the horses . in the scene where we see a horse fall backwards , production used a fake horse for that scene .\ni asked miguel , ' why ' d that horse beat you up ? you ' re supposed to be the best , '\nhernandez remembered .\nhe just said , ' i couldn ' t keep up . '\nthe local horse seemed cooked as the doug o ' neill - trained california invader came up on the outside , but conquest mo money showed his grit , dug in on the inside , and put away irap to win by two lengths .\nthey tested him in the sunland derby . he had a terrible post , a terrible trip into the first turn , and i ' m a big uncle mo fan ,\ncasse said .\ni called up ( brother and bloodstock agent ) justin ( casse ) to see if we could buy that horse . i have no problem giving somebody a profit if they ' re doing something right , but they didn ' t want to sell . i knew that horse could run .\nhonestly , i wanted to go in the kentucky derby ,\nthe trainer said .\nit ' s my dream , and i have the horse . but after talking to mr . mckenna , i thought it was the right decision .\ni claim my own horses . i buy my own horses ,\nsaid the 81 - year - old mckenna , who added that his horsemanship started when he worked his first horse from the gate at the age of 12 for his grandfather and horse owner c . m . lanier ( hence the stable name judge lanier racing ) .\nbelieve me when i tell you it ' s not because i think i ' m smarter or better . i ' m just a poor boy and that ' s the way i get it done .\nto break her maiden . that started a roll of eight consecutive victories , including scores in the 2015 breeders ' cup juvenile fillies turf ( g1t ) and the 2016 belmont oaks ( g1t ) , and three soveriegn awards topped by canada ' s 2015 horse of the year honor .\nif the offers to buy conquest mo money were coming in hot before the sunland derby , the arkansas derby result caused an inferno . hernandez said offers topped out at $ 1 . 5 million , with some buyers even willing to put up the extra $ 200 , 000 for the late supplemental nomination to the kentucky derby .\nthen the time came for both colts to have a first work out of the gate . jockey miguel perez was aboard oh so regal and alfredo juarez jr . was on conquest mo money . one horse dusted the other by two lengths , but it wasn ' t what hernandez was expecting .\nnow , of course , he ' s got my attention . but at the time , he had beaten irap , and who knew about irap ?\ncasse said of the colt who later became the first horse to break his maiden in the toyota blue grass stakes ( g2 ) at\nthe problem is , you have too many people in this industry only concerned about the breeding part . that ' s it . it ' s all about one classic , two classics , three classics and that ' s not horse racing . i want to see my horses run .\nhe ' s a beautiful horse , but he had ( issues with his ) shins early on ,\ncasse said .\nif you watch him , he has a unique way of going . he ' s a big , stout horse , but he has a little bit of knee action and he hits the ground fairly hard . early on , his ankles kept filling up on him . we call them ' baby ankles . ' we would x - ray them and they were always fine . there wasn ' t anything there , so you just try to let them grow up .\nwe were jumping up and down . we didn ' t win , but for us , we won . it wasn ' t the money ,\nmckenna said of the $ 200 , 000 second - place share of the purse .\nit was because the horse performed the way he did .\nhad an impressive start to his competition career as a young horse , competing with success under serena pincus ( of the sheepcote stud ) , emily freezer and cathryn creemer ( the current test rider for the british hannoverian horse society mare test ) . such was his excellent temperament that it was then decided to concentrate on high - level young rider classes and with amanda leaker ( who rides many young horses for the woodlander stud , igor\u2019s previous owners to whom we give grateful thanks for letting us buy him ) he competed regularly at advanced and prix st george level , retiring in 2008 with an impressive 280 dressage points .\nthe colt from the conquest stables dispersal was picked out by mckenna himself , a lifelong horseman , who in his words has trained\nevery damn type of horse you could think of .\nhe doesn ' t rely on others because he calls himself a\npoor boy\nwho can ' t afford the advice .\nthis phenomenal stallion has been turning heads ever since he first walked in the show pen . he is a blue blood through and through , sired by nrha open futurity champion gunnatrashya . his dam , snip o gun , is an nrha all time leading producer , with offspring earnings of over $ 849 , 250 . shown by franco bertolani , inferno sixty six will continue his lucrative show career in 2018 .\none of the horse - drawn buses used in the new york scene in the beginning of the movie ( dolly is briefly seen descending from one ) is still in use . it is part of the krewe of orpheus parade in new orleans and can be seen every lundi gras , still drawn by horses . a calliope has been installed on the upper deck .\n, and most recently on the arizona and new mexico circuits , hernandez won more than 2 , 000 races across all breeds in north america ( 1 , 846 in thoroughbred races ) \u2014including a sextet of graded victories in quarter horse races . after the injury his riding career was abruptly over , but it didn ' t take long for an opportunity to come up .\nhis entry into horse racing started when he worked as a mechanic ' s assistant in mexico city as a teenager . the mechanic , a racing fan , always told hernandez he had the perfect body type to be a jockey , and hernandez finally gave in one day and took a trip to mexico city ' s hip\u00f3dromo de las am\u00e9ricas , which had a jockeys ' school adjacent to it . he enrolled .\nbefore the sunland derby , hernandez expressed a desire\u2014and a sense of pride\u2014to run for all the horsemen associated with new mexico racing ( and to take down that big purse for the home team ) . that race continues to be ruled by out - of - state invaders who seek kentucky derby points and a piece of the inflated purse , but the trainer wanted to show a new mexico - based horse could do it .\nwith the showjumping influence in his pedigree it is not surprising that he also showed excellent potential for this as a young horse , but being owned by a dressage breeder and always based at dressage yards he did not have many opportunities to compete in this discipline . however , he has been able to pass on his natural jumping talent to his progeny , a number of whom have competed successfully in both showjumping and eventing .\ni ' d never run a horse in the derby ,\nmckenna said .\nyou can do two things\u2014you can either cut the number of horses and make it a safer race , or you can make these 3 - year - old races 4 - year - old races and let ' s get these horses some maturity , and then we ' ll have some longevity in these horses and not as many breaking down .\nthey teach you everything before you ride the horse\u2014to be a groom , how to put on bandages , everything ,\nhernandez said .\nyou ' re learning before you ever get to riding . that went on for maybe two years or a year and i got to galloping horses , but after you leave the school , you ' re still working with the horses\u2014you ' re in there feeling their legs and in the stalls , not just riding .\ninferno was officially revamped in october 13 , 2016 update . although the overall layout remains relatively unchanged , the revamped version features widened pathways , along with drastically improved visibility and brightness level . the car on upper banana is replaced by a couple of barrels . the hay stacks beneath window room are now stairs . the windows on the both sides of window room are upgraded in size and visibility . the new map also saw the removal of the bells in t spawn , pillars on the side of banana , the patio in front of bombsite b , the truck near ct spawn , coverings over bombsite a and the bedroom next to window room as well as reintroducing the route connecting t spawn and alt mid .\nowner : joseph e . seagram , waterloo breeder : j . e . seagram 1st king ' s plate , king edward gold cup three times , the durham cup twice and the toronto cup . inferno ' s herculean deeds were legion , and it mattered not that when he died in 1919 , he was an ill - tempered\nrogue\n, dangerous to the unwary and a failure at stud . he kicked down so many wooden stall gates at seagram ' s waterloo farm that an iron door had to be placed on his stall . when he died seagram had him opened up .\nhis heart was the most massive i ' ve ever seen ,\nhe said , a trifle awed . ( close )\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nstewards apprentice mitchell aitken has been taken to hospital following a fall at swan hill on sunday .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for visiting british eventing . to enhance the security of our site we have made some changes which your browser will not support . to continue using our site please upgrade your browser .\ncookies are small text files held on your computer . they are used so that you can place orders and we can provide a better service . continue to use the site as normal if you ' re happy with this , or find out how to manage cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nafter awakening in a hospital room in italy , dr . langdon suddenly finds himself as the victim of a manhunt .\ndue to late notification and / or limited resources , american humane association did not monitor any of the dog action .\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nthe map is set in a small town with european architecture . in the global offensive version , the presence of the separatist faction suggests that the map is set in the basque country , where the real eta separatist group operates , though signs written in italian seen around the map suggest otherwise .\nthe map is loosely rectangular , with the counter - terrorists spawning on one corner of the map and the terrorists on the diagonally opposite corner , and the two bombsites sitting at the other two corners .\nterrorists are attempting to blow up two critical gas pipelines through part of a small village .\nthe map was built by chris\nbarney\nauty . it was likely to be an abandoned residence and the time is set in the evening .\nthe houses at the 2nd middle section and near the ct spawn zone were added to the map . bombsite a is moved away from the ct spawn zone to its current position .\nthe map was edited by valve corporation . some elements were added such as lamps and the theme is changed to a village setting . the time is set at noon .\nthis map had been edited by ritual entertainment in counter - strike : condition zero . the map arrangement has been expanded a bit and the textures are completely changed and taken from the mission motorcade assault in condition zero : deleted scenes . the other map that uses the same textures is italy . also , the time is set during night , directly derived from the original mission .\nai navigation for bots has also improved . they will usually avoid jumping over the truck in bombsite b to access the apartments and traversing through the crawlspace in which a . i . players struggled in older versions .\nthe time is set during a sunny day , similar to the original counter - strike version .\nthis version of the map has a few visual improvements but not much has changed when compared to the source version . the hay stacks and the fish ponds still make their respective appearances but nuclear containment barrels have also been added . notably , the majority of props in bombsite a were removed to reduce camping , the apartment room in the middle from source was removed , the secondary pathway out of the terrorist spawn zone was removed , and the automated gated door from the apartments is not present . the skybox has also changed , similar to counter - strike 1 . 0 .\nthe counter - terrorists for this map are the sas and the terrorists are the separatists .\nmiscellaneous changes include switching the bombsite designations and having chickens appear in this map . a chicken hut was added to the terrorist spawn in an update .\non april 21 , 2016 , the map was moved to the reserves group , being replaced by nuke .\nthe factions remain unchanged , and the map ' s setting has been changed to an italian town with more distinctive european architecture .\non february 3 , 2017 , the map was moved to the active duty group , replacing dust 2 .\ndecember 10 , 2014 update , february 17 , 2016 update , june 15 , 2016 update and june 15 , 2016 update .\nin the original global offensive version , the edge of the ceiling next to bombsite a can cause a player to become stuck permanently . [ 2 ]\nthe song latin lover by jane marie finstrom can be heard near a bombsite of the source version and in the ct spawn in the revamped global offensive version .\nthe song in the original global offensive terrorist - spawn is a shortened version of carcelera by reflejo andaluz .\nversion . these bells will ring if they are shot at , with the large bells and the small bells ringing in different tones . they are removed in the revamped version .\nthe bell located in the bellower that can be seen on the map can also be rang by shooting at it .\nin source , in the apartment area , if a player jumps into the ceiling fan , he will make injured grunts even though no damage is dealt . this was also the case in earlier versions of global offensive , where the fan would make head - shot sounds ( differing depending on whether the player wore a helmet ) . this was later patched when the map was updated to cause the fan to block movement into its blades .\nin source , a gas can can be found in the storage room near the apartment area . its model is taken from half - life 2 . it can be shot and damage the player who ' re too close to it , it has fairly low explosive radius and won ' t do much damage to the player ( detonating while being caught in the epicenter of the blast causes the player to lose 15 hp without armor and 10 hp and in addition 3 point of armor ) .\nseveral aspects of the map in the source and the original global offensive version appear to be inspired by mission san juan capistrano at southern california . [ 3 ]\nin source , there is an area of the map called boiler room . in global offensive , the name boiler room was retained but the boiler room itself was closed off . the september 17 , 2014 update later partially opened the door , revealing the boiler room , but another update removed the boiler again and relocated it to a truck near bombsite b . in the revamped version , the boiler is returned to its original location , similar to that of the september 17 , 2014 version .\nin rare occasions , one of the computer monitors in apartments shows the main menu of won - version counter - strike . [ 4 ]\non the revamped version , the street sign\nvia adamo\ncan be found near banana . the sign means\nadam road\nin italian , a tribute to famous competitive global offensive player adam friberg , who had been nicknamed\nking of the banana\ndue to his reputation to attack and defend banana with great efficiency .\ninterestingly , alt mid is named\nvia dante\n( dante road ) according to the street signs .\nthere is a coat of arms painted on the wall facing mid with\ntenuta auty\nas the motto .\nin the revamped version , the numbers near library were\n88\nin beta , but changed to\n95\nin the official release .\nthe update notes\nadded a boiler to boiler\nbecame a minor meme within the community .\ncounter - strike global offensive \\ csgo \\ pak01 _ dir . vpk \\ sound \\ ambient \\\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\na foal has been born in the chaos of a fire , while bulls and horses ran loose on the yard .\nthe filly , aptly named ember , was foaled during a blaze at a farm in ryhill , south yorkshire , on 21 june .\nsarah scott , the owner of the dam , a 13 . 2hh coloured cob called mica , only realised her pony was in foal two weeks prior to the birth , having recently bought the mare .\nsarah hall , whose aunt owns the farm , had been helping with the birth .\n\u201ci had a call at 7 . 45pm saying she was about to foal , \u201d ms hall told h & h .\n\u201ci shot over to the yard and went into the mare\u2019s stable . a nose and two front feet were out .\n\u201cthen i heard shouting and screaming . i saw the smoke and knew there was something wrong .\n\u201ci jumped over the mare , ran around the corner and all i could see was a wall of flames . \u201d\nms hall ran into the neighbouring barn to let out the nine bulls who were also kept on the farm .\n\u201cshe was still stuck in her sack , so i got her out and freed her airways , \u201d ms hall said .\n\u201cmeanwhile the stampede of bulls came out of the barn . a friend was herding them and one ended up in the stable .\n\u201cthe mare was doing a fabulous job , she didn\u2019t even react . the little baby was like , \u2018what\u2019s happening ? \u2019\n\u201cnext the bulls crashed into the horses\u2019 paddock so they were released too . \u201d\n\u201cgas cylinders were exploding and machinery was crashing around , \u201d ms hall said .\n\u201cthere was a massive diesel tank on the front of the barn \u2014 if that had gone up we would have been annihilated . \u201d\nthe fire destroyed buildings , machinery , hay and straw , but the farm\u2019s 15 horses and nine bulls were not hurt .\n\u201cthe next day we brought the mare and foal out , \u201d added ms hall .\n\u201cember\u2019s in perfect health and has become a bit of a celebrity and the mare has been superb throughout . \u201d\nby submitting your information , you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nwe ' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like . your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time . please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n\u00a9 copyright ti media limited . all rights reserved . terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nthey came to wa in search of adventure , study and employment , but the lives of three overseas visitors were cut short when they perished in the esperance bushfires .\nlocals have paid tribute to the trio who worked on a property owned by respected farmers david and linda campbell at scaddan , about 55km north of esperance .\njustin laird , a farm hand on a neighbouring property who fought the flames for more than 10 hours on tuesday , said losing friends was \u201cjust devastating\u201d .\n\u201cwe lost all our wheat but that\u2019s nothing when lives have been lost , \u201d mr laird said .\n\u201ca lot more lives would have been lost if it wasn\u2019t for freddy warning people .\n\u201cto lose friends , people you know \u2026 it\u2019s not nice . it\u2019s one of the hardest things . \u201d\nflames destroyed neighbouring farmers nigel and terri thomas\u2019 wheat crop and came within centimetres of their home , but they said they were the lucky ones .\n\u201cour hearts just go out to the families who have lost someone . losing crops and things is nothing , absolutely nothing compared to that , \u201d mrs thomas said .\nmr butcher was a well - known farm hand and mechanic described by those who knew him as a \u201cgreat bloke\u201d .\nhe had lived in the esperance area for several years and was trying to secure permanent residency .\nearlier this month , he was one of many celebrating a melbourne cup get - together at the thomas\u2019 homestead , where he won the sweep , pulling the winning ticket on prince of penzance .\nms winther was an international student of curtin university who graduated with a bachelor of arts in journalism in 2012 and a masters in human rights in 2014 .\nshe had been working as a cook at the campbell property , while it is believed julia , 19 , was working as a farmhand .\nmrs campbell described the tragic circumstances surrounding the incident , saying her husband was fighting fires elsewhere with mr butcher when they decided to return to the home .\nbut mr butcher and the other two foreign workers decided to leave the property and were caught in flames within several kilometres after making a fateful decision to turn left instead of right at the farm gate .\nms winther , who was in a gay relationship , had interests in education , human rights , civil rights , social action and the environment , according to her linkedin profile .\nthe human rights graduate was a member of amnesty international lesbian , gay , bi - sexual , transgender , intersex and questioning community action group .\nher linkedin profile reveals a beautiful , smart and gifted woman who tragically won\u2019t be able to achieve her research around women\u2019s rights and lgbitq rights .\n\u201ci have been actively volunteering at youth help line ( ungdomstelefonen ) \u2014 a youth help line service offered by the norwegian ngo queer youth norway ( skeiv ungdom ) since 2012 , \u201d her profile reads .\n\u201ci engaged in several projects with the organisation and joined the international committee that works for diversity and against discrimination based on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity internationally .\n\u201cmy time at queer youth norway has been an invaluable learning experience that reinforced my interest in the fields of human rights , social justice and international relations . \u201d\nthe two were found dead with another woman , believed to be a 19 - year - old german woman named julia .\nall three were discovered in the same vehicle , just a few kilometres from the farmhouse of their employers , linda and dave campbell .\nit is believed they turned left heading towards the fire and were overcome with flames .\ntheir car was discovered on the same road as esperance icon and farmer kym \u201cfreddy\u201d curnow\u2019s burnt - out vehicle .\nhe was believed to be helping direct people away from the fire , and was hailed as a hero by locals .\nthe two fires have burnt through more than 130 , 000 hectares and the 15 , 000 animals have been lost . but , the worst of it is the human toll . we know tonight that four people have lost their lives in the flames . courtesy channel nine .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndepending on the week ' s assignment , you may have several pages of background reading . this week , you have two pages of background reading .\nthere are many times when dante will make allusions to classical mythology or figures from the bible ; don ' t worry if you do not recognize some of these details . below you will find a list of some of the main figures that you meet , and with whom you should be familiar before you begin the reading .\ncerberus : the three - headed dog guardian of the underworld . you met cerberus in last week ' s readings .\ncharon : charon steers the boat that ferries the souls of the dead across an underworld river . you met charon in the readings from last week .\nhomer : legendary greek epic poet ; dante revered him , although he did not have direct access to homer ' s work ( it was only rediscovered in western europe in the later renaissance ) . you learned about homer in the readings from last week .\nminos : while alive minos was a king , whose wife , pasiphae , had an affair with a bull , giving birth to the minotaur ; in death , minos was one of the judges of the dead in the underworld .\nvirgil ( vergil ) : roman poet , author of the epic poem the aeneid . you learned about virgil ' s life in the readings from last week .\nmodern languages mlll - 2003 . world literature : frametales . laura gibbs , ph . d . this work is licensed under a creative commons license . you must give the original author credit . you may not use this work for commercial purposes . if you alter , transform , or build upon this work , you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one . page last updated : october 9 , 2004 12 : 48 pm\nin the harmonia gardens , the back wall behind the hat - check girl is the wall from the ballroom of the von trapps villa in the sound of music ( 1965 ) .\ngene kelly fought to keep michael crawford ' s singing voice , which the producers wanted to dub .\nthis was the very first film released on home video ( vhs and betamax ) in the us . it was released in fall 1977 by the magnetic video corporation , the first of the 50 original films it licensed from fox . its catalog number was cl - 1001 .\nbarbra streisand ' s gold - beaded gown in the harmonia gardens scene weighed 40 pounds , and cost $ 8 , 000 . the original design included a 2 - 1 / 2 - foot train , which was removed after she and other dancers tripped over it during rehearsals . the train is visible when streisand starts down the stairs , then disappears .\nbarbra streisand and walter matthau fought bitterly during filming . he disliked her so intensely that he refused to be around her unless the script required it . he is famously quoted as telling barbra that she\nhad no more talent than a butterfly ' s fart\n. interestingly , he is clearly in the audience at barbra ' s one voice ( 1986 ) concert at her malibu ranch , where invitation - only guests paid $ 5 , 000 per couple to help establish the streisand foundation , which supports numerous charitable organizations . apparently , he did not hold grudges .\nleading uk dvd retailer hmv sold more copies of this film from july - september 2008 than it had for the previous ten years . it was attributed to the popularity of wall\u00b7e ( 2008 ) , which features clips from this film at several key points .\nin the original musical , cornelius hackl and irene molloy sing\nit only takes a moment\nin the courtroom during horace vandergelder ' s trial . in the movie , they sing the song in union square park . the entire arrest and trial sequence was dropped for the movie version .\nthe facade of the harmonia gardens still stands as of 2010 on the 20th century - fox lot , though the park across the street is long gone .\ndanny lockin , who played barnaby in the movie , played the same role live on the st . james theatre stage in new york while the movie was in first - run theaters . sadly , he was murdered a few years later in la .\nthe set for the harmonia gardens filled an entire sound stage at fox studios and occupied three levels : a dance floor , a main section that surrounded the dance floor and an upper mezzanine . the harmonia gardens sequence took an entire month to shoot .\nthe scenes set in turn - of - the - last - century yonkers , new york , were actually filmed a few miles up the hudson river , in garrison , ny . yonkers was recreated by putting false fronts on the existing buildings of the small village . the final wedding scene and reprise were shot at the trophy point monument and overlook of the united states military academy in west point , new york .\nlouis armstrong ' s final film . he was on set for half a day , and filmed all of his shots in one take . in 1964 , his recording of\nhello , dolly !\nhit # 1 .\nthe train car in the final shot of\nput on your sunday clothes\nis from the strasburg railroad , an active steam museum short line still in existence . the\nhello dolly\ncar is open to the public .\nelizabeth taylor was considered for the role of dolly , but she couldn ' t sing . doris day and shirley maclaine ( who played irene molloy in the the matchmaker ( 1958 ) ) were both briefly considered . despite her oscar nomination for best supporting actress in thoroughly modern millie ( 1967 ) , carol channing was never considered for the role because it was felt that she could not carry a film of this stature . channing ' s co - star , julie andrews , turned down the role of dolly .\nthe ornate glass windows in the background of the harmonia gardens were recycled and used in the main dining room skylights of the ss poseidon in the poseidon adventure ( 1972 ) . egyptian hieroglyphic backgrounds from cleopatra ( 1963 ) completed the poseidon ' s dining room , even though the ship ' s design theme was of the greek god poseidon .\nthe original broadway production of\nhello dolly !\nopened at the st . james theater on january 16 , 1964 and ran for 2844 performances , setting a broadway longevity record .\nhello dolly !\nalso won the 1964 tony award for the best musical and best score . the original broadway production is the nineteenth longest running show ever as of february , 2013 .\nthe song\nlove is only love ,\nwhich barbra streisand ' s dolly sings in her bedroom before the harmonia gardens scene , was not in the stage production of\nhello , dolly .\nlove is only love\nwas written by jerry herman for the broadway musical\nmame\nbut was cut before the show ' s opening . the song occurred in the story as mame dennis tries to explain falling in love to her pre - teen nephew , patrick . 20th century - fox executives had asked herman to write a new song for the film so they would have a candidate for the academy award for best song , and they were upset that instead of giving them a new song , he palmed them off with a discard from\nmame\nthat , because it had been performed publicly during\nmame\n' s out - of - town tryouts , was not eligible for the award .\nin the parade scene the ywca marching unit was the award - winning california high school drill team , under the direction of ms . jackie mccauley . the group was selected by twentieth century - fox based on their performance in the hollywood santa claus lane parade on the wednesday evening before thanksgiving day , 1967 . the marching band in white uniforms was the ucla marching band . the band in red and black uniforms was the san fernando valley youth band .\nmany of the taller building facades constructed on the los angeles front lot of 20th century - fox as part of the outdoor sets ( representing 1890 new york city ) concealed the towers of then - new century city - - constructed on the former back lot of the studio . .\nthe singing voice of irene molloy was provided by gilda maiken and melissa stafford .\ntwentieth century - fox had agreed to theatrical impresario david merrick ' s stipulation that its film could not be released while the broadway production was still running . as the show was nearing its fourth year on stage by the time filming got under way , it was assumed that it would have closed by the time the movie was ready for release . however , merrick then replaced his stage actors with an all - black cast led by pearl bailey , an acclaimed move which invigorated the theatre box - office considerably . as a result , the finished film spent a year gathering dust in fox ' s vaults , and only got released after fox had come to a lavish financial arrangement with merrick so that he would waive his stipulation . this added to the film ' s already huge cost and helped make it an even bigger flop . the stage show ran for some seven years , long after the film ' s original release .\nhello , dolly ! was the most expensive musical ever produced at the time of the film ' s release .\nchoreographer michael kidd liked pairing tall girls and short guys together for sex appeal and energy in his works . he got just the opposite with tommy tune , who stood 6 ' 6\nand joyce ames ( ermangarde ) , who was 4 ' 10\n, a near 2 foot height difference . kidd was disinterested with them as a couple , but gene kelly stepped in to help .\nmichael kidd ( choreographer ) broke his leg during rehearsal while showing a routine to dancers .\nmichael crawford , who plays cornelius hackl , also played the phantom in the original 1986 west end stage production of\nthe phantom of the opera\nand also in its 1988 broadway production .\nin the original musical , vandergelder was supposed to crash a dance number called\nbe my butterfly ,\nafter which he was arrested and charged with disturbing the peace . dolly visits him in his holding cell at the courthouse , and this is where she sings\nso long , dearie .\nfor the movie , that number was dropped , and dolly sings\nso long , dearie\nat the train station .\ncarol channing had originally played dolly in the broadway production , and won a tony award for it . the same year barbra streisand was nominated for the same award for funny girl ( 1968 ) . streisand eventually played both parts , and won an academy award for\nfunny girl .\nfox reused some of the sets from this film for beneath the planet of the apes ( 1970 ) .\nthe harmonia gardens sequence ( where the song\nhello dolly\nis performed ) took an entire month to shoot .\namong those who originally tested for the role of gussie grainger / ernestina simple were jo anne worley and peg murray . among those who tested for ambrose kemper was ron rifkin . worley had been a stand - in for carol channing in the original 1964 broadway production . in 1973 she play dolly in a stage production performed in sacramento , california .\naccording to peter cook , stanley donen was offered the chance to direct this movie but chose to make bedazzled ( 1967 ) instead .\npat finley and sandy duncan made a screen test for the role of minnie .\nthe film only managed to gross $ 33 . 2 million ( with $ 26 million in theatrical rentals ) against a $ 25 million budget . adjusted for inflation those numbers amount to a $ 216 million gross on a $ 164 million budget in contemporary dollars .\nwas the # 4 box - office hit of 1969 , earning $ 33 . 2m . adjusted for inflation , that would be more than $ 228m in 2018 .\nalthough gene kelly won golden globe and directors guild nominations for best director , and although hello , dolly ! ( 1969 ) won an oscar nomination for best film , kelly was furious when he did not get an oscar nomination for direction .\nmarianne mcandrew was the only member of the main cast whose singing was dubbed .\nbarbra streisand won golden globe and bafta nomination for best actress but did not win an oscar nomination . she had won the best actress oscar the previous year for funny girl ( 1968 ) .\nthe finale was filmed at west point , ny , on the banks of the hudson river . the church was only a facade built for the film .\nthe building used for vandergelder ' s hay and feed store now serves as the headquarters of an independent film company called ironbound films .\nprior to playing minnie faye in this film e . j . peaker had starred with robert morse in a short - lived ( one season ) sitcom called that ' s life ( 1968 ) . morse had played minnie faye ' s suitor , barnaby , in the 1955 stage production of\nthe matchmaker\n, which\nhello , dolly !\nis based on . morse repeated his role in the film version of the matchmaker ( 1958 ) .\nthough the role of dolly is usually cast closer to the age of her love interest , horace vandegelder , and indeed it is implied that dolly , a widow , is some years older than cornelius hackl and irene malloy , barbra streisand , michael crawford , and marianne mcandrew are all the same age , born in 1942 .\nthere was a 22 - year gap between barbra streisand and walter mathau , who played dolly levi and horace vandegelder , respectively . streisand was 27 , and mathau 49 when the film was released .\namong those who originally tested for the role of gussie grainger / ernestina simple were jo anne worley and peg murray . among those who tested for ambrose kemper was ron rifkin .\ntwo songs from the original broadway production ,\ni put my hand in\nand\nmotherhood\n, were not used in the film version . two songs in the film version ,\njust leave everything to me\nand\nlove is only love\n, were not in the original broadway production .\nwhen she appeared on inside the actors studio , barbra streisand was reluctant to discuss the film other than to acknowledge that she had been far too young for the part of dolly and should never have accepted it .\nthe only best picture oscar nominee that year to be also nominated for best original or adaptation score .\nthe only best picture oscar nominee that year not to be nominated in any of the writing categories .\nas walter matthau and barbra streisand had notoriously feuded on the set of the film , when it came time to film the ending where horace and dolly kiss at their wedding , because he hated her so much matthau had effectively refused to kiss her . a variation of clever angles and long distance camera shots were able to create a convincing kiss where matthau and streisand ' s faces come close together without actually touching their lips .\nthere are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don\u2019t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .\nthere are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . ."]}
{"id": 1183, "summary": [{"text": "miresa habenichti is a moth species in the family of limacodidae found in mozambique .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species has a wingspan of 34 mm and a body length of 18 mm and was named after its collector mr. habenicht from delagoa bay . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "miresa habenichti", "paragraphs": ["jahrg . 7 ( 1913 - 1914 ) - internationale entomologische zeitschrift . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nwichgraf f . 1913 . eine neue \u00e4thiopische limacodidae und anderes . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 7 ( 2 ) : 9\u201410 ; ( 3 ) : 13\u201414 ; ( 4 ) : 21\u201422 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1194, "summary": [{"text": "hyopsodus is a genus of extinct odd-toed ungulate mammal of the family hyopsodontidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "fossils of this genus have been found in north america , especially the bighorn basin region of the united states .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is believed to have been swift and nimble , living in burrows , and perhaps able to use echolocation . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hyopsodus", "paragraphs": ["endocast measurements for hyopsodus ( given in mm , and mm 3 for endocast volume ) .\ndevelopment of the corpora quadrigemina in ( a ) hyopsodus , ( b ) rhinolophus hipposideros , ( c ) tenrec ecaudatus .\nhyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007\ndental measurements of amnh 143783 referred to hyopsodus lepidus ( given in mm ) . measurements are base don the 3d reconstruction of the dentition .\nfigure 1 . hyopsodus as originally reconstructed ( below ) and as reconstructed here above in two views . this former condylarth now nests with dogs .\nfigure 2 . miacis , an eocene ancestor to extant dogs , such as canis . note the transverse premaxilla and tiny premaxillary teeth as in hyopsodus .\ndetails - hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 - biodiversity heritage library\ncitation : orliac mj , argot c , gilissen e ( 2012 ) digital cranial endocast of hyopsodus ( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) : a case of paleogene terrestrial echolocation ? plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e30000 . urltoken\nfull reference : l . krishtalka . 1979 . paleontology and geology of the badwater creek area , central wyoming . part 18 . revision of late eocene hyopsodus . annals of carnegie museum 48 ( 20 ) : 377 - 389\nty - book ti - hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 ur - urltoken py - 1991 au - flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , er -\n\u201chyopsodus presents one of the highest encephalization quotients of archaic ungulates and shows an \u201cadvanced version\u201d of the basal ungulate brain pattern , with a mosaic of archaic characters such as large olfactory bulbs , weak ventral expansion of the neopallium , and absence of neopallium fissuration , as well as more specialized ones such as the relative reduction of the cerebellum compared to cerebrum or the enlargement of the inferior colliculus [ hearing ] . the detailed analysis of the overall morphology of the postcranial skeleton of hyopsodus indicates a nimble , fast moving animal that likely lived in burrows . \u201d\nalthough no strict relationship between echolocation and the development of inferior colliculus has been demonstrated in extant terrestrial mammals , the inferior colliculus size in hyopsodus could indicate that the latter used terrestrial echolocation to investigate subterranean environment and / or to minimize predation during nocturnal exploration of the environment as concluded for extant shrews [ 55 ] \u2013 [ 57 ] .\n@ book { bhl170947 , title = { hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\nreconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) hyopsodus lepidus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( b ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ; cast amnh 39266 ) ; ( c ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) ; ( d ) meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ; usnm 19509 ) ; ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as .\nreconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) hyopsodus lepidus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( b ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ; cast amnh 39266 ) ; ( c ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) ; ( d ) meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ; usnm 19509 ) ; ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as figure 2 .\nreconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) , ( b ) , meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ) , ( c ) hyopsodus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( d ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ) , ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , ( f ) cebochoerus ( mnhn 34\u20131967 ) , ( g ) hyracotherium ( amnh 55267 ) . all specimens normalized on the neopallium length . proportions of the different parts indicated in percent of the total endocast length : black , rhinencephalon ; red , neopallium ; blue , mesencephalon ; green , cerebellum . not to scale .\nthe most significant feature observed in hyopsodus is the clear delineation of the corpora quadrigemina , and especially the large development of the inferior colliculus . the superior colliculus receives major inputs from the retina but is more than just a visual processing structure . one of its major functions is to localize a stimulus and to cause the animal to orient to the stimulus by moving its neck and / or its eyes [ 44 ] . in contrast to the role of the superior colliculus within the visual system , the inferior colliculus is the principal source of input to the auditory thalamus , which relays auditory information to the primary auditory cortex [ 45 ] . moreover , the inferior colliculus probably also represents a major output to premotor pathways that initiate or regulate sound evoked motor behavior [ 46 ] .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , < / namepart > < namepart type =\ndate\n> 1955 - < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1991 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nuniversit\u00e9 montpellier 2 , ise - m umr 5554 , montpellier , france . maeva . orliac @ urltoken\npmid : 22347998 pmcid : pmc3277592 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0030000\nspecimen illustrated in lateral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) , and ventral ( c ) views . scale bar = 1 cm .\nreconstruction illustrated in left lateral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) , right lateral ( c ) , ventral with basicranium ( d ) , ventral without basicranium ( e ) , and posterior views . abbreviations : cas , cavernous sinus ; cc , condyloid canal ; cdf , condyloid foramen ; ci , colliculi inferior ; cf , condylar foramen ; cs , colliculi superior ; fl , paraflocculus ; flm , foramen lacerum medium ; flp , foramen lacerum posterius ; fo , foramen ovale ; fp , fissure prima ; hy , hypophysis ; ips , inferior petrosal sinus ; lal , lateral lobe of cerebellum ; las , lateral sinus ( or transverse sinus ) ; los , longitudinal sinus ; mf , mastoid foramen ; mo , medulla oblongata ; ms , mesencephalon ; mv , mastoid vein ; np , neopallium ; ob , olfactory bulb ; oc , occipital condyle ; op , olfactory peduncle ; os , occipital sinus ; ot , olfactory tubercle ; pb , petrosal bone ; pgf , postglenoid foramen ; pil , piriform lobe ; rhp , rhinal fissure ; sc , sinusal canal ; tf , temporal foramen ; ts , temporal sinus ; vc , vermis cerebelli . scale bar = 1 cm .\nconceived and designed the experiments : mjo . analyzed the data : mjo ca eg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mjo ca eg . wrote the paper : mjo ca eg .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\na major function of the brain is the maintenance of physiological condition ( homeostasy ) . by collecting and processing sensory information , it insures optimal behavioral responses in a given environment . therefore , several brain structures are molded by the ecophysiological situation of the animal within its niche [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 4 ] . the increased use of computed tomography ( ctscan ) recently gave an unprecedented access to internal structures of fossils , and triggered new interest for vertebrate cranial endocast studies ( e . g . , [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 14 ] ) . these recent works are building upon fundamental studies performed during the second half of the 20 th century ( e . g . , [ 15 ] \u2013 [ 20 ] ) and cranial endocast anatomy is now documented for major mammalians clades .\nthe brain and associated soft tissues such as meninges , nerves , veins and arteries are sheltered in the neurocranium and leave imprints on its tabula interna . the study of the endocranial cast is the only means to reach an understanding about the nervous and sensory system of extinct species . edinger [ 21 ] and jerison [ 17 ] demonstrated that analysis of mammalian endocasts can provide a good approximation of the relative size of the major encephalic subdivisions and accordingly , comparative studies of fossil mammalian endocasts largely contributed to our knowledge of brain evolutionary history ( e . g . , [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 22 ] \u2013 [ 25 ] ) .\nin the history of mammals , \u2018condylarthra\u2019 consists of a para \u2013 or polyphyletic assemblage of paleocene - eocene early diverging ungulates that potentially played a crucial role in the onset of crown ungulate clades such as perissodactyla , artiodactyla , cetacea , proboscidea , sirenia , and hyracoidea ( e . g . ,\n) . the diversity of these groups is also reflected in the disparity of brain morphologies . the phylogenetic relationships of archaic ungulates remain a current topic of investigation . a recent hypothesis of relationships among basal ungulates mammals\nsimplified phylogenetic relationships among basal ungulates , modified after [ 36 , fig . 11b ] .\nthe braincase of amnh 143783 is broken in two parts at the base of the olfactory bulbs . the two fragments match perfectly and the neurocranium is complete (\n) . the skull has undergone a slight dorso - ventral compression and the braincase is slightly deformed by a lateral shift . measurements of the endocast are provided in\n) . the vermis of the cerebellum constitutes the highest point of the brain . the cerebrum is relatively flat compared with the cerebellum . the shape of the cerebrum is correlated to the almost complete absence of telencephalic flexure . the maximal width is at the level of the piriform lobes (\nthe specimen amnh 143783 gives access to the complete extension of the rhinencephalon . the latter is strongly developed , as it almost represents half of the forebrain . the bulging olfactory lobes are of large size . their combined diameters equal the width of the dorsal roof of the skull in the posterior half of the orbits (\n) . the two lobes are elongated and contiguous . they are prolonged by long olfactory fibers spreading into the anterior part of the orbits and beyond ( not reconstructed on the 3d model because of bad preservation of the specimen ) . the olfactory bulbs directly extend the olfactory peduncles . both structures are aligned with the rest of the telencephalon . the location of the olfactory tubercles is not clear on the right side of the skull because of postmortem deformation . it is observable on the left side , although weakly prominent (\n) . the piriform lobes represent most of the cerebral hemispheres ; they are visible in dorsal view in the posterolateral part of the cerebrum where they constitute the greatest width of the brain . they are dorsally delimited by the posterior rhinal fissure located in the dorsal third of the cerebrum height . a sinus might be present in the posterolateral part of the piriform lobe , but there is no trace of its anterior extension .\n, a considerable portion of the forebrain was missing and the telencephalon was only partially described . especially , the location of the rhinal fissure was unknown . in the specimen described here , the posterior rhinal fissure is shallow but clearly present on both sides of the telencephalon (\n) . it is located in the dorsal third of the hemisphere and delimits the posteroventral border of the neopallium . the anterior rhinal fissure is difficult to locate . when present , it is limited to the anteriormost part of the cerebrum and does not abut on the posterior rhinal fissure . the neopallium thus forms a reduced cap on the cerebral hemisphere . the neopallium is smooth or lissencephalic , suggesting that there were no gyri or sulci ( neither the lateral sulcus nor the suprasylvian sulcus ) . only a subtle convexity lays on the dorsoposterior part of the neopallium , slightly posterior to the location of the gyrus 3 described in earliest artiodactyls (\n; orliac pers . obs ) . this structure marks the highest point of the cerebrum , with its dorsal part being flat and anteriorly sloping . the neopallium is distinctly narrower in its anterior portion . between the medial margins of the neopallium , the longitudinal sinus in\nis deep and clearly sets apart the two cerebral hemispheres . the lateral or transverse sinuses separate just ahead of the superior colliculi .\nthe posterior limit of the neopallium is far apart from the lobes of the cerebellum , and the tectum of the midbrain is broadly exposed on the dorsal surface . the midbrain exposure is accentuated by the anterior divergence of the two cerebral hemispheres .\nthe corpora quadrigemina ( colliculi ) are clearly visible . the inferior colliculus is especially important , and its development occupies most of the exposed midbrain . this special feature is also observed in the specimen described by gazin [ 35 ] . on x - ray radiographies , quasi perpendicular to the tabula interna , the tentorium cerebelli is a thick crest of bone separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum .\nthe cerebellum is large and exhibits a well delimited vermis , cerebellar hemispheres ( lateral lobes ) and paraflocculus . the vermis of the cerebellum is wide and elevated ; its dorsal extension is pointed and reaches the same level as the dorsal face of the telencephalon . the fissura prima is located in the posterior third of the vermis . the cerebellar hemispheres are separated from the cerebrum by a broad and shallow paramedian fissure . the former are moderately developed and not inflated , sloping anteriorly . their dorsal surface is almost flat . in dorsal view , their posterior extension does not reach that of the vermis , with the posterior part of the latter forming a wide bulge . on both ventrolateral surfaces , the paraflocculi are observable . they consist of two rounded and large sized lobes that project outwards , downwards and somewhat backwards .\nthe superior petrosal sinus is located underneath the cerebellar hemispheres , a continuation of the transverse or lateral sinus system . the posterior part of the sinus system cannot be described because most of the occipital surface of the skull is eroded and the bone is not preserved . the anterior part of the lateral sinus system , or temporal sinus , is partially reconstructed in blue on\n. it extends ventrally and leads to the postglenoid foramen ( path for the external jugular vein ) . dorsally , it leads to several small foramina indicating vascular communication with the temporal surface . posteriorly , the occipital sinus runs external to the petrosal bone and opens on the occipital surface at the level of the mastoid foramen ( path for the mastoid vein ) . ventrally , the petrosal sinus curves slightly forward to the foramen lacerum posterius ( internal jugular vein ) . just ventral to this flexure , and before the sinus reaches the foramen lacerum posterius , a small posterior sinus corresponding to the condyloid canal opens in the internal aspect of the occipital condyle . posteroventral to it , on the side of the medulla oblongata , lies the condylar foramen ( or hypoglossal foramen ) which corresponds to the path of the nerve xii .\nventromedial to the paraflocullus there is the prominence representing the internal auditory meatus with the cast of the facial nerve ( vii ) , and of the auditory nerve ( viii ) located more posteroventrally . the elongated foramen lacerum medium , medial to the internal auditory meatus , connects posteriorly the foramen lacerum posterius by a discrete inferior petrosal sinus . the foramen ovale lies posterolateral to the cavernous sinus and contains the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( v\n. the corresponding encephalization quotient ( eq ) calculated with an estimated body mass ( em ) of 630 g ( based on head and body length ) , is of 0 . 36 using the equation proposed by jerison\ndiscussed the problem of estimating body weights of archaic ungulates which greatly differ from extant members of the group . indeed , the body shape and proportions of\nare markedly different from those of extant ungulates from which the correlations between dental measurements and body weight are estimated , making it difficult to propose plausible estimates . with its elongated body and relatively short limbs ,\nregressions for non - selenodont ungulates using m1 area and m1 length . depending of the formula used , the estimated body weight of amnh 143783 ranges between 412 and 854 g . indeed , differences in body weight estimations have important repercussions on eq estimates (\nconsiders that the use of m1 area overestimates the body mass of basal ungulates because they have larger teeth for their body size than do the average modern ones . this assumption gives more credit to the body weight estimate based on the m1 length ( 412 g ) . given the morphological divergence between\nand extant ungulates , we consider a body weight estimate comprised between 326 g and 412 g , which corresponds to an eq between 0 . 48 and 0 . 41 following the equation of\n; eq = 0 . 36 ) based on a heavier body weight estimate . according to the eq estimates calculated by jerison\nev , endocast volume ; ebm , estimated body mass ; eq1 , encephalization quotient using radinsky ' s [ 20 ] equation ; eq2 , encephalization quotient using eisenberg ' s [ 39 ] equation .\nis rather simple among archaic ungulates . there is no junction between the posterior and anterior rhinal fissures , the location of the latter being even difficult to determine with precision (\n, the ventral extension of the neopallium is weak and it does not reach the level of what is interpreted here as a vascular sinus . it is comparable to that of\nis devoid of fissures and has no trace of suprasylvia or a lateral sulcus , it only exhibits a slight inflation of the posterior part of the neopallium . the same morphology is observed in\n( amnh 48082 ; gazin , 1965 ) , which shows a more important posterior inflation of the neopallium . this is in contrast with the neopallium of\nbears a long lateral sulcus and another small more ventral depression possibly representing the suprasylvia . after verification on the original endocasts ( mnhn cr 956 , cr 700 )\nis rather advanced as its antero - posterior extension almost covers half of the total length of the brain .\n( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as\nand represents more than 40 % of the total brain length . by the proportions of the different parts of its brain ,\nmidbrain exposure is as important as in other archaic ungulates , but its structure is more derived . the reduction of the cerebrum relative to the total length of the endocast in\nis most probably correlated with the development of the inferior colliculi . it is noticeable that the morphology of the vermis itself , with a posterior location of the fissure prima , is primitive\npresents one of the highest eqs among archaic ungulates , a statement congruent with the derived general proportions of its brain .\npresents an \u201cadvanced version\u201d of the basal ungulate brain pattern , with a mosaic of archaic ( large olfactory bulbs , weak ventral expansion of the neopallium , absence of neopallium fissuration ) and highly derived ( relative reduction of the cerebellum compared to cerebrum ; enlargement of the inferior colliculus ) characters .\nmammalian echolocation is mostly associated with cetaceans in aquatic environments and bats in aerial environments ( e . g . , microchiroptera and megachiroptera ;\n. although discussed , the ecological significance of echolocation in shrews was proposed to aid the search for protective cover or for detecting obstacles in subterranean tunnels . evidence for echolocation by means of tongue clicks has also been observed in three tenrecidae both under experimental and natural conditions , and correlated to nocturnal exploration of new environments\n. those two insectivorous mammals , although phylogenetically distant ( e . g . ,\n) present a rather simple brain structure . however , like in bats , both show a well developed inferior colliculus ; the latter being largely exposed in the tenrecidae\namong edentate placentals , the xenarthra chlamyphorus ( pink fairy armadillo , or \u201c pichiciego \u201d which means \u201cshort - sighted\u201d ) has a subterranean life . it shows a huge enlargement of the posterior ( inferior ) colliculus [ 43 ] compared to the optic midbrain colliculi . edinger [ 43 ] parallels the peculiar morphology of the brain of chlamyphorus and its highly derived forelimbs , specialized for digging . moreover , she relates the large size of the posterior ( inferior ) colliculus to the unique faculty of chlamyphorus among armadillos to have a \u201cvoice\u201d [ 63 ] , [ 64 ] . the fact that this mammal is fossorial suggests that the latter , as shrews and tenrecs , might be another example of underground echolocation in extant terrestrial mammals .\ndigital reconstruction of amnh 143783 left dentition . a , upper and lower cheek teeth in occlusion , lateral view ; b\u2013d , c - m3 in ( b ) occlusal , ( c ) lingual , ( d ) labial views ; e\u2013f , c - m3 in ( e ) occlusal , and ( f ) lingual views . scale bar = 5 mm .\nwe are particularly grateful to r . o ' leary for her help and access to the amnh collections . many thanks to j . thostenson and m . hill for access to ct scan facilities and acquisition of the ct scan raw data . this is ise - m publication 2011\u2013151 . this work has been possible thanks to the high resolution ct - scanner facility of the amnh funded by the nsf mr1\u2013r2 0959384 granted to n . landman , co - pis : d . ebel , d . frost .\nfunding : this work has been conducted with the support of the anr ( erc programme palasiafrica ( anr - 08 - jcjc - 0017 - 01 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncatania kc . cortical organization in insectivora : the parallel evolution of the sensory periphery and the brain .\naustin : univ . of texas press , cd - rom , ed . 2 ; 1995 .\nrowe tb , macrini te , luo zx . fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain .\nlarsson hce , sereno pc , wilson ja . forebrain enlargement among nonavian theropod dinosaurs .\nwitmer lm , chatterjee s , franzosa j , rowe t . neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight , posture and behavior .\n( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) , with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans .\nmarino l , uhen md , frohlich b , aldag jm , blane c , et al . endocranial volume of mid - late eocene archaeocetes ( order : cetacea ) revealed by computed tomography : implications for cetacean brain evolution .\nmarino l , uhen md , pyenson nd , frohlich b . reconstructing cetacean brain evolution using computed tomography .\nmacrini te , muizon c , cifelli rl , rowe t . digital cranial endocast of\ndechaseaux c . moulages endocr\u00e2niens d ' artiodactyles primitifs , essai sur l ' histoire du n\u00e9opallium .\njerison hj . how can fossils tell us about the evolution of the neocortex . in : kaas jh , editor .\nradinsky lb . a new approach to mammalian cranial analysis , illustrated by examples of prosimian primates .\nprothero dr , manning em , fischer m . the phylogeny of the ungulates . in : benton mj , editor .\narchibald jd . archaic ungulates ( \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors .\nevolution of tertiary mammals of north america . volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulatelike mammals .\nrose kd . the beginning of the age of mammals . in : rose kd , editor . baltimore : the john hopkins university press ; 2006 . 428\ncope ed . the vertebrata of the tertiary formation of the west . 1884 . rept us geol surv terr , iii .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the late paleocene of berru ( france ) and phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic european family pleuraspidotheriidae .\nrose kd . clarkforkian land - mammal age : revised definition , zonation , and tentative intercontinental correlations .\njanis cm , archibald dj , cifelli rl , lucas sg , schaff cr , et al . part iii : archaic ungulates and ungulatelike mammals . in : janis cm , editor .\ndamuth j . problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements in body size in mammalian paleobiology . in : damuth j , macfadden bj , editors .\nlegendre s . les communaut\u00e9s de mammif\u00e8res du pal\u00e9og\u00e8ne ( eoc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur et oligoc\u00e8ne ) d ' europe occidentale : structure , milieux et \u00e9volution .\nmalmierca ms , merch\u00e1n m , henkel ck , oliver dl . direct projections from cochlear nucleus complex to auditory thalamus in the rat .\ncasseday jh , fremouw t , covey e . the inferior colliculus : a hub for the central auditory system . in : oertel d , popper an , fay rr , editors .\n( mammalia , proprimates ) : surface morphology and encephalization compared to those of primates and dermoptera .\nmalmierca ms . the inferior colliculus : a center for convergence of ascending and descending auditory information .\nbarton ra , purvis a , harvey ph . evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates , bats and insectivores .\ngould e , negus n , krech d . evidence for echolocation in shrews .\ndouady cj , douzery ej . molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence timesand the evolution of \u201cinsectivora\u201d .\nsymonds mre . phylogeny and life histories of the \u2018insectivora\u2019 : controversies and consequences .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the paleocene - eocene of western north america .\nrose kd . postcranial skeleton of eocene leptictidae ( mammalia ) , and its implications for behavior and relationships .\n( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming .\n( merocoidodontidae , oreodontoidea ) and implications for apomorphy based diagnosis of isolated , natural endocasts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . g . eaton . 1982 . contributions to geology , university of wyoming 21 ( 2 )\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 3 . 80 x 2 . 82\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 4 . 90 x 5 . 70 , m2 4 . 80 x 6 . 40 , m3 3 . 60 x 5 . 20 , m1 4 . 90 x 3 . 60\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 5 . 07 x 6 . 47 , m2 5 . 07 x 7 . 33 , m3 4 . 03 x 6 . 32 , m2 5 . 50 x 4 . 30\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 orliac et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe superior petrosal sinus is located underneath the cerebellar hemispheres , a continuation of the transverse or lateral sinus system . the posterior part of the sinus system cannot be described because most of the occipital surface of the skull is eroded and the bone is not preserved . the anterior part of the lateral sinus system , or temporal sinus , is partially reconstructed in blue on figure 3 . it extends ventrally and leads to the postglenoid foramen ( path for the external jugular vein ) . dorsally , it leads to several small foramina indicating vascular communication with the temporal surface . posteriorly , the occipital sinus runs external to the petrosal bone and opens on the occipital surface at the level of the mastoid foramen ( path for the mastoid vein ) . ventrally , the petrosal sinus curves slightly forward to the foramen lacerum posterius ( internal jugular vein ) . just ventral to this flexure , and before the sinus reaches the foramen lacerum posterius , a small posterior sinus corresponding to the condyloid canal opens in the internal aspect of the occipital condyle . posteroventral to it , on the side of the medulla oblongata , lies the condylar foramen ( or hypoglossal foramen ) which corresponds to the path of the nerve xii .\nventromedial to the paraflocullus there is the prominence representing the internal auditory meatus with the cast of the facial nerve ( vii ) , and of the auditory nerve ( viii ) located more posteroventrally . the elongated foramen lacerum medium , medial to the internal auditory meatus , connects posteriorly the foramen lacerum posterius by a discrete inferior petrosal sinus . the foramen ovale lies posterolateral to the cavernous sinus and contains the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( v 3 ) . the surface of the hypophysis or pituitary body cannot be delimited with precision due to deformation and partial preservation of the bone ; however , it might be present on the right side of the specimen , medial to the foramen ovale ( figure 3e ) . the two cavernous sinuses are prominent like in the specimen described by gazin [ 35 ] . they terminate at the position of the posterior aperture to the sphenoidale fissure , and , as suggested by gazin [ 35 ] , comprise a complex of vascular structures and cranial nerves ( iii to vi except v 3 ) .\nallman jm ( 1999 ) evolving brains . new york : w . h . freeman and company . 98 p .\ncatania kc ( 2000 ) cortical organization in insectivora : the parallel evolution of the sensory periphery and the brain . brain behav evol 55 ( 6 ) : 311\u2013321 .\ncatania kc ( 2005 ) evolution of sensory specializations in insectivores . the anat rec a 287a : 1038\u20131050 .\ncatania kc , henry ec ( 2006 ) touching on somatosensory specializations in mammals . curr opin neurobiol 16 : 467\u2013473 .\n: digital atlas of the skull . austin : univ . of texas press , cd - rom , ed . 2 .\nrowe tb , macrini te , luo zx ( 2011 ) fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain . science 332 : 955\u2013957 .\nlarsson hce , sereno pc , wilson ja ( 2000 ) forebrain enlargement among nonavian theropod dinosaurs . j vertebr paleontol 30 : 615\u2013618 .\nwitmer lm , chatterjee s , franzosa j , rowe t ( 2003 ) neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight , posture and behavior . nature 425 : 950\u2013953 .\n( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) , with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans . bull am mus nat hist 288 : 1\u2013103 .\nmarino l , uhen md , frohlich b , aldag jm , blane c , et al . ( 2000 ) endocranial volume of mid - late eocene archaeocetes ( order : cetacea ) revealed by computed tomography : implications for cetacean brain evolution . j mammal evol 7 ( 2 ) : 81\u201394 .\nmarino l , uhen md , pyenson nd , frohlich b ( 2003 ) reconstructing cetacean brain evolution using computed tomography . anat rec 272b : 107\u2013117 .\ndechaseaux c ( 1969 ) moulages endocr\u00e2niens d ' artiodactyles primitifs , essai sur l ' histoire du n\u00e9opallium . annls paleont ( vert ) 55 ( 2 ) : 195\u2013248 .\njerison hj ( 1973 ) evolution of brain and intelligence . new york : academic press . 482 p .\nedinger t ( 1975 ) paleoneurology 1804\u20131966 . an annotated bibliography . adv anat embryol cell biol 49 : 1\u2013258 .\nradinsky lb ( 1977 ) brains of early carnivores . paleobiology 3 : 333\u2013349 .\nradinsky lb ( 1978 ) evolution of brain size in carnivorous and ungulates . am nat 112 ( 987 ) : 815\u2013831 .\nedinger t ( 1948 ) evolution of the horse brain . geol soc am mem 25 : 1\u2013177 .\njerison hj ( 2009 ) how can fossils tell us about the evolution of the neocortex . in : kaas jh , editor . evolutionary neuroscience . amsterdam : elsevier . pp . 497\u2013508 .\nradinsky lb ( 1968 ) a new approach to mammalian cranial analysis , illustrated by examples of prosimian primates . j morphol 124 : 167\u2013180 .\nradinsky lb ( 1973 ) evolution of the canid brain . brain behav evol 7 ( 3 ) : 169\u2013202 .\n, a middle eocene mesonychid condylarth . fieldiana geol 33 ( 18 ) : 323\u2013337 .\nvan valen l ( 1978 ) the beginning of the age of mammals . evol theory 4 : 45\u201380 .\nprothero dr , manning em , fischer m ( 1988 ) the phylogeny of the ungulates . in : benton mj , editor . the phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods , volume 2 : mammals . oxford : clarendon press . pp . 201\u2013234 .\narchibald jd ( 1998 ) archaic ungulates ( \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulatelike mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 292\u2013331 .\nrose kd ( 2006 ) the beginning of the age of mammals . in : rose kd , editor . baltimore : the john hopkins university press . 428 p .\nedinger t ( 1929 ) die fossilen gehirne . zeits gesam anat abtiii 28 : 1\u2013249 .\nrussell de , sigogneau d ( 1965 ) etude de moulages endocr\u00e2niens de mammif\u00e8res pal\u00e9oc\u00e8nes . mem mus natl hist nat c 16 ( 1 ) : 1\u201334 .\ncope ed ( 1884 ) the vertebrata of the tertiary formation of the west . rept us geol surv terr , iii .\ntilney f ( 1933 ) fossil brains of some early tertiary mammals of north america . bull neurol inst new york 1 : 430\u2013505 .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the late paleocene of berru ( france ) and phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic european family pleuraspidotheriidae . j vertebr paleontol 30 ( 5 ) : 1559\u20131578 .\nrose kd ( 1980 ) clarkforkian land - mammal age : revised definition , zonation , and tentative intercontinental correlations . science 208 : 744\u2013746 .\njanis cm , archibald dj , cifelli rl , lucas sg , schaff cr , et al . ( 1998 ) part iii : archaic ungulates and ungulatelike mammals . in : janis cm , editor . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 247\u2013259 .\neisenberg jf ( 1981 ) the mammalian radiations . chicago : university of chicago press . 610 p .\ndamuth j ( 1990 ) problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements in body size in mammalian paleobiology . in : damuth j , macfadden bj , editors . estimation and biological implications . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 229\u2013253 .\nlegendre s ( 1989 ) les communaut\u00e9s de mammif\u00e8res du pal\u00e9og\u00e8ne ( eoc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur et oligoc\u00e8ne ) d ' europe occidentale : structure , milieux et \u00e9volution . m\u00fcncher geowiss abha 16 : 1\u2013110 .\nradinsky lb ( 1976b ) oldest horse brains : more advanced than previously realized . science 194 : 626\u2013627 .\nedinger t ( 1964 ) midbrain exposure and overlap in mammals . amer zool 4 : 5\u201319 . 43 .\nbutler ab , hodos w ( 1996 ) comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy . evolution and adaptation . new york : wiley - liss . 514 p .\nmalmierca ms , merch\u00e1n m , henkel ck , oliver dl ( 2002 ) direct projections from cochlear nucleus complex to auditory thalamus in the rat . j neurosci 22 : 10891\u201310897 .\ncasseday jh , fremouw t , covey e ( 2002 ) the inferior colliculus : a hub for the central auditory system . in : oertel d , popper an , fay rr , editors . springer handbook of auditory research . new york : springer . pp . 238\u2013318 .\nstarck d ( 1963 ) \u201cfreiliegendes tectum mesencephali\u201d ein kennzeichen des primitiven s\u00e4ugetiergehirns ? zool anz 171 : 350\u2013359 .\n( mammalia , proprimates ) : surface morphology and encephalization compared to those of primates and dermoptera . contrib mus paleontol univ mich 31 ( 8 ) : 185\u2013195 .\nmalmierca ms ( 2004 ) the inferior colliculus : a center for convergence of ascending and descending auditory information . neuroembryol aging 3 : 215\u2013229 .\nbarton ra , purvis a , harvey ph ( 1995 ) evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates , bats and insectivores . phil trans r soc lond b 348 : 381\u2013392 .\njones g , teeling ec ( 2006 ) the evolution of echolocation in bats . trends ecol evol 21 ( 3 ) : 149\u2013156 .\nteeling ec ( 2009 ) hear , hear : the convergent evolution of echolocation in bats ? trends ecol evol 24 ( 7 ) : 351\u2013354 .\ngould e ( 1965 ) evidence for echolocation in the tenrecidae of madagascar . proc amer phil soc 109 : 352\u2013360 .\ngould e , negus n , krech d ( 1964 ) evidence for echolocation in shrews . j exp zool 156 : 19\u201338 .\ndouady cj , douzery ej ( 2003 ) molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence timesand the evolution of \u201cinsectivora\u201d . mol phyl evol 28 : 285\u2013296 .\nsymonds mre ( 2005 ) phylogeny and life histories of the \u2018insectivora\u2019 : controversies and consequences . biol rev 80 : 93\u2013128 .\nstephan h , baron g , frahm hd ( 1991 ) comparative brain research in mammals volume 1 . insectivora . new york : springer verlag . 573 p .\nmilne - edwards and grandidier 1872 ( tenrecidae , insectivora ) . j hirnforsch 27 ( 4 ) : 391\u2013399 .\njakobs c ( 1943 ) el pichiciego . un capitolo biogeogr\u00e1phico misterioso de la argentina . rev geogr am 19 : 307\u2013314 .\nmatthews ( 1928 ) the evolution of the mammals in the eocene . proc zool soc london 1927 : 947\u2013985 .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the paleocene - eocene of western north america . new mexico mus nat hist sci bull 1 : 1\u201387 .\nrose kd ( 1999 ) postcranial skeleton of eocene leptictidae ( mammalia ) , and its implications for behavior and relationships . j vertebr paleontol 19 : 355\u2013372 .\n( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . amer mus nov 3007 : 1\u201319 .\n( merocoidodontidae , oreodontoidea ) and implications for apomorphy based diagnosis of isolated , natural endocasts . j vert paleont 29 ( 4 ) : 1199\u20131211 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nan odd - toed ungulate , despite having a five - clawed manus and a four - clawed pes . wikipedia also promotes this nesting , but unlike most ungulates , they report ,\nover to the condylarthra adds nearly 30 steps . those tiny feet beneath that long and wide body do not look to me like they could be used to excavate burrows or climb trees . plus that short tail and long torso are not typical of climbing animals .\nfigure 3 . canis lupus , the wolf that gave rise to extant dogs through selective breeding . note the five phalanges on the manus and four on the pes .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) : a case of paleogene terrestrial echolocation ? plosone v . 7 ( 2 ) ; 2012pmc3277592\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1195, "summary": [{"text": "the long-tailed forest shrew ( myosorex longicaudatus ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae endemic to south africa .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its natural habitats are mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation and swamps . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "long - tailed forest shrew", "paragraphs": ["wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nlong - tailed forest shrew\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - long - tailed forest shrew facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nfacts summary : the long - tailed forest shrew ( myosorex longicaudatus ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area ( s ) : south africa .\nthe forest shrew is a mottled , medium - sized shrew . colouration is grey - brown to dark grey - brown . head and body length is about 83 mm , with a relative short tail of about 45 mm . weighs on average 12 grams . first described to science in 1832 from port elizabeth .\nthe forest shrew is an opportunistic feeder , taking a great variety of invertebrates like beetles , grasshoppers , termites , moths , spiders , millipedes and earthworms . in turn , it is preyed upon by the barn owl , water mongoose , african weasel and the striped polecat .\nall forests in south africa are protected by law , although the degree to which they are protected may vary . this species is also present in protected areas such as the diepwalle forest reserve and tzutzu kama coastal park .\nthis species is relatively common in suitable habitat . the highest numbers of individuals are found at the forest edge ( dippenaar , 1995 ) . population numbers seems to fluctuate and there is an example of a survey finding no specimens in an area where a previous survey had caught quite high numbers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline projected in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nmyosorex longicaudatus is known from the southeastern parts of the cape province , south africa . this species was only discovered in 1978 . this species generally occurs at elevations up to 2 , 000 m asl . a population of the subspecies myosorex longicaudatus boosmai from the langeberg mountains , occurs at much higher elevations ( up to 3 , 600 m asl ) than any other known populations ( dippenaar 1995 ) .\nm . longicaudatus is found in forests , forests edges , fynbos and boggy grassland . this species needs a moist microhabitat . it is restricted to pristine primary habitat that has not been degraded .\nclimate change is considered to be the principal threat to this species . habitat in neighbouring areas is arid and unsuitable for this species which depends on a moist habitat . because of this m . longicaudatus would not be able to move to other areas if the climate in its current range became unsuitable . it is thought that coastal populations might be at less risk than non - coastal populations . the moist habitat of this species is fragmented .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nat higher altitudes the breeding season may be delayed for a month , due to lower ambient temperatures . at normal altitudes the breeding season lasts for seven months , starting in september and ending in march . litter sizes vary between two and five young . these shrews have an advanced maternal care behavioural pattern . nipple - clinging is practiced by the young for the first five to six days . this behaviour is replaced firstly by clustering of young , and then to the formation of a chain , called ' caravanning ' . caravanning entails each offspring gripping the the tail of the preceding sibling in its mouth , thus following the foraging mother like a caravan . weaning takes place between 20 - 25 days after birth .\npredominantly nocturnal , showing a sharp rise in activity at dusk and sharp decline at dawn . extremely cautious when leaving the shelter . like most shrews , it is remarkably aggressive . the insides of its burrows and nests are spherical . nests are constructed from grass , and equipped with two to four entrances .\nendemic to the eastern regions of south africa and lesotho . found in a variety of vegetation types , ranging from vegetation associated with permanent water on the highveld , to montane grasslands and primary forests .\nis known from the southeastern parts of the cape province , south africa . this species was only discovered in 1978 . this species generally occurs at elevations up to 2 , 000 m asl . a population of the subspecies\nfrom the langeberg mountains , occurs at much higher elevations ( up to 3 , 600 m asl ) than any other known populations ( dippenaar 1995 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npitk\u00e4h\u00e4nt\u00e4hiist\u00e4inen\nto\nmyosorex longicaudatus meester and dippenaar , 1978\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nfor the first time in history , a captive cheetah has successfully given birth to eight healthy cubs . it is said that only around 10 , 000 cheetahs remain in the wild in africa along with 100 or fewer in iran .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1197, "summary": [{"text": "the scorpion mud turtle ( kinosternon scorpioides ) is a species of mud turtle in the kinosternidae family .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it is found in mexico , central america and south america . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scorpion mud turtle", "paragraphs": ["rodrigues , jo\u00e4o fabr\u00eccio mota . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) sexual behavior . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 72 - 73\nmagnusson , e . e . 1998 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) . brazil : roraima . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - get paper here\nthe scorpion mud turtles in dade county , florida , were intentionally released by an animal importer ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .\nberry , james f . and john b . iverson 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus ) scorpion mud turtle . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here\nhern\u00e0ndez - ruz , emil jos\u00e8 , roberto portella de andrade , elciomar araujo do oliveira and jamille karina coleho correa . 2016 . kinosternon scorpioides ( scorpion mud turtle ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 286\nthe scorpion mud turtle is a highly aquatic , adaptable kinosternid that inhabits almost any body of water ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe reference to\nscorpion\nin this turtle ' s name is apparently based upon the spine on the tip of the tail ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\niverson , j . b . 1998 . molecules , morphology , and mud turtle phylogenetics ( family kinosternidae ) . chelonian conservation and biology 3 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .\nthe scorpion mud turtle is illustrated by a variety of authors ( pritchard , 1979 ; smith and smith , 1979 ; freiberg , 1981 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; alvarez del toro , 1982 ; murphy , 1997 ; campbell , 1998 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\niverson , john b . ; minh le , colleen ingram 2013 . molecular phylogenetics of the mud and musk turtle family kinosternidae . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 929\u2013939 - get paper here\nthe scorpion mud turtle can be immediately identified by its unusual shell , furrowed along the centre . they are aquatic , but during the dry season when ponds dry up they undertake migrations and may be found in dry areas . when threatened they withdraw into the shell , the uniquely - hinged plastron closing behind them like a trapdoor .\niverson , j . b . , & berry , j . f . 1979 . the mud turtle genus kinosternon in northeastern mexico . herpetologica 35 ( 4 ) : 318 - 324 . - get paper here\nacu\u00f1a , r . a . & merch\u00e1n , m . 2003 . biology and taxonomic revision of the red - cheeked mud turtle in costa rica . reptilia ( gb ) ( 26 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here\nmy female kinosternon scorpioides . she gives me already 5 hatchlings . an aesy turtle to keep . because of the small size .\nis a medium to large kinosternid ( mud turtle ) with a variably domed , oval carapace ( upper shell ) having a length of 92 - 270 mm ( 3 . 6 - 10 . 6 in ) ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nschmidt , k . p . 1947 . a new kinosternid turtle from colombia . fieldiana : zoology 31 : 109 - 112 . - get paper here\nturtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]\nvinke , t . & vinke , s . 2001 . the turtle and tortoise fauna of the central chaco of paraguay . radiata 10 ( 3 ) : 3 - 19\nadditionally , a wide array of regional vernacular names have been applied to this turtle and compiled by several authors ( mittermeier et al . , 1980 ; liner , 1994 ) .\nsince this highly adaptable turtle has ecological similarities to indigenous kinosternids and is a successful generalist , k . scorpioides has a great potential to impact indigenous ecosystems if it ever becomes established .\nthis turtle is primarily omnicarnivorous , voraciously feeding on a wide variety of aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates , including carrion ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nlegler , j . m . 1965 . a new species of turtle , genus kinosternon , from central america . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 615 - 625 - get paper here\ncabrera , m . r . & colantonia , s . e . 1997 . taxonomic revision of the south american subspecies of the turtle kinosternon scorpioides . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 507 - 513 - get paper here\nberry , j . f . , and j . m . legler . 1980 . a new turtle ( genus kinosternon ) from sonora , mexico . contributions in science . natural history museum of los angeles county 325 : 1 - 12 . - get paper here\nthe name kinosternon was derived from the greek words kinetos , meaning\nmovable\nand sternon , meaning\nchest ,\nin reference to the plastral hinges . the specific name scorpioides is derived from the latin word\nscorpio ,\nprobably in reference to the horny spine on the tip of the tail . together with the latin ending\noides ,\nthe full meaning translates to\nsimilar to a scorpion\n( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .\niverson , j . [ b . ] 1989 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus 1766 ) . p . 65 . in : f . w . king and r . l . burke ( editors ) . crocodilian , tuatara , and turtle species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the association of systematics collections , washington , dc . 216 pp .\nttwg ; rhodin , a . g . j . ; van dijk , p . p . ; iverson , j . b . & shaffer , h . b . [ turtle taxonomy working group ] 2010 . turtles of the world , 2010 update : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v3 . 2010 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe carapace can have three keels ( ridges ) in many individuals ( savage and villa , 1986 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nthe plastron ( lower shell ) has two hinges and little or no anal notch on the posterior lobe ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe first vertebral scute ( shield or lamina ) of the carapace is wider than it is long , and vertebral scutes 1 - 4 have distinct posterior notches ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nthe color of the carapace varies from light brown , to olive , or black ; the head can be brown , gray , or black with a reticulated or spotted pattern of cream , orange , red , pink , or yellow ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nin most individuals the tip of the tail has a horny spine ( berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\nshould be compared with the anatomical features of other similar - looking north american kinosterids described in other works ( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; ernst et al . , 1994 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the individual subspecies ( geographic races ) are defined and described by berry and iverson ( 2001 ) ; they are :\nis indigenous to south - southeastern mexico including isla cozumel ) , southward to belize , and caribbean drainages in honduras , nicaragua , and on isla de san andres , colombia .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of kinosternon scorpioides are found here .\nthese turtles are not established in florida because they have not been seen since their release ( king and krakauer , 1966 ) .\nhas been reviewed or summarized by smith and smith ( 1979 ) , iverson ( 1989 , 1991 , 1998 ) , and berry and iverson ( 2001 ) .\nhas been summarized a variety of authors ( smith and smith , 1973 , 1976 , 1979 , 1993 ; pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; iverson , 1992 ; berry and iverson , 2001 ) .\ncan be cannibalistic , biting off the toes and limbs of conspecifics ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .\nfemales probably lay 1 - 6 hard - shelled eggs ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ) .\nlike many kinosternids they probably construct a shallow terrestrial nest with little cover ( pritchard and trebbau , 1984 ) .\nalvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . tercera edici\u00f3n , corregida y aumentada . instituto de historia natural , tuxtla gutierrez , chiapas , mexico . 248 pp .\nberry , j . f . , and j . b . iverson . 2001 . kinosternon scorpioides . catologue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 725 ) : 1 - 11 .\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman , oklahoma . 380 pp .\nconant , r . , and j . t . collins . 1998 . a field guide to reptiles & amphibians . eastern and central north america . third edition , expanded . houghton mifflin company , boston . 616 pp .\ncrother , b . i . 1999 . evolutionary relationships . pp . 269 - 334 . in : b . i . crother ( editor ) . caribbean amphibians and reptiles . academic press , san diego . 495 pp .\nernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . and london . 313 pp .\nernst , c . h . , j . e . lovich , and r . w . barbour . 1994 . turtles of the united states and canada . smithsonian institution press , washington and london . 578 pp .\nflores - villela , o . 1993 . herpetofauna mexicana . carnegie museum of natural history special publication ( 17 ) : i - iv , 1 - 73 .\nfreiberg , m . 1981 . turtles of south america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 125 pp .\niverson , j . b . 1991 . phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of modern kinosternine turtles . herpetological monographs 5 : 1 - 27 .\niverson , j . b . 1992 . a revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world . john b . iverson , richmond , indiana . 363 pp .\nking , [ f . ] w . , and t . krakauer . 1966 . the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29 ( 2 ) : 144 - 154 .\nliner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . nombres cient\u00edficos y comunes en ingles y espa\u00f1ole de los anfibios y los reptiles de m\u00e9xico . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 23 ) : i - vi , 1 - 113 .\nmittermeier , r . a . , f . medem , and a . g . j . rhodin . 1980 . vernacular names of south american turtles . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular ( 9 ) : 1 - 44 .\nmurphy , j . c . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of trinidad and tobago . krieger publishing company , malabar , florida . 245 pp . + 172 plates .\npritchard , p . c . h . 1979 . encyclopedia of turtles . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune , new jersey . 895 pp .\npritchard , p . c . h . , and p . trebbau . 1984 . the turtles of venezuela . contributions to herpetology 2 . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca . 403 pp . , 47 plates , 16 maps .\nsavage , j . m . , and j . villa r . 1986 . introduction to the herpetofauna of costa rica . introducci\u00f3n a la herptofauna de costa rica . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles contributions to herpetology ( 3 ) : i - viii , 1 - 207 .\nschwartz , a . , and r . w . henderson . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies : descriptions , distributions , and natural history . university of florida press , gainesville . 720 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and a . j . kohler . 1978 . a survey of herpetological introductions in the united states and canada . transactions of the kansas academy of science 1977 80 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 24 .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1973 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume ii . analysis of the literature exclusive of the mexican axolotl . john johnson natural history books , north bennington , vermont . 367 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1976 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume iii . source analysis and index for mexican reptiles . john johnson , north bennington , vermont . 23 pp . , am - t , app - 102 , cor - 4 .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1979 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vi . guide to mexican turtles . bibliographic addendum iii . 1044 pp .\nsmith , h . m . , and r . b . smith . 1993 . synopsis of the herpetofauna of mexico . volume vii . bibliographic addendum iv and index , bibliographic addenda ii - iv , 1979 - 1991 . university press of colorado , niwot , colorado . 1082 pp .\nsomma , l . a . , 2018 , kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 2 / 2002 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and alberto esquivel and is used with their permission .\nfigure 1 - ( fprep29ph ) lateral view of adult , plot 21 , rio pilcomayo area , note puncture marks in the shell probably from the teeth of a big cat ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 2 - ( fprep30ph ) defensive posture of same specimen ( paul smith march 2005 ) . figure 3 - ( fprep31ph ) adult submerging , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 4 - ( fprep32ph ) adult head detail , ruta trans - chaco km500 , departamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 5 - ( fprep33ph ) same individual shell dorsal ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 6 - ( fprep34ph ) same individual shell ventral , showing hinge ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 7 - ( fprep35ph ) same individual posterior shell view showing keel ( paul smith october 2008 ) . figure 8 - ( fprep36ph ) same individual hind foot ( paul smith october 2008 ) . video a - ( fprep657vi ) adult , laguna capit\u00e1n , deparamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video b - ( fprep475vi ) submerged adult , fort\u00edn boquer\u00f3n , deparamento boquer\u00f3n ( paul smith november 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nalbogulare : nicaragua , el salvador , honduras , costa rica , panama , isla ca\u00f1as , colombia ( isla san andr\u00e9s ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : apparently lost ( smith and smith \u201c1979\u201d 1980 ) , berry & iverson 2001 ) . holotype : usnm 7518 , adult male [ abaxillare ] syntypes : mnhn 1760 , mnhn 4349 ; the holotype is lost , but berry & iverson 2001 have examined usnm 7519 - 29 , the paratypes [ albogulare ] holotype : mnhn 1759 , a subadult female [ cruentatum ] holotype : ansp 90 [ mexicanum ]\nacosta , jos\u00e9 luis ; calamante , cinthia ; palomas , yanina soledad 2013 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . primer registro para la provincia del chaco ( rep\u00fablica argentina ) . cuadernos de herpetolog\u00eda 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here\nar\u00e9chaga - ocampo , samuel ; carlos a . montalb\u00e1n huidobro & rub\u00e9n castro - franco 2008 . nuevos registros y ampliacion de la distribucion de anfibios y reptiles en el estado de morelos , m\u00e9xico . acta zool\u00f3gica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 231 - 233 - get paper here\nblanco - torres , argelina ; lina b\u00e1ez s . , edgar pati\u00f1o - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the rancher\u00eda river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22\nbocourt , f . 1876 . note sur quelques reptiles de l ' isthme de tehuantepec ( mexique ) donn\u00e9s par m . sumichrast au museum . journal de zoologie . paris . 5 ( 5 - 6 ) : 386 - 411 - get paper here\nbonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupr\u00e9 , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .\nbour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593\u2013598\ncacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ort\u00edz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1\u2013373 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncatenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283\ncisneros - heredia , d . f . 2006 . turtles of the tiputini biodiversity station with remarks on the diversity and distribution of the testudines from ecuador . biota neotrop . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here\ncunha , o . r . da 1970 . uma nova subesp\u00e9cies de quelonio , kinosternon scorpioides carajasensis da serra dos caraj\u00e1s , par\u00e1 ( testudinata - kinosternidae ) . bol . mus . paraense em\u00edlio goeldi , zool . 73 : 1 - 12\ndixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .\nduellman , w . e . 1978 . the biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in amazonian ecuador . misc . publ . univ . kans . mus . nat . hist . 65 : 1 - 352 - get paper here\nduellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazo\u0301nico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .\nduellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . dum\u00e9ril 1851 . catalogue m\u00e9thodique de la collection des reptiles du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , m . a . ; m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard 1870 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in : recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' am\u00e9rique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' am\u00e9rique centrale , recherches zoologiques . imprimerie imper . , paris ( published in parts1870 - 1909 ) - get paper here\ndunn , e . r . , and l . h . saxe . 1950 . results of the catherwood - chaplin west indies expedition , 1948 . part . 5 . amphibians and reptiles of san andr\u00e9s and providencia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 102 : 141 - 165 - get paper here\nernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london\ngorzula , stefan & senaris , j . celsa 1999 . in : contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana . i : a data base . scientia guaianae , caracas , no . 8 [ 1998 ] , 269 + pp . ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0\ngray , j . e . 1873 . notes on the tortoises of the \u2018zoology of mexico\u2019 of mm . a . dum\u00e9ril and bocourt . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 12 : 109 - 114 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - am\u00e9ricana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here\nh\u00f6bel , g . 2008 . the amphibians and reptiles of the golfo dulce region - los anfibios y reptiles de la regi\u00f3n del golfo dulce . stapfia 88 , neue serie 80 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 328\niverson , j . b . 1976 . the genus kinosternon in belize ( testudines : kinosternidae ) . herpetologica 32 : 258 - 262 - get paper here\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nkacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlegler , j . m . & vogt , r . c . 2013 . the turtles of mexico : land and freshwater forms . university of california press , 416 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potos\u00ed . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nlinn\u00e9 , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here\nmagnusson , william e . ; lima , albertina p . ; ara\u2022jo , maria carmozina de 1998 . geographic distribution . kinosternon scorpioides . herpetological review 29 ( 4 ) : 247 - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmcnish , t . 2011 . la fauna del archipi\u00e9lago de san andr\u00e9s , providencia y santa catalina , colombia , sudam\u00e9rica . colomba andina de impresos , isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1\nmedina - rangel , guido fabia\u0301n 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122\nmelo , \u00edris virg\u00ednea ; geraldo jorge barbosa de moura , marco antonio de freitas , edson victor euclides de andrade , cl\u00e1udio casal , arthur diesel abegg , marcelo nogueira de carvalho kakubum 2018 . new additions to herpetofauna of the parque estadual dois irm\u00e3os , an urban atlantic rainforest fragment , recife municipality , pernambuco state , northeastern brazil . herpetology notes 11 : 245 - 254 - get paper here\nmendoza - paz , c . a . and l . fern\u00e1ndez - badillo . 2017 . kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . mexico , hidalgo . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 971\u2013972 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .\nmesen , r . a . a . ; cruz , b . m . 1993 . sexual dimorphism of kinosternon scorpioides ( testudines , kinostermidae ) in palo - verde , costa - rica . revista de biologia tropical 41 ( 2 ) : 261 - 265 - get paper here\nmethner , k . 1989 . die schildkr\u00f6ten des unteren rio magdalena ( kolumbien ) . sauria 11 ( 4 ) : 9 - 11 - get paper here\nmontalvo , victor hugo , luis diego alfaro , carolina saenz and eduardo carrillo . 2015 . the jaguar as a potential predator of kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . herpetozoa 27 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 - 207 [ 2014 ]\nnemuras , k . 1967 . notes on the herpetology of panama : part 3 . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 2 ) : 31 - 40 - get paper here\nribeiro , s . c . , i . j . roberto , d . l . sales , r . w . \u00e1vila & w . o . almeida 2012 . amphibians and reptiles from the araripe bioregion , northeastern brazil . salamandra 48 ( 3 ) : 133 - 146 - get paper here\nrivas , gilson a . ; ce\u0301sar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , ce\u0301sar l . bar - rio - amoro\u0301s & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1\u201364 - get paper here\nrodrigues , jo\u00e3o fabr\u00edcio mota and diva maria borges - nojosa . 2013 . does kinosternon scorpioides ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ( testudines : kinosternidae ) prefer to reproduce in clean water ? herpetology notes 6 : 519 - 521 . - get paper here\nrodrigues , m . t . 2003 . herpetofauna da caatinga . in : i . r . leal , m . tabarelli & j . m . c . silva ( eds . ) . ecologia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da caatinga , pp . 181 - 236 . editora universit\u00e1ria , universidade federal de pernambuco , recife , brasil .\nschilde , m . 2001 . schlammschildkr\u00f6ten : kinosternon , sternotherus , claudius , staurotypus . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 136 pp . - get paper here\nschwartz , a . & henderson , r . w . 1991 . amphibians and reptiles of the west indies . university of florida press , gainesville , 720 pp .\nsmith , hobart m . & taylor , edward h . 1950 . type localities of mexican reptiles and amphibians . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 8 ) : 313 - 380 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . h . 1925 . new species and subspecies of american turtles . j . washington acad . sci . 15 ( 20 ) : 462 - 463 - get paper here\nstejneger , l 1941 . notes on mexican turltes of the genus kinosternon . proc . us natl . mus . 90 : 457 - 459 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . 1902 . some generic names of turtles . proc . biol . soc , washington 15 : 235 - 238 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potos\u00ed . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here\nter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez , sergio a . , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43\u2013113 - get paper here\ntomas , walfrido moraes , rafael morais chiaravalotti , andr\u00e9 restel camilo , gabriel oliveira de freitas 2015 . kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides linnaeus , 1766 : range extension and first records in the upper paraguay river basin and mato grosso do sul , brazil . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1631 - get paper here\nttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here\nvaldivieso , d . & j . r . tamsitt 1963 . a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres . carib . j . sci . 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 77 - 79\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nargentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , venezuela . northeast and eastern mexico through central america and across northern and central south america to northern argentina .\ncontinent : middle - america south - america caribbean distribution : mexico ( yucatan , chiapas ) , guatemala , belize , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , colombia , ecuador , venezuela , brazil ( roraima ) , argentina , paraguay , bolivia , n peru , trinidad type locality : surinam . abaxillare : mexico ( chiapas ) albogulare : honduras , costa rica , panama , isla ca\u00f1as , isla san andr\u00e9s . cruentatum : honduras , ne nicaragua north to mexico ( veracruz , tamaulipas ) , guatemala ; type locality : san mateo del mar , oaxaca ( designated by smith & taylor 1950 )\niucn 2011 red list : not listed ( least concern , lr / lc ) ( assessed 1996 , needs updating ) ; cites : not listed ; colombia red book of endangered reptiles : vulnerable ( d2 ) .\nlinnaeus , 1766 : systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae , p . 1 - 532 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1200, "summary": [{"text": "syngrapha interrogationis , the scarce silver y , is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the northern areas of the world , from alaska , through canada , iceland , europe , siberia up to northeast asia including japan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syngrapha interrogationis", "paragraphs": ["scarce silver y ( syngrapha interrogationis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nsyngrapha interrogationis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = phalaena interrogationis linnaeus , 1758 = noctua aemula fabricius , 1787 = phalaena conscripta h\u00fcbner , 1790 = noctua subpurpurina haworth , 1802 = phalaena aurosignata donovan , 1808 = plusia borealis reuter , 1893 = plusia epsilon ottolengui , 1900 = autographa zeta ottolengui , 1902 = syngrapha pyrenaica hampson , 1913 = syngrapha interrogationis norrlandica schulte , 1956 = syngrapha flammifera chou & lu , 1979 = syngrapha octoscripta epsilon = syngrapha octoscripta zeta .\nhabitat : syngrapha interrogationis is associated with acidophilous and coniferous , humid woodlands such as moor woodlands or montane spruce forests with vaccinium undergrowth .\nendangerment factors : syngrapha interrogationis is endangered through the intensification in forestry which results in ever darker , uniformous forests , locally also through tourism and usage of wind energy .\nautographa interrogationis herschelensis benjamin , 1933 ; pan - pacific ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 61 ; tl : herschel island , yukon\n= syngrapha alias ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115\n= syngrapha altera ( ottolengui , 1902 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 101\n= syngrapha angulidens ( smith , 1891 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117\n= syngrapha ignea ( grote , 1864 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 113\n= syngrapha rectangula ( kirby , 1837 ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] , 116\nremarks : syngrapha interrogationis has an holarctic distribution ( north america , europe , northern asia ) . in europe it is common in the north and becomes more and more local and restricted to mountains in the south where it occurs to the pyrenees , middle italia and bulgaria .\nsyngrapha diasema ab . connexa warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 346\nsyngrapha hochenwarthi alaina [ sic ] ; [ ne10 ] , 161 ( missp . ? )\nsyngrapha interrogationis has only been found in extreme northwestern british columbia near the border with yukon territory . it is probably more widely distributed along the east slope of the rocky mountains and in other northern mountains in the province since it occurs in the alberta rocky mountains just to the east of british columbia .\nsyngrapha interrogationis ; [ nacl ] , # 8937 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 106 , f . 48 , pl . 3 , f . 14 - 16 , pl . f , f . 8 , pl . ) , f . 6 ; [ ne10 ] : 244 , pl . 16 , f . 28 - 34 , gen . 265 , 330\nsyngrapha ain ; [ ne10 ] : 243 , pl . 16 , f . 46 - 50 , gen . 264 , 329\nsyngrapha rectangulata ab . demaculata strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : north america\nsyngrapha devergens rilaecacuminum varga & ronkay , 1982 ; acta zool . hung . 2 : 150 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts .\nsyngrapha ain persibirica ronkay , ronkay , behounek & mikkola , 2008 ; witt catalogue 1 : 107 , pl . 36 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : mongolia\nsyngrapha hochenwarthi lapponaris ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 19 , 20 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 104\nsyngrapha microgamma r . nearctica ferguson , 1955 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 50 : 25 ; tl : prospect road , goodwood , halifax co . , nova scotia\nsyngrapha abstrusa eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 46 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin\nsyngrapha cryptica eichlin & cunningham , 1978 ; u . s . dept . agric . tech . bull . 1567 : 47 ; tl : lake katherine , oneida co . , wisconsin\nsyngrapha rilaecacuminum ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 14 - 18 , gen . 259 , 324 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102\nsyngrapha hochenwarthi hochenwarthi ; [ ne10 ] : 239 , pl . 16 , f . 21 - 23 , gen . 260 , 325 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 103\nsyngrapha devergens ; [ nacl ] , # 8947 ( extralim . ) ; [ ne10 ] : 237 , pl . 16 , f . 9 - 13 , gen . 258 , 323 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 101\nsyngrapha hochenwarthi is a moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in the alps ( on height of 1700 to 2500 m ) , the mountainous areas of northern norway and finland , the ural mountains , the balkan , the caucasus and the altai mountains .\nsyngrapha orophila ; [ nacl ] , # 8930 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 112 , f . 52 , pl . 3 , f . 25 , pl . g , f . 3 , pl . p , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha alias ; [ nacl ] , # 8939 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 115 , f . 56 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 36 , pl . g , f . 7 , pl . p , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] , 160\nsyngrapha altera ; [ nacl ] , # 8925 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 101 , f . 43 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . f , f . 2 , pl . n , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 160\nsyngrapha angulidens ; [ nacl ] , # 8943 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 117 , f . 59 , pl . 3 , f . 42 - 44 , pl . g , f . 10 , pl . q , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 160\nsyngrapha borea ; [ nacl ] , # 8934 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 111 , f . 51 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 , pl . g , f . 2 , pl . p , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha celsa ; [ nacl ] , # 8944 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 118 , f . 60 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 47 , pl . h , f . 1 , pl . q , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha cryptica ; [ nacl ] , # 8941 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 115 , f . 57 , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 38 , pl . g , f . 8 , pl . p , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha rectangula ; [ nacl ] , # 8942 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 116 , f . 58 , pl . 3 , f . 39 - 41 , pl . g , f . 9 , pl . q , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha selecta ; [ nacl ] , # 8928 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 104 , f . 46 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 , pl . f , f . 6 , pl . o , f . 4 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha surena ; [ nacl ] , # 8938 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 109 , f . 50 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - 20 , pl . f , f . 10 , pl . o , f . 8 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha viridisigma ; [ nacl ] , # 8929 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 103 , f . 45 , pl . 3 , f . 9 - 10 , pl . f , f . 5 , pl . o , f . 3 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha u - aureum ; [ nacl ] , # 8936 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 108 , f . 49 , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 18 , pl . f , f . 9 , pl . o , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha epigaea ; [ nacl ] , # 8927 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 105 , f . 47 , pl . 3 , f . 13 , pl . 4 , f . 14 , pl . f , f . 7 , pl . o , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha abstrusa ; [ nacl ] , # 8940 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 114 , f . 55 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 33 , pl . 4 , f . 16 , pl . g , f . 6 , pl . p , f . 6 ; [ ne10 ] , 160\nsyngrapha montana ; [ nacl ] , # 8945 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 120 , f . 62 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 , pl . 4 , f . 18 , pl . h , f . 3 , pl . q , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha ignea ; [ nacl ] , # 8949 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 113 , f . 2d - f , 54 , pl . 3 , f . 28 - 30 , pl . 4 , f . 15 , pl . g , 5 , pl . p , f . 5 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha octoscripta ; [ nacl ] , # 8926 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 102 , f . 2g , 44 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 13 , pl . f , f . 4 , pl . o , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha ottolenguii ; lafontaine , 1986 , j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 158 - 162 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 102 , f . 43 , pl . 3 , f . 3 - 5 , pl . f , f . 3 , pl . o , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] , 161\nsyngrapha parilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8948 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 122 , f . 64 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . h , f . 5 , pl . q , f . 7 ; [ ne10 ] : 238 , pl . 16 , f . 24 - 27 , gen . 261 , 326 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 102\nsyngrapha diasema ; [ nacl ] , # 8935 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 110 , f . 51 , pl . 3 , f . 21 - 22 , pl . g , f . 1 , pl . p , f . 1 ; [ ne10 ] : 240 , pl . 16 , f . 41 - 45 , gen . 263a - b , 328 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 106\nsyngrapha microgamma ; [ nacl ] , # 8946 ( extralim . ) ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 119 , f . 61 , pl . 3 , f . 48 - 49 , pl . 4 , f . 17 , pl . h , f . 2 , pl . q , f . 4 ; [ ne10 ] : 242 , pl . 16 , f . 35 - 40 , gen . 262 , 327 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 108\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na moorland species , distributed throughout scotland and northern england in suitable habitat . it also occurs sparingly in wales and south - west england , and occasional immigrants appear in the south - east .\nthe flight period of the adults is from june to august and can be seen flying in the sunshine , though at night it comes to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 08 20 : 53 : 18 page render time : 0 . 2772s total w / procache : 0 . 3236s\nyou appear to have javascript disabled or are using a browser that does not support it . please enable javascript to experience all features of the site !\nab rocky mtns , mountain cr drainage , . 75mi se of pocahontas , 3600 ft 53 . 2 , - 117 . 9 july 29 , 1994 , lg crabo & j troubridge . specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright : merrill a . peterson\nthis species flies in boreal , montane , and subarctic forests across canada . it is associated with forested bogs in western alberta .\nthis is a holarctic species that is most widely distributed in the old world . it occurs from scandinavia and the mountains of central europe east across asia . in north america it is predominantly a species of the northern boreal zone and the subarctic . it is found from alaska to labrador near the limit of trees . the range extends south to the rocky mountains of alberta .\nthis species feeds on arctic tundra shrubs including dwarf huckleberries ( vaccinium spp . ) in the ericaceae and dwarf birch ( betula nana ) in the betulaceae .\nthis species flies during late summer , usually from late july to september . it is nocturnal and comes to lights .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4 . 0 international license\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillars feed on vaccinium species , especially vaccinium myrtillus and vaccinium uliginosum .\nlife cycle : the caterpillar hibernates and is fully - grown in may or early june . they live openly on mostly low growing vaccinium . the moths are on the wing between late june and early september , according to the location and year .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnewfoundland - new jersey , s . canada , montana , n . new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on picea engelmannii , pinus banksiana , picea glauca [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114\nalps , s . urals , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\nphalaena ain hochenwarth , 1785 ; beitr . ins berl . 6 : 337 , pl . 7 , f . 8\nnewfoundland , n . quebec - alaska , new jersey , n . north carolina , new mexico , idaho , n . california . see [ maps ]\nautographa alias ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 13 ; tl : jefferson , new hampshire\nlarva on picea glauca , p . mariana [ mna25 . 1 ] , 115\nautographa altera ottolengui , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 69 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : lake nipigon , ontario\nnewfoundland , labrador , n . manitoba , northwest territory , w . alaska , rocky mountains , washington . see [ maps ]\nplusia alticola walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl :\nrocky mountains\ns . alaska - british columbia , washington , oregon , rocky mountains , e . nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on abies ? , pseudotsuga ? stevens , carolin & stein , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 134\nautographa alta ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 125 ( unnec . repl . autographa excelsa ottolengui , 1902 )\nw . greenland , alaska , yukon - alberta , se . british columbia . see [ maps ]\nbritish columbia - california , idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on abies lasiocarpa , a . grandis , a . concolor , picea egelmannii , p . glauca , pinus monticola , tsuga heterophylla [ mna25 . 1 ] , 119\nautographa celsa r . sierrae ottolengui , 1919 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 27 : 123 ; tl : lake tahoe , sierra nevada , california\ncaloplusia composita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 345 , pl . 64 a ; tl : thian shan mts . , turgan aksu\nnova scotia , prince edwards i . , n . maine , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]\nalps , tien - shan , alai mts . , ili region . see [ maps ]\nnoctua devergens h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 107 , f . 500 - 510 ; tl : europe\nn . scandinavia , n . european russia , n . siberia , altai , tien shan , n . mongolia , labrador - alaska , n . quebec . see [ maps ]\n500x540 ( ~ 42kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 753 : 38 , m 15 . 7 . 1984 , f 14 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on betula sp . , b . nana , vaccinium , populus , trollius europaeus [ ne10 ] , 241\nw . canada , s . canada , pennsylvania , n . ohio , n . wisconsin , british columbia - to ( oregon , colorado ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on vaccinium spp . , vaccinium angustifolium , kalmia angustifolia [ mna25 . 1 ] , 105\ncatoplusia hochenvarthi hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 13 : 408 ( unj . emend . )\n500x531 ( ~ 47kb ) finland : li : utsjoki , 775 : 50 , m + f 9 . 7 . 1983 , markku savela leg .\ncaloplusia hochenwarthi cuprina warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 34 , pl . 64 a ; tl :\ntura\ncatoplusia hochenwarthi lapponaris schulte , 1952 ; ent . zeitschr . 62 : 121 ; tl : sweden , torne - lappmark\nalaska - rocky mountains , cascades ( washingon , oregon ) , california ( sierra nevada ) . see [ maps ]\nplusia ignea grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 274 ; tl : pikes peak , colorado\nlarva on ( reared ) vaccinium sp . , salix [ mna25 . 1 ] , 114\nplusia hochenworthi [ sic ] var . alaica galvagni , 1906 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 56 : 82 ; tl : alai mts .\n1175x881 ( ~ 191kb ) finland : vaala , ouluj\u00e4rvi , manamansalo , pantioniemi , 18 . 8 . 2006 , photo \u00a9 harri arkkio\n500x593 ( ~ 51kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 2 . 7 . 1983 , f 6 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on betula sp . , b . nana , calluna vulgaris , vaccinium myrtillus , v . uliginosum , andromeda polifolia\nfennoscandia , baltia , poland , n . european russia , c . asia ( mountains ) , kamchatka . see [ maps ]\n500x575 ( ~ 45kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , m + f 27 . 6 . 1970 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on ledum groenlandicum , cassandra calyculata , vaccinium spp . [ mna25 . 1 ] , 120\nlabrador , nova scotia , maine , new hampshire , n . michigan , quebec - saskatchewan , alaska . see [ maps ]\nplusia montana packard , 1869 ; guide to the study of insects ( ? 9th edn . ) : 313 ; tl : mt . washington , new hampshire\nalaska , w . canada , s . canada - to ( wisconin , n . ohio , e . pennsylvania , new jersey ) . see [ maps ]\nbritish columbia , nw . wyoming , washington , idaho , oregon . see [ maps ]\nplusia orophila hampson , 1908 ; can . ent . 40 ( 3 ) : 104 ; tl : brobokton creek , alberta\naleutians ( attu ) , japan , ne . china - magadan , kamchatka . see [ maps ]\narctic europe , iceland , n . siberia , coast ( s . greenland ) , arctic america . see [ maps ]\n600x406 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : lk : muonio , 754 : 36 , m 7 . 7 . 1984 , markku savela leg .\nnewfoundland , quebec , n . ontario - manitoba , new jersey , n . pennsylvania , s . michigan , n . wisconsin , north carolina , virginia , british columbia , alberta , montana , n . idaho , cascades ( washington , oregon ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on abies balsamea , tsuga heterophylla , picea glauca , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 117\nsw . montana - ne . utah , new mexico , colorado . see [ maps ]\nnova scotia , newfoundland - alberta - nw . canada , n . michigan , maine ? , minnesota ? . see [ maps ]\nplusia selecta walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 912 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson bay , ontario\nnewfoundland , labrador , n . saskatchewan , alberta , maine . see [ maps ]\nplusia surena grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 585 ; tl : orono , maine\nplusia hochenwarthi var . tibetana staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 329 ; tl : betwen lob noor and kuku noor\ne . manitoba - quebec , labrador , s . greenland , newfoundland , n . maine , n . new hampshire , n . new york . see [ maps ]\ncanada - to ( massachusetts , n . new york , michigan , n . washington ) , rocky mountains , cascades ( oregon ) . see [ maps ]\nplusia viridisignata grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 205 ( unn . emend . )\nlarva on picea glauca , abies balsamea , pseudotsuga menziesii [ mna25 . 1 ] , 104\nfor the time being these pictures are only for this site . other usage not allowed .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nnotes on aberrational names omitted from the barnes and mcdunnough check list ( lepid . )\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome sixi\u00e9me . noctu\u00e9lites . tome 2\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\npapers from the harriman alask expedition . xii . entomological results ( 6 ) : lepidoptera\nadditions to the catalogue of u . s . lepidoptera , no . 3 - 5\nin uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families\nnew moths , principally collected by mr . roland thaxter in maine , with notes on noxious species and remarks on classification\n( 1 ) : [ 1 - 6 ] , 7 - 31 , [ 32 ] , 4pls , ( 2 ) : [ 33 - 35 ] , 36 - 56 , 4pls , ( 3 ) : [ 57 - 59 ] , 60 - 79 , [ 80 ] , 4pls , ( 4 ) : [ 81 - 83 ] , 84 - 100 , 4pls , : [ 101 - 103 ] , 104 - 128 ( nachtrag and suppl . ) , : [ 129 - 134 ] ( index )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nwalker , [ 1858 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 1 - 252 ( 1856 ) , 10 : 253 - 492 ( [ 1857 ] ) , 11 : 493 - 764 ( 1857 ) , 12 : 765 - 982 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 13 : 983 - 1236 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 14 : 1237 - 1520 ( 1858 ) , 15 : 1521 - 1888 ( 1858 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n. the wedge entomological research foundation , p . 106 ; pl . 3 , figs . 14 - 16 .\nthe moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 25 . 1 . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae j . donald lafontaine , robert w . poole . 1991 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 9 may , 2014 - 9 : 06pm last updated 26 july , 2014 - 11 : 38am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nrecorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1964 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nlarva pale green ; dorsal line dark , with pale edges ; several pale wavy subdorsal lines and a broad whitish lateral line with dark upper edge . the larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica . [ 2 ]\nseitz , a . ed . , 1914 die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .\nthis page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 21 : 24 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , iceland , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amursky , nizhneobsky , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north okhotsk , mid - amur , the volga - average , average urals , sredneobskaya , tuva , chukotka , south west siberian yuzhno - kuril , south ural , south yakutia .\nandorra , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , iceland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) poland , russia , romania , northern ireland , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nthe latest sighting details and map for scarce silver y are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nthe wingspan is 24\u201330 mm . the moth flies from june to september depending on the location .\nthe wingspan is 32\u201338 mm . the moth flies from june to august depending on the location .\nthe larvae feed on the leaves of various plants , including vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , betula , calluna vulgaris , andromeda polifolia and urtica .\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nappendix ii ( noctuidae plates ) \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 . . . \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 . . . . . . 12\nsite 6 ) beside rock lake on july 22 , 2000 in a white spruce forest .\nlasionycta uniformis , l . alberta , l . perplexa , l . conjugata ,\nover a couple of years to get a more accurate list . i suspect that this fma could have as\nhandfield , l . 1999 . le guide des papillons du quebec . version scientifique . broquet .\ndominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .\ndominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1\nnoctuinae ( part \u2013 euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico\nlafontaine , j . d . 1987 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae ( part \u2013 euxoa ) in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 27 . 2 .\nlafontaine , j . d . and r . w . poole . 1991 . noctuidea , noctuidae ( part ) , plusiinae in dominick , r . b . et al . the moths of america north of mexico , fassicle 25 . 1\npolia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt\npolia rogenhoferi carbonifera hampson * 64 ) polia purpurissata ( grt . ) * 65 ) polia propodea mccabe * 66 ) lacanobia nevadae ( grt . )\nlasionycta alberta b . & benj . * 71 ) lasionycta perplexa ( sm . ) *\ncompilation of literature and collection records , for the provinces and territories of canada .\nto document all species of lepidoptera found in this park and to further strengthen its status as an ecological reserve .\nto document all species found in the peace river parkland ecoregion to help increase our knowledge of the biodiversity in this region .\nthere is a small area parkland natural region that is located in the northwest corner of alberta along the banks of the peace river . during 2005 and 2006 i began surveying lepidoptera in this area . the habitat targeted was the peace river parkland subregion that consists of open grassland with aspen bluffs . the following is a list of 503 species representing 38 different families .\nalberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta\u2019s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 17 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nalberta lepidoptera inventories are initiated by both the alberta government and members of the alberta lepidopterist guild ( alg ) who are working together to document all species found in alberta\u2019s parks and protected areas . resulting species lists are used by personnel in resource management planning . this report summaries all species that are known from the park . a total of 22 families and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nlepidoptera survey of the peace river parkland subregion in northwestern alberta - 2012 project upda . . .\nis nive of t ned eris e . n larv be cla plie lenguii nd nea and atk afonta ed by a o jinb ve bee recently , kusunoki and yasuda ( 2002 ) described v . citis - idaea , v . journal\u2026\neffect of larval crowding on development , growth and reproduction of earias vittella ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )\nsensory receptors on the larval maxillae and labia of heliothis zea ( boddie ) and heliothis virescens ( f . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae )\nplusiinae is a smallish ( for noctuid standards ) subfamily of the moth family noctuidae . as the noctuidae appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage , the plusiinae may eventually be raised to family status ( weller et al . 1994 ) .\n( 1994 ) : phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes .\nmarkku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms : plusiinae . version of 2007 - mar - 15 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 03 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1209, "summary": [{"text": "the arctic lemming ( dicrostonyx torquatus ) is a species of rodents in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "although generally classified as a \" least concern \" species , the novaya zemlya subspecies ( dicrostonyx torquatus ungulatus ) is considered a vulnerable species under russian nature conservation legislation ( included in red book of russian federation since 1998 ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "arctic lemming", "paragraphs": ["of lemming is the wood lemming measuring around 8 cm . the norwegian lemming is roughly three times the\nof lemming found around the arctic circle , from alaska to siberia . although many different\nadd tags for\narctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america .\n.\nor the lowly arctic lemming , life is cruel . in a flash before death , often the last things a lemming sees are the deadly talons of a majestic\narctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america . / arctic institute of north america ( calgary , alta . ) ; ; calgary : university of calgary .\nmultiple glacial refugia in the north american arctic : inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) .\narctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america . ( journal , magazine , 1948 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ndue to irregular winters , the lemming cycle has stopped . this might in time change the whole ecosystem in the arctic .\narctic lemmings occur in the arctic tundra of eastern siberia and alaska , with a distribution extending farther north than any other rodent .\nmultiple glacial refugia in the north american arctic : inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\narctic library & glossary : check this section for an index of the rest of the things you really need to know about the arctic .\narctic links : even more information ! links to sites related to the arctic and\niceberg : the story of the throps and the squallhoots\n.\nalthough lemming fluctuations have previously been reported to influence the opportunistic arctic fox reproduction elsewhere [ 22 , 30 ] , gilg et al . [ 12 ] expected arctic fox to be the least affected by reduced lemming abundance , which indeed was what we observed ( i . e . reproductive decline by 30 % ) . nevertheless , on traill island , arctic fox reproduction was still coupled to lemming abundance , whereas at zackenberg , arctic fox reproduction was not coupled to lemming abundance at all . arctic fox may generally [ 31 , 32 ] ( and at zackenberg , in particular [ 16 , 33 ] ) rely on alternative terrestrial and marine food sources , which may buffer arctic fox populations from the fluctuating lemming densities . the lack of coupling between arctic fox and its lemming prey at zackenberg may also explain why no clear pattern of predation on alternative prey species , such as ground - nesting birds ( including long - tailed skua ) , is found there [ 34 ] , while it is observed elsewhere in the arctic [ 35 , 36 ] .\nthe lemming is a tiny rodent that is found in or near the arctic circle and are thought to be related to voles and muskrats . the smallest\nzoology student alfredo soto examines a lemming on the coastal plain of the arctic national wildlife refuge . / courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service\nlemmings are a vital prey species of great ecological importance in the arctic . lemmings support the arctic food chain ; they are the only naturally occurring small rodent species in the high arctic , and their population provides food for the majority of arctic predators . the arctic fox and the snowy owl feed on them , as do stoats , weasels , and predatory birds like the long - tailed skua .\n) in an arctic pre - breeding area . polar res 29 : 404\u2013412 .\narctic maps & weather reports : maps of the northwest passage , explorers ' routes , iceberg sources , nunavut , the arctic by treeline , temperature . . .\nthe arctic lemming has blackish grey heads and backs in the summer . around their neck they have a rust - red area , almost looking like a collar . in the winter they have a white coat . the arctic lemming has long , soft fur , and very short tails . the arctic lemming weighs around 1 . 1 to 4 . 0 oz ( 30 - 112 g ) and is about 2 . 8 to 5 . 9 in ( 7 to15 cm ) long .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2013a ) the effect of snow cover on lemming population cycles in the canadian high arctic . oecologia 172 : 1007\u20131016\nsittler b , gilg o , berg tb ( 2000 ) low abundance of king eider nests during low lemming years in northeast greenland . arctic 53 : 53\u201360 .\nin the qarlikturvik valley , we observed that collared and brown lemmings are synchronised , but the brown lemming cycle is more accentuated than that of the collared lemming .\nmaclean sfj , fitzgerald bm , pitelka fa ( 1974 ) population cycles in arctic lemmings : winter reproduction and predation by weasels . arctic alpine res 6 : 1\u201312 .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , fauteux d , berteaux d ( 2014 ) does lemming winter grazing impact vegetation in the canadian arctic ? polar biol 37 : 845\u2013857 .\narctic lemmings , lemmus spp . and dicrostonyx spp . : integrating ecological and evolutionary perspectives\nto allow the lemming to conserve heat more easily in the bitter arctic winters . lemmings also have sharp little teeth which helps the lemmings to gnaw through tangles of roots .\nketcham , sandra .\nlemming animal facts\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\noksanen l ( 1983 ) trophic exploitation and arctic phytomass patterns . am nat 122 : 45\u201352\nhowever no one knows if the greening of the arctic will cause global warming or cooling .\ntwo species of lemmings are found on bylot island : the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) and the brown lemming ( lemmus sibiricus ) . the brown lemming is typically found in wetlands where it feeds on plants such as sedges and grasses . in contrast , the collared lemming prefers a dryer habitat ( uplands ) where it mainly feeds on forbs and shrubs .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2013 ) the effect of snow cover on lemming population cycles in the canadian high arctic . oecologia 172 : 1007\u20131016 . pmid : 23232938\nprimer pairs and corresponding coi - fragment used for detection of lemming genera lemmus and dicrostonyx .\nthe eyes of this lemming stare into your very soul . it knows all your secrets .\nthe arctic lemming , being herbivorous , lives on a diet of various plants . they dig tunnels in the ground during summer and they live in burrows in the snow during the winter .\nketcham , sandra .\nlemming animal facts .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / lemming - animal - 3759 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nnils : a lemming is a small rodent and the norwegian lemming is a very charismatic one , yellow and black . it used to be that every three to four years , there were massive numbers of lemmings in the mountains and then the next year it was gone . that is what we refer to as the lemming cycle . and the lemming cycle occurs for lemmings as well as for many other small rodent species , and the lemming cycle was a characteristic feature .\narctic temperatures are warming at twice the rate of lower latitudes\u2019 , making the area one of the most rapidly changing regions on earth . arctic ecosystems are facing radical alteration . and , surprisingly , a tiny furry rodent may be a major player in those changes . lemming populations have a powerful impact on arctic flora and fauna . due to their influences and those of the rapid climate change the arctic is experiencing , we are beginning to see ecosystem level and even global level changes .\ncryptic northern refugia beyond the ice limit of the pleistocene glaciations may have had significant influence on the current pattern of biodiversity in arctic regions . in order to evaluate whether northern glacial refugia existed in the canadian arctic , we examined mitochondrial dna phylogeography in the northernmost species of rodents , the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) sampled across its range of distribution in the north american arctic and greenland . the division of the collared lemming into the canadian arctic and eastern beringia phylogroups does not support postglacial colonization of the north american arctic from a single eastern beringia refugium . rather , the phylogeographical structure and sparse fossil records indicate that , during the last glaciation , some biologically significant refugia and important sources of postglacial colonization were located to the northwest of the main ice sheet in the canadian arctic .\nmost active during storms , the static - charged lemming can deal a nasty shock to predators .\nketcham , sandra . ( n . d . ) . lemming animal facts . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / lemming - animal - 3759 . html\nberg tb ( 2003 ) catechin content and consumption ratio of the collared lemming . oecologia 135 : 242\u2013249\narctic permafrost , the frozen layer of ground that covers much of the far north arctic , is also reacting to warming temperatures . when permafrost melts it releases carbon ( co2 ) and methane ( ch4 ) .\nnils : the red fox is competitively superior to the arctic fox . unless there are lots of lemmings , the arctic fox does well . so it will change the whole ecosystem . so maybe the arctic fox will go extinct on the mainland and only survive on the small part of spitsbergen in the norwegian territories .\nboth lemming species found on bylot island play major ecological roles in the terrestrial ecosystem . they are the main preys of many arctic predators such as arctic foxes , weasels and snowy owls , which largely depend on them . brown and collared lemmings also influence tundra vegetation by dispersing seeds or devastating plants when overgrazing them .\n\u2018lemmings ( lemmus and dicrostonyx spp . ) \u2019 d . g . reid et . al , for arctic report card : update for 2012 under the national oceanic and atmospheric administration\u2019s arctic theme page ( 2012 ) urltoken\nfedorov vb , stenseth nc ( 2002 ) multiple glacial refugia in the north american arctic : inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) . p roy soc b - biol sci 269 : 2071\u20132078 .\neven though bylot island arctic foxes can rely on alternative preys when there are few lemmings , their population remains largely driven by lemming abundance . in fact , fox reproductive effort ( number and size of litters ) seems to be closely related to lemming availability . in years following high peaks in lemming populations , foxes are in better physical condition , so many fox litters are found and the number of pups in each litter is high . in contrary , in years following very low lemming abundance , only few litters are found and litter sizes are small .\nfrom 1996 to 2000 , relationships between arctic foxes , lemmings and geese were more thoroughly investigated . as a result , many questions related to the impact of arctic fox predation on bylot island greater snow geese population were elucidated .\nguthrie rd ( 1968 ) paleoecology of a late pleistocene small mammal community from interior alaska . arctic 21 : 223\u2013244 .\nlemmings do not hibernate and instead endure the tough arctic winters , with the lemming having special protection from the cold from its thick fur . the lemmings spend the winter searching for bulbs and shoots that are often buried beneath the snow .\nthe arctic lemming is a highly important food source for numerous species including : stoat , arctic fox , snowy owl , gyrfalcon , glaucous gull , long - tailed skua and raven . in good lemming years these natural enemies produce large litters of young . the arctic lemming is a solitary animal by nature . they only meet to mate and then go their separate ways , but like all rodents they have a high reproductive rate and can breed rapidly when food is plentiful . in exceptional years , females produce a litter of young every month from march to april through to september . because young females are already procreative at four weeks , populations can grow at enormous speed . typically , these large populations collapse very rapidly and hardly any lemmings are seen in following years . like other small arctic rodents , the arctic lemming population fluctuates wildly , usually in a 4 - year cycle . these rodents do not hibernate during the long harsh northern winter . instead , they remain active in finding food by digging through the snow and using the grass that they have previously stored .\narctic and sub - arctic tundra and forest - tundra in the palearctic , from white sea , w russia , to chukotski peninsula , ne siberia , and kamchatka ; including novaya zemlya and new siberian islands , arctic ocean\n( wilson and reeder 2005 ) , but excluding wrangel island ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 , pavlinov et al . 2002 ) .\na fun fact about the arctic lemming is that they have been known to migrate when population density becomes too great . they can and do swim in search of a new habitat and will cross a large body of water to do so .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : arctic : journal of the arctic institute of north america . publisher : calgary : university of calgary . isbn / issn : 1923 - 1245 , 0004 - 0843 oclc : 888540186\nklein dr , bay c ( 1994 ) resource partitioning by mammalian herbivores in the high arctic . oecologia 97 : 439\u2013450 .\nsnowy owl in flight , photographed in the arctic national wildlife refuge . / courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service\nresearchers found that large populations of lemmings are turning the arctic green as the herbivores graze on plants and fertilise the soils .\nbut the population booms that feed the big snowy - owl irruptions might not last in an era of global warming . the arctic landscape is changing , and there are early signs that it has caused lemming populations to dip in scandinavia and greenland .\nbrassard gr , fife aj , webber j ( 1979 ) mosses from baffin island , arctic canada . lindbergia 5 : 99\u2013104 .\nbefore snowy owls start heading back to the arctic , scientists want to fit as many as possible with transmitters and gps devices .\ntheir flights , covering thousands of kilometres , were fuelled by a steady diet of lemmings . the lemming population spikes about every four years in the arctic , and last summer it rose off the charts on canada ' s bylot island in the nunavut territory .\ntiny lemmings impact population levels and lifestyle of both predators and prey animals . they alter the vegetative cover in the arctic , encouraging plants to thrive or not as they feed . this keystone species has ecological impacts on nearly the entirety of the arctic . as climate change drives amplified warming in the arctic , we can expect to see larger and more impactful consequences , even from small sources .\nims ra , yoccoz ng , killengreen st ( 2011 ) determinants of lemming outbreaks . pnas 108 : 1970\u20131974 . pmid : 21245340\nthe worry that lemming populations will fall is speculation ,\nan unknown situation\n, smith said . but the future is a concern .\none thing we know with the lemming population , they need that snow cover to survive ,\nhe said .\ncurrent research on lemmings has been fueled by two recent discoveries made in the case of the norwegian lemming lemmus lemmus , the most renowned lemming species ( 3 ) . the first is that its outbreak trajectory is differently shaped from that of the gray - sided vole ( myodes rufocanus ) , the often codominant rodent species , which always exhibits population peaks synchronously with the lemming . specifically , the lemming population erupts more steeply than the vole population . this discrepancy in \u201coutbreak topology\u201d has been suggested to result from different trophic interactions ; the \u201csharp\u201d lemming outbreaks from an interaction with food plants , the \u201cblunt\u201d vole peaks from an interaction with predators ( 7 , 8 ) . however , there are still contrasting views on which factors regulate lemming populations ( 4 , 6 , 9 ) .\nas it was previously mentioned , the breeding effort of arctic and red foxes seems to be closely related to lemming abundance . however , since the expansion of our den monitoring area in 2003 , this relationship seems less visible and little is known yet about the lemming abundance in these new areas . it may be different or non - synchronized with that observed in the traditionally surveyed areas ( see\nthe collared lemming , being adapted to arctic environments will most likely face a further demographic decline and range contraction or even extinction , when the average temperature continues to rise . such a climate - driven demographic decline and range contraction of the collared lemming , which is a key member of northern communities , would have strong consequences for trophic interactions and ecosystem processes in the arctic [ 11 ] , [ 24 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] . since collared lemmings are the main prey for four predators ( the snowy owl , the arctic fox , the long - tailed skua and the stoat ) , a strong climate - driven population decline in this species would most likely cause a severe reduction in predator populations and may lead to local extinction of the predators themselves [ 30 ] . thus , a proper understanding of the effects and responses of this arctic key species is crucial for predictions of possible future scenarios in the arctic biota .\nsatellite imagery has already confirmed that arctic regions are becoming covered with grasses and shrubs , as increasing temperatures make the areas more habitable .\narctic foxes are the main predators found on bylot island and their favourite preys are small rodents called lemmings . lemming populations are however cyclic , meaning that they go through phases of really high to really low densities , every 3 - 5 years ( see lemmings ) .\nto let the younger lemming generations have full access to food and shelter etc is a myth . this may have originated from the mass\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the lemming article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nolofsson j , t\u00f8mmervik h , callaghan tv ( 2012 ) vole and lemming activity observed from space . nat clim change 2 : 880\u2013883\nbrassard gr ( 1976 ) the mosses of northern ellesmere island , arctic canada iii . new or additional records . bryologist 79 : 480\u2013487 .\n\u201cwe are not saying that lemmings are causing the greening , because greening is occurring in areas where lemmings don\u2019t occur at high densities and we are not sure how lemming populations across the arctic are themselves responding to warmer conditions . however , it is clear from our study that lemmings , and other herbivores , are more important in some of these arctic ecosystems than people historically give them credit for , \u201d he said .\ncontrasting the mean annual reproductive output on traill island before and after the lemming cycle collapse demonstrates that the three predator species were differentially negatively impacted in the order snowy owl ( most ) , long - tailed skua ( intermediate ) and arctic fox ( least ; table 1 ) .\nso far , little is known about species responses to climate change in the arctic . our study aims to fill this gap and improve the understanding of past population responses of arctic species to climate change . in the case of the collared lemmings this is particularly important since demographic changes in this species have strong consequences for trophic interactions and ecosystem processes in the arctic [ 11 ] , [ 24 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] .\nolofsson j , tommervik h , callaghan tv ( 2012 ) vole and lemming activity observed from space . nature clim change 12 : 880\u2013883 .\nwilson dj , krebs cj , sinclair are ( 1999 ) limitation of collared lemming populations during a population cycle . oikos 87 : 382\u2013398 .\nin summary , we found indication that diet of both lemming species on bylot island is heavily affected by food availability , which adds to increasing evidence showing that availability is an important determinant of small rodent diets [ 3 , 8 , 41 ] . furthermore , the large differences between locations revealed by our study may imply that both competitive interactions between lemmings species and lemming - vegetation interactions may vary greatly across the arctic tundra .\nbrassard gr ( 1971 ) the mosses of northern ellesmere island , arctic canada ii . annotated list of the taxa . bryologist 74 : 282\u2013311 .\n\u2026species , rangifer tarandus , whereas the lemmings of the eurasian arctic are a closely related but distinct species from those of northern north america and greenland . this similarity in arctic mammalian fauna is a result of the lower sea levels of the pleistocene glaciations , when a broad land connection , known as\u2026\n\u2018linking climate change to lemming cycles\u2019 kyrre l . kausrud et . al . , published in nature , international journal of science ( 2008 ) urltoken\ntape kd , hallinger m , welker jm , ruess rw ( 2012 ) landscape heterogeneity of shrub expansion in arctic alaska . ecosystems 15 : 711\u2013724 .\nduchesne d , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2011 ) habitat selection , reproduction and predation of wintering lemmings in the arctic . oecologia 167 : 967\u2013980\n\u201cour paper confirms that we really need to be careful attributing the greening of the arctic to global warming alone . we have shown that lemmings can promote similar greening , through the increase of grasses and sedges , as warming does in arctic regions where lemmings are present and go through dramatic population cycles . \u201d\nlemming in mount njuolja , abisko national park in sweden . / attribution david mintz ( creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license )\nthe recent abundance of snowy owl sightings in the us and canada is linked to a spike in the lemming population . photograph : yves herman / reuters\ncitation : prost s , smirnov n , fedorov vb , sommer rs , stiller m , nagel d , et al . ( 2010 ) influence of climate warming on arctic mammals ? new insights from ancient dna studies of the collared lemming dicrostonyx torquatus . plos one 5 ( 5 ) : e10447 . urltoken\n) , thus representing sampling before , during and after climatic events that , based on the ecological preferences of this arctic species should have generated demographic changes .\nseldal t , andersen kj , hogstedt g ( 1994 ) grazing - induced proteinase inhibitors : a possible cause for lemming population cycles . oikos 70 : 3\u201311\ndr david johnson , lead author of the study , said the paper shows the impact the lemming population has on the local ecosystem and even the climate .\nduring 2006 to 2007 a large - scale norwegian lemming outbreak arose in finnmark , in sub - and low - arctic fennoscandia , for the first time in at least two decades . based on spatially extensive monitoring of rodent populations at 109 tundra sites spanning an area of 10 000 km 2 , we were able to encompass substantial spatial variation in outbreak amplitude along replicated climatic ( i . e . , altitudinal ) gradients in lemmings and gray - sided voles . here we provide an analysis of this variation that sheds light on the differences and interrelations between lemming and vole dynamics and which factors may impede lemming outbreaks for decades .\nainu alutiiq dance arctic crashes arctic social sciences crossroads / continents inuit studies conference labrador repatriation saint lawrence gateways the search for a past ( saami ) sharing knowledge alaska sharing knowledge : collections yakutat seal camps yamal yup ' ik masks get plug - ins help printing credits copyright \u00a9 smithsonian institution , 2004 . all rights reserved .\nmaclean sf , fitzgerald bm , pitelka fa ( 1974 ) population cycles in arctic lemmings : winter reproduction and predation by weasels . arct alp res 6 : 1\u201312\nwe were able to test genetically the lemming species identified in the field based on pellet size , shape and color for 74 of our 76 pellet samples ( 54 brown and 20 collared lemmings ) . the genetic identification was based on the difference between amplicon size . the amplicone sizes estimated by the qiaxcel system were on average 128 bp for collared lemming and 146 bp for brown lemming . while these were longer than presumed ( see methods ) , the relative difference remained . ( s1 fig . ) . the genetic analysis confirmed field species identification in 98 . 6 % of the cases . only one pellet sample identified as brown lemming in the field turned out to be a collared lemming according to the genetic analysis . all muscle samples ( n = 12 ) were identified to the correct species .\nmoen j , lundberg pa , oksanen l ( 1993 ) lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak , northern norway . arct alp res 25 : 130\u2013135\noksanen l , oksanen t ( 1992 ) long - term microtine dynamics in north fennoscandian tundra : the vole cycle and the lemming chaos . ecography 15 : 226\u2013236\nmaclean sf , fitzgerald bm , pitelka fa ( 1974 ) population cycles in arctic lemmings : winter reproduction and predation by weasels . arc alp res 6 : 1\u201312 .\nfortier d , allard m ( 2004 ) late holocen syngenetic ice - wedge polygons development , bylot island , canadian arctic archipelago . can j earth sci 41 : 997\u20131012\ngilg o , sittler b , hanski i ( 2009 ) climate change and cyclic predator - prey population dynamics in the high arctic . glob change biol 15 : 2634\u20132652\npouliot r , rochefort l , gauthier g ( 2009 ) moss carpets constrain the fertilizing effects of herbivores on graminoid plants in arctic polygon fens . botany 87 : 1209\u20131222\npopulation outbreaks in tundra rodents have intrigued scientists for a century as a result of their spectacular appearances and their general lessons in ecology . one outstanding question that has led to competing hypotheses is why sympatric lemmings and voles differ in regularity and shape of their outbreaks . lemming outbreaks may be lost for decades while vole populations maintain regular population cycles . moreover , when lemming populations eventually irrupt , they do so more steeply than the vole populations . norwegian lemmings exhibited a large - scale outbreak synchronously with gray - sided voles in finnmark , northern fennoscandia , during 2006 to 2007 for the first time in two decades . analyses of spatial variability of this outbreak across altitudinal gradients allowed us to identify determinants of the contrasting lemming and vole dynamics . the steeper lemming outbreak trajectories were caused by breeding and population growth during winter , when nonbreeding vole populations consistently declined . the differently shaped lemming and vole outbreaks appear to result from a particular demographic tactic of lemmings that evolved as an adaptation to the long and cold arctic\u2013alpine winters . the lemming outbreak amplitude increased with altitude and vole density , indicating that lemming outbreaks are jointly facilitated by low temperatures and apparent mutualism with voles mediated by shared predators . high sensitivity to variation in climate and predation is likely to be the reasons why lemmings have more erratic population dynamics than sympatric voles . the combination of continued climatic warming and dampened vole cycles is expected to further decrease the frequency , amplitude , and geographic range of lemming outbreaks in tundra ecosystems .\nmoen j , lundberg pa , oksanen l ( 1993 ) lemming grazing on snowbed vegetation during a population peak , northern norway . arc alp res 25 : 130\u2013135 .\ngruyer n , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2008 ) cyclic dynamics of sympatric lemming populations on bylot island , nunavut , canada . can j zool 86 : 910\u2013917\nthe lemming is a heavily furred and tiny rodent that is said to resemble a small guinea pig or a mouse . the three lemming species native to the arctic are the brown , collared , and ungava lemmings , according to polar life . depending on the season , lemmings ' coats may be grayish , brown , white , or mixed brown and white . the animals have short tails , clawed feet , and tiny ears hidden in fur . the lemming grows up to 6 inches in length , and an adult weighs from 40 to 112 grams , with the average mature weight being 78 grams , according to the alaska department of fish and game ( adfg ) .\nof around three weeks . baby lemmings are born in burrows under the snow which helps to keep the baby lemmings warm and away from the arctic winter . the mother lemming gives birth to around 7 baby lemmings and feeds the baby lemmings on her milk until they are big enough and strong enough to start looking for food by themselves .\nlemming populations shrink and swell depending on how many plants and berries are available . one type of lemming , the scandinavian lemming , migrates in a huge group when food becomes scarce . they will run in one direction through meadows , woods and towns . if they come to a large body of water they will swim and swim looking for land . the stories about lemmings jumping off cliffs are a myth . other types of lemmings simply move away when the food gets scarce . wouldn ' t you ?\nduchesne d , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2011 ) habitat selection , reproduction and predation of wintering lemmings in the arctic . oecologia 167 : 967\u2013980 . pmid : 21701915\nh\u00f8ye tt , post e , meltofte h , schmidt nm , forchhammer mc ( 2007 ) rapid advancement of spring in the high arctic . curr biol 17 : 449\u2013451 .\nthe collapse of the lemming cycles in northeast greenland has already affected the tundra ecosystem , here demonstrated by reduced reproductive performance and declining populations of high - arctic predators . if the lemming populations remain at the same non - cyclic , low - density state as during the last decade , the result will probably be population extinctions and further impoverishment of this arctic endemic predator guild . ultimately , this may cause cascading impacts on the entire tundra food web , with unknown consequences [ 1 , 3 , 13 ] . our results also demonstrate that the nature of such trophic cascades is contingent on site - specific food web structure\u2014characteristics of tundra ecosystems that are known to vary spatially [ 37 ] . thus , improving our ability to predict the impacts of climate change on the vulnerable arctic ecosystems will require enhanced and coordinated spatial replication of long - term monitoring programmes .\ngruyer n , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2008 ) cyclic dynamics of sympatric lemming populations on bylot island , nunavut , canada . can j zool 86 : 910\u2013917 .\nthere are many stories written about this . a translation of the bible to the nordic languages , the swarms of grasshoppers in the middle east , there was a footnote by the translator saying that this is like lemming cycles . so , it\u2019s a well - known phenomenon . since the mid \u201890s , there have been no regular lemming cycles .\nthe other issue renewing ecologists\u2019 search for circumstances causing cyclic population outbreaks is the recent emergence of collapsed cycles in several species ( 10 ) . one well documented case of a recent absence of outbreaks is that of a local norwegian lemming population in alpine southern norway , where cyclic outbreaks at regular 3 - to 4 - y intervals prevailed until the past 15 y ( 11 ) . however , this recent incident is not unprecedented . in large tracts of sub - and low - arctic fennoscandian tundra , the norwegian lemming population has erupted only two times since the 1970s , during which time , interestingly , the sympatric gray - sided vole has maintained a regular 5 - y population cycle ( 7 , 8 ) . thus , the northern fennoscandian tundra offers opportunities to elucidate why lemming and vole outbreak trajectories differ and why lemming outbreaks may get lost for long time periods .\ngauthier g , berteaux d , krebs cj , reid d ( 2009 ) arctic lemmings are not simply food limited\u2014a comment on oksanen et al . evol ecol res 11 : 483\u2013484\ngilg o , sittler b , hanski i ( 2009 ) climate change and cyclic predator - prey population dynamics in the high - arctic . glob change biol 15 : 2634\u20132652 .\nbut for all it appears the the retreat of arctic the tundra is encouraging global warming it may actually cool down the climate as plants can grow bigger and store more carbon .\nbecause lemmings have important ecological roles , cycles in their populations have large impacts on arctic ecosystems ( see arctic fox and snowy owl sections ) . for this reason , the bylot island environmental monitoring project participates in the small - mammal survey coordinated across the northwest territories and nunavut ( canada ) by the renewable resources office in yellowknife , a governmental agency .\nthis baseline model was fitted with site - specific altitude and vole density ( in case of the lemming ) as additional predictor terms . altitude served as a proxy for spatial variation in climate ( as detailed earlier ) . density of voles was predicted to affect lemming growth rate only indirectly through shared predators , as lemmings are competitively dominant to voles (\nwhen lemmings are abundant , arctic foxes can survive by mainly feeding on them , but in period of low lemming densities , foxes have to put more effort in preying upon alternative preys such as goose eggs and goslings . since geese fiercely defend their nests against predators , catching eggs and goslings is however a more difficult and risky task than catching lemmings .\nlemmings only consume living vegetation . the abundant herbivores have a strong impact on the arctic biome , especially in years with high populations . their impact on arctic vegetation is so extreme that it is visible to satellites . their voracious appetites seem detrimental , but once the plant life is decimated it has the potential to return even stronger . an examination of fenced plots in barrow , alaska , that lemmings were excluded from ( kept out of ) for the last 50 years suggested that sustained lemming activity actually promotes the growth of many plants .\nkausrud kl , mysterud a , steen h , vik jo , ostbye e , et al . ( 2008 ) linking climate change to lemming cycles . nature 456 : 93\u201398 .\npitelka fa ( 1957 ) some aspects of population structure in the short - term cycle of the brown lemming in northern alaska . springs harb symp quant biol 22 : 237\u2013251 .\nstudies have shown that lemming populations have not peaked in more than a decade . the flat tundra now sprouts willows and shrubs that compete with the grasses and mosses lemmings prefer .\nbilodeau f , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2013 ) effect of snow cover on the vulnerability of lemmings to mammalian predators in the canadian arctic . j mammal 94 : 813\u2013819 .\none year ago , i predicted that there would be a lemming peak all over norway , as a matter of fact , all over scandinavia because the previous year had been very cold , with very good snow conditions and we were then in the middle of a good winter . and true enough , there was a lemming peak last year all over norway .\nof the scandinavian lemming when food becomes scarce , that run in their hundreds through the surrounding terrain in search of food , with a few unlucky individuals finding their way off cliffs .\nas an index of collared lemming abundance , we used the number of winter nests within designated census areas [ 16 , 19 ] . each year after snowmelt , the entire census area was searched closely for fresh winter nests . upon examination , nests were destroyed to avoid double counts . at both sites , the lemming census area was located on relatively flat tundra , and covered a variety of habitat types . the census area at zackenberg may , however , be regarded as richer and more homogeneous than that on traill island [ 16 ] . for comparison between sites , we therefore applied the site - specific correction factor previously developed by gilg et al . [ 12 ] to convert the lemming winter nest density into lemming density .\ngornall jl , jonsdottir is , woodin sj , van der wal r ( 2007 ) arctic mosses govern below - ground environment and ecosystem processes . oecologia 153 : 931\u2013941 . pmid : 17618466\nthe 20 lemming species belong to 6 genera , which , along with voles and muskrats , are classified in the subfamily arvicolinae of the mouse family ( muridae ) within the order rodentia .\nkrebs c , danell k , angerbj\u00f6rn a , agrell j , berteaux d , et al . ( 2003 ) terrestrial trophic dynamics in the canadian arctic . can j zool 81 : 827\u2013843 .\nmoen j , oksanen l ( 1998 ) long - term exclusion of folivorous mammals in two arctic - alpine plant communities : a test of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems . oikos 82 : 333\u2013346\ntherrien jf , gauthier g , korpim\u00e4ki e , b\u00eaty j ( 2014 ) predation pressure imposed by avian predators suggests summer limitation of small mammal populations in the canadian arctic . ecology 95 : 56\u201367\nfedorov vb , goropashnaya a ( 1999 ) the importance of ice ages in diversification of arctic collared lemmings ( dicrostonyx ) : evidence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b region . hereditas 130 : 301\u2013307 .\nlemmings in canada ' s portion of the arctic have yet to show signs of a downturn . the irruption they fuelled last summer has raised public awareness and revolutionised the study of snowy owls .\nthe team from the university of texas at el paso found when lemmings are excluded from the arctic environment in enclosures in alaska there is an increase in certain plant types called lichens and bryophytes .\nsoininen em , ravolainen vt , br\u00e5then ka , yoccoz ng , gielly l , et al . ( 2013 ) arctic small rodents have diverse diets and flexible food selection plos one 8 : e68128 .\nbilodeau f , kenney aj , gilbert bs , hofer e , gauthier g , et al . ( 2013 ) evaluation of a technique to trap lemmings under the snow . arctic 66 : 32\u201336 .\nrodgers ar , lewis mc ( 1986 ) diet selection in arctic lemmings ( lemmus sibiricus and dicrostonyx groenlandicus ) : demography , home range , and habitat use . can j zool 64 : 2717\u20132727 .\nnils : i think the lemming cycle will come back if the climate changes , but it might take quite a bit of time for the whole ecosystem to recover because when the lemmings are gone , that affects the ptarmigan because when predators have no lemmings to eat then they ' ll go to other species including ptarmigan . it also affects the interaction between the arctic fox and the red fox .\nour spatially extensive seasonal monitoring , which happened to encompass the now rare event of a proper lemming outbreak in northern fennoscandia , allowed us to provide a detailed comparison of the topology of the lemming outbreak with the simultaneous dynamics of the gray - sided vole . in accordance with previous studies ( 7 , 8 ) , the lemming exhibited a steeper increase phase than that of the vole . however , the previous studies based their analysis of population growth rates taken at an annual time scale ( fall to fall ) ; i . e . , the population dynamics were not separated into seasonal components . in contrast , we analyzed growth rates for summers ( spring to fall ) and winters ( fall to spring ) separately and thereby can provide unique insights into the basis for the lemming\u2013vole dichotomy .\nbesides the possibility that lemming\u2013plant interactions are more prone to irregularities ( including a more variable outbreak amplitude ) than vole\u2013predator interactions ( 8 ) , there are two other hypotheses explaining why cyclic lemming outbreaks are impeded while sympatric voles maintain cycling . one assumes that lemmings are more sensitive than voles to climate variation ( 10 , 12 ) . the other emphasizes community processes and predicts that lemming outbreaks are limited by indirect interaction with voles mediated by shared predators ( 13 \u2013 15 ) . to our knowledge , no previous study has evaluated the relative merits of these ( not necessarily mutually exclusive ) hypotheses .\nmeanwhile plants are creeping inexorably north . the arctic is slowly becoming more green . plants uptake carbon dioxide ( co2 ) when they perform photosynthesis , but release it through respiratory processes and when they decompose .\nhenttonen h , kaikusalo a ( 1993 ) lemming movements . in : stenseth nc , ims ra ( eds ) the biology of lemmings . linnean society of london . academic press , london , pp 157\u2013186\n) was not considered as we analyzed growth rates only during the lemming outbreak period ( fall 2006 to fall 2007 ) . the model considering dynamics during the outbreak summer ( i . e . , r\nfedorov vb , stenseth nc ( 2001 ) glacial survival of the norwegian lemming ( lemmus lemmus ) in scandinavia : inference from mitochondrial dna variation . p roy soc b - biol sci 268 : 809\u2013814 .\nin conclusion , our study points to the particular adaptations and sensitivities of lemmings to conditions during the alpine\u2013arctic winters , including climate and predation , as the main reason for why lemmings differ from voles in terms of topology and regularity of their outbreaks . continued climatic warming and dampening of vole cycles in tundra ecosystems can be expected to decrease the frequency , amplitude , and geographic range of lemming outbreaks in the future .\nwillerslev e , davison j , moora m , zobel m , coissac e , et al . ( 2014 ) fifty thousand years of arctic vegetation and megafaunal diet . nature 506 : 47\u201351 . pmid : 24499916\npost e , forchhammer mc , bret - harte ms , callaghan tv , christensen tr , et al . ( 2009 ) ecological dynamics across the arctic associated with recent climate change . science 325 : 1355\u20131358 .\nfedorov vb , fredga k , jarrell gh ( 1999 ) mitochondrial dna variation and the evolutionary history of chromosome races of collared lemmings ( dicrostonyx ) in the eurasian arctic . j evolution biol 12 : 134\u2013145 .\nthe percentage of known dens that present signs of activity ( either diggings or fresh prey remains ) greatly vary from year to year and can be considered as an indicator of fox abundance . however , the variability of reproductive foxes is not similar but may be explained by the cyclic nature of lemming populations . years with the lowest percentages of dens with pups are years when lemming abundance was the lowest as well .\nour study is the first to examine the winter diet of lemmings using dna metabarcoding techniques , as all previous studies have relied on microhistological analysis . due to this novel method , we were able to elucidate lemming winter diets at an unprecedented level of details . our analysis of two sympatric lemming species revealed similarities with previous studies but also some startling differences . interestingly , our results do not fit our prediction that these sympatric species should have clearly different winter diets , as the diet of both species showed a high degree of overlap . diets of both lemming species were by far dominated by salix and moss consumption was relatively low .\nfedorov vb ( 1999 ) contrasting mitochondrial dna diversity estimates in two sympatric genera of arctic lemmings ( dicrostonyx : lemmus ) indicate different responses to quaternary environmental fluctuations . p roy soc lond b bio 266 : 621\u2013626 .\nreid dg , bilodeau f , krebs cj , gauthier g , kenney aj , et al . ( 2012 ) lemming winter habitat choice : a snow - fencing experiment . oecologia 168 : 935\u2013946 . pmid : 22042523\nwe used the number of collared lemming winter nests taken over by stoats within the lemming census areas as a proxy of stoat abundance in winter [ 16 , 19 ] , as direct measures are virtually impossible to obtain . in addition , each year , we located all nests of long - tailed skuas and snowy owls within the designated bird census areas . avian productivity ( i . e . number of fledged young produced per hectare ) was estimated from multiple visits to the nests . known arctic fox dens were surveyed multiple times early in the season to verify breeding , while the number of weaned cubs was estimated from visits to the dens in late july . the arctic fox productivity ( i . e . number of weaned cubs produced per ha ) was then estimated by multiplying the density of fox dens known at each site by the mean annual number of weaned young per den . as the survey of dens was not always exhaustive ( see the electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) , arctic fox productivity was in some years weighted by the fraction of dens surveyed [ 17 ] .\ntarroux a , bety j , gauthier g , berteaux d ( 2012 ) the marine side of a terrestrial carnivore : intra - population variation in use of allochthonous resources by arctic foxes . plos one 7 : e2427 .\noksanen t , oksanen l , dahlgren j , olofsson j , kyr\u00f6 k ( 2009 ) on the implications of currently available data on population fluctuations of arctic lemmings\u2014reply to gauthier et al . evol ecol res 11 : 485\u2013487\ncallaghan tv , bj\u00f6rn lo , chernov y , chapin t , christensen tr , et al . ( 2004 ) biodiversity , distributions and adaptations of arctic species in the context of environmental change . ambio 33 : 404\u2013417 .\nto provide a quantitative , comparative assessment of population trajectories and their potential determinants in lemmings and voles , we analyzed site - specific seasonal ( winter and summer ) growth rates during the lemming outbreak period ( fall 2006 to fall 2007 ) . on average , the norwegian lemming had positive winter growth rates , whereas they were consistently negative in the gray - sided vole ( table 1 and fig . 1 ) . summer growth rates in lemmings and voles were positive , although somewhat lower in the lemmings ( table 1 ) . the degree of spatial coherence in growth rates was assessed by computing moran i statistics . also , this spatial aspect of the seasonal dynamics differed between the lemming and the vole . lemming growth rates exhibited spatial autocorrelation in winter , but not in summer , whereas the gray - sided vole had the opposite seasonal difference ( table 1 ) .\na particular characteristic of these two lemming species is the cyclic nature of their populations . simply , this means the brown and collared lemming populations go through phases of very low to very high densities , depending on food availability . if conditions are good , lemmings can reproduce and have many large litters every year . as a result , their population grows and grows until it reaches a point at which there are not enough plants anymore to sustain all the animals . at this point the population crashes , the vegetation regenerates and the cycle starts over again . on bylot island , 3 to 4 years can pass between two peaks in the lemming population .\nshape , size and color of fecal pellets collected in the field have been used as criteria to identify lemming species in previous studies when both brown and collared are present [ 20 , 32 , 52 ] . for the first time , we validated this technique using genetic techniques and showed that it was highly reliable ( > 98 % correct identification ) . thus , misidentification of lemming fecal pellets was not an issue in our study .\nto visually illustrate the spatiotemporal features of the lemming outbreak compared with the dynamics of the gray - sided vole in the entire monitoring area , we display spatially averaged outbreak trajectories for six separate subregions ( fig . 1 ) . although all rodent populations simultaneously had converged on very low postoutbreak densities by spring 2008 , the incipient stage of the lemming outbreak differed markedly from that of the gray - sided vole . the onset of the lemming irruption was delayed compared with the onset of the increase phase of voles . from its onset , the lemming outbreak arose steeply to reach sharp peaks simultaneously across the study region in fall 2007 , although with large spatial variation in outbreak amplitude ( i . e . , peak densities ; fig . 1 ) . peak densities also varied in voles , but were reached more gradually , and the dynamics were more spatially asynchronous than in lemmings .\ndata availability : bryophyte reference library and lemming diet data are deposited at dryad digital repository ( urltoken ) , doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . 4rr39 . all other relevant data are available as supporting information files .\nproximately , the more rapid increase in the lemming was a result of population increase in winter , when the vole populations steeply decreased . population increase during winter in lemmings results from winter reproduction ( 4 , 16 ) \u2014a demographic trait virtually absent in the gray - sided vole ( 14 ) . the recruitment component of lemming winter growth can also explain why only lemmings exhibited density - dependent growth rate in winter , as recruitment in northern rodents appears to be more sensitive to density than adult survival ( 17 ) . in essence , our analysis suggests that the contrasting topologies of the population peaks in lemmings and voles are more likely caused by different intrinsic demographic tactics than different trophic interactions . winter reproduction in lemmings , the only truly arctic small rodent taxon , is likely to have evolved as an adaptation to the 9 - to 10 - mo winter at high latitudes and altitudes . thus , it appears to us that a taxon - specific demographic tactics is the most parsimonious explanation for the propensity for irruptive outbreak dynamics across all lemming species and a range of food web contexts in the circumpolar arctic ( 8 ) ."]}
{"id": 1211, "summary": [{"text": "the pied triller ( lalage nigra ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in brunei , india , indonesia , malaysia , the philippines , singapore , and thailand . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pied triller", "paragraphs": ["pied trillers measure between 6 . 3 - 7 inches ( 16 to 18 cm ) in length .\npied trillers occur naturally in brunei , india , indonesia , malaysia , the philippines , singapore and thailand .\n\u201cspotted a pied triller ( lalage nigra ) nest with two chicks , the usual brood number ( above ) . i was watching another bird and was already close to the nest ( 4 - 5 meters ) before i spotted it .\npied trillers feed on various insects , which are taken on the ground , picked up from foliage , or are caught in mid - air .\ntheir plumage on top is boldly patterned in brownish / black and white ( commonly referred to as\npied\n- hence their common time ) and whitish below .\ntwo trips with dev ' s tours firstly birdwatching with wendy who was very knowledgeable and enthusiastic . she was very excited when we saw a pied triller and we were very excited by three species of hornbill . we saw 42 species in a morning . binoculars can be supplied and wendy brought her telescope to help us see the birds more clearly . secondly . . .\ntaylor , b . ( 2018 ) . pied triller ( lalage nigra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthey are closely related to the white - rumped trillers ( lalage leucopygialis ) and some authorities lump them together into one species . however , based on plumage differences , some feel they are more closely related to the white - shouldered triller ( lalage sueurii ) .\nhd video footage of a pied triller ( lalage nigra chilensis , endemic race , male ) calling from the top of a tall gmelina tree , filmed in habitat under available light . capture info - canon 7d + 400 2 . 8 l is + stacked canon 2x / sigma 1 . 4x tcs , 1120 mm , f / 11 , 1 / 125 sec , iso 400 , 475b / 3421 support , manual exposure in available light , captured in 1080 / 30p , played as 720 / 30p , paranaque city , philippines , dec . 30 , 2009\ncebuano : bugaungon . . . chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : housen ? \u00edk ? ernoh ? bet\u00fd , housenc\u00edk cern\u00fd . . . danish : broget triller . . . dutch : bonte triller . . . finnish : kurnulivert\u00e4j\u00e4 . . . french : \u00e9chenilleur t\u00e9rat . . . german : wei\u00dfstirnlalage , wei\u00dfstirn - lalage . . . indonesian : kapasan , kapasan kemir . . . italian : mangiabruchi gazza . . . japanese : madaranakisanshoukui . . . malay : rembah kening putih . . . norwegian : parktrillefugl . . . polish : gasienicojad srokaty , g ? sienicojad srokaty . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? - ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : h\u00faseniciarka bielocel\u00e1 . . . spanish : gorjeador p\u00e1lido . . . swedish : svartvit drillf\u00e5gel . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?\npreviously published on avocet as av10569 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . gps : xeno - canto .\nthis juvenile was found on the ground and when i made this recording it was sitting on my finger chirping away .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nkloss , 1926 \u2013 c nicobar is ( camorta , katchall , trinkat ) .\n( horsfield , 1821 ) \u2013 s thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra ( including nias i ) , bangka , belitung and w java ( including karimunjawa is ) .\n( j . r . forster , 1781 ) \u2013 borneo and adjacent islands , and philippines .\n) ; 20\u201331 g . male nominate race has forehead , crown , nape , mantle and scapulars . . .\nhas rather nasal chuckles , e . g . \u201cchaka - chevu\u201d , \u201cwh\u00e9\u00e9k - chuk\u201d and similar ; rattling \u201cwheek . . .\nopen woodland , forest edge , farmland , roadsides and gardens in villages and towns , cultivation , . . .\nfood arthropods , mainly caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) and \u201chard insects\u201d ; some fruit , mostly small berries ( e . g . of euphorbs such as\nbreeds may in nicobars , feb\u2013aug in malay peninsula , feb\u2013apr and jun\u2013aug in sumatra , jun in borneo and may\u2013jun in . . .\nprimarily resident . recorded seasonal changes in abundance in singapore are suggestive of migration . . .\nnot globally threatened . in peninsular malaysia , regular and common in s and on w coastal plain , but local and uncommon to rare elsewhere ; locally common to uncommon in s . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\naviceda , juan sanabria , desmond allen , josep del hoyo , paul clarke .\nwilliam ip , zotyesz , joe kelly , tomas grim , dannie polley , manakincarmelo , khamikaze , natthaphat chotjuckdikul , yvonne stevens , hickson fergusson , marco valentini , jainymaria .\nlife in shah alam lake garden - canon 7d + sigma 100 - 300 f4 + sigma 1 . 4x\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lalage nigra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 730 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nfound on the island of borneo ( located north of java island , indonesia ) and adjacent islands , and the philippines .\nfound in southern andaman islands and central nicobar islands ( camorta , katchall , trinkat ) .\nfound in southern thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra ( including nias island ) , bangka , belitung and western java ( including karimunjawa islands ) .\nthe face is white with one black stripe through each eye . the bill is black and the legs and feet greyish .\nthe open cup nest is constructed out of twigs , mosses and other plant material and usually attached to a branch . a clutch consists of 1 - 2 eggs .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . thank you !\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ndev ' s adventure tours is an eco - friendly company with a dedicated group . . .\ndev ' s adventure tours is an eco - friendly company with a dedicated group of nature guides who will give you an introduction to langkawi ' s natural wonders . experience the flora and fauna of langkawi in a kayak , in a boat or on a bicycle and you will be amazed what this island has to offer . all trips will start with a minimum of 2 guest and there are many last - minute options , especially for single travellers .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\n\u201cdecided to just stay still and the parents accepted my presence . they both brought insects prey frequently to feed the nestlings . above image shows the male with a grasshopper , below the female with a caterpillar for the chicks .\nat times the chicks were unable to handle a large prey , like a grasshopper , and the parent had to retrieve the prey and re - process it before re - feeding ( below ) .\nit was chilly morning so the female also remained at times at the nest to keep the chicks warm ( below ) .\n\u201cthe nest was located on the forked branch of a very young rain tree ( albizia saman ) approximately 3 . 5 meters above the ground level ( below ) . the nest construction included a strip of creeping ficus ( ficus pumila ) .\n\u201cone of the fascinating observations was how the adults and chicks dealt with waste . just after feeding the female positioned herself at the rear of one of the chick in anticipation of receiving a faecal sac .\n\u201cthere was some unspoken signal given for this to happen but i did not spot it . when the faecal sac , covered by a gelatinous membrane , was partially ejected ( above ) , the female picked it up ( below ) for disposal some distance from the nest . i did not see the parents consuming any faecal sacs . \u201d\nthe first part of the series can be read here . note : see this excellent write . . .\nall the way from northern india , near to the foothills of the himalayas , specifically dehradun . . .\ndato\u2019 dr amar - singh hss was at the kledang - sayong forest reserve in ipoh , malaysia on 29th . . .\na black - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus atriceps caecilii ) was observed collecting nesting material by dato\u2019 dr amar - singh . . .\n\u201ci was out today to re - visit old locations in the city , with secondary jungle / scrub , that . . .\nin the avian world , it is the law of the jungle , the survival of the . . ."]}
{"id": 1222, "summary": [{"text": "the giant pouched rats ( genus cricetomys ) of sub-saharan africa are large muroid rodents .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "their head and body lengths range from 25 \u2013 45 cm ( 10 \u2013 17.5 in ) with scaly tails ranging from 36 \u2013 46 cm ( 14 \u2013 18 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they weigh between 1.0 and 1.5 kg ( 2.2 and 3.3 lb ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "giant pouched rat", "paragraphs": ["] which has been separated as a species from the southern giant pouched rat .\nall phylogenetic analyses confirm that the african giant pouched rat genus cricetomys is a monophyletic species assemblage .\ndr harpreet s . kochhar : legalization of the gambian pouched rat in canada .\nedit : giant pouched rat , doesn ' t have to be gambian as long as it gets close to the same size .\nwe will use african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) to answer some of these questions . the common name , the african giant pouched rat , is a misnomer , given that it is only a distant relative of the conventional rat ( rattus rattus ) .\nat least the giant rat of sumatra would be a little difficult to hide . maybe\u2026\nan african giant pouched rat ( also dubbed hero rats for their ability to sniff out mines and tb ) receives a treat during training .\nthe rat and possum , giant and tiny , were stars on 60 minutes last night .\nthe giant pouched rats are trained to sniff out land mines in a number of countries in africa .\ni was curious about giant pouched / gambian rats and how much they generally cost . anyone know ?\nhas never been truer . in fact , isaac , an african giant pouched rat , looks like a run - of - the - mill rodent .\nan african giant pouched rat ( also dubbed hero rats for their ability to sniff out mines and tb ) receives a treat during training . : aww\ndumbo / fancy rats don ' t live up to 8 years like the gambian pouched rat .\na belgian nonprofit has found african giant pouched rats are much better at detecting tnt than people or dogs .\najayi , s . 1977 . field observations on the african giant rat cricetomys gambianus in southern nigeria .\nknight , m . 1988 . thermoregulation in the largest african cricetid , the giant rat cricetomys gambianus .\npetition \u00b7 dr harpreet s . kochhar : legalization of the gambian pouched rat in canada . \u00b7 urltoken\nafrican giant pouched rats\u2014huge , cat - size rodents native to central africa\u2014have bad vision but an extraordinary sense of smell .\nmanagement assistance federal agencies ' responsibilities to control gambian giant pouched rats are established in executive order 13112 . > > more\nthe african giant rat is an omnivorous rodent which feeds on a wide range of food items . its diet includes\najayi , s . 1977 . live and carcass weights of giant rat cricetomys gambianus and domestic rabbit oryctalagus cuniculus .\nwhere rubbish is strewn and left and there are reported incidents of these giant pouched rats eating human babies and sleeping adults .\ni ' m convinced i study the most adorable rat species in the world , cricetomys gambianus , the african giant pouched rat or the gambian rat . they are perhaps more famously known as hero rats because of their humanitarian work in detecting explosive devices and tuberculosis in biological samples .\ndipeolu , o . , s . ajayi . 1976 . parasites of theafrican giant rat cricetomys gambianus in ibadan nigeria .\nconflicts a range expansion of gambian giant pouched rats onto the us mainland could harm other wildlife species and agricultural production > > more .\nafter a gestation period of 27 days , females give birth to litters of two to four altricial pups . the african giant rat\nsophia mao with fred , an african giant pouched rat trained to detect unexploded ordnance . \u201cmy favourite herorat is fred because he just gets on with the job like me , \u201d photograph : lauren crothers\nthe giant pouched rats are strictly nocturnal and mostly solitary , except when breeding . the home range of adult males and female rats overlaps . the\nwhile gambian pouched rats have been confined to grassy key , the concern is that they may make it to the mainland and pose a threat to florida\u2019s agricultural industry in south miami - dade county . these rats are larger than native florida rat species , including the key largo wood rat , cotton rat and silver rice rat , as well as the nonnative common black rat .\ngambian pouched rats are very large rats native to central africa , also known as the african giant pouched rat . they would naturally be found in regions south of the sahara desert and can adapt to a variety of habitats . they do require shelter such as hollow trees , rock outcroppings or burrows . where their range overlaps human habitation they can be regarding as pests . gambian pouched rats are famously used to sniff out unexploded landmines and tuberculosis in mozambique , tanzania and thailand . a separate species of pouched rat called the emins pouched rat is also available , although very rare , and is more slendar in appearance than the gambian .\nthis is a gambian pouched rat , a breed almost 3 feet from nose to tail , the kind of rat that gives cats nightmares . yet this rat is a genius as well as a giant , for it has learned how to detect land mines by scent \u2014 and it\u2019s doing its best to save humans like me from blowing up .\npoling a , weetjens b , cox c , beyene n , sully a . using giant african pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) to detect land mines .\napopo uses african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) for a number of reasons . rats generally have an excellent sense of smell , are intelligent and trainable , cheap to keep , abundant , and are too light to set off the mines . the african giant pouched rat , in particular , is local to sub - saharan africa and adapted to that environment and resistant to its diseases .\nget to know what it ' s like to keep pouched rats as pets .\ngiant gambian pouched rats have been found on grassy key in florida , two years after they were thought to have been eradicated . this is our future , people .\nmachang\u2019u r , mgode g , asenga j , mhamphi g , hartskeerl r , goris m , et al . characterization of leptospira isolates from captive giant pouched rats ,\najayi , s . , o . tewe , e . faturoti . 1978 . behavioral changes in african giant rat ( cricetomys gambianus waterhouse ) under domestication .\nresearch wildlife services ' national wildlife research center conducts research and investigational activities on a wide variety of wildlife damage issues including those related to gambian giant pouched rats . > > more\nthe giant pouched rat of tropical africa is naturally shy and docile . adults can grow up to three feet long . they have cheek pouches which they use to carry food . if socialised at an early age these wild animals can make wonderful pets .\nsounds interesting . when i kept mice they only recognised me as a giant maintenance hand .\nthe rats will be tested and trained by apopo , a tanzanian - based group that pioneered using the african giant pouched rat to find landmines . harnessed to wires , the rats scamper along and are rewarded by a handler if they find a buried device .\nthe gambian giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) , which are native to a large area of central and southern africa , accidentally became established in the florida keys in 1999 following an escape or release by a pet breeder . if this invasive species reaches the us mainland , there could be extensive damage to the florida fruit industry . this species also poses a risk of monkeypox and other diseases . the gambian giant pouched rat is the subject of a cooperative partnership among ws , the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , us fish and wildlife service , south florida water management district , and the florida park service , to eradicate the invasive species from the florida keys . overview the gambian giant pouched rat is an invasive species that occurs in the florida keys . > > more\nso yesterday , i adopted an unborn land - mine - detecting african giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) from tanzania . did i spend 20 minutes figuring out what i was going to call it , as one of my many privileges as an adoptive parent ?\nunlike bomb - sniffing dogs , herorats are not handler - loyal , which means a rat will work with anyone . the rat is harnessed and a lead attached that guides where the rat is needed to search . image source :\nhere we attempt to address several questions surrounding the natural history and behavioral ecology of the african pouched rat . in doing so , we aim to provide a better description of the animal\u2019s natural behavior which will enable systematic study of giant pouched rats , facilitate the identification of other behaviors that could be exploited for training purposes , and help refine explosives - detection methods .\nin fact , the pouched rat is more closely related to gerbils than rats ( jansa & weksler , 2004 ) . the term \u2018african giant pouched rat\u2019 may refer to one of the two species from the genus cricetomys , however some claim that there are many more species in this genus ( corti et al . , 2005 , olayemi et al 2012 ) . a uniting feature of the cricetomyinae sub - family is the pouched cheek in which these animals store food while foraging . it is for this reason that they are called \u2018pouched\u2019 , however their physical resemblance to rattus is most likely a result of convergent evolution from distinct ancestors .\napopo trains african giant pouched rats to sniff out explosives in land mines by conditioning them to associate the scent with rewards of food . the scientists in tanzania exposed the ( not giant ) rats to the smell of the saliva of tb patients and associated the smell with reward of food .\najayi , s . 1977 . field observations on the african giant rat cricetomys gambianus in southern nigeria . east african wildlife journal , 15 ( 3 ) : 191 - 198 .\nmachang\u2019u rs , mgode gf , asenga j , mhamphi g , weetjens b , cox c , et al . serological and molecular characterization of leptospira serovar kenya from captive african giant pouched rats (\npoling a , weetjens b . j , cox c , beyene n , bach h , sully a . teaching giant african pouched rats to find land mines : operant conditioning with real consequences .\nit\u2019s days like this i\u2019m glad i live in a rat - free province .\nplantations . the long - tailed pouched rat eats seeds and fruit and bears litters of four to seven young . uncommon and dependent upon wooded habitats , this rodent has been made\nlast week we told you about the african gambian pouched rat ' s reemergence on grassy key . now comes an organization headquartered in tanzania called apopo , dedicated to training african gambian pouched rats to detect land mines and tuberculosis . when trained , they ' re dubbed herorats .\nyou may have heard rumors about the african giant pouched rat , or maybe you ' ve seen a picture and thought how great it would be to have one of these majestic giants as a pet . well , before you base your decision to obtain an african rat on what you already know about rats as pets , read on and lea . . .\na tanzanian social enterprise founded by two belgians , called apopo , trains gambian pouched rats to detect land mines and tuberculosis with their highly developed sense of smell , calling the trained pouched rats herorats .\najayi , s . 1977 . live and carcass weights of giant rat cricetomys gambianus and domestic rabbit oryctalagus cuniculus . east african wildlife journal , 15 ( 3 ) : 223 - 228 .\ndipeolu , o . , s . ajayi . 1976 . parasites of theafrican giant rat cricetomys gambianus in ibadannigeria . east african wildlife journal , 14 ( 1 ) : 85 - 89 .\nantibodies to serogroup ballum ( serovar kenya ) were detected in humans but not in the sampled animal species in the ecosystem . the serogroup was previously isolated from urine of african giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) from morogoro , tanzania [ 14 ] . the seropositivity of the serogroup ballum in humans may be due to the presence of african giant pouched rats in the study area , which may serve as a potential source of the serogroup to humans due to contamination of the environment with urine .\narmed with this discovery and his own experiences with various members of the rodent family , weetjens sought out rodent expert professor ron verhagen of the university of antwerp . verhagen recommended a lightweight , four - legged critter with the right nose for the job : the aforementioned african giant pouched rat .\ngiant pouched rats are only distantly related to the true rats , and are named due to their large cheek pouches ; they are one of the largest species of rat known to man . females of the species may be capable of producing up to 10 litters each year . gprs are nocturnal .\nknight , m . 1988 . thermoregulation in the largest african cricetid , the giant rat cricetomys gambianus . comparative biochemistry and physiology a - physiology , 89 ( 4 ) : 705 - 708 .\neverdream mousery / rattery needs your help with \u201c dr harpreet s . kochhar : legalization of the gambian pouched rat in canada . \u201d . join everdream mousery / rattery and 377 supporters today .\nother species have been put forward for the title before , but all seemed to fall short somehow . capybaras are enormous but not very rattish \u2014 more like giant guinea pigs . gambian pouched rats can be the size of raccoons , but they are tempermentally and geographically incorrect and anyway aren\u2019t true rats . the mountain giant sunda rat lives on sumatra and is plenty rattish , but not very giant \u2014 only half again the size of the common norway brown you see on subway tracks and in the alleys behind grocery stores .\nryan , j . 1989 . evolution of cheek pouches in african pouched rats ( rodentia : cricetomyinae ) .\n- import of the gambian pouched rats to be authorized with veterinarians paperwork certifying them being free from diseases .\nbart weetjens , a self - described monk , started the organization in 1998 . he had read an article about gerbils detecting explosives in airports and says he had an\naha\nmoment about the giant pouched rats .\ni have a rat . she is awesome but this new . new is always better .\ngiant rats can already sniff out landmines , but will be branching out in a bid to fight illegal poaching .\nthe gambian pouched rat is native to africa and is the world\u2019s largest rat , reaching up to 9 pounds . the average size is 3 pounds , measuring 20 - 35 inches from the head to the tip of the tail . the body is gray to brown in color , with a lighter belly . beyond its large size , this rat can be distinguished by its long ( 14 - 18 inches ) , almost hairless tail , with the last third a lighter , off - white color . the gambian pouched rat gets its name from the way it collects food by stuffing its cheek pouches .\ngambian pouched rats are a prohibited species in florida ( 68 - 5 . 003 , florida administrative code ) .\ngeneva : global forum for health research ; 2009 . african giant rats for tuberculosis detection : a novel diagnostic technology .\nenter the rats . these are not kitchen rats , but african giant pouched rats , also known as gambian pouched rats , about 2 feet long from head to tail . their eyesight is terrible . but their sense of smell is extraordinary . the rats can detect the presence of tnt in amounts starting at 29 grams ( about 1 ounce ) .\nnever get just one . left alone ( without a friend ) is tragic to a rat .\nthe real challenge is finding a breeder . search for gambian pouched rat or emin ' s pouched rat , two similar breeds of the super - large rat variety . the us used to ban them because of a monkeypox fear , though that federal ban has been lifted . i am not sure about specific state laws , but i doubt florida let ' s you do it - they had a small epidemic in the keys a few years ago , the gambian has no natural predators and it tore up some farmland .\nan african giant pouched rat sniffs for traces of land mine explosives at a training facility run by apopo , a nonprofit that trains the rats to detect both tuberculosis and land mines . not only does it have an excellent nose , but it can jump 5 feet in the air . carl de souza / afp / getty images hide caption\nenter apopo , a belgian nonprofit that has created an army of tnt - sniffing african giant pouched rats . these critters are light enough to walk over the mines without setting them off , and use their noses to find the explosives quickly .\na group in cambodia is using gambian giant rats to find the nearly two million land mines spread out across the country .\nmalanje , angola \u2014 i\u2019m walking in a minefield here in rural angola , tailing a monster rat .\nwho can identify tb faster : lab technicians for apopo such as karim chang ' a , rehema kondo , eustachian sezary , or a rat like chewa ? no contest \u2014 it ' s the rat .\nurltoken is the premier rat forum on the internet . registered users do not see the above ads .\najayi , s . , o . tewe , e . faturoti . 1978 . behavioral changes in african giant rat ( cricetomys gambianus waterhouse ) under domestication . east african wildlife journal , 16 ( 2 ) : 137 - 143 .\nupdate : i looked up some regulations , emin ' s rats and gambian rats were illegal in the us , but the ban was lifted in 2008 . it ' s now legal to own giant pouched rats , as long as they are bred in the us . but state laws all differ . for example , gambian pouched rats are prohibited in the entire state of kentucky , according to born free usa . no other state appears to have a global restriction on the keeping of african pouched rats according to born free usa . some states or localities may require owners to purchase licenses to keep pet african pouched rats .\nso can we please ditch the stereotype of rats as dirty criminals ? because there are giant rats being trained to save lives .\na cat and a rat . . . . getting along together ? ! everything i know is lies >\na very proud african giant pouched rat who couldn\u2019t wait to share the good news that she was a mother , excitedly dragged her human ismerie laurencin by the finger to come and meet the new arrivals . these amazing rodents are part of apopo , a belgian non - profit organization that trains rats to sniff out tuberculosis and landmines in hard hit areas around the world .\ndo you know how to bottle fed gambian pouched rats ? the mother dont accept her 6 babies anymore . they are 2weeks old\nafrican giant pouched rats usually live to eight years old , making them a pretty great investment . this also goes for the tb - detecting rats , one of which can evaluate in 10 minutes more samples than a lab technician can do in an entire day .\ndespite the fact that our craniometric and sequence data were obtained from populations that are geographically very distant from the type locality ( essentially tanzania vs . angola ) , we argue that our sample also contains c . ansorgei thomas , 1904 . dna sequences that we attribute to this species are from morogoro in tanzania , and a genbank sequence from kenya ( af160613 , erroneously designated as c . emini ) . from our molecular data it is clear that these populations of the so - called southern giant pouched rat do not represent an extension of the species c . gambianus into the savannah zone of east and southern africa . furthermore , our results contradict the suggestion of genest - villard ( 1967 ) that the relatively larger body size of the east african savannah pouched rat , c . ansorgei , is a subspecies under c . gambianus . our findings agree with the interpretation of musser & carleton ( 2005 ) that raised the taxonomic status of the south - eastern african giant pouched rat to that of a full species .\na very proud african giant pouched rat who couldn\u2019t wait to share the good news that she was a mother , excitedly dragged her human ismerie laurencin by the sleeve of her blouse to come and meet the new arrivals . these amazing rodents are part of apopo , a belgian non - profit organization that trains rats to sniff out tuberculosis and landmines in hard hit areas around the world .\ngambian rats use screeching as the main form of communication . gambian rats emit one single short cry which is distinguishable from the longer , varied pitch of african giant pouched rats . males also use olfactory cues during courtship when they sniff the urine left by female gambian rats .\nconservation international says that an expedition to the remote , jungle - covered foja mountains of papua province in western new guinea found , among many other fascinating things , living specimens of two mammals previously unknown to science , a tiny opossum and a giant rat .\nheller a , ledbetter e , singh b , lee dn , ophir ag . ( 2017 ) ophthalmic examination findings and intraocular pressures in wild - caught african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys spp . ) veterinary ophthalmology . 1 - 6 . doi : 10 . 1111 / vop . 12534\nwho can identify tb faster : lab technicians for apopo such as karim chang ' a , rehema kondo , eustachian sezary , or a rat like chewa ? no contest \u2014 it ' s the rat . maarten boersema / apopo hide caption\nyou ' d better believe it . when a rat puts on his wizard hat , you know he means business .\nin recent years , operant discrimination training procedures have been used to teach giant african pouched rats to detect tuberculosis ( tb ) in human sputum samples . this article summarizes how the rats are trained and used operationally , as well as their performance in studies published to date . available data suggest that pouched rats , which can evaluate many samples quickly , are sufficiently accurate in detecting tb to merit further investigation as a diagnostic tool .\ntwo rat trainers stand on either side and are joined be a piece of string attached to a lower leg . the rat is then led across this guide and if it successfully finds a land mine is given a food - based reward .\nsince my second week ( and after a couple of days of pre - baiting ) i ' ve been catching pouched rats every trap night .\nthey are also small enough to be easily accommodated and transported and can concentrate for much longer periods of time . more specifically , african giant pouched rats are endemic in africa and resistant to most tropical diseases . their one drawback is their life expectancy , which is only up to 8 years .\nthe giant african rat has a long tail , which is bare with a white tip . the body is covered with buff - grey , relatively long fur whereas the under parts are slightly paler . front hands are white . face is characterised by long dark whiskers . an\nthe rat indicates the position of a mine by scratching the surface , but is too light to set off the explosive .\ni ' m trapping . seriously , i ' m studying african giant pouched rats , cricetomys gambianis in the wild to learn more about their natural history and behavioral ecology . specifically , we ( my pi and i ) are interested in knowing more about the social organization and behavior of this species .\ni think i found my rat : a scraggly codger named boban who is just the right age to have been trained when my kids sponsored the rat . boban was named after a tanzanian soccer star , and the handlers said he was highly dependable .\nthis map shows confirmed sightings of gambian pouched rats in florida as of march 18 , 2015 . recent confirmed sighting information is available online at urltoken .\ngambian pouched rats reproduce easily and can have up to five litters in the span of nine months , with an average of four young per litter .\ni used to keep a single rat , and it always seemed perfectly happy as long as i spent time with it .\nthese are my rats , in the lab . they are the subjects in a larger study to examining their behavioral genetics . however , the first part of the study includes assessing the natural history and basic behavioral biology of the african giant pouched rat , cricetomys gambianus , in africa . i ' ll be traveling to tanzania this summer do just that . i ' ll be announcing more details of my travels and research soon . stay tuned .\nwe propose to address three questions that address fundamental issues in behavioral ecology or molecular biology while simultaneously advancing the development of the african giant pouched rat as a bio - detection mechanism . the latter holds great promise for the department of defense and the armed forces given the broad need for advanced methods of explosives detection by homeland security , protection from ieds ( improvised explosive devices ) , and for sweeping humanitarian efforts toward demilitarizing land throughout the world .\nhi ! can anyone help me ? i would like to purchase a giant pouched rat and i don ' t know where to start . if you ' ve never seen on have a look at some clips on ' you tube ' they are really lovely . i already own 12 fancy rats , but i got to have one of these ( or maybe 2 or 3 or 4 ) i have a very long suffering husband . thanks !\n' isaac : the story of a little giant ' follows the rodent ' s impressive journey from classroom to field training , in an unlikely story of heroism .\nitty bitty marsupials are cute and all , but it\u2019s the rodent that catches the lede\u2019s eye . your ordinary norway rat is frightening and repugnant enough to most people , the more so for knowing that they teem close by and just out of sight . who wants to meet a giant one ?\n, \u201d when sherlock holmes explains to dr . watson that a name mentioned in a letter , matilda briggs , was not that of a young woman , but rather \u201ca ship which is associated with the giant rat of sumatra , a story for which the world is not yet prepared . \u201d\na single rat is often happy , whenever you are playing with it . but when you are asleep , or out at work or school , or simply going shopping , the single rat can get bored and lonely . it has nothing to do whenever you are not around . unless your rat is with you literally 24 hours a day , it is inevitable that it will be bored sometimes .\nget ready for it , because this is the adorable part - the ' pouched\u2019 reference in the species\u2019 name doesn\u2019t refer to the kind of pouch that carries babies , but rather the kind that sits on the inside of the cheeks for extra food storage . so these guys are pretty much giant , really intelligent hamsters .\nmaddy , from the videos i ' ve seen they ' re about the size of a house cat . definitely a formidable rat .\nnew times : so , this gambian pouched rat has been an alleged problem in south florida for years , to the point that officials pretty much agree it needs to be eradicated . that necessary ? hypothetically , if these troublesome rats were all shipped to you , could you teach them anything ?\nmerry is an african giant pouched rat , or cricetomys gambianus , a docile and exceptionally smart rodent with superior olfactory abilities . she is one of a team of \u201cherorats\u201d bred , trained and deployed by the belgian non - profit apopo , which is headquartered in tanzania . after working successfully to help detect mines in mozambique for more than a decade , and in angola since 2013 , the organisation partnered with the cambodian mine action centre ( cmac ) in 2015 .\npoling a , weetjens b , cox c , mgode g , jubitana m , kazwala r , et al . using giant african rats to detect tuberculosis : 2009 findings .\nplease have more than one rat . they are highly social animals and need to live in at least pairs to be happy and healthy .\nthis rat will have saved more lives in a day than most people will have in a lifetime . give him the whole banana please .\neven if you were the rat ' s perfect human - never apart from it , and sleeping only for an hour or so at a time - you could not provide it with the same sort of companionship as another rat , simply because you are a very different species . you would not , for example , communicate with it , or ( presumably ! ) groom it with your teeth the way another rat would .\nto trade , sell , or transport pd ' s and six other species of african rodents ( including gambians and giant pouched rats ) due to the whole monkey pox thing . there was a federal order prohibiting the sale / trade or transport of these on june 11th , with a final ruling on november 4th . . . . which reads :\none rat , named victoria , ambles down a 10 - yard stretch of grass , tethered to a line held by handlers on either end .\nweetjens then consulted rodent scholars , who suggested gambian pouched rats , in part because they compensate for very weak eyes with a superb sense of smell . they are called \u201cpouched\u201d not because they are marsupials but because they fill their cheeks with nuts and other goodies , and then bury them underground \u2014 relying upon scent to recover their caches later . another advantage of gambian pouched rats is that they have an eight - year life span that offers a lengthy return on the nine months of training needed to detect land mines .\neven with plenty of attention from you and out of cage time , both of which help any rat , rats still need groups . : / the only excuse for not keeping rats in groups of two or more is if your rat is showing signs of constant aggression towards a cage mate .\ntuberculosis samples are placed for a rat to sniff . a simple scratch on the floor of the test area means a positive hit . image source :\nthat ' s right : someone using a metal - detecting machine will take a lot longer to detect a land mine than a rat using its nose .\n3 girls in qt : shady and misha ( the old ladies ) , and blue fairy 4 boys : spaz , brother , buddy , valentino rip : memory and rattie girl , tinsel ( amazing monkey rat ) , ruby ( the gentle giant ) , holly ( lil ' tilty holly jolly rattie ) - gone from sight but never forgotten .\n) are large , weighing nearly 3 kg ( 6 . 6 pounds ) and having bodies up to 42 cm ( 16 inches ) long . their long heads have large ears ; the scantily haired tail is longer than the body and is white on the terminal half . predominantly nocturnal , giant pouched rats are omnivorous and are found throughout sub - saharan africa , except for southern\nafter a training period of up to a year the rat faces a series of tests and if successful will graduate to real de - mining duties in mozambique .\ni\u2019m here because five years ago , my kids gave me a herorat for a father\u2019s day present through urltoken . i didn\u2019t actually take physical possession ( fortunately ! ) but the gift helped pay to train the rat to sniff out explosives . and now i\u2019ve come to minefields of rural angola to hunt for my rat .\nramadhan says that the landmine - sniffing rats have already made a big difference in the places where they work . ( related :\ngiant rats trained to sniff out tuberculosis in africa .\n)\ni gave them a little introduction to african giant pouched rats , sometimes call gambian pouched rats , cricetomys gambianus . my rats , as cute and interesting and i think they are , are an exotic animal , not native to the united states . and they have made the news more than one time for their presence in the grassy keys of florida . local fish and wildlife and conservation authorities are worried about this rodent , especially if it ever reaches the mainland . this species has the potential to become an invasive species and wreak havoc on our natural ecology , agriculture and public health .\nafter the rat pick [ s ] up the scent and scratches ,\nhulsok says ,\nwe give her a food reward , like a banana .\npoling a , weetjens b . j , cox c , beyene n . w , bach h , sully a . using trained pouched rats to detect land mines : another victory for operant conditioning .\naccording to the rat handlers , it requires little human skill to train them ; the rats are quick learners and \u201ceasy to work with\u201d . both wild and laboratory - bred rats required four to six months of training to be able to detect tb bacteria successfully . while the giant rats undergo nine months of training , learning to sniff out explosives in old landmines buried underground .\npouched rats are wonderful ( big ) critters ! i know a woman in the uk who breeds them , they ' re a bit more nippy than the average rat , but she ' s starting to breed them to be more tame . unfortunately , i live in the uk and have no idea about in america . sorry , but good luck with your project !\ngambian pouched rats are nocturnal and very intelligent . they do need a lot of effort put into taming down a youngster , and it can be very difficult to tame a wilder adult . their large size and powerful bite do not make them a good exotic for a beginner , or someone without the time to invest in them daily . even a well handled pup can change temperament upon sexual maturity or as an adult . it is vital to know the background and family of your gambian pouched rat and do a lot of research before deciding on one as a pet .\ngambian pouched rats are one of the world ' s largest rats . besides their large size , the most characteristic trait of gambian pouched rats is the tail which is long , unscaled , and dark in color at the base with the terminal 40 - 60 % white . the fur on the upper body is coarse and gray and often darker down the middle of the back . the fur color grades to a lighter gray on the flanks while the fur on the belly and the top of the feet is white or off - white . dark brown or black patches of fur occur around the eyes and at the base of the whiskers . the naked rounded ear is large and the eyes are small , suggesting that the senses of smell and hearing which are acute may be more important than sight in this nocturnal . the hind feet are large and considered to be well adapted for digging gambian pouched rats possess a pair of large cheek pouches . these pouches can expand to a great size , allowing gambian rats to transport massive quantities of food if necessary . two species are currently recognized : cricetomys gambianus , the gambian pouched rat , and c . emini , emins giant pouched rat . the emins is more slender and muscular in appearance with a longer face to the gambian . other differences are in the fur texture and colour . the emins upper body is smooth and the colour ranging from a dark brown to almost black with a distinct line break to the white underside . some key physical features : endothermic ; homoiothermic ; bilateral symmetry sexual dimorphism : sexes alike .\ntheir utility for the purposes of explosives detection makes the african pouched rat a particularly interesting animal to study . unfortunately almost nothing is known about this species , its natural behavior or its reproductive biology . to truly develop the pouched rat as a biosensor , much about the basic biology must be known . indeed , the most that is known about the behavior of this species comes from only a couple reports from the lab , and the most exhaustive of these was based on the allegorical account of one male and two females . a lack of basic knowledge for the ecology and behavioral habits of c . gambianus severely limits the ability to identify behaviors or environmental conditions to maximize potential for mine detection , or any other application for which this animal may be suited .\nsince 1997 , a non - profit organization headquartered in tanzania and operating under the acronym apopo ( short for the mouthful of a dutch name anti - persoonsmijnen ontmijnende product ontwikkeling ( or , as it is known by its english translation , anti - personnel landmine detection product development ) has trained african giant pouched rats to detect two things that humans have the ability to but just not nearly as efficiently : landmines and tuberculosis .\ntake my old rat for example . she had a couple tumors . they were in her brain , pushing up against her skull , making her eyes slowly protrude until they would eventually pop out ( it never got to that point ) . although i took her to a vet , he told me that the best thing anyone could do was to end her suffering humanely , and that ' s what i did . otherwise , rat brain surgery to remove tumors would have been just as devastating to her fragile rat body .\ngambian pouched rats are omnivorous , feeding on a range of fruits , vegetables , nuts and insects . they will store their food so keepers will need to check their cage frequently , especially after offering fresh .\nalright , so i ' ve had a lot of experience breeding rats , as well as some other more exotic animals , such as hedgehogs . since the ban on giant gambian pouched rats has been lifted for a year now , i thinks that it ' s about time people begin breeding them again . the people who have them absolutely love their little guys , and i feel like if people began breeding for desired traits they could be brought back into the pet world and eventually refined to be just as love - able as our wonderful fancy rats . with these things in mind , i was hoping to start a breeding project soon , but realized that it ' s nearly impossible to find any breeders in the us ! does anyone know where one could get a pair of giant gambian pouched rats in america ? i would really appreciate any help !\nayodeji olayemi , violaine nicolas , jan hulselmans , alain d . missoup , elisabeth fichet - calvet , drazo amundala , akaibe dudu , theo dierckx , wim wendelen , herwig leirs , erik verheyen ; taxonomy of the african giant pouched rats ( nesomyidae : cricetomys ) : molecular and craniometric evidence support an unexpected high species diversity , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 165 , issue 3 , 1 july 2012 , pages 700\u2013719 , urltoken\n, captive bred giant rats are the majority of what is available . buy from a reliable breeder and ask to see the parents if possible as there are some breeders who are not culling out animals with poor temperaments from their breeding animals and this is causing a rise in unstable animals in the pet market which in turn is begining to give the giant pouched rat a bad name . beware of buying from questionable sources , since there have been a few illegal imports of these rats . wild caught and illegally imported animals may carry parasites or dangerous viruses , since they have not been quarantined or tested before entering the country . stick with usda licensed breeders only or pet shops that can tell you where the animals came from . a usda permit is required for breeding and selling , but not for owning as pets . they are illegal in some states , such as california and require nearly impossible to obtain permits , though due to the wording of the regulations in ca , this might be in question if the giant rats happened to be laboratory - reared or albinos ?\nmany a writer since then has taken that line as a dare , yielding at least six \u201cgiant rat of sumatra\u201d novels ( one of them featuring the hardy boys ) , references in countless other stories including \u201c watership down , \u201d a \u201cdoctor who\u201d episode , and an extended radio - drama parody sketch by the firesign theatre troupe , issued on an album in 1974 . non - sumatran giant rats are even more common in pop culture , from h . g . wells to the latest fantasy video games , to the point that their very ubiquity merited parody in the rodents of unusual size of william goldman\u2019s \u201c princess bride . \u201d\nthere are still some skeptics , even in the demining community , who won ' t trust a rat . hulsok isn ' t one of them . he ' s been looking for and clearing mines and other unexploded ordnance for more than 20 years . in the case of certain mines , he says , he ' d trust a rat over a metal detector any day .\nadditionally , in the students t - test comparing the savannah c . gambianus versus the forest cricetomys sp . 1 ( table 4 ) , most characters showing a difference ( p < 0 . 001 ) are those indicative of skull width : inte , zygo , pala , upda , and brca . this reinforces the view that forest - dwelling cricetomys species have slimmer snouts and are generally more slender - skulled than the giant pouched rats from the savannahs .\ngiant pouched rats are trained by the ngo apopo to sniff out landmines in tanzania . first , rats are put through several tests to determine whether they will be able to detect tnt and alert their handlers . with a sharp sense of smell and weighing too little to activate the mines , the rats are faster and more efficient than humans at mine detection . the animals are also being trained to scent tuberculosis . all photographs by sam jones for the guardian\nweetjens b . j , mgode g . f , machang ' u r . s , kazwala r , mfinanga g , lwilla f , et al . african pouched rats for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in sputum samples .\nafrica ' s giant rats are already being used to sniff out landmines and detect tuberculosis in humans , but they soon they could turn their superior noses to protecting other animals by finding illegal wildlife trophies being smuggled out of african ports .\nat this minefield , which is full of metal objects , a human with a metal detector can clear only about 20 square meters a day . a rat can clear 20 times as much .\ngambian pouched rats feed on insects , snails , nuts , seeds and fruit . they are opportunistic and will eat pet food if it is available . they get their name by the way they collect food in their cheek pouches .\nso yesterday , i adopted an unborn land - mine - detecting african giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) from tanzania . did i spend 20 minutes figuring out what i was going to call it , as one of my many privileges as an adoptive parent ? you bet . it eventually came down to a character from my favourite video game , and as i figured the chosen undead would be tempting fate just a little too aggressively under the circumstances , knight solaire of astora was born . or rather , will be born in two weeks , as an email promptly informed me once i\u2019d made my first monthly payment for my new son or daughter\u2019s future tuition .\nin dar es salaam , tanzania , every morning , a medical specialist known as chewa ( a name that means brave in swahili \u2014 but his bosses call him mchapakazi , the hard worker ) gets excited about his job . for two 40 minute sessions , punctuated by a nap and some recreational time with co - workers , he will test smears of human mucus for the presence of tuberculosis by sniffing deeply at each of 10 samples , then letting his supervisors know when he senses the disease in one . he has been taught by staff at the ngo called apopo to know tuberculosis by its smell . chewa is a 3 - pound african giant - pouched rat .\nwilbard , a tuberculosis detection rat , at work in the lab . apopo\u2019s tb rats can screen 100 samples of human sputum in 20 minutes ; the same task would take a lab technician four days\nthat was totally cool and disturbing . i couldn\u2019t get the big link to work but there\u2019s a shorter video ( 2 mins ) which also shows the rat and the ( o ) possum here :\nvery little is known about the breeding behavior and mating system of giant pouched rats . ewer ( 1967 ) suggests that males and females are solitary . males are larger than females and some evidence suggests that males have larger home - ranges , which suggests that the mating system is polygynous ( one male , multiple female ) . in contrast , in the lab , males appear to form selective pairbonds after mating , males may also provide superficial paternal care to offspring , and females have only a few litters throughout the year ( about 3 ) with only 1 \u2013 4 pups per litter ( ajayi et al . , 1978 , ewer , 1967 ) . unlike most mammals , which demonstrate cyclical ovulation , ovulation in pouched rats is induced ( ewer , 1967 , malekani et al . , 2002 ) . these latter observations suggest that pouched rats could potentially adopt monogamy , or at least serial monogamy ( having only one mating partner per breeding season ) .\nalthough many rats are lucky enough to get plenty of attention from their owners and playtime out of the cage , no owner can be with a rat 24 hours a day as another rat can . nor can any owner adjust her daily routine to entirely concide with her rat\u00f5s . rats do not sleep for 8 hours and wake for 16 like humans ; they sleep and wake throughout the day , and are most active during the night and small hours of the morning . if a rat is kept alone , it is forced to spend the best part of its day - the time when it is most playful and energetic and when it would most appreciate company - alone . if rats living together want space , they simply leave each other alone for a while . if they want company , they can have it . rats living with a companion truly have the best of both worlds . what reason could there be to deprive a rat of these opportunities ? why keep a single rat ?\nin the hope of developing a viable alternative to or adjunct for microscopy , apopo is exploring the use of african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) to detect the presence of tb . these large and long - lived rats , which are native to much of africa and have an excellent sense of smell , detect tb by sniffing sputum samples . they are trained to respond consistently in one way ( pause ) if the sample contains the tb bacillus ( is positive ) and respond in another way ( not pause ) if the sample does not contain the bacillus ( i . e . , is negative ) . each rat can test hundreds of samples each day , allowing inexpensive testing ."]}
{"id": 1224, "summary": [{"text": "tragulina is an infraorder of even-toed ungulates .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "only the chevrotains survive to the present , including the genera tragulus ( the mouse deer ) and hyemoschus . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "tragulina", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for tragulina yet . learn how to contribute .\nwhat made you want to look up tragulina ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\na new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225\ndetails - a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 - biodiversity heritage library\nthe tragulina room is on the ground floor , spacious and equipped with a fireplace , it measures 13 m\u00b2 and is equipped with a large en - suite bathroom with shower and toilet . lime and sweet tones are selected within a very relaxing and enjoyable .\nty - book ti - a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 ur - urltoken py - 1998 au - vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatol\u00e9vna ) er -\n@ book { bhl169417 , title = { a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatol\u00e9vna ) } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new representative of the hypertraguloidea ( tragulina , ruminantia ) from the khoer - dzan locality in mongolia , with remarks on the relationships of the hypertragulidae . american museum novitates ; no . 3225 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > vislobokova , i . a . ( inessa anatol & # 233 ; vna ) < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1998 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nintegration of diverse data ( molecules , fossils ) provides the most robust test of the phylogeny of cetaceans . positioning key fossils is critical for reconstructing the character change from life on land to life in the water .\ncitation : spaulding m , o ' leary ma , gatesy j ( 2009 ) relationships of cetacea ( artiodactyla ) among mammals : increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution . plos one 4 ( 9 ) : e7062 . urltoken\neditor : andrew allen farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2009 spaulding et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : several grants supported this research : nsf deb - 9903964 , deb - 0210956 , deb - 0629836 , ear - 0116517 to m . a . o ' leary , along with a grant from nescent , nsf predoctoral fellowship to m . spaulding , nsf deb - 0614098 to j . flynn , and nsf deb - 9985847 , deb - 0213171 , and deb - 0212572 to j . gatesy . m . a . o ' leary ' s contribution was also prepared under award na04oar4700191 from the national oceanic and atmospheric association , us department of commerce . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nrecent morphological ( a ) and combined morphological + molecular ( b ) hypotheses of artiodactylan phylogeny .\nmost cladistic analyses of morphological characters have supported monophyly of extant terrestrial artiodactylans , traditionally called artiodactyla , as well as the subclades suiformes and selenodontia . note the variable placements of the enigmatic extinct groups \u2020raoellidae and \u2020mesonychia in the different topologies . the deeply nested conflict between phylogenetic hypotheses for artiodactyla is shown very well by these two recent studies : for the major lineages shown , no clades are shared . lineages that connect extant taxa in the tree are represented by thick gray branches , and wholly extinct lineages are shown as thin black branches . illustrations are by c . buell and l . betti - nash .\nstrict consensus of 20 minimum length trees for the equally - weighted parsimony analysis of the combined data set ( 57 , 269 steps ) .\nthe contents of 12 taxonomic groups , including the total clades cetaceamorpha and cetancodontamorpha are delimited by different colored boxes ( \u2018hippo\u2019 = hippopotamidamorpha ) . lineages that connect extant taxa in the tree are represented by thick gray branches , and wholly extinct lineages are shown as thin black branches . estimates of branch support scores are above internodes ; given the complexity of the data set , these should be interpreted as maximum estimates . illustrations are by c . buell and l . betti - nash .\nbasal relationships of artiodactylamorpha are poorly resolved in the strict consensus ( figure 2 ) . four major artiodactylan clades and three extinct species form a polytomy in the strict consensus . the ungrouped species are two \u2020anthracotheriids ( \u2020 anthracokeryx ulnifer , \u2020 microbunodon minimum ) and \u2020 gobiohyus orientalis ( a \u2020helohyid according to [ 40 ] , and artiodactyla incertae cedis according to [ 41 ] ) . cetancodontamorpha , ruminantiamorpha , suinamorpha , and camelidamorpha contribute to this polytomy as well .\ncomparison of one minimum length tree with agreement subtree superimposed ( a ) and a topology that is two steps beyond minimum length ( b ) .\nit is important to note that before hypotheses supporting a close relationship between \u2020mesonychia and cetacea , \u2020mesonychians were included in \u2020creodonta [ 54 ] . the modern concept of \u2020creodonta is more restricted , excludes \u2020mesonychia , and is composed of two sub - clades : \u2020hyaenodontidae and \u2020oxyaenidae [ 15 ] . \u2020creodonts , in turn , have been grouped with carnivoramorpha ( cats , dogs , and close fossil relatives ) in a more inclusive clade , ferae [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] . in our total evidence analysis \u2020creodonta , carnivoramorpha and ferae are all supported ( figure 2 ) , and there is no support for including \u2020mesonychia within \u2020creodonta or ferae .\nwe used three different approaches to describe the stability of our phylogenetic results : branch support [ 57 ] , linked branch support [ 58 ] , and selective removal of taxa and characters ( see materials and methods ) . the first two methods summarize the net amount of character evidence for a particular clade or set of clades . the third assesses the phylogenetic impact of new taxa sampled here and provides insight into contrasting signals from different types of character data partitions .\nstability of phylogenetic results to the exclusion of particular taxa from the total combined data matrix .\nstrict consensus of the 48 minimum length trees for the equally - weighted parsimony analysis of 606 characters observable in fossils ( 3 , 722 steps ) .\nnote that both selenodontia ( ruminantia + camelidae ) and suiformes ( hippopotamidae + suina ) are supported , in contrast to the total evidence analysis ( figure 2 ) . colored boxes that delimit taxonomic groups are as in figure 2 ( hippo . = hippopotamidamorpha ) .\nto summarize , in the minimum length trees ( e . g . , figure 3a ) , the \u2020raoellid \u2020 indohyus is reconstructed to have spent at least 10 % of its time in water and to have had the derived behavior of directional underwater hearing , but reconstruction of its diet is equivocal . in alternate trees that are two steps longer , parsimony recovers the same character state reconstructions for \u2020mesonychia , because this taxon is a close relative of cetacea in slightly longer trees ( e . g . , figure 3b ) .\nas discussed by [ 33 ] , [ 60 ] inferences about behavior in fossil taxa , which go beyond parsimony , can be made if there is \u201ccompelling morphological evidence\u201d that a certain fossilized trait is strictly correlated with a certain behavior ( e . g . , distinctive coiling of the cochlea in bats indicating echolocation [ 61 ] ) . these deductions should , however , be clearly delineated from reconstructions based on parsimony . here we discuss such inferences related to diet and hearing in artiodactyla .\nmolars that have a tall , angular protoconid and a compressed talonid are typically associated with carnivorous diets in mammals , and molars with low - crowned , quadritubercular cusps are associated with herbivory / omnivory [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] . reconstructing behavior from fossilized tooth shape , we would infer that several cetaceamorphans ( \u2020 diacodexis , \u2020 helohyus , and \u2020 indohyus ) are herbivorous / omnivorous because they have quadritubercular teeth ( hypocone on m2 , character 419 [ 1 ] ) . it is noteworthy that prior to the description of a relatively complete \u2020 indohyus skull there were no cetaceamorphans that had both the pachyostotic ear region and quadritubercular dentition .\n\u2020mesonychia is only distantly related to artiodactyla in our shortest trees , with \u2020 indohyus grouping as a close relative to living cetaceans . however , in trees just two steps longer than minimum length , we find the more \u2018traditional\u2019 arrangement of \u2020mesonychia positioned close to cetacea . in these trees , \u2020 indohyus is a cetaceamorphan but is not as closely related to cetacea as is \u2020mesonychia . the lack of abundant support for either topology and the outstanding incongruence between data that fossilize and those that do not , suggests that many key fossils remain to be discovered .\nthe large morphological character matrix previously compiled by o ' leary and gatesy [ 1 ] included 71 taxa ( 28 extant , 43 extinct ) and 635 characters ( 310 cranial osteology , 147 dental , 123 postcranial osteology , and 55 soft - tissue / behavior ) . this data set for artiodactyla and close relatives was used as a starting point for the present analysis .\nwe increased morphological character sampling slightly relative to the analysis of o ' leary and gatesy [ 1 ] . approximately five morphological characters were added based upon previous systematic work on ferae [ 18 ] . this count is not exact because many characters were at first appended to the previously published matrix , but then later subsumed into existing characters once overlaps in character states were identified . delimitations of some characters in the matrix from [ 18 ] were revised based upon new information from ferae / lipotyphla . there is an overall increase of 26 morphological characters relative to our previous matrix due to the addition of characters and re - defining of previous characters .\n) were added to our previously published alignments ; four mitochondrial genomes and information from 31 nuclear loci at the genbank database were added to the overall matrix . we also included additional new data from genbank that have been published since\nwere concatenated to the existing molecular data set . finally , 49 new sequences from five nuclear genes (\n. recently deposited data in genbank and sequences from our lab generally were aligned to our previously published matrix with the introduction of very few new gaps [ e . g . , see 1 ] . however , several gene segments were re - aligned using clustalw\nwith gap opening cost of five and gap extension cost of 1 ; some adjacent gaps in the resulting multiple - sequence alignments were consolidated using seqapp 1 . 9a\n) also were aligned in this way . the final molecular data set exceeded that of o ' leary and gatesy\nby more than 5 , 500 aligned nucleotides . the 661 morphological characters were downloaded from morphobank and merged with the revised molecular matrix of 46 , 587 characters in paup * 4 . 0b10\n. the total combined data set for this study has been stored at morphobank ( project # 48 ) . the main matrix in this project file is the morphology component of this study , and the total evidence nexus file is in the documents folder for this project . the nexus file records all genbank numbers for molecular sequences in the matrix . this nexus file is also available as supporting information for this article :\ncharacters were optimized onto all minimum length trees using the map characters option in tnt [ 37 ] . for critical nodes supported by the total evidence , character state changes that mapped unequivocally onto all optimal trees were noted ; these are listed in supplementary table s1 . we also used parsimony to map characters onto suboptimal hypotheses to identify transformations that support conflicting relationships regarding \u2020mesonychia and \u2020 indohyus .\nunambiguously optimized synapomorphies for selected clades ( figure 2 ) . symbols are * , which indicates that a character state reverses in the clade and thus is not shared by all members , and # , which indicates a contradictory state found in the \u2021oxyaenid \u2021patriofelis .\nmatrix as a nexus file . matrix with both morphological and molecular information . genbank numbers of sequences are included in the file .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ms mao jg . performed the experiments : ms mao jg . analyzed the data : ms mao jg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ms mao jg . wrote the paper : ms mao jg .\no ' leary ma , gatesy j ( 2008 ) impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of cetartiodactyla ( mammalia ) : combined analysis including fossils . cladistics 24 : 397\u2013442 .\ngatesy j , o ' leary ma ( 2001 ) deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils . trends in ecology and evolution 16 : 562\u2013570 .\nthewissen jgm , cooper ln , clementz mt , bajpai s , tiwari bn ( 2007 ) whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the eocene epoch of india . nature 450 : 1190\u20131195 .\ngingerich pd , haq mu , zalmout is , khan ih , malkani ms ( 2001 ) origin of whales from early artiodactyls : hands and feet of eocene protocetidae from pakistan . science 293 : 2239\u20132242 .\nthewissen jgm , williams em , roe lj , hussain st ( 2001 ) skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls . nature 413 : 277\u2013281 .\nhiiemae km , crompton aw ( 1985 ) mastication , food transport and swallowing . in : hildebrand m , bramble dm , liem kf , wake db , editors . functional vertebrate morphology . cambridge , ma : harvard university press . pp . 262\u2013290 .\nradinsky lb ( 1987 ) the evolution of vertebrate design . chicago : university of chicago press .\nluo z , gingerich pd ( 1999 ) terrestrial mesonychia to aquatic cetacea : transformation of the basicranium and evolution of hearing in whales . university of michigan papers on paleontology 31 : 1\u201398 .\nborenstein s ( 2007 ) whales may be related to deer - like creature . bellingham : bellingham herald .\nsimpson gg ( 1945 ) the principles of classification and a classification of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 85 : 1\u2013350 .\nwyss ar , flynn jj ( 1993 ) a phylogenetic analysis and definition of the carnivora . in : szalay fs , novacek mj , mckenna mc , editors . mammal phylogeny : placentals , volume 2 . new york : springer - verlag . pp . 32\u201352 .\nmckenna mc , bell sk ( 1997 ) classification of mammals above the species level . new york : columbia university press .\ngunnell gf ( 1998 ) creodonta . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates and ungulatelike mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 91\u2013109 .\nflynn jj , wesley - hunt gd ( 2005 ) phylogeny and early diversification of the carnivora . in : archibald jd , rose k , editors . the rise of placental mammals : origins and relationships of the major extant clades . baltimore : johns hopkins university press .\ngen . et comb . nov . and the cladistic relationships of hyaenodontidae ( eutheria , mammalia ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 16 : 303\u2013319 .\nwesley - hunt gd , flynn jj ( 2005 ) phylogeny of the carnivora : basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans , and assessment of the position of \u2018miacoidea\u2019 relative to carnivora . journal of systematic palaeontology 3 : 1\u201328 .\nwaddell pj , okada n , hasegawa m ( 1999 ) towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals . systematic biology 48 : 1\u20135 .\nax p ( 1985 ) stem species and the stem lineage concept . cladistics 1 : 279\u2013287 .\nde queiroz k , gauthier ja ( 1990 ) phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy : phylogenetic definitions of taxon names . systematic zoology 39 : 307\u2013322 .\nde queiroz k , gauthier ja ( 1992 ) phylogenetic taxonomy . annual review of ecology and systematics 23 : 449\u2013480 .\nde queiroz k ( 2007 ) toward an integrated system of clade names . systematic biology 56 : 956\u2013974 .\nde queiroz k , gauthier ja , cantino p , editors . ( in prep ) companion volume ( to the\ngraur d , higgins dg ( 1994 ) molecular evidence for the inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla . molecular biology and evolution 11 : 357\u2013364 .\ngene of marine mammals : phylogeny and evolution . journal of mammalian evolution 2 : 37\u201355 .\ngatesy j , hayashi c , cronin ma , arctander p ( 1996 ) evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls . molecular biology and evolution 13 : 954\u2013963 .\no ' leary ma ( 2009 ) \u201cartiodactylans\u201d : phylogeny and the fossil record . journal of mammalian evolution 16 : 65\u201367 .\ngeisler jh , theodor jm , uhen md , foss se ( 2007 ) phylogenetic relationships of cetaceans to terrestrial artiodactyls . in : prothero dr , foss se , editors . the evolution of artiodactyls . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . pp . 19\u201331 .\nbrochu c , wagner jr , jouve s , sumrall cd , densmore ld ( in press ) a correction corrected : consensus over the meaning of crocodylia and why it matters . systematic biology .\nwitmer lm ( 1995 ) the extant phylogenetic bracket and the importance of reconstructing soft tissues in fossils . in : thomason jj , editor . functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology . new york : cambridge university press . pp . 19\u201333 .\narnason u , gullberg a , gretasdottir s , ursing b , janke a ( 2000 ) the mitochondrial genome of the sperm whale and a new molecular reference for estimating eutherian divergence dates . journal of molecular evolution 50 : 569\u2013578 .\nbryant hn ( 1996 ) explicitness , stability , and universality in the phylogenetic definition and usage of taxon names : a case study of the phylogenetic taxonomy of the carnivora . systematic biology 45 : 174\u2013189 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , 4 . 0b10a . sunderland , massachusetts : sinauer associates .\ngoloboff pa , farris js , nixon k ( 2004 ) tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis . version 1 . 1 . cladistics 24 : 774\u2013786 .\nmurphy wj , eizirik e , o ' brien sj , madsen o , scally m , et al . ( 2001 ) resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics . science 294 : 2348\u20132351 .\nasher rj , novacek mj , geisler jh ( 2003 ) relationships of endemic african mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence . journal of mammalian evolution 10 : 131\u2013194 .\nand a reevaluation of the helohyidae ( artiodactyla ) . journal of mammalogy 58 : 291\u2013308 .\nstucky rk ( 1998 ) eocene bunodont and bunoselenodont artiodactyla ( \u201cdichobunids\u201d ) . in : janis cm , scott km , jacob ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . new york : cambridge univ . press . pp . 358\u2013374 .\ncole r , hariharan r ( 1996 ) an o ( n log n ) algorithm for the maximum agreement subtree problem for binary trees . proceedings of the 7th annual acm - siam symposium on discrete algorithms 323\u2013332 .\nvanvalen l ( 1966 ) the deltatheridia , a new order of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 132 : 1\u2013126 .\ngeisler jh , luo z ( 1998 ) relationships of cetacea to terrestrial ungulates and the evolution of cranial vasculature in cete . in : thewissen jgm , editor . the emergence of whales . new york : plenum . pp . 163\u2013212 .\no ' leary ma ( 1998 ) phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade . in : thewissen jgm , editor . the emergence of whales . new york : plenum press . pp . 133\u2013161 .\no ' leary ma , geisler jh ( 1999 ) the position of cetacea within mammalia : phylogenetic analysis of morphological data from extinct and extant taxa . systematic biology 48 : 455\u2013490 .\ngeisler jh ( 2001 ) new morphological evidence for the phylogeny of artiodactyla , cetacea , and mesonychidae . american museum novitates 3344 : 1\u201353 .\ngeisler jh , uhen md ( 2003 ) morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales . journal of vertebrate paleontology 23 : 991\u2013996 .\ngeisler jh , uhen md ( 2005 ) phylogenetic relationships of extinct cetartiodactyls : results of simultaneous analyses of molecular , morphological and stratigraphic data . journal of mammalian evolution 12 : 145\u2013160 .\ntheodor jm , foss se ( 2005 ) deciduous dentitions of eocene cebochoerid artiodactyls and cetartiodactylan relationships . journal of mammalian evolution 12 : 161\u2013181 .\no ' leary ma ( 2001 ) the phylogenetic position of cetaceans : further combined data analyses , comparisons with the stratigraphic record and a discussion of character optimization . american zoologist 41 : 487\u2013506 .\no ' leary ma , allard m , novacek mj , meng j , gatesy j ( 2004 ) building the mammalian sector of the tree of life . in : cracraft j , donoghue mj , editors . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford university press . pp . 490\u2013516 .\ncope ed ( 1875 ) on the supposed carnivora of the eocene of the rocky mountains . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia 27 : 444\u2013449 .\nthewissen jgm , russell de , gingerich pd , hussain st ( 1983 ) a new dichobunid artiodactyl ( mammalia ) from the eocene of north - west pakistan . dentition and classification . proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie voor wetenschappen , series b 86 : 153\u2013180 .\nrussell de , thewissen , jgm , sigogneau - russell d ( 1983 ) a new dichobunid artiodactyl ( mammalia ) from the eocene of north - west pakistan . part ii : cranial osteology . proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie voor wetenschappen , series b 86 : 285\u2013300 .\nbremer k ( 1994 ) branch support and tree stability . cladistics 10 : 295\u2013304 .\ngatesy j ( 2000 ) linked branch support and tree stability . systematic biology 49 : 800\u2013807 .\nfitch wm ( 1971 ) toward defining the course of evolution : minimum change for a specific tree topology . systematic zoology 20 : 406\u2013416 .\nbryant hn , russell ap ( 1992 ) the role of phylogenetic analysis in the inference of unpreserved attributes of extinct taxa . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 337 : 405\u2013418 .\nnovacek mj ( 1985 ) evidence for echolocation in the oldest known bats . nature 315 : 140\u2013141 .\no ' leary ma , uhen md ( 1999 ) the time of origin of whales and the role of behavioral changes in the terrestrial - aquatic transition . paleobiology 25 : 534\u2013556 .\nnovacek mj , the mammal atol team ( 2008 ) a team - based approach yields a new matrix of 4 , 500 morphological characters for mammalian phylogeny . journal of vertebrate paleontology 28 , supplement to number 3 : 121a .\no ' leary ma , kaufman s ( 2007 ) morphobank 2 . 5 : web application for morphological systematics and taxonomy .\nmurphy wj , eizirik e , johnson we , zhang yp , ryder oa , o ' brien sj ( 2001 ) molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals . nature 409 : 614\u2013618 .\nkleineidam rg , pesole g , breukelman h , beintema j , kastelein r ( 1999 ) inclusion of cetaceans within the order artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic ribonuclease genes . journal of molecular evolution 48 : 360\u2013368 .\ndelgado s , girondot m , sire j ( 2005 ) molecular evolution of amelogenin in mammals . journal of molecular evolution 60 : 12\u201330 .\nthompson j , higgins d , gibson t ( 1994 ) clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position - specific gap penalties , and weight matrix choice . nucleic acids research 22 : 4673\u20134680 .\ngilbert dg ( 1992 ) seqapp , version 1 . 9a . bloomington : indiana university .\nnixon k ( 1999 ) the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis . cladistics 15 : 407\u2013414 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30e1\u30b8\u30ab\u79d1\nto\ntragulidae\n.\ndeniz martinez added the english common name\nsri lankan spotted chevrotain\nto\nmoschiola meminna ( erxleben , 1777 )\n.\ndeniz martinez marked the classification from\niucn red list\nas preferred for\nmoschiola\n.\ndeniz martinez set\nfile : indian spotted chevrotain ( moschiola indica ) . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nmoschiola indica\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . h . flower . 1883 . on the arrangement of the orders and families of existing mammalia . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1883 : 178 - 186\nparent taxon : ruminantia according to a . hassanin and e . j . p . douzery 2003\nwe\u2019re sorry , some parts of the airbnb website don\u2019t work properly without javascript enabled .\n100 % of recent guests gave this home\u2019s check - in process a 5 - star rating .\nthe host canceled this reservation 100 days before arrival . this is an automated posting .\nthe host canceled this reservation 106 days before arrival . this is an automated posting .\nthe host stephan was welcoming and friendly . the house is very rustic and tucked away in the hills about 20kms from ( website hidden by airbnb ) is a lovely enviroment with walks from the door . good shower with hot water . coffee at breakfast is excellent . we had the lower room \u2026\nto protect your payment , never transfer money or communicate outside of the airbnb website or app .\npress the down arrow key to interact with the calendar and select a date . press the question mark key to get the keyboard shortcuts for changing dates .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nno one has contributed data records for pecora yet . learn how to contribute .\ntragulids lack antlers , but males sometimes use their enlarged , curved upper canines for fighting with each other over females . tragulids are mainly solitary , usually interacting only to mate . unlike most other artiodactyls , tragulids apparently cannot rise on their hind legs . tragulids have a mainly plant - based diet and , unusually for artiodactyls , at least some species are largely frugivorous .\nonly one tragulid species , balabac chevrotain ( tragulus nigricans ) , is listed as endangered on the iucn red list . some other species , however , have very limited distributions ( e . g . , silver - backed chevrotain [ t . versicolor ] in vietnam , northern chevrotain [ t . williamsoni ] in northern thailand ( and possibly laos ) and southern china , and the sri lankan moschiola species . javan chevrotain ( t . javanicus ) has lost much of its former lowland habitat and may now have a very restricted range .\nnot sure why you ' re here ? get started with urltoken resource taxonomy .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . gabunia ( 1964 ) erected a new species , ardynia plicidentata , from the early late oligocene benara fauna of georgia on the basis of a dp3 or dp4 and an m1 or m2 ( russell and zhai , 1987 ; lucas and emry , 1999 ; m\u00e9tais et al . , 2016 ) ( fig . 1 ) . ardynia plicidentata was diagnosed by the wrinkled enamel in the area of the crochet , but radinsky ( 1967 ) regarded wrinkled enamel as a variable character and referred these specimens to ardynia sp . . . .\n. . . the benara locality has also yielded the ruminants lophiomeryx benaraensis and prodremotherium trepidum , as well as rhinocerotoids , an entelodontid , anthracotheres , and carnivores ( gabunia , 1964 ) . several taxa among the rhinos and anthracotheres are common in the early oligocene deposits of asia and europe ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) . although much less documented , the k\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak formation has not yielded taxa with an early oligocene age . . . .\n. . . flerowi mp22 - 24 , kazakhstan ) and benara ( p . trepidum mp23 , georgia ) ( trofimov 1957 ; gabunia 1964 ; vislobokova 1997 ; lucas & emry 1999 ; m etais & vislobokova 2007 ) . no direct observations by the authors support the attribution of these asian species to this genus . . . .\n. . . years in italics indicate a work without description or illustration . i , lower incisive ; c , lower canine ; p , lower premolar ; m , type species\u2014iberomeryx parvus gabunia 1964 , from benara ( georgia ) , early oligocene ( mp23 ; lucas & emry 1999 ) . other species referred to the genus\u2014iberomeryx minor ( filhol 1882 ) , early oligocene of western europe . . . .\n. . . large premolars collected in the ferruginous duricrust j1 indicate the presence of a large entelodontid tentatively referred to paraentelodon sp . this genus has been reported from several early oligocene localities in central asia ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) , where it is commonly associated with the giant rhinocerotoid paraceratherium . the entelodont specimens from the bugti hills constitute the first occurrence of the family in the indian subcontinent , as oligocene asian entelodonts are otherwise known only from central asia and mongolia . . . .\n. . . in term of first occurrence of mammal taxa , the base of the suevian could be seen equally at the level of mp 22 as discussed by hooker et al . ( 2004 ) . most authors ( heissig , 1993 , ducrocq , 1995 , sudre , 1995 , 1996 , astruc et al . , 2003 ) considered the mammal level mp 21 as the beginning of the suevian based on the first occurrence of asian immigrants such as the bothriodontine anthracotheriids bothriodon , bunobrachyodus ( = elomeryx ) , and the enteledontid entelodon ( lucas & emry 1999 ) . level mp 21 also corresponds to the first appearance of taxa with supposed local ancestors such as the gelocid pseudogelocus and the dichobunid metriotherium . . . .\n. . . ' ' inward ' ' lateral facing crown surfaces have been described as lingual in hadrosaurids ( rodriguez - de la rosa and cevallos - ferriz , 1998 ) . ' ' outward ' ' and ' ' inward ' ' facing lateral crown surfaces have been described as either being external and internal or labial and lingual in theropods ( dong , 1997a ) ; as lateral and internal in sauropods ( dong , 1997b ) ; as labial and lingual in artiodactyls ( lucas and emry , 1999 ) , cervids ( azanza and montoya , 1995 ) , insectivores ( x . wang and zhai , 1995 ) , marsupials ( cifelli and de muizon , 1998 ) , armadillos ( vizca\u00edno and bargo , 1998 ) , feliforms ( albright , 1996 ) , theropods ( hutt et al . , 1996 ; kellner and campos , 1996 ; charig and milner , 1997 ) , ornithischians ( dong , 1997c ) , sauropods ( upchurch , 1999 ) , and osteichthyians ( kemp , 1997 ) . . . .\non some spiral - horned antelopes ( mammalia : artiodactyla : bovidae ) from the late miocene of turkey , w . . .\nzusammenfassung die untersuchung von material aus einigen aufsammlungen an mehreren t\u00fcrkischen obermioz\u00e4n - lokalit\u00e4ten erm\u00f6glichte erstmals die endg\u00fcltige bestimmung und beschreibung spiral - geh\u00f6rnter antilopen dieses landes : palaeoreas lindermayeri , protragelaphus skouzesi , prostrepsiceros zitteli undnisidorcas sp . mehrere endemische arten sind w\u00e4hrend des tiefen obermioz\u00e4ns auf . . . [ show full abstract ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nfranciscana or la plata dolphin ( lives in costal waters and estuaries in s . america )\ns . asian river dolphin , once though to be two species ( ganges and indus ) but really just subspecies , found in india , pakistan , bangladesh , nepal ."]}
{"id": 1228, "summary": [{"text": "heterodon simus , commonly known as the southern hog-nosed snake , is a harmless snake species endemic to the southeastern united states .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "southern hognose snake", "paragraphs": ["the shaded region represents the range of the southern hognose snake in north carolina .\nsouthern hognose snakes are not as common as the eastern hognose snake . southerns are considered a species of concern in south carolina .\nbut these snakes are also known by many other common names such as texas hognose snake , prairie hognose snake , bluffer , blow snake , spoonbill snake , spreadhead snake , texas rooter , and faux viper .\nlike its larger cousin , the eastern hognose snake , southern hognose snakes also feign death to discourage potential predators . the southern has a more sharply upturned snout than the eastern .\nthe southern hognose snake is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe eastern hognose snake is found in the eastern half of the united states from central new england to florida . it is also found in southern canada . the eastern hognose snake is found in southern new hampshire .\ntheir range extends from southern canada to northern mexico through the central united states . in canada , it ' s found in southern alberta , southern saskatchewan , and southern manitoba .\ndescription : the southern hognose snake has an upturned snout , like its larger cousin the eastern hognose snake . southern hognose snakes are very stocky and have patterns of large , dark brown blotches on a tan or light gray background . their bellies are whitish and usually mottled with gray or brown . the southern hognose has a dark stripe running between its eye and the corner of its mouth . southern hognose snakes can be distinguished from eastern hognose snakes by the coloration under the tail , which is similar to that of their belly .\nfaking death is a tactic the eastern hognose snake uses when confronted by a predator .\nwestern hognose snake ( h . n . nasicus - baird & girard , 1852 )\ngloyd ' s hognose snake ( h . n . gloydi - edgren , 1952 )\nkennerly ' s hognose snake ( h . n . kennerlyi - kennicott , 1860 )\nin north america , the eastern hognose snakes share the genus heterodon with two other species , the southern hognose heterodon simus and the western hognose heterodon nasicus . the western hognose h . nasicus has three sub - species , the plains hognose h . n . nasicus , the dusty hognose h . n . gloydi and the mexican hognose h . n . kennerlyi .\nsouthern hognose snakes are carnivores , primarily consuming frogs , toads , lizards , small rodents and insects .\nto deter predators , the southern hognose snake uses a variety of defensive behaviours including puffing up its head , flattening its neck , hissing continuously and pretending to strike . the snake also employs an alternative strategy , rolling onto its back and playing dead . the southern hognose snake\u2019s defensive display is less elaborate than that of other hognose snakes ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 11 ) .\nthis species occurs widely in the united states , extending into southern canada . its range extends from southern new england through southern ontario to minnesota and south dakota , and south to southern texas , the gulf coast , and southern florida ( conant and collins 1991 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus )\ntitle =\narkive species - southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njenson , j . 2004 . southern hognose snake heterodon simus . pp . 42 - 43 in r mirarchi , m bailey , t haggerty , t best , eds .\nendemic to north america , the southern hognose snake is only found in the southeast of the united states . it is distributed from eastern north carolina to southern florida , and as far west as south - eastern mississippi . however , a recent population survey failed to locate the southern hognose snake in mississippi or alabama , and it is possible that it has been eliminated from these states ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .\nreproduction : southern hognose snakes lay 6\u201314 eggs during the summer , and the babies look like miniature versions of the adults .\nthe fire ant ( solenopsis invicta ) , an invasive species introduced to the usa , predates on reptile eggs and hatchlings ( 13 ) . the specific impact these ants have on the southern hognose snake is unknown , but areas with heavy fire ant infestations have recorded a disappearance of the southern hognose snake ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\ncomments : harmless ( non - venomous ) . see comments under eastern hognose snake ( heterodon platirhinos ) .\nbeane , j . , s . graham , t . thorp , l . pusser . 2014 . natural history of the southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus ) in north carolina , usa .\nthe southern hognose snake ( h . simus ) has a more upturned snout , and the underside of its tail and belly are the same uniform , pale , color ( tennant , 2003 ) .\nthe southern southern hognose snake ( heterodon simus ) is the smallest member of the genus heterodon ( 4 ) . all members of the genus have a characteristic upturned snout ( 5 ) . this species has a tan coloured body with square blocks of brown running down its back , and orange scales between the brown patches . small , round , dark brown blotches run along its sides and it has a cream or light grey belly with no markings ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the southern hognose snake is rough to the touch , as it has keeled , or ridged scales ( 7 ) . the female southern hognose snake is larger than the male ( 4 ) .\nheterodon which means different tooth , is in reference to the characteristically enlarged dentition to the rear of the hognose snake\u2019s mouth .\nroadkill has been the main source of mortality for southern hog - nosed snakes and is opportunistically used as the main way to record snake populations .\nthe eastern hognose snake ' s favorite prey is toads , but it also preys on frogs , salamanders , small mammals , birds , and invertebrates . the eastern hognose snake uses its nose to root around for toads in their burrows . when a toad is disturbed by a hognose snake , it will often puff itself up like a balloon . the eastern hognose will uses his long rear fangs to pop the toad so it can swallow it .\ncolor patterns in young southern hog - nosed snakes are the same as color patterns seen in the adult snakes . southern hog - nosed snakes display indeterminate growth patterns .\nlack of proper fire management has resulted in the loss of dry sand hills , which are an important habitat for the southern hognose snake . road networks have also fragmented habitats , and although the southern hognose snake can withstand this disturbance , road mortality is a significant threat , especially for hatchlings ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . further concerns include pesticide application and the habitual persecution of snakes by humans ( 1 ) .\nthe western hognose snake feeds on any animal that it can overpower and kill . their diet includes predominantly amphibians such as frogs , toads , and reptiles like small lizards and other small snake species .\nstrategic environmental research and development program . species profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states . 98 - 4 . chapel hill , north carolina : the nature conservancy . 1998 .\nglobal range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) the range extends from southern new england through southern ontario to minnesota and south dakota , and south to southern texas , the gulf coast , and southern florida ( conant and collins 1991 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) .\nallen , r . 1994 . a profile of the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) . rephiberary 199 : 9 - 10 .\nmccallum , m . l . 1995 . heterodon nasicus ( western hognose snake ) . herpetological review 26 ( 1 ) : 46 .\njohns , n . 2000 .\nwestern hognose snake\n( on - line ) . accessed march 22 , 2002 at urltoken .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes prey on regional frogs , toads , lizards . the presence of southern hog - nosed snakes in the ecosystem affects the population of those prey . southern hog - nosed snakes are prey to various snakes , carnivorous mammals , and birds .\nspreading adder , hog - nosed snake , adder , bastard rattlesnake , black adder , black blowing viper , black hog - nosed snake , black viper snake , blauser , blower , blowing adder , blowing snake , blow ( ing ) viper , blow snake , buckwheat - nose snake , calico snake , checkered adder , checquered adder , chunk head , common hog - nosed snake , common spreading adder , deaf adder , eastern hognose snake , flat - head , flat - head ( ed ) adder , hay - nose snake , hissing adder , hissing snake , hog - nosed adder , hog - nosed rattler , hog - nose snake , hog - nosed viper , hissing viper , ( mountain ) moccasin , north american adder , north american hog - nosed snake , pilot , poison viper , puff ( ing ) adder , red snake , rock adder , rossel bastard , sand adder , sand viper , spotted ( spreading ) adder , spread nelly , spread - head moccasin , spread - head snake , spread - head viper , flat - head adder ( spreading ) viper .\nlittle is known about the southern hognose snake\u2019s breeding biology , and most of the available information has been obtained through studying captive animals . the breeding season is thought to be from may to june , and the female southern hognose snake will lay a clutch of 6 to 14 eggs from late spring to early summer . the eggs take 65 to 70 days to hatch and the hatchlings emerge between mid - september and early october ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nthis hog - nosed snake has an immense range . it may be found along the atlantic seacoast from central new england to the southern tip of florida and then westward to central texas and central minnesota . it also occurs in southern ontario , canada .\na lack of information on the abundance and distribution of the southern hognose snake makes it difficult to determine the threats to this species . however , the most important factors are thought to be habitat loss and invasive species ( 4 ) .\niverson , j . b . 1995 . heterodon nasicus ( western hognose snake ) . reproduction . herpetological review 26 ( 4 ) : 206 .\nthe eastern hognose snake is found in woodlands with sandy soil , fields , farmland , and coastal areas . it is active during the day .\n2000 .\nwestern hognose snake\n( on - line ) . arizona - sonora desert museum . accessed november 27 , 2004 at urltoken .\nleclere , j .\niowa herpetology ( western hognose snake )\n( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2002 at urltoken .\nbraddell , d . l . 1984 . a western record for the plains hognose snake in manitoba . blue jay 42 ( 4 ) : 196 .\nhammack , s . h . 1991 . heterodon nasicus kennerlyi ( mexican hognose snake ) . oophagy . herpetological review 22 ( 4 ) : 132 .\nlowe , d . 1997 . keeping and breeding the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) . herptile 22 ( 2 ) : 89 - 92 .\n(\nspecies profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states\n, 1998 ; beane , et al . , 2014 ; edgren , 1955 ; hammerson , 2007 ; tuberville , et al . , 2000 )\nallen , s . 1997 .\nwestern hognose snake\n( on - line ) . colorado herpetologial society . accessed november 27 , 2004 at urltoken .\nlittle is known about the longevity of southern hog - nosed snakes . eastern hog - nosed snakes (\na wide spread snake , the eastern hognose snake is found throughout the eastern united states from eastern - central minnesota to extreme south new hampshire south to south florida , west to east texas and west kansas . ( behler and king )\nmattison , c . 1992 . reproduction in the dusty hognose snake , heterodon nasicus gloydi . litteratura serpentium english edition 12 ( 5 ) : 98 - 101 .\nmcalister , w . h . 1963 . evidence of mild toxicity in the saliva of the hognose snake ( heterodon ) . herpetologica 19 : 132 - 137 .\nthe western hognose snake is a are relatively small but stout - bodied snake species with females being considerably larger than males . adult specimens typically reach about 2 feet ( 60 cm ) in length , with a maximum length of about 3 feet and\ntuberville , t . , j . bodie , j . jensen , l . laclaire , j . gibbons . 2000 . apparent decline of the southern hog - nosed snake , heterodon simus .\ncontrary to popular belief , the southern hognose snake does not produce toxic venom and it is not considered to be a dangerous species , although it does have a painful bite ( 12 ) . it feeds mainly on toads , which it digs out of loose soil using its upturned snout . it then grasps the prey using its enlarged rear fangs ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 11 ) . although toads form the majority of the southern hognose snake\u2019s diet , it also feeds on other small vertebrates such as lizards , mice and frogs ( 7 ) .\nlighting - although hognose snakes are naturally diurnal , no special lighting setup is necessary .\npendlebury , g . b . 1976b . the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus nasicus , in alberta . canadian field naturalist 90 ( 4 ) : 416 - 422 .\nsouthern hognose snakes ( heterodon simus ) ; commonly known as puff adder , hissing adder , spreading adder , blow viper and the hissing sand snake , belongs to the colubridae family . they average in size between 14 to 21 inches long , with the record being 24 inches long .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes are most commonly found in very xeric , upland sand hills . other habitats may include forests , woodlands , river floodplains , and other dry soil areas . southern hog - nosed snakes inhabit longleaf pine (\nlazcano , d . , jr . 1988 . life history notes . heterodon nasicus kennerlyi ( mexican hognose snake ) . coloration . herpetological review 19 ( 2 ) : 36 .\nconservation status : southern hognose snakes have apparently declined in recent years and are of conservation concern throughout their range . they have not been found in alabama or mississippi since the 1970 ' s and are restricted to scattered locations in the states where they still occur . although introduced fire ants have been implicated in the decline of southern hognose snakes , they have certainly also suffered from loss of longleaf pine forest , urban sprawl , and conversion of upland habitats to agriculture . unfortunately , the secretive habits of this species have hampered study of their ecology and population dynamics . southern hognose snakes are protected throughout the state of georgia .\nrichardson , a . d . ( 2004 ) hognose snakes . capstone press , minnesota .\ntravis , c . a . , d . chiszar , and h . m . smith . heterodon nasicus ( western hognose snake ) . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 212 .\nthe southern hognose snake is a secretive species and is rarely spotted in the wild , spending much of its time in underground in burrows , 20 to 30 centimetres below the surface . it is thought to be diurnal , emerging from its burrow in early morning or late afternoon ( 4 ) ( 11 ) .\nsouthern trappers nuisance wildlife removal bonita springs , florida ph : 239 . 992 . 8966 cell : 239 . 405 . 2401\nthe western hognose is currently classified as least concern by the iucn . unlike their close relative the\ncensky , e . j . and c . j . mccoy . 1985 . geographic distribution . heterodon nasicus nasicus ( plains hognose snake ) . herpetological review 16 ( 2 ) : 60 .\nfuller , s . r . 1981 . a case of envenomation by a western hognose snake , heterodon n . nasicus . northern ohio association of herpetological notes 9 ( 1 ) : 11 .\neven though the western hognose snake as suffered some local declines it is still widespread today . like other species , they are affected by the conversion of the original prairie habitat to agricultural land .\nhave tails that are nearly all black . the tails of southern hog - nosed snakes are always a similar color to the rest of the ventral side . the hatchling snakes resemble the same coloration and blotch patterns of adult southern hog - nosed snakes .\nsouthern hognose snakes are heavily thick bodied . their snouts are just sharply turned upwards and pointed . their color patterns consist of a light yellowish brown , some are tinted with an orange - red color , with dark blotches on their backs and smaller blotches on their sides . their bellies and tail are the same light pale gray color . their is a dark line that extends from its upper jaw thru the eye . southern hognose snakes have round pupils .\ncomparison with other species : the eastern hognose snake ( heterodon platirhinos ) has a light belly and underside of the tail , and a less upturned snout , and the pigmy rattlesnake ( sistrurus miliarius ) has a blunt nose \u2013 it is easy to distinguish between the harmless hognose snakes and pigmy rattlesnake .\nthe southern hognose snake can be found in dry , open areas , such as coastal sand dunes , river floodplains , and mixed oak - pine woodlands . it prefers sandy or loamy , well - drained soil , which it can easily burrow in ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) .\nmost common on sandy soils , the eastern hognose inhabits open woodlands , pasturelands , meadows and plains .\nwhen most hognose snakes get excited or threatened they flatten their necks like a cobra . there ' s a myth that puff adders ( which spread their necks like hognose snakes ) mix poison with their breath and can kill a person up to a distance of 25 feet . if the threat persists , they turn over on their back and fake death . the western hognose snake usually does not perform this procedure .\nhabits : southern hognose snakes are active strictly by day and are often seen on warm mornings in the spring and fall . they are highly fossorial ( living underground ) and are most often encountered crossing roads that pass through sandy habitats . when confronted , hognose snakes often put on an elaborate threat display : they hiss ; spread the skin around their head and neck ( like a cobra ) , and feign striking . eventually , they will even play dead , rolling on their back and opening their mouth . despite this fairly convincing show , southern hognose snakes virtually never bite .\nthe southern hognose snake lays eggs . breeding takes place between april and august . males often follow the female around for several days prior to courtship and copulation . they lay between 6 - 14 whitish , thin shelled , leathery eggs , which hatch in 55 - 60 days . hatchlings are 6 - 7 inches ( 15 - 17 cm ) .\nmontgomery , c . and s . p . mackessy . 1999 . heterodon nasicus nasicus ( plains hognose snake ) . lack of paralysis following vertebral disjunction . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 227 - 228 .\nwill feed with a motivation not unlike that of the hungriest rat snake ! it is quite comical to witness a juvenile eastern hognose in active pursuit of a live lizard . there is nothing graceful about it ! the\nmany discoveries involve specimens encountered out in the open . much of the time it is simply a matter of just focusing on the nearly invisible snake while you are visually scanning the ground during snake hunting . finding a\nfew people within its range are unfamiliar with the eastern hognose snake heterodon platyrhinos . having a whimsical face with large ominous eyes and a permanent smile , this snake leaves many who are so fortunate to find one with a feeling of bliss . it has a short , stocky structure and is quite animated , diverting our attention away from the fact that the eastern hognose is a powerful predator , often swallowing other animals while still alive !\nthe plains hognose snake ( h . nasicus ) , have a sandy ground color more of less uniformly , patterned with brown dorsolateral spots and their ventral scales are heavily pigmented with black spots ( tennant , 2003 ) .\nyoung , r . a . 1992 . effects of duvernoy ' s gland secretions from the eastern hognose snake , heterodon platyrhinos , on smooth muscle and neuromuscular junction . toxicon 30 ( 7 ) : 775 - 779 .\nit feeds mainly on spadefoot , southern , and oak toads . however , occasionally it may eat other frogs , lizards , and small rodents .\nmoore , j . e . 1953 . the hog - nosed snake in alberta . herpetologica 9 : 173 .\nwater - clean water must be available at all times in a bowl that is heavy enough that the snake will not constantly tip it over . with hognose snakes , particularly the western species , it is important to keep the cage dry . humidity is thought to possibly cause respiratory infections in hognose snakes , an illness that is often fatal .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes are oviparous and do not care for their eggs or hatchlings . once the eggs are deposited in shallow burrows , the parental investment stops . southern hog - nosed snakes have not been seen to return to the young or invest in the young once the eggs are laid .\n, extends from southern canada to northern mexico . its range is bordered to the west by colorado and wyoming , and in the east by illinois .\ngoldberg , s . r . 2004a . reproduction in the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus ( serpentes : colubridae ) from the southwestern part of its range . texas journal of science 56 ( 3 ) : 267 - 273 .\nleavesley , l . k . 1987 . natural history and thermal relations of the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) in southwestern manitoba . m . s . thesis . university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba . 160 pp .\nvirtually nothing will persuade them to move until the threat is gone , the snake ' s body will be limp and lifeless if picked up . after a few minutes if it perceives no threat , the snake quickly slithers away .\nsmith , w . and c . wershler . 1989 . pilot project on the study of the western hognose snake in alberta . paper for alberta forestry , lands and wildlife by sweetgrass consultants ltd . , calgary , ab . 17pp .\none cannot help but to have a feeling of enlightenment while in the presence of an eastern hognose snake and though many adore them , there are those that fear them and find them to be the epitome of all that is evil .\nlike other hognose snake species , they get their common name from their\nhog - like\nappearance due to a modified and strongly upturned rostral scale present in their snout . this particular adaptation also makes them snakes very good burrowers .\nsouthern hognose snakes are found in northern florida as far south as lake okeechobee . their preferred habitats include areas such as sand - hills , scrub , high pine and turkey oak hard - woods , hard - wood hammocks , meadows , dry river floodplains and cultivated fields .\n(\nspecies profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states\n, 1998 ; beane , et al . , 2010 ; beane , et al . , 2014 ; behler and king , 1979 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; edgren , 1955 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; jensen , 2008 ; jenson , 2004 ; oliver , 1955 )\nwebb , r . g . and c . m . eckerman . 1998 . neotype and type locality of the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus ( serpentes : colubridae ) . texas journal of science 50 ( 2 ) : 99 - 106 .\neastern hognose snakes first mate when they are around two years old . they mate in the spring . the female lays 15 - 25 eggs in a depression in sandy soil or under a rock or log . the eggs incubate in 1 - 2 months . in the winter , eastern hognose snakes will dig a burrow to hibernate in or use an abandoned fox , skunk , or woodchuck den . predators of the eastern hognose snake include owls , hawks , skunks , opossums , and other snakes ,\nenge , k . , k . wood . 2002 . a pedestrian road survey of an upland snake community in florida .\npainter , c . w . , b . r . tomberlin , and j . p . brastad . 1996 . serpentes : heterodon nasicus kennerlyi ( mexican hognose snake ) : maximum size . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 203 - 204 .\nsuggests that the age of sexual maturity for southern hog - nosed snakes ranges from 2 - 3 years and that generation length is estimated from 5 - 10 years . it ' s likely that growth is indeterminate , as it the case for most reptiles . however , no literature has confirmed this for southern hog - nosed snakes .\n- found in all of texas excluding the panhandle , trans - pecos texas and the extreme southern rio grande valley , eastern oklahoma , southeastern missouri and southeastern kansas .\nwhen threatened , they usually behave similarly to eastern hognose snakes , but may be more reluctant to put on such a show .\nwright , j . 1998 . status of the plains hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus nasicus ) in alberta . alberta environmental protection , fisheries & wildlife management divison , and alberta conservation association , wildlife status report no . 15 , edmonton , ab . 26pp .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes have diets consisting of toads , lizards , frogs , and small vertebrates . toads are the most common prey and include eastern spadefoot toads ( scaphiopus holbrookii ) and southern toads ( anaxyrus terrestris or anaxyrus terrestris ) . members of the genus ( lithobates ) , barking tree frogs ( hyla gratiosa ) , and ornate chorus frogs ( pseudacris ornata ) are frogs that southern hog - nosed snakes consume . lizards eaten by these snakes include six - lined racerunners ( cnemidophorus sexlineatus ) and ground skinks ( scincella lateralis ) . although extremely uncommon , rough stinkbugs ( brochymena arborea ) have been found in the stomach of few captured southern hog - nosed snakes .\nrange : uncommon to rare , but occasionally found throughout northern florida south to lake okeechobee . outside of florida , it is found from southern mississippi east to north carolina .\n, have a maximum longevity of 9 . 1 years . the assumed generation time of the southern hog - nosed snakes is 5 years . annual mortality rates are unknown .\nwilkie , b . 1996 . force feeding snakes . my experience with rat snakes and western hognose snakes . rephiberary 221 : 10 .\nweinstein , s . a . and keyler , d . e . ( 2009 ) local envenoming by the western hognose snake ( heterodon nasicus ) : a case report and review of medically signi\ufb01cant heterodon bites . toxicon , 54 ( 3 ) : 354 - 360 .\ntuberville , t . d . , j . r . bodie , j . b . jensen , l . laclaire , and j . w . gibbons . 2000 . apparent decline of the southern hog - nosed snake , heterodon simus . journal of the elisa mitchell scientific society 116 : 19 - 40 .\nat birth , the western hognose hatchlings are fully developed and around 5 to 9 inches ( 13\u201323 cm ) in total length . they reach sexual maturity at approximately 2 years of age , although the size is more important and not so much the snake ' s age .\nsexton , o . j . 1979 . remarks on defensive behavior of hognose snakes , heterodon . herpetological review 10 : 86 - 87 .\nsome of the western hognose predators include fox , coyotes , hawks , crows , raccoons , larger snakes and both domestic cats and dogs .\ncomments : adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 100 , 000 . this snake is fairly common in many parts of its range .\nhas a life expectancy of around fourteen years in the wild . for the most part this is average in comparison to other snake species .\nhognose snakes feed almost exclusively on toads , although they will occasionally consume other prey . they seem to be immune to poisons produced by toads , and are equipped with enlarged teeth ( called rear fangs ) in the back of their mouths that are used to puncture inflated toads so that they may be more easily swallowed . female southern hognose snakes lay 6 - 14 eggs in sandy soil or logs in the early summer . the eggs hatch in september - october .\ntuberville , t . d . , bodie , j . r . , jensen , j . b . , laclaire , l . and gibbons , j . w . ( 2000 ) apparent decline of the southern hog - nosed snake , heterodon simus . journal of the elisha mitchell scientific society , 116 : 19 - 40 .\nthe species name platyrhinos directs to the snake ' s upturned snout . this enlarged , upturned rostral scale aids this fossorial snake not only as a tool to root out their preferred diet of amphibians from a daytime retreat beneath the earth\u2019s surface , but also as a tool for burrowing into loose substrate .\nis a relatively short , stocky snake with mildly keeled scales and may reach lengths in the neighborhood of 48 inches with most individuals being considerably smaller .\ndid you know ? in colder climates some snakes\nhibernate\nin the winter , this is called brumation , find more snake facts for kids .\nroth , j . j . , b . j . johnson , and h . m . smith . 1989 . the western hognose snake , heterodon nasicus , west of the continental divide in colorado , and its implications . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 24 ( 9 ) : 161 - 163 .\nhave declined by a considerable amount in certain regions , and as a result western hognose snakes are listed as threatened or even endangered in some of the states in which they reside . these states include iowa and illinois . numerous human developments have pushed western hognose snakes from their sandy habitat into more wooded areas , where it is ill - equipped for survival . in these states there are programs to help save these snakes ' habitats . in the southern states , such as texas and new mexico , western hognose snakes are quite common . in these areas there is no shortage of the sandy areas which are optimal for these snakes , so they are able to thrive .\nblake , p . 1993 . success with odour manipulation and western hognose snakes , heterodon nasicus nasicus . herptological review 18 ( 2 ) : 60 - 61 .\nrolling hills zoo , 2001 - 2002 .\nrolling hills refuge\n( on - line ) . western hognose . accessed march 21 , 2002 at urltoken .\nruzicka , i . 2000 . curious facts from keeping the western hog - nosed snake heterodon nasicus . akvarium terarium 43 ( 3 ) : 61 - 62 .\nvarious people have questioned whether or not this snake is actually venomous . however , an article published by michael a . morris describes the effects that the bite of\nthe presence of the upturned snout in the southern hog - nosed snakes allows the species to dig up their prey . their large posterior maxillary teeth puncture the prey ; this is specifically important for the southern hog - nosed snakes due to the prey ( many toads and frogs ) inflating themselves when attacked . the act of puncturing the prey deflates the toads or frogs and makes the animal easier for the snakes to swallow .\n) brought to the snakes habitat around the 1980s ( bean et al . 2014 ) . the introduction of these ants to southern hog - nosed snakes ' ecosystem has greatly affected their young survival and overall population .\nthis care sheet is by no means intended as a comprehensive guide to hognose snakes . for further information , read as much as you can about these beautiful reptiles .\nsome communication occurs with other species . this communication involves visual signals , noises , and sometimes tactile cues . when western hognose snakes encounter a potential predator , they will at first hiss , and flatten their heads and necks to make themselves appear larger . if this fails to ward off the predator , the snake may strike - - although it does not bite , apparently , this movement is threatening . if this fails , the snake will feign death in hopes that the predator will lose interest .\nan ideal pet snake , because it is extremely docile and rarely bites . once handled by humans enough , the snakes are calm and there is little or no danger of them biting . this snake has an extremely mild venom , and so does not pose a health risk to humans even if a human manages to get bitten .\nare strict amphibian feeders . although in the wild , eastern hognose snakes are often encountered while swallowing the toads with which they frequently feed upon , captive keepers have learned that the diet of this snake is actually quite diverse . even the juveniles are opportunists , taking insects as well as lizards and possibly other reptiles in addition to amphibians .\nhunziker , r . 1990 . the best defense : an introduction to hognose snakes . tropical fish hobbyist 39 ( 4 ) : 106 - 108 , 110 - 115 .\nhas two main anti - predator adaptations , both of whihc are behavioral . the first line of defense for this snake is to make itself appear larger by making its head and neck flatter . this flattening is accompanied by extremely loud hissing and blowing , whihc apparently makes the individual seem enraged and dangerous . if this defense fails to ward off a predator , the snake will shift into phase two of its defense . this begins with the snake spasming uncontrollably , and then rolling over on its back , lying motionless . western hognose snakes will feign death in order to make a predator lose interest . when an indivudual perceives an absence of danger , it will resume its activities .\nsnakes as well as northern black racers and southern alligator lizards seem to be mite magnets ! be diligent in your cleanliness and make daily inspections so that if a problem begins it can be kept within the boundaries of control .\nkugelberg , a . 1991 . western hognosed snake , heterodon n . nasicus . newsletter of the australian society of herpetologists incorporated 34 ( 7 ) : 147 - 149 .\n(\nspecies profile : southern hognose snake ( heterodon sinus ) on military installations in southeastern united states\n, 1998 ; beane , et al . , 2010 ; beane , et al . , 2014 ; behler and king , 1979 ; blair , et al . , 1957 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; gibbons and semlitsch , 1991 ; holman , 2000 ; jensen , 2008 ; jenson , 2004 ; palmer and braswell , 1995 ; richardson , 2003 ; tuberville , et al . , 2000 ; wright and wright , 1957 )\nthe presence of an upturned snout that is spade - like and keeled , in combination with keeled dorsal scales , a dark - patterned belly , a divided anal scale , and the absence of tail rattles and facial pit , distinguishes the western hog - nosed snake from all other snakes native to montana . the color pattern is described as similar to both the gophersnake and the prairie rattlesnake , but neither of these , nor any other snake in montana , has an upturned nose like the western hog - nosed snake .\nkroll , j . c . 1977 . self - wounding while death feigning by western hognose snakes ( heterodon nasicus ) . copeia 1977 ( 2 ) : 372 - 373 .\nthis snake is endemic to the southeast of the united states . it occurs on the coastal plain from eastern north carolina to southern florida ( lake okeechobee ) , west to southeastern mississippi ( conant and collins 1991 , palmer and braswell 1995 , tennant 1997 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) . it is now very rare ( or possibly extirpated ) in the western part of the range in mississippi and alabama .\nbrant , r . 1993 . a failed attempt to breed the western hog - nose snake , heterodon nasicus nasicus . herptological review 18 ( 2 ) : 62 - 64 .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes are not venomous and will rarely ever bite , even when provoked . the main purpose for their sharp posterior fangs are to ensure capture of prey and to deflate any toads that may inflate themselves when consumed .\ncooper , w . , s . secor . 2007 . strong response to anuran chemical cues by an extreme dietary specialist , the eastern hog - nosed snake ( heterodon platirhinos ) .\nburghardt , g . m . and h . w . greene . 1988 . predator simulation and duration of death feigning in neonate hognose snakes . animal behaviour 36 : 1842 - 1843 .\nalthough they are considered a non - venomous snake , these snakes do possesses a potentially irritating saliva that in the extremely rare case of a bite may cause local itching and slight swelling .\nsmith , h . m . and f . n . white . 1955 . adrenal enlargement and its significance in the hognose snakes . ( heterodon ) . herpetologica 11 : 137 - 144 .\nenge , k . m . , and k . n . wood . 2002 . a pedestrian road survey of an upland snake community in florida . southeastern naturalist 1 : 365 - 380 .\nhad on him . he experienced swelling and tenderness of the bitten are for two days , and came to the conclusion that the snake does have venom with hemotoxic effects ( morris 1985 ) .\nthere is also the importance of cleanliness . eastern hognose snakes should always have a fresh , shallow water container readily available to them and should never be handled in the event that you are ill .\nburbrink , f . t . , phillips , c . a . and heske , e . j . ( 1998 ) a riparian zone in southern illinois as a potential dispersal corridor for reptiles and amphibians . biological conservation , 86 : 107 - 115 .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes are not venomous , yet some humans believe them to be and will kill them on contact . they rarely ever bite humans . if they do , it is not a common behavior . there are no known negative economic effects of\nwill feign death when this bluffing behavior fails to ward off an enemy . in this case , the snake turns belly up . this behavior is apparently induced by parasympathetic arousal or adrenal medullary function .\n[ vtnwi ] vtn wyoming incorporated . no date . second year ' s analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern montana and northern wyoming , march 1979 - february 1980 . vtn wyoming incorporated . sheridan , wy . 62 p .\nplatt , d . r . 1969 . natural history of the hognose snakes heterodon platyrhinos and heterodon nasicus . museum of natural history . university of kansas publications 18 ( 4 ) : 253 - 420 .\nas soon as young western hognose snakes hatch they are fully developed , but just smaller in size at about 14 to 18 centimeters . within hours the young are fully capable of actively searching out prey .\neastern hognose snakes are occasionally available in the exotic pet trade , but due to their specific dietary requirements , they are not as readily available as other species . generally , they refuse feeder rodents unless they are scented with amphibians . in canada , eastern hognose snakes are considered to be a species - at - risk ( cosewic designation : threatened ) , and consequently capture or harassment of these animals , including their captive trade , is illegal .\nfull spectrum light is always beneficial , if not for the physical health benefits , then for the psychological benefits to the snake . full spectrum lighting also improves the appearance of the captive environment by enhancing overall natural colors .\nkroll , j . c . 1973 . comparative physiological ecology of eastern and western hognose snakes ( heterodon platyrhinos and h . nasicus ) . ph . d . thesis , texas a & m ; university 261p . 1973 .\nplummer , m . v . and n . e . mills . 2000 . spatial ecology and survivorship of resident and translocated hognose snakes ( heterodon platirhinos ) . journal of herpetology 34 ( 4 ) : 565 - 575 .\neastern hog - nosed snakes are native only to the nearctic . they are found throughout the united states east of the rocky mountains and into southern canada . they are absent from some areas in the great lakes region , such as the areas south of lakes ontario and erie and eastern wisconsin .\nkolbe , j . j . 1999 . size and demographic structure of an isolated population of western hognose snakes , heterodon nasicus , in northwestern illinois . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 34 ( 6 ) : 149 - 152 .\nthe western hognose mating season occurs between june and august but they have been observed in copulating as early as the months of february and march . females release a chemical which is picked up by males actively searching for receptive females .\nhiding - hognose snakes need a hiding spot to feel secure , which also replicates their natural behavior in the wild . a hiding spot can be fashioned from almost anything - plastic or rock caves purchased commercially , or small boxes with a hole cut out for access . the hiding place should be just large enough to allow the snake to fit in - remember , snakes are never claustrophobic , in fact they like being wedged into small snug places . ideally , your cage would have two hide spots , one on the heated portion and one on the unheated side . this way , the snake does not have to choose between their natural inclination to hide and the need to thermoregulate .\nsouthern hog - nosed snakes are fossorial . the burrow depth ranges from 0 . 20 - 0 . 46 m below the surface of the ground . if the snakes do not burrow down into the ground as is most common , they still resort to shelter under piles of brush or in bushes .\nthe western hognose does have somewhat of resemblance to a rattlesnake , particularly a juvenile rattlesnake , and often is mistaken for one . so they are very often killed by people out of fear , thinking they are venomous and dangerous snakes .\nthe geographic range is southern canada throughout central u . s . a . and to eastern mexico . their food in the wild is mainly toads , small rodents , nestling birds , lizards , and amphibians . their habitat is usually prairies , abandoned farmland , sparsely wooded flood plains , or sandy soil .\npotential predators of southern hog - nosed snakes include common kingsnakes ( lampropeltis getula ) , eastern indigo snakes ( drymarchon couperi ) , red - tailed hawks ( buteo jamaicensis ) , and other various carnivorous mammals and birds . eggs and hatchlings specifically have seen predation by red imported fire ants ( solenopsis invicta ) .\ntuberville et al . ( 2000 ) showed that southern hog - nosed snakes have declined over the past few decades . the main reason for this decline is loss of natural habitat . habitats for the snakes have been disrupted by logging , agriculture , housing , pine plantations , and fire exclusion . longleaf pine (\nis certainly bound to be the highlight of any snake hunters\u2019 day . in his brilliant piece of work \u201cthis broken archipelago , \u201d author skip lazell jr . , states \u201chognose snakes on cape cod are scarce enough to make finding one an exciting event , but common enough so it is likely a good hunter will get one with patience . \u201d ( james d . lazell , jr . 1976 ) this statement couldn\u2019t be any closer to the truth ! the difficulty in finding the\na word should be mentioned on the subject of venom . the hognose snakes are classified as opisthoglyphs , which is to say that they are rear fanged and are grouped together with the harmless lyre snakes trimorphodon and night snakes hypsiglena as well as other presumably harmless rear fanged species . the hognose possess a duvernoys gland which is located in the upper jaw . the duvernoys gland is an adaptation which in many species of rear fanged snakes produce powerful proteins which aid in the digestion process .\n) have an extremely keen and specific sense of smell and ability to pick up chemical signals from prey by flicking their tongue . it is believed that the chemosensory qualities in southern hog - nosed snakes are most closely related to those of the eastern hog - nosed snakes due to their genetic similarities in body structure and similarities of prey choice . the tongue is flicked and picks up vomodors , or chemical signals , from nearby prey . those signals enter the mouth via the tongue and are received by the vomeronasal organ . in eastern hog - nosed snakes , the speed and number of tongue flicks increases greatly when southern toads (\n) , for which southern hog - nosed snakes are often misjudged . keeled scales of the snakes are lined in rows of either 23 or 25 along the body . the keeled scales give the snakes a rough textured body . the anal plate is divided , and the ventral scales are the same width as their body .\nnests of southern hog - nosed snakes have been reported 10 - 15cm below the surface . females are responsible for this preparation of the nests as seen in captive environments . in captivity , females were observed making u - shaped burrows and took about 3 . 5 hours to complete the nests ( edgren , 1955 ) .\nif you have additional questions about hognose snakes try to attend one of the lihs monthly meetings . you can e - mail us at info @ urltoken or write or call the lihs at the address / phone number at the top of this sheet .\nto be highly susceptible to respiratory infections . oddly , in my experience i have found these infections to manifest themselves quite unobtrusively . it is often too late when you discover the snake is actually sick . rarely have i seen nasal discharge from an eastern\nanti - predator behaviors displayed by southern hog - nosed snakes include body puffing and death feigning . in the former behavior snakes will flatten their heads creating a hood and puff up their body to try and scare away predators . their latter anti - predator behavior is seen when the snakes roll on their dorsal side and play dead .\nwhen they aren ' t active these snakes spend most of their time in existing or self - made burrows . western hognose snakes are primarily diurnal . they brumate every year from september to march , only becoming active at the beginning of the mating season .\nbreeding most commonly occurs once a year but has been reported less commonly twice a year . copulation in southern hog - nosed snakes most commonly occurs from mid may to early june , but mating has been observed less frequently in the fall between september and october . in late - season mating instances , it\u2019s unknown if there is delayed fertilization .\n) ecosystems have been altered by the restriction of prescribed fire and have contributed to their decline . southern hog - nosed snakes rely heavily on the ecosystem of longleaf pines and their decline has been directly correlated to the decline of those forests . another area of decline for the snakes is through the attack of the invasive red imported fire ant (\nalthough it ' s typically a docile snake if threatened or even perceiving a threat it will spread its jaws and flatten its neck giving it a hooded appearance in a cobra like fashion . if harassed it will hiss and make mock strikes with a closed mouth .\nthe western hognose also adapted to live in human modified areas including extensive agriculture and semi agricultural areas not intensively cultivated and in the margins of irrigation ditches . they are found at elevations ranging from near sea level to around 8 , 000 feet ( 2400 m ) .\nit is a highly adaptable snake and can be found in a variety of habitat in coniferous and deciduous forest , including forest which abuts salt marsh and fresh water swamps . eastern hognose snakes are frequently found in the rocky outcrops of higher elevations , they can be found from sea level to 2 , 500 ( behler and king ) and along open stretches of sandy soil and beach . the author lives on cape cod in massachusetts where the species is relatively common in the pine barrens which make up much of the natural landscape there .\ndaghfous , g . , m . smargiassi , p . libourel , r . wattiez , v . bels . 2012 . the function of oscillatory tongue - flicks in snakes : insights from kinematics of tongue - flicking in the banded water snake ( nerodia fasciata ) .\nthe body color of southern hog - nosed snakes is consistently light brown , grey , and tan with dark brown spots ( also referred to as blotches ) alternating along the dorsal side of the body , larger spots along the top and smaller spots along the sides . the spots do not take up the whole width of the their bodies , but give a patterned mosaic look . the ventral side of southern hog - nosed snakes is solid grey to tan color , and is not distinctly different from the lighter colors on the dorsal side . oftentimes an orange , yellow , or red line will continue down the dorsal side , setting them apart from all other members of the genus . eastern hog - nosed snakes\nas a defense mechanism , the eastern hognose snake will sometimes put on an elaborate display when disturbed . in an effort so dramatic it will flatten its head and upper third of its body , and appearing to be larger than life , it will hiss and aggressively strike outward ( most often with mouth closed ) , poking at intruders with a rigid , upturned snout . if it has not scared you away with this formidable display , it quickly takes on a more submissive persona and in a graceful , almost artistic display , it will often feign death ."]}
{"id": 1230, "summary": [{"text": "pelagia benovici ( piraino , aglieri , scorrano & boero , 2014 ) is a jellyfish in the family pelagiidae , along with pelagia noctiluca .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in latin , pelagia means \" of the sea \" .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the team who discovered this jellyfish named it benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "pelagia benovici", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for pelagia benovici yet . learn how to contribute .\na new species of jellyfish , pelagia benovici , was discovered off the coast of venice , italy .\npiraino and his colleagues published their description of the new jellyfish\u2014dubbed pelagia benovici\u2014this month in the journal zootaxa .\npiraino and his colleagues published their description of the new jellyfish \u2014dubbed pelagia benovici\u2014 this month in the journal zootaxa .\nin latin , pelagia means\nof the sea\n. the team who discovered this jellyfish named it benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic .\nredescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae )\nredescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) invertebrate systematics , 2016 , 30 , 523\u2013546 urltoken\nthe december issue of invertebrate systematics an article with the description of a new genus mawia under the title redescription of pelagia benovici into a new jellyfish genus , mawia , gen . nov . , and its phylogenetic position within pelagiidae ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) .\nscientists including boero set about trawling records of known jellyfish species to try to identify it , but found no match .\nit ' s a new species ,\nsaid boero . the team decided on the name pelagia benovici , after a late colleague , adam benovic .\nthe jellyfish - spotting project is no longer receiving reports of pelagia benovici , whose sudden appearance appears to have lasted until march .\nbut jellyfish have this erratic distribution . they are present in their millions , then they disappear and then they come back ,\nsaid boero .\nrussell , f . s . ( 1964 ) on scyphomedusae of the genus pelagia . journal of the marine biological association uk , 44 , 133\u2013136 . urltoken\nto cite this page : leverenz , e . 2000 .\npelagia noctiluca\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nmawia benovici was noticed in september 2013 in the northern adriatic in the catch of small pelagic fish and attracted attention immediately . a survey of older observations revealed its presence in the gulf of trieste in february of 2005 by documented photograph . original image of mawia benovici was made by tihomir makovec . the geographic origin of the species is still unclear . authors of research are massimo avian , andreja ram\u0161ak , valentina tirelli , isabella d\u2019ambra , alenka malej .\nthey found that it bore similarities to pelagia noctiluca , a mauve jellyfish known for its venomous stings , which wiped out a 100 , 000 - strong salmon farm in northern ireland in 2007 .\nquite how pelagia benovici got to the north adriatic and within the venice lagoon remains a mystery . scientists think it was probably introduced to the area in the ballast water of ships . in the 1980s , mnemiopsis leidyi , a kind of comb jellyfish known as the sea walnut , was suspected to have been introduced into the black sea via the ballast water of merchant ships . its arrival caused a dramatic decline in the local fish populations .\ncornelius , p . f . s . ( 2013 ) pelagia p\u00e9ron & lesueur , 1810 . available from : urltoken aphia . php ? p = taxdetails & id = 135262 ( accessed 4 march 2014 )\npiraino , s . ; aglieri , g . ; martell , l . ; mazzoldi , c . ; melli , v . ; milisenda , g . ; scorrano , s . ; boero , f . ( 2014 ) . pelagia benovici sp . nov . ( cnidaria , scyphozoa ) : a new jellyfish in the mediterranean sea . zootaxa . 3794 ( 3 ) : 455 - 468 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nexperts aren ' t sure where p . benovici comes from , but it ' s a good bet that it could be native to the indian ocean , says marine biologist mills . it ' s an understudied part of the world known for a surprising amount of diversity in marine organisms .\ngul , s . & morandini , a . c . ( 2013 ) new records of scyphomedusae from pakistan coast : catostylus perezi and pelagia cf . noctiluca ( cnidaria : scyphozoa ) . marine biodiversity records , 6 , e86 . urltoken\npelagia , like other jellyfish in the scyphozoan order semaeostomeae are mainly distinguished from the other orders by having simple oral arms with frilled or folded lips . the order semaestomae comprises three families : pelagiidae , cyaneidae , and ulmaridae , distinguishable by the following characters :\nmiller , b . j . , von der heyden , s . & gibbons , m . j . ( 2012 ) significant population genetic structuring of the holoplanktic scyphozoan pelagia noctiluca in the atlantic ocean . african journal of marine science , 34 ( 3 ) , 425\u2013430 .\nstopar , k . , ram\u0161ak , a . , trontelj , p . & malej , a . ( 2010 ) lack of genetic structure in the jellyfish pelagia noctiluca ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : semaeostomeae ) across european seas . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 57 , 417\u2013428 .\nresearchers are just starting to get to know p . benovici , and much work remains to be done . they aren ' t sure how painful its stings are , since many of the fishers who handled the jellyfish wore gloves . and they aren ' t sure what it eats , although closely related species are carnivores that eat fish eggs and larvae , as well as tiny crustaceans , says piraino .\nresearchers are just starting to get to know p . benovici , and much work remains to be done . they aren ' t sure how painful its stings are , since many of the fishers who handled the jellyfish wore gloves . and they aren ' t sure what it eats , although closely related species are carnivores that eat fish eggs and larvae , as well as tiny crustaceans , says piraino .\ncanepa , a . , fuentes , v . , sabat\u00e9s , a . , piraino , s . , boero , f . & gili , j . m . ( 2014 ) pelagia noctiluca in the mediterranean sea . in : pitt , k . a . & lucas , c . h . ( eds . ) , jellyfish bloom . springer , netherlands , pp . 237\u2013266 . urltoken\nin vitro experiments on developmental stages and fertilization in pelagia noctiluca ( forsk\u00e5l ) confirm previous observations both in the laboratory ( rottini sandrini & avian , 1983 ) and in the field ( rot\u2010tini sandrini et al . , 1983 / 84 ) that sea temperature exerts a marked effect on this species . development slows down at 13 . 5\u00b0c compared with 19\u00b0c . no development is observed at 4 . 5\u00b0c .\ncornelius , p . f . s . ( 1996 ) pelagia flaveola eschscholtz 1829 ( little brown stinger or little yellow stinger ) . in : williamson , j . a . , fenner , p . j . , burnett , j . w . & rifkin , j . r . ( eds . ) , venomous and poisonous marine animals : a medical and biological handbook . university of new south wales press , sydney , pp . 230\u2013231 .\nit is a member of the cnidarian class scyphozoa and adapted to a pelagic mode of life . whereas most scyphozoan jellyfish ( also called scyphomedusae ) have a complex life cycle with both the pelagic ( swimming ) jellyfish , or medusa , stage and a bottom - living polyp stage , pelagia has adapted in such a way that the polyp stage is absent , thus direct development exists . the male and female jellyfish spawn respectively sperm and eggs , which develop directly into young jellyfish .\n. . . on the basis of the observed sensitivity of polyps to low temperatures , it was suggested that the dispersal of rhopilema nomadica could be limited to the eastern mediterranean [ 95 ] . the nematocysts of rhopilema nomadica were studied using light and electron microscopy and three morphological types were identified : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele ; the latter is typical of scyphozoans and was recognized as similar to those from pelagia and rhizostoma [ 97 ] . this species , existing in huge numbers , poses a big threat to humans producing burning , pain and redness of the affected skin that is counteracted by topical treatment with vinegar . . . .\nscientists in italy say they have discovered a new species of jellyfish in the gulf of venice .\nsightings of yellow jellyfish in the north adriatic sea were reported to a citizen science project last year , said ferdinando boero , a zoologist .\npeople were saying , this jellyfish is not in your poster [ of the region ' s known jellyfish ] , we don ' t know what it is ,\nsaid boero , from the university of salento .\nthey were in their thousands . fishermen had them in their nets . they couldn ' t fish easily because there were so many jellyfish .\ncould this new species pose the same kind of threat ?\nwe really don ' t know because there have not been so many investigations besides what it is . what it does is a completely different story ,\nsaid boero .\nthere have to be more investigations about it .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarlotta mazzoldi dipartimento di biologia e stazione idrobiologica umberto d\u2019ancona , chioggia , universit\u00e0 di padova .\nvalentina melli dipartimento di biologia e stazione idrobiologica umberto d\u2019ancona , chioggia , universit\u00e0 di padova .\nbayha , k . m . & dawson , m . n . ( 2010 ) new family of allomorphic jellyfishes , drymonematidae ( scyphozoa , discomedusae ) , emphasizes evolution in the functional morphology and trophic ecology of gelatinous zooplankton . biological bulletin woods hole , 219 , 249\u201367 .\nbayha , k . m . , dawson , m . n . , collins , a . g . , barbeitos , m . s . & haddock , s . h . ( 2010 ) evolutionary relationships among scyphozoan jellyfish families based on complete taxon sampling and phylogenetic analyses of 18s and 28s ribosomal dna . integrative and comparative biology , 50 ( 3 ) , 436\u2013455 . urltoken\nboero , f . ( 2013 ) review of jellyfish blooms in the mediterranean and black sea . studies and reviews . general fisheries commission for the mediterranean 92 , fao , rome , 54 pp .\nboero , f . , bouillon , j . , gravili , c . , miglietta , m . p . , parsons , t . & piraino , s . ( 2008 ) gelatinous plankton : irregularities rule the world ( sometimes ) . marine ecology progress series , 356 , 299\u2013310 . urltoken\nbrotz , l . & pauly , d . ( 2012 ) jellyfish populations in the mediterranean sea . acta adriatica , 53 , 211\u2013230 .\nciesm ( 2001 ) gelatinous zooplankton outbreaks : theory and practice . ciesm worshop series 14 , mediterreanan science commission , monaco , 112 pp .\ncornelius , p . f . s . ( 1997 ) class scyphozoa \u2013 jellyfish . in : richmond , m . d . ( ed . ) , a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec , stockholm , pp . 122\u2013125 .\ndawson , m . n . ( 2005 ) cyanea capillata is not a cosmopolitan jellyfish : morphological and molecular evidence for c . annaskala and c . rosea ( scyphozoa : semaeostomeae : cyaneidae ) in south - eastern australia . invertebrate systematics , 19 , 361\u2013370 .\ndawson , m . n . & jacobs , d . ( 2001 ) molecular evidence for cryptic species of aurelia aurita ( cnidaria , schyphozoa ) . biological bullettin woods hole , 200 , 92\u201396 .\ndawson , m . n . , raskoff , k . & jacobs , d . ( 1998 ) preservation of marine invertebrate tissues for dna analyses . molecular marine biology and biotechnology , 7 , 145\u2013152 .\nfolmer , o . , black , m . , hoeh , w . , lutz , r . & vrijenhoek , r . ( 1994 ) dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . molecular marine biology and biotechnology , 3 , 294\u2013299 .\ngalil , b . s . ( 2009 ) taking stock : inventory of alien species in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions , 11 , 359\u2013372 . urltoken\ngalil , b . s . ( 2012 ) truth and consequences : the bioinvasion of the mediterranean sea . integrative zoology , 7 , 299\u2013311 . urltoken\ngalil , b . s . , kumar , b . a . & riyas , a . j . 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( 1970 ) the medusae of the british isles ii . pelagic scyphozoa with a supplement to the first volume on hydromedusae . cambridge university press , cambridge , 284 pp . available from : urltoken publications / medusae _ 2 / medusae _ 2 _ complete . pdf ( accessed 25 april 2014 ) .\ntamura , k . , peterson , d . , peterson , n . , stecher , g . , nei , m . & kumar , s . ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods . molecular biology and evolution , 28 , 2731\u20132739 . urltoken\nthompson , j . d . , gibson , t . j . , plewniak , f . , jeanmougin , f . & higgins , d . g . ( 1997 ) the clustal _ x windows interface : flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools . nucleic acids research , 25 , 4876\u20134882 . urltoken\nweill , r . ( 1934 ) contribution a l\u2019\u00e9tude des cnidaries et de leurs n\u00e9matocystes . ii : valeur taxonomique du cnidome . travaux de la station zoologique de wimereux , 10 / 11 , 348\u2013701 .\ncollins , a . g . ; jarms , g . ; morandini , a . c . ( 2018 ) . world list of scyphozoa .\npiraino , aglieri , scorrano & boero , 2014 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 851656 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nmarchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhundreds of golden jellyfish that clogged fishing nets off the coast of venice , italy , are in fact a new species , experts say .\nlast fall , fishers in the adriatic sea ( map ) near venice , italy , pulled up nets full of hundreds of two - inch - wide ( five centimeter ) , golden jellyfish . having never seen the jellyfish before , the fishers sent pictures to researchers , who identified the beautiful interlopers as a new species .\nabout two or three new jellyfish species pop up every year , says claudia mills , a marine biologist at the university of washington in friday harbor . however , finding such a conspicuous newcomer in a relatively shallow body of water close to shore is extremely rare , says stefano piraino , a jellyfish researcher at the universit\u00e0 del salento in lecce , italy .\nthe find comes as a surprise to scientists because the adriatic sea is one of the best studied bodies of water in the world . the fact that this jellyfish avoided detection until last year suggests that it is a fairly recent arrival , the study authors assert . this means that it ' s probably an invasive species , piraino said in an email interview .\nthe gulf of venice in the adriatic sea is a hot spot for alien species introduction , he explains . intense transcontinental shipping activity , as well as the aquaculture trade , provides plenty of opportunities for invasive species to set up shop .\nwe believe this species entered the mediterranean sea by ballast water transfer [ by ships ] ,\npiraino says .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe precise description of species is essential for numerous fields such as ecology , identification of invasive species and their effects on both ecosystems and humans . achievement is important due to the complicated systematics of scyphozoans combined with their complex life and unpredictable appearances , ecological plasticity and unfortunately lack of taxonomists .\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls . registration is simple , fast , and completely free .\nis an animal , thus non - photosynthetic , multicellular eukaryote , in the phylum cnidaria . being a cnidarian it is diploblastic , having an ectoderm and endoderm separated by an ectodermally derived mesoglea that can be cellular or acellular .\nin addition , members of the pelagiidae have no ring canal , and the marginal tentacles arise from umbrella margin .\nlast fall , fishers in the adriatic sea near venice , italy , pulled up nets full of hundreds of two - inch - wide ( five centimeter ) , golden jellyfish . having never seen the jellyfish before , the fishers sent pictures to researchers , who identified the beautiful interlopers as a new species .\nabout two or three new jellyfish species pop up every year , says claudia mills , a marine biologist at the university of washington in friday harbor . however , finding such a conspicuous newcomer in a relatively shallow body of water close to shore is extremely rare , says stefano piraino , a jellyfish researcher at the universit\u00e0 del salento in lecce , italy .\nm . avian , a . ram\u0161ak , v . tirelli , i . d ' ambra and a . malej\nantonio archidona - yuste , juan a . navas - cort\u00e9s , carolina cantalapiedra - navarrete , juan e . palomares - rius and pablo castillo\nxiphinema species are an important group of plant - parasitic nematodes with a high number of species and distributed almost worldwide . the aim of this work is to describe two new species of xiphinema ( x . macrodora , sp . nov . and x . oleae , sp . nov . ) using an integrative approach ( morphologically , morphometrically and molecularly ) . this study expands the biodiversity and morphological traits of this genus . image : line drawing of the female lip region of xiphinema macrodora , sp . nov .\ntwo spider species new to science have been discovered in the western italian alps , one of the most important biodiversity hot spot in europe . the new species belong to a group of cave dwelling spiders ( pimoa ) represented so far in europe by two species only . according to the molecular analysis , these spider species originated as a result of dramatic climatic change occurring in europe between 13 and 1 million years ago . photograph : pimoa graphitica , sp . nov . , by francesco tomasinelli .\nhigh - mountain regions are known to harbour considerable biodiversity , although it is not all well known , especially in world\u2019s largest mountain range , the himalayas . intensive field surveys of limnic molluscs resulted in the discovery of a species that can be clearly distinguished from all other sphaeriid bivalve species with oriental biogeographical affinity occurring in nepal . our findings highlight the importance of studies of the freshwater biodiversity at high - altitude ecosystems . images : line drawings of left \u2013 pisidium alexeii , sp . nov . and right \u2013 p . prasongi .\nmorphology and distribution of body scales are fundamental in the classification and evolution of entomobryidae . molecular phylogeny clustered the new genus lepidodens , having pointed scales on dens , with entomobryinae rather than seirinae . this study clearly undermines the traditional separation of entomobryinae and seirinae / lepidocyrtinae , and demonstrate that dental scales could occur in all entomobryid subfamilies containing scaled taxa . photographs : scales in lepidodens similis , gen . and sp . nov .\nthe description here of two new shark tapeworms belonging to the genus calliobothrium suggests that diversity in this genus has been underreported and that species exhibit tighter host - specificity than once thought . molecular phylogenetic analyses of species of calliobothrium and the closely related genus symcallio provide insight into the evolution of diagnostic morphological features . comparison of this phylogeny with that of their hosts , sharks of the genus mustelus , reveals interesting host association patterns . image : line drawing of calliobothrium cisloi , sp . nov . scolex .\nmichele cesari , sandra j . mcinnes , roberto bertolani , lorena rebecchi and roberto guidetti\nantarctica is an ice - dominated continent and all its terrestrial and freshwater habitats are fragmented , which leads eventually to speciation . acutuncus antarcticus is the most common antarctic tardigrade , and morphological and molecular analyses elucidated its genetic diversity and distribution . all analysed specimens were morphologically indistinguishable and presented the same 18s rrna sequence , while cytochrome c oxidase subunit i analysis showed higher variability . acutuncus antarcticus can still be considered a pan - antarctic species , although there is the potential for future speciation events . photograph : acutuncus antarcticus , from crater cirque , victoria land , antarctica .\nchien - lin chen , joseph w . goy , heather d . bracken - grissom , darryl l . felder , ling ming tsang and tin - yam chan\nfound in the mediterranean and the atlantic ocean , it lives mainly in the open ocean as well as in coastal waters . ( grzimek 1972 )\nthe habitat is primarily pelagic , or in the open ocean . however , this species can survive almost anywhere ocean currents carry it , including benthic and temperate coastal habitats . ( calder 2000 ; grzimek 1972 )\nlike other cnidarians , this species is radially symmetrical . they have distinct tissues , but no organs , and only one body opening . the tissues are the outer epidermis , the inner gastrodermis , and a middle layer of gelatinous mesoglea , which has a cartilege - like consistency . the medusa stage is most prominant , and no bottom - dwelling stage exists . the umbrella edge is divided into eight lobes , where sense organs such as light receptors and odor pits are located . the umbrella can be bell - shaped or hemispherical , and color can range from purple to brownish - red .\nhas a frilled edge on the bell , with eight thin , stinging tentacles and four lobes hanging down from the mouth , called oral arms . the tentacles are very elastic . the name means\nnight light\nin german for a reason . very colorful , this jellyfish phosphoresces when disturbed and can leave a luminous mucous behind if handled . it is called the\nmauve jelly\nby the british . also known as the oceanic jelly , this species is adapted to life in the open water . it is in the class scyphozoa , the true jellyfish . the estimated lifespan of\nis two to six months , and death is usually caused by rough waters . ( grzimek 1972 ; stachowitsch 1991 ; calder 2000 ; marr 1999 )\nthe adults , which have separate sexes , reproduce sexually by releasing gametes from gonads located near the center of the body . the ova and sperm are released through the mouth of the jellyfish , and fertilize externally . each fertilized egg forms a planulae , an undifferentiated mass of cells that swims with external cilia . planula may be widely dispersed by oceanic currents . unlike other species which have a bottom - dwelling polyp stage ,\n' s planulae develop directly into ephyrae , young medusae . the ephyrae quickly grows into an adult medusa , completing the life cycle . ( banister and campbell 1985 ; stachowitsch 1991 ; calder 2000 )\nhas appeared in shoals 45 kilometers in length , with thousands of jellyfish involved . they move by rhythmically contracting a muscular ring on the bottom of the bell , which propels them . the ring is formed by many specialized epithelial cells that can each contract individualy as well . the mesoglea can aid in buoyancy by expelling certain ions , which are replaced by lighter ones . however , the jellyfish usually end up wherever the currents take them .\ndefends itself with the same nematocysts used to capture prey . the nematocysts are\nfired\nby using water pressure . first , a high concentration of ions is built up inside the cells . when the nematocyst is stimulated to discharge , the walls become permeable to water . the water rushing in shoves the barb out and into the other organism , injecting a toxin along the way . this is one of the fastest cellular processes known in nature . ( banister and campbell 1985 ; grzimek 1972 ; raven and johnson 1999 )\ncarnivorous like other cnidarians , this species preys mainly on zooplankton , small fish , crustaceans , other jellyfish , and eggs .\ncaptures its prey with tentacles armed with cnidocytes , each of which contains a nematocyst . nematocysts have barbed filaments to trap their prey and toxins to stun them . they can even pierce the shell of a crab with their barbs . food is digested intracellularly as well as extracellularly , in a gut cavity , enabling them to eat multicellular animals . ( raven and johnson 1999 ; banister and campbell 1985 )\nare beautiful , especially when they phosphoresce . the chemical reactions causing their luminescence are currently of great interest to researchers . other jellyfish are used for medical and therapeutic purposes , and\nmight soon be helpful for humans . one possible use of their fluorescent protein is as a genetic marker to detect protein movement or gene expression in research in developmental , environmental and medical biology . ( manning 1997 )\n- is among the jellyfish that scare tourists away from beaches , especially in the mediterranean . italian beaches were overrun by large groups of them in the summer of 1999 . the sting of -\n- is venomous to humans , but normally only causes a whip - like scar across the body . in rare cases of allergic reactions , life - threatening conditions like anaphylactic shock can occur . fishermen are also affected by jellyfish , including -\n- . there have been reports from france of jellyfish tearing holes in fishing nets . ( marr 1999 ; calder 2000 )\n- is not in danger of extinction at the present time . they are multiplying in number in the mediterranean , but are expected to return to normal levels in the next few years . ( marr 1999 )\nerin leverenz ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\na form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .\nbanister , d . , d . campbell eds . . 1985 . sea anemones and jellyfishes . pp . 176 - 177 in\ncalder , . .\nkeys to marine invertebrates of the woods hole region\n( on - line ) . accessed february 6 , 2000 at urltoken .\nmarr , m . august 23 , 1999 .\nelectronic library ( members only ) ' italy smarts from invasion of the jellyfish '\n( on - line ) . accessed february 2 , 2000 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nrhopilema nomadica\u2014a recently discovered scyphomedusa in the eastern mediterranean\u2014is considered a lessepsian migrant . its nematocysts were extracted from the scapular and mouth - arm tentacles and examined using light and electron microscopy techniques . the morphometric parameters of the nematocysts were measured before and after complete discharge . three categories of nematocysts were identified : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme , and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele . the relative abundance of the nematocysts and their occurrence in tissues of the jellyfish were noted . a brief discussion concerning the classification of certain types of nematocysts is given . a comparison with the available data on other rhopilema species revealed that the nematocyst categories of r . nomadica are more similar to those of the atlantic r . verrilli than to those of the western pacific r . esculentum . a brief comparison of the injuries caused by these species is given . \u00a9 1995 wiley - liss , inc .\n. . . when stimulated , the coiled tubule everts , penetrating the epidermis of human skin , and venom is injected from the capsule through the tubule into the tissue of the victim [ 8 ] . three categories of nematocysts have been identified in r . nomadica : heterotrichous isorhiza haploneme , holotrichous isorhiza haploneme , and heterotrichous microbasic eurytele [ 9 ] . the venom mostly contains enzymatic polypeptides , including a heat - stable phos - pholipase a 2 that hydrolyzes the phospholipids of epi - thelial cells , leading to lysis . . . .\n. . . this may explain the local dermonecrotic and systemic cardior - espiratory events that can occur after envenomation . the severity of injury is related to the area affected and depends on individual sensitivity [ 9 ] , as well as the chemical composition of the venom , number of nema - tocysts discharged , and the general condition of the victim . . . .\n. . . es - esculenta \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c 450 \u043c\u043c . \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 , \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u00ad \u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 , \u0434\u043e\u00ad \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f r . esculenta , r . nomadica \u0438 r . verilli ( calder , 1972calder , , 1977chen , ding , 1981 ; avian et al . , 1995 ) . \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e , \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u00ad \u0442\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 . . . .\n. . . \u0443 r . verilli \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u2013 \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b ( \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 a - \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b ) , \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u00ad \u0445\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043c\u044b ( \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u2013 \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b , calder , 1977 ) \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0438 \u044d\u0432\u00ad \u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 . \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0443 r . nomadica ( avian et al . , 1995 ) . \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437avian et al . , 1995 ) . . . .\n. . . jellyfish tentacles contain these specialized nematocyst structures , which allow envenomation due to highly coiled tubules armed with spines and is species dependent [ there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . variable reported stinging potencies of individual nematocyst types have been reported that suggest the severity of the sting differing between species in different geographic locations , dependent on nematocyst composition [ 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . . . .\n. . . there are several morphological types of nematocysts with a variation of discharge velocities , capsular size , tubule length , and trajectory . variable reported stinging potencies of individual nematocyst types have been reported that suggest the severity of the sting differing between species in different geographic locations , dependent on nematocyst composition [ 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 ] . . . .\n. . . fishing tentacles and oral arms were used for the preparation of intact cnidocysts following the methods described in endean ( 1987 ) , burnett et al . ( 1992 ) , avian et al . ( 1995 ) and bloom et al . ( 1998 ) . the methodology was modified to accommodate large scale preparation for biochemical and analytical purposes and to suit available laboratory facilities on board the research vessel . . . .\n. . . it was concluded that the two types of nematocysts found in the macerated samples were consistent with the measurement data given by calder ( 1977 ) . the method of maceration with dw is described in numerous other studies ( avian et al . 1995 ; rottini et al . 1995 ; helmholz et al . 2007 ) . all these studies implement the maceration by a mechanical treatment of the used tissue , e . g . . . .\n. . . when the jellyfish swarms draw nearer shore they adversely affect tourism , fisheries and coastal installations . local municipalities in israel reported a decrease in holiday makers frequenting the beaches because of the public ' s concern over the painful stings inflicted by the jellyfish ( avian et al . 1995 , kokelj et al . 1995 ) . coastal trawling and purse - seine fishing are disrupted for the duration of the swarming due to net clogging and inability to sort yield , due to the overwhelming presence of the venomous jellyfish in the nets . . . .\nthe lessepsian migration is the largest marine invasion in the world . hundreds of species have already passed the suez canal and settled in the eastern mediterranean sea . in the last few decades , s\u2026\n[ more ]\na tropical jellyfish , rhopilema nomadica ( scyphozoa , rhizostomeae ) has recently invaded the eastern mediterranean . its painful stings have been the bane of bathers and fishermen from egypt to turkey . this paper reports on the presence of haemolytic activity and alpha - chymotrypsin - like serine protease activity in the venom of the r . nomadica nematocysts . in addition , the presence of . . . [ show full abstract ]\navian , m . , galil , b . , spanier , e . , rottini sandrini , l . 1994 . rhopilema nomadica ( cnidaria ; scyphozo . . ."]}
{"id": 1231, "summary": [{"text": "bithynia is a genus of small freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the diploid chromosome number of bithynia sp. from egypt is 2n = 32 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "bithynia ( gastropod )", "paragraphs": ["new freshwater gastropod species of the iran ( gastropoda : stenothyridae , bithyniidae , hydrobiidae ) .\n\u00bb species bithynia ( digoniostoma ) lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 ) represented as bithynia lithoglyphoides ( nesemann & g . sharma , 2007 )\nbithynia hambergerae reisch\u00fctz , n . reisch\u00fctz & p . l . reisch\u00fctz , 2008\nthis species has been misidentified by starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) with bithynia troschelii .\nlife cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry\nspecies bithynia tryoni e . a . smith , 1887 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( unnecessary replacement name for bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 )\nbithynia forcarti sp . n . a shell , frontal view b shell , lateral view .\nduring a recent survey of gastropod fauna of skadar lake one new hydrobiid genus was discovered and described in the present paper . therewith , we aim to provide faunal information on skadar lake system gastropod diversity and endemism with relevance to conservation efforts .\ncalow , p . , 1973 . gastropod associations within malham tarn , yorkshire . freshwat . biol . 3 : 521\u2013534 .\nlife cycles and distribution of the aquatic gastropod molluscs bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) , gyraulus albus ( muller ) , planorbis planorbis ( l . ) and lymnaea peregra ( muller ) in relation to water chemistry | springerlink\nspecies bithynia hambergerae a . reisch\u00fctz , n . reisch\u00fctz & p . l . reisch\u00fctz , 2008\nsubgenus bithynia ( hydrobia ) w . hartmann , 1821 accepted as hydrobia w . hartmann , 1821\nein nachtrag zur kenntnis der bithynia - arten von montenegro ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : bythiniidae ) .\nbithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . a , b shell c operculum d detail of the shell surface .\nshell of bithynia starmuehlneri sp . n . a frontal view b lateral view c juvenile shell with operculum .\nthis slim species isthe largest bithynia sp . known in iran . it can be easily distinguished from the other bithynia spp . by the larger dimensions of elongated shell with the stepped whorls and the not angled aperture .\nspecies bithynia australis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia smithii ( tate , 1882 ) ( invalid : secondary homonym of gabbia australis tryon , 1865 ; bithynia smithii and b . tryoni are replacement names )\ncomparative morphology of shell and penis in bithynia radomani gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 ( a\u2013b ) bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) ( c\u2013d ) and bithynia hambergerae a . reisch\u00fctz , n . reisch\u00fctz & p . l . reisch\u00fctz , 2008 ( e\u2013f ) : a , c , e = shell , b , d , f = penis .\nlodge , d . m . , 1986 . selective grazing on periphyton : a determinant of freshwater gastropod microdistributions . freshwat . biol . 16 : 831\u2013841 .\nthe euro - siberian species bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus 1758 ) has often been mentioned from iran , turkey and greece . however , this species could not be found in greece ( gl\u00f6er et al . 2010 ) and probably does not occur in turkey . the southern distribution border of this species lies possibly in n bulgaria ( georgiev pers . comm . ) . an analysis of the specimens from nmb published by forcart ( 1935 ) as bithynia tentaculata shows that these specimens represent bithynia forcarti sp . n . ( see below ) . thus , bithynia tentaculata most probably does not occur in iran and has been confused with bithynia forcarti sp . n . or possibly with bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) .\nendemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin \u2013 i part . a vinodolia matjasici ( bole , 1961 ) b radomaniola curta curta ( k\u00fcster , 1852 ) c vinodolia scutarica ( radoman , 1973 ) d radomaniola montana ( radoman , 1973 ) e radomaniola elongata ( radoman , 1973 ) f radomaniola lacustris ( radoman , 1983 ) g bracenica spiridoni radoman , 1973 h valvata montenegrina gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2008 i bithynia radomani gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 j bithynia hambergerae a . reisch\u00fctz , n . reisch\u00fctz & p . l . reisch\u00fctz , 2008 k karucia sublacustrina n . gen . n . sp . l bithynia zeta gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 m bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) n bithynia skadarskii gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 o viviparus mamillatus k\u00fcster , 1852 .\nspecies bithynia robusta h . adams , 1870 accepted as gabbia robusta ( h . adams , 1870 ) ( original combination )\nthe bithynia species from skadar lake ( montenegro ) ( gastropoda , bithyniidae ) . mollusca 25 ( 1 ) , 85\u201391 .\ndue to theshape of the aperture ( angled at the top ) , bithynia forcarti sp . n . resembles bithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . ( see below ) . however , from the latter species it can be easily distinguished by the stepped whorls .\nlodge , d . m . , 1985 . macrophyte - gastropod associations : observations and experiments on macrophyte choice by gastropods . freshwat . biol . 15 : 695\u2013708 .\nbithynia mazandaranensis sp . n . , planorbis carinatus , anisus sp . , valvata nowshahrensis sp . n . , hippeutis complanatus .\n) we get the index of gastropod endemism of 0 . 478 . with this relatively high value , skadar lake exceeds such famous lakes as malawi and titicaca ( see :\nthis species was originally considered to be a population of the more widespread species , bithynia leachii , and gloer and georgiev ( 2012 ) separated the the populations noting that\nwe do not believe that bithynia leachii occurs in turkey\n( y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m et al . 2006 ) . bithynia leachii is distributed in the lowlands of western europe towards russia , and the southern\u00admost records known are from hungary ( gl\u00f6er and feh\u00e9r 2004 ) .\n( of bithynia ( bithynia ) leach , 1818 ) gl\u00f6er p . & pe\u0161i\u0107 v . ( 2012 ) the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of iran , with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species . zookeys 219 : 11\u201361 . [ 4 september 2012 ] [ details ]\ncomparing the efficacy of morphologic and dna - based taxonomy in the freshwater gastropod genus radix ( basommatophora , pulmonata ) . biomedcentral evolutionary biology 14 pp . bmc evolutionary biology2006 , 6 : 100\nspecies bithynia affinis e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as gabbia affinis ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nspecies bithynia stanleyi e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as gabbiella stanleyi ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )\nprobably this species formerly ( e . g . , mansoorian 2000 ) was confused with bithynia tentaculata . because we had only an empty shell of this species , we do not know if it belongs to the genus bithynia or pseudobithynia , so our generic assignment is tentative . to address this question , anatomical studies of more specimens are necessary .\nvincent , b . , h . rioux , and m . harvey . 1981 . factors affecting the structure of epiphytic gastropod communities in the st . lawrence river ( quebec , canada ) . hydrobiologia 220 : 57 - 71 .\nyoung , j . o . 1975 . preliminary field and laboratory studies on the survival and spawning of several species of gastropod in calcium poor and calcium rich waters . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 41 : 429\u2013437 .\ndesy , j . c . , j . f . archambault , b . pinel - alloul , j . hubert , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . relationships between total mercury in sediments and methyl mercury in the freshwater gastropod prosobranch\non the identity of bithynia graeca gen . n . ( westerlund , 1879 ) with the description of three new pseudobithynia irana n . gen species from iran and greece ( gastropoda : bithyniidae ) .\na dry old stillwater channel near the river crnojevi\u0107a ( september , 2012 ) , sampling site of bithynia montenegrina ( wohlberedt , 1901 ) b lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) from bo\u017eaj , montenegro .\nspecies bithynia scalaris fuchs , 1877 \u2020 accepted as bythinella megarensis bukowski , 1896 \u2020 ( secondary homonym of bythinella scalaris ( slav\u00edk , 1869 ) ; bukowski ( 1896 ) invented b . megarensis as replacement name )\nwhere the faucet snail has been observed in lake champlain , it generally dominates gastropod assemblages ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) . this species has been known to infest municipal water supplies in abundance ( ingram 1956 ; mackie and claudi 2010 ) .\ngl\u00f6er , p . and georgiev , d . 2012 . redescription of gyraulus argaeicus ( sturany 1904 ) with the description of two new gastropod species from turkey ( mollusca : gastropoda : bithyniidae , planorbidae ) . journal of conchology 41 ( 2 ) : 167 - 172 .\nthe prosobranch molluscs of iran . a theodoxus fluviatilis ( operculum see fig . 3d ) b bithynia ( bithynia ) ejecta ( syntype zmz 524006 , iraq , samava , ex coll . mousson , photo : e . neubert ) c melanoides tuberculatus d thiara scabra e melanopsis sp . f melanopsis costata g farsithyra farsensis h sarkhia kermanshahensis , i : pseudamnicola saboori k pseudamnicola zagrosensis l pseudobithynia irana m pseudobithynia zagrosia n valvata cristata .\nlilly , m . m . 1953 . the mode of life and the structure and functioning of the reproductive ducts of bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) . proc . malac . soc . lond . , 30 : 87\u2013109 .\nthe skadar lake system is a well - known hotspot of freshwater biodiversity ( pe\u0161i\u0107 et al . 2009 ) and harbors a highly diverse mollusc fauna ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2008a ) . research of gastropod biodiversity on the skadar lake has a relatively long tradition since the first records were published by k\u00fcster ( 1843 ) . the history of research of the skadar lake gastropod fauna was reviewed by gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 ( 2008a ) . as in many of the balkan lakes , the endemic gastropod species of skadar lake were not described until some decades ago . the last recent account of freshwater gastropods of skadar lake gave 40 species by number ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2008a ) . however , modern phylogenetic evaluations are still scarce ( e . g . albrecht et al . 2007 , falniowski et al . 2012 ) and the lack of such studies hampers discussions on the origin and biogeographical relationships of skadar lake mollusc fauna .\nendemic gastropod species occurring in the skadar lake basin \u2013 ii part . a gyraulus meierbrooki gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 b gyraulus ioanis gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 c gyraulus shasi gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 d planorbis vitojensis gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2010 e radix skutaris gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 , 2007 f lymnaea raphidia ( bourguignat , 1860 ) .\nthe on - site molluscan species diversity in the investigated area ranged from one to 14 species , with the highest diversity in the sublacustrine springs . compared to the other investigated habitats of skadar lake lacustrine systems , karu\u010d was species rich . we found a subset of 14 gastropod species , including eight out of 19 proposed endemic taxa .\nprobably due to the small size of this species , biggs ( 1937 ) assigned this species belongs to the genus amnicola , although mousson ( 1874 ) described it as a bythynia , and pointed out that the operculum is characteristic for bythinia and different from amnicola ( syn . to pseudamnicola ) . furthermore , biggs ( 1937 ) found his species in the mountains , while the original description of bithynia ejecta comes from the lowland , indicating the biggs\u2019s species is not conspecific with bithynia ejecta and probably represents an undescribed species .\npinel - alloul , b . & magnin , e . 1971 . cycle vital et croissance de bithynia tentaculata l . ( mollusca , gastropoda , prosobranchia ) du lac st . louis pr\u00e8s de montr\u00e9al . can . j . zool . , 49 : 759\u2013766 .\n( of digoniostoma annandale , 1920 ) annandale n . & seymour sewell r . b . ( 1920 ) . progress report on a survey of the freshwater gastropod molluscs of the indian empire and of their trematode parasites . indian journal of medical research . 8 : 93 - 124 . page ( s ) : 103 , 104 [ details ]\nvon proschwitz , t . 1997 . bithynia tentaculata ( l . ) in norway \u2013 a rare species on the edge of its western distribution , and some notes on the dispersal of freshwater snails . fauna ( oslo ) 50 ( 3 ) : 102 - 107 .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of bithynia tentaculata are found here .\nannadale and prashad ( 1919 ) described this species as amnicola ( alocinma ) sistanica and depicted the penis morphology . due to the presence of a penial appendix this species is ascertained to the genus bithynia . the members of the genus pseudamnicola ( formerly amnicola ) have no penial appendix .\nm\u00e9nard , l . , and m . e . scott . 1987 . seasonal occurrence of cyathocotyle bushiensis khan , 1962 ( digenea : cyathocotylidae ) metacercariae in the intermediate host bithynia tentaculata l . ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) . canadian journal of zoology 65 ( 12 ) : 2980 - 2992 .\n( of bithynia ( pseudemmericia ) schlickum , 1968 \u2020 ) schlickum , w . r . ( 1968 ) . die gattungen briardia munier - chalmas und nystia tournouer . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 98 : 39 - 51 . page ( s ) : 47 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthese circumstances and the reported decline in endemic gastropod diversity , should trigger efforts to save this sensitive lake ecosystem . the iucn red list of threatened species ( cuttelod et al . 2011 ) includes 21 endemic species from the skadar lake basin . six of them are assessed as critically endangered , 9 as endangered , 3 as data deficient and 3 as least concern in the iucn red list of endangered species ( see :\nthe faunal relationships of malacofauna among the balkan\u2019s lakes were analysed by albrecht et al . ( 2009 ) . they show that at the species - level , lakes skadar and pamvotis ( greece ) are clustered as sister group to lakes trichonis and lysimachia ( both in greece ) . its worth to note that lake skadar , inhabited by five bithynia spp . ( gl\u00f6er and pe\u0161i\u0107 2008 , reisch\u00fctz et al . 2008 ) is turned out to be a hot spot of bithynia evolution . it\u2019s very likely that the absence of major hydrobioid radiations in some ancient lakes like skadar , pamvotis or trichonis could have triggered diversification in bithyniids ( gl\u00f6er et al . 2007 ) .\nkipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro , 2018 , bithynia tentaculata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 17 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\n( of bithynia ( opisthorchophorus ) beriozkina , levina & starobogatov , 1995 ) vinarski m . v . & kantor y . i . ( 2016 ) . analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow : a . n . severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science . 544 pp . [ details ]\nsome authors ( e . g subba rao 1989 , nesemann et al . 2007 ) mention gabbia as a genus . however , it seems not possible to distinguish the genera of the bithyniidae by the shape of opercula ( mandahl - barth 1968 ) and / or by shell forms , because these characters are found to be variable . on the other hand , the examined material of the family of bithyniidae can be easily separated by the characteristics of penis morphology ( having a penial appendix : bithynia leach 1818 ; or lacking a penial appendix : pseudobithynia gl\u00f6er & pe\u0161i\u0107 2006 ) . in our study , we tentatively use the name gabbia as a subgenus for small bithynia species with a globular shell , originating from india .\n( of bithynia ( digoniostoma ) annandale , 1920 ) gl\u00f6er , p . ; b\u00f6ssneck , u . ( 2013 ) . freshwater molluscs from nepal and north india with the description of seven new species ( gastropoda : bithyniidae , lymnaeidae , planorbidae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 142 ( 1 ) : 137 - 156 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsauer , j . s . , r . a . cole , and j . m . nissen . 2007 . finding the exotic faucet snail ( bithynia tentaculata ) : investigation of waterbird die - offs on the upper mississippi river national wildlife and fish refuge . u . s . geological survey open - file report 2007 - 1065 . u . s . geological survey , reston , va , 3 pp . available : urltoken\ncomparative species list and type of endemism of gastropods occurring in skadar lake basin . levels of endemicity : e skadar \u2013 endemic to skadar lake basin ; e montenegro \u2013 endemic to the southern and central part of montenegro ; e montenegro + albania - endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro and albania ; e mont . + alb . + gre . \u2013 endemic to adriatic drainage of montenegro , albania and mainland greece . spatial scales of gastropod diversity : lh \u2013 species collected in skadar lake and its sublacustrine springs , adjacent pools and mouths of the surrounding tributaries ( including its downstream part ) , sh \u2013 species collected in the surrounding spring habitat , gh \u2013 species living in the subterranean habitat ( spr . \u2013 found in spring ) .\nthe ecology of the aquatic gastropods bithynia tentaculata , gyraulus albus , planorbis planorbis and lymnaea peregra in north west england was investigated over 13 months at sites chosen for their wide range of water chemistry . multiple regression analysis was used to determine the significance to the mollusc distributions of a variety of physico - chemical factors . biotic factors were not considered . the species had similar life cycles , with little difference between populations within a species . b . tentaculata could live for over a year , and the major water chemistry variable was potassium ( + ) , where the sign is that of the regression coefficient . g . albus could also survive into a second year and the major variable was mud substratum type ( + ) . rock substratum type ( - ) was the most important factor for p . planorbis . there was a slight difference in the life cycles of l . peregra in hard and medium compared with soft waters and the major water chemistry variable was magnesium ( - ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvan damme , d . , do , v . , garc\u00eda , n . , tran , l . & allen , d .\nthe species has a wide distribution . there is no information on threats to the species , but it is found in anthropogenic habitats and is assessed as least concern .\n1985 , kim 2008 ) and to western taiwan ( province of china ) . the species has been recorded from viet nam ( b\u1ebfn tre province ) and china ( yuyao (\nand chiangshan ( shandong province ) ) . in taiwan it is recorded from hsiaoliouchyou island on the western coast ( chao\nfound in pools , ponds and paddy fields and other slow - moving waters . it is also an intermediate host for opisthorchiid liver flukes clonorchis sinensis .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n\u00bb species bythinia ( hydrobia ) proximoides capellini , 1880 \u2020 accepted as pseudamnicola proximoides ( capellini , 1880 ) \u2020 ( new combination ( cf . ) )\n( of paludina ( bythinia ) stein , 1850 ) rolle , f . ( 1860 ) . die lignit - ablagerung des beckens von sch\u00f6nstein in unter - steiermark und ihre fossilien . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche classe . 41 ( 1 ) , 7 - 46 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]\n( of bulimus scopoli , 1777 ) wenz , w . ( 1923 - 1930 ) . fossilium catalogus i : animalia . gastropoda extramarina tertiaria . w . junk , berlin . vol . i : 1 - 352 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . ii : 353 - 736 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iii : 737 - 1068 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . iv : 1069 - 1420 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . v : 1421 - 1734 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vi : 1735 - 1862 pp . ( 1923 ) , vol . vii : 1863 - 2230 pp . ( 1926 ) , vol . viii : 2231 - 2502 pp . ( 1928 ) , vol . ix : 2503 - 2886 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . x : 2887 - 3014 pp . ( 1929 ) , vol . xi : 3015 - 3387 pp . ( 1930 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n, which seem to be closely related . numerous synonyms have been described ( brandt 1974 ) .\ndo , v . , garc\u00eda , n . , tran , l . & van damme , d .\njustification : this species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution . it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing as threatened .\nthe species has a wide distribution from eastern myanmar ( from mandalay southwards ) , in all parts of thailand to peninsular malaysia , lao pdr , cambodia , north and south viet nam , and perhaps into southern china ( brandt 1974 , sri - aroon 2007 ) .\nthis species is found in a wide variety of usually shallow water bodies , including slow - flowing rivers , streams , ponds , and other anthropogenic habitats , such as irrigated fields . from lao pdr it is known that the species occurs in ponds , trenches and in quiet parts of the mekong .\nis the first intermediate host of this parasite . it is also known as vector for garrison ' s fluke infection ( echinostomiasis ) .\nthe species is unlikely to be impacted by natural wetland loss as it can be found widely in anthropogenic habitats .\ngarc\u00eda , n . , van damme , d . , do , v . & tran , l .\nthe species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand . it is apparently widespread and although further information is needed into the species ' threats , it is considered least concern at present . a record from peninsular malaysia requires confirmation .\nthe species has been recorded from several provinces in northern and northeastern thailand ( e . g . , chiang mai ( ngern - klun\nwithout more information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be inferred of its threats .\naho , j . 1966 . ecological basis of the distribution of the littoral freshwater molluscs in the vicinity of tampere , south finland . annls . zool . fenn . , 3 : 287\u2013322 .\natkins , w . g . & lebour , m . v . 1924 . the habitats of lymnaea truncalata and lymnaea peregra in relation to hydrogen ion concentration . sci . proc . of roy . dublin soc . , 17 : 327\u2013331 .\nboycott , a . e . 1936 . the habitats of freshwater mollusca in britain . j . anim . ecol . , 5 : 116\u2013186 .\nbryant , a . 1936 . an experimental investigation into the ph ranges of various species of lymnaea . proc . trans . lpool . biol . soc . , 49 : 8\u201316 .\ncridland , c . c . 1957 . ecological factors affecting the number of snails in permanent bodies of water . j . trop . med . hyg . , 60 : 250\u2013256 .\ndeschiens , r . 1957 . les facteurs conditionnant l ' habitat des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses et leurs incidence \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques . ann . l ' inst . pasteur , 92 : 711\u2013763 .\ndussart , g . b . j . 1976 . the ecology of freshwater molluscs in north west england in relation to water chemistry . j . moll . stud . , 42 : 181\u2013198 .\nellis , a . e . 1941 . the mollusca of a norfolk broad . j . conchol . , 21 : 224\u2013243 .\nharrison , a . d . , williams , n . v . & grieg , g . 1970 . studies on the effects of calcium bicarbonate concentrations on the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda ; pulmonata ) . hydrobiologia , 36 : 317\u2013327 .\nharrison , a . d . & shiff , c . j . 1966 . factors affecting the distribution of some species of aquatic snails . s . afr . j . sci . , 62 : 253\u2013258 .\nhubendick , b . 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of freshwater snails . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 1072\u20131080 .\nhunter , w . russel - 1961 . annual variations in growth and density in natural populations of freshwater snails in the west of scotland . proc . zool . soc . lond . , 136 : 219\u2013253 .\nlitalien , f . & deschiens , r . 1954 . comportement des mollusques vecteurs des bilharzioses en pr\u00e9sence de nitrates et de nitrites alcalins . bull . soc . path . exot . , 47 : 525\u2013531 .\nmalec , e . abdel - 1958 . factors conditioning the habitat of bilharziasis - intermediate hosts of the family planorbidae . bull . wld . hlth . org . , 18 : 785\u2013818 .\nmacan , t . t . 1950 . ecology of freshwater mollusca in the english lake district . j . anim . ecol . , 19 : 124\u2013146 .\nmckillop , w . b . & harrison , a . d . 1972 . distribution of aquatic gastropods across an interface between the canadian shield and limestone formations , can . j . zool . , 50 : 1433\u20131445 .\nnduku , w . k . & harrison , a . d . 1976 . calcium as a limiting factor in the biology of biomphalaria pfeifferi ( krauss ) ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) . hydrobiologia , 49 : 143\u2013170 .\n\u00f6kland , j . 1969 . distribution and ecology of the freshwater snails ( gastropoda ) of norway . malacologia , 9 : 143\u2013151 .\nsay , p . j . , diaz , b . m . & whitton , b . a . 1977 . influence of zinc on lotic plants . i . tolerance of hormidium species to zinc . freshwat . biol . , 7 : 357\u2013377 .\nsutcliffe , d . w . & carrick , t . r . 1973 . studies on mountain streams in the english lake district . i . ph , calcium and the distribution of invertebrates in the river duddon . freshwat . biol . , 3 : 437\u2013463 .\nthomas , j . d . , benjamin , m . , lough , a . & aram , r . h . 1974 . the effects of calcium in the external environment on the growth and natality rates of biomphalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 839\u2013860 .\nthomas , j . d . & lough , a . 1974 . the effects of external calcium concentration on the rate of uptake of this ion by biophalaria glabrata ( say ) . j . anim . ecol . , 43 : 861\u2013871 .\nwilliams , n . v . 1970a . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . i . field distribution in relation to water chemistry . malacologia , 10 : 153\u2013164 .\nwilliams , n . v . 1970b . studies on aquatic pulmonate snails in central africa . 2 . experimental investigation of field distribution patterns . malacologia , 10 : 165\u2013180 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nanimal ecology research group , department of zoology , ox1 3ps , oxford , uk .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe faucet snail has a shiny pale brown shell , oval in shape , with a relatively large and rounded spire consisting of 5\u20136 somewhat flattened whorls , no umbilicus , and a very thick lip ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ) . the aperture is less than half the height of the shell ( clarke 1981 ) . adult\npossess a white , calcareous , tear - drop to oval - shaped operculum with distinct concentric rings ( clarke 1981 ; jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ) . the operculum of juveniles , however , is spirally marked ( jokinen 1992 ) . the operculum is always located very close to the aperture of the shell ( jokinen 1992 ) . the animal itself has pointed , long tentacles and a simple foot with the right cervical lobe acting as a channel for water ( jokinen 1992 ) .\nshell is usually no larger than 12\u201315 mm ; the snail is sexually mature by the time it reaches 8 mm in size ( jokinen 1992 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ; pennak 1989 )\nau gres - rifle ; black - macatawa ; brevoort - millecoquins ; carp - pine ; detroit ; kalamazoo ; kawkawlin - pine ; keweenaw peninsula ; lake erie ; lake huron ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lone lake - ocqueoc ; manistee ; muskegon ; ottawa - stony ; pere marquette - white ; pigeon - wiscoggin ; saginaw ; st . clair ; st . marys ; sturgeon ; tacoosh - whitefish\nbig fork ; buffalo - whitewater ; crow wing ; eastern wild rice ; leech lake ; mississippi headwaters ; snake ; st . louis\nblack ; buffalo - whitewater ; des plaines ; duck - pensaukee ; flambeau ; la crosse - pine ; lake michigan ; lake superior ; lake winnebago ; lower fox ; lower wisconsin ; middle rock ; milwaukee ; peshtigo ; st . louis ; upper fox ; upper fox ; upper rock ; wolf\ncommonly found in freshwater ponds , shallow lakes , and canals . this species is found on the substrate in fall and winter ( including gravel , sand , clay , mud or undersides of rocks ) and on aquatic macrophytes ( including milfoil ,\nspp . ) in warmer months ( jokinen 1992 ; pennak 1989 ; vincent et al . 1981 ) . it lives mostly in shoals , but is found at depths up to 5 m ( jokinen 1992 ) .\ncan inhabit intertidal zones in the hudson river ( jokinen 1992 ) . in general , the faucet snail inhabits waters with ph of 6 . 6\u20138 . 4 , conductivity of 87\u20132320 \u03bcmhos / cm , ca + + of 5\u201389 ppm , and na + of 4\u2013291 ppm ( jokinen 1992 ) . it can potentially survive well in water bodies with high concentrations of k + and low concentrations of no3 - ( jokinen 1992 ) . in the st . lawrence river , it tends to occur in relatively unpolluted , nearshore areas ( vaillancourt and laferriere 1983 ) and amongst dreissenid mussel beds ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) .\nthis species functions as both a scraper and a collector - filterer , grazing on algae on the substrate , as well as using its gills to filter suspended algae from the water column . when filter feeding , algae is sucked in , condensed , and then passed out between the right tentacle and exhalant siphon in pellet - like packages which are then eaten ( jokinen 1992 ) . the ability to filter feed may play a role in allowing populations of the faucet snail to survive at high densities in relatively eutrophic , anthropogenically influenced water bodies ( jokinen 1992 ) .\nfeeds selectively on food items ( brendelberger 1997 ) . the faucet snail is known in eurasia to feed on black fly larvae ( pavlichenko 1977 ) .\nis dioecious and lays its eggs on rocks , wood and shells in organized aggregates arranged in double rows , in clumps of 1\u201377 . egg - laying occurs from may to july when water temperature is 20\u00bac or higher , and sometimes a second time in october and november by females born early in the year . the density of eggs on the substrate can sometimes reach 155 clumps / m\n. fecundity may reach up to 347 eggs and is greatest for the 2nd year class . eggs hatch in three weeks to three months , depending on water temperature . oocytes develop poorly at temperatures of 30\u201334\u00bac . growth usually does not occur from september to may . the lifespan varies regionally and can be anywhere from 17 \u2013 39 months ( jokinen 1992 ; korotneva and dregol\u2019skaya 1992 ) .\nin its native eurasian habitat , the faucet snail is host to many different species of digeneans , cercariae , metacercariae , cysticercoids , and other parasites ( mattison et al . 1995 ; morley et al . 2004 ; toledo et al . 1998 ) . natural dispersal of this snail is known to occur by passive transport in birds ( von proschwitz 1997 ) .\nis capable of detecting the presence of molluscivorous leeches through chemoreception and of closing its operculum to avoid predation ( kelly and cory 1987 ) .\nthe faucet snail has the potential to be a good biomonitor for contaminants such as cd , zn , and mehg because there are good correlations between environmental concentrations and snail tissue concentrations with respect to these toxic compounds ( desy et al . 2000 ; flessas et al . 2000 ) .\ncould have been introduced to the great lakes basin in packaging material for crockery , through solid ballast in timber ships arriving to lake michigan , or by deliberate release by amateur naturalists into the erie canal , mohawk river and schuyler\u2019s lake ( mills et al . 1993 ) . the most likely and most accepted explanation for its original introduction is the solid ballast vector ( jokinen 1992 ) .\nthe species is established in the drainages of lake ontario ( mills et al . 1993 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , lake michigan ( mills et al . 1993 ) , and lake erie ( krieger 1985 ; mackie et al . 1980 ; peckarsky et al . 1993 ) , but not lake superior ( jokinen 1992 ) . occurrences in lake huron do not warrant classification as established .\n( jokinen 1992 ) . between 1917 and 1968 , the species richness of mollusks in oneida lake decreased by 15 % as the faucet snail increased in abundance ( harman 2000 ) . it is very probable that impacts on pleurocerids , especially\n. in oneida lake , have occurred because the faucet snail has higher growth rates per unit respiration than most pleurocerids due to its ability to filter feed ( tashiro and colman 1982 ) .\n, in oneida lake , the density of the faucet snail decreased and overall mollusk abundance decreased even further ( harman 2000 ) . similar effects occurred in lake ontario between 1983 and 2000 due to competition with invasive dreissenid mussels ( haynes et al . 2005 ) .\n( vincent et al . 1981 ) and amongst introduced mussels ( ricciardi et al . 1997 ) . the snail also has the potential to be a bio - fouling organism for underwater intakes and in swimming areas ( vermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation 2000 ) .\nwas found in fossils from the pleistocene in glacial lake chicago ( jokinen 1992 ) , but the only representative of the genus currently found in the great lakes is eurasian .\nburgmer , t . , j . reiss , s . a . wickham , and h . hillebrand . 2010 . effects of snail grazers and light on the benthic microbial food web in periphyton communities . aquatic microbial ecology 61 ( 2 ) : 163 - 178 .\ncarr , j . f . , and j . k . hiltunen . 1965 . changes in the bottom fauna of western lake erie from 1930 to 1961 . limnology and oceanography 10 : 551 - 569 .\nclarke , a . h . 1981 . the freshwater molluscs of canada . national museum of natural sciences , national museums of canada , ottawa , canada . 447 pp .\ncole , r . a . 2001 . exotic parasite causes large scale mortality in american coots . u . s . geological survey , national wildlife health center , madison , wi . available : urltoken\ncole , r . a . , and j . c . franson . 2006 . recurring waterbird mortalities of unusual etiologies . in : boere , g . c . , c . a . galbraith , d . a . stroud ( eds . ) . waterbirds around the world . the stationery office , edinburgh , uk , pp . 439 - 440 .\nin the st . lawrence river , quebec . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 164 - 173 .\nflessas , c . , y . couillard , b . pinel - alloul , l . st - cyr , and p . g . c . campbell . 2000 . metal concentrations in two freshwater gastropods ( mollusca ) in the st . lawrence river and relationships with environmental contamination . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 ( suppl . 1 ) : 126 - 137 .\nharman , w . n . 2000 . diminishing species richness of mollusks in oneida lake , new york state , usa . nautilus 114 ( 3 ) : 120 - 126 .\nhaynes , j . m . , n . a . trisch , c . m . mayer , and r . s . rhyne . 2005 . benthic macroinvertebrate communities in southwestern lake ontario following invasion of\n: 1983 - 2000 . journal of the north american benthological society 24 ( 1 ) : 148 - 167 .\nherrmann , k . k . , and r . e . sorensen . 2009 . seasonal dynamics of two mortality - related trematodes using an introduced snail . journal of parasitology 95 ( 4 ) : 823 - 828 .\ningram , w . m . 1956 . snail and clam infestations of drinking water supplies . journal ( american water works association ) 48 ( 3 ) : 258 - 268 .\njokinen , e . 1992 . the freshwater snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of new york state . the university of the state of new york , the state education department , the new york state museum , albany , new york 12230 . 112 pp .\nkelly , p . m . , and j . s . cory . 1987 . operculum closing as a defense against predatory leeches in four british freshwater prosobranch snails . hydrobiologia 144 ( 2 ) : 121 - 124 .\nl . on its oogenesis . tsitologiya 34 ( 2 ) : 30 - 36 .\nkrieger , k . a . 1985 . snail distribution in lake erie , usa , canada ; the influence of anoxia in the southern central basin nearshore zone . ohio journal of science 85 ( 5 ) : 230 - 244 .\nlawrence , j . s . , p . loegering , r . cole , and s . d . cordts . 2009 . scaup and coot die - off at lake winnibigoshish \u2013 2008 update . minnesota department of natural resources , section of wildlife , bemidji , mn . available : urltoken\nmackie , g . l . , and r . claudi . 2010 . monitoring and control of macrofouling mollusks in fresh water systems . crc press , taylor francis group , boca raton , fl . 508 pp .\nmackie , g . l . , d . s . white , and t . w . zdeba . 1980 . a guide to freshwater mollusks of the laurentian great lakes with special emphasis on the genus\n. environmental research laboratory , office of research and development , u . s . environmental protection agency , duluth , minnesota 55804 . 144 pp .\nmattison , r . g . , t . s . dunn , r . e . b . hanna , w . a . nizami , and q . m . ali . 1995 . population dynamics of freshwater gastropods and epidemiology of their helminth infections with emphasis on larval parmphistomes in northern india . journal of helminthology 69 ( 2 ) : 125 - 138 .\nmills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .\nmitchell , a . j . and r . a . cole . 2008 . survival of the faucet snail after chemical disinfection , ph extremes , and heated water bath treatments . north american journal of fisheries management 28 : 1597 - 1600 .\nmorley , n . j . , m . e . adam , and j . w . lewis . 2004 . the role of\nin the transmission of larval digeneans from a gravel pit in the lower thames valley . journal of helminthology 78 ( 2 ) : 129 - 135 .\nnalepa , t . f . , d . l . fanslow , m . b . lansing , g . a . lang , m . ford , g . gostenik , and d . j . hartson . 2002 . abundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrates populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 1996 . noaa great lakes environmental research laboratory and cooperative institute for limnology and ecosystem research , michigan , ann arbor . 32 pp .\n( trichoptera : hydropsychidae ) larvae in destroying black flies in flowing reservoirs of the zaporozyhe oblast , ussr . ekologiya ( moscow ) 1 : 104 - 105 .\npeckarsky , b . l . , p . r . fraissinet , m . a . penton , and d . j . conklin jr . 1993 . freshwater macroinvertebrates of northeastern north america . cornell university press , ithaca , new york state . 442 pp .\npennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the united states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .\nricciardi , a . 2001 . facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders : is an \u201cinvasional meltdown\u201d occurring in the great lakes ? canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 58 : 2513 - 2525 .\nricciardi , a . , f . g . whoriskey , and j . b . rasmussen . 1997 . the role of the zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in structuring macroinvertebrate communities on hard substrata . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 54 : 2596\u20132608 .\n: bioenergetic partitioning of ingested carbon and nitrogen . american midland naturalist 107 ( 1 ) : 114 - 132 .\ntoledo , r . , c . munoz - antoli , m . perez , and j . g . esteban . 1998 . larval trematode infections in freshwater gastropods from the albufera natural park in spain . journal of helminthology 72 ( 1 ) : 79 - 82 .\nvaillancourt , g . , and e . lafarriere . 1983 . relationship between the quality of the environment and the benthic groupings in the littoral zone of the st . lawrence river , canada . naturaliste canadien ( quebec ) 110 ( 4 ) : 385 - 396 .\nvermont and new york state departments of environmental conservation . 2000 . lake champlain basin aquatic nuisance species management plan . 65 pp .\nkipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , and a . fusaro\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nto populations from the north and west of the alps . mediterranean populations are considered as a species complex , with two species proposed by falkner\nby angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev and stoycheva ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20\u00b0 c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear .\nis widespread through europe and lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , etc . although there are local impacts on its habitats from both human activities and natural events ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , the species is so widespread that it is unlikely to lead to anything other than localised extinctions . therefore the species qualifies for least concern .\nwohlberedt , 1911 was considered a valid species , then it is possibly extinct . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20\u00b0 c ) in the rhodopes mountains , bulgaria where the only known spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river . the taxonomic status of the species is unclear , but krichimski vircheta spring as has much disturbance and no shells could be found in two surveys in 2008 and 2009 , presumably as a result of many people washing themselves in the hot water . in the springs pollution from plastic and other materials was obvious .\nthe species was recorded last century from north africa , however there are no recent records , so it is considered to be regionally extinct in north africa , whereas in the northern mediterranean , it is still widespread , but local , and as such is considered least concern . however according to falkner\n, as such some of the map data for the region is incorrect . although these species should probably be considered as data deficient , the likely assessment once the taxonomic issues have been resolved will be least concern , as certainly\nwhich is now considered to be a distinct species . fauna europaea lists the following countries : austria , balearis islands , belgium , u . k . - great britain , bulgaria , czech republic , denmark , estonia , france , germany , hungary , ireland , italy , russia , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , poland , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine , serbia .\n( paasch , 1842 ) are both recorded in the czech republic , where both species are restricted to south moravia ; in the floodplains along the morava river and the dyje river where both species are very rare .\n( sheppard , 1823 ) is widespread in lowland rivers , but is believed to have declined over the last 50 years ( killeen , pers . comm , 2009 ) . slovakia : mainly the danube and morava river . also in the latorica river and slow flooding canals and oxbows , and fishponds . germany : common in the north part . in the southern part only in the river rhein , neckar and chiemsee .\nby angelov ( 2000 ) . georgiev ( 2010 ) noted that it was described as a new species from a thermal spring ( water temperature 20\u00b0 c ) in the rhodopes mountains near the town of krichim ( wohlberedt , 1911 ) . the only known such spring is krichimski vircheta , near the vacha river .\nthere is no unified information available on population and trends for this species , although some countries where the species is less widespread have data on population declines over the last 50 years . there is little evidence of any significant decline .\nthis species lives in different types of habitat , such as oxbows , rivers , streams , fish ponds , slow flowing canals , etc . it is known to inhabit a wide range of habitats such as streams , rivers , canals , large drains , marsh drains and lakes , however , it is less common in smaller ponds . it shows a strong preference for richly vegetated habitats , often with a muddy or silty substrate with a high diversity of molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates .\nits habitats are affected by artificial and natural impacts ( i . e . natural sedimentation and water pollution ) , although it is difficult to state if there is a significant decline on the habitat quality . it is pollution sensitive and there is evidence of some localised decline .\nother threats : pollution of its habitats through eutrophication or other chemical sources , alteration of water courses , changes to flow regimes , and over - frequent dredging . mouthon ( 1996 ) showed that\n2 department of biology , faculty of sciences , university of montenegro , cetinjski put b . b . , 81000 podgorica , montenegro\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nconsidering the geographical position of iran , a rich fauna of freshwater snails could be expected . a high level of endemism and a diverse mixture of palaearctic and paleotropical elements are characteristic of the iranian freshwater fauna ( pe\u0161i\u0107 and saboori 2007 ) .\nresearch of molluscs biodiversity in iran has a relatively long tradition . in 1862 , a group of italian scientists undertook the first systematic expedition to persia , which revealed a large number of molluscan samples . the results of this expedition have been published by issel ( 1863 ) . two decades later , the mollusc fauna of the caspian sea was studied by dybowski ( 1888 ) . the first study on the molluscs diversity of inland water was done at the beginning of the xx th century by the indian malacologists annandale and his coauthors ( annandale and prashad 1919 , annandale 1921 , annandale and rao 1925 ) who studied the molluscan fauna of seistan and baluchistan province . biggs ( 1936 , 1937 , 1971 ) studied the malacofauna of the central plateau of iran . in 1936 he noted : \u201clittle has been written on the mollusca of the iranian plateau . this was perhaps due to the inaccessibility of the interior in the past when the only method of travelling was by caravan\u201d . forcart ( 1935 ) studied molluscs from the mazandaran province . starm\u00fchlner and edlauer ( 1957 ) published the results of the austrian iran expedition of 1949 / 50 and 1956 . later on , starm\u00fchlner ( 1961 , 1965 ) studied molluscs from northern and eastern iran collected by the austrian a . ruttner . more recently , mansoorian ( 1986 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 ) published on the molluscan fauna of iran ."]}
{"id": 1238, "summary": [{"text": "parambassis pulcinella , the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet , is a species of asiatic glassfish native to fast-flowing streams in the ataran basin ( itself a part of the salween basin ) in southeast myanmar and west thailand .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a length of 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) and is sometimes seen in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "parambassis pulcinella", "paragraphs": ["named for pulcinella ( = punchinello ) , a humpback character of ' commedia dell ' arte ' ; noun in apposition .\ntwo humphead glassfish ( parambassis pulcinella ) in my aquarium . these come from burma and the species was only discovered and formally identified is 2003 . still pretty rare in the aquarium trade particularly here in australia . getting fish out of the country often depends on the political situation there .\nkottelat , m . , 2003 . parambassis pulcinella , a new species of glassperch ( teleostei : ambassidae ) from the ataran river basin ( myanmar ) , with comments on the family - group names ambassidae , chandidae and bogodidae . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 14 ( 1 ) : 9 - 18 . ( ref . 49523 )\napart from these distinctive humps , parambassis pulcinella conform , in most regards , to the usual glassfish shape . they are not as transparent as some other glassfish species , but have a rather beautiful golden sheen that immediately catches the eye . basic coloration is otherwise silvery - white , except for smoky - grey markings on face and fins .\nbreeding nothing is known about the breeding behaviour of this species . the other parambassis species are egg scatterers that exhibit no brood care and the humphead probably breeds in the same way .\ncraig here . parambassis pulcinella . what a name . it kinda rolls off the tongue , doesn\u2019t it ? well\u2026 as cool as the name sounds , the humphead glassfish is even cooler looking ! if you have ever wanted a fish that has a bit of size and a lot of character for your freshwater community aquarium , this just might be the fish for you !\na relative newcomer to the aquarium scene , the humphead glassfish was not scientifically described until 2003 . parambassis pulcinella hails from myanmar , in south east asia . with changing political climates , many fish have just recently become known to science from this region . myanmar is a country that has nearly half of its land covered in dense forests . within these forests are countless streams . it is in these fast flowing streams that the humphead glassfish can be found .\na new species that was only described to science in 2003 , little is known about the natural behaviour of p . pulcinella . it has started to be imported quite regularly over the last couple of years , although it is still quite expensive . unfortunately this species has suffered the same fate as some of it\u2019s close relatives , and artificiallly dyed specimens have been making their way onto the market . these should be avoided at all costs , as the processes involved are cruel and unecessary , and usually shorten the life of the fish considerably . the characteristic hump on the head of the fish is formed from an extension of the spine , and is scaleless .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit inhabits large freshwater streams , typified by fast flowing , well - oxygenated , clear water . the substrate in many of these biotopes is composed of smooth , water - worn rocks and boulders of varying sizes .\nthis is quite an active species and needs a tank of at least 36\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 90x30x30cm ) \u2013 80 litres .\ndecor is not critical . plants , rocks , driftwood etc . can all be used to your own taste . this is a freshwater species and does not require the addition of salt to it\u2019s tank .\nit will accept dried pellets or flakes , but these should be supplemented with regular feedings of live and frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp .\na peaceful species but it might intimidate small fish with it\u2019s active nature and adult size . good tankmates include rainbowfish , barbs and loaches . it can be maintained in groups although they may occasionally squabble amongst themaselves . this will rarely involve anything more than a bit of chasing , however .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is currently known from the ataran river drainage in myanmar and thailand . it is subject to harvesting for the ornamental fish trade , as well as impacts from sedimentation , however the scale of impact of these threats on the species is uncertain and it is considered data deficient at present . this species should be reassessed when further data become available , and it is possible that it may qualify for a threatened category .\nthe species is restricted to the ataran river and its tributaries in southeastern myanmar and western thailand ( kottelat 2003 ) .\nit inhabits large freshwater hill streams , typified by fast flowing , well - oxygenated , clear water .\nthe species is popular in the aquarium trade , all taken from wild sources .\noverfishing for the ornamental fish trade is a potential threat to this species , but there is no information on the species population trend . sedimentation and flow changes will also impact the species .\nresearch is needed into this species ' current distribution and population trends , as well as its ecology and threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\nmy humphead glassfish died yesterday after having him for 4 years . i live in ohio . does anyone know of a fish store that sells or overnight ships these fish ? jan eley\nis an exciting addition to the aquarium hobby . if you are looking for something unusual , but with a bit of size and lots of character , a school of these beauties could be just the ticket . this glassfish can reach up to almost 4 inches ( 10 cm ) . like the name implies this glassfish has a large hump on its head and a semi - transparent body .\nthis glassfish is a relative newcomer to the aquarium hobby . the humphead glassfish wasn\u2019t scientifically described until 2003 . they are freshwater asiatic glassfish in the chandidae family ( previously ambassidae ) . it differs a bit from other glassfish species because its body is not quite as transparent , but it does have the divided dorsal fin and the lateral line that extends to the tail fin . it is also known as the humphead perchlet and humphead glass perchlet ,\nit is unusual for a fish of this size to remain hidden from the science community for so long but somehow this beauty did . there are many \u201cnew\u201d species coming from their homeland of myanmar , and this may be due in part to the past political climate of that country . only recently has science had relatively free access to the waters of myanmar ( formerly burma ) .\nthe humphead glassfish , like other glassfish species , are surprisingly hardy and adaptable . but unlike some glassfish that need a brackish water environment , humpheads are strictly freshwater fish . these fish are fairly easy to care for and make a most intriguing curiosity for a freshwater community tank . they are generally peaceful with other tank mates , but are a boisterous and energetic at feeding time , and they will eat smaller fish . they have a surprising large mouth and will readily snack on a guppy or danio sized companion . they can be kept singly , but if kept in a school males will get scrappy with each other for dominance , so there must be at least 8 or more fish .\nuntil they become established humphead perchlets can be a little fussy about foods . live and frozen meaty foods offered initially can help them adjust . they like a well planted aquarium . it should be at least 20 gallons for one , more if you want to keep a school . make sure the water has a fairly strong movement to reflect their fast native waters , and is well oxygenated . like with other glassfish , artificiallly dyed specimens of this amazing fish do show up in the market . dyed specimens should be avoided as this process is cruel to the fish and usually it will shorten their life span .\nwas described by kottelat in 2003 . the humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet are found in asia , from the ataran river basin in myanmar ( formerly burma ) . they may also occur in other headwaters of the same basin in thailand as some collected specimens are believed to have come from the salween river on the myanmar - thai border . the humphead glassfish is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names they are known by are humphead perchlet and humphead glass perchlet .\nthese fish are found in groups , inhabiting the clear waters of shallow , fast - flowing streams . they are able to hold firm in currents that are flowing around rocks and feed on smaller live animals as they pass by . although their diet is not yet confirmed , it is assumed they are opportunistic eaters , feeding on small fish , shrimps , and aquatic insect larvae .\nthe silvery humphead glassfish is a deep - bodied , laterally compressed species . its remarkable characteristic is a spectacular nuchal hump , similar to that found in many of the large south american cichlids . however it ' s not quite the same as a cichlids hump , rather it looks more like a thin , bulbous continuation of the dorsal fin . the actual hump is formed from an extension of its spine and is scaleless . both males and females will have a hump , but the male ' s will be larger .\nthe humphead is similar in appearance to other glassfish species . but it differs a bit because its body is not as transparent and the backbone and swim bladder are not visible . like other species however , it does have the divided dorsal fin and a lateral line that extends to the tail fin . it also has the ctenoid scales , they are tough with a toothlike margin .\nthe body is a silvery white color with a sheen that gives it a golden cast . the scales on the upper body can reflect flecks of blues and greens . there are grayish areas on the face and fins and the dorsal and anal fins have a grayish or black edging along with some small speckling .\n3 . 9 inches ( 10 . 01 cm ) - it grows grows larger in the aquarium , reaching only 3 . 1 inches ( 8 cm ) in the wild .\n- little is known about their true lifespan as of yet , but other glassfish species can live 3 to 8 years .\nthe humphead glassfish is an easy fish to care for and is a good choice for an intermediate fish keeper . as with any wild caught fish the first 30 days can be a challenging as they acclimate , but these fish are very adaptable and normally great eaters . until they become established humphead perchlets can be a little fussy about foods . live and frozen meaty foods offered initially can help them adjust .\nthe humphead glassfish are carnivores . they are predatory fish that in the wild presumably feeds on small fish , shrimps , and aquatic insect larvae . in captivity they initially may not readily accepting prepared aquarium foods unless it simulates live prey . but this is easily accomplished by streaming frozen foods , like brine shrimp and bloodworms , in the filter stream to simulate movement . once they have settled in , they will eat most fresh , frozen , or dried aquarium foods . they will do best if fed live or frozen food such as earthworms , river shrimp , bloodworms , blackworms , and brine shrimp . flakes and pellets may also be offered occasionally .\nthese fish enjoy pristine waters , so a strong filter and weekly water changes are needed . these fish do not do well in high nitrates and prefer it to below 20 mg / l . their tank should be cleaned weekly and have about a 30 % water change done .\nthe humphead glassfish will swim in most parts of the aquarium . they will need at least a 20 gallon aquarium , more if you want to keep a school . it needs to have good water movement and plenty of aeration . these fish enjoy highly oxygenated water so make sure to have sources that will produce the needed oxygen . an undergravel filter operated with powerheads does a great job of keeping the entire tank oxygenated and provides good water movement . humphead will do best in a well planted tanks . plants with twisted roots work best and provide areas to hide . any type of gravel you prefer will work .\nthe humphead glassfish is a good community fish , but any fish small enough to fit in the humphead ' s mouth should be monitored . fish such as small tetras , guppies , neons , and danios can quickly become snacks . other species should not be bothered , but they will sometimes quarrel among themselves . males will tend to be aggressive towards each other fighting for the dominant position . it is recommended that you keep a group of 8 or 10 to reduce tensions , or alternatively keep 3 or 4 in a species tank with only one being male .\nmay be aggressive - small sized shrimps like cherry shrimp and amano shrimp may be eaten .\nmales have a prominent hump on their foreheads . females may also have a hump but it will be noticeably smaller than the males .\nthe humphead glassfish has not yet been bred in captivity . the breeding behavior of this species is not yet known . presumably they spawn similar to other\nwith humphead glassfish ; disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . humphead glassfish are very resilient once established in a tank .\na good thing about the humphead glassfish is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your humphead glassfish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .\nhumphead glassfish are fairly hardy fish , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . because they are relatively new to the industry , little is known about specific common diseases and issues . there have been humphead ' s on the market that have dye injected into they . this can cause health and lifespan issues . one of the most common freshwater fish ailments is ich . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nthe humphead glassfish or humphead perchlet are commonly available at present , but will usually command a high price . availability may vary , depending on the political climate in myanmar and their relationship with the rest of the world .\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991\nmy humphead glassfish died yesterday after having him for 4 years . i live in ohio . does anyone know of a fish store that sells or overnight ships these fish ?\nfish gallery here in houston got them in yesterday , for $ 45 each .\ni purchased one humphead and fell in love , so i purchased two more . they are pricey , 20 us dollars even going up to 30 . 00 us dollars . . . they are worth it . the larger of my 3 tends to bully around my congo tetras ( they are the same size as the humphead ) . the humphead likes to headbut the congos . my larger glass humphead loves dried shrimp as well as blood worms . these fish are very hardy and a lot of fun to watch . .\nfantastic goods from you , man . i have understand your stuff priuvoes to and you ' re just too magnificent . i really like what you ' ve acquired here , certainly like what you are saying and the way in which you say it . you make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it sensible . i cant wait to read far more from you . this is actually a wonderful web site .\ni love this fish . i fell in love with it the second i saw it in my local store . it acclimatized quickly and fits perfectly with my community .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\ngreek , para = near + greek , ambassis , anabasis = climbing up ( ref . 45335 )\nasia : myanmar ; probably also in the headwaters of the same basin in thailand .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 49523 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 17 ; vertebrae : 25 . conspicuous hump in front of first dorsal - fin origin , made by a very long , thin anterosuperior expansion of the supraoccipital spine . predorsal area without scales . both caudal fin lobe with a submarginal blackish stripe . dorsal and anal fins with grey or black distal margins ; first dorsal and anal fins with proximal row of spots . dorsal - fin origin with a blackish , triangular blotch . a black stripe between the head and the predorsal blotch ( ref . 49523 ) .\nprobably occurring in large streams with clear water , near rapids or large riffles ( ref . 49523 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01549 ( 0 . 00642 - 0 . 03734 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\neasily distinguished from other glassfish , the humphead has qualities but also attitude . choose tankmates with care , warns dr neale monks .\ndescribed as recently as 2003 , the humphead glassfish has quickly become one of the more familiar members of the family ambassidae . it is generally much like any other glassfish , but is always distinguished by that large nuchal hump !\nunlike the humps on cichlids , the shape on these glassfish is thin \u2014 resembling more of a fin than anything else . both sexes have these humps , though those on mature males are larger .\nwhen maurice kottelat described these fish just six years ago , he based his work on specimens collected from the ataran river basin in myanmar , formerly burma . it is assumed that humphead glassfish occur in a number of other streams and rivers in this area , though this isn\u2019t certain .\nat least some specimens that turn up in the ornamental fish trade appear to come from the salween river on the myanmar - thai border .\nin all cases , these fish are found in clear , shallow , fast - flowing streams . they appear to occupy a similar niche to our native trout species , maintaining position in currents that flow around rocks and riffles , snapping up small animals that drift by . little is known about their diet in the wild but , by analogy with other freshwater glassfish , it can be assumed that they are opportunistic predators feeding on such as shrimps , aquatic insect larvae and small fish .\nmaintenance despite their delicate appearance , glassfish are surprisingly adaptable , and the humphead is no exception . the salween , for example , is mostly a slightly soft and acidic body of water , much like other south - east asian rivers , but humphead glassfish also seem to do perfectly well in the hard , alkaline water of southern england .\nunlike some glassfish in the trade , these are strictly freshwater fish and shouldn\u2019t be kept in a brackish water aquarium .\nwhat matters more is water quality , particularly oxygen concentration . fish from fastwater habitats invariably do badly in nitrate - rich , oxygen - poor water . keep nitrates low by performing regular water changes , preferably keeping the nitrate concentration below 20 mg / l .\nto ensure the water is well oxygenated , ensure the tank is not overstocked , and install a filter that keeps the water moving vigorously . ideally the filter should provide a turnover rate around eight times the volume of the tank per hour . so for a 200 l / 44 gal aquarium , the filter needs to be rated at 1 , 600 lph .\nwater temperature doesn\u2019t appear to be critical for these fish and they do perfectly well at the usual 25c / 77f favoured by most fishkeepers . on the other hand , higher temperatures will reduce the amount of oxygen in the water , so that condition would be something to avoid wherever possible .\nfussy eaters like all glassfish , humpheads are fussy feeders . at least during the initial stages , live and frozen foods will need to be used while settling these wild - caught fish into captive life . earthworms and river shrimps are particularly favoured , though midge and mosquito larvae are also readily enjoyed . small fish will also consume daphnia and brineshrimp .\nonce settled in , they generally take frozen foods such as bloodworms without any complaint . at least some well - adjusted specimens take flake , but at the very least this food should be supplemented with additions such as chopped squid and prawn .\nall glassfish are opportunistic predators and the humphead has a deceptively large mouth . smaller fish such as guppies , danios and neons will quite likely be viewed as tasty food ! that same sad fate may befall small shrimps such as cherry and amano .\nsocial behaviour humphead glassfish may be schooling fish in the wild , but under aquarium conditions they tend to be aggressive towards one another .\nthis behaviour can be prevalent among smaller glassfish species too and most likely reflects bullying between males as they jockey for dominance within the group .\nwhatever the explanation , humpheads should be kept either in groups of at least eight specimens or smaller groups with just a single male .\nsexing these glassfish isn\u2019t too difficult either , since the males have those larger humps . males also tend to be a bit bigger , but that isn\u2019t apparent until all the fish are fully grown .\ncuriously , maximum size of this fish under aquarium conditions appears to be a bit larger than the maximum size reported in scientific literature \u2014 10cm / 4\u201d as opposed to 8cm / 3 . 1\u201d .\ntank mates these fish work quite well in community tanks , with a few reservations . as already mentioned , they are predatory fish , eating any fish or shrimp they can swallow whole , so tank mates should be sufficiently large to minimise the risk . they are also a bit thuggish \u2014 yet another trait they share with other glassfish !\nwhile this doesn\u2019t mean they are nippy or territorial , it does mean they throw their weight around at feeding time . tank mates should be sufficiently robust to prevent this being an issue . barbs and characins would be fine , but mixing humpheads with discus or african butterflyfish would be a bad idea . otherwise they would make excellent companions for the likes of clown loaches , loricariid catfish , spiny eels , silver dollars and other robust community fish .\nalthough looking bizarre , humphead glassfish are beautiful and , while pricey , surprisingly hardy and adaptable fish with much to recommend them .\npfk featured these fish in interesting imports , shortly after they first became available in the hobby .\nthis item first appeared in the june 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine . it may not be reproduced without written permission .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nthe humphead glassfish is a schooling fish that benefits from being kept with members of it\u2019s own kind . it has a spine from the dorsal ( supraoccipital ) area of it\u2019s skull that is extended . this extension is what gives this fish it\u2019s bizarre shape and name . the ph should range from neutral to slightly alkaline . it is not a particularly picky eater . the small group that is kept here will ravenously feed on pelleted foods and thawed frozen foods . it seems that the only things that the humphead glassfish are particular about is the need for excellent filtration , higher levels of dissolved oxygen in the water , and room to swim ! other than these requirements , you will find that these curious fish are very sturdy and make wonderful additions to your tank . they will not eat plants , so keeping them in a larger planted aquarium is acceptable provided that your co2 levels do not rise to a dangerous level . even though these fish are relatively peaceful and can be kept with smaller community fish , beware keeping them with fish like neon or cardinal tetras . if a tiny tetra will fit in their mouths\u2026 it will surely be lunch !\nso , if you want something different , something rare , something new\u2026 take a look at the odd humphead glassfish . when available , these fish are certainly well worth the price . you will have something that many people have never even seen before , as well as a fish that is one of the most interesting and coolest additions to the aquarium trade in years .\ni have been an avid hobbiest for years . until today , i have never seen this fish . we picked the only one up at a local hobby store and find the information above to be very active regarding neons . very wild looking fish indeed\u2026 . i had a hard time beleiveing he was a community quality fish\u2026 . time will tell .\nhello bob , congratulations on your new acquisition . you will no doubt find the fish to be a wonderful addition . if you do have neons , just make sure to keep the glassfish well fed . that may discourage the fish from wanting to hunt or forage for small prey . enjoy the fish ! they are certainly an amazing fish to keep !\ni was so in awe when i saw some of these at a local fish store . i had to look these up as soon as i got home . i never seen these at any store , or online till today . i\u2019m definitely going to go back and check these out some more , probably add some to my exodons . surprises me that these were \u201cscientifically\u201d named in 2003 .\ni just purchased a humphead . he is a little nervous when you go up to the tank . i am sure he will get over that a bit . i have two discus , two smaill red rainbow , 4 neon precox rainbows , 1 turquiose rainbow and a tiny little sucker fish albino . do you think he will do alright ? they had him or her at the fish store with large discus and no other humpheads , will he / she be alright without others of it\u2019s kind ?\nonce the fish becomes comfortable with its surroundings , it should settle in fine . there may be a period of adjustment where the other fish chase or intimidate the glass fish , but as long as the size is similar the heirarchy should work itself out . good luck !\ndo u think the humphead glassfish will do well with african peacock cichlids ? i have 3 yellow labs , benga , sulfur head , ob peacock , 3 synodontis petricola , 1 goby irsacae in 55 gal 4\u2032 tank with aqua clear 110 filter . i tried selecting mild tempered inhabitants . please give me your opinion . i really love this fish but am afraid to try it so far . i think the cichlids may stress him out ? i only want a single humphead , as 8 is too many to add to keep the peace and less than 8 , i read , is a bad idea .\nsafety in numbers\u2026you may have a chance with a group of the fish , but cichlids are probably too territorial and aggressive to chance it with a single fish . even a group may falter against africans as they can be relentless , especially when breeding .\nmarinebioblog is the post name of that fish place - that pet place ' s aquatics and aquarium experts . contact them through the links here or leave your comments below .\neileen daub : hi sam , fishing with goldfish is illegal due to the risk of . . .\nchris mcclelland : hello , i have had success raising green sunfish in an aquari . . .\nsam earlyfall : is it only cruel to put them on a hook and then fish with th . . .\neileen daub : hi sara , i wouldn ' t expect cilantro / coriander to be safe sub . . .\neileen daub : hello name , red tail sharks don ' t lay egg sacs . if you can g . . .\nthat fish blog is designed to help promote knowledge of the pet hobby . if you wish to reference or cite specific information from a blog post , we ask that you provide a link back to the original . the content on that fish blog is copyright protected and may not be duplicated without written permission . if you have any questions on this policy , feel free to send us an email at blogs @ thatpetplace . com . \u00a9 copyright 2013 , all rights reserved .\ndiscus , angel fish , and german blue rams . welcome to the beast tank\nfish store tour - the wet spot tropical fish in portland oregon . huge store ! hundreds of tanks .\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\ndifficult to visually sex , males will have a slightly larger and thicker hump than females .\na distinctive fish that is silver / grey in colour with some black markings and with a bold hump on the forehead , this is thin , almost transparent , expansion of the spine .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 15 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1240, "summary": [{"text": "the roughskin dogfish , centroscymnus owstonii , is a sleeper shark of the family somniosidae , found around the world on continental shelves in tropical , subtropical and temperate seas , at depths of between 100 and 1,500 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches a length of 120 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "roughskin dogfish", "paragraphs": ["roughskin dogfish ( cirrhigaleus asper ) . illustration courtesy fao , species identification and biodata\nroughskin dogfish denticle . illustration courtesy fao species catalog , vol . 4 part 2 sharks of the world\nenglish language common names include roughskin dogfish , roughskin dogshark , roughskin spiny dogfish , and roughskin spurdog . common names in other languages are aiguillat \u00e0 peau rugueuse ( french ) , galludo raspa ( spanish ) , quelme rugoso ( portuguese ) , ruwe doornhaai ( dutch ) , and ruwevel - penhaai ( afrikaans ) .\nthis species of dogfish is considered harmless to humans . however , care should be taken when handling the roughskin dogfish due to the spines on the dorsal fins .\nthe blainville ' s dogfish and cuban dogfish both have a first dorsal fin that is located more anterior than the roughskin dogfish , with the origin over the pectoral fin . these species also have smaller dermal denticles .\nroughskin dogfish reach an average length of about 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) . photo \u00a9 george burgess\ncoloration the body of the roughskin dogfish is dark gray to brown , fading to a lighter color below . the fins are edged with white . the body lacks spots or any other distinctive markings . juvenile roughskin dogfish are brown in color .\nother species that are similar in appearance to the roughskin dogfish include the spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) , blainville ' s dogfish ( s . blainvillei ) , and the cuban dogfish ( s . cubensis ) . the spiny dogfish can be distinguished by its small dermal denticles and second dorsal fin which is much smaller than the first dorsal . also , it is often marked with white spots throughout the body .\nthere is no interest in fisheries for the roughskin dogfish . it is occasionally caught with hook and line as well as trawling gear used in deep water .\nfood habits this dogfish feeds on a variety of bony fishes and cephalopods including squid .\nthis dogfish resides in marine waters over the upper continental and insular slopes . it is a deepwater species , found at depths from 700 - 1 , 970 feet ( 214 - 600 m ) . information on the life history of the roughskin dogfish is lacking due to the recent description of this species .\nthe glowing eye of a roughskin dogfish and a sleeper shark emerge . | for more shark week , visit urltoken shark week 2016 | starts sun . june 26 8 | 7c subscribe to discovery ! | urltoken\nmerrett described the roughskin dogfish as squalus asper in 1973 . shortly afterwards , this name was changed to the currently valid cirrhigaleus asper ( merrett 1973 ) . the genus name cirrhigaleus is derived from the latin\ncirrus\nwhich means curl fringe and the greek\ngaleo\nmeaning a shark . the species name asper is derived from latin , meaning rough . due to its recent description , there are no known synonyms referring to the roughskin dogfish in previous scientific literature .\nthe roughskin dogfish is listed as\ndata deficient\nwith the world conservation union ( iucn ) . the iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\na little - known deepwater dogfish of the upper continental slopes at depths of 500 to 1097 m , on or near bottom .\ndentition dentition of the roughskin dogfish consists of oblique teeth with smooth - edged cusps and distinct notches in the outer margins . numbering 12 - 14 teeth on each side of the upper jaw and 11 - 12 teeth on each side of the lower jaw , the dentition of this species forms a practically continuous cutting edge .\ndenticles the roughskin dogfish gets its common name from the rough feeling skin it has . this rough texture is from the unusually large dermal denticles found on this species . the denticles on adult specimens are tripcuspidate with a distinct central ridge flanked by weaker ridges . juveniles have leaf - shaped denticles characterized by a distinct central ridge .\nthe mode of reproduction in the roughskin dogfish is ovoviviparity meaning the embryos are nourished by a yolk - sac within the mother ' s body until birth . at the end of the gestation period , 21 - 22 pups are born , each measuring 9 . 8 - 11 . 0 inches ( 25 - 28 cm ) in length .\nthe roughskin dogfish has been reported from the western atlantic ocean from waters off north carolina to the florida keys ( us ) as well as the northern gulf of mexico . in the western indian ocean , it is found from southern mozambique to south africa and waters off reunion , comoros , and the aldabra islands . in the central pacific ocean , it lives off the shores of the hawaiian islands .\nthe roughskin dogfish has a stout body with a long and rounded snout . the eyes and spiracles are large . the two dorsal fins each have a spine . the first dorsal fin originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . the second dorsal fin is large , approaching the size of the first dorsal . the triangular pectoral fins are broad and have rounded tips . the caudal fin is short with broad lobes .\nsize , age , and growth the maximum reported size for the roughskin dogfish is 3 . 9 feet ( 120 cm ) total length for a male specimen . the average size for this species is about 3 feet ( 90 cm ) . males reach maturity at length of 2 . 8 - 3 . 0 feet ( 85 - 90 cm ) and females mature at 2 . 9 - 3 . 6 feet ( 89 - 110 cm ) in length .\nthese dogfish get their name from their rough skin , caused by unusually large denticles ( translated as\nlittle teeth\n) which are specialized scales designed to make sharks swim more efficiently . they have stout bodies and pointed snouts with large eyes , two dorsal fins with large spines , and a short caudal ( tail ) fin . this deep - water shark is dark gray - brown on top that fades to a light underbelly , with white edges on its fins . they grow to between 3 and 4 feet long , hunting smaller bony fish and cephalopods like squid .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds . ) . 2018 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 march 2018 . available at : urltoken .\njustification : a moderately common deepwater shark within its known geographic range , and which may extend deeper than is currently recognised . although captured in some quantity in some deepwater trawl fisheries , it is taken mainly as bycatch , and presumably from only part of its known range . however , if the population is mobile and migrates into exploited fishing grounds from other parts of its range , if ( with other deepwater sharks ) it becomes more frequently targeted , and if it proves to have the life history characteristics ( low fecundity , slow growth and high longevity ) typical of better known squaloids , the assessment may have to move into a higher category . however , the species is currently still moderately common over its wide southern australian and new zealand range and a near threatened assessment is not justified at this time .\nsouthern japan , southern australia , and new zealand ; reported from the northern gulf of mexico .\nthere is no information on whether the population off southern australia ( including seamounts to the south ) is linked to the new zealand population via seamounts and submarine ridges in the lord howe rise in the tasman sea . it is improbable that there is any physical connection with the populations of c . owstoni off southern japan , and in the northern gulf of mexico . no information is available on the size of any population .\nmarine , demersal , on the upper and middle continental slope , 250 to 1 , 500 m , usually 500 to 1 , 500 m . life history is not well known , but a typical deepwater shark , sometimes occurring in schools segregated by size and sex . feed on fishes and squids . born 25 to 30 cm . mature 70 to 79 cm ( males ) , 82 to 105 ( females ) . maximum 120 cm . some incomplete information on reproduction is presented by yano and tanaka ( 1987 , 1988 ) and daley et al . ( 2002 ) , but the gestation period and reproductive cycle are not well known .\na moderate bycatch in some deepwater trawl and line fisheries . its depth range coincides ( in part ) with that of some commercially important teleosts ( especially orange roughy , oreos ) , although it extends somewhat deeper .\npaul , l . ( ssg australia & oceania regional workshop , march 2003 ) . 2003 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmale picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop\ngreek , kentron = sting + greek , skymnos , - ou = pup , puppy ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed for alan owston ( 1853 - 1915 ) a business - and yachtsman from england , who collected asian wildlife , particularly in the early twentieth century ( cited in ref . 112350 ) .\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 100 - 1500 m ( ref . 26346 ) . deep - water ; 35\u00b0n - 41\u00b0s , 82\u00b0w - 177\u00b0w\natlantic , pacific and indian oceans . western indian ocean : from off the seychelles to the madagascar ridge and south africa . eastern indian ocean off indonesia and southwestern australia . southwestern pacific : off australia , new caledonia and new zealand . northwestern pacific : off japan and from the hawaiian - emperor seamount chain . southeastern pacific : west of chile . southwestern atlantic : off french guiana , brazil , and uruguay . northwestern atlantic : gulf of mexico . eastern atlantic : from off the azores in the north to off south africa in the south .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 100 - 104 cm max length : 121 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26346 )\nanal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . dark brown or black in color , dorsal fins with extreme tips of fin spines protruding from the fins , moderately long snout , lanceolate upper teeth and bladelike lower teeth with short , oblique cusps , fairly stocky body that does not taper abruptly from pectoral region , large lateral trunk denticles with mostly smooth , circular , cuspidate and acuspidate crowns in adults and subadults ( ref . 247 ) .\nfound on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .\novoviviparous ( ref . 6871 ) . 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\n) : 4 . 9 - 10 . 9 , mean 6 . 4 ( based on 66 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00178 - 0 . 00849 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 16 - 28 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 64 of 100 ) .\n: northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : japan ( southeastern honshu ) , new zealand , australia ( new south wales ) .\n( drs j . bass and p . c . heemstra , pers . comm . ) .\nbigelow , h . b . and w . c . schroeder , 1957 . a study of the sharks of the suborder squaloidea . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . univ . , 117 ( 1 ) : 150 p .\ngarrick , j . a . f . , 1959 . studies on new zealand elasmobranchii . part 7 . the identity of specimens of centrophorus from new zealand . trans . r . soc . n . z . , 86 ( 1 - 2 ) : 127 - 41\nfound on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fish and cephalopods ( ref . 6871 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) , with 16 - 28 young born at 27 - 30 cm ( ref . 26346 ) . caught in trawls or longlines set at depths greater than 400 m ( ref . 55584 ) . flesh is high in mercury ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized as fishmeal and source of squalene ( liver oil ) ( ref . 6871 ) . maximum depth from ref . 55584 .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e6\u30e1\u30b6\u30e1\nto\ncentroscymnus owstonii garman , 1906\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngarman , 1906 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nwestern central atlantic : northern gulf of mexico . western pacific : southeastern honshu , japan ; australia ( including western australia ) and new zealand . southeast pacific : amber seamount , nazca and sala - y - gomez .\n. found on upper continental slopes , on or near the bottom . feeds on fish and cephalopods .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1242, "summary": [{"text": "luprisca incuba is an extinct species of ostracod \u2014 a group related to crabs , shrimps and lobsters .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described as a new species in 2014 , following discovery and analysis of fossilised specimens in mudstone rocks from new york state , usa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a team of researchers from the universities of yale and kansas , oxford and the japan agency of marine science and technology made the discovery . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "luprisca incuba", "paragraphs": ["the ostracod luprisca incuba , as imaged by x - ray and ct scans eggs and possible hatched young are in yellow .\na newly discovered fossil ostracod called luprisca incuba , showing limbs and eggs , from 450 - million - year old rocks in new york .\nthe scientific team \u2014 which included researchers from the universities of yale and kansas , oxford and the japan agency of marine science and technology \u2014 named the new species luprisca incuba after lucina , the goddess of childbirth , and incuba , indicating the mother was sitting , incubating , her eggs .\nhave shell , will travel . the pyritized luprisca incuba in all its glory with leg - like antennae on top and eggs on bottom . from siveter et al . , 2014 . click image for source .\nimage : have shell , will travel . the pyritized luprisca incuba in all its glory with leg - like antennae on top and eggs on bottom . from siveter et al . , 2014 . click for source .\nthe newly discovered species reported in the study was named luprisca incuba after lucina , the roman goddess of childbirth . the fossils are now part of the collection at the yale peabody museum of natural history , the researchers said .\nan x - ray ct scan of fossilized luprisca incuba reveals 10 embryos and bivalved juveniles ( highlighted in yellow ) preserved inside her . legs are at right . fig . 2d from siveter et al . , 2014 . click image for source .\nthe scientists have named the ostracods luprisca incuba , after lucina , the goddess of childbirth in ancient rome . babusonas and those who insist that only doting bengali mothers are capable of delivering the highest levels of maternal care might have wished a different nomenclature .\nbut the squishy bits inside those countless ostracod shells rarely survived the fossilization process . in this case , by a miracle of geology , they did . the fossil at the top of this page and three others like it from beecher ' s were studied by a team of scientists from the united kingdom , japan , and the united states and their findings were published in current biology this month . they named the new species luprisca incuba .\na researcher at the university of kansas is part of a team to uncover strong evidence of brood - care parenting strategy in 450 - million - year - old crustaceans \u2014 the oldest verification of ovarian - to - juvenile brood care in the fossil record . the new species of ostracod exhibiting brood care , which the team named luprisca incuba , are held at yale\u2019s peabody museum of natural history and were collected in central new york state .\neven though brood care has been posed as an extended reproductive strategy across the crustacea and has evolved independently multiple times , fossil evidence of such behavioural repertoires is poorly known within the clade , and has only been unequivocally documented in two female myodocope ostracods , nymphatelina gravida and luprisca incuba , retaining eggs and possible juveniles in a brood space 37 , 38 ; and two comparatively modern miocene isopods 39 . the egg - brooding reproductive mode for ostracoda ( particularly myodocopes ) is coupled with morphological specializations such as a posteriorly inflated carapace , and is completely different from those specializations which enable the ventrally - suspended marsupium of peracarids .\nhowever , not all details have remained unchanged . the external shell of l . incuba has none of the characteristic features of the living ostracod group it is believed to belong to , the myodocopida . even with organisms i rightly believe can be called\nliving fossils\n, some things change , some remain the same .\nthe pyrite also preserves a few other tiny , stunning details of anatomy . remember those elegant , bristly antennae and that nubbly shell from the film ? well , 450 million years ago , it was thus . at left are the antennae and setae ( f ) and the shell texture ( g ) from l . incuba .\naccording to this team , the little fossils - - just 1 - 2 mm long - - are the only known invertebrate fossils that seem to indicate simultaneous brooding of eggs , embryos , and young . the fossils also indicate that this habit , maintained by some ostracods today , has persisted for at least 450 million years . most living ostracods lay their eggs outside their bodies , although a few living groups , including the one our fossil ostracod is believed to have belonged to , brood their embryos inside . the number and size of l . incuba ' s brood is similar to its modern descendants , and the overlap of eggs , embryos and the recently hatched is also known today .\nscientists have uncovered a new fossil species preserved in a way that reveals how parents took care of their young 450 million years ago .\na team comprised of scientists from the u . s . , u . k . and japan discovered a new species of a fossil ostracod \u2014 a group related to crabs , shrimps and lobsters \u2014 in mudstone rocks from new york state .\nostracods are tiny crustaceans that live in lakes , ponds , rivers and oceans .\nscientists used x - ray techniques to examine the fossils , which are preserved in pyrite .\nwhat they discovered , the scientists said in the study published in the journal current biology , was a \u201cnursery in the sea\nin which the species were preserved incubating their eggs together with some eggs already hatched .\nthis a very rare and exciting find from the fossil record , \u201d said david siveter , a professor of paleontology at the university of leicester in britain .\n\u201conly a handful of examples are known where eggs are fossilized and associated with the parent . this discovery tells us that these ancient tiny marine crustaceans took particular care of their brood in exactly the same way as their living relatives .\nresearchers say their find marks what they say is the oldest evidence of a reproductive and child - care strategy of any species .\nthe newly unearthed fossils are only two to three millimetres long and are said to be \u201cexceptionally well - preserved , \u201d complete with the shell and also the soft parts of the animal within the shell .\nto encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations , first and last names will appear with each submission to cbc / radio - canada ' s online communities ( except in children and youth - oriented communities ) . pseudonyms will no longer be permitted .\nby submitting a comment , you accept that cbc has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part , in any manner cbc chooses . please note that cbc does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments . comments on this story are moderated according to our submission guidelines . comments are welcome while open . we reserve the right to close comments at any time .\naudience relations , cbc p . o . box 500 station a toronto , on canada , m5w 1e6\nit is a priority for cbc to create a website that is accessible to all canadians including people with visual , hearing , motor and cognitive challenges .\nclosed captioning and described video is available for many cbc - tv shows offered on cbc watch .\ncredit : siveter , david j . , tanaka , g . , farrell , c . \u00fa . , martin , m . j . , siveter , derek j & briggs , d . e . g .\nthe oldest fossil evidence of animal\nbabysitting\nnow comes from 450 - million - year - old rocks in new york .\nsmall marine animals called ostracods , a group of crustaceans that includes more than 20 , 000 species living today , were discovered buried with their eggs and young by a team led by researchers from the university of leicester in britain . the findings were published today ( march 13 ) in the journal current biology .\nthis is a very rare and exciting find from the fossil record ,\ndavid siveter , lead study author and a geologist at the university of leicester , said in a statement .\nonly a handful of examples are known where eggs are fossilized and associated with the parent . this discovery tells us that these ancient , tiny marine crustaceans took particular care of their brood in exactly the same way as their living relatives .\nthe ostracod specimens are among the rare fossils that preserve body tissues , such as limbs , embryos and other soft parts . these tissues have been replaced by the mineral pyrite , or fool ' s gold , but the mineralization means the researchers could closely examine the tiny fossils by x - ray and ct scanning .\nthe tiny fossils , each less than a quarter - inch ( 2 to 3 millimeters ) long , were collected from a rock layer called the lorraine group . composed of muddy seafloor sediments , the layers have also yielded other spectacular sea creatures from the ordovician period , such as spiky trilobites . researchers have uncovered older evidence of egg laying by animals , such as 600 - million - year - old fossil embryos from rocks in south china , but this is the first time that brooding has been discovered so far back in invertebrates .\nemail becky oskin or follow her @ beckyoskin . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .\nbecky oskin covers earth science , climate change and space , as well as general science topics . becky was a science reporter at live science and the pasadena star - news ; she has freelanced for new scientist and the american institute of physics . she earned a master ' s degree in geology from caltech , a bachelor ' s degree from washington state university , and a graduate certificate in science writing from the university of california , santa cruz .\nonce upon a time there lived a little crustacean inside a little shell . this is not a usual state of affairs for a crustacean . most are clad in figure - hugging armor ( like lobsters or crabs ) , but they don\u2019t live inside clam - like shells .\nonce upon a time there lived a little crustacean inside a little shell . this is not a usual state of affairs for a crustacean . most are clad in figure - hugging armor ( like lobsters or crabs ) , but they don ' t live inside clam - like shells . this one was different . it had both armor and a hinged shell . inside her cozy little fortress , she lived together with her children . there were nearly a dozen , some hatched , some not . she had long front legs , which she may have used for hauling around her nursery / mobile home . together , they lived in the deep center of a quiet , soft - bottomed marine basin , near some nice trilobites called triarthrus . their days were all numbered .\none day , a great choking cloud of sediment plunged into the basin . it was a turbidity current - - an underwater landslide . it swept swiftly down like an avalanche , suffocating and burying everything in its path .\nit wasn ' t a very happy ending for our heroine , an ostracod crustacean . but it was a very happy ending for paleontologists . the inhabitants of this underwater canyon were all to become part of the glittering beecher ' s trilobite bed in oneida county , new york . the animals entombed there , thanks to their rapid burial , empressment under heavy sediment , and some lucky chemistry , were exquisitely preserved in iron sulfide . you may remember this mineral from geology 101 as as pyrite , or perhaps by its more famous name : fool ' s gold .\nfool ' s gold is the pale , pedestrian gold impersonator cursed by many a naive prospector . though the shiny mineral ordinarily has little value , against a drab , gray mudstone background , this pyrite preserved treasures beyond price . the golden fossils had by chance recorded the tiniest details of the trilobites ' soft parts , including antennae , legs , gills , and muscles . it also preserved the beautiful details of our little ostracod and her family , frozen in time together till the end of the earth .\nfortunately for us and them , her relations survived for another 450 million years - - the majority of the time during which large multicellular life has existed on our planet - - through mass extinctions , asteroid impacts , glaciations , and eras where the earth went berserk with volcanism , and they are with us still today . here are a few showing off those long , segmented legs that you can see in the fossil above ( note both videos below have sound ) :\nand here is another walking around and feeding in hd . note the knobby , painted shell and the graceful , brush - like antennae covered in hairs called setae ( see ' - tee ) :\ntoday ostracods are abundant wherever water is found . as you saw , they have little shrimp - like bodies without clearly defined segments sandwiched between their bivalved shell , an appearance that has also inspired the name\nseed shrimp\n. the shell hinges on their backs . underneath , they may or may not have jointed legs for scuttling or swimming .\nthough they ' re abundant , they ' re still virtually unknown to humans , which may be because the whole organism is usually no bigger than a few millimeters long . in spite of their ubiquity both now and for the last half billion years , they don ' t even rate a mention in my dk big book of ocean , or even in their beautiful , fossil - filled prehistoric life , which is rather shocking considering that ostracod shells are\nby far the most common arthropods in the fossil record .\ni guess size does matter .\nfig . 1 f and g from siveter et al . , 2014 . scale bar 500 micrometers in f , 75 micrometers in g . click image for source .\nincredibly , the paper describing these new fossils notes that the arrangement of some of the structures on the first antenna is the same as that of the group of living ostracods they are hypothesized to have belonged to ,\neven down to the tiny ventral seta and two long distal setae .\nthat such details could remain unchanged over 450 million years is , in my opinion , mind - boggling .\nwe are beyond lucky to have fossils of such exquisite detail that we can make such pronouncements on the details of delicate shells and microscopically fine antennae . had any of us to have been around 450 million years ago to speculate on the fate of our little be - shelled ostracod and her brood , i ' m pretty sure that no one would have put money on our still being able to see her and her offspring today , much less count the hairs on her one of her compatriot ' s antennae . and yet . . .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\njennifer frazer is a aaas science journalism award - winning science writer . she has degrees in biology , plant pathology / mycology , and science writing , and has spent many happy hours studying life in situ .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nsiveter , d . ; tanaka , g . ; farrell , \u00fa . ; martin , m . ; siveter , d . ; briggs , d . ( 2014 ) . exceptionally preserved 450 - million - year - old ordovician ostracods with brood care . current biology . 24 ( 7 ) : 801 - 806 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbrand\u00e3o , s . n . ; angel , m . v . ; karanovic , i . ; perrier , v . & meidla , t . ( 2018 ) . world ostracoda database .\nsiveter , tanaka , farrell , martin , siveter & briggs , 2014 \u2020 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 877093 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : d . j . siveter , g . tanaka , c . farrell , m . j . martin , d . j . siveter and d . e . g . briggs . 2014 . exceptionally preserved 450 - million - year - old ordovician ostracods with brood care . current biology 24 : 1 - 6\ntype specimen : ypm 307300 , a carapace ( whole body including brood chamber ) . its type locality is\nbeecher ' s trilobite bed ,\nutica shale , ny , which is in a caradoc marine shale in the utica shale formation of new york .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. . . incredibly , the paper describing these new fossils notes that the arrangement of some of the structures on the first antenna is the same as that of the group of living ostracods they are hypothesized to have belonged to , \u201ceven down to the tiny ventral seta and two long distal setae . \u201d that such details could remain unchanged over 450 million years is , in my opinion , mind - boggling . . . .\nreminder : june general meeting is on friday , june 8th , 2018 - dr . rex hanger from the university of wisconsin\nnew delhi , march 13 : long before humans , kangaroos or dinosaurs , there was mother\u2019s love \u2014 and she wasn\u2019t a doting bengali mom but a tiny shrimp - like creature .\nscientists today announced their discovery of the earliest evidence for parental care in the fossils of small shrimp - like creatures that lived about 450 million years ago in a period that geologists call the ordovician era .\nthe fossils recovered from mudstone rocks in the state of new york in the us suggest that the creatures called ostracods carried their eggs and hatchlings around with them just as their descendants continue to do even today , the scientists have said .\n\u201cthe mother kept the eggs and the hatchlings in brooding pouches within her body until the young ones were big enough to go out on their own , \u201d david siveter , professor of geology at the university of leceister in the uk who led the study , told the telegraph .\n\u201cthis is somewhat similar to what we see in kangaroos , among other animals today , \u201d he said . a research paper by siveter and his colleagues describing the ostracod fossils was published today in the journal current biology .\nostracods are tiny \u2014 about one to two - millimetres in size \u2014 crustaceans , the relatives of shrimps and crabs , and thousands of species of ostracods are found in all types of aquatic environments : rivers , lakes , oceans , even garden ponds .\nalthough these crustaceans are among the most abundant of fossil arthropods , their fossilised soft parts are exceedingly rare . the newly studied fossils are significant because their soft parts are well preserved .\nthe fossils suggest that ostracods carried eggs and hatchlings before releasing them into the water . \u201cthis tells us that this type of brood care has been around for 450 million years , \u201d derek briggs , professor of geology at yale university and team member , said .\nscientists say the fossils provide a snapshot of biology of creatures from an ancient era which remain ubiquitous .\n\u201cbrood pouches have been reported earlier , but this seems to be the earliest evidence of parental care in a group of creatures that exist even today , \u201d said ashu khosla , a palaeontologist at panjab university in chandigarh who was not associated with the new findings but has studied ostracods from a later geological period called the cretaceous era , from about 65 million years ago .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe spice compound that gives curry dishes their yellow color and pungent flavor is emerging as a prime candidate for a less expensive treatment for alzheimer\u2019s disease ( ad ) , according to an article in the current edition ofchemical & engineering news . c & en is the weekly newsmagazine of the american chemical society , the world\u2019s largest scientific society .\nlauren k . wolf , c & en associate editor , explains that pharmaceutical companies have invested heavily in developing new drugs for ad . more than 5 million people in the u . s . alone already have that memory - robbing disease . projections suggest that the number will rise to 16 million by 2050 . new medications are in the pipeline , but the most advanced candidates , made of monoclonal antibodies , are expensive to produce and may cost tens of thousands of dollars annually to treat each patient .\ncredit : wikipedia as a result , scientists are seeking less - pricey alternatives , such as substances that can be extracted in abundant amounts from plant compounds . one of the most promising is curcumin , a spice compound extracted from the rootstalks of the turmeric plant . the article details scientific evidence about curcumin\u2019s potential and the hurdles that chemists must overcome to craft it into a drug . for instance , only tiny amounts of powdered curcumin taken by mouth get into the blood , let alone the brain .\nturmeric has been used in india for over 2500 years and is a major part of the ayurvedic system of medicine . it was first used as a dye and then later for its medicinal properties . the etymology of the word\nturmeric\nprobably comes from the early french\nterre merite\nvia the latin\nterra merita\n, literally\ndeserving earth\nturmeric paste is traditionally used by indian women to keep them free of superfluous hair and as an antimicrobial . turmeric paste , as part of both home remedies and\n, is also said to improve the skin and is touted as an anti - aging agent . turmeric figures prominently in the bridal beautification ceremonies of india , nepal , bangladesh , and pakistan . staining oneself with turmeric is believed to improve the skin tone and tan . turmeric is currently used in the formulation of some sunscreens .\ncredit : wikipedia the government of thailand is funding a project to extract and isolate tetrahydrocurcuminoids ( thc ) from turmeric . thcs are colorless compounds that might have antioxidant and skin - lightening properties , and might be used to treat skin inflammations , making these compounds useful in cosmetics formulations .\noutstanding post , i think people should learn a lot from this web - blog its real user genial . so much good information on here . curcumin capsules 95 %\nresearchers have 3 - d printed food with customized texture and body absorption characteristics . imagine a home appliance that , at the push o . . .\nmosquito season is around the corner , bringing with it a higher risk of catching potentially serious diseases transmitted by their bite . mo . . .\ninsurance fraud seems like it might be an easy thing to do . insurance companies are often so huge , one wonders how they might not even notic . . .\nscientists demonstrated for the first time that horses integrate human facial expressions and voice tones to perceive human emotion , regard . . .\nexplosive volcanic eruptions that shot jets of hot ash , rock and gas skyward are the likely source of a mysterious martian rock formation , . . .\ncertain types of bacteria and viruses are readily ejected into the atmosphere when waves break while other taxa are less likely to be trans . . .\nscientists may have solved a long - standing puzzle over why conditions on earth have remained stable enough for life to evolve over billions . . .\nscientists have shown that at the anzick site in montana \u2013 the only known clovis burial site \u2013 the skeletal remains of a young child and th . . .\ndescription : until 2014 , ostracods were only known from bivalved shells . due to the fact that a number of other arthropods possess such shell , this evidence was not definitive . with the discovery of these specimens showing soft tissue preservation , the record is now confirmed . not only are soft tissues such as limbs preserved , embryos and juveniles have been found , demonstrating that this ostracod exhibited brood care some 450 million years ago , just as do myodocope ostracods today . this one clearly shows the antennae and embryos within , a fine example of the first and as yet only fossil invertebrate that demonstrates such care . this is the only example i have to offer .\nreference : current biology 24 , march 31 , 2014 , pp1 - 6 .\nthe sustainability tracking , assessment & rating system\u2122 ( stars ) is a transparent , self - reporting framework for colleges and universities to measure their sustainability performance .\nin order to complete the research inventory for faculty and staff participating in sustainability related research , individuals in the center for sustainability contacted the ku office of research , which provided an inventory of all registered research projects receiving outside funding - this was the best option to inventory current research - that were active during the reporting period of fy14 . center staff reviewed the list of 584 total projects and identified 226 projects that related to sustainability based on their descriptive titles and the principal investigator ' s recorded research areas . the inventory also identified the faculty researchers and departments for each project .\nphysicists at the university of kansas have fabricated an innovative substance from two different atomic sheets that interlock much like lego toy bricks . the researchers said the new material \u2014 made of a layer of graphene and a layer of tungsten disulfide \u2014 could be used in solar cells and flexible electronics .\nevery minute in the united states , power plants that generate electricity use nearly triple the amount of water that surges over niagara falls during that same time , according to the union of concerned scientists . in an era of drought and diminishing aquifers , freshwater sources are an ever - more - precious resource \u2014 and power plants\u2019 use of freshwater has become a critical issue . one researcher at the university of kansas is investigating new ways to cool plants more efficiently with technology used in everyday laptop computers .\nthis fall the kansas biological survey created and launched the online kansas lakes and reservoirs data repository portal \u2014 with funding from the kansas water office and the kansas gis policy board \u2014 to bring together data from a variety of sources , making it free and readily available to the public .\nan environmental and earth science data project , led by a multi - university team including ku\u2019s biodiversity institute , has been awarded $ 15 million by the national science foundation to continue to discover and aggregate data for scientists and policymakers alike .\nresearchers at the center for remote sensing of ice sheets based at the university of kansas have unlocked important new details below the ice in key areas of greenland and antarctica that will reshape how scientists forecast changes to sea level . data collected through radar systems created at ku provide the first - ever detailed maps of the subsurface conditions on prominent and scientifically important glaciers on opposite sides of the earth .\na university of kansas law professor has authored a study and will argue before the supreme court on a water rights case via a method that can be thought of as a more civil version of civil war .\nthe university of kansas center for russian , east european & eurasian studies ( crees ) has been awarded a major grant from the u . s . department of state as part of the u . s . - russia peer - to - peer dialogue program . the grant calls for crees , working with the center for transboundary cooperation in st . petersburg , russia , to identify , train and connect eco - reps from the midwest with their counterparts in russia . these eco - reps will design and enact projects with the goal of raising awareness and educating about sustainability , and creating positive environmental , social and economic effects in their schools , communities and small businesses .\nthe bioscience & technology business center at the university of kansas has earned a major federal grant for its role as a business accelerator and economic engine for northeast kansas . the btbc at ku has been awarded $ 50 , 000 by the u . s . small business administration through the agency\u2019s inaugural growth accelerator fund competition , which is designed to support the development of outstanding business accelerators , incubators and other entrepreneurial ecosystem models that are playing major roles in their region .\nfour university of kansas students have been selected for prestigious fulbright awards for research and study for the 2014 - 15 academic year .\na researcher at the university of kansas has earned an army research office young investigator award grant to conduct research on cutting - edge photovoltaic technology intended to give american forces tactical advantages in the field .\njilu li , assistant research professor with the center for remote sensing of ice sheets ( cresis ) at the university of kansas , received a three - year $ 299 , 178 grant through nasa\u2019s new investigator program to provide a complete subsurface map at the point where the ice meets bedrock for greenland and the west antarctic ice sheet . li\u2019s team will utilize ice sheet data collected by cresis and ku researchers over the past two decades to piece together the maps .\nthe american council of learned societies has awarded three university of kansas faculty members fellowships for humanities research to be undertaken in academic year 2014 - 15 . the council , one of the premier humanities - focused granting agencies , is a private , nonprofit federation of 71 national scholarly organizations that supports scholarship in the humanities and related social sciences .\nmayor sly james , kansas city , mo . , announced last month the new we women\u2019s empowerment initiative to get more women into leadership roles , whether it\u2019s on city boards , task forces and commissions or in business settings . university of kansas research will play a crucial role in the initiative through a $ 23 , 000 research grant awarded from the women\u2019s foundation of greater kansas city .\na section of antarctica now bears the name of a university of kansas professor and alumnus . the u . s . board on geographic names announced it has registered the \u201cgogineni subglacial trench , \u201d which acknowledges the contributions of school of engineering distinguished professor prasad gogineni . the subglacial trench sits in proximity to landmarks with highly recognized names such as the darwin mountains and the queen elizabeth mountain range .\ninding renewable energy sources to sustain the environment and the economy is one of the major challenges of the 21st century . wai - lun chan , assistant professor in the department of physics and astronomy , has received a prestigious award from the national science foundation to fund research that could help find such viable low - cost renewable energy , while teaching children and adults about the importance of renewable energy .\na team of researchers from the center for remote sensing of ice sheets ( cresis ) at the university of kansas has received a grant from the paul g . allen family foundation to develop technology that better maps and tracks the conditions within glaciers and at the bottom of fast - flowing ice sheets .\nthe environmental studies program at the university of kansas has entered into a partnership with instituto sustentar , a nongovernmental organization based in brazil headed by ku alumnus douglas trent . the arrangement will facilitate travel , study and research in brazil by investigators and students from ku , and also help to educate local residents and a generation of brazilian schoolchildren about the significance of the environment of the pantanal\nthe kansas geological survey at the university of kansas has been awarded a $ 650 , 000 grant from the company xri geophysics to improve on technologies used to detect underground voids and faults , to determine the fitness of earthen dams and levees , and in other endeavors .\na hidden aquifer the size of ireland recently discovered within the ice layers of a glacier in greenland could hold the key to better understanding how annual melting at the ice surface could affect sea level rise . the dec . 22 issue of the prestigious scientific journal nature details the existence of a significant amount of melt water stored in old compacted snow , known as firn . radar technology developed by researchers at the center for remote sensing of ice sheets ( cresis ) at the university of kansas played a key role in identifying and confirming the previously undetected pool of water within the ice sheet .\nresearchers at the center for environmentally beneficial catalysis ( cebc ) at the university of kansas recently received a four - year , $ 4 . 4 million federal grant as part of the networks for sustainable molecular design and synthesis program . it is one of only four such awards made this year by the national science foundation and the environmental protection agency .\nthe kansas geological survey ( kgs ) at the university of kansas has received a $ 46 , 000 grant to preserve at - risk drilling records and rock cuttings that hold valuable information about oil and gas deposits in kansas and clues to the earth\u2019s geologic history . funded by the u . s . geological survey national geological and geophysical data preservation program , the grant will be used to process and electronically archive oil and gas records in the data resources library at the main kgs office in lawrence and to archive sample cuttings \u2014 bits of underground rock broken up during drilling and flushed up to the surface \u2014 at the kgs\u2019s wichita well sample library .\nuniversity of kansas geologists have synthesized the mineral dolomite at a low temperature without the aid of microorganisms \u2014 a feat that scientists have been trying to accomplish for almost a century . announced in a paper published today in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences ( pnas ) , this work will eventually provide researchers with more accurate tools for understanding climate change and give geologists better methods for finding new sources of petroleum , said jennifer roberts , associate professor of geology and lead author of the paper .\na graduate student at the university of kansas is the lead author on a recently published description of a new bird species , the junin tapaculo , found in the remote andes mountains of central peru .\na three - year , $ 90 , 000 nasa fellowship will allow a university of kansas school of engineering graduate student to design tools that will help more precisely predict future sea level rise based on the impact of climate change on the polar ice sheets .\nresearch inventory did not include the med center , as it was not included in the campus geographical footprint .\nif you want to start over , go to the homepage . if you ' re stuck , let us help you .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nparental care in animal evolution has long fascinated biologists , but tracing this complex of behavioural repertoires is challenging , as these transitory states often leave no corporeal traces as fossils . among modern invertebrates , the tanaidaceans ( malacostraca : peracarida ) , a lineage of marsupial crustaceans , show an interesting variety of brooding strategies . here we report on fossil tanaidaceans from the cretaceous of spain and france that provide conclusive evidence for marsupial care of brood - offspring . two exceptionally preserved female specimens of alavatanais carabe and a . margulisae from late albian pe\u00f1acerrada i amber ( spain ) possess four pairs of rudimentary oostegites , indicating formation of a marsupium . from recent data , given the taxonomic distribution of a marsupium of four pairs of oostegites , we hypothesize that this may be plesiomorphic for the tanaidomorpha . we also report on a peculiar tanaidacean specimen referable to the fossil family alavatanaidae , daenerytanais maieuticus gen . et sp . nov . , from early cenomanian la buzinie amber ( france ) , preserved with its marsupial pouch and content . our discoveries provide early evidence of the peracarid reproductive strategy , as seen in modern tanaidacea , and argue that this form of parental care may have played a role in the diversification of the lineage during this period .\nthe fossil record provides a rich and valuable repository of behavioural and evolutionary developments despite the influence of biases in preservation or density of taxonomic representation . many behaviours are fleeting , uncommonly leaving behind trace fossils , and are therefore captured by exceptional \u2018frozen moments\u2019 or are inferred indirectly from functional morphology . nonetheless , the behaviours of extinct species are critical to understanding the totality of their lives ; for placing them within broader palaeoecological settings ; and for revealing intra - and interspecific interactions that were undoubtedly at play . they are also critical for the documentation of evolutionary novelties and trends , and understanding phylogenetic relationships .\nthe tanaidacea are a diverse and abundant group of usually small and cryptic crustaceans that , except for some rare freshwater and brackish species , today constitutes an almost entirely marine order that is found at all latitudes and in almost all marine benthic habitats from the littoral to hadal zones 8 . despite a wealth of information on the taxonomy and phylogeny of these widespread crustaceans , our empirical understanding of their life history and parental care trade - offs is currently limited to a few descriptive reviews 9 , 10 , with a few taxon - specific studies 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 . fossil evidence revealing the origin and evolutionary history of their reproductive strategy is lacking , although modern - looking tanaidaceans have recently been discovered in the cretaceous 17 , 18 , 19 .\nthe preservation of fossil tanaidaceans is rare , mostly because they have non - recalcitrant tissues and cuticles , and there are extensive gaps present in the fossil record for the order . fossilised specimens have been dated from as far back as the lower carboniferous , with the oldest species being discovered in scotland 20 , 21 . several rock - impressions have been found , and recent studies identified many tanaidaceans as bioinclusions in lower\u2013upper cretaceous fossil resins from spain and france 17 , 18 , 19 . from the cenozoic only four , as - of - yet undescribed specimens have been recorded in lower miocene mexican amber 22 .\nrecent discoveries in the cretaceous ambers of spain and france have revealed an unexpected diversity and abundance of tanaidacea , showing that this period was significant in the diversification and evolution of the order 18 , 19 . earlier accounts of spanish and french amber tanaidaceans reported a total of seven genera and ten species which has now grown by one new genus and species from la buzinie ( charente , france ) ( fig . 1 ) . all the cretaceous species known to date are members of the tanaidomorpha ( one of two suborders in tanaidacea ; the former neotanaidomorpha and anthracocaridomorpha are no longer recognized ) . extant tanaidomorphans are characterized by having a ventral marsupium of variable conformation , but overall formed by one or four pairs of oostegites 49 .\ntimeline of fossil tanaidomorphans described from amber . 1 = pe\u00f1acerrada ( upper albian ) , note that only one specimen of alavatanais carabe was found in the el soplao outcrop ( upper albian ) , 2 = archingeay / les nouillers ( upper albian ) , 3 = champniers / la buzinie ( early cenomanian ) , 4 = fourtou ( middle cenomanian ) , and 5 = la garnache ( turonian ) . numerical ages are from 70 .\nlow sexual dimorphism described for alavatanais carabe from the two morphs preserved was based on differences in size , number of antennular articles ( four - or five - articled in females versus seven - articled in males ) , and robustness of the cheliped 18 . however , the most remarkable character shared by females of a . carabe and a . margulisae is the presence of pairs of bud - like developing oostegites at the coxal plates of pereopods i\u2013iv , as found in related extant \u2018preparatory\u2019 females , which eventually expand to become more laminar and complete the marsupium during the copulatory stage . the oostegites appear as inwardly directed , medium - sized , pear - shaped structures of an average length and width of 0 . 07 and 0 . 03 mm in a . margulisae , and 0 . 08 and 0 . 04 mm in a . carabe ( fig . 2 ) .\nfemale alavatanaids from the lower cretaceous amber of pe\u00f1acerrada i , spain . ( a ) lateral overview of alavatanais margulisae ( holotype mcna 9583a ) showing the oostegites ; ( b ) camera lucida drawing of the specimen in a highlighting the oostegites in orange ( modified from s\u00e1nchez - garc\u00eda et al . 18 ) ; ( c ) detail of right oostegites i\u2013iv of the same specimen ; ( d ) detail of the third and fourth right oostegites of a . carabe ( mcna 13890 ) ; ( e ) lateral overview of the same specimen of a . carabe showing the oostegites .\nother amber - preserved species known from isolated specimens were potentially assigned as males or females based on secondary sexual characters such as the number and / or shape of the antennular articles , and from modifications of the male cheliped 18 . greatly lengthened chelipeds with the shape of the chelae altered \u2014 the dactylus and propodus having a convex curvature resulting in a central gap when the chela is closed \u2014 were reported for males of the genus eurotanais s\u00e1nchez - garc\u00eda , pe\u00f1alver & delcl\u00f2s and alavatanais vonk & schram . the only reported functions for this enlargement of the male cheliped in the recent fauna are to tear open female mucous tubes 11 or to fight with other males 50 .\nthe new genus from the early cenomanian of la buzinie is unambiguously referred to paratanaoidea , as evidenced by ( 1 ) its general habitus ; ( 2 ) antennule with five or fewer articles in females ( and often with more than five articles in males , although the male is unknown in the present fossil species ) ; ( 3 ) antenna with seven or fewer articles ; ( 4 ) presence of an ischium on all pereopods ; and ( 5 ) pleon never with the two last pleonites fused / reduced ( and always with pleopods in males , although these may be reduced : unknown for the present fossil species as males remain to be discovered ) 49 . the large compound eyes , unreduced pereonites i\u2013iii , short pleon with five free pleonites not fused with the pleotelson , antennules with four to five articles ( in females ) , pereopod coxa present on all pereopods , pereopod i with medium - long dactylus , dactylus and unguis of pereopods iv\u2013vi claw - like but not fused , and the pleopods well - developed with long setae bundled together all support inclusion to the family alavatanaidae despite the lack of preservation for the posterior region of the body .\nfamily alavatanaidae vonk & schram ( sensu s\u00e1nchez - garc\u00eda et al . 18 )\nthe generic name is a matronym for daenerys targaryen , a principal character in the popular fantasy novel series a song of ice and fire by george r . r . martin , alluding to her principal role as the mother of dragons ; and combined with tanais latreille ( presumably taken from the ancient greek city in the maeotian marshes of the same name ) , an early generic name used widely as a suffix in the tanaidomorpha and as the typical genus for the order . the gender of the name is , however , masculine following the precedent of the genus tanais .\nbody relatively slender , about five times longer than wide . cephalothorax subtriangular when viewed dorsally ( much longer than wide ) , with a lateral constriction beyond its midlength . antennule with five articles . antenna short and slender , with subequal articles , never square . cheliped somewhat robust ; propodus with fixed finger deflexed almost perpendicular to palm ; dactylus directed medially , extending beyond fixed finger . pereon rather short ( about 0 . 5 times body length ) . pereopod i with long dactylus plus unguis ( not longer than propodus ) ; pereopods ii\u2013iii with dactylus plus unguis much shorter than in pereopod i ; pereopods iv\u2013vi armed with weak spines , with dactylus plus unguis as long as in pereopods ii\u2013iii but stouter . pleon rather short ( less than 0 . 3 times body length ) . male : latet .\nholotype ( igr . buz - 1 . 13 ) , female , of daenerytanais maieuticus gen . et sp . nov . , from the mid - cretaceous french amber of la buzinie . ( a ) dorsal habitus . ( b ) camera lucida drawings of the cephalothorax in dorsal view ( left ) , and the ventral habitus ( right ) . ( c ) detail of the marsupium . ( d ) eggs . abbreviations : pi\u2013pvi = pereopods i\u2013vi .\nthe specific epithet is taken from the greek maieutikos , \u2018skilled in midwifery\u2019 , and refers to the possession of a developed marsupium for the care of offspring .\nholotype and only known specimen igr . buz - 1 . 13 , \u2640 . ( coll . couillard , housed in the geological department and museum of the university rennes 1 , france ) . the specimen , nearly complete except for the uropods , is embedded in a small piece of light - yellow amber with multiple bubbles and slightly clouded by organic debris . it can be observed in dorsal and ventral views but not in profile , and thus some chelipedal characters are not currently visible . some pereopods are badly preserved or cut beyond the basis ; the pattern of setation is difficult to distinguish without optimal lighting and magnification .\nspecimen igr . buz - 1 . 13 was originally part of a larger piece ( igr . buz - 1 ) containing many fossils and divided into 20 individual components for study . the original set of syninclusions comprised 12 dolichopodid flies ( microphorinae : microphorites deploegi nel et al . ) 51 , two schizopterid bugs ( buzinia couillardi perrichot et al . ) 52 , one scale insect , four scelionid wasps , one roach , one centipede ( buziniphilus antiquus edgecombe et al . ) 53 , four entomobryomorphan springtails , five prostigmatid mites ( acari : parasitengona ) , one isolated nematode , and several amoebae and diatoms 54 , 55 .\nla buzinie outcrop , in champniers near angoul\u00eame , department of charente , nouvelle - aquitaine region , southwestern france ; early cenomanian ( amber level a2a ) 56 .\nbody medium - sized , estimated total length approximately 1 . 20 mm , about 4 . 59 times longer than wide ; subcylindrical , slightly flattened dorsoventrally . all observed setae simple .\npereon ( the six thoracomeres after the cephalothorax ) rather short , about 0 . 45 of total body length ; all pereonites wider than long , with apical margins weakly convex dorsomedially ; pereonites i\u2013iii subequal in size , about 3 . 49 times wider than long ; pereonites iv and v largest segments , subequal in size , about 2 . 23 times wider than long , each about 1 . 53 times individual lengths of pereonites i\u2013iii ; pereonite vi shorter than preceding pereonite , 2 . 98 times wider than long , about as long as individual lengths of pereonites i\u2013iii ( 1 . 01 times ) . pereopods i\u2013iii without discernible setae ; coxae present on all pairs ; basis fairly slender , cylindrical , 7 . 05 times longer than thick , longer than combined lengths of merus and carpus ; ischium short ( only visible on right pereopod ii and left pereopod iii ) ; merus and carpus subequal in size , not widening distally ; propodus longer than carpus , 4 . 03 times longer than thick , tapering distally ; dactylus plus unguis curved and long on pereopod i ( 0 . 88 times length of propodus ) , becoming shorter on pereopods ii and iii , ( 0 . 45 times length of dactylus plus unguis i ) . pereopods iv\u2013vi similar in length to pereopods i\u2013iii but stouter ; coxae present on all pairs ; basis fairly robust , more inflated than in pereopods i\u2013iii , not measurable in length as preserved ; ischium short ( only visible on left pereopod iv ) ; merus and carpus subequal in size ; propodus longer than carpus , 3 . 89 times longer than thick , tapering distally , with up to two distal spines ( weak as preserved ) ; dactylus plus unguis claw - like but not fused ( only visible on right pereopods iv\u2013vi ) , as long as dactylus plus unguis of pereopods ii and iii , but stouter . marsupium present and filled with eggs ( as preserved ) ; eggs around 6\u20139 microns in diameter ."]}
{"id": 1243, "summary": [{"text": "acheilognathus barbatulus is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish in the genus acheilognathus .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is endemic to the mekong river in laos , northern vietnam and southern china in waters between 8-20 \u00b0c and its maximum length is 8.4 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "acheilognathus barbatulus", "paragraphs": ["in subfamily acheilognathinae ( genera acheilognathus and rhodeus ) , female possesses an ovipositor which is used for depositing eggs inside the bivalves . juveniles hatch and stay in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .\nin subfamily acheilognathinae ( genera acheilognathus and rhodeus ) , female possesses an ovipositor which is used for depositing eggs inside the bivalves . juveniles hatch and stay in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .\ngreek , a = without + greek , cheilos = lip + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nasia : mekong basin in laos and yunnan , nam ma basin ; northern viet nam , southern china .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 13 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 11 . small maxillary barbels ; body depth 2 . 5 - 2 . 7 times in sl ( ref . 43281 ) .\nfemale has an ovipositor which is used to deposit eggs inside bivalves . young remain in the bivalve until they can swim ( ref . 43281 ) .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 . ( ref . 94476 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00446 - 0 . 02243 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 2 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\njustification : the species is relatively widespread in china , and in northern lao pdr and northern viet nam . it is assessed as least concern , however populations of the species , and its bivalve host should be monitored . taxonomic work to compare specimens from the different parts of the known range should be compared , especially those from the mekong drainage which are some distance from the song da and chinese populations .\n, from china ( including the mekong drainage in yunnan ) , and from northern viet nam .\nchangjiang ( yangtze ) and zhejiang ( pearl river ) . known from yunnan province ( dalu , mengla ) ; and from the yangtze drainage ( henan province ( xinye , tanghe )\nfound in freshwater rivers ; slow moving lowland streams . dependent on bivalves as the reproductive host .\nthe species is likely to be impacted by fisheries , and by pollution and dams in parts of its range . the species is reliant upon mussel hosts for its reproduction , and these are often more likely to be impacted by pollution . the specific host for the species is not known . there is general habitat loss and degradation , especially from high sediment loads from agriculture and deforestation , which impacts the bivalve host .\ntaxonomic work is needed to compare populations . population and habitat trends should be monitored .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nsaurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\npareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nhucho bleekeri kimura , 1934\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbaensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1997 ) aquarien atlas , band 5 . : mergus verlag , melle , germany . 1148 p .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nkottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . : the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun ."]}
{"id": 1252, "summary": [{"text": "fraus fusca is a moth of the hepialidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the australian capital territory , new south wales tasmania and victoria . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "fraus fusca", "paragraphs": ["fraus fusca ( lucas , 1891 ) = hectomanes fusca lucas , 1891 = hectomanes rufula turner , 1927 = fraus rufula .\nfraus fusca ( t . p . lucas , 1891 ) mountain fraus hepialidae , hepialoidea\nthere is little knowledge about fraus fusca in adult form and in my area of victoria ( the wimmera ) collections are few and far between .\nfraus fusca ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus sp . photo courtesy of david fischer fraus simulans . victoria . march 31 , 2017 photo courtesy of nick temby\u00a9\nfraus quadrangula nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 130\nfraus serrata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 137\nfraus minima nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 123 ; tl : australia\nfraus megacornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 125 ; tl : australia\nfraus basicornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 127 ; tl : australia\nfraus tedi nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 129 ; tl : australia\nfraus marginispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 132 ; tl : australia\nfraus latistria nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 138 ; tl : tasmania\nfraus linogyna nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 139 ; tl : australia\nfraus distispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 141 ; tl : australia\nfraus mediaspina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 142 ; tl : australia\nfraus biloba nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 143 ; tl : australia\nfraus basidispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 145 ; tl : australia\nfraus furcata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 148 ; tl : australia\nfraus pilosa nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 150 ; tl : australia\nfraus griseomaculata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 161 ; tl : australia\nprimitive ghost moths : morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . )\nfraus orientalis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 133 ; tl : new south wales\nfraus bilineata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus serrata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus minima ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus megacornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus basicornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus tedi ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus quadrangula ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus marginispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus orientalis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus pteromela ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus latistria ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus linogyna ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus distispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus mediaspina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus biloba ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus basidispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus nanus ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus furcata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus pilosa ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus crocea ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus simulans ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus polyspila ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus griseomaculata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus pelagia ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nadults fly mostly in the autumn and a few species occur in large numbers . larvae of fraus simulans construct vertical silk - lined tunnels in the soil and feed on surface grasses from within silk lined webbing ( grehan , 1989 )\nnielsen , e . s . & kristensen , n . p . 1989 ,\nprimitive ghost moths . morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . )\n, monographs on australian lepidoptera , vol . 1 , pp . i - xiii , 1 - 206\nthe adult moths are plain brown with variable vague markings and dark dots on the forewings . the males are inclined to have darker forewings than the females , and grey hindwings . the moths have very hairy legs and thorax . the male moths have a wingspan of about 2 cms . the females are bigger , with a wingspan of about 3 cms .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 16 . 7 , p . 146 .\nseries 2 , volume 6 , part 2 ( 1891 ) , p . 283 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nlucas , t . p . 1891 ,\non queensland and other australian lepidoptera with descriptions of new species\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 2 , vol . 6 , no . 2 , pp . 277 - 306\nturner , a . j . 1927 ,\nnew and little known tasmanian lepidoptera . part ii\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1926 , pp . 119 - 164\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2e27f4a8 - 9818 - 49a7 - 9a35 - 3f502a7c7b98\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8d076f5e - 495a - 487b - 97af - 1347666be30c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6d4b7bf - f661 - 4881 - b5df - 57f3d0bfbb0b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ec763eea - 1daa - 4e86 - b498 - 62d3ff45d868\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be0342e9 - c9fe - 4980 - 9a11 - 1b6e9e7f3c8e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 266997\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nis monophyletic with respect to ( 1 ) elongate elliptical scales with a short , finely serrated apical margin and ( 2 ) patch of hair - scales at the base of the female hindwing ( nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ) .\nnielsen , , e . s . and kristensen , n . p . 1989 .\ns . e . big desert at 15 . 5 km . w . s . w . of rainbow , victoria , australia , 22 april 2008\nparatype . australia : coolgardie , june 5 , 1965 . image courtesy of thomas j . witt\u00a9\ndet . e . s . nielsen , 1983 . new zealand arthropod collection . image : jane hyland ( cmnh )\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nnielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbutterflies , moths plus other invertebrates found in my garden at great western , victoria . australia\nat the time , i decided this photograph was not good enough to post to this blog . however , after having the privilege of an expert opinion on some moth identifications , i ' ve changed my mind !\ni will be keeping my eyes open for future sightings of this moth . data , obviously , is pretty important .\ni spotted this one on my doorstep in april this year . it was quite a small moth .\nidentification updates of some hepialids plus a couple of other moth species will be made shortly , thanks to ' expert opinion ' .\nan interesting genus jl , i ' ve had a couple come in here , one still unidentified . i ' ll be looking out for them next season .\nhow are you feeling , duncan ? yes , particularly as there ' s not a lot known .\nif i am able to learn one new thing each day in the vast field of entomology , i shall be content .\nmuch of my learning experience has been due to the following : - don herbison - evans for helping me with moth and caterpillar identification . urltoken michael f . braby - the complete field guide to butterflies of australia paul zborowski and ted edwards - a guide to australian moths museum victoria urltoken\ni am a recently retired small - scale primary producer . i ' ve been a keen nature ( and animal behaviour ) observer for most of my life but now i have the time to direct my energy towards learning much more about the fauna and flora around me . i ' m a keen photographer and i credit the invention of digital photography steering me onto the path i am now so enjoying !\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nnielsen , ebbe s . ; robinson , gaden s . ; wagner , david l . ( 2000 ) .\nthis page was last edited on 23 february 2018 , at 15 : 40 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\n= ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nhectomanes pteromela lower , 1892 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 15 : 5 ; tl : s . australia\nepiolus nanus herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1853 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 3 ) : pl . 10 , f . 46\nhectomanes crocea lucas , 1891 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) : 283 ; tl : australia\n= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list ) ; [ aucl ]\nhectomanes polyspila meyrick , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1127 ; tl : victoria\nhectomanes pelagia turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 164 ; tl : tasmania\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1256, "summary": [{"text": "ninox is a genus of true owls comprising about 30 species found in asia and australasia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "many species are known as hawk owls or boobooks .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "note that the northern hawk-owl surnia ulula is not a member of this genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "molecular analysis indicates the genus is an early offshoot from the ancestors of the rest of the true owls , and are maybe best-classified in a subfamily ninoxinae with the genera sceloglaux and uroglaux .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was introduced by the english naturalist brian houghton hodgson in 1837 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species of ninox are : rufous owl , ninox rufa powerful owl , ninox strenua barking owl , ninox connivens sumba boobook , ninox rudolfi little sumba hawk-owl , ninox sumbaensis morepork , ninox novaeseelandiae norfolk boobook , ninox novaeseelandiae undulata - extinct ( 1996 ) lord howe boobook , ninox novaeseelandiae albaria - extinct ( 1950s ) ninox novaeseelandiae leucopsis ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae southern boobook , ninox boobook ninox boobook boobook ninox boobook cinnamomina ninox boobook fusca ninox boobook halmaturina ninox boobook lurida ninox boobook moae ninox boobook ocellata ninox boobook plesseni ninox boobook pusilla ninox boobook remigialis ninox boobook rotiensis andaman hawk-owl , ninox affinis brown hawk-owl , ninox scutulata hume 's hawk-owl , ninox obscura northern boobook , ninox japonica chocolate boobook , ninox randi white-browed hawk-owl , ninox superciliaris philippine hawk-owl group luzon hawk-owl , ninox philippensis mindoro hawk-owl , ninox mindorensis sulu hawk-owl , ninox reyi mindanao hawk-owl , ninox spilocephala romblon hawk-owl , ninox spilonotus cebu hawk-owl , ninox rumseyi camiguin hawk-owl , ninox leventisi ochre-bellied boobook , ninox ochracea cinnabar boobook , ninox ios moluccan boobook group tanimbar boobook , ninox forbesi halmahera boobook , ninox hypogramma hantu boobook , ninox squamipila christmas boobook , ninox natalis papuan boobook , ninox theomacha manus boobook , ninox meeki speckled boobook , ninox punctulata new ireland boobook , ninox variegata new britain boobook , ninox odiosa solomons boobook , ninox jacquinoti togian boobook , ninox burhani the fossil owls \" otus \" wintershofensis and \" strix \" brevis , both from the early or middle miocene of wintershof west , germany , are close to this genus ; the latter was sometimes explicitly placed in ninox ( olson 1985 ) but is now in intutula .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "\" strix \" edwardsi from the late miocene of la grive st. alban , france , might also belong into this group . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ninox", "paragraphs": ["ninox\nis an australian army project to develop night vision goggles ; it is named after ninox strenua .\ncollaborate online with your team . ninox cloud is the most advanced web database .\nninox for mac syncs data nicely with icloud . you ' ll need just one license to install ninox on multiple macs and keep everything in sync . of course , sync does also work with the ipad and iphone app .\nkeep ahead of tasks with a field of status , priority and due date . ninox helps you to stay on track .\nwhen a user registers his account with ninox and logs in , he will be seen as a user part of your team .\njoin 99 , 000 ninox users who have discovered how easy it is to build powerful database applications to increase productivity and save time .\nafter more than twenty - years of searching daintree rainforest for all manner of cryptic life forms , we have at last photographic evidence of this rare red boobook ( ninox boobook lurida ) . the southern boobook ( ninox boobook ) is also known as mopoke , [ . . . ]\nthe ninox apps for ios are top rated . with the app you even have access when you are on the field or in a plane without internet connection .\nin every area , ninox strives to reach the peak of what is possible . we are a company which is extremely picky about every area of our products , just as we know our customers are .\nno you don\u2019t . when you buy the mac app , you can use the power of ninox without the cloud subscription . you will be able to use your icloud to sync with your ipad and mac app .\nintroducing the venator , a mouse forged in the fires of the arena , built on the foundation of extensive research and experience tirelessly gathered by ninox . alright . . . thats enough of the corny lines , lets get to business .\nwith this major update ninox has made the next step . now , ninox combines the functionality of a database with the ease of use of a spreadsheet . we put lots of effort in redesigning the interface and making ninox more approachable . [ new features & fixes ] \u25cf full spreadsheet functionality . copy & paste + selection of blocks . \u25cf enhanced user interface to speed up browsing ninox databases and tables . \u25cf mail merge : print multiple records at once . \u25cf show thumbnail images in table views and embedded tables . \u25cf all commands are now available from the mac menu bar , too . \u25cf we greatly extended support for keyboard shortcuts . \u25cf added drag & drop support for file attachments . \u25cf database - level undo and redo are finally there . \u25cf choice fields can now be displayed as radio buttons and switches . \u25cf yes / no fields can now be displayed as checkboxes and switches . \u25cf clicking on a map does now look up the address . \u25cf improved scrolling features for large tables . \u25cf number format settings now do offer a prefix option . \u25cf several enhancements of the scripting language . \u25cf improved performance when working with large tables . \u25cf lots of small improvements and bug fixes . \u25cf ninox now supports : catalan , chinese , english , french , german , italian , polish , russian , spanish if you like ninox , please consider to leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !\n\u25cf we rebuilt charts from the ground up to give you 7 different chart types with nice colors . \u25cf it ' s now possible to import selected tables incl . forms , relations , views , layout , data and attachments from other ninox databases . \u25cf enhanced language features enable even more advanced use cases . \u25cf we put a lot of effort in polishing the user interface . \u25cf form width is now adjustable . if you find ninox useful , please consider to write a review . this really makes a difference .\nninox goes team ! we\u2019ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! \u2022 invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . \u2022 changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . \u2022 and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : \u2022 redesign of the home screen \u2022 databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . \u2022 improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 1 : fixes a problem with ninox on macos 10 . 10\nfixed some minor issues . new in 1 . 6 . 0 \u25cf we rebuilt charts from the ground up to give you 7 different chart types with nice colors . \u25cf it ' s now possible to import selected tables incl . forms , relations , views , layout , data and attachments from other ninox databases . \u25cf enhanced language features enable even more advanced use cases . \u25cf we put a lot of effort in polishing the user interface . \u25cf form width is now adjustable . if you find ninox useful , please consider to write a review . this really makes a difference .\nninox cloud runs on any device with a web browser mac os x 10 . 9 , 10 . 10 , 10 . 11 , 10 . 12 / safari , windows 7 , 8 , 10 / internet explorer 10 and later , iphone ios 8 , 9 , 10 / safari , ipad ios 8 , 9 , 10 / safari , android : beta\nninox goes team ! we\u2019ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! \u2022 invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . \u2022 changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . \u2022 and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : \u2022 redesign of the home screen \u2022 databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . \u2022 improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !\nninox goes team ! we\u2019ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! \u2022 invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . \u2022 changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . \u2022 and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : \u2022 redesign of the home screen \u2022 databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . \u2022 improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 2 : performance improvements\nninox goes team ! we\u2019ve added a whole new way to sync your data : ninox cloud ! \u2022 invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . \u2022 changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . \u2022 and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : \u2022 redesign of the home screen \u2022 databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . \u2022 improved performance and stability please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! 2 . 0 . 3 : performance and stability improvements\nninox is getting even better : this update brings a whole range on improvements including some long - expected features like mulitple choice fields and signature fields . also , the calender synchronization has been enhanced . and we invested heavily to make the ninox cloud synchronization super - reliable . new features : \u2022 improved calendar synchronization : - select the calendar to sync with - choose how many months should be synced - synchronization takes effect automatically \u2022 new calendar settings for working hours \u2022 new field type : multiple choice \u2022 new field type : signature \u2022 default quality settings for image fields \u2022 image field height is now configurable \u2022 radio buttons do now support a multi - column layout \u2022 improved rendering of colored fields : ninox automatically picks a high - contrast text color \u2022 sub tables can now be displayed as a single field \u2022 releated records can now be displayed as an embedded form small improvements : \u2022 longitude and lattitude have been switched for the location field to meet common conventions \u2022 new x button to quickly remove a column filter \u2022 sort and filter indicators are now always visible on table views \u2022 display of the cursor position on the formula editor \u2022 fields do now keep focus when switching between ninox and another app back and forth \u2022 new option to duplicate print layouts \u2022 color setting for action buttons \u2022 improved loading spinner \u2022 better handling of thumbnails \u2022 lots of enhancements to the nx scripting language . \u2022 more than 120 small improvements and bug fixes \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !\nninox 2 . 1 brings a lot of improvements all over the place . we worked hard on polishing but also implemented some nice features . to name a few : calendar \u2022 propagate ninox calendar entries to your mac / ios calendar \u2022 improved calendar controls data import : \u2022 improved import options for ninox cloud databases \u2022 date format selector for csv file import general : \u2022 click on an email column to send emails to receipient lists \u2022 icons for radio buttons and switch fields \u2022 copy & paste in print layout designer \u2022 improved search in table views \u2022 teams can have a background image rights & roles : \u2022 visibility of columns in views now depends on access rights \u2022 access to change history is now restricatble extended scripting language : \u2022 counting loops : for i in range ( from , to ) do . . end \u2022 create arrays , like [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] \u2022 automatic repair of formulas \u2014 new in release 2 . 0 : ninox goes team \u2014 additionally to icloud sync for personal use , we added synchronization for teams : \u2022 invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . \u2022 changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . \u2022 and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : \u2022 redesign of the home screen \u2022 databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . \u2022 improved performance and stability \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot !\nninox is a phenomenal databasing program that was actually designed for mac . it was easy to program and , having come from act ! crm , has completely changed our business . not only is it super capable , it was very easy to program . while some additional documentation would be appreciated , the support team was always accessible and assisted us in whatever way they could , including providing example databases . the program itself has been directly ported to ipad and is available on the web with the exact same interface and functionality , and this is unlike any other program that i have found , and a huge selling point . the sync ( between a user\u2019s devices as well as multiple users ) is also phenomenal as well , and works great . overall , ninox is phenomenal . and made for mac , ios , and web , with phenomenal syncing and capabilities ( including programing ) .\nninox 2 . 1 brings a lot of improvements all over the place . we worked hard on polishing but also implemented some nice features . to name a few : calendar \u2022 propagate ninox calendar entries to your mac / ios calendar \u2022 improved calendar controls data import : \u2022 improved import options for ninox cloud databases \u2022 date format selector for csv file import general : \u2022 click on an email column to send emails to receipient lists \u2022 icons for radio buttons and switch fields \u2022 copy & paste in print layout designer \u2022 improved search in table views \u2022 teams can have a background image rights & roles : \u2022 visibility of columns in views now depends on access rights \u2022 access to change history is now restricatble extended scripting language : \u2022 counting loops : for i in range ( from , to ) do . . end \u2022 create arrays , like [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] \u2022 automatic repair of formulas \u2014 new in release 2 . 0 : ninox goes team \u2014 additionally to icloud sync for personal use , we added synchronization for teams : \u2022 invite your teammates and co - workers to collaborate while protecting your data with fine - grained access controls . \u2022 changes from one device will be immediately published to all other users . \u2022 and the best thing is , your data will always be available - - even when there ' s no internet connection . further improvements include : \u2022 redesign of the home screen \u2022 databases can be highlighted with individual colors and icons . \u2022 improved performance and stability \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thanks a lot ! release 2 . 1 . 1 fixes a small problem with reference fields .\nninox medical is developing a new device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea ( osa ) . obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a disorder characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction that occur during sleep . the breathing stops for periods lasting from 10 seconds and up to minutes , followed by stressful arousals during which the patient gasps for air . as a result , oxygen desaturation occurs , inflammatory process may be triggered and lead to the long term cardiovascular or endocrine co - morbidities such as hypertension , ischemic heart disease , stroke and diabetes .\nthis update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : \u2022 new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges \u2022 choice filters do now support multiple options \u2022 new filter widget for multiple choice fields \u2022 improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields \u2022 new ui element for free text \u2022 advanced settings for database background color and image \u2022 user ' s image is now also visible within the database \u2022 date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date \u2022 extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected \u2022 support for data matrix bar codes \u2022 use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms \u2022 enhanced color picker ninox scripting : \u2022 functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted \u2022 significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts \u2022 revised automatic formatting of scripts \u2022 improved error handling \u2022 lots of new functions and commands \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much !\nthis update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : \u2022 new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges \u2022 choice filters do now support multiple options \u2022 new filter widget for multiple choice fields \u2022 improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields \u2022 new ui element for free text \u2022 advanced settings for database background color and image \u2022 user ' s image is now also visible within the database \u2022 date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date \u2022 extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected \u2022 support for data matrix bar codes \u2022 use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms \u2022 enhanced color picker ninox scripting : \u2022 functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted \u2022 significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts \u2022 revised automatic formatting of scripts \u2022 improved error handling \u2022 lots of new functions and commands \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 3 : bug fixes\nthis update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : \u2022 new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges \u2022 choice filters do now support multiple options \u2022 new filter widget for multiple choice fields \u2022 improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields \u2022 new ui element for free text \u2022 advanced settings for database background color and image \u2022 user ' s image is now also visible within the database \u2022 date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date \u2022 extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected \u2022 support for data matrix bar codes \u2022 use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms \u2022 enhanced color picker ninox scripting : \u2022 functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted \u2022 significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts \u2022 revised automatic formatting of scripts \u2022 improved error handling \u2022 lots of new functions and commands \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 2 : bug fixes\nthis update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : \u2022 new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges \u2022 choice filters do now support multiple options \u2022 new filter widget for multiple choice fields \u2022 improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields \u2022 new ui element for free text \u2022 advanced settings for database background color and image \u2022 user ' s image is now also visible within the database \u2022 date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date \u2022 extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected \u2022 support for data matrix bar codes \u2022 use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms \u2022 enhanced color picker ninox scripting : \u2022 functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted \u2022 significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts \u2022 revised automatic formatting of scripts \u2022 improved error handling \u2022 lots of new functions and commands \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 1 : bug fixes\nthis update comes with more than 80 small and big improvements - to name a few : new features : \u2022 new fiter widget to sepcify date and time ranges \u2022 choice filters do now support multiple options \u2022 new filter widget for multiple choice fields \u2022 improvements of the choice and multiple choice fields \u2022 new ui element for free text \u2022 advanced settings for database background color and image \u2022 user ' s image is now also visible within the database \u2022 date picker does now sport buttons for today and to clear the date \u2022 extending selections upwards / to the left in spreadsheet mode does now work as expected \u2022 support for data matrix bar codes \u2022 use styled text elements in calendar , tables , sub tables and forms \u2022 enhanced color picker ninox scripting : \u2022 functions will now be preserved even if a referenced field is deleted \u2022 significant performance improvements when opening or modifying databases with complicated scripts \u2022 revised automatic formatting of scripts \u2022 improved error handling \u2022 lots of new functions and commands \u2014 your feedback is welcome \u2014 please leave a review on the app store . this will help us a lot to continue bringing free updates on the mac , ipad and iphone . thank you so much ! 2 . 3 . 4 : solves a problem with multiple choice fields and for - loops\nbefore this week , i had been using excel to keep track of a long list of locations with a bunch of columns , but i finally cracked - - just too much horizontal scrolling in excel - - and started looking for database soltuions . i had used filemaker many years ago for a similar project , but i knew that the current version is expensive and almost certainly overkill for what i ' m doing . ( i just needed the ability to enter data , and to import and export csv files for use in a web app . ) i found ninox in the app store from a google search and took a chance , and i ' m very glad i did . i was up and running in under 30 minutes , without reading instructions . ( i eventually did need to read some of the online documentation for a few import / export things , but that was a quick process . ) if you ' re familiar with database schemas , most of the features are pretty clear . i wouldn ' t say it ' s for newbies , but you don ' t need much database expertise to use this , and you don ' t need sql experience . knock on wood , the app has been very stable - - i ' ve had zero crashes , and the csv files i ' ve imported and exported have worked perfectly . it ' s also quite speedy on my 2015 macbookpro running high sierra . highly recommended !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 ) , website ( version 8 . 1 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2018 . ioc world bird list ( v 8 . 1 ) . doi : 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1 . available at urltoken [ accessed 22 january , 2018 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2017 . 06 . 15 , website ( version 15 - jun - 17 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nchoose from a variety of crm - , inventory - , invoicing - , and other pre - made databases \u2014 all designed to make your work that much better , and you life that much easier .\nmake your crm ! for clients , partners , suppliers , pupils , members , employees , applicants .\nmake an inventory list . record order and sales . stay up to date .\nmanage projects , sub - projects , mini tasks . calculate effort , time and costs .\norganise collections of art , stamps , books , movies and other things you adore .\nevery business in the world is unique and has its proprietary processes . so should be the tools used for daily work to fit the real needs like a tailormade shirt .\ni recommend this application as a great way to compile live data as you need it , and create relationships between different tables quickly .\nempower your team to collaborate and to be more productive . reduce coordination efforts and save time to focus on what really matters .\nthis app has opened a new door for managing projects at work . the key benefit is being able to generate and update data directly on the factory floor .\nexcellent , lightweight yet sophisticated and powerful database system . i can ' t find anything else like it available for ios and mac .\nthis is the database development product for ios that i ' ve been waiting for , at a fraction of the total\nall in\ncost of filemaker .\nthis really is an outstanding product . more than \u201cjust\u201d a database , it\u2019s an entire application development platform .\nquick , appetizing , it waltzes through changes in schema without a hitch or complaint . this is not even on the same planet as a flat - filer\u2013\u2013with some planning , you can achieve 2nd normal form . worth five stars .\nthe more you think about new ways to track data , the more useful this software becomes . it\u2019s quickly becoming an indispensable tool for me . highly recommended .\nit ' s like excel on steroids . . . . w / excellent ( & reliable ) cloud storage support . someone has outdone themselves !\nwe are here to provide you with more information , answer any questions you may have and create an effective solution for your needs .\nthis is in the works , however , currently we are not able to provide that by default . when you have a subscription and you want a native mac app to access data offline , add the mac app to your purchase .\nthe keepap\u2122 is an investigational device and is limited by u . s . law to investigational use . this product is not currently available for sale or distribution and has not been approved by the u . s . fda or by any other country\u2019s regulatory authority .\n\u25cf improved positioning and resizing of fields \u25cf new field : phone number \u25cf new field : color \u25cf new field : icon \u25cf time interval fields now support several formats with up to millisecond precision \u25cf new functions : unique ( . . . ) , sort ( . . . ) \u25cf aggregations min ( . . . ) , max ( . . . ) , avg ( . . . ) etc . support multiple arguments \u25cf improved performance when rendering complex forms and tables\n\u25cf interface language is now selectable by user \u25cf default values for field type email \u25cf improved record navigation controls \u25cf table level trigger scripts : on create , on update \u25cf new function replace ( text , match , replace ) \u25cf new function endof ( appointment ) replaces end ( appointment ) \u25cf new functions latitude ( location ) and longitude ( location ) \u25cf slight improvements when editing choice values \u25cf fixed problem with renaming file attachments in icloud databases \u25cf fixed problem when removing views \u25cf fixed problem with opening attachments on os x 10 . 9 mavericks \u25cf fixed problem with ui freezing on os x 10 . 11 el capitan \u25cf triggers don ' t cascade ( don ' t execute other triggers ) - use a semicolon to update multiple fields instead\ni\u2019d give this app five stars if it was documented properly . it is a capable , general - purpose database . it won\u2019t do real heavy lifting ( like filemaker pro ) , but it will handle the needs of most small - to - medium size businesses . its only real problem is a lack of proper documentation , which gives the impression that the developer is good at programming , but not really up to professional standards , as far as documentation goes .\ni have used relational databases for years , from dbase 3 to sql server , and i am pretty comfortable creating and maintaining databases . i am finding myself able to learn the app , but it is taking me about a week of evenings just to figure out how the app does things . and that\u2019s a shame , because once i figure out an area of the app , i do like their approach . so , i can only recommend this ap on a qualified basis . those unfamiliar with relational databases will probably have a tough time figuring out how to use this app , and even old sql hands are likely to invest more time than they would like learning it .\ni\u2019d give this app five stars if it was documented properly . it is a capable , general - purpose database . it won\u2019t do real heavy lifting ( like filemaker pro ) , but it will handle the needs of most small - to - medium size businesses . its only real problem is a lack of proper documentation , which gives the impression that the developer is good at programming , but not really up to professional standards , as far as documentation goes . i have used relational databases for years , from dbase 3 to sql server , and i am pretty comfortable creating and maintaining databases . i am finding myself able to learn the app , but it is taking me about a week of evenings just to figure out how the app does things . and that\u2019s a shame , because once i figure out an area of the app , i do like their approach . so , i can only recommend this ap on a qualified basis . those unfamiliar with relational databases will probably have a tough time figuring out how to use this app , and even old sql hands are likely to invest more time than they would like learning it .\nwith family sharing set up , up to six family members can use this app .\nimportant notes : - now available on amazon us , uk , de , fr , it , es , maxgaming eu and international . - black colour now available . - items marked * * are only available with firmware update v1 . 1 ( please see the support page for the download link ) . serial numbers beginning with 0717 or higher come pre - loaded with firmware v1 . 1 .\nthe venator is designed for gamers who know exactly what they want from their mouse . take a look at the list below and see if its for you !\na shape which is designed to feel like its an extension of your body .\nthe highest performing sensor available , capable of tracking at speeds of over 250 inches per second ( ~ 6 . 5 meters / s ) , and up to 12 , 000 dpi . the microprocessor inside the venator has also been programmed to synchronise its usb polling rate with the sensor ' s data , for reliable and very low latency tracking . it has also been programmed to have a low lod ( maximum tracking height ) , no angle snapping , and no added smoothing or acceleration .\nthe omron\u00ae d2fc - f - k ( 50m ) switches have one of the highest lifespan of any mouse switches , capable of performing over 50 million clicks . not only that , but they are also pleasant to use - not too hard to press , and not too loud , yet still remaning tactile . they ' re also lightning fast , due to the ultra low latency switch response which has been programmed into the venator ' s microprocessor .\ncustomised for increased tactile feel and extended lifespan of over 24 million scrolls , so you can feel confident when using the scroll wheel , especially in tense situations .\nall settings can be adjusted on the mouse , and unlike most mice that don ' t use drivers or software , the venator can store your settings in 3 profiles , where you can choose your dpi , led colours , and led brightness .\nthe top part of the mouse is coated with matte paint which has been uv cured . it provides excellent levels of grip , even in heated moments , and because of the curing process , is extremely hard wearing . in addition , the sides of the mouse have a textured pattern , designed to help you grip the mouse , without being too delicate or adding extra weight .\nif you don ' t like heavy mice , this is the one for you ! weighing only 78 grams , it allows a super fast initial movement response , and less fatigue over extended gaming sessions . combined with the naturally comfortable shape and high grip features , gameplay will be as comfortable as can be .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrat - culture - fiction . . . normal vocalizations are very high - pitched , well outside the range of human hearing . . . french film , illustrates henri laborit ' s theories on evolutionary psychology and human behaviors by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments . . . in harry turtledove ' s science fiction novel homeward bound , humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded earth . . .\nsuperoxide dismutase - types - human . . . three forms of superoxide dismutase are present in humans , in all other mammals , and most chordates . . . sod1 , soluble crystallographic structure of the human sod1 enzyme ( rainbow colored n - terminus = blue , c - terminus = red ) complexed with copper ( blue - green . 21 q22 . 1 sod2 , mitochondrial structure of the active site of human superoxide dismutase 2 . . .\nreligion and sexuality . . . address the moral issues that arise from people ' s sexuality in society and in human interactions . . . sexual morality has varied greatly over time and between cultures . . .\nsexual restrictions\nis one of the universals of culture peculiar to all human societies . . .\nhistory of ivory coast . . . the date of the first human presence in ivory coast ( also officially called c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ) has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country ' s humid climate . . . as a possible indication of a large human presence during the upper paleolithic period ( 15 , 000 to 10 , 000 bc ) , or at the minimum , the neolithic period . . .\nthorns , spines , and prickles - in human culture . . . primitive humans are known to have used thorns as tools . . . human history records a variety of cultural references to sharp - pointed plant defensive mechanisms . . .\nseemed to think that once the indians were off the reservations , they\u0092d eventually become like everybody else . but they aren\u0092t like everybody else . when the indianness is drummed out of them , they are turned into hopeless drunks on skid row .\nwithout the constitution and the union , we could not have attained the result ; but even these , are not the primary cause of our great prosperity . there is something back of these , entwining itself more closely about the\nheart . that something , is the principle of \u0093liberty to all\u0094mthe principle that clears the path for all\u0097gives hope to all\u0097and , by consequence , enterprize [ sic ] , and industry to all .\nindividuals face evolutionary trade - offs between the acquisition of costly but accurate information gained firsthand and the use of inexpensive but possibly less reliable social information . american crows ( corvus brachyrhynchos ) use both sources of information to learn the facial features of a dangerous person . we exposed wild crows to a novel \u2018dangerous face\u2019 by wearing a unique mask as we trapped , banded and released 7\u201315 birds at five study sites near seattle , wa , usa . an immediate scolding response to the dangerous mask after trapping by previously captured crows demonstrates individual learning , while an immediate response by crows that were not captured probably represents conditioning to the trapping scene by the mob of birds that assembled during the capture . later recognition of dangerous masks by lone crows that were never captured is consistent with horizontal social learning . independent scolding by young crows , whose parents had conditioned them to scold the dangerous mask , demonstrates vertical social learning . crows that directly experienced trapping later discriminated among dangerous and neutral masks more precisely than did crows that learned through social means . learning enabled scolding to double in frequency and spread at least 1 . 2 km from the place of origin over a 5 year period at one site .\nan animal ' s world includes environmental challenges that select for adaptive traits across generations [ 1 ] , as well as those that change within individual lifetimes and necessitate adaptive learning [ 2 ] . learning from direct trial and error experiences allows for a wide range of species to rapidly adjust their behaviour to changing conditions [ 3 \u2013 5 ] , but errors can be costly [ 6 , 7 ] . species able to observe and imitate others [ 8 ] , even crudely [ 9 ] , can forgo this cost by adjusting to changing environments through social learning and cultural evolution [ 10 , 11 ] .\nin our increasingly human - dominated world , animals frequently face new dangers and opportunities that would profitably be solved through social learning . nowhere may this be more apparent than in our cities , where changing abiotic conditions ; novel anthropogenic foods and other subsidies ; and exotic predators , diseases and competitors are potent , novel and erratic selective forces [ 12 , 13 ] . the behaviour of individual people towards animals is often changing , and recent studies have demonstrated that an ability to discern differences between humans [ 14 , 15 ] may enable successful species to adapt to , and even coevolve with , human behaviour [ 16 ] . because human actions often threaten animals , learning socially about individual people ' s habits would be advantageous .\nlearning dangers by observing others is well understood in the laboratory [ 17 ] , but difficult to demonstrate in nature because public information can influence an animal ' s behaviour without the need for imitative social learning [ 18 , 19 ] . society can influence an individual ' s behaviour by stimulating ( contagion ) , exposing or supporting an action that already exists in the animal ' s repertoire . such socially influenced traits are subject to cultural transmission , but at best provide weak evidence for social learning as new behaviours need not be acquired [ 20 , 21 ] . by contrast , social animals often model adaptive traits that enable individuals to learn the object , location or circumstances that enhance fitness . such social learning ( i . e . stimulus enhancement or observational conditioning ; [ 19 ] ) is more rudimentary than imitating complex behaviours or learning about goals from others , but it is common among socially tolerant animals [ 22 , 23 ] .\nthe american crow ( corvus brachyrhynchos ) is a successful resident of north american cities [ 24 ] with a typical fission\u2013fusion social structure within which many traditions and vocalizations appear to be socially learned [ 16 , 25 ] . one such tradition is the tendency of some crow groups to habitually follow or scorn particular humans . in experiments that we expand upon here , crows were capable of discriminating among individual people and remembering those who have aided or threatened them in the past [ 26 ] . threatening people are scolded with harsh vocalizations and may be mobbed by groups of scolding crows . individual crows learn from a single experience when they are captured and scold their captors , but in our experiments many more crows appeared knowledgeable than the few with direct , individual experience . crows recruit and tolerate others of their own and different species in mobs that form around dangerous people . this social tolerance during a situation when a typically neutral stimulus ( a person ) is paired with a signal of danger ( scolding ) could allow naive crows to learn about dangerous situations , locations and individual humans . alternatively , many naive crows may simply be stimulated to mob dangerous people because of the contagious nature of a mob [ 27 ] .\nmobbing is a compound social stimulus that includes both visual and auditory signals in response to predators that is found in a variety of taxa including fishes , birds and mammals [ 28 ] . mobbing has multiple functions including predation , deterrence and learning to identify predators [ 29 \u2013 32 ] . here , we are concerned with the latter and seek to distinguish contagious from socially acquired behaviour to understand the relative roles of individual learning and social learning in the acquisition of knowledge about people by crows . we test the hypothesis that observing others mob an object conditions an individual to react to that object and thus subsequently scold it [ 29 ] . our experiments in a field setting advance the relatively poor understanding of social learning pathways in nature [ 22 ] .\nwe experimentally investigated the roles of individual and social learning by pairing an aversive experience ( capture , banding and release ) with a novel human face ( a full face mask worn by people trapping and handling the birds ) . after trapping , we investigated the strength of the ecologically relevant , unconditioned response ( fear , scolding or mobbing ) to the conditioned stimulus ( people wearing the mask used during trapping , \u2018dangerous face\u2019 ) and to similar stimuli ( people wearing other masks not used for trapping or no mask , \u2018neutral faces\u2019 ; see the electronic supplementary material , also see marzluff et al . [ 26 ] for details on masks , previous research at sites and discriminatory abilities of subjects ) .\nwe trapped and then observed crows respond to masks at five sites . we began research at the university of washington ( uw ) main campus , where we contrasted crow responses over a 5 year period ( and ongoing ) to an extraordinary dangerous mask . to test the generality of our findings at uw , and test discrimination among ordinary faces in a fully balanced design , where each mask was dangerous at one site and neutral at all other sites , we conducted five - month long observations at four additional sites ( see the electronic supplementary material ) .\nwhile our goals varied among sites , our field procedures were standardized . two trappers each wore the same mask during capture with a net launcher and banding . in total , birds were held for 10\u201330 min by the masked trappers , during which time groups of crows who were not captured circled and gave alarm vocalizations ( the electronic supplementary material ) . after releasing the banded birds , we removed our masks while inside a nearby building . each bird was aged based on plumage and colour of the mouth lining ( [ 33 ] ; electronic supplementary material ) . adults were only marked using leg bands ( including colour bands that did not reinforce coloration known to be associated with status ) to minimize long - term stress on the crows . all trapping was carried out at the start of experiments ; once trapping was completed , no additional individual learning by experiencing or observing trapping was possible .\nto assess the responses of the crow populations at each site to people with masks after capture , we surveyed crows and their responses to a person slowly walking a 2\u20133 . 8 km - long route for 1\u20132 h ( figures 1 and 3 ; electronic supplementary material ) . surveys were carried out by the authors and others who were blind to the experimental objectives and expectations . observations made by blind observers are conservatively biased ( typically ascribing less discriminatory ability to crows because some scold vocalizations were not recognized as such ; [ 26 ] ) . each route included the trapping sites . at each site , the order of trials in which observers wore the dangerous trapping mask and the neutral masks was randomized . during surveys , which were limited to no more than one per day , observers paused briefly to look at each crow encountered and categorized its behaviour . we defined scolding as a harsh , alarm \u2018kaw\u2019 directed repeatedly at the observer accompanied by agitated wing and tail flicking [ 34 ] . mobbing ( or a mob ) is defined as contagious activity where more than one crow jointly scolds . mobbing may be accompanied by diving and following the masked observer . observers did not carry binoculars ( so as not to cue birds ) , but noted the unique band combination of each crow when possible , enabling us to determine if a particular individual was previously captured . although attraction of birds along the route to mobs may increase the chance of repeatedly counting the same birds within an experiment , we have no suggestion that it occurred . our routes were long , many of the crows were territorial and wandered little beyond their centres of activity , and we never observed a banded bird in more than a single mob within a trial .\nresponses of lone , unbanded crows ( solid symbols , scolding ; open symbols , silent ) at site b ( urban and dense suburban bellevue , wa ; for other sites see the electronic supplementary material ) . each of the 11 repeated trials in which the dangerous mask was worn is represented as a straight line with segments proportional to the actual route ( lines 1\u201311 under the study route , letters orient lines to route ; dashed lines delineate the major segments ) . the locations of all mobs given in response to the dangerous person ' s presence and the responses of all lone unbanded ( never captured ) crows are plotted in a spatially explicit manner for each trial . scolding crows exposed to a mob ( observed within 100 m of the location where mobbing occurred on a previous trial ; these crows have a plus symbol ) are evidence of peer - to - peer social learning . scolding crows that were not exposed to a mob are evidence of social learning by observing the trapping event ( trial 1 ) , evidence of inherent scolding of a masked person ( trials 2\u201311 ) or the conservative nature of our assessment ( trials 2\u201311 ) .\nongoing observations at our single long - term research site ( uw ) enabled us to describe the potential effect of social learning by detailing the nature of involvement in scolding by birds that were not trapped . we did this on a temporal basis by comparing the change in the number of birds scolding after trapping with two typical models of population - level cultural learning : linear and exponential rise to maximum [ 35 , 36 ] . network - based approaches [ 37 ] were not possible because many birds were not individually marked . rejection of the linear model would be consistent with lack of social learning . support for the linear model would be consistent with ongoing social learning . support for the exponential rise to maximum model would be consistent with learning by observation of the trapping event , but little or no further learning by observing scolding .\nwe quantified the geographical spread in scolding by mapping the locations and average number of scolding birds during the first two weeks immediately after trapping , 1 . 25 years after trapping , and 2 . 7 years post - trapping ( 9 , 31 and 38 cumulative number of times crows were exposed to the dangerous mask prior to each time point , respectively ) . since the first 2 years of data suggested that the response area was increasing , we expanded our search of knowledgeable birds off of the typical route at the 2 . 7 year mark . we surveyed in a circular search area with a radius of 1160 m , positioned around our typical route . we started at the perimeter of the circle and worked our way in towards the centre . we drove until we saw a crow perched within 10 m of the ground , put on the mask , approached the crow on foot to observe its response , then removed the mask once back inside the vehicle . we surveyed this area on a weekly basis from 9 october 2008 until 30 november 2008 ."]}
{"id": 1264, "summary": [{"text": "the members of the family percichthyidae are known as the temperate perches .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they belong to the order perciformes , the perch-like fishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name percichthyidae derives from the latin perca for perch and ancient greek ichthys for fish . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "temperate perch", "paragraphs": ["the barber perch can be recognised by its colouration , is found on rocky reefs in temperate marine waters and is endemic to australia .\nthe splendid perch is bright red or orange with red or yellow fins . juveniles are pink . the species occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand .\nthe butterfly perch is a schooling species that occurs in temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand . they are commonly found on coastal reefs and deep reefs at around 100 m depths .\ngreek perk\u00e9 = perch + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .\njohnson ' s gurnard perch was named in honour of jeff johnson the fish collection manager at the queensland museum . johnson ' s gurnard perch has a relatively short snout and long dorsal fin spines .\nquality of semen and histological analysis of testes in eurasian perch perca fluviatilis l . during a spawning period\nsome aspects of the reproductive biology of perch perca fluviatilis l . a histological description of the reproductive cycle\nneuman , e . , g . thoresson and o . sanstr\u00f6m , 1996 . swimming activity of perch ,\njackson , l . f . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . reproduction of white perch (\nedgar , g . j . 1997 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . reed books . pp . 544 .\nendemic to temperate waters of southern australia , from wilsons promontory , victoria , to about albany , western australia , and around tasmania . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , feeding on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop offs at depths of 7 - 100 m . they are usually found at shallower depths and in more sheltered habitats than butterfly perch .\nlake erie yellow perch cohort size at age - 2 and lifetime harvest by cohort plotted against juvenile abundance , 1987\u20132010 .\nthis delay in spawning following a short winter could negatively affect temperate species such as yellow perch in two vastly different ways . the prolonged period of elevated water temperature during a \u2018delayed ' spawning season may reduce sperm quality ( for example , motility ) . indeed , low sperm quality was associated with a prolonged , warm spawning season in a congener of yellow perch ( eurasian perch perca fluviatilis ) 37 , as well as other temperate fish species ( for example , brown trout salmo trutta 38 ) . because poor sperm quality also may have contributed to failed reproduction following short , warm winters in lake erie , further investigation into climate change effects on male gamete quality is warranted .\ncraig , j . , 1987 . the biology of perch and related fish . croom helm , london , 333 pp .\nedgar , g . j . 2008 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . sydney : reed new holland 2 , 624 pp .\nmean daily water temperature from short and long winter - duration treatments used in a controlled laboratory experiment with lake erie yellow perch .\niowa\u2019s popular gamefish , walleye , sauger and yellow perch , are some of the 20 members of the perch family in iowa . the remaining members are various species of darters . members of the perch family have rather slender , elongated bodies and a large bone on the gill cover that ends in a flat spine . the spiny and soft portions of the dorsal fin are completely separated .\ntao , y . , berlinsky , d . l . and sullivan , c . v . 1996 . vitellogenin receptors in white perch (\nnative to temperate areas of europe . introduced to australia by fish acclimatisation societies via tasmania ( 1862 ) and victoria ( 1868 ) . a popular angling species , with good flesh .\nhrabik , t . r . , m . p . carey and m . s . webster . 2001 . interactions between exotic rainbow smelt young - of - year and native yellow perch young - of - year in a northern temperate lake . transactions of the american fisheries society 130 ( 4 ) : 568 - 582 .\nclimate change is most evident in northern temperate and arctic ecosystems , where it is prolonging historically short growing seasons 1 , 2 . longer spring - through - fall growing seasons in northern ecosystems are predicted to have positive effects on temperate ectotherms by increasing fitness 3 through a number of pathways , including increased positive growth 3 , 4 and reduced overwinter mortality 5 . however , the corresponding reduction in winter duration may counter these positive benefits by presenting a mismatch between altered seasonal thermal regimes and the highly evolved seasonal physiology and life history of temperate ectotherms 6 , 7 .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m ( ref . 7251 ) . temperate ; 52\u00b0n - 29\u00b0n , 79\u00b0w - 57\u00b0w\nrossier , o . , e . casteila and j . b . lachavanne , 1996 . influence of submerged aquatic vegetation on size class distribution of perch\nimbrock , f . , a . appenzeller and r . eckmann , 1996 . diel and seasonal distribution of perch in lake constance : a hydroacoustic study and\nas its common name suggests , the red little gurnard perch is a small species of scorpionfish that unlike other species of maxillicosta , has a red body .\nmay , j . l . & maxwell , j . g . h . 1986 . field guide to trawl fish from temperate waters of australia . hobart : csiro division of marine research 492 pp .\nzamora l . , moreno - amich r . ( 2002 ) quantifying the activity and movement of perch in a temperate lake by integrating acoustic telemetry and a geographic information system . in : thorstad e . b . , fleming i . a . , n\u00e6sje t . f . ( eds ) aquatic telemetry . developments in hydrobiology , vol 165 . springer , dordrecht\nthe longfin perch has a long - based dorsal fin , and an emarginate caudal fin . the species occurs in australia , new zealand and the kermadec islands .\na male barber perch , caesioperca rasor , in port phillip , victoria . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nhow to cite this article : farmer , t . m . et al . short winters threaten temperate fish populations . nat . commun . 6 : 7724 doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms8724 ( 2015 ) .\nperch , , either of two species of fish , the common and the yellow perch ( perca fluviatilis and p . flavescens , sometimes considered as single species , p . fluviatilis ) of the family percidae ( order perciformes ) . the name also is widely , and sometimes confusingly , applied to a variety of other fishes . \u2026\n. they may be found in both fresh and salt water . some varieties are popular as game and food fishes . the temperate basses are not closely related to the black basses , which are members of the sunfish family .\nhodgson , j . r . , d . e . schindler and x . he , 1998 . homing tendency of three piscivorous fishes in a north temperate lake . trans . am . fish . soc . 127 : 1071\u20131081 .\nheppell , s . a . , jackson , l . f . , weber , g . m . and sullivan , c . v . 1999 . enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) of vitellogenin in temperate basses ( genus\nhuusko , a . , o . vuorimies and t . sutela , 1996 . temperature and light mediated predation by perch on vendace larvae . j . fish biol . 49 : 441\u2013447 .\nrelationship between ( a ) bottom water temperature and date and ( b\u2013d ) the probability that a yellow perch female was spent and bottom water temperature during spring 2010\u20132012 in western lake erie .\nlake erie yellow perch ( a ) embryo hatching success and ( b ) larval size - at - hatching versus individual egg mass when exposed to a short and long winter in the laboratory .\ndiffers from the closely - related butterfly perch , caesioperca lepidoptera , in having a more slender body , and in males being more bluish with a dark bar rather than a blotch on the midside .\nalthough climate warming is expected to benefit temperate ectotherms by lengthening the summer growing season , declines in reproductive success following short , warm winters may counter such positive effects . here we present long - term ( 1973\u20132010 ) field patterns for lake erie yellow perch , perca flavescens , which show that failed annual recruitment events followed short , warm winters . subsequent laboratory experimentation and field investigations revealed how reduced reproductive success following short , warm winters underlie these observed field patterns . following short winters , females spawn at warmer temperatures and produce smaller eggs that both hatch at lower rates and produce smaller larvae than females exposed to long winters . our research suggests that continued climate warming can lead to unanticipated , negative effects on temperate fish populations .\nrecreational fishing licence requirements and regulations affecting the taking of english perch in victoria are available in the victorian recreational fishing guide , available free from recreational fishing licence sales agents and dedjtr offices and information centres .\nstock size . while yellow perch stock size ( that is , number of age - 3 and older mature yellow perch ) varied markedly in both lake erie basins during 1973\u20132010 , we do not feel that it is responsible for observed recruitment variation . in support of this notion , previous research showed that stock size explained < 1 % of the variation in yellow perch recruitment in both the western and central basins during 1973\u20132010 ( ref . 54 ) . further , yellow perch spawning stock size generally declined in the west basin during this time period , whereas it increased in the central basin during this same period 48 , 54 . these opposing trends in stock size between adjacent lake basins also suggest that stock size was relatively unimportant to driving recruitment variation , given that we documented near identical responses of recruitment to variation in winter thermal regime .\nthe white perch can tolerate a wide range of salinity , living in fresh water , landlocked lakes , brackish backwaters and bays , and fullfledged salt water . it is especially at home in ponds connected to the sea .\nthe butterfly perch is usually pinkish with a dark blotch on the body . the pectoral fins are approximately the same length as the head . adults develop spots , pale blue fin margins and a blue band behind the eye .\nwhite perch average eight to 10 inches long and less than a pound , but in brackish water they can grow to 15 inches or so and about two pounds . they have a long lifespan , and fish 12 years old are not uncommon . their diet varies with the season . white perch eat bottomdwelling insect larvae in the winter and early spring . then during the warmer months they consume large burrowing mayflies , crustaceans , water fleas and small fish . they seldom go into very shallow water , where minnows are abundant , but remain in deep water by day and near shore at sundown . in marine habitats , white perch eat small fish , squid , crabs and shrimp .\na pelagic schooling fish found only in southern australia . adult males are bluish with a black bar on the side . females are pinkish with a blue line below the eye . small juveniles are pink to pinkish - orange with a dark mauve head . barber perch form large schools on sheltered coastal reefs , where they feed on plankton above rocky reefs , outcrops and drop - offs . the closely - related butterfly perch usually occurs in more exposed habitats on deeper reefs .\nbarracuda , any of about 20 species of predacious fishes of the family sphyraenidae ( order perciformes ) . barracudas are found in all warm and tropical regions ; some also range into more temperate areas . swift and powerful , they are slender in form , with small scales , two well - separated dorsal fins , \u2026\nsailfish , ( genus istiophorus ) , ( genus ) , valued food and game fish of the family istiophoridae ( order perciformes ) found in warm and temperate waters around the world . the sailfish has a long , rounded spear extending from its snout but is distinguished from related species , such as marlins , by its\u2026\nswordfish , ( xiphias gladius ) , prized food and game fish , probably the single species constituting the family xiphiidae ( order perciformes ) , found in warm and temperate oceans around the world . the swordfish , an elongated , scaleless fish , has a tall dorsal fin , and a long sword , used in slashing at\u2026\nmackerel , , any of a number of swift - moving , streamlined food and sport fishes found in temperate and tropical seas around the world , allied to tunas in the family scombridae ( order perciformes ) . mackerels are rounded and torpedo - shaped , with a slender , keeled tail base , a forked tail , and a row of\u2026\nhiramatsu , n . , hara , a . , hiramatsu , k . , fukada , h . , weber , g . m . , denslow , n . d . and sullivan , c . v . 2002b . vitellogenin - derived yolk proteins of white perch ,\nyellow perch is a common , coolwater iteroparous fish that is widespread across the atlantic , great lakes and mississippi river basins of north america . this species is particularly important in the laurentian great lakes basin , where it serves as an important consumer in the middle of the food web 47 and supports valuable commercial and recreational fisheries . yellow perch supports lake erie ' s largest commercial fishery and second most valuable recreational fishery 48 . recruitment to the fishery has been quite variable in lake erie over the past several decades 48 , a period of time during which variability in winter ice cover also has been increasing 49 .\nsanderson , b . l . , t . r . hrabik , j . j . magnuson and d . m . post . 1999 . cyclic dynamics of a yellow perch population in an oligotrophic lake : evidence for the role of intraspecific interactions . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences . 56 : 1534 - 1542 .\n) . short , warm winters with little ice cover were consistently followed by weak recruitment to the juvenile ( age - 0 ) stage . by contrast , high juvenile abundances occurred only after long , cold winters . as yellow perch juvenile abundance in lake erie is a strong predictor of both recruitment to the fishery at age - 2 and future lifetime fishery harvest of that cohort (\nbecause the odnr - dow survey design changed during the past 35 + years , we used yellow perch data only from 12 fixed , historical sites , sampled consistently during this time . historical sites were spread across the ohio waters of western ( n = 4 ) and central ( n = 8 ) lake erie 23 . annual juvenile abundances from these historical sites were strongly correlated with overall annual abundances calculated using all sites in both western ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 92 , n = 24 ; \u223c80 sites per year since 1987 ) and central lake erie ( pearson correlation : r = 0 . 94 , n = 21 ; \u223c40 sites per year since 1990 ) , indicating that historical sites closely track population - level variation in juvenile yellow perch abundance .\nwe conducted a controlled laboratory experiment with wild yellow perch to quantify the effects of winter duration on the timing of reproduction , fecundity , egg quality ( that is , egg size , energetic and lipid content ) , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching . below , we provide details regarding the fish used in the experiment , the experimental design and the treatment of the data .\naltered spawning phenology offers yet another pathway by which short , warm winters could weaken annual recruitment . in our study , female yellow perch that were exposed to a short winter ( and hence , earlier arrival of spring temperatures ) did not initiate spawning at their \u2018normal ' temperatures in either the laboratory or lake erie . instead , following a short winter , females initiated spawning at warmer temperatures than normal , which occurred during the typical spawning period ( mid - april through may ) .\nduring the experiment , some females died ( short winter n = 19 ; long winter n = 15 ) . the majority ( 56 % ) of mortalities occurred during the first 3 weeks of october 2011 at the start of the experiment , likely due to transfer stress and failure to acclimate to indoor laboratory conditions . no mortalities occurred once spawning began in the spring ( april\u2013june 2012 ) . once spawning began , we euthanized another group of randomly selected female yellow perch in the short ( n = 14 ) and long ( n = 14 ) winter - duration treatments to assess reproductive development ( results not presented ) . the remaining females in both the short and long winter - duration treatments all spawned , with some being hand - stripped ( short winter n = 7 ; long winter n = 10 ) and some spawning in tanks ( short winter n = 9 ; long winter n = 10 ) . thus , our sample sizes for fecundity , egg quality , embryo hatching success and larval - size - at - hatching for each treatment were based on the number of yellow perch that were able to be successfully hand - stripped of eggs .\nwhether short , warm winters led to reduced egg size , egg energetic and lipid content , and embryo hatching success through metabolic or maternal endocrine pathways requires further investigation . the difficulty in delineating between these mechanisms is in part due to both sets of processes being controlled by ambient temperature 26 , 27 . for example , for successful reproduction to occur , the metabolic demands of reproduction must be met 27 . in this way , one potential explanation for large eggs being produced after long winters is that the prolonged period of cold temperatures allows for more energy to be allocated to reproduction than under warmer conditions , when maintenance metabolic demands are elevated 27 , 28 , 29 . most certainly , additional research into how seasonally specific metabolic rates 30 and food availability during winter affect energy allocation by females to reproduction ( sensu 29 ) in temperate fishes would be worthwhile .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies of this family are distributed in australia and south america ( primarily argentina and chile ) . rarely brackish . complete and continuous lateral line . dorsal fins continuous , with or without a notch ; spines 7 - 12 ( 1 - 3 in gadopsis bispinosus ) ; soft rays 8 - 38 . anal fin spines 3 ; soft rays 7 - 13 ( 16 - 20 in gadopsis ) . scales ctenoid , secondarily cycloid . vertebrae 25 - 36 ( 40 - 50 in gadopsis ) . dioecious . poorly defined group , its composition is subject to change . eschmeyer ( 1998 ) recognized 14 valid genera . percilia species are considered to be under its own family perciliidae ( arratia , pers . comm . ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nyou may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server . please enable scripts and reload this page .\ntom wolf , governor | rocco s . ali , president john a . arway , executive director\nthe white bass is a freshwater fish , with its largest populations in the great lakes and the mississippi river system . in pennsylvania the white bass is native to the western counties , especially lake erie and the ohio river watershed . its species name \u201c chrysops \u201d refers to the fish\u2019s golden eye .\nwhite bass inhabit large lakes and small to large rivers . they prefer water that is relatively clear , and they rarely maintain a population in lakes less than 300 acres . prime white bass habitat includes extensive water acreage deeper than 10 feet , and gravelly shoals or rock - rubble reefs on which the fish can spawn . in recent years , white bass fishing has been exceptional at the allegheny reservoir , warren county .\nwhite bass are school fish , spawning , feeding and traveling in compact groups . in late april to early june , schools of white bass migrate to spawn over rocky or gravelly shoals , either going to that habitat in a lake or traveling upstream in a river to reach it . the bass appear to return to the same spawning site each spring . spawning takes place near the surface in six or seven feet of water , at 58 to 64 degrees . the females release 25 , 000 to one million minute eggs into the current , accompanied by several spawning males . the eggs are adhesive , drifting to the bottom and sticking to the stones . they hatch in two or three days . successful hatching depends on favorable conditions of current or wave action , and temperature . white bass produce abundant year - classes intermittently . spawning success and year - class survival usually depend on a variety of environmental conditions .\nin their native habitat , the atlantic coast from the st . lawrence river to florida and some tributaries of the gulf of mexico , the striped bass is a true anadromous fish , living in salt water but traveling to fresh water to spawn . through stocking , striped bass have reached the west coast . striped bass can also live entirely in fresh water as a landlocked form that cannot reach the sea . in pennsylvania , striped bass are found in the delaware river , and historically had been found throughout the susquehanna river , the fish traveling upstream from the chesapeake bay . dams on the susquehanna had blocked the striped bass upstream migration to spawning grounds , but fish lifts , or fishways , on the dams should soon make access possible to the middle susquehanna for this and other anadromous fishes .\nwhen the santee river in south carolina was impounded during the 1940s , the striped bass present there produced a population that adapted to a freshwater landlocked existence . offspring and subsequent generations of these fish have been stocked in many inland waters , reservoirs and the rivers that run into them throughout north america .\nsouth of pennsylvania and new jersey , fishermen call stripers \u201crockfish . \u201d their species name \u201c saxatilis \u201d means \u201cdwelling among rocks . \u201d\nstriped bass catches in the 15 - to 20 - pound range are not uncommon in pennsylvania . for sea - living striped bass , sizes in excess of 100 pounds have been reported . the pennsylvania state records both for marine and landlocked striped bass are over 50 pounds .\nstriped bass live in salt water , in brackish estuaries and in fresh water . migratory forms travel from the ocean or saltwater bays into freshwater rivers , above tidal influence , to spawn . landlocked forms of striped bass live in large reservoirs as roaming , mid - water schools . significant lengths of flowing water are needed for successful spawning , sufficient to keep eggs suspended before hatching .\nfrom their saltwater homes , striped bass migrate upstream in the spring to spawn , traveling into the mouths of large freshwater rivers . over stony riffles , several males chase a large female in what appears to be a battle , but it is actually frantic spawning antics and frenzied swimming\u2013the striped bass\u2019s courtship and spawning ritual . male striped bass become mature at about two years of age , with the females usually ready to spawn in their fourth year , when they are 18 to 24 inches long . at all ages , the females are larger and heavier than the males . water temperature signals spawning time , with some spawning occurring at 55 degrees , but most at 60 to 67 degrees . young females may release just 65 , 000 eggs .\nmarine striped bass make two migrations , one for spawning . the other , in fish two years old or older , occurs when a small percentage move out of their wintering areas , like the chesapeake and delaware bays , and travel north along the coast to new england and southern canada . there they mingle with northern populations of striped bass during the summer . then most return to their winter quarters . in reservoirs , the landlocked freshwater striped bass move according to temperature and dissolved oxygen in the lake , favoring cooler arms of the impoundment during the hot summer .\nstriped bass feed on just about anything alive that is available . they are a top - level carnivore whether found in salt water or fresh water . young striped bass eat microcrustaceans , or zooplankton , and midge larvae . as they grow , their diet changes to large crustaceans , mollusks and especially other fish . as adults , striped bass live in roving schools , feeding mostly at night . when chasing forage fish near the surface , the splashing and slashing make a spectacular display . substantial increases in abundance of striped bass have occurred in the delaware river since the mid - 1980s because of improved river water quality and harvest restrictions .\nthe striped bass hybrid is a hatchery - created cross between a white bass and a striped bass . it is stocked primarily because it tolerates warmer water than the purebred striped bass , which , as it grows older and larger , requires well - oxygenated water during the summer . in pennsylvania it is stocked mostly in the western part of the state , in reservoirs such as lake arthur and shenango lake , and in the big - river area of the ohio and allegheny rivers near pittsburgh . here the hybrid typically grows larger than the white bass . fisheries managers in the state do not tend to stock the striped bass hybrid in lakes and rivers that lead to delaware or chesapeake bays to minimize the chance of the hybrids mixing and reproducing with wild marine striped bass .\nthe hybrid striped bass\u2019s body is stockier than that of a pure striped bass , and its lateral stripes are discontinuous and less distinct . its back is dark , almost black . its sides are silvery , with seven or eight faint and broken - looking lateral stripes , and its belly is white . the anal fin has 11 or 12 rays , and there are two tooth patches on the rear of its tongue . in size it grows to a length and weight midway between its parents . a 10 - or 12 - pounder is considered a big one .\nthe striped bass hybrid is stocked in larger reservoirs and slow rivers , where there are open - water forage fish like gizzard shad and alewives .\nthe striped bass hybrid is fast - growing , which is typical of hybrids . it is generally sterile , and can be stocked instead of the purebred striped bass into waters to avoid the purebred\u2019s potential of reproducing too prolifically and outstripping its food source . however , occasionally fertile striped bass hybrids have occurred , and some states have reported the hybrid back - crossing with the white bass . striped bass hybrids feast on forage fish as adults .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ntheir closest relatives are found in europe : the delectable european sea bass and the spotted sea bass , fishes which are highly regarded as food fishes in their homeland .\nto self - feeding conditions . proof of a trophic activity rhythm during day cycle . ichtyophysiologica - acta 21 : 1\u201313 .\n( l . ) . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 47\u201358\n( l . ) with biotelemetry transmitters . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 107\u2013111 .\nalong environmental gradients . ph . d . thesis . department of ecology and limnology , lund university , sweden .\nbegout anras , m . l . , p . m . cooley , r . a . bodaly , l . anras and r . j . p . fudge , 1999 . movement and habitat use by lake whitefish during spawning in a boreal lake : integrating acoustic telemetry and geographic information systems . trans . am . fish . soc . 128 : 939\u2013952 .\nbourke , p . , p . magnan and m . a . rodriguez , 1996 . diel locomotor activity of brook chaff , as determined by radiotelemetry . j . fish biol . 49 : 1174\u20131185 .\ncasamitjana , x . and e . roget , 1993 . resuspension of sediment by focused groundwater in lake banyoles . limnol . oceanogr . 38 : 643\u2013656 .\ndonnelly , r . e . , j . m . caffrey and d . m . tierney , 1998 . movements of a bream (\n( l . ) ) in a irish canal habitat . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 305\u2013308 .\nengas , a . , s . l9kkeborg and j . t . ovredal , 1996 . natural and fishing - gear - induced behaviour of tagged fish , studied by means of stationary positioning system . in baras , e . and j . c . phillipart ( eds ) , underwater biotelemetry : proceedings of the first conference and workshop on fish telemetry in europe . li\u00e8ge , university of li\u00e8ge : 203\u2013211 .\n, at the artic circle . envir . biol . fishes 3 : 301\u2013307 .\nflesch , a . , g . masson and j . - c . moreteau , 1994 . comparaisons de trois m\u00e9thodes d\u2019\u00e9chantillonnage utilis\u00e9es dans l\u2019\u00e9tude de la r\u00e9partition de la perche\ngarcia - gil , l . j . , x . casamitjana and c . a . abell\u00e0 , 1996 . comparative study of two meromictic basins of lake banyoles ( spain ) with sulphur phototrophic bacteria . hydrobiologia 319 : 203\u2013211 .\ngarc\u00eda - berthou , e . , 1994 . feeding ecology of the fish community in lake banyoles . ph . d . thesis . university of girona , girona ( spain ) : 288 pp . ( in catalan ) .\ngarc\u00eda - berthou , e . and r . moreno - amich , 2000 . introduction of exotic fish into a mediterranean lake over a 90 - year period . arch . hydrobiol . 149 : 271\u2013284 .\nl . ) during summer . proceedings of the annual meeting of the american fisheries socitety .\nhert , e . , 1992 . homing and home - site fidelity in rock - dwelling cichlids ( pisces : teleostei ) of lake malawi , africa . envir . biol . fishes 33 : 229\u2013237 .\nhooge p . n . , w . m . eichentaub , and e . k . solomon . 2000 . using gis to analyze animal movements in the marine environment . usgs : gis tools . online urltoken accessed jan . 2001 .\njacobsen , l . and s . berg , 1998 . diel variation in habitat use by planktivores in field enclosure experiments : the effect of submerged macrophytes and predation . j . fish biol . 53 : 1207\u20131219 .\nl . ) in the coastal waters of western estonia . proceedings of the estonian academy of sciences , biol . ecol . 49 : 270\u2013276 .\nin eutrophic lake aydat ( france ) . ann . sci . nat . zool . biol . anim . 12 : 99\u2013105 .\n( l . ) ) in eutrophic lake aydat ( france ) . aquat . sci . 56 : 1015\u20131621 .\nkerr , s . r . , 1982 . estimating the energy budgets of actively predatory fishes . can . j . fish . squat . sci . / j . can . sci . halieut . aquat . 39 : 371\u2013379 .\nlagard\u00e8re , j . p . , j . j . ducamp , l . favre , j . mosneron dupin and m . sp\u00e8randio , 1990 . a method for the quantitative evaluation of fish movements in salt ponds by acoustic telemetry . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 141 : 221\u2013236 .\nminns , c . k . , 1995 . allometry of home range size in lake and river fishes . can . j . fish . squat . sci . / j . can . sci . halieut . aquat . 52 : 1499\u20131508 .\nmiracle , m . r . , 1976 . distribuci\u00f3n en cl cspacio y en cl tiempo de las especies del zooplancton del lago de banyoles . [ 5 ] : 1\u2013270 . icona . monograf\u00edas .\nmoreno - amich , r . and e . garcia - berthou , 1989 . a new bathymetric map based on echo - sounding and morphometrical characterization of the lake of banyoles ( ne - spain ) . hydrobiologia 185 : 83\u201390 .\n, in relation to temperature , day - length and consumption . ann . zool . fen . 33 : 669\u2013678 .\no\u2019dor , r . k . , y . aandradre , d . m . webber , w . h . h . sauer , m . j . roberts , m . j . smale and f . m . voegeli , 1998 . applications and performance of radio - acoustic positioning and telemetry ( rapt ) systems . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) . advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 1\u20138 .\no\u2019dor , r . k . . y . andrade and j . tremblay , 1999 . high resolution post - analysis of lobster tracks from radio - acoustic positioning and telemetry ( rapt ) . online urltoken accessed dec . 1999 .\notis , k . j . and j . j . weber , 1982 . movement of carp in the lake winnebago system determined by radio telemetry . technical bulletin 134 : 1\u201316 . department of natural resources . madison , wisconsin .\nparker , s . j . , 1995 . homing ability and home range of yellow - phase american eels in a tidally dominated estuary . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 75 : 127\u2013140 .\nplanas , d . , 1973 . composici\u00f3n , ciclo y productividad del fitoplancton del ! ago de banyoles . oecol . aquat . 1 : 1\u2013106 .\nprat , n . and m . rieradevall , 1995 . life cycle and production of chiconomidae ( diptera ) from lake banyoles ( ne spain ) . freshwat . biol . 33 : 511\u2013524 .\nin the littoral zone of lake geneva ( switzerland ) . aqua . sci . 58 : 1\u201314 .\nsauer , w . h . , m . j . roberts , m . r . lipinski , m . j . smale , r . t . hanlon , d . m . webber and r . k . o\u2019dor , 1997 . choreography of the squid\u2019s ` nuptial dance\u2019 . biol . bull . 203\u2013207 .\nsavitz , j . , p . a . fish and r . weszely , 1983 . habitat utilization and movement of fish as determined by radio - telemetry . j . freshwat . ecol . 2 : 165\u2013174 .\nskajaa , k . , a . fern\u00f6 , s . lokkeborg and e . k . haugland , 1998 . basic movement pattern and chemo - oriented search towards baited pots in edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) . in lagard\u00e8re , j . p . , m . l . b\u00e9gout anras and g . claireaux ( eds ) , advances in invertebrates and fish telemetry : proceedings of the second conference on fish telemetry in europe . la rochelle , france . hydrobiologia 371 / 372 : 143\u2013153 .\nvoegeli , f . a . and d . g . pincock , 1996 . overview of underwater acoustics as it applies to telemetry . in baras , e . and j . c . phillipart ( eds ) , underwater biotelemetry : proceedings of the first conference and workshop on fish telemetry in europe . li\u00e8ge , university of li\u00e8ge . 23\u201330 . 1996 .\nvoegeli , e a . , g . l . lacroix and j . m . anderson , 1998 . development of miniature pingers for tracking atlantic salmon smolts at sea . hydrobiologia 35\u201346 .\nwooton , r . j . , 1990 . ecology of teleost fishes . chapman and hall , london , 404 pp .\nyoshiyama , r . m . , k . b . gaylord , m . t . philippart , t . r . moore , j . r . jordan , c . c . coon , l . l . schalk , c . j . valpey and i . tosques , 1992 . homing behavior and site fidelity in intertidal sculpins ( pisces : cottidae ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 160 : 115\u2013130 .\none of the most intriguing types of population fluctuation is that of regular cyclical change . recurrent oscillations in the dynamics of natural populations have generated considerable interest in both the occurrence and cause of these cycles . theoretical models of populations have shown that repeated oscillations can result from a number of factors including combinations of fertility and survival rates , density - dependence , and predator - prey dynamics . cyclic patterns of abundance have been observed in freshwater fishes , although the ability to detect such cycles is often obscured by the influence of environmental factors . understanding the extent to which repeated oscillations in fish populations are driven by external factors or internal processes within the population is an important challenge .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under cooperative agreement # deb - 1440297 , ntl lter . any opinions , findings , conclusions , or recommendations expressed in the material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nthe eastern red scorpionfish is very common in shallow coastal waters around sydney . the fish is commonly seen by divers as it lies motionless on the bottom , usually moving only when disturbed .\nfor many years , this species was called scorpaena cardinalis . the 2011 paper by motomura et al ( see below ) , showed that the correct name for the species is s . jacksoniensis and that s . cardinalis occurs in new zealand waters and around the offshore islands of the tasman sea .\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the neosebastid fishes on the site .\nthe paddletail has a forked caudal fin with rounded lobes . it has a pinkish - grey to red body . adults inhabit deep lagoons and seaward reefs .\nthe mangrove jack is greenish brown to reddish . in australia it is known from the central coast of western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the central coast of new south wales .\nas its standard name implies the body of the spotted bigeye is often covered with blotches . it occurs in warm marine waters of the east - indo - west - pacific region .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfor help with pdfs on this page , please call 518 - 402 - 8924 .\nthis revised version was published online in july 2006 with corrections to the cover date .\naltschul , s . f . , gish , w . , miller , w . , myers , e . w . and lipman , d . j . 1990 . basic local alignment search tool . j . mol . biol . 215 : 403\u2013410 .\nberlinsky , d . l . , jackson , l . f . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . the annual reproductive cycle of the white bass ,\nbuerano , c . , inaba , k . , natividad , f . f . and morisawa , m . 1995 . vitellogenins of\n: identification , isolation , and biochemical and immunochemical characterization . j . exp . zool . 273 : 59\u201369 .\nbyrne , b . m . , jong , h . , fouchier , r . a . m . , williams , d . l . , gruber , m . and ab , g . 1989 . rudimentary phosvitin domain in a minor chicken vitellogenin gene . biochemistry 28 : 2572\u20132577 .\ndenslow , n . d . , chow , m . , ming , m . , bonemelli , s . , folmar , l . c . , heppell , s . a . and sullivan , c . v . 1997 . development of biomarkers for environmental contaminants affecting fish .\n: chemically induced alterations in functional development and reproduction of fishes . pp . 73\u201386 . edited by rolland , r . m . , gilbertson , m . and peterson , r . e . seatac technical publication series , society of environmental toxicology and chemistry , pensacola .\nding , j . l . , hee , p . l . and lam , t . j . 1989 . two forms of vitellogenin in the plasma and gonads of male\nfujita , t . , shimizu , m . , hiramatsu , n . , fukada , h . and hara , a . 2002 . purification of serum precursor proteins to vitelline emvelope ( choriogenins ) in masu salmon ,\nfyhn , h . j . , finn , r . n . , reith , m . and norberg , b . 1999 . yolk protein hydrolysis and oocyte free amino acids as key features in the adaptive evolution of teleost fishes to seawater . sarsia 84 : 451\u2013456 .\ngreeley , m . s . jr , calder , d . r . and wallace r . a . 1986 . changes in teleost yolk proteins during oocyte maturation : correlation of yolk proteolysis with oocyte hydration . comp . biochem . physiol . 84b : 1\u20139 .\nhashimoto , s . , bessho , h . , hara , a . , nakamura , m . , iguchi , t . and fujita , k . 2000 . elevated serum vitellogenin levels and gonadal abnormalities in wild male flounder (\n) from tokyo bay , japan . marine environ . res . 49 : 37\u201353 .\nheppell , s . a . , denslow , n . d . , folmer , l . c . and sullivan , c . v . 1995 . universal assay of vitellogenin as a biomarker for environmental estrogens . environ . health perspect . 103 : 9\u201315 .\n) : plasma and in vitro analyses . trans . am . fish . soc . 128 : 532\u2013541 .\nhiramatsu , n . and hara , a . 1996 . relationship between vitellogenin and its related egg yolk proteins in sakhalin taimen (\n: purification , characterization and vitellogenin - receptor binding . biol . reprod . 67 : 655\u2013667 .\nhiramatsu , n . , hiramatsu , k . , hirano , k . and hara , a . 2002c . vitellogenin - derived yolk proteins in a hybrid sturgeon , bester (\n) : identification , characterization and course of proteolysis during embryogenesis . comp . biochem . physiol . 131a : 429\u2013441 .\nhiramatsu , n . , matsubara , t . , weber , g . m . , sullivan , c . v . and hara , a . 2002a . vitellogenesis in aquatic animals . fish . sci . 68 . suppl . i : 694\u2013699 .\n) : the annual gametogenic cycle . trans . amer . fish . soc . 124 : 563\u2013577 .\nking , v . w . , gosh , s . , thomas , p . and sullivan , c . v . 1997 . a receptor for the oocyte maturation - inducing hormone 17\n- s ) on ovarian membranes of striped bass . biol . reprod . 56 : 266\u2013271 .\nkishida , m . , anderson , t . r . and specker , j . l . 1992 . induction by\n) : characterization and quantification in plasma and mucus . gen . comp . endocrinol . 88 : 29\u201339 .\n) : induction of two forms by estradiol , quantification in plasma and characterization in oocyte extract . fish . physiol . biochem . 12 : 171\u2013182 .\nlaemmli , u . k . 1970 . cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4 . nature 227 : 680\u2013685 .\nlafleur , g . j . , byrne , j . b . m . , haux , c . , greenberg , r . and wallace , r . a . 1995a . liver - derived cdnas : vitellogenins and vitelline envelope protein precursors ( choriogenins ) .\n: reproductive physiology of fish . pp . 336\u2013338 . edited by goetz , f . and thomas , p . the university of texas at austin , texas .\nlafleur , g . j . , byrne , j . b . m . , kanungo , j . , nelson , l . d . , greenburg , r . m . and wallace , r . a . 1995b .\nvitellogenin : the deduced primary structure of a piscine precursor to noncrystalline , liquid - phase yolk protein . j . mol . evol . 41 : 505\u2013521 .\nlee , k . b . h . , lim , e . h . , lam , t . j . and ding , j . l . 1992 . vitellogenin diversity in the perciformes . j . exp . zool . 264 : 100\u2013106 .\nlund , e . d . , sullivan , c . v . and place , a . r . 2000 . annual cycle of plasma lipids in captive reared striped bass : effects of environmental conditions and reproductive cycle . fish physiol . biochem . 22 : 263\u2013275 .\nmatsubara , t . , ohkubo , n . , andoh , t . , sullivan , c . v . and hara , a . 1999 . two forms of vitellogenin , yielding two distinct lipovitellins , play different roles during oocyte maturation and early development of barfin flounder ,\n, a marine teleost that spawns pelagic eggs . dev . biol . 213 : 18\u201332 .\nmommsen , t . p . and walsh , p . l . 1988 . vitellogenesis and oocyte assembly .\n: fish physiology vol . xi a . pp . 347\u2013406 . edited by hoar , w . s . and randall , d . j . academic press , new york .\nmurakami , m . , iuchi , i . and yamagami , k . 1990 . yolk phosphoprotein metabolism during early development of the fish ,\nohkubo , n . and matsubara , t . 2002 . sequential utilization of free amino acids , yolk proteins and lipids in developing eggs and yolk - sac larvae of barfin flounder ,\nparks , l . g . , cheek , a . o . , denslow , n . d . , heppell , s . a . , mclachlan , j . a . , leblanc , g . a . and sullivan , c . v . 1999 . fathead minnow (\n) vitellogenin : purification , characterization and quantitative immunoassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds . comp . biochem . physiol . 123c : 113\u2013125 .\npati\u00f1o , r . and sullivan , c . v . 2002 . ovarian follicle growth , maturation , and ovulation in teleost fishes . fish physiol . biochem . 26 : 57\u201370 .\nreith , m . , munholland , j . , kelly , j . , finn , r . n . and fyhn , h . j . 2001 . lipovitellins derived from two forms of vitellogenin are differentially processed during oocyte maturation in haddock (\nshimizu , m . , fujita , t . and hara , a . 1998 . purification of the precursors to vitelline envelope proteins from serum of sakhalin taimen ,\nshimizu , m . , fujiwara , y . , fukada , h . and hara , a . 2002 . purification and identification of a second form of vitellogenin from ascites of medaka (\n) treated with estrogen . j . exp . zool . 293 : 726\u2013735 .\nsullivan , c . v . , berlinsky , d . l . and hodson , r . g . 1997 .\nculture . pp . 11\u201373 . edited by harrell , r . m . elsevier science , amsterdam .\nspecker , j . l . and sullivan , c . v . 1994 . vitellogenesis in fishes : status and perspectives .\n: perspectives in comparative endocrinology . pp . 304\u2013315 . edited by davey , k . g . and peter , r . e . and tobe , s . e . national research council , ottawa .\nstone , k . l . , lopresti , m . b . , crawford , j . m . , deangelis , r . and williams , k . r . 1989 . enzymatic digestion of proteins and hplc peptide isolation .\n: a practical guide to protein and peptide purification for microsequencing . pp . 31\u201347 . edited by matsudaira , p . t . academic press , california .\ntakemura , a . and kim , b . h . 2001 . effects of estradiol - 17\nsynthesis of two distinct vitellogenins in tilapia . comp . biochem . physiol . 129a : 641\u2013651 .\ntao , y . , hara , a . , hodson , r . g . , woods , l . c . iii and sullivan , c . v . 1993 . purification , characterization and immunoassay of striped bass (\ntrichet , v . , buisine , n . , mouchel , n . , morn , p . , pends , a . m . , le pennec , j . p . and wolff , j . 2000 . genomic analysis of the vitellogenin locus in rainbow trout (\n) reveals a complex history of gene amplification and retroposon activity . mol . gen . genet . 263 : 828\u2013837 .\nwallace , r . a . 1985 . vitellogenesis and oocyte growth in nonmammalian vertebrate .\n: developmental biology . vol . 1 . pp . 127\u2013177 . edited by browder , l . w . plenum press , new york .\nwallace , r . a . and begovac , p . c . 1985 . phosvitins in\noocytes and eggs . preliminary chromatographic and electrophoretic analyses together with biological considerations . j . biol . chem . 260 : 11268\u201311274 .\nwallace , r . a . and selman , k . 1985 . major protein changes during vitellogenesis and maturation of\nwang , h . , yan , t . , tan , j . t . t . and gong , z . 2000 . a zebrafish vitellogenin gene (\n) encodes a novel vitellogenin without a phosvitin domain and may represent a primitive vertebrate vitellogenin gene . gene 256 : 303\u2013310 .\nwang , s . y . , smith , d . e . and williams , d . l . 1983 . purification of avian vitellogenin iii : comparison with vitellogenins i and ii . biochemistry 22 : 6206\u20136212 .\nwang , s . y . and williams , d . l . 1980 . identification , purification , and characterization of two distinct avian vitellogenins . biochemistry 19 : 1557\u20131563 .\nweber , g . m . and sullivan , c . v . 2000 . effects of insulin - like growth factor i on\n: a sequel to the information in 1991 / 1992 . zool . sci . 13 : 331\u2013340 .\nhiramatsu , n . , matsubara , t . , hara , a . et al . fish physiology and biochemistry ( 2002 ) 26 : 355 . urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nfurther two observed fish - based types were not considered : the potential stone loach - dominated brook was not sufficiently represented in this study to be verified , and the stickleback brook was considered to represent degradation of lowland trout brooks .\nthe correspondence between the fish - based typology and the morphology - based german stream typology was rather weak and requires further investigation .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org ."]}
{"id": 1266, "summary": [{"text": "stauroteuthis syrtensis , also known as the glowing sucker octopus , is a species of small pelagic octopus found at great depths in the north atlantic ocean .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is one of a very small number of octopuses to exhibit bioluminescence . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "stauroteuthis syrtensis", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock marked\ncephalopod video : stauroteuthis syrtensis\nas trusted on the\nstauroteuthis syrtensis\npage .\nstauroteuthis syrtensis , also known as the glowing sucker octopod , is a . . .\ncatherine sutera added text to\ntext\non\nstauroteuthis syrtensis verrill , 1879\n.\nbioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) .\njennifer hammock selected\nfood habits\nto show in overview on\nstauroteuthis syrtensis verrill , 1879\n.\ncatherine sutera added the english common name\nglowing sucker octopod\nto\nstauroteuthis syrtensis verrill , 1879\n.\nbioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nchunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 is a junior synonym of stauroteuthis syrtensis ( voss , 1988 ; collins and henriques , 2000 ) .\nvertical distribution , behavior , chemical composition and metabolism of stauroteuthis syrtensis ( octopoda - cirrata ) in the northwest atlantic . pdf ( 334 . 0kb )\ncollins , m . , c . henriques . 2000 . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi .\njohnsen , s . , e . balser , e . fischer , a . widder . 1999 . bioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) .\nto cite this page : woo , h . and m . grieco 2009 .\nstauroteuthis syrtensis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ncollins , m . , r . young , m . vecchione . 2002 .\nstauroteuthis syrtensis verrill 1879\n( on - line ) . tree of life web project . accessed february 04 , 2009 at urltoken .\nfigure . geographical distribution of s . syrtensis . chart modified from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .\ncollins , m . a . and c . henriques . 2000 . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . , 80 : 685 - 697 .\nthis description is taken from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) . more details of the description of s . syrtensis can be found here .\nfigure . reproductive tracts of s . syrtensis . left - male . right - female . drawings modified from collins and henriques , 2000 .\nfigure . shell of s . syrtensis . left - side view . right - top view . drawings from collins and henriques , 2000 .\nbeing without adhesive suckers would seem to put you at a major disadvantage if you ' re an octopus , but the deep - sea octopus stauroteuthis syrtensis manages just fine . in the place of the usual suckers are rows of flashing photophores , which the octopus cannily uses to lure its prey to certain death or to startle intruders .\njohnson , s . , balser , e . j . , fisher , e . c . and e . a . widder . 1999 . bioluminescence in the deep - sea cirrate octopod stauroteuthis syrtensis verrill ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole , 197 : 113 - 114 .\ncollins , m . a . ; henriques , c . ( 2000 ) . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 80 ( 4 ) : 685 - 697 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\njustification : stauroteuthis syrtensis has been assessed as data deficient . little is known about this species , but like many opisthoteuthid species it occurs in waters that are being increasingly targeted by commercial deep - water fisheries . research is urgently required into the effect of fishing activity on population sizes as their longevity and low fecundity make them particularly susceptible to fishing pressure .\nfigure . side view of the beaks of s . syrtensis , upper jaw ( left ) , lower jaw ( right ) . drawings from collins and henriques , 2000 .\njsl ii dive 1997 . animal swims into the bottom , then spreads its web from : vecchione , m . and r . e young . 1997 . aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie et milieu , 47 : 101 - 110 . online abstract : urltoken to see other cephalopod videos : urltoken [ taxonomy : binomial = stauroteuthis syrtensis ]\njsl i dive 2621 . drifting in a bell - shaped posture from : vecchione , m . and r . e young . 1997 . aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie et milieu , 47 : 101 - 110 . online abstract : urltoken also : urltoken to see other cephalopod videos : urltoken [ taxonomy : binomial = stauroteuthis syrtensis ]\n( of chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 ) collins , m . a . ; henriques , c . ( 2000 ) . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 80 ( 4 ) : 685 - 697 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nstauroteuthis feeds on small crustaceans that are attracted to light . once the unsuspecting critter is close , the octopus grabs it and traps it within a mucus web produced by glands on its arms . in the first study ( pdf ) to document stauroteuthis ' bioluminescence , duke university ' s sonke johnsen and colleagues observed that , when disturbed , the octopus splayed out its arms and exposed all its flashing photophores in an attempt to scare off unwanted guests .\nstauroteuthis syrtensis appears to be relatively common off the continental slope of the eastern usa although it occurs across the north atlantic . it has been observed off the usa from submersibles ( e . g . , vecchione and young , 1997 , johnsen , et al . , 1999 ) and is regularly caught in bottom trawls at the appropriate depths ( vecchione , pers . obs . ) . a video of this species can be found here .\ndistribution records for octopods examined by collins and henriques , 2000 indicate that s . syrtensis is widespread in the north atlantic where they are found near bottoms of 500 to 4000 m with maximum abundance between 1500 and 2500 m .\nvecchione , m . and r . e . young . 1997 aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie milieu 47 ( 2 ) : 101 - 110 . , collins , m . a . and c . henriques . 2000 . a revision of the family stauroteuthidae ( octopoda : cirrata ) with redescriptions of stauroteuthis syrtensis and s . gilchristi . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . , 80 : 685 - 697 . ( 2 )\nfigure . lateral view of the digestive tract of s . syrtensis . drawing modified from vecchione and young , 1997 . insert - dorsal view of buccal mass with paired salivary glands . drawing from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .\nthis species is most easily separated from s . gilchristi by the larger sucker size in the latter ( s . gilchristi females up to 5 mm in maximum sucker diameter and males up to 9 mm in maximum sucker diameter compared to 2 . 2 mm in females and 6 mm in males of s . syrtensis ) , and the more distal position of the largest suckers in the latter females ( suckers 1 - 3 in s . syrtensis vs 9 - 14 in s . gilchristi . the latter feature suggests the that s . gilchristi lacks sexual dimorphism in sucker size .\nfigure . oral view of arms and side view of suckers of s . syrtensis . top - male arm , r . v . discovery sta . 52104 , with proximal , mid - arm and distal sucker enlarged . bottom - female arm , same octopod as in title drawing ( r . v . discovery sta . 51014 ) , with proximal , mid - arm and distal sucker enlarged . drawing from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .\nesophagus slightly expanded but not a distinct crop . buccal mass with a single large posterior salivary gland on surface ( see aldred et al . , 1983 ) according to vecchione and young , 1997 , but two pairs of small salivary glands according to collins and henriques , 2000 . ( insert in drawing to right shows a dorsal view of the buccal mass of s . syrtensis with two pairs of salivary glands , from collins and henriques , 2000 . compare this with the single pair shown on the overall lateral view of the digestive tract , from vecchione and young , 1997 ) . anal flaps , ink sac , radula absent . posterior region of lips near beaks and more distal region within lips with large masses of secretory glands .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is widespread in the north atlantic at depths of 500 to 4 , 000 m with peak abundances occurring between 1 , 500 and 2 , 500 m ( collins and henriques 2000 ) . on georges bank , individuals have been observed at depths 600 m and typically within 100 m of the bottom in three ~ 900 m deep canyons indenting the southern edge of georges bank ( jacoby et al . 2009 ) .\n( 2001 ) estimated 8 - 9 individuals per square kilometre in the north east atlantic at depths between 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 m .\ncollins and villanueva ( 2006 ) suggest that all members of the cirroteuthidae are benthopelagic . although most specimens have been collected from bottom trawls which are biased towards soft sediments , deep - sea photographic surveys and observations from submersibles have shown cirroteuthids associated with both soft and rocky bottoms ( collins and villanueva 2006 ) . the bathymetric distribution of this species varies geographically , occurring in shallower waters around greenland ( collins 2002 ) than in the british isles ( collins\n2001 ) . collins and villanueva ( 2006 ) suggest this distribution is likely influenced by factors such as temperature , food availability and dissolved oxygen concentration . jacoby\ncollins and villanueva ( 2006 ) highlight the extension of commercial fishing into deeper waters . this has yielded many cirrate octopod specimens for research but the consequences of fishing mortality remains unclear . these cephalopods are potentially long lived and slow to reach maturity and collins and villanueva ( 2006 ) suggest that fishing may already have significantly reduced population sizes in certain areas . however , this has not been quantified for this species .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place . research is required to investigate whether commercial deep - sea fishing is significantly reducing population sizes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nverrill a . e . ( 1879 ) . notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the east coast of north america . american journal of science and arts ( 3 ) 17 : 309 - 315 [ aprile ] ; ( 3 ) 18 [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhochberg f . g . , norman m . d . & finn j . k . ( 2014 ) . family stauroteuthidae . pp . 266 - 267 , in p . jereb , c . f . e . roper , m . d . norman & j . k . finn eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 3 . octopods and vampire squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 3 ) : 353 pp . 11 pls . page ( s ) : 266 [ details ]\n( of chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chunioteuthis ebersbachii grimpe , 1916 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis species has been frequently observed in waters off the continental shelf of eastern north america , but has also been found in locations in the northeastern atlantic .\nis described as\nbenthopelagic\n- - being found in open water , but near the bottom . and can be found in depths of the ocean ranging from 500 - 4000m . this large range seems to relate to water temperature .\n, distinguished by fins used for swimming , an internal shell ( to which the fins attach ) and cirri , paired filaments or papillae , on each sucker . like other species in the\nhas a u - shaped internal shell , and secondary webbing that connects the arms to the primary web . this allows the arms to move inwards towards the mouth without collapsing the large bell - shaped web of skin that forms around arms . the web covers nearly two thirds of their total length ending at sucker 25 , with each arm bearing between 55 to 65 suckers . the average arm length is about 70 - 85 % of its total length with total lengths ranging from 280 - 500mm .\nthe body of these animals is soft and gelatinous , and is often heavily damaged in trawls and collections . it is often found hanging in the water with its webbed arms forming a bell shape . there are large glands near the mouth that may produce mucous to trap small prey animals .\nmales have sexually dimorphic suckers . the first 8 suckers are barrel shaped , suckers 9 to 22 - 25 are enlarged and pointed . suckers 9 to 12 are very closely packed and suckers 13 to 18 are the largest with a diameter of about 6 . 5 mm . females have smaller suckers with suckers 1 to 3 as the largest with a diameter of 2 . 2 mm . suckers 1 to 4 are very tightly packed , but suckers 5 to 24 are well separated . in both sexes , the suckers diameter decreases dramatically after sucker 25 nearing where the web ends . both male and females have three kinds of suckers , proximal , mid arm , and distal . this sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the suckers is unique to the species , and is probably related to sperm transfer or other reproductive activity .\nhas been has been determined by examining preserved specimens . the male genital system consists of testis , vas deferens , needhams sac , accessory gland , and terminal organ . the seminal vesicle is packed with about 100 spermatophores each with a length of 1 - 2mm .\nthe female genitalia are unpaired and consist of a single oviduct ( with both proximal and distal portions ) and an oviducal gland . the majority of the eggs were less than 1mm , but the largest found were in upwards of 11mm . this larger egg size suggests a more developed maturation stage . the ovary contained about 900 eggs . eggs were also found in the proximal oviduct maybe ready for fertilization .\n( collins and henriques , 2000 ; collins , 2002 ; collins , et al . , 2008 )\nbecause no juvenile specimens have been found , little is known about the parental care of these species .\nhave mostly been found in a bell posture with their arms extending and their web spread . in the bell posture , they use their fins to swim . they can also move by expanding their web and then contracting it to expel water and propel them through the ocean . live animals in the wild have only been found alone , not in groups .\nhas not been observed . the species has large eyes , and is likely sensitive to chemicals and touch .\nin that they have modified suckers that are capable of producing blue - green bioluminescence with a maximum wavelength of 470nm . these modified suckers are unlike other suckers because they are not able to attach . their use is not well understood , but it is suggested that they may be used to attract prey or be used to attract a mate .\n( collins , et al . , 2008 ; johnsen , et al . , 1999 )\n. the bell shape of the web , along with mucus produced by glands around the mouth , maybe be used to capture zooplankton . the bioluminescence of the suckers is also thought to be used to attract prey , but this has not yet been confirmed .\n( collins and henriques , 2000 ; johnsen , et al . , 1999 ; collins and henriques , 2000 ; collins , et al . , 2008 ; johnsen , et al . , 1999 )\nbecause little has been witnessed in the wild about this species , its predators have not been observed . when observed ,\nis normally in a bell posture . when disturbed though , the animal goes into a balloon posture with the arms closed at the tips . in the balloon posture , the fins remain motionless .\nhas also been seen in a pumpkin posture when threatened which is like the balloon posture , but smaller . when trying to escape , the\nthe population size of this species is unknown . it has not been evaluated by the iucn , and is not listed in cites or under the u . s . endangered species act .\nhye woo ( author ) , rutgers university , michael grieco ( author ) , rutgers university , david howe ( editor , instructor ) , rutgers university .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nan aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nanimal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )\ncollins , m . , r . young , m . vecchione . 2008 .\nstauroteuthidae grimpe 1916\n( on - line ) . tree of life web project . accessed february 04 , 2009 at urltoken .\nvecchione , m . , r . young . 1997 . aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding .\nvecchione , m . 2000 .\ncephalopods in action - - vecchione and young , 1997\n( on - line video ) . cephalopods at the national museum of natural history . accessed october 10 , 2007 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmales with sexually dimorphic suckers : suckers 1 - 8 small , barrel shaped ; suckers 9 to 22 - 25 enlarged , conical ( see drawings on upper right ) ; suckers 9 - 12 closely packed ; suckers 13 - 18 largest ; maximum sucker diameter 6 . 5 mm .\nfemales with arm suckers uniformly small : maximum diameter found on suckers 1 - 3 , largest sucker diameter 2 . 2 mm ; suckers 1 - 4 tightly packed , barrel shaped ; suckers 5 to about 24 small and well spaced , separated by up to 15 mm ( see drawings on lower right ) . horizontal scale bars 100 mm , vertical scale bars 2 mm .\nboth sexes : suckers distally from number 19 - 24 , become smaller , closely packed and more cyclindrical ; suckers minute at arm tips .\nfigure . the graph relates the maximum sucker diameter to the size of the octopod . head width is used as the size standard since mantle length is highly variable due to fixation and preservation . sexual dimorphism in sucker size between males and females is clearly demonstrated by the chart . chart modified from collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .\nmaximum length of eggs found in the oviducts were 11 mm and the largest ovarian eggs were 9 . 5 mm . the ovary has about 900 oocytes of which 22 were more than 8 mm long . most oocytes were less than 1 mm in length . about 40 sheaths , presumably from eggs that had been released , were found in the ovary .\nvecchione , m . and r . e . young . 1997 aspects of the functional morphology of cirrate octopods : locomotion and feeding . vie milieu 47 ( 2 ) : 101 - 110 .\ncape hatteras , u . s . a , sw u . k . ( 2 )\ncollins , martin , richard e . young , and michael vecchione . 2002 .\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\na catalog of the type - specimens of recent cephalopoda in the national museum of natural history . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 278\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\nnotice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of north america , no . 7\ntaxon validity : [ fide nesis ( 1987a : 282 ) ] . repository : nmnh holotype 382471 [ fide roper and sweeney ( 1978 ) ] . type locality : 43 54 ' n , 58 44 ' w ( atlantic ocean )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nthe newsfeed for this eol taxon page gathers updates associated with items shown on it , including curator actions and comments from eol users .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncirri long , up to 50 mm ; first rudimentary cirri present before sucker 3 or 4 ; cirri end at web margin at sucker 19 - 24 .\nthe upper beak ( drawing on the near right ) has a gently curving rostral edge . the lower beak ( drawing on the far right ) has an elongate rostrum and a hood that is nearly flat in profile along the crest . bar is 10 mm .\nmale reproductive ( illustration on near right ) and female reproductive tract ( illustrated on far right ) .\nthe shell us u - shaped with large wings flattened dorsolaterally where fins attach . bar is 20 mm .\nall table measurements are in mm . ios - institute of oceanographic sciences ( now the southampton oceanography centre ) . nmsz - national museum of scotland . zub - university of bergen , museum of zoology . diam . - diameter ; l - length ; lam - lamella ; max . - maximum ; mw - mantle width ; tl - total length ; wt . - weight . the table , slightly modified in form , is from : collins and henriques ( 2000 ) .\nthis page is a note that is attached to a leaf of the tree of life .\ntol notes provide brief accounts of characteristics , short summaries , commentaries , media files , taxonomic information , or identification tools for a given group of organisms .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nto truly appreciate the wondrous beauty of life in the ocean , you have to see it at night . when the sun sets , it comes to life in a dazzling display of colors and lights that rivals the best fireworks shows .\nan astonishing variety of species use bioluminescence ( the natural production of visible light through a chemical reaction ) to catch food , hook up with mates , or scare off intruders . in this gallery , we ' ll look at some of the wildest , and most clever , uses of light at sea .\nsome species know how to make a quiet exit . but the deep - sea shrimp retreats in a blaze of bioluminescent glory . when confronted by a predator , the bright red critter spews a glowing blue ooze from the base of its antennae into the water .\nthe light temporarily stuns the offender , giving the shrimp precious time to back - flip its way to safety . it ' s similar to the time - tested strategy used by squids and octopuses , which squirt clouds of ink into the faces of their enemies .\nthe glass squid is a master of luminous disguise . unlike the many species that use bioluminescence as an attention - grabbing beacon , this animal uses light as a cloak to evade prying eyes .\naside from its opaque eyes and the polka dot - like chromatophores ( pigmented cells that aid in camouflage ) that cover its body , the glass squid is completely transparent . the chromatophores are not an issue , but the opaque color of its eyes can be a dead giveaway . many species hunt for prey by scanning the water column above them , looking for any telltale silhouettes that might signal the presence of their next meal .\nto confound its potential predators , the glass squid makes use of two u - shaped light - emitting photophores located at the base of its eyes : the lights cancel out the shadows cast by the opaque eyes . the effect of this strategy , called counterillumination , is to break up the squid ' s silhouette by mimicking the intensity and color of downwelling light from the surface .\nto survive in the dark recesses of the ocean , it helps to have a sharp pair of eyes . and preferably eyes that can see through others ' visual deceits . on both counts , the short nose green - eye fish swims above the fray .\nlike many deep - sea predators , its eyes are turned upward to scan for prey blocking the light that comes from above . but where another fish might have been fooled by a prey using counterillumination , the short - nose green - eye fish uses its sophisticated peepers ( pdf ) to break up any bioluminescent shams .\nthe green fluorescent pigment in the lenses of its eyes acts like a filter , absorbing the sea ' s ambient deep blue light . researchers believe this property allows the short - nose green - eye fish to distinguish between the lighter shade of blue given off by bioluminescent creatures and the richer blue of the ocean .\nthe tropical mantis shrimp is known for one thing above all else : its amazing eyes . unlike our own primitive eyes , which detect three primary colors , the mantis shrimp ' s can see 12 . they can also perceive different forms of polarized light - - light waves oscillating in a single direction . this ability is primarily thought to help the shrimp nab the transparent animals that it feasts on .\non the dimly lit seafloor , where the shrimp dig their burrows , their complex eyes have another crucial function : interspecies communication . pigments in the shrimp ' s appendages absorb the ocean ' s ambient blue light and emit it in a yellow - green color , resulting in the characteristic spotty markings . the light ' s wavelength is so specific that only other members of the species can trace it , which allows the mantis shrimp both to flaunt its goods to prospective mates and to threaten encroachers .\nat first blush , the hawaiian bobtail squid looks like just another bioluminescent cephalopod . like many of its relatives , the bobtail squid makes deft use of its light - emitting photophores to hunt , communicate with its peers , and hide from predators lurking below . but it ' s a fraud .\ninstead of producing the light itself , the squid relies on a bioluminescent bacterium that dwells within its photophores . in exchange for shelter and a stable source of nutrients , the bacteria provide the squid with the ability to make light .\nthe relationship begins immediately at birth . after emerging from its egg , the juvenile bobtail squid acquires the bacteria from the environment , and they start the process of colonizing its developing light organs .\nstudies have shown that the squid can even control the intensity of the luminescence produced by the bacteria in order to match that of the downwelling light in the water column .\nwhen something looks too good to be true , it usually is . take the case of the deep - sea siphonophore , which makes red light to trap its prey . a close relative of the jellyfish , it was recently discovered by a team of monterey bay aquarium research institute ( mbari ) researchers .\nlike all siphonophores , this unnamed species is what scientists call a\nsuperorganism\n: an animal that grows by budding off highly specialized structures , known as zooids . each zooids performs a specific function , such as feeding or reproduction .\nthis creature ' s feeding zooids employ unique red\nlures\nat the tips of some tentacles to catch unwitting passers - by . to the fish that fall for the alluring bait , the red fluorescent tip looks just like a fat , juicy crustacean . the dangling blobs themselves are harmless , but nearby tentacles are equipped with a battery of potent stinging cells , that make quick work of the small fish .\nphotophores contained within the tips are responsible for producing the red light . mbari scientist steven haddock believes the lures are an adaptation for living at depth , where food is scarce and fish are even scarcer .\nsome bioluminescent species get really cranky when you disturb them . tomopteris , a tiny marine worm , erupts into a shower of angry sparks and unloads its eggs into the water before rapidly undulating away . what is unusual about this worm is that the sparks it shoots from its paddle - shaped swimming legs are golden yellow in color and not blue , like practically every other bioluminescent organism .\nother marine worms are thought to release glowing blue particles into the water to make themselves look less tasty to hungry predators . few deep - living species have the ability to detect yellow light , which , because it has a higher wavelength , gets absorbed in the shallow surface waters , so it is unclear why tomopteris uses it . for the moment , researchers are still trying to suss out the chemistry of the yellow luminescence , which may yield some clues about its unique function .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\nherring , p . j . in the mollusca vol . ii ( ed . wilbur , k . m . ) 449 - 489 ( academic , new york , 1988 ) .\nchun , c . report on the scientific results of the \u201cmichael sars\u201d north atlantic deep - sea expedition 1910 ( 1913 ) .\nbudelmann , b . u . et al . in microscopic anatomy of invertebrates ( eds harrison , f . w . & kohn , a . j . ) 119 - 414 ( wiley - liss , new york , 1997 ) .\nbuck , j . in bioluminescence in action ( ed . herring , p . j . ) 419 - 456 ( academic , new york , 1978 ) .\nhanlon , r . t . & messenger , j . b . cephalopod behaviour ( cambridge univ . press , 1996 ) .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1268, "summary": [{"text": "footstepsinthesand ( foaled 15 february 2002 ) is a retired , undefeated thoroughbred racehorse and active sire who was bred in the united kingdom but trained during his racing career in ireland .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won both his races as a two-year-old in 2004 and won the 2000 guineas stakes at newmarket on his three-year-old debut in 2005 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "footstepsinthesand sustained an injury during the race and never ran again , retiring to stud undefeated after a career of only three races . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "footstepsinthesand", "paragraphs": ["son but others such as footstepsinthesand and first samurai have also had their share of success .\nfootstepsinthesand is standing at $ 33 , 000 at coolmore , while shamardal ' s price at darley is $ 55 , 000 .\no\u2019brien decided not to give footstepsinthesand a preparatory race for the 2 , 000 guineas , in which the colt clashed with another unbeaten colt , dubawi .\nin winning the gr . 1 2 , 000 guineas , footstepsinthesand went one better than his sire , who suffered one of his few defeats in the newmarket classic .\nfootstepsinthesand : shamardal and footstepsinthesand helped establish giant\u2019s causeway\u2019s talent as a sire , and now they are both contributing to his growing success as a sire of sires . whereas shamardal costs \u20ac50 , 000 , footstepsinthesand is standing his third consecutive season at \u20ac10 , 000 . the 2005 2 , 000 guineas winner has a fine record with danehill mares , notably siring the tough chachamaidee , and his pedigree becomes more impressive every year . his half - brother pedro the great won the group 1 phoenix stakes in 2012 , a few months after power \u2013 a colt out of a half - sister to footstepsinthesand \u2013 had won the irish 2 , 000 guineas . his 2013 two - year - olds should be well worth keeping an eye on .\nhis victory in the race also vindicated the jockey ' s judgment - fallon selected footstepsinthesand ahead of oratorio , the better of the pair at two , who finished fourth in the guineas .\nfootstepsinthesand is substituting for giant ' s causeway , who is to be rested following unprecedented demand for his services in kentucky this year , at a fee of us $ 200 , 000 .\ngiant\u2019s causeway and footstepsinthesand were both unbeaten at two and so were footstepsinthesand\u2019s first two dams , glatisant and the high - class dancing rocks . glatisant won the gr . 3 prestige stakes over 1 , 400 metres at goodwood , where dancing rocks triumphed in the gr . 2 nassau stakes over 2 , 000 metres . glatisant is also the grandam of this year\u00b9s gr . 2 ribblesdale stakes winner thakafaat\nwhile footstepsinthesand and oratortio have gone to join the enviable stallion roster at coolmore , there ' s plenty of juvenile talent waiting in the wings to bolster the classic challenge from the renowned tipperary stable next term .\na niggling problem with the foot he bruised on the very fast ground at newmarket has forced footstepsinthesand\u2019s premature retirement . although nothing major , the injury requires rest , which would rule him out of the summer\u00b9s major mile events .\nthe o ' brien - fallon team got off to a flier with a rare newmarket guineas double and , although the unbeaten footstepsinthesand had to be retired after his 2 , 000 guineas romp , this alliance unearthed other stars .\nfootstepsinthesand , who was produced from the rainbow quest mare glatisant , won all three of his starts , including the urltoken two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) . he began his stallion career this year in coolmore australia .\nafter finishing a respectable fifth in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot on his penultimate outing , the jane chapple - hyam - trained son of footstepsinthesand found only mutakayyef too strong in the summer mile back at the berkshire track last saturday .\nthe arrival of the unbeaten footstepsinthesand , just a few months after his victory in the gr . 1 2 , 000 guineas , will be all the more welcome because he is a son of giant\u2019s causeway , the so - called \u2018iron horse\u2019 who has made such a sensational start as a stallion . in addition to footstepsinthesand , giant\u2019s causeway has also enjoyed group 1 success with shamardal and maids causeway , who recently completed the very difficult st james\u2019s palace - coronation stakes double at the royal ascot meeting .\nfootstepsinthesand will begin his northern hemisphere stallion career at coolmore stud in ireland at a fee of 25 , 000 euros rather than for $ 30 , 000 at the farm ' s north american satellite , ashford stud near versailles , ky . , as originally planned .\nfootstepsinthesand , winner of the 2 , 000 guineas , has been retired because of injury . the giant ' s causeway colt is the second british classic winner to be retired this week and follows last year ' s derby winner , north light , off to stud .\nfather ' s sons : four weeks ago breeders received the shock news that emerging stallion giant ' s causeway would miss the 2005 australian breeding season . but now two of his sensational three - year - old sons , footstepsinthesand and shamardal , are heading to coolmore and darley studs .\nthis year ' s 2 , 000 guineas was not a vintage one but footstepsinthesand will be remembered as the first leg of an historic 1 , 000 / 2 , 000 guineas double for kieren fallon and aidan o ' brien and the brilliant start it gave the new trainer - jockey combination .\nfootstepsinthesand will be retired to coolmore along with antonius pius . a smart but somewhat quirky three - year - old last year , antonius pius threw away the french 2 , 000 guineas by swerving violently in sight of the winning post . he finished last in last week ' s golden jubilee stakes .\ncoolmore australia have announced two newcomers to its stallion roster for the forthcoming season . one , footstepsinthesand , is a winner of this year\u00b9s english 2 , 000 guineas in england , while the other , antonius pius , is a classic winner in all but name as he was a very unlucky loser of the 2004 equivalent in france .\npure champion is by the northern dancer line stallion footstepsinthesand , who won the english 2000 guineas , from a danehill mare . reflecting his own international career , close relations include hong kong horse of the year indigenous , champion english female miler nannina , star japanese galloper fenomeno , leading european stayer and successful new zealand stallion sea anchor and sydney cup winner\nchurchill gave o ' brien his eighth success in the race , all with horses carrying the coolmore silks . the winning sequence began in 1998 with king of kings and followed on with rock of gibraltar ( 2002 ) , footstepsinthesand ( 2005 ) , george washington ( 2006 ) , henrythenavigator ( 2008 ) , camelot ( 2012 ) and gleneagles ( 2015 ) .\nin the meantime , third dimension enjoyed a group 1 win in india when her grand - daughter maisha ( footstepsinthesand - my pension ) won the bangalore fillies championship stakes , gr . 1 . in great style . she is now india ' s leading 3yo filly having been first or second in all of her six starts to date ( www . indiaracing . com ) .\nshe seems to be cut from a different cloth and whilst most fillies shrivel up in the winter volunteer point refuses to comply with that assessment . last night at wolverhampton , the daughter of footstepsinthesand romped home in the seven furlong fast - track qualifier under graham gibbons to set her on what we all hope will be another tilt at the fillies & mares race on the all weather champions day in the spring .\nfootstepsinthesand was never seriously challenged in his three appearances . after leading throughout for a highly impressive 4 1 / 2 length debut victory in a 20 - runner maiden race over 1 , 200 metres last october , the blue - blooded colt immediately stepped up to group company . tackling the gr . 3 killavullan stakes over an extra 200 metres eight days later , he landed the odds by two lengths , with the rest well beaten off .\nat least as surprising as o ' brien ' s runners left in were those omitted . footstepsinthesand , whom we were belatedly told had suffered a stone bruise in the course of his 2 , 000 guineas victory , is out , as is albert hall , who was second to motivator in the racing post trophy at doncaster last season and ran in york ' s dante stakes this , both appointments suggesting epsom was a natural stopping - off point .\nthe offspring resultant from redoute ' s choice ' s first european season ( at haras de bonneval in 2013 ) will be making their debuts in the coming months . redoute ' s choice ' s first northern crop represent intriguing prospects , asimplied by the fact that his only representative in this weekend ' s arqana breeze - up sale at deauville fetched $ 775 , 000 , the daughter of sunday nectar ( ire ) ( footstepsinthesand { gb } ) being bought by stephen hillen bloodstock to join the english stable of kevin ryan .\nlike showcasing and hugely promising south african sire , querari , former irish 2000 guineas winner , power , is a son of champion sprinter and world class sire , oasis dream . also victorious in the gr1 national stakes at two , the blue blooded sire ( he is a half brother to gr1 ep taylor stakes winner , curvy ( galileo ) while his dam is a half sister to unbeaten 2000 guineas winner , footstepsinthesand ) has made a smart start with his first 2yos this year . power is currently the fourth leading first crop sire ( by prize money ) in the uk , with his first 11 winners numbering gr3 anglesey stakes winner , peace envoy , among them .\nafter a short but fantastic trip to india the foals that had been overdue finally came very close together . this is great as they make perfectly aged - matched pals . ezalli had a strong iffraaj colt and first time foaling pasalsa produced a bay filly by cape cross on st patrick ' s night . she can only be called patricia ! although it has remained quite cold recently both visiting mares kahara and path wind have been covered by sea the stars and bluebell visited newcomer australia at coolmore . also covered this week was nisriyna ( holy roman emperor ) while brushing had a positive heartbeat scan to footstepsinthesand . she will return home to dullingham park stud next week . also pregnant is khatela , she is in foal to born to sea .\nflat racing these days abounds with arabic names such as mutakayyef , bahaarah and elhaame , which don\u2019t mean much to the rest of us . but that is fair enough : most of them have arab owners who are crucial to the continuance of our sport . what irritates me is the modern fashion for compound names . you could excuse welliesinthewater , who was after all sired by footstepsinthesand . and i guess enough of us remember the exchanges between the voice of boxing harry carpenter and heavyweight frank bruno for unowhat - imeanharry to strike a chord . perhaps it solved a dispute when bryan smart\u2019s winning sprinter was called nameitwhatyoulike . imagine , though , being a racecourse commentator and having to cope at speed with a group including canicallyouback , formidableopponent , howyadoingnotsobad , douneedahand and alwaystheoptimist . a recent salisbury race was contested by , among others , whatdoiwantthatfor and thatsallimsaying . even less appropriate for me are the current names niqnaqaqpaadiwaaq , tukitinyasok , wernotfamusanymore and eeueteotl . they may have seemed like a good idea over a drink or two , but i could not look a horse in the face and land it with a moniker like those , or even the punctuated the geegeez geegee .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe colt , trained by aidan o ' brien , had a short but unbeaten racing career . he ran twice as a juvenile and only the once at three , in the newmarket classic . there , he quickened well to lead as they hit the rising ground and kept on to repel the runner - up rebel rebel by a length and a quarter .\nthough he is a classic winner , it will be argued that , in only one outing at three , his full potential on a racecourse was never realised . in the process of winning at newmarket , he bruised a foot , and the injury has caused his premature retirement .\nthe derby used to be such a simple race , with just one of the myriad questions that attached themselves to lesser races . all a punter had to do in the old days was consider a single issue : what is lester going to ride ?\nthese are more complex times , but the strategy does carry a modern application : what is kieren going to ride ? kieren fallon has won the last two derbys , on north light and kris kin , and whatever colt he decides to partner on 4 june will get a bashing in the bookmakers ' lists . whatever , though , is a rather grand question itself at the moment .\nwe can determine that fallon will ride an animal for his new employers at ballydoyle , but that was a flimsy tool of deduction yesterday when aidan o ' brien nominated seven contenders among the 27 horses left in the blue riband .\na last - minute search is now being conducted to find the magnificent one among the ballydoyle seven . the markets tell us that gypsy king , whom insiders at the ballydoyle yard tell us has always been o ' brien ' s idea of his derby horse , is the one . but then there is also grand central , who ran in the derrinstown stud derby trial , the modern pointer to blue riband success . grand central has been beaten twice this season yet still the money comes for him . he must be some sort of gallops horse .\nalso in the ballydoyle herd are falstaff , the early favourite to be the derby pacemaker , the apparently exposed indigo cat and almighty , as well as the more interesting scorpion and oratorio . the former is unbeaten , albeit after a single maiden race , and more will be known after he tackles another derby consideration in john oxx ' s ehsan in the gallinule stakes at the curragh on sunday . oratorio , the 2 , 000 guineas fourth , runs in the irish equivalent on the same card in another ballydoyle block booking .\no ' brien saddles almost half the field in his domestic colts ' classic , with albert hall being found a place there , in addition to the less vaunted showdance and hills of aran . also on a retrieval mission is godolphin ' s dubawi , a supposed wonder horse before the 2 , 000 guineas but just another disappointment afterwards as he trotted home in fifth place .\nteam dubai appear to have a weak challenge for the blue riband itself as dubawi is entered with another flop , the predominate stakes third , belenus , as well as shamardal , who is much more likely to go for the french version , the prix du jockey club .\nthe owner with the mostest is michael tabor , who has four declarations in his own name and one with sue magnier , sir michael stoute ' s chester maiden winner , mountain high .\nthe partnership is also represented by mona lisa in the oaks , for which 16 fillies were declared yesterday , though they also have the option of supplementing sunday ' s irish 1 , 000 guineas favourite , virginia waters , for \u00a320 , 000 at the five - day stage ( the derby supplementary fee is a more meaty \u00a375 , 000 ) .\nalso in the oaks mix are the trial winners eswarah , the ante - post favourite , cassydora and something exciting , the last - named having scooped the lupe stakes at goodwood on wednesday .\nsomething exciting is in good form and has come out of the race well ,\ndavid elsworth , her trainer , reported yesterday .\nshe ' s been led out for a pick of grass and has a great big smile on her face .\n* yesterday ' s meeting at goodwood had to be abandoned after a thick sea fret descended on the track just before the first race . officials at the sussex venue tried in vain to save the card by delaying the opening race but were forced to abandon at 2 . 45pm , 35 minutes after the race had been due off .\nbath : 6 . 20 mister right 6 . 50 mujood 7 . 20 von wessex 7 . 50 wingspeed 8 . 20 cape st vincent 8 . 50 music teacher\nstratford : 6 . 10 party games 6 . 40 viscount bankes 7 . 10 natal 7 . 40 jack of spades 8 . 10 lord beau 8 . 40 sungates\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nstanding at : la mission - san andr\u00e9s de giles , ba . , gb\nthis stallion has not been subscribed to the el turf online data service , so visitors to urltoken are required to pay an annual fee for unlimited access to statistics . many el turf stallions are subscribed and their data is available for free .\nthe a - z ( australia - zoffany ) of coolmore\u2019s 2016 stud fees . .\nthis is the time of year in which studs announce their 2016 fees . in the coming weeks , i will consider the prices announced by the major operators and whether they match my idea of value . in the words of warren buffett \u201cprice is what you pay . value is what you get\u201d . i will begin with europe\u2019s dominant player , coolmore .\nstallion 2016 fee ( 2015 fee ) australia \u20ac50 , 000 ( \u20ac50 , 000 ) - ( 2011 by galileo ex ouija board by cape cross ) verdict : i thought that there might have been a slight reduction in his second year but obviously they are confident demand will remain strong . australia has everything you would want in a prospective stallion being a superior derby winner out of an outstanding oaks winner so difficult to really quibble with his fee .\nverdict : his reputation when he went to stud was a long way removed from what it was for most of his racing career . he was narrowly denied the honour of being the first triple crown winner since nijinsky by encke a horse who was subsequently caught up in the mahmood al zarooni steroid scandal . on that basis you could argue that he represents good value , however to date montjeu\u2019s sons are more miss than hit , and he seems fully priced .\nverdict : a good season with his first two years olds has seen him deliver plenty of winners ( 30 to date ) and a good sprinkling of quality as well with two group winners in painted cliffs and most beautiful and a listed winner in aktoria . his sales results were unexceptional to date and i\u2019m not sure his runners have done enough on the track to justify the increase .\nverdict : . a superb miler who was unfortunate to live in the era of frankel . excelebration\u2019s fee has dropped slightly each year and his sales medians are unremarkable . will have his first runners in 2016 so using him involves a punt on their likely performance .\nverdict : had a good season with three group 1 winners in qualify , fascinating rock and diamondsandrubies and a promising two year old in turret rocks . to me his overall european record is still modest given the quality of mares he covered in his first few seasons his last reported european fee was \u20ac30000 in 2011 and despite his recovery this season i wouldn\u2019t pay more than half that for him and i doubt very much coolmore would trade at anything like that price .\nverdict : has stood at this level for a number of years . commercially is facing a decline in popularity as new kids arrive on the block . a reasonable stallion but wouldn\u2019t be high on a wish list of stallions at that price .\nverdict : for much of the season it seemed he was going to be usurped by dubawi in the race for the title of european champion sire . however in the end it proved another remarkable year for galileo who sired an incredible 10 group or grade 1 winners . his fee is rumoured to be around the 300k mark and although you could never say that such a fee represents a bargain it can certainly be justified .\ngleneagles \u20ac60 , 000 new ( 2012 galileo ex you\u2019resothrilling by storm cat ) .\nverdict : a dual guineas winner , first past the post in 5 group 1\u2019s and out of a full sister to giant\u2019s causeway - what is there not to like ? well firstly his career ended in two underwhelming performances in the qe2 at ascot and in an overly optimistic attempt at the breeders cup classic . in addition the failure to run him from june to october using the ground as an excuse gave rise to a suspicion that he wasn\u2019t quite the superstar his connections had described him as being . to me his fee is too rich and i would have expected at most a 45k fee . given the choice of unproven stallion sons of galileo , i\u2019d opt for australia over gleneagles at their respective prices .\nverdict : a better horse than gleneagles but his fee has come down from an initial $ 65000 ( when he stood at ashford ) to next year\u2019s \u20ac7 , 500 . the reason for the decline is simply the lack of sufficient quality offspring ( c . 1 % stakes winners ! ) . his two year olds of 2016 will have been conceived from a 30k covering fee so he might show a small rebound but all aspects of his career to date show him to be a poor stallion that you could not recommend .\nverdict : had a very quiet year on the track in europe and is proving to be an inconsistent sire . his fee deserved a bigger reduction than the one he received . his yearling averages held up well in 2015 but the market may not be so forgiving if 2016 does not prove more rewarding on the track .\nverdict : really ! zebedee has had his fee reduced to \u20ac8000 and although this guy was classic placed and was the most expensive zebedee yearling , his overall record shows that he never won after july of his two year old days and was beaten in his final 7 runs . his fellow coolmore stallions should be insulted by his presence on the roster \ud83d\ude42\nverdict : unfortunate in that injury kept him off the track in 2015 . winner of the racingpost trophy at two , runner up to australia in the derby , winner of the st leger and a close up fourth to treve in the arc . ironically if he hadn\u2019t won the st leger his fee would probably be higher . his overall pedigree is unexceptional but given his quality as a racehorse i wouldn\u2019t quibble with his fee . mastercraftsman \u20ac35 , 000 ( \u20ac40 , 000 ) ( 2006 danehill dancer ex starlight dreams by black tie affair )\nverdict : a stellar first crop saw him provide two classic winners in 2015 in kingston hill and the grey gatsby . amazing maria become the third group 1 winner to emerge from that crop when she notched a group 1 double in 2016 . nothing comparable emerged from his subsequent crops to reach the track which explains the reduction in fee . still has a few crops conceived at much lower fees to work their way through the system so might be quiet for a period , before his better bred crops emerge .\nverdict : although he won a st james palace stakes this guy must be a hard sell even for the coolmore marketing team . a modest fee for a modest performer .\nverdict : a big powerful precocious two year old who dominated his contemporaries in the norfolk stakes and the prix morny . to be fair he also showed useful form at three including when runner up in a breeders cup sprint turf . his sire scat daddy had a very good year in 2015 and his fee has been hiked from $ 35000 to $ 100000 . regardless its a no nay never from me at the quoted fee . pour moi \u20ac10 , 000 ( \u20ac12 , 500 ) ( 2008 montjeu ex gwynn by darshaan )\nverdict : interesting at the price but still not quite cheap enough to represent value . the expectation was that he was not going to sire two year olds so it was a bonus that he sired a nice listed winner in only mine , however it is a decision for the brave to invest for next year .\nverdict : attractively priced for a group 1 winning two year old who went on to win an irish 2000 guineas and comes from a strong family . i\u2019d certainly use him over ivawood .\nverdict : was an unusual dansili in being so speedy and precocious ( just like his dam ) . i have a prejudice against atypical sons of stallions so that puts me off him and i\u2019m not sure what he did to justify an increase in fee for his fourth season\nverdict : interestingly he remains the second highest rated son of galileo after frankel . had a group 1 winner in his first crop with dick whittington but had a very quiet year in 2015 . seems destined for export unless things change quickly in 2016 . rock of gibraltar \u20ac10 , 000 ( \u20ac12 , 500 ) ( 1999 danehill ex offshore boom by be my guest )\nverdict : overall record is modest given the opportunities he received . has had his moments as a sire but not enough to still warrant a 10k fee .\nverdict : a beautifully bred derby winner who finished close up in a champion stakes . being a half brother to the now south african based duke of marmalade is also starting to look like a positive after duke of marmalade had a good season in europe . obviously his merit is still unknown but he is competitively priced given his pedigree and performance .\nverdict : a big beast of a horse but hard to argue with 10 group 1\u2019s between europe and australia . i didn\u2019t think much of high chaparral as a sire and the australian side of his pedigree will be unfamiliar to many here but did enough as a racehorse to justify his fee at least until his runners hit the track .\nverdict : a quality sprinter on two continents and a very good first crop of two year olds . didn\u2019t have a similar impact with his current two year olds and some of the initial fanfare has faded . also suffers from fertility issues so that will dissuade some mare owners but his fee probably reflects the additional risks .\nverdict : an impressive coventry winner and subsequent dewhurst winner but one who disappointed at three . the war front bandwagon rolls on , so commercially you can see how he would appeal . zoffany \u20ac45 , 000 ( \u20ac12 , 500 ) ( 2008 dansili ex tyranny by machiavellian )\nverdict : probably surprised even his biggest supporters at coolmore when he landed a royal ascot treble with waterloo bridge , washington dc and illuminate . champion first season sire and plenty of runners who look like they will train on including royal lodge winner foundation . its a huge fee increase but you can\u2019t say he didn\u2019t deserve it .\nbeauty is in the eye of the beholder and defining value is a very subjective measure . looking at the published fees for 2013 there were a few fees that took my eye as representing particularly poor value . i wouldn\u2019t have time to list all the overpriced first season sires , so i\u2019m restricting myself to those sires with runners\u2026\u2026\ni could just cut and paste my comments from last year regarding high chaparral - yes he was a great racehorse , yes he has done very well in australia / new zealand but there is no way his european results merit a \u20ac25000 fee . it is extraordinary to think that he has yet to sire a european group 1 winner from his huge number of european conceived progeny . his sales returns have been good for the past two years but sooner rather than later european breeders will wake up to the fact that he is only managing 3 % stakes winners and is due a significant cut in fee . by way of comparison for the same fee you could access dalakhani who has 5 % stakes winners and has sired 5 individual european group 1 winners .\nnot as egregiously bad value as his stud mate but nonetheless i think footsteps has been a disappointment and is now overpriced . he has managed only 2 % stakes winners and if you take into account that his stud fee was over 20k for his first three years at stud , his record is not going to improve in the coming years . his median for the past two years has hovered around his stud fee so the commercial market is hardly in love with him . interestingly he is the last and only storm cat line horse now in coolmore ireland but i\u2019m sure if a suitable offer came from overseas , coolmore would be happy to offload him and that particular experiment would come to an end without too many tears being shed by ireland\u2019s breeders . by way of comparison you could use azamour for the same fee and he has 4 % stakes winners .\ni wrote about elusive city last year when he was france\u2019s most expensive stallion at \u20ac15000 . he no longer holds this particular title but he still remains a sire who manages only 2 % stakes winners and he remains considerably overpriced . you could pick 20 stallions who represent better value but two similarly priced mr prospector line stallions that are far better sires ( albeit standing in the uk ) are medicean and zamindar .\ni might be eating my words on this one , given that he produced three very nice two year old colts last year in loch garman , havana gold and trading leather . however i\u2019m not arguing that teofilo isn\u2019t capable of producing high class horses but to me he didn\u2019t do enough last year to justify a hike from \u20ac25000 to \u20ac35000 . this is particularly the case when i felt that his three year olds were somewhat disappointing although admittedly the absence of his first crop star parish hall had a big impact on this . his stud fee owes a lot to the growing belief in galileo as a sire of sires and the fact that he shares the galileo / danehill cross with frankel probably helps along with some strong autumn sales results . people are taking a punt of fashion and on potential and although he is an interesting sire his fee should have stayed at its 2012 level until he truly delivered on that potential . by way of comparison at the exact same fee , his stud mate cape cross has demonstrated his ability to produce the goods and i would rather the proven over the possible any day .\nyou must confirm your email address by clicking on the link we\u2019ve sent to your email address .\nyou are only one short step away from reading 5 free field + articles .\nyes , i agree to receiving communications by email from the the irish field in relation to my membership , including editorial content and new marketing products and services from the the irish field .\nby registering an account you agree to our privacy policy and terms of service .\nget full unlimited access to our content and archive . subscribe to the irish field\nunlimited access to the irish field via your computer , mobile device , tablet or newspaper delivered to your door .\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nestablished as a source of g1 juveniles and classic excellence . sire of 11 % stakes winner to runners . his 19 g1 winners are headed by lope de vega and mukhadram .\n1st dam : helsinki by machiavellian . winner ( 10f ) at 3 , 3rd prix melisande . sister to street cry . dam of 12 foals , 9 to race , 7 winners :\ngeoffrey chaucer ( c montjeu ) 2 wins ( 8f ) at 2 , beresford s ( g2 ) , 3rd derrinstown stud derby trial s ( g3 ) .\ndiamond necklace ( f unbridled\u2019s song ) 3rd victor mccalmont memorial s . dam of :\nyorgunnabelucky ( c giant\u2019s causeway ) 5 wins ( 10f - 14f ) at 3 and 4 .\nhelsinka ( f pennekamp ) 2 wins ( 10\u00bdf - 11f ) at 4 .\nvelikiy zevs ( c giant\u2019s causeway ) 2 wins ( 6f - 7f ) at 2 and 4 .\n2nd dam : helen street by troy . 3 wins ( 6f - 12f ) at 2 and 3 , irish oaks ( g1 ) , prix du calvados ( g3 ) , 3rd yorkshire oaks ( g1 ) . dam of 10 winners :\nstreet cry ( c machiavellian ) 5 wins , 2 to 4 , dubai world cup ( g1 ) , stephen foster h ( g1 ) , 2nd whitney h ( g1 ) , 3rd breeders\u2019 cup juvenile ( g1 ) . champion sire .\nhistorian ( f pennekamp ) 5 wins at 2 and 3 , prix rose de mai . dam of :\nantiquities ( f kaldounevees ) 2nd prix cleopatre ( g3 ) . dam of : mary tudor ( f dawn approach ) salsabil s , 2nd ebf naas oaks trial , 3rd debutante s ( g2 ) .\nsovetsky ( g soviet star ) winner at 3 to 4 , 2nd prix du lion d\u2019angers .\ngrecian slipper ( f sadler\u2019s wells ) 3 wins at 3 . dam of :\nmagna graecia ( f warning ) prix de barbeville ( g3 ) . dam of : taranto ( f machiavellian ) 2nd river eden fillies\u2019 s . grandam of : territories ( c invincible spirit ) prix jean prat ( g1 ) , prix de fontainebleau ( g3 ) , 2nd 2 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , prix jacques le marois ( g1 ) , prix jean - luc lagardere ( g1 ) , 3rd prix la rochette ( g3 ) , prix du palais ( g3 ) . sire .\nlatona ( f fantastic light ) winner at 3 . dam of : paximadia ( c commands ) sandown guineas ( g2 ) , carbine club s ( g3 ) , 3rd t j smith s ( g1 ) .\nanna dana ( f chester house ) 2nd valdale s , cincinnati trophy s .\nhelena ' s secret ( f five star day ) winner at 2 . dam of : thronum ( c snitzel ) stanley wootton s ( g2 ) , 2nd william reid s ( g1 ) .\nilia ( f shadeed ) unraced . grandam of : dovil boy ( c clodovil ) 2nd prix du guiche ( g3 ) ; le roi mage ( g city on a hill ) 2nd prix altipan , prix lyphard ; street force ( f blue air force ) 2nd criterium femminile .\n, 7f , newmarket , by 2\u00bdl , beating oratorio , montgomery ' s arch , iceman , librettist , perfectperformance , etlaala .\n, 8f , york , by 3l , beating ad valorem , oratorio , rocamadour , kandidate , indesatchel .\n, 10\u00bdf , chantilly , beating hurricane run , rocamadour , gharir , ruwi , laverock , gold sound , vatori , scorpion .\n, 8f , longchamp , beating indesatchel , gharir , early march , helios quercus , laverock , tony james , montgomery ' s arch .\npakistan star recorded his second g1 victory with an impressive one - and - three - quarters length victory in the standard charter champions & chater cup at sha tin .\nkaspersky will tackle a new trip on his final start in britain next month in the betfred hungerford stakes at newbury .\nplans are in place to drop the six - year - old back to seven furlongs for the first time in his career in the group two on august 19 before he is shipped out to australia to resume his racing career .\nchapple - hyam said :\nthat was a good effort in the summer mile and he will probably be geared up for the hungerford at newbury before packing his bags and heading to australia .\nmartin ( harley ) said he probably ran better on saturday than he did at royal ascot . he is a trier and gives it a go . the handicapper must have thought he has done okay as he has put him up to 113 from 111 .\nit will be the newbury route rather than york for the strensall stakes as my own gut feeling is that i would rather come back than go up in trip , where he might just fade in the last furlong .\nyou have got to have a strong finisher to get the seven furlongs down the straight at newbury . i probably should be looking at a group three but i don ' t want to go up another furlong and i don ' t want to travel too far before australia , so the hungerford is the only real option .\nchapple - hyam ' s bullington bandit could drop back down to six furlongs on his next start , with the qatar richmond stakes earmarked as a potential target .\nafter springing an 80 / 1 shock on his debut , the son of canford cliffs finished down the field in last weekend ' s superlative stakes at newmarket .\nchapple - hyam added :\nthe draw in gate two had me on the wrong side of the track . coming into the dip i thought ' here we go ' and then he floundered in the dip .\nhe showed good speed to get into the race early on , so we might go for the richmond and come back to six .\ni might be out my depth at goodwood but i am never afraid of giving it a go . i believe in the horse so we might stick our neck out and have a go .\nkeith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .\nthe six - day entries are in for the darley july cup , john smith ' s cup and bet365 bunbury cup and aidan o ' brien has left ten in the former .\ndavid ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\nashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .\nthe early results of this term ' s bunch of european first - season sires are providing the usual interest . several young sires have already made smart starts , while the most celebrated of the freshmen , frankel ( gb ) ( galileo { ire } ) , currently has statistics of one winner from one runner , courtesy of the victory at newbury which ensured that cunco ( ire ) has the distinction of being frankel ' s first foal , frankel ' s first runner and frankel ' s first winner .\nanother extremely distinguished horse among europe ' s current freshmen is a stallion who is a proven sire and first - season sire simultaneously : redoute ' s choice ( aus ) ( danehill ) has been champion sire of australia three times and notched his 30th group 1 winner on saturday , but he is a new - comer as far as european breeding is concerned .\nredoute ' s choice has found the perfect way of keeping his name in lights as we await the debuts of his first french - conceived youngsters . many stallions find their rates of success slowing down as their third decade looms . not so with redoute ' s choice , who will turn 20 on aug 1 and whose stock are currently doing him proud . at the start of march , his lifetime tally of individual group 1 winners stood at 27 . now it stands at 30 , courtesy of the successes of the ill - fated peeping ( aus ) in the coolmore classic at rosehill , abbey marie ( aus ) in the australasian oaks at morphettville and , most recently , howard be thy name ( aus ) in the south australian derby at the same venue on saturday .\nfor redoute ' s choice , a stint at stud in the northern hemisphere seems only natural . while he has been the pre - eminent australian - bred stallion of the current century , his background is one which is as synonymous with newmarket and belmont as it is with randwick and flemington . his family has only been in australia for two generations , the importation of his u . s . - bred granddam dancing show ( nijinsky ) to the antipodes in 1988 ranking in retrospect as one of most notable arrivals in australasian bloodstock history . thanks to dancing show , this family has become a notable part of the bloodstock scene down under , just as it already was on both sides of the atlantic , her granddam best in show ( traffic judge ) having been voted kentucky broodmare of the year in 1982 .\nby the late ' 80s , best in show was already ancestress of the likes of el gran senor ( northern dancer ) , try my best ( northern dancer ) and malinowski ( sir ivor ) . her subsequent descendants to have achieved celebrity status in the northern hemisphere include rags to riches ( a . p . indy ) , spinning world ( nureyev ) , xaar ( gb ) ( zafonic ) , peeping fawn ( danehill ) and jazil ( seeking the gold ) . furthermore , the hong kong champion designs on rome ( ire ) ( holy roman emperor { ire } ) descends from best in show ' s half - sister stolen date ( sadair ) . dancing show was imported into australia via new zealand .\nshe had been covered to southern hemisphere time in 1987 by miswaki at walmac international farm in kentucky , and the resultant colt was born in new zealand in 1988 . she subsequently moved on to australia , imported by norman carlyon of muranna stud in victoria . at what turned out to be the twilight of the era of the dominance of star kingdom ( ire ) ( stardust { gb } ) - - ie . just before danehill began to have runners - -\ncarlyon sent her to a couple of very good stallions from the star kingdom line . in 1990 she visited the 1988 g1 golden slipper winner star watch ( aus ) ( bletchingly { aus } ) , and in 1991 she visited the 1990 golden slipper winner canny lad ( aus ) ( bletchingly { aus } ) . dancing show ' s miswaki colt turned out to be umatilla ( nz ) , who won at group 1 level as a 2 - year - old in the 1990 / ' 91 season , taking the karrakata plate in perth at a time when it still was a race of national significance , worthy of group 1 status .\nher star watch colt became her second group 1 - winning juvenile : named hurricane sky ( aus ) , he landed the blue diamond s . in 1994 . her canny lad filly shantha ' s choice ( aus ) , a three - parts sister to hurricane sky , was less successful , winning one minor race over 1200 metres , but she now stands as a very high - achiever . by the time shantha ' s choice had retired to stud , the era of danehill had begun . shantha ' s choice duly did what many well - credentialed star kingdom - line mares did during the ' 90s and the early years of this century : she visited danehill , the consequence of which was that redoute ' s choice was born in 1996 . he went on to be a top - class racehorse , winning the blue diamond at two and the caulfield guineas at three .\neven greater achievements followed once he had retired to arrowfield , and dancing show ' s legend continued to grow with shantha ' s choice ' s subsequent children including platinum scissors ( aus ) ( danehill ) and manhattan rain ( aus ) ( encosta de lago { aus } ) .\ndancing show ' s next daughter after shantha ' s choice , show dancing ( nz ) ( don ' t say halo ) , also went on to be a top broodmare , most notably producing g1 australian guineas winner al maher ( aus ) ( danehill ) . redoute ' s choice has been australia ' s champion sire three times , and hasfinished in the top five on the general sires table in 10 of the past 11 years . he needs no introduction down under , and such is the freedom of information in the internet era , he needs no introduction anywhere else , either . he is adept at siring both high - class juveniles and classic horses , while eight of his aus - bred sons have sired at least one group 1 winner .\nthat number seems sure to rise , and one of the young sires who could swell that tally is elzaam ( aus ) , who was conceived at arrowfield to northern hemisphere time in february 2007 and who raced with distinction in england , landing the carnarvon s . at newbury in 2011 by six lengths after failing by only a nose in the previous year ' s g2 coventry s . at royal ascot . elzaam retired to ballyhane stud in ireland in 2013 . his first juveniles currently include three winners , headed by king electric ( ire ) , who scored at the curragh two weeks ago .\nin the two years in which he stood as a reverse - shuttler at haras de bonneville , redoute ' s choice was easily the most expensive stallion in france . he thus received some very good mares , and consequently it looks certain that some very good racehorses will eventuate . over and above the aforementioned filly out of sunday nectar , those for whom particularly high expectations might be held include two who sold very well as yearlings in 2015 : a half - sister to last year ' s g1 1000 guineas heroine legatissimo ( ire ) ( danehill dancer { ire } ) and a half - brother to g2 prix du conseil de paris winner vadamar ( dalakhani { ire } ) .\nthe former was bought by mv magnier in tattersalls book 1 for 725 , 000gns and is now named smoulder ( gb ) ; while the latter fetched i950 , 000 at arqana in august to the bid of john ferguson and is now named valcartier ( ire ) . redoute ' s choice ' s other european 2 - year - olds include the aga khan ' s homebred zarmitan ( fr ) , a son of the brilliant zarkava ( ire ) ( zamindar ) , who has joined alain de royer - dupre ' s stable and who holds an entry for next year ' s derby . redoute ' s choice ' s current total of 30 individual group 1 winners is remarkably good , but what is even better is that it is almost certain to continue to rise for years to come , courtesy of good horses in both hemispheres .\nmacquarie legal practice is a boutique commercial law firm that acts for private individuals , families and small to medium enterprises ."]}
{"id": 1269, "summary": [{"text": "the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) also known as hume 's rat or hume 's hadromys , is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in northeastern india , and is listed as endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "manipur bush rat", "paragraphs": ["text : wikipedia articles on \u201c allan octavian hume \u201d and \u201c manipur bush rat \u201c .\nthe manipur bush rat was just one of 258 new species of animals and birds described from specimens of his collection .\n48 . all of these animals are named after a . o . hume\u2022 hume\u2019s warbler\u2022 the manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) \u2022 hume\u2019s argali\nindia 2006 birds - manipur bush - quail , u / m ms ( 4 x 4stamps ) 5 r . major varieties\nthe manipur bush rat ( hadromys humei ) painted by john gerrard keulemans ( 1842\u20131912 ) in the proceedings of the zoological society of london 1886 . ( public domain image )\nthe gestation period of the bush rat varies between 22 and 24 days . the\nnursery\nof the bush rat is its burrow . the nursing period lasts for about the first 20\u201325 days of life .\n) and in addition , the bush rat ' s foot pads are a pink colour , whereas the swamp rat ' s foot pads are dark brown .\nthe bush rat is found primarily in the coastal regions of southwestern australia . while it is mainly found in the lowlands , the bush rat can also be found in parts of the australian alps and on some offshore islands .\n\u2026 that the manipur bush rat ( pictured ) was described from the collection of a . o . hume which he donated after his life\u2019s work of ornithological notes were sold by a servant as waste paper ?\nwith the predation pressure posed by the rat . this rat also may have played a role in the complete\nthe bush rat is primarily a burrower , the burrow leads down into the nest chamber and is lined with grass and other vegetation .\nbush rats first arrived in australia in the second wave of rodent migration , around two million years ago .\nhainan white - bellied rat , niviventer lotipes ( formerly in n . tenaster )\nthe bush rat is prey to some local predators , including ; dingoes ( canis familiaris ) and foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) , and non - mammalian predators such as ; avian raptors and reptiles .\n, mauitaha and araara , have now been set aside as sanctuaries for the polynesian rat .\nthe sunburned rat or rattus adustus is a species of rat from enggano island in indonesia . it is only known from the holotype and has not been recorded since its description in 1940 .\nundertakes programs to eliminate the polynesian rat on most offshore islands in its jurisdiction , and other conservation groups have adopted similar programs in other reserves seeking to be predator - and rat - free .\nthe polynesian rat is similar in appearance to other rats , such as the black rat and the brown rat . it has large , round ears , a pointed snout , black / brown hair with a lighter belly , and comparatively small feet . it has a thin , long body , reaching up to\nthe new britain water rat ( hydromys neobrittanicus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nthe bush rat is strictly nocturnal and is active year - round . adults seem to be nomadic , but will rarely leave the forest floor . the bush rat was once considered to be solely a herbivore but recently it has been discovered that it is an omnivore . it is considered to be a pest species because it can destroy cane fields . it is also the host to more parasites than any other australian rodent . they exhibit stereotypically normal behavior when approaching an intruder ; boxing , threat - posture , clash , approach .\ntwo prominent murine human commensals have become vital laboratory animals . the brown rat and house mouse are both used as medical subjects .\nthe pagai spiny rat ( maxomys pagensis ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in indonesia .\nbartels ' s spiny rat ( maxomys bartelsii ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in indonesia .\nthe palawan spiny rat ( maxomys panglima ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in the philippines .\nthe northern water rat ( paraleptomys rufilatus ) is an endangered species of rodent in the family muridae found in the highlands of new guinea .\nmurinae ( rat ) preys on : coconut based on studies in : polynesia ( reef ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nthe red spiny rat ( maxomys surifer ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in cambodia , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , thailand , singapore and vietnam .\nwhich was much earlier than the accepted dates for polynesian migrations to new zealand , this finding has been challenged by later research showing the rat was introduced to both of the country ' s main islands around 1280 ad .\nthis species is endemic to northeastern india recorded only from the three locations of angarakhata in kamrup district , assam ( agrawal 2000 ) , and bishnupur and senapati in manipur ( agrawal 2000 ) at elevations ranging between 900 and 1 , 300 m asl ( molur et al . 2005 ) . it is a relictual species which ranged much more widely in the pleistocene ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .\nthe ivory coast rat ( dephomys eburneae ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in ivory coast , possibly ghana , and liberia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps .\nin new zealand and its offshore islands , many bird species evolved in the absence of terrestrial mammalian predators , so developed no behavioral defenses to rats . the introduction by the maori of the polynesian rat into new zealand resulted in the eradication of several species of terrestrial and small seabirds .\njanet m . wilmshurst , atholl j . anderson , thomas f . g . higham , and trevor h . worthy ( 2008 ) . dating the late prehistoric dispersal of polynesians to new zealand using the commensal pacific rat , proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 105 , 7676\u20137680 .\nthe defua rat ( dephomys defua ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in ivory coast , ghana , guinea , liberia , and sierra leone . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .\n17 . 6 in 2010 this comic journalist visited india to doa long form feature on rural poverty . thecommunity he chose to study was themusahars , the traditional rat catchers of northindia . he went to a historical town in up to dothe research and named the resulting work afterit . name the comic and also explain the town\u2019shistorical relevance . pic\nthere is an incredibly diverse range of body types in this subfamily . murines can be shrew - like , gerbil - like , vole - like , gopher - like , squirrel - like , mouse - like , and rat - like , with many variations on each body plan . some are small and gracile , like tiny african pygmy mice (\npolynesian rats are nocturnal like most rodents , and are adept climbers , often nesting in trees . in winter , when food is scarce , they commonly strip bark for consumption and satisfy themselves with plant stems . they have common rat characteristics regarding reproduction : polyestrous , with gestations of 21\u201324 days , litter size affected by food and other resources ( 6\u201311 pups ) , weaning takes around another month at 28 days . they diverge only in that they do not breed year round , instead being restricted to spring and summer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence of less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 and area of occupancy of less than 500 km\u00b2 , with all individuals in fewer than five locations , and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit is a nocturnal and fossorial species occurring in in tropical evergreen , moist deciduous forests . also found in secondary forests ( molur et al . 2005 ) .\nthe major threats to the species are habitat loss and fragmentation from general encroachment on its habitat , hunting and fire ( molur et al . 2005 ) .\nit is listed in the schedule v ( considered as vermin ) of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 . it is not known from any protected area . survey , monitoring and life history studies are recommended for this species ( molur et al . 2005 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n2005 ) . it is a relictual species which ranged much more widely in the pleistocene ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmanipurinpensasrotta\nto\nhadromys humei ( thomas , 1886 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nallan octavian hume allan octavian hume cb ( 6 june 1829 \u2013 31 july 1912 ) was a civil servant , political reformer and amateur ornithologist and horticulturalist in british india . known to most of us as one of the founders of the indian national congress , a political party that was later to lead the indian independence movement , few know that he was an extremely notable ornithologist who has been called \u201cthe father of indian ornithology\u201d and , by those who found him dogmatic as \u201cthe pope of indian ornithology . \u201d\nallan octavian hume ( image : frontispiece of \u201cthe nests and eggs of indian birds ( vol ii ) . public domain )\nhume had a vast network of correspondents all over india who sent him many skins and much information . read about his network here on shyamal \u2018s blog :\n\u201c . . of eight great rooms , six of them full , from floor to ceiling , of cases of birds , while at the back of the house two large verandahs were piled high with cases full of large birds , such as pelicans , cranes , vultures , & c . an inspection of a great cabinet containing a further series of about 5000 eggs completed our survey . \u201c\nhume\u2019s interest in life science was lost in 1885 when all his manuscripts were sold by an unscrupulous servant as waste paper and after a landslip caused by heavy rains in simla damaged his personal museum and specimens .\nashwin baindur blogs here about nature , wildlife , travel , science , postage stamps and his own articles but wishes there was much , much more about butterflies . . . . .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nall text of posts ( less the material not of my authorship ) and my images are licensed as below . take your pick .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis species is endemic to australia , where it is widely distributed mainly along the forested and coastal heath of the southern and eastern portions of the country . it is also present on a number of offshore islands ( including kangaroo island ) ( lunney 2008 ) .\nrecorded from subalpine woodland , coastal scrub , coastal heath , eucalypt forest , and tropical moist forest . it is a largely terrestrial and ground - dwelling species that occurs in areas with a dense undergrowth of shrubs and ferns ( lunney 2008 ) . females give birth to about five young and several litters may be produced in a good season ( lunney 2008 ) .\nmaximum longevity : 5 . 3 years ( captivity ) observations : weaned animals live about one year , but there is a field record of 3 . 8 years and a laboratory record of 5 . 3 years ( taylor and calaby 1988 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 7 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining .\nit is generally common in most parts of its range , and locally abundant . it is very common , for instance , in coastal heaths ( a . burbidge pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is very sensitive to habitat disturbance and land clearing , and may be threatened in parts of its range by inappropriate fire regimes and bushfire , as well as logging activities .\nthe bushrat doesn ' t show much overlap in diet with other local rodent species . in the summer it consumes primarily fruit , arthropods , and seeds , but in the winter its main source of food is from a particular cyperaceous species . when found in the forest it consumes primarily fungi and various fibrous plant material .\n) begins breeding around november and has litter sizes ranging usually between 4 - 5 . the majority of individuals do not live to a second breeding cyle due to their short life span .\ncheal , dc ( 1987 ) . the diets and dietary preferences of rattus - fuscipes and rattus - lutreolus at walkerville in victoria . australian wildlife research 14 , 35\u201344 .\nwood , dh ( 1971 ) . the ecology of rattus fuscipes and melomys cervinipes ( rodentia : muridaae ) in a south - east queensland rain forest . australian journal of zoology 19 , 371\u2013392 .\nbaillie ( 1996 ) . rattus fuscipes . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . urltoken . retrieved on 12 may 2006 .\nthis species is endemic to montane forests on volcanoes of west and central java . the type locality is at 1 , 830 m ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it is possible that the species could be found on adjacent peaks after appropriate surveys , however , its presence here needs to be confirmed .\nit has been recorded from tropical montane forest . it is relatively disturbance - tolerant and can be found at the forest edge .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nit it present in gunung gede pangrango national park and may be present in other protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution of this species .\nbaillie , j . 1996 . maxomys bartelsii . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nthis species is endemic to the palawan faunal region , philippines ( balabac , palawan , busuanga , calauit , and culion islands ) , from sea level to 1 , 550 m ( esslestyn et al . 2004 ; heaney et al . 1998 ; p . widmann pers . comm . ; j . c . gonzalez pers . comm . ) .\nit occurs in forested lowland and lower montane habitats , including primary , secondary , agricultural areas , and also tree plantations ( esselstyn et al . 2004 ; barbehenn et al . 1972 / 1973 ; hoogstraal 1951 ; musser et al . 1979 ; sanborn 1952 ) .\nheaney , l . , balete , d . , rosell - ambal , g . , tabaranza , b . , ong , p . , ruedas , l . , widmann , p . & gonzalez , j . c .\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nbaillie , j . 1996 . maxomys panglima . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .\nin length from the nose to the base of the tail , making it slightly smaller than other human - associated rats . where it exists on smaller islands , it tends to be smaller still [ e . g .\n] . it is commonly distinguished by a dark upper edge of the hind foot near the ankle . the rest of its foot is pale .\naccidentally or deliberately introduced it to the islands they settled . the species has been implicated in many of the\nr . exulans is an omnivorous species , eating seeds , fruit , leaves , bark , insects , earthworms , spiders , lizards , and avian eggs and hatchlings . polynesian rats have been observed to often take pieces of food back to a safe place to properly shell a seed or otherwise prepare certain foods . this not only protects them from predators , but also from rain and other rats . these\nhusking stations\nare often found among trees , near the roots , in fissures of the trunk , and even in the top branches . in new zealand , for instance , such stations are found under rock piles and fronds shed by nikau palms .\nsubsequent elimination of rats from islands has resulted in substantial increases in populations of certain seabirds and endemic terrestrial birds . as part of its program to restore these populations , such as the endangered\nholdaway , r . n . ( 1996 ) . arrival of rats in new zealand , nature , 384 , 225\u2013226 .\n. vol . 29 no 4 , december 1999 , pp . 265\u2013290 . archived from\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .\n3 . 1 in february 2012 , it was reported that unitedstates marine corps scout snipers had been usingthis device to symbolize their function since at leastthe 1980s . it was adopted from the indigenousgermanic character which originally symbolized thesun . this simple but striking device consisted oftwo letters side by side like lightning bolts . thisdevice became so popular in nazi germany thattypewriters had an extra key so that one can printthis character with one key stroke instead of two . what ?\n5 . 2one of the major changes in the indian armypost independence was the dropping of a termwhich is derived from a persian word meaningarmy for a persian word meaning young . thefirst term is preferred by the british historians todenote an event in indian history while indiahistorians generally dont use it . what was thechange ?\n8 . 3 * his father umar sheikh mirza died in a freakaccident . an avid pigeon flyer , he lost his lifewhen his dovecot built on the edge of a ravinein the corner of the castle tumbled down intothe depths below in a landslide carrying himalong with it .\numar sheikh mirza , flew with hispigeons and their house and became a falcon\nwrote his son in his memoir , considered the firstof it\u2019s kind in the islamic world . who ?\n14 . 5this ancient sumerian city is now within anamerican air base in iraq . in 1999 , saddamhussein denied pope john paul ii access to thesite , which is supposedly the birthplace ofabraham . which city also famous for thismassive structure ?\n20 . 7 it was this tamizh scholar who collected andpublished tamizh sangam era classics . thusstarting with jeevaka chintamani in 1887 , heprinted and published manimekalai ( 1888 ) , silappathikaram ( 1889 ) , paththupaattu ( 1889 ) and purananooru ( 1894 ) , all appendedwith scholarly commentaries . who ? whatnickname did he get because of these efforts ? < pic >\n23 . 8 excerpt from a 1924 article titled\nshall we allcommit suicide ?\n:\n\u2026 . . could not explosiveseven of the existing type be guided automaticallyin flying machines by wireless or otherrays , without a human pilot , in ceaselessprocession over a hostile city , arsenal , camp ordockyard ?\nwords of someone who claimedthat he could pass an examination on h . g . wellss works . who and what present daymenace did he imagine at that time ?\n26 . 9in ussr the term\nvrag naroda\nwas used to atvarious times applied , in particular , to tsarnicholas ii and the imperialfamily , aristocrats , thebourgeoisie , clerics , businessmen , anarchists , kulaks , monarchists , mensheviks , bundists , trotskyists , bukharinists etc . what similar term was invogue in the states during 1930s ?\n29 . 10it was described as ,\nthe pearl in the necklaceof the forts of hind\n. this place is also famousfor the last stand of rani lakshmibhai . thediscovery of a tablet recording the establishmentof a small 9th century hindu temple in the fortgenerated a lot of interest as it was the oldestrecorded evidence of something . id the fortand also what did they find here ?\n32 . 11 the central institute of psychiatry in ranchi isprobably the oldest lunatic asylum in asia . twoinmates of this hospital were released as agoodwill gesture in 2003 . this was right afterwhen pm atal behari vajpayee visited aneighboring country . they have been inmates ofthis institution under special status for 42 years . one of these inmates suffered briefly fromschizophrenia but otherwise both of them werehealthy . who are these people ?\n34 . the inmates were yang chen and shihliang , two prc soldiers who were held aspows in india . vajpayee had gone to china andhad met wen jiabao .\n35 . 12it states that if equilateral triangles areconstructed on the sides of any triangle , eitherall outward , or all inward , the centres of thoseequilateral triangles themselves form anequilateral triangle . what theorem ? < pic >\n37 . \u2022 napoleon bonaparte was a amateur mathematician and this sort of a geometric construction is called a napoleon triangle and the statement is called napoleon\u2019s theorem .\n38 . 13 during the world war two , it is believed thatthere was an informal agreement between thegermans and the allies that the allies won\u2019tbomb the german towns of g\u00f6ttingen andheidelberg in return for sparing two englishtowns . one strong evidence pointing in thisdirection is the unearthing of some germanplans to make one of these cities the capital ofoccupied england . name hitler\u2019s englishcapital .\n41 . 14 the library of the archeological department ofthe delhi is named after the man whocommissioned it . it was his persian translationof upanishads that attracted sir williamjones , the father of indology , to upanishads . his life has inspired many works of fiction oneof the most popular is shown below . manyhistorians consider his failure as a great \u201cifmoment\u201d in india\u2019s history . who ? < pic >\n43 . dara shikoh . the heir apparent to shahjahan , itwas by defeating him that aurangazeb ascendedthe throne of delhi .\n49 . 17the painting depicts the quaestor of sicilydiscovering a famous tomb . the quaestor ( sortof a roman consul ) , had heard the locals speakof this tomb , but none of them knew the exactlocation . name both the quaestor ( a famousman in his own right ) and the man who\u2019s tombwas discovered . < pic >\n51 . \u2022 cicero discovering archemedes\u2019 grave . \u2022 the tomb has the famous sphere inscribed within a cylinder .\n52 . 18 * located in modern day poland , the malbrokcastle ( or marienburg castle ) is a unescoworld heritage site . it is said to be the largestcastle in the world by surface area . it was builtby a particular group after their conquest of oldprussia in the 13th century . name the specificgroup that built it .\n54 . \u2022 the teutonic knights ( the order of brothers of the german house of saint mary in jerusalem ) .\n55 . 19 * this jesuit priest was the confessor of louis xiv . in 1804 , the city of paris bought a plot of land where he had once lived . the plot was converted into something that bears his name . today it is the largest of its kind within the city and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors . what ?\n57 . \u2022 the confessor was pere francois de la chaise . \u2022 the pere lachaise cemetery in paris is named after him .\n58 . 20\u201cmy client is not in a hurry\u201d \u2013 famous response by a man when asked about the duration of his celebrated project . he had worked on it from 1883 to 1926 and left it unfinished at his death . what was he talking about ?\n61 . 21he had attended the aicc meeting in 1928 . thirtyyears later , he visited india again . he describes ameeting thus : \u201cdark , cold eyes looked at mewithout feeling . thirty years before , he and hisfather had been introduced to me at a huge rally forindependence . i mentioned this to him , but itproduced no change in his face . he replied inmonosyllables to everything i said , scrutinizing mewith his steady , cold eyes . \u201d who about whom ?\n66 . \u2022 \u201cnight of the long knives\u201d ( hitler\u2019s purge of the sa / \u201croehm putsch\u201d ) .\n69 . \u2022 casey jones , a railroad engineer , who was the only casualty of the \u201ccannonball express\u201d collision .\n70 . 24 * when the athenians were voting on whom to ostracize , to sendinto exile for ten years , by writing names on potsherds , anilliterate farmer who did not know _ _ _ asked him to write aname down for him on his piece of pottery . _ _ _ _ _ asked himwhat name to write , and the farmer replied \u201c _ _ _ _ _\n. hedutifully wrote his own name , and then asked the farmer whatharm _ _ _ _ _ had ever done him .\nnone at all ,\ncame thereply ,\nbut im sick and tired of hearing him being called thejust all the time . name this \u201cstrategos\u201d of athens , who wasrecalled from his exile later and played a key role in the defeat ofthe persian invasion .\n73 . 25 . an artist\u2019s re - creation of a famous structure in its ancient glory . identify the structure .\n76 . 26 . in august 1943 , an 18 year old soldier named charlesherman kuhl got diagnosed with a case ofpsychoneurosis . he had repeatedly returned from thebattle front with similar issues and was admitted to the15th infantry hospital . although his soldierly career wassomewhat unspectacular , he became famous during hisillness . in fact , he may well have influenced one of thecrucial decisions of the war . explain .\n78 . \u2022 charles herman kuhl was the victim of the infamous \u201cpatton slap\u201d . \u2022 during a visit to the hospital , general patton was enraged when he found kuhl , who had no apparent wounds , sitting in the hospital . he accused him of cowardice and slapped him . there was public pressure on eisenhower to take action . it may have been one of the contributing factors for patton not receiving a command during the first phase of normandy landings .\n79 . 27 the cartoon mocks a 1901 ideology , that was added on as a corollary to the monroe doctrine . what diplomacy ?\n81 . \u2022 big stick diplomacy , as proposed by theodore roosevelt . \u2022 \u201cspeak softly and carry a big stick ; you will go far . \u201d\n82 . 28 . \u2022 according to the popular story , the idea was born when the congress leader kamaraj was at a train intersection near the town of cheranmahadevi in tirunelveli district of tamil nadu . as he was waiting for a train to pass , he noticed young boys tending to their goats and cattle . he asked one small boy , \u201cwhat are you doing with the cows ? why didn\u2019t you go to school ? \u201d . the boy\u2019s response made kamaraj think , and he went back and started a new program to attract kids like him to school . what did kamaraj do ?\n85 . 29 . \u2022 during his tenure at the government mint in calcutta , he reformed weights and measures , introduced a uniform coinage and devised a balance so delicate as to indicate the three - thousandth part of a grain . a gifted architect , he rebuilt the minaret of aurangzeb in benares and improved the drainage system of calcutta by building a tunnel between the hooghly river and the sunderbans mangrove forest . the ghat shown below was erected in his honor by the citizens of calcutta . who ?\n87 . \u2022 james prinsep , more famous for deciphering the brahmi script and the rock edicts of ashoka . \u2022 the prinsep ghat in kolkatta was built in his honour .\n88 . 30 * this castle in rotherham , yorkshire , was built in the1770s . the earl who built it named it after a place toshow his support to the activists who were protestingagainst the english . so strong was his opposition to thegovernment position that he resigned his commission . quite cheekily , he also banned a particular beveragefrom parties held at the castle . name the castle . < pic >\n90 . 31\u2022 the society of american travel writers conducts the annual lowell thomas travel journalism competition for outstanding print , online and multimedia works and for travel photography . the awards are named after lowell thomas , an american writer and broadcaster who had a distinguished career at cbs and nbc radio networks . thomas traveled all over the world and made interesting broadcasts . but he shot into the limelight through exhibitions of dramatic video footage that he shot over a short period of time in 1917 . the subject of his films received world wide fame due to his exhibitions . who / what are we talking about ?\n92 . \u2022 lawrence of arabia . \u2022 lowell thomas was the man who made lawrence of arabia famous . he made several recordings of lawrence attired in his arab dress and engaged in his desert war .\n93 . 32\u2022 from the 17th century into the 19th century , the area was known to the british as the\npirate coast\n, as raiders based there harassed the shipping industry despite navies patrolling the area . the british often led campaigns against the pirate bases along the coast . raids continued intermittently until 1835 , when the rulers agreed not to engage in hostilities at sea . in 1853 , they signed a treaty with the united kingdom . the independent territories which signed the agreement were called\n_ _ _\n, after this treaty . they were declared as british protectorates . in 1971 , britain ended this agreement and the territories joined together to form a single nation . by what name were these protectorates known till 1971 ?\n95 . \u2022 the sheikdoms were called \u201cthe trucial states\u201d after an agreement under which they agreed to a\nperpetual maritime truce\u201c . in 1971 , they became a confederation known as the uae .\n96 . 33 * \u2022 identify the person , portrayed on the cover of this book .\n98 . \u2022 roger casement , the irish revolutionary who was also a campaigner for human rights in congo and peru . the cover is from the mario vargas llosa work \u201cthe dream of the celt\u201d\n99 . 34\u2022 x = hebrew word for german . \u2022 y = hebrew word for spanish . \u2022 x and y together form the two main subcultures of a particular group . what words ?\n101 . \u2022 x = ashkenazi\u2022 y = sephardi . \u2022 these are the two main subcultures of judaism .\n102 . 35 * \u2022 this building in tangier , morocco is the first property acquired abroad by its owners . it is also the only _ _ _ _ _ _ on foreign soil . name the building or fill in the blanks .\n104 . \u2022 the american legation in tangier is the first property acquired by the united states government outside the country . \u2022 it is also the only national historic landmark on foreign soil .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips .\nsri lanka 1977 ( error ) 75c girl guides anniversary . 75c girl guides anniversary single with yellow missing resulting in a magenta - coloured sun . extraordinary , previously unrecorded error . superb unmounted mint .\nindia 1974 ( error ) r1 veena . spectacular and scarce . superb unmounted mint . sg723a ; sc624var ; ind1446a .\nsingapore 1966 sg71 1 cent , unmounted mint block x 4 , r1 / 1 / showing variety of nick in the fin . good clean condition\n1979 , int . stamp exhibition india ' 80 de havilland 30 ( p ) superb u / m block of four , major errors / varieties : background in the colour lilac instead of blue - with another block of four for comparison , rare misprint .\nindia 1991 gandhi 1 r . u / m marginal block of 6 , major varieties : color smearing\nindia / gandhi / major errors & varieties . m / m mounted mint with original gum . unused without gum . world errors / varieties abarten . otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .\npakistan 1979 2 r definitive s . g . 477aw u / m imperforated with inverted watermark\notherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs . m / m mounted mint with original gum . offene kommunikation . der angegebene preis ist ein endpreis zzgl . leichte besch\u00e4digungen , bedingt durch die bef\u00f6rderung ( z . b . kleine einrisse , kleine eckb\u00fcge ) sind bei gebrauchten ganzsachen als normal anzusehen und also vollwertig .\nkleinbogen ( 4 x 4 st\u00fcck ) 5 r . , abarten : bei den unteren zwei reihen wurde die rote farbe nicht richtig bedruckt dadurch vier marken mit den farben rot und gelb statt orange und vier marken mit leichte spuren davon im oberen bereich , unikat , selt .\nvietnam - issues of the vietcong ( 2072 ) . vietcong 10 ( 2 ) . 1965 , vietcong - ausgabe 1 . kab . - st\u00fcck , abart : fehlende farbe grau , mit vergleichsst\u00fcck , extrem selten , rr ! otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .\n2072 vietnam 1957 world trade union congress vfu bl . of 4 major variety / error\n( vietnam / errors & varieties ( 2072 ) . 1957 , 4th . - exclusive fees ) and one vfu block ( realized price not known ) were sold both in usa , october 2011 ) , this is the only known used block of four with the variety / error - stamp in the lower right corner of the block of four , unique , exhibition - item , rrr !\ncambodia 1984 olympic winter games sarajevo - figure skating , 6 r . 2 vfu variety\nvfu very fine used . kab . - bl\u00f6cke , abart : beine braun statt rotbraun und block um 9 mm breiter als das vergleichsexemplar \u2013 hier fehlendes rot / pink , extrem selten , rr ! schwerpunktm\u00e4\u00dfig finden sie hier briefmarken , briefe und ganzsachen sowie ansichtskarten aus aller welt , aber auch m\u00fcnzen , historische wertpapiere usw .\nindonesia 1981 president suharto 300 ( r . ) unused on piece , error / variety : look\n1981 , president suharto 300 ( r . ) unused on piece , error / variety : look at the jacket , exhibition - item , r ! auctiva ' s free counter . unused without gum . otherwise for both sides arise avoidable overhead and unnecessary costs .\nm / m mounted mint with original gum . unused without gum . leichte besch\u00e4digungen , bedingt durch die bef\u00f6rderung ( z . b . kleine einrisse , kleine eckb\u00fcge ) sind bei gebrauchten ganzsachen als normal anzusehen und also vollwertig .\n1981 , 80 p . kab . - r - gu mit zusatzfrankatur n . england , abarten : 20 p . oliv dahlien ungez\u00e4hntes statt gez\u00e4hntes randpaar , ( s . g . 26 flowers vfu imperforated marginal pair , variety / error not known by sg / pierron ) rr !\n( 2x4 ) ; a = perf . k 13 1 / 4 : 12 3 / 4 ; b = imperforated . 45 j . diplomatische beziehungen mit china - geschnittener kb ( i ) error e ( ii ) - ( ) . 1998b kb ( i ) e ( ii ) . kb ( i ) , date of issue : 7 . 7 . 2006 . quantity kb ( i ) : 2 , 500 pieces .\ninternationales jahr der berge - error / lao prd - ( ) . nach entdeckung des fehlers wurden die marken zur\u00fcckgezogen und durch minr . 1813ii - 1814ii ersetzt . here as a\nmint never hinged ( mnh )\nset . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue !\n997 - 1009 ( souvenir sheet 10 ) oz . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue ! here as a\nmint never hinged ( mnh )\nsouvenir sheet with missing digit number top right .\nrotes kreuz 1975 - error / fehlender eindruck - ( ) minr . 739 - 740 4er e ( i ) . odr ; . wmk 4 ; perf . k 13 1 / 2 ; with bdr . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue !\ninternationales jahr der berge - error / lao prd fdc ( i ) - i - . nach entdeckung des fehlers wurden die marken zur\u00fcckgezogen und durch minr . 1813ii - 1814ii ersetzt . fdc ( i ) , date of issue : 30 . 3 . 2002 . 1813i - 1814i fdc ( i ) - i - .\na sign refers to a particular group of stars , ther being a total of twelve zodiac signs . images of different types of animals are used to represent particular signs for each of the years . das wort\nsongkran\nleitet sich von sanskrit ab , was den eintritt der sonne in das sternbild widder , das erste zeichen des tierkreises , bedeutet .\n1148 - 1151 ( souvenir sheet 16 ) oz . all other pictures are only for your information of other available versions for this issue ! here as a\nmint never hinged ( mnh )\nsouvenir sheet without counting number top right !\nbangkok 1983 ( iii ) ( 13b ) - error / imperforated without number - ( mnh ) mino . 1048b - 1051b ( souvenir sheet 13b ) oz . minr . 1048b - 1051b ( block 13b ) oz . here as a\nmint never hinged ( mnh )\nimperforated souvenir sheet without !\ndefinitive : king bhumibol 10th s . 50b csp 1 . p - sheet ( i ) error / without number - ( mnh\n( freimarke : k\u00f6nig bhumibol 10 . dof ) king bhumibol aduljadeh , rama ix . ( 1927 ) ; in marshal - uniform of he royal thai air force . dof ) k\u00f6nig bhumibol aduljadeh , rama ix . ( 1927 ) ; in uniform . specialists distinguish three versions of the 3 baht issue that can be recognized by the different sheet sequence number .\n( 115 jahre staatsbesuch k\u00f6nig chulalongkorn in \u00f6sterreich ( 297 ) - error - ( ) minr . 3265 - 3266 ( block 297 ) e ( i ) . ech ) king chulalongkorn , rama v ( 1853 - 1910 ) . ech ) k\u00f6nig chulalongkorn , rama v . ( 1853 - 1910 ) .\nhere as a fdc ( version i ) with missing ! the dragon used to be the symbol of the chinese emperor . fdc ( i ) , date of issue : 13 . 4 . 2000 . 2013a fdc ( i ) e ( i ) . quality fdc ( i ) : 20 , 000 pieces . fdc ( i ) , ausgabedatum : 13 . 4 . 2000 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis west african species is patchily distributed from sierra leone , through liberia , guinea and cte d ' ivoire to ghana .\ntype for dephomys defua catalog number : usnm 83837 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : r . currie year collected : 1897 locality : mount coffee , montserrado , liberia , africa elevation ( m ) : 122 to 152\ntype : miller , g . s . 1900 dec 28 . proceedings of the washington academy of sciences . 2 : 635 .\nthis species has been reported from lowland and montane rain forest , and also in secondary forest associated with swampy soils .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern because , although it is seldom recorded , it has a relatively wide distribution , is tolerant of some habitat degradation , has a presumed overall large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthe threats to this species are not well known , but its association with forest habitats suggest that it may be threatened by deforestation .\nit is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , general ecology and threats to this little - known species .\ntaylor , p . 2004 . dephomys eburnea . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .\ntaylor , p . 2004 . dephomys defua . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .\nmurinae , the old world rats and mice , is the largest subfamily of muroid rodents . there are an astonishingly diverse 561 species in this subfamily , which are divided among 126 genera in 29 divisions .\nmusser , g . , m . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . d wilson , d reeder , eds . mammal species of the world . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .\nrats and mice are native to the ethiopian , palearctic , and oriental regions , including africa , the arabian peninsula , europe , the middle east , india , china , taiwan , korea , japan , the indo - malayan region , the philippines , new guinea , australia , and tasmania . in addition , murines have been introduced around the world by humans , and now have a virtually cosmopolitan distribution .\ncarleton , m . , g . musser . 1984 . muroid rodents . pp . 289 - 379 in s anderson , j jones jr . , eds . orders and families of recent mammals of the world . new york : john wiley and sons .\nthe dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 0 / 0 , 3 / 3 = 16 in most murine genera . the incisors can be opisthodont , orthodont , or proodont . most have ungrooved incisors . the molars are rooted and are not evergrowing . the molars range from brachydont to hypsodont , and the third molars are always smaller than the first and second molars . most murines have three lingual cusps on the upper molars , giving a triserial cusp arrangement ; there is always at least an anterolingual cusp on the second upper molars . in addition , the lower molars usually have labial cusplets . murines vary widely in skull characteristics , and the diversity is so great that no synapomorphies of the skull can be identified , except of the lack of a sphenofrontal foramen or squamosoalisphenoid groove . a skeletal characteristic that all murine genera share is the presence of a prominent neural spine on the second thoracic vertebra . diploid chromosome numbers for murines range from 25 to 68 .\nhubbard , c . 1972 . observations on the life histories and behavior of some small rodents from tanzania . zoologica africana , 7 ( 2 ) : 419 - 449 .\nmurines occupy a wide variety of boreal , temperate , subtropical , and tropical habitats , including : coniferous and deciduous forests , subtropical broadleaf forests , tropical rainforests , monsoon forests , savannahs , steppes , grasslands , scrub forests , alpine meadows , deserts , rocky outcrops , river valleys , marshes , swamps , lakes , rivers , streams , agricultural fields , cities , and towns . murines span a greater elevational range than any other muroid subfamily ; they have been found in high mountains at more than 4 , 000 meters , and in mine shafts more than 500 meters below the earth ' s surface .\nnowak , r . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 2 . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .\n, carrion , and even household items such as glue , paste , and soap . individual murine species range from dietary generalists that will eat just about anything to specialist herbivores and specialist carnivores . many murine species cache their food in burrows or crevices for later use .\nmurines are essential components of many ecosystems . they have roles as seed dispersers , pollinators ( johnson et al . 2001 ) , predators , and / or prey . not all ecosystem roles are positive , however . some murine species have been introduced to areas where they were previously absent , and they have devastated ecosystems by outcompeting or feeding on native wildlife . a few murine species have developed a commensal relationship with humans , and , especially in urban areas , rely on human - produced waste to survive . in turn , various parasites use murines as hosts , including\njohnson , s . , a . pauw , j . midgely . 2001 . rodent pollination in the african lily massonia depressa ( hyacinthaceae ) . american journal of botany , 88 ( 10 ) : 1768 - 1773 .\nroberts , l . , j . janovy jr . . 2000 . foundations of parasitology . new york : mcgraw - hill .\ncochran , p . , j . cochran . 1999 . predation on a meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius , and a house mouse , mus musculus , by brown trout , salmo trutta . canadian field - naturalist , 113 ( 4 ) : 684 - 684 .\nw . a . niering , terrestrial ecology of kapingamarangi atoll , caroline islands , ecol . monogr . 33 ( 2 ) : 131 - 160 , from p . 157 ( 1963 ) .\nehret , g . 2005 . infant rodent ultrasounds - a gate to the understanding of sound communication . behavior genetics , 35 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .\nthompson , r . , b . robertson , a . napier , k . wekesa . 2004 . sex - specific responses to urinary chemicals by the mouse vomeronasal organ . chemical senses , 29 ( 9 ) : 749 - 754 .\nmurines usually do not live more than a few months in the wild , and those that do rarely live to be three years old . in captivity , however , some murines may live nearly a decade .\nmost murines have a polygynandrous mating system , with each male and female only associating for the brief time required for copulation and each individual having multiple mates . a few species are monogamous , at least within one breeding season , and males stay with their mates and help to raise their young .\nfemale murines , like all mammals , provide their young with milk before the young are able to eat solid food . many murines build nests - - the size , shape and location of which varies among species - - in which they raise their young . yet females of other species simply allow their babies to clamp on to their teats and then carry their young around with them . the time to weaning is relatively short , as young murines grow and develop quickly . both altricial and precocial murine species are known . male parental care is rare , but not unheard of , in this group . for example , male four - striped grass mice ("]}
{"id": 1270, "summary": [{"text": "lethrinops microdon is an endangered species of cichlid endemic to the southern part of lake malawi where it occurs at depths of 35 to 100 metres ( 115 to 328 ft ) in areas with soft substrates .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grow to a length of 13.1 centimetres ( 5.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "lethrinops microdon", "paragraphs": ["843 nt - - lethrinops microdon clone lmicro828 mitochondrial control region , complete sequence .\nlethrinops microdon eccles & lewis text & photo by guest author : prof . george f . turner university of hull , uk lethrinops microdon , male above , female below ; photo copyright more\nlethrinops microdon is a species of fish in the cichlidae family . it is endemic to malawi . its natural habitat is freshwater lakes . source - * kazembe , j . & darwall , w . 2005 . lethrinops microdon . more\nthe lethrinops microdon is classified as endangered ( en ) , considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .\nan individual of lethrinops microdon freshly collected at the southeast arm of lake malawi [ malawi ] . photo by george turner . determiner ad konings\nlethrinops microdon eccles & lewis , 1979 , should you have one you would like to contribute , please get in contact the cichlid room companion editor . more\nconservation : lethrinops microdon is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( en ) endangered ( 2006 ) .\n886 nt - - lethrinops auritus mitochondrion d - loop region , complete sequence .\nlethrinops cf . marginatus mri - 2005 clone lmarg132 control region , complete sequence ; mitochondrial .\nlethrinops cf . marginatus mri - 2005 clone lmarg131 control region , complete sequence ; mitochondrial .\nlethrinops cf . parvidens mri - 2005 clone lparv851 control region , complete sequence ; mitochondrial .\nlethrinops cf . parvidens mri - 2005 clone lparv852 control region , complete sequence ; mitochondrial .\nlethrinops sp . ' deep - water albus ' control region , complete sequence ; mitochondrial .\nsuggested citation of this page : turner , g . f . ( 2004 ) lethrinops microdon eccles & lewis . urltoken in :\nthe cichlid fishes of lake malawi , africa\n( m . k . oliver , webmaster ) , http : / / malawicichlids . com . accessed [ date ] .\njustification : l . microdon has suffered a recorded decline in fishery catches in the southern part of the lake of more than 70 % in the last 10 years . this species is not often recorded outside the southern part of the lake so it is assessed as endangered , on the assumption that the decline has affected the main part of the population . the threat is ongoing as the trawl fishery continues .\nsuggested citation of this page : turner , g . f . ( 2002 ) lethrinops ' oliveri ' . urltoken in :\nthe cichlid fishes of lake malawi , africa\n( m . k . oliver , webmaster ) , http : / / malawicichlids . com . accessed [ date ] .\neccles , david h . & d . s . c . lewis . 1979 .\na taxonomic study of the genus lethrinops regan ( pisces : cichlidae ) from lake malawi . part 3\n. ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology . n . 38 ; pp 16 - 19 ( crc01044 )\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . lethrinops . p . 233 - 240 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4985 )\nit has a larger number of lower gillrakers ( 24 - 29 ) than most similar species . it can be quickly distinguished from most superficially similar species by the number of bars below the dorsal fin ( 7 , compared to 8 - 9 ) and by the absence of a midlateral spot . it generally has a larger mental ( chin ) process than the similar , but smaller , lethrinops ' oliveri ' . individuals of the species reach a maximum size of around 20 cm ( 8 inches ) total length and feed on benthic diatoms , principally the filamentous aulacoseira , with occasional crustacean and chironomid fragments .\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range 35 - 100 m . tropical ; 13\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s\nafrica : endemic to the southern part of lake malawi , specially in the south - east arm .\nmaturity : l m 13 . 7 range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4985 )\noccurs over soft bottoms which have thick layer of sedimentary diatoms . feeds on diatoms ( ref . 5595 , 54527 ) . dominant species in malawian demersal trawl fishery .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nendemic to lake malawi where it is known to occur in the southeastern arm of the lake .\noccurs over soft bottoms that have a thick layer of sedimentary diatoms at depths of 35\u2013100 m . its preferred depth is 50 m where it is reported to be abundant . it feeds on the diatoms by scooping them from the substrate . also feeds in the open water on plankton when available . reported not to have been exported in the aquarium trade ( 1990 ) . max . size : 15 cm tl .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nspecies . it gets to about 15 cm ( 6 inches ) total length and is a common cichlid species at depths of 65 - 130m ( approx . 210 - 425 feet ) or more in the se arm of lake malawi , between monkey bay and boadzulu island . it has fewer lower gillrakers ( 17 - 21 ) , a smaller head and a less prominent mental ( chin ) process than\n, which could not stand the heavy fishing pressure in that area . i am not sure who came up with the nickname , but when i worked at monkey bay in the early 1990s , this species had long been known as ' oliveri ' after mike oliver \u0097 none other than the webmaster of this site . the photo shown here is of a mature male , but not showing the brightest breeding dress .\nlast updated : 24 may 2008 page first posted : 1 december 2002 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\ntext & photo by guest author : prof . george f . turner university of hull , uk\nspecies from the deep - water mud - bottom habitats of lake malawi . ( the upper fish is male ; the lower , female . ) it has suffered badly from heavy trawl fishing in the area where it was most abundant . in the se arm of the lake , it used to make up 44 % of the cichlid catch in experimental trawls between 60 and 80 m ( 200 - 260 ft ) depth , and it comprised 28 % of the catch of the commercial demersal trawls . it has not been observed at all in recent surveys , and it may be extinct in the area . although only a single specimen had previously been recorded by expert taxonomists from outside the se arm , fisheries recorders have recently reported that this species is still abundant near karonga , where the habitat is similar to the southern arms . this remains to be confirmed .\npage first posted : 14 february 2004 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n1 the fraction of non - missing nucleotides in an ideal alignment if no gaps had to be introduced . low values indicate that cluster sequences are heterogeneous in length , with possibly only local homologies ( for example , if one sequence is a complete mitochondrial genome , and others are single mt genes ) .\ndownload a raxml optimal tree with branch lengths ( muscle alignment ) . . .\ndownload a midpoint rooted raxml optimal tree with branch lengths ( muscle alignment ) . . ."]}
{"id": 1279, "summary": [{"text": "skirroceras macrum is a stephanoceratacean ( ammonite ) species belonging to the family stephanoceratidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived during the jurassic period , in the bajocian age . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "skirroceras macrum", "paragraphs": ["new stunning , rare ammonite display species from burton bradstock , dorset , england ( sku702 ) : - skirroceras ( stephanoceras ) macrum \u2013 fossils for sale \u2013 fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop\nage : jurassic age sub category : lower bajocian common name : ammonite genus : skirroceras species : macrum catalogue letters : baj catalogue number : 13 . 0a country of origin : england , uk description : a large adult , 7 whorls , with 1 1 / 3 whorls of body chamber , with tuberculated ribbing . sherborne , dorset . size : 250 mm price : \u00a3 20 . 00\nfig . 3 . 1 . kumatostephanus perjucundus ( buckman , 1927 ) , propinquans zone , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010027 ) . 2 . skirroceras macrum ( quenstedt , 1886 / 87 ) , propinquans zone , hebridica subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh163 ) . 3 . brasilia sp . , murchisonae zone , grand lara / gap ( mnhnl qh164 ) . 4 . otoites contractus ( sowerby , 1825 ) , propinquans zone , patella subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh165 ) . 5 , 6 . paradumortieria distans ( buckman , 1890 ) , aalensis zone ( upper toarcian ) , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010025 ) . 7 . sonninia propinquans ( bayle , 1848 ) , propinquans zone , patella subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh166 ) . 8 . catulloceras dumortieri ( thiollie ` re in dumortier , 1874 ) , upper toarcian , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010026 ) . scale bars = 4 cm ( 1 , 2 ) , 2 cm ( 4\u20137 ) , 1 . 25 cm ( 3 ) , 1 cm ( 8 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\noxynoticeras oxynotus ; ypm ip 001812 ; europe ; united kingdom ; england ; dorset county ; lyme regis . cheltenham\ncan ' t figure out what that fossil is ? post bright , sharp images here for identification . ( note that responses & confidence increase with image quality ! ) > re - size your pictures , per the tips in our faq forum . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nthis forum is devoted to illuminating the pitfalls to be avoided when considering the purchase of fossils .\nplease do not post links to websites , nor identify or incriminate a seller in any way - do not copy or screenshot advertisement verbiage .\nfor our educational purposes , the sellers ' identity is immaterial ; this is all about the specimens .\n> in this forum , we promote and celebrate our amateur contributions to the paleontological sciences . there are many volunteer opportunities to play an important role in furthering the science , and to learn new skills . whether by volunteering their time ( lab work , collections maintenance , organized field work ) , or through the donation of significant specimens , to scientific institutions , amateurs have always played an important but unheralded part ! > the pinned topic\nfossil contributions to paleontology - the gallery\nis an annotated image archive of member - found specimens now residing in museum collections ; further discussion of them will be found in linked topics in this forum . adding your contribution to this thread will earn the partner award for your profile . > all the other topics in this forum are for the discussion of amateurs ' collaboration with professionals ; science at its best .\nask anything you want to know * about fossils in general ; maybe someone here will have the answer ! * for identification of specific fossils , post in fossil id for best results . . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nplease make sure you arrange for photos if someone else is preparing your fossil find and completes the prep requirements in the contest month . )\ndate of preparation completion and discovery date ( if not found in the contest month ) .\nshortly after the end of the month , separate polls will be created for the vertebrate and invertebrate / plant find of the month .\nin addition to the fun of a contest , we also would like to learn more about the fossils .\na short explanation of why your fossil should be fossil of the month is a good way to garner votes .\nonly entries posted with clear photos , and that meet the other guidelines will be placed into the poll .\na forum to showcase paleontological museums and their fossil exhibits . have one near you ? take us along !\nfor members ' original paleontological artworks of graphic ( life renderings , display backgrounds , id posters ) and sculptural ( models , carvings ) natures .\nwe have freed member - to - member trades from the restrictions imposed on member sales . you may express your initial interests here , or as opportunity might present in other discussion topics ; once contact with a trading partner is made , please continue your arrangements via private message . public notes on successful exchanges are encouraged ; disputes must be settled privately . please note that transactions done thus must be pure trades , with no money changing hands ; beyond that , the transaction may take any form that both participants agree to as equitable .\nthe member to member sales forum is intended to be a place where people can sell excess specimens , tools , or literature .\nor the same type of items that they just no longer want . it is not intended to be commercial endeavor or market stall on the forum .\njust a place where people can sell their extra fossils , tools , or literature .\n> items offered for sale here should not be concurrently offered on other sites ( such as ebay , etsy , etc . ) .\n> also , no marketing of services . ( for example : preparation or restoration ) .\n> posting access to this forum is a privilege restricted to members who have established themselves by contributing a reasonable , fixed number of posts of substance .\n> we cannot perform $ $ appraisals , but opinions as to relative quality can be offered .\neach fossil must have a specific price . the forum cannot be held liable for deals gone wrong .\n[ inclusion inside baltic amber ] pseudoscorpion + enhydros (\nrunning water\n) . rare but not extremely rare .\nif you would like to help support the fossil forum , you can make a donation here . thank you !\nfossils for sale - fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop\nvery well prepared and preserved specimen of this rare ammonite species . lacking shell coverage on the outer whorls but good shell coverage at the centre . overall a stunning , displayable , rare ammonite\u2026 a real classic . comes with a cut flat base for display and with a locality / species label . found : - bajocian , middle jurassic , burton bradstock , dorset , england . age : - 160 million years old . size of ammonite = 17 . 8 cm ( 7 inches ) in diameter . overall size = 20 . 3 cm ( 8 inches ) high .\nnew huge ! lower lias , lower jurassic , ammonite cluster from golden cap , charmouth , lyme regis , dorset , england : - large becheiceras gallicum , oistoceras cf . figulinum and oistoceras wrighti\n\u00a9 fossils for sale - fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanother very rare oolithic ammonite brought to our customers from fossils direct . many hours of preparation work has gone into this magnificent specimen . the ammonite itself is heavily ribbed and its characteristic nodes makes this one of the most desirable oolithic ammonites . this discovery was made during a temporary exposure digging a waterpipe some fifteen years ago . the ammonite lies in an aesthetic piece of matrix which also has a cut base for ease of display . approximately 170 million years old .\nmoving a 3d printed ammonite model through water in our custom built test - rig . click image for video of more recent tests\nsome collaborative work with fellow akron phd candidate alyssa stark covered in the akron plain dealer , 2012 .\nfrom detecting sexual dimorphism in the fossil record , astrop et al . 2012 .\nmating chinese mantids ( tenodera aridifolia sinensis ) caught while teaching invertebrate zoology in the field ( 2011 ) .\nsem revealing the micro - ornamentation on the carapace of the extant hermaphroditic clam shrimp cyzicus gynecia .\nbeautifully preserved estheria middendorfi in the collections of the natural history museum , london .\na cheeky jumping spider , snapped during a lunch break on a research excursion in argentina .\nthe palaeontological institute , royal academy of sciences in moscow , febuary 2013 . snowy .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\np . e . bartok , o . renz , g . e . g . westermann ; the siquisique ophiolites , northern lara state , venezuela : a discussion on their middle jurassic ammonites and tectonic implications . gsa bulletin ; 96 ( 8 ) : 1050\u20131055 . doi : urltoken < 1050 : tsonls > 2 . 0 . co ; 2\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\n1 . kumatostephanus perjucundus ( buckman , 1927 ) , propinquans zone , lac . . . | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\njurassic deposits of the central part of mountain dagestan . field guide to the vi all - russian conference \u201cjurassic system of russia : problems of stratigraphy and paleogeography\u201d , september 15 - 20 , 2015 , makhachkala [ in russian with english abstract ]\nthe ne atlantic region . a reappraisal of crustal structure , tectonostratigraphy and magmatic evolution\nlithological succession of the investigated sections with belemnite . . . | download scientific diagram\nfig . 2 . lithological succession of the investigated sections with belemnite occurrences and proposed ammonoid biostratigraphy : 1 . lac du castillon ( castellane ) . 2 . la baume ( castellane ) ; simplified after de baets et al . ( 2008 ) . 3 . grand lara ( gap ) . 4 . galabrun ( gap ) . 5 . view of the section galabrun near gap ( picture taken in 2010 ) , the sampled beds ( 1\u20136 ) are indicated in white .\nthis section ( fig . 2 ( 2 ) ) is part of a protected area and has been studied by assenat ( 1972 ) , leonide ( 2007 ) and de baets et al . ( 2008 ) . it is situated about 200 m above the small hamlet of la baume , on the south - western side of the castillon lake ( 43 8 53 0 36 00 n ; 6 8 30 0 05 00 e ) . de baets et al . ( 2008 ) subdivided the section into 122 beds . a small toarcian - aged condensed / lacunous unit , studied by assenat ( 1972 ) and leonide ( 2007 ) , at the base of the outcrop is capped by the \u2018\u2018calcaires a ` zoophycos \u2019\u2019 formation that can be subdivided roughly into three members ( de baets et al . , 2008 ) :\n. . . ( fig . 9 ) : 1 . in the southern caribbean region , the siquisique ophiolite complex located in west - central venezuela is interpreted as a remnant of an early proto - caribbean rift ( bartok et al . 1985 ) . it exhibits bajocian to possibly early bathonian ammonite - bearing shale enveloped by mid oceanic ridge pillow basalts ( morb , bartok et al . 1985 ) . . . .\n. . . in the southern caribbean region , the siquisique ophiolite complex located in west - central venezuela is interpreted as a remnant of an early proto - caribbean rift ( bartok et al . 1985 ) . it exhibits bajocian to possibly early bathonian ammonite - bearing shale enveloped by mid oceanic ridge pillow basalts ( morb , bartok et al . 1985 ) . 2 . in western cuba , the guaniguanico terrane shows a passive margin sedimentary sequence of the proto - caribbean ocean ( pszczolkowski 1999 ; pszczolkowski and myczynski 2003 ) . . . .\n. . . upper triassic continental sediments , sills and flows in the guajira peninsula region are followed by several thousands of metres of shallow marine , jurassic to late cretaceous limestones ( middle jurassic molluscs , late jurassic ammonites , cretaceous molluscs , ammonites , foraminifera ; rollins 1965 ; lockwood 1971 ) . upper jurassic shales occur on the paraguan\u00e1 peninsula ( ammonites ; bartok et al . 1985 ) . while this section is metamorphosed along most of northern south america , these areas carry sedimentary rocks . . . .\n. . . prior to the berriasian \u2013valanginian lowstand , the carib graben was a jurassic seaway connecting colombia to trinidad ( gonz\u00e1lez de juana et al . 1980 ) , as shown by middle and upper jurassic ammonites , bivalves and gastropods in the eastern cordillera , guajira , nw venezuela , central venezuela and trinidad ( renz 1960 ; campbell 1962 ; macdonald 1968 ; d\u00edaz de gamero 1969 ; urbani 1969 ; bartok et al . 1985 ; vivas & macsotay 1995a ) . the marine strata containing these fossils were deposited on , and seaward of , gir\u00f3n and la quinta red beds . . . .\n. . . in the siquisique ophiolite complex , slightly metamorphosed rift ( aborted ocean ) volcanics and shales with middle jurassic ammonites are associated with ( meta - ) conglomerates , sandstones and shales ( bartok et al . 1985 ) yielding barremian and probably hauterivian ammonites ( st\u00e9phan 1985 ) . the long - controversial history of siquisique ( allochthonous v . autochthonous ; bartok et al . 1985 ) can be unravelled as follows . . . .\n. . . in the siquisique ophiolite complex , slightly metamorphosed rift ( aborted ocean ) volcanics and shales with middle jurassic ammonites are associated with ( meta - ) conglomerates , sandstones and shales ( bartok et al . 1985 ) yielding barremian and probably hauterivian ammonites ( st\u00e9phan 1985 ) . the long - controversial history of siquisique ( allochthonous v . autochthonous ; bartok et al . 1985 ) can be unravelled as follows . . . .\n. . . the siquisique ophiolites ( loma de hierro , venezuelan coastal range ) , located in west - central venezuela , were dated by stephan ( 1982 ) , bartok et al . ( 1985 ) and stephan et al . ( 1990 ) as bajocian ( possibly early bathonian ) , using fragments of ammonites found in the sediments associated with the mor pillow basalts . . . .\n. . . in the central part a maximun value of 45 mgal can be correlated with the early miocene intrusions . the value of - 30 mgal in the southern part can correlate with the siquisique ophiolitic complex ( pillowlavas and metagrabros ; bartok et al . , 1985 ) . miocene intrusions alignment ( figure 2 ) . . . .\na study of the marine fauna of the liassic strata of south america enables a statement on the question since when in jurassic time a direct faunal exchange with europe via central america was possible . during hettangian and sinemurian time , cosmopolitan genera and species of ammonites were predominant . at that time endemic genera and species of gastropods and pelecypods are frequent . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1280, "summary": [{"text": "theretra latreillii ( pale brown hawk moth ) is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of asia , including borneo , china , hong kong , the philippines , taiwan and also in the tropical regions of australia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "theretra latreillii", "paragraphs": ["theretra latreillii ( macleay , [ 1826 ] ) = sphinx latreillii macleay , [ 1826 ] .\nresembling a small theretra rhesus but forewings conspicuously less elongate and hindwings more rounded apically . very similar to theretra latreillii latreillii but forebasitarsus with outer row of spines single and dorsal lines of abdomen more or less plainly marked . forewing upperside similar to theretra latreillii latreillii but postmedian and submarginal oblique lines clearly visible .\ntheretra javanica rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : java\n[ replaced in the maluku islands by t . latreillii prattorum ; and in new guinea , australia , the bismarck archipelago and the solomon islands by the nominotypical subspecies . ]\ntheretra obliterata rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : sierra leone\nsynonymized with chaerocampa latreillii by miskin , 1891 , proc . roy . soc . qd 8 : 17 . reinstated as a species by semper , g . , 1896 , in semper , c . , reise archipel philipp . 2 : 398 . resynonymized with theretra latreillei [ sic ] as a subspecies by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 773 , who nevertheless stated ( p . 772 ) that the two subspecies of latreillii intergrade completely .\nsynonymized with theretra alecto by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 777 .\ntheretra orpheus pelius rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 787 ; tl : cameroons\ntheretra manilae ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2000 , neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : pl . 14 , f . 3a - b\ntheretra hausmanni eitschberger , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 101 , pl . 14 , f . 1a - b , 2a - b\ntheretra orpheus scotinus rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 20 , f . 6 ; tl : ilesha , south nigeria\ntheretra nessus ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 22 , pl . 86 , f . 1 ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , 765 ; [ hmw ]\ntheretra natashae paukstadtorum eitschberger , 2000 ; atalanta 31 ( 3 / 4 ) : 497 , pl . xxii , f . 1 ; tl : lombok , w . slope of mt . rinjani ( 3726m ) , baun bussuk\ntheretra mercedes eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 53 : 55 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : indonesia , sumabwa , nusa tenggara barat , tembora mts . , 925m\nkirby believed that freyer , 1845 , neu beitr\u00e4ge schmett . 5 : 34 ( cited as 1843 ) , had described a homonymous sphinx cretica , for which kirby proposed theretra freyeri as the new substitute name . however , freyer clearly referred back to a description by treitschke , 1834 , in ochsenheimer , die schmett . europa 10 ( 1 ) : 138 , which itself was a german translation of the original description of sphinx cretica by boisduval 1827 , m\u00e9m . soc . linn . paris 6 : 118 , and which was referenced as such by treitschke on p . 135 . thus there was no homonym in need of replacement and theretra freyeri is an unnecessary replacement name .\nchaerocampa [ sic ] lucasii walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 141 . type locality : north india ; [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] .\nwingspan : 64 - - 86mm . head and body drab , antenna , front of head and sides of thorax paler ; abdomen with no black side patches and no stripes . forewing drab with six discal lines , the first nearly always dilated near apex of cell ; a black basal patch at inner margin more or less vestigial ; a black speck at end of cell . hindwing smoky - black , paler towards anal angle . underside buff or vinaceous - buff . cavity at end of first segment of palpus partly concealed by irregular scaling . external row of spines of first protarsal segment double , at least at base .\nthe moth starts feeding before dark and frequently comes to light ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nin metro - manila , the philippines , this synanthropic species has been reported as being active at daybreak and during rainy weather , when it has been observed to drink from water puddles next to roads ( dvo & rcaron ; \u00e1k , 2014 ) .\nchina : iii ( guangxi ) ; iv - vii ( hong kong ) ; v ( guangdong ) ; vii ( guangdong ) ; viii ( hainan ; guangxi ) ; ix - x ( hong kong ) . taiwan : v - x ( hualien hsien ) ; vii ( tainan ) ; viii ( nantou hsien ) ; ix ( kaohsiung ) .\nkendrick ( 2002 ) states that this species is multivoltine in hong kong , occurring from april until late july , and from mid september until mid october .\novum : bright grass - green , slightly oval ( 1 . 3 x 1 . 5mm ) , shiny and smooth ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nlarva : full - fed 60mm , width 11 mm . ; horn 5 mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar head yellow , body greenish - yellow ; horn very long , straight , shiny black in colour . in the second instar , head yellowish - green , body shiny green . there is a small dull purplish dorso - lateral eye - spot on segment 5 , and a whitish dorso - lateral stripe from 5 to base of horn . latter black with red base . in the third instar , green dotted with yellow ; dorso - lateral stripe yellow . by the fourth instar , dorsum with white dots ; the eye - spot with pupil black in front , red behind , the red portion containing a yellow inverted comma - shaped marking , the whole edged narrowly with blue and then black . the dorso - lateral stripe edged above with purple on segments 11 and 12 . horn pale greenish - brown dorsally , still paler ventrally , with small black tubercles .\nin the fifth and final instar , head with dorsal line slightly depressed on vertex ; clypeus one - half length of head , apex acute , basal angles rounded ; apex of false clypeus forming a wide gothic arch over apex of true clypeus , reaching to two - thirds length of head ; labrum nearly half as long as clypeus , tapering frontad , longitudinally ridged ; ligula as long as labrum ; cutting - edge of mandible obscurely toothed . surface of head dull , under a lens seen to be transversely wrinkled . body as in others of the genus , dull and smooth , segments 5 and 6 not much swollen . horn of medium length , stout at base , tapering gently till near the tip , where it suddenly narrows to a point . basal half of horn straight and rising vertically , distal half bent sharply downwards ; surface dull and covered with small tubercles .\nin the green form , head green , labrum , ligula and basal segment of antenna green , other segments of antenna soiled white ; mandible green with tip narrowly brown ; eyes brown . body grass - green with encircling rows of coalescing dots around each secondary ring on segments 5 to 12 , whitish above the dorso - lateral stripe , yellow below it . there is a narrow black dorsal stripe on 2 to 5 ; a dorso - lateral eye - spot on 5 coloured as in the fourth instar , but when nearly full - fed the yellow comma - shaped mark disappearing . there is a yellow suffusion between the eye - spot over the dorsum ; a narrow white dorso - lateral stripe from 6 to base of horn . horn green ; legs red . spiracles elongate - oval , fuscous , the ends shortly yellow , the whole edged narrowly with black and then yellow .\nin the dark - coloured form the head is dark brown dotted with paler brown ; labrum and ligula brown ; basal segment of antenna whitish , other segments reddish ; mandible yellow , tip shortly brown . body dark chocolate - brown , the transverse dots paler brown with black dots between them ; the ocellus as in the green form ; the dorso - lateral stripe formed of pink dots on segments 4 and 5 , missing on 6 to 10 , pink on 11 and 12 . horn dusky black , the tip shortly yellowish ; legs yellow with a black patch on each segment and a black line down the outer side ; venter of 2 to 4 pale brown edged broadly with dark brown .\npupa : 50mm , width 11mm , tongue - case projecting 2 mm . in front of head . of a pinkish bone - colour , wing - case paler , head and thorax suffused with greenish and speckled profusely with brown except on a broad dorsal stripe , which is only lightly speckled . there is a broad dark brown dorsal stripe from segment 4 to 12 ; abdomen with a broad brown spiracular and a narrow brown ventral stripe , the sides and venter speckled with brown , the segment of a circle behind spiracle of 2 black , other spiracles bone - colour , the central slit with a dark reddish - brown rim ; cremaster brown .\nthe tongue - case not very prominent , semicircular in side - view . antenna slightly longer than proleg , which reaches to about one - third the distance to tip of wing - case , mid - leg to two - thirds ; a narrow coxal piece is present . surface dull , head , thorax and wing - case slightly shiny ; head and thorax very shallowly , irregularly corrugate . abdomen finely transversely wrinkled ; front bevel of segment 9 transversely lined . spiracle of 2 a narrow slit lying between the hind margin of 2 and the straight , slightly raised front margin of 3 ; from the raised front margin of 3 a small area shaped like a segment of a circle projects posteriad , its surface depressed posteriad ; remaining spiracles elongate - oval , the central slit lying in a narrower , raised oval . cremaster triangular , flattened , tip , broadly truncate , ending in two short , widely separated teeth ; segment 14 shallowly axially hollowed under base of cremaster .\nlarval hostplants . saurauia tristyla ( actinidiaceae ) , melia azedarach ( meliaceae ) , ampelopsis brevipedunculata and ampelopsis cantoniensis ( vitaceae ) in hong kong ( tennent , 1992 ) , as well as impatiens ( david l . mohn , pers . comm . 2002 ) . also impatiens , lagerstroemia , vitis and begonia in india ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nin metro - manila , the philippines , larvae have been found on various species of cayratia ( dvo & rcaron ; \u00e1k , 2014 ) .\nchina : zhejiang ( ningbo ) ; yunnan ( gaoligong shan ) ; fujian ( fuzhou ; longqi shan ) ; guangdong ( dinghushan ; ? ? wa - sha - tai ; guangzhou ) ; hong kong ( kowloon ) ; guangxi ( bamian , jiajiu shan ; liuzhou ) ; hainan ( chengmai ; weining ) .\ntaiwan : hualien hsien ( taroko national park ) ; tainan ; kaohsiung ; nantou hsien ( puli ) ; taipei ( jingmei ) ; taipei hsien ; ? ? koannania .\nfrom southeast pakistan ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) , the western ghats ( india ) and sri lanka north to nepal and northeastern india , east to southern china and taiwan , and southeast though indochina as far east as the philippines , sulawesi and the eastern lesser sunda islands .\nthis page contains information about pale brown hawk moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nthe pale brown hawk moth caterpillars have two colour form , brown and green . the brown form has the dark brown and white waves patterns on the body .\nthe green form caterpillar is the same body shape , green in colour and less patterns on the body .\nall of them have the curved horn on its tail and the eyespots on the first abdominal segment .\nwith their eyes pattern on the first segment , they look like a small snake with large eyes . and their ' eyes ' blink ! ! when the caterpillar is feeding , its head extended , the eyes pattern is half folded and it look like the closed eyes . when disturbed , the caterpillar hide its head back into its body and this make the eyes pattern fully open . just look like a snake being waken up .\nwe found that when the caterpillar are young , which they are too small to mimic a snake , they have another standard posture when disturbed . we can not tell what it look like . most likely is something that their predators want to avoid , such as a paw .\nthe caterpillars start to turn into a pupa when they grow up to 90 - 100mm . they find a place on soil where covered with plants litter . they use their silk to hold those plants litter to form a small room and turn into a pupa inside . they take two days to turn from caterpillar into pupa .\nabout two weeks later , a moth comes out from the pupa . when it first comes out , their wings are very small . the moth has to find a vertical position to rest on quickly for their wings are expending . this take half a day for their wings to extend , dry and harden . we observed three pupa and all of them emerged at about 10 - 11 : 00pm .\nfrom the close up picture , we can see the coils of the moths proboscis and imagine how long it is . this is the long tongue which the moth used to sip nectar from flowers while it is hovering .\nthe moth is pale brown in colour , with two dark brown lines of dots on each forewings . the thorax and the abdomen are the same pale brown colour . on its head there are the big brown eyes .\nwe found that their caterpillar also like to eat grape leaf . we have a small grape plant in our backyard . in later summer 2003 , we found five to six pale brown hawk moth caterpillars on the plant . two days later , all the grape leaves were gone .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nswedmark , b . 1964 ,\nthe interstitial fauna of marine sand\n, biological reviews , vol . 39 , pp . 1 - 42\nwalker , f . 1856 ,\nsphingidae\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 271\nclark , b . p . 1924 ,\nnew sphingidae\n, proceedings of the new england zoological club , boston , vol . 9 , pp . 11 - 21\nmell , r . 1922 , pp . xxii + 331 pp . , atlas 35 pls , 10 figs , 1 map , r . friedlander & son , berlin\nmoore , f . in horsfield , t . & moore , f . 1858 , vol . 1 , pp . v 278 iv 11 pp . 18 pls , wm . h . allen and co . , london\ncornelius , p . f . s . 1992 ,\nthe azores hydroid fauna and its origin , with discussion of rafting and medusa suppression\n, arquip\u00e9lago . life & earth sciences , vol . 10 , pp . 75 - 99\nmoore , f . 1877 ,\nthe lepidopterous fauna of the andaman and nicobar islands\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1877 , no . 3 , pp . 580 - 632 pls 58 - 60\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 177e8575 - e19c - 4a36 - ba14 - 12ad51f84ad5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4b0ebb72 - 7047 - 4ed5 - 85ad - 4c25fdbf0413\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2b133032 - 8105 - 4c2e - 9c75 - d355f1a87ba8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 371252\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nflorina tutt , 1903 ; ent . rec . j . var . 15 : 76 ; ts : choerocampa japonica boisduval\nbalkans , sw . asia , se . asia , oriental tropics - sulawesi , japan , hong kong . see [ maps ]\ntheretro alecto intermissa gehlen , 1941 ; ent . z . 55 : 185 - 186\niran , turkey , greece , sw . asia - oriental tropics - sundaland , lesser sundas , hong kong . see [ maps ]\ncechenena sumatrensis joicey & kaye , 1917 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 20 ( 118 ) : 307 ; tl : sumatra , langkat\nsouth africa , e . africa , w . africa , rhodesia . see [ maps ]\njapan , s . korea , indo - australian tropics - new south wales , hong kong . see [ maps ]\nchaerocampa [ sic ] pallida miskin , 1891 ; proc . r . soc . qd 8 ( 1 ) : 18 ; tl : brisbane\nchaerocampa [ sic ] insularis swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 18 ; tl : ceram , k\u00e9\nchaerocampa [ sic ] amara swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : mysol , aru\nchaerocampa [ sic ] tenebrosa moore , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 595\nchoerocampa prunosa butler , [ 1876 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 ( 4 ) : 622\njapan , indo - australian tropics - new caledonia , hong kong , hawaii ( introduced ) . see [ maps ]\n586x900 ( ~ 63kb ) male female oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 8 - 90 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\nindo - australian tropics - solomons , hong kong , japan . see [ maps ]\npanacra natalensis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 79 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; tl : natal\nchoerocampa pallicosta walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 145\nchaerocampa [ sic ] potentia druce , 1894 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 : 169 ; tl : mexico\nchaerocampa [ sic ] bisecta moore , 1857 ; in horsfield & moore , cat . lep . ins . mus . east india coy 1 : 278 , pl . 11 , f . 5 , 5a\npanacra mira swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 13 [ ? ] , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : cape york\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e9res . tome premier . sphingides , s\u00e9siides , castnides\nzutr\u00e4ge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 3 [ 1824 - ] 1825 [ - 1831 ]\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nin king , narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia . 2 vols . in king ,\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur fauna sinica ( ii ) . biologie und systematik der s\u00fcdchinesischen sphingiden . zugleich ein versuch einer biologie tropischer lepidopteren \u00fcberhaupt\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\ndes ritters carl von linn\u00e9 k\u00f6niglich schwedischen leib - arztes u . u . vollst\u00e4ndiges natursystem nach der zw\u00f6lften lateinischen ausgabe und nach anleitung des holl\u00e4n - dischen houttuynischen werks mit einer ausf\u00fcrlichen erkl\u00e4rung ausgefertigt\ndie macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff ,\nwallengren , 1858 nya fj\u00e4rilsl\u00e4gten - nova genera lepidopterorum \u00f6fvers . vet . akad . f\u00f6rh . 15 : 75 - 84 , 135 - 142 , 209 - 215\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\ndb = nuccore | term = % 22theretra % 20latreillii % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 3 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 145107044 _ 130 . 14 . 18 . 34 _ 9001 _ 1531165133 _ 929635444 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .\nusually a shrub , to 7 m . leaves : petiole short or 0 ; . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nholotype \u2642 tanzania : kikese hills , 8 . xii . 2006 [ smcr ] .\nlarge brown caterpillar approx 5cm long , with pink and white eye spots . defensive stance : front half of its body reared up . if i got a little too close with the macro lens it retracted its head a little and the ' eye spots ' closed .\nholotype \u2642 east timor : north of the island , near to the island of joco , tutuala , 8 - 16 . ii . 2004 ( a . crampette ) ( bold bc - hax2741 ) [ coll . haxaire ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe hawkmoth fauna of pakistan ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nrafi ma 1 , sultan a 2 , kitching ij 3 , pittaway ar 4 , markhasiov m 5 , khan mr 6 , naz f 7 .\nnational insect museum , institute of plant and environmental protection , national agricultural research centre , park road , islamabad 45500 , pakistan . ; email : a _ rafiam @ yahoo . com .\nnational insect museum , institute of plant and environmental protection , national agricultural research centre , park road , islamabad 45500 , pakistan . ; email : amirsultan _ 2000 @ yahoo . com .\ndepartment of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk . ; email : i . kitching @ nhm . ac . uk .\ncabi , nosworthy way , mongewell , wallingford , oxon , ox10 8de , uk . ; email : t . pittaway @ cabi . org .\ndepartment of entomology , faculty of agriculture , university of poonch , rawalakot , azad jammu and kashmir , pakistan ; email : unknown .\nnational insect museum , institute of plant and environmental protection , national agricultural research centre , park road , islamabad 45500 , pakistan . ; email : unknown ."]}
{"id": 1287, "summary": [{"text": "the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko in the genus gekko , the true geckos .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to asia and some pacific islands .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the tokay gecko is known as a hokkeng in chakma , takshak in assamese , hankkok in manipuri , tuko in the philippines , tokkae in malaysia , tokek in indonesian/javanese , t\u1eafc k\u00e8 in vietnamese , kokkek in zomi , \u0e15\u0e38\u0e4a\u0e01\u0e41\u0e01 [ t\u00fakk\u025b\u02d0 ] in thai , \u178f\u17bb\u1780\u1780\u17c2 \" tokkae \" in khmer ( cambodian language ) sawk-khe in hmar and awke in mizo for its characteristic vocalizations . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "tokay gecko", "paragraphs": ["tokay gecko gekko gecko . ( l ) established on south water caye , belize\nnames : tokay gecko , gekko gecko , hokkeng , takshak , hankkok , and awke .\nlove , b . 2000 . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . predation . herpetological review 31 : 174 .\nmeans , d . b . 1996a . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . herpetological review 27 : 152 .\na trio tokay geckos arrived on my doorstep . this is a quick introduction to the wonderful world of the tokay gecko .\nthe tokay was the first gecko to be scientifically named by linnaeus in 1758 .\ncomplete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( gekko gecko , reptilia : gekkonidae ) : comparison of red - and black - spotted tokay geckos .\na male leucistic tokay gecko protects these eggs . both sexes protect eggs in captivity .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : tokay gecko . jpg\n.\neating tokay gecko meat is believed to cure various diseases such as cancer and hiv .\n\u00a92018 urltoken | love and care for your tokay gecko . design & development by urltoken\ntokay gecko does not have many predators apart from large poisonous snakes inhabiting the asian rainforests .\nwe strongly urge indonesia , and other tokay gecko range countries , to immediately list the tokay gecko in appendix iii of cites and to propose a stronger listing , in appendix ii .\ncomplete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( gekko gecko , reptilia : gekkonidae ) : comparison of red - and black - spotted tokay geckos . - pubmed - ncbi\na tokay gecko typically lives for an average of 10 . 5 years . however , in captivity , tokay geckos can live for much longer .\ntokay gecko with a mouthful of winged insects . photograph : mary - ruth low ern - lyn\nscientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : reptilia order : squamata family : gekkonidae genus : gekko species : g . gecko subspecies : g . gecko gecko g . gecko azhari \u200b\nbutterfield , b . p . , and j . b . hauge . 2000 . gekko gecko ( tokay gecko ) . herpetological review 31 : 52 .\nit is possible to see clear through the head of a tokay gecko through the holes in their ears .\nfoot of a tokay gecko , showing the subdigital lamellae . photograph : mary - ruth low ern - lyn\nlacerta gecko linnaeus , 1758 , java , indonesia . two subspecies are recognized , but some populations currently included in gekko gecko gecko probably are distinct .\ntokay geckos are vocal reptiles . during mating season , which can last for 4 - 5 months , male tokay geckos call to attract mates . the advertisement calls of male tokay geckos\nfor a look at the gecko breeds that make good pets , check out our other gecko profiles .\nlalronunga , s . , zirkunga , m . c . , zothansanga , c . & vanlalhlimpuia . 2017 . gecko gecko ( tokay gecko ) death - feigning . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 644 .\na contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay , gekko gecko ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) .\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) , the largest species , attains a length of 25 to 35 cm ( 10 to 14 inches ) . it is gray with red and whitish spots and bands . the tokay gecko , native to southeast asia , is frequently sold in pet shops .\nin thailand , people regard the cry of the tokay gecko as a sign of good fortune . when the tokay gecko calls during the birth of a child , the people regard it as a blessing ( badger , 2006 ) . indeed , the more times the gecko cries , the better .\nhere , we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of the red - spotted tokay gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . the genome is 16 , 590 bp in size . its gene arrangement pattern was identical with that of black - spotted tokay gecko . we compared the mitochondrial genome of red - spotted tokay gecko with that of the black - spotted tokay gecko . nucleotide sequence of the two whole mitochondrial genomes was 97 . 99 % similar , and the relatively high similarity seems to indicate that they may be separated at the subspecies level . the information of mitochondrial genome comparison of the two morphological types of tokay gecko is discussed in detail .\nrosamma , mathew 2005 . on the occurance of the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ( linn ) ) ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) in meghalaya . cobra 59 : 11 - 12\nsome believe the tokay gecko can be used to help treat the hiv virus . ( e . r . degginger / getty images )\ntokay geckos are the world\u2019s second largest species of gecko , with males reaching lengths of up to 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) .\nenglish : leach ' s giant gecko ; french : gecko g\u00e9ant de leach , cam\u00e9l\u00e9on g\u00e9ant ; german : neukaledonischer riesengecko .\nbucol , abner and angel alcala . 2013 . tokay gecko , gekko gecko ( sauria : gekkonidae ) predation on juvenile house rats . herpetology notes 6 : 307 - 308 . - get paper here\nonce tame , this species is reluctant to bite , and it can be handled much like a leopard gecko . a friendly captive tokay gecko is both an accomplishment and proof of your geckokeeping skills .\nduring the day , your tokay gecko will sleep in a head - down position , but don & apos ; t be fooled into thinking it & apos ; s inactive . at night , tokay geckos get moving .\neschment , j . 1979 . nachzucht von tokehs gecko gecko . sauria 1 ( 1 ) : 21 - 24 - get paper here\nhas been gutted . in singapore , it is also possible to see dried tokay geckos for sale in traditional chinese medicine stores and markets . recently , there has been a boom in the illegal trade of tokay geckos across south - east asia because of an unfounded claim that the tokay gecko can cure aids .\ntokay geckos also have the ability to shed their tails through a process known as autotomy . this serves to distract or confuse potential predators and allows time for the gecko to escape . the gecko then regenerates its tail .\nlacerta gecko linnaeus 1758 : 205 gekko verticillatus laurenti 1768 ( fide taylor 1963 ) gekko teres laurenti 1768 lacerta geko m\u00fcller 1774 : 98 ( nomen illegitimum ) gekko aculeatus houttuyn 1782 ( non gecko aculeatus spix 1825 ) gekko perlatus houttuyn 1782 stellio maculatus schneider 1792 ( fide r\u00f6sler et al . 2018 ) gekko guttatus daudin 1802 gekko verus merrem 1820 : 42 gekko annulatus kuhl 1820 : 132 platydactylus guttatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1836 : 328 gekko tenuis [ hallowell 1857 ] gekko indicus [ girard 1858 ] gymnodactylus tenuis hallowell 1856 \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 22 gecko guttatus \u2014 stoliczka 1870 : 160 platydactylus guttatus \u2014 br\u00fchl 1886 gecko verticillatus [ sic ] \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 183 gecko verticillatus [ sic ] \u2014 boulenger 1894 : 82 gekko gecko \u2014 barbour 1912 gecko verticillatus \u2014 de rooij 1915 : 56 gekko gecko \u2014 taylor 1922 gekko gecko \u2014 taylor 1963 : 799 gekko gecko \u2014 kluge 1993 gekko gecko \u2014 r\u00f6sler 1995 : 120 gekko gecko \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 231 gekko gecko \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 82 gekko gecko \u2014 ziegler 2002 : 165 gekko df . gecko \u2014 jestrzemski et al . 2013 gekko gecko azhari mertens 1955 gekko gecko azhari \u2014 mahony et a . 2009\nrocha - j\u00fanior , jos\u00e9 carlos 2015 . occurrence of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko linnaeus 1758 ( squamata , gekkonidae ) , an exotic species in southern brazil . herpetology notes 8 : 8 - 10 - get paper here\npeng , q . k . et al . 2010 . genetic variability of the tokay gecko based on microsatellite analysis . biochemical systematics and ecology 38 : 23\u201328\nthe tokay gecko eats mostly insects it ' s considered an insectivorous species . they feed on crickets , locusts , cockroaches , centipedes and even venomous scorpions .\ntokay geckoes eat pests such as cockroaches and locusts . they are sold as pets .\nmale tokay geckos are highly territorial and tend to attack anyone who approaches their territory .\nbe sure your tank has a secure lid ; tokay geckos are strong and may attempt to escape if the opportunity presents itself . you don & apos ; t want a scared tokay gecko wandering around your house , for its sake and yours .\ni have always found the scientific name of the tokay gecko to be somewhat amusing because it is so repetitive . the tokay is classified in the family gekkonidae , subfamily gekkoninae , genus gekko and species gecko . is it just me , or is that kind of humorous ? ( maybe i just need to get out more . )\nwhile tokay geckos are widespread in asia , few if any species could stand this level of off - take . it\u2019s only a matter of time before the tokay gecko becomes yet another species on the long , and ever growing , list of species threatened with extinction .\nthe effective adhesive energy of the gecko ' s digit in the active dh .\nbridging nanocontacts to macroscale gecko adhesion by sliding soft lamellar skin supported setal array .\nmultiscale modeling and simulation of the deformation and adhesion of a single gecko seta .\nthe tokay gecko gets its name from the mating calls it makes - a series of characteristic ' to - kay ' or ' geck - oh ' sounds . in fact , the scientific name , gekko gecko , also comes from the calls it makes .\nif your nose is sensitive enough to detect this musty smell , it\u2019s a sign that your tokay gecko needs some rest so you must put them back immediately in the terrarium .\nthe tokay gecko lives in tropical rain forests , on cliffs and trees , and as pets amongst human habitation . they are arboreal ( tree - dwelling and cliff - dwelling ) .\nshepherd said the tokay gecko remained poorly protected by national legislation and called for the lizard to be protected under cites , the international convention on endangered species , before it becomes extinct .\naowphol , a . , thirakhupt , k . , nabhitabhata , j . , voris , h . k . ( 2006 ) . foraging ecology of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko in a residential area in thailand . amphibia - reptilia 27 : 491 - 503 .\nthe eyes of a tokay gecko allow it to see well even when its pupil is reduced to pinprick size due to tiny holes that focus light on the same area of the retina .\nnearly all geckos survive on insectivorous diets . most small species eat only arthropods , but some larger species take small vertebrate prey . tokay geckos ( gekko gecko ) , for example , can\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is found throughout southeast asia with its range extending from india , nepal , and bangladesh to the philippines , western new guinea , and indonesia . but this lizard species as also been introduced in some areas outside its native range . \u200b\nadhesion and friction force coupling of gecko seta arrays : implications for structure adhesive surfaces .\nbut the traffic study found that the exporting companies don\u2019t breed tokay geckos in those commercial numbers\u2014the logistical requirements would be too costly . instead they export wild - caught tokay geckos , dead , for the medicinal and meat trade in numbers far greater than permitted . while there\u2019s no legal trade in dead tokay geckos from indonesia , according to traffic , indonesia exports an estimated 1 . 2 million dried tokay geckos annually .\ntokay gecko information . . . the tokay gecko is the 2nd largest gecko in the world growing up to 51 cm long ( 20 inches ) . though human development is reducing it ' s range , this lizard is adapting well to living in man - made structures and it ' s common to see them sticking to the walls and ceilings ridding the place of big bugs and small rodents . tokay gecko mating call . . . tokay is an onomatopoeia for it ' s two syllable mating call\ntow - kay .\namerican soldiers in vietnam heard something different and called it the f - you lizard . luckily that name didn ' t stick . tokay gecko bite . . . tokay geckos are quick to bite when handled and sometimes clamp on tight refusing to let go . large specimens will draw blood however the pain is surprisingly not that bad . i ' ve been bitten hundreds of times by tokay geckos with no serious issues . . . just a little broken skin and the creeps . rinse the wound off with soap and water and you should be fine . despite their eagerness to clamp down on the person that clamps down on them , tokay geckos can be taught to tame down after regular handling and work . thailand superstitions tells that if the tokay geckos call 7 times , it ' s bad luck . luckily this one called 8 .\ntokay geckos have different ways to call their owners attention and express what they want . gecko owners must learn to spot these signs of communication from their pets . there are several means by which your gecko can communicate with you ; by creating sounds , body language or body chemicals .\naowphol , anchalee ; thirakhupt , kumthorn ; < br / > nabhitabhata , jarujin ; voris , harold k . 2006 . foraging ecology of the tokay gecko , gekko gecko in a residential area in thailand . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 4 ) : 491 - 503 - get paper here\ndeniz martinez set\nportrait\nas an exemplar on\ngekko gecko linnaeus 1758\n.\nblurry screengrab from video ' giant tokai gecko , higanteng tuko , real or fake ? ' it ' s obviously fake . poor lizard . not only has the lizard ( a varanid ? ) been given a fake tokay - like head , it ' s also been painted with a tokay - like pattern .\nchiu , k . w . and maderson , p . f . a . ( 1980 ) . observations on the interactions between thermal conditions and skin shedding frequency in the tokay ( gekko gecko ) .\nthere are other fake giant tokay videos online . in this one ( viewable on youtube ) , what is very clearly a varanid with modified head , hands and feet is made out to be another over - sized tokay .\nin parts of southeast asia , tokay geckoes are regarded as harbingers of luck , good fortune , and fertility .\none way to determine whether a tokay gecko is healthy enough to adopt is to pick it up . a healthy gecko will dislike this and will bark or attempt to bite you , so be sure your hand is behind its head . if the gecko opens its mouth , it & apos ; s getting ready to bite . do everything you can to avoid getting bitten ; not only is the bite painful , but tokay geckos can lock on and refuse to let go once they sink their teeth in .\ntheir skin is soft and granular with a kind of velvet feel to the touch . the tokay gecko has a cylindrical and stocky body with a rather flat top and a long characteristic semi - prehensile tail .\nhuang , s . c . ; chen , m . y . & norval , g . 2008 . an attack of a tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) on a palawan ratsnake ( coelognathus philippinus ) on palawan island , philippines . sauria 30 ( 3 ) : 53 - 54 - get paper here\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a nocturnal arboreal gecko , ranging from northeast india , bhutan , to nepal and bangladesh , throughout southeast asia , philippines to indonesia and western new guinea . its native habitat is rainforest trees and cliffs , and it also frequently adapts to rural human habitations , roaming walls and ceilings at night in search of insect prey . increasing urbanization is reducing its range .\nthis does not necessarily mean that the tokay is not a good terrarium subject , it just means that those people who like to handle their lizards on a regular basis may prefer a gecko species that is a bit more docile , such as a leopard gecko . however , if you are interested in maintaining a species that is large , colorful and interesting to observe , then a tokay may be right up your ally .\nkept as pets in homes around the world , many asian cultures also consider tokay geckos to be good luck charms . these lizards are unfortunately frequent targets of poachers in the wild since tokay geckos are used in some medicinal remedies .\ncalls of the tokay gecko are used for communication , finding members of the opposite sex during the breeding season , and as a means of defense ( they emit a hissing or croaking noise when being attacked ) .\nthe tokay gecko is a solitary animal and they are only seen together in the mating season . the breeding season starts in the spring when daylight hours begin to increase and it lasts for 4 to 5 months .\ntokay geckoes are one of the largest geckoes alive today with a length of around 35 cm . the body of a\nhan , de - min & zhou , kai - ya 2005 . complete sequence and gene organization of the mitochondrial genome of tokay ( gekko gecko ) . zool . res . 26 ( 2 ) : 123 - 128\nkento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\ngekko gecko linnaeus 1758\n.\nrole of tilted adhesion fibrils ( setae ) in the adhesion and locomotion of gecko - like systems .\nnorval , gerrut ; simon dieckmann , shao - chang huang , jean - jay mao , hsien - pin chu and stephen r . 2011 . goldberg . does the tokay gecko ( gekko gecko [ linnaeus , 1758 ] ) occur in the wild in taiwan ? herpetology notes 4 : 203 - 205 . - get paper here\n: this gecko is native to south and south - eastern asia , including malaysia and the philippines . they can also be found in the indonesian archipelago . the tokay gecko has been introduced into florida , texas , hawaii , some caribbean islands and belize , where it is becoming a threat to several of the local species .\nthe tokay gecko has no special status and the species has not been evaluated for the iucn red list . they are also not listed in cites , the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora .\nkrysko , kenneth l . and william b . love 2016 . predation by the nonnative tokay gecko , gekko gecko ( linnaeus 1758 ) , on the native carolina wren ( thryothorus ludovicianus ) and nonnative cuban treefrog ( osteopilus septentrionalis ) in florida , usa . ircf reptiles & amphibians 23 ( 1 ) : 40\u201345 - get paper here\ndon & apos ; t expect a cuddly pet if you choose a tokay gecko . they & apos ; re pretty to look at , but even those that have been in captivity for many years can become aggressive when provoked .\nthe tokay gecko has been available through the pet trade for decades and is one of the most popular gecko species among beginning hobbyists . because of the tokay ' s wicked temperament , it should not be the first choice for people who want to interact with their animals on a regular basis . however , i think that anyone interested in geckos should eventually try their hand at keeping these beautiful tough guys of the gecko world . as reptiles editor phil samuelson once put it ,\nit ' s hard not to admire a small lizard with that much spunk !\nwhen choosing a tokay gecko , look for one with a robust appearance . healthy tokays are bulky animals , and the spine , ribs or pelvic bones should not be visible . if the gecko is resting on the glass , look at the vent area and make sure there are no caked or smeared feces present . safely pick the gecko up and gently examine the lizard ' s body with your free hand , to make sure there are no abnormal bumps or depressions anywhere on the body , because they may indicate an infection or broken bones . when grabbing a tokay , place your hand directly ( and gently ) behind the gecko ' s head to avoid being bitten .\ng . g . gecko ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : tropical asia from northeastern india to eastern indonesia .\ndigital behaviour of the gecko : digital gripping ( counterclockwise arrow ) and active dh ( clockwise arrow ) .\nrussell , a . p .\na contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the tokay , gekko gecko ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) .\njournal of zoology london 176 , no . 3 ( 1975 ) : 437\u2013476 .\ntokay geckos are known for being fierce and aggressive . they will fight until their last breath . they\u2019re very much territorial . that\u2019s why tokay geckos are said to be loners . they are better off alone , unlike leopard geckos which are more docile . tokays bite too hard so if you\u2019re not used to holding tokay or your pet is untamed , make sure to use appropriate gloves .\ntheir name arises from the call they make ; which sounds like\nto - kay ! to - kay !\nnever house male tokay geckos together , and don & apos ; t house your gecko in your bedroom ; their barking may wake you up in the middle of the night . tokay geckos are also able to detach their tails to escape a predator .\nthe tokay geckoes are known for their quite unique appearance with a very attractive coloration in particular males which are more colorful than females .\ndemand for the tokay gecko has skyrocketed in recent years after online blogs , newspaper articles and wildlife traders extolled the consumption of the lizard ' s tongue and internal organs as a miracle cure for hiv , traffic southeast asia said in a report .\nunlike the more\nprimitive\ngeckos ( such as leopard geckos ) that have movable eyelids , the tokay ' s eyes cannot close . instead , the tokay eye has a clear , protective spectacle , much like those of snakes . the gecko keeps the eye lens clean by frequently licking it . the eye has a vertical pupil that is indicative of this species ' nocturnal nature .\nin indonesia , the harvest and export of wild - caught tokay geckos are subject to quotas . commercial breeding is allowed , and the government has given permission for six companies to export three million live captive - bred tokay geckos a year , specifically for the pet trade .\ngecko\u2019s eyes only see in black and white . because they are nocturnal , they have no need to distinguish colours . tokay geckos are aggressive , solitary animals . easily provoked , their powerful bite is a strong deterrent to other animals , including humans .\nwhen a tokay gecko makes a hissing sound like air escaping out of a balloon or scream in a high pitched sound , this could mean that they are threatened . this is apparent especially to young tokay geckos which are not yet used to being handled . you must put them back on their terrarium before they become hysterical . they bite really hard so release them before they do so .\nthe tokay gecko is adapted to a primarily arboreal existence and possesses enlarged toe pads equipped with lamellae to aid in gripping . these adaptions allow the tokay gecko to climb virtually any surface with ease , including glass . the limbs are short and stocky , and the tail is semi - prehensile to aid in balance and maneuvering . the tail also serves as a means of defense and can be autotomized , or dropped , when the gecko feels threatened . a new tail will eventually grow back to replace the missing appendage . if the gecko feels threatened and cannot escape , it will gape its mouth , and may attempt to attack and bite a perceived aggressor . a bite can be a traumatic experience for both the lizard and the handler .\nregardless of its reputation for fierceness , the tokay gecko ' s beauty , hardy nature and modest price have made it a popular\npet store\nlizard . with the large numbers of imported specimens entering the united states every year , the tokay is one of the most frequently encountered gecko species in the pet market . many pet stores across the nation , even those that don ' t specialize in\nexotic\nanimals , may have a terrarium with a few specimens for sale at any given time .\nthe strange eye of a tokay gecko can see only in black and white . the gecko hunts mainly by night , so has no great need for colour vision . photographed in bright light the gecko ' s vertical pupil has closed down to a narrow slit to prevent the high light intensity damaging its sensitive retina , but a series of small holes remains open . it is thought that light passes through these holes to be focused on the same area of the retina , allowing the gecko to see well even when it ' s dim .\n( foy and oxford scientific films 1982 : 11 )\ntokay geckoes are found in southeast asia and the malayan isles . they live in tropical rain forests , and are tree or cliff dwellers .\nthe tokay gecko , which has distinct orange - spotted , blue - grey skin , can grow up to 15 . 7 inches ( 40 centimeters ) in length . the reptiles feed on insects and worms , helping to regulate pests and maintain the ecosystem .\nthe gecko ' s call is responsible also for a slang name given to it by u . s . soldiers in\nthis gecko preys on dune - dwelling spiders and beetles . all water is obtained from condensed fog or from prey .\nnearly all geckos have a voice , ranging from a small squeak to the deafening whistles of the african whistling gecko .\nneedless to say , any gecko this size would be a record - holder . the largest known gecko \u2013 the recently extinct delcourt\u2019s giant gecko hoplodactylus delcourti ( generally thought to be endemic to new zealand , though this has been questioned ) \u2013 has / had a total length of c 60 cm , and the satria animal is more than twice as long .\nas mentioned above , tokay geckos are not docile pets and may not be the best option for newbies . if you & apos ; re up to the task , you & apos ; ll want to choose a tokay gecko whose ribs and pelvic bones aren & apos ; t visible ; these are sturdy animals whose skin should be free of bumps , which may indicate a skin infection or a broken bone .\nthe tokay gecko is primarily a forest gecko with an arboreal lifestyle ( das , 2011 ) , but it is also closely associated with human settlements ( grismer , 2011 ) . it is a nocturnal species and has been documented to feed on insects , spiders , other geckos , and even small mammals and birds ( flower , 1899 ) . it tends to be a sit and wait forager , though it will be more active if prey abundance is high ( aowphol , 2006 ) . it is a highly territorial species and will not hesitate to bite when threatened . when tokay geckos bite , they clamp their jaws in earnest and will hold on for an extended period of time ( look at video below ) . the tokay gecko ' s defensive display involves gaping jaws which are often accompanied by warning ' barks ' . tokay geckos also moult to grow bigger , and shedding cycles are shorter if the surrounding temperature is higher ( chiu and maderson , 1980 ) .\ntokay geckoes are insectivorous . in captivity , they usually feed on springtails , mealworms , cockroaches , crickets , grasshoppers , pink mice , and locusts .\npretty much like the roosters trying to outcry each other in the morning , tokay geckos do the same at dusk . it is rarely observable in captive conditions since there is not much threat of competition or threat . there may be some competition but can easily be managed or they have very little control over it so tokay geckos rarely do their distinctive vocalization . tokay geckos vocalize their \u201cto - ko\u201d or \u201cto - kay\u201d sound when declaring or marking their territory for the rest of tokay kingdom to know it is theirs . they do so to shout their might and often outcry the other barking tokay geckos in the area . this gesture secures them of territory for food supply and mate guarantee . it is also their means of courtship announcing their location to females . female tokay geckos can produce the same sound but they rarely do it . only matured tokay geckos cry this signature cry that they make , and until they could , male juveniles evade the bigger and more mature ones\u2019 territories or at least stay out of their hunting range for the night .\nwhile in captivity tokay geckos can live up to 18 years , but in the wild , their average lifespan is about 7 to 10 years . \u200b\nzhang , q . q . ; tang , y . z . ; huang , y . c . ; and zeng , f . h . 1997 . investigation on the geographic variance of tokay , gekko gecko l . chinese journal of zoology 32 : 44 - 46 .\nalthough there are more than 20 species of geckos listed by the iucn , the tokay gecko is not among them . they are abundant in most parts of their range , but because of their use in chinese medicine , they have declined in south china , vietnam and thailand .\ninspired by the patterns of millions of nanoscale setae on the tokay gecko\u2019s toes , bioengineer jeffrey m . karp has received patents and awards for the biodegradable , biocompatible , elastic tissue adhesive . since 2008 , karp lab of harvard - mit science and technology and bwh has been perfecting this noninvasive alternative to stitches and sutures for closing and sealing wounds and incisions . also , this surgical tape will be able to release drugs to help tissues heal . for years many other scientists have mimiced the gecko toe hairs to make gecko tape and robots that can climb . one polymer scientist using carbon nanotubes remarked , \u201ca gecko\u2019s foot is like a perfect post - it . \u201d\nthe ears can be seen on the outside of the gecko as small holes on both sides of the head . it is possible to see straight through the head of these geckoes through their ears . tokay geckoes have a hearing range from about 300 hertz to 10 , 000 hertz .\nil mio tokay canta allegro e spensierato p . s . un mi piace non fa male . . . . giving thumbs up wouldn ' t be bad\nthe feet of gecko self - clean due to energetic equilibrium - - its foot has less physical attraction to dust than most surfaces .\nmebert , konrad and andrew m . durso . 2014 . when predation and defense intermingle - a predation attempt by a flying snake on a tokay gecko interrupted . wenn jagdverhalten und verteidigung sich vermischen - ein unterbrochener beuteversuch einer schmuchbaumnatter auf einen tokeh . sauria 36 ( 3 ) : 41 - 46\nnamed during the vietnam war , as the lizard ' s cry could be heard as fuck you . the fuck sound is quite clear and short in duration , followed by a pause of about half a second and the elongated you . the same sound could also be heard as tokay ( as in tokay gecko ) , as tokeh ( as in tokeh - tokeh ) , or as tuctoo , all of which are other english names of the lizard .\nmckeown , sean . and zaworski , jim . 1997 . general care and maintenance of tokay geckos and related species . advanced vivarium systems . santee , ca .\nan unfounded claim giving tokay geckoes the ability to cure aids also had a negative impact on the species . their natural habitat is also increasingly threatened by urbanization .\nthe tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is known for its extraordinary climbing ability [ 1 \u2013 6 ] . the strong adhesion is mainly due to the van der waals force enhanced by the hierarchical adhesive system from the nanoscale to the macroscale . the gecko can also perform a fast transition from attachment to detachment or vice versa in around 50 ms [ 5 ] . extensive studies have been carried out to understand the strong adhesion and easy detaching mechanism of the gecko ' s adhesion system in order to fabricate biomimetic dry adhesives . these bioinspired materials have potential applications in wall - climbing robots [ 7 \u2013 9 ] , adhesive medical skin patches [ 10 ] , adhesive clamps [ 11 ] , etc .\nbecause tokay geckos aren\u2019t listed under the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , their international trade isn\u2019t subject to regulation .\nthe vibrant and unusual - looking tokay gecko ( gekko gecko ) is a well - known , but poorly understood , species . heavy - bodied and nocturnal , these tropical animals have a reputation for being aggressive , hard to handle and apt to bite . however , they can be the ideal captive for a patient geckokeeper . they are fascinating to observe , and with a little invested time , they can be tamed into tractable little beasts .\nhemidactylus frenatus : one specimen seen on a coconut tree , several heard . the gecko phyllodactylus tuberculosus could not be reconfirmed during this visit .\nthe phylogenetic tree above shows the possible evolutionary relationships of various species of gecko , as tested by brown et al . ( 2012 ) .\nhansen wr ; autumn k . 2005 . evidence for self - cleaning in gecko setae . 102 ( 2 ) : 385 - 389 .\nalthough not listed by the iucn , the san diego banded gecko ( c . v . abbotti ) is of special concern in california .\nthe above work has addressed well the issues in the gecko ' s adhesion under static / quasi - static conditions . however , the previous models failed to explain the frictional adhesion feature , which was observed in the real gecko ' s movement . furthermore , the gecko detaches with digits peeled from the distalmost end to the proximal ( named active dh ) , and attaches with digits gripped towards the surface ( named dg ) while acting repeatedly on inverted surfaces . this behaviour cannot be fully understood based on previous models . argument exists in that if the gecko can lower the pull - off force by lowering the friction and vice versa , why are the active dh and dg needed ? therefore , it is necessary to understand the mechanical behaviour of the gecko ' s adhesive system from the dynamic scenario of the gecko ' s movement .\ntokay geckos are vocal , making a unique croaking or barking noise to attract mates , are arboreal , and according to some myths , are said to bring good luck .\nmales are very territorial , and will attack other male tokays as well as other gecko species , as well as anything else in their territory . they are solitary and only meet during the mating season . females lay clutches of one or two hard shelled eggs which are guarded until they hatch . tokay geckos feed on\na tape measure is applied to the giant ' gecko ' in satria ' s video . the animal is said to be 138 cm long .\nnote the long , slender tail , the five - toed foot , five - fingered hand , and the blunt tips to the digits . the animal ' s right eye might be visible in this shot . it ' s gecko - like , but not like any gecko we know .\ngrossmann , w . 2006 . der tokeh , gekko gecko . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 64 pp . - get paper here\ntokay geckos are not the simple lizards some herpkeepers may think they are . seemingly aware of their surroundings and circumstances , they have proven to be high - strung due to above - average intelligence . to me , tokay geckos are similar to reticulated pythons : known to be aggressive , they are alert , high - strung and challenging to keep .\nin contrast to this , if a deceased specimen is found it is often considered a sign of bad luck . injuring or killing a tokay gecko is also considered bad luck in many areas throughout its range , and the species is a welcome guest in people ' s homes because it eats pest insects such as roaches .\ntokay geckos aren & apos ; t as commonly seen as pets as leopard geckos , but they are just as interesting as their cousins . they are the second - largest kind of gecko and are known for their vibrant colors and spots . they are usually a blue - gray color with bright orange and blue spots .\ntemperament : it is ideal to keep just one gecko in a tank due to their territorial nature . it is never recommended to keep more than one male gecko in a single tank when housing them in groups . two or more males in one tank tend to fight and kill each other .\nif you have a mature tokay gecko pet , it would make the same repeated sounds at random intervals within the day . a crackling sound followed by a \u201cto - kay\u201d sound could mean that they are looking for a mate . this strong sound they create can be heard from a distance to call for possible nearby mates .\ngeckos are one of the most successful lizards around today . from gekkonidae alone , nearly 1200 species have been described , and they range throughout subtropical and tropical regions , stretching even into temperate zones ( vitt & caldwell , 2009 ) . in singapore , at least 15 species of gecko have been recorded ( ng et al . , 2011 ) . among these , the tokay gecko is one of the largest and is also one of the most distinctive . this gecko is also the best known species in the group , and studies on it have contributed much to our knowledge of general reptile biology ( rosler , 2011 ) .\nmertens , r . 1955 . \u00fcber eine eigenartige rasse des tokehs ( gekko gecko ) aus ost - pakistan . senckenbergiana biologica 36 : 21 - 24\nover the last several days a consortium of people interested in herpetology , weird animals , animal lore , and special effects have worked together to help resolve an incredible and bizarre \u2018mystery\u2019 * . people in indonesia ( and perhaps elsewhere in tropical asia ) are modifying live monitor lizards to make them look like gargantuan tokay geckos gekko gecko .\ntokay geckos may be harvested from the wild in indonesia under a quota system . however , if they are farmed , they don\u2019t fall under that quota system . any harvest of tokay geckos from the wild outside the quota system is illegal . note that the quota in indonesia for wild - caught tokay geckos stipulates that the animals are exported live , for pets , not kiln - dried . unfortunately , tokay geckos aren\u2019t listed in the appendices of cites , and therefore international trade isn\u2019t regulated . we strongly recommend the species be listed in appendix ii , which wouldn\u2019t stop trade but would put in place a mechanism through which the trade could be monitored and regulated . to do so is in the interest of conservation and sustainable trade .\nr\u00f6sler , h . 2001 . studien am tokeh : 1 . gekko gecko azhari mertens 1955 ( sauria : gekkonidae ) . gekkota 3 : 33 - 46\nter borg , jur 2004 . de tokkeh , gekko gecko - een eenvoudige handleiding . lacerta 62 ( 6 ) : 256 - 260 - get paper here\ncorl , j . 1999 .\ngekko gecko\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 12 , 2008 at [ 1 ]\nwhile it\u2019s often argued that captive breeding relieves pressure on endangered species by providing an alternative source for trade , the report , adding up the numbers : an investigation into commercial breeding of tokay geckos in indonesia , demonstrates that the opposite is true . rather , it finds that wild - caught tokay geckos are regularly laundered through indonesia\u2019s captive - breeding facilities on a massive scale .\nbecause of their ready availability and low cost , the tokay is often the first gecko that many people purchase . unfortunately , many first - time owners are rudely awakened when the lizard that the pet store staff labeled\na good beginner ' s gecko\nturns out to be an animal with a personality that is pure evil ! while its true that these lizards are easy to maintain , their willingness to bite any hand that dares enter their domain should exclude them from the\npet\nlizard label .\nthe tokay gecko has a geographic distribution extending from eastern india , nepal , bangladesh , east to southern china and south - east asia , to the philippines . it has also been introduced into florida , hawaii , martinique in the west indies , and madagascar ( das , 2001 ) . it is unclear if the lizard is native to singapore , though it has been suggested that it probably is not ( flower , 1899 ) . this gecko is uncommon in singapore ( lim & lim , 1992 ) .\nglobal gecko association . 4920 chester street , spencer , oklahoma 73084 - 2560 usa . web site : < http : / / www . gekkota . com >\ngecko guy bitten by the tokay gecko feeding video the first animal is a leopard gecko ! the tokay appears later in the video . heres a quick video of my animals being fed . please note i do not have many of these animals anymore tokay gecko care : urltoken _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u00ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - social links - facebook page : urltoken instagram : g3ckoguy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u00ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gaming channel : urltoken _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ \u00ad _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\ntokay geckos exhibit great variation in color in the wild , and are known to match their body color with the substrate they are on . the time of the day can also lighten and darken\nin its natural range , the tokay is found from northeast india across to southern china , throughout the malay peninsula , the andamans , the philippines and throughout much of indonesia . feral populations have also become established in sections of southern florida , hawaii and the island of martinique . they adapt well to secondary , or disturbed , environments , especially around homes , buildings and other human structures . because of their close contact with humans , they have become the objects of many superstitious beliefs . in various sections of its native range , the tokay gecko is regarded as a messenger of omens , both good and bad . depending on the situation , a tokay ' s presence or vocalization can mean good luck and prosperity for a family or individual .\ntokay gecko is often erroneously believed to be venomous . but , in truth its bite is not poisonous , even though it is quite painful . however , researches show them to carry various bacteria that can cause serious health problems . so , it is crucial to take care of the bite wound as soon as possible , especially if has penetrated the skin .\n: geckos are lizards , and ( due to the structure of their vertebrae ) they are considered quite primitive on the evolutionary scale . geckos are small animals with a flattened appearance . tokay geckos are one of the larger species , measuring up to 40 cm in length . tokay males are larger and more colourful than the females . they all have large eyes covered by transparent scales that act as protective lenses . a gecko seen licking its eyes after a meal of insects is actually cleaning these scales . being a nocturnal species , they have slit pupils which , in dim light , expand to fill most of their eyes . all geckos have the ability to change colour , lighter by day and darker during the night . the tokay gecko does the reverse : the colour is dark grey with orange - red spots when in light surroundings , changing to light grey with bluish spots when they are in the dark .\nannandale , n . 1907 . the occurrence of the taukte lizard ( gecko verticillatus ) in calcutta . records of the indian museum 1 : 171 - get paper here\nautumn k , sitti m , liang ya , peattie am , hansen wr , et al . ( 2002 ) . evidence for van der waals adhesion in gecko setae\nanother important feature of the tokay is its ability to cast off its tail in defense and later regenerate a new one . the cast off part will continue to move for several minutes , giving the gecko time to escape . it takes approximately three weeks for these geckoes to completely regenerate a new tail although it is usually never as long as the original tail .\nas i stated before , these geckos are cantankerous , and when touched , a healthy tokay will gape its mouth and more than likely try to bite you . it may also let out a loud bark or scream in protest . if the gecko is limp , weak , or indifferent , pass on the animal and choose a different one . while it is true that there is the occasional specimen that does not seem to mind being handled , the vast majority of tokay geckos never really tame down enough to allow a handling session to be an enjoyable experience .\nan important characteristic of the tokay gecko is its ability to cast off its tail in defense and regenerate a new one . the part of the tail that has been cast off will continue to move violently for several minutes until it slows down and stops , thus giving the gecko fair time to escape . the tail has several sections on it where it can break off at any given moment . it takes approximately three weeks for these geckoes to completely regenerate a new tail although it is usually never as long as the original tail .\nfrom traffic\u2019s southeast asia office , in malaysia , chris shepherd , coauthor of the report , explains that it\u2019s low - profile species like tokay geckos that are often hardest hit by illegal , unsustainable trade .\nto cite this page : corl , j . 1999 .\ngekko gecko\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ntokays are one of the easiest species of gecko to keep and breed in captivity , but , ironically , most specimens offered for sale are wild - collected animals . by the time these geckos reach your neighborhood pet store , they have been captured , held in an exporter ' s facilities for days or weeks , shipped over oceans and possibly exposed to disease or parasites along the way . these stressful situations can cause a gecko to become more prone to infections or illness , so it is important to know what to look for when selecting a tokay .\nthe tokay gecko is the second largest gecko species , attaining lengths of about 11\u201320 inches ( 28\u201351 cm ) for males , and 7\u201319 inches ( 18\u201348 cm ) for females , with weights of only 150\u2013400 grams ( 5 . 3\u201314 . 1 oz ) . they are distinctive in appearance , with a bluish or grayish body , sporting spots ranging from light yellow to bright red . the male is more brightly colored than the female . they have large eyes with a vertical slit pupil . eyes are brown to greenish brown and can be orange or yellow .\nbased on all of these bits of data , we seem to be seeing a lizard that has been kitted out to look like a giant tokay . it\u2019s a lizard in some sort of \u2018gecko suit\u2019 . i must point out that this was my immediately favoured option . within a few seconds of watching the footage , and having ruled out the other contenders that came to mind ( giant salamander or genuine fat - headed giant gecko ) , i was immediately thinking \u201cnon - gekkotan lizard kitted out to look like a giant tokay\u201d . and i\u2019m hardly the first , or only , person to come up with this suggestion , as you can see if you look at the comments attached to the original video ( sorry , only available on facebook and not shared here ) .\ntokay geckos have the ability to walk on different surfaces . a closer look at the gecko ' s foot reveals a structural hierarchy consisting of subdigital lamellae , setae and spatulas . it is postulated that the adhesion provided by the numerous spatulas works primarily through van der waals forces ( autumn et al . , 2002 ) , and capillary forces ( huber et al . , 2005 ) .\nmany geckos are relatively solitary , though bibron ' s gecko ( pachydactylus bibronii ) and some other species can reach very high densities and may share retreat sites . these geckos have\ntokay geckos are not the easiest lizards to sex . they should have adequate conditioning first . the lizards tend to writhe and wiggle when restrained , so accurate sexing is difficult if one is unfamiliar with the process ."]}
{"id": 1288, "summary": [{"text": "gracilidris pombero is a species of ant in the genus gracilidris .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "described by wild and cuezzo in 2006 , the species is endemic to the south american countries of argentina , brazil and paraguay . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "gracilidris pombero", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see gracilidris pombero for further details\ngracilidris pombero occurs in open areas , and is typically collected in places with some degree of human disturbance .\nthe only extant member of the genus ; see the gracilidris identification section for characters that separate this ant from other genera .\nabstract : the dolichoderine ant genus gracilidris and its sole species , g . pombero , are recorded for the first time for colombia from populations from the foothills of the colombian amazon basin . comments and hypotheses about the biogeography of the genus are discussed .\nresumen : el g\u00e9nero dolicoderino de hormigas gracilidris y su \u00fanica especie , g . pombero , son registrados por primera vez para colombia , de poblaciones provenientes del piedemonte de la cuenca amaz\u00f3nica colombiana . algunos comentarios e hip\u00f3tesis sobre la biogeograf\u00eda del g\u00e9nero son discutidos .\nin guarani mythology , pombero is a mythical humanoid creature that is nocturnal , and this is a reference to the ants nocturnal behaviour .\nin guarani mythology , pombero is a mythical humanoid creature that is nocturnal , and this is a reference to the ants nocturnal behaviour . [ 1 ]\nthe records of gracilidris for rio grande do sul represent the southernmost register of the genus in the neotropics and the first for the pampa biome .\npombero is a mythical nocturnal figure in guaran\u00ed folklore . the name is applied here as a noun in apposition in reference to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species .\netymology pombero is a mythical nocturnal figure in guarani folklore . the name is applied here as a noun in apposition in reference to the nocturnal activity pattern of this species .\nnatural history : the colombian specimens of gracilidris pombero came from the western foothills of the colombian amazon basin . all specimens of g . pombero were collected in mixed environments highly disturbed by man , as a result of logging and the introduction of livestock grazing . puerto arango sites are open grassland areas ( traditional grazing system ) where the vegetation is predominantly brachiaria humidicola ( rendle ) schweick ( poaceae alt . gramineae ) ; san juan del barro sites are for silvopastoral systems consisting primarily of pasture with scattered shrubs .\nmaterial examined : gracilidris pombero . 9 workers ( w ) . colombia : caquet\u00e1 : florencia . municipio puerto arango . 1\u00b030\u201929 . 4\u201dn 75\u00b032\u201957 . 3\u201dw . vi . 2008 . sanabria , c . leg ( 8w ) ; san juan del barro . 1\u00b025\u201943 . 3\u201dn 75\u00b029\u201930 . 3\u201dw . vi . 2008 . sanabria , c . leg . ( 1w ) .\nwild and cuezzo ( 2006 ) - body proportions and color vary geographically among populations of g . pombero . in particular , specimens from paraguay and argentina are darker and have relatively shorter appendages than brazilian specimens .\nguerrero , r . j . ; sanabria , c . 2011 . the first record of the genus gracilidris ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from colombia . revista colombiana de entomolog\u00eda 37 : 159 - 161 . pdf\nguerrero , r . j . & sanabria , c . ( 2011 ) . the first record of the genus gracilidris ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from colombia . rev . colomb . entomol . , 37 : 159 - 161 .\nthe collection records of gracilidris pombero indicate that it inhabits low scrub forests of the type found in cerrado and chaco habitats . the specimens from maranh\u00e3o were collected at a sardine bait in cerrado scrub forest near the edge of a soybean field . the specimen from bahia , brazil was collected in a small primary forest fragment in a cocoa plantation . the mato grosso , brazil collection was from grazed cerrado , and the paraguayan type series came from a lightly grazed copernicia alba palm forest in the humid chaco .\nfeitosa , r . m . , dr\u00f6se , w . , podgaiski , l . r . & mendon\u00e7a , m . s . jr . 2015 . first record of the dolichoderine ant genus gracilidris wild & cuezzo ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from southern brazil . sociobiology 62 , 296 - 299 ( doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v62i2 . 296 - 299 ) .\ngracilidris ants are probably nocturnal , which may partly explain their rarity in collections . at the type locality , single foraging workers were collected at dusk and after dark on two separate nights , and visual searches and baits during the day at the same location did not yield any workers . in the field , workers appear elongate , their gaster held horizontally , and their movements are smooth and deliberate .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nwild & cuezzo , 2006 : 62 , figs . 1 - 11 ( w . ) paraguay .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nothers ( n = 14 ) : hl 0 . 80\u20130 . 93 , hw 0 . 62\u20130 . 71 , sl 0 . 89\u20131 . 08 , fl 0 . 72\u20130 . 99 , lht 0 . 89 - 1 . 14 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 57 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 46 , oi 4 . 0 - 6 . 9 , si 138 - 154 , ci 76 - 81 .\nhead in full frontal view longer than broad ( ci 76\u201381 ) and quadrate - oval in shape . lateral margins evenly convex and the head no wider posterior to than anterior to the eyes . compound eyes large ( oi 4 . 0\u20136 . 9 ) , consisting of 130\u2013150 ommatidia , situated near the longitudinal midpoint of the head in full frontal view . anterior clypeal margin usually bearing a single straight , short , forward - projecting median seta , a longer pair of setae just lateral of the midline that are about half the length of the masticatory margin of the mandibles , and an irregular number ( 2\u20136 ) of small setae lateral to these . mandibular dentition variable but usually as follows : strong apical tooth , a smaller subapical tooth , a small third tooth , a strong fourth tooth , and the remaining 3 teeth small , spaced more or less evenly along the masticatory margin and separated from each other by 1 - 3 denticles . basal angle of the mandible indistinct and bearing 2 - 4 denticles .\ndorsal surfaces of ant head , mesosoma , and metasoma devoid of erect setae , except abdominal segment 6 which bears a pair of setae oriented posteriorad . entire surface of body including legs , antennal scapes , and the proximal half of the mandibles covered in a dense , fine pubescence . pubescence also contains fine appressed hairs twice as long as the adjacent hairs , and evenly spaced about as far apart as their length over the body and appendages . these can be difficult to see without the correct lighting , and are most visible on the gaster . ventral surfaces of the mesosoma , coxae , and metasoma with a few erect setae . integument shagreened , ant appearing dull to lightly shining but never opaque .\ncolor varying from body and appendages dark brown ( paraguay , bahia , maranh\u00e3o ) , to head and gaster light brown with the mesosoma and petiole testaceous ( sao paulo , mato grosso ) . trochanters , tarsi and ventrum of petiole lighter than body , light brown to almost white .\nholotype . worker . paraguay , pte . hayes : 5k se pozo colorado . 140m . 23\u00ba33 . 129\u2019 s 58\u00ba45 . 853\u2019 w , 5 . xii . 2002 , a . l . wild acc . no . # 1766 ( ibnp ) .\nparatypes . series of 20 workers , same data as holotype , acc . nos . # 1734 , 1736 , 1766 ( alwc , the natural history museum , california academy of sciences , ifml , los angeles county museum of natural history , museum of comparative zoology , musee d ' histoire naturelle gen\u00e8ve , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo , university of california , davis , national museum of natural history ) .\nmeurer , e . , l . d . battirola , j . h . c . delabie , and m . i . marques . 2015 . influence of the vegetation mosaic on ant ( formicidae : hymenoptera ) distributions in the northern brazilian pantanal . sociobiology . 62 : 382 - 388 . doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v62i3 . 359\nwild , a . l . and f . cuezzo . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . pdf\nthis page was last modified on 17 october 2017 , at 13 : 42 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nwild & cuezzo , 2006 pdf : 62 , figs . 1 - 11 ( w . )\nwild , a . l . & cuezzo , f . , 2006 , rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . , zootaxa 1142 , pp . 57 - 68 : 62 - 66 , ( download )\nwild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 24 , ( download )\n2 times found in humid chaco , 0 times found in cerrado , 0 times found in pantanal .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nrediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america .\nadditional material examined argentina : santiago del estero : copo national parq . ( 5 w , ifml ) . brazil : bahia : ilheus , cepec , specimen not directly examined , ( photographic internet record , # 4830 : http : / / research . amnh . org / entomology / social _ insects / tempcepecline . html , available in 2002 and apparently offline as of august 2005 ) . maranhao : balsas , gerais de balsas 08 \u00b0 34 \u2019 s 46 \u00b0 42 . 6 \u2019 w xi . 1999 - iii . 2000 , brandao et al ( 2 w , mzsp ) . mato grosso : mpio . varzea grande , souza lima , 25 . i . 1985 , j . c . trager ( 3 w , mzsp ) . sao paulo : agudos , xii . 1957 , c . gilbert ( 2 w , mzsp ) .\n1 biologist . grupo de investigaci\u00f3n en insectos neotropicales . instituto de investigaciones tropicales - intropic . universidad del magdalena . carrera 32 n\u00b0 22 - 08 , santa marta , magdalena , colombia . current address : programa de doctorado en zoolog\u00eda . instituto de zoolog\u00eda y ecolog\u00eda tropical . universidad central de venezuela . caracas , venezuela . robertojoseguerreroflorez @ urltoken . corresponding author .\n2 biologist . grupo biolog\u00eda , ecolog\u00eda y manejo de hormigas . facultad de ciencias . departamento de biolog\u00eda . universidad del valle . campus universitario mel\u00e9ndez , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , colombia .\nkey words : ants . biodiversity . caquet\u00e1 . colombian amazon . grazing systems .\npalabras clave : hormigas . biodiversidad . caquet\u00e1 . amazonas colombiano . pasturas ganaderas .\nvouchers were deposited in the following collections and institutions ( abbreviations in parentheses ) : california academy of sciences , san francisco , california , u . s . a . ( casc ) ; instituto de ciencias naturales , universidad nacional de colombia , bogot\u00e1 d . c . , colombia ( icn ) ; museo de entomolog\u00eda de la universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , colombia ( meuv ) .\nbolton , b . ; alpert , g . ; ward , p . s . ; naskrecki , p . 2006 . bolton\u00b4s catalogue of ants of the world : 1758 - 2005 . harvard university press , cambridge , ma , usa . cd - rom . [\ncuezzo , f . 2000 revisi\u00f3n del g\u00e9nero forelius ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) . sociobiology 35 : 197 - 277 . [\ndubovikoff , d . a . ; longino , j . t . 2004 . a new species of the genus bothriomyrmex emery , 1869 ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from costa rica . zootaxa 776 : 1 - 10 . [\nfern\u00e1ndez , f . ; sendoya , s . 2004 . list of neotropical ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . biota colombiana 5 : 3 - 109 . [\nfern\u00e1ndez , f . ; guerrero , r . 2008 . technomyrmex ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) in the new world : synopsis and description of a new species . revista colombiana de entomolog\u00eda 34 : 110 - 115 . [\ngen . n . and ravavy gen . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 2118 : 37 - 52 . [\n( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) from the dry forest of colombia . zootaxa 1958 : 51 - 60 . [\nhooghiemstra , h ; van der hammen , t . 2001 . desarrollo del bosque h\u00famedo neotropical en el ne\u00f3geno y en el cuaternario : la hip\u00f3tesis de los refugios . in : llorente - bousquets , j . & j . morrone ( eds . ) , introducci\u00f3n a la biogeograf\u00eda en latinoam\u00e9rica . unam , m\u00e9xico , pp 129 - 136 . [\nhoorn c . 2006 . the birth of the mighty amazon . scientific american 294 : 40 - 47 . [\nspecies group : evidence for two broadly sympatric species . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) 412 : 1 - 16 . [\ntrees : taxonomy , colony structure , and behavior . p . 271 - 288 . in : huxley , c . ; cutler , d . ( eds . ) . ant - plant interactions . oxford university press , oxford , uk . 601p . [\nlongino , j . t . 1991b . taxonomy of the cecropia - inhabiting azteca ants . journal of natural history 25 : 1571 - 1602 . [\n( polygonaceae ) . journal of hymenoptera research 5 : 131 - 156 . [\nshattuck , s . o . 1992 . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 . [\nward , p . s . ; brady , s . g . 2009 . rediscovery of the ant genus amyrmex kusnezov ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) and its transfer from dolichoderinae to leptanilloidinae . zootaxa 2063 : 46 - 54 [\nward , p . s . ; brady , s . g . ; fisher , b . l . ; schultz , t . r . 2010 . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . systematic biology 59 : 342 - 362 . [\nwild , a . l . ; cuezzo , f . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . [\n( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . university of california publications in entomology 126 : 1 - 151 . [\nwilson , e . o . 1985 . ants of the dominican amber . 3 . the subfamily dolichoderinae . psyche 92 : 17 - 37 . [\ntransversal 24 no . 54 31 of 405 , edificio volterra , bogot\u00e1 , colombia . apartado a\u00e9reo 11366 , bogot\u00e1 , colombia . tel . : ( 57 - 1 ) 3472320 . fax : ( 57 - 1 ) 2126209 . publicaciones @ urltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nrodrigo m . feitosa , william drose , luciana regina podgaiski , milton mendon\u00e7a jr .\ncosta - milanez , c . b . , louren\u00e7o - silva , g . , castro , p . t . a . , majer , j . d . & ribeiro , s . p . ( 2014 ) . are ant assemblages of brazilian veredas characterised by location or habitat type ? braz . j . biol . , 74 : 89 - 99 . doi : 10 . 1590 / 1519 - 6984 . 17612\ninstituto brasileiro de geografia e estat\u00edstica [ ibge ] . 2004 . mapa de biomas e de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o . retrieved from : urltoken ( accessed date : 23 january , 2015 ) .\noverbeck , g . e . , m\u00fcller , s . c . , fidelis , a . , pfadenhauer , j . , pillar , v . d . , blanco , c . c . boldrini , i . i . , both , r . & forneck , e . d . ( 2007 ) . brazil\u2019s neglected biome : the south brazilian campos . perspect . plant ecol . evol . syst . , 9 : 101 - 116 .\npillar , v . p . , m\u00fcller , s . c . , castilhos , z . m . s . & jaques , a . v . a . ( 2009 ) . campos sulinos - conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e uso sustent\u00e1vel da biodiversidade . bras\u00edlia : minist\u00e9rio do meio ambiente , 403 p .\nprado , d . e . & gibbs , p . e . ( 1993 ) . patterns of species distributions in the dry seasonal forests of south america . ann . mo . bot . gard . , 80 : 902 - 927 .\nward , p . s . , brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . & schultz , t . r . ( 2010 ) . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . syst . biol . , 59 : 342 - 362 .\nwild , a . l . & cuezzo , f . ( 2006 ) . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa , 1142 : 57 - 68 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nwild , a . l . and f . cuezzo . 2006 . rediscovery of a fossil dolichoderine ant lineage ( hymenoptera : formicidae : dolichoderinae ) and a description of a new genus from south america . zootaxa 1142 : 57 - 68 . issn : 1175 - 5334 pdf\nthis page was last edited on 20 march 2018 , at 22 : 03 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nanimals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom animalia ( also called metazoa ) . all animals are motile , meaning they can move spontaneously and independently , at some point in their lives . their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop , although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives . all animals are heterotrophs : they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance .\nmost known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the cambrian explosion , about 542 million years ago . animals are divided into various sub - groups , some of which are : vertebrates ( birds , mammals , amphibians , reptiles , fish ) ; molluscs ( clams , oysters , octopuses , squid , snails ) ; arthropods ( millipedes , centipedes , insects , spiders , scorpions , crabs , lobsters , shrimp ) ; annelids ( earthworms , leeches ) ; sponges ; and jellyfish .\na noun ( from latin n\u014dmen , literally meaning\nname\n) is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things , such as living creatures , objects , places , actions , qualities , states of existence , or ideas . linguistically , a noun is a member of a large , open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause , the object of a verb , or the object of a preposition .\nlexical categories ( parts of speech ) are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions . the syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language . in english , nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase .\nword classes ( parts of speech ) were described by sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century bc . in y\u0101ska ' s nirukta , the noun ( n\u0101ma ) is one of the four main categories of words defined .\nthe ancient greek equivalent was \u00f3noma ( \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 ) , referred to by plato in the cratylus dialog , and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in the art of grammar , attributed to dionysius thrax ( 2nd century bc ) . the term used in latin grammar was n\u014dmen . all of these terms for\nnoun\nwere also words meaning\nname\n. the english word noun is derived from the latin term , through the anglo - norman noun ."]}
{"id": 1300, "summary": [{"text": "the jamaican ibis , jamaican flightless ibis or clubbed-wing ibis ( xenicibis xympithecus ) is an extinct bird species of the ibis subfamily uniquely characterized by its club-like wings .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus xenicibis , and one of only two flightless ibis genera , the other being the genus apteribis endemic to hawaii . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "jamaican ibis", "paragraphs": ["the jamaican flightless ibis ( xenicibis xympithecus ) , a bird that became extinct approximately 10 , 000 years ago , possessed clublike wings .\ndescription : this is a 5 star jamaican restaurant recently opened in leicester . we serve freshly prepared , exceptional quality jamaican dishes that are second to none .\ndrawing of the wing bones of an american white ibis ( left ) and jamaican ibis ( right ) . bones are scaled such that the humeri are the same size to enable easier comparison of morphological changes .\nnicholas r . longrich , and storrs l . olson ( 2010 ) . the bizarre wing of the jamaican flightless ibis xenicibis xympithecus : a unique vertebrate adaptation\ndescription : the ultimate jamaican experience in lagos ! we specialize in a variety of jamaican foods including the very popular patties , jerk chicken , oxtail and curry goat , to name a few . jamski serves 100 % authentic jamaican food , 100 % of the time .\nibis young stay in the nest for a relatively long time ,\nhe said .\nthe wing of xenicibis ( top ) compared with that of a typical ibis eudocimus ( middle ) and the extinct , flightless ibis apteribis ( bottom ) . from longrich and olson , 2010 .\nxenicibis xympithecus is an extinct flightless ibis from jamaica that had an incredibly rare adaptation \u2014 it used its wings as clubs .\na member of the ibis family , it was probably about the size of a chicken , but with an infinitely more robust armoury .\nxenicibis is a large , extinct , flightless ibis . it was discovered by storrs olson storrs olson storrs olson from the smithsonian institution , who found some partial remains in a jamaican cave in 1977 . when olson eventually saw the bird\u2019s wing bones , he was baffled . they were so \u201cutterly strange\u201d that he thought the animal must have been suffering from some inexplicable disease .\nunlike most flightless birds whose wings turned to vestigial and useless stumps , the jamaican flightless ibis retained extremely long wing bones , but they adapted into use for attack . the wing had a long , curved , banana like structure , with a narrow base and heavy tip . it also had a special joint , which allowed it to be smashed downwards at high speed like a club .\ni was at jamski for their grand opening last week and i must say its not your typical jamaican restaurant , the variety will keep me coming back to sample the plethora of accessible and affordable caribbean dishes\u2014from the oxtail to the curry goat , to the lustrous yet subtle side dishes i could literally taste their homegrown spices . i wasn ' t surprised to realize all the cooks were jamaican . i definitely got more than my money ' s worth\nthe jamaican ibis was endemic to jamaica . bones have been excavated from several caves , including the long mile cave , the swansea cave , the jackson ' s bay cave and the red hills fissure . bones from cuba claimed to be of this genus were later identified as those of a limpkin . jamaica and cuba have always been separated by the sea , so it is improbable that a flightless species could reach the other islands .\n. . . a roughened area on the carpometacarpal extensor process of phorusrhacos led andrews ( 1901 ) to suggest the presence of a spur or knob used in intraspecific combat . the club - like , thick - walled carpometacarpi of the jamaican ibis xenicibis were interpreted by longrich & olson ( 2011 ) as weapons used in combat . such a role is supported by the presence of healed carpometacarpal and humeral injuries in two specimens . . . .\nthe initial description of xenicibis was followed two years later by the discovery of a humerus ( upper arm bone ) found in jamacia\u2019s swansea cave . the unusual , robust nature of this bone led olson and steadman to believe that xenicibis was flightless that had evolved on jamacia . along with another fossil flightless ibis \u2013 apteribis glenos \u2013 described by olson and colleague a . wetmore in 1976 , xenicibis was one of the first flightless ibis to be recognized by science .\nwhile doubtless used for defense , as the ibis evolved its flightlessness on an island filled with predators , it ' s thought the club wing was used against other members of the same species , as evidenced by the high number of fractured bones found in the skeletal remains .\nchichester art i did not do any wildlife today , but jean and i had an interesting day of art in chichester . first , we went to see the john minton centenary exhibition at the pallant gallery . minton was a rather sad and tortured artist who committed suicide aged 39 . his art was not great , but he was a fine illustrator and did a large number of books and other things . his paintings included a huge mural called ' jamaican village ' .\n. . . birds , however , have been largely ignored until now . hitherto , only about ten fossil bird species were known from the pleistocene of jamaica ( morgan , 1993 ; mcfarlane et al . , 2002 ) , one of which is xenicibis xympithecus , a now - extinct , flightless ibis ( olson and steadman , 1977 ; longrich and olson , 2011 ) . . . .\na very well written and presented article , tying in aspects of larmarckism whilst relating the importance of this new work on the genus xenicibis . the lack of native predators , ( excepting the presence of one or two birds of prey ) , leads me to suspect that the wings evolved for intraspecific combats , perhaps over nesting sites . after all , a number of extant ibis are extremely territorial .\nthe skeleton of the sacred ibis of the ancient egyptians , as found in mummified form in egyptian tombs , from a paper cuvier had published in 1804 . cuvier identified this bird to be comparable to modern species . however since it was distinctly different from the living bird commonly identified as the same species , it had been used ( by other naturalists ) as evidence for the gradual\ntransformation or evolution of animals over long periods of time ( from rudwick 1997 ) .\nxenicibis might have used its wings to clobber enemies in defence . unlike its living cousins , this ibis couldn\u2019t fly . many island birds lose the ability to fly because they aren\u2019t threatened by any land predators . as a result , their wings become small and stunted , as in the kiwi or the flightless cormorant of the galapagos . but prehistoric jamaica had no shortage of predators , including a boa , an extinct monkey , and several birds of prey . defence would have been important .\nthe bedrooms are medium in size but are larger than the majority of the rooms in ibis properties in benelux . they are in very good condition and have recently benefitted from a make over where the colour scheme is a more attractive cream and beige , with wooden flooring and lcd televisions , along with a media hub in all rooms . the bathrooms are also in good condition and although with shower only , the showers are large with glass doors and are generally quite modern and attractive .\nfortunately , there are a few indications that xenicibis truly was a fightin\u2019 ibis . other than the fact that some modern birds fight with their wings , longrich and olson cite two broken arm bones which show signs of healing . one , a humerus , began to heal after being split in two , and the other , a carpometacarpus , has a large callus of bone which probably grew in response to a fracture . these findings are consistent with the idea that these birds were using their wings to strike each other .\nwhat remains unknown is what individual xenicibis were fighting and why . the most plausible answer is \u201cother xenicibis . \u201d since there is no indication that the anatomy of the weapon differed between males and females , longrich and olson propose that xenicibis fought each other over territory , particularly for good nesting spots . the wing clubs could have also been used to fight off predators , too , and this brings up an important point . we can generate ideas about the function of the bird\u2019s wings by looking at their anatomy and come up with multiple possible uses , but identifying those uses does not tell us why those particular traits evolved in the first place . the clubs of xenicibis may have evolved as a result of ibis - on - ibis combat and could also be used to fight predators once they had already evolved , or perhaps the clubs are some sort of exaptation \u2013 a structure used for one function which became co - opted for something else . given the state of the evidence , it is likely that xenicibis used its clubs in combat with each other , but we should not be so careless as to say that the clubs evolved for that function .\nwhile no living ibis shows adaptation of the wing for combat , ibises are highly territorial during nesting and feeding [ 6 , 18 ] , and disputes frequently escalate to fights . of particular note is the fact that plegadis has been seen to grasp its opponent with the bill and then strike with the wings [ 19 ] . in many species , intraspecific combat involves access to mates , but ibises are monogamous [ 5 ] , and there is no evidence that the club is dimorphic . it is therefore likely that intraspecific combat would have focused on securing territory , rather than mates .\nit took nearly a century to recognize the strange character of this bird . sometime between 1910 and 1920 the zoologist harold elmer anthony collected a few bird bones from long mile cave in trelawny parish , jamaica . they sat , virtually unnoticed , in the american museum of natural history collections for decades , but in 1977 the ornithologists storrs olson and d . w . steadman used anthony\u2019s fossils to describe the bird as a previously unknown fossil ibis . they named it xenicibis xympithecus . about the size of a chicken , this bird only recently became extinct ( around 2 , 200 years ago according to a table included in the new book holocene extinctions . )\ndixon\u2019s restorations are so delightful because they take creatures native to our own sliver of time and transform them into alien shapes . probable or not , they are wonderful because they are both recognizable and alien . the same can be said of actual creatures which existed just yesterday in geological terms . we live in the wake of the earth\u2019s last great extinction . ( in fact , we are arguably still in the midst of it . ) the giant sloths , saber - toothed cats , glyptodonts , mammoths , giant hyenas , and other impressive pleistocene beasts only became extinct within the past 15 , 000 years or so . nor were all the strange creatures charismatic , mammalian megafauna . one odd ibis , first described over thirty years ago , was unlike any other bird to have ever evolved .\nthe main object of interest is the bird\u2019s bizarre hand . the carpometacarpus \u2013 part of the bird\u2019s \u201chand\u201d you tear the meat off of while having chicken wings \u2013 is wider in diameter than the bird\u2019s thigh bone ( femur ) and has extraordinarily - thickened walls . behind this bone , the radius \u2013 a lower arm bone in line with the carpometacarpus \u2013 was unusually thick compared to the relatively slender companion bone , the ulna . additionally , there was a modified groove \u2013 properly called the carpal trochlea \u2013 on the end of the carpometacarpus closest to the rest of the body which allowed the wrist to be quickly swung forward in a way different from other avians . this was not the arm of flying bird , but it also differed from the wings of many ground - dwelling birds . rather than becoming reduced or vestigial , the wings of xenicibis actually became heavier and more robust . ( see the comparison of ibis wing skeletons below . )\nwarblington shore birds peter milinets - raby was out this morning for a couple of hours visiting the shore at warblington ( 6am to 8 : 11am - tide coming in ) . main observations . warblington cemetery extension : 2 green woodpecker . ibis field : 2 chiffchaff , 1 jay , 1 swallow . hedgerow behind conigar point : 1 chiffchaff , 1 sedge warbler , 1 stock dove . conigar point : 1 grey plover , 2 common tern , 2 little egret , 1 whimbrel , 1 snipe flushed by kestrel , 9 dunlin , 7 ringed plover , 1 greenshank . off pook lane : 7 grey plover , 8 dunlin , 14 greenshank ( 5 with colour rings rg / / - + yy / / - & g / / r + yn / / - & g / / r + ll / / - & b / / r + lo / / - & gr / / - + yy / / - ) , 3 common tern . great spotted woodpecker flew over heading across the water to hayling , 7 swallow , 2 yellow wagtail - yellow adult over , then a dull , light brown juvenile landed on the shore for a couple of minutes before flying on - autumn has truly arrived now ! 1 sandwich tern , 9 black - tailed godwit .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\na few million years ago , jamaica was home to one of the strangest boxers in the animal kingdom \u2013 a flightless bird called xenicibis xympithecus that could batter its enemies with club - shaped wings .\nsince then , olson has found more remains including an almost complete skeleton . now , he and his partner nicholas longrich from yale university , have a very different view of the wing . they think it was a club . weapons like clubs and bats have large weighted ends to deliver heavy impacts , and long handles to increase the speed of the swing . that\u2019s exactly what you see in xenicibis \u2019s wing .\nits hand bone ( the metacarpal ) was massive , curved and inflated \u2013 perfect for inflicting strong blows . it sat at the end of a long \u2018handle\u2019 , made up of the wrist and the forearm \u2013 perfect for creating a fast swing . the metacarpal is also hollow , just like many baseball bats are , allowing it to produce a stronger blow without adding too much weight . and its joints allowed it to swing its wing out very quickly , and extend it as far as possible , giving it speed and reach .\nthe bones are telling , but did xenicibis really punch with its wing ? it\u2019s hard to be sure , especially because there are few modern birds with similar bones to compare against . however , longrich and olson have found some compelling evidence that the bird struck heavy blows with its wings at least two specimens of xenicibis had arm bones that had broken and healed . the first had broken its upper arm ( humerus ) in two and the bones hadn\u2019t knitted together properly . the second had fractured its hand , and a massive callus had grown over the front edge . these birds struck something with enough force to injure themselves .\nalternatively , the bird could have boxed with its rivals . longrich and olson note that a couple of flightless birds have similar ( but far less extreme ) forearms , including the steamer duck and the extinct rodriguez island solitaire . and both of these species occasionally use ( or used ) their wings in to beat other individuals in fights .\nin fact , many birds use their wings as weapons ( including some ibises ) . some even have special adaptations for combat . waterfowl in particular , such as geese , ducks and swans , have a wide variety of spurs , spikes and bony knobs on their wrists . they use these weapons in battle and conflicts can be very violent ( although there\u2019s some debate about whether swans can actually break a person\u2019s arm ) . xenicibis just expanded on a theme that\u2019s common in the bird world and took it to an evolutionary extreme .\nbirds have repeatedly evolved flightlessness to exploit insular environments where mammalian predators and competitors are absent , and flightlessness is typically associated with reduction of the forelimbs and pectoral girdle [ 1 , 2 ] . flightlessness has evolved dozens of times in island habitats , and in many taxa , including waterfowl , megapodes , rails , pigeons , parrots [ 2 ] and ibises [ 3 , 4 ] .\nlater , a partial skeleton prepared from a block of cave breccia ( usnm 460349 ) included the radius , ulna and a carpometacarpus so utterly strange in morphology that it appeared to represent some inexplicable pathology . however , subsequent discoveries of additional material from numerous additional individuals , including almost all of the skeleton ( figure 1 ) , show that the bizarre morphology of the wing represents an adaptation unprecedented among the vertebrates , which we here describe and attempt to interpret .\nskeletal reconstruction of xenicibis xympithecus based on usnm 460349 and fossils from the red hills fissure cave deposits , saint andrews parish , jamaica .\nthe highly modified manus is unlike that of any other bird , flightless or volant ( figure 2 a \u2013 d ) . the major metacarpal is massive , inflated , strongly bowed and expanded distally . its diameter is up to 12 . 8 mm dorsoventrally and 9 . 9 mm anteroposteriorly , exceeding the diameter of the femur . the bone is hollow , but the anterior wall is broad and thickened ( figure 2 e ) , being up to 3 mm thick in this area , whereas the cortex of the femur is under 2 mm thick .\nwing skeleton of x . xympithecus compared with eudocimus albus and apteribis glenos . ( a ) left carpometacarpus ( usnm 543067 ) in cranial view , ( b ) dorsal view , ( c ) ventral view and ( d ) caudal view . ( e ) major metacarpal ( usnm 543074 ) sectioned at midlength ( note the greatly thickened anterior wall ) . ( f ) radiograph of carpometacarpus of eudocimus compared with ( g ) xenicibis ( usnm 543067 ) . ( h ) composite left wing of xenicibis ( usnm 543067 - 543073 ) compared with ( i ) eudocimus ( usnm 266467 ) and ( j ) apteribis .\nthe alular metacarpal has a reduced extensor process . the shaft of the minor metacarpal has a thick cortex and a subtriangular section , unlike the strap - like form seen in other birds , and is unusual in being shifted dorsally to lie directly behind the major metacarpal .\nthe carpal trochlea has a reduced ventral ridge and the articulation for the radiale is symmetrical , pulley - shaped and extended anteriorly . this joint allowed the wrist to swing forward in the plane of the antebrachium , without the complex pronation and supination that occurs in the wing of volant birds [ 10 ] , while the anterior extension of the carpal trochlea permitted hyperextension of the manus .\nthe proximal phalanx of the major digit is a stubby and block - like element ( figure 2 h ) . it has a subtriangular section and weakly developed articular surfaces .\nthe radius ( figure 2 h ) is expanded distally to give it a club shape , and it is unlike typical birds in that its diameter exceeds that of the ulna . unusually , the ulna is slender and nearly straight ( figure 2 h ) . its proximal articular surface is on the proximal end of the bone such that the elbow can be fully extended , placing the ulna ' s long axis in line with the humerus . distally , the shaft is dorsoventrally flattened and the articulation for the ulnare is reduced .\nthe humerus ( figure 2 h ) is typical of flightless birds [ 9 ] except that the shaft is elongate and bowed dorsally . the shaft is slender proximally but expanded distally . the distal end is twisted by approximately 30\u00b0 such that the articular facets are directed ventrally .\nunlike other flightless birds , particularly apteribis , the pectoral girdle is relatively well developed . the coracoids ( figure 3 e ) and furcula ( figure 3 f ) are large and robust . the sternal carina ( figure 3 g ) , while reduced compared with volant ibises , is large when compared with that of apteribis or other flightless birds .\nselected skeletal elements of x . xympithecus from the red hills fissure cave deposits , representing multiple individuals . skull elements : ( a ) rostrum ( usnm 543075 ) and mandible ( usnm 543076 ) in lateral view and ( b ) dorsal view ; ( c ) cranial cap ( usnm 543077 ) in left lateral view and ( d ) dorsal view . pectoral girdle : ( e ) coracoid ( usnm 543078 ) , ( f ) clavicle ( usnm 543079 ) and ( g ) two fragments of sternal carina ( usnm 543081 and 54080 ) . hindlimb : ( h ) tibiotarsus ( usnm 543084 ) , ( i ) femur ( usnm 543083 ) and ( j ) tarsometatarsus ( usnm 543085 ) . pelvis ( usnm 543082 ) : ( k ) dorsal view and ( l ) lateral view .\nother skeletal elements show modification , albeit less extreme . as in other ibises , the beak is long and decurved ( figure 3 a , b ) , but the tip is knob - like , as in apteribis , rather than spatulate . the parietals and frontals ( figure 3 d ) are thickened by a honeycomb of cancellous bone . the vertebrae and notarium are robust , but otherwise unremarkable . the hindlimb ( figure 3 h \u2013 j ) resembles that of apteribis in being massive , with a shortened tibia and tarsometatarsus . the anterior portion of the ilium is dorsally expanded to form a tall crest and the synsacrum is robust ( figure 3 k , l ) , again resembling apteribis .\nadaptation for a terrestrial , flightless lifestyle is correlated with hypertrophy of the hindlimbs and pelvis , and reduction of the forelimbs and pectoral girdle [ 1 , 2 ] . in this context , the long forelimbs and well - developed pectoral girdle of xenicibis suggest that the wings were not functionless vestiges . the twisted humerus , short antebrachium and massive , bowed metacarpus make it extremely unlikely that its wing could have functioned in flight ; but the extreme modification of the forelimb argues that the wings had been adapted to function in some capacity .\nattempts to identify avian analogues are complicated by the unique morphology of xenicibis . the distally expanded radius does find parallels among steamer ducks ( tachyeres spp . ; n . r . longrich 2010 , personal observation ) and the extinct rodriguez island solitaire ( pezophaps solitaria , columbidae [ 11 ] ) . in those species , the wings are ( or were ) used to deliver hammering blows to conspecifics [ 11 , 12 ] , suggesting that the wing of xenicibis may have functioned as a weapon . perhaps a better analogue is to be found among some of the mantis shrimps ( stomatopoda : gonodactyloidea ) ; these have a club - like , distally inflated dactyl that is used to strike prey and conspecifics [ 13 ] , again hinting that xenicibis may have used the club - shaped hands to deliver blows .\nwe therefore propose that the wing of xenicibis functioned as a club or flail . several features of the limb would have facilitated this function . kinetic energy is the product of mass and velocity squared ; accordingly , weapons such as clubs and flails have a long handle to increase the angular velocity of the club , and are heavily weighted to increase the mass accelerated by the swing , and the centre of mass is near the end of the club , where the angular velocity is highest . precisely this design is seen in the hand of xenicibis , where the end of the wing is massive , and the proximal metacarpus and long forelimb could act as a handle . the comparatively weak wrist joint does not preclude such a function , because during impact a club acts as a free body [ 14 ] ; the hollow metacarpal also allows the hand to achieve greater strength for a given amount of material , much like an aluminium baseball bat [ 14 ] .\nseveral morphological adaptations would have further increased the wing ' s effectiveness as a weapon . reduction of the extensor process and elongation of the manus would decrease the mechanical advantage of the wing extensors , producing a more rapid wing extension . the retention of long wing bones allows the forelimb to be swung rapidly , while the ability to hyperextend at the elbow and wrist increase the wing ' s effective length , and therefore its angular velocity when swung .\nthis hypothesis can be tested by looking for direct evidence of agonistic behaviour in the form of traumatic injuries sustained from delivering or receiving blows . fractures are common in pugnacious birds such as the steamer ducks and solitaire [ 11 , 12 ] , and are therefore predicted to occur in xenicibis . two bones of xenicibis show evidence of healed fractures . the first is a humerus that was broken in two ( figure 4 a ) ; a fracture callus indicates healing although the bones failed to knit . the second specimen ( usnm 460349 ) is a carpometacarpus ( figure 4 b ) with a massive callus overgrowing the anterior surface of the major metacarpal and extending inside the bone as well ; the hand apparently suffered an impact that fractured the anterior wall of the metacarpal .\nfossils of xenicibis showing evidence of trauma . ( a ) fractured left humerus ( usnm 543086 and 543087 ) showing fracture callus ( fc ) : ( i ) photograph ; ( ii ) radiograph . ( b ) carpometacarpus of xenicibis ( usnm 460349 ) with rugose fracture callus on anterior , dorsal and ventral surfaces of the major metacarpal : ( i ) photograph ; ( ii ) radiograph showing development of callus inside the medullary cavity .\nwe thank ross macphee for the opportunity to study the red hills fossils . discussions with helen f . james and richard l . zusi and guidance from b . rosemary grant were helpful in developing this project . n . r . l . received support from an nsf graduate research fellowship , an alberta ingenuity graduate studentship and the yale institute for biospheric studies . finally , we thank the reviewers for their helpful reviews of this paper . fossil specimens are deposited in the department of paleobiology , national museum of natural history ( usnm ) , smithsonian institution , washington , dc .\ndescriptions of thirty - two new species of birds from the hawaiian islands . part i . non - passeriformes\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on proceedings of the royal society of london b : biological sciences .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the proceedings of the royal society of london b : biological sciences web site .\nthis is the only known example of a vertebrate adapting a limb into club .\nkinja is in read - only mode . we are working to restore service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls . registration is simple , fast , and completely free .\nornithologists speculate that the wings were used as weapons , in the manner of a club or flail , similar to the adaptations found in some mantis shrimps ( stomatopoda : gonodactyloidea ) that possess a club - like distally inflated dactyl used to strike prey and other shrimps . however , among birds , this adaption appears to be unique . adaptations of the wing to fight in birds is an example of contingency in which various bird species find different solutions to the same problem based in chance .\nsubscribe now to get 6 months for $ 5 - plus a free portable phone charger .\nwhat comes next for evolution ? this seems like a simple question . every day we are learning more about the history of life on earth , and we would expect that , over 150 years since charles darwin published on the origin of species , the life of the past could be used to extrapolate the trajectory of evolution\u2019s arrow . regarding our own species , especially , there is a pervasive desire to know what our distant descendants might be like .\nbut this question is flawed . even though there are evolutionary constraints \u2013 not everything we can imagine is possible \u2013 life is not following a tightly - restricted road of progress towards a pre - determined goal . natural selection , the primary engine of evolutionary change , generates both diversity and disparity \u2013 charles darwin\u2019s \u201cendless forms most beautiful and most wonderful\u201d \u2013 as organisms are constantly subjected to changing conditions . there is no way to create an evolutionary law or take everything into account so that we can predict what will exist one thousand , one million , one billion years in the future . that is part of the wonder of evolutionary science . we can\u2019t know how the vast array of lineages we see around us today are going to change in years to come , but we still feel compelled to ask what the future holds .\nthis isn\u2019t to say that we can\u2019t have a little fun with speculation . in 1981 the scottish geologist dougal dixon published one of the lasting cult favorites of paleontologists \u2013 after man : a zoology of the future . imagining the world 50 million years after our extinction \u2013 which , one takes it , is probably not all that far off in geological terms \u2013 dixon takes the reader on a tour of the world\u2019s ecosystems . there is an odd familiarity to all of it , seeing the prospective descendants of modern creatures twisted into new and bizarre forms . in the seas , fully aquatic descendants of penguins ( the vortex and the porpin ) have replaced the long - extinct whales , the long - legged rabbucks stride across the grasslands , and my personal favorite , a terrestrial bat dixon calls the night stalker , \u201croams screeching and screaming\u201d in search of prey under the cover of darkness .\n( dixon also wrote two similar books : the new dinosaurs [ 1988 ] , chronicling the evolutionary history of still - living non - avian dinosaurs , and man after man [ 1991 ] , a grotesque gallery of future humans modified through bioengineering . after man was arguably his most successful outing , however ; it was turned into a documentary and cartoon in japan . )\nthe complete skeleton of xenicibis , based upon multiple individuals , as reconstructed by nicholas longrich . from longrich and olson , 2010 .\nthere must be a reason why xenicibis had such strange wings . the trouble is that no other bird had wings quite like it . spurs , spikes , and other wing weapons are seen among birds like steamer ducks \u2013 which use them in combat with members of their own species \u2013 but nothing as extreme as the banana wings of xenicibis . ( the closest thing , storrs and longrich suggest , might be the formidable claws of mantis shrimp , though this analogy breaks down in terms of anatomy and function \u2013 imagine xenicibis using its wings to trap and consume prey ! ) being that many birds do have a modified carpometacarpus used for combat , however , it is a reasonable hypothesis that the odd wings of xenicibis were used as some kind of club or flail . the bird could have swung its arms so that the wide , thick parts of the carpometacarpus near the tip of the wing struck its opponent .\nthe actual manner in which xenicibis fought is not discussed in the paper \u2013 i assume that will be the focus of further research \u2013 but longrich and olson propose that the unique weaponry of this bird underscores a grander theme of evolutionary change . of all the birds which have spurs , spikes , and clubs on their wings , none was quite like xenicibis . despite similar evolutionary pressures \u2013 fighting one another for territory , mates , or some other resource \u2013 multiple species of birds from various lineages have been adapted to have very different weaponry , with xenicibis having the oddest of all . even when selective pressures are the same , evolutionary quirks and contingencies can generate quite different outcomes .\nas strange as it may sound , prehistoric creatures like xenicibis make dixon\u2019s speculative beasts seem almost conservative in their anatomy . many of the creatures featured in after man are products of convergent evolution , testaments to the power of natural selection to funnel organisms down similar channels from disparate starting points . convergence is a real and significant part of life\u2019s pattern , but chance and contingency can open up unique evolutionary possibilities that cannot be predicted or foreseen . the more we learn about the fossil record , the stranger life becomes , and though i am a little saddened by the fact that i will never know what life is going to be like 50 million years from now , i am left in awe by the fantastic creatures which inhabited this planet in ages past .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) . your california privacy rights . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast . ad choices .\nan extinct flightless bird from jamaica fought rivals and predators using wings evolved into clubs , scientists suggest .\nthe boney bludgeons carried by xenicibis xympithecus are unlike anything else known in the bird world - or in mammals , reptiles or amphibians .\nwriting in the royal society journal proceedings b , the scientists report finding bones that had apparently been broken by another bird ' s club .\nfossils show that the metacarpus - one of the\nhand\nbones - was elongated and much bigger than in related species , with very thick walls .\nthis allowed the wings to function\nin combat as a jointed club or flail\n, the researchers write .\nwe don ' t really know how they would have used these clubs , but we do know that modern ibises grab each other by the beak and pound away with their wings ,\nsaid nicholas longrich , from yale university in the us .\nand we analysed two bones that had been broken during fighting , including a humerus ( upper arm bone ) that had been snapped in half - it had started to re - heal , although the two ends hadn ' t knitted together ,\nhe told bbc news .\ndr longrich ' s colleague in this research , storrs olson from the smithsonian institution , was one of the scientists who first identified xenicibis xympithecus back in the 1970s .\na number of other birds are known to fight by whacking each other with their wings - including swans , who will also protect their young this way .\nsome , including screamers , lapwings and and spur - winged goose , have evolved spurs to increase the damage they can wreak .\nthe extinct solitaire from the indian ocean island of rodrigues - a cousin of the dodo - had bony growths colloquially known as\nmusketballs\non their wings , which appear to have served the same purpose .\nbut among vertebrates - there ' s no animal of any sort that has anything like a limb modified as a club ,\nnoted dr longrich .\njulian hume , an avian palaeontologist with london ' s natural history museum who was not involved in the research , noted that unlike most flightless birds , xenicibis retained long wings , possibly making its flailing more powerful .\nso if they retained that feature , that suggests they needed it for defence against predators - and there were quite a few on jamaica .\nhowever , ibises also tend to be intensely territorial , so the flailing clubs may also - or alternatively - have found employment in disputes between individuals , probably with both sexes involved .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nby continuing to use this site , you consent to the terms of our cookie policy , which can be found in our privacy policy .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . and todus todus . of these , x . xympithecus was previously known from the late pleistocene of jamaica and from the rhrc ' s sediment ( longrich and olson , 2011 ) , but t . todus , and corvus ? sp . . . .\n. . . then , what function did dakotaraptor co - opt them for ? aside from brooding , examination of certain extant flightless birds suggests that they could have played a role in hunting strategy , mating display , aggressive territorial behavior , and / or shielding the young ( sensu cooper & harrison , 1994 ; hopp & orsen , 2004 ; longrich & olson , 2011 ) . implementing feathers in aggressive territorial behavior , as has been observed for extant avian taxa ( cooper & harrison , 1994 ; longrich & olson , 2011 ) , is a behavior that could easily have augmented the pack - hunting strategies already proposed for deinonychus , utahraptor , and other dromaeosaurs ( kirkland , burge , & gaston , 1993 ; maxwell & ostrom , 1995 ) . . . .\n. . . aside from brooding , examination of certain extant flightless birds suggests that they could have played a role in hunting strategy , mating display , aggressive territorial behavior , and / or shielding the young ( sensu cooper & harrison , 1994 ; hopp & orsen , 2004 ; longrich & olson , 2011 ) . implementing feathers in aggressive territorial behavior , as has been observed for extant avian taxa ( cooper & harrison , 1994 ; longrich & olson , 2011 ) , is a behavior that could easily have augmented the pack - hunting strategies already proposed for deinonychus , utahraptor , and other dromaeosaurs ( kirkland , burge , & gaston , 1993 ; maxwell & ostrom , 1995 ) . dakotaraptor ' s remiges would have lengthened the outstretched arms , providing long and robust outstretched wings that would have been useful when implemented in such strategies . . . .\n. . . scale bar = 10 mm . olson & steadman , 1977 ( threskiornithidae ) is unique in having a thick - walled elongate , inflated metacarpus ( longrich & olson , 2011 ) . within columbidae ( pigeons and doves ) , the extinct flightless natunaornis gigoura and the extant goura ground pigeons both have a small bony outgrowth on the processus extensorius of the carpometacarpus ( goodwin , 1983 ; worthy , 2001 ) ( fig . 8b ) , which closely resembles that of a female solitaire . . . .\n. . . within columbidae ( pigeons and doves ) , the extinct flightless natunaornis gigoura and the extant goura ground pigeons both have a small bony outgrowth on the processus extensorius of the carpometacarpus ( goodwin , 1983 ; worthy , 2001 ) ( fig . 8b ) , which closely resembles that of a female solitaire . in our examination of carpal spurs and knobs , we note that the literature does not accurately reflect the number of taxa that exhibit some form of carpal growth , but without exception all of these structures are or were used as weapons ( jefferies , 1881 ; sclater , 1886 ; rand , 1954 ; goodwin , 1983 ; livezey & humphrey , 1985 ; worthy , 2001 ; longrich & olson , 2011 ) . our study confirms that the solitaire ' s carpal knob was also a weapon . . . .\nf\u00f3siles del holoceno tard\u00edo provenientes de un dep\u00f3sito subterr\u00e1neo en la pen\u00ednsula de portland ridge al sur de jamaica extienden el rango de buteogallus aequinoctialis hasta la cuenca del caribe , a m\u00e1s de 1700 km al oeste - noroeste de la distribuci\u00f3n actual m\u00e1s occidental de esta especie . los f\u00f3siles se localizaron cerca de las \u00e1reas m\u00e1s extensas de manglares , el cual es el h\u00e1bitat requerido . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin the present paper we briefly reviewed and commented the terminology for bird topography , especially wing and tail . we named here newly required japanese terms , such as alula coverts and carpal covert , and also illustra - ted some of them . terms for bird topography are given , which including new japanese ones indicated by asterisk ( * ) in table 1 .\na new genus and species of unusual tern ( aves : laridae : anoinae ) from the middle miocene calvert for . . .\nfeducciavis loftini , new genus and species , is described from a single partial associated skeleton from the middle miocene calvert formation of virginia . this bird was evidently most closely related to the noddy terns ( anoinae , anous , procelsterna ) . compared with those genera , the tibiotarsus was much shorter and the ulna much longer in relation to the size of the humerus . the absolute size of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhistory , morphology , and fossil record of the extinct puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei souanc . . .\nthe extinct puerto rican parakeet ( psittacara maugei ) has been known with certainty only from mona island and is usually regarded as a poorly defined subspecies of p . chloroptera of hispaniola . examination of skin specimens and comparison of skeletons with fossil and archeological material from puerto rico , show that psitticara maugei is a fully distinct species from p . chloroptera , differing . . . [ show full abstract ]\nenter your email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nthis charming hotel enjoys a convenient location in a quiet part of amsterdam city centre , just a few steps from rembrandtplein , a major square in the centre of this city . amsterdam central station and the waterlooplein metro are just around the corner , providing easy access to amsterdam schiphol airport , the world trade centre amsterdam and rai . guests will find themselves near some of the most important tourist attractions in the area including anne frank house , madame tussaud & apos ; s , dam square , and the van gogh museum , all easily reach by metro . the rooms boast functional furniture and have been decorated in soothing tones to create a relaxing atmosphere in which to completely unwind . this pet - friendly establishment includes parking as well as wi - fi internet connection .\nlocated in the centre of amsterdam , close to the waterlooplein and a short walk from central station .\n20 kms to the nearest airport ( schiphol airport ) 2 minute walk to the nearest metro station ( waterloo plein ) 3 km to the nearest station ( amsterdam central railway stat ) 2 minute walk to the nearest bus stop 8 km to the nearest fair site ( rai exhibition and congress ce ) .\nthis website uses cookies . for more information click here . if you agree , keep browsing . ok\nmake use of convenient amenities , which include complimentary wireless internet access and tour / ticket assistance .\nour modern and cozy rooms are the perfect place to relax , with comfortable beds and well - appointed bathrooms - everything you need to enjoy a pleasant stay . there are 77 rooms .\npublic transport by taxi or train can take you from schiphol airport to your hotel in 30 minutes . the hotel is then a mere 3 minutes walk from amsterdam central station .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nthis review is the subjective opinion of a tripadvisor member and not of tripadvisor llc .\nthis response is the subjective opinion of the management representative and not of tripadvisor llc .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nexcellent food , would definitely recommend ! ! ! visited restaurant on carnival . good hearty caribbean food available and for a good price .\nrates of extinction vary widely . for example , during the last 100 , 000 years of the pleistocene epoch ( about 2 . 6 million to 11 , 700 years ago ) , some 40 percent of the existing genera of large mammals in africa and more than 70 percent in north america , south america , and australia went extinct . ecologists estimate that the present - day extinction rate is 1 , 000 to 10 , 000 times the background extinction rate ( between one and five species per year ) because of deforestation , habitat loss , overhunting , pollution , climate change , and other human activities\u2014the sum total of which will likely result in the loss of between 30 and 50 percent of extant species by the middle of the 21st century .\naccording to the best estimates of the world\u2019s environmental experts , human activities have driven species to extinction at rates perhaps 1 , 000 times the natural , or background , rate , and future rates of extinction will likely be higher . to\u2026\nalthough extinction is an ongoing feature of earth\u2019s flora and fauna ( the vast majority of species ever to have lived are extinct ) , the fossil record reveals five unusually large extinctions , each involving the demise of vast numbers of species . these conspicuous declines in diversity are referred to as mass extinctions ; they are distinguished from the majority of extinctions , which occur continually and are referred to as background extinction . ranked in descending order of severity , they are :\nthe impact of a near - earth object 66 million years ago in what is today the caribbean region , as depicted in an artist ' s conception . many scientists believe that the collision of a large asteroid or comet nucleus with earth triggered the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species near the end of the cretaceous period .\nand many species of plants . although many scientists contend that this event was caused by one or more large\n( 407 million to about 359 million years ago ) , which included 15\u201320 percent of marine families and 70\u201380 percent of all animal species . roughly 86 percent of marine brachiopod species perished , along with many corals , conodonts , and trilobites .\nin essence , mass extinctions are unusual because of the large numbers of taxa that die out , the concentrated time frame , the widespread geographic area affected , and the many different kinds of animals and plants eliminated . in addition , the mechanisms of mass extinction are different from those of background extinctions .\nthe trilobite modocia typicalis lived during the middle cambrian period . as a group , trilobites were among the longest - lasting organisms , first evolving at the beginning of the cambrian period ( about 541 million years ago ) and dying out some 289 million years later during the permian extinction , which occurred near the end of the permian period ( roughly 252 million years ago ) .\nmany species have become extinct because of hunting and overharvesting , the conversion of wetlands and forests to croplands and urban areas , pollution , the introduction of invasive species , and other forms of human - caused destruction of their natural environments . indeed , current rates of human - induced extinctions are estimated to be about 1 , 000 times greater than past natural ( background ) rates of extinction , leading some scientists to call modern times the sixth mass extinction . this high extinction rate is largely due to the exponential growth in human numbers : from about 1 billion in 1850 , the world\u2019s population reached 2 billion in 1930 and more than 6 billion in 2000 , and it is expected to reach about 10 billion by 2050 . as a result of increasing human populations , habitat loss is the greatest factor in current levels of extinction . for example , less than one - sixth of the land area of europe has remained unmodified by human activity , and more than half of all wildlife habitat has been eliminated in more than four - fifths of countries in the paleotropics ( the old world tropics that span africa , asia , and indonesia ) ."]}
{"id": 1302, "summary": [{"text": "the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) , also known as the haitian solenodon , or agouta , is a solenodon found only on hispaniola , the island shared by haiti and the dominican republic .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it was first described by brandt in 1833 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a similar but smaller species , marcano 's solenodon ( s. marcanoi ) , once lived on the island , but became extinct after european colonization . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "hispaniolan solenodon", "paragraphs": ["the two living solenodon species are the cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubansus ) and the larger hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) .\nhispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) , arkive . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken\nvenom system of solenodons . hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus ( . . . | download scientific diagram\nthe hispaniolan solenodon belongs to an ancient group of mammals and is one of only two solenodon species alive today .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is relatively long - lived , potentially reaching 11 years of age .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon ( s . paradoxus ) lives in haiti and the dominican republic .\ndana campbell set\nfile : hispaniolan solenodon . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nsolenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833\n.\ndana campbell marked\nfile : hispaniolan solenodon . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsolenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833\npage .\nyan wong set\nfile : hispaniolan solenodon crop . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nsolenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833\n.\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )\ntitle =\narkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubanus ) , known as the \u2018almiqui\u2019 in cuba , is a soricomorph endemic to cuba . the cuban solenodon belongs to the family solenodontidae along with a similar species , the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) . the cuban solenodon is unusual among mammals because it has a venomous saliva .\na female hispaniolan solenodon caught for research near the sierra de bahoruco and re - released . photograph : tiffany roufs\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is one of the only mammals in the world that can inject prey with a venomous bite .\na female hispaniolan solenodon caught for research near the sierra de bahoruco and re - released . photograph : tiffany roufs\na hispaniolan solenodon is caught on camera trap leaving its burrow at night in the dominican republic . photograph : grupo jaragua\na hispaniolan solenodon is caught on camera trap leaving its burrow at night in the dominican republic . photograph : grupo jaragua\nconservationists are in the dominican republic to save one of the world ' s strangest and most ancient mammals - the hispaniolan solenodon .\nhispaniolan solenodons are only a handful of mammals that are venomous . the second lower\nfeatured photo : the hispaniolan solenodon is one of the most unusual mammals on the planet . photograph : miguel landestoy source : the guardian\nsolenodon are relatively long lived animals . a cuban solenodon lived more than 5 years in captivity . they may be able to live longer as a hispaniolan solenodon lived to 11 years in captivity ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is one of only a few mammal species capable of producing toxic saliva , which it uses to immobilise its invertebrate prey .\nthis may explain why the hispaniolan solenodon , which is found on an island shared by haiti and the dominican republic , is so unusual .\nthe distinctive long snout of the hispaniolan solenodon is attached to the skull with a unique ball - and - socket joint , giving it great flexibility .\ncenter : the hispaniolan hutia ( plagiodontia aedium ) is the only surviving native rodent on hispaniola . right : iucn red list range of the solenodon .\ndiet : the hispaniolan solenodon ' s diet includes insects and other invertebrates , small reptiles , some fruit and vegetables , and possibly an occasional young chicken .\nafter sequencing the mitochondrial genome of the hispaniolan solenodon , scientists confirmed that the endangered venomous mammal diverged from all other living mammals some 78 million years ago .\nlarge , and with a long , thin snout , the hispaniolan solenodon resembles an overgrown shrew ; it can inject passing prey with a venom - loaded bite .\neven as scientists try and find out basic data on the cuban solenodon , researchers are discovering surprises regarding the better - known hispaniolan species . surveying the species\u2019 various populations , samuel turvey and his team recently discovered that the hispaniolan species is actually three distinct subspecies .\nhabitat : hispaniolan solenodons typically live in forests , but sometimes make their homes in plantations or gardens .\nottenwalder , j . a . 1999 . observations on the habitat and ecology of the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) in the dominican republic . monografies de la societat d ' historia natural de les balears 6 : 123 - 167 .\nhispaniolan solenodons are found in forests and brush country on the island of hispaniola in the caribbean . they are\nfigure 3 . venom system of solenodons . hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus ( a ) ; with deeply grooved lower canines ( as indicated by the arrow ) that aid in flow and injection of venom ( b ) . illustrations : kathleen reinhardt .\nit is the middle of the night , and local research assistants nicolas corona and lleyo espinal have been trawling the dense forest vegetation , attempting to track down the elusive hispaniolan solenodon .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is one of the most unusual mammals on the planet . notice the small eyes , hairless tail , rusty - orange coloured fur and crazy claws . photograph : miguel landestoy\nturvey , s . t . , meredith , h . m . r . , and scofield , r . p . ( 2008 ) . continued survival of hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus in haiti . oryx 42 ( 4 ) : 611\u2013614 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0030605308001324 .\ntop left : jose with a solenodon caught in the field . top right : the last survivors team working in the field at night , to maximise chances of catching these nocturnal mammals . bottom left : hispaniolan solenodon , ( solenodon paradoxus ) , stuffed specimen in the natural history museum , vienna . bottom right : overlooking a disappearing landscape in the dominican republic .\nthe haitian solenodon weighs 700 - 1000 g ( 25 - 35 oz ) .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon spent most of the last 78 million years without any natural predators , but is now endangered as a result of habitat loss and predation from cats and dogs brought to the islands by human settlers .\nhispaniolan solenodons and people : other than an occasional runin in a farm field or garden , solenodons and humans rarely see one another .\n\u201c [ the programme ] drew a lot of international attention to the hispaniolan solenodon , \u201d rupp said . \u201csome of this attention actually spilled over into the dominican press which published a few articles on the species . \u201d\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is one of the creatures highlighted by the zoological society of london ' s ( zsl ) edge of existence programme , which focuses its efforts on conservation plans for animals that are both endangered and evolutionarily distinctive .\nnatural history museum geneticist , selina brace , who recently co - authored a paper on the hispaniolan solenodon with turvey , called solenodons a \u201cfabulously quirky creature\u201d and said she was \u201cinstantly hooked\u201d after seeing a picture of this oddity .\nwith a long snout and short brown - red fur , the hispaniolan solenodon looks like a large shrew . its hairless feet , nose and tail recall those of a possum . the species , sometimes called the dominican solenodon , is found only on hispaniola , the island shared by haiti and the dominican republic .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is considered endangered . dogs and cats prey on the animal , and humans have cleared many of the forests where it lives . ( \u00a9 n . smythe / photo researchers , inc . reproduced by permission . )\nhispaniolan solenodons are slow clumsy animals and they have an ungainly gait . instead of running in a straight line they tend to take a zigzag course .\nthe haitian solenodon is found in forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon mainly feeds on insects , worms and lizards . they may also occasionally feed on fruit , roots and other vegetation . they probe the earth with their snout and dig or rip open rotten logs with their claws in order to locate their prey .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon ( stock image ) is one of the only mammals in the world and can inject prey with a venomous bite . now experts have come one step closer to revealing how it got its potentially deadly weapon by sequencing the creature ' s mitochondrial genome\nthe haitian solenodon .\ndominican fauna . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhaitinalmikki\nto\nsolenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833\n.\nscientists discovered that the hispaniolan solenodon , a venomous mammal that lives in the dominican republic and haiti , diverged from all other mammals 78 million years ago , long before earth ' s largest dinosaurs died off , according to new research published monday in the journal of mitochondrial dna .\na female hispaniola solenodon with a radio collar attached so researchers could track its movements . photograph : tiffany roufs\nthe cuban solenodon was discovered in 1861 by the german naturalist wilhelm peters . only 36 cuban solenodons had ever been caught . by 1970 , it was thought that the cuban solenodon had become extinct , since no specimens had been found since 1890 . on june 2 , 1970 , the cuban solenodon was classified as endangered .\nthe cuban solenodon is found in dense , humid forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .\nyan wong added a link to\nthe last survivors\non\nsolenodon paradoxus brandt , 1833\n.\nthe solenodon is an ancient creature ; it survived the meteorite that wiped out the dinosaurs . turvey noted :\nrebecca morelle science reporter with bbc news recently joined the durrell team in the dominican republic , attempting to track down one of the most strange and ancient mammals in the world - the hispaniolan solenodon . read the full reports below and log on again tomorrow to find out what the search revealed .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is also an opportunistic scavenger and may prey on amphibians , reptiles and small birds if or when the opportunity arises . indeed , local people believe it to eat snakes and chickens ( 5 ) , and such remains have been found in solenodon faeces , although this may be the result of scavenging dead animals ( 2 ) . it lunges at its chosen prey , pinning it down with its strong forelimbs , and then scoops up the prey with its lower jaw . a bite from the solenodon injects the victim with toxic saliva from its lower incisors and renders the prey immobile ( 2 ) . potential animal predators of the hispaniolan solenondon include boas and birds of prey ( namely owls ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .\nas the bag is opened , a pungent , musty smell - the solenodon ' s signature scent - seeps out .\nmassicot , p .\nhaitian solenodon .\nanimal info . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .\nthe plight of the solenodon in haiti may be the most dire of all . haiti\u2019s forests have been decimated over centuries and the solenodon survives only in the massif de la hotte region , the impoverished nation\u2019s last significant stand of cloud forest .\nnow the why . why would the solenodon evolve venomousness while pretty much every mammal on earth gets along fine without it ? well , it may not be the case of the solenodon evolving venomousness , as much as other mammals losing it .\ns . paradoxus has acquired several adaptations which allow it to remain as one of the very few hispaniolan land mammals left . it has a magnificent sense of smell and is able to hear very well ; but in return , its eyesight is not near as developed . its snout contains sensory whiskers along its length . the hispaniolan solenodon has a fast - paced life in the sense that it is always on the move . however , it is on the move at a rather slow speed . it could easily beat a\ninternational wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 .\nsolenodon\n( on - line ) . accessed october 3 , 2001 at urltoken .\nand then , once they know that , says dr young , the conservation of the solenodon can really begin in earnest .\neatroff , a .\nsolenodon paradoxus .\nanimal diversity web . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .\nnorvis hernandez , a cuban biologist , is one of the few people on planet earth who has seen a living , wild cuban solenodon . smaller than its hispaniola cousin , the cuban solenodon is easily distinguished by its black - and - white hair .\nthe cuban solenodon measures 16 \u2013 22 inches ( 40 \u2013 55 centimetres ) long from nose to tail with an extremely elongated snout and a long , naked , scaly tail . the cuban solenodon weighs around 1 kilogram ( 2 . 2 pounds ) .\n\u201cthe solenodon lineage diverged from other placental mammals circa 78 million years ago . that means [ it ] has existed since the cretaceous period , \u201d said adam brandt , lead author of a recent study that took the first look at the solenodon\u2019s mitochondrial dna .\nthe solenodon has been placed in a bag , which is the best way to keep it calm while it is temporarily captured .\nthe international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 .\nsolenodon\n( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .\nthe cuban solenodon is an insectivore and emerges from rocks and hollow logs at night to prey on insects , spiders and lizards .\nhispaniolan solenodons breed up to twice per year . females will give birth to 1 - 3 young and at birth they weigh 40 - 55 g ( 1 . 4 - 1 . 9 oz ) . the young are\neatroff , a . ( 2002 ) . \u201c solenodon paradoxus , \u201d animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .\ntheusch , m . ( 2002 ) . \u201c solenodon cubanus , \u201d animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .\nsolenodon lives in family groups in caves , natural hollows , and burrows in dense , wet mountain forests ( nowak , 1999 ) .\nis incapable of causing any significant detriment to the human economy . when it was present in higher numbers , farmers reported destruction of crops as a result of solenodon activity . however , this crop destruction was incidental to the solenodon ' s predation on insects beneath the soil .\nthe two living species in this family are the cuban solenodon ( suh - len - uh - dun ) , which is also known as the almiqui ( ahl - mee - kee ) , and the hispaniolan solenodon , which is sometimes called the haitian solenodon . both have extremely long snouts that extend beyond the end of their lower jaw . their four relatively tall legs , clawed feet , and long tails are nearly hairless . most are brown on the back , or sometimes black in the cuban solenodon , and have lighter - colored fur on their undersides . cuban solenodons have longer , coarser , back hair , giving it a shaggier appearance . they are also slightly smaller than hispaniolan solenodons . overall , adult solenodons range from about 10 to 15 inches ( 25 to 38 centimeters ) in length , and their tail adds another 6 to 10 inches ( 15 to 25 centimeters ) . adults weigh 1 . 3 to 2 . 4 pounds ( 0 . 6 to 1 . 1 kilograms ) .\nottenwalder , j . a . ( 1991 ) the systematics , biology , and conservation of solenodon . phd thesis , university of florida .\nit took hernandez and her colleagues 12 days of searching in the field to finally catch a cuban solenodon , known locally as the almiqui .\nmassicot , p . 2001 .\nanimal info - cuban solenodon\n( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .\nbaillie , j .\nsolenodon cubanus .\n2003 iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .\nbaillie , j .\nsolenodon marcanoi .\n2003 iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .\nbaillie , j .\nsolenodon paradoxus .\n2003 iucn red list of threatened species . urltoken ( accessed on july 1 , 2004 ) .\nwhile venom can land solenodon a meal and protect it from its natural enemies , it won\u2019t do a lick of good against humans . habitat destruction on cuba and hispaniola has hit the solenodon hard . add to that the invasive species that humans have brought along and you\u2019ve got a massacre .\nthe most important adaptation of the hispaniolan solenodon is its ability to secrete venomous saliva . the venom is secreted from enlarged submaxillary salivary glands which are located in a groove in the second lower incisor . the term solenodon actually means \u2018grooved tooth\u2019 in greek . this venom is used as a means of defense to stun its prey . this is the only documented venom delivery system in any recent mammal . however , discoveries have been made to support the hypothesis that salivary venoms and venom delivery systems have indeed evolved independently in early mammal lineages .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is a high priority for global conservation due to its endangered threat status and its evolutionary distinctiveness , and is ranked in the top 10 mammals to conserve by edge urltoken effectively nothing is known about the species\u2019 landscape - level distribution , surviving population size , habitat requirements or specific anthropogenic threats , which make it impossible to identify appropriate in situ or ex situ conservation management strategies .\nthe team i am with , made up of scientists from jersey ' s durrell wildlife conservation trust , the zoological society of london ( zsl ) , the hispaniolan ornithological society ( soh ) , have embarked on a project called the last survivors .\nwoods , c . a . ( 1976 ) solenodon paradoxus in southern haiti . journal of mammalogy , 57 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 .\nif there was any justice in the animal kingdom \u2013 any at all \u2013 the solenodon would be as famous as the tiger . the solenodon is a rabbit - sized , shrew - like mammal that is only found on two caribbean islands : cuba and hispaniola ( the dominican republic and haiti ) .\nan asteroid strikes earth as flying reptiles look on . somehow the solenodon survived this . illustration : mark garlick / getty images / science photo library rm\nmotion - sensitive camera traps that the team have been setting outside solenodon burrows are beginning to shed light on how much of an issue this might be .\n* * * as in most nocturnal terrestrial insectivores , the haitian solenodon ' s sense of touch is highly developed , while smell and hearing are also important .\n4 . woods , c . a . ( 1976 ) solenodon paradoxus in southern haiti . journal of mammalogy , 57 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 .\n' it survived the asteroid ; it survived human colonisation and the rats and mice humans brought with them that wiped out the solenodon ' s closest relatives . '\nthe solenodon is endangered and experts may redouble their efforts to save the animal seeing as it ' s the only remnant of an incredibly old group of animals .\nall laughing at the expense of the solenodon aside , please no touchy this animal if you happen to find one . not just because solenodon is endangered , but because it has a venomous bite , an extreme rarity for a mammal . ( shrews have a venomous bite too , and male platypuses have venomous spurs on their hind legs , though the males only use these to fight each other . ) sitting underneath the solenodon\u2019s lower incisors are salivary glands that send venom along grooves in its teeth . all the solenodon has to do is break the victim\u2019s skin\u2014or cuticle , in the case of insects\u2014for the venom to get in there and work its magic .\nthere is thought to be little hope for this species in haiti ( 2 ) , but in the dominican republic , the hispaniolan solenodon is known to occur in several areas ( 6 ) . these areas still face threats from logging , agriculture and cattle ranching ; however , both international conservation organisations ( for example , the nature conservancy and durrell wildlife conservation trust ) and national conservation organisations ( for example , sociedad ornitologica de la hispaniola and grupo jaragua ) are working to address these threats and implement management plans for protected areas ( 6 ) . the focus of efforts should be to conserve this species in protected forest reserves ; however , the enormous pressure from increasing human populations on hispaniola may mean that the survival of the hispaniolan solenodon ultimately depends on zoos ( 2 ) , although , as yet , captive breeding of this unique mammal has not been successful ( 7 ) .\nthe master escapist then survived subsequent ice ages and other natural disasters that have shaped earth\u2019s history . and they are still around today\u2013perhaps most impressive of all is that the solenodon has not yet been driven to extinction by human impacts\u2026yet . today , the solenodon is threatened by the presence of invasive predators and by deforestation . turvey commented :\n1 . solenodons have unusually flexible snouts . the hispaniolan solendon has a ball - and - socket joint at the base of its snout , similar to a human shoulder joint . this increases its mobility and allows it to use its snout to explore narrow crevices for potential prey .\nto cite this page : eatroff , a . 2002 .\nsolenodon paradoxus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : theusch , m . 2002 .\nsolenodon cubanus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\n8 . solenodon nipples are located near their rumps . the female solenodon gives birth to one to three young at a time , but only two will survive . she only has two nipples , and they\u2019re located toward her back , almost on her buttocks . young solenodons stay with their mothers for several months , which is long compared with other insectivores .\nturvey said the fact that the solenodon survived so many upheavals \u201cmakes it even more tragic that these \u2018living fossil\u2019 survivors are now in danger of extinction due to human activities . \u201d\nthick gloves are donned , essential for protection against the solenodon ' s most ancient feature - it is the only mammal in the world that can inject venom through its teeth .\neisenburg , j . f . , and n . gonzalez gotera . 1985 . observations on the natural history of solenodon cubanus . acta zoologica fennica 173 : 275 - 277 .\nfor whatever reason , though , solenodon held onto it . indeed , solenodon is a truly ancient mammal , having diverged some 76 million years ago\u2014not long ( in evolutionary time , that is ) before the dinos met their match in the form of an asteroid punching earth right in the face . ( braun notes , though , that debate still swirls around the evolution of venom in mammals . it may be that venomousness was rare in early mammals , as it is today , and solenodon has just always been an oddity . )\nhe says :\nwe are really laying the groundwork for the survival of the solenodon - what we want to do is ensure the long term survival of this unique animal .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is nocturnal , secretive and rare , and so , unsurprisingly , is rarely seen and has not been widely studied ( 2 ) . it is capable of climbing near - vertical surfaces but spends most of its time searching for food on the ground . it uses its flexible snout to explore cracks and crevices , and its massive claws to dig under rocks , bark and soil , for invertebrates such as beetles , crickets , insect larvae , earthworms and termites ( 2 ) .\nthe most significant threats to the haitian solenodon appear to be the continuing loss of its forest habitat and predation by introduced cats and dogs , especially by dogs in the vicinity of settlements .\nperhaps the solenodon\u2019s elusive nature has helped it to survive up until this point ; however , the anthropocene is characterized by unprecedented changes to the course of evolution and the requirements for persistence of species . the solenodon\u2019s problem is that it has been too successful in staying off the radar\u2013it has failed to capture the attention of humans . without recognition from people , this threatened species may not be able to garner the conservation support it needs . will the anthropocene be the last epoch the solenodon ever sees ? or will it survive yet another phase of hardship on earth ?\nwhat you don\u2019t have , though , is a venomous bite . . . unless you are in fact a lizard person from outer space . or , better yet , a mysterious mammal called the solenodon . they ' re one of just a handful of mammals with venom glands that deliver a powerful toxin . but wait , there\u2019s more : the solenodon\u2019s nose has a ball - and - socket joint like the human hip , making it crazy flexible . and a lady solenodon\u2019s teats are . . . oddly placed . let ' s just leave it at that for now .\neisenberg , john f . , and edwin gould .\nthe behavior of solenodon paradoxus in captivity with comments on the behavior of other insectivora .\nzoologica 51 ( 1966 ) : 49\u201357 .\neven if you do get a dose of solenodon venom , you\u2019re getting off easy . the venom incapacitates other victims like lizards , and in laboratory tests , scientists dosed mice with the venom and recorded breathing problems , convulsions , and paralysis . and the solenodon doesn ' t stop at prey smaller than it . \u201cthere ' s one report of a solenodon kept in captivity in london that ate an entire chicken , \u201d says molecular biologist rodrigo ligabue braun of brazil\u2019s federal university of rio grande do sul . \u201che bit a chicken and then ate all the parts he wanted . \u201d\ndogs in particular are a problem on hispaniola , \u201calthough we ' ve also recorded or heard of cases where the solenodon has bitten a dog and the dog has died from presumably the venom , \u201d nunez - mino says . feral cats , too , aren\u2019t just a potential executioner , but competition : the felines target the lizards and large insects and such that the solenodon relies on to survive .\n3 . they\u2019re venomous . solendons are one of only a few venomous mammals . other venomous mammals , like the duck - billed platypus , are only capable of passively conveying venom ; the solenodon actually injects its venom like a snake through specially modified teeth . the second lower incisors have special grooves through which venom flows . in fact , the name \u201csolenodon\u201d is derived from the greek for \u201cgrooved tooth . \u201d\nvarona , l . s . 1983 . remarks on the biology and zoogeography of solenodon ( atopogale ) cubanus peters , 1861 ( mammalia , insectivora ) . contributions to zoology 53 : 93 - 98 .\nchances are you\u2019re not far behind the aromatic wonder that is the solenodon . foraging typically at night , it jams its long , highly mobile ball - and - socket schnoz into the soil to root around for invertebrates , things like worms and insects . its many sensitive whiskers help it feel around the dirt , which is just as well because the solenodon ain\u2019t got much going on in the eyesight department .\nif you have never heard of the solenodon until now , you\u2019re not alone . the solenodon ( pronounced so - leen - o - don ) lives only on two islands in the world\u2013cuba and hispaniola . the nocturnal , insect - eating solenodon is elusive and eccentric . it\u2019s one of the only mammals in the world that is venomous . it is suspected to have the ability to echolocate . another strange trait it boasts is having a joint in its snout . the nasal ball and socket setup allows it to deftly take in the olfactory environment . this small critter has long claws that curve outward from furless feet .\neisenberg , j . e . , and e . gould . 1966 . the behaviour of solenodon paradoxus in captivity , with some comments on the behaviour of other insectivores . zoologica 51 : 49 - 58 .\ncurrently the hispaniola solenodon is considered endangered by the iucn red list \u2013 though two of its subspecies may be close to extinction . the cuban solenodon is in an even more precarious position . also considered endangered , the species has been feared extinct more than once . the zsl\u2019s edge programme , which categorizes animals based on their threatened status and evolutionary distinctness , lists the pair of solenodons as number seven in the top 100 mammals .\nas our close encounter with the solenodon nears its end , the team record the gps location where it has been found , measure the animal , and take some dna samples by pulling out a tuft of hairs .\nthere are a whole slew of reasons why the solenodon\u2019s star should rise , including the facts that it\u2019s one of the only venomous mammals and david attenborough really likes it . but , most of all , the solenodon should be famous because it somehow survived the asteroid collision that killed off the dinosaurs , not to mention the next 66 million years of other catastrophes , from ice ages to the rise of bipedal destroyers named homo sapiens .\nalthough the cuban solenodon is not yet extinct , it is still an endangered species because it only breeds a single litter of one to three in a year and because of predation by species that were introduced by humans .\nsolenodons are some of the most unique and rare mammals in the world . solenodon - like animals lived all over north america 30 million years ago , but today they are only found on the islands of cuba and hispaniola .\nresearch shows the solenodon evolved more than 70 million years ago \u2013 in time to hang out with dinosaurs . but today these unique mammals face a barrage of threats including stray dogs , feral cats , invasive mongoose and deforestation .\nthey say that this scheme , which is funded by the uk government ' s darwin initiative , and is supported by the dominican republic ' s national zoo and environment ministry , could be our last chance to save the solenodon .\nthe haitian solenodon is one of the species that live in both the caribbean biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) and the greater antillean moist forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )\nthe cuban solenodon has small eyes and dark brown to black hair . it is sometimes compared to a shrew , although it most closely resembles members of the family tenrecidae including hedgehogs , shrews , opossums , mice and even otters .\nbut turvey said the last survivors programme made considerable progress on the hispaniolan species , including surveys across the dominican republic that found the species has a larger range than expected . as a result , the species will likely be downlisted by the iucn red list in the future . the programme\u2019s work has also led to a new focus \u2013 and concern \u2013 for the nearly extinct subspecies in haiti .\nboth the hispaniola and cuban solenodon species are listed as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature . their keen senses of smell and hearing help them to avoid human contact , though some local people have become skilled in tracking it down .\nbehavior and reproduction : during the day , hispaniolan solenodons rest in various hiding places , including hollow trees or logs , tight places in caves or slender cracks in rocks , or in the burrows they make . several solenodons may rest together in a burrow . when they become active at night , they scout around on the surface looking for food . adults are loners during this period , even fighting with one another .\nin 2009 , a number of conservation groups \u2013 dwct , zsl\u2019s the edge programme , la sociedad ornitol\u00f3gica de la hispaniola ( soh ) and the dominican republic\u2019s ministry for environment and natural resources \u2013 kick - started a three - year research and conservation programme on the hispaniola solenodon called the last survivors ( the program also included the hispaniola hutia , a tree - dwelling rodent ) . while it resulted in researchers learning more about the solenodon than ever before , the conservation impacts have been negligible , according to rupp .\nthe haitian solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws .\nconservationists , though , are working to protect this incredible and ancient mammal . groups like the durrell wildlife trust are working with local organizations and the dominican republic ministry of environment to better understand the solenodon , from its populations to the makeup of its venom .\nshe said that the cuban solenodon\u2019s keen senses of smell and hearing make it almost impossible to capture with conventional methods . the species not only avoids human contact but , according to hernandez , is never tricked by the mechanical traps scientists commonly use to catch small mammals .\nfrom the few reports of human envenomations , it sounds like the experience is no picnic . symptoms are similar to a snake bite , including localized swelling and severe pain , perhaps lasting several days . ( ask your doctor if solenodon venom is right for you ! )\nthe cuban solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . the cuban solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their fore claws .\nsolenodons and people usually do not see one another , unless the solenodon makes its home in a plantation or garden . homeowners and farmers sometimes view them as pests because they occasionally damage crops while rooting around in the dirt for insects and other prey that live near plants .\nif the also - venomous shrews are any indication , the solenodon may not always be killing and consuming its prey outright . shrews will often bite and incapacitate their victims , then drag them to their dens and come back later and gnaw on the comatose things . the solenodon may well do the same . ( oh relax\u2014it\u2019s not that bad in the grand scheme of things . the tarantula hawk is a wasp that stings , well , tarantulas , then drags them back to a den for its larva to devour it alive over the course of several weeks . )\nresearchers aren\u2019t entirely sure where the various solenodon populations were located when the asteroid hit \u2013 whether they were already on the landmasses that would become modern - day cuba and hispaniola or on the mainland \u2013 but they think the populations were close to ground zero of the asteroid\u2019s impact in chicxulub , mexico .\nthe forelimbs of the hispaniolan solenodon are much more developed that the hindlegs but all of the limbs have claws with five digits which are used for digging . this creature shows a mix of primitive and derived traits . the primitive characteristics consist of a poisonous bite and the ability to echolocate . echolocation is the ability to send calls out into the environment and hear the echo from different objects close by . this helps them with feeding and navigation . also , s . paradoxus has a prootic canal for the lateral head vein . this canal is broadly distributed in mesozoic mammals but is essentially unknown to placental mammals . among the more derived characteristics are low birth frequency , low number of young per litter , and its os proboscis bone . this bone is located at the tip of the cartilaginous snout for support .\nfirst described in 1861 , scientist lost track of the cuban solenodon near the end of the 19th century . no one had saw it for almost a hundred years \u2013 and many assumed it was extinct \u2013 until researchers spotted a few in the mid - 1970s . and then no one saw it again until 2003 .\nit ' s just impressive it ' s survived this long ,\nadam brandt , a postdoctoral researcher at the university of illinois , said in a press release .\nit survived the asteroid ; it survived human colonization and the rats and mice humans brought with them that wiped out the solenodon ' s closest relatives .\nit ' s just impressive it ' s survived this long ,\nadam brandt , a postdoctoral researcher at the university of illinois , said in a news release .\nit survived the asteroid ; it survived human colonization and the rats and mice humans brought with them that wiped out the solenodon ' s closest relatives .\nthree cuban solenodons were captured in 1974 and 1975 and research revealed that it still existed in many places at the eastern end of cuba . however , the cuban solenodon is still very rare . prior to 2003 , the most recent sighting was in 1999 mainly because it is a nocturnal burrower , living underground and it is very rarely seen .\n\u201cthis experience of watching this ancient species [ was ] wonderful , it was for a short time because i do not like to feel that this species [ was ] stressed , \u201d said hernandez who caught a female solenodon in alejandro humboldt national park for brief study before releasing it again . \u201ci cannot explain what i felt the first time i touched it . \u201d\nresearchers at the university of illinois and the university of puerto rico used two different methods to sequence the nucleotides that make up solenodon mitochondrial dna - - the kind passed unchanged from mother to offspring - - to determine the history of the species ' lineage . both methods produced the same conclusion , the species diverged from the mammalian tree of life some 78 million years ago .\nlike other mammals , solenodon mothers nurse their babies with milk delivered through their nipples . a mother may have up to three babies in each litter , but she has only two nipples . all three of her young cannot feed at once . as a result , one of the three babies typically gets less of the nourishing milk than the other two , becomes weaker and weaker , and eventually dies .\nthe main threats are habitat loss due to agricultural encroachment , charcoal production , and urban development . the impact of exotic predators , such as dogs , cats and mongooses has not been quanitified , although feral dogs are known to have severe localised impacts on solenodon populations . since the species had no natural predators before european colonisation of hispaniola , and is a slow clumsy mover , it does not possess many defences against introduced animals .\naccording to the world conservation union ( iucn ) both species are endangered , facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the u . s . fish and wildlife service also list these two species as endangered . the causes for their decline include hunting by dogs and cats , and the removal of the forests where the solenodons live . the iucn lists a third species , marcano ' s solenodon , as extinct .\nthe species\u2019 ecology is becoming better understood thanks to recent research efforts . it is nocturnal and finds shelter during the day by burrowing or hiding in hollow logs or crevices . classed as an insectivore , the solenodon feeds mostly on spiders and insects found in the soil , although the diet may be supplemented with worms , snails and occasional plant material . the solenodon is one of the few species of mammal that can produce toxic saliva ( along with some species of shrew ) . a special groove in the second incisor carries the venom to its prey . the reproductive rate of this species is low , with females producing two litters containing 1 - 3 offspring per year . the young stay with their parents for several months , while other offspring are born and raised . the lifespan of wild solenodons is thought to be relatively long , as one individual survived for more than eleven years in captivity .\ncuban solenodons are nocturnal ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) . during the day , they stay in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows ( massicot , 2001 ) . only the toes of solenodon come into contact with the ground . however , they can run surprisingly fast and can also climb ( nowak , 1999 ) . although cuban solenodons are often found near vertical surfaces , they spend much of their time on the ground ( massicot , 2001 ) .\nthere is really nothing on the planet like the solenodon . there are just two surviving species today , one found on cuba and the other , more well known , on hispaniola . but these two species alone are so distinct from any other mammal that they represent an entire biological family : solenodontidae . to put that in perspective every single species of mice and rat \u2013 from the african pygmy mouse to the northern luzon giant cloud rat \u2013 also represent a single family of 700 - plus species .\nlike most other insectivores , solenodons rest during the day and become active at night . they usually spend their days in small groups within burrows or shallow hollows in the ground , but may also rest in small hiding places . they spread out at night to look for food alone , and will attack fellow solenodons that get too close , often inflicting nasty bites . if a predator approaches , the solenodon has the option of charging and biting , or running off . unless it is startled or has nowhere to flee , it will usually choose running over fighting .\nendemic to the island of hispaniola ( haiti and the dominican republic ) . s . paradoxus paradoxus occurs in northern hispaniola . s . p . woodi occurs in the south of the island , in the sierra de baoruco - jaragua region of the southwest dominican republic , and also as an isolated population in the massif de la hotte region of haiti . the species\u2019 range has substantially decreased with following centuries of deforestation , particularly in haiti , but the solenodon remains relatively widely distributed in the forests of the dominican republic today . classified as endangered ( en b2ab ( iii , v ) ) on the 2010 iucn red list of threatened species .\nbut should you be lucky enough to bump into a solenodon in the wild , you\u2019re in for a treat . mildly put , this is a singular mammal . it\u2019s about as big as a large rat with a tail to match . ( looks kind of like a rodent of unusual size , don ' t it ? ) it\u2019s got long , sharp nails and ambles with a wobbly , i\u2019m - just - coming - off - anesthesia gait . females with their young are particularly awkward . \u201cthe teats are sort of in the armpit of the rear legs , and sometimes the females will kind of run around dragging the babies , \u201d nunez - mino says .\nthe haitian solenodon is found in forests and brush country , as well as around plantations . it is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . its diet includes insects and spiders found in soil and leaf litter . solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws . this species is relatively social , and up to eight individuals may inhabit the same burrow . litter size is 1 or 2 young . the young are born in a nesting burrow . young solenodons remain with their mother for several months , which is exceptionally long for insectivores .\n, are all that is left of a once rich and unique land mammal fauna ( not including bats ) which was made up of at least 25 species . both species are currently listed as endangered by the iucn . glover m . allen wrote about these species 100 years ago in the \u201cmemoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college\u201d . of the solenodon he said \u201dof the habits of this species in the wild very little is definitely known\u201d while he wrote the following about the hutia : \u201cof this interesting animal , nothing further seems to have been discovered since it was first described nearly seventy - five years ago\u201d . the situation has unfortunately not moved on much in the last one hundred years .\nthe project will take place in the key biodiversity area ( kba ) of massif de la hotte , a mountainous area in the far south - west of haiti , home to one of the few remnants of forest . this region has been highlighted by the alliance for zero extinction ( aze ) as the highest global priority for urgent conservation action and is likely to represent the only part of the country where solenodons still persist . whilst the macaya national park encompasses the majority of the massif de la hotte , there is huge pressure on the remaining forest patches for charcoal production and clearing to provide areas for pasture and for crops which will result in the forest habitat becoming smaller and increasingly fragmented ; this leads both to destruction of solenodon habitat and potential escalation of human - animal conflict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe haitian population and the southern dominican republic population may represent a distinct species and is already differentiated as a different subspecies ( s . turvey pers . comm . ) .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & chanson , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as endangered because its area of occupancy is estimated to be less than 500 km\u00b2 , its range is severely fragmented , it is restricted to forest habitats , and there has been an observed shrinkage in its distribution and anecdotal information on habitat destruction and degradation within its range , and a decline in the number of individuals due to invasive species and persecution .\nthis species occurs in the massif de la hotte ( haiti ) and the dominican republic .\nthis species is rare . in haiti the species could be considered critically endangered because there is an isolated population with a range less than 100 km\u00b2 , threatened by habitat loss and persecution ( s . turvey and l . davalos pers . comm . ) .\nthe most significant threat to this species appears to be the continuing demise of its forest habitat and predation by introduced rats , mongoose , cats and dogs , especially in the vicinity of settlements . in haiti persecution and hunting for food ( samuel turvey pers . comm . ) is a threat , and there is devastating habitat destruction also occurring .\nit is protected by law in the dominican republic ( general environmental law 64 - 00 ) . there is a recovery plan published in 1992 which suggested comprehensive surveys , and management in the national park pic macaya , and education , and the control of exotic mammals , and breeding programmes . at the moment it is not being implemented ( samuel turvey pers . comm . ) . it is found in most protected areas in the dominican republic ( sixto inchaustegui pers . comm . ) . it is one of the species that lives in both the caribbean biodiversity hotspot and the greater antillean moist forests ecoregion ( olson and dinerstein , 1998 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrare footage of one of the world ' s most strange and elusive mammals has been captured by scientists ."]}
{"id": 1303, "summary": [{"text": "uropterygius marmoratus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the marbled reef-eel , marbled eel , marbled snake moray , marbled moray , or the slender conger eel . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "uropterygius marmoratus", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : uropterygius marmoratus [ orgn ] .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropterygius marmoratus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\n( of uropterygius marmaratus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of uropterygus marmoratus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , oura = tail + greek pterygion = little wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 26\u00b0n - 24\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : east africa to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to the yaeyamas , south to tonga .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 62 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54980 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 131 - 139 . color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body .\nbenthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )\n) : 25 . 3 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 2831 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 56 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gymnomuraena marmorata lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scuticaria marmorata ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ichthyophis pantherinus lesson , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . mccosker , and d . g . smith / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nbenthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dcd29f53 - ed9d - 4171 - bef9 - 329fc69cc7c8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de96aec0 - d058 - 4419 - 9a89 - bdf76ffee8da\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fc8c60a2 - 9a3c - 4941 - b02c - 86c3c36d2e6f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 464ac96c - 654d - 4bff - a45d - 78187ca97967\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 430459\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene 1990 fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .\ncolor whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body . vertebrae 133 - 138 .\nrandall , j . e . 2005 reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 720 p .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nmyers , r . f . 1991 micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )\nichthyofauna were studied in the inshore waters around great nicobar island ; 258 species of fin fis . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences"]}
{"id": 1307, "summary": [{"text": "rhabdias bufonis is a species of parasitic nematode in the family rhabdiasidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was first described from the lungs of the european common toad ( bufo bufo ) but has also been found in a number of other species of frog . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "rhabdias bufonis", "paragraphs": ["ashleigh smythe marked\nrhabdias bufonis\nas trusted on the\nrhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) stiles et hassall , 1905\npage .\nnegative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) .\n( 2008 ) rhabdias bufonis . in : mehlhorn h . ( eds ) encyclopedia of parasitology . springer , berlin , heidelberg\nnegative effects of rhabdias bufonis ( nematoda ) on the growth and survival of toads ( bufo bufo ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nhartwich g . uber rhabdias bufonis ( schrank , 1788 ) und die abtremmung von rhabdias dossei nov . spec . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) / / mitt . zool . mus . berlin . - 1972 . - 48 . - s . 401 - 414\nkuzmin y . 2003 . rhabdias japalurae sp . nov . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from the japalures ( reptilia , agamidae ) and some notes on other rhabdias spp . from lizards . acta parasitologica , 48 ( 1 ) : 6 - 11\ngoodey t . 1924 . two new species of the nematode genus rhabdias . j . helminthol . , 2 : 203 - 208\ntravassos l . 1926 . enwicklung des rhabdias fulleborni n . sp . deut . trop . zeit . , 30 : 594 - 602\ntkach v . v . , kuzmin y . , pulis e . e . 2006 . rhabdias bakeri sp . n . from lungs of wood frog , rana sylvatica , in north america : the last sibling of rhabdias ranae ? j . parasitol . , 92 ( 3 ) : 631 - 636\nlu s . c . on rhabdias , a genus of parasitic nematoda of nanking . sinensia , 1934 , 5 ( 1 , 2 ) : 164 - 172 .\nbaker m . r . 1987 . rhabdias collaris n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from frogs of tanzania . systematic parasitology , 9 : 199 - 201\npereira c . 1928 . fauna helmintologica dos ophidios brasileiros ( 2o ) . rhabdias vellardi n . sp . bol . biol . sao paulo . - 11 : 13 - 22\nkloss g . r . 1971 . alguns rhabdias ( nematoda ) de bufo no brasil . papeis avulsos de zoologia , s . paulo . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 52\nmoravec f . 2010 . rhabdias lacertae n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , the first rhabdiasid species parasitising lizards in europe . syst . parasitol . , 77 : 23 - 27\nlhermitte - vallarino , n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , i . ineich , s . wanji , and o . bain . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and rhabdias mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitology international 58 : 375 - 383\nbaker m . r . 1978 . morphology and taxonomy of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from reptiles and amphibians of southern ontario . can . j . zool . 1978 . 56 : 2127 - 2141\nlhermitte - vallarino , n . and o . bain . 2004 . morphological and biological study of rhabdias spp . ( nematoda ) from african chameleons with description of a new species . parasite 11 : 15 - 31\nlhermitte - vallarino n . , junker k . , bain o . 2009 . reappraisal of the specific status of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea from malagasy chameleons in the paris museum collection . parasite , 16 : 111 - 123\nchabaud a . g . , brygoo e . r . , petter a . g . 1961 . description et caracteres biologiques de deux noveaux rhabdias malgaches . an . parasitol . hum . comp . , 36 : 752 - 763\nkuzmin , y . 1996 . new nematode species rhabdias vibakari sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lung of vibakari snake ( amphiesma vibakari , colubridae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1 - 2 : 73 - 75\nkuzmin y . 2001 . rhabdias africanus sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) - a new nematode species from the south african toads ( amphibia : bufonidae ) . acta parasitologica , vol . 46 ( 2 ) : 148 - 150\nkuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , snyder s . d . 2003 . the nematode genus rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from amphibians and reptiles of the nearctic . comparative parasitology , 70 ( 2 ) : 101 - 114\nyamaguti s . 1943 . rhabdias ( ophiorhabdias ) horigutii n . subg . , n . sp . ( nematoda ) from the lung of a japanese snake natrix tigrina . an . zool . jap . , 22 , 1 : 8 - 10\nkuzmin yu . , v . v . tkach . 2008 . rhabdias pearsoni sp . n . ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) from keelback , tropidonophis mairii ( reptilia , colubridae ) in australia . vestnik zoologii , 42 ( 6 ) : 483 - 488\nkuzmin , y . , v . v . tkach , and s . e . bush . 2012 . a new rhabdias species ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from agamid lizards in luzon island , philippines . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 3 ) : 608 - 611\nkuzmin y . , tkach v . snyder s . d . 2001 . rhabdias ambystomae sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the north american spotted salamander ambystoma maculatum ( amphibia : ambystomatidae ) . comparative parasitology , vol . 68 ( 2 ) : 228 - 235\nbursey c . r . , hoong d . c . , goldberg s . r . 2012 . a new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in calotes versicolor ( squamata : agamidae ) from singapore . journal of parasitology , 98 ( 1 ) : 149 - 151 .\nrizvi a . n . , bursey c . r . , bhutia p . t . 2013 . two new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabditida : rhabdiasidae ) in anuran hosts from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . journal of parasitology , 99 ( 2 ) : 303 - 306\nmartinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from bufo occidentalis ( anura : bufonidae ) from sierra madre del sur , mexico . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 5 ) : 1171 - 1177\nkuzmin , y . , v . l v . tkach and j . a . vaughan . 2005 . rhabdias kongmongthaensis sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from polypedates leucomystax ( amphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) in thailand . folia parasitologica , 52 ( 4 ) : 339 - 342\nkuzmin y . , junker k . , du peez l . , bain o . 2013 . a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from blommersia domerguei ( guibe ) ( amphibia : mantellidae ) in madagascar . folia parasitologica [ accepted 25 april 2013 ] .\nbursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , l . j . vitt . 2007 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) and other helminths from norops capito ( sauria : polychrotidae ) from nicaragua . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 129 - 131\njunker k . , lhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2010 . new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from afrotropical anurans , including molecular evidence and notes on biology . folia parasitologica , 57 : 47 - 61\ntkach v . v . , y . kuzmin , r . m . brown . 2011 . rhabdias mcguirei sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the flying lizard , draco spilopterus , ( squamata : agamidae ) of the northern philippines . acta parasitologica . 56 ( 4 ) : 406 - 411\nmartinez - salazar e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2006 . rhabdias lamothei n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from leptodeira maculata ( colubridae ) in mexico , including new records of r . fuscovenosa ( railliet , 1899 ) goodey , 1924 . zootaxa 1257 : 27 - 48\nluciana de cassia silva do nascimento , evonnildo costa goncalves , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado , jeannie nascimento dos santos . 2013 . description of rhabdias breviensis n . sp . ( rhabditoidea : rhabdiasidae ) in two neotropical frog species . systematic parasitology , 86 , 69 - 75\nbarrella t . h . , k . r . dos santos , r . j . da silva . 2010 . rhabdias filicaudalis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the snake spilotes pullatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) in brazil . journal of helminthology , 84 ( 3 ) : 292 - 296 .\nlhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , k . junker , r . boistel , o . bain . 2010 . rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from chamaeleonidae ( sauria ) : two new species from trioceros ellioti in east africa and one from brookesia superciliaris in madagascar . parasite , 17 : 91 - 105\nbursey c . r . , goldberg s . r . 2005 . new species of oswaldocruzia ( nematoda : molineoidae ) , new species of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , and other helminths in rana cf . forreri ( anura : ranidae ) from costa rica . j . parasitol . , 91 : 600 - 605\nbursey c . r . , s . r . goldberg , s . r . telford , jr . 2003 . rhabdias anolis n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lizard , anolis frenatus ( sauria : polychrotidae ) , from panama . j . parasitol . , 89 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117\n\u0440\u0430\u0443\u0448 \u0440 . \u043b . , \u0440\u0430\u0443\u0448 \u0432 . \u0440 . , \u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0433 . \u0438 . rhabdias bermani sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u0431\u0430 ( hynobius keyserlingi ) \u0441 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e - \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0437\u0438\u0438 / / \u0437\u043e\u043e\u043b . \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b . - 1984 . - 63 , \u2116 9 . - \u0441 . 1297 - 1303 .\nlhermitte - vallarino n . , m . barbuto , i . ineich , s . wanji , m . lebreton , l . chirio , o . bain . 2008 . first report of rhabdias ( nematoda : rhabdiasoidea ) from lungs of montane chameleons in cameroon : description of two new species and notes on biology . parasite 15 : 553 - 564\nelgarhy , m . , and k . garo ,\nrhabdias aegyptiaca sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lungs of bufo regularis ( amphibia : bufonidae ) , in egypt : light and scanning electron microscopic study\n, j . union arab biol . , , vol . 26 , issue a , pp . 127 - 137 , 2006\nsarkar ( dutta ) m . , b . manna . 2004 . on a new species of the genus rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabditida ) from bufo melanostictus schneider , 1799 from belur and habra , west bengal , india , with a host - parasite list . philippine journal of science , 133 ( 1 ) : 55 - 69\np . cipriani , s . mattiucci , m . paoletti , m . santoro , g . nascetti . rhabdias esculentarum n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from green frogs of the rana esculenta species complex in italy : molecular evidence , morphological description and genetic differentiation from its congeners in frogs and toads . syst parasitol ( 2012 ) 82 : 131 - 146\nkuzmin y . , f . t . v . melo , h . f . da silva filho and j . n . dos santos . 2016 . two new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from anuran amphibians in para , brazil . folia parasitologica , 63 : 015 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2016 . 015\nmaity , p . , a . n . rizvi , c . r . bursey . 2018 . nematode parasites of duttaphrynus stomaticus ( lutken , 1864 ) ( amphibia : anura ) with description of a new species of rhabdias stiles and hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from dehradun ( uttarakhand ) , india . acta parasitologica , 63 ( 1 ) , 175\u2013183 .\nkuzmin y . , tkach v . v . , brooks d . r . 2007 . rhabdias alabialis sp . nov . and r . pseudosphaerocephala sp . nov . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) in the marine toad , bufo marinus ( l . ) ( lissamphibia : anura : bufonidae ) in central america . j . parasitol . , 93 ( 1 ) : 159 - 165\njeannie nascimento dos santos , francisco tiago de vasconcelos melo , luciana de cassia silva do nascimento , daisy esther batista do nascimento , elane guerreiro giese , adriano penha furtado . 2011 . rhabdias paraensis sp . nov . : a parasite of the lungs of rhinella marina ( amphibia : bufonidae ) from brazilian amazonia . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz , 106 ( 4 ) : 433 - 440\nlhermitte - vallarino n . , barbuto m . , junker k . , boistel r . , ineich i . , wanji s . , bain o . 2009 . rhabdias rhampholeonis n . sp . and r . mariauxi n . sp . ( nematoda , rhabdiasoidea ) , first lung worms from leaf chameleons : description , molecular evidence and notes on biology . parasitol . int . , 58 : 375 - 383\nkuzmin , y . , a . halajian , s . tavakol , w . j . luus - powell , v . v . tkach . 2017 . description and phylogenetic position of a new species of rhabdias stiles et hassall , 1905 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the banded rubber frog , phrynomantis bifasciatus ( smith ) ( amphibia : microhylidae ) , in south africa . folia parasitologica , 64 : 035 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2017 . 035\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\npereira c . 1927 . fauna helminthologica de ophidios brasileiros . bol . biol . sao paulo , 10 , 35 : 179 - 185\nlhermitte - vallarino n . , o . bain , e . deharo , s . bertani , t . voza , t . attout , p . gaucher . 2005 . a new rhabdiasid nematode , chabirenia cayennensis n . g . , n . sp . , parasitic in the glands of the buccal mucosa of a south american saurian . systematic parasitology , 62 : 151 - 160\nmartinez - salazar , e . a . , v . leon - regagnon . 2005 . two new species of entomelas ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , parasites of barisia spp . and mesaspis spp . ( reptilia : sauria ) in mexico . zootaxa , 958 : 1 - 12 .\nbaker , m . r . 1980 . revision of entomelas travassos , 1930 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) with a review of genera in the family . systematic parasitology , 1 ( 2 ) : 83 - 90\nbursey cr , goldberg sr . helminths in mesaspis monticola ( squamata : anguidae ) from costa rica , with the description of a new species of entomelas ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) and a new species of skrjabinodon ( nematoda : pharyngodonidae ) . parasite . 2006 . 13 ( 3 ) : 183 - 191 .\nmaupas in seurat l . g . 1916 . contribution a l ' etude des formes larvaires des nematodes parasites heteroxenes . bull . sci . france belgique , ser . 7 , 49 : p . 297 - 377\ndujardin f . histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestinaux . - paris , 1845 .\nmartinez - salazar , e . a . . , v . leon - regagnon . 2005 . two new species of entomelas ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , parasites of barisia spp . and mesaspis spp . ( reptilia : sauria ) in mexico . zootaxa , 958 : 1 - 12 .\nsharpilo , v . p . , v . g . vakker . 1972 . a new species of the genus entomelas travassos , 1930 ( nematoda , rhabdiasidae ) - parasite of lungs of sheltopuzik . vestnik zoologii , no . 6 : 86 - 88\nkreis h . a . beitrage zur kenntnis parasitische nematoden . ix . parasitische nematoden aus dem naturhistorischen museum basel . zentrallbl . bakter . , orig . 1940 . 3 : 163 - 208 .\nkuzmin , y . , v . v . tkach . 2011 . description of a new species of kurilonema ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from lungs of the skink sphenomorphus abdictus aquilonius ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) in the philippines . journal of parasitology . 2011 . 97 ( 3 ) : 506 - 512\nhasegawa h . neoentomelas asatoi gen . et sp . n . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from skinks of the ryukyu archipelago , japan . proc . helminthol . soc . wash . 1989 . 56 , 2 : p . 145 - 150\njohnston , t . h . 1916 . a census of the endoparasites recorded as occurring in queensland , arranged under their hosts . proc . of the royal soc . of queensland , 28 : 31 - 79\nmoravec f . , o . sey . 1990 . some nematode parasites of frogs from papua new guinea and australia . acta soc . zool . bohemoslov . , 54 : 268 - 286\nbaylis , h . a . 1929 . some parasitic nematodes from the uluguru and usambara mountains , taganyika territory . annales and mahazine of natural history , ser . 10 , vol . iv : 372 - 381\nlinstow , v . 1903 . parasiten , meistens helminthen , aus siam . archiv fur microscopische anatomie und entwiclungsgeschichte , 62 : ( 117 )\npelobates fuscus , rana temporaria , rana arvalis , rana sibirica , rana dalmatina , bombina bombina , bombina variegata , pelophylax spp . , bufo viridis\nschrank f . von paula verzeichniss der bischer hinlanglich bekannten eingeweidewurmer . - munchen , 1788 .\nskrjabin k . i . 1916 . parasitic trematodes and nematodes collected by the expedition of prof . v . dogiel and i . sokolov in british east africa . in : scientific results of the zoological expedition to british east africa and uganda made by prof . v . dogiel and i . sokolov in the year 1914 , 1 : 99 - 157 .\ngutierrez r . o . 1945 . contribucion al conicimiento de los nematodes parasitos de anfibios argentinos . tesis del museo de la plata , 8 : 37 pp .\nbaer j . g . 1930 . deux helminthes nouveaux , parasites de uraeotyphlops oxyurus ( gray ) . gymnophione de l ' inde meridionale . revue suisse de zoologie , 37 ( 2 ) : 43 - 52\nkung c . c . , wu h . w . 1945 . parasitic nematodes of amphibians from pehpei szechwan , china . sinensia , 16 : 73 - 83\njohnston , t . h . , e . r . simpson . 1942 . some nematodes from australian frogs . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 66 ( 2 ) : 172 - 179 .\nwilkie j . s . 1930 . some parasite nematodes from japanese amphibia . an . mag . nat . hist . , 10 ( 6 ) : 606 - 614\ningles l . g . 1936 . worm parasites of california amphibia . transactions of american microbiological society 55 : 73 - 92\nmartinez - salazar e . a . 2006 . a new rhabdiasid species from norops megapholidotus ( sauria : polychrotidae ) from mexico . j . parasitol . , 92 ( 6 ) : 1325 - 1329\nmartinez - salazar e . a . 2008 . a new rhabdiasid species from craugastor occidentalis ( anura : brachycephalidae ) from sierra de manantl ? n , jalisco , mexico . revista mexicana de biodiversidad 79 : 81 - 89\nyamaguti s . 1954 . helminth fauna of mt . ontake . part 1 . nematoda and acanthocephala . acta med . okayama , 8 : 386 - 392\nschuurmans stekhoven j . h . ( jr . ) . 1952 . nematodos parasitarios de anfibios , pajaros y mamiferos de la republica argentina . de acta zoologica lilloana del instituto\nmiguel lillo\n, 10 : 315 - 400\nyuen p . h . 1965 . some studies on the taxonomy and development of some rhabdiasoid and cosmocercoid nematodes from malayan amphibians . zool . anz . , 174 : 275 - 298 .\nyamaguti s . 1935 . studies on the helminth fauna of japan . pt . 10 . amphibian nematodes . jap . j . zool . , 6 : 393 - 402\nmartinez - salazar e . a . , j . falcon - ordaz , e . gonzalez - bernal , g . parra - olea , g . perez - ponce de leon . 2013 . helminth parasites of pseudacris hypochondriaca ( anura : hylidae ) from baja california , mexico , with the description of two new species of nematodes . journal of parasitology 99 ( 6 ) : 1077 - 1085\nyamaguti s . 1941 . studies on the helminth fauna of japan . pt . 34 . amphibian nematodes , ii . jap . j . zool . , 9 ( 3 ) : 397 - 408\nwalton , a . c . 1929 . studies on some nematodes of north american frogs . i . journal of parasitology 15 : 227 - 240\nvon linstow o . 1906 . nematoden des zoologischen museums in konigsberg . arch . naturg . , 72 : 249 - 258\nsingh s . n . , r . ratnamala . 1975 ( 1977 ) . on a new genus and new species of rhabdiasoid nematode shorttia shortti n . g . , n . sp . , infesting lungs of amphibians . indian journal of helminthology , 27 ( 2 ) : 132 - 138\nbaker m . r . systematics and zoogeography of three new nematode parasites of the frog breviceps sylvestris sylvestris fitzsimons from south africa . can . j . zool . 1982 . 60 : 3134 - 3142\nsingh s . n . , r . ratnamala . 1977 . on shorttia thapari n . sp . ( nematoda ) from bufo melanostictus . all - india symposium on helminthology , spinagar , aug . 8 - 11 , 1977 . abstracts of papers : 41 - 42\nmoravec f . , h . kaiser . 1995 . helminth parasites from west indian frogs , with descriptions of two new species . caribbean journal of science , vol . 31 , no . 3 - 4 , 252 - 268\nwilkie j . s . 1930 . some parasite nematodes from japanese amphibia . an . mag . nat . hist . , 10 , 6 : 606 - 614\nsharpilo v . p . 1976 . parasitic worms of reptiles of the fauna of the ussr . kiev , naukova dumka , 288 p .\nkuzmin y . , f . t . de vasconcelos melo , j . nascimento dos santos . 2014 . a new species of serpentirhabdias tkach , kuzmin & snyder , 2014 ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) parasitic in the brown ground snake atractus major boulenger ( reptilia : serpentes : dipsadidae ) in brazil . systematic parasitology , 89 : 101 - 106 .\nkuzmin y . , e . g . giese , f . t . de v . melo , p . a . f . b . da costa , j . n . santos , g . f . maschio . 2016 . description of serpentirhabdias atroxi n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) , a parasite of bothrops atrox ( linnaeus ) ( reptilia : serpentes : viperidae ) in brazilian amazonia . systematic parasitology , 93 : 37\u201345 .\nlucio - forster a . , liotta j . l . , rishniw m . , and bowman d . d . 2015 . serpentirhabdias dubielzigi n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from captive - bred ball pythons , python regius ( serpentes : pythonidae ) in the united states . comparative parasitology 82 ( 1 ) : 115 - 122 .\nagkistrodon piscivorus , lampropeltis sp . , elaphe vulpina , elaphe obsoleta quadrivittata , coluber constrictor\nmccallum , g . g . 1921 . studies in helminthology . zoopathologica 1 : 135 - 284\nin palaearctic : natrix tessellata , vipera berus , vipera ursinii ( renardi ) , coluber jugularis , vipera ammodytes , eryx johnii ( exp . ) ; in nearctic : heterodon platirhinos , storeria dekayi , storeria occipitomaculata , virginia stiatula , thamnophis ordinoides , thamnophis proximus , thamnophis sauritus , thamnophis sirtalis , lampropeltis triangulum , opheodrys vernalis , regina septemvittata , nerodia cyclopion , nerodia fasciata , nerodia rhombifera , nerodia sipedon , nerodia erythrogaster\nrailliet m . 1899 . evolution sans heterogonie d ' un angiostome de la couleure a collier . c . r . acad . sci . , 129 : 1271 - 1273\nd . h . morais , a . aguiar , m . i . muller , r . b . narciso , l . a . f . silva , r . j . silva . 2017 . morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of the serpentirhabdias viperidicus n . sp . ( nematoda : rhabdiasidae ) from the lancehead snake bothrops moojeni hoge , 1966 ( reptilia : serpentes : viperidae ) in brazil . journal of helminthology , 91 : 360\u2013370 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nzoologisches museum der universit\u00e4t z\u00fcrich , winterthurerstrasse 190 , 8057 , z\u00fcrich , switzerland .\noccupy . it has been found in north america , most notably canada . however , it is most common in the european toad and frog habitats .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nedited and published by : the japanese pharmacologicalsociety produced and listed by : nakanishi printing co . , ltd .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nalford ra , harris rn ( 1988 ) effects of larval growth history on anuran metamorphosis . am nat 131 : 91\u2013106\nanderson rm ( 1978 ) the regulation of host population growth by parasite species . parasitology 76 : 119\u2013157\nanderson rm ( 1980 ) depression of host population abundance by direct life cycle macroparasites . j theor biol 82 : 283\u2013311\nanderson rm ( 1982 ) epidemiology . in : cox feg ( ed ) modern parasitology . blackwell scientific publications , london , pp 204\u2013251\nberven ka , gill de ( 1983 ) interpreting geographic variation in life - history traits . am zool 23 : 85\u201397\ncox feg ( 1971 ) parasites of british amphibians . j biol educ 5 : 35\u201351\ncrofton hd ( 1971 ) a quantitative approach to parasitism . parasitology 62 : 179\u201394\ncrompton dwt ( 1984 ) influence of parasitic infection on host food intake . federation proc 43 : 239\u201345\nfrandsen f ( 1974 ) a study of danish amphibians parasite fauna . acta parasit polon 22 ( 6 ) : 49\u201366\n. in : rollinson d , anderson rm ( eds ) ecology and genetics of host - parasite interactions . academic press , london , pp 157\u201383\nhassell mp , may rm ( 1989 ) the population biology of host - parasite and host - parasitoid associations . in : roughgarden j , may rm , levin sa ( eds ) . perspectives in ecological theory . princeton university press , new jersey , pp 319\u2013347\nholmes jc ( 1982 ) impact of infectious disease agents on the population growth and geographical distribution of animals . in : anderson rm , may rm ( eds ) population biology of infectious diseases . springer - verlag , new york , pp 37\u201351\nholmes jc , zohar s ( 1990 ) pathology and host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 34\u201363\n( digenea : diplostomatidae ) in perch . j fish biol , 31 : 571\u2013581\nkozak a ( 1973 ) the nematode fauna of frogs in the carpathian region of czeckoslovakia . biologia 28 ( 5 ) : 325\u2013334\nlincicome dr ( 1971 ) the goodness of parasitism : a new hypothesis . in : cheng tc ( ed ) the biology of symbiosis . university park press , baltimore , pp 139\u2013227\nmunger jc , holmes jc ( 1988 ) benefits of parasitic infection : a test using a ground squirrel - trypanosome system . can j zool 66 : 222\u2013227\nscott me ( 1988 ) the impact of infection and disease on animal populations : implications for conservation biology . conserv biol 2 : 40\u201356\nsmith dc ( 1987 ) adult recruitment in chorus frogs : effects of size and date at metamorphosis . ecology 68 : 344\u2013350\nsmyth jd , smyth mm ( 1980 ) frogs as host parasite systems i . macmillan press ltd . london\nthompson sn ( 1990 ) physiological alterations during parasitism and their effects on host behaviour . in : barnard cj , behnke jm ( eds ) parasitism and host behaviour . taylor and francis ltd . , london , pp 64\u201394\nhtml public\n- / / sq / / dtd html 2 . 0 hotmetal + extensions / / en"]}
{"id": 1314, "summary": [{"text": "polyptychoceras is an extinct genus of ammonites from the late cretaceous of asia , europe , and north and south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first named by hisakatsu yabe in 1927 . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "polyptychoceras", "paragraphs": ["file : polyptychoceras ( subptychoceras ) yubarense . jpg \u2014 wikipedia republished / / wiki 2\npolyptychoceras ( subptychoceras ) yubarense - private collection stage : late cretaceous from 100 . 5\u201366 ma ( million years ago ) ; upper yezo group locality : obirashibe river , obira , rumoi , hokkaido , japan size : 23x18x8 cm\npolyptychoceras vancouverense upper cretaceous , santonian , trent river formation trent river , vancouver island , canada this species is referred to as he paperclip ammonite due to is resemblance . the ammonite was found in three sections and has been glued back together and then prepared . a rare heteromorph from a more unusual location . the ammonite measures 4 . 9cm ' s in length\ninterestingly , all heteromorphs known from the santonian are endemic to bp and nwp provinces . nostoceratids include nipponites bacchus , hyphantoceras orientale and h . ( ? ) heteromorphum ( found in sakhalin and japan ) , and h . reussianum and h . yabei ( found in sakhalin and the koryak upland ) , while the family diplomoceratidae is represented by mostly sakhalin endemics . only two species were found in northeasterly regions , viz . polyptychoceras ( po . ) pseudogaultinum and po . ( s . ) vancouverense , while others are known from sakhalin ( neocrioceras spinigerum , diplomoceras notabile , pseudoxybeloceras ( ps . ) obstrictum , ps . ( ps . ) quadrinodosum , ps . ( ps . ) sakhalinum and ps . ( subptychoceras ) yubarense ) and only two were found in japan ( polyptychoceras ( po . ) pseudogaultinum and po . ( subptychoceras ) yubarense ) .\n. . . 10 . 10e ) , and an upper lamellar layer ( schindewolf 1958 ; closs 1960 ; farinacci et al . 1976 ; hewitt et al . 1993 ) . the basal layer occurs on the convex side of the aptychus and forms the co - marginal lirae that are visible on the inner ( dorsal ) side of the aptychus and are interpreted as growth lines ( kruta et al . 2009 ; f ig . 10 . 10f ) . the aptychi of cretaceous ancyloceratina ( e . g . , baculites , hoploscaphites , and polyptychoceras ) differ from those of jurassic ammonitina in having one or two layers without a sponge - like structure ( kruta et al . 2009 ; f ig . 10 . 10d ) . . . .\nedited and published by : the japan academy produced and listed by : komiyama printing co . , ltd . ( vol . 83 no . 7 - vol . 85 no . 4 , vol . 86 no . 5 - ) letterpress co . , ltd . ( vol . 85 no . 5 - vol . 86 no . 4 ) sanbi printing co . , ltd . ( vol . 82 no . 7 - vol . 83no . 6 ) tokyo press , co . , ltd . ( vol . 80 no . 1 - vol . 82no . 6 ) the japan academy ( vol . 79b no . 1 - vol . 79bno . 10 )\nthis heteromorph ammonite is quite common in cretaceous shales on the trent and puntledge rivers . they are known to collectors as the paper - clip ammonites or sometime they are referred to as candy canes .\nin this sample , fossilized remnants of the shell are still visible over most of the ammonite . these ammonites have 3 parallel shafts , but usually only two are found - - one bend in the paper clip .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nthis article needs expanding . you can help improve this article by adding additional content .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ncorrigendum to \u201cmolecular phylogeny and ontogeny of a new ciliate genus , paracladotricha salina n . g . . .\nwe ( shao et al . ) established a new genus and described the morphology , cell division , and phylogeny of a chinese population of a hypotrichous ciliate in this electronic - only journal . since this work does not contain a zoobank registration , it is not published in the sense of nomenclature ( iczn , articles 8 . 5 , 9 . 11 ) , that is , it is not a work in which a name or nomenclatural act can be made . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmegafossil biostratigraphy of the upper cretaceous futakawa formation of the sotoizumi group in the . . .\nzoological nomenclature and electronic publication - a reply to dubois et al . ( 2013 )\na group of 19 authors ( dubois et al . 2013 ) recently raised concerns about the latest amendment to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn 2012a , b , c ) , that allows new names and other nomenclatural acts to gain legislative acceptance ( become\navailable\n) from publications issued and distributed electronically . two editorials by publishers have already responded to some of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndiplomoceras cylindraceum ( j . l . m . defrance , 1816 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\noxybeloceras crassum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\noxybeloceras mortoni ( f . b . meek & hayden , 1876 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) interruptum ( f . schl\u00fcter , 1872 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) splendens ( m . collignon , 1969 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nspiroxybeloceras meekanum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndinosaur toy forum diorama contest 2018 , sponsored by urzeitshop : enter now ! help us with the great photobucket purge .\ndoes anyone have any saurolophus in their collection ? i just got a mini saurolophus from a cheap set from walmart . it is just yellow . it is pretty nice .\nthis volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\n) . boreal \u2013 boreal palaeogeographic realm ; tethyan \u2013 tethyan palaeogeographic realm . a \u2013 arctic province ; bp \u2013 boreal pacific province ; nwp \u2013 north west pacific province ; nep \u2013 north east pacific province ; swp \u2013 south west pacific province ; sep \u2013 south east pacific province ; wna \u2013western interior of north america ; eu \u2013 european province ; ai \u2013 african - indian province ; mc \u2013 mediterranean / caucasian province .\nas noted above , it is possible to subdivide the pacific into various provinces on the basis of mid - and late cretaceous ammonite faunas . in general , this subdivision can be recognised only at the species level ; however , there are some intervals where it is even demonstrable at the generic level .\nin addition to sonneratia , the family hoplitidae is represented by gastroplitines , that is , gastroplites ( paragastroplites ) cf . flexicostatus , neogastroplites sp . and n . kamchatkensis , which are confined to the arctic province . however , n . kamchatkensis is morphologically similar to n . americanus , which is widely distributed in the western interior and could be its geographical sibling species .\nsome taxa were identified exclusively from northeast russia ( bp province ) , having no records ( yet ) in sakhalin or sikhote alin , namely proplacenticeras sutherlandbrowni ( widely distributed also in nep ; see mclearn , 1972 ) , the widespread mortoniceras and stoliczkaia ( lamnayella ) cf . japonica , endemic to the pacific . interestingly , that last - mentioned form is also known from japan , but not from sakhalin .\nan assemblage of albian heteromorph ammonites , recorded from the russian pacific coast , is comprised exclusively of turrilitids , namely mariella sp . , m . aff . circumtaeniata , turrilites sp . , pseudhelicoceras sp . and p . carlottense . there is no doubt that these are cosmopolitan genera , but in most cases , identification at species level is fraught with difficulties because of poor preservation . for now , it cannot be stated whether these forms comprised endemics or more cosmopolitan forms , in addition to p . carlottense , which is known from the arctic , bp and nep provinces .\nthe late cenomanian oae2 ( yazykova , 2004 ) probably was the main trigger to the extirpation of cenomanian faunas . the cenomanian / turonian boundary mass extinctions reflected in the diversity of every biotic group , both at the generic and specific level . some ammonite families and subfamilies disappeared , for example , turrilitidae , acanthoceratinae and lyelliceratidae . amongst species known from the russian pacific , not a single cenomanian taxon survived this crisis .\nthe global scaphites facies can be clearly traced in northeast russia and sakhalin , from where only endemic representatives are known : scaphites planus , yezoites puerculus , y . subplanus , y . pseudoaequalis and y . teshioensis . species of yezoites predominate , while at the same time scaphites is the dominant genus in eu or mc ( see , amongst others , atabekian & akopian , 1970 ; kaplan et al . , 1987 ; wiese et al . , 1996 ) .\nin comparison to the cenomanian when the family desmoceratidae was represented by a few widely distributed taxa , in the turonian this group included only endemics , that is , puzosia ( m . ) takahashii , jimboiceras planulatiforme , pachydesmoceras pachydiscoide , tragodesmoceroidas subcostatus and damesites damesi intermedius , while in northeast russia only kitchinites ishikawai and j . planulatiforme are known . the sole member of the pseudotissotiidae , hourcquia pacifica , is endemic to nwp .\nheteromorphs are comparatively diverse in the turonian . of note is that of four nostoceratids identified , namely nostoceras ( eubostrychoceras ) japonicum , nipponites mirabilis , n . sachalinensis and hyphantoceras aff . reussianum , only the first two are known from northeast russia , but all of them occur in sakhalin , including the only one which is truly cosmopolitan , h . reussianum . two endemic forms represent the family diplomoceratidae , one of them occurring in sakhalin , scalarites mihoensis , the other in northeast russia , s . scalaris . in total , the degree of endemicity rose during the turonian and continued this trend in the coniacian .\nthe family phylloceratidae is still represented by the pacific species h . ( n . ) ramosum as well as the gaudryceratids gaudryceras denseplicatum and g . tenuiliratum , joined now , however , by anagaudryceras politissimum , an immigrant from southern india , which much later , during the maastrichtian , was widely distributed in ai , swp , sep and nep , but in nwp it is confined either to the coniacian ( sakhalin ) or to the late campanian - early maastrichtian ( japan ) . this could also be connected with some temperature maximum , recorded for the coniacian and campanian ( yu . d . zakharov et al . , 2002 ) .\ntetragonitids are represented by tetragonites glabrus , which probably appeared already in the cenomanian of alaska ( bp ) , and later extended into the nwp , nep and ai provinces . a similar way of distribution can be determined for t . epigonus , which first appeared in the turonian of japan ( nwp ) and later extended to the eu , ai and swp provinces .\nthe appearance of binneyites in sakhalin is interesting . this genus was held to be endemic to the northern western interior of north america ( wna province ) . since only a single specimen is known from the northwest pacific , probably , this is an example of post - mortem drift distribution ( compare kennedy & cobban , 1976 ) .\nof the family desmoceratidae only kitchinites ishikawai survives , but new ( sub ) species appeared as well , such as k . japonica , jimboiceras mihoense , damesites damesi intermedius and d . sugata . all of them are pacific endemics , with the exception of d . sugata , which is also known from the ai and south eu provinces . hourcquia pacifica , the endemic pseudotissotiid , survived into the coniacian .\nthe coniacian of sakhalin and japan sees the first member of the family pachydiscidae , an endemic to nwp , menuites ( anapachydiscus ) sutneri . this constitutes one of the earliest appearances of menuites ( anapachydiscus ) ; an even earlier one was noted from post - turonian strata in durban , south africa ( kennedy et al . , 1973 ) .\nin the russian pacific , the santonian was characterised by a continued increase of taxonomic diversity , in spite of an abrupt temperature drop across the coniacian / santonian boundary ( yu . d . zakharov et al . , 2002 ) , which is reflected in the disappearance of many coniacian forms . however , as noted before , ammonites did not really depend of climate changes and usually rapidly recovered following such environmental crises .\nsome long - lived species still occur , such as the phylloceratid , hypophylloceras ( neophylloceras ) ramosum , and the gaudryceratids gaudryceras tenuiliratum and g . denseplicatum . however , these two families also are represented by new species in northeast russia , that is , phyllopachyceras forbesianum ( phylloceratidae ) , and , in sakhalin , phyllopachyceras ezoense ( phylloceratidae ) , anagaudryceras yokoyamai and zelandites kawanoi ( gau - dryceratidae ) .\nthe family tetragonitidae is represented by the endemic saghalinites saghalinensis , tetragonites glabrus , t . epigonus and t . popetensis , and one immigrant species , pseudophyllites indra , which appeared only in northeast russia . in far east russia , collignoniceratids are represented by the subfamily texanitinae , also with a high degree of provincialism . texanites ( plesiotexanites ) kawasakii and protexanites ( p . ) bontanti shimizui are known only from sakhalin , the latter being an immigrant from eu province , while p . ( p . ) fukazawai and p . ( p . ) shoshonensis have been recorded exclusively from northeast russia ( bp province ) .\ndesmoceratids are still represented by species and subspecies which appeared earlier , that is , kitchinites ishikawai , k . japonica , damesites sugata and d . damesi intermedius . two others , d . d . damesi and hauericeras angustum , are new and both are endemic . hauericeras angustum probably originated from h . gardeni , after migrating in from ai to japan .\nthere is a markedly wide distribution of pachydiscids , comprising eupachydiscus haradai , menuites ( m . ) menu , m . ( m . ) naibutiensis and m . ( m . ) japonicus . it appears that m . ( m . ) menu first appeared in the koryak upland , later in sakhalin and japan , and gave rise to two endemic species , m . ( m . ) naibutiensis and m . ( m . ) japonicus , which in turn disappeared from the pacific and migrated elsewhere , more specifically south africa and southern india ( ai province ) , where they appeared during the maastrichtian ( forbes , 1846 ; kennedy & henderson , 1992a , 1992b ; kennedy & klinger , 2006 ) .\nthe family kossmaticeratidae shows the highest degree of provincialism , with three species of yokoyamaoceras known from northeast russia only , namely y . venustum , y . jimboi and y . kotoi . in sakhalin only two of these , y . jimboi and y . ishikawai , have been recorded .\none the most interesting events in the santonian is the appearance of the mortoniceratine ( brancoceratid ) mortoniceras ? kawasakii , recorded by kawada ( 1929 ) . elsewhere in the world , representatives of mortoniceras sensu stricto are completely unknown from post - albian / lower cenomanian strata . probably , kawada\u2019s specimen is best reassigned to the subgenus mortoniceras ( submortoniceras ) , which is known from the campanian of california and oregon ( anderson , 1958 ) , and could thus represent the precursor of species of mortoniceras ( submortoniceras ) in california .\nthe family tetragonitidae appears to have evolved furthest , with seven species known from campanian deposits in far east russia . two of these are cosmopolitan ( pseudophyllites indra and tetragonites epigonus ) , another two ( t . glabrus and t . popetensis ) are characterised by wider distribution than the remaining three , t . crassus , saghalinites teshioensis and s . saghalinensis , which are endemic to the north pacific . representatives of saghalinites have not yet been found in northeast russia .\nduring the campanian , kossmaticeratids demonstrated absolute endemicity and provincialism . three species are known from northeasterly regions , namely yoko - yamaoceras jimboi , y . venustum and y . kotoi , while only one ( y . ishikawai ) was found in sakhalin .\nrepresentatives of the collignoniceratidae are known only from the koryak upland , being the endemics protexanites fukazawai and p . aff . shoshonensis . these record the last appearance of this family and of the subfamily texanitinae , both here as elsewhere in the world ( wright et al . , 1996 ) .\nrepresentatives of the family tetragonitidae , tetragonites popetensis , pseudophyllites indra and saghalinites sp . , are characterised by a relatively wide distribution . also interesting is the appearance of the kossmaticeratid brahmaites ( subbrahmaites ) sachalinensis , which clearly is an endemic subgenus and species , but this event is correlative with the fad of brahmaites ( b . ) brahma forbes in southern india , southwest france , madagascar ( collignon , 1938 ) and tunisia ( goolaerts et al . , 2004 ) , and also with the occurrence of b . ( b . ) kossmati in western australia ( henderson & mcnamara , 1985 ) .\nin comparison to the campanian , heteromorph ammonites are not so diverse , with only two families and four species in all : nostoceras ( didymoceras ) cf . californicum anderson , neancyloceras pseudoarmatum , diplomoceras notabile and glyptoxoceras sp . many seamounts have now been charted , inclusive of data on their fossil records , for example , zelandites japonicus , saghalinites sp . and indeterminate belemnitids , the latter from the magellan rise , ioan guyot ( yu . d . zakharov et al . , 2007 ) .\nwe thank c . klug ( z\u00fcrich ) , c . monnet ( lille ) , and d . korn ( berlin ) for their constructive critique and comments .\nanderson fm ( 1958 ) upper cretaceous of the pacific coast . gsa mem 71\nbando y , sato t , matsumoto t ( 1987 ) palaeobiogeography of the mesozoic ammonoidea , with special reference to asia and the pacific . in : taira a , tashiro m ( eds ) historical biogeography and plate tectonic evolution of japan and eastern asia . terra publications , tokyo\netheridge , 1904 ( ammonoidea ) used as a measuring tape . sedim geol 147 : 193\u2013217\nbirkelund t ( 1993 ) ammonites from the maastrichtian white chalk in denmark . bull geol soc denmark 40 : 33\u201381\ncecca f ( 2002 ) palaeobiogeography of marine invertebrates\u2014concepts and methods . taylor & francis , london\ncobban wa ( 1972 ) new and little known ammonites from the upper cretaceous ( cenomanian and turonian ) of the western interior of the united states . us geol surv prof pap 699 : 1\u201324\ncobban wa ( 1993 ) diversity and distribution of late cretaceous ammonites , western interior , united states . in : caldwell wge , kauffman eg ( eds ) evolution of the western interior basin . geol ass canada sp pap , 39 : 435\u2013451\ncobban wa , walaszczyk i , obradovich jd , mckinney kc ( 2006 ) a usgs zonal table for the upper cretaceous middle cenomanian - 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events in russia . scripta geologica 143 : 15\u2013121\njagt - yazykova e ( 2012 ) ammonite faunal dynamics across bio - events during the mid - and late cretaceous along the russian platform . acta paleont pol 57 : 737\u2013748\njeletzky ja ( 1971 ) marine cretaceous biotic provinces and paleogeography of western and arctic canada . pap geol surv of canada 70 - 22 , p . 92\nkauffman eg ( 1977 ) geological and biological overview : western interior cretaceous basin . in : kauffman eg ( ed ) cretaceous facies , faunas , and palaeoenvironments across the western interior seaway . the mountain geologist 14 . the rocky mountain association of geologists , denver\nkawabe f ( 2003 ) relationship between mid - cretaceous ( upper albian - cenomanian ) ammonoid facies and lithofacies in the yezo forearc basin , hokkaido , japan . cret res 24 : 751\u2013763\nkennedy wj ( 1989 ) thoughts on the evolution and extinction of cretaceous ammonites . proc geol assoc 100 : 251\u201379\nkennedy wj ( 1993 ) ammonite faunas of the european maastrichtian ; diversity and extinction . in : house mr ( ed ) the ammonoidea : environment , ecology , and evolutionary change . syst assoc spec vol 47 : 285\u2013326\nkennedy wj , cobban wa ( 1976 ) aspects of ammonite biology , biogeography , and biostratigraphy . sp pap palaeont 17 : 1\u201394\nkennedy wj , cobban wa ( 1991 ) stratigraphy and interregional correlations of the cenomanian\u2013turonian transition in the western interior of the united states near pueblo , colorado ; a potential boundary stratotype for the base of the turonian stage . newslett stratigr 24 : 1\u201333\nkennedy wj , kaplan u ( 2000 ) ammonitenfaunen des hohen oberconiac und santon in westfalen . geol pal\u00e4ont westfalen 57 : 1\u2013126\nkennedy wj , bilotte m , melchior p ( 1995 ) ammonite faunas , biostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the coniacian - 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( 2015 ) paleobiogeography of late cretaceous ammonoids . in : klug c . , korn d . , de baets k . , kruta i . , mapes r . ( eds ) ammonoid paleobiology : from macroevolution to paleogeography . topics in geobiology , vol 44 . springer , dordrecht\njavascript is disabled in your browser settings . this website won ' t work as expected !\npavlovia is an evolute genus . the ribs are strong and well spaced . they are simple on the periumbilical region and on the flank . they generally bifurcate , and sometimes trifurcate , just before running over the venter .\nthe shell is made of a succession of straight parallel shafts . a given shaft can grow just enough to encompass the previous one or , like in the photographed specimen , it can get much longer than the previous one . the simple ribs are quite smooth on the early stage and get stronger when approaching t\nsphenodiscus is highly involute with an extremely compressed whorl section . the surface of the shell is smooth and the venter is very sharp . the suture pattern is complex with many lobes and saddles .\nprolyelliceras is highly evolute . it has strong , simple and well spaced ribs which run straight over the venter . on the venter , the ribs bear tubercles on ventral and lateral - ventral positions . the ornamentation is completed by a lateral row of tubercles .\naustraliceras is an heteromorph genus with whorls very close to each others and simple ribbing . on the juvenile whorls , smooth ribs alternate with ribs bearing conical tubercles . the tubercles get smaller with the growth of the shell until they disappear on the body chamber .\ncompressed whorl section with a round venter . simple ribs on the periumbilical region , which fork at the start of the flank and then run straight across the venter . the shell is terminated with a simple peristome .\npeltoceras marysae is an evolute species . the microconch only shows the first two stages of the macroconch : the inner whorls show fine , dense simple ribs , which then become a bit stronger and sometimes fork . the ammonite is terminated by two lappets .\npeltoceras marysae is an evolute species and its ornamentation changes a lot along its growth . the inner whorls show fine , dense simple ribs , which then become a bit stronger and sometimes fork . then appears a bituberculated stage with very strong tubercles . the ornamentation becomes softer on the b\nkosmoceras inner whorls are involute and the outer whorls becomes moderately evolute . the fine ribbing on the inner whorls persists on the body chamber and become wavy when approaching the aperture , announcing the lappets . the ventral tubercles , separated by a smooth depression also persists on the\nkosmoceras inner whorls are involute and the outer whorls becomes moderately evolute . the fine ribbing on the inner whorls tends to disappear on the body chamber . the ventral tubercles , separated by a smooth depression , disappear on the body chamber which presents a smooth venter . the periumbilical\ndactylioceras is highly evolute and has strong slightly inclined forward ribs . the ribs run over the venter and sometimes fork on its outer edge . dactylioceras commune can be distinguished by its almost perfectly round whorl section . the fine ribbing in the inner whorls becomes sparser on the outer\nthe juvenile whorls form a tightly coiled helical spire covered with a fine ribbing . the body chamber then rolls away from the juvenile whorls before turning back towards them in a ' u ' turn . the ribbing gets stronger on the body chamber . the aperture of the body chamber is right underneath the spire\nquite thick involute genus with strong ribbing on the inner whorls and a smooth keel . the ribbing tends to disappear on the body chamber which represents about 90 % of the last whorl .\nplanispiral heteromorphic genus . strong simple ribs distinctly spaced . aegocrioceras capricornu can be distinguished by its tight coiling and the thickness of the whorl .\nplanispiral heteromorphic genus . strong simple ribs distinctly spaced . aegocrioceras capricornu can be distinguished by its loose coiling and the very slow growth of the width of the whorl .\nthe early whorls , planispirally coiled and highly evolute , are followed by a more or less straight section . the senile stage is materialized by a section of shell that turns back on itself in a hook like shape . ornamentation based on straight , radial and simple ribs , with sporadic constrictions . at\nsmall involute species . the last whorl shows two elbows ( a round one followed by a pinched one ) and narrow flanks . the thin ribs start above a flat periumbilical zone and they generally divide into two ribs at mid - flank . the umbilicus has a rectangular shape with rounded angles . the rostrum is prece\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis file is copyrighted and has been released under a license which is incompatible with facebook ' s licensing terms . it is not permitted to upload this file at facebook .\nthis file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 4 . 0 international license .\nattribution \u2013 you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor ( but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work ) .\nshare alike \u2013 if you alter , transform , or build upon this work , you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 / / en\n[ 1 ] text - fig . 12e - f ifrim et al . ( 2004 ) [ 2 ] text - fig . 13d - e ifrim et al . ( 2004 )\nupper maastrichtian , ifrim et al . ( 2004 ) : ifrim et al . ( 2004 )\nkennedy , w . j . . ( 1986 ) : the ammonite fauna of the calcaire \u00e0 baculites ( upper maastrichtian ) of the cotentin peninsula ( manche , france ) . palaeontology vol . 29 ( 1 ) p . 25 - 83\nifrim , c . . ; stinnesbeck , w . . and l\u00f3pez - oliva , j . g . . ( 2004 ) : maastrichtian cephalopods from cerralvo , north - eastern mexico . palaeontology vol . 47 ( 6 ) p . 1575\u00961627\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n. . . - the aptychi of this species are elongated in shape ; at the juvenile stage , they are slightly wider than at the adult stage ( fig . 4 ) . the outer bivalve calcitic plates increase their thickness towards the lateral margin ( see terminology in kruta et al . 2009 ; fig . 1 ) , reaching their maximum thick - ness at some distance from the edge and then decreasing ( fig . 5a , b ) . the surface of the calcitic layer is either smooth , or , in some cases , carries sub - tle longitudinal grooves , growth lines or small shal - low pits in the initial part ( fig . 4c ) . . . .\n. . . although aptychi praestriaptyhus and granulapty - chus with a thin calcitic plate were described by trauth ( 1927trauth ( - 1936trauth ( , 1938 , their microstructure rarely became an object of study . the microstructure of aptychi has been studied mainly regarding rela - tively thick form types : laevaptychus and lamellap - tychus ( von zittel 1903 ; schindewolf 1958 ; farinacci et al . 1976 ; hewitt et al . 1993 ; kruta et al . 2009 ) , due to this fact , the typical features of these morpho - types ( e . g . three - layered structure and tubular layer ) were approximated to other types of upper jurassic aptychi . . . .\n. . . this lamellar structure makes it possible to understand the mode of aptychi growth : each new lamella was deposited along the lateral margin of the aptychus and slightly overlapped the previous one ; therefore , aptychi grew not only hori - zontally but also vertically , gradually thickening . similarly , with the thickening in a vertical direction , the laevaptychi of aspidoceratid macroconchs grew ( kruta et al . 2009 ) . therefore , despite significant differences in the microstructure and the number of calcitic layers , the growth pattern of aptychi in both sexual dimorphic counterparts of aspidoceratinae was quite similar . . . .\n. . . the outer chitinous lamella is sculptured by dense , concentric growth lines and has an indentation at the midline joint in the posterior margin . the outer calcified element of the lower jaw , i . e . , aptychus , is made of calcite ( schindewolf 1958 ; landman et al . 2007 ; kruta et al . 2009 ) . it is distinctly partitioned into paired plates along the harmonic midline joint termed\nsymphysenrand\nby trauth ( 1927 ) , whose english equivalent , symphysis , was introduced by arkell ( 1957 ) . . . .\n. . . during activity their hyponomic sinus forms a ventral peristome angle ( v p ) of only 5\u2013158 allowing their hyponome to bend beneath the shell during forward - jetting , i . e . , clear adaptations to their scavenging and carnivorous , nekto - benthic habits . mesozoic ammonoids vary from brevidomic to longidomic and consistently lack a hyponomic sinus indicating basically different propulsion systems ranging from moderate forwards and backwards swimming potential , including the possibility of medusa - like slow propulsion by modified arms and twin - nozzle hyponomes ( westermann , 2013 ) , to vertically migrating or drifting megaplankton , planktivorous habits ( westermann , 1996 ; kruta et al . , 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . because recent material is unavailable for comparison , we selected an example of the best preserved aptychus ( amnh 54277 ) from the lower campanian of alabama . in amnh 54277 , the calcitic increments are identifiable and the main lamellar layer ( r1 ) and the outer layer ( r2 ) are well defined in this specimen ( see [ 27 ] for a discussion of aptychus microstructure ) . we assigned a high preservation index ( 5 = excellent preservation ) if the two layers ( r1 and r2 ) could be identified and / or if calcitic increments could be observed ( for very small pieces of aptychus , the outer layer was not always present ) . . . .\n. . . aptychus - type lower jaws are characterized by the presence of a pair of calcareous plates ( aptychus in sensu stricto ) that cover the wide area of the underlying outer chitinous lamella with a distinct median depression . the paired calcareous plates are made of calcite ( schindewolf 1958 ; landman et al . 2007 ; kruta et al . 2009 ) . in cross - section along the maximum growth axis , each of the paired plates is built up of obliquely arranged microincrements that were probably secreted from outside by the overlying epithelial issue , as in the case of the anterior calcareous tips of modern nautilids ( tanabe & fukuda 1987b ; seilacher 1993 ) . . . .\n. . . the calcite appears as two plates , forming the aptychus ( see landman et al . , 2007b , for a description of the aptychus in baculites ) . the aptychus is only 100 to 200 mm thick in scaphites ( kruta et al . , 2009 ) . the ventral surface of the aptychus is covered with comarginal lirae . . . .\nmicrostructure and mineralogy of the outer calcareous layer in the lower jaws of cretaceous tetragon . . .\ntanabe , k . , landman , n . h . & kruta , i . 2011 : microstructure and mineralogy of the outer calcareous layer in the lower jaws of cretaceous tetragonitoidea and desmoceratoidea ( ammonoidea ) . lethaia , vol . 45 , pp . 191\u2013199 . based on the differences in their relative size , overall shape , structure and the degree of development of an outer calcified covering , lower jaws of the ammonoidea have been . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe report on well - preserved upper and lower jaws found inside the body chambers of two specimens of didymoceras nebrascense ( meek and hayden , 1856 ) from the upper cretaceous pierre shale of the usa . the finds are described and compared to existing material , and their possible functions are discussed .\ndocumentation of repaired injuries and abnormalities on the jaws ofmodern nautilus sheds light on the ecology and behavior of these animals . it also helps elucidate the function of ammonite aptychi , which are traditionally interpreted as opercula . we examined 219 pairs of jaws belonging to nautilus belauensis , n . mucmmphulus , n . pompilius , and allonautilus scrobiculatus . abnormalities occur in . . . [ show full abstract ]\nammonites are prominent in macroevolutionary studies because of their abundance and diversity in the fossil record , but their paleobiology and position in the marine food web are not well understood due to the lack of preserved soft tissue . we present three - dimensional reconstructions of the buccal apparatus in the mesozoic ammonite baculites with the use of synchrotron x - ray microtomography . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nextinct species : late cretaceous , coniacian - maastrichtian ( 89 . 3 - 70 . 6 ma )"]}
{"id": 1319, "summary": [{"text": "the roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) ( sometimes placed in its own genus ajaja ) is a gregarious wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family , threskiornithidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is a resident breeder in south america mostly east of the andes , and in coastal regions of the caribbean , central america , mexico , the gulf coast of the united states , and on central florida 's atlantic coast at merritt island national wildlife refuge , adjoined with nasa kennedy space center . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "roseate spoonbill", "paragraphs": ["at the tip of south america . the roseate spoonbill is one of six spoonbill\nroseate spoonbill - big cypress national preserve ( u . s . national park service )\nroseate spoonbill hatchlings are fat , with salmon - pink skin covered in sparse white down .\nthe roseate spoonbill is easily identified thanks to its bright pink plumage and spoon - shaped bill .\nroseate spoonbill - j . n . ding darling - u . s . fish and wildlife service\n, egrets and ibises which they are closely related to . the roseate spoonbill is a fairly large\nthe roseate spoonbill lives in mangrove swamps , tidal ponds , saltwater lagoons and other areas with brackish water .\nthe roseate spoonbill is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe roseate spoonbill is designated as a species of special concern in both florida and louisiana ( 3 ) .\ninside them , enabling the roseate spoonbill to feed . although they will eat a number of both plant and\nroseate spoonbill : flamingo is larger and has a short , thick , hooked bill and black on wings .\nfound across the world , and although they all inhabit warmer , tropical climates , the roseate spoonbill is the only one that is found in the western hemisphere . like all spoonbill\nmuch of our general knowledge of the roseate spoonbill still comes from r . p . allen ' s monograph (\n, the roseate spoonbill is named for its spatula shaped beak , which becomes flatter and broader towards the end , allowing the roseate spoonbill to scoop food out of the water with ease . they are closely related to other large wading\nthe roseate spoonbill feeds by walking slowly through the water , swinging its distinctive spoon - shaped bill from side to side .\nthe roseate spoonbill is a sociable bird , and is known to feed , roost and fly in formation with others of its kind .\nthe roseate spoonbill is found throughout the entire gulf of mexico coastline , south to central america , south america , and the west indies .\ndevelopment of coastal habitats , climate change and polluted waters all currently threaten the habitat of the roseate spoonbill ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the roseate spoonbill article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nthe roseate spoonbill is a large wading bird most commonly found year round in southern florida . easily distinguishable by the large size and pink feathers ,\n. the roseate spoonbill can be found in fresh , salt or brackish waters , where the water level is low and is close to roosting sites . the roseate spoonbill is most commonly found in shallow wetlands from bays and estuaries , to mangrove swamps and tidal ponds . despite drastic falls in population numbers in the usa in the late 1800s , the roseate spoonbill colonies there are now healthy and sustainable through much of their native regions .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja )\ntitle =\narkive species - roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nit ' s easy to confuse an adult roseate spoonbill with a flamingo , until you look at their bills . though both wading birds are bright pink , it ' s not hard to know which species is called\nspoonbill .\nkeys birds like the reddish egret , roseate spoonbill , southeastern american kestrel , tricolored heron and white crowned pigeon are in the management plan as threatened .\nthe roseate spoonbill is found along north america ' s gulf coast , most notably in texas and florida . its range extends through central america , down to\nallen , r . p . 1942 . the roseate spoonbill . new york : natl . audubon soc . res . rep . no . 2 . close\nthe roseate spoonbill can be found on the coasts of texas , louisiana and southern florida . it is also found in the tropics and in central and south america .\nthe roseate spoonbill is protected by the u . s . migratory bird treaty act and as a state - designated threatened species by florida\u2019s endangered and threatened species rule .\nlike many other bird species with beautiful plumage , roseate spoonbills were nearly hunted to extinction during the 1800s . their striking pink feathers were popular on women ' s hats , and hunters from all over the united states competed for spoonbill plumes . in the early 1900s , roseate spoonbills began to recolonize areas along the gulf coast and slowly increase in number . today , threats to roseate spoonbill populations come as a result of habitat loss .\n, both the male and female construct a nest in trees , thick bushes or reeds where up to four eggs are laid per clutch . the roseate spoonbill chicks usually hatch after an\nsprunt , jr . , a . 1939b . the present status of the roseate spoonbill in the united states . fla . nat . no . 12 : 49 - 55 . close\nroseate spoonbill : eats minnows , small crustaceans , bits of plants , and insects ; forages by swishing its spoon - like bill from side to side in shallow , muddy water .\nthe roseate spoonbill gets much of its pink color from the food it eats . the crustaceans that it eats feed on algae which contain pigments that impart a pink / red color .\nroseate spoonbills have distinct physical characteristics that set them apart from other wading birds .\nroseate spoonbills have varied behavioral traits pertaining to feeding , breeding and general living .\nthe roseate spoonbill\u2019s post - breeding dispersal range can include georgia , alabama and mississippi ( 4 ) . in the past the species has been seen as far north as illinois ( 5 ) .\nthe roseate spoonbill spends a lot of its time in shallow water feeding . it sweeps its open bill from side to side in the water to sift up food like small fish , shrimp , mollusks , snails and insects . it has touch receptors in its bill that help it feel its prey . like the flamingo , the roseate spoonbill ' s pink color comes from the food it eats . some of the crustaceans it eats feed on algae that give the spoonbill ' s feathers their rosy pink color .\nthe specialized bill has sensitive nerve endings which help the birds search for food in shallow water . the diet of the roseate spoonbill primarily consists of crayfish , shrimp , crabs , and small fish .\nthe cypress swamp is home to our roseate spoonbills in our renovated 1904 flight cage .\none historical threat to the roseate spoonbill was hunting for their feathers , though this practice is now illegal which has allowed the population to rebound . another threat to the spoonbill is the availability of adequate food sources and habitat degradation . in the florida bay , the increased fresh water flow from the everglades may affect prey availability for the spoonbill . other threats include habitat loss and disturbance , pesticides , and illegal shootings ( dumas 2000 ) .\na spoonbill will also chase prey that it detects by sight , but its sense of touch is much more reliable .\nthe roseate spoonbill is a colonial nester , meaning that they gather in large numbers to produce and rear their young , possibly for protection . roseate spoonbills reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 or 4 , when they migrate to appropriate nesting grounds to find a mate . once paired up on coastal\nns , this bird species inhabits estuaries , marshes , and mangrove swamps along coastal areas . the pink coloration of spoonbill feather\n, the legs of the roseate spoonbill are thin and very long , allowing them to walk about in the shallow waters without getting their head or feathers wet . their distinctively long beak is very sensitive to enable the\nroseate spoonbill : large ibis with pink body and white upper back and neck . bill is long , gray , and spatulate . sexes are similar . juvenile is white with a hint of pink and has yellow bill .\n) , and known locally as pink , pinky , or pink curlew , the roseate spoonbill is unmistakable and one of north america ' s most unusual looking wading birds . its plumage is truly flamboyant , combining a pink body with carmine red on the wings and tail - coverts with a rich tawny , almost orange , tail . the bill is shaped like a spatula , giving this species its name . the roseate spoonbill is one of 6 species of spoonbills worldwide , the only one found in the new world , and the only spoonbill that has brilliantly colored plumage ; the others are chiefly white . it is also the only spoonbill whose head becomes completely unfeathered and colorful as the bird matures .\ndumas , j . v . ( 2000 ) roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nroseate spoonbill : one to five brown spotted white eggs are laid in a bulky nest made of sticks and built in a low bush or tree . incubation ranges from 22 to 24 days and is carried out by both parents .\nmost known breeding sites within florida occur within federally owned national parks , wildlife refuges and national audubon society sanctuaries , which started protecting the roseate spoonbill in 1902 ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the taking of roseate spoonbills , their eggs and their nests is prohibited by the us migratory bird treaty act of 1918 ( 4 ) .\nthe most distinctive characteristic of the roseate spoonbill is its long spoon - shaped bill . it has a white head and chest and light pink wings with a darker pink fringe and very long pink legs . the roseate spoonbill is about two and a half feet in length with a wingspan of about four and a half feet . both males and females have the same plumage and coloring . the male is slightly larger than the female and its bill is a little longer .\nthe adult roseate spoonbill is most noted for its stunning pink color and its uniquely - shaped bill . it is the only one of the six spoonbill species with brilliantly colored plumage . its wings , abdomen and feathers on the side of its tail are bright pink , its tail is orange , and its legs are ruby - colored . the feather colors brighten in breeding season .\nthe roseate spoonbill is known to nest in a wide variety of marine , brackish and freshwater habitats ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it requires shallow water in which it can feed using its long bill ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\ndumas , jeannette v . 2000 . roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online .\nor migrating to their annual nesting sites . the roseate spoonbill is often seen in small flocks when feeding but they have also been found to do this on their own as well . in the wild , they are known to be particularly shy\ndumas , jeannette v . 2000 . roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nmonths between march and june are considered to be the mating season for the roseate spoonbills living in texas .\na spoonbill ' s nostrils are located at top of the bill , making it possible for the bird to breathe while the bill is under water .\nroseate spoonbills forage in shallow waters for aquatic invertebrates sweeping their head side to side with the bill partly opened .\nroseate spoonbills are very social . they live in large colonies with other spoonbills , ibises , storks , herons , egrets and cormorants . roseate spoonbills fly in flocks in long diagonal lines with their legs and neck stretched out .\nto derive nutrition , roseate spoonbills consume a diet comprising aquatic invertebrates , small fishes , plant matter and amphibians .\n, and has two small slits close to the top meaning that the roseate spoonbill can still breathe whilst its beak is submerged in the water . the skin on their head is featherless and often has a greenish tinge to it , leading to their lighter coloured beak .\nroseate spoonbills roost and nest in colonies with other waterbirds in trees and shrubs at the edges of wetlands and estuaries .\nfrom march through october , roseate spoonbills prefer the bays , marshes and estuaries along the gulf coast . occasionally they will travel inland through the eastern third of texas . in winter , most roseate spoonbills migrate to central and south america .\nthe roseate spoonbill population was once threatened by hunting . in the mid - to - late 1800s its feathers were used in ladies ' hats and fans . the population was also threatened by loss of habitat due to drainage and pollution in its habitat . by the early 20th century , the population had shrunk to only a few dozen nesting pairs in the united states . special protected areas were set aside for them and in the 1940s they were made a protected species . over time the population recovered and today the roseate spoonbill is no longer a protected species .\nonly this species amongst the other spoonbills are widely distributed in the western hemisphere . their range stretches from central to south america , along with coastal regions of mexico , bahamas and west indies . roseate spoonbill\u2019s breeding range in usa spreads across louisiana , texas and southern ranges of florida .\ntouch receptors located in the bill of roseate spoonbill assist it to fathom its prey underwater . whenever they feel any other aquatic creature inside their mouth they reflexively close their bills . this helps them to survive in the wild by finding food easily in muddy water and also at nights .\nroseate spoonbills eat primarily small fish and crustaceans . raccoons and coyotes eat roseate spoonbill eggs and young . spoonbills reach sexual maturity at approximately 16 weeks . in texas , their mating season lasts from march through june . nests are built in thick vegetation above water ; are well - built , and deeply cupped . females typically lay two to five brown - speckled white eggs , which hatch after about 24 days . in about eight weeks , the young roseate spoonbills are ready to fly . their life span is as long as ten years .\nroseate spoonbill : resident along the pacific coast of mexico south and along the gulf coast from louisiana to the yucatan peninsula . also found in southern florida and throughout the west indies . may stray farther inland during migration . preferred habitats include mangroves , saltwater lagoons , and large , shallow lakes .\nlike all other spoonbills , the roseate spoonbill frequents shallow aquatic habitats and feeds by tactolocation : while walking , it swings its head and the slightly open \u201cspoon\u201d of its bill in the water from side to side in a semicircular motion . the bill snaps shut when it contacts prey , mainly fish and aquatic invertebrates . it is gregarious while feeding , nesting , and roosting . the full behavioral repertoire of the roseate has yet to be described .\nthe roseate spoonbill will sleep standing , usually on one leg , with its head buried beneath back and shoulder feathers . the female is also able to rest when lying down during incubation . it is generally a silent bird , although it is known to make calls during breeding displays and when flying ( 3 ) .\nthe roseate spoonbill nests in colonies . males and females pair off for the breeding season and build a nest together . they build large nests of sticks lined with grass and leaves . the nests are built in trees . the female spoonbill lays two to four eggs . both the female and the male incubate the eggs . the chicks hatch in about three weeks and fledge in around 35 to 42 days . both the male and female feed the chicks until they are about eight weeks old . young roseate spoonbills have white feathers with a slight pink tinge on the wings . they don ' t reach maturity until they are three years old .\nspoonbills eat shrimp , shrimp eat algae , and the algae make their own red and yellow pigments , called carotenoids . some scientists believe that the pink coloration that roseate spoonbills acquire as they mature is due to their diet of carotenoid - rich organisms like shrimp . the more they eat , the pinker they get . flamingos are close relatives of the roseate spoonbill . they both have pink feathers , but the flamingos are much larger , with a longer neck .\nthis spoonbill species grows up to 38 inches tall with a 47 - 52 inch wingspan and can weigh up to 4 pounds . feeding primarily on small aquatic animals such as fish and crusta\ns is caused by an abundance of carotenoids , or algae pigments , present in the food the birds eat . as the spoonbill ages , the caroteniods accumulate from all of the aquatic anim\nthe roseate spoonbill feeds in groups , in both fresh and marine shallow waters ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it feeds by walking slowly through the water , swinging its distinctive spoon - shaped bill from side to side ( 3 ) . the bill has sensitive nerve endings , allowing it to detect when it comes into contact with prey and snap shut ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . this species is known to shake and beat prey against hard surfaces to break shells and facilitate swallowing and digestion if necessary ( 3 ) . the roseate spoonbill generally feeds on a range of aquatic animals including small fish , crustaceans and insects ( 3 ) .\nsources : 1 . about roseate spoonbills ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 2 . christopher perrins , oxford university press ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 3 . david burnie , dorling kindersley ( 2008 ) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 4 . david burnie , kingfisher ( 2011 ) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 5 . dorling kindersley ( 2006 ) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 6 . richard mackay , university of california press ( 2009 ) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 7 . roseate spoonbill breeding ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 8 . roseate spoonbill conservation ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 9 . roseate spoonbill information ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ] 10 . tom jackson , lorenz books ( 2007 ) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 13 apr 2011 ]\nroseate spoonbills build bulky stick nests in trees and shrubs that often hang over standing water . they typically raise 3 to 4 chicks every year .\nroseate spoonbills are among the most beautiful birds found in north america . they are often mistaken to be american flamingos due to their colored body type . these birds belong to the spoonbill family that are distributed largely across the coastal regions of america , mexico and caribbean . they are the only spoonbills that live beyond the tropical and warmer climates .\nhow you can help : join audubon florida\u2019s online advocacy campaign at urltoken , where you will find tips on boating responsibly , creating backyard wildlife habitat , and reporting a sighting of a banded spoonbill .\nthe roseate spoonbill is generally an uncommon resident in the united states , depending on location and season . historical records indicate that the u . s . population was more abundant before the plume - hunting era than today . it was decimated by feather hunters beginning as early as the 1830s , when john james audubon saw roseate wings being sold as fans in st . augustine , florida , but disturbance at shared rookeries for the highly prized plumes of egrets probably took the greatest toll on the species (\nthe roseate spoonbill is the only spoonbill endemic ( native ) to the western hemisphere ( bjork and powell 1996 ) . this species can reach a length of 30 - 40 inches ( 76 - 102 centimeters ) with a wingspan of 50 - 53 inches ( 127 - 135 centimeters ) . it has pink wings and underparts ( with some red on the tops of the wings ) with a white neck and back , and pinkish legs and feet . while the species looks almost entirely pink in flight , they actually have no feathers at all on their heads . the pink coloration comes from the organisms on which they feed , which are full of caroteniods ( organic pigment ) ( texas parks and wildlife department , n . d . ) . as the name implies , the roseate spoonbill also has a large , spoon - shaped bill , which it sweeps back and forth in shallow water to capture prey .\ngorgeous at a distance and bizarre up close is the roseate spoonbill . locally common in coastal florida , texas , and southwest louisiana , they are usually in small flocks , often associating with other waders . spoonbills feed in shallow waters , walking forward slowly while they swing their heads from side to side , sifting the muck with their wide flat bills .\nthe roseate spoonbill ( platalea ajaja ) is a striking wading bird that is easily identifiable thanks to its bright pink plumage and spoon - shaped bill ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it is a large bird , with a wingspan of over a metre , but is mid - sized in comparison to other species in the order ciconiiformes to which the roseate spoonbill belongs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is long - legged , long - necked ( 2 ) and has a bald head that is pale green in appearance , with a white neck , breast and back ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the rest of the plumage is mostly various shades of pink , with dark reddish - pink wing and upper tail feathers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . there is a yellow patch near the bend of the wing , and the tail is orange ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the roseate spoonbill\u2019s bill is about 15 to 18 centimetres long and is grey , while the legs are reddish - pink ( 3 ) .\nbjork r . , g . v . n powell . , 1996 . roseate spoonbill . pages 295 \u2013 308 in j . a . rodgers , jr . , h . w . kale ii , and h . t . smith ( eds . ) . rare and endangered biota of florida , vol . v : birds . university press of florida , gainesville , fl .\nthe roseate spoonbill is a resident breeder in south america , generally east of the andes , and coastal areas of central america , the caribbean , and the gulf of mexico ( dumas 2000 ) . mangrove islands and occasionally dredge - spoil islands are the preferred nesting habitat for the species . in florida , the species is found in florida bay , tampa bay , and brevard county .\nroseate spoonbills are usually quiet but make low grunting sounds while they are eating with others . young ones emit soft calls unlike the adults who have a raspy voice .\nthe most devastating threat to the roseate spoonbill has historically been hunting by man ( 3 ) . population numbers dropped dramatically between 1850 and 1890 as a result of hunters selling the feathers for use in fans and hat - making , as well as hunting for meat ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . this species has also suffered from disturbance at breeding colonies shared with heavily hunted egrets ( 3 ) .\nroseate spoonbills fly with their head and feet outstretched elegantly looking straight . they form a long line and sometimes that line assumes a \u2018v\u2019 shape while flying in a flock .\ndistribution of the roseate spoonbill in north and middle america and the western caribbean . this species breeds locally within the distribution shown , and locally in south america . in the u . s . , it breeds during winter ( florida bay ) and spring ( elsewhere ) , and individuals regularly disperse north distribution shown during summer and fall . see text for timing of breeding and postbreeding dispersal in other regions .\nnot the roseate spoonbill ! having a\nbuilt - in\nspoon on its beak can be a big help at mealtime . all spoonbills take advantage of this adaptation with a special feeding style known as\nhead - swinging .\nthe birds plunge their bill nearly vertically under water and swing it side to side in wide arcs . in this way , they snag a host of small animals from the lake bottom .\nit ' s ironic that roseate spoonbills were hunted for their plumage : their feather color fades rapidly , so the fans and hats made from their plumes had only a limited lifespan .\nthe unique spoon - shaped bill of this species is also used in a courtship dance which includes nest material exchanges , dancing , and bill clapping . roseate spoonbills typically don ' t breed until they reach 3 years old , at which time they have reached full size and have grown breeding plumage . the attractive feathers used to attract a breeding mate also attracted plume hunters and poachers in the 1800s that used the feathers to make fashion pieces such as ladies hats . by the 1930s , poaching and low reproductive success rates lead spoonbill population numbers to frop to an estimated 30 breeding pairs . conservation efforts in the united states have allowed the species to reach an estimated 1000 breeding pairs along the florida coast , contributing to an estimated 4 , 000 total breeding pair population along the gulf coast of the united states including texas and louisiana populations . the biggest threat to the roseate spoonbill is now habitat loss , as coastal and estuary lands are drained for urban developments .\nroseate spoonbills don ' t mate for life , but they do keep the same mate for an entire breeding season . before they breed , the male and female tempt each other in ritual courtship displays .\ntoday the species has recovered so well that it has no special conservation status . yet scientists worry about a recent decline in the number of breeding pairs in various parts of its range . manmade causes are again suspected , specifically the broad use of pesticides to control mosquitoes and changes in the birds ' wetland habitats ( draining , pollution , etc . ) . with any luck , the roseate spoonbill will be able to cope and will have a rosy future for many centuries to come .\nthe roseate spoonbill is known to breed in southern usa in florida , louisiana and texas , along both coasts of central america , and south as far as central argentina ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it is found on most islands in the caribbean sea , with the exception of the lesser antilles , where it is rare ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . this is thought to indicate that the south american populations are distinct from the remaining populations in the usa and central america ( 3 ) .\nroseate spoonbills forage in the shallows of fresh , brackish , and marine waters including bays , mangroves , forested swamps , and wetlands . they nest and roost in trees and shrubs along the water ' s edge .\nwhite , d . h . , c . a . mitchell and e . cromartie . 1982b . nesting ecology of roseate spoonbills at neuces bay , texas . auk no . 99 : 275 - 284 . close\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service today released its gulf coast vulnerability assessment ( gcva ) , a comprehensive report that evaluates the effects of climate change , sea level rise and urbanization on four gulf coast ecosystems and 11 species that depend on them . the ecosystems are mangrove , oyster reef , tidal emergent marsh and barrier islands . the species are roseate spoonbill , blue crab , clapper rail , mottled duck , spotted seatrout , eastern oyster , american oystercatcher , red drum , black skimmer , kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtle and wilson\u2019s plover .\neven the size of the roseate spoonbills doesn\u2019t save themselves from the predators present in water and natural surroundings who hunt them for flesh and eggs . some of them are alligators , pumas , coyotes , raccoons , jaguars , hawks and even humans .\nthis medium - sized bird ' s body is rather stocky ; its long legs allow it to wade into water . both male and female roseate spoonbills have the same bright pink plumage , though males are somewhat larger and have somewhat longer bills .\nals it has eaten and the pink coloration becomes darker . a specialized spoon - shaped bill allows the bird to forage for its food by sweeping the head from side to side as it walks through shallow water . when sensitive nerves along the upper and lower bill feel prey move , the spoonbill clamps the bill shut and the prey is trapped .\n) . breeders persisted in only a few locations in florida and louisiana into the 1940s , and the species was virtually extirpated in texas until the 1920s . despite eventual population increases throughout its u . s . range , this spoonbill remains vulnerable , especially in florida , and it is designated a species of special concern in both florida and louisiana .\nmale and female roseate spoonbills are similar in appearance and colour , although males are slightly larger ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . juvenile roseate spoonbills are mostly white , with dusky - pink wing tips which develop and darken as they mature ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . they have fully feathered heads and pale yellowish - pink bills ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . full adult plumage is thought to develop after four moults , which takes about three years ( 3 ) .\nroseate spoonbills forage in the shallows of fresh , brackish , and marine waters with good sources of aquatic invertebrates . these include bays and mangroves to forested swamps and roadside ditches . they nest and roost in trees and shrubs along the water ' s edge .\nrobertson , w . b . , l . l . breen and b . w . patty . 1983b . movement of marked roseate spoonbills in florida with a review of present distribution . j . field ornithol . no . 54 : 225 - 236 . close\nroseate spoonbills are medium - sized waterbirds with a football - shaped body and long legs . the long bill that is flattened into a spoon at the end protrudes from their small head . they fly with their long necks outstretched and often rest with it curled into an s .\nroseate spoonbills are pale pink birds with brighter pink shoulders and rump . they have a white neck and a partially feathered , yellowish green head from which their red eyes shine . juveniles are paler pink and have a completely feathered head for 3 years until they attain adult breeding plumage .\nroseate spoonbills fly in flocks with other spoonbills , usually in long , strung - out diagonal lines . those that live in the tropics tend not to migrate . in temperate and sub - tropical climates , spoonbills migrate somewhat , mostly as a response to food availability and rainfall patterns .\nthroughout their distributional range , these beautiful roseate spoonbills inhabit ponds , marshes , swamps and rivers . they can survive in freshwater as well as saltwater habitats , which is why they feed in tidal ponds and estuaries . shallow water bodies adjacent to their nesting sites are preferred feeding areas during nesting .\nlook out for a long - legged wading bird with pale - pink feathers , but don ' t confuse this big cypress resident with the greater flamingo in the florida keys . spoonbills get their names from the spatulate shaped bill that strains shallow water like a straining spoon . the roseate spoonbill stands 28 - 34 inches tall , and can stretch its wings 47 - 51 inches . both eyes and legs are red , and feathers of the neck , chest and upper back are white . the pale pink body is complimented by bright orange tail feathers and a pale - gray , flattened , spoon - shaped bill . the immature bird ' s feathers are paler colors and each chick has a feathered head unlike their parents .\nroseate spoonbills grow to a height of 32 inches ( 81 cm ) , with an average wingspan of 50 inches ( 127 cm ) . their distinguishing characteristics include their pink body and legs , white neck and breast . pale green bald head , spoon - shaped bill , and bright red shoulder patch .\nthese migrate during the breeding season when they seek partners in distant areas . migratory range of roseate spoonbills extends to south and central america during the winters . it however does not travel beyond north carolina , towards the east . but not all of them are migratory , especially the ones inhabiting the tropical zones .\nby the early 20th century , there were only a few dozen nesting pairs of roseate spoonbills on this continent . various groups , including the national audubon society , set aside preserves for the birds . spoonbills received legal protection in the1940s and their numbers slowly started rebounding in parts of the southern u . s .\nin the 19 th century laws have been passed to prevent the killing of roseate spoonbills as they were becoming endangered during that time . there are no issues with its population now and hence at present iucn lists them as least concern birds . in louisiana and florida they have been enlisted as species of special concern .\nbreeding season of roseate spoonbills probably start in the beginning of summer . these spoonbills enter sexual maturity in the third year but some might take another year to start breeding . a typical cycle can be deciphered which can be classified into 4 phases including , formation of pair , phase of betrothal , copulation and nest formation .\nroseate spoonbills forage in shallow waters typically less than 5 inches deep . they sweep their partly opened spoon - shaped bill through the water , feeling and looking for crustaceans such as shrimp , prawns , aquatic insects , and fish . once they feel the prey on their bill they snap it closed , often swallowing the item whole .\na spoonbill feeds more by touch than by sight - - a handy adaptation for an animal that often feeds in water that ' s muddy or clogged with dense vegetation . the horny bill is equipped with sensitive touch receptors that detect vibrations given off by prey . when something touches the inside of the spoon , the bill closes on it quickly . this keen sense of touch and fast reflexes allow the bird to feed in cloudy water , and at night .\nroseate spoonbills nest in colonies with egrets , ibises , and herons , typically on islands or over standing water . they nest in mangroves , brazilian pepperbush , willows , sea myrtle , and other shrubs near the water . they tend to put their nests in the shadiest part of the tree or shrub , up to 16 feet high .\nof around three weeks , and fledge after about a month . the young roseate spoonbills have white plumage with a slight pink tinge , and often won ' t develop the colourful adult feathers for at least a couple of years . both the incubating of the eggs and the feeding of the chicks is shared by the male and female parents .\ncream colored eggs hatch in a month\u2019s time , producing pinkish chicks with orange colored bills . after a month they start flying across low lying branches around the nest but can completely fly after a couple of more months . till 3 years the young roseate spoonbills refrain from mating and above that age they follow the same life cycle like the adults .\nbjork , r . d . and g . v . n . powell . 1994 . relationships between hydrologic conditions and quality and quantity of foraging habitat for roseate spoonbills and other wading birds in the c - 111 basin . homestead , fl : south florida res . center , everglades natl . park , natl . park serv . , final rep . close\nroseate spoonbills wade through shallow water swinging their head side to side with their bill under the water feeling for prey . they tend to forage with their bodies held in a horizontal position just above the water with head hanging down . they fly with the neck outstretched , dipping slightly below the body . spoonbills forage , roost , and nest in groups often with other ibises , herons , and egrets .\nunlike most birds , roseate spoonbills are silent and often solitary when they feed . they swish their spoon - shaped bills back and forth in the water to find small invertebrates , fish and crustaceans . during breeding season , the male uses gifts of nesting material to attract the female . once mated , the pair remains monogamous . both male and female take turns sitting on the eggs and feeding the young .\nroseate spoonbills are plentiful in much of their range , but that hasn ' t always been the case . in the mid - to late - 1800s , they were driven to the brink of extinction in north america and cuba . spoonbills were intensely hunted for their beautiful feathers , used for ladies ' hats , fans and screens . their numbers also suffered with the draining and pollution of their wetland habitat .\nroseate spoonbills slowly walk through shallow water with their bodies held horizontally and their spoon - shaped bill underwater feeling for prey . they sleep while standing , often on one leg with the head tucked under a shoulder . roseate spoonbills are social birds that gather in small to large ( anywhere from 2 to around 400 ) groups when feeding and roosting . they fly to and from feeding and roosting areas with slow and deep wingbeats with their legs and neck fully extended . when foraging spoonbills spot a group of spoonbills flying overhead they stick their necks and bills straight up into the air in a posture called sky gazing . spoonbills share the roosting and nesting colony with egrets , herons , and ibises . at colonies males bob their heads up and down while shaking nearby twigs to get the attention of a female . interested pairs may bite each other ' s bills or may raise their outstretched wings above their body . once paired , males present females with sticks , which they shake while holding them in their bills . pairs generally stay together only for one breeding season .\nthere is no sexual dimorphism ( difference in form between individuals of different genders in the same species ) in roseate spoonbills . they nest in mixed colonies ( near other wading bird species ) in mangroves or trees and though most breed on the coast , some nest inland . nesting habitats include coastal mangroves and dredged - made islands . ( florida natural areas inventory 2001 ) . the female builds the nest while the male retrieves the nesting materials . the female lays up to three whitish - colored eggs and both adults incubate the eggs for up to 24 days ( smithsonian national zoological park , n . d . ) . the young remain in the nest for approximately 35 - 42 days and are fed by both adults .\nroseate spoonbills nest and forage in areas that can be difficult to reach , so obtaining an accurate estimate of their population is difficult . the best available estimates come from the north american breeding bird survey and partners in flight . according to the north american breeding bird survey their populations have increased by nearly 6 . 5 % between 1966 and 2015 . partners in flight estimates the global breeding population at 120 , 000 individuals . the species rates a 10 out of 20 on the continental concern score , which means it is not on the partners in flight watch list and is a species of low conservation concern . in florida , much of their nesting habitat occurs in protected areas including the everglades national park and national wildlife refuges , but their foraging areas are not always under protection and can be affected by changes in water management that increase salinity and affect food availability . nesting spoonbills are also vulnerable to human disturbance from boating and other recreation activities that can result in nest abandonment .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nfalkland islands ( malvinas ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; jamaica ; south georgia and the south sandwich islands ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : zootaxa . publisher : auckland , n . z . : magnolia press , 2001 - isbn / issn : 1175 - 5326 oclc : 49030618\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nan international journal of zootaxonomy .\ntitle from cover . some issues also have distinctive titles .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nmales collect sticks for females to build a bulky platform lined with finer plant material such as moss and strips of bark . the completed nest is about 22 inches wide and 4 . 5 inches deep .\npink skinned and covered with white down . eyed closed and unable to stand .\ndunne , p . ( 2006 ) . pete dunne ' s essential field guide companion . houghton mifflin harcourt , new york , usa .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love ( 2016 ) . longevity records of north american birds . version 2016 . 1 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory , laurel , md , usa .\nsauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966\u20132015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\nlarge , pink wading bird with a long , spoon - shaped bill . adults have brighter pink shoulders and a bare yellowish green head .\njuveniles look similar to adults , but are paler pink and have a completely feathered head . spoon - shaped bill is distinctive .\nnests and roosts in trees and shrubs including mangrove , sea myrtle , hackberry , and mesquite .\nfound in freshwater and saltwater wetlands , mangroves , forested swamps , rivers , bays , estuaries , mudflats , and lagoons .\nvery common in parts of the southeast until the 1860s , spoonbills were virtually eliminated from the united states as a side - effect of the destruction of wader colonies by plume hunters . began to re - colonize texas and florida early in 20th century . still uncommon and local , vulnerable to degradation of feeding and nesting habitats .\ncoastal marshes , lagoons , mudflats , mangrove keys . forages in shallow water with muddy bottom , in both salt and fresh water , including tidal ponds , coastal lagoons , extensive inland marshes . nests in colonies , in florida mainly in red mangroves , farther west in willows or on coastal islands in low scrub , including mesquite and salt cedar .\nforages by wading in shallow muddy water , sweeping bill from side to side with mandibles slightly open , detecting prey by feel . sometimes picks up items that it has found by sight .\n2 - 3 , sometimes 1 - 5 . white , spotted with brown . incubation is by both sexes , 22 - 24 days . young : both parents feed young . young clamber about near nest , may leave nest after 5 - 6 weeks , capable of strong flight at roughly 7 - 8 weeks .\nboth parents feed young . young clamber about near nest , may leave nest after 5 - 6 weeks , capable of strong flight at roughly 7 - 8 weeks .\nsmall fish , aquatic invertebrates . diet is mostly small fish such as minnows and killifish , also shrimp , crayfish , crabs , aquatic insects ( especially beetles ) , mollusks , slugs . eats some plant material , including roots and stems of sedges .\nbreeds mainly during winter in florida , during spring in texas . nests in colonies . at beginning of breeding season , entire flock may suddenly fly up , for no apparent reason , and circle the area . in courtship , male and female first interact aggressively , later perch close together , present sticks to each other , cross and clasp bills . nest site is in mangroves , tree , shrub , usually 5 - 15 ' above ground or water , sometimes on ground . nest ( built mostly by female , with material brought by male ) a bulky platform of sticks , with deep hollow in center lined with twigs , leaves .\npresent all year in coastal texas but more common in summer , with some migrating to mexico in winter . there is thought to be some regular seasonal movement between florida and cuba . after breeding season , a few ( mostly immatures ) may stray far north and well inland . rarely strays into southwest from western mexico .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d"]}
{"id": 1332, "summary": [{"text": "the large-headed whiting , sillago megacephalus , is a dubious species of coastal marine fish in the smelt-whiting family that has only been recorded from one specimen captured off the coast of china in 1933 .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "although very similar to sillago sihama , the species is characterised by an unusually large head which accounts for 33 % of the total body length . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "large - headed whiting", "paragraphs": ["crotch -\nzimmermann ' s large - headed lady\n- e . us\nhorn -\nhorn ' s large - headed lady\n- southmost texas , az to s . ca\na large - headed elongated fish with long jaws and strong teeth . it is a valuable commercial food fish .\nthe large - headed seasnake occurs in the northern great barrier reef marine park ( fry et al . 2001 ) .\nthe warge - headed whiting is one of 29 species in de genus siwwago , which is one of dree divisions of de smewt whiting famiwy siwwaginidae . the smewt - whitings are perciformes in de suborder percoidei . [ 1 ]\n\u2018the main catches have been monk , megs , hake whiting and haddock . \u2019\nwhiting whiting , ( species gadus , or merlangius , merlangus ) , common marine food fish of the cod family , gadidae . the whiting is found in european waters and is especially abundant in the north sea . it is carnivorous and feeds on invertebrates and small fishes . \u2026\u2026\nmore specifically , the large - headed seasnake is active at night . as such , it is more likely to be caught during trawling at night than during the day ( milton 2001 ) .\nannotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date .\n\u2018cod , hake , whiting , mackerel and skate as well as shellfish were pulled from the sea . \u2019\ngrenadier grenadier , any of about 300 species of abundant deep - sea fishes of the family macrouridae found along the ocean bottom in warm and temperate regions . the typical grenadier is a large - headed fish with a tapered body ending in a long , ratlike tail bordered\u2026\u2026\nthe onwy known specimen of warge - headed whiting was taken from taiwanese waters , wif no oder records known of , and no information of de habitat or depf de species wives at avaiwabwe . aspects of de species biowogy and importance to fisheries are compwetewy unknown at de present .\nmilton ( 2001 ) estimated that this species takes longer to reach sexual maturity than most other sea snakes in australia ( more than two years ) . this estimation was made using data on the size of large - headed seasnakes caught during trawling and the probability of breeding prior to capture .\nthe large - headed seasnake is one of the three least frequently caught species ( ward 2000 ) and its rarity makes it very difficult to assess changes in its population . however , its rate of capture appears to have decreased between the late 1980s and 2000 ( milton 2001 ; stobutzki et al . 2000 ) .\nthe large - headed seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north ( dsewpac 2012x ) marine region . see schedule 2 of the north marine bioregional plan ( dsewpac 2012x ) for regional advice . the\nspecies group report card - marine reptiles\nfor the north ( dsewpac 2012x ) marine region provides additional information .\n\u2018experts want a total ban on cod , whiting and hake fishing in the irish sea , a measure that would affect about a fifth of the irish fishing industry . \u2019\nthe large - headed seasnake is restricted to northern australia ( cogger 1996 ) , including areas of the gulf of carpentaria , the coast of the northern territory , and the hey , embley and mission rivers near weipa on cape york ( milton 2001 ; porter et al . 1997 ; t . m . ward 2002 pers . comm . ) .\n\u2018the bulk of the diet of large congers is made up of small fish , from cod and hake in deep water to mackerel and herring in shallow water . \u2019\nthe large - headed seasnake has been caught during trawling in open water up to 50 m deep on the northern australian continental shelf , and in rivers on cape york ( porter et al . 1997 ; ward 2000 ) . this species primarily occurs where the sea bed consists of soft sediments , such as that used for prawn trawling ( milton 2001 ) .\n\u2018the name , originally a german word , was a general one for any dried white fish , most often cod , but also pollack , whiting , hake , and others . \u2019\naccording to milton ( 2001 ) , the large - headed seasnake is the most susceptible to declines from over - fishing of any australian species of sea snake . this is because it is rare , restricted to the gulf of carpentaria and nearby regions , highly vulnerable to trawling , and has a particularly low reproductive rate ( due to its late age at maturity ) .\n\u2018not only will the cuts apply to cod but will apply also to associated species such as whiting , haddock , sole , saithe , monk , plaice , prawns , hake and megrim . \u2019\n( linnaeus ) -\ncactus lady\n- dorsal spots may be large or small , it ' s the vental pattern that ' s diagnostic . widely dist . across s . us\nsillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / by roland j . mckay .\nsillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / \u200b by roland j . mckay .\nas part of a bycatch risk assessment and mitigation document ( milton et al . 2008 ) , the research and trawl data available on sea snakes in northern australia since 1976 was gathered and analyzed to identify species specific distribution and catch rates . the large - headed seasnake was found to be one of the two species with a restricted distribution around the south and south - west gulf of carpentaria ( milton et al . 2008 ) .\nsillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt , or indo - pacific whiting species known to date / by roland j . mckay . - version details - trove\nguinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .\nhistorically , the large - headed seasnake comprised 0 . 4 % of the bycatch of sea snakes captured during trawling for banana prawns and tiger / endeavour prawns on the northern australian continental shelf ( ward 1996b ) . in addition , the species counted for 3 % of the sea snakes caught during the early northern prawn fishery observer program between 1996 and 1998 , and 1 % caught during research trawling operations on the great barrier reef between 1992 and 1995 ( fry et al . 2001 ) .\nparacanthopterygian paracanthopterygian , ( superorder paracanthopterygii ) , any member of a large group of predatory , primarily marine fishes that forms one of about six major branches of the teleostei , or bony fishes . approximately 1 , 340 living species of paracanthopterygian\u2026\u2026\nfrogfish frogfish , any of about 60 species of small marine fishes of the family antennariidae ( order lophiiformes ) , usually found in shallow , tropical waters . frogfishes are robust , rather lumpy fishes with large mouths and , often , prickly skins . the largest species\u2026\u2026\nhake hake , ( genus merluccius ) , any of several large marine fishes of the cod family , gadidae . they are sometimes classed as a separate family , merlucciidae , because of skeletal differences in the skull and ribs . hakes are elongated , largeheaded fishes with\u2026\u2026\nadriano , g . , n . vandenberg , j . mchugh , j . forrester , s . slipinski , k . miller , l . shapiro , m . whiting . 2009 . the evolution of food preferences in coccinellidae . biological control 51 ( 2 ) : 215 - 231 .\ncod cod , ( genus gadus ) , large and economically important marine fish of the family gadidae . the species gadus morhua is found on both sides of the north atlantic . a cold - water fish , it generally remains near the bottom , ranging from inshore regions to deep\u2026\u2026\nthe large - headed seasnake , like most sea snakes , is viviparous , that is giving birth to live young ( cogger 2000 ) . in addition , male sea snakes have two penises called hemipenes , and each is an autonomous independently functioning penis , though only one is used during mating . mating takes place for long periods and sea snakes must surface for air during that time . the female controls her breathing and , as she swims to the surface , the male is pulled along via the hemipenis . males are unable to disengage until mating is finished ( cogger 2000 ; heatwole 1999 ) .\nparacanthopterygian , ( superorder paracanthopterygii ) , any member of a large group of predatory , primarily marine fishes that forms one of about six major branches of the teleostei , or bony fishes . approximately 1 , 340 living species of paracanthopterygian fishes have been described . they range in . . .\ncusk cusk , ( brosme brosme ) , long - bodied food fish of the cod family , gadidae , found along the ocean bottom in deep offshore waters on either side of the north atlantic . the cusk is a small - scaled fish with a large mouth and a barbel on its chin . it has one\u2026\u2026\nas awready noted , de warge - headed whiting is very simiwar to siwwago sihama , but has a head wengf which is 33 % of de body wengf , compared to de 27 - 30 % observed in s . sihama . the first dorsaw fin has 11 spines , whiwe de second dorsaw fin has a singwe spine and 22 soft rays . the anaw fin is simiwar wif two spines and 23 soft rays . there are about 70 wateraw wine scawes . the cowour is uniform aww over de body , wif onwy de tip of de spinous dorsaw fins bwack . [ 3 ] littwe ewse is known , incwuding swimbwadder morphowogy and vertebrae numbers . the specimen described was 158 mm in wengf . [ 4 ]\nthe onwy specimen of de species ever recorded was taken from paoping harbour in hainan , china in 1933 . lin recorded de new species , designating de onwy sampwe to be de howotype of de species . in preparation of a 1985 review of de siwwaginids , rowand mckay was unabwe to wocate de howotype and has presumed it to be wost . [ 2 ] mckay noted dat based on its description , aww features except an unusuawwy warge head where characteristic of de common species siwwago sihama , suggesting de s . megacephawus is actuawwy a junior synonym of s . sihama . the common name of ' warge - headed whiting ' is a straight transwation from its binomiaw name , signifying de diagnostic head wengf . [ 2 ]\nmckay , r . j . , 1992 . fao species catalogue . vol . 14 . sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 14 ) : 87p . ( ref . 6205 )\nwith 29 species , the genus sillago has the widest distribution of any smelt - whiting genus , spanning much of the indo - pacific . the genus ranges from the east coast of africa to japan in the east and southern australia in the south , with most species concentrated around south east asia , the indonesian archipelago and australia . many species have overlapping distribution , often making positive identification hard .\nsea snakes that inhabit coral reefs and lagoons can be surveyed by travelling slowly ( at about four knots ) along transects in a small boat and visually identifying snakes observed within 3 m of the path of the boat . species can be distinguished by this method if the water is up to 3 m deep . at low tide , surveys can be done on foot , for example by searching the reef flat along transects that are 1000 m long and 20 m wide ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .\nrobertson , j . a . , a . s\u0301lipin\u0301ski , m . moulton , f . shockley , a . giorgi , n . p . lord , d . d . mckenna , w . tomaszewska , j . forrester , k . b . miller , m . f . whiting and j . v . mchugh . 2015 . phylogeny and classification of cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily coccinelloidea ( coleoptera : cucujiformia ) . systematic entomology . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12138\nit has been suggested that , for a brd to be effective , it must enable the sea snakes to detect the reduced flow posterior to the device ( milton et al . 2009 ) . when tested , the fishbox brd was found to have a relatively large region of reduced flow posterior to the device ( heales et al . 2008 ) . the position of the brd , forward of the codend , has a large effect on the escape of bycatch ( mainly fish ) ( milton et al . 2009 ) . this position , together with the total catch weight , has previously been found to have the largest effect on the survival of sea snakes ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . in addition , the length of hauls has been found to impact bycatch rates , with shorter hauls reducing the volume of bycatch ( milton et al . 2009 ; wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . therefore , the placement and the design of the brd and the length of hauls are clearly areas of future research and management solutions to reduce impacts on sea snake populations .\nsillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae containing the smelt - whitings , and contains 29 species , making sillago the only non - monotypic genus in the family . distinguishing among sillago species can be difficult , with many similar in appearance and colour , forcing the use of swim bladder morphology as a definitive feature . all whiting species are benthic in nature and generally coastal fish , living in shallow , protected waters , although there are exceptions . minor fisheries exist around various species of sillago , making them of minor importance in most of their range .\nmilton and fry ( 2002 ) found that the bycatch reduction device ( brd ) was more effective at reducing the number of sea snakes captured during prawn trawling than either the turtle excluder device ( ted ) , or a combination of both a brd ( for example the fisheye brd ) and a ted . brds are escape grids or openings designed to enable smaller animals to swim out of the net , and teds are hard grids placed in trawl nets to exclude turtles and other large animals . these devices have two functionalities . firstly , the devices reduce the number of fish caught which decreases the weight of the catch , therefore , reducing the physical damage to sea snakes caught in the nets . secondly , the devices enable any sea snake caught , to escape ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) .\nanother cmo program ( called the crew member program or cmp ) was brought into effect in the queensland east coast trawl fishery ( qectf ) during july 2005\u0096october 2007 ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . as part of this program , bycatch data were collected from fisheries such as the shallow and deepwater eastern king prawn , scallop , banana prawn , redspot king prawn , north queensland tiger / endeavour prawn , black tiger prawn broodstock collection , beam trawl and stout whiting trawl fisheries . during the study from 8289 trawls , information on bycatch rates , composition and mortality was collected . a total of 3910 sea snakes were captured from the 8289 trawls . identification of the bycatch was made using digital photos taken by trained crew members . the study found that the highest catch of sea snakes was in redspot king prawn fishery , due to an overlap with sea snake habitat ( courtney et al . 2010 ) .\nprawn trawling is having a large negative impact on protected sea snake populations ( milton et al . 2008 ) . in order to monitor the sea snakes in the bycatch , and their numbers , a crew member observer ( cmo ) program was established in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) in 2003 . this program aims to ( inexpensively ) collect data on bycatch such as composition , catch rates and distribution during both npf tiger and banana prawn fishing seasons . the initiative requires csiro and australian fisheries management authority ( afma ) to jointly run annual industry workshops to train the crew in the identification , photographing and recording of sea snakes from bycatch . during the 2003\u00962005 seasons , 21 crew member observers on 17 vessels collected data from 7602 tiger and prawn trawls . the observers recorded 4131 sea snakes from 12 species , with over half being photographed for identification and length estimation ( milton et al . 2008 ) .\nthis tool lets you describe a concept and get back a list of words and phrases related to that concept . your description can be anything at all : a single word , a few words , or even a whole sentence . type in your description and hit enter ( or select a word that shows up in the autocomplete preview ) to see the related words .\n. if you ' re really fond of the old system , or if you have javascript disabled in your browser , you can still access version 1 . 0\nor click on the link that says\ntry your query on the old system\nthat appears at the very bottom of the results page .\n, which in turn uses several linguistic resources described in the\ndata sources\nsection on that page .\nfor some types of searches only the first result or the first few results are likely to be useful . we urge you to click on a word to check its definition before using it in your oscars acceptance speech or honors thesis .\nif you get back nothing but junk , try restating your query so that it ' s just two or three simple words . some queries are very difficult for our system . that ' s because not every dictionary indexed by onelook is used by the reverse dictionary , and our search algorithm still needs a lot of work . we ' re continually adding more references and improving the precision of the system .\n) into any onelook search box , followed by your concept . if you put a\nbefore the colon , your results will be filtered by that pattern . ( this is particularly useful for crossword puzzle help , as shown in the examples above . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nview at ftp : / \u200b / \u200bftp . fao . org / \u200bfi / \u200bdocument / \u200bsidp / \u200bt0538e % 5f14sillaginid / \u200bt0538e00 . pdf\nin order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to , you must first login or sign up . then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen .\nwe were unable to find this edition in any bookshop we are able to search .\nyou also may like to try some of these bookshops , which may or may not sell this item .\nseparate different tags with a comma . to include a comma in your tag , surround the tag with double quotes .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 58 specimens . . .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .\nnorthwest pacific : japan , korea , china , and taiwan . possibly to the philippines . . . .\nindian ocean : east and west coast of india . very similar in . . .\neastern indian ocean : india and thailand . sillago intermedius is similar to . . .\nnorthwest pacific : hainan , china . this species is possibly a junior synonym . . .\nnorthwest pacific : gulf of tonkin and china . this species is rare . . .\nindo - west pacific : india and sri lanka ; northern australia from exmouth gulf , . . .\nsillago sihama ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) mediterranean sea : 12900 - 772 ( 1 . . .\nnorthwest pacific : taiwan . this new species is known only from the . . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe genus sillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae , itself part of the percoidea , a suborder of the perciformes . the name sillago was first coined by famed taxonomist georges cuvier as a genus for his newly described species , sillago acuta , which was later found to be a junior synonym of s . sihama . john richardson placed the genus , along with sillaginodes and sillaginopsis in a family , which he named the sillaginidae in 1846 . many species , both valid and invalid were added to the genus , and it was not until 1985 when roland mckay of the queensland museum published a revision of the family sillaginidae that the complex relationships between these names was cleared up . mckay further divided sillago into three subgenera based primarily on the morphology of the swim bladder .\nthese subgenera are not universally accepted ; for example , fishbase does not currently use them .\nthe name sillago is derived from a locality or region within australia , possibly after sillago reef near whitsunday island in queensland .\nthis is an exhaustive list of all species currently considered valid by fishbase , itself based on roland mckay ' s 1992 fao synopsis of the sillaginidae .\nall species in the genus sillago are similar to other members of the sillaginidae family in profile , with the distinctive compressed , long , tapering body common to all species . the definitive characteristic for sillago is the presence of a swim bladder , in all but one case ( sillago chondropus ) having a duct - like process from the ventral surface to near the anus . their swim bladders are often complex , further distinguishing them from the genera sillaginodes and sillaginopsis ( which often lacks a swim bladder entirely ) .\nmembers of the genus usually have a silver to gold - brown colour depending on their habitat , with shallow sand flat fish having a more silver appearance , while estuary and silt bottom dwellers having a darker brown colour .\nsillagos are generally coastal fish , inhabiting a variety of shallow water habitats including open sand flats , muddy substrates and beaches with moderately strong wave action . some species enter estuaries and even penetrate fresh water for considerable periods , especially during vulnerable stages of their life cycle . shallow water of a few centimetres is also occupied by juvenile sillagos , especially in the vicinity of cover such as seagrass beds or mangroves . a few species are known to inhabit deeper offshore waters , with fish known from trawls up to 180 m ( 600 ft ) deep .\nvarious species of sillago represent minor local fisheries in their ranges , with many having commercial importance . fish are taken by a variety of methods including seine , gill and cast nets as well as by line . recreational fishing for sillago is common , especially in australia where they are valued as food fish or for live bait for larger species . estuarine aquaculture in india , japan and taiwan has utilized sillagos as an important species , and similar trials have been conducted in australia . they can be very delicious when deep fried .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n\u2018some of the fish should be firm - fleshed and gelatinous like halibut , eel , and winter flounder , and some tender and flaky like hake , baby cod , small pollock , and lemon sole . \u2019\n\u2018but if you can ' t find the best cod , then use chunky hake , haddock or sea bass fillets instead . \u2019\n\u2018fish such as hake , cod , tuna , swordfish , sole and sea bass could be on - grown by a ship restocking spanish waters according to those behind the project . \u2019\n\u2018the bulletin said the contraction during the fourth quarter was reflected in the species such as demersal hake , horse mackerel and rock lobster . \u2019\n\u2018it is only found in the muscles of amphibians and many fish species such as hake , yellowtail and pilchard . \u2019\n\u2018except for the poor appearance of the very valuable demersal species , hake , monk , kingklip and sole , the vessels also experience a lot of trouble with the ever - growing number of seals in namibian waters . \u2019\n\u2018the only other fish with three distinct dorsal fins are hakes and cods . \u2019\n\u2018the latest hamper included fresh turbot , hake and cod from aberdeen fish market as well as arbroath smokies , smoked salmon and kippers . \u2019\n\u2018the main species harvested are hake , horse mackerel and pilchard , whilst other species such as monk , anchovy , tuna and sole also contribute to this sector . \u2019\n\u2018ask your fishmonger what is best for grilling at this time of year - some suggestions are salmon , haddock , tuna , trout , hake , cod . \u2019\n\u2018other species to be avoided include hake , monkfish , halibut , skate , blue ling , sea bass and shark because they are all threatened species , the guide says . \u2019\n\u2018the hake industry is , commercially , the most valuable fishing industry in namibia . \u2019\n\u2018experts warn that continued intensive fishing would mean stocks of cod as well as other popular fish like hake and haddock might never recover . \u2019\n\u2018asked for his comment , he said it was true that many of south africa ' s quality products ranging from hake to chokka to fruit were exported for high prices . \u2019\n\u2018like all export related industries , the hake industry has been negatively affected by the strong local currency reducing the amount of money earned . \u2019\n\u2018they resemble the true hakes in having two dorsal fins and one anal fin and no barbel . \u2019\n\u2018contraventions of the act related to catching crayfish , hake and toothfish without a permit and offloading catches without inspectors present . \u2019\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nanglerfish anglerfish , any of about 210 species of marine fishes of the order lophiiformes . anglers are named for their method of \u201cfishing\u201d for their prey . the foremost spine of the dorsal fin is located on the head and is modified into a \u201cfishing rod\u201d tipped with\u2026\u2026\nbatfish batfish , any of about 60 species of fishes of the family ogcocephalidae ( order lophiiformes ) , found in warm and temperate seas . batfishes have broad , flat heads and slim bodies and are covered with hard lumps and spines . some species have an elongated , \u2026\u2026\nbeardfish beardfish , any of the five species of fishes in the genus polymixia constituting the family polymixiidae ( order polymixiiformes ) . beardfishes are restricted primarily to deep - sea marine habitats in tropical and temperate regions of the atlantic and pacific\u2026\u2026\nbib bib , common fish of the cod family , gadidae , found in the sea along european coastlines . the bib is a rather deep - bodied fish with a chin barbel , three close - set dorsal fins , and two close - set anal fins . it usually grows no longer than about 30 cm ( 12\u2026\u2026\nbrotula brotula , any of about 200 to 220 species of marine fishes placed by some authorities with the cusk eels in the family ophidiidae , and separated by others as the family brotulidae . brotulas are primarily deep - sea fishes , although some inhabit shallow waters\u2026\u2026\nburbot burbot , ( lota lota ) , elongated fish of the cod family , gadidae , and the only member of the family found in fresh water . the burbot lives in cold rivers and lakes of europe , asia , and north america . a bottom dweller , it descends as deep as 210 metres ( 700\u2026\u2026\ncave fish cave fish , any of the pale , blind , cave - dwelling fishes of the genera amblyopsis and typhlichthys , family amblyopsidae . cave fishes are small , growing to about 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long , and are found in fresh water in dark limestone caves of the united states . \u2026\u2026\nclingfish clingfish , any of more than 150 species of small fishes of the family gobiesocidae ( order perciformes ) . clingfishes are characterized by a strong suction disk located on the undersurface and formed by the pelvic fins and adjacent folds of flesh . they\u2026\u2026\ncusk eel cusk eel , , any of about 30 species of slim , eel - like marine fishes of the family ophidiidae , found worldwide in warm and temperate waters . cusk eels are characterized by the union of their dorsal , anal , and tail fins into a single long fin , and by the\u2026\u2026\neelpout eelpout , any of more than 250 species of elongated marine fishes of the family zoarcidae , found in cold waters and abundant in arctic and antarctic regions . eelpouts are thick - lipped , eel - shaped fishes with the dorsal and anal fins connected around the\u2026\u2026\ngoosefish goosefish , , any of about 25 species of anglerfishes of the family lophiidae ( order lophiiformes ) , found in warm and temperate seas around the world . goosefishes are soft and flabby with wide , flattened heads and slender , tapering bodies . they may grow\u2026\u2026\nhaddock haddock , ( melanogrammus aeglefinus ) , valuable north atlantic food fish of the cod family , gadidae , that is often smoked and sold as \u201cfinnan haddie . \u201d the haddock is a bottom dweller and a carnivore , feeding on invertebrates and some fishes . it resembles\u2026\u2026\nling ling , ( molva molva ) , in zoology , commercially valuable marine fish of the cod family ( gadidae ) , found in deep northern waters near iceland , the british isles , and scandinavia . the ling is a slim , long - bodied fish with small scales , a long anal fin , and\u2026\u2026\npearlfish pearlfish , any of about 32 species of slim , eel - shaped marine fishes of the family carapidae noted for living in the bodies of sea cucumbers , pearl oysters , starfishes , and other invertebrates . pearlfishes are primarily tropical and are found around the\u2026\u2026\npirate perch pirate perch , ( aphredoderus sayanus ) , freshwater fish that is the sole member of the family aphredoderidae . the pirate perch is found in weedy or muddy creeks , rivers , and lakes of eastern north america . noteworthy is the peculiar position of its anus , \u2026\u2026\npollock pollock , , ( pollachius , or gadus , virens ) , north atlantic fish of the cod family , gadidae . it is known as saithe , or coalfish , in europe . the pollock is an elongated fish , deep green with a pale lateral line and a pale belly . it has a small chin barbel\u2026\u2026\ntoadfish toadfish , any of about 80 species of bottom - living fishes constituting the family batrachoididae and the order batrachoidiformes . they are found chiefly in the new world and mostly in warm seas\u2014occasionally in freshwater . toadfishes are heavy - bodied fishes\u2026\u2026\ntrout - perch trout - perch , , either of two species of small , dark - spotted fishes of the genus percopsis ( family percopsidae ) , found in freshwaters of north america . the larger species , p . omiscomaycus , grows about 15 cm ( 6 inches ) long and is found in central north\u2026\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .\n\u00a9 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012 ) .\n( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nlisted as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nnational : listed as a marine species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\nthe species is considered to be rare . it is known only from scattered localities , and is rarely caught ( cogger 1996 ; milton 2001 ; porter et al 1997 ) .\nsea snakes are air breathing reptiles and must come to the surface to breathe , however they can spend from 30 minutes to two hours diving between breaths . they have one elongate cylindrical lung that extends for almost the entire length of their body which is very efficient for gas exchange . they also carry out cutaneous respiration whereby oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snake ' s skin into the blood . the waste product , carbon dioxide , is then diffused out of the snake ' s body , via the skin ( heatwole 1999 ) .\nsea snakes have nostril valves that prevent air entering the lung while underwater . nostril valves open inwards and are held shut from behind by erectile tissue engorged with blood ( heatwole 1999 ) .\nsea snakes are able to avoid excess salt accumulation from sea water using a salt excreting gland , known as the posterior sublingual gland , which sits under the tongue . sea snakes shed their skin every two to six weeks , which is more frequently than land snakes and more often than needed for growth alone . the process involves rubbing the lips against coral or other hard substrate to loosen the skin . the snake ' s skin is then anchored to the substrate as it crawls forward , leaving the skin turned inside out behind it . skin shedding allows sea snakes to rid themselves of fouling marine organisms such as algae , barnacles and bryozoans ( heatwole 1999 ) .\nsixteen devices were tested during a 1998 study ( brewer et al . 1998 ) . brewer and colleagues ( 1998 ) found that the most effective brds , for most sea snakes , were the austed and nordmore grids with square mesh windows . these devices reduced the rate of sea snake capture from one every second tow to one every four or five tows , thus , reducing sea snake bycatch by up to 50 % ( milton et al . 2009 ) . all other devices resulted in capture rates that were equal to , or slightly higher than , standard trawler net figures . the austed and nordmore grids were found to be most effective when they were located within 50 meshes of the drawstrings and well within the maximum distance required by australian law ( 120 meshes ) ( milton et al . 2009 ) . a mesh pertains to a square of line in the net , one mesh being equal to one square of netting .\nduring the cmo project ( 2003\u00962005 ) , the species had a significantly lower survival rate than most other species in the npf ( milton et al . 2009 ) .\nthis cmo program has been used in conjunction with logbooks , requested industry collections , scientific observers and fishery - independent surveys for long term bycatch monitoring solutions , and reflects the npf ' s commitment to the sustainability of all species impacted by their fishing activities ( milton et al . 2008 ) .\nbrewer and colleagues ( 2006 ) found that there was no decrease in sea snake bycatch in the npf when the brd was placed at a distance of 120 meshes from the drawstring . this distance is the maximum allowable distance under australian law ( milton et al . 2009 ) . fishers installing their brds closer to the codend , ( that is , at approximately 70 meshes from the drawstring ) found that bycatch of sea snakes and fish was substantially reduced with negligible prawn loss ( heales et al . 2008 ) .\nduring the cmo program , cmos and scientific observers found that the ' popeye ' fishbox brd showed the greatest reduction ( 87 % ) in sea snake catch rates and overall bycatch by weight ( 48 % ) when compared to other brd types ( milton et al . 2009 ; raudzens 2006 ) . in addition , the commonly used fisheye brd was also found to have good exclusion ( 43 % reduction in bycatch by weight ) when placed at a distance of 66 meshes from the drawstring ( milton et al . 2009 ) . where sea snake mortality is high , more recent studies have suggested that the device should be placed closer to the drawstring , that is , 50 meshes ( courtney et al . 2010 )\nmarine bioregional plans have been developed for four of australia ' s marine regions - south - west , north - west , north and temperate east . marine bioregional plans will help improve the way decisions are made under the epbc act , particularly in relation to the protection of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of our oceans and their resources by our marine - based industries . marine bioregional plans improve our understanding of australia ' s oceans by presenting a consolidated picture of the biophysical characteristics and diversity of marine life . they describe the marine environment and conservation values of each marine region , set out broad biodiversity objectives , identify regional priorities and outline strategies and actions to address these priorities . click here for more information about marine bioregional plans .\nbrewer , d . , d . heales , d . milton , q . dell , g . fry , b . venables & p . jones ( 2006 ) . the impact of turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communites in australia ' s northern prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 81 : 176 - 188 .\nbrewer , d . , n . rawlinson , s . eayres & c . burridge ( 1998 ) . an assessment of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical australian prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 36 : 195 - 215 .\ncogger , h . g . ( 1996 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed books .\ncogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .\ncourtney , a . , b . schemel , r . wallace , m . campbell , d . mayer & b . young ( 2010 ) . reducing the impact of queensland ' s trawl fisheries on protected sea snakes . department of employment , economic development and innovation , queensland government .\nfry , g . c . , a . milton & t . j . wassenberg ( 2001 ) . the reproductive biology and diet of sea snake bycatch of prawn trawling in northern australia : characteristics important for assessing the impacts on populations . pacific conservation biology . 7 : 55 - 73 .\nguinea , m . l ( in press ) . a technique for catching and restraining sea snakes . herpetological review .\nheales , d . , r . gregor , j . wakeford , y . yarrow et al ( 2008 ) . effective reduction of diverse fish and sea snake bycatch in a tropical prawn trawl fishery using the yarrow fisheye bycatch reduction device . fisheries research . 89 : 76 - 83 .\nheatwole , h . ( 1975 ) . sea snakes of the gulf of carpentaria . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 143 - 149 . baltimore , university park press .\nheatwole , h . ( 1999 ) . sea snakes . in : australian natural history series . page ( s ) 148 . sydney , nsw : unsw press .\nlimpus , c . j . ( 1975 ) . coastal sea snakes of subtropical queensland waters ( 23\u00b0 to 28\u00b0 south latitude ) . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 173 - 182 . baltimore : university park press .\nmarsh , h . , p . j . corkeron , c . j . limpus , p . d . shaughnessy & t . m . ward ( 1993 ) . conserving marine mammals and reptiles in australia and oceania . in : c . moritz & j . kikkawa , eds . conservation biology in australia and oceania . page ( s ) 225 - 44 . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty & sons .\nmilton , d . , g . fry & q . dell ( 2009 ) . reducing impacts of trawling on protected sea snakes : by - catch reduction devices improve escapement and survival . marine and freshwater research . 60 : 824 - 832 .\nmilton , d . , s . zhou , g . fry & q . dell ( 2008 ) . risk assessment and mitigation for sea snakes caught in the northern prawn fishery . fisheries research and development conservation corporation and csiro marine and atmospheric research , cleveland .\nmilton , d . a . ( 2001 ) . assessing the susceptibility to fishing of populations of rare trawl bycatch : sea snakes caught by australia ' s northern prawn fishery . biological conservation . 101 : 281 - 290 .\nmilton , d . a . & g . fry ( 2002 ) . assessment and improvement of brds and teds in the npf : a co - operative approach by fishers , scientists , fisheries technologists , economists and conservationists . fisheries research and development corporation and csiro marine research . cleveland , queensland : csiro marine research .\nporter , r . , s . irwin , t . irwin & k . rodrigues ( 1997 ) . records of the marine snake species from the hey - embley and mission rivers , far n qld . herpetofauna . 27 ( 2 ) : 2 - 7 .\nraudzens , e ( 2006 ) . at sea testing of ' popeye ' s fishbox ' bycatch reduction device onboard the fv adelaide pearl for approval in australia ' s northern prawn fishery . available from : urltoken .\nstobutzki , i . , s . blaber , d . brewer , g . fry , d . heales , p . jones , m . miller , d . milton , j . salini , t . van der velde , y - g . wang , t . wassenberg , m . dredge , a . courtney , k . chilcott & s . eayrs ( 2000 ) . ecological sustainability of bycatch and biodiversity in prawn trawl fisheries . page ( s ) 512pp . fisheries research and development corporation .\nward , t . m . ( 1996b ) . sea snake bycatch of prawn trawlers on the northern australian continental shelf . marine and freshwater research . 47 : 631 - 635 .\nward , t . m . ( 2000 ) . factors affecting the catch rates and relative abundance of sea snakes in the by - catch of trawlers targeting tiger and endeavour prawns on the northern australian continental shelf . marine freshwater research . 51 : 155 - 164 .\nwassenberg , t . j . , d . a . milton & c . y . burridge ( 2001 ) . survival rates of sea snakes caught by demersal trawlers in northern and eastern australia . biological conservation . 100 : 271 - 280 .\naustralian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\nuetz , p . , ed . ( 2010 ) . the reptile database . zoological museum hamburg . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . leioselasma pacifica in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 45 : 17 + 1000 .\n. rome : food and agricuwturaw organisation , uh - hah - hah - hah . pp . 19\u201320 .\nmckay , r . j . ( 1985 ) .\na revision of de fishes of de famiwy siwwaginidae\n.\nfroese , rainer and pauwy , daniew , eds . ( 2007 ) .\nsiwwago maegacephawus\nin fishbase . oct 2007 version , uh - hah - hah - hah .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah .\nmarine ; demersal ; non - migratory . tropical ; 23\u00b0n - 16\u00b0n , 105\u00b0e - 113\u00b0e ( ref . 6205 )\nnorthwest pacific : hainan , china . this species is possibly a junior synonym of sillago sihama .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6205 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 23 . very similar to s . sihama but with the head length 33 % of standard length .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00468 ( 0 . 00220 - 0 . 00994 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\ndownload ' aebr 142 monitoring new zealand\u2019s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989\u20131990 to 2010\u20132011 ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .\nyour document ' aebr 142 monitoring new zealand\u2019s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989\u20131990 to 2010\u20132011 ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .\ndownload ' aebr 110 monitoring new zealand ' s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989 - 90 to 2009 - 10 ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .\nyour document ' aebr 110 monitoring new zealand ' s trawl footprint for deepwater fisheries : 1989 - 90 to 2009 - 10 ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nan annotated list of lady beetles (\nladybugs\n) of south - central u . s .\n-\nbell lady\n- common on juniper in may in central texas .\n( leconte ) -\nmicro lady\n- e . tx , n . amer . to pacific nw\ngordon -\ndevil lady\n- devils river to laredo , tx ( one spmn from latimer co . , ok , det . khs , 1987 . needs confirmation )\ngenus is very common in c . tx , numerous records from bexar , burnet , hays , kerr , travis , and burnet counties .\ngordon & chapin -\ncasey ' s lady\n- central to south texas , west to az and s . ut .\nound at two sites in the texas panhandle , amarillo and near hart . this is an old world sp . that ' s also present in chile and mexico .\nspecies common in the tx panhandle and western ok and ks . native to australia .\ncarrizo lady\n- only known from type locality , carrizo springs , dimmit co . , texas\n( leconte ) -\nspider mite destroyer\n- northern great plains to ok and east to the atlantic coast as well as along the west coast .\n( horn ) -\nuseful lady\n- coastal plains from brownsville to fl and nc .\n( blatchley ) -\neyed lady\n- mostly southmost tx to fl and scattered e . us records . native to c . amer .\n( melsheimer ) -\ntwice - stained lady\n- widely dist . across n . amer .\n-\ngolden lady\n- trans - pecos , c . az . known from less than 10 spmns .\nmulsant -\ndusky lady\n- common from sc us to s . ca with scattered se us record , south to s . amer .\nhorn -\ncircumspect lady\n- one record near palestine , tx , e . to al , n . to mo . only e . n . amer .\n-\npacific lady\n- trans - pecos , sw us , most records from throughout calif .\nhorn -\nvested lady\n- bastrop and lamar counties , e . us\nwingo -\narkansas lady\n- ok , ar , mo , and sc records , but not known from tx . - very rare sp ."]}
{"id": 1337, "summary": [{"text": "seek again is an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning three of his seven races in the united kingdom he was sent to california in december 2013 and won the grade i hollywood derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on august 9 , 2014 seek again won the grade ii fourstardave handicap in course record time .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he entered stallion duty at stroud 's lane farm in reddick , florida for the 2016 breeding season . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "seek again", "paragraphs": ["after beginning his career in england for gosden , seek again was subsequently sent to mott . he finished a game second by a head to reigning horse of the year\ngrade 1 winner seek again will shuttle to haras carampangue in argentina for the southern hemisphere breeding season after completing his first northern hemisphere season at stroud\u2019s lane farm in reddick , fla .\nracing a bit off the inside on the backstretch , seek again took closer order to the front - runners on the far turn under rosario ' s urging , then came out for the stretch run . rosario kept a cool head when his mount checked in close quarters soon afterward and deftly guided him over to a spot on the hedge that opened when silver max tired and yielded . the colt found trouble there , too , when sayaad drifted over near the eighth pole and forced seek again to check again .\nonce sayaad was out of the way , however , seek again had a clear path to victory , inching past grand arch past the sixteenth pole , and outlasting the 11 - 1 shot to the wire .\nthe 2 - 1 second wagering choice in the one - mile race , seek again was ridden to a neck victory by joel rosario in 1 : 33 . 25 on firm turf , eclipsing the previous record of 1 : 33 . 42 , set by\nthe 6 - year - old son of speightstown stands at stroud\u2019s lane for an advertised fee of $ 8 , 500 . racing post reports that seek again will stand in argentina for a syndicate that includes leading farms firmamento , la esperanz , la manija , and san benito .\nseek again ( usa ) ch . h , 2010 { 8 - h } dp = 7 - 7 - 14 - 0 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 75 - 18 starts , 5 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 942 , 926\nseek again is out of the grade 1 - winning danehill mare light jig , whose four winners from five foals to race includes treble jig , a group 3 winner in the u . a . e . and saudi arabia . he is from the family of group 2 winner nashmeel and group 3 winner able deputy .\nracing as a homebred for juddmonte farms , seek again won five of 18 starts and earned $ 942 , 926 , highlighted by wins in the grade 1 hollywood derby and grade 2 fourstardave handicap . he also earned grade 1 placings in two editions of the woodford reserve turf classic stakes , as well as the manhattan stakes and shoemaker mile .\nstephanie copeland \u2014 executive director of the colorado office of economic development and international trade , who oversees the colorado office of film , television and media \u2014 went before the committee today to update it on what film - office leaders are doing to ensure mistakes don\u2019t happen again and discuss legislative fixes that could help it to operate better .\nthis is a guide to the side quest hiden and seek once more in lake town in lego the hobbit . played on the ps4 for xbox one , ps4 , ps3 , xbox 360 and pc . this video shows gameplay of all characters in lego the hobbit . lego the hobbit playlist : - urltoken * related * lego marvel super heroes playlist : - urltoken the lego movie videogame playlist : - urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - afguideshd facebook page - urltoken afguideshd on google + - urltoken subscribe ! - urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\ncolt was checked several times in stretch before getting a clear run up rail late .\nfor owner / breeder juddmonte farms . the chestnut colt , winner of the hollywood derby ( gr . it ) in december in his united states debut for john gosden , was bred from juddmonte ' s 2004 yellow ribbon stakes ( gr . i ) winner\n, and then was third as the favorite in the june 7 knob creek manhattan ( gr . it ) at\nwise dan bypassed the fourstardave , a race he won the previous two years , to continue to train for his comeback from may 16 colic surgery .\n, who rushed out of the gate to set an uncontested pace through an opening quarter in : 23 . 33 , with\ntracking about 1 1 / 2 lengths back . sayaad move to within a half length as the half went in : 46 . 18 and drew alongside the leader on the far turn before gaining narrow lead nearing the quarter pole in 1 : 09 . 52 . sayaad was under heavy pressure in the stretch and was overhauled by\ni was thinking it could be over at the eighth pole , when i saw he had to alter course two different times ,\nhe said .\ni thought , well , we could be in trouble because it ' s awful late in the game to have to stop your momentum and go a different direction .\nhe showed up today ,\nthe rider said .\nat first , there wasn ' t a lot of room . i had to stay there because he likes to run a lot that way , that ' s his style . he ' s a good horse , he fires all the time . when he sees a horse in front of him , he comes to get ( him ) . so we had the winner today .\nwire - to - wire firecracker stakes ( gr . iit ) victor silver max , who upset wise dan in the off - the - turf shadwell turf mile ( gr . i ) at\nlast fall , finished last as the 122 - pound highweight in his second start off a long layoff .\nthey went really fast ,\ntrainer dale romans said of the quick early fractions .\nwe were going to go fast , we knew it all along . second start back , maybe i didn ' t do enough with him . as long as he comes back good , we ' ll be back .\n, returned $ 6 . 70 , $ 3 . 80 , and $ 3 . 10 while toting 121 pounds . grand arch brought $ 8 and $ 3 . 70 . jack milton was worth $ 2 . 90 to show .\nin fourth and sayaad in fifth , with silver max bringing up the rear .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwon hollywood derby ( g1 ) as a 3yo and set a new course record for one mile ( 1 : 33 . 25 ) in winning the fourstardave h . ( g2 ) at four . multiple g1 - placed\u2014beaten just a head by horse of the year wise dan in the woodford reserve turf classic s . ( g1 ) \u2014posted a 105 beyer speed figure and ran 1 - 2 - 3 in 15 of 18 career starts while banking $ 942 , 926 racing in the colors of juddmonte farms .\nowner : juddmonte farms inc . breeder : juddmonte farms inc . state bred : ky winnings : 18 starts : 5 - 3 - 4 , $ 942 , 926 at 3 : won hollywood derby ( g1 , bhp , 10ft ) at 4 : won fourstardave h . ( g2 , sar , 8ft - - ncr 1 : 33 . 25 ) ; 2nd turf classic s . ( g1 , cd , 9ft ) ; 3rd manhattan s . ( g1 , bel , 10ft ) at 5 : 3rd woodford reserve turf classic s . ( g1 , cd , 9ft ) , shoemaker mile s . ( g1 , sa , 8ft ) , fourstardave h . ( g2 , sar , 8ft ) raced in eng and u . s . entered stud in 2016 at strouds lane farm , reddick fl ; shuttles to haras carampangue in argentina . ( close )\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nformer president mohamed nasheed of the maldives in colombo , sri lanka , on thursday . \u201ci can contest , i am a maldives national , and i am free \u2014 i must be free to contest , \u201d he told reporters .\nnew delhi \u2014 a former president of the maldives , who now lives in exile in london , is planning to run in his party\u2019s internal primaries with the hope of becoming a presidential candidate in elections in the country next year .\nmohamed nasheed , the former president , met with members of his party , the maldivian democratic party , in colombo , sri lanka , over the last week .\non thursday , he told reporters , \u201ci can contest , i am a maldives national , and i am free \u2014 i must be free to contest . \u201d\nmr . nasheed was sentenced to 13 years in prison in 2015 on terrorism charges that his supporters said were politically motivated under the government of his successor , president abdulla yameen .\nhe was granted political asylum in britain the next year , after traveling there for medical treatment .\nthe maldives constitution states that anyone who has been sentenced to more than 12 months in a criminal case cannot run for president within three years of his release or unless he has been pardoned .\nmr . nasheed said he hoped other countries would intervene . \u201cwe will continue to work with our international partners to see how they may be able to impress on president yameen the need to have an all inclusive election , \u201d he said .\nit is unclear whether the government of the maldives , a tiny archipelago nation in the indian ocean , southwest of india , would be amenable to such pressures . led by mr . yameen , it is increasingly isolated .\nin october , it announced that it would withdraw from the commonwealth after facing criticism over human rights . since 2015 , mr . yameen has been prosecuting his political opponents and other leaders in the country . in june 2016 , a former vice president was convicted of trying to assassinate mr . yameen and sentenced to 15 years in prison .\nmr . nasheed was elected in 2008 in the country\u2019s first democratic election after three decades of autocratic rule by maumoon abdul gayoom , and he was forced out of office in 2012 in what his supporters described as a coup orchestrated by loyalists of mr . gayoom .\nmr . nasheed was later arrested over accusations that he ordered the military to arrest a chief judge of the criminal court , whom he accused of acting on behalf of mr . gayoom .\nthe united nations working group on arbitrary detention found in 2015 that mr . nasheed did not receive a fair trial , and it concluded that several factors strongly suggested that his conviction was politically motivated . mr . yameen , who is mr . gayoom\u2019s half brother , won the presidential election in 2013 .\na spokesman for the president\u2019s office did not respond to calls for comment on thursday .\nmohamed shainee , the government minister of fisheries and agriculture , said in an interview with the indian news website the wire in january that the government was open to talks , with \u201cno preconditions . \u201d\nplease sign in and use this article ' s on page print button to print this article .\nrepublican members of colorado\u2019s legislative audit committee outlined a proposal today to ensure that state film incentives are going only to companies that qualify for them \u2014 and then said the legislature needs to have a serious discussion in 2018 about whether it\u2019s time to eliminate the five - year - old program altogether .\nthe discussion came in response to a scathing june audit that said the program has given money to ineligible projects , promised money that the state didn\u2019t have to give and agreed to pay producers without the proper submission of paperwork .\ncommittee members voted unanimously to have state officials draw up a bill proposal that would tighten the language on which companies are considered in - state production companies and are eligible for a greater array of incentives .\nthe proposal also would fund the film office\u2019s contracting with a certified public accounting firm to verify that companies have complied with state rules enough to receive incentives . and it would allow the film office to take back awarded funding if it is discovered later that production companies did not meet minimum standards in areas like spending or local hiring .\nbut just as soon as the committee signaled bipartisan backing for that concept , state rep . dan nordberg , r - colorado springs , said that even such a legislative clean - up of the statutes may not be enough to right a program that he and other legislative republicans have said is an improper use of tax funding and has been reluctant to follow the rules that were set out for it when the incentives program was created in 2012 .\nand he said that legislators need to have a \u201cserious conversation\u201d during the session that begins in january about whether the roughly $ 1 . 25 million going this year to the program \u2014 $ 750 , 000 in available incentives and $ 500 , 000 in operational expenses \u2014 should be nixed during a time of budget shortfalls .\n\u201cto some degree , yes , there are always things that can be improved upon . but a lot of the controls in place are sufficient , and they\u2019re being blatantly disregarded , \u201d nordberg said . \u201ci think there is a broader conversation incumbent upon the general assembly [ the legislature ' s official name ] to discuss this office and whether it\u2019s something we should continue with . \u201d\nthe effort will not be the first to end the incentives program , as republicans have suggested the move virtually every year since its establishment , sometimes teaming unsuccessfully with liberal democrats who also questioned whether the limited state resources going toward the program could be spent better elsewhere .\nhowever , this new push will come one year after legislators agreed to cut the incentives budget from its typical allotment of $ 3 million down to $ 750 , 000 , suggesting some of its long - standing support may be eroding at least a little bit .\ncopeland said after the hearing that she agrees with the bill giving her office more oversight over the disbursement of the incentives , which are approved before a project begins filming by the colorado economic development commission .\nbut she pushed back against the assertions of nordberg and sen . tim neville , r - littleton , who suggested that divisions of public companies that run into so much criticism of their practices eventually get shut down by their companies .\n\u201ci would assert that representative nordberg is wrong on whether a company would shut down a division based on competence of governance . they would change the governance , \u201d said copeland , who served as president of boulder - based communications - infrastructure firm zayo group before becoming the state\u2019s top economic - development official in january . \u201cthe comments weren\u2019t surprising . \u201d\nwhile republicans appear to be falling more in line behind the idea of ending film incentives , they still have a way to go to win over legislative democrats who have backed the program .\n, she believes the right course is to correct them and continue trying to build the state\u2019s film - production economy .\n\u201cit\u2019s not something that i would like to just see go away , \u201d jahn said .\ndbj & bellco are proud to present one of our most popular networking events . enjoy appetizers and cocktails as you catch up with old associates and make new business connections . take time to explore the space gallery in the heart of the arts district .\n\u00a9 2018 american city business journals . all rights reserved . use of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 24 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 24 / 18 ) . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of american city business journals .\nfrench president emmanuel macron asked his turkish counterpart recep tayyip erdogan to free detained french journalist loup bureau during a telephone conversation sunday .\nmacron requested\nthe quick liberation and . . . return to france\nof bureau , said a statement released by the french presidential office .\nthe two presidents agreed to make further contact , and at the ministerial level as well , in order to arrive at a positive outcome ,\nthe statement from the elysee palace said of the journalist ' s plight .\nbureau , 27 , was arrested on july 26 and accused of having links to kurdish militias , which turkey regards as terrorist groups .\nhe is studying for a master ' s degree in journalism but has also worked as a reporter , notably on a story for the french channel tv5 in 2013 on the syrian group , the kurdish people ' s protection units ( ypg ) .\nmacron and erdogan also discussed the situation in syria , iraq and thegulf region as well as the battle against terrorism , with franceworking to create a specialist contact group to discuss syria on the sidelines of the un general assembly next month .\nforeign journalists have repeatedly been accused by the turkish government of supporting terrorism for reporting on kurdish groups , adding to tensions between erdogan and the eu .\nbureau is the third french journalist to be detained in turkey in the past year .\nin june , turkey deported french photojournalist mathias depardon after holding him for a month on charges of supporting terror groups .\ndeniz yucel , a correspondent for the german daily die welt , has been held since february , personally accused by erdogan of working as a\nterror agent\n.\nturkey ranks 155 on the latest rsf world press freedom index after dropping four places from its 2016 ranking ."]}
{"id": 1348, "summary": [{"text": "the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) is a slim , reddish-brown , semiaquatic amphibian native to europe and asia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is a member of the family ranidae , or true frogs . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "moor frog", "paragraphs": ["scientific name of moor frog is\nrana arvalis\n. it means\nfrog of the field\nand it refers to the favorite habitat of this species . moor frog is also known as\naltai brown frog\nsince certain populations of moor frogs inhabit altai mountain in asia .\nmoor frogs / rana arvalis / blue frog . david attenborough ' s opinion - youtube\nmoor frog , rana arvalis nilsson , 1842 history and origin the moor frog was first described by nilsson in 1842 , the scientific name of this species is rana arvalis . rana is latin and means frog . more\nlocal adaptation and genetics of acid - stress tolerance in the moor frog , rana arvalis .\ngenetic population differentiation and connectivity among fragmented moor frog ( rana arvalis ) populations in the netherlands .\nthe moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe . in europe , the frog generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog\nmoor frog has slim body , forked tongue , horizontal pupils , short hind legs and partially webbed feet .\nr\u00e4s\u00e4nen kr , laurila a , meril\u00e4 j . geographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog ,\ngeographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog , rana arvalis . ii . adaptive maternal effects .\nthe moor frog\u2019s scientific name is rana arvalis meaning \u201cfrog of the fields\u201d . it is also called the altai brown frog because frogs from the altai mountains in asia have been included in the rana arvalis species . more\nsherman cdh , sagvik j , olsson m . female choice for males with greater fertilization success in the swedish moor frog ,\nmilan vogrin | all galleries > > amphibians > moor frog rana arvalis plav\u010dek _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg previous | next moor frog rana arvalis plav\u010dek _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg 14 - mar - 2008 moor frog rana arvalis plav\u010dek _ mg _ 6348 - 1 . jpg canon eos 5d 1 / 400s f / 8 . 0 at 100 . more\nmoor frog is equally well adapted to the life in the water and on the solid ground ( semi - aquatic species ) .\nmoor frog is a carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on insects ( aquatic beetles ) and slugs .\n[ geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies ] .\ngeographic variation in acid stress tolerance of the moor frog , rana arvalis . ii . adaptive maternal effects . - pubmed - ncbi\nstugren b ( 1966 ) geographic variation and distribution of the moor frog , rana arvalis nilss . ann zool fenn 3 : 29\u201339\nmoor frog rana arvalis barska \u009eaba _ mg _ 1998 - 111 . jpg moor frog rana arvalis barska \u009eaba _ mg _ 1998 - 111 . jpg toads _ bufo toads _ bufo edible frog pelophylax ( rana ) kl . esculentus zelena \u009eaba _ mg _ 1049 - 11 . jpg edible frog pelophylax ( rana ) kl . esculentus zelena \u009eaba _ mg _ 1049 - 11 . more\nthe moor frog resembles the brown frog . he however has a more pointed snout and usually a wide light colored stripe on his back . the main difference between the two frogs is a lump on one toe of the hind leg . this protuberance is much thicker on the moor frog than on the brown frog . such a cusp is useful when digging a hole for his winter home . moor frogs hibernate namely on land and not in the water .\ncolour pattern morphs of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) in europe k\u00e5re fog colour pattern morphs of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) in denmark k\u00e5re fog determination of newly metamorphosed froglets of the brown frogs rana arvalis , r . temporaria and r . more\nwhen moor frog detects danger , it will try to jump away from potential predator and hide in the grass or in the soil .\na breeding aggregation of male moor frogs ( r . arvalis ) ( a ) and a pair of moor frogs in amplexus ( b )\ncommon frog ( that is mainly adult specimens ) exhibits nocturnal and crepuscular activity . moor frogs hibernate in scattering on land , in piles of\n[ geographic variation of sexual dimorphism in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) as a result of differences in reproductive strategies ] . - pubmed - ncbi\n. four species of these frogs were noted in the area of the wigry national park ( there is no marsh frog and no agile frog ) .\nimprovement of breeding success of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry and diatoms .\nthe moor frog is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nyoung moor frogs reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 5 years .\nthe moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe . in europe , the frog generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . more\nspawning by the moor frog peaks later than that of the common frog . the clutch contains 500 - 3000 eggs deposited usually in one , rarely in two clumps . metamorphosis occurs from the beginning of june to october in different regions . more\nconstruction of underground tunnels across the road ( action c . 1 ) , in areas where there has been the largest amphibian mortality on roads , can help to protect these animals and maintain the proper size of their populations ; this risk occurs in all areas of the project and applies to all species of amphibians , especially the common toad , common frog , moor frog , pool frog and the european common frog .\n) . commercial paints absorb in the uv light , resulting in a maximum reflection of the blue model frog at longer wavelengths than in the actual moor frogs ( fig .\nin the netherlands , habitat fragmentation for small ground - dwelling animal species with limited dispersal capacity is relatively recent . an example of such a species is the moor frog (\nimprovement of breeding success of the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) by liming of acid moorland pools and the consequences of liming for water chemistry . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nries c , spaethe j , sztatecsny m , strondl c , h\u00f6dl w . turning blue and ultraviolet : sex - specific colour change during mating season in the balkan moor frog .\ncommon frog adopt bluish or blue - lilac pigmentation of their skin in the dewlap area .\nkaplan rh ( 1992 ) greater maternal investment can decrease o . spring survival in the frog\ngenetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species .\nis a little smaller than common frog , reaching the length of 8 centimetres , while the common frog reaches the length of even 10 centimetres . the end of the muzzle of the moor frog is narrowing and visibly sharpened while at common frog it is bluntly rounded . pigmentation of brown frogs is very changeable . generally saying , the dorsal part of the body is prevailingly pigmented with a brown colour , spots have a darker colour , which often is black . the ventral part of the body is often pigmented with a yellow or whitish colour and the spots - which are also present there - are less visible at a moor frog and more visible\nan edible frog exhibits typically diurnal activity and - contrary to its name - is a more land - like form in comparison to a pond frog . an edible frog is a large , stocky amphibian which reaches the length of 10 - 12 centimetres while a pond frog is smaller and much more delicate and reaches the length of only 7 , 5 - 8 centimetres .\nhere ' s a short video in case you were wondering what sound a moor frog ( rana arvalis ) makes during the mating season . this footage was shot in the netherlands in 2013 .\nlow phylogeographic structure in a wide spread endangered australian frog litoria aurea ( anura : hylidae ) .\nfine - scale genetic structure in the threatened foothill yellow - legged frog ( rana boylii ) .\nthe moor frog inhabits the zones of tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , and steppe , forest edges and glades , semi - desert , swamps , meadows , fields , bush lands , gardens . it generally inhabits drier and more open sites than the common frog ( rana temporaria ) , including forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . indeed the moor frog is in the european region probably a more thermophilous species than the sympatric common frog . it frequently occurs in warmer and drier microhabitats . in siberia , the species lives mainly in open swamps .\nare amphibians with long , vivacious legs and well developed natatorial membranes , possess relatively smooth , moist skin and well developed tympanic membranes . there are six species of frogs in poland , whereas the edible frog is often regarded to be a fertile crossbreed created in the course of crossbreeding of a pond frog and a marsh frog . they are conventionally divided into the\ngreen frogs\n- that is pond frog\nlind mi , persbo f , johansson f . pool desiccation and developmental thresholds in the common frog ,\nlind mi , johansson f . costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity in island populations of the common frog\n) . genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species .\nkeywords : amfibian , reptile , moor frog , rana arvalis make : nikon corporation model : nikon d80 orientation : 1 x resolution : 300 y resolution : 300 software : capture nx 1 . 2 . more\nnatural enemies of adult moor frogs are beavers , while insects such as dragonflies and hawkers hunt and eat tadpoles .\nhettyey a , herczeg g , hoi h . testing the phenotype - linked fertility hypothesis in male moor frogs (\nalthough the northern slopes of the hills still are covered with snow and ice in interdune depressions has not melted yet , spring has begun . eagles and ravens , for which there was no shortage of animal carcasses this winter , returns to their territories . sky is full of winged travelers going home . forests and grasslands are full of bird voices . it seems that the bird songs suppress all the other sounds of nature , and yet , if well - listened , from sun shined waters it can be heard something like a cat purring , whereas distant dog barking , there spawn brown frogs and toads . brown frogs are the very first that start to spawn . their body is in brown tones . in latvia there are two brown frog species - the common frog and the moor frog . both species are difficult to tell apart , but in the spring - mating time , it is a lot easier to do . frog mating songs are different . common frogs at spawning site purr as a cat , but moor frog sounds as if something was bubbling in a huge pot . often these two species are heard in one place . males of both species during mating time turn bluish . common frog male at this time obtains bluish dewlap , while moor frog males also have bluish flanks . in addition , the moor frog has more pointed nose and shorter limbs .\ngreene ae , funk wc . sexual selection on morphology in an explosive breeding amphibian , the columbia spotted frog (\nthe moor frog is heavily built with a wedge - shaped body . the colour varies from grey to yellow or brown . the belly is light in colour . the snout is pointed . the species thrives in moiste forests . more\nat northern coast of courland in suitable habitats frogs are found in large numbers . in snp the common frog is occurred more often , but in some places , such as p\u0113terezera viga moor frog spawn in large numbers . it is included in the latvian red list . as a specially protected brown frogs are included in the appendix of eu habitats directive and the berne convention . frog presence gives the evidence of environmental quality . frogs have priceless role in food chains .\npublications - moor frog ( rana arvalis , nilsson 1842 ) in press , 2009 , 2008 , 2007 , 2006 , 2004 , 2003 , 2002 , 2001 in press back to the top 2009 hettyey a . , g . herczeg , a . more\nfrog and pond frog are present in the central and eastern europe . they are common in the whole area of poland , especially in lowlands . they inhabit all sorts of environments , however , edible frog is mainly observed in larger ponds and lakes rich in water vegetation and much more seldom at riverbanks while a pond frog inhabits small and medium sized water reservoirs just like forest and field ponds , melioration ditches , flood waters in boggy meadows . edible frog is often present in the area of the wigry national park in larger lakes such us : the wigry lake , the pierty lake , the kr\u00f3l\u00f3wek lake while pond frog is often seen in smallish dystrophic lakes - that is so called\nsuchar\n. the dorsal part of the body of\nthe moor frog can be found along the whole coastline of the netherlands , however it is a rare species . there are none living on the frisian wadden islands . it is bonded to a low , damp terrain and needs open water for reproduction . more\njohansson f , veldhoen n , lind mi , helbing cc . phenotypic plasticity in the hepatic transcriptome of the european common frog (\n) that formerly contained large , continuous areas of moor frog suitable habitat . currently , moor frog habitat has been strongly reduced in area and increased in fragmentation . noord - brabant and drenthe differ in their extent of habitat fragmentation . the average distance among ponds in noord - brabant ( 8629 m ) is almost twice the distance among ponds in drenthe ( 4612 m ) . in addition , matrix permeability is lower in noord - brabant because of higher farming intensity , urbanisation , road density and traffic intensity ( van der sluis and vos\nries c , sztatecsny m , h\u00f6dl w ( 2008b ) geschlechtsspezifischer farbwechsel beim moorfrosch ( rana arvalis ) w\u00e4hrend der paarungszeit . in : glandt d , jehle r ( eds ) der moorfrosch / the moor frog . z feldherpetologie suppl . 13 , laurenti , bielefeld , pp 127\u2013134\n> 0 . 07 in all cases ) . in the behavioural experiments , male moor frogs spent almost four times as much time in contact and in amplexus with the brown as with the blue frog model with the differences being highly significant ( wilcoxon signed - rank test ; contact ,\nduring the mating season , males produce mating calluses ( these are black pachynses on the toes of the front limbs ) and resonators in even number inside the oral cavity . moreover , the back of males of a moor frog adopts intensively blue colour during the mating season . males of\njefferson , d . m . and russell , r . w . , ontogenetic and fertilizer effects on stable isotopes in the green frog (\ndriscoll da ( 1998 ) genetic structure , metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species . biol conserv 83 : 43\u201354\nmonsen kj , blouin ms ( 2003 ) genetic structure in a montane ranid frog : restricted geneflow and nuclear\u2013mitochondrial disconcordance . mol ecol 12 : 3275\u20133286\n) . fragmentation started around 1910 in noord - brabant but only after 1932 in drenthe . because moor frogs become adult in the third year of life ( hartung\nmoor frogs hibernate during the winter . in the warmer areas , hibernation lasts from november to february , while in the colder areas it lasts from september to june .\nvos cc ( 1999 ) a frog\u2019s - eye view of the landscape . quantifying connectivity for fragmented amphibian populations . ph . d . thesis wageningen university , wageningen\nhettyey a , herczeg g , laurila a , crochet p - a , merila j . body temperature , size , nuptial colouration and mating success in male moor frogs (\npakkasmaa s , meril\u00e4 j , o ' hara r ( 2003 ) genetic and maternal effect influences on viability of common frog tadpoles under di . erent environmental conditions .\na fully grown adult male moor frog is up to seven centimeters long and reddish - brown in color . but every year , between march and june , the frog exhibits chameleon - like tendencies . during this period , the frogs emerge from their winter hibernation and are naturally in the mood to procreate . they populate the ponds in the lowlands of central and southern europe , completely filling the air with their mating calls . the sounds they create are similar to the noise of air released from a bottle under water .\nmoor frog has smooth , reddish - brown , or sometimes olive , grey or yellowish skin with dark spots on the back and lateral sides of the body . it has single pale stripe that runs centrally on the back . belly is white or yellow - colored , without any marks . black , bandit - like mask stretches from nose to ears .\nthe moor frog certainly cannot turn into a prince with true love\u2019s kiss . but this seemingly uninteresting amphibian is capable of something quite spectacular \u2013 it changes color from a boring brown to an azure blue , just to be able to distinguish between genders during mating season . the \u2018before\u2019 and \u2018after\u2019 pictures are really quite unbelievable \u2013 it looks they\u2019re two different frogs .\nhedengren i ( 1987 ) selection of body size , arm length and colour in male and female moor frogs ( rana arvalis ) . msc thesis . university of stockholm , stockholm , sweden\nmating season of moor frogs takes place during the spring ( from march to june ) . males become bluish - colored to facilitate identification of potential mating partners ( brown - colored females ) .\ncommon frog . there is a very distinct marking of the so - called\nmask\n- that is a black temple spot , linked with nasal spots in front of the muzzle .\ngrafe tu , preininger d , sztatecsny m , kasah r , dehling jm , proksch s , h\u00f6dl w . multimodal communication in a noisy environment : a case study of the bornean rock frog\n) . the dorsal body colouration in both sexes of the moor frog outside the breeding period is generally beige brown , grey and rufous with darker and lighter stripes running along the back . during their migration to the breeding pond , male colouration changes from beige to an almost uniformly dark greyish brown ( some males appearing almost pinkish before turning grey ) . males turn blue when they enter the pond ( fig .\nuntil 1850 , the two studied landscapes formed large areas of unfragmented habitat with many ponds as potential breeding sites for the moor frog . since then , habitat loss and fragmentation has been more pronounced in noord - brabant . for instance , a study on water retention in noord - brabant showed that the surface area of ponds has decreased by almost 97 % due to direct loss of ponds and lowered water tables (\n) , may contribute to the maintenance of genetic diversity in moor frog populations . alternatively , the numbers of alleles found in the populations may indicate that current population sizes are higher than estimated based on egg clump counts . population differentiation and assignment tests indicated that several populations belong to the same population complex . if populations encompass more than a single breeding pond , drift and local loss of genetic diversity would be diminished .\nthe moor frogs ( rana arvalis ) have finally woken up . normally they leave their hibernating homes around the half of march . this year , they are much later because of the prolonged cold weather in march .\nto make our model frogs , we created a silicone cast from a preserved male moor frog specimen and filled it with polyurethane resin ( neukadur multicast 1 , altropol , stocklsdorf , germany ) . the resulting cast frogs were fitted with artificial glass eyes and airbrush painted with acrylics in either brown or blue resembling the base colouration of non - breeding males or females and that of breeding males as assessed by the human eye ( fig .\ngomez d , richardson c , lengagne t , plenet s , joly p , l\u00e9na j - p , th\u00e9ry m . the role of nocturnal vision in mate choice : females prefer conspicuous males in the european tree frog (\nbut the male moor frogs aren\u2019t trying to attract females ; in fact the brown females do not actively pursue potential mates . it is the male frogs that are always on the look out for a partner , and choosing the wrong partner means wasting valuable time . moor frogs can be found in great numbers at the milicz group of ponds in south - western poland\u2019s barycz river valley . the frogspawn in the region get so thick that the waters of the ponds actually look muddy .\nthe spatial configuration of the moor frog habitat , the habitat types in the matrix between suitable habitat patches and linear elements such as roads , railroads and ditches were recorded from a topographical map 1 : 25 , 000 using a geographic information system . distances between all ponds were calculated from pond border to pond border . to correct for the relative permeability of the landscape mosaic , area and length of habitat types and linear landscape elements were calculated in a 200 m wide strip between ponds ( vos et al .\n) . from each pond all egg clumps found were sampled . from each single egg clump , a small number of eggs were sampled and risen in the laboratory . species - specific characteristics were checked at the tadpole stage . from each moor frog egg clump one tadpole was used for dna extraction . remaining tadpoles were returned to their pond of origin . due to small population sizes , mortality during raising and misidentification of egg clumps , the sample size of some populations dropped to less than 20 tadpoles ( table\n) . currently , breeding ponds are on average 8 . 6 km apart , compared to 4 . 6 km in drenthe . dispersal distances of individual moor frogs have been estimated to be 1\u20133 km , with a strong reduction in pond occupancy by roads ( hartung\nand strongly protected moor frogs and was luckly enough to get as near to them as possible . there are just few days in the year the male frogs changing their colour blue , and usually the time those behaviour takes place is from the mid of april to may . more\n) , and in our study population , both reached the highest intensity during sunny afternoons ( ms personal observation ) . we frequently observed male moor frogs actively searching for approaching females , attempting to take over mated females scrambling among each other . mating balls of several individuals clinging to a female ( verrell and mccabe\nwe collected data for a population of moor frogs at a pond in eastern austria ( 47\u00b010\u2032 n , 16\u00b05\u2032 e ) . as estimated by a spawn clump census , the number of breeding adults exceeded 5 , 000 individuals in 2011 , and spawning took place in dense assemblages where male densities reached 20 individuals m\nis a species easily adaptable to life in anthropogenic conditions . some urban populations of this species are fairly large and safe , if suitable habitats are available . some forms of human activity lead to an increase in the frog ' s number and their dispersal . for example , the construction of forest rides with numerous artificial holes filled with water .\nthe aim of our study was to assess the genetic differentiation between samples from the lowlands north of the carpathians and those from the pannonian basin , including the isolated romanian sample . we surveyed allozymic variation to measure the extent of genetic divergence among these three allopatric groups of populations . additionally we looked for patterns of genetic variation within and between populations to gain insight into the past history of the moor frog populations . since the subspecific status of european populations of rana arvalis was based on differences in body proportions , we also studied the morphometric differentiation of the same samples which were used for electrophoretic analysis to see if morphological variation is paralleled by genetic divergence . a more detailed report on the morphological differentiation will be given elsewhere .\nthere is an obvious lack of dimorphism in this species \u2013 both male and female frogs look pretty much the same . so , as thousands of moor frogs gather at the ponds , it becomes quite difficult for them to differentiate between the sexes . and nature has a perfect answer to this dilemma \u2013 the males magically transform their bodies to an attractive shade of blue .\ndid you know ? in the dense schools of tadpoles ( several hundred individuals per liter ) , density - dependent regulation of development takes place : the density does not influence larval survival rate directly but influences the probability of successful metamorphosis because fastly developing tadpoles often complete their transformation , while slowly developing specimens die in drying wetlands . the name rana arvalis means \u201cfrog of the fields\u201d .\nwe found small to moderate ( f st = 0 . 022 in drenthe ; f st = 0 . 060 in noord - brabant ) population differentiation in the two study areas in the netherlands . the relatively longer time - span and higher level of habitat fragmentation ( including increased interpond distances ) for noord - brabant could be the cause of the higher f st - values among its moor frog populations . the higher degree of population isolation in noord - brabant , compared to drenthe , can also be discerned from the lower numbers of alleles , the fixation of locus rrd590a in eight out of twelve populations , and the significantly lower degree of heterozygosity . a different recolonisation history of the two areas causing different basic population differentiation seems unlikely because both areas are only 150 km apart . furthermore , the range of allele sizes was comparable in both areas .\nincluding forest edges and glades , swamps , meadows , fields , bushlands gardens , etc . in siberia , the species lives mainly in open swamps . the frog penetrates tundra and steppe in association with arboreal vegetation , primarily along intrazonal landscapes of river valleys . at the southern and northern limits of its range , in tundra , forest , and true steppes , the species lives near water bodies : rivers , lakes etc . there the populations of\nwe have not been able to show any effects of other landscape elements . it may be that the positive and / or negative effects are too weak to have become significant after a limited number of generations . however , it may also be that the way in which we have calculated a type of structural connectivity measure , along 200 - m strips through the landscape , does not accurately reflect the landscape as experienced by moor frogs . for a more functional connectivity measure for\nsmall bulky frog , 5 , 5 - 6 cm long ( up to 7 cm ) . dorsal coloration grey , light - olive , brown , yellowish or rufous , during the breeding season bluish . dark spots of 1 - 3 mm on dorsal and lateral surfaces varying considerably in number , arrangement and size . light middorsal band with regular edges frequently present . \u201cbandid like\u201d black marking running from the nose to the ears . belly white or yellowish without pattern or with pallid - brownish or greyish spots on the throat and chest .\n) . finally , a clear coat was sprayed over the models to protect the paint from water and add a realistic sheen . to present the live moor frogs with the models , we attached a blue and a brown model 70 cm apart from each other on fishing rods ( 1 . 2 m long ) that were connected to the two ends of the cross section of a t - shaped handle . the handle allowed keeping a constant distance between the model frogs and moving both models synchronously with the handler keeping a distance of approximately 1 . 5 m from models and live frogs .\ncommon frogs spend the winter under the water , where they dig into the mud . most of the moor frogs spend winter on land . at spawning areas first arrive males . when they have found suitable place , they start singing and waiting for females , which arrive later and at the spawning site spends three times shorter time than the males . rut lasts only 2 - 3 weeks . males stick like a limpet to female . sometimes , unable to find a female , they tend to cling to one another , and even inanimate objects . females are larger than males and therefore are able to jump around with the lover on her back , as if it was a backpack and nothing more . female releases spawn at the bottom of water body , at the same time ' backpack ' - the male releases sperm and it is done - the spawn is fertilized . after a day pericarp swells up and rises to the surface . depending on water temperature , sooner or later from the spawn will hatch tadpoles .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe intraspecific systematics of this species need further study . animals from the altai mountains have for a long time been considered as a separate subspecies of rana arvalis or as the species rana altaica . this has largely been on the basis of their shorter shins and large inner metatarsal tubercle . similar frogs have since been found in other parts of the range of rana arvalis ( e . g . . in the north of european russia and in the urals ) and in siberia some animals display transient characters between rana arvalis and the altaic taxon . until this taxonomic issue is fully resolved we include rana altaica within rana arvalis .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is found throughout most of the northern , central and eastern parts of europe , eastwards to siberia ( yakutia and baikal lake ) , russia and xinjiang province , china . it is no longer believed to be present in serbia and the original records were probably in error ( kalezic and dzukic 2001 ) . it is typically a lowland species , but can occur at altitudes close to 1 , 500 m asl ( altai mountains ) .\nit is generally common , and is abundant in central - eastern europe . it is extinct in switzerland in the extreme southwestern part of its wide range . it is considered to be rare and declining in china .\nit occurs in a wide variety of habitats including tundra , forest tundra , forest , forest steppe , steppe , forest edges and glades , semi - desert , swamps , peatlands , moorlands , meadows , fields , bush lands , gardens . it has a breeding season , and spawning and larval development takes place in various stagnant water bodies of low acidity , including lakes , ponds , swamps , puddles and ditches . there is some evidence that the species can occur in agricultural landscapes , and in some areas it appears to be adapting to urban conditions ( e . g . vershinin 1997 ) .\nit is threatened by the destruction and pollution of breeding ponds ( including acidification ) and adjacent wetland and terrestrial habitats , especially through urbanization , recreation , tourism , industry and overstocking of cattle . additional threats are prolonged drought and predation of spawn by waterfowl . chytrid fungus was detected in this species in berlin , germany - however the extent to which this is a threat is unknown .\nit is listed on appendix ii of the berne convention and on annex iv of the eu natural habitats directive . it is protected by national legislation in many countries and has been recorded in a number of national and sub - national red data books and lists . it is presumed to be present in a many protected areas . in parts of the species ' range , mitigation measures to reduce road kill have been established .\nreformatted names of assessor ( s ) , reviewer ( s ) , contributor ( s ) , facilitator ( s ) and / or compiler ( s ) .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t58548a86232114 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndistribution : eastern and northern parts of europe , normally at low altitudes . westernmost region is the alsace ; southernmost regions in croatia - romania . absent from great britain and ireland . size : about 4 - 6 . 5 cm ; about 4 - 6 . 5 cm pupil : , horizontally elliptic ;\nbern convention ( annex 3 ) ; red data books of rostov province and buryatia republic , both in russia .\nseem to be isolated . spawning and early development occurs in stagnant waters , including lakes , ponds , swamps , puddles and ditches , which are from several meters to some hectares in area and from few centimeters to two meters in depth .\nis one of the most abundant amphibians in the central and eastern europe , as well as west siberia . there , its population density reaches several hundred individuals per hectare . local density may be higher , such as in breeding ponds where 15 - 20 individuals per 1 m\nthe proportion of the two species varies also by year , and in some areas the dominance of one or another species alternates . density - dependent regulation is important in overcrowded tadpole groups , where several hundred individuals per liter sometimes occur , as well as in the dense groups of recently metamorphosed froglets . however , habitat peculiarities and fluctuations in weather and climate appear to be more important in terms of the overall population dynamics .\nthe species is generally neither declining , nor threatened . however , isolated peripheral populations may be vulnerable from human influences and deserve special attention or protection . only in some areas highly transformed by people ( destruction of breeding ponds and adjacent terrestrial habitats , especially during urbanization , recreation and the overpasturage of cattle ) have the populations declined .\nin addition to the above mentioned anthropogenic factors of the species local declines , industrial pollution also negatively affects populations , including those living in cities . it leads to an increase of frequency of morphological abnormalities and disturbances in embryonic and larval development . nevertheless ,\nbannikov , a . g . , darevsky , i . s . and rustamov , a . k . ( 1971 ) .\nbannikov , a . g . , darevsky , i . s . , ishchenko , v . g . , rustamov , a . k . , and szczerbak , n . n . ( 1977 ) .\nopredelitel zemnovodnykh i presmykayushchikhsya fauny sssr [ guide to amphibians and reptiles of the ussr fauna ] .\ndinamicheskii polimophizm burykh lyagushek fauny sssr [ dynamic polymorphism of the brown frogs of ussr fauna ] .\nishchenko , v . g . and ledentsov , a . v . ( 1985 ) . ' ' [ ecological aspects of the postmetamorphic growth in\nfauna of russia and adjacent countries : amphibians ( english translation of nikolsky , 1918 , faune de la russie et des pays limitrophes . amphibiens . acad\u00e9mie russe des sciences , petrograd , ussr ) .\nm\u00e9moires de l ' acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de st . - p\u00e9tersbourg , s\u00e9rie 8 , phys . - math , vol . 17 , sofia , moscow .\nszczerbak , n . n . and szczerban , m . i . ( 1980 ) .\nterent ' ev , p . v . and chernov , s . a ( 1965 ) .\nsergius l . kuzmin ( ipe51 at yahoo . com ) , institute of ecology and evolution , russian academy of sciences , moscow\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadults consume mainly terrestrial prey , aquatic invertebrates ( slugs , diving beetles etc . ) are irregularly consumed in smaller proportions .\nfor air transport , container note 45 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .\nthis species is found throughout most of the northern , central and eastern parts of europe , eastwards to siberia ( yakutia and baikal lake ) , russia and xinjiang province , china . it is no longer believed to be present in serbia and the original records were probably in error ( kalezic and dzukic , 2001 ) . it is typically a lowland species , but can occur at altitudes close to 1 , 500m asl . ( altai mountains ) .\nhans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from\nrana arvalis nilsson , 1842\n.\nhans - martin braun added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\nrana arvalis nilsson , 1842\n.\nc . michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas visible on the\nrana arvalis nilsson , 1842\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmales attract females via loud\nwaugh , waugh\ncalls , which resemble the sound that empty bottle produces when placed in the water .\nspawning lasts 3 to 28 days . females lay one or two sets of 1 . 000 to 3 . 000 eggs in the shallow , warm water .\ntadpoles feed on algae and small aquatic invertebrates . they complete their transformation into froglets ( young frogs ) from june to october ( depending on the location and temperature ) . slowly transforming tadpoles often die before they complete metamorphosis due to drying of the pools .\nthis is a clip from\nrhythms of nature in the barycz valley\nmovie . this film tells the story about nature in the barycz river valley and enormous milicz ponds . this area is located in the south - western part of poland ( in the middle of europe ) . i and my wife made it for 2 years . sir david attenborough , a world - famous bbc nature documentary film maker , after watching the film\nrhythms of nature in the barycz valley\nwrote :\ni have viewed rhythms of nature with great pleasure . a lovely place , beautifully filmed\nmore on urltoken\nthe males arrive at the shallowest ends of the ponds before the females . they turn blue for just a week and let out their mating calls , waiting for their partners to arrive . when the females finally decide to make an appearance , the males move around a lot , eager to find their potential mates . when a suitable female is spotted , they rush towards her all at once . in all the confusion , it\u2019s actually quite easy to make a mistake . but despite all the color change , the males do end up choosing the wrong partner at times !\nreal - life dr . doolittle claims she can communicate with animals , even dead ones\nwoman swept away by wave 1 . 5 years ago recently found unconscious on nearby beach , wearing the same clothes as when she disappeared\nurltoken 2008 - 2018 - oddity central is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 unported license\nif you liked this story , like & follow us on facebook for more .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it . more info in our cookies policy page .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of aquatic ecology and biogeology , catholic university of nijmegen , toernooiveld , 6525 ed nijmegen , the netherlands .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\nin the wild , females may live up to 11 years [ 0525 ] .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nreceived 2012 jun 16 ; revised 2012 sep 3 ; accepted 2012 sep 5 .\nthe online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 012 - 1412 - 6 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .\n) is a typical explosive breeder but differs from many similar species by the spectacular blue and dynamically changing nuptial colouration of males , which is maintained during the breeding period ( ries et al .\n) , but the question of its communicative significance has remained largely unresolved . male blueness has been reported to be more intense in mated compared to non - mated males ( hedengren\n) . upon arriving at the breeding pond , males establish large assemblages of several hundred individuals around suitable communal spawning sites ( fig .\n) . we then measured body mass of each male to the nearest 0 . 1 g using an electronic miniscale and snout - urostyle length ( sul ) to the nearest 0 . 1 mm using vernier callipers and released all individuals immediately after data collection 100 m away from the spot of capture . from the obtained body measurements , we computed the scaled mass index\nwhere m i and l i are the body mass and the sul of individual i , respectively ; b sma is the scaling exponent estimated by the standardised major axis ( sma ) regression of m on l ; l 0 is the mean sul for our population . the sma regression was performed with the freeware program smatr ( falster et al . 2006 ) . male sul and ibc have been shown to influence male mating success in explosive breeders and could be indicative of male quality ( davies and halliday 1977 ; h\u00f6glund and s\u00e4terberg 1989 ; v\u00e1squez and pfennig 2007 ; hettyey et al . 2009d ) .\n) nor in sul , body mass or ibc from their non - mated rivals . average sul \u00b1 standard error ( se ) of the 19 non - mated and the 20 mated males was 56 . 96 \u00b1 1 . 13 and 56 . 57 \u00b1 0 . 8 mm ; mean body mass \u00b1 se was 27 . 28 \u00b1 1 . 77 and 25 . 26 \u00b1 1 . 49 g , and mean\n> 0 . 1 for all comparisons ) . we also found no significant correlation between colour variables and male frogs\u2019 body mass , sul and\nwe thank r . illek for his help with making the model frogs , s . sz\u00e1mad\u00f3 and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript , f . kottulinsky for the access to his property , and j . cornils , h . krebs , m . pluch , t . schernhammer , i . starnberger and k . veitschegger for their assistance in behavioural experiments . field work was conducted under permit number fa13c - 53s - 7 / 2011 - 89 , and the study was supported by the austrian science fund fwf - p22069 .\nall experiments reported in this article comply with the current laws of austria , the country in which they were performed .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license which permits any use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author ( s ) and the source are credited .\namphibiaweb : information on amphibian biology and conservation . ( 2012 ) available at : urltoken . accessed : april 2012\narak a . male - male competition and mate choice in anuran amphibians . in : bateson p , editor .\nbagnara jt , fernandez pj , fujii r . on the blue coloration of vertebrates .\nbrehm ae ( 1893 ) brehms thierleben : allgemeine kunde des thierreichs , kriechthiere , lurche und fische : 1 . die kriechthiere und lurche . bibliographisches institut leipzig und wien\nbretman a , gage mjg , chapman t . quick - change artists : male plastic behavioural responses to rivals .\nchan r , stuart - fox d , jessop ts . why are females ornamented ? a test of the courtship stimulation and courtship rejection hypotheses .\ncharles gk , ord tj . factors leading to the evolution and maintenance of a male ornament in territorial species .\ndoucet sm , mennill dj . dynamic sexual dichromatism in an explosively breeding neotropical toad .\nfalster ds , warton di , wright j ( 2006 ) smatr : standardised major axis tests & routines version 2 . 0 . computer program available at urltoken\ngomez d ( 2006 ) avicol , a program to analyse spectrometric data . free program available at urltoken\nhebets ea , uetz gw . leg ornamentation and the efficacy of courtship display in four species of wolf spider ( araneae : lycosidae )\nhettyey a , baksay s , vagi b , hoi h . counterstrategies by female frogs to sexual coercion by heterospecifics .\nhettyey a , vagi b , hevizi g , toeroek j . changes in sperm stores , ejaculate size , fertilization success , and sexual motivation over repeated matings in the common toad ,\nh\u00f6dl w , amezquita a . visual signaling in anuran amphibians . in : ryan mj , editor .\nhoffman ea , blouin ms . a review of colour and pattern polymorphisms in anurans .\n: the effects of sex ratios and the time available for male male competition .\nh\u00f6glund j , robertson jgm . random mating by size in a population of common toads\nh\u00f6glund j , robertson jgm . chorusing behavior , a density - dependent alternative mating strategy in male common toads (\nh\u00f6glund j , s\u00e4terberg l . sexual selection in common toads : correlates with age and body size .\njohnstone ra , reynolds jd , deutsch jc . mutual mate choice and sex differences in choosiness .\nkelly cd , bussiere lf , gwynne dt . sexual selection for male mobility in a giant insect with female - biased size dimorphism .\nlachmann m , bergstrom ct . signalling among relatives ii . beyond the tower of babel .\nmarco a , lizana m . the absence of species and sex recognition during mate search by male common toads\nmilinski m , bakker tcm . female sticklebacks use male coloration in mate choice and hence avoid parasitized males .\nmoya - larano j , el - sayyid met , fox cw . smaller beetles are better scramble competitors at cooler temperatures .\npeig j , green aj . new perspectives for estimating body condition from mass / length data : the scaled mass index as an alternative method .\np\u00e9ter a ( 2011 ) solomon coder ( version beta 11 . 01 . 22 ) : a simple solution for behavior coding . computer programm available at urltoken\npomfret jc , knell rj . crowding , sex ratio and horn evolution in a south african beetle community .\nsheldon bc , arponen h , laurila a , crochet pa , meril\u00e4 j . sire coloration influences offspring survival under predation risk in the moorfrog .\nszamado s . the cost of honesty and the fallacy of the handicap principle .\nsztatecsny m , jehle r , burke t , h\u00f6dl w . female polyandry under male harassment : the case of the common toad (\nsztatecsny m , strondl c , baierl a , ries c , h\u00f6dl w . chin up : are the bright throats of male common frogs a condition - independent visual cue ?"]}
{"id": 1354, "summary": [{"text": "hypselobarbus periyarensis is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to periyar lake in kerala , india .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach 50 cm ( 20 in ) in total length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hypselobarbus periyarensis", "paragraphs": ["hypselobarbus periyarensis was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from the upstreams of periyar river , near peeramade , kerala , india .\ntaxonomic notes : hypselobarbus periyarensis was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from the upstreams of periyar river , near peeramade , kerala , india .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nrema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , johnson , j . a . , shrikant , j . , rahul , k . & molur , s .\nis restricted to periyar river - lake system and the records of this speceis from other areas need taxonomic verification . the species is confined to an area of less than 30 km\nin periyar with several threats impacting its habitat and population . it is therefore listed as endangered .\n. however , the size of fish caught from periyar lake is known to have decreased compared to those caught from the upstream regions ( minimol 2000 ) . abundance index of\nin periyar lake is less compared to the upstream reaches ( arun 1999 ) .\nprefers deep water bodies especially streams flowing into large pools ( minimol 2000 ) as well as cascades with moderate water velocity ( euphrasia and kurup 2002 ) . rock , boulders and cobbles are the favoured substrates ( euphrasia and kurup 2002 ) .\nis known to be an omnivore feeding predominantly on leaves , fruits , algae and worms ( minimol 2000 ) .\n, is caught occasionally by local fishers in periyar lake and associated streams , and is known to be the fifth most landed fish species in the lake ( minimol 2000 ) . this is the most consumed native fish apart from the three exotics caught in periyar lake ( c . p . shaji pers . comm . ) .\n. 2006 , periyar foundation 2006 ) . the township of thekkady on the banks of the periyar lake attracts approximately 4 . 5 lakhs tourists annually . around 6 - 7 diesel and 2 - speed boats ply for sight seeing in the lake on a daily basis , discharging oil into the lake . also the sewage waste from in and around kumily town is being decanted directly into the periyar lake . levels of nitrate and nitrite , phosphate , feacal coliforms , hydrocarbon and lead in the lake are higher than permissible limits ( kurup 2004 ) .\nthere is no specific conservation action in place . there is an immediate need to carry out research on population size , life history and ecology to inform management plans . the department of forest and wildlife , government of kerala is promoting the fishery of exotic fish species in periyar lake as a means to control their proliferation ( anvar ali pers . obs . )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhabitat description the african sharptooth catfish is found in lakes , streams , rivers , swamps and floodplains , many of which are subject to seasonal drying ( foa 2012 ) . the most common habitats are floodplain swamps and pools where it can survive during the dry season ( s ) due to its accessory air breathing organs ( foa 2012 ) .\ngeographical range native range : the african sharptooth catfish is almost pan - africa in distribution ( but is naturally absent from the maghreb , upper and lower guinea and cape provinces ) . it is present in jordan , lebanon , israel , syria and turkey ( fao 2012 ) . known introduced range : the sharptooth catfish has been widely introduced for farming / aquaculture purposes to other parts of africa , europe and asia ( fao 2012 ) ."]}
{"id": 1355, "summary": [{"text": "serjeant ( 1781 \u2013 after 1787 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from spring 1784 to autumn 1787 he ran sixteen times and won eight races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1784 he won the fifth epsom derby , the first running of the race under its current name and distance .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he stayed in training for a further three seasons , winning several important races at newmarket , but disappeared from official records after his retirement from racing and does not appear to have been found a place at stud . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "serjeant ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["serjeant at arms m . . .\nthe youtube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third - party notifications of copyright infringement .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\nassassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to bartletts childers , meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\nsunday featured a power - packed and majestic line - up of 3 - year - old thoroughbred colts , geldings , and fillies on the racetrack climaxing with the blue - riband race at the kingfisher ultra derby , bangalore 2016 . serjeant at arms kept his date with destiny in one of the most anticipated events of the indian horse racing calendar of the season . an enthralled crowd at the grand stands cheered their favourite three - year old colt with an all - win record - serjeant at arms . subscribe to oneindia news channel for latest updates on movies and related videos . you tube : urltoken follow us on twitter : urltoken like us on facebook : urltoken join our circle in google plus : urltoken\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nblack , robert ( 1893 ) . horse - racing in england : a synoptical review . london : richard bently and son . p . 248 .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nthe classic winning offspring of eclipse include the derby winners saltram ( br c 1780 ) , young eclipse ( b c 1778 ) and serjeant ( b c 1781 ) , and the oaks winner annette ( b f 1784 ) . his son volunteer ( ch c 1780 ) sired the derby winner spread eagle ( b c 1792 ) .\nat the second spring meeting , assassin was third in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race to dennis o ' kelly ' s horse soldier and mr . davis ' horse plutus . [ 8 ] assassin forfeited a match race with the horse cornwall ( later called boringdon ) at the same meeting a few days later , [ 9 ] and at the july meeting in newmarket his owner paid 150 guineas to the owner of young eclipse ( the 1781 derby winner ) for backing out of a match race . [ 10 ]\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nserjeant at arms ( ind ) b . c , 2013 { 9 - c } dp = 6 - 1 - 8 - 1 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 75 - 15 starts , 12 wins , 3 places , 0 shows career earnings : rs . 43 , 535 , 431 + $ 4 , 830\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nprofessor to the veterinary college of london , monsieur charles vial de st bel , performed an autopsy on eclipse . his measurements determined that the horse stood 16 . 2 hands . while without artistic pretensions , his detailed drawings reveal significantly different markings from those generally seen in other portraits .\nbred by his royal highness william augustus , duke of cumberland , he was foaled at the duke ' s cranbourne lodge stud during the total eclipse of the sun for which he was named . john lawrence described him as a mature horse :\nwhen i first saw him he appeared in high health , of a robust constitution . his shoulder was very thick , but extensive and well placed ; his hind - quarters appeared higher than his fore - hand ; and it was said that no horse in his gallop ever threw his haunches with greater effect , his agility and his stride being on a par . he stood over a great deal of ground , and in that respect was the opposite of flying childers - a short - backed , compact horse , whose reach lay in his lower limbs .\nhe is thought to have stood around 15 . 2 hands .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\ngalileo\u2019s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .\njoe andrews [ ex - dennis o ! ] b c 1778 ( eclipse - amaranda , by omnium ) . sire line eclipse . family 4 - b . owned by sir w vavasour , he won the 1783 stand plate at york . he was described as a\nnarrow horse , with a long , lean head and neck , but showed great breeding\n. later a stallion in the west of england his sole contribution to the stud book was his son dick andrews . he is said to have\ndied , in obscurity many years before his son , dick , made his blood famous with the chestnut altisidora , manuella , and tramp\n.\neclipse ch c 1764 ( shakespeare or marske - spiletta , by regulus ) . sire line eclipse . family 12 .\nafter the duke ' s death , in october of 1765 , his stable was dispersed at auction by mr richard tattersall . eclipse was purchased by william wildman for 75 guineas . in 1769 dennis o ' kelly purchased a half - interest in him for 650 guineas and later bought the remainder for 1 , 100 guineas .\nsir theodore cook wrote of him :\nhis excellence was not only owing to the races he won , but even more clearly to the astonishing ease with which he won them , and to the fact that in addition to his undoubted speed and stride , he possessed sound wind , an ability to carry heavy weight , and an endurance over long distances which could never be thoroughly tested , for its limit was never reached .\nin 1771 he retired to stud at clay hill , near epsom , surrey , where he stayed until 1788 , when he was moved , in a carriage pulled by a pair , to o ' kelly ' s cannons park stud in stanmore , middlesex . his fee was 50 guineas the first year , and later varied between 25 and 30 guineas .\na great great grandson of the darley arabian , he was an overwhelming success in the stud , becoming the progenitor of the eclipse sire line and thus the tail - male ancestor of nearly every living thoroughbred . the line continued mainly through two sons , pot8os and king fergus .\nthe excellent racehorse and sire pot8os ( ch c 1773 ) numbered among his get the derby winner and champion sire waxy ( b c 1795 ) , the derby and st leger winner champion ( b c 1797 ) , the derby winner tyrant ( b c 1799 ) and the oaks winner nightshade ( b f 1785 ) .\nthe champion sire king fergus ( ch c 1775 ) , himself a winner of eight races , got three st leger winners , beningbrough ( b c 1791 ) , hambletonian ( b c 1792 ) and young traveller ( ch c 1788 ) .\nother sons of eclipse exerted varying degrees of influence . among them were don quixote ( ch c 1784 ) , dungannon ( b c 1780 ) , joe andrews ( b c 1778 ) , jupiter ( ch c 1774 ) , meteor ( ch c 1783 ) , orlando ( b c 1778 ) , and satellite ( ch c 1774 ) .\noddly enough eclipse was never a champion sire himself , although he was second eleven times between 1778 and 1788 . he died of colic at cannons in 1789 .\nthis portrait by francis sartorius displays a smaller face marking , and the off - hind sock ends half - way up the cannon bone . in contrast , st bel ' s sketch shows a white nose and an off - hind stocking extending above the hock .\nin 1769 he won a \u00a350 plate at epsom , beating mr fortescue ' s gower ( b c 1764 gower stallion ) , mr castle ' s chance ( b c 1763 gower ' s sweepstakes ) , mr jenning ' s trial ( ch c 1764 blank ) and mr quick ' s plume ( br c 1763 feather ) . won a \u00a350 plate at ascot , beating mr fettyplace ' s cream de barbade ( b c 1764 snap ) , winning both heats\nvery easily\n. won the 100gs king ' s plate at winchester , beating mr turner ' s slouch ( b c othello ) , the duke of grafton ' s chigger ( gr c 1763 slouch ) , mr gott ' s juba ( b c 1764 regulus ) , mr o ' kelly ' s caliban ( br c brilliant ) and mr bailey ' s clanvil ( b c bajazet ) with the latter two being distanced in the first heat . walked over for a \u00a350 plate at the same meeting . won the city plate at salisbury , beating mr fettyplace ' s sulphur ( gr c 1762 spectator ) . walked over for the king ' s plate at the same meeting . walked over for the king ' s plate at canterbury . won the king ' s plate at lewes , beating mr strode ' s kingston ( b c 1763 sampson ) . won the king ' s plate at lichfield , beating mr freeth ' s tardy ( b c matchless ) .\nin 1770 he defeated mr wentworth ' s bucephalus ( ch c 1764 regulus ) over the beacon course at newmarket . won the king ' s purse at the same meeting , beating\nout of sight\nmr strode ' s pensioner ( b c blank ) , mr fenwick ' s diana ( b f 1763 regulus ) and chigger , with diana and chigger withdrawn in the 2nd heat . pensioner was distanced . walked over for the king ' s plate at guildford . walked over for the king ' s plate at nottingham . walked over for the king ' s plate at york . won the \u00a3319 10s great subscription at the same meeting , beating mr wentworth ' s tortoise ( b c snap ) and sir c bunbury ' s bellario ( b c brilliant ) , both said to be\nracers of the highest class\n. walked over for the king ' s plate at lincoln . won 150gs at newmarket , beating sir charles bunbury ' s corsican ( b c swiss ) . walked over for the king ' s plate at the same place . walked over for the king ' s plate at nottingham . this was his final race .\ndick andrews b c 1797 ( joe andrews - mare , by highflyer ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 . bred by mr lord he was half brother to lavinia ( ch f 1802 pipator ) , ancestress of a fair part of family 9 . the druid noted that when\njemmy rooke had charge of joe andrews and dick andrews . . . on wychwood forest ( oxon ) , when he was sold up ; and it was quite a curiosity to see the latter , with his giraffe - like neck , eat from the top of the rack . in ugliness of ears , and head altogether , he was unrivalled ; and so light was he in the body , as to require very little training .\nhis notable offspring include : two thousand guineas winner cwrw ( br c 1809 ) , oaks winner manuella ( b f 1809 ) , st leger winner altisidora ( ch f 1810 ) , doncaster cup winner tramp ( b c 1810 ) , ascot gold cup winner sir richard ( b c 1813 ) , nancy ( b f 1813 ) dam of champagne stakes winner and stallion muley moloch ( br c 1830 muley ) as well as ancestress of the\nflying filly\nmumtaz mahal ( gr f 1921 the tetrarch ) , dick andrews mare ( b f 1810 ) dam of st leger winner st patrick ( ch c 1817 walton ) , and dick andrews mare ( br f 1810 ) dam of doncaster cup winner mercutio ( b c 1819 mowbray ) . dick andrews died in 1816 .\nmercury ch c 1778 ( eclipse - mare , by tartar ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 - b . bred by dennis o ' kelly , mercury was the sire of over forty winners , including lord egremont ' s two oaks winners , hippolyta ( ch f 1787 ) and platina ( ch f 1792 ) . his best sons were gohanna and precipitate ( ch c 1787 ) . another son , hermes ( ch c 1790 ) , sired the matriarch gibside fairy ( b f 1811 ) . mercury ' s daughter fractious ( b f 1792 ) was the dam of the derby winner hannibal ( b c 1801 ) and the taproot mare of family 3 - m , amazon ( b f 1799 ) . mercury stood at lord egremont ' s petworth stud in sussex , and died in april of 1793 .\ndungannon ( gb ) b c 1780 ( eclipse - aspasia , by herod ) . sire line eclipse . family 33 .\njupiter ( gb ) ch c 1774 ( eclipse - mare by tartar ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 - b .\nking fergus ( gb ) ch c 1775 ( eclipse - creeping polly [ tuting ' s ] , by othello [ portmore ' s ] ) . sire line king fergus . family 6 - x .\npot8os ( gb ) ch c 1773 ( eclipse - sportsmistress , by warren ' s sportsman ) . sire line pot8os . family 38 .\nsaltram ( gb ) br c 1780 ( eclipse - virago , by snap ) . sire line eclipse . family 7 .\nsatellite ( gb ) ch c 1774 ( eclipse - titania , by shakespeare ) . sire line eclipse . family 4 - a .\nvolunteer ( gb ) ch c 1780 ( eclipse - mare by tartar ) . sire line eclipse . family 9 - b .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmr & mrs k . n . dhunjibhoy and mr & mrs z . k . dhunjibhoy rep by . five stars shipping co pvt ltd & mr vispi r . patel\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nkeith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .\ndavid ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .\nashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .\nowner : mr & mrs k . n . dhunjibhoy and mr & mrs z . k . dhunjibhoy rep by . five stars shipping co pvt ltd & mr vispi r . patel breeder : nanoli winnings : 15 starts : 12 - 3 - 0 , rs . 43 , 535 , 431 + $ 4 , 830 2018 : 2nd allowance race ( tampa bay - feb 23 ) 2017 : won super mile cup ( g1 , ind , 1600m ) won derby bangalore ( g1 , ind , 2400m ) won ruia gold cup ( g1 , ind , 2000m ) 2cd indian derby ( g1 , ind , 2400m ) 2016 : won colts championship stakes ( gr . 1 , ind , 1600m ) won bangalore juvenile million ( gr . 3 , ind , 1400m ) won indian 2000 guineas ( g1 , ind , 1600m ) won mysore 2000 guineas ( g3 , ind , 1600m ) 2cd mysore derby ( g1 , ind , 2000m ) exported to usa in 2017 in training with h . graham motion ( close )\ntvg announcer wins big kentucky derby bet . insane reaction shown on - air .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nassassin ( 1779 \u2013 c . 1794 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1782 epsom derby . his breeder , lord egremont , won the derby for the first time with assassin . assassin raced until he was a five - year - old and was retired to egremont ' s stud in petworth . he was not a successful sire .\nassassin was foaled in 1779 at lord egremont ' s estate petworth house . assassin ' s sire , sweetbriar , was an undefeated racehorse that earned 5 , 400 guineas during his racing career for his owner lord grosvenor . sweetbriar stood at oxcrofts farm near balsham . [ 1 ] assassin ' s dam , angelica , was foaled in 1761 and was breed by mr . shafto , the owner of her sire snap . assassin was angelica ' s eighth foal and she produced eleven foals between 1768 and 1782 , including assassin ' s full - sister med\u00eba . angelica was euthanised in 1787 . [ 2 ]\nassassin was trained by f . neale at newmarket . [ 3 ] assassin raced until he was five - years - old , winning eight races , and was retired to lord egremont ' s stud at petworth .\nassassin ' s derby win was the first for lord egremont , who would go on to win the event four more times .\nin october at newmarket , assassin beat the duke of grafton ' s colt puzzle in a match race at 6 to 4 odds against assassin . assassin did not win again as a two - year - old . [ 4 ] assassin was second to plutus in a subscription race at the same meeting , [ 4 ] and was second to the filly ceres in a match race . [ 5 ] assassin forfeited a match race to plutus at the houghton meeting . [ 4 ]\nat the craven meeting , assassin received a 70 - guinea\ncompromise\nafter the colts brother to rebel and recruit backed out of a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race . [ 4 ] at the first spring meeting , assassin beat berwick to win a sweepstakes race .\non 9 may at epsom , assassin won the derby , beating lord grosvenor ' s colt sweet robin and charles bunbury ' s colt fortunio . [ 6 ] lord egremont won the derby for the first time with assassin , and won the race four more times with hannibal in 1804 , with cardinal beaufort in 1805 , with election in 1807 and with lap - dog in 1826 . [ 7 ]\nat the july meeting at newmarket , assassin beat mr . vernon ' s gelding by eclipse . at the october meetings in newmarket , assassin won a match race against the colt achilles and forfeited a match race against dennis o ' kelly ' s colt confederate . [ 6 ]\nat the craven meeting , assassin received a forfeiture from the colt ascot . at the newmarket spring meeting , assassin received another forfeiture from the duke of cumberland ' s colt epaminondas , and a few days later beat the colt and later influential sire pot - 8 - os in a match race . at the second spring meeting in newmarket , assassin beat the colt columbus in a 500 - guinea race and beat heron in a 50 - guinea race a few days later . [ 6 ]\nby 1789 , assassin was still standing at petworth for a fee of two guineas per mare alongside the more expensive stallions mercury ( 10 guineas ) and trentham ( 3 guineas ) . [ 11 ] for the 1793 breeding season , he was relocated to langley park near colnbrook and stood for a fee of 3 guineas per mare and a five shilling groom ' s fee . [ 12 ] his fee at langley park was reduced to two guineas for the 1794 season [ 13 ] and he did not appear in the register for 1795 .\nassassin was not a successful sire . his most notable offspring were the fillies cow [ 6 ] and rag ( foaled in 1786 out of chanticleer ' s dam ) . [ 14 ]\nweatherby , edward and james ( 1892 ) .\nangelica\n. the general stud - book 1\u20132 : 23 .\npick , william and r johnson ( 1822 ) .\nassassin\n. the turf register , and sportsman & breeder ' s stud - book 3 : 280 .\npick , william and r johnson ( 1822 ) .\nceres\n. the turf register , and sportsman & breeder ' s stud - book 3 : 461 .\npick , william and r johnson ( 1822 ) .\nassassin\n. the turf register , and sportsman & breeder ' s stud - book 3 : 281 .\nrice , james ( 1879 ) . history of the british turf , volume 2 . london : s . low , marston , searle , and rivington . p . 372 .\nweatherby , edward and james ( 1789 ) .\nadvertisements of stallions\n. racing calendar 17 : 378 .\nweatherby , edward and james ( 1792 ) .\nalphabetical list of stallions to cover in 1793\n. racing calendar 20 : 362 .\nweatherby , edward and james ( 1793 ) .\nadvertisements of stallions to cover in 1794\n. racing calendar 21 : 353 .\nweatherby , edward and james ( 1858 ) .\nrag\n. the general stud book 1 : 376 .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. . . g building which served as the railway station of teignmouth . the fine bay\nstood patiently enduring the attacks of hosts of winged foes , too we . . . . . . t a week old . \u201d \u201cno one saw it happen , \u201d said fred ; \u201che went out riding , his\ncame home without him , and he was lying by the side of the road . \u201d \u201cdi . . . . . . in our gig , and i suppose fred and i had better go back with him . \u201d \u201cis the\nsteady ? \u201d asked his aunt , anxiously . \u201cdumple ? to be sure ! never does w . . . . . . see what i mean . the host of boys in the way ; the wooden bricks and black\nspotted with white wafers that you break your shins over , the marble . . . . . . erness which may be best illustrated by the prov - erb referring to a blind\n. every one , inclined to that same impetuosity , and want of soberness , . . . . . . in an ecstasy . \u201ci have prevailed : you find me in the hour of victory . the\nfor ever ! announced for 121 yo n g e monday night , before a selec . . .\nback at the gate of an ancient country house ( which , from some of its . . . . . . i must summon one of the contadini from the farmhouse yonder , to take your\nto the stable . \u201d 8 the marble faun v ol 2 accordingly , the young coun . . . . . . l sunshine ; and the creaking cider - mill , set in motion by a circumgyratory\n, is all a - gush with the luscious juice . to speak frankly , the cider - m . . . . . . xpected , and shatters our design in fragments . the travellers set forth on\n, and purposed to per - form much of their aimless journeyings unde . . . . . . rney . from village to village , ragged boys and girls kept almost under the\n\u2019 feet ; hoary grandsires and gran - dames caught glimpses of their app . . . . . . admission , from a tradition - ary dread , perhaps , of letting in a robber or\n. but it remained shut ; neither was the sound repeated ; and kenyon . . . . . . self as a notary , and of - fered to make the last will and testament of the\nman . this solemn duty , however , was interrupted by a sur - geon . . .\n, a practice that has since established itself so successfully that b . . . . . . views of bakounine , we clearly cannot , or at all events will not , tolerate\nof rulers on the ground that it is \u201cpropaganda by deed\u201d or so . . . . . . opaganda by deed\u201d or sociological ex - periment . a play inciting to such an\ncannot claim the privileges of heresy or immorality , because . . . . . . ic light ; and it unquestionably vindicates and ennobles a conspirator who\nthe head of the ro - man state not because he abused his positi . . . . . . this vindication and ennoblement might act as an incite - ment to an actual\nas well as to plutarchian republicanism ; for it is one thing . . . . . . r to make a hero of brutus or ravaillac , or a heroine of charlotte corday .\nis the extreme form of censorship ; and it seems hard to justi . . . . . . young slattern , with some good looks ] i say that a man that would steal a\nwould do anything . lottie [ a sentimental girl , neat and clean ] well , . . . . . . it in that way . i do think killing a man is worse any day than stealing a\n. hannah [ elderly and wise ] i dont say it\u2019s right to kill a man . in a . . . . . . indeed ! babsy [ incensed ] oh , well ! if people are going to take the part of\n\u201d is deduced from him . so keen an ama - teur was he , that on one occ . . . . . . as he , that on one occasion , when his own life was attempted by a favorite\n, he was so much pleased with the talent shown , that notwithstandin . . . . . . emainder to the female line , and settled a pension on him for three lives .\nis a branch of the art which demands a sepa - rate notice ; and . . . . . . d hardly say , that i allude espe - cially to those five splendid works , \u2014the\nof william i , of orange , of henry iv . , of france , of the duk . . . . . . useum , ) 17 of gustavus adolphus , and of wallenstein . the king of sweden\u2019s\n, by the by , is doubted by many writ - ers , harte amongst other . . . . . . rd this greatly disputed ; and it seems now generally agreed , that one good\n- shoe is worth about 2 1 / 4 spital sermons . as leibnitz , though not mur . . . . . . on for some time from his neighbors , by drawing woollen stockings over his\n\u2019s legs , and in that way muffling the clatter which he must else have . . . . . . mighty revolution , snorting , whinnying , throwing up their heels , like wild\nin the boundless pampas , and running races of defiance with snipes , . . . . . . out of a forest at noon - day , laying his hand upon the bridle of the king\u2019s\n, checking him for a mo - ment to say , \u201coh , king , thou art betrayed , \u201d a . . .\n. . . the shade of richelieu was mazarin . now mazarin was alone and defenceless , as he well knew . \u201cforeigner ! \u201d he ejaculated , \u201citalian ! that is their mean y . . . . . . . \u201cforeigner ! \u201d he ejaculated , \u201citalian ! that is their mean yet mighty byword of reproach\u2014the watchword with which they\n, hanged , and made . . . . . . nt . this was the same emery who became eventually super - intendent of finance . 7 dumas he was sent for by the ministers and he came before them pale . . . . . . t suppose my dress would have been a very safe one . give me my felt hat , bernouin . \u201d the valet instantly brought to his master a regimental hat with a . . . . . . price of the populace . d\u2019artagnan , meantime , pursued his way with the indifference of a man upon whom such acts of folly made no impression . when he a . . . . . . ter which he in - quired if lieutenant comminges were not the command - ing officer at the outpost . the soldier replied by pointing out to him an office . . . . . . rning to the cardinal . he instantly retired , from a feeling of respectful delicacy ; it was , however , evident that the 14 twenty years after cardinal . . . . . . as a sin to love a priest , just as if one were a priest because one happens to be a cardinal . \u201d \u201cwho ordered monsieur de beaufort to be arrested ? \u201d \u201can . . . . . . ments back again . this letter had been conveyed by d\u2019artagnan and had ar - rived in time . the other was that which laporte had placed in the hands of t . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ncharlie appleby was wreathed in smiles as he became the first trainer to provide godolphin with an investec derby victory in their blue colours after masar stormed to victory .\nwings of eagles caused a huge 40 - 1 upset to propel jockey padraig beggy into the limelight .\ndermot weld won his first investec derby at epsom as harzand held off us army ranger to win the premier classic .\ngolden horn ' s winning time of 2min 32 . 32 is the third - fastest recorded in 236 runnings of the investec derby . workforce set the record of 2min 31 . 33 in 2010 , while the second - fastest was lammtarra ( 2min 32 . 31 ) in 1995 .\naustralia provides aidan o\u2019brien an unprecedented third consecutive investec derby success and his fifth in total .\nruler of the world gives trainer aidan o\u2019brien back - to - back victories in the premier classic and his fourth investec derby success in all as well as providing a second win for jockey ryan moore . runner - up libertarian , from elaine burke\u2019s yorkshire stables , achieves the best finishing position ever for a female trainer .\npour moi , trained by andre fabre and partnered by 19 - year - old mickael barzalona , becomes the 10th french - trained winner and the first since empery in 1976 . carlton house , owned by the queen , starts the 5 / 2 favourite and finishes a close third .\nryan moore lands a first investec derby victory on workforce a day after clinching an initial british classic success aboard snow fairy in the investec oaks . he was the 32nd jockey to win both epsom downs classics in the same year . workforce , the first derby winner to have been beaten in the dante stakes , breaks the epsom downs\u2019 track record set by lammtarra in 1995 with a time of 2m 31 . 33s and gives trainer sir michael stoute his fifth success , making him the most successful current trainer .\nnew approach , beaten a nose in the first british colts\u2019 classic , the 2000 guineas at newmarket , wins on his first and only attempt at 12 furlongs .\ntrainer michael bell enjoys his first derby success when motivator scores in the colours of the royal ascot racing club , which is the first syndicate , with 230 members , to own a derby winner .\nkieren fallon becomes the first jockey in 23 years to win the derby two years in succession as north light follows up the victory of kris kin 12 months earlier .\naidan o\u2019brien records back - to - back wins with sons of sadler\u2019s wells , courtesy of michael tabor\u2019s and sue magnier\u2019s high chaparral .\noath was injured in his next race ( king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes ) and never ran again .\nthe 1000 guineas winner cape verdi is the most recent filly to run , finishing ninth as the 11 / 4 favourite . a supplementary stage is introduced , allowing connections to enter for the derby at the five - day stage at a cost of \u00a375 , 000 .\nbenny the dip was retired to stud at the end of his three - year - old season . he died after sustaining an injury in a paddock accident in 2003 .\nalex greaves is the first woman to ride in the race , finishing last to shaamit on 500 / 1 outsider portuguese lil . shaamit\u2019s handler william haggas is the only current trainer with a 100 per cent record in the derby .\nat the age of 58 , lester piggott has his last derby mount on fifthplaced 33 / 1 shot khamaseen .\nin a career that lasted just over three months in the spring and summer of 1993 commander in chief won five of his six races , most notably the derby at epsom and the irish derby at the curragh . he was the first derby winner since morston in 1973 not to have raced as a two - year - old .\nin a period of seven weeks generous won the derby by five lengths , the irish derby by three lengths and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes by a record seven lengths .\nquest for fame was later trained in the united states where he won the san luis obispo handicap and the hollywood invitational turf handicap in 1992 . he was the first epsom derby winner to win a major race as a five - year - old since st . gatien in 1886 .\nkahyasi won the first five races of his seven - race career , including the epsom derby and the irish derby as a three - year - old .\njockey steve cauthen was british champion jockey three times , and won english classic races ten times , including the 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby twice , and the st . leger stakes three times .\nsteve cauthen became the first u . s . jockey in the last 65 years to win the epsom derby when he rode slip anchor to an easy victory .\nthe first commercial derby sponsorship is from ever ready . the first prize , won by secreto , is \u00a3227 , 680 ( compared with \u00a3165 , 080 the previous year ) .\nteenoso is lester piggott\u2019s ninth and last winner , three more than his nearest pursuers in the most successful riders\u2019 table , jem robinson and steve donoghue , achieved . geoff wragg , son of derby winning jockey and trainer harry wragg , trains teenoso .\nshergar sets a record winning distance of 10 lengths under 19 - year - old derby debutant walter swinburn .\nnikoli , eighth behind henbit at 4 / 1 , becomes a record eighth consecutive losing favourite .\nthe first of willie carson ' s four derby victories came aboard in the 200th running of the classic in 1979 with troy , considered one of the top three horses he ever rode . the seven length victory was at the time a post - war record and has since only been bettered by shergar ' s ten length success in 1982 and equalled by slip anchor in the mid - 1980 ' s .\nshirley heights is the last epsom derby winner to be both the son of a previous winner ( mill reef , 1971 ) , and the sire of a subsequent winner ( slip anchor , 1985 ) .\nthe minstrel prevails in a thrilling finish from hot grove , handing a fifth success to trainer vincent o\u2019brien and an eighth to jockey lester piggott . he is the second of two derby winners bred in canada following on from nijinsky ( 1970 ) .\nempery , trained by maurice zilber in france , becomes lester piggott\u2019s seventh derby winner .\nnobiliary , second to grundy , is the most recent of five fillies to be placed .\nmorston won the 1973 epsom derby on his second racecourse appearance . he was then injured , and retired undefeated .\nperhaps robert ' s most famous victory was beating brigadier gerard in the inaugural running of the benson and hedges gold cup .\nmill reef was ranked as number four in a list of the top 100 european racehorses of the 20th century , compiled by racing post .\nblakeney was one of the few winners of the race to campaign successfully at four . he later had a successful stud career .\nsir ivor won major races in four countries : the national stakes in ireland , the grand criterium in france , the 2000 guineas and the epsom derby in england and the washington , d . c . international in the united states . he was retired to stud at the end of the 1968 season and became a successful stallion .\nafter being rated the best english - trained two - year - old of 1966 , royal palace won the first two legs of the triple crown , the 2000 guineas and the epsom derby in 1967 . he returned for an unbeaten four - year - old season in 1968 when he won four races which are now group one events .\narthur edward\nscobie\nbreasley was champion jockey in 1957 and continuously from 1961 - 63 .\nsea - bird , widely considered the greatest derby winner , beats meadow court and i say in a canter . this is the year epsom downs racecourse installed a watering system .\nrelko ' s derby win was overshadowed for some time because of the revelation by the daily express that he had failed a drugs test . the incident took place in the context of a series of investigations into the\ndoping\nof horses in british races . it was not until october that the jockey club confirmed relko as the winner , stating that the substances detected could not be positively identified and therefore could not be proved to have affected the result . at the end of june , relko was scheduled to run in the irish derby and made 11 / 8 favourite , but was withdrawn from the race minutes before the start , after appearing to be lame , leading to further suspicions of foul play .\nlarkspur , who kept his feet while seven rivals fell on the descent to tattenham corner , provides the first of six derby winners for perhaps the greatest trainer ever , vincent o\u2019brien , who also sent out sir ivor ( 1968 ) , nijinsky ( 1970 ) , roberto ( 1972 ) , the minstrel ( 1977 ) and golden fleece ( 1982 ) to victory .\nin a racing career that lasted from 1960 to 1961 psidium ran eleven times and won twice . he is best known for his win , as a 66 / 1 outsider in the 1961 epsom derby . he later became a successful stallion .\nst paddy is the latest of five derby winners to have the prefix st .\nparthia stood as a stallion in england until he was exported to japan in 1968 . the most notable of his european offspring was the filly sleeping partner who won the epsom oaks in 1969 .\nin a brief career of five races , hard ridden also won the irish 2000 guineas at the curragh in 1958 .\ncrepello only had five starts but was undefeated in his last three , all of which are now group one races .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated lavandin a \u201cpoor\u201d derby winner .\nafter winning only once from his first nine races , he demonstrated much improved form in the summer of 1954 , becoming the first american colt to win the race in seventy - three years .\npinza was the best british colt of his generation in 1953 , and went on to win the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . he was then retired to stud , where he had little success .\ntulyar also won the st . leger stakes , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , the ormonde stakes and the eclipse stakes setting a record for a single season ' s earnings in england .\narctic prince won two races including the derby and was retired after breaking down at ascot in july of the same year .\ngalcador never raced after his win at epsom and was retired to stud where he made no impact as a sire of winners .\nnimbus was sired by nearco , one of the most important sires of the 20th century .\nairborne was the most recent of four greys to have won the epsom classic .\ndante started favourite at odds of 100 / 30 for the derby stakes , which was run at newmarket despite the recent end of the war .\nrun as the\nnew derby\n, a wartime substitute for the epsom derby run at newmarket .\nrun as the \u201cnew derby\u201d , a substitute race for the epsom derby run on the july course at newmarket .\nwatling street ' s winning time equaled the wartime derby record , but was received with little enthusiasm by the spectators who had been anticipating a royal victory .\nthe bay colt owen tudor was sired by hyperion out of the french - bred mare mary tudor ii .\nwhile blue peter was clearly the best three - year - old in britain in 1939 , the onset of world war ii ended his chance to win the triple crown as the st . leger stakes was cancelled .\nmaking just the second start of his career and ridden by jockey charlie elliott , bois roussel scored an upset victory at odds of 20 / 1 .\nmid - day sun was the first winner of the derby to be owned by a woman .\nthe leading british two - year - old of 1934 , bahram went on to take the triple crown in 1935 by winning the 2000 guineas stakes , epsom derby and st . leger stakes .\nhyperion was the most successful british - bred sire of the 20th century and six times champion sire of great britain between 1940 and 1954 .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated cameronian as an\naverage\nderby winner .\nafter the derby , blenheim was being prepared or a run in the eclipse stakes when he sustained a tendon injury . he did not recover sufficiently to resume racing and was retired to stud .\ntrigo was not considered a serious contender for the derby and he started at odds of 33 / 1 in a field of twenty - six runners .\non unusually hard ground at epsom , felstead started a 33 / 1 outsider in front of a huge and enthusiastic crowd which included the king and queen .\npartly because of the death of his owner , call boy never ran again after his win at epsom .\ncoronach ' s regular jockey was joe childs , whose preferred style of holding up horses for a late run was at odds with coronach\u2019s front running style . after the derby he was reported to have said that \u201cthe bastard ran away with me ! \u201d\nalthough manna had not been favourite , the win was reported to be enthusiastically received , largely because of the popularity of jockey donoghue , who was winning the race for the sixth time .\nsansovino was one of sixteen classic winners bred by his owner lord derby , who named the colt after the sixteenth - century italian architect jacopo sansovino .\nthe win gave donoghue a\nhat - trick\nof derby wins , following humorist in 1921 and captain cuttle in 1922 .\nthe name\ncaptain cuttle\nwas taken from a character in dombey and son by charles dickens , captain edward cuttle .\nless than three weeks after the derby , humorist died in his stable from a lung haemorrhage caused by a tubercular condition .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated spion kop a \u201cpoor\u201d derby winner . more specifically , they rated him equal with aboyeur as one of the two worst colts to have won the race in the 20th century .\nwartime restrictions caused the race to take place at newmarket on 31 july , two months later than the customary date . the race carried prize money of only \u00a32 , 050 and attracted only a handful of spectators on a dull and rainy day .\nas a three - year - old in 1916 fifinella won the derby and the oaks , both of which were run at newmarket . she was the sixth and most recent filly to win the derby ."]}
{"id": 1357, "summary": [{"text": "the abert 's towhee ( melozone aberti ) is a bird of the family emberizidae , native to a small range in southwestern north america , generally the lower colorado river and gila river watersheds , nearly endemic to arizona , but also present in small parts of california , nevada , utah , new mexico , and sonora in mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the name of this bird commemorates the american ornithologist james william abert ( 1820 \u2013 1897 ) . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "abert ' s towhee", "paragraphs": ["a pair of abert ' s towhee ' s that like me a lot .\nflight : abert\u2019s towhee performs rapid wing beats , alternated with wings pulled to sides .\nabert ' s towhee , adult , ca , february . ; photographer kevin t . karlson\nabert ' s towhee was named by spencer baird in 1852 for lt . james william abert , who obtained the first specimen .\na very large sparrow , abert ' s towhee inhabits riparian corridors in the sonoran desert of arizona . plain and rather secretive , abert ' s towhee stays in its breeding range year - round .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto abert\u2019s towhee\u2019s call is a sharp \u201cpeek\u201d . song is a rapid series of \u201cpeek\u201d notes .\nthe abert ' s towhee has a fairly small range of 170 , 000 square kilometers . it occurs in\nrange : abert\u2019s towhee is resident in its range all year round . it breeds in arizona and northern mexico .\nprotection / threats / status : abert\u2019s towhee is threatened by fragmentation of riparian habitat and populations declined of as much as 50 % , due to habitat loss . abert\u2019s towhee is a host of brown - headed cowbird , which parasitizes its nest . eggs and chicks are often preyed upon by snakes . the american ornithologist james william abert found the first bird , named abert\u2019s towhee in his honour .\nhabitat : the abert ' s towhee is found in mesquite bosques and cottonwood - willow associations with an understory of dense shrubs .\nthe abert ' s towhee was named by spencer baird in 1852 for lt . james william abert , who obtained the first specimen . the abert ' s towhee forages for insects and seeds by scratching on the ground . it is known , however , to sometimes probe low on tree trunks for insects .\nabert ' s towhee , or pipilo aberti , is a large , stocky , shy sparrow . the abert ' s towhee has one of the smallest total distributions of any u . s . birds species , making it much sought after by birders who travel to the southwest desert to observe it .\nabert ' s towhee in pima county : at one time , many of the riparian habitats of pima county were home to the abert ' s towhee . the destruction of these habitats has caused a decline in the populations of the towhee . protection and restoration of the remaining riparian habitats are important for the towhee , as well as many other species of animals .\nhabitat : abert\u2019s towhee lives in desert woodlands , streamside thickets , at low altitude . it is also found in suburban yards and orchards .\nabert ' s towhee inhabits dense brush and woodlands along sonoran desert rivers and streams in arizona and surrounding states . spencer baird described this species in 1852 (\nthe abert ' s towhee has one of the smallest total distributions of any u . s . birds species , making it much sought after by birders who travel to the southwest desert to observe it .\nthe oldest abert ' s towhee on record was at least 8 years and 7 months old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during a banding operation in arizona .\nabert ' s towhee : found primarily in the colorado and gila river valleys in arizona and parts of california , nevada , utah , and new mexico . generally prefers desert\n( s . f . baird , 1852 ) \u2013 sw usa in s arizona and sw new mexico .\ngeneral description : abert ' s towhees ( melozone aberti ) are large , sexually monomorphic sparrows . abert ' s are light brown overall with a black mask and reddish - orange under the tail ( rusty red under - tail coverts ) .\nreproduction : abert\u2019s towhee\u2019s nest is built in a shrub at about 2 , 5 metres high , but often close to the ground . nest is an open cup made with bits of bark , leaves and vines . it is lined with grasses and hair .\nthe abert ' s towhee is a large sparrow with gray - brown upper parts and pinkish - brown underparts . the face is dark brown with a light bill . unlike many birds , the plumage between the sexes is identical .\nrange : the abert ' s towhee occurs in brushy riparian habitat within the lower sonora zone . it occurs in southeastern california , southern nevada , southwestern utah , central arizona , southwestern new mexico , and northern sonora . in arizona , the towhee can be found in suitable habitat along rivers , streams , and washes .\nstatus : the abert ' s towhee has experienced a population decline over the last 150 years , most likely due to habitat loss . many riparian areas , preferred habitat for the towhee , have been cleared or altered by human use . lowered water tables have dried streams and reduced the dense vegetation . salt cedar , an invasive exotic species , provides less than optimal habitat and now covers much of the towhees ' range . the abert ' s towhee is experiencing much of the same habitat loss as the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher and would benefit from habitat protection for the endangered species . 1\ntweit , robert c . ; finch , deborah m . 1994 . abert ' s towhee : pipilo aberti . in : poole , a . , ed . the birds of north america online . ithaca , ny : cornell lab of ornithology . online : urltoken\nhabitat loss has evidently led to widespread reduction in abert ' s towhee populations in most of its historical range , however since 1966 populations of abert towhee appear to be stable , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 800 , 000 birds , with 98 % occurring in the u . s . , and 2 % in mexico . they rate an 11 out of 20 on the continental concern score and are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , although they are a u . s . - canada stewardship species . back to top\ntweit , robert c . and d . m . finch . 1994 . abert ' s towhee ( melozone aberti ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nwhere to find : abert ' s are not common , but check for them at red rock canyon nca , corn creek on the desert national wildlife range , and the henderson bird viewing preserve .\nunlike the song of spotted towhee ( pipilo maculatus ) , the song of this towhee is rarely heard . the species ' most characteristic vocalization is the squeal duet given simultaneously by both sexes upon reunion\u2014a call used most often during the long breeding season to promote and maintain a close pair bond . this close and prolonged pair bond allows abert ' s towhee to initiate nesting rapidly in response to changes in weather or food supply , to minimize the nesting period , and to renest quickly after nest failure in an environment where rates of predation and parasitism are high .\nthe preferred streamside habitat of abert ' s towhee\u00bfthe brushy understory of cottonwood ( populus fremonti ) - willow ( salix goodingii ) gallery forests and mesquite ( prosopis spp . ) bosques\u00bfhas been cleared and otherwise altered by people , starting with native americans , primarily for agricultural fields and cattle grazing . although this towhee has adapted to some urban and shrubland habitats created by people , including irrigation ditches , these do not equal the extent of habitat lost .\nthe preferred streamside habitat of abert ' s towhee\u2014the brushy understory of cottonwood ( populus fremonti ) - willow ( salix goodingii ) gallery forests and mesquite ( prosopis spp . ) bosques\u2014has been cleared and otherwise altered by people , starting with native americans , primarily for agricultural fields and cattle grazing . although this towhee has adapted to some urban and shrubland habitats created by people , including irrigation ditches , these do not equal the extent of habitat lost .\nunlike the song of the rufous - sided towhee ( pipilo erythrophthalmus ) , the song of this towhee is rarely heard . the species ' most characteristic vocalization is the squeal duet given simultaneously by both sexes upon reunion\u00bfa call used most often during the long breeding season to promote and maintain a close pair bond . this close and prolonged pair bond allows abert ' s towhee to initiate nesting rapidly in response to changes in weather or food supply , to minimize the nesting period , and to renest quickly after nest failure in an environment where rates of predation and parasitism are high .\nmitochondrial dna analysis indicates that of the three brown towhees of the american southwest , california and abert ' s are the most closely related , even though california and canyon towhees were once considered a single species .\nthese are among the very first birds of early morning to begin calling to each other - often with the very first hint of dawn light in the east . abert ' s towhee visit bird feeders with seed and also eat fallen fruit such as dates and olives . when feeding they use their feet to kick away loose leaves and debris exposing hidden beetles , grubs and seeds . a similar bird found mostly in the foothills in more open habitat is the canyon towhee .\nreproduction : abert ' s towhees are monogamous and usually mate for life . the mated pair has a year - round territory which serves as its foraging ground and nesting area . abert ' s towhees have two broods per year , usually during the spring and late summer . the female lays two to five eggs which are pale blue with dark brown markings . a new brood is started about nine weeks after the first nest is started .\nabert ' s towhee has heavy legs typical of a ground forager , and it spends almost all of the nonbreeding season scratching for insects and seeds or perching in low shrubs or tree branches . its flights , which account for less than 5 % of its daylight hours , are short and low , usually to perch sites , including wall tops in suburban habitats .\nalong streams in the desert southwest , a sharp pinging note in the thickets announces the presence of abert ' s towhee . if an observer tries to approach , a pair of these towhees may stay just ahead and out of sight , calling in an odd squealing duet when pressed too closely . when undisturbed , they feed on the ground under dense bushes , scratching among the leaf - litter . many southwestern\nspecialty birds\nhave extensive ranges in the tropics , but this towhee barely gets across the border into northwestern mexico .\n1 . tweit , r . c . , and d . m . finch . 1996 . abert ' s towhee ( pipilo alberti ) . the birds of north america , no . 111 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .\ndescription : abert\u2019s towhee has black face . upperparts are cinnamon - brown . underparts are paler grey - brown , with rusty - brown vent . tail is long and dark , with cinnamon undertail coverts . bill is conical and pale grey . eyes are black . legs and feet are pinkish brown . both sexes are similar . juvenile is similar to adult , slightly streaked on chest .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\n) and named it for lt . james william abert , u . s . army ( 1820\u20131897 ) , who obtained the specimen as a result of a survey of new mexico at the end of the mexican war . abert , a west point graduate , served in the topographical engineers and retired from the army after the civil war with the rank of lt . colonel (\nthis sparrow is found primarily in the colorado and gila river valleys in arizona and parts of california , nevada , utah , and new mexico . it generally prefers desert riparian and desert wash habitats . the preferred habitat includes dense vegetation , including thickets of willow , cottonwood , mesquite , and saltcedar . but , abert ' s towhee is also found in cities or suburbs in exotic plantings .\nrising , j . ( 2018 ) . abert ' s towhee ( melozone aberti ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nafter an extended period of dry weather , rain during the breeding season can produce a peak in nesting activity within two weeks . the extended breeding season and tight pair bond enable some abert ' s towhees to produce two broods a year in an inhospitable environment , although as many as six nest attempts may be required . a female can lay the first egg of a new clutch one week after the loss of a nest . cowbird parasitism reduces towhee reproductive success , but few young cowbirds are raised because some towhees abandon nests with cowbird eggs and because cowbird nestlings are generally much smaller then their towhee nestmates .\n( van rossem , 1946 ) \u2013 sw usa from sw utah s through colorado valley in se nevada to se california , and e along gila r in s arizona , also extreme nw mexico ( extreme n baja california and nw sonora ) .\ndesert streams , brush , mesquite . typically found in dense brush near water in arid lowlands , as in streamside thickets , edges of ponds or irrigation ditches , understory of cottonwood - willow groves , even riverside marshes . in some areas ( such as around phoenix ) , comes into yards in well - watered suburbs . overlaps in habitat with canyon towhee in some places , but abert ' s stays closer to water in dense cover , avoiding dry open hillsides .\nthis article was written and prepared by u . s . government employees on official time , and is therefore in the public domain .\nvegetation in desert habitats of arizona and parts of adjacent nevada , california , utah , new mexico , and mexico . the global breeding population of this bird species is estimated to be around 800 , 000 individuals . at the current time , it is not believed that the population trends of this species will soon approach the minimum level which would indicate a potential decline . as a result of these population trends , abert ' s towhee at this time has a conservation rating of least concern .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nbehaviour : abert\u2019s towhee feeds on the ground , scratching soil with feet to catch invertebrates and seeds lying under the leaf litter , and then well exposed and easy to find . it also may probes bark on low trunks . it forages in thick understory . it is a secretive bird , staying in its breeding range all year round . it prefers to stay well - hidden under bushes , and disappear into bush when intruder approaches . pairs usually remain bonded for life . they are monogamous and solitary nesters . they have the same territory all year round , to forage and to nest .\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nmembers of this family are for the most part common birds with plenty of available habitat . passerellidae species that have declined and are endangered in many parts of their range are those that require grasslands , such as the grasshopper and henslow ' s sparrows , and one species , the bachman ' s sparrow , which requires open pine forests with a grassy understory .\nin mammalian and avian model species , neuropeptide y ( npy ) simultaneously promotes feeding behavior and suppresses the secretion of reproductive hormones , thereby modulating the resource allocation trade - off between investing in essential somatic processes or in the reproductive system . investigations into this dual role of npy in birds have focused on domesticated species and , to our knowledge , no study has examined this role in songbirds . we determined whether npy treatment acutely regulates feeding behavior and activity of the reproductive system in a male songbird , the abert ' s towhee , melozone aberti . intracerebroventricular ( icv ) administration of npy promoted behaviors associated with feeding ( decreased latency to initiate pecking in the food bowl , increased number of feeding bouts following treatment , and increased number of pecks into the food bowl during each feeding bout ) , and it stimulated hopping and drinking behavior . by contrast , we found no effect of npy treatment on plasma testosterone secretion 60 min after treatment . these results suggest that in male abert ' s towhees npy stimulates feeding behavior , but provide no evidence that this peptide concurrently influences testosterone secretion .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nrecent analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests that the predominantly brown towhees\u2014california , abert ' s , canyon , and white - throated\u2014are more closely related to the melozone ground - sparrows than they are to the predominantly black or green towhees . as a result , \u201cbrown towhees\u201d are now placed in the genus melozone . see the 51st supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .\nrecent analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests that the predominantly brown towhees\u00bfcalifornia , abert ' s , canyon , and white - throated\u00bfare more closely related to the melozone ground - sparrows than they are to the predominantly black or green towhees . as a result ,\nbrown towhees\nare now placed in the genus melozone . see the 51st supplement to the aou checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect these changes .\nbecause this nonmigratory towhee spends most of its life on a permanent territory concealed by dense shrubs , it is thought to be secretive and is most often detected by its call notes . in interactions with other birds , however , it is bold and aggressive and where it finds suitable habitat in suburban environments it is often oblivious of humans .\nthis bird lays two to five blue white eggs with dark brown speckles . they are laid in a nest made of forbs , bark pieces , leaves , and vines lined with dead grass and mammal hair . the nest is usually built in a tree or bush , often 25 to 30 feet above the ground . the female towhee incubates eggs for about 14 days .\nmolecular analysis indicates that present species and m . crissalis are sister - taxa . geographical variation clinal ; species perhaps better treated as monotypic . proposed race vorhiesi ( described from c . 15 km s of tucson , in arizona ) treated as synonym of dumeticolus . two subspecies recognized .\nthe worthen ' s sparrow is an enigmatic species historically recorded in the southwestern united states . rare , little known , and difficult to find in its known mexican range , this species may be more adapted to grassland habitats that have disappeared or been drastically altered since european settlement . one of the most commonly seen sparrows in the united states , the house sparrow , is not a member of this family and , as an imported species , is actually more closely related to african weaver finches and european sparrows than north american sparrows .\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library\u2019s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\ncottonwood and willow woodlands , with dense shrubs , along desert streams and rivers . back to top\na large open cup of leaves , bark , and weed stems , located in trees or shrubs .\nscratches on the ground ; sometimes probes bark on low trunks like a nuthatch . back to top\nnorth american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .\nsauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\nstill very common in parts of its limited range . could be vulnerable to loss of streamside habitat .\nforages mostly on the ground , often scratching with both feet . also forages on bark at base of trees , and in low bushes . members of a pair often forage together .\n1 - 4 , usually 3 . pale blue or whitish with markings of dark brown and black . incubation is apparently by female only , about 14 days . young : both parents feed the nestlings . young leave nest about 12 - 13 days after hatching , before they are full - grown , but unable to fly for another week ; tended by parents for a month or more . often 2 broods per year .\nboth parents feed the nestlings . young leave nest about 12 - 13 days after hatching , before they are full - grown , but unable to fly for another week ; tended by parents for a month or more . often 2 broods per year .\nmostly insects and seeds . insects make up majority of diet , especially in summer ; major items include beetles , ants , caterpillars , grasshoppers , and cicadas . also eats many seeds , including those of saltbush , weeds , and grasses .\nmembers of pair remain together all year on permanent territories ; courtship and pair formation may occur at any season , but nesting is mainly march through july . both members of pair evidently defend nesting territory . nest site is in dense shrub or tree such as mesquite , willow , baccharis , or elderberry , often well hidden within clump of mistletoe ; usually 5 - 8 ' above the ground , but can be higher . nest ( built by female ) is a bulky open cup , loosely made of weeds , bark strips , grass , leaves , vines , lined with dry grass and sometimes hair .\ncall is a single bell - like note . song resembles a rapid series of call notes .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\nbna account authors : tweit , r . c . , and d . m . finch\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nshort flights , alternates rapid wing beats with wings pulled to sides . may be difficult to spot because it prefers to stay well - hidden under bushes .\nand desert wash habitats . preferred habitat includes dense vegetation , including thickets of willow , cottonwood , mesquite , and saltcedar ; also found in cities or suburbs in exotic plantings .\nsong is a series of squeaky\nchip\nnotes on the same pitch .\nthey are threatened by cowbird nest parasitism and habitat loss , although some have successfully colonized suburban environments in the phoenix , arizona area . they may also be seen on the campus of arizona state university .\nthey are an inconspicuous bird because they forage in thick undergrowth and rarely fly any great distance .\na group of towhees are collectively known as a\ntangle\nand a\nteapot\nof towhees .\nmost of the small birds such as the finches , wood - warblers , and sparrows are members of the one hundred and forty - two families found in the largest taxonomic order of birds ; the passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) .\nthe new world sparrows and related birds are placed in the passerellidae ( pronounced pass - ur - el - ih - dee ) , a group of one hundred and thirty species in twenty - six genera only found in the new world .\neighty - two species of new world sparrows and towhees in twenty - six genera are found in north america .\nmembers of this family are known for their terrestrial behavior , cheery songs , and in the case of sparrows , challenges to their identification due to similarities in appearance of several species . dark - eyed juncos and various other species are also well known visitors to feeders during the winter months .\nmembers of the passerellidae are small , plump birds with short , finch - like bills adapted to cracking open seeds . their wings are generally short and their tails and legs average in length .\nin general , bright colors are not a hallmark of this family although some species do show patches of bright orange and red - brown . brown , white , and gray plumages with streaked and spotted patterns are commonplace for the primarily dull colored sparrows . however there are exceptions , such as the boldly patterned plumages of black , white , and tan plumages displayed by the juncos , and the vibrant black and burnt orange of the towhees .\nat least one species of passerellidae can be found in most every habitat in north america . most species are birds of weedy fields , scrub , second growth , and non - forest habitats such as desert , grassland , and marsh . the few species adapted to woodlands frequent the thick undergrowth at forest openings and edges .\nlike other short distance migrants , most members of this family migrate later in fall , earlier in spring , and often show up at feeders during the winter . some species , such as the fox sparrow , practice\nleap frog\nmigration with more northerly populations migrating further south in the winter .\noutside of the breeding season , sparrows and other members of this family flock together for protection from predators . all are generally terrestrial birds that forage on the ground for seeds and arthropods .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nrelating to or living or located on the bank of a natural watercourse ( as a river ) or sometimes of a lake or a tidewater .\nsmall feathers that cover the areas where the retrices ( tail feathers ) attach to the rump .\nthe front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .\nbirds do not have two separate cavities for excrement and reproduction like humans do . in birds , there is one single entrance / exit that suits both functions called the vent , cloaca or anus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nthis species occupies suitable riparian habitat below 1 , 300 m within the shaded area . this species is essentially sedentary year - round .\namerican ornithologists ' union . 1983 . check - list of north american birds , 6th ed . washington , d . c : am . ornithol . union . close\nmearns , b . c . and r . f . mearns . 1992a . audubon to x\u00e1ntus : the lives of those commemorated in north american bird names . new york : academic press . close\n) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124\nfemale lays 2 to 5 pale blue eggs . incubation lasts about 14 days , by female . chicks hatch altricial , and fledge at about 12 to 13 days of age . this species produces 2 broods per year , the second starting nine weeks after the first .\nyou may send email to rmrspubrequest @ urltoken to request a hard copy of this publication .\n( please specify exactly which publication you are requesting and your mailing address . )\nwe recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article , to retain the full citation information .\ngrayish - brown upperparts . buffy underparts . black facial area surrounds pale conical bill . dark eye . rusty undertail coverts . long tail . juvenile ( spring to fall ) lightly spotted below . sexes similar . 8 to 9 inches in length .\ndesert thickets ( especially mesquite and cottonwood - willow ) , farms , orchards , and urban areas .\n3 - 4 pale blue - green eggs with markings concentrated at the large end . the eggs have a ? day incubation period . fledging occurs in 12 - 13 days . the nest is a large open cup made from leaves , bark , and weed stems , and is built close to the ground in a bush or tree . nesting pairs generally stay bonded for life .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnote : all distances , elevations , and other facts are approximate . ; last updated 130918\nthis wary bird was partially obscured from view by some vegetation . nonetheless the conical bill , black facial mask , and long tail are clearly visible . observed at gilbert riparian preserve , gilbert , arizona , usa . 14 feb . 2009 . rich ditch has managed a much clearer photo .\ndistinguishing characteristics : mostly plain brown to gray in color . small black mask on face around bill . sturdy sparrow - beak . long tail . a bit of tawny color on underside of rump . large , but slightly smaller than a robin .\nthese large sparrows prefer habitats with thick vegetation with partial shade . for example in gallery forests along riparian streams and mesquite bosques . irrigated yards and orchards in the greater phoenix , arizona area are suitable habitat . despite the thousands of stray / loose house cats in the cities of the sonoran desert these birds are able to survive and nest on the ground . one way they do this is to almost always work in pairs as they search for food on the ground . one of the pair will always be more intent on watching for danger and the two stay in constant contact via short , sharp calls . on spotting even the remotest danger they give a sharper call that warns the other and they both fly up and into cover away from danger .\n20\u201323 cm ; 38\u00b79\u201355\u00b76 g . large , long - tailed sparrow with relatively uniform appearance . nominate race has lower forehead , lores and chin black , rest . . .\nsong a rather sharp series of notes , \u201cpeep peep chee - chee - chee\u201d , \u201c sleep cleep . . .\ndiet on lower colorado r principally insects : in winter 73 % of diet was insects , and in summer 96 % . beetles ( coleoptera ) especially taken , . . .\nseason mar\u2013sept ; usually double - brooded . pair - bond maintained retained throughout year . nest built by female , taking c . 1 week , a . . .\nnot globally threatened . classified as \u201crare\u201d in the usa ( yellow watchlist priority species for conservation ) . much of this species\u2019 preferred streamside . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nformerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v\u2013viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .\nincludes pyrgisoma , which is an objective junior synomym of melozone , the two having same type species ; thus previous use of both genera in hbw and elsewhere was erroneous . one subgroup ( m . fusca , m . albicollis , m . crissalis and m . aberti ) previously placed in pipilo , but subsequently moved to join m . kieneri in kieneria ( or erroneously pyrgisoma ) # r . recent comprehensive molecular phylogeny # r indicates that such generic separation is not required , an action already taken by some authors # r ; present genus is potentially paraphyletic with respect to aimophila , so further data required for clarification # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nregulation of feeding behavior and plasma testosterone in response to central neuropeptide y administration in a songbird . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj exp zool a ecol genet physiol . 2015 aug ; 323 ( 7 ) : 478 - 86 . doi : 10 . 1002 / jez . 1943 . epub 2015 jun 7 .\nregulation of feeding behavior and plasma testosterone in response to central neuropeptide y administration in a songbird .\nit has a distinct black face , pale gray bill , gray - brown upperparts , paler gray - brown underparts , and a rust - brown vent . the tail is long and darker than upperparts with rust - brown undertail coverts .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 1358, "summary": [{"text": "elusive kate ( 10 february 2009 \u2013 april 2015 ) was an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she was one of the leading two-year-old fillies in europe in 2011 when her wins included the prix du calvados and the prix marcel boussac .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2012 she won the prix rothschild and was placed in the falmouth stakes , prix jacques le marois , sun chariot stakes and queen elizabeth ii stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2013 she won the falmouth stakes and a second prix rothschild . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "elusive kate", "paragraphs": ["multiple group 1 winner elusive kate died recently while giving birth to her first foal .\nher return this year had been delayed and elusive kate missed out on a classic challenge .\nelusive kate ' s foal , a colt by dansili , was placed on a nurse mare .\ntrainer john gosden paid tribute to elusive kate after the high - class mare died while giving birth to her first foal .\nelusive kate was trained by john gosden throughout her career . she was purchased privately by teruya yoshida during her juvenile season .\nelusive kate ' s 2015 colt by dansili was placed on a nurse mare . ( photo via british champions series twitter feed )\nelusive kate survived a stewards ' inquiry to win the falmouth stakes at newmarket ' s july meeting from odds - on favourite sky lantern .\nit is a matter of generations . sky lantern is the star three - year - old and elusive kate is the best older filly .\nelusive quality set a world record for the mile in the 1998 poker stakes .\nconnections of duntle are keen to avoid another showdown with elusive kate after finding john gosden ' s filly too good at deauville on sunday . elusive kate produced a stunning display to claim the prix rothschild for the second successive year , with the david wachman - trained duntle finishing best of the rest in second .\na talented filly whom announced herself on the top stage at this racecourse last season , elusive kate is back and with an exciting season ahead of her .\nelusive kate probably should have won this race last year . she stumbled coming out of the gate and lost a shoe , but still ran very well .\n. starting as the 10 / 11 favourite , he beat cityscape by three lengths , with elusive kate a further three and a quarter lengths behind in third place .\nthere have been no problems with elusive kate since her last run , she likes the course and likes the ground . there is not much more to say .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged bloodstock , elusive kate , horse racing , john gosden , teruya yoshida , thoroughbred by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\npatrick barbe , racing manager to her owner teruya yoshida , revealed : \u201cit will be up to john gosden but the qipco sussex stakes is an option for elusive kate .\na four year old daughter of elusive quality , elusive kate has regularly saved her best for the duo of courses that newmarket provides but , despite some standout performances owing to the circumstances around the efforts , she was yet to reign supreme at either of the courses .\nelusive kate , left , drifted across the track but the objection of sky lantern ' s jockey was thrown out by the stewards . photograph : steven cargill / racingfotos . com\nconnections of sky lantern were unsuccessful in their appeal against the result of the etihad airways falmouth stakes , with elusive kate confirmed as the winner , the british horseracing authority confirmed .\n. elusive quality initially topped the 2002 freshman sire list by progeny earnings , but got bumped when it was determined elusive city raced on a banned substance and the purse money was redistributed .\nelusive quality has had an outstanding year with his multiple g1 - winning three - year - old daughter elusive kate , and the outstanding , undefeated juvenile filly certify , a g1 winner in 2012 as well . he will remain at a fee of $ 50 , 000 .\nin - form duo john gosden and william buick landed their fifth group one win in a golden season as elusive kate made all the running to win the prix rothschild at deauville .\nwhen it comes to in - demand selfies , there\u2019s none more elusive than the royal selfie .\nelusive kate aims to confirm her superiority over old rival sky lantern as the pair engage in a highly - anticipated rematch in the kingdom of bahrain sun chariot stakes at newmarket on saturday .\njohn gosden , often the spearhead for many a us challenge from britain , has notable end of season considerations for his filly , elusive kate , with a return to france en route .\nwilliam buick rides a blinder on board elusive kate and holds off favourite , sky lantern to the line in the 2013 etihad airways falmouth stakes at newmarket on day two of the july meeting .\nresults have been mixed for the duo since , with elusive kate going on to clinch her fourth group one verdict in the prix rothschild , before finishing well beaten in the prix jacques le marois .\nelusive kate had also carried sky lantern across much of the width of the course as the two horses fought to the line but reversals in the stewards ' room are rare under british rules and the stewards decided that it could not be said with any certainty that elusive kate had improved her position . buick received a three - day ban for careless riding , but the original result was allowed to stand .\npatrick barbe , bloodstock agent for elusive kate ' s owner teruya yoshida , is keeping his fingers crossed the four - year - old can win the argument with her younger opponent once more this weekend .\nsent off as a long odds on shot , sky lantern was heavily favoured to enhance her reputation with a third consecutive group 1 success , but william buick and elusive kate had other ideas about this renewal .\nhe told his website urltoken\nelusive kate is just one of six classy fillies that we have to beat , but everything we have seen at home suggests that sky lantern is at the top of her game .\n\u201ckate has played it beautifully , \u201d said kate reardon , the editor of tatler magazine . \u201cshe appears to be modest and conservative and un - showoffy and everything that we would love her to be . \u201d\nsecond in this race last year on her seasonal reappearance , elusive kate had thrusted her name into many a notebook when bravely going down by a neck in this contest that year . a victory next time out in a french group 1 readily rewarded her followers , yet despite being heavily favoured as the main rival to animal kingdom in last month ' s queen anne stakes , the supprot for elusive kate was seemingly lacking in this contest .\nbeaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .\nwilliam buick would like elusive kate to take on sky lantern again as he believes the john gosden - trained filly did not get the credit she deserved after coming out on top in a tight finish to the falmouth stakes .\nelusive quality also shuttled to australia and brazil for the international darley operation . he was a leading sire in brazil , siring champions sai de baixo and ana luisa . in australia , he sired two - time champion sepoy , now a darley stallion . his other leading international runners included european champion elusive kate , a group 1 winner in england and france , english group 1 winner certify , french group 1 winner elusive city , and mexican champion el capitan .\ndespite hughes ' strong case , elusive kate was eventually confirmed the winner . a result which will baffle the connections of sky lantern , but one that is just a temporary blip for sky lantern ' s progression within this division .\ndrawing from nature and everyday life , kate\u2019s work is both bold and quirky , an interpretation undoubtedly all her own . her world is best described as witty , unconventional , and rhythmic , chasing the elusive balance of playfulness and precision .\na life - size image of prince william and kate middleton made its way near trafalgar square in london on wednesday .\nit was a second group one victory in france for elusive kate , who won the prix marcel boussac at last season\u2019s arc meeting at longchamp . having won on two previous runs at deauville , she is also unbeaten in four races across the channel .\nkate miller - heidke and her technicolour dream gigs make her a niche artist with a big fanbase . picture : andrew tauber\nhere come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .\nalthough just a narrow winner over just the judge in the group one qipco 1000 guineas at newmarket in may , sky lantern was far more devastating when bursting clear to win the coronation stakes at royal ascot in june , and on her most recent outing she was narrowly beaten in somewhat controversial fashion by four - year - old elusive kate in the group one falmouth stakes at newmarket earlier this month , elusive kate having franked the form in some style when winning yesterday\u2019s group one prix rothschild at deauville in a comfortable fashion .\nwhereas diana courted the media , kate says nothing . nothing to feed the growing frenzy of engagement speculation . the one certainty about kate middleton is her image - artless , maybe , but coupled with the sneaking suspicion that she knows it very well indeed .\nelusive kate completed back - to - back victories in the prix rothschild with a fluent success at deauville . winner of a controversial race for the falmouth stakes at newmarket ' s july meeting , the john gosden - trained filly was far too good for her rivals in france .\nthe prix rothschild is the obvious next race ,\nsaid gosden , referring to a race elusive kate won last season .\nthere are also races like the matron , the prix jacques le marois and we might even want to go for the breeders cup mile .\naustralian champion and leading thoroughbred sire lonhro will stand his third season at darley america\u2019s stud farm next year and has already proven to be very popular with breeders . in fact , he was north america ' s leading sire of weanlings by sales average for 2013 . perennial leading stallion elusive quality continues to sire high - class runners year after year including elusive kate , who added a third g1 victory to her record in 2013 .\nelusive quality ' s progeny continued to show up at the highest levels , however . his second crop included eclipse champion 3 - year - old colt\n' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .\nit ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .\nthe prix rothschild [ which elusive kate won last season ] is the obvious one to go for , and then after that there ' s races like the matron stakes and the prix jacques le marois , and you might want to go for a breeders ' cup mile later on .\nfour - year - old elusive kate was the joint top - rated two - year - old filly in europe in 2011 after a three - length win in the group one prix marcel boussac and doubled her group one tally last season when taking the prix rothschild at deauville , france , in july . the daughter of elusive quality was last seen out in the group one queen elizabeth ii stakes sponsored by qipco at ascot in october , finishing third .\n50 words for snow , to be released on 21st november , will be kate bush ' s first album of original material for six years .\nthe man of the hour , construction worker sam wayne , snagged his second royal selfie thursday during prince william and princess kate\u2019s visit to cornwall .\ni have to concur with brian . sky lantern looked like she ' d get there if kate hadn ' t continued to push her out .\nelusive kate ( usa ) b . m , 2009 { 16 - a } dp = 7 - 6 - 17 - 2 - 0 ( 32 ) di = 2 . 05 cd = 0 . 56 - 17 starts , 7 wins , 2 places , 2 shows career earnings : \u00a3885 , 120\nrichard hannon ' s filly was produced with what looked like a winning run by richard hughes , but after a heated tussle and much barging , the john gosden - trained elusive kate and william buick held on by a neck , surviving a stewards ' inquiry and a subsequent appeal from the hannon camp .\nas the riders entered the final stages , sky lantern loomed large on the outside of the gosden trained filly , yet buick continued to gradually slip his mount some reign . inch by inch he slowly provided elusive kate with her head , asking her to increase the pace and ensuring that sky lantern would not have things all her own way , but just when the duo of talented fillies entered into the final furlong it was elusive kate whom would drift violently across the track , taking sky lantern with her , and ensuring that her victory would still be disputed inside the stewards room for what seemed like an eternity .\n. when sky lantern moved up to challenge elusive kate in the final quarter mile , the older filly hung to the left , carrying sky lantern across the width of the straight , before prevailing by a neck . the result was allowed to stand after a stewards ' enquiry , although the winner ' s jockey\nkate miller - heidke has enjoyed chart success and critical acclaim but her next big challenge is the muriel\u2019s wedding stage play and a best of album .\n, elusive kate , gordon lord byron and soft falling rain . hughes restrained the colt at the back of the field before moving forward with three furlongs left to run . he took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by three and a quarter lengths from top notch tonto , with kingsbarns in third place .\nanimal kingdom faces a dozen rivals of which aidan o ' brien ' s declaration of war ( by war front ) stands out . formerly trained in france by jean - claude rouget , the american - bred has won 3 of 5 for ballydoyle . the consistent pair of elusive kate ( by elusive quality ) , from john gosden ' s yard , and aljamaaheer ( by dubawi ) , an inmate of roger varian ' s stables , are other live each - way prospects .\nthat person is now believed by several newspapers to be the elusive banksy , who has never confirmed his identity and of whom no picture is definitely known to exist .\nelusive kate returned to the scene of some of her greatest efforts for a wire - to - wire success in the group 1 falmouth stakes on friday at newmarket , but it wasn ' t without controversy as the filly drifted all the way across the track - resulting in a lengthy stewards inquiry before the result was confirmed .\nthere are exciting older fillies and mares , including sajjhaa , a dual group one winner in dubai for godolphin earlier this year , the wildenstein family\u2019s beauty parlour from the stable of sir henry cecil who sent out the great frankel to win the qipco sussex stakes in the last two years , and the john gosden - trained elusive kate .\nthere are exciting older fillies and mares , including sajjhaa , a dual group one winner in dubai for godolphin earlier this year , the wildenstein family\u2019s beauty parlour from the stable of sir henry cecil who sent out the great frankel to win the qipco sussex stakes in the last two years , and the john gosden - trained elusive kate .\na tactical affair was expected in this contest and william buick , who himself was entering the newmarket july festival after an outstanding performance in the saddle at a a minor kempton polytrack meeting on wednesday night , opted to utilise elusive kate ' s versatility through the early stages , asking his mount to take things up at the head of affairs .\nfour - time grade 1 winner quality road inherited elusive quality\u2019s brilliance , establishing multiple track records during his own career . now a young stallion at lane ' s end in kentucky , he is represented by kentucky oaks winner abel tasman in his second crop . elusive quality ' s other standouts include eclipse award champion female sprinter maryfield and champion steeplechase horse demonstrative .\nmaybe they were replaced by doubles . could be that the real wills and kate are on some tropical island somewhere and they left these lookalikes to deal with the royals . kate was probably most thankful to be done with her grandma - in - law who struts around like she ' s the queen of england . who needs that ?\nhowever , in a season where no other rival has been able to establish herself as europe ' s top filly at a mile , elusive kate is now in poll position . having flopped when hot favourite for the falmouth , golden lilac produced a much improved run but she is struggling to live up to the massive expectations held for her this year .\nshe has done it all her life . when she won the marcel boussac as a two year old she ended up on the far rail - which is a long way at longchamp ,\nsaid winning jockey , william buick .\nas far as the race is concerned there is no question elusive kate was the best horse in the race\nand the drama - filled where ? from the rabbits closes one disc while the elusive elysian fields finally makes it onto a record courtesy of the live performance with the tasmanian symphony orchestra .\nhow quickly the tides changed . then again i can see that even then , charles horse faced genes were just bubbling under the surface . kate looks plainer than usual .\nkate middleton with prince william this month at witton country park in northwest england . she has formally spoken to the press only once , on the day they announced their engagement .\n\u201ckate\u2019s struggle to hold down a job since graduating has reportedly earned the displeasure of the queen , \u201d declared the guide , hana umezawa , as earnestly as if she were explaining the spanish armada . \u201cthe closest kate has come to having a regular job was when she worked at jigsaw as a part - time assistant accessories buyer from 2006 to 2007 . \u201d\nyet , even with those facts to hand , kate remains elusive . some portrayals cast her as a ' sensible ' middle - class graduate who embodies meritocratic britain ; others as the socially aspiring millionaires ' daughter who wouldn ' t be seen dead beyond the king ' s road . some describe a wholesome english rose ; others claim she set her cap at william before university .\ndespite his minor suspension , the falmouth was won thanks to a well - judged , frontrunning ride by buick . hughes was alive to the danger of giving elusive kate , herself a previous group one winner , an easy lead and sat close behind her from the start , but he still proved unable to summon enough of a finish from sky lantern to get her to the post in front .\nelusive quality entered stud in 1999 , and his first crop placed him a close third on the 2002 freshman sire list behind distorted humor and awesome again . all three would go on to be classic sires .\nso it just leaves us to conclude that we ' d like to acknowledge our colleagues jia lin , nick , julian , kate , adele , bill , fiona and mita . thank you .\nkate asson , who teaches personal finance courses , describes financial independence as \u201cbeing fully self - reliant . the income you use to meet your expenses is driven by you and you alone . \u201d\nafter an eight week break , sky lantern returned to racing on 28 september , when she was again matched against elusive kate in the sun chariot stakes over one mile at newmarket . she started the 7 / 4 favourite in a field also included just the judge , duntle and la collina , the winner of the matron stakes . hughes held the filly up at the back of the field before taking the lead in the last furlong and winning comfortably by a length from integral , with duntle third and elusive kate in fourth . on her final appearance of the season , sky lantern was sent to hong kong to contest the hong kong mile at sha tin racecourse . she started the 5 / 1 third favourite but never looked likely to win and was eased down in the closing stages , finishing last of the fourteen runners .\nclassic sire and former world record - holder elusive quality has been pensioned from stallion duty . the 24 - year - old stallion will live out his retirement at darley\u2019s american base at jonabell farm in lexington , ky .\nhow her mother , carole , has ancestors who were miners , and how carole left behind her working - class roots when she and kate\u2019s father , michael , founded a successful internet business that sells party accessories . how their newfound wealth allowed them to move into a grand country house and to send kate to marlborough college , an elite boarding school , where she excelled at sports but not , unfortunately , at misbehaving .\ntheir courtship at the university of st . andrews , where both were students , has been told in endless articles , books and television specials . but only a few insiders know if the episode that is supposed to have ignited the royal passion \u2014 when kate appeared at a fashion show in a see - through dress and william uttered the prosaic but fateful words , \u201cwow ! kate\u2019s hot ! \u201d \u2014 really happened that way .\na live broadcast of the stewards inquiry was provided by british television , a welcome addition to the broadcast , which showed an eloquent richard hughes confidently put his case across for the demotion of elusive kate in favour of his mount sky lantern whilst buick , seemingly confident that the result would not be overturned , seemed to lack in providing the stewards with the information required and having to be prompted to detail how he attempted to keep his mount straight .\nthis man claimed not only to have met the elusive artist but was able to give a name - robin gunningham - and it doesn ' t require much imagination to work out how such a name could result in the nickname banksy .\nthe distant rumble of attention and speculation is about to become a thunderous stampede . the spectator cover trailed an essay by patrick jephson , former secretary to princess diana , arguing that kate ' s youth and glamour will provide a much - needed boost to ' brand windsor ' . the latest issue of tatler magazine boasts on its cover : ' twenty - five things you didn ' t know about kate middleton . ' most people would struggle to tell you 25 things they did know about kate middleton . according to tatler her middle name is elizabeth , she likes to blow - dry her hair , she drinks jack daniel ' s and she enjoyed netball at school .\nwatchful\u2019s dam canny miss , by marscay , is a half - sister to the group one - winning duo of canny lad and canny lass , the former another champion two - year - old who became a stalwart of the woodlands stud stallion ranks and broodmare sire of redoute\u2019s choice . elusive quality , of course , needs no introduction in europe despite having spent his entire northern hemisphere stud career in kentucky . his most accomplished european son is raven\u2019s pass , who is already off the mark as a stakes - producing sire with his first - crop runners this season , while group winners elusive kate , certify and questioning have done a great job in enhancing his reputation on this side of the atlantic in recent seasons .\nwhen is a bush like a bus ? when you wait for years for the elusive creature to give another tantalising taste of her unique sound . then , just when you ' d given up all hope , she arrives with two albums in six months .\nhaving shuttled to australia from 2003 - 08 and to brazil in 2009 - 10 , elusive quality is now represented by 126 black - type winners and 50 grade / group winners worldwide . his progeny have collectively earned more than $ 115 . 6 million .\n\u201ckate\u2019s big wedding secret revealed , \u201d it promised on the cover of last week\u2019s issue . inside it disclosed , citing unnamed sources , that miss middleton would not hire a professional makeup artist for her wedding but would apply her own .\nseveral of his sons have been in particularly good form in recent years . for example mr greeley was responsible for the gr . 1 winners finsceal beo , saoirse abu , aruna , western aristocrat and crusade , while elusive quality\u2019s team included the 2008 breeders\u2019 cup classic winner raven\u2019s pass , the highly talented american colt quality road and the champion two - year - old fillies elusive kate and certify . proud citizen , another american - based son of gone west , was represented by the champion three - year - old filly proud spell from his first crop and sired the kentucky oaks winner believe you can in 2012 . speightstown , another young son , made a very eye - catching start , with six gr . 1 winners , including lord shanakill and haynesfield .\naccording to a report from at the races , the 6 - year - old mare by elusive quality had notched four group 1 wins from ages two through four during her stellar career \u2013 prix marcel boussac , prix rothschild ( twice ) and the falmouth stakes .\nthe wind is in kate ' s sails for the time being , however . she is acclaimed for her poise , elegance and grace under paparazzi fire she apparently enjoys good relations with the queen , prince charles and the duchess of cornwall .\nhere , ms . umezawa related , william\u2019s friends were believed \u201cto treat kate unkindly by making derogatory references to her middle - class background , \u201d including muttering the flight - attendant phrase \u201cdoors to manual\u201d when they saw her . it was also here , she said , that william came to celebrate after he and kate ( briefly ) broke up in 2007 , leaping onto a table , yelling \u201ci\u2019m free , \u201d and amassing an $ 18 , 000 bar bill in less than a week .\nthe 24 - year - old son of gone west was the second stallion to stand in america for sheikh mohammed , who campaigned him . though elusive quality didn ' t win a grade 1 , he delivered several high - level performances that included breaking a track record at\nthe cherubic six - month - old baby boy couldn\u2019t appreciate his privileged position as he is handed back and forth between his parents kate miller - heidke and keir nuttall as they compose the songs which will feature in the sydney theatre company production next year .\nlondon \u2014 the theme of the walking tour was the forthcoming royal wedding , but the object of the group\u2019s obsession was kate middleton , the royal bride . in mayfair , the guide paused at the next important landmark : the jigsaw store on dover street .\nnot that kate ' s ascent can be portrayed as the stuff of eliza doolittle . her parents , michael and carole middleton - former airline stewards - live in a detached , five - bedroom house in the berkshire village of bucklebury and run a company providing accessories for children ' s parties . at 14 , ' pale and under - confident ' according to one profile , kate was sent as a boarder to the \u00a320 , 000 - a - year marlborough college , where she put up a poster of william in her dormitory .\nasked in their engagement interview whether she in fact did display a poster of william in her dorm room , kate grinned and said , \u201che wishes . \u201d ( she added : \u201ci had the levi\u2019s guy on my wall \u2014 not a picture of william . sorry . \u201d )\nthe number of runners in a race is a poor guide to the excitement it will generate , and the four - strong field for the group one falmouth stakes here certainly delivered value for money . the result was still in doubt a quarter of an hour after elusive kate had passed the post a neck in front of sky lantern , the odds - on favourite , thanks to an extended stewards ' inquiry , broadcast live on channel 4 , in which richard hughes , the rider of sky lantern , argued that william buick ' s whip had twice struck his mount on the head .\ndiscretion has proved kate ' s most potent weapon . jephson says : ' we know very little about her and probably never will , providing they do their job right . historically a degree of mystery about royalty has been an advantage ; we project on to then what we want . '\nsky lantern is an irish - bred , british - trained thoroughbred racehorse . she was one of the leading european two - year - old fillies of 2012 when she won the moyglare stud stakes in ireland . in may 2013 she won the 200th running of the 1000 guineas . she followed up with a win in the coronation stakes , and recovered from a controversial defeat by elusive kate in the falmouth stakes to record a fourth group one win in the sun chariot stakes . she remained in training as a four - year - old but failed to reproduce her best form , finishing unplaced in three races .\nthe headline shed light on her significance : ' the next people ' s princess . ' kate is the girlfriend of prince william and , according to a growing chorus , a racing certainty to be his wife . which means that , barring accidents , she will be one day be queen .\nlargely influenced by her background in textile design , artist kate roebuck finds inspiration in form , pattern , color , and texture . exploring these classical themes , she seeks to create open - ended visual dialogue and to shed light on the ever - evolving relationship of the creator and the created .\nher year began with the sydney festival run of the rabbits , the opera she composed based on the picture book by john marsden and shaun tan , was wondrously punctuated in the middle with the arrival of ernie and ends with the release of the best of kate miller - heidke : act one .\nthe fugue has never finished out of the first four and a lack of luck contributed to the talented filly only winning one group one this year , the markel insurance nassau stakes at goodwood . she could easily have triumphed on her latest start in the breeders\u2019 cup filly & mare turf on november 2 but found her run blocked and also did not have the rub of the green in other races . nevertheless , she did enough to gain the cartier three - year - old filly award for owner / breeders lord & lady lloyd - webber ahead of another john gosden - trained filly elusive kate , was , shirocco star and beauty parlour .\nbut for those who may not have encountered the comedic kate , this collection will prove revelatory . miller - heidke is one funny lady , as you can hear on live favourites including australian idol , southern cross tattoo and i\u2019m growing a beard downstairs for christmas , which features , of course , the beards .\nthough john gosden watched his string exercise this morning on a sun - warmed warren hill under a pristine sky , he readily identified a grey cloud ready to thwart his hopes of a first group one victory of the year . on friday his charge elusive kate will try to better last year ' s close runner - up spot in the falmouth stakes , the season ' s first clash of the generations for the best female milers , but despite the four - year - old ' s creditable warm - up fourth in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot , she is first choice of neither the bookmakers , the punters nor \u2013 seemingly \u2013 her trainer .\nnot surprised in the least . kate ' s always been a good filly , but on her best she can really bring it . sky lantern is still very impressive and i don ' t think this is a hit to her reputation at all . both are really great to watch at their best . : )\nsince they\u2019ve reconciled \u2014 \u201ckate , by her aloof behavior , gained the upper hand , \u201d ms . umezawa explained \u2014 they have lived together in anglesey , wales , where william works as a search - and - rescue pilot for the royal air force . they reportedly do their own shopping and possibly even their own cleaning .\nif diana , princess of wales , was an aristocrat with a common touch , kate middleton is a commoner who has triumphed among aristocrats . but just as it did with diana , a public voracious for new juicy details will have to make do with recycled scraps from a banquet that has long since been served and cleared away .\nthere is some debate over how early miss middleton became aware of prince william as a potential husband . in his book \u201cwilliam and kate : a royal love story , \u201d christopher andersen describes her as having spent her teen years fantasizing about william , poring over news articles about him , even putting images of him up on her wall .\nthe best of kate miller - heidke : act one is out now . she performs at the melbourne exhibition and convention centre on january28 , qpac , brisbane , march 10 , sydney opera house , march 24 and 25 , perth concert hall , march 31 , canberra theatre , april 7 and federation concert hall , hobart , april 11 .\nbred in kentucky by john and marie costelloe ' s silver springs farm , elusive quality broke his maiden at first asking as a 3 - year - old , and three races later finished second in the 1996 king ' s bishop stakes ( g2 ) . at 4 he broke the track record at gulfstream , where he covered seven furlongs in 1 : 20 . in just his second start on the turf , he broke the world record for a mile on grass by taking the 1998 poker handicap ( g3t ) at belmont in 1 : 31 . 63 . he won seven other races , including the 1998 jaipur handicap ( g3t ) . elusive quality retired from racing with 9 - 3 - 2 record from 20 starts and earnings of $ 413 , 284 .\nthe newmanns make an ideal mother and - daughter working duo . their talents as editors and facilitators complement one another . kate is a cambridge honours - english graduate with an ma cantab from king\u2019s college . she was an editor for the institute of irish studies , in queen\u2019s university , belfast , and is very experienced in the complexities of book production .\nthe spectator is a venerable magazine with a venerable readership . in any given week subscribers might reasonably expect a dissection of middle east politics , a conservative polemic about europe or a nostalgic lament for thatcher . what few people will have been prepared for was last week ' s front cover showing a fresh - faced 24 - year - old named kate middleton .\nof course , such success is rarely an accident of birth and sepoy was bred to be a champion . from one of the best families in the australian studbook , his dam , the danehill mare watchful , is a full - sister to the g1 queensland derby winner camarena , who has herself bred a group one winner by elusive quality , sepoy\u2019s very close relative , the top - class juvenile camarilla .\nelusive quality has had two great careers , but it ' s the right time for him just to relax and take it easy here at jonabell ,\nsaid dan pride , chief operating officer for godolphin in america .\nbut given the success of his current sons at stud , along with the production from his daughters , his will certainly be a legacy that will last for quite some time .\nwhat do you say about a young woman who went to college , fell in love and became engaged ? with kate and prince william \u2019s wedding a little more than a week away , the chances of the public \u2014 that is , us \u2014 learning anything new about miss middleton before she turns into a princess ( or a duchess , depending on which title she takes ) are zero .\nprince harry has declared he hates them . and while the queen has been in a few , it\u2019s reported that although she\u2019s a fan of social media , she misses having direct eye contact with those who come out to see her . princess kate made her snapchat debut this summer , but she\u2019s yet to share selfies with prince george and princess charlotte ( though we\u2019re patiently waiting ! ) .\nin order for me to feel whole about the complexities of the life i live ,\nwambach tells espn\u2019s kate fagan in an espn w feature story ,\nwhether it be the fitness , the pressure , the nutrition , the daily sacrifice , all of that , it will be a lot easier for me to understand if i go off into retirement with a world cup title .\nthe young stallion entered stud at gainsborough , which was then owned by sheikh mohammed ' s eldest brother , sheikh maktoum . upon sheikh maktoum ' s death in 2006 , elusive quality was relocated to jonabell . he entered stud with a $ 10 , 000 fee in 1999 , but it didn ' t remain at that level very long . his very first crop produced 11 black - type winners , including french group 1 winner and champion\nelusive quality , a son of gone west , was multiple grade 2 - placed on dirt and set a track record at gulfstream going seven furlongs in 1 : 20 . 17 . he carried his brilliance to turf later in his career , with a pair of grade 3 wins in 1998 , including a six - length score in the poker stakes at belmont park , scorching the mile in what was then a world - record 1 : 31 . 63 .\nfrom his second crop emerged smarty jones , who won his first eight starts , including the 2004 kentucky derby and preakness stakes , before finishing second in the belmont stakes to end his triple crown bid . the eclipse award champion powered elusive quality atop the north american general sire list for the season . he ranked in the top five on that list again in 2008 , when his son raven ' s pass , a group 1 winner in england , captured the breeders ' cup classic .\nwhen william opted for the university of st andrews , it was alleged in an earlier spectator that kate ' s ambitious mother persuaded her to abandon her first choice of university and ' target ' william by enrolling on the same course . she wore black underwear on the catwalk at a student fashion show - out of character for one who never otherwise hints at the dangerous . she became flatmates with william and two other students in 2002 and started a relationship with him the next year .\nwilliam is said to relish the normality of life with kate , who reportedly quipped : ' he ' s lucky to be going out with me . ' former fellow students describe her as kind - hearted and demure and impossible to dislike . such timidity might be seen as an asset by royals . but robert jobson , author of william ' s princess , counters : ' anyone who walks down the catwalk in front of a prince in knickers and a bra has to have some spark . '\nbut while william is embarking on military service , kate has taken 18 months since graduation to get a job as an assistant accessories buyer at the high street chain jigsaw - whose owners , john and belle robinson , are old friends of the middletons . phil hall , former editor of the news of the world , warns : ' i don ' t think the british people will accept a clothes horse in public life . there ' s a danger that people will think there ' s no substance there . '\nduring her student years in queen\u2019s university , joan was a member of philip hobsbaum\u2019s belfast group , which included seamus heaney , james simmons and stewart parker . the influence of hobsbaum was acknowledged by kate when she described him as \u2018one who had the ability to appreciate and delight in the work of others\u2019 . the same could be said of the newmanns themselves and their philosophy . summer palace press takes its name from joan\u2019s and kate\u2019s home in kilcar near killybegs in south west donegal . the location itself is part of the underlying stimulus for many pieces written during the workshops that have taken place there . the house overlooks donegal bay and the stretch of atlantic down to sligo , where , on a summer\u2019s evening , queen maeve\u2019s cairn on knocknarea is visible in the distance . to be part of a workshop with the newmanns at the summer palace is always a memorable and magical experience . writers from ballycastle , derry , sligo and donegal have attended workshops facilitated by prominent guest poets including michael longley , eil\u00e9an n\u00ed chuillean\u00e1in , paula meehan , macdara woods , theo dorgan , frank ormsby , leland bardwell and kerry hardie . the atmosphere on these occasions is always positive and encouraging ; the work dealt with in a reflective , incisive and insightful manner , sometimes interrupted by peals of laughter . the room , filled to capacity , somehow has space for the late arrival . time takes on a new malleability on these afternoons , imaginative energy explodes and trajectories change : \u2018 make something strong that will survive , \u2019 paula meehan urged . these workshops helped new writers with that elusive task , \u2018finding your voice\u2019 .\nlike a father choosing between two much - loved sons , snowden\u2019s decision couldn ' t have been an easy one to make but it underlines the extraordinary success of sepoy throughout a 14 - run career which garnered ten victories , four of which came at group one level . champion two - year - old status is not easily earned and the elusive quality colt was out early in his juvenile season , building a cv which would lead to the title and a 124 + rating from timeform , the highest earned by a two - year - old for an entire decade .\nkate kohler has lived her life in montana . born and raised in great falls , she moved to bozeman and decided to stay . her first solo album , elusive victory , is a reflection of her love of music and her respect for love , life and death . currently she resides with several furry family members and makes use of her time teaching others the joy of music and writing more of her own . she has played the piano and sung for as long as she can remember , which makes sense , since her entire family is musically inclined . her training encompasses composition and piano . her teachers include laurel yost , eric funk , daniel moore , her mother marjorie kohler , and her father , the late john kohler . they taught her many life lessons as well as the joy of sharing and creating music . her performance experience includes jazz , classical , musical theater , improvisational musical theater and pop / rock / funk . she has performed with many talented musicians including : mark dixon , johnnie corrie , brad edwards , angela funk , eric funk , craig hall , rob kohler , lee kohler , marjorie kohler , geno kreis , cheri ladd , ivy merriot , john mest , alex safford , nancy weiss , and m . j . williams . her compositions include many works including : 5 solo piano works , 7 kidsongs - ensemble pieces for student piano and solo instrument , 5 preludes for piano , prelude for ansa for 2 pianos , and song for strings and brass choir , 2 violin , viola , cello , and brass choir . cd ' s she has performed on are blues and things - kohlers and friends ( vocals ) , this world - this world ( background vocals ) , and christmas album - marjorie kohler ( piano and flute ) . elusive victory is her first solo album .\nwhereas diana was 12 years younger than charles , catherine elizabeth middleton was born five months before william . whereas diana was from aristocratic stock , kate is a ' commoner ' . the author christopher wilson has traced her family tree back 200 years to ancestors who survived coalmining , malnutrition and a cholera epidemic in north - east england . he says : ' to have soot running through her veins is better than blue blood : it gives her the strongest claim to be the\npeople ' s princess\n. the old aristocracy surrounds the queen , but if william replaces them with meritocracy it will be the best thing that could happen to the royal family . '\nto date , thirty - eight books have been published by summer palace press , bringing the work of thirty - two poets / writers to national and international readership . for the majority , it was their first individual collection ; six of the thirty - two poets have released a second collection in the past two years . the driving force for the work of the press , kate explained on the evening is \u2018the love of poetry and faith in the poets\u2019 . this faith has been justified ; three of the summer palace poets have been included among the twenty - four in the watchful heart : a new generation of irish poets ( salmon poetry ) edited by joan mcbreen .\nin the tradition of old - school horror , the novel begins as a girl , along with her mother and mentally ill father , move into an old , creaking estate with an elusive earl and many hidden passageways . what ' s particularly masterful about the way clare writes is the impending sense of dread he weaves into every paragraph . there are a few glimpses of true supernatural elements but , for the large part , the fantastical element is simply there because you inhabit thirteen - year - old delphine ' s mind and she believes it to be . moreover , rather than doubting the narrator as unreliable , i got so caught up in the world she described that i immediately believed her to be correct which , of course , she was .\nin the late 1990s few of them had the expectation of having a collection published . the work and expertise of joan and kate changed that through their workshops and readings . having discovered and nurtured new talent , they continued with their endeavours . \u2018 there were a great number of people who were worthy of publishing , who had no hope of ever doing so with the publishing situation as it was in 1999 . rather than moan about the ageism and sexism of the poetry scene , we decided to pool our joint expertise , \u2019 explains joan . they founded summer palace press in 1999 so that voices from the peripheries of this island could be heard . \u2018different climates and different bloods have different needs\u2019 , wrote ezra pound . the summer palace poets demonstrate variety and freshness ; a self - forgetfulness and a stubborn hope for the future despite our contradictory times . \u2018the only whole lives are the broken lives\u2019 , a line from stewart parker\u2019s \u2018the broken lives\u2019 , sums it up . \u2018we publish all kinds of poetry , if it meets a high enough standard , \u2019 says kate . \u2018the manuscripts submitted are carefully read and commented on and undergo a close editing process , involving the author , down to the third proof . the end product is a beautiful book , sewn and bound ( not just glued ) , and we use the work of a living artist for the cover image . \u2019 the books are printed by nicholson & bass ltd , belfast . like most small publishers , the press depends on grants from different bodies for its future . funding for storage is never calculated into grants given and the price of postage is exceedingly high , especially to america and australia . yet , despite the obstacles , summer palace press is confidently evolving . \u2018we are on amazon , and are in the process of completing a new website , \u2019 says joan . what gives them the greatest satisfaction ? \u2018we are proud of each of the thirty - eight books that we have published . \u2019"]}
{"id": 1362, "summary": [{"text": "sunshack ( foaled 8 february 1991 ) is a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire who was trained in france and the united states .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he showed very good form as a two-year-old in 1993 when he won two of his four races including the criterium de saint-cloud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he struggled for form before ending his season with a win in the prix du conseil de paris .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he reached his peak as a four-year-old in 1995 when he won the prix jean de chaudenay , defeated a world-class field in the coronation cup and then stepped up in distance to take the prix royal-oak .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his later career was limited by injury and he failed to win again .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he stood as a breeding stallion in japan and france with very little success . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "sunshack", "paragraphs": ["sunshack pop up beach shade - uv30 + protection sun shelter . compact , light , easy , affordable\nafter raintrap , suntrap produced sunshack . after that she was introduced to sadler ' s wells , a preeminent stallion , but she lost that foal and in recent years has had problems getting in foal .\nmarlin , the high weight sunday at 119 pounds , beat sunshack by three - quarters of a length in the san luis rey stakes on march 23 , but that was at 1 1 / 2 miles . sunshack , a 6 - year - old with large lungs , might have the advantage at the capistrano distance , which at nearly 1 3 / 4 miles is about a quarter of a mile longer .\nthe frenchman has taken the prize five times - with saint estephe ( 1986 ) , in the wings ( 1990 ) , apple tree ( 1994 ) , sunshack ( 1995 ) and swain ( 1996 ) .\nsunshack ciders are made with love in mittagong , nsw , using only the finest apples and pears , and pure water from our sandstone spring . they\u2019re a perfect pair to share with good friends and good times .\nsip on a tall glass of sunshack cider over ice and you\u2019ll experience mouth - filling pure fruit flavours , perfectly balanced with a medium - to - dry sweetness , fine acidity and refreshingly crisp finish . you\u2019ll love it .\nraintrap was a chestnut horse bred in england by his owner khalid abdullah ' s juddmonte farms . he was sired by rainbow quest who won the prix de l ' arc de triomphe before becoming a very successful breeding stallion . rainbow quest ' s other progeny included quest for fame , saumarez , sunshack , nedawi , armiger , spectrum and millenary . [ 3 ] sunshack ' s dam suntrap was a successful racemare who won three minor races and finished third in both the prix d ' aumale [ 4 ] and the lupe stakes . [ 5 ] as a broodmare went on to produce raintrap ' s full - brother sunshack . [ 6 ] raintrap was sent into training with andre fabre in france .\nbon point races for juddmonte , the stable name for prince khalid abdullah of saudi arabia . juddmonte owns only 25 % of sunshack , having sold the rest of the horse to californians robert and geri witt , who raced him for the first time in the san luis rey .\nkhalid abdullah , victorious with rainbow quest ( 1985 ) and sunshack ( 1995 ) , is also responsible for brass ring ( john gosden ) and retirement plan ( lady cecil ) , who both had three starts last season , each winning a maiden and a handicap , before having their seasons cut short through injury .\njuddmonte farms , which raced suntrap , bred her back to rainbow quest the next year , and that resulted in the colt sunshack , who has a good chance sunday at santa anita to win the 58th running of the capistrano . it would be rare indeed for full brothers to win a major stake in consecutive years .\nshanawi , brice blanc , 113 pounds ; awad , pat day , 117 ; marlin , chris mccarron , 119 ; african dancer , mike smith , 113 ; joy of glory , julio garcia , 111 ; bon point , corey nakatani , 115 ; poliglote , alex solis , 117 ; and sunshack , kent desormeaux , 118 .\na r dennis : 5 - 1 lammtarra , 8 - 1 carnegie , 10 - 1 hernando , tamure , 12 - 1 winged love , 14 - 1 pure grain , valanour , 16 - 1 presenting , sunshack , 20 - 1 swain , 25 - 1 angel in my heart , diamond mix , lando , luso , strategic choice , 33 - 1 others .\nhis sire rainbow quest , champion older horse in europe , won the prix de l\u0092arc de triomphe ( albeit on protest ) and has sired some sixty - six stakes winners at stud including the champions saumarez , raintrap , sunshack , and group one winners knight\u0092s baroness , croco rouge , spectrum , armiger , rainbow dancer , right generation , nedwai , edabiya and japanese horse of the year sakura laurel .\nthe french classic clean sweep was achieved in 2004 when american post took the poule d\u2019essai des poulains . that followed the earlier juddmonte home - bred french classic triumphs in the prix du jockey club ( 1990 sanglamore ) , poule d\u2019essai des pouliches ( 1990 houseproud , 2002 zenda ) , prix de diane hermes ( 1992 jolypha , 2003 nebraska tornado ) and prix royal oak ( 1993 raintrap and 1995 sunshack ) .\na full - brother to raintrap , sunshack is one of eight fabre entries for the derby . he fulfilled his potential when beating zindari , a previous pattern race winner who was fourth to lost world in the grand criterium , by an effortless four lengths in the criterium de saint - cloud over 10 furlongs and has outstanding claims for the prix du jockey - club or derby . ( a fabre for k abdullah )\nladbrokes : 5 - 1 lammtarra , 10 - 1 hernando , pure grain , carnegie , 14 - 1 tamure , winged love , 16 - 1 sunshack , 20 - 1 lando , strategic choice , swain , valanour , 25 - 1 freedom cry , luso , millkom , monsun , muncie , only royale , poliglote , richard of york , rifapour , singspiel , spectrum , song of tara , 33 - 1 others .\nthe $ 400 , 000 san juan capistrano , which will be run on the second - last day of santa anita ' s 86 - day season , drew eight horses , including sunshack ' s stablemate , bon point , who will also be saddled by trainer bobby frankel . bon point , a 7 - year - old who last won in the oak tree championship at santa anita in october , finished fifth in the san luis rey .\nsir michael stoute enjoyed successive coronation cup victories with saddlers\u2019 hall in 1992 and outstanding middle - distance performer opera house a year later , before fabre rattled off a hat - trick of wins , starting with apple tree in 1994 , who had been demoted from second 12 months earlier . the french trainer returned in 1995 to saddle sunshack to victory and celebrated another win the following year when subsequent dual king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes winner swain took the spoils by a neck .\n1984 alphabatim ( 5th ) , cataldi ( 16th ) ; 1985 damister ( 3rd ) ; 1986 dancing brave ( 2nd ) ; 1987 bellotto ( 3rd ) ; 1990 quest for fame ( won ) , digression ( 11th ) , aromatic ( 17th ) ; 1991 toulon ( 9th ) , arokat ( 12th ) ; 1992 rainbow corner ( 11th ) ; 1993 commander in chief ( won ) , tenby ( 10th ) ; 1994 sunshack ( 19th ) ; 1996 dushyantor ( 2nd ) .\nbeaten a short - head by sunshack at longchamp in september , goldmine lost his maiden status over a mile at saint - cloud the next month . his sire comes from the same family as last year ' s royal ascot winner gold splash . ' goldmine is strongly built and has done extremely well over the winter . he ' s a nice prospect who ' ll have a prep race before the poule d ' essai des poulains , ' his trainer , says . ( c head for j wertheimer )\nrainbow quest ( usa ) ( bay 1981 - stud 1986 ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 . sire of 803 rnrs , 549 wnrs , 107 sw , inc . quest for fame ( the derby , gr . 1 ) saumarez , raintrap , sunshack , fiji , millenary , sought out , colour vision , nedawi , bright generation , rainbow dancer , croco rouge , spectrum , urgent request , edabiya , special quest , armiger , crowded house , knights baroness , abitara , fashion statement , etc .\nignore the french at your peril . in the last three seasons they have won 72 of the 22l group one races in europe at a strike - rate of over 32 per cent . although betting on this year ' s british classics is dominated by the home - trained horses , alhaarth and bosra sham , celtic swing held a similarly lofty perch in 1995 yet was toppled in the 2 , 000 guineas by andre fabre ' s pennekamp . he , along with sunshack and cherokee rose were winners at the highest level in britain and , with the leading arab owners continuing to patronise chantilly stables , the french have every chance of improving on that tally . fabre , with 11 group one wins in 1995 , dominates the training ranks , but there is a strong word for criquette head ' s 1996 team , and john hammond , jonathan pease , alain de royer - dupre and elie lellouche are also to be feared in the main events .\n1972 pentland firth ( 3rd ) ; 1973 freefoot ( 3rd ) ; 1974 charlie bubbles ( 13th ) ; 1975 grundy ( won ) ; 1976 oats ( 3rd ) ; 1977 night before ( pu ) ; 1978 formidable ( 9th ) ; 1979 new berry ( 17th ) ; 1980 pelerin ( 4th ) ; 1981 riberetto ( 8th ) ; 1982 golden fleece ( won ) ; 1983 salmon leap ( 4th ) ; 1984 el gran senor ( 2nd ) ; 1985 law society ( 2nd ) ; 1986 wise councillor ( 17th ) ; 1987 bellotto ( 3rd ) ; 1988 red glow ( 4th ) ; 1989 mill pond ( 5th ) ; 1990 quest for fame ( won ) ; 1991 toulon ( 9th ) ; 1992 rainbow corner ( 11th ) ; 1993 tenby ( 10th ) ; 1994 sunshack ( 19th ) ; 1996 dushyantor ( 2nd ) ; 1997 silver patriarch ( 2nd ) ; 1998 king of kings ( 15th ) ; 1999 salford express ( 14th ) .\nvodafone derby record : 1972 pentland firth ( 3rd ) ` ; 1973 freefoot ( 3rd ) ; 1974 charlie bubbles ( 13th ) ; 1975 grundy ( won ) ; 1976 oats ( 3rd ) ; 1977 night before ( pu ) ; 1978 formidable ( 9th ) ; 1979 new berry ( 17th ) ; 1980 pelerin ( 4th ) ; 1981 riberetto ( 8th ) ; 1982 golden fleece ( won ) ; 1983 salmon leap ( 4th ) ; 1984 el gran senor ( 2nd ) ; 1985 law society ( 2nd ) ; 1986 wise councillor ( 17th ) ; 1987 bellotto ( 3rd ) ; 1988 red glow ( 4th ) ; 1989 mill pond ( 5th ) ; 1990 quest for fame ( won ) ; 1991 toulon ( 9th ) ; 1992 rainbow corner ( 11th ) ; 1993 tenby ( 10th ) ; 1994 sunshack ( 19th ) ; 1996 dushyantor ( 2nd ) ; 1997 silver patriarch ( 2nd ) ; 1998 king of kings ( 15th ) ; 1999 salford express ( 14th ) .\nbower et al . 2012 reported two mtdna haplotypes in modern descendants of chelandry , one of which is the haplotype expected for family 1 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe 12 - year - old mare suntrap is out of the breeding business ahead of her time , but she already has made her mark .\nmated with rainbow quest in her first trip to the breeding shed in 1989 , suntrap produced raintrap , who won last year ' s san juan capistrano handicap .\nas a runner , suntrap wasn ' t much . she was bred in kentucky , a daughter of roberto , the english derby winner who was owned by the late john galbreath . galbreath once owned the pittsburgh pirates and named one of his best horses after his best ballplayer , the late roberto clemente .\nin england , france and ireland , suntrap won only three of 11 starts and earned less than $ 30 , 000 . she never won a stake . but as a broodmare , she and rainbow quest , an english champion who won the arc de triomphe , france ' s biggest race , were a dashing couple . their first offspring , raintrap , was france ' s champion 3 - year - old colt in 1993 . the next year , en route to california to join frankel ' s barn , juddmonte dropped off raintrap at woodbine near toronto and he won the $ 1 - million rothmans international .\nraintrap , a small - framed horse whose soundness problems have required special attention from frankel , has raced infrequently and accomplished little in california , but he out - finished the mare windsharp in last year ' s san juan capistrano . raintrap ' s next start will be in the elkhorn stakes at keeneland next friday .\ndeputy commander , fifth in the arkansas derby , will skip the kentucky derby and be pointed for the preakness at pimlico on may 17 . . . . hollywood park - based touch gold will run sunday in the lexington stakes at keeneland . . . . glitter woman , the probable likely favorite in the kentucky oaks at churchill downs on may 2 , is a possible for the preakness . laffit pincay , sidelined since march 26 , when he suffered three broken ribs in a spill at santa anita , hopes to return to action when hollywood park opens next friday . . . . a victory by funontherun in today ' s $ 200 , 000 california derby at golden gate fields might rekindle . kentucky derby fever for his owners , herb and david alpert . funontherun won the san rafael stakes at santa anita , beating hello , a horse who ' s derby - bound , but in his last start , the jim beam stakes at turfway park , he showed little . . . . corey nakatani has taken a derby mount on acceptable .\npersistence with ponies pays for garber : horse racing : tarzana man owns thoroughbreds for nearly a decade before hitting jackpot with quintana , who ran sixth in last year ' s kentucky derby .\nbush and breeder go way back : profile : will farish , who enjoys an extremely close relationship with the president , aims to raise the best racehorses in the world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nwe harvest only the finest granny smith apples & williams pears from select high country orchards .\nour fruit is crushed into pulp then fed into the basket press which presses all the juicy juices out .\nwe filter the cloudy fermented cider into clear cider love , add a spoonful of sugar , a tickle of bubbles & a ray of sunshine .\nthe juice is coldfermented to retain all the natural apple & pear flavours , with pure water from our sandstone spring .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 frameset / / en\nfirst . . . no apologies ! no , not the nirvana song ( although it ' s not a bad one ) . there will be no apologies and no shaming for any of our picks !\ndebate ? sure , we can and will debate all night long . . .\nthis is our list of the 10 top music tracks to get your blood pumpin , as voted by our impartial panel of judges consisting of . . . me .\ninstead of spending the winter months cooped up inside grinding away on the treadmill , while trying to keep your fitness levels up to scratch , why not head out and brave the winter trail runs .\nfor those of us who love the wilderness and simply cannot keep away , running outside does not have to be as miserable as the war stories you hear .\n46 sir charles moses lane ( 7 , 494 . 90 mi ) woodlands 2575\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nfrom now until new year ' s . . . . . . . .\n412 north country rd . ( rt . 25 ) | suite 6 st . james , ny 11780\n. . . the outcome was better than i expected . i would highly recommend this salon to anyone who is interested in trying spray tanning .\nyou could have a sun - bed ! we would advise you first . we\u2019d look at your skin type and tell you what happens and then put you on a bed for a certain number of minutes . people with olive skin go longer . usually we start you off with four minutes for fair skin .\nwell i wouldn\u2019t do more than four minutes because my skin is so fair . other people might do seven or eight minutes or up to fifteen minute sessions . everyone is different . try it at the lower times first .\nnot the wild background you ' d historically see behind a great blue heron .\nbusinesses are under no obligation to seek bbb accreditation , and some businesses are not accredited because they have not sought bbb accreditation .\nto be accredited by bbb , a business must apply for accreditation and bbb must determine that the business meets bbb accreditation standards , which include a commitment to make a good faith effort to resolve any consumer complaints . bbb accredited businesses must pay a fee for accreditation review / monitoring and for support of bbb services to the public .\nhave been operational ( actively selling products or services ) in any bbb service area for at least the most recent 6 months , unless the principle ( s ) previously operated a similar business with an eligible record ( one that qualifies for bbb accreditation ) .\nbe free from government action that demonstrates a significant failure to support bbb ethical principles in marketplace transactions ( this requires a determination by bbb as to the nature of any violation , whether it was caused or condoned by management , and actions taken to resolve underlying issues that led to the government action ) .\nbe free of an unsatisfactory rating and maintain at least a b rating at the accrediting bbb and the bbb where it is headquartered , if different .\nabide by the bbb code of advertising . supply , upon request , substantiation for advertising and selling claims . correct advertising and selling practices , when recommended by bbb .\nhonestly represent products and services , including clear and adequate disclosures of all material terms .\nmake known all material facts in both written and verbal representations , remembering that misrepresentation may result not only from direct statements but by omitting or obscuring relevant facts .\nensure that any written materials are readily available , clear , accurate and complete .\nopenly identify the nature , location , and ownership of the business , and clearly disclose all policies , guarantees and procedures that bear on a customer ' s decision to buy .\nupon request , provide bbb with all information required to evaluate compliance with bbb standards . this may include , but is not limited to business name , address and contact information ; names and background of principles ; business and banking references ; licensing and / or professional accreditation ; and a complete description of the nature of the business .\nany restrictions or limitations imposed ( e . g . limited supply , maximum number available per customer )\nexplains why any relief sought by the complainant cannot or should not be granted .\nmake a good faith effort to resolve disputes , which includes mediation if requested by bbb . other dispute resolution options , including arbitration , may be recommended by bbb when other efforts to resolve a dispute have failed . bbb may consider a business ' willingness to participate in recommended dispute resolution options in determining compliance with these standards .\ncomply with any settlements , agreements or decisions reached as an outcome of a bbb dispute resolution process .\ncooperate with bbb in efforts to eliminate the underlying cause of patterns of customer complaints that are identified by bbb .\nprotect any data collected against mishandling and fraud , collect personal information only as needed , and respect the preferences of customers regarding the use of their information .\nsecure sensitive data businesses that collect sensitive data online ( credit card , bank account numbers , social security number , salary or other personal financial information , medical history or records , etc . ) will ensure that it is transmitted via secure means . businesses will make best efforts to comply with industry standards for the protection and proper disposal of all sensitive data , both online and offline .\nhonor customer preferences businesses agree to respect customer preferences regarding contact by telephone , fax and e - 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year reporting period . bbb business profiles are subject to change at any time . if you choose to do business with this business , please let the business know that you contacted bbb for a bbb business profile .\nas a matter of policy , bbb does not endorse any product , service or business .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\np8143929 - y3k chip bug is coming for you mr trump . . . you cannot escape\nsun microsystems long sleeve polo shirt from the good times before oracle bought and destroyed . . .\nuse flickriver badge creator to create a badge linking to your photos , your group or any other flickriver view .\ncan display almost any flickriver view - most interesting today , by user , by group , by tag etc . once added to your personalized homepage , just edit widget settings to select your desired view .\nadds a ' flickriver ' button to your browser . while viewing any flickr photos page , click on this button to open the same view on flickriver .\nadd ' search on flickriver ' to your browser ' s search box . works with firefox and internet explorer . install search plugin\nscript that adds flickriver links to various flickr photo pages - user photos , favorites , pools etc , allowing to quickly open the corresponding flickriver view .\nalso , allows quickly viewing any flickr photo on black background in large size .\nwhile viewing any flickr photos page , click on the bookmarklet to open the same view on flickriver .\nis fully expected to live up to the expectations set by champion sires such as rainbow quest ( the producer of derby winner quest for fame ) , warning ( sire of cheveley park winner prophecy ) , zafonic ( sire of champion two - year - old xaar ) and also zamindar ( who produced the classic winning zenda from his first crop ) .\nbreeders have shown tremendous support for oasis dream , sending him the dams of a number of gr . 1 winners together with a further 58 blacktype performers including airwave ( cheveley park stakes gr . 1 in 2002 ) , attraction ( cherry hinton stakes gr . 2 in 2003 ) , acclamation ( diadem stakes gr . 2 in 2003 ) , superstar leo ( champion two - year - old filly of 2000 ) and definite article ( national stakes gr . 1 ) .\narrive ( kahyasi \u2013 kerali by high line ) won three races including bahrain trophy l . own - sister to hasili ( prix des sablonnets l . ; dam of the gr . 1 perfomers banks hill \u2013 champion three - year - old filly in europe , champion grass filly in usa , joint top - rated older mare in europe , dansili \u2013 prix du muguet gr . 2 and second poule d\u2019essai des poulains gr . 1 , heat haze \u2013 beverly d stakes gr . 1 and matriarch stakes gr . 1 and intercontinental \u2013 third 1000 guineas gr . 1 ) and half sister to skiable ( dam of three valleys ) .\ndance dress ( nureyev \u2013 private line by private account ) won three races in france including prix fille de l\u2019air gr . 3 , and prix madame jean couturie l . her dam private line ( atalanta mile stakes l . ) is half - sister to most precious ( second prix de la salamandre gr . 1 ; dam of matiara \u2013 poule d\u2019essai des pouliches gr . 1 ) .\ndaring miss ( sadler\u2019s wells \u2013 bourbon girl by ile de bourbon ) won four races including grand prix de chantilly gr . 2 , second grand prix de saint - cloud gr . 1 . half - sister to apogee ( prix de royaumont gr . 3 ; dam of dance routine \u2013 prix de royallieu gr . 2 , second prix diane hermes gr . 1 ) .\nfragrant view ( distant view \u2013 musicanti by nijinsky ) winning own sister to distant music ( joint second top - rated two - year - old in europe in 1999 , dewhurst stakes gr . 1 , third champion stakes gr . 1 ; sire ) . her dam musicanti is half - sister to vanlandingham ( washington dc international gr . 1 ) , jenkins ferry ( second san juan capistrano gr . 1 ) . family of temperance hill and kirkwall .\nimbabala ( zafonic \u2013 interval by habitat ) winner in france and dam of kalabar ( prix guillaume d\u2019ornano gr . 2 , second prix du conseil de paris gr . 2 , prix eugene adam gr . 2 and third prix la force gr3 in 2003 ) . half - sister to cheyenne dream ( prix de bagatelle l . ; dam of dream chief - second prix du gros - chene gr . 2 ) and krisia ( dam of continent \u2013 july cup gr . 1 , prix de l\u2019abbaye de longchamp gr . 1 ) . her dam interval ( prix maurice de gheest gr . 2 , second lowther stakes gr . 2 and third 1000 guineas gr . 1 ) .\ninsinuate ( mr prospector \u2013 all at sea by riverman ) won swanley stakes l . and third fern hill stakes l . half - sister to imroz ( third las cienegas handicap gr . 3 ) . her dam all at sea ( prix du moulin de longchamp gr . 1 , musidora stakes gr . 3 , pretty polly stakes l . , second juddmonte international gr . 1 ) .\norford ness ( selkirk \u2013 nesaah by topsider ) won three races in france including sandingham gr . 3 , third prix messidor gr . 3 and prix de lieurey l . ; dam of weightless ( prix dollar gr . 2 , prix du prince d\u2019orange gr . 3 at three years in 2003 ) . second dam sylph ( princess royal stakes gr . 3 , second park hill stakes gr . 2 ) is the dam of privity ( prix de malleret gr . 2 , third flower bowl invitational handicap gr . 1 ) and zindari ( prix saint roman gr . 3 ) ; also own - sister to leading counsel ( irish st leger gr . 1 ) .\nshining water ( kalaglow \u2013 idle waters by mill reef ) won three races including solario stakes gr . 3 , second park hill stakes gr . 2 and third hoover fillies ' mile gr . 2 ; dam of six blacktype performers including tenby ( joint top - rated three - year - old in europe in 1993 , grand criterium gr . 1 ; sire ) , bristol channel ( harvest stakes l . , third long island handicap gr . 2 ) .\ngr . 1 , racing post trophy gr . 1 , second great voltigeur stakes gr . 2 , third woodbine international gr . 1 , 2002 - 03 ) and half - sister to moon search ( prix de royallieu gr . 2 , prix de la pepiniere l . in 2003 ) . her dam eva luna ( park hill stakes gr . 3 ) is half - sister to rougeur ( dam of multiple gr . 1 winner flute ) .\nvalencia ( kenmare \u2013 de stael by nijinsky ) placed at two years and dam of deportivo ( flying five gr . 2 , rose bowl stakes l . , king of beers stakes l . , and balmoral handicap at royal ascot ) and irish vale ( harry roseberry stakes l ) . half - sister to wandesta ( champion turf mare in usa in 1996 , matriarch stakes gr . 1 , santa barbara stakes gr . 1 , santa ana handicap gr . 1 ) , de quest ( prix du conseil de paris gr . 2 ) , source of light ( chester stakes l . ) and turners hill ( prix la moskowa l . , second prix du conseil de paris gr . 2 ) .\nwince ( selkirk \u2013 flit by lyphard ) won four races including 1000 guineas gr . 1 , fred darling stakes gr . 3 , second milcars star stakes l . half - sister to fleeting glimpse ( second prix saint alary gr . 1 ; dam of half glance \u2013 may hill stakes gr . 3 ) and ulundi ( wolferton rated stakes l . ) . her dam flit is own sister to skimble ( wilshire handicap gr . 2 , third matriarch stakes gr . 1 ; dam of gr . 1 skimming ) .\nthis month stallion advertising begins in earnest and what better way to grab someone\u0092s attention than through a metropolitan treble . quest for fame let his progeny do his talking a fortnight ago when represented by winners in three separate states \u0096 the quaintly named i scream ( from the mare ice cream sundae ) won her sandown debut , cheam saluted at rosehill and questamatic at cheltenham .\ni scream and cheam are trained by john hawkes for woodlands stud proprietors jack and bob ingham who stand quest for fame at their hunter valley property . woodlands have supported the son of rainbow quest since his arrival in australia in 1993 and have enjoyed a virtual monopoly of the breed ever since . of the thirteen stakes winners sired by quest for fame in the southern hemisphere an amazing eleven have been bred by woodlands stud and raced out of their crown lodge stables .\nhe ' s had horses like unworldly and viscount in the past year or so ,\nsaid hawkes\nand then there ' s ones like tributes who won the oaks or a horse like this one ( i scream ) who won over the short trip on debut .\nviscount ( ajc sires\u0092 produce stakes - g1 , champagne stakes - g1 ) and unworldly ( ajc flight stakes - g1 , stc tea rose stakes - g2 , tatt\u0092s nsw furious s - g3 ) teetered on the brink of superstardom before injury and accident ended their respective careers .\ndracula ( ajc champagne stakes - g1 , ajc george main stakes - g1 , qtc sires\u0092 produce stakes - g1 ) and tributes ( vrc oaks - g1 ) , join viscount and unworldly at racing\u0092s elite level and lease ( stc tulloch stakes - g2 ; 2 nd ajc doncaster h - g1 , qtc classic - g1 ; 3 rd vrc australian guineas - g1 ) , hockney ( ajc expressway s - g2 , stc star kingdom s - g3 ) pursuits ( gosford guineas - lr ; 3 rd vrc emirates s - g1 , stc rosehill guineas - g1 ) salty ( ajc fernhill hcp - g3 ; 2 nd ajc champagne s - g1 ) , noise ( ajc carbine club - listed ; 2 nd ajc breeders plate - listed ; 3 rd ajc all aged s - g1 , stc phar lap s - g2 ) , undertone ( sajc walter brown s - listed ) , and le mans ( vatc debutante s - listed ; 3 rd ajc roman consul - g3 ) round out woodlands stakes successes with quest for fame\u0092s progeny .\nquest for fame is a grandson of blushing groom who has already known great success in this region through the deeds of nassipour , sire of melbourne cup heroine and australian horse of the year let\u0092s elope , multiple millionaire tie the knot , derby winners redding and shiva\u0092s revenge to name but a few .\na dual group one winner on two continents , quest for fame numbers the prestigious epsom derby amongst his five victories . richard ulbrich\u0092s weighty volume peerage describes him as\na rangy eye - catching individual , almost black in colour thoroughly game and absolutely genuine\n.\nquest for fame\u0092s dam , aryenne , was the original flag bearer for nijinksy\u0092s son green dancer . an unbeaten two - year - old , aryenne helped her father secure champion first season sire honours in france and went on to win five races from ten starts including the french one thousand guineas . once again ulbrich\u0092s peerage tells us aryenne\nusually raced from the rear , winning her races with a long last to first run . she loved to swoop down on her rivals and accelerate past them with arrogant nonchalance\n.\nthere is little doubt her grand children share her ability , if not her attitude .\nat the major sales this year , just seventeen quest for fame yearlings went under the auctioneer\u0092s hammer , a mere handful compared to his woodlands counterparts octagonal ( fifty three offered ) , strategic ( twenty eight ) , grand lodge ( sixty ) , canny lad ( twenty nine ) and desert prince ( forty six ) . the adage quality not quantity applied , with ten yearlings selling for an average price of $ 101 , 000 , the top lot ( at easter ) knocked down to tim martin for $ 175 , 000 was a colt from the bletchingly mare regina madre .\nthis small number of commercial yearlings is no reflection of the esteem in which quest for fame is held , however , with a further fifty - nine living foals in the corresponding crop . woodlands have been responsible for the returns of at least thirty - nine of those foals , now rising two - year - olds , and all but six of those have already been named . amongst those that will find their way into the crown lodge racing machine is a sister to dracula named\ninsouciance\n.\nquest for fame will stand his tenth season at woodlands this year for a fee of $ 33 , 000 . alongside him will be his sons viscount , at the introductory fee of $ 27 , 500 , and dracula ( $ 8 , 250 ) who was represented by his first crop of yearlings this year .\nthe trio are descendants of the direct male line of nasrullah through his son red god , sire of blushing groom . they offer breeders a high - class alternative to the danzig line horses prevalent today .\nowner - breeders who would like to utilise this sire line but are perhaps on a tighter budget might consider using the emirates park horse urgent request ( by rainbow quest ) who stands at a fee of $ 5 , 500 . an extremely fast horse from a mile to a mile and a quarter urgent request\u0092s biggest racetrack success came in the group one santa anita handicap ( 2000m ) . a striking , grey individual urgent request takes his coat colour from his dam oscura by caro from the olden times mare dusk . dusk is the dam of group one washington international stakes winner johnny d and has been represented at group one level in australia through the deeds of her great grandson sober suit ( group one vatc toorak handicap ) , a half - brother to the exciting two - year - old titanic jack .\nbullet train is the first foal of kind , a dual listed winner over five and six furlongs and half - sister to coolmore\u2019s globe - trotter powerscourt , who was victorious in the group one tattersalls gold cup and the grade one arlington million .\nthe sadler\u2019s wells colt made a winning debut in a mile maiden at yarmouth on 27 october , getting the better of lion mountain by a short - head , despite showing signs of greenness . he made his seasonal return in a competitive 10 - furlong conditions race at newbury on 16 april , which had been won in the past by the likes of 2007 investec oaks heroine light shift and high heeled , who was third in the epsom fillies\u2019 classic last year . after racing wide down the straight , bullet train took the lead inside the final furlong , but was unable to repel the challenge of myplacelater near the line and went down by half a length to the david elsworth - trained filly .\nbullet train announced himself as a live contender for the investec derby with victory in the group three urltoken derby trial on 8 may , as he made all of the running in the extended 11 - furlong contest to record a two and a quarter - length verdict over dubawi phantom .\nprince khalid abdulla , who prefers to be known just as mr abdulla on the racecard , is a first cousin to king abdullah of saudi arabia . he owns extensive racing and breeding interests in america , britain and ireland .\na businessman presiding over a huge international conglomerate known as \u201cmawared\u201d , he developed a love for british racing during the 1960s when renting a house in london and , with the help of former trainer humphrey cottrill , had his first winner on 14 may , 1979 , when charming native scored at windsor .\nborn in taif , saudi arabia , in 1937 , abdulla has been one of the most successful owner - breeders in europe in the past four decades and is the only current owner to have owned and bred the winners of all five british classics \u2013 his winners being investec derby ( 1990 quest for fame , 1993 commander in chief ) , investec oaks ( 1997 reams of verse ) , 2000 guineas ( 1980 known fact , 1986 dancing brave , 1993 zafonic ) , 1000 guineas ( 1999 wince , 2010 special duty ) and ladbrokes st leger ( 1991 toulon ) .\nhe has won most of the other major european races such as the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe with rainbow quest ( 1985 ) , rail link ( 2006 ) and the legendary dancing brave ( 1986 ) , who was an unlucky loser in the investec derby . abdulla also races with great success in france and the united states , where under the juddmonte farms banner he won a first triple crown race in 2003 with empire maker in the belmont stakes .\nin 2003 his greatest successes in europe came with star sprinter oasis dream , winner of the july cup at newmarket and nunthorpe stakes at york and french oaks heroine nebraska tornado , while american post was triumphant in the prix jean - luc lagardere ( grand criterium ) at longchamp and the racing post trophy at doncaster , helping abdulla to become champion owner in both britain and france , while he also finished third in the usa owners\u2019 championship that year .\namerican post went on to classic success in the french 2 , 000 guineas in 2004 and polish summer triumphed in the dubai sheema classic the same year , while intercontinental gave abdulla a second breeders\u2019 cup filly and mare turf in 2005 , following full - sister banks hill three years earlier . abdulla\u2019s french - trained horses again led the way in 2006 , with prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe winner rail link proving the highlight .\nin 2007 , juddmonte farms bred 27 individual group / stakes winners of 33 races , including zambezi sun , who wore the famous abdulla colours to victory in the group one grand prix de paris , while in 2008 promising lead took the pretty polly stakes at the curragh , proportional won the prix marcel boussac and african rose landed the ladbrokes sprint cup .\nmidday , winner of the group one nassau stakes at goodwood and runner - up in the investec oaks , added victory in the breeders\u2019 cup filly & mare turf last season , while twice over captured the emirates airlines champion stakes . special duty was crowned champion two - year - old filly after her scintillating win in the group one electrolux cheveley park stakes at newmarket , while spanish moon was a group one winner in france .\nthis season special duty has claimed both the english and french 1 , 000 guineas with special duty with the filly awarded both races in the stewards\u2019 room after suffering interference .\nabdulla is an honorary jockey club member and his daughter was married to the late prince fahd salman , owner of 1991 derby victor generous .\nborn in aberdeen , scotland , on 11 january , 1943 , henry cecil has achieved just about everything he could have dreamed of in a training career spanning almost 40 years .\nif classic success is a measure of achievement on the flat , the 10 - time champion trainer is second to none among current trainers having won every domestic classic at least twice and amassed a total of 23 english classic victories . the lord howard de walden - owned slip anchor , partnered by steve cauthen , brought cecil the first of his four investec derby triumphs in 1985 with an emphatic victory . reference point , also ridden by cauthen , won the 1987 investec derby holding off the challenge of most welcome while commander in chief , cecil\u2019s supposedly second string behind tenby in the 1993 investec derby , and oath in 1999 \u2013 partnered by cecil\u2019s then stable jockey kieren fallon \u2013 provided his third and fourth successes .\ncecil has also landed the investec oaks eight times , the urltoken 2000 guineas twice , the urltoken 1000 guineas six times and the ladbrokes st leger on four occasions . having sent out 100 winners during the 1998 season , cecil\u2019s yearly tally dropped every year until 2006 , when his 25 victories included passage of time\u2019s group one success in the criterium de saint cloud \u2013 the stable\u2019s first group one victory since beat hollow in the 2000 grand prix de paris .\nhis passion for the turf was nurtured by his stepfather , sir cecil boyd - rochfort , with whom a young cecil served as assistant trainer between 1964 and 1968 , before taking out his own licence to train in 1969 . it was not long before he staked his claim among the ranks of the leading trainers with a victory by wolver hollow in the eclipse stakes of that year .\non the retirement of sir noel murless , father of his first wife julie , in 1976 , cecil took over warren place stables in newmarket where he has remained . he won the oaks for the eighth time in 2007 with light shift and has 126 horses in training in 2010 . he almost captured a ninth oaks in 2009 when midday only found sariska too good while the same filly went on to claim the group one nassau stakes at goodwood and also gave cecil a first success at the breeders\u2019 cup when taking the filly & mare turf at santa anita .\nhis other significant success in 2009 was provided by twice over , who landed the group one emirates airline champion stakes at newmarket .\ncecil has made a bright start to the 2010 campaign and had the first horse past the post in the urltoken 1000 guineas , jacqueline quest , although she was demoted for causing interference to the runner - up special duty .\ntom queally has come a long way since riding his first winner aboard the john roche - trained larifaari at clonmel on 13 april , 2000 . born on 8 october , 1984 , he was only 15 when enjoying that first success and was crowned ireland\u2019s champion apprentice the same season .\nfrom dungarvan in county waterford , where his father declan combines farming with a small training operation , tom was out hunting on his pony by the age of seven . after a spell showjumping , he was a leading figure on the pony racing circuit by the age of 13 and was apprenticed to trainer pat flynn two years later . but that apprenticeship was terminated when queally\u2019s parents insisted he finish his leaving certificate at school .\nat the end of a quiet 2002 season , when he was apprenticed to his father , he moved to aidan o\u2019brien at ballydoyle , winning the following year\u2019s group three ballysax stakes on balestrini . with the help of barney curley , he moved to britain in 2004 and joined david loder\u2019s newmarket stable , winning the british apprentices\u2019 championship that year . he won the 2008 group three princess elizabeth stakes at epsom aboard lady gloria and is now attached to henry cecil\u2019s warren place stable .\nsince his move to cecil\u2019s yard , he has recorded significant victories on midday , who finished runner - up in the 2009 investec oaks before going on to claim the group one nassau stakes at goodwood and the breeders\u2019 cup filly & mare turf . last season he also won two group one sprints , partnering the michael bell - trained art connoisseur in the golden jubilee stakes and fleeting spirit , trained by jeremy noseda , in the darley july cup at newmarket .\nallison is the publisher of eclipse magazine . she loves going to the races and is learning to bet ( despite being officially the worst bettor in the history of the universe ) , there\u2019s a lot more to learn\u2026\nallison is the publisher of eclipse magazine . she loves going to the races and is learning to bet ( despite being officially the worst bettor in the history of the universe ) , there ' s a lot more to learn . . .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\njoin our free club to receive the latest news , features , fashion , updates , offers and competitions from us ! we send out ( approximately ) monthly emails , and we ' ll never share your email with anyone else . by signing up you indicate that you have read and agree with the privacy policy and terms and conditions displayed in the footer of every page on the website .\njoin our mailing list to receive the latest news , features , fashion , updates , offers and competitions from us ! we send out ( approximately ) monthly emails , and we ' ll never share your email with anyone else .\nby subscribing , you confirm that you agree with our privacy policy and terms and conditions - displayed in the footer of every page of the website .\ntimeform provisionally rate workforce on 132 after today\u2019s stunning seven - length victory , making it their best investec derby - winning performance since generous in 1991 .\ntimeform\u2019s flat editor jamie lynch explained : \u201cworkforce produced a remarkable performance \u2013 as good as has been seen in the investec derby since generous in 1991 \u2013 in winning by seven lengths , breaking the track record in the process .\n\u201cballydoyle\u2019s pacemaker at first sight slipped the field and it reflects great credit on workforce that , not only was he the only one to get to him , but that he ran right away from him and the rest in the finish .\n\u201cthis marks him down as potentially every bit as good as sea the stars , who ran to a timeform rating of 126 when he won at epsom last year . \u201d\nprogressed into a smart stayer last season , winning four races including a group 2 at longchamp and group 3 over nearly two miles at deauville . only seventh behind celtic swing in the prix du jockey - club and fifth to classic cliche in the st leger , but can improve further and become a contender for races like the ascot gold cup .\nunbeaten half - sister to prix du cadran winner shafaraz . won longchamp maiden in october and impressed in landing the group 3 prix thomas byron at saint - cloud the following month . should stay beyond a mile and is expected to prove one of the aga khan ' s best three - year - olds . ( trained by a de royer - dupre for aga khan )\nburst on to the classic scene when easily winning a listed contest at saint - cloud by six lengths last month . referring to her 1992 1 , 000 guineas winner , her trainer describes a votre sante as\nhatoof mark two\n. could run in the 1 , 000 guineas , although the french equivalent is more likely . her grandam , mrs penny , won the prix de diane and prix vermeille so should get further than a mile . ( trained by mme c head for marshall w jenney )\ndid the independent ' s french 12 - to - follow proud last season in landing the prix de diane and vermeille . returned with a satisfactory second to valanour in the prix d ' harcourt at longchamp on sunday when firm going was against her . ( trained by mme c barbe for t yoshida )\nthird on only juvenile start in a good longchamp maiden . held in high regard and should make mark in useful company over a mile and a half this season . comes from a quality family - dam was second to sagace in the 1994 arc - and has an oaks entry . ( trained by j pease for s niarchos )\nlike a votre sante , dark nile could hardly have scored in better fashion on his seasonal debut when landing the listed prix de courcelles at longchamp last week .\nhe has both stamina and speed and is the perfect type for the prix du jockey - club ,\nhis trainer said . ( trained by mme c head for k abdullah )"]}
{"id": 1369, "summary": [{"text": "the bolivian red howler ( alouatta sara ) is a species of howler monkey , a type of new world monkey , endemic to bolivia .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it can be found in rain forests , including riverine and seasonally flooded forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bolivian red howler", "paragraphs": ["the bolivian red howler monkey ( alouatta sara ) is a species of howler monkey endemic to bolivia .\nphoto : \u201cbolivian red howler - mono aullador ( alouatta sara ) . photo rmariaca . \u201d\na young / baby of a bolivian red howler monkey is called a ' infant ' . a bolivian red howler monkey group is called a ' troop , barrel , tribe or cartload ' .\nthe bolivian red howler , bolivian red howling monkey is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nbolivian red howler - mono aullador ( alouatta sara ) . photo rmariaca . - chalalan ecolodge , madidi national park\nspecies : a . macconnelli ( guyanan red howler ) , a . belzebul ( red - handed howler ) , a . pigra ( black howler ) , a . caraya ( black - and - gold howler ) , a . coibensis ( coiba island howler ) , a . palliata ( mantled howler ) , a . guariba ( red - and - black howler ) , a . nigerrima ( amazon black howler ) , a . sara ( bolivian red howler ) , a . seniculus ( red howler )\nbolivian red howler - mono aullador ( alouatta sara ) . photo rmariaca . - chalalan ecolodge , madidi national park - tripadvisor\nan adult male bolivian red howler monkey ( alouatta sara ) roaring ( copyright la senda verde animal refuge , bolivia , used with permission ) .\nthe guyanan red howler monkey ( alouatta macconnelli ) is a species of howler monkey native to guyana , trinidad , french guiana and brazil .\nbolivian titi monkeys may play a part in drawing tourists to forested areas of bolivia .\nthe red - handed howler monkey ( alouatta belzebul ) is a species of howler monkey endemic to brazil . this monkey is usually entirely black , however , in some regions females can have red feet and tail tip .\nbolivian titi monkeys inhabit riparian zones and gallery forests near swampy grasslands and other open areas .\nbecause they are frugivores , bolivian titi monkeys may play a small role in seed dispersal .\nred howler monkeys feed mostly on leaves , although they also enjoy eating nuts , seeds , fruit and flowers .\nthe hindgut contains bacteria that digest leaves and makes up a third of the venezuelan red howler\u2019s total body volume .\nwhile the coiba island howler is usually considered a separate species , some sources suggest that it ' s a subspecies of the mantled howler . similarly , some sources consider the ursine howler a subspecies of the venezuelan red howler and tag its scientific name as\nthe venezuelan red howler monkey ( alouatta seniculus ) is a south american species of howler monkey found in colombia , venezuela , trinidad , guyana , french guiana , brazil , ecuador , peru and bolivia . the venezuelan red howler monkey lives in groups of 3 to 9 individuals .\nall these factors together have resulted in a significant decline in their population . the maranh\u00e3o red - handed howler and guatemalan black howler have now been enlisted as endangered species by the iucn , while the mexican howler (\na 3d animation of the vocal tract morphology of an adult male black - and - gold howler monkey ( alouatta caraya ) , an adult male bolivian red howler monkey ( alouatta sara ) , and an adult male black - headed spider monkey ( ateles fusciceps ) . the hyoid bone is shown in red and the thyroid cartilage shown in green .\nthe amazon black howler monkey ( alouatta nigerrima ) is a species of howler monkey endemic to brazil .\nlike other species of howler monkeys , red howler monkey diets are highly folivorous . their day ranges are similarly short , and their home ranges similarly small compared to other atelidae genera .\nred howler monkeys live in relatively large social groups , consisting of approximately 10 individuals , with only one or perhaps two of the individuals being males .\ncrockett , c . m . and rudran , r . 1987 . red howler monkey birth data . ii : interannual , habitat , and sex comparisons .\nhave the widest geographical distribution of all the new world primates . red howler monkeys range throughout the northern half of south america , from colombia to bolivia .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - colombian red howler monkey ( alouatta seniculus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - colombian red howler monkey ( alouatta seniculus )\ntitle =\narkive species - colombian red howler monkey ( alouatta seniculus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhas also been observed . bolivian titis are have a cryptic coloration , helping them to blend in with their surroundings and avoid predation .\na skull , mandible and hyoid bone of a red howler monkey , showing the enormous size of the hyoid relative to body size . credit : copyright jacob dunn .\nthe coiba island howler monkey ( alouatta coibensis ) is a species of howler monkey endemic to panama . although the coiba island howler is generally recognized as a separate species , mitochondrial dna testing is inconclusive as to whether it is actually a subspecies of the mantled howler .\nlike other new world monkeys , the venezuelan red howler ' s dental formula ( maxilla and mandible ) is two incisors , one canine , three premolars , and three molars .\ncanelo , male red howler who was rescued from animal trafficking lives within send verde animal refuge and eco lodge , bolivia . he howls to identify this is his territory . 2012\nthe brown howler monkey ( alouatta guariba ) also known as brown howling monkey is a species of howler monkey that lives in argentina and brazil . the brown howler monkey lives in groups of 2 to 11 individuals .\nred howler monkeys are heavily hunted and their territories have been reduced by human encroachment . a subspecies , the trinidad howling monkey ( alouatta seniculus insulanus ) is listed as vulnerable by the iucn .\nalthough populations are declining , bolivian titi monkeys are listed by the iucn as a species of least concern . they have a relatively wide range and a slowly declining population . bolivian titi monkeys have proven fairly adaptable , and they have a low number of natural predators . their main threat is attributed to habitat loss due to agriculture . bolivian titi monkeys are one of three primate species that survive within and around the borders of cities and rural human establishments in this region .\nthe guatemalan black howler is the largest of the 15 recognized howler species , measuring around 20 - 25 inches in length and weighing up to 25 lbs .\nthe guatemalan black howler monkey ( alouatta pigra ) is a species of howler monkey from central america . it is found in belize , guatemala and mexico .\n\u2014\u2014 .\nreproductive success increases with degree of kinship in cooperative coalitions of female red howler monkeys ( alouatta seniculus ) .\nbehavioral ecology and sociobiology 48 ( 2000 ) : 253 - 267 .\nminezawa . m . , harada , m . , jordan , o . c . and valdivia borda , c . j . ( 1986 ) .\ncytogenetics of the bolivian endemic red howler monkeys ( alouatta seniculus sara ) : accessory chromosomes and y - autosome translocation related numerical variations\n. kyoto university overseas research reports of new world monkeys 5 : 7\u201316 .\n) - - the subspecies of the mantled howler and brown howler - - have been declared critically endangered , with only a few individuals left in the wild .\nblack howler monkey from belize zoo ( photos , video and audio included ) .\n( a and b ) group chorus of ( a ) unimale venezuelan red howler monkeys , alouatta seniculus ( copyright carolyn m . crockett ) , and ( b ) multimale - multifemale black and gold howler monkeys , alouatta caraya ( black , males ; gold , females ; copyright mariana ra\u00f1o ) .\nthe oldest bolivian titi in captivity reached 24 . 8 years of age . little information is available regarding the lifespan of this species in the wild . other members of the genus\nthe home range of bolivian titis averages 0 . 005 to 0 . 14 km ^ 2 , while their day range averages between 0 . 5 and 1 . 5 km .\nclutton - brock t . h . , albon s . d . the roaring of red deer and the evolution of honest advertisement .\na young / baby of a mantled howler monkey is called a ' infant ' . a mantled howler monkey group is called a ' troop , barrel , tribe or cartload ' .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nreby d . , mccomb k . anatomical constraints generate honesty : acoustic cues to age and weight in the roars of red deer stags .\nthe black howler monkeys life span is up to 20 years , however , more commonly 15 years in the wild . the black howler monkey is also found in the rainforests of guyana .\nthe golden - mantled howling monkey , mantled howler monkey is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthe red howler monkey is found in the countries of bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela . this species lives in secondary , gallery , swamp , and savanna forest habitats .\nwhen a troop of howler monkeys yell , they can be heard for up to three miles .\nsuch that howler monkeys could spend the majority of their adult lives in association with unrelated monkeys .\nare primarily folivorous . leaves are low in nutrients and sugars in comparison with other food choices , and red howler monkeys have two large sections in their hindgut which contain the bacteria needed to digest the cellulose in leaves . this change in anatomy results in a large gut that occupies one - third of their total body volume . in addition , their extremely deep lower jaw bones aid red howlers in chewing .\nhowler monkeys are also known to occasionally raid birds ' nests and chicken coops and consume the eggs .\na 3 - d laser surface scanning of a howler monkey hyoid bone . credit : copyright jacob dunn\nthe jawbone of the red howler monkey is large , especially the body of the mandible . the position of the foramen magnum is very posterior to make way for the expanded jaw and enlarged hyoid bone . howler monkeys also have an inflated bulla , which is the bony encasement of the middle ear . this makes them an exception among other new world monkeys .\npope , t . r .\nthe reproductive consequences of male cooperation in the red howler monkey : paternity exclusion in multi - male and single - male troops using genetic markers .\nbehavioral ecology and sociobiology 27 ( 1990 ) : 439 - 485 .\nmittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . ( primate red list authority ) & hoffmann , m . ( global mammal assessment team )\nalong with collecting data on the average testes size across howler species , the researchers also used 3 - d laser scans to analyse the size of over 250 hyoids - finding a ten - fold variation from the smallest to the largest howler throat bone . the team also conducted in - depth acoustic analyses of a number of howler roars .\n( d ) schematic representation of the ct model . red , hyoid ; green , larynx ; pink , tongue ; dark gray , air sacs ; brown , palate .\nthe bright blue and red colors on a mandrill ' s face get brighter when they are excited . they also have pouches in their cheeks where they store food for snacks .\ndark red - maroon head , back , and limbs , with lighter , more golden sides . crown hair as runs forward to meet the forehead hair in a concave v .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural development for soy and cattle ranching in the brazilian cerrado , soy in the bolivian chiquitano , and small - scale farms and cattle ranching in argentina . some subsistence hunting occurs across its range .\nbolivian titi monkeys may live in family groups of 2 to 7 members . although males exhibit some degree of leadership in these groups , no dominance hierarchy has been observed between sexes or among individuals . adult titi pairs remain close to each other throughout life and coordinate their activities so as to not spend a great amount of time physically apart . members of a mated pair often entwine their tails during sleep . bolivian titis generally sleep close to their group members in the vines of small branches .\n, along with other howler species , are hunted for food and are subject to commercial export ( nowak , 1991 ) .\nthey have lifespans of 15 to 20 years . howler species are dimorphic and can also be dichromatic ( i . e .\nin captivity , bolivian titi monkeys breed throughout the year . in the wild , a breeding season is predicted , perhaps in the spring preceding the rainy season in bolivia . in captivity , female titi monkeys give birth approximately one year after finding a mate . after a gestation period of about 18 weeks , females give birth to a single offspring , though twins are uncommon . although female bolivian titi monkeys reach sexual maturity at 2 years of age , the mean age of first birth is 4 years .\nbolivian titi monkeys are primarily frugivorous , and it is estimated that their diet consists of over 70 % fruit . they also eat leaves , seeds , and insects . much of the day is spent resting in order to digest their mostly herbivorous diet .\nthe chest and belly of bolivian titi monkeys is completely orange to brown - orange while the dorsal side and extremities range from grey to orange agouti in color . the tail may include black or grey coloring , and they have white tufts on their ears .\nred howler monkeys range throughout northwestern south america , including bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela , as well as the island of trinidad . they inhabit the canopy of tropical rainforests and tropical deciduous forests , and they especially like teak and cecropia trees .\nthe dental formula of bolivian titis , as with other titi monkeys , is 2 . 1 . 3 . 3 / 2 . 1 . 3 . 3 . compared to other platyrrhines , the canines of titi monkeys are relatively short and their molars are fairly simple .\nmale bolivian titi monkeys play a dominant role in the care of their young . although females nurse their offspring , males are the principal carriers and protectors of their young . during the first week of life , mother bolivian titi monkeys carry their infants only 20 % of the time , and after the first month , maternal contact is scarce . infants experience more stress and elevated heart rates when separated from their father than from their mother , with few exceptions . bollivian titi monkeys experience a stronger bond with their mate than with their offspring .\nfemale atelins typically mate with multiple partners , although the degree to which single males monopolize access to females and exclude other males from mating varies greatly . in multimale troops of red howler monkeys , the alpha male can account for 100 % of all fertilizations , resulting in the genetic equivalent of a single - male troop . in woolly monkeys\nthe red howler monkey consumes new leaves and fruit as the main part of the diet . flowers and insects are also sometimes eaten . this species , along with other members of its genus , have large salivary glands that help to break down the tannins in the leaves before they reach the gut ( milton , 1987 ) . this is a\n( c ) computed tomography surface models , showing the hyoid ( red ) and thyroid cartilage ( green ) . the left side of the mandible has been made transparent to make the hyoid bone fully visible .\nthe mantled howler monkey is native to colombia , costa rica , ecuador , honduras , guatemala , mexico , nicaragua and panama . the mantled howler monkey is among the most commonly seen and heard primates in many central american national parks , including manuel antonio , corcovado and soberania .\nmilton k . columbia university press ; 1980 . the foraging strategy of howler monkeys : a study of primate economics ; p . 165 .\nlike most new world monkeys , bolivian titis are diurnal , with daily activity lasting an average of 11 . 5 hours . titis wake early in the morning around sunrise and remain active until sunset . they generally divide the day into two main feeding times with a rest during midday .\npolygamous . alpha males have higher mating success than other males , and in multimale troops , the alpha male may account for 100 % of the fertilizations . births occur throughout the year , and birth intervals average just under two years . male red howler monkeys that takeover a troop have been reported to kill infants sired by the males they have ousted .\nreby d . , mccomb k . , cargnelutti b . , darwin c . , fitch w . t . , clutton - brock t . red deer stags use formants as assessment cues during intrasexual agonistic interactions .\nred howler monkeys have a muscular , prehensile tail that enables them to grasp branches or even swing from them . as the name suggests , they have reddish , silky fur all over except for their face and the underside of their tail . their arms and legs are long , and their hands are extremely strong and dexterous . males are larger than females .\nthe mantled howler monkey , ( alouatta palliata ) , or sometimes the golden - mantled howling monkey , is a species of howler monkey , a type of new world monkey , from central and south america . mantled howlers take their \u2018mantled\u2019 name from the long guard hairs on their sides .\nmore information : current biology , dunn et al . :\nevolutionary trade - off between vocal tract and testes dimensions in howler monkeys\nurltoken\na final point concerns species that appeared as consistent outliers in both df and f0 regressions . among primates , these species included the howler monkeys (\nhowler monkeys and spider monkeys ( atelidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nhas no special conservation status . however , red howlers have become rarer in some areas , most likely due to the destruction of their habitat . fortunately , they are still adundant in brazil ( nowak , 1991 ) .\nthe black howler monkey ( alouatta caraya ) is a species of howler monkey , from argentina , bolivia , brazil and paraguay . it is the southernmost member of the alouatta genus . the black howler monkey lives in groups of 3 to 19 individuals ( usually 7 to 9 ) . there are usually 1 \u2013 3 males for every 7 \u2013 9 females in a group . when mating , males and females within a single group pair off .\na ) . mri - based measurements indicated that howler monkey vocal folds are extremely long for an animal of their size ( 4 . 08 cm in\nhowler monkeys are by far the most folivorous , but the proportion of leaves in their diets varies greatly by habitat . sympatric species exhibit considerable overlap in diet , feeding on many of the same fruit , leaf , and flower species , sometimes from the same trees or lianas . there are interesting parallels in the proportion of fruits versus leaves in the annual diets of sympatric spider monkeys and howler monkeys , on the one hand , and those of sympatric muriquis and howler monkeys , on the other hand . in each pair , the howler monkeys are substantially more folivorous than either spider monkeys or muriquis .\nnamed for their vocalizations , the black howler monkey may be heard most often around sunrise . this \u2018dawn chorus\u2019 sounds much more like roaring than howling and it announces the howlers position as a means to avoiding conflict with other groups . the black howler monkeys call can be heard up to 5 kilometres away .\nin black howler monkeys , only the male members are actually black in color . the females , on the other hand , are pale yellowish - brown .\nhowler monkeys and spider monkeys ( atelidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nbody coat varies in color from yellow , to red , to black , with black hands and feet . cheek hairs stand out , and that hair on the top of the head forms a cowl that ends in a triangular crest over the brows .\nbut not all male howler monkeys have been equally endowed . new research on howler species has revealed an evolutionary\ntrade - off\nbetween investments in the size of the male hyoid - the bulbous , hollow throat bone that allows the howlers ' guttural roar to resonate - and in the size of reproductive organs , namely the testes .\nin what can be dubbed as an unusual behavior for a non - primate species , the mantled howler uses sticks as tools to drive away the intruders from its territory .\nthe bigger a male howler ' s vocal organ , and the deeper and more imposing roar they possess , the smaller their testes and the less sperm they can produce .\nhowler monkeys are arboreal , although they have been observed on the ground for brief periods in order to eat , play , drink , and travel ( strier 2004 ) .\nbolivian titis are small , new world monkeys , averaging about 320 mm in length . males are only slightly larger than females , weighing on average 991 g while females weigh 909 g . titis have long tails that are not prehensile . they have very little prognathism and long skulls . titi monkeys have long hind limbs with an intermembral index of 75 .\nmajor extant atelid genera , from left to right : ateles ( spider monkey ) , alouatta ( howler monkey ) , brachyteles ( muriqui ) , lagothrix ( woolly monkey ) .\ncharles darwin was fascinated by the\nwonderfully powerful\nvocal organs of the howler monkey , despite describing their chorus as a\ndreadful concert\nin the descent of man .\ndunn , t . 2008 . small mammals : the brown howler monkey . the loudest animal in the new world . smithsonian national zoological park . retrieved june 9 , 2008 .\nveiga , l . , r . wallace , s . ferrari . 2008 .\ncallicebus donacophilus\n( on - line ) . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . accessed april 25 , 2011 at urltoken .\nhowler monkeys generally move quadrupedally on the tops of branches , usually grasping a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times . their strong prehensile tails are able to support their entire body weight . fully grown adult howler monkeys do not often rely on their tails for full body support , whereas juveniles do so more frequently .\nhowler monkeys comprise the genus alouatta and belong to the atelidae family with the spider monkeys ( genus ateles ) , woolly monkeys ( lagothrix ) , yellow - tailed woolly monkeys ( oreonax ) , and the woolly spider monkeys ( brachyteles ) . howler monkeys are placed alone in the alouattinae subfamily , while the other members of the family belong to the atelinae subfamily .\nmost howler species live in groups of six to 15 animals , with one to three adult males and multiple females . mantled howler monkeys are an exception , commonly living in groups of 15 to 20 individuals with more than three adult males . unlike most new world monkeys , in which one sex remains in natal groups , juveniles of both sexes emigrate from their natal groups ,\nred howlers have an amusing reaction to rainy days during the tropical wet season . in response to heavy rains , they howl , either at the onset , or often at the sound of approaching rain , and sit hunched over until the rain ends ( clutton - brock , 1977 ) !\nbolivian titi monkeys are arboreal and quadrupedal , primarily traveling through the lower levels of the forest . they are rarely seen on the ground . locomotion generally consists of short leaps , for which their long hind limbs are well - adapted , and they also walk and climb . because their tails are not prehensile , the tail does not come into contact with the surface on which they are walking .\nnational primate research center ( nprc ) . 2008 . howler monkey alouatta sp . . primate info net , national primate research center , university of wisconsin - madison . retrieved june 9 , 2008 .\nleaves comprise over 60 % of mantled howler monkey diets . they exhibit preferences for young leaves over mature leaves , and eat fruits and flowers whenever they can . consistent with a heavy dietary reliance on leaves , which are low in energy , mantled howler monkeys spend nearly two - thirds of their days resting , and day ranges are rarely longer than 0 . 6 mi ( 1 km ) .\nappears to breed throughout the year . however , in two habitats in venezuela , the birth frequency is reduced during the early wet season , may through july . the estrous cycle ranges from 16 - 20 days , with the female being receptive for 2 - 4 days . red howler females give birth for the first time around 5 years of age , while males usually do not father an offspring until approximately 7 years . therefore , a female reaches sexual maturity a couple of years before a male .\nthe howler monkeys are the only folivores ( herbivore specialized in eating leaves ) among the new world monkeys . other than leaves , they also feed on fruits , flowers , and even buds at times .\n( a ) log - log plot of body weight versus f0 for a range mammals , highlighting the low - frequency vocalizations of howler monkeys ( adapted from [ 28 ] with permission from aaas ) .\nhowler monkeys are about the size of a small dog , weighing around seven kilos , yet they are among the loudest terrestrial animals on the planet , and can roar at a similar acoustic frequency to tigers .\nhowler monkeys have an enlarged hyoid bone , contributing to the long distance calls , and have an elongated gut that is associated with the slow digestion of the plant matter ( strier 2004 ) . like other members of the family , howler monkeys have 36 teeth , following the dental formula of i 2 / 2 , c 1 / 1 , p 3 / 3 , m 3 / 3 ( strier 2004 ) .\n) . these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that large hyoids may have evolved to enable lower \u03b4f than expected for body size , thereby increasing the acoustic impression of body size conveyed by howler monkey roars .\nwhile seldom aggressive , howler monkeys do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition . however , the black howler ( alouatta caraya ) is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary argentina due to its gentle nature , in comparison to the capuchin monkey ' s aggressive tendencies , in spite of its lesser intelligence , as well as the liabilities meant by the size of its droppings and the males ' loud vocalisations .\n, although some howler monkey species are found in drier forests , or wooded savannah . they mainly eat fruit and leaves , although the smaller species , in particular , may also eat some small insects . they have the\nunlike other new world monkeys , both male and female howler monkeys have trichromatic color vision ; that is , they are capable of seeing three colors and all combinations of those colors ( jacobs et al . 1996 ) .\nthe hyoid of alouatta is pneumatized , one of the few cases of postcranial pneumaticity outside the saurischia . the volume of the hyoid of male howler monkeys is negatively correlated with the dimensions of their testes . [ 4 ]\nall species live in multimale , multifemale groups , although one - male , multifemale groups of alouatta are also common . in the three well - known atelin genera ( ateles , brachyteles , and lagothrix ) , males are philopatric , while females disperse from their natal groups to join other groups of males . in alouatta , both males and females disperse from their natal groups , usually to establish new troops . female red howler monkeys ( alouatta seniculus ) may be retained in their natal troops , while males sometimes disperse in pairs to establish new troops together .\nare small to moderate in size , ranging from 34 to 72 cm in head - body length , with the howler monkeys being the largest members of the group , and the spider monkeys being the smallest . they have long\nthe tail of the howler monkeys , which might be twice the length of their body at times , is sturdy enough to bear their weight , and therefore , they use it to hang upside down on the trees while feeding .\n) belong to the atelidae family of new world monkeys , which also has spider monkeys , woolly monkeys , and woolly spider monkeys to its credit . as of today , as many as 15 species of howler monkeys have been identified .\nthe howler species is not just the loudest , but also one of the laziest members of the animal kingdom ; second only to the sloth . on an average , these arboreal monkeys spend around 80 percent of their time resting on treetops .\nthe mantled howler monkey is protected from international trade under appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . they are most at risk from rainforest fragmentation which has caused forced relocation of groups to less habitable regions .\nin biology , trade - offs are said to exist when one trait cannot increase without a decrease in another . however , dunn says that it ' s not yet clear exactly how the evolutionary trade - off in male howler monkeys works .\nthe vocal folds of a howler monkey are three times longer than a human ' s , yet they are ten times smaller than us , with a hyoid bone uniquely adapted to resonate sound and exaggerate their size ,\nsaid dunn .\nhill ( 1962 ) and stanyon et al . ( 1995 ) listed nine subspecies of the red howler monkey , alouatta seniculus : a . s . seniculus , a . s . arctoidea , a . s . stramineus , a . s . macconnelli , a . s . insulanus , a . s . amazonica , a . s . juara , a . s . puruensis , and a . s . sara . alouatta seniculus sara is recognized as a full species following minezawa et al . ( 1985 ; see also stanyon et al . 1995 ; groves 2001 , 2005 ) . other names alouatta seniculus sara\nthere are ten species of howler monkeys ( nprc ) , ranging from southern mexico to northern argentina ( strier 2004 ) . other members of atelidae , but in another subfamily , are the spider monkeys , woolly spider monkeys , and woolly monkeys .\n( a ) phylogeny of the howler monkey ( alouatta ) species studied , with ateles fusciceps as an outgroup . numbers at the nodes indicate the estimated dates for splitting events ( ma ) , where known ( data from [ 21 ] ) .\nkelaita m . , dias p . a . d . , aguilar - cucurachi mdel . s . , canales - espinosa d . , cort\u00e9s - ortiz l . impact of intrasexual selection on sexual dimorphism and testes size in the mexican howler monkeys\nhowler monkeys occur sympatrically with one , and sometimes two of the other genera . alouatta is the only genus in this family that occurs sympatrically with brachyteles . in some regions in the amazon , alouatta , ateles , and lagothrix are found together .\nare at first quite helpless and are carried around at the mother ' s belly . young red howlers begin using their prehensile tails before they are one month old . an infant uses its tail to secure itself to its mother , for in this stage of its life the mother pays little or no attention to her offspring , and fails to give the baby any assistance !\nwhile some members of the atelidae family are popular as pets , howler monkeys , while seldom aggressive , do not take well to captivity and are of surly disposition . however , the black howler ( alouatta caraya ) is a relatively common pet monkey in contemporary argentina due to its gentle nature , in comparison to the capuchin monkey ' s aggressive tendencies ( in spite of its lesser intelligence as well as the liabilities in the way of the size of its droppings and the males ' loud vocalization ) .\nthe mantled howlers appearance is similar to other howler monkeys except for colouration . the mantled howler monkey is primarily black except for a fringe of gold to buff hair on each side that gives it its common name . when the males reach maturity , the scrotum turns white . females are 18 to 25 inches in body length and males are 20 to 27 inches . its prehensile tail is 21 to 26 inches long . adult females generally weigh between 6 and 17 pounds while males typically weigh 10 to 22 pounds .\nthe results of our acoustic analyses show that howler monkeys produce roars at a similar frequency as tigers , which is far lower than we would have predicted from their body size , yet exactly what would be predicted from measuring their giant vocal folds .\nthere is no evidence of paternal or allo - parental care among the atelins . however , male howler monkeys will sometimes carry infants or position themselves between infants and extra - troop males , which may threaten infants in their efforts to take over female troops .\nlike many new world monkeys and all atelids ( family atelidae ) , howler monkeys have prehensile tails . the first 2 fingers of each hand are set apart and are opposable to the other three . members of alouatta have completely black faces ( strier 2004 ) .\nhowler monkeys can grow to attain a length of 22 - 36 inches , excluding the tail which can be as long as the body , and may weigh anywhere between 10 - 20 lbs . these monkeys live in groups of 10 - 20 individuals which are known as ' troops ' . male howlers lead the troops and resort to howling to defend their territory against other groups . the practice of howling is usually at its peak at dawn and dusk . howler monkeys have an average lifespan of 15 - 20 years in the wild .\nthreats to howler monkeys include being hunted for food and export . as with many other species in south america , although they are not officially threatened with extinction , their habitat is being steadily destroyed and there are perhaps only 100 , 000 surviving in the wild now .\nmantled howler monkeys live in cohesive , multimale , multifemale groups with 4\u201321 individuals . both males and females establish dominance hierarchies . glander found that young females become top ranking when they immigrate into troops , but achieve their highest reproductive success as older , mid - ranking troop\n) ; in the right panel primates are shown in blue and carnivores in red . dashed lines depict ordinary least squares ( ols ) regressions ; dotted lines depict bisector regressions ( equations at lower left ) . primate and combined bisector regressions were based on phylogenetic brownian motion ( bm ) models ; carnivore bisector regressions were based on non - phylogenetic ( np ) models . statistics for regression analyses are given in\na monkey measuring no more than 30 - 35 inches , that can howl so loudly that it can be heard for miles . that ' s the howler monkey for you . several such interesting facts , make it one of the most popular members of the animal kingdom .\nresearchers found that the trade - off corresponds to the mating systems of different howler species . males with large hyoids and deeper roars but more diminutive testes live in small social groups with often only one male dominating a number of females - a\nharem\nsocial model .\n( b ) log - log plot of vocal fold length versus f0 for a range mammals ( adapted from [ 29 ] with permission from elsevier ) , showing that the low - frequency vocalizations of howler monkeys are to be expected , given their remarkable vocal fold length .\nblack howler monkeys commonly sleep or rest up to 80 % of the day , making it one of the least active monkeys in the new world . their habitat is forest where they eat mostly leaves , however , it will also eat the occasional fruit , such as figs .\nhowler monkeys have a lifespan of 15 to 20 years . they are native to south and central american forests , and even extend into mexico in north america . they have the widest distribution in the atelidae family , ranging from southern mexico to northern argentina ( strier 2004 ) .\naccording to the guinness book of world records , the howler monkey is the loudest land animal in the world with a howl that can be heard as far as 3 miles away . the species is able to make the loud noise because of its large throat and specialized vocal cords .\nyoulatos d . , couette s . , halenar l . b . morphology of howler monkeys : a review and quantitative analysis . in : kowalewski m . m . , garber p . a . , cort\u00e9s - ortiz l . , urbani b . , youlatos d . , editors .\nwhich helps them make their loud vocalizations . group males generally call at dawn and dusk , as well as interspersed times throughout the day . the main vocals consist of loud , deep guttural growls or\nhowls\n. howler monkeys are widely considered to be the loudest land animal . according to\nwhile many monkey species are not in danger , there are some that are very close to extinction . for example there are only 150 tonkin snub - nosed monkeys in existence . another monkey on the list is the tana river red colobus . there are fewer than 1 , 000 of these monkeys left in the world . both are listed on the 25 most endangered primates list published by the international union for conservation of nature species survival commission primate specialist group .\n, and live in social groups with anything up to twenty five adults , depending on species . where groups are relatively small , as is common amongst the howler monkeys , a single male monopolises a ' harem ' of females , but larger groups will contain several males , with a clear hierarchy of dominance .\nare slightly sexually dimorphic . females have a body length of 46 - 57 centimeters ; males , which are larger , have a body length of 49 - 72 cm . both sexes have a long , prehensile tail of approximately 49 - 75 cm . the coat color of males and females is a deep reddish - brown , although the shade varies slightly with age . red howlers have a large neck with tremendous lower jaw and hyroid bones , giving them a forbidding expression .\nkitchen d . m . , teixeira da cunha r . g . , holzmann i . , de oliviera d . function of loud calls in howler monkeys . in : kowalewski m . m . , garber p . a . , cort\u00e9s - ortiz l . , urbani b . , youlatos d . , editors .\n) ; in the right panel all primates are shown in blue and all carnivores in red . dashed lines depict ordinary least squares ( ols ) regressions ; dotted lines depict bisector regressions ( equations at lower left ) . primate bisector regressions were based on phylogenetic brownian motion models ; carnivore bisector regressions were based on non - phylogenetic ( np ) models ; combined bisector regressions were based on phylogenetic brownian motion + pagel\u2019s lambda ( bm + \u03bb ) models . statistics for regression analyses are given in\nhowler monkeys ( genus alouatta ) are stoutly built and range in size from 56 to 92 centimeters ( 22 to 36 inches ) , excluding their tail , which can be equally as long , ranging from 51 to 89 centimeters ( 20 to 35 inches ) ( strier 2004 ) . females are much smaller than males ( strier 2004 ) .\n, and he is responsible for leading them to new food sites and defending them . the females of the group are in charge of the offspring . venezuelan red howlers are most active in the morning , when the group is on the move to find another feeding spot . these howlers are famous for their \u201cdawn chorus\u201d . these roaring and howling calls are performed mostly by the males in the group . the roars can be heard up to 5 km away in the forest , and make their presence known in the area .\nstreier , k . b . 2004 . howler monkeys and spider monkeys . pages 155 - 170 in b . grzimek , s . f . craig , d . a . thoney , n . schlager , and m . hutchins . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , volume 14 ( mammals iii ) . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657891 .\nthe mating behavior of red howlers is another interesting aspect of their social interactions . males and females often form consortships , an unusually close spatial relationship , before any sexual exchange has begun . once these associations are established , sexual solicitations begin . although seductive behaviors can be performed by both sexes , the female most often takes on the aggressive role . when attempting to attract a male , the female approaches him and moves her tonque rhythmically . the male may respond the same way , but if he does not , the female may simply try to entice another male .\nthis vocal system means that howlers give the acoustic impression of animals with much larger bodies , and can indeed roar louder and deeper than creatures ten times their size . the unnerving sound of a howler chorus ringing out across forests of central and south america has long fascinated humans - from ancient mayans to modern primatologists - and can carry as far as five kilometres through dense rainforest .\nin their phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome b gene , nascimento et al . ( 2005 ) showed that populations of alouatta caraya from santa cruz , bolivia ( chaco ) are differentiated from those in various localities in the state of mato grosso and ( one specimen ) goi\u00e1s further north . this indicates the possibility of two taxa of the black howler monkey , rather than just one .\nexhibit many interesting behaviors . they are most famous for their\ndawn chorus\n, a deafening roar that can be heard up to 5 kilometers away ! these resonating howls , performed primarily by the males of a group , are answered by all other howler troops within ear shot . this way , one troop can constantly inform another of its precise location , thus avoiding an energetically costly squabble over resources .\nhowler monkeys , by far , are the most folivorous ( leaf - eating ) of the atelidae ( strier 2004 ) . howlers eat mainly top canopy leaves , together with fruit , buds , flowers , and nuts . they need to be careful not to eat too much of certain species of mature leaf in one sitting , as some of the leaves they eat contain toxins that can poison the monkey ( glander 1977 ) .\nthe slow - moving howler monkeys move quadrapedally and do not brachiate , usually holding on to a branch with at least two hands or one hand and the tail at all times . their prehensile tails are strong enough to support the monkey ' s entire body weight , although they seldom do so . they very seldom leave the trees . they rest about 80 percent of the time and are considered the least active of all monkeys .\neven though these monkeys make a lot of noise , it is very difficult to catch a glimpse of them in the wild as they seldom leave the trees , and prefer to spend most of their day idle . on an average , howler monkeys only travel for a distance of 400 meters a day . if you are lucky enough , you might come across a few howlers on the dense tree tops of the rainforests ; the chances are pretty rare though .\nhowler monkey is the common name for the tropical , arboreal new world monkeys comprising the genus alouatta of the primate family atelidae , characterized by prehensile , thickly furred tails , completely black faces , a stout build , relatively large size , and loud howling calls . their loud roars can be heard by humans even three miles away through the dense jungle , and they have been called the loudest animals in the new world ( dunn 2008 ) . aloutata is the only genus in the subfamily alouattinae .\nblack howler monkeys generally prefer walking and climbing to running or leaping . the prehensile tail is very strong and acts as a fifth limb , allowing the monkeys greater versatility when climbing and allowing them greater safety in the occasional fall from a high branch . because their limb structure makes terrestrial movement awkward , they spend most of their time in the trees and only come down for water during dry spells . otherwise the monkeys drink by wetting their hand on a moist leaf and then licking the water of their hand .\nwe compiled data on group size and composition from the literature for each of the howler monkey species studied ( see the supplemental experimental procedures and table s3 ) . given that local environmental factors , such as variations in climate and vegetation , may affect group size and composition within species , we calculated mean values per study site and then took the average across study sites . we also ran analyses using the mean values for all groups ( rather than sites ) , and the results did not change ( table s4 ) .\nall genera possess prehensile tails , which permit them to feed for long periods of time in suspended postures . secured by their tails , they can access foods close to the ground or from plants and branches that are too small or flimsy to support their body weights . their tails also free up their hands , which they can use to sort foods and bring them to their mouths . the atelins also travel by suspensory locomotion , using their arms and tails to swing through the canopy . suspensory locomotion permits them to travel long distances rapidly , and may contribute to their ability to monitor dispersed patches of preferred fruits . howler monkeys are quadrupedal , traveling much shorter distances more slowly than the atelins .\nhowler monkeys are new world monkeys . new world monkeys are one of three major informal groups of the biological order primates , the other two groups being prosimians in addition to monkeys and apes of the old world . together , the new world monkeys and the old world monkeys and apes are considered to be\nhigher primates ,\nor simians ( infraorder similformes ) , while the prosimians ( such as lemurs ) are considered to be the\nlower primates .\nthe term monkey , thus , refers to any simian that is not an ape or any primate that is neither an ape or a prosimian . in reality , monkeys are not a single coherent group and , therefore , do not have any particular traits that they all share . the new world monkeys are found in mexico , central america , and south america , and the old world monkeys are located in africa , central to southern asia , japan , and india .\nsize for this species is between 3 to 16 individuals ( crockett and eisenberg , 1987 ) . both males and females\nmode of locomotion ( fleagle , 1988 ) . this species uses its tail to suspend from branches while feeding ( fleagle , 1988 ) .\nthis call is amplified by the hyoid bone which acts as a resonator , and the calls travel for long distances ( kinzey , 1997 ) . the calls serve to communicate group location , distance , and composition , and the calls are directed at solitary individuals and / or other members of the group ( kinzey , 1997 ) . these calls are most often heard at dawn ( kinzey , 1997 ) .\ncrockett , c . m . and eisenberg , j . f . 1987 . howlers : variation in group size and demography , in"]}
{"id": 1375, "summary": [{"text": "balitora kwangsiensis is a species of hillstream loach found in southeast asia ( southern china , laos , and vietnam ) .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it inhabits rapid-flowing rivers and grows to a total length of 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "balitora kwangsiensis", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere are a number of species described from viet nam which are likely to be synonyms . this includes :\njustification : the species has been assessed as least concern as this species has a large distribution and there are no known widespread threats to the species .\nthe species has a southeast and east asian distribution . it is known from pearl river basin in south and southeastern china , on hainan island , the red river basin in viet nam and southern china and the ma river basin in lao pdr ( chu and chen 1990 , zheng 1991 , yue\nthis species is utilized as part of local subsistence fisheries ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthe species has been recorded from gulongshan nature reserve , guanxi , china , and is likely present in others .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nknown from guangdong province in the drainages of dong jiang , bei jiang and xi jiang , and from the drainages in hainan island and their river mouths ( ref . 33405 ) . found in the red river and nanpan - jiang in yunnan , guangxi and guangdong provinces ( ref . 37823 ) . recorded from lianzhou of guangdong province ; guangxi province : ( yangsu , ningming , longzhou , rongan ) ; hainan province : ( qiongzhong , shiyuan ) ; 7 specimens from lianshan county of beijiang river system in guangdong province , and qiongzhong county of hainan province ( ref . 45625 ) . also ref . 26563 , 35840 , 37823 , 43281 .\nmax length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2059 ) ; common length : 7 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )\nasia : nam ma basin in laos , red river basin in viet nam and yunnan , and southeastern china .\nhaving body depth 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 times in width ( at pelvic origin ) ; belly entirely without scales in front of anus ; pectoral fin reaching only about halfway between its base and pelvic origin ; 8 - 9 relatively small black blotches along back , surrounded by a paler area ( ref . 43281 ) .\npd 50 = 0 . 5000 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1378, "summary": [{"text": "the common house gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) ( not to be confused with the mediterranean species hemidactylus turcicus known as mediterranean house gecko ) , is a reptile native of southeast asia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is also known as the pacific house gecko , the asian house gecko , house lizard , or moon lizard . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "common house gecko", "paragraphs": ["hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) ; adult . siem reap , cambodia . june 2011 .\nhemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) ; juvenile on human digit . australia . october 2004 .\n) have been reported from florida . the mediterranean gecko is the only house gecko species known outside of florida , hawaii or texas . ( a single specimen of the common house gecko ,\nwww2 : \u201ccommon house gecko\u201d 23 october 2014 . hosted on wikipedia : urltoken ( accessed on 2 oct 2014 ) .\nonly introduced gecko in australia . the asian house gecko is australia ' s most successful invasive reptile .\nhemidactylus brookii , commonly known as brooke ' s house gecko , is a widespread species of gecko .\nbarquero , m . d . 2017 . hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) diet . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 645 .\ngarc\u00eda - alvarado , f . 2016 . geographic distribution : hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 423 .\nhouse geckoes are believed to be common within their native range and are not at risk of extinction in the wild .\naustralia ' s most successful reptile invader . . . the asian house gecko .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nmckelvy , alexander d . and storm koshiba . 2014 . hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) bicephaly . herpetological review 45 ( 3 ) : 499 - 500\npriyadashana , tharaka sudesh and ishara harshajith wijewardana . 2016 . hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) predation . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 298 - 299\ntexas invasive species institute , 2014 .\ntexas invasive species institution\n( on - line ) . common house gecko . accessed december 14 , 2016 at urltoken .\nwww3 : \u201chemidactylus frenatus & mdash ; overview common house gecko\u201d 23 october 2014 . hosted on eol : encyclopaedia of life : urltoken ( accessed on 4 sept 2014 ) .\nheyborne , w . h . and a . mahan 2017 . hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) tail bifurcation . herpetological review 48 ( 2 ) : 437 - 438\nimpossibly fast , the house gecko is a very small and common gecko . it is also very easy to keep , and a good choice for beginners . house geckos are normally yellowish - brown in colour , and have a very granular appearance to their skin .\nthey are very common all over the country and can be found in most buildings .\nthe common house gecko has only small , if any , tubercles on the back , whereas the indo - pacific gecko may have small tubercles restricted to its dorsum or dorso - lateral rows , and the amerafrican house gecko and mediterranean gecko have enlarged tubercles on the back . in the amerafrican house gecko , the toepads of the fourth toe do not extend to the base of the toe , but in the mediterranean gecko , these pads reach to the base of the toe . the common house gecko has rows of enlarged spines encircling the tail , however in the indo - pacific gecko , spines are only found scattered along the edges of the tail . only the last two species are known from hawaii , but all four species of house geckos ( genus\nwe found no significant invasion of the asian house gecko into bushland ,\nsays vanderduys .\ngoldberg , stephen r . & fred kraus 2016 . reproduction in the common house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) from hawaii herpetological bulletin ( 136 ) - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , larry david wilson and jerry d . johnson . 2013 . hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) predation . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 508 - 509\nsightings were common along the entire queensland coastline and northern nsw , and more than half the 4000 people surveyed reported geckos in their house since 2005 .\nthe house gecko is not a protected species in texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license .\nhead over to in the wild for statistics and more information about the house gecko in their natural habitats .\naccording to vanderduys , the asian house gecko arrived in australia as stowaways on ships from south east asia .\nhemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) ; adult , from east timor . specimen from near lor\u00e9 1 village ( usnm [ cmd 488 ] , svl 42mm , tl 89mm ) with a cryptic dorsal pattern .\ndepartment of agriculture and fisheries : biosecurity queensland . asian house gecko . australia : state of queensland . 2016 .\n47 . jadin r , altamirano ma , y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz mh , smith e . first record of the common house gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) in ecuador . appl herpetol . 2009 ; 6 : 193 - 195 .\nde la vega - p\u00e9rez , an\u00edbal h . , rafael a . lara - resendiz and pierre charruau . 2014 . geographic distribution : hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) . herpetological review 45 ( 3 ) : 463\ncommon house geckos should have substrate ( bedding ) that retains moisture , such as reptile bark or shredded coconut fiber bedding . sand and reptile carpeting are not ideal for house geckos as they do not aid in creating a humid environment .\nmay be confused with the indo - pacific gecko , hemidactylus garnotii , although the mediterranean gecko has bumpy skin while the indo - pacific gecko has smooth skin .\nkabes , laura e . , melissa a . stepek , clark r . mahrdt and jorge h . valdez - villavicencio . 2015 . geographic distribution : hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 569\nthis version of how to care for a house gecko was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on may 31 , 2017 .\nyamamoto , yurie ; ota , hidetoshi . , 2006 . long - term functional sperm storage by a female common house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus , from the ryukyu archipelago , japan . current herpetology . 25 ( 1 ) : 39 - 40 .\n48 . torres - carvajal o , tapia w . first record of the common house gecko hemidactylus frenatus schlegel , 1836 and distribution extension of phyllodactylus reissii peters , 1862 in the galapagos . check list . 2011 ; 7 : 470 - 472 .\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson , arturo rocha and jes\u00fas garc\u00eda - grajales . 2013 . geographic distribution : hemidactylus frenatus ( common house gecko ) . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 625 - 626\nreynolds r . 2012 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) . distribution . caribbean herpetology 28 : 1 - get paper here\ntorres - carvajal o 2015 . on the origin of south american populations of the common house gecko ( gekkonidae : hemidactylus frenatus ) . neobiota 27 : 69 - 79 . doi : 10 . 3897 / neobiota . 27 . 5437 - get paper here\na 20 - gallon tall terrarium is sufficient for a couple of common house geckos but bigger is better when it comes to their housing . keep in mind that house geckos need vertical space for climbing so you should use a tall tank rather than a long tank .\nthe one with the yellow rings on its tail is a tokay gecko and it eats cockroaches , bigger than the normal house gecko which is green and has no rings on the tail . both are welcome in my house though i haven\u2019t seen a tokay for a long time . i leave snacks out for the house gecko , small pieces of boiled egg white and bits of soft cream cracker .\nneogi , amit kumer & md . nur islam 2017 . giant crab spider : predation of common house gecko hemidactylus frenatus schlegel , 1836 by giant crab spider heteropoda venatoria linnaeus , 1767 zoo\u2019s print 32 ( 8 ) : 22 - 24 - get paper here\none single house gecko does not need much space to be happy and healthy . a deeper tank , with high walls , is ideal for a gecko . use a glass tank with a screen lid so the gecko gets enough ventilation in his tank .\ni found a small mediterranean house gecko today among my clothing in my bedroom . very small , it ' s too cold outside\n12 . bustard hr . activity cycle of the tropical house gecko hemidactylus frenatus . copeia . 1970 ; 1970 : 173 - 176 .\nalways give your gecko de - chlorinated water , as distilled water can cause medical issues for your gecko due to its lack of nutrients and minerals . avoid giving your gecko untreated tap water , as it can be unhealthy for your gecko .\nwhile it\u2019s true they\u2019re very gentle , they\u2019re also very fragile and can break easy , kind of like a toy . unlike some other particular breed of gecko , the house gecko is also relatively quick so if it escapes out of your hands and starts running through the house , you\u2019re going to have a fun afternoon on your hands running through the house trying to chase it down . however , unlike some pets which can be self - sufficient such as a cat that can go out on its own and hunt when you stop feeding it , the house gecko relies solely on you to feed it . the common life span of a house gecko tends to be around 5 years or a little less depending on how well they\u2019re taken care of .\nfound this one very helpful , giving me a good understanding of how to care for , keep , and feed a house gecko .\nlyakurwa , j . v . 2017 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) cannibalism . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 646 .\nlights attract insects and the asian house gecko is insectivorous . . . so they eat the insects that come in to the light .\nthe common house gecko is native to much of southern asia and has established breeding populations in eastern africa , new guinea , mexico , madagascar , australia , and other tropical areas . it is found in a variety of habitats and gets its name because it is common near human habitations . like other geckoes , house geckoes have specialized toe pads that enable them to cling and move effortlessly along walls and ceilings . they are frequently seen at night near light bulbs hunting for insects .\nit\u2019s said for a beginning pet owner that the house gecko is one of the best pets you can own because of their simplicity to take care of and just how easy they are to house and clean up after .\nit ' s quite common in thailand to try to make the tokay drowsy before catching it . they tie some shredded tobacco leaves or\ntkaczenko , gwendola k . ; adeline c . fischer and robbie weterings . 2014 . prey preference of the common house geckos hemidactylus frenatus and hemidactylus platyurus . herpetology notes 7 : 483 - 488 - get paper here\ngympie region householders are climbing the walls over a cute but pesky little invader that also likes to climb the walls - the asian house gecko .\n18 . keim ld . spatial distribution of the introduced asian house gecko across suburban / forest edges . brisbane : university of queensland ; 2002 .\nhouse geckos are quite territorial . when confronting other members of the same species ,\nuse these social - bookmarking links to share asian house geckos are benign invaders .\nkurita , takaki 2013 . current status of the introduced common house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) , on amamioshima island of the ryukyu archipelago , japan . current herpetology feb 2013 , vol . 32 , no . 1 : 50 - 60 . - get paper here\npatel , h . , v . naik & s . k . tank , 2016 . the common house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus schlegel in dumeril & bibron 1836 ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) in gujarat , india . ircf reptiles & amphibians , 23 ( 3 ) : 178 - 182\ni ' m 10 and my mum and i want a house gecko , so this really helped us out . thank you very much .\n2 . csurhes s , markula a . pest animal risk assesment of the asian house gecko . queensland : queensland primary industries and fisheries ; 2009 .\njadin , robert c . ; altamirano , marco a . ; y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , mario h . ; smith , eric n . 2009 . first record of the common house gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) in ecuador . applied herpetology 6 ( 2 ) : 193 - 195 - get paper here\nis one of the largest geckos , growing up to 35 cm long , and is strong and aggressive , feeding on small reptiles , birds , and mammals as well as insects ; its common name refers to its call of \u2018to - kay\u2019 . there are more than 400 species of geckos , distributed widely in warm latitudes . one species , the common house gekko (\nthey are more popular as small lizards that wander on the walls of ones house .\nhunsaker dh , 1966 . notes on the population expansion of the house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus . philippine journal of science , 95 : 121 - 122 .\n31 . barquero md , hilje b . house wren preys on introduced gecko in costa rica . wilson bull . 2005 ; 117 : 204 - 205 .\nkusuma , kukuh indra and hamidy , amir 2017 . hemidactylus frenatus ( house gecko ) predation herpetological review 48 ( 1 ) : 192 - get paper here\nvyas , raju 2005 . first record of asian house gecko hemidactylus frenatus ( schlegel ) from gujarat state , western india . cobra 60 : 13 - 17\nno , because insects are part of the gecko ' s diet . if a gecko doesn ' t eat insects , it could starve .\nthe asian house gecko is a native of south - eastern asia that was first recorded in darwin in the 1960s , and to brisbane in the early 1980s .\n6 . hunsaker d . notes on the population expansion of the house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus . philipp j sci . 1966 ; 95 : 121 - 122 .\nbreuil m , questel k , rodrigues c . 2012 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) . distribution . caribbean herpetology 26 : 1 - get paper here\nvecchi , mauricio brand\u00e4o and jeffrey michael harding . 2016 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) predation . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 136 - 137\ncook , robert a . 1990 . range extension of the darwin house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus . herpetofauna ( sydney ) 20 ( 1 ) : 23 - 27\nnorval , gerrut and jean - jay mao . 2014 . hemidactylus frenatus ( asian house gecko ) prey . herpetological review 45 ( 2 ) : 328 - 329\nhow do you get geco out of your house . . what do they not like .\n43 . church g , chun - sim l . the distribution of three species of house gecko in bandung . herpetologica . 1978 ; 17 : 199 - 201 .\n, the species is thought to be a long - term resident . formerly considered a house gecko , it has been displaced to natural habitats by the more recently arrived\nold people believe that having a gecko inside the house is lucky . they believe that geckos are relations that have died and been reborn to look after their children .\nyou should dust your gecko\u2019s food with a calcium supplement before giving it to him . a growing gecko should be dusted more often than an adult gecko . you can ask your veterinarian for exact instructions on how much supplement you should dust on your gecko\u2019s food to avoid over - supplementing the food .\nhahahah ! ! ! i was searching the web , trying to find info on common geckos \u2013 because there\u2019s one in my house and i found it in my bed the other day\u2026 and then i found your post ! hahah i laughed so hard . kinda makes me feel like chasing him outa the house now hahah\u2026 funny as hell ! !\nmost growing house geckos do not enjoy being picked up and held . handling your gecko may also prevent him from getting used to his new environment . house geckos are fragile and if you pull on their tail , they may lose their tail or become injured .\nwhen you think about the common house gecko , you probably think about that little lizard you see on the geico commercial all the time but what kind of breed that is , is debatable and they\u2019ve dropped some clever hints but always cut him off before he has time to tell us . however , the house gecko is basically the most common household pet out there when it comes to owning a gecko and they\u2019re relatively easy to maintain as well . people all over the world love owning these things as pets because not only are they small and tiny in nature but they\u2019re relatively inexpensive as well , which some lizards just aren\u2019t worth the trouble of owning and some breeds are worth more trouble than what they\u2019ll end up costing you .\n(\nasian house gecko\n, 2016 ;\nhemidactylus frenatus . the iucn red list of threatened species\n, 2010 ; cole , 2014 ; wilson , 2016 )\nmyers , george s . 1945 . a natural habitat of the house gecko ( hemidactylus mabouia ) in brazil . copeia 1945 ( 2 ) : 120 - get paper here\nhouse geckos are largely insectivores , but adults will consume spiders and other invertebrates , and occasionally juvenile geckos as well . they are strongly territorial and can be quite vocal at night , making a series of crisp , rapid chirps . they may make a squeaking noise when captured . common house geckos are believed to have arrived in hawaii during or just after world war ii . since then it has become the most common lizard around house lights at night . females lay hard - shelled , non - adhesive eggs in pairs under bark , in tree holes , palm fronds or other protected above - ground sites .\nfor centuries , those first geckos comprising four different species , thrived on the islands . the mourning gecko , the stump - toed gecko , and the indo - pacific gecko were gregarious and lived close to humans , in urban areas . the tree gecko lived a solitary existence in forests and meandering valleys near streams .\ngecko in the century dictionary , the century co . , new york , 1911\nwilson , s . 2016 .\nqueensland museum\n( on - line ) . asian house gecko . accessed december 14 , 2016 at file : / / / c : / users / fluff / downloads / fact - sheet - asian - house - geckos . pdf .\n, also known as the common ( or asian ) house gecko , is native to southeast asia , but is found worldwide due to human introduction . although the species originated from countries such as india , malaysia , and thailand , they have now expanded to other regions such as africa , australia , and the americas . in the united states ,\nhemidactylus frenatus is a gecko which measures 7 . 5 - 15 cm long with males larger than females . overall the scalation is uniform , with distinctive enlarged scales along the back and arranged in bands on the tail . the coloration of common house gecko may be gray or light brown to beige with greenish iridescence and a white underside . it has vertical pupils and dorsum and venter light in coloration and sometimes appear semi - transparent .\nalso , it\u2019s extremely easy to maintain them in captivity and it\u2019s one of the easiest pets to own period . some people say that it\u2019s a lot easier than owning a dog because while it might be man\u2019s best friend , there are a lot of things you have to worry about and common household pets like the dog can be very expensive if you\u2019re on a shoestring budget . the house gecko is meant for an observational type of pet that you can watch every now and then and while some gecko are easily handled , it\u2019s really not recommended that you handle a house gecko because of how fragile they are .\n35 . barton dp . pentastomid parasites of the introduced asian house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus ( gekkonidae ) , in australia . comp parasitol . 2007 ; 74 : 254 - 259 .\nsince these geckos are small , they do not need much room . for a single house gecko , a 18\nx 18\nx 18\nhabitat should be used as a minimum size . bigger is always better . for multiple house geckos , increase the size accordingly . they will need a lot of branches and plants to climb and hide . they need even more spaces to hide if you house multiple house geckos . use a mulch , bark or playsand as the substrate .\nhouse geckos have specialized toe pads that enable them to cling and move effortlessly along walls and ceilings .\nnewbery , brock and jones , darryl . 2008 . presence of asian house gecko hemidactylus frenatus across an urban gradient in brisbane : influence of habitat and potential for impact on native gecko species . pest or guest : the zoology of overabundance , pp 59 - 65 .\nsometime during or after world war ii a fifth gecko species arrived , the house gecko . this aggressive little lizard , although just as useful and adorable as its relatives has driven most other geckos away from humans into the wilderness during the last 30 years or so .\nobi zc ; anyaegbunam lc ; igboanugo na , 2013 . the house gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) and parasitaemia . international journal of fauna and biological studies , 1 : 13 - 15 .\n(\nasian house gecko\n, 2016 ;\nhemidactylus frenatus . the iucn red list of threatened species\n, 2010 ; das , 2006 ; texas invasive species institute , 2014 )\nzanchi - silva , d . and d . m . borges - nojosa 2017 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) predation . herpetological review 48 ( 2 ) : 438 - 439\nbefore acquiring a pet house gecko , be sure to research its specific care requirements . talk to your veterinarian about the proper diet and how to maintain a healthy weight for your pet .\ncertain thais also believe that if a big house gecko falls and lands on your body , it would hold on . the only thing that could make the tokay let go is thunder .\nonce considered to be a benign invader limited to urban areas , recent studies have shown that , as in other parts of their colonised range , asian house geckos have displaced native geckos from the house gecko niche and have spread into , and become established in considerable densities in , bushland habitat .\nuse a 5\u201310 gallon ( 18 . 9\u201337 . 9 l ) tank for your gecko\nyou should gut load the insects , feeding them a nutritious diet about 24 hours before offering them to your gecko . then , give the gut loaded insects to your gecko . do not give your gecko wild caught insects , as they can carry diseases .\nkilling is evil . that makes you evil , not the gecko . stop it .\ncosta - campos , carlos e . and mayara f . m . furtado . 2013 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) cannibalism . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 673 - 674\nharfmann short , k . & petren , k . 2008 . isolation and characterization of 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the tropical house gecko ( hemidactylus mabouia ) . molecular ecology resources 8 : 1319\u20131321\nmeshaka , w . e . et al . 2006 . hemidactylus ( house gecko ) assemblage dynamics on south florida buildings . journal of kansas herpetology 17 : 8 - 9 - get paper here\nand other small insects . the insects will need to be dusted with a multi - vitamin / calcium supplement . give your house gecko ' s new and clean water each and every day .\nwhile common house geckos can live in less inhabited areas , they are commonly found around human habitation , including the walls and ceilings of houses , which is how they got their name . they are good at keeping insect populations in check so many people welcome their cohabitation on their homes .\ncommon house geckos are nocturnal so they do not need special uvb lighting like many reptiles . however , many experts feel providing uv lighting is still beneficial to the overall health of nocturnal animals , therefore , it is still recommended to use a uva / uvb light bulb during the daytime .\non hawaii , this species has displaced native mourning geckos and stump - toed geckos throughout the islands . it is also known to feed on small mourning geckos and other species . the common house gecko has only been known from florida since 1993 , and is confined to a few small urban locations , so it is unlikely to have much impact on natural environments at this time .\nwhen i see gecko in my room , i kill \u2019em . i feel its evil\u2026i remembered killing a white colour gecko , then it change to black colour\u2026why is that pls ?\nbuckner , sandra d . ; franz , richard 1994 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) . bahamas : great bahama bank . herpetological review 25 ( 4 ) : 164 - get paper here\nda rocha - santos , gilson , eder barbier and dayane fernandes da silva . 2013 . hemidactylus mabouia ( african house gecko ) predation by callithrax penicillata . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 674\nkoski , diogo andrade , aline p . valadares koski , leonardo mercon and yuri fanchini messas . 2013 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) predation . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 509\nthe research , reported in the australian journal of zoology , found the asian house gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) poses no threat to australian flora and fauna , and prefers hanging around where people live .\ncommon house geckos are widely distributed through southern asia , and are naturalized on islands and seaports throughout much of the world\u2019s warmer oceans . in florida , they are known from a few warehouse areas near ft . myers , homestead , and key west and stock island on the lower florida keys . in florida , it seems confined to the walls of buildings . on hawaii , they are found on all the larger islands as well as lanai and kahoolawe . they are the most common gecko on all the major hawaiian islands , not just in urban areas but forested areas as well .\nhas been observed stalking , biting , or even eating other native and introduced gecko species .\nprovide a 5\u201310 gallon ( 18 . 9\u201337 . 9 l ) tank for your gecko .\nyou will see that your gecko will like the moss and geckos can sleep on it .\ni too have gecko phobia like your friend ivan . i am really scared of them .\ncsurhes , steve and anna markula . , 2009 . pest animal risk assessment : asian house gecko hemidactylus frenatus . biosecurity queensland , queensland primary industries and fisheries , department of employment , economic development and innovation\nlei j ; booth dt , 2014 . temperature , field activity and post - feeding metabolic response in the asian house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus . journal of thermal biology , 45 : 175 - 180 .\nif you want more than one gecko , do not house more than one male per tank as they will fight each other , and make sure you have all females unless you want to breed them .\nhouse geckos should be fed a variety of small prey items . crickets can make up the main part of their diet with the addition of fruit flies and other small flies , silkworms , the occasional mealworm , and other insects . gut load prey prior to feeding them to your geckos , dust them with a calcium supplement two to three times a week , and a dusting of a multivitamin once a week . feed your common house geckos in the evening since they are nocturnal . juveniles should be fed daily but adults can be fed every other day . feed as much prey as your house gecko will eagerly consume .\nthis is an arboreal lizard found in the moist tropics of asia . there are many different species of gecko that are grouped into the common name of\nhouse gecko\n, but fortunately the care remains the same . these geckos thrive under a wide range of conditions , but prefer semi tropical habitats with high humidity . due to their versatility , these geckos are often considered a parasitic species in places such as florida , california , and hawaii , where they have established invasive colonies .\nsince the asian house gecko arrived in brisbane in the early 1980s , the cold - blooded creatures have spread to nooks and crannies in houses throughout the city and along the coastline of queensland and northern nsw .\nbugoni , leandro , and pedro welff - neto . 2008 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko . ) human - induced introduction . herpetological review 39 ( 2 ) : 226 - 227 - get paper here\ngoldberg , stephen r . , bursey , charles r . and reeves , will k . 2017 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) endoparasites herpetological review 48 ( 1 ) : 192 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , rainer ; bauer , aaron m . ; king , david 1993 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) . usa : florida . herpetological review 24 ( 2 ) : 66 - get paper here\ncheng , hsien - yu . 1988 . gonad condition and fat stores of the house gecko , hemidactylus frenatus , in taiwan during winter . journal of taiwan museum . 41 ( 1 ) : 93 - 97\nif you need to care for a young house gecko , feed it 5 to 6 meals a week . choose high - protein meals like crickets or mealworms , and make sure they are no longer that the width of the gecko\u2019s head so it can eat them . for extra nutrition , dust the insects in a calcium supplement before giving them to the gecko . it is also important that you wait until the gecko is an adult before you handle it , or you risk injuring it .\nhouse geckos need room to climb in their tall cage so you should provide branches , driftwood , and silk or live plants . they also need hiding spots such as reptile caves or small clay plant pots placed on their sides . be sure to provide enough hides to give multiple geckos space to hide from each other if you are housing more than one gecko in a cage . provide a small shallow water dish with fresh water daily even though common house geckos may prefer to drink from water droplets on leaves like chameleons .\none should take care to reduce the number of insects in the house so that survival outside the homes become easier .\nis peat moss okay as substrate for 3 mediterranean house geckos ? they have been living in it for a month .\nbatuwita , sudesh ; & rohan pethiyagoda 2012 . rediscovery of the sri lankan \u2018house gecko\u2019 hemidactylus pieresii kelaart ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) with a redescription of hemidactylus depressus gray . zootaxa 3359 : 17\u201330 - get paper here\nlive plants and artificial plants provide lots of climbing spots for your gecko . live plants also help to increase the humidity of the tank , an ideal environment for your gecko to thrive in .\nthis helped me in raising my gecko , he is now really healthy and strong .\nin punjab , it is believed that contact with the urine of a gecko will cause leprosy .\ngecko .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ngecko .\noxford dictionary of rhymes . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nhere in the states we have a gecko as the trusted spokesperson for a car insurance company .\nhaha , i love this post ! we have geckos here , but no that many . i have yet to find one in the house , so they\u2019re still fun to me\u2026 i don\u2019t imagine they\u2019d be so fun scampering about my house .\nmorrison , madeleine , munscher , eric , munscher , jessica , abeln , nicole and hauge , j . brian 2016 . geographic distribution : hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 628\nwhile existing asian house gecko populations don ' t pose a threat to native flora and fauna ( except the insects ) , vanderduys warns future arrivals from overseas with different genetic stock or containing pathogens are a serious issue .\nwhen you\u2019re purchasing housing or looking at different enclosures , you\u2019re going to want to make sure you pick the most appropriate and right sized enclosure for the particular combination that you\u2019re setting up . for instance , if you only have one single gecko or you\u2019re housing a pair of them , then you might want to look into a tank that can accommodate 20 gallons . this will not only be able to one house gecko adequately but a house gecko and a mate if you\u2019d like ( but be warned , if you do this , you will more than likely have a lot of baby gecko running around not too far down the road ) .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nmcallister ct ; upton sj ; boyer dm , 1990 . eimeria dixoni sp . n . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from an introduced population of common house geckos , hemidactylus frenatus ( sauria : gekkonidae ) , in dallas county , texas . journal of the helminthological society of washington , 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 .\nbrown , t . w . , mayron , d . f . & clayson , s . m . 2017 . hemidactylus frenatus ( asian house gecko ) diet . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 645 - 646 .\nits diet consists of insects ( meshaka et al . , 2004 ; punzo , 2005 ) and spiders , and an adult was observed feeding on a juvenile tropical house gecko ( hemidactylus mabouia ) on key west , florida associations .\niturriaga , manuel ; and rub\u00e9n marrero 2013 . feeding ecology of the tropical house gecko hemidactylus mabouia ( sauria : gekkonidae ) during the dry season in havana , cuba . herpetology notes 6 : 11 - 17 - get paper here\nwe have over 11 , 000 gecko records and only 13 of those were asian house geckos , all from the one spot , so it seems to me that there ' s not a significant invading threat in australia .\na baby gecko , or young gecko , will need to be fed five to six times a week . your gecko should have a diet that is high in protein , consisting of crickets , mealworms , waxworms , silkworms , and roaches . the insects should be no longer than the width of your gecko\u2019s head to ensure he can stomach them . if any uneaten insects survive , somehow , and are roaming around in the tank , remove them , as they can end up chewing on your gecko\u2019s skin and eyes .\ni was an exchange student in thailand and at school my class mates told me that you see ghosts when you stand under an umbrella if it\u2019s not raining . is that a common superstition ? what does it mean ?\nnow as it pertains to food and what you can feed your house gecko pet , this is one of the easiest things about the house gecko because their eating habits are very simple . much like any other pet , they\u2019re going to eat every single day and they eat very simple and cost effective foods . however , once they grow up and reach full adulthood , it\u2019s not uncommon for them to skip a day so eating once every other day really isn\u2019t that uncommon .\nno gecko is more widespread or less interesting than this one . it ' s superlative in its way .\nto move in the manner of a gecko ; to attach to a vertical or upside - down surface .\ni\u2019m dating a sudanese girl now who is deadly afraid of gecko\u2019s too . she would love this article .\nthey commonly eat the most clich\u00e9 items just like all the other reptiles out there but the most common items on the menu for a house gecko are crickets , mealworms and wax worms . ideally , what you feed them will be your own personal preference but you shouldn\u2019t get used to feeding them wax worms because not only do they provide absolutely no benefit such as vitamins , but they\u2019re very high in fat , so they should be given sparingly . you don\u2019t have to provide them with a vitamin supplement as some sources will tell you but it definitely won\u2019t hurt if you use crickets . the easiest way to trick them into taking vitamins is to sprinkle some calcium powder on crickets and to make them eat the crickets . crickets are easy to find and they\u2019re cheap in a bundle , and not only that but they provide all the vitamins that a house gecko needs to survive , so this is the most common choice .\nbiology : like most other invasive species , the mediterranean gecko breeds rapidly . females are capable of laying multiple clutches of two eggs each throughout the summer . these eggs are laid in cracks and crevices in trees or man - made structures including buildings . like rodents , the mediterranean gecko has been aided by human development . it is very common to see the geckos on the sides of buildings under lights catching insects on a summer night .\nthey are now common along the east coast north of coffs harbour , but mr couper believes the reptiles could also establish themselves as far south as sydney , where it could survive on the warmth of household hot water systems .\nmeshaka , walter e . , jr ; butterfield , brian p . ; hauge , j . brian 1994 . hemidactylus mabouia ( tropical house gecko ) . usa : florida . herpetological review 25 ( 4 ) : 165 - get paper here\nproper lighting : the house geckos require uv light as this is good for their health so loads of uv light should be helpful .\nthe best time to catch a big gecko is when they come out to hunt for insects at night . just keep the end of the stick close to the gecko ' s face so it can smell the tobacco .\ndiniz , suzana 2011 . predation and feeding on the tropical house gecko hemidactylus mabouia ( squamata : gekkonidae ) by the giant orb - weaver spider nephilengys cruentata ( araneae : nephilidae ) . herpetology notes 4 : 357 - 358 - get paper here\ngeneric gecko ; close - up of the underside of a gecko ' s foot as it walks on a glass pane . ' van der waals ' force interactions between the finely divided setae ( hairs ) on the toes and the glass , enable the gecko to stay in place and walk on smooth glass and other such surfaces .\nwow , i just came across this post from my wife two years later . i can answer the question now . monks came to bless the house and a couple weeks later they started building again . and two years later they are still not finished building the house !\n\u201c gecko \u201d in le tr\u00e9sor de la langue fran\u00e7aise informatis\u00e9 ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .\ngecko .\nthe columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ngecko .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ngecko .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\npascatore , linda . 2008 .\nbirds and plants of kauai : the gecko\n. accessed 6 february 2011\nthese tiny geckos are more common than tokays . they ' re light brown but can change colors to various shades . their skin is thin and pretty smooth . house geckos grow up to about 4 inches ( 10 cm ) long . they also make quite a loud and unique clicking sound . the suction - like feet enable them to climb and run on ceilings and walls .\nin general , you should only handle your gecko if you need to remove him to clean the tank . wash your hands before and after handling your gecko , as you may have bacteria on your hands that can cause illness .\nthe success of the asian house gecko , like most invasive species , has come at a cost to its native cousins , which are being beaten to food and habitat by the foreigners . geckos have also transferred disease - carrying mites to the native species .\nhouse geckos are fast moving so catching them may be difficult . be careful when handling them as their tails detach easily as a defense mechanism .\na number of superstitious thais believe that big house geckos are reincarnations of their grandparents , who have come to protect them . if a tokay makes sound during the day , it ' s a warning that bad luck may come to one of the family members who lives in the house .\nyour house gecko will shed his skin in patches every four to six weeks . he may turn a dull color and the skin over his eyelids may pop as he sheds his skin . though the shedding can look uncomfortable , do not try to peel off the skin from him as this can be painful and dangerous for your gecko . if the tank conditions are humid enough , your gecko should be able to shed his skin on his own and he may even eat his own shedded skin .\nhistory : it is uncertain how the mediterranean gecko first made its way to the united states . it was first reported in key west , florida 1915 . it is thought that this gecko was probably a stowaway on a ship from the mediterranean area . mediterranean geckos are quite common in the pet trade , which has no doubt led to its spread across the united states . currently , this species has high numbers in florida , and has established breeding populations all along southern states .\nwhile the gecko ' s impact has not been studied closely , it has been identified as a\ngeneralist predator\n, possibly causing declines in urban populations of some native insects and spiders and competing with native gecko species for food .\ngecko .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\ngecko .\noxford dictionary of rhymes . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\noh my ! ! we also have here in thailand . in my house . i always hear gecko every night and sometimes i see the shadow behind the window in my toilet . before i didnt know how it looks thats why i search and i found this .\nhave you ever looked into how they actually climb on walls . . . oh and they get rid of most house hold pests at least in hawai\u2019i\nsome of you may already know that most thais are superstitious . if a gecko makes a sound when you ' re about to leave the house , we believe it means bad luck . when this happens , some thais may change their plans and stay at home instead .\ncommon house geckoes are very popular among pet owners because they are small , inexpensive , and relatively easy to keep in captivity . they vary in color from yellowish tan with darker spots or blotches to pale grayish - white ; they sometimes appear paler at night . these geckoes reach an adult length of 3 to 5 inches ( including the tail ) and can live for 5 to 10 years in captivity .\ni rescued my gecko from the church bathroom , & followed the checklist at petco . we love our new pet !\nhad a tiny baby stowaway gecko from our beach vacation . this article helped me to give him basic care tonight until\ntoday at 5 . 28 am one gecko was beaten me on my left arm and some blood out from my arm .\nthat was a hilarious read . made me feel better about the gecko that just flew out from behind my baby\u2019s shelf !\none of them , the nocturnal tokay gecko is one of the largest gecko species in the world growing up to 14 inches . it greedily feeds on mice and small birds , as well as other lizards , representing another danger for the older geckos .\ni have a small gecko in my house and it continuously squeaks . : - o the sound it makes is tchak tchak tchak\u2026i read on net that mostly male geckos make noise . . don\u2019t know how true is that . i was considering it to be a talkative female . .\nnewbery , brock and darryl n . jones 2007 . presence of asian house gecko hemidactylus frenatus across an urban gradient in brisbane : influence of habitat and potential for impact on native gecko species . in daniel lunney , peggy eby , pat hutchings and shelley burgin ( eds . ) , pest or guest : the royal zoological society of new south wales , mosman , nsw , australia , pp 59 - 65 .\ni found this small gecko sleeping in the broad leaves of a small palm along the edge of anjajavy ' s garden pond .\nwow \u2013 i was laughing out loud reading this . i always thought of geckos as cute and cuddly too , you know , the geico gecko type of gecko . now i have a new phobia ! thanks for the laughs ( not the phobia ) \ud83d\ude42\nthe common house gecko is found in tropical , subtropical , and warm - temperate regions and prefers warm , humid areas . it is a nocturnal species that likes to hide in shelters during the day time . they can be found in a wide range of habitats , such as rain forests , savannas , and deserts . it was originally a terrestrial tree - living species , but in more populated human areas , it occurs on buildings , especially near artificial lighting . the species is commonly seen close to electric lights after nightfall . in more natural environments ,\nsince they are carnivorous you need to provide live insects for food , although when you fist capture or buy them they might not eat for two or three days ( due to stress ) . either crickets and mealworms purchased at a pet store or live bugs caught around the house . choose crickets that are smaller than your gecko ' s head . too large of a cricket can actually bite and wound a gecko .\na nearby monitoring site located a kilometre from the town recorded no asian house geckos , even though the species were abundant in pormpuraaw for at least 30 years .\nhughes , daniel f . , walter e . meshaka , jr . and gerard van buurt . 2015 . the superior colonizing gecko hemidactylus mabouia on cura\u00e7ao : conservation implications for the native gecko phyllodactylus martini . journal of herpetology 49 ( 1 ) : 60 - 63\nbecause house geckos are nocturnal , they will need a place to sleep and hide at night . you can buy hiding structures , often made of cork , from your local pet store . buy two hiding structures and place one on the cool side of the tank and one on the warm side . this will give your gecko the option of cooling down or warming up . try to have at least two hides per gecko .\nmy gecko won ' t eat flies , so i googled and found this site . i will now feed him crickets .\ngecko .\nthe columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\ngecko .\nthe oxford pocket dictionary of current english . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\ngecko .\nthe concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nnative origin : as the name suggests , the mediterranean gecko is an old - world species native to southern europe and northern africa .\nnice research ! ! the best is the 12 . 01am till 6 . 00am gecko cries ! ! ! cheers ! sawasdee krap !\nthe gympie region is notorious for destructive floods , but it doesn ' t take rapidly rising water levels to cause serious problems at lyn sumner ' s curra house .\na study by the museum ' s reptile collection manager , andrew amey , found asian house geckos had even adapted their breeding cycles to suit australia ' s climate .\ncase tj ; bolger dt ; petren k , 1994 . invasions and competitive displacement among house geckos in the tropical pacific . ecology , 75 : 464 - 477 .\ni have those little devils in my house now . never , had seen them before . how do you get rid of them . ? thanks for any help .\nhouse geckoes are established in numerous tropical regions outside their native range , including hawaii and florida . they prey on native insects , but it is not clear whether they have caused significant declines or extinctions in any species . in hawaii , house geckoes have displaced native geckoes from preferred foraging locations on buildings , and to a lesser extent in the native gecko\u2019s natural forested habitat . house geckoes are thought to have become so widely distributed by hitchhiking rides on ships and other transports , or as eggs in the soil of nursery plants ; however , owners should be careful not to contribute to the problem by releasing their pets into the wild ."]}
{"id": 1379, "summary": [{"text": "rhinconichthys is an extinct genus of bony fish which existed during the upper cretaceous period .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "along with its close cousins the great-white-shark-sized or larger bonnerichthys and the immense leedsichthys , rhinconichthys forms a line of giant filter-feeding bony pachycormid fish that swam the jurassic and cretaceous seas for over 100 million years . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "rhinconichthys", "paragraphs": ["the discovery , published in the journal cretaceous research , describes the us species \u2013 rhinconichthys purgatoirensis \u2013 and the japanese species \u2013 rhinconichthys uyenoi . the fish have joined just one other fossilised species in the rhinconichthys genus , discovered in england six years ago .\nrhinconichthys was estimated to be more than 6 . 5 feet and fed on plankton .\nthe more than 6 . 5 - feet - long rhinconichthys feasted on plankton using its oar - shaped mouth .\nrhinconichthys belongs to an extinct bony fish group called pachycormids , which contains the largest bony fish ever to have lived .\nwhere in the world ? : rhinconichthys purgatoirensis was found in eastern colorado , with other species turning up in england and japan .\nthe fossil , whose proper genus is rhinconichthys , was taken to the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center in woodland park for study and exhibit .\nrhinconichthys was first named in\u202d \u202c2010 , \u202d \u202cfrom fossils that had been discovered in england . \u202d \u202cthen in\u202d \u202c2016\u202d \u202ca description of two new species , \u202d \u202cr . \u202d \u202cuyenoi from japan and r . \u202d \u202cpurgatoirensis from the usa were described , \u202d \u202crevealing to us that this fish genus potentially had a global distribution . \u202d \u202crhinconichthys is noted for the large hyomandibulae bones which would have allowed this to have had an incredibly wide gape , \u202d \u202cin turn allowing rhinconichthys to filter\u202d \u202clarge amounts of plankton from the sea water . rhinconichthys is related to the genera bonnerichthys and leedsichthys .\nshimada first encountered a rhinconichthys fossil about 30 years ago in the office of his mentor , teruya uyeno , a curator emeritus of the national museum of science and nature in japan . later , in 2010 , shimada and his colleagues uncovered another rhinconichthys in england , which they named r . taylori .\nthe rhinconichthys lived in the seas of the dinosaur era , about 92 million years ago , and consumed plankton on an industrial scale , according to rmdrc .\none of the authors of the study , kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university , said rhinconichthys are exceptionally rare , known previously by only one species from england .\nthe most defining aspect to the rhinconichthys genus is its peculiar mouth . similar to a modern - day pelican , the fish had a huge mouth that could open extremely wide .\n\u201cbased on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , \u201d he said .\nscientists have lately discovered two plankton - munching fossil fish species of the rhinconichthys genus from the cretaceous period , swimming the oceans around 92 million years ago when dinosaurs still roamed earth .\n' based on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull , ' shimada noted .\nthree different rhinconichthys from three separate geographical regions now turn up in scientific literature , each represented by a single skull . to shimada , it isn ' t any less mind - boggling .\nmeaning : rhinconichthys is a tribute to an unpublished name coined by 19th century paleontologist gideon mantell for specimens of this genus found in england , while purgatoirensis for colorado\u2019s purgatoire river drainage where the new species was found .\nan international team of scientists have discovered two new plankton - eating fossil fish species of the genus called rhinconichthys from the oceans of the cretaceous period , about 92 million years ago , when dinosaurs roamed the planet .\nschumacher , b . , shimada , k . , liston , j . , maltese , a . 2016 . highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england , and japan . cretaceous research . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2015 . 12 . 017\nan international team of scientists have discovered two new plankton - eating fossil fish species , of the genus called rhinconichthys , which lived 92 million years ago in the oceans of the cretaceous period . ( image by robert nicholls )\nskulls of the fish known as rhinconichthys were found in colorado and the re - examination of a second one from japan \u2014 which triples the numbers of species in the genus known to science and greatly expands their geographical range .\nwe know such a fish existed thanks to fossils discovered by paleontologist bruce schumacher and described with his colleagues earlier this year . they named the filter - feeder rhinconichthys purgatoirensis , a new species of a genus that had previously been found in england and japan . the colorado species is significantly older than its evolutionary siblings , however , punting rhinconichthys back in time as well as establishing that these fish were present in the western hemisphere through much of the cretaceous .\n' i was in a team that named rhinconichthys in 2010 , which was based on a single species from england , but we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed , ' said shimada .\nrhinconichthys is part of a family called the pachycormids , which includes the largest known bony fishes to live on earth . species in this fish family don ' t have any living descendants , but they lived large during their day . for example , all of the known species of rhinconichthys had a skinny body , and measured at least 6 . 5 feet ( 2 meters ) long , including its immense 1 . 5 - foot - long ( 0 . 5 m ) head .\nthe new study , ' highly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys ( actinopterygii : pachycormiformes ) from the mid - cretaceous of the united states , england and japan , ' will appear in the forthcoming issue of the international scientific journal cretaceous research .\nthis\nplanktivorous\ndiet , also known as suspension feeding , is still used by marine vertebrates today , including the blue whale , manta ray and whale shark . thanks to the rhinconichthys findings , researchers know that animals also used this method during the mesozoic era , when the dinosaurs were alive .\nbased on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe ,\nsaid kenshu shimada , researcher on the study .\nthis tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mindboggling .\nuntil now , scientists had only identified one species of this fish , which belongs to the genus rhinconichthys ( rink - oh - neek - thees ) . the new study builds on that count , and shows that these fish lived all over the world , the researchers said . [ image gallery : ancient monsters of the sea ]\nmoreover , rhinconichthys ' long head housed a large jaw that gaped open like a muppet ' s mouth , shimada said . one pair of bones , called the hyomandibulae , formed a large , oar - shaped lever that helped the jaws protrude and swing open , helping the fish fill its mouth with tasty plankton , he said .\nrhinconichthys are outstandingly rare large - mouthed fish , previously known by a single species from england . but that count has been expanded to two more and from other geographical locations , thanks to a new skull discovered in colorado in the united states ( named r . purgatoirensis ) and a reexamined skull from japan ( r . uyenoi ) .\nthe species discovered in the us was found by bruce a schumacher , as he was conducting field research in 2012 . he noticed a potential fossil protruding from a rock in colorado , and began to slowly chisel away at the surrounding material to reveal the fin rays of a bony fish . his discovery is the most complete rhinconichthys yet .\nbased on our new study , we now have three different species of rhinconichthys from three separate regions of the globe , each represented by a single skull ,\nstudy co - researcher kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university in chicago , said in a statement .\nthis tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mind - boggling .\nnot that rhinconichthys was the only filter - feeding fish around . along with other research that has identified and named the giant bonnerichthys and planktivorous sharks , schumacher and coauthors point out that there was a wide array of filter - feeding fish throughout cretaceous time . this is about more than species counts . where there are big planktivores , there has to be enough plankton for them to eat . before mantas , before whales , fish such as these were the largest creatures to strain the seas .\nfurther reading - 100 - million - year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cscience\u202d \u202c327\u202d ( \u202c5968\u202d ) \u202c : \u202d \u202c990\u202d\u2013\u202c993 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cmatt friedman , \u202d \u202ckenshu shimada , \u202d \u202clarry d . \u202d \u202cmartin , \u202d \u202cmichael j . \u202d \u202ceverhart , \u202d \u202cjeff liston , \u202d \u202canthony maltese\u202d & \u202cmichael triebold\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c2010 . - \u202d \u202chighly specialized suspension - feeding bony fish rhinconichthys\u202d ( \u202cactinopterygii : \u202d \u202cpachycormiformes\u202d ) \u202cfrom the mid - cretaceous of the united states , \u202d \u202cengland , \u202d \u202cand japan . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ccretaceous research\u202d \u202c61 : \u202d \u202c71\u202d\u2013\u202c85 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cbruce schumacher , \u202d \u202ckenshu shimada , \u202d \u202cjeff liston , \u202d \u202canthony maltese\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c2016 .\nname : rhinconichthys . phonetic : rin - kon - ik - fiss . named by : matt friedman , \u202d \u202ckenshu shimada , \u202d \u202clarry d . \u202d \u202cmartin , \u202d \u202cmichael j . \u202d \u202ceverhart , \u202d \u202cjeff liston , \u202d \u202canthony maltese\u202d & \u202cmichael triebold\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c2010 . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cactinopterygii , \u202d \u202cpachycormiformes , \u202d \u202cpachycormidae . species : r . \u202d \u202ctaylori\u202d \u202c , \u202d \u202cr . \u202d \u202cpurgatoirensis , \u202d \u202cr . \u202d \u202cuyenoi . diet : filter feeder . size : r . \u202d \u202cpurgatoirensis about\u202d \u202c2\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c2 . 7\u202d \u202cmeters long . \u202d \u202cr . \u202d \u202cuyenoi . \u202d \u202cabout\u202d \u202c3 . 4 - 4 . 5\u202d \u202cmeters long . known locations : england . \u202d \u202cjapan\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cmikasa formation . \u202d \u202cusa , \u202d \u202ccolorado\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ccarlile shale . time period : turonian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : partial remains of several individuals .\nstudy author and paleobiologist kenshu shimada of depaul university was part of the team that named the genus back in 2010 .\n[ b ] ut we had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed ,\nhe said in a press release .\nthis interesting genus belongs to a now - extinct group of bony fish known as pachycormids , which boasts of the largest bony fish ever to have existed on the planet .\nthe feeding process is a unique one : a pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a huge lever to protrude and swing the animals ' jaws open like a parachute , extra wide to receive as much plankton - laced water into the mouth . think of the way sharks open their mouth to attack their food .\nsuspension - feeding or a plankton - rich diet during the dinosaur age is an emerging area of interest . it is , however , common today among certain marine vertebrates , such as the whale shark and blue whale .\nthis tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history ,\nhe said .\n\u00a9 2018 tech times , all rights reserved . do not reproduce without permission .\nsign up for our email newsletter today . tech times ' biggest stories , delivered to your inbox .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such it is best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nscientists have found two new extinct fossil fish species in japan and colorado . both species are characterised by their huge mouths , which open so widely so that they could gather as much plankton as possible when feeding .\nthe researchers , from depaul university , say that these species lived about 92 million years ago , a time when dinosaurs were still alive . the us species , r . purgatoirensis , was believed to be around 2 - 2 . 7m long , with the japanese r . uyenoi slightly larger at 3 . 4 - 4 . 5m .\nthis is because one of its bones \u2013 the hyomandibulae \u2013 could extend like an oar - shaped lever to swing the jaws open to a wide angle , enabling it to draw in as much plankton as possible when swimming .\nthe hyomandibula acts as an elongate lever ,\nsaid shimada ,\nallowing greatly amplified protrusion of the jaws and expansion of the buccal cavity .\nthis specialised cranial construction was previously unknown among cretaceous bony fish , and functionally parallels that of the modern paddlefish polyodon and many sharks .\nthe researchers write in the report that discoveries like this are changing historical interpretations of fish that feed on plankton .\nif you could take a dip in the cretaceous sea that covered colorado around 92 million years ago , you might spot what would initially look like a pretty plain fish . around six feet long , or a comparable to a mid - sized tuna , the streamlined swimmer would have a bullet - like profile . until it opened its mouth . in one swift motion the long lower jaw would snap open , creating a planktivorous parachute to catch some of the ocean\u2019s smallest morsels .\nwhat sort of critter ? : a filter - feeder belonging to an extinct group of ray - finned fish called pachycormiformes .\nfriedman , m . , shimada , k . , martin , l . , everhart , m . , liston , j . , maltese , a . , triebold , m . 2010 . 100 - million - year dynasty of giant planktivorous bony fishes in the mesozoic seas . science . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1184743\nscientists have discovered the remains of an ancient fish that plied the world\u2019s oceans nearly 100 million years .\nscientists have discovered the remains of an ancient fish that plied the world\u2019s oceans nearly 100 million years and used its huge , swinging jaws to capture plankton .\nuntil now , the only fossils of this fish had been found in england .\npalaeobiologist at depaul university kenshu shimada said the species had been named r . purgatoirensis and r . uyenoi .\n\u201cthis tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth\u2019s history . it\u2019s really mind - boggling . \u201d\nestimated to have been than 6 . 5 feet , it\u2019s strangest feature might be the pair of bones called hyomandibulae that formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute .\nthat allowed it to ingest the plankton - rich water , similar to methods used by some modern sharks such as the basking and whale shark .\na study describing the new species will appear in the next issue of the journal cretaceous research .\nsydney weather : global heat map shows record - breaking heat a . . .\ndell g7 15 laptop review : a solid portable computer for game . . .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out .\nnews limited copyright \u00a9 2018 . all times aest ( gmt + 10 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nmeasuring about 6 . 5 feet long , it feasted on plankton using its giant ' oar like ' mouth .\nmeasuring about 6 . 5 feet long , it feasted on plankton using its giant ' oar like ' mouth from the oceans of the cretaceous period , about 92 million years ago , when dinosaurs roamed the planet .\none pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute , in order to receive more plankton - rich water into its mouth , similar to the way many sharks open their mouth .\nthe new study specifically focuses on highly elusive forms of this fish group that ate plankton .\naccording to shimada , one pair of bones called hyomandibulae formed a massive oar - shaped lever to protrude and swing the jaws open extra wide , like a parachute , in order to receive more plankton - rich water into its mouth , similar to the way many sharks open their mouth .\ntv that really is touching : ' feelyvision ' uses bursts of air . . .\na planktivorous diet , also called suspension - feeding , is known among some specialized aquatic vertebrates today , including the blue whale , manta ray and whale shark .\nsuspension - feeding in the dinosaur era is a new emerging area of research .\n' this tells just how little we still know about the biodiversity of organisms through the earth ' s history . it ' s really mindboggling . '\nthe new skull from north america , discovered in colorado along with the re - examination of another skull from japan have tripled the number of species in the genus with a greatly expanded geographical range .\naccording to shimada , who played a key role in the study , these species have been named r . purgatoirensis and r . uyenoi , respectively .\nthe research team includes scientists from government , museum , private sector and university careers .\nthey include bruce a . schumacher from the united sates forest service who discovered the new specimen .\nit also includes researchers , jeff liston from the national museum of scotland and anthony maltese from the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\nbet you wish you bought here ! australia ' s top suburb for . . .\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\n' had to post this to show he is still alive ' : horrified . . .\n' i ' m alone ' : harrowing first words in hospital of mother . . .\n' they just didn ' t get it , but they do now ! ' trump shares . . .\npictured : british rugby - playing student , 19 , who drowned . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\nstep inside the tomb of queen nefertari : immersive vr experience reveals the 3 , 000 - year - old artwork of . . .\nworld ' s first floating nation begins selling its own ' vayron ' cryptocurrency ahead of 2022 launch in the . . .\nbeing rich and successful really is in your dna : being dealt the right genes determines whether you get on . . .\nsnapchat is developing a ' visual image search ' that lets you point your camera at an item to see it on . . .\n' we ' re reminded what it ' s like to deal with the force of nature ' : from collecting molten lava in buckets to . . .\na new way to tackle climate change ? heat from underground rivers in london could help cut the capital ' s . . .\namazon is still selling nazi - branded merchandise , despite researchers first warning it about the products . . .\nhas kepler found its last alien world ? nasa reveals its planet hunting space telescope is about to run out . . .\n' like a symphony orchestra turned into light ' : iss astronaut captures lighting and auroras lighting up . . .\npeople who see themselves as albert einstein suddenly think they are smarter : being in the body of someone . . .\nsamsung opens the world ' s largest phone plant in india : 1 . 5 million square foot factory will produce 120 . . .\nhailey baldwin and justin bieber passionately kiss in the bahamas . . . as news of engagement spreads\nkylie jenner flashes underboob and her derriere in sheer orange ensemble . . . one day after revealing she took her lip filler out\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding\nrapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set . . . but he reassures fans he ' s ' alright ' as he recovers in hospital\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nit ' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2 , 999 , but naim ' s uniti atom is a revelation , an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you ' ve probably never heard before .\nafter a day with the iphone x , while face id isn ' t perfect , and the ' notch ' is an annoyance , the iphone x is a glimpse into the future of phones and the best handset of the market by a long way .\nthey aren ' t cheap , but shinola ' s $ 595 foray into headphones are the perfect accessory for design obsessives looking to upgrade their listening habits .\nwith the pixel xl , google has created a handset that is not only the best android device out there , but arguably matches the iphone 8 in terms of design and feel .\napple ' s watch will free you from your phone - while making sure you don ' t suffer the fear of missing out . it ' s a huge step forward , and a compelling reason for the average user to buy a smartwatch .\nwhile the iphone x may have stolen the headlines , in fact the iphone 8 could be the sleeper hit of apple ' s new range , offering the same power as the x but with features and a design users trust .\nwhile the design is impressive and easy to use , the game line up is disappointing .\nnaim ' s incredible mu - so qb takes you back to the good old days - where the music captivates and enthralls , rather that simply being something in the background .\nit might not be a name familiar to the us market , but naim is a legendary british brand hoping to make a splash with the american launch of its $ 1499 mu : so speaker .\npeloton ' s hi - tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it ' s one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ncomanche national grassland - a new fossil has been discovered in southern colorado that ' s being nicknamed a muppetfish .\nit was found in the comanche national grassland in 2013 by dr . bruce schumacher , a paleontologist from the us forest service .\nafter removing the rock and stabilizing the fossil , the dinosaur resource center started ,\njokingly referring to it as \u2018the muppetfish\u2019 after its resemblance to the character beaker .\nthe discovery is being published in the latest issue of the scientific journal cretaceous research .\nsign up for denver7 email alerts to stay informed about breaking news and daily headlines .\nor , keep up - to - date on the latest news and weather with the denver7 apps for iphone / ipads , android and kindle .\nor , keep up - to - date by following denver7 on facebook , instagram and twitter .\ncopyright 2016 scripps media , inc . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten , or redistributed .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nthe discovery of fossilized skulls of a muppet - like cretaceous - age fish is helping researchers learn about its geographical distribution .\na muppet - faced fish with a lanky body more than 6 feet long gulped down plankton in earth ' s ancient oceans about 92 million years ago , a new study finds .\nresearchers identified two new species of the enormous fish , which lived during the cretaceous period , when dinosaurs roamed the world . but like many of its contemporaries , the fish went extinct after an asteroid struck the yucatan peninsula about 66 million years ago .\nwe had no idea back then that the genus was so diverse and so globally distributed ,\nshimada said .\nin 2012 , researchers unearthed a new specimen in southeastern colorado , named r . purgatoirensis for the rugged purgatoire river valley where it was found , shimada said . it took excavators more than 150 hours to remove the ancient skull from the surrounding rocks , he added .\nin the new study , the researchers described the colorado specimen and reanalyzed the fish fossil from hokkaido , japan , which they called r . uyenoi in honor of shimada ' s mentor . the new analyses helped them learn more about ancient sea life , the researchers said .\nthese pachycormids really cornered the market on industrial - scale plankton consumption during the age of the dinosaurs ,\nshimada said .\nthe fish had a highly expandable mouth that perhaps looked like a ' tube ' about 1 foot [ 0 . 3 m ] in diameter to take in a large amount of water to filter feed plankton using its gill apparatus .\nwe have just barely scratched the surface of what was likely a complex ecosystem that existed in oceans during the age of the dinosaurs ,\nshimada said .\nfollow laura geggel on twitter @ laurageggel . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .\nas a senior writer for live science , laura geggel covers general science , including the environment and amazing animals . she has written for the new york times , scholastic , popular science and spectrum , a site covering autism research . laura grew up in seattle and studied english literature and psychology at washington university in st . louis before completing her graduate degree in science writing at nyu . when not writing , you ' ll find laura playing ultimate frisbee . follow laura on\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nenter your login details below . if you do not already have an account you will need to register here .\nonce production of your article has started , you can track the status of your article via track your accepted article .\ncitescore measures the average citations received per document published in this title . citescore values are based on citation counts in a given year ( e . g . 2015 ) to documents published in three previous calendar years ( e . g . 2012 \u2013 14 ) , divided by the number of documents in these three previous years ( e . g . 2012 \u2013 14 ) .\nimpact factor : 2017 : 1 . 928 the impact factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years . 2017 journal citation reports ( clarivate analytics , 2018 )\nfive - year impact factor : 2017 : 2 . 046 to calculate the five year impact factor , citations are counted in 2017 to the previous five years and divided by the source items published in the previous five years . 2017 journal citation reports ( clarivate analytics , 2018 )\nsource normalized impact per paper ( snip ) : 2017 : 0 . 965 snip measures contextual citation impact by weighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field .\nscimago journal rank ( sjr ) : 2017 : 0 . 835 sjr is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same . sjr uses a similar algorithm as the google page rank ; it provides a quantitative and a qualitative measure of the journal\u2019s impact .\nwhen authors co - submit and publish a data article in data in brief , it appears on sciencedirect linked to the original research article in this journal .\nwhen authors co - submit and publish a method article in methodsx , it appears on sciencedirect linked to the original research article in this journal .\nauthor stats : publishing your article with us has many benefits , such as having access to a personal dashboard : citation and usage data on your publications in one place . this free service is available to anyone who has published and whose publication is in scopus .\njames d . witts | neil h . landman | matthew p . garb | caitlin boas | ekaterina larina | remy rovelli | lucy e . edwards | robert m . sherrell | j . kirk cochran\noscar gonz\u00e1lez - le\u00f3n | josep anton moreno - bedmar | francisco j . vega | ang\u00e9lica oviedo - garc\u00eda | miguel franco - rubio\nst\u00e9phane reboulet | ottilia szives | beatriz aguirre - urreta | ricardo barrag\u00e1n | miguel company | camille frau | mikheil v . kakabadze | jaap klein | josep a . moreno - bedmar | alexander lukeneder | antoine pictet | izabela ploch | seyed n . raisossadat | zdenek va\u0161\u00ed\u010dek | evgenij j . baraboshkin | vasily v . mitta\nsally l . potter - mcintyre | jeremy r . breeden | david h . malone\nmatthias sinnesael | niels j . de winter | christophe snoeck | alessandro montanari | philippe claeys\nnew family apotomouridae fam . nov . ( coleoptera : tenebrionoidea ) from lower cenomanian amber of myanmar\ntong bao | katarzyna s . walczy\u0144ska | samantha moody | bo wang | jes rust\nvictor m . giraldo - g\u00f3mez | ibtisam beik | olaf g . podlaha | j\u00f6rg mutterlose\ncamille frau | anthony j . - b . tendil | cyprien lanteaume | jean - pierre masse | antoine pictet | luc g . bulot | tim l . luber | jonathan redfern | jean r . borgomano | philippe l\u00e9onide | fran\u00e7ois fournier | g\u00e9rard massonnat\nm\u00e1rio miguel mendes | eduardo barr\u00f3n | pedro dinis | jacques rey | david j . batten\nartai a . santos | uxue villanueva - amadoz | rafael royo - torres | luis miguel sender | alberto cobos | luis alcal\u00e1 | jos\u00e9 b . diez\ndaran zheng | edmund a . jarzembowski | su - chin chang | bo wang | haichun zhang\ntito aureliano | aline m . ghilardi | pedro v . buck | matteo fabbri | adun samathi | rafael delcourt | marcelo a . fernandes | martin sander\ndaniela e . olivera | marcelo a . mart\u00ednez | carlos zavala | germ\u00e1n othar\u00e1n | denis marchal | guillermina k\u00f6hler\nneil h . landman | brian r . jicha | j . kirk cochran | matthew p . garb | shannon k . brophy | neal l . larson | jamie brezina\nsara saber | joseph j . w . sertich | hesham m . sallam | khaled a . ouda | patrick m . o ' connor | erik r . seiffert\njason a . dunlop | paul a . selden | timo pfeffer | lidia chitimia - dobler\ntaxonomic revision of the genus ichthyosarcolites demarest , 1812 , and description of a new canaliculate rudist from the cenomanian of slovenia : oryxia sulcata gen . et sp . nov . ( bivalvia , hippuritida )\nlulu wu | lianfu mei | yunsheng liu | douglas a . paton | jin luo | lu yu | deliang wang | caizheng min | minghua li | libin guo | hui wen\nlida xing | martin g . lockley | ying guo | hendrik klein | junqiang zhang | li zhang | w . scott persons | anthony romilio | yonggang tang | xiaoli wang\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . careers - terms and conditions - privacy policy\ncookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page ."]}
{"id": 1381, "summary": [{"text": "euperipatoides kanangrensis is a species of velvet worm of the peripatopsidae family , described in 1996 from specimens collected in kanangra-boyd national park , new south wales .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is endemic to australia . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "euperipatoides kanangrensis", "paragraphs": ["collection and culturing of female euperipatoides kanangrensis reid , 1996 was done as described previously ( 48 ) . in situ hybridization was carried out as described by eriksson et al . ( 49 ) .\nneurogenesis in the onychophoran e . kanangrensis does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis .\nhere we show that the onychophoran nervous system is generated by the massive irregular segregation of single neural precursor cells . furthermore , we have identified homologs of the euarthropod achaete - scute , notch , and delta genes in the onychophoran euperipatoides kanangrensis and have analyzed their expression patterns in the embryonic ventral neuroectoderm . the data show that these genes are not regulated in a precise spatiotemporal pattern as in euarthropods , and thus the selection of neural precursors is distinct in the onychophoran .\nin contrast , in e . kanangrensis , a large number of neural precursors segregate from the ventral neuroectoderm . the number and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each hemineuromere within the same embryo and also between embryos of the same stage . these data suggests that the neural precursors in onychophorans segregate in a random , irregular pattern ( fig . s5 a ) . if neural precursors were generated in stereotyped positions , one would expect to see a repetitive pattern in contiguous developmental stages , given the long phase of neurogenesis in e . kanangrensis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nso far , 211 species of velvet worms have been described ( 85 of peripatidae and 126 of peripatopsidae ) , of which 191 are valid species ( 76 of peripatidae and 115 of peripatopsidae ) and 20 represent nomina dubia [ 1\u20139 ] . in addition to extant representatives , the record of unambiguous fossils includes four species with uncertain relationships to the extant taxa [ 10\u201313 ] . in the following , we provide an updated classification and a complete list of species of onychophora , which is based on oliveira et al . [ 1 ] .\nvelvet worms are comparable to\nworms with legs\nthey have an obscurely segmented body with relatively small eyes . they have sensitive antennae used to find food and multiple pairs of legs with slime glands . they catch other smaller insects by entraping them with a mucus lasso . they are unique in that they give birth to live young that go through direct development to become an adult .\ntropical regions in the southern hemisphere . they can most commonly be found hiding in rotting logs during the daytime .\nthe velvet worms are of interest to scientists who study their unique social behavior and reproductive habits .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n\u25ba cleavages are superficial and appear identical to that described in the south - african yolk - less ovoviviparous species . \u25ba the initial positioning of the anterior to posterior axis is not fixed in the egg . \u25ba we propose the terms anterior and posterior part of the blastopore to replace older terms . \u25ba the expression of the gene wingless shows the position of the proctodeum . \u25ba this study has clarified the processes that occur in stage 1 of embryonic development in onychophorans .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\nm . r . s . conceived the project ; dissected , described and interpreted specimens ; and ran the phylogenetic analysis . j . o . - h . led the integration of developmental data into phylogenetic analysis and the interpretation of results . both authors contributed equally to data analysis , discussion of results and manuscript preparation .\ndensity of scaly ornament in a hallucigeniid spine with three constituent elements ( geological survey of canada 136958 ) .\nthis file contains details of character coding for phylogenetic analysis , analytical methodology , and transformations implied by our most parsimonious tree .\nzipped archive containing character matrix in nexus and excel formats , most parsimonious trees for all values of k in nexus format ( all individual trees , plus mpts ) and human - readable pdf format ( mpts only ) , and tnt script used to generate trees .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nedited by thomas c . kaufman , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved november 10 , 2010 ( received for review june 28 , 2010 )\nthe formation of neural precursors is first evident in the ventral neuroectoderm at late stage ii [ stages after walker and tait ( 33 ) ] , when the head and the first five trunk segments have formed . single cells delaminate from the neuroectoderm and form a loose basal layer between the outer ectoderm and the inner mesoderm ( fig . 1 a ) . due to the segregation of additional neural precursors , the basal layer increases to about two cells in width but does not expand further during neurogenesis ( fig . 1 b and c ) . in the basal position , the neural precursors divide to generate smaller intermediate neural precursors ( fig . 1 b ) . the latter form a second basal layer of approximately three to four cells in width , and the innermost intermediate neural precursors differentiate into neural cells . neurons extend their processes into the most basal lateral area of the developing hemi - neuromeres to form the neuropile ( fig . 1 d ) . during neurogenesis , the basal area of differentiating neurons expands , whereas the size of the neural precursor and intermediate neural precursor layers remains the same ( fig . 1 e ) . we detected segregating neural precursors in all stages of neurogenesis , indicating that the layer of segregated neural precursors is continuously replenished .\nwe observed scattered mitotic divisions in all layers of the developing neuromeres except for the basal layers of differentiating neural cells ( fig . 2 ) . large mitotic cells are visible in the ventral neuroectoderm that are partially aligned in longitudinal and diagonal rows ( fig . 2 a and c ) . the segregated neural precursors seem to divide equally to generate two smaller intermediate precursor cells ( fig . 2 g , inset ) . the intermediate neural precursors also proliferate , but are considerably smaller than the dividing neural precursors and neuroectodermal cells ( fig . 2 b ) .\nwe have analyzed the distribution of neural precursors that can clearly be identified by their position basal to the neuroectoderm , their rounded shape , and the accumulation of f - actin in the cell cortex ( fig . 2 d\u2013g and fig . s1 ) . at early stages , the neural precursors segregate from all areas of the ventral neuroectoderm ( fig . 2 h ) . however , the formation of neural precursors becomes restricted to the center of the developing hemineuromeres during further development ( fig . 2 g and i\u2013k ) , resulting in the generation of ganglion anlagen , which can clearly be distinguished as metameric units ( fig . 2 b and c ) . the number ( ranging from \u223c60 to > 100 ) and arrangement of neural precursors is different in each developing hemineuromere within the same embryo but also between embryos of the same stage ( fig . 2 h\u2013k ) .\n( a\u2013f ) expression pattern of ekash . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a\u2013d ) and transverse sections ( e and f ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekash probe ; anterior is toward the left in a\u2013d , dorsal is toward the top in e and f . ( a and b ) ventral views show that ekash expression is homogeneous in the neuroectoderm . transcripts are up - regulated in segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . circles indicate the position of the limb buds . arrowheads in b indicate the area between the neuromeres which shows low / absent levels of ekash . ( c and d ) sagittal views show that ekash is expressed at low , homogenous levels in the neuroectoderm but is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrows ) . arrowhead indicates the area between the developing neuromeres . ( e and f ) ekash is strongly expressed in the segregated neural precursors ( arrow in e ) and the intermediate precursors ( arrowhead in f ) . l1 to l4 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1\u20134 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : 100 \u03bcm in a , 100 \u03bcm in b , 50 \u03bcm in c , and 50 \u03bcm in e and f . )\n( a\u2013e ) expression pattern of ekdelta . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a\u2013e ) and transverse sections ( e ) of embryos stained with a dig - labeled ekdelta probe ; anterior is toward the left in a\u2013d , dorsal is toward the top in e . ( a\u2013c ) ekdelta is strongly expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . expression is lower between the developing neuromeres ( arrowheads ) . ekdelta is expressed in the sensory organ precursors . ( d ) sagittal view of a stage ii embryo shows that ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm , segregated neural precursors , and mesoderm . arrowheads indicate area between segments . ( e ) at stage iv , ekdelta is expressed in the ventral neuroectoderm and segregated ( arrows ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowheads ) l1 to l6 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 1\u20136 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; sop , sensory organ precursors ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a . 100 \u03bcm ; b , 50 \u03bcm ; c , 100 \u03bcm ; d , 50 \u03bcm ; and e , 50 \u03bcm . )\n( a\u2013c ) expression pattern of eknotch . light micrographs of flat preparations ( a and b ) and transverse section ( c ) of embryos stained with dig - labeled eknotch probe ; anterior is toward the left in a and c ; dorsal is toward the top in b . ( a and c ) eknotch is expressed homogenously in the ventral neuroectoderm ( arrows ) . ( b ) in addition , eknotch is expressed in the segregated ( arrow ) and intermediate neural precursors ( arrowhead ) , the neuropile and the most basal differentiating neurons ( small arrowheads ) , and the mesoderm ( small arrows ) . l1 , l9 to l11 , developing neuromeres of walking leg segments 9\u201311 ; ml , ventral midline ; ms , mesoderm ; vne , ventral neuroectoderm . ( scale bars : a and c , 100 \u03bcm ; b , 50 \u03bcm . )\nour data demonstrate that neurogenesis in onychophorans does largely not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis . in all four euarthropod groups , neural precursors are generated at stereotyped positions despite the differences in neural precursor formation ( npgs versus neuroblasts ) . in each hemineuromere , a fixed set of \u223c30 npgs / neuroblasts segregates in a pattern that is similar in all euarthropod representatives that have been analyzed ( 35 , 36 ) ( fig . s5 b\u2013d ) . the conservation strongly suggests that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods .\nwe conclude that the selection of neural precursors , as well as their arrangement and number , are conserved in all four euarthropod groups , suggesting that this pattern has been present in the last common ancestor of euarthropods , although onychophorans do not share these neural characters .\nsecond , the formation of neural precursor groups in many areas of drosophila neurogenesis strongly suggests that npgs are part of the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis and therefore cannot be used to resolve euarthropod relationships . the pars intercerebralis and pars lateralis , for example , are part of the central neuroendocrine system in the drosophila brain and derive from npgs that invaginate and become attached to the brain primordium ( 37 ) . additional examples are the stomatogastric nervous system , which is generated by three large npgs , the bilateral invaginations of the optic primordium and the generation of large precursor groups in the developing polyclonal sensory organs of drosophila ( 38 \u2013 40 ) .\nfinally , based on the following data , we suggest that the exclusive generation of neural cells from the central area of the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represents an ancestral character of arthropod neurogenesis . first , in onychophorans , this mode of neurogenesis can be observed in the ventral protocerebral primordium . in this area , the whole neuroectoderm becomes internalized and forms vesicles that have been termed hypocerebral organs . neural precursors continue to segregate from the hypocerebral organs after their invagination ( 24 ) . second , in drosophila , the embryonic procephalic neuroectoderm that generates the larval brain neuromeres generates almost exclusively neural cells . the epidermis extends over the brain primordium during head involution ( 41 ) . furthermore , fundamental differences in the formation of epidermal cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of insects and malacostracans suggest that the capacity to generate epidermal and neural cells has evolved independently in insects and crustaceans . in insects , the cells that remain in the neuroectodermal layer after segregation of the neuroblasts develop into epidermis . in contrast , in malacostracans , neuroblasts remain in the neuroectoderm and can generate both neural and epidermal cells ( 13 , 28 ) .\nbased on the data presented here , we suggest the following evolutionary scenario of arthropod neurogenesis . in the last common ancestor of arthropods , the nervous system was generated by a massive irregular segregation of individual neural precursor cells ( fig . s6 ) . proneural genes might have been expressed homogeneously in the whole neurogenic area to confer neural potential to all cells . we speculate that the whole neurogenic area exclusively generated neural precursors , similar to the case in chelicerates , myriapods , and the brain primordia of drosophila and onychophorans .\ncell proliferation might have occurred mainly in the neuroectoderm . individual neural precursors became postmitotic , segregated from the ventral neurectoderm and directly differentiated into neural cells . this hypothesis is supported by the nature of the neural precursors in chelicerates and myriapods . in both euarthropod groups , the npgs are postmitotic and directly differentiate into neural cells after their segregation . this ancestral state has been retained in the stomatogastric nervous system of drosophila melanogaster , which is generated by neural precursors that invaginate as large groups and directly differentiate into neurons ( 38 ) . the hypothetical ancestral state is further supported by recent data on neurogenesis in an annelid ( 42 ) . annelids belong to the lophotrochozans , which are a sister group to the ecdysozoa [ e . g . , arthropods , nematodes ( 43 ) ] . in the polychaete capitella sp . i , one to several adjacent neural precursors delaminate from the procephalic neuroectoderm . the neural precursors do not divide after their delamination ; rather , they directly differentiate into neural cells . thus , subsequent stages of neurogenesis must have diverged in the lineage leading to the onychophorans , such as mitotic divisions of the segregated neural precursor cells , the evolution of intermediate neural precursors , and the generation of epidermal and neural cells from the ventral neuroectoderm .\nif we assume that the presented evolutionary sequence is correct , we would have to conclude that neuroblasts have gradually evolved from npgs . there is indeed evidence from intermediate states that supports this theory . in the centipede strigamia maritima , all cells of a npg are attached to a single cell of the group rather than to the apical surface as in chelicerates and millipedes ( 14 ) . this cell expresses higher levels of delta transcripts as compared with the remaining cells of the group . thus , delta / notch signaling seems to generate single cells with distinct properties within the npgs in strigamia , although the whole group eventually invaginates and gives rise to neural cells . furthermore , in the basal insect schistocerca americana , groups of four to eight cells are selected in the ventral neuroectoderm ( 12 ) . one cell of the group , the neuroblast , delaminates , whereas the remaining cells of the group differentiate into a cap cell and sheath cells that surround the neuroblast and its lineage .\nour data on onychophoran neural precursor formation contradict neither the mandibulata nor the myriochelata hypothesis . however , we suggest that the invagination of npgs and the exclusive generation of neural cells in the ventral neuroectoderm of chelicerates and myriapods represent plesiomorphic characters that cannot be used to support the myriochelata hypothesis . furthermore , the deployment of onychophoran characters for outgroup comparison has to be considered carefully . crown - group euarthropods and probable stem - group onychophorans already existed in the early cambrian period ( 46 \u2013 48 ) . hence , the onychophoran lineage must have had a long evolutionary history diverged from the euarthropod stem lineage . therefore , extant onychophorans might not show the ancestral state of neurogenesis without modifications . indeed , our data show that the development of the nervous system in onychophorans largely does not reflect the ancestral pattern of euarthropod neurogenesis ; rather , it seems to show a mixture of derived characters and ancestral characters that have been present in the last common ancestor of arthropods but have been modified in the euarthropod lineage .\nfor the detection of f - actin , we used alexa phalloidin 488 ( invitrogen ) ; 2 u dissolved in 10 \u03bcl methanol was evaporated to remove the methanol and then resuspended in 200 \u03bcl pbs and added to the embryos . after 1 h , the embryos were washed in pbs and used for imaging . to detect mitotic cells , we used the polyclonal rabbit anti - alpha phospo histone 3 antibody ( sigma ) diluted 1 : 200 times in pbs with 0 . 5 % bsa and 0 . 1 % triton \u00d7100 . antibody incubation was done as described in eriksson and budd ( 50 ) .\nwe thank the members of the a . s . laboratory for continuous stimulating discussions and petra ungerer for critical comments on the manuscript . we are grateful to edina balczo for excellent technical support . we thank noel tait for help with collecting animals . this work was supported by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council .\nauthor contributions : a . s . designed research ; b . j . e . performed research ; a . s . contributed new reagents / analytic tools ; b . j . e . and a . s . analyzed data ; and a . s . wrote the paper .\ndata deposition : the sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( accession nos . ekash , gu954550 ; ekdelta , gu954551 ; and eknotch , gu954552 ) .\nearly events in insect neurogenesis . i . development and segmental differences in the pattern of neuronal precursor cells\ndevelopment of paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . ( entwicklung von paraperipatus amboinensis n . sp . )\nformation and differentiation of the postnaupliar germ band of diastylis rathkei ( crustacea , cumacea ) ii . differentiation and pattern formation of the ectoderm ( translated from german )\nstudies on the onychophora . vii . the early embryonic stages of peripatopsis , and some general considerations concerning the morphology and phylogeny of the arthropoda\nneurogenesis in an annelid : characterization of brain neural precursors in the polychaete capitella sp . i\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section specifies the position and type of each dna - binding domain present within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / dna _ bind ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / coiled ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ebda843 - e6da - 4d7a - a001 - db964884e7fa\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c2f2994 - 3515 - 4a20 - 9a65 - d08030739f5c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 450341\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 1386, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena terminata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by ray in 1946 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena terminata", "paragraphs": ["larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ntip . you can look up words , expressions , names , titles . . .\ncouldn ' t select : table ' searchdictionaries . pangrams _ list ' doesn ' t exist\nkiwa nederland bv sir w\u00ecnston churchilllaan 273 . . . - cappellotto s . r . l .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1388, "summary": [{"text": "ebaziya ( foaled 18 march 1989 ) is a retired irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse and mare who won three listed races .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a broodmare , she has bred four individual group 1 winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "ebaziya", "paragraphs": ["enzeli was sired by kahyasi out of the dam ebaziya enzeli was foaled on 01 of january in 1995 .\nebaziya joined the true broodmare greats when daughter , estimate , won thursday\u2019s gp1 gold for her majesty the queen . in doing so , estimate became , not only the second gold cup winner produced by her dam , but the fourth individual gp1 winner ! ebaziya ( darshaan ) is the first since feemoss ( levmoss , le moss ) to have produced two individual gold cup winners .\nestimate\u2019s dam ebaziya had ironically been an 80th birthday present to the queen , a keen racehorse breeder , from the aga khan who remains synonymous with the ill - fated shergar\u2019s success in the 1981 epsom derby .\nother mares to have bred more than one gold cup winner include astronomie , trimestral and barbelle . what makes ebaziya\u2019s feat of breeding four individual g1 winners remarkable is that they are by four different sires from three different sire lines .\nezallis dam ezilla and estimates dam ebaziya are full sisters by the great broodmare sire darshaan , and so are lettre spirituelles dam epistole and simenons dam epistoliere ( both by alzao ) . simenon will now be aimed at the melbourne cup .\nthe first presentation of the evening was the irish field \u201cblue hen\u201d award , won by william mcneile from the united kingdom , who was presented with a cheque for \u20ac250 and trophy for his article on ebaziya which will be published in the irish field in the coming weeks .\nthe aga khan bred filly estimate ( by monsun ex ebaziya ) wins the ascot gold cup for the queen and sir michael stoute . second is the tough simenon ( marju ex epistoliere ) , trained by willie mullins , johnny murtagh up and third is joerg vasiceks top trip .\nebaziya ( ire ) b . f , 1989 { 13 - c } dp = 3 - 2 - 7 - 2 - 12 ( 26 ) di = 0 . 49 cd = - 0 . 69 - 9 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 72 , 604\ngiven her race record , estimate naturally owns the potential to become a pivotal mare for the royal studs . however , she is also supported by an extremely strong family that descends from albanilla , also the ancestress of darshaan ; bred by the aga khan\u2019s studs , estimate is out of ebaziya and therefore a half - sister to g1 winners ebadiyla , enzeli and edabiya .\ntaghrooda\u2019s dam ezima is the product of an oft - tried and highly successful cross , as she\u2019s by sadler\u2019s wells out of a mare by darshaan . ezima did her bit for the nick\u2019s statistics winning three irish listed races at up to 14f . ezima is very closely related to an even better product of the sadler\u2019s wells / darshaan cross , in the irish oaks - gr . 1 and grand prix de paris - gr . 1 heroine ebadiyla , who is out of ebaziya , a sister to ezima\u2019s dam ezilla .\nebaziya is dam of two other very good performers in enzeli and estimate , who both recorded success in england\u2019s premier stamina contest , the 20f ascot gold cup - gr . 1 . ezilla was bred by park place international , but she has a strong aga khan / marcel boussac background , as not only was her sire darshaan , bred by his highness from a boussac family , but ezilla\u2019s dam ezana , was also bred by the aga khan out of evisa , a half - sister to darshaan\u2019s third dam marilla . this is a branch of boussac\u2019s most famous family , that of frizette , also eventually ancestress of mr . prospector and seattle slew .\nthis website uses cookies cookies are small text files held on your computer . they allow us to give you the best browsing experience possible and mean we can understand how you use our site . some cookies have already been set . you can delete and block cookies but parts of our site won ' t work without them . by using our website you accept our use of cookies . no , i want to find out more yes , i agree\nn . 18 urltoken dariyan ex masaola , bred by mr and mrs renk .\nhe is a nice strong foal , he is well developed and we\u2019re very happy with him .\ngeorges rimaud\nowner : his highness the aga khan ' s studs s c breeder : h . h . aga khan winnings : 9 starts : 4 - 2 - 2 , $ 72 , 604 1st ballysax s . , oyster s . , trigo s . 2nd killavullan s . ( gr . 3 ) 3rd blandford s . ( gr . 2 ) only mare in history to produce 4 individual group 1 winners ; dahlia produced a mix of 4 group 1 and grade 1 winners . ( close )\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below . facebook app : open links in external browser\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\nno nay never is a member of the third crop of leading freshman sire , scat daddy , who is also sire of u . s . graded scorers lady of shamrock ( gr . i ) , handsome mike , daddy nose best , finale , shared property , scatman and dice flavor , as well as daddy long legs , a group / graded winner in england and dubai . no nay never is out of the elusive quality mare , cat\u2019s eye witness , a half - sister to graded stakes winning sprinter / miler cat\u2019s career . the second dam , comical cat , was by the stayer , exceller , but was herself very speedy ( showing the vagaries of genetics when it comes to distance ) . she\u2019s from a john c . mabee family , and half - sister to half a year , who took the st . james\u2019s palace stakes ( gr . ii ) at royal ascot , and to the dam of event of the year .\nrated truenicks a + before his win , no nay never is one of four stakes winners from only 21 starters by scat daddy from gone west line mares , the others including scatman , and el bromista , a chilean juvenile who clocked 1 : 33 and change while taking a grade one event over a mile last weekend . scat daddy is out of a mare by mr . prospector , and no nay never is one of seven stakes winners from 67 starters by scat daddy out of mares by sons or grandsons of mr . prospector . we can note that scat daddy is a northern dancer / mr . prospector cross , and his dam is a reverse of that cross , as is no nay never\u2019s broodmare sire , elusive quality .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngiant ' s causeway ( usa ) - dahlias krissy ( usa ) by kris s .\n1845 - 1853 called the emperor ' s plate . in 1917 - 18 run at newmarket as the newmarket gold cup . between 1941 - 1944 the race was run at newmarket at a 2 1 / 4 mile distance . in 2005 the ascot races were held at yorkshire . in 1920 buchan finished first , but was disqualified ; in 1971 the purse was taken away from the winner , rock roi , and awarded to random shot , the second place runner .\nracing and breeding information supplied by france galop , the us jockey club and weatherbys group limited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nyou must confirm your email address by clicking on the link we\u2019ve sent to your email address .\nyou are only one short step away from reading 5 free field + articles .\nyes , i agree to receiving communications by email from the the irish field in relation to my membership , including editorial content and new marketing products and services from the the irish field .\nby registering an account you agree to our privacy policy and terms of service .\nthe queen welcomes her ascot gold cup winner estimate ( photo : carolinenorris . ie )\nget full unlimited access to our content and archive . subscribe to the irish field\nunlimited access to the irish field via your computer , mobile device , tablet or newspaper delivered to your door .\nswordlestown little naas county kildare ireland tel . + 00 353 ( 0 ) 45 895610 fax . + 00 353 ( 0 ) 45 895612\nroyal ascot is still in full swing but the most thrilling race of the meeting for us has been run yesterday . update : irish kind wins at maisons - laffitte and is khatelas second winner of the week !\nboth our new mares ezalli and lettre spirituelle have a pedigree update after yesterdays thrilling victory of estimate in the ascot gold cup and simenons courageous second place . this was the first win for her majesty in this historic race and her first group 1 winner since 1977 when dunfermline won the st leger . she now has owned an amazing total of 22 royal ascot winners since her first one which was choir boy in 1953 and most of them were homebred as well .\nbut our warmest congratulations go to diana and joerg vasicek who own the beautiful and hugely successful kenilworth house stud near clonmel . what an achievement to own and breed one of the best current young staying horses in top trip ( dubai destination ex topka by kahyasi ) .\njune is shaping into a lucky months for us and our homebreds continue to run well . busted tycoon notched up a hat - trick when winning very easily again in uttoxeter on wednesday . congratulations to trainer tony martin , rider denis o regan and owner john breslin . bluebell ( owned by coolmore and trained by aidan o brien ) who won her maiden at limerick last week will be seen in stakes company next .\nupdate : khatela follows up with her second winner of the week in the shape of irish kind by cape cross , who wins a conditions race at maisons - laffitte this afternoon . congratulations to trainer m delcher sanchez , owners sunday horses club and rider stephane pasquier . this is our fourth win in the space twelve days !\nbluebell in action at limerick last week and at goffs in february 2012 . time flies . . . .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nwith promising 3 - year - old light music among those waiting in the wings for the queen this season , 2016 has the potential to become one of the most interesting in the history of the royal studs .\nthere has already been cause for celebration at the stud this year through the arrival of a dubawi foal out of estimate . the colt is the first foal out of his dam , who provided one of the iconic moments of 2013 when carrying the queen\u2019s colours to victory in the ascot gold cup .\na particularly tough and talented stayer , the daughter of monsun was also trained by sir michael stoute to win the doncaster cup , sagaro stakes and queen\u2019s vase .\n\u201cher majesty has inspected estimate\u2019s foal , \u201d says her racing advisor john warren , \u201cand was absolutely thrilled as he is a strong , healthy , correct and attractive individual . \u201d\nin an industry that relies increasingly on sadler\u2019s wells and danehill blood , the fact she is a daughter of monsun also makes her an interesting mate for a variety of stallions . similar comments apply to her background , which contains no northern dancer \u2013 a rarity in today\u2019s era .\nwhile estimate ( pictured with her foal ) is set to return to dubawi this season , another high - profile resident , top australian sprinter sweet idea , is booked to galileo .\nsweet idea joined the stud late last year in a purchase facilitated by the sale of queen\u2019s homebred peacock , a royal winner of the fairway stakes in may , to hong kong .\ntrained by gai waterhouse , sweet idea was a major flagbearer for arrowfield stud\u2019s snitzel \u2013 currently one of the most popular stallions in australia - as an eight - time winner who banked just over a $ 2 . 4 million in prize - money . she enjoyed her finest moment when the wide - margin winner of last season\u2019s g1 galaxy at rosehill but was also a multiple g2 winner who ran placed in the g1 golden slipper stakes , g1 coolmore classic , g1 memsie stakes and g1 myer classic .\n\u201cthe queen sent carlton house to race in australia several years ago and currently has bold sniper in training there , so i\u2019ve been a regular visitor down there in recent seasons , \u201d says warren . \u201cso sweet idea was a horse who came to our attention . she ticks all the boxes \u2013 she\u2019s a mare of g1 calibre who was a top 2 - year - old but also trained on to win at group level at three and four .\n\u201cshe also nicks brilliantly with galileo as a daughter of snitzel , a grandson of danehill . \u201d\nsweet idea\u2019s pedigree also lends itself to another of europe\u2019s super sires , as warren explains : \u201cshe\u2019s out of a mare by timber country and he is from the same fall aspen family as dubai millennium [ sire of dubawi ] . so sending her to dubawi in the future gives us some quite interesting inbreeding . \u201d\nsweet idea is out of the g3 - placed flidais , also the dam of listed winner rush as well as a snitzel yearling colt who realised a $ 1 . 1 million to dean hawthorne at last month\u2019s magic millions gold coast yearling sale . her granddam is g1 winner electronic .\nthanks to the recent additions of estimate and sweet idea to the broodmare band , it can be argued that the royal studs has rarely been in ruder health . but the stud is also home to memory , the g2 cherry hinton stakes and g3 albany stakes winner , whose first foal , recorder , looked potentially top class for william haggas when winning last year\u2019s g3 acomb stakes at york .\nunfortunately , the son of galileo was ruled out of the remainder of last season by injury and continues to remain on the sidelines for now . however , haggas\u2019 yard does house a potentially exciting 3 - year - old for the queen in the filly light music . by elusive quality out of listed winner medley , she broke her maiden by 14 lengths at leicester and later followed up in the listed radley stakes at newbury , in which she showed a brave attitude to repel another of the queen\u2019s homebreds , make fast , by a neck .\nthe general consensus following that race was that light music didn\u2019t appreciate the prevailing soft ground at newbury . with that in mind , it wouldn\u2019t be a surprise to see her acquit herself well in good company once she returns to a sound surface this season .\nsince the vault first published , it has been my goal to research and write about the development of the thoroughbred and the sport in australia and new zealand . while the story of phar lap is universal and the exploits of the incomparable black caviar and so you think turned world attention to thoroughbreds from \u201cdown under , \u201d these contemporary champions are only the most recent in a star - studded history . in fact , australia and new zealand have produced absolutely brilliant individuals that could hold their own in the company of great thoroughbreds anywhere and the history of how these stars came to be is rich and fascinating . as well , uncovering some of this history has only reinforced my sense of how intermingled the families of thoroughbreds are worldwide and how these connections have brought us the individuals who light up the turf from great britain to the usa to india to japan today .\nthis , then , is the first of a series on thoroughbreds from australia and new zealand and begins , quite properly , with a thumbnail history of the origins of the sport .\n( note : being canadian and having few contacts in either australia or new zealand , it has been very difficult trying to discern what books to buy that would give me a good history of the australian and new zealand thoroughbred , including significant people as well as thoroughbred champions . any suggestions from vault readers would be deeply appreciated ! )\nthe horse wasn\u2019t indigenous to australia , but with the arrival of british colonists it quickly became an essential component of settling the \u201cnew\u201d land ( i . e . \u201cnew\u201d to the settlers , that is ) .\nas is the case worldwide , the australian and new zealand ( aus + nz ) thoroughbred owes its origins to great britain , where the breed originated . however , aus + nz have a history of close collaboration in the development of their thoroughbred horse , much like that of england and ireland . although often lumped together for this reason , aus + nz are , of course , different cultures with different histories , even though australians have embraced new zealand - bred champions as their own . to this day , prestigious trainers like bart cummings ( so you think , kingston rule , saintly and countless other great individuals ) visit the new zealand bloodstock sales looking for future stars \u2014 and they are seldom disappointed .\nthere are , of course , differences in the breed and the sport itself in aus + nz that make comparison with other countries difficult , if not impossible . in the southern hemisphere ( sh ) , a thoroughbred\u2019s birthdate is august 1 , not january 1 as it is in the northern hemisphere ( nh ) . in other words , in any given year , a nh thoroughbred is more than half a year older than a sh thoroughbred . the best way to compare individuals has always been to race them against each other , but sh horses have historically done poorly when shifted to nh climes , and vice versa . there have been a few exceptions , of course , but they are too few and far between to aid in any serious comparison . even black caviar seemed at a distinct disadvantage at royal ascot ; the same might be said of so you think , a great champion in his native australia who adjusted rather poorly to his new digs at ballydoyle .\nanother unique feature of aus + nz racing is that geldings are invited to run in classic races . and a good thing , too , since a number of aus + nz\u2019s greatest thoroughbreds have been geldings , among them the mighty phar lap , who was bred and born in new zealand and became one of australia\u2019s best - loved thoroughbreds during the depression era .\nso you think , a two - time winner of the cox plate , was equine royalty in australia before he was shifted from trainer bart cummings to ballydoyle in ireland . despite his victories in great britain , can we say that we really saw the true so you think ?\nchampion skyline ( 1955 ) typified the \u201clook\u201d of the aus + nz thoroughbred which focuses on \u201csolid and sensible . \u201d however , with the recent appetite for speed , we are inclined to wonder if that \u201clook\u201d with its emphasis on stamina is undergoing a qualitative shift .\nthis painting of hector is an indication of the significance of his arrival to aus in 1830 . the travel companions were also known as old hector and old northumberland respectively , making the tracing of their influence even more complex .\nby 1840 the australian racing committee was formed , re - named the australian jockey club ( ajc ) in 1842 . in keeping with their mission to nurture the development of a unique aus thoroughbred , one known for strength and stamina , the ajc inaugurated and organized a program of classic races , the chief among them the vjc derby ( aus oldest derby ) , the ajc derby and the melbourne , sydney , brisbane and caulfield cups . all of the races accepted into the classic program were at distances of 1 . 5 miles or better . other states and jurisdictions in australia developed their own racing clubs in the 19th century , including victoria , which inaugurated its own victoria jockey club in 1864 , as well as queensland , southern and western australia and the island of tasmania . by 1883 , 192 racing clubs were registered with the ajc .\nanother important early influence was fisherman ( 1853 ) , a british stallion imported by hurtle fisher in 1860 to stand at his stud in victoria , maribyrnong .\nfisherman ( 1853 ) was one of the foundation sires of the aus + nz thoroughbred . he is depicted here by the great equine artist , john frederick herring , sr .\nif ever a horse was the incarnation of stamina and strength , it had to be fisherman who , during his racing career , won 70 races , including 21 wins from 35 starts in a single racing season . winner of 26 queen\u2019s plate trophies and two ascot gold cups , fisherman on the occasion of his win of the first gold cup , was rewarded by being saddled up the very next day to run in the 3 + m queen\u2019s plate \u2014 which he won stylishly , ears pricked . fisherman was one of the best british stayers of the nineteenth century and it was little wonder he exercised such a potent influence on the aus + nz thoroughbred : in a short 5 seasons before his death , the champion sired 10 stakes winners and his progeny boasted a total of 25 stakes wins .\nnew zealand began to import its earliest thoroughbreds from new south wales ( aus ) in the 1840\u2019s - 1850\u2019s , having been infected by the \u201cracing bug\u201d through the commerce and exchange with its larger australasian neighbour . what new zealand brought to the table was a lush , fertile environment for raising horses , in contrast to the markedly small territory that australia could offer , given its vast reaches of dry , arable land . by 1890 , nz racing had been organized under a central authority when all of its racing clubs were affiliated with the nz racing conference . what began as the influence of one neighbour upon another continues between aus + nz to this day , a recent example being m . j . moran and piper farm\u2019s ( nz ) superstar , so you think , who quickly earned the love and respect of australian racegoers . so you think is just one of many champions to travel from nz to aus , where they earned the love and loyalty of a racing public who would never forget them .\nstill another sire of great importance to the flourishing of the breed in new zealand was traducer ( 1857 ) , a son of the libel ( 1842 ) who was imported in 1862 . despite his reputedly savage temperament , traducer got 9 winners of the nz derby and another 8 winners of the canterbury cup , a weight - for - age race run over a 2 . 5 m course .\nblink bonny : the peerless daughter of melbourne , won both the epsom derby and oaks in 1857 .\nthe amazing musket , who had won at distances up to 3m , would give the nz thoroughbred a world - class status .\nas great as were musket\u2019s gifts on the turf , in the breeding shed he lent his superb genes to sons trenton ( 1881 ) and martini - henry ( 1880 ) . from the latter would descend the 1946 epsom derby winner , nimbus ( 1943 ) , and the superb grey sovereign ( 1948 ) , twice leading sire in france . the brilliant trenton excelled at stud , producing 404 winners over 9 seasons ; a daughter , rosaline ( 1901 ) , became the grandam of the great british sire , gainsborough ( 1915 ) .\nbut musket\u2019s most superb gift of all came in 1885 , when carbine was foaled .\nwallace was the best of carbine\u2019s sons born in australia and an important sire there . painting by martin stainforth\nat welbeck abbey , carbine continued his career as a sire of champions , the arguably most famous among these being the english derby and grand prix de paris winner , spearmint ( 1902 ) . although of delicate constitution himself , spearmint became a sire of classic winners . he also turned out to be a brilliant bm sire . among other spearmint progeny : the great sire chicle ( 1913 ) who sired america\u2019s mother goose ( 1922 ) and was the bm sire of shut out ( 1939 ) ; the 1920 epsom derby winner spion kop ( 1917 ) ; johren ( 1915 ) , winner of the belmont stakes in 1918 and an american hoty ; the 1922 st leger stakes winner royal lancer ( 1919 ) ; as well as spike island ( 1919 ) , winner of the 1922 irish derby ; the exceptional filly fausta ( 1911 ) , winner of the 1914 italian derby and oaks ; and spelthorne ( 1922 ) , winner of the 1925 irish st leger stakes .\ncarbine\u2019s best british son was spearmint . although a fragile runner with poor legs , spearmint\u2019s progeny were noted for their classic lines and it was he more than any other carbine progeny who assured his sire\u2019s place in the development of the thoroughbred .\nspearmint\u2019s daughter , plucky liege , exerted an enormous influence on the breed through her sons bull dog and sir gallahad iii .\nnext time : the series continues with a look at some of the greatest aus + nz champion thoroughbreds in the first part of the twentieth century .\nnote : the vault is a non - profit website . we make every effort to honour copyright for the photographs used in our articles . it is not our policy to use the property of any photographer without his / her permission , although the task of sourcing photographs is hugely compromised by the social media , where many photographs prove impossible to trace . please do not hesitate to contact the vault regarding any copyright concerns . thank you .\nroyal ascot is about to open and in 2014 will host a veritable who\u2019s - who of the british and european turf . an exciting twist for american racing fans is provided by the entry of rosalind , trained by kenny mcpeek , in either the ribblesdale stakes on june 19 or the coronation stakes on friday , june 20 . in addition , verrazano , now in training with aidan o\u2019brien , will be starting in either the queen anne ( june 17 ) or the prince of wales ( june 18 ) stakes .\nrosalind is set to make her uk debut in either the ribblesdale or the coronation stakes . both of these races are designed for fillies .\nimpossible as it is to focus on every horse entered at royal ascot , there are several who have become familiar names to racing fans worldwide . keeping our readership and their needs in mind , we have focused on a few of the star - studded cast who will assemble at royal ascot next week . at the time of this writing , the fields were still not quite set and since several of the entries described below remain co - entered in two different races , readers are encouraged to go to the racing post site for royal ascot to check the racing cards early next week : urltoken\narc winner , treve , is set to kick off in the prince of wales stakes on wednesday , june 18 in what will be her first start on british soil . last seen in neck - to - neck combat with the outstanding cirrus des aigles in april at longchamps in the prix ganay ( below ) , which treve lost by a whisker in her first - ever defeat , trainer cricket head - maarek\u2019s champion seems ready to add another jewel to her crown next week .\nas satisfying as it will be for head - maarek to see her great mare return to the winner\u2019s circle at ascot , the prince of wales is thought to be a prep race for treve who\u2019s real objective is likely to be the 1 million purse in the king george vi and queen elizabeth ii stakes at ascot in july , where it is very possible that she will meet up with derby winner , australia . from there , if all goes well , treve will defend her title in the 2015 prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . if anyone can get her through this arduous campaign it is head - maarek , a trainer of no small merit who hails from the family of freddie head , trainer of the brilliant goldikova . here is treve in - training prior to the prix ganay , with commentary from the distinguished jockey , frankie dettori , who has ridden some of the greatest thoroughbreds of the last twenty years .\nthe prince of wales is shaping up to be a solid race including aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s 2013 epsom derby winner , ruler of the world , john gosden\u2019s globetrotting mare , the fugue , the william haggas - trained mukhadram , second in last year\u2019s dubai world cup , and dank , trained by sir michael stoute , last seen by north america in her record - setting run in the breeders cup filly and mare turf in november 2013 ( below ) . ( note : ruler of the world is co - entered in the hardwicke stakes , saturday , june 21st . check on monday , june 16 to see where he is going . )\nof particular interest to american racing fans will be the entry of verrazano , last year\u2019s winner of the wood memorial , who is now being trained by aidan o\u2019brien . o\u2019brien reports that he is pleased with verrazano\u2019s progress to date . the 4 year - old made his first start for o\u2019brien at newberry in may , where he finished a very respectable third to champion olympic glory in the jlt lockinge stakes ( below ) . ( note : verrazano is co - entered in the queen anne stakes which will run on tuesday , june 17 . verrazano fans should check at on the weekend or monday , june 16 when the entries should be finalized for june 17 . )\nolympic glory ( shown in video above in connection with verrazano ) is another champion who has won very consistently over 13 career starts for trainer , richard hannon . a son of choisir , the first australian - trained horse to win at royal ascot ( 2003 ) who became almost as famous for his weird headgear , olympic glory carries \u201cthe danehill gene\u201d that never seems to disappoint . accordingly , the colt has won seven times in france and england , and was seen last year at royal ascot winning the queen elizabeth ii stakes ( below ) . despite coming in 4th at longchamps to the mighty cirrus des aigles , expect olympic glory to be well in the mix on opening day .\nchoisir , the sire of olympic glory , shown here winning the golden jubilee stakes at royal ascot in 2003 . choisir was as famous for his headgear as he was for his immense talent .\nperhaps the most heartwarming moment of last year\u2019s royal ascot was the delight of hm the queen as she greeted her filly , estimate , in the winner\u2019s enclosure after the gold cup .\nit\u2019s a fair guess that aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s leading light will push estimate to the limit if he can get the distance . successful at navan in may , the son of montjeu has only lost twice in 8 starts . out of the gone wes t mare , dance parade , leading light was the brilliant winner of the st . leger last year as a 3 year - old , and at royal ascot 2013 showed true grit in winning the queen\u2019s vase .\na sentimental favourite is the hardy simenon , whose problem won\u2019t be the distance . rather , it will be his age . at seven , with 38 starts under his belt , simenon may be getting past his best but he\u2019s one of the most honest horses in the race . too , there is richard baldwin\u2019s whiplash willie , who ran a very decent third at sandown last time out to the favourite , brown panther .\nanother serious contender for the gold cup will be ted dascombe\u2019s brown panther , a son of shirocco and grandson of monsun . as of this writing , brown panther has won his last two races decisively and with 20 starts and 9 wins under his belt , appears to be peaking at just the right moment . the dascombe - trained 6 year - old is currently listed as the favourite going in to royal ascot week , given that his last win came at the gold cup distance over a soggy track at sandown . although it has taken him some time to get there , brown panther deserves the attention he\u2019s getting .\nbred by his owner , michael owen , a british and international soccer ( football in the uk ) star who now does football commentary for the british media , brown panther represents the zenith of his owner\u2019s career in horse racing . and he\u2019s come along very nicely under ted dascombe\u2019s patient tutelage , since his male family have a tendency to come into their own rather slowly by today\u2019s standards and dascombe understands this .\nas footage of his most recent win at sandown was not available , here is brown panther ( turquoise shirt ) winning the artemis goodwood cup at glorious goodwood a year ago , where he beat the likes of colour vision soundly . by all accounts , he\u2019s an even better distance runner this year .\namerica\u2019s rosalind will have her work cut out for her , making her first start on grass at royal ascot in either the ribblesdale ( june 19 ) or the coronation stakes ( june 20 ) . either way , she will be in heady company , including a contingent from ballydoyle that includes wonderfully , john gosden\u2019s criteria , roger varian\u2019s excellent sea the stars filly , anipa , godolphin\u2019s ihtimal , john oxx\u2019s talented filly my titania ( another by sea the stars ) , andre fabre\u2019s miss france , together with lightly - raced fillies like wonderstruck , dermot weld\u2019s edelmira or william haggas\u2019 cape cross filly , token of love .\nstill , rosalind will have a huge fan following from america , where she is a favourite and they will be rooting for her all the way . the daughter of broken vow whose bm sire is theatrical has several excellent grass runners in her pedigree , including britain\u2019s last triple crown winner , nijinsky ii , as well as sassafras and nureyev , who was born and raced in france where he got champion 3 year - old honours . her owners , landaluce educe stables and trainer , kenny mcpeek have little reason to doubt either her quality or her determination . having only finished out of the money twice in 8 starts , rosalind is shown here in a gutsy win over room service in april at keeneland :\nhowever , a little - publicized truth ( according to ballydoyle ) is that the \u201cwar fronts can be quite lazy\u201d and war command pulled that card in his most recent outing in may at newmarket , where he finished a dismal 9th in the 2000 guineas , failing to pick up the pace when it counted most . if he does this again at royal ascot , he\u2019ll likely be pummelled by either the brilliant night of thunder or kingman .\nnight of thunder , a 3 year - old son of dubawi , is trained by the eminent richard hannon . having won 3 of his 4 lifetime starts , the colt has never been out of the money . more importantly , night of thunder is this year\u2019s winner of the quipco 2000 guineas , taking it despite hanging out very far as he and jockey keiron fallon came to the finish . but he beat war command , the subsequent derby winner , australia , as well as a very good colt in kingman despite what could have been a disastrous error :\nkingman and night of thunder have been challenging each other throughout the season . while juddmonte\u2019s kingman lost to his rival in the quipco 2000 guineas , he went on to subsequently take the irish 2000 guineas in devastating fashion . the son of invincible spirit has only ever lost once in his 5 lifetime starts . accordingly , prince khalid abdullah and trainer john gosden\u2019s champion has been accorded the status of favourite to take the st . james palace next week :\nthe war fronts make up a small army , with newcomers war envoy and the great war running in the prestigious coventry stakes for 2 year - olds on june 17 ; guerre and due diligence running on the same day in the king\u2019s stand ; giovanni boldini joining war command in the st . james palace stakes ; and a filly , peace and war is running for sheikh suhaim al thani / qrl / m al kubaisi in the queen mary stakes ( june 18 ) .\nelusive quality is represented in the st . james palace stakes ( june 17 ) by michaelmas who runs for ballydoyle ; great white eagle in the jersey stakes for ballydoyle ( june 18 ) ; elusive guest for john guest racing runs in the jersey stakes ( june 18 ) ; and the fabulous mare certify is due to run in the duke of cambridge stakes ( june 18 ) for godolphin .\nbig brown is represented by the very good colt , darwin , who runs in the king\u2019s stand ( june 17 ) for ballydoyle .\nbluegrass cat is represented by biting bullets who runs for mrs . joanna hughes in another 2 year - old race , the windsor castle stakes ( june 17 ) .\nquality road has a 2 year - old colt , hootenanny , running in the windsor castle stakes in the colours of tabor , magnier and smith ( june 17 ) .\nstreet cry has street force running in the jersey stakes ( june 18 ) for saeed ma\u00f1ana .\ndynaformer is represented by somewhat who runs in the colours of sheikh majid bin mohammed al maktoum in the king edward vii stakes ( june 20 ) .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nfederico tesio , who many would regard as the greatest thoroughbred breeder of all time , once famously stated that ' the thoroughbred exists because its selection has depended , not on experts , technicians , or zoologists , but on a piece of wood : the winning post of the epsom derby . if you base your criteria on anything else , you will get something else , not the thoroughbred . '\nif one follows the logic of this statement , then surely the ultimate classic mating should be between a winner of the english derby and the female equivalent , the english oaks . the existence of such a horse has been a possibility since the early 1780s , but in more than 230 runnings , prior to 2014 , a horse by the first home in the english derby and out of a mare who was first home in the english oaks had never won a derby at epsom ( although we can note that lammtarra , the 1995 derby hero was by nijinsky ii out of snow bride , who was second home in the 1989 oaks , but who was subsequently awarded the race when the first home aliysa , was disqualified after testing positive for a banned substance ) .\na 525 , 000 guineas yearling , the history making horse australia didn\u2019t look overly expensive at the time , on the basis of his derby winner / oaks winner pedigree . he\u2019s had the reputation of being a coming star for some time , and even potentially the best to come out of ballydoyle in the aidan o\u2019brien era . he\u2019s not only by a derby winner out of an oaks winner , but his parents are actually two of the most distinguished winners of those races .\na son of galileo , the sadler\u2019s wells stallion who most would acknowledge as the world\u2019s leading sire , and an english derby winner who has sired two previous english derby winners , australia is out of the globe - trotting ouija board . heroine of the english oaks in 2004 , ouija board was the european horse of the year in 2004 and 2006 , and champion us turf mare in both of those years . she captured seven gr . 1 events , including the english and irish oaks , two renewals of the breeders\u2019 cup filly and mare turf and the cathay pacific hong kong vase . prior to australia , she produced the mrc easter cup - gr . 3 ( our ) voodoo prince to kingmambo who has been in fine form since being sold to race in australia .\nouija board is by the green desert son and former shuttler cape cross . her dam , selection board ( by welsh pageant ) , is a sister to another horse with form in several different countries in the shape of gelded teleprompter , whose credits included the arlington million - gr . 1 and queen elizabeth ii stakes - gr . 2 . selection board is also half - sister to rosia bay , dam of ibn bey ( a group winner in five different countries , include the irish st leger - gr . 1 , gran premio d\u2019italia - gr . 1 , europa preis - gr . 1 and grosser preis der berliner bank - gr . 1 and roseate tern , winner of the yorkshire oaks - gr . 1 , runner - up in the english oaks and third in the st leger - gr . 1 .\nthere are a number of other major winners under the third dam , ouija ( by lunchtime\u2019s sire , silly season ) , including gr . 1 winner red bloom , and group winners chatoyant , moiquen and mabadi . ouija board\u2019s fourth dam gradisca ( goya ) , is also dam of the french oaks heroine tahiti , and third dam of the great australian runner kingston town . we should also note that australia is bred by the stanley estate and stud co , stanley being the family name of the earls of derby , the 12th of whom gave the epsom classic its name .\nthe earls of derby have a long history on the turf , but the family has not been represented as the breeder of a winner of the eponymous classic at epsom since hyperion scored in 1933 ( although watling street took a wartime derby in 1942 ) , both being bred by the 17th earl , the grandfather of the current earl , the 19th holder of the title .\nthe day before australia\u2019s triumph , another aidan o\u2019brien - trained galileo offspring marvellous had started favorite for the oaks . she could do no better than sixth as the lightly raced taghrooda took her record to three wins in three starts with an impressive 3 . 75 length triumph .\nsea the stars , who is by cape cross the broodmare sire of australia , made a relatively quiet start with his first two year - olds in 2013 , although the \u201cvibes\u201d remained plenty positive . in this case the rumours proved well founded and sea the stars is now represented by six stakes winners , taghrooda , being joined as a group scorer by vazira , my titania and afternoon sunlight .\nthe classic victories by half - brothers made another piece of history . as one might imagine , it\u2019s rather rare for a mare in a major racing jurisdiction to throw derby - winning brother or half - brothers . it\u2019s probably even more rare for both siblings to go on to sire classic winners themselves , and given that , it must be unusual indeed for the pair to get classic winners in the same season . as far as the english derby and oaks are concerned , it appears that prior to this weekend , one has to go back to 1866 , when lord lyon , by \u201cthe emperor of stallions\u201d stockwell , took the derby on his way to the becoming the third winner of the english triple crown , and tormentor , by stockwell\u2019s half - brother king tom , captured the oaks , to find the offspring of siblings completing the derby / oaks double in the same year .\ngiven that sea the stars is a half - brother to galileo , it is no surprise that he\u2019s been tried quite frequently with mares by galileo\u2019s sire sadler\u2019s wells . in fact there are 19 foals of racing age on the cross , seven have started with taghrooda , being the only black type performer to date .\nobservant readers will have noted by now the remarkable similarity in the pedigrees of taghrooda and australia , one by sea the stars , a cape cross half - brother to galileo , out of a sadler\u2019s wells mare , and the other by galileo , a sadler\u2019s wells half - brother to sea the stars , out of a daughter of cape cross .\nfrench classics in recent years , there have been a number of french stallions who , either on the basis of pedigree or racetrack performance , didn\u2019t exactly shape as top commercial prospects when they retired to stud , but have proved to be smart or better stallions . now , to examples such as linamix , chichicastenango , muhtathir and kendargent , we might soon be adding the name of le havre , who is represented by the french 1000 guineas - gr . 1 and oaks - gr . 1 winner avenir certain with his first crop of three year - olds .\nthere was nothing too much to knock about le havre\u2019s race record . he won four of six starts , and on his last two outings finished second in the french 2000 guineas and the scored a decisive victory in the french derby . le havre\u2019s pedigree is less imposing . his sire noverre , a rahy three - quarter brother to the brilliant juvenile arazi , was a good two year - old and miler , winning the sussex stakes - gr . 1 and champagne stakes - gr . 2 , but made a generally disappointing start , and was exported from ireland to india , where he died young .\nle havre\u2019s dam marie rheinberg is by the relatively rarely seen surako , a gr . 3 winner who also finished second in the german derby - gr . 1 and who is by one great german sire konigsstuhl and out of a half - sister to another in surumu . on a brighter tack , we can note that marie rheinberg is half - sister to polar falcon , the sire of pivotal .\navenir certain\u2019s dam , puggy ( by mark of esteem ) , was group placed in england and scandinavia . she is out of jakarta , a machiavellian mare who is half - sister to blue monday ( by mark of esteem\u2019s sire darshaan ) , a talented middle distance runner who won four gr . 3 events in england and france , and was also three time gr . 1 placed at around a 10f . blue monday\u2019s brother lundy\u2019s lane never won a black type event , but was third in the italian derby - gr . 1 . third dam lunda is half - sister to several smart runners , including warrsan , who took two renewals of the coronation cup - gr . 1 ; italian derby - gr . 1 winner luso ; needle gun , a multiple group winner who was second in the italian derby - gr . 1 ; and cloud castle , who won the nell gwyn stakes - gr . 3 and who was second in the prix vermeille - gr . 1 ."]}
{"id": 1389, "summary": [{"text": "polymixis lichenea , the feathered ranunculus , is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western europe and morocco .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is mainly found in coastal areas . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "polymixis lichenea", "paragraphs": ["polymixis lichenea subsp . lichenea polymixis lichenea subsp . lichenea ( h\u00fcbner , 1813 )\nfeathered ranunculus ( polymixis lichenea ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nssp . lichenea found in norfolk . tends to be paler in calcareous areas .\npolymixis flavicincta - large ranunculus , found on my lavender just outside my front door .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthe distribution of this moth is mainly coastal , in the southern half of britain and north - west england and wales , but occasional records do turn up in inland localities .\nit frequents a range of dry habitats , including waste ground , sandhills and shingle beaches , and flies from august to october .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 06 : 04 : 38 page render time : 0 . 2268s total w / procache : 0 . 2680s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 27 ( 39 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1930 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhabitat : mainly coastal but also recorded inland . dry waste ground , shingle beaches\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on sea cliffs , sand - dunes , shingle beaches and grassy slopes , on the coast of england and wales . in hampshire fairly common in the south and on the isle of wight , but very uncommon in the north . wingspan 39 - 43 mm . can only be confused with black - banded p . xanthomista or large ranunculus p . flavicincta , which see . larva feeds on hound ' s - tongue , sea plantain , thrift and biting stonecrop .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 2308 records from 88 sites . first recorded in 1883 .\n: this mainly coastal species is now spreading again in yorkshire . it has been re - recorded from its scarborough haunts mentioned by porritt ( 1883 - 86 ) and other coastal areas as well as at several new inland localities . this is unusual for this species so far north .\nvc63 . elland , 25 . 9 . 2000 det . heb ( pt ) . new vice - county record .\n: this is predominantly a coastal moth in the uk and it is doing well in yorkshire particularly at flamborough and spurn . we also have two unusual inland sites where it is recorded regularly ; knaresborough where it has been known since the 1960s and in calderdale where it was discovered in 2000 and seems to be resident . records occasionally come from other inland sites but these seem to be wandering individuals .\nfact - sheet - eye - how - the - eye - and - brain - work - together . pdf\nnumber - 1 - way - to - improve - your - artwork - acrylics - ed . pdf\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\nas it ' s national moth night in the uk , one of last night ' s catch .\nthis one came to my light trap - or living room as gill prefers to call it - last night . i had no idea what it was but am very grateful to eastendswift who was able to pin it down within minutes , even though they aren ' t found in scotland ! ! thanks again david !\nan odd name for a moth - ranunculus is the latin name for buttercup , yet they seem to like to feed on mint , and favour gardens . they had been absent from south herts for some years but appear to have recolonised since about 2006 .\na bit of an opportunistic shot here with an iphone , but i thought i ' d post it anyway . i ' ve not come across this attractive species before now .\ni had a devil of time focusing on this moth at my village shop this morning . i was not sure if my camera had picked up this moth as it was about four feet above my head and at an angle . also this was the first time i had seen this species and i did not want to get to close to it in case i disturbed it and it flew away .\ni have been getting reasonable numbers of these at a number of coastal sites in north antrim over the past couple of weeks .\nkononenko , vladimir - s . \uc774\uba54\uc77c ( institute of biology et pedology , far eastern branch of russian academy of sciences )\nout side my front door again this beauty was loving the lavender , i watched it for over half and hour and it was digging in deep just like the bee ' s were also .\nthere are still straw dots , mother of pearls and small phoenix flying , last night i went out on a field trip and we managed some great moths including a few shockingly late species . . . more on that tomorrow now .\ni trapped once more last week on the 17th and managed a very small catch with just one new moth for the year , a lovely large ranunculus after having a ( rarely recorded ) second brood small ranunculus last week .\ni also saw my second of the year at work today which was indoors .\nmay be edible . see the plants for a future link below for details .\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 plants for a future licensed under a creative commons license \u2666 2 ecofact 2a technical annex - ellenberg\u2019s indicator values for british plants , m o hill , j o mountford , d b roy & r g h bunce ( 1999 ) \u2666 3 kattge , j . et al . ( 2011b ) try - a global database of plant traits global change biology 17 : 2905 - 2935 \u2666 4 biological records centre database of insects and their food plants \u2666 5 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez \u2666 6 robertson , c . flowers and insects lists of visitors of four hundred and fifty three flowers . 1929 . the science press printing company lancaster , pa .\nprotected areas provided by biological inventories of the world ' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california , davis and numerous collaborators . \u2666 natura 2000 , uk data : \u00a9 crown copyright and database right [ 2010 ] all rights reserved . ordnance survey licence number 100017955 \u2666 gbif global biodiversity information facility \u2666 chippewa nature center \u2666 edwin s . george reserve , university of michigan , department of ecology and evolutionary biology\nbrassica oleracea is the species of plant that includes many common foods as cultivars , including cabbage , broccoli , cauliflower , kale , brussels sprouts , collard greens , savoy , kohlrabi and kai - lan . in its uncultivated form , it is known as wild cabbage . it is native to coastal southern and western europe .\nprotected areas provided by gbif global biodiversity information facility \u2666 biological inventories of the world ' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california , davis and numerous collaborators ."]}
{"id": 1397, "summary": [{"text": "eptatretus deani , known as the black hagfish , is a species of hagfish .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "common to other species of hagfish , their unusual feeding habits and slime-producing capabilities have led members of the scientific and popular media to dub the hagfish as the most \" disgusting \" of all sea creatures .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "although hagfish are sometimes called \" slime eels \" , they are not eels at all . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "black hagfish", "paragraphs": ["another hagfish species that may occur in california is the black hagfish ( eptatretus deani ) ; it is found in deeper water , is darker in coloration ( purplish black ) , and has a shorter head in proportion to the body .\na mongoose is lightning fast and has razor - sharp teeth . a black mamba can kill 15 grown men with just one bite . which of these two mortal enemies will win ?\nhagfish lack bones , paired fins , and a true jaw . the hagfish skeleton is composed of\n14 . hagfish are threatened from both intentional fishing and unintentional bycatch . hagfish weren\u2019t always fished , but because several more preferable fish species are overfished and hard to catch , fishermen have moved down to catching hagfish .\na mature pacific hagfish female will produce between 20 - 30 eggs per reproductive cycle . there is no known reproductive season or cycle length for hagfish .\nthe slime could also give the hagfish a competitive edge among other scavengers . if many hagfish were feeding off zintzen\u2019s bait , it soon became draped in slime . the mucus puts off fish competitors , allowing the hagfish to monopolise their morsels .\nthought the hagfish day was the 19th of oct . enjoyed reading this ! ~\ndon ' t worry the hagfish is not hurt , it ' s just anaesthetised .\nthe hagfish is preyed upon by some marine mammals and large sea living invertebrates . most animals do however stay away from the hagfish since they risk being suffocated by the slime .\npacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii the hagfish can tie itself into a knot . source : aquarium of the pacific intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe hagfish eats marine worms and other invertebrates . it has a very low metabolism and can go for as long as seven months without eating . newly hatched hagfish are miniature copies of the adult hagfish . the hagfish is found in cold ocean waters in the northern and southern hemispheres . it is found on muddy sea floors and may live in very large groups of up to 15 , 000 individuals . there are about 60 species of hagfish .\npacific hagfish are not currently exhibited . this information is supplied for use as a reference .\npacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii the pacific hagfish is also known as the slime eel . source : monterey bay aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe metabolism of the hagfish is remarkably slow and up to seven months can pass between meals .\n\u201c atlantic hagfish \u201d , sea and sky . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 28 . urltoken\n10 . this slime gives hagfish a slippery exit when attacked by predators . a larger fish looking for a meal instead gets a mouth full of slime , while the hagfish can slide away .\nwe are developing standard procedures for sampling hagfish landed by commercial fisheries and collected during scientific surveys .\ntable 29 . 1 . recreational and commercial landings of atlantic hagfish ( thousand metric tons ) .\nforster , m . e . ( 1990 ) confirmation of the low metabolic rates of hagfish .\nshelton , r . g . j . ( 1978a ) of hagfish , goats and sprats .\nthe pacific hagfish is listed on the iucn red list as \u201cdata deficient , more research needed\u201d to quantify the impacts of fishing on the population of this species . the red list states : \u201cthis species is only known from the northeastern pacific where it is heavily targeted in at least half of range for the asian eel - skin leather market , ( wallets , leather , and boots ) . reported landings for this species are mixed with the black hagfish ( e . deani ) and have been quite variable in both total catch and effort over the past 20 years . the reasons for the variability in catch and effort trends are not well understood . \u201d\ncommercial interest has developed in pacific ( eptatretus stoutii ) and black hagfish ( e . deani ) in southeast alaska with information lacking to properly develop a fishery . currently , the fishery is targeted using a commissioner\u2019s permit in which the alaska department of fish game decides harvest level , gear type , season , etc to prosecute the fishery . the primary market is freezing hagfish in blocks and / or shipping them live to korea . little is known on both species life history within southeast alaska including : distribution , size at maturity , fecundity , sex ratio , length and weight frequencies . preliminary life history information will be collected on experimental longline trap sets .\natlantic hagfish - myxine glutinosa the atlantic hagfish is found on both sides of the north atlantic ocean . source : sea and sky intended audience : student reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nin asia , over fishing has led to a significant decrease in the local hagfish population and asian fisheries have therefore begun to show an interest in the hagfish populations in the atlantic . while this might be beneficial for local economies along the atlantic coasts , it could also pose a threat to the atlantic hagfish population . care and caution must be exercised unless we wish to see the atlantic hagfish population go the same way as the asian one . as mentioned above , studies indicate that the hagfish female only produces a low number of eggs each breeding period and hagfish are therefore extra sensitive to over - fishing .\nbraun , c . b . ( 1994 ) a novel cutaneous sensory system in hagfish . soc .\nwhere present at high densities , hagfish burrowing and feeding activities have a significant impact on substrate turnover .\nhagfish are significant as predators on benthic invertebrates and , in some cases , mesopelagic invertebrates and vertebrates .\nwhen studied , hagfish females have produce up to 30 yolky one inch long eggs with tough shells . if this low number is true for all hagfish , it means that it might take a long time for a hagfish population to recover when harmed , e . g . by over - fishing or pollution .\nin most parts of the world hagfish is viewed as a useless by - catch , but there are a few countries in south east asia where hagfish is appreciated on the dinner table . nearly 5 million pounds ( 2 268 000 kg ) of hagfish meat is for instance consumed in south korea each year .\njustification : this species is only known from the northeastern pacific , where it is heavily targeted in at least half of range for the asian eel - skin leather market . reported landings for this species are mixed with the black hagfish ( e . deani ) and have been quite variable in both total catch and effort over the past 20 years ( 1988 - 2007 ) . the reasons for the variability in catch and effort trends are not well understood . this species is therefore currently listed as data deficient . more research is needed to quantify the impacts of fishing on this species population .\nalthough a hagfish fishery exists in the gulf of maine , the resource is not actively managed at present .\nfernholm , b . and holmberg , k . ( 1975 ) the eyes in three genera of hagfish (\nthe hagfish needs the salinity in its habitat to be stable , because these fishes have virtually no osmoregulation and are therefore highly vulnerable to salinity changes . the hagfish is the only known vertebrate with body fluids isosomotic with seawater . this means that the body fluids of the hagfish have the same total osmotic pressure or osmolality as seawater .\nps it\u2019s sad that this paper didn\u2019t come out on october 16 th , which was designated as hagfish day .\nhagfish adults , juveniles , and eggs can represent a significant prey item for marine mammals and large predatory invertebrates .\nslip ' n ' slime . the slime that an annoyed hagfish oozes through its skin can fill a bucket .\nhagfish are found in temperate seas in both hemispheres , but hagfish has not been found in the red sea . a majority of the species live in rather cold environments where the water is at least 20 meters ( 66 feet ) deep . when hagfish live in warmer parts of the world , they are normally only found in really deep waters . hagfish can survive at remarkable depths and have been found 1700 metres ( 5600 feet ) down into the ocean .\nin the western pacific ocean a fishery for hagfish has existed since world war ii . overharvesting lead to the expansion of hagfish fisheries into the eastern pacific off the northwestern us and british columbia , and then during the late 1980\u2019s to the mid 1990\u2019s to the western atlantic off of maritime canada and new england . hagfish are utilized as a food source and their skins are valued for leather products . all hagfish are exported whole to korea ( nefsc 2003 ) .\npacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii hagfish have been around , mostly unchanged , since the paleozoic era 450 million years ago . source : california department of fish and wildlife intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe inshore hagfish , eptatretus burge , is listed on the iucn red list as near threatened . this hagfish species is commonly found in the western north pacific off the coasts of southern japan , south korea , northern , and northwestern taiwan . in these geographic locations hagfish is a native ( endemic ) species . they are very heavily fished in the china sea for their skin and for food . approximately five million pounds of hagfish meat is eaten yearly in korea .\nhagfish represent one of the most important mechanisms for the rapid cleanup and processing of carrion - falls . in areas subject to intensive commercial fisheries , hagfish probably play a key role in the removal and recycling of discarded by - catch .\nmunz , f . w . and morris , r . w . ( 1965 ) metabolic rate of the hagfish ,\nus navy scientists have produced a synthetic version of hagfish slime that they hope to use in protective gear for troops .\ndining in . hagfish swarm to a corpse and bury themselves in it before eating their way out with their skin .\na data collection program has been proposed for atlantic hagfish by nmfs requiring seafood dealers to acquire permits and report on the purchase of hagfish made from commercial fishing vessels to aid in the future management of this species ( federal register 2006 ) .\nall these interesting properties make hagfish slime dead useful for lots of potential applications . there\u2019s even an online recipe for scones made with hagfish slime\u2014courtesy of the museum of awful food\u2014for the culinarily adventurous . the slime is a handy substitute for egg whites . ( by the way , that trendy \u201ceel skin\u201d wallet or purse in your collection might actually be hagfish leather . )\nthe tough and soft skin of the hagfish is also a popular commodity and is used to make wallets , purses , handbags , boots and similar items . the skin is normally market under the name \u201ceelskin\u201d or \u201ceel skin\u201d , not hagfish skin .\na hagfish usually swims slowly along the seafloor in a snake - like fashion although it may have occasional bursts of speed .\nmcinerney , j . e . and evans , d . o . ( 1970 ) habitat characteristics of the pacific hagfish ,\nhall - arber , m . ( 1996 ) workshop probes hagfish processing potential in us : fishery discards worry fishermen . in\nmartini , f . h . and heiser , j . b . ( 1989 ) field observations on the atlantic hagfish ,\nwisner , r . l . and mcmillan , c . b . ( 1988 ) a new species of hagfish , genus\npacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii hagfish eat worms and invertebrates , but they also enter both dying and dead fish and eat them from the inside out . source : oregon coast aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\n\u201d disgusting hagfish and magnificent sharks \u201d , tammy frank , noaa ocean explorer . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 28 . urltoken\nit is estimated that hagfish may live 40 years in the ocean and 17 years in a protected environment such as an aquarium .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . no true fins - one dorsal finfold , far back , median , very low , continuous with the caudal ; caudal moderately broad , and round with ray - like markings ; ventral finfold very low , origin somewhat posterior to last gill aperture , extending to anus ( ref . 6885 ) . prune colored , preserved specimens black ; frequently piebald with light spots ; the very edges of caudal and ventral finfolds may be light colored ( ref . 6885 ) .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . no true fins - one dorsal finfold , far back , median , very low , continuous with the caudal ; caudal moderately broad , and round with ray - like markings ; ventral finfold very low , origin somewhat posterior to last gill aperture , extending to anus ( ref . 6885 ) . prune colored , preserved specimens black ; frequently piebald with light spots ; the very edges of caudal and ventral finfolds may be light colored ( ref . 6885 ) .\nthe hagfish is famous for its ability to emit mucus and even its scientific name is derived from the greek word for slime . one single hagfish can fill a milk jug with slime in no time . the slime is probably a way for the hagfish to fend of predators , since the slime can be used to form a protective slime - cocoon . if a fish tries to eat the cocoon , the slime can clog its gills and make it suffocate . if you try to chew hagfish slime , it will expand .\nafter the shark encounter , we looked for a good place to deploy the baited benthic traps we were carrying . the mussel beds around the brine pool are covered with hagfish , so we placed the traps on its periphery , in hopes of trapping fewer hagfish and perhaps a crab or two . remarkably , hagfish were even swimming in the brine pool , which is four times saltier than seawater . on other expeditions , scientists have taken pictures of dead fish floating up in the brine ; hagfish must have a remarkable salt tolerance .\nhagfish may be one of the most abundant groups of demersal fishes in many areas , in terms of numbers and / or biomass .\ncailliet , g . m . , mcnulty , m . and lewis , l . ( 1991 ) habitat analysis of pacific hagfish (\nlesser , m . , martini , f . h . and heiser , j . b . ( 1996 ) ecology of hagfish ,\npacific hagfish - eptatretus stoutii the pacific hagfish is found on muddy bottoms in cold ocean waters along the pacific coast from vancouver , canada south to baja california , mexico . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe atlantic hagfish or \u201cslime eel\u201d , myxine glutinosa , is found in deep , cold waters to depths of at least 1100 m . in the western north atlantic , hagfish are distributed from davis straits , greenland to the continental slope waters off of florida . in the gulf of maine the distribution of hagfish is primarily affected by salinity , temperature and substrate type ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) .\nhagfish is considered to be the most primitive vertebrate species either living or extinct ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 , powell et al 2005 ) . hagfish evolved over at least 300 million years and have the same basic morphological traits of fossilized specimens ( bardack 1991 ) .\nronan , m . ( 1988 ) the sensory trigeminal tract of the pacific hagfish : primary afferent projections and neurons of the tract nucleus .\n, n . sp . , a new hagfish ( family eptatretidae ) from south australia , with a key to the 5\u20137 gilled eptatretidae .\nthe hagfish is a true monster of the deep . to see why , one only has to examine its greusome feeding habits . a hagfish begins its feeding process by attaching itself to a passing fish . once firmly attached , it then bores its way inside its unsuspecting host . once inside , the hagfish will actually eat the fish ' s flesh with a specialized rasping tongue . it literally eats its victim from the inside out . when no large prey can be found , hagfish will feed on worms and other small invertebrates they find on the ocean floor . hagfish have a very slow metabolism and can go for months without feeding . they can sometimes be a nuisance to fishermen because they can spoil an entire catch of deep sea fish before the catch can be hauled to the surface . one catch of fish can contain hundreds of hagfish .\n6 . a 2011 report from the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) found that 12 % of hagfish species are at an elevated risk of extinction . one hagfish species is critically endangered , two are endangered , six are vulnerable to extinction and two are near - threatened .\nthese fish are affected by the trash and chemicals that we put into the ocean . pacific hagfish are a crucial part of the cycle of life as they eliminate dead and dying organisms . there could be a significant impact on the ecosystem should there be a large scale removal of hagfish .\nthe seal shark dalatias licha ( a\u2013c ) and the wreckfish polyprion americanus ( d\u2013f ) fare poorly when they attack the hagfish . ( image :\nas late as 2006 , a new member was added to the hagfish family myxinidae when the goliath hagfish was scientifically described by mincarone & stewart and given the name eptatretus goliath . eptatretus goliath was described from a specimen caught at a dept of 811 metres ( 2 , 661 feet ) at the head of the hauraki canyon off the northeast north island in new zealand . the species was named goliath since it was a true giant in the world of hagfish ; the specimen measured an astonishing 127 , 5 cm ( approximately 50 inches ) . this makes eptatretus goliath the largest known species of hagfish .\nreference : zintzen , roberts , anderson , stewart , struthers & harvey . 2011 . hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism . scientific reports . urltoken\nhorn - like teeth . atlantic hagfish belong to the family myxinidae which have one pair of gill openings attached to 6 - 7 internal gill pouches per opening . the species has paired barbels on the tip of its snout and four barbels surrounding the mouth . hagfish are almost blind because their eyes are rudimentary but their sense of smell is keen . the skin of the atlantic hagfish is smooth and scale - less with a series of slime glands along both sides of the ventral midline ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) . these glands produce fibrous mucus that protects hagfish from predators and possibly parasites .\nthe humble hagfish produces a sticky slime to defend itself from predators , as well as to hunt for its own food . now a team of swiss scientists has figured out the physics behind how the hagfish can use the same slimy substance for both purposes , according to a new paper in scientific reports .\n\u201coregon had a limit on permits for a while , but now it\u2019s an open - access fishery , \u201d he said , noting that \u201cno one knows the science\u201d of hagfish . while the slimy eels seem plentiful for the moment , he doesn\u2019t want to see a repeat of korea\u2019s depletion of homegrown hagfish .\nmartini , f . h . , heiser , j . b . and lesser , m . p . ( 1997 ) a population profile for hagfish ,\nthe mouth of the hagfish is perfectly adapted to tearing flesh away from dead and dying animals and is also great when it comes to catching marine invertebrates such as bristleworms . inside the mouth you will find a single tooth and a tongue equipped with pairs of rasps . every time the hagfish pulls back its tongue into the mouth , the rasps will pinch together . the hagfish attach its mouth to a fish or other animal and gradually work its way through the animal .\nbottom dwellers , pacific hagfish are typically inhabits temporary burrows in mud and other soft substrate at depths of 18 - 900 m ( 584 - 2970 ft ) .\nwicht , h . and northcutt , r . g . ( 1992 ) the forebrain of the pacific hagfish : a cladistic reconstruction of the ancestral craniate forebrain .\nthe atlantic hagfish is a deep - water fish . they can be found at depths of up to 5 , 600 feet ( about 1 , 800 meters ) . they are known on both sides of the north atlantic ocean as far north as norway . hagfish prefer soft sea bottoms where they can quickly bury themselves when threatened .\ndr . frank holds a hagfish caught in one of the benthic traps . these fish appear to be prevalent at the brine pool . click image for larger view .\nthe hagfish has a fairly primitive look and since it was viewed as a form of parasite earlier , scientists suggested that its primitiveness was caused by this parasitic lifestyle . today , most scientists instead think that the hagfish is so perfectly adapted to its environment that no changes have been necessary during the most recent several hundred million years .\nbardack , d . 1991 . first fossil hagfish ( myxinoidea ) : a record from the pennsylvanian of illinois . science , vol . 254 : 701 - 703 .\nfalkmer , s . , marklund , s . , mathisson , p . and rappe , c . ( 1977 ) hepatomas and other neoplasms in the atlantic hagfish (\nhagfish are well known for their ability to tie themselves in knots , which can travel down the length of their bodies . this could help to clear their own bodies of slime ( they can choke on their own mucus ) or free themselves from the grip of a predator . here , the knot seemed to give the hagfish leverage for pulling the bandfish from its burrow . zintzen thinks that the hagfish may even have used its mucus as an offensive weapon , to choke the bandfish inside its burrow .\nreporting of atlantic hagfish landings is presently not required by law and fishery data are therefore incomplete . atlantic hagfish landings first appear in the nefsc commercial database in 1993 with a reported landing of approximately 500 metric tons . annual reported landings during 1994 - 2000 ranged between 1 , 100 and 3 , 000 metric tons with a peak in 2000\ncrewmembers from the f / v first hope unload hagfish \u2013 otherwise known as slime eels \u2013 at the port dock in newport , oregon . vessel owner frank button has plied the waters off the oregon coast for hagfish for the past three years . it\u2019s a wide - open , year - round fishery with an eager market in korea .\nas mentioned above , a hagfish will contain both ovaries and testes , but these fishes are functionally non - hermaphroditic . young fishes are hermaphroditic , but as they age they will become either male or female . the hagfish may however switch sex from season to season if it finds itself in a group where another sex would be more favourable .\nzintzen filmed slender hagfish chasing after red bandfish , ensconced in sandy burrows . the hagfish completely ignored the bait that zintzen was offering . instead , they seemed to search the ocean floor for hidden burrows , using the whisker - like barbels on their faces . once they found an entrance , they rapidly burrowed inside , emerging several minutes later .\nkabasawa , h . and ooka - souda , s . ( 1991 ) circadian rhythms of locomotory activity in the hagfish and the effect of the light - dark cycle .\nooka - souda , s . , kadota , t . and kabasawa , h . ( 1991 ) in the hagfish visual information sets the circadian pacemaker via the pretectum .\n9 . to ward off predators and other fish trying to steal their meals , hagfish produce slime . when harassed , glands lining their bodies secrete stringy proteins that , upon contact with seawater , expand into the transparent , sticky substance . according to common hagfish mythology , they can fill a 5 - gallon bucket with the stuff in mere minutes .\nmatsuda , h . , goris , r . c . and kishida , r . ( 1991 ) afferent and efferent projections of the glossopharyngeal - vagal nerve in the hagfish .\njanuary 13 , 2012\u2014for the first time , scientists have recorded the defense strategy of the hagfish , which , when attacked , secretes slime from hundreds of pores on its body .\nin the gulf of maine ( gom ) , atlantic hagfish are caught using modified 55 - gallon plastic barrels , called hagfish pots , attached to sinking line and buoys . typically 20 - 40 traps are deployed in a string for a small commercial vessel and 80 - 200 traps for larger vessels ( nefsc 2003 ) . a series of funneled holes in the side of the barrel allow hagfish to enter the baited pot but doesn\u2019t allow them to escape . several rows of 3 / 8\u201d holes allow smaller animals to escape the traps .\nferocious fangs aren\u2019t the purpose this weird fish is included in our list , however . hagfish have an entirely revolting trick up their sleeves to avoid predators . when disturbed , the hagfish will ooze proteins from slime glands in its skin that interact with the surrounding water to form a thick , slimy outer coating which ultimately expands into a huge mass of slime . in fact , deep - sea diving equipment has been thwarted from reaching its final destination in the past by large amounts of hagfish slime , produced when the fish are alarmed .\n7 . no one is sure whether hagfish belong to their own group of animals , filling the gap between invertebrates and vertebrates , or if they are more closely related to vertebrates .\nzintzen also filmed some hagfish hunting , a behaviour that had been suspected but never witnessed . while they\u2019re typically regarded as scavengers , some scientists have suggested that their numbers are so great that they couldn\u2019t possibly be sustained by corpses alone . on top of that , some people have found the flesh of prawns , worms and fish among the stomach contents of hagfish .\nwalvig , f . ( 1967 ) experimental marking of hagfish ( myxine glutinosa l . ) . norwegian j . zool . ( nytt . mag . zool ) , 15 , 35\u20133\nhagfish slime can be both . it turns out that the suction feeding employed by many of the hagfish\u2019s predators creates a unidirectional flow . the elongated stress of that sucking flow increases the goo\u2019s viscosity , the better to suffocate said predators by clogging of the gills . but when the hagfish is trying to escape from its own slime , its motion creates a shear - thinning flow that actually reduces the viscosity of the slime , making it easier to escape . in fact , the slimy network quickly collapses in the face of a shear - thinning flow .\nconsidered a scavenger , the hagfish feeds mostly on dead and dying fish and marine mammals , thereby playing an important role in the ecosystem . using its keen sense of smell , the hagfish will identify its food source and either burrow into its prey by making a hole with its rasping teeth , or entering through an existing opening to consume it from the inside out , usually only leaving skin and bones when it is done . due to its slow metabolism , the hagfish may survive for up to seven months without eating . when other food sources are not available , it subsists on worms and other bottom fauna . the hagfish is preyed upon by some marine mammals and large invertebrates , but most stay away due to the risk of slime suffocation .\nspitzer , r . h . , downing , s . w . and koch , e . a . ( 1979 ) metabolic - morphologic events in the integument of the pacific hagfish (\npacific hagfish are among the very first arrivals at a whale fall in deep waters off the california coast . called mobile scavengers , they feast on the soft tissue of the whale carcass / .\nnishizawa , h . , kishida , r . , kadota , t . and goris , r . c . ( 1988 ) somatotopic organization of the primary sensory trigeminal neurons in the hagfish ,\npacific hagfish , like other hagfish , represent an ancient form of life that has remained virtually unchanged since the paleozoic era 450 million years ago . it is a cartilaginous fish that lacks scales , paired fins , a stomach , and true jaws . it has rudimentary eyes ( eye spots ) that are only able to detect light , and relies on its keen sense of smell and touch to get around ( using a single nostril and barbels , respectively ) . the hagfish ' s jawless mouth contains two parallel rows of pointed keratinous teeth , which are secured to rasping dental plates .\nthe hagfish looks like an easy meal . its sinuous , eel - like body has no obvious defences , but any predator that moves in for a bite is in for a nasty surprise . the hagfish releases a quick - setting slime that clogs up the predator\u2019s gills , causing it to gag , choke and flee . scientists have known about this repulsive defence for decades , but vincent zintzen has finally filmed it in the wild . his videos also prove that hagfish , generally thought to be scavengers of the abyss , are also active hunters that can drag tiny fish from their burrows .\nunique vertebrates , hagfish are able to absorb nutrients through their skin . they prefer polychaete worms for a meal but also prey on small invertebrates and are scavengers of dead and dying marine life . once a firm hold is established on the prey , the hagfish ties and untied a knot within its own body to create a ripping force . it then burrows into dead carcasses exposing its skin to the nutrient - rich decomposing matter while eating away at the dead animal\u2019s inside . it leaves the skin and bones behind . due to their slow metabolism , hagfish can survive for several months without eating .\nhagfish play an important role in the ocean\u0092s ecosystem , getting rid of ( e . g . , eating ) decaying material on the sea floor . as a biological oceanographer , i ' m intrigued by the functions lifeforms perform in the deep . this does not mean , however , that i enjoy being up close and personal with hagfish , as my graduate student nicole mcmullen and i were last night .\n\u201c friends of oceanography public lecture series explores the strange , wondrous , and disgusting hagfish \u201d , university of rhode island , 2002 - 03 - 25 . retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 28 . urltoken\n11 . to prevent choking on its own slime , a hagfish can \u201csneeze\u201d out its slime - filled nostril , and tie its body into a knot to keep the slime from dripping onto its face .\nto retrieve the slime , they placed the hagfish in a bucket of cold seawater and used a mix of clove bud oil and ethanol to anesthetize them . then they put the hagfish on a dissection tray , blotted them dry , and zapped them with electricity to make the muscles contract and expel the milky pre - slime from the pores . finally , the fish were transferred to nice , comfy recovery bath .\ndavison , w . , baldwin , j . , davie , p . s . , forster , m . e . and satchell , g . h . ( 1990 ) exhausting exercise in the hagfish ,\nthe hagfish is almost completely blind , but it has a good sense of touch and smell . it has a ring of tentacles around its mouth that it uses to feel for food . it has a tongue - like projection that comes out of its jawless mouth . at the end of the projection are tooth - like rasps that close when the\ntongue\nis pulled back into the hagfish ' s mouth .\nthe hagfish is almost blind , but it has not problem detecting food since it is equipped with highly developed senses of touch and smell . no less than four pairs of sensing tentacles are located around its mouth .\nwe still know very little about how hagfish reproduce , but we do know that each fish contains both ovaries and testes and that the parents do not guard their offspring . one and a half century ago , the royal danish academy of sciences and letters ( kongelige danske videnskabernes selskab ) announced an award to anyone who could solve the mystery about how the hagfish reproduces . as of 2008 , no one has received the award .\nthe pacific hagfish ( eptatretus stoutii ) is eel - like , with 10 to 14 pores along its elongated body . it usually ranges in color from tan to brown or grey on the top and lighter on the bottom . it can be found at depths ranging from 60 to 3000 feet on mud substrate . sampling of california commercial fishery landings has shown that the average pacific hagfish measures between 12 and 18 inches in length .\n8 . the only known fossil hagfish , from 300 million years ago , looks very much like a modern hagfish , leading some scientists to speculate that it has changed little since then . \u201cit\u2019s an indication , not that they\u2019ve stalemated and are not evolving , but that they have arrived at a body plan that is still very successful today , \u201d says tom munroe , a fish zoologist at the smithsonian national museum of natural history .\nthe larval stage can last as long as seven years ! at the end of the larval state , the lamprey changes into an eel - like creature that swims and usually attaches itself to a fish . there are around 50 living species of lampreys . the hagfish is also know as the slime fish . it is eel - like and pinkish in color . it has glands along its sides that produce a thick , sticky slime that it uses as a defense mechanism . the hagfish can also twist its body into knots ! it may do this to clean off slime or escape predators . the hagfish may also sneeze to clear its nostrils of slime .\nscience now hagfish just got more disgusting urltoken proc . r . soc . b adaptations to in situ feeding : novel nutrient acquisition pathways in an ancient vertebrate http : / / rspb . royalsocietypublishing . or . . .\nit seems to be working because most fishes don\u2019t only bite : they open their mouth quicky to suck water and prey into their mouth before biting . in the case of hagfish , they suck the slime as well .\nit ' s an interesting and novel result ,\nsays fish ecologist jeffrey drazen of the university of hawaii , manoa . when it ' s not busy consuming cadavers , the hagfish ' s larger role in the food web remains a mystery , he says , as it ' s difficult to study fish that live this deep in the ocean . the new finding is the latest in a list of hagfish feeding habits that would make miss manners weep . for instance , hagfish coat a corpse they ' re interested in with slime exuded from pores in their bodies , keeping other scavengers at bay .\nnobody else wants it after that ,\ndrazen says .\nresearch is being done on hagfish slime in which the mechanical properties of threads made from the slimy mucus are being studied . the threads are both strong and stretchy , features that may lead to development of superior new materials .\nstarting off our list of weird animals with absolutely disgusting defense strategies is the particularly handsome hagfish ( eptatretus stoutii ) . these jawless , spineless denizens of the deep are a throwback to the paleozoic era when fish evolved . using feelers located on the ends of its face , the hagfish locates dead and rotting animals that have sunk to the bottom of the ocean floor . swarms of hagfish will penetrate the decomposing carcass and feast on the body from the inside out . it uses its razor sharp teeth to bite and tear rotting flesh right off the bones . it\u2019s a good thing the poor animal is dead when all of this is happening because good god that sounds painful .\nsince the hagfish feed on carcases , it might be able to worn us about cancerogenous compounds in the environment . it is a well known fact that many dangerous pollutants congregates along the food chain , and a scavenger like the hagfish will therefore ingest large amounts of pollutants . today , primary liver cancer is rare in humans living in western europe , but fairly common in africa and china where the environmental laws tend to be less strict or poorly enforced .\n12 . although their eating habits seem disgusting , hagfish help clean and recycle dead animals from the seafloor . they also serve as a food source for fish , seabirds and seals\u2014at least those that can make it through the slime .\nin areas where there is considerable bycatch discarded by fishermen , or falls of marine mammals such as whales and sea lions , hagfish may play a significant role in recycling and maintaining the seafloor by savaging and burrowing through the substrate .\nagnatha are jawless fish . lampreys and hagfish are in this class . members of the agnatha class are probably the earliest vertebrates . scientists have found fossils of agnathan species from the late cambrian period that occurred 500 million years ago .\nin the early 1990s , the exported hagfish were used primarily for eel - skin leather , not food . as demand for eel - skin leather dropped , so did west coast exports . by 2000 , overfishing had depleted korea\u2019s hagfish stocks , so buyers looked elsewhere , including the west coast . processors learned that korean buyers rarely purchased west coast hagfish because they didn\u2019t like the method oregon processors used to freeze the eels . that changed in 2002 , when mike erdman of oregon sea green products in coos bay / north bend decided to do something about it , traveling to korea to learn their freezing techniques and in the process creating a niche for oregon , washington and to some extent california .\nalthough hagfish was a traditional food item in japan and korea , harvesting of the fish for their skin to be used as soft leather did not start until world war ii brought about a shortage in japan for leather from land animals .\nafter the catch , fishermen and processors stay busy removing slime from hagfish tanks to keep them alive . for shipping , processors pack the eels into containers filled with saltwater and liquid oxygen to keep them breathing and keep the containers cool .\nthere are a few reasons why the slime might be useful in the fashion world : it\u2019s incredibly strong , easily stretched , and when it dries , the texture becomes silky . while a hagfish only reaches up to a foot in length , one animal alone contains hundreds of miles of slime . that\u2019s why researchers are trying to replicate the proteins of hagfish slime as we speak , in order to be able to manufacture an artificial product with similar properties . ( source )\nthis is the first time such feeding habits have been observed in a non - invertebrate animal , suggesting that hagfish may be a transitional organism between modern fish and invertebrates such as aquatic worms , which can absorb food through their skin .\nthe hagfishes are believed to have been around for at least 500 million years without changing much and are therefore of great interest for scientists that wish to understand more about how different life forms have evolved on our planet . the hagfish is for instance equipped with an anatomical feature that is believed to be the beginning of a vertebral column . the hagfish has no cerebrum or cerebellum , no jaws and no stomach , and its skeleton is made up by cartilage instead of bones .\nwe placed the traps in two different locations , then motored back to pick up the eits camera . on the way , i saw several hagfish swimming happily toward my traps . sigh . the glamorous life of a marine biologist . . .\npowell , m . l . , s . i . kavanaugh and s . a . sower . 2005 . current knowledge of hagfish reproduction : implications for fisheries management . integrative and comparative biology 45 ( 1 ) : 158 - 165 .\nshelton , r . g . j . 1978 . on the feeding of hagfish myxine glutinosa in the north sea . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , vol . 58 , pp . 81 - 86 .\nnicole and i carried the traps to the light - tight cold room , where we excitedly opened them under dim red light . instead of seeing beautiful shrimp and crabs with glowing eyes , we saw blind hagfish heads poking up at us from the traps .\nhagfish slime is strong and hard to remove , because unlike the other known forms of slime found in nature hagfish slime is reinforced with special fibres . inside the slime , each fibre is no thicker than a thousandth of a millimetre , but the fibres are very strong and can reach a length of half a metre ( 1 foot 8 inches ) . we still do not know how the fibres are put together , but scientists are trying to find out since that knowledge might make it possible to create really strong synthetic materials .\nprobably eating their way out of the carcass , according to a new study\u2014and not with any sort of politesse , either . when they can ' t pack enough flesh into their tentacle - lined mouths , hagfish absorb the carcass ' s nutrients right through their skin .\natlantic hagfish inhabit soft clay or muddy sediments and spend much of their time in temporary burrows in the sea floor ( collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) . they prey primarily on shrimp , worms and small crabs ( gustafson 1935 , shelton 1978 , collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) . they are also scavengers that feed upon dead and dying fish , mammals and shellfish . hagfish are often considered a nuisance by commercial fishermen because they can feed on targeted species ( martini et al 1997 , collette and klein - macphee 2002 ) .\ngrant , s . m . 2006 . an exploratory fishing survey and biological resource assessment of atlantic hagfish ( myxine glutinosa ) occurring on the southwest slpoe of the newfoundland grand bank . j . northw . atl . fish . sci . , v 36 : 91 - 110 .\nmartini , f . m . lesser and j . b . heiser . 1997 . a population profile for atlantic hagfish , myxine glutinosa ( l . ) , in the gulf of maine . part i : morphometrics and reproductive state . fishery bulletin 95 : 311 - 320 .\nwells , r . m . g . , forster , m . e . , davison , w . , taylor , h . h . , davie , p . s . and satchell , g . h . ( 1986 ) blood oxygen transport in the free - swimming hagfish ,\nthe most distinguishing hagfish behavior is its ability to produce copious amounts of mucilaginous slime nearly instantaneously . pores along the degenerate lateral line secrete the slime as a defense mechanism . as the slime contacts seawater , it rapidly expands into a sticky gel that can suffocate an attacker or foul mechanical equipment . another unique a hagfish behavior is its ability to tie a knot in its body and then slide in and out of the knot . they can use this behavior to bury into a carcass to elude predators , gain leverage to tear off pieces of flesh , or clean slime from itself .\nthe hagfish has for instance been used by researchers studying the islets of langerhans , a special type of pancreatic cells responsible for producing insulin . hagfishes are of special interest since their insulin is the most primitive form of insulin known to science . in hagfish , insulin is produced in a small organ named the islet organ which is located on the bile duct wall at the section where the bile duct opens into the bowels . by learning more about this primitive form of insulin , researchers hope to understand more about how the insulin production works in the human body and why it sometimes malfunctions .\n\u201cwhen i first reviewed this video , i thought : those hagfish are not very clever . they have the bait right above their head and they keep on searching the sediment for it . \u201d then , zintzen noticed one particular hagfish that had stuck the front third of its body inside a hole . it twisted its body into a knot , using it for leverage to push against the sediment . twenty seconds later , it withdrew from the burrow with a red bandfish , dead and motionless , in its mouth . \u201ci then only understood what was actually happening : they were hunting ! \u201d\nhagfish , the eel - like , slime - emitting wrigglers of the sea floor , just can ' t get enough of decaying corpses . when they come across a dead fish , they snuggle their sinewy bodies down into its cavities and stay there , writhing blissfully . but what are they doing ?\nthe ability of a hagfish to tie itself into a knot and then untie is believed have several purposes . it may pull its body through the knot so as to remove itself from its own slime that would otherwise suffocate it or the knot can be used as leverage for tearing meat from a carcass .\nthe salt concentration of a hagfish ' s tissue is the same as that of the seawater it normally swims in , suggesting that dissolved substances can cross the skin . to determine whether the animals can soak up nutrients as well as salt , physiologist chris glover of the university of canterbury in christchurch , new zealand , and colleagues took a piece of hagfish skin and stretched it out in a flask containing a seawater - like solution on one side and a solution resembling a hagfish ' s own bodily fluids on the other . in the seawater , they dissolved radioactive amino acids and sugars , along with food coloring to test how permeable the skin was . after a few hours , the skin started to become radioactive as it absorbed the amino acids , the researchers reveal online this week in the proceedings of the royal society b . the skin didn ' t allow food coloring through , however , suggesting that it selects nutritious detritus .\nthere have been prior studies on the unusual fluid properties of hagfish slime . but lead author lukas boni of eth zurich in switzerland and his colleagues wanted to focus specifically on how those properties played a role in the animal\u2019s defense system\u2014as well as its trick of tying itself in knots to escape from its own slime .\nfernholm , b . , 1998 . hagfish systematics . p . 33 - 44 . in j . m . j\u00f8rgensen , j . p . lomholt , r . e . weber and h . malte ( eds . ) the biology of hagfishes . chapman & hall , london . 578 p . ( ref . 31276 )\n5 . although they are jawless , hagfish have two rows of tooth - like structures made of keratin that they use to burrow deep into carcasses . they can also bite off chunks of food . while eating carrion or live prey , they tie their tails into knots to generate torque and increase the force of their bites .\nbut the more promising applications are far less frivolous . it could be used to staunch bleeding in accident victims during surgery , for instance , expanding upon contact with the salty blood . the stretchiness\u2014akin to the plastic rings that hold together six packs of beer\u2014would make hagfish slime useful in biomedical devices , tissue engineering , or biosensors .\nyou can see the results below . the hagfish in the videos are attacked by sharks , conger eels , wreckfishes and more . in less than half a second , the predator\u2019s mouth and gills are filled with slime . it leaves , gagging and convulsing , slime hanging in long wisps from its head . even voracious seal sharks turn tail . the cameras didn\u2019t follow the fleeing predators , so zintzen doesn\u2019t know if they eventually died or if the slime dissolved away . either way , the hagfish , uninjured and oblivious , just carried on feeding . its defence is so effective that it can totally ignore the fact that a shark just tried to bite it ."]}
{"id": 1398, "summary": [{"text": "doyen ( foaled 22 april 2000 ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , who was bred in ireland but trained in france , dubai and the united kingdom during a racing career which lasted from 2002 to 2005 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he is best known for winning the 2004 king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "doyen ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["fighter and doyen of black horse racing broadcasting james maphiri celebrates his 70 th birthday today .\ndoyen vs . sporting i : doyen\u2019s pyrrhic victory at the cas ( 3 ) antoine wrote : la sentence est toujours t\u00e9l\u00e9chargeable \u00e0 l ' ad . . . [ more ]\ndoyen vs . sporting i : doyen\u2019s pyrrhic victory at the cas ( 3 ) elsa wrote : merci pour le commentaire de la sentence . mais cel . . . [ more ]\ngodolphin ' s king george winner doyen was confirmed as the top - rated european horse of 2004 and also picked up the middle distance and older male awards .\nracing and sports pride ourselves in being the information leaders for australian horse racing . the most visited horse racing website in the southern hemisphere ,\n, who is based at meath . it is sired by the stallion doyen out of the dam kenzie .\nhorse racing stats \u2013 runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks \u2013 . . .\nwith all its trials and tribulations , horse racing is still his first love .\nhorse ownership is a very expensive hobby unless you have money to throw away\u2026 .\nouija board has been named horse of the year at a top awards ceremony in london .\ndoyen had an outstanding 4 year old season finishing it as timeform\u2019s horse of the year with a rating of 132 and was assessed as having put up two of the best performances in europe over 11 / 2 miles .\nif your looking for free horse racing tips , news or general thoroughbred information , racing and sports can provide it , free , both for australian thoroughbred horse racing and the international stage .\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i ' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\n\u201cthere\u2019s plenty of money to be made in horse racing\u201d . that gave me a good chuckle .\n\u201cthe great horse may have died but his influence is far from gone from our lives . \u201d\nlammerskraal stud received an outstanding breeder award as breeders of abashiri . the print media award went to doyen charles faull chiefly for his thoroughpedia project .\nformer kzn champion trainer duncan howells\u2019 four entries include last year\u2019s fifth - placed saratoga dancer as well as ten gun salute , who is a dark horse as he has reportedly been a different horse since gelding .\nmaphiri believes even share ownership syndicates established to attract black participants to the world of horse breeding and horse racing are a \u201ccover up\u201d meant to shield the industry from total scrutiny in terms of its transformation credentials .\nas godolphin racing manager simon crisford pointed out : ' sulamani ' s already a triple group 1 winner . doyen ' s never won a group 1 yet . there ' s no doubt that doyen was a bit rusty before the coronation cup and that he came on a lot for that run .\ndoyen was widely believed to have the class to win this race , a belief strengthened by his convincing win in the hardwicke stakes at ascot last month .\nthe year 2000 ushered forward a horse that had been named for the moment . godolphin ' s founder and driving force , h . h . sheikh mohammed , was convinced that dubai millennium would be a horse like no other .\nfor a horse trained in britain or ireland which had previously been held by mill reef . the record was broken by\nat the ceremony which was attended by sports minister richard caborn , bhb chairman martin broughton paid tribute to the horse .\nin our previous blogs on doyen\u2019s tpo deals we decided to focus only on specific deals , twente and sporting lisbon , or a specific country ( spain ) . however , nearly six months after the whole footballleaks project started , we can now provide a more comprehensive analysis of the tpo deals signed by doyen . though , it is still possible that other , yet unknown , deals would be revealed , i believe that few of doyen\u2019s tpo agreements are still hidden . thanks to footballleaks , we now know how doyen operates , we have a precise idea of its turnover , its return on investments and the pool of clubs with which it signed a tpo agreement . moreover , we have a good understanding of the contractual structure used by doyen in those deals . this blog will offer a brief synthesis and analysis of this data .\ndoyen gave an indication of his potential when he finished second to dalakhani in last year ' s prix niel before a respectable fourth to the same colt in the arc .\never since doyen ran away with the hardwicke stakes at royal ascot the godolphin horse has been near the top of the market for the great race . since the defection of the derby winner north light , the four - year - old has seldom been available at much better than even money .\nbreeders ' cup classic hero ghostzapper was named the best horse to have raced in the world during the last flat season .\nthere was a time when gingering a horse , in which a piece of ginger was inserted into a horses rectum to make it run faster use to be the method of choice of the unsavory elements of horse racing , as advances in drug technoligy have evolved the sophistication in performance enhancing substances has advanced also . the answer lies in more efficient drug detecting apparatus and methods to detect horse racing cheats , rather than ban horse racing that some clowns have suggested , which would result in huge unemployment .\nin 1975 , grundy was voted british horse of the year by the racegoers ' club , receiving 38 of the 40 votes .\ndoyen\u2019s tpo system also guarantees that in case a player is successful , a club will be forced to transfer him if a \u2018reasonable transfer offer\u2019 is made . the \u2018reasonable transfer offer\u2019 is defined as a minimum amount . if an offer matches or exceeds this amount , doyen can force the club into choosing either to sell the player or to buy back doyen\u2019s share for a price equivalent to doyen\u2019s share of the transfer proceeds if the player would have been transferred . this is a mechanism that ensures that clubs will not be able to keep an outstanding player and pay the minimum fee due at the end of his contract ( or the put option fee ) , rather than sell the player for a more substantial amount . as the clubs having recourse to doyen are , as it is argued in its own submissions to the french and belgian courts , unable to afford recruiting these players in the first place , they are more than unlikely to be able to buy back the share of the economic rights owned by doyen when their price has tripled or quadrupled . the alternative is simple : sell or go bankrupt . until now few clubs have chosen the latter option . the mechanism of the \u2018reasonable transfer offer\u2019 is in itself aimed at influencing the transfer policy of the clubs signing a tpo deal with doyen . they have their hands doubly tied : if the player fails to materialize as a star they will have to repay at least doyen\u2019s investment plus healthy interests ; if he does become a star they will lose him as soon as the right transfer offer comes . and doyen\u2019s tpo contracts ensure that the right transfer offer will come .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\n\u201clet\u2019s say you buy a horse with r100 000 . in addition to insurance costs , you have to feed it and pay the trainer\u2019s dues . three or four months down the line , the horse has failed to win a single race and the costs are building up .\nfinally , in 2015 doyen entered into a surprising deal with an unknown belgian club : seraing united ( or rfc seraing ) . the relatively small deal ( \u20ac300 . 000 ) concerns three of seraing\u2019s players . it is definitely an unusual investment for doyen with very little potential to extract substantial profit . one hypothesis is that this contract is used as a legal trojan horse to support doyen\u2019s legal challenge against fifa\u2019s tpo ban in front of belgian courts . indeed , doyen has hired ( for \u20ac200 . 000 in 2015 as indicated in the \u2018map of deals\u2019 ) star lawyer jean - louis dupont , who was jean - marc bosman\u2019s lawyer in the eponym case , to entertain complaints in front of the european commission and simultaneously the belgian courts against fifa\u2019s tpo ban . in that regard , it has successfully used the sanctions imposed by the urbsfa ( the belgium football federation ) and fifa against seraing to justify the jurisdiction of the belgian courts over the case ( see our blog on the latest ruling in this case ) . doyen\u2019s tpo investment in seraing has probably more to do with a smart legal stratagem than a long - term investment .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\n- gained his third victory over the course and distance of next weekend ' s big race . this horse just does not like getting beat .\nthen in 1997 roberts\u2019 agent told him at the races one saturday that south african trainer david ferraris had phoned and offered him a july ride on a horse called north by northwest . after the races roberts gathered this horse had won the gr 1 daily news and was the ruling july favourite .\nresults , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes : 1 . doyen ( frankie dettori ) 2 . hard buck ( gary stevens ) 3 . sulamani ( kerrin mcevoy ) 4 . gamut ( kieren fallon\nin 2013 khumalo became the first black jockey to win the durban july handicap , south africa\u2019s top horse race , on his steed heavy metal at the age of 28 . maphiri warns against taking khumalo\u2019s achievement as a testament to the strides that black participation has made in horse racing in south africa .\nyou must have disposable income to own a race horse and there are plenty blacks , indians and whites who simply can\u2019t afford it . there is nothing stopping an individual of any colour from buying a horse and putting it into training . as for there\u2019s money to be made \u2013 laughable . it\u2019s a hobby and be prepared to lose money on a horse , whether punting or owning . don\u2019t blame transformation on the lack of black owners , again laughable\nalmost all of our top horses are unbeaten and very often you will not find out how good a horse is until something gets to it .\nis a very striking individual . he is a dark bay horse with size and scope with lovely clean limbs and he is a correct straight mover .\nas the doyen of turf scribes , max presnell , recently lamented , australian racing has slid\nbeyond the crossroads into decline\n. the outcome of today ' s hearing will determine if the case is terminal .\ndoyen , the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes winner , earned a lowly mark of 127 , around 7lb behind the likes of sinndar and montjeu and almost a stone adrift of greats like dancing brave .\namerican contender hard buck couldn\u2019t match doyen\u2019s turn of foot , but he held off his rivals for the runner - up spot under gary stevens , who is perhaps better known in this country for his part in seabiscuit .\nthe sober assessment was underlined by the inclusion of only three british - trained horses - doyen , rakti and ouija board - in the top 20 of a new world league table which will be published regularly in future .\n\u00a320 , 000 ; doyen \u00a310 , 000 ; lomitas \u00a310 , 000 ; exceed and excel \u00a37 , 500 ; mark of esteem \u00a37 , 000 ; reset \u00a37 , 000 ; sulamani \u00a37 , 000 ; tobougg \u00a35 , 000 .\nsmart call\u2019s consolation was to be named equus champion older female and champion middle distance horse , while abashiri received a special achievement award for landing the sa triple crown .\ni didn ' t have to give him a smack - he was doing it all on his own . what a great horse he is . now we can really say he is one of the finest . in all the times i have won this race , i have never had a horse travel like he did today .\nnot all racing is\na rich person ' s hobby\n; there are plenty of horses , often on country tracks , owned and trained by people of low income . they might have one horse and it might just place now and then on a country track but they have a lot of fun enjoying their horse and dreaming .\ndoyen ' s reputation is based largely on the very fast time he put up in the hardwicke and the visual impression that race created , but dazzling times on fast ground are not the best indicators of a horse ' s ability . ' he reminds me of the good old days of swain and daylamia , ' said an excited frankie dettori ( is there any other sort of frankie ? ) after jumping off him at the royal meeting . perhaps he reminds punters of these previous king george winners too , but doyen is not yet the equal of either , and if there ' s any guide less reliable than the stopwatch , it ' s nostalgia .\nputting the win into perspective , doyen sounded a warning he will be the major force in group one races he contests for the remainder of the season . he is a top - grade performer , able to quicken off any variation of pace .\ngolden doyen came with a strong late run to notch a course and distance win in one of this race\u2019s qualifying heats . has been upped 3lb for that effort but the small rise in the weights shouldn\u2019t be an issue for this improving individual .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nlast year\u2019s runner up marinaresco was the first horse to be drawn and his part - owner marsh shirtliff drew nine , a lot better than his draw of 17 last year .\nthe philippi trainer will run last year\u2019s horse chestnut winner captain america in the kuda matchem stakes at durbanville on october 9 . the six - year - old is the highest rated horse in the 1 400m grade 3 and was third in last season\u2019s j & b met after finishing fourth in the l\u2019ormarins queen\u2019s plate and beating futura in the green point .\nit was a relief when nightfall won , because i didn ' t really want the extra pressure of doyen being the one who brought up the 2 , 000 - it was pressure enough that he was hot favourite for the king george .\nlegal eagle received the horse of the year award , as well as champion older male and champion miler awards , due to his three gr 1 victories . these included two weight for age mile wins , in the l\u2019ormarin\u2019s queen\u2019s plate and the hf oppenheimer horse chestnut stakes , as well as a win in the gr 1 r4 million premier\u2019s champions challenge over 2000m .\nsouth african grooms association ( saga ) has developed a programme to transform the horse racing industry in south africa . any one who want to support , advice please e - mail :\nthey are still able to sell that banned horse offspring . . . ban its breeding range , every offspring sired or ( dam ) ed by that horse from ever racing . now there is a real penalty . make that whole racing genetic line useless ; worthless . ( any science on the doping of parents and whether it affects the genetic performance of the offspring ? )\ncoral fever won the jubilee off a merit rating of 89 and beat a horse who was 0 . 5kg under sufferance , so it was not difficult to punch holes in that form .\njustin snaith , not to be out - done , has entered nine horses including the smart filly bela - bela , byerley turk runner - up copper force and dark horse , black arthur .\ndisplayed on the site is the latest racing tips and horse racing news that feature prominently on the main home racing page . immediately upon arriving at the main racing page , users are greeted with our free daily racing preview of what we consider the best wagering prospect for the day . more written analysis discussing both australian and international horse racing can be found in the race previews area .\ndalakhani came with a great run to cut down his rivals in the straight , taking the lead from mubtaker in the final furlong to beat that horse by three - quarters of a length , with a below form high chaparral five lengths back in third and doyen fourth , with vinnie roe and black sam bellamy next . dalakhani was the third arc winner for his owner after akyida in 1982 and sinndar in 2000 and the first for his trainer and jockey christophe soumillon .\nthere\u2019s plenty of money to be made in horse racing . however , barriers such as high entry costs to the sport are making it difficult for ordinary black south africans to benefit , opines maphiri .\nconcern that doyen ' s name would look a little out of place on the king george roll of honour proved unfounded as the four - year - old put a stamp of total authority on the latest renewal to win by a convincing three lengths , albeit recording a moderate time .\n[ 1 ] this document is susceptible to being easily forged , as it is a simple excel sheet . therefore , i crosschecked the data included on the excel sheet with doyen\u2019s erpas published on footballleaks , which confirmed the likely veracity of the information provided in the map of deals .\nmost horses in work at any given time are geldings , so for the vast preponderance of owners , that would be a non - penalty . banning a horse from racing if it tests positive punishes those least likely to be complicit in doping , which is the owners . if you have ever had a horse in work , you would know that the trainer has more or less total control over what happens to the horse in the stable . it is a pretty basic principle of our justice system that you don ' t punish people who are not guilty of wrongdoing and who are unaware of it occurring .\nnot for the first time , leopardstown ' s irish champion stakes emerged as the race that could well serve up the highlight of the season as plans for doyen , a dazzling winner of saturday ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot , started to take shape .\ndettori said of doyen :\nhe was the one that was travelling the best and when i pulled him out , off he went . he was absolutely devastating . it was unbelievable . with the crowd screaming , i looked at the big screen to see how far ahead i was .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\n\u201cthe sky is now the limit , \u201d said sheikh mohammed . \u201cwe will take him all over europe and america , which means the arc and the breeders\u2019 cup turf . he is a very special horse . \u201d\nsheikh mohammed ' s darley operation has announced its fees for the 2006 season , and will start newcomers dubawi at \u00a325 , 000 and doyen at \u00a310 , 000 at dalham hall stud near newmarket , england . shamardal , another newcomer , will stand for 40 , 000 euros at kildangan in ireland .\nhe recalled the big day , \u201cthe worst part was when i was in the parade ring . i saw this tiny little horse walking in . then i got on him and i couldn\u2019t believe how small he was . i thought to myself , oh no , how embarrassing , journeying all this way to ride this horse . i asked the groom if he liked him and he replied , \u2018no i like north by northwest , he is a very nice horse . \u2019 so my mood was down . but , then he went down to the start like an absolute bomb . i pulled him up at the 2400m mark and garth was alongside and i remember telling him how good the horse had felt . david had only given me one bit of advice , which was not to bring him through horses , so to try and bring him to the outside . \u201d\ngood read , thanks for the coverage on doyen . i ' m just wondering if they ( or other compnies ) are still active in player investment at all since the tpo ban ? e . g . are they attempting to make similar deals but restructuring contracts so that they comply with fifa rules ?\ntrainer justin snaith : he\u2019s beautifully weighted and is a 2200m plus horse . he missed the cape summer because of injury and off 53kg he is a huge runner . all my horses are well in at the weights .\npopularly known as \u201cjimmy bo - horse\u2019\u2019 in racing circles \u2013 a nickname he says he was given by radio dj\u2019s at metro fm \u2013 maphiri shares his own personal story and the encounter with parkinson\u2019s , with mbuyisi mgibisa .\nthis has been doyen\u2019s best season to date , and he has shown continual improvement , leading connections to indicate that he may well stay in training next season ( providing the breeding contingent of the godolphin operation can be kept at bay ) . he is likely to be aimed at the irish champion stakes next .\nthe sean tarry - trained avontuur thoroughbred farm stud - bred greys inn gelding legal eagle won the most anticipated equus award , horse of the year , at the glittering annual ceremony held at the emperor\u2019s palace on tuesday night .\ndoyen ( ire ) b . h , 2000 { 1 - s } dp = 8 - 2 - 22 - 11 - 1 ( 44 ) di = 0 . 91 cd = 0 . 11 - 14 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 291 , 257\ndoyen , who did not enjoy the best of runs when second to warrsan in the coronation cup at epsom , has a favourite ' s chance in the hardwicke stakes . he is said to have come out of that race particularly well and can confirm epsom placings with high accolade , who was a close fourth .\nascot really did prove a happy hunting ground for godolphin this weekend \u2013 the newmarket - based operation pulled off an impressive victory in the midsummer showpiece , the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes on saturday , as doyen came dashing home under frankie dettori to beat the rest of the field by three lengths .\ntrainer justin snaith : have aimed him specifically for the july . he\u2019s the horse to beat . he\u2019s a huge runner off 54 . 5kg . horses run for grant van niekerk and he can ride him confidently . of the older horses he\u2019s the right horse . there are lots of big races in the winter season but really this is the race we all want to win and you have to sneak into the race off the best weight that you can .\nin 2014 and 2015 , doyen decided also to heavily invest in the south american market . it made a number of deals ( 11 ) involving mostly brazilian players ( from santos fc , sao paulo , atletico paranense and flamengo ) and also two columbians ( from deportivo estudiantil ) . those deals are for the most part still on - going . they are also probably riskier for doyen than the european deals because of the limited guarantees that south american clubs can provide . the leandro damiao case is there to remind us that those deals are in any case risky for the clubs . damiao was a great prospect when he was transferred for \u20ac15 million to santos in december 2013 . based on the map of deals doyen loaned \u20ac12 million to santos in return for 80 % of the economic rights attached to him . yet , after three years , damiao\u2019s contract was rescinded in december 2015 and he moved on a free transfer to betis seville , leaving santos with an \u20ac18 million debt to pay to doyen ( which was recently upheld by the brazilian justice ) . this is a good reminder that tpo , on whichever continent , is everything but risk - free for clubs . the sweet feeling of short - term cash might very well turn into the ( very ) sour taste of long - term debt .\nin 1987 , now riding full - time in britain , roberts bumped into prolific south african owner laurie jaffee at royal ascot . jaffee believed he would win the july that year with bush telegraph and offered roberts the ride as the horse\u2019s regular rider garth puller was going to battle to make the weight . however , roberts could never have considered abandoning the great horse mtoto . bush telegraph duly won the july , while roberts steered mtoto to two successive coral eclipse victories .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nanother kzn gr 1 hopeful for the festival of speed might well be the filly great aim , who is trained out of the small yard of ivan moore , who has proved before he can get the best out of a good horse .\nadditionally , we also supply the best free tips for both metropolitan and country horse racing australia . the racing and sports news department places strong focus on the free content it provides and looks to provide the best and most informative thoroughbred information .\ngodolphin have clearly decided it is time to take the gloves off as they continue to enjoy one of the most successful seasons in their 10 - year existence . doyen , whose king george victory was his first group one success , is their new flagship middle - distance star - and they are ready to take on all - comers .\nplayer said he was also waiting on a decision from trainer aidan o ' brien on powerscourt , who finished third in saturday ' s irish champion stakes ( 2000m ) at leopardstown in which godolphin ' s favourite doyen was unplaced - although it is likely o ' brien is now looking towards the arc in paris next month rather than melbourne .\nin the observer ' s list of the\n10 greatest horse races of all time ,\nthe match between grundy and bustino in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot racecourse on july 26 , 1975 was ranked number two .\nbass - robinson has two gr 1 - winning fillies among her four entries , nightingale and silver mountain , and the former makes more appeal over this trip . her expensively bought three - year - old horizon could also develop into a july horse .\nin this week\u2019s horse & hound magazine , out on thursday 15 june 2017 , don\u2019t miss our eventing report from bramham horse trials , plus read our features on how equine therapy is helping injured servicemen and also what to look forward to at the hickstead derby meeting . in this week\u2019s issue we talk to champion flat jockey jim crowley and olympic cyclist - turned - jockey victoria pendleton answers our q & a , plus check out our reports from dressage at wellington , showjumping from royal cornwall and much more .\nfootballleaks is now operating since nearly half a year and has already provided an incredible wealth of legal documents both on tpo ( and in particular doyen\u2019s contractual arrangements ) and on the operation of the transfer system in football ( mainly transfer agreements , player contracts and agents contracts ) . this constant stream of information is extremely valuable for academic research to get a better grip on the functioning of the transfer market . it is also extremely relevant for the shaping of public debates and political decisions on the regulation of this market . as pointed out on the footballleaks website , it has triggered a series of press investigations in major european news outlets . in this blog , i want to come to a closure on our reporting on doyen\u2019s tpo deals . in the past months , we have already dealt with the specific cases of fc twente and sporting lisbon , reviewed doyen\u2019s tpo deals with spanish clubs , as well as discussed the compatibility of the tpo ban with eu law . in the sporting lisbon case , doyen has since earned an important legal victory in front of the cas ( the ensuing award was just published by footballleaks ) . this victory should not be overstated , however , it was not unexpected due to the liberal understanding of the freedom of contract under swiss law . as such it does not support the necessity of tpo as an investment practice and does not threaten the legality ( especially under eu law ) of fifa\u2019s ban .\nit is not long odds that frankie dettori will start the day with a double courtesy of where with all ( 2 . 30 ) and doyen ( 3 . 05 ) . the two - year - olds in the chesham stakes are largely unknown quantities , but where with all looked a decent prospect when overcoming inexperience to win on his debut at haydock .\ntrainer joey ramsden : i was very happy with his last run . he ran a good race without hammering him . he\u2019s in good order . anton ( marcus ) thought about riding him but eventually stuck to the other horse ( edict of nantes ) .\nmr maphiri , why have you not bought horses ? you have been in a position to do so for many years . and with all your knowledge of the racing game and all the affluent people you have come into contact with why have you not formed black syndications ? as for lots of money to be made from horse racing i will add my own chuckle , i am a normal punter who loses his fair share of money punting , i would never ever consider owning a horse , i lose enough .\nthe general consensus of those who follow racing is that the small trainers get maximum penalties but the big trainers get off scott free because the industry can ' t get along without them . you might even say that all trainers are equal , but some are more equal than others . ( sound familiar ? ? ) . imo there is a way to stop it , but it ' s a bit radical . when these illegal substances are found - ban the horse for life . yes , the horse - not the trainer . that way the owners will lose large amounts of money and the trainer will have to answer to them , probably in court . on top of this fine the trainer and the ownership of the horse , and send the proceeds to animal welfare .\nsimon crisford , racing manager to godolphin , said :\nit was a magnificent win , and one that gives us every hope for the big races for the remainder of the season . he has come out of the race very well . doyen had done everything right leading up to the king george , and there was great confidence surrounding him going into the race .\ndoyen\u2019s business model is smart and has to be acknowledged as a cynical embrace of the intrinsic logic of fifa\u2019s transfer system . it plays on each club\u2019s natural drive for grandeur and the propensity of the clubs\u2019 management to throw caution to the wind to get there at least once . doyen\u2019s head , nelio lucas , is no criminal . there is no indication that he engages in match fixing or money laundering . he is a dead - set investor hunting for the grail : secure financial returns on investments . and he ( with many others [ 4 ] ) has found a way to play the transfer system to his advantage and to game irrational clubs and managers . this does not imply that this business model should go on , however .\nstatue of liberty [ ridden by kinane ] was beaten by a comparative outsider in the sussex stakes at goodwood . if that horse had won a group one , coolmore could have launched him as a commercial stallion , but without that status it ' s much harder .\n\u201cin the olden days , horse racing was the only game in town . today , there\u2019s a huge difference with the advent of tv and computers . people don\u2019t go to the races anymore . gone are the days when race courses used to be full to capacity . \u201d\ndeemed by many as unlucky to have missed out on a single equus award last year , legal eagle received south african racing\u2019s top accolade when voted equus horse of the year at a plush function hosted by the racing association at emperors palace in johannesburg on tuesday , august 16 .\nthere ' s very little to redeem it , aside from the public tax income perhaps . but i suppose it should be placed in context . most animals are exploited in some way . if i had to choose between six years as a racing horse or two weeks in the coles meat department , i know which life i ' d prefer . you can also draw parallels between horse racing and competitive sport . the main difference is that when we run our footballers into the ground and their knees give out , we don ' t sell them to the glue factory .\nthe bookies are predicting this year ' s race will come down to a duel between the crack french three - year - old dalakhani and the ultra - tough irish four - year - old high chaparral . the epsom derby victor , kris kin , with kieren fallon on board , leads the english challenge , with frankie dettori ' s french mount , doyen , as the joker in the pack .\nthe champion two - year - old male looked clear cut and duly went to another horse by captain al , the vaughan marshall - trained klawervlei stud - bred colt always in charge , who won the hotly contested gr 1 tsogo sun gold medallion over 1200m at scottsville by three lengths .\nif horse racing were banned it would result in a lot of unemployment , not a good idea , if you worked in the racing industry you would find there is less corruption there , than most other industries , it seems you made this post out of mistaken emotion rather than proper observation .\n( 3 f fast company \u2013 mean lae by johannesburg ) who was subsequently bought for \u00a31 , 300 , 000 by the china horse club at the goffs london sale , minding overcame severe trouble in running in the oaks ( gr 1 , 1m4f ) at epsom to secure a second classic victory .\ntimeform called dalakhani \u201cgenuine and consistent\u201d and said he was \u201ceffective on going ranging from heavy to good to firm\u201d . they said he \u201chad a telling turn of foot for a horse who stayed a mile and a half\u201d and was \u201cquite attractive , but rather finely made\u201d . he stands 16 . 1 hands .\n. this four - year - old colt not only won the english and irish derby in 2002 before finishing an excellent third in the arc after a badly interrupted preparation , he later stamped himself an outstanding middle - distance horse with a memorable american victory in the breeders ' cup turf at arlington park .\nhorse racing is not bigger than ever . it is smaller . horse racing has been totally eclipsed by sports betting as the preferred gambling medium of most punters , and as a general interest sport ( which it very much was , a couple of generations ago ) it is nowhere . the tv and media coverage that it gets is bought and paid for by the industry itself , which should give you an idea of the sport ' s popularity . can you imagine the afl or cricket australia actually paying newspapers and tv stations big money every year to cover their sports ? of course not . but racing does .\nracing victoria ltd ' s mark player said yesterday that elegant fashion was due to arrive in melbourne after a flight from hong kong on october 5 , with the german stablemates paolini and simonas . player said hayes had arranged for a horse from lindsay park to go into quarantine , with elegant fashion as a working companion .\nthe bay horse was rated 132 by timeform and he entered stud at the age of 4 in 1985 at coolmore as one of the most desirable stallion prospects in years owing to his fabulous pedigree - northern dancer was massive sensation at that time - and race record of winning 6 of his 11 starts in good company .\nsaeed bin suroor was champion trainer in the united kingdom for the fourth time in 2004 , a year in which godolphin captured 11 group one races . refuse to bend and sulamani netted a brace apiece , while papineau ' s victory in the gold cup at royal ascot was one of six successes for godolphin at the five - day extravaganza . doyen subsequently ran away with the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes and received multiple awards for his achievements .\nit may be that doyen , far from being the best middle - distance racehorse in europe , isn ' t even the best in his own stable , as a not quite match - fit sulamani , who beat everything in the king george last year except the then - brilliant alamshar , put up a mathematically similar performance against high accolade and persian majesty when just failing to concede weight to bandari in the princess of wales ' s stakes at newmarket .\nsouth australian breeders have access to a superb racehorse and proven sire following the aga khan\u2019s decision to shuttle dalakhani ( ire ) to cornerstone stud in 2013 . it\u2019s an historic move by one of the world\u2019s major breeders , and those looking to breed a classic winner or cups horse will find this stallion ticks all the boxes .\nwarrsan\u2019s jockey darryl holland was adamant that the slow pace had hijacked the six - year - old\u2019s chances . \u201cit was a non - event for me , \u201d he said , after coming ninth . \u201cthey went no pace and my horse wants a proper end - to - end gallop . it was all very disappointing . \u201d\n\u201cto own a horse one has to apply for colours and the accompanying costs are just but one of the many barriers that black owners face when trying to enter the industry , \u201d he says . the thoroughbred breeders association has set up shared ownership syndicates to make it easier and less costly for new entrants to the game .\ntrainer dean kannemeyer : i\u2019m very happy with his 1900 performance . that\u2019s what made me think of supplementing him for the july . he is well weighted and is a tough , sound and consistent horse . i won this race two years ago with power king off a similar weight so i don\u2019t think that he\u2019s without a chance .\nthe result also provided trainer dermot weld and jockey pat smullen with their first win in the \u00a31 , 325 , 000 race , but the horse had to overcome a scare , when injuring a foot on the morning of the race , before getting the better of us army ranger ( galileo ) by a length and a half .\n\u201che has got to be the outstanding horse of his generation over all distances and all goings , \u201d the aga khan said after the three year - old\u2019s win in the arc . \u201ci have always said it is difficult to make comparisons between champions but dalakhani , such a beautiful mover , has a concentration of unusual talent . \u201d\nsadler ' s wells has certainly flown the flag for northern dancer ' s amazing influence and genetics . our equus 2011 award horse - of - the - year is igugu ( aus ) - and her sire who is also proving himself a force to be reckoned with is galileo who in turn is by sadler ' s wells .\nlegal eagle raced five times during the season and won three grade 1 races in imperious fashion \u2013 the l\u2019ormarins queen\u2019s plate , the hf oppenheimer horse chestnut stakes and the premier\u2019s champions challenge . his other two starts yielded seconds to smart call in the j & b met in january and an allowance plate in his first run of the season .\nphoenix reach had no success in europe as a four - year - old in 2004 , when his preparation was disrupted by a viral infection early in the year . his first appearance was delaye until june when he finished sixth to rakti in the prince of wales ' s stakes . after finishing sixth in the grand prix de saint - cloud he started a 33 / 1 outsider for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and finished tenth of the eleven runners behind doyen .\nhis nearest market rival al sahem received a rousing cheer when he drew pole position , but it is questionable whether this is a good draw these days . there have been a few slow run julys recently , so being handy has become preferable and a horse drawn in pole might have to be used up to a certain extent to hold position .\non sunday 5 october at longchamp . nonetheless , as the days roll by until europe ' s most prestigious autumn race , there also appears to be growing confidence behind the chief opposition to the powerful grey colt who will be attempting to give french champion jockey elect christophe soumillon his first victory in the great 2400m horse race at longchamp in paris .\nhorse racing is bigger than ever , only now it ' s watched and gambled on in pubs , clubs and the tab , or watched at home on foxtel and online . a few people still go to the races but not many . cheating and animal cruelty will always exist in the racing industry and while ever we tolerarte it it will continue .\nturfdonna won the 157th henkel - preis der diana \u2013 german oaks over 11 furlongs at dusseldorf , giving sunnyhill stud stallion doyen ( by sadler ' s wells ) a winner at the highest level . the andreas wohler - trained three - year - old was bred by gestut auenquelle , she is a half - sister to the stakes - placed turfflamme ( by lomitas ) and her dam turfaue ( by big shuffle ) is a full - sister to the group 1 premio lydia tesio heroine turfrose .\nthanks for your kind words . doyen is still active in football ( as an agent , image rights holder , or based on old tpo contracts from before the ban ) , but is apparently not engaging into new tpo deals ( besides seraing probably for the purpose of the legal challenge against fifa ' s ban ) . it is also possible that they moved into traditional investment into clubs ( or try to buy a club ) , but this is way more risky than tpo investment . . .\nas a sport - mad country , south africa\u2019s local gambling industry , including casinos and physical betting , is worth r20bn . according to a report by pwc , in 2011 horse racing accounted for 78 % of the total gross sports betting revenue in south africa , generating r1 . 7bn of the r2 . 2bn the entire sports betting industry earned that year .\njezki , meanwhile , may have lost some of the gloss he had over two miles before the injury he sustained in 2015 but he is still formidable . he outstayed hurricane fly to win the ladbrokes world hurdle at punchestown over today\u2019s trip two years ago . any horse capable of that deserves respect and he would be on the each - way short - list .\nthe site offers readers ' free horse racing tips , form and news items from australia and international race meetings . these free services can be accessed through our main racing page . form for nine different countries is available by clicking through to racing information where users have full race fields along with form and punting tools such as neural algorithms and customised worksheets at their disposal .\nfallon ' s instinctive genius makes him equally effective dictating the pace from the front or switching a horse off for a late run . spencer ' s artistry evokes comparisons with walter swinburn in his prime . not as tough on his mounts as fallon , which could be an advantage with some of aidan o ' brien ' s highly strung american - bred colts . advantage fallon , just\ncouldn ' t agree more . i learned over 50 years ago how crooked the horse racing industry was ( along with the trots and greyhounds ) . everything that has happened since has only confirmed those early learnings . crooked at all levels , with tacit approval from administration and government . there ' s simply too much money to be made - but only if you ' re in the know .\ntwenty minutes before preferment and awesome rock ( aus ) ( fastnet rock { aus } ) passed the post together in the australian cup , peeping ( aus ) ( redoute\u2019s choice { aus } ) had won the day\u2019s sydney feature , the g1 coolmore classic at rosehill . by comparison , her sire is a youngster : redoute\u2019s choice was aged only 15 when she was born . however , time passes , and redoute\u2019s choice ( now aged 19 ) has packed so much into his life that he can almost be viewed as the doyen of australia\u2019s sire ranks .\nin 2014 and 2015 , this iberian bias progressively faded . doyen entered in new deals only with granada ( luis martins ) , fc porto ( brahimi ) and cadiz fc ( multiplayers ) . as fifa announced its decision to ban tpo in september 2014 , this might have cooled off the interest of the most prominent spanish and portuguese clubs . it is also possible that since the eurozone crisis came to a slow end and the european central bank flooded the financial markets with cheap money , football clubs progressively recovered access to more traditional ( and less risky ) sources of credit .\nbred by sheikh mohammed , whose maroon - and - white colours he carried when trained by andre fabre , doyen was immediately transferred to godolphin at the end of last year . the irish champion stakes has been nominated by trainer dermot weld as the starting point this autumn for his irish derby winner grey swallow , so the long - awaited comparison of the generations could be completed in dublin on sept 11 , although there was encouragement for the three - year - olds when their sole representative , tycoon , came in sixth after meeting with interference in the straight in the king george ."]}
{"id": 1399, "summary": [{"text": "stagmomantis amazonica , common name amazon mantis , is a species of praying mantis in the genus stagmomantis .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they are native to the south america . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "stagmomantis amazonica", "paragraphs": ["stagmomantis amazonica - urdu meaning and translation of stagmomantis amazonica , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of stagmomantis amazonica and more .\nstagmomantis amazonica , common name amazon mantis , is a species of praying mantis in the genus stagmomantis .\n[ 1 ] tree of life web project . stagmomantis . version 22 november 2005\na synoptic review of the genus stagmomantis ( mantodea : mantidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , m\u00fcnster .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of mathematics and natural sciences , national university , la jolla , california 92037 , usa . ; email : mmaxwell @ nu . edu .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe mantis comes to us when we need peace , quiet and calm in our lives .\nwe are always eager to help . contact us either by email or live help by clicking bottom right\nlive help"]}
{"id": 1402, "summary": [{"text": "aiptasia diaphana , the yellow aiptasia or glasrose , is a species of sea anemone native to shallow waters in the temperate eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it has been introduced into the red sea . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "aiptasia diaphana", "paragraphs": ["sexual plasticity and self - fertilization in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana . - pubmed - ncbi\ndevelopment of self - fertilized gametes of the anemone aiptasia diaphana ( scale bars = 10 \u00b5m ) .\ntrioecy , a unique breeding strategy in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana and its association with sex steroids .\nred sea aiptasia - x - guaranteed , reef - safe elimination of aiptasia .\ntrioecy , a unique breeding strategy in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana and its association with sex steroids . - pubmed - ncbi\nberghia the natural solution berghia nudibranchs are the natural solution for aiptasia anemones . they eat solely aiptasia .\nfield populations of aiptasia diaphana forming a dense \u201ccarpet\u201d on anchor rigs of an abandoned net pen fish farm 1 . 8 km offshore .\nfrequency of oocytes atresia among hermaphrodites and females in a . diaphana age - groups .\nberghia devouring an aiptasia these berghia nudibranchs have overpowered an aiptasia anemone as they consume it from the bottom up .\n7 . the method of claim 1 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .\n16 . the method of claim 9 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .\n22 . the method of claim 17 , wherein said at least one stinging capsule is from a nematostella vectensis , rhopilema nomadica and aiptasia diaphana .\nfor information on sea anemone predators , and the chemical and physical methods of aiptasia removal and control , see : aiptasia pests - getting rid of glass anemones .\nthey can be preyed upon by peppermint shrimp , most butterflyfsh and aiptasia eating nudibranchs .\nbig & small berghia eating aiptasia berghia nudibranchs will sometimes gang up on an aiptasia anemone to eat it . pictured are 1 / 8\nto 1 / 2\nberghia .\n1 / 4\nberghia eating an aiptasia this 1 / 4\nberghia nudibranch is eating a good sized aiptasia anemone . berghia can consume an entire anemone in an hour .\nthere are 17 species in the aiptasia genus . the species that are well known are the\nthe will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive .\nall species of the aiptasia genus are easy to care for . aiptasia anemones , though very small , have proven quite hardy and durable . they have the ability to reproduce rapidly in saltwater aquariums where there are plenty of nutrients and good lighting . aiptasia can reach plague proportions in captivity . some aquarists use aiptasia in their refugiums to take out nutrients from the water .\n( of adamsia diaphana ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neat only one thing : the dreaded aiptasia anemone . because they will only eat aiptasia , they are guaranteed 100 % reef safe ! you can learn more about the berghia nudibranch from our\ngenus is a member of the aiptasiidae family and currently contains 12 species . general common names all the various aiptasia anemones are known by are aiptasia , glassrose anemone , rock anemone , devil ' s plague , aiptasia anemone , pest anemone , and sometimes by this misspelling , aptasia .\nberghia eating berghia nudibranchs frequently form a\ndog pile\naround larger aiptasia when they eat .\ncitation : schlesinger a , kramarsky - winter e , rosenfeld h , armoza - zvoloni r , loya y ( 2010 ) sexual plasticity and self - fertilization in the sea anemone aiptasia diaphana . plos one 5 ( 7 ) : e11874 . urltoken\naiptaisa means beautiful , and they can be . . . but they can be also reek havoc on reef tanks ! meet the aiptasia sea anemone species and discover the pros and cons of aiptasia in captivity\nany - they will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive .\nyour source for hungry aiptasia anemone eating berghia nudibranchs , saltwater fish , and live corals for sale .\n( of actinia diaphana rapp , 1829 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aiptasiomorpha diaphana ( rapp , 1829 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cribrina diaphana ( rapp , 1829 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nan unusual mechanism of sex differentiation was observed to occur in the populations of asexually produced sea anemone a . diaphana , giving rise to males , females , and hermaphrodites . the ontogenetic patterns were associated with sex steroid profiles , revealing an original sexual system in a . diaphana pedal lacerates , the first to be reported in the phylum cnidaria .\nthere are various ways to reduce and control aiptasia populations . sea anemone predators provides a natural , biological method of controlling and possibly eliminating aiptasia anemones . one of the best known methods is using nudibranchs to eat glass anemones . of all the sea anemone predators , the nudibranch berghia verrucicornis is a great choice because it only feeds on aiptasia .\ntwo berghia nudibranchs berghia nudibranchs are captivating creatures . these two berghia can consume a large aiptasia anemone in an hour .\nusing aiptasia in refugiums to take out nutrients can be effective , yet it can also be risky if any parts of an aiptasia migrates to the main tank . in a refugium , use screening to prevent free floating aiptasia from migrating to your main tank . be sure to have all of your pumps covered . most good quality pumps have guards on them .\nusing aiptasia in refugiums to take out nutrients can be effective , yet it can also be risky if any parts of an aiptasia migrates to the main tank through the filtration . in a refugium use screening to prevent free floating aiptasia from migrating to your main tank . be sure to have all of your pumps covered . most good quality pumps have guards on them .\nthis berghia nudibranch appears to be looking at the camera , but it is actually trolling for an aiptasia anemone to eat .\nto reduce and control pesky aiptasia in your saltwater aquarium , biological approaches such as fish that eat aiptasia or crabs , shrimps , nudibranchs to eat glass anemones , and more can be used . also various manufactured chemicals and household products can be used .\nregular and time consuming manual removal is often required so that an aquarium is not overrun by dense populations of aiptasia . there are various ways to reduce and control aiptasia populations . sea anemone predators provides a natural , biological method of controlling and possibly eliminating aiptasia anemones . other methods include chemical removal and the more risky method of physical removal . there are important considerations when using either of these two methods .\nregular and time consuming manual removal is often required so that an aquarium is not overrun by dense populations of aiptasia . other methods of aiptasia control include chemical removal and the more risky method of physical removal . there are important considerations when using either of these two methods .\ni would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken\nthey generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other food particles . predators include peppermint shrimp , most butterflyfsh , and aiptasia eating nudibranchs .\ncommon names aiptasia anemones are known by in general include glassrose anemone , glass anemone , pale anemone , rock anemone , trumpet anemone , brown glass anemone , small rock anemone , yellow anemone , tube anemone , aiptasia anemone , devil ' s plague , pest anemone , and aptasia .\npropagating aiptasia anemones is fairly easy , just feed it and it will multiply . anemones in general can multiply by sexual and asexual means . aiptasia will multiply asexually by fission , which is where a tiny bit of tissue detached from the foot quickly develops into a new and complete anemone .\nthe eye of the berghia you can actually see the tiny black eyes of this berghia nudibranch . berghia nudibranch only has eyes for aiptasia anemones .\non the other hand , being easy to grow in the laboratory , makes aiptasia specimens ideal in the scientific world . the aiptasia species are a model system for research and study of their unique adaptations . they are being researched extensively both for medical uses and to learn about their ocean environment .\ngrowth rate and sexual size dimorphism of a . diaphana age - groups . a ) growth ( weight increase ) of a . diaphana lacerates . the points represent the biomass ( mg dry weight = mg dw ) mean \u00b1 se of six to eight replicates . each replicate is an average dw of three individuals sampled from the same growing chamber . b ) sexual size dimorphism as indicated by pedal disk diameter presented as mean \u00b1 se . numbers inside the bars are the sample sizes .\n( of aiptasia saxicola andr\u00e8s , 1881 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncorals and other anemones are the invertebrates most affected by aiptasia pests . unless you are keeping small rock anemones in a refugium to help control nutrients , they need to be removed as soon as possible . once aiptasia gets a foothold , manual removal to keep populations in check , may very well become an ongoing activity .\na . diaphana age homogeneous populations . a ) pedal lacerates attached to a mesh fabric after the removal of adult sea anemones . b ) homogeneous population at the age of 4 wk developed from pedal lacerates . c ) sea anemones aged 4\u201312 wk .\naiptasia grow like weeds , take over the reef tank , and are very hard to control ! a variety of approaches include chemical controls to using sea anemone predators .\nit is unknown how long they live , but they do reproduce quickly . a mature aiptasia anemones can produce dozens of juveniles in a single day if well fed .\nthe aiptasia has a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which it attaches to the substrate . if tank conditions are not ideal aiptasia use their\nfoot\nto move along the substrate . they will contract the circular muscles of the foot and push forward , or they may crawl on their side , moving about 4 cm per hour . aiptasia will often opt to simply disconnect and float around , or swim by moving in a spiral motion , until they find a new spot to adhere too .\npropagating aiptasia anemones is fairly easy , just cut a piece off and it will grow . anemones in general can multiply by sexual and asexual means . aiptasia will multiply asexually by fission , which is where a tiny bit of tissue detached from the foot quickly develops into a new and complete anemone . aiptasia anemones will tolerate their own\nclones\n, and these anemones are very prolific . this is why it is very difficult to physically remove these anemones from a rock . any remaining tissues quickly multiply into to new specimens .\ndon ' t let the pretty white center fool you , this trumpet anemone is just another species of aiptasia ! one of the most dreaded\nhitchhikers\nnext to the mantis shrimp , the trumpet anemone can reach plague proportions in a short time . some natural ways to eliminate them are peppermint shrimp , aiptasia eating nudibranchs and various butterflyfish , especially the copperbanded butterflyfish .\naiptasia , often called\nweedy\nanemones , are found in tropical and temperate waters around the globe . they live in a relatively wide range of salinities , temperatures , and other water quality conditions .\nade - 1 , a new inotropic na ( + ) channel toxin from aiptasia diaphana , is similar to , yet distinct from , known anemone na ( + ) channel toxins .\nnesher n . , shapira e . , sher d . , moran y . , tsveyer l . , turchetti - maia a . l . , horowitz m . , hochner b . , zlotkin e . biochem . j . 451 : 81 - 90 ( 2013 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\ndistribution of sexes in a . diaphana age - groups during reproductive development . five reproductive states were characterized histologically : nonreproductive ( white bars ) , undifferentiated ( gray bars ) , hermaphrodite ( tan bars ) , male ( blue bars ) , and female ( red bars ) . n = number of specimens examined .\nto most saltwater aquarists aiptasia are considered a nuisance . they pose great difficulties to a reef environment as they harm other tank mates and quickly overgrow the environment . their rapid reproduction makes them extremely difficult to control .\nsaltwater aquarists don ' t usually buy glass anemones , but aiptasia is available alive from supply companies for research and scientific study . aquarists generally acquire them as hitchhikers , arriving with live rock or attached to the base of corals .\nthe typical reef environment is best for these anemones . like most anemone species , they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to . aiptasia are hardy aquarium anemones that can survive even in dark conditions and will flourish in poor water - quality environments rich in organic nutrients . water changes of 10 % bi - monthly or 20 % a month are typical for most anemones , but with aiptasia , the more nutrients you have the happier it will be .\n( of aiptasia saxicola andr\u00e8s , 1881 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe small rock anemone has a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which it attaches to the substrate . if tank conditions are not ideal they will use their \u201cfoot\u201d to move along the substrate . aiptasia anemones do this by contracting the circular muscles of the foot and pushing forward , or they may crawl on their side , moving about 4 cm per hour . often aiptasia will simply opt to disconnect and float around , or swim by moving in a spiral motion , until they find a new spot to adhere too .\nanemones are called\nrock anemones\nbecause they are found along rocky shorelines , and often dubbed\nglass anemones\ndue to their bodies being somewhat translucent . this pretty rock anemone is also known as the glass rose anemone , trumpet anemone , and yellow aiptasia .\naiptasia is an anemone that saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase , rather they are accidentally introduced into a saltwater system as a hitchhiker on live rock or attached to the base of corals . unless planning to cultivate this anemone , you would not knowingly purchase live rock or corals with aiptasia on it . however , they can be difficult to see . they are small and will quickly retract when disturbed , hiding inside small crevices and holes in the rock . they can hide for weeks or even months until conditions are suitable before coming out .\naiptasia anemones will tolerate their own \u201cclones\u201d , and these anemones are very prolific . this is why it is very difficult to physically remove these anemones from a rock . any remaining tissues quickly multiply into to new specimens . sexual reproduction has not been described for the species .\nsmall rock anemones are durable and problems are pretty minimal unless your lighting , water movement , and feeding is inadequate . then your anemone will detach to look for \u201cbetter conditions . \u201d with better conditions , they can quickly multiply . having a quickly expanding population of aiptasia then becomes the problem .\ntheir body form is the polyp . it is composed of a pedal disc or ' foot ' with which the aiptasia attaches to the substrate . it has a smooth , elongated body column with an oral disc on top . this disk has a mouth with many long stinging tentacles surrounding it .\na two - stage pathway for sex differentiation in a . diaphana lacerates . stage 1 : sexually undifferentiated individuals differentiate equally to either males or hermaphrodites . stage 2 : primary males progress with spermatogenesis and spermiation , whereas hermaphrodites undergo sex allocation in which one gender becomes the dominant gender in the polyp and the other gender represses and often disappears . hermaphrodites that undergo sex allocation may finally become males , females , or mature as hermaphrodites ( i . e . , trioecy ) .\nthe glass anemone is a carnivore . in the wild aiptasia derive nutrition from their symbiotic alge , zooxanthellae , as well as from the water around them . they use their tentacles to capture organic matter that floats by , then insert the food into their mouths for ingestion . they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other foot particles .\ndo water changes of 10 % monthly or 20 % every other month . they will flourish in poor water - quality environments that are rich in organic nutrients . for most anemones , typical water changes are 10 % twice a month or 20 % a monthly , but with aiptasia , the more nutrients there are , the happier it will be .\ngenets ( n = 4 ) of a . diaphana were cultured in the indoor system described above ( figure 4 ) , set up to emulate ambient seasonal conditions ( i . e . , light and temperature amplitude ) of the natural reproductive season . spawning was temporally controlled by shifting the photoperiod and water temperature ( as described above ) to match the ambient shifts that occur during the natural gametogenic period during peak reproduction the mesenteries , visible via the transparent body column , were milky white in appearance in males and an orange color in females .\nlevels of vertebrate - like sex steroids , including progesterone ( a ) , testosterone ( b ) , and estradiol ( c ) , associated with sex differentiation and maturation processes ( d ) in a . diaphana age - groups . steroid levels are expressed as mean \u00b1 se of six to eight replicates . each replicate represents three individuals sampled from the same chamber . differences in steroid levels between the weeks were tested using one - way anova , and a tukey hsd test was used for post hoc comparisons . lowercase letters ( a\u2013e ) indicate significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) difference between means .\nsmall rock anemones are easy to care for and they are quite hardy and durable . they have the ability to reproduce rapidly in saltwater aquariums where there are plenty of nutrients and good lighting . some aquarists use aiptasia in their refugiums to take out nutrients from the water . keeping them in a screened off area of the refugium , they will feed on excess nutrients , thus improving water quality .\nany substrate is fine as these anemones will inhabit all levels of the tank . they need the same type of lighting found in a typical reef , and moderate lighting is suggested . they will thrive in bright light , but even under poor lighting aiptasia anemones will survive . they prefer a low - to - moderate water movement , but any type of movement is fine , just not stagnant water .\nthis is yet another anemone that is considered an undesirable addition to a reef tank ! the small rock anemone , also called the rose glass anemone is slightly different from the standard aiptasia in that it has more color , being brown to a pinkish brown instead of clear or gray . whatever color it is , it needs to go ! when you see one , do your best to get rid of it before it reproduces !\nthe small rock anemone is a carnivore , but these anemones are also equipped with nutritional alternatives for their well - being . in the wild aiptasia derive nutrition from their symbiotic algae , zooxanthellae , as well as from the water around them . they use their tentacles to capture organic matter that floats by , then insert the food into their mouths for ingestion . they generally eat zooplankton , but will always accept other foot particles .\nthe name aiptasia means\nbeautiful\n. although these little anemones are unpopular with reef hobbyists because of their ability to take over the aquarium , they really can be quite nice looking . they are smaller anemones that only get to be about 1\n( 3 cm ) in diameter and 3 - 4\n( 7 . 5 - 10 cm ) tall depending on the species . most specimens are actually much smaller then that too .\naiptasia anemones are found in shallow waters along protected coasts and along intertidal rocky or mangrove lined shorelines . they will also form dense colonies in areas of shallow water , sometimes so dense they look like solid sheets . they are found alone attached to rubble , mangrove roots , dead corals , and other hard substrates . they occur in deep water too , where there is good tidal action . all species are commonly found with live rock .\naiptasia anemones don ' t have a very good reputation with saltwater hobbyists . they have strong stings and don\u2019t \u201cplay nice\u201d with other corals and fish . they use venomous cells , nematocyst found in their tentacles , to sting corals and fish . they can reach plague proportions in the aquarium or a reef tank , wreak havoc on the other inhabitants . they are very hard to get rid of and have been known to take over a reef aquarium by quickly reproducing while stinging and killing other tank invertebrates .\nthe weedy aiptasia is an anemone that saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase , rather they are accidentally introduced into a saltwater system as a hitchhiker on live rock or attached to the base of corals . they are able to out compete other species in the reef tank . when disturbed they eject dangerous white stinging threads , or acontia . by using venomous cells or nematocyst found in their tentacles , they sting and push other inhabitants away from their\nturf\n. they have strong stings that can harm , and even kill other corals and fish .\nsizes of aiptasia pallida anemones used in this study , quantified as means of three measurements of the body column of each anemone . bold dashes represent medians , open circles represent anemones without gonads , and asterisks represent anemones with gonads . body column diameter was larger in symbiotic anemones than in aposymbiotic anemones for both males and females ( mann\u2013whitney u tests , p < 0 . 001 ) . sample size : n = 9 aposymbiotic females , n = 18 aposymbiotic males , n = 27 symbiotic females , and n = 15 symbiotic males . abbreviations : apofem = aposymbiotic female , apomale = aposymbiotic male , symfem = symbiotic female , symmale = symbiotic male\ndaly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfishelson , l . , 1971 . ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the red sea . marine biology , 10 / 2 : 113 - 133 . [ details ]\nfautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ndepartment of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel\ndepartment of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel , israel oceanographic and limnological research , national center for mariculture , eilat , israel\neditor : ryan l . earley , university of alabama , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 schlesinger et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was funded by ramot ( horowitz foundation ) tel aviv university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nforming a dense \u201ccarpet\u201d on anchor rigs of an abandoned net pen fish farm 1 . 8 km offshore .\na ) a dissected anemone illustrating the morphology of the gonads along the mesenteries ( m ) of the polyp . b ) histological section of a female gonad showing well developed oocytes with visible germinal vesicles and nucleoli . c ) histological section of a male gonad showing well developed spermaries . d ) histological section of a hermaphrodite gonad showing well developed oocytes ( o ) alongside interspersed spermaries ( s ) at various stages of development . bar corresponds to 200 \u00b5m in b and to 100 \u00b5m c and in d .\nin laboratory culture , the rate of asexual reproduction was affected by controlled seasonal variations . under june\u2013august ( summer ) temperature\u2013photoperiod conditions genets propagated ca . one order of magnitude more ramets ( time = 77 d , n = 255\u00b127 ) than under december \u2013 march ( winter ) conditions ( t = 78 d , n = 23\u00b112 ) . the rate of asexual reproduction differed significantly between the summer and winter treatments ( 2 way anova and tukey ' s hsd test , df = 1 fseason 83 . 61 ; p < 0 . 05 ) . accordingly , each founder genet that produced 255 ramets ( individuals resulting from asexual reproduction ) during summer and in turn produces at least 20 additional ramets during winter can , theoretically , produce over 5 , 000 ramets ( 20 winter x 255 summer ) over a one - year period .\nmicroscopic analysis of ramets ( n = 304 ) sampled from six different laboratory - reared genet lines ( g 1 \u2013 g 6 ) , each founded by one individual of a known sex , revealed that the male phenotype was preserved throughout the experiment in one genet ( g 5 ) ( table 1 , figure 2 ) . the other five genets gave rise to both female and male phenotypes , with a skewed female / male ratio in favor of the founder sex ( table 1 ) . in addition , ramets derived from one female genet ( g 2 ) , included not only males and females but also seven hermaphroditic individuals ( table 1 ) .\ngametes spawned by g 2 ( n = 3 spawn dates and g 3 ( n = 2 spawn dates ) genet lines self - fertilized . similarly , gametes spawned by g 1 cross - fertilized with gametes of g 5 ( n = 4 spawn dates ) . zygotes derived from \u201cselfing\u201d and out - crossing developed into swimming planula larvae . the embryos underwent \u201cchaotic\u201d cleavage . on d - 4 post - spawning , nematocysts had developed in all planulae ( figure 3 ) .\n( a ) released non fertilized oocyte ( sem ) . ( b ) late cleavage stage showing asynchronous \u201cchaotic\u201d cleavage ( sem ) . ( c ) blastula from animal pole perspective , note small micromeres . ( c ' ) blastula from the vegetal pole perspective , showing large yolky macromeres at the vegetal pole ( sem ) . ( d ) prawn chip stage . ( e ) gastrula . the blastopore is marked by an arrow . ( sem ) . ( f ) swimming planula , nematocysts marked by arrowhead ( light micrograph ) .\nthe culture cell ( 4 ) is placed within a sedimentation chamber ( 6 ) which in turn is encompassed by a water jacket ( 8 ) . a light source ( 18 ) is positioned above the culture cell . a pump ( 20 ) is fixed to a wall in the sedimentation chamber ( 6 ) and connected to the culture cell inlet port ( 15 ) . sediment is drained from the chamber via a waste outlet ( 22 ) connected to the bottom of the chamber . culture temperature is controlled by the water jacket ( 8 ) , using a water chiller ( 24 ) and a thermostat regulated heater ( 26 ) . the legs ( 10 ) of the culture tank stand on the tank ' s bottom ( 12 ) , and water outlets ( 14 ) are interspersed around the top of the cell in the water jacket tank ( 16 ) . scale bar = 20 cm .\nto ascertain the rate of pedal laceration ( asexual reproduction ) of this anemone under laboratory conditions , we simultaneously tested the effect of summer ( june \u2013 august ) and winter ( december \u2013 february ) photoperiod and temperature amplitude as recorded in the eastern mediterranean ( 32\u00b024\u20329n , 34\u00b050\u20325e ) . data were obtained from the wise observatory astronomical calendar and medatlas / 2002 database , medar group 2002 ) . culture temperature was controlled by a water jacket ( figure 4 ) , using a 4 m 3 h \u22121 water circulation pump , a thermostat regulated water chiller and thermostat regulated heaters [ 43 ] \u2013 [ 44 ] .\nphoto - period was controlled as described above , by weekly calibration of light : dark period , following wise observatory astronomical calendar data . temperature amplitudes in the culture systems were calibrated weekly using the water - jacket temperature control system i . e . , regulated heaters and chillers , to follow the seasonal temperature amplitude ( medatlas / 2002 , medar group 2002 database figure s2 ) . six ramets from three genet lines ( two ramets from each genet ) were removed and settled on new substrata , each in a separate , sterilized culture tank . thus , each genet was simultaneously exposed to two different temperature and photoperiod regimes ( three culture tanks under summer conditions and three under winter conditions ) . feeding regime , light quality and intensity , current character and water exchange were uniform in all culture tanks . the number of ramets in each culture tank was counted after 77\u201378 days following settlement of each founder . data were analyzed using student ' s t test for significance .\neastern mediterranean ( 32\u00b024\u20329n , 34\u00b050\u20325e ) temperature amplitude based data obtained from medatlas / 2002 database , medar group 2002 .\nwe would like to thank dr . eran brockovich and varda wexler for their help with the figures .\nconceived and designed the experiments : as ekw . performed the experiments : as raz . analyzed the data : as ekw hr raz yl . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : hr yl . wrote the paper : as ekw hr raz yl .\nputnam nh , srivastava m , hellsten u , dirks b , chapman j , et al . ( 2007 ) sea anemone genome reveals ancestral eumetazoan gene repertoire and genomic organization . science 317 ( 5834 ) : 86\u201394 .\nfautin dg ( 1990 ) cnidaria , in reproductive biology of invertebrates , . in : adiyodi kg , adiyodi rg , editors . oxford and i . b . h : new delhi . pp . 31\u201355 .\nfrank u , mokadi o ( 2002 ) coral biodiversity and evolution : recent molecular contributions . can . j zool 80 : 1723\u20131734 .\nweismann a ( 1889 ) the significance of sexual reproduction in the theory of natural selection , in essays upon heredity and kindred biological problems , . in : poulton eb , schonland s , shipley ae , editors . oxford : clarendon press . pp . 251\u2013332 .\nburt a ( 2000 ) perspective : sex , recombination , and the efficacy of selection - was weismann right ? evolution 54 ( 2 ) : 337\u2013351 .\ncolegrave n ( 2002 ) sex releases the speed limit on evolution . nature 420 : 664\u2013666 .\nkramarsky - winter e , fine m , loya y ( 1997 ) coral polyp expulsion . nature 387 : 137 .\nharrison pl , babcock rc , bull gd , oliver jk , wallace cc , willis bl ( 1984 ) mass spawning in tropical reef corals . science 223 : 1186\u20131189 .\nharrison pl , wallace cc ( 1990 ) reproduction , dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals . coral reefs 25 : 133\u2013207 .\nvollmer sv , palumbi sr ( 2002 ) diversity hybridization and the evolution of reef coral . science 296 : 2023\u20132025 .\nstephenson ta ( 1928 ) the british sea anemones . london : the ray society . vol . i .\nfautin dg ( 2002 ) reproduction of cnidaria . canad j of zool 80 ( 10 ) : 1735\u20131754 .\nbuss lw ( 1983 ) evolution , development , and the units of selection . pnas 80 ( 5 ) : 1387\u20131391 .\ntang c , toomajian c , sherman - broyles s , plagnol v , guo y - l , et al . ( 2007 ) the evolution of selfing in\nshick jm ( 1991 ) a functional biology of sea anemones . new york : chapman & hall .\nhall vr , hughes tp ( 1996 ) reproductive strategies of modular organisms : comparative studies of reef - building corals . ecology 77 ( 3 ) : 950\u2013963 .\n( hydrozoa , leptomedusae ) : the influence of temperature . j exp zool 287 ( 3 ) : 233\u2013242 .\nat eilat red sea . a long term study . biol bull 173 : 335\u2013344 .\ni . gonads and planulae . mar ecol prog ser 1 ( 2 ) : 133\u2013144 .\nloya y , lubinevsky h , kramarsky - winter e ( 2004 ) nutrient enrichment caused by in situ fish farms at eilat , red sea is detrimental to coral reproduction . mar poll bull 49 ( 4 ) : 344\u2013353 .\nsoong k , lang jc ( 1992 ) reproductive integration in reef corals . biol bull 183 ( 3 ) : 418 .\nloya y , sakai k ( 2008 ) bidirectional sex change in mushroom stony corals . proc r soc b 275 : 2335\u20132343 .\ncarlon db ( 1999 ) the evolution of mating systems in tropical reef corals . tree 14 ( 12 ) : 491\u2013495 .\nfautin dg ( 1997 ) cnidarian reproduction : assumptions and their implication . in sixth international congress of coelenterate biology . leiden : natuurhistorisch museum .\n) ( coelenterata , actiniaria ) . j ma bio ass uk 73 ( 4 ) : 971\u2013973 .\nheyward aj , babcock rc ( 1986 ) self - and cross - fertilization in scleractinian corals . marine biology 90 : 191\u2013195 .\nbrazeau da , gleason df , morgan me ( 1998 ) self - fertilization in brooding hermaphroditic caribbean corals : evidence from molecular markers . jembe 231 ( 2 ) : 225 .\nhamrick jl , godt mt ( 1990 ) allozyme diversity in plant species , in plant population genetics : breeding and genetic resources , . in : brown ahd , et al . , editor . sunderland ma : sinauer . pp . 43\u201363 .\nkalisz s , vogler dw , hanley km ( 2004 ) context - dependent autonomous self - fertilization yields reproductive assurance and mixed mating . nature 430 : 884\u2013887 .\nghiselin mt ( 1969 ) the evolution of hermaphroditism among animals . the quar rev of biol 44 ( 2 ) : 189\u2013208 .\nhyman lh ( 1940 ) protozoa through ctenophora , in the invertebrates . new york and london : mcgraw - hill .\nschlesinger a , kramarsky - winter e , loya y ( 2008 ) method and apparatus for propagating benthic marine invertebrates , . in : wipo , editor . ramot at tel aviv university .\n( mollusca , opisthobranchia ) : life history aspects . marine biology 156 ( 4 ) : 753 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nurticina means nettle , a stinging plant . like all sea anemones they do have a sting , but the urticina cold water sea anemones have much more . . . being very beautiful they are known as flowers of the sea !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\ni ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !\nis fast at disappearing if disturbed . but this quick maneuver is just one of its fast tricks . it is quite small , at only about 1 . 2\n( 3 cm ) tall , but is also very fast at reproducing . the\nanemones are found in shallow waters along protected coasts and along intertidal rocky shorelines . they are found alone attached to rubble , live rock , dead corals , and other hard substrates . they will also form dense colonies in areas of shallow water , sometimes so dense they look like solid sheets . they occur in deep water too , where there is good tidal action .\nthe small rock anemones are solitary and found at depths of 6 1 / 2 to 9 feet ( 2 - 3 m ) . they live on vertical walls in small quiet harbors and in large pools .\nthe small rock anemone is quite small , only getting up to about 1 . 2\n( 3 cm ) tall . it is unknown how long\nanemones can live , but they do reproduce quickly . mature specimens can produce dozens of juveniles in a single day if they have plenty of nutrients .\nthe number of small rock anemones can reach plague proportions in captivity . in some aquariums they will reproduce faster than in others , but the exact reason is unknown . they do seem to reproduce faster in environments high in nutrients and detritus . this anemone , as well as any species of\n, is generally regarded as a pest . they can be difficult to control and / or eliminate once they get a foothold .\nalthough anemones are not as dependent on calcium as stony corals , magnesium and calcium is still needed to keep the ph and alkalinity stable and within the correct parameters . additions of trace elements are suggested . phosphates should be kept around 0 . 03 or less .\n380 . 0 - 450 . 0 ppm - helps to balance alkalinity . aim for 420 ppm , or 385 ppm if you are using seachem calcium .\n7 . 0 - 11 . 0 dkh - ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 9 meq / l ) aim for 10 dkh ( 3 . 5 meq / l ) for reef tanks .\n1 , 250 . 0 - 1 , 350 . 0 ppm - test magnesium levels and adjust before checking calcium .\nthe small rock anemone is quite small , so it can readily be kept in a nano tank of just 1 - gallon or more , however , the tank should be completely cycled . the typical reef environment is best for these anemones . like most anemone species , they need live rock or some other solid material they can attach to .\nthe small rock anemones are aggressive , and ideally , they are best kept in their own tank . they have strong stings that can harm , and even kill other corals and fish . saltwater hobbyists don ' t purchase these anemones , rather they are acquired accidentally as\nhitch - hikers\non live rock or with other corals . they are very hard to get rid of and have been known to take over a reef aquarium .\nthey can reproduce quickly and will tolerate their own kind , but they are able to out compete other species in the reef tank . when disturbed they eject dangerous white stinging threads , or acontia . also , by using the venomous cells , the nematocyst found in their tentacles , they sting and push other inhabitants away from their \u201cturf . \u201d they don ' t host clownfish .\nhave determined that individuals are dioecious , meaning that individuals are of separate sexes .\nalf jacob nilsen and svein a . fossa , reef secrets : starting right , selecting fishes & invertebrates , advanced biotope techniques , t . f . h publications inc . , 2003\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nschlesinger a 1 , kramarsky - winter e , rosenfeld h , armoza - zvoloni r , loya y .\ndepartment of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , tel aviv , israel .\npmid : 20686700 pmcid : pmc2912375 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0011874\narmoza - zvuloni r 1 , kramarsky - winter e 2 , loya y 2 , schlesinger a 3 , rosenfeld h 2 .\nnational center for mariculture , israel oceanographic and limnological research , eilat , israel department of zoology , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv , israel the h . steinitz marine biology laboratory , the interuniversity institute for marine sciences of eilat , eilat , israel rachelarmoza @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of zoology , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv , israel .\nthe h . steinitz marine biology laboratory , the interuniversity institute for marine sciences of eilat , eilat , israel .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncardioactive peptide that acts on voltage - gated sodium channels ( hnav1 . 5 / scn5a ) and voltage - gated potassium channels ( kv ) ( pubmed :\n) . the activity on sodium channels consists of inhibition on sodium current inactivation with no significant effect on current activation . this effect may be caused by direct interaction of the toxin with sodium channel site - 3 ( pubmed :\n) . the activity on potassium channels consists of a significant increase of the amplitude of the transient component of the potassium current , shifting the current threshold to more negative membrane potentials . these effects are concentration - dependent and reversible and may be due to a direct interaction between the toxin and the voltage - sensing domain of the channel ( pubmed :\n) . physiologically , this toxin increases the amplitude of cardiomyocyte contraction and slows the late phase of the twitch relaxation velocity with no induction of spontaneous twitching . it increases action potential duration of cardiomyocytes with no effect on its threshold and on the cell resting potential . on insects , it shows neurotoxic activity to the blowfly larvae s . falculaty , causing an immediate spasm that progressed to body contraction and paralysis .\n< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000269\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n, function , paralytic dose , subcellular location , mass spectrometry , 3d - structure modeling .\nthe sea anemone toxin ade - 1 modifies both sodium and potassium currents of rat cardiomyocytes .\nnesher n . , zlotkin e . , hochner b . biochem . j . 461 : 51 - 59 ( 2014 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nhas no hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes . has no effect on the shape , color and configuration of cardiomyocytes ( pubmed :\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information that is based on statements in scientific articles for which there is no experimental support . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000303\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually validated information which has been imported from another database . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000312\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the disease ( s ) and phenotype ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathology _ and _ biotech _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' pathology and biotech ' < / a > section describes the lethal dose ( ld ) , paralytic dose ( pd ) , effect dose ( ed ) or lethal concentration ( lc ) of a protein toxin . < p > < a href = ' / help / toxic _ dose ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nis 16 . 91 + - 5 . 78 \u00b5g / kg into blowfly larvae ( s . falculata ) .\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000250\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / mass _ spectrometry ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 1404, "summary": [{"text": "toormore ( foaled 19 march 2011 ) is an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was one of the leading two-year-olds in europe in 2013 when he was undefeated in three races including the vintage stakes and vincent o'brien national stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2014 he won the craven stakes and finished third in the queen elizabeth ii stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after failing to win for over a year he returned in 2015 to win the lennox stakes and the international topkapi trophy .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2016 he recorded another major win in the bet365 mile . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "toormore", "paragraphs": ["feb 2017 : darley announced toormore was removed from service due to insufficient demand .\ntoormore proving too strong on his racecourse debut at leicester . image copyright of urltoken\nsatisfy due diligence requirments on toormore engineering limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of toormore engineering limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on toormore engineering limited\nthe second horse came travelling up to us very well but toormore showed his courage .\nwe ' ll send you updates with the latest deals , reviews and articles for toormore each week .\nmichael leonard is a company director of toormore engineering limited since 2000 and a listed director of 1 other companies .\n\u00a9 2015 leon whelton , toormore , goleen , county cork . all rights reserved . website by tosnu web solutions\nrichard hannon said :\ntoormore is in good form . he switches on when he comes to the racecourse .\ntoormore\u2019s owners , middleham park racing , will have taken some comfort from shifting power\u2019s victory , which owed much to a determined ride from ryan moore after the colt was first off the bridle , because he is toormore\u2019s work partner .\ntoormore engineering limited was set up on thursday the 21st of september 2000 . their current address is toormore , burncourt , cahir , co . tipperary , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors karen leonard and michael leonard have been the director of 0 other irish companies between them . toormore engineering limited has 2 shareholders .\n\u201che\u2019s not flash and doesn\u2019t show a lot at home , \u201d hannon said of his national stakes winner , toormore .\nif toormore runs the same race as he did in the queen anne stakes , he will go close .\ntoormore returns to seven furlongs in the group one prix de la foret at longchamp , france on sunday , october 4 .\ntoormore leads godolphin ' s three - pronged attack on the fred cowley mbe memorial summer mile stakes at ascot on saturday .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for toormore engineering limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on toormore engineering limited or click join - up to get started .\ntop - class miler toormore will carry the godolphin colours for the remainder of his racing career after being sold by middleham park racing .\nrichard hannon believes toormore will have a\nhuge chance\nof claiming group one gold in the al shaqab lockinge stakes at newbury .\nrichard hannon and toormore can take the season ' s first classic , the 2000 guineas . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )\nthe trials season will continue to roll on to the craven stakes at newmarket next thursday , which is set to feature the return of toormore .\nthey teased us that they would run toormore in the racing post trophy and they announced no nay never\u2019s year was over when he won the morny .\nto view the latest credit rating or credit limit on toormore engineering limited simply click ' log - in ' or ' join - up ' below .\nworkmanlike - in - winning rather than impressive , toormore can improve for his run in the craven stakes . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )\nconnections of toormore are excited and confident that their star juvenile colt from last year can continue his success at the top - level in the qipco 2000 guineas .\nconnections of toormore report the four - year - old to be in rude health ahead of his first start of the season in the lockinge stake at newbury .\ntoormore went on to score by a neck in 1m 43 . 06s on good to soft going , with a length and a half back to breton rock .\nrichard hannon said :\ntoormore has come right back to his best this season , winning the lennox stakes at goodwood and another group two in turkey last time .\nformer champion two - year - olds belardo and toormore spearhead a strong godolphin challenge in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .\ntoormore moved up to take the lead with a quarter - mile remaining but was joined on his outside by dutch connection , who cruised up strongly to dispute the running .\ntoormore\u2019s last race was in the middle of september and both no nay never and the highly regarded kingman ( unbeaten winner of the solario stakes ) did not run after august .\nmiddleham park racing manager tim palin said :\ndarley have been interested in toormore for a little while now and we have decided the time is right to let him go .\nso it leaves a lot of questions , but with toormore , no nay never and kingston hill all unbeaten in three races there is a lot to look forward to . \u201d\nlike toormore and kingman , roger varian\u2019s kingston hill ( 10 / 1 , bet365 ) also boasts unbeaten credentials , but unlike that pair he hasn\u2019t had a run this season yet .\ntoormore will now head to newbury for the g1 lockinge stakes over a mile on may 14 , a race in which he was beaten a neck by night of thunder in 2015 .\ntoormore provided middleham park racing with their first group 1 winner as the unbeaten colt made all to give richard hannon and richard hughes their first success in the goffs vincent o\u2019brien national stakes .\n\u201cwe haven\u2019t had enough mares booked to toormore to justify standing him so we have informed breeders that we have taken him off the roster , \u201d confirmed darley\u2019s director of stallions sam bullard .\ntoormore was champion two - year - old in 2013 and catapulted middleham park into a different stratosphere , so we will always be grateful to him , richard hannon and richard hughes .\ntim palin , middleham park racing manager , who own toormore , told the racing post : \u201cthey ( owners ) are absolutely thrilled to own the champion two - year - old in europe .\nryan moore rides toormore to a win at the novae bloodstock insurance craven stakes at newmarket racecourse on april 17 , 2014 in newmarket , england . ( photo by alan crowhurst / getty images )\na member of his sire ' s fifth crop , which numbered 43 and were conceived the year after dick turpin ' s promising 2 - year - old season , toormore only had a neck to spare when scoring on his debut at leicester at the end of may . on his second start , toormore took the veuve clicquot vintage stakes ( eng - ii ) by a similar margin over\nqueen elizabeth ii stakes winner olympic glory was victorious in the same race for hannon in 2012 and connections are hoping that toormore is as successful when he runs in newmarket\u2019s british classic on may 3 .\ntoormore warmed up for his principal early - season target , the g1 lockinge stakes , with a battling victory in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .\nawarded a rating of 122 , toormore was unbeaten in three races including the group 1 national stakes at the curragh which he won by two and three quarter lengths from the previous group 1 winner surdirman .\ntoormore has today been unveiled as richard hannon\u2019s first ever champion two - year - old in his last ever season as a trainer , as the european two - year - old classification for 2013 is published .\ntoormore warmed up for his principal early - season target , the g1 al shaqab lockinge stakes , with a battling victory in the g2 bet365 mile at sandown park , uk , on friday , april 22 .\nwilliam buick added :\ntoormore is such a lovely horse and a real joy to ride . they went very quick but this horse has won like that before and he has also won from the front .\noutstrip ties in the form of the national stakes winner toormore , who had just outpointed him in the vintage stakes at goodwood . toormore was having just his second race when stepped up to contest the group 2 race and his subsequent comprehensive victory over sudirman at the curragh in ireland\u2019s top juvenile race , suggests that the hannon stable , so stacked with talent , thought a lot of this son of arakan from an early stage .\ntoormore is one of five possible starters for owner godolphin . the maktoum family\u2019s operation could also be represented by 2014 group one dewhurst stakes victor belardo , likely pacemaker barchan ( both roger varian ) and dutch connection ( charlie hills ) , runner - up to toormore at sandown last month , plus home of the brave ( hugo palmer ) , a comfortable winner on his seasonal reappearance in the listed richard iii stakes at leicester on april 23 .\ntrained by richard hannon , initially for the middleham park racing syndicate , toormore was unbeaten in his three starts as a juvenile , culminating in his victory in the g1 goffs vincent o\u2019brien national s . at the curragh . returning at three to win the g3 craven s . , toormore was later sold privately to godolphin , for whom he won the g2 qatar lennox s . , g2 international topkapi trophy in turkey and last year\u2019s g2 bet365 mile .\ntoormore , who is ridden by james doyle for a fourth consecutive time , lines up against 12 rivals including dual group two scorer limato and poule d ' essai des poulains victor make believe plus course and distance winner taniyar .\npremier sale graduate toormore headed a group double for goffs uk at sandown today with victory in the group 2 bet 365 mile , with fellow graduate my dream boat winning the group 3 gordon richards stakes earlier on the card .\ntoormore is one of four runners for godolphin , with the charlie hills - trained dutch connection and roger varian ' s pair of barchan and belardo , seventh and fourth respectively at sandown , also sporting the royal blue colours .\non toormore\u2019s third and final run last term , he came over to ireland and won the group 1 national stakes , comfortably beating the david wachman - trained sudirman , who had won the group 1 phoenix stakes on his previous run . that is high - class juvenile form , and it will be fascinating to see how toormore fares on his debut as a three - year - old on thursday . timeform rated him the best juvenile in europe last season .\ntoormore has claims to being the best miler , he ' s already a group one winner and was champion two - year - old , he was only beaten narrowly last year and he must have a huge chance .\ntwo of the first three horses home from last season\u2019s al shaqab lockinge stakes could line up again with runner - up godolphin\u2019s toormore ( richard hannon ) and third - placed arod ( peter chapple - hyam ) both going forward .\ntoormore , the winner of the group one national stakes at the curragh , was named as champion european two - year - old of 2013 in the official ratings and rankings , which were announced by the british horseracing authority on thursday .\nrealistically toormore needs to win the craven , but sky lantern got beaten in the nell gwyn before going on to win the 1 , 000 guineas [ last year ] , so it wouldn\u2019t be the end of the world . \u201d\nthe son of arakan opened his account year with victory in the bet365 mile at sandown when he had the reopposing dutch connection a neck back in second and that pair clash again , although toormore does not have to concede 3lb this time .\ntoormore finished fourth in the mile group one queen anne stakes at royal ascot in june and was beaten a neck by stable companion night of thunder in the group one al shaqab lockinge stakes , also over a mile , at newbury in may .\ntoormore began the season perfectly with a group two victory at sandown on april 22 . arod made his first appearance of 2016 at ascot on april 27 , when he was third to gm hopkins ( john gosden ) in the listed paradise stakes .\ntoormore is burdened with a 3lb penalty for his neck verdict over dutch connection in the group two bet365 mile at sandown in april , but he is a talented performer as he showed when fourth to tepin in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot .\nthis should put him spot on for newbury now and we will stick to a mile . he can do seven furlongs no problem and william buick said that toormore has probably got the highest cruising speed of a lot of horses that he has ridden .\nrichard hannon said :\ni am delighted with toormore . i thought that he might need the run - i took him to manton a week ago and he worked very well - and he had a 3lb penalty , so he has done it very well .\nrated a + + by truenicks , toormore follows trumpet major as the second group winner sired by arakan out of a danzig line mare . in this regard , it ' s interesting to note that danetime , whose dam was by lear fan ( whose broodmare sire is lt . stevens , a brother to thong ) , did very well when crossed over mares carrying thong ' s descendents such as sadler ' s wells , fairy king , nureyev , and thatch . of course , toormore , a son of nureyev , reverses that pattern .\n1993 french film producer , sophie toscan du plantier buys a holiday home in the isolated townland of drinane near toormore outside schull and she uses it as a quiet retreat from her busy life in paris where she is married to french film mogul , daniel toscan du plantier .\n\u201ctoormore improved markedly with every race and there is no reason to think that he has peaked . the champions of the last six years went on to win seven classics and 26 group 1s . we are shaping up for a really exciting three - year - old season .\ntoormore ( richard hannon / william buick ) , who was champion two - year - old in 2013 , gained two g2 victories last year , in the seven - furlong qatar lennox stakes at goodwood in july and the international topkapi trophy over a mile at veliefendi , turkey , in september .\n, who himself was an impressive winner of the at the races champage stakes ( eng - ii ) on sept . 14 . just a day after outstrip had franked the form , toormore scored the first daylight victory of his life , leading throughout to defeat keeneland phoenix stakes ( ire - i ) winner\ntoormore ( ire ) b . g , 2011 { 14 - b } dp = 2 - 1 - 13 - 0 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 1 . 46 cd = 0 . 31 - 23 starts , 7 wins , 2 places , 3 shows career earnings : \u00a31 , 053 , 322\na group 1 winner and champion two - year - old , toormore was purchased by peter & ross doyle bloodstock from redpender stud at the 2012 premier yearling sale at doncaster for \u00a336 , 000 . he was raced by middleham park racing and james pak before being sold to godolphin last year . view his pedigree .\nkingman set the standard for three - year - old excellence this season with his 4\u00bd - length victory in saturday\u2019s greenham and on thursday it is the turn of toormore , one of the horses he leapfrogged at the top the qipco 2 , 000 guineas market , to show what he is made of in the novae bloodstock insurance craven stakes .\ntoormore ( ire ) , the champion 2 - year - old colt of 2013 and six - time group winner , will not be standing for darley this season following insufficient demand for his services . the 6 - year - old son of arakan was retired from racing at the end of last year to take up duties at dalham hall stud as part of the darley club .\nbred by jimmy murphy of redpender stud under the banner of bec bloodstock , toormore is a son of danetime out ( ire ) ( danetime { ire } ) and is a half - brother to the dual group 2 winner estidhkaar ( ire ) ( dark angel { ire } ) , who was also retired to stud for the 2017 season and stands in ireland at tara stud .\nby 2 1 / 2 lengths for the goffs vincent o ' brien national stakes ( ire - i ) . after the race , a stable representative stated that toormore may not run again before next year ' s two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) , and given the way he came home over seven furlongs here , the mile of that classic seems unlikely to be a problem .\nhe\u2019ll put his unbeaten record on the line against another unbeaten colt in richard hannon\u2019s toormore ( 7 / 1 , ladbrokes ) who made his debut as a sprinter at leicester , where he won by a neck from ertijaal , and built markedly on that run to land the group two vintage stakes at glorious goodwood on his next start , landing the spoils by the same winning margin from outstrip .\nthe first three horses in the classification \u2013 toormore , kingston hill and no nay never \u2013 each ran three times , each of them is unbeaten and each won a group 1 on their final start . war command , given the same 119 rating as no nay never , also won a group 1 on his final start having earlier pulled six lengths clear to win the coventry stakes , as well as winning the group 2 futurity .\nhowever , while toormore \u2019s ( 7 / 1 , ladbrokes ) win in the craven was workmanlike and left plenty of onlookers unimpressed , he did do the job professionally and despite the proximity of 50 / 1 shot the great gatsby giving the race a fairly weak profile when added to the no - show of godolphin\u2019s be ready who finished plumb - last in the race , the earlier form of richard hannon\u2019s runner makes excellent reading , and he is sure to improve for that initial outing .\ntrained by richard hannon and raced by godolphin , toormore was having his first start this season and claimed a brave win in the group 2 , coming back after being headed in the straight , despite carrying a three pound penalty , to win a swiftly run contest . the five - year - old son of arakan has now won seven of his 17 starts and will contest the group 1 lockinge stakes at newbury with the queen anne stakes at royal ascot and sussex stakes also on the radar .\nkingston hill was rated just 2lb lower than toormore last year and , like richard hannon\u2019s horse , he too was unbeaten in three runs as a juvenile . trained by the astute roger varian , the mastercraftsman colt did not make his racecourse debut until september last year , but he won his maiden and a group 3 contest before going on to run out an impressive winner of the group 1 racing post trophy at doncaster . and he achieved all of that in the space of just over a month .\nby coincidence , toormore ' s dam , danetime out , is by danetime , who like arakan had rather humble beginnings as a sire . a son of danehill , danetime never won a black - type event , although he was good enough to place third in both the darley july cup ( eng - i ) and haydock park sprint cup ( eng - i ) . despite initially attracting mares of modest quality , danetime would go on to prove himself a very good sire in two hemispheres , getting 32 stakes winners , 20 of them at the group / graded level , including the group i - winning myboycharlie , bushranger , and megatic .\ntoormore ' s second dam , matila , by the bold ruler grandson persian bold , produced six winners from seven starters , but only one , the dubai duty free ( uae - iii ) second easaar , earned black - type . the third dam , peace girl , was a daughter of dominion , who some might remember carrying dogwood stable ' s colors with distinction in the 1970s before returning for a very successful stud career in england . peace girl captured the nishapour curragh stakes ( ire - iii ) at 2 , an effort that was good enough to earn her a rating as co - champion 2 - year - old filly in ireland . although she never produced a stakes winner , peace girl does also feature as the second dam of david wilson homes jockey club cup ( eng - iii ) scorer hawridge prince and stakes winner hero ' s journey . the family goes back to even better juvenile in star of india , the champion english 2 - year - old filly of 1955 . she is ancestress of numerous outstanding runners , including one thousand guineas ( eng - i ) heroine mrs . mcardy ; champions admire cozzene and ruby tiger ; and group i winners gitano hernando , sweet secret , and seazun .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\nwas keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .\n\u00a3144 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a363 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units\n\u00a324 . 00 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %\ndistances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %\ndistances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 1\u00bcl , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %\npick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518\n\u00a320 . 90 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a388 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units\n\u00a311 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a36 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nironically for a trainer who was initially famed for his success with two - year - olds , the colt , rated 122 , was the first juvenile champion for richard \u00adhannon - in his last season .\nthe charlie hills trained chriselliam , rated 117 , was the top juvenile filly following wins in the fillies\u2019 mile and breeders\u2019 cup juvenile fillies .\nhowever rather than describe the class of 2013 as either a vintage crop or a poor lot matthew tester , the handicapper , described it as the year of \u201cunfinished business\u201d because so few of the top horses turned out after the end of august .\n\u201cit is a very exciting bunch but , for me , it was a bit like matrix 2 \u2013 it never got to a climax .\nwe did not see many of these guys later on in the season . you only find out how good they are when the top horses take each other on and a lot were not asked the big question .\n\u201cthere is no evidence to suggest that campaigning horses to be champion two - year - old is detrimental to their three - year - old career .\nthe last six champions have gone on to win seven classics and 26 group ones . there is no reason to protect them .\n\u201ci was particularly disappointed not to see australia , who aidan o\u2019brien was calling the greatest ever , again after he won the group three golden fleece in early september .\ntester also wondered how chriselliam managed to get beaten on three of her first four starts before landing group ones either side of the atlantic .\n\u201cthe key , though , \u201d he said , \u201cis what happens when she gets her backside in gear . i liken her to finsceal beo , the champion filly of 2006 , who also got stuffed in a tralee nursery and curragh sales race before winning the boussac and rockfel .\nthe following season she won the guineas , irish guineas and was just touched off in the french guineas . \u201d\nlast year tester named just the judge , then a 20 - 1 shot for the guineas , as his dark horse and this year he believes the aidan o\u2019brien trained indian maharaja , a well - bred facile winner of both starts at two , as a group winner in waiting for 2014 .\nas was pretty much already known black caviar and treve shared top billing of 130 in the longines world best racehorses of 2013 , also announced on thursday .\nhannon also had the only two british trained horses in the top 10 , olympic glory and toronado .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nvoleuse de coeurs produced a stunning performance to leave her rivals toiling in the gain irish st . leger at the curragh\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nup to \u00a3100 in bet credits for new customers at bet365 . min deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply . terms & conditions apply\nregister with william hill using the promo code c30 and place your first bet of \u00a310 / \u20ac10 or more and get three \u00a310 / \u20ac10 free bets . new online customers only , min \u00a310 / \u20ac10 stake , win only , min odds 1 / 2 , free bets paid as 3 x \u00a310 / \u20ac10 , 30 day expiry , free bet / payment method / player / country restrictions apply . terms & conditions apply\nsign up with promo code f50 , place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to \u00a350 . new customers only . certain deposit methods excluded . min \u00a35 excluding tote or pools = match max \u00a350 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 + . free bet valid for 4 days , stake not returned . single line bets only . free bet cannot be used on certain markets . 18 + . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to paddy power and get a \u00a320 risk free first bet : new customers only , limited to one per person . if you\u2019ve previously had a paddy power account , you will not qualify for the offer . place your first bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in cash . max refund for this offer is \u00a3 / \u20ac20 . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . t & cs ; apply . terms & conditions apply\nsign up to coral today , deposit and place a bet of \u00a310 or more and get \u00a330 in free bets ! uk + ire . new customers only . min first bet \u00a310 . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days . 18 +\nsign up to betway , deposit and place a qualifying bet and get a free bet up to \u00a330 . 1 . new customers only . 2 . min deposit : \u00a3 / \u20ac10 . 3 . 1 x wagering at odds of 1 . 75 + to unlock free bet . 4 . credit card , debit card & paypal deposits only 5 . additional terms apply terms and conditions apply\nregister with betbright , deposit \u00a320 and play with \u00a370 ( \u00a325 sports plus \u00a325 casino ) . min deposit \u00a320 . max sports bonus \u00a325 . max casino bonus \u00a325 . 5 x wagering to release sports bonus . min odds 1 . 8 . \u00a325 casino bonus added within 24 hours of first sports bet settling . 40x wagering to release casino bonus . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to betfred and place a \u00a310 sports bet to receive up to \u00a330 in free bets , plus 30 free spins . new customers from uk & northern ireland . stake \u00a310 or more at odds of evens ( 2 . 0 ) or greater on your first bet . \u00a330 free bet credited in 48 hours of your first bet being settled . 7 day expiry . e - wallet restrictions apply . max 30 free spins on selected games . full t & cs ; apply . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to boylesports today and get up to \u00a325 in free bets . cash stakes only . min \u00a310 stake required for initial \u00a35 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 . max \u00a325 in free bets . subsequent free bets equal 50 % average of each 3 qualifying bets . 13 bets required to receive full \u00a325 free bet . qualifying bet be placed within 30 days of opening account . free bet expires after 7 days . payment method restrictions apply . terms and conditions apply\njoin betfair and get a \u00a3 / \u20ac50 matched free bet . new customers only , receive a free bet up to the value of your first qualifying bet . minimum stake \u00a3 / \u20ac5 , minimum odds 1 / 5 ( 1 . 2 ) . if your first bet is an accumulator , at least one selection must meet the min odds requirement . qualifying bet must be placed in first 30 days of account opening . offer is only available to customers who deposit using debit / credit or paypal . max free bet \u00a3 / \u20ac50 \u2013 valid for 7 days . t & c ; \u2019s apply . terms and conditions apply\nsign up now and get all the latest news , tips and top offers from at the races direct to your inbox every week .\nyes , send me email communications from at the races and occasional offers from carefully selected bookmakers and partners . by clicking ' sign up now ' i agree to at the races terms and conditions and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience of our website and to keep it free for users , to find out more please read our privacy policy .\nour frequently asked questions page answers the most common customer queries relating to attheraces . com .\nif the faqs page doesn ' t answer your query , please fill in your details below and we ' ll endeavour to respond as soon as possible .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nthere are no pins in your viewport . try moving the map or changing your filters .\nprices are based on 1 - 21 day travel . these are the best fares found by travellers who searched tripadvisor and a select group of our fare search partners in the past 72 hours . ticket prices and seat availability change rapidly and cannot be guaranteed .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nnot a subscriber ? click here to sign up for the daily pdf or alerts .\nyour tdn download has begun . if the download does not complete , click here .\na member of his sire ' s fifth crop , the 2 - year - old colt is now 3 - for - 3 .\na look back through the records of major races will soon demonstrate that almost any stallion can sire one good horse . thus , it wasn ' t particularly notable when arakan\u2014who retired to stud in ireland for \u20ac5 , 000\u2014came up with\n, dick turpin was good enough to win nine of 20 starts , six in group races , including the prix jean prat ( fr - i ) and gran premio vittorio di capua ( ity - i ) .\n, a four - time group winner in england . there is an oft used saying that\ntwo swallows does not a summer make ,\nbut arakan now has a third swallow , albeit an autumnal one , in the shape of\n, red ransom , and danzig being among those who come to mind . arakan , however , was cast from a totally different mold . with 24 starts over four seasons , arakan ' s record gives a very clear idea of what he was as a racehorse . the picture that emerges from his endeavors shows arakan to have been a tough , progressive performer who was good enough to win group races but was some way short of the best .\nplaced twice at 2 , he won a one - mile maiden first time out at 3 , then added a seven - furlong handicap at york before taking second in the jersey stakes ( eng - iii ) at royal ascot over the same trip . although arakan did not add to the win column over the remainder of the year , he did confirm that he belonged in group company with a second in the lennox stakes ( eng - ii ) and a third in the victor chandler challenge stakes ( eng - ii ) . the following year , arakan gained his first black - type victories , taking the ngk spark plugs abernant stakes and the bango criterion stakes ( eng - iii ) . despite having good form at six furlongs and a mile , arakan seemed to be one of those seven - furlong specialists , and as a 5 - year - old he made his final six starts over that trip . successful in the vcbet city of york stakes in august , arakan showed himself to be as good as\u2014if not better than\u2014ever on his final two outings , taking the merbury catering consultants supreme stakes ( eng - iii ) and finishing third to group i winner le vie dei colori in the vcbet challenge stakes ( eng - ii ) .\nwhile arakan ' s race record is not out of the top drawer , there is more to be said for his pedigree , at least , when one really digs into it . he is a son of nureyev , and his dam is half sister to group / graded winners donkey engine and petit poucet ( also third in the group i french two thousand guineas ) , who are both by nureyev ' s three - quarter brother fairy king . the family goes quiet for a couple of generations , but arakan ' s fourth dam , georgica , is a half sister to kentucky derby ( gr . i ) victor cannonade . they are out of queen sucree , a half sister to halo and daughter of cosmah . arakan ' s third dam , rythmique , is by the minstrel , and so is 4x4 to almahmoud , who appears as granddam of the minstrel ' s sire , northern dancer , and as dam of cosmah . rhythmique is also similarly - bred to the french two thousand guineas captor l ' emigrant , who was by the minstrel out of cosmah ' s granddaughter suprina .\nat 2 : 1st national s . ( ire - g1 ) 1400m , vintage s . ( gb - g2 ) 1400m\nat 3 : 1st craven s . ( gb - g3 ) 1600m ; 2nd lennox s . ( gb - g2 ) 1400m ; 3rd queen elizabeth ii s . ( gb - g1 ) 1600m , international topkapi trophy ( tur - g2 ) 1600m\neuthanized in march 2018 after suffering a serious leg injury in training in dubai . ( close )\ngenerate a b2b marketing list with ease and grow your business . identify key decision makers and pre - qualified new prospects for your sales and business development teams .\nview cro company documents and company reports any irish company or business with ease .\nvision - net credit scores save your business the time and cost of chasing slow payers . evaluate risk at client application stage or run continuous credit checks on your full customer base .\nbackground check companies , sole traders or individuals and minimise your spend with more efficient anti - money laundering checks and reports .\nmore people choose vision - net over any other search service . . . ask us why ?\n2017 was a record year for company start - ups in ireland while insolvencies went through a levelling off period .\nwe are in acceleration mode and ireland has taken its place as europe ' s fastest growing economy . many aspects of that recovery are demonstrated in our 2017 annual review .\nfrom start to finish we have been very happy with leon\u2019s service . he is responsive and pays great attention to detail .\n. button - 5b43a5436ee30 { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a5436ee30 { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a5436ee30 . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\nwe found leon to be efficient , responsible and competent and have no hesitation in recommending him .\n. button - 5b43a5437081c { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a5437081c { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a5437081c . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\ni take every project from design stage to construction and completion , and i take my clients through the whole process with me .\ni have to say that leon\u2019s technical expertise has been invaluable and i find the suggestions that he comes up with to be very creative indeed .\n. button - 5b43a5437210e { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a5437210e { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a5437210e . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\ni only source the most skilled and reliable tradesmen from west cork , reducing our carbon footprint while also boosting local employment .\nwe found him to be very professional to deal with . he immediately understood our desire to be sympathetic to the local environment .\n. button - 5b43a54373a10 { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a54373a10 { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a54373a10 . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\nleon is also very efficient and contactable which is important in ensuring that a job is done quickly .\n. button - 5b43a543754d2 { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a543754d2 { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a543754d2 . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\nleon has always resolved issues and liaised with other professionals when required . i can highly recommend him as a consultant .\n. button - 5b43a54376fbc { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a54376fbc { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a54376fbc . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\nleon project managed the job as we live in dublin and we were building in west cork . we had every confidence in him and we could sleep easy at night knowing that he was on top of things .\n. button - 5b43a54378870 { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a54378870 { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a54378870 . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\nleon was the person for the job as he transcends all divides when it comes to design and planning .\n. button - 5b43a5437a0b7 { margin - bottom : 0px ; margin - top : 0px ; min - width : 0px ! important ; } . button - 5b43a5437a0b7 { background - color : # aac238 ; } . mk - button . button - 5b43a5437a0b7 . flat - dimension : hover { background - color : # 999999 ! important ; }\nwe\u2019re sorry , some parts of the airbnb website don\u2019t work properly without javascript enabled .\nwe use cookies to personalise content , target and report on ads , to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .\njules thomas and ian bailey pictured leaving the four courts earlier this month . photograph : collins .\n1991 : english journalist , ian bailey moves to ireland and settles in west cork where he meets welsh artist , jules thomas and sets up home with her and her three daughters at the prairie , liscaha , schull .\n1995 marie farrell moves to schull with her husband , chris farrell and their five children from glanmire near cork city following their return to ireland from london and they open a craft shop and ice cream parlour in the west cork village .\n1996 , december 23rd : the badly beaten body of sophie toscan du plantier ( 39 ) is found in her night clothes near the laneway leading to her holiday home by her neighbour , shirley foster . garda\u00ed , under supt jp twomey of bantry garda station , begin a murder inquiry .\n1997 , january 11th : marie farrell rings bandon garda station from a public phone box in cork city , using the alias fiona , to tell them that she saw a man by kealfadda bridge around 3am on the night that ms toscan du plantier was murdered .\n1997 , january 20th : chief supt noel smith of west cork garda division issues an appeal on crimeline asking fiona to contact them in confidence at bandon garda station regarding her information about seeing a man at kealfadda bridge on december 23rd , 1996 .\n1997 , january 21st : marie farrell again rings bandon garda station regarding her sighting of the man at kealfadda bridge . she again uses the alias fiona for this call which was made from a public phone box in leap in west cork .\n1997 , january 24th : marie farrell makes a third phone call , again using the name fiona to tell garda\u00ed that she will not be calling into bandon garda station to meet the investigation team as they requested . garda\u00ed trace the call to the farrell home at crew bay in schull .\n1997 , february 4th : schoolboy , malachi reid gives a statement to garda\u00ed that when giving him a lift home , ian bailey told him that he killed ms toscan du plantier , saying that he \u201cwent up there with a rock and bashed her fucking brains out\u201d .\n1997 , february 10th : ian bailey is arrested at his home at for the murder of sophie toscan du plantier . he is taken to bandon garda station where he is photographed by freelance photographer , mike browne going into the garda station . he is later released without charge . his partner , jules thomas is also arrested at the prairie and taken to bandon garda station . she too is later released without charge . she later says that det supt dermot dwyer meets her in the station and tells her that \u201cthe forensics will sort it out\u201d .\n1997 , april 17th : state pathologist , dr john harbison tells an inquest into ms toscan du plantier\u2019s death that she died from multiple injuries including laceration of the brain and a fracture of the skull , caused by a blunt instrument .\n1997 , september 29th : state solicitor for west cork , malachy boohig sends a 2 , 000 page file on the murder to the dpp . he receives a letter back on 8th october from law officer , robert sheehan with a series of questions for garda\u00ed and no charges are brought .\n1997 , december 18th : fine gael spokesman on justice jim higgins claims in the d\u00e1il that a series of requests by ms toscan du plantier\u2019s family for information on the murder file has been ignored but this is denied by minister for justice john o\u2019donoghue . mr o\u2019donoghue confirms the department of justice had received \u201ca request for mutual assistance in a criminal matter\u201d from the french authorities in april at a time when the rainbow coalition government was in power . he said the french were seeking \u201cvery sensitive material relating to the garda investigation\u201d and \u201cclearly it would be important not to prejudice the garda investigation or any subsequent prosecution by the premature disclosure of information to third parties\u201d ."]}
{"id": 1406, "summary": [{"text": "omalogyra is a genus of minute marine gastropod molluscs in the family omalogyridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this genus includes the smallest gastropods , with adult sizes of 1 mm and even less . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "omalogyra", "paragraphs": ["variety omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 accepted as omalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ( synonym )\nvariety omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 accepted as omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )\nomalogyra atomus polyzona ( var . ) brusina , s . , 1872 : e mediterranean - canaries\nworms - world register of marine species - omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )\n( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : omalogyra fusca h . h . suter , 1908 - id : 5362000025\n( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1877 ( maggio ) ) . notizie sulle conchiglie della rada di civitavecchia . annali del museo civico di genova 9 ( 1876 - 1877 ) : 407 - 428 page ( s ) : 418 [ details ]\nfretter v . ( 1948 ) . the structure and life history of some minute prosobranchs of rock pools : skeneopsis planorbis ( fabricius ) , omalogyra atomus ( philippi ) , rissoella diaphana ( alder ) and rissoella opalina ( jeffreys ) . journal of the biological assiociation of the u . k . 27 : 597 - 632 [ details ]\n( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) gaglini , a . 1993 . familia omalogyridae sars g . o . , 1978 . argonauta suppl . 1 ( enumeratio molluscorum maris nostri ) : 928 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 928 , 929 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 929 , 931 - 01 to - 05 , pl . 931 , 933 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 933 , 934 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 934 , 935 - 01 to - 03 , pl . 935 . [ details ]\nto antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 42 publications ) ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 93 publications ) ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to clemam ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to clemam ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to pesi ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis\n( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 325 , pl 37 , fig . 32 [ details ]\njeffreys , j . g . ( 1860 ) . sur le mollusque design\u00e9 par mm . forbes & hanley sous le nom de skenea nitidissima . journal de conchyliologie . 8 : 108 - 111 . [ details ]\n( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntate r . 1868 . appendix to the manual of the mollusca of s . p . woodward , a . l . s . london , virtue & co . , 86 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]\n( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) dall w . h . 1927 . note on the genera of costa ' s microdoride . the nautilus , 40 : 134 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of helisalia laseron , 1954 ) sartori , a . f . ; bieler , r . ( 2014 ) . three new species of ammonicera from the eastern pacific coast of north america , with redescriptions and comments on other species of omalogyridae ( gastropoda , heterobranchia ) . zootaxa . 3872 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nphilippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]\n( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) philippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]\n( philippi , 1841 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140616 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 69 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n\u00e1vila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . jo\u00e3o de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquip\u00e9lago ( ci\u00e9nc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]\nmayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 3 p . 158 - 160 ; pl . 73 fig . 7 - 8 [ details ]\n( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nshell minute , almost planar , spire sunken . protoconch plus teleoconch up to 2\nwhorls . whorls circular in cross section , smooth or with growth lines encircling whorls ; suture deep . ventral surface of shell of similar shape and sculpture to dorsal surface . aperture circular , lip expanded in mature shells . shell translucent dark brown , margin of aperture sometimes white in mature shells .\ndistribution : laseron ( 1954 ) gave the distribution as port stephens , nsw southwards to crookhaven , nsw . the australian museum collection holds specimens from port stephens , nsw , southwards to ulladulla , nsw , and lots from port lincoln , sa , and triggs , near perth , wa .\nhabitat : laseron ( 1954 ) said\nabundant in various locations in rock pools and in shallow water , mainly living on algae . the type was abundant on the green weed ulva , at castle rock , middle harbour , port jackson . we also have it from long reef , both on seaweed and beneath stones , also on the surface of a sponge from 10 feet , north harbour , and in mussel beds within the harbour , and from port stephens in the north to crookhaven in the south\n. common .\nremarks : ponder & de keyzer ( 1998 ) gave an sem photo of one view of the shell of this species , and a drawing of the live animal .\nfig . 1\u20133 : castle rock , middle harbour , nsw ( syntype c . 102494 )\nof all the animals , the mollusca have the second largest number of present day species with 200 , 000 + species . there are in excess of 130 , 000 described species of mollusc alive today and conservative estimates put the number of undiscovered or un - described living species at 70 , 000 or more . the fossil record for mollusca includes about 70 , 000 described extinct species and extends back at least to the cambrian ( 543 to 490 million years ago ) and possibly to the neoproterozoic ( ~ 543 \u2013 1000 million years ago ) if kimberella proves to be a mollusc .\n\u00e1vila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . jo\u00e3o de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquip\u00e9lago ( ci\u00e9nc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthis species has a tiny , planispiral shell with a smooth periphery . there are fine axial ribs that vary in development . some shells are light brown , others cream with three narrow brown bands .\nare moderately rare in beach drift . live animals are occasionally found in shallow rocky habitats . kay ( 1979 ) states that shells have been found in sand samples to depths of 100 m ( 328 ft ) .\nmaui , oahu and midway ( banded form ) : also known from japan and fanning island .\nthere ' s a chance that banded and brown forms might be different species but there doesn ' t seem to be any morphological difference between the shells .\ncp : composite photo , same shell ; 0 . 7 mm in diameter ; banded : beach drift , mokuleia bay , maui ; fall , 1985 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
{"id": 1408, "summary": [{"text": "calomera is a genus of ground beetles native to the palearctic , the near east and northern africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it contains the following species : calomera alboguttata klug , 1832 calomera angulata fabricius , 1798 calomera aulica dejean , 1831 calomera brevipilosa w. horn , 1908 calomera cardoni fleutiaux , 1890 calomera caucasica m. f. adams , 1817 calomera chloris hope , 1831 calomera concolor dejean , 1822 calomera crespignyi bates , 1871 calomera decemguttata fabricius , 1801 calomera diania tschitscherine , 1903 calomera durvillei dejean , 1831 calomera fischeri m. f. adams , 1817 calomera funerea macleay , 1825 calomera littoralis fabricius , 1787 calomera lugens dejean , 1831 calomera lunulata fabricius , 1781 calomera mamasa cassola & brzoska , 2008 calomera plumigera w. horn , 1892 calomera sturmi menetries , 1832", "topic": 29}], "title": "calomera", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nescaravelho / / ground beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis )\nas trusted on the\ncalomera littoralis littoralis\npage .\nsampling localities for calomera littoralis in the north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions .\nescaravelho / / beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) by valter jacinto | portugal\nescaravelho / / ground beetle ( calomera littoralis subsp . littoralis ) by valter jacinto | portugal\nno one has contributed data records for calomera littoralis littoralis yet . learn how to contribute .\ncalomera littoralis nemoralis ( olivier , 1790 ) syn . : lophyridia littoralis nemoralis ( olivier , 1790 ) by udo schmidt\ncalomera littoralis is a palearctic species , widely distributed in europe ; inhabiting predominantly its atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastlines .\nin this beautiful np i found 5 differnt tiger beetles ; this calomera species was abundent on sandy patches close to a creek .\n( a ) general distribution of calomera littoralis in europe shown as red - shaded area . ( b ) picture of calomera littoralis beetle . ( c ) sampling sites in balkan peninsula , black sea region and turkey shown as black dots . localities coded as in .\nbackground . calomera littoralis is a palearctic species , widely distributed in europe ; inhabiting predominantly its atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastlines .\n( a ) general distribution of calomera littoralis in europe shown as red - shaded area . ( b ) picture of calomera littoralis beetle . ( c ) sampling sites in balkan peninsula , black sea region and turkey shown as black dots . localities coded as in table 1 .\npleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle , calomera littoralis , in north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions inferred from mitochondrial coi gene sequences .\npleistocene phylogeography and cryptic diversity of a tiger beetle , calomera littoralis , in north - eastern mediterranean and pontic regions inferred . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n( a ) automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) analysis of calomera littoralis and ( b ) results of principal component analysis performed for investigated specimens on main body dimensions .\nversatile and stylish wear designed with new mothers in mind , calomera combines comfort with function tooffer breastfeeding mothers the confidence and discretion they need in feeding their precious ones while out and about .\ncalomera maculicollis , very eager to get away from me . combined with the wind , this was a very frustrating photo to take . my walk was quite interesting though , as there were trees down all over the place .\ni ' ve been seeing another calomera species ? ( with the orange stripe down their back ) in force on the acacias for a couple of months , but they seem to have disappeared . in their place these are in abundance .\nif it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene\nif it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline concealed zipper nursing access at the sides long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : dull satin\nif it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene and chiffon\nif it ' s been difficult to find nursing tops that are comfortable yet stylish at the same time , look no further . calomera offers beautiful outfits specially for nursing moms ! loose fit round neckline nursing access with slip closure both side long sleeves model is 175 cm tall model is wearing uk 8 material : neoprene and chiffon\nin total , 169 imagines of calomera littoralis were collected with entomological hand net on 43 sites on the mediterranean coasts of the balkan peninsula , crete and turkey as well as on the northern and western coast of the black and azov seas , in the years 2009\u20132012 ( fig . 1 and table 1 ) . at a site the material was fixed in 96 % ethanol for dna preservation . taxonomic identification of the collected material followed mandl ( 1981 )\ntaking into account the history of recurrent closing and reopening of the connection between the mediterranean and the black sea in the pleistocene , we hypothesised that it should leave a signature in genetic and possibly morphological polymorphism of calomera littoralis , which is commonly found around both sea basins . thus , we aimed at ( 1 ) exploring and comparing spatial patterns of molecular and morphological diversity of this species in the mediterranean and pontic region , ( 2 ) interpreting the observed patterns in the context of local paleogeography .\nto reveal the temporal framework for the divergence of the otus ( potential cryptic species ) defined within calomera littoralis , the time calibrated phylogeny was reconstructed in beast , version 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) . a coi sequence of calomera lugens aphrodisia baudi di selve 1864 from genbank ( accession number kc963733 ) was used as an outgroup . this analysis was performed on a reduced dataset , containing only the most distant haplotypes from each otu . hasegawa\u2013kishino\u2013yano ( hky ) model of evolution , selected as best - fitting to our dataset in mega 6 . 2 , and coalescent model were set as tree priors . the strict clock with rate 0 . 0115 , widely used for phylogenetic studies upon insects , was applied for the analyses ( brower , 1994 ) . five runs of 20 m iterations of markov chain monte carlo ( mcmc ) sampled each 2000 iterations were performed . the runs were examined using tracer v 1 . 6 and all sampled parameters achieve sufficient effective sample sizes ( ess > 200 ) . tree files were combined using log - combiner 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) , with removal of the non - stationary 20 % burn - in phase . the maximum clade credibility tree was generated using treeannotator 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) .\nthe tiger beetle , calomera littoralis ( fabricius , 1787 ) , is widely distributed in palaearctic , from the iberian peninsula and morocco in the west to the middle asia and russian far east in the east ( putchkov & matalin , 2003 ; serrano , 2013 ; jasku\u0142a , 2011 ; jasku\u0142a , 2015 ) . generally , it is recognised as euryoecious ( jasku\u0142a , 2011 ; jasku\u0142a , 2013 ; jasku\u0142a , 2015 ) . however , in europe it occupies predominantly the very narrow stretch of atlantic , mediterranean and black sea coastal habitats ( cassola & jasku\u0142a , 2004 ; franzen , 2006 ; jasku\u0142a , 2007a ; jasku\u0142a , 2007b ; jasku\u0142a , pe\u015bi\u0107 & pavicevi\u0107 , 2005 ; serrano , 2013 ) .\n( a ) maximum clade credibility chronogram with a strict molecular clock model inferred from coi sequences . the numbers next to the respective node indicate bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0 . 5 . ( b ) mismatch plots for southern and northern lineage . thin solid lines indicate expected frequency under model of population demographic expansion , thick solid lines represent observed frequency , and dashed lines indicate 95 % confidence intervals for the observed mismatch . ssd , sum of squared deviation ; r , harpending\u2019s raggedness index ; d , tajima\u2019s d . ( c ) bayesian skyline plots for southern and northern lineages of calomera littoralis . solid lines indicate the median posterior effective population size through time ; dashed lines indicate the 95 % highest posterior density interval for each estimate .\na total of 81 haplotypes were identified in the dataset composed of 169 individuals from 43 sites from the mediterranean and the pontic areas ( table 1 ) . the phylogenetic network illustrating phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes ( fig . 4 ) uncovered presence of two distinct haplotype groups ( phylogenetic lineages ) . the first group , from now on defined as southern lineage , includes 36 haplotypes present all over the studied range including the balkan peninsula and the pontic area . the other group , from now on defined as northern lineage , is composed of 45 haplotypes present exclusively along the north - western coast of the black sea . the mean k2p genetic distance between both groups of haplotypes is relatively high ( 0 . 039 , sd 0 . 007 ) . both variants of the abgd analysis resulted in partitioning of the dataset into two otus , that may represent distinct operational taxonomic units\u2014potential cryptic species or subspecies within calomera littoralis in the studied area ( fig . 3a ) .\nto provide insight into historical demography , i . e . , the temporal changes of the effective population size of calomera littoralis in the studied region , we performed bayesian skyline plot ( bsp ) analysis ( drummond et al . , 2005 ) in beast , version 1 . 8 . 1 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) . separate analysis was performed for each of the two phylogenetic lineages revealed in our study ( see \u2018results\u2019 ) . the northern lineage was represented by 84 individuals from 22 localities , while the southern lineage was represented by 85 individuals from 32 localities . the hky + i model of evolution was used as the best fitting model in case of the eastern lineage , while tn93 + i was used in case of the western lineage . two runs of mcmc , 20 m iterations long sampled each 2000 iterations , were performed . in both cases the runs were examined using tracer v 1 . 6 ( drummond et al . , 2012 ) and all sampled parameters achieved sufficient effective sample sizes ( ess > 200 ) .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\n\u00a9 2018 iprice group sdn bhd ( 1113954 - d ) . all rights reserved .\nthe prices stated may have increased since the last update . unfortunately it is not possible for us to update the prices on our website in real - time . should a shop not offer prices in your local currency , we may calculate the displayed price on daily updated exchange rates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\njasku\u0142a r 1 , rewicz t 2 , p\u0142\u00f3ciennik m 1 , grabowski m 1 .\ndepartment of invertebrate zoology and hydrobiology , university of lodz , \u0142\u00f3d\u017a , poland .\nlaboratory of microscopic imaging and specialized biological techniques , university of lodz , \u0142\u00f3d\u017a , poland .\nits phylogeography on the balkan peninsula and on the north - western black sea coast was inferred using a 697 bp long portion of the mitochondrial coi gene , amplified from 169 individuals collected on 43 localities .\nthe results revealed two genetically divergent groups / lineages , the southern one inhabiting both the balkan peninsula and the pontic region and the northern one found exclusively in the pontic region . species delimitation based on dna barcoding gap suggested an interspecific level of divergence between these groups . multivariate analysis of eight male and female morphometric traits detected no difference between the groups , implying they may represent cryptic species . the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny suggested that the lineages diverged ca . 2 . 3 ma , in early pleistocene .\nthe presence of the two genetically divergent groups results most likely from contemporary isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean that broke the continuous strip of coastal habitats inhabited by c . littoralis . demographic analyses indicated that both lineages have been in demographic and spatial expansion since ca . 0 . 15 ma . it coincides with the terminal stage of mis - 6 , i . e . , wartanian / saalian glaciation , and beginning of mis - 5e , i . e . , eemian interglacial , during which , due to eustatic sea level rise , a wide connection between mediterranean and the pontic basin was re - established . this , along with re - appearance of coastal habitats could initiate north - east expansion of the southern lineage and its secondary contact with the northern one . the isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean during the weichselian glaciation most likely did not have any effect on their phylogeography .\npmid : 27547517 pmcid : pmc4958013 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 2128\n1 , rml\u2014right mandible length ; 2 , lh\u2014length of head ; 3 , wh\u2014width of head ; 4 , pl\u2014pronotum length ; 5 , mpw\u2014maximum pronotum width ; 6 , el\u2014elytra length ; 7 , mew\u2014maximum elytra width ; 8 , tbl\u2014total body length .\nsl , southern lineage ; nl , northern lineage ; rml , right mandible length ; wh , width of head ; lh , length of head ; mpw , maximum pronotum width ; pl , pronotum length ; el , elytra length ; mew , maximum elytra width ; tbl , total body length . both in abgd and pca analyses 169 specimens from 43 sites from the mediterranean and the pontic areas were used .\n( a ) geographic distribution of haplogroups from southern ( blue circles ) and northern ( yellow circles ) lineages and ( b ) median joining network of 81 detected coi haplotypes showing southern ( blue shading ) , and northern ( yellow shading ) lineages .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nnote that a preprint of this article also exists , first published april 30 , 2016 .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nmethods . its phylogeography on the balkan peninsula and on the north - western black sea coast was inferred using a 697 bp long portion of the mitochondrial coi gene , amplified from 169 individuals collected on 43 localities .\nresults . the results revealed two genetically divergent groups / lineages , the southern one inhabiting both the balkan peninsula and the pontic region and the northern one found exclusively in the pontic region . species delimitation based on dna barcoding gap suggested an interspecific level of divergence between these groups . multivariate analysis of eight male and female morphometric traits detected no difference between the groups , implying they may represent cryptic species . the bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny suggested that the lineages diverged ca . 2 . 3 ma , in early pleistocene .\ndiscussion . the presence of the two genetically divergent groups results most likely from contemporary isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean that broke the continuous strip of coastal habitats inhabited by c . littoralis . demographic analyses indicated that both lineages have been in demographic and spatial expansion since ca . 0 . 15 ma . it coincides with the terminal stage of mis - 6 , i . e . , wartanian / saalian glaciation , and beginning of mis - 5e , i . e . , eemian interglacial , during which , due to eustatic sea level rise , a wide connection between mediterranean and the pontic basin was re - established . this , along with re - appearance of coastal habitats could initiate north - east expansion of the southern lineage and its secondary contact with the northern one . the isolation of the pontic basin from the mediterranean during the weichselian glaciation most likely did not have any effect on their phylogeography .\nthe eastern mediterranean , including the pontic area , is recognised as one of the major biodiversity and endemism hot spots on a global scale , as well as a major glacial refugium in europe ( e . g . , myers et al . , 2000 ; kotl\u00edk , bogutskaya & ekmek\u00e7i , 2004 ; blondel et al . , 2010 ) . among others , it is a consequence of complex geological history of the region that was an archipelago and united with rest of the european continent only in neogene ( pfiffner , 2014 ) . on the other hand , a shallow epicontinental sea , paratethys , occupied vast areas of the continent and regressed gradually leaving relics , such as black , azov and caspian sea ( nahavandi et al . , 2013 ) . local isostatic and eustatic changes of sea level were among superior phenomena shaping local landscapes . for example , there were at least twelve saline water intrusions from the mediterranean sea , and eight intrusions from the caspian lake to the black sea during the last 0 . 67 million years ( ma ) i . e . , in pleistocene ( badertscher et al . , 2011 ) . inevitably , they played an important role in modelling diversity and distribution patterns for numerous organisms , particularly those inhabiting coastal ecosystems both in the mediterranean and in the pontic area . however , the evidence comes mostly from aquatic , predominantly marine or brackish water , taxa ( e . g . , audzijonyte , daneliya & vainola , 2006 ; neilson & stepien , 2011 ) . there is a deficiency of studies focusing upon coastal species inhabiting terrestrial habitats in this region ( akin et al . , 2010 ) .\ntiger beetles , cicindelidae latreille , 1806 , seem to be ideal model organisms to test such assumptions . the family , with more than 2 , 600 species , has a worldwide distribution with exception of polar regions and some oceanic islands ( pearson & cassola , 2005 ) . most species , both in larval and adult stage , prefer various types of sandy areas and are habitat specialists ; often inhabiting coastal areas ( pearson & vogler , 2001 ) . several studies dealt with phylogeography of tiger beetles in various regions of the world ( e . g . , vogler et al . , 1993 ; cardoso & vogler , 2005 ; woodcock et al . , 2007 ) , yet so far only few focused on the role of sea level oscillations in their evolutionary history ( vogler & desalle , 1993 ; sota et al . , 2011 ) or compared the diversity patterns on both , the molecular and morphological , levels ( cardoso , serrano & vogler , 2009 ; tsuji et al . , 2016 ) .\nfollowing hillis , moritz & mable ( 1996 ) the standard phenol\u2013chloroform method was used to extract dna from all the collected individuals . air - dried dna pellets were eluted in 100 \u00b5l of te buffer , ph 8 . 00 , stored at 4 \u00b0c until amplification , and subsequently at \u221220 \u00b0c for long - term storage .\nfragments of mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase subunit i gene ( coi ) , ca . 700 bp long , were amplified using the jerry and pat pair of primers ( simon et al . , 1994 ) . each pcr reaction was conducted in a total volume of 10 \u00b5l and contained dreamtaq master mix ( 1x ) polymerase ( thermoscientific ) , 200 nm of each primer and 1 \u00b5l of dna template . the thermal regime consisted of initial denaturation at 94 \u00b0c for 2 min , followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 94 \u00b0c for 30 s , annealing at 44 \u00b0c for 30 s , and elongation at 72 \u00b0c for 60 s , completed by a final extension at 72 \u00b0c for 10 min . the amplified products were visualized on 2 . 0 % agarose gels stained with midorigreen ( nippon genetics ) to verify the quality of the pcr reactions . then , the pcr products were chemically cleaned up of dntps and primer residues by adding 5u of exonuclease i ( thermo scientific ) and 1u of fastap alkaline phosphatase ( thermo scientific ) per sample . the coi amplicon was sequenced one way using bigdye sequencing protocol ( applied biosystems 3730xl ) by macrogen inc . , korea .\n\u00a9 7 . 2 . 5 . the resulting alignment was 697 bp long with no gaps , and composed of 169 coi sequences . the sequence data and trace files were uploaded to bold and subsequently also to genbank ( accession numbers\n) . phylogenetic relationships between the haplotypes were visualised with phylogenetic network computed using the neighbour - net algorithm and uncorrected p - distances in splitstree ver . 4 . 13 . 1 (\nto test for presence of distinct operational taxonomic units ( otus ) that may represent potential cryptic species / subspecies in the sequenced pool of individuals we used the automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) procedure ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . the default value of 0 . 001 was used as the minimum allowed intraspecific distance . the maximum allowed intraspecific distance was set to p max = 0 . 03 and 0 . 06 , as both threshold values have been already used in literature to delimit insect species ( hebert et al . , 2003 ; hebert , ratnasingham & dewaard , 2003 ) . we applied the k2p model sequence correction , which is a standard for barcode analyses ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) . we used primary partitions as a principal for group definition for they are usually stable over a wider range of prior values , minimise the number of false positive ( over split species ) and are usually close to the number of groups described by taxonomists ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) .\ntwo models of population expansion , demographic and spatial , were examined using mismatch distribution analysis ( slatkin & hudson , 1991 ; rogers & harpending , 1992 ) and tajima\u2019s d neutrality test ( tajima , 1989 ) . analyses were performed for the coi groups , using arlequin 3 . 5 . 1 . 3 ( excoffier & lischer , 2010 ) with 1 , 000 replicates .\nto test whether variation of morphometric traits reflects presence of two genetically divergent lineages ( potential cryptic species ) , measurements of eight body parameters ( fig . 2 ) were taken from all the 69 males and 100 females used previously for the molecular analyses : 1 , right mandible length ( rml ) ; 2 , length of head ( lh ) ; 3 , width of head ( wh ) ; 4 , pronotum length ( pl ) ; 5 , maximum pronotum width ( mpw ) ; 6 , elytra length ( el ) ; 7 , maximum elytra width ( mew ) ; and 8 , total body length ( tbl ) . the principal component analysis ( pca ) was performed separately for each sex ( fig . 3 ) . to test for significance ( p < 0 . 01 ) of morphological differences ( separately for males and females ) between the two divergent lineages one - way anosim pairwise test was performed . all the above statistical analyses were done with primer 6 software ( clarke & gorley , 2006 ) .\nand ( b ) results of principal component analysis performed for investigated specimens on main body dimensions .\nthe bayesian time - calibrated reconstruction of phylogeny shows that the two lineages split at ca . 2 ma , i . e . , in early pleistocene ( fig . 5a ) . results of the bsp analyses showing the temporal changes of the effective population size suggests that both lineages experienced rapid population growth that has started ca . 0 . 15 ma ( fig . 5b ) . in both cases , a small decline in effective population size may be observed in most recent times ( < 0 . 05 ma ) . results of the mismatch analysis show that both lineages are currently in the stage of both demographic and spatial expansion ( fig . 5c ) . interestingly , geographical distribution of both lineages shows that the spatial expansion of southern lineage was efficient enough to spread eastwards into the black sea and colonise effectively the north - western black sea coast . the northern lineage has spread only in the pontic region .\nthe results of pca and anosim revealed no differences in the analysed morphometric traits between the southern and the northern lineages , neither in males nor in females ( fig . 3b ) . in pca ( fig . 3b ) , a very weak gradient ( r = 0 . 03 ) could be seen in case of female body length . females from the northern lineage clade were slightly larger than those from the southern one ( body length ; anosim pairwise tests p = 0 . 03 ) .\nconcluding , we have demonstrated that pleistocene glaciations and associated sea level changes in the mediterranean / pontic region had a profound effect on the genetic diversity and distribution of widely distributed coastal insect species , generating some level of cryptic diversity . our case study casts more light on the evolutionary relationships between populations of terrestrial animals inhabiting both the mediterranean and black sea shorelines\u2014a phenomenon that is still weakly explored in literature .\nthe first author would like to thank to iwona jaroszewska , piotr j\u00f3\u017awiak , b\u0142a\u017cej pawicki , maciej podsiad\u0142o , anna stepie\u0144 , and bartosz ukleja for their kind help in material collecting during the tb - quest expedition to the balkans .\nradomir jasku\u0142a and tomasz rewicz conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nmateusz p\u0142\u00f3ciennik analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nmicha\u0142 grabowski conceived and designed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe sequence data and trace files were uploaded to bold and subsequently also to genbank ( accession nos ku905171 \u2013 ku905339 ) .\nthe study was partly funded by the statutory fundings of the university of lodz . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ninsecta in itinere cl . n . potanin in china et in mongolia novissime lecta\narlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows\nmantissa insectorum , sistens eorum species nuper detectus adiectis characteribus genericis , differentiis specificis , emendationibus , observationibus .\nbiological identification through dna barcodes . to the fast publication and worldwide dissemination of high - quality research\nour promise peerj promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible . we thank you in advance for your patience and understanding .\nfollowing\nis like subscribing to any updates related to a publication . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .\nyou can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple publications then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .\nnote : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this publication and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .\npeerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints\na common leaf beetle , but it is interesting to see the pink / red wings . usually they are well tucked in .\nthis species of tiger beetle is endemic to north western borneo where it can be found on exposed riverine sediment . a hot bed of mating activity was found on a small section of the river outside the danum rainforest lodge , june 2010 .\nthese two were enjoying a private moment until i disturbed them . the male didn ' t like it at all and made a rapid exit from the scene .\ni ' ve only found this once before , and it was at the other end of the state .\nhowever , baekrung island is very closed to north korea . so very dangerous lol : p\ni was turning rocks over again on wednesday . i found this beetle and it had me stumped for a while until i noticed the hint of the faint markings on the pronotum . i know that some beetles darken up over winter , but i am surprised to see how dark this is . is it calomela maculicollis ?\nif i ' m right the coloured version is bright red and metallic black elytra . the advantage of finding one dormant is that it was so still when i flipped it : - )\nit does seem a bit more streamlined than i usually see though . . . . . as usual i am worried about my own iding\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1412, "summary": [{"text": "muricopsinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks within the large family muricidae , the murex snails and rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "a study , released in september 2010 , showed that the subfamily muricopsinae is polyphyletic", "topic": 6}], "title": "muricopsinae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 yet . learn how to contribute .\nas examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .\nmolluscabase ( 2018 ) . muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 395163 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nmuricopsis bucquoy & dautzenberg , & dollfus , 1882 . type species ( o . d . ) : muricopsis blainvillei payraudeau , 1826 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricopsinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricopsinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; muricidea auctt . ( non swainson , 1840 ) ; jania bellardi in cossmann , 1882 ( non bellardi ) . subgenus :\nty - jour ti - a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island t2 - novapex : trimestriel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de malacologie . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 , cy - bruxelles : py - 2007 sp - 23 ep - 26 sn - 1375 - 7474 au - rol\u00e1n , emilio au - gori , sandro er -\n@ article { bhlpart93116 , title = { a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island } , journal = { novapex : trimestriel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de malacologie . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 , 2000 - } , author = { rol\u00e1n , emilio and gori , sandro } , year = { 2007 } , pages = { 23 - - 26 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > rol & # 225 ; n , emilio < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > gori , sandro < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 8 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > novapex : trimestriel de la soci & # 233 ; t & # 233 ; belge de malacologie . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> bruxelles : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > la soci & # 233 ; t & # 233 ; , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 8 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 23 < / start > < end > 26 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2007 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\ngenus pygmaepterys e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia ( pygmaepterys ) e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia jousseaume , 1880\ngenus paradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1993 ( junior homonym of paradoxa marshall , 1894 . )\ngenus paradoxon fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1993 ( replacement name for paradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1990 non marshall , 1894 , but itself a junior homonym of paradoxon fleutiaux , 1903 . )\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use murex instead of murex shell . * * * google muricidae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\nhighlight and click the classification term for a definition and additional information . reference : millard , v . g . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . south africa .\nattiliosa emerson , 1968 . type species ( o . d . ) : coralliophila icompta berry , 1960 [ = attiliosa nodulosa ( a . adams , 1855 ) ] ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 82 ; houart , 1996 : 15 .\ne . h . vokes , 1999 - honduras , 19mm - from rosalind bank in 120 feet of water .\nchicomurex ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 48 .\n( lan , 1981 ) - philippines , 66 - 76mm - some consider c . problematicus to be a subspecies of c . superbus .\n( lan , 1981 ) - philippines - 87mm ! - this specimen is 11mm over the listed 1999 world size record , or as we prefer to call it , largest recorded specimen .\n( houart , 1981 ) - papua new guinea , 32mm - rare species taken scuba diving prior to volcanic activity on new britain . this specimen has beautiful coloring - - a species which often exhibits a muted tan / brown color .\nchicoreus montfort , 1810 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex ramosus linne , 1758 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 72 ; chicoracea griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; cichorium voigt , 1834 ( err . ) ; chicorax pusch , 1837 ; frondosaria schl\u00fcter , 1838 ; cichoreus agassiz , 1846 ( nom . nud . ) ; cichoraceus herrmannsen , 1847 ( em . ) ; cichoreum paetel , 1875 ( err . ) ; euphyllon jousseaume , 1880 ; pirtus de gregorio , 1885 ; torvamurex iredale , 1936 ; torramurex salisbury , 1937 ( err . ) ; foveomurex wenz , 1941 ; subgenus :\nhouart , 1992 , chicopinnatus houart , 1992 : 35 . type species ( o . d . ) : pterynotus orchidiflorus shikama , 1972 , chicoreus ( chicopinnatus ) ; houart , 1994 : 55 ; subgenus :\nswainson , 1833 , phyllonota conrad , 1847 ( err . ) , phyconotus simroth , 1907 ( err . ) ; subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 , chicoreus ( siratus ) ; vokes , 1990 : 124 - 130 .\ne . h . vokes , 1978 - south africa , 63mm - endemic to south africa . found uncommonly by scuba divers at depths of 25 to 35 meters of water .\nhouart - new caledonia , 26 . 7mm - taken by research vessel off new caledonia , in 347 - 375mm of water . a rare endemic species , currently in the collection of travis payne .\n( lamarck , 1822 ) - colombia , 99mm - an amazingly variable species found throughout the caribbean . described as\nhouart , 1992 - indonesia , 48mm - a rare trawled species with an extremely limited distribution , most closely associated with c . ramosus . there are significant differences in the spire ribbing , and other characteristics .\nhouart , 1985 - mauritius , 22 . 1mm - a scarce endemic . taken from deep water trap . rarely if ever found in collections .\n( euthyme , 1889 ) - philippines , 105mm - averages around 80 - 90mm . moderately common from japan and taiwan , west to sri lanka .\n( sowerby , 1841 ) - egypt , 50mm - the typical long fronded form is restricted to the northern red sea .\n( vokes , 1978 ) is a short - fronded form found in the southern red sea .\nabbott & finlay , 1979 - jamaica , 38 - 39mm - red - brown is the most pervasive color , though the original series collected scuba diving by dieter cosman in 1967 contains white and yellow specimens . the largest specimen is 79mm . a true rarity , endemic to\nhouart , 1984 - somalia , 97 . 5mm - an exceedingly dark specimen . distribution is limited to east africa . most closely related to\nhouart , 1984 - somalia , 117mm - this specimen greatly exceeds the listed recorded size for the species . it has been officially listed for future publication in the hutsell & pisor molluscan world record sizes publication .\n( a . adams , 1855 ) - florida , 80mm - an exceptionally large specimen from the northern gulf of mexico . taken scuba diving in 90 feet of water .\n( lamarck , 1816 ) - madagascar , 76mm - the columellar dentition is characteristic . the columellar color can be orange , peach , or bluish - white .\nkosuge , 1980 , a name applied to specimens with a non - divided varical wing as illustrated here .\n( shikama , 1973 ) - philippines , 31mm - this form is considered the true form of the species ; note the differences in the fronding from the previous image .\nvokes , 1978 - israel , 100 . 4mm - rare species limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea around the sinai peninsula region . this specimen was collected at eilat , between 20 - 35 meters of water .\n( petit , 1852 ) - mexico , 92mm - dredged off contoy , yucatan . the gulf of mexico is the type locality of the form\n( kuroda , 1942 ) - japan , 145mm - central pacific distribution , typically brought up by fishing trawlers .\n( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 30mm - not to be confused with chicoreus aculeatus .\n( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 57mm - a specimen with well - developed fronding .\n( sowerby , 1834 ) - philippines , 117mm - a large shell for the species .\nhouart , 1988 - new caledonia , 27mm - an extremely rare species ; trawled in very deep water off southern n . c . this shell won its owner first place in the\nsingle shell worldwide any source\ncategory at both the 1998 sanibel and marco island shell shows .\n- an endemic species recently being found by divers , it is still rare in collections . this specimen was collected by j . p . lefort in the early 1990 ' s .\n( kosuge , 1980 ) - philippines , 41mm - a rare species taken in tangle nets set in deepwater in the central philippines .\nhaustellum schumacher , 1817 ; haustellum deshayes , 1830 ? ( pro klein in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ; brontes montfort , 1810 ( non fabricius , 1801 ) ; brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ( err . ) ; brontis griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; bronta pusch , 1837 ( error pro brontes ) ; haustellaria swainson , 1833 .\n( bernardi , 1859 ) - florida , 67 - 72mm - trawled by fishing boats . originally described as\n( e . h . vokes , 1967 ) - colombia , 62mm - rare orange color form . originally described as\nhexaplex perry , 1811 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1880 ) : murex cichoreum gmelin , 1791 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; houart , 1994 : 87 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; houart , 1996 : 5 ; purpura r\u00f6ding , 1798 ( non brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ; exaplex f\u00e9russac , 1820 ( err . ) ; muricanthus swainson , 1840 ( non swainson , 1833 ) pro centronotus swainson , 1833 ( non schneider , 1801 ) ; bassiella wenz , 1941 pro bassia jousseaume , 1880 ( non quoy & gaimard , 1830 ) ; trunculariopsis cossmann , 1921 ; hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; truncularia monterosato , 1917 ( non wiegmann , 1832 ) ; murithais grant & gale , 1931 . subgenus :\nswainson , 1833 ; muricantha fischer , 1884 ; muricantha swainson in suter , 1913 ; aaronia verrill , 1950 .\n( mcmichael , 1964 ) - western australia , 67 . 5mm - very large for the species ; just 5 . 2mm shy of the largest recorded specimen .\n( franchi , 1990 ) - somalia , 95mm - trawled in deep water ; a rare subspecies , which exhibits variable fronding .\nhomalocantha m\u00f6rch , 1852 . type species ( monotypy ) : murex scorpio linnaeus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 80 ; houart , 1994 : 44 ; houart , 1996 : 16 ; homalacantha kobelt , 1877 ( err . ) ; homolocantha ludbrook , 1958 ( err . ) .\nkosuge , 1979 - philippines , 41mm - a fragile species taken in tangle nets set in deep water .\nmurex linneaus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; purpura martini , 1777 ( non - bin . ) ; aranea perry , 1810 ( non linnaeus , 1758 ) ; tribulus kobelt , 1877 ( non h . & a . adams in klein , 1853 ) ; acupurpura jousseaume , 1880 ; tubicauda jousseaume , 1880 . subgenus :\nponder & vokes , 1988 ; promurex vokes & ponder , 1988 : 83 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex antelmei viader , 1938 ; houart , 1994 : 8 .\ne . a . smith , 1884 - north territory , australia , 55 - 59mm - limited range along northern australia and southern papua new guinea . one of the distinctive murex species with a long shoulder spine .\nlightfoot , 1786 - philippines , 131mm - the well - known venus - comb murex .\nnaquetia jousseaume , 1880 ; naquetia ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 76 ; houart , 1994 : 51 ; triplex humphrey in harris , 1897 ( non perry , 1810 ) ; rhizophorimurex oyama , 1950 ; pterynotus ( naquetia ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] .\n( preston , 1910 ) - philippines , 77 - 78mm - typical coloring . rare colorforms include yellow and orange . found from india east through the philippines .\n( reeve , 1858 ) - mozambique , 68mm - outstanding and unique color form ; extremely rare . limited to the western indian ocean .\n( tapparone canefri , 1875 ) - madagascar , 48mm - also found in the red sea .\nd ' attilio & hertz , 1987 - israel , 88mm - taken scuba diving in 20 - 30 meters of water . rare endemic limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea .\n( lamarck , 1816 ) - philippines , 48 - 54mm - western pacific distribution .\npoirieria jousseaume , 1880 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] poirrieria fischer , 1884 ( err . ) ; subgenus :\nshuto , 1969 ( living fossil ) , poirieria ( flexopteron ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 80 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :\nwoodring , 1959 , poirieria ( panamurex ) ; houart , 1994 : 50 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 , bathymurex clench & farfante , 1945 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] , dallimurex rehder , 1946 . subgenus :\ne . h . vokes , 1970 ; poiriera ( pazinotus ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 35 .\n( p . m . costa , 1993 ) - brazil , 6mm - collected in scuba diving depths .\nhouart & m\u00fclhlh\u00e4usser , 1990 - somalia , 24mm - trawled in deepwater . a rare species that is almost always found dead - taken .\npterynotus swainson , 1833 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex pinnatus swainson , 1822 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 79 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; houart , 1996 : 107 ; pterymurex rovereto , 1899 pro pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; marchia jousseaume , 1880 ; morchia baker , 1891 ( err . ) ; triplex newton , 1891 ? ( non perry , 1810 ) . subgenus :\npterynotus ( pterynotus ) ; merle , 1994 : 85 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; pterynotus ( pterochelus ) ; houart , 1994 : 29 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; alipurpura p . fischer , 1884 . subgenus :\n( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 70mm - found in darwin harbour , north territory . one of the more beautiful and sought - after muricid species . found in a variety of color forms .\n( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 35 - 45mm - a striking and rare color series , including deep orange , pink and pure white specimens .\nradwin & d ' attilio , 1976 - philippines , 42mm - sometimes confused with p . aparrii , which has bifurcated fronds .\nhouart , 1997 - philippines , 38 - 47mm - typically brown in color ; white is rare . found in the sulu sea . similar to p . albobrunneus .\n( kobelt , 1879 ) - philippines , 50mm - a broadly fronded specimen that is almost as wide as its length .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - japan , 39mm - taken scuba diving in \u00b1 80 feet of water off okinawa .\nfavartia jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex breviculus sowerby , 1834 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 83 minnimurex woolacott , 1957 . subgenus :\nperrilliat , 1972 ; caribiella perrilliat , 1972 : 82 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex intermedius c . b . adams , 1850 [ = murex alveata kiener , 1842 ] ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( caribiella ) ; houart , 1994 : 82 . subgenus :\ne . h . vokes , 1978 ; pygmaepterys vokes , 1978 : 398 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex alfredensis bartsch , 1915 ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( pygmaepterys ) ; houart , 1994 : 28 .\nd ' attilio & myers , 1986 - solomon islands , 22mm - taken scuba diving in 30 feet of water at mbanika island , russell group , solomons . differs from\n( sowerby , 1834 ) by consistently having an extended blunt shoulder spine on the varices in mature shells . locality records only exist for the solomon islands .\n( hedley , 1899 ) - christmas id . , line islands , 7 . 3mm - taken scuba diving in \u00b140 feet of water buried in rubble rock . the species is named for the type locality , funafuti atoll . it is a rather rare species .\nsmythe & houart , 1984 - oman , 18mm - endemic to the arabian gulf coast of oman . found intertidally , clinging to the underside of a rock . uncommon due to its less frequented locale .\nd ' attilio & bertsch , 1980 - philippines , 29mm - this specimen exhibits superior fronding . the fronding tends to be quite variable .\nmuricopsis ( muricopsis ) ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 121 . subgenus :\nolsson & mcginty , 1958 ; risomurex olsson & mcginty , 1958 . type species ( iczn opinion 1623 ( 1991 ) ) : ricinula deformis reeve , 1846 ; muricopsis ( risomurex ) ; vokes & houart , 1986 : 88 , 89 ; rol\u00e1n & fernandes , 1991 : 11 - 20 ; houart , 1994 ; houart , 1996 : 18 .\n( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) - new zealand , 49mm - taken scuba diving in 22 meters of water . intertidal specimens tend to have poorly developed spines ; longer spines on deepwater specimens . a synonym is murexsul octogonus .\njousseaume , 1880 ; ocenebrellus cossmann , 1903 ( err . ) ; ternaria coen , 1943 . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; poropteron jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1881 ) murex uncinarius lamarck , 1822 ; pteropurpura ( poropteron ) ; houart , 1994 : 43 . subgenus :\nin south africa . it differs from p . debruini by lacking webbing between the longer spines and teeth inside the lip of the aperture .\n( sowerby , 1834 ) - california , 83 - 85mm - taken scuba diving . the species exhibits varied frond development .\norania pallary , 1900 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 122 ; houart , 1994 : 74 ; le renard , 1996 : 68 nemofusus cossmann , 1903 .\n( dall , 1889 ) - canary islands , 15 - 16mm - this species was originally described by william healy dall as a nassarina , a genus in the family columbellidae . the species was reclassified in the muricidae after radular examination . a tropical species found on both sides of the atlantic . the type locality is barbados . synonym is\ntyphis montfort , 1810 . ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 124 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\ntyphis ( typhis ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( haustellotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus : hirtotyphis jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( hirtotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 24 . subgenus :\nvella , 1961 ; typhis ( rugotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1882 ; typhis ( talityphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; typhina jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : typhis belcheri broderip , 1833 ; typhis ( typhina ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; houart , 1991 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( typhinopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] .\nsowerby ii , 1874 - colombia , 36 . 2mm - an extraordinary chocolate - brown specimen with two long tubes extending from body whorl . trawled by fishing boat .\ntrophon , montfort , 1810 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ trophoninae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ trophoninae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; polyplex perry , 1810 ( suppr . ) ; pagodula monterosato , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; pinon de gregorio , 1885 ; enixotrophon iredale , 1929 ; boreotrophon fischer p . , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart , 1994 : 30 ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; nodulotrophon habe & ito , 1965 ; muricidea swainson , 1840 .\n( dall , 1908 ) - washington ( state ) , 23mm - a uniquely shaped deep water inhabitat of the united states west coast . this specimen was dredged from 180 meters of water . the species is quite rare .\n( reeve , 1848 ) - russia , 48mm - an uncommon species , one of the more beautiful of the genus . from a remote locale north of vladivostok . found by scuba diver inside of shipwreck .\n( sowerby , 1880 ) - alaska , 30 - 34mm - dredged in 95 meters of water off tanaga island , in the aleutian islands . a very uncommon species .\n. specimens as large as 25mm are infrequently taken scuba diving , or dredging down to 80 fathoms of water . this shell was collected while scuba diving along a rock wall in \u00b119 meters of water in the san juan islands .\ndall , 1891 - alaska , 30 - 31mm - dredged in \u00b1 165 meters of water off attu island , aleutian islands . an extremely rare species .\npenna - neme & leme , 1978 - brazil , 65 . 7mm - originally described as a\n( schepman , 1911 ) - australia , 41mm - a deep water species trawled in \u00b1 750 meters of water along the continental shelf off new south wales .\n( king & broderip , 1832 ) - argentina , 11mm - dredged in 30 meters of water off tierra del fuego province . the genus\nis sometimes combined in synonymy with trophon - some taxanomic discrepancies appear in various publications . most recently designated as trophon pallidus ( broderip , 1833 ) .\nmclean , 1995 - california , 20mm - dredged in \u00b1 200 meters of water . scabrotrophon is a recently described genus with five species restricted to the northern hemisphere .\noldroyd , 1927 - california , 55 - 58mm - dredged off catalina island in about 92 meters of water . one of the great trophon rarities .\nmuricidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nlatitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the . . . | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nfigure 5 . latitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the latitudinal distribution for species with planktotrophic larvae ( blue ) , lecithotrophic larvae ( purple ) and direct development ( green ) is shown using vertical lines from the northern to the southern point of distribution reported in the literature . the panels show the species included in the phylogenetic ( upper ) and all the species present in our database ( lower ) . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0094104 . g005\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\ndescription : protoconch 21 / 4 whorls . teleoconch whorls rounded , flattened above , with 6 or 7 foliaceous varices per whorl . sculptured with strong , foliaceous spiral ribs , often bifid , two on the spire whorls , and 5 or 6 on the body whorl , with a further two ribs on the base . aperture oval , inner lip smooth ; outer lip with 4 - 5 low , rounded denticles internally on lower half in mature shells . anterior canal open , equal to or less than length of aperture . colour white , fawn or pink .\ndistribution : endemic to australia ; caloundra , qld , to at least south - western wa , including tas .\nhabitat : under rocks and in rubble , low tide to 30 m deep . uncommon .\nfig . 1 , 2 : bass strait , tasmania ( c . 350998 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsowerby 1841 ( in 1832 - 1841 ) , pl . 195 , fig . 103 ;\nmoderately large for family ( 40 - 70 mm high ) , with moderately tall spire ( about equal to aperture and canal ) , moderately long , open anterior canal , and large oval aperture , with lips smooth except for spinous digitations of the outer lip . sculpture of many closely spaced , rounded , prominent , finely scaly spiral cords , each interspace filled by 1 narrow secondary cord ; major cords raised into short to moderately long , backward - or upward - directed , semitubular spines where they cross thin , frilly varices ; varices spaced regularly around whorls , 8 - 10 per whorl on large shells , producing roughly octagonal outline in plan view . base of canal bears 2 or 3 rows of longer spines ; fasciole very prominent , formed of a spiral row of many former anterior canals , producing a deep pseudumbilicus on large shells . protoconch of 1 . 5 whorls , with flattened apex and margining keel , last half - whorl evenly convex .\n, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species\nn . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus\nis characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of\n( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .\nwith two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .\nin its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species\nin the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .\nas distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera\n) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .\nis common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 1414, "summary": [{"text": "aphodiites is a genus of fossil beetles from the lias ( lower jurassic ) of schambelen , ( aargau , switzerland ) , and the oldest fossil in the superfamily scarabaeoidea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its affinities are not clear ; it was originally placed in the aphodiinae ( scarabaeidae ) , but its diagnostic characters are shared by beetles such as glaresis ( glaresidae ) . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "aphodiites", "paragraphs": ["the oldest probable scarabaeoid , aphodiites , is known from the lower lias ( lower jurassic ) of switzerland . it is small ( 5 mm long ) , aphodiine - like , with striated elytra and large prothorax with supposed notal marks indicating the characteristic scarabaeoid features of dorsal articulations of the coxae . larger scarabaeoid - like fossils such as opiselleipon ( 15 mm ) are known from upper lias beds in saxony and geotrupoides ( 35 mm ) from upper jurassic beds .\nin ihrem browser ist javascript deaktiviert . einige funktionen dieser seite funktionieren ohne javascript nicht .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fossil record contributes little to understanding scarabaeoid phylogeny . iablokoff - khnzorian ( 1977 ) and crowson ( 1981 ) reviewed what is known .\nfossils resembling modern geotrupidae and hybosoridae ( based primarily on the presence of four main anal wing veins ) have been recorded from lower cretaceous deposits in china ( e . g . protoscarabaeus ) . an unusual scarabaeoid with features similar to some termitophilous aphodiinae but otherwise unlike any modern scarabaeoid , is known from lower cretaceous amber of lebanon ( crowson , 1981 ) .\nthe oldest recorded higher scarabaeoid , eophyllocerus , ( assigned to melolonthinae ) is from eocene coal deposits of germany .\nscholtz , c . h . 1990 . phylogenetic trends in the scarabaeoidea . journal of natural history 24 : 1027 - 1066 .\nthis page is a note that is attached to a branch of the tree of life .\ntol notes provide brief accounts of characteristics , short summaries , commentaries , media files , taxonomic information , or identification tools for a given group of organisms .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nfirst notice of the chirostylidae ( deeapoda ) in the fossil record and . . .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1415, "summary": [{"text": "melanella acicula is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "melanella acicula", "paragraphs": ["search for ' melanella acicula ' returned 3 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\nmelanella aciculata gould , a . a . in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1866 : tuamotus ( lapsus )\n( of melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of melanella iredalei ( laseron , 1955 ) ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of melanella pisorum ( pilsbry , 1917 ) ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nto ansp malacology collection ( from synonym eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym melanella aciculata [ sic ] ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym stilifer acicula gould , 1849 )\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eulima vitrea a . adams , 1854 ) war\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 56 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cuspeulima iredalei laseron , 1955 ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of eulima pisorum pilsbry , 1917 ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) war\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of leiostraca aciculata [ sic ] ) sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1866 ) . monograph of the genus leiostraca . in : conchologia iconica . vol 15 , pl . 1 - 3 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 2 , fig . 11 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 484 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\npadanon ( pandakan ) island is situated at the far end of the caubian plateau , between hilutungan and olango island . there is a small village of fishermen at the western end of the island , the eastern end has a superb sand flat which is a heaven at low tide for sight viewers and beach lovers . a fee to go on land is asked . the channel between pandanon island and the islands in front ( part of bohol ) is shallow . pipe point is situated on the bohol side of the channel .\nnone . boats from mactan can bring you there , but they will charge a premium .\nin front of the village we could not dive because the villagers claimed it a sanctuary . we suspect they wanted money . tiger point , on the other side of the channel is great diving for naturalists , very ugly when it comes to recreational diving . there is a huge flat at 6 m with mud - sand and coral boulders , full of shells , mainly bivalves . then a small drop - off to 16 - 18 m deep where a kilometers wide sand and mud flat starts .\nvery plentifull : shells , soft corals , hard corals , gorgonians , nudibranches , crabs , anemones and other things . typical for mud bottoms . nighttime dives are spectacular in marine life .\ncan be violent . one one occasion we came out several kilometer form the boat .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\nsorry , there are no multimedia or other resources available for this species yet .\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\ndescription : shell large , long and slender . spire usually slightly bent at early whorls , then straight or weakly convex in outline . whorls very weakly convex , suture well defined . scars from position of outer lip infrequent , one located about 2 whorls before aperture on large specimens . aperture moderately elongate , less than one - quarter of shell length , inner lip slightly reflected over base . outer lip convex in profile , with very shallow sinus at top . shell colourless - transparent or translucent white , polished , glossy .\ndistribution : indo - west pacific . in eastern australia , occurs from the tropics southwards to sydney , nsw .\nhabitat : parasitic externally on several species of holothurians ( sea cucumbers ) . common in queensland , rare in nsw .\nfig . 1 : heron island , qld . on stichopus variegatus ( c . 134350 ) ."]}
{"id": 1419, "summary": [{"text": "fulvia is a genus of cockles , marine bivalve molluscs in the family cardiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "most species are found in the indo-pacific and in australian waters . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "fulvia ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nsubgenus fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 represented as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nfulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nsubgenus fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nfulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\n\u00bb species fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) represented as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nspecies fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) accepted as fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nworms - world register of marine species - fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nnotes : the phylogenetic position of the type species of this genus and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae as well as to the genus pseudocercospora are still unknown and unproven . therefore , semipseudocercospora is only tentatively maintained as separate cercosporoid genus .\ncercospora platycerii chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 456 ( 1954 ) .\n\u00bb species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) prashadi vidal , 1994 accepted as fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )\ncultures of the type species of this genus and results of molecular sequence analyses are necessary to resolve its phylogenetic position and clarify its relation to pseudocercospora . it is still unclear and unproven if this genus belongs in the mycosphaerellaceae . therefore , denticularia is tentatively retained as genus on its own .\nworms - world register of marine species - fulvia j . e . gray , 1853\nbasionym : cercospora lonchitidis chupp , a monograph of the fungus genus cercospora : 455 ( 1954 ) .\n\u00bb species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) accepted as fulvia hungerfordi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( synonym )\nvidal , j . ( 1994 ) . a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 . ( mollusca , cardiidae ) . apex . 9 ( 4 ) : 93 - 118 . [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter & hylleberg j . ( 2017 ) . fulvia kaarei spec . nov . , a new fulvia from vietnam ( bivalvia , cardiidae ) . basteria . 81 ( 4 - 6 ) : 111 - 118 . [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - fulvia australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 )\nnotes : the phylogenetic position of this genus is unknown . it is quite unclear if it is part of the capnodiales and mycosphaerellaceae at all .\naddition and re - examination of japanese species belonging to the genus cercospora and allied genera . ix . newly recorded species from japan ( 4 )\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) ( from synonym cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym papyridea australe ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to clemam ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to clemam ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) to pesi ( from synonym cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) )\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) boholensis vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n\u00bb species fulvia ( laevifulvia ) ballieni vidal , 1994 accepted as laevicardium elatum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( synonym )\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) tenuicostata ( lamarck , 1819 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) j . e . gray , 1853 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia ( fulvia ) australis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n@ article { bhlpart149775 , title = { a review of the genus fulvia gray , 1853 ( mollusca , cardiidae ) } , journal = { apex / } , volume = { 9 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 , 1986 - } , author = { } , year = { 1994 } , pages = { 93 - - 118 } , }\nfulvia cif . , atti ist . bot . univ . lab . critt . pavia , ser . 5 , 10 : 246 ( 1954 ) [ type species : f . fulva ( cooke ) cif . 1954 ] .\ndescription : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus resembling zasmidium ( in vivo with superficial mycelium , hyphae , conidiophores and solitary conidia pigmented , distinctly verruculose to verrucose ) , but the conidiogenous cells are terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened .\nnotes : morphologically close to asperisporium , but the conidiogenous loci and hila at the base of conidia are unthickened and not darkened . species of pseudoaspersporium are distinguished from superficially similar fusicladium species ( venturiaceae ) by having coarsely verruculose conidia . the phylogenetic affinity of this genus is , however , unclear and unproven .\nnotes : the type species , originally described as species of cercospora , was later reallocated to pseudocercospora ( braun 1993 ) . however , based on molecular sequence analyses , recently carried out by crous et al . ( 2013 ) , it was demonstrated that it represents an undescribed genus belonging to the pleosporales .\n( of fulvia ( laevifulvia ) vidal , 1994 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia fagea voskuil & onverwagt , 1993 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia papyracea ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnotes : based on the phylogenetic position of its type species , crous et al . ( 2006 ) reduced stigmina to synonymy with pseudocercospora . therefore , the generic position of stigmina thujina has to be reassessed . due to its sporodochial conidiomata with frequently percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells and relatively thin - walled conidia , this species is rather cercostigmina - like ( braun 1993 ) , but the latter genus was reduced to synonymy with pseudocercospora . the type species of cercostigmina and additional species assigned to this genus cluster within the big pseudocercospora clade ( crous et al . 2001 , 2013 ; taylor et al . 2003 ) . furthermore , the conidiogenous cells of s . thujina are percurrent as well as sometimes sympodial . therefore , this species is better reallocated to pseudocercospora .\n( of fulvia pulchra ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103\u2013324 . [ details ]\n( of fulvia radiata ( reeve , 1845 ) ) hylleberg , j . 2009 . cardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in the collection of statens naturhistoriske museum , previously the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ( zmuc ) . annotated and revised . part 2 ( of 2 ) . steenstrupia 31 : 103\u2013324 . [ details ]\ndescription : dematiaceous hyphomycete genus morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct ; mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium in vivo internal . conidiophores macronematous , fasciculate , pigmented ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal or conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells , conidiogenous loci subconspicous by being circular with very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive rim . conidia solitary , scolecosporous , subhyaline to very pale olivaceous , hila very slightly thickened and darkened - refractive along the rim .\n( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium radiatum reeve , 1845 ) reeve l . a . ( 1844 - 1845 ) . monograph of the genus cardium . in : conchologia iconica , vol . 2 , pl . 1 - 22 and unpaginated text . l . reeve & co . , london . [ stated dates : pl . 1 - 4 [ 3 undated ] , october 1844 , pl . 5 - 8 , november 1844 ; pl . 9 - 12 , december 1844 ; pl . 13 - 16 , january , 1845 ; pl . 17 - 22 , march 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fulvia papyracea ( brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ) brugui\u00e8re j . g . ( 1789 - 1792 ) . encyclopdie m\u00e9thodique ou par ordre de mati\u00e8res . histoire naturelle des vers , volume 1 . pancoucke , paris . pp . 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ] ; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb . 1792 ; dates after evenhuis , 2003 , zootaxa , 166 : 37 ; zootaxa , 207 ] ; atlas pl . 1 - 189 [ 1791 ] ; pl . 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl . 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl . 391 - 488 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 231 [ details ]\ngray , j . e . ( 1853 ) . a revision of the genera of some of the families of conchifera or bivalve shells . annals and magazine of natural history . ser . 2 , 11 : 33 - 44 , 398 - 402 . page ( s ) : 40 [ details ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntype locality \u2018ad australiam , et ad mare sinense\u2019 ( australia and china sea ) . coll . cuming [ details ]\n( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 48th part , fig . 12 , 12a ; catalogue p . 1 [ probably issued 1841 ] [ details ]\n( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) sowerby i , g . b . & sowerby ii , g . b . ( 1832 - 1841 ) . the conchological illustrations or , coloured figures of all the hitherto unfigured recent shells . london , privately published . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) spengler , l . ( 1799 ) . over det toskallede sl\u00e6gt , hiertemuslingen , cardium linn\u00e9i . skrivter af naturhistorie - selskabet , ki\u00f8benhavn . 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 60 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken ; = dmdlog _ 0004 page ( s ) : 45 [ details ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of laevicardium australe ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) ) taylor j . d . , kennedy w . j . & hall a . ( 1973 ) . the shell structure and mineralogy of the bivalvia . ii . lucinacea - clavagellacea . conclusions . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology , london 22 ( 9 ) : 253 - 294 , pl . 15 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium varium g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium pulchrum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of papyridea australe ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cardium australe g . b . sowerby ii , 1834 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cardium striatum spengler , 1799 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncity university of hong kong . ( 2013 ) . provision of services for species identification and data analysis ofepibenthic organisms from hong kong water . final report . environmental protection department . department of biology and chemistry , city university [ details ]\n( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) dunker , w . ( 1860 ) . neue japanische mollusken . malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter . 6 : 221 - 240 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) pilsbry , h . a . 1904b . new japanese marine mollusca : pelecypoda . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 56 : 550 - 561 , pls . 39 - 41 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium japonicum dunker , 1860 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium annae pilsbry , 1904 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ntype locality philippines , bohol , panglao isl . , \ufeff\u2018said to have been recovered at 80 fathoms\u2019 ( 146 m ) [ details ]\n( of cardium papyraceum brugui\u00e8re , 1879 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium pallidum reeve , 1845 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of laevicardium laevigatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) turgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]\n( of cardium papyraceum schr\u00f6ter , 1788 ) schr\u00f6ter , j . s . in martini , f . h . w . ( 1788 ) vollstandiges alphabetisches namen - register \u00fcber alle zehn bande des von dem feel . herrn d . martini in berlin angefangenen , und vom herrn pastor chemnitz in kopenhagen fortgesetzten und vollenbeten systematisches conchylien - cabinets . n\u00fcrnberg , in der rasplichen buchhandlung , 1788 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1819 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome sixi\u00e8me , 1re partie . paris : published by the author , vi + 343 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium racketti donovan , 1825 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium tenuicostatum lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncercosporoid fungi ( mycosphaerellaceae ) 1 . species on other fungi , pteridophyta and gymnospermae *\ncorresponding author e - mail : ed . ellah - inu . kinatob @ nuarb . ewu\n* in memoriam charles d . chupp ( 1886\u20131967 ) , the author of the first monograph of cercospora .\nyou are free to share - to copy , distribute and transmit the work , under the following conditions : attribution : you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor ( but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work ) . non - commercial : you may not use this work for commercial purposes . no derivative works : you may not alter , transform , or build upon this work . for any reuse or distribution , you must make clear to others the license terms of this work , which can be found at urltoken . any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder . nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author\u2019s moral rights .\nascomycota , cercospora s . lat . , conifers , ferns , fungicolous , hyphomycetes\nthe history and the evolution of concepts of cercosporoid genera was comprehensively discussed in deighton ( 1976 ) , braun ( 1995a ) and crous & braun ( 2003 ) as well as recently in crous et al . ( 2013 ) and groenewald et al . ( 2013 ) with special emphasis on pseudocercospora and cercospora , respectively . these treatments may be consulted for further details .\nattempts to separate cercospora into several subgeneric units have been made by penzes ( 1927 ) ( three sections : brachycercosporae , macrocercosporae and mediocercosporae ) and solheim ( 1930 ) ( 21 sections based on mycelium internal / external , conidiophores simple / branched , stroma and conidium shape ) , which are , however , barely practicable and not useful since these classifications were derived from a wide range of species of cercospora s . lat . that now belong to different genera . therefore , it is not surprising that these subgeneric concepts have never been applied by other authors .\ncercospora fresen . , in fuckel , hedwigia 2 : 133 ( 1863 ) [ and in fuckel , fungi rhen . exs . , fasc . ii , no . 117 , 1863 ] .\ntype species : cercospora penicillata ( ces . ) fresen . 1863 ( c . depazeoides ( desm . ) sacc . 1876 ) .\nsynonyms : virgasporium cooke , grevillea 3 : 182 ( 1875 ) [ type species : v . maculatum cooke 1875 ] .\ncercosporina speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 424 ( 1910 ) [ type species : c . asparagicola speg . 1910 ] .\nliterature : chupp ( 1954 ) , vasudeva ( 1963 ) , katsuki ( 1965 ) , ellis ( 1976 : 244 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 152\u2013166 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 20 ) , guo et al . ( 2005 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 11 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 128\u2013130 ) .\ndistocercospora pons & b . sutton , mycol . pap . 160 : 60 ( 1988 ) .\ntype species : distocercospora pachyderma ( syd . & p . syd . ) pons & b . sutton 1988 .\nliterature : braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 15 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 26 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 187 ) .\ntype species : passalora bacilligera ( mont . & fr . ) mont . & fr . 1849 .\nsynonyms : cercosporidium e . earle , muhlenbergia 1 : 16 ( 1901 ) [ type species : c . helleri e . earle 1901 ] .\nvellosiella rangel , bol . agric . ( s\u00e3o paulo ) , ser . 16 a , 2 : 151 ( 1915 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nmycovellosiella rangel , arch . jard . bot . rio de janeiro 2 : 71 ( 1917 ) [ type species : m . cajani ( henn . ) rangel ex trotter 1931 ] .\npassalora sect . mycovellosiella ( rangel ) a . hern . - gut . & dianese , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .\normathodium syd . , ann . mycol . 26 : 138 ( 1928 ) [ type species : o . styracis syd . 1928 ] , fide munta\u00f1ola ( 1960 ) .\nragnhildiana solheim , mycologia 23 : 365 ( 1931 ) [ type species : r . agerati ( f . stevens ) f . stevens & solheim 1931 ] .\ncercodeuterospora curzi , boll . staz . patol . veg . roma , ser . 2 , 12 : 149 ( 1932 ) [ type species : c . trichophila curzi 1932 ] .\nberteromyces cif . , sydowia 8 : 267 ( 1954 ) [ type species : b . aeneus cif . 1954 ] .\noreophyllum cif . , sydowia 8 : 253 ( 1954 ) [ type species : o . angelaemariae cif . 1954 ] .\nphaeoramularia munt . - cvetk . , lilloa 30 : 182 ( 1960 ) [ type species : p . gomphrenicola ( speg . ) munt . - cvetk . 1960 ] .\ntandonella s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma , indian phytopathol . 23 : 111 ( 1970 ) [ type species : t . ziziphi s . s . prasad & r . a . b . verma 1970 ] .\nwalkeromyces thaung , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 66 : 213 ( 1976 ) [ type species : w . grewiae thaung 1976 ] .\npassalora sect . pseudophaeoisariopsis u . braun , dianese & a . hern . - gut . , mycotaxon 108 : 3 ( 2009 ) .\nliterature : deighton ( 1967 ) , ellis ( 1971 , 1976 , as cercosporidium ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 16\u201317 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 135 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 21 ) , guo et al . ( 2003 : 65 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 101 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 331\u2013332 ) .\npseudocercospora cratevicola ( s , f42112 ) . a . conidiophore fascicles . b . conidiophores . c . conidia . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nbasionym : napicladium cratevae syd . & p . syd . ( \u201c crataevae \u201d ) , ann . mycol . 11 : 329 ( 1913 ) , non pseudocercospora cratevae phengsintham et al . ( 2013 ) .\nsynonyms : macraea cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( \u201c crataevae \u201d ) , proc . indian acad . sci , b , biol . sci . , 36 ( 4 ) : 164 \u201c1952\u201d ( 1953 ) .\nprathigada cratevae ( syd . & p . syd . ) subram . ( \u201c crataevae \u201d ) , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .\nmaterial examined : india : madras : coimbatore , government farm , on crateva religiosa ( capparaceae ) , 5 feb . 1912 , w . mcrae , no . 9 ( s , f42112 , holotype ) . \u2013 japan : shizuoka , ito , on crateva formosensis , 29 sep . 1999 , t . kobayashi & c . nakashima ( cns 797 and hal 2597 f ) .\nbasionym : macraea punjabensis subram . , proc . indian acad . sci . , b , biol . sci . , 36 : 166 \u201c1952\u201d ( 1953 ) , non pseudocercospora punjabensis ( syd . ) u . braun & bagyan . , 1999 .\nsynonym : prathigada punjabensis ( subram . ) subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 367 ( 1956 ) .\npassalora austroplenckiae ( a . hern\u00e1ndez - gutierrez & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : prathigada austroplenckiae a . hern\u00e1ndez - gutierrez & dianese , mycotaxon 106 : 57 ( 2009 ) .\npassalora backmanii ( furlan . & dianese ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : prathigada backmanii furlan . & dianese , mycol . res . 103 : 1203 ( 1999 ) .\npassalora condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : cercospora condensata ellis & kellerm . , j . mycol . 1 ( 1 ) : 2 ( 1885 ) .\nsynonym : prathigada condensata ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , cryptog . mycol . 20 : 166 ( 1999 ) .\npassalora gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , comb . nov .\nbasionym : cercospora gymnocladi ellis & kellerm . , bull . torrey bot . club 11 : 121 ( 1884 ) .\nsynonym : prathigada gymnocladi ( ellis & kellerm . ) u . braun , sydowia 48 : 209 ( 1996 ) .\nbasionym : cercospora thalictri th\u00fcm . , contr . fl . mycol . lusat . 2 : 5 ( 1879 ) .\nsynonym : cercospora thalictri var . thalictri - flavi th\u00fcm . , mycoth . univ . : 1470 ( 1886 ) .\nprathigada thalictri ( th\u00fcm . ) u . braun , in braun & mel\u2019nik , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 97 ( 1997 ) .\npseudocercospora speg . , anales mus . nac . buenos aires 20 : 438 , 1910 ( nom . cons . ) .\nsynonyms : stigmina sacc . , michelia 2 : 22 ( 1880 ) , nom . rej . [ type species : s . platani ( fuckel ) sacc . 1880 ] .\nphaeoisariopsis ferraris , ann . mycol . 7 : 280 ( 1909 ) , nom rej . [ type species : ph . griseola ( sacc . ) ferraris 1909 ] .\ncercosporiopsis miura , flora of manchuria and east mongolia , 3 , cryptogams : 527 ( 1928 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nseptoriopsis f . stevens & dalbey , mycologia 11 : 4 ( 1918 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\ncercoseptoria petr . , ann . mycol . 23 : 69 ( 1925 ) [ type species : c . chamaesyceae ( f . stevens & dalbey ) petr . 1925 ] .\nancyclospora sawada , rep . govt . agric . res . inst . taiwan 87 : 78 ( 1944 ) , nom . inval . ( art . 39 . 1 ) .\nhelicomina l . s . olive , mycologia 40 : 17 ( 1948 ) [ type species : h . caperoniae l . s . olive 1948 ] .\nmacraea subram . , proc . proc . indian acad . sci , section b , biol . sci . , 36 : 164 \u201c1952\u201d ( 1953 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nprathigada subram . , in subramanian & ramakrishnan , j . madras univ . , b , 26 : 366 ( 1956 ) .\ncercocladospora g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh , proc . natl . acad . sci . india , b , 42 : 439 \u201c1972\u201d ( 1974 ) [ type species : c . andinae g . p . agarwal & s . m . singh 1974 ] .\ncercostigmina u . braun , cryptog . bot . 4 : 107 ( 1993 ) [ type species : c . concentrica ( cooke & ellis ) u . braun 1993 ] .\npseudophaeoramularia u . braun , trudy bot . inst . im . v . l . komarova 20 : 18 ( 1997 ) [ type species : p . geranii ( w . b . cooke & c . g . shaw ) u . braun 1997 ] .\nparacercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .\nliterature : deighton ( 1976 ) , yen & lim ( 1980 : 168\u2013190 ) , pons & sutton ( 1988 ) , hsieh & goh ( 1990 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , guo & hsieh ( 1995 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 18 ) , guo et al . ( 1998 ) , shin & kim ( 2001 : 158 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 25 ) , kamal ( 2010 : 143 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 364\u2013367 ) .\npallidocercospora crous , stud . mycol . 75 : 73 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] .\npseudocercospora p . p . [ see crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .\ndescription : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) or pallidocercospora with mycosphaerella - like sexual morphs ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , forming a separate clade . in vivo morphologically indistinguishable from pseudocercospora , but in vitro forming red crystals on mea , pda , sna and wa .\ndescription : hyphomycetes ( asexual morphs or asexual holomorphs ) ; mycosphaerellaceae . phylogenetically distinct from pseudocercospora , belonging to the \u201c dothistroma clade\u201d . morphologically close to and barely distinguishable from former cercostigmina species ( cercostigmina - like pseudocercospora species ) , i . e . with unilocal , determinate to percurrent conidiogenous cells . hitherto monotypic ( the type species occurs in south africa on the legume colophospermum mopane ) .\ntype species : zasmidium cellare ( pers . : fr . ) fr . 1848 .\nsynonyms : biharia thirum . & mishra , sydowia 7 : 79 ( 1953 ) [ type species : b . vangueriae thirum . & mishra 1953 ] .\nstenellopsis b . huguenin , bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 81 : 695 ( 1966 ) [ type species : st . fagraeae b . huguenin 1966 ] .\nverrucispora d . e . shaw & alcorn , proc . linn . soc . new south wales 92 : 171 ( 1967 ) , nom . illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nverrucisporota d . e . shaw & alcorn , austral . syst . bot . 6 : 273 ( 1993 ) [ type species : v . proteacearum d . e . shaw & alcorn 1993 ] .\nstenella p . p . [ see braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) ] .\nliterature : deighton ( 1979 : 52\u201354 , as stenella ) , ellis ( 1976 : 307\u2013314 , as stenella ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 21 ) , braun et al . ( 2010a , b ) , shivas et al . ( 2009 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 478 ) .\ndescription : morphologically agreeing with plant pathogenic zasmidium species , except for pileate conidiogenous loci . phylogenetically belonging in the teratosphaeriaceae ( in its current circumscription monotypic ) . stenella araguata was redescribed in ellis ( 1971 ) .\nasperisporium maubl . , lavoura 16 : 212 , \u201c1912\u201d ( 1913 ) and bull . trimestriel soc . mycol . france 29 : 357 ( 1913 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1971 : 273\u2013274 ; 1976 : 240\u2013243 ) , sutton ( 1975 : 182\u2013185 ) , von arx ( 1983 ) , braun ( 1995a : 40 ) , braun & mel\u2019nik ( 1997 : 14 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 13 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 95 ) .\nliterature : deighton ( 1969 : 33\u201339 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 145 ) .\ndenticularia deighton , trans . brit . mycol . soc . 59 : 421 ( 1972 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1976 : 182\u2013183 ) , braun ( 1995a : 42 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 176 ) .\nnotes : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the catenate conidia are non - scolecosporous , only with 0\u20131 ( \u20133 ) septa .\nliterature : braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 17 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 193 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1971 : 248\u2013249 ) , rao et al . ( 1982 : 1155 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 199 ) .\neriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun , monogr . cercosporella , ramularia 2 : 398 ( 1998 ) .\ntype species : eriocercosporella indica r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal ex u . braun 1998 .\nsynonym : eriocercosporella r . kumar , a . n . rai & kamal , indian phytopathol . 47 : 127 ( 1994 ) , nom . inval .\ndictyocephala a . g . medeiros , publ . univ . recife inst . micol . 373 : 13 ( 1962 ) [ type species : d . ulmifoliae ( obreg . - bot . ) a . g . medeiros 1962 ] .\nliterature : deighton ( 1976 : 156\u2013159 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 23 ) , minnis et al . ( 2011 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 325 ) .\ndescription : foliicolous hyphomycetes , associated with leaf spots , mycosphaerellaceae . mycelium internal ; hyphae colourless or almost so . stromata developed , pigmented . conidiophores macronematous , in dense coremioid fascicles or synnemata , septate , pigmented , thin - walled , smooth ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , proliferation sympodial and percurrent , conidiogenous loci planate to slightly convex , neither thickened nor darkened ( pseudocercospora - like ) . conidia formed singly , shape variable , ellipsoid - ovoid , fusiform , clavate to obclavate , didymo - to scolecosporous , with 1\u201311 transverse eusepta and often a single or few oblique to longitudinal septa , hila neither thickened nor darkened .\nliterature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , crous et al . ( 2012 ) .\ntype species : parastenella magnoliae ( weedon ) j . c . david 1991 .\nsynonym : stenellopsis morgan - jones , mycotaxon 10 : 405 ( 1980 ) , nom illeg . ( art . 53 . 1 ) .\nliterature : braun ( 1995a : 41 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 330 ) .\nliterature : ellis ( 1971 : 297\u2013299 ) , braun ( 1995a : 37 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 367 ) .\nnotes : the phylogenetic affinity of p . venezuelanum and its relation to the mycosphaerellaceae are unknown . pseudocercosporidium resembles passalora , but the structure of the conidiogenous loci is quite distinct and closer to scars of genera like neoovularia and pseudodidymaria ( braun 1998 ) .\nquasiphloeospora b . sutton , crous & shamoun , mycol . res . 100 : 979 ( 1996 ) .\ntype species : quasiphloeospora saximontanensis ( deighton ) b . sutton , crous & shamoun 1996 .\nliterature : deighton ( 1983 : 7\u20138 ) , braun ( 1998 : 400\u2013401 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 14 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 376\u2013377 ) .\ndescription : cercosporoid hyphomycetes characterised by forming large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and very pale to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly .\nscolecostigmina u . braun , new zealand j . bot . 37 : 323 ( 1999 ) .\ntype species : scolecostigmina mangiferae ( koord . ) u . braun & mouch . 1999 .\nstigmina p . p . [ see braun ( 1999 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 ) ] .\nliterature : crous & braun ( 2003 : 24 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 74\u201375 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 396 ) .\ndescription : scolecostigmina is morphologically close to pseudocercospora , above all to former cercostigmina species ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with sporodochial conidiomata , macronematous densely fasciculate conidiophores , percurrently proliferating conidiogenous cells , neither thickened nor darkened applanate loci , and scolecosporous , plurieuseptate , pigmented conidia formed singly ) , but the wall of the conidiophores is somewhat thickened and mostly verruculose , possesses conspicuous , coarse annellations and the conidia are transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate .\ntype species : semipseudocercospora peristrophes - acuminatae ( j . m . yen ) j . m . yen 1983 .\ndescription : morphologically close to pseudocercospora ( leaf spotting hyphomycetes with unthickened , not darkened conidiogenous loci and hila ) , but the conidiogenous cells are not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , the conidiogenous loci are distinctly denticle - like , and the solitary conidia are didymo - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous .\ntype species : sirosporium antenniforme ( berk . & m . a . curtis ) bub\u00e1k & serebrian . 1912 .\nliterature : ellis ( 1963 : 2\u201311 ; 1971 : 288\u2013290 ; 1976 : 299\u2013303 ) , braun ( 1995a : 39 ) , mel\u2019nik ( 2000 : 284\u2013288 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 18 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 404 ) .\ndescription : morphologically close to passalora , i . e . above all mycovellosiella - like ( leaf spotting dematiaceous hyphomycetes with internal and external mycelium , superficial hyphae giving rise to solitary conidiophores , lateral and terminal , conidiophores may also be formed in fascicles , conspicuous conidiogenous loci and hila , thickened and darkened , conidia solitary , size , shape and septation variable ) , but the conidia are relatively thick - walled and at least partly dictyosporous .\nseveral hyphomycete genera have previously been considered to be and treated as cercosporoid genera , but based on modern phylogenetic examinations they are not part of the family mycosphaerellaceae and the corresponding clade , i . e . they belong elsewhere and are not cercosporoid s . str . species of such genera are not treated here :\nmiuraea hara , byochugai - hoten ( manual of pests and diseases ) : ( 260 ) , 779 ( 1948 ) .\ntype species : miuraea degenerans ( syd . & p . syd . ) hara 1948 .\nliterature : von arx ( 1983 : 39 ) , braun ( 1995a : 218\u2013223 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 293 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 69 ) .\nphaeomycocentrospora crous , h . d . shin & u . braun , stud . mycol . 75 : 61 ( 2012 ) [ 2013 ] [ pleosporales ]\ntype species : phaeomycocentrospora cantuariensis ( e . s . salmon & wormald ) crous , h . d . shin & u . braun 2013 .\nliterature : von arx ( 1981 , 1983 ) , braun ( 1990 : 71 ; 1995a : 211\u2013215 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 22 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 437 ) , crous et al . ( 2013 : 61 ) .\nxenostigmina crous , mycol . mem . 21 : 154 ( 1998 ) [ pleosporales , phaeosphaeriaceae ]\nnotes : xenostigmina and its synasexual morphs in mycopappus belong to the pleosporales ( crous et al . 2013 ) , i . e . they are not part of the mycosphaerellaceae , in contrast to stigmina s . str . which has been reduced to synonym with pseudocercospora ( crous et al . 2006 ) .\nexpanded keys to cercosporoid genera and morphologically similar and confusable genera have been published in braun ( 1995a : 23\u201336 ) , crous & braun ( 2003 : 28\u201332 ) and braun in seifert et al . ( 2011 : 887\u2013893 ) .\n1 saprobic or biotrophic , plant pathogenic hyphomycetes , causing various lesions , mostly leaf - spotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2\nhyperparasitic ( pathogenic on other fungi ) or strictly fungicolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23\n2 ( 1 ) very large immersed sporodochium - like conidiomata , about 40\u2013130 \u03bcm diam , with filiform , somewhat pigmented , irregularly verruculose conidiophores , aseptate , i . e . reduced to conidiogenous cells , monoblastic , determinate or sympodially to percurrently proliferating , with slightly thickened and darkened conidiogenous loci , and pale ( subhyaline ) to somewhat pigmented scolecosporous conidia formed singly ; on\nwith other characters or combinations of characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\nsolitary or in small loose fascicles ( groups ) emerging through stomata , laxly erect , frequently branched , very pale brown ; conidiogenous cells integrated , terminal , intercalary or pleurogenous ( as lateral branchlets ) , conidiogenous loci conspicuous , protruding , convex ( papilla - like ) , but wall of the loci neither distinctly thickened nor darkened , only somewhat refractive ; conidia solitary , didymo - to scolecosporous , pigmented ( deeper in pigmentation than the conidiophores ) , hila neither thickened nor darkened other characters or combinations of characters ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nwith conidiogenous loci different , not papilla - like , but truncate , either inconspicuous or more denticle - like , but always unthickened and not darkened , or with conspicuously thickened and darkened - refractive loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\n4 ( 3 ) conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened or subconspicuous by being more rigid or denticle - like , but wall of the loci always unthickend and not darkened , at most somewhat refractive , or only slightly thickened and darkened around the rim ( formed as minute somewhat darker rim visible as darker circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\nconidiogenous loci conspicuous , thickened and darkened throughout , except for a very minute centre pore ( in front view visible as minute dark circle ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\n, hyphae verruculose - verrucose ; conidiogenous cells terminal and intercalary , denticulate , with lateral short peg - like protuberances , conidiogenous loci inconspicuous , neither thickened nor darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nsuperficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so ; with genuine conidiophores , at least not with consistently peg - like protuberances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\nconidiophores in vivo solitary , fasciculate or in sporodochia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8\nconidia usually consistenty transversely septate ; on other hosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pseudocercospora ( synnematous species )\n8 ( 6 ) conidiophores in sporodochial conidiomata ; wall of the densely arranged conidiophores somewhat thickened and mostly distinctly verruculose , forming conspicuous , coarse annellations ; conidia transversely and occasionally also obliquely or longitudinally septate , wall often somewhat thickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores thin - walled , rarely somewhat thickened , but then always smooth , annellations lacking or if present fine and rather inconspicuous ; conidia usually thin - walled and transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\n9 ( 8 ) conidiophores in dense fascicles or in sporodochial conidiomata , distinctly verruculose ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous , distinctly verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores and conidia smooth or almost so , at most faintly rough - walled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\n10 ( 9 ) conidiogenous cells with distinct denticles ; conidia amero - to phragmosporous , i . e . not scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\nconidiogenous cells not denticulate or only subdenticulate ( conidiogenous loci on shoulders caused by sympodial proliferation ) and then scolecosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12\n11 ( 10 ) conidiogenous cells not geniculate , i . e . not distinctly sympodially proliferating , conidiogenous loci formed as distinct terminal to lateral denticles ; conidia solitary , didymo - to phragmosporous ; on\nconidiogenous cells sympodially proliferating ; conidia catenate , 0\u20131 ( \u20133 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . denticularia\nconidiogenesis holoblastic ; width of loci and conidium initials different , narrowed at the attachment point between conidiogenous cells and conidium initial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13\nwithout red crystals ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores solitary or fasciculate ; morphologically barely distinguishable from pseudocercospora , but phylogenetically distinct and with red crystals in vitro ( p . heimii complex ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pallidocercospora\nalso verruculose ) ; conidia smooth or almost so to mostly verruculose - verrucose as well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nsuperficial hyphae in vivo lacking or , if present , smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nconidiogenous loci planate ( cercospora - like ) [ mycosphaerellaceae ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium\n] ; conidia always colourless , usually scolecosporous , acicular , filiform , obclavate - cylindrical , and pluriseptate , rarely amero - to phragmosporous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores and conidia pigmented , at least faintly olivaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17\n17 ( 16 ) conidia consistently distoseptate ; conidiophores mostly frequently branched . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidia aseptate to euseptate or at most few distosepta mixed with eusepta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\n18 ( 17 ) conidia distinctly ( usually coarsely ) verruculose - verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\nconidia smooth or almost so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20\n19 ( 18 ) conidiophores mostly numerous in dense sporodochial conidiomata ; conidia solitary , usually amero - to phragmosporous , occasionally with longitudinal or oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidiophores fasciculate ; conidia solitary , but scolecosporous , only transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zasmidium ( p . p . , species without superficial hyphae in vivo )\nconidia solitary to catenate , amero - to scolecosporous , not rostrate , usually thin - walled ; in vivo with or without superficial mycelium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21\nwith solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidia scolecosporous , fairly thick - walled , with transverse and occasionally also longitudinal and oblique septa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nin vivo with internal or internal and external hyphae ; conidia amero - to scolecosporous , thin - walled , transversely septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22\n22 ( 21 ) conidia solitary or catenate ; conidiogenous loci and conidial hila always distinctly thickened and darkened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , ranging from inconspicuous to conspicuous by being somewhat darkened - refractive , but always unthickened . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see pseudocercospora p . p . ( incl . pseudophaeoramularia )\nin vivo with solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae ; conidiogenous loci not denticle - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24\n24 ( 23 ) conidia catenate ; conidiogenous loci somewhat thickened and darkened ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes and rusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nconidia solitary ; conidiogenous loci subconspicuous , unthickened , not or only slightly darkened - refractive ; on sooty moulds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eriocercospora\nconidiophores very long , about 25\u2013500 \u03bcm ; on rust fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2\nconidiophores much shorter , about 8\u201340 \u03bcm ; on cercosporoid hyphomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\nstromata lacking ; conidia ( 7\u2013 ) 15\u201340 ( \u201350 ) \u00d7 3 . 5\u20134 . 5 \u03bcm , ( 0\u2013 ) 1\u20132 ( \u20135 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredinicola\nstromata well - developed and large , 20\u201390 ( \u2013150 ) \u03bcm diam ; conidia broader , 4\u20136 . 5 \u03bcm , ( 0\u2013 ) 1 ( \u20133 ) - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . uredines\nconidia much shorter , 9\u201315 \u00d7 3\u20134 \u03bcm , 0\u20133 - septate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c . deightonii\ncladosporiella cercosporicola deighton , mycol . pap . 101 : 35 ( 1965 ) .\n2 . cladosporiella cercosporoides ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) . 3 . c . deightonii ( hal 1649 f ) . 4 . c . uredinicola ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) . 5 . c . uredinis ( k ( m ) imi 16432b ) . a . solitary conidiophores arising from superficial hyphae . b . superficial hyphae . c . conidia . d . conidiophore fascicles . e . conidiophore tips . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nillustrations : deighton ( 1965 : 36 , fig . 14 ) , ellis ( 1971 : 303 , fig . 209 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 709 , fig . 227b ) .\nholotype : sabah : on passalora koepkei , mycosphaerellaceae , on saccharum officinarum , poaceae , 1964 , j . solomon ( k ( m ) imi 107538b ) .\nillustration : casta\u00f1eda & braun ( 1989 : 45 , fig . 9 ) .\ntypes : cuba : los corrales de guisa , granma , on cercospora coffeicola , mycosphaerellaceae , on coffea arabica , rubiaceae , 24 june 1987 , r . f . casta\u00f1eda ( inifat c87 / 171 - holotype ; hal 1649 f \u2013 isotype ) .\ncladosporiella uredinicola deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 33 ( 1969 ) .\nholotype : sierra leone : dodo , on uredosori of puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , on andropogon auriculatus , poaceae , 15 apr . 1940 , f . c . deighton ( k ( m ) imi 43280b ) .\nhost range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia eucomi , pucciniaceae , and ravenelia zygiae , raveneliaceae , africa ( sierra leone ) .\ncladosporiella uredinis deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 36 ( 1969 ) .\ntypes : philippines : on uredosori ( uredo sp . ) on scirpus grossus , cyperaceae , 20 mar . 1913 , p . w . graff , sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( p . p . ) ( k ( m ) imi 164332b \u2013 holotype ; sydow , fungi exot . exs . 444 ( e . g . bpi 420980 ) \u2013 isotypes ) .\nhost range and distribution : on uredo - and teleutosori of rust fungi , on puccinia ( polygoni - amphibi , scleriae , solmsii , thaliae ) and uredo sp . , pucciniaceae , asia ( india , malaysia , philippines ) , west indies ( trinidad ) .\nholotype : cuba : prov . pinar del rio : soroa , on living leaves of blechnum occidentale l . , blechnaceae , 11 mar . 1987 , r . f . casta\u00f1eda ( inifat c87 / 82 ) .\nnotes : this is a foliicolous species with very long , simple or branched , pigmented , 8\u201315 - septate conidiophores , 180\u2013300 \u00d7 6\u20137 \u03bcm , ramoconidia and extremely long , brown conidia , 100\u2013310 \u00d7 4\u20135 \u03bcm , with 15\u201330 ( \u201335 ) septa . the generic affinity of this unusual species is quite unclear .\nconidiophores very long , 100\u2013250 \u03bcm , frequently branched ; conidia 12\u201360 \u00d7 ( 4\u2013 ) 5\u20137 . 5 ( \u201310 ) \u03bcm , ( 0\u2013 ) 2\u20134 ( \u20136 ) - septate , very pale olivaceous ; on phyllachora parasitica and phyllachora sp . , africa , north and south america . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . parasitica\nconidiophores shorter , 85\u2013120 \u03bcm , unbranched ; conidia 17\u201323 \u00d7 7\u20139 \u03bcm , ( 1\u2013 ) 2 ( \u20133 ) - septate , pale olivaceous - ochraceous ; on phyllachora shiraiana , asia , japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . ochracea\nelletevera ochracea ( yam 24294 ) . a . conidiophores arising from stroma cells . b . conidiophores . c . conidiophore tip . d . conidia . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nholotype : japan : yamaguchi pref . : nishiki - cho , mt . jakuchi , on stromata of phyllachora shiraiana , phyllachoraceae , on leaves of sasa palmata , poaceae , 6 may 1985 , k . katumoto ( yam 24294 ) .\nelletevera parasitica ( ellis & everh . ) deighton , mycol . pap . 118 : 19 ( 1969 ) .\nelletevera parasitica ( ny , holotype ) . a . conidiophores . b . conidia . bar = 10 \u03bcm .\nbasionym : pyricularia parasitica ellis & everh . , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 45 : 462 \u201c1893\u201d ( 1894 ) .\nsynonym : pyricularia grisea var . parasitica ellis & everh . , in sumstine , mycologia 41 : 13 ( 1949 ) , nom . nud .\nillustrations : deighton ( 1969 : 19 , fig . 11 and pl . 1 ) , seifert et al . ( 2011 : 701 , fig . 219c ) ."]}
{"id": 1424, "summary": [{"text": "lejopyge laevigata is a species of agnostid trilobite belonging to the genus lejopyge .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it existed during the guzhangian to the paibian age ( around 500.5 to 497 million years ago ) of the cambrian .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it has a cosmopolitan distribution and is an important index fossil in biostratigraphy . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "lejopyge laevigata", "paragraphs": ["the last occurrence of lejopyge calva is below the gssp . just above the gssp is the highest occurrence of agnostoid trilobite ptychagnostus atavus . conodonts : conodont laiwugnathus laiwuensis occurs immediately below the fad of trilobite lejopyge laevigata . carbon isotopes : the fad of lejopyge laevigata is near the peak of a long negative \u03b4 13 c excursion .\nthe gssp coincides with the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite lejopyge laevigata at a level 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation .\na new species of trilobite , pianaspis ( ? ) leveni , is described from the radfords creek group , dial range trough , north - western tasmania . its age is late middle cambrian , either of the lejopyge laevigata ii zone , or the l . laevigata iii zone .\nproposed gssp for the base of cambrian stage 7 , coinciding with the first appearance of lejopyge lae . . .\nthe base of the guzhangian stage is defined at the base of a limestone ( calcisiltite ) layer , 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation in the louyixi section along the youshui river in northwestern hunan , china . this level coincides with the lowest occurrence of the agnostoid trilobite lejopyge laevigata . the horizon corresponding to the fad of lejopyge laevigata is near the peak of a rather long negative \u03b4 13 c excursion of up to 0 . 58\u2030 .\nniklas axheimer , mats e . eriksson , per ahlberg , anders bengtsson ; the middle cambrian cosmopolitan key species lejopyge laevigata and its biozone : new data from sweden . geological magazine ; 143 ( 4 ) : 447\u2013455 . doi : urltoken\nthe species and subspecies of the late middle cambrian agnostid trilobite lejopyge are reviewed . lejopyge cos opik is shown to be a junior synonym of lejopyge laevigata armata . in sweden the middle - upper cambrian boundary is placed at the boundary between the lejopyge laevigata and agnostuspisiformis zones . the reassignment of l . cos to l . l . armata and other criteria suggest that this boundary in australia should be drawn within the mindyallan cyclagnostus quasivespa zone between the l . cos and blackwelderia sabulosa faunas . it is suggested that the middle - upper cambrian boundary in north america be placed well up into the cedaria zone ; in china it is at some as yet undefined position within the blackwelderia sinensis zone ; on the siberian platform it should be placed between the zones of lejopyge laevigata armata - lomsucaspis alta and agnostus pisiformis - ' homagnostus fecundus ' ; and in north - west siberia between the zones of maiaspis spinosa - oidalagnostus trispinifer and acrocephalella granulosa - koldiniella prolixa .\nten species of agnostid trilobites , including a new species , utagnostus ( ? ) nevel , are described from two localities within the lower sedimentary succession of the radfords creek group , dial range trough , north - western tasmania . the faunas from both localities ( near gunns plains ) are of late middle cambrian age ; one is either of the lejopyge laevigata ii zone or the l . laevigata iii zone and the other is either of the l . laevigata iii zone or the damesella torosa - acsionepea janitrix zone .\nin the northeastern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is about 3 . 6 m thick , and includes the middle - upper cambrian boundary . the lower and middle part of this section contains agnostids indicative of the lejopyge laevigata zone . these include , e . g . , lejopyge laevigata , diplagnostus planicauda , and peronopsis insignis . a bradoriid arthropod , anabarochilina primordialis ( linnarsson , 1869 ) , is common throughout the l . laevigata zone . stinkstone lenses in the topmost part of the section contain agnostus pisiformis in abundance , indicating the a . pisiformis zone . a conglomeratic limestone ( the exporrecta conglomerate ) was previously exposed at the base of the section ( wallerius 1895 , 1930 ) .\nthe first occurrence of lejopyge laevigata has been recognized worldwide . this species has been identified from rocks in argentina , australia , china , denmark , england , germany , norway , sweden , north greenland , india , kyrgyzstan , turkestan , uzbekistan , kazakhstan , northern poland , russia , and the usa .\n( 2002 ) late middle cambrian trace fossils from the lejopyge armata horizon , zanskar valley , india and the use of precambrian / cambrian lithostratigraphy in the indian subcontinent .\ndaily , b . , jago , j . b . 1975 . the trilobite lejopyge hawle and corda and the middle\u2013upper cambrian boundary . palaeontology , 18 , 3 , 527\u2013550 .\nrelationships of australian species of the agnostoid genera goniagnostus and lejopyge are discussed and some revisions made . goniagnostus consists of g . ( goniagnostus ) , containing g . ( g . ) nathorsti and g . ( g . ) scarabaeus ; g . ( criotypus ) containing g . ( c . ) oxytorus and g . ( c . ) lemniscatus ; and g . ( allobodochus ) containing g . ( a . ) fumicola and g . ( a . ) spiniger . representatives of lejopyge are l . armata , l . laevigata , l . calva , l . dubium , l . multifora and l . cosfordae . goniagnostus is considered to have evolved from triplagnostus ( triplagnostus ) and lejopyge possibly from onymagnostus .\nin the southwestern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is 1 - 3 m thick . a fairly diverse fauna , including abundant l . laevigata , l . armata , hypagnostus sulcifer , diplagnostus planicauda and anabarochilina primordialis along with agnostus neglectus , a . pater , acrocephalites stenometopus , toxotis pusilla , proceratopyge conifrons and peronopsis insignis , shows that this section is referable to the l . laevigata zone . in the northwestern part of the quarry , this zone is overlain by the a . pisiformis zone . as in the northeastern wall , unfossiliferous alum shales occur between stinkstones containing the l . laevigata and a . pisiformis faunas . hence there is an interval ( ~ 70 cm ) of uncertainty concerning the zonal and series boundaries .\nin the luuoyixi section the huaqiao formation consists of dark , thin - bedded , thinly laminated lime mudstones , argillaceous limestones , and fossiliferous limestone lenses . light - colored ribbbon limestones are present in places . the gssp occurs in a succession of dark gray to black limestones ( lime mudstones , or calcimicrites and calcisiltites ) and fine - grained argillaceous limestones interbedded with lenses of fossil rich limestone ( calcisiltie ) . lejopyge laevigata first appears in the lower part of a 82 cm thick layer of dark gray , thinly laminated calcisiltite , overlying another layer of thinly laminated , dark gray calcisiltite .\na core drilling at almbacken in the village sodra sandby , scania , southern sweden , penetrated a c . 30 in thick succession of upper lower cambrian and middle cambrian strata . only the uppermost part of the lower cambrian ( gislov formation ) was recovered , comprising c . 1 . 50 m of unfossiliferous siltstones and a thin limestone bed at the base of the core . the core contains the most complete middle cambrian succession so far documented in scania . it contains a stratigraphical sequence from the lejopyge laevigata zone ( upper paradoxides forchhammeri superzone ) to the holmia kjerulfi - group zone ( upper lower cambrian ) . there is no faunal evidence for the presence of the acadoparadoxides oelandicus superzone . the middle cambrian is 28 . 30 m thick . . .\n. . . all agnostoid species recovered from the gudhem quarry are very well known and have been described in detail ( e . g . westerg\u00e5rd , 1946 ; robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ) . because the fad of l . laevigata is currently under discussion as a potential stage base marker , only this species and the closely related material . . . .\n. . . however , the latter is now recognized as a separate species ( e . g . robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ) , although minute marginal spines are occasionally present in l . laevigata ( daily & jago , 1975 ; laurie , 1989 ; peng & robison , 2000 ; babcock et al . 2005 ) . specimens from gudhem , like elsewhere in the world , show variation in the degree of effacement of furrows on the acrolobes . . . .\n. . . outside this , only lejopyge and pseudophalacroma were recognised as monophyletic groups . consequently westrop et al . ( 1996 ) stated that their analysis did not support the \u0093finely divided , gradistic classifications of \u00f6pik ( 1979 ) or laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) but are consistent with robison\u0092s ( 1982 ) more conservative approach\u0094 . in an analysis of constraint trees based on the classification of species by robison ( 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) the most parsimonious trees in both analyses , as expected , had greater lengths than the unconstrained analysis ( westrop et al . , 1996 ) . . . .\ndoctype public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nin the image above , agnostida ( yellow ) is seen as an early order , arising in the early cambrian and persisting to the late ordovician .\ncephalon : no facial sutures or eyes ; glabella divided by transglabellar suture into anteroglabella and posteroglabella ; cephalothoracic aperture present . thorax : 2 thoracic segments bearing distinctive articulating structures , but no articulating half - ring on anterior thoracic segment . pygidium : axis usually wide , inflated , 3 or fewer segments , one of which usually carries a tubercle ; posterior axial rings effaced ( posteroaxis ) ; pygidial margin often bearing posterolateral spines . cuticle thin . superfamilies : agnostoidea and condylopygoidea ( each described below ) .\nsuperfamily condylopygoidea cephalon : with transversely oriented basal glabella lobes , separated by medial plate , together forming a clear occipital structure , anterior glabellar lobe laterally expanded around anterior end of posteroglabella , sometimes separated by a median sulcus . thorax : as in typical agnostina . pygidium : axis with 3 - segmented anteroaxis ; broad , posteriorly rounded posteroaxis . family : condylopygidae genera : condylopyge ( / paragnostus ; fallagnostus ) , miraculaspis , pleuroctenium ( = dichagnostus ) .\nthe arrangement of genera and families for suborder agnostina is via jell and adrain 2003 , superceding some of the classification of agnostida in the 1997 treatise . for listed genera , synonyms are shown in parentheses .\n( see figure at right ) were first documented ( muller and walossek 1987 ) , they proved very different from previously described trilobite limbs ( e . g . , those of\n, etc . ) . this cast doubt about the presumed inclusion of the suborder agnostina within the class trilobita . however , no appendages from fully grown holaspid agnostines have ever been documented , leaving room for the contention that larval limbs may not resemble those of adults . the argument has also been made that agnostid trilobites may represent evolution via progenesis ( maturity achieved while the body retains immature morphology ) , which suggests that even adult agnostines could retain the presumed larval form . no limbs of protaspides or meraspides of\nconventional\ntrilobites has been described either , so the speculation that the limbs of\ncotton , t . j . & r . a . fortey . 2005 . comparative morphology and relationships of the agnostida .\nfortey , r . a . 2001 . trilobite systematics : the last 75 years .\nramskold , l . & g . d . edgecombe . 1991 . trilobite monophyly revisited .\nit has been suggested that agnostida , via their small size , widespread distribution , and large numbers , might have been planktonic . however , there are a number of logical inconsistencies with this contention ( via pers . comm . brian chatterton 2003 ) :\n1 ) most agnostida are blind , while most modern pelagic arthropods are sighted .\n2 ) they are often found complete , articulated , right way up among complete articulated , right way up ptychopariid and other trilobites that everyone would accept as benthic .\n3 ) agnostid numbers often vary radically in different beds when collecting through a section ( richard fortey , in his work on spitsbergen , argued that pelagic forms should occur in small numbers throughout the section rather than in great numbers at some levels and few or none at others ) .\n5 ) the widespread occurrence of species of agnostids does not require they be pelagic ; deep cold water benthic species usually have much more widespread dispersal patterns than shallow shelf species ( there have been a number of papers pointing this out for a wide range of organisms ) . agnostids are typically associated with deep , cold water deposits .\n6 ) the morphology of agnostids ( low , flat bottomed , wide ) is much more typical of benthic than pelagic forms . the latter are often as high as wide , and with obvious adaptations for powerful swimming appendages .\n7 ) while agnostids are small , they are not so small that they would have been operating in a very low reynolds number environment ( hydrodynamically speaking ) . therefore , to stay up in the water column , they would either have to work hard ( to counteract the weight of their shell ) , or have some buoyancy mechanism to achieve neutral buoyancy . there is no evidence for this . agnostid trilobites are not particularly thin shelled and some could even be argued to be moderately thick shelled .\n8 ) agnostid appendages ( only known from orsten deposits ) may appear slightly unusual when compared with those of adult benthic trilobites . however , the only known appendages are for very small agnostids ( meraspides ) . we do not know what the appendages of other trilobites at that stage would have looked like .\n9 ) most enrolled agnostids seem to be juveniles . adult forms are almost all outstretched , and preserved dorsal side uppermost ( if they are not disarticulated ) . this suggests that the mature stages at least were crawling around on the sea floor , dorsal side uppermost ( not partly enrolled in the water column as suggested by some ) .\nin summary , at the very least , agnostids spend some of their adult lives on the sea floor . they did not just come down to the sea floor to moult ( otherwise we would only find moults in reasonable articulated form , the correct way up ) . why did they not spend all of their adult lives on or close to the sea floor ? the pelagic argument does not explain all of the data . arguing that most or all agnostids were benthic , widespread , deep , cold water forms explains more of the available facts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nthe louyixi section is situated along the south bank of the youshui river ( fengtan reservoir ) , about 4 km northwest of luoyixi ( 4 km southeast of wangcun ) , in northwestern hunan , china at a latitude of 28\u00b043 . 20\u2019 n and a longitude of 109\u00ba57 . 88\u2019 e .\npeng , s . , babcock , zuo , j . , lin , h . , zhu , x . , yang , x . , l . e . , robison , r . a . , qi , y . , bagnoli , g . , chen , y . , 2009 . the global boundary stratotype section and point ( gssp ) of the guzhangian stage ( cambrian ) in the wuling mountains , northwestern hunan , china . episodes 32 / 1 , p . 41 - 55 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njavascript is not activated in your browser . this website needs javascript activated to work properly .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2006 nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology , cas . published by elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . robison ' s concept of ptychagnostidae taxonomy was not accepted unconditionally by other authors . laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) reinstated the generic status of triplagnostus , zeteagnostus , and acidusus and subgeneric status of aotagnostus . but , according to robison ' s criticism , laurie emended the generic diagnoses . . . .\n. . . the differential characters of this species included a spiny pygidium ( with long posterolateral spines ) , a narrow axis on both the cephalon and pygidium . the width of glabella and rachis was not measured and , thus , the variability of these characteristics was not indicated in the original publication ; also , the width of rachis and glabella did not differ superficially from g . scarabeus whitehouse , 1939 ( laurie , 1989 ) . specimens from siberia which were assigned to g . longispinus ( egorova et al . , 1982 ; here pl . 2 , fig . . . .\n. . . the border furrow is narrow and evenly impressed and the border is narrow , roll - like and of even width . this specimen most likely belongs to criotypus , but in that genus , the arcuate scrobicules are usually well developed ( laurie 1989 ) , which is certainly not the case in this specimen . goniagnostus does not have arcuate scrobicules , but it tends to have a less tapered posteroglabella which is often expanded . . . .\n. . . ordinary vehicles can be driven along the length of the section , and can be parked adjacent to the gssp point . westerg\u00e5rd , 1946 ; pokrovskaya , 1958 ; \u00f6pik , 1961 , 1979 palmer , 1968 ; khairullina , 1970 khairullina , , 1973 robison et al . , 1977 ; yang , 1978 , ergaliev , 1980 egorova et al . , 1982 ; robison , 1984 robison , , 1988 robison , , 1994 laurie , 1989 ; lu and lin , 1989 ; yang et al . , 1991 ; dong , 1991 ; tortello and bordonaro , 1997 ; geyer and shergold , 2000 ; peng and robison , 2000 ; jago and brown , 2001 ; babcock et al . , 2004 babcock et al . , , 2005 axheimer et al . , 2006 ; ) , and its first appearance has . . .\n. . . the ptychagnostidae have received a considerable amount of taxonomic treatment over the last 20 years or so with disparate views on the arrangement of species being presented by \u00f6pik ( 1979 \u00f6pik ( ) , laurie ( 1988 \u00f6pik ( , 1989 ) , robison ( 1982 robison ( , 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) , westrop et al . ( 1996 ) and peng & robison ( 2000 ) . \u00f6pik ( 1979 recognised as many as 15 genus group names , and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) 12 , while robison ( 1984 ) recognised only five . westrop et al . ( 1996 ) undertook a cladistic analysis of 42 species from the family , using agnostus pisiformis and peronopsis brighamensis as outgroups . . . .\n. . . consequently westrop et al . ( 1996 ) stated that their analysis did not support the \u0093finely divided , gradistic classifications of \u00f6pik ( 1979 ) or laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) but are consistent with robison\u0092s ( 1982 ) more conservative approach\u0094 . in an analysis of constraint trees based on the classification of species by robison ( 1984 robison ( , 1994 ) and laurie ( 1988 laurie ( , 1989 ) the most parsimonious trees in both analyses , as expected , had greater lengths than the unconstrained analysis ( westrop et al . , 1996 ) . however , the tree based on laurie\u0092s classification was considerably shorter than that based on the classification of robison . . . .\n. . . almbacken core . goniagnostus nathorsti is known from several regions in scandinavia , as well as from , e . g . , canada , australia , siberia , and china ( westerg\u00e5rd 1946 ; \u00f6pik 1979 ; laurie 1989 ; peng & robison 2000 ; jago & brown 2001 ) . . . .\na core drilling through cambrian strata at almbacken , scania , s . sweden : trilobites and stratigraphical assessment\nto calibrate australian spore - pollen zones to the international geological timescale using high precision u - pb dating of tuffs interbedded with fossil - bearing strata .\nthe taxonomic relationships of some australian species of the agnostid subfamily ptychagnostinae are discussed and some revisions made . the genus ptychagnostus consists of two species , p . punctuosus and p . affinis . zeteagnostus is emended to include z . incautus and z . scarifatus . acidusus is emended to include a . atavus , a . acidusus , a . germanus , a . occultatus , a . michaeli , a . aculeatus and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe type species of phoidagnostus , p . limbatus whitehouse , 1936 , is redescribed on the basis of further excavation of the holotype which has revealed an associated pygidium . this also demonstrates that the species hypagnostus varicosus \u00f6pik , 1961 is a junior subjective synonym of p . limbatus . phoidagnostus is closely related to toragnostus and cotalagnostus .\na re - assessment of the brachiopod genus spanodonta prendergast from the lower ordovician of western . . .\nthe poorly known plectambonitacean genus spanodonta prendergast is re - assessed and its type species , s . hoskingiae prendergast 1935 from the lower ordovician of western australia , redescribed . the only other species assigned to the genus , s . tingriensis liu , is rejected from it . the genus is considered to be most closely related to aporthophyla ulrich & cooper and is therefore assigned to the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe types and other specimens of agnostus fallax linnarsson 1869 are examined and reinterpreted . it is shown that the application of this specific name to many specimens from around the world is largely in error . the species is considered sufficiently different from the type species of peronopsis , p . integra ( beyrich , 1845 ) to warrant erection of a new genus axagnostus with a . fallax as the . . . [ show full abstract ]\na core drilling through cambrian strata at almbacken , scania , s . sweden : trilobites and stratigraphical assessment\n( 2007 ) early ordovician ( arenigian , \u223c480 ma ) origin of the std : biostratigraphic and tectonic constraints .\n( 1990 ) early - middle palaeozoic biogeography of asian terrains derived from gondwana .\nw . s . mckerrow and c . r . scotese ( eds . ) , palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography . geol . soc . london mem . , pp . 163\u2013174 .\n, z . - l . ] ( 1959 ) trilobites from the kushan formation of north and northeastern china . memoirs of the institute of palaeontology , academia sinica , v . 2 , pp . 44\u2013128 .\nm . g . audley - charles and a . hallam ( eds . ) , gondwana and tethys geol . soc . spec . publ . , london , pp . 183\u2013200 .\n( 1992 ) antarctica : a tale of two supercontinents ? annual reviews of earth and planet . sci . , v . 20 , pp . 501\u2013526 .\n( 1994 ) paleozoic laurentia - gondwana interaction and the origin of the appalachian - andean mountain system . geol . soc . amer . bull . , v . 106 , pp . 243\u2013252 .\n( 1999 ) tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the central himalayan domain in southeast zanskar ( kashmir , india ) , mem . geol . lausanne . v . 32 , pp . 1\u201376 .\n( 1974 ) trilobites from zanskar valley , ladakh district , j & k . indian minerals , v . 24 ( 4 ) , pp . 114\u2013115 .\n( 1975 ) records of additional fossils from the formation of zanskar , ladakh district , jammu and kashmir . rec . geol . surv . india , v . 109 , pp . 161\u2013165 .\n( 1987 ) the geology of southern zanskar ( ladakh ) \u2014 evidence for the autochthony of the tethys zone of the himalaya . jahrb . der geol . bund . , v . 130 , pp . 465\u2013491 .\n( 1986 ) stratigraphy of the tethys himalaya in zanskar , ladakh . rivi . itali . di paleo . strati . , v . 48 , pp . 237\u2013265 .\n( 1986 ) sedimentary evidences of cambro - ordovician orogenic events in the northwestern himalaya . sediment . geol . , v . 48 , pp . 237\u2013265 .\n( 1987 ) zanskar shear zone : northeast - southwest extension within the higher himalayas ( ladakh , india ) . geology , v . 15 , pp . 409\u2013413 .\njackson et al . ( eds . ) , studies in palaeozoic palaeontology and biostratigraphy in honour of charles hepworth holland . special papers in palaeontology , v . 67 , pp . 135\u2013151 .\n( 1992 ) trace fossils from the phe formation ( lower cambrian ) , zanskar valley , northwestern india . mem . queensland mus . , brisbane , v . 32 ( 1 ) , pp . 139\u2013144 .\na . macfarlane , r . b . sorkhabi and j . quade ( eds . ) , himalaya and tibet : mountain roots to mountain tops . geol . soc . amer . , spec . paper no . 328 , pp . 109\u2013116 .\n( trilobite ) putatively from the yunling college and the cambrian history of the eastern himalayan syntaxial region . jour . paleonto . , v . 76 ( 4 ) , pp . 709\u2013717 .\n( 2008 ) cambrian trilobites from the parahio and zanskar valleys , indian himalaya : a synopsis .\ni . r\u00e1bano , r . gozalo and d . garc\u00eda - bellido ( eds . ) , advances in trilobite research . cuadernos del museo geominero , no . 9 . instituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , madrid , p . 199 .\n( 2005 ) cambrian biostratigraphy of the tal group , lesser himalaya , india , and early tsanglangpuan ( late early cambrian ) trilobites from the nigali dhar syncline . geol . mag . , v . 142 ( 1 ) , pp . 57\u201380 .\n( 1974 ) faunal provinces and possible planetary reconstruction of the middle cambrian . jour . geol . , v . 82 , pp . 319\u2013350 .\n( 1986 ) an early late cambrian trilobite faunule from kashmir . geol . mag . , v . 123 , pp . 487\u2013492 .\n( 1997 ) himalayan cambrian trilobites . special papers in palaeontology , v . 58 , pp . 1\u2013113 .\n( 1998 ) record of well preserved trilobites from the zanskar valley . jour . geol . soc . india , v . 51 , pp . 671\u2013678 .\n( 1983 ) the discovery of cambrian and ordovician system in jinjiang district , zhongdian county , yunnan . contribution to the geology of the qinghai - xizhang ( tibet ) plateax , v . 2 , pp . 31\u201336 .\ns . - q . li ( ed . ) , palaeontological atlas of hunan . ministry of geological and mineral resources , peoples republic of china , geol . mem . , ser . 2 , ( 1 ) , pp . 290\u2013347 ( in chinese )\nz . - w . gu et al . ( eds . ) , index fossils of china , invertebrates , pt . 3 . geological publishing house , beijing , pp . 1\u2013294 , ( in chinese ) .\n( 1989 ) the cambrian trilobites of western zhejiang . palaeontologia sinica , n . 178 ( 25 ) , pp . 1\u2013287 ( in chinese and english ) .\n( 1994 ) stratotype section for lower cambrian series in china . yunan science and technology press , kunming , pp . 1\u2013183 .\n( 1997 ) the assembly of gondwanaland 800 - 550 ma . jour . geody . , v . 23 , pp . 223\u2013235 .\n( 1992 ) ordovician to permian evolution of southeast asian terranes : nw australia gondwana connections .\nb . d . webby and j . r . laurie ( ed . ) , global perspectives on ordovician geology . a . a balkema , rotterdam , pp . 293\u2013305 .\nr . h . findlay , r . unrug , m . r . banks and j . j . veevers ( eds . ) , gondwana eight : assembly , evolution and dispersal . a . a . , balkema , rotterdam , pp . 181\u2013200 .\n( 1996 ) gondwanaland dispersion , asian accretion and the evolution of eastern tethys . australian jour . earth sci . , v . 43 , pp . 605\u2013623 .\n( 2006 ) cambrian depositional history of the zanskar valley region of the indian himalaya : tectonic implication . jour . sediment . res . , v . 76 , pp . 364\u2013381 .\n( 1976 ) stratigraphy and sedimentation of the zanskar area , ladakh and adjoining parts of the lahaul region of himachal pradesh . him . geol . , v . 6 , pp . 365\u2013388 .\n( 1982 ) lower cambrian trilobites from shiqiao formation southern liaoning . bull . of the shenyang institute of geol . min . res . , chinese acad . of scien . , v . 4 pp . 1\u2013715 . ( in chinese )\n( 1998 ) trace fossils from the cambrian of zanskar ( ladakh himalaya ) and their stratigraphic significance . jour . geol . soc . india , v . 51 , pp . 635\u2013645 .\n( 2004 ) biostratigraphy and biogeography of the tethyan cambrian sequences of the zanskar ladakh himalaya and of associated regions . abstracts , 19th hk - t , niseko , japan , pp . 23 .\n( 2010 ) stratigraphic significance of the cambrian ichnofauna of the zanskar region , ladakh himalaya , india . jour . geol . soc . india . v . 75 ( 3 ) , pp . 503\u2013517 .\n( 2001b ) illustrations of polymerid trilobites from the huaqiao formation ( middle - upper cambrian ) , paibi and wangcun sections , northwestern hunan , china .\ns . peng , babcock , l . e . and zhu maoyan ( eds . ) , cambrian system of south china . press of university of science and technology of china , hefei , pp . 99\u2013104 ( 310 ) .\n( 2004 ) polymerid trilobites from the cambrian of northwestern hunan , china . v . 1 corynexochida , lichida , and asaphida . science press beijing , pp . 1\u2013207 .\npeng , s . , hughes , n . c . , heim , noel , a . , sell , bryan , k . , zhu xuejian , myrow , p . m .\n( 2009 ) cambrian trilobites from the parahio and zanskar valleys , indian himalaya . jour . paleo . soc . , pp . 1\u201396 .\n( 1993 ) paleomagnetic constraints on timing of the neoproterozoic breakup of rodinia and the cambrian formation of gondwana . geology , v . 21 , pp . 889\u2013892 .\nnanjing institute of geology and mineral resources , palaeontological atlas of east china , 1 ; volume of early paleozoic . geological publishing house , pp . 28\u2013254 . ( in chinese )\nr . endo and c . e . resser ( eds ) , the sinian and cambrian formations and fossils of southern manchoukuo . manch . sci . mus . bull . , v . 1 , pp . 103\u2013302 .\nw . s . mckerrow and c . r . scotese , ( eds . ) , palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography . geol . soc . mem . london , pp . 1\u201321 .\n( 1996 ) agnostids trilobites from the cambrian sequence of zanskar and their stratigraphic significance . curr . sci . , v . 71 , pp . 951\u2013954 .\n( 1998 ) trace fossils from the cambrian sequence of zanskar ( ladakh himalaya ) . jour . geo . soc . india , v . 51 , pp . 777\u2013784 .\n( 2006 ) paleontology and biostratigraphy of the cambrian successions of zanskar region of ladkah himalaya , india . unpublished thesis , wihg and hnbg university , pp . 1\u2013125 .\n( 2007 ) early - middle cambrian biostratigraphy of the zanskar basin , tethys himalaya . icms - xxi , lucknow , pp . 195\u2013196 .\n( 2008 ) additional cambrian trilobites from kurgikah valley zanskar basin , northwest himalaya .\ni . r\u00e1bano , r . gozalo and d . garc\u00eda - bellido advances in trilobite research ( eds . ) , cuadernos del museo geominero , no . 9 . instituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , madrid , pp . 365\u2013367 .\n( 2008 ) paleobiogeography and paleoecology of cambrian fauna , zanskar basin , northwest himalaya , india . \u201cpalaeozoic climates\u201d international congress , abstract , pp . 89 .\n( 2008 ) pelmetazoan columnals ( echinoderm ) and brachiopods from the ordovician of zanskar himalaya : implication on age constraint of cambro - ordovician angular unconformity . international conference on development of early paleozoic biodiversity : role of biotic and abiotic factors , and event correlation\u201d ( igcp project 503 ) , moscow , russia , extended abstract , pp . 105\u2013107 .\n( 2009 ) integrated ichnological and sedimentological studies of the parahio formation ( cambrian ) of the zanskar region ( zanskar - spiti basin ) , northwest himalaya . jour . geol . soc . india . v . 74 , pp . 723\u2013737 .\n( 1980 ) geology of the zanskar area , ladakh himalaya . him . geol . , v . 8 , pp . 1009\u20131033 .\n( 1994 ) arc assembly and continental collision in the neoproterozoic east african orogen : implications for the consolidation of gondwanaland . ann . rev . earth and plane . sci . , v . 22 , pp . 319\u2013351 .\n( 1982 ) late lower cambrian trilobites from southern dahongshan region , hubei . acta palaeo . sinica , v . 21 , pp . 302\u2013308 ( in chinese ) .\nregional geological surveying team of hubei ( ed . ) , palaeontological atlas of hubei province , 328\u2013422 , pl . 119\u2013171 . hubei science and technology press ( wuhan ) . ( in chinese )\n( 1994 ) geology of western gondwanaland ( 2000 - 500ma ) . a . a . balkema , rotterdam , 350p .\n( 1905 ) cambrian faunas of china . proceedings of the u . s . national mus . , v . 29 , pp . 1\u2013106 .\n( 1986 ) late middle cambrian trilobites from zanskar , ladakh , northern india . riv . ital . di paleo . strati . , v . 92 , pp . 171\u2013188 .\n( 1978 ) middle and upper cambrian trilobites of western hunan and eastern guizhou . professional papers of strat . and palaeo . , v . 4 , pp . 1\u201382 . ( in chinese ) .\n( 1993 ) early cambrian paleobiogeography and revision of positions of paleocontinents . stra . and paleo . china , v . 2 , pp . 223\u2013234 .\npalaeontological atlas of southwest china ; guizhou province , pt . 1 . geological publishing house , beijing . pp . 385\u2013595 ( in chinese ) .\n( 1981 ) trilobite , in geological surveying team of xinjiang bureau of geology , institute of geological sciences of xinjiang bureau of geology , and investigating department of xinjiang bureau of petroleum ( ed . ) , palaeontological atlas of northwestern china , xinjiang volume ( late proterozoic - early palaeozoic ) . geological publishing house , beijing , pp . 134\u2013214 ( in chinese ) .\n( 1988 ) the cambrian system in eastern asia , correlation chart and explanatory notes . international union of geological sciences , pp . 1\u201381 .\n( 1987 ) cambrian trilobites of north china : chinese cambrian trilobites housed in the smithsonian institution . science press , beijing , pp . 1\u2013459 .\n( 1980 ) cambrian trilobite faunas of southwestern china . palaeo . sinica n ser . b , v . 16 , pp . 1\u2013497 .\nzhang [ chang ] , w . - t . , xiang , l . - w . , liu , y . - h .\n( 1995 ) cambrian stratigraphy and trilobites from henan . palaeontologia cathayana , v . 6 , pp . 1\u2013166 .\nzhou , t - m . , liu , y . - r . , meng , x . - s .\ngeological institute of hubei , geological bureaus of henan , hubei , guandong and guanxi ( eds . ) , palaeontological atlas of south - central china , 1 , palaeozoic . geological publishing house , beijing . ( in chinese ) , pp . 104\u2013266 .\n( 1989 ) upper cambrian trilobites from tangshan , hebei province , north china . palaeontologia cathayana , v . 4 , pp . 199\u2013259 .\nsingh , b . p . j geol soc india ( 2011 ) 77 : 219 . urltoken\nthe global standard stratotype - section and point ( gssp ) of the furongian series ( uppermost series of the cambrian system ) and the paibian stage ( lowermost stage of the furongian series ) , has been recently defined and ratified by the international union of geological sciences ( iugs ) . the boundary stratotype is 369 metres above the base of the huaqiao formation in the paibi section , northwestern hunan province , china . this point coincides with the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite glyptagnostus reticulatus , and occurs near the base of a large positive carbon isotopic excursion ( spice excursion ) .\n. . . this species occurs at 25 . 73 - 25 . 35 m and is indicative of the o . gibbosus zone , the base of which coincides with the first appearance datum ( fad ) of glyptagnostus reticulatus ( see peng et al . 2004 ; ahlberg & terfelt , 2012 ; nielsen et al . 2014 ) . the o . gibbosus zone is succeeded by a 20 cm thick suc - cession with o . truncatus ( fig . 4b - d ) , agnostus ( ho - magnostus ) obesus ( fig . 4g , h ) and the phosphatocop - ine cyclotron cf . . . .\n. . . ripperdan et al . 1992 ; saltzman et al . 2000saltzman et al . , 2004miller et al . 2015 ) . the onset of the spice is associated with the base of the furongian series ( peng et al . 2004 ) , whereas the toce occurs in the lower eoconodon - tus conodont zone near the top of the cambrian ( e . g . miller et al . 2014miller et al . , 2015 . . . .\n. . . it obviously means that if you find rocks hosting a . pisiformis you know that those particular beds should belong to the biozone with the same name . stratigraphically this belongs to the topmost part ( the global guzhangian stage ) of the informal cambrian series 3 ( e . g . , peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2006peng et al . , , 2009 ) . the first appearance datum ( fad ) of a . pisiformis marks the base of the eponymous biozone . . . .\n. . . in december 2004 , the international subcommission on cambrian stratigraphy held a ballot on the subdivision of the cambrian system and a fourfold subdivision was approved ( babcock et al . 2005 ) . the global stratotype section and point of the paibian stage ( and the furongian series ) was defined at the lowest occurrence of theagnostid trilobite glyptagnostus reticulatus by peng et al . ( 2004 ) . the lowermost cambrian series and stage were named in 2007 ( terreneuvian and fortunian , respectively \u2013 seelanding et al . 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . h\u00f8yberget & bruton , 2008 ) . thus , the base biostratigraphy of the middle cambrian series 3 ( fig . 2 ) is most precisely defined by the fads of a number of agnostids ; these have commonly been used to define chronostratigraphic units in the cambrian ( e . g . , peng & robison , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2009a peng et al . , , b , 2012 peng et al . , , 2014 babcock et al . , 2005 babcock et al . , , 2007 babcock et al . , , 2015 ) . fortunately , cambrian agnostids are often abundant in shaly environments and can be associated with fossil graptolites . . . .\n. . . based on the significant works of westerg\u00e5rd ( 1922westerg\u00e5rd ( , 1947 ) and henningsmoen ( 1957 ) , terfelt et al . ( 2008terfelt et al . ( , 2011 ) divided the furongian ( roughly corresponding to the traditional\nupper cambrian\n, excluding the a . pisiformis zone ) of scandinavia into two parallel zonations based on agnostoids and polymerids , respectively . this biostratigraphical scheme is used herein ( fig . 4 peng et al . 2004 ; ahlberg & terfelt 2012 ; nielsen et al . 2014 ) , which is not found in the drill core . however , olenus gibbosus ( fig . 6e\u2013g , m , n ) occurs at 11 . 56\u201311 . 14 . . .\n. . . the cambrian epoch 3 was dominated by thrombolites and dendrolites ( zhuravlev , 1996 ; woo et al . , 2008 ; woo and chough , 2010 ) , whereas maze - like maceriate reefs ( most likely sponge - microbial reefs ) ( shapiro and awramik , 2006 ; lee et al . , 2010lee et al . , , 2014a ) and columnar stromatolites ( campbell , 1976 ; ) flourished during the furongian ( cf . zhuravlev , 1996 ) . at the same time , several geological events are known to occur across the cambrian epoch 3\u2013furongian boundary , including a positive excursion of \u03b4 13 c ( steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion : spice ) and a major trilobite faunal turnover ( saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 ) . the primary purpose of this study is to re - examine the characteristics of cambrian epoch 3 and furongian reefs , and the related geological events . . . .\n. . . the cambrian epoch 3\u2013furongian boundary was placed where there is a great faunal turnover among polymerid trilobites ( saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2012 ) . recent geochemical and sequencestratigraphic studies suggest that there were global events across the cambrian epoch 3\u2013furongian boundary , including carbon and sulfur isotope excursions and a eustatic sea - level fall ( saltzman et al . , 2000saltzman et al . , , 2004chen et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . many polymerid trilobites became extinct and were replaced by new trilobite fauna across the cambrian epoch 3\u2013furongian boundary ( pratt , 1998 ; saltzman et al . , 2000 ; peng et al . , 2004 peng et al . , , 2012\u00e1lvaro et al . , 2013b ) . several workers argued that this event indicates a mass extinction that also affected other organisms such as inarticulate brachiopods ( e . g . , bambach , 2006 ) . . . .\n. . . the cambrian period is characterized by four positive and six negative excursions in the marine \u03b4 13 c record that were related to eustatic sea - level changes , perturbations in the oceanic carbon cycle and , as a consequence , extinctions and evolutionary radiations in the cambrian fauna ( peng et al . 2004 ; babcock et al . 2005 ; zhu , babcock & peng , 2006 ; peng , babcock & cooper , 2012 ) . one of the prominent positive excursions , the steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion ( spice ) , is situated at the base of the paibian stage ( furongian series ; saltzman , runnegar & lohmann , 1998 ; saltzman et al . 2000 ) . . . .\n. . . it has been identified in carbonate and organic - rich successions of slope and platform environments of antarctica , argentina , australia , england , kazakhstan , newfoundland , north and south china , siberia , sweden and the usa ( e . g . glumac & walker , 1998 ; saltzman , runnegar & lohmann , 1998 ; saltzman et al . 2000 saltzman et al . , 2011 peng et al . 2004 ; zhu et al . 2004 ; lindsay et al . 2005 ; gill , lyons & saltzman , 2007 ; gill et al . 2011 ; kouchinsky et al . 2008 ; sial et al . 2008 sial et al . , 2013 ahlberg et al . 2009 ; hurtgen , pruss \u2020author for correspondence : thomas . wotte @ urltoken & knoll , 2009 ; chen et al . 2011 chen et al . , 2012 woods et al . 2011 ; ng , yuan & lin , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . global migration of cosmopolitan agnostoids must have been a rapid and synchronous event ( ahlberg et al . 2009 ) . the onset of spice correlates with biomere extinctions in laurentia , as well as extinctions recognized in correlatable beds in australia and south china ( saltzman et al . 2000 ; peng et al . 2004 ) . thus , as shown by ahlberg et al . ( 2009 ) , the barren and phosphatocopine intervals recognized by eriksson and terfelt ( 2007 ) coincide with the extinction event at the end of the marjumiid biomere and the same driving mechanism is postulated . . . .\n. . . the two taxa are regarded either as valid ( palmer 1962 ) or invalid subspecies , with the two morphotypes intergrading into one another ( pratt 1992 ) . on a global scale , the weakly reticulated morphotype always precedes the strongly reticulated one ( peng et al . 2004 ) . in scandinavia , g . reticulatus is represented by the strongly reticulated morphotype , i . e . , g . reticulatus reticulatus , which occurs in the olenus gibbosus through the olenus truncatus zones ( ahlberg and ahlgren 1996 ) . . . .\nto better understand the environmental conditions that promoted early animal evolution and the environmental changes that ensued from early animal evolution ( i . e . , co - evolution of life and environm\u2026\n[ more ]\npotential global standard stratotype - section and point ( gssp ) for a cambrian stage boundary defined . . .\nthe base of the ptychagnostus ( or acidusus ) atavus zone is one of the most clearly recognizable horizons on an intercontinental scale in the cambrian system , and would serve as an excellent position for the base of a new stage - level chronostratigraphic subdivision . among well - exposed , readily accessible sections in laurentia , the \u201cstratotype ridge\u201d section , drum mountains , western utah , usa , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe global boundary stratotype section and point ( gssp ) of the drumian stage ( cambrian ) in the drum . . .\nthe global boundary stratotype section and point gssp ) for the base of the drumian stage ( cambrian series 3 ) is defined at the base of a limestone ( calcisiltite ) layer 62 m above the base of the wheeler formation in the stratotype ridge section , drum mountains , utah , usa . the gssp level contains the lowest occurrence of the cosmopolitan agnostoid trilobite ptychagnostus atavus ( base of the p . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe luoyixi section , exposed in a roadcut along the youshui river ( fengtan reservoir ) , guzhang county , hunan province , china , is proposed as the stratotype for the base of an unnamed stage boundary ( base of the cambrian stage provisionally termed stage 7 ) . the proposed position of the gssp is 121 . 3 m above the base of the huaqiao formation , at a horizon coinciding with the first appearance of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\nthis guidebook provides detailed itineraries of three of the geological field trips related to the 2017 joint meeting of the gsa northeastern and north - central sections in pittsburgh . the first chapter outlines a walking trip of downtown pittsburgh and the escarpment to its south , consisting of seven \u201cpitt stops\u201d investigating geological , archaeological , and historical aspects of the gateway to the west . venturing further afield , the second chapter describes a trip that explores periglacial features as far as the upper youghiogheny river basin in maryland and the laurel highlands of pennsylvania . the third chapter investigates hydrologic aspects of the 1889 johnstown , pennsylvania , flood , largely following the progress of the flood from its point of origin to the city of johnstown .\nthis volume includes seven field guides that explore the diverse geology of virginia from its appalachian highlands to the atlantic shore . the guides cover an array of topics ranging from cave and karst development in the valley and ridge to the exceptional fossil localities at the carmel church quarry and the cliffs near stratford hall to precambrian rocks in the blue ridge mountains . three guides focus on the paleozoic to proterozoic tectonic history of the blue ridge and piedmont provinces , two guides discuss the stratigraphy and fossil assemblages preserved in cenozoic deposits on the atlantic coastal plain , one guide examines paleozoic stratigraphy and cave formation in western virginia , and the final guide explores the relationship between the geology of the fall zone and the civil war during the petersburg campaign in 1864\u20131865 .\nthis volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .\nnew technology has opened vast reserves of\nunconventional\nnatural gas and oil from shales like the marcellus in the appalachian basin , making the united states essentially energy independent for the first time in decades . shale gas had its origins in the oil embargos and energy crises of the 1970s , which led to government research to increase domestic energy supplies . the first large - scale shale gas production was successful on the barnett shale in texas in the late 1990s , followed a few years later by the marcellus shale in pennsylvania . shale gas has changed thinking about fossil energy supplies worldwide , but the development of these resources has been controversial . activists have made claims that hydraulic fracturing may contribute to climate change , threaten groundwater resources , and pose risks to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems , and human health . this volume explores the geology , history , technology , and potential environmental impacts of marcellus shale gas resources .\n1 . introduction 2 . strata of the changhia formation 3 . the zonations and ranges of the trilobite genera and species of the changhia formation 4 . correlationof the changhia formation with its age - equivalent strata in other regions of china and other countries 5 . crisis events and faunal recoveries of cambrian trilobites 6 . the research on trilobite taxonomy based on disarticulated elements 7 . phylogeny of the trilobite genera of the families dolichometopidae walcott , 1916 , solenopleuridae angelin , 1854 and menocephalidae hupe , 1953a 8 . description of main genera and species\nthere are currently no reviews for this book . be the first to review this book !\nit ' s @ solitarybeeweek - a week of action and education , raising awareness about solitary bees . if you ' d like to lea\u2026 urltoken\nmiddle and basal upper cambrian strata are well exposed in an old quarry at gudhem in the falbygden area of v\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , south - central sweden . the exposures consist of finely laminated alum shale with scattered stinkstone ( orsten ) lenses , up to 2 . 3 m in diameter . four sections have been measured and sampled in order to establish the succession of trilobite species . fossils are generally preserved only in the stinkstone , and not in the shale . trilobites , including agnostids , and bradoriid arthropods are generally common , whereas lingulate brachiopods and hyoliths are minor faunal constituents .\nin the northeastern wall of the quarry the rock sequence is about 3 . 6 m thick , and includes the middle - upper cambrian boundary . the lower and . . .\nat the northwestern entrance to the quarry there are exposures of the hypagnostus parvifrons zone . a section here consists of a more or less coherent limestone bed at the top , underlain by at least 4 m of unfossiliferous alum shales . the limestone bed has yielded h . mammillatus in abundance , as well as h . parvifrons and fragmentary specimens of paradoxides paradoxissimus ."]}
{"id": 1425, "summary": [{"text": "dickens hill ( foaled 25 january 1976 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the colt showed promising form as a two-year-old in 1978 , winning the anglesey stakes and being narrowly beaten by the english-trained tap on wood in the national stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he emerged as the best irish racehorse of his generation , winning the ballymoss stakes and the irish 2000 guineas in ireland in spring and the weight-for-age eclipse stakes in britain in july .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he also finished runner-up to the outstanding english-trained colt troy in both the epsom derby and the irish derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at the end of his three-year-old season he was sold and exported to the united states where he made little impact as a racehorse and proved to be a disappointment as a breeding stallion . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "dickens hill ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["where was dickens born ? on 7 february 1812 , charles dickens was born in portsmouth . his parents named him charles john huffam dickens .\nwhen did dickens live ? dickens was born in england in 1812 . he died in 1870 .\nvalerie , the sleigh with the dickens carolers really needs a horse . maybe you could bring the horse back in the future . . my sleigh needs some\nhorse power\n.\nhow did dickens die ? in 1864 dickens and ellen ternan were in a train crash . dickens was not badly hurt , but he was never very well after this accident .\nhappy times the dickens family never had much money . charles had seven brothers and sisters . mr dickens dreamed of being rich . mrs dickens dreamed of owning a school . somehow things never went right .\nwe suggest a visit to blists hill victorian town will take at least 3 hours .\naoc , 8\u00bdf , gulfstream park , beating monument hill , tannersville , midnight mischief .\nexcellent quality , beautiful horse . the horse is beautiful by itself but i love it with the 4 - piece dickens carolers in sleigh by valerie . they are both exquisite . thanks valery and qvc .\ndickens is a success in 1833 , he sold his first story . at first dickens called himself ' boz ' . this was his pen - name .\npictures in dickens many of dickens ' s books had pictures . the pictures helped readers follow the story . two artists were famous for their dickens drawings . they were george cruikshank and hablot k browne , known as ' phiz ' .\ntwo famous books of his many books , dickens liked david copperfield best . in it he wrote about mr micawber , who seems very like dickens ' father .\nmy horse arrived today and it would not stand up . it falls over all the time . i guess my sleigh will have no horse .\nsee the night sky spectacularly lit up over blists hill victorian town with a fantastic family fireworks display .\ngrowing up by 1824 mr dickens had enough money to send charles back to school .\ndickens loved acting . he had his own little theatre at home . while acting in a play in 1857 , dickens fell in love with ellen ternan , an actress .\nwhy do people read dickens ? many of dickens ' stories came out in weekly or monthly parts , as serials . each month people could read a new chapter in the story . perhaps this is why dickens ' books make good films and tv serials too .\nmaybe horse who revealed his brilliance at epsom . - free online library\none of dickens\u2019s goals in writing nicholas nickleby was to expose the ugly truth about yorkshire boarding schools . in the preface to the novel dickens has this to say about yorkshire schoolmasters :\nwhile working in the blacking factory , dickens visited his parents on sundays - in prison .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\ndickens ( c kallisto ) grosser freiberger premium - preis , 2nd deutsches derby ( g1 ) .\ndickens walked for miles around the city , watching and listening . he made notes for new stories .\nhow was britain changing ? dickens saw many changes during his life , made by the industrial revolution .\nthe dickens family had a pet raven ( a large black bird ) . its name was grip .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\ndickens lived through the industrial revolution . he wrote about how life was changing , especially for poor people .\nc : highclere , agent for rancho rosada , agent b : ky . horse center , agent\nadhir says mukul is being used by bjp as troy horse to break tmc to reap benefit .\nwho was charles dickens ? charles dickens is a famous english writer . people all over the world enjoy his stories . one of them is oliver twist , the story of a poor boy in victorian times . books by dickens can be funny and sad . his stories are full of interesting ' characters ' ( people ) .\na famous man dickens became so famous people knew him as he walked about london . he was a celebrity .\ndickens almost became an actor not a writer . having a bad cold stopped him getting his first acting job .\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\nthe name\ncaptain cuttle\nwas taken from a character in dombey and son by charles dickens , captain edward cuttle .\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nin early 1838 dickens and hablot browne , the illustrator for nickleby , travel to yorkshire to see the boarding schools for themselves .\ndickens was a show - off . he loved to give public readings from his books . in 1842 , he visited america .\ndickens was the most famous novelist in britain . there were lots of others , such as sir walter scott and charlotte bront\u00eb .\nfamily life dickens and his wife had 10 children . but their marriage was not happy . in 1858 , they split up .\nwhat made dickens angry ? dickens was angered by the sad things he saw . in his books , he tried to show what was wrong . in nicholas nickleby , he wrote about a terrible school , dotheboys hall , where unwanted children were cruelly treated .\ndickens\u2019s own mother , elizabeth dickens , was the model for the always - confused , comic mrs . nickleby . luckily for charles she didn\u2019t recognize herself in the character . in fact , she asked someone if they \u201creally believed there ever was such a woman\u201d .\ndickens keeps busy in 1846 dickens became editor of the daily news , a newspaper . he did not like being told what to do by the owners , so in 1850 he started his own magazine , household words . now he could write what he liked .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nready for his sleigh ! equipped with a black bridle and reins , this charming , tan - colored horse is prepared to pull a cart of passengers through the winter snow . he sports dark hooves and a brushed , or flocked , appearance . from the valerie parr hill collection .\nsugarman jr , hill g , forquera r , frost fj . coding of race on death certificates of patients of an urban indian health clinic , washington , 1973\u20131988 .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\ndickens hill ( ire ) ch . h , 1976 { 11 - e } dp = 13 - 8 - 7 - 0 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 7 . 00 cd = 1 . 21 - 14 starts , 5 wins , 4 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 435 , 301\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\ndickens died in june 1870 , at home in kent . he was working on a new book . it was the mystery of edwin drood .\nthis is a very large horse , probably unrealistic during victorian times . it does make a statement . thanks val for excellent execution .\nhubbard rl , marsden me , rachal jv , et al . drug abuse treatment : a national study of effectiveness . chapel hill , nc : university of north carolina press ; 1989 .\nlyphard ' s wish set a hot pace until tattenham corner closely followed by milford . at tattenham corner , willie carson on troy seemed to be getting nowhere on his horse , being stuck in on the rails in 7th place . into the straight , milford faded and 3 furlongs from home , the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner dickens ' s hill , took charge and was shaping like a likely winner when troy arrived on the scene on the outside like a torrent erupting .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\nin 1979 hern won his first derby , with sir michael sobell ' s troy , who beat dickens hill by a spectacular seven lengths . the following year he regained the trainers ' championship after bringing off the epsom classic double , winning the derby with mrs arpad plesch ' s henbit , and the oaks with r d hollingsworth ' s bireme .\nit was a harder day\u2019s journey than yesterday\u2019s , for there were long and weary hills to climb ; and in journeys , as in life , it is a great deal easier to go down hill than up . however , they kept on , with unabated perseverance , and the hill has not yet lifted its face to heaven that perseverance will not gain the summit of at last .\ndickens is here describing the kind of three - cornered hat worn by men in the 18th century , familiar to us from historical paintings and costume dramas . planch\u00e9\u2019s\nhard times in 1822 the family moved to london . now times were hard . mr dickens was sent to prison for six months for not paying his bills .\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nin 1843 , dickens wrote a christmas carol . it is one of his most famous stories . in it , we meet the miser scrooge - and three ghosts !\nnicholas nickleby was the third novel of charles dickens . the first installment was published on march 31 , 1838 and the last installment was published on october 1 , 1839 .\ncharles dickens was born on february 7th in 1812 and died in 1870 . view a timeline of noteworthy events and facts , both professional and personal , in his life .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nshowing true boldness of a soldier the great horse resisted gay mecene ' s challenge to win by a length and a half . troy had crowned himself the european horse of the year , although he didn ' t beat his rivals as comprehensively as in the two derbies , he turned in a most gallant performance .\nin 1820 most people in england worked on farms . when dickens died in 1870 , most people worked in towns . many poor people worked in factories and lived in slums .\nthe great horse had become the first to win the epsom derby . irish derby , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes and the benson and hedges .\nwe love to see dogs at blists hill victorian town . they\u2019re welcome to visit with you so long as they\u2019re kept on their leads . sadly , we can\u2019t let them inside any exhibits with food or our eating places .\npossibly perfect , 1990 , american champion female turf horse , won yellow ribbon invitational stakes , santa ana handicap , gamely handicap , ramona handicap , beverly d . stakes\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nshooter\u2019s hill was not always a place whereon one could rest in safety . indeed , it bore for long years a particularly bad name as being the lurking - place of ferocious footpads , cutpurses , highwaymen , cut - throats , and gentry of allied professions who rushed out from [ the ] leafy coverts and took liberal toll from wayfarers\u2026 . so long ago as 1767 [ eight years before the date of the mail - coach\u2019s passage over shooter\u2019s hill in\ndon ' t miss out ! pre - purchase a souvenir guide , to be collected with your tickets on arrival at blists hill victorian town . the guide is already great value so we can ' t offer an online discount .\nchildren love blists hill victorian town . there is plenty of space for them to run around , animals for them to see , sweets to buy and in the summer they can join in all the fun of the victorian fair .\ntroy became the fourth horse to complete the treble of the epsom derby , irish derby and king george . he followed the footsteps of nijinsky , grundy and the minstrel .\nthe great bay horse simply flew past the field like a plane taking of a runaway . the way troy won that day was like a cheetah laying an ambush for his prey and then launching a devastating assault in the appropriate time to pounce on his victims . the acceleration showed was phenomenal . troy had won by the largest margin since manna won in 1925 ( 8 lengths ) . it was perhaps the most convincing derby win since sea bird won in 1965 . troy left the field as if they were pillars . dickens hill finished second followed by northern baby and the favourite ela - mana - mou .\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\npossibly perfect , 1990 , american champion female turf horse , won yellow ribbon invitational stakes , santa ana handicap , gamely handicap , ramona handicap , beverly d . stakes [ 13 ]\nabelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .\nblists hill victorian town is our largest attraction , and we recommend you allow at least 3 hours to see everything . you can pick up a free attraction map on the day , or download it to help you plan your trip before you arrive .\non 6 june , northern baby started at 66 / 1 outsider for the 200th running of the derby stakes over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . he raced just behind the leader before turning into the straight in third place before moving up to dispute the lead with two furlongs left to run . he was quickly overtaken by troy and dickens hill but stayed on to finish third , beaten seven lengths and three lengths . northern baby returned to england for one of britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age races , the eclipse stakes over ten furlongs at sandown park racecourse and finished third behind dickens hill and crimson beau . in august , the colt was dropped in class for the group three prix de la cote normande at deauville racecourse in which he started second favourite behind wolverton . northern baby won the race easily by two and a half lengths from lord zara , with wolverton in fourth .\ndickens got the idea for smike as he wandered through a churchyard near bowes academy . he read the engravings on the tombstones of the boys who died while attending bowes and the idea sprang into his mind .\nmaine law requires at least five residents to sign an application for a ballot initiative . the richardsons were joined on the application by bucksport police chief sean geagan , laurie fogelman , who is involved in domestic violence issues , father and gun owner christopher dickens of blue hill , and mother amy fiorilli of otis . the richardsons have become involved in the gun control and gun safety debate in maine and nationally in the years since their daughter died in a slaying that remains unsolved .\ni just love my horse and the carolers in the sleigh too . i also have the 26\nstreet lamp from valerie and i ' m going to put something under it to make it look taller and then put a blanket of snow down . dashing through the snow in a one horse open sleigh . i just love christmas and i can ' t wait to start decorating .\non 6 june , northern baby started at 66 / 1 outsider [ 6 ] for the 200th running of the derby stakes over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . he raced just behind the leader before turning into the straight in third place before moving up to dispute the lead with two furlongs left to run . he was quickly overtaken by troy and dickens hill but stayed on to finish third , beaten seven lengths and three lengths . northern baby returned to england for one of britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age races , the eclipse stakes over ten furlongs at sandown park racecourse and finished third behind dickens hill and crimson beau . in august , the colt was dropped in class for the group three prix de la cote normande at deauville racecourse in which he started second favourite behind wolverton . northern baby won the race easily by two and a half lengths from lord zara , with wolverton in fourth . [ 3 ]\ni just received this huge horse and he is beautiful . my horse fell over too , so i just broke a popsicle stick to fit under his front leg and glued it on and now he is proud to stand tall and pull the sleigh and the stick doesn ' t show . perfect . . . try to think of a quick fix before returning , you will glad that you did .\ni received my horse same day as the sleigh . my horse would not stand up and believe the legs were uneven and the horse was top heavy to cause this problem . i did not want to return it as no more were available . i decided to try to remedy the problem some how and went to a near by craft store . they were so nice and while i was there i was stopped by several people who admired the horse and how beautiful and big it was . working with the craft store folks we decided on some drapery weights and glue for the back uneven leg to hold it in place better . it did help . they also suggested i glue the legs to a board so it would never fall over . not sure if i want to do that , or purchasing some fishing weights and wrap around the back unstable leg . when i put the horse and sleigh together . the straps to the sleigh seemed to help hold the horse up better too . i love this set so much as as winter sleigh ride is something i have always wanted to do . i will place on my table with fluffy fake snow around it for the holidays . i love it so much , it is beautiful .\nportsmouth was the home of the royal navy . his father , john dickens , worked as a clerk for the navy . his mother ' s name was elizabeth barrow . she wanted to be a teacher and run a school .\nthe horse didn ' t stand well at first , but after i attached it to valerie ' s carolers in the sleigh , it was perfect . love the whole look . i recommend getting the sleigh also ! !\nthis clydesdale - like horse is an ideal addition to the dickens ' family of carolers in the sleigh ! he arrived in great condition ; flocking , mane and tail ( looks like doll hair ) are beautifully done ! his uplifted leg gives a feeling of movement ! will display on dining room buffet to be reflected in the mirror . will add cotton around the display to depict snowfall and maybe a snowman on order . looking fwd to the holidays ! ! !\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nreaders like a good story , with interesting characters . dickens was very clever at making up characters . people all over the world know oliver twist , scrooge and david copperfield , even if they have not read the books in which these characters appear .\nin 1939 , he was commissioned into the north irish horse before seeing active service in north africa and italy . together with a fellow officer , major michael pope , he organised an impromptu race meeting on the trotting course at ravenna .\na top - class middle distance runner . in 1979 , troy blazed the british racetrack like a true champion . he was head and shoulders above any other british racehorse in that year . willie carson places him amongst the three best horses he has ever ridden . his trainer dick hern , at that time rated him to be the best horse he had ever trained ( brigadier gerard , who dick hern trained was rated the 2nd best horse of the century by timeform ) .\nthe original illustrator was hablot knight browne , who was better known as phiz . when browne as selecting a pen name he originally thought he might use the name nemo . however , he changed it to phiz because it sounded better with dickens\u2019s pen name , boz .\nduring the school holidays there are great family friendly activities and drop - in workshops . every day during our main summer season children love meeting the animals , getting stuck in at the fairground and taking a ride on the horse & carriage .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for de ' colletage ( nzl ) . de ' colletage ( nzl ) is a mare born in 2006 october 7 by ekraar out of cashcade\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\ntroy ' s third - place prize money from the arc took his total earnings to \u00a3450 , 428 , a record for a horse trained in britain or ireland , which stood for three years until it was surpassed by glint of gold . [ 17 ]\nthus , troy was bred to be a typical top class middle - distance horse with the combination of speed and staying blood . his breeding gave him the ability to launch his run 3 to 4 furlongs from home rather than produce a great burst in the end .\n] a project was set afoot for building a town on the summit of shooter\u2019s hill , but it came to nothing , which is not at all strange when one considers how constantly the dwellers there would have been obliged to run the gauntlet of the gentlemen whom americans happily call \u201croad - agents . \u201d and here is a sample of what would happen now and again , taken \u2026 from the \u2026 columns of a london paper , under date of 1773 . \u201con sunday night , \u201d we read , \u201cabout ten o\u2019clock , colonel craig and his servant were attacked near shooter\u2019s hill by two highwaymen , well mounted , who , on the colonel\u2019s declaring he would not be robbed , immediately fired and shot the servant\u2019s horse in the shoulder . on this the footman discharged a pistol , and the assailants rode off with great precipitation . \u201d that they rode off with nothing else shows how effectually the colonel and his servant , by firmly grasping the nettle danger , plucked the flower safety . ( 36 - 7 )\ntroy had been syndicated for 7 , 2 millions pounds , a record sum at the time . timeform gave him a rating of 137 . he was rated as one of the top middle distance horse of the decade ( compared to mill reef , nijinsky and alleged ) .\nsadly schools like dotheboys hall really did exist . in early 1838 dickens and hablot browne , the illustrator of nicholas nickleby , visited yorkshire to get a firsthand look at the situation . it was a very short visit , just two days , but it was enough to gather all the material they needed .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\ntroy that day proved he was a truly great horse and not just a very good horse . he claimed a permanent place in the list of all - time greats like nijinsky or mill reef , however that day , it was a great regret to racing that ile de bourbon , the 1978 champion could not participate , due to fitness . it would have been one of flat racing ' s great spectacles witnessing the two champions take on each other ( ile de bourbon won the 1978 king george against a top class field the previous year and that season decimated rivals in the coronation cup , including gay mecene ) .\nan implement used for attaching to the hind - wheel of a vehicle when about to proceed down hill , with a view of regulating its momentum . no carriage or other vehicle should be without this convenience , as it is rarely applied , is never in the way , and prevents accidents and damage . an implement acting on the same principle as the skid , and known as a stop - drag , consists of five or more pieces of wood , united on the outside by a strong joined iron hoop , the wood pressing on the nave of the wheel . the annexed figure [ see illustration ] shows a wheel on a declivity , the chain drawn tight by the pressure of the breeching on the horse ; the brake closely surrounding the nave , and forming an effectual drag . ( 917 )\nafter years of negotiation with the quebec government , punctuate by protests on parliament hill and blockades of the roads leading into the contested forest , the algonquin briefly celebrated an agreement with the quebec government and a local logging company . the agreement was to preserve half of the old - growth trees still remaining within the wildlife reserve and an important moose corridor . the agreement also was to provide for a comprehensive study of the 10 , 000km area used by the algonquin .\nsadly , in the arc troy was beaten by three troikas . he finished a gallant third . had troy been his old self he surely would have won . it was a sad sight that in his farewell race he couldn ' t be the first horse to complete the historic epsom derby , irish derby , king george and arc combination .\nwilliam richard hern was born on january 20 1921 at holford , near bridgwater in somerset , the eldest of the three sons of captain roy hern , who farmed some 300 acres . educated at monmouth school before spending a year at millfield , dick had been winning prizes at horse shows since early boyhood , and hunted with the west somerset foxhounds .\nthe messenger , jerry cruncher , has galloped from temple bar ( a large gate marking the entrance to the city of london between london and westminster [ gaspey , vol . 1 , 51 ] ) . temple bar is a little over a mile west of london bridge ( where the dover road begins ) , so the gallop to catch the mail - coach at shooter\u2019s hill would be a gallop of a little over nine miles ( harper , \u201cthe road to dover\u201d ) .\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\n\u2026carrying their divine rights with a high hand . according to the oed , the \u201cdivine right of kings\u201d is the monarchical doctrine that \u201ckings derive their power from god alone , unlimited by any rights on the part of their subjects . \u201d the dover road that lay \u2026 beyond the dover mail , as it lumbered up shooter\u2019s hill . the dover road , 70 . 75 miles long , ran from london bridge ( on the surrey side of the thames river ) to dover ( harper , \u201cthe road to dover\u201d ) . shooter\u2019s hill , 8 . 25 miles along the dover road from london bridge , is an eminence from which the city of london could be seen during the daytime ; in the 18th century it was known for a mineral spring where queen anne herself ( r . 1702 - 1714 ) was said to take the waters . at night , however , it was dangerous . according to charles harper , in his account of the dover road ( 1922 ) ,\nnorthern baby did not appear on the racecourse until october 1978 when he was one of eighteen two - year - olds to contest a maiden race over 1600 metres at saint - cloud racecourse and won by one and a half lengths . later that month he was moved up sharply in class when he was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity over one mile at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite , but was never in contention and finished eighth behind the irish - trained sandy creek .\nchampion three - year - old and brilliant winner of the kentucky derby and dubai world cup rated 128 by timeform . uniquely talented : a g1 horse on dirt , turf and synthetic tracks . brilliantly consistent : out of the first two only twice in his career . three stakes winning juveniles in his first crop , including g2 winner untamed domain and g2 - placed sunny skies .\nnorthern baby did not appear on the racecourse until october 1978 when he was one of eighteen two - year - olds to contest a maiden race over 1600 metres at saint - cloud racecourse and won by one and a half lengths . later that month he was moved up sharply in class when he was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity over one mile at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite , but was never in contention and finished eighth behind the irish - trained sandy creek . [ 5 ]\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\ntraders in the avarice , indifference , or imbecility of parents , and the helplessness of children ; ignorant , sordid , brutal men , to whom few considerate persons would have entrusted the board and lodging of a horse or a dog ; they formed the worthy cornerstone of a structure , which , for absurdity and a magnificent high - minded laissez - aller neglect , has rarely been exceeded in the world .\nanne m . libby , heather d . orton , and paul spicer are with the american indian and alaskan native programs at the university of colorado , denver , and health sciences center , aurora . richard p . barth is with the university of north carolina , chapel hill . mary bruce webb is with the administration for children and families , us department of health and human services , washington , dc . barbara j . burns is with duke university , durham , nc . patricia wood is with the child and adolescent services research center , san diego , calif .\nat stud the great horse produced five group winners and seven stakes winners . his progeny includes pilsudski ( 1986 breeders ' cup turf , 1997 champion stakes , irish champion stakes , japan cup ) , oath ( 1990 epsom derby ) , fastness ( eddie read handicap and 1996 america ' s best miler ) and pelder ( prix ganay , premio parioli and the best 3yo of italy ) , all of them , classic winners .\nharper goes on to record that blackheath was a popular meeting - place in english history , and the \u201cmutinous intent\u201d of dickens\u2019 horses to return the carriage to blackheath might be taken as an allusion to blackheath\u2019s history as a site of collusion and revolt . two famous revolts \u2013 one led by wat tyler in 1381 and another by jack cade in 1450 \u2013 began with the gathering of rebels on blackheath ; and the place gained a milder reputation as a rendezvous for various more peaceful assemblies . as harper puts it :\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\nthis illustration , from fairholt\u2019s costume , gives us an idea of the kind of boots the coach - passengers are wearing as they trudge up shooter\u2019s hill beside the mail . \u2026 every posting - house and ale - house \u2026 a posting - house was named for the post \u2013 the conveyance of letters around the country . to travel or ride post was , in one sense , to ride with the mail , and a posting - house was a kind of way station where travelers could change horses and refresh themselves in the course of a journey ( oed ) . \u2026the guard got down to skid the wheel for the descent\u2026 a skid , according to the dictionary of daily wants ( 1859 ) , is\nin the 2 , 000 guineas en route . therefore the colt made his seasonal debut in 1979 in the 9 - furlong heath stakes ( now known as the feilden stakes ) at newmarket , which he won with enough ease to see him start favourite in the derby . as it happened , the 200th running of the derby might as well have been a one - horse race as troy won by a street , but ela - mana - mou still ran well , finishing fourth ( just ahead of lyphard ' s wish ) with\nin the official international classification for 1978 , troy was rated the tenth best two - year - old in europe , seven pounds behind the top - rared tromos . troy was given a rating of 122 by the independent timeform organisation , twelve pounds behind tromos and was described in their annual racehorses of 1978 as\njust the type to develop into a high - class three - year - old\n. [ 6 ] troy was given an end of season rating of 137 by timeform in 1979 , the fourth highest awarded to a derby winner up to that time , [ 17 ] and was named their horse of the year . in the gilbey racing awards , based on poits accrued in major races troy was named champion racehorse of the year and middle distance champion . the compilers of the international classification was less impressed : he was named the best three - year - colt in europe but was rated a pound behind three troikas . [ 10 ] he was named british horse of the year for 1979 by the racecourse association , taking twenty - seven of the thirty - two votes . [ 17 ]\nhis epsom derby win , was one of the most emphatic victories ever in the history of the blue riband . troy in my rating would rank amongst the british all - time greats . he could be categorized with great horses like crepello , sir ivor , alleged , generous , nashwan grundy , etc . . . all great horses in their own right but marginally below the superstars like mill reef , nijinsky , shergar or dancing brave ( horse one can see once in a lifetime ) . troy had truly remarkable acceleration and in top gear looked like a missile cruising .\ngalileo\u2019s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .\ntroy , a big , powerfully built bay horse with three white socks , was bred in county meath , ireland , by the ballymacoll stud , the breeding operation of his owners , industrialist sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock . [ 3 ] he was sired by petingo , the leading english two - year - old of 1967 , and was out of the mare la milo . [ 4 ] la milo had previously produced washington d . c . international winner admetus . troy was sent into training with dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire .\nthe comparisons made here ( of the three - cornered hat to a church spout , a flour - scale , a greyhound\u2019s nose , etc . ) suggest that dickens\u2019 comparison of the three - cornered hat to a spittoon participates in a tradition of pejorative similes . ( a spittoon is a \u201creceptacle for spittle , usually a round flat vessel of earthenware or metal\u201d [ oed ] in which saliva and tobacco might be deposited ; the shallow basin of the spittoon must have borne some resemblance to the hat\u2019s shallow crown . ) the three - cornered hat was the typical head - dress for men until the late 18th century , and planch\u00e9 attributes its demise to the french revolution :\nnorthern baby was a small , lightly - built chestnut horse with a narrow white blaze , two white socks and one white coronet , bred by the kinghaven farm stud in ontario . he was one of many important winners sired by the canadian - bred northern dancer , who won the kentucky derby in 1964 before becoming one of the most successful breeding stallions in thoroughbred history . he was the first foal of two rings , a tough and consistent racemare who won nine of her thirty - one races including the nassau stakes . two rings was great - granddaughter of the broodmare gallita , whose other descendents included nadir , mashaallah and mark of esteem .\nin 1978 the independent timeform organisation gave northern baby a rating of 109 , twenty - five pounds below their top - rated two - year - old tromos . in the following year he was rated 127 by timeform , ten pounds below the top - rated racehorse troy . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds below the top - rated three troikas . as a four - year - old , northern baby was rated 119 by timeform , eighteen pounds below the top - rated moorestyle . in the international classification he was rated eight pounds behind moorestyle and seven pounds inferior to the top - rated older horse ela - mana - mou .\na fortnight later , troy ran in the irish derby . rivadon set a scorching pace being a pacemaker for troy . the bart and the two french colts , fabulous dancer and scorpio followed him . just before the turn , the bart took the lead . at this point , troy was moved up into a handy position behind them and when pulled to the outside cruised to a most facile win . the pacemaker , rivadon played an instrumental win in troy ' s victory as he had got the field well strung out . it was also enough to get troy of the bit . troy had won by 4 long - looking lengths . no horse had any hope of catching him .\nnorthern baby was a small , lightly - built chestnut horse with a narrow white blaze , two white socks and one white coronet , [ 2 ] bred by the kinghaven farm stud in ontario . he was one of many important winners sired by the canadian - bred northern dancer , who won the kentucky derby in 1964 before becoming one of the most successful breeding stallions in thoroughbred history . he was the first foal of two rings , a tough and consistent racemare who won nine of her thirty - one races including the nassau stakes . [ 3 ] two rings was great - granddaughter of the broodmare gallita , whose other descendents included nadir , mashaallah and mark of esteem . [ 4 ]\nin 1978 the independent timeform organisation gave northern baby a rating of 109 , twenty - five pounds below their top - rated two - year - old tromos . [ 5 ] in the following year he was rated 127 by timeform , ten pounds below the top - rated racehorse troy . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds below the top - rated three troikas . [ 3 ] as a four - year - old , northern baby was rated 119 by timeform , eighteen pounds below the top - rated moorestyle . in the international classification he was rated eight pounds behind moorestyle and seven pounds inferior to the top - rated older horse ela - mana - mou . [ 9 ]\nin truth , ela - mana - mou ' s pedigree looked rather old - fashioned even at the time of his birth , hence the fact that he cost a mere 4 , 500 gns as a yearling . he proved a rare bargain at this price , thus providing a dream start to racehorse ownership for max and audry muinos , for whom he was trained in 1978 and ' 79 at pulborough in sussex by guy harwood . their luck didn ' t end with him , either , because they celebrated ela - mana - mou ' s sale at the end of the horse ' s three - year - old campaign in 1979 by re - investing some of their profits in a 20 , 000 - gns yearling - who , named\ni feel like a little girl who just got her very first horse ! i was waitlisted for him last year , but did not get one . i was so excited when qvc sent me an e - mail indicating he was back in stock . i ordered him immediately , he arrived within days and he is perfect . he stands up properly , his mane and tail are in nice condition , his bells jingle when shook and his coat looks great . i haven ' t brought the sleigh out of storage yet but i do have a fine purpose for him in the meantime . my lord of the rings barbie doll legolas is currently seated on him , bow in hand ready to ride into battle ! lol i may have to see how king aragorn looks on him next .\nin a very short career , troy proved particularly successful as a sire of fillies and broodmares . he sired helen street , winner of the 1985 irish oaks and france ' s prix du calvados : helen street produced street cry , the sire of 2007 kentucky derby winner street sense . by another daughter , sheer audacity , troy was also the damsire of the 1999 epsom derby winner , oath . troy also sired walensee , who raced in france and won the 1985 prix vermeille and was voted that country ' s champion 3 - year - old filly . she was the dam of westerner , the 2004 and 2005 european champion stayer . through another daughter , cocotte , troy was the damsire of pilsudski , the 1997 european champion older horse . troy ' s son tropular sired the prix du jockey club winner ragmar .\njockey : jeff teter trainer : janet e . elliot owner : william c . lickle breeder : john hartigan\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\njockey : alex o . solis trainer : robert b . hess , jr . owner : jones - jones - smith breeder : hughes farm , inc .\naccording to the australian stud book [ 6 : 413 ] merman ' s grandam , surf , was bred to rosicrucian in 1882 . she proved barren and was covered by coltness and exported to australia , where she foaled seaweed , a chesnut filly , in 1883 . contrarily the general stud book [ 15 : 459 ] records that surf produced her first foal ( by coltness ) in 1882 , was then covered by rosicrucian and exported that year . merman was sent to england in 1897 and there won his share of races , including the cesarewitch , the jockey club cup stakes ( now the british champions long distance cup ) , the goodwood cup , the goodwood plate ( now the goodwood stakes ) and the ascot gold cup .\nowner : mrs j . binet breeder : egmont stud winnings : 14 starts : 5 - 4 - 3 , $ 435 , 301 at 2 won anglesey s . - g3 ( ire ) , 2nd national s . - g2 ( ire ) , 3rd tyros s . ( ire ) at 3 won ballymoss s . - g2 ( ire ) , air cool irish 2 thousand guineas - g1 , coral eclipse s . - g1 ( eng ) , 2nd vauxhall trial s . - g3 ( ire ) , derby s . - g1 ( eng ) , irish sweeps derby - g1 ( ire ) at 4 3rd canadian turf h . - g3 ( 50 , 000 ) sold 34 , 000 gns . newmarket houghton sale . second hwt in ireland ( close )\nfeb . 26 , 1979 : total solar eclipse turns day into night in brandon , man .\nflashback : how tv news covered the last total eclipse to cross the u . s . mainland\nas images come flowing from the rail at churchill downs and pimlico , documenting every move of kentucky derby winner nyquist\u2019s quest for the triple crown , a dedicated team in paris , ky . is still drowning in images from triple crowns past . kate lossen isn\u2019t quite sure what her official title is in her capacity with the [ \u2026 ]\npublisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick\nurltoken is published by blenheim publishing llc , 3070 lakecrest circle , suite 400 - 292 , lexington , ky 40513 . copyright blenheim publishing llc .\nt & cs apply on all offers . new customers only ; debit / credit cards only ."]}
{"id": 1427, "summary": [{"text": "mystus is a genus of fish in the family bagridae native to asia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "phylogenetic relationships within this genus are poorly understood , though it has been suggested that there are two major lineages . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "mystus", "paragraphs": ["mystus cineraceus , m . gulio , m . falcarius , m . leucophasis , m . pulcher\nsystematic studies conducted on mystus species of northern kerala are very rare . it is due the taxonomic ambiguity which had existed in many species of this genus ? to solve this dilemma , during this study , all mystus species were collected from their type localities and taxonomically analysed . examination of meristic , metric and major morphometric characters helped to prove the identity of all mystus species of these regions .\ncitation : plamoottil m ( 2017 ) taxonomic notes on mystus species of northern kerala . j aquac res development 8 : 495 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000495\nmystus bleekeri was described from the ganges river drainage and myanmar ( day 1877 ) , but the lectotype designation of sharma and dutt ( 1983 ) restricts the type locality to the ganges river drainage .\n( of mystus mukherjii ganguly & datta , 1975 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mystus cavassius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nasia : lowland rivers in most major basins of the indian subcontinent ( pakistan , nepal , india , sri lanka and myanmar ) , including but not limited to the indus , brahmaputra - ganges , krishna , cauvery , irrawaddy , salween and tenasserim . reports of this species from the chao phraya and mekong basins , malaysia , and indonesia are based on misidentifications of mystus albolineatus or mystus singaringan . occurs in thailand , but only in the salween basin .\njustification : since mystus tengara identity is now confirmed ( darshan et al . 2010 ) , it is known to have a fairly wide distribution in the ganges and brahmaputra river basins in northern and northeastern india . the species does not face any major threats and is therefore assessed as least concern .\njustification : although there is no information on the population and its trends for this species , current evidence indicates that it is still relatively widespread and abundant . despite being targeted in fisheries in some regions of its distribution , the level of exploitation is not deemed high enough to be a threat to long - term survival of this species . mystus bleekeri is therefore assessed as least concern .\nmystus cavasius was described from the atrai river ( hamilton 1822 ) . this species was previously thought to occur throughout the indian subcontinent and myanmar , but chakrabarty and ng ( 2005 ) showed that the name should be restricted to the populations from northern part of the subcontinent , those from the southern part are referable to m . seengtee and those from myanmar are referable to m . falcarius .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nby jerdon ( 1849 ) from manantoddy ( mananthavady ) in wynaad , kerala , india . day ( 1877 ) changed the generic status of the fish to\nmadhusoodana kurup , b . , basheer , v . s . , arunachalam , m . & molur , s .\nis assessed as least concern because it is widely distributed in the peninsular india and it is also common in several areas . it is cultivated commercially in tamil nadu . furthermore , there are no specific threats identified for this species .\nis definitely found in kerala and tamil nadu . in kerala it is known from manantoday in wynaad ( jerdon 1849 ) , ponmni estuary ( bijukumar and sushama 2000 ) and in chalakkudy river , muvattupuzha river and periyar river ( beevi and ramachandran 2009 ) . in tamil nadu it is known from thiroomurthi dam , parambikulam , kallapuram and amaravathi ( devi\n2005 ) but exact point localities are missing . this species is also recorded from the kancheepuram and kanyakumari districts in tamil nadu but the exact locations are missing ( rajagopal and davidar 2008 ) . it is reported from the nilgiris bisophere , travancroe , achankovil , periyar and kabani rivers ( kurup\n2007 ) and bhima river ( suter 1944 ) in maharashtra . yadav ( 2003 ) has suggested that the species is found in krishna river system and cauvery river system , however , exact localities are missing . it is also reported from madhya pradesh ( sarkar and lakra 2007 ) . all these records need validation .\nis unknown . however , it is very common in chalakkudy river , muvattupuzha river and periyar river ( beevi and ramachandran 2009 ) . the species may be common in other parts of its distribution range .\n. 2005 , 2007 ) . it is also found in estuaries ( bijukumar and sushama 2000 ) . it attains a total length of 15 cm ( menon 1999 ) . it is found in deep pools in higher altitudes with sandy or muddy substrate ( kurup\n2004 ) . no information is available about habitat changes and its effects on this species .\nis of minor interest to fisheries ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) . it is cultured in trichy in tamil nadu ( haniffa 2009 , m . arunachalam pers . comm . 2010\n. research is essential on taxonomic ambiguity , population status , distribution , life history , ecology , harvest trends and threats to the species . some population of the species is likely to be protected in the indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary ( devi\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known from the brahmaputra - ganges system , as well as the indus and mahanadi river drainages ( roberts 1994 ) .\nthere is no information on the population size or trends for this species , although this is a fairly common species in the ganges - brahmaputra system .\nthis species inhabits a large variety of freshwater bodies , primarily rivers and lakes .\nthis species is targeted as a food fish in west bengal , assam and tripura in india and in bangladesh ( w . vishwanath , s . c . dey pers . comm . ) . in other parts of its range , no major fishery exists for this catfish ; but is obtained in the fishing operations along with other fishes . it is also sporadically caught and exported as an ornamental fish ( h . h . ng pers . comm . ) .\nthe current rate of fishing for this species is not a threat in eastern and northeastern india . in other regions , the threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . despite the paucity of knowledge regarding potential threats , this species is still relatively abundant and widespread . this may be an indication that there are no major widespread threats to this species at the moment .\nthere is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed .\nthis species is known from the ganges and brahmaputra river drainages in india . it is thought to be widely distributed in the northern and northeastern parts of the indian subcontinent ( ferraris 2007 ) .\nalthough the current population and its trends are unknown for this species , current indications from field surveys are that this species is still relatively widespread and abundant .\nthis species is caught as a food fish and is regularly caught and exported as an ornamental fish .\nmore research about the population size and trends , distribution and the biology of this species is needed , as there is insufficient information available . potential threats to this species also need to be identified .\nknown from the ganges , brahmaputra , mahanadi , subarnarekhar and godavari river drainages in northern india , nepal and bangladesh . the conspecificity of material identified as this species from the indus river drainage awaits further verification ( chakrabarty and ng 2005 ) .\nalthough mishra et al . ( 2009 ) reported a mean decline of 29 . 9 % in catch for this species in southwestern bengal ( lower ganges - brahmaputra system and subarnarekha river ) for the period 1960 - 2000 , and an average decline of 57 % each decade from 1980 - 2000 ; there is insufficient data from other areas where this species is naturally distributed . data from throughout the ganges - brahmaputra system suggests that this species is still relatively common .\nthis species inhabits a wide variety of freshwater habitats , although it is chiefly found in larger rivers , primarily with a sandy or muddy substrate ( h . h . ng and w . vishwanath pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is heavily utilized as a food fish in some parts of its range , and is occasionally caught and exported as an ornamental fish .\nalthough there is a marked decline in the population in southern west bengal due to overfishing , the threats to this species in other areas of its distribution are unknown . since there is no information on the biology of this species , the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified . although iucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) identify habitat loss as a major threat to this species , this has not been verified by an empirical evidence .\nthere is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed from areas other than southern west bengal .\ngreek , mystax = whiskered , used by belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 5\u00b0n - 38\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4833 ) ; max . published weight : 10 . 0 kg ( ref . 4833 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 11 . body elongate and compressed ; head conical ; occipital process narrow . maxillary barbels , in adults , extend posteriorly beyond the caudal fin base , but in young specimen , do not extend beyond the anal fin . dorsal spine weak , often feebly serrated . color is grayish with a more or less well - defined midlateral longitudinal stripe . a dark spot emphasized by a white or pale area along its ventral margin is just anterior to the first dorsal spine . dorsal , adipose and caudal fins shaded with melanophores .\nfound in tidal rivers and lakes ; also beels , canals , ditches , ponds , and inundated fields . its pectoral spine can cause painful wounds ( ref . 4833 ) . found in the basin - wide tributary of the lower mekong ( ref . 36667 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .\ntalwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 2 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . ( ref . 4833 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00603 - 0 . 01443 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 3 , 314 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .\nthe generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another .\neasily adapts to a wide variety of frozen and prepared food in the aquarium . may eat very small fish .\nsmallest 48mm , largest 400mm , average 172mm , most commonly 120mm . all sl .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nomics international organises 3000 + global conferenceseries events every year across usa , europe & asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and publishes 700 + open access journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities , reputed scientists as editorial board members .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2017 plamoottil m . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\n\u00a9 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bagrus cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pimelodus cavasius hamilton , 1822 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pimelodus seengtee sykes , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aoria cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hypselobagrus nigriceps ( peters , 1868 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of macrones cavasius ( hamilton , 1822 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of macrones nigriceps peters , 1868 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\njott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non - profit purposes , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\n. he is working on the phylogeny of catfishes based on classical and molecular techniques .\nis a professor in the department of life sciences , manipur university . his field of specialization is fish and fisheries . he is presently engaged in taxonomy and systematics of freshwater fishes of northeastern india .\nis the director of directorate of coldwater fisheries research ( dcfr ) , bhimtal , uttarakhand ( under icar ) . he is presently engaged in various aspects of coldwater fishery including exploration and documentation of coldwater fishes of india . he is also supervising the\nis a principal scientist in dcfr , bhimtal . his field of specialization is cytogenetics and fish molecular biology . he is presently engaged in the molecular characterization and phylogeny of coldwater fishes of india . he also supervises doctoral and post doctoral research in fish and fisheries .\nad survey , collection , morphometric and anatomic study and phylogeny of catfishes of northeast india ; wv supervision of taxonomy and phylogeny of freshwater fishes of northeastern india ; pcm inventory and cataloguing of coldwater fishes of india ; ab supervise phylogenetic study of coldwater fishes .\nab differential diagnosis , interpretation of the results , comparison with available literature and discuss taxonomic status .\nwe are thankful to heok hee ng for providing us valuable literature required for this study . the first author is grateful to department of biotechnology , government of india for awarding fellowship under dbt - postdoctoral program in biotechnology and life sciences .\n, a new species of bagrid catfish from the headwaters of chindwin drainage in manipur , india , is described here .\nit is distinguished from its congeners in having a unique combination of the following characters : a colour pattern of the body consisting of a distinct dark tympanic spot and three brown stripes separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines , cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process , a long - based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , 16 - 19 gill rakers on the first branchial arch , a slender cleithral process , pectoral spine with 9 - 11 serrations on the posterior edge , eye with a diameter of 16 . 5\u201319 . 8 % hl and prepectoral length 22 . 2\u201326 . 0 % sl .\nthe new species has been compared with its congeners from myanmar and also from northeastern india .\nto have an elongate cranial fontanel reaching up to the base of the occipital process , long maxillary barbel , very long adipose fin , 11\u201330 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37\u201346 total vertebrae , about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions . he included only eight species under the genus .\nmo ( 1991 ) characterized the genus to have a thin needle - like first infraorbital , twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage .\nmanipur state in the northeastern corner of india has two headwaters : that of the brahmaputra basin in the west and of the chindwin in the east .\nfrom the lakes and streams of manipur valley , including the loktak lake ( all headwaters of the chindwin river drainage ) .\nhora ( 1936 ) also collected the species from the brahmaputra basin in nagaland and menon ( 1954 ) from manipur .\nthe species was also reported from the chindwin basin of manipur by menon ( 1953 , 1954 ) , singh & singh ( 1985 ) , vishwanath et al . ( 1998 ) , arunkumar & singh ( 1997 ) and vishwanath\ndorsal fin height was measured from the base of the spinelet to the highest point of the dorsal fin .\nmethods for counting gill rakers and vertebrae follow roberts ( 1992 ) and roberts ( 1994 ) , respectively .\nhora , 1921 : 165\u2013214 ( brief description of specimens from manipur valley , chindwin basin ) .\nsingh & singh , 1985 : 87 ( reported from sekmai & chakpi rivers , manipur ) ; vishwanath et al . 1998 : 323 ( reported from chatrikong river , manipur ) ;\narunkumar & singh , 1997 : 131 ( reported from yu - river in manipur ) ; jayaram & sanyal , 2003 : 42 ( in part , synonymy and description ) .\n12 . viii . 2000 , 7ex . , 87 . 0\u201371 . 6 mm sl , wangoi - ngarian lake , ( chindwin drainage ) , a . drashan ( mumf 9502 / 1 - 9502 / 7 ) ; 08 . ix . 2000 , 4 ex . , 79 . 9\u2013108 . 7 mm sl , khuga river ( chindwin drainage ) , churanchanpur district , k . santa devi ( mumf 9503 / 1 - 9503 / 4 ) ; 02 . xi . 2006 , 14 ex . , 60 . 5\u201386 . 3 mm sl , nambul river at naoremthong , imphal - west district , h . joyshree devi , ( mumf 9504 / 1 - 9504 / 14 ) .\n70 . 2\u201396 . 2 mm sl , iril river at keibi ( chindwin river drainage ) , i . linthoingambi , ( mumf 9505 / 1 - 9505 / 22 ) ; 06 . vi . 1996 , 4 ex . , 83 . 1\u2013104 . 7 mm sl , chatrickong river at sanalok ( chindwin river drainage ) , ukhrul district , k . selim ( mumf 1096\u20131099 ) .\nmorphometric data are shown in table 1 . dorsal profile rising evenly ( at an angle of 20\u201325\nto the horizontal ) from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin then goes almost horizontal to anterior third of adipose fin , then sloping gradually ventrally from there to end of caudal peduncle .\nventral profile roughly straight to end of anal - fin base , then sloping gently dorsally to the end of caudal peduncle .\nanterior cranial fontanel extending from level of posterior nasal opening to posterior orbital margins , separated from posterior fontanel by epiphyseal bar .\nsupraoccipital process long , reaching basal bone of dorsal fin , its base narrow with about one - fifth of its length , distally tapered .\neye ovoid , horizontal axis longest , located entirely in the dorsal half of the head .\ntooth band on vomer continuous across midline and crescentic , slightly broader than premaxillary in middle , tapering posterolaterally , extending to level of lateral end of premaxillary tooth band .\ndentary tooth band separated in the middle by thick skin , tapering laterally on each side , broader than premaxillary and vomerine tooth band at symphysis , length of one side equals lateral span of vomerine tooth band . gill openings wide , free from isthmus . first branchial arch has 16\u201319 gill rakers .\nbarbels in four pairs , maxillary barbel not reaching anal - fin origin , nasal reaching posterior rim of eye , outer mandibular barbel reaching base of pectoral fin and inner mandibular barbel slightly shorter .\ndorsal - fin origin slightly anterior to the middle of the body , with spinelet , spine , and seven branched rays .\ndorsal spine three - fifths to three - fourths of dorsal - fin height , smooth on both edges .\nadipose fin long , spanning most of postdorsal distance , its origin in contact with base of last dorsal - fin ray and deeply incised posterior portion .\npectoral spine backwardly curved with 9\u201311 large posterior serrations and anteriorly rough . pelvic fin short with i\nanal - fin origin inserted at vertical through middle of adipose - fin base , with iii - v , 8\u20139 rays , anterior two simple rays minute , visible in alizarin stained specimens . caudal fin deeply forked with i\nribs : commonly 12 , rarely 11 ; vertebra with 40\u201341 ( 21 + 19 = 40 or 22 + 18 = 40 or 23 + 18 = 41 ) .\ncaudal skeleton composed of five hypural plates ( two on lower and three on upper lobe ) .\ndorsal and ventral lobes of caudal fin with 10 and 11 procurrent rays , respectively .\nmales with long genital papilla reaching to the base of the second branched anal - fin ray .\nin life or freshly dead : dorsal portion of the head and body brownish - grey with greenish reflection ; tympanic spot without distinct margin , with greenish reflection that is more pronounced in the middle ; lateral surface of body silvery with brownish - golden reflection without prominent stripes , ventrally dull white .\nin 10 % formalin : dorsal portion of the head and body brownish - gray , tympanic spot with distinct margin , three brown lateral stripes on body separated by pale longitudinal lines , lower pale longitudinal line about twice as wide as the upper .\nthe specific epithet is derived from the manipuri local name of the fish : \u2018ngasep\u2019 .\nare very similar to the new species in having a long - based adipose fin that contacts the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly and cranial fontanel reaching to the base of the occipital process .\nfrom the chindwin - irrawaddy and ganga - brahmaputra river drainages is given in table 2 .\nin having three brown stripes on the body separated by pale narrow longitudinal lines above and below the lateral line ( vs . a brownish body with a midlateral stripe lacking the pale longitudinal lines ) .\nin having more gill rakers on the first branchial arch ( 16\u201319 vs . 13\u201315 ; table 3 ) , more pectoral - fin rays ( 9\u201310 vs . 7\u20138 ) , more anal - fin rays ( 8\u20139 vs . 6\u20137 ) and a shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0\u2013235 . 0 % hl vs . 247 . 4\u2013345 . 0 ) .\ncollected from the chindwin basin in the indo - burma border in manipur were examined and found to have a long - based adipose fin contacting the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , a cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process and a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .\nvinciguerra\u2019s ( 1890 ) description of the species clearly states the presence of a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .\nlabelled as zsi 781 , collected from prome ( = pyay ) , myanmar . the zsi specimen has all the diagnostic characters of\nand also bears a noticeably darker region at the base of the caudal fin .\nby the absence of a black or dark brown spot at the base of the caudal fin ( vs . spot present ; image 2 ) , shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0\u2013235 . 0 % hl vs . 255 . 3\u2013290 . 2 ) and smaller eye ( eye diameter : 16 . 2\u201319 . 8 % hl vs . 20 . 8\u201323 . 5 ) .\nin having ( vs . lacking ) brown lateral stripes on the body , a shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0\u2013235 . 0 % hl vs . 355 . 8\u2013538 . 0 ) , a lower dorsal fin ( dorsal - fin height : 20 . 8\u201321 . 8 % sl vs . 25 . 7\u201333 . 6 ) and lacking the black spot in front of dorsal spine ( vs . spot present ) .\nin having a longer cranial fontanel reaching the base of the occipital process ( vs . not reaching , but extending up to half the length of supraoccipital bone ) ; adipose - fin base in contact ( vs . not in contact ) with the base of the last dorsal - fin ray anteriorly , and a smooth ( vs . serrated ) dorsal spine .\nfurther differs from the new species in having ( vs . lacking ) a filamentous extension of the upper principle - ray of the caudal fin .\nin having a wider vomerine tooth - band ( as wide as the premaxillary tooth - band vs . about one - third of the premaxillary tooth - band ) , fewer vertebrae ( 41\u201342 vs . 35 ) and lacking ( vs . having ) a black spot at the base of the caudal fin .\nfrom manipur based on five specimens ( 92 . 2\u2013125 . 6 mm sl ) , but they did not provide the exact collection site of the specimens .\nwith a black spot at the base of the caudal fin from our extensive surveys of the brahmaputra river drainage in manipur .\nhowever , we were unable to verify the identity of jayaram & sanyal\u2019s ( 2003 ) material , as we were unable to locate this material for study in the collections of the zoological survey of india in kolkata .\nin having a slender ( vs . broad ) cleithral process , smaller eye ( diameter 16 . 2\u201319 . 8 % hl vs . 20 . 2\u201325 . 9 ) , shorter maxillary barbel ( 200 . 0\u2013235 . 0 % hl vs . 241 . 3\u2013330 . 0 ) , more gill rakers on the first branchial arch ( 16\u201319 vs . 11\u201315 ) , fewer pectoral spine serrations on the posterior edge ( 9\u201311 vs . 11\u201316 ) and longer prepectoral length ( 22 . 2\u201326 . 0 % sl vs . 19 . 5\u201321 . 8 ) and dorsal spine that extends to about three - fifths to three - quarters ( vs . nearly half ) of the fin height .\nin having a narrower base of the supraoccipital process , its width at the base being about one - fifth of its length ( vs . two - fifths to half of its length ) ; more vertebrae ( 40\u201341 vs . 37\u201340 ) , with the closure of the haemal arches appearing from the 12 th \u201314 th ( vs . commonly 11 th or rarely 12 th ) vertebra onwards .\nin having fewer gill rakers ( 16\u201319 vs . 28 ) on the first arch , more vertebrae ( 40\u201341 vs . 36 )\nthin black mid - lateral line connecting the tympanic spot and the black spot at the base of the caudal fin .\nin having a smooth ( vs . with 8\u20139 serrations posteriorly ) dorsal spine , longer adipose - fin base ( 37 . 1\u201344 . 5 % sl vs . 24 . 0\u201331 . 7 ) ,\nfewer gill rakers on the first arch ( 16\u201319 vs . 31\u201342 ) , 11\u201312 ( vs . 8\u20139 ) ribs and 40\u201341 ( vs . 34\u201337 ) vertebrae\nin having more vertebrae ( 40\u201341 vs . 32 ) , a longer adipose - fin base ( 37 . 1\u201344 . 5 % sl vs . 8 . 5\u201311 . 9 ) , vomerine tooth - band continuous ( vs . interrupted in the middle ) , fewer gill rakers on the first arch ( 16\u201319 vs . 23\u201324 ) and lacking ( vs . having ) the coracoid shield below the pectoral fin .\nin having a longer occipital process ( reaching to the basal bone of dorsal fin vs . not reaching ) , origin of adipose - fin base in contact ( vs . not in contact ) with the base of the last dorsal - fin ray , and a smooth ( vs . posteriorly serrated ) dorsal spine .\n: zsi kolkata 1076 ( lectotype ) , 101 . 5mm sl ; india : yamuna river .\nmumf 9521 ( 10 ) , 85 . 6\u2013108 . 3 mm sl ; india : ganga river at patna . mumf 9522 ( 10 ) , 74 . 2\u201398 . 8 mm sl ; india : guwahati : brahmaputra river .\n] , 95mm sl ; burma : prome . mumf 9530 ( 5 ) , 84 . 5\u2013101 . 1 mm sl ; india : manipur : chandel district , moreh market .\n: mumf 9513 ( 10 ) , 74 . 8\u2013109 . 7 mm sl ; india : guwahati : brahmaputra river .\n: mumf 9514 and 9517 ( 9 ) , 96 . 5\u2013206 mm sl ; india : manipur : lokchao river .\nzsi kolkata f 4716 - 19 / 1 ( 4 syntypes ) , 51 . 7\u201355 . 5 mm sl ; burma : bhamo . mumf 1100\u20131105 ( 6 ) , 55 . 8\u201369 . 9 mm sl ; india : manipur : ukhrul district : chatrikong river ( headwater of chindwin river drainage ) .\n: mumf 9520 / 1 - 9520 / 20 ( 20 ) , 67 . 9\u201375 . 7 mm sl ; india : west bengal : kolkata .\nmumf 9523 ( 15 ) , 52 . 1\u201377 . 5 mm sl ; india : brahmaputra river at guwahati .\n: zsi ff4081 ( 1 ) , 47 . 9mm sl ; india : assam : brahmaputra river at guwahati .\nzsi ff4080 ( 1 ) , 42 . 9mm sl ; same data as above .\nmumf 9518 / 1 ( 1 ) , 39 . 0mm sl ; india : assam : brahmaputra river at guwahati .\nmumf 9518 / 3 - 9518 / 10 ( 8 ) , 30 . 2\u201347 . 9 mm sl ; same data as above .\nmumf 9519 / 1 - 9519 / 17 ( 17 ) , 39 . 0\u201347 . 0 mm sl ; same data as above .\nmumf 9531 ( 1 ) , 36 mm sl ; india : assam : ujan bazar , guwahati .\n( hamilton , 1822 ) ( teleostei : bagridae ) , with a description of a new species from myanmar .\nchecklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) and catalogue of siluriform primary types .\nfish and fisheries of manipur with some observations on those of the naga hills .\nanatomy , relationships and systematics of the bagridae ( teleostei : siluroidei ) with a hypothesis of siluroid phylogeny .\non the collection of fishes from tengnoupal district of manipur with some new records .\nnational bureau of fish genetic resources , lucknow , up , india , 264pp .\ncopyright ( c ) 2011 a . darshan , w . vishwanath , p . c . mahanta , a . barat\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ."]}
{"id": 1434, "summary": [{"text": "asterophila japonica is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of three known species within the genus asterophila , the other congeneric species being asterophila perknasteri and asterophila rathbunasteri . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "asterophila japonica", "paragraphs": ["image from randall and heath 1912 : diagram of the external surface of asterophila .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : asterophila japonica ( j . e . randall & h . heath , 1912 ) - id : 1840000000\nsasaki t , muro k , komatsu m . 2007 . anatomy and ecology of the shell - less endoparasitic gastropod asterophila japonica randall and heath , 1912 ( mollusca : eulimidae ) . zoolog sci . 24 ( 7 ) : 700 - 13 .\nsasaki , t . , muro , k . and komatsu , m . , 2007 : anatomy and ecology of the shell - less endoparasitic gastropod asterophila japonica randall and heath , 1912 ( mollusca : eulimidae ) . zoological science , vol . 24 , no . 7 , pp . 700\u2013713 . ( reference no . 0843 )\nwar\u00e9n a . & lewis l . m . ( 1994 ) tho new species of eulimid gastropods endoparasitic in asteroids . the veliger 37 ( 4 ) : 325 - 335 . [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 89 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nmany people know organisms only by the common names , or\nvernacular\nnames . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe concept of morphophysiological regress as one of the main ways to biological progress , as well as its major factors ( the sedentary and parasitic modes of life ) , are discussed . some notions of regressive evolution are critically reviewed . special attention is paid to evolutionary transformations of the nervous system , one of the main integrating factors in the body . all theories of evolutionary progress based on sedentary organisms are demonstrated to be untenable . the entire progressive evolution of metazoa has been related to mobile life . since regressive trends are common in the evolution , the phylogenetic tree of metazoa requires serious revision .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 z . s . kaufman , 2008 , published in izvestiya akademii nauk , seriya biologicheskaya , 2008 , no . 3 , pp . 369\u2013378 .\naleshin , v . v . and petrov , n . b . , molecular evidence for regress in the evolution of metazoa ,\naleshin , v . v . , vladychenskaya , r . s . , and kedrova , o . s . , comparison of 18s ribosomal rna genes in the phylogeny of invertebrates ,\nbazidov , a . a . and lyapkalo , e . v . , the embryonic development of\nbazidov , a . a . , shestakova , k . a . , and lyapkalo , e . v . , on the embryonic development of\nbubko , o . v . and minichev , yu . s . , the nervous system of oweniidae ( polychaeta ) ,\ndobrovol\u2019skii , a . a . and mukhamedov , g . k . , development of trematodes ,\n( ligulidae of the fauna of the soviet union ) , moscow : nauka , 1966 .\n( parasitic worms , mollusks , and arthropods ) , moscow : vysshaya shkola , 1978 .\n( trematodes : their life cycles , biology , and evolution ) , leningrad : nauka , 1968 .\n( electron microscopy of the worm nervous system ) , kazan : kazan . gos . univ . , 1982 .\ngolubev , a . i . , sapaev , e . a . , and gerasimov , n . n . , changes in the ultrastructural organization of neurons of\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1976 , pp . 34\u201335 .\nrandal et heath ) , leningrad : vses . inst . nauchn . tekhn . inform . , 1963 .\ngulyaev , v . a . , development of the main characters of organization and ontogeny of cestoda : 1 . the architectonics and promorphology of the free - living dispersal larva ( hexacanth ) of cestodes ,\n( asexual reproduction of animals ) , leningrad : leningr . gos . univ . , 1977 .\n( evolutionary embryology of animals ) , st . petersburg : nauka , 1995 .\n( essays on the comparative embryology of hymenoptera ) , leningrad : leningr . gos . univ . , 1961 .\n( comparative embryology of invertebrates : protozoa and lower metazoa ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1975 .\nivanova - kazas , o . m . , characteristics of the embryogenesis of ichneumonids related to parasitism ,\nivanova - kazas , o . m . , on the origin of spiral cleavage ,\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1979 , pp . 25\u201333 .\n( evolution of reproduction and sex ) , petrozavodsk : karel\u2019sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 1993 , vol . 1 .\n( a brief review of the evolution of coelenterata ) , petrozavodsk : karel\u2019sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 1990 .\n( sedentary mode of life ) , petrozavodsk : karel\u2019sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 2000 .\n( porifera and cnidaria ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1988 , pp . 80\u201385 .\n( porifera and cnidaria ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1988 , pp . 24\u201334 .\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1979 , pp . 34\u201338 .\n( the role of polymerization and oligomerization in evolution ) , leningrad : nauka , 1977 , pp . 39\u201341 .\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1976 , pp . 33\u201334 .\nkrasnoshchekov , g . p . , helminth specialization : progress or regress . ,\nkulikovskaya , o . p . and demshin , n . i . , the origin and phylogenetic relationships of caryophyllidea ( cestoda ) , in\n( problems of hydroparasitology ) , kiev : naukova dumka , 1978 , pp . 95\u2013104 .\nkuznetsov , a . p . and shileiko , a . a . , on gutless protobranchia ( bivalvia ) ,\n( modern evolutionary morphology ) , kiev : naukova dumka , 1991 , pp . 195\u2013213 .\nmartindale , m . q . and henry , j . q . , intracellular fate mapping in a basal metazoa , the ctenophore\noshmarin , p . g . and stepanov , o . i . , types of metamery in cestodes , ways of its formation , and its biological role ,\n( the biology and taxonomy of far eastern helminths ) , vladivostok : dal\u2019nevost . otd . akad . nauk sssr , 1981 , pp . 101\u2013106 .\n( parasitological review ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1964 , vol . 24 , pp . 208\u2013219 .\n( selected works : pathways and trends of evolutionary progress ) , moscow : nauka , 1983 .\n( cybernetic problems of biology ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1968b , pp . 157\u2013182 .\n( morphological trends of evolution ) , moscow : akad . nauk sssr , 1939 .\n( biological progress and the essence of genetic recombinations ) , moscow : nauka , 1992 .\nkaufman , z . s . biol bull russ acad sci ( 2008 ) 35 : 318 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( c ) 2008 - 2016 . the university museum , the university of tokyo .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 2 . 5 license .\nreferences : randall , j . and h . heath 1912 . asterophilla , a new genus of parasitic gastropods . biol . bull . 22 ( 2 ) : 98 - 106 .\ndiane a . kelly diane kelly is a senior research fellow at the university of massachusetts , amherst , where she studies the neural wiring and mechanical engineering of reproductive systems .\njames l . cambias jim cambias writes science fiction and designs games in the lonely wilderness of western massachusetts ."]}
{"id": 1449, "summary": [{"text": "the pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) is a species of neotropical cuckoo in the subfamily neomorphinae of the cuculidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to central and south america where it occurs in lowland tropical forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "pheasant cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["hunterstyle hand carved cuckoo clock with very carefullyl handcrafted dear , rabbit and pheasant .\npheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .\nrombach and haas 1 day black forest pheasant top cuckoo clock 1207 - all about time , inc .\nclick the button below to add the rombach and haas 1 day black forest pheasant top cuckoo clock 1207 to your wish list .\nthe pheasant coucal is the only australian cuckoo to build its own nest . it also lives and nests on the ground , unlike other cuckoos .\nthe pheasant cuckoo ranges from southern mexico to argentina , throughout forested regions of central america and the middle and southern amazon basin . in panama , the pheasant cuckoo can be found along the pacific slope and canal area . uncommon and local , its true distribution is not well known due to its highly secretive behaviors .\nrange : the pheasant cuckoo is found from s mexico to panama , colombia , venezuela , the guianas , ecuador , brazil and amazonian peru , and then , in bolivia , paraguay and n argentina .\nthe pheasant cuckoo is a terrestrial species , but it flies well and quickly , and even silently during the territorial displays . nothing is known about migrations but this species is probably resident in its range .\nthis phase lasts 2 - 15 seconds or longer , according to the type of prey . then , the pheasant cuckoo starts a new sequence \u201cbob - rush - peck\u201d . it may forage for several hours every day .\nthe pheasant cuckoo female lays a dull white or pale buff egg with some rufous spots in the nest of the chosen host while this one is absent . the host species will provide parental care to egg and chick until the young bird becomes independent . the young cuckoo probably ejects host\u2019s eggs and / or chicks from the nest .\nwhen the cuckoo nestling hatches , it instinctively pushes the other eggs and nestlings out of the nest .\ncommon cuckoo is not the only brood parasite in the family . some tropical american species , such as striped cuckoo and pheasant cuckoo , also lay eggs in the nests of other birds . and so do yellow - billed and black - billed cuckoos \u2014 sometimes . while yellow - billed cuckoo normally raises its own young , it lays eggs in the nests of other birds surprisingly often . other yellow - billed or black - billed cuckoos are the most frequent hosts , but it has been known to target at least 10 other species , from robins to cardinals .\nthe pheasant cuckoo is rare and difficult to see as it does not move much and remains inconspicuous . it favors terra firme forests and is known to range at elevations of up to 1000 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in\nhabitat : the pheasant cuckoo frequents the understorey of the tropical lowland evergreen forest , but it also can be found in river - edge forest and tropical deciduous forest . this species can be seen from sea - level up to 1600 metres of elevation .\nthe pheasant coucal feeds on the ground on large insects , frogs , lizards , eggs and young of birds and , sometimes , small mammals .\nprotection / threats / status : the pheasant cuckoo has wide range , but the species is affected by changes and fragmentation of its habitat . however , it also benefits from new suitable habitat due to degradation of some areas . with its secretive and solitary behaviour , this species appears uncommon , rare or local . the global population was placed in the band 50 , 000 / 499 , 999 individuals in 2008 . it is suspected to be increasing . but currently , the pheasant cuckoo is evaluated as least concern .\nthe pheasant coucal is a large , long - tailed , pheasant - like cuckoo which occurs in northern and eastern australia , as well as southern new guinea and timor - leste . unlike most species of cuckoos , the pheasant coucal builds its own nest , a shallow platform of sticks and grass , into which it lays between two and five white eggs . the young coucals are fed by both sexes , but the male parent does most of the feeding , providing the nestlings with small vertebrates , such as frogs , and grasshoppers and other insects .\n) in appearance and mannerisms , apparently frightening the potential host and allowing the cuckoo to approach the nest unmolested .\nthe female has a rich bubbling chuckle , but the male ' s call is the very familiar\ncuckoo\n.\npheasant cuckoo foraging behavior , with notes on habits and possible social organization in panama pdf from researchgate by kathryn e . sieving - journal of field ornithology , 1990 department of ecology , ethology and evolution university of illinois shelford vivarium 606 east healey st . champaign , illinois 61820 usa\nthe cuckoo call on half and full hours , the music plays on the full hour whereas the hand painted figurerines dancing .\nwhen perched , usually in the open at the top of a tree , the cuckoo drops its wings below the level of its tail , as in the photograph . the best places to see cuckoo are grassland , reed beds , and edges of woodland .\nthis is the first record of pheasant cuckoo from bci in decades ! it is one of the large - bodied wet forest birds that famously disappeared a few decades after lago gatun ( in which bci is situated ) was created . presumably this same bird was present for 2 years after its initial discovery .\nin flight , the cuckoo can be easily mistaken for a sparrowhawk or kestrel , because it has swept - back wings and long tail . however , sparrowhawks do not have pointed wings like the cuckoo , and the kestrel is streaked and not barred on the underparts .\nthe cuckoo is a brood parasite , it lays its eggs in other birds ' nests and leaves the host birds to incubate and rear its young . dunnocks , robins and meadow pipits are frequent host birds . each female cuckoo specialises in using a particular host species and will lay eggs with similar markings to the host bird ' s eggs , and the young cuckoo will imitate the begging calls of the host ' s chicks .\nmimicry , in which the cuckoo egg resembles that of the host , thus minimizing rejection by the host ; removal of one or more host eggs by the adult cuckoo , reducing both the competition from host nestlings and the danger of recognition by the host that an egg has been added to the nest ; and nest - mate ejection , in which the young cuckoo heaves from the nest the host\u2019s eggs and nestlings . some species of\npheasant coucals have benefited from land clearing where weedy thickets have grown up , especially of blackberry or lantana . however have been adversely affected by widening urban development and where overgrazing by livestock has occurred .\npheasant cuckoo rattling sounds during foraging . these sounds apparently are produced by vibration of the wing and tail feathers , and vocalization . these sounds accompany body , wing and tail movements that apparently function in flushing potential prey . then the typical song : two introductory whistles of successive higher pitch followed by a trill ( whee whee wheerr - rr ) .\ngenerally , if you hear a cuckoo singing you will probably not see it until it stops singing , which is when it flies away from its song post .\n\u2026two very distinct families , the cuckoo s ( cuculidae ) and the hoatzin ( opisthocomidae ) . family cuculidae is the much larger group , containing about 140 species of cuckoo s , roadrunners , coucals , couas , malkohas , guiras , and anis ; cuculids are found in the tropical and temperate zones of all the continents\na large ' pheasant - like ' , ground - dwelling cuckoo , the pheasant coucal has a long tail and short rounded wings . in its breeding plumage , it has a black head , neck and underbody with the upperparts and wings reddish - brown with black and cream barring and the black tail is barred orange . out of breeding , the head and back return to a reddish chestnut colour and the underparts are cinnamon brown , with all streaked boldly white . the eye is red . sexes are similar in plumage , but females are larger than males . young birds look like paler , non - breeding adults with orange spots on the head , neck and upper body . when disturbed , coucals run rather than fly , or fly clumsily , plunging into cover . unlike most other cuckoos , the pheasant coucal is not a nest parasite .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . pheasant cuckoo ( dromococcyx phasianellus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season may vary according to the range , but the male sings from march to august in mexico and from april to july in panama . the pheasant cuckoo is a brood parasite , and its hosts are typically passerines which make covered , domed nests . this type of nest is that of tyrannid flycatchers of genera tolmomyias , myiozetetes , rhynchocyclus , fluvicola and thamnophilus .\ncuckoos belong to the family cuculidae , well known for parasitic behaviour where they lay their eggs in other nests and leave the chick rearing to other birds . not all of them practice this parasitic behaviour . in australia the pheasant coucal and the brush cuckoos build their own nests . the channel - bill cuckoo and the koel mostly use black and white birds to rear their young . it is not uncommon to see a channel - billed cuckoo following crows or a common koel with peewees . the smaller cuckoos are known to use host nests from wrens , thornbills , warblers and honeyeaters .\npheasant cuckoos also have some other interesting behaviors . males are territorial , and in response to singing males , they will raise their head and crest , puff out their breast feathers , partially extend their wings and arch their tail coverts . even more interesting , the pheasant cuckoo has a unique , stylized foraging behavior . it descends to the ground , walks in the leaf litter and produces rattling sounds by vibrating its wings , body and tail feathers , as well as bill clapping . it bobs its body then lunges forward , taking several short steps , picking at insects among the leaf litter . it feeds on arthropods and small vertebrates such as lizards . it is also known to eat small nestling birds .\nthis charming and inexpensive cuckoo clock is one of our most popular models . the leaves and birds are hand carved from solid linden wood . when the clock strikes the hour or half - hour the door opens , a cuckoo appears and calls along with the clock ' s gong strike . at the same time , the two birds below move to feed the baby chicks in the nest .\nbehaviour in the wild : the pheasant cuckoo feeds on large insects such as grasshoppers , cicadas and beetles , but it also takes small lizards and nestling birds . the foraging behaviour of this species involves sounds and feather movements , probably used to flush the preys hidden in the vegetal cover and the leaf litter . a low rattle is produced by wing and tail feather vibration and bill - clapping . other fluttering noises are also heard during the distinct phases of the foraging behaviour .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the pheasant cuckoo utters melancholy whistles \u201cse - s\u00e9e - werrrrrr\u201d with quavering note at the end . sometimes , the terminal trill is lacking in the song . it also gives series of \u201csah , she - si - see\u201d notes rising in pitch . it often sings from elevated perch , usually outside the thick vegetal cover . other calls such as rattles , clucking and growling can be produced too , especially while searching for preys on the ground .\n. the pheasant cuckoo is overall gray with a pale belly . the throat and breast are brownish with dark specks . it has a pale superciliary line from the base of the culmen to the nape , and a rufous crest . the tail is long , broad , and graduated . it has extremely long and ornate rump feathers and uppertail coverts . it forages on the ground where it extends the wings and tail to flush insects before it chases and catches them . it is very similar to the\n, any of numerous birds of the family cuculidae ( order cuculiformes ) . the name usually designates some 60 arboreal members of the subfamilies cuculinae and phaenicophaeinae . in western europe \u201ccuckoo , \u201d without modifiers , refers to the most\n. . . bornean ground - cuckoo carpococcyx radiatus a widespread endemic , occurring in low densities ( long & collar 2002 ; mann 2008 ; payne 2005 ) . this species was heard at pj in 2005 . . . .\nthe family cuculidae is worldwide , found in temperate and tropical regions but is most diverse in the old world tropics . cuculids tend to be shy inhabitants of thick vegetation , more often heard than seen . many species are named for the sounds they make\u2014e . g . , brain - fever bird ( a hawk cuckoo , cuculus varius ) , koel ( eudynamys scolopacea ) , and cuckoo itself , the latter two names being imitations of the bird\u2019s song .\nthe pheasant cuckoo can be aggressive in territorial behaviour . a male responds to other singing male with strutting displays . head and crest are raised , the breast feathers are puffed out , and primaries and alula are partially extended to display the white spots while the uppertail - coverts are raised and argued . they make frequent pauses on logs and trees , while briefly gaining height over one another . after several minutes , the first male comes to the ground while the second male flies away from the area . other types of threat displays may occur .\nsince the early 1980s , the numbers of cuckoos has been in decline and this may be because the populations of some key host species , such as dunnock and meadow pipit , have also declined . consequently , the cuckoo is now red list species .\nthe pheasant coucal prefers dense understorey vegetation , particularly grasses , rushes , bracken and sedges , in open forests and woodlands , and around wetlands . often found in sugar cane plantations near wetlands , on farmlands with thick grasses and weed - infested thickets , such as lantana . often seen in parks , gardens and along roads or railway lines .\ncaterpillars and other insects such as beetles and ants form the major part of the cuckoo ' s diet . many of the caterpillars are the hairy or brightly coloured poisonous ones , but their digestive system is specially adapted to cope with the hairs and toxins .\npheasant cuckoos inhabit lowland tropical forest , and can be found in dense thickets , secondary growth forest and borders up to 1200 meters . rarely seen , they are vocal and are often heard . their call is similar to that of striped cuckoo , two clear notes followed by a quavering third note or sequence of two or three quick short notes . they call ventriloquially from branches in the lower and middle levels of the forest , in dense cover , and are often difficult to detect . in panama , they call most frequently from mid - april to july , during the onset of the wet season .\nthis clock is hand made in the black forest in germany . the mechanical brass movement is driven by two weights and time escapes with the tick of a traditional pendulum . the cuckoo call sound is made by two wooden whistles with bellows inside the clock case .\n, found in all of the cuculinae and three species of phaenicophaeinae . it consists of laying the eggs singly in the nests of certain other bird species to be incubated by the foster parents , who rear the young cuckoo . among the 47 species of cuculines , various\n. . . bornean ground - cuckoo carpococcyx radiatus borneo - endemic we heard this elusive species calling once on 15 march in the traditional forest at pinang jatus . glpf is a new locality for this species ( long & collar 2002 ; mann 2008 ) . . . .\nthe european cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) is a brood parasite ; i . e . , it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds , which act as foster parents for the young cuckoos . the most frequent foster parents are various species of small songbirds . although the\u2026\nthe pheasant coucal is found in northern and eastern australia , as well as new guinea and east timor . it is found from the pilbara , western australia , to south - eastern new south wales . in new south wales it is mainly found east of the great dividing range from the queensland border to the southern hunter region , with some around sydney and further south to illawarra .\nwhen i was a boy , i used to hear cuckoos calling at summertime , but that is nearly 30 years ago and now they are essentially never heard . that said , on 8 th july 2006 , a cuckoo was heard calling at least 3 times , which was a real delight .\npheasant coucals form lasting pairs and , unlike other australian cuckoos , build their own nests and raise their young themselves . the nest is usually hidden in thick grass or sugar cane or in weedy thickets and is a platform of sticks , grass or rushes , lined with leaves and grasses . the male usually incubates the eggs and feeds the young , with the female helping with feeding . more than one clutch can be laid in one season .\n. . . the total number of records is low but still considerably higher than in any previous study . both species are rarely seen and , islandwide , the total number of recent ( 1992\u20132002 ) localities number only nine and thirteen for bornean groundcuckoo and bornean peacock - pheasant , respectively ( collar et al . , 2001 ; long & collar , 2002 ; s . van balen , pers . comm ; gmf , unpubl . . . .\ncontributing editor kenn kaufman provides tips for identifying birds in every issue of birdwatching . in june 2014 , he tells what to look for to identify yellow - billed cuckoo \u2014 and to tell it from similar - looking black - billed and mangrove cuckoos . he also offers this interesting description of the yellow - billed\u2019s unusual breeding habits :\n. . . habitat : lumadan : mature rubber , new plantations , swamp , and dipterocarp forest . lumbidan : circumstantial evidence from specimens indicates peatswamp forest ( hooked - billed bulbul and grey - breasted babbler ) and lowland , riverine forest ( bornean ground cuckoo ) ( long and collar 2002 banks ( 1982 , pers . comm . ) . . .\n. . . low obtained a few birds along the menggalong river as well . among birds collected in 1899 was bornean ground cuckoo ( long and collar 2002 ) . it is home to two of the most habitat - specific bird species in the state , hook - billed bulbul and white - throated babbler ( sheldon 1987 , holmes andwall 1989 ) . . . .\n. . . comm . ) . most of the bornean ground - cuckoo vocalizations we heard are described in detail by long & collar ( 2002 ) , although we do not always share their interpretation of the function of the calls . the vocalization of bornean peacock - peasant has been described as a harsh loud double ' cack - cack ' ( r . s\u00f6zer , pers . . . .\n. . . reports from ksnp have found that amongst hunters and bird - trappers the sumatran ground cuckoo was not well known ( holden 1997 ) , possibly because this species is rare and therefore difficult to find or because it has an unpleasant taste and is therefore not targeted ( long and collar 2002 ) . however , the other terrestrial bird species recorded in this study may be more vulnerable to poaching . . . .\nyoung yellow - billed cuckoos develop with amazing speed . the eggs hatch after only 9 - 11 days of incubation , and the young may be ready to leave the nest 8 days later , even though not full - grown then . ( for comparison , a robin\u2019s incubation period is 12 - 14 days , and the young usually fledge in about 13 days . ) obviously , rapid development is an advantage for a brood parasite , since the cuckoo\u2019s egg is laid later than those of the host , and the young bird must catch up to be fed by the foster parents . \u2014 kenn kaufman\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\ncamp site sepriato2 , cusco , coordinates - 11 . 49 , - 72 . 47\nbird not seen but heared clearly for about 1 hour . for sure it was perched inside the bushes , about 50 m from my position .\nthe area presents very dense rainforest , with old trees , and some human intervention .\nthis bird sang two songs at about 10 : 15 and at about 10 : 25 , evidently from the ground . at 10 : 28 , i played two songs from xc83089 and within 10 seconds he flew in , landed on a branch about 5 m from the ground , and sang . after the five songs in this recording , he flew over our heads , landed in the forest farther away , and sang about eight more songs . between the third and fourth songs , i spliced - in some time from another part of the recording to replace talking by some people .\nsame bird as dropha06 . within 3 m of the ground in humid forest . reference : cxlviiia 51 - 66 ( dropha7 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nwithin 3 m of the ground in humid forest . reference : cxlviiia 39 - 47 ( dropha6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 167 side b track 21 seq . b )\nrecording not modified . cloud forest el jaguar . bird singing at 10 m from the ground .\nsinging from 2 - 3m above the ground in reasonably open understory adjacent to the road .\nclose bird in primary forest at the edge of the lost world complex after playback of xc126037 .\nextended cut . playback had been used , but bird did not seem to respond to it . habitat is advanced secondary forest , in a more open area with a watercourse .\nsame bird and session as xc123210 . natural song . habitat is advanced secondary forest , in a more open area with a watercourse .\nnatural song . signal improves through recording . habitat is advanced secondary forest , in a more open area with a watercourse .\nnatural vocalization ; songs from a bird perched mid - way up tall trees in dense gallery forest . after the first few song strophes it switches song types for the rest of the cut .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ns mexico ( guerrero and veracruz to yucat\u00e1n and chiapas ) to panama , colombia , venezuela , the guianas , ecuador , brazil and amazonian peru , then on to bolivia , paraguay and n argentina .\n33\u201341 cm ; male 78\u2013100 g , female 86\u00b78\u201398\u00b71 g . adult small - headed , thin - necked , dark brown above with scaly feathers , short rufous crest , white . . .\nmelancholy whistles , \u201cse - s\u00e9e - werrrrrr\u201d , final note quavering ; also a four - note . . .\ntropical lowland evergreen forest , flooded tropical evergreen forest , tropical deciduous forest , . . .\nbreeds apr\u2013jun in oaxaca . brood - parasitic : hosts are birds laying in open or covered nests , include tyrant - flycatchers ( eye - ringed . . .\nnot globally threatened . widespread , but uncommon to rare and local ; secretive and solitary behaviour make it difficult to assess numbers and relative abundance , but species . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\npresumed territorial threat display from a male . i was between two ( apparent ) males engaged in the same behavior .\ni spent a lot of time looking for this magnificent bird , but at the end i had great moments with him .\nthis wonderful bird show up for our group during our quick visit to chapada dos guimar\u00e3es .\ndave jackson , herve jacob , yo\u00ebl jimenez , jacob . wijpkema , mauricio rueda , leonardo r . deconto , michael retter , josep del hoyo .\noctavio rios , diego calderon - colombia birding , edson endrigo , gleboff31 , ken havard , arthur grosset , mauricio rueda , richardgreenhalgh031 , ciro albano , manakin nature tours , dave irving , dusan m . brinkhuizen .\npeter boesman , leonardo r . deconto , josep del hoyo , mauricio rueda , ciro albano .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dromococcyx phasianellus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ndeep , hollow ' oop - oop - oop - oop ' ; also a metallic tapping call .\nmedium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )\n, but is distinguished by a larger size , mostly gray head and neck , and black spots on the breast .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe adult has dark sooty brown upperparts . scapulars and wing - coverts have pale - edged feathers involving scaled effect . the flight feathers are dark greyish - brown . rump and uppertail - coverts are dark greyish - olive , with small white tips to uppertail - coverts . the long , graduated tail is dark greyish - brown with narrow white terminal band . the underparts are white , but the breast is mostly whitish - buff with dark brown streaks and spots . axillaries and underwing - coverts are white , but the flight feathers and the tail are greyish - brown .\non the head , there is a short , rufous crest on the sooty brown crown . we can see a white eye stripe , indistinct on lores but conspicuous in postocular area . ear - coverts are dark brown , whereas the malar stripe is whitish . the bill is blackish above and greyish below . the eyes are yellowish , surrounded by bare , yellow - green eyering . lores are bluish - green to greenish - grey . long legs and feet are greyish - brown . the feet are zygodactyl with two toes backwards and two toes forwards . both sexes are similar .\nthe juvenile resembles adult but sides of head and upper breast are washed buff , and streaks and spots are absent . crown and crest are dull greyish - brown . wings , tail and uppertail - coverts show reduced white tips . the eyes are dark brown .\nthe first phase or \u201cbob\u201d shows the bird on the ground . its body , wings and tail are bobbing up and down . the tail is fanned and brushes gently the leaf litter . after a short pause , the second phase or \u201crush\u201d shows the bird running forwards in several short , quick steps . the head is outstretched and low . the wings , and especially primaries and alula , are extended out and downwards below the body - level , and flick forwards intermittently . bill - clapping can be heard and the fluttery rattle noise is increasing throughout the \u201crush\u201d . the bird stops abruptly after 1 - 2 seconds , ceasing both noise and movement . the third phase or \u201cpeck\u201d shows the foraging bird pecking in the leaf litter , capturing some preys and searching for invertebrates on the ground while walking .\nlittle is known about the courtship displays of this species , but we can suggest that they are fairly similar to the previous displays , in order to enhance the long , white - tipped wing and tail feathers while the crest is raised . but usually , the pair - bonds are not very strong between the mates .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 961 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe adult birds usually have blue - grey head , breast and upperparts , and horizontal barring on the underparts and white spots and tips on the tail . however , the female also exists as a rare rufous\nhepatic\nmorph , so instead of being grey it is red - brown . the eyes and legs are yellow and the slightly curved bill is horn - coloured .\njuveniles are similar to the rufous female , but with a white patch on the nape .\nthe female will also sometimes eat the eggs and nestlings of the host bird ( see nesting ) .\nthey are a summer migrant , arriving around april and returning to central and southern africa from mid - july to august . the juveniles follow in august and september .\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn\u2019t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia\u2019s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nwant to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia\u2019s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia\u2019s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia\u2019s birds .\nour policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia\u2019s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\ncuculids range in length from about 16 cm ( 6 . 5 inches ) in the glossy cuckoos (\n) to about 90 cm ( 36 inches ) in the larger ground cuckoos . most are coloured in drab grays and browns , but a few have striking patches of rufous ( reddish ) or white , and the glossy cuckoos are largely or partially shining\non their backs and wings . with the exception of a few strongly migratory species , most cuckoos are short - winged . all have long ( sometimes extremely long ) , graduated tails , usually with the individual feathers tipped with white . the legs vary from medium to rather long ( in the terrestrial forms ) and the feet are\n; i . e . , the outer toe is reversed , pointing backward . the bill is rather stout and somewhat downcurved .\n( lizard cuckoos ) . the 13 old world phaenicophaeine species are divided among nine genera .\nthe phaenicophaeine cuckoos build flimsy stick nests in low vegetation . both parents share in incubation and feeding the young .\n\u2026two very distinct families , the cuckoos ( cuculidae ) and the hoatzin ( opisthocomidae ) . family cuculidae is the much larger group , containing about 140 species of cuckoos , roadrunners , coucals , couas , malkohas , guiras , and anis ; cuculids are found in the tropical and temperate zones of all the continents\u2026\nin certain parasitic species of cuckoos , the females are divided into groups , or gentes , each of which lays eggs with a colour and pattern unlike those of the other groups . the females of each group usually select a particular species as the host , and , more often than not , the eggs\u2026\n\u2026group of songbirds parasitized by cuckoos that has developed the most divergent egg - colour patterns ; the group of estrildine finches parasitized by whydahs that has developed particular gape patterns ; and among the cleaner wrasses the species labroides dimidiatus mimicked by the blenny aspidontus that develops into many different local races . \u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nlocal breeding populations of yellow - billed cuckoos can vary from year to year . they may concentrate where populations of tent caterpillars , cicadas , or other large insects have exploded . there\u2019s some evidence that the cuckoos may lay more eggs during such times of abundance and may be more likely to leave the \u201cextra\u201d eggs in the nests of other birds .\nkenn kaufman is naturalist , artist , conservationist , speaker , and author of many books , including the kaufman field guide series and the beloved memoir kingbird highway . in august 2013 he was elected a fellow of the american ornithologists\u2019 union . his column \u201cid tips , \u201d featuring the photographs of brian e . small , appears in every issue of birdwatching . the article above is an excerpt of a column that ran in our june 2014 issue . subscribe .\nlearn how the birds of cozumel were affected by hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 .\na bird born to run , the greater roadrunner can outrace a human , kill a rattlesnake , and thrive in the harsh landscapes of the desert southwest . roadrunners reach two feet from sturdy bill to white tail tip , with a bushy blue - black crest and mottled plumage that blends well with dusty shrubs . as they run , they hold their lean frames nearly parallel to the ground and rudder with their long tails . they have recently extended their range eastward into missouri and louisiana .\nthe best way to find greater roadrunners is to travel along quiet roads in open country , particularly arid grasslands and low deserts . seeing one is usually a surprise , as the bird darts out of shrub cover or across a road\u2014so keep your eyes peeled . roadsides often teem with roadrunner prey lizards and snakes basking in the open or mice and birds drawn to seed - bearing plants . on the edges of its range , the greater roadrunner can be quite scarce and very hard to find . listen for their dovelike , low - pitched , cooing , which they usually give from an elevated perch .\nfor a generation of americans , the familiar \u201cbeep , beep\u201d of warner brothers\u2019 cartoon roadrunner was the background sound of saturday mornings . despite the cartoon character\u2019s perennial victories over wile e . coyote , real - life coyotes present a real danger . the mammals can reach a top speed of 43 miles an hour\u2014more than twice as fast as roadrunners .\nroadrunners have evolved a range of adaptations to deal with the extremes of desert living . like seabirds , they secrete a solution of highly concentrated salt through a gland just in front of each eye , which uses less water than excreting it via their kidneys and urinary tract . moisture - rich prey including mammals and reptiles supply them otherwise - scarce water in their diet . both chicks and adults flutter the unfeathered area beneath the chin ( gular fluttering ) to dissipate heat .\ngreater roadrunners eat poisonous prey , including venomous lizards and scorpions , with no ill effect , although they\u2019re careful to swallow horned lizards head - first with the horns pointed away from vital organs . roadrunners can also kill and eat rattlesnakes , often in tandem with another roadrunner : as one distracts the snake by jumping and flapping , the other sneaks up and pins its head , then bashes the snake against a rock . if it\u2019s is too long to swallow all at once , a roadrunner will walk around with a length of snake still protruding from its bill , swallowing it a little at a time as the snake digests .\nbased on banding records , the oldest roadrunner was at least 7 years old .\nroadrunners hold a special place in native american and mexican legends and belief systems . the birds were revered for their courage , strength , speed , and endurance . the roadrunner\u2019s distinctive x - shaped footprint\u2014with two toes pointing forward and two backward\u2014are used as sacred symbols by pueblo tribes to ward off evil . the x shape disguises the direction the bird is heading , and is thought to prevent evil spirits from following .\nto use all the features on this shop , javascript must be enabled in your browser .\nby visiting this website , you agree to our use of cookies . so we can improve the service to you . accept and close\nreplace their habitat \u2013 plant a shrub or a bush not just a tree ! trees need to connect to enable safe passage for the birds . any open area makes them vulnerable to be attacked by natural predators , like kookaburras , hawks , falcons , snakes , owls and the introduced predators such as cats , dogs , foxes or indian mynas .\nbe a responsible companion animal guardian . keep your cat inside or in a cat enclosure . always supervise your dog \u2013 especially during spring and summer and den your dog at night .\nyou can help by keeping your rubbish in a bin where black and white birds can\u2019t get at it . firstly because they forage in it inadvertently getting it caught around their feet , body or beaks , and secondly they use it as nesting material . basically they will use string , twine , wire , wool , netting , basically any material they can find to build a nest . when the chicks grow up in the nest , their feet and legs often get entwined in this string . many of these birds become attached to the nest and the tree branch . they are tethered to the nest like on a lead and when they fledge ( try to leave the nest to fly ) they are either totally unable to leave or injured and deformed rendering them unable to forage , perch and therefore live a healthy life ."]}
{"id": 1451, "summary": [{"text": "turbonilla argentina is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was formerly placed in the genus in eulimella , but a study published in november 2011 in zootaxa , concluded that it did not belong there . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "turbonilla argentina", "paragraphs": [", archangelsky , miguel ( argentina ) & torres , patricia l . m . ( argentina )\neulimella schlumbergeri ( dautzenberg & fischer , 1896 ) : synonym of turbonilla schlumbergeri dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896\nantoniazzi , leandro r . ( argentina ) - see couri , m\u00e1rcia s . ( brazil ) , antoniazzi , leandro r . ( argentina ) , beldomenico , pablo ( argentina ) & quiroga , martin ( argentina )\nachiorno , c . ( argentina ) - see zanca , f . ( argentina ) , schmidt - rhaesa , a . ( germany ) , de villalobos , c . ( argentina ) & achiorno , c . ( argentina )\nalvarez , leopoldo j . ( argentina ) - see abrahamovich , alberto h . ( argentina ) , lucia , mariano ( argentina ) , alvarez , leopoldo j . ( argentina ) & smith , david r . ( usa )\nturbonilla is a large genus of ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .\nalberico , natalia a . ( argentina ) - see cristales , pedro a . ( brazil ) , roccatagliata , daniel ( argentina ) & alberico , natalia a . ( argentina )\nardohain , diego ( argentina ) see - rossi , gustavo . , claps , maria & ardohain , diego ( argentina )\nazpelicueta , mar\u00eda de las m . ( argentina ) - see almir\u00f3n , adriana e . ( argentina ) , casciotta , jorge r . ( argentina ) , azpelicueta , mar\u00eda de las m . ( argentina ) & loureiro , marcelo ( uruguay )\narbino , manuel o . ( argentina ) - see rubio , gonzalo d . & arbino , manuel o . ( argentina )\nardohain , diego m . ( argentina ) - see muz\u00f3n , anal\u00eda garr\u00e9 javier & ardohain , diego m . ( argentina )\navila , l . ( argentina ) - see de la cruz , k . d . ( usa ) , morando , m . ( argentina ) & avila , l . ( argentina )\nacosta , luis e . ( argentina ) - see rubio , gonzalo d . ( argentina ) , rodrigues , everton n . l . ( brazil ) & acosta , luis e . ( argentina )\naschero , v . ( argentina ) - see erwin , t . l . ( usa ) & aschero , v . ( argentina )\naquino , daniel a . ( argentina ) - see triapitsyn , serguei v . ( usa ) & aquino , daniel a . ( argentina )\nalmir [ n , walter ricardo ( argentina ) - see laurito , magdalena . , almir\u00f3n , walter ricardo & rossi , gustavo carlos ( argentina )\narchangelsky , miguel ( argentina ) - see torres , patricia l . m . , michat , mariano c . & archangelsky , miguel ( argentina )\narias , federico ( argentina ) - see sanabria , eduardo . , quiroga , lorena . , arias , federico & cortez , ricardo ( argentina )\nagnolin , federico l . ( argentina ) - see ezcurra , mart\u00edn d . , agnolin , federico l . & novas , fernando e . ( argentina )\nenrique gonz\u00e1lez olazo ( argentina ) , and maurice j . tauber ( usa )\nazpelicueta , mar\u00eda de las mercedes ( argentina ) - see aguilera , gast\u00f3n . , mirande , juan marcos & azpelicueta , mar\u00eda de las mercedes ( argentina )\namedegnato , c . ( france ) - see cigliano , m . m . ( argentina ) , amedegnato , c . ( france ) , pocco , m . e . ( argentina ) & lange , c . e . ( argentina )\narchangelsky , miguel ( argentina ) - see alarie , yves ( canada ) , michat , mariano c . ( argentina ) , nilsson , anders n . ( sweden ) , archangelsky , miguel ( argentina ) & hendrich , lars ( germany )\narchangelsky , m . ( argentina ) - see alarie , y . ( canada ) , michat , m . c . ( argentina ) , archangelsky , m . ( argentina ) & barber - james , h . m . ( south africa )\nabdala , c . s . ( argentina ) - see laspiur , a . , acosta , j . c . & abdala , c . s . ( argentina )\nacosta , j . c . ( argentina ) - see laspiur , a . , acosta , j . c . & abdala , c . s . ( argentina )\narchangelsky , m . ( argentina ) - see torres , p . l . m . , michat , m . c . & archangelsky , m . ( argentina )\nalmir [ n , walter ricardo ( argentina ) - see stein , marina . , laurito , magdalena . , rossi , gustavo carlos & almir\u00f3n , walter ricardo ( argentina )\nabdala , c . s . ( argentina ) - see quinteros , a . s . , abdala , c . s . & lobo , f . j . ( argentina )\nansaldi , m . j . ( argentina ) - see ram\u00edrez , m . j . , ansaldi , m . j . & puglisi , a . f . ( argentina )\nacosta , luis e . ( argentina ) - see florez , eduardo d . ( colombia ) , botero - trujillo , ricardo ( colombia ) & acosta , luis e . ( argentina )\naquino , daniel a . ( argentina ) - see triapitsyn , serguei v . ( usa ) , huber , john t . ( canada ) , logarzo , guillermo a . ( argentina ) , berezovskiy , vladimir v . ( usa ) & aquino , daniel a . ( argentina )\nzo otaxa 3010 : 31\u201346 ( 31 aug . 2011 ) 5 plates ; 40 references accepted : 1 aug . 2011 a new species of liolaemus ( squamata , iguania , liolaemini ) endemic to the auca mahuida volcano , northwestern patagonia , argentina lorena elizabeth martinez ( argentina ) , luciano javier avila ( argentina ) , cristian her - nan fulvio perez ( argentina ) , daniel roberto perez ( argentina ) , jack w . sites , jr . ( usa ) & mariana morando ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 2 , 000kb ) order pdf\nabrahamovich , alberto h . ( argentina ) , lucia , mariano ( argentina ) , alvarez , leopoldo j . ( argentina ) & smith , david r . ( usa ) type specimens of sawflies ( insecta : hymenoptera : symphyta ) housed in the museo de la plata , argentina zo otaxa 2360 : 63\u201368 ( 16 feb . 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 70kb ) order pdf\nazpelicueta , m . d . l . m . ( argentina ) - see mirande , j . m . , aguilera , g . & azpelicueta , m . d . l . m . ( argentina )\nazpelicueta , m . d . l . m . ( argentina ) - see mirande , j . m . , aguilera , g . & azpelicueta , m . d . l . m . ( argentina )\npe\u00f1as a . & rol\u00e1n e . ( 1997 ) la familia pyramidellidae gray , 1840 ( mollusca , gastropoda , heterostropha ) en africa occidental . 2 . los g\u00e9neros turbonilla y eulimella . iberus suplemento 3 : 1 - 105 .\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 108 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 24 publications ) ( from synonym turbonilla areolata a . e . verrill , 1873 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis\navila , luciano javier ( argentina ) , perez , cristian hernan fulvio ( argentina ) , morando , mariana ( argentina ) & sites , jack walter , jr . ( usa ) a new species of liolaemus ( reptilia : squamata ) from southwestern rio negro province , northern patagonia , argentina zo otaxa 2434 : 47\u201359 ( 23 apr . 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 790kb ) order pdf\nalmir\u00f3n , adriana e . ( argentina ) , casciotta , jorge r . ( argentina ) , azpelicueta , mar\u00eda de las m . ( argentina ) & loureiro , marcelo ( uruguay ) redescription of astyanax stenohalinus messner , 1962 ( characiformes : characidae ) , a poorly known species from argentina and uruguay zo otaxa 2434 : 60\u201368 ( 23 apr . 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 560kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 3123 : 32\u201348 ( 08 dec . 2011 ) 5 plates ; 62 references accepted : 18 oct . 2011 new species of lizard from the magellanicus clade of the liolaemus lineomaculatus section ( squamata : iguania : liolaemidae ) from southern patagonia maria florencia breitman ( argentina ) , cristian hern\u00e1n fulvio p\u00e9rez ( argentina ) , micaela parra ( argentina ) , mariana morando ( argentina ) , jack walter sites , jr . ( usa ) & luciano javier avila ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1 , 800kb ) order pdf\navila , luciano javier ( argentina ) , morando , mariana ( argentina ) , perez , daniel roberto ( argentina ) & sites , jack w . , jr ( usa ) a new species of the liolaemus elongatus clade ( reptilia : iguania : liolaemini ) from cordillera del viento , northwestern patagonia , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina zo otaxa 2667 : 28\u201342 ( 4 nov . 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1 , 640kb ) order pdf\navila , l . j . ( argentina ) , morando , m . ( argentina ) , perez , c . h . f . ( argentina ) & sites , jr . j . w . ( usa ) a new species of liolaemus ( reptilia : squamata : liolaemini ) from southern mendoza province , argentina zo otaxa 1452 : 43 - 54 ( 19 apr . 2007 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 470kb ) subscription required\nzo otaxa 2935 : 41\u201346 ( 01 jul . 2011 ) 3 plates ; 14 references accepted : 9 may 2011 walkeromya plumipes ( philippi ) ( diptera : bombyliidae ) , a parasitoid associated with carpenter bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : xylocopini ) in argentina omar \u00e1valos - hern\u00e1ndez ( mexico ) , mariano lucia ( argentina ) , leopoldo j . \u00e1lvarez ( argentina ) & alberto h . abrahamovich ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 500kb ) order pdf\nalbarracin , erica luft ( argentina ) , triapitsyn , serguei v . ( usa ) & virla , eduardo g . ( argentina ) annotated key to the genera of mymaridae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ) in argentina zo otaxa 2129 : 1 - 28 ( 10 jun . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 810kb ) subscription required\nagusto , p . ( chile ) - see ojanguren - affilastro , a . a . ( argentina ) , agusto , p . ( chile ) , pizarro - araya , j . ( chile ) & mattoni , c . i . ( argentina )\nalarie , y . ( canada ) - see michat , m . ( argentina ) & alarie , y . ( canada )\nagrain , federico . ( argentina ) - see dominguez , m . cecilia . , blas , san german . , agrain , federico . , roig - ju\u00f1ent , sergio a . , scollo , ana m . & debandi , guillermo o . ( argentina )\navila , luciano javier ( argentina ) , morando , mariana ( argentina ) , perez , daniel roberto ( argentina ) & sites , jack w . jr . ( usa ) a new species of liolaemus from a\u00f1elo sand dunes , northern patagonia , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina , and molecular phylogenetic relationships of the liolaemus wiegmannii species group ( squamata , iguania , liolaemini ) zo otaxa 2234 : 39 - 55 ( 17 sep . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 660kb ) subscription required\nabdala , c . - see abdala , v . , abdala , c . & tulli , m . j . ( argentina )\npe\u00f1as a . & rol\u00e1n e . ( 2000 ) . the family pyramidellidae gray , 1840 ( mollusca , gastropoda , heterostropha ) in west africa . 7 . addenda to the genera eulimella and turbonilla , with a list of the east atlantic species and synonyms . argonauta 13 ( 2 ) : 59 - 80 .\nzo otaxa 2787 : 19\u201336 ( 10 mar . 2011 ) 9 plates ; 42 references accepted : 20 jan . 2011 cranial anatomy of tadpoles of five species of scinax ( hylidae , hylinae ) leandro alcalde ( argentina ) , florencia vera candioti ( argentina ) , francisco kolenc ( uruguay ) , claudio borteiro ( uruguay ) & diego baldo ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1 , 280kb ) order pdf\naguilera , g . & mirande , j . m . ( argentina ) a new species of jenynsia ( cyprinodontiformes : anablepidae ) from northwestern argentina and its phylogenetic relationships zootaxa 1096 : 29 - 39 ( 16 dec . 2005 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 120kb ) subscription required\naguilera , g . - see mirande , j . m . , aguilera , g . & azpelicueta , m . d . l . m . ( argentina )\naguilera , g . - see mirande , j . m . , aguilera , g . & azpelicueta , m . d . l . m . ( argentina )\nalonso , g . m . - see gappa , j . l . , alonso , g . m . & landoni , n . a . ( argentina )\nangrisano , elisa b . & sganga , julieta v . ( argentina ) new species of hydroptilidae ( trichoptera ) from salto encantado provincial park ( misiones province , argentina ) zo otaxa 2162 : 57 - 68 ( 20 jul . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 290kb ) subscription required\nthe subgenus name ptycheulimella sacco , 1892 or turbonilla ( ptycheulimella ) sacco , 1892 has been used to describe species whose shells show a weak fold on the columella and frequently a brownish spiral band . van aartsen decided not to subdivide eulimella s . l . because of the uncertainty of the identification of the type species of this subgenus compared with tornatella pyramidata deshayes , 183\nabdala , c . s . & g\u00f3mez , j . m . d . ( argentina ) a new species of the liolaemus darwinii group ( iguania : liolaemidae ) from catamarca province , argentina zo otaxa 1316 : 21 - 33 ( 21 sept . 2006 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 670kb ) subscription required\nzo otaxa 2789 : 35\u201348 ( 11 mar . 2011 ) 5 plates ; 39 references accepted : 2 feb . 2011 a new species of liolaemus of the liolaemus montanus section ( iguania : liolaemidae ) from northwestern argentina andr\u00e9s sebasti\u00e1n quinteros & cristian sim\u00f3n abdala ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 3 , 210kb ) order pdf\nalarie , yves ( canada ) - see michat , mariano c . ( argentina ) , alarie , yves ( canada ) & watts , chris h . s . ( australia )\nzootaxa 73 : 1 - 6 ( 26 september 2002 ) 1 plate ; 11 references accepted : 24 september 2002 interstitial water mites of argentina : omartacarus cook ( omartacaridae ) and meramecia cook ( limnesiidae ) ( acari : hydrachnidia ) h . r . fern\u00e1ndez ( argentina ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 50kb ) order pdf\nacosta , l . e . ( argentina ) rediscovery of orobothriurus bivittatus ( thorell 1877 ) stat . n . , comb . n . in the sierra del tontal , argentina ( scorpiones , bothriuridae ) zootaxa 916 : 1 - 15 ( 24 mar . 2005 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 200kb ) subscription required\naquino , daniel a . , gaddi , ana l . , hern\u00e1ndez , emilia p . & mart\u00ednez , juan j . ( argentina ) the types of braconidae and ichneumonidae ( hymenoptera : ichneumonoidea ) in the museo de la plata , argentina zo otaxa 2487 : 43\u201351 ( 28 may 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 130kb ) order pdf\nacosta , j . c . - see monguillot , j . c . , cabrera , m . r . , acosta , j . c . & villavicencio , j . ( argentina )\nzo otaxa 2924 : 1\u201321 ( 20 jun . 2011 ) 9 plates ; 33 references accepted : 30 may 2011 two new mountain lizard species of the phymaturus genus ( squamata : iguania ) from northwestern patagonia , argentina luciano javier avila , cristian hernan fulvio perez , daniel roberto perez & mariana morando ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 3 , 000kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 3038 : 61\u201367 ( 22 sep . 2011 ) 5 plates ; 20 references accepted : 24 aug . 2011 host records of physocephala wulpi camras , with a description of the puparium ( diptera : conopidae ) jens - hermann stuke ( germany ) , mariano lucia ( argentina ) & alberto h . abrahamovich ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 400kb ) order pdf\naguilera , gast\u00f3n . , mirande , juan marcos & azpelicueta , mar\u00eda de las mercedes ( argentina ) a new species of cnesterodon ( cyprinodontiformes : poeciliidae ) from a small tributary of arroyo cu\u00f1\u00e1 - pir\u00fa , r\u00edo paran\u00e1 basin , misiones , argentina zo otaxa 2195 : 34 - 42 ( 12 aug . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 180kb ) subscription required\nanderson , r . s . ( canada ) - see oberprieler , r . g . ( australia ) , marvaldi , a . e . ( argentina ) & anderson , r . s . ( canada )\nlos pyramidellidae de la republica argentina ( moll . entomotaeniata ) comunicaciones del museo argentino de ciencias naturales\nbernardino rivadavia\n, hidrobiolog\u00eda 2 ( 7 ) 61 - 85 . [ stated date : - - dec 1982 . ]\nzootaxa 78 : 1 - 16 ( 11 october 2002 ) 8 plates ; 30 references accepted : 1 october 2002 on the taxonomy of turbonilla puncta ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) , with the description of a new species from brazil and remarks on other western atlantic species a . d . pimenta & r . s . absal\u00e3o ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1200kb ) order pdf\nabrahamovich , a . h . , lucia , m . , diaz , n . b . , batiz , m . f . r . & castro , d . d . c . ( argentina ) types of lice ( insecta , phthiraptera ) housed in the museo de la plata , argentina zo otaxa 1344 : 43 - 58 ( 26 oct . 2006 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 90kb ) subscription required\nalarie , yves ( canada ) , michat , mariano c . ( argentina ) , nilsson , anders n . ( sweden ) , archangelsky , miguel ( argentina ) & hendrich , lars ( germany ) larval morphology of rhantus dejean , 1833 ( coleoptera : dytiscidae : colymbetinae ) : descriptions of 22 species and phylogenetic considerations zo otaxa 2317 : 1 - 102 ( 22 dec . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 1970kb ) order pdf\nalarie , y . ( canada ) , michat , m . c . ( argentina ) , archangelsky , m . ( argentina ) & barber - james , h . m . ( south africa ) larval morphology of liodessus guignot , 1939 : generic characteristics , descriptions of five species and comparisons with other members of the tribe bidessini ( coleoptera : dytiscidae : hydroporinae ) . zo otaxa 1516 : 1 - 21 ( 2 8 jun . 2007 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 260kb ) subscription required\nacosta , l . e . ( argentina ) & fet , v . ( usa ) nomenclatural notes in scorpiones ( arachnida ) zootaxa 934 : 1 - 12 ( 8 apr . 2005 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 90kb ) subscription required\narchangelsky , miguel ( argentina ) larval and pupal morphology of pyractonema nigripennis solier ( coleoptera : lampyridae : photinini ) and comparative notes with other photinini larvae zo otaxa 2601 : 37\u201344 ( 2 sep . 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 870kb ) order pdf\nangrisano , elisa b . & sganga , julieta v . ( argentina ) preimaginal stages of acostatrichia simulans mosely 1939 , a neotropical microcaddisfly ( trichoptera : hydroptilidae : leucotrichiinae ) zo otaxa 2480 : 54\u201360 ( 21 may 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 170kb ) order pdf\nabdala , c . s . ( argentina ) phylogeny of the boulengeri group ( iguania : liolaemidae , liolaemus ) based on morphological and molecular characters zo otaxa 1538 : 1 - 84 ( 30 jul . 2007 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 2550kb ) subscription required\nalberico , natalia ( argentina ) & m\u00fchlenhardt - siegel , ute ( germany ) two new diastylis ( cumacea : diastylidae ) from antarctic waters : diastylis andeepae and d . catalinae zo otaxa 2440 : 33\u201348 ( 29 apr . 2010 ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 380kb ) order pdf\nacosta , l . e . ( argentina ) marayniocus martensi , a new genus and a new species of peruvian harvestmen ( arachnida : opiliones : gonyleptidae ) zo otaxa 1325 : 199 - 210 ( 28 sept . 2006 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 120kb ) subscription required\nzootaxa 107 : 1 - 35 ( 20 november 2002 ) 10 plates ; 24 references accepted : 8 november 2002 a taxonomic revision of the afrotropical species of selenops latreille , 1819 ( araneae , selenopidae ) j . a . corronca ( argentina ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1520kb ) order pdf\narchangelsky , m . & michat , m . c . ( argentina ) morphology and chaetotaxy of the larval stages of andogyrus seriatopunctatus regimbart ( coleoptera : adephaga : gyrinidae ) zo otaxa 1645 : 19 - 33 ( 23 nov . 2007 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 190kb ) subscription required\nacioli , a . n . s . ( brazil ) - see constantino , r . ( brazil ) , acioli , a . n . s . ( brazil ) , schmidt , k . ( brazil ) , cuezzo , c . ( argentina ) , carvalho , s . h . c . & vasconcellos , a . ( brazil )\ndistribution range : 47\u00b0n to 41 . 7\u00b0s ; 97 . 7\u00b0w to 37\u00b0w . distribution : canada ; canada : gulf of st . lawrence , nova scotia ; usa : massachusetts , rhode island , new york , new jersey , georgia , florida ; florida : east florida , west florida ; usa : louisiana , texas ; mexico ; mexico : tabasco , veracruz , campeche state , yucatan state , quintana roo ; venezuela ; venezuela : falcon ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; barbados , brazil ; brazil : amapa , para , ceara , rio grande do norte , rio de janeiro , sao paulo , parana ; uruguay , argentina ; argentina : buenos aires , rio negro [ details ]\nzootaxa 103 : 1 - 23 ( 14 november 2002 ) 8 plates ; 32 references accepted : 7 november 2002 rheophilic water mites from southern argentina , with the description of one new genus and three new species ( acari : hydrachnidia ) h . smit ( the netherlands ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 160kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 3043 : 1\u201324 ( 28 sep . 2011 ) 10 plates ; 64 references accepted : 17 aug . 2011 geographical distribution of discocyrtus prospicuus ( arachnida : opiliones : gonyleptidae ) : is there a pattern ? luis e . acosta & eli\u00e1n l . guerrero ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1 , 500kb ) order pdf\nagrain , federico a . & marvaldi , adriana e . ( argentina ) morphology of the first instar larva in the tribe clytrini , with two new descriptions in the subtribe megalostomina ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae : cryptocephalinae ) zo otaxa 2147 : 59 - 68 ( 2 jul . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 770kb ) subscription required\nzo otaxa 2916 : 65\u201368 ( 14 jun . 2011 ) 1 plates ; 12 references accepted : 17 may 2011 description of the last instar larva of neoneura kiautai machado ( odonata : protoneuridae ) danielle anjos - santos ( brazil ) , pablo pessacq ( argentina ) & janira martins costa ( brazil ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 230kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 2915 : 29\u201338 ( 13 jun . 2011 ) 5 plates ; 5 references accepted : 24 may 2011 description of the immature stages and redescription of the adults of culex ( culex ) lahillei bachmann & casal ( diptera : culicidae ) magdalena laurito , walter ricardo almir\u00f3n & gustavo carlos rossi ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 920kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 2994 : 1\u201320 ( 12 aug . 2011 ) 12 plates ; 32 references accepted : 4 jul . 2011 a threatened new species of oligosarcus and its phylogenetic relationships , with comments on astyanacinus ( teleostei : characidae ) juan marcos mirande , gast\u00f3n aguilera & mar\u00eda de las mercedes azpelicueta ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 2 , 400kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 2810 : 56\u201362 ( 6 apr . 2011 ) 3 plates ; 12 references accepted : 1 mar . 2011 a new species of the south american genus arthurella albuquerque ( diptera : muscidae ) , with a key to species and new records luciano dami\u00e1n patitucci , juan carlos mariluis & fernando hern\u00e1n aballay ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 450kb ) order pdf\narticle zo otaxa 2990 : 30\u201344 ( 09 aug . 2011 ) 9 plates ; 43 references accepted : 22 jun . 2011 three pseudocerotidae species ( platyhelminthes , polycladida , cotylea ) from the argentinean coast ver\u00f3nica n . bulnes , mariano j . albano , sandra m . obenat & n\u00e9stor j . cazzaniga ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 40kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 2 , 500kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 2797 : 2 1\u201324 ( 22 mar . 2011 ) 1 plates ; 7 references accepted : 14 feb . 2011 chalepogenus roitmani roig alsina ( hymenoptera : apidae : tapinotaspidini ) : description of the male and new geographical records for the species juan pablo torretta , hugo j . marrero & arturo roig alsina ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 220kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 3104 : 52\u201358 ( 21 nov . 2011 ) 3 plates ; 13 references accepted : 11 oct . 2011 the spider micrathena shealsi chickering , 1960 ( araneae , araneidae ) : description of the male , with new data on its geographic distribution carina i . arga\u00f1araz & gonzalo d . rubio ( argentina ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 2 , 200kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 2787 : 37\u201354 ( 10 mar . 2011 ) 10 plates ; 33 references accepted : 2 feb . 2011 two new species of cnemidophorus ( squamata : teiidae ) from the caatinga , northwest brazil federico arias ( argentina ) , celso morato de carvalho ( brazil ) , miguel trefaut rodrigues & hussam zaher ( brazil ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 10 , 240kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 3087 : 1\u201355 ( 01 nov . 2011 ) 37 plates ; 39 references accepted : 30 sep . 2011 notation of primary setae and pores on larvae of dytiscinae ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) , with phylogenetic considerations yves alarie ( canada ) , mariano c . michat ( argentina ) & kelly b . miller ( usa ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 3 , 000kb ) order pdf\napanaskevich , dmitry a . ( usa ) - see guglielmone , alberto a . ( argentina ) , robbins , richard g . ( usa ) , apanaskevich , dmitry a . ( usa ) , petney , trevor n . ( germany ) , estrada - pe\u00f1a , agust\u00edn ( spain ) , horak , ivan g . ( south africa ) , shao , renfu ( australia ) & barker , stephen c . ( australia )\nzo otaxa 3041 : 51\u201362 ( 24 sep . 2011 ) 3 plates ; 35 references accepted : 01 sep . 2011 a new hyladelphine marsupial ( didelphimorphia , didelphidae ) from cave deposits of northern brazil \u00e9dison vicente oliveira ( brazil ) , patricia villa nova ( brazil ) , francisco j . goin ( argentina ) & leonardo dos santos avilla ( brazil ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 900kb ) order pdf\nerratum\u2014 aguilera , g . , mirande , j . m . & azpelicueta , m . m . ( 2009 ) a new species of cnesterodon ( cyprinodontiformes : poeciliidae ) from a small tributary of arroyo cu\u00f1\u00e1 - pir\u00fa , r\u00edo paran\u00e1 basin , misiones , argentina . zootaxa , 2195 , 34\u201342 . zo otaxa 2220 : 68 ( 4 sep . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 20kb ) subscription required\nalarie , yves ( canada ) , michat , mariano c . ( argentina ) & watts , chris h . s . ( australia ) larval morphology of paroster sharp , 1882 ( coleoptera : dytiscidae : hydroporinae ) : reinforcement of the hypothesis of monophyletic origin and discussion of phenotypic accommodation to a hypogaeic environment zo otaxa 2274 : 1 - 44 ( 28 oct . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 860kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 3022 : 1\u201321 ( 12 sep . 2011 ) 11 plates ; 47 references accepted : 01 jul . 2011 two new species of cnemidophorus ( squamata : teiidae ) of the c . ocellifer group , from bahia , brazil federico arias ( argentina ) , celso morato de carvalho ( brazil ) , miguel trefaut rodri - gues ( brazil ) & hussam zaher ( brazil ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 9 , 000kb ) order pdf\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmany species are poorly known . the elongated , turriculate shells are small , mostly under 1\ncm . they are somewhat glossy and show no sculpture except a few microscopic growth lines . the\n, a thin projection below the mouth , is lobed in front . the anterior extremity of the foot is truncated .\nauthority : authority of octopus in vaught , k . c . et al . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne , fl ( usa ) . xii , 195 pp . t is jeffreys , 1847 . for the authority we followed itis database\neulimella polita ( a . e . verrill , 1872 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of eulimella polita de folin , 1870 ; no substitute name available )\neulimella chariessa ( verrill , 1884 ) : synonym of melanella chariessa ( a . e . verrill , 1884 )\neulimella minor e . a . smith , 1904 : synonym of pyramidella minor ( e . a . smith , 1904 )\neulimella minuta ( h . adams , 1869 ) : synonym of syrnola minuta adams h . , 1869\nbouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2011 ) . eulimella forbes & m ' andrew , 1846 . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 27 august 2012\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nspencer , h . ; marshall . b . ( 2009 ) . all mollusca except opisthobranchia . in : gordon , d . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one : kingdom animalia . 584 pp\nvan aartsen j . j . ( 1988 ) . nomenclatural notes . 6 . the generic name eulimella ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia , pyramidellidae ) , authorship and type species . basteria 52 ( 4 - 6 ) : 171 - 174\nj . j . van aartsen , e . gittenberger & j . goud , pyramidellidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , heterobranchia ) collected during the dutch cancap and mauritania expeditions in the south - eastern part of the north atlantic ocean ( part 2 )\npimenta a . d . , f . n . dos santos & r . s . absal\u00e3o ( 2011 ) taxonomic revision of the genus eulimella ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil , with description of three new species . zootaxa 3063 : 22 - 38 ; issn 1175 - 5334\naartsen , j . j . van , 1994 . european pyramidellidae : iv . the genera eulimella , anisocycla , syrnola , cingulina , oscilla and careliopsis . \u2014 bull , malac . 30 : 85 - 109 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 20 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der molluskenfauna der magalhaen - provinz . no . 3 zoologische jahrb\u00fccher , abteilung f\u00fcr systematik , geographie und biologie der tiere 22 575 - 666 , pl . 21 - 24 . [ stated date : 24 oct 1905 . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nzootaxa 127 : 1 - 7 ( 20 december 2002 ) 2 plates ; 10 references accepted : 14 december 2002 two new water mite species from iran of the water mite families torrenticolidae and hygrobatidae ( acari : hydrachnidia ) v . m . pesic ( yugoslavia ) & m . asadi ( iran ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 110kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 126 : 1 - 20 ( 20 december 2002 ) 8 plates ; 34 references accepted : 4 december 2002 scottia birigida sp . nov . ( cypridoidea : ostracoda ) from western honshu , japan and a key to the subfamily scottiinae bronstein , 1947 r . j . smith ( uk ) , r . matzke - karasz ( germany ) , t . kamiya ( japan ) & y . ikeda ( japan ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 480kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 125 : 1 - 12 ( 20 december 2002 ) 3 plates ; 28 references accepted : 16 december 2002 wetapolipus jamiesoni gen . nov . , spec . nov . ( acari : podapolipidae ) , an ectoparasite of the mountain stone weta , hemideina maori ( orthoptera : anostostomatidae ) from new zealand r . w . husband ( usa ) & z . - q . zhang ( new zealand ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 150kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 123 : 1 - 16 ( 20 december 2002 ) 1 plate ; 70 references accepted : 3 december 2002 peracarid crustaceans from three inlets in the southwestern gulf of mexico : new records and range extensions s . ch\u00e1zaro - olvera ( mexico ) , i . winfield ( mexico ) , m . ortiz ( cuba ) & f . \u00e1lvarez ( mexico ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 220kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 122 : 1 - 16 ( 16 december 2002 ) 7 plates ; 32 references accepted : 24 november 2002 revision of some dexosarcophaga species described by r . dodge ( diptera : sarcophagidae ) c . a . de mello - patiu ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 220kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 121 : 1 - 28 ( 16 december 2002 ) 34 references accepted : 4 december 2002 chrysomelidae ( coleoptera ) types in the hope entomological collections , oxford c . l . staines ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 120kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 120 : 1 - 12 ( 16 december 2002 ) 50 references accepted : 2 december 2002 nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on agrilus ater ( linn\u00e9 ) , a . biguttatus ( fabricius ) and a . subauratus gebler ( coleoptera : buprestidae : agrilinae ) e . jendek ( slovakia ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 80kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 118 : 1 - 14 ( 12 december 2002 ) 2 plates ; 22 references accepted : 2 december 2002 pristina trifida sp . nov . , a new soil - dwelling microannelid ( oligochaeta : naididae ) from amazonian forest soils , with comments on species recognition in the genus r . collado ( spain ) & r . m . schmelz ( germany ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 230kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 117 : 1 - 8 ( 12 december 2002 ) 3 plates ; 33 references accepted : 3 december 2002 a new species of axinyssa lendenfeld , 1897 ( porifera , demospongiae , halichondrida ) from the senegalese coast n . boury - esnault , c . marschal , j . - m . korn - probst & g . barnathan ( france ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 210kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 116 : 1 - 12 ( 12 december 2002 ) 3 plates ; 7 references accepted : 4 december 2002 paranarthrura hansen , 1913 ( crustacea : tanaidacea ) from the angola basin , description of paranarthrura angolensis n . sp . j . guerrero - kommritz , a . schmidt & a . brandt ( germany ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 100kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 115 : 1 - 6 ( 12 december 2002 ) 2 plates ; 11 references accepted : 25 november 2002 redescription of the milliped myrmecodesmus mundus ( chamberlin ) ( polydesmida : pyrgodesmidae ) r . m . shelley ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 50kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 111 : 1 - 8 ( 26 november 2002 ) 3 plates ; 5 references accepted : 21 november 2002 three new species of anthracine bee flies ( diptera : bombyliidae ) from egypt m . s . el - hawagry ( egypt ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 70kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 110 : 1 - 12 ( 26 november 2002 ) 1 plate ; 63 references accepted : 14 november 2002 the mastogenius solier , 1849 of north america ( coleoptera : buprestidae : polycestinae : haplostethini ) c . l . bellamy ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 190kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 105 : 1 - 10 ( 20 november 2002 ) 1 plates ; 13 references accepted : 24 october 2002 history and status of the genera enneanectes and axoclinus ( teleostei : blennioidei : tripterygiidae ) d . g . smith & j . t . williams ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 70kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 102 : 1 - 6 ( 14 november 2002 ) 1 plate ; 12 references accepted : 5 november 2002 a new species of galendromimus ( acari : phytoseiidae ) from brazil m . s . zacarias ( brazil ) , g . j . de moraes ( brazil ) & j . a . mcmurtry ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 60kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 101 : 1 - 7 ( 14 november 2002 ) 2 plates ; 7 references accepted : 1 november 2002 pedinonotus , a new southern neotropical genus ( heteroptera , pentatomidae , pentatomini ) jos\u00e9 ant\u00f4nio m . fernandes & joc\u00e9lia grazia ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 320kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 100 : 1 - 15 ( 8 november 2002 ) 6 plates ; 24 references accepted : 2 november 2002 review of the tertiary microbombyliids ( diptera : mythicomyiidae ) in baltic , bitterfeld , and dominican amber n . l . evenhuis ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 420kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 99 : 1 - 4 ( 8 november 2002 ) 2 plates ; 3 references accepted : 1 november 2002 contribution to the knowledge of parantiteuchus ( heteroptera , pentatomidae , discocephalinae ) : description of the male of p . hemitholus ruckes , 1962 1 j . a . m . fernandes & j . grazia ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 400kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 98 : 1 - 9 ( 8 november 2002 ) 3 plates ; 8 references accepted : 2 november 2002 a new species of elachiptera macquart from the gal\u00e1pagos islands , ecuador , and the taxonomic status of ceratobarys coquillett ( diptera : chloropidae ) t . a . wheeler & j . forrest ( canada ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 140kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 97 : 1 - 16 ( 8 november 2002 ) 6 plates ; 15 references accepted : 30 october 2002 revision of the ant genus streblognathus ( hymenoptera : formicidae : ponerinae ) h . g . robertson ( south africa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 370kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 94 : 1 - 6 ( 5 november 2002 ) 3 plates ; 6 references accepted : 24 october 2002 a new species of loxosceles of the laeta group from brazil ( araneae : sicariidae ) r . martins , i . knysak & r . bertani ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 240kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 91 : 1 - 6 ( 31 october 2002 ) 2 plates ; 8 references accepted : 24 october 2002 picobia paludicola sp . n . a new species of quill mite ( acari : prostigmata : syringophilidae ) from the aquatic warbler acrocephalus paludicola ( passeriformes : sylviidae ) m . skoracki & g . kiljan ( poland ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 80kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 90 : 1 - 16 ( 31 october 2002 ) 6 plates ; 5 references accepted : 24 october 2002 two new species of eupholus boisduval ( coleoptera , curculionidae , entiminae ) from west new guinea , a discussion of their taxonomic characters , and notes on nomenclature a . riedel ( germany ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1560kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 89 : 1 - 32 ( 31 october 2002 ) 5 plates ; 26 references accepted : 17 october 2002 nomenclatural notes and new species of sceloenoplini ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae : cassidinae ) c . l . staines ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 830kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 88 : 1 - 36 ( 24 october 2002 ) 22 plates ; 15 references accepted : 1 october 2002 new species of nannoniscidae ( crustacea , isopoda ) and saetoniscus n . gen . from the deep sea of the angola basin a . brandt ( germany ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 950kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 86 : 1 - 12 ( 21 october 2002 ) 2 plates ; 20 references accepted : 26 september 2002 a new mecistocephalid centipede from ryukyu islands and a revisitation of \u2018 taiwanella\u2019 ( chilopoda : geophilomorpha : mecistocephalidae ) l . bonato , d . foddai & a . minelli ( italy ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 180kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 85 : 1 - 16 ( 21 october 2002 ) 5 plates ; 23 references accepted : 14 october 2002 a new species of cribrarula ( gastropoda : cypraeidae ) from new south wales , australia f . moretzsohn ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 710kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 84 : 1 - 8 ( 21 october 2002 ) 2 plates ; 18 references accepted : 10 october 2002 on the new status of agrilus perisi cobos , 1986 ( coleoptera : buprestidae ) l . arn\u00e1iz - ruiz & p . bercedo - p\u00e1ramo ( sapin ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 420kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 83 : 1 - 10 ( 21 october 2002 ) 4 plates ; 6 references accepted : 9 october 2002 a new species of south american whitefly ( sternorrhyncha : aleyrodidae ) colonising cultivated bay laurel j . h . martin & c . p . malumphy ( uk ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 180kb ) order pdf\ni . d . zannou ( benin ) , g . j . de moraes ( brazil ) & r . hanna ( benin )\nzootaxa 77 : 1 - 11 ( 11 october 2002 ) 39 references accepted : 1 october 2002 nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on agrilus cyanescens ( ratzeburg , 1837 ) , a . pratensis ( ratzeburg , 1837 ) and a . convexicollis redtenbacher , 1849 ( coleoptera : buprestidae : agrilinae ) e . jendek ( slovakia ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 60kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 75 : 1 - 12 ( 3 october 2002 ) 5 plates ; 8 references accepted : 30 september 2002 new brazilian eriophyid mites ( acari : eriophyidae ) c . h . w . flechtmann & g . j . de moraes ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 190kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 74 : 1 - 18 ( 3 october 2002 ) 9 plates ; 20 references accepted : 23 september 2002 two new species of deutella mayer , 1890 ( crustacea : amphipoda : pariambidae ) collected by the r . v .\nanton bruun\nduring the international indian ocean expedition 1963 - 1964 j . m . guerra - garc\u00eda ( spain ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 260kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 71 : 1 - 43 ( 26 september 2002 ) 114 references accepted : 15 september 2002 new combinations and synonymies of leafcutter and mason bees of the americas ( megachile , hymenoptera , megachilidae ) a . raw ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 200kb ) order pdf\nz ootaxa 70 : 1 - 32 ( 23 september 2002 ) 2 plates ; 12 references accepted : 18 september 2002 publication and dating of the two\nbulletins\nof the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 1873 - 1894 ) n . l . evenhuis ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 170kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 69 : 1 - 19 ( 20 september 2002 ) 11 plates ; 108 references accepted : 13 september 2002 a revision of the genus heinzia korge , 1971 ( coleoptera : staphylinidae : quediina ) , with description of a new species and its probable larva v . i . gusarov ( usa ) & a . g . koval ( russia ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 280kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 68 : 1 - 8 ( 20 september 2002 ) 1 plate ; 10 references accepted : 3 september 2002 the spittle bug philaenus tesselatus melichar , 1899 ( hemiptera , auchenorrhyncha , cercopidae ) is a distinct species s . drosopoulos ( greece ) & j . a . quartau ( portugal ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 80kb ) order pdf\nz ootaxa 67 : 1 - 40 ( 29 august 2002 ) 25 plates ; 32 references accepted : 19 august 2002 an illustrated key to neotropical termite genera ( insecta : isoptera ) based primarily on soldiers r . constantino ( brazil ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 720kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 66 : 1 - 15 ( 29 august 2002 ) 4 plates ; 21 references accepted : 23 august 2002 on a new species of potamocypris ( crustacea , ostracoda ) from chalakkudy river , kerala ( india ) , with a checklist of the potamocypris - species of the world s . george ( india ) & k . martens ( belgium ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 250kb ) order pdf\nd . s . sikes ( usa ) , r . b . madge ( canada ) & a . f . newton\nzootaxa 64 : 1 - 12 ( 22 august 2002 ) 4 plates ; 9 references accepted : 20 august 2002 review of the genus onchopelma hesse , with descriptions of new species ( diptera : mythicomyiidae ) n . l . evenhuis ( usa ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 150kb ) order pdf\nzootaxa 63 : 1 - 37 ( 22 august 2002 ) 49 references accepted : 23 july 2002 addenda and corrigenda to \u2018a world catalogue of families andgenera of curculionoidea ( insecta : coleoptera ) \u2019 m . a . alonso - zarazaga ( spain ) & c . h . c . lyal ( uk ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 190kb ) order pdf\ng . williams ( australia ) & c . l . bellamy ( usa )\na . a . kubesy ( egypt ) & b . a . dehority ( usa )\nr . m . j . de vis & g . j . de moraes ( brazil )\ncarlos j . e . lamas ( brazil ) , neal l . evenhuis ( usa ) & m\u00e1rcia s . couri ( brazil )\njohn e . randall , carole c . baldwin & jeffrey t . williams ( usa )\nz . olszanowski ( poland ) & r . a . norton ( usa )\npapers published in 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , latest .\ndepth range based on 100 specimens in 20 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 69 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 2000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 3 . 616 - 24 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 20 . 681 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 843 - 37 . 039 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 183 - 6 . 847 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 094 - 1 . 506 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 329 - 14 . 845 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 2000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 3 . 616 - 24 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 20 . 681 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 843 - 37 . 039 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 183 - 6 . 847 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 094 - 1 . 506 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 329 - 14 . 845 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nmany species are poorly known . the elongated , turriculate shells are small , mostly under 1 cm . they are somewhat glossy and show no sculpture except a few microscopic growth lines . the teleoconch has numerous whorls . the apex is sinistral . the aperture is subquadrangular . the outer lip is not continuous . the columella is straight , without plications . they lack a columellar tooth .\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( october 2011 )\ng . w . tryon ( 1889 ) , manual of conchology vol . viii p . 319\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nzo otaxa 2913 : 1\u201315 ( 10 jun . 2011 ) 7 plates ; 8 references accepted : 11 may 2011 a new genus microphylacinus and revision of the closely related phylacinus fairmaire , 1896 ( coleoptera : tenebrionidae : pedinini ) from madagascar dariusz iwan ( poland ) , marcin kami \u0144 ski ( poland ) & rolf aalbu ( usa ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 5 , 600kb ) order pdf\naarvik , leif ( norway ) & karisch , timm ( germany ) revision of multiquaestia karisch ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : grapholitini ) zo otaxa 2026 : 18 - 32 ( 4 mar . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 800kb ) subscription required\nabadie , e . i . ( brazil ) - see grossi , p . c . & abadie , e . i . ( brazil )\nabadjiev , s . p . ( bulgaria ) an annotated catalog of types of neotropical pierinae ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) in the collection of the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington dc zootaxa 1022 : 1 - 35 ( 25 jul . 2005 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 980kb ) subscription required\nabadjiev , s . p . ( bulgaria ) types of neotropical pierinae in the collection of department of entomology , natural history museum , london ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) zootaxa 1143 : 1 - 218 ( 10 mar . 2006 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 10kb ) free | full article part a , b , c ( pdf ; 5800kb ) subscription required\nzo otaxa 2899 : 60\u201368 ( 31 may 2011 ) 3 plates ; 18 references accepted : 9 may 2011 cordulegaster sarracenia , n . sp . ( odonata : cordulegastridae ) from east texas and western louisiana , with a key to adult cordulegastridae of the new world john c . abbott & troy d . hibbitts ( usa ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 670kb ) order pdf\nabdala , cristian sim\u00f3n - see nori , javier . , abdala , cristian sim\u00f3n & scrocchi , gustavo jos\u00e9 ( agrentina )\nabdul muin , mohd ( malaysia ) - see grismer , l . lee ( usa ) , onn , chan kin ( malaysia ) , quah , evan ( malaysia ) , abdul muin , mohd ( malaysia ) , savage , anna e . ( usa ) , grismer , jesse l . ( usa ) , ahmad , norhayati ( malaysia ) , greer iii , lee f . ( usa ) & remegio , ana - caroline ( usa )\nabd - rabou , s . ( egypt ) - see evans , g . a . ( usa ) & abd - rabou , s . ( egypt )\nzo otaxa 3098 : 64\u201368 ( 15 nov . 2011 ) 4 plates ; 10 references accepted : 10 oct . 2011 redescription of sphenanthias whiteheadi talwar ( perciformes : cepolidae ) with dna barcodes from the southern coasts of india k . k . bineesh , k . a . sajeela , k . v . akhilesh , n . g . k . pillai & e . m . abdussamad ( india ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 400kb ) order pdf\nabe , yoshihisa ( japan ) - see melika , george ( hungary ) , pujadevillar , juli ( spain ) , abe , yoshihisa ( japan ) , tang , chang - ti ( r . china ) , nicholls , james ( uk ) , wachi , nakatada ( japan ) , ide , tatsuya ( japan ) , yang , man - miao ( r . china ) , p\u00e9nzes , zsolt ( hungary ) , cs\u00f3ka , gy\u00f6rgy ( hungary ) & stone , graham n . ( uk )\nabello , pere ( spain ) - see palero , f . & abello , p . ( spain )\nabello , pere ( spain ) - see guerao , g . , abello , p . & hispano , c . ( spain )\nabell\u00f3 , pere ( spain ) - se palero , ferran ( austria ) , guerao , guillermo ( spain ) , clark , paul f . ( uk ) & abell\u00f3 , pere ( spain )\naberlenc , h . - p . ( france ) - see viette , p . ( france ) , bellamy , c . l . ( usa ) & aberlenc , h . - p . ( france )\nabhitha , p . ( india ) - see sabu , t . k . ( india ) , merkl , o . ( hungary ) & abhitha , p . ( india )\nabhitha , p . ( india ) - see sabu , t . k . ( india ) , abhitha , p . ( india ) & zhao , d . y . ( p . r . china )\nabhitha , p . & sabu , t . k . ( india ) rare ground - beetle species of leleuporella basilewsky ( coleoptera : carabidae : scaritinae : scaritini ) from indian sub - continent zo otaxa 2310 : 59 - 63 ( 14 dec . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 290kb ) order pdf\nabilhoa , v . & duboc , l . f . ( brazil ) a new species of the freshwater fish genus astyanax ( ostariophysi : characidae ) from the rio iguacu basin , southeastern brazil zo otaxa 1587 : 43 - 52 ( 17 sep . 2007 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 410kb ) subscription required\nzo otaxa 2804 : 56\u201364 ( 30 mar . 2011 ) 4 plates ; 13 references accepted : 8 mar . 2011 description of distolabrellus magnivulvatus sp . n . ( nematoda , rhabditida , mesorhabditidae ) from iberian peninsula , the second species of a rare genus joaqu\u00edn abolafia & reyes pe\u00f1a - santiago ( spain ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 870kb ) order pdf\nzo otaxa 2922 : 1\u201314 ( 17 jun . 2011 ) 6 plates ; 34 references accepted : 30 may 2011 ablechroiulus spelaeus sp . n . and a . dudichi andr\u00e1ssy , 1970 from andaluc\u00eda oriental , spain , with a discussion of the taxonomy of the genus ablechroiulus andr\u00e1ssy , 1966 ( nematoda , rhabditida , rhabditidae ) joaqu\u00edn abolafia & reyes pe\u00f1a - santiago ( spain ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 1 , 200kb ) order pdf\nabraham , k . j . ( india ) zo otaxa 2886 : 1\u201318 ( 23 may 2011 ) 2 plates ; 38 references accepted : 30 mar . 2011 taxonomy of the fishes of the family leiognathidae ( pisces , teleostei ) from the west coast of india k . j . abraham , k . k . joshi & v . s . r . murty ( india ) preview ( pdf ; 20kb ) | full article ( pdf ; 590kb ) order pdf\n\u00e1brah\u00e1m , levente ( hungary ) - see ao , weiguang ( p . r . china ) , zhang , xubo ( p . r . china ) , \u00e1brah\u00e1m , levente ( hungary ) & wang , xili ( p . r . china )\nabrahamson , warren g . ( usa ) - see dorchin , netta . , mcevoy , miles v . , dowling , todd a . , abrahamson , warren g . & moore , joseph g . ( usa )\nabramov , a . v . ( russia ) - see jenkins , p . d . ( uk ) , abramov , a . v . ( russia ) , rozhnov , v . v . ( vietnam ) & makarova , o . v . ( russia )\nabramov , alexei v . , meschersky , ilya g . & rozhnov , viatcheslav v . ( russia ) on the taxonomic status of the harvest mouse micromys minutus ( rodentia : muridae ) from vietnam zo otaxa 2199 : 58 - 68 ( 17 aug . 2009 ) abstract & excerpt ( pdf ; 20kb ) free | full article ( pdf ; 590kb ) subscription required"]}
{"id": 1456, "summary": [{"text": "eupropacris abbreviata , commonly known as kilosa noble grasshopper is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is endemic to kilosa , tanzania , and is critically endangered due to deforestation . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "eupropacris abbreviata", "paragraphs": ["eupropacris cylindricollis schaum , 1853 = eupropacris ornata karny , 1907 = eupropacris swynnertoni ramme , 1929 = orbillus namaqua krauss 1901 = catantops cylindricollis schaum 1853 = eupropacris furcata ramme , 1929 = acridium genuale walker , f . , 1870 = eupropacris genualis walker , f . , 1870 = eupropacris clathrata ramme , 1929 = eupropacris obscura miller , n . c . e . 1929 = catantops ornatus karny , 1907 = eupropacris namaqua krauss 1901 = acridium fumidum walker , f . 1870 = eupropacris fumida walker , f . , 1870 = catantops nigricornis karny , 1907 = eupropacris nigricornis karny , 1907 = orbillus nyassicus karsch 1896 = poecilocerus cylindricollis schaum , 1853 = eupropacris congica ramme , 1929 = orbillus roseoviridis bol\u00edvar , i . , 1908 = eupropacris cylindricollis congica ramme 1929 = eupropacris oculata ramme , 1929 = eupropacris roseoviridis bol\u00edvar , i . , 1908 .\nmiller , n . c . e . 1929 . trans . entomol . soc . london 77 : 85 > > eupropacris abbreviata urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 57021\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nbased upon the ecology of congeneric species , it is likely that this species is confined to forest edges and clearings of evergreen lowland forest .\nthe main threat to this species is deforestation and transformation caused by agricultural land use .\nno specific conservation measures are in place for this species . it remains unknown , if the species occurs in kihiliri forest reserve .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nclick on a heading to sort by its values . click again to sort in the opposite direction .\nendangered status provided by iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 < urltoken > downloaded on 11 april 2013 ."]}
{"id": 1460, "summary": [{"text": "cardigan bay was a new zealand harness racing pacer foaled 1 september 1956 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "affectionately known as \" cardy \" , he was the first standardbred to win us$ 1 million in prize money in north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the ninth horse worldwide to win one million dollars , ( the first eight were thoroughbreds ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "cardigan bay won races in new zealand , australia , canada and the united states .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "along with his arch-rival , american champion of the day , bret hanover , he has a legitimate claim of being one of the truly great standardbred racehorses .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "cardigan bay became an overnight sensation in the united states , and appeared with dancer on the ed sullivan show as the \" million dollar horse \" . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cardigan bay ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["beswick cardigan bay # 2340 -\nthe million dollar pa . . . beswick cardigan bay # 2340 -\nthe million dollar pa . . .\nthe club draws its name not simply from the fact that it is based geographically on cardigan bay , but in recognition of the horse , cardigan bay , the first standardbred to win $ 1million .\nharness champion - cardigan bay archived 2008 - 12 - 03 at the wayback machine .\ncardigan bay and war buoy are credited with the greatest number of consecutive wins - 10 .\ncardigan bay the million dollar pacer archived october 16 , 2008 , at the wayback machine .\ncardigan bay and war buoy are credited with the greatest number of consecutive wins \u2013 10 .\nislayj , vr owner at static caravan . mwnt , cardigan bay , responded to this review\nin the backstretch , cardigan bay was tucked in behind overtrick . in the last 100 yards , he drew alongside of overtrick . with 50 yards to go vernon dancer , driving cardigan bay , went to the whip . the 8\u2010year\u2010old cardigan bay and the 4\u2010year\u2010old overtrick crossed the finish line together .\nthe world ' s first million dollar pacer , cardigan bay , wins the 1963 new zealand cup .\nthe new zealand post office issued a postage stamp in 1970 to recognise cardigan bay ' s achievements .\nalong with phar lap , cardigan bay is one of new zealand\u2019s most famous racehorses . cardigan bay was a standardbred harness racer . in harness racing the horse pulls a two - wheeled cart , or sulky , which seats the driver . cardigan bay lived from 1956 to 1988 , and was the first standardbred horse to win more than us $ 1 million . his fame was commemorated in this 1970 new zealand stamp .\ncardigan bay was foaled at mataura ( near gore ) in the south island of new zealand . as you drive into mataura from gore , there is a sign on the road proclaiming mataura as the birthplace of cardigan bay . he was a first crop foal by a leading sire , hal tryax ( usa ) , his dam colwyn bay was by josedale dictator ( usa ) . cardigan bay was a brother to thule bay and a half - brother to brides bay .\ncardigan bay was a new zealand harness racing horse foaled 1 september 1956 . affectionately known as\ncardy\n, he was the first standardbred to win \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nin 1964 , overtick and cardigan bay tangled in the dan patch pace and the dan patch encore . cardigan bay prevailed by the shortest of noses in the dan patch , but overtrick got his revenge in the encore .\ncardigan bay was foaled at mataura ( near gore ) in the south island of new zealand . as you drive into mataura from gore , there is a sign on the road proclaiming mataura as the birthplace of cardigan bay .\nthat comment was prophetic . cardigan bay was indeed to become the world\u2019s first pacer to win a million dollars .\ncardigan bay appeared on television on ' ' the ed sullivan show ' ' before being flown to new zealand .\nin 1964 , overtrick and cardigan bay engaged in two races : the dan patch pace and the dan patch encore . cardigan bay prevailed by the shortest of noses in the dan patch , and overtrick won the encore . overtrick also defeated cardigan bay in an earlier race in 1964 , prevailing by a neck in a mile and a half race .\ncardigan bay was born in new zealand in 1956 and apart from his name , there is a loose welsh connection .\nthe new zealand post office issued a postage stamp in 1970 to recognise cardigan bay ' s achievements . [ 17 ]\ncardigan bay was foaled at mataura in the southland region of the south island of new zealand . as you drive into mataura from gore , there is a sign on the road proclaiming mataura as the birthplace of cardigan bay . he was a first crop foal by a leading sire , hal tryax ( usa ) , his dam colwyn bay was by josedale dictator ( usa ) . cardigan bay was a brother to thule bay and a half - brother to brides bay . auckland pacing ( known in . nz as trotting ) cup was won in 1961 not 1962 .\non dec 17 , 1963 , on a blustery night at hutt park , wellington , cardigan bay raced a mile against the clock in 1 : 56 1 / 5 , the fastest ever in new zealand . a week later , stanley dancer called and asked , \u201cwhat kind of a horse is this cardigan bay ? \u201d\nthe next night , a sunday , cardigan bay was a guest on the ed sullivan show , the first and only race horse to appear on that stage . under the agreement with audrey and mervyn dean , cardigan bay was shipped back to new zealand to finish his days in comfort on the land where he was foaled .\npatterson did not quite agree .\nsure , cardigan bay was getting to us , but what would you expect after my horse had cut out such a pace , especially the last half ?\nevery horse is different . cardigan bay was different because he did not believe he was a horse . i had no doubt that he had a calculating mind and the emotions of a champion . most importantly , he had a heart as big as catcher ' s mitt .\nmr feelgood has something cardigan bay and lyell creek ( both geldings ) could not achieve \u2013 the opportunity to become a successful sire .\nthe winner of that one\u2010mile pace in the then track\u2010record time of 1 minute 58 1 / 5 seconds was cardigan bay , the greatest horse , harness or thoroughbred , from australia or new zealand . he was the first horse in harness racing to win $ 1\u2010million in purses .\n' ' the two best horses fought it out . apmat proved his class when he went to yonkers and won the international series . i link caduceus with cardigan bay as the best pacers i ' ve seen . cardigan bay was a better stayer but caduceus more brilliant .\nit ' s two straight for dancer and cardigan bay , harness racing ' s first $ 1 million earning horse . the victory allows cardigan bay to break bret hanover ' s record for career earnings . jesta hill is second , the highest finish in cup history by a mare and dancing david , original winner of the cup , is third .\ncardigan bay became inter - dominion champion in 1963 but not before overcoming what was a horrific training accident in 1962 . so badly was cardigan bay injured that for a while it was touch and go for his life . he was in obvious pain and there were thoughts of putting him out of his misery . cardigan bay was nursed back to full fitness and the rest is history . what a great horse . cardy started from 24 yards and won from dusty miller and waitaki hanover .\ndancer also was harness racing ' s first driver to earn more than $ 1 million in one season , in 1964 , and he drove the first horse to earn more than $ 1 million , cardigan bay . seven times his horses won horse of the year honors , another record .\nhere we see the late stanley dancer in the sulky behind cardigan bay , as they win the pace of the century at yonkers raceway in america .\nhis dam was called colwyn bay and cardigan bay ( or cardy ) and spent six months in quarantine at lord langford\u2019s stables in bodrhyddan hall , north wales , while in transit from america to new zealand in the 1960s .\nthe lonely eminence of cardigan bay and bret hanover had become conspicuous before their first race , but part of the shock of that race was the revelation that bret had so formidable a companion up there . stanley dancer , who bought cardigan bay in new zealand and drove him to victory in that first meeting ( only the fourth defeat in bret ' s career ) , was asked how he would compare his horse with the great american pacers of the past .\ni think bret is the greatest horse we ' ve ever produced in america ,\ndancer said ,\nand cardigan bay had to be good to beat him .\nthe result was a triumph for the southland sire hal tryax ( imp ) , who sired the first and second horses , cardigan bay and robin dundee . colwyn bay , the dam of cardigan bay , recently produced a filly foal , a full sister to the cup winner , and there is also an older filly of the same breeding . colwyn bay was a brilliant pacer herself , but unsoundness cut short her racing career . she is by josedale dictator ( imp ) from pleasure bay , by quite sure ( imp ) from helen ' s bay , by guy parrish ( imp ) from gold patch , by geo m patchen .\nfor every individual man who knew cardigan bay was coming , there are now 1000 who know he is leaving . old cardy could get to people real quick .\ncardigan bay was an inaugural inductee into the new zealand trotting hall of fame with the immortals caduceus , harold logan , highland fling , johnny globe and ordeal .\ncardigan bay was an inaugural inductee into the new zealand trotting hall of fame with the immortals caduceus , harold logan , highland fling , johnny globe and ordeal .\na month after he had reached the million dollar mark , the horse was honored at yonkers on cardigan bay day . the next evening he walked a long red carpet with dancer and made his appearance on the old popular ed sullivan tv show .\nsport horse breeding gb uses cookies . find out more about our use of cookies .\ncameron won three heats of the interdominions with him at melbourne , sydney and forbury park and also reined him to finish second to cardigan bay in the auckland cup .\nfrom there , it was overtrick , a son of solicitor and overbid , showing the way to great credit , adora ' s dream and cardigan bay . cardigan bay , a recent purchase for $ 100 , 000 by an american syndicate , was second at the mile , which over\u2011 trick passed in 2 : 05 4 / 5 .\ncardigan bay would be dominant in the u . s . a . for three years , beating the absolute best pacers in the country on a regular basis . he became the only horse to have defeated the three future hall of fame horses of that era\u2014\ncardigan bay , a pacer from new zealand who in 1968 became the first horse in harness racing history to win $ 1 million in purses , died peacefully in his sleep at the age of 31 last friday on puketutu island off auckland , new zealand .\nby then it had become apparent that the race was to be between overtrick , the favorite , and cardigan bay , the second choice . parked out for five\u2010eighths of a mile , the down under pacer had to go some to catch the american horse .\nfoaled in 1956 in new zealand , the son of hal tryax and colwyn bay , this bay gelding rewrote the record books in his native land and australia . the pacer became the first horse to win the coveted inter - dominion championship and the two - mile new zealand cup in the same year . when news of cardigan bay ' s exploits reached america , the renowned trainer - driver stanley dancer journeyed\ndown under ,\nfinally acquiring the horse in early 1964 . cardigan bay quickly became a headliner in north america , winning thirty - seven races during a four - year span . the high point of his career was the\npace of the century\nin 1966 , when he defeated three - time horse of the year bret hanover before a crowd of over 36 , 000 . cardigan bay became the first million dollar winner on september 14 , 1968 and was retired shortly thereafter . he died in 1988 in new zealand .\ncardigan bay had finished his australasian racing with a score of 43 wins , nine seconds and three thirds from 67 starts worth \u00a3nz36 , 944 15s plus \u00a3a24 , 940 .\nirving rudd is public relations director of the new york city off track betting corporation . he held a similar position at yonkers raceway in the glory days of cardigan bay .\ncardigan bay is possibly the most well - known racehorse ever to come from new zealand . he won 80 races in all . much of his racing was done in the\nhis only blemish came last start at alexandra park when he finished third behind mach shard and spankem in the group one $ 100 , 000 young guns cardigan bay stakes .\nsave watch bay to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\nhorse foaled 1 september 1956 . affectionately known as\ncardy\n, he was the first\njohn patterson , who drove the victor , said the horse started and finished physically sound .\nclwb cardigan bay was formed in april 2005 , to serve as an association of standardbred owners , trainers , drivers and enthusiasts of harness racing in ceredigion and the surrounding area .\nhe was so badly crippled that it was touch and go whether he should be destroyed . no one thought he would race again . an australian trainer named ted greig passionately believed that cardigan bay could be saved , and so the deans entrusted the horse to his care .\n* the biggest stakewinner , galloper or harness horse , ever bred in nz or australia , with a total of $ 329 , 937 , which is computed in nz currency as approximately \u00a3116 , 000 . [ cardigan bay may now be slightly ahead on this total . ]\na chartered cargo plane , which he had all to himself , deposited cardigan bay on american soil on the first day of spring , 1964 . it was prophetic . for the next five years the great nz pacing horse was destined to be the evergreen of harness racing , the hardy perennial which not even advancing old age could keep pruned for long . in the september of his years cardigan bay planted springtime in the hearts of millions of racing fans .\np t wolfenden was driving his second nz cup winner in the last three years - he drove cardigan bay in 1963 when , incidentally , robin dundee was also second to him .\nbred by d todd , mataura , under whom he did his early racing , cardigan bay is a five year - old bay gelding by hal tryax from a capable pacer in colwyn bay who had her racing career cut short by unsoundness . colwyn bay is a half sister by josedale dictator to scotch girl , snow jane ( dam of slick chick ) , toucher , scotch pleasure and dorstan . cardigan bay raced last season in the interest of mr a todd , mataura , and was purchased before the present season by mrs a d dean . he has been trained and driven for all his engagements this term by the pakuranga trainer , p t wolfenden . since he began racing as a three - year - old in the 1959 - 60 season cardigan bay has won 11 races and been placed twice for \u00a35690 15s in stakes .\ncardigan bay even won a major event at addington raceway in christchurch while the grandstand was on fire . a photo of this race is considered one of the great iconic images in the history of horse racing . he also won the inter dominion pacing championship final in adelaide , australia .\ncardigan bay even won a major event at addington raceway in christchurch while the grandstand was on fire . a photo of this race is considered one of the great iconic images in the history of horse racing . he also won the inter dominion pacing championship final in adelaide , australia .\nlisten to a commentary of cardigan bay\u2019s triumphs in 1963 , when he won both the inter - dominion championship at adelaide , australia , and the new zealand cup at addington , christchurch .\na month after he reached the million dollar mark , it was , by formal proclamation ,\ncardigan bay day\nin yonkers , new york . the next evening cardigan bay walked down a long red carpet , which led into the living rooms of 20 million viewers , on the ed sullivan television show . no immigrant had ever\nmade it any bigger any faster\n.\ncardigan bay even won a major event at addington raceway in christchurch while the grandstand was on fire ( one photo of the race is considered one of the great iconic images in the history of horse racing ) . he also won the inter - dominion championship final in adelaide , australia .\nthe stake of the race is \u00a33500 , but it will be possible for cardigan bay to win an additional \u00a3500 . this amount will be paid to the horse finishing in the first four and breaking false step ' s world record of 3 : 21 for a mile and five furlongs .\nwith peter wolfenden back in the sulky , the year 1963 was undoubtedly a most remarkable season for cardigan bay . he won the inter - dominions after four gruelling heats . in the first qualifying heat , which he won , a horse put a foot through his wheel that almost unseated wolfenden . cardigan bay also won the second qualifier easily but in the third he was unable to avoid a three - horse pile - up and somersaulted over the fallen horses . wolfenden was hurled from the sulky onto the track . even the final was not without incident . handicapped from 24 yards back , cardigan bay got up to the field but on the final turn was forced very wide by another pile up yet finished strongly enough to win setting a track record at adelaide , south australia .\ncorrection : september 17 , 2005 , saturday an obituary on sept . 9 about stanley dancer , the harness racing champion , misstated the milestone reached in 1968 by the pacer cardigan bay . he was the first harness horse to win $ 1 million in a career , not in a year .\non the horse ' s death in 1988 , cardigan bay ' s driver stanley dancer , reflected on the gelding ' s last year of racing and said ,\nat the end he was going on heart alone . . . . . what a mighty heart it must have been\n.\nnew zealand bred pacer who was the first harness horse to win $ 1 million in north america .\napril 1966 saw cardigan bay sweep all three legs of the international pacing series , the international pace , good time pace and national championship pace at yonkers raceway . it was the first time a horse had won all three legs . [ 9 ] perhaps his most famous encounter was with the great standardbred horse , bret hanover , in the pace of the century , in 1966 . cardigan bay , with stanley dancer driving , won that race in front of 45 , 000 spectators at yonkers raceway and became only one of two horses ( the other being adios vic ) up to that time to have beaten bret hanover . however , in their next encounter at roosevelt raceway , the\nrevenge pace ,\nbret hanover reversed that result with cardigan bay third before a crowd of 37 , 000 . [ 10 ]\na record crowd of 45 , 788 watched at trainer - driver eric hurley set a swift pace with him . robin dundee ( who was checked ) and cardigan bay settled second - last and last .\nand so it was in early 1962 at perth that cardigan bay , who was more of pet than a competitor for his owners , mervyn and audrey dean , came to grief in a near\u2010fatal accident .\nin 1964 cardigan bay was sold to american interests for 100 , 000 dollars and in winning , in 1964 , two of the three international races proved to be the equal of the top american horses .\nmaking his first appearance in free - for - all company , cardigan bay won his ninth consecutive race when he led practically throughout to win the nz free - for - all at addington on friday .\ncardigan bay was bred was developed by the mataura trainer , d todd . he was raced by d todd ' s brother , mr a todd , of mataura , who sold him to mrs deans . mrs deans related how she had decided to buy a pacer and that she and her husband had followed closely the newspaper comments made on the form and performances of cardigan bay .\nwe were quite certain that cardigan bay would be the horse we would buy - we had never seen him - and when we read there were some northern inquiries for him , we decided there and then to buy him before anyone else did ,\nshe said . the champion cost mrs dean \u00a32500 after contingencies had been met .\non the horse ' s death in 1988 , cardigan bay ' s driver stanley dancer , reflected on the gelding ' s last year of racing and said ,\nat the end he was going on heart alone . . . . . what a mighty heart it must have been\n. [ 16 ]\nin 1970 the new zealand post office issued a postage stamp to recognize the achievements of cardinal bay .\nminnesota vikings green bay packers 11 / 23 / 14 nfl game program . . . anth ony barr\nvictoria\u2019s angelique and fosmar beat cardigan bay into third in the third round at 15 \u00bd furlongs , and was obvious the new zealand champion was no certainty in the 14 - furlong \u00a315 , 000 grand final .\ncardigan bay was out for four months and when he went back to light training his pronounced limp was easily visible . nevertheless , by the time the inter - dominions of 1963 rolled around in february , cardigan bay was ready . on hand at adelaide again was president martin tananbaum of yonkers raceway with a firm invitation to mrs dean to bring the horse to the 1963 international . on the first night of the inter - dominion championships tananbaum met mrs dean and her husband , merv , near cardigan bay ' s stall .\nmr tananbaum ,\nsaid mr dean ,\nspeaking for my wife , anyone can have the horse beginning right now for \u00a325 , 000 sterling ( $ 70 , 000 american currency ) , i mean\ncontinued the husband ,\nstarting tonight all the purse money goes to the man who buys him .\ncardigan bay was stabled at a private track at suburban cannington . while jogging lightly , a steel stay of his jog cart broke loose and caused a wheel to lock . the groom handling him was catapulted from his seat and cardigan bay was frightened he took off and careened twice around the track while horsemen watching nearby tried to flag him down . cardigan by then dashed toward his stall , slipped and fell heavily on the concrete floor . he had fractured a bone in his right hind quarter and suffered nasty cuts around the fetlocks .\nstanley dancer , taking delivery of cardigan bay when he landed in new york on 22 march 1964 , told reporters : \u2018i got him cheap - $ 900 , 000 cheap . this one\u2019s worth a million . \u2019\npicking the highlight of cardigan bay ' s career is like trying to pick the greatest cricket catch of all time - if there were 10 people on a judging panel one would no doubt get 10 different opinions .\nplaced in the name of dean ' s wife audrey , cardigan bay came into wolfenden ' s life when he was 26 and at a time when the track was being remodelled . when the track became available again in the new season , cardigan bay\nbreezed\na half in 59 in work and led wolfenden to declare\ndriving something else and then him is like stepping from a morris minor into a jaguar .\nrealising what a drawcard cardigan bay would be , the wellington tc offered \u00a3600 to break the mile record , and on a cold and blustery night cardy scorched round the four and a half furlong track in 1 : 56 1 / 5 . wolfenden claimed that but for the windy conditions , cardigan bay would had threatened adios butler ' s world record of 1 : 54 3 / 5 set at the red mile on 1960 .\none of southland ' s best known trotting personalities mr a ( ' sandy ' ) todd , of mataura , who raced the first million dollar pacer , cardigan bay , died last week . he was 77 .\nhis performance was all the more meritorious as he paced a little roughly for the first two furlongs and then was challenged for the lead by smokeaway , whom he quickly shook off . when tackled by scottish command in the run home it momentarily appeared as though cardigan bay was going to be hard pressed to win but 30 yards from the post trainer - driver , p t wolfenden put his whip away and cardigan bay won comfortably .\nalong with his arch - rival , american champion of the day , bret hanover , he has a legitimate claim of being one of the truly great standardbred racehorses . [ 2 ] cardigan bay became an overnight sensation in the united states , and appeared with dancer on the ed sullivan show as the\nmillion dollar horse\n.\nafter winning at forbury park in april 1961 cardigan bay was sold to merv and audrey dean of auckland for \u00a32500 . his record at that time was 12 starts for 5 wins and 2 second places . [ 3 ]\nin 1967 cardigan bay won the second ever running of the provincial cup at windsor raceway which at the time was the richest harness race in canada . [ 11 ] he also won the washington park derby in chicago .\nsir henry will probably be remembered best in harness racing for giving aucklander mrs audrey dean ' s champion pacer cardigan bay a luxurious retirement at his island paradise , puketutu , in the manukau harbour . from match 1970 until cardigan bay died aged 31 in march 1988 , sir henry doted over the internationally famous gelding , who attracted thousands of tourists from around the world to see in the flesh the first pacer to win a million dollars .\ni think he must be the most photographed horse in the world ,\nsir henry would often proudly say .\nthere is one great new zealand horse that has achieved it , and that is cardigan bay in the 1960s . he won the very top races in 3 different countries ( nz cup , auckland cup ) , and in australia ( interdominions ) , and then moved to north america at the age of 8 and over the next 4 years he beat the likes of bret hanover and overtrick , and was twice us pacer of the year \u2013 there\u2019s plenty about \u201ccardy\u201d on the internet , just google cardigan bay and refresh you memories of this truly great campaigner !\ncardigan bay ran the mile and a quarter in 2 : 34 . 6 , a 2 : 03 . 2 mile rate . he took 32 . 8sec for his first quarter , reached the first half mile in 63 . 2 , clocked 1 : 35 . 8 for the first six furlongs and paced his first mile in 2 : 06 . 8 . cardigan bay returned 58 . 4 for his final half mile , his last quarter being run in a sizzling 27 . 4sec . he received a rousing reception on his return to the birdcage . cardigan bay ' s success was his second in the race and he was second to lordship 12 months ago .\ngreig constructed special slings and other contrivances that shifted the horse ' s weight from his injured hip . after a month , the slings were removed and cardigan bay , wobbling and limping , was given light walking exercises . toward the end of march , he could apparently walk without pain . his right hip had actually dropped several inches .\ntoday , cardigan bay , 18 years old come aug . 1 if you follow the new zealand breeding calendar , or 19 by united states rules , live in retirement on the 600\u2010acre island of puketutu just outside of auckland .\n. he was the only horse to defeat the three u . s . hall of fame horses of that era :\nnegotiations had already been taking place to have cardigan bay competing in that year ' s yonkers international series , but it seemed his career could be over . placed in a sling and lovingly cared for by perth trainer ted greig , a month later cardigan bay was walking without pain , although with a noticable limp . four months after the disaster he was shipped home , and in september at alexandra park he successfully resumed from 36 yards over 13 furlongs .\nfor a payment of $ 125 , 000 , despite the fact he had only $ us137 , 000 in earnings . cardigan bay was also\ndown on the hip\nfrom a severe injury he suffered earlier in new zealand .\na few weeks later cardigan bay won his last new zealand start , taking out the two - mile pezaro memorial from 60 yards by a length over frontmarker jay ar . on to the inter - dominions around the three - furlong melbourne showgrounds , and on - hand to see cardigan bay thread his way through 11 rivals from 36 yards to win on the first night was tananbaum again , but this time with a special guest - stanley dancer . needing no more prodding , dancer offered us $ 100 , 000 ( about \u00a336 , 000 ) and agreed to return cardigan bay home at his own expense , while tananbaum threw in a $ 30 , 000 specially chartered flight to new york .\nthe judges studied the photo for five minutes before posting cardigan bay as the winner . the time was 1 : 58 1 / 5 , track record . they gave the winning margin as a nose . it was more like nostril .\na son of siring sensation hal tryax ( cardigan bay\u2019s sire ) , tactile won five derby classics in the 1962 - 63 season , the nz and great northern editions , as well as the nsw , victorian and south australian derbies .\nwith the headline : overtrick wins $ 50 , 000 international pace by a neck over cardigan bay ; 7\u201310 shot shows no sign of injury ; 35 , 128 see overtrick take 1\u00bd\u2010mile race in 3 : 03\u2158 at yonkers\u2014country don 3d .\ncardigan bay had not actually travelled well to addington and wolfenden was then against taking him all the way to perth for the inter - dominions , but dean had other ideas and placed him under the guidance of nsw horseman bill wilkins . handicapped on 12 yards with only the brilliant nsw horse james scott behind him in the championship , cardigan bay easily won on the first two nights as did james scott , and a clash in the two - mile third round heat and the final were eagerly anticipated . it was not to be though , as in a training mishap , cardigan bay crashed to the ground back at the stables and landed on a concrete curb , completely displacing his near - hind hip . about the same time , audrey dean went into hospital for an operation and received news of the death of a relative , and wolfenden was kicked in the face by a horse , requiring surgery that put him on the sidelines for several months .\nfrom 48 yards at 12 \u00bd furlongs on the second night in melbourne , cardigan bay was forced over a lot of extra ground and could manage only fourth behind south australia\u2019s minuteman , robin dundee and the new south wales representative little maori .\ncardigan bay ' s fantastic time of 2 : 59 . 8 for the last mile and a half of the allan matson handicap at the addington raceway on wednesday night , november 20 , is not only 3 . 6sec inside the world race record ( unofficial of course ) for the distance held jointly by the american pacers stephan smith ( 1961 ) and royal rick ( 1962 ) - it is also the first time in world harness history that two - minute speed has been sustained by any horse beyond a mile and a quarter - and cardigan bay also ran his last mile in 2 : 00 flat .\nregistered in the name of merv ' s wife audrey , cardigan bay under wolfenden became a champion , his numerous wins including the auckland cups in 1961 and 1963 , the nz cup in 1963 and the inter - dominion grand final in adelaide the same year . cardigan bay went on to further fame and fortune in america , where under stanley dancer , he became , as a 12 - year - old in 1968 , the world ' s first pacer to win a million dollars .\nclub officials would have every reason to be jubilant when cardigan bay ' s name appeared among the acceptors for the allan matson handicap , principal event on the inaugural night of night trotting at addington raceway . his task from 54 yards over a mile and five furlongs should not be beyond him : the main question exercising the minds of trotting enthusiasts is whether anything in front of cardigan bay is capable of making him go fast enough to lower the world record for a mile and five furlongs .\novertrick held the world record for mile at 1 : 57 1 / 5 . he had the no . 8 post while cardigan bay was in no . 7 . overtrick led at the half\u2010mile in 58 seconds , so fast it was scary .\nreta peta , a trotter , is the only horse to have beaten the pacers in the new zealand cup two years running .\nwhen on the following saturday night cardigan bay threaded his way from a 36 - yard handicap through a 12 - horse field to win for fun by four lengths dancer was determined more than ever to acquire cardigan bay for his syndicate , which was headed by irving w berkemeyer who also owned another great gelding - the trotter su mac lad . negotiations began early the following sunday morning , dancer was scheduled to leave for the united states at 3pm . the deal appeared to be at a standstill at the $ 100 , 000 mark until dancer , remembering the many cups and trophies , and other momentos , back in mrs dean ' s living room in auckland , sensed the deep devotion and affection she had for cardigan bay , promised to ship the horse back to her at his own expense when the gelding ' s racing days were ended . a hurried , hand - written agreement was drawn up , signed and witnessed , and dancer was on the plane headed back to america with minutes to spare .\nthe saucer - like two and a half furlong wayville circuit did not suit cardigan bay ' s ambling action and there were incidents aplenty during the rounds of heats , one of which put wolfenden on the deck during the third night . but ironically in the final , cardigan bay had moved around the field from 24 yards and had a clear track starting the last lap when idle raider faltered and wiped out most of the field , and he went on to down dusty miller and waitaki hanover handsomely .\ncardigan bay made his usual swift beginning though and bided his time at the tail of the big field until he commenced his run around the field from the 1200m - or about the point when the crescendo began . he forged to the lead in the backstraight , but he was being stalked by tactile , handy all the way and now tracking cardigan bay into line . tactile drew up , but cardy would not be denied and went on to win by half a length like the champion he was .\nher normal brilliant final spring was not forthcoming , and she and cardigan bay were fifth and sixth as angelique , new zealand\u2019s tactile ( driven by robert cameron ) and smoke cloud ( driven by jack watts for noel simpson ) chased minuteman to the wire .\ntaking delivery of cardigan bay when he landed in new york in march , 1964 , dancer told reporters :\ni got him cheap - $ 900 , 000 cheap . this one ' s worth a million .\njust how prophetic was that comment ?\na detached holiday bungalow with extensive sea views overlooking cardigan bay . comprising of modern furnishings throughout to the highest of specifications . features include full fronted glass patio doors opening onto enclosed decked area with patio furniture . open plan living area with fully . . .\ncardigan bay showed up in the united states with just $ 158 , 212 in his pockets . when he had cooled out for the last time beneath the blue and gold blanket of the stanley dancer stable at freehold raceway on the late afternoon of september 14 , 1968 , he had accumulated earnings of $ 1 , 001 , 353 and so become the first millionaire horse in standardbred history .\nto set the scene further , cardigan bay had joined peter wolfenden as a late 4 - year - old , having won three straight races and five in total for mataura trainer dave todd and his brother sandy . he had won twice at three , but failed to pay a dividend on five occasions - a good sale would have to wait until todd and his driver ken balloch had knocked the edges off . this was achieved in the next season when cardigan bay was racing with a hefty price tag of \u00a32500 .\ncardigan bay ' s nine wins on end equals the winning sequence of rupee , and the hal tryax pacer requires one more win at his next appearance to equal the winning run of war bouy who won 10 races in a row before tasting defeat . just how good cardigan bay might be is difficult to assess . he beat the best pacers in commission on friday pointlessly , and he appears to be a foolproof pacer . he is already being discussed as a racecourse ' certainty ' for the auckland cup next month .\nafter winning four races for don hayes , vanderford joined bourne ' s stable , and won six in succession at the start of his 4 - year - old campaign , notably the methven cup off 48yds , the laing handicap from rustic lad and flying blue , the flying stakes at ashburton from robin dundee and cardigan bay , and the hannon memorial . he was the beaten favourite in the nz cup won by cardigan bay . he was never so good at five , where his only win was at forbury park .\nnow cardigan bay was set for the 1964 melbourne interdominions \u2013 then , perhaps , a possible sale to american interests headed by new jersey horsemen stanley dancer , now keen to try his hand with the new zealand gelding , regardless of his age and hip problem .\nout of luck in the inter - dom final won by minuteman in all - the - way fashion , cardigan bay departed these shores having won 43 races with nine seconds from 67 starts - \u00a336 , 477 in new zealand and \u00a324 , 940 in australia .\n\u201canyone can have this horse right now , beginning at 25 , 000 australian pounds [ $ 70 , 000 in united states currency ] , \u201d he said . \u201ci mean that starting tonight , all the money the horse wins goes to the man that buys him . \u201d\ntoday , an observer can tour nz and literally meet hundreds of horsemen who claim that they could have bought cardigan bay but didn ' t act quickly enough to grasp the opportunity . it was ever thus . in most of his subsequent engagements , while owned by mrs dean , cardigan bay was trained and driven by peter wolfenden , one of the top reinsmen in nz . martin tananbaum , president of yonkers raceway , who pioneered the international pace in 1960 , first held discussions in perth about inviting the gelding to the international pace held annually at yonkers raceway . the inter - dominion grand finals were about three days off and it appeared certain that every attendance and betting record at gloucester park , perth , would be toppled when the exciting cardigan bay raced for the inter - dominion championships .\na bay horse by a nz derby stakes winner in gold chief from the jack potts mare , canister , rupee was bred by his owner , j grice , who trained him throughout his career . he was driven in practically all of his races by d townley .\nfrom 54 yards in the cup , cardigan bay conceded favouritism to the alf bourne - trained and maurice holmes - driven 4 - year - old vanderford , a son of great evander , who had won seven of eight races that spring including the ashburton flying stakes and hannon . holmes had vanderford bowling along in front most of the way , but when cardigan bay received a good cart into the race by oreti over he last lap , he pounced and won easily by a couple of lengths over robin dundee and master alan .\na month later in a warm saturday night bath of spotlights at yonkers raceway he was officially disarmed , relinquishing his racing shoes and equipment amidst pomp and ceremony and the prime minister of nz . it had been , by formal proclamation , ' cardigan bay day ' in yonkers , new york . the next evening cardigan bay walked down a long red carpet , which lead into the living rooms of 20 - million viewers , on the ed sullivan television show . no immigrant had ever ' made it ' any bigger any faster .\nthe result was a triumph for the billy direct horse garrison hanover , as lady nugent , douce and compromise are all by the sire .\nat cannington track , a training oval some six miles outside perth , cardigan bay was put through a light jogging session by a groom attached to the stable of billy wilkins , who was ' standing in ' for peter wolfenden as trainer - driver at the time . as the lad dismounted and held the reins lightly , one of the sulky wheels suddenly crumbled and collapsed , some say due to a flat tyre . the usually easy - going cardigan bay was startled and bolted from the grounds through an open gate dragging the damaged cart behind him . he headed , terror stricken , for his stall . before anyone could could flag the great animal down it was too late . he had crashed his right hip severely against one of the walls tearing his flesh open to the bone and it looked as though a merciful end , at the hands of a veterinarian , was the only future for cardigan bay . as a matter of fact , one story current at the time was that if cardigan bay had been insured , he would have been destroyed there and then .\nfour months after the accident , cardigan bay was shipped back to new zealand . soon he was jogging lightly and by september , in an all\u2010out workout , he paced a scorching final quartermile , in 28 3 / 5 seconds and wasn ' t even breathing hard .\non feb . 20 , 1964 , in melbourne , australia , stanley dancer , who was allowed only to \u201clook\u2014don ' t touch cardigan bay , \u201d watched him in a workout and said , \u201ci will give mrs . dean $ 100 , 000 for him . \u201d\na month after he reached the million dollar mark , it was , by formal proclamation ,\ncardigan bay day\nin yonkers , new york . the next evening cardigan bay walked down a long red carpet , which led into the living rooms of 20 million viewers , on the ed sullivan television show . no immigrant had ever\nmade it any bigger any faster\n. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] dancer immediately retired him , and he was returned to new zealand with great fanfare with thousands at harbour awaiting his arrival .\nhighlight of the chimes lodge history was the arrival of cardigan bay , bred and trained by dave todd , and raced by ' sandy ' until he won his way out of southland classes . cardigan bay was then sold to mrs m b dean , of auckland , and he later went to america where , he became the first $ 1 million stake winner in trotting history . he did more to promote trotting in nz than any standardbred before of since and his name was a house - hold word throughout nz , australia and america .\ntananbaum included an offer , worth $ us30 , 000 , to fly cardigan bay via special charter to america at the expense of yonkers raceway , on the condition that he did not race anywhere else after the melbourne interdominions until the international series at his track in may .\nmerv dean , who died at his home in auckland just before christmas aged 67 after a long illness , will long be remembered as the man who bought the great cardigan bay from the todd brothers of mataura . but there was much more to merv than just that .\nin 1965 cardigan bay won the american pacing classic at hollywood park and the national pacing derby and nassau pace both at roosevelt raceway . at hollywood park he led a race over 1 1 / 16 miles helping to establish a world record for the distance of 2 . 03 2 / 5 by the winner adios vic . cardigan bay finished second after leading through the first mile in 1 . 56 . he also had a win over adios vic in 1 . 57 2 / 5 which was his fastest time in a race . [ 3 ]\nwe wanted to stay in scenic cardigan bay mainly so my kids could see dolphins . we booked this lovely caravan as it was great value and in a quiet location . we arrived in the blazing sun with breathtakingly beautiful views greeting us . the caravan takes . . .\nlast year at windsor , ontario , for example , on march 8 , despite a 22 degree temperature , he broke all kinds of records in winning the provincial cup pace . other windsor track records racked up by cardigan bay were : 1 ) most money bet on a horse , 2 ) most money bet on a single race , 3 ) most money bet on a programme , and 4 ) record crowd .\nagain in 1966 , another young rival , the speediest pacer ever , bret hanover , was the opposition . in their first meeting , ' the pace of the century ' at yonkers raceway , a crowd of 36 , 795 , which bet a season ' s record handle for all tracks of $ 2 , 802 , 745 , saw cardigan bay beat the great bret by a length . bret came back to whip cardigan bay in subsequent races but it is that first meeting in ' the pace of the century ' that fans still talk about .\nthe saga of our cardigan bay began at chimes lodge , a training and breeding farm at mataura . davey todd , a veteran trainer , had a considerable reputation for having a knack with problem horses . with his brother sandy , todd runs chimes lodge . cardigan bay was gelded while a weanling , a common practice with the todd brothers . cardigan bay did not race as a 2 - year - old . he started only eight times as a 3 - year - old , winning twice and finishing second once . he was campaigned lightly again at four , and this was largely because he was laid aside for three months at the height of the season because of a cold . in four outings , he won three times and finished second on the other occasion . one of these races , incidentally , was in saddle on january 11 , 1960 . cardigan bay finished second . this was one of the last races in saddle in the harness sport in nz . at the conclusion of his 4 - year - old season he was sold for $ 5000 to mrs audrey d dean of auckland ."]}
{"id": 1472, "summary": [{"text": "the corded purg , scientific name pyrgulopsis nevadensis , is an extinct species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "pyrgulopsis nevadensis is the type species of the genus pyrgulopsis . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "corded purg", "paragraphs": ["the corded purg is a mollusk indigenous to north america that has gone extinct .\ninformation on the corded purg is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nhow can i put and write and define corded purg in a sentence and how is the word corded purg used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528corded purg\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528corded purg\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528corded purg\u9020\u53e5 , corded purg meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - corded purg ( pyrgulopsis nevadensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - corded purg ( pyrgulopsis nevadensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - corded purg ( pyrgulopsis nevadensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nanagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like scrabble , lexulous , wordfeud , letterpress , ruzzle , hangman and so forth . we maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there . to be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible , but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills , spelling , counting and probability analysis . make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site . explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools , flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player . this page covers all aspects of purg , do not miss the additional links under\nmore about : purg\nindex to vols . 1 - 5 . by w . j . mcgee\n: v . 5 , p . 281 - 370\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe\u2019ve updated our privacy policy to give you more control over your information and support new european data protection laws . you can review the changes here .\nincludes high - quality download in mp3 , flac and more . paying supporters also get unlimited streaming via the free bandcamp app .\ndrums and vocals by dan hargesheimer of part filth and little league / kill verona .\na surprise companion and true sonic shadow to the group ' s april release\nouter heaven .\nthe quirky , smart brooklyn singer - songwriter is offering all their albums for pay what you want for today only .\nrelentless , nervy , snarling , thorny noise - punk , the debut full - length from this wonderfully gnarly richmond , va outfit .\na new track from this tough - as - nails boston hardcore outfit has some words for men who would dehumanize women in the scene .\nclassified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni ' m a big word nerd . i create wicked tools to kick butt on word games . anagrammer is my name , solving puzzles is my game !\nall trademarks , copyrights and intellectual property rights to the games including scrabble , words , hanging , scramble with friends , etc are owned by their respective owners : hasbro , zynga inc , j . w . spear & mattel , etc . mr . anagrammer is not affiliated or endorsed by any of the above companies . as a huge fan of these words games , i have merely created these cheat tools and word resources for educational purposes and as a supplement for word gamers around the world . please use scrabble cheat word finder responsibly and in a positive way to expand your vocabulary and improve your word game skills .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nliste d ' esp\u00e8ces animales dont la disparition a \u00e9t\u00e9 caus\u00e9e par l ' homme .\nj ' essaie de faire une liste la plus compl\u00e8te possible , mais je ne garantie pas qu ' elle soit compl\u00e8te , ni qu ' elle soit exacte . elle peut servir comme outil de travail , comme r\u00e9f\u00e9rence pour pousser plus loin vos recherches . mais en aucun cas , elle ne peut servir de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence absolue . rappelez - vous aussi que le statut d ' esp\u00e8ce \u00e9teinte n ' est jamais s\u00fbr \u00e0 100 % .\npyrgulopsis is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family hydrobiidae .\ngeneric characters of the genus pyrgulopsis are : the shell is minute , conically turreted , somewhat elongated , imperforate and unicarinate . the apex is acute . the aperture is ovate . the peritreme is continuous .\nthe operculum is ovate , thin , corneous and spiral , with polar point well forward and approximating the columella .\nthe radula is like this : odontophore with teeth are arranged in transverse rows , according to the formula 3 + 1 + 3 . formula for denticles of rhachidian :\nthe distribution of the genus pyrgulopsis includes western and south - western united states .\nsnails of species in the genus pyrgulopsis occur in fresh water and in brackish water .\npyrgulopsis is the largest genus of freshwater gastropods in the north america . in 2010 , 133 species were recognized in this genus .\npyrgulopsis pilsbryana ( j . l . baily & r . i . baily , 1952 ) - bear lake springsnail\neastern north american species of pyrgulopsis are considered to be in separate genus marstonia according to the thompson and hershler ( 2002 ) .\npyrgulopsis agarhecta ( f . g . thompson , 1969 ) - ocmulgee marstonia - marstonia agarhecta f . g . thompson , 1969\npyrgulopsis arga ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - ghost marstonia - marstonia arga - f . g . thompson , 1977\npyrgulopsis castor ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - beaverpond marstonia - marstonia castor f . g . thompson , 1977\npyrgulopsis halcyon ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - halcyon marstonia - marstonia halcyon f . g . thompson , 1977\npyrgulopsis hershleri f . g . thompson , 1995 - coosa pyrg - marstonia hershleri ( f . g . thompson , 1995 )\npyrgulopsis ogmoraphe ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - royal springsnail - marstonia ogmorhaphe ( f . g . thompson , 1977 )\npyrgulopsis pachyta ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) - armored marstonia - marstonia pachyta f . g . thompson , 1977\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na second edition of camden ' s description of scotland containing a supplement of these peers , or lords of parliament , who were mentioned in the first edition , and an account of these since raised to , and further advanced in the degrees of peerage , until the year 1694 .\ncamden , william , 1551 - 1623 . , dalrymple , james , sir , fl . 1714 .\na moun\u2223tain in the midst divideth , running on for\u2223ward from the west sea to the east .\nempire , as who begin to be weary of wars , and to acquaint them\u2223selves with the delightful benefits of peace .\nbesides a number of islands lying round about . in the south part , these countries are more remarkable than the rest .\nwhereof a list shall be subjoyned as they now are , and in the order they stand in the rolls of parlia\u2223ment .\nabout the year 268 . did set out dioeceses for bishops : so the bishops of\nthe third , that is about the year of our redemption 1070 , at which time the dioeceses were confined with\u2223in their bounds and limits .\nsession of this current parliament , the estate of bishops being the third estate of parliament is abolished . by the fifth act of the second session , presbyterian church government was settled , and the no\u2223bility which did consist of the great barons or lords , or the lesser barons or free - holders , is divided in two estates ; so that by the third act of the second session of the same parlia\u2223ment , the three estates are declared to be the lords of parliament , designed the\nand hath royal authority and jurisdiction over all the states and degrees , as well eccle\u2223siastical as lay or temporal .\nthat is , those who were enobled only by the office which they administred . for the word in the ancient english saxon tongue signifi\u2223eth ,\nhath had dukes , marquesses , earls , viscounts , and barons . as for the title of duke , the first that brought it into\nthe third , a\u2223bout the year of salvation 1400 . likeas the honourable titles of marquess and viscount were first brought in by king\nby taking of an oath , and are proclaimed by the pub\u2223lick voice of an herauld . in the year 1621 was instituted the hereditary order of knight baronet , for advancing the plantation of\nwith precedency of all ordina\u2223ry knights , lesser barons or lairds ; of which order there is a great number , but the anci\u2223ent great lairds , chiefs of clans or families , have not generally yielded precedency to them . of a second sort are they , who are termed\nand hath the same very power as absolute . it consisteth of three states , of lords\nto wit , dukes , marques\u2223ses , earls , viscounts , and barons : and com\u2223missioners for cities and burghs . unto whom were adjoyned not long since for every coun\u2223ty or shire also two commissioners . and by the 11th act of the second session of this current parliament , certain shires , and the stewartrie of\nit is appointed and solemnly called by the king at his pleasure , at a certain set time , be\u2223fore it be holden . when these states above\u2223said are assembled , and the causes of their as\u2223sembly delivered by the king , his commissi\u2223oner , or chancellor , the lords\nthen the same all joyntly together nominat eight , of the commissioners for the counties , and as many of the commissioners for the free burghs regal , which make up in all the number of thirty two . and then\ndo admit or reject every bill proposed unto the states , after they have been first imparted unto the king , or his commissioner . being allowed by the whole assembly of the states , they are through\u2223ly weighed & examined , & such of them as pass by the greater number of voices , are exhibited unto the king , or his commissioner , who by touching them with the scepter , pronounceth , that he either ratifieth & approveth them , or disableth and maketh the same void\u00b7 but if any thing dislike the king , it is razed out before .\nto be chosen out of each estate by it self , for preparing all motions and over\u2223tures first made in the house , and that the parliament may alter the said committees at their pleasure , or conclude upon matters pro\u2223poned before them in plain parliament , with\u2223out committees , and that in the committes , some of the officers of state may be present by their majesties or their commissioners ap\u2223pointment , who is freely to propose and de\u2223bate allennerly , but not to vote . by act of par\u2223liament 1617 , the officers of state are re\u2223stricted to the number of eight , including the master of requests , beside the chancel\u2223lor , who by his office is president of the par\u2223liament . since the restauration of king\nthere hath been no master of requests , but frequently two secretaries ; and there hath been also debate amongst the lesser offi\u2223cers of state : and especially between the thesaurer - depute and the others , concerning their precedency ; but at present by order , the thesaurer - deput is ranked after the advo\u2223cat , and before the justice - clerk .\nof the nine , which must be of the ordinar lords . the distinction of half\n7 . there is allowed two persons to be conjoyned in each of the three offices of ordinary clerks of session , and so now six clerks , and as many advocats as the senators shall think good . these sit and minister justice , not according to the rigour of law , but with reason and equity , every day ( save only on the\nin regard the office of the lords of session are for lifetime , they are set down as fol\u2223lows .\nthe president of the session by an act of parliament 1661 . is declared to have prece\u2223dency of the lord register and advocat , and they to have precedency of the lord thesaurer - deput .\namongst his majesties officers and counsellors , where the lesser officers of state are ranked , and after them the lords of session , according to their admission , and before privy counsellors being barons & gentlemen .\n& frequently thereafter . all the space between sessions , being the times of sowing and har\u2223vest , is vacation and intermission of all suites and law matters . they give judgment accor\u2223ding to the parliament , statutes , and munici\u2223pal laws , and where they are defective , they have recourse to the imperial civil law .\nfrom which courts or judges , in re\u2223gard of hard and unequal dealing , or else of alliance and partiality , they appeal some\u2223time to the session . these sheriffs are all for\nalso , to oblige more surely unto them the better sort of gentlemen by their benefits and favours , made in old time , these sheriffs hereditary and and perpetual . but the english kings soon perceiving the inconveniencies thereby ensu\u2223ing , of purpose changed this order , & appoint\u2223ed them from year to year . there be civil courts also in every regalitie , holden by their baillies , to whom the kings have graciously granted royalities : as also in free - burghs , by the magistrates thereof .\nin which before four judges , or commissars ; actions are pleaded concerning wills & testaments , the right of ecclesiastical benefices , tithes , divorces , and such other ecclesiastical causes . in every other several part almost throughout the kingdom , there sitteth but one judge alone in a place about these matters .\nexe\u2223cuted for some time , ) and he doth deput two or three lawers , who have the hearing and deciding of capital actions concerning life and death , or of such as infer loss of limbs , or of all goods . and by the 16\nlord justice - general , the lord justice - clerk , who are both at the kings nomination , and to them are added five of the lords of session , who are supplied from time to time by the king , and are called lords of the justiciary . in this court the defendant is permitted , yea in case of high - treason , to entertain a counsellor or advocat to plead his cause .\nmoreover in criminal matters , there are sometimes by vertue of the kings commission and authority , justices appointed for the de\u2223ciding of this or that particular cause .\nalso the sheriffs in their territories , and magistrats in some burghs , may sit in judge\u2223ment of man - slaughter ( in case the man - slay\u2223er be taken within 24 hours after the deed committed ) and being found guilty by a ju\u2223rie , put him to death . but if that time be once over - past , the cause is referred and put over to the\nor his deputs . the same priviledge also some of the nobility and gentry enjoy against theives taken within their own jurisdictions . there be likewise that have such royalities , as that in criminal causes they may exercise a jurisdiction with\u2223in their own limits , and in some cases recal those that dwell within their own limits and liberties from the kings justice , howbeit with a caution and proviso interposed ,\nwho had given the author good light . he being one of the three principal clerks of session , was in the year 1608 appointed secretary in place of the lord\ndid set it o\u2223pen for us , which had so long time been shut from us .\nmean time before we proceed to the de\u2223scription of particular places , according to the authors project , we must give some short account of the privy council , thesaury and exchequer , being soveraign courts , and omitted by the author . the privy council is constitute by the king ' s commission to decide in matters that concerns the government and publick peace of the nation , wherein the chancellor by his office doth preside , and af\u2223ter him the president of the council , who hath the same precedency as in\nthe persons are chiefly named out of the nobility , with the addition of some barons . in the thesaury and exchequer , the lord high the\u2223saurer doth preceed , but this office is frequent\u2223ly in commission , as it is at present , and then the lord chancellor is , and uses to be one and chief of the commission , as also the lord\nthesaurer deput , and they together with the lords of exchequer nominat by their majesties do order , determine , and dispose of the kings rents , revenues , gifts , and casualities : i have omitted particular lists of them , in regard the commissions to the council , thesaury and exchequer are some times changed , as the king doth think fit ; and that the persons employed in them are emi\u2223nent , of whom occasion will be to make men\u2223tion in some part of this treatise , either as noblemen , sheriffs of , or commissioners from shires , or otherwise .\nunder which one general name alone the writers of the middle time comprised all the rest .\nare always most ready for service and sudden invasions . the first place among these that we meet with ,\nand in old time marchidun , because it was a town in the marches , where stands a castle , that for natural situation , and towred fortifica\u2223tons , was in time past exceeding strong . which being surprised and held by the\nmissed and lamented of his subjects . as for the castle , it was yielded ; and being then for the most part of it lay ' d even with the ground , is now in a manner quite vanished and not to be seen . the territory adjoyn\u2223ing , called of it the sheriffdom of\nwho is present she\u2223riff , and one of the commissioners of the shire to this present parliament . and now hath\nin the year 1603 . to take possession of that crown , at which time he was created lord\naforesaid runneth through the midst of a dale , taking name of it , replenished with sheep , that bear wool of great request . a very goodly river this is , which springing more inwardly eastward , after it hath passed , as it were in a straight channel by\nwhere he is exceeding full of salmons , and so falleth into the sea .\nmerch , which is next , and so named because it is a march countrey , lyeth wholly upon the german sea . in this , first\nthe first of that name built out of the ground , for the propagation of gods glory , but to the great empairing of the crown - land .\nand passing along the ra\u2223ging ocean , landed here in safety , became renowned for her sanctimony , and left her name unto the place . but this\nwhat the meaning should be of these terms let others guess . in the reign of king\ndun\u2223bar ; and when as he proved by good evi\u2223dences and writings brought forth , that his father had been pardoned for that fault by the regents of the kingdom , he was answe\u2223red again , that it was not in the regents power to pardon on offence against the state ; and that it was expresly provided by the laws , that children should undergo punishment for their fathers transgressions , to the end that being thus heirs to their fathers rash\u2223ness , as they are to their goods and lands , they should not at any time in the haughty pride of their own power , plot any treason against prince or countrey . this title of earl of\ndoth presently enjoy that dignity ; this viscount is marked in the rolls of parliament 1621 . hard by ,\nwhich he hath extraordinarly improven & beautifyed by planting & inclosing . by the same riveret , some few miles higher ,\nslain there with his men about the year 815 . but that he should be that warlike\nboth the account of the times , and his own death do manifestly con\u2223troll it . the sheriff ship of this shire , being at the kings disposal , is given to sir\nbaronet , and one of their majesties privy council , and a member of this present parliament for the shire .\nmuch teene and trouble . here by retiring back off the shores on both sides , is room made for a most noble arm of the sea , and the same well furnished with islands , which by reason of many rivers encountring it by the way , and the tides of the surging sea together , spreadeth exceeding broad :\nthere is none descended of him that claims the title . upon this river , after you be past\nflock hither at their times ( for by report , their number is such , that in a clear day they take away the suns light , ) what a sort of fishes they bring ( for as the speech goeth , a hun\u2223dred garrison soldiers that here lay for de\u2223fence of the place , fed upon no other meat but the fresh fish that they brought in , ) what a quantity of sticks and little twigs they get together for the building of their nests , so that by their means the inhabitants are a\u2223bundantly provided of feuel for their fire ; what a mighty gain groweth by their feathen and oyl , the report thereof is so incredible that no man scartcely would believe it , but he that had seen it . the garrison of the\na peer as hath been said . near to this place was the seat of sir\nthe sixth , and one of the lords of session ; his grand uncle mr .\nthe sixth , and one of the lords of session ; and his uncle mr .\nalso a lord of session . upon the sea - side is the town of\na pict , good leave have he for me , i will not con\u2223front them with this my conjecture .\naffordeth . and as it is the seat of the kings , so is it the oracle also , or closet of the laws , and the very palace of justice . for the high courts of parliament are here for the most part holden ,\nfor the enacting and repelling of laws : also the session , and the court of the kings ju\u2223dicators , and of the commissariat , whereof i have spoken already , are here settled and kept .\nthe second after his restauration , did raise there a fair and stately court and pallace , all of hewen stone . in\ndid to their great expense , build a stately hall for the meetings of the parlia\u2223ment , with other rooms adjoyning for the session , and above stairs for the privy coun\u2223cil and exchequer , with a large closs or yard , to the south of st .\nthe second on horse - back in brass . and to the south - west , on a rising ground , is a curious and large hospi\u2223tal , built with the money left by\ngold - smith , which doth entertain above an hundred young boys , children of decay\u2223ed burgesses . this city is well watered with five large fountains on the high and broad street thereof . in this city also , by king\nas what variable changes of reciprocal fortune it hath felt from time to time , the historiographers do relate , and out of them ye are to be informed .\nhad fortified , by reason of many men repair\u2223ing thither , within a short time from a mean village , it grew to be a big town . again , when\ntruely seing both these islands be dissevered from the shore , the same reason of the name will hold in both languages . for\nwhere she did much reside , and began to found that monastry . upon the same\nin the british tongue soundeth as much as a lake . a sheriff it had in times past by inheritance out of the family of the\nthe sixth raised from the dignity of a baron , wherein his ancestors had flourished a long time , to the honour of an earl . in the same shire is situat\ngreat grand child to the first earl , doth pre\u2223sently enjoy the dignity , and is one of the commissioners of the thesaury . near to\nfor deliver\u2223ing him out of a danger , greatly enriched . these were earls of\nthe fifth ( who begat many bastards ) the title & inheritance both came un\u2223to his son now extinct . hard by is\ninto which the access by land is very difficult . the places of greater note here\u2223in are these ;\nby right from their ancest\u2223ors , had the rule of this seneschalsie or stewartrie , for so it is accounted . this vale\nfor that the per\u2223son more remote in the second degree , descend\u2223ing in the first line , is to be preferred before a nearer in a second line , in the succession of an inheritance that cannot be parted .\nby his own vertue , at length recovered the king\u2223dom unto himself , and established it to his posterity . a prince , who as he flourished notably , in regard of the glorious ornaments of his noble acts , so he triumphed as happi\u2223ly with invincible fortitude & courage , over fortune that so often crossed him . sir\nwho besides other offices enjoyed by him , is one of the commissioners of the thesaury ; and by a special commission did represent the lord high thesaurer in the last session of this cur\u2223rent parliament . i cannot pass over in silence his uncle ,\nis one of the titles of the present duke . by the same river , near unto the mouth whereof standeth\nfor fear he should fore - close his way to the kingdom , ran quite through with his sword in the church , & soon obtained his par\u2223don from the pope , for committing that mur\u2223der in a sacred place . near unto the mouth , is\nand is now in the person of the present earl . moreover , in this vale\nof whom i am to write more in place convenient , bare a long time the title of earl .\nfor to fetch in booties , and in which the inhabitants thereabout on both sides with pleasant pastime and delight\u2223ful sight on horse - back with spears hunt salmons , whereof there is abundance . what manner of\nthey go forth in the night by troops out of their own borders , through de\u2223sart by - ways , and many winding crankies . all the day time they refresh their horses , and re\u2223creat their own strength in lurking places ap\u2223pointed before hand , until they be come thither at length , in the dark night where they would be . when they have laid hold of a bootie , back again they return home likewise by night , through blind ways only , and fetching many a compasse about ; the more skillful any leader or guide is , to pass through those wild desarts , crooked turnings , and steep down - falls , in the thickest mists and deepest darkness , he is held in greater reputati\u2223on , as one of an excellent wit : and so crafty\nand wily these are , that seldom or never they for\u2223go their booty , and suffer it to be taken out of their hands , unless it happen otherwhiles that they be caught by their adversaries following con\u2223tinually after , and tracting them directly by their footing , according as quick - senting slugh - hounds do lead them . but say they be taken , so fair spoken they are and eloquent , so many sugared words they have at will , sweetly to plead for them\u25aa that they are able to move the judges and adver\u2223saries both , be they never so austere and severe , if not to mercy , yet to admiration , and some commiseration withal .\nthey take in weels and weer - nets , an incredible num\u2223ber of most sweet and savourie eels , where\u2223by they make no less gain than others do by their little naggs , which for being well limmed , fast knit , and strongly made to en\u2223dure travail , are most in request , and bought from hence . among these , the first place that offereth it self by the river\nbaronet , is heretable she\u2223riff , and a member for that shire to this cur\u2223rent parliament . in times past , it had for lord ,\nwhich i know not , to say truth , where to seek . yet that place requireth that it should be that episcopal seat of\nhis younger brother took him prisoner in battel , and when he had cut out his tongue , and plucked his eyes forth of his head , he cruelly bereaved him both of life and inheritance . but with\u2223in some few years , when\nand is in this tract of high birth , spread into many branches , and of great power . the chief of which linage is the earl of\nhath a town also of mer\u2223chandise , and a well known port by a river of the same name .\nbut now both sheriffship and stewartry being at the kings disposal , are granted to one person ; which rivers hath many little villages scattered along their banks .\nand others of these sirnames , all families of good note . the chief mes\u2223suage of the stewartry of\nbutteth upon the same firth so close , that it restraineth the breadth thereof , which hi\u2223therto lay out and spread at large . the name , if one interpret it , is as much as the\nby which a man may guess how commodious and pleasant it is . this territory is watered with\nand marriage with the kings sister . but soon after , when the said gale came about , and blew contrary , they were judged enemies to the state :\ndoth contravert many of the circumstances thereof . ) howbeit the po\u2223sterity of the lord\nrecovered the anci\u2223ent honour of barons , and honourably enjoy it at this day . this family was dignified with the title of earl of\nshallow withall , that it can bear none other vessels but small barks and boats .\nwas in a broil , whiles he took part with the protestants , he was apprehended and beheaded . but the\nof a castle bearing the same name . inwardly it mounteth up altogether with high rising hills , at the bottom and foot whereof , along the shore , it is well inhabited . the first earl hereof that i can read of , was\nin understanding , that he could not manage his estate , took this title in the right of being guardian .\nhe hath been twice employed by their majesties , as commissio\u2223ner to the general assembly , and is of the privy council .\nthe fifth , book 12 . chap . 5 . anent the genealogy of the\nas is said , who is one of the gentlemen of their majesties bed - chamber . the fourth son lord\nis the most famous town of merchandise in this tract : for pleasant situation , apple - trees , and other like fruit - trees much com\u2223mended , having also a very fair bridge sup\u2223ported with eight arches . near to it is\nkings , and that a wrong genealogy of them is printed , with our acts of parliament . i must be allowed to prevent the further course of that mistake , to digress a little beyond my ordinary in privat families , to give a true and brief account of that ancient , great and noble family of the\nand that he died in the year 1177 , by the former , and 1178 . by the latter , which\nthe manu\u2223script contains many things useful to the history , and is in the hands of the reverend mr .\nhis grand - father , his seal appended , is also entire : he died in the year 1309 . at the battle of\nhath the charter and lands , an ancient baron , nobly de\u2223scended . there is a charter to the same per\u2223son of the same lands , but then designed sir\nand other great branches descended thereof , de\u2223serve a particular treatise . i shall only re\u2223peat ,\nrobertus senescallus comes de strathern , ne\u2223pos noster , ioannes senescallus comes de car\u2223rict , filius suus primogenitus & haeres , & c .\nas also with islands , concerning which , many fables have been forged , and those rife among the com\u2223mon people .\nas touching an island here that floateth and waveth too and fro , i list not to make question thereof . for what should let , but that a lighter body , and spongeous withal in manner of a\nthere be islands full of grass , and covered over with rushes and reeds , that float up and down . but i leave it unto\n) the east side of it , which hath a most pleasant prospect into the said lake . but at the confluence where\nin a green plain . in one of the tops or heads abovesaid , there standeth up a lofty watch - tower , or keep : on the other , which is the lower , there are sundry strong bul\u2223warks : between these two tops on the north side , it hath one only ascent , by which hard\u2223ly one by one can pass up , and that with a labour by degrees or steps , cut out aslope traverse the rock : in stead of ditches on the west side , serveth the river\nand on the east a boggy flat , which at every tide is wholly covered over with waters ; and on the north side , the ve\u2223ry upright steepness of the place , is a most sufficient defence . certain remains of the\ndeparture , for three hundred years , in the midst of their enemies . for in\nthat it was rendred unto them by composition . of this place , the territory\nwas given unto that most noble fami\u2223ly , in regard of the honourable office of the stewart - ship of the kingdom , as who had the charge of the kings revenues . the said\nthe eight , considering that he bestowed upon him in marriage his neice , with fair lands . by the means of this hap\u2223py marriage , were brought into the world\ndivided as well in it self , as it was heretofore from the rest of the world , and to lay a most sure foundation of an everlasting security , for our heirs and the posterity . as for\nwho above her sex , so embraced the studies of the best li\u2223terature , that therein she profited and pro\u2223ceeded with singular commendation , and comparable with the excellent ladies of old time . when\nwhereof he stood en\u2223feoffed , was revoked by parliamentary au\u2223thority , in the year of our lord 1579 . and his uncle by the fathers side ,\npier\u2223cing far into the land out of the west and east seas , are divided asunder , that they meet not one with the other .\nname , which scarcely could be stayed , set out the marches of the empire in this part of the world farther , although with inrodes they other whiles molested and endamnaged them . but after this glorious expedition of\nraised the wall three miles long . but see here the very inscriptions them\u2223selves , as\nimp . caes . tit . \u2014io aelio hadriano anton . aug . pio . p . p . leg . ii . aug . per . m . p . iii . d . cix vis .\nstrengthened this wall another time , and fortified it with seven castles . lastly , the\nthey made a turff wall , rearing it not so much with stone as with turfs , ( as having no cunning artificer for so great a piece of work ) and the same to no use , between two firths or arms of the sea , for ma\u2223ny miles in length : that where the fense of wa\u2223ter was wanting , there by the help of a wall , they might defend there borders from the inva\u2223sion of enemies : of which work , that is to say a very broad and high wall , a man may see to this day , most certain and evident remains .\nobtained a signal victory . ) and almost two miles lower , there is an ancient round building four and twenty cubits high , and thirteen broad , open in the top , framed of rough stone without lime , having the upper part of every stone so tenanted into the nether , as that the whole work still rising narrow by a mutual interlacing and clasping , upholdeth it self . some call this the temple of\na round house of polished stone , erecting a triumphal arch in memorial of a victory : he re - edified also the wall , and strengthened it with seven castles .\ntheir minority , have been at other times com\u2223mitted . whereas some there be , that would have the good and lawful money of\nshire to be described after . the sheriffship of this shire belongs to the earls of\nsuch as the northern nations for the most part are ; who by reason of the rigorous cold of the air , are more rough and fierce , and for their abundance of blood , more bold and ad\u2223venturous . moreover , beside the position of the climat , this is furthered by the na\u2223ture and condition of the soil , which riseth up all throughout , with rough and rugged mountains ; and mountainers , verily all men know and confess to be hardy , stout , and strong . but whereas\nthan this of our ; although ours may also justly challenge unto it self this commendation . among this was the wood\nthat it was thought there , they were brought thi\u2223ther within iron grates and cages . but this term and name\nwe brittain dames have to do with the bravest and best men , and you roman ladies with e\u2223very lewd base companion secretly .\nto which the reader is referred . there is also now in the press , the manuscript of the judicious and learned mr .\nshooteth out far into the east . this land yieldeth plenty of corn and forrage , yea and of pit coals : the sea , besides other fishes , affordeth oysters and and shell - fish in great abundance , and the coasts are well bespread with pretty townlets , replenished with stout and lusty mariners . in the south side hereof by\ncastle , the seat of a noble family , bearing the same sir\u2223name . the laird of\nto succeed her in that dignity . from hence the shore draweth back with a crooked and wiuding tract un\u2223to\nthat it should be the chief and mother of all churches in the picts kingdom .\ndoctors of the civil law , publickly professed here good literature , laid the foundation of an university : which now , for happy increase of learned men , for three colledges and the kings professors in them , is become highly renowned . hard by there loseth it self into the sea\nking , when he is to be crowned in his chair , and to lead the vant - guard in his army ; and if any of them should happen by casualty to kill either gentleman or commoner , to buy it out with a piece of money . not far from\nheifer , should be quit of man\u2223slaughter . when his posterity lost this ti\u2223tle and priviledge , is uncertain ; but it appear\u2223eth , that king\nthe kings eldest son to be most pitifully famished to death , which is the highest extremity of all misery . but his son\nshould be united unto the crown for ever . but the authority of the sheriff of\nwas a lord of the session , and one of the octavians of the thesaury , & secre\u2223tary before k .\nin the year 1648 , whose honour is not now claimed by any . lieutenant general\nhis son being deceased without heirs male , the grand . child is married to mr .\nthe worst emperour , marched with victorious armies in the third year of his warlike expeditions , having wasted and spoiled the nations hitherto . near the out\u2223let of\nthe third ; took to him a wife out of that li\u2223nage : for the women of this race , have for their singular beauty , and well favoured sweet countenance , won the prize from all others , insomuch as they have been the kings most a\u2223miable paramours . baron\nhis great grand - child , who was an extraordi\u2223nar lord of the session , justice general , and chancellor to k .\nhad been quite extinguished , but that the chief of that house left his wife behind him great with child . the precedency of\nnectane king of the picts gave unto god and st . brigid until the day of doom , together with the bounds thereof , which ly from a stone in abertrent , unto a stone near to carfull ,\nthe first took away the earldom as escheated ; after that , he understood out of the records of the kingdom , that it was given unto his mothers grand - father , and the hirs male of his body . this territory , the barons\npresident of the council , ranked before the l . privy seal ; it is report\u2223ed , that being vain of the title of\nthe sixth was the first , who as great or high commissioner , did repre\u2223sent the kings person in the parliament 1604 , as distinguished from several noblemen and gentlemen , appointed commissioners by the king under the quarter seal , to meet at the dyet of parliament , and to continue the same to a furder time , and to see the solem\u2223nities constituting the parliament performed , the first day of its sitting ; which form was constantly observed , till the year 1640 . this earls grand - child\nactions there , and several noble and antient families inhabiting it . i return to the cross of\nmedals have been found , and from that there is a great mercat - road lead\u2223eth towards st .\ndis manibus antonius daimonius cohortis i . legionis xvii . hispanorum heredes . f . c .\nthe country runneth out in length and breadth , all mangled with fishful pools , and in some places with rising mountains , very commo\u2223dious for feeding of cattel ; in which also there range up and down wild kine and red deer : but along the shore it is more un\u2223pleasant in sight , what with rocks , and what with blackish barren mountains . in this part , as\neither through friendship , or by dint of sword , planted their seat amongst them which they still hold . of whom , their leader they are to this very day called dalreudini : for in their language ,\nthe fourth by authority of the states of the king\u2223dom , enacted a law . but the earls them\u2223selves have in some cases their royalties , as being men of very great command and au\u2223thority ,\n( betwixt which and it there is a narrow sea , scarce thirteen miles over ) as if it would conjoyn it self .\nlying over - against it , there is , in my conceit , some affinity . at this day it is called in the\nby so thin a neck ( as being scarce a mile broad , and the same all sandy ) that the mariners find it the nearer way to convey their small vessels over it by land . which i hope a man may sooner believe , than that the\nano\u2223ther lake running into the east sea , but that certain mountains between kept them with a very little partition asunder . the chiefest place of name in this tract is\nare joyned in one these coun\u2223tries and those beyond them , in the year of our lords incarnation 655 . the\nis better known for the dukes thereof , than for any good gifts that the soil yieldeth .\nthat was heir to the crown . but the punishment due for this wicked fact , which himself by the long sufferance of god self not , his son\nsuffered most grievously , being condemned for treason and beheaded , when he had seen his two sons the day before executed in the same manner . the third duke of\nchanced to be wound\u2223ed with a piece of shattered launce , & so di\u2223ed . his son\ntheir bodies be firmly made and well compact , able withal and strong , nimble of foot , high min\u2223ded , inbread and nuzzeled in warlike exer\u2223cises , or robberies rather , and upon a dead\u2223ly feud and hatred , most forward and des\u2223perat to take revenge . they go attired\nthey commit such cruel outrages , what with robbing , spoilling and killing , that their savage cruelty hath forced a law to be enacted , whereby it is lawful , that if any person , out of any one clan or kindred of theirs hath trespassed ought , and done harm , whosoever of that clan or linage chance to be taken , he shall either make amends for the harms , or else suffer death for it ; when as the whole clan commonly beareth feud for any hurt received by any one member thereof , by execution of laws , order of ju\u2223stice , or otherwise . sir\nissueth : and first run\u2223reth amain through the fields , until that spreading broad into a lake full of islands , he restraineth and keepeth in his course . then gathering himself narrow within his banks into a channel , and watering\ndread\u2223ful to see , for the sundry turnings and win\u2223dings in and out therein , for the hideous hor\u2223rour of dark shades , for the burrows and dens of wild bulls with thick manes ( where\u2223of i made mention heretofore ) extended it self in old time far and wide every way in these parts . as for the places herein , they are of no great account , but the earls thereof are very memorable ."]}
{"id": 1473, "summary": [{"text": "xerocrassa molinae is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to spain , where it is restricted to the islands of columbrete grande ( illa grossa ) and mancolibre ( columbretes islands group ) . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "xerocrassa molinae", "paragraphs": ["information on xerocrassa molinae is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - xerocrassa ( xerocrassa molinae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - xerocrassa ( xerocrassa molinae )\ntitle =\narkive species - xerocrassa ( xerocrassa molinae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nxerocrassa molinae is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nhygromiidae \u00bb xerocrassa molinae , id : 815639 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : amandana molinae ( j . g . hidalgo , 1883 ) - id : 5814000050\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is endemic to two columbretes islands and has a very restricted range ( extent of occurrence = 14 km 2 and area of occupancy = 14 km 2 ) . the islands are protected areas and the population is thought to be increasing . currently , there are no major threats to this species , however , fires or stochastic events could affect this species and lead it to extinction . the species is therefore listed as near threatened .\nthis species is endemic to spain , where it is restricted to the columbretes islands ( castell\u00f3n province ) to two islands : columbrete grande ( l ' illa grossa ) and mancolibre .\nthere has been a slight increase in the population of this species since the islands they inhabit have been protected .\nthis species lives in exposed places on the stems of bushes and under stones .\npotential threats to this species include fires , depredation by rats and birds and tourism .\nthis species is currently abundant on the columbrete islands but the habitat is fragile and a plan of conservation and the inclusion of this species in protected species catalogues is recommended . the specific status of this taxon should be investigate as it is possible that it was introduced to the columbrete islands from the pine islands ( balearic islands ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhidalgo , j . g . 1883 . description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles d ' helix . - journal de conchyliologie 31 : 56 - 58 , pl . ii [ = 2 ] . paris .\nshell horny coloured with transparent dark and whitish bands and dashes ( or whitish with horny transparent spots , or brown with white spots ) , finely striated , last whorl not always rounded at the periphery , umbilicus narrow , aperture inside with a thin lip .\nendemic species of columbretes islands . threatened by fires . since the islands have been protected , the number of populations has increased ( mart\u00ednez - ort\u00ed & robles 2003 ) . red list spain 2001 : sensitive to habitat change ( g\u00f3mez moliner et al . 2001 ) . red list spain 2006 : vulnerable ( verd\u00fa & galante 2006 ) .\nreferences : westerlund 1889 : 259 , g\u00f3mez moliner et al . 2001 : 148 , mart\u00ednez - ort\u00ed & robles 2003 : 135 , puente et al . in verd\u00fa & galante 2006 : 387 , urltoken ( 3 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 524 ( range map ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nalberto martinez - ort\u00ed departamento de zoologia . facultad de ciencias biol\u00f3gicas . universitat de val\u00e8ncia . av . dr . moliner , 50 . 46100 burjassot , valencia spain tel : 0034670342546 amorti @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software"]}
{"id": 1477, "summary": [{"text": "goniatites bohemicus is a species of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family goniatitidae , included in the superfamily goniatitaceae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the silurian period , from 443.4 to 419.2 million years ago . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "goniatites bohemicus", "paragraphs": ["goniatites is a genus of extinct cephalopods belonging to the family goniatitidae , included in the superfamily goniatitaceae . beyrichoceras and cravenoceras are among related genera .\nthis lithograph of goniatites bohemicus appeared in joachim barrande\u2019s syst\u00eame silurien du centre de la boh\u00eame . 1 the artist , m . humbert from lemercier in paris , prepared the solnhofen lithographic limestone plate to barrande\u2019s exacting requirements using fossils from his extensive collection ( as shown ) . it is one of more than a thousand similarly executed plates in the monumental syst\u00eame .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njoachim barrande , the son of the shopkeeper augustin barrande and his wife charlotte , was born on 11 aug 1799 in saugues , haute loire . 2 he studied civil engineering at the \u00e9cole polytechnique in paris , graduated at the top of his class and in 1826 he came into the service of king charles x as the science tutor of his grandson henry , the comte du chambord . after charles x was forced to abdicate in the july revolution of 1830 barrende followed the royal court to dorset , edinburgh and finally prague . 1\ncharles x and his family eventually moved on to trieste but barrande stayed in prague where he began work as a road and bridge engineer . barrande had a keen interest in the natural sciences and the story goes that his interest in paleontology was piqued while observing fossils found during his surveying work on the planned radnice - plze\u0148 - bud\u011bjovice railway . whatever the reasons he started collecting fossils , however , it was the publication of murchison\u2019s silurian system in 1839 that focused his interest . 3 he realized that his finds were the same ones that murchison was describing and soon he began a much more systematic study .\nphragmoceras sp . ( left ) , trochoceras and gyroceras sp . ( right )\nbetween 1840\u201350 barrande travelled on foot through the mountains between prague and beroun and created a stratigraphic map of central bohemia . he identified paleozoic rock formations and hired workers \u2013 as many as 20 or 30 at a time \u2013 to dig for fossils . he was so successful in finding fossil beds that his laborers \u201cattributed to him a mastery of the black art of divination and a possible intimacy with the devil himself . \u201d by the time he died he had amassed a collection of more than 100 , 000 specimens .\nhe began organizing his notes and in 1852 , under the fitting motto of \u201cc\u2019est ce que j\u2019ai vu\u201d ( this is what i have observed ) , published the first folio of his remarkable syst\u00eame silurien du centre de la boh\u00eame .\nover the next 31 years \u2013 until his death in 1883 \u2013 he published 22 quarto folios covering trilobites , cephalopods , pteropods , brachiopods and molluscs . in all the syst\u00eame included 6887 pages of text , 1078 plates and described 3560 lower palaeozoic species . it was a monumental work that simply has no parallel in the history of palentology .\nmonomercella and orthonychia sp . ( left ) , herecynella bohemica and philhedra humillima ( right )\nbarrande found it necessary to act as his own publisher and set up his own press in prague . there was no part of the project that escaped his obsessive supervision \u2013 especially the plates . he personally designed and laid out the illustrations and left extensive instructions to his artists including j . fetters ( prague ) , a . swoboda ( vienna ) and m . humbert ( paris ) . he routinely demanded revisions and even discarded perfectly usable plates at the last minute when a better specimen became available . as science noted in their 1888 obituary \u201c [ they ] could not have been printed with greater technical elegance by any press in paris . \u201d 4\nof course barrande\u2019s obsessiveness was expensive . the project required continual financial support from the academy of science in vienna and the comte du chambord . even with a prohibitive price of 1575 francs the publication never broke even .\nbarrande\u2019s publication would turn out to be critically important to charles darwin . he mentioned his work no less than five times in the origin of the species . 5 barrande , on the other hand , felt that his work was \u201cto ascertain the reality , not to create ephemeral theories\u201d and his idea of \u201ccolonies\u201d would become one of the chief scientific alternatives to darwin\u2019s theory of evolution .\nbarrande had amassed so much material that after his death in 1883 three volumes describing an additional 1000 species were published . today , more than a century later , his work is still routinely referenced by paleontologists .\n1 . barrande , joachim . syst\u00eame silurien du centre de la boh\u00eame ( the silurian system of central boehmia ) ( 8 volumes ) . prague : chez l\u2019auteur , 1852\u20131911 . volumes 2\u20138 are online . the missing volume , unfortunately , is the trilobite volume \u2013 hence no trilobite scans in the post . sorry . if a version of volume 1 ever becomes available \u2013 trust me \u2013 i\u2019ll be all over it .\n2 . for a more complete biography of barrande see radvan horn\u00fd , radvan and turek vojt\u011bch . jaochim barrande : his life , work and heritage to world palaeontology . prague : praha n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum , p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 muzeum , 1999 . ( worldcat , online ) , or k\u0159\u00ed\u017e , ji\u0159\u00ed . joachim barrande . prague : \u010desk\u00fd geologick\u00fd \u00fastav , 1999 ( online )\n3 . murchisen , roderick . the silurian system . london : john murray , 1839 ( online ) .\n4 . joachim barrande , his life . science . 30 nov 1883 ; 2 ( 43 ) : 699\u2013701 ( online )\n5 . darwin , charles . on the origin of the species . london : john murray , 1859 ( worldcat , online ) .\nthe shell is generally globose with an open but narrow umbilicus , the surface commonly reticulate resulting from longitudinal lirae crossing transverse striae . the ventral lobe of the suture is rather narrow with a median saddle about or little less than half the height of entire lobe . the first lateral saddle is subangular to angular .\nfossils of species within this genus have been found widespread in north america , eurasia , and north africa . in particular they have been found in the\nmiller , furnish , and schindewolf , 1957 . paleozoic ammonoidea , treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part l . geological society of america .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\non andrew wyeth\u2019s 22nd birthday he ventured to cushing , maine to meet the artist merle james but instead met james\u2019 17 - year old daughter betsy . instantly smitten , he asked her to show him around town and she was more than happy to oblige . she thought \u201ci\u2019ll show him a real maine building\u201d and as something of a test took him to the hathorne point home of her friends christina and alvaro olson . 1\nthroughout his life andrew had a rather contentious relationship with women ; indeed with anyone who didn\u2019t in some way directly support his painting , but on that day in july 1939 he met what would become two of the most important women in his life . 1\nlike andrew , betsy had health problems as a child and grew up a loner . \u201ci was the flawed child\u201d she said . they married in may 1940 and she was initially dismissed by andrew\u2019s domineering father , n . c . , as a lightweight dillitente . she would prove n . c . and the rest of wyeth\u2019s family wrong , becoming not only andrew\u2019s wife and model but his staunchest supporter and most severe critic , his business manager and eventually his archivist .\nbetsy knew that the olsen\u2019s were difficult , reclusive people . andrew , however , was completely unfazed by their dilapidated house and as he later recalled \u201cowing to christina\u201a\u00e4\u00f4s real fondness for betsy , she accepted me much more readily than i suppose she ordinarily would have . \u201d\nby this time christina , who had an undiagnosed neuromuscular disease ( likely polio ) was reduced to crawling and urinating on stacks of discarded newspapers . andrew however felt that \u201cshe was so much bigger than all the little idiosyncrasies . \u201d and found her a symbol of fierce independance - an extraordinary conquest of life . the result of this friendship was christina\u2019s world , one of the iconic paintings of the 20th century .\nandrew and betsy spent their winters in chadds ford , pennsylvania and their summers in cushing where he routinely returned to the olsons and their saltwater farm as a subject . he eventually had free run of their house , even setting up his studio in an upstairs bedroom .\nchristina\u2019s death in jan 1968 deeply affected andrew and marked the end of a seminal two decade long period in his painting . faced with a blank canvas \u2013 as it were \u2013 it was time for a reappraisal of his art . it was then that he met siri , the daughter of the cushing farmer george erickson . siri was exotic , untouched and had an electrifying effect on his work . \u201ca burst of life , \u201d he later said , \u201clike spring coming through the ground , a rebirth of something fresh out of death . \u201d\nit was betsy ( much to her later chagrin ) who pushed him to do nudes . because his model was only 14 years old it became \u2013 as you could imagine \u2013 something of a scandal .\nwyeth painted siri for ten years , until betsy \u2013 worried that their relationship had turned sexual \u2013 put a stop to it . she told andrew \u201cif you do this again , don\u2019t tell me . \u201d her request would have rather far - reaching consequences because andrew had just met helga .\nhelga was born in konigsberg , prussia in 1939 . after surviving the war her family was held as prisoners in denmark . at age 16 she entered the convent but left a few years later and met john testorf . they married , moved to philadelphia and finally settled in chadds ford . by the time she met andrew she was a lonely , unhappy , homesick housewife and posing for andrew was her answer . \u201ci became alive , \u201d she said , \u201cit shows in the pictures . i became young overnight . i\u2019ve never done anything more worthwhile . \u201d\nwyeth spent the next 15 years painting helga in near complete secrecy . to hide her from betsy he shuttled her from studio to studio ( \u201clike a hamster in a cage\u201d ) and began finding excuses to remain in chadds ford while betsy was in maine . what few pieces he showed betsy carefully concealed helga\u2019s identity . he even changed her skin color in barracoon :\neventually he tired of the subterfuge and showed his work \u2013 some 240 pieces \u2013 to betsy . her first reaction was that \u201c whew , i was absolutely overcome , \u201d and her next was \u201cwho the fuck was this woman ? \u201d the wyeths sold the entire collection to the publisher leonard e . b . andrews and in a masterful piece of public relations the story spread beyond art circles , with the salacious details of wyeth\u2019s secret model becoming the simultaneous cover story in both time and newsweek .\nwyeth\u2019s artwork remains to this day a polarizing subject \u2013 either you love it or you hate it . it would be difficult , however , to deny his love of his models . as one of them stated \u201cits a romance to to the degree where you\u2019re the most important thing in the world to him . \u201d\n1 . for a complete biography see : meryman , richard . andrew wyeth : a secret life . new york : harpercollins , 1996 ( worldcat ) .\n2 . all of the helga images are from wilmerding , john . andrew wyeth : the helga pictures . new york : harry abrams , 1987 ( worldcat ) ."]}
{"id": 1484, "summary": [{"text": "macroscelides is a genus of small shrew-like animals , the round-eared sengis ( also called elephant shrews ) , found in western namibia and in south africa ; they are members of the clade afrotheria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are three known species : namib round-eared sengi , macroscelides flavicaudatus etendaka round-eared sengi , macroscelides micus , which is only found in gravel plains in the etendaka formation of north-west namibia karoo round-eared sengi , or short-eared elephant shrew , macroscelides proboscideus", "topic": 3}], "title": "macroscelides", "paragraphs": ["macroscelides typus a . smith , 1829 ( = sorex proboscideus shaw , 1800 ) .\nspecies account of macroscelides proboscideus on the animal diversity web ( the university of michigan museum of zoology ) .\nnamib round - eared sengi ( macroscelides flavicaudatus ) from wlotzkasbaken , namibia . may 2000 . photo : g . rathbun\nunger , r . , h . kratochvil . 1999 . feeding preferences of short - eared elephant shrews ( macroscelides proboscideus , smith 1829 ) .\nto cite this page : dohring , a . 2002 .\nmacroscelides proboscideus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : dr . ted macrini , 2004 ,\nmacroscelides proboscideus\n( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken\nmacroscelides proboscideus , the short - eared elephant shrew , is one of 15 extant species of the clade macroscelidea . elephant shrews are small mammals ( head and body length : 95 - 315 mm ) characterized by long slender tails ( length : 80 - 265 mm ) , long slender legs , and a long , narrow , semi - flexible snout from which the name derives ( nowak , 1991 ) .\nwe investigated the state of dental eruption in specimens of macroscelides proboscideus and erinaceus europaeus of known age . when m . proboscideus reaches adult size and sexual maturity , few or none of its replaced permanent cheek teeth have erupted . the approximate sequence of upper tooth eruption is p1 , [ i3 , c , m1 ] , [ i1\u20132 ] , m2 , p4 , [ p2 , p3 ] . chronologically , e . europaeus erupts its molars and most premolars prior to m . proboscideus ; but its first two upper incisors erupt after those of m . proboscideus , and its canines erupt around the same time . the approximate sequence of upper tooth eruption in e . europaeus is [ m1 , m2 , p2 , i3 ] , c , m3 , p4 , p3 , i2 , i1 . unlike m . proboscideus , e . europaeus does not reach adult size until all permanent teeth except for the anterior incisors have erupted . while not unique among mammals , the attainment of adult body size prior to complete eruption of the permanent cheek teeth is particularly common among macroscelidids and other afrotherians .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclick on images for enlargement . click here to see the gallery of photos for the newly discovered gray faced sengi .\ngolden - rumped sengi rhynchocyon chrysopygus weight = 550 g . gedi ruins , kenya photo : galen rathbun\nblack and rufous sengi rhynchocyon petersi minja forest reserve , north pare mountains , tanzania . 28 july 2006 photo : bill stanley\ncheckered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei ( camera trap image ) burigi game reserve , kagera , tanzania . june 2007 photo : charles foley , tanzania mammal atlas project\ncheckered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei ( camera trap of likely estrus female followed by male ) burigi game reserve , kagera , tanzania . june 2007 photo : charles foley , tanzania mammal atlas project\ncheckered sengi rhynchocyon cirnei mareja community reserve , pemba , cabo delgado province , mozambique . 16 june 2011 . photo : galen rathbun\nshort - snouted sengi elephantulus brachyrhynchus weight : 50 g . mankwe wildlife reserve , northwest province , south africa photo : richard yarnell\nshort - snouted sengi elephantulus brachyrhynchus weight : 45 g . zambezi province ( caprivi strip ) , namibia photo : galen rathbun\ncape rock sengi elephantulus edwardii weight = 50 g . traveller\u2019s rest , clanwilliam , northern cape province , south africa photo : galen rathbun\nkaroo rock sengi elephantulus pilicaudus weight = 50 g . loxton , northern cape province , south africa photo : galen rathbun\nbushveld sengi elephantulus intufi weight = 40g . zwartmodder farm , maltahohe district , namibia photo : jack dumbacher\nbushveld sengi elephantulus intufi weight = 40g . windpoort farm , outjo , namibia photo : galen rathbun\neastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus weight = 50 g . matopos national park , zimbabwe , august 1982 photo : tim osborne\neastern rock sengi elephantulus myurus weight = 50 g . weenen game reserve , kwazulu - natal province , south africa photo : david ribble\nnorth african sengi petrosaltator rozeti weight : 50 g midlet , morocco photo : g . rathbun\nrufous sengi elephantulus rufescens mother and young resting on trail through leaf litter . kibwezi , kenya photo : galen rathbun\nrufous sengi elephantulus rufescens neonate - one day old . photo : gene maliniak , national zoological park\nwestern rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . rehoboth , namibia photo : galen rathbun\nwestern rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . namibrand nature reserve , namibia photo : jack dumbacher\nwestern rock sengi elephantulus rupestris weight = 50 g . captive eating a grasshopper . photo : chris and tilde stuart\nthe short - eared elephant shrew mostly inhabits namibia , southern botswana , and south africa .\nthe animal only lives in desert and semi - desert areas of the countries in which it is found . it hides in the sparse grass cover or bushes that are a part of these dry areas . they also burrow into the sand .\ncompared to members of the other elephant shrew genus , the short - eared elephant shrew has shorter and rounder ears and lacks the pale rings around the eyes that are typical of those animals . the tail is hairy , with a visible gland on the underside . on the hind feet , the first digit is small and has a claw . the fur is usually long , soft , and is an orange , brown or grayish color on top and a lighter color on the underside . adults often weigh between 40 - 50 grams with 100 - 110mm long bodies and 97 - 130mm long tails . defining skull features include an enlarged auditory bullae and the appearance of three upper incisors , as well as a short rostrum and crowded teeth . females also have six mammae .\nthe breeding season is in the warm , wet months of august and september . a female may have many pregnancies during one breeding season . ( shaw , 1934 )\ngestation for these animals is typically about 56 days and only two young are born , sometimes one . they are born in a very precocial state ; they can run within a few hours after birth , are large in size , and are born with hair and their eyes open . babies are weaned at 16 - 25 days and reach sexual maturity after about 43 days . ( rathbun & fons )\nthe female does not make a nest for the young ; however , she will find a sheltered area and give birth to the young in it . the mother does not guard her young and is gone from the litter most of the time , coming back once a day to feed the young . ( smith , 1829 )\nin the wild , these animals only live for 1 - 2 years . in captivity they can live as long as 3 - 4 years .\nthese animals are mostly diurnal except when threatened by predators . they are usually solitary animals in the wild except when they come together to mate . when mating , females fend off other females and males fight off other males .\nthese elephant shrews take refuge under bush or rocks but also dig burrows or use shelters previously built by other small species , typically rodents . the animals use the burrows like roads to get from place to place . they keep them clean by kicking any debris that clogs their tunnels . they also sand bathe to help keep clean .\nshort - eared elephant shrews typically eat insects , usually termites and ants , and other small invertebrates . they may also feed on plant parts such as roots , shoots , and berries .\nthe animal usually jumps from bush to bush during the day or basks in the sun , but if harassed by diurnal predators , such as hawks , it switches its schedule and looks for food at dusk , hiding in bushes during the day . also , by using their forelimbs these animals can dig tunnels very rapidly to quickly escape predators . few predators prey on the young because the young mature and leave the nest shortly after birth .\nthese elephant shrews help move soil around to create their burrows as well as recycle vacant burrows left from rodent species .\ndue to destruction of its habitat , this species is labeled \u201cvulnerable\u201d by the iucn .\nalyce dohring ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , kate teeter ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nlincoln park zoo ,\nshort - eared elephant shrew\n( on - line ) . accessed october 4 , 2001 at urltoken .\nregina , u .\nshort - eared elephant shrew\n( on - line ) . accessed october 4 , 2001 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncorbet , g . b . and hanks , j . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zoology ) 16 : 1 - 111 .\na widespread species occurring in southern namibia , extreme southwestern botswana , and western south africa , particularly the northern , western , and eastern cape ( rathbun 2009 , dumbacher et al . 2012 ) .\nit is believed that over much of its range its numbers are relatively low ( corbet and hanks 1968 , rathbun 2005 , smit et al . 2009 , schubert 2011 , dumbacher et al . 2012 , perrin and rathbun 2013 ) . there are no data on population dynamics of this species , but it is expected that populations will vary greatly in the arid habitats that it occupies , which is possibly correlated to climate regimes and climatic variability , and there are no reasons to believe that these variations , if they indeed occur , are abnormal .\nthere is no indication that this species has ever been used by people for any purposes . it rarely has been exported to various zoological gardens over the last few decades , where husbandry techniques have been developed , breeding has been achieved , and research results have been published ( olbricht 2009 ) .\nthere are no known major threats to the species . habitat modification to relatively small areas may occur near rivers and human population centres due to small - holder and industrial agriculture , mineral extraction , and urban development . changes in habitats due to desertification and bush encroachment and proposed wind and solar energy facilities may adversely alter habitats for sengis and displace them from such areas , but at present these changes do not appear widespread or serious , especially since the species is associated with arid habitats to begin with .\nbecause this species is widespread , it is not in conflict with most human activities ; captive husbandry and breeding methods are well - established ; and it likely occurs in many protected areas ( i . e . , goegap nature reserve , gamkaberg nature reserve , skilpad nature reserve , tankwa karoo national park , mokala national park , ricthersveld national park , augrabies falls national park , namagua national park , and karoo national park ) , therefore there are no conservation actions recommended at present or in the foreseeable future . research topics of conservation relevance include determining the impacts of habitat shifts , including livestock grazing , on local populations , determining the proportion of the total distribution range that occurs in protected areas , and continue to accumulate information on occurrence points ( see urltoken ) .\nrathbun , g . b . & smit - robinson , h . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nall elephant shrews are endemic to africa . the short - eared elephant shrew is native to namibia , cape province of south africa , and southern botswana ( corbet and hanks , 1968 ; nowak , 1991 ) . the fossil record of macroscelidea also is restricted to africa and extends back to the eocene , but with only three pre - miocene taxa ( butler , 1995 ) .\nrecent analyses of molecular data place macroscelidea in the clade afrotheria , which also includes aardvarks , elephants , hyraxes , golden moles , tenrecs , and sirenians ( murphy et al . , 2001 ) . within afrotheria , elephant shrews form a clade with golden moles and tenrecs ( murphy et al . , 2001 ) . morphological data place macroscelidea as the sister taxon to glires ( rabbits + rodents ; novacek , 1992a , b ) .\nmacrosclides proboscideus inhabits sandy and gravel thornbrush plains and refuges in shallow burrows under bushes ( nowak , 1991 : 183 - 184 ) . the short - eared elephant shrew is mainly diurnal but sometimes crepuscular or nocturnal in activity , and it primarily feeds on insects along with roots , tender shoots , and berries ( nowak , 1991 : 184 ) . this species is mainly solitary in the wild ( nowak , 1991 ) . young are very precocial at birth , being covered with hair and able to move about soon after they are born ( nowak , 1991 ) . four species of elephant shrews are listed as either endangered or vulnerable by iucn , but m . proboscideus is not one of them .\nthis specimen ( amnh 161535 ) was collected from cape province , south africa by tom larson . it was made available to the university of texas high - resolution x - ray ct facility for scanning by ted macrini of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin . funding for scanning was provided by a national science foundation ( nsf ) dissertation improvement grant to mr . macrini . funding for image processing was provided by a nsf digital libraries initiative grant to dr . timothy rowe of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin .\nthe specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 31 october 2003 along the coronal axis for a total of 630 slices , each slice 0 . 055 mm thick with an interslice spacing of 0 . 055 mm .\ncorbet , g . b . , and j . hanks . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . zoology 16 : 47 - 111 .\nmurphy , w . j . , e . eizirik , s . j . o\u2019brien , o . madsen , m . scally , c . j . douady , e . teeling , o . a . ryder , m . j . stanhope , w . w . de jong , and m . s . springer . 2001 . resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using bayesian phylogenetics . science 294 : 2348 - 2351 .\nnovacek , m . j . 1992a . fossils , topologies , missing data , and the higher level phylogeny of eutherian mammals . systematic biology 41 : 58 - 73 .\nnovacek , m . j . 1992b . mammalian phylogeny : shaking the tree . nature 356 : 121 - 125 .\nnowak , r . m . 1991 . walker\u2019s mammals of the world . volume 1 . fifth edition . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 091 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation , corporate , and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark , a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it\u2019s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission : getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nraw data on state of eruption and jaw length . \u201cerupt / 10\u201d indicates the number of completely erupted permanent cheek teeth with interlocking occlusion , taken as a proportion out of ten ( indicating presence of all normally erupted cheek teeth ) . in cases where the dentition was incomplete ( e . g . , dentary lost ) , the proportion was calculated out of the maximum possible number of interlocking permanent cheek teeth for that specimen and species . \u201csymph - cond\u201d indicates the distance in mm from the anterior margin of the mandibular symphysis to the posterior margin of the mandibular condyle ( asher and lehmann\n: fig . 1 ) . \u201cprop adult jaw\u201d indicates a given specimen\u2019s symphysis - condyle length divided by the median length obtained for all specimens of that species with the permanent cheek teeth completely erupted ( i . e . , with a \u201cerupt / 10\u201d value of ten ) , as indicated in the column \u201cmedian jaw\u201d . institutional abbreviations are as follows :\nasher rj ( 2005 ) insectivoran grade placental mammals : character evolution and fossil history . in : rose kd , archibald d ( eds ) the rise of placental mammals : origin and relationships of the major clades . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , pp 50\u201370\nasher rj , lehmann t ( 2008 ) dental eruption in afrotherian mammals . bmc biol 6 : 14 doi :\nbeatty b ( 2008 ) craniodental ontogeny in the desmostylia . j vertebr paleontol 283 : 49a\nbronner g ( 1992 ) notes on the early postnatal development of a giant golden mole . koedoe 35 : 57\u201358\ncorbet gb , hanks j ( 1968 ) a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bull brit mus nat hist zool 16 : 47\u2013111\nde magalhaes jp , costa j , toussaint o ( 2005 ) hagr : the human ageing genomic resources . nucleic acids res 33 : d537\u2013d543 doi :\ndouady cj , catzeflis f , raman j , springer ms , stanhope mj ( 2003 ) the sahara as a vicariant agent , and the role of miocene climatic events , in the diversification of the mammalian order macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) . proc natl acad sci usa 10014 : 8325 doi :\neisenberg jf , gould e ( 1970 ) the tenrecs : a study in mammalian behavior and evolution . smithson contrib zool 27 : 1\u2013138\nevans fg ( 1942 ) the osteology and relationships of the elephant shrews ( macroscelididae ) . bull am mus nat hist 80 : 85\u2013125\nholroyd p ( 2008 ) new data on dental eruption patterns in condylarths and afrotheres . j vertebr paleontol 283 : 93a\nkellas l ( 1954 ) observations on the reproductive activity , measurement and growth - rate of the dik - dik . proc zool soc lond 124 : 751\u2013784\nlaws r ( 1968 ) dentition and ageing in the hippopotamus . afr wildl j 6 : 19\u201352\nleche w ( 1907 ) zur entwicklungsgeschichte des zahnsystems der s\u00e4ugetiere , zugleich ein beitrag zur stammengeschichte dieser tiergruppe . zoologica stuttg 49 : 1\u2013157\nmorris pa ( 1970 ) a method for determining absolute age in the hedgehog . j zool ( lond ) 161 : 277\u2013281\nmorris pa ( 1978 ) the use of teeth for estimating the age of wild mammals . in : butler pm , joysey ka ( eds ) development , function and evolution of teeth . academic , london , pp 483\u2013494\nolbricht g , kern c , vakhruscheva g ( 2006 ) einige aspekte der fortpflanzungsbiologie von kurzohr - ruesselspringern . zool gart 5\u20136 : 304\u2013316\nrathbun g ( 1979 ) the social structure and ecology of elephant - shrews . fortschr verhaltensforsch 20 : 1\u201376\nrees j , kainer r , davis r ( 1966 ) chronology of mineralization and eruption of mandibular teeth in mule deer . j wildl manage 30 : 629\u2013631 doi :\nrobinette w , jones d , rogers g , gashwiler j ( 1957 ) notes of tooth development and wear for rocky mountain mule deer . j wildl manage 21 : 134\u2013153 doi :\nsauer em ( 1973 ) zum socialverhalten der kurzohrigen elefantenspitzmaus . z saugetierkd 38 : 65\u201397\nsauer fg , sauer em ( 1972 ) zur biologie der kurzohrigen elefantenspitzmaus . (\n( afrosoricida : chrysochloridae ) from kwazulu - natal , south africa . afr zool 39 : 41\u201346\nsmith bh ( 1989 ) dental development as a measure of life history in primates . evolution 43 : 683\u2013688 doi :\nsmith bh ( 2000 ) \u201cschultz\u2019s rule\u201d and the evolution of tooth replacement patterns in primates and ungulates . in : teaford mf , smith mm , ferguson mwj ( eds ) development , function and evolution of teeth . cambridge university press , cambridge pp 212\u2013227\nspringer ms , stanhope mj , madsen o , de jong ww ( 2004 ) molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree . trends ecol evol 19 : 430\u2013438 doi :\ntabuce r , asher rj , lehmann t ( 2008 ) afrotherian mammals : a review of current data . mammalia 72 : 2\u201314 doi :\nvan nievelt a , smith kk ( 2005 ) to replace or not to replace : the significance of reduced tooth replacement in marsupial and placental mammals . paleobiol 31 : 324\u2013346 doi :\nasher , r . j . & olbricht , g . j mammal evol ( 2009 ) 16 : 99 . urltoken"]}
{"id": 1485, "summary": [{"text": "turneria bidentata is a species of ant in the genus turneria .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "described by forel in 1895 , the species is endemic to australia , mostly found in the north ends of the country . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "turneria bidentata", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see turneria bidentata for further details\nturneria bidentata occurs in the top end of the northern territory and along the east australian coast from the cape york peninsula to extreme north - eastern new south wales . it is a twig - nesting species that is reasonably common although it is infrequently encountered because of its arboreal nesting habits . it is known to nest in a wide range of tree and shrub species .\nshattuck , s . o . 1990 . revision of the dolichoderine ant genus turneria ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . syst . entomol . 15 : 101 - 117 pdf\nshattuck , s . o . ( 2011 ) turneria rosschinga sp . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , a new dolichoderine ant from australia . myrmecological news 15 , 125 - 128 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\ncephalic index ( head length / head width ) < 0 . 88 , relative eye length ( eye length / head width ) > 0 . 40 , frontal lobes without erect hairs , lateral areas of head moderately imbricate and with integument opaque , area between propodeal protuberances concave . in lateral profile , the concave region of the declivitous face of the propodeum is more rounded than in other species .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nlectotype ( designated by shattuck , 1990 ) , worker , mackay , queensland , australia , m . g . turner , musee d ' histoire naturelle gen\u00e8ve ; ( lower specimen on pin ) .\nparalectotype ( designated by shattuck , 1990 ) , 1 worker , mackay , queensland , australia , m . g . turner , musee d ' histoire naturelle gen\u00e8ve .\nthe clypeus possesses 8 to 14 erect hairs . color varies from uniform dark brown or black to strongly bicolored with the head , alitrunk , legs and petiole yellow and the gaster brown . in lighter colored individuals , the dorsum of the head may be slightly darker than the mesosoma .\nworker measurements ( n = 25 ) : ood 0 . 15 - 0 . 21 , el 0 . 24 - 0 . 28 , ocd 0 . 10 - 0 . 13 , cl 0 . 13 - 0 . 19 , hl 0 . 65 - 0 . 75 , les 0 . 03 - 0 . 05 , ew 0 . 11 - 0 . 15 , es 0 . 24 - 0 . 28 , hw 0 . 55 - 0 . 66 , sl 0 . 41 - 0 . 46 , pnl 0 . 30 - 0 . 42 , ml 0 . 27 - 0 . 37 , ppl 0 . 23 - 0 . 30 , pnw 0 . 36 - 0 . 43 , mw 0 . 23 - 0 . 30 , ppw 0 . 25 - 0 . 29 , po - 0 . 01 - 0 . 04 , ffl 0 . 41 - 0 . 53 , ffw 0 . 16 - 0 . 21 , mh 0 . 31 - 0 . 39 , pph 0 . 22 - 0 . 29 , ci 0 . 80 - 0 . 88 , oi 0 . 43 - 0 . 57 , rel 0 . 40 - 0 . 48 , si 0 . 70 - 0 . 79 , fi 0 . 34 - 0 . 48 , pi 0 . 63 - 0 . 71 , ppi 0 . 87 - 1 . 10 , rood 0 . 28 - 0 . 33 , poi - 0 . 04 - 0 . 17 , rpo - 0 . 02 - 0 . 07 , rmw 0 . 42 - 0 . 47 , rles 0 . 05 - 0 . 09 , res 0 . 41 - 0 . 45 , rffl 0 . 66 - 0 . 94 .\nbody color in this species is highly variable . populations from the vicinity of cairns are uniform dark brown , mackay - area populations are strongly bicolored , while southern collections from burleigh heads are yellowish brown with the gaster slightly darker ; in extreme cases some workers are yellow - brown with a black gaster . none of these populations diverge in any of other morphological traits , although the cairns - vicinity specimens average slightly , but insignificantly , smaller . for most traits all known specimens broadly overlap . the cairns - vicinity populations diverge slightly from the more southern ones in two metric traits , mw and pph , as follows : mw 0 . 23 - 0 . 27 vs . 0 . 25 - 0 . 30 and pph 0 . 22 - 0 . 25 vs . 0 . 23 - 0 . 29 . the broad overlap in the ranges of these characters make them of little value in separating these populations .\nforel , a . 1895g . nouvelles fourmis d ' australie , r\u00e9colt\u00e9es \u00e0 the ridge , mackay , queensland , par m . gilbert turner . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 39 : 417 - 428 ( page 419 , worker described )\nthis page was last modified on 6 july 2018 , at 19 : 14 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02aa5edd - fad6 - 4d09 - 8b7e - c2800d7ad60b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c7269f4 - 32a6 - 41f6 - acef - e1196012a6f4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0cdbe1fb - 9c3e - 423a - ba46 - ef8b1724b4c3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f65c802 - 976d - 48a7 - 9e7d - b969c738e786\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb80b81 - 29ed - 45e1 - b5f3 - e6087c6f8d33\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adbcbc0f - 6923 - 413b - baf8 - 22c0f331d576\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f11267f8 - 8878 - 4548 - b313 - 7e9087b01a4c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2b5e6b6 - 7d35 - 4845 - 91c0 - 4a359ff5bf11\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 40e82464 - 30c8 - 4921 - 94d9 - 847d0bf98c82\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\na tiny orange ant seen running ( light trail ) along the branches of a shrub , in a suburban yard . they were entering and leaving a hole at the end of a branch , so seems to be a tree - nesting ant . i also accidentally photographed a jumping - spider that appears to be mimicking them ( the disguise worked ) .\nthis sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .\n: 419 - worker ; type locality : mackay [ 21 / 149 ] , queensland .\nforel , a . 1895b . 1895 639 nouvelles fourmis d ' australie , recoltees a the ridge , mackay , queensland par m . gilbert turner . annales de la soci _ t _ entomologique de belgique 39 : 417 - 428 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1486, "summary": [{"text": "margaritiferidae is a family of medium-sized freshwater mussels , aquatic bivalve molluscs in the order unionoida .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are known as freshwater pearl mussels , because the interior of the shell of these species has a thick layer of nacre or mother of pearl , and the mussels are thus capable of producing pearls . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "margaritiferidae", "paragraphs": ["( mollusca : pelecypoda : margaritiferidae ) . zool j linn soc 69 : 257\u2013270\n( conrad , 1838 ) ( unionacea : margaritiferidae ) . nautilus 102 : 159\u2013163\nconrad ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) . conserv genet . 2004 ; 5 : 271\u2013278 .\n( bivalvia , margaritiferidae ) [ in russian ] . zoologicheskii zhurnal . 1993 ; 72 : 29\u201336 .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from japan [ in japanese ] . venus . 2007 ; 65 : 355\u2013363 .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) in japan [ in japanese ] . venus . 2009 ; 67 : 189\u2013197 .\nthe origin and phylogeny of margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . a synthesis of molecular and fossil data .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) in the shinano river system , japan . venus . 2005 ; 64 : 63\u201370 .\n( spengler , 1782 ) ( mollusca : margaritiferidae ) based on museum specimens . journal of conchology 37 : 49\u201359 .\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) of japan , with description of a new species . venus . 2005 ; 64 : 135\u2013140 .\nhass 1910 im oberen und mittleren donausystem ( bivalvia : unionidae , margaritiferidae ) . nachrichtenbl ersten vorarlberger malakol ges 1 : 20\u201340\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) , with reference to the existence of two distinct species . venus . 2005 ; 64 : 55\u201362 .\n( spengler , 1793 ) ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) d\u00e9couvertes dans le sud - ouest de la france . malaco 6 : 294\u2013297 .\nkat pw ( 1983 ) conchiolin layers among the unionidae and margaritiferidae ( bivalvia ) : microsculptural characteristics and taxonomic implications . malacologia 24 : 298\u2013311\nsmith dg ( 1986 ) the stomach anatomy of some eastern north american margaritiferidae ( unionoida : unionacea ) . am malacol bull 4 : 13\u201319\n( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) in the chubu - nougu river , nagano prefecture [ in japanese ] . venus . 2008 ; 67 : 61\u201371 .\nthe origin and phylogeny of margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . a synthesis of molecular and fossil data . | laboratory of kevin j . roe\nbogatov vv , prozorova la , starobogatov yi . the family margaritiferidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in russia . ruthenica . 2003 ; 13 : 41\u201352 .\nall the phylogenies inferred in this study support the reciprocal monophyly of both ( unionidae + margaritiferidae ) f - and m - type lineages ( fig .\nsmith dg ( 1976b ) the distribution of the margaritiferidae : a review and a new synthesis . am malacol union inc bull 1976 : 42 ( abstr )\nklishko ok . sakhalin - kurile species of pearl mussels ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from transbaikalye . the korean journal of malacology . 2009 ; 25 : 237\u2013242 .\nsmith dg . observations on the morphology and anatomy of margaritinopsis dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) ( unionoida : margaritiferidae ) . j conchol . 2001 ; 37 : 119\u2013125 .\nstarobogatov y ( 1995 ) the pearly freshwater mussels ( mollusca , unionoida , margaritiferidae of russia . in : valovirta i , harding pt , kirne d ( eds ) proc 9\nbogatov , v . v . , prozorova , l . a . , and starobogatov , y . i . , . the family margaritiferidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in russia ,\n, a new species of unionacea ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from the mobile - alabama - coosa and escambia river systems , alabama . occasional papers on mollusks . 1983 ; 4 : 299\u2013304 .\n, a new species of unionacea ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) from the mobile - alabama - coosa and escambia river systems , alabama . occas pap mollusks mus comp zool harv univ 4 : 299\u2013304\nmachordom a , araujo r , erpenbeck d , ramos m - a . phylogeography and conservation genetics of endangered european margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionoidea ) . biol j linn soc . 2003 ; 78 : 235\u2013252 .\nsmith dg . systematics and distribution of the recent margaritiferidae . in : bauer g , wachtler k editors . ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida . heidelberg : springer verlag ; 2001 . pp . 33\u201349 .\nsp . n . ( bivalvia , margaritiferidae ) a new species of pearl mussels from transbaikalye , with remarks on the natural history of far eastern najades [ in russian ] . vestnik zoologii . 2008 ; 42 : 291\u2013302 .\nsmith dg ( 1983 ) on the so - called mantle muscle scars on shells of the margaritiferidae ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) , with observations on mantle - shell attachment in the unionoida and trigonioida . zool scr 12 : 67\u201371\nsmith dg . on the so - called mantle muscle scars on shells of the margaritiferidae ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) , with observations on mantle - shell attachment in the unionoida and trigonioida . zool scr . 1983 ; 12 : 67\u201371 .\nsmith dg , wall wp ( 1984 ) the margaritiferidae reinstated : a reply to davis and fulller ( 1981 ) , genetic relationships among recent unionacea ( bivalvia ) of north america . occas pap mollusks mus comp zool harv univ 4 : 321\u2013330\nklishko ok . some data on reproductive biology of the freshwater mussels ( margaritiferidae , unionidae ) and their relationships with bitterlings ( cyprinidae ) in transbaikalye [ in russian ] . the bulletin of the russian far east malacological society . 2012 ; 15 / 16 : 31\u201355 .\nsmith d . g . ( 2001 ) systematics and distribution of the recent margaritiferidae . in : bauer g . , w\u00e4chtler k . ( eds ) ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida . ecological studies ( analysis and synthesis ) , vol 145 . springer , berlin , heidelberg\ncitation : bolotov in , bespalaya yv , vikhrev iv , aksenova ov , aspholm pe , gofarov my , et al . ( 2015 ) taxonomy and distribution of freshwater pearl mussels ( unionoida : margaritiferidae ) of the russian far east . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0122408 . urltoken\nhuff sw , campbell d , gustafson dl , lydeard c , altaba cr , giribet g . investigations into the phylogenetic relationships of freshwater pearl mussels ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) based on molecular data : implications for their taxonomy and biogeography . j mollus stud . 2004 ; 70 : 379\u2013388 .\ndiagrams of the five distinct gene orders detected in unionida . in the female f - type lineage , three gene orders are depicted : unionidae f - type 1 ( uf1 ) , unionidae f - type 2 ( uf2 ) and margaritiferidae f - type 1 ( mf1 ) . in the male m - type lineage , two gene arrangements are shown : unionidae m - type 1 ( um1 ) and margaritiferidae m - type 1 ( mm1 ) . continuous lines indicate different locations of genes between mitogenomes . grey box highlights gene rearrangement region between uf1 and uf2 . yellow boxes indicate main differences in gene arrangement between female and male mitogenomes , trna ( h ) location and rearrangement of atp8 - trna ( d ) region .\nstephanie w . huff , david campbell , daniel l . gustafson , charles lydeard , cristian r . altaba , gonzalo giribet ; investigations into the phylogenetic relationships of freshwater pearl mussels ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) based on molecular data : implications for their taxonomy and biogeography , journal of molluscan studies , volume 70 , issue 4 , 1 november 2004 , pages 379\u2013388 , urltoken\nthe family margaritiferidae includes 13 extant species , which are mainly distributed in temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . smith [ 4 ] provided a detailed diagnosis of the family . recent species are known from north america , europe , northern africa , the middle east , and throughout much of southern and eastern asia [ 2 ] , [ 4 ] . the most ancient margaritiferidae fossils are known from the upper triassic and lower jurassic fluvio - lacustrine deposits in the sichuan , southeastern china [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . the recent margaritiferids retain the simple , unfused mantle margins from the ancestral palaeoheterodont and several other \u2018plesiomorphic\u2019 features ; therefore , these species have been regarded as the basal unionoid family [ 3 ] , [ 7 ] .\nthe north american , european and northern african margaritiferidae are relatively well studied [ 8 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] in contrast to the asian representatives of the family . most of the references for far eastern freshwater pearl mussel populations are from japan [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . recently , a description of a new japanese margaritiferidae species m . togakushiensis kondo & kobayashi , 2005 was published . this species was separated from m . laevis based on the results of long - term studies , specifically including differences in the host fish preference and genetic and morphological patterns [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] .\nmanuel lopes - lima , miguel m . fonseca , david c . aldridge , arthur e . bogan , han ming gan , mohamed ghamizi , ronaldo sousa , am\u00edlcar teixeira , simone varandas , david zanatta , alexandra zieritz , elsa froufe ; the first margaritiferidae male ( m - type ) mitogenome : mitochondrial gene order as a potential character for determining higher - order phylogeny within unionida ( bivalvia ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 83 , issue 2 , 1 may 2017 , pages 249\u2013252 , urltoken\nshows the topology of the bi - nuc tree ; all other phylogenetic trees figures supplied on request ) . additionally , the monophyly of unionidae ( both f - and m - type ) , margaritiferidae ( f - type ) and all represented unionidae subfamilies are well supported in all inferred mtdna trees , with the exception of the unioninae , for which monophyly was only well supported in the bi - nuc tree . the remaining phylogenetic trees ( bi - aa , ml - nuc and ml - aa ) showed conflicting results regarding the position of the clade comprising\naccording to kondo & kobayashi [ 18 ] , the adductor muscle scar shape is one of the key features for m . togakushiensis identification . however , according to our data , this feature has a high variability and cannot be used for species identification among studied taxa . in the review of recent margaritiferidae by smith [ 4 ] , this feature was also not mentioned as a diagnostic . the adductor muscle scar shape was not used in the morphological descriptions of other unionoid species [ 10 ] , [ 86 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] , [ 97 ] .\nthe dimensions of the shell are the least reliable morphological traits in unionoida , upon which to base a description [ 4 ] , [ 32 ] due to high variability and the dependence on environmental gradients [ 4 ] , [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 100 ] , [ 101 ] . however , sometimes , the shell dimensions and shape are useful for distinguishing several margaritiferidae species . for example , m . middendorffi has a small shell length ( < 100 mm ) ( fig 10 ) , and m . dahurica has the largest shell length ( up to 196 . 5 mm ) among the far eastern pearl mussels ( fig 5 ) .\nthe analysis of the mitochondrial coi gene showed that c . monodonta forms a separate clade , which is basal within margaritiferidae . m . dahurica , m . margaritifera , m . middendorffi , m . laevis and m . falcata cluster together in a well - supported clade ( bpp 1 . 00 ) ( fig 2b ) . among these , our bayesian inference strongly supports the sister relationships within two pairs of species , namely m . dahurica and m . margaritifera as the first pair ( bpp 1 . 00 ) , and m . middendorffi and m . laevis as the second pair ( bpp 0 . 97 ) . m . falcata shows a closer affinity to m . middendorffi and m . laevis ( bpp 0 . 93 ) . lastly , the coi phylogeny confirms that m . auricularia and m . marocana are sister taxa ( bpp 0 . 98 ) .\nthe length of the two newly sequenced mitogenomes of m . marocana , 16 , 001 bp for the female haplotype and 17 , 562 bp for the male haplotype , is within the typical range for each sex - specific haplotype within unionida . the sequenced haplotypes include the 13 pcgs typically found in metazoan mitochondrial genomes , the sex - specific orf described for all unionida mitogenomes with dui system ( breton et al . , 2009 , 2011a ) and 22 transfer rna ( trna ) and two ribosomal rna ( rrna ) genes . the m - type genome is the largest sequenced to date within the unionida . m - type genomes are generally larger than f - type genomes due to the larger size of the pcg cox2 and m - orf in m - type genomes compared with cox2 and f - orf in f - type genomes ( breton et al . , 2009 ) . four intergenic regions were identified in the m . marocana m - type genome between the following gene pairs : nad3\u2013trna ( a ) 106 bp , trna ( h ) \u2013trna ( q ) 411 bp , nd4l\u2013trna ( d ) 255 bp and trna ( d ) \u2013atp8 498 bp . these regions were analysed to search for the m - orf . the results of the blast search ( altschul et al . , 1997 ) retrieved a significant hit with another margaritiferidae m - orf ( margaritifera monodonta , e - value = 4e\u201334 ) and a fickett test score of 1 . 201 ( fickett , 1982 ; a score > 0 . 95 means the sequence is probably coding ) , suggesting that the m - orf is located in the region between the genes nd4l and trna ( d ) .\ngenus margaritinopsis accepted as margaritanopsis f . haas , 1910 accepted as margaritifera schumacher , 1815 ( incorrect subsequent spelling )\nhenderson j . ( 1929 ) . non - marine mollusca of oregon and washington . the university of colorado studies . 17 ( 2 ) : 47 - 190 . page ( s ) : 53 [ details ]\ninvertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]\n( of margaritanidae ortmann , 1910 ) graf , d . ; cummings , k . ( 2007 ) . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . journal of molluscan studies . 73 ( 4 ) : 291 - 314 . [ details ]\n( of margaritanidae ortmann , 1910 ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]\n( of cumberlandiidae heard & guckert , 1970 ) graf , d . ; cummings , k . ( 2007 ) . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . journal of molluscan studies . 73 ( 4 ) : 291 - 314 . [ details ]\n( of cumberlandiidae heard & guckert , 1970 ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 bolotov et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability : data are available from : rmbh - russian museum of the biodiversity hotspots of institute of environmental problems of the north of the ural branch of russian academy of science , arkhangelsk , 163000 , russia . inrec - institute of natural resources , ecology and cryology of the siberian branch of russian academy of sciences , chita , 672000 , russia . zisp - zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , 199034 , russia . smf - forschungsinstitut und natur - museum senckenberg , senckenberg - anlage 25 , 6000 frankfurt - am - main 1 , germany .\nfunding : this study was supported by the federal agency for scientific organisations ( no . 0410 - 2014 - 0028 ) , the ural branch of russian academy of sciences ( nos . 15 - 12 - 5 - 3 and 15 - 2 - 5 - 7 ) , grants from the president of russia ( no . md - 6465 . 2014 . 5 and \u043c\u043a - 4735 . 2015 . 4 ) and the russian foundation for basic research ( nos . 14 - 04 - 98801 and 15 - 04 - 05638 ) and the ministry of science and education of russia ( no . p362 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthus , the available information on the asian freshwater pearl mussels is limited . their taxonomy is not completely clear and reliable data on the species\u2019 ranges are sparse . however , freshwater pearl mussels are extremely demanding regarding habitat quality and can exist only in a narrow range of environmental conditions [ 11 ] . the majority of these species are listed by iucn as endangered or vulnerable taxa [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 40 ] . freshwater mussels have experienced one of the highest rates of extinction of any group of organisms in the past 100 years [ 41 ] . therefore , reliable information on the taxonomy and distribution ranges is still needed for the conservation of the margaritifera species .\nwe conducted field studies within several regions of eastern russia in the period 2004\u20132012 ( see fig 1 for the location of the study areas ) . sampling on the russian federation territory was permitted within the framework of the special grants of the russian foundation for basic research ( rfbr , no . 12 - 04 - 00594 ) , the ministry of science and education of russia ( no . \u2116 p362 ) , and the scientific program of the ural branch of russian academy of sciences ( no . 12 - p - 5 - 1014 ) . sampling on the protected sites of the kunashir island was permitted by the directorate of the state nature protected area \u201ckurilsky\u201d ( scientific agreement no . 5 / 11 of 17 . 08 / 2010 between the institute of ecological problems of the north of the ural branch of russian academy of sciences and the kurilsky nature reserve ) .\n1\u2014kamchatka peninsula ( 2012 , i . bolotov , y . bespalaya , i . vikhrev , m . gofarov ) , 2\u2014central sakhalin ( 2012 , same team ) , 3\u2014southern sakhalin ( 2011\u20132012 , same team & y . kolosova , o . aksenova ) , 4\u2014kunashir island ( 2011 , same team & y . kolosova , o . aksenova ) , 5\u2014primorye ( 2012 , same team ) , 6\u2014transbaikalia ( 2004\u20132011 , o . k . klishko ) . data on the studied river sites are presented in s1 \u2013 s4 tables .\nfor molecular analyses , the tissue samples were collected from 52 live bivalves in 15 localities ( see s1 table ) . samples were immediately preserved in 96 % ethanol . dead shells were collected from each field site for morphological investigation ; additional shells from some museum collections were studied ( see s2 \u2013 s4 tables ) . a total of 554 shells from 44 localities were studied ( 426 from our collection and 128 museum specimens ) .\nthe total length of the live specimens and dead shells were measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm with dial calipers [ 8 ] . the comparative morphologies of the shells were analyzed using shape and structure of the pseudo - cardinal and lateral teeth in the valves , shell shape , umbo position and the patterns of distribution of mantle attachment scars on the inner shell surface . we calculated the plane projection squares of the inner surface of the right valve for the estimation of the density of mantle attachment scars . ten specimens of each species were taken for analysis . the squares were calculated using shape v . 1 . 3 software [ 42 ] . the scars were counted by the gnu image manipulation program ( gimp ) v . 2 . 8 . a normality test of the obtained density values and a one - way anova welsh\u2019s test ( s5 table ) were calculated using statistica v . 10 software .\nthe soft tissue morphologies were analyzed and compared based on the shape and structure of the inhalant siphon , gills and labial palps . shell and soft tissue photos were taken using a dslr camera ( canon eos 7d , japan ) with a 24\u201370 mm lens ( sigma af 24\u201370 mm f / 2 . 8 if ex dg aspherical hsm , japan ) , and photos of the shell structure details and inhalant siphons were taken using a stereomicroscope ( leica m2c , germany ) and a dslr camera with a 100 mm macro lens ( canon macro lens ef 100 mm 1 : 2 , 8 l is usm , japan ) . descriptions of the shell morphologies were based on an analysis of the collected specimens and museum samples using the original species descriptions [ 18 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] and a few other works [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 47 ] , [ 48 ] .\nwe studied the type specimens for the following taxa : unio ( alasmodonta ) dahuricus middendorff , 1850 ; margaritana middendorffi ros\u00e9n , 1926 ( including specimens of unio ( alasmodonta ) complanatus middendorff , 1851 ) ; and m . sachalinensis zhadin , 1938 ( zisp ) . the type series of several comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d were also investigated , including dahurinaia sujfunensis moskvicheva , 1973 ; d . kurilensis zatravkin & starobogatov , 1984 ; d . tiunovae bogatov & zatravkin , 1988 ; d . komarovi bogatov et al . , 2003 ; d . ussuriensis bogatov et al . , 2003 ; d . prozorovae bogatov et al . , 2003 ; d . transbaicalica klishko , 2008 ; kurilinaia kamchatica bogatov et al . , 2003 ; and k . zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 ( zisp ) . in general , the zisp systematic catalog has a very complicated numeration because v . v . bogatov has transferred many specimens from different samples , including true type series , to his newly described comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d .\nthe mapping was based on the data of our field studies ( see s2 \u2013 s4 tables ) . we determined the precise coordinates of investigated river sites using a geographical positioning system ( gps ) . data on other localities were obtained from museum collections and reliable published studies ( see s2 \u2013 s4 tables ) . in the cases where a particular map scale did not allow separated precision pointing of closely situated localities , we marked those localities one by one with points and joined them under the one number in the respective table . the arrangement of the localities was digitized and mapped using esri arcgis 10 . the presumed error of determination of the locality coordinates is around \u00b11\u20132 km , because published records and collection labels are usually ascribed to an approximate location . the layers of digital maps were added from standard esri data & maps 10 dataset .\n) . genomic dna was extracted from the foot or mantle tissues using the diatom dna prep 200 reagents kit ( \u201claboratoriya isogen\u201d llc , russia ) following the manufacturer\u2019s protocol . the standard forward primer lco 1490 [\n] was used to amplify the mitochondrial coi gene from every species . as reverse coi primers , hco 2198 in a modified version ( without the first 6 bases at the 5\u00b4 end ) was applied to\n) were used to amplify the nuclear 18s rrna gene from every species . the pcr mix contained approximately 200 ng of total cellular dna , 10 pmol of each primer , 200 \u03bcmol of each dntp , 2 . 5 \u03bcl of pcr buffer ( with 10\u00d72 mmol mgcl\n) , 0 . 8 units of taq dna polymerase ( sibenzyme ltd . , novosibirsk , russia ) , and h\no , which was added up to a final volume of 25 \u03bcl . thermocycling included one cycle at 95\u00b0c ( 4 min ) , followed by 30\u201335 cycles of 95\u00b0c ( 50 sec ) , 52\u00b0c ( 50 sec ) , and 72\u00b0c ( 50 sec ) and a final extension at 72\u00b0c ( 5 min ) . forward and reverse sequencing was performed on an automatic sequencer ( abi prism 3730 , applied biosystems ) using the abi prism bigdye terminator v . 3 . 1 reagent kit . the resulting sequences were checked using a sequence alignment editor ( bioedit version 7 . 2 . 5 , [\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 46c93315 - 18e0 - 45dd - b121 - 1f225d6e200f . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .\nrmbh\u2014russian museum of the biodiversity hotspots of institute of ecological problems of the north of the ural branch of russian academy of science , arkhangelsk , 163000 , russia .\ninrec\u2014institute of natural resources , ecology and cryology of the siberian branch of russian academy of sciences , chita , 672000 , russia .\nzisp\u2014zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , 199034 , russia .\nsmf\u2014forschungsinstitut und natur - museum senckenberg , senckenberg - anlage 25 , 6000 frankfurt - am - main 1 , germany .\nthe bayesian analysis of the nuclear 18s rrna gene revealed that the nw pacific species m . middendorffi and m . laevis belong to a well - supported monophyletic clade ( bpp 1 . 00 ) together with the north american species m . marrianae and m . falcata ( fig 2a ) . among these species , m . middendorffi is a sister to m . marrianae ( bpp 1 . 00 ) . m . dahurica , m . auricularia and c . monodonta cluster together in an unresolved clade ( bpp 0 . 79 ) , but there is a sister relationship between the two latter species ( bpp 0 . 99 ) . m . dahurica and m . auricularia both have an intra - specific variation of the nuclear 18s rrna gene with two close haplotypes in each species .\nthe scale bar indicates the branch length . asterisks : posterior probabilities \u22650 . 95 ; other significant support node values are mentioned in the figure . for detailed locality and specimen data for analyzed haplotypes , see the supplementary materials ( s1 and s2 tables ) . a\u2014the 18s rdna gene dataset . b\u2014the coi gene dataset .\nthe structure of hinge teeth and the shape and relative dimensions of the shell have specific characteristics that are described in detail below in the taxonomic account of each species . the density of mantle scars has no significant differences ( welch\u2019s test : f = 2 . 45 , df = 16 , 38 , p = 0 . 12 ; ( s5 table ) ) whereas muscle scar has a high variability among studied taxa .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . c\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . scale bar\u20141 cm .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . c\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . scale bar\u20142 mm .\nunio ( alasmodonta ) dahuricus middendorff , 1850 : [ 43 ] : 109 , [ 44 ] : 275\u2013276 , pl . 26 , figs 3\u20135 .\nunio ( margaritana ) dahuricus middendorff , 1850 : [ 58 ] : 699\u2013700 .\nunio margaritiferus simpson 1895 , partim ( ident . err . , non linnaeus , 1758 ) : [ 59 ] : 328 .\nmargaritana dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) : [ 23 ] : 109\u2013112 , fig 35 , [ 24 ] : 289 , fig 250 .\nmargaritifera margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) : [ 60 ] : 120 , [ 61 ] : 11 .\ndahurinaia sujfunensis moskvicheva , 1973 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 62 ] : 1468 , fig 3 , e - h .\ndahurinaia sujfunica moskvicheva , 1973 ( inadv . err . in the species description ) . [ 62 ] : 1468 .\ndahurinaia tiunovae bogatov & zatravkin , 1988 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 63 ] : 156\u2013158 , fig 1 , a - b .\ndahurinaia komarovi bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 45\u201347 , figs 3a & 3d .\ndahurinaia ussuriensis bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 47 , figs 3b & 3g .\ndahurinaia prozorovae bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 48 , figs 3c & 3i .\ndahurinaia transbaicalica klishko , 2008 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 28 ] : 292\u2013296 , figs 1\u20134 , 5a .\ndahurinaia ( kurilinaia ) laevis klishko , 2009 ( ident . err . , non haas , 1910 ) : [ 64 ] : 237\u2013238 , figs 1\u20132 .\ndahurinaia ( kurilinaia ) zatravkini klishko , 2009 ( ident . err . , non bogatov et al . , 2003 ) : [ 64 ] : 238\u2013239 , fig 3 .\nmargaritifera dahurica inoue et al . , 2013 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 65 ] : fig 3 ( a ) .\na\u2014lectotype ( zisp : no . 7a ) . b\u2014specimen from komarovka river , razdolnaya river basin , primorye . photos by i . v . vikhrev . scale bar\u20142 cm .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . c\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . scale bar\u20141 cm .\nmicrophotographs of the mantle attachment scars on shells of four eastern asian margaritiferid species .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) . c\u2014 m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) .\ngreen circles are representing recent viable populations ( observed since 2000 ) , white circles\u2014old records ( until 2000 ) . question mark is indicated an uncertain record from the langry river [ 69 ] , [ 26 ] . grey areas are indicated an approximate modern species range ( it is shown only for the large river systems ) . species locality numbers on the map correspond to numbers in s2 table .\na\u2014 margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) : the ilystaya river , primorsky kray . b\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) : the nachilova river , kamchatka . c\u2014 m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) & m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) : the golovnina river , kunashir island . photos by y . v . bespalaya , y . s . kolosova & i . v . vikhrev .\n\u201ctransbaikalien\u201d [ 43 ] : 109 ; \u201cam zusammenflusse des argunj mit der schilka\u201d [ 44 ] : 276 ( confluence of the rivers argun and shilka , the upper amur basin : see fig 8 & s2 table , locality no . 36 ) .\nthe middendorff\u2019s type series includes two specimens that are deposited in the zisp collection . bogatov et al . [ 26 ] : 45 designate specimen no . 7a as a lectotype , because it was pictured by middendorff [ 44 ] : pl . 26 , figs 3 \u2013 5 ; and assigned the second specimen no . 7b ( single valve ) as a paralectotype . the lectotype shell has 105 mm length , 32 mm height and 25 mm width . it is noteworthy , that bogatov et al . [ 26 ] were not using the protologue of middendorff [ 43 ] for their revision , and cited only middendorff\u2019s later work [ 44 ] .\nthe amur basin ( within the territories of russia , mongolia and china ) , the razdolnaya basin ( upper tributaries ) , the peschernaya ( kulumbe ) river , the iska river and the arey lake ( fig 8 & s2 table ) .\ndifferent types of watercourses , such as small streams , small and medium sized rivers , as well as large rivers ( rivers ussuri , arkhara , shilka , etc . ) ( fig 9a ) . the sole lake population was found in arey lake , transbaikalia , siberia , russia [ 28 ] ; but divers recorded only a few dead shells here in the year 2013 ( o . k . klishko , pers . comm . ) . populations prefer sand - gravel and gravel - pebble grounds at the riffles and runs . sometimes , individual specimens were observed on the clay and silt - sand bottom of the pool river sites .\nnot known . actually , a list of seven salmonid species , which can serve as hosts of the m . dahurica [ 36 ] , has not been verified experimentally .\nall of the referred comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d of the genus dahurinaia were synonymized with m . dahurica based on shell morphology [ 4 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 39 ] . our molecular data confirmed this decision . for example , bogatov [ 29 ] noted that the single known dahurinaia sujfunensis population inhabits razdolnaya basin , which is separate from the amur drainage . bogatov reports that \u201c\u2026between the amur basin and basins of rivers of the south of primorsky kray , no common species of large bivalves has been found yet , which is explained by the historic development of these basins\u201d [ 29 ] : 674 . however , according to new molecular and morphological data , the specimens from the razdolnaya drainage are identical to typical m . dahurica specimens from different parts of the river amur basin .\nunio ( alasmodonta ) complanatus middendorff , 1851 ( ident . err . , non dillwyn , 1817 ) : [ 44 ] : 273\u2013274 , pl . 27 , figs 1\u20136 .\nmargaritana middendorffi ros\u00e9n , 1926 : [ 46 ] : 269\u2013270 , [ 23 ] : 112\u2013114 , fig 36 , [ 24 ] : 289 , fig 251 .\ndauhrinaia middendorffii buyanovsky , 1993 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 67 ] : 29 .\nkurilinaia kamchatica bogatov et al . , 2003 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 48 , figs 4a & 4c .\nkurilinaia zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 , partim ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 49\u201350 , figs 4b & 4f .\nmargaritifera laevis huff et al . , 2004 ( ident . err . , non haas , 1910 ) : [ 38 ] : 381 , genbank acc . no . ay579124 .\na\u2014holotype of m . togakushiensis [ 18 ] : 137 , figs 5 \u2013 8 . b\u2014lectotype of m . middendorffi ( zisp : no . 6 ) . photo by i . v . vikhrev . scale bar\u20142 cm .\ncircles\u2014 m . middendorffi locations , squares\u2014 m . togakushiensis locations . green circles and squares are representing recent viable populations ( observed since 2000 ) , white circles\u2014old records ( until 2001 ) , yellow squares\u2014records without exact dates . grey areas indicate approximate modern species ranges ( showing only the large river systems ) . species locality numbers on the map correspond to numbers in s3 table .\n\u201creka golyshka\u201d [ the river golygina , kamchatka peninsula : see fig 11 & s3 table , locality no . 1 ] [ 46 ] : 269 ; \u201ckamtschatka ; im see mj\u00e4k\u00e9shino des s\u00fcdendes ( lopatka ) dieser halbinsel\u201d ( kamchatka ; the lake mekeshino on the southernmost extremity of the peninsula : see fig 11 & s3 table , locality no . 4 ) [ 44 ] : 274 .\nrivers of the kamchatka peninsula , kurile archipelago , sakhalin island ( fig 11 & s3 table ) , and likely of japan .\nsmall streams , small - and medium - sized rivers ( fig 9b ) . usually , populations were recorded on sand - gravel grounds of the runs but , in the extreme north of the range , the species inhabited only pool river sites . in some rivers of the sakhalin and kunashir islands , far east of russia , the species coexists with m . laevis ( see fig 9b & s3 table ) .\nnot known . kondo & kobayashi [ 18 ] stated salvelinus leucomaenis as a host fish for m . togakushiensis . as far as we suppose m . togakushiensis and m . middendorffi conspecific , they may have the same host fish . [ 18 ] .\nthen , simpson [ 59 ] : 328 noted that middendorf\u2019s specimens are \u201c\u2026without lateral teeth , and appear to be a stunted form of unio margaritiferus \u201d . finally , ros\u00e9n [ 46 ] described m . middendorffi as a separate species and not as an intra - specific form of m . margaritifera . however , haas [ 61 ] , [ 60 ] incorrectly cited ros\u00e9n\u2019s name as margaritana margaritifera middendorffi . kurilinaia kamchatica bogatov et al . , 2003 is a comparatory \u201cspecies\u201d that was recently synonymized with m . middendorffi [ 31 ] . kurilinaia zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 is also a comparatory \u201cspecies\u201d ; its holotype belongs to m . laevis , but among the paratypes , we found four specimens of m . middendorffi ( zisp : nos . 5 , 5a , 7 and 8 ) . records of margaritifera specimens on kunashir island [ 68 ] : 134 can pertain to m . middendorffi as well as to m . laevis . therefore , some published references [ 8 ] , [ 67 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] with records from the sakhalin and southern kurile islands cannot be used without revision of the specimen samples .\nmargaritana dahurica kobelt , 1879 ( ident . err . , non middendorff , 1850 ) : [ 71 ] : 427\u2013428 , pl . 13 , figs 1\u20132 .\nunio margaritifer schrenck , 1867 , partim ( ident . err . , non linnaeus , 1758 ) : [ 58 ] : 700\u2013704 .\nunio margaritiferus simpson , 1895 , partim ( ident . err . , non linnaeus , 1758 ) : [ 59 ] : 303 .\nmargaritana sachalinensis zhadin , 1938 : [ 23 ] : 114\u2013115 , fig 37 , [ 24 ] : 289\u2013291 , fig 252 .\nmargaritifera margaritifera laevis ( haas , 1910 ) : [ 60 ] : 120 , [ 61 ] : 12 .\ndahurinaia kurilensis zatravkin & starobogatov , 1984 ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 72 ] : 1789\u20131790 , figs 11\u201314 , [ 66 ] : 21 .\ndahurinaia shigini zatravkin & bogatov , 1987 : ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 66 ] : 23\u201324 , fig 4b .\nmargaritifera ( dahurinaia ) kunahiriensis habe , 1991 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 73 ] : 3 .\ndauhrinaia kurilensis buyanovsky , 1993 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 67 ] : 29 .\nmargaritana sacchariensis b\u00e1ba , 2000 ( inadv . err . ) : [ 74 ] : 133 .\nkurilinaia kurilensis ( zatravkin & starobogatov ) : [ 26 ] : 42 , [ 27 ] : 25 .\nkurilinaia zatravkini bogatov et al . , 2003 : partim ( comparatory \u201ctaxa\u201d ) : [ 26 ] : 49\u201350 , figs 4b & 4f .\na\u2014sennaya river , kunashir island . b\u2014tym\u2019 river , sakhalin island . photos by i . v . vikhrev . scale bar\u20142 cm .\ngreen circles are representing recent viable populations ( observed since 2000 ) , white circles\u2014old records ( until 2001 ) , yellow circles\u2014records without exact dates . grey areas indicate the approximate modern species range ( showing only the large river systems ) . species locality numbers on the map correspond to numbers in s4 table .\ntype specimen ( holotype ) of haas [ 45 ] is deposited in the senckenberg museum , frankfurt ( no . smf3626 ) [ 39 ] .\nsakhalin island , south kurile islands ( kunashir , iturup and shikotan ) , honshu and hokkaido islands ( fig 13 ) . correspondence on the species occurrence in the upper amur basin , transbaikalia [ 64 ] is based on an erroneous identification ; however , all of these specimens belong to m . dahurica based on morphological and molecular data ( see s1 table ) .\nsmall streams , small - and medium - sized rivers . usually , populations were recorded on sand - gravel grounds at the run and pool sites . in several rivers of sakhalin , kunashir , honshu and hokkaido islands , islands , the species coexists with m . middendorffi ( see fig 9c & s4 table ) .\nthe masu salmon ( oncorhynchus masu ( brevoort , 1856 ) ) [ 18 ] .\nin the main , species synonymy was provided in previous reviews [ 4 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 39 ] . m . perdahurica ( yokoyama , 1932 ) , m . otatumei ( suzuki , 1942 ) and m . owadaensis ( noda , 1970 ) , three fossil cenozoic margaritiferid species from japan , were also assumed as m . laevis representatives [ 39 ] . however , the condition of specimens of these species is very poor [ 75 ] , [ 76 ] , [ 77 ] , [ 78 ] . it is impossible to reliably compare these fossils with shells of recent margaritiferids . moreover , most of the known fossil specimens , including m . perdahurica and m . otatumei , are ancient and belong to the eocene or oligocene by stratigraphic classification [ 78 ] , [ 79 ] . it is unlikely that these fossils belong to recent species , but thorough revision of all specimens and collections of fossil margaritiferids would be necessary , in order to clarify the relationships of these bivalves [ 80 ] .\nthree margaritifera species inhabit the rivers of the russian far east , as discerned from morphological and molecular data : m . dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) , m . middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) and m . laevis ( haas , 1910 ) . however , the rivers of northeastern russia , where large mainland regions remain unexplored , are still not completely studied ; therefore the same species that were previously noted by smith [ 4 ] or additional species , may inhabit the north of the khabarovsky kray , the magadan oblast , and the koryakia and chukotka districts . these areas are difficult to access and require future studies .\nm . dahurica has the largest range among the eastern asian species in the genus ( see fig 8 ) . this species is found in almost all of the major tributaries of amur basin , an area of approximately two million km 2 , as well as in razdolnaya basin and in two separate small rivers . a similar distribution pattern was found in some freshwater fish species , among which approximately 16 were endemic to this area [ 81 ] . we found only a single old record of m . dahurica from sungari river , the largest chinese tributary of the amur , and a few occurrences from mongolia . however , this species is likely widely distributed in part of the amur river system within the territory of those countries . dashi - dorgi [ 82 ] reported m . dahurica as one of the most common mussel species in the rivers of eastern mongolia . this species is not found in the rivers of the kurile islands and the most of sakhalin island . bogatov [ 69 ] and bogatov et al . [ 26 ] reported a few specimens from the langry river , which is situated on the extreme northwest of the sakhalin island . it is possible that because this river empties into the amur estuary , this river might have belonged to the ancient system of the paleo - amur [ 81 ] . the range of some amurean fish species also includes rivers in northwestern sakhalin island [ 83 ] . nevertheless , the species identification is in need of revision .\nfrom our data , the range of m . laevis is significantly narrower than the distribution of the previous species ( see fig 13 ) . this species has a more southerly distribution , and has not been found north of central sakhalin . however , the host fish oncorhynchus masu is much more widespread northward up to kamchatka peninsula . most of the known localities of m . laevis are situated on the honshu island , and their number is linearly reduced to the north . a few fish species have a distribution resembling this , including the sakhalin taimen ( hucho perryi ( brevoort , 1856 ) ) [ 83 ] .\nin this study , we analyzed the applicability of specific shell features that were indicated in previous studies for reliable species identification . three pearl mussel species were identified using a complex of morphology patterns and molecular data . the development and expression of hinge teeth , the shape and the relative dimensions of the shell , the mantle attachment scars , and the muscle scar shape are the most used conchological key features [ 4 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 47 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 96 ] , [ 97 ] , [ 98 ] , [ 99 ] .\ns1 table . list of sequenced margaritifera specimens including species , localities and voucher details as well as ncbi genbank accession numbers .\ns2 table . list of known localities of margaritifera dahurica ( middendorff , 1850 ) .\ns3 table . list of known localities of margaritifera middendorffi ( ros\u00e9n , 1926 ) and margaritifera togakushiensis ( kondo and kobayashi , 2005 ) .\ns4 table . list of known localities of margaritifera laevis ( haas , 1910 ) .\ns5 table . variance and significance tests results for mantle attachment scars density within three margaritiferid species .\ns6 table . additional species sequences that were used in the analyses with ncbi genbank accession numbers .\nwe are thankful to to dr . p . v . kijashko and l . l . jarochnovich ( zoological institute of russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , russia ) for assistance in studies of margaritifera specimens in zisp collection . the authors express their gratitude to mr . e . p . dekin ( russia ) , mr . m . a . antipin ( state nature protected area \u201ckurilsky\u201d , russia ) . special thanks go to mr . o . n . bespaliy ( russia ) for his excellent fieldwork assistance .\nconceived and designed the experiments : inb yvb ivv . performed the experiments : inb yvb ivv ova myg okk ysk avk isp esk st nib isv . analyzed the data : inb yvb ivv avk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yvb ivv ova pea myg okk ysk avk aal isp esk st nib isv . wrote the paper : inb yvb ivv avk .\ngraf dl , cummings ks . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) . j mollus stud . 2007 ; 73 : 291\u2013314 .\nbogan ae , roe kj . freshwater bivalve ( unioniformes ) diversity , systematics , and evolution : status and future directions . j n am benthol soc . 2008 ; 27 : 349\u2013369 .\ngraf dl . patterns of freshwater bivalve global diversity and the state of phylogenetic studies on the unionoida , sphaeriidae , and cyrenidae . am malacol bull . 2013 ; 31 : 135\u2013153 .\nliu x - z . on some newly discovered non - marine pelecypods from the late triassic wuzhongshan formation in sichuan basin [ in chinese ] . bulletin of the chengdu institute of geology and mineral resources , chinese academy of geological sciences . 1981 ; 2 : 121\u2013136 .\nfang z - j , chen j , chen c , sha j , lan x , wen s . supraspecific taxa of the bivalvia first named , described , and published in china ( 1927\u20132007 ) . the university of kansas paleontological contributions , new series . 2009 ; 17 : 1\u2013157 .\ngraf dl , cummings ks . palaeoheterodont diversity ( mollusca : trigonioida + unionoida ) : what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution . zool j linn soc lond . 2006 ; 148 : 343\u2013394 .\nziuganov v , zotin a , nezlin l , tretiakov v . the freshwater pearl mussels and their relationships with salmonid fish . moscow : vniro , russian federal institute of fisheries and oceanography ; 1994 . 135 p .\naraujo r , toledo c , van damme d , ghamizi m , machordom a .\n( pallary , 1918 ) : a valid species inhabiting moroccan rivers . j mollus stud . 2007 ; 75 : 95\u2013101 .\nl . ) : a synthesis of conservation genetics and ecology . hydrobiologia . 2010 ; 644 : 69\u201388 .\nakiyama y , iwakuma t . survival of glochidial larvae of the freshwater pearl mussel ,\n( bivalvia : unionoida ) , at different temperatures : a comparison between two populations with and without recruitment . zool sci . 2007 ; 24 : 890\u2013893 . pmid : 17960993\nkondo t . monograph of unionoida in japan ( mollusca : bivalvia ) [ in japanese ] . special publication of the malacological society of japan . 2008 ; 3 : 1\u201369 .\n. the biodiversity center of japan , the nature conservation bureau , the ministry of the environment , japan ; 2010 . p . 43\nkurihara y , sakai h , kitano s , kobayashi o , goto a . genetic and morphological divergence in the freshwater pearl mussel ,\nkobayashi o , kondo t . difference in host preference between two populations of the freshwater pearl mussel\nkobayashi o , kondo t . comparative morphology of glochidia and juveniles between two species of freshwater pearl mussel\nbuldovsky at . about harvested freshwater mussels of the soviet far east [ in russian ] . proceedings of the far eastern branch of the ussr academy of sciences . 1935 ; 12 : 39\u201365 .\nzhadin vi . fam . unionidae [ in russian ] . faune de l\u2019urss , new series . 1938 ; 4 : 1\u2013170 . pmid : 25389754\nzhadin vi . mollusks of fresh and brackish waters of the ussr [ in russian ] . identification guides on the ussr fauna , issued by zoological institute of the ussr academy of sciences . 1952 ; 46 : 1\u2013376 .\nkurenkov ii . on distribution of the kamchatka freshwater pearl mussel [ in russian ] . questions of kamchatka geography . 1966 ; 4 : 110\u2013112 .\nstarobogatov yi , prozorova la , bogatov vv , saenko em . mollusks [ in russian ] . in : freshwater invertebrates of russia and adjacent territories : an identification guide . vol . 6 : mollusks , polychaetes , and nemertines . st . petersburg : nauka publ . ; 2004 . pp . 9\u2013422 .\n) from the amur river basin . biol bull . 2012 ; 39 : 672\u2013675 .\nschum . , 1915 [ sic ] ( mollusca , bivalvia ) . biol bull + . 2013 ; 40 : 488\u2013481 .\ngraf dl . palearctic freshwater mussel ( mollusca : bivalvia : unionoida ) diversity and the comparatory method as a species concept . p acad nat sci phila . 2007 ; 156 : 71\u201388 .\npreston sj , harrison a , lundy m , roberts d , beddoe n , rogowski d . square pegs in round holes\u2014the implications of shell shape variation on the translocation of adult\nbolotov in , makhrov aa , bespalaya yuv , vikhrev iv , aksenova ov , aspholm pe , et al . the results of comparatory method testing : frontal section curvature of shell valve could not be a systematic indicator for freshwater pearl mussels of\nakiyama b , kimura r , nomoto k , usui t , machida y . new record of the freshwater pearl mussel\nfrom northern sakhalin , the russian far east . venus . 2013 ; 71 : 191\u2013198 . pmid : 23542829\ngraf dl , cummings ks . the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of the world ( and other less consequential bivalves ) , updated 8 august 2013 . mussel project web site . available :\nbogan ae . freshwater bivalve extinctions ( mollusca : unionoida ) : a search for causes . am zool . 1993 ; 33 : 599\u2013609 .\nhaag wr . past and future patterns of freshwater mussel extinctions in north america during the holocene . in : turvey s . , editor . holocene extinctions . new york : oxford university press ; 2009 . pp . 107\u2013128 .\niwata h , ukai y shape : a computer program package for quantitative evaluation of biological shapes based on elliptic fourier descriptors . j hered . 2002 ; 93 : 384\u2013385 . pmid : 12547931\nmiddendorff atv . beschreibung einiger neuer mollusken - arten , nebst einem blicke auf den geographischen charakter der land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken nord - asiens . bulletin de la classe physico - math\u00e9matique de l ' acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de st . - p\u00e9tersbourg . 1850 ; 9 : 108\u2013112 .\nmiddendorff atv . wirbellose thiere : annulaten . echinodermen . insecten . krebse . mollusken . parasiten . reise in den \u00e4ussersten norden und osten sibiriens , zoologie . 1851 ; 2 : 163\u2013508 . pmid : 24870494\nhaas f . new unionidae from east asia . the annals and magazine of natural history , 8th series . 1910 ; 6 : 496\u2013499 .\nros\u00e9n ov . terrestrial and freshwater mollusks , collected by kamchatka expedition of f . p . riabushinsky in 1908\u20131909 [ in russian ] . annuaire du mus\u00e9e zoologique de l\u2019academie des sciences de l\u2019urss . 1926 ; 27 : 261\u2013274 ."]}
{"id": 1487, "summary": [{"text": "the rhinoceros chameleon ( furcifer rhinoceratus ) is a species of chameleon that gets its common name from its horn-like nose which is most prominent in males .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is endemic to dry forests in madagascar . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "rhinoceros chameleon", "paragraphs": ["today i want to write about an amazing looking reptile , the rhinoceros chameleon .\nmale rhinoceros chameleon ( furcifer rhinoceratus ) . ankarafantsika national park , north west madagascar .\nboth the male and female rhinoceros chameleon possess a dorsal crest . this is only present on the front half of the body , and , together with the lower casque , helps distinguish the male rhinoceros chameleon from the closely related furcifer antimena and furcifer labordi . the female rhinoceros chameleon can also be differentiated from these two species by the absence of a white line down the middle of the belly ( 2 ) .\nendangered rhinoceros chameleon ( furcifer rhinoceratus ) resting on a branch in rain forest in ankarafantsika , madagascar . species is threatened ( designated vulnerable ) .\nkauai : there was a single sighting of a veiled chameleon in 2004 . kisc responded but was unable to recover a chameleon .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rhinoceros chameleon ( furcifer rhinoceratus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rhinoceros chameleon ( furcifer rhinoceratus )\ntitle =\narkive species - rhinoceros chameleon ( furcifer rhinoceratus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rhinoceros chameleon , scientifically named furcifer rhinoceratus is one of the most distinctive of the genus furcifer . it\u2019s named for its prominent scaly horn - like nose (\nthe rhinoceros chameleon is endemic to the dry deciduous forest region of western madagascar , although its exact distribution within this region is poorly understood ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nlittle information is available on the reproductive behaviour of the rhinoceros chameleon . clutches of 4 to 11 eggs have been reported in captivity , with hatching occurring after 291 days , and the newly hatched rhinoceros chameleons weighing between 0 . 38 and 0 . 44 grams ( 2 ) .\nrhinoceros chameleons are found in forests on the island of madagascar and are considered vulnerable to extinction due to habitat loss .\nthe rhinoceros chameleon inhabits dry deciduous forest ( 4 ) . little information is available on its precise habitat requirements , but it is reported to be commonly seen along roads and paths , as well as inhabiting the forest interior ( 2 ) .\nthis chameleon inhabits dry deciduous forest ( ramanamanjato and rabibisoa 2002 ) . it is not clear to what degree this species can survive in degraded habitats .\ndisclaimer please note , the\nviews , recommendations and answers\noffered on this website are simply our own and our readers opinions . every case must be treated on an individual basis . as always , my chameleon online encourages all chameleon owners to seek professional veterinary care . privacy policy terms & conditions\nlike many madagascan chameleons , the rhinoceros chameleon is threatened by habitat loss in the form of rapid deforestation ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . significant portions of forest habitat have already been cleared , and the remaining areas are often highly fragmented , as well as being critically threatened by logging , uncontrolled burning , and clearing for grazing and agriculture ( 4 ) .\na reptilian smoking gun : first record of invasive jackson\u2019s chameleon ( chamaeleo jacksonii ) predation on native hawaiian species . brenden s . hollandsteven l . montgomery , vincent costello . urltoken\nthe name\nchameleon\nis derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means\nearth lion .\nthe meller ' s chameleon is the largest of the chameleons not native to madagascar . their stout bodies can grow to be up to two feet long and weigh more than a pound .\n) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .\nmale cryptic or blue - legged chameleon ( calumma crypticum ) rests on a branch in the wilds of madagascar ( rain forest of ranomafana ) . incredible vibrant colors at night while sleeping . foliage , tree .\nmeller ' s distinguish themselves from their universally bizarre - looking cousins with a single small horn protruding from the front of their snouts . this and their size earn them the common name\ngiant one - horned chameleon .\nthe male rhinoceros chameleon is greyish or brownish in colour , with dark brown or black between the scales , and a white line down the flanks . the lips are also white , and the horn is often a bluish colour . although usually similar in colouration to the male , the female changes dramatically when carrying eggs ( gravid ) . in this state , the female turns an overall neon - purple colour , with black bands on the body , extending onto the tail , which is orange or red ( 2 ) .\nthis species is typically larger than a jackson chameleon . they also have a large casque ( sharkfin - like shield ) on their head , as compared to the three horns of a male jackson . this species is also a pest !\nissg database : ecology of chamaeleo jacksonii . urltoken images : veiled chameleon , another popular pet and illegal animal to posess in hawai\u02bbi . urltoken two widespread introduced reptiles : ( top ) gold day dust gecko ; ( bottom ) brown anole\nprocesses in ecology and evolution , natural and life history , and biodiversity conservation of reptiles and amphibians . research interests include african chameleon systematics and neuroanatomy , reproductive variation in north american lizards and frogs , and ecology of snakes and turtles in artificial habitats .\nin some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including \u201cmanaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , \u201d which translates to\nlike the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past\n;\nratsy karaha kandrondro ,\nmeaning\nugly as a chameleon\n;\nmahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,\na warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .\njackson\u02bbs chameleon ( chamaeleo jacksonii ) : males are generally 10 - 12\u201d long with a long , prehensile tail accounting for half of their length , and with three horns protruding from their forehead . females are generally a little shorter and never grow horns . this species is also a pest !\nhave a large casque ( sharkfin - like shield ) on their head ( note that the jackson\u2019s chameleon , c . jacksonii , is a similar and more common alien species in hawaii , although male jackson\u2019s have three horns on their forehead ) . have a fringe running from its mouth under its body .\nother easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .\nmonoceras : madagascar ( betsako , mojanga ) ; type locality : betsako bei mojunga , n . w . madagascar\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nfurcifer monoceras is most likely a synonym of f . rhinoceratus ( f . glaw , pers . comm . )\nandersson , lars gabriel 1910 . reptiles and batrachians from the north - west of madagascar collected by v . kaudern , 1906 - 1907 . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 7 ( 7 ) : 1 - 15 .\nboettger , o . 1913 . reptilien und amphibien von madagascar , den inseln und dem festland ostafrikas . pp . 269 - 375 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse . vol . 3 . systematische arbeiten . schweizerbart\u2019 sche verlagsbuchhandlung , n\u00e4gele und sproesser , stuttgart\nboettger , oskar 1893 . katalog der reptilien - sammlung im museum der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft in frankfurt am main . i . teil ( rhynchocephalen , schildkr\u00f6ten , krokodile , eidechsen , cham\u00e4leons ) . gebr\u00fcder knauer , frankfurt a . m . , x + 140 pp . - get paper here\nbrygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1968 . les cam\u00e9l\u00e9os \u00e1 rostre impair et rigide de l ' ouest de madagascar . validit\u00e9 des esp\u00e9ces chamaeleo labordi grandidier , 1872 , et c . antimena grandidier , 1872 . description d ' une esp\u00e9ce nouvelle c . angeli n . sp . et de la femelle de c . rhinoceratus gray , 184 m\u00e9m . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris a 52 ( 2 ) : 71 - 110\ngardner cj , raxworthy cj , metcalfe k , raselimanana ap , smith rj , davies zg 2015 . comparing methods for prioritising protected areas for investment : a case study using madagascar\u2019s dry forest reptiles . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0132803 , doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0132803 - get paper here\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , k\u00f6ln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 2001 . ein seltenes cham\u00e4leon aus madagaskar . datz 54 ( 7 ) : 16 - 19\ngray , j . e . 1843 . description of two new species of reptiles from the collection made during the voyages of h . m . s . sulphur . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 11 : 46 - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1865 . revision of the genera and species of chamaeleonidae , with the description of some new species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 15 : 340 - 354 - get paper here\nnecas , p . 2012 . cham\u00e4leons der gattung furcifer . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 17 ( 95 ) : 20 - 27 - get paper here\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\npawlik , k . 2012 . cham\u00e4leon - urlaub \u2013 eine madagaskar - reise . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 17 ( 96 ) : 103 - 109 - get paper here\npianka , e . r . & vitt , l . j . 2003 . lizards - windows to the evolution of diversity . university of california press , berkeley , 347 pp . [ review in copeia 2004 : 955 ] - get paper here\nrakotoarison , andolalao ; jesse erens , fanomezana m . ratsoavina , miguel vences 2015 . amphibian and reptile records from around the betsiboka delta area in north - western madagascar herpetology notes 8 : 535 - 543 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . cham\u00e4leons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nf . monoceras is considered a junior synonymn of f . rhinoceratus ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nthis species is uncommon . due to heavy human pressures on and the patchy distribution of remaining forest within its range , the population is likely to be both declining and severely fragmented .\nthis species was traded in small levels before the 1994 suspension on exports from madagascar . it is not currently reported illegally in international trade .\nthreats in the region include bush fires , cattle grazing , and deforestation for charcoal collection .\nthis species occurs in parc national ankarafantsika . this site needs to be managed to limit the intrusion of damaging human activities . research is needed to establish the extent of this species ' distribution in the west of its range , from which modern records are lacking , and to clarify the degree to which this species is able to tolerate habitat degradation and modification .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmany madagascan chameleons have also been heavily collected for the pet trade ( 6 ) . however , there are very few records of successful captive breeding of this species , and it is not reported to have been heavily exported in the past ( 2 ) .\nhowever , very little is known about the ecology or conservation needs of this species , and it may therefore benefit from further research before any specific conservation measures , if necessary , can be put into place .\nauthenticated ( 07 / 03 / 11 ) by dr richard k . b . jenkins , madagasikara voakajy and durrell institute of conservation and ecology , university of kent . urltoken\ndeciduous forest forest consisting mainly of deciduous trees , which shed their leaves at the end of the growing season . dorsal relating to the back or top side of an animal . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area .\ngray , j . e . ( 1845 ) catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . british museum , london .\nhalliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .\nbrady , l . d . and griffiths , r . a . ( 1999 ) status assessment of chameleons in madagascar . iucn species survival commission , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar dry deciduous forests habitat\nand\nmesitornis variegatus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar dry deciduous forests habitat\nand\nxenopirostris damii\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar dry deciduous forests habitat\nand\namaurornis olivieri\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar dry deciduous forests habitat\nand\nardea humbloti\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar dry deciduous forests habitat\nand\nhaliaeetus vociferoides\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi , the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nany of several horned chameleons of the genera furcifer and chamaeleo ; specifically f . rhinoceratus of madagascar , the male of which has a prominent forward - projecting horn on the nose .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nthese strange looking chameleons grow up to 27 cm long , with the males growing twice as big as the females .\nthe horns that give them their name are bigger in the males and they use them to fight with each other .\nthey spend most of their time in trees where they catch insects using their long tongues .\nat breeding time , the females lay 4 - 11 eggs , which take almost a year to hatch .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\n3 . gray , j . e . ( 1845 ) catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . british museum , london .\n5 . halliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .\n6 . brady , l . d . and griffiths , r . a . ( 1999 ) status assessment of chameleons in madagascar . iucn species survival commission , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\nandersson , lars gabriel . 1910 . reptiles and batrachians from the north - west of madagascar collected by v . kaudern , 1906 - 1907 . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 7 ( 7 ) : 1 - 15 .\nboettger , o . 1913 . reptilien und amphibien von madagascar , den inseln und dem festland ostafrikas . pp . 269 - 375 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse . vol . 3 . systematische arbeiten . schweizerbart\u2019 sche verlagsbuchhandlung , n\u00e4gele und sproesser , stuttgart .\nboettger , oskar . 1893 . katalog der reptilien - sammlung im museum der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft in frankfurt am main . i . teil ( rhynchocephalen , schildkr\u00f6ten , krokodile , eidechsen , cham\u00e4leons ) . gebr\u00fcder knauer , frankfurt a . m . , x + 140 pp .\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , k\u00f6ln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 ) .\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 2001 . ein seltenes cham\u00e4leon aus madagaskar . datz 54 ( 7 ) : 16 - 19 .\ngray , j . e . 1843 . description of two new species of reptiles from the collection made during the voyages of h . m . s . sulphur . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 11 : 46 .\ngray , j . e . 1845 . catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum . trustees of die british museum / edward newman , london : xxvii + 289 pp .\ngray , j . e . 1865 . revision of the genera and species of chamaeleonidae , with the description of some new species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 15 : 340 - 354 .\nnecas , petr . 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada ) .\npianka , e . r . & vitt , l . j . 2003 . lizards - windows to the evolution of diversity . university of california press , berkeley , 347 pp . [ review in copeia 2004 : 955 ] .\nschmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . cham\u00e4leons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , m\u00fcnster , 328 pp .\nregulatory status : injurious wildlife ( exhibit 5 , chapter 13 - 124 ) . it is illegal to transport these animals between islands or to commercially export to the mainland . penalties can include a fine of up to $ 200 , 000 and a possible prison sentence . the hawaii department of agriculture has an amnesty program allowing a person to turn in an illegal animal without prosecution\njackson\u2019s chameleons are a popular pet that can escape the cage and establish feral populations in hawai\u02bbi . they are bright emerald green fading to a yellowish color on their undersides . males are generally 10 - 12\u201d long with a long , prehensile tail accounting for half of their length , and with three horns protruding from their forehead . females are generally a little shorter and never grow horns . jackson\u2019s chameleons are solitary creatures which spend most of their time in trees . chameleons move with a distinctive slow rocking motion .\nchameleons\u2019 ability to thrive in a variety of forest environments where they are yet another predator of hawai\u02bbi\u2019s native insects , spiders , and snails , making them a less welcome guest in hawai\u02bbi . chameleons are also a potential prey base for the brown tree snake and other snakes , which increases the likelihood of this alien species establishing populations if ever introduced .\nintroduced from kenya and tanzania to hawai\u02bbi in 1972 , this popular pet was inte ntionally released in k\u0101ne\u02bbohe and now has established free ranging populations on the islands of hawai\u02bbi , maui , and o\u02bbahu . they have not become established on kaua\u02bbi - report any sightings on kaua\u02bbi !\ndiet of the invasive lizard chamaeleo jacksonii ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) at a wet - forest site in hawai\u2018i . fred kraus and david preston : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / softquad software / / dtd hotmetal pro 6 . 0 : : 19990601 : : extensions to html 4 . 0 / / en\nhmpro6 . dtd\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nmadagascar is home to about half the world ' s 150 or so species of chameleons , including both subfamilies , typical chameleons ( chamaeleoninae ) and dwarf chameleons ( brookesiinae ) .\nchameleons are diurnal , solitary , and often aggressive towards members of their own species ( marked by rapid color change and aggressive posturing ) . they are opportunistic hunters that wait for prey to pass within range of their long tongues . chameleons have a bizarre way of moving in which they slowly rock back and forth between each step taken , often in time with the movement of nearby leaves being blown by the wind . most chameleons lay eggs .\nthis portable guide offers a full survey of all madagascar ' s mammals , both endemic and introduced , including many newly identified species . with vivid color photographs , line illustrations , and maps , mammals of madagascar : a complete guide\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2012 . all rights reserved .\nthis reptile ' s tongue is as long as its body ( up to 55 cm ) . its tip is muscular and sticky . it projects it at an average speed of 21km / hr !\nit only takes a few seconds for its color to change . the color varies according to stress , fear , light , etc . it can ' t imitate a complex design such as a flowery carpet or a checkerboard .\nits eyes pivot independently from each other , allowing it to look in two opposite directions at the same time . it can therefore keep watch and capture its prey with 99 % precision .\nbeing very territorial , it does not tolerate any same sex individuals closer than two meters . facing an adversary , it can inflate its body and open its mouth while hissing and growling . it can inflict painful bites when fighting .\na popular pet , over 15 , 000 individuals were captured annually in nature . since 1999 , this number has been restricted to 2 , 000 , but logging and agricultural exploitation are fragmenting and rarefying its habitat .\nreceive exclusive content , take advantage of our promotions and participate in our contests .\nwhat a great time . would definitely go again . the zoo care takers are amazing at what they do and so friendly . i would recommend if you have never gone it ' s a bucket list . oh and don ' t forget to go and pet the sting rays .\nour whole family attended yesterday . it was absolutely spectacular . we had a fantastic time ! thanks for the memories !\namazing place to take the family ! lots of animals to see , amazing water park and fun rides . great packages available with hotels close by for out of town visitors . highly recommend !\nit ' s the 3rd year in a row that my family and i visit this zoo . even though it was during the busiest day they had this year , we were able to visit everything and fully enjoy the experience . don ' t forget to bring your bathing suit cause they have an amazing wave pool !\namazing place . perfect for the whole family . they constantly improve their environments and animals collection .\na good place for family outing with zoo , water park and rides all at one place . all the attractions are conveniently placed very close to each other . food court is good too and you can also bring in your lunch .\nwe had an excellent time ! we have not been in over 10 years and are so glad we went ! the park is clean . the food was well priced for a theme park . we loved the dinozoo ! we have terrible french speaking abilities but appreciated your courteous and friendly staff , we felt welcome !\ni had an amazing time here with my family ! my kids absolutely loved it . amazing experience : )\nwe love going to the zoo . ( \u2026 ) most of the animals were out and the grandkids were thrilled . i ' d never been to the dinozoo before and i thought it was pretty cool especially with the movement and sounds . the design is great in that it ' s seperated and all goes back to the center .\nfirst time visiting here on our annual summer week in qu\u00e9bec . we went for the 2 day family pass , and had an amazing time . the 2 days allowed us to take our time around the park , and gave plenty of time as well for cooling off at the amazoo . we ' ll definitely come back !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe chameleons ' eyes can rotate and focus separately on 180 - degree arcs , which gives them a full 360 - degree field of vision . their tongue can reach its prey in just 0 . 07 seconds , with acceleration reaching over 41 g ' s of force .\nin order to create a playlist on sporcle , you need to verify the email address you used during registration . go to your\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nover 10 , 961 , 482 royalty - free video clips with 76 , 091 new stock clips added weekly .\nlive in harmony with nature in an ecological symphony , a mutually beneficial dependency\n- m . graham netting\nbush , guy l .\nspeciation : the origins of diversity .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia : evolution . ed . michael hutchins . detroit : gale , 2011 . 73 - 88 .\ncrespi , bernard j .\nthe evolution of maladaptation .\nheredity 84 . 6 ( 2000 ) : 623 - 629 .\ndarwin , charles . on the origin of species by means of natural selection . new york : heritage press , 1963 .\ndonoghue , philip cj , and jonathan b . antcliffe .\nearly life : origins of multicellularity .\nnature 466 . 7302 ( 2010 ) : 41 - 42 .\nfreeman , scott . biological science . 3rd ed . san francisco : pearson benjamin cummings , 2008 .\ngould , stephen jay , and richard c . lewontin .\nthe spandrels of san marco and the panglossian paradigm : a critique of the adaptationist programme .\nproceedings of the royal society of london . series b . biological sciences 205 . 1161 ( 1979 ) : 581 - 598 .\nbirdlife international ( 2014 ) species factsheet : pelecanus crispus . downloaded from urltoken .\nburnie , david . nature guide : birds ( smithsonian nature guides ) . penguin , 2012 .\nschreiber , alexander m .\nasymmetric craniofacial remodeling and lateralized behavior in larval flatfish .\njournal of experimental biology 209 . 4 ( 2006 ) : 610 - 621 .\nabate , ardith l .\nchameleons ( chamaeleonidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 7 : reptiles . detroit : gale , 2004 . 223 - 242 .\nbauer , aaron m . , arnold g . kluge , and gordon schuett .\nlizards .\nthe new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . ed . tim halliday and kraig adler . oxford university press , 2002 .\nmitchell , graham , et al .\nthe origin of mean arterial and jugular venous blood pressures in giraffes .\njournal of experimental biology 209 . 13 ( 2006 ) : 2515 - 2524 .\ndu toit , johan , and robin a . pellew .\ngiraffes and okapi .\nthe encyclopedia of mammals . ed . david w . macdonald . oxford university press , 2006 .\nmerrit , richard w . , gregory w . courtney , and joe b . keiper .\ndiptera .\nencyclopedia of insects . ed . vincent h . resh and ring t . card\u00e9 . 2nd ed . academic press , 2009 .\nswallow , j . g . , g . s . wilkinson , and j . h . marden .\naerial performance of stalk - eyed flies that differ in eye span .\njournal of comparative physiology b170 . 7 ( 2000 ) : 481 - 487 .\nfreedman , bill .\nfrigatebirds ( fregatidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 8 : birds i . detroit : gale , 2004 . 193 - 199 .\ngibbs , h . lisle , and james p . gibbs .\nprey robbery by nonbreeding magnificent frigatebirds ( fregata magnificens ) .\nthe wilson bulletin 99 . 1 ( 1987 ) : 101 - 104 .\nnelson , j . bryan , a . w . diamond , and a . w . diamond .\nfrigatebirds .\nthe new encyclopedia of birds . ed . christopher perrins . oxford university press , 2003 .\ndarwin , charles . the voyage of the beagle . new york : p . f . collier , 1909 .\ndequeiroz , kevin . phylogenetic systematics of iguanine lizards : a comparative osteological study . berkeley : university of california press , 1987 .\nkricher , john . gal\u00e1pagos : a natural history . princeton university press , 2006 .\nbarrows , edward m . animal behavior desk reference : a dictionary of animal behavior , ecology , and evolution . crc press , 2011 .\nmills , daniel s . , and jeremy n . marchant - forde , eds . the encyclopedia of applied animal behavior and welfare . cabi , 2010 .\nrubinstein , dan i .\nhorses , zebras , and asses .\nthe encyclopedia of mammals . ed . david w . macdonald . oxford university press , 2006 .\nhalliday , tim r .\nnewts and european salamanders ( salamandridae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 6 : amphibians . detroit : gale , 2004 . 363 - 375 .\nheiss , e . , et al .\nhurt yourself to hurt your enemy : new insights on the function of the bizarre antipredator mechanism in the salamandrid pleurodeles waltl .\njournal of zoology 280 . 2 ( 2010 ) : 156 - 162 .\nbirdlife international ( 2014 ) species factsheet : leptoptilos crumeniferus . downloaded from urltoken .\nbanister , keith e . , and john dawes .\ntarpons , bonefishes , and eels .\nthe encyclopedia of underwater life . ed . andrew campbell and john dawes . oxford university press , 2005 .\ngraham , jeffrey b . , ed . air - breathing fishes : evolution , diversity , and adaptation . san diego : academic press , 1997 .\nharrison , ian j . , and frank pezold .\ngobioidei ( gobies ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 5 : fishes ii . detroit : gale , 2004 . 373 - 389 .\ntakegaki , takeshi .\nthreatened fishes of the world : boleophthalmus pectinirostris ( linnaeus 1758 ) ( gobiidae ) .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 81 . 4 ( 2008 ) : 373 - 374 .\npreston - mafham , rod and ken preston - mafham . the encyclopedia of land invertebrate behaviour . london : blandford press , 1993 .\nlove , milton s . probably more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . santa barbara , california : really big press , 1991 .\nmartin , robert d .\nlorises and pottos ( lorisidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 14 : mammals iii . detroit : gale , 2004 . 13 - 22 .\nmunds , rachel a . , k . a . i . nekaris , and susan m . ford .\ntaxonomy of the bornean slow loris , with new species nycticebus kayan ( primates , lorisidae ) .\namerican journal of primatology 75 . 1 ( 2013 ) : 46 - 56 .\nnekaris , k . anne - isola , et al .\nmad , bad and dangerous to know : the biochemistry , ecology and evolution of slow loris venom .\njournal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 19 ( 2013 ) : 21 .\nfreeman , scott .\ngreen plants .\nbiological science . 3rd ed . san francisco : pearson benjamin cummings , 2008 . 626 - 663 .\nduellman , william e . , and miguel lizana .\nbiology of a sit - and - wait predator , the leptodactylid frog ceratophrys cornuta .\nherpetologica ( 1994 ) : 51 - 64 .\ndonaldson , terry j .\ntetraodontiformes ( pufferfishes , triggerfishes , and relatives ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 5 : fishes ii . detroit : gale , 2004 . 467 - 485 .\npope , edward c . , et al .\nthe biology and ecology of the ocean sunfish mola mola : a review of current knowledge and future research perspectives .\nreviews in fish biology and fisheries 20 . 4 ( 2010 ) : 471 - 487 .\ncrane , jocelyn . fiddler crabs of the world : ocypodidae : genus uca . new jersey : princeton university press , 1975 .\nrandall , john ernest , gerald r . allen , and roger c . steene . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , 1997 .\nromero , aldemaro .\nanguilliformes ( eels and morays ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 4 : fishes i . detroit : gale , 2004 . 255 - 270 .\ndas , indraneil .\npelochelys cantorii gray 1864 \u2013 asian giant softshell turtle .\nconservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises : a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group . chelonian research monographs no . 5 . ed . a . g . j . rhodin , et al . chelonian reearch foundation , 2008 . 011 . 1 - 011 . 6 .\nvillanueva , roger , et al .\nsystematics , distribution and biology of the cirrate octopods of the genus opisthoteuthis ( mollusca , cephalopoda ) in the atlantic ocean , with description of two new species .\nbulletin of marine science 71 . 2 ( 2002 ) : 933 - 985 .\npietsch , theodore w . , and david b . grobecker . frogfishes of the world : systematics , zoogeography , and behavioral ecology . stanford university press , 1987 .\nkemp , alan and ian newton .\nsecretarybird .\nthe new encyclopedia of birds . ed . christopher perrins . oxford university press , 2003\nkemp , alan charles .\nsecretary birds ( sagittariidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 8 : birds i . detroit : gale , 2004 . 343 - 345 .\njeng , ming - shiou .\nnewly recorded symbiotic crabs ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) from southern taiwan coral reefs .\nzoological studies 33 . 4 ( 1994 ) : 314 - 318 .\npoore , gary , ed . marine decapod crustacea of southern australia : a guide to identification . collingwood , australia : csiro publishing , 2004 .\nbiju , s . d . , and franky bossuyt .\nnew frog family from india reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the seychelles .\nnature 425 . 6959 ( 2003 ) : 711 - 714 .\nzachariah , anil , et al .\na detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis ( anura : nasikabatrachidae ) , the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage .\nzootaxa 3510 ( 2012 ) : 53 - 64 .\njefferson , thomas a . , marc a . webber , and robert l . pitman . marine mammals of the world : a comprehensive guide to their identification . london : academic press , 2008 .\nbenton , michael j . when life nearly died : the greatest mass extinction of all time . london : thames & hudson , 2003 .\nclark , james m . , teresa maryanska , and rinchen barsbold .\ntherizinosauroidea .\nthe dinosauria . ed . david b . weishampel , peter dodson , and halszka osm\u00f3lska . 2nd ed . berkeley : university of california press , 2004 .\ncoates , m . i . , et al .\nspines and tissues of ancient sharks .\nnature 396 . 6713 ( 1998 ) : 729 - 730 .\nfreeman , scott .\nphylogenies and the history of life .\nbiological science . 3rd ed . san francisco : pearson benjamin cummings , 2008 . 543 - 565 .\njanis , christine m . , and richard barnes .\nelephants and relatives .\nthe encyclopedia of mammals . ed . david w . macdonald . oxford university press , 2006 .\nlambert , w . david .\nthe feeding habits of the shovel - tusked gomphotheres : evidence from tusk wear patterns .\npaleobiology 18 . 2 ( 1992 ) : 132 - 147 .\nrinderknecht , andr\u00e9s , and r . ernesto blanco .\nthe largest fossil rodent .\nproceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 275 . 1637 ( 2008 ) : 923 - 928 .\nbanister , keith e . , and svein a . foss\u00e5 .\nperchlike fishes .\nthe encyclopedia of underwater life . ed . andrew campbell and john dawes . oxford university press , 2005 .\nmooi , randall d . , and g . david johnson .\ntrachinoidei ( weeverfishes and relatives ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 5 : fishes ii . detroit : gale , 2004 . 331 - 340 . gale virtual reference library . web . 27 jan . 2014 .\ncutter , william l .\nan instance of blood - squirting by phrynosoma solare .\ncopeia 1959 . 2 ( 1959 ) : 176 - 176 .\nsherbrooke , wade c . introduction to horned lizards of north america . berkeley : university of california press , 2003 .\nlawrence , s . e .\nsexual cannibalism in the praying mantid , mantis religiosa : a field study .\nanimal behaviour 43 . 4 ( 1992 ) : 569 - 583 .\npreston - mafham , ken , and stephen simpson .\nmantids .\nthe new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . ed . christopher o\u2019toole . oxford university press , 2002 .\ngron , kj . 2008 july 21 . primate factsheets : uakari ( cacajao ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . downloaded from primate info net .\ndenton , e . j . , j . b . gilpin - brown , and p . g . wright .\nthe angular distribution of the light produced by some mesopelagic fish in relation to their camouflage .\nproceedings of the royal society of london . series b . biological sciences 182 . 1067 ( 1972 ) : 145 - 158 .\nbaker , aaron j . , david f . whitacre , and oscar aguirre .\nobservations of king vultures ( sarcoramphus papa ) drinking and bathing .\njournal of raptor research 30 . 4 ( 1996 ) : 246 - 247 .\nhouston , david c .\ncompetition for food between neotropical vultures in forest .\nibis 130 . 3 ( 1988 ) : 402 - 417 .\nkemp , alan , and ian newton .\nnew world vultures .\nthe new encyclopedia of birds . ed . christopher perrins . oxford university press , 2003 .\noliver , william l . r . , ed . pigs , peccaries and hippos : status survey and conservation action plan . gland , switzerland : iucn , 2003 .\nebert , d . a . deep\u2013sea cartilaginous fishes of the indian ocean . volume 1 . sharks . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 8 , vol . 1 . rome : fao , 2013 .\nmceachran , john d .\nrajiformes ( skates and rays ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 4 : fishes i . detroit : gale , 2004 . 173 - 188 .\nwueringer , barbara e . , et al .\nthe function of the sawfish ' s saw .\ncurrent biology 22 . 5 ( 2012 ) : r150 - 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467 .\nbodmer , richard e . , and george b . rabb .\nokapia johnstoni .\nmammalian species 422 ( 1992 ) : 1 - 8 .\ndu toit , johan , and robin a . pellew .\ngiraffes and okapi .\nthe encyclopedia of mammals . ed . david w . macdonald . oxford university press , 2006 .\nlindsey , susan lyndaker , and cynthia l . bennett . the okapi : mysterious animal of congo - zaire . university of texas press , 1999 .\nbirdlife international ( 2014 ) species factsheet : anas platyrhynchos . downloaded from urltoken .\nbrennan , patricia lr , christopher j . clark , and richard o . prum .\nexplosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia .\nproceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 277 . 1686 ( 2010 ) : 1309 - 1314 .\nbrennan , patricia lr , et al .\ncoevolution of male and female genital morphology in waterfowl .\nplos one 2 . 5 ( 2007 ) : e418 .\nsower , stacia a . , mickie l . powell , and scott i . kavanaugh .\nmyxiniformes ( hagfishes ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 4 : fishes i . detroit : gale , 2004 . 77 - 81 .\nbanister , keith e . , and john dawes .\nlampreys and hagfishes .\nthe encyclopedia of underwater life . ed . andrew campbell and john dawes . oxford university press , 2005 .\nhoch , j . matthew .\neffects of crowding and wave exposure on penis morphology of the acorn barnacle , semibalanus balanoides .\nmarine biology 157 ( 2010 ) : 2783\u20132789\nneufeld , christopher and a richard palmer .\nprecisely proportioned : intertidal barnacles alter penis form to suit coastal wave action .\nproceedings of the royal society b 275 ( 2008 ) : 1081\u20131087 .\nsteiner , tatiana menchini .\nthecostraca ( cirripedes and relatives ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . ed . michael hutchins , et al . 2nd ed . vol . 2 : protostomes . detroit : gale , 2004 . 273 - 281 .\nirestedt , martin , et al .\nan unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in birds - of - paradise .\nbmc evolutionary biology 9 . 1 ( 2009 ) : 235 .\nnunn , gary b . , and joel cracraft .\nphylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of the birds - 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{"id": 1491, "summary": [{"text": "eupolypods ii is a clade of ferns in the order polypodiales , under the class polypodiopsida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this group generally corresponds with the order blechnales described by j. l. reveal in 1993 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , the blechnales families were found to be embedded within the larger definition of the order polypodiales describe by smith et al. , 2006 , so according to their system , the group is treated as an informal clade .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this clade includes some important ferns , including the sensitive fern , onoclea sensibilis , which grows as a virtual weed throughout much of its temperate north american range , and ferns of the genus thelypteris , a genus that has shown remarkable speciation .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it also includes one of the more common horticultural ferns , the ostrich fern , matteuccia struthiopteris . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "eupolypods ii", "paragraphs": ["the following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between the families of eupolypods ii , based on lehtonen , 2011 , and rothfels & al . , 2012 .\nplastid phylogenomics resolve deep relationships among eupolypod ii ferns with rapid radiation and rate heterogeneity .\nchallenges inherent in resolving the eupolypod ii phylogeny . eupolypods ii phylogram modified from schuettpelz and pryer ( 2007 ) , in ( a ) unrooted and ( b ) rooted form . ( i ) outgroup taxa are on long branches . ( ii ) backbone internodes are very short , suggesting an \u201cancient rapid radiation . \u201d ( iii ) the ingroup is marked by significant heterogeneity in rates of evolution , with the members of aspleniaceae on much longer branches than other eupolypod ii taxa .\nwherever possible , we included generic and familial types , to facilitate future taxonomic revisions . based on data from schuettpelz and pryer ( 2007 ) and liu et al . ( 2007 ) , our broad outgroup sample included 10 representatives from the sister group to the eupolypods ii ( eupolypods i , see fig . 2 ) . to better evaluate the effect of uncertainty in outgroup placement on the ingroup topology and to better understand the divergence between eupolypods i and ii , we also included two representatives from each of the two potentially successive sister groups to the eupolypods ( notholaena and cryptogramma from pteridaceae ; dennstaedtia and pteridium from dennstaedtiaceae ; see fig . 2 and schuettpelz and pryer 2007 ) . our total sample has 81 terminal taxa ( appendix 1 ) .\nplastid phylogenomics resolve deep relationships among eupolypod ii ferns with rapid radiation and rate heterogeneity . - pubmed - ncbi\neupolypods were separated into two clades , corresponding with eupolypods i and ii [ 23 ] . diplaziopsidaceae was resolved as sister to eupolypods ii . christenhusz et al . [ 8 ] included diplaziopsis , homalosorus and hemidictyum within the diplaziopsidaceae , but here hemidictyum was supported as sister to aspleniaceae as in schuettpelz & pryer [ 18 ] and in kuo et al . [ 20 ] . hemidictyum is therefore considered here as a member of aspleniaceae and only diplaziopsis and homalosorus are within diplaziopsidaceae , as in a recent analysis of the matk gene [ 20 ] . family - level relationships mostly remained poorly supported or unresolved within both of the two large eupolypod clades .\neupolypods i is a clade of ferns in the order polypodiales , class polypodiopsida . [ 2 ] in the classification of christenhusz & chase ( 2014 ) this is equivalent to the family polypodiaceae . [ 1 ] it probably diverged from eupolypods ii ( = aspleniaceae of christenhusz & chase 2014 [ 1 ] ) during the mid - cretaceous . the divergence is supported by both molecular data and an often overlooked morphological characteristic which lies in the vasculature of the petiole . most species that make up the eupolypods i clade have three vascular bundles . the only exceptions are the grammitid ferns which have one , and the genus hypodematium which has two . this differs from eupolypods ii which mostly have two vascular bundles ( except the well - nested blechnoid ferns which generally have at least three ) . [ 3 ]\nthe following phylogram for the eupolypods i is based on lehtonen , 2011 [ 4 ] and christenhusz et al . , 2011 . [ 5 ]\nthe eupolypods ii , together with its sister group , eupolypods i , comprise the large eupolypod clade , which encompasses two - thirds of living fern species ( fig . 2 ; pryer et al . 2004 ; schneider et al . 2004b ; smith et al . 2006 ) . the ancestors of eupolypods i and ii diverged from each other in the early cretaceous ( pryer et al . 2004 ; schneider et al . 2004b ; schuettpelz and pryer 2009 ) . the eupolypod ii clade started to diversify shortly thereafter ( its crown group is approximately 100 million years old ; schuettpelz and pryer 2009 ) and has subsequently grown into a lineage - rich clade comprising nearly 30 % of extant fern diversity . eupolypods ii includes some of the most familiar groups of ferns ( the lady ferns , ostrich fern , sensitive fern , marsh ferns , and spleenworts ) , as well as some of the most species - rich genera : thelypteris s . lat . ( \u223c950 species ) ; asplenium ( \u223c700 species ) ; diplazium ( \u223c350 species ) ; athyrium ( \u223c220 species ) ; and blechnum s . lat . ( \u223c150 species ) .\nnot surprisingly , given the clade ' s size and age , eupolypod ii taxa are morphologically disparate and seemingly incohesive . however , early workers did tend to recognize the close affinities among many of the taxa in this clade , although frequently with members of eupolypods i interdigitated among them ( holttum 1947 ; sledge 1973 ; mickel 1974 ; tryon and tryon 1982 ) . the cohesiveness of the eupolypods ii started to become apparent with the earliest applications of molecular phylogenetic techniques to ferns ( wolf et al . 1994 ; hasebe et al . 1995 ; sano et al . 2000a ) and has been strongly supported in recent broad studies ( schneider et al . 2004b ; schuettpelz and pryer 2007 ; kuo et al . 2011 ) . none of these studies , however , found support for the backbone relationships within eupolypods ii , and only kuo et al . ( 2011 ) attempted to sample its major lineages . it remains one of the few areas of the fern tree - of - life where the backbone relationships remain elusive ( smith et al . 2006 ; schuettpelz and pryer 2007 ) .\nrelative plastid substitution rates among clades / branches of the eupolypod ii ferns , based on the \u201c83 - gene matrix , \u201d resulting from the random local clock analyses in beast v1 . 8 . 1 . numbers above the branches indicate relative , median rates with no measured units , scaled by dividing all rates by that of the crown node of eupolypods ii . colors of branches represents to relative rate . light red indicates a relative rate of 0 , whereas a trend of blue color marks a relative rate approaching 3 . 0 .\neupolypods ii is a clade of ferns in the order polypodiales , under the class polypodiopsida . this group generally corresponds with the order blechnales described by j . l . reveal in 1993 . however , the blechnales families were found to be embedded within the larger definition of the order polypodiales describe by smith et al . , 2006 , so according to their system , the group is treated as an informal clade .\nhypotheses on the backbone relationship of eupolypod ii ferns with special reference to the positions of rhachidosoraceae and athyriaceae . ( a ) topology resolving rhachidosoraceae as sister to the thelypteridaceae - blechnaceae clade in ; ( b ) topology resolving rhachidosoraceae as sister to the aspleniaceae - diplaziopsidaceae clade in ) ; ( c ) topology showing athyriaceae as nonmonophyletic in , ) and ; and ( d ) topology showing unresolved relationships within eupolypod ii ferns in based on 25 low - copy nuclear genes .\nshaw j , lickey eb , beck jt , farmer sb , liu w , et al . ( 2005 ) the tortoise and the hare ii : relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast dna sequences for phylogenetic analysis . amer j bot 92 : 142\u2013166 .\ncomparison of variability in nonoverlapping 1 , 000 - bp sliding windows for eupolypod ii ferns . genes with interests are indicated , that is , genes with pi > 0 . 1 are marked in black and genes with pi < 0 . 1 are marked in red .\nthe ml phylogram of 40 species based on 83 - gene matrix and codon partitioned strategy and bayesian divergence time estimation based on 83 - gene matrix with unpartitioned strategy . ( a ) maximum likelihood bootstrap values ( bss ) are 100 % and bayesian posterior probabilities ( pps ) are 1 . 0 , unless otherwise indicated . numbers above the branches indicate bss and pps based on whole plastome matrix , and bss ( unpartitioned , parititionfinder , gene partitioned ) and pps based on 88 - gene matrix , while numbers below the branches as bss ( unpartitioned , codon partitioned , parititionfinder , gene partitioned ) and pps based on 83 - gene matrix ; ( b ) chronogram with secondary calibration nodes indicated by numbers ; ( c ) bar chart indicating stem clade ages and hpd intervals of each family of eupolypods ii . blue bars indicate 95 % highest posterior density ( hpd ) intervals of the age estimates ; grey bars indicate the time - scale of eupolypod ii radiation .\ncarl j . rothfels , anders larsson , li - yaung kuo , petra korall , wen - liang chiou , kathleen m . pryer ( 2012 ) .\novercoming deep roots , fast rates , and short internodes to resolve the ancient rapid radiation of eupolypod ii ferns\n. systematic biology 61 ( 1 ) : 70 .\nin pteridaceae , all subfamilies accepted by christenhusz et al . [ 8 ] were found to be monophyletic , although the monophyly of cheilanthoidea had poor support . by contrast , numerous pteridoid genera , including adiantum , were not monophyletic . the need for a generic redefinition within pteridoids has already been well recognized by earlier studies [ 8 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 23 ] \u2013 [ 27 ] . the relationship between pteridoids and dennstaedtioids was still ambiguous to date [ 23 ] , and the present study also did not provide conclusive results . pteridaceae was positioned as a sister group to eupolypods by parsimony , whereas ml supported dennstaedtiaceae as sister to eupolypods . both hypotheses received less than 50 % support . the genus dennstaedtia was paraphyletic as in previous studies [ 18 ] , [ 28 ] , due to the inclusion of the monophyletic microlepia .\ncarl j . rothfels , anders larsson , li - yaung kuo , petra korall , wen - liang chiou , kathleen m . pryer ; overcoming deep roots , fast rates , and short internodes to resolve the ancient rapid radiation of eupolypod ii ferns , systematic biology , volume 61 , issue 3 , 1 may 2012 , pages 490 , urltoken\nthe trees obtained here were generally consistent with the prevailing view of the molecular phylogeny of ferns [ 1 ] , [ 18 ] \u2013 [ 20 ] . the taxonomic sampling employed here was almost seven - times broader than in the previous best - sampled fern phylogenetic analysis , hence providing a broader picture of fern phylogenetics , and enabling the investigation of the monophyly of currently accepted genera and families . however , despite the broad sampling , numerous fern groups remained poorly sampled and some phylogenetic relationships could not be completely resolved . for example , the families belonging to the eupolypods ii group are well supported as monophyletic entities , but the relationships between them remained poorly established . the relationships among some of the early diverging polypods ( saccolomataceae , cystodiaceae ) were not unambiguously resolved and questions about a pteridoid - dennstaedtioid relationship still remained unanswered . similarly to previous studies [ 1 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 27 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] , the phylogenetic position of horsetails ( equisetaceae ) remained controversial .\narthropteris and psammiosorus were mixed , but together formed a well - supported sister lineage to all other tectariaceae . the proposed subfamilies of polypodiaceae [ 8 ] were monophyletic in the ml analysis , except that synammia was resolved as sister to drynarioideae rather than being a member of polypodioideae . the parsimony analysis did not support monophyletic polypodiaceae , resulting in a largely unresolved topology within the eupolypods i . the current generic classification failed to delimit natural groups within drynarioideae , microsoroideae and polypodioideae . the subfamily loxogrammoideae was resolved as sister group to the remaining polypodiaceae in the ml analysis .\nas stated above , earlier studies ( e . g . , schuettpelz and pryer 2007 ) indicate that the eupolypod ii phylogeny is likely to include several key challenges for phylogenetic inference , specifically a series of long branches among very short backbone internodes ( an ancient rapid radiation ) , lineage - specific rate heterogeneity , and a distantly related outgroup . given these concerns , we sought to explicitly evaluate our topology and support values against these potential artifacts , with particular emphasis on the support values along the backbone of the tree .\nthe eupolypod ii clade is cosmopolitan in distribution , with the subgroups primarily temperate to tropical , and the larger subclades each well represented in both areas . however , many of the phylogenetically enigmatic taxa in this clade are limited to the himalayas or southeast asia , and critical members of several genera are rare and / or infrequently collected . this pattern of rarity and endemism , in conjunction with the richness and geographical breadth of the clade as a whole , is undoubtedly a contributing factor to the incomplete sampling of these ferns in previous phylogenetic studies .\nthis trend of shared morphological syndromes across very deep splits in the tree by some members of the \u201cwoodsiaceae\u201d is in contrast to the interdigitation , among those same taxa , of a series of distinct morphologically unique groups , including the aspleniaceae , blechnaceae , onocleaceae , and thelypteridaceae . the coarse picture of eupolypod ii morphological evolution , then , is marked by two seemingly opposing patterns . on the one hand are the autapomorphy - rich clades , whose individual phylogenetic coherence is strong , but whose deep relationships were obscure based on morphological data . and , on the other , the morphologically consistent yet phylogenetically incoherent members of the \u201cwoodsiaceae\u201d .\ndna was extracted from silica - dried or herbarium material , using either ( i ) a modified carlson - yoon protocol ( < 0 . 01 g dried plant material , silica beads , 750 \u03bc l carlson buffer , and 20 \u03bc l mercaptoethanol added to a 2 - ml tube and ground for 45 s using a mini - beadbeater ( biospec products ) , followed by incubation at 65 \u043e c for 45 min ; yoon et al . 1991 ) or ( ii ) the protocol of pryer et al . ( 2004 ) or ( iii ) the protocol of kuo et al . ( 2011 ) . for material extracted under the carlson - yoon protocol , the extracted dna was purified by illustra gfx pcr dna and gel band purification kit ( ge healthcare ) .\nto evaluate any effects that uncertainty in root - branch placement might have on apparent levels of support within the ingroup , we compared ingroup backbone mlbs values from the analysis of our complete data ( full outgroup ) with those from each of six different variations in outgroup composition : ( i ) ingroup only ; ( ii ) ingroup + dryopteris ; ( iii ) ingroup + dryopteris and didymochlaena ; ( iv ) ingroup + dryopteris and notholaena ; ( v ) ingroup + dryopteris and notholaena and pteridium ; and ( vi ) ingroup + our full eupolypod i sample ( fig . 5 ) . this outgroup sampling regime was selected to successively bisect the longest outgroup branches , with a particular emphasis on breaking the proximate root branch ( the branch connecting the ingroup to the first outgroup node ) .\nour approach to resolving the eupolypod ii phylogeny couples a considerably expanded taxon sample with moderate character sampling . our objectives include identifying well - supported major ( approximately \u201cfamily - level\u201d ) clades and determining the backbone relationships among these clades . given the anticipated phylogenetic challenges and potential for artifacts in our data , we explicitly evaluate our phylogenetic hypothesis against these analytical pitfalls , placing strong emphasis on the use of the reduced consensus technique ( wilkinson 1996 ) to isolate the effects of signal weakness from those of signal conflict ( e . g . , wiens 2003 ; cobbett et al . 2007 ) . our study aims for a comprehensive and well - supported phylogeny of this important group of ferns , and for novel inferences about the behavior of our choice of methods , gleaned from their performance on this data set .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nin the past two decades , molecular systematic studies have revolutionized our understanding of the evolutionary history of ferns . the availability of large molecular data sets together with efficient computer algorithms , now enables us to reconstruct evolutionary histories with previously unseen completeness . here , the most comprehensive fern phylogeny to date , representing over one - fifth of the extant global fern diversity , is inferred based on four plastid genes . parsimony and maximum - likelihood analyses provided a mostly congruent results and in general supported the prevailing view on the higher - level fern systematics . at a deep phylogenetic level , the position of horsetails depended on the optimality criteria chosen , with horsetails positioned as the sister group either of marattiopsida - polypodiopsida clade or of the polypodiopsida . the analyses demonstrate the power of using a \u2018supermatrix\u2019 approach to resolve large - scale phylogenies and reveal questionable taxonomies . these results provide a valuable background for future research on fern systematics , ecology , biogeography and other evolutionary studies .\ncitation : lehtonen s ( 2011 ) towards resolving the complete fern tree of life . plos one 6 ( 10 ) : e24851 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2011 samuli lehtonen . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this study received funding from the kone foundation and the academy of finland grants to sl . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe combined four - gene ( atpa , atpb , rbcl , rps4 ) data set included a total of 5 , 166 sequences ( dataset s1 ) , hence the matrix of all 2 , 957 taxa by four genes had 6662 missing gene sequence entries ( c . 56 % missing data ) . most taxa ( 91 % ) were represented by the rbcl gene , but the least sampled gene ( atpa ) was available for only approximately 18 % of the taxa . less than 10 % of the sampled taxa were represented by all four genes , and 54 % were represented only by a single gene . in most of the fern families at least some taxa were sampled for all markers , with two small families ( diplaziopsidaceae and rhachidosoraceae ) represented by the rbcl gene only and four other families ( psilotaceae , schizeaceae , cystodiaceae and lomariopsidaceae ) lacking one of the studied genes . the parsimony analysis of these data retained 124 equally parsimonious trees of 74 , 910 steps ( dataset s2 ) . the final ml optimization likelihood score was \u2212391724 . 512141 ( figure 1 , dataset s3 ) .\nparsimony and ml trees were largely consistent with each other and with the prevailing view of the fern familial relationships [ 1 ] , [ 18 ] \u2013 [ 20 ] . the parsimony analysis positioned horsetails ( equisetopsida ) as a sister group to the marattiopsida - polypodiopsida clade , whereas ml placed them as sister to polypodiopsida . these controversial groupings received low support values . within the tree fern clade , ml and parsimony largely disagreed at the family level . metaxyaceae was positioned as a sister to other tree ferns in the parsimony analysis , whereas in the ml tree the family was placed as sister to dicksoniaceae . the clade composed of thyrsopteridaceae and associated families in the ml tree also included cibotiaceae and dicksoniaceae in the parsimony analysis . similarly , the two methods disagreed in the exact phylogenetic position of dennstaedtiaceae and many small families , including saccolomataceae , cystodiaceae , hypodematiaceae , cystopteridaceae and woodsiaceae . however , most of the incongruent groupings received less than 50 % bootstrap support in both analyses , consistently with the observation that their relationships were also uncertain in previous studies [ 18 ] , [ 23 ] .\na recently published linear fern classification [ 8 ] was largely supported at the family level . at the generic level , however , improved sampling revealed several patterns that were inconsistent with previously published results and current fern taxonomy . some of the most relevant results are shortly described here , otherwise readers are directed to trees available as supplementary information ( dataset s2 , s3 ) and at treebase ( urltoken ) . in ophioglossaceae , the results contradicted those published by hauk et al . [ 21 ] notably regarding the position of cheiroglossa , which is here nested within ophioglossum . in addition , o . lusitanicum l . was here grouped together with helmintostachys zeylanica ( l . ) hook . in the present study , the genus odontosoria ( lindsaeaceae ) was polyphyletic , and sphenomeris was grouped with the tapeinidium - osmolindsaea - nesolindsaea clade , thus contradicting the results of a recent study on lindsaeaceae phylogenetics [ 22 ] .\naspleniaceae was divided into three well - supported lineages , corresponding to hemidictyum and two broadly - defined genera : hymenasplenium and asplenium [ 8 ] , [ 18 ] . several well - supported clades were also present within thelypteridaceae , although not exactly matching the current generic classification . similarly , previous studies have suggested that the current classification of blechnaceae is unnatural [ 8 ] . in this study , the family was divided into three well - supported clades that did not correspond to the currently accepted generic limits ( woodwardia ; salpichlaena - stenochlaena - blechnum p . p . ; blechnum p . p . - brainea - sadleria - pteridoblechnum ) . within athyriaceae , diplazium was strongly supported as monophyletic , but cornopteris was nested within athyrium with a high level of support .\nthe two subfamilies of dryopteridaceae [ 8 ] were monophyletic ( with the exception of dryopteris inaequalis ( schlecht . ) kuntze , which was placed in elaphoglossoideae ) in the ml analysis , albeit with a very poor support . in the parsimony analysis , on the other hand , the subfamily elaphoglossoideae was divided into two groups with unresolved relationships with dryopteridoideae . the subfamily elaphoglossoideae included pleocnemia winitii holttum , the only member of its genus included in this study . previous studies have considered pleocnemia as a member of tectariaceae [ 8 ] , [ 23 ] , [ 30 ] . at a generic level , polystichum included cyrtomium and cyrtogonellum , arachnioides included leptorumohra and lithostegia , and acrorumohra was nested in dryopteris ( excluding d . inaequalis ) .\nthe observed uncertainty might , to some extent , reflect the large number of missing entries in the supermatrix . more than half of the taxa were represented by a single gene , rbcl being clearly the best - sampled marker . those markers not as thoroughly sampled were , however , sampled rather evenly across the different fern lineages , so that very few families completely lacked data of one or more genes . furthermore , smith et al . [ 16 ] were able to resolve several difficult problems in the phylogeny of green plants by sampling the rbcl gene only , and it has been shown that supermatrix approach can handle even 90 % missing data without loss of accuracy if the data available contain enough informative characters [ 11 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 32 ] \u2013 [ 35 ] .\nthe advances in fern systematics over the past decades have provided a rather good taxonomic understanding at the family level , and the recently proposed fern classification [ 8 ] was largely supported by the current study . generic delimitation , however , has remained ambiguous in a number of fern families [ 8 ] , [ 23 ] . the analyses presented here shed new light on several unresolved issues , and can be used as a starting point to a more robust classification at this taxonomic level . a good example was that of blechnaceae , a family composed of three well supported clades that ( apart from woodwardia ) do not correspond well with the currently accepted generic classification .\nuntil recently , most of the molecular systematic studies of ferns were based on classical fern taxonomy . the most convenient way of overcoming the impact of outdated taxonomies , as well as detecting contaminated or misidentified sequences [ 11 ] , [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] , is through the use of supermatrix analysis of all available data . the results presented here corroborated most recent findings in molecular fern systematics , but also provided a much wider view for future studies in fern evolution , taxonomy , and beyond . instead of relying on the classical fern taxonomy , pteridologists can now select proper outgroups and delimit their ingroups in an appropriate way from an evolutionarily perspective . as yet , only about one - fifth of the extant fern diversity is currently covered by genbank , but the road is open for a fully sampled fern tree of life , and ultimately , for a natural fern classification .\nsequence data was retrieved from genbank release 176 ( feb . 23 , 2010 ) using phylota browser ( urltoken ) . phylota assembles blast clustering for all sequences in the genbank release file [ 42 ] . clusters corresponding to four protein coding plastid genes , rbcl , rps4 , atpa , and atpb , were downloaded for root node \u201cmoniliformopses\u201d . this data set was further supplemented by downloading rbcl data of japanese ferns [ 43 ] and adding several fern sequences produced with standard methods and primers [ 3 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 44 ] \u2013 [ 49 ] in our laboratory and submitted to genbank , but not yet available on the queried release ( genbank accession numbers hq157300\u2013hq157307 , hq157324\u2013hq157330 , hq157332\u2013hq157334 , hq245099\u2013hq245103 , hq680978 ) . when multiple sequences were available for one taxon , the most complete one was retained and the other sequences excluded . a few sequences in the preliminary test analyses were positioned into highly questionable taxonomic groups , and these apparently misidentified or contaminated sequences were also excluded from the final analyses . the finally accepted fern sequences ( 2 , 656 taxa ) were further supplemented with 301 outgroup taxa representing lycophytes ( 205 taxa ) , angiosperms ( 61 taxa ) and gymnosperms ( 35 taxa ) .\nmultiple sequence alignments were produced for each data set with muscle [ 50 ] using default settings followed by one round of refinement . due to variable sequence completeness all the alignments had high amounts of missing data at the 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 ends . these ambiguous regions were eliminated from the final data sets after visual inspection , as well as ambiguously aligned segment within the rps4 gene . however , possible errors in the sequences ( such as stop - codons ) were not investigated . indels inserted during the sequence alignment were treated as missing data in the corresponding phylogenetic analyses . because all the markers included were plastid genes they were expected to share a common evolutionary history and were analyzed simultaneously . aligned sequence matrices were concatenated with sequencematrix software [ 51 ] . in total , the data set consisted of 2 , 957 taxa ( rbcl 2 , 681 ; rps4 1 , 134 ; atpb 825 ; atpa 526 taxa ) and 4 , 406 aligned base pairs of molecular data ( rbcl 1 , 332 ; rps4 379 ; atpb 1 , 188 ; atpa 1 , 507 bp ) . the aligned data matrices and resulting trees are available at treebase ( urltoken , [ 52 ] ) .\nphylogenetic analyses were performed for the concatenated supermatrix under equally weighted parsimony criteria using tnt [ 53 ] and maximum likelihood criteria using raxml [ 54 ] . in the parsimony analyses 500 \u2018new technology\u2019 [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] search replications were used as a starting point for each hit . these replications saved no more than 10 trees per replication , and were run until the best score was hit 10 times , using tbr - swapping , random and constraint sectorial searches , five ratchet iterations , and five rounds of tree fusing ( xmult = repl 500 hits 10 css rss ratchet 5 fuse 5 hold 10 ) . the memory was set to hold 80 , 000 trees . branch support was evaluated by running 500 bootstrap replicates . tbr - swapping , sectorial search , and five rounds of tree fusing were employed in each replicate ( resample = boot replications 500 savetrees [ xmult = rss css fuse 5 ] ) . maximum likelihood ( ml ) analyses were performed using the parallel pthreads - version of the computer program raxml 7 . 2 . 8 [ 54 ] , [ 57 ] running in 2\u00d72 . 26 ghz quad - core intel xeon macintosh with 8 gb of ram . the search was initiated with 500 rapid bootstrap replications followed by a thorough ml search on the original alignment ( - t 16 - f a - x 12345 - p 12345 - # 500 - m gtrgamma ) . free model parameters were estimated by raxml under the gtr + \u03b3 model . this is the most commonly used model for real data sets , and provides good performance for large data sets [ 58 ] .\ncongruence among the data sets was examined by running parsimony bootstrap analyses for each gene separately [ 59 ] . visual inspection of the family - level nodes did not reveal well - supported ( > 70 % support ) conflict at this phylogenetic level , with the exception of nested position of lonchitidaceae within lindsaeaceae in the atpa analysis ( data not shown ) . at lower phylogenetic levels the highly variable taxon sampling made the assessment of phylogenetic conflict highly problematic , and simultaneous analysis of all data sets was considered appropriate based on family - level congruence .\nconcatenated supermatrix in nexus - format ( file can be opened after unzipping for example with mesquite [ 60 ] ) .\nthe strict consensus tree of parsimony analysis with bootstrap support values in nexus - format ( file can be opened for example with figtree [ 61 ] ) .\nthe ml tree with bootstrap support values in nexus - format ( file can be opened for example with figtree [ 61 ] ) .\ni thank all the researchers who have produced and shared dna sequences via genbank . the willi hennig society is acknowledged for making tnt publicly available . two anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their constructive comments on earlier draft version of this manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments : sl . performed the experiments : sl . analyzed the data : sl . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : sl . wrote the paper : sl .\npryer km , schneider h , smith ar , cranfill r , wolf pg , et al . 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[ available at\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ninstitute of ecology and evolutionary biology , national taiwan university , no . 1 , section 4 , roosevelt road , taipei 10617 , taiwan\nbroad phylogeny of ferns . approximate number of species per clade is given in parentheses . modified from smith et al . ( 2006 ) .\nfive plastid loci were selected for analysis : atpa , atpb , matk , rbcl , and the trng - trnr intergenic spacer ( henceforth \u201c trng - r \u201d ) . all loci , except for matk , were amplified according to either the \u201cstandard\u201d or \u201cdifficult\u201d reaction protocols ( below ) depending on the source of the material ( standard for most extractions ; difficult for those from herbarium specimens greater than 10 years old ) , using the primers listed in table 1 . the standard amplification reaction used standard taq polymerase with the following cycle : a 3 min initial denaturation at 95 \u043e c , followed by 35 cycles of 30 s denaturation at 95 \u043e c , 1 min annealing at 54 \u043e c , and 2 min elongation at 72 \u043e c , followed by a final elongation of 10 min at 72 \u043e c . the difficult amplification reaction , using phusion high fidelity dna polymerase ( finnzymes ) , was 1 min initial denaturation at 98 \u043e c , followed by 35 cycles of 10 s denaturation at 98 \u043e c , 30 s annealing at 58 \u043e c , and 1 min elongation at 72 \u043e c , followed by a final elongation of 8 min at 72 \u043e c . amplification of all matk sequences followed the protocol of kuo et al . ( 2011 ) .\nnotes : f = forward ; r = reverse ; a = used in amplifications ; s = used in sequencing reactions . while most primers were applied across the phylogeny , superscripts following primer names indicate lineage specificity : a aspleniaceae ; b athyriids ; c blechnaceae ; d cystopteris / gymnocarpium ; e depariids ; f diplaziids ; g diplaziopsis / homalosorus ; h rhachidosorus ; i onocleaceae ; j pteridaceae ; k thelypteridaceae ; l woodsia and allies .\npcr products from carlson - yoon extractions were purified using multiscreen plates in a vacuum manifold ( millipore ) and sequenced by macrogen inc . ( south korea ) . for material extracted under the protocol of pryer et al . ( 2004 ) , each pcr product was cleaned using 0 . 5 \u03bc l of exonuclease i and 1 \u03bc l of shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( usb , cleveland , oh ) ; reaction tubes were incubated at 37 \u043e c for 15 min and then heated to 80 \u043e c for 15 min to inactivate the enzymes , prior to sequencing on a applied biosystems 3730 xl at the duke igsp sequencing facility ( duke university ) . material extracted under the protocol of kuo et al . ( 2011 ) was sequenced at genomics ( taipei , taiwan ) . we completed our sampling with an additional 100 previously published sequences from genbank ( appendix 1 ) .\nsequences were manually aligned in mesquite 2 . 72 ( maddison and maddison 2009 ) . indels ( limited to matk , trng - r , and the ends of the atpa alignment ) were assessed by eye , and ambiguously aligned areas were excluded prior to phylogenetic analysis . any gaps associated with unambiguous indel regions were treated as missing data . in one rapidly evolving region of the trng - r alignment , we were unable to confidently align the pteridaceae sequences to those of the other taxa . in order to retain this otherwise unambiguous region , we excised those portions of the pteridaceae sequences , replacing them with question marks .\nnotes : missing data include both uncertain bases ( e . g . , ? , r , y ) and gaps ( - ) . support values are listed as mlbs or bayesian pps .\nto obtain a point estimate of the phylogeny , we performed 10 tree bisection - and - reconnection heuristic searches of the concatenated ( unpartitioned ) data , each from a different random - addition - sequence starting tree , under ml using a gtr + i + g model as implemented in paup * 4 . 0b10 for unix ( swofford 2002 ) . the values for the exchangeability parameters , base frequencies , gamma shape parameter , and proportion of invariant sites were fixed at their ml values as optimized under a garli 0 . 951 ( zwickl 2006 ) tree search , using default genetic algorithm and termination settings .\nour approach to phylogeny evaluation involved permutations of both the models and the implementation of those models ( i . e . , programs ) . the models were deliberately selected according to their varying degrees of susceptibility for each of the risk factors in question , in an attempt to isolate potential model - based biases . the choice to additionally vary the programs used was in part due to constraints of implementation\u2014no single program offered all the models we wished to compare . this approach has the added benefit of demonstrating a further level of robustness : if our phylogenetic results are insensitive to both the differing models and the myriad of incompletely quantified differences among programs , we can be all the more confident in our conclusions . additionally , varying both the models and their implementation more closely matches the options available to empirical phylogeneticists seeking to resolve ancient rapid radiations . this approach suffers a clear liability , however , in that the effects of model differences and implementation differences are conflated . in the event of differing results , we may not be able to isolate the effects of one from the other ; therefore , the added value to empirical phylogeneticists comes at the cost of reduced utility of our results to program developers and theorists .\nthe specific evaluations performed are described more thoroughly in the results section . computation - intensive analyses were run on either the duke shared cluster resource ( urltoken ) or the uppsala multidisciplinary center for advanced computational science ( uppmax ) . when appropriate , multiple tree files were summarized onto a target phylogram with sumtrees 2 . 0 . 2 ( sukumaran and holder 2010 ) for subsequent inspection or manipulation in figtree 1 . 3 . 1 ( rambaut 2006 ) .\ntree - wide mean ml bootstrap support ( mlbs ) values ( summed bootstrap values on the ml tree divided by the number of internodes in that tree ) for the individual loci ranged from 74 % ( atpb ) to 84 % ( matk ) . the concatenated data have a mean mlbs of 92 % and strongly support ( i . e . , have \u2265 70 % mlbs and \u2265 0 . 95 posterior probability [ pp ] ) 90 % of the partitions ( table 2 ) . across data sets , ml and bayesian inference consistently inferred strong support for a comparable number of bipartitions ( table 2 ) , a result that offers further empirical corroboration for the approximate equivalence of 70 % mlbs and 0 . 95 pp ( hillis and bull 1993 ; alfaro et al . 2003 ) .\nthere are two well - supported conflicts among the individual - locus ml trees . the first involves a tip relationship ( matk unites deparia pterorachis with d . unifurcata , with 72 % mlbs , whereas rbcl places d . pterorachis as sister to the rest of the genus , with 75 % support ) that is peripheral to the focus of this study . the second is deeper in the tree : matk has 80 % mlbs for a clade uniting thelypteridaceae with the athyrioids , blechnaceae , and onocleaceae , to the exclusion of woodsia and allies , whereas both atpa and atpb place woodsia and its allies within that clade ( 92 % in atpa ; 71 % in atpb ) . given that we confirmed this conflict to not be attributable to laboratory or identification errors , and because the loci involved are linked and the taxa are long - diverged , we do not ascribe this conflict to differences in evolutionary history and proceeded to concatenate all the data for subsequent analyses .\neach of our ten ml best - tree searches of the concatenated data in paup * ( from different random - addition - sequence starting trees ) inferred the same tree ( fig . 3a ) , suggesting that tree space is unimodal for our data set . most partitions in this topology point estimate were strongly supported by both ml bootstrapping and bayesian pps ( table 2 ) ; the different ml programs ( paup * , garli , and raxml ) inferred very similar mlbs levels ( data not shown ) .\nphylogeny evaluation : rate heterogeneity and the bayesian star - tree paradox artifact . a ) unrooted ml phylogram of the concatenated data , with the backbone internodes highlighted and labeled . b ) accounting for the impact of rate heterogeneity on backbone support values . the four values listed for each backbone internode are : mlbs on full data , mlbs with aspleniaceae ( asplenium and hymenasplenium ) pruned from trees , mlbs with aspleniaceae removed from analysis , and posterior support from beast . c ) controlling for the bayesian star - tree paradox artifact using the polytomy prior in phycas . the four pps listed for each internode are from : mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 ( susceptible to the star - tree artifact ) , phycas with c = 1 , phycas with c = e , and phycas with c = 10 . d ) controlling for the bayesian star - tree paradox artifact using the yang branch - length prior . the four pps listed for each internode are from : mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 ( susceptible to the star - tree artifact ) , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 with branch - length prior mu1 / mu0 = 0 . 01 , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 with branch - length prior mu1 / mu0 = 0 . 001 , and mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 with branch - length prior mu1 / mu0 = 0 . 0001 .\nfor certain branches , we observed very high bayesian pps from the mrbayes analysis , but much lower levels of support from the ml bootstrapping ( fig . 4a ) ; these support discrepancies are disproportionately represented among short branches ( fig . 4b ) . this pattern is consistent with artificially high bayesian support due to the star - tree paradox artifact\u2014most implementations of bayesian phylogenetic inference do not consider polytomies among the option set for the mcmc sampler and thus can return high pps for branches that are unsupported by the data ( lewis et al . 2005 ; yang and rannala 2005 ; yang 2008 ; see early hints in cummings et al . 2003 ) .\ndiscrepancies between ml and bayesian support values . a ) ml phylogram of the concatenated data , internal branches only ( all tip branches have been deleted ) . branches are colored according to the magnitude of the difference between their pp ( from mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 ) and their percent mlbs ( from 5000 pseudoreplicates in paup * ) . b ) internal branches rotated to be vertical and sorted by length . colors follow figure 4a .\nto ensure that this \u201cstar - tree paradox\u201d artifact was not influencing our assessment of support , we compared the results from our original mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 analysis ( ronquist and huelsenbeck 2003 ; mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 is potentially vulnerable to the star - tree paradox artifact ) with those of a non - bayesian analysis ( ml bootstrapping in paup * from our initial assessment of support ) , as well as with two implementations of bayesian inference that use different approaches to reduce their vulnerability to the star - tree paradox artifact ."]}
{"id": 1494, "summary": [{"text": "calliostoma granti , common name the multibeaded maurea , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( maurea ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "calliostoma granti", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : calliostoma granti ( a . w . b . powell , 1931 ) - id : 5062000454\n( of calliostoma granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\n( of calliostoma ( maurea ) granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\ncalliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\n( of calliostoma ( maurea ) granti ( powell , 1931 ) ) maxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\ncalliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907\ncalliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\ncalliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860\ncalliostoma euglyptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) - sculptured topsnail , sculptured top shell\ncalliostoma rubroscalpta lee , y . c . & w . l . wu , 1998\ncalliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith\ncalliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma virescens renier , s . a . in coen , g . s . , 1933\ncalliostoma katoi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma akoya is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma coppingeri major castellanos , z . j . a . de & f . fernandes , 1976\ncalliostoma pulchrum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - beautiful topsnail , beautiful top shell\ncalliostoma swinneni poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006\ncalliostoma trotini poppe , g . t . , s . tagaro & h . dekker , 2006\ncalliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )\ncalliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )\ncalliostoma occidentale ( mighels and c . b . adams , 1842 ) - boreal topsnail , north atlantic top shell\ncalliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )\ncalliostoma poupineli montrouzier , r . p . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1875\ncalliostoma is a large genus of medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs known as top shells .\ncalliostoma hayamanum kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971\nperron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .\ncarnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific\n. veliger 18 : 52\u201354 .\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .\na revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand\n. the nautilus 108 : 83\u2013127 .\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .\na revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand\n. the nautilus 108 : 83\u2013127 .\nclench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .\nthe genus calliostoma in the western atlantic\n. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 .\nremarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .\nclench , w . j . and r . d . turner ( 1960 ) .\nthe genus calliostoma in the western atlantic\n. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1\u201380 .\nquinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .\nnew species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic\n. the nautilus 106 : 77\u2013114 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . 1995 : a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) , the nautilus , 108 ( 4 ) ( p . 90 )\n( of venustas punctulata multigemmata powell , 1952 ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\n( of maurea ( mucrinops ) punctulata ampla powell , 1939 ) marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\nthe top shells ( which are called calliostoma ) are marine gastropod molluscs . they can be found world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .\ncontrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .\ncurrently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .\nholotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 62 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsome authors consider it the sole member of the non - accepted subgenus akoya .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription . shell large , thin , silky white , nonumbilicate , spire whorls convex . protoconch of one and one - fourth whorls , teleoconch whorls seven , first teleoconch whorl with three spiral cords , noded to produce square cancellations : sculpture chang\u00ading by the second whorl to three prominently projecting spiral cords , the uppermost cord beaded , the other two smooth . mature sculpture of three prominent cords , subsutural cord the least prominent , remaining close to the suture and losing its beading by about the third whorl ; second cord sharply defined and sepa\u00adrated from the subsutural cord by a broad , smooth area ; third cord equally strong and projecting to form the peripheral extent of the whorl . basal keep sharp ; suture laid directly on its lower surface , not forming a channel . basal cording of about three fine cords on the outer edge and two to three bordering the columellar wall ; intermediate area of base smooth except for fine spiral striae . columellar wall thickened , slanted , forming a spur at the base ; outer lip thin . operculum corneous , multispiral . animal and radula as in c . chilena .\ndimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .\nmaterial . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constituci\u00f3n . specimens examined : 114 .\ntype material . thirty - three specimens from the type lo\u00adcality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .\ntype locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31\u00b056 ' s : 71\u00b054 ' w ) .\ndistribution . los vilos ( 31\u00b056 ' s ) to constituci\u00f3n , chile ( 35\u00b020 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .\ndiagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .\netymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . \u201d\nmclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316\nunconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .\nholotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .\nunconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nstocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .\nthe distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .\nthe rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the\nperron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .\ndall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18\nwilliams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163\nnote : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles .\nits distribution is world - wide . the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture .\naccording to the latest taxonomy of bouchet & rocroi , this genus belongs in the family calliostomatidae in the clade vetigastropoda . earlier malacologists placed this genus within the trochidae .\n, a deep - water gastropod , dredged in the atlantic ocean at a depth of from 100 m to 1170 m .\nmalacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca - malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : western atlantic mollusk species database at the academy of natural sciences"]}
{"id": 1506, "summary": [{"text": "the vundu ( heterobranchus longifilis ) is a large species of airbreathing catfish found widely in rivers and other freshwater habitats of sub-saharan africa , as well as the nile .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is also called the solomon fish , tsuni , mazunda , sampa , cur , lenda , or certa . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "vundu", "paragraphs": ["joachim volz with two vundu catfish that he caught one night in april 2001 .\nvundu camp welcomes children aged 10 years and older , but this is flexible .\nimage - vundu - catfish badge . png | cryptid wiki | fandom powered by wikia\nthe vundu catfish of lake kariba zambezi . | the united states catfish association forum and community\nvundu camp is located on the banks of the zambezi river in the mana pools national park .\njeremy wade is the first person to ever be granted access to fish for the vundu under a dam on africa ' s zambezi river . he has a small window , and catches a massive vundu .\nthe male vundu shares his tank with a tiger fish as it is the only species of fish at the aquarium that the vundu will not eat and the two species are commonly found together in the wild . ox heart and hake are the vundu ' s favourite meals fed to him at the nzg .\nthe national zoo ' s 39 year old vundu - unofficially the oldest fish in an aquarium in the world .\nsituated 3km upstream from vundu , making it well located within the boundaries of the park on the banks on the zambezi .\nsituated in the heart of mana pools national park underneath a beautiful forest of riverine trees is our little piece of paradise , vundu camp .\nthe vundu is becoming rare in habitats like lake kariba and should always be released back into their freshwater habitat as their numbers are dwindling .\nvundu camp has a total of eight en - suite tents with flushing toilet and hot water showers which enjoy fantastic views over the zambezi .\nexperience \u2013 the activities , the area , the game and the guiding \u2013 we rate vundu as one of the finest on the subcontinent . mana pools is a really stunning park ; the game in this area is great ; and the guiding at vundu is absolutely top - notch .\nno credit cards or travellers\u2019 cheques are accepted at vundu camp , but cash payments may be made in us dollars , south african rand or gb pounds .\nvundu camp comes with few pretences and without the luxury , or safari chic , that most new safari camps and lodges seem to aspire to . however , in terms of the pure safari experience \u2013 the activities , the area , the game and the guiding \u2013 we rate vundu as one of the finest on the subcontinent . mana pools is a really stunning park ; the game in this area is great ; and the guiding at vundu is absolutely top - notch .\nwe recommend a 3\u20134 night stay at vundu camp . the camp offers a wide range of activities , and most travellers could happily spend 2\u20133 days just walking here .\nwith a magnificent combination of wildlife and wilderness , bushlife safaris has created the perfect portfolio of safari experiences for you . these include the luxurious vundu camp built on the banks of the zambezi river , little vundu \u2013 an intimate camp , the ruwesi canoe trail which is ideal for adventurous travelers and lastly a tented camp set in the wild chitake springs area .\nvundu camp comes with few pretences and without the luxury , or safari chic , that most new safari camps and lodges seem to aspire to . however , in terms of the pure\nno other catfish in these waters have such a large second dorsal or adipose fin , nor such long barbells , which reach almost to the origin of the pelvic fin , as does the vundu .\nvundu camp is a permanent tented camp that is well - known for its breathtaking views of the zambezi river and the constant stream of elephants passing through to eat the pods of the albida trees .\nthe habitat of the vundu is deep lakes and rivers including the nile , benue rivers as well as in the congo system . heterobranchus longifilis is also found in lake kariba zambezi , tanganyika and edward .\nthe habitat of the vundu is deep lakes and rivers including the nile , benue rivers as well as in the congo system . heterobranchus longifilis is also found in lake kariba zambezi , tanganyika and edward .\nthe knowledgeable guides and stunning location within deep , shady riparian forest beside the zambezi river make vundu camp a great spot for birdwatching in zimbabwe . see bee - eater colonies , kingfishers and plenty of raptors .\nthe camp is very active with animals , with elephants coming down to drink and feed on the green grass along the channel in front of camp . little vundu has excellent fishing right off the banks at camp .\nvundu camp has a fabulous location on the banks of the mighty zambezi in zimbabwe ' s mana pools national park with wonderful wildlife viewing on offer and exceptional guiding , an adventurous and unspoiled safari experience awaits you .\ncurrently there are no specimens of this species in scientific collections from lake turkana , but local fishermen have confirmed the presence of the vundu in the northen part of the lake ( seegers et al . , 2004 ) .\nwith considerable caution , we can recommend vundu camp for mature children over 10 \u2013 largely because nick and desiree have their own children , who also spend some time in camp , and so are very understanding of the needs and interests of children on safari .\nmany tourists and locals who fish for small species of fish often come across the large predatory catfish and drown because of the methods used to catch smaller fish . it involves pulling the fish out of the water with a fishing line , using your bare hands . a vundu could easily overpower a person and pull them in the water and drown them , especially in cases where people don ' t want to lose their catch and tie the fishing line around their body , which is a huge mistake , and ultimately backfires . also , longlines equipped with multiple hooks are hazardous as if a large vundu is on the end of the line , one of the hooks in the boat can stick in you and if the vundu then pulls , you can be pulled in the water .\nvundu camp is owned and run by an extremely knowledgeable zimbabwean , nick murray . well - respected within the industry , he is a qualified ' zim - pro ' guide ( meaning he has earned perhaps the most prestigious game - guiding qualification in africa ) .\nmana pools is one of africa\u2019s best parks for walking , and vundu focuses squarely on the very best professional guiding . mana\u2019s environment is very open , giving good visibility ; walkers can often get surprisingly close to relaxed bull elephants , as well as packs of wild dogs .\nwe frequently choose the same zim - pro guides for private trips and mobiles , both in mana pools and elsewhere in zimbabwe . on our last visit in october 2016 nick was out of camp , so we were guided by chester , a freelance guide who has been at vundu since 2013 .\nthe vundu ( heterobranchus longifilis ) is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the african countries of niger , senegal , egypt , burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , uganda , zimbabwe and zambia . it is also called the sampa , cur , lenda , or certa .\nanother very interesting species that hails from africa . i ' d love to get over there and fish for these guys , but i ' d have a hard time deciding on tagetting vundu , or the ravenous tigerfish that is found in the same water , or maybe the fish in your second picture there , the monster freshwater fish of africa , the nile perch ! they ' ve also go a way of catching members of the doradid family of fish over there , that i need for find out more about . elephant fish have tiny mouths ! but vundu fishing is indeed supposed to be a blast !\nwe have visited vundu camp many times over the years , and have always found the food to be tasty and filling . our last visit in october 2016 was no exception , and we were particularly impressed with the effort the camp made to cater for guests in camp with gluten and dairy dietary requirements .\nat vundu camp is exceptionally good , and stands out even amongst the universally high standards across zimbabwe . while nick himself does much of the guiding here , he also has a few excellent canoe and zim - pro guides who he uses on a freelance basis . nick is acutely aware of the standards of his fellow guides , and at\nthe vundu ' s dorsal surface is light to dark olive brown , and gets lighter over its mid - body to a light brown colour with an off - white belly and light brown fins . they have ineffective eyesight that is not developed due to their powerful lateral lines and they rely on vibrations and smell when looking for food .\nvundu is a small camp with a long - standing reputation . it sits on the banks of the zambezi river in the heart of zimbabwe\u2019s mana pools national park , shaded by a grove of ebony and tamarind trees . an owner - run property , it focuses on offering a variety of activities in a game - rich area of the park .\nit ' s perhaps worth noting that nick has been involved in a lot of the research and monitoring of the wild dog packs in the park , so vundu is a particularly good place for seeing this endangered species . indeed , throughout 2016 the camp was used as a base by a bbc film crew who were staying here specifically to get footage of wild dog .\nvundu camp has just eight spacious tents which enjoy fantastic views over the river . each tent has a thatched roof , which helps to keep it cool during the hottest months . all tents have an en - suite bathroom with flushing toilet and hot water shower . the camp has a really authentic safari feel , but achieves this without compromising on standards or levels of comfort .\nh . longifilis is an uncommon species which inhabits large rivers . most active at night , it feeds on any available food , including invertebrates and insects when small , then fish and other small vertebrates when large . it scavenges off large carcasses and offal from riverside villages . it can live for 12 or more years . the vundu catfish can survive out of water for extensive periods of time .\nyour day at vundu camp begins with an early riser cup of tea or coffee around the fire , before you set off on your first activity . after a few exciting hours spent in the thick wilderness of the national park , you will return to a full english breakfast and a chance to have a siesta or enjoy the sounds of the bush and view of the river from the comfort of your private terrace .\ntoko , imorou ( 1 2 ) ; fiogbe , emile d . , koukpode , bruno , kestemont , patrick ( 2007 ) . rearing of african catfish ( clarias gariepinus ) and vundu catfish ( heterobranchus longifilis ) in traditional fish ponds ( whedos ) : effect of stocking density on growth , production and body composition . issn 0044 - 8486 . coden aqclal . 2007 , vol . 262 , no1 , pp . 65\u201372 .\nvundus are found in egypt , senegal , niger , burundi , democratic republic of congo , tanzania , zambia , uganda and zimbabwe . the vundu ' s preferred habitats of deep lakes and large rivers include the benue and nile rivers as well as the congo system . vundus can also be found in lakes kariba , zambezi , tanganyika and edward . interestingly , vundus are only found below the victoria falls - there have been no recorded catch above the falls .\nvundu camp has eight chalets , canvas under thatch , situated on the banks of the zambezi river in the magnificent mana pools national park . each spacious room provides great views over the river and is en - suite with running shower and flush toilet . the family room consists of two rooms , both en - suite , separated by a lounge area . the main lounge / dining area is built on stilts and gives guests amazing views over the zambezi river whilst relaxing after the day\u2019s activities .\nvundu camp is perfectly placed in the heart of mana pools on the banks of the zambezi in an area renowned for excellent game viewing . the bush around the camp is home to healthy populations of lion and leopard and also wild dog , one of the most sought after animals to spot on safari . the position on the river also makes for wonderful bird watching as well as wallowing hippos and if you ' re lucky , the breath - taking sight of elephants swimming across the river .\naccording to the african angler web site , vundu on lake nasser often forage close to shore at night , so that ' s when you should be out there after them . it ' s a pretty strong fish that puts up a good fight , so use sturdy gear . canned meat is a good bait , since it ' s oily and gives off an alluring odor to the fish . cast your bait 6 to 10 feet from the shoreline in the shallower water . stay away from the deeper water where your bait may get lost in the weeds .\nmana pools has a moderate to sub - tropical climate with three distinct seasons : from november to april is the rainy season . vundu camp is shut over these months . may to july is zimbabwe ' s winter , when the weather is cool and dry , and august to october is summer , when the weather is hot and dry . in terms of game viewing , the dryer months , meaning a higher concentration of game at the permanent water sources , are a superb time to visit . alternatively come for some superb birdwatching at the end of the rains .\nvundu are also accused by locals of snatching babies from the banks of rivers and swallowing them whole while the parents wash clothes . this can be attributed to the catfish ' s barbels which allow it to detect chemical traces of its prey . the scent of the soap used to wash the clothes is detected by the catfish which then lures it in to search for the prey and ultimately it goes for the only thing it can swallow if big enough : a child . soap - baited techniques are used in other parts of africa to catch other species of catfish such as the african sharptooth catfish in which its barbels also allow it to pick up chemical traces of its prey and the soap lures them in .\non land , vundu ' s 4wd game drives and walks can range throughout the national park , although most take place in the camp ' s own private ' concession ' . this is a prime area in the heart of the park , covering an area within about 3\u20134km of the camp . this is classic ' mana ' scenery \u2013 with plenty of forested areas , and some of the pools for which the park is noted . it\u2019s very common for a drive and walk to be combined , with everyone hopping out of the vehicle when an interesting track or animal has been discovered . on our last visit we drove in the morning until we found a pack of wild dog , before walking , then crawling , to within a few metres of the pack . we were then able to sit and watch the pack interact with each other , undisturbed by other vehicles or walkers ; a wonderful experience only achievable thanks to the exceptional experience and skill of our guide .\nin europe , clarias gariepinus was first introduced in the netherlands in 1976 . the first brood stock originated from the wild from 40 african catfish transferred from the central african republic ( hogedoorn and vismans , 1980 ) . commercial farming of this species started in 1985 in recirculation aquaculture systems ( ras ) .\nmuch later catfish strains from israel and the republic south africa were introduced . these strains were crossed for the production of fingerlings and resulted in the currently cultured \u201cdutch strain\u201d african catfish .\non farmers level brood stock selection is mostly done in a very primitive way . to hold and monitor large populations of different african catfish strains strictly separate for long periods is very costly . the results are , if you are successful , visible after a couple of years and the next problem for the commercial farmer is keeping this advantage for him selve !\nanother problem for the farmer producing african catfish fingerlings is to show his customer the benefit of an improved strain . improvements in growth and feed conversion ratio of for example 5 % are great achievements in the mind of a researcher , but for a farmer small differences and most probable not spotted without serious farm recordkeeping .\npractically spoken the market for african catfish fingerlings is first of all price driven . next to this hatcheries focus on availability , size , uniformity and health status of the african catfish .\nmost african catfish farmers ( tropics and europe ) are small to medium sized farmers , not well organised , and simply do not have the means and abilities to do serious research on genetic improvements of their stocks . the little research done on african catfish genetics is done by universities but has never been seriously implemented in practice .\nafrican catfish farming is a relatively new industry . in europe it started in the early eighties and in africa only few farmers were active in an extensive way by that time .\nthe first broodstock came from the wild . in the netherlands for example , wild african catfish was imported from central africa and the first generations the selection was based on growth . my personal opinion is that we were just performing selection of fish which were able to adapt to the intensive way of farming in warm water recirculation systems . soon after the introduction of african catfish from central africa fish was brought in from israel and rsa . in the netherlands the strains were not kept separate and as a result the \u201cdutch african catfish\u201d is a result of 3 strains .\nmeat quality and dress out percentage are very important parameters for the processing industry . variation is noticed between the strains from different locations in africa . in the tropics the aspect of meat quality and dressing percentage are of less importance because the fish is consumed as a whole ; no filets are taken from the fish and heads and intestines are not wasted .\nwithin the family of clariidae ( siluriformes ) intergeneric hybrids were produced through interbreeding between species from the genera heterobranchus and clarias ( ref . ) . a well - known intergeneric hybrid is a crossbred between the heterobranchus longifillis female and clarias gariepinus male , the so called \u201chetero - clarias\u201d . due to rearranging of genetic material from both species in the offspring , the intergeneric hybrids show characteristics of both parental species . a well known hybrid is the cross between a heterobranchus longifillis female and a clarias gariepinus male , called heteroclarias ( see figure 5 ) .\nin our hatchery in the netherlands we are producing this hybrid for a group of farmers linked to a processing plant . this group is very keen in producing and marketing this type of fish . the filet of heteroclarias is white in comparison with the pink / reddish colour of clarias gariepinus filets and contains 30 % more fat than clarias gariepinus filets , which improves the taste . the gonads of hybrids are almost absent and not active . for this reason the dressing percentage is relatively high compared to clarias gariepinus . the heteroclarias fish filet can be used as an alternative for white filets from marine fish species .\na close up of a heterobranchus longifilis fingerling . please note the adipose fin ( as shown in the hybrid )\nas a fingerling producer of heteroclarias we notice big differences in behaviour with the common african catfish . the heteroclarias fingerlings show a wide variation in growth and severe cannibalism is noticed , especially when frequent grading is neglected . next to this the heteroclarias is easily stressed . after an age of 12 weeks , well graded fish show very equal growth and low mortality to the moment of harvesting at 1 . 4 kg .\nin the tropics the heteroclarias is considered superior over the clarias gariepinus in growth in pond culture and is considered as better growing fish .\nfor a fingerling producer hybridisation has a major benifit . the hybrids are infertile and it is not possible for customers to continue breeding with those fish . the pure parent stock is kept on farm and is never shared with other farmers . the pure heterobranchus longifillis strain matures at a age of 2 years , which is very late compared to clarias gariepinus ( 1 year ) .\nthe purpose of good brood stock maintenance is to harvest good quality eggs and sperm . the brood stock should be individually tagged to have tracability for each batch of offspring and to have the possibility for a breeding programme . th broodstock should be given enough time to recover from spawning and with the individual tagging it is possible to do proper record keeping .\nwe prefer recirculation systems in a confined area with temperature control if necessary . in the tropics flow through systems can work too , if flushed with good quality bore hole water .\nin our farm the productivity of the female ( fecundity ) expressed as % of the body weight is between 5 - 15 % . the egg size tends to increase with the size of the female . in larger fish the number of eggs per gram of eggs is lower than in smaller broodstock . on average we count 500 eggs per gram . the average females we are using in our farm have a weight of 6 kg and produce 300 - 600 gram of eggs ( 150 . 000 - 300 . 000 eggs ) .\na female is selected from one of the broodstock tanks . with a small tube it is possible to sample the eggs out of the ovaries to check if the nucleus has migrated to the side and the egg size has a diameter of 1 mm or above . most farmers do not perform this check , they just select by eye .\nin captivity females do not perform final ripening of the eggs without hormonal treatment . the injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the form of natural pituitary glands or synthetic products like ovaprim induces the final step of ripening called vitelogenisis . in this final step the eggs are provided with yolk and take up water .\nthe period between injection with hormones and stripping of the eggs depends on the temperature of the water and the type of hormone used . through trial and error the perfect time for stripping can be determined . too early or to late stripping results in bad egg quality and thus poor spawning results .\ntoo early stripping : very dry\u009d egg mass . it is difficult to completely strip the female because the eggs do not flow out . the female often dies because of the stress and internal injuries .\ntoo late stripping : the egg mass is fluid . often the female has released a lot of eggs in the preparation tank already and stripping is very easy .\nseveral hours after stripping we perform final stripping to remove all ripe eggs from the ovaries of the female . this is to prevent that these ripe eggs die inside the ovaries and start to deteriorate . this will harm the fish and can cause death of the broodstock female . the females have to stay in recovery for a couple of days before putting them back to the broodstock tank .\nmale clarias gariepinus do not release sperm after treatment with hormones like many other fish species . the males have ripe sperm all year round . the fish should be at least 1 year old to have ripe gonads . a lot of variation can be seen between males of the same age in ripeness and size of testis . in practice farmers sacrify males in order to dissect the testis out of the abdomen . by making incisions in the testis tissue the sperm can be collected . as a consequence new male broodstock needs to be added to the broodstock population sacrificing the males is a big constraint on genetic programmes .\nsome farmers are using operation on the males . after tranquilizing the fish , a small incision is made in the belly of the fish and with a syringe with needle some sperm is taken out of the testis . finally the incision in the belly is stitched using veterinary stitching materialand the male is able to recover in 1 to 2 weeks . during this time the wound closes completely .\nunlike the sperm of mammals sperm of fish is not active , but will become active as soon as it is in the water . the sperm is active for less than a minute , so it has to find an egg quickly before all the energy has gone . this is the reason that during the proces of sperm collection all materials , hands and the fish should be dry . although these precautions are taken , the sperm can be activated accidently . the sperm concentration of good males is more than a million per ml !\ncryo conservation of sperm has been done on an experimental scale by universities and the method is quite successful . the problem of this method for farmers is that they have to be equipped with a laboratory and should have permanent availability of liquid nitrogen to keep the sperm preserved .\nthe eggs and sperm are collected in a dry glass or porcelain bowl and a dry small glass or porcelain cup respectively . a simple but effective way of fertilization is to bring the eggs and sperm together in the egg collection bowl , mix it gently before adding water .\nin literature adding certain fertilizing solutions during fertilization is reported as being very benificial , because they are thought to extend the life of the sperm in order to improve the fertilisation rate . i prefer not to use any extra fluids because any extra handling can give a problem too .\nartificial propagation of african catfish is a relatively simple procedure and many farmers are very skillful in doing it . millions of larvae are hatched weekly in a country like nigeria but until today there still is a shortage of good quality fingerlings and juveniles . reproduction of african catfish is following a certain procedure , but farming the larvae for 1 or 2 months to juvenile stage comes down to the capabilities of the individual farmer .\nafrican catfish hatcheries in general can be very profitable , provided it has a good culture system and dedicated hatchery staff . because many farmers lack knowledge , proper management ideas and / or a properly build hatchery , the results between farmers can vary from 200 eggs needed for 1 juvenile to 5 eggs needed for 1 juvenile ( an african catfish juvenile being a 2 month old fish of approximately 8 grams ) .\nin europe african catfish hatcheries are strictly equipped with recirculation systems ( climate conditions do not allow to do otherwise ) . in the tropics hatcheries are either recirculation systems only or a combination of recirculation systems , flow through systems , hapa\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s and small ponds .\nin many african countries the juvenile production is by far not meeting the demand . this results in high prices and often inferior quality of african catfish fingerlings / juveniles being sold . many african entrepreneurs are attracted to start a hatchery , but only very few succeed . on the long term i personnaly do not believe in small backyard farmers producing some fingerlings but in medium sized operations using recirculation technology well distributed over the country providing people with fingerlings / juveniles of good quality and support people in growing those fish to table sizes fish . what i can see from my experience is that hatcheries in africa but also in europe are considered as the centres of knowledge for other farmers .\nin our hatchery design for african catfish we divide the hatchery in different sections . each section provides the optimal environment for a certain life stage of the african catfish .\nwe prefer a recirculation system with connected to a water purification unit . the tanks , both fish tanks and tanks of the water purification unit , can be build of materials like glass fibre , polyethylene or concrete . the water purification unit consists of a sedimentation tank , a pump tank , a bio tower and a uv - system . the system should be placed in a confined area were the temperature can be controlled . the tanks should be equipped with good drains for easy and quick selection of the broodstock before reproduction . next to this system a number of preparation - recovery tanks should be placed ( around 300 liters ) .\nthe number of brood stock needed depends on the success rate of the spawning . for example one female can be used for eight spawnings per year ( in theory ) providing 3 , 2 kg of eggs . this equals around 1 . 6 million eggs and with a minimal 10 % survival till juvenile stage this results in a yearly production 160 . 000 african catfish juveniles .\neven in the tropics i prefer to import expensive compound feed from a reliable factory in europe instead of using locally produced and often unreliable feeds . i believe a good starting point is essential for a successful development of the offspring .\nin our hatchery we try to maximise the life span of the broodstock , since replacements are costly . males can be used 1 ( if the male is killed ) to 4 times ( if the operation procedure is used ) , before it is being replaced by new , younger males . old males ( above 4 years ) tend to develop testis with sponge like tissue and it is containing watery sperm with a low concentration of spermcells . females can be used for a long period and stay in a better condition for a longer time , especially when the females are used maximum twice per year . females reach a higher weight and size than males ( max . 15 kg and 1 . 30 meters ) . growing the next generation of broodstock should be done in a separate system .\nthe incubation system should be placed in a room with controlled temperature . the temperature must be kept at 30 \u00b0c . even in the tropics the water temperatures in the night can drop to 24 \u00b0c , which has a negative effect on the growth and health status of the fry .\nthe uv - c unit reduces bacterial blooms ( cloudy water ) and growth of fungus , which is developping after the eggs have hatched . with the hatching of the eggs a lot of egg fluids are released in the water . together with unhatched eggs this is a fertile medium for bacteria and fungi to grow . together with constant addition of fresh water , the uv - c device stops the bloom of these unfavourable organisms . the system should be build in a way that it is easy accessible in order to do proper cleaning and inspection .\nthe fertilised eggs are spread over a sieve . the eggs are surrounded by oxygen rich water , which lowers egg mortality . the eggs hatch in around 24 hours with a water temperature of 29 - 30 \u00b0c . the larvae fall through the mesh of the mosquito net , while all dead eggs and egg shells are easily removed with the netting . during the first two days the larvae absorb the yolk sac and develop their intestines . after this period the larvae are able to swim freely in search for food . the larvae change in colour from transparent green to brown during this period .\neach hatching cycle takes 13 days ( preparation of the system 2 days , 3 days hatching and absorbing yolk sac , 7 days growing the fry , 1 day harvesting and cleaning ) . it is very important that between each cycle the system is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected .\nthe first feed for african catfish fry is life artemia nauplii hatched on site . from experience we know that the survival rates and growth of fry starting with life artemia is higher than with dry larval feeds or encapsulated artemia .\nif dry feed is applied always start with dry feed before feeding artemia nauplii . with glass aquaria you are able to inspect the eating behaviour and the filling of the stomach very well and overfeeding or underfeeding can be avoided . well fed african catfish larvae show full bellies and these fish settle on the bottom of the tank .\nin this system the larvae can grow from 0 , 1 gram to approximately 0 , 5 - 1 , 0 gram . the system consists of a plastic tank connected to a biotower and a sedimentation tank . a pump is providing the flow and an uv - c unit provides clean water .\nin nigeria these systems are very popular , because they are sold preassembled for a reasonable price and the maintenance on these systems is very simple and low in cost . preferably the systems should be placed indoor , were a temperature can be maintained of 28 \u00b0c .\nat 0 , 5 to 1 , 0 grams the now called fingerlings are either sold to customers or moved to the juvenile section of the hatchery .\nin africa african catfish is sold as fingerling at this size . the fish is large enough to withstand transport in 20 liter polyethylene bags filled with 1 / 3rd water and 500 to 1000 pieces of african catfish fingerlings and 2 / 3rd oxygen . next to this the fish are able to breath atmospheric air using their branchial organ and can therefore be stocked in green water ponds which normally have big oxygen level fluctuations during the day .\nthis section is suited for growing fingerlings of 1 , 0 gram to juveniles of approximately 8 grams . farmers like this size because they are more robust than fingerlings and mortality rates ( mostly due to cannibalism ) are much lower . these systems should also be placed indoors . temperature can be kept at 28 \u00b0c constantly .\nthe primary reason for the loss of fish during this period is cannibalism . this loss can be reduced by proper grading for shooters , also during the growth period ( see later section for explanation of grading ) . after this stage , when juveniles are growing to consumption size , loss is less than 10 % .\nfingerlings growing to juveniles should be fed several times a day in regular intervals . african catfish is also active in the dark .\nthe secret of the success of many hatcheries lies for a large part in the mangement of grading . african catfish is a carnivorous fish that displays canibalistic behaviour from the moment the african catfish have absorped the yolk sac and start eating . to minimize the effect of canabilism on overall survival of the fish grading must be performed on precize moments during the growth of fry to juvenile .\ngrading is performed with either large mesh nylon sieves for small fry and fixed or adjustable graders with bars for larger advanced fry and juveniles . grading takes place when transferring the african catfish from one section to the other , but in between the african catfish can be graded at fixed times ( f . e . half way the growth period in that section ) and when shooters are spotted .\nlight to dark olive brown on dorsal surface , getting lighter over the mid - body to a light brown , off - white belly . fins usually light brown . they can attain size\nfishing practice is as for most catfish but , naturally , larger baits and heavier tackle are used . anglers ' bait preferences include ox livers , hearts , kidneys , plucked birds , meat and fish that have been cut down the belly and turned inside out . the smaller specimens will take a spoon and , like their bigger brothers , tend to move down stream using the current and their heavy weight to combat the angler . the further they run the greater the possibility of getting snagged on some underwater obstruction . heavy tackle , to cut short this initial run and keep the battle in open water .\nboth these fish break the existing record of 78lb , these two great fish must have been a pair foraging together see the pic below .\nwe work hard to bring the best catfish fishing forums the internet has to offer ! unlock additional features , and fewer ads while browsing .\nthe camp has a total of eight spacious thatched chalets , one of which is a large and comfortable family room . each chalet opens out onto the banks of the mighty zambezi river , located just 10 metres away , where guests can sit outside and relax on their terrace , watching impala , warthog and elephant meander by .\nin addition to this the family chalet comes with two bedrooms , one twin and one double , which are both en - suite and are separated by a lounge area .\nthe main lounge and dining area is elevated providing guests with picturesque views of the zambezi river , making it the perfect place to unwind after a full day of activities and a chance to share your safari stories with other guests , relax with a good book or enjoy a board game or two . with the lounge and dining area being open air guests can soak up the sounds of the bush and enjoy a gentle breeze passing through .\nexpect to come across elephants and hippo , with sightings of leopards , lions and wild dogs too .\nan al \u2019fresco lunch is served at 1pm where the chef will prepare a fresh feast for you . afternoon tea and cake is served at 3pm where you will then head off to another activity . dinner is served upstairs under the shaded riverine trees where a chandelier is set up , which paired with the bright shining stars , create the perfect out of africa ambience .\ncanoeing down the zambezi river which is a rare opportunity to experience game viewing from a different perspective \u2013 a truly memorable experience . ( children policy is 12 years and above )\nbushlife safaris began in 1999 when nick and des murray made a decision to make mana pools , a unesco world heritage site , their home .\nnick is a hugely experienced and widely renowned professional guide with decades of experience around africa . his most - loved animal is the wild dog , and he is currently studying these intelligent social predators of mana pools , in cooperation with the painted dog conservation group . nick has an uncanny connection with the wild dogs and his walking safaris allow guests to safely observe them at close range .\ntogether with his wife desiree , a licensed professional safari and canoe guide , they make quite the extraordinary guiding team where their passion lies in providing you with a thrilling venture that you will most certainly return for year after year .\nwe met this month with what we thought would be a typical october , but we were quite mistaken . from very cold , bundled - in - your - jacket mornings to blistering hot 48\u00b0c . the rainy season started . . .\nsummer is well and truly here ! with temperatures reaching 40 degrees celsius we are experiencing warm and sunny weather . the wildlife viewing this month has been fantastic with some incredible . . .\naugust is the windy month , blowing last years leaves off the trees , where we change from the cool winter to the warm days of spring . we ' ve experienced a few rough . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe offer a choice of game drives in open sided four - wheel drive vehicles , each with roof to shade guests from the sun , nature walks with a professional guide or a morning / afternoon spent canoeing , the opportunity to spend time on the water canoeing down the zambezi is a rare opportunity to experience game viewing from an entirely different view point \u2013 a real highlight as it is a unique activity and not many parks offer the opportunity .\nthe area is teaming with wildlife , with a pair of resident leopards , lion and the distinct sound of their calls most nights , and elephants visiting to feed on the thick vegetation in camp and to have a mud bath in the pan behind camp . mana pools has a healthy population of wild dogs , which are the most endangered of the carnivores in africa .\ntwin beds with mosquito nets , a fan , an outside seating area . each tent has an\nthe main lodge offers wholesome , healthy breakfasts and alfresco lunches , served in an open - air dining room . dinners are exceptional as they are served under a canvas of stars , where after enjoying delicious food prepared by a private chef , guests can relax with a nightcap and listen to the sounds of the wild .\nportfolio in mana pools , which includes ruwesi canoe trails on the zambezi river and chitake mobile tented camp .\nunderlying these operations is the bushlife support unit , which unites operators , guides and conservation groups in mana pools to work with the authorities in stopping the poaching of wildlife and protecting this wonderful national park and world heritage site for future generations .\nenter the three characters from the image on the right . this helps prevent automated ' bots ' from submitting spam to the site . this field is not case - sensitive . if the characters are a bit hard to see , try refreshing the code by clicking the image .\ni find your newsletter and website very informative . thank you ! keep up the good work - it makes a difference ! priscilla macy - global sojourns , usa\ni ' ve really found your site extremely useful . i have recommended it in all the relevant parts of the book as a first stop so readers can get latest up - to - date info , especially at a time when things are changing so fast . paul murray - author : bradt travel guide to zimbabwe\ni ' m just getting acquainted with your site and would like to say thanks for all the great information provided and the effort you ' ve put forth . james lynch - usa\nurltoken is the best source of independent travel information on mana pools and the zambezi river valley . it covers everything you need to know about travelling to the area . scott ramsay - leisure wheels magazine , south africa\nurltoken puts this species in the\nhigh to very high vulnerability\ncategory in terms of survival in the wild . by using catch - and - release , you can help keep the biggest , hardiest specimens alive , so they can keep reproducing .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 discovery communications , llc . the world ' s # 1 nonfiction media company .\nthe river monsters star offers some kind words for the people that helped make the show successful - the fans .\nthanks to some advice from locals , jeremy finally caught the fish that eluded him for years .\njeremy reels in an elusive tapah , a fish he has spent years trying to catch .\njeremy reels in a giant trevally and barracuda , but isn\u2019t convinced they\u2019re the strange fish attacking fishermen near new britain .\njeremy wade doesn\u2019t need the water to reel us in . see what happened when he visited the animal planet office !\njeremy illustrates how you can use a variety of bait and lures to reel in a black bass .\nat around 700 pounds and 200 years of age , this greenland shark is one of jeremy\u2019s largest and oldest catches .\njeremy reveals what he did to reel in the biggest catch of his river monsters career .\nof all the fish jeremy has reeled in , the lau lau stands out as his most meaningful catch .\njeremy wade reveals how he brought this deep - sea dweller to the surface .\ntrying to reel in this fish off the coast of indonesia is a battle that pushes jeremy to his physical and mental limits .\njeremy meets with locals to find out what kind of monster fish could be terrorizing the rivers of western nepal .\njeremy was lucky enough to catch a goonch catfish once before , but not so much the second time around .\nwhen jeremy ' s on the hunt for a monster that killed hundreds , he encounters a school of dolphins that may or may not be the friendliest .\njeremy wade is fishing in the zambezi river , looking for a fish capable of pulling a full - grown man in to the water and drowning him . what he finds is a prehistoric - looking fish with crocodile - like teeth .\nthough it may seem obvious to some , find out why jeremy wade releases fish back into the wild even when they ' re deadly .\ntop fan favorites : jeremy wade experienced a blood - sucking parasite clamped onto his bare skin last season . you , the fans , loved this clip on urltoken - hear how jeremy felt about the experience .\nthe whale shark is the largest fish on the planet today - and jeremy wade swims alongside one of these beautiful behemoths . could the whale shark be descended from the greatest river monster to ever live ?\nwhat happens when you stick your arm inside the jaws of a giant paraiba catfish ? blood . watch jeremy learn this first - hand .\nkarri and her boyfriend michael recall the day a fish flew out of nowhere and left her with broken ribs and punctured lung .\na doctor , who lost his uncle to the depths of the amazon , desperately wanted to identify evidence of the death . so , his best solution ? to catch the killer fish and cut open their stomachs .\njeremy wade catches a piraya , a larger piranha with huge teeth . take it from us , you wouldn ' t want to run in to this fish at night or any other time of day .\nwith the clear waters of the florida keys working against him , jeremy is forced to reel in a large predator with thin , almost invisible fishing line ."]}
{"id": 1513, "summary": [{"text": "merry hampton ( foaled 1884 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from 1887 to 1888 he ran four times and won once in a career that was restricted by injuries and training difficulties .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his sole victory came on his racecourse debut when he won the 1887 epsom derby as an 11/1 \" dark horse \" .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he never won again but did finish second in the st. leger stakes at doncaster .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud after a single start as a four-year-old in which he aggravated a chronic leg injury . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "merry hampton", "paragraphs": ["merry hampton does not have any memberships or affiliations listed . if you are merry hampton and would like to add memberships or affiliations , please update your profile .\nmerry hampton is a radiologic technologist in modesto , ca . she specializes in radiologic technology .\n230 blackman rd , nashville , tn - owner : hampton , merry p . & teixeira ,\nwe welcomed the last remaining hampton . . . - hampton parks , recreation & leisure services | facebook\nluxury properties specialist - westport office 47 riverside avenue , westport , ct 06880 email : merry . hampton @ urltoken\nthis parcel is owned by hampton , merry p . & teixeira , and can be described as a single fam .\nmerry hampton was fantastic to work with . she was truly a trusted advisor during the process . we love our new home and don ' t plan on moving any time soon . if we do , our first call will be to merry . thank you , merry !\nmahubah ( 1910 ) ( filly ) rock sand - merry token by merry hampton . 4x5 to lord clifden , 5x5 to newminster , 5x5x5x5 to stockwell . 5 starts 1 win 1 second $ \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthree of his four grandparents were products of english studs , one being the 1903 triple crown victor rock sand , his maternal grandsire . his granddams fairy gold and merry token were daughters of epsom derby winners bend or and merry hampton respectively .\nmerry hampton is an outstanding , hard working realtor . john grosso and team were easy to work with for our mortgage . brad kerner ( fairfield , ct )\nmerry hampton - aroma ( craig millar ) dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = 0 . 00\nmahubah ( usa ) 1910 - 1931 b . m . ( rock sand ( gb ) - merry token ( gb ) by merry hampton ( gb ) dam of only 5 foals , but 2 of them were stakes winners and anot\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nmerry hampton ( gb ) b . h , 1884 { 22 - c } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nblair athol and colonel towneley ' s kettledrum , who won in 1864 and 1861 respectively , ran the derby course in the same time as merry hampton , and that record has not been feaafcen .\n, and the horse came back to newmarket . his first race was for none other than the derby ! it was a poor year and merry hampton led into the straight and was never extended .\ni ' m writing you to tell you how pleased we were with our realtor , merry hampton . this transaction is my third real estate transaction in the last four years and i was really impressed with merry . she provided me with information , market analysis and market updates that were above and beyond any . . .\nben and i wanted to pass on a few thoughts regarding our experience with raveis and , more importantly , the excellent work provided to us by merry hampton . to begin , we are first time homebuyers and as such entered the home buying process with many questions . merry worked with us every step of way he . . .\nas a sire of racehorses , merry hampton was a failure . he got only one decent runner , the colt pride , who raced just as a four - year - old and gained distinction by defeating the star french runner omnium in the alexandra plate . merry hampton ' s daughter , merry wife , became the dam of 1901 ascot gold cup winner santoi . another daughter , merry token , was exported to america by august belmont , assuring her sire some measure of immortality , for through her , he became the broodmare sire of mahubah , the rock sand filly destined to become the dam of the incomparable man o ' war and ancestress of american triple crown champion assault .\nmerry hampton , out of doll tearsheet , by broomielaw , has sometimes been criticized as one of the worst winners of the derby . his only victory came in the derby , though he did finish second in the st . leger . he might have won that classic , too , had he not been boxed in badly , for when free , he ran the winner kilwarlin to within half a length . the harsh assessment of merry hampton as a racer in some quarters is not quite fair , for he had talent . merry hampton was an unsound colt , which made him difficult to train . in fact , the derby was the first race of his abbreviated career , which was hampered by his delicate legs .\nfor the st . leger merry hampton is first favourite at 1000 to ' 300 , while florentine and eiridspord are backed at 9 to 1 each . details of the principal races at the ascot ' meeting will be found in another column .\nfeaturing unique vendors and taking place at the hampton history museum , the hampton holiday market features arts and traditional crafts , demonstrations , food , entertainment , holiday ornament making , face painting , a train display , and much more .\nthe colt never won again although he was runner - up in the st leger and fourth in the grand prix de paris . at the disposal of baird ' s stud , merry hampton was sold to the jockey george barratt for 1 , 150\ni ' m writing to commend and thank merry hampton for the exceptional work she did on our behalf in helping us to purchase our first home . my wife mary and i first met merry in 2010 when , amidst a career change and relocation , she helped us rent the condo where we had our first child and started ou . . . mary and kevin ( weston )\nlike blair athol , who carried silk for the first time when he won the derby in 1864 , merry hampton had not been seen in public before running at epsom , and he won the race in the same time \u2014 2min 43sec \u2014 that the son of stockwell did . another coincidence may be noted id in the fact that jem snowden scored his first and only derby victory on blair athol , and j . watts steered his first blue riband winner in merry hampton . the latter colt , too , is the first derby winner sired by hampton , and blair athol was the first of stockwell ' s get to take the same race .\nmr crowther harrison , sheriff of hull in 1851 and a county magistrate , founded the cottingham stud in yorkshire and in 1884 the future derby winner merry hampton was foaled . other good horses bred by mr harrison included merry hampton ' s half - brother gay hermit ( 13 1 / 2 races including the royal hunt cup ) , tomahawk ( lincolnshire handicap ) and lowland chief ( portland handicap ) . harrison ' s son , john simons harrison , took over the management of the stud in 1885 . they were both assisted by their exemplary stud groom tom wilberforce .\nbay colt , 1893 . by hampton - black duchess by galliard . darley arabian sire line : newminster branch . family 3 - o\nmerry has been a fantastic agent to work with , she is extremely diligent in her research , fully understand what we were looking for and make very educative recommendations on towns and areas that will suit our needs . merry is always available if we have any question or need any further clarificatio . . .\nhampton had three other good sons who were good racers , and also very good sires - - royal hampton and bay ronald , the latter of whom perpetuated the hampton male line well into the twentieth century . the third , sheen , lived to a great age , siring foals to the end of his life . royal hampton was produced from the king tom mare princess , and bred by famed breeder william blenkiron . royal hampton suffered a serious foot injury as a foal in which his foot became lodged in a stall door , the effects of which stayed with him throughout his life , as he was a very unsound horse . nevertheless , sir blundell maple liked the colt and purchased him for his stable .\nbay ronald was a moderately good racehorse who , unlike his staying sire , hampton , could not run beyond 1 - 1 / 2 miles . never especially robust , he nonetheless ran for four seasons with top company . little was really expected of him at the outset of his breeding career and he had limited access to top quality mares ; despite this , he became an influential stallion who continued the hampton sire line , getting two top sire sons in england , and a good sire son in france . bay ronald was foaled on may 3 , 1893 at leybourne grange stud . his sire , hampton , was 21 at the time of bay ronald ' s birth , and had already sired classic winners ayrshire , merry hampton , and reve d ' or . hampton ' s fourth classic champion , ladas , would win the epsom derby in the year following bay ronald ' s birth .\n. however he did not make a great name for himself as a sire . his best son was pride , winner of the ascot gold vase , and his daughter merry wife bred the evil - tempered ascot gold cup winner santoi . another daughter , merry token , was granddam of the famous american racehorse man o ' war .\nif you want get off the treatment merry - go - round once and for all and start feeling better , moving better and performing better book your appointment today .\nboat parade sets sail at 7 p . m . on the downtown hampton waterfront . music by full spectrum . bedtime story with santa in the crowne plaza maria hotel lobby at 8 : 45 p . m . don\u2019t have a boat ? join santa aboard the miss hampton ii tour boat .\nas matthew dawson followed the baron into ihe paddock after the race was over , he exclaimed :\nif freddy had been alive he would have got him home first !\nseeing that merry hampton won in a common canter , and that tlie baron could never get near him , that was a rather ungenerous remark .\nstay plugged into everything that ' s happening in and around hampton roads . sign up for our weekly email updates and find out what ' s hot .\njlarqais ii . , late wicked bill ) , by hampton - . i hose of lancaster , 4 yre , 8st 101b - ( t . weidon ) o\nthat it has not even yet been discussed formally , and certainly nothing definite has been decided , i , . a report was current at ascot that ormonde had ended his racing career with the hardwicke stakes . this is ' untrue , as the duke of westminster has no present intention of taking that ; step . mr abington made watts a present of \u00a31000 for winning the derby on merry hampton .\nwe were very pleased with the service . merry was wonderful to work with and we plan on recommending her to friends and family . john and robert made the mortgage and insurance process seamless . a great team !\nour service carries a 100 % satisfaction guarantee . don\u2019t remain on the treatment merry - go - round any longer . book online now or contact us at the injury rehab centre today on 95537024 to book your appointment today .\ncameo was the second mare to be purchased in australia . she is by the very successful sire syon royal portrait ( imp uk ) who is by the renowned sandbourne royal ensign and her dam syon petite has had a huge influence on the english riding pony in australia . petite is the dam of , possibly , australia\u2019s most successful riding pony royalwood merry music who won nearly every major award in the ridden pony ring when shown under saddle . merry music is by oakvale serenade who is by syon royal portrait making cameo a three quarter sister to merry music . when merry music was retired to stud she was bred to syon royal portrait and produced the already highly acclaimed young stallion royalwood boy soprano . boy soprano is proving to be an excellent sire leaving some top winning youngsters with beautiful long fronts , pretty pony heads and magnificent movement . cameo is a seven eighths sister in blood to boy soprano .\nalthough adolescent athletes are those that frequently experience pfps people of any age and activity level can experience symptoms related to pfps . if you start to notice knee pain or crepitus within your knee hampton physical therapy can help you . if you have any questions regarding this condition feel free to call or stop into one of our two locations in either hampton or seabrook to speak to one of our physical therapists .\nthe virginia beach chorale provides musical entertainment at its best to the hampton roads area . it is one of the oldest continuous performing arts groups in virginia beach and is dedicated to quality performances and community service .\nqueen mary ' s 1862 colt , broomielaw ( by stockwell ) was sold ( along with breadalbane , noted previously ) to henry chaplin . infamous for his bad temperament , despite his antics , his wins included the goodwood ' s 1866 chesterfield cup . broomielaw proved an influence through his daughter doll tearsheet , dam herself of the derby winner merry hampton ( sire of the second dam of man o ' war ) and his half - brother gay hermit ( who became an important sire in argentina ) .\nhampton ' s daughter , fota , produced 1907 oaks heroine glass doll to the cover of isinglass , while another daughter of fota , angelic , became the dam of leading american sire , north star iii . gadfly , an 1896 sister to butterfly , out of merry duchess , won the newmarket oaks , and at age four , the alexandra plate and the whip . she produced six winners , including cylgad , winner of the newmarket stakes and later a sire , and flying bridge , who won the newmarket oaks .\ncolor : b height : 16 . 1 ( gb ) owned by f . p . harrison esq . listed in one stud book as a brown stud , 18 1 / 2 inches below the knee , girth 6 ft , 6 in . he won the derby , 2nd in the st legar . sire of king hampton , merry buck , jeanie filly , etc . stood at stud in 1900 at the aislabie stud farm , stetchworth , new market for 25 guineas plus 1 guinea groom fee . ( close )\nroyal hampton ran ten times during his career and only won twice - - on his debut in the national breeders produce stakes at two and in his last race , the city and suburban handicap at four . in the latter race , the colt ' s fragile legs gave way , but he still managed to win the race on heart . in between , royal hampton secured placings in a host of important races - - the woodcote stakes , champagne stakes , middle park plate , the derby , prince of wales stakes , and sussex stakes . only once was royal hampton unplaced . he was a courageous and honest campaigner , and after his career - ending injury , he was retired to sir maple ' s childwick bury stud .\nhampton was a horse with a high class pedigree and a poor race record , until he finally matured into a solid winning stayer with great weight - carrying ability . he became a stallion of significant influence and a source of stamina , siring numerous classic champions and founding a powerful branch of the stockwell male line . hampton was bred by lord norreys , later created lord abington , and was foaled at his breeder ' s farm , tetsworth , near the ancient university town of oxford , in 1872 .\nmerry was outstanding . she managed our expectations , guided us through the purchase and sale without issue and generally made the experience a seamless one . she was outstanding in every way - - without her , we would not now own the house of our dreams . we are forever grateful .\nthis young 5 year old mare is our most recent purchase . her sire oakvale serenade is a son of the successful sire syon royal portrait . oakvale serenade has had a great influence on australia\u2019s riding ponies and has produced many top show ponies including the great mare royalwood merry music . the dam of heaven\u2019s serenade hamptonne heaven sent is a three quarter sister to the uk pony of the year winner hampton prince of thieves . heaven sent is sired by keston tribune while prince of thieves is by , the great son of keston tribune , camargue tribute .\nold original antique victorian print historic fine art - horse merry hampton 1887 winner derby race jockey old antique print . part page , from the illustrated london news 1840 - 1902 . or the graphic 1870 - 1900 . the date if known is in the titleeach part page varies in size but is prorata of a full page of the coloured background in each image . size of each full page is approx ( including margins as shown ) 16 x 11 inches ( 410 x 280 ) all are genuine antique and not modern reproductions over 100 years old\nselling at your price\nsanta claus is coming to town and he\u2019s stopping by to be a part of the virginia symphony orchestra\u2019s ever - popular jingle bell jam ! celebrate the magic of the season with an afternoon that showcases the music of the holidays performed by the best talent in hampton roads .\nhampton roads\u2019 newest holiday tradition returns in 2016 with an entirely new entertainment line - up of musicians , parlor magicians , jugglers , actors , and carolers ! plus , a new enchanted christmas tree forest , an animated puppet show , a magical snow fall , a petting zoo and more .\nthere were 22 nominations short of the stipulated 80 reqnired by the kerapton park executive before they guaranteed \u00a33000 for the . jubilee stakes , but the promoters did not reduce the prize , and it is estimated that the race will land them in a loss of \u00a31200 or \u00a31300 . the acceptances , however , number 43 , which is more than was expected . minting is top weigh ! ; with lost , then come harpenden , kilwarlin , and merry hampton , each bst 131b ; followed by fullerton ( bst 81b ) , exmoor ( bst 71b ) , & c . the race is to be run on the 11th may .\nother good running sons sired by hampton included ladislas , who was the top of his generation , winning the dewhurst stakes , the king edward vii stakes and the jockey club cup ; duke of richmond , who won the richmond stakes ; grandison , winner of the champagne stakes and the windsor castle stakes ; gay hampton , winner of the craven stakes ; lord lorne , a great stayer , who won the ascot stakes twice ; fitz hampton , another good stayer , who , in italy , won a number of races , including el premio presidente de la republica over 2 , 400 meters , and the gran premio de milan ; balmoral , winner of the manchester cup ; bushey park , winner of the queen alexandra stakes , phocion , who won the st . james palace stakes and the kind edward vii stakes ; troon , another st . james palace stakes winner ; speed , winner of the july stakes .\nborn in east ilsley , william stevens started training in 1871 . described by george lambton as ' the most able and patient of men ' , he never trained a classic winner in the trueist sense , but did all the preparation for merry hampton , only for the colt to be whisked away a fortnight before the derby , however , another horse he trained , martley , was placed third in that classic of 1887 and four years later martenhurst was also third when making his three - year - old debut at epsom at 50 - 1 . other successful campaigners from the yews included comfrey and sailor prince ( cambridgeshire handicap ) , despair ( royal hunt cup ) and bentworth ( gimcrack stakes ) .\nother good hampton daughters on the turf included rookery , from an oxford mare , who won the windsor castle stakes ; belinda , a great staying mare who won the park hill stakes and the ascot stakes over 4 , 023 meters ; maize , a sister of st . florian , out of palmflower , won the nassau stakes ; butterfly , whose dam was merry duchess by speculum , won the nassau stakes and the coronation stakes and ran third in the doncaster st . leger , among her other placings ; rambling katie , from the galliard daughter barmaid , won the 2 , 414 meter manchester cup ; hawamdieh , out of the galopin daughter boyne water , won the 2 , 200 meter prix de la rochette .\nat the injury rehab centre our point of difference is we service the cheltenham , moorabbin , mentone , highett , hampton , black rock , beaumaris and heatherton suburbs using the most advanced assessment technology to set baselines and understand why you have pain or injury to formulate a plan on how you will overcome it tracking your progression over time .\nwe are the chosen therapists for many patients and athletes from the cheltenham , moorabbin , mentone , highett , hampton , black rock , beaumaris and heatherton suburbs because we get results for our patients . using a science based approach to patient assessment , treatment and rehabilitation we aim to help decrease your pain and get you better as quickly as possible .\nthe late lamented , non political correct named a3 no . 66 merry hamptons name plate is up for sale at sheffield railwayana auctions limited sale on 10th december at derby . this loco survived two major derailments one caused by striking miners during the general strike and one at goswick just before nationalisation . i wonder what it will fetch , bet it wont fetch as much as 61662s plate at the same auction .\nmerry hampton was bred by mr crowther harrison , and sold as a yearling by his son , mr j . simons harrison , at the doncaster september meeting of 1885 . prior to the colt being taken to doncaster he had been seen in the hone paddock by mr t . spence , the well - known gentleman rider , who , having taken a great fancy to him , determined to obtain him for his friend , mr abington . in the sale - ring he w\u00ab opposed on mr lea ' s behalf by sam darling ; the trainer , who bid 3000gs for the son of hamp * ton and doll tearsheet , but this offer was capped by one of 3100gs by mr t . spence , and the colt became mr abingtou ' s property for that sum .\nan american gentleman named lowe , who | has lately joined the kingsclere stable . mr . s . harrison was the breeder of merry hamp ton , but sir tatton sykes this year sent up an own sister to this year ' s derby winner , but she was not sold , as the reserve ( 2 , 000 guineas ) was not reached . still , five of sir ' fatton ' s yearlings sold well , as the following\na bodywise health gift certificate is the perfect way to say , \u201dthankyou\u201d , \u201ccongratulations\u201d , merry christmas\u201d or i love you\u201d . guaranteed to make you and that special person feel fantastic , a bodywise health gift certificate is a sensational gift for any occasion . whether it be a luxurious massage , a physical health assessment or an introduction to clinical pilates , you can be sure that your gift will make an impression that will long be remembered .\nhampton ' s daughter maid marian , foaled in 1886 , became the dam of one the most influential british stallions of the twentieth century - - polymelus . out of the toxophilite mare quiver , maid marian was bred by queen victoria and was a product of the hampton court stud . as a racehorse , maid marian proved useless , as she started only as a two - year - old , running seven times without notching a single victory . maid marian ' s value as a broodmare went up considerably due to the exploits of her younger half sisters - - memoir and la fleche - - classic winning daughters of st . simon . maid marian was owned by the earl of crewe when she was covered by cyllene in 1901 and foaled the bay colt polymelus the following spring .\nimported from australia in 2013 this lovely three year old is by the hugely successful sire royalwood boy soprano and her dam is oakvale carousel who had a successful show career from very limited outings . merry - go - round ( chloe ) is a full sister to oakvale chorus girl & oakvale rock star who have been shown in australia with many wins to their credit and the beautiful pony oakvale music box who was a winner at several of australia ' s royal shows a few years back .\nhampton ' s daughters hampton ' s best running daughter was reve d ' or , out of queen of the roses , by sundeelah . she was kept in training an unusually long time for a classic winning filly , for she raced until she was seven . as a juvenile , she captured the dewhurst plate . at three , reve d ' or was a dual classic champion , for she won both the one thousand guineas and the oaks , as well as the yorkshire oaks . during her career , she won eleven other races , including the sussex stakes , jockey club cup , and the city and suburban handicap . as a broodmare , reve d ' or failed to come up with anything remotely like herself . she spent her producing career in france , and one of her daughters , oussouri , became the dam of a good performer named opott ii , winner of several stakes races in france and placed in the grand prix prix de paris . opott ii went on to sire l ' olivete , dam of mieuxce .\nthe sale3 of blood stock at doncaster are nlwavs important , and this year formed no ex ception to the rule . on thursday some really cood priceb were obtained . mr . s . harrison only sent up tour yearlings , and the hrst , a brown colt , napoleon , by galopin out of crucible , went to john porter for no lebs a 6uin than 2 , 400 guineas ; and the very next lot a bay colt , gay hampton , by hampton out of rosy morn , realised 600 gnineab more , for it was not until 3 , 000 guineas was reached that it was found john porter bad again stalled off all opposition and seenred the colt a third colt , coorabe royal , bv springfield \u2014 lady chelmsford , also went to porter , but at a very dif ferent figure , viz . , 310 guineas ; and mr . hamar bass took the fourth , viz . , a bay filly by galopin out of loch garry , at 850 gnineaa the 3 , 000 - guinea lot was bought by porter for\nthe st leger of 1889 has closed with 204 entries ; this is 12 more than in 1888 , and 22 more than were engaged in the one just de cided . the new \u00a310 , 000 newmarket stakes to be run in 1889 has closed with 204 . i notice several of the highly - priced yearlings which changed hands at doncaater are entered , including those bonght for mr . lowe , the american , by john porter . i refer to gay hampton and napoleon , whose purchase and price are referred to elsewhere\n- was that of lord lyon in 1866 , who then won for his owner \u00a37350 . merry hampton won the derby in 2min 43sec , against the 2min 45 3 - ssec of the duke of westminster ' s ormonde last year , and the 2min . 41 l - ssee \u00ab\u00a3 lord hastings ' melton the previous season . in 1884 mr j . hammond ' s st . < gattce and sir j . willoughby ' s harvester , who tjan a dead heat , covered the course in 2min 46 i - ssec , and sir f , johnstone ' s st . blaise , in 1883 , in 2min 48 2 - ssec . the times for several \u25a0previous anniversaries follow : \u2014 1882 , duke of - westminster ' s shotover , 2min 45 3 - ssec ; 1881 , mr p . lorillard ' s iroquois , 2min 50sec ; 1880 , duke of westminster ' s bend or , 2min 46sec ; 1879 , mr acton ' s sir bevys , 3min 2sec ; 1878 , mr w . s . crawf urd ' s sefton , 2min 56sec ; 1877 , lord falmouth ' s silvio , 2min 50sec ; 1876 , mr ji . baltazzi ' s kisber , 2atin 44sec . mr i ' anson ' s\nmerry hampton wrenched a shoe off while ffl his stable on the evening of his derby victory , and one of the nails pricked his foot , causing him lameness sufficient to prevent his running into a place for the grand prix de paris . the value of the derby this year was \u00a34525\u2014 the race last year , , when the duke of wesfcnm 1 ' ster ' s ormonde was successful , being worw \u00a34700 . the previous season melton credited lord hastings with \u00a34525 ; in 1884 the stake * ( divided between mr j . hammond ' s st . gaties and sir j . willoughby ' s harvester ) amounts to \u00a34850 ; in 1883 , when sir f . johnstone ' s 8 * blaise won , to \u00a35150 ; and in 1882 , when tbe duke of westminsters shotover was the w\nncr , to \u00a34775 . some previous values folio * 1881 , mr p . lorillard ' s iroqueis , \u00a35925 ; w\u00bbj duke of westminster ' s bend or , \u00a36375 ; i\u00ab ' } mr acton ' s sir bevys , \u00a37o2s ; 1878 , mrw . \u00bb crawfurd ' s sefton , \u00a35825 ; 1877 , lord 1 * mouth ' s silvio , \u00a36050 ; 1876 , mr a . baltajoj 1 kisber , \u00a35575 . the richest derby on t # w\nspaniel began his four - year - old season with three defeats . he was unplaced in the oatlands stakes at newmarket on 25 april , and unplaced again in a plate race at ascot on 20 june . eight days later he ran in the gold cup at hampton racecourse . this race was run in heats . this was an old - fashioned form of racing in which the horses ran twice over the same course . if a horse won both heats it took the prize : otherwise the two heat - winners had a deciding run - off . spaniel finished second in both heats to a three - year - old named sluggard .\nsheen , a bay son of hampton from the tibthorpe mare radiancy , was bred by prince saltykoff and foaled in 1885 . he was a high class campaigner , but not quite up to classic standard . at three , he won the ascot derby and placed third in the sussex stakes . at four , he captured the important jockey club cup , and at five , the cesarewitch handicap . at stud , his best representative was batt , a half - brother to flying fox . batt was narrowly defeated by the longshot jeddah in the 1898 derby stakes . sheen was a long - lived and active stallion , and was still covering mares in scotland , at a fee of nine guineas , in 1915 at the age of 30 . bay ronald was foaled in 1893 , when hampton was 21 - years - old , and he was the son which kept the line of his sire in the limelight for many more succeeding generations . bay ronald was produced from the mare black duchess , a daughter of two thousand guineas winner galliard , a son of galopin . many years later , this female family would become famous when the stallion blandford became a leading sire in the late 1920s and early 1930s . blandford was a son of blanche , whose dam , black cherry , was a half - sister to bay ronald .\nthe person who cannot dream winners nowadays is of little tise as a 6leeper , for such dreams ' are numerous . here , however , is the latest , which my friend captain hawley , smart kindly ' writes me ; and this dream , it will be perceived , differs f rom ' ithe great majority because it was , not made current after the event , - when most of these visionaries remember what j tips they had ' in their slumbers .\nthe following dream ,\nthe author of -\nbound to win writes ,\nwas told , me pn ' the saturday before the derby by captain , a famous plunger of the days ' just previous ' to the crimean war , but if you think it worth recording please keep his name\nout of it . a friend of his dreamt , some years ago , ' that a horse in a green jacket won the derby , and that a horse in a green jacket with white sleeves was second / . ' no such combination of colours has ever occurred till this year , ' captain said to me , , ' but should merry hampton win and the 1 baron run second that vision will have been accomplished . ' i wish i could add that both ray informanttand ' the ' dreamer won rnking slakes , but veracity compels me to admit i don ' t know what either backed .\n\u2014\nrapier ,\nin the sporting and drama ' io news .\n- *\nhampton was by lord clifden , a son of newminster from the melbourne mare the slave . lord clifden had been a winner of the classic st . leger , as had his sire , newminster . the latter was an impeccably bred individual , being by touchstone , another st . leger champion and the pre - eminent stallion of his era . dam of newminster was the celebrated racemare beeswing . lord clifden continued the impeccable siring record of his male line , as during his stud career he sired four classic winners , all of whom numbered the st . leger among their triumphs - - hawthornden and wenlock , winners of the st . leger ; petrarch , winner of the two thousand guineas , st . leger and ascot gold cup ; and jannette , winner of the oaks and st . leger .\nin the 1930s , aging teddy himself was exported to the u . s . , and sired two more influential sons - - sun teddy , whose male line culminated with damascus and private account , important sources of stamina , and case ace , broodmare sire of raise a native . bay ronald died in may , 1907 at the early age of fourteen . at the time , though his loss was keenly felt , the magnitude of it was not realized until ten years later when his best son , bayardo , also suffered a premature death . what might have been had father and son been blessed with normal life spans is one of the great\nwhat ifs\nof breeding history . but bay ronald left a lasting legacy , nonetheless , for his sons bayardo , dark ronald , and macdonald ii each ensured the continuation of the hampton sire line . - - liz martiniak\nanother son of hampton , gotten , like bay ronald , when his sire was in his advanced years , was star ruby . he was foaled in 1892 , out of the bend or mare ornament . the colt was sold to american horseman green morris and sent to america . he was a useful runner , but more successful as a stallion . purchased by james ben ali haggin , star ruby stood at stud in california . he got two american classic winners , cairngorm , a winner of the preakness , and africander , a winner of the belmont stakes , suburban handicap , saratoga cup , and the lawrence realization . star ruby ' s son rubio was a chestnut colt sent to race in england , where in 1908 , he became the first american - bred to capture the grand national steeplechase at aintree . star ruby ' s daughter , ruby nethersole , became the second dam of questionnaire .\nas a sire of broodmares , hampton boasted some impressive representatives , including perdita ii and maid marian . perdita ii , out of hermione , by young melbourne , was a temperamental mare , and transmitted her nervous energy to her offspring . she was a moderately successful race mare of staying class , winning the ayr gold cup , the liverpool cup , and the great cheshire stakes ( twice ) . purchased by albert edward , prince of wales ( afterward king edward vii ) for 900 guineas , perdita ii went on to become the jewel of the prince ' s broodmare band . to the cover of st . simon , she produced three extraordinary full brothers - - persimmon , florizel ii , and diamond jubilee . all three were top racehorses , and good sires . persimmon sired five classic winners and was twice leading broodmare sire in england . florizel ii was among the leading sires seven times in england , and also was a good broodmare sire ; he got three classic winners . diamond jubilee won the english triple crown , and after export to argentina became the leading sire there four times .\noaks stakes , a sweepstakes of 50sovs each , for three - year - old fillies ; 88t 101b each . second , horse , 300sovs ; third , 150sovs from the stakes . ' duke of beaufort ' s eh f reve dor , by hampton\u2014 queen of the roses . . . . . . ' . . . i ' lord falmouth ' s b f st . helen , by sbridgfield\u2014 bt . hilda . . . . . . \u201e . \u25a0 \u2022 . . . 2 duke of westminster ' s eh f - freedom , by bend ' \u25a0 or - freia . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 reve dors performances for last season were given by us a few week ' s back on the occasion of her winning the one thousand guineas . she is not engaged in the st . leger . st . helen last year ran five times and won one race , the doveridge stakes of 550aovs , at derby . she , however , got a place in all her other races , finishing second to guadiard in the manchester foal stakes of 900sovs ; ' third in the midland foal plate of 900sovs , at four oaks park ; second to purple emperor in champion ' breeders ' foal stakes of 1214sovs , at ; derb ' y ; and . third in the devonshire - handicap of * 500sov8j at the same meeting . she is not engaged in the st . leger . \u25a0 ' freedom ' s performances were given by us when she ran third to reve dor and porcelain in the one thousand guineas . she is not ' en * gaged in the st . leger .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbay colt , 1872 - 1897 by lord clifden - lady langden by kettledrum . darley arabian sire line : newminster branch . family 10 - a\nayrshire , out of atalanta , by galopin , was bred and raced by the duke of portland . ayrshire was a top performer all three seasons he ran , winning many important races , including the champagne stakes at two , the two thousand guineas and derby at three , and the eclipse stakes at four . at stud , ayrshire was noted for the quality of his fillies over his colts . his two classic winners were fillies - - oaks winners airs and graces and our lassie . daughters of ayrshire made wonderful producers . daughter gas produced derby champion cicero ; glare produced one thousand guineas heroine flair and also became the second dam of prince palatine ; cannie lassie produced one thousand guineas winner witch elm . st . leger winner night hawk and one thousand guineas winner roseway were also products of ayrshire mares . ayrshire ' s best son was robert le diable , winner of several races , including the city and suburban handicap and doncaster cup . robert le diable sired wrack , a stallion who did well in the united states as the sire of thirty stakes winners .\nladas , out of illuminata , by rosicrucian , was a lovely animal with a superb pedigree . third dam paradigm was a half sister to the dam of bend or . his dam illuminata would later produce one thousand guineas winner chelandry as well as gas , dam of the aforementioned derby winner cicero . bred and raced by archibald philip primrose , 5th earl of rosebery , ladas was unbeaten at age two , winning the woodcote stakes , coventry stakes , champagne stakes , and the middle park plate . at three , ladas captured both the two thousand guineas and derby and placed in the eclipse stakes , princess of wales ' s stakes , and the st . leger . at stud , ladas was somewhat disappointing , as he did not yield a son which carried his line forward . but he did get epsom lad , winner of the eclipse stakes ; gorgos , winner of the two thousand guineas and july stakes ; and troutbeck , winner of ten races including the st . leger . none of these became very notable sires . montem was a speedy daughter of ladas which captured the new stakes at ascot and the july stakes . baroness la fleche , another filly by ladas , was exquisitely bred , being from st . simon ' s classic - winning daughter la fleche . she won the acorn stakes at epsom , but was more noted as a broodmare , as she produced cinna , a polymelus filly who won the one thousand guineas and placed second to charlebelle in the oaks . cinna became the dam of beau pere , a leading sire in new zealand and the united states .\nwinner of eleven of his thirty - one races , including the duke of york stakes twice , and the cambridgeshire handicap , polymelus retired to the stud of s . b . joel . polymelus led the english sire ' s list five times and was second twice : he sired five classic winners , including the english triple crown champion , pommern , and got the extremely significant sire son , phalaris .\npapers past | notes by beacon . ( otago witness , 1887 - 11 - 04 )\nhelp us improve papers past : do our short survey and let us know how we ' re doing .\nthis article displays in one automatically - generated column . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nman ' s first lord covered a mile and threequarters steadily . j . smith ' s drover ( sharp up ) went a similar distance at a better pace , as did also g . smith ' s dunluce . ' - poole ' s trapper ( dyer riding ) was given a switching gallop twice round , accompanied over the last circuit by miss guy , who appears to be a fair\nsprinter . ; and jenny went a mile sharply . \u25a0 cotton sent garibaldi two miles on the racing track , going / the second round at a fast rate . fireball and le temps went ' twice * ' round the tan at top , and gitana colt cantered seven furlongs ; camerine going three circuits at a like pace . tumbull ' s st . clair was sent three and a - half miles in sweaters , st . malo attending him over the ' last half - mile . st . ives negotiated a mile and threequarters at an easy rate , and ' wolverine and mokoia went a like . . distance steadily . the dodger was sent , two miles sharply in view of his taieri engagements , and taniwa cantered . later on turnball ' s and waddell ' s two - year - olds did slow work ; and cotton ' s ishmael went twice round the course proper at an easy rate . !\nthis article text was automatically generated and may include errors . view the full page to see article in its original form .\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers . use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection . click them to get a broader view of the items you ' re currently viewing .\nenter names , places , or other keywords that you ' re curious about here . we ' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page ? click here to search within the item you ' re currently viewing , or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates , titles , and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you ' d rather just browse through documents , click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site , so click here often as you explore the site .\npapers past | sporting notes . ( wanganui chronicle , 1887 - 07 - 28 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\npapers past | epsom . ( otago witness , 1887 - 07 - 22 )\npapers past | winners of tradesmen & # 39 ; s handicap . ( otago witness , 1888 - 06 - 01 )\nyear . strts . winner . age . weight . time . 1873 1876 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 8 7 6 7 5 s 4 3 8 2 5 4 10 6 10 bobtiy burns rory o ' more hob hoy ! sir william blue peter - . blue - peter adamant ooldstream luna adamant minerva capt . webster marion the bard ' sultan a 6 4 a 6 a 3 \u20224 at . lb . 8 7 8 6 8 8 7 0 8 0 7 10 7 11 7 3 8 2 9 0 7 9 7 7 9 3 7 2 7 7 m . b . 2 57 * 2 22 $ 2 21 2 29 2 17 2 13 * 2 21 2 11 a 6 4 4 4 6 3 1 51 $ 1 51 1 51 1 50 1 50 $\nwinners of tradesmen ' s handicap . , otago witness , issue 1906 , 1 june 1888\nwinners of tradesmen ' s handicap . otago witness , issue 1906 , 1 june 1888\npapers past | talk of the day . ( otago witness , 1888 - 04 - 06 )\none day since last publication i paid a visit to mr s . mercer ' s training stables , opposite the gate of the forbury oourse . i think that sam must have the instincts of an old\nshellback ,\nfor he is particular enough to suit an eld maid , and has his place as tidy and clean as a new pin , there being no trace of a bad smell about the premises . the stable originally consisted of three boxes , but mr mercer has added another three , each 13 x 12 , all being well lighted , ventilated , and drained , while the boys ' room attached to the establishment contains ample accommodation for four sleepers .\nthe first box i was taken into was tenanted by gold dust , an aged chestnut mare by papapa out of lady grey that was brought ap from southland , and ran respectably at toko , and dunedin . she had a foal by hilarious last spring , and was covered by everton lad , to whom she is now in foal . gold dust is a useful htamp of a mare ? being very compactly framed , with powerful shoulders , good quarters , and an cxcelleut set of legs ; but as a picture horse sbe is at a disadvantage , owing to her rather short neck and coarse head .\nmr h . goodman bought gold dust for \u00a328 at the dunedin anniversary meeting , his idea being that she would be a serviceable member to lead his youngsters at exercise . but tbe mare oa being brought on to the course displayed a certain amount of perversity . this iier new owner had not bargained for , and concluding that the first loss would be the best he t xpressed his willingness to lose a fiver on her . ' j he offer was no sooner uttered than it was t napped up , and the mare is now the property of mr s . mercer , who thinks he can make something out of her as soon as cshe is properly - sub - jugated . the taming process is already well ; . ilvanced , and i hope that the patience and care being expended on her will be rewarded .\nthe occupant of the next box is an unnamed four - year - old grey , by le loup out of an arab mare . he is the property of a taieri owner , and is untried either hi public or in private , and it is hard to say as yet how he will turn out ; but as he is a strong looking horse with good legs , it is quite on the cards that he may make a name for himself ."]}
{"id": 1514, "summary": [{"text": "ypthima diplommata is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( lualaba ) and western zambia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "ypthima diplommata", "paragraphs": ["\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na speciose genus that ranges from africa to new guinea . the first alphabetically - sorted list above represents the african taxa , the second is the asian fauna .\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\ncorbet as , pendlebury hm , and eliot jn . 1992 . the butterflies of the malay peninsula . malayan nature society , kuala lumpur .\nparsons m . 1999 . the butterflies of papua new guinea : their systematics and biology . academic press , san diego .\nvane - wright ri , and de jong r . 2003 . the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen 343 : 1 - 267 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1524, "summary": [{"text": "xenia is a genus of photosynthetic soft marine coral resembling a mushroom , with \" arms \" coming out from the top that end in many-fingered \" hands \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is unique among corals because of its ability to use its \" hands \" to \" pulse \" or push water away from the colony in a constant , grabbing motion .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "common names include : xenia elongata , fast-pulse xenia , xenia is sometimes referred to a pulse corals . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "xenia ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["genus has been propagated in captivity , and acquiring these types of specimens is a good idea , since they are hardier than their wild counterparts . some aquacultured names are white pom pom xenia , silver branch pumping xenia , and blue xenia .\nstudies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . i\nby leland c . marsh\npink & white redsea xenia ( umballata ) - the fastest pulsating of all xenia species . silver / green pumping xenia ( elongata ) - extremely fast pulsing , grows fast . waving hand pom pom xenia - so named for it ' s arm - like stalk , topped by a pom pom like top .\nspecies to the new genus . those assignments were made based on examination of type colonies of\nxenia is a genus of photosynthetic soft marine coral resembling a mushroom , with\narms\ncoming out from the top that end in many - fingered\nhands\n.\ni saw this soft coral colony , of the genus xenia , in the egyptian red sea ; each many tentacled polyp feeding at the end of a smooth unbranched stalk .\nthree new xenicane diterpenoids , xeniaol , xeniadiol and xeniatriol , were isolated from the okinawan soft coral of the genus , xenia . their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis .\nxenia nana ; benayahu 1990 : 117\u2013118 , fig . 3 , table 1 .\ngenus was described by lamarck in 1816 . there are over 60 species , and a few are\na revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) .\n. some common names these corals are know for are pulse coral , red sea xenia , pulsing xenia , encrusting coral , pom pom coral , and bouquet encrusting coral .\nlist of xenia type material examined during the current study along with corresponding museum numbers .\nxenia ainex reinicke , 1997 : 45\u201348 , figs 19a\u2013b , plates 6 , 26 .\nxenia hamsina reinicke , 1997 : 49 - 50 ; figs 20a\u2013b , plate 30 .\na new genus of a soft coral of the family xeniidae ( cnidaria : octocorallia ) from japan .\na new genus of nephtheid soft corals ( octocorallia : alcyonacea : nephtheidae from the indo - pacific .\nthe structure of xenia hicksoni nov . sp . with some observations on heteroxenia elizabethae k\u00f6lliker .\na revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda ( alderslade , 2001 ) ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) .\nxenia crista reinicke , 1997 : 38 , figs 16a\u2013b , plate 23 , syn . n .\nxenia crenata reinicke , 1997 : 41\u201342 , figs 3c , 15 ; plates 5 , 25 .\nstudies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . interspecific hybridization and the origin of typha glauca . iii . autecology , with special reference to the role of aerenchyma\nwhile retaining those with the dendritic surface in the original genus . consequently , he assigned seven of the originally described\nxenia arabica reinicke , 1995 : 37 , figs 47\u201349 ; 1997 : 36 , fig . 14 .\nxenia miniata reinicke , 1997 : 39\u201340 figs 17a - b , plate 24 , syn . n .\nxeniidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the red sea with descriptions of six new species of xenia .\na revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\na new species of the genus anthelia ( octocorallia : alcyonacea ) from the gulf of aqaba ( red sea ) .\nmost xeniids feature a high density of sclerites in all parts of the colony , such as members of the genera asterospicularia utinomi , 1951 ; sansibia alderslade , 2000 ( see fabricius and alderslade 2001 ) and xenia including xenia blumi schenk , 1896 ; xenia garciae bourne , 1894 ( see gohar 1940 ) and xenia benayahui reinicke , 1995 ( see reinicke 1997 ) ; while other species have no sclerites or only a few ( e . g . , xenia hicksoni ashworth , 1899 and heteroxenia ghardaqensis gohar , 1940 ) .\nreinicke ( 1997 ) noted under the description of xenia obscuronata ( p . 33 ) : \u201cnec xenia ternatana ; k\u00fckenthal 1913 : 8 ( in part ) \u201d . the type of xenia ternatana was examined during the present study and its features do not agree with those of ovabunda obscuronata . xenia ternatana features platelets composed of dendritic rods , measuring up to 0 . 022 mm in maximal diameter . it should be noted that the description of xenia ternatana by k\u00fckenthal also does not correspond to the features of ovabunda obscuronata .\nthe frugal reefer , you can mass produce xenia for trade or sale , garf . org , referenced 2010\nxeniidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) of the red sea , with descriptions of six new species of xenia .\nreinicke ( 1997 ) noted under the species xenia ainex n . sp . ( p . 44 ) : \u201cnec xenia ternatana ; k\u00fckenthal 1913 : 8 ( partim . nhmw 2250 ) \u201d and \u201c xenia crassa ; reinicke 1995 : 43 , fig . 32\u201d . the description of xenia ternatana given by k\u00fckenthal ( 1913 ) indicated two rows of pinnules , with 18 pinnules on average , and sclerites measuring 0 . 017 mm in diameter , thus differing from the features of ovabunda ainex ( see above ) . the nhmw 2250 specimen of xenia ternatana was examined and found to match ovabunda ainex , as stated by reinicke ( 1997 ) . xenia crassa was suggested to be a synonym of ovabunda ainex ( reinicke 1997 ) . the current examination of the types of xenia crassa and xenia ternatana indicates that their sclerites distinctly differ from those of ovabunda ainex , and thus those species\u2019 original generic assignment should be retained .\nsclerites reveal the morphological features of the sclerites , composed of corpuscular microscleres that are diagnostic for that genus . the current findings reveal that\non the structure and affinities of heliopora coerulea , pallas . with some observations on the structure of xenia and heteroxenia .\none of the attractive white xeniids known as\npom - pom\nxenia , or\nxenia umbellata ,\nthis variety can be adaptable but fares best under moderate to bright illumination ( with slow acclimatization ) . photo courtesy of greg rothschild .\nxenia verseveldti benayahu , 1990 : 115\u2013116 , fig . 2 , table 1 ; reinicke 1997 : 29\u201330 , plate 16 .\n* alderslade established a new and similar looking genus , sansibia in 2000 . data on this genus is presently limited , but some pictures of sansibia look grossly similar to xeniid varieties known from the aquarium trade . sansibia is noted as having high concentrations of zooxanthellae and occurring in turbid waters .\n) , including sem of their sclerites , has furnished the required data for revision of that genus ( hal\u00e1szet al . in prep . ) .\nxenia benayahui reinicke , 1995 : 26\u201327 , figs 1c , 15 ; 1997 : 29 , fig . 12 , plate 16 .\na study of the xeniidae ( octocorallia , alcyonacea ) collected on the \u201ctyro\u201d expedition to the seychelles with a description of a new genus and species .\nxenia macrospiculata gohar , 1940 : 96\u201398 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 42 , plates 1\u20133 , 29 .\njanes ( 2008 ) described ovabunda hamsina from the seychelles and the current findings confirm the assignment of ovabunda hamsina to the genus ovabunda based on sclerite microstructure .\nalderslade , 2001 , following examination of relevant type material . examination of the types has confirmed the previous assignment of the following four species to this genus :\na new genus of soft coral of the family alcyoniidae ( cnidaria , octocorallia ) with re - description of a new combination and description of a new species .\nmarsh , leland c . ,\nstudies in the genus , typha : i . metaxenia , xenia , and heterosis . ii . interspecific hybridization and the origin of typha glauca . iii . autecology , with special reference to the role of aerenchyma\n( 1962 ) . biology : dissertations . 66 . urltoken\nxenia biseriata verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 60 , table 1 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 33 , plate 20 .\noctocorals ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) from reunion , with a description of two new species of the genus sinularia may , 1898 and notes on the occurrence of other species .\nfatty acid , lipid class , and phospholipid molecular species composition of the soft coral xenia sp . ( nha trang bay , the south china sea , vietnam ) .\nhere we describe a new species of ovabunda from recent collections in the andaman sea . additionally , we report the first record of this genus outside of the eastern indian ocean and red sea .\nbenayahu y , loya y . ( 1985 ) settlement and recruitment of a soft coral : why is xenia macrospiculata a successful colonizer ? bulletin of marine science 36 : 177\u2013188 .\ngenus tend to grow on vertical surfaces in the wild . they are found at depths of 0 to 30 feet ( 0 - 9 m ) in bright light , and are exposed to tidal conditions .\nxenia impulsatilla verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 59\u201360 , table 1 ; verseveldt 1974 : 2 listed only ; benayahu 1990 , listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 32 , plate 19 .\nfatty acid , lipid class , and phospholipid molecular species composition of the soft coral xenia sp . ( nha trang bay , the south china sea , vietnam ) . - pubmed - ncbi\n. the tiny xenia crab is usually found in pairs at night , on top of the closed heads , and it slowly eats the pulse coral away . polychaete worms can also chew at your\nbaba , k . ( 1991 ) taxonomical study on some species of the genus phyllodesmium from cape muroto - misaki , shikoku and okinawa province , southern japan ( nudibranchia : facelinidae ) . venus , 50 , 109\u2013123 .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia , aeolidacea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , 167\u2013203 .\ngenus is susceptible to stress from shipping and they do not travel well . when stressed they produce lots of mucous . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the\n) and , therefore , the species should be reassigned to that genus . sclerite sizes given for the holotype and paratype in the original description exceed those obtained by us , as follows : holotype 0 . 043\u20130 . 053 mm\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of xenia miniata reinicke , 1997 holotype ( rmnh coel . 23514 ) . a regular sclerites b pear - shaped sclerite c fused sclerites . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nboth the original description of xenia crista and the current examination revealed two rows of pinnules ; however , we found 22\u201330 pinnules in the holotype and 26\u201329 in the paratypes , compared to 29\u201333 and 28\u201332 , respectively , in the original description . the taxonomic features of xenia crista overlap those of ovabunda arabica and , therefore , they should be considered as synonyms , giving an alphabetical priority to ovabunda arabica .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of xenia crista reinicke , 1997 holotype ( rmnh 18677 ) . a regular sclerites b\u2013c fused sclerites d white rectangle in c indicates magnified area . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nthis fast - pulse xenia is commonly called\nxenia elongata ,\nand ranges from being a long - stemmed and dark brown variety in lower light , to lighter bodied and more compact forms under brighter light , as seen here . while the validity or accuracy of nomenclature for xeniids may be unclear in the hobby , our fascination and love for these magnificent corals is not . photo by anthony calfo .\nxenia obscuronata verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 60 , table 1 , fig 10 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 33 , 35 , plates 2 , 4 , 7 , 21 .\nxenia faraunensis verseveldt & cohen , 1971 : 62 , table 1 ; benayahu 1990 table 1 listed only ; reinicke 1997 : 35 , figs 3b , 9a - b , plates 2 - 4 , 7 , 22 .\nthe xenia we ship you is many generations aquacultured . this is very important since aquacultured xenia are hardier than wild - collected specimens and are without the potential to carry sea born infections , or disease to your tank . they have lived there entire life under aquarium lighting and with aquarium type water flow and movement . a fast growing coral , provide adequate space between them and other types of soft corals . care level : moderate temperature : 77 - 83\u00b0f\nthe pulse coral is one of the most sought after of the xenia genus ! they are either very easy or very difficult and no one knows why ! one of my tanks killed them and another tank they flourished ! the movement of the tentacles makes them appear to be\nclapping\nand in certain conditions can almost spread and become plague like ! many put them on equipment to help hide pump inlets , etc . small additions of iodine are okay , but too much can melt them !\ngenus is susceptible to a periodic die off that seems to coincide with lunar events . clipping the tips of a dying colony and letting them settle on their own may help preserve some colonies . also watch out for a little nasty crab that assumes the color of the\n) . undoubtedly , when measuring sclerites under a light microscope , the existence of both individual spheroids and fused ones should be taken into account . the occurrence of fused sclerites and their significance to the taxonomy of the genus and other xeniid genera should be further examined .\nhal\u00e1sz , a . , c . s . mcfadden , d . aharonovich , r . toonen & y . benayahu , 2014 . a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . zookeys 373 : 1\u201341 . [ details ]\nhal\u00e1sz a , mcfadden cs , aharonovich d , toonen r , benayahu y ( 2014 ) a revision of the octocoral genus ovabunda alderslade , 2001 ( anthozoa , octocorallia , xeniidae ) . zookeys 373 : 1\u201341 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 6511\njanes mp , mcfadden cs , chanmethakul t ( 2014 ) a new species of ovabunda ( octocorallia , xeniidae ) from the andaman sea , thailand with notes on the biogeography of this genus . zookeys 431 : 1\u201317 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 431 . 7751\ngenus is non - aggressive as far as stinging or affecting nearby corals . they do not do as well in tanks with low nutrient levels , such as for small polyp stony corals sps and other corals that need a more pristine environment , yet they will not harm these corals chemically . the\nthis attractive and fast - pulsing xennid is commonly called\nsilver - tip\nor\nblue\nxenia for its magnificent tendency to brighten with strong blue - green color when kept under cool colored lamps ( 10 - 20k kelvin ) . photos courtesy of james fatherree .\na survey of xeniid octocorals was carried out in the waters off southwestern thailand in september , 2007 . microscopic investigation of the colonies revealed that three specimens belonged to the genus ovabunda . gross morphological examination is presented here accompanied by scanning electron micrographs of the sclerites . molecular phylogenetic analysis showed identical genotypes at mtmuts , coi , and 28s rdna for all three specimens and supports their generic assignment . colony size and shape , sclerite size , and pinnule arrangement differ from nominal species of ovabunda and thus a new species , o . andamanensis is introduced here . this work also presents a new eastern geographical record for the genus ovabunda .\npulsate , but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute , yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action . xenia can live from 1 to 7 years , with 3 - 7 being most common in captivity .\ngenus have unbranched stalks that are short , thick and smooth , from which the polyps arise . they can be cream , white brown , ivory and light green . the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps . the polyps can contract considerably but do not retract inside the coral . not all\nas referenced in this paper , the x . elongata has beautiful contrasting polyps and tentacles . they are one of the more sought after because of this . check your new xenia for xenid craps which will come out at night and look just like the polyps that they sit on top of and eat !\n, were also recorded in the west indian ocean ( e . g . , madagascar and the seychelles ) . the possibility that the genus has a wider distributional range is not excluded , and remains to be confirmed by re - examination of already collected material deposited in various collections , or of freshly collected material from throughout the indo - pacific basin .\nthe paratype of xenia crista ( rmnh coel . 18678 ) features tentacles with two rows of pinnules and 26\u201329 pinnules in the outermost row . the sclerites are ovabunda - type , 0 . 025\u20130 . 036 mm in maximal diameter . the original description of the species indicated non - pulsating polyps in live colonies .\nholotype : rmnh coel . 23538 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , s - slope near jetty ( 19\u00b021 ' 33 . 81\nn , 37\u00b019 ' 37 . 66\ne ) , 10 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23517 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , lagoon slope , tq ii station , 8 m , march 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; type of xenia viridis smf 42 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . k\u00fckenthal ; type of xenia blumi smf 44 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . k\u00fckenthal .\ngenus . doing water changes of 20 % a month or 10 % biweekly is needed , although it is suggested that doing 5 % water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives . soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth . adding trace elements helps to keep those nutrients in the water which benefit them . maintain ph at least at 8 . 3 .\namong species of xenia , xenia puerto - galerae roxas , 1933 most closely resembles ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . the holotype is described by roxas ( 1933 ) as branched , measuring 20 . 0 mm tall and 8 . 0 mm in diameter with polyps comprised of thick tentacles that are proportionately small and \u201ctwo rows of slender pointed pinnules , fifteen to seventeen in a row\u201d . the tentacles are 8 . 0 mm long by 1 . 0 mm wide at the base and pinnules measure 0 . 7 to 0 . 8 mm long by 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 mm wide . however , in the colony with two rows ( pmbc 11862 ) in ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . , the stalks are smaller , 8 . 0 mm by 5 . 0 mm , the tentacles are narrower , 8 . 0 mm by 0 . 2 mm , the pinnules are smaller , 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 mm by 0 . 1 mm , and there are fewer pinnules ( 13 to 14 ) . most notable are the sclerites , which are described as \u201cthin , oval discs 0 . 018 mm long and 0 . 018 to 0 . 0124 mm wide\u201d in xenia puerto - galerae compared to the 0 . 010 to 0 . 018 mm in diameter sphere shaped sclerites observed in ovabunda andamanensis sp . n . unfortunately , the location of the holotype of xenia puerto - galerae remains unknown so a direct sem comparison of the sclerites could not be performed .\neven this tiny fragment of cespitularia has begun to show its telltale irridescent glimmer as light is reflected off of tiny sclerites . with strong vho blue or 20k kelvin radium lamps , for example , they often turn a stunning solid blue color - hence the legendary name\nblue xenia .\nthey are one of the most highly sought after of all xeniids . photo by anthony calfo .\none of the most amazing things about most xeniids is their remarkable range of reproductive strategies . a new colony can be formed from fragments as small as a single pinnule ! infected xenia with necrotic stalks and captitulums (\ncrowns\n) can still be salvaged by snipping off tentacles , and even the feathery pinnules , to start new colonies elsewhere . photo courtesy of amy larsan ( tippytoex ) .\ngenus have unbranched stalks that are short , thick and smooth , from which the polyps arise . these stalks can have small oval sclerites , depending on the species . sclerites are small calcareous bodies that can help support soft corals . the polyps do not retract inside the coral , but can contract considerably . they can be cream , white brown , ivory and light green and the color is uniform with just a little contrast between the stalks and polyps .\nholotype : huj i co . 84 northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , near solar pond ( sinai ) , ( 29\u00b025 ' 44 . 43\nn , 34\u00b049 ' 50 . 31\ne ) , 2 m , 15 august 1969 , coll . y . cohen . eight colonies on a sponge , one of them is the holotype . additional material : the holotype of xenia miniata : rmnh coel . 23514 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , w - slope , tq iv , ( 19\u00b021 ' 33 . 81\nn , 37\u00b019 ' 37 . 66\ne ) , 12 m , march 1991 ; paratypes of xenia miniata : rmnh coel 25412 , rmnh coel 25413 , details as above , rmnh coel . 25411 , same location , sw - corner slope , tq i , 12 m , march 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 6848 , northern red sea , gulf of suez , el tur ( 28\u00b014 ' 10 . 99\nn , 33\u00b036 ' 51 . 06\ne ) , 6 july 1969 , coll . l . fishelson ; rmnh coel . 6847 , same details ; rmnh coel . 8938 , same details , abu durbah ( 28\u00b028 ' 27 . 56\nn , 33\u00b019 ' 30 . 13\ne ) ; the holotype of ovabunda aldersladei rmnh coel . 38681 , indian ocean , seychelles , northern coast of bird island ( 03\u00b042 ' s , 55\u00b012 ' e ) , < 30 m , 21 december 1992 , tyro expedition ; type of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . k\u00fckenthal ; type of xenia garciae bml 1921 . 11 . 18 . 1 , indian ocean , chagos archipelago , coll . diego garcia ; rmnh coel . 8938 red sea , gulf of suez , abu zanima ; rmnh coel . 6847 , red sea , gulf of suez , el tur , 6 july 1969 , coll . l . fishelson ; rmnh coel . 6848 , same location , misidentified as xenia miniata\nholotype : rmnh coel . 23539 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , 20 km off port sudan , southern - slope near jetty ( 19\u00b021 ' 33 . 81\nn , 37\u00b019 ' 37 . 66\ne ) , 6 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratype : rmnh coel . 23540 , same location , 5 m s - jetty , october 1992 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23535 , red sea , gulf of aqaba , aqaba , saudi arabian border bay ( 29\u00b021 ' 37 . 31\nn , 34\u00b057 ' 39 . 48\ne ) , october 1989 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; nhmw 2250 , saudi arabia ; holotype of xenia crassa smf 39 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . k\u00fckenthal ; holotype of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . k\u00fckenthal .\ngenus reach sexual maturity within one year , and have several methods of reproduction . they will reproduce naturally in captivity by longitudinal fission , notably several times a month once the colony is mature . they will also use budding as another way of reproducing , or pinnitomy ( pinnules falling from the polyps and attaching to the substrate to start new colonies ) . some aquarists have actually snipped off individual polyps from the cap of dying colonies , and found that they will settle elsewhere in the aquarium and start new colonies . some species will expel brooded planulae ( free - swimming larvae ) in some captive environments .\nholotype and five paratypes : huj i co . 72 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , marsa murach ( 29\u00b025 ' 34 . 44\nn , 34\u00b050 ' 10 . 46\ne ) , 1\u20134 m , 15 september 1969 , coll . y . cohen ; holotype of ovabunda obscuronata huj i co . 120 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , ras el muqebla ( 29\u00b024 ' 1 . 20\nn , 34\u00b048 ' 41 . 99\ne ) , 12 m , 16 august 1971 , coll . y . cohen ; holotype of xenia ternatana smf 43 , indonesia , ternate island , 1894 , coll . k\u00fckenthal .\nholotype : rmnh coel . 18673 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , saudi arabian border bay , 20 km south of aqaba ( 29\u00b021 ' 37 . 31\nn , 34\u00b057 ' 39 . 48\ne ) , 15 m , 12 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke . paratypes : rmnh coel . 18675 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , nature reserve ( aqaba ) , marine science station ( mss ) , 10 km south of aqaba ( 29\u00b027 ' 27 . 33\nn , 34\u00b058 ' 24 . 19\ne ) , 15 m , 4 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 18676 , location as above , 12 m , 5 november 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : holotype of xenia crista rmnh coel . 18677 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , nature reserve ( aqaba ) , marine science station ( mss ) , 10 km south of aqaba ( 29\u00b027 ' 27 . 33\nn , 34\u00b058 ' 24 . 19\ne ) , 12 m , october 1989 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratype of xenia crista rmnh coel . 18678 , location as above , 15 m , october 1990 , coll . g . b . reinicke .\ncould this be sansibia ? many odd little soft corals are acquired as incidental growths on rock and with other collected invertebrates . wishful aquarists like myself retreat to the scientific and hobby literature to try to find a name for such surprise guests . identification by image alone , however , is impractical and unrealistic for most any coral - to the genus level , let alone species . i think i can hear my dear friend eric borneman weeping in a corner as i declare that this must be sansibia because i just bought a new book with a picture that looks just like it ! and for our next trick , lets rename all of the acroporids in our tanks because charlie veron came out with a new book series , shall we ? photo by anthony calfo .\nre - examination and appropriate re - descriptions of octocoral type material , as conducted in the current study , is highly important in an era of molecular phylogeny and increasing phylogeographic studies , despite the difficulty or inability to extract dna from the types themselves . this kind of comprehensive study based mainly on type material is a critical first step in the process of understanding phylogenetic relationships among species and genera , and their ecology . due to similar morphologies in the case of xenia and ovabunda , further analysis is needed in order to reveal their radiation , especially in regions where they have a sympatric distribution . there is also a need to validate the current ovabunda species , through an integrated taxonomic effort , combining molecular genetic evidence of species boundaries , ecological , and reproductive differences .\nat the time of examination the holotype was dry , and therefore precise dimensions of the pinnules could not be obtained . the original description ( verseveldt and cohen 1971 : 62 ) indicated that : \u201cthe colony is 25 mm high . the stem is 15 mm high and 5\u20136 mm wide at the base , then narrows to 3\u20134 mm and widens again to 7 mm or more at the beginning of the polyparium . the anthocodiae are up to 10 mm long . . . the tentacles are 5\u20136 . 5 mm long\u201d . it is evident that the dimensions of the dried holotype are smaller than those of the original . the other features of the holotype recorded correspond to the original description , including two rows of pinnules , 17\u201324 pinnules in the outermost row , and sclerite diameter up to 0 . 044 mm ( vs . 17\u201323 and 0 . 042 mm , in the original description ) . reinicke ( 1997 ) presented a sem micrograph of a single sclerite of ovabunda faraunensis which later led alderslade ( 2001 ) to assign it to the genus ovabunda .\nxenia macrospiculata was originally described by gohar ( 1940 ) from ghardaqa , egyptian red sea , as having pulsating tentacles , bearing three , occasionally two , rows of pinnules , with 12\u201316 pinnules in the outermost row ( and 10\u201314 pinnules on the middle row , 0\u201310 on the oral one ) . that study did not indicate the museum in which the type was deposited . the last author of the current study searched in the museums listed in the methods and found no trace of it ; over time this type was probably lost . the designation of a neotype in this revision is thus necessary . the purpose of the designation is to clarify the species\u2019 taxonomic status and its assignment to ovabunda . although the sclerites were described quite accurately in the original description ( 0 . 024\u20130 . 036 mm in diameter , and \u201cspicules fused in pairs\u201d ) , sem micrographs of the sclerites are essential as in the other species of the revision .\nwe also examined additional colonies that were identified by reinicke ( 1997 ) as xenia miniata . specimen rmnh coel . 6848 has two rows of pinnules , with 12\u201314 pinnules in the outermost row ; its sclerites are ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 051 mm in maximal diameter . based on sclerite size , number of pinnule rows and number of pinnules in the outermost row , this specimen should be reassigned to ovabunda biseriata . specimen rmnh coel . 6847 has two rows of pinnules , with 10\u201311 pinnules in the outermost row ; and its sclerites are also of the ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 045 mm in maximal diameter . rmnh coel . 8938 has two rows of pinnules , but with only 8\u20139 in the outermost row ; its sclerites are ovabunda - type , reaching up to 0 . 047 mm in maximal diameter . based on the number of rows of pinnules on the tentacles , the number of pinnules in the outermost row , and the size and microstructure of sclerites , the latter two colonies also belong to ovabunda impulsatilla .\nholotype : rmnh coel . 23904 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , off port sudan , reef flat ( 19\u00b021 ' 33 . 81\nn , 37\u00b019 ' 37 . 66\ne ) , 6 april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; paratypes : rmnh coel . 23902 , same data as above , april 1991 ; rmnh coel . 25906 , same locality sw corner , 15 m ; rmnh coel . 23553 , sudanese red sea , sanganeb atoll , lagoon slope near tq ii , 12 m , october 1992 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; additional material : rmnh coel . 23552 , same locality , w - slope , tq iv , 12 m , april 1991 , coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 25903 , same locality , se corner , reef flat ; rmnh coel . 25905 sw corner , 15 m ; rmnh coel . 23907 , near southern jetty , 10 m ; all april 1991 , all coll . g . b . reinicke ; rmnh coel . 23908 , indian ocean , madagascar , 1960 , coll . m . cherbounier , mnhn oct . a . 1993 . 16 ; holotype of xenia grasshoffi smf 2616 , northern red sea , gulf of aqaba , elat , 1 january 1968 , coll . grasshoff m .\ncordeiro , r . ; van ofwegen , l . ; williams , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of octocorallia .\nbenayahu , y ( 1993 ) . corals of the south - west indian ocean . i . alcyonacea from sodwana bay , south africa . oceanographic research institute , investigational report no . 67 . 16 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfabricius , k . & p . alderslade , 2001 . soft corals & sea fans : a comprehensive guide to the tropical shallow water genera of the central - west pacific , the indian ocean and the red sea . australian institute of marine science , pp . i - vii + 1 - 264 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\ni ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !\ni would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken\nare some of the most endearing corals , and are highly favored by reef enthusiasts . with their pulsing heads and the gentle waving of their polyps in the water , they produce an almost mesmerizing affect to the viewer . since they tend to grow in the direction of the water flow that they are near , you can get them to grow where you want in the reef tank . getting them to grow up the back wall of the aquarium makes for an interesting display .\npulsate , but the species that do will generally pulse about 8 times per minute , yet there can be quite a variation in the strength and speed of the pulsing action .\ncorals pulse . many experts and aquarists attribute a variety of reasons for the pulsing phenomena . one thought is that they are pulsating to help with respiration and gas exchange . water chemistry also plays a role in their pulsing , along with lighting and current , just what combination is hard to tell . they are sensitive to falling or low ph and will stop pulsing when the ph is below 8 . 3 . adding small amounts of carbon will take some organics out of the water . some aquarists have found this to induce the polyps to pulse , as if the coral is trying to try pull more nutrients from the water . supplements of iodine are also suggested by some , but with caution as lugol ' s has been found to be detrimental to some\ncorals are not the only pulsing corals . the xeniidae family itself is considered unique in the coral world because of this ability . from this family , at least five other genera will pulse . some of those common to aquarists include the pom pom zenias of the\ncorals form an encrusting mat and their cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base .\npolyps rise from a capitulum ( top of the stalk ) forming small colonies that are only a few inches tall ( up to 4\n) .\ncan be easy to care for , depending on proper handling procedures . if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . this is also the reason they do not travel well . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the\n. though their primary difficulty is in shipping , once established in the aquarium they can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply .\nxeniids have been found growing in water polluted by pipes of hotels and resorts . they are almost like an aquatic weed . they are the first to form colonies on a reef area and can\nwalk\nwith attachment and detachment of their stalks and branches . in the wake of their\nwalk\nthey will encrust over other living corals and plants .\nthe stalk has a grouping of feathery polyps at the end , with each polyp having a 1\nto 2\nlong stem . their tentacles are pinnate , or feathering to different degrees , depending on the species . deep water species have thinner tentacles and pinnules , and shallower species are thicker with more robust attributes . for example ,\npolyps rise from a capitulum ( top of the stalk ) and form small colonies that are only a few inches tall ( up to 4\n) .\ncan be easy to care for , depending on proper handling procedures . if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . though their primary care difficulty is in shipping , once established in the aquarium they are can be very hardy and are one of the fastest corals to multiply .\ncorals have developed several feeding strategies . they can absorb dissolved organic matter , some species capture microscopic food particles from the water column , and they have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae , where they also receive some of their nutrients .\nin captivity target feeding is pretty much pointless , and stocking enough fish as a source of dissolved organics is all you need . tanks without fish need a mature sand that can be stirred to get the organics in the the water column . some have stated micro zooplankton may be added if desired .\nsome have indicated the use of iodine , yet use sparingly and do not exceed manufacturers suggested doses . it is suggested to only use 1 / 2 the dosage amount as you start off with your new colony , and then increase it slowly over time as the colony becomes established . one way you can gauge the amount is by watching the development of brown algae , diatoms . established , well maintained aquariums only need the glass scraped free of brown algae about once a week or even longer . too much iodine is indicated by excessive algae growth .\n1200 - 1350 ppm . ( magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium . )\na typical live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your pulse coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . attach the pulse coral to a hard substrate once introduced to the tank .\ncorals like a moderate to high , and turbid water flow . they grow fast under metal halides and high intensity t5 bulbs and similar bulbs . if the tank is shallower than 18\n, even standard output fluorescent lighting can be used . if the levels are not high enough in the lighting scheme you have , or you need new bulbs , some xeniids will change color or increase in size . this deepening color change is from the coral actually cultivating more zooxanthellae to catch the lowered light levels . the\nif your xeniid is starved for light , it will expand and extend its stalks to try and get more light . this can give the aquarist the illusion of health , when in fact this is a good indication that your lighting is deficient .\nleather corals seem to help xeniids flourish , though this is not entirely understood .\ncorals can move , and will actually\nclimb\nup to areas where there is more light if they need to . make sure no corals are around that can be\ngrown\nover .\ncan also ' walk ' to split a colony , leaving a trail of tissue that will start into a new colony .\nin captivity , be sure to use gloves and be aware that your pulse coral will stink once you pull it from the water . stalked\nshould be cut longitudinally between the branches and affixed to a solid surface with a rubber band or reef glue . because they are so fast growing , some reef farmers allow the\nto grow over netting . they then cut those into small frags and use reef glue to affix them to plugs or rock . the product , seachem ' s reef plus , has been suggested to add to the tank at 3 to 6 times the recommended dosage to help with healing frags .\ncan be shipped dry for short distances ( less than 12 hours on average and not in extreme weather ) since this will help with keeping the bacteria level down from the mucous they produce . they will produce a mucous layer to protect themselves from the air ( just like in the wild during low tide ) , but the benefit is that they do not suffer from fouled shipping water .\n. ( in extreme temperatures , very hot or very cold , submerging them in water would be better , rather than dry shipping . )\nsuspend the coral in the shipping container to prevent it from hitting the sides of the package , and prevent it from coming in contact with the small amount of water at the bottom . suspend the\nwhen acclimating them , match the water parameters of your tank to those from where they were shipped .\nthey will shed the mucous they accumulated when placed in the new tank ( just as if the tide had come back ) , so must be exposed to strong water movement to help them recover .\nis very easy to find pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 20 . 00 to $ 50 . 00 usd and up , depending on size and / or color .\ni ' m looking to buy a variety of pulsating xenias , pom poms and others i have about 200 dollars to spend please help .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address : school of life science , tokyo university of pharmacy and life science .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhal\u00e1sz a 1 , mcfadden cs 2 , aharonovich d 1 , toonen r 3 , benayahu y 1 .\ndepartment of zoology , george s . wise faculty of life sciences , tel aviv university , ramat aviv , tel aviv 69978 , israel .\ndepartment of biology , harvey mudd college , 1250 n . dartmouth ave . , claremont , ca 91711 , usa .\nhawai ' i institute of marine biology , university of hawaii at manoa , 46 - 007 lilipuna road , kane ' ohe , hi 96744 , usa .\npmid : 24493958 pmcid : pmc3909805 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 373 . 6511\nillustration of colony dimensions . a colony height b stalk length c stalk width at base d stalk width at uppermost part . illustration adopted from .\nillustration of polyp dimensions . a pinnule width at its base b gap between adjacent pinnules ; asterisk indicates magnified area . illustration adopted from encyclopedia britannica , 11th edition , volume 3 urltoken @ 34018 @ 34018 - h @ 34018 - h - 7 . htm ) .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda ainex ( reinicke , 1997 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 23540 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c irregular sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar : 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda arabica ( reinicke , 1995 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 18675 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c pear - shaped sclerite . arrow indicates surface irregularity , might represent the fusion area of two individual sclerites . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda benayahui ( reinicke , 1995 ) holotype ( rmnh coel . 19664 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda benayahui reinicke , 1995 ( zmtau co 26043 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c egg - shaped sclerite d rectangular sclerite . arrow indicates surface crest . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda biseriata ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 72 ) . arrow indicates surface dents . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda obscuronata ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 120 ) . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda crenata ( reinicke , 1997 ) ( rmnh coel . 23517 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites c egg - shaped sclerites d rectangular sclerite . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda faraunensis ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i . co . 140 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda gohari ( reinicke , 1997 ) paratype ( rmnh coel . 23436 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerite . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda hamsina ( reinicke , 1997 ) holotype ( rmnh coel . 23904 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda impulsatilla ( verseveldt & cohen , 1971 ) holotype ( huj i co . 84 ) . a regular sclerites b fused sclerites . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda aldersladei janes , 2008 holotype ( rmnh coel . 38681 ) . arrow indicates surface crest . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) neotype ( zmtau co 25635 ) . a pear - shape sclerite b regular sclerites c fused sclerite . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) paratype ( zmtau co 35790 ) . a regular sclerites b irregular sclerite c fused sclerites d pear - shaped sclerite . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda macrospiculata ( gohar , 1940 ) paratype ( zmtau co 35791 ) . a regular sclerite b irregular sclerites c fused sclerites . arrows indicate surface dents . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nscanning electron micrographs of polyp sclerites of ovabunda verseveldti ( benayahu , 1990 ) holotype ( zmtau co 26048 ) . a egg - shaped sclerite b regular sclerite c rectangular sclerites d fused sclerites e irregular sclerite . scale bar 10 \u00b5m .\nthe present study is intended to cast some light on the problem of t . glauca , but in so doing a slightly different experimental approach has been developed and applied . in the first part , intra - and interspecific hybridization of the three species , t . latifolia , t . angustifolia , and t . glauca , produced significant alterations in certain seed characteristics . there were color , dimensions of the external cellular layer , endosperm width , embryo width , and embryo length . . . . in the second part , the relative fecundity of the species as measured by seed yield , together with external seed dimensions , seed weight and the above seed characteristics , were related to the issue of the origin of t . glauca . . . .\nmagnesium : 1250 - 1350ppm lighting : moderate to high lighting levels with either power compact fluorescents or t5 fluorescents should be adequate for aquariums 25 inches in height or less . on deeper aquariums , metal halides should be used to make sure that adequate lighting intensity makes it to the bottom of the aquarium where waving hand corals are typically placed . water flow : indirect medium to strong water currents are required , along with excellent water quality .\nlighting : moderate to high lighting levels with either power compact fluorescents or t5 fluorescents should be adequate for aquariums 25 inches in height or less . on deeper aquariums , metal halides should be used to make sure that adequate lighting intensity makes it to the bottom of the aquarium where waving hand corals are typically placed . water flow : indirect medium to strong water currents are required , along with excellent water quality .\nselect a size small - $ 139 . 99 medium - $ 199 . 99\nwhy phytoplankton : phytoplankton is very important to marine life . it is the primary producers in the ocean . crucial to the development and survival of most , if not all marine animals . but what is phytoplankton ? it is just a fancy word for tiny floating plants ( such as diatoms and dinoflagellates ) , which serve the same role in the food chains of the oceans as grass and shrubs serve on land ; namely small things eat them . many coral reef animals feed directly on phytoplankton . some essential nutrients provided by phytoplankton cannot be synthesized by animals , and therefore are extremely important components of a healthy diet . click here for more information on the importance of phytoplankton for your corals"]}
{"id": 1531, "summary": [{"text": "the bruce 's green pigeon ( treron waalia ) , also known as the yellow-bellied fruit pigeon , is a species of bird in the family columbidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , oman , saudi arabia , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda , and yemen .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a frugivore bird species that specialises on eating the fruits of a single species of fig tree , ficus platphylla . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "bruce ' s green pigeon", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for bruce ' s green - pigeon ( treron waalia ) yet .\nbruce ' s green pigeon ( treron waalia ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\nbruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia , meyer , 1793 ( protonym , columba waalia ) , also known as the yellow - bellied fruit pigeon or the yellow - bellied green pigeon , photographed at lake zway , ethiopia .\nresponse : this is a bruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia . this bird is placed into the family of doves and pigeons ( columbidae ) .\nlarge green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 3rd edition : large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 4th edition : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( as published ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2000 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2001 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . more\nlarge green pigeon ( treron capellei ) ; . . . finschii ) ; urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s\nbirds and birding in india\nhome page : o t yellow - footed green pigeon yellowlegged green pigeon - o white . . . billed crow jungle urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s\nbirds and birding in india\nhome page : green - pigeon treron apicauda - - l wedge - tailed green - pigeon treron sphenura k . . . t - urltoken birds of gombe : . . . more\nthe large green pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nbruce ' s green pigeon is a canopy - feeding frugivorous pigeon that specialises on consuming the fruits of just one species of fig tree , ficus platphylla . it is found in wooded valleys , wooded savanna and other wooded habitats throughout sub - saharan africa from senegal through somalia and all the way into the arabian peninsula . it only occurs north of the equator .\nthe large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand . madagascar green pigeon the madagascar green pigeon ( treron australis family . it is found in ) is a species of bird in the columbidaemadagascar , comoros , and mayotte . many coloured fruit dove the many coloured fruit dove ( ptilinopus perousii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . more\nwith\nbruce ' s travels\nas the clue , i now have no doubt that blanford was referring to the five - volume\ntravels to discover the source of the nile , in the years 1768 , 1769 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773\nby the scotsman , james bruce , renowned for his accounts of ethiopian history and culture . [ ref ]\nin the introduction to his book , blandford writes :\nthe earliest contribution to the abyssinian fauna was contained in the last ( fifth ) volume of bruce ' s travels . in the original edition of 1790 several plates representing various plants and animals of north - eastern africa were given , accompanied by descriptions , which , like all of bruce ' s writings , show great power of observation , though they are occasionally not quite accurate in matters of details . a few of the drawings of birds brought back by bruce were described by buffon and named by gmelin , but the exact species have in some instances remained obscure .\nin that interesting comment thread , safari77 goes on to quote a portion of the book where james bruce describes this species and its habits .\ntowards the end of his book , blandford actually cites bruce again with reference to treron abyssinica ( lath . ) as waalia , and as columba abyssinica -\niris yellow or salmon colour , with a circle of pure blue round the pupil ; bill dirty white ; cere purplish pink ; legs deep yellw . this bird is very closely allied in its form and habits to the indian green pigeon .\ndescription : the green plumage is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments\u201d and that in \u201cseveral species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body . \u201d\nthis pigeon is special because it relies on pigments for its green plumage colouration , as discussed in the paper , dietary and sexual correlates of carotenoid pigment expression in dove plumage ( bettina mahler , lidia s . araujo & pablo l . tubaro . ( may , 2003 ) . the condor , 105 ( 2 ) ; 258 - 267 . free pdf ) . in this paper , the authors cite a 1983 publication by derek goodwin [ amazon uk ; amazon us ] that mentions that captive treron doves\nfail to express their carotenoid - based green and yellow plumage color if the diet was unsuitable , showing gray and purplish colors instead\n.\nquestion : this ethiopian mystery bird is notable amongst birds for its colour . can you tell me what is so remarkable about this ? can you tell me the name of this bird ' s taxonomic family ? can you identify this species ? in my opinion , this bird ' s common name is really strange : who is the australian philosopher ?\nthe authors of the condor paper analysed green feathers from a number of pigeons and doves , including several species of treron , and found carotenoid pigments in the yellow and orange plumage of treron species . the authors further note that\n[ t ] he green plumage in the gen [ us ] treron . . . is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments\nand that in\nseveral species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body .\nok , so here it is - it ' s not definitive by any means , but the renowned geologist and zoologist , william thomas blandford , in one of the publications not often cited with reference to his work , observations on the geology and zoology of abyssinia , made during the progress of the british expedition to that country in 1867 - 68 ( macmillan , london . , 1870 ) , makes mention of bruce in numerous passages , and in particular his drawings and a work entitled\ntravels .\ni would like to thank one of my readers , safari77 , whose excellent detective work turned up a reasonable explanation for this species ' s common name . i ' ve included his entire quote ( but follow back to original to follow active links ) :\nlarge green pigeons are another speciality of ko surin nuea , being recorded by a number of observers over a number of visits . white - bellied sea eagles can be seen anywhere around the national park , but are particularly easily seen from boats while snorkelling . most birders come to ko surin in hope of seeing beach thick - knee . i was unfortunate on my visit and didn ' t see any , but the boatmen took me to ao sai - en searching for one and they have been regularly spotted here . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be frequent to locally abundant ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , herve jacob , keith blomerley , juan sanabria , \u00e9ric roualet , dani\u00eal jimenez , yo\u00ebl jimenez , joe angseesing , greg baker .\npaul van giersbergen , \u00e9ric roualet , markus lilje , hector ceballos - lascurain , david beadle , stanislav harvan\u010d\u00edk , frank derriks , klaus lachenmaier , dubi shapiro , holger meinig , lmarce , ken havard , ahmet karata\u015f , petemorris , nik borrow , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , jason anderson , fran trabalon , lars petersson , morten venas , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo .\nimage : dan logen , 6 february 2011 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d300 , 600 mm lens , f / 5 , 1 / 320 sec , iso 1000\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron waalia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ntreron waalia : savanna of sub - saharan africa , sw arabia and socotra i .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 173 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1549, "summary": [{"text": "parus is a genus of old world birds in the tit family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was formerly a large genus containing most of the 50 odd species in the family paridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was split into several resurrected genera following the publication of a detailed molecular phylogenetic analysis in 2013 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name , parus , is the latin for \" tit \" .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus now contains the following species : great tit , parus major japanese tit , parus minor ( split from p. major ) cinereous tit , parus cinereus ( split from p. major ) green-backed tit , parus monticolus", "topic": 27}], "title": "parus", "paragraphs": ["github - alexeydemedetskiy / parus : parus is simple chain style auto - layout helper for objective - c .\nthis article is about a bird . for the ukrainian skyscraper , see parus business centre . for the satellites , see parus ( satellite ) .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b7\u30b8\u30e5\u30a6\u30ab\u30e9\u5c5e\nto\nparus\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b7\u30b8\u30e5\u30a6\u30ab\u30e9\nto\nparus major linnaeus 1758\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from parus major linnaeus 1758 to their own page .\nparus hotel accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival .\ncozy place with good service ! i had a good experience at parus . will definitely go back\nthe genus name of the mountain chickadee has recently been changed from parus to poecile . ( harrison , 1983 )\nparus is a genus of old world birds in the tit family . as defined here , it contains the following species :\nwhat made you want to look up parus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nlocated in central ekaterinburg , parus hotel offers modern accommodations . it also features an airport shuttle and a 24 - hour reception desk for guests\u2019 convenience .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : great tit in the rain ( 5132562181 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nparus major linnaeus 1758\npage .\nthe rooms of the hotel parus are simply furnished and include private bathrooms with hairdryer . they are equipped with tv , a mini - bar and a work desk .\nthe parus design consists of the heart piece of the icaro edelwei\u00df - logo . this design is very prominent in the sky and you will leave a lasting impression .\nto cite this page : thome , k . 2001 .\nparus gambeli\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nparus is our tandem glider with shark nose technology . it inspires in two sizes by having an extremely easy starting and landing behaviour , its extremely good handling and remarkable gliding properties .\ndue to its pleasant start and landing behaviour and the extremely good handling properties the parus is the right glider for every tandem pilot . no matter if you need reliable gear for your commercial activities or if you want to fly with your private friends . since the parus translates your steering impulses precisely and directly it is perfect also for free styling in the small size .\nif you want to perform free style figures with a tandem , parus 35 . 5 m\u00b2 is exactly what you need : a small area with specially adapted trim and very agile handling .\narild husby of the university of edinburgh , uk , and his team looked at data gathered from a wild population of great tits ( parus major ) in the netherlands that has been monitored since 1955 .\nparus is a compact and stable glider with high passive safety . based on its modern construction which includes a shark nose leading edge and clearly arranged risers , the start is even in difficult conditions easy and reliable .\nthe parus is a leisure machine where takeoff , landing , turn and speed are covered in an amazing package . a light canopy , with a shark nose delivers an amazing inflation and takeoff . super pop at the end of the brake range expands the margin for a soft landing and makes it a lot easier to handle . superb agility for playing makes wingovers and games a walk in the park . good pressure and glide with trimmers off makes the glider go fast with a very comfortable behaviour . parus has me ( or you ? ) covered !\ni had a fabulous manicure here today , and will absolutely return ! i ' m new to the neighborhood , and am thrilled to have found parus just a few blocks away . the staff was incredibly kind and polite , and very accommodating - - they were very understanding that i was in a bit of a hurry , and helped me to get out of there without smudging my big apple red nails . : ) highly recommend !\ni was due for a pedicure + shellac mani , and wanted to try a new salon . i read the reviews and figured i should try it out . i called for an appointment and was all set to try parus . the day arrived and i got there maybe 5m before my time and was greeted by parus and her staff . i was offered tea or water . i looked for my colors and then waited for maybe 10m until they were ready for me . the consensus is pretty much the same . . . quaint place and pleasant staff . they do great work as both my mani and pedi came out amazing and still going strong . it ' s a bit out of my way as far as location is concerned and i do prefer to have 1 manicurist do the work so i can ' t tip her accordingly instead of tipping 2 . plus it ' s either cash or check . not sure i ' d take the trek again , but if you ' re in the area , then i ' d recommend .\nthanks to the easy to handle trimmers parus can be accelerated continuously as required . the shark nose profile enables you to achieve high speeds when flying at the bottom weight range with open trimmers . at the same time it remains stable even when accelerated and has a very good glide performance also in turbulent air . steering impulses are being transferred directly and precisely and therefore an immediate change of course is possible at any time . the variable big - ear help lets you decide the size of the ears whereby you can descend as required .\nparus is the most special\nhome away from home\nnails salon . paru has been doing my nails for at least 10 years . wold never let anyone else touch my nails . perfection every time . she has created a very special salon - truly warm and cozy . paru and her staff not only care about your mani / pedi but care if you are thirsty , hot or cold etc . pedicures are like no other - - spa like every time . go try this special place - - promise you will not be disappointed . ( and if you fancy nail art - - - then definitely your place to go )\nstill have lots of love for parus ! their basic mani / pedi is better than the spa mani / pedi anywhere else . they do a beautiful job shaping your nails and make great color suggestions . most salons get angry when you ask them to test a color on your nail - paru ' s staff insists on testing every color - just in case . she also uses super high quality polishes and tries to steer her customers to use the higher end better quality polishes vs essie - for no additional cost . the hand and foot massage is super long - comparable to the massage you get when you pay extra money . the salon is super clean and zen . paru is a doll ! she knows every customer - even if you don ' t come in that often . she remembers all sorts of details from your previous conversations with her . she also encourages all her guests ( because that is how she makes you feel ) to participate in the conversation . she also offers you tea and water when you come in . for all this , you would you would pay serious money for the services . nope , prices are extremely reasonable for the level of service you get . now the salon is open until 9 pm - you know i will be coming more often !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nare related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )\nyellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )\nfrom muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )\nresequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )\n( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )\nrevised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012\nc and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )\n( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )\ncontinental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia\nse azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran\n( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )\n( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain\nas a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .\ne siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan\n( p\u00e4ckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .\n( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .\nsw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\nthis page was last edited on 30 january 2018 , at 14 : 07 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nif nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .\n) . alignalltop . fromleadingtotrailing . withviews ( nsdictionaryofvariablebindings ( view ) ) . metrics ( @ {\nthere is available feature that helps you group constraints and produce even less code . enjoy !\nyou can also use usual nslayoutconstraint or nsarray of nslayoutconstraint as an item for pvgroup ( ) . following code is totally acceptable :\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\none of the best - known birds in our gardens and feeding tables is the great tit . although it is an insect - eater , it switches to seeds in the winter . therefore , great tits don ' t have to fly south in the winter . they are acrobats at the feeding table , easily hanging on the peanut netting or balancing on a suet ball . in the spring , great tits choose all kinds of holes and hollows in the woods and woodlands for making their nest . even during nesting season they like to be spoiled by humans . . . they gladly choose our bird houses to nest .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : great tit in the rain ( 5132562181 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntaxus baccata l . ( 1753 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is a preferred partner property . it ' s committed to giving guests a positive experience with its excellent service and great value . this property might pay urltoken a little more to be in this program .\nairport shuttle . airport shuttle available at an additional charge . you can request this in the next step .\nafter booking , all of the property\u2019s details , including telephone and address , are provided in your booking confirmation and your account .\nlittle bit far away from city centre , comfortable and friendly staff . communication in english can be a mess\nnearby attractions include the church of ascension and the rastorguyev - kharitonov palace , the biggest palatial residence in the urals .\nwe ' re sorry , but there was an error submitting your comment . please try again .\nbright room includes a flat - screen tv , a refrigerator and a private bathroom .\ncancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type . please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room .\nofficial invoices ( for tax / billing purposes ) are available at this property for business travelers .\nsee the 30 best hotels in yekaterinburg , based on 33 , 802 verified hotel reviews on booking . com .\nto keep the rating score and review content relevant for your upcoming trip , we archive reviews older than 24 months .\nonly a customer who has booked through urltoken and stayed at the property in question can write a review . this allows us to verify that our reviews come from real guests like you . who better to tell others about the free breakfast , friendly staff , or their comfortable room than someone who\u2019s stayed at the property ?\nwe want you to share your story , with both the good and the not - so - good . all we ask is that you follow a few simple guidelines .\nwe believe review contributions and property responses will highlight a wide range of opinions and experiences , which is critical in helping guests make informed decisions about where to stay .\ncontributions to urltoken are a reflection of the dedication of our guests and properties , so we treat them with the utmost respect .\nwhether negative or positive , we ' ll post every comment in full , as quickly as possible , after it ' s moderated to comply with urltoken guidelines . we ' ll also provide transparency over the status of submitted content .\nafter a review has been submitted , you can modify it by contacting urltoken customer service .\nwe ' ll use the same guidelines and standards for all user - generated content , and for the property responses to that content .\nwe ' ll allow the contributions to speak for themselves , and we won\u2019t be the judge of reality . booking . com\u2019s role is to be a feedback distributor for both guests and properties .\nthese guidelines and standards aim to keep the content on urltoken relevant and family - friendly , without limiting expression or strong opinions . they ' re also applicable regardless of the comment ' s tone .\ncontributions should be travel related . the most helpful contributions are detailed and help others make better decisions . please don\u2019t include personal , political , ethical , or religious commentary . promotional content will be removed and issues concerning booking . com\u2019s services should be routed to our customer service or accommodation service teams .\ncontributions should be appropriate for a global audience . please avoid using profanity or attempts to approximate profanity with creative spelling , in any language . comments and media that include hate speech , discriminatory remarks , threats , sexually explicit remarks , violence , or the promotion of illegal activity are not permitted .\nall content should be genuine and unique to the guest . reviews are most valuable when they are original and unbiased . your contribution should be yours . urltoken property partners should not post on behalf of guests or offer incentives in exchange for reviews . attempts to bring down the rating of a competitor by submitting a negative review will not be tolerated .\nrespect the privacy of others . urltoken will make an effort to obscure email addresses , telephone numbers , website addresses , social media accounts , and other similar details .\nthe opinions expressed in contributions are those of urltoken customers and properties , and not of urltoken . urltoken does not accept responsibility or liability for any reviews or responses . urltoken is a distributor ( without any obligation to verify ) and not a publisher of these comments and responses .\nby default , reviews are sorted based on the date of the review and on additional criteria to display the most relevant reviews , including but not limited to : your language , reviews with text , and non - anonymous reviews . additional sorting options might be available ( by type of traveler , by score , etc . . . ) .\nthis rating is a reflection of how the property compares to the industry standard when it comes to price , facilities and services available . it ' s based on a self - evaluation by the property . use this rating to help choose your stay !\nif you sign in or create an account , you ' ll unlock unlimited access to your lists from any computer , tablet or smartphone . they won ' t go away unless you say so .\n\u201clittle bit far away from city centre , comfortable and friendly staff . communication in english can be a mess\u201d\ncityside has well - equipped accommodations featuring free wifi in ekaterinburg , 4 miles from uralochka sports centre and 4 miles from ekaterinburg arena .\nlocated in ekaterinburg , one mile from dormitory of sverdlovsk state academic philharmonic , inter hotel provides a shared lounge . all rooms have a tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .\nlocated in yekaterinburg , a 12 - minute walk from geologicheskaya metro station , dream 24 apartments offer free wifi and flat - screen tv with cable channels the apartments feature air conditioning , a . . .\nthis 4 - star hotel is located in ekaterinburg city center . business hotel senator offers modern rooms with free wi - fi internet , a 24 - hour reception and free on - site parking .\n\ub207 little bit far away from city centre , comfortable and friendly staff . communication in english can be a mess\n\ub209 advertised washing service . requested and they picked it up , no update . walked down 4 hours later and was told the machine was broken the whole time . tiny shower .\nyou ' re subscribed ! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b . v . is based in amsterdam in the netherlands , and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc . , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews , and they ' re all from real , verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking . that ' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property , they check out how quiet the room is , how friendly the staff is , and more .\nafter their trip , guests tell us about their stay . we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review , please sign in first .\nby creating an account , you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nyou can choose between various colourways . please note that the specially created colourways are also available for professional tandem pilots that wish to add advertising on the bottom sail which is therefore left single - coloured .\nfirst , try refreshing the page and clicking current location again . make sure you click allow or grant permissions if your browser asks for your location . if your browser doesn ' t ask you , try these steps :\nat the top of your chrome window , near the web address , click the green lock labeled secure .\nin the window that pops up , make sure location is set to ask or allow .\nyou ' re good to go ! reload this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out google ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your opera window , near the web address , you should see a gray location pin . click it .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out opera ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick safari in the menu bar at the top of the screen , then preferences .\nunder website use of location services , click prompt for each website once each day or prompt for each website one time only .\nmacos may now prompt you to enable location services . if it does , follow its instructions to enable location services for safari .\nclose the privacy menu and refresh the page . try using current location search again . if it works , great ! if not , read on for more instructions .\nback in the privacy dialog , click manage website data . . . and type urltoken into the search bar .\nyou ' re good to go ! close the settings tab , reload this yelp page , and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out safari ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your firefox window , to the left of the web address , you should see a green lock . click it .\nin the window that pops up , you should see blocked or blocked temporarily next to access your location . click the x next to this line .\nyou ' re good to go ! refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out firefox ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick the gear in the upper - right hand corner of the window , then internet options .\nuncheck the box labeled never allow websites to request your physical location if it ' s already checked .\nyou ' re good to go ! click ok , then refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nat the top - right hand corner of the window , click the button with three dots on it , then settings .\nclick show more , then make sure only the box labeled location permissions is checked .\noops ! we don ' t recognize the web browser you ' re currently using . try checking the browser ' s help menu , or searching the web for instructions to turn on html5 geolocation for your browser . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nsomething broke and we ' re not sure what . try again later , or search near a city , place , or address instead .\nwe couldn ' t find you quickly enough ! try again later , or search near a city , place , or address instead .\nwe couldn ' t find an accurate position . if you ' re using a laptop or tablet , try moving it somewhere else and give it another go . or , search near a city , place , or address instead .\nthis place is the best gel manicure in the city . do i get my nails done all the time ? no . have i been disappointed at every place in nyc i ' ve ever been to ? yes . except this one . my biggest pet peeve is when they done paint the full sides of my nails or all the way to the cuticle because it ' s awful when they grow and it looks terrible . this place covered my whole nail perfectly . everyone in the shop is kind and the vibe is great .\nfirst of all i would like to thank khushboo for doing such an amazing job on my nails . she was so sweet and attentive . she offered me some tea as soon as i sat down ( which was so great because it happened to be very cold in ny today ) . she also answered all the questions i had and gave me some good recommendations ! this was my second time visiting this salon after a year and after coming today i regret not making this my go - to nail salon . i had a great experience here . the ambience and decor is really nice - very calming / soothing to get your nails done here . as i mentioned earlier they also offer tea / water . here are the prices for some of the services ( as of 10 / 26 / 17 ) : regular manicure : $ 17 gel manicure : $ 44 spa manicure : $ 35 regular pedicure : $ 31 gel pedicure : $ 60 the prices have increased since the last time i ' ve been here . either way , i ' ll be back because the service is excellent and everyone is so friendly and attentive to detail and is there to make sure you have the best experience possible .\nwhat a gem ! ! ! they accommodated me on a friday afternoon ! the place is small but so comfy & relaxing ! the 3 ladies were so friendly and very good at what they do ! the citrus tea , essential oils & massage were amazing ! hands down the best pedi & mani i have ever gotten . can ' t wait to return ! this will now be my nail / spa place ! ! !\nthis place is good but expensive ! they do such a good job at cleaning up cuticles and painting nails .\nprobably the best nail salon on the ues . that ' s it ! i called it . that is if you care about your entire nail being polished , not your finger . your cuticles properly cut . and the ambiance as pleasant as the owner and her kick ass hand massage . price wise , comparable to the rest of the salons up here - the difference , i love my manicure .\nthis is a small boutique place . it ' s tiny and yet it ' s cozy . the ambiance is very relaxing . the jasmine smell of the place is soothing and the attention and service is excellent . they also serve delicious hot tea . this will be my new go to nail place .\nsmall but super cute place with a spa - like vibe . everybody who works here is incredibly friendly and good at what they do . their attention to detail and genuine care for your comfort definitely sets them apart . i got a pedicure and the best gel manicure that i ' ve ever had . left feeling completely rejuvenated and will definitely be back ! this is also the best place for nail art , i got exactly what i wanted !\nlisten - every time i go in there to get my nails done i fall asleep because the ambiance is just so relaxing . the price is affordable , the service is excellent , and the work is top notch . can ' t beat it .\ndon ' t be fooled by the small place , paru ' s does excellent quality mani pedi and waxing . the owner , paru , has almost 14 years of experience in the business . she is a perfectionist who will get your nails exactly right and accommodate your every request . she is also very particular about sterilization which is my biggest reason for going there . she is also amazing for waxing . you can trust her completely with all three services !\ni decided to come here to get my nails done for my birthday because it was close to work . the reviews helped me in deciding to come here . the place is small but very cozy . i love the peaceful ambience and the decor . both ladies were very nice and the attention to detail is amazing . i am very happy with my birthday nails and my experience here . i will be coming back to do my nails again .\nwhat a wonderful place - a bit pricier than some salons for a manipedi but worth it for the care and attention they bring . they offer green tea or other options for sipping , and they really care about doing things well . and they are also friendly and kind . i tried this place for the first time tonight , when my regular person elsewhere in the neighborhood was unavailable , and i was very impressed . i will definitely return ; i expect this will be my new regular place .\nwalking in , i was skeptical as it was a very small place with only a couple chairs . they were all so nice , friendly , and accommodating . the customer service was really wonderful ! i ' ve never been to a nail salon where they actually take their time and pay that much attention to your nails . the women there clearly know what they are doing ! although it ` was a little more expensive than most other places i ' ve been , they did a really exceptional job and the customer service was excellent . highly recommend .\nsuch a great experience ! highly recommend this place . mani and pedi done with such meticulousness . paru helped with picking the right colors and design and even added rhinestones for a special touch . will definitely be coming back !\nthis was my first trip and i am impressed ! ! ! ! ! ! i ' m a nurse so i ' m weird about germs and this place is super clean . she didn ' t rush even though they were very busy and she did a perfect job . seriously . they look amazing . a little pricey but you get what you pay for . it ' s also a quiet calming environment and the nail techs are so nice and polite . a + + + + +\n\u201cthere was no wait , and the ladies were super accommodating , offering us beverages ( they had a delicious roasted green tea ) and a choice of essential oils for our foot baths . \u201d in 4 reviews\n\u201cfor both my shellac ombr\u00e9 mani and regular pedi it all came out to $ 77 and well worth it . \u201d in 2 reviews\n\u201ctheir extra touches of hot tea or coffee , extraordinary hand & feet massages and mixing / matching polishes for the perfect color are icing on the cake . \u201d in 3 reviews\nyour trust is our top concern , so businesses can ' t pay to alter or remove their reviews . learn more .\nheads up : from now on , other yelpers will be able to see how you voted . want to chime in ?\nwow ! this salon is right down the block from me and i have walked by it a number of times ( usually on the way to a discount nail salon on york ) and after reading the reviews on yelp , i made my appointment . this was the best mani / pedi that i have ever gotten in nyc . the foot and hand massage were super long - at least as long as when you pay the extra $ 10 - $ 15 for a massage during your pedicure at the local chain or nail factory . and it was a quality massage ! not done by some bored and annoyed person who has no clue what they are doing and are watching the minutes tick down on some super large digital clock , but by someone who really knows how to give a massage . their color selection is fantastic . in addition to the full lines of opi and essie , they also have butter london , nars and chanel . paru pays a tremendous attention to detail and makes great color suggestions . she tries all the polishes on before you are committed - to make sure you are happy with your choice . it was a very quiet zen experience and i will definitely be coming back !\nour luxury pedicure , manicure and waxing are the perfect way to relax . we use indulgent herbal products enriched with essential oils to exfoliate , massage , moisturize and totally \u2026\nour luxury pedicure , manicure and waxing are the perfect way to relax . we use indulgent herbal products enriched with essential oils to exfoliate , massage , moisturize and totally beautify and revitalize your foot and hands . our deep and nourshing hand and foot spa treatments will leave your hand and feet feeling supple and silky to the touch . our advanced paraffin wax treatment is a real luxury - your hand and feet are dipprd in warm paraffin wax , whish is then peeled off to reveal newly rejuvenated , supple hands and foot . for waxing - the signature technique is all part of our effort to make waxing a treat rather than a chore . the unique creamy formulation has been developed so that it adheres only to hair and not skin , resulting in an almost pain - free wax .\nparu kc started her journey in the world of beauty at 18 . born in nepal . paru moved to new york city eight years ago and has become one of new york ' s most sought after spa specialists , working for celebrity and local clientele . her services include manicure , pedicure , waxing and threading . her intimate 200 square foot salon is perfect for those who want a private , relaxed experience . her products range from organic polish to . . . . waxing and . . . threading . manicures last a full hour unless her clients request a\njet set mani\n. paru quickly matches polish to outfits and provides excellent consultations in a new york minute . her technique and professional knowledge is what makes her service exceptional . upon request , the salon can be reserved for ' cocktails and conversation ' .\nwe calculate the overall star rating using only reviews that our automated software currently recommends .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\na complete tarsometatarsus of a passerine bird from the early miocene ( mn3 ) of petersbuch ( bavaria , germany ) is identified as an extinct representative of the climbing certhioidea , i . e . , a clade comprising treecreepers ( certhiidae ) , nuthatches and wallcreepers ( sittidae ) . the fossil specimen represents the so far earliest evidence of a representative of the certhioidea and is described as \u2020certhiops rummeli gen . et sp . nov . similarities to other climbing passerines are discussed .\n. . . the fossil record of birds is still too incomplete to draw evolutionary conclusions for particular avian taxa . we know a lot about the early and middle miocene terrestrial bird faunas of western and central europe ( see ml\u00edkovskyml\u00edkovsky\u00b4ml\u00edkovsky\u00b42002 ) , but growing independent evidence from various groups of birds ( manegold et al . 2004 ; manegold 2008 ; de pietri et al . 2011 ; de pietri and mayr 2012 ) indicates that the avian communities of this time were comprised mostly of extinct lineages , and recent genera were rare ( see , for example , the list of bird taxa from the famous early miocene saint - g\u00e9randle - puy locality in mourer - chauvir\u00e9 et al . 2013 ) . a turnover that led to the origin of the modern taxonomic diversity of birds in europe probably occurred during the late miocene , but avian remains of this age are extremely rare in western and central europe . . . .\n. . . in o . temminckii ( fig . 1f ) and o . spaldingii , an ossified tendinal bridge connects the crista plantaris lateralis to the hypotarsus and encloses a large foramen ( ' peroneal foramen ' in orenstein [ 1977 ] ) . this ossified tendinal bridge is present in only a few passerine groups , e . g . , pomatostomidae , climacteridae ( see manegold 2008 , worthy et al . 2010 ) . the tub . m . fibularis brevis , which in orthonyx is enlarged and proximally protuberant , is also broken off in the fossils . . . .\nnew specimens of the logrunner orthonyx kaldowinyeri ( passeriformes : orthonychidae ) from the oligo - miocene of australia . alcheringa\n. . . they were identified as a logrunner ( orthonychidae ) ( jmtn , unpublished observations ) ( clade c infigure 1 ) , a crown - group cracticid ( cracticidae ) [ 51 ] ( clade d infigure 1 ) , and an oriolid ( oriolidae ) [ 52 ] ( clade e infigure 1 ) . another fossil useful for calibration is a tarsometatarsus from the early miocene ( mn 3 , 20 . 5\u201318 mya ) of germany , assigned to the\nclimbing certhioidea\n, a clade comprising treecreepers ( certhiidae ) , nuthatches and wallcreepers ( sittidae ) [ 53 ] ( clade f infigure 1 ) . in addition to these fossils , we used a calibration based on a fossil honeyeater ( meliphagidae ) from the middle miocene of australia ( 10 . 4\u201316 . 3 . . .\n. . . these fossils include representatives thought to be outside crown group eupasseres [ 90 , 91 ] , a suboscine - like passerine [ 92 ] , and nearly complete skeletons of passerines of unknown affinities939495 . the earliest fossil passerines that can be confidently assigned to an extant family are from the early miocene , including a new zealand wren [ 12 ] and the fossils used to calibrate the nodes in our analyses5152 53 . it is probable that much of the early diversification took place in the southern continents from where comparatively few fossil sites from that time period are known . . . .\n. . . of these five apomorphies , the first is the most significant . additional support for its referral to the passeriformes is provided by the prominent crista plantaris lateralis of the tarsometatarsus ( boles , 2005 ; manegold , 2008b ) . the carpometacarpus has a well - developed proc . . . .\n. . . further , certhiops is similar to climacteris and cormobates in that the canal for fpp3 is merged with those for fp2 and fpp2 , and to sitta and certhia in that these canals are located distinctly dorsad of that for fp3 - fp4 . these diverse and distantly related taxa ( certhiidae , climacteridae , and some dendrocolaptidae ) appear to be convergent in their hypotarsal structure , which is correlated with treecreeping - or rockcreeping - type activity ( manegold , 2008b ) . thus , the highly terrestrial habits of dasyornis and atrichornis may confer structural homoplasy in the unenclosed nature of the superficial flexor tendons with the above - mentioned rock - dwelling or treecreeping taxa . . . .\n. . . the reduced size of the canal for fpp3 and its displacement dorsad of fp3 - fp4 also appear to be correlated with a small , enclosed foramen passing through the crista plantaris lateralis for the passage of the tendon for m . fibularis longus ( raikow , 1993 ) . in cormobates , a single foramen and in climacteris , two foramina are assumed to convey branches of the tendon for m . fibularis longus through the crista plantaris lateralis to the fp3 tendon , as was described for some suboscines in dendrocolaptidae , for example the amazonian barred - woodcreeper dendrocolaptes certhia and olivaceous woodcreeper sittasomus griseicapillus ( raikow , 1993 ; manegold , 2008b ) . however , we found a larger foramen , more typically a notch , which appears to convey the same two structures through / over the crista plantaris lateralis , is an apomorphy of meliphagoidea . . . .\n. . . we assigned the best fitting model , as estimated by mrmodeltest2 , to each of the fourteen partitions . the current fossil record of passerine birds is still poorly understood and the phylogenetic relationship of many passerine fossils need to be determined more precisely ( manegold et al . , 2004 ; mayr and manegold , 2004 ; manegold , 2008 ) . a new fossil , assigned to the certhioidea ( treecreepers , gnatcatchers and nuthatches ) has recently been described , but its exact relationships within the certhioidea are unclear ( manegold , 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . the current fossil record of passerine birds is still poorly understood and the phylogenetic relationship of many passerine fossils need to be determined more precisely ( manegold et al . , 2004 ; mayr and manegold , 2004 ; manegold , 2008 ) . a new fossil , assigned to the certhioidea ( treecreepers , gnatcatchers and nuthatches ) has recently been described , but its exact relationships within the certhioidea are unclear ( manegold , 2008 ) . given the lack of consensus concerning the relationships of many passerine fossil forms and the methodological pitfalls associated with the use of secondary calibration points ( graur and martin , 2004 ) , we only performed our dating analyses in a relative time framework . . . .\n. . . fossil broadbills ( eurylaimidae , suboscines ) are known from the early miocene of bavaria , germany ( ballmann 1969 ) . certhiops rummeli , the earliest fossil representative of a clade comprising extant nuthatches and treecreepers ( certhioidea , oscines ) showing adaptations for climbing was discovered in a contemporaneous and close by fossil locality ( manegold 2008b ) . . . .\nmolecular phylogenetics , biogeography and systematics of dreissena in the balkans . - freshwater biol . , 52 : 1525 - 1536 . anders , u . , engels , s . , hansen , j . ( 2007 ) : nahrungspr\u00e4ferenzen und entwicklungstendenzen im gebiss omnivorer carnivora . - hallesches jahrb . geowiss . , beih . , 23 : 121 - 124\npasserine diversity in the late oligocene of germany : earliest evidence for the sympatric coexistenc . . .\na passerine avifauna from the late oligocene ( c . 26\u201325 mya ) of germany was characterized by a high diversity of conspicuously small birds ranging in size from the smallest known oscines to moderately small forms . the avifauna comprised both oscines and suboscines . other passerine fragments showed such an unexpected mosaic of characters that it was impossible to assign them with certainty to . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmanegold , a . , g . mayr , and c . mourer - chauvir\u00e9 . miocene songbirds and the composition of the european . . .\nlas aves canoras ( passeriformes ) aparecen en el registro f\u00f3sil del hemisferio norte alrededor del oligoceno temprano . recientemente se ha sugerido que los linajes principales de passeriformes se separaron en gondwana durante el cret\u00e1cico medio a tard\u00edo y que los oscines , que incluyen todas las aves canoras vivientes europeas , se originaron en la plataforma continental de australia . se supone . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe describe new specimens of the oldest european passeriform bird from the early oligocene of germany . this bird has hitherto been known only from a poorly preserved skeleton and we report here a second slab of the same specimen and an additional fragmentary skull . the new specimens allow the description of a new species , wieslochia weissi gen . et . sp . nov . , which lacks apomorphies of crown . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis genus and related genera are controversial . the species , from white - shouldered tit to grey tit , are sometimes separated as the genus melaniparus , and the yellow tit and the black - lored tit are sometimes separated as macholophus . on the other hand , many authorities expand this genus to include cyanistes , lophophanes , periparus , and poecile .\nkessler , e . 2013 . neogene songbirds ( aves , passeriformes ) from hungary . \u2013 hantkeniana , budapest , 2013 , 8 : 37 - 149 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2007 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 : picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions . isbn 978 - 84 - 96553 - 42 - 2\ngill , frank b . ; slikas , beth & sheldon , frederick h . ( 2005 ) : phylogeny of titmice ( paridae ) : ii . species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome - b gene . auk 122 : 121 - 143 . doi : 10 . 1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2005 ) 122 [ 0121 : potpis ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 html abstract\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\nk dinatale set\nimage of poecile atricapillus\nas an exemplar on\npoecile atricapillus ( linnaeus , 1766 )\n.\n: thanks for spotting this problem . downvotes should help sink it . not sure how onezoom chooses its examples .\nthis is a terrible picture to use as an example of a tufted ti . . .\ntracy barbaro marked\npoecile rufescens\nas hidden on the\npoecile rufescens\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nthe mountain chickadee is found in the mountains of southwest canada and the western united states . they are most abundant in oregon and northern california . ( evans , 1994 ; paul , 2000 )\nis found in mountain coniferous and mixed woodlands . during nesting season they live at elevations of three kilometers or more . in the fall and winter they migrate to lower elevations . ( terres , 1980 )\nthe mountain chickadee has a short , round body , and on average is only 13 centimeters in length . it can be recognized by its black crown and throat , white cheeks , and distinctive white eyebrow . this white eyebrow , along with its pale gray sides , distinguish this species from other chickadees . the mountain chickadee also has grayish - white underparts and gray flanks . males and females look alike . rocky mountain forms have buff on the back , sides and flanks , and have broader white eyebrows .\nthe mountain chickadee is well adapted for a cold environment . the soft down next to their skin provides insulation , and their outer contour feathers are tight and waterproof . ( scott , 1987 ; harrison , 1983 ; cassidy , 1990 )\nthe breeding activity of the mountain chickadee occurs in the spring , from april to july . the female can lay from 6 - 12 eggs , but on average lays 8 - 9 . she then sits on these eggs , which can be plain white or spotted with brown , for an incubation period of 14 days . during this time , her mate is always nearby to defend their territory and collects the food for both of them . occasionally the female may leave the eggs to look for food herself , but covers them with the lining of the nest before she goes . she always spends the entire night on the eggs . when the eggs hatch , both parents work hard to bring a never - ending supply of food to the young . the offspring leave the nest after about 20 days . they will still be fed by their parents for a few weeks after they fledge , while gradually learning to feed themselves . the mountain chickadee has been recorded as living up to almost 8 years in the wild . ( harrison , 1983 ; terres 1980 )\nthe mountain chickadee is an acrobatic , tree - loving bird with fantastic agility . they are able to find food in places that other animals overlook because they are comfortable at any angle , right - side up or upside down . their flight maneuvers give them an advantage in avoiding enemies . they can change direction in mid - air in 0 . 03 seconds .\ntheir call is a chick - a - dee - a - dee , or a three or four note decending whistle , fee - bee - bay , or fee - bee - fee - bee . they are social and are always flitting about , seemingly very cheerful as they carry on a chatter with flockmates .\nin the spring , the flocks of chickadees start to split into pairs , usually with the same partner as the previous year . some pairs are mated for life . the male often brings food as a gift to the female , and defends the territory around their nest which may include as much as eight to seventeen acres . they nest in a natural cavity , abandoned woodpecker hole , birdhouse , or a hole dug out by the pair in a rotted stump or tree . they can nest just a few centimeters above the ground or as high as twenty five meters , but are usually content with a height of two to five meters . when they have completed digging the cavity , it will be approximately 13 to 20 centimeters deep . this task takes the pair about a week to ten days to complete . during the next three or four days , the female creates the actual nest by lining it with soft material such as animal fur , feathers , or moss and plant fibers . when the nest is ready , the female will lay her eggs . ( harrison , 1983 ; evans , 1994 ; terres , 1980 )"]}
{"id": 1550, "summary": [{"text": "the feathered brindle ( aporophyla australis ) is a species of moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western and southern europe , north africa and the middle east . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "aporophyla australis", "paragraphs": ["aporophyla australis subsp . australis ( boisduval , 1829 ) aporophyla australis subsp . australis\naporophyla australis subsp . pascuea aporophyla australis subsp . pascuea ( humphreys & westwood , 1843 )\nverbesina australis verbesina australis ( hook . & arn . ex dc . ) baker\nn / a . cavolinia tridentata australis . 1807 . lesueur 284 cavolinia tridentata australis\naporophyla ( phylapora ) nigra ( haworth , 1809 ) = noctua nigra haworth , 1809 = phalaena noctua lunula str\u00f6m , 1768 = noctua nigricans h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] = aethiops ochsenheimer , 1816 = aporophyla ( phylapora ) nigra .\nxanthorrhoea australis , the grass - tree or black boy is an australian plant .\ntwo beetles , cassida sanguinolenta , lacon murinus ; a thysanop terous insect , thrips physapus ; 3 moths , coscinia striata , feathered brindle ( aporophyla australis ) , marbled clover ( heliothis dipsaceus ) ; and a homopterous insect , orthocephalus saltator , are found upon it .\nhost plants : the caterpillars feed in the field probably only on the grasses phalaris arundinacea and phragmites australis .\nskull and lower jaw of a gigantic extinct marsupial , the diprotodon australis . from meyers lexicon , published 1924 .\ncordyline australis , commonly known as the cabbage tree , cabbage - palm or ti kouka , is a widely branched monocot tree .\nthe pied - grallina ( grallina australis ) and its nest . drawing - freeman , vintage engraved illustration . magasin pittoresque 1875 .\nhost plants : the species lives on phragmites australis and also other grasses and sedges of wetlands ( e . g . on carex acuta ) .\nthe southern brown kiwi , or tokoeka , ( apteryx australis ) is found in new zealand ' s south island . the greek - derived name means ' wingless ' .\nbaptisia australis , blue wild indigo or blue false indigo . blaue f\u00e3\u00a4rberh\u00e3\u00bclse , australische f\u00e3\u00a4rberh\u00e3\u00bclse oder falscher indigo , indigolupine , digital improved reproduction from a print of the 19th century\n' maize , corn , zea mays ( left ) , sugarcane , saccharum officinarum ( right top ) , phragmites australis , cav . trin . ; syn . : phragmites communis trin . ( right bottem ) , bothriochloa ischaemum l . auch andropogon ischaemum l . bzw . dichanthium ischaemum l ( top left ) '\nmais auch kukuruz , zea mays ( links ) , zuckerrohr , saccharum officinarum ( rechts oben ) , schilfrohr , teichrohr , phragmites australis , cav . trin . ; syn . : phragmites communis trin . ( rechts unten ) , gemeines oder gewoehnliches bartgras auch huehnerfussgras , bothriochloa ischaemum l . auch andropogon ischaemum l . bzw . dichanthium ischaemum l ( oben links )\nlife cycle : the pupa hibernates . adults can be found from may to june and occasionally in mid - summer in a partial second generation . in the alps , the adults can be observed in june and july . i found larvae in the allgaeu alps and in motafon in august during the day open at the host plant . they somewhat resemble those of colias australis .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\noccurring sporadically along the southern coastline of england from suffolk to cornwall , and also south wales , the species inhabits a range of coastal habitats such as sandhills and shingle beaches .\nflying from august to october , the moths can be attracted to both sugar and light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 13 : 06 : 42 page render time : 0 . 3950s total w / procache : 0 . 4477s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in 30 or fewer 10km squares of the national grid or , for less well - recorded groups , within seven or fewer vice - counties . superseded by nationally scarce , and therefore no longer in use .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\n: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\n: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nall along our coast , doubtless . several at felixstow in 1895 ( lord rendlesham ) and in september 1902 ( gibbs ) . three at light at thorp on 15 september 1930 ( trans . i , 101 ) . kessingland ( emm . 1904 , 81 ) ; several at dusk and light in benacre broad during mid - september 1935 ( mr , mly ) and 1936 ( btn ) . over thirty on benacre denes in sept . 1937 .\nfound at night on sea campion - shingle street , suffolk ( v . 2003 ) \u00a9 n sherman\nmale - swanage , dorset ( 18 . x . 2015 ) \u00a9 neil sherman\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis section is from the book\nbritish wild flowers - in their natural haunts vol2 - 4\n, by a . r . horwood . also available from amazon : a british wild flowers in their natural haunts .\nlike other cultivated or casual plants , our knowledge of its range and age is derived from its present - day distribution in europe . n . africa , siberia , n . w . india . in america it is only an introduction . in great britain it is found throughout the peninsula , channel , thames , anglia , severn provinces . in s . wales it is absent from brecon . radnor ; in n . wales from montgomery and merioneth . it is found throughout the trent province , but not in the mersey provinces , the humber , tyne , and lakes provinces . it is rare in england , improbably native in scotland , ireland , and the channel islands .\nchicory is a casual plant which is always more or less a follower of man , being associated with weeds of cultivation . sometimes it is found in towns , in areas fenced in as building plots , or in a cornfield , or perchance a fowl - run in an orchard .\nthis beautiful wild flower has a thick , yellow , milky , spindle - shaped root . the stem is rough , tall , rigid , wiry , twig - like , woody , with wide - spreading and ascending branches . the lower leaves have lobes each side of a stalk , turned backwards , slightly rough ; the stem - leaves are smooth or nearly so , alternate , lance - shaped , clasping , entire , and axillary , paired , and more or less stalkless .\nthe flowerheads are of a beautiful blue colour , open in sunshine , but soon fading . they are stalkless , paired , borne in the axils of the upper leaves , or terminal . linnaeus said they opened at 5 and closed at 10 at upsala . kerner , at innsbruck , found them open at 6 - 7 , closing at 2 - 3 p . m . the involucre is double , with lance - shaped phyllaries , broad at the base , and the outer ones are covered with a glandular fringe of hairs .\nthe stem is often 3 ft . high . the flowers are tall , blooming in july up to september . chicory is a herbaceous perennial plant , propagated by division , coming up yearly in the same place , and worthy of cultivation .\nthe pappus of the crown of minute , erect , blunt scales assists in dispersing the achenes by the wind .\nwherever it is found the requirements of chicory are sand soil , as it is practically a sand - loving plant growing on sand soil or gravel , as well as on chalky soils or oolite , where it may at least be native .\na fungus causing chicory disease , pleospora albicans , attacks it , as well as puccinia hieracii .\nphoto l . r . j . horn - chicory ( cirhorium inlybus , l ) .\nthis beautiful composite is called bunk , chicory , wild cicory , succory . chicory is also called barbe de capucin .\nthe plant served as a floral index . in germany , a girl ,\nafter waiting day after day for her betrothed , at last sank exhausted by the roadside and expired . before long a star - like flower sprang up on the spot where the maiden ' s heart was broken and she breathed her last , and it was called the watcher of the road .\nthe plant is used for chicory for adulterating coffee . the root is roasted and crushed . the root is boiled and eaten , and the leaves also when blanched . it was formerly used in skin troubles and chronic disorders , and as a cooling medicine .\nessential specific characters : 176 . cichorium intybus , l . - stem tall , rigid , striate , bristly , branched , lower leaves runcinate , upper clasping , flowerheads blue , numerous , axillary , subsessile .\nnext : hawk ' s beard ( crepis virens , l . = c . capillaris , wallr . )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by & skule , mr bjarne fibiger , mr michael\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nalbania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , france , germany , greece , denmark , ireland , spain , italy , corsica , crete , malta , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part of france switzerland , yugoslavia .\nalbania , andorra , the balearic islands , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , british isles , germany , gibraltar , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) cyprus , corsica , crete , macedonia , malta , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , sardinia , northern ireland , sicily , slovakia ? , slovenia , france ( mainland ) , croatia , switzerland , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nvery dark indeed ! impressive . and this one is also the form with the little blue dots .\nl . sinapis in corsica was once described as a subspecies corsica verity 1911 and this is now regarded as a synonym of the nominate race . this butterfly was quite common in the woods of vizzavona but they were ever patrolling and never kept still . an late evening walk produced a resting sinapis but the results were a little disappointing , not enough depth of field because no flash was used in those dark woodlands .\nthe corsican speckled wood has been referred to as pararge aegeria sardoa verity but this may be a synonym of the nominate race . corsica .\nlooking through my corsican images , there are a few others that might be of interest , so i will post them here . up in rocky places in the mountains , we found a few aricia agestis calida bellier . this form has very bright submarginal orange spots .\nwe only saw one male of the corsican subspecies , polyommatus icarus sardoa . we were probably out of season for this lovely lycaenid . the females of this race have the submarginal spots well developed . our single male was seen along a track high up in the vizzavona forest . it landed on some bramble flowers to feed and rest , then as i disturbed it , the butterfly shot up high into the air to disappear over the towering hundred foot plus pines . strange behaviour for this lycaenid ! !\nmust be very familiar with most of our european members . not so us brits , we do not have it , perhaps it has occasionally turned up here a few times as a migrant , perhaps not .\none day during our holiday in corsica , we set off for the town of corte on the super mountain train . what a lovely old place the centre of that town is , we tried walking up the resonica valley but it was too hot , above 100 degrees , phew . so myself and my very hot wife returned to the centre of corte to seek refreshment . in the middle of the old part of town was a buddleia . in my small garden in england which is in the centre of a large town i have a large bush of this lovely honey scented shrub but the only visitors this year have been pieris and a lone vanessa atalanta .\nfeeding on the purple flowers , mostly at the top of the bush . luckliy an old cobbled street wound around the bush and standing on a wall on the bend , i took these images . perching on the wall caused much amusement to the locals and shopkeepers below . just another mad englishman after a papilio they must have thought .\nno this is podalirius , feisthamelii occurs from n africa to spain and as far as perpignan in southern france , where it occurs together with podalirius . adam .\na record of my seventeen year long moth trapping career in my thanet garden , with photos where possible .\n: wide ranging around various grasslands , the larval food plants are grasses including common couch and cock ' s - foot .\n: wide ranging over open grasslands , the larval food plants are grasses especially cock ' s - foot and meadow grasses .\n: manly coastal , the larval food plants are various grasses , including common couch and cock ' s - foot .\n: the books say that there is mainly just one generation in the uk , with overlapping migrant generations showing up , so the moths can be on the wing pretty much anytime between may and november . . . this doesn ' t exactly fit what goes on here ? the larval food plants are grasses , including cock ' s - foot and common couch .\n: usually a coastal migrant in the uk . on the continent it occurs in southern europe and north africa .\n: it occurs here any time between april and november . the larval food plants are various grasses .\n: taken here in six of the seventeen years , most notably in 2007 when i caught 1 - 2 moths on ten dates .\nthe annual tallies were : 2004 = 2 . 2005 = 1 . 2006 = 5 . 2007 = 11 . 2014 = 1 . 2015 = 1 . 2016 = 0 .\n: marshes , fens , riverbanks etc . the larvae feed on common reed and reed canary - grass .\n: taken here on eleven dates , in 2000 , 2003 , twice in 2005 , twice in 2009 then once in 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 and 2016 .\n: all types of grassland , the larval food plants are grasses including cock ' s - foot and common reed .\n: common ( ish ) but showing obvious signs of decline in recent years .\n: a wide range of dry and damp grasslands . the larval food plants are various grasses including cock ' s - foot , annual meadow grass , tufted hair - grass and common couch .\n: a species of coastal salt marsh , the larval food plants are especially common salt marsh grass , but others including cock ' s - foot and annual meadow grass .\n: double brooded , flying from mid june till late july then a partial second generation again in september .\n: rough grassland on the coast , the larvae feeding on marram grass and tall fescue .\n: two generations , on the wing in july then september and october / november .\n: a scarce / rare coastal migrant , which arrives regularly in the uk from southern europe and north africa . apparently it colonised europe from north america !\n: in the uk it has been recorded throughout the year , apparently it even occasionally overwinters in the extreme south - west . the larval food plants are grasses such as cock ' s - foot and common couch .\n: four records here , all as single moths on 26 / 10 / 02 , 25 / 11 / 02 , 21 / 10 / 04 and 29 / 10 / 05 .\n: reed beds and marshes ( including salt marsh ) where the larval stage feeds on common reed .\n: fens / marshland , the larval food plants are grasses such as cock ' s - foot etc .\n: taken on six occasions here , on 03 / 08 / 99 , 24 / 07 / 02 , 21 / 07 / 03 , 21 / 07 / 05 , 24 / 07 / 2007 and 28 / 07 / 2016 .\n: open grassy places . the larval food pants are scentless mayweed , chamomile , corn chamomile , stinking chamomile and feverfew .\n: open country where the larvae feed on sow thistle , wild lettuce , hawk ' s - beard and hawkweeds .\n: coastal salt marsh and woodland clearings . on the coast the larvae feed on sea aster and sea wormwood , in woodland on the flowers of goldenrod .\n: recorded on nine dates here , in 2002 , 2003 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 .\n: calcareous habitats , ofetn with disturbed ground . the larval food plants are mulleins , water figwort and buddleias .\n: i have been visited on just three very special occasions by this stunning creature , on 12th may 2000 , 1st may 2009 and 5th april 2014 .\n: double brooded , flying from may to july then from july till august .\n: damp woodland , marshes etc . the larval food plant is mainly grey willow , though it will feed on other willows and aspen .\n: coastal areas , sand dunes , soft rocky sea cliffs and south facing downland . the larval food plants are sea campion , common sorrel , bramble and wood sage .\n: only six records here and none at all since the autumn of 2005 . the dates were : 1 on 27th september 1999 , 1 on 28th september 1999 , singles on 3 dates between 28th and 30th september 2002 then 1 on 22nd september 2005 .\n: open habitats , the larvae feeding on a wide rage of herbaceous plants .\n: recorded only nine times here and only in the years of 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2011 , 2014 and 2016 .\n: it occurs in various locales and it ' s larvae eats various things .\n: broadleaved woodland , parkland and marshes . the larval food plant is ash .\n: the adults are single brooded , on the wing initially in october and november , then after wintering , again from march till may .\n: only seven records here , in 2002 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 and 2015 .\na very tatty specimen , taken on 8 / 05 / 2014 . . . only my second ever record here .\n: broadleaved woodland and parkland . the larval food plants are varied including , oaks , sallows , birches , apple , horse chestnut , bramble and wild privet etc .\n: only two have ever succumbed to the traps here , on 12th april 2002 and on 8th april 2014 .\n: the adults are single brooded , flying initially in september and october , then after overwintering , again from february till april .\n: it took me ' many ' years to savour the delightful sight of one of these little blighter ' s around my garden traps . . . up till now i ' ve taken only two , on 25th february 2011 and 11th march 2012 .\n: broadleaved woodland , scrub , hedgerows etc . the larval food plant is honeysuckle .\n: relatively stable , decreasing slightly here in recent years . rarely numerous , only ever reaching double figures on any one night on two occasions .\n: broadleaved woodland , scrub , hedgerows etc . the larval food plants are hawthorn , blackthorn , crab apple , dog rose , plum etc .\n: a moth of oak woodland where the larvae eats pedunculate , sessile and possibly turkey oaks .\n: only two of these rather splendid creatures have shown here , the first on 12th october 1999 and the second on 1st october 2009 . there are few finer sights than to see a ' mervielle ' in one of your moth traps .\n: broadleaved woodland and parkland . the larval food plants is mainly the buds and leaves of sessile and pedunculate oaks .\n: five moth have been taken here on only four occasions , a single on 1st october 2005 then two on 2nd october 2010 then further singles on 1st october 2014 and 20th september 2015 .\n: gardens , suburban areas , damp meadows , coastal grasslands etc . the larval stage feeds on the flowers and leaves of various wild and cultivated herbaceous plants .\n: most coastal habitats are used , the larval food plants are varied and include hound ' s - tongue , sea plantain , thrift , biting stonecrop and wild cabbage .\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nmiller ( acronicta leporina ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nbroad - leaved woodland , heathland , fens , scrub and increasingly urban areas where food plants found .\nrecorded in 60 ( 87 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .\nthe 40mm final instar larva viwed from the side has a cream coloured lateral line running adjacent to spiracles with crimson edging on the top . viwed from above the dark dorsal lateral line with two subdorsal lines in crimson . the larva is bright green and the head is usually breen or brownish green .\nthe moth is usually deep brownish grey or blackish with broad wings and a virtually straight costa whilst the termen tapers towards the apex . markings for this moth usually vary with the forewing colour difference but often have a clearly defined median area with antemedian and postmedian lines feint in white or missing altogether the moth is attracted to light and can be found at the moth trap in small numbers . also attracted to sugar they are to be found at ivy flowers and blackberries .\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .\nplant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . native homes in oonalashka\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . karakakooa in owhyhee ship and native boats\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . otago chief of amsterdam ohedidee of bolabola\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . canoes of oonalashka\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man and woman of christmas sound\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . north east view island otaheite native boats\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . chief of christina and woman\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man and woman of kamtschatka\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . island of pines\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man and woman of new caledonia\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . morai in atooi tower\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man and woman of santa christina\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . fleet of otaheite assembled at oparee\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man and woman of sandwich islands\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . sea horses on ice west coast north america\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . interior of house nootka sound home family cooking\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . winter habitation home kamtschatka family cooking\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man and woman of prince william sound\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man dancing and masked from sandwich islands\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man woman easter island\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . white bear\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . sea otter\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . inhabitants north sound houses canoe\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . man on sledge kamtschatka in winter dogs fur\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . offering gift to cook in sandwich islands\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . fish animals trees tres marias islands\nnational flag and state ensign of new zealand ( blue ensign ) . stylized i .\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . matavia bay otaheite one tree hill erythrina\ncaptain james cook frs 1728 1779 british explorer , navigator , cartographer , captain royal navy . bay coast huaheine sailing ship canoe\nimages and transcriptions on this page , including medium image downloads , may be used under the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international licence unless otherwise stated .\na handbook to the larvae of the british macro - lepidoptera and their food plants : both in nature and in confinement , with authorities / by j . seymour st . john .\nto find similar items , select the checkboxes next to the characteristics you are interested in , then select the ' find similar ' button .\na selection of books from a collection of more than 500 titles , mostly on religious and literary topics . also includes some material dealing with other celtic languages and societies . collection created towards the end of the 19th century by lady evelyn stewart murray .\nselected items from five ' special and named printed collections ' . includes books in gaelic and other celtic languages , works about the gaels , their languages , literature , culture and history .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhabitat : mythimna straminea inhabits higher growing siltation zones at lakes and rivers as well as other wetlands with reed and sedges .\nlife cycle : the very elongated caterpillar overwinters . in october , i tapped it several times from reeds . it is fully - grown in may , then nocturnal and can be found with a pocket lamp . it is betrayed by distinct feeding scars on the reed leaves . the moths fly in a single generation from june to early august .\nendangerment factors : mythimna straminea is in decline in many regions and locally already extinct due to the destruction of wetlands ( agricultural intensification , fertilization , drainage , afforestation ) .\nremarks : mythimna straminea is known from morocco , southern and central europe and asia minor .\nhabitat : apamea unanimis colonizes wetlands , riparian forests , bog woodland , wet meadows , reed beds and stream edges or ditches with stocks of the host plants .\nendangerment factors : despite its dependence on wetlands and the resulting narrowing of their habitats by destruction in a big way , apamea unanimis is still not endangered too much due to its ability to use even small habitats and the host plant ' s nutrients love .\nremarks : the distribution ranges from central europe to the amur . in the far south of europe it seems to be missing . apamea unanimis also occurs in n - america .\nhabitat : discestra microdon inhabits nutrient - poor grasslands and alpine meadows on limestone up to about 2000m above sea level .\nendangerment factors : discestra microdon is endangered outside the alps due to the loss of nutrient - poor grasslands ( succession and land use of man ) ."]}
{"id": 1551, "summary": [{"text": "the slate-coloured grosbeak ( saltator grossus ) is a species of grosbeak in the thraupidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "most of its range is the amazon in south america , but it is also found in forests of the choc\u00f3 in ecuador and colombia , and southern central america from panama to honduras . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "slate - coloured grosbeak", "paragraphs": ["the slate - coloured grosbeak is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe slate - colored grosbeak ( saltator grossus ) is a cardinal found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , honduras , nicaragua , panama , peru , suriname , and venezuela .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 13 . 7 - 15 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : saltator grossus . jpg\nas hidden on the\nridgway , 1901\npage .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : saltator grossus . jpg\nas untrusted on the\nridgway , 1901\npage . reasons to untrust : incorrect / misleading\nkatja schulz commented on an older version of file : saltator grossus . jpg :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nsaltator grossus grossus : e colombia to venezuela , the guianas , amaz . brazil and n bolivia\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 736 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options ."]}
{"id": 1554, "summary": [{"text": "kris kin ( 5 march 2000 \u2013 august 2012 ) was a retired thoroughbred race horse , and active sire .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he was bred in the united states but was trained in england during his racing career .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in a career that lasted just over a year , from october 2002 to october 2003 , he ran seven times and won three races , most notably the epsom derby in 2003 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "kris kin stood as a stallion in italy , before being exported to stand in libya , where he died in 2012 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "kris kin", "paragraphs": ["third - placed alamshar . the latter trounced his king george rivals , including kris kin , who ran the race of his life to be third .\nthe most recent case , heard at central london county court on dec 8 , involved david elsworth , one of the most gifted and best known trainers in britain , and charlie gordon - watson , a highly successful bloodstock agent , whose recent purchases included kris kin , winner of last year ' s derby .\nkris kin won last year ' s derby only because the race comes too early in the season for it to be a true championship test . the dee stakes winner , trained by sir michael stoute , scored well enough at epsom , but he never won again and the best horse in the field turned out to be\na son of deceased kris s . and bred by flaxman holdings , kris kin won the epsom derby in his first start after winning the philip leverhulme dee stakes ( eng - iii ) in his season opener for owner saeed suhail . following the derby , he ran third in both the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes ( eng - i ) and prix neil casino barriere d ' enghien les bains ( fr - ii ) . overall , he won three of seven races and earned $ 1 , 641 , 792 .\nkris kin , this year ' s epsom derby ( eng - i ) winner , was retired from racing several days after his unplaced effort in the oct . 5 prix de l ' arc de triomphe lucien barriere ( fr - i ) . he will stand at sheikh hamdan ' s derrinstown stud in ireland for 8 , 000 euros ( approximately $ 9 , 400 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbritain ' s \u00a3250 million bloodstock industry finds itself in the dock today after another court case exposed how everyday customs and practices carried out by some trainers and horse traders are flagrantly illegal .\nan investigation by the daily telegraph has confirmed the kind of transactions described by a judge as amounting to\nfraud\n,\nbribery\nand\nsecret profits\nare widespread within the bloodstock world but are not regarded as anything untoward by many people in the industry .\nit is a world where ' sweeteners ' and ' kick - backs ' , often worth tens of thousands of pounds , are commonplace and wealthy owners , unknowingly ripped off by unscrupulous trainers or agents , are the unwitting victims .\nthe level and type of corruption are confirmed elsewhere on these pages by justin wadham , a newmarket - based lawyer and former bloodstock agent , and a trainer who has close dealings with horse sales .\nthe latest example of how bloodstock dealings can be so at odds with the law of the land came four years after another court case exposed the shady side of horse sales .\nin november 1999 , a high court judge awarded an owner \u00a351 , 000 in damages after concluding that oliver sherwood , a trainer , and paul webber , a former bloodstock agent turned trainer , had been guilty of\ncollusive bidding\nat doncaster sales .\nthe case centred on the proposed sale in october 2001 of foodbroker fancy , a talented three - year - old filly trained by elsworth , via gordon - watson to richard duggan , an american - based bloodstock agent . gordon - watson said the sale price was \u00a3275 , 000 . duggan said he was paying \u00a3300 , 000 .\ndays after the sale was agreed verbally , the filly was injured . she was subsequently sold in february 2003 for \u00a3275 , 000 to a french stud and the court case was aimed at determining who should pay veterinary and assorted costs of around \u00a320 , 000 accumulated between the collapse of the original sale and her departure to france .\nhowever , the case took on a very different complexion after judge michael dean qc read legal papers concerning the original sale and was clearly appalled by what he discovered .\nin a written witness statement in support of foodbrokers ltd , the claimants , elsworth said :\nat goff ' s [ sale in ireland ] , charles gordon - watson made a firm offer to buy the horse for the sum of \u00a3275 , 000 . he also said that i would be paid the sum of \u00a310 , 000 commission by him . this was to be in addition to the normal vendor ' s commission of five per cent of the purchase price paid which i would receive from the owners in any event .\njamie mccalmont , an associate of gordon - watson , said in a separate witness statement in support of his boss that the \u00a310 , 000 for elsworth was\nan incentive to get the deal done\n.\nalthough neither witness was cross - examined , the official transcript of court proceedings shows how the judge seized on their evidence during a series of exchanges with william mccormick , the barrister representing foodbrokers .\njudge dean : well , this adds a little complication . that means that two agents . . . your agent was defrauding you .\njudge dean : i do not care whether you are making it or not , it seems to me that he was taking a secret profit if you did not know about it .\nmccormick : your honour , he was taking that money without our knowledge . yes , that is right .\nsoon afterwards , judge dean said : so you are relying on a witness [ elsworth ] who you can see was defrauding you .\njudge dean : well , i am using it because that is what it amounts to .\nthe judge went on :\nall right , i have given you due warning . if i think it necessary to make remarks about the practices of these two agents [ elsworth and gordon - watson ] i shall have no hesitation in doing so whatsoever . you can all bear that in mind .\nas the proceedings drew to a climax , judge dean continued :\nanyway , your case is that you had a contract for the sale of this filly for \u00a3275 , 000 .\njudge dean : and whoever agreed to buy it off you had agreed to buy it for \u00a3275 , 000 and you knew nothing about the fate of the \u00a325 , 000 . were your clients [ foodbrokers ltd ] paying a commission at all for the trainer ?\nmccormick : we were to pay a five per cent commission , five per cent of \u00a3275 , 000 .\nmccormick : i think it is slightly more , but that sort of order , yes . there is no doubt he was taking commission from both parties .\njudge dean : that is illegal , it is quite illegal . and if that is the way this business is conducted the sooner the people involved change their ways the better . that is what is called bribery and secret profits .\nwith the judge in full flow , the denouement came in a court scene reminiscent of rumpole of the bailey .\nmccormick intervened to tell the judge :\ni hear a whisper from my right suggesting it might be an idea if your honour would give us a little time . could i ask for 15 minutes ?\nthe judge responded :\ni think you all ought to think about this very , very carefully . in this case there is \u00a325 , 000 , which is exactly the sum of the secret profits that the agents [ elsworth and gordon - watson ] apparently , certainly so far as the claimant [ foodbrokers ltd ] were concerned , were splitting between themselves , and so far as mr duggan is concerned that is the same position .\ni appreciate that that is not accepted by gordon - watson , they say mr duggan was perfectly well aware that , to use mr gordon - watson ' s words , he was going to pay \u00a310 , 000 to the trainer to ensure that he kept the price , which seems clear fraud on his principal .\nnow , if you all want to think about it i would advise you to do so . i will give you as long as you like .\nduring the subsequent short break , gordon - watson settled the claims . he agreed to pay \u00a340 , 000 to foodbrokers ltd and \u00a310 , 000 to duggan .\nafter hearing details of the settlement , judge dean said :\nin the circumstances of this case i do not propose to say anything more about it . but i think that is an extremely wise settlement .\nsince the case , the daily telegraph has had confirmation that foodbrokers ltd knew nothing about the proposed \u00a310 , 000 sweetener at the time of the proposed sale and did not become aware of it until\nconsiderably\nlater on .\ncharlie gordon - watson is threatening to sue the daily telegraph for alleged libel following the publication of an article last month , headlined\nhorsetraders must clean up their act\n, which first highlighted the foodbroker fancy case .\nhe says his decision to settle the civil claims was completely unconnected with judge dean ' s remarks at the start of the trial .\na letter from his lawyers to the editor , dated dec 15 , copies of which gordon - watson circulated with a covering note to various racing people , stated :\nas you will know , it is not uncommon practice for parties to litigation to settle at the door of the court on commercial grounds and this is what happened in this case .\nwith regard to the proposed \u00a310 , 000 payment to elsworth , gordon - watson says he fully expected the trainer to tell the court that foodbrokers knew about it . because elsworth was due to appear as a witness for foodbrokers\nclearly therefore they knew about mr elsworth receiving this commission and were at ease with the fact\n.\nin a later letter , it was stated gordon - watson had no reason to believe elsworth had not informed foodbrokers and , because no evidence was given in court ,\nwe do not know what the position was\n.\nthe judge made no ' findings ' that the arrangements surrounding the proposed sale of foodbroker fancy were\nillegal\nor involved\nsecret profits\n, the bloodstock agent ' s lawyers said .\nsubsequently , they said the judge ' s remarks\nwere made in respect of a hypothetical situation and were not made on the basis of any finding of fact . the hypothetical situation was one that did not pertain to the facts of this case .\nafter being provided with the official transcript of the legal proceedings by the daily telegraph , it was argued the judge ' s comments concerning the illegality of agents taking a commission from both sides were\nplainly wrong\n.\ngordon - watson claims the purpose of the additional \u00a310 , 000 was to compensate elsworth for lost training fees and prize money flowing from foodbroker fancy leaving his yard .\nthe writer of the article is criticised for\nhis failure to contact our client who could have put the record straight as to the nature of the payment to mr elsworth and apprised him of what the judge had actually said\n.\na letter dated jan 21 declined the daily telegraph ' s offer to interview gordon - watson and concluded :\nwe will give you a further seven days in which to reconsider your position , failing which our instructions are to issue proceedings without further notice to you .\ndavid elsworth contacted the daily telegraph following the initial story and said :\ni am phoning about that s * * * you wrote in the paper the other day . haven ' t you got no better f * * * * * * style of copy than that . i mean , the fact was the judge did not award anybody everything . there was a dispute about ownership and it was settled out of court .\nyou have to go raking up all that s * * * . how do you know ? you weren ' t even there . i should change your occupation . it ' s a s * * * job you ' ve got if you ' ve got nothing better to do than this .\njust do me a favour , richard . distance yourself from me . i don ' t want to see you again .\nthe financial corruption exposed in the foodbroker fancy court case is\nsadly the tip of a rotten iceberg\n, according to justin wadham , a newmarket lawyer who specialises in racing issues .\nas a former chairman of the federation of bloodstock agents who is married to a national hunt trainer and has worked for sheikh mohammed ' s british bloodstock empire , wadham speaks - albeit reluctantly - from a position of knowledge .\nhe helped the jockey club last year to produce a code of conduct for trainers aimed at deterring impropriety .\ni hate it when racing receives adverse publicity , particularly as most attempts by the media to put the sport in the dock get it wrong ,\nwadham said .\nhowever , i am very disheartened when client upon client - and many others who are not clients - come into racing and then leave almost as soon as they become involved not only because they have been cheated but because nobody , seemingly , gives a damn about their plight .\nsome of my clients are agents and trainers and they , too , are just as sickened as i am by some of the things that go on unchecked and unpunished .\nthere is a belief among many operators that they are entitled to take a cut out of a commercial transaction and call it ' commission ' . however , commission is a percentage rate agreed with a client and charged for a service to that client .\nwhat a lot of people think is that , if they shift a horse from one person to another , without any regard for who their client may be , and nick some money out of the deal en route , they are charging a legitimate commission . in some cases , their actions amount to nothing less than theft .\nwadham identified a number of areas where wrongdoing regularly takes place , including at the numerous high - profile sales .\na well - known scenario occurs when someone receives an order from a client to buy a horse for a specified sum . he then finds a horse which , say , has a reserve on it for half that amount .\nbefore the horse enters the sales ring , he agrees with the vendor that the two of them will split whatever the amount is by which the eventual price exceeds the reserve price . thus ' our agent ' ends up charging his client five per cent commission on a price which he has deliberately inflated and also pockets the ' kick - back ' he negotiated with the vendor .\nthe variations on the theme are endless and , while it ' s important to stress that numerous trainers and agents are as appalled by these practices as i am , any idea that the auction market is transparent , or that this kind of thing happens just occasionally , is myth .\nextracting a ' commission ' from both seller and buyer is also common in private transactions .\nthat amounts , at best , to a serious conflict of interest , and is fundamentally dishonest because ' the agent ' is misrepresenting his position to one or other party or both ,\nwadham said .\ni have also come across cases where the amount paid by the ultimate buyer of a horse is almost double the amount received by the original vendor - the difference being swiped by one or more ' facilitators ' en route .\nsometimes , a client comes to see me with what he believes to be an ordinary commercial dispute only to discover , once the facts are probed , that he was the victim of fraud .\ni cannot discuss individual cases . although , ironically , i am constrained not so much from client confidentiality - many would be delighted for me to proclaim their grievances from the rooftops - but by confidentiality clauses in settlement agreements whereby wrongdoers have purchased the silence of a client and thus avoided disciplinary scrutiny .\na lot of people are being stitched up and , unfortunately , no one seems to care . i think someone in a position of authority needs to say , ' we do care and we want to stamp it out . '\ni ' m not naive enough to believe that you can prevent cheating . what you can tackle , however , is a culture in which cheating is so endemic and so rarely questioned , let alone punished , that some people do not recognise as wrong what a court of law would , in some cases , judge to be criminal .\nwadham believes that the jockey club , as regulators of racing , should become more aggressively involved and\ndemonstrate a determination to deal with cases of impropriety\n.\nwith trainers , it has everything it needs . not only is there a code of conduct but every trainer has to apply for a new licence annually . there ' s every opportunity for the jockey club repeatedly to warn trainers of the dire consequences of financial impropriety .\nthe jockey club has less authority and jurisdiction over bloodstock agents but , surely , they could take the initiative by seeking to negotiate with the federation of bloodstock agents an arrangement whereby , through the federation , each member voluntarily submitted to jockey club disciplinary jurisdiction . after all , the reluctance of any agent to submit might tell its own story .\na trainer who rejected a ' sweetener ' worth more than \u00a325 , 000 to ensure the sale of a horse from his yard has spoken of the corruption and\nenormous can of worms\nsurrounding britain ' s bloodstock industry .\nthe guys who are being ripped off are the owners , those who pay the bills , and it ' s all down to greed . it ' s robbery without violence ,\nhe told the daily telegraph .\nin an interview , he gave examples of the various methods used by some bloodstock agents to\nrip off\nowners - and he provided names of those who allegedly\nare up to their necks in it\n.\nthe trainer , who asked for anonymity , highlighted the modus operandi of one particular bloodstock agent when it came to buying and selling horses .\nhe targets the smaller trainers and offers them what he calls sweeteners to get a deal done .\nwhat he does at the sales is to approach a vendor beforehand to say he would like to buy their yearling . ' how much do you want for him ? '\nthe vendor says he ' s hoping to make , say , \u00a350 , 000 and the agent says , ' i ' ll give you \u00a350 , 000 and anything it makes over and above that is mine ' .\nhe already has an owner lined up for the horse and has people around the sales ring who will bid it up to \u00a3150 , 000 . he cops \u00a3100 , 000 and some unsuspecting owner pays the bill .\ni ' ve followed horses into the ring with a view to buying them and they make 10 times what they ' re worth - because it ' s all sorted out before the horse goes into the ring . it ' s all done outside .\nthe law defining what constitutes bribery of an agent is contained in a legal tome which matches racing ' s bulky form book in size .\nchitty on contracts cites mr justice slade :\nfor the purpose of the civil law a bribe means the payment of a secret commission , which only means : that the person making the payment makes it to the agent of the other person with whom he is dealing ; that he makes it to that person knowing that that person is acting as the agent of the other person with whom he is dealing ; that he fails to disclose to the other person with whom he is dealing that he has made that payment to the person who he knows to be the other person ' s agent .\nonce the bribe is established it is conclusively presumed against the donor of the bribe that his motive was corrupt and against the agent that he was affected and influenced by the payment .\nthe onus on an agent is underlined in chitty ' s summary of a string of legal precedents , ' secret profits ' .\na further consequence of the agent ' s fiduciary position is that unless he informs his principal and obtains his consent , he may not use his position as agent nor his principal ' s property or confidential information to make a profit for himself .\nbloodstock agents are not licensed or subject to the rules of racing which are enforced by the jockey club to police the sport .\nthe only form of self - regulation involves members of the 48 - strong federation of bloodstock agents having to abide by a bland code of working ethics introduced after oliver sherwood and paul webber were ordered to pay \u00a351 , 000 damages for\ncollusive bidding\nat doncaster sales in 1999 .\nnot only is the six - point code vague , the jockey club are the first to admit the fba have no real teeth . membership is optional and some of the most successful agents , including charlie gordon - watson , are not fba members and therefore not subject to the code ' s provisions . however , all are subject to laws governing ' secret profits ' .\nofficially , the fba say no complaints have been received against any of their members since the code was introduced . however , privately there is acknowledgement that it is flouted .\nagents , according to one industry source , do not appreciate having to pay off what they regard as grasping trainers who can prevent deals being done .\none agent , who asked not to be identified , said :\nwe do not give , out of the goodness of our heart , a trainer \u00a310 , 000 , \u00a320 , 000 or whatever the figure might be because he ' s a nice bloke . the implication is always , ' if you don ' t look after me , the deal won ' t get done ' .\nagents hand this money over somewhat under duress . it ' s a bloody nightmare .\na code of conduct for trainers , covering dealings with owners , was introduced by the jockey club last year which seeks to reflect what has been the strict legal position for decades .\na trainer who acts as an agent in a purchase or sale of a horse must inform an owner\nif he is aware that he will benefit financially from any third party from such a transaction\n.\nhe is also forbidden from acting\nsimultaneously for the vendor or purchaser\nunless an owner has been informed in advance .\nrupert arnold , chief executive of the national trainers federation , confirmed that the circumstances of the foodbroker fancy case were not exceptional .\nit is not highly unusual . i would hope , given the jockey club code of conduct , trainers appreciate that the onus is on them to be transparent ,\nhe said .\nthe reality is that trainers make precious little out of training fees because it ' s such a competitive business with operating margins that are miniscule . so trainers need to find alternative ways of making money .\ni don ' t think there ' s anything wrong with that but what needs to happen is that the process has to be transparent .\nthe rarity of a sporting victory over australia \u2013 be it at cricket or tiddlywinks \u2013 means that every drop of essential oil has to be distilled from the celebrations . you have no idea how long the bottle might have to last . so , 20 years on last monday , the miracle of headingley ' 81 was invoked , with mark butcher ( ian botham ) and nasser hussain ( mike brearley ) cast as heroes of the remake .\njust one little difference . in 1981 , the game mattered and england won it . in 2001 , the ashes were gone and australia lost it . any other interpretation of a thunderingly gratifying , but ultimately futile , victory is a wanton distortion of the truth , a confirmation of just how deep the acceptance of aussie dominance has burrowed into the national psyche .\nthis is , of course , an appropriate week to be reflecting on ancient national rivalries and the indefinable hold that history can take on a mere sporting contest . bat and ball at headingley and the oval , boot and ball in the olympic stadium in munich next saturday evening when england ' s hopes of automatic qualification for the 2002 world cup will depend on sven goran eriksson ' s ability to press the delete button on the nation ' s video . all england know what happens when we play germany at football \u2013 one scrappy victory in euro 2000 apart \u2013 just as they know what happens when england play australia at cricket . very occasionally and dramatically we win , mostly we lose . but does a swedish coach know or care ? eriksson was professing ignorance last week , preferring a little light background music to the wagnerian thunder and lightning which generally accompany the reunion of england and germany .\nneutrality is probably the wise approach , not least with young multi - millionaires who are not prone to belting out the words of the national anthem like terry butcher , but eriksson might like to compare notes with duncan fletcher , his opposite number at lord ' s , who has spent his summer sweeping up the pieces of shattered illusions , not least his own .\nwhy is it , fletcher must have wondered on those long , hot , afternoons , that a team moulded by 18 months of success , against zimbabwe , his own country , west indies , pakistan and sri lanka , a team that had developed resilience , team spirit , a sense of community , mateship even , should go weak at the knees at the first whisper of\ng ' day\n? he must have known something inexplicable and very english was afoot when he heard nasser hussain , an otherwise hard and impressive captain , talk of\nearning the respect\nof the aussies before a ball had been bowled . respect is earned by winning , and is an aim only for those who believe they will lose .\ni doubt if fletcher , himself an inspirational leader in the days when zimbabwe were a non - test playing nation , ever took to the field with\nearning respect\nheading his list of ambitions . nor does it claim much of a place in eriksson ' s recently published thoughts on football . and it was , presumably , this sort of attitude which steve waugh was alluding to when he spoke last week of his surprise at the country ' s culture of negativity .\nwaugh promised a more detailed analysis of the failings at the end of the series which , at the time , australia looked set to take 5 - 0 . one hopes he will not be diverted from keeping his word by one setback because , from the moment he confronted the england batsmen with a row of slips , a gully and a short - leg at the start of a one - day international at old trafford , waugh has conducted a summer - long master class in psychology . his debrief will be compulsory listening . a tape might even be mailed to the headquarters of the football association .\nby late on saturday , eriksson too might be dimly aware , like fletcher , of forces at work beyond his objective understanding . the incalculable benefit for our national football team is that eriksson ' s england will go to munich stripped of the phony patriotism which has repeatedly been used to mask the inadequacies of our preparation . the additional bonus , for all of us , is that england ' s fate on saturday will not be decided by a penalty shoot - out .\nwhy is the start of the premiership season like the start of a horse race ? because in both cases , the commentator cries :\nand they ' re off\n. nine red cards in the first five days , including two each from tottenham ( david elleray ) and leeds ( jeff winter ) has hardly been an auspicious start to the new era of professional referees , unless a productivity clause has been secretly inserted in their contracts .\nthis season , referees will be fitter , better prepared , more in tune with the demands of the modern game , at least that is what we have been promised in return for \u00a360 , 000 a year . yet already the paying punter \u2013 armchair or live \u2013 has once again had to suffer football ' s equivalent of the peace process , a well - rehearsed ritual which involves a lot of whingeing by players and managers , a whole pack of red cards and , finally , an uneasy deal on the decommissioning of certain tackles which could have been brokered before a player had been kicked .\nthis season , referees have been instructed to referee safely , which means keeping strict hold of the reins of authority . on paper , that is a logical instruction . on the field , it leads to untold frustration . admittedly , leeds against arsenal requires the deployment of a un peace - keeping force , but nothing is designed to upset players , managers and fans more than the wilful refusal by referees to play advantage . on tuesday night at highbury and at anfield last saturday , jeff winter dismally failed to apply the law , notably in blowing up for a foul on patrick vieira which the frenchman ' s skill had already punished . arsenal lost a good field position ; leeds happily regrouped for the free - kick . no one was booked .\nfootball has already adopted rugby union ' s idea of penalising dissent by moving a free - kick 10 yards forward \u2013 winter penalised paolo di canio twice for the offence at anfield \u2013 so why not also apply rugby ' s interpretation of advantage by allowing play to continue beyond the foul so that the extent of the advantage can be calculated ? any more of this safety - first refereeing and the premiership will be reduced to seven - a - side .\nthis is the fa speaking :\ndue to circumstances entirely within the remote control of television , third round fa cup ties will be played on a rolling 24 - hour basis starting at midnight on saturday , 5 january , 2002 and ending at midnight on monday , 7 january , 2002 .\nwe apologise for any inconvenience caused to the undesirable minority who might want to watch their teams live at a reasonable hour of the day or those dreadful stick - in - the - muds who prefer their football served up exclusively at 3pm on saturdays . but , what can you do ? i mean , television pays all this money and who are we to say to stop them doing what they want ?\nwhat ' s that ? yes , i know we are the game ' s governing body , but , with the best will in the world , i don ' t see what that ' s got to do with it . oh yes , the fa cup final ? that has been moved to kuala lumpur . live , peak time for the asian market . they ' re suckers for tradition out there , you know .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\nwas keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .\n\u00a3144 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a363 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units\n\u00a324 . 00 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %\ndistances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %\ndistances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 1\u00bcl , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %\npick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518\n\u00a320 . 90 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a388 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units\n\u00a311 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a36 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\npick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . - free online library\nmla style :\npick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . .\nthe free library . 2004 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . pick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\napa style : pick 6 : unbeaten morston tops six worst derby winners . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nit would be idle to pretend that the derby roll of honour consists entirely of superstars , for in only 23 of the 58 post - war seasons has the epsom winner been the champion three - year - old colt .\nthe others owe their place in history to luck , precocity or opportunism in taking advantage of a weak field .\nthe following six underline that point with great emphasis , for , based on the quality of their best career performances , they are the worst horses to win the derby since world war ii .\non the face of it , a colt who retires as an unbeaten derby winner deserves an honoured place in racing history , but strictly on form morston , who won both his career starts , was the worst horse to triumph in the premier classic since spion kop in 1920 .\nmorston scored decisively on his racecourse debut in the godstone plate at lingfield in may , 1973 , and , in a very poor field for the derby the following month , the 25 - 1 shot led approaching the final furlong and held on by half a length from cavo doro . he was the second derby winner for owner - breeder - trainer arthur budgett - the first had been the colt ' s half - brother blakeney - but injury prevented him from running again and fulfilling his potential .\nthe 1999 derby field contained a great champion - not the winner , oath , who recorded his only pattern victory when beating daliapour by a length and three - quarters , but the favourite , dubai millennium , who suffered his only defeat when finishing ninth . the henry cecil - trained oath , who had previously won the listed dee stakes , had only one more race - when he injured a knee in the king george and beat only one home .\nthe first of arthur budgett ' s derby winners , blakeney was lucky to score in 1969 because the best horse in the field , prince regent , finished third after receiving an incompetent ride . that french colt subsequently had blakeney back in fourth when winning the irish derby . if blakeney had not improved as a four - year - old - coming second ( to nijinsky ) in the king george and fifth in the arc - then he , and not his half - brother morston , would have headed this list .\nquest for fame was only the second - or third - best three - year - old colt trained by roger charlton for khalid abdullah in 1990 ( behind deploy and , perhaps , sanglamore ) and was beaten on merit by belmez in the chester vase , but he met a poor field in the derby and won by three lengths from blue stag . he was kept in training until the age of five and twice finished third in the breeders ' cup turf .\nthe worst overseas - trained derby winner of all time ( narrowly from larkspur and empery ) , lavandin failed to brighten a wet day at epsom in 1956 when he held off montaval by a neck . alec head ' s colt , who had started favourite on the strength of an unlucky defeat in the prix hocquart , flopped on his only subsequent start , in the grand prix de paris .\ncopyright 2004 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nshare your knowledge with the community . information will be published after a short review .\nthe history of former names is compiled automatically from ais signals and gives insight into vessel owner changes , charter name changes and reflaggings .\nthe report will be sent to your email address within 12 hours after your payment has been completed ."]}
{"id": 1556, "summary": [{"text": "macrorrhinia endonephele is a species of snout moth in the genus macrorrhinia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1918 , and is known from the southern united states ( including texas , alabama , florida , georgia , oklahoma and south carolina ) , but also in south america , including argentina and brazil . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "macrorrhinia endonephele", "paragraphs": ["macrorrhinia endonephele ( hampson , 1918 ) replaces m . signifera ( blanchard , 1976 ) which is a synonym .\nfound at uv light near pond in wooded area of a flood plain . my best match is 5913 \u2013 macrorrhinia endonephele at : mpg supported by dna barcoding , bold lpoka741 - 08 this specimen is shown here : bold : aae0182\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 2003 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 5 , p . 264 ; pl . 9 . 2 - 3 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 21 september , 2009 - 2 : 33pm last updated 24 april , 2013 - 1 : 03am\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nto use google groups discussions , please enable javascript in your browser settings , and then refresh this page ."]}
{"id": 1557, "summary": [{"text": "aeolidia loui is a species of sea slugs , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family aeolidiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has been regarded as the same species as the ne atlantic aeolidia papillosa but is now known to be a distinct species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "aeolidia loui", "paragraphs": ["california all the california material from the paper ended up being a . loui , so if you choose accept their level of sampling from this region , i guess you would call californian slugs a . loui , but see the caveats below .\nbut a . papillosa , a . filomenae and a . loui all have relatively smooth cerata . check this photo by gary mcdonald : urltoken\nbertsch , hans . 1974 . descriptive study of aeolidia papillosa with scanning electron micrographs of the radula . the tabulata ( santa barbara malacological society ) 7 ( 1 ) : 3 - 6 .\nkienberger et al . ( 2016 ) have split aeolidia papillosa into at least three species based on molecular and morphological evidence . they can be roughly separated geographically , as shown in this figure from the paper :\naeolidia papillosa ( linnaeus , 1761 ) is a well - known aeolidiid species that has been reported to have a worldwide distribution in cold\u2013temperate waters , mainly from the northern hemisphere . molecular tools have recently shown that most . . . more\nthe abstract and figures are on researchgate . the map with the distribution of a . papillosa , a . loui and a . filomenae should be clarifying for those not too familiar with nudibranchs . urltoken\nsorry , i meant to say the rhinophores . separating loui from papillosa seems to hinge on that , if i ' m reading the paper correctly . i ' m looking for something to compare with urltoken\noregon a . papillosa : rhinophores relatively smooth , may appear rough but not warty ( photos from russia , norway , but also see this rather warty individual from british columbia ) . a . loui : rhinophores obviously warty ( photo ) .\nkienberger , karen , leila carmona , marta pola , vinicius padula , terrence m . gosliner & juan lucas cervera . 2016 . aeolidia papillosa ( linnaeus , 1761 ) ( mollusca : heterobranchia : nudibranchia ) , single species or a cryptic species complex ? a morphological and molecular study . zoological journal of the linnean society 177 : 481 - 506 .\nlooking at alexander semenov ' s photos , i think we can call those rhinophores\ntextured\nor\nrough\nbut not\nwarty\n: urltoken so i guess distribution and the warts on the rhinophores make good criteria to identify the observations of a . loui .\nian smith did a first draft on visually distinguish a . papillosa from a . filomenae in the overlapping areas ( uk , ireland , atlantic coast of france and the netherlands ) : urltoken @ n08 / 27695072175 / observations for the iberian peninsula should all be a . filomenae . observations for the nw atlantic should all be a . papillosa . observations for the n pacific in the sea of okhotsk , bering sea and alaska , british columbia and washington should all be a . papillosa . observations for california should all be a . loui ( oregon is likely to have a . papillosa and a . loui overlapping ) .\nkienberger k . , carmona l . , pola m . , padula v . , gosliner t . m . & cervera j . l . ( 2016 ) . aeolidia papillosa ( linnaeus , 1761 ) ( mollusca : heterobranchia : nudibranchia ) , single species or a cryptic species complex ? a morphological and molecular study . zoological journal of the linnean society . 177 : 481 - 506 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 499 [ details ]\nfor example , here ' s an observation from northern california that certainly isn ' t\ncovered by irregular warts\nas kienberger et al . describe a . loui in their paper : urltoken . if those individuals look like what kienberger describe as a . papillosa , then i ' d like to make sure californians know to be on the lookout for a . papillosa sensu stricto and check those rhinophores .\ni now realized you meant rhinophores and not cerata . i ' m not sure if ian ' s suggestion on the warty / smooth rhinophores distinguishing a . loui from a . papillosa is valid . check this photo of a . papillosa by alexander semenov ( from russia ) : urltoken and i was looking at details of my photos of a . filomenae and although they may be less warty , they do show some small papillae .\nkienberger , carmona , pola , padula , gosliner & cervera , 2016 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 880372 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nduring the past decade or so , dna - based research from multiple laboratories ( including those of juan lucas cervera , \u00e1ngel vald\u00e9s and terry gosliner ) has resulted in numerous taxonomic changes to the heterobranch fauna of the eastern pacific and elsewhere . the majority of these studies have re - examined species with wide or even disjunct distribution patterns , resulting in specimens from previously - identified species now considered species in their own right . this is a case in point .\n( linnaeus , 1761 ) had traditionally been known as a single , wide - ranging species in the northern hemisphere and from chile . shallow water specimens from california were assigned to this species ( marcus , 1961 ; macfarland , 1966 ) , and deep water specimens were considered\n. kienberger et al . ( 2016 ) have shown that these animals are actually part of a species complex of sibling species . the chilean species is\n( kienberger et al . , 2016 ) occurs in the northeast atlantic from scotland to portugal . the amphiboreal\nis restricted to the northern atlantic and northern pacific . in the northeast pacific it ranges from cook inlet , alaska , to washington . both\nhave papillate ( or rugose ) rhinophores ; the other three species have smooth rhinophores .\nalaska ; see behrens , 2004 : 26 ) . kienberger et al . ( 2016 ) reported the distribution of\nfrom cape arago , oregon , to san diego , california ( type locality , duxbury reef , central california ) . steve gardner\u2019s images in bow 407 from la jolla shores are of\nis rather variable , ranging from translucent white to bright orange or brown . there are opaque white marks on the dorsum ; some may be covered with light - ochre or brown spots / flecks . distinguishing this species from the other shallow water species of\nare the rugose , warty rhinophores , and the bristly , flattened cerata , which are broader at their base . bertsch ( 1974 ) published the first sems\ndiffers from its deep - water californian congener by possessing a cleioproctic , not pleuroproctic , anus .\nbehrens , david w . 2004 . pacific coast nudibranchs , supplement ii . new species to the pacific coast and new information on the oldies . proceedings california academy of sciences 55 ( 2 ) : 11 - 54 .\nbergh , rudolph . 1894 . reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatross , \u201d during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xiii . die opisthobranchien . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 25 ( 10 ) : 125 - 233 .\nbertsch , hans & luis e . aguilar rosas . 2016 . invertebrados marinos del noroeste de m\u00e9xico / marine invertebrates of northwest mexico . instituto de investigaciones oceanol\u00f3gicas , uabc , ensenada , xxxii + 432 pp .\ncunningham , robert oliver . 1871 . notes on the reptiles , amphibia , fishes , mollusca , and crustacea obtained during the voyage of m . s . \u201cnassau\u201d in the years 1866 - 69 . transactions linnean society london 27 : 465 - 502 .\ngosliner , terrence m . & david w . 1996 . two new species of nudibranch mollusks from the gulf of the farallones and cordell bank national marine sanctuaries , central california . the veliger 39 ( 3 ) : 348 - 353 .\nlinnaeus , carolus . 1871 . fauna svecica sistens animalia sveciae regni , ed . 2 . stockholm . 578 pp .\nmacfarland , frank mace . 1966 . studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . memoirs of the california academy of sciences 6 : 1 - 546 .\nmarcus , ernst . 1961 . opisthobranch mollusks from california . the veliger 3 ( supplement ) : 1 - 85 .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2016 . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\npermission is granted to copy , distribute and / or modify this document according to the terms in creative commons license , attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 . the full text of this license may be found here : cc by - sa 3 . 0\n. this happens when we can ' t automatically assign an identification to one of the output taxa .\nobservations from the iberian peninsula should all be a . filomenae . observations from the nw atlantic should all be a . papillosa . observations from the n pacific in the sea of okhotsk , bering sea and alaska , british columbia and washington should all be a . papillosa . observations from chile should all be a . campbellii .\nnorthern europe see ian smith ' s breakdown , but briefly : a . filmonae : cerata flattened , broader at the base a . papillosa : cerata not flattened , uniform diameter until tip .\nthe ambiguity left by the authors means i can no longer id any of these slugs to species without a dna sequencer or dissection , so i will regretfully just be re - identifying all my own observations to genus level . however , that ' s just my opinion . the paper ' s taxonomic changes have been accepted by worms so we accept them here on inat too . use your own judgement in updating your own data .\ndo you have a good pic of the cerata of a . papillosa sensu stricto showing that they are relatively smooth ?\nunfortunately a . papillosa doesn ' t occur around these parts , only a . filomenae . and even then . . . i know of only about half a dozen observations here in portugal in the past 15 years , two of them by me .\ncool , thanks for that pic . the rhinophore texture may or may not be valid , but it is something kienberger et al . point out , so i am just trying to communicate what they wrote for people who don ' t have access to their closed - access paper . imo , all pics i can find show somewhat papillose rhinophores , but there does seem to be a difference in degree between californian specimens like urltoken and photos like urltoken .\ni think the shallow warts on a . papillosa ( even in alexander semenov ' s photo ) and a . filomenae are definitely smoother than the relatively conspicuous papillae of gary ' s photo . let me see if i can find some photos from norway and sweden . christian skauge must have some , surely .\nsigh , and here ' s a really warty one from british columbia : urltoken . i ' m becoming less and less satisfied with this paper . if there are no macroscopic , external morphological differences , i wish they had just said so .\ni was trying to remember a case of a species which sometimes appeared to have ringed rhinophores , other smooth and even warty . went to christian ' s website and voil\u00e1 , a flabellina pedata which appears to have warty rhinophores . . . although often described as smooth : urltoken\nwe report eulima panamensis ( bartsch , 1917 ) ( gastropoda : eulimidae ) for the first time in indian waters . the morphological characters , species description and its distribution are presented in this paper .\nthis paper describes and provides information on the species of the genus conus ( neogastropoda : conidae ) preserved in the laboratorio de biolog\u00eda y sistem\u00e1tica de invertebrados marinos de la facultad de ciencias biol\u00f3gicas ( labsim ) y el . . . more\ncontina , a new name for the genus vacekia conti & szabo\u0301 , 1989 ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , preoccupied by vacekia buckman , 1904 ( mollusca : ammonoidea ) .\na case of homonymy between the genera vacekia buckman , 1904 and vacekia conti & szab\u00f3 , 1989 has been highlighted . vacekia buckman , 1904 ( p . 156 ) is an ammonite ranging from the upper toarcian ( aalensis zone ) to the middle aalenian . . . more\nwe describe a new fossil littorinid species , echinolittorina nielseni sp . nov . , from the quaternary caldera strata , regi\u00f3n de atacama , northern chile . fossils of littorinids are globally rare because of their high - intertidal habitat on . . . more\nhermaea bifida ( montagu , 1815 ) is the most widespread of the species of hermaea lov\u00e9n , 1844 known in the eastern atlantic . its distribution ranges from sweden to spain and the mediterranean sea . in europe , any translucent hermaeidae with . . . more\nthe bulimulid genus bostryx troschel , 1847 is the most species - rich genus of land snails found in chile , with the majority of its species found only in the northern part of the country , usually in arid coastal zones . this genus has been . . . more\na new member of troglobitic carychiidae , koreozospeum nodongense gen . sp . n . ( gastropoda , eupulmonata , ellobioidea ) is described from korea\na new genus of troglobitic carychiidae jeffreys , 1830 is designated from nodong cave , north chungcheong province , danyang , south korea . this remarkable find represents a great range extension and thus , a highly distant distribution of . . . more\ngastropoda adalah salah satu kelas moluska yang sangat mudah ditemukan di ekosistem mangrove . di ekosistem ini , gastropoda berperan dalam membantu proses dekomposisi serasah . informasi tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda pada ekosistem . . . more\ngastropoda adalah salah satu kelas moluska yang sangat mudah ditemukan di ekosistem mangrove . di ekosistem ini , gastropoda berperan dalam membantu proses dekomposisi serasah . informasi tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda pada ekosistem mangrove di kawasan desa parang belum ada , sehingga perlu adanya kajian tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda di kawasan tersebut sebagai acuan untuk pengelolaan . pada bulan juni - desember 2012 telah dilakukan penelitian tentang struktur komunitas gastropoda di kawasan desa parang . hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di ekosistem mangrove kawasan desa parang ditemukan 29 jenis dari 16 famili gastropoda . kelimpahan rata - rata gastropoda berkisar antara 2 , 10\u201318 , 85 ind / m 2 . indeks keanekaragaman berkisar antara 0 , 35\u20131 , 45 yang termasuk dalam kategori rendah sampai sedang . nilai indeks keseragaman masuk dalam kategori rendah sampai tinggi dengan nilai berkisar antara 0 , 12\u20130 , 62 dan kisaran indeks dominasi antara 0 , 50\u20130 , 84 masuk dalam kategori terdapat spesies yang mendominasi . littoraria scabra adalah jenis gastropoda yang mendominasi di ekosistem mangrove kawasan desa parang .\nnew samples of freshwater molluscs collected by the second author in the east mediterranean region of turkey revealed three new species of the genus pseudamnicola paulucci , 1878 , i . e . , p . goksunensis n . sp . , p . merali n . sp . , and p . . . . more\nnew samples of freshwater molluscs collected by the second author in the east mediterranean region of turkey revealed three new species of the genus pseudamnicola paulucci , 1878 , i . e . , p . goksunensis n . sp . , p . merali n . sp . , and p . marashi n . sp . descriptions and photos of the species as well as the type localities are presented .\nthe influence of quarternary glacial cycles on the extant diversity of holarctic species has been intensively studied . it has been hypothesized that palaeoclimatic changes are responsible for divergence events in lineages . a constant . . . more\neighteen million , eight hundred and nineteen thousand , seven hundred and thirty - two researchers use this site every month . ads help cover our server costs .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n( linnaeus , 1761 ) ( mollusca : heterobranchia : nudibranchia ) , single species or a cryptic species complex ? a morphological and molecular study .\nthe first janolus fuscus ( white - and - orange - tipped nudibranch ) i ' ve ever found , just about 1 . 5\nlong .\nfound in a tide pool , under a giant rock . i ' ve also seen green ones hiding inside kelp ."]}
{"id": 1559, "summary": [{"text": "un de sceaux ( foaled 5 may 2008 ; [ \u025b\u0303 d\u0259 so ] ) is a french-bred aqps racehorse who competes in national hunt racing .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning both his races in france he was transferred to ireland where he won two novice hurdles .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the 2013/14 national hunt season he was undefeated in five races including the red mills trial hurdle in ireland and both the prix hypothese and the prix leon rambaud in france .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "when switched to steeplechases he recovered from a fall on his debut to win the arkle novice chase , arkle challenge trophy and ryanair novice chase in the 2014-15 season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2015-16 he won the clarence house chase but was beaten by sprinter sacre when favourite for the queen mother champion chase in what his defeat when completing a steeplechase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he began the 2016-17 with a win in the tingle creek chase and followed up with his second victory in the clarence house chase before taking the ryanair chase in march . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "un de sceaux", "paragraphs": ["1 : un de sceaux . 2 : felix yonger . 3 : god\u2019s own\nhot favourite un de sceaux will face nine rivals in the betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham .\nun de sceaux ' s trainer willie mullins has also left in in douvan and vroum vroum mag .\nun de sceaux has managed to win 22 races in its career so far . on 16th mar 2017 at cheltenham , un de sceaux scored its most significant win to date , getting the money in the\nhenry de bromhead is happy to let special tiara take on the formidable un de sceaux in the queen mother champion chase at cheltenham .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for un de sceaux . un de sceaux is a gelding born in 2012 october 5 by hinchinbrook out of cross dresser\nfor o\u2019connell , un de sceaux is just the most obvious example of willie mullins\u2019s genius for talent spotting .\ncheltenham and the betway queen mother champion chase can barely come quick enough for willie mullins with un de sceaux .\nun de sceaux justified prohibitive odds at punchestown when taking the ryanair novice chase in the hands of ruby walsh .\nun de sceaux recorded another facile victory as he claimed the conditions hurdle at navan by a stunning 53 lengths .\nante - post favourite un de sceaux is one of 18 confirmations for the ryanair chase at cheltenham on thursday .\nfrom then on un de sceaux proceeded to put the opposition to the sword with a series of spectacular leaps .\nun de sceaux blew away his two rivals with an electric display in the frank ward solicitors arkle novice chase at leopardstown .\nimpressive punchestown winner open eagle is set to follow in the hoofprints of willie mullins\u2019 un de sceaux with raids on france .\nchampion chase favourite un de sceaux and 2014 champion chase hero sire de grugy will meet for the first time in saturday\u2019s grade one sodexo clarence house chase at ascot .\nun de sceaux ' s connections are looking forward to a clash with cue card in thursday ' s ryanair chase at cheltenham .\nun de sceaux headlines 23 entries for the \u00a3350 , 000 betway queen mother champion chase at cheltenham on wednesday , march 16 .\nthe current race record for un de sceaux is 3 wins from 22 starts with prizemoney of $ 111 , 050 . 00 .\nun de sceaux lived up to his billing as he duly landed the odds in the racing post arkle trophy at the cheltenham festival .\nun de sceaux will face a maximum of 11 rivals in the betway queen mother champion chase at next week ' s cheltenham festival .\nfor one thing o\u2019connell is 37 today : what are the odds , he asks - a lot longer than un de sceaux\u2019s certainly .\nsecond in that contest was tom george\u2019s gods own , a horse that previously finished second to un de sceaux in the 2015 arkle .\nconnections of un de sceaux feel saturday ' s display at ascot sets him up perfectly for the\nfinal\nat cheltenham in march .\nun de sceaux , like so many times before , galloped his rivals into the ground to land the boylesports champion chase at punchestown this afternoon .\nruby walsh and un de sceaux lead all the way to win the sodexo clarence house steeple chase at ascot in january . photograph : alan crowhurst\nhe put up a benchmark performance when landing the championship in 2013 and the idea of him in his pomp keeping tabs on un de sceaux is one to savour . even nicky henderson concedes that pomp is in the past but today\u2019s sprinter sacre chasing un de sceaux is still an enticing prospect .\nun de sceaux and fox norton lock horns in what promises to be a fascinating renewal of the boylesports champion chase at the punchestown festival on tuesday .\nun de sceaux pulled walsh to the front at the fifth fence and proceeded to put the opposition to the sword with a series of spectacular leaps .\nun de sceaux completed a 28 / 1 plus grade 2 treble on the day at fairyhouse for willie mullins and paul townend when landing the devenish chase .\nun de sceaux ' s victory at ascot will have worked wonders for the confidence of both the horse and ruby walsh , according to trainer willie mullins .\nun de sceaux got his chasing career off to an unfortunate start when falling three out while holding a clear advantage in the killinan beginners chase at thurles .\nyou wait two days for a winner then two come at once . . . un de sceaux wins the ryanair chase for mullins & walsh # thefestival urltoken\nthere was also triumph for the o\u2019connell family of glanmire , co cork , with un de sceaux\u2019s win . some 25 supporters travelled over for the day .\nwillie mullins ' exciting french recruit un de sceaux has his next test when he lines up for the follow navan on facebook hurdle at the county meath course .\nwalsh made a brave call to take un de sceaux to the front as early as the fifth fence as the horse was keen to get on with things .\nthe french connection has continued for un de sceaux , who is ridden every day by ex - pat virginie bascop , the resident vet at the mullins stable .\nany mishap for un de sceaux and mullins\u2019s chances of a first champion chase won\u2019t disappear : however it looks a cheltenham championship event that revolves around the favourite .\nthere can be no denying it , the second of the cheltenham festival championship races is at the mercy of another willie mullins - trained runner , un de sceaux .\nnicky henderson was impressed with un de sceaux ' s performance in the clarence house chase and is looking forward to taking on the irish ace with sprinter sacre at cheltenham .\nthe new champion will have plenty on his plate next march with the emergence of the exhilarating un de sceaux , in a class of his own among the 2m novices .\nun de sceaux attempts to live up to his billing as the most exciting novice chaser around when he lines up for the racing post arkle challenge trophy at cheltenham on tuesday .\nowner edward o\u2019connell\u2019s son colm dedicated the win to his parents . four horses bought for festival running by the o\u2019connells failed the veterinary test . un de sceaux was the fifth .\nwho could possibly have guessed after that scintillating performance that by the end of the week two novices would be rated even higher than un de sceaux , albeit over longer distances .\nsean - un de sceaux is an unoriginal selection , but it is hard to argue with the ability of the arkle winner . has pace and stamina on his side and should be the best of a relatively shallow division . dodging bullets will be rock solid as always , but un de sceaux is the class of the division , as the betting suggests .\nborn in sceaux d\u2019anjou in the west of france at rene choveau\u2019s farm , un de sceaux is out of a mare , hotesse de sceaux ( april night ) , who was never placed in her races and hadn\u2019t produced much at stud . but pierre de la guillonniere of haras de la rousseli\u00e8re , the owner of denham red , had noticed that his stallion\u2019s offspring had a certain affinity with april night mares , so he made a foal - share deal with choveau .\nun de sceaux put an unfortunate exit on his chasing debut at thurles last month well behind him when readily landing prohibitive odds in the irish stallion farms ebf beginners chase at fairyhouse .\nun de sceaux is now the odds - on favourite at 10 - 11 for the champion chase , the feature race of cheltenham festival ladies day \u2013 wednesday 16 th march 2016 .\nvictory for un de sceaux on saturday will see his price of 13 - 8 for the 2016 champion chase tumble dramatically , as mullins continues to dominate the ante - post markets .\nlike him those horses are usually and eventually taught to settle and save their energy but , my goodness , until un de sceaux learns to do that , he will be incredibly exciting .\nun de sceaux made all in the grade 2 kerry group hilly way chase , coming home in splendid isolation under david mullins for his uncle willie ( third winner of the day ) .\nin a week of some mesmerising performances at punchestown , un de sceaux put in another one , as he defied logic with his display in the star best for racing coverage novice hurdle .\nit has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed un de sceaux throughout its career you ' d have achieved a 9 % return on investment .\n, who is based at carlow . it is sired by the stallion denham red out of the dam hotesse de sceaux .\nun de sceaux put up a tremendous performance to win the ryanair chase and give trainer willie mullins and jockey ruby walsh a big - race double on the third day of the cheltenham festival .\nruby walsh has revealed that his most important role when riding red - hot favourite un de sceaux in the arkle chase will be to prevent the prodigious chaser from boiling over in the preliminaries .\nracing enthusiasts not already in the un de sceaux fan club are surely members now after the ' sixteens on ' chance bolted up in the three runner horse & jockey hotel hurdle at thurles .\nthe mullins bandwagon rolled onto the big race of the day as un de sceaux cemented his place as queen mother champion chase favourite with a decisive victory in the grade one clarence house chase .\nun de sceaux won the prix la barka last year , picking up \u20ac110 , 000 ( \u00a393 , 000 ) before finishing unplaced behind paul nicholls ptit zig in the grande course de haies d ' auteuil ( french champion hurdle ) at the paris track .\nun de sceaux may have lost his unbeaten record elsewhere on the card but clondaw court maintained his perfect cv by making all for a very comfortable success in the rock of cashel hurdle at thurles .\nthe going remains soft for this afternoon ' s meeting at thurles where the chasing debut of un de sceaux in the opening killinan beginners chase kick starts a seven - race card full of talent .\nfriday\u2019s gold cup is the cheltenham festival prize willie mullins cherishes most but his illustrious cv also has a notable betway queen mother champion chase blank , one which un de sceaux looks set to fill .\ncolm o\u2019connell believes it isn\u2019t just impeccable form and a very short price that make un de sceaux a sure thing for this afternoon\u2019s queen mother champion chase . there\u2019s destiny involved too , he reckons .\nsince then , with the breeders\u2019 premiums un de sceaux has earned for her , monique choveau , rene\u2019s widow , has completely rebuilt her house , which would have been impossible on her meagre farmer\u2019s pension .\nin un de sceaux\u2019s career to date , he has only been beaten when falling , an instinct to throw his heart over a fence , hoping the rest of him follows , occasionally catching him out .\nthough sub lieutenant made inroads into the deficit on the run to the line , un de sceaux ( 7 - 4 favourite ) was not for stopping and passed the post a length and a half clear .\nvirginie bascop is the team - member responsible for un de sceaux day - to - day , entrusted with the mixed blessing of riding a potential champion every morning while trying not to get run away with .\nmaybe it is punters , many jumping fans , that had doubts and looking at him from an analytical point of view you can see why , un de sceaux has often had that crazy horse look about him .\nthe main selection therefore is traffic fluide . he\u2019s a horse that caught our eye last season as a novice , but his recent return behind un de sceaux in the clarence house chase really , really impressed us .\nun de sceaux ( first victory at graded level ) gained his fifth win in ireland and remained unbeaten after seven outings all told with another demolition of the opposition in the grade 2 red mills trial hurdle at gowran .\nthis is especially the case when running first - time out after an extended break . well in himself after a rest , un de sceaux can race far too aggressively and it can hinder his ability to jump accurately .\nhis fourth dam may have been gorda , who was fourth in the g1 prix saint - alary back in 1967 , but that made little difference to potential buyers , so pierre de la guillonniere leased un de sceaux to trainer fabrice foucher , based by the ocean in saint - michel - chef - chef . it didn\u2019t work well initially as un de sceaux was already quite a character , and only by galloping him on a 20km beach did they finally manage to teach him to somehow settle and get ready to race .\nthe champion jockey - elect fractured an arm and dislocated a shoulder on the final day of cheltenham . but just six weeks later he will be on board the unbeaten un de sceaux in a grade two contest at auteuil this afternoon .\nas discussed in our champion hurdle preview , faugheen was the horse in question over hurdles . over fences in the two - mile division , un de sceaux was the horse bookmakers , early doors , felt was the one to beat .\nthe second race we\u2019ve covered where a willie mullins horse holds strong claims . un de sceaux is the obvious horse to beat , but at a price of 4 / 5 we\u2019ll be taking him on with an each - way play .\nun de sceaux put up a tremendous performance to win the ryanair chase and give trainer willie mullins and jockey ruby walsh a big - race double on the third day of the cheltenham festival after taking the jlt novices ' chase with yorkhill .\nand that there lies the potential problem , his form ties him closely with sire de grugy who has since been put in his place by un de sceaux . it must also be said sprinter sacre was a slightly fortunate winner at kempton , a last fence mistake from the runner - up certainly helped his cause .\no\u2019connell\u2019s father , eddie , in whose colours un de sceaux runs , has been ill and again chosen to stay home in cork while his horse attempts to pick up a prize widely presumed all season to be his for the taking all season .\nthough sub lieutenant made inroads into the deficit on the run to the line , un de sceaux ( 7 - 4 favourite ) was not for stopping and passed the post a length and a half clear . aso was six lengths away in third .\nun de sceaux wins the 2017 clarence house chase . urltoken racing uk is the uk ' s leading horse racing tv channel , broadcasting over 4 , 000 live races every year . relive all the best action here : urltoken racing uk - pure racing entertainment\nun de sceaux may have only won a beginners chase at fairyhouse as you would expect at 1 - 5 shot to , by 12 lengths barely coming off the bridle , but his style was reminiscent of a young , carefree , tearaway desert orchid . apart from steering , at this stage of the five - year - old\u2019s career ruby walsh seems to have a minimal input into un de sceaux\u2019s tactics , which are as breathtaking as they are simple \u2013 go as fast as you can for as long as you can .\nhowever un de sceaux is the first outstanding candidate mullins has had for the race . and just the press the point home fully , in felix yonger the champion trainer looks to have another good chance , perhaps even a shot at saddling a 1 - 2 .\nshould un de sceaux become the 18th individual irish trained champion chase winner his addition to the two - mile roll of honour will be apt . in a discipline devoted to speed , dash and inch - accurate jumping , the mullins star is almost a caricature .\nwe\u2019ve always felt soft ground and tracks like ascot and kempton are ideal for him despite the son of my risk winning many good races on quicker terrain . back at cheltenham on potential spring ground means others are better equipped to get closer to un de sceaux .\nthis most dynamic of racing duos won the three biggest races of the day , the sky bet supreme novices\u2019 hurdle with douvan , the arkle won by un de sceaux and the brilliant faugheen destroyed the opposition in the biggest race of the day , the champion hurdle .\nwalsh again sent the eight - year - old to the front from the start and allowing him to find a superb rhythm with his jumping . turning for home he was travelling by the far the best , sire de grugy tried desperately to mount a challenge , but un de sceaux had far too many gears and eased to a five length win .\njosses hill surprised many by finishing third in last season\u2019s arkle behind un de sceaux , but he\u2019s a horse that has never convinced over fences and is easily left . the old warrior somersby is too old to go close in these events now and is another to duck .\nfor many this will be a classic case of \u2018bar a fall . \u2019 the only two occasions un de sceaux has been beaten have come when he has hit the floor . it\u2019s somewhat simplistic to boil it down to his greatest danger being himself but hardly completely ridiculous either .\nfor most people lucky enough to have a birthday coinciding with the cheltenham festival , a pair of tickets to the meeting is a valued present - but colm o ' connell might just enjoy the best celebration of all , a betway queen mother champion chase win for un de sceaux .\nun de sceaux himself isn\u2019t a natural candidate for the comfortable role of cool , clean hero . as befits the king of the speed division , he\u2019s more high - strung than cuddly , fiercely resentful of being stuck behind anyone or anything , and certainly not one for the niceties .\ntwice this has been seen in recent seasons : un de sceaux in each of his last two campaign openers has fallen . while worrying , it\u2019s encouraging to note on his second start back after a break he has been far more tractable , intelligent in jumping and won in style .\nwith un de sceaux so readily turning over sire de grugy ( 12 / 1 ) , it\u2019s hard to envisage the tables being turned at cheltenham come march . gary moore\u2019s charge is a top - class racehorse , a winner of five grade 1s , including the 2014 queen mother champion chase , but at the age of ten , it\u2019s hard to see him improving .\nhenry de bromhead is busy preparing his strongest ever raiding party on the cheltenham festival .\nwhat makes it even more difficult for his opposition now however is that he looked to have learned the lessons from that with a subsequently faultless victory at ascot where the flamboyance of old was somewhat contained . a repeat of such controlled aggression will make un de sceaux an even tougher opponent .\nspecial tiara and his former stable companion sizing granite are two other irish hopefuls and it will be fascinating to see if special tiara takes on un de sceaux for the lead in the early stages . such a tactic might have been productive in the past although the ascot evidence suggests maybe not now .\nthe current season started slowly , we saw him for the first time in the clarence house chase at ascot . on his seasonal debut , he ran an absolute cracker finishing third behind un de sceaux , registering a career best in the process , beaten just five lengths with near guaranteed progress to come .\nun des sceaux\u2019s support team : colm o\u2019connell , eamon o\u2019connell , carol o\u2019connell , tony twomey , kay o\u2019connell , paul o\u2019connell , colm o\u2019keeffe with children , luke and katelyn o\u2019connell . photograph : inpho / morgan treacy\neven so , un de sceaux had all his rivals at full stretch coming down the hill . god ' s own ( 33 - 1 ) tried to make a race of it but he could not compete on the run to the line and had to settle for being beaten six lengths in second place .\non 16 march 2016 , sprinter sacre contested his third queen mother champion chase at the cheltenham festival . he started the 5 / 1 second favourite behind the irish - trained un de sceaux , whilst the other eight runners included dodging bullets , sire de grugy , felix yonger ( punchestown champion chase ) , special tiara , and somersby . special tiara and un de sceaux set a very fast pace with nico de boinville settling sprinter sacre behind the leaders . despite a mistake three fences from home , sprinter sacre made rapid progress to take the lead approaching the second last and quickly went several lengths clear . he stayed on up the run - in to win the race by three and a half lengths and a nose from un de sceaux and special tiara . commenting on the ten - year - old ' s return to form , henderson said ,\nhe\u2019s just been so feisty and aggressive all season . . . i\u2019ve been looking at him every night for the last three weeks and i just knew that it was still there , and his whole body said that it was . it\u2019s just talent , isn\u2019t it ?\nhowever all eyes will be firmly fixed on the two headline attractions . un de sceaux enjoyed a fantastic campaign last season culminating with a victory in the racing post arkle at the cheltenham festival . the eight - year - olds seasonal return didn\u2019t go to plan as he fell when going well at leopardstown over christmas .\ntour de france : team sky finish second in 35 . 5km team time trial 19 : 07\nthere is no hiding place when you employ those tactics and until un de sceaux , who remains unbeaten in all races except for his novices fall first time out over fences , gets his jumping totally together there is an added harum - scarum element to his racing . he must be white - knuckle exhilarating to ride .\nwith his trainer enda bolger always considering him a chasing type , gilgamboa had shown plenty over the smaller obstacles to suggest he could compete to a high level over fences . he went unbeaten in his opening two chase starts before finding the brilliant un de sceaux too hot to handle over two miles in the irish arkle .\non last season\u2019s arkle second behind the current race - favourite un de sceaux , god\u2019s own looks a pretty big price at 33 / 1 . he\u2019s only run once this campaign due to unsuitable going , but that third in the haldon gold cup at exeter on terrain too slow was a good effort all things considered .\nun de sceaux misses out on next week\u2019s punchestown festival and runs instead in the grade two prix leon rambaud where he will again clash with the french champion gemix . just a short neck separated them at the course a month ago when barry geraghty stepped in for the injured walsh . today\u2019s race is at 1 . 35 .\ndjakadam , owned by susannah and rich ricci , made an impressive return to action winning the grade one john durkan memorial chase at punchestown by 12 - lengths . and after seeing faugheen , douvan and un de sceaux lay down massive festival markers , mullins will be hoping for a similar performance from the cheltenham gold cup favourite .\nthe 2015 supreme novice hurdle winner was sent off as 1 - 14 favourite for the irish arkle and produced a flawless round of jumping to win by 15 - lengths . the six - year - old is now 4 - 7 to emulate un de sceaux and win the racing post arkle on day one of the cheltenham festival .\nsteve - emphatic arkle winner un de sceaux will step up to the big time this season , but if his jumping stays together then there ' s nothing in training that live with his cruising speed and at 5 / 4 for the queen mother champion chase it ' s going to be most punter ' s banker of the festival , and it will certainly be mine .\nwearing his heart on his sleeve , the un sceaux battle - plan classically involves going as fast as possible for two miles , daring anyone else to try and keep up . it\u2019s a high - risk strategy and it helped catch him out at leopardstown over christmas .\nwith the likes of vautour and un de sceaux going chasing , and hurricane fly stepping up in trip it seems that faugheen is the only one to fly the flag in the two mile division for the dominant willie mullins . he is generally a 5 / 1 chance for the champion hurdle but in my mind as long as he gets there he will be winning , famous last words eh !\ncaroline tisdall and bryan drew leading in un temps pour tout after back - to - back festival wins in the g3 ultima chase . urltoken\nwhile de boinville added : \u201caltior is quite a star . just to ride a smashing horse like this is quite something .\nthe heir apparent to sire de grugy at the sussex yard , this young french import has made remarkable progress in his five runs since arriving in this country , particularly after he was dropped to the minimum trip . he won off 129 and then 135 before producing a highly respectable performance when stepped up to grade one company at aintree . he is bound to be stronger and more mature this season and could progress into one of the chief rivals of un de sceaux in the queen mother champion chase that stablemate grugy won last year .\nhenry de bromhead flies the irish flag in the grade one celebration chase although special tiara has considerable ground to make up on sire de grugy from cheltenham\u2019s champion chase while co . dublin based patrick griffin runs maggio against menorah in the listed oaksey chase .\neven though most hardcore jumps fans know him very well by now , there is something about the aqps un de sceaux that keeps them on their toes every time he\u2019s out on the course , mostly as favourite . few horses sprint down the hill leading to the final steep straight line of prestbury park after showing the way a few lengths ahead of the field , jumping fences with a boldness not many jockeys would find comfortable .\nnot straightforward trainer willie mullins reported yesterday : \u201cun de sceaux is not the easiest of horses to ride but ruby looks fit and well riding out at home . if he didn\u2019t run [ in france ] he\u2019d have to take on hurricane fly and jezki and we\u2019ve time enough for all that . and the way he jumped the french hurdles , who knows whether he\u2019ll go jumping fences next year or come back over hurdles . \u201d\nhaving first dipped her toes into graded water in november 2013 when being caught out slightly one - paced up auteuil\u2019s long straight in the grande course de haies de 3 ans , one of france\u2019s top juvenile hurdle races , she proved a consistent performer , adding a first and two seconds at grade 3 to add to her grade 1 3rd place , a grade 2 second , and finally a grade 3 and a grade 1 victory in the final juvenile race of the season at auteuil in june , the prix alain du breil \u2013 course de haies d\u2019ete de quatre ans .\nval de ferbet put in a fine round of jumping on his chasing debut to take the three - mile beginners ' event in decisive fashion at fairyhouse .\ngary moore says sire de grugy is in great shape ahead of the betway champion chase and may turn to headgear in order to eke out a little more improvement .\na horse whose collateral form links him strongly with both sprinter sacre and sire de grugy is special tiara ( 12 / 1 ) , the 2015 champion chase third . a two - time grade one - winning chaser for henry de bromhead , he beat sprinter sacre in april 2015 by five lengths in the celebration chase at sandown .\nboth sire de grugy and special tiara are more than twice the price of the aforementioned nicky henderson horse , but others look to offer better value at this stage .\nspecial tiara showed a great attitude to stick out his neck and keep up the pace , beating fox norton . giving trainer henry de bromhead another champion chase victory .\nthe son of kayf tara hasn\u2019t been seen since , but is due to run at punchestown in the tied cottage chase . there is a chance he will shorten in the betting in the run - up to the champion chase \u2013 he already offers better value than sprinter sacre \u2013 and while a positive where this blog is concerned , we are not quite sure he offers enough each - way value at this stage especially when you consider he\u2019ll not get an easy lead with un de sceaux in the field . with that said , he holds strong claims of hitting the frame .\nfor the third season in a row the top 2m chaser scooped the grade 1 treble of tingle creek , clarence house and queen mother champion chase , writes john de moraville .\nthe pair dominated the market for the queen mother chase but sire de grugy finished a laboured fourth , running over a stone below his best , while sprinter sacre pulled up .\nif nichols canyon is now a more settled creature according to his trainer , the same cannot be said for his stablemate , the tearaway un de sceaux . but what he lacks in restraint he more than makes up for in ability and he soon had some strongly fancied rivals toiling in his wake as he set a relentless gallop in the g1 ryanair chase . walsh made vain attempts to anchor the exuberance of his partner in the early stages of the race but eventually allowed him to tug his way to the front and hurtle from fence to fence , eliciting gasps from the crowd with his almost recklessly bold jumping .\n\u201ci have ridden as an amateur and i also have an eventing background , \u201d she explains . \u201cthat led me to take care of some \u2018problem\u2019 horses at willie\u2019s and that\u2019s how i had un de sceaux allotted to me . he was pulling hard all the time and , eventually , that hurt him . i started to do some flat work with him in a manege . the idea was to make him understand that i was in charge , but that i also was his friend . it has been a long process and it\u2019s not an exact science , but i somehow have some control on his speed now . \u201d\nto some extent , mullins had been enduring a festival to forget , with a number of his high - profile horses having suffered injuries in the build - up , while odds - on favourite douvan ( fr ) ( walk in the park { ire } ) disappointed in the g1 queen mother champion chase and was subsequently found to be lame . but thursday quickly became a day to remember as first yorkhill ( ire ) ( presenting { gb } ) then un de sceaux ( fr ) ( denham red { fr } ) and nichols canyon ( gb ) ( authorized { ire } ) restored natural order in the mullins camp .\nlast year ' s champion chase winner sire de grugy has come out of his cheltenham warm - up at chepstow with his confidence boosted and is\ngood as gold\naccording to jockey , jamie moore .\nthe firm celebrates its twentieth anniversary , with two commissions in a row for the city of paris : an elementary school near the arc de triomphe , and 85\ngreen\napartments in the boucicaut district .\nafter falling at christmas there were question marks hanging over the head of last season\u2019s racing post arkle winner , but he put any doubts to bed by galloping his main rival sire de grugy into the ground .\nvautour , along with un de sceaux , was the great disappointment of the season for mullins and he remains without a win in one of the championship chases at the festival - you may rate the ryanair one of those but i don\u2019t . wins in the stella artois 1965 , clarence house and ryanair chases were scant return for a pair so talented and their jumping was found out in other races . strong travelling rather than good jumping tends to be a feature of the mullins horses and while his fall / unseat rate over fences in ireland and the uk was actually lower than previous seasons in ireland ( 10 . 8 % as against 11 . 4 % ) his runners seemed to make errors at the most crucial times .\ndodging bullets at cheltenham was left to account by just over a length for the admirable veteran somersby , who 12 months previously had bravely succumbed to an on - song sire de grugy by almost six times that margin .\nhis 2013 / 14 campaign was a disaster , however . health issues with a defibrillating heart ( has also struggled with his wind ) saw him race just once where he was pulled up at kempton behind sire de grugy .\nwe have much more positive feelings about traffic fluide , however , another horse trained by gary moore . moore , famous for his exploits with sire de grugy , has a potential heir apparent in this young and improving chaser .\nsent - off as the 30 / 100 favourite , nicky henderson\u2019s leading light made all under nico de boinville , producing a sequence of spectacular leaps . from four out the race was put to bed within a few strides .\nthere is every chance he can turn that form around with sire de grugy on better ground especially considering , despite winning many good races going right - handed , he gave the impression reverting to a left - handed track would suit .\nbut , although dodging bullets proved a revelation and comprehensively upstaged his two predecessors sprinter sacre and sire de grugy at cheltenham in march , his end - of - term rating of 171 is the lowest in this category since 2002 - 03 .\ncourt minstrel was a very decent hurdler and landed a valuable handicap hurdle at this meeting last year . the evan williams trained 8 year old made the perfect start to his chasing career when winning his first two races , including a 2 \u00be lengths defeat of chris pea green at cheltenham in october . in december he headed to sandown park for the grade 1 henry viii novices\u2019 chase but jumped far less fluently than normal and eventually finished last of the 4 runner behind vibrato valtat , beaten 32 lengths . he was off the track then until last month\u2019s arkle at cheltenham , where he stayed on late to finish 19 lengths fifth to un de sceaux . court minstrel then contested the grade 1 maghull novices\u2019 chase at aintree two weeks ago and was not disgraced when finishing 6 \u00bd lengths fourth to sizing granite .\ntaken to fences really well was rather unlucky sort over hurdles . he can win either way round and from back or front on all ground types and with doubts about sprinter sacre he must be value to give sire de grugy a race this season .\nhenry de bromhead has a nice bunch of two mile chasers this season and special tiara could easily have made this list instead of sizing granite , but it\u2019s the latter\u2019s versatility in terms of handling softer ground and being a year younger that secured his inclusion .\nthe formbook tells us there is very little between sprinter sacre ( 4 / 1 ) , sire de grugy ( 12 / 1 ) and special tiara ( 12 / 1 ) . former great sprinter sacre is easily discarded here of the trio on value grounds .\nunder a confident ride from aidan coleman , the colin tizzard chaser jumped enthusiastically from the front immediately putting his rivals under pressure . in contrast bristol de mai didn\u2019t show the same level of form as he did at haydock , struggling to jump with any fluency .\nsire de grugy was one of the most popular cheltenham festival winners when he flew up the hill to claim the 2014 queen mother champion chase and he has slowly returned to form this season . he was way below his best at exeter in the haldon gold cup .\nthis season , he returned to winning ways with a heart - warming and visually brilliant 15 lengths victory in the grade 2 shloer chase at cheltenham in november before he just got the better of sire de grugy at kempton in the grade 2 desert orchid chase over christmas .\njamie moore on behalf of betracingnation listed ubak as his horse to follow and gave a glowing report of the novice chaser . \u201ci think he is going to be a very very good horse , apart from sire de grugy he is definitely the best horse in the yard\u201d .\nit was also a historic opening day for eventmasters horse racing hospitality ambassador tom scudamore , who partnered un temps pour tout to victory in the ultima handicap chase . david pipe\u2019s eight - year - old won the same race in 2016 and became the first horse since scot lane in 1983 to win back - to - back renewals .\nthat is down to the calibre of opposition as both the two previous champions explicitly failed to reignite their former brilliance winning just one race between them all season . and that was sire de grugy\u2019s victory \u2013 albeit stylishly under top - weight \u2013 in a muddling four - runner chepstow handicap .\nheading into saturday\u2019s denman chase at newbury , many were expecting an epic battle between native river and bristol de mai \u2013 who have both claimed major handicap victories this season . but at the winning post there was little doubt who will pose the biggest threat to thistlecrack in the gold cup .\n2015 / 16 was largely in line with previous seasons for henry de bromhead , sending out 48 winners after 49 and 48 in the campaigns beforehand , and that levelling off is not something that pleased his principal patron alan potts who recently announced that he will have runners with a handful of other trainers next term . it is hard to avoid the notion that potts is difficult to deal with \u2013 he constantly moves horses around \u2013 but apart from going back into the willie mullins fold , a bridge he has already burned it would seem , there are few better around than de bromhead .\nthis season he was a hugely unlucky runner - up behind sire de grugy in the tingle creek , again at sandown , where a last fence mid - air clash with the winner may well have cost him the race . in the end , he was beaten by three parts of a length .\nwith front - runner charbel setting a very strong pace , nico de boinville and altior were taken outside of their comfort zone . but the fall of kim bailey\u2019s runner left altior clear in front and he stormed up the famous cheltenham hill , to give henderson a record breaking sixth win in the race .\nfollowing education , culture , commerce and offices , the agency now addresses the design of facilities for public safety : police stations in sceaux and villepinte . ttwo years later , ameller & dubois wins the montmartre fire station competition ( completed in 2008 ) . mary warburton , a young stage design oriented architect , joins the firm . she remains its most steady project manager .\ngod\u2019s own really blossomed around this time last year but didn\u2019t record a first victory over fences until winning a grade 1 contest at punchestown last spring , which meant he retained his novice status for the current season . the tom george trained 7 year old beat the ill - fated moscow mannon by \u00bd a length in the ryanair novice chase , in a field that also contained balder succes , felix yonger and champagne fever . he returned to action in november at exeter and landed the haldon gold cup by 5 lengths from balder succes but a month later his jumping let him down as he disappointed badly in the tingle creek chase . god\u2019s own then headed to kempton park over christmas to contest the grade 2 wayward lad novices\u2019 chase but went down to a 10 \u00bd lengths defeat when third to vibrato valtat . he was then off the track until last month\u2019s arkle at cheltenham , when he came back to his very best to chase home un de sceaux , eventually finishing 6 lengths second . god\u2019s own then headed to aintree and finished a length second to sizing granite in the grade 1 maghull novices\u2019 chase .\nthe amateur four - mile contest takes place on the opening day of the 2016 cheltenham festival \u2013 tuesday 15 th march ; with irish champion trainer mullins holding the first three in the betting . black hercules is the 4 - 1 favourite , followed by roi de francs ( 6 - 1 ) and pont alexandre ( 8 - 1 ) .\nas is his way , might bite set a blistering pace at the front and was 20 - lengths clear of his rivals coming to the final fence . after a crashing fall at kempton at the final fence in a similar position , nico de boinville got his mount to the other side \u2013 but that\u2019s where it all went a bit wrong .\nif that sounds presumptive in a field containing one of the most outstanding two - mile champions of all , sprinter scare , other previous title - holders in dodging bullets and sire de gruggy , not to mention a handful of other proven grade 1 winners , it does allow for the suspicion that sprinter & co appear to be lights of other days .\nwhile defi de seuil proved to be the finest juvenile hurdler in training as he swept aside the competition in the jcb triumph hurdle . phillip hobbs horse has been imperious all season , winning on each of his six starts . it was another victory in the race for jp mcmanus who now has owned 50 winners at the festival \u2013 the most in history .\nde bromhead has become more of a summer trainer in recent years and won a galway plate in 2015 with shanahan\u2019s turn which might be his aiming to avoid some of the better mullins horses in softer races ; he has started this new season well already with three winners . the national hunt season \u2018proper\u2019 will tell the tale however with his number of potts runners cut .\nvibrato valtat was a useful novice hurdler last term and has improved with each run this season over fences . after a good run back over hurdles at cheltenham\u2019s october meeting , vibrato valtat beat the useful thomas crapper by a length on his chasing debut at warwick in early november . the paul nicholls trained 6 year old was then second best by 1 \u00be lengths to dunraven storm at cheltenham\u2019s open meeting later that month , but reversed those placings when staying up the sandown park hill to beat his old rival by 2 lengths in the grade 1 henry viii novices\u2019 chase in early december . vibrato valtat was out again three weeks later and ran on well to beat three kingdoms by \u00bd a length in the wayward lad novices\u2019 chase at kempton park . he then headed to the kingmaker novices\u2019 chase at warwick in february and jumped well and looked really impressive when defeating the useful top gamble by 4 \u00bd lengths . he then headed to the arkle at cheltenham and tried to lay - up behind un de sceaux but paid the price in the home straight , eventually finishing 13 lengths fourth . once again vibrato valtat put up a game performance at aintree two weeks ago when 4 lengths second to clarcam in the grade 1 manifesto novices\u2019 chase .\nscudamore has won nine times at the cheltenham festival \u2013 thistlecrack , ryanair world hurdle 2016 ; un temps pour tout , ultima handicap chase 2016 ; next sensation , grand annual chase 2015 ; moon racer , wetherby\u2019s champion bumper 2015 ; ballynagour , byrne group plate 2014 ; dynaste , ryanair chase 2014 ; western warhorse , racing post arkle 2014 ; salut flo , byrne group plate 2012 ; and an accordion , william hill trophy handicap chase 2008 .\nif that poor performance can be forgiven , and it should , there was enough in his previous start at kempton to be enthused by his prospects over hurdles this season ; having travelled smoothly throughout the contest on the all - weather circuit , bringithomeminty displayed an impressive gear - change as he stretched 8 lengths clear of a well - regarded paul nicholls inmate , alibi de sivola , who himself was clear of the rest .\nrunner - up on his sole start in an irish point - to - point , stellar notion made a winning debut under rules in a bumper at bangor - on - dee in december before making a successful start to his hurdles career , in a heavy ground novice at newcastle the following month . a strapping son of presenting , there was no disgrace in failing to concede 6lbs to un ace on his only subsequent outing and he is certainly worth following off his opening handicap mark of 121 .\nthe pair have since bounced back in fantastic style , winning the grade 1 sodexo clarence house chase at ascot . in beating an inform sire de grugy by five lengths under the gary moore\u2019s horse ideal conditions , it was a big statement pre - cheltenham . quite simply , he\u2019s the one they all have to beat , but at a price of 4 / 5 is no good to us from an ante - post betting perspective ."]}
{"id": 1564, "summary": [{"text": "oligodon is genus of colubrid snakes that was first described by the austrian zoologist fitzinger in 1826 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this genus is widespread throughout central and tropical asia . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "oligodon", "paragraphs": ["oligodon everetti boulenger 1893 : 524 oligodon everetti \u2014 manthey 1983 oligodon everetti \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 369 oligodon everetti \u2014 malkmus et al . 2002 oligodon everetti \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 487 oligodon everetti \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 497\nkeywords : reptilia , quang nam province , hemipenis , maxillary teeth , oligodon chinensis , oligodon culaochamensis sp . nov .\ncoronella taeniolata jerdon 1853 : 528 ( nomen protectum ) coluber taeniolatus daudin 1803 ( nomen oblitum ) oligodon taeniolatus \u2014 wall 1921 xenodon dubium jerdon 1853 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon subgriseum dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 59 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon subgriseus \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon spilonotus g\u00fcnther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon fasciatus \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon elliotti \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon subgriseus alternans bethancourt - ferreira 1897 ( fide smith ) oligodon subgriseus \u2014 wall 1905 : 298 oligodon elliottii \u2014 wall 1909 : 533 oligodon taeniolatus var . ceylonicus wall 1921 : 240 ( fide smith 1943 ) oligodon taeniolatus \u2014 smith 1943 : 223 contia transcaspica nikolsky 1903 ( fide khalikov , pers . comm . ) oligodon taeniolatus \u2014 das 1996 : 58 oligodon taeniolatus ceylonicus \u2014 janzen et al . 2007 oligodon taeniolatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 503 oligodon taeniolatus fasciatus ( g\u00fcnther 1864 ) oligodon taeniolatus fasciatus \u2014 murthy 2010\nsimotes taeniatus g\u00fcnther 1861 : 267 simotes quadrilineatus jan & sordelli 1865 simotes quadrilineatus jan 1866 : 7 ( fide saint - girons 1972 , david et al . 2008 ) simotes taeniatus \u2014 boulenger 1894 : 227 simotes taeniatus var . mouhoti boulenger 1914 : 70 ( fide smith 1943 ) holarchus taeniatus taeniatus \u2014 cochran 1930 oligodon taeniatus \u2014 smith 1943 : 208 oligodon quadrilineatus \u2014 smith 1943 : 210 oligodon quadrilineatus \u2014 taylor 1965 oligodon taeniatus \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 372 oligodon taeniatus \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 61 oligodon quadrilineatus \u2014 zug et al . 1998 oligodon quadrilineatus \u2014 chan - ard et al . 1999 : 176 oligodon taeniatus \u2014 chan - ard et al . 1999 : 34 oligodon taeniatus \u2014 green et al . 2010 oligodon quadrilineatus \u2014 das 2012 oligodon taeniatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 503\nwagner , f . w . ( 1975 ) a revision of the asian colubrid snakes oligodon cinereus ( g\u00fcnther ) , oligodon joynsoni ( smith ) , and oligodon cyclurus ( cantor ) . unpublished ms thesis , baton rouge , louisiana state university , 97 pp .\nreptilia , hon ba , hemipenis , indochina , maxillary teeth , oligodon condaoensis sp . nov .\ncoronella cyclura cantor 1839 : 50 coronella violacea cantor 1839 simotes bicatenatus g\u00fcnther 1864 simotes cochinchinensis g\u00fcnther 1864 simotes brevicauda steindachner 1867 simotes bicatenatus \u2014 anderson 1871 : 170 simotes bicatenatus \u2014 stoliczka 1873 simotes cyclurus \u2014 boulenger 1890 simotes cyclurus \u2014 wall 1908 : 780 simotes albocinctus dorsolateralis wall 1909 ( fide wagner , pers . comm . ) simotes albocinctus var . dorsolateralis \u2014 wall 1910 holarchus cyclurus \u2014 smith 1920 oligodon purpurascens wall 1923 ( non schlegel ) simotes smithi werner 1925 ( fide smith 1928 ) holarchus purpurascens \u2014 cochran 1930 oligodon cyclurus \u2014 smith 1943 : 202 oligodon dorsolateralis \u2014 taylor 1965 rhynchocalamus violaceus olygodon [ sic ] cyclurus \u2014 schulz 1988 oligodon dorsolateralis \u2014 das 1996 : 58 oligodon dorsolateralis \u2014 chan - ard et al . 1999 : 34 oligodon dorsolateralis \u2014 pauwels et al . 2002 oligodon cyclurus \u2014 green et al . 2010 oligodon cyclurus \u2014 david et al . 2011 oligodon cyclurus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 496\nreptilia , thailand , oligodon saiyok sp . nov . , new species , taxonomy , limestone cave , buddhist temple\nelaps octo - lineatus schneider 1801 : 299 coluber octolineatus \u2014 shaw 1802 coronella octolineata \u2014 boie 1827 simotes octolineatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 634 simotes octolineatus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 389 simotes octolineatus var . a \u2014 lampe 1902 simotes octolineatus \u2014 lidth de jeude 1922 : 245 holarchus octolineatus \u2014 barbour 1912 oligodon octolineatus \u2014 wall 1923 oligodon octolineatus \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 369 oligodon octolineatus \u2014 tillack & g\u00fcnther 2010 oligodon octolineatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 501\ncampides - main , simon m . 1969 . the status of oligodon taeniatus ( g\u00fcnther ) , 1861 , and oligodon mouhoti ( boulenger ) , 1914 ( serpentes , colubridae ) . herpetologica 25 ( 4 ) : 295 - 299 - get paper here\nbauer , a . m . 2003 . on the status of the name oligodon taeniolatus ( jerdon , 1853 ) and its long - ignored senior synonym and secondary homonym , oligodon taeniolatus ( daudin , 1803 ) . hamadryad 27 : 205 - 213 .\ntillack , frank 2008 . oligodon rhombifer werner , 1924 , a junior synonym of oligodon ancorus ( girard , 1857 ) ( reptilia : squamata : colubridae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 15 ( 2 ) : 122 - 128 - get paper here\ntillack , frank and rainer g\u00fcnther 2010 . revision of the species of oligodon from sumatra and adjacent islands , with comments on the taxonomic status of oligodon subcarinatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1872 ) and oligodon annulifer ( boulenger , 1893 ) from borneo ( reptilia , squamata , colubridae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 4 ) : 265 - 294 [ 2009 ] - get paper here\na new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam .\ncampden - main , s . m . 1970 . the identity of oligodon cyclurus ( cantor , 1839 ) and revalidation of oligodon brevicauda ( steindachner , 1867 ) ( serpentes : colubridae ) . proc . biol . soc . washington 82 ( 58 ) : 763 - 765 - get paper here\npauwels o s g ( 2007 ) . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia .\na new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . - pubmed - ncbi\nwhen disturbed and threatened , oligodon ornatus may put on quite a show of theatrics , including open display of its hemipenes , as well as tail coiling and thrashing .\ndotsenko i b 1984 . morphological characters and ecological peculiarities of oligodon taeniolatus ( serpentes , colubridae ) . vestnik zoologii , kiev 1984 ( 4 ) : 23 - 26\ndavid , patrick & gernot vogel 2012 . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from pulau nias , indonesia . zootaxa 3201 : 58\u201368\nschulz , klaus - dieter 1987 . erfahrungen mit kukri - nattern der gattung oligodon ( boie 1827 ) . herpetofauna 9 ( 52 ) : 32 - 34 - get paper here\nleviton , a . e . ( 1953 ) a new snake of the genus oligodon from annam . journal of the washington academy of sciences , 43 ( 12 ) , 422\u2013424 .\nwall , f . ( 1905 ) description of a new snake from burma . oligodon mcdougalli . the journal of the bombay natural history society , 16 ( 2 ) , 251\u2013252 .\nwall , f . 1909 . discovery of a second specimen of the rare snake oligodon elliottii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 : 533 - get paper here\nkreutz , r . 1993 . zur ern\u00e4hrung der kukri - natter oligodon cyclurus smithi ( werner , 1925 ) . sauria 15 ( 3 ) : 25 - 26 - get paper here\ngrossmann , w . 1992 . beitrag zur biologie der kukri - natter oligodon cyclurus smithi ( werner , 1925 ) . sauria 14 ( 2 ) : 3 - 10 - get paper here\npellegrin , j . ( 1910 ) description d\u2019une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 nouvelle de l\u2019 oligodon herberti boulenger , provenant du tonkin . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france , 35 ( 2 ) , 30\u201332 .\nboulenger , g . a . ( 1918 ) description of a new snake of the genus oligodon from upper burma . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 89 ( 1 ) , 9\u201310 .\nvassilieva , a . b . ( 2015 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from coastal southern vietnam . zootaxa , 4058 ( 2 ) , 211\u2013226 .\ndeepak , v . and s . harikrishnan . 2013 . on the identity of two oligodon species in the collection at zoological survey of india , kolkata . hamadryad 36 ( 2 ) : 182 - 184\nvassilieva , a . b . ( 2015 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from coastal southern vietnam . zootaxa , 4058 ( 2 ) , 211\u2013226 . urltoken\nneang , t . & hun , s . ( 2013 ) first record of oligodon annamensis leviton , 1953 ( squamata : colubridae ) from the cardamom mountains of southwest cambodia . herpetology notes , 6 , 271\u2013273 .\ndavid , patrick ; gernot vogel , johan van rooijen 2011 . the name - bearing type of oligodon quadrilineatus ( jan & sordelli , 1865 ) ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa 3111 : 67\u201368 - get paper here\ndavid , patrick ; indraneil das & gernot vogel 2011 . on some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in indian species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa 2799 : 1\u201314 - get paper here\ngreen , m . d . , orlov , n . l . & murphy , r . w . ( 2010 ) toward a phylogeny of the kukri snakes , genus oligodon . asian herpetological research , 1 , 1\u201321 .\nleong , t . m . & grismer , l . l . ( 2004 ) a new species of kukri snake , oligodon ( colubridae ) from pulau tioman , west malaysia . asiatic herpetological research , 10 , 12\u201316 .\ngreen , marc d . ; nikolai l . orlov and robert w . murphy 2010 . toward a phylogeny of the kukri snakes , genus oligodon . asian herpetological research 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 - get paper here\ngreen , m . d . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of the snake genus oligodon ( serpentes : colubridae ) , with an annotated checklist and key . master of science thesis , university of toronto , viii + 161 pp .\npauwels , o . s . g . , kunya , k . & vogel , g . ( 2008 ) \u00fcber ein albinoexemplar von oligodon fasciolatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) aus thailand . elaphe , 16 ( 2 ) , 54\u201356 .\nseetharamaraju , midathala ; chelmala srinivasulu and bhargavi srinivasulu . 2011 . new records of oligodon taeniolatus ( jerdon , 1853 ) ( reptilia : colubridae ) in andhra pradesh , india . herpetology notes 4 : 421 - 423 - get paper here\ndavid , p . , das , i . & vogel , g . ( 2011 ) on some taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in indian species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) . zootaxa , 2799 , 1\u201314 .\ngreen , m . d . , orlov , n . l . & murphy , r . w . ( 2010 ) toward a phylogeny of the kukri snakes , genus oligodon . asian herpetological research , 1 ( 1 ) , 1\u201321 .\ndeshmukh , r . v . , sager a . deshmukh & swapnil a . badhekar 2016 . first records of oligodon taeniolatus and bungarus sindanus walli from nagpur district , maharashtra , india reptile rap ( 18 ) : 40\u201342 - get paper here\npauwels , o . s . g . ; kunya , k . & vogel , g . 2008 . \u00fcber ein albinoexemplar von oligodon fasciolatus ( serpentes : colubridae ) aus thailand . elaphe 16 ( 2 ) : 54 - 56 - get paper here\ndavid , p . , vogel , g . & pauwels , o . s . g . ( 2008a ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia . zootaxa , 1939 , 19\u201337 .\njablonski , d . , bursey , c . r . , christophoryov\u00e1 , j . , luu , v . q . & goldberg , s . r . 2017 . oligodon taeniatus ( striped kukri snake ) endoparasite . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 864\ndavid , p . ; vogel , g . & pauwels , o . s . g . 2008 . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia . zootaxa 1939 : 19\u201337 - get paper here\nneang , thy ; l . lee grismer & jennifer c . daltry 2012 . a new species of kukri snake ( colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa 3388 : 41\u201355 - get paper here\nsynonymy tentatively ( mostly ) after smith 1943 : 202 . oligodon kheriensis acharji & ray 1936 has been removed from the synonymy of oligodon cyclurus by david et al . 2011 . oligodon cyclurus smithi and o . c . superfluens ( taylor 1965 ) become synonyms of o . fasciolatus fide pauwels et al . ( 2003 ) . types : note that two neotypes have been designated : one by ( campden - main 1970 ) and one by wagner ( 1975 ) in an unpublished thesis . similar species : has been confused with o . fasciolatus , a population with 21 or 23 scale rows at midbody from se myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos and vietnam . o . cylurus has 19 scale rows and is restricted to india , bangladesh and myanmar fide pauwels et al . 2002 . distribution : possibly in bhutan ( lenz 2012 ) .\nnguyen , sang ngoc ; vu dang hoang nguyen , son hong le , robert w . murphy 2016 . a new species of kukri snake ( squamata : colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from con dao islands , southern vietnam zootaxa 4139 ( 2 ) : 261\u2013273 - get paper here\ndavid , p . , vogel , g . & van rooijen , j . ( 2008b ) a revision of the oligodon taeniatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) group ( squamata : colubridae ) , with the description of three new species from the indochinese region . zootaxa , 1965 , 1\u201349 .\nhasan , m . k . , feeroz , m . m . , ahmed , s . , ahmed , a . & saha , s . ( 2013 ) the confirmed record of oligodon albocinctus ( cantor , 1839 ) from bangladesh . taprobanica , 5 ( 1 ) , 77\u201380 .\nneang , t . , grismer , l . l . & daltry , j . c . ( 2012 ) a new species of kukri snake ( colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary , cardamom mountains , southwest cambodia . zootaxa , 3388 , 41\u201355 .\ndavid , p . ; vogel , g . & van rooijen , j . 2008 . a revision of the oligodon taeniatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) group ( squamata : colubridae ) , with the description of three new species from the indochinese region . zootaxa 1965 : 1\u201349 - get paper here\nhuang , w . - s . , greene , h . w . , chang , t . - j . & shine , r . ( 2011 ) territorial behavior in taiwanese kukrisnakes ( oligodon formosanus ) . proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 108 ( 18 ) , 7455\u20137459 .\ndavid , p . , vogel , g . & rooijen , j . v . ( 2008b ) a revision of the oligodon taeniatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) group ( squamata : colubridae ) , with the description of three new species from the indochinese region . zootaxa , 1965 , 1\u201349 .\nzhang , j . , jang , k . , li , p . - p . , hou , m . & rao , d . - q . ( 2011 ) taxonomic revisions on genus oligodon of china ( serpentes , colubridae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica , 36 ( 2 ) , 423\u2013430 .\ndavid , patrick ; truong quang nguyen , tao thien nguyen , ke jiang , tianbo chen , alexandre teyni\u00e9 & thomas ziegler 2012 . a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . zootaxa 3498 : 45\u201362 - get paper here\njiang , ke ; tianbo chen , patrick david , gernot vogel , mian hou , zhiyong yuan , yuanjun meng and jing che 2012 . on the occurrence of oligodon joynsoni ( smith , 1917 ) in china ( squamata : colubridae ) . asian herpetological research 3 ( 4 ) : 316\u2013321 - get paper here\npauwels , o . s . g . , wallach , v . , david , p . & chanhome , l . ( 2002 ) a new species of oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( serpentes , colubridae ) from southern peninsular thailand . natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , 2 ( 2 ) , 7\u201318 .\npauwels , o . s . g . , wallach , v . , david , p . & chanhome , l . 2002 . a new species of oligodon ( serpentes , colubridae ) from southern peninsular thailand . natural history journal of chulalongkorn university , 2 ( 2 ) : 7 - 18 - get paper here\nnguyen , s . n . , nguyen , v . d . h . , le , s . h . & murphy , r . w . ( 2016 ) a new species of kukri snake ( squamata : colubridae : oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ) from con dao islands , southern vietnam . zootaxa , 4139 ( 2 ) , 261\u2013273 .\nvassilieva , anna b . ; peter geissler , eduard a . galoyan , nikolay jr a . poyarkov , robert wayne van devender , wolfgang b\u00f6hme 2013 . a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . zootaxa 3702 ( 3 ) : 233\u2013246 - get paper here\nvan rooijen , j . , wood , p . l . , grismer , j . l . , grismer , l . l . & grossmann , w . ( 2011 ) color pattern dimorphism in the colubrid snake oligodon purpurascens ( schlegel , 1837 ) ( reptilia : squamata ) . russian journal of herpetology , 18 ( 3 ) , 215\u2013220 .\nhawkeswood , t . j . & b . sommung 2018 . a further record of the striped kukri snake , oligodon taeniatus ( gu\u0308nther , 1861 ) ( reptilia : colubridae ) from ubon ratchathani province , thailand , with a review of literature on the biology and distribution of the species in thailand . calodema , 605 : 1 - 6 - get paper here\nteyni\u00e9 , alexandre and patrick david . 2007 . additions to the snake fauna of southern laos , with the second laotian specimen of naja siamensis ( laurenti , 1768 ) and the forst country record of oligodon taeniatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) ( squamata , serpentes ) . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 - 44 - get paper here\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article david , patrick , vogel , gernot , pauwels , olivier s . g . ( 2008 ) : a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from southern vietnam and cambodia . zootaxa 1939 : 19 - 37 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 274609\ndavid , p . , nguyen , t . q . , nguyen , t . t . , jiang , k . , chen , t . , teyni\u00e9 , a . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . zootaxa , 3498 , 45\u201362 .\njiang , k . , chen , t . , david , p . , vogel , g . , hou , m . , yuan , z . , meng , y . & che , j . ( 2012 ) on the occurrence of oligodon joynsoni ( smith , 1917 ) in china ( squamata : colubridae ) . asian herpetological research , 3 ( 4 ) , 316\u2013321 .\ndavid , p . , nguyen , t . q . , nguyen , t . t . , jiang , k . , chen , t . , teynie , a . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . zootaxa , 3498 , 45\u201362 .\nsimilar species : gaulke ( 1996 ) allocates oligodon specimens form sibutu to o . meyerinkii but notes the similarity in coloration with o . octolineatus . distribution : the latest record of this species from sulawesi is from de rooij , 1917 . de lang & vogel ( 2005 ) and koch 2012 : 318 thus consider this species as doubtful for this island . synonymy mostly after tillack & g\u00fcnther 2010 .\nvassilieva , a . b . , geissler , p . , galoyan , e . a . , poyarkov , n . a . , wayne van devender , r . & b\u00f6hme , w . ( 2013 ) a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . zootaxa , 3702 ( 3 ) , 233\u2013246 .\nvassilieva , a . b . , geissler , p . , galoyan , e . a . , poyarkov , n . a . , van devender , r . w . & bohme , w . ( 2013 ) a new species of kukri snake ( oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ; squamata : colubridae ) from the cat tien national park , southern vietnam . zootaxa , 3702 ( 3 ) , 233\u2013246 . urltoken\norlov , n . l . , ryabov , s . a . , nguyen , t . t . & nguyen , t . q . ( 2010 ) rediscovery and redescription of two rare snake species : oligodon lacroixi angel et bourret , 1933 and maculophis bellus chapaensis ( bourret , 1934 ) [ squamata : ophidia : colubridae ] from fansipan mountains , northern vietnam . russian journal of herpetology , 17 ( 4 ) , 310\u2013322 .\njustification : oligodon lacroixi has provisionally been assessed as vulnerable as it has an known extent of occurrence of approximately 9 , 150 km 2 ( based on its distribution in vietnam , as no meaningful estimate of its extent of occurrence around either chinese locality is possible ) , it is known from only three locations , defined by a threat from agricultural expansion , and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of its forest habitat .\nsimilar species : note that specimens of this species may have been confused with o . mouhoti , o . deuvei , o . pseudotaeniatus , or o . theobaldi . distribution : records from yunnan may be erroneous ( jiang et al 2012 , zhang et al . 2011 ) and actually represent o . cinereus . not listed by zhao 2006 for china . illustration : in chan - ard et al . 2015 , although the drawings of oligodon joynsoni and o . taeniatus have been mixed up ( fide pauwels & grismer 2015 ) .\ncasuarina oligodon is an evergreen tree growing to 25 m ( 82ft ) by 25 m ( 82ft ) at a medium rate . it is hardy to zone ( uk ) 10 . and are pollinated by wind . it can fix nitrogen . suitable for : light ( sandy ) , medium ( loamy ) and heavy ( clay ) soils and prefers well - drained soil . suitable ph : acid , neutral and basic ( alkaline ) soils and can grow in very acid and very alkaline soils . it cannot grow in the shade . it prefers moist soil .\ncasuarina oligodon is an evergreen tree with foliage consisting of slender , well - branched green to grey - green twigs bearing minute scale - leaves in whorls of 5 - 20 . it grows up to 30 m tall and is a tropical highland species . it is considered to be one of the best firewood producing trees in the world . its wood is hard and heavy and used as material for fences , houses , poles , and general construction . also , it has an extensive root system making it an ideal species to control soil erosion on steep slopes . found in : indonesia , papua new guinea , israel\nsnakes that specialize on the eggs of birds usually swallow eggs whole then crush them . oligodon instead uses enlarged , blade - like rear maxillary teeth to make repeated slashes in the leathery egg shell , inserts its head , and swallows the yolk . the mechanics of cutting involve cycles of extreme displacement of the maxillary bone , whose blade - like teeth are swung in arcs to make ever deeper slashes in the shell until a slit is formed . the cycles during cutting involve protraction , engagement , and retraction of the palatomaxillary arch of one side while the contralateral jaws maintain a continuous hold on the egg surface\n. ( source )\nwe describe oligodon saiyok sp . nov . from benjarat nakhon cave temple , sai yok district , kanchanaburi province , western thailand . it is characterized by a maximal known svl of 626 . 1 mm ; 13 maxillary teeth , the posterior two enlarged ; 8 supralabials ; 17 - 17 - 15 dorsal scale rows ; 181\u2013187 ventrals and 38\u201343 subcaudals ; a single anal ; hemipenes extending in situ to the 18 th subcaudal ; dorsum with 21\u201322 dark blotches or white rings without vertebral or lateral stripes ; and venter with a dense network of subrectangular dark blotches . it is the 7 th squamate species believed to be endemic to sai yok district .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the island of nias . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 388 - 389 - get paper here\ndas , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here\ndavid , p . & vogel , g . 1996 . the snakes of sumatra . an annotated checklist and key with natural history notes . b\u00fccher kreth , frankfurt / m .\nfilippi , f . de 1840 . catalogo raggionato e descrittivo . . . serpenti del museo dell\u2019 i . r . universit\u00e1 de pavia . bibliot . ital . 99 : 163 - 187 , 306 - 343\ngaulke , maren 1996 . die herpetofauna von sibutu island ( philippinen ) , unter ber\u00fccksichtigung zoogeographischer und \u00f6kologischer aspekte . senckenbergiana biologica 75 ( 1 / 2 ) : 45 - 56\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 12 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nlang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .\nlidth de jeude , t . w . van 1922 . snakes from sumatra . zoologische mededelingen 6 : 239 - 253 . - get paper here\nmalkmus , r . ; manthey , u . ; vogel , g . hoffmann , p . & kosuch , j . 2002 . amphibians and reptiles of mount kinabalu ( north borneo ) . a . r . g . ganther verlag , rugell , 404 pp .\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nrooijen , j . van & myriam van rooijen . 2007 . the land snakes of the santubong peninsula , sarawak , borneo : a preliminary list of species with natural history notes . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 27 - 38 - get paper here\nschneider , johann gottlob 1801 . historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae . fasciculus secundus continens crocodilos , scincos , chamaesauras , boas . pseudoboas , elapes , angues . amphisbaenas et caecilias . frommanni , jena . 374 pp . - get paper here\nteo , r . c . h . & rajathurai , s . 1997 . mammals , reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore - diversity , abundance and distribution . proc . nature reserves survey seminar . gardens\u2019 bulletin singapore 49 : 353 - 425\nteynie\u0301 , alexandre ; patrick david , & annemarie ohler 2010 . note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from western sumatra ( indonesia ) , with the description of a new species of the genus bufo . zootaxa 2416 : 1\u201343 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nholotype : bmnh 1946 . 1 . 3 . 27 ( male ) . collected by henri mouhot . holotype : mnhn ; note that the neotypes were designated erroneously by david et al . 2008 , see david et al . 2011 [ quadrilineatus ]\nbarbour , thomas 1909 . notes on amphibia and reptilia from eastern asia . proc . new england zool . club 4 : 53 - 78 , 2 plates - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 . british mus . ( nat . hist . ) , london , xi , 382 pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1914 . descriptions of new reptiles from siam . j . nat . hist . soc . siam 1 : 67 - 76\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . ; grossmann , w . ; gumprecht , a . & schulz , k . d . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand - an illustrated checklist [ bilingual english and german ] . bushmaster publications , w\u00fcrselen , gemany , 240 pp . [ book review in russ . j herp . 7 : 87 ] - get paper here\ncox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .\ndeuve , j . 1961 . liste annotee des serpents du laos . bull . soc . sci . nat . laos 1 : 5 - 32 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1861 . second list of siamese reptiles . proc . zool . soc . london 1861 : 187 - 189 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1861 . second list of siamese reptiles . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 8 : 266 - 268 - get paper here\nhartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang b\u00f6hme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36\u201355 - get paper here\njan , g . 1866 . in : in f . bocourt , notes sur les reptiles , les batraciens et les poisons recueilis pendant un voyage dans le royaume de siam . nouv . arch . mus . paris 2 ( 4 ) : 4\u201320 - get paper here\nkarns , d . r . ; murphy , j . c . ; voris , h . k . & suddeth , j . s . 2005 . comparison of semi - aquatic snake communities associated with the khorat basin , thailand . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 5 ( 2 ) : 73 - 90\npauwels , olivier s . g . and l . lee grismer . 2015 . book review : a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 456 - 459\nsaint - girons , h . 1972 . les serpents du cambodge . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , s\u00e9rie a , zoologie 74 : 1 - 170\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\nsmith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .\ntaylor , e . h . 1965 . the serpents of thailand and adjacent waters . univ . kansas sci . bull . 45 ( 9 ) : 609 - 1096 - get paper here\nvoris , h . k . 2006 . assessment of biodiversity among southeast asian amphibians and reptiles . the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 - get paper here\nziegler , thomas ; ralf hendrix , vu ngoc thanh , martina vogt , bernhard forster & dang ngoc kien 2007 . the diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central truong son , vietnam , with an identification key . zootaxa 1493 : 1 - 40 - get paper here\nzug , george r . ; win , htun ; thin , thin ; min , than zaw ; lhon , win zaw ; kyaw , kyaw 1998 . herpetofauna of the chatthin wildlife sanctuary , north - central myanmar with preliminary observations of their natural history . hamadryad 23 ( 2 ) : 111 - 120\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis is a species complex , containing at least two recognized forms ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) . it has also been confused with\nshould be confined to eastern india , bangladesh , myanmar and west thailand . research is ongoing to clarify the taxonomy of this group . this concept is applied here .\nthy , n . , chan - ard , t . & nguyen , t . q .\njustification : listed as least concern on the basis that this species is widespread and somewhat adaptable , it occurs in several protected areas and is not subject to major threats , and is therefore presumed to occur as a stable population .\n2009 , t . chan - ard pers . comm . august 2011 ) . in viet nam it has been reported from the provinces of lai cau , cao bang , vinh phuc , hai duong , son la , ha tay , nghe an , ha tinh , quang tri , da nang , gia lai , dak lac , lam dong , dong nai , ba ria - vung tau , an giang , kien giang and ca mau , and from ho chi minh district ( ngueyn\nthis snake is common in thailand , but known from few specimens in indochina . the population is thought to be stable in the absence of major threats .\nthis oviparous , terrestrial snake has been found in both open , disturbed habitats and lowland evergreen forest , including both primary and secondary forest ( t . chan - ard and q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) ; in the latter it is sometimes found along streams ( t . chan - ard pers . comm . august 2011 ) . it is active both by day and at night .\nthere are no major threats to this species , which adapts well to open and degraded habitats .\nno species - specific conservation measures are in place , although it has been recorded from protected areas . research is underway to clarify the taxonomy of this species complex .\nthy , n . , chan - ard , t . & nguyen , t . q . 2012 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe species was described in 2004 , although specimens are known since 1962 ( leong & grismer 2004 ) .\njustification : this species is only known from a single location on the island of tioman , a patch of less than 100 km 2 which is all that remains of the original forest . this forest is not legally protected and deforestation is already becoming a problem . as the island itself has an area of little over 130 km 2 , ongoing commercial development activities are likely to further accelerate habitat loss . in addition , due to the very small size of the population , there is also the potential for stochastic events to lead to extinction ( r . inger pers . comm . 2011 ) . the species is listed as critically endangered as it is confined to an area of less than 100 km 2 , it is found in a single location at risk from development , and there is a continuing decline in the quality and extent of remaining forest habitat . in addition , as it is projected that the present rate of habitat loss due to deforestation could lead to the destruction of the entire forested area , and hence a reduction in the population of this snake by as much as 100 % , in the next 10 years .\nthis species is endemic to the seribuat archipelago in west malaysia , where it is only known to occur on tioman island ( grismer et al . 2006 ) . the maximum area in which this species is known to be distributed is the area of forest on the island , which is less than 100 km\u00b2 .\ntwo specimens were recorded at 98 m . asl . in one pitfall trap ( i . das pers . comm . 2011 ) . only three specimens are known and were used to describe the species . there are no population data available for this species . due to the rate of deforestation on tioman , which may result in the complete loss of forest from the island within the next 10 years , the species is likely to be already declining or to decline in the near future , and is likely to become extinct within the same time period without preventative action to preserve its forest habitat .\nthe forests of tioman are not protected and are currently subject to private management . the island is a well - known tourist destination and development for both residential and tourist areas is both ongoing and expanding , which is degrading and removing this species ' forest habitat at a rate which may result in the complete loss of forest from the island within ten years .\nwhile there are no direct conservation measures for this species in place at present , most of tioman was declared a ' state wildlife reserve ' in 1972 ( ng et al . 1999 ) . according to i . das ( pers . comm . 2011 ) , this is not part of the protected area system and is currently under of the management of private hands .\ntwenty additional lizards and snakes are endemic to the same forest patch , making this a priority area for conservation in malaysia ( i . das and g . vogel pers . comm . 2011 ) . conservation measures should be undertaken , along with further research into the trends in abundance , and the impact of altered habitat status on this species . due to the number of endemic species known to be present in the island , the distribution should be included within the national protected area system .\nfurther research into the abundance , habitat requirements and ecology of this species is suggested , and population monitoring is recommended .\nde silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is found in yunnan and southern sichuan provinces , china , and in northern vietnam . specimens from vietnam have been reported from sa pa ( lao cai province ) , in the fan si pan mountains ( nguyen\n2010 ) . the snake has been reported from 1 , 400 to 1 , 900 m asl . its extent of occurrence in vietnam is approximately 9 , 150 km\n; based on the paucity of records in china its global extent of occurrence cannot meaningfully be estimated .\nthis is a very rare species , and only eight specimens have been recorded despite intensive surveys in sa pa over the past 50 years . it is known from only two specimens in china , one from sichuan and one from yunnan ( orlov\n2010 ) . as the three known localities are widely separated , it is expected to occur as a severely fragmented population .\n2010 ) . no other ecological information is available . it is likely to be nocturnal and oviparous , in common with other species of\nit is likely that this species is experiencing habitat loss and degradation in portions of its inferred range , as some deforestation is occurring in this region due to the expansion of agriculture for cardamom production , and logging for timber .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place , although it has been reported from protected areas . research into its population status , distribution and natural history is needed , as well as on its exposure and sensitivity to threats .\ngreek , poly = a lot of + greek , daktylos = finger ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal . tropical ; 29\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s , 81\u00b0w - 34\u00b0w ( ref . 57343 )\nwestern atlantic : southern florida to santos , brazil . not occurring in the gulf of mexico and western caribbean sea .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 46 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3796 ) ; max . published weight : 620 . 00 g ( ref . 40637 )\noccurs along sandy or muddy shores ( ref . 7251 ) . not of great commercial importance ( ref . 26938 ) .\nmotomura , h . , 2004 . threadfins of the world ( family polynemidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date . fao spec . cat . fish . purp . rome : fao . 3 : 117 p . ( ref . 57343 )\n) : 26 . 1 - 28 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 118 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nnorthern and central taiwan , at altitudes of 500 - 1000 m . endangered . ( distribution map )\nsouth china ( sichuan , hunan , fujian , anhui , guangxi , jiangxi , zhejiang ) , taiwan .\nthis cathemeral ( diurnal or nocturnal ) snake inhabits mountainous regions or plantations . it preys mainly on reptile eggs ; the large , laterally flattened posterior teeth in the upper jaw and the large rostral shield are adapted to cut open and thrust into the eggs . oviparous .\ns gurkha soldiers . in defense , these teeth are used in a slashing manner which can cause gaping wounds that may bleed profusely - probably an effect of the snake ' s saliva which is rumored to possess anticoagulant qualities .\nmeans\ntooth\n; referring to the low number of teeth in the upper jaw .\n( 1 )\nopisthoglyphous snakes are similar to aglyphous ( fangless ) snakes , but possess weak venom , which is injected by means of a pair of enlarged teeth at the back of the maxillae ( upper jaw ) . these\nfangs\ntypically point backwards rather than straight down , possess a groove which channels venom into the prey , and are located roughly halfway back in the mouth , which has led to the vernacular name of\nrear - fanged snakes\n. ( source )\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nnatural history . all specimens were collected . . on the ground in dry primary forests or plantations , usually near the bank of small streams . the stomach of the holotype contained two soft shell eggs ( size 15 mm x 7 mm ) . these eggs probably belong to a snake or lizard .\ndistribution . the new species is currently known only from cu lao cham islands , quang nam province , vietnam .\netymology . the specific epithet culaochamensis is derived from cu lao cham islands , where the new species was discovered .\nsang ngoc nguyen , luan thanh nguyen , vu dang hoang nguyen , hoa thi phan , ke jiang and robert w murphy . 2017 . a new species of the genus\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] zingiber alba \u2022 a new species and . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2017 ] bufo ( anaxyrus ) williamsi \u2022 a . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe need help ! in recent months our income dropped considerably and we need more donations from our users to avoid getting into financial difficulty .\nforms extensive pure stands along river beds and on ridge tops at elevations up to 2 , 500 metres [ 303 ] .\nyou can translate the content of this page by selecting a language in the select box .\nplants for a future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants . always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally . none known\nseed - sow in seed beds [ 303 ] . germination usually starts after 10 days , though viability is naturally low [ 303 ] . pricking out is carried out when the seedlings are about 50 - 60 mm high and are ready for transplanting into polythene tubes [ 303 ] . seed production by the species is very good . storage is mainly in household refrigerators where they are kept until needed for sowing [ 303 ] . no research has been carried so far into their longevity under these conditions , but appears to be orthodox for this family [ 303 ] .\nright plant wrong place . we are currently updating this section . please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it\u2019s worth checking .\niucn red list of threatened plants status : this taxon has not yet been assessed .\nfor a list of references used on this page please go here a special thanks to ken fern for some of the information used on this page .\nthis is a qr code ( short for quick response ) which gives fast - track access to our website pages . qr codes are barcodes that can be read by mobile phone ( smartphone ) cameras . this qr code is unique to this page . all plant pages have their own unique code . for more information about qr codes click here .\n1 . copy and print the qr code to a plant label , poster , book , website , magazines , newspaper etc and even t - shirts .\n2 . smartphone users scan the qr code which automatically takes them to the webpage the qr code came from .\n3 . smartphone users quickly have information on a plant directly for the urltoken website on their phone .\nif you have important information about this plant that may help other users please add a comment or link below . only comments or links that are felt to be directly relevant to a plant will be included . if you think a comment / link or information contained on this page is inaccurate or misleading we would welcome your feedback at\n. if you have questions about a plant please use the forum on this website as we do not have the resources to answer questions ourselves .\n* please note : the comments by website users are not necessarily those held by pfaf and may give misleading or inaccurate information .\nstay informed about pfafs progress , challenges and hopes by signing up for our free email epost . you will receive a range of benefits including : * important announcements and news * exclusive content not on the website * updates on new information & functionality of the website & database we will not sell or share your email address . you can unsubscribe at anytime .\nall the information contained in these pages is copyright ( c ) plants for a future , 1996 - 2012 . plants for a future is a charitable company limited by guarantee , registered in england and wales . charity no . 1057719 , company no . 3204567 , web design & management this work is licensed under a creative commons license . some information cannot be used for commercial reasons or be modified ( but some can ) . please view the copyright link for more information .\nwas first described by g\u00fcnther in 1862 basing on specimens collected from anaimalai hills , coimbatore district , tamil nadu ( smith 1943 ) .\ncaptain , a . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , and because threats appear to be localized .\nis endemic to the western ghats of india , south of the goa gap ( wynaad to travancore ) ( wall 1907 ) . presently it is known from wyanad , wyanad district ; ashambu hills , ponmudi hills ( chandramouli and ganesh 2011 ) and arippa ( near thiruvananthapuram ) , thiruvananthapuram district ; kulathapuzha , kollam district ( j . joyce in litt . ) in kerala , anaimalai hills , top slip ( v . deepak pers . comm . 2011 ) and valparai , coimbatore district in tamil nadu ( whitaker and captain 2004 ) and talakaveri , kodagu district , karnataka ( s . p . vijaykumar pers . comm . 2011 ) . found at elevations of 150 to 1 , 100 m asl .\nthis species inhabits tropical lowland moist forests . it has also been recorded from teak plantations .\nhabitat loss and degradation due to expanding agriculture , urbanization and mining is a problem in the western ghats and this is likely to be causing localized declines in this species .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . this species occurs in indira gandhi national park and brahmagiri wildlife sanctuary . further research into the population and habitat status of this species should be carried out .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nif you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or ( privacy ) interests , please let the library know , stating your reasons . in case of a legitimate complaint , the library will make the material inaccessible and / or remove it from the website . please ask the library , or send a letter to : library of the university of amsterdam , secretariat , singel 425 , 1012 wp amsterdam , the netherlands . you will be contacted as soon as possible .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmalaysia ( borneo : sabah ) indonesia ( kalimantan ) type locality : mt . kina balu [ borneo ]\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1893 . description of new reptiles and batrachians obtained in borneo by mr . c . hose and mr . a . everett . proc . zool . soc . london 1893 : 522 - 528 - get paper here"]}
{"id": 1567, "summary": [{"text": "bathyprion danae , the fangtooth smooth-head , is a species of slickhead found in deep waters of the atlantic and pacific oceans .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is in the monotypic genus bathyprion . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "bathyprion danae", "paragraphs": ["you can download standardized annotation of the bathyprion danae mitogenomic sequence via the links below .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhaukisilokuore\nto\nbathyprion danae marshall , 1966\n.\nscientific synonyms and common names bathyprion danae marshall , 1966 synonyms : bathyprion danae marshall , 1966c , dana rep . , ( 68 ) : 4 - 9 , fig . 1 - 3 ( 33\u00b026 ' s . , 157\u00b002 ' e . ) . holotype : zmuc no . p . 1785 . bathyprion danae : markle , 1976 : 133 - 134 , fig . 39b . common names : fangtooth smooth - head [ en ]\nfangtooth slickhead , bathyprion danae - mcz 57613 . source : museum of comparative zoology , harvard university . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\nmarshall , n . b . 1966 . bathyprion danae a new genus and species of alepocephaliform fishes . dana reports ( 68 ) : 1 - 10 .\n* fangtooth smooth - head , bathyprion danae marshall , 1966 . * genus bathytroctes * bathytroctes breviceps sazonov , 1999 . * bathytroctes elegans sazonov & ivanov , 1979 . more\nmarshall , n . b . 1966c . bathyprion danae . a new genus and species of alepocephaliform fishes . dana rep . , ( 68 ) : 1 - 10 , fig . 1 - 3 .\ncitation :\nfangtooth slickheads , bathyprion danae ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nbailly , n . ( 2014 ) . bathyprion danae . in : froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . ( 2014 ) fishbase . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nmarkle , d . f . 1976 . preliminary studies on the systematics of deep - sea alepocephaloidea ( pisces : salmoniformes ) . a dissertation presented to the faculty of the school of marine science . the college of william and mary in virginia . 225 pp . , 41 fig . ( not published ) .\ngreek , bathys = deep + greek , prion , - onos = saw ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 100 - 3200 m ( ref . 4460 ) . deep - water ; 56\u00b0n - 28\u00b0s\neastern atlantic : namibia ( 21\u00b043 ' s to 27\u00b014 ' s ) . elsewhere , north atlantic ( 55\u00b043 ' n to 42\u00b056 ' n ) and western pacific .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 38 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4460 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 - 27 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 27 . pelvic fins with a splint bone .\nmarkle , d . f . and j . - c . qu\u00e9ro , 1984 . alepocephalidae ( including bathylaconidae , bathyprionidae ) . p . 228 - 253 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4736 )\n) : 3 . 5 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 6 ( based on 173 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00339 ( 0 . 00151 - 0 . 00760 ) , b = 3 . 19 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 39 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis widely distributed in the atlantic , western pacific , caribbean and off the east coast of the united states . in the eastern central atlantic this species has been found in madeira and off of namibia . this is a rare species with only a handful of museum collections and there are no records of this species in its range . this species inhabits depths from 600 m to 5 , 000 m and may be found in depths greater than 8 , 000 m . there are no major threats known and this species is not utilized at the present time . it is listed as least concern .\n2003 ) . in the eastern central atlantic , this species is known from madeira and the canaries to off western ireland , as well as off of namibia . this species was caught in a bottom trawl haul from the depth of 8 , 800 m in japan ( parin and shcherbachev 1973 ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; australia ; bahamas ; barbados ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; china ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; haiti ; ireland ; japan ; martinique ; montserrat ; morocco ; namibia ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; norfolk island ; papua new guinea ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; taiwan , province of china ( taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united kingdom ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nis a rare species with only a handful of specimens present in museum collections .\nalepocephalidae are characterized by species that inhabit depths of about 600 m to 5 , 000 m with most species occurring below 1 , 000 m ( hartel in press ) . however ,\nwas recorded from 8 , 800 m ( parin and shcherbachev 1973 ) . these species feed on a variety of food items including ctenophores , crustaceans , echinoderms , polychaetes , decapods , tunicates and fishes ( hartel in press ) . it attains a maximum size of up to 39cm ( standard length ) .\nthere are no major threats known for this species . in the eastern central atlantic region trawl fisheries do not trawl deeper than 200 m ( koranteng 2001 , nunoo pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) , however , it is not known if protection encompasses the depth range of the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis widely distributed in the atlantic and western and eastern pacific oceans . in the northeastern atlantic ,\nis known only from the azores and madeira . this is a rare species and little information is available about its population status , habitats or ecology . there are no major threats known and this species is not utilized at the present time . however , given that records from the assessment region are isolated and scattered ,\n. 2014 ) and there are isolated records at about 55\u00b0 n ( markle and quero 1986 ) . it is known from about 1 , 100 to 3 , 100 m ( markle and quero 1984 ) .\nfrance ( france ( mainland ) ) ; ireland ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution may overlap with marine reserves in parts of its range , however , it is not known if protection encompasses the depth range of the species .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c809289f - 0017 - 4d82 - ad7e - 05d2e3e524bb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cceb9f3f - 5d75 - 4154 - ac61 - 5b89a1397a85\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdb2a5a0 - 2e38 - 495b - 9712 - e73acbef3fe1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fd9140c1 - 0da3 - 40cf - 86e6 - 724ce8570041\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 548527\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\n( for details about our automatic annotation engine , refer to mitoannotator ) . the image on the right side is a visual representation of the mitogenome created by circos . the innermost circle represents gc % per every 5bp of the mitogenome ; the darker lines are , the higher their gc % are .\ncopyright \u00a9 atmosphere and ocean research institute , the university of tokyo , japan .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmoore , j . a . , m . vecchione , b . b . collette , and r . gibbons . ( 2002 ) the fauna of bear seamount ( new england seamount chain ) , and the presence of\nnatural invader\nspecies . paper cm 2002 / m : 25 , ices annual science conference and ices centenary , 1 - 5 october 2002 , copenhagen [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 3 . 5 - 11 . 4 , mean 7 . 6 ( based on 173 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00339 ( 0 . 00151 - 0 . 00760 ) , b = 3 . 19 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 39 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 100 - 3200 m ( ref . 4460 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 56\u00b0n - 28\u00b0s\n% pdf - 1 . 3 % \u00e5\u00fe\u00eb\u00d7 2 0 obj < < / type / font / subtype / type1 / basefont / courier / encoding / winansiencoding > > endobj 3 0 obj < < / type / xobject / subtype / image / width 3498 / height 5480 / bitspercomponent 1 / colorspace / devicegray / filter [ / ccittfaxdecode ] / decodeparms [ < < / columns 3498 / rows 5480 / k - 1 > > ] / length 65477 > > stream \u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00f9\u0001\u00a5 \u00e7\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00e8 \u000e\u0095\u0005apt\u0015ir\u00ae\u00a9r\u00ae\u00a9v\u0095 - { y\u009a\u0099j\u008d ! \u00a2\u0018i \u001ae $ \u001ax\u0015l\u00fcvj\b\b\u0083\u0012 r\u00ee\u0092\u0089\u0002\u00fee\u00f0\u0018d\u001a\u009c\u0082\u008d\u0089\u00e5\u009c ` : \u0011hcn\u0083\u00b4\u00e2\u00f0v\u009fa\u00f6\u00bb\u00f4\u00abk\u00ec\u0096\u00e3a\u0003\u00eei\u00fa\u00ec ar\u00e0xc\u00f1\u00ec\u00863\b\u00ec \u00f5\u0082\u0011\u0011\u0011 ! \u009c\u00fa\u009f\u00aau\u00e8\u0086\u00a9\u00f4\u001a\u00fc\u0083qp\u00b0\u00fd\u00f2ku\u00e8q\u0094\u0087k \u00b4 = \u00a5\u00b5d \u00e1\u0097\u0016\u00bfu \u00e8u\u001b\u00ae\u00b0\u008a\u0098 > \u00bbx @ \u00f4\u0095\u00b4\u00a1\u0013 # \u00fc > \u0087j\u00a9v\u00bb\u00ea\u00bd\u00a5j\u0097\u00fdw\u00d7\u00ed } r 6l\u008dv\u0096c , m\u00af\u00fa\u000f\u00f2\u00ae\b\u001bk\u00ea\u00e1\u0003\u007f\u00fa\u0007j\u00b5\u00f3 ~ \u00ab ` \u0083\u00a5\u00f5a6\u00be\u00b6\b ? 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\u00a4\u00fb\u008f\u00a8\u00f5a\u00df\u00fb\u00bd\u00f3\u00a5\u00ff\u00f7\u00d7p\u00ee\u00fb\u00f4\u00ef\u00fb\u00fe\u00b7\u000e\u00ef\u00f3z\u00beyu ? \u00f97\u00e0\u00e1 & \u000e\u00ef\u00f8\u00f5z ~ \u00bd\u0084\u0018o\u00ff\u00fa\u0087\u00d7\u00fe\u00d7o\u00ff ~ ? \u00ff\u00fak\u00ff\u00f5\u00ff\u00ff\u00b5\u00ff\u00ff\u00af\u00ff\u00a1\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff & l ; \u0084y - \br\u0004\u00fb\u00e5\u00b9\u00af\u009d\u0082\u00ff\u00bf\u00eb\u00e5l9x\u0011\u0005\u00eebj\u0019 @ \u0081 \u00ff\u00e9\u00e9\u00ff\u00fey @ \u00e0l\u00ab\u0004 ! fh & v ; \u00aa < \u0083\u0004c \u00a8c \u0084\u001a\u00fc\u00ef / \u00ff\u00d7\u00f2\u00e8\u009d\u0011\u00a1 b\u0082\n\u0019\u00ebe [ ! \u0084a\u00e4\u00e0\u0084\u0080\u00a7n\u000f\u0084\u001a\u00ebh0\u0087\u00f5\u00ff\u00ff\u00fc\u00b7\u00e8\u0097\u00ee\u00e9\u0002 @ \u0083\u0084\u0018t\u00f0a\u0006k \u0098 \u00f0\u009aa < & \u0088\u00f2\u0011 _ d _ h \u00bf\u00d7 ] \u007f\u00fc\u0095\u0016b\u00ec\u0083\u0010\u00ea\u00e2\u009a\u0084\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374\nmoore , j . a . , m . vecchione , b . b . collette , and r . gibbons . ( 2002 ) the fauna of bear seamount ( new england seamount chain ) , and the presence of\nnatural invader\nspecies . paper cm 2002 / m : 25 , ices annual science conference and ices centenary , 1 - 5 october 2002 , copenhagen\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nmarkle , d . f . and j . - c . qu\u00e9ro ( 1984 ) alepocephalidae ( including bathylaconidae , bathyprionidae ) . : p . 228 - 253 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 .\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith , 2003 : an annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the new england region , with new area records . northeastern naturalist , vol . 10 , no . 2 . 159 - 248 .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374\ncfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08\nbody slender and elongate , with a large head . eyes much smaller than snout . snout pointed . upper and lower jaws with fang - like teeth . rear margin of jaw extends well beyond posterior margin of orbit . dorsal fin directly over of anal fin . pectoral and pelvic fins small . scales tiny .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . g . nielsen and e . tortonese . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i -\na uniformly blackish deepwater shark with a short , blunt snout , fleshy lips , large triangular serrated teeth in the lower jaw , and no fin spines . the black shark can carve out chunks flesh like the related cookiecutter sharks .\na bluish - black slickhead covered in many large , nodular photophores on the head and body , with a slightly paler head , a broadly rounded snout , a very large eye , and short jaws that do not extend beyond the middle of the eye .\na longnosed brownish - grey dogfish with a long - based first dorsal fin and no subcaudal keel .\na pale tan to pale bluish grey , or dark brown spiny eel with two or more complete rows of palatine and dentary teeth , and 9 - 12 unconnected short , sharp dorsal - fin spines .\nfabulous footage of a species of melanocetus filmed in the monterey bay , california .\na primitive eel - like deepwater shark with a single low dorsal fin positioned far back on the body , six ' frilled ' gill slits , a large mouth with groups of small sharp inward pointing teeth and no lower lobe on the long caudal fin . frill sharks are dark brown to greyish in colour , often with a paler underside . video of a frill shark swimming video of a frill shark swimming just above the bottom in 950 metres off south carolina ( usa ) . video of a female frill shark caught off awashima port in shizuoka , southwest of tokyo . the shark was transferred to the awashima marine park , but only lived for a few hours .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013"]}
{"id": 1569, "summary": [{"text": "dangerous ( foaled 1830 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from june 1829 to july 1830 he ran six times and won three races , although two of his wins were walkovers .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "by far his most important win came on his first appearance as a three-year-old when he won the derby as a 30/1 outsider .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "dangerous was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season and was shortly afterwards exported to france . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "dangerous ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["euthanasia of dangerous horse . . . . . insurance info needed ! ! !\n\u201cdealing with the dangerous horse / dangerous rider\u201d denise e . farris , reprint courtesy of hoofprint magazine pp . 39 - 49 ( spring 2017 )\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dangerous light . dangerous light is a mare born in 2010 september 26 by dangerous out of dance for us\nre : euthanasia of dangerous horse . . . . . insurance info needed ! ! !\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dangerous danica . dangerous danica is a mare born in 2011 august 31 by masked assassin out of bijou\ncrazy horse story 2 - horse runs off with little girl & mr . t follows\ndangerous ( ch c 1830 ) , bred by isaac saddler , won the derby stakes .\noften , it\u2019s very obvious that the rider isn\u2019t suitable for the horse . and very often , the situation is dangerous for the rider .\nmany people own horses that are dangerous and unsuitable for them . time and time again i\u2019m asked how to overcome problems that people are having with their horse . often , it\u2019s very obvious that the rider isn\u2019t suitable for the horse . and very often , the situation is dangerous for the rider .\ndna - based testing has proven its worth in detecting the presence of one of the most dangerous horse parasites and should now be considered a routine diagnostic method , according to scientists .\nhorseback riding is one of the world\u2019s most dangerous sports , and mongolia might be one of the more dangerous places to do it . for those reasons alone , the mongol derby could be one of the craziest adventures voluntarily undertaken in the world .\nthe current race record for dangerous danica is 8 wins from 41 starts with prizemoney of $ 69 , 300 . 00 .\n[ it is ] more forgiving on horse ' s skeletal system ,\nsaid espn horse racing reporter jeannine edwards .\nit gave me no pleasure to be right . i\u2019m sure these people didn\u2019t realise the risks involved and just how dangerous horses can be .\nif a horse is truly dangerous , euthanasia s better than passing the problem to someone else . even if that someone else can deal with the issues , you would have no guarantee that the next person wouldn ' t pass the horse along to a dealer / killbuyer at some future point . there truly are some horses that are so mentally nqr that they are dangerous . human safety takes precedence , or should .\njust as often nowadays , beginners will think a competitive forward horse is a problem horse , and turn it into one by bad correctional measures .\nhe says it is critical that the right horse is matched to the right person , ' it can be a dangerous situation if you put the wrong person on the wrong horse . you have to know what you are doing and have the right help and point out the dangers , ' he said\nfirst published in 1977 , horse illustrated has been a one - stop destination for latest horse news . catering to all aspects of horse and equine care such as nutrition , grooming and training , the digital and print edition of horse illustrated has been serving hands - on horse owners and riders for over 40 years now . the articles in the magazine covering life with horses , advice on horse riding and a lot more are curated by industry experts .\nhonestly , if we are talking biting , and only twice in the four years you ' ve had her , i would not say she is a rogue or dangerous horse . i would say she is a rude one . .\ncan your trainer or other professional not help you address her ground manners ? this is typical spoiled young horse behavior and is dangerous if not addressed , but really . . . if the horse is nice to ride , why not just do some training on the ground ( or have a professional do it , while you watch and learn ) and have a nice horse afterward to enjoy ?\nthe nyclass\nhorseless ecarriage\nis a significantly safer alternative to horse carriages .\nq : one of the film ' s most memorable scenes is a woman arriving at one of your clinics with a horse that ' s so dangerous , so violent that even you couldn ' t even help it . the next day when someone inquires about the horse , you get very emotional - - almost angry - - and state that\nhumans failed that horse .\nwhat was going on inside you at the time ?\nwhen the first filly to run in the kentucky derby in nearly a decade shockingly broke two ankles and was euthanized shortly after taking second place in saturday ' s race , it reignited the debate of whether horse racing is too cruel and dangerous for the animals .\nwhen you buy a horse , the first and foremost consideration must be your safety . forget about the breeding , the colour , the amount of ribbons and trophies that the horse has won \u2013all these things are pointless if the horse isn\u2019t safe for you to ride .\ngen ' s armed and dangerous and the late david kranich ' hitting a lick ' , the morning after the celebration . p j wamble was there to photograph the informal event .\nbecause horse drawn carriages do not meet basic motor vehicle safety standards , any crash involving a horse drawn carriage and a motor vehicle would result in the occupants of the horse carriage being placed at considerably greater risk for injury and death , \u201d according to the report .\nwhen thompson and gen ' s armed and dangerous were named world grand champion it was a first , not only for thompson , but for the world grand championship title . it was the first time for a horse from california and trained in california to receive this prestigious award .\nhave you seen the documentary\nbuck\n? if not i highly recommend it . there is one horse in the documentary . it was an orphaned foal that was bottle fed in the owners kitchen ( if i am remembering correctly ) and kept intact . the horse was crazy dangerous and they were able to work with it a bit on day one of the clinic , but on day 2 it viscously attacked . buck recommended that they put the horse down and that the imprinting that the horse had as an orphan foal f - ' d him up .\nthis was an extremely helpful article for my research paper about horse abuse . it gives novices great facts about why their horse is acting \u201crogue\u201d and the best way to solve that problem : patience , calmness , love , and care for that horse . i thoroughly enjoyed reading it .\nif you\u2019re an inexperienced rider , you must find an old , quiet horse to begin with . it doesn\u2019t matter what breed the horse is or what he or she looks like . all that matters is that the horse is quiet , reliable and safe for you to ride and handle .\ni ' m afraid insurance will only pay out for loss of horse if the horse was pts for humane reasons , and there are quite tight restrictions on what these reasons are . i would be surprised if your horse fall into this category . is he insured for loss of use ?\njust because someone says a horse is crazy , dangerous , oxygen deprived , stubborn or some other negative term , does not make it so . what that usually means is they are too stupid to get the horse to do what they want . note : all video clips used in this video are used under the fair use act for education and critique purposes and not for profit . urltoken\nbiting is serious , especially when it comes from what i assume is a large horse , tb / percheron . i feel so sorry for you op since it sounds like out have a lovely horse under saddle , but that is too dangerous to hold on to . is there any hope of finding a retirement / rough board option where she can live outside and only be handled by you ?\nit ' s hard to figure out from your post if your horse is simply spoiled and you haven ' t corrected her properly , or if she is one of the true dangerous horses that just needs to be put down . which , of course , would affect my suggested advice to you .\ni have a horse who is exhibiting dangerous behaviour at horse shows in the show ring \u2013 rearing to avoid completing patterns . i am working with him with a trainer and outside the ring , we have all but eliminated the problem . inside the ring is a different story ! reading your article has encouraged me that we can correct the problem , and that i am probably going about it the right way !\nhe did feel that the horse needs to be retrained to the bit . turns out that this horse has been ridden by kids who did not know how to ride and he has bucked plenty of them off ! being a rather smart horse , he just got good at it . it was recommended that i go back to the round pen training using techniques to get him back to responding better to the bit ( after seeing an equine dentist ) . and he said that i should work on the mount / dismount in the round pen where the horse understands not to move at all . he said that i will have to put the time into the horse and if i ' m not willing to do so , then don ' t expect much . he insisted that the horse is a very , very good horse and worth the time and effort but that if he does not get what he needs now , he could be dangerous to inexperienced riders in the future . he said the respect factor must always be there when handling this horse and that children don ' t often understand this so he would not want a child to ever ride this horse . he also said that the horse may be proud cut because he looks and acts like a stallion .\nsnowrider , i disagree with your recommendation to simply find someone who will tolerate the biting . this is a horse with a known , documented history of biting . this owner no longer wants to deal with it , so suppose she finds an ambitious and strong willed adult amateur who is willing take in the behavior and brings it to a facility where it bites an injures another boarder or employee ? or that new owner needs to sell for whatever reason and now the dangerous horse falls into new hands . the op could do the right thing and be honest and up front about the problem , but what happens when the next owner tries to ditch the horse fast and doesn ' t disclose it ? or the horse goes through an auction with ho history ? the hard part about dangerous horses is that they get passed around and suffer in the process .\noften , by the time its eggs are detected in horse faeces , the damage has already been done .\nif you like polish arabians you need to . . . - marin horse council , inc . | facebook\ni critique two videos were sent to me with questions . the first is about lunging a dangerous horse and the second is talking about rearing horses , what causes rearing and how to stop it . this video is being used under the fair use act for education and critique purposes when you use pain to train a horse you force the horse to fight back or react to pain or avoidance of pain . if you hit a horse in the butt with a whip and pull back on the reins with a pain bit - the horse can ' t go forward from bit pain and is getting pain from behind with a whip - it will go up . i do not like or recommend riding with whips , bits , spurs or chains . here is link to rearing horse video : urltoken here is the link to the lunging a horse that only likes one side : urltoken here is the photo of talk about at the start of this video . urltoken my website : urltoken\nso you would have to have the vet agree that the vet was a danger to either itself or others before they would allow you to claim . if for example the horse was dangerous to ride but safe to handle etc the vet can ' t recommend euthanasia as a option . however if you had lou you could claim that\nunless there\u2019s an underlying physical problem , most rogue behavior can eventually be turned around with patience and cautious , consistent training at a pace determined by the horse\u2019s comfort level . as john lyons states , proper training should leave the horse calmer at the end of a lesson than he was at the beginning of it . recognize that in certain cases , reforming a rogue may be a dangerous undertaking best left to a calm , experienced and patient professional .\nshe would outrun a horse and swim across the moskva river even when it rose in violent high tide . '\nif you\u2019ve ruled out physiologic problems and you\u2019re still left with a dangerous horse , try to figure out the cause . can you uncover a history of abuse in your horse\u2019s past ? has the horse been neglected ? was he a victim of training shortcuts and brought along too fast ? understanding the nature of the problem can help you form a successful training program to solve it . honestly assess your own capabilities . do you have the patience , knowledge base , physical ability and time to solve the problem yourself ? if not , seek out a reputable trainer with the experience your horse needs . don\u2019t sell the horse until the problem is resolved , unless the buyer is completely aware of the horse\u2019s problems and has both the experience and the commitment to work them through . remember , \u201cproblem\u201d horses usually get passed from hand to hand without getting fixed , ending up mistreated , put down or worse\u2014killing someone .\nthompson had good stock to work with . sired by pride ' s generator and out of melana ebony , gen ' s armed and dangerous has a bloodline traceable to the foundation stock of the tennessee walking horse including three world grand champions - ebony masterpiece , merry go boy and midnight sun . the training went well and came easy according to thompson . he describes gen ' s as being just\nabout the most natural horse i ' ve ever seen .\nowned by susan arthur gordon of orange county , california , gen ' s armed and dangerous was bred by b . g . alford , jr . of oxford , mississippi . first owned by claude crowley , thompson purchased gen ' s armed and dangerous as a colt after seeing him at the walking horse trainers ' auxiliary show on the celebration grounds . he then sold him to the gordons . normally a prospect at the end of a lead strap would be a chancy proposition , but thompson could see the future in this particular colt . he felt there were no limitations as to what the horse could do , as long as he as a trainer could do his job , and do it well .\ni hate it that you are having to deal with this . i think it is good , though , that you are able to think logically about it . locally we have a university equine program which requires advanced students be assigned to a\nspecial problems\nhorse . it is the student ' s job to work with that horse exclusively to retrain said horse . you might try such a program as a last resort . if that fails , i would probably choose to have him humanely put down . even if he were not gelded , i would not want to breed a horse of his temperment . i know this must be a tough decision , and hope you all the best . i also know that it doesn ' t take long to get badly hurt trying to salvage a dangerous horse . good luck .\nwhen trying to correct an aggressive horse , especially in the beginning , it ' s not going to be pretty .\nevery year about 20 people die and over 3000 people are admitted to hospital as a result of a horse accident .\nwith nicholas evans\u2019 best - selling novel the horse whisperer and robert redford\u2019s movie adaptation , \u201crogue\u201d horses like the fictitious pilgrim got quite a bit of attention . pilgrim was described as a horse with such overwhelming psychological problems that it was dangerous to approach him for fear of attack . while there aren\u2019t many real horses with such \u201cin - your - face\u201d aggressive tendencies , a few such creatures do exist , although generally they\u2019re not created by a run - in with a semi truck . the point is that rogue is a label typically used to describe a horse with significant and potentially dangerous behavior problems , such as deliberate and consistent charging , kicking and biting on the ground , or intractable bucking , rearing or bolting while under saddle . what this all boils down to is that a rogue horse is a serious threat to human safety . and unfortunately , these horses often end up with novices in search of affordable horses , who don\u2019t yet know how to evaluate a horse\u2019s training . what can you do if you find yourself faced with this kind of an equine nightmare ?\nbut the vast majority of rogue behavior is not a consequence of nature . instead , it results from severe mistreatment , the lack of human handling , or by realizing that bad behavior causes good things to happen\u2014in other words , bad training . abusive treatment brings out a horse\u2019s fight - or - flight tendencies , so many horses cope by behaving desperately and often aggressively . similarly , extreme fear in a \u201cwild\u201d horse unaccustomed to human handling can lead to desperate and dangerous behavior .\nhorses will never be fully \u201csafe\u201d . but i feel that the best way to make a socalled \u201csafe\u201d horse , is to let a horse be a horse . don\u2019t back them too early . take it slow but don\u2019t shelter them too much and understand how a horse ticks and do things in a way that a horse is going to recognise and pick up on . we alter horses by makeing thier flight response almost nonexistance , we force a prey animal to face \u201cpreditores\u201d . the least we can do is teach them that you have it all under controll by doing things in a way that a horse will understand . as for the horse with special needs , i think letting them be a horse goes double , but there are always exceptions . we got a paso fino stallion about a year and a helf ago as a severely nurotic horse . they had to run him from the trailer into the round pen and you didn\u2019t dare go within 10ft of the pen becuase he would charge and try to attack . in trianing he was nippy so his socalled trainer beat him day after day in the head with a 2\u00d74 . then when he went back home he was put in a dark stall with minimal human contanct and no horse contact , so he bacame horse agressive as well as human agressive . when he went after the owners girlfriend she said \u201cit\u2019s me or the horse\u201d and thats how we got him , we got him for free . if he was never beat and was well trained , he would sell for over $ 50000 in today\u2019s economy . now after being at our farm for 1yr and a half he is finally out in the pastrue with geldings and doing very well , but he is skiny from sever ulcers and he\u2019s still pretty nurotic . but he\u2019s not as poeple agressive , granted we wouldn\u2019t tell just any person to go in his pasture and get a horse out . only 3 of us are allowed to handle him . he has gotten this good by being allowed to just graze and be a horse with other horses and has been shown that we don\u2019t want to hurt him , but don\u2019t hurt us because we wont take that . i hated that horse when he first showed up , but over time watching him get better and learn iv\u2019e began to love him becuase he is a great example of what letting a horse be a horse can do for a horse . so there is my whole novle that could be summed up by just saying \u201clet a horse be a horse ! \u201d\nif you don\u2019t have the skill and experience , don\u2019t try to ride or re - train \u201cproblem horses\u201d . rearing , bolting , bucking and other extreme behaviours are dangerous enough when you\u2019re experienced . if you\u2019re inexperienced , these behaviours are a recipe for disaster .\nshe said that in the nsw tafe incident , the horse had only just retired from racing , and was inappropriate . ' basically it was a systems failure and lack of risk assessment . a beginner rider should not have been put on that horse . '\na lot of people seem oblivious to the danger they\u2019re in when they ride or handle a \u201cproblem horse\u201d . people may ride such a horse for months or even years , without serious incident . however , every day is a day closer to catastrophe . and if you have to ask how to deal with problems like rearing , bolting or bucking , you probably shouldn\u2019t be riding the horse .\ni only ask this because when i am personally dealing with an aggressive horse or a biting horse , you are darn right i am going to defend myself . if i ' ve got to smack them several times with a whip to get my point across and\nif you have to ask how to deal with problems like rearing , bolting or bucking , you probably shouldn\u2019t be riding the horse .\nnz connemara soc . nz farriers assn . aust / nz friesian soc . nz hanoverian soc . irish draught horse soc . advertising options\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nthey were the first to enter the show ring for the final class of the 56th annual tennessee walking horse national celebration . as the other 17 contenders entered the ring , the trainer and his horse waited under the star - strewn , black sky . he watched with a keen eye as each horse entered the ring one by one to the exciting cheers of the more than 28 , 000 fans in attendance . as the gate closed and the cheers began to subside he realized the opportunity that laid before him and his partner . when it was all over the waiting brought the spotlight to that very first pair , number 34 russ thompson and gen ' s armed and dangerous .\nmy horse definitely isn\u2019t rogue but i have learned that he is petrified of a crop , stick , bat , lunge whip , whatever you want to call them . he will stop dead , back up , and pull on the lead . it can be very dangerous if he thinks he is going to get hit . apparently he was abused before i got him at least judging by the way he reacts .\nare you saying that you let her dictate her behavior to you ? because that just might be where this mare started to become dangerous . by figuring out she could be a bully and get away with it . i ' ve found it very hard to correct in a big , mature horse that has already figured out that by acting the alpha in the equation , they can get away with a lot .\ngreat article . i have a horse with a behavior problem , you have gave me some insight to fixing the problem . thank you .\nvery good article with some great points ! i particularly like the warning of not just fobbing off your problem horse to some unknowing mark .\ndespite months of therapy and efforts to rehabilitate the horse , the thoroughbred couldn ' t overcome the injuries and was euthanized in january 2007 .\na : no one was more sad about that horse than me . that horse was never gonna be a complete horse because of the brain damage he had at birth . but humans had failed in their responsibility to help that horse learn right from wrong at an early enough stage before he became lethal . it ' s like a handicapped child that maybe doesn ' t have that internal ability to be able to tell right from wrong . someone could have helped that horse understand right from wrong , how to fit in and how to get along in the world . but nobody had been there for the horse to teach him that . it ' s about taking responsibility and being a responsible parent or a caretaker of an animal , and helping them to learn because you can really have a great effect on them right off the bat .\ni had a horse several years ago that was born on my property from my mare and stallion . he was beautiful , but was so afraid of everything he was dangerous . after 3 vets advised me to put him down , i hired a trainer just for him . she made very little progress , so i sent him to a horse whisperer who kept him for 2 years and he finally gave up on him and gave him to a young woman who just loved him to bits . he put her in the hospital shortly after with several broken ribs . he was kind of lucky that people liked the look of him so much , that he kept getting 2nd chances instead of being put down . it makes me very sad to know how much time and money was wasted on this horse , when a good horse could have been saved from slaughter .\nquite a story . thank you for sharing it with me and with the others who may read this . it is a dilemma for you i understand . i would completely re - start this horse . i would stop riding him and totally take him back to the very beginning of his training and re - do him . his behavior is habitual and quite crafty . this does make him dangerous at this time . but it is not hopeless . if you love him and you have already put two years into him , how about taking another 3 - 4 months maximum and retrain him . it may not take that long . that is what i would suggest . if he is attractive , moves well , has good conformation and the other good points you have mentioned , it sounds like he is a good candidate for re - hab . if he were rid of this behavior would he be terrific ? it sounds like you are no slouch and have a lot of horse sense . i also understand you are angry and frustrated . do you think you have the skills to really go back to the beginning ? that is what it will take . i have re - trained horses more dangerous than this . i take on horses that most other trainers give up on . i work with dangerous stallions . i have yet to give up on a horse . i have yet to not be successful when i go back to the beginning with the horse . imagine the skills you will be practicing if you do this . you will become like a professional trainer and be able to do this for others as well . this horse can be your doctorate thesis in horse training . it is so much more than showing them who is boss or keeping the horse out of your space or even being sensitive to his ' moves ' . i know you know how to do all that .\nfirst and foremost , i do not want to send my horse somewhere where she will injure someone and / or where she will be beaten .\nfollowing barbaro ' s death , the california senate passed a bill that compelled major horse tracks in the state to install polytrack or something similar .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nhe ' s a triple crown winner . to those not in the know , in the horse racing business that ' s a big deal .\nmy question : should i sell this horse or put him down ? training is not an option - i ' ve done all that i could do . and if i sell him , am i responsible to tell the prospective buyer what this horse is capable of ? who would buy him ?\nanyone , including an amature can handle a problem horse . go slow , use common sense , consult a trainer in your area and get them to work with you on a regular basis to correct the horse\u2019s handling . with a little bit of time and patience , most ( not all ) horses become wonderful friends for years to come . when all else fails , its worth the time and money to send the horse to a trainer .\nthank you so much for answering me ! i had a professional trainer look at this horse this weekend and he discovered the horse has a teeth problem . apparently , when i turned the horse , the snaffle put pressure where it hurt and when he bolted , my pulling on one rein made it even worse . i don ' t know if this is a common problem but it is certainly something that will always be on my checklist from now on .\nagreed . don ' t want to assume but in case the rogue horse thing was directed at my story , i was hoping my craptastic experience would be helpful in seeing a different perspective . = ) besides , my horse was older , a gelding , and not acting like a cow - more like a schizophrenic mule .\nwherever man has left his footprint in the long ascent from barbarism to civilization , we will find the hoofprint of the horse beside it .\n~ john moore\npeta us has made headlines with its searing undercover investigation into cruel and illegal industry practices among horse trainers in the us . but here in the uk , horses hardly face better odds . here are a few home truths about horse racing , which make it clear that the grand national and races like it are a national disgrace :\nwell , i would get the vet to give him the once over first as i doubt the insurance company would pay out otherwise . anyone could say there horse is dangerous just to get the money off the insurance company ( would have to be callous but it is still a possibility ) to me the only thing that springs to mind is possible brain tumor ( like that racehorse ) but your vet would be the best to advise , also i would ring the insurance and ask how you would stand .\nthe british equine veterinary association guidelines state that euthanasia should be carried out if \u2018the insured horse sustains an injury or manifests an illness or disease that is so severe as to warrant immediate destruction to relieve incurable and excessive pain and that no other options of treatment are available to that horse at that time\u2019 . the insurers should be notified as soon as possible . they will require a veterinary certificate confirming the identity of the horse and the reason why it was destroyed and may also ask for a post mortem .\ni think that is about as likel , or in fact less likely , as the horse being fairly represented but green and a mare and the op is simply overhorsed .\nbut working and playing with horses has its dangers . every year about 20 people die and over 3000 people are admitted to hospital as a result of a horse accident .\nis a fun read with a serious message . ( it\u2019s open access so you can read the whole thing \u2013 i recommend it . ) nutt points out that the way in which we think about the harms of illegal drugs , such as ecstasy , is unlike the way in which we think about other dangerous things such as horseriding \u2013 or \u201c\nhonestly , if we are talking biting , and only twice in the four years you ' ve had her , i would not say she is a rogue or dangerous horse . i would say she is a rude one . i wouldn ' t be talking euthanasia just yet . if your finances can afford it , i ' d send her to someone who is experienced with this type of horse on training or consignment - disclose she bites and that is the reason you are selling her . be honest and truthful with the trainer about both of your shortcomings and experience and list her on the market . good luck ! imho i would take a biter over a kicker any and every day .\nthis cruelty will end only when the public realises that there is no such thing as a \u201charmless flutter\u201d when it comes to funding the cruel and exploitative horse - racing industry .\na : exactly . i ' m very interested that you said that . you want people to understand that . hopefully because of this film that horse will always have value .\ni went yesterday and yes , it was wet and sticky but my horse loved it . as sc said , i would have withdrawn if i had been on a green horse or one who couldn ' t cope with the wet but the conditions suit some horses . personally i didn ' t feel the 90 degree turns were too bad , i ' d rather do that in the mud than on rock hard slippery ground . i actually thought the big corner at the penultimate fence off a turn was more taxing on a tired horse .\nmy friend ran her horse on very wet ground recently . the horse did a tendon and is now out of work for at least a year . : ( makes you think . : ( personally it gives me the courage of my convictions to run my horse only when i know the conditions suit him . not to be swayed by anyone else ' s opinion , be they be , event organiser , rider rep , other competitors etc etc . after all you are the only one with the power to wd if you want to .\nhe wants me to 1 . ) get the horses teeth looked at 2 . ) round pen train as often as i can . 3 . ) send the horse to a local professional for two weeks . he said that this trainer he is recommending will carefully push the horse to see if he will bolt ( not cowboy him or anything like that ) . just work him until he ' s tired and had enough ( not exhausted ) . that ' s when this horse will do his thing - when he ' s had enough .\nq : sounds like you are talking about your own childhood . you were upset because that horse was you . . . . up until betsey shirley came in to your life .\nfinally , if a horse does something dangerous and finds it gets him out of an aversive situation ( such as work ) , he may be inclined to try it again . as with people and in particular children , if inappropriate behavior has a rewarding outcome , it will stay in the animal\u2019s behavioral repertoire . for example , as the director of the riding program at a children\u2019s summer camp some time ago , i was responsible for the care and maintenance of the 50 - horse riding string . many of these horses were leased out to private homes over the winter , and i had to collect them and return them to the camp in preparation for the summer season . frosty was one such horse who was being maintained by a family at a boarding stable a few miles away . there were beautiful riding trails connecting that boarding stable and the summer camp , so i had someone drop me off at the barn so i could ride the horse back to camp . little did i know my charge had learned a few nasty tricks to avoid working for a living and was known as something of a terrorist around the barn .\ncoolmore stud is part of a horse - breeding empire with stables , farms and breeding facilities in ireland , kentucky in the us , and jerry plains in nsw ' s hunter valley .\ni ' d just like to reiterate , it wasnt me who was saying dauntsey was dangerous ! no , the course was not for me and my confidence levels , so i ' ll take it as a learning experience . its amazing how different each 100 course can be , so would def support some kind of grading system to make it easier for grass roots people like me .\ni am an experienced adult amateur . if the horse is gold under saddle , i would be interested in such a horse but would need more information about the biting . if it a random bite here and there , i think i would be willing to work with that . actually , my current horse is a bit grumpy and will bite here and there . however , if the biting is very aggressive , or accompanied by charging in a paddock , that would be a different story . however , i would not be interested in buying such a horse . depending on the severity of the issue rehoming with full disclosure to an appropriate home might be the best course of action . in that case , i would consider a first right of refusal or some kind of buy back clause so that if the new owner cannot keep her , or the problem becomes worse , the horse can be put to sleep and not be passed around to unknowing owners .\noriginally , cadet was deemed dangerous and unrideable by many of new zealand ' s top trainers . but under vicki\u2019s gentle guidance he went on to become one of new zealand ' s most successful competitors , showing fantastic scope , technique and talent . he won and placed in many grand prix , world cup and speed classes and was consistently in the winners ' circle . cadet ' s career highlights include winning the coveted premier stakes grand prix at the horse of the year show in 2014 , and vicki ' s first world cup title at the taupo christmas classic that same year .\nthe races can be taxing on the animals ' delicate bodies . a 1 , 000 - pound horse will place the equivalent of 100 times the force of gravity on each hoof with very stride .\nwatch the movie buck . . . what you need to understand is sure if you rehome this mare to someone who says they will work with her or whatever . but what happens when they get bit and then they pass her on to someone else who will just pass her on to whoever and she might get beaten or abused . imo these are you options , 1 put her down . 2 find some farmer with a field he ' ll rent to you and let her live out . keep her . or as a last ditch effort like if its paying for food or the horse , call a local rescue . but you need to realize they may just put her down if she is dangerous . to anyone , when you buy a rescue you don ' t know their past . i see this all the time of ottbs and the like . when you look at a horse that you want to rescue or give a new career you not only need to see what the horse need physically but mentally .\ntroy palmer runs a horse stud , binnia performance horses , at coolah , in central nsw . he breeds horses , droves , and competes on his horses . he won the 2013 world campdraft championship .\ni speak as someone who was seriously hurt as a result of a horse bite . i walked out into the pasture to get another horse and was picked up by my shoulder and tossed to the ground by a horse that i never saw coming . he ran across the pasture and bit me . i was wearing many layers under my winter jacket and still have a scar . that horse ( affectionately known as jaws from them on ) continued to have intermittent biting issues , aggressive lunging biting episodes . the barn owner did her best to accommodate him , private turn out and only handled by certain barn staff . that horse went on to bite 5 more people ( including his owner ) over several years before the barn owner said he could only stay if the owner did self care . it was too great a liability knowing he had this aggressive tendency that would come and go , sometimes years with no biting . the owner decided to being him home and he lived in a field with a shed so he wasn ' t handled .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nditto td : i took a second timer intro horse round yesterday & thought that while testing in places it was v educational for the horse to learn to cope with imperfect going at this stage of its career . fwiw i walked v carefully & was v surprised at where some people had run before me ( i . e line between fences ) but such is : each to their own . . . ; )\nover the years , i trained many horses . without a doubt , the most common cause of dangerous behavior was overfeeding either with grain , alfalfa hay or vitamin supplements . horses do very well on grass hay , free - choice minerals and a salt block . repeatedly , people who overfeed keep going through horses convinced each time that they were cheated , instead of accepting that they are creating the problems with their feeding program .\nif you do not want to do this and you are not too far from aspen , co . , i would be happy to take the horse on and retrain him for you here . you could even come and do it with me . i live on a lovely boarding / guest ranch just outside of aspen . i could also come there and get you going if you like . it all depends on if you want to give up on the horse or not . please do not send him to the killers or just drop him . that is not necessary . he is not nearly as bad as many i have worked with . you are hurt and angry , but the truth is , the horse is not really doing anything for you to take personally . it is just being a horse , a horse with a behavioral issue that can be corrected . he is smart and sensitive . you are pretty good and i really think you have it in you to retrain this guy , if you want to . i can help you do this .\nso what is the best course of action to take if your horse\u2019s behavior qualifies him as a rogue ? the first step is to rule out any physical causes for the behavior . this can best be achieved through a thorough examination by a veterinarian . the cause of many behavior problems can be identified by careful palpation and blood screening tests . once the source of the problem is found , there may be a medical solution that your veterinarian can bring to your attention . if the cause of the dangerous behavior is related to reproductive hormones , the solution may be as simple as castration for non - breeding stallions or hormone therapy for mares .\nthis is such a hard thing to deal with . . . it is so incredibly hard to be the one to make a decision to put an animal down . but i do think that putting him down is probably the right choice to make unless he can be a pasture ornament like portia suggested . i knew of a horse that was very aggressive and was sold to someone for cheap . he ended up pinning this woman in a roundpen and attacking her . luckily she was okay , but had the horse put down . i think that was the best thing to do , since this horse could have killed her . visit urltoken\nan article everyone should read i had a horse i was going to sell then realized that the problem could be fixed with a little work . if i had sold hime he would of hurt someone or got hurt .\na native of hartsville , alabama , thompson grew up in woodbine , tennessee and although his family enjoyed going to horseshows and often encouraged thompson to join them , he had other interests . . . cars . at the young age of 17 he headed to california and opened an automotive shop . his interest in horses began while there when he traded his motorcycle for a horse , a tennessee walking horse . my midnight melody was the horse and thompson says that walking horses are the only kind he has ever ridden . in 1973 he began his training career , a career which 17 years later would lead him to a handsome , sorrel colt in tennessee .\nit may be too late to change the events of a horse\u2019s past , but you can certainly influence his future . the behavior you see today does not have to continue . bad habits can be changed , training mistakes can be resolved . believe in the ability of your horse to adapt and reform . horses , like humans , are never too old to learn , and generally , unlike some humans , horses seem more willing to forgive ."]}
{"id": 1578, "summary": [{"text": "the peltogastridae are a family of barnacles belonging to the bizarre parasitic and highly apomorphic superorder rhizocephala , and therein to the less diverse of the two orders , the kentrogonida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the peltogastridae are by far the largest family of rhizocephala .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they comprise 14 genera : angulosaccus reinhard , 1944 boschmaia reinhard , 1958 briarosaccus boschma , 1930 cyphosaccus reinhard , 1958 dipterosaccus van kampen & boschma , 1925 galatheascus boschma , 1929 parthenopea kossmann , 1874 peltogaster rathke , 1842 peltogastrella kr\u00fcger , 1912 pterogaster septosaccus duboscq , 1912 temnascus boschma , 1951 tortugaster reinhard , 1948 trachelosaccus boschma , 1928", "topic": 26}], "title": "peltogastridae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ca\u30ac\u30d5\u30af\u30ed\u30e0\u30b7\u79d1\nto\npeltogastridae\n.\na new genus and two new species of peltogastridae ( crustacea : cirripedia : rhizocephala ) parasitizing hermit crabs from okinawa island ( ryukyu archi . . . - pubmed - ncbi\na new genus and two new species of peltogastridae ( crustacea : cirripedia : rhizocephala ) parasitizing hermit crabs from okinawa island ( ryukyu archipelago , japan ) , and their dna - barcodes .\nboyko , c . b . ; boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of rhizocephala . peltogastridae lilljeborg , 1861 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 134763 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nrhizocephalan parasites have a peculiar life cycle , and their adults lost almost all traits found usually in crustacea . despite some data on anatomy and ultrastructure of interna of peltogastridae , some crucial aspects of morphology are still unknown . for example , there is only one mentioning of myocytes found in interna of rhizocephalans ( sacculina carcini ) . so we aimed at studying the muscular system of the interna of peltogaster paguri using serial histological sectioning and fluorescent staining ( tritc - labeled phalloidin ) with confocal microscopy .\na new genus and two new species of peltogastridae , peltogaster postica sp . nov . and ommatogaster nana gen . et sp . nov . , are described from okinawa island , ryukyu islands , southwestern japan . the two new rhizocephalans were found to be parasitic on the estuarine hermit crabs , pagurus minutus hess , 1865 and diogenes leptocerus forest , 1956 , respectively . peltogaster postica sp . nov . is allied to p . curvata kossmann , 1874 , p . paguri rathke , 1842 , and p . reticulata shiino , 1943 , but is distinguished by its relative length and internal and external structures of the mature externa . ommatogaster gen . nov . is established for the present new species o . nana based on the morphologies of the visceral mass of the externa and the presence of a nauplius eye in the larvae . partial coi sequences were obtained from the two new species and one known species , dipterosaccus indicus van kampen and boschma , 1925 , to test the possible usefulness of the sequences as tags for species identification .\nlilljeborg , w . ( 1861 ) . suppl\u00e9ment au m\u00e9moire sur les genres liriope et peltogaster , h . rathke . nova acta regiae societatis scientiarum upsaliensis , seriei tertiae . 3 : 74 - 102 , pl . 6 . [ details ]\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - parasitic rhizocephala , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 283 - 284 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfaculty of science , university of the ryukyus , senbaru 1 , nishihara , okinawa 903 - 0213 , japan . 4cd . riutae @ urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nmuscular system is a unidirectional spiral of muscular fibers going along the main trunk .\nwe suggest that muscular system have a role in peristaltic movements of rootlets and circulation of nutrients .\nwithin the wall of the main trunk we found striated muscular fibers . the majority of these fibers form a unidirectional single spiral . there are additional small fibers that connect the coils of the large spiral . the density of muscular fibers is highest near the externa stalk , and the number of muscle fibers decreases towards the distal part of the main trunk . we suggest that such a muscular system could provide peristaltic movements of the main trunk and the transport of nutrients through the interna .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2010 - 12 - 13 .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 133 - 136 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 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2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - 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{"id": 1581, "summary": [{"text": "heikegani ( \u5e73\u5bb6\u87f9 , \u30d8\u30a4\u30b1\u30ac\u30cb , heikeopsis japonica ) is a species of crab native to japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face which many believed to be the face of an angry samurai hence the nickname samurai crab .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is locally believed that these crabs are reincarnations of the heike warriors defeated at the battle of dan-no-ura as told in the tale of the heike . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "heikegani", "paragraphs": ["artist\u2019s impression of a heikegani . remarkably , it\u2019s pretty close to the reality .\nheikegani crab , japan crab with a human like face on it ' s shell . it is believed that a heikegani is the reincarnation of heike warriors defeated at\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthe heikegani crab ( heikeopsis japonica ) and a stylize kabuki samurai face . image source .\ntwo times per day as a swift action , a heikegani can challenge a foe to combat .\neach time the heikegani molts , its new shell comes to more closely resemble an angry demonic face .\n[ \u2026 ] sources : andrew kincaid . \u201cheikegani \u2013 the samurai crab . \u201d ( 2013 ) [ \u2026 ]\nheikegani\nwas premiered in april 1912 in \u010fsaka at the naniwaza , starring onoe baik\u02d8 vi and sawamura s\u02d8j\u0171r\u02d8 vii .\nheikegani\nis made up of 1 act , divided into 2 scenes , which runs for just over an hour .\nbut the legend of the samurai crabs has turned them into souvenirs for the historically - minded travel . and the heikegani\u2019s shells certain do look like angry samurai faces . maybe the vengeful ghosts of the heike are expressing themselves through the snarling shells of the heikegani .\nheikegani has become a popular image in japanese tattooing , though the face on the shell is exaggerated for dramatic effect . a tattoo that works great as a japanese themed gap filler , heikegani tattoos are the funkiest of all crab tattoos and offer some awesome crustacean inspiration .\nonce per day when the heikegani is about to attempt a saving throw or skill check , it can call upon the resolve it held to in its prior life , gaining a + 4 bonus on the roll . the heikegani must decide to use this ability before the roll is made .\nuntil either that foe is rendered unconscious , or the combat ends , the heikegani gains a + 4 bonus on damage rolls against that enemy , and takes a \u20132 penalty to ac except against attacks made by the challenged foe . the heikegani gains dr 2 / \u2014 against attacks made by the target of its challenge .\ndan - no - ura tatakai no zu ( \u2018battle of dannoura\u2019 ) . the heikegani crabs can be seen in the lower half of the painting . image source .\nthe soul of a heikegani has very few of its memories from life , but retains its single - minded sense of purpose and honor , and is quick to challenge those it meets to mortal combat . a heikegani believes it has been reincarnated , but in reality it never passed on to be judged . the unnatural genesis of a heikegani causes it great agony , and the dangerous crustacean scuttles along the shores , seeking foes that it can defeat in honorable combat so its soul can finally be put to rest .\naccording to the japanese legend , the ghosts or souls of the heike samurais were reincarnated into the heikegani crabs who ate their remains , their angry faces now shown on the shells of the crabs . to this day , it is said that the heikegani crabs roam the depths of the oceans around japan , searching for the lost heirlooms of their empire .\nas a full - round action , a heikegani can stand on its rear legs and display its facelike carapace , snapping its pincers in a threatening display . the heikegani can attempt an intimidate check to demoralize all foes within 30 feet that can see its display , as if it had used the dazzling display feat . it doesn\u2019t take penalties on this check for being smaller than its targets .\nfeatured image : \u2018the ghost of taira tomomori\u2019 by utagawa kuniyoshi \u2013 depicts the ghost of taira tomomori along with the anchor he drowned with , and heikegani with faces of fallen soldiers . image source .\na resounding battle cry for many vegetarians is : \u201ci don\u2019t eat food with a face\u201d , and luckily for the heikegani crabs , the inhabitants of the inland sea have taken that gustatory sentiment to heart .\nafter that battle start appeared heikegani , the so - called \u201csamurai crab\u201d . it was a unique species of crab , with a shell that bore a pattern resembling the face of an angry samurai . the superstitious believed these crabs were reincarnated souls from toshigoku , the realm of slaughter , and it was considered unlucky to eat the plentiful heikegani from the region , for to do so was to invite the sin of familial betrayal into one ' s heart . [ 1 ]\nto see more traditional japanese body art and perhaps a few more disgruntled samurai crabs , visit these tattooists\u2019 instagrams . should you want a piece of irezumi featuring heikegani for yourself , have one of them design a tiny clawed crustaceans just for you .\ni\u2019ve read carl sagan\u2019s take on heikegani before . just imagining thousands of angry faced crabs scurrying in mass under the water , it sends shivers down my spine \ud83d\ude2b why crab ? it\u2019s also reind me the scene from the film \u201cthe thing\u201d\u2026 too creepy \ud83d\ude31\na species of crab native to japan heikegani is widely recognized for its bizarre shell . the shell of heikegani has numerous myths and legends surrounding it , but the most common is that the shell shows the face of an angry samurai slain in battle . they are also known as the samurai crab . in certain regions of japan a more detailed explanation is offered , it is believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the heike warriors , who were defeated at the battle of dan - no - ura in 1185 .\nfor the heike samurai , surrender to the enemy was never an option . those that were not slain in battle , committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor . their bodies became food for the heikegani crabs who lay in wait on the sea floor .\nduring an episode of the pbs science show , \u2018cosmos : a personal voyage\u2019 , carl sagon expounded on a theory put forward by julian huxley in 1952 , to explain the strange face - like characteristics of the heikegani crab shell . huxley theorized that the crab\u2019s samurai faces are the result of artificial selection . he proposed the fishermen fishing japan\u2019s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai\u2019s face out of respect for the fallen heike . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .\nbut , while it certainly is an interesting theory , it\u2019s likely only a bit of scientific folklore . the snarling samurai face on the heikegani\u2019s shells is the result of nothing more than the natural site of muscle attachments . the crabs are only around four centimeters and not used for food , making the theory that fishermen threw samurai face - bearing heikegani back while keeping those without extremely unlikely . other crabs with human - like shells have also been found throughout the world , even appearing in the fossil record , lending even less credit to the still fascinating theory .\nmagic is always involved , either because the death happened in a high - magic environment or because the samurai was dealt a magical deathblow . a heikegani is especially vicious when young , and kills other crabs and marine creatures it encounters until it develops the ability to travel onto land .\nthe problem with this theory is that the heikegani crabs , which have a maximum length of 1 . 2 inches , are too small to be eaten , so it is unlikely they were ever caught for food in the first place . furthermore , analysis of the shells has shown that the face - like patterns are simply the result of connection points for muscle and ligament tissue . finally , heikegani crabs are not the only crabs with a human - looking face on the shell . a variety of crabs from the family dorippidae all appear to have human faces on their backs .\ncarl sagan theorized that the crabs\u2019 samurai faces are the result of artificial selection . he proposed the fishermen fishing japan\u2019s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai\u2019s face out of respect for the fallen heike . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .\nin the aftermath of the battle , the leader of the genji , minamoto yoritomo , became the first shogun to realize complete military control of japan . the fate of the remaining heike was execution\u2013this time without exception . it\u2019s said the heike samurais\u2019 angry spirits were reincarnated into the heikegani crabs who ate their remains , their scowling faces now marking their carapaces .\nthe heikegani crab has inspired reverence to ancient legends , as well as scientific investigation into the power of selection . while many believe the angry samurai face in the crab\u2019s shell is simply the result of the psychological phenomenon of pareidolia , others believe that the grimaced faces are the heike samurai warriors , who were reborn and are still , somehow , watching over them .\nfamous american astronomer and author carl sagan once speculated that the resemblance was due to artificial selection . sagan proposed that the fishermen fishing japan\u2019s waters would throw back any crabs whose shells looked like a samurai\u2019s face out of respect for the fallen heike tribe . this preserved the dna of the heikegani with samurai - like faces while thinning the genetic lines of those without .\na far more plausible theory is that any resemblance of a human face seen in the shells of the heikegani crabs is the result of pareidolia , the human brain\u2019s innate ability to recognize faces and human forms in a set of random stimuli . common examples include seeing images of animals or faces in clouds , the virgin mary on toast , and the man in the moon .\nthe battle of dan - no - ura was preceded by an immense struggle between the imperial rulers of japan , the taira clan ( later known as heike ) , who the heikegani crabs are named after , and the minamoto clan ( genji ) , who were fighting for control of the throne at the end of the 12th century in the genpei war ( 1180 - 1185 ) .\nwhile it sounds good and it does fit the mold for how selective pressures tend to work , there\u2019s a problem\u2013nobody eats heikegani . they\u2019re too small . plus , crabs with this kind of shell pattern aren\u2019t confined to only that small bay , but they can be found all over the bay of japan . and there are other species of crabs with similar patterns , although maybe not as pronounced .\na japanese crab , the heikegani , has a shell closely resembling a samurai\u2019s face . legend says the crabs are the souls of the fallen heike samurai who died in a massive battle over the japanese imperial throne . the battle of dannoura , immortalized in the heike monogatari ( the tale of heike , ) was a pivotal moment in japan\u2019s history that both established the first shogunate and killed a child emperor .\nheikegani or heike crabs ( heikeopsis japonica ) are a species of crab native to japan many of who share a distinctive feature : strange markings on their carapace that have a striking resemblance to the face of an angry samurai . the crabs get their name from a japanese epic : the tale of the heike s , an epic prose tale about a battle that was fought in japan\u2019s inland sea , which is where these crabs are found .\nthe reason people see a face in the crabs is because of a psychological phenomena called pareidolia , which makes vague or random things seem significant . seeing a samurai face in the shells of crabs\u2013even the japanese heikegani\u2013is like how we see shapes in the clouds or a man in the moon . ( i\u2019ve never quite been able to see a man in the moon , by the way . i tend to side with the japanese , who say it\u2019s a rabbit . )\nthe battle of dan - no - ura gave rise to many legends , the strangest of which involves a crab . this crab has a distinctive shell with a pattern that vaguely resembles the angry face of a samurai . the story goes that when the heike warriors died and sank , their souls were transferred to the crabs and their gnarled faces were forever etched onto the crab ' s back . the crab is called heikegani or the heike crab . sometimes , it\u2019s also called the samurai crab .\nbecause of their fascinating backstory , heikegani have skittered their way out of the history books and traditional japanese art into popular culture . one can\u2019t help but faintly see their vestige in anthropomorphic arthropods like dr . zoidberg from futurama , crabby a la pokemon , or the subterranean \u201ccrab people\u201d in south park . even carl sagan cited the angry - looking crustaceans as evidence of artificial selection in the second episode of cosmos , but beyond the shores of japan , tattoos are where they\u2019re most commonly found , grimacing amidst the waves and wind bars of irezumi .\nthe heikegani crab\u2019s legend finds its roots from the two rival families\u2019 involvement in japan\u2019s government , which eventually toppled the imperial courts\u2019 power . after a fierce battle between the two opposing samurai factions , the heike seized control of japan . their leader though , kiyomori taira , was in love with his rival\u2019s , yoshitomo minamoto , concubine . at her behest he showed an uncharacteristic degree of mercy by sparing her and minamoto\u2019s sons . though it might be considered noble by modern standards\u2013especially since killing them was legally permitted\u2013it was ultimately a mistake that would later put and end to the heike samurai .\nsamurai are renowned for their resolve , but sometimes a samurai becomes so obsessed with her purpose that her soul can\u2019t depart from the material plane upon her death . unable to seek eternal rest , and unwilling to become undead in the pursuit of vengeance , the samurai soul instead finds a suitable host in which to continue its existence . a heikegani is the effect of such a joining : a tragic , furious symbiosis of the soul of a dead samurai and the body of a crustacean . this usually occurs when the samurai dies near a crab habitat and her soul imprints upon a newly hatched crab zoea .\nthe mythos surrounding heikegani originates from a military conflict between two feuding japanese clans back in the 12th century . following a five - year power struggle known as the genpei war , the taira ( later referred to as the heike ) and minamoto clashed in a final battle at a small bay called dan - no - ura on april 25 , 1185 . the taira were severely outnumbered , and during the fighting , their child emperor \u2014 antoku \u2014 drowned . as the tide turned in their enemy\u2019s favor , the samurai , rather than dying in dishonor , took their own lives , leaping into the frigid sea .\nyears later those very sons led an uprising against him after he installed his own grandson as the new child emperor . genji forces drove the heike out of the capital and proclaimed their own emperor . their forces pursued the fleeing heike samurai and the rival emperor to the shimonoseki straight , were a final , decisive naval battle ensued . the heike were outnumbered three to one , and the battle was quickly over . the emperor was drowned by his grandmother , who promised him a new kingdom under the sea . the heiki samurai were either killed or committed suicide by drowning themselves along with their emperor\u2013their dead bodies food for the heikegani crabs .\nokamoto wrote\nheikegani\nat age 39 from childhood memories of a popular edo picture book in which a young fisherwoman encounters the spirit of tamamushi , a heike court lady from the heian period ( 794 ~ 1185 ) . inspired by the illustrations of tamamushi in the book , the playwright created the character of a proud , modern woman who is unwilling to passively accept others ' choices and is prepared to use violence to achieve her ends . yet tamamushi ' s passion drives her to madness , causing her to kill her own sister and the man her sister wants to marry . ultimately , it leads her to her own self - annihilation .\n( sasaguchi rei )\nthe heian imperial court was simultaneously the high and low point of japan\u2019s aristocracy . it had reached the height of its refinement , but at the cost of alienating the ruling class from the people they supposedly governed . there was an explosion in literature . poetry flourished , dress was extravagant , and the tale of genji , one of the world\u2019s first novels , arose from the heian court . japan also discovered buddhism during this time . unfortunately , the court\u2019s preoccupation with the arts allowed lower - ranking officials and their families to gain the real control over japan . the two largest families were the taira ( later known as heike , ) who the fated heikegani crabs are named after , and the minamoto , later called the genji .\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\non 24 the april , 1185 ad , the two powerful samurai clans fought to the death on the dan - no - ura bay of japan\u2019s inland sea . the ruling taira clan ( heike ) , was led by their child - emperor , antoku , and his grandmother . the heike had ruled for many decades , but now , massively outnumbered , they faced defeat at the hands of the minamoto .\nduring the battle , a member of the royal household took the seven - year - old emperor antoku and plunged with him into the water in the shimonoseki straits , drowning the child emperor , rather than allowing him to be captured by the opposing forces . his mother and grandmother followed him in their grief . antoku came to be worshipped as mizu - no - kami (\ngod of water\u201d ) .\nthis crucial battle was a cultural and political turning point in japanese history : minamoto yoritomo became the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan . dan - no - ura marked the beginning of seven centuries , in which japan was ruled by warriors and shoguns instead of emperors and aristocrats .\ndefeated heike warriors are turned into crabs as they are tossed from their ships . painting by kuniyoshi . image source .\npareidolia is the brain\u2019s innate ability to see faces in a set of random stimuli .\napril holloway is a co - owner , editor and writer of ancient origins . for privacy reasons , she has previously written on ancient origins under the pen name april holloway , but is now choosing to use her real name , joanna gillan .\ni think the idea that the fishermen throw back the crabs with the samurai faces out of respect for the samurai therefore making the samurai crabs dominant is highly plausible .\ni think it\u2019s a quaint idea but i doubt there\u2019s any truth in it , especially since the crabs are too small to be eaten and other crabs have similar markings .\nregister to become part of our active community , get updates , receive a monthly newsletter , and enjoy the benefits and rewards of our member point system or just post your comment below as a guest .\nthe content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly .\nthe largest pre - hispanic civilization in the americas was the inca empire and from their capital city of cusco , rulers known as sapa inka ( quechua for\nthe only inca\u201d ) controlled a vast territory known as tahuantinsuyo , which extended from the south of colombia to the west of present - day argentina .\nwootz steel was amongst the finest in the world . it is the metal that was used to fashion weapons such as the famous damascus blades of the middle ages . however , wootz steel dates back much further . . .\nduring sir charles leonard woolley\u2019s excavation of ur from 1922 to 1934 , any burial without a tomb chamber was given the name \u2018death pit\u2019 ( known also as \u2018grave pits\u2019 ) . arguably the most impressive . . .\nswiss archaeologists seem to have solved a mystery at a famous roman site . they have come to the conclusion that some mysterious shafts at the archaeological site were used as a method of refrigeration .\nmost people who have the rh blood type are rh - positive . there are also instances , however , where people are rh - negative . health problems may occur for the unborn child of a mother with rh - negative blood when the baby is rh - positive .\ndoes a hidden garden hold the encoded secrets of the kabbalists ? hidden away in a cul - de - sac at the base of the towering medieval walls of girona , catalonia , spain , is a tranquil garden . a statue of a long - haired angel stands guard over the entrance , its hands clasped in prayer .\nat ancient origins , we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings . and while some people may seem content with the story as it stands , our view is that there exists countless mysteries , scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts that have yet to be discovered and explained .\nthe goal of ancient origins is to highlight recent archaeological discoveries , peer - reviewed academic research and evidence , as well as offering alternative viewpoints and explanations of science , archaeology , mythology , religion and history around the globe .\nwe\u2019re the only pop archaeology site combining scientific research with out - of - the - box perspectives .\nby bringing together top experts and authors , this archaeology website explores lost civilizations , examines sacred writings , tours ancient places , investigates ancient discoveries and questions mysterious happenings . our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth , and question wherever the discoveries might take us . we seek to retell the story of our beginnings .\nhansik of the day ( ep . 3 ) gejang ( fermented crab ) _ full episode\nclip from carl sagan , cosmos , episode 2 on artificial selection and heike crabs .\ncarl sagan , stephen hawking and arthur c . clarke - god , the universe and everything else ( 1988 )\nthe carapace of this large crab resembles a scowling face , its eyes seething with an ancient fury .\nxp 1 , 200 ne small aberration ( aquatic ) init + 1 ; senses darkvision 60 ft . ; perception + 10 ; aura unnatural aura ( 30 ft . , dc 14 )\nstr 18 , dex 13 , con 18 , int 9 , wis 14 , cha 7 base atk + 3 ; cmb + 6 ( + 10 grapple ) ; cmd 17 ( 25 vs . trip ) feats power attack , skill focus ( intimidate ) , weapon focus ( claw ) skills intimidate + 9 , knowledge ( nobility ) + 4 , perception + 10 , swim + 18 languages common ( can\u2019t speak )\npathfinder roleplaying game bestiary 5 \u00a9 2015 , paizo inc . ; authors : dennis baker , jesse benner , john bennett , logan bonner , creighton broadhurst , robert brookes , benjamin bruck , jason bulmahn , adam daigle , thurston hillman , eric hindley , joe homes , james jacobs , amanda hamon kunz , ben mcfarland , jason nelson , thom phillips , stephen radney - macfarland , alistair rigg , alex riggs , david n . ross , wes schneider , david schwartz , mark seifter , mike shel , james l . sutter , and linda zayas - palmer .\ncheck out our other srd sites ! traveller srd | swords and wizardry srd | 5th edition srd | dungeon world srd | 13th age srd | d20herosrd | the modern path srd | d20pfsrd | 3 . 5e srd | gumshoesrd | fatecoresrd | starjammer srd | ogn articles | design finder 2018 | fudge srd\nhaha , \u201cthe thing ? \u201d you\u2019re giving me shivers now . a sheet of angry samurai faces crawling along the ocean floor is pretty creepy now that you mention it though\u2026\n[ \u2026 ] fuente : introvert japan / japan powered / wikipedia / japan hoppers . [ \u2026 ]\nthe crabs that these traditional japanese tattoos are based on are believed to embody the souls of dead samurai .\nthe downfall of the taira ushered in an era of shogunate rule that lasted for nearly 700 years , during which the art of traditional japanese tattoos rose to prominence among the merchant class . to this very day , the descendants of the heike gather on april 24th at the akama shrine near the sea where their ancestors perished to honor the memory . in the age - old ceremony , people cast nets to catch crabs , throwing the ones with faces on their backs into the water , because they are believed to contain the souls of the doomed samurai .\nandroid apple arrow - right arrow - rounded arrow avatar - follow avatar - hollow avatar - unfollow avatar burger - search calendar caret checkmark clock close comment - filled cross - fashion cross done edit email exit facebook heart icon instagram like - filled like link list location - hollow location logo medium next phone pin - filled play previous review - star path 2 save - plus save scroll - down search share shareemail sharefacebook sharepinterest sharetwitter combined shape created with sketch . star studio - simple go to studio icon tag - button user - lock verified website youtube zoom - in zoom - out\nthe famous story of the genji warrior nasu no yoichi in the fierce 1185 battle of yashima between the genji and heike clans : nasu no yoichi shot an arrow through a fan held by tamamushi , so foretelling the fall of the heike clan at dan - no - ura ( the inland sea ) the following month .\nheikeopsis japonica , a species of crab native to japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face .\nthis page was last edited on 12 november 2017 , at 16 : 26 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthe year was 1185 , the place a tiny bay called dan - no - ura . two great fleets faced one another ; on once side , the heike clan , imperial rulers of japan , and on the other the minamoto , upstarts fighting to control the throne . at stake was control of all japan . after a half - day of fighting , the heike were routed , and their 6 - year old emperor drowned to keep him out of minamoto hands . minamoto yoritomo went on to become the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan .\na strange story arose in the wake of the battle . locals told a legend about crabs in the area with strange patterns on their shells , said to resemble samurai masks . legend held that the crabs were the reincarnations of samurai slain at the battle of dan - no - ura .\nthe crabs do bear an uncanny resemblance to samurai masks . carl sagan speculated in his show cosmos that the resemblance was due to artificial selection . basically , people would throw back crabs that resembled samurai masks , and eat the ones that didn\u2019t . so that put selection pressure on the population to grow shells that resembled masks .\nthe folds and creases are points where muscles attach to the carapace . humans just happen to think they look like faces\u2013or masks\u2013because of a phenomena called pareidolia , where we see faces in random patterns . it\u2019s not quite as cool as reincarnated samurai ghosts , but then again , not many things are .\n[ \u2026 ] just learned about heike crabs a month ago when crystal from gomineko books posted about them . the legend behind them is super [ \u2026 ]\nif you like japanese folklore , a fairly new series called \u201cfolktales from japan\u201d has sprung up on crunchyroll . co . uk . its a collection of the best of japanese folktales come to life and is mostly presented in a way that makes you think its target audience must be older children . still , i watched a few over time and last night watched episode number 18 and completely out of the blue they have put a terrifying horror story called left behind in as the second story . if you have time you really should watch it , its psychologically very scary and definitely not the type of thing i\u2019d show to a child . also i was wondering how anyone in japan manages to find the courage to fish if this tale is common place . i thought maybe i might have a low threshold for horror since i don\u2019t watch it , but there\u2019s a few comments under that video and the fact that it was so mind bogglingly out of the blue and scary seems to be the general consensus .\nthanks for the tip ! it sounds interesting . often the psychological is more terrifying than gore .\nhey thanks for the link ! i watched left behind . the ghost in the show is called a noppero _ bo , which will be the subject of a future post . it was a pretty creepy story !\ncurrently you have javascript disabled . in order to post comments , please make sure javascript and cookies are enabled , and reload the page . click here for instructions on how to enable javascript in your browser .\nwe use cookies so you get the best experience on our website . by using our site , you are agreeing to our cookie policy .\ncarl sagan 222 success secrets - 222 most asked questions on carl sagan - what you need to know edition by evelyn gonzales and publisher emereo publishing . save up to 80 % by choosing the etextbook option for isbn : 9781488572159 , 1488572151 . the print version of this textbook is isbn : 9781488543609 , 1488543607 .\ni claim no rights or ownership to any of the material , pictures , music , diagrams or information provided in this video . for educational and creative purposes only . epic music : requiem for a dream ~ night of the violin { \u266b\nla violoni $ te\n\u266b } urltoken urltoken\nrare 1980\nthe empire strikes back\ninterviews and the future of star wars .\nthe epic recounts the genpei war , an event that radically changed japanese history in the late 12th century . the war involved the imperial taira clan ( later known as heike ) and the warrior minamoto clan as they struggled for control of the imperial throne . the minamoto\u2019s final victory ended the reign of imperial rule in japan and heralded the event of the shogun rule with minamoto yoritomo , the first military ruler .\nthe final battle in this story is the battle of dan - no - ura . while the taira had retained power through the child emperor antoku , years of fighting had left the taira weak , and their numbers dwindled . the taira had retreated to their fortress on the island of yashima , and were holed up there protecting the seven year old emperor . the minamoto\u2019s landed a small force on the rear of the island , lighting bonfires and making it look like they were staging a full attack . the taira , thinking the armies were behind them , and worried that the fortress would be breached took to the water , escaping in a number of boats . the attack had been a ruse , and the main forces of minamoto\u2019s army were waiting for them in a flotilla of ships . while the taira were easily outnumbered , their skillful archers put in a valiant effort and the forces seemed to be evenly matched .\nunfortunately for the taira , bad omens started occurring ; a white banner unfurled itself from the heavens upon a minamoto boat , and a number of dolphins swam towards the taira . these omens all portended to the defeat of the taira , and so a number of their allies deserted and betrayed them . knowing that they were facing certain defeat , the emperor\u2019s grandmother took the young child in her arms and slipped quietly off the boat , preferring drowning over capture . many of the taira samurai followed suit , leading to a minamoto victory .\nthe crabs , which are native to the inland sea ( the location of the battle ) are thought to be the re - incarnation of the many samurai who died that day . the locals refuse to eat the crabs that are marked with faces ( not all are ) , throwing them back into the sea . carl sagan famously did a piece on his show cosmos on the crabs , claiming that they were a perfect example of artificial selection ; after all , not being eaten makes spreading one\u2019s genes easier . while sagan\u2019s theory has garnered criticism , one thing is certain :\nthe battle of dannoura resulted in the destruction of the crab village of dannoura .\ntwo twins from the yasuki family , grew apart in the years after the first yasuki war . yasuki heike remained with the crane and was fostered into the daidoji , but he kept his original family name . his brother yasuki taira joined the crab and was given command of the coastal village of dannoura . [ 1 ]\nno one was certain what prompted the battle between brothers , but the result was the death of both along with hundreds of their men , while dannoura burned to the ground . [ 1 ]\nthis battle related article is a stub . that means that it has been started , but is incomplete . you can help by expanding this article .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\namusing planet is a small , independently - run website that relies entirely on advertising revenue to survive . researching , fact checking , and writing articles for this website takes several hours every day , and the only monetary compensation for that work comes from displaying ads that you\u2019ve chosen to block . so if you are a regular reader of amusing planet , please consider supporting this website by whitelisting us in your adblocker settings . thanks \u2764\nin a small seaside park near the kanmonkyo bridge , in the japanese city of shimonoseki , stands two bronze statues depicting two samurai warriors locked in mortal combat . the statues are flanked by replicas of cannons and ships . the monument commemorate a historic battle that took place in this area more than eight centuries ago .\nthe year was 1185 . two powerful fleets , one consisting of the heike clan , the imperial rulers of japan , and the other consisting of the minamoto , who were fighting for control of the throne , faced each other one april morning on tiny bay called dan - no - ura in japan\u2019s inland sea . in the fierce battle that followed , hundreds of samurai warriors lost their lives and their bodies slipped between the waves to the bottom of the sea . at the end of the day , the minamoto came out victorious ; the heike were routed and their 6 - year old emperor was drowned by his grandmother to prevent his capture . minamoto yoritomo went on to become the first shogun , or military ruler , of japan .\nhowever , the heike crabs are tiny\u2014about four centimeters\u2014 and nobody actually ate them , and so the fishermen used to throw them from the nets . besides , crabs with human - like shells have been found all throughout the world .\nthe folds and creases that resembles a snarling samurai face are actually the points where muscles attach to the carapace . they just happen to look like the face of an angry samurai , thanks to our innate ability to find faces in random objects\u2014a phenomena called pareidolia .\nthe sculptures at mimosusogawa park in shimonoseki . photo credit : hidetsugu tonomura / flickr\ncrab tattoos are always a funky design that look even better with a japanese twist ."]}
{"id": 1584, "summary": [{"text": "planes minutus is a species of pelagic crab that lives in the north atlantic ocean .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is typically less than 10 mm ( 0.4 in ) long across the back , and is variable in colouration , to match its background .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it may have been the crab seen by christopher columbus on sargassum weed in the sargasso sea in 1492 . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "planes minutus", "paragraphs": ["a cleaning association between the oceanic crab planes minutus and the loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta .\na small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an in . . .\nobservations on the ecology , behaviour , swimming mechanism and energetics of the neustonic crab , planes minutus .\na small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) .\nfirst finding of the pelagic crab planes marinus ( decapoda : grapsidae ) in the southwestern atlantic .\n\u201ca small crab , planes minutus ( columbus crab ) , living on an individual of caretta caretta ( loggerhead sea turtle ) . this crab is known to prey upon other sea turtles epibionts . \u201d\nplanes is\nfound in all tropical and temperate seas .\n[ chace , 1951 , p . 77 ] .\nplanes minutus is omnivorous when symbiotic with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles . the diet of p . minutus presented here probably represents a combination of epibionts of host turtles , pelagic and neustonic organisms captured near turtles , and food particles seized by crabs while turtles are feeding . ours is the first in - depth analysis of the diet of p . minutus when symbiotic with c . caretta . studies are needed that quantify prey items of columbus crabs from other animate flotsam ( e . g . , pelagic snails , colonial cnidarians ) . the foraging ecology and other aspects of the life history of p . minutus may well vary with respect to substrate type .\nseveral studies have investigated the association between p . minutus and young loggerhead turtles ( see frick et al . , 2000 ) . however , little is known of the foraging ecology and fecundity of columbus crabs , and there are no studies that quantify the diet and number of eggs of p . minutus . we identify and quantify the food items consumed by 71 p . minutus from loggerhead turtles captured near the azores . we also report dietary data from 14 p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam near the azores . the size and number of eggs of p . minutus were determined and compared between crabs collected from loggerhead turtles and those collected from flotsam .\ncitation :\nsargassum crabs , planes minutus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 21 / 2014 6 : 10 : 45 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nsmall oceanic crabs lead a cozy life . planes minutus often snuggle into the space between loggerhead turtles ' shells and tails , a spot that ' s just big enough for a mating pair . but if their aquatic apartments were larger , would they broaden their sex lives to include more partners ?\nplanes minutus arrives here on driftwood and other flotsam from the tropics . the crab does not survive here because of the colder waters around our coast . if found they will happily live indoors at room temperature in a saltwater aquarium , and can be fed on live prey or pieces of white fish or shellfish .\ngrapsid crabs of the genus planes are colloquially known as columbus crabs , apparently due to the discovery of a crab , likely a planes , from \u201cfloating weed\u201d during christopher columbus\u2019 voyage to the new world . like other members of its genus , planes minutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a relatively small pelagic species that is dependent upon flotsam for survival ( chace , 1951 ) , occupying a variety of flotsam types as clinging substratum , including oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , from the eastern north atlantic ( dellinger et al . , 1997 ; frick et al . , 2003 ) .\nplanes minutus is found in the north atlantic ocean , between the scopes of 11degree n and 32degree n , and furthermore from the west shoreline of africa , the mediterranean and the indian ocean . once in a while the crab has been recorded on the cornish drift , the primary distribute record was at falmouth in 1845 by william pennington cocks . others examples took after , for example , in 1848 ( falmouth ) and 1899 on the manacles . the most recent occurred in 2015 . related species , for example , planes major ( earlier p . cyaneus ) and planes marinus , happen in different parts of the world ' s seas .\ndiet composition of p . minutus collected from inanimate flotsam ( buoy and wood ) . cirriped material ( * ) was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids\nmichael g . frick , kristina l . williams , alan b . bolten , karen a . bjorndal , helen r . martins ; diet and fecundity of columbus crabs , planes minutus , associated with oceanic - stage loggerhead sea turtles , caretta caretta , and inanimate flotsam , journal of crustacean biology , volume 24 , issue 2 , 1 april 2004 , pages 350\u2013355 , urltoken\n( of planes testudinum ( roux , 1828 ) ) froglia , carlo ( 2006 ) . decapoda , in : revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nadult crabs confined to the same turtle fed on similar prey types and quantities of each type ( table 2 ) . there are no studies that investigate the foraging behavior of p . minutus when sharing a substrate with conspecifics . the presence of competitors may alter the observed foraging behavior of p . minutus ( davenport 1992 ) . crabs may lose portions of captured prey in disputes with other crabs sharing the same substrate , which could contribute to the similarity in diets between adult crab pairs . laboratory studies would help to determine the foraging behavior of multiple p . minutus when sharing the same substrate .\nagonistic behavior in p . minutus is suggested by the presence of conspecifics within stomach contents . the size of the conspecific fragments encountered suggests that large juvenile crabs , similar in size to those reported from this study , were consumed by p . minutus . conspecifics were only consumed by adult crabs collected from turtles also hosting juvenile specimens . moulted crab exuvia could be a possible source of conspecific fragments .\ngastropods ( janthina sp . ) were represented in the diet of p . minutus as minute shell fragments and egg capsules . janthina sp . are pelagic snails that create bubble rafts of air trapped in mucus to remain afloat and on which they lay their eggs . columbus crabs would undoubtedly be capable of capturing janthina and associated eggs while hunting from c . caretta . however , janthina is a reported food item of young loggerheads from the azores ( van nierop and den hartog , 1984 ) , so p . minutus may consume fragments of prey items initially captured and crushed for consumption by host turtles . during the initial stages of food consumption , scraps of food often drift out of and away from the mouth the turtle . planes minutus may retrieve food particles released by their host turtles , possibly accounting for similarities between the diets of columbus crabs and oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles .\ndiet composition for p . minutus collected from loggerhead turtles . data are number of points totaled for each food type present with percent composition in parentheses . see text for generic or specific designation of selected ( * ) food types\nresearch planes minutus \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nwere encountered in december , january february , march and april 2002 and 2003 . as previously mentioned , columbus crabs cling to most anything that floats . physically and physiologically , planes are surface - water specialists and these aspects are likely attributable to the colonization of other grapsid species into supra - littoral habitats and maritime forests ( williams 1984 ) .\n( of cancer minutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of planes clypeatus bowdich , 1825 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nlaboratory studies by davenport ( 1992 ) represent the only information on prey capture and food handling in adult p . minutus . the crabs observed by davenport ( 1992 ) obtained some food items via grazing flotsam that was placed into tanks , but crabs would also lunge or swim into the water column to obtain prey items ( salps , postlarval flying fish , juvenile puffer fish , pilot fish , euphausids , isopods , or small squid ) . some crabs would carry surplus prey using the dactyl spines of the walking legs for up to 24 hours before the item was consumed .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n( mf , kw ) caretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia 31412 , u . s . a .\n( ab , kb ) archie carr center for sea turtle research , department of zoology , university of florida , p . o . box 118525 , gainesville , florida 32611 , u . s . a .\n, and inanimate flotsam near the azores . the numbers of eggs carried by ovigerous crabs\nare also presented . numbers of eggs between turtle crabs and flotsam crabs were similar . dietary analysis yielded 11 food types from\n. crabs from turtles contained a higher diversity of food items than crabs from inanimate flotsam . the diet of\nwas composed primarily of neustonic invertebrates and algae\u2014similar to prey items found from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles in past studies . the types of food consumed by\nsuggest that crabs may obtain food by consuming other epibionts , by hunting neuston from their substrate , or by capturing food particles expelled by host turtles .\nturtles were captured using dipnets near the azores from 1986 through 1994 during the months march\u2013november . curved carapace length\nof each turtle was measured from the anterior point at midline ( nuchal scute ) to the posterior notch at midline between the supracaudals with a flexible fiberglass tape measure . turtles were released soon after capture .\nwere also removed from inanimate flotsam during the same period . crabs were assigned to gender and maturity following\n. maximum carapace length and width were recorded from crabs in millimeters ( mm ) using vernier calipers . species determination was made by comparing the combined lengths of the three distal segments of the second walking leg with the carapace length ( see\n) . stomach contents and digesta strings were then identified to the lowest taxon possible . the composition of the diet for each crab was recorded using a points system developed by\nin which 20 points are assigned to a full stomach , 10 to a half full stomach , etc . these points are then allocated among the diet items in the digestive tract according to their volume . the points allocated to each type of food are summed for all crabs and expressed as a percentage of the total number of points , giving the composition of the diet as percent of volume .\nand counted to determine fecundity . pleopods bearing eggs were cut from the female\u2019s abdomen with a scalpel , placed in a sodium solution and shaken until the eggs separated from the pleopods . egg counts were made under light microscopy ( magnification up to\nsquare was counted and multiplied by the number of squares containing eggs . the diameters of 10 randomly chosen eggs per ovigerous crab were recorded in microns using a computer interfaced digital stereomicroscope / micrometer .\nwas collected from oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles near the azores , usually in the space above the tail and beneath the carapace ( upper shell ) of the host turtle . however , two\nsp . ) on the host\u2019s carapace . fifty - six crabs were collected from 38 individual turtles . these turtles hosted crabs as singletons (\n) . in addition , 15 crabs were collected from an unknown number of turtles with no supporting host data . of the crabs collected , 65 were adults ( 35 females and 30 males ) and 6 were juveniles ( 4 males and 2 females ) . juvenile crabs always occurred in association with adult crabs ; no turtle hosted only juvenile crabs .\n$ $ ( 10 - 19 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ; { \\ rm { mean } } = 15 . 03 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ; n = 30 ) $ $\n$ $ 9 . 25 - 13 . 5 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } \\ ; ( { \\ rm { mean } } = 11 . 34 ) $ $\n$ $ 6 - 8 . 5 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } \\ ; ( { \\ rm { mean } } = 6 . 63 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ) $ $\n$ $ ( 11 - 22 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ; { \\ rm { mean } } = 17 . 32 ) $ $\n$ $ ( 13 . 5 - 18 . 5 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ; { \\ rm { mean } } = 15 . 35 ; n = 15 ) $ $\nclutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles . stage 2 eggs , eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk , and stage 3 eggs , eggs containing pigmented eyespots , represented\nclutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from turtles , respectively . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs . the diameters of the\npiece of wood ) . of these crabs , 4 were adult males and 10 were adult females . a single heterosexual pair was collected from wood flotsam , and the remainder of the sample of crabs from flotsam was taken from the buoy . the mean carapace widths of adult male and female\neight female crabs from flotsam were ovigerous . the mean carapace width of ovigerous crabs from flotsam was greater\n$ $ ( 16 . 7 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ; { \\ rm { range } } = 15 . 75 - 17 . 75 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ) $ $\n$ $ ( 13 . 9 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ; { \\ rm { range } } = 13 . 75 - 14 \\ ; { \\ rm { mm } } ) $ $\nand between ovigerous and nonovigerous crabs from inanimate flotsam . ovigerous females collected from flotsam carried an average of 8907 eggs ( range :\nclutches ) of the eggs measured from crabs taken from the buoy , respectively . stage 4 and 5 eggs were also absent from ovigerous females inhabiting flotsam . stage 1 eggs from crabs taken from flotsam were smaller in diameter (\n) of food regardless of sex , reproductive condition ( ovigerous or nonovigerous ) , or mean carapace width ( which varied significantly between some crab groups ) . of the material that could be identified , diatoms composed the highest percentage\n, which was consistent across the three groups of adults . juvenile crab diets were composed of more algae than those of adult crabs , and juvenile male crabs consumed more animal material than did juvenile females . the cirriped material from juvenile male crabs was represented solely by\nthe diets of crabs that occurred on the same host turtles as heterosexual pairs are compared in table 2 . overall , there appears to be no marked gender - based resource partitioning occurring between adults that , theoretically , have access to the same food resources on a shared host .\ncrabs from flotsam consumed fewer types of food than crabs from turtles ( table 3 ) . unidentified algae represented the bulk of the diets observed from those crabs . male crabs from flotsam contained only algae . conspecifics and cirriped material were only found in female crabs . the cirriped material from female crabs from flotsam was represented solely by lepas sp . cyprids .\nalthough few juvenile crabs were available for stomach contents analysis , it is apparent that algae are important in the diet of immature crabs . the presence of animal material in the diets of juvenile male crabs\ncould be an artifact of sample size . the lower diversity of prey items consumed by juvenile\ncompared with adults may be real or an artifact of the small sample size . perhaps juvenile\nlack the ability to capture motile or floating prey , or adults may steal high quality prey captured by juveniles . additional studies on the diets of juvenile\nare needed to evaluate differences in diet selection between juvenile males and females and between juveniles and adults .\nthe mean adult sizes of crabs from turtles and crabs from flotsam were not significantly different , and ovigerous crabs from flotsam carried similar amounts and sizes of eggs . therefore , type of substrate does not appear to be related to egg production . however , columbus crabs may benefit by association with loggerhead turtles because agonistic interactions with other\nseem to be more uncommon on turtles than on inanimate flotsam . conspecifics were more common in the diets of crabs on flotsam than in crabs on turtles ,\nreported that agonistic interactions were more common in crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam than those found on turtles . increased agonistic interactions between\nwould decrease survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries . larger sample sizes of crabs from a variety of substrate types are necessary for evaluation of effects of substrate on the demography of columbus crabs .\nthis project would not have been possible without the support of our colleagues at the department of oceanography and fisheries , university of the azores . for assistance in turtle capture and crab collection , we thank j . and g . franck ( shanghai ) , j . gordon ( song of the whale ) , international fund for animal welfare , l . steiner , s . viallelle , b . herbert , and w . thompson .\nthis work was funded by the marine entanglement research program of the u . s . national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) to kab and abb . all necessary permits were obtained . all animal care was in full compliance with the university of florida institutional animal care and use committee . the padi foundation provided funds for the microscopy equipment used in this study . mgf thanks arnold ross , scripps institution of oceanography , for his guidance and comments .\nthe templeton crocker expedition , iii : brachygnathous crabs from the gulf of california and the west coast of lower california .\ncomparisons of social structure of columbus crabs living on loggerhead sea turtles and inanimate flotsam .\nadditional evidence supporting a cleaning association between epibiotic crabs and sea turtles : how will the harvest of sargassum seaweed impact this relationship ? .\nthe food of the freshwater sticklebacks ( gasterosteus aculeatus and pygosteus pungitius ) with a review of methods used in the study of the food of fishes .\na study on the gut contents of five juvenile loggerhead turtles , caretta caretta ( linnaeus ) ( reptilia , cheloniidae ) , from the south - eastern part of the north atlantic ocean , with emphasis on coelenterate identification .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans . . .\ndescription restricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris . [ details ]\ndistribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from . . .\ndistribution associated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits . [ details ]\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npohle , g . w . ( 1990 ) . a guide to decapod crustacea from the canadian atlantic : anomura and brachyura . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science . 1771 . 29 p . [ details ]\nvannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286 [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nadema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cancer pusillus fabricius , 1775 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\na collection of crabs from bermuda rarely seen in the uk have washed up on the shores of the south west .\nthey live on floating objects and have been carried by atlantic currents and storms , experts said .\nthe marine conservation society ( mcs ) said the first uk sighting of the crabs was reported in 2007 and it could be happening more due to changing weather patterns .\nrichard harrington , from the society , said :\ncolumbus crabs live amongst goose barnacles so they live on floating material in the ocean . they wash up , particularly on westerly coasts , very occasionally . they ' re quite unusual .\nmeasure around four centimetres and have quite large claws which they use to hold on to floating objects .\nalso known as the gulfweed crab , it gets its common name from the belief it was identified by christopher columbus on his first voyage to the new world .\nusually spend their lives drifting on weed , driftwood , buoys or even attached to turtles in the open ocean .\nmr harrington said marine life including crabs , mauve stingers and by - the - wind - sailors had been carried over\nfor a number of years\non currents that come from the caribbean and america , but it appears the number of sightings is increasing .\nhe said :\nweather patterns certainly come into it . we are seeing quite a lot of westerly and south - westerly storms and gales along with the currents that drift over the atlantic towards us .\nsteve trewhella , who has been beachcombing in cornwall for 30 years , said he believed it was also down to an\nastonishing amount of debris and litter going into the sea , creating artificial habitats for these species to come over .\nmr harrington said there is no evidence of that but it was a\nplausible theory\nand more research was needed .\ntheresa may moves to shore up her position after a day of high profile resignations over her brexit strategy .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) description : carapace dorsally convex ; frontal region broad , margin sometimes faintly bibbed , orbits wide , eyes conspicuous ; outer epibranchial , meso - and metabranchial regions with faint , obliquely placed carinae . antero - lateral margins of carapace sometimes with a faint notch . chelipeds equal in size , distal inner margins of merus serrate ; merus of third to fifth pereiopods broad , lower margins of propodus and of dactylus of second to fifth with spines . size : carapace length up to 10 ( 17 . 5 ) mm . habitat : depth range ; reported as pelagic and inhabiting sargassum weed , also on bottoms of ships and among lepas on floating timber . breeding march - october , occasionally other months . distribution :\nmoyse , j . , & g . smaldon , 1990 . crustacea iii : malacostraca eucarida . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe ( eds . hayward and ryland , 1990 ) . clarendon press , oxford .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nspecimens above were found on a fishing buoy that was washed - up from the americas at marazion , cornwall . 26 . 12 . 15 .\nspecimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at perranporth , cornwall . 25 . 11 . 15 .\nspecimen found amongst stalked barnacles , lepas anatifera , on a commercial fishing float , washed - up at praa sands , , cornwall . 02 . 12 . 15 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\ntaken at male on a floating cuttle - bone .\n( borradaile , 1903 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nspp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nproceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nassociated with floating ' gulf weed ' ( sargassum spp . ) , pieces of which are occasionally cast ashore on european coasts from the channel coasts to portugal and mediterranean . native in sargasso sea , florida straits .\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp .\nrestricted to the atlantic ocean ( chace , 1951 ; crosnier , 1965 ; holthuis , 1977 ) < 153 > . according to bouvier 1915 < 204 > travels over all oceans attached to floating debris .\nvannini , m . ( 1976 ) . researches on the coast of somalia . the shore and the dune of sar uanle . 10 . sandy beach decapods . monitore zoologico italiano ns supplemento viii 10 : 255 - 286\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4c75 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c4d67 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324badbf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324bb28c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3681f81f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nng p . k . l . & davie p . ( 2018 ) . worms brachyura : world list of marine brachyura ( version 2015 - 09 - 01 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 04d605c1 - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nit needs to confirm the presence of this species in the black sea . presumably it penetrates to\nthis water area from time to time . it is not possible to find the species in museum black sea\u2019s\nczerniavsky from odessa , black sea : \u201cmus . zool . univ . odess . ( prof . marcusen ) . \u201d\nprevalence of flotsam or of floating or swimming organisms to which the crabs may cling .\nnorth atlantic than in any other part of the world . records of their occurrence in other areas\namerica , florida to bahamas ; west indies . \u201d [ abele & kim , 1986 , p . 63 ] .\nsize of carapace . up to 19 mm ( length ) . [ chace , 1951 , p . 68 ] .\na columbus crab , living on a loggerhead sea turtle . room for two ?\nresearchers joseph pfaller at the university of florida and michael gil at the university of california sought the answer in their study published in biology letters . they found that as long as a dwelling - - whether it was a turtle shell or a piece of flotsam - - was small enough to be manageably defended by two crabs , they kept it monogamous . but once the spaces got larger , the pair recruited new crabs to mate with and to help hold down the fort .\na crab might not have much choice on dwelling - size , as turtles and floating debris are typically spread out - - and these crabs aren ' t good at swimming to the next available home . the polyamory arises from a need to make the most of what they have at the moment : a crab pleasure palace , or a little love bungalow .\nmany products featured on this site were editorially chosen . popular science may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 popular science . a bonnier corporation company . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ncaretta research project , p . o . box 9841 , savannah , georgia , usa . ( e - mail :\nfrom oceanic - stage loggerheads from uruguay . the remaining recognized species of columbus crab ,\nand neritic - stage ( subadult and adult ) sea turtles . that is , such observations simply report the occurrence of\nas an epibiont with no supporting biological or ecological information regarding the observed relationship . here , we report the occurrence of\nas an epibiont of large , immature and adult loggerhead turtles from st . lucie county , florida , usa . we also report behavioral , ecological and physical data from\nfrom this population of turtles can be used to elucidate some aspects of the behavior of loggerheads from florida during the winter and early spring .\ncollections for this study began in march of 2002 and ended in april 2003 . loggerheads that hosted\nwere encountered from march - april 2002 , and from december 2002 \u0096 april 2003 , after turtles were incidentally entrained into intake canals at the st . lucie nuclear power plant ( slnpp ) . the slnpp is located on hutchinson island in st . lucie county , florida and draws cooling water from the atlantic ocean through three large diameter pipes ( 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 m ) . cooling water then flows into a 1500 m long intake canal . the structures housing the intake pipes are 365 m offshore in approximately 7 m of water . the pipe openings are vertically oriented and are situated 3 m above the ocean floor . a large velocity cap sits approximately 2 m above each pipe opening and extends more than 3 m beyond the pipe diameter . turtles encountering these structures are often transported into the intake canal where they are captured with tangle nets , dipnets and by scuba divers . morphometric data are collected from each turtle , tags are applied to both front flippers and turtles are returned to the ocean approximately 750 m north of the canal .\nfrom march 2002 through april 2003 594 loggerheads were captured at the slnpp . of these turtles , 22 individual loggerheads ( mean straight carapace length ( scl ) = 74 . 6 \u00b1 3 . 4sd cm , range = 65 \u0096 105 . 6 cm ) hosted 28 crabs ( 3 . 7 % occurrence of\nis likely much higher ; as crabs can be dislodged or flee host turtles during entrainment and hand - capture .\nof the crabs collected , all were adults ( 15 males , 13 females ) . six turtles hosted heterosexual crab pairs ( 27 . 3 % ) and 16 turtles hosted crabs as singletons ( 72 . 7 % ) . only one female crab was not ovigerous . ovigerous crabs carried eggs pertaining to stages 1 ( 50 % ) , 2 ( 16 . 7 % ) and 3 ( 33 . 3 % ) as defined by hartnoll ( 1963 ) where stage 1 eggs are eggs of uniform color and even yolk distribution , stage 2 eggs are eggs containing a clear area devoid of yolk and stage 3 eggs are eggs containing pigmented eyespots . stage 4 eggs ( hatching ) and stage 5 eggs ( hatched or empty eggs ) were not observed from this group of crabs .\nmale crabs and female crabs were similar in size . the average straight carapace widths ( scw ) of males and females , including range , were 11 . 9 mm ( 9 . 1 \u0096 16 . 5 mm ) and 12 . 9 mm ( 9 . 8 \u0096 18 . 9 mm ) , respectively . a single non - ovigerous crab , included within the above average for females , was 18 . 9 mm scw .\nprevious agonistic interactions were apparent in 7 specimens ( 3 males , 4 females ; 25 % of the crabs encountered ) . injuries resulting from these interactions included missing chelipeds and walking legs ; however , none of these injuries were severe as all crabs had developed leg buds and no crab was missing more than a single appendage . four injured crabs occurred as singletons upon their respective host turtle and three injured crabs were from heterosexual pairings . no heterosexual pair contained more than one injured crab .\na few points concerning aspects of the natural history of both host loggerheads and columbus crabs can be gleaned from our data . the morphometric data we present for ovigerous\ncontain some of the smallest specimens reported for females with eggs . data from other studies presenting similar information suggest that crabs approximately 11 mm scw and smaller are juveniles and most often found as\nassociates ( see chace 1951 ) . these crabs then emigrate to flotsam and turtles at the onset of sexual maturity . although sexually immature\nare capable of attaining sexual maturity as small as 9 . 1 mm scw . moreover , it is possible that juvenile crabs collected from flotsam and turtles in other studies represent sub - adult specimens undergoing the initial stages of sexual maturity .\n. ( 2004 ) for crabs from loggerhead turtles . the same studies also found that\nfrom turtles suffered markedly fewer instances of missing appendages when compared to collections obtained from inanimate flotsam and jetsam . additionally , the large proportion of ovigerous crabs from our collection coincides with data from dellinger\n. ( 1997 ) , one from turtles and the other from inanimate flotsam , demonstrate that female crabs from turtles were brooding eggs more often ( 71 % ) than female crabs from inanimate flotsam ( 21 % ) . dellinger\n. ( 1997 ) suggest that , given their reported data , turtles appear to offer a substantially better platform for egg brooding and , likely , production than inanimate flotsam . these authors speculate that the higher instances of egg - brooding observed in\nfrom turtles could be attributed to the fact that turtle crabs are likely exposed to better food or a larger variety of food items than those clinging to inanimate flotsam .\n. ( 2004 ) determined that turtle crabs do feed upon a larger variety of food items than crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . however , the same study found that crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam contained similar amounts of food , albeit a lower diversity of prey types , as crabs from loggerhead turtles . moreover , crabs from inanimate flotsam produced similar sizes and numbers of eggs as those from turtles . yet , frick\n. ( 1997 ) . therefore , the former study could not offer any supporting evidence that a higher proportion of turtle crabs were brooding eggs when compared to crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . instead , a higher proportion of ovigerous crabs and , consequently , an increased chance of encountering ovigerous crabs from turtles than from inanimate flotsam suggest that multiple annual broods produced by crabs from turtles might be occurring with greater frequency than from crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam . because agonistic interactions between crabs on turtles are proportionately lower than agonistic interactions between crabs inhabiting inanimate flotsam ( dellinger\n. 2004 ) , crabs from inanimate flotsam would likely experience decreased survival probabilities and reproductive output as energy is diverted from reproduction to repair injuries .\nfrom neritic - stage loggerhead turtles suggests that these turtles were exhibiting a great deal of surface - oriented or pelagic behavior prior to their entrainment at the slnpp ; particularly during the winter and early spring . loggerhead turtles are captured at the slnpp year - round and turtles that hosted\nalthough loggerhead turtles inhabiting the western north atlantic , particularly the southeastern us , are most often referred to as largely benthic - associated animals , dietary studies reveal that some prey items consumed by neritic - stage loggerheads are actually largely pelagic species ( i . e . aurelia aurita and physalia physalis ; bjorndal 1997 ; frick\n) \u0096 a turtle species that is well - documented to spend a great deal of time in the pelagic environment ( bolten 2003 ) . such observations might indicate why the turtles encountered during the present study hosted a pelagic species such as\n. 2000 ) might explain why large adult - sized turtles ( > 80 cm scl for atlantic u . s .\n; dodd 1988 ) sampled during this study ( n = 5 ; 22 . 7 % ) hosted\nduring their first decade of life loggerheads are highly pelagic , particularly within oceanic habitats ( water masses away from the continental shelf \u2265 200 m deep ; hedgpeth 1957 ; bolten 2003 ) . such behavior decreases in frequency as turtles migrate from their nursery habitats to the neritic habitats that will support them for the remainder of their life ( musick & limpus 1997 ) . however , it appears from data collected during epibiont and dietary studies that , while benthic habitats are heavily utilized by neritic stage loggerheads , the pelagic environment still represents an important habitat for loggerheads as they mature , even into adulthood ( frick\nwe thank the padi foundation for providing the microscopy equipment used in this study and the florida power and light company for continuing to support sea turtle research at the st . lucie power plant . we also thank m . godfrey , l . campbell and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved the manuscript ."]}
{"id": 1588, "summary": [{"text": "the taiwanese gray shrew ( crocidura tanakae ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "previously believed to be endemic to taiwan , it is now also known to occur in vietnam . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "taiwanese gray shrew", "paragraphs": ["crocidura grandis miller , 1911 \u2013 greater mindanao shrew , mount malindang shrew , mt . malindang shrew\ncrocidura religiosa ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) \u2013 egyptian pygmy shrew\ncrocidura viaria ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1834 ) \u2013 savanna path shrew\ncrocidura flavescens ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1827 ) \u2013 greater red musk shrew\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additio . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbones and genes : resolution problems in three vietnamese species of crocidura ( mammalia , soricomorpha , soricidae ) and the description of an additional new species .\npmid : 23840165 pmcid : pmc3701231 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 313 . 4823\ngeographical distribution of sampling localities in vietnam : 1 lao cai province , ngai tio 2 lao cai province , sa pa district 3 lao cai province , van ban district 4 lao cai province , thai nien 5 lao cai province , pa kha 6 ha giang province , mt . tay con linh ii 7 tuyen quang province 8 vinh phu province , tam dao 9 hai phong province , cat ba island 10 ha tinh province , huong son district 11 quang binh province , phong nha - ke bang national park 12 quang tri province , huong hoa nature reserve 13 quang nam \u2013 da nang provinces , ba na nature reserve 14 kon tum province , ngoc linh mt . 15 kon tum province , dak to 16 lam dong province , da lat 17 lam dong province , bi doup - nui ba nature reserve 18 khanh hoa province , hon ba mt .\ncomparison of crania of crocidura wuchihensis ( amnh 274153 ) , crocidura sapaensis ( zin 96433 ) and crocidura indochinensis ( zin 97668 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura wuchihensis , crocidura sapaensis and crocidura indochinensis .\nocclusal ( left ) and lingual ( right ) views of right lower third molar to show differences in development of the talonid . upper row left crocidura wuchihensis amnh 274168 ; upper row right crocidura sapaensis zin 96439 ; lower row crocidura indochinensis zin 97671 . scale equals 1 mm .\nbivariate plot to show differences in skull size and relative tail length . horizontal axis : condyloincisive length ; vertical axis : ratio of tail length to condyloincisive length .\ncomparison of crania of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91190 ) and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274152 ) . top row from left to right : dorsal views of the skulls of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata , ventral views of the skulls in the same order . lower row : left lateral view of skulls and mandibles from left to right of crocidura tanakae and crocidura attenuata .\nabove : occlusal view of left upper premolar of crocidura tanakae ( zin 91205 ) left and crocidura attenuata ( amnh 274232 ) right . below : palatal sutures of the same specimens in the same order . scales equal 1 mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its fairly wide distribution in south china and indochina , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nit occupies grassland , secondary forest , bamboo thickets and pastures ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nthere are no known conservation measures in place for this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed , as c . attenuata , as least concern ( wang and xie 2004 ) . this species is found in many protected areas in vietnam including tam dao national park , phong nha - ke bang national park , bi doup - nui ba national park , ba vi national park , huong hoa nature reserve , and bu gia map nature reserve ( a . v . abramov pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is endemic to taiwan , province of china ( smith and xie 2008 ) . it occupies elevations from sea level up to 2 , 200 m asl ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nkatja schulz merged another page with < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 .\nkatja schulz moved the classifications by ncbi taxonomy from < i > crocidura tanakae < / i > kuroda , 1938 to crocidura .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ncomments : eurasian species revised by jenkins ( 1976 ) , indomalayan and philippine species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) and ruedi ( 1995 ) , chinese species by jiang and hoffmann ( 2001 ) . phenetic and phylogenetic relationships of african and palearctic species studied by butler et al . ( 1989 ) , maddalena ( 1990 ) and mclellan ( 1994 ) , and of asian and indomalayan species by heaney and ruedi ( 1994 ) , ruedi ( 1996 ) , and ruedi et al . ( 1998 ) . karyotypes of se asian species described by ruedi and vogel ( 1995 ) , those of . . .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488"]}
{"id": 1589, "summary": [{"text": "physalaemus moreirae is a species of frog in the family leptodactylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to the serra do mar in the s\u00e3o paulo state , brazil . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "physalaemus moreirae", "paragraphs": ["the tadpole of physalaemus moreirae ( anura : leiuperidae ) doi : 10 . 1655 / herpetologica - d - 11 - 00004 . 1\ncaramaschi , u . and caramaschi , e . p . 1991 . reassessment of the type - locality and synonymy of physalaemus moreirae ( miranda - ribeiro , 1937 ) ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . journal of herpetology : 107 - 108 .\nprovete , d . b . , garey , m . v . , dias , n . y . n . & rossa - feres , d . c . ( 2011 ) the tadpole of physalaemus moreirae ( anura : leiuperidae ) . herpetologica , 67 , 258\u2013270 . urltoken\nredescription of physalaemus barrioi ( anura : leiuperidae ) doi : 10 . 1643 / ch - 10 - 142\nproject 725 : provete , d . b . , m . v . garey , n . y . n . dias , and d . de c . rossa - feres . 2011 . the tadpole of physalaemus moreirae ( anura : leiuperidae ) . herpetologica . 67 ( 3 ) : 258 - 270 .\nthe genus physalaemus fitzinger , 1826 currently comprises 47 described species distributed from central america ( guianas ) to uruguay ( frost 2016 ) . the genus has been recently organized in two main clades based on molecular data , physalaemus signifer clade and physalaemus cuvieri clade ( louren\u00e7o et al . 2015 ) . the p . signifer clade , with 15 species , is composed by the p . deimaticus and p . signifier groups , plus p . nattereri ( steindachner , 1863 ) and p . maculiventris ( lutz , 1925 ) ( nascimento et al . 2005 ; louren\u00e7o et al . 2015 ) .\npombal , j . p . & madureira , c . a . ( 1997 ) a new species of physalaemus ( anura , leptodactylidae ) from the atlantic rain forest of northeastern brazil . alytes , 15 , 105\u2013112 .\ncardoso , a . j . & haddad , c . f . b . ( 1985 ) nova esp\u00e9cie de physalaemus do grupo signiferus ( amphibia , anura , leptodactylidae ) . revista brasileira de biologia , 45 , 33\u201337 .\nsilvano , d . , garcia , p . c . a . & kwet , a . ( 2004 ) physalaemus nanus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 . available from : urltoken ( acessed 13 january 2017 )\nhaddad , c . f . b . & pombal , j . p . ( 1998 ) redescription of physalaemus spiniger ( anura : leptodactylidae ) and description of two new reproductive modes . journal of herpetology , 32 , 557\u2013565 . urltoken\nhaddad , c . f . b . & sazima , i . ( 2004 ) a new species of physalaemus ( amphibia ; leptodactylidae ) from the atlantic forest in southeastern brazil . zootaxa , 479 ( 1 ) , 1\u201312 . urltoken\nperes , j . & simon , j . e . ( 2012 ) physalaemus maximus feio , pombal jr . and caramaschi , 1999 ( anura : leiuperidae ) : distribution extension and advertisement call . check list , 8 , 507\u2013509 . urltoken\nheyer , w . r . & wolf , a . j . ( 1989 ) physalaemus crombiei ( amphibia : leptodactylidae ) , a new frog species from esp\u00edrito santo , brazil with comments on the p . signifer group . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 102 , 500\u2013506 .\nweber , l . n . & carvalho - e - silva , s . p . ( 2001 ) descri\u00e7\u00e3o da larva de physalaemus signifer ( giradr , 1853 ) ( amphibia , anura , leptodactylidae ) e informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o e a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica . boletim do museu nacional , 462 , 1\u20136 .\npimenta , b . v . , cruz , c . a . g . & silvano , d . l . ( 2005 ) a new species of the genus physalaemus fitzinger , 1826 ( anura , leptodactylidae ) from the atlantic rain forest of southern bahia , brazil . amphibia - reptilia , 26 , 201\u2013210 . urltoken\nit lives in primary forests in leaf - litter or on stones near water . it is often associated with small temporary pools ( even boot prints ) on the forest floor . unlike most other species of physalaemus , it breeds in temporary streams , where the eggs are deposited in foam nests in wide pools in the streams .\nlouren\u00e7o , l . b . , targueta , c . p . , baldo , d . , nascimento , j . , garcia , p . c . , andrade , g . v . , haddad , c . f . b . & recco - pimentel , s . m . ( 2015 ) phylogeny of frogs from the genus physalaemus ( anura , leptodactylidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 92 , 204\u2013216 . urltoken\n@ article { bhlpart46601 , title = { new species of frogs from borac\u00e9ia , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 98 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { heyer , w ronald } , year = { 1985 } , pages = { 657 - - 671 } , }\nty - jour ti - new species of frogs from borac\u00e9ia , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 98 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1985 sp - 657 ep - 671 sn - 0006 - 324x au - heyer , w ronald er -\nis a small frog ( svl 25 - 7 mm in males , 24 . 8 - 28 . 2 mm in females ) that belongs to the\nthe tadpole was described in detail by provete et al . ( 2011 , including internal oral features and chondrocranial morphology . the body is ovoid in dorsal view and depressed in lateral view . snout rounded . the dorsal fin originates on the body , and is slightly higher than the ventral fin , with maximum height at the middle third . oral disc antero - ventral , laterally emarginated , with a single row of marginal papillae , alternated ventrally . submarginal papillae are present ventrally and are usually taller than marginal papillae . the ltrf is 2 ( 2 ) / 3 ( 1 ) .\nlives in swamps with flowing water inside primary and secondary forests along a narrow extent of the serra do mar range in the state of s\u00e3o paulo , southeastern brazil , up to 1 , 200 m asl .\ncan be found calling at night during the rainy season , between august and march ( provete et al . 2011 ) in swamps or small rivulets inside primary and secondary forests ( heyer et al . 1990 ) , where it builds a foam nest . tadpoles are benthic and are found in temporary swamps with muddy bottoms ( provete et al . 2011 ) , between october and december . males apparently occur in low frequency and usually call hidden below dead leaves on the forest floor . more information is needed about the natural history of this species and its habitat requirements .\nthe range of this species is within protected areas , such as esta\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica de borac\u00e9ia , parque natural municipal nascentes de paranapiacaba , and parque das neblinas . main threats to\nby caramaschi and caramaschi ( 1991 ) , who also clarified the type - locality of the species to be sororocaba , santos , brazil .\n( miranda - ribeiro , 1937 ) ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . ' '\ngiarretta , a . a . , martins , l . b . and santos , m . p . d . ( 2009 ) . ' ' further notes on the taxonomy of four species of\n( anura , leiuperidae ) from the atlantic forest of southeastern brazil . ' '\nheyer , w . r . ( 1985 ) . ' ' new species of frogs from borac\u00e9ia , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . ' '\nheyer , w . r . , rand , a . s . , cruz , c . a . g . , peixoto , o . l . , and nelson , c . e . ( 1990 ) . ' ' frogs of borac\u00e9ia . ' '\nmiranda - ribeiro , a . de ( 1937 ) . ' ' alguns batrachios novos das colle\u00e7c\u00f5es do museo nacional . ' '\nnascimento , l . b . , caramaschi , u . , and cruz , c . a . g . ( 2005 ) . ' ' taxonomic review of the species groups of the genus\nprovete , d . b . , garey , m . v . , dias , n . y . n . and rossa - feres , d . c . ( 2011 ) . ' ' the tadpole of\ndiogo borges provete ( dbprovete at gmail . com ) , departent of ecology , universidade federal de goi\u00e1s\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nthis species is known only from the serra do mar , in the state of s\u00e3o paulo in south - eastern brazil , up to 1 , 200m asl . its distribution is likely to be at least a little wider than is currently known .\nthere is very little recent information , there have been few recent attempts to study or locate it , and there are no recent records .\nthere is no direct information on threats to this species , though it is likely to be impacted by clear - cutting , human settlement and tourism . the lack of records in recent years is reminiscent of the decline of other high - altitude , stream - breeding frogs in the wet tropics , and chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis website was prepared by the morphobank project , in part , under an award from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration , u . s . department of commerce .\nthe statements , findings , conclusions , and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration or the department of commerce .\nweb hosting provided by stony brook university and department of information technology , and by the american museum of natural history .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from mauro teixeira jr . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact mauro teixeira jr tropidurus _ no _ spam @ urltoken . ( remove\n_ no _ spam\nfrom this email address before sending an email . )\n0000 0000 1109 1765 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\naltig , r . & mcdiarmid , r . w . ( 1999 ) body plan : development and morphology . in : mcdiarmid , r . w . & altig , r . ( eds . ) , tadpoles : the biology of anuran larvae . the university of chicago press , chicago , illinois , pp . 24\u201351 .\ncrivellari , l . b . , leivas , p . t . , leite , j . c . m . , gon\u00e7alves , d . d . s . , mello , c . m . , rossa - feres , d . d . c . & conte , c . e . ( 2014 ) amphibians of grasslands in the state of paran\u00e1 , southern brazil ( campos sulinos ) . herpetology notes , 7 , 639 - \u2013654 .\nfrost , d . r . ( 2016 ) amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . electronic database . available from : urltoken ( accessed 2 mar . 2016 )\ngosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . herpetologica , 16 , 183\u2013190 .\nsantana , d . j . , magalhaes , f . m . , s\u00e3o - pedro , v . a . , m\u00e2ngia , s . , amado , t . f . & garda , a . a . ( 2016 ) calls and tadpoles of the species of pseudis ( anura , hylidae , pseudae ) . herpetological journal , 26 , 139\u2013148 . urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ntwo major clades were recognized : the p . signifer clade and the p . cuvieri clade .\nhighly divergent lineages point to the need for a taxonomic revision of p . cuvieri .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nwhat is on the horizon for ecophylogenetics ? doi : 10 . 4322 / natcon . 2013 . 001\nclade - specific consequences of climate change to amphibians in atlantic forest protected areas doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1600 - 0587 . 2013 . 00396 . x\nlarvae ofproceratophrys melanopogon ( amphibia : anura ) , with emphasis on internal oral morphology and comparisons withp . cururuandp . moratoi doi : 10 . 1655 / herpetologica - d - 12 - 00075\nphylogenetic signal and variation of visceral pigmentation in eight anuran families doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2012 . 00559 . x\nanuranfauna from northwestern region of the state of sao paulo : species list and taxonomic key for adults | anurofauna do noroeste paulista : lista de esp\u00e9cies e chave de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o para adultos doi : 10 . 1590 / s1676 - 06032011000200036\nanurofauna do noroeste paulista : lista de esp\u00e9cies e chave de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o para adultos doi : 10 . 1590 / s1676 - 06032011000200036\ndescription of the tadpole ofhylodes magalhaesi ( bokermann , 1964 ) ( anura : hylodidae ) doi : 10 . 1670 / 11 - 039\nis rich and rare the common share ? describing biodiversity patterns to inform conservation practices for south american anurans doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0056073\nanuranfauna in antropogeneic areas and remnants of semideciduous forest in western paran\u00e1 , brazil . herpetology notes ,\nrossa - feres , d . c . 2018 . looking for a place : how aretadpoles distributed within tropical ponds and streams ? . herpetology notes , 11 : 379 - 386 .\n, caramaschi , u . , napoli , m . f . , nomura , f . , bispo , a . a . , brasileiro , c . a . , thom\u00e9 , t . c . , sawaya , r . j . , contem c . e . , cruz , c . a . g . , nascimento , l . b . , gasparini , j . l . , almeida , a . p . & haddad , c . f . b . 2017 . anf\u00edbios da mata atl\u00e2ntica : lista de esp\u00e9cies , biologia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o .\nmonteiro - filho , e . m . a . & conte , c . ein : revis\u00f5es em zoologia : mata atl\u00e2ntica , pp . 237 - 314 , editaora da ufpr , curitiba .\nsp . ) in an urban green area in brazil . international journal of primatology , 38 : 1058 - 1071\n& branco , l . h . z . 2017 . floristic diversity , richness and distribution of trentepohliales ( chlorophyta ) in neotropical ecosystems . brazilian journal of botany , 40 : 883 - 896\n& rossa - feres , d . c . tadpole species richness within lentic and lotic microhabitats : an interactive influence of environmental and spatial factors . herpetological journal ,\njordani , m . x . , ouchi - de - melo , l . s . , queiroz , c . s . , rossa - feres , d . c . &\ntadpole community structure in lentic and lotic habitats : richness and diversity in the atlantic rainforest lowland . herpetological journal ,\n& branco , c . c . z . 2017 . canopy cover as the key factor for occurrence and species richness of subtropical stream green algae ( chlorophyta ) . acta botanica , 137 : 24 - 29\n& provete , d . b . 2016 . species composition , conservation status , and sources of threat of anurans in mosaics of highland grasslands of southern and southeastern brazil . oecologia australis , 20 ( 2 ) : 94 - 108\n& rossa - feres , d . c . 2016 . effects of grazing management and cattle on aquatic habitat use by the anuran\nin agro - savannah landscapes . plos one 11 ( 9 ) : e0163094 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0163094\nrossa - feres , d . c . ; venesky , m . ; nomura , f . ; eterovick , p . c . ; candioti , m . f . v . ; menin , m . ; junc\u00e1 , f . a . ; schiesari , l . c . ; haddad , c . f . b . ;\n; anjos , l . a . & wassersug , r . 2015 . taking tadpole biology into the 21st century : a consensus paper from the first tadpole international workshop . herpetologia brasileira , 4 : 48 - 59\n& menin , m . tadpole richness in riparian areas is determined by niche and neutral process . hydrobiologia , 745 : 123 - 135 .\n; martins , i . a . & rossa - feres , d . c . broad - scale spatial patterns of canopy cover and pond morphology affect the structure of a neotropical amphibian metacommunity . hydrobiologia , 734 : 69 - 79\nprovete , d . b . ; martins , i . a . ; haddad , c . f . b . ; rossa - feres , d . c . anurans from the serra da bocaina national park and surrounding buffer area , southeastern brazil . check list , 10 ( 2 ) : 308 - 316 .\n; sturaro , m . j . ; silva , v . x . herpetofauna da rppn fazenda lagoa . pp . 95 - 118 . in : fazenda lagoa , educa\u00e7\u00e3o , pesquisa e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da natureza . laurindo , r . s . ; vieira , m . c . w . ; novaes , r . l . m . ( eds . ) . editora logo .\n; gomes , f . b . r . ; martins , i . & rossa - feres , d . c . 2013 . larvae of\n& hartmann , m . t . 2012 . anuros da reserva natural salto morato , guaraque\u00e7aba , paran\u00e1 , brasil .\n: bornschen et al . 2015 . rectification of the position of the type locality of brachycephalus tridactylus ( anura : brachycephalidae ) , a recently described species from southern brazil . zootaxa , 4007 ( 1 ) : 149 - 150 .\n; silva , f . r . . & jordani , m . x . 2012 . knowledge gaps and bibliographical revision about descriptions of free - swimming anuran larvae from brazil .\n; toledo , l . f . ; nascimento , j . ; louren\u00e7o , l . b . ; rossa - feres , d . c . & c\u00e9lio f . b . haddad . 2012 . redescription of\n; costa , t . r . n . ; louren\u00e7o - de - moraes , r . ; hartmann , m . t . & c\u00e9lio f . b . haddad . 2012 . alternative reproductive modes of atlantic forest frogs .\n; dias , n . y . n . & rossa - feres , d . c . 2011 . the tadpole of\n; silva , f . r . & rossa - feres , d . c . 2011 . anurofauna do noroeste paulista : lista de esp\u00e9cies e chave de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o para adultos .\nheyer , 1983 ( anura : cycloramphidae ) in the brazilian atlantic forest : description of the advertisement call , tadpole , and karyotype .\n& silva , v . x . 2010 . spatial and temporal distribution of anurans in a agricultural landscape in the atlantic semi - deciduous forest of southeastern brazil .\n; lingnau , r . ; silva , m . x . ; armstrong , c . & hartmann , m . t . 2009 . amphibia , anura , limnomedusa macroglossa , dendropsophus anceps , d . berthalutzae , d . seniculus , s . littoralis : new state records , distribution extension and filling gaps .\n; monteiro - filho , e . l . a . & hartmann , m . t . 2008 . sinaliza\u00e7\u00e3o visual e biologia reprodutiva de\n( anura : hylidae ) em \u00e1rea de mata atl\u00e2ntica no estado do paran\u00e1 , brasil .\n& vitule , j . r . s . 2007 . chthonerpeton viviparum parker & wettstein , 1929 ( amphibia , gymnophiona , typhlonectidae ) in paran\u00e1 state , brazil and the first record of predation of this species by hoplias malabaricus ( bloch , 1794 ) ( actinopterygii , erythrinidae ) .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 2 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent / irregular rivers / streams / creeks suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 8 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends\ncochran , d . m . 1955 . frogs of southeastern brazil . united states national museum bulletin : 1 - 423 .\nheyer , w . r . 1985 . new species of frogs from borac\u00e9ia , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . proceedings of the biological society of washington : 657 - 671 .\nheyer , w . r . , rand , a . s . , cruz , c . a . g . , peixoto , o . l . and nelson , c . e . 1990 . frogs of borac\u00e9ia . arquivos de zoologia : 231 - 410 .\niucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) ."]}
{"id": 1590, "summary": [{"text": "the northern common cuscus ( phalanger orientalis ) , also known as the grey cuscus , is a species of marsupial in the family phalangeridae native to northern new guinea and adjacent smaller islands , but is now also found in the bismarck archipelago , south-east and central moluccas , the solomons and timor , where it is believed to have been introduced in prehistoric times .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was formerly considered conspecific with the allopatric p. intercastellanus and p. mimicus . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "northern common cuscus", "paragraphs": ["hemes and a pet northern common cuscus ( phalanger orientalis breviceps ) in bougainville .\nof the cuscus as natives hunt the cuscus for both the meat of the cuscus and the thick fur of the cuscus .\n( southern common cuscus ) were thought to belong to the same species ( flannery , 1995 ) .\nthe cuscus is thought to breed throughout the year rather than having a strict breeding season . the mother cuscus gives birth to between 2 and 4 baby cuscus after a\nfrom just 15cm to more than 60cm in length , although the average sized cuscus tends to be around 45cm ( 18inches ) . the cuscus has small ears and large eyes which aid the cuscus through its\ninhabits northern australia , the aru islands , and the louisade archipelago ( strahan , 1995 ) .\ntail which is naked ( has no fur ) at the end . this allows the cuscus to be able to grip onto the tree branches more easily when the cuscus is moving from tree to tree and resting during the day . the cuscus also has long , sharp claws which help the cuscus when it is moving around in the trees . the cuscus has thick , woolly fur which can be a variety of\nin which the cuscus exists . more and more of the secluded forests where the cuscus dwells are being cut down , with the trees being sold to logging companies .\nthe cuscus is an arboreal mammal and spends its life almost exclusively in the trees . the cuscus rests in the trees during the day , sleeping in the dense foliage and awakens at night to start moving through the trees in search of food . the cuscus is an omnivorous\nof just a couple of weeks . as with all marsupials , the female cuscus has a pouch on her tummy which the newborn cuscus babies crawl into and stay until they are bigger , less\ndue to the way that the cuscus moves through the trees and uses its tail to grip onto branches . it was later discovered that the cuscus was actually most closely related to the possum .\ncommon brushtail possums have a naked patch on the underside of their bushy tail which helps them to grip on to branches .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the cuscus article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nand able to start feeding themselves . typically only one of the cuscus babies will survive and emerge from the pouch after 6 or 7 months .\nthe common brushtail possum is very vocal , producing a range of sounds including clicks , grunts , hisses , alarm chatters , coughs and screeching .\nthat are extremely difficult to spot in the wild . it is said to be one of the most rewarding sights , if you spot a cuscus in its natural\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common brushtail possum ( trichosurus vulpecula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common brushtail possum ( trichosurus vulpecula )\ntitle =\narkive species - common brushtail possum ( trichosurus vulpecula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncommon brushtail possums are only around 1 . 5 cm long when they are born , continuing development in the mothers pouch for another 4 - 5 months .\ndespite facing no major threats , the common brushtail possum has declined drastically in some areas , particularly in arid and semiarid areas of australia ( 1 ) ( 4 ) , and is now considered endangered in the northern territory ( 3 ) ( 8 ) . the main causes of these declines are believed to be predation by dingoes , cats and foxes , as well as habitat fragmentation , the loss of suitable denning sites , and changed fire regimes in some areas ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .\ncuscus mounted on a historic wooden base , in a crouched standing on a y - shaped tree branch . the tail is held down and is wrapped around the branch . body is slightly arched upward and the head and tail are held down .\nis thought to have originated on new guinea and then to have been distributed primarily by prehistoric humans to the range it currently occupies ( nowak , 1999 ) . that range now includes the south west pacific islands of buru , seram , the solomon and molucca islands , northern new guinea , and the bismark archipelago ( nowak , 1999 ) . until recently ,\nthe common brushtail possum is widespread throughout australia , and is also found on tasmania and a number of other offshore islands , including barrow island and kangaroo island . the species has also been introduced to new zealand , where it is now widespread ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe fur of the common brushtail possum is thick and woolly ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and quite variable in colour , ranging from silvery - grey , to brown , black , red or cream , lighter on the underparts , and with a brown to black tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the ears are large and pointed , and there are dark patches on the muzzle ( 3 ) . a number of subspecies are recognised , based on variations in colour and body size , with individuals in tasmania generally being the largest , with dense , often black coats , and particularly bushy tails ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the male common brushtail possum is generally larger than the female , and the male\u2019s coat usually blends to reddish across the shoulders . the female common brushtail possum has a well - developed , forward - opening pouch ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe common brushtail possum is not currently considered threatened as it still has a wide distribution , large population , is present in many protected areas , and is able to adapt well to human settlements ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . conservation measures recommended for the more vulnerable populations include fox control , provision of nest boxes , and population monitoring ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . in tasmania , a management programme is in place for the species , which aims to maintain viable populations of the common brushtail possum across its range , while managing the species as an ecologically sustainable resource , and trying to reduce economic losses and damage to natural ecosystems ( 10 ) .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nin some areas the common brushtail possum is considered a pest species , causing damage to pine plantations and to regenerating eucalypt forest , as well as to flowers , fruit trees and buildings . it may also carry diseases such as bovine tuberculosis . the species has long been harvested for its valuable fur , although commercial hunting is now restricted to tasmania ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . there are also removal permits in place on kangaroo island , where the common brushtail possum is considered a pest species and a threat to other vulnerable wildlife ( 1 ) . the species was introduced to new zealand in the mid - 1800s for its fur , where it has thrived despite attempts to control its numbers , and is thought to have potentially damaging effects on native vegetation ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe digits are of different lengths and are tipped by long , curved claws . their paws are syndactylous , with the first and second digits opposable to the rest . the soles of their feet are naked and striated . the female pouch has four mammae ( nowak , 1999 ) . the facial features include large eyes , long canines and a snout longer than that of spilocuscus maculatus ( spotted cuscus ) . the teeth are simple , low crowned and used for grinding ( flannery , 1995 ) .\n, this manuscript employs common species names , although the scientific name for each species discussed is also provided at first mention . for humans , the scientific name is further specified when it is important to distinguish from other hominid species . ) vegetation burning also enhanced hunting opportunities by drawing game and other faunal resources to new plant growth . a human contribution to the shaping of early fire regimes has been demonstrated for africa and , after human arrival , in borneo , australia , and the americas (\nthe spread of human populations and the species they favored altered the distributions of existing species , sometimes in synergy with holocene climatic changes . numerous regional studies demonstrate the link between neolithic agriculture and the creation of more open landscapes , facilitated through various means from fire to the cutting and coppicing of trees ( 73 , 74 ) . for example , the early neolithic corresponded with shifts away from deciduous tree cover in various regions of central and northern europe ( e . g . , ref . 74 ) . the spread of farmers into central africa caused an encroachment on rainforest by some expanded savannah species ( 75 ) . early rice cultivation in the coastal wetlands of eastern china was linked to clearance of alder - dominated wetland scrub ( 76 ) .\npopulation justification in a well - studied area at tirotonga on isabel , three nests were about 2 km apart ( g . dutson pers . obs . 1998 , m . hafe verbally 1998 ) , which would extrapolate to an approximate total population of c . 3 , 000 pairs , but it appears to be unusually common in this area ( g . dutson pers . obs . 1998 ) . elsewhere , there have been records only of singles or single pairs . it is plausible that the subpopulations on the three islands each number less than 1 , 000 mature individuals .\nthis species occupies a wide range of habitats , including rainforest , woodland , dry eucalypt forest , pine plantations , semiarid areas and even urban gardens and parks ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . although generally found in forest habitats , it may also inhabit treeless areas ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the common brushtail possum shelters by day in a den , which may be located in a tree hollow , log , dense undergrowth , cave , animal burrow , or even in the roof - space of a house ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 )\nbrushtail possums are the most abundant , widely distributed and frequently encountered of all australian marsupials ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . as its name suggests , the common brushtail possum has a rather bushy tail , which is prehensile at the tip and has a naked patch on the underside , helping it to grip branches ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the foreclaws are sharp and the hind foot bears an opposable , clawless first toe which gives a good grasp ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the second and third toes are fused , with a long , split claw , used in grooming ( 3 ) .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nthis species is distributed from the islands of timor ( indonesia and timor leste ) , wetar and leti ( both to indonesia ) through the kai islands and a number of the moluccan islands of indonesia ( including : ambon , buru , and seram ) ; it is present on the islands of misool , waigeo , batanta , and salawati ( all indonesia ) , and ranges over much of the northern part of the island of new guinea ( indonesia and papua new guinea ) , including a number of offshore islands . it ranges as far east as the bismarck archipelago , papua new guinea , where it is present on many islands including the islands of new britain and new ireland . it also occurs on many of the solomon islands . many of the insular island populations are the result of prehistorical introductions , possibly including : timor , seram , buru , sanana , the kai islands , the bismarck archipelago , and the solomon island chain .\nextinctions and extirpations were a common consequence of island colonization in prehistory . thousands of bird populations in the pacific went extinct after polynesian colonization ( 92 ) . one recent study of nonpasserine birds on 41 pacific islands shows that two - thirds went extinct between initial prehistoric colonization and european contact ( 93 ) . bird species extinctions impact important ecosystem processes like decomposition , pollination , and seed dispersal , leading to trophic cascades ( 94 ) . human impacts have been primarily responsible for the extinction of four genera of giant sloths in the caribbean , as well as nine taxa of snakes , lizards , bats , birds , and rodents on antigua between 2350 and 550 b . c . e . ( 82 , 95 ) . floral extinctions have not been as well - studied , but a range of island plant species went extinct on islands in prehistoric times . pollen and wood charcoal analyses demonstrate at least 18 plant extinctions on rapanui ( easter island ) , for example , and show dense palm forest disappearing within 200 y of human settlement ( 96 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to degraded areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining .\nit occurs primarily in disturbed habitats such as secondary forest , plantations , and gardens . the species is also present in primary tropical forest . the female usually gives birth to two young .\nthere are no major threats to this species . it is threatened in some parts of its range by hunting for food by local people and by collection for the pet trade .\nit occurs in a number of protected areas . further studies are needed into the taxonomy and distribution of this species . this species is listed on appendix ii of cites .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nis resitricted to tropical rainforests and thick scrub in the south west pacific ( nowak , 1999 ) . they have also been spotted in gardens , probably due to the high abundance of edible plants ( flannery , 1995 ) .\n, like others in the family phalangeridae , is heavy and powerfully built ( nowak , 1999 ) . the average mass is about 2 . 1 kg . this is slightly lower in females ( grizmek , 1990 ) .\nthe tail is prehensile naked at the end . it is covered with horny papillae . the tail length varies from 28 to 42 cm ( grizmek , 1990 ) . the male tail is completely white but female tails are white only on the tips .\nin adult males , the thick , wooly fur ranges in color from white to medium or dark grey ( nowak , 1999 ) . in adult females , the color ranges from reddish - brown to brownish - grey . the stomach area is commonly white . the male has a distinct yellowish chest gland . usually a dark stripe runs from the head to the lower back . the young of this species are reddish - brown . ( flannery , 1995 ; nowak , 1999 )\nlasts around 13 days . normally the females births twins , but the number of young ranges from one to three ( grizmek , 1990 ) . usually , one of the twins dies before weaning ( nowak , 1999 ) . the weight at birth is less than 1 gram ( grizmek , 1990 ) .\nnormally , the reproductive cycle occurs only once a year . mating and reproductive seasons are from june through october , though march and november births have been observed ( tyndale - brisco , 1987 ) .\nis nocturnal , spending the day in a tree hollow . while foraging for food at night , it travels through the forest in a slow deliberate climb ( nowak , 1999 ) .\ngrips with three feet at a time and the tail wraps around the branch ready to hold weight . ground travel - - though rare - - is characterized by a slow , bounding gait . if necessary ,\nmoves quickly through the canopy and even jump across gaps ( flannery , 1995 ) .\nis more tolerant of humans , and it is commonly kept as a pet ( flannery , 1995 ) .\nclimbs slowly through the rainforests and locates mainly leaves , tree seeds , fruit , buds and flowers on which they feed ( girzmek , 1990 ) . it has been spotted eating the green fruit of the red cedar (\n) was found in the stomach of one animal . while in captivity it primarily eats leaves and fruit ( flannery , 1995 ) .\nhad not been closely studied due to its secluded lifestyle . the following are a few specific predators that have been documented : white - bellied sea - eagle (\n) ( flannery , 1995 ) , and possibly dasyurids ( grizmek , 1990 ) . the assumption is that these and other species like them prey upon\nis hunted for food by native tribes , though this is rare ( flannery , 1995 ) .\nlaura merlo ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , ondrej podlaha ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nislands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n. chatswood , nsw : reed books as a part of reed books australia .\nheinsohn , t . september 2000 . predition by the white - breasted sea eagle , haliaeetus leucogaster , on phalangerid possums in new ireland , papua new guinea .\nnowak , r . 1997 .\nwalker ' s mammals of the world online 5 . 1\n( on - line ) . accessed 7 october 2001 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : merlo , l . 2002 .\nphalanger orientalis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nimage processing : ms . amira abdul - hafiz publication date : 16 nov 2010\nthis specimen , a female , was collected from the north slopes of mt . dayman , maneau range , papua new guinea . it was made available to the university of texas high - resolution x - ray ct facility for scanning by dr . ted macrini of st mary ' s university . funding for scanning was provided by dr . nancy simmons of the american museum of natural history . funding for image processing was provided by the jackson school of geosciences .\nthe specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 14 april 2007 along the coronal axis for a total of 720 slices . each 1024x1024 pixel slice is 0 . 121 mm thick , with an interslice spacing of 0 . 121 mm and a field of reconstruction of 55 mm .\nto cite this page : dr . ted macrini , 2010 ,\nphalanger orientalis\n( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nto fully enjoy the a - z animals website , please enable javascript in your web browser .\nplease enter a nickname which you can use to identify your comment , but which others can not use to identify you . please do not use your online usernames / handles which you use for social networking .\nsources : 1 . david burnie , dorling kindersley ( 2008 ) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 18 sep 2009 ] 2 . david burnie , kingfisher ( 2011 ) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at : 01 jan 2011 ] 3 . david w . macdonald , oxford university press ( 2010 ) the encyclopedia of mammals [ accessed at : 01 jan 2010 ] 4 . dorling kindersley ( 2006 ) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 18 sep 2009 ] 5 . richard mackay , university of california press ( 2009 ) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at : 18 sep 2009 ] 6 . tom jackson , lorenz books ( 2007 ) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 18 sep 2009 ]\nare you safe ? is an online safety campaign by a - z - animals . com . if something has upset you , the are you safe ? campaign can help you to speak to someone who can help you .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nthis enigmatic species is classified as vulnerable on the basis of a small subpopulations on three island which are declining through habitat degradation . however , its total population size and habitat requirements are poorly known .\ntrend justification forest loss and degradation are suspected to be causing this species to decline at a moderate rate .\n. there are also possible reports from buka . it is presumed to be a species of low population density as it is rarely seen and no more than one bird has been heard calling from any location . all records are from old - growth forest .\n. all records are from old - growth lowland and hill forest , usually in primary forest but also in adjacent secondary forest and forest edge to at least 2 , 000 m ( gardner 1987 , webb 1992 , g . dutson pers . obs . 1998 , dutson 2011 )\nsurvey to determine population densities in primary and logged forest , hunted and unhunted areas and at various altitudes . monitor population trends around tirotonga . research diet and breeding success at tirotonga . lobby for tighter controls of commercial logging , especially on choiseul . discuss possibilities of large - scale community - based conservation areas on all three islands . promote this species as a figurehead species for community - based conservation and ecotourism initiatives .\n38 cm . massive forest owl . golden eyes framed by prominent creamy eyebrows , otherwise warm brown . streaked dark underparts and barred dark upperparts .\nis much smaller ( 25 - 30 cm ) with plainer facial mask , dark eyes and faintly patterned underparts .\nsimilar to clear human cry , increasing in volume and tone , given as series at 10 second intervals .\nrarely seen unless a local guide knows of regular roost or nest - sites .\ntext account compilers derh\u00e9 , m . , dutson , g . , mahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , stattersfield , a . & north , a .\ncontributors dutson , g . , hafe , m . & webb , h .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nesasio solomonensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nedited by richard g . klein , stanford university , stanford , ca , and approved march 18 , 2016 ( received for review december 22 , 2015 )\nthe reshaping of global biodiversity is one of the most significant impacts humans have had on earth\u2019s ecosystems . as our planet experiences its sixth \u201cmass extinction event\u201d (\n) . these transformations are linked largely to the industrial economies , burgeoning populations , and dense transport networks of contemporary human societies . accordingly , the human - mediated alteration of species distributions has been characterized as a modern phenomenon with limited , and largely insignificant , historical antecedents . this conventional understanding fails to account for several decades of archaeological , paleoecological , and genetic research that reveal a long and widespread history of human transformation of global biodiversity (\nfossil evidence demonstrates that h . sapiens was present \u223c195 , 000 y ago ( 195 ka ) in east africa ( 19 ) and that , by 12 ka , our species had dispersed to the far corners of eurasia , australia , and the americas ( 20 ) . mounting evidence indicates that these late pleistocene dispersals , and the increase in global human populations with which they are associated , were linked in complex ways with a variety of species extinctions , extirpations , translocations , and new modes of niche modification . evaluating pleistocene anthropogenic impacts remains challenging , but novel methods and approaches are providing solutions to long - standing problems posed by limited preservation and chronological resolution .\nto fire regime change and transformations to plant community composition . for example , pollen and microcharcoal records indicate that the early colonists of new guinea deliberately burned and disturbed tropical rainforests to promote the growth of useful plants , especially gap colonizers like yams (\nevidence of human overexploitation has been suggested for some late pleistocene faunal sequences . diverse archaeological assemblages , from africa , europe , and south asia , for example , document the late pleistocene appearance of small , quick , and difficult - to - catch game , such as fish , birds , rabbits , rodents and monkeys , that may signal anthropogenic impacts to resource availability ( 28 , 29 ) . other studies document decreases in the size of certain species , such as limpets and tortoises , that may also reflect resource overexploitation ( e . g . , refs . 8 and 30 ) . some of these changes may result from the expansion of bone , stone , shell , fiber , and other tool repertoires in the late pleistocene , enabling new forms of intensive exploitation ( e . g . , refs . 31 and 32 ) .\n) . of particular importance are new global analyses drawing on higher resolution data and computational modeling approaches . these studies indicate an important role for humans and an inverse relationship between severity of extinction and duration of hominin\u2013megafauna coevolution , with uniformly high extinction rates in areas where\nproportions of megafauna known to be extinct in each region of the globe relative to the length of coevolution and contact with humans ( genus homo ) ( adapted from figure 1c in ref . 39 and figure 1 in ref . 40 ) . the numbers next to each pie chart indicate the total number of megafauna genera originally present within each region .\ncascade effects of changes to species , showing long - term transformation of landscapes . (\nthe beginning of the holocene ( < 11 . 7 ka ) witnessed fundamental shifts in climatic and geological regimes globally , as well as in human societies . the early to middle holocene in many regions worldwide saw the beginning of agricultural economies , placing new evolutionary pressures on plants , animals , and microbes , and resulting in major demographic expansions for humans ( 55 ) . this neolithic period opened the way for a radical transformation in the human capacity for niche construction , increasingly demonstrated through the accumulation of zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical data , as well as the application of biomolecular techniques .\nglobal spread of selected food crops ( red ) and domesticated and commensal animals ( blue ) through time . ( a ) wheat ( triticum spp . ) . ( b ) sorghum ( sorghum bicolor ) . ( c ) rice ( oryza sativa , oryza glaberrima ) . ( d ) cattle ( bos taurus , bos indicus ) . ( e ) dog ( canis familiaris ) . ( f ) rat ( rattus rattus , rattus tanezumi , rattus norvegicus , rattus exulans ) . the major spread of rats to global islands beginning by 3 ka is not apparent at the scale shown . ( note that maps use different temporal scales , appropriate to individual species and their temporality of spread ; hatching indicates natural distribution . )\nneolithic dispersals also featured pathogens . ancient dna , stable isotope , and other studies are clarifying the spread of pathogens favored by shifts in diet , lifestyle , mobility , and human\u2013animal relationships with the onset of agriculture . ancient dna from yersinia pestis and mycobacterium tuberculosis has been identified from neolithic human skeletons ( e . g . , refs . 69 and 70 ) and linked to large - scale population movements ( 69 , 71 ) . plant and animal pathogens also spread in the neolithic . the northwest european elm decline ( 3700\u20133600 b . c . e . ) may have been caused in part by the spread of a pathogen , such as the fungal disease ophiostoma , carried by the elm bark beetle ( scolytus scolytus ) , which saw habitat expansion with clearance for agriculture ( 72 ) .\nnew chronometric data are revealing the rapidity with which prehistoric extinctions sometimes unfolded ( 80 ) . new zealand saw numerous vertebrate extinctions after polynesian arrival ( e . g . , refs . 80 and 92 ) , including the elimination of various species of moa ( dinornis ) within two centuries of human colonization ( 97 ) . recent studies of sea lion and penguin adna show that several new zealand species once thought to have survived early human impacts were extirpated soon after human arrival and replaced within a few centuries by nonindigenous lineages from the subantarctic region ( 98 ) .\nextinction and extirpation rates underestimate human impacts because not all species under pressure went extinct . although hawaiian geese ( branta sandvicensis ) , unlike other species , survived the prehistoric colonization of hawaii by humans , adna research points to a drastic reduction in their genetic diversity after human arrival ( 99 ) . zooarchaeological data from the caribbean point to the overharvesting and decline of a variety of island marine species beginning \u223c2 , 000 y ago , with biomass , mean trophic level , and average size all radically altered ( 86 ) . research on california\u2019s channel islands points to similar impacts on a broad range of marine animals as a result of overexploitation by prehistoric hunter - gatherers ( 81 , 82 ) , patterns increasingly recognized on islands around the world .\nby the middle to late holocene , agriculture and the production of food surpluses paved the way for the emergence of larger human populations , increasingly dense , urbanized settlements , and more complex and intensive networks of trade , travel , and dispersal in many parts of the world . cultural niche construction became intense and elaborate , with dramatic implications for species diversity and distributions .\nmultidisciplinary datasets reveal that agricultural intensification , in response to factors like growing populations and emerging markets , was a major driver of ecological change across the old world from the bronze age onwards ( 100 ) . in the near east , bronze age datasets reveal pervasive turnover from deciduous to evergreen oak and replacement of indigenous forest with cultivated orchard crops like olive ( olea europea ) , grape ( vitis vinifera ) , and fig ( ficus carica ) ( e . g . , refs . 101 and 102 ) . cereal crops and vegetation indicative of grazing and other anthropogenic disturbance ( e . g . , rumex , plantago , and artemisia ) increased . archaeological study of wood charcoal points to a decline in tree taxa richness from the middle bronze age to the late iron age ( 103 ) . by 1000 b . c . e . , one archaeologically tested model suggests that 80\u201385 % of areas suited to agriculture in much of the near east were cultivated ( 104 ) .\nsimilar trends can be seen for all early urban societies that have been studied . increased deforestation , linked to agricultural intensification and urbanization in the iron age , is evident in diverse sedimentary and paleoecological records in china ( e . g . , refs . 105 and 106 ) . european and near eastern landscapes in the roman period also saw significant transformation , with expansion of cultivation into previously marginal areas , growth of the cash crop industry , and a new emphasis on high yield agro - pastoralism ( 100 ) . sedimentary sequences across the eastern mediterranean record the highest holocene rates of soil erosion and sedimentation during the classical era ( 102 ) . population growth and political expansion in lowland mayan civilization have been linked to forest removal and erosion ( 107 , 108 ) .\ndeforestation and the expansion of species favoring anthropogenic disturbance were not continual processes , and many sequences reveal temporary reversals in these long - term trends . for example , the arrival of plague in europe at several points from the late neolithic onwards , as now confirmed by recovery of yersinia pestis adna from human skeletons ( 69 , 109 ) , seems to have been linked to episodes of forest regrowth due to abandonment of agricultural fields ( 104 , 110 ) . by the iron age and sometimes earlier , however , changing species compositions were often irreversible . recent multidisciplinary research in \u201cancient\u201d forests in france demonstrated a strong correlation between roman sites and present - day forest plant diversity , with areas altered by roman agriculture and settlement favoring nitrogen - demanding and ruderal species ( e . g . , refs . 50 and 51 ) ( fig . 2 c ) . grassland diversity in present - day estonia maps closely to late iron age human population density ( 111 ) .\na review of global archaeological , paleoecological , and historical datasets , distilled here into key trends and examples , suggests a number of general patterns concerning the long - term human shaping of biodiversity . first , human niche construction activities have had a major impact on the abundance , composition , distribution , and genetic diversity\u2014as well as extinction rates and translocation pathways\u2014of species globally . late pleistocene human impacts are the most difficult to assess , but , placed in the context of longer - term trends , they seem highly likely , especially given that even conservative estimates of anthropogenic contribution to megafaunal extinctions , extirpations , and depletions imply significant ecosystem impacts ( 38 , 47 ) .\nsecond , there is a strong link between present - day patterns of biodiversity and historical processes ( fig . 2 ) . the combined effects of human activity over the millennia include the creation of extensively altered , highly cosmopolitan species assemblages on all landmasses . \u201cpristine\u201d landscapes simply do not exist and , in most cases , have not existed for millennia . most landscapes are palimpsests shaped by repeated episodes of human activity over multiple millennia ( 5 , 36 , 100 ) .\nthird , there is widespread evidence for increasing rates of human - mediated species translocation , extinction , and ecosystem and biodiversity reshaping through time . this acceleration is not constant but is characterized by pulses and pauses that reflect cultural , ecological , and climatic transformations at local , regional , and global scales . these changes have increasingly concentrated biomass into particular sets of human - favored plants and animals ( 134 ) .\nfourth , archaeological and paleoecological data are critical to identifying and understanding the deep history and pervasiveness of such human impacts ( 6 , 36 , 135 ) . ecologists and other researchers are often insufficiently aware of archaeological and other historical datasets . the continued default position among many researchers is that a landscape or seascape that does not have obvious , contemporary human alterations has experienced little human manipulation ( 136 ) . in fact , as exemplified by the revelation of dense prehistoric human settlements in parts of the amazon , the more appropriate default expectation is one of anthropogenic transformation , regardless of how pristine a modern landscape may superficially seem .\nfinally , negative consequences of human activity , such as extinction , reduced biodiversity , and habitat destruction , tend to receive more attention from researchers than examples of resilience and sustainability ( 100 ) , probably because these transformations are more dramatic and visible in the archaeological record ( 137 ) . the anthropogenic reshaping of species distributions , however , has been central to the creation of landscapes capable of supporting increasingly dense human populations through time . domesticated ecosystems enhance human food supplies , reduce exposure to predators and natural dangers , and promote commerce ( 138 ) . the creation of novel ecosystems ( 139 ) has enabled the provision of ecological goods and services , not just in the modern era but throughout the holocene and in the late pleistocene as well ( 5 , 100 , 140 ) .\nanother important consideration is the role of human niche construction as a major evolutionary force on the planet . processes of human niche creation have reshaped , and continue to influence , the evolutionary trajectories of a broad array of species . except for studies of domestication and antibiotic / pesticide resistance , however , investigation into processes of gene - culture coevolution has otherwise minimally explored the role of human culture in driving evolution in nonhuman species . however , human activities have exerted novel selection pressures that have had important evolutionary consequences not just for humans but also for the rest of the natural world ( 143 ) .\nwe thank ardern hulme - beaman and heidi eager for information regarding rattus distributions . we thank the fyssen foundation ( paris ) for supporting the symposium from which this paper emerged and thank the other participants for their stimulating contributions . this paper reflects the output of european research council funding to n . l . b . ( grant 206148 - sealinks ) , d . q . f . ( grant 323842 - compag ) , g . l . ( grant 337574 - undead ) , and m . d . p . ( grant 295719 - palaeodeserts ) .\nauthor contributions : n . l . b . , m . a . z . , d . q . f . , a . c . , g . l . , j . m . e . , t . d . , and m . d . p . wrote the paper .\nerlandson jm , braje tj , eds ( 2013 ) when humans dominated the earth : archaeological perspectives on the anthropocene . anthropocene 4 ( december ) : 1\u2013122\nregional ecological variability and impact of the maritime fur trade on nearshore ecosystems in southern haida gwaii ( british columbia , canada ) : evidence from stable isotope analysis of rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) bone collagen\nheinsohn te ( 2010 ) marsupials as introduced species : long - term anthropogenic expansion of the marsupial frontier and its implications for zoogeographic interpretation . altered ecologies : fire , climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes , terra australis 32 , eds haberle s , stevenson j , prebble m ( anu e press , canberra , act , australia ) , pp . 133\u2013176\npollen evidence for plant introductions in a polynesian tropical island ecosystem , kingdom of tonga . altered ecologies : fire , climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes , terra australis 32 , eds haberle s , stevenson j , prebble m ( anu e press , canberra , act , australia ) , pp 253\u2013271\nno fruit on that beautiful shore : what plants were introduced to the subtropical polynesian islands prior to european contact . islands of inquiry : colonisation , seafaring and the archaeology of maritime landscapes , terra australis 29 , eds clark gr , leach f , o\u2019connor s ( anu e press , canberra , act , australia ) , pp 227\u2013251\ncoconut ( cocos nucifera l . ) dna studies support the hypothesis of an ancient austronesian migration from southeast asia to america\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london .\ncronin , l . ( 2008 ) cronin\u2019s key guide australian mammals . allen & unwin , sydney .\nmacdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .\nburton , m . and burton , r . ( 2002 ) international wildlife encyclopedia . third edition . marshall cavendish , new york .\nclout , m . n . and efford , m . g . ( 1984 ) sex differences in the dispersal and settlement of brushtail possums ( trichosurus vulpecula ) . journal of animal ecology , 53 : 737 - 749 .\nmaxwell , s . , burbidge , a . a . and morris , k . d . ( 1996 ) the 1996 action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes . wildlife australia , canberra .\ntasmanian parks and wildlife service , 1996 . management program for the brushtail possum trichosurus vulpecula ( kerr ) in tasmania - review of background information ( may , 2009 ) urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa"]}
{"id": 1592, "summary": [{"text": "acompsia is a genus of the twirler moth family ( gelechiidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "though it has once been assigned to the proposed subfamily \" anacampsinae \" ( here included in gelechiinae ) , it is generally placed in the dichomeridinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some authors include telephila here as a subgenus , while others prefer to keep it distinct as its relationships are fairly obscure . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "acompsia", "paragraphs": ["acompsia ( acompsia ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114 , 110\nacompsia ( acompsia ) cinerella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) antirrhinella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) maculosella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 120 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) dimorpha ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 120 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) subpunctella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 121 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) delmastroella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 122 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) muellerrutzi ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 123 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) minorella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 125 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) tripunctella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 125 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) caucasella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 124 , 110 ; tl : caucasus psysh river\nacompsia ( acompsia ) schepleri huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 129 , 110 ; tl : turkey , erzincan kizildag gecidi , 2100m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) fibigeri huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 130 , 110 ; tl : turkey , g\u00fcm\u00fcshane , kop pass , 2400m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) bidzilyai huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 130 , 110 ; tl : zabajkale sochodnskij zapovednik r . agucakan , 1000m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) pyrenaella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 117 , 110 ; tl : gallia pyren . val . d ' ossoue , 1500m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) ponomarenkoae huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 128 , 110 ; tl : greece , ipiros , katara pass , 1500 - 1700m\nacompsia cinerella ( ash - coloured crest ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nacompsia was treated in the gelechiidae in nye and fletcher , 1991 generic names moths world , 6 : 4 .\nacompsia dimorpha petry , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : pyrenees\ntelephila ( acompsia ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131 , 110\n= acompsia ( telephila ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 111 , 110\nacompsia muellerrutzi wehrli , 1925 ; dt . ent . z . iris 39 : 137 ; tl : corsica , monte d ' oro\nacompsia ( telephila ) schmidtiellus ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 110 ; [ fe ]\nhuemer , p . & o . karsholt . a review of the genus acompsia h\u00fcbner , 1825 with description of a new species ( gelechiidae ) . 109\u2014154 .\nacompsia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nacompsia subpunctella svensson , 1966 ; opusc . ent . 31 : 188 , f . 19 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; tl : sweden , norbotten\nacompsia ( telephila ) syriella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 , 110 ; tl : syria , 25km w damascus\nacompsia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] was referred to the anacampsinae from gelechiinae ( within the gelechiidae ) by kuznetzov & stekolnikov , 1984 , trudy zoologicheskogo instituta akademii nauk sssr 122 : 33 .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . , 2002 . a review of the genus acompsia hubner 1825 with descriptions of new species . nota lepidopterologica . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 109 - 151 .\nacompsia delmastroella huemer , 1998 ; linzer biol . beitr . 30 ( 2 ) : 516 , f . 1 - 3 , 10 - 11 ; tl : sw . alps , marmora , colle d ' esischie , 2300m\nan unmarked brownish moth with long upwardly - curved labial palps . the species is widely distributed over all of the british isles except some of the outlying scottish islands .\nthe larva is unknown , but is believed to feed on moss , often at the base of a tree .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 09 : 28 : 11 page render time : 0 . 2116s total w / procache : 0 . 2615s\na scarce and local species , occurring on chalk downs or other calcareous soil , and found in the southern counties of england .\nthe ochreous adult moths have two small black dots on the forewing , and fly in july and august .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 09 13 : 13 : 50 page render time : 0 . 2923s total w / procache : 0 . 3509s\nlocally common in some parts of southern england and the central highlands of scotland , otherwise local to very local across much of the rest of the british isles . apparently absent from the outer hebrides and northern isles .\nmosses ( species unspecified ) . the larva is undescribed but has been found in moss at the base of a tree ; may also be associated with mosses away from trees .\namongst grassy areas in woodland , herb rich grassy areas , railway and canal banks and undercliffs .\nlarva : undescribed in the british isles but searches in mosses near or on the base of trees in april or may would be worthwhile . it is documented that a larva was bred through at wicken fen in 1878 ( f . bond ) without description of the larva , feeding signs or foodplant .\nadult : swept from herb rich turf , beaten from scrub and frequent at light .\nthe broad forewing and hindwing with a lack of any prominent markings are distinctive . on a few occasions specimens of this moth have been found in historic museum collections amongst specimens of bryotropha politella .\nsingle brooded from early june to august and occasionally found in very small numbers in late may and through to late september .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbut appears less ochreous lacking the veining within the forewings ; paler in overall colouration . we suspect mis - identification with some records .\nrecorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 177 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 10 ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 111 , 110 ; [ sangmi lee ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114\nlarva on veronica chamaedrys huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 116\ngelechia antirrhinella milli\u00e8re , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 274 , 280 , pl . 80 , f . 6 - 8\nlarva on asarina procumbens huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119\ngelechia maculosella stainton , 1851 ; suppl . cat . br . tineidae and pteroph . : 22\nsweden , finland , estonia , nw . poland , kola peninsula , altai , transbaikalia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on veronica longifolia huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 122\nalps ( alpes maritimes , alpi cozie , alpes - de - haute - provence ) . see [ maps ]\naustria , czech republic , france , italy , slovenia , switzerland . see [ maps ]\nbrachycrossata minorella rebel , 1899 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien , 49 : 180\nalps , apennines , carpathians , balkans , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]\ntinea tripunctella denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 319\nlarva on plantago alpina huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 127\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131\nlarva on origanum vulgare , mentha arvensis , mentha silvestris , m . rotundifolia , calamintha nepeta huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 132\nindicata ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( telephila ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ntenebrosella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 255\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nwestwood , 1840 an introduction to the modern classification of insects ; founded on natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families introd . class . ins . 2 : 1 - 352 ( 1839 ) , : 353 - 587 ( 1840 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\ntype - species : phalaena cinerella clerck , 1759 . icon . insect . rariorum 1 : pl . 11 fig . 6 .\ntype - species designation : by subsequent designation by duponchel , 1838 . hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . papillons fr . 11 : 19 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nthe citation by duponchel is acceptable as a type - species designation as it is contained in the continuation of a layout in which duponchel stated , in the same work 7 ( 2 ) : 102 , that the species so cited were the types of genera .\nsee also : * acampsia westwood , 1840 ; * accompsia bruand , ( 1851 ) ; brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 .\njunior name ( s ) : acampsia ; westwood , 1840 : 110 . accompsia ; bruand , 1851 : 42 . brachicrossata ; hartmann , 1880 : 25 . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 : 323 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nit is found in montane habitats , including subalpine and alpine meadows and shrubs .\nmm for females . the forewings are clay brown , mottled with lighter brown scales . the hindwings are grey . adults are on wing from july to august .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local in a wide range of habitats throughout the british isles , with the exception of the northern isles . in hampshire recorded less than annually from scattered locations , mainly in the north of the county . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 16 - 19 mm . an unmarked , wholly ochreous - brown gelechiid , superficially similar to helcystogramma rufescens , but lacking this species pale veins . larva feeds on various mosses , often at the base of trees .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in between 31 and 100 10km squares of the national grid or , for less - well recorded groups between eight and twenty vice - counties . superseded by nationally scarce , and therefore no longer in use .\nsearch : data resource : lepidoptera ( observations ) - version 2 . 1 | occurrence records | bioatlas sweden\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nthe biodiversity atlas sweden acknowledges sweden ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation\u2019s sami communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe bioatlas is made possible by contributions from its partners , and is based on work financed by the swedish research council through grant no 2017 - 00688 .\nthe leading society for wildlife and geology enthusiasts in essex , england , uk .\npammene aurana find out more . . . essex field club registered charity no 1113963 a - z page index\nreproduction for study and non - profit use permitted , all other rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 essex field club 2006 - 2018 . developed by teknica ltd privacy policy terms of use cookies sales policy\nexperimental evidence for specific distinctness of the two wood white butterfly taxa , leptidea sinapis and l . reali ( pieridae )\ncheck - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries\ntwo new european geometrid moths : xanthorhoe skoui sp . n . and xanthorhoe friedrichi sp . n . ( geometridae )\nbhl ' s existence depends on the support of its patrons . help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nid : in mbgbi3 this species is keyed from : forewing with markings both paler and darker than ground colour . however , this species is variable and may appear as pale with darker markings - from where one cannot arrive at the correct species using the mbgbi3 key . it appears that only e . albidella , e . utonella & e . eleochariella show an elongate dark mark in the fold near the dorsum , just before 1 / 2 . id best confirmed by genital examination : male - paired gnathos > the former biselachista species ; pointed extension at apex of valva > e . albidella . no other species has a valva quite so rounded on the dorsal edge near the apex .\nmale genitalia paired gnathos > the former biselachista species ; pointed extension at apex of valva > e . albidella . no other species has a valva quite so rounded on the dorsal edge near the apex .\n\u00a71 sutton fen , norfolk ; 12 / 08 / 2010 \u00a72 sutton fen , norfolk ; male ; 13 / 08 / 2009 \u00a73 new forest , hampshire ; 05 / 06 / 2012 ; male ; fw 4 . 2mm \u00a74 foulden common , norfolk ; 14 / 08 / 2016 ; male \u00a75 foulden common , norfolk ; 14 / 08 / 2016 ; male ; fw 4 . 1mm all images \u00a9 chris lewis\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nfor many years , records of the vice - county distributions of uk micro - moths from c . 1800 onwards have been kept on hand - annotated paper maps , first by a . maitland emmet and , more recently , by dr . john langmaid and dr . mark young .\nthe moths count project has now digitised these maps and made them available to moth recorders and the general public for the first time .\na grant from the department for environment , food and rural affairs ( defra ) and the original data supplied by john langmaid and mark young have enabled us to create pdfs of all of the original micro - moth record cards and hand annotated maps . in addition to this , 756 species have been digitised to vice - county level to date . these important maps , which include data up to 31st december 2014 , are available below at vice - county level for the first time . many thanks to david green for his hard work on this project . please note that the maps are provisional and may contain errors .\nbelow is a list of micro - moth species , with numbers and names as per the new checklist of british lepidoptera ( 2013 ) ( referred to as abh in the table ) . bradley and fletcher numbers and former bradley names are also included for users ' convenience .\nto search for a species hold down the ctrl and f keys simultaneously to open up a search box . simply type in the species name , or part of it to be taken to the species . click on the icons to open up a pdf of the species record card and a map of its uk distribution at vice - county level ( nb : the pdfs are large and may take a while to open ) . to return to this page , click your browser ' s back button .\nelhamma diakonoffi is a species of moth of the family hepialidae . it is known from new guinea .\ncalamotropha diakonoffi is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by bleszynski in 1961 . it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from kwazulu - natal .\nhamatina diakonoffi is a moth in the lecithoceridae family . it was described by park in 2011 . it is found in papua new guinea .\nodites diakonoffi is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by kuznetsov and arutjunova in 1991 . it is found in kazakhstan .\noxycanus diakonoffi is a moth of the hepialidae family . it is found in new guinea .\nprochoreutis diakonoffi is a moth of the choreutidae family . it is known from shaanxi , china and from honshu , japan .\nit has been recorded from fergusson island of the d ' entrecasteaux islands archipelago , and the admiralty islands , of papua new guinea ; and from sulawesi of indonesia .\nsycacantha diakonoffi is a moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in thailand and vietnam .\nstagmatophora diakonoffi is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae . it is found in madagascar .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\na catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae klaus sattler . 1973 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 182 .\nannotated taxonomic checklist of the lepidoptera of north america , north of mexico pohl , g . r . , patterson , b . , & pelham , j . p . 2016 . researchgate . net .\na molecular analysis of the gelechiidae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) with an interpretative grouping of its taxa karsholt , o . , m . mutanen , s . lee , & l . kaila . 2013 . systematic entomology . 38 ( 2 ) : 334\u2013348 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nsarto i monteys , v . the discovery , description and taxonomy of paysandisia archon ( burmeister , 1880 ) , a castniid species recently found in southwestern europe ( castniidae ) . 3\u201416 .\nspeidel , w . & l . aarvik . synonyms of european tortricidae and noctuidae , with special reference to the publications of h\u00fcbner , geyer & fr\u00f6lich . 17\u201422 .\nringwood , z . , t . gardiner , a . steiner & j . hill . comparison of factors influencing the habitat characteristics of gortyna borelii ( noctuidae ) and its larval foodplant peucedanum officinale in england and germany . 23\u201438 .\nfreese , a . & k . fiedler . experimental evidence for specific distinctness of the two wood white butterfly taxa , leptidea sinapis and l . reali ( pieridae ) . 39\u201460 .\nbelik , a . g . & d . g . zamolodchikov . notes on systematics of erebia dabanensis species complex , with special consideration of the dabanensis - youngi and anyuica - occulta pairs of sibling species ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . 61\u201480 .\nwagener , s . chazara persephone ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1805 ] ) or chazara anthe ( hoffmansegg , 1806 ) \u2014 what is the valid name ? ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . 81\u201484 .\nnieukerken e . j . van & a . la\u0161tuvka . ectoedemia ( etainae ) obtusa ( puplesis & di\u0161kus , 1996 ) new for europe : taxonomy , distribution and biology ( nepticulidae ) . 87\u201496 .\nkozlov , m . first record of nemophora lapikella kozlov ( adelidae ) from japan . 96 .\nbaran , t . elachista nolckeni \u0161ulcs , 1992 : morphology and bionomics of immature stages ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ) . 97\u2014108 .\nkallies , a . & k . spatenka . four species of brachodidae new to the fauna of europe ( sesioidea ) . 155\u2014160 .\ngarc\u00eda - barros , e . taxonomic patterns in the egg to body size allometry of butterflies and skippers ( papilionoidea & hesperiidae ) . 161\u2014176 .\nkolev , z . the species of maculinea van eecke , 1915 in bulgaria : distribution , state of knowledge and conservation status ( lycaenidae ) . 177\u2014190 .\nsommerer . m . d . opinion . to agree or not to agree \u2014 the question of gender agreement in the international code of zoological nomenclature . 191\u2014204 .\nkarsholt , o . & a . kun . a new species of ethmia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from the greek island of rhodes ( ethmiidae ) . 207\u2014212 .\nlvovsky , a . l . check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries . 213\u2014220 .\nelsner , g . & j . jaro\u0161 . a new species of ceratoxanthis razowski , and distribution records for two species of aethes billberg from the balkan peninsula ( tortricidae : cochylini ) . 221\u2014225 .\nrougerie , r . re - capture of sinobirma malaisei in china : description of the female genitalia and comments on the systematic position of the genus in the tribe urotini ( saturniidae ) . 227\u2014233 .\nwilcockson , a . & t . g . shreeve . the subspecific status of pieris napi ( pieridae ) within the british isles . 235\u2014247 .\nsielezniew , m . , a . stankiewicz & c . bystrowski . first observation of one maculinea arion pupa in a myrmica lobicornis nest in poland . 249\u2014250 .\nwakeham - dawson , a . , r . parker , e . john & r . l . h . dennis . comparison of the male genitalia and androconia of pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis ( rebel , 1916 ) from cyprus , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , 1924 ) from mainland turkey and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea ( frivaldsky , 1845 ) from mainland greece ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . 251\u2014263 .\nfiedler , k . & c . ruf . araschnia levana larvae ( nymphalidae ) do not accept humulus lupulus ( cannabaceae ) as food plant . 265\u2014266 .\ngorbach , v . v . & k . saarinen . the butterfly assemblages of onega lake area in karelia , middle taiga of nw russia ( hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) . 267\u2014279 .\neducalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics . we also share information about the use of the site with our social media , advertising and analytics partners .\nfrom spanish to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb in spanish .\nthe map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb in the different countries .\nof the word \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb appears in digitalised printed sources in spanish between the year 1500 and the present day .\nand brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in spanish literature .\nte , bien complexionado , y robufto aquel hombre , en quien re\u00edplandecen perfectamente claros los rayos de fu luz , \u00f3 elpiritu vital , que perfectamente , y fin eftorvo alguno exercita en \u00e9l las funciones deftinadas por la naturaleza . al contrario . . .\n( \\ ant . ~ ) v . comparar . acompasado , da . adj . lo que est\u00e1 hecho \u00f3 puesto \u00e1 comp\u00e1s . that vihich is jet to jome chara\u00f1er of mujical time . acomplexionado , da . adj . v . g . bien \u00f3 mal complexionado . weli , or / / / complexioned .\nla magna y can\u00f3nica cirujia de guido de cauliac : con la . . .\npira hazcr eftas operaciones , por tanto en vn cuerpo bien complexionado lafo - lu cion es f\u00e1cilmente curada , poique la virtud tiene buen in\u00edtrumento , mas en vn cuerpo mal complexionado , como es vrt hydropico , \u00f3 leproib , por quanto la virtud . . .\nla causa del 78 esta suele irse recogiendo poco \u00e1 poco con el tiern * mal se produ - po , y venir despu\u00e9s la enfermedad de golpe . por tanto si te regular - recayese en sugeto mal complexionado y quebrantado , que mente conlen - tenjj0 un mai . . .\nvenenos ay , de quien el mas bien complexionado > . y elmas robuf1 - toj , tocados5o viftos , no defiende la vida , ni aun por breve tiempo . es cal fu fuer\u00e7a \u00bb y fu opoficion \u00e0 las paites vitales j que fin la dilaci\u00f3n , ni hazer ca fo de los humores , . . .\npor la cual raz\u00f3n han el cuerpo mal complexionado ; y como el alma siga la complexi\u00f3n del cuerpo , do el cuerpo es bien complexionado all\u00ed el alma hace mejor sus obras y ha mejor uso de raz\u00f3n . por la cual cosa las mujeres no pueden . . .\narte de conocer , y de curar las enfermedades por reglas de . . .\npor tanto , fi recaye\u00edfe en fugeto mal complexionado , y quebrantado , que haya tenido un mal govierno de vida , tiene entonces mucho rie\u00edgo , y fuelen perecer los mas * porque tiene la naturaleza que mover , y cocer muchos humores , y faltan . . .\n[ to finish . completar , v . a . to complete , compl\u00e9ta * . \u00bb . / . pi . compline ; the last act of worship at night . [ perfect , finished . completo , ta . u . comp ! , te , complexion , \u00bb . / . complexion . complexionado , da . a . bien a mal complexionado , da . of a good . . .\nacomplexionado , a . adj . complexionado acomplisionado . adj . complexionado . t . acomunalar . n . ant . tener trato y comunicaci\u00f3n . us\u00e1base tambi\u00e9n como rec\u00edproco . comunicarse , tractarse . communico , as , sermones cum aliquo . . .\npara hazer estas op\u00e9raciones , por tanto tn vncuerpo bien complexionado la \u00edb - luc\u00eeon es faciirnente curada , por que la virtud tiene - buen instrumento , masen vu cuerpo mal complexionado , comocsvn hydropico , \u00f2 lcpro\u00ed\u00f2 , por qu\u00e1nto la virtud . . .\ngynnidomorpha vectisana \u00a71 male ; st lawrence , isle of wight ; 31 / 05 / 2014 ; fw 5 . 1mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nid : generally recognisable by the purplish and brown general colouration with ochreous - yellow along the termen . male has some blackish scales and hair - like scales in tornal area of hindwing .\n\u00a74 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 15 / 07 / 2014 ; male ; fw 4 . 6mm\n\u00a75 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 15 / 07 / 2014 ; male ; fw 4 . 5mm\nthe references to papers and notes listed below contain information relating to gelechiidae recorded in the british isles and selected european material although the list is by no means exhaustive . brief summaries of the content of the papers have been added in a few cases . information on any additional peer - reviewed published material is welcomed .\nfor ease of reference the species are listed alphabetically and within each species the papers are listed chronologically starting with the oldest .\nrivete , u . , karsholt , o . mutanen , m . & savenkov n . 2017 . nordic - baltic checklist of lepidoptera . norwegian journal of entomology supplement no . 3 . this includes information that\nbella , s . and karsholt , o . 2015 . the gelechiidae of the longarini salt marsh in the pantani della sicilia sud - orientale nature reserve in southeastern sicily , italy ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revta . lepid . , 43 ( 171 ) , septiembre 2015 : 365 - 375 .\nbidzilya , o . v . & badashkin , y . i . , 2017 . new records of lepidoptera from ukraine ( etc . . . . ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 2 ) 2017 : 145 - 161 . includes details of species within the genera caulastrocecis , metzneria , ornativalva , chionodes , filatima ( a colour plate depicting male and female imago and genitalia of f . djakovica are included ) , scrobipalpa , klimeschiopsis , sophronia and syncopacma .\nclarke , j . f . g . , 1969 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick . glyphipterigidae , gelechiidae ( a - c ) . 6 : 1 - 537 , pls 1 - 267 . trustees of the british museum , london .\ncorley , m . f . v . and goodey , b . , 2014 . a re - examination of the portugese microlepidoptera collected by the reverend a . e . eaton in 1880 . entomologist\u2019s gazette 65 : 15 - 25 . contains a list of a dozen or so gelechiidae , amongst other families , confirmed or corrected and introduces a new species - see below under aroga eatoni sp . n .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1849 - 52 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . transactions of the entomological society of london 5 : 173 - 179 , 195 - 201 ( 1849 ) ; ( n . s . ) . 1 : 14 - 21 , 60 - 68 ( 1850 ) ; 101 - 108 ( 1851 ) ; 241 - 251 ( 1852 ) .\nhaworth , a . h . , 1812 . a brief account of some rare insects announced at various times to the society , as new to britain . trans . ent . soc . london . 1 : 332 - 340 .\nhaworth , a . h . , 1834 - 1835 . illustrations of british entomology . haustellata 4 : 436pp . , pls 33 - 41 .\njunnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j - p . , nupponen , t . and olschwang , v . , 2010 . the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ll : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( leipoptera : gelechiidae ) . contains information on wider species distribution . urltoken\npalmer , s . m . , 2016 . the gelechiid recording scheme - five years in . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 29 : 156 - 162 . details of distributional changes , addtional foodplants and phenology of several gelechiid moths in the british isles .\nparsons , m . , 2015 . possible and potential moth extinctions in england . on - line pdf document only , available at urltoken\nsattler , k . , 1971 . some new synonyms of european gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologist ' s gazette 22 : 103 - 108 .\nsattler , k . , 1992 . new synonyms of european gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologica gallica 3 : 107 - 112 .\nsokoloff , p . a . , 1985 . an introduction to the gelechiidae . proc . trans . br . ent . nat . his . soc . 18 : 99 - 106 .\nstainton , h . t . , 1865 . new british tineina . the entomologist ' s annual 1865 : 128 - 131 .\nstainton , h . t . 1866 . observations on tineina . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 3 : 54 - 57 .\nstainton , h . t . , 1866 . new british tineina . the entomologist ' s annual 1866 : 167 - 171 .\nstainton , h . t . , 1871 . new british tineina in 1870 . the entomologist ' s annual 1871 : 96 - 100 .\nsumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 . new to greece .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 64 - 65 . under gelechia pernigrella stainton .\nparsons , m . , 2015 . possible and potential moth extinctions in england . on - line pdf document only , available at urltoken\ngregerson , k . & karsholt , o . , 2017 . taxonomic confusion around the peach twig borer , anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 , with description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 1 ) 2017 : 65 - 85 .\npalmer , s . m . , 2017 . anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 and anarsia innoxiella gregersen and karsholt , 2017 ( lep . gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 129 : 117 - 124 .\nheckford , r . j . , 1992 . anarsia lineatella zeller ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : a larval description . entomologist\u2019s gazette 43 : 54 .\nnel , j . & varenne , t . 2012 . description d ' apatetris ( s . l . ) mediterranella sp . n . du littoral mediterraneen de france et d ' italie ( gelechiidae , gelechiinae , apatetrini ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 1 ) : 27 - 32 . new species .\nsokoloff , p . a . & bradford , e . s . , 1990 . the british species of metzneria , paltodora , isophrictis , apodia , eulamprotes and argolamprotes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 3 : 23 - 28 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 66 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 108 .\nkennard , a . 1965 . argolamprotes micella schiff . ( lep . gelechiidae ) taken in britain . proceedings and transactions of the south london entomological and natural history society 1965 : 42 - 43 .\nheckford , r . j . 1972 . argolamprotes micella ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ( lep . , gelechiidae ) in cornwall . entomologist\u2019s gazette 23 : 236 .\nheckford , r . j . 1974 . further records of argolamprotes micella ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ( lep . , gelechiidae ) from cornwall . entomologist\u2019s gazette 25 : 258 .\nheckford , r . j . 1998 . notes on the larvae of four species of microlepidoptera not previously described in the british literature [ glyphipterix thrasonella , argolamprotes micella , crambus pascuella , homoeosoma nimbella ] . entomologist\u2019s gazette 49 : 155 - 160 .\nheckford , r . j . , 2010 . notes on the early stages of four species of oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ( lepidoptera ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 61 : 211 - 213 .\nsmith , m . h . , 2013 . argolamprotes micella ( d . & s . ) ( lep . : gelechiidae ) : new to wiltshire . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 125 : 243 .\nkarsholt , o . & savencov , n . 2009 . beautiful gelechiid moths - aristotelia baltica a . sulcs & i . sulcs , 1983 , stat . n . and related species ( gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica 32 ( 2 ) : 89 - 97 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 244 - 245 .\nsumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 .\ncorley , m . f . v . and goodey , b . , 2014 . a re - examination of the portugese microlepidoptera collected by the reverend a . e . eaton in 1880 . entomologist\u2019s gazette 65 : 15 - 25 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1848 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 195 .\nherrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) new to the british fauna . entomologist ' s record & journal of variation 97 : 20 - 24 .\nsokoloff , p . & chalmers - hunt , j . m . , 1987 . notes on the biology of athrips rancidella h . - s . ( lep . : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 99 : 253 - 254 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 244 . under lita nigricostella ( f . v . r . ) .\nlangmaid , j . r . & young , m . r . , 2002 . larvae on vicia cracca , a previously unrecorded foodplant in britain . heckford , r . j . , in microlepidoptera review 2001 , entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 114 : 277 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 65 . under gelechia gerronella zeller .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2004 . notes on , and descriptions of , some larvae of oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 55 : 143 - 159 .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2005 . further notes on the larvae of brachmia blandella ( fabr . , 1798 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , catoptria margaritella ( [ d . & s . ] , 1775 ) and scoparia ambigualis ( treits . , 1829 ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 56 : 71 - 74 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 65 .\nsterling , p . h . , wall , m . j . & langmaid , j . r . , 2013 . the discovery of brachmia inornatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lep . : gelechiidae ) in north hampshire , with notes on its life history and a larval description . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 125 : 14 - 17 .\npierce , f . n . & daltry , h . w . , 1938 . mniophaga : a new genus of gelechiadae , with reinstatement of portlandicella rich . as a species . the entomologist 71 : 226 - 227 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 105 .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2002 . the discovery of the larva of bryotropha dryadella ( zeller , 1850 ) and larval descriptions of this species , b . basaltinella ( zeller , 1839 ) , b . umbrosella ( zeller , 1839 ) and b . senectella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 53 : 83 - 91 .\nheckford , r . j . , beavan , s . d . & palmer , s . m . , 2015 . bryotropha boreella ( douglas , 1851 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of larva . entomologist\u2019s gazette 66 : 237 - 243 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 62 .\nheckford , r . j . & agassiz , d . j . l . , 2002 . larvae amongst ctenidium molluscum ( rjh ) and amongst bryum and barbula spp . ( djla , rjh ) \u2013 in microlepidoptera review 2001 , entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 114 : 276 .\nheckford , robert j . & sattler , klaus , 2002 . bryotropha dryadella ( zeller , 1850 ) a newly recognised british species , and the removal of b . figulella ( staudinger , 1859 ) from the british list ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 53 : 69 - 80 .\nbarrett , c . g . , 1893 . occurrence of gelechia ( bryotropha ) figulella , staud . in england . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 29 : 158 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 245 .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2003 . the discovery of the larva of bryotropha politella ( staint . , 1851 ) and larval descriptions of this species and b . galbanella ( zell . , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 54 : 223 - 226 .\nkullberg , j . , filippov , b . y . , zubrij , n . a . & kozlov , m . v . , 2013 . faunistic notes on lepidoptera collected from arctic tundra in european russia . nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) : 127 - 136 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 241 - 242 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 68 .\ngregson , c . s . , 1871 . gelechia confinis stainton . the entomologist 5 : 243 .\nbankes , e . r . , 1898 . gelechia confinis , stn . , a northern form of g . similis , stn . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 34 : 196 - 198 .\nheckford , r . j . 1999 . notes on the larvae of seven species of microlepidoptera ( oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ) not previously described in the british literature , together with the redescription of one and a further description of another . entomologist\u2019s gazette 50 : 223 - 237 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 64 . relates to f . mundella .\nrichardson , n . m . , 1890 . description of a gelechia ( portlandicella ) new to science from portland . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 26 : 29 - 30 .\nrutten , t . & karsholt , o . , 1998 . bryotropha mundella ( douglas ) : a new synonym of bryotropha umbrosella ( zeller ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 141 : 109 - 114 .\nhuertas - dionisio , m . , 2012 . immature stages of lepidoptera ( xliv ) . six species of the family gelechiidae stainton , 1854 in huelva , spain ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 40 , 135 - 154 . text in spanish with line drawings of larva , pupa and larval feeding signs . the authoritative date is given as haworth , 1828 in this paper .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 61 - 62 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 18 - 19 .\npalmer , s . m . , the gelechiid recording scheme - five years in . ( includes notes on larval foodplants ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . , 29 : 159 - 160 .\nkarsholt , o . , 1981 . northern european species of the genus caryocolum gregor and povoln\u00fd , 1954 , feeding on cerastium and stellaria , with the description of a new species ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . ent . scand . 12 : 251 - 270 .\nhuemer , p . , 1988 . a taxonomic revision of caryocolum ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 57 : 439 - 571 .\nhuemer , p . , 1993 . the british species of caryocolum gregor and povoln\u00fd . british journal of entomology and natural history 6 : 145 - 157 .\nhuemer , p . , karsholt , o . & mutanen , m . ( 2014 ) dna bar - codingas a screening tool for cryptic diversity : an example from caryocolum , with a description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . zookeys ( 404 ) : 91 - 111 . urltoken\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 77 .\nhoare , r . j . b . , langmaid , j . r . , simpson , a . n . b . & young , m . r . , 1999 . caryocolum blandelloides karsholt , 1981 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 50 : 149 - 154 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 101 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 77 - 78 .\nlangmaid , j . r . larvae on stellaria holostea \u2013 in microlepidoptera review 2005 . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 118 : 256 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 103 - 104 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 104 - 105 .\nheckford , r . j . , 2000 . caryocolum marmoreum ( haworth ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : some apparently unrecorded observations on the early larval stages .\nheckford , r . j . , 2012 . caryocolum peregrinella ( herrich - schaffer , 1854 ) new to spain and notes on the biology ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 40 , 311 - 314 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 102 - 103 .\nbella , s . , 2008 . caryocolum siculum sp . n . ( gelechiidae ) , feeding on gypsophila ( caryophyllaceae ) in sicily . nota lepidopterologica 31 ( 1 ) : 69 - 75 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 75 - 77 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 102 .\nhuemer , p . & sattler , k . , 1995 . a taxonomic revision of the palearctic chionodes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 45 : 3 - 108 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1849 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 199 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2014 . chionodes distinctella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of larvae in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 65 : 169 - 174 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2015 . chionodes distinctella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : a further larval record from the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 66 : 52 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 67 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 243 - 244 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2016 . chionodes fumatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of the larva in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 67 : 3 - 14 .\nsokoloff , p . a . & bradford , e . , 1993 . the british species of monochroa , chrysoesthia , ptocheuusa and sitotroga ( lepidoptera : glechiidae ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 6 : 37 - 44 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 61 .\nallen , a . a . , 1961 . the recurrence in britain of recurvaria piceaella kearfott . entomologist ' s record & journal of variation 73 : 40 - 41 .\nmcleod , j . m . , 1966 . notes on the biology of a spruce needle - miner pulicalvaria piceaella ( kearfott ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . can . ent . 98 : 225 - 236 .\nparsons , m . s . & honey , m . r . , 2017 . dichomeris acuminatus ( staudinger , 1876 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) new to the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 68 : 42 - 44 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1849 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 200 .\nheckford , r . j . , 2004 . a note on the history and larvae of levipalpus hepatariella ( lien . & zell . , 1846 ) ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) and dichomeris juniperella ( linn . , 1761 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 55 : 1 - 13 .\nsattler , k . 2011 . the original description of ephysteris inustella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica 34 ( 1 ) : 29 - 31 .\nelsner , 2013 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 1 ) 2017 : 119 - 123 .\nsumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 . new species - greece .\nheckford , r . j . & langmaid , j . r . , 1988 . eulamprotes phaeella sp . n . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 39 : 1 - 11 .\nheckford , r . j . , sattler , k . & york , p . v . , 1999 . the taxonomic status of eulamprotes immaculatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lepidoptera gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 50 : 155 - 160 .\nbankes , e . r . , 1899 . aristotelia unicolorella , dp . identified as a british species . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 35 : 33 - 36 .\nbond , k . g . m . , 1991 . eulamprotes wilkella ab . tarquiniella stainton ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) rediscovered in eastern ireland . entomologist ' s gazette 42 : 71 - 74 .\nsterling , p . h . , 2008 . reappraisal of the life history of eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , and its association with sand - hill screw - moss syntrichia ruraliformis ( besch . ) cardot . entomologist\u2019s gazette 59 : 267 - 270 .\nhuemer , p . , elsner , g . & karsholt , o . , 2013 . review of the eulamprotes wilkella species - group based on morphology and dna barcodes , with descriptions of new taxa ( lepidoptera : glelechiidae ) . zootaxa 3746 ( 1 ) : 69 - 100 . urltoken\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2015 . eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : further consideration of the larva and its biology , and of the forms of the adult . entomologist\u2019s gazette 66 : 1 - 12 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2017 . eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : further observations on the larva . entomologist\u2019s gazette 68 : 1 - 2 ."]}
{"id": 1596, "summary": [{"text": "the big-head seahorse ( hippocampus grandiceps ) is a seahorse of average size that inhabits the gulf of carpentaria in northern australia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum size of about 10 centimeters . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "big - head seahorse", "paragraphs": ["the big - head seahorse , hippocampus grandiceps , is a seahorse of average size that inhabits the gulf of carpentaria in northern australia . more\nfrom the latin for large and head , in reference to its head which is proportionally larger than most other hippocampus species .\na bighead seahorse , hippocampus grandiceps . source : rudie kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved\n\u201cthere were these three very normal puppies , and there was this one puppy with this ginormous melon head , \u201d dowling said . \u201cso everyone was like , \u2018oh , it\u2019s the big head puppy . \u2019 i think she keeps meaning to change his name , but everyone has gotten so used to calling him bighead . \u201d\n\u201cit\u2019s not unusual for litters to have different fathers , and to see a big diversity in those litters , \u201d dowling said .\nas for whether bighead will grow into his larger - than - usual head , the jury is still out .\n\u201cit\u2019s become such a big thing about what bighead is , \u201d dowling said . \u201cthere\u2019s an internal contest with a gift card on the line . \u201d\nfrom the greek , ippos = horse and kampe = curvature . the specific name grandiceps is from the latin grandis meaning large or great , and - ceps from the latin caput meaning head , in reference to the large head of this species .\nendemic to tropical northern australia on the eastern side of the gulf of carpentaria , queensland . the bighead seahorse lives on soft bottom habitats is depths of 10 - 12 m .\nbighead now has two big brothers \u2014 a weimaraner named otto and a great dane named dozer . despite their size difference , they both adore bighead \u2014 especially dozer .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 18 . pectoral fin rays usually 18 ; trunk rings 11 ; tail rings 32 - 33 ; head long , 94 - 103 % of trunk length ; head angled down to near trunk ( ref . 42735 ) .\nkuiter , r . h . 2001 . revision of the australian seahorse of the genus hippocampus ( syngnathiformes : syngnathidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . rec . aust . mus . 53 : 293 - 340 .\nwhile bighead\u2019s brothers and sisters looked like normal , puppy - sized border collie mixes , bighead had short , stubby feet and a gigantic head \u2014 hence the name bighead .\nthe angled head , body patterns and shallow depth range of h . grandiceps suggest that it may inhabit more weedy areas than those populated by most other species with prominent spines .\n\u201che\u2019ll probably always be a short , stocky , stubby little dude , \u201d dowling said . \u201cit would be interesting to see if he grows into that ginormous melon head of his . but i\u2019m kind of inclined to say \u2018no . \u2019\u201d\ngreek , ippos = horse + greek , kampe = curvature ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; amphidromous ; depth range ? - 10 m ( ref . 58018 ) . tropical\nwestern central pacific : gulf of carpentaria , australia . international trade is monitored through a licensing system ( cites ii , since 5 . 15 . 04 ) and a minimum size of 10 cm applies .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 5 cm ot ( female )\ncollected from shallow water ( ref . 42735 ) . maximum length is based on a straight - line length measurement from upper surface ( ignoring spines ) of first trunk ring , to tip of tail ( ref . 42735 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\nkuiter , r . h . , 2001 . revision of the australian seahorses of the genus hippocampus ( syngnathiformes : syngnathidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . rec . aus . mus . 53 : 293 - 340 . ( ref . 42735 )\n) : 27 . 2 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 7 ( based on 996 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00427 ( 0 . 00164 - 0 . 01111 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 78 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\ncollected from shallow water ( ref . 42735 ) . maximum length is based on a straight - line length measurement from upper surface ( ignoring spines ) of first trunk ring , to tip of tail ( ref . 42735 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndianne j . bray & vanessa j . thompson , hippocampus grandiceps in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\ncolour in life unknown . in preservative - pale brownish - grey with pale saddle - like areas on trunk and tail . snout with distinct dusky barring along entire length .\nlike other seahorses , this species presumably feeds by sucking small crustaceans and other planktonic organisms into its mouth .\nreproduction : sexes separate , reproduction a form of viviparity or ovoviviparity , whereby the males give birth to tiny independent young . the female uses an ovipositor to transfer her eggs into an elaborate enclosed pouch under the abdomen of the male . the male not only fertilizes the eggs inside the pouch and provides physical protection for the developing embryos , he also osmoregulates and aerates the embryos and may provide some nourishment until the offfspring are born . eggs : not described . larvae : not described .\nof no interest to fisheries . although taken as bycatch in the northern prawn fishery , there is no known trade in this species for the aquarium or traditional medicine industries .\ninternational : listed under appendix ii of the convention on the international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna ( cites ) . urltoken . australian legislation : marine listed under the federal environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act 1999 ) . urltoken\nh . grandiceps is most similar to h . multispinus , differing in its smaller size , in having shorter spines and males lacking elongate spines over the superior trunk ridge anterior to the dorsal fin .\nhippocampus grandiceps kuiter 2001 , rec . aust . mus . 53 : 335 , fig 50 , west booby island , gulf of carpentaria , queensland .\nhoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia part 1 , 2178 pp .\nkuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . tmc publishing , chorleywood , uk , 240 pp .\npogonoski , j . j . , d . a . pollard & j . r . paxton . 2002 . conservation overview and action plan for australian threatened and potentially threatened marine and estuarine fishes , canberra , environment australia , 375 pp .\n\u201ci think she keeps meaning to change his name , but everyone has gotten so used to calling him bighead . \u201d\nenglish bulldog . st . bernard . corgi . mastiff . chihuahua . lots of people have tried to guess which breeds went into the making of a puppy named bighead \u2014 but most haven\u2019t gotten it right .\nthis past june , bighead and his four littermates arrived at the humane society silicon valley in california when they were only 6 weeks old .\n\u201cthe four of them were found as strays , and a good samaritan brought them in , \u201d finnegan dowling , content marketing manager for humane society silicon valley , told the dodo .\nlauren gallagher , who works in the finance department of humane society silicon valley , took the four puppies into foster care at her home \u2014 but she took a particular liking to bighead , who had a very unusual look about him .\nthe reason bighead looks different from his littermates remains a mystery , but dowling suspects that the litter may have had more than one dad .\nbighead\u2019s unusual looks prompted workers at humane society silicon valley to get his doggy dna tested . while they waited for the results , everyone tried their best to guess .\n\u201che is 25 percent shar - pei , 25 percent boxer , 12 . 5 american staffordshire terrier mix , 12 . 5 percent border collie , 12 . 5 percent lhasa apso and the rest are mixed - breed groups , \u201d dowling said . she also made an official announcement on the organization\u2019s facebook page today .\n\u201c [ dozer ] is really gentle , \u201d dowling said . \u201che just gets down on his belly and plays with him . \u201d\nwhen it came time for bighead and his littermates to find forever homes , gallagher decided that bighead wasn\u2019t going anywhere .\n\u201ci would say that she [ gallagher ] has fostered dozens , if not hundreds , of puppies for us , and has never kept one , \u201d dowling said . \u201cbut she kept bighead . \u201d\n\u201cbighead\u2019s enormously happy in his home , \u201d dowling added .\nhe kind of won the dog lotto by getting adopted by lauren . \u201d\ngallagher also brings bighead to the office every day , so dowling and everyone else gets to see him on a regular basis .\n\u201che\u2019s ridiculously spoiled because he gets carried all over the place , \u201d dowling said . \u201cpeople are just constantly picking him up and carrying him around and taking him to different meetings . he\u2019s a very sweet , social little guy . he\u2019s definitely the office darling . \u201d\nto see more pictures of bighead and his adopted brothers , you can follow his instagram page . if you\u2019re interested in getting a dog from humane society silicon valley , check out their adoption listings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1597, "summary": [{"text": "bacteridium bermudense is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species remains within the bacteridium genus of gastropods , with the exception of the other three related species being bacteridium carinatum , bacteridium resticulum and bacteridium vittatum . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "bacteridium bermudense", "paragraphs": ["a shell image ( reproduced below as fig . 4 ) putatively ( and incorrectly ) captioned bacteridium resticulum as treated by the world\n* these two genera , ebala and bacteridium , while not very closely related phylogenetically have\nastonishingly similar shells\nand can only be distinguished by the presence of a bizarre\njaw apparatus\ncharacteristic of the murchisonellids ( war\u00e9n , 1994 ) .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nm\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1875 ) . synopsis molluscorum marinorum indiarum occidentalium imprimis insularum danicarum . malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter , 22 : 142 - 184 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 169 [ details ]\ncareliopsis octona sensu jong and coomans , 1988 ( 131 ; sp . no . 680 ; pl . 21 , fig . 680 ) not turbonilla ( eulimella ) [ sect . stylopsis ] octona of guppy in guppy and dall , 1897 ( 317 ; pl . 27 , fig , 6 )\nebala resticula sensu deng , 2011 ( 165 - 166 ; sp . no . 638 ; figs . 638 ) not eulimella ( stylopsis ) resticula of dall , 1889 ( 338 [ unfigured ] ) ; see fig . 2 below .\nsensu redfern , 2013 ( 246 ; sp . no . 693 ; figs . 693a , b ) not\nof dall and bartsch , 1911 ( 279 ; pl . 1 , fig . 4 ) ; see fig 3 below\n, eulimella , stylopsis , or turbonilla to which they ' d been variously assigned over the years .\nhowever , a review of absal\u00e3o and pimenta ( 2001 : 43 ; figs . 1 - 4 ) confirms redfern ' s position as well as the synonymy of turbonilla bartschi aguayo and rehder , 1936 based on figures of their respective holotypes .\nthat ' s not all : while the brazilian workers found no spiral sculpture on the holotypes of these two taxa , they did on the holotype of turbonilla ( stylopsis ) octona guppy in guppy in dall , 1897 and synonymized it with eulimella ( stylopsis ) resticula dall , 1889 refuting two or the three original descriptions above . all the preceding observations demonstrate the folly of total reliance of original descriptions ( and figures ) in proper taxonomy !\nredfern ( loc . cit . , sp . 694 ; 5 figures ) also treats an un - named ebala , which species appears to be identical to pliocene material from the pinecrest beds of the upper tamiami formation , sarasota co . , fl . see <\n> , where the image of a recent specimen of e . resticula is also posted .\ndall , w . h . , 1889 . reports on the results of dredgings , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer ' blake . ' bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40 . 8 june .\ndall , w . h . and p . bartsch . 1911 . new species of shells from bermuda . proceedings of the united states national museum 40 ( 1820 ) : 277 - 288 , pl . 35 . 8 may .\ndejong , k . m . and h . e . coomans , 1988 . marine gastropods from cura\u00e7ao , aruba and bonaire . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands 69 : 1 - 261 , 47 pls deng yan zhang , 2012 . antiguan shallow - water seashells a collection with 18 years study and research of shoreline shells from antigua and west indies . mdm publishing , wellington , fl . xi + 1 - ( 211 ) . + 22 item errata sheet . march .\nguppy , r . j . l and w . h . dall , 1896 descriptions of fossils from the antillean region . proceedings of the united states national museum 19 : 303 - 331 , pls . 27 - 30 .\nm\u00f6rch , 1875 ( gastropoda : pyramidellidae ) from the east coast of south america .\n. bahamianseashells . com , inc : boca raton , fl . 501 pp .\nwar\u00e9n , a . , 1994 systematic position and validity of ebala gray , 1847 ( ebalidae fam . n . , pyramidelloidea , heterobranchia . bollettino malacologico 30 ( 5 - 9 ) : 203 - 210 . 30 nov . <\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fowwowing 22 pages are in dis category , out of 22 totaw . this wist may not refwect recent changes ( wearn more ) .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 16 )\n\u00bb species turbonilla ( dunkeria ) eritima e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as turbonilla eritima e . a . smith , 1890 ( basionym )\nspecies turbonilla abrupta clessin , 1902 accepted as turbonilla nesiotes pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla abrupta bush , 1899 ; t . nesiotes is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla acosta bartsch , 1919 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata ( e . a . smith , 1875 )\nspecies turbonilla albella a . adams , 1861 accepted as turbonilla orientica corgan , 1970 ( non lov\u00e9n , 1846 )\nspecies turbonilla angusta gabb , 1873 \u2020 accepted as turbonilla angustula pilsbry & johnson , 1917 \u2020 accepted as chemnitzia angustula ( pilsbry & johnson , 1917 ) \u2020 ( invalid : treated by pilsbry & johnson as a secondary homonym of turbonilla angusta ( carpenter , 1864 ) ; t . angustula is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla antiqua p . marshall , 1919 \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020\nspecies turbonilla areolata a . e . verrill , 1873 accepted as turbonilla interrupta ( totten , 1835 )\nspecies turbonilla awamoaensis p . marshall & murdoch , 1921 \u2020 accepted as eulimella awamoaensis p . marshall & murdoch , 1921 \u2020\nspecies turbonilla bathyraphe g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 accepted as peristichia bathyraphe ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( original combination )\nspecies turbonilla bella dall & bartsch , 1906 accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla cancellata w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as pyrgiscus altenai van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla cancellata holmes , 1860 ; pyrgiscus altenai is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla candida de folin , 1870 accepted as syrnola etiennei ( dautzenberg , 1912 ) ( preoccupied by turbonilla candida a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla corintoensis [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla corintonis hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 ( misspelling )\nspecies turbonilla cornelliana ( newcomb , 1870 ) accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla decussata pease , 1861 accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla elegans verrill , 1872 accepted as turbonilla elegantula a . e . verrill , 1882 ( preoccupied by turbonilla elegans d ' orbigny , 1841 )\nspecies turbonilla elegantula ( a . adams , 1860 ) accepted as asmunda elegantula ( a . adams , 1860 )\nspecies turbonilla elongata castellanos , 1982 accepted as turbonilla zulmae pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla elongata pease , 1861 ; t . zulmae is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla evermanni baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 accepted as murchisonella evermanni ( baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 ) ( original combination )\nspecies turbonilla formosa verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 accepted as turbonilla bushiana a . e . verrill , 1882 ( preoccupied by chemnitzia formosa klipst , 1856 and turbonilla formosa vincent and rutot , 1879 )\nspecies turbonilla gracillima gabb , 1865 accepted as chemnitzia gabbiana j . g . cooper , 1867 accepted as turbonilla gabbiana ( j . g . cooper , 1867 ) ( junior secondary homonym of chemnitzia gracillima carpenter , 1857 ; chemnitzia gabbiana is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla grossa j . t . marshall , 1894 accepted as turbonilla sinuosa ( jeffreys , 1884 ) ( synonym )\nspecies turbonilla hampdenensis finlay , 1927 \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020\nspecies turbonilla hampdenensis r . s . allan , 1926 \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020\nspecies turbonilla helena thiele , 1925 accepted as turbonilla indonesiae van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla helena semper , 1861 and t . helena bartsch , 1915 ; turbonilla indonesiae is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla hemphilli bartsch , 1917 accepted as turbonilla vix pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla hemphilli bush , 1899 ; t . vix is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla hoecki [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla hoeki dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ( misspelling )\nrisso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe m\u00e9ridionale et particuli\u00e8rement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 224 [ details ]\nrobba e . ( 2013 ) tertiary and quaternary fossil pyramidelloidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 144 : 1 - 191 . [ april 2013 ] [ details ]\n( of turbonilla ( turbonilla ) risso , 1826 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( cylindriturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( cyrtoturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of dunkeria carpenter , 1857 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( graciliturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( chemnitzia ) d ' orbigny , 1839 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of chemnitzia d ' orbigny , 1840 ) landau b . m . & lafollette p . i . ( 2015 ) . the pyramidellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the miocene cantaure formation of venezuela . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 13 - 54 . note : genus treated as valid [ details ]\nnew marine mollusks from cuba memorias de la sociedad cubana de historia natural 9 263 - 268 , pl . 24 . [ stated date : 13 jan 1936 . ]\nnew species of shells from bermuda proceedings of the united states national museum 40 ( 1820 ) 277 - 288 , pl . 35 . [ stated date : 08 may 1911 . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 1606, "summary": [{"text": "amastra elongata was a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family amastridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to o\u02bbahu . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "amastra elongata", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .\nextinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis species was originally described from oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ncaum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .\njohnson , r . i . 1996 . types of land and freshwater mollusks from the hawaiian islands in the museum of comparative zoology , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 155 ( 4 ) : 159 - 214 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 1609, "summary": [{"text": "the brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi ) is a species of grunt native to the atlantic waters off brazil , where it can be found at depths of 9 to 12 m ( 30 to 39 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach 15.1 cm ( 5.9 in ) in sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "brownstriped grunt", "paragraphs": ["brownstriped grunt anisotremus moricandi - / animals / aquatic / fish / g / grunt / brownstriped _ grunt _ _ anisotremus _ moricandi . png . html\nthe brownstriped grunt primarily inhabits rocky reefs in shallow , turbid water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - brownstriped grunt\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - brownstriped grunt\ntitle =\narkive photo - brownstriped grunt\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi )\ntitle =\narkive species - brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nbrownstriped grunt\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - brownstriped grunt facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nthe primary threat to the brownstriped grunt is habitat degradation , with recreational activities , high sedimentation rates from runoff , and pollution all contributing to a decline in the quality of this species\u2019 reef habitat ( 3 ) . although not of commercial importance ( 2 ) , the brownstriped grunt is taken incidentally in other fisheries and is being increasingly caught for the marine aquarium trade ( 3 ) .\nfacts summary : the brownstriped grunt ( anisotremus moricandi ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : brazil , colombia , panama , venezuela .\nthere are currently no known conservation measures in place for the brownstriped grunt , but specific recommendations have been made for the protection of its reef habitat , through the designation of marine protected areas , and the regulation of its exploitation . in addition , owing to the paucity of information available on this species , further research into its ecology and population parameters is considered a high priority ( 3 ) .\nthe brownstriped grunt appears to be a nocturnal species , spending considerable time during the day hidden in reef crevices ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . although it was originally thought to be solitary ( 4 ) , observations have been made of this species in small groups comprising up to 12 individuals ( 3 ) . its diet is poorly known , but analyses of stomach contents indicate an omnivorous diet that includes crabs , gastropods , polychaete worms and algae ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nalthough the brownstriped grunt was discovered as long ago as 1842 , very little is known about this reef fish , having been misidentified on several occasions prior to its eventual rediscovery in 1982 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it is a relatively small species of anisotremus , with a deep , compressed body . the head and body are primarily dark - brown in colour , with six narrow whitish - gold , horizontal stripes , giving the converse impression of six wide brown stripes , hence the common name . the pelvic fins are black , while the other fins are light yellow ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . all species in the family haemulidae are known as grunts because of the noise they make by grinding their well - developed pharyngeal teeth together ( 5 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 2 june 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 june 2015 ) .\nanderson , w . , claro , r . , cowan , j . , lindeman , k . , padovani - ferreira , b . , rocha , l . a . & sedberry , g .\ncomeros - raynal , m . , linardich , c . & polidoro , b .\njustification : this species was previously assessed as endangered in 1996 under vers 2 . 3 criteria ( 1994 ) , it is now known to be relatively widespread on the atlantic coast of south america and brazil . there is currently little evidence of population declines from fishing . it can be very common in brazil which corresponds to at least 50 % of its range and it is not heavily fished . export prohibition is in place in brazil for the ornamental trade . it is listed as least concern . the species is associated with hardbottom habitats and could incur local impacts in the event of loss of hardbottom or associated coral habitats .\n1999 , dias 2007 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is 2 - 12 m .\nthis species is common in parts of its range . for example , it is very common in northeastern and eastern brazilian coastal reefs ( dias 2007 , chaves et al . 2010 , l . a . rocha pers . comm . 2015 ) and in the espirito santo state . this species has shown significant differences in abundance at two reef sampling locations in brazil ( 5 % frequency / 0 . 6 % abundance ) on a reef visited frequently by recreational boaters and tourists ; ( 18 . 33 % frequency / 1 . 34 % abundance ) in a reef not frequently visited by recreational boaters and tourists ( medeiros et al . 2007 ) . it is rare and appears only in spotty localities where it ranges outside brazil in the southern caribbean ( j . tavera and a . acero pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthis species is typically found in association with hardbottom reef habitats . although this species has been thought to avoid blue - water insular conditions , with a preference for turbid waters , recent observations have shown this species to remain in environments that experience seasonal fluctuations in turbidity due to rain ( dias 2007 ) . this species has been observed in tropical coastal rock reef tidepools ( cunha et al . 2008 ) . this species is often solitary and nocturnal , frequenting reef crevices during daylight . however , it also exhibits diurnal and gregarious habits , mixing with other haemulid species or schooling with conspecifics ( nunes and sampaio 2006 ) . gut content analysis from one individual revealed the digested remains of crabs , filamentous algae , gastropod shells and polychaete worms ( acero and garzon 1982 ) .\nin some coastal areas of brazil , this species is used as food by small - scale fishers and it is caught by spearfishing , net fishing , and hook and line ( dias 2007 ) . this species does not appear to be a main target , neither for commercial or artisanal fisheries in the states of bahia and paraiba , brazil ( nunes and sampaio 2006 ) . this species is not highly commercially exploited in northeastern brazil ( nunes and sampaio 2006 , dias 2007 ) . the species has been cited as experiencing substantial fishing pressure in the guarapari islands , brazil ( floeter et al . 2006 ) , but there is little empirical evidence of this pressure ( l . rocha pers . comm . 2011 ) . it is a minor component of the aquarium trade ( gasparini et al . 2005 ) .\nanisotremus moricandi is of relatively minor commercial importance and is rarely targeted . there are no major threats from fisheries . populations can be impacted by human activities in coastal areas , both on reefs and in tidepool habitats ( dias 2007 ) . unregulated recreational boating and tourist activity on reefs has been shown to negatively affect abundance of this species on reefs ( medeiros et al . 2007 ) . high sedimentation rates coming from land discharges of pollutants that reach coastal reefs may also negatively affect this species ( hodgson 1999 ) . additionally , tidepools may be impacted by development in the coastal zone ( cunha et al . 2008 ) .\nit has been suggested that strategies to conserve a . moricandi populations in ne brazil should place strong emphasis on the conservation of their habitats , especially the biogenic coastal reefs ( nunes and sampaio 2006 , dias 2007 ) . in brazil , this species is not included in the list of species that can be exported , protecting this species from ornamental trade exploitation . since the listing , there has been been an increase in the number of brazilian reef fish studies over the past decade , many of which have cited this and other endangered brazilian species as reasons to establish and monitor marine protected areas ( chaves et al . 2010 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nanderson , w . , claro , r . , cowan , j . , lindeman , k . , padovani - ferreira , b . , rocha , l . a . & sedberry , g . 2015 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t1308a115056181 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , anisos = unequal + greek , trema , - atos = hole ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 9 - 12 m ( ref . 40101 ) . tropical ; 10\u00b0n - 16\u00b0s , 82\u00b0w - 34\u00b0w\nwest atlantic : panama , colombia , aruba , orchilla island ( venezuela ) and brazil .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40101 )\nhilton - taylor , c . , 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . xviii + 61 p . ( with 1 cd - rom ) . ( ref . 36508 )\n) : 27 - 28 . 3 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 106 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 00743 - 0 . 03541 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\na seemingly discontinuous distribution in the western atlantic , with records from the coasts of panama , aruba , columbia , orchila island ( venezuela ) , and brazil , from cear\u00e1 to espirito santo ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nacero , p . a . and garz\u00f3n , f . j . ( 1982 ) rediscovery of anisotremus moricandi ( perciformes : haemulidae ) , including a redescription of the species and comments on its ecology and distribution . copeia , 1982 ( 3 ) : 613 - 618 .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ngastropods a group of molluscs that have a well - defined head , an unsegmented body and a broad , flat foot . they can possess a single , usually coiled , shell or no shell at all . includes slugs , snails and limpets . nocturnal active at night . omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals . pharyngeal to do with the pharynx or throat . polychaete worms polychaeta means \u2018many bristled\u2019 ; this class of worms are segmented and bear many \u2018chaetae\u2019 ( bristles ) .\ncarpenter , k . e . ( 2002 ) the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 3 : bony fishes . part 2 ( opistognathidae to molidae ) , sea turtles and marine mammals . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome .\ndias , t . l . p . ( 2007 ) what do we know about anisotremus moricandi ( teleostei : haemulidae ) , an endangered reef fish ? . biota neotropica , 7 ( 2 ) : 317 - 319 .\nacero , p . a . and garz\u00f3n , f . j . ( 1982 ) rediscovery of anisotremus moricandi ( perciformes : haemulidae ) , including a redescription of the species and comments on its ecology and distribution . copeia , 1982 ( 3 ) : 613 - 618 .\ncampbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .\nurltoken urltoken inc . 77 - 6425 kuakini hwy . ste c2 - 200 kailua kona , hi 96740 usa info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nwant to help save endangered species , but don ' t have a lot of money to donate ? there are actually a lot of creative ways you can help endangered species , even if you are an individual and not a funded organization . we ' ve put together a list of ways you as an individual can help save endangered species .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00a92008 - 2014 xavier cortada . all text content , videos , and images are the property of xavier cortada .\nany reproductions , revisions or modifications of this website without expressed consent of xavier cortada is prohibited by law ."]}
{"id": 1622, "summary": [{"text": "lichine ( foaled 5 may 1979 ) was an american-bred , french-trained thoroughbred racehorse who sold for a record-setting $ 1.7 million ( $ 4.9 million inflation adjusted ) as a yearling in 1980 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "although he never threatened to repay his auction price , he was a useful racehorse , winning the listed prix de suresnes as a three-year-old and finishing placed in several group races . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "lichine ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["lichine ( 1979 ) \u2013 sold for record - setting $ 1 . 7 million at keeneland sales in july 1980 [ 3 ]\ngr1 , gr1 pl x2 , gr2 , gr2 pl , gr3 x2 , l pl . horse of the year\nmanila ( 1983 ) \u2013 won the 1986 breeders ' cup turf , was voted u . s . champion male turf horse , and was ranked the best long - distance turf horse in american racing history by steve davidowitz of daily racing form\nlyphard was the damsire of hatoof , winner of the 1992 1 , 000 guineas and the 1994 u . s . champion female turf horse . lyphard was also the grandsire of 1993 epsom derby winner commander in chief . among his other descendants are deep impact , japan ' s horse of the year in 2005 & 2006 , and the no . 1 ranked horse in the world in 2006 , invasor .\nnigrita ( lichine ) . 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m in germany , bremen suchard sprint cup , l , 2d munich grosser sprint preis , l . dam of -\nthe prieur\u00e9 - lichine vineyard , created in the 12th century by the former benedictine monks or\nprieurs\n( superiors ) of cantenac , was awarded on several occasions from 1444 . in 1745 , the cru was classified third growth of margaux and cantenac by the bordeaux royal administration and in 1855 the prieur\u00e9 growth was promoted to the rank of fourth classified growth . in 1951 , alexis lichine took over ch\u00e2teau prieur\u00e9 - cantenac .\nhis dam glorious song was canadian horse of the year & north american champion and she produced jet master\u2019s sire rakeen , leading sire rahy and of course the great singspiel .\ndespite fertility problems and a premature death he was the sire of 13 gr1 winners and 6 champions including horse of the year moon ballad who also won the dubai world cup .\nheerman arrived in kentucky at a time when sales would skyrocket . one year after lichine set a record at $ 1 . 7 million , the sale - topper at keeneland july more than doubled in price . in 1985 , seattle dancer sold at that sale for $ 13 . 1 million .\nas in previous years , a panel of experts reports post - gallops on what they saw . the amazing thing is how these experienced horsemen ( where were the horse - women , mick ? ) differ in opinion .\nseptember 5 , 2014 in \u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605\u2605 \u2655 , bugs bunny , merrie melodies , warner bros . films | tags : 1957 , backgrounds , bugs bunny , chuck jones , david lichine , elmer fudd , maurice noble , michael maltese , opera , richard wagner , tatania riabouchinska , what ' s opera doc | 1 comment\nmiesque\u2019s approval ( miesque\u2019s son ) lightly raced middle distance winner ( 46 ) faerie gold ( eton lad ) is full sister to zim horse of the year goldie , their dam a multiple stakes winner . the 2yo on offer is a colt .\nin 1980 , the year nureyev was named champion miler in france , niarchos again purchased yearlings in kentucky . this time his expenditures included a record $ 1 . 7 million for french stakes winner lichine , a son of lyphard - - stylish genie ; and $ 45 , 000 for stakes winner pasadoble , a filly by prove out\u2014santa quilla .\nallowed to pick a shortlist of three fillies and three colts , the eight - man strong panel came up with seventeen different fillies and thirteen different colts \u2013 nineteen of the thirty selections had only one vote ! the old adage \u2018it\u2019s difference of opinion that makes horse racing\u2019 still holds true .\nhis success in the horse business , producing good race horses and doing well at the sales , gave him the greatest satisfaction in his life ,\nleslie heerman said .\nhe found great pleasure in literature and fine sporting art , good wine , antiques , splendid cars , and well - bred dogs ; but his first love was the horse .\nheerman said her father enjoyed working with industry leaders like george f . getty ii , paul hexter , w . t . young , patsy pope , paul little , mervyn leroy , anne jackson , connie ring , and many others .\nbut heerman eventually returned his focus to kentucky and in 1973 with partner susan proskauer purchased buck pond farm in versailles , ky . spectacular bid , dual classic winner in 1979 and horse of the year in 1980 , was born at buck pond in 1979 . heerman acted as agent when spectacular bid sold as a yearling .\ni think the horses miesque met today were better than last year but she was fresher than last year and that could have made a difference ,\nboutin added .\nmiesque is not the best horse i have trained but definitely the most constant and easiest to train as a champion because she is so regular .\ntale of the cat ( storm cat ) unraced us - bred mare ( 66 ) hampton rover ( miswaki ) is half sister to four winners out of australian horse of the year research . the mare has produced two multiple winners ( from 2 runners ) and has a 2yo half brother to those . the youngster is inbred 3\u00d73 to mr prospector .\nthe animation is outstanding throughout , especially in the ballet and love duet between bugs and elmer . indeed , for the ballet sequence the animators studied tatania riabouchinska and david lichine from the original ballet russe , and there\u2019s a genuine seriousness about this scene . yet , the main attraction of the cartoon lies in maurice noble\u2019s extreme background layouts and bold color designs . especially when elmer gets furious , there is a startling emotional use of colors that has not been seen on the animated screen since \u2018 bambi \u2018 ( 1942 ) .\nit ' s true that i was fearing very much the soft ground for the filly ,\nboutin ' s daughter translated after the race ,\nbut even though it rains a lot here , the ground remains much drier than it would in europe . the horse i was fearing the most was warning . i respect warning very much , but i knew that warning wouldn ' t like it ( the rain - soaked turf ) either .\nthe opening sequence , with elmer casting a mighty shadow is a straight homage to \u2018the night on bold mountain\u2019 sequence from \u2018fantasia\u2019 ( 1940 ) , while the shots of bugs being dressed as br\u00fcnnhilde and riding an oversized horse are retaken from \u2018herr meets hare\u2019 from 1945 ( which , like \u2018what\u2019s opera , doc ? \u201d was also penned by michael maltese ) . in this sense the cartoon is as much a homage to animation history as it is to opera .\ndylan thomas ( danehill ) what a horse ! this sire was champion 3yo and older horse , won a derby , the king george and the arc , and rated 132 with timeform . his first crop are 2yo\u2019s in uk in 2011 , and includes aiden o\u2019brien\u2019s highclass furner\u2019s green ( rated 113 ) , who placed in the gr1 irish national stakes . from his first australian crop comes the 2yo filly out of multiple gr1 placed sprint / miler ( 97 ) madonna ( rigoletto ) . the mare has three winners to date , of which one is in turn the dam of a stakes placed multiple winner . the female line is irish , going to multiple classic placed arkadina ( half sister to the dam of successful sire elusive quality ) . interesting pedigree make - up , and one to note . so , too , apparently thought ready - to - run panellist mike de kock : he added her to his shortlist .\nthirty - three years ago , when nashua was acquired through sealed bid by a syndicate headed by leslie combs ii for a record $ 1 , 251 , 200 , niarchos was an underbidder . the following year , on jan . 6 , 1956 , niarchos bought nashua ' s dam at auction for a record $ 126 , 000 . the late humphrey s . finney , agent for niarchos , opened the bidding on segula at $ 100 , 000 . he was immediately engaged in a bidding duel by ohio harness horse breeder walter michaels , but finney won .\nfor two years in a row , the sale has produced equuschampions . sale graduates have an opportunity to compete for a prize of r2 million early in their 3yo career \u2013 in that ready - to - run race now is the third richest race in the land , and there only are 185 tickets in the draw . when you buy at the sale , you get special payment deals . your horse is properly broken in , and you are already ahead on the cost of keep compared to buying a yearling . add all that up , and you\u2019d be a fool not to bid , come the first sunday in november .\ntwo opinions are worth noting . mike de kock says he likes to see the horses move , but in the end it\u2019s at the sale when real decisions are made , based on conformation , pedigree , and his team\u2019s opinions . american visitor kip elser , certainly an expert on the ready - to - run concept in his country , added an interesting view . \u201ceyes\u201d , he said , \u201ccan be deceiving . \u201d what he meant was that a horse that strides out well and seems to be going fast may in reality not be going as fast as it seems . conversely , an easy galloper who seems to be loafing may actually be going much faster than it seems . you need a stopwatch to note the differences . and even then the difference between great , good , and moderate is measured in fractions of a second . kip , needless to say , was the only expert with a stopwatch at the gallops .\nhussonet ( mr prospector ) american bred mare ( 95 ) colonial dancer ( pleasant colony ) has 2 winners in aus , and is represented here by a half brother . the mare is bred on the his majesty x danzig affinity cross . the youngster was sold as a weanling for a $ 30 . 000 and went at the same price as a yearling last january . the filly out of aus mare ( 88 ) charybdis ( royal academy ) is a half sister to singapore\u2019s 2007 horse of the year why be , who won 19 . the youngster was bought as a weanling in 2006 , for a $ 67 . 000 . winning american mare ( 57 ) thursday island ( sky classic ) is a half sister to khumba mela , a gr3 winner in fr & usa , who bred a french stakes winner . the colt on offer is half brother to a winner in korea . bred on the mr prospector x nijinsky affinity cross ( 2x3 ) , he was bought last january for a $ 24 . 000 .\ncataloochee ( al mufti ) winning sprinter ( 53 ) gavelette ( albarahin ) is half sister to three winners , incl gr3 placed stakes winner nondweni . the 2yo filly is her second foal , and is inbred to roberto ( sire of al mufti and of silver hawk ) . twice winning sprinter ( 98 ) mafaatin ( fahal : 1r / 1w ) is half sister to the stakes placed dam of an english gr3 placed stakes winner ( rated 118 ) . the 2yo offered is a colt . six - time winning sprinter ( 62 ) greet the greek ( lichine ) has produced six winners to date , from a variety of sires . she has a 2yo colt here . this is the female line also of leading us 2yo of 2011 , union rags ( grandson of terpsichorist , out of glad rags ) . graeme hawkins identified the colt as a \u2018value\u2019 selection for his shortlist . the colt out of ( 182 ) any dream ( muhtafal : 5r / 1w ) is the first foal of his dam , who is half sister to eight winners , incl guineas winner marlin bay . three - time winning sprinter ( 112 ) national feature ( national assembly : 1r ) hails from the potent agrentine e - family . the mare\u2019s seven winning siblings include gr3 winner russian pioneer . her 2yo filly is a first foal . three - time winning miler ( 28 ) dance on silver ( rambo dancer : 3r / 2w ) is dam of two winners , and comes with a half brother to those . lightly raced ( 119 ) once in a while ( rambo dancer : 3r / 2w ) is half sister to six winners , incl gr2 winner boston blues and gr3 placed amabutho . her 2yo is a filly .\nel prado ( sadler\u2019s wells ) here are three argentine bred 2yo\u2019s by a son of sadler\u2019s wells who was champion 2yo in ireland , and subsequently made champion sire in the usa . he\u2019s a sire of sires to boot , notably of medaglia d\u2019oro . stakes placed multiple winning us sprinter ( 109 ) my american lady ( gold tribute ) has a filly , her first foal . the mare\u2019s dam is half sister to a host of us stakes winners . the youngster was a strong pick at the ready - to - run gallops , especially for us - visitor kip elser . graeme hawkins , jehan malherbe and dean kannemeyer concurred . five - time winning sprint / miler ( 71 ) hopeitsadiamond ( housebuster ) is half sister to winners and dams of winners in the us . her 2yo filly is a first foal . michael roberts picked her out at the gallops . gr3 placed 6 - time winner ( 45 ) exact ( twining ) is dam of winners in italy & canada . the mare is half sister to a stakes winner ( who is dam of a stakes horse ) . her 2yo is a grey filly , which mike de kock shortlisted at the ready - to - run gallops . graeme hakins added her ( optimistically ? ) as a \u2018value\u2019selection .\ntop spin ( 03g , strategic , dalmacia ) . horse of the year & champion older male miler in singapore in 2008 . 15 wins from 1100m to 2000m , 609 , 300rgt . , s $ 2 , 025 , 973 , singapore derby , sgp - 1 , singapore tc kranji mile , sgp - 1 , singapore derby trial , sgp - 2 , singapore 4yo mile , sgp - 3 , chairman ' s trophy , sgp - 3 , three rings trophy , sgp - 3 , selangor tc piala emas sultan selangor , l , singapore tc kranji b s . , panasonic toughbook s . , raffles resort canouan island caribbean h . , progressive s . , progressive h . , initiation p . , novice s . , benchmark 97 h . , 2d singapore tc 3yo challenge ( 1st leg ) , sgp - 3 , open h . , graduation s . , 3d singapore gold cup , sgp - 1 , singapore tc raffles cup , sgp - 1 , 3yo challenge ( 2nd leg ) , sgp - 2 , 3yo challenge ( 3rd leg ) , sgp - 2 , queen elizabeth ii cup , sgp - 2 , perak derby , l , singapore tc kranji a s . , 4th singapore tc patrons ' bowl , sgp - 1 .\ntiger ridge ( storm cat ) five time winning sprinter ( 143 ) seeking the wind ( jallad : 2r / 1w ) is 3 - part sister to gr1 winner divine jury . she\u2019s the dam of five winners , including gr3 placed 5 - time winner martial eagle and a full brother to the 2yo colt on offer . 1400m winner ( 135 ) refined gold ( rich man\u2019s gold : 1r / 1w ) is half sister to three winners by fort wood , including gr3 placed stakes winner loupe . this is the female line of horse chestnut . the 2yo colt is the mare\u2019s second foal . he landed on the shortlist of ready - to - run panellists michael roberts , sean tarry and graeme hawkins . gr2 placed gr3 winner ( 150 ) sporting model ( sportsworld : 7r / 5w ) has produced three winners to date , including a full sister to the 2yo filly on offer . tiger ridge and the mare\u2019s sire sportsworld are from the same female line . two - time middle distance winner ( 153 ) subtle reminder ( zabeel ) is half sister to the dam of new zealand gr1 placed gr2 winner kerry o\u2019reilly , and hails from a gr1 producing us female line . the mare is dam of two multiple winners , one a 9 - timer . on offer a 2yo colt .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nwith a deep , intense and sustained colour , this wine develops very concentrated aromas of dark frand coffee roasting . on the palate , this consequential wine is racy and weighty with supple tannins giving it attractive elegance and a long fruity finish .\nthrough a strict renovation program , this pioneer added new terroirs to his estate and rebuilt the ancient priory home . today it is the safe hands of the ballande group . a new page of its history is being written while new impetus has been injected .\nwine connection is the leading chain of wine shops and wine - themed restaurants in south - east asia . established in 1998 , wine connection has been developing expertise in wine for over 20 years .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nsign up to be the first to learn about new product introductions , restocks and events .\nafter many years in business , i have decided to close bordeaux undiscovered ' s doors and have retired . i would just like to thank all my customers for their support over the years and for all the emails , calls , cards and good wishes i have received . if you need to contact me , please email nick . stephens @ urltoken\nnegresca f , 1993 { 8 - j } dp = 2 - 1 - 13 - 2 - 0 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 12 cd = 0 . 17\none of the most celebrated animated cartoons of all time , \u2018what\u2019s opera , doc\u2019 places the typical elmer fudd - bugs bunny chase routine into the world of wagnerian opera .\nthe cartoon\u2019s masterstroke is that it uses all the cliches of the chase , which go all the way back to the first bugs bunny cartoon \u2018a wild hare\u2019 ( 1941 ) , but that they are carried out in the most serious , wagnerian fashion . the result is ridiculously pompous , mocking wagnerian opera , as well as playing homage to it . milt franklyn\u2019s score quotes music from five wagner operas : \u2018der fliegende holl\u00e4nder\u2019 , \u2018die walk\u00fcre\u2019 , \u2018siegfried\u2019 , \u2018rienzi\u2019 and \u2018tannh\u00e4user\u2019 .\nthe cartoon\u2019s operatic character is emphasized not only by operatic singing , but also by featuring wagnerian magic ( a magic helmet ) , a ballet ( a staple of french opera , but only employed by richard wagner in his very first operas ) , and a sad ending , a cliche of 19th century opera in general . michael maltese provided new lyrics to wagner\u2019s pilgrim chorus from \u2018tannh\u00e4user\u2019 and made it into a rather hollywood musical - like love duet between elmer and bugs .\n\u2018what\u2019s opera , doc ? \u2019 is a brilliant cartoon of pure grandeur and one of chuck jones\u2019s all time masterpieces . what\u2019s most striking is that it was made during the normal grind of a commercial animated cartoon studio . the film took much longer than normal to make , which jones and his unit could only manage to do by cheating on their schedule , stealing time from a much more ordinary short , the road runner cartoon \u2018zoom and bored\u2019 ( 1957 ) .\nthis is bugs bunny cartoon no . 131 to the previous bugs bunny cartoon : piker\u2019s peak to the next bugs bunny cartoon : bugsy and mugsy\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nanimated review a great blog on new and independent animation films , with lots of embedded films .\ncanadian cinephile jordan richardson\u2019s great blog on feature films old and new , including many animated ones .\ncartoon modern amid amidi\u2019s blog on modern design cartoon art from the forties , fifties and sixties .\nlikely looney , mostly merry young steven hartley analyses every warner bros . cartoon in chronological order\ntr\u00e9sor disney an excellent blog on classic disney , if you can read french . contains lots of production artwork .\nthe encyclopedia of disney animated shorts a comprehensive online encyclopedia of every short animated film the walt disney studio ever released .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nlast friday and monday some 150 young thoroughbreds were confronted with the first great excitement of their tender careers : public gallops . experts , self - proclaimed and otherwise , will scrutinize the video footage of those events in the coming week . their object is to decide who can and who can\u2019t , and mark their catalogues before the hammer falls on sunday november 4th . although the gallops will provide the extra information buyers of \u2018normal\u2019 yearlings do not have , a sale is still a sale \u2013horses are still unproven , anything can happen . the three highest earners from last year\u2019s sale weren\u2019t the most expensive by any stretch of the imagination ( see next page ) . that\u2019s why every serious bidder needs to study the printed catalogue as much as the hyped - up dvd . karel miedema has done some of the groundwork , grouping his thoughts by sire .\nalami ( danzig ) ( 21 ) ranavalona ( ankara ) is a half sister to indian ruby , a stakes winner of 7 ; she has a filly inbred 3x3 to northern dancer . this is an interesting family , third dam malagasy coming out of the blue with a bunch of highly talented offspring . the colt out of 7 - time winner ( 145 ) lovely bird ( bog trotter : 2r ) is his dam\u2019s first foal . the mare is half sister to 3 other winners . ( 100 ) crystal keys ( crystal de roche : 2r ) is dam of a winner by shamikh . the mare , who won 3 herself , is a half sister to 2 dams of graded stakes winners , from a strong female line . another daughter of crystal de roche is winning mare ( 144 ) lady shamrock , whose filly is a half sister to 2 winners . the filly out of ( 49 ) summer mistress ( rocky marriage : 7r / 6w ) is the product of a successful sire x broodmare sire combination . the mare is a winning half sister to gr1 winner golden taipan , from a highclass female line . ( 41 ) smokey dreams ( shoe danzig ) is an unraced half sister to three winners out of 4 - time winner blue line . her filly is inbred 2x3 to danzig and should be a 12 / 1400m performer . winning mare ( 143 ) kitty brown ( west man : 1r ) comes from a strong black - type us female line . the mare has five winning siblings and is represented by a filly , her 1st foal .\nalbarahin ( silver hawk ) four - time winner ( 98 ) cornish fair ( jungle warrior ) is the dam of 2 winners to date ( from 3 previous foals ) . she\u2019s from an irish sire producing female line and is represented by a filly here . the first foal of winning mare ( 133 ) hello gorgeous ( national emblem ) is a colt . the mare has 5 winning siblings and comes from an american female line . speed is the recurring theme in the family background of ( 91 ) civil affair ( northern guest : 10r / 4w ) , dam of 2 winners to date from 3 runners . she has a half sister to those . ( 51 ) sun fields ( northfields ) is the dam of 3 winners ( and grandam of another ) . the mare is a daughter of champion race filly grey sun , from a top female line . on offer is a filly . stakes pl 5 - time winner ( 11 ) particular passion ( rambo dancer ) has a filly , her 1st foal . the mare is half sister to 2 other stakes horses , their dam a gr3 pl winner of four races .\nannounce ( n . assembly ) ( 7 ) on the rocks ( icelander ) , winning half sister to gr1 pl gr2 winner sovereign seas , is represented by a colt , her third foal . the grandam is a half sister to guineas winners vistula & muscovy .\ncaesour ( nureyev ) multiple stakes pl stakes winner of 5 races ( 107 ) divine heights ( divine force ) has a colt , her 1st foal . the mare is a half sister to 4 other winners . interesting mating in terms of pedigree elements , and one to take note of .\ncamden park ( ap indy ) three - time winner ( 1 ) nasdaq ( jallad : 1r / 1w ) has a black - type argentinian family background . she\u2019s a half sister to four other winners and has a filly on offer .\ncaptain al ( al mufti ) ( 16 ) private fantasy ( jallad ) has a black - type american female line . the mare is half sister to a us stakes winner of 17 . her colt is a 3rd foal , and half brother to a winner .\nchoctaw ridge ( mr prospector ) stakes placed multiple winner ( 35 ) self made ( thundering force ) is brazilian , and the dam of 3 stakes pl winners there . her colt is a full brother to a 2 - time winner , bred on the notable mr prospector x nijinsky cross ( 2x3 ) .\nclash by night ( conquistador cielo ) ( 77 ) belisha beacon ( complete warrior ) is a daughter of gr1 sprinter sounds of light ( whom the catalogue incorrectly credits with wins up to 1700m ) . the filly on offer is a 2nd foal . three - time winner ( 78 ) bella diva ( eli\u2019s star ) also has her second foal , a filly . the mare\u2019s seven winning siblings include stakes placed bel bimbo . the only previous foal of ( 82 ) call cassie ( gallic league ) is a winner . the mare is a full sister to gr3 pl gallic ring and half sister to 2 stakes performers and to the dam of another . the bottom female line is english . ( 140 ) jarita ( icelander ) is the dam of 2 winners to date , and has a half sister to those on offer . the mare is a daughter of gr1 winner miss averof . ( 142 ) joybird ( kentucky slew ) , winning full sister to a stakes winner and half sister to 2 other black type runners , has a filly , her third foal .\ncopperbelt ( mr prospector ) ( 120 ) fort victoria ( fort wood ) is a daughter of sa oaks winner victoria bay . the colt on offer is the mare\u2019s 2nd foal .\ncrimson tide ( sadler\u2019s wells ) american bred ( 27 ) roswitha ( manila ) scored 2 wins in brazil before going to stud there . the mare is a half sister to 3 stakes performers in the usa , their dam a half sister to sire cormorant . on offer is a filly , full sister to a winner in brazil .\ndanehill dancer ( danehill ) australian mare ( 80 ) biloba ( timber country ) is an unraced half sister to three winners ( one a stakes winner of six , from a black - type american female line . on offer is her first foal , a colt acquired for a $ 32 . 000 last january . he\u2019s inbred 1x3 to danehill . interesting .\ndeep sleep ( rahy ) gr1 pl 4 - time winner ( 104 ) dancer\u2019s choice ( royal prerogative ) is the dam of 5 winners from 7 runners ( two of the winners in turn dams of multiple winners ) . this is a highclass anglo - irish female line . on offer a colt .\ndoowaley ( sadler\u2019s wells ) three - time winner ( 108 ) double deception ( elliodor : 1r / 1w ) is a daughter of gr3 pl stks winner close friend , from a successful female line . the filly offered is her 2nd foal . ( 47 ) starbright ( fluorescent light ) is the dam of two multiple winners , and has a half sister to those . the mare is a winning full sister to stakes winner aura of light and stakes pl brightsight ( dam of stakes filly harem\u2019s secret ) .\ndubai destination ( kingmambo ) winning aus mare ( 125 ) glory days ( bletchingly ) has bred 7 winners to date , incl . gr3 pl stakes winning stayer cockade . the mare\u2019s own dam was runner - up in the gr1 ajc oaks . on offer a colt , acquired for a $ 26 . 000 as a weanling last year .\nfan club\u2019s mister ( mr greely ) ( 30 ) sailor\u2019s token ( golden thatch ) is a winning dam of 3 multiple winners incl . gr2 winner royal mariner . on offer a half brother to those . the colt out of multiple winner ( 105 ) decoder ( northern guest ) is a first foal . the mare is a half sister to another winner ( their dam\u2019s only foals ) , and from an american female line .\nfantastic light ( rahy ) both the previous foals of aus mare ( 22 ) rhianna louise ( woodman ) are winners , one of them stakes pl . the mare\u2019s dam is a half sister to gr1 allan robertson winner sydney\u2019s dream , from a strong black type family . on offer is a colt , acquired for a $ 4k last january \u2013 that was before his stakes pl winning half brother had raced .\nhawk wing ( woodman ) the colt out of 5 - time winning australian mare ( 8 ) onwards ( zeditave ) is a half brother to a 4 - time and 7 - time winner down under . the mare herself is full sister to a gr3 pl winner . the youngster was bought as a weanling last year ( a $ 30 . 000 ) .\nindigo magic ( gone west ) gr2 pl 4 - time winner ( 63 ) vin fizz ( qui danzig ) is the dam of 4 - time winner singles bar . on offer is her third foal , a filly , with an intriguing pedigree in terms of combining elements . the female line is english .\njallad ( blushing groom ) ( 99 ) cousin linda ( badger land : 8r / 5w ) is a winning half sister to 2 gr1 pl stakes winners by jallad . she\u2019s the dam of gr1 pl gr2 winner rebel king and comes with a jallad filly who is 3 - parts related to cousin john and lucy\u2019s lad . she represents paddock value , if nothing else ! ( 43 ) spacious skies ( n . assembly : 21r / 13w / 1sw ) is a winning full sister to gr1 winner ndabeni and 3 - part sister to gr1 winner grand emporium \u2013 among others ! she has a colt , her 2nd foal . take note .\nkitalpha ( mr prospector ) multiple winner ( 130 ) hall\u2019s creek ( hallgate : 1r / 1w ) has had one previous foal to race , a winner . she comes with a half sister . the mare herself is half sister to zim champion summer silence , their dam finefields voted broodmare of the year , north of the limpopo . this is the sun lass female line . ( 97 ) coo\u2019er ( jallad ) is a winning half sister to us gr3 winner stark south . her colt is a first foal , inbred 3x4 to raise a native . ( 84 ) cartron ( northern guest : 2r ) , half sister to gr3 winner beautiful stranger , comes with a half brother to a winner in zim ( 54 ) tantalica ( tilden : 2r / 1w ) is an unraced full sister to 3 stakes winners , two of them voted champions in zimbabwe . her offering is a colt . ( 110 ) dupa dear ( tilden : 2r / 1w ) , full sister to gr2 winner dupa dice and 3 other winners , has a colt , her 1st foal .\nlavery ( royal academy ) winning mare ( 79 ) beyond the call ( braashee : 1r / 1w ) has had one previous foal , the gr2 natal guineas winner dynamite mike . on offer a half sister . three - time winner ( 103 ) dance on silver ( rambo dancer ) is represented by her 1st foal , a filly . the family background is american . six previous foals , 6 runners , 6 winners incl a stakes winner \u2013 that is the record to date of winning mare ( 73 ) amabokoboko ( sunny north ) , who hails from a sire - producing us family . on offer is a colt .\nlondon news ( bush telegraph ) four - time winning mare ( 90 ) chorus line ( jallad : 13r / 7w / 1sw ) has a nz pedigree background . her colt is a 2nd foal , and is bred on an apparently successful sire x broodmare sire cross . the same goes for the colt out of another jallad - mare , ( 115 ) faithful promise , full sister to gr1 runner - up truthofthematter and 2 other multiple winners . nz bred winner ( 134 ) high on life ( zabeel ) is the dam of a winner by jallad . on offer is a half brother . the mare ' s a half sister to the dam ( and grandam ) of stakes horses , from a potent family .\nmanshood ( mr prospector ) ( 129 ) hail to rule ( al mufti : 3r / 2w / 1sw ) is a gr2 placed gr3 winner of six races , and is the dam of four winners to date , all by different sires . on offer is a half brother to those . the mare is a half sister to two black - type producers .\nmodel man ( elliodor ) ( 39 ) sintra ( n . assembly : 5r / 2w ) is an unraced half sister to 3 stakes horses , and to the dam of another . the mare own dam won twice in france . the colt on offer is the dam\u2019s 2nd foal .\nmogok ( storm cat ) gr1 fillies guineas winner bombarda is the dam of ( 65 ) vulcan bomber ( northern guest : 2r / 1w ) . the mare , who is a half sister to 5 winners , has a filly on offer , her 2nd foal .\nnational emblem ( national assembly ) both runners to date for unraced mare ( 124 ) glitz ( coastal : 11r / 5w ) are winners , incl . stakes winner nondweni . on offer is a half brother . ( 62 ) verve cliquot ( northern guest : 36r / 20w / 1sw ) , full sister to very useful mercury rising , is the dam of a winner and has a half sister to that one here . from the same successful sire x broodmare cross comes a filly out of ( 109 ) dress code ( northern guest : 36r / 20w / 1sw ) . the mare , who is a half sister to champion 2yo imperial despatch , has bred two multiple winners from 3 runners to date . gr3 winner of 5 races ( 23 ) ring the changes ( tete a tete ) has made her mark at stud . she\u2019s dam of 10 winners ( two of them dams of winners ) , incl . 2 stakes winners . there\u2019s a half sister on offer this time . ( 67 ) western flash ( west man : 2r / 1w ) is a half sister to 3 stakes performers , one the dam of gr1 winner divine jury . the only runner to date for the mare is a 3 - time winner . on offer a half brother , her 3rd foal .\npissaro ( green desert ) ( 3 ) nerina\u2019s joy ( fard ) is a winning half sister to stakes winner press king , and comes from an american female line . the colt offered is his dam\u2019s first foal . also with her first foal , a filly , is winning mare ( 136 ) hope and glory ( hallgate ) . the mare\u2019s own dam is a half sister to zim champion hachiman and to two dams of stakes winners . winning stayer ( 44 ) splendid chalice ( royal chalice ) is a daughter of sa oaks winner turndor . her filly offered is her second foal .\nportrush ( storm cat ) winning mare ( 53 ) supreme dancer ( qui danzig ) has bred a multiple winner and comes with a half sister to that one .\nrambo dancer ( northern dancer ) five - time winner ( 87 ) celestial flame ( all fired up : 5r ) is the dam of four winners from different sires . on offer is a half sister to those . bred on the same sire x broodmare sire cross is the filly out of multiple winner ( 118 ) fidelity bond ( all fired up : 5r ) . the youngster is a half sister to four winners ( from 4 foals by different sires ) , including gr1 pl sprinter fanyana . ( 96 ) competitive edge ( n . emblem : 2r ) is a winning half sister to 3 winners , two of those with black type . the filly on offer is her dam\u2019s 2nd foal .\nrussian revival ( nureyev ) the filly out of winning mare ( 122 ) free trade ( al mufti : 2r / 1w ) is her dam\u2019s first foal , and inbred 4x4 to hail to reason through the bottom female line of russian revival . that female line has a great record with roberto ( sire here of al mufti , the dam\u2019s sire ) . could be interesting . winning sprinter ( 86 ) catch me ( argosy : 2r / 1w ) is the dam of a winner and comes with a colt , her third foal . all three previous foal of winning mare ( 61 ) veritas ( braashee ) are winners . the female line is black - type american . on offer is a filly . nz bred ( 12 ) passionate love ( college chapel ) has her 2nd foal on offer , a colt . the mare has a black - type european pedigree background . ( 116 ) fast tracks ( desert team : 1r / 1w ) comes from the american female line which gave us home guard and peaceable kingdom . she\u2019s represented by a colt . unraced mare ( 85 ) caspian lady ( rami ) is half sister to 2 dams of graded stakes winners , from the female line of champion wolf power . she\u2019s herself dam of 2 winners and comes with a half sister to those . nz bred mare ( 9 ) oriental queen ( volksraad ) has had 2 runners , both winners , and comes with a half brother to those .\nsecond empire ( fairy king ) three - time winner ( 42 ) south quay ( fine edge ) has seven winning siblings , four of them with black type . she has a colt on offer . ( 127 ) gold index ( golden thatch ) is the dam of 3 winners , including stakes placed etched in gold ( herself dam of a multiple winner ) . she has a half sister to those at this sale .\nshow a heart ( brave warrior ) australian mare ( 37 ) she sizzles ( snippets ) won twice down under before going to stud . she is represented by a colt , her second foal . he was bought as a yearling earlier this year for a $ 30 . 000 .\nsilvano ( lomitas ) ( 68 ) western truth ( west man ) is a winning half sister to gr1 pl truthofthematter and 4 other winners , from a highclass female line . the filly on offer is her 3rd foal .\nslew the red ( red ransom ) the filly out of 4 - time winner ( 119 ) forest edge ( complete warrior ) is the dam\u2019s 2nd living foal . the youngster is inbred to damascus , the pedigree a variation on the cross of another son of roberto ( al mufti ) with complete warrior mares . gr2 pl sprinter ( 15 ) power steering ( golden thatch ) is the dam of 6 winners from 7 runners ( two of them now dams of winners as well ) . she is out of a half sister to gr1 sprinter military song and comes here with a colt . unraced mare ( 114 ) facination ( muhtafal : 1r ) is half sister to two winners , and from an american female line . she has a colt , her first foal . lightly raced mare ( 83 ) cariad ( northern guest ) , a daughter of gr1 pl gr3 winner fastoll , is represented by her 2nd foal , a colt . also lightly raced was mercury rising\u2019s full sister ( 123 ) gamalakhe ( northern guest ) who also comes with a colt , her first foal . all four runners to date for multiple winning mare ( 137 ) how about now ( red ryder ) are winners ( two of them 6 - timers ) . her youngster on offer is a colt . the potent party time female line is represented here by a colt out of ( 154 ) my lady furness ( west man ) . he\u2019s the first foal of his dam .\nstreet cry ( machiavellian ) bound to kick up a storm at this sale is the colt by current world - wide sire sensation street cry , out of aus mare ( 33 ) scenic storm ( scenic ) . she is a half sister to a stakes winner in hong kong , and from a black - type english female line . he was bought as a yearling earlier this year for a $ 14 . 000 .\nsuper magic ( harry hotspur ) two - time winner ( 50 ) summer pud ( badger land : 1r ) , half sister to 3 other winners , comes from an english female line . her filly is a second foal . three - time winner ( 75 ) antiqua ( jungle warrior ) is the dam of a winner . her own dam is half sister to a host of topclass winners . on offer is a colt . ( 112 ) elimina ( the eliminator : 1r / 1w ) , 3 - time winning full sister to gr3 winner final solution , has bred two winners to date . on offer is a half sister to those .\ntale of the cat ( storm cat ) australian mare ( 31 ) santee ( zabeel ) , full sister to the dam of a gr3 winner , is herself the dam of a multiple winner down under . the bottom female line is french . on offer a filly , purchased as a yearling for a $ 50 . 000 .\ntop size ( roy ) unraced brazilian mare ( 149 ) miss scold ( hostage ) is the dam of 5 multiple winners in brazil , 2 of them stakes pl . she comes with a half sister to those .\nwoodborough ( woodman ) three - time winning stayer ( 70 ) yellow peril ( royal flo ) hails from the potent corn - family . she has a filly on offer , her first foal , inbred to 3 - part brothers the minstrel & nijinsky ( 3x4 ) . another multiple winner over ground is ( 46 ) star look ( shoe danzig ) , whose 1st foal ( a colt ) is inbred to mr prospector 3x4\nlyphard ( may 10 , 1969 \u2013 june 10 , 2005 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and an important sire .\namerican bred in pennsylvania , lyphard was a son of northern dancer out of the mare goofed . [ 1 ] he was auctioned as a weanling at november ' s keeneland sales to tim rogers , a horseman from ireland , who then put him up for sale at newmarket in england . there , renowned french trainer and breeder alec head purchased him on behalf of madame germaine wertheimer , widow of the prominent french horseman and owner of the famous house of chanel , pierre wertheimer . germaine wertheimer gave lyphard his name in honor of the ukrainian - born french ballet dancer and choreographer serge lifar .\non the track , lyphard competed in france , ireland , and england , winning six of his twelve starts , including the group one prix jacques le marois and prix de la for\u00eat .\nretired after the end of the 1972 racing season , he was sent to stand at stud at the haras d ' etreham near bayeux in normandy . there , his offspring included the filly durtal ( foaled 1974 ) , who won the cheveley park stakes , plus the colt pharly ( 1974 ) , who won several important races in france , including the group one prix de la for\u00eat , prix lupin and prix du moulin de longchamp .\nmadame wertheimer died in 1974 . in 1978 , lyphard was sent to stand at gainsway farm in lexington , kentucky , where he became famous as the sire of a number of important horses . [ 2 ] in all , he produced 115 graded stakes race winners , including :\njolypha ( 1989 ) \u2013 champion 3 - year - old filly in france , who won the 1992 prix de diane and prix vermeille and was a strong third in that year ' s breeders ' cup classic behind eclipse award champion pleasant tap and the race winner , the future u . s . hall of fame colt a . p . indy\nat maturity , he reached 15 . 2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) high . [ 4 ]\nin 1996 , lyphard was pensioned from stallion duty at age 27 and lived another nine years . he was one of the oldest horses in the world at the time he was humanely euthanized on june 10 , 2005 as a result of the infirmities of his very old age .\namong all the records of foaling and death dates for thoroughbred horses , lyphard is recognized as one of the longest lived ever . at 36 years and 31 days , he is the second longest lived known stallion behind bargain day at 37 years and 17 days ( june 7 , 1965 - june 24 , 2002 ) . other longer lived thoroughbreds include the gelding merrick ( january 25 , 1903 - march 13 , 1941 ) and the supposed australian tango duke legend ( october 8 ( ? ) , 1935 - january 25 , 1978 ) and stop the music ( march 23 , 1970 \u2013 july 8 , 2005 ) .\nthis page was last modified on 11 september 2015 , at 16 : 09 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\non the grand scale of things , the annual ready - to - run sale for 2yo\u2019s is as good as it gets . by far .\nseeing the youngsters gallop in the flesh is a whole new experience ( you can watch them on the summerhill website urltoken ) . this year all horses galloped on their own , being asked to show their mettle over about 400m . they came in all shapes and sizes , some laid - back and experienced , others still as green as grass . the good movers impress , but those that don\u2019t aren\u2019t necessarily inferior \u2013 with time , everything will change .\nin the evaluation of the 2yo\u2019s that follows , the expert\u2019s opinions have been added where appropriate , including some \u2018value\u2019 selections volunteered by graeme hawkins , who pulled a fast one over his fellow panellists , each of which only had three of each sex .\nas usual , karel miedema comments on the pedigrees ( in sire - order ) , while sporting post\u2019s own panel also gives its views on what they saw at the gallops . now all it needs is a bit of courage on your part !\nalphabet soup ( cozzene ) this us - bred sire won the g1 breeders cup classic ( 2000m ) as a 5yo . he\u2019s sire of champion sprinters our new recruit and phantom light in uae and canada , and gr1 filly alphabet kisses in usa . the 2yo colt out of brazilian gr3 winning miler ( 177 ) aliysa ( music prospector ) was foaled in argentina . he\u2019s the first foal of his dam , who raced with success in usa and is full sister to three multiple winners in brazil .\nany given saturday ( distorted humor ) us - bred g1 winning stallion , with his first crop of juveniles in the us in 2011 . the 2yo colt out of unraced ( 121 ) our dizzy raine ( danehill ) was sired in australia , from his first southern hemisphere crop . the youngster is half brother to five winners from a variety of sires , incl a stakes placed filly by galileo .\naussie rules ( danehill ) gr1 winning miler , who won the french guineas and sired four stakes winners in his first crop in 2010 . shuttled to australia , where his first crop includes the 2yo filly out of unraced ( 99 ) mariana sunset ( fantastic light ) . she\u2019s the second foal of her dam , who is a daughter of multiple gr1 winner juanmo . the latter is by flying spur , like aussie rules a son of danehill , giving the youngster a double of that champion sire .\nblack minnaloushe ( storm cat ) twice - winning miler ( 185 ) arrester bed ( jet master ) is half sister to two dams of stakes winners , out of gr1 winner saintly lady . the 2yo filly is her dam\u2019s first foal . six - time winning miler ( 129 ) princess polly ( royal chalice ) is half sister to champion young rake and six other winners , three of which are dams of stakes performers . the youngster is half sister to a winner . gr3 winning sprinter ( 170 ) wendys ( victory speech ) is a daughter of argentine champion sprinter wally . she\u2019s half sister to two dams of graded stakes horses in her country of birth . the 2yo on offer is a colt , who appears on the shortlist of ready - to - run panellist joey ramsden .\ncaesour ( nureyev ) the sire x dam combination of caesour and ( 23 ) colombe d\u2019or ( elliodor : 15r / 10w / 1sw ) has so far given four winners , incl stakes placed 7 - timer roman eagle . the mare also has a gr2 placed winner by dominion royale and two other winners by sportsworld . grandam kiss of peace , a gr1 winning champion as 3yo , is dam of caesour\u2019s gr2 winning daughter kiss me quick . on offer a 2yo colt ."]}
{"id": 1624, "summary": [{"text": "mandarina luhuana is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this species is endemic to chichi-jima and minami-jima of the bonin islands in japan . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "mandarina luhuana", "paragraphs": ["mollusc specialist group 1996 . mandarina luhuana . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsize : ca . 4 , 3 cm ( shell diameter ) extinction date : ca . 500 a . d . ( ? )\nreferences : - tadashige habe :\nfossil land snails from minami - jima , bonin islands . science reports of the tohoku university , 6 : 51\u201353 . 1973 - isao sarashinaa ; yoshiki kunitomoa ; minoru iijimaa ; satoshi chibab ; kazuyoshi endoa : preservation of the shell matrix protein dermatopontin in 1500 year old land snail fossils from the bonin islands . organic geochemistry , 39 , ( 2008 ) , 1742 - 1746\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\n, you might also need permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nsowerby g . b . ( 1839 ) molluscous animals and their shells ( by gray j . e . , continued by sowerby g . b . ) . in : beechey f . w . ed . the zoology of captain beecheyls voyage to the pacific and behring ' s straits , p . 103 - 155 , h . g . born , london , p . 143 , p . 35 , fig . 4 .\nthis page was last edited on 29 march 2018 , at 00 : 42 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sunmedia < / portalid > < sessionid > tnrpewxzd6jf . x - sunmedia - live - 01 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 188 . 172 . 255 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531159031607 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > recommendtolibrary < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >"]}
{"id": 1631, "summary": [{"text": "hemipsilichthys papillatus is a species of loricariid catfish endemic to brazil , where it is restricted to the rio preto , a tributary of the para\u00edba do sul , in the southeastern states of minas gerais , rio de janeiro and s\u00e3o paulo .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 9.2 centimetres ( 3.6 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hemipsilichthys papillatus", "paragraphs": ["type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589083 . jpg [ 2834575 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm dorsal full body copyright\u00a9eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589085 . jpg [ 1394738 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm lateral full body copyright\u00a9eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589087 . jpg [ 2186579 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm ventral full body copyright\u00a9eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589084 . jpg [ 1963807 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm lateral close - up copyright\u00a9eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589086 . jpg [ 1765936 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm ventral close - up copyright\u00a9eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 589082 . jpg [ 2352753 ] approved = yes submission by : baena , eduardo on 2010 - 05 - 11 photographed by : baena , eduardo hemipsilichthys papillatus mzusp 53085 holotype standard length : 90 mm dorsal close - up copyright\u00a9eduardo baena , mzusp . all rights reserved .\npereira , e . h . l . , j . c . oliveira and o . t . oyakawa , 2000 . hemipsilichthys papillatus , a new species of loricariid catfish ( teleostei : siluriformes ) from minas gerais , brazil . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 11 ( 4 ) : 377 - 383 . ( ref . 45132 )\numa nova esp\u00e9cie de loricar\u00eddeo pertencente a subfam\u00edlia neoplecostominae \u00e9 descrita com base em esp\u00e9cimes obtidos das cabeceiras do rio igua\u00e7u , estado do paran\u00e1 , sul do brasil . pareiorhaphis parmula \u00e9 a primeira esp\u00e9cie do g\u00eanero descrita para a bacia do rio paran\u00e1 expandindo a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o do g\u00eanero . se diferencia das demais esp\u00e9cies do g\u00eanero pela presen\u00e7a de uma \u00fanica e pequena placa na regi\u00e3o ventral posterior a abertura branquial e pelo formato de clava do raio indiviso da nadadeira peitoral , estreito na base e alargando - se em dire\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 extremidade do raio em machos adultos . todas as esp\u00e9cies previamente inclu\u00eddas em hemipsilichthys com exce\u00e7\u00e3o de h . gobio , h . papillatus e h . nimius s\u00e3o transferidas para o g\u00eanero pareiorhaphis , que \u00e9 retirado da sinon\u00edmia de hemipsilichthys .\nfor this reason , the new species is described in pareiorhaphis and h . calmoni , h . garbei ihering , 1911 , h . steindachneri , h . regani giltay , 1936 , h . bahianus ( gosline , 1947 ) , h . cerosus miranda ribeiro , 1951 , h . vestigipinnis reis & pereira , 1992 , h . splendens bizerril , 1995 , h . mutuca oliveira & oyakawa , 1999 , h . stephanus oliveira & oyakawa , 1999 , h . nudulus reis & pereira , 1999 , h . azygolechis pereira & reis , 2002 , h . eurycephalus pereira & reis , 2002 , h . hystrix pereira & reis , 2002 , h . hypselurus pereira & reis , 2002 , and h . stomias pereira & reis , 2002 are herein transferred to pareiorhaphis , while hemipsilichthys gobio , h . papillatus , and h . nimius remain as the only valid species in hemipsilichthys .\nh . papillatus is a demersal ( living at or near the bottom of the water body ) species that inhabits small , shallow streams , with clear water and moderate to strong current , and bottoms of rocks , loose stones and gravel . forest and grass is usually present on the margins .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this restricted species is not under any major threat and so has been assessed as least concern . its natural small distribution suggests this species should however , be monitored .\nthis is a severely restricted species found in the rio preto , a tributary of the para\u00edba do sul , southeastern brazil . only known from the type locality and a location next to the type .\nthe para\u00edba do sul basin is today one of the most industrialized areas of brazil but this species would not be impacted in its tributary . the area in which the rio preto flows in relatively unspoilt .\nthere are no conservation measures in place and research into the population trends are required .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , hemi = half + greek , psilos = hairless + greek , ichtys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 45132 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 5 . dorsal series of plates reduced , with no plates in the dorsal series between the dorsal - fin origin and the end of the adipose fin ; both teeth cusps approximately equal in size ( ref . 42856 ) .\nfound in a small , shallow stream , with clear water and moderate to strong current . bottom formed by rocks , loose stones and gravel . forest and grass usually present on the margins ( ref . 45132 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en '\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nneotrop . ichthyol . vol . 3 no . 2 porto alegre apr . / june 2005\nmuseu de ci\u00eancias e tecnologia , pucrs , p . o . box 1429 , 90619 - 900 porto alegre , rs , brazil . e - mail : edson . pereira @ urltoken\nrecent joint collections by mcp and mhnci have resulted in additional material of pareiorhaphis from the upper reaches of the rio igua\u00e7u basin , in the state of paran\u00e1 , southern brazil . the comparison of the recently collected material with other species allowed the recognition of a new species that clearly contrast with all other species of the genus . this species represents the first record of a pareiorhaphis in the rio paran\u00e1 basin and this discovery is an indication that additional new species are likely to be found in other headwater tributaries of the rio paran\u00e1 . in this paper i provide a formal description of that species diagnosing it from the remaining pareiorhaphis species and discuss the reasons for including the new species in the genus pareiorhaphis .\nstandard length is expressed in mm . all other measurements are expressed as percents of standard length , except subunits of the head which are expressed as percents of head length . in the list of type material museum acronym and catalog number come first , followed by the number of specimens in that lot , the number of specimens measured for the morphometric comparisons in parentheses , the range of standard length , locality , date of collection , and collectors . abbreviations used are sl ( standard length ) and hl ( head length ) .\nholotype . mcp 35826 , male , 93 . 3 mm sl ; brazil : paran\u00e1 : lapa : rio igua\u00e7u basin : rio dos patos , tributary to rio da v\u00e1rzea , on road pr - 427 from lapa to campo do tenente , 25\u00ba50 ' 36 . 8\ns 049\u00ba43 ' 39 . 2\nw , 29 oct 2004 , e . h . l . pereira , l . f . duboc , v . abilh\u00f4a , and r . torres . paratypes . brazil : paran\u00e1 : mcp 35827 , 59 + 2 c & s ( 29 ) 45 . 7 - 94 . 5 mm sl and mhnci 10883 , 3 ( 1 ) 59 . 6 - 73 . 6 mm sl ; all collected with the holotype . mcp 35556 , 10 ( 7 ) 39 . 6 - 86 . 5 mm sl ; rio dos patos , tributary to rio da v\u00e1rzea , lapa , 25\u00ba50 ' 38\ns 049\u00ba43 ' 39\nw , 3 jul 2004 , v . abilh\u00f4a & l . f . duboc .\ndiagnosis . pareiorhaphis parmula can be distinguished from all other pareiorhaphis species by having one small plate on each side of the pectoral girdle , just posterior to the gill opening ( vs . abdomen totally naked in all other species ) . the clubshaped pectoral - fin spine , broadening from base to apex on adult males , also distinguishes p . parmula from other pareiorhaphis species with the exception of p . vestigipinnis . from p . vestigipinnis , the new species can be distinguished by having an adipose fin .\npareiorhaphisparmula can be further distinguished from p . vestigipinnis , p . stephane , p . nudula , and p . regani by the longer caudal peduncle ( 34 . 4 - 37 . 9 vs . 27 . 9 - 34 . 0 % sl ) ; from p . eurycephalus , p . hypselurus , p . stomias , and p . splendens by the smaller cleithral width ( 27 . 9 - 31 . 0 vs . 32 . 1 - 40 . 0 % sl ) ; from p . cerosa , p . bahiana , p . azygolechis , and p . mutuca by the smaller caudal peduncle depth ( 8 . 2 - 9 . 2 vs . 9 . 4 - 11 . 7 % sl ) ; from p . garbei , p . calmoni , and p . hystrix by the number of dentary teeth ( 32 - 48 vs . 60 - 89 , 49 - 84 and 42 - 57 , respectively ) ; from p . steindachneri by having the longest hypertrophied odontodes on cheeks of mature males shorter than interor - bital width ( vs . longer than interorbital width ) .\ndescription . counts and proportional measurements presented in table 1 . standard length of measured specimens 43 . 5 to 94 . 5 mm . see fig . 1 for general body aspect . dorsal surface of body covered by plates except for naked area around dorsal fin . body moderately depressed . progressively narrowing from cleithrum to end of caudal peduncle . dorsal profile of body slightly convex , rising from snout tip to origin of dorsal fin and then descending to end of caudal peduncle .\ntrunk and caudal peduncle mostly ovoid in cross - section , slightly flattened ventrally and more compressed caudally . greatest body depth at dorsal - fin origin . least body depth at shallowest part of caudal peduncle . ventral surface of head , region from pelvic - fin insertion to anal - fin origin , and region around anal fin completely naked . abdomen almost totally naked , except for one ( rarely two ) small platelet on each side just posterior to gill opening . plates difficult to see in specimens smaller than 50 mm sl .\ncolor in alcohol . ground color of dorsal surface of body and head dark grey , sometimes light grey , whitish ventrally . dorsum covered by dark blotches . usually these blotches form - ing four irregular diffuse saddles located at origin of dorsal fin , behind dorsal - fin base , on adipose fin , and between adipose and caudal fins . flanks covered by dark gray blotches , irregularly arranged and sized . sometimes posterior half of flanks with roundish spots or indefinite mid - lateral stripe . mature males with fleshy lobes on margin of head light gray . spines of dorsal , pectoral , pelvic , and anal fins plain grayish or with two or three wide dark stripes . branched rays uniformly grayish or with small , dark - brown blotches along entire length , sometimes forming two or three narrow bands . spines and branched rays of pectoral and pelvic fins of mature males with four or five wide dark dots , sometimes formingdarker irregular lines . caudal fin with two or three narrow bands , more visible when fin widely open . fin membranes hyaline . ventral surface between anal - fin origin and posterior portion of lower lip pale yellow or whitish . ventral margin of head , upper lip , and ventral portion of caudal peduncle grayish .\ndistribution . pareiorhaphis parmula is known from the rio dos patos , headwaters of the rio igua\u00e7u in paran\u00e1 state , brazil ( fig . 2 ) .\necological notes . the type locality where all specimens of pareirhaphis parmula were collected , is a small creek flowing through a landscape of mixed open field and forest . the stretch sampled is narrow ( about 2 - 4 m wide ) and shallow ( about 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 m deep ) . the stream bottom was formed of small to medium - sized rocks , loose stones and gravel . the water was clear and moderate to fast flowing . grass or other vegetation is usually present on the margins . the fishes are usually found among the bottom rocks and stones .\netymology . the name parmula is latin , diminutive from parma , meaning small , light shield , in allusion to the small plate located ventrally just behind the gill opening . a noun in apposition .\nthe most distinctive feature of p . parmula is the presence of one small plate on each side of the pectoral girdle , just posterior to the gill opening . the condition present in p . parmula differs from that in all other species of pareiorhaphis which have that region completely naked . among the neoplecostominae other genera with plates on the abdomen are neoplecostomus and isbrueckerichthys . the new species can be distinguished from neoplecostomus by lacking a series of papillae on lower lip after of the dentaries and from isbrueckerichthys by having a predorsal spinelet , always absent in the later . pareiorhaphis parmula represents the first pareiorhaphis species in the paran\u00e1 river basin and an increase in the geographic distribution range of the genus pareiorhaphis .\ni thank roberto e . reis ( mcp ) and paulo h . franco lucinda ( unt ) for comments and suggestions on the manuscript . special thanks to luiz f . duboc , vinicius abilhoa and rodrigo torres for their enthusiastic dedication to field work . jos\u00e9 f . pezzi da silva prepared all figures . this research is partially financed by capes with a doctoral fellowship . fieldwork supported by all catfish species inventory ( nsf deb - 0315963 ) .\narmbruster j . w . 2004 . phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes ( loricariidae ) with emphasis on the hypostominae and the ancistrinae . zoological journal of the linnean society 141 : 1 - 80 .\ngosline , w . a . 1947 . contributions to the classification of the loricariid catfishes . arquivos do museu nacional , 41 : 79 - 134 .\n, eigenmann & eigenmann e generos alliados . revista da sociedade brasileira de sciencias 2 : 101 - 107 .\nmontoya - burgos , j . i . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of the hypostominae ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) with investigations on the phylogeny and evolution of the catfishes . unpublished d . ph . d . thesis , university of gen\u00e8ve .\nmontoya - burgos , j . i . , s . muller , c . weber & j . pawlowski , 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of the loricariidae ( siluriformes ) based on mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . pp . 363 - 374 . in : l . r .\nfrom southern rio de janeiro coastal rivers , southeastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes ) . zootaxa , 285 : 1 - 10 .\ncatfishes ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 148 : 1 - 120 .\n, nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de poisson - chat cuirass\u00e9 du paraguay ( pisces , siluriformes , loricariidae ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 92 ( 4 ) : 955 - 968 .\nuniversidade estadual de maring\u00e1 n\u00facleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / cole\u00e7\u00e3o ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maring\u00e1 , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1639, "summary": [{"text": "the greenthroat darter ( etheostoma lepidum ) is found in found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas ; and in pecos river system in new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it inhabits gravel and rubble riffles , with a preference for spring-fed and vegetated riffles of headwaters , creeks , and small rivers . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "greenthroat darter", "paragraphs": ["hubbs , c . , and k . strawn . 1957 . the effects of light and temperature on the fecundity of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . ecology 38 : 596 - 602 .\nhubbs , c . , a . e . peden , and m . m . stevenson . 1969 . the developmental rate of the greenthroat darter , etheostoma lepidum . amer . midl . nat . 81 : 182 - 188 .\nhubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 ( 1 ) : 56 - 68 .\nin new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) summarized recent survey results . this species was collected annually from bitter creek between 1995\u20131998 but has not been collected from bitter creek / lost river since 1999 . it was collected from the west side spring ditch in the majority of years sampled , including 2007 . sampling at cottonwood creek in 2002 and 2003 found no greenthroat darters ( the channel was filled with vegetation and tumbleweeds ) ; further sampling is needed to determine the current status of the greenthroat darter in this location . no greenthroat darters were collected from the rio penasco in 2007 , but researchers could not access previously sampled sites on private property .\nplatania , s . p . 1980 . etheostoma lepidum ( baird and girard ) , greenthroat darter . pp . 661 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .\n( pflieger 1997 ) ; lepidum : denotes pretty . this darter is a colorful addition to the local fauna ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .\ntotal adult population size is unknown . this darter is common on the edwards plateau in texas , uncommon in new mexico ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nin new mexico , many spring fed tributaries of the pecos river have decreased or ceased to flow since increase in appropriation from the artesian and shallow aquifers ; loss of these habitats led to restriction of greenthroat darters to the few remaining springs with flow ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .\nhubbs , c . , m . m . stevenson , and a . e . peden . 1968 . fecundity and egg size in two central texas darter populations . southwestern naturalist 13 : 301 - 323 .\n. 1990 ) . this darter is most common in riffle areas with rocky , plant - covered surfaces . eggs are laid on vegetation or on any solid substrate including the undersides of rocks ( page 1983 , sublette\npaine , m . d . 1984 . ecological and evolutionary consequences of early ontogenies of darter ( etheostomatini ) . pp . 21 - 30 . in : lindquist , d . g . , and l . m . page ( eds . ) , environmental biology of darters . dr w junk publishers , the hague .\nit is easily confused with the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , which has a less developed banding on the caudal peduncle ; also , the lateral line is almost complete in e . lepidum ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . female hybrids of e . lepidum x e . spectabile are fertile ; males are sterile ( hubbs 1958 ) . most closely related to allopatric rio grande darter ( e . grahami ) of lower pecos river and closely adjacent area ( platania 1980 ) ; e . grahami is deeper bodied ; has many small red ( on male ) or black ( on female ) spots on side of body , red edge on 1 st dorsal fin ( page and burr 1991 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as near threatened because although the extent of occurrence is fairly large and the species is represented by a relatively large number of subpopulations and locations , the area of occupancy may be less than 2 , 000 sq km and habitat quantity and quality are subject to ongoing slow declines . population size is unknown but apparently not particularly small .\nextent of occurrence exceeds 20 , 000 square kilometres and may be roughly 40 , 000 square kilometres .\nthis species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .\ntrend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably slowly declining . regionally , this species faces no immediate danger of extinction ; it persists in much of the historical range in texas and new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration ; status of some populations is precarious ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , several populations were extirpated in historical times , and others may have been reduced in distribution or abundance ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) . in new mexico , davenport and archdeacon ( 2008 ) found this species at all previously sampled sites except bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge . warren\nthe primary threat is habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources ( see new mexico department of game and fish 1996 ) .\n) into the riparian area of bitter creek likely caused the disappearance of this species from bitter creek on the bitter lake national wildlife refuge in new mexico ( davenport and archdeacon 2008 ) .\nthis species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on distribution , abundance , population trend , and threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nrio leona at uvalde , uvalde co . , texas ( baird and girard 1853 ) .\n: color of species is geographically variable ( hubbs 1976 ) . throat blue or green in males ( lost in preservation ) . 10 to 12 body bars . no black spot on upper margin of pectoral fins , no pale longitudinal streak along lateral line , and no large black rectangular blotches present on sides ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .\ndorsum is olive ; belly of male is orange , female yellow to white . 8 - 13 dark green - brown vertical bars along the side ; bars encircle the body posteriorly , anteriorly extending ventrally only onto upper part of the belly . interspaces between bars yellow and speckled with orange . breast and branchiostegal membranes of male are green , those of female white . 3 vertically aligned spots at base of the caudal fin . prominent black pre - and suborbital bars ; postorbital bar reduced to a spot . in the male 1\ndorsal fin has a blue - green margin , clear submarginal band , broad red - orange band , and in some areas of the species\u2019 range a basal blue - green band . the 2\ndorsal and caudal fins have many red - brown spots arranged in concentric bands . pelvic and anal fins mostly blue - green , often have orange or red - orange medially . fins of the female mostly spotted with brown . pelvic fins of both sexes clear . in breeding male , colors of fins are accentuated , breast and branchiostegal membranes bright blue - green , and bright orange blotches contrast with the dark green bars on the side of the body ( page 1983 ) .\n2 anal fin spines ( hubbs et al 1991 ) . page ( 1983 ) lists the following counts for this species : 43 - 67 ( 48 - 55 ) lateral scales , 19 - 42 pored ; scales above lateral line 5 - 7 ( 6 ) ; scales below lateral line 7 - 10 ; transverse scales 12 - 19 ; scales around caudal peduncle 19 - 25 ; dorsal spines 7 - 12 ( 9 - 10 ) ; dorsal rays 8 - 14 ( 10 - 12 ) ; pectoral rays 9 - 14 ( 11 - 12 ) ; anal rays 4 - 9 ( 6 - 8 ) .\nbody cross section oval ; body depth contained in standard length less than five times ; head profile rounded , profile in front of eye less than 45 degrees ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .\nrather small and slender , having a small conical head ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . body deepest under middle of 1\npreopercle smooth or weakly serrate ; upper jaw not extending as far as to below middle of eye ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) .\nu . s . distribution : a disjunct series of populations inhabits tributaries of the pecos river in new mexico ( platania 1980 ; hubbs et al . 1991 )\ntexas distribution : inhabits edwards plateau streams , especially spring - influenced headwaters in the colorado river southward to the nueces river basin ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) list the following drainage units for distribution of etheostoma lepidum in the state : colorado river , san antonio bay ( including minor coastal drainages west of mouth of colorado river to mouth of nueces river ) , nueces river .\npopulations in southern drainages are currently stable ( warren et al 2000 ) . common in texas ( page 1983 ) .\n: scarce or absent from very eurythermal locations ( hubbs 1985 ) . occurs in a variety of non - turbid stream habitats with substrates from bedrock to silt covered ( platania 1980 ) . a typical riffle species occurring over gravel and rubble , especially when aquatic vegetation is present . it also lives in spring areas , sometimes in cool vegetated pools ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) . largest populations occur in vegetated rocky riffles ( strawn 1955 ; hubbs et al . 1953 ;\nhubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . species benthic after hatching ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; paine 1984 ) .\nspawning season : october or november through may , with populations in stenothermal environments having a longer spawning season than those in more eurythermal environments ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ; hubbs 1985 ) . in the colorado river , texas , spawning occurs november \u2013 may ( hubbs 1961a ) ; in the south concho river , texas , spawning occurs october \u2013 may ( hubbs et al . 1968 ) . hubbs ( 1985 ) reported marked drop in reproductive activity when water temperature was raised from 20 to 23 degrees c .\nspawning habitat : eggs laid on vegetation ( strawn 1956 ) , or on the underside of rocks ( hubbs and strawn 1957 ) .\nhubbs and echelle ( 1972 ) reported water supply and habitat problems leading to decline in distribution . species in no immediate danger of extirpation ; however , some populations are in a precarious position ( kuehne and barbour 1983 ) .\n[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes , but is not limited to the following : hubbs ( 1957 ) ; hubbs and hettler ( 1958 ) ; hubbs ( 1960 ) ; hubbs and martin ( 1965 ) ; hubbs 1967 ) . ]\nbaird , s . f . and c . girard . 1853 . descriptions of new species of fishes collected by mr . john h . clark , on the u . s . and mexican boundary survey , under lt . col . jas . d . graham . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 6 ( 7 ) : 387 - 390 .\nevermann , b . w . , and w . c . kendall . 1894 . the fishes of texas and the rio grande basin , considered chiefly with reference to their geographic distribution . bull . u . s . fish comm . 57 - 126 .\nhubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .\nhubbs , c . 1958 . fertility of f\u0131 hybrids between the percid fishes , etheostoma spectabile and e . lepidum . copeia 1958 : 57 - 59 .\nhubbs , c . 1960 . duration of sperm function in the percid fishes etheostoma lepidum and e . spectabile , associated with sympatry of the parental populations . copeia 1960 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .\nhubbs , c . 1961a . developmental temperature tolerance of four etheostomatine fishes occurring in texas . copeia 1961 : 195 - 198 .\nhubbs , c . 1961b . differences in the incubation period of two populations of etheostoma lepidum . copeia 1961 : 198 - 200 .\nhubbs , c . 1967 . geographic variations in survival of hybrids between etheostomatine fishes . bulletin of the texas memorial museum 13 : 1 - 72 .\nhubbs , c . 1976 . a checklist of texas freshwater fishes . rev . ed . tech . ser . tex . parks wildl . dep . 11 . 12 pp .\nhubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin pp . 147 - 167 . in : rare and endangered wildlife of southwestern unites states . new mexico game and fish dept . , santa fe .\nhubbs , c . , and p . s . martin . 1965 . effects of darkness on egg deposition by etheostoma lepidum females . the southwestern naturalist 10 ( 4 ) : 302 - 306 .\nhubbs , c . , and w . f . hettler . 1958 . flutuations of some central texas fish populations . the southwestern naturalist 3 ( 1 / 4 ) : 13 - 16 .\nhubbs , c . , r j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .\nhubbs , c . , r . a . kuehne , and j . c . ball . 1953 . the fishes of the upper guadalupe river . texas journal of science 5 ( 2 ) : 216 - 244 .\nkuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . the university press of kentucky . lexington . 177 pp .\npage , l . m . 1983 . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , ltd . , neptune city , nj . 271 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . 372 pp .\nstrawn , k . 1955 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part i . aquarium journal 26 : 408 - 412 .\nstrawn , k . 1956 . a method of breeding and raising three texas darters . part ii . aquarium journal 27 ( 1 ) : 11 - 32 .\nwarren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .\nadults occur in gravel and rubble riffles , especially spring - fed and vegetated riffles , of headwaters , creeks and small rivers ( ref . 5723 ) . eggs are found attached to the substrate unguarded ( ref . 7043 ) .\nnorth america : found in colorado , guadalupe and nueces river drainages in texas , usa ; and in pecos river system in new mexico , usa .\n6 . 6 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) )\nlectotype for boleosoma lepida catalog number : usnm 744 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : j . clark locality : rio leona at uvalde , a tributary of rio nueces , texas . , uvalde county , texas , united states , north america\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments : eats small crustaceans , aquatic insects , alagae on solid substates in riffles , and aquatic vegetation ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments : this species is represented by a moderate number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , most of which are in texas . texas natural history collections ( 1997 ) mapped 22 collection sites in texas and 8 sites in new mexico .\nspawns late october or november through may ( hubbs 1985 ) . eggs laid in several groups and usually are fertilized by largest male present . eggs hatch in 4 - 5 days at 28 c , about 40 days at 9 c ( page 1983 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 8 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nreasons : occurs in tributaries of colorado , guadalupe , and nueces rivers of edwards plateau , texas , and pecos river system in southeastern new mexico ; common in texas , uncommon in new mexico ; distribution has become somewhat restricted due to habitat alteration through groundwater mining , flow diversion , excessive sedimentation , modification of stream morphology , and pollution from industrial , agricultural , and domestic sources .\ncomments : boloeosoma phlox cope , formerly assigned to this species , is a junior synonym of e . spectabile ( page 1983 ) . apparently has hybridized with percina caprodes in texas ; hybridization probably related to abnormally high turbidity ( hubbs et al . 1988 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1641, "summary": [{"text": "the geelvink imperial pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) is a bird in the family columbidae formerly considered conspecific with the spice imperial pigeon ( ducula myristicivora ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to the islands of biak , numfoor and mios num in the indonesian province of papua . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "geelvink imperial pigeon", "paragraphs": ["islands of numfor , biak and mios num , in geelvink bay ( nw new guinea ) .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . geelvink imperial - pigeon ( ducula geelvinkiana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nnot globally threatened . common on islands in geelvink bay . presence on nearby mainland ( see movements ) , whether as a wanderer or , presumably scarce , resident remains to be . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nducula myristicivora and d . geelvinkiana ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as d . myristicivora following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhitherto considered conspecific with d . myristicivora , but differs on account of its lack of black knob on bill ( 3 ) ; lack of pale vinous wash on hindneck ( 2 ) ; yellow iris , based on photographic evidence ( at least 2 ) ; darker grey head , breast and mantle , with dirtier , darker lower underparts ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; greener - glossed vs bluer - glossed rump ( inconstant character ; entire upperparts of geelvinkiana tend to be more strongly green [ ns ] ) ; smaller size ( wing length effect size \u20131 . 636 ; score 1 ) . also closely related to d . rubricera ; a close relationship with d . concinna has also been suggested . monotypic .\n( see taxonomy comments ) but smaller ( wing 227\u2013232 mm , versus 257\u2013260 mm ) . lacks pink on hindcrown , ear - coverts . . .\nadvertising call a medium - pitched , coarse \u201ccrwwooo\u201d repeated incessantly at rate of one per second . . .\noccurs in forest of all types , including secondary and logged areas , from sea - level to 500 m .\nno information available , although presumably exclusively frugivorous , gathering at fruiting trees , usually alone or in pairs .\nprobably mainly resident , but there is at least one mainland record , from hill forests at c . 400 m . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ducula geelvinkiana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 053 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy"]}
{"id": 1642, "summary": [{"text": "call boy ( 1924 \u2013 1940 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "in a career which lasted from july 1926 to june 1927 , he ran seven times winning four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his most notable success came in the 1927 epsom derby , which he won in record time .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "partly because of the death of his owner , call boy never ran again after his win at epsom . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "call boy ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["see assessment , 4 . at call , or on call , liable to be demanded at any moment without previous notice ; as money on deposit . call bird , a bird taught to allure others into a snare . call boy\nride a boy , tuck a bird into bed and kiss a horse . got it .\nask them to predict what they would expect to see the boy and the horse doing .\ndiscuss the relationship between the boy and the horse . which sentence confirms what children think ?\npartly because of the death of his owner , call boy never ran again after his win at epsom .\ntrump lied about the boy scouts . a senior scouts source says there was no call at all , let alone a call telling him his speech was the best .\na waiting boy who answers a cal , or cames at the ringing of a bell ; a bell boy .\nbut the boy scouts organization said such a call never took place , according to reports from time magazine and the toronto star .\na dramatic 911 call made by the mother of the boy who fell into the gorilla enclosure at cincinnati zoo has been released .\ncall boy won the 1926 renewal and after running well in the following year\u2019s 2 , 000 guineas , added the epsom derby .\nfuck being sad its 2017 we positive as hell from now on . call up your boy and tucc him into bed . kiss a bird . ride a horse bitch . we happy .\nreading the book set a purpose by telling children to read the book and find out what the boy ' s horse does .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for excitable boy . excitable boy is a gelding born in 2010 september 27 by more than ready out of sequential\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for superior boy . superior boy is a gelding born in 2012 november 11 by magic albert out of free spirited\ncall note , the note naturally used by the male bird to call the female . it is artificially applied by birdcatchers as a decoy . - - latham .\nin another frantic 911 call , an unidentified woman is heard pleading for help .\na boy who calls the actors in a theater ; a boy who transmits the orders of the captain of a vessel to the engineer , helmsman , etc .\nauthorities did not release the identities of the boy or the other boaters thursday .\nthe 29 - year - old was tending to a fallen jockey on an emergency call when she came into contact with the horse poo .\ngoth turtle on twitter :\nfuck being sad its 2017 we positive as hell from now on . call up your boy and tucc him into bed . kiss a bird . ride a horse bitch . we happy .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for kabam boy . kabam boy is a gelding born in 2007 september 30 by stormy ' s son out of strike the wind\ni rose as at thy call , but found thee not . - - milton .\nwillms jd . early childhood obesity : a call for early surveillance and preventive measures .\ntuck a horse into bed , kiss a boy , and ride a bird . oh , shit . i think that ' s the godfather trilogy .\nthat you can use when you call our office for additional information on the particular consignment .\nthe call boy or girl also calls the\nquarter hour\nand\noverture and beginners\n, the preparatory warning that signals for the orchestra to start the introductory music and the beginners , those performers who appear on stage at the beginning of the first act , to get into their opening positions . the call boy or girl also assists with scene changes .\n\u2018pat brought in a second horse , liberty major , a stud horse discarded for being dull , stupid , and unwilling . \u2019\ndeidre lykins was also at the zoo when she saw the boy drop into the enclosure .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\nnancy boy has been described as \u201cone in a million\u201d , but although rare , horses like him are out there ; you just have to get lucky and mark bentham was indeed lucky when he found nancy boy as only his second horse . . . .\nthe boy scouts are shooting down president trump\u2019s claim that they called his speech the greatest ever .\nthe family released a statement on sunday saying they had taken their boy home from the hospital .\npictured : the three - year - old boy who fell into zoo ' s gorilla . . .\n$ 1 , 819 , 915 . 25 today . more than enough for him to be declared champion handicap horse and horse of the year .\nthe term was already current at the end of the 18th century , when the shakespearean scholar edmond malone claimed that william shakespeare ' s first job in the theatre was that of\ncall - boy\n.\natty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .\nthe primary responsibility of the call boy or girl is to move from backstage to the dressing rooms and green rooms alerting actors and actresses of their entrances in time for them to appear on stage on cue . for example , they might call out ,\nyou ' re on in five minutes , miss bernhardt .\none 8 - year - old boy was unresponsive when he was air - lifted to a boston hospital .\ncall boy ( or call girl ) is the job title of a stagehand in the theatre . they are hired by either the director , producer or stage crew chief . they report directly to the crew chief , are usually paid by the hour , and will sometimes rotate between several groups from one performance to the next .\nsocial studies : the boy in the story lives in the southwestern part of the united states . in the background you can see a pueblo . ask : \u201cin what other kinds of houses might a boy who owns a horse live ? how is a pueblo the same and different from where you live ? \u201d\nthe act of calling ; - - usually with the voice , but often otherwise , as by signs , the sound of some instrument , or by writing ; a summons ; an entreaty ; an invitation ; as , a call for help ; the bugle ' s call . ` ` call of the trumpet . ' ' - - shak .\nmath : compare the size of a horse to that of a child . use string to measure the length and height of a horse . then use string to measure children\u2019s height and width . how much bigger is a horse than a child ?\nparamedic haley noele\u2019s life completely changed after attending an emergency call to help a fallen jockey . picture : swns / mega\nat 3 : won derby s . ( eng ) , sledmere plate ( eng ) ; 2nd two thousand guineas ( eng ) call boy never ran again following his derby win as his owner frank curzon died two wee ( close )\nboth gregg , who was with isiah when he crawled into the exhibit , and the boy ' s father deonne dickerson have praised zoo staff for ' protecting our child ' after keepers shot harambe dead when he got hold of the boy .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nthe last sentence of the book contains four words : \u201cmy horse loves me . \u201d\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nharambe was shot while sitting with the boy between his legs after dragging him through the water of his enclosure several times .\nmargulis cradled the boy under one arm and protected his head with the other , as he swam out from under the boat . he handed the child to murphy and bass who were clinging to the top of the hull . the boy was unconscious . murphy and bass began pumping the boy\u2019s chest , as the mother and father watched from bass\u2019s boat , uttering words of hope .\nthe boy scouts organization said its chief executive never called the president and it stood by its open letter apologizing for the speech .\nboy scouts refute president trump ' s claim that chief said he gave ' greatest speech ' the boy scouts organization said its chief executive never called the president and it stood by its open letter apologizing for the speech . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\na file number for each horse follows the consignment information and description . this number is a\nhold the book , calling children\u2019s attention to the title . read : \u201cmy horse . \u201d\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\nthe current race record for superior boy is 0 wins from 28 starts with prizemoney of $ 1 , 550 , 100 . 00 .\nhis defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential\nhorse of the century\nhe was now seen as simply\na good horse .\n[ 23 ]\nwriting : children may write about how a horse owner takes care of his or her pet .\nhorse grooms look after horses\u2019 everyday needs , and make sure they\u2019re healthy and in good condition .\na short visit ; as , to make a call on a neighbor ; also , the daily coming of a tradesman to solicit orders .\nfrank wootton was indeed a boy wonder . he rode his first winner at turffontein in south africa , at the age of . . .\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\nauthorities said their best guess was that the boy was underwater for about 24 minutes , a length of time that stretches ordinary boundaries for survival .\nst . paul himself believed he did well , and that he had a call to it , when he persecuted the christians . - - locke .\ntrump ' s speech at the boy scouts ' national jamboree was filled with political rhetoric and attacks on the press , polls and predecessor barack obama .\nmargulis said he was impressed by the rescue effort , the speed of the response , and the determination of those who tried to save the boy .\na stable jockey for the powerful stable of arthur yates , william dollery had once been a shepherd boy . cloister ' s grand national . . .\ni don ' t have a horse or bird , so this is the best i could do . urltoken\nthe vault will be back again in mid - august with more stories of horse racing past and present .\ncaptain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .\nlook at page 2 and ask children to comment on the picture . if children do not raise it , inform them that horses do not normally lay down when they sleep . ask children why the illustrator drew the horse this way and what changes they could make so the horse would look like a real horse sleeping .\njacob pincus entered a charleston racing stable as a twelve - year - old boy and two years later he was riding in races , being . . .\ncall boy ( gb ) ch . h , 1924 { 2 - f } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 8 - 16 ( 24 ) di = 0 . 00 cd = - 1 . 67 - 7 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 91 , 500\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nthe boy ' s father has a significant criminal history , with offenses including burglary , firearms offences , drug trafficking , criminal trespass , disorderly conduct and kidnap .\nthe pair have been sharply criticized online by those who believe harambe was trying to protect the boy , though experts have suggested isiah was in danger of being killed .\na paramedic was left fighting for her life after catching a flesh - eating bug from a pile of horse manure .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nequipoise won champion handicap horse for three straight years , from 1932 - 1934 . so spectacular was he that the chocolate soldier was also awarded horse of the year in 1932 and again in 1933 . photo and copyright , the baltimore sun .\nyoung rider , gabrielle pither put the eventing fraternity on notice at the recent melbourne international horse trials , taking out the hotly contested 2 star aboard max almighty . horse deals was keen to learn more about this talented young rider . . .\ncall children\u2019s attention to the \u201cs\u201d at the end of each verb . talk about why \u201cs\u201d is there and generate other sentences in which the verb has an \u201cs\u201d ending .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\nthe breeding of equipoise provides insight into the knowledge that h . p . whitney exercised in arriving at a champion horse .\n\u2018it was protected by huge wooden doors , imprinted with black metal studs and a silver depiction of man and horse . \u2019\nyou can also do pre - apprenticeship courses at racing schools and colleges , and specialist training in the horse breeding industry .\nmitchel \u2013 2009 grade red roan gelding . mitchel is a real tough ranch horse . he has been used outside in the rough country . he handles steep ground with easy , and pays attention to where he puts his feet . he is a finished ranch horse that has had all the jobs done on him . branding , doctoring , sorting . for more information please call 208 - 550 - 0992 . coggins . y10\n( fowling ) the cry of a bird ; also a noise or cry in imitation of a bird ; or a pipe to call birds by imitating their note or cry .\nthe term pretty much became obsolete in larger theatres in the mid - 20th century , when most call boys were replaced by loudspeakers placed in each dressing room and green room .\nkatie gronendyke , spokeswoman for the environmental police , which is investigating the incident , said thursday the boy remained in the hospital , but she had no word on his condition .\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nhaley contracted the bug after being called to indiana downs racing track after a rider fell from his horse , in october 2013 .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\nwhen the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .\norby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .\npicaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .\nmr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .\nhours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .\nson of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .\nreiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .\nin a released transcript of trump ' s interview with the wall street journal , the president disputed that there had been any negative reaction to his speech :\nand i got a call from the head of the boy scouts saying it was the greatest speech that was ever made to them , and they were very thankful . so there was \u2013 there was no mix .\nvolodyovski ( or ' bottle of whisky ' as the public liked to call him ) was a high - class two - year - old , winning four times ( including the . . .\npresident trump said he was commended by the boy scouts of america for the speech he gave to its national jamboree last week , but the group said this never happened , according to reports .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\nthis photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .\nswynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .\nwhile this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .\na black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .\ngentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .\nharry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .\ncharles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .\nlord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .\nthe boy ' s mother , michelle gregg , wrote a facebook post saying her son suffered a concussion and a few scrapes . she defended her role as a parent and called the incident an accident\non thursday , as the boy\u2019s fate captured the area\u2019s attention , boaters and workers on the docks in wareham hoped against hope that rescuers had been able to bring him from the water in time .\nmiscellaneous trainer danny o ' brien ' s saturday started in sad fashion but smart youngster excitable boy lifted his spirits with his strong win in the listed festival of racing 1000 ( 1000m ) at flemington .\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nthe winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .\na genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .\nthomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .\ngerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .\na long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid \u00a3100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .\njenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .\na handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .\na little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .\nalfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .\naristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .\npeptos lil hickory \u2013 2010 aqha chestnut gelding x pepto taz x peptoboonsmal out of miss jesse hickory x doc\u2019s hickory . taz was started in a cutting program , and has a beautiful handle . he is cowy and fun to sort on . he has been to the branding pen , doctored cattle outside , and is a finished ranch horse . taz is very broke in the arena , and would make a great show horse . he is sound and has clean legs . taz is a very personable horse that loves people . he is easy to catch and has great ground manners . for more information please call 208 - 550 - 0992 . urltoken coggins . ys1\nour soundness guarantee - credibility and dependability are important to us at billings livestock horse sales . at billings livestock horse sales , all horses that are ridden through the ring and sell as a result of being ridden through the ring , are guaranteed sound until monday noon following the saturday sale and tuesday noon following the sunday sale unless otherwise stated from the block . to further define our policy , if the horse sells at 6 p . m . on the saturday of our sale , the horse will be guaranteed sound for an additional 42 hours - noon on monday . what we here at bls horse sales consider sound is : sight out of both eyes , good in the air , hit the ground sound on all four , and not to crib .\ncincinnati zoo director thane maynard confirmed the boy was not under attack , but called it a ' life threatening situation ' where the gorilla was ' agitated ' , ' disoriented ' , and ' behaving erratically ' .\npeteski ( 1990 ) : affirmed\u2019s little boy \u2014 \u201ca decisive winner\u201d of the 1993 queen\u2019s plate . the win gave trainer roger atfield his 6th queen\u2019s plate winner . peteski went on to win the canadian triple crown .\nmiscellaneous the danny o ' brien - trained excitable boy broke through for his first career victory when dashing home to win the listed $ 120 , 000 festival of racing 1000 ( 1000m ) at flemington on saturday .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nprince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .\nthe first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .\nwinner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .\na massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .\ncross - curricular activities music : play some music and have children act out horse actions : trot , walk , gallop , run , skip , etc .\n2009 aqha sorrel gelding x sugs scorpio x doc\u2019s sug out of tina peppy bars x peppy suzy prom . sugar is a very well put together horse that is ready for a job . he was started in the reigning and then used as a ranch horse . colton had got him in hopes of using him for high school reigning and cow work but just feels he is not finished enough to be competitive , videos and pictures on our facebook page kelly tara turbiville or call / text 701 - 440 - 0207 . coggins . y2\nknown as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .\nif only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .\nthe trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nposted in thoroughbred horse , tagged assault , baba kenny , buckpasser , c . v . whitney , champion handicap horse , commando , elkridge , equipoise , hof , horse of the year , jamestown , johnstown , marylou whitney , mate , pennant , peter pan , shut out , sonny workman , tamerett , the chocolate soldier , tim tam , tom fool , tosmah , tred avon , twenty grand , us racing during the depression , whitney stables on march 1 , 2014 | 20 comments \u00bb\nsuch an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .\njulius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .\nfelix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .\nart : have children draw or paint a setting for a horse . give children pre - cut pictures of horses and have them paste the horses on their papers .\nsome employers may provide you with accommodation and food . some may also offer free stabling for your own horse along with riding lessons . these figures are a guide .\n2007 aqha bay gelding x tivios smokin badger x smokin buckshot out of tqh lady t bars leo x doc t bar . 11 year old ranch horse . mom\u2019s favorite pasture horse and dad heels on him . all of us have used him during springs work . he likes to step out and travel , very cowy . coggins . y27\ncall of the house ( legislative bodies ) , a calling over the names of members , to discover who is absent , or for other purposes ; a calling of names with a view to obtaining the ayes and noes from the persons named .\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\n8 : 30 a . m . bls arena - cutting horses preview followed by saddle horse demonstration finishing up at 11 a . m . with roping horses ( weather permitting )\nbenny \u2013 2011 grade sorrel gelding . benny is a 7 year old stout 14h sorrel qh gelding . he has been ridden by my 12 year old for the past 3 years . he is a great trail horse , arena horse , playday horse , and has been used to push cows as well . he has a big motor and can go all day . loads , stands for farrier , ties , clips , and bathes . current on farrier , vaccines , and worming ( 806 ) 201 - 2334 . coggins . y14\niroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .\nbars silver sky - 2009 apha sorrel overo gelding x pc silver socks x pc sun socks out of ala sky x alaman . a very nice looking , well built and bred minimal white over gelding . a versatility gelding , used and hauled as a head horse will fit a # 5 + and above . seasoned ranch horse , has worked each and every phase . also , used as a pickup horse at rodeos . a well rounded gelding , with a lot of handle . sound . fmi 406 - 381 - 2347 . coggins . ys4\nthe world championship freestyle reining at the kentucky reining cup is a night of costumes , music and theatrical performances showcasing some of the best reining horse trainers in the industry . . .\ncoronach , a big , handsome chestnut horse standing 16 . 2 hands high [ 3 ] with a white blaze , white socks on his hind feet and a light - coloured mane and tail , was bred by his owner lord woolavington . [ 4 ] he was sired by the unbeaten champion , hurry on , making him a representative of the godolphin arabian sire line . [ 5 ] apart from coronach , hurry on sired the winners of seven classics including the derby winners captain cuttle and call boy . his most influential son was the ascot gold cup winner precipitation , who sired four classic winners . coronach was the fifth foal of the mare wet kiss who finished fourth in the 1916 oaks .\nbadger \u2013 2014 grade gray gelding . badger stands around 15 hands and is super gentle , friendly , and very easy to catch . badger is well started with outside miles in rough country and is started roping and logging in the arena . i believe badger would make an excellent outfitter horse because of his gentle disposition . badger is shod , sound , healthy , and ready to use . call 307 - 680 - 5156 . coggins . y9\nwhen catherine grayson from harmony reins got a phone call to come and rescue a thoroughbred broodmare , she had no idea what bad shape the mare would be in . luckily for shanti , she found herself in the perfect place to be nursed back to health . . .\n\u2026the racetrack during the 1913 epsom derby and moved in front of king george v\u2019s horse , which struck her while galloping at full force . she never regained consciousness and died four days later . \u2026\nace \u2013 2009 grade blue roan gelding . ace is a pretty 9 year old gelding . he is 14 . 3 hands tall and broke to ride ! ! he is very gentle and quite . no buck or bad habits . easy going and very broke ! ace has been used on our ranch for the past couple years . he has been trail rode a ton and used around cattle . goes every direction you point him . thick made horse with lots of potential ! ! ace is easy to catch and loads great ! a horse anyone can ride and enjoy . check him out the day of sale ! ! fmi call 605 - 323 - 7906 . coggins . y29\nmouse \u2013 2000 grade grulla gelding . mouse is a been there done that kind of lil horse . he has done all the kid rodeo events , the boys have out grown him . he has lots of go , so not for a beginner or timid rider . he has some allergy issues so please visit with us prior to buying . he has lots of videos and pictures on our facebook page kelly tara turbiville or call / text 701 - 440 - 0207 . coggins . y5\nall mixed up : what do we call people of multiple backgrounds ? : code switch the share of multiracial children in america has multiplied tenfold in the past 50 years . it ' s a good time to take stock of our shared vocabulary when it comes to describing americans like me .\nin their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s . [ 24 ]\na year after petrarch had won the middle park , chamant became the first horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes and the following year he also added the 2 , 000 guineas .\ncall boy was hurry on ' s third and last derby winner , and the one who did not run for darling and lord woolavington . he was bred by frank curzon , a successful entertainment entrepreneur , at his primrose cottage stud , and was trained by john evelyn watts , a former jockey who had worked as a trainer for the german government stud prior to world war i , and who served in that war for four years with the suffolk yeomanry . after the war he established a training stable , lansdowne house , at newmarket , and in 1922 accepted the trainer ' s post with curzon .\nhank \u2013 2011 grade bay roan gelding . hank is a good using horse . he has seen many miles on the ranch . he has been branded on and rode outside checking fence . he is a ranch horse deluxe . he has performed all the chores on the ranch . rope , ranch or trail wrapped up in a pretty bay roan package . for questions please matt . 208 - 550 - 1571 . coggins . y19\nreeves \u2013 2006 grade sorrel gelding . good looking , stout made gelding that stands around 15 . 1 . this gelding has been used on a ranch most of his life . has been roped and doctored off of . moving from area must sell . call 307 - 351 - 1194 . coggins . y26\n2003 aqha chestnut gelding x skirt chasin alibi x sir alibi out of my pie gal x money pie . 15 year old gelding used as a backup barrel and pole horse for high school and college rodeos . my daughter\u2019s employment has left her no time to use him . has 1d potential but will run at whatever speed you want . is gentle , loves attention and has no buck . would make nice trail horse . coggins . y28\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for yourthewonforme ( nzl ) . yourthewonforme ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2011 october 28 by sufficient out of encantada\nflint \u2013 2011 grade gray gelding . flint has been trail ridden a lot . flint goes where you point him and is easy to get along with . flint moves out nicely , and walks easily on a loose rein . he has been used in the feedlot , on the ranch moving cattle , branding , and doctoring outside . lopes nice circles in the arena . he is an all - around nice horse . he is willing to do just about anything ! call matt with questions . 208 - 550 - 1571 . coggins . y17\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\n2008 aqha bay gelding x dualin with cows x dualin gun out of ms lucky lena x gay bar lena . this is one of those all - around geldings that is good at everything on the ranch . doctored outside , real good in the branding trap , good outside in any terrain . does not get lonely when off by himself . saddles up good and rides off nice . good , all around horse . good to shoe and never have had any soundness issues . call for more information 208 - 599 - 3611 . coggins . y11\nedward stanley , the 12th earl of derby , the group conceived the idea of a race on the downs for three - year - old fillies , which was subsequently called \u201cthe oaks\u201d after the name of derby\u2019s nearby estate . derby\u2019s horse bridget won the first running of the oaks in 1779 . at a celebration after the race , bunbury and derby suggested a similar race for both colts and fillies , to begin the following year . reputedly , a coin toss followed , and derby won the honour of naming the race after himself . bunbury\u2019s horse diomed won the first running of the derby on may 4 , 1780 . many other horse races have since been named after the derby ( most notably the\nbass and murphy quickly handed the child to rescuers aboard the wareham harbormaster\u2019s boat , which raced several miles to tempest knob , a pier in wareham . there , the boy was loaded onto a stretcher and into an ambulance , which took him to tobey hospital in wareham . from there , he was flown to a boston hospital .\nusually actors themselves , they have historically taken roles and done crowd scenes as needed . the actor william j . ferguson ( june 8 , 1845 \u2013 may 3 , 1930 ) was the call boy at ford ' s theatre in washington , d . c . , when actor john wilkes booth killed president lincoln and fled . ferguson was described as the last surviving eye witness . he said he and actress laura keene were standing off stage at the first entrance , opposite the president ' s box , when it occurred . he heard the shot , looked up and saw lincoln ' s head slump , then booth jumped to the stage and rushed between him and keene .\n2003 aqha sorrel gelding x vcr golden cache x lil easy cash out of vcr cinnamon twist x jet aflame . jp is a solid barrel and pole horse great for a youth rider that can handle speed . he is a push style and very honest in his turns . same run every time . he has been tucker\u2019s ( ten year old boy ) main ride and has won numerous awards . barrels he will run in the 3d at tough open races and poles runs 23\u2019s , tucker is moving up in age groups and no longer will be running barrels and poles so jp isn\u2019t getting used as much . jp is great to haul and be around . he loves to go ranching or trail ride in the badlands . he is as sweet as they come and loves to be your friend . there are lots of pictures and videos on our facebook page kelly tara turbiville or call / text 701 - 440 - 0207 . coggins . y4\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nhorse ownership is not for the faint - hearted ! equestrian enthusiasts are unique in their love for their horses , and often it leads to a \u2018double life\u2019 \u2013 indeed , horses are less a pet , and more of a lifestyle . . .\nyeller \u2013 2008 grade palomino gelding . yeller is a flashy looking 10 year old grade palomino gelding ! he ' s more than just looks though ; yeller is a worker . he ' s got a light handle in the bit and moves out easily . he ' s got a lot of go and willing to do any type of ranch work . ride him every day for three or four days and he ' ll be the same on day 4 as on day 1 . he is very cowy , so he works cattle with ease . he ' s roped cattle in the pasture and has been used as a heading horse . he ' s been hauled to rodeos and team penning events . he is very calm in pens with cattle . yeller is well mannered on the ground . he ' s got good feet and is easy to trim . yeller is eager to work and loves doing his job . if you need a horse that can go to work , yeller is the horse for you ! any questions , please call 307 - 758 - 4529 . urltoken coggins . y6\nbutton \u2013 2012 grade bay mare . button is as cute as they come , she is a 14 . 3 stout lil mare that has a great start . colton bought her as a project horse but doesn\u2019t have the time to finish her . but has done a great job of putting a good start on her . she doesn\u2019t have mean bone in her body , you can jump on her bareback with a halter , she wants to please and is ready for a job . pictures and videos on our facebook page kelly tara turbiville or call / text 701 - 440 - 0207 . coggins . y3\nthree years later the great bahram gave notice of his immense talent as he won the gimcrack stakes and middle park stakes . in 1935 he was a fantastic winner of the triple crown and became the last horse to accomplish this feat before nijinsky in 1970 .\nhall ' s subjects didn ' t seem to suffer such internal discord . they didn ' t necessarily agree about what to call themselves \u2014 they variously identified as\nafro - american ,\njapanese ,\nblack - japanese\nand\nother\n\u2014 but overall , hall found ,\nall felt happy and lucky\nto be who they were .\nincludes winners on the flat in classic races and some important handicap races in england , the u . s . a . , france , germany , italy , australia , and some principal steeplechase races . info behind names links to biographic information on the horse .\nin 2012 reckless abandon became the latest horse to complete the prix morny - middle park stakes double , having already won the norfolk stakes and prix robert papin . he ended the year unbeaten in 5 races but ran well without winning as a 3 year old sprinter .\nthe first winner of the race was a horse called the rake in 1866 and just five years later , the 1871 winner was called prince charlie and the following years he went on to become the first colt to land the middle park - 2 , 000 guineas double .\npeewee \u2013 2006 grade buckskin quarter pony gelding . attention ropers and goat tyers : if you are looking for an honest quarter pony that has seen and done it all , peewee is the one for you ! peewee is a 12 - year - old gelding owned and ridden by teagen binder for the last 4 years . together , they have won the wyoming junior high school rodeo association boy ' s goat tying title and finished 11th in the nation at the njhfr in this event . he is also an amazing breakaway horse , and has competed in both events at little britches finals , as well as been heeled off of . peewee absolutely loves his job , whether ranching , in the rodeo arena , or in the halter , trail , and working cowhorse classes at 4 - h shows . at only 13 . 2 hands , he still outpaces and outworks big horses and has a quarter horse mentality and heart . if you are looking for a horse to propel your kids to greatness in the rodeo arena , peewee is the pony for the job ! pictures and videos of peewee are available on kristie binder\u2019s facebook page ; for more information , please contact doug binder at 970 - 467 - 0444 ! urltoken coggins . y13\ncoronach was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was a champion two - year - old who went on to become only the third horse to complete the derby , eclipse stakes and st leger treble ( tulyar , in 1952 , become the most recent and fourth horse to equal the feat ) [ 2 ] as a three - year - old in 1926 , a year in which he also won the st . james ' s palace stakes . he won the coronation cup at four , but was beaten in his two remaining starts by his long - standing rival colorado\nbold lad and petingo were smart winners of the race in the 1960s but both failed to add classic glory the following season . right tack however , won the 1968 middle park stakes and the following season became the first horse to win both the english and irish 2 , 000 guineas .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\nthe parents of queen elizabeth ii , king george vi and his queen ( later known as the queen mother ) arrive for the 1939 queen\u2019s plate in a horse - drawn landau reminiscent of the one they would use at royal ascot . ( photo and copyright , city of toronto , canada )\n2009 aqha sorrel gelding x rey de bay x rey de peppy out of peppys final filly x peppys tejon . squirrel is a nice gelding that has had all aspects of ranch work done on him from calving to branding to doctoring by myself as well as will watch a cow . has good feet and has always been sound . good to shoe , load etc . any questions call 406 331 0621 . coggins . y34\nthe mayday call , sent over marine channel 16 , the international distress frequency , crackled over ship radios all over the area . responders dropped what they were doing . an mh - 60 jayhawk helicopter launched from a coast guard air station . the crew of a 45 - foot boat from station cape cod canal gunned their boat\u2019s engine . so did harbormasters from wareham , marion , and bourne . in wareham , a commercial diver known as \u201cdiver mike , \u201d michael margulis , was wearing his wetsuit and inspecting a mooring in sippican harbor when he heard the call . as he raced his 21 - foot motorboat , island time , toward the canal , a harbormaster\u2019s boat blasted by him at full speed , lights flashing and sirens wailing . it was bad , he thought . and if a child was indeed trapped under the water , they had to move fast .\nmidnight \u2013 2009 grade black pony mare . midnight is a 9 year old 40 in pony mare . very good , broke to ride . good feet and never foundered . gentle and good to catch ! ! ! gentle and easy going . no bad habits or bad tricks . easy to be around and safe ! ! ! come check her out the day of sale . fmi call 605 - 323 - 7906 . coggins . y31\nhe used his hands to feel his way through the darkness . he pushed away a pool noodle , a shoe , an empty life jacket . he was underwater about four minutes , methodically but desperately hoping to grasp a live person . then he saw a flash of orange near his face . he grabbed it . sure enough , the boy was wrapped inside . the life jacket had apparently pinned him to the floor of the boat .\nsaint leger , one of the english triple crown races and , with the derby , the two thousand guineas , the one thousand guineas , and the oaks , one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event\u2026\nrun on june 7 at london , ontario , the first heat was won by stone plover , owned by a mr . harry chappel , who gave his home as sandwich , ontario . but the judges disqualified stone plover after his winning of the second heat , having discovered that mr . chappel was a native of detroit . accordingly , the second heat went to a horse called beacon , who had come in second . however , it was discovered that beacon\u2019s jockey had pulled the weights assigned to his horse out of the saddle pads and thrown them into the infield before the start of the second heat . so beacon was disqualified too ."]}
{"id": 1646, "summary": [{"text": "ki ming ( 1948 \u2013 1957 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic 2000 guineas in 1951 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a two-year-old he showed promise to win at royal ascot but his season was disrupted when his trainer was banned for a doping offence .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at three , he recorded an upset win over a large field to win the guineas but failed when favourite for the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in autumn he returned to sprint distances and won the diadem stakes at ascot .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his record as a breeding stallion was very disappointing . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "ki ming", "paragraphs": ["contribute to imdb . add a bio , trivia , and more . update information for ki ming \u00bb\nabstract london , may 29 . \u2014australian jockey\nscobie\nbreasley thinks that ki ming will win the english derby on\nin only his second english season breasley rode his first classic winner , the 2 , 000 guineas on ki ming .\ndepartment of biomedical imaging and radiological sciences , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan .\nwed 30 may 1951 - the courier - mail ( brisbane , qld . : 1933 - 1954 ) page 7 - ki ming is derby fancy\nthe courier - mail ( brisbane , qld . : 1933 - 1954 ) , wed 30 may 1951 , page 7 - ki ming is derby fancy\ndepartment of biomedical imaging and radiological sciences , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan ; biophotonics and molecular imaging research center , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan . electronic address : fyyang @ ym . edu . tw .\nki ming joint favourite ttwo thoiisand guineas winner . xi ming , became ioim ten to one favourite with american - owned turco . ii foe the epsom derby at victoria club & # 39 ; . london & amp ; gt ; - over last night . but the big money was for zucchero . which was backed down to 100 - 7 . zucchero is owned by\ndepartment of biomedical imaging and radiological sciences , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan . electronic address : jcchen @ ym . edu . tw .\nming wai lau centre for reparative medicine is established to further accelerate research in stem cell biology , biomedical engineering , biotechnology , and regenerative medicine at karolinska institutet .\nchhodo kal ki baatein ( 2012 ) \u2013 urltoken ( 128 kbps ) . zip\nchhodo kal ki baatein ( 2012 ) \u2013 urltoken ( 320 kbps ) . zip\n[ m17 ] ming - yam alvin lo , design and implementation of analog continuous - time min - sum iterative decoders , mphil thesis , hkust , aug . 24 , 2010 .\nchief investigator : dr . hao zhidong ; co - investigators : dr . shun - hing chan , dr . kuo wen - ban , dr . ming jing and dr . tam yik - fai\n\u201cthe umbrella movement and christians : implications for democratic movement . \u201d ( chinese language ) pp . 135 - 157 in democracy and governance in hong kong , edited by sing ming . hong kong : step forward multi media .\nchief investigator : dr . shun - hing chan ; co - investigator : dr . anthony lam sui - ki\ngovernance crisis and social mobilization of the christian churches in hong kong .\npp . 58 - 84 in politics and government in hong kong : crisis under chinese sovereignty , edited by ming sing . new york : routledge .\nhe arrived in england in 1950 with a contract to ride for noel cannon , private trainer to the flour mill millionaire jimmy rank . his first mount in england , promotion , won at liverpool on march 23 . the next year breasley won his first classic , the 2 , 000 guineas , on ki ming , and in the autumn he won the cambridgeshire on fleeting moment .\nthe inauguration of ming wai lau centre for reparative medicine took place on 7 october 2016 at charles k . kao auditorium , hong kong science park , shatin , new territories and a traditional ribbon - cutting ceremony was officiated by representatives of the chinese and hong kong governments , the consul general of sweden in hong kong and macao , senior management of ki and steering group and management team of mwlc .\nmichael beary , a natural horseman , rode with great style and dash . he was born in co . tipperary in ireland and came to england at the age of 18 to be apprenticed to henry persse . in addition to four classics gained as a jockey , michael beary trained the 2000 guineas winner ki ming , originally in the care of his brother john , whose license to train had been withdrawn .\n\u00eb the incredible first running saw supreme court beat a terrific field that included the winner of the french derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe ( tantieme ) , epsom derby victor ( arctic prince ) , french derby and st leger winner ( scratch ii ) , 1 , 000 guineas heroine ( belle of all ) , 2 , 000 guineas scorer ( ki ming ) and washington international stakes winner ( wilwyn ) .\n[ tk01 ] w . h . ki ,\npower factor basics ,\nir \u03bcpfc tm technical seminar , shenzhen , june 9 , 2006 .\n[ tk02 ] w . h . ki ,\ndesign issues of switching converters ,\nadi technology forum , sanya , dec . 27 , 2007 .\n[ tk04 ] w . h . ki ,\nsmall signal analysis of switching converters ,\nzhejiang university , hangzhou , sept . 25 , 2009 .\nming wai lau centre for reparative medicine ( mwlc ) aims to contribute to the improvement of human health by conducting cutting - edge research in reparative medicine and related subjects , by creating a new platform for synergies between academia and innovation in sweden and hong kong as well as china , and fostering future leaders in both academia and industry .\nanyone aware of what passed for a rule in those days would have shied away from ki ming in 1951 ; how could a son of ballyogan ( whose five successes had all been over five furlongs ) start favourite at epsom ? the very idea ! that was a little before my time , and just when it was that i became conversant with the theory i don\u2019t recall , but it must have been after 1958 , or i would not have been able to convince myself \u2013 as i did \u2013 that hard ridden was going to win .\n[ tk03 ] w . h . ki ,\ndevelopment of integrated switched - capacitor power converters ,\njoint university workshop on power electronics , hong kong , jan . 9 , 2009 .\nthe 2017 gossiper retreat took place on 23 august , where lau faculty and fellows met with many other researchers at ki to get knowledge about each other ' s research and find potential new collaborations .\n[ p01 ] w . h . ki ,\ncurrent sensing technique using mos transistors scaling with matched bipolar current sources\n, u . s . patent 5 , 757 , 174 , may 26 , 1998 .\n[ p02 ] j . hwang and w . h . ki ,\ninput current modulation for power factor correction\n, u . s . patent 5 , 804 , 950 , sept . 8 , 1998 .\n[ p05 ] m . chan , c . xu and w . h . ki ,\nultra low voltage cmos image sensor architecture ,\nus patent 7 , 005 , 626 , feb 28 , 2006 .\nexons 5 - 8 in one lesion ( case 9 ) , and we failed to show any mutation . ki - 67 - li in these lesions was quite variable , ranging from 1 % to 40 % .\npang , m . f . , and ki , w . w . ( 2016 ) . revisiting the idea of \u2018critical aspects\u2019 . scandinavian journal of educational research , 60 ( 3 ) , 323 - 336 .\nthe 5th edition of the ki conference \u201cdeveloping brains\ngathers some of the leading scientists working on critical questions ranging from transcriptional heterogeneity of neural cell types , their specification , to myelination and creation of mature neural circuits .\n[ j02 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\nswitched - capacitor modulator circuits ,\nelec . lett . , vol . 25 , pp . 379 - 380 , march 1989 .\n[ p03 ] w . h . ki , p . mok , and j . sin ,\ndimmable electronic ballast with phase control\n, us patent 6 , 172 , 466 , jan . 9 , 2001 .\n[ p11 ] m . chan , c . xu and w . h . ki ,\nultra low voltage cmos image sensor architecture ,\nus patent 7 , 858 , 912 , dec . 28 , 2010 .\n[ p12 ] m . chan , c . xu and w . h . ki ,\nultra low voltage cmos image sensor architecture ,\nus patent 7 , 897 , 901 , mar . 1 , 2011 .\n[ j01 ] g . c . temes and w . h . ki ,\nfast cmos current amplifier and buffer stage ,\nelec . lett . , vol . 23 , pp . 696 - 697 , june 1987 .\n[ p06 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nsymmetrically matched voltage mirrors and applications therefor ,\nus patent 7 , 215 , 187 , may 8 , 2007 .\n[ c024 ] w . h . ki and d . ma ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , vancouver , canada , pp . 226 - 231 , june 2001 .\n[ c001 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\noffset - compensated switched - capacitor integrators ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 2829 - 2832 , 1990 .\n[ c011 ] k . s . fung , w . h . ki and p . mok ,\nanalysis and measurement of dcm power factor correctors ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , pp . 709 - 714 , june 1999 .\n[ j03 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\nlow - phase - error offset - compensated switched - capacitor integrator ,\nelec . lett . , vol . 26 , pp . 957 - 959 , june 1990 .\nforbes e , murase t , yang m , matthaei ki , lee jj , lee na , et al . , ' immunopathogenesis of experimental ulcerative colitis is mediated by eosinophil peroxidase1 ' , j immunol , 172 5664 - 5675 ( 2004 ) [ c1 ]\n[ j10 ] w . h . ki ,\nsignal flow graph analysis of feedback amplifiers ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 47 , no . 6 , pp . 926 - 933 , june 2000 .\n[ c002 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\ngain - and offset - compensated switched - capacitor filters ,\nint ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 1561 - 1564 , 1991 .\n[ c092 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan adaptively biased low - dropout regulator with transient enhancement ,\nasia and south pacific design automation conf . , yokohama , japan , pp . 117 - 118 , jan . 2011 .\n[ p04 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nfrequency compensation techniques for low - power multistage amplifiers\n, us patent 6 , 208 , 206 , march 27 , 2001 .\n[ c018 ] a . ng , w . h . ki , p . mok , and j . sin ,\nlamp modeling for design of dimmable electronic ballast ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , pp . 1358 - 1363 , june 2000 .\n[ c029 ] s . lam , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\ncharacteristics of rf power amplifiers by 0 . 5um sos cmos process ,\nsoi conf . , colorado , usa , pp . 141 - 142 , oct . 2001 .\n[ c081 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nloop bandwidth extension technique for pwm voltage mode switching converters ,\nieee asian solid - state circ . conf . , taipei , taiwan , pp . 325 - 328 , nov . 2009 .\n[ p09 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , and c . y . tsui ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters in pccm with freewheel switching ,\nus patent 7 , 432 , 614 , oct . 7 , 2008 .\nthe expression levels were evaluated semiquantitatively according to the reaction intensities and percentages of immunoreactive cells , and expressed as strong ( 3 + ) , moderate ( 2 + ) , weak ( + ) and negative ( - ) . ki - 67 antigen expression levels were assessed based on the number of positive cells / 1000 nucleated tumor cells from randomly selected 5 high - power fields , and expressed as ki - 67 antigen - labeling indices ( ki - 67 - li ) in percentages . the p53 protein expression levels were evaluated by percentages of positive cells as described previously [ 18 ] and expressed as high ( 3 + , > 30 % ) , moderate ( 2 + , 5 % - 30 % ) , low ( 1 + , < 5 % ) and absent ( - , 0 % ) .\n( co - authored with anthony lam sui - ki )\nthe transformation and development of church - state relations in contemporary china : a case study of the catholic church .\nching feng ( new series ) 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 93 - 128 .\npang , m . f . and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . is there cultural limitation in interpreting the space of learning ? , the 16th european association for research on learning and instruction conference , limassol , cyprus , august 25 - 29 , 2015\n[ p07 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - input multiple - output switching converter and method of use ,\nus patent 7 , 256 , 568 , aug 14 , 2007 .\n[ c006 ] j . hwang , a . chee , and w . h . ki ,\nnew universal control methods for power factor correction / dc - dc applications ,\nieee appl . power elec . conf . , pp . 59 - 65 , feb . 1997 .\npang , m . f . and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . differentiation and integration of phenomenographic research : dialogue between two faces of variation , the 16th european association for research on learning and instruction conference , limassol , cyprus , august 25 - 29 , 2015\npang , m . f . and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . what is a \u201ccritical aspect\u201d in the variation theory of learning ? , earli sig 9 conference \u201cdisciplinary knowledge and necessary conditions of learning\u201d , oxford , united kingdom , september 1 - 3 , 2014\n[ c012 ] w . h . ki , j . shi , e . yau , p . mok and j . sin ,\nphase - controlled dimmable electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , pp . 1121 - 1125 , june 1999 .\n[ c068 ] t . f . kwok and w . h . ki ,\na stable compensation scheme for low dropout regulator in the absence of esr ,\neuropean solid - state circ . conf . , munich , germany , pp . 416 - 419 , sept . 2007 .\nyang m , rangasamy d , matthaei ki , frew aj , zimmmermann n , mahalingam s , et al . , ' inhibition of arginase i activity by rna interference attenuates il - 13 - induced airways hyperresponsiveness ' , journal of immunology , 177 5595 - 5603 ( 2006 ) [ c1 ]\nsupporting secondary schools in the teaching and learning of chinese for non - native learners ( 2008 ) . co - investigator . ( pi : dr w . w . ki ) funded by education development fund , university - school support programmes , completed . hk $ 16 , 169 , 111 .\n[ j05 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\noptimal capacitance assignment of switched - capacitor biquads\n, ieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 42 , no . 6 , pp . 334 - 342 , june 1995 .\n[ c025 ] e . yau , w . h . ki , p . mok and j . sin ,\nphase - controlled dimmable cfl with ppfc and switching frequency modulation ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , vancouver , canada , pp . 951 - 956 , june 2001 .\n[ c026 ] w . chen , w . h . ki , p . mok and m . s . chan ,\ndual - loop feedback for fast low dropout regulators ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , vancouver , canada , pp . 1265 - 1269 , june 2001 .\n[ c074 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\nan integrated reconfigurable sc power converter with hybrid gate control scheme for mobile display driver applications ,\nieee asian solid - state circ . conf . , fukuoka , japan , pp . 169 - 172 , nov . 2008 .\n[ c094 ] y . lu , w . h . ki , and j . yi ,\na 13 . 56mhz cmos rectifier with switched - offset for reversion current control ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 246 - 247 , june 2011 .\n[ p08 ] w . h . ki , f . su , y . h . lam and c . y . tsui ,\nn - stage exponential charge pumps , charging stages therefor and methods of operation therefor ,\nus patent 7 , 397 , 299 , july 8 , 2008 .\n[ j07 ] w . h . ki ,\nanalysis of subharmonic oscillation of fixed frequency current - programming switching mode power converters ,\nieee trans . on circ . & syst . , part i , vol . 45 , no . 1 , pp . 104 - 108 , jan . 1998 .\n[ j08 ] w . h . ki ,\nsignal flow graph in loop gain analysis of dc - dc pwm ccm switching converters ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 45 , no . 6 , pp . 644 - 655 , june 1998 .\n[ j28 ] d . ma and w . h . ki ,\nfast - transient pccm switching converter with freewheel switching control ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 54 , no . 9 , pp . 825 - 829 , sept . 2007 .\n[ c045 ] y . k . chui , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\na dual - band switching digital controller for a buck converter ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , yokohoma , japan , pp . 561 - 562 , jan . 2004 .\n[ c053 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\ngate control strategies for high efficiency charge pumps ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , kobe , japan , pp . 1907 - 1910 , may 2005 .\n[ c065 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui\nan ultra fast fixed frequency buck converter with maximum charging current control and adaptive delay compensation for dvs applications ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , pp . 28 - 29 , june 2007 .\n[ p10 ] w . h . ki , f . su , y . h . lam and c . y . tsui ,\nn - stage exponential charge pumps , charging stages therefor and methods of operation therefor ,\nus patent 7 , 605 , 640 , oct . 20 , 2009 .\nforbes e , smart v , d & apos ; aprile a , henry p , yang m , matthaei ki , et al . , ' t helper - 2 immunity regulates bronchial hyperresponsiveness in eosinophil - associated gastrointestinal disease in mice ' , gastroenterology , 127 105 - 118 ( 2004 ) [ c1 ]\n[ c028 ] s . lam , w . h . ki , k . c . kwok and m . chan ,\nrealization of compact mosfet structure by waffle - layout ,\neuropean solid - state device research conf . , nuremberg , germany , pp . 119 - 122 , sept . 2001 .\n[ c052 ] w . h . ki , f . su and c . y . tsui ,\ncharge redistribution loss consideration in optimal charge pump design ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , kobe , japan , pp . 1895 - 1898 , may 2005 .\n[ c078 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\na high - precision low - voltage low dropout regulator for soc with adaptive biasing ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , taipei , taiwan , pp . 2521 - 2524 , may 2009 .\n[ c084 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nmaximizing the harvested energy for micro - power applications through efficient mppt and pmu design ,\nieee asia south pacific design automation conf . , taipei , pp . 75 - 80 , jan . 2010 .\n[ j27 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\ndesign strategy for step - up charge pumps with variable integer conversion ratios ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 54 , no . 5 , pp . 417 - 421 , may 2007 .\n[ c004 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\narea - efficient gain - and offset - compensated very - large - time - constant sc biquads ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 1187 - 1190 , may 1992 .\n[ c060 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nhigh efficiency cross - coupled doubler with no reversion loss ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , koa , greece , pp . 2761 - 2764 , may 2006 .\n[ c076 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\ndigitally assisted quasi v 2 hysteretic buck converter with fixed frequency and without using large - esr capacitor ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , pp . 446 - 447 , feb . 2009 .\n[ c086 ] k . t . kwan and w . h . ki ,\nfreewheel duration adjustment circuits for charge - control single - inductor dual - output switching converters ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , paris , pp . 2722 - 2725 , may 2010 .\n[ j19 ] t . r . ying , w . h . ki , and m . chan ,\narea - efficient cmos charge pumps for lcd drivers ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 10 , pp . 1721 - 1725 , oct . 2003 .\n[ c033 ] t . r . ying and w . h . ki and m . chan ,\narea - efficient cmos integrated charge pumps ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . & syst . , scottsdale , usa , pp . iii . 831 - iii . 834 , may 2002 .\n[ c036 ] v . cheung , h . luong , m . chan and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 3 . 5 - mw cmos switched - opamp quadrature if circuitry for bluetooth receivers ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , pp . 140 - 143 , june 2002 .\n[ c041 ] y . k . chui , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan integrated digital controller for dc - dc switching converter with dual - band switching ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 45 - 48 , june 2003 .\n[ c056 ] c . y . tsui , h . shao , w . h . ki and f . su ,\nultra - low voltage power management and computation methodology for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 316 - 319 , june 2005 .\n[ c066 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\na micro power management system and maximum output power control for solar energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l symp . on low power elec . devices , pp . 298 - 303 , aug . 2007 .\n[ c070 ] y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\na 0 . 9v 0 . 35mm adaptively biased cmos ldo with fast transient response ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , pp . 442 - 443 + 626 , feb . 2008 .\n[ c075 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nan inductor - less mppt design for light energy harvesting systems ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , yokohama , japan , pp . 101 - 102 , jan . 2009 .\n[ c091 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\noutput - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulators ,\nieee int ' l conf . on electron devices and solid - state circ . , hong kong , china , dec . 2010 . ( student paper contest , third prize )\nthe thing that frustrates me about you tiki - ming , is that there is more than one of you ; it doesn ' t make sense . i had the lemon chicken and fried rice with spring roll special . i got fresh rice , loads of chicken and i thought it was gonna be legendary . i wish it tasted bad but it had no flavor at all . i gave up on the rice and chicken ; twas , too disappointing . . oh and there was so much blubbery fat and cartilage in the chicken ! so disturbing ! i bit into the spring roll , and i knew immediately that this place did not give a fudge .\n[ j18 ] d . ma , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\na pseudo - ccm / dcm simo switching converter with freewheel switching ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 6 , pp . 1007 - 1014 , june 2003 .\n[ c007 ] z . li , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\na simple method to design resonant circuits of electronic ballast for fluorescent lamp ,\nieee in t ' l symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 1744 - 1747 , june 1997 .\n[ c027 ] s . lam , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\nthe silicon - on - sapphire technology for rf integrated circuits : potential and limitations ,\nieee region 10 int ' l conf . on electrical and electronics technology , singapore , pp . 483 - 486 , aug . 2001 .\n[ c032 ] c . s . chan , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nbi - directional integrated charge pumps ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , scottsdale , usa , pp . iii . 827 - iii . 830 , may 2002 .\n[ c042 ] z . q . hu , w . h . mow and w . h . ki ,\nanalog integrated circuit design of a hypertrellis decoder ,\nint ' l conf . on parallel and distributed computing , applications and technologies , chengdu , china , pp . 552 - 556 , aug . 2003 .\njohn sullivan practised as a solicitor for 25 years in navan before he went in for thoroughbred breeding . he did not live to see his only classic success as a breeder when ki ming won the 2000 guineas although his winkfield ' s fortune was runner up in the irish derby . this horse was own brother to winkfield ' s pride , john sullivan ' s pride and joy , winner of the lincolnshire and cambridgeshire handicaps and the doncaster cup . john sullivan won a further cambridgeshire in 1900 with his colt berrill who , when mated with winkfield ' s pride ' s sister , produced the 1913 lincolnshire handicap winner berrilldon . others bred by john sullivan included guinea gap ( royal hunt cup ) and niantic ( dead heat for the 1927 cambridgeshire ) . early in the century john sullivan started training on his own in calne in wiltshire and won back to back ebor handicaps with war wolf and the page . the stallions at his stud included zria , sire of the grand national winner troytown .\nthe 2018 scientific symposium gave our researchers at mwlc in hong kong and sweden the possibility of sharing their research with other scientists in hong kong . the 20 researchers presenting were from ki , aarhus , bgi and several of the universities in hong kong . intensive discussions took place during breaks which hopefully will lead to new exciting collaborations .\nthe symposium \u201creparative medicine and beyond\u201d was the first opportunity for our researchers in hong kong and sweden to explore possibilities of collaboration between mwlc and local universities in hong kong . as many as 25 junior researchers from ki as well as universities in hk presented their current research . many fruitful discussions took place during panel discussions and breaks .\n[ j12 ] c . xu , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\na low voltage cmos complementary active pixel sensor ( caps ) fabricated using a 0 . 25mm cmos technology ,\nieee electron device lett . , vol . 23 , no . 7 , pp . 398 - 400 , july 2002 .\n[ j31 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nregulated switched - capacitor doubler with interleaving control for continuous output regulation ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 44 , no . 4 , pp . 1112 - 1120 , apr . 2009 .\n[ j39 ] c . lu , c . y . tsui , w . h . ki ,\nmicro power vibration energy scavenging system with maximum harvested power tracking for ubiquitous applications ,\nieee trans . on vlsi syst . , vol . 19 , no . 11 , pp . 2109 - 2119 , nov . 2011 .\n[ c030 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , and c . y . tsui ,\na pseudo - ccm / dcm simo switching converter with freewheel switching ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , pp . 390 - 391 + 476 . feb . 2002 .\n[ c061 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\na novel charge based computation system and control strategy for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , koa , greece , pp . 2933 - 2936 , may 2006 .\n[ c095 ] w . h . ki , y . lu , f . su and c . y . tsui ,\ndesign and analysis of on - chip charge pumps for micro - power energy harvesting applications ,\nifip / ieee vlsi - soc , hong kong , pp . 374 - 379 , oct . 2011 .\n[ j34 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\noutput - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulator for system - on - chips ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 57 , no . 5 , pp . 1017 - 1028 , may 2010 .\n[ j35 ] y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\ncmos bandgap references with self - biased symmetrically matched current - voltage mirror and extension of sub - 1v design ,\nieee trans . on vlsi syst . , vol . 18 , no . 6 , pp . 857 - 865 , june 2010 .\n[ c005 ] j . f . lin , w . h . ki , k . thompson , and s . shamma ,\ncochlear filters design using a parallel dilating - biquads switched - capacitor filter bank ,\nieee int ' l symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 2053 - 2056 , may 1992 .\n[ c009 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\noptimum nested miller compensation for low - voltage low - power cmos amplifier ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . ii . 616 - ii . 619 , may 1999 .\n[ c010 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\na novel frequency compensation technique for low - voltage low - dropout regulator ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . v . 102 - v . 105 , may 1999 .\n[ c023 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\na 1 . 8v single - inductor dual - output switching converter for power reduction techniques ,\nieee symp . on vlsi circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 137 - 140 , june 2001 .\n[ c055 ] e . au , w . h . mow and w . h . ki ,\nhypergraph : an alternative graphical model for computing transfer functions in circuits and systems ,\nieee int ' l conf . on comm . circ . and syst . , hong kong , pp . 1353 - 1357 , may 2005 .\n[ c089 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan output - capacitor - free cascode low - dropout regulator with low quiescent current and high power supply rejection ,\nieee asia pacific conf . on circ . and syst . , kuala lumper , malaysia , pp . 220 - 223 , dec . 2010 .\n[ c063 ] c . lu , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\na batteryless vibration - based energy harvesting system for ultra low power ubiquitous applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , new orleans , usa , pp . 1349 - 1352 , may 2007 .\n[ c064 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nan inductor - less micro solar power management system design for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , new orleans , usa , pp . 1353 - 1356 , may 2007 .\n[ c073 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan sc voltage regulator with novel area - efficient continuous output regulation by a dual - branch interleaving control scheme ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , honolulu , usa , pp . 136 - 137 , june , 2008 .\n[ c079 ] j . yi , w . h . ki , p . mok and c . y . tsui ,\ndual - power - path rf - dc multi - output power management unit for rfid tags ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 200 - 201 , june 2009 .\n[ c090 ] m . y . lo , w . h . ki , and w . h . mow ,\na 25mhz sign and magnitude converter for analog current mode iterative decoders ,\nieee asia pacific conf . on circ . and syst . , kuala lumper , malaysia , pp . 472 - 475 , dec . 2010 .\n[ j06 ] w . h . ki , l . der , and s . lam ,\nre - examination of pole - splitting of a generic single stage amplifier ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 44 , no . 1 , pp . 70 - 74 , jan . 1997 .\n[ j11 ] v . cheung , h . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v cmos switched - opamp switched - capacitor pseudo - 2 - path filter ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 36 , no . 1 , pp . 14 - 22 , jan . 2001 .\n[ j17 ] s . lam , p . mok , w . h . ki , p . ko and m . chan ,\nan enhanced compact waffle mosfet with low drain capacitance from a standard submicron cmos technology ,\nsolid state elec . , vol . 47 , no . 5 , pp . 785 - 789 , may 2003 .\n[ j21 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\na novel current - mode sensing scheme for magnetic tunnel junction mram ,\nieee trans . on magnetics , vol . 40 , no . 2 , pp . 483 - 488 , march 2004 .\n[ c021 ] w . chen , w . h . ki , p . mok and m . s . chan ,\nswitched - capacitor power converters with integrated low dropout regulators ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . iii - 293 - iii - 296 , sydney , may 2001 .\n[ c038 ] d . ma , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\na fast response adaptive dc - dc switching converter using on - chip dual - loop one - cycle control ,\neuropean solid - state circ . conf . , firenze , italy , pp . 379 - 382 , sept . 2002 .\n[ c046 ] l . f . leung , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nminimizing energy consumption of multiple - processor - core systems with simultaneous task allocation , scheduling and voltage assignment ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , yokohoma , japan , pp . 647 - 652 , jan . 2004 .\n[ c047 ] l . f . leung , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nminimizing energy consumption of hard real - time systems with simultaneous tasks scheduling and voltage assignment using statistical data ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , yokohoma , japan , pp . 663 - 665 , jan . 2004 .\n[ c088 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui , and w . h . ki ,\na single inductor dido dc - dc converter for solar energy harvesting applications using band - band control ,\nieee / ifip vlsi - syst . on chip , madrid , spain , pp . 167 - 172 , sept . 2010 .\npang m . f . , marton f . , bao j . and ki w . w . ( 2016 ) . teaching to add three - digit numbers in hong kong and shanghai : illustration of differences in the systematic use of variation and invariance , zdm the international journal on mathematics education , 48 ( 4 ) , 455 - 470 .\n[ j25 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nintegrated low - loss cmos active rectifier for wirelessly powered devices ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 53 , no . 12 , pp . 1378 - 1382 , dec . 2006 .\n[ j37 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\na low dropout regulator with low quiescent current and high power supply rejection over wide range of frequency for soc ,\nj . of circ . , syst . and comp . , vol . 20 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 13 , jan . 2011 .\n[ j38 ] w . h . ki , k . m . lai , and c . zhan ,\ncharge balance analysis and state transition analysis of hysteretic voltage mode switching converters ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 50 , no . 5 , pp . 1142 - 1153 , may 2011 .\n[ c014 ] v . cheung , h . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v cmos switched - opamp switched - capacitor pseudo - 2 - path filter ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , usa , pp . 154 - 155 + 453 , feb . 2000 .\n[ c015 ] h . lee , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\na novel voltage - control scheme for low - voltage dc - dc converters with fast transient recovery ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . i . 256 - i . 259 , may 2000 .\n[ c022 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , p . mok and c . y . tsui ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters with bipolar outputs\n, ieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . iii - 301 - iii - 304 , sydney , may 2001 .\n[ c031 ] c . xu , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\na highly integrated cmos image sensor architecture for low voltage applications with deep submicron process ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , scottsdale , usa , pp . iii . 699 - iii . 702 , may 2002 .\n[ c048 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\na binary - search switched - current sensing scheme for 4 - state mram ,\nacm great lakes symp . on vlsi , boston , usa , pp . 304 - 307 , apr . 2004 .\n[ c050 ] d . ma , v . tam , w . h . ki and h . lam ,\na cad simulator based on loop gain measurement for switching converters ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , vancouver , canada , pp . v . 940 - v . 943 , may 2004 .\n[ c057 ] c . y . tsui , h . shao , w . h . ki and f . su ,\nultra - low voltage power management and computation methodology for energy harvesting applications ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , yokohoma , japan , pp . 96 - 97 , jan . 2006 .\n[ c083 ] m . y . lo , w . h . ki and w . h . mow ,\na 20mhz switched - current input sample - and - hold circuit for current mode analog iterative decoders ,\nieee int ' l symp . on int . circ . , singapore , pp . 283 - 286 , dec . 2009 .\n[ j30 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\ncomponent - efficient multi - phase switched capacitor dc - dc converter with configurable conversion ratios for lcd driver applications ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 55 , no . 8 , pp . 753 - 757 , aug . 2008 .\n[ j32 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nthe design of a micro power management system for applications using photovoltaic cells with the maximum output power control ,\nieee trans . on vlsi syst . , vol . 17 , no . 8 , pp . 1138 - 1142 , aug . 2009 .\n[ j40 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan output - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulator with sub - threshold undershoot - reduction for soc ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 59 , no . 5 , pp . 1119 - 1131 , may 2012 .\n[ c017 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nanalysis on an alternative structure of damping - factor - control frequency compensation ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . ii . 545 - ii . 548 , may 2000 .\n[ c034 ] s . lam , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\nhigh - isolation bonding pad with depletion - insulation structure for rf / microwave integrated circuits on bulk silicon cmos ,\nieee mtt - s int ' l microwave symp . digest , seattle , washington , usa , pp . 677 - 680 , june 2002 .\nki , w . , marton , f . , and pang , m . f . ( 2010 ) learning tones , in f . marton , s . k . tse & and w . m . cheung ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) on the learning of chinese ( pp . 31 - 52 ) . rotterdam , the netherlands : sense publishers\n[ j04 ] j . f . lin , w . h . ki , k . thompson , and s . shamma ,\nrealization of cochlear filter by vlt switched - capacitor biquads ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 41 , no . 9 , pp . 572 - 583 , sept . 1994 .\n[ j20 ] d . ma , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan integrated one - cycle control buck converter with adaptive output and dual loops for output error correction ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 39 , no . 1 , pp . 140 - 149 , jan . 2004 .\n[ j29 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nultra fast fixed frequency hysteretic buck converter with maximum charging current control and adaptive delay compensation for dvs applications ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 43 , no . 4 , pp . 815 - 822 , april 2008 .\n[ c008 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\ndamping - factor - control frequency compensation technique for low - voltage low - power large capacitive load applications ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , pp . 158 - 159 , feb . 1999 .\n[ c049 ] h . lam , w . h . ki and d . ma ,\nloop gain analysis and development of high - speed high - accuracy current sensors for switching converters ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , vancouver , canada , pp . v . 828 - v . 831 , may 2004 .\npang , m . f . ( 2005 ) . bringing learning about in economics classroom : a learning study ( in chinese ) . in w . w . ki , s . k . tse & s . k . shum ( eds . ) . variation theory and the space of learning . hong kong : hong kong university press , 51 - 63 .\n[ j23 ] m . chui , w . h . ki , and c . y . tsui ,\na programmable integrated digital controller for switching converters with dual - band switching and complex pole - zero compensation ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 40 , no . 3 , pp . 772 - 780 , march 2005 .\n[ c003 ] j . f . lin , w . h . ki , k . thompson , and s . shamma ,\nrealization of cochlear filter by vlt switched - capacitor biquads ,\nieee int ' l conf . of acou . , speech , and sig . proc . , pp . ii . 245 - ii . 248 , march , 1992 .\n[ c016 ] w . s . chan , p . mok , a . ng , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nic controller for dimmable electronic ballasts with closed - loop control ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . i . 503 - i . 506 , may 2000 .\n[ c019 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\na single - inductor dual - output integrated dc / dc boost converter for variable voltage scheduling ,\nieee / acm asia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , pp . 19 - 20 , jan . 2001 .\n[ c054 ] s . c . koon , y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\nintegrated charge - control single - inductor dual - output step - up / step - down converter ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , kobe , japan , pp . 3071 - 3074 , may 2005 .\n[ j09 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nthree - stage large capacitive load amplifier with damping - factor - control frequency compensation ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 35 , no . 2 , pp . 221 - 230 , feb . 2000 .\n[ j16 ] v . cheung , h . luong , m . chan and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 3 . 5 - mw cmos switched - opamp quadrature if circuitry for bluetooth receivers ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 5 , pp . 805 - 816 , may 2003 .\n[ c062 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan integrated 1 . 8v to 3 . 3v regulated voltage doubler using active diodes and dual - loop voltage follower for switch - capacitive load ,\nvlsi symp . on circ . , honolulu , usa , pp . 104 - 105 , june 2006 .\n[ c087 ] y . ling , j . yi , c . y . tsui , and w . h . ki ,\nsystem level power optimizations for epc rfid tags to improve sensitivity using load power shaping and operation scheduling ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , paris , pp . 3012 - 3015 , may 2010 .\nyang m , hogan sp , henry p , matthaei ki , mckenzie anj , young ig , et al . , ' interleukin - ( il ) - 13 mediates biphasic airways hyperreactivity through the il - 4 receptor - alpha chain and stat - 6 independently of il - 5 and eotaxin ' , journal of allergy and clinical immunology , 109 s360 - s360 ( 2002 )\n[ j15 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters with time - multiplexing control in discontinuous conduction mode ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 1 , pp . 89 - 100 , jan . 2003 .\n[ j26 ] j . yi , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nanalysis and design strategy of uhf micro - power cmos rectifiers for micro - sensor and rfid applications ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 54 , no . 1 , pp . 153 - 166 , jan . 2007 .\n[ c043 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\nhigh - sensitivity switched - current sensing circuit for magnetic tunnel junction mram ,\nieee int ' l midwest symp . on circ . and syst . , cairo , egypt , pp . 269 - 271 , dec . 2003 .\n[ c051 ] h . lam , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and d . ma ,\nintegrated 0 . 9v charge - control switching converter with self - biased current sensor ,\nieee int ' l midwest symp . on circ . and syst . , hiroshima , japan , pp . ii . 305 - ii . 308 , july 2004 .\n[ c093 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan output - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulator with sub - threshold undershoot - reduction ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , rio de janeiro , brazil , pp . 45 - 48 , may 2011 . ( student paper contest : first prize )\n, the former four were found to be decisive and regarded as major factors for the grading . the lesions with typical architectural and cellular phenotypes , mitotic counts below 5 / 10 hpf and ki - 67 - li below 10 % , as in cases 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 , were classified as low - grade tumors , and those with anaplastic morphology , mitotic counts up to 5 / 10 hpf and / or ki - 67 - li up to 10 % , as in cases 2 , 4 , 7 - 9 , as high - grade tumors . the rest two parameters , including necrosis and loss or reduction of infiltrating lymphocytes , were found to be useful adjuvant factors , but not prerequisites for establishing a diagnosis of the high - grade lesion .\nwing - hung ki received the b . sc . degree from the university of california , san diego , in 1984 , the m . sc . degree from the california institute of technology , pasadena , in 1985 , and the engineer degree and the ph . d . degree from the university of california , los angeles , in 1990 and 1995 , respectively , all in electrical engineering .\n[ j26a ] j . yi , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\ncorrections to ' analysis and design strategy of uhf micro - power cmos rectifiers for micro - sensor and rfid applications , '\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 54 , no . 6 , pp . 1406 , jun . 2007 .\n[ c013 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\nright - half - plane zero removal technique for low - voltage low - power nested miller compensation cmos amplifiers ,\nieee int ' l conf . on elec . , circ . and syst . , paphos , cyprus , pp . 599 - 603 , sept . 1999 .\n[ c058 ] y . h . lam , s . c . koon , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nintegrated direct output current control switching converter using symmetrically - matched self - biased current sensors ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , yokohoma , japan , pp . 102 - 103 , jan . 2006 .\n[ c072 ] j . yi , f . su , y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan energy - adaptive mppt power management unit for micro - power vibration energy harvesting ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , seattle , usa , pp . 2570 - 2573 , may 2008 .\n[ j24 ] m . siu , p . mok , k . n . leung , y . h . lam , and w . h . ki ,\na voltage - mode pwm buck regulator with end - point prediction\n, ieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 53 , no . 4 , pp . 294 - 298 , april 2006 .\n[ c040 ] l . f . leung , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nsimultaneous task allocation , scheduling and voltage assignment for multiple - processors - core systems using mixed integer nonlinear programming ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , bangkok , thailand , pp . v . 309 - v . 312 , may 2003 .\n[ j13 ] v . cheung , h . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 10 . 7 - mhz switched - opamp bandpass sigma - delta modulator using double - sampling - finite - gain - compensation technique ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 37 , no . 10 , pp . 1215 - 1225 , oct . 2002 .\n[ c039 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\nsingle - inductor dual - input dual - output switching converter for integrated battery charging and power regulation ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , bangkok , thailand , pp . iii . 447 - iii . 450 , may 2003 .\n[ c071 ] n . m . sze , f . su , y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nintegrated single - inductor dual - input dual - output boost converter for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , seattle , usa , pp . 2218 - 2221 , may 2008 .\n[ j22 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\na switched - current sensing architecture for a 4 - state per cell magnetic tunnel junction mram ,\nieee trans . on circ . , and syst . , part i , vol . 51 , no . 11 , pp . 2113 - 2122 , nov . 2004 .\npang , m . f . , marton , f . , cong , l . , and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . learning theory as a teaching resource : enhancing students ' understanding . in burnard , p ; apelgren , bm & cabaroglu , n ( eds . ) , transformative teacher research : theory and practice for the c21st ( pp . 13 - 24 ) . rotterdam : sense publishers\n[ c020 ] v . cheung , h . c . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 10 . 7 - mhz switched - opamp bandpass sigma - delta modulator using double - sampling - finite - gain - compensation technique ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , usa , pp . 52 - 53 + 428 - 429 , feb . 2001 .\n[ j14 ] c . xu , w . zhang , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\na 1 . 0 - v v dd cmos active - pixel sensor with complementary pixel architecture and pulsewidth modulation fabricated with a 0 . 25 - mm cmos process ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 37 , no . 12 , pp . 1853 - 1859 , dec . 2002 .\n[ c077 ] y . t . wong , c . w . ng , h . m . wan , k . k . kwong , y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\nnear - threshold startup integrated boost converter with slew rate enhanced error amplifier ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , taipei , taiwan , pp . 2409 - 2412 , may 2009 .\npang , m . f . , bao , j . , and ki , w . w . ( 2017 ) . \u2018bianshi\u2019 and the variation theory of learning : illustrating two frameworks of variation and invariance in the teaching of mathematics . in : r . huang & y . li ( eds . ) . teaching and learning mathematics through variation : confucian heritage meets western theories ( pp . 43 - 67 ) . rotterdam : sense publishers\nki w . w . , cheung w . m . , ng p . k . , wong , w . y . , pang m . f . , lam h . c . and marton f . ( 2014 ) . open software to enhance learners ' discernment and connection of features of chinese characters , special interest group on writing & reading , international association for the improvement of mother tongue education international conference , hong kong sar , china , june 2014\n] identified five high - grade lesions from 14 fdc sarcomas based on cellular atypia , but they failed to show its relevance of statistical significance to clinical outcomes . in this study , we examined nine new cases from northern china , extracted and reviewed data of 97 cases from literatures , and established histological criteria for low - grade and high - grade fdc sarcomas according to four major parameters including architectural alteration , cellular atypia , mitoactivity and / or ki - 67 - li ( table\n[ j33 ] y . y . chan , d . hui , a . r . dickinson , d . chu , d . cheng , e . cheung , w . h . ki , w . h . lau , j . wong and e . lo ,\nengineering outreach : initiative success with science and technology gifted students in hong kong ,\nieee trans . on ed . , vol . 53 , no . 1 , pp . 158 - 171 , jan . 2010 .\nisland club cup golf islarli } clues men v . wod challenge cup golf will be played on monl tnree - quarters of the dif - - 1 m handicap will be and the women pluv - . rt one holeup . d times arv : w & # 171 ; ki & # 171 ; t & # 187 ; v . w . f . j 4 mrs i moftet & # 187 ; 11 & amp ; gt ; \\ & amp ; gt ; . 2 tt mrs .\nreviewing fast food counters always feels a bit redundant to me as if it ' s bad , then the obvious answer is ' it ' s fast food in a food court , what do you expect ? ' but if it ' s good it just gets interpreted as ' it ' s good enough ' . in reviewing tiki - ming , i ' d say that it fits the latter . the food court it ' s in is exceptionally clean . that ' s a rarity and while tiki has nothing to do with that , it ' s appreciated . the food is pretty good . it ' s food court , but if you go between 12 - 1 : 30 , it ' s at its freshest and some of the non fried options are actually fairly tasty ( see : salt and pepper beef , chicken ) . staff is pretty friendly and they will offer you samples if you ' re trying to decide what to get . the chow mein noodles are boring but for some reason i really like them . don ' t know what that says about me three items : $ 10 . not bad !\nthe position comes with a generous package for three years with a possible extension of two years . the successful candidate will join a vibrant research environment and develop his / her independent research activities at the centre in hong kong . an important aim is to provide collaborate leadership within the centre and also with ki in sweden and chinese scientific communities . salary and benefits will be competitive and according to qualifications and experience . the employee assigned to the position will have his / her workplace in hong kong science park and be employed under local labour laws in hong kong ."]}
{"id": 1647, "summary": [{"text": "the comet or marine betta ( calloplesiops altivelis ) is a species of reef-associated tropical marine fish in the longfin family plesiopidae , most commonly found between 3 and 50 m deep .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is native to the indo-pacific ocean .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can reach a maximum length of 20 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "comet ( fish )", "paragraphs": ["hybridization ( fish ) , to specifically label dna sequences of interest . comet - fish exists in two versions , based on the neutral and the alkaline comet assays . a detailed description of the comet assay is given in\nidentification : any goldfish with the characteristic comet tail is classed as a comet , be it metallic orange , red and white or calico .\ni have a beautiful white comet / koi fish that i immediately removed from the tank where it was attacked by one of the other fish - possibly a tin foil barb - in the tank . the comet / koi is recovering but i ' m worried about the eyes of this fish ; it seems the tin foil barb bit / destroyed the eyes of the comet / koi fish . can the comet / koi fish ' s eyes grow back ? it ' s such a beautiful fish ! ! !\ncomet - fish with strand - specific probes reveals transcription - coupled repair of 8 - oxoguanine in human cells .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\none key to successful comet husbandry is to provide plenty of suitable caves and crevices for this fish to hide in .\npopular is the red and white pond fish known as sarasa comet . having deep red and pure white coloration , they are attractive , hardy and large fish .\n, 15 years as a serious fish keeper , with 3 tanks and 15 fish .\ni started a fish aquarium with 5 gold comet fish in a 10 gallon aquarium filled with tap water and a filter , but they died with in an hour . how do i start a fish aquarium ?\nhi , i have one moor gold fish and one comet goldfish , can i know the best way to breed them .\nthe adult comet is a sight to behold ! not only is it beautiful , it is also a durable aquarium fish .\ni started a fish aquarium with 5 gold comet fish in a 10 gallon aquarium filled with tap water and a filter , but they died with in an hour . how do i start a fish aquarium ? - quora\ni have two comet fish . can someone tell me how to give care to them ? and when they will give babies etc ?\ncomet - fish with strand - specific probes reveals transcription - coupled repair of 8 - oxoguanine in human cells . - pubmed - ncbi\nif you have any additional information about the comet grouper please leave us a comment below .\nthe correct comet tail should be forked and well spread , and not droop or overlap .\nas long as the pellets are for fish , it should be ok . you should not feed anything to your fish that is not fish food .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nthe comet is the most popular coldwater fish and will be found in many ponds and aquariums across australia , its ability to adapt to a variety of water temperatures makes it a wonderful pond fish .\nboumis , robert .\ncare instructions for comet goldfish\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\njust for starters , you had way too many fish in an aquarium of that size . \u201cgold comet fish\u201d are goldfish . they need a minimum of 8 gallons of water per fish . they don ' t stay little , they can grow fairly large .\ndoes the fish look sick at all ? they often exhibit that behavior when one of the fish are sick .\nother types of comet goldfish include the sarasa comet . this variety has long flowing fins and is characterized by a red - and - white coloration that holds a resemblance to a koi color pattern called ' kohaku . ' the tancho single - tail comet is a silver variety with a red patch on its head .\nalthough these fish are very durable , comet keeping is not without some drawbacks . when initially introduced into an aquarium , these fish are very shy . your new comet may hide for a week or more before you even catch a fleeting glimpse of it . their timid nature can present a problem when feeding time rolls around , especially when included in a tank with more aggressive tankmates . the comet is a rather meticulous stalking predator . if it is with fish that quickly dash in and ingest introduced food , the comet may never have a chance to fill its belly . this can be particularly problematic if the comet is kept in a tank that lacks live substrate ( more on this later ) .\nother types of comet include the sarasa comet . this variety has long flowing fins and is characterized by a red - and - white coloration that holds a resemblance to a koi color pattern called ' kohaku . ' additionally , the tancho single - tail comet is a silver variety with a red patch on its head .\nthe comet is an incredibly hardy aquarium fish . i have had several individuals that survived otherwise total tank wipe outs caused by parasitic infections . in fact , i have yet to see a comet with a severe case of saltwater ich ( cryptocaryon irritans ) , even in aquaria where every other fish was covered with cysts !\nthe comet goldfish is also called the comet - tail goldfish or pond comet . this fish was the first variety of single - tail goldfish to be developed with a long caudal ( tail ) fin . it was developed in the united states from the common goldfish in the early 19th century , presumably by hugo mullert of philadelphia , who then introduced them in quantity into the market .\nboumis , robert .\ncare instructions for comet goldfish .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / care - instructions - comet - goldfish - 4397 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nbeing a further development of the common goldfish , the comet is sometimes confused for its close relative . the comet goldfish and common goldfish have an almost identical body shape . however , the fins on the comet goldfish are much longer , especially the caudal ( tail ) fin . its caudal fin is also more deeply forked . on both these fish , the caudal fin is held fully erect .\npeaceful - although rarely aggressive , comet goldfish are very active and might annoy tankmates that prefer a peaceful environment .\nboumis , robert . ( n . d . ) . care instructions for comet goldfish . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / care - instructions - comet - goldfish - 4397 . html\ncomets have few options in terms of tank mates . most fish sold at pet shops are tropical fish , which require warmer water than goldfish . thus , either the goldfish will be stressed from increased temperature or the tropical fish will get stressed from the low temperature . however , any temperate - water fish that will not pick on a comet can share a tank or pond . koi may work , so long as they are not large enough to eat the comet .\ni just got 2 comet fish 2 days ago and right now they are in a 1 gallon fish bowl . they are small right now but i know they will get bigger . what size tank should i . . . ( more ) anonymous\ni just got 2 comet fish 2 days ago and right now they are in a 1 gallon fish bowl . they are small right now but i know they will get bigger . what size tank should i get so that they can grow bigger ? and i also want to add more fish with them . what ' s some good options of different fish to add ?\nthe comet acts as a predator on smaller fish and crustaceans in the reef environment ( field and field , 1998 ) . it also serves as a source of food for larger predators .\ncotelle , s . and ferard , j . f . ( 1999 ) comet assay in genetic ecotoxicology : a review .\n\u2013 is your fish big enough to eat pellets ? some pellets can be too big to fit in the mouths of young fish .\none of the hardiest of the goldfish varieties , comet goldfish are recommended for beginners . they are an easy fish to keep as they are not picky and will readily eat what is offered .\nmenke , m . , angelis , k . j . , and schubert , i . ( 2000 ) detection of specific dna lesions by a combination of comet assay and fish in plants .\nfor juveniles a general rule of thumb is 1 inch of fish ( 2 . 54 cm ) per 1 gallon of water . however , this rule only applies to young fish . larger gold fish consume much more oxygen than young fish so maintaining this formula for growing fish will stunt them and could contribute to disease and even death .\nmy comet goldfish , pam , looking good in her tank at night . she comes to the surface for a quick snack .\nthe comet has been successfully bred and raised in captivity ( this little beauty is from c - quest in puerto rico ) . note that there are larger and fewer spots on this juvenile fish .\nwelcome to the fish index ! we are maintaining a growing encyclopedia of fish species listed from a - z ! choose from our categories or browse the fish featured along the sides by clicking their pictures . each fish includes detailed information , pictures , video and user comments ! with over 30 , 000 different species in the world , our team of fish experts are constantly being challenged to discover new species . sample\nthe fish of the day\nor browse our impressive selection of aquarium fish !\nmy parents are looking to get some comet goldfish to put in their small pond outside . what are the first steps to take ?\ni want to have 3 comet goldfish . do i need a filter as well as the pump ? and is that enough space ?\nhi i have a pond with one red comet and 2 koi . the red comet seems to have become really fat the past 3 days it has not come up to eat iether . could it be laying eggs and if so can those eggs get fertilised by the koi ?\n, so readers who are not familiar with this technique can work directly with the protocol described here , without referring to additional protocols reported elsewhere . the neutral version of the comet assay detects double - strand breaks , while the alkaline version detects both double - and single - strand breaks as well as abasic sites or sites of incomplete repair . this chapter also details cell preparation and production of the hybridization probes adapted to the comet - fish technique . finally , microscopic analysis of comet - fish results is described , and possible procedures of quantification of the specific dna damage are presented .\nthe comet - fish technique described in this protocol is a tool to detect genome region - specific dna damage and repair . it is a combination of two established techniques , the comet assay ( or single - cell gel electrophoresis , or the single - cell gel test ) , to separate highly fragmented from moderately or nonfragmented dna and to measure it , and fluorescence\ni am going to get a couple of comet goldfish and could they live without a bubbler / filter ? i have not enough for one .\nthe adult size of the comet goldfish is also smaller than the common goldfish . yet they are every bit as durable and can be kept in either an aquarium or outdoor pond . both fish are inexpensive and readily available .\nhello dave . thanks for reaching out . in the world of fish , the goldfish and koi are probably the worst parental fish out there so the hiding is certainly not any protective measure by the fish . good luck ! - mike\nwith time and conditioning , your comet will spend more time in view . some individuals will even beg for food when you approach the aquarium . in general , a comet is more likely to spend time in the open in tanks with dim - lighting or when light levels are reduced ( this makes sense when you consider that they are nocturnal fish ) . but do not expect your comet to constantly swim about at the front of the aquarium and entertain your guests - this is not the nature of this beast .\nsasaki , y . f . , sekihashi , k . , izumiyama , f . , et al . ( 2000 ) the comet assay with multiple mouse organs : comparison of comet assay results and carcinogenicity with 208 chemicals selected from the iarc monographs and u . s . ntp carcinogenicity database .\nfrieauff , w . , hartmann , a . , and suter , w . ( 2001 ) automatic analysis of slides processed in the comet assay .\nbaez , j . 1998 . breeding the marine comet : a challenge for the best . sea scope 15 ( summer ) : 1 , 3 .\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\nwhen first acquired , the comet will usually only eat live food . try adding feeder mollies , guppies , ghost shrimp , or brine shrimp to entice you comet . if this does not elicit a feeding response try dimming the lights and then adding the food . acquaint yourself with your comet ' s preferred hide outs and attempt to present the food near these areas . although these fish may only accept live food at first , they can be weaned onto frozen preparations ( e . g . , lifeline foods ) , frozen mysid shrimp , and chopped seafoods . one way to dupe your comet into accepting these substitutes is to place the food in the current produced by a water pump .\nhi , i have a white comet about 10 cm . long it started changing into orange , is it normal chance of color or is sick ? ?\nthe comet is generally more reddish orange in color while the common goldfish is more orange . while the comet goldfish is typically a reddish orange , this fish is also available in yellow , orange , white , and red . they can also be found as a bi - color red / white combination , and occasionally they are available with nacreous ( pearly ) scales , giving them a variegated color .\ngeoff rogers , nick fletcher , focus on freshwater aquarium fish , firefly books . 2004\nplease , please , don ' t get anymore fish until you ' ve done the necessary research , and have aquired the proper equipment to maintain happy , healthy fish .\nrapp , a . , bock , c . , dittmar , h . , and greulich , k . o . ( 1999 ) comet - fish used to detect uv - a sensitive regions in the whole human genome and on chromosome 8 .\nkeep watch over the relationship between your goldfish and any other tank mates . some species of fish are much more aggressive than others , and your goldfish may become victim to other fish in the tank . goldfish , unlike other families of fish , should actually be kept in goldfish - only tanks rather than mixed with tropicals or other types of fish .\nunfortunately , that is too small for comet goldfish . i would recommend going with mosquitofish or rosy red minnows . the goldfish will outgrow that size within a season .\nwhen it is threatened , the comet often enters a crevice headfirst , leaving its tail exposed . the tail is thought to mimic the head of a moray eel .\nthe comet is an incredibly hardy aquarium fish . i have had several individuals that survived otherwise total tank wipe outs caused by parasitic infections . in fact , i have yet to see a comet with a severe case of saltwater ich ( cryptocaryon irritans ) , even in aquaria where every other fish was covered with cysts ! during attempts to extract several of these fish from aquariums , i have had them tear their fins up and scales off after they wedged themselves between pieces of live rock . these wounds healed quickly without any signs of bacterial infection . yes , i am convinced these fish are almost indestructible ! the only malady i have seen comet\u2019s suffering from , and only on rare occasions , is lateral line and fin erosion . this can typically be prevented or even reversed by feeding a varied diet , soaking the fish\u2019s food in selco or by using a ecosystem filtration system ( a . k . a . miracle mud filter ) .\nthe comet goldfish is one of the oldest and best known variants of the common goldfish . it was first bred in the late 1800\u2019s in the united states , and has since become one of the best known and most widespread fish in the aquarium hobby .\ni have one comet goldfish and would like to get another \u2013 but all the ones i see at the pet store are much smaller \u2013 i\u2019m afraid it will be attacked . is that a misconception or should i keep looking for a similarly sized fish ?\ndavid alderton , encyclopedia of aquarium and pond fish , dk publishing , inc . , 2005\nprice : \u00a31 each upwards , though a lot more for larger and high quality fish .\nrapp , a . , bock , c , dittmar , h . , and greulich , k . o . ( 2000 ) uv - a breakage sensitivity of human chromosomes as measured by comet - fish depends on gene density and not on the chromosome size .\nbocker , w . , bauch , t . , muller , w . u . , and streffer , c . ( 1997 ) image analysis of comet assay measurements .\nfairbairn , d . w . , olive , p . l . , and o\u2019neill , k . l . ( 1995 ) the comet assay : a comprehensive review .\nrapp a . , hausmann m . , greulich k . o . ( 2005 ) the comet - fish technique . in : keohavong p . , grant s . g . ( eds ) molecular toxicology protocols . methods in molecular biology\u2122 , vol 291 . humana press\nhi mike i have a 40 litre fish tank with 4 lion head gold fish . have noticed the water becoming very murky there was a bit of aggression over the one fish at one point and now this particular fish continues to lay still on the floor of the tank and every now and then swims quickly to the surface and settles back down on the floor . the other fish are now quite sedate and swim around normally . is this a sign of spawning ?\nwassink , h . 1990 . a successful cultivation of the comet calloplesiops altivelis ( steindachner , 1903 ) . sea scope 7 ( spring ) : 1 , 2 , 3 .\nhello . i have a question . i have two comet goldfish , both are orange . one of them , is chasing the other around my tank should i be concerned with this behaviour ? i\u2019ve been told that they can attack other fish but i\u2019m not entirely sure .\ncommon goldfish , comet crosses , 5 to 8 cm babies , straight from the pond . the olive coloured youngsters will still colour up to orange or gold . these fish grow large ! only to pond owners please ! contact doerte via whatsapp 0846589928 or email sacrebleurabbits @ urltoken\nthere ' s so much you need to learn before a second attempt . please , please don ' t try keeping fish again until you ' ve learned the very basics of fish care .\nsmall fish tankmates are also at some risk when introduced in with a resident comet . i had a large individual that persistently stalked small dottybacks and shrimp gobies . fortunately , it never succeeded in capturing either of its more diminutive tankmates . usually comets are a minimal danger to piscine tankmates that are established residents . however , any fish that can be ingested is potential prey .\nlike most cold - water fish , comet goldfish require a trigger to start spawning . the easiest way to do this is to lower the temperature for a period of around one month , and to reduce the light period to less than 8 hours a day for the tank .\nbock , c . , monajembashi , s . , rapp , a . , dittmar , h . , and greulich , k . o . ( 1999 ) localisation of specific sequences and dna single strand breaks in individual uv - a irradiated human lymphocytes observed by comet fish .\naquarium industries has been supplying live aquarium fish since 1968 and we are proud to house australia ' s largest range of freshwater and marine aquarium fish . we also provide a range of fresh and frozen food products for reptiles , turtles and fish . click here to find out more about aquarium industries .\ncollins , a . , dusinska , m . , franklin , m . , et al . ( 1997 ) comet assay in human biomonitoring studies : reliability , validation , and applications .\ntake the dead fish out . leave the filter running for a few days . then , change 50 % of the water and get some new fish . change 50 % of the water once a week . done ! eventually every fish in an aquarium will die - besides swim its what they do !\nthe comet is found throughout the indo - west pacific . in australia it is found around north - western coast of western australia , western northern territory and the great barrier reef , queensland .\nspeit , g . and hartmann , a . ( 1999 ) the comet assay ( single - cell gel test ) . a sensitive genotoxicity test for the detection of dna damage and repair .\na good rule of thumb is one inch of fish per square foot of pond surface area . so you may have to do a little bit of math to figure out how many fish you can have . it\u2019s also a good idea to use the maximum size as a guideline , and not the size the fish currently are . with the massive size of comet goldfish though , you\u2019re not going to be able to have a lot . probably somewhere in the neighbourhood of a half dozen or slightly more .\ngood quality young comet goldfish for sale colours : bronze , red , white , yellow and combinations 1cm : 50 for r100 2 - 3cm : 50 for r250 4 - 5cm : 20 for r150 5 - 7cm fully coloured : 10 for r100 all fish are randomly selected and sold per batch .\ngetting comet goldfish to accept food is not difficult \u2013 they will eat nearly anything that will fit in their mouth . with that being said , feeding them properly is what can be more difficult .\nangelis , k . j . , mcguffie , m . , menke , m . , and schubert , i . ( 2000 ) adaptation to alkylation damage in dna measured by the comet assay .\nweekly - goldfish produce more waste than most other freshwater fish and benefit greatly from more frequent water changes .\nunfortunately goldfish tend to get aggressive with each other and start nipping at other fish when they are stressed .\nthank you for this info . had a pond over 10 years and never seen this activity . i was pretty worried about 1 fish beaching itself in the weed then getting good trapped beaten bitten poked etc by another one and then sandwiched between two fish literally squashing it . i now know it\u2019s a lady fish being attacked by the bad guys . is it usual for lady fish to be catatonic like state for a while ?\nmixed koi for sale - 12 to 32 cmonly 22 fish left in stock and best prices offered . red comet goldfish x 5 available - 15 to 25 cm . whatsapp stefan on - 074 311 9962based in amanzimtoticontact me for your aquaponics related species as well , i breed and supply hybrid o . m .\nhey i\u2019m building a aquaponics system for my classroom , and i was wondering what plant would be a good choice to balance life between the comet goldfish and the plant , and keep them both alive .\ni think you could probably get away with 40 gallons , but 29 is too small for a comet goldfish . the water is very difficult to keep clean and you usually end up with some stunting .\nif both fish are healthy , it could be that the goldfish are competing for space . they tend to get very aggressive when the tanks are too small for them , and they\u2019re trying to drive the other fish so they can get more space \u2013 but there\u2019s no where for the other fish to go in the aquarium .\nbecause of its extremely prolific nature , comet goldfish are usually sold for mere pennies and can often be found in crowded feeder tanks or in tiny prize bags at fairs and carnivals . these terrible conditions lead to shortened life - spans , and often result in the fish suffering from any number of parasites and diseases .\nnotes : comets are now the world\u2019s most common goldfish variety , as many standard single - tail goldfish we buy for tanks and ponds have an elongated , comet tail . they are large fish , regularly reaching 30cm / 12\u201d in length , and so are best kept in filtered outdoor ponds or very large aquaria .\nthe comet is a wide - ranging species , having been reported from the red sea east to the line islands , north to southern japan and south to the great barrier reef and tonga . it is a medium - sized fish , attaining a maximum length of 20 cm ( 7 . 9 in . ) .\na goldfish personality can vary from fish to fish . i have owned timid goldfish as well as some very outgoing . let me tell you this : goldfish are typically non aggressive to goldfish or any other fish , but as weird as it sounds they love to eat their own eggs if these are not removed from the aquarium .\nolive , p . l . and banath , j . p . ( 1995 ) radiation - induced dna double - strand breaks produced in histone - depleted tumor cell nuclei measured using the neutral comet assay .\nif the fish lived a few days to a few weeks it could be diseases or or ammonia build ups .\nthe comet goldfish was the first variety of the single - tail goldfish to be developed with a long caudal ( tail ) fin . it was developed in the united states from the common goldfish in the early 19th century , presumably by hugo mullert of philadelphia , who then introduced them in quantity into the market . the comet goldfish is one of more than 125 captive - bred varieties of goldfish that have been developed .\ngoldfish food contains less protein and more carbohydrates than other fish food ( such as tropical fish food ) . manufacturers of goldfish food have produced food with the specific dietary requirements of goldfish in mind , so you shouldn\u2019t just pick up a tub of generic \u201cfish food\u201d . your goldfish need to eat proper goldfish food that meets their specific needs .\nadding some high quality foods to their diet can also help to condition the comet goldfish for breeding , and frozen or live foods should be fed daily in addition to the usual vegetables and herbivore flakes and pellets .\ntice , r . r . , agurell , e . , anderson , d . , et al . ( 2000 ) single cell gel / comet assay : guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing .\nbut if you can find a healthy comet goldfish , they can grow up to 13 inches in length , with some being reported much larger . they will also live up to 15 years if provided with a proper housing and food \u2013 a far cry from the month or two that most will survive when kept in cramped fish bowl .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\nshrimp and worms from the pet store will live longer than their wild counterparts before you feed them to your fish .\nautomatic fish feeders are also available . visit your local pet store to learn more about these feeders . [ 17 ]\nmind . i now know a lot of dos and don ' ts . thanks , what an interesting fish !\nif the fish don ' t have enough oxygen in the water ( no air pump , or too small an air pump , or too many fish ) , they ' ll gasp at the surface like they are trying to feed .\nbuy a bigger pump and make sure you ' re diffusing enough of the oxygen for the fish to use it .\nhello , we had ducks in our pond and bought 10 feeder gold fish to see if the ducks liked them . they didn\u2019t ? ? ? ? . that was last summer . now we have \u2026 . umh maybe 150 mixed colored gold fish . not sure what to do now , but i have been feeding the fish since the water temp reached 50 degrees . my husband\u2019s now laughs cause i chase the ducks out of the pond so they don\u2019t eat the fish .\nsince comet goldfish require coldwater , they should never be kept with tropical fish , as the tank will either be too warm for the goldfish , or too cold for the tropical fish . some good tank mates are gold barbs , dojo loaches and some people have had success with zebra danios . but the danios will nip at the goldfish if they aren\u2019t kept in a school of at least six , and some are nippers regardless , so add danios with caution .\nthe comet is a dark brown or black coloured fish with many small white or pale blue spots . it has an eye shaped spot at the base of the last 3 rays of the dorsal fin . the tail is diamond shaped . the comet is nocturnal and hides in rock crevices during the day . when disturbed it darts head first into the coral , leaving the back end of the body exposed . the false eye on the dorsal fin and the pointed tail give it the appearance of a moray eel . the fins are dark orange - brown , with small blue spots .\nmccosker , j . 1977 . fright posture of the plesiopid fish * calloplesiops altivelis * : an example of batesian mimicry .\nas for the algae there isn\u2019t many rocks and a smallish - medium plant and some lily pads . the fake owl is a good idea \u2013 but the fish come up to eat the floating food \u2013 won\u2019t that scare the fish to eat ?\nalso your fish is very large i hope he is in a large tank . about 60 gallon tank or a pond .\navoid fish with blood visible in fins as this may be a result of poor water quality and / or poor health .\nit is never a pleasant experience to look in one\u2019s goldfish tank after finally perfecting the water quality , watching that last bout of illness disappear and becoming attached to a beautiful fish only to find them tearing at the other fish\u2019s fins , pursuing the others around the tank , and generally wreaking havoc . observing a hostile fish in action is always sure to cause feelings of frustration and helplessness as a fish keeper . while goldfish are by far one of the most peaceful fish to keep and are generally good tempered , there are sometimes situations that will arise due to various fluctuations in its environment or other contributing factors .\nbut , it could be temperature difference and failure to acclimate the fish , or it could be a vastly different ph too . fish will dart around a lot too if the ph is vastly different ( it ' s irritating their skin ) .\ni ' m thinking of buying an aquarium and gold fish . about how much should a small aquarium in delhi cost ?\nthis fish exhibits a series of unique motor patterns when stalking its prey . when it hunts benthic prey , it tips its body forward , erects its huge pelvic fins , and curls its tail to one side . the comet then propels itself towards its potential victim by undulating the pectoral fins . this hunting behavior appears awkward and conspicuous to the human observer , but it may be that this exaggerated approach distracts the comet ' s victim and the extended pelvics and laterally directed tail form a barrier to impede the prey items escape ( similar in function to the lionfish\u2019s enlarged pectoral fins ) .\ngoldfish can become incredibly contentious when a sick or injured fish is displaying signs of weakness and ruthlessly attack such a fish , sometimes even banding together to tear at the fins and pursue the sick fish around the tank . this behavior is a very natural response and is nature\u2019s way of trying to protect the other fish in the community from coming down with the problem . putting the ailing goldfish in a quarantine tank is the best way to prevent it from getting stressed or killed . it is also much easier to treat such a fish in a smaller volume of water where the others will not be able to harm it .\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nyou shouldn ' t put fish in until the tank has cycled like this and the other factors above are taken care of .\ncomet - fish with strand - specific probes . ( a ) after dna - damaging treatment , cells are lysed , incubated with endonucleases or glycosylases and subjected to electrophoresis . hybridization of strand - specific probes to the termini of the dna segments of interest permits the quantification of tcr ; staining the bulk of the dna allows the analysis of ggr . ( b ) schematic representation of comet - fish . adjacent green and red probe signals indicate an intact dna strand with no lesions within the segment ; separated green and red probe signals suggest a damaged dna strand with a lesion within the segment . representative comet - fish images of a cell damaged with uv showing ( c ) the bulk dna stained with dapi , ( d ) alexa 488 - labeled probes targeting the 3\u2032 regions of the transcribed atm strands , ( e ) alexa 594 - labeled probes targeting the 5\u2032 regions of the transcribed atm strands and ( f ) an overlay of c , d and e ( scale bars , 5 \u00b5m ) ; ( g ) , ( h ) and ( i ) show enlargements of the probes signals from panel f .\nsome breeds of fish can be more aggressive than others . the ryukin goldfish has a more pointed head shape than other varieties , equipping them to more effectively pick on others . such fish should not be housed with more docile ones , such as the telescope eye , lest the former prevent the delicate fish from getting their share of food and attempt to assert its dominance through physical means .\nfifteen gallons is the absolute minimum required to house a comet goldfish . it ' s best to start with a 20 - 30 gallon tank for your first goldfish and then increase the size of the tank by 10 gallons for each additional goldfish . providing a large amount of water per fish will help dilute the amount of waste and reduce the number of water changes needed .\nbreeding comet goldfish in the home aquarium is difficult and should generally only be done in outdoor ponds . if you do plan on breeding them in an aquarium , then a separate tank must be set up to separate the parents from the eggs .\nit depends on your filtering system , but in general , the water will become clogged with by - products of the fish digestion , including ammonia , which can lead to bacteria and algae overgrowth and the fish will become sick . if there is no filter , the fish will die . the recommendation is to change 1 / 4 of the water once a week for tanks with filtration system .\nmost fancy goldfish will thrive in both freshwater and tropical aquariums as long as there are no aggressive or territorial fish in the tank . some good tankmates for fancy goldfish are the chinese blue bitterling and the northern redbelly dace . comet goldfish can be kept with other varieties of elongated goldfish , such as the common goldfish and the shubunkin , and they also do fine with koi .\ni would recommend feeding the fish lightly boiled and shelled peas for the next few days . quite often , this will fix a swim bladder problem in fish . i would also try more vegetables like zucchini in its diet for to help it clear out its system .\nhaving trouble with your fish ? ask a professional veterinarian and get answers in minutes . use the box below to start the conversation .\nhello joe . sorry to hear about the fish loss . its hard for me to say why the fish have died since there are lots of possible reasons for fish to die , especially in spawning season . females will typically die from stress and exhaustion since the males are relentless during spawning time . i wish i could give you a better answer but i\u2019m missing information ! good luck . - mike\nis a relatively shy fish and during the day is primarily found dwelling in reefs and caves , yet has been spotted showing activity in poorly lit areas ( field and field , 1998 ; randall , 1986 ) . beginning at twilight and throughout the night the fish is active in its search for food ( field and field , 1998 ) . the comet is a stalking predator that often approaches its prey with a sideways swim using the pectoral fins . when close enough it will lunge forward ( michael , 2002 ) .\nthe comet goldfish can grow up to a foot long . in light of this , they need a larger aquarium . a 55 gallon aquarium will accommodate them , though ponds work best . in either a pond or an aquarium , plants are important . plants provide cover , which makes the fish feel safe . live plants also provide a bit of a meal , as goldfish are known to nibble on them for extra nutrition . temperate fish comets do not require additional heating in most of the united states and europe .\nthe stocking level of the pond is critical to the health of your fish . too many fish leads to decreased oxygen levels and the extra fish waste leads to ammonia and nitrite build - up . to a certain degree , your fish load can vary based on your level of filtration . a pond with an undersized filter will not be able to keep as many fish , while an oversized filter will allow you a few extra fish . with an average - sized filter , your preferred stocking level will be based on surface area of the pond . for goldfish you can keep one average size fish for every 3 - 4 square feet of surface area . for koi , it should be limited to one fish for every 10 square feet of surface area . for example ; a 10 x 10 pond will have a surface area of 100 square feet ( assuming that it is a perfect rectangle ) . with an average filter this pond could house up to 30 goldfish or 10 koi . of course , keeping fewer than this would make keeping good water quality even easier .\ncomet goldfish are some of the hardier species of goldfish . they are very undemanding of water quality and temperature . they can do well in a goldfish aquarium or even a pond as long as the environment is safe and their tankmates are not competitive .\nhi traci . yes , try to catch them if you\u2019d like to tank raise them , otherwise just let them be . most baby fish will probably need to be around a full inch or so before the bigger fish may ignore them as a possible snack . \u2013 mike\n4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - comet goldfish housed in small aquariums will have stunted growth that will limit their size to four inches . in larger aquariums , they will reach about eight inches and up to twelve in a pond .\ncenturies of selective breeding have produced a huge amount of variation in goldfish . one variety is the comet . this goldfish has a slender body , with long , flowing fins and a forked tail fin . they are not as inbred as many variates of fancy goldfish , so they are more robust fish . while they are hardier than some goldfish , they also grow larger and require more space .\nvery helpful , the instructions are very clear and easy to understand . now i know how and what to feed my fish .\nashby , j . , tinwell , h . , lefevre , p . a . , and browne , m . a . ( 1995 ) the single cell gel electrophoresis assay for induced dna damage ( comet assay ) : measurement of tail length and moment .\nhi ! i have around a 4400 litre pond outdoors \u2013 we currently have 1 9yo large comet in it with a smaller fish which i\u2019m not sure of the breed , would you be able to tell me how many we could have . i\u2019ve found over the years that a lot of fish tend to eat them , which is a bit annoying but i guess that\u2019s nature ! so , i guess any tips for training the fish to avoid the birds or should i just leave them to learn to be quick ? also \u2013 one other question , how clear should the pond be ? we change the water well , but it\u2019s really quite green \u2013 we tried algae remover by the way !\nhello mike , i live in orlando , florida and i think i have some comet goldfish fry in my backyard pond . generally , i would go outside to see the pond everyday but lately , i had been busy and hadn\u2019t seen it for about 3 days . i came back and the water did smell a bit fishy and i saw little fry looking things . i also saw some black dots on plants that were submerged in the water . also , i see that the adult comets seem kind of isolated , under the waterfall and not swimming around / being as energetic in a school as they used to . do you think my comet gold fish may have spawned ?\nhere is a video of my comet goldfish , awaiting new home and bigger filter . . ive had them for nearly 2 years and there great fish with there own unique characters . . i also have 2 recent additions , a pair of hong kong plecos called waldorf & statler . they are quite shy just now , but will upload a video of them when the new aquarium is up and running . .\nin his book aquarium care of goldfish , david boruchowitz states , \u201ca fish without food for a week is just hungry , not starved . \u201d\n, the white - spotted moray eel , which is much more dangerous to the would - be predators , and they often leave the comet alone ( froese and pauly , 2002 ; michael , 2002 ; randall , 1997 ; randall , 1986 ; wood , 1945 ) .\nthe comet ' s eye - spots might also serve another function . because many predators go for the head in order to incapacitate their prey , the eye - spots on the posterior part of the body may serve to deflect such attacks to the less vulnerable tail region .\nplease visit urltoken for aquarium and fish information as well as information on breeding fish . thank you for viewing my video . please don ' t forget to subscribe to my channel for tons of aquarium information . here are some products that i love and use . if your looking to set up a tank come view this equipment . fluval fx6 filter : urltoken fluval fx4 filter : urltoken finnex titanium heater : urltoken northfin fish food krill : urltoken prime water conditioner : urltoken hydor powerhead : urltoken digital thermometer : urltoken current usa led light : urltoken floramax substrate : urltoken floramax light : urltoken fluval co2 system : urltoken aquaclear 50 : urltoken industrial air pump : urltoken check out urltoken it ' s like a magazine subscription you can use . sign up for your box today ! ! learn how to breed comet goldfish . learn what to look for when looking to get a male and female goldfish . comet goldfish can be easy as long as given the right age and size . urltoken\ngoldfish are a cold water fish and will do best at temperatures between 65 - 72\u00b0 f ( 18\u00b0 - 22\u00b0 c ) . the comet goldfish are one of the most hardy varieties and can tolerate temperatures a few degrees above freezing , as long as the cooling drops only a few degrees a day . a quick temperature drop can kill them , so if you live in a very cold climate , a heater is advisable .\nit may take a bit of time , but you could take individual fish out of the tank and into a smaller container to feed them separately .\nan overcrowded tank can cause goldfish to become more edgy and feel as if they have to compete for space . check to make sure the water volume is sufficient to sustain the amount of fish in the tank . the general rule of thumb is 20 gallons of water for the first fish , then 10 gallons for each additional fish . if the tank is too small it would be in the fishes\u2019 best interest to upgrade , both for their health and the aquarist\u2019s nerves . goldfish may also develop aggressive behavior when a new fish is introduced into the tank and disrupts the \u201cbalance\u201d of the social hierarchy .\ngoldfish are a species of a carp , and while they won\u2019t grow to the same monstrous size in the photo , they can grow absolutely huge in an outdoor pond . and comet goldfish are the same as common goldfish , with the exception of the tail shape and other minor differences .\nto line breed for finnage and colour these fish must be selected and culled where necessary to prevent them reverting back to olive green , wild type goldfish .\ngoldfish are fairly social fish , and are also credited with the ability to learn by association . unless they are in competition with each other for food , even goldfish of different sizes and ages will rarely behave aggressively towards each other , and will come to recognize the other fish in their tank over time .\nthis happens when they are not eating well , don ' t have enough room to move about and it rarely happens to pick on other sick fish .\ncustomer says : \u201chey my fish are fighting and it looks like mr . bubble may have fallen into my pond . the pond kinda smells a bit too\u2026\u201d\nhello janice . your fish should have not problem carrying the eggs during winter months , but they may also \u201creabsorb\u201d the eggs during those months . - mike\nkuiter , r . h . and h . debelius . 1994 . southeast asia tropical fish guide . ikan , frankfurt , germany , pp . 321 .\ndetermining what and how often to feed your fish depends primarily on water temperature . in warmer water ( 60 - 85 degrees ) the metabolism of the fish is high and they can be fed 2 - 4 times per day . at this time you should be feeding a food with a high protein level such as legacy variety mix . if the water rises to 90 degrees or above you should stop feeding . in spring and fall when your water temperatures fall to 50 - 60 degrees , you should reduce feeding to once every 1 - 2 days and feed a low protein food such as legacy cold weather food . when the temperatures drop to below 50 degrees stop feeding the fish . on warm days the fish may become active and\nbeg\nfor food . don ' t be fooled . stay strong and do not feed . if the fish do need a little food , they will find enough growing in the pond . the algae that coats the pond liner is all they need . these cold temperatures slow the metabolism of your fish and food will not be properly digested . it can take 3 - 4 days for the fish to digest the food . it ' s not worth the fish ' s life to give it food ."]}
{"id": 1656, "summary": [{"text": "hexachaeta is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family tephritidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species in hexachaeta are : hexachaeta abscura hexachaeta amabilis hexachaeta bifurcata hexachaeta bondari hexachaeta colombiana hexachaeta cronia hexachaeta dinia hexachaeta ecuatoriana hexachaeta enderleini hexachaeta eximia hexachaeta fallax hexachaeta guatemalensis hexachaeta homalura hexachaeta isshikii hexachaeta itatiaiensis hexachaeta leptofasciata hexachaeta major hexachaeta monoctigma hexachaeta monostigma hexachaeta nigripes hexachaeta nigriventris hexachaeta oblita hexachaeta obscura hexachaeta parva hexachaeta pulchella hexachaeta rupta hexachaeta seabrai hexachaeta shannoni hexachaeta spitzi hexachaeta valida hexachaeta venezuelana hexachaeta zeteki", "topic": 21}], "title": "hexachaeta", "paragraphs": ["hexachaeta colombiana is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus hexachaeta of the family tephritidae . urltoken please support this channel and help me upload more videos . become one of my patreons at urltoken\nin preparing a catalog of the tephritidae of north america ( foote 1965 ) , i overlooked a few texas records of hexachaeta loew reported by lima ( 1953a , b , 1954 ) . this unfortunate oversight is corrected here .\nhtml public\n- / / softquad software / / dtd hotmetal pro 6 . 0 : : 19990601 : : extensions to html 4 . 0 / / en\nhmpro6 . dtd\nno scientific name , common name or tsn was entered in the search text box . please enter a value into the empty text box .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorrbom , a . l . , l . e . carroll , f . c . thompson , i . m . white and a . freidberg / f . c . thompson , ed .\nfruit fly expert identification system and systematic information database . myia , vol . 9\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe content you are trying to access is no longer available through the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe apologize for the inconvenience . if you have any questions or concerns , please send us your feedback .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nentomology research division , ars , u . s . department of agriculture , washington , d . c . 20560\ni agree to the terms and conditions . you must accept the terms and conditions .\nthank you for submitting a comment on this article . your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal ' s discretion . please check for further notifications by email .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 1657, "summary": [{"text": "trematocara kufferathi is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 6.8 centimetres ( 2.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "trematocara kufferathi", "paragraphs": ["mar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . trematocara . p . 511 - 514 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5708 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , trematos = hole + greek , kara = head , face ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5708 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake tanganyika where it is thought to be widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1666, "summary": [{"text": "nomada lusca , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india and philippines . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nomada lusca", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about nomada lusca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nomada lusca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphor robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada integra robertson , 1893 ( not brull\u00e9 , 1832 ) = nomada integrrima dalla torre , 1896 , by original designation .\ncentrias robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada erigeronis robertson , 1897 , by original designation .\ncephen robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada texana cresson , 1872 , by original designation .\ngnathias robertson , 1903 : p . 173 , 174 , 175 ; type species : nomada bella cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nholonomada robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada superba cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nnomada scopoli , 1770 : p . 44 ; type species : apis ruficornis linnaeus , 1758 , by designation of curtis , 1832 : pl . 419 .\nwith over 850 species , the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae , and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic\ncuckoo bees\n. they occur worldwide , and use many different types of bees as hosts , primarily the genus andrena .\nxanthidium robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 177 ( not ehrenberg , 1833 ) ; type species : nomada luteola olivier , 1811 , by original designation . [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym , has not been replaced - mich . 2000 : p . 625 ] .\nthe species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz , 1994 [ univ . sci . kans . sci . , bull . 55 ( 7 ) : 239 - 270 ] . these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener ( 2000 : p . 625 ) .\nhypochrotaenia holmberg , 1886 : p . 234 , 273 ; type species : hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg , 1886 , monobasic .\nnomadita mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 : p . 37 ; type species : nomadita montana mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 , monobasic .\nlamproapis cameron , 1902 : p . 419 ; type species : lamproapis maculipennis cameron , 1902 , monobasic .\nnomadosoma rohwer , 1911 : p . 24 ; type species : pasites pilipes cresson , 1865 , by original designation .\npolybiapis cockerell , 1916 en 27 : p . 208 ; type species : polybiapis minus cockerell , 1916 , by original designation .\ncameron , 1897 mms 41 ( 4 ) : p . 123 ( furva group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 543 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nmorawitz , 1877 hser 14 : p . 107 ; ( ruficornis group ) [ coxalis only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1874 hser 10 : p . 181 ; ( furva group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\npanzer , 1798 fig , heft 55 : p . 23 ; ( furva group ) [ furva only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1872 vzbgw 22 : p . 380 [ = cincta lepeletier , 1841 : p . 484 ; = olympica schmeideknecht , 1882 : p . 176 ] ( ruficornis group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 98 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 99 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 100 ( furva group )\n[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .\nby the same author for the authors ' linked references mentioned in this document .\ninaugural release 26 sept . , 2003 revised and continued up to 26 nov . 2009 on url : urltoken . redesigned and released on url : urltoken on 08 february 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 19 march 2018 , at 14 : 17 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1668, "summary": [{"text": "eurypygimorphae is a clade of birds that contains the orders phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) and eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) recovered by genome analysis the relationship was first identified in 2013 based on their nuclear genes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "historically these birds were placed at different parts of the tree , with tropicbirds in pelecaniformes and the kagu and sunbittern in gruiformes , though in the last decade various genetic analysis had found in the almost obsolete clade metaves of uncertain placement within that group .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "their sister taxon is possibly aequornithes . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "eurypygimorphae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for eurypygimorphae definition . you find here eurypygimorphae meaning , synonyms of eurypygimorphae and images for eurypygimorphae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word eurypygimorphae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word eurypygimorphae and , of course , eurypygimorphae synonyms and on the right images related to the word eurypygimorphae .\nhow can i put and write and define eurypygimorphae in a sentence and how is the word eurypygimorphae used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528eurypygimorphae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eurypygimorphae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eurypygimorphae\u9020\u53e5 , eurypygimorphae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nardeae is a clade that of birds that contains eurypygimorphae and aequornithes , named in 2014 by genome analysis . initially members of eurypygimorphae were originally classified in the obsolete group metaves , and aequornithes were classified as the sister taxon to musophagiformes or gruiformes .\n' ardeae\n' is a clade that of birds that contains eurypygimorphae and aequornithes , named in 2014 by genome analysis .\nit contains the clades charadriiformes ( waders and shorebirds ) , mirandornithes ( flamingos and grebes ) and ardeae ( eurypygimorphae and aequornithes ) .\ninitially members of eurypygimorphae were originally classified in the obsolete group metaves , and aequornithes were classified as the sister taxon to musophagiformes or gruiformes .\n' eurypygimorphae\n' is a clade of birds that contains the orders phaethontiformes ( tropicbirds ) and eurypygiformes ( kagu and sunbittern ) recovered by genome analysis the relationship was first identified in 2013 based on their nuclear genes .\nbased on a whole - genome analysis of the bird orders , the kagu and sunbittern ( eurypygiformes ) and the three species of tropicbirds ( phaethontiformes ) together styled as the eurypygimorphae are the closest sister group of the aequornithes in the clade ardeae .\nplease select whether you prefer to view the mdpi pages with a view tailored for mobile displays or to view the mdpi pages in the normal scrollable desktop version . this selection will be stored into your cookies and used automatically in next visits . you can also change the view style at any point from the main header when using the pages with your mobile device .\nyou seem to have javascript disabled . please note that many of the page functionalities won ' t work as expected without javascript enabled .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 3 . 0 ) .\nyuri , t . ; kimball , r . t . ; harshman , j . ; bowie , r . c . k . ; braun , m . j . ; chojnowski , j . l . ; han , k . - l . ; hackett , s . j . ; huddleston , c . j . ; moore , w . s . ; reddy , s . ; sheldon , f . h . ; steadman , d . w . ; witt , c . c . ; braun , e . l . parsimony and model - based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals . biology 2013 , 2 , 419 - 444 .\nyuri t , kimball rt , harshman j , bowie rck , braun mj , chojnowski jl , han k - l , hackett sj , huddleston cj , moore ws , reddy s , sheldon fh , steadman dw , witt cc , braun el . parsimony and model - based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals . biology . 2013 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 419 - 444 .\nyuri , tamaki ; kimball , rebecca t . ; harshman , john ; bowie , rauri c . k . ; braun , michael j . ; chojnowski , jena l . ; han , kin - lan ; hackett , shannon j . ; huddleston , christopher j . ; moore , william s . ; reddy , sushma ; sheldon , frederick h . ; steadman , david w . ; witt , christopher c . ; braun , edward l . 2013 .\nparsimony and model - based analyses of indels in avian nuclear genes reveal congruent and incongruent phylogenetic signals .\nbiology 2 , no . 1 : 419 - 444 .\n1 department of neurobiology , howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) , and duke university medical center , durham , nc 27710 , usa .\n2 department of computer science , the university of texas at austin , austin , tx 78712 , usa .\n3 scientific computing group , heidelberg institute for theoretical studies , heidelberg , germany .\n5 college of medicine and forensics , xi\u2019an jiaotong university xi\u2019an 710061 , china .\n6 centre for geogenetics , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , \u00f8ster voldgade 5 - 7 , 1350 copenhagen , denmark .\n7 department of biology , new mexico state university , las cruces , nm 88003 , usa .\n8 school of biological sciences , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .\n9 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california , los angeles , ca 90095 , usa .\n10 department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .\n11 cnrs umr 5554 , institut des sciences de l\u2019evolution de montpellier , universit\u00e9 montpellier ii montpellier , france .\n12 department of evolutionary biology , evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university , se - 752 36 uppsala sweden .\n13 biodiversity and biocomplexity unit , okinawa institute of science and technology onna - son , okinawa 904 - 0495 , japan .\n14 department of statistics and institute of bioinformatics , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .\n15 laboratoire de biom\u00e9trie et biologie evolutive , centre national de la recherche scientifique , universit\u00e9 de lyon , f - 69622 villeurbanne , france .\n16 environmental futures research institute , griffith university , nathan , queensland 4111 , australia .\n17 bioinformatics and genomics programme , centre for genomic regulation , dr . aiguader 88 , 08003 barcelona , spain .\n20 joint institute for computational sciences , the university of tennessee , oak ridge national laboratory , oak ridge , tn 37831 , usa .\n21 bioinformatics research centre , aarhus university , dk - 8000 aarhus c , denmark .\n22 the genome institute , washington university school of medicine , st louis , mi 63108 , usa .\n23 department of biochemistry , molecular biology , entomology and plant pathology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .\n24 institute for genomics , biocomputing and biotechnology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .\n25 department of biological sciences , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 , usa .\n26 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california santa cruz ( ucsc ) , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .\n27 organisms and environment division , cardiff school of biosciences , cardiff university cardiff cf10 3ax , wales , uk .\n28 key laboratory of animal ecology and conservation biology , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .\n30 college of medicine and forensics , xi\u2019an jiaotong university xi\u2019an , 710061 , china .\n31 state key laboratory for agrobiotechnology , china agricultural university , beijing 100094 , china .\n32 department of ecology and evolutionary biology , tulane university , new orleans , la 70118 , usa .\n33 museum of natural science and department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .\n34 center for zoo and wild animal health , copenhagen zoo roskildevej 38 , dk - 2000 frederiksberg , denmark .\n35 department of behavioral neuroscience , oregon health and science university , portland , or 97239 , usa .\n36 brazilian avian genome consortium ( cnpq / fapespa - sisbio aves ) , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .\n37 institute of biological sciences , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .\n38 institute of medical biochemistry leopoldo de meis , federal university of rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro rj 21941 - 902 , brazil .\n39 centre for biological sequence analysis , department of systems biology , technical university of denmark kemitorvet 208 , 2800 kgs lyngby , denmark .\n43 trace and environmental dna laboratory department of environment and agriculture , curtin university , perth , western australia 6102 , australia .\n44 department of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .\n45 laboratory of genomic diversity , national cancer institute frederick , md 21702 , usa .\n46 institute of molecular and cellular biology , sb ras and novosibirsk state university , novosibirsk , russia .\n47 smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa .\n49 department of biological sciences , national university of singapore , republic of singapore .\n50 department of vertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian suitland , md 20746 , usa .\n51 center for macroecology , evolution and climate , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen \u00f8 , denmark .\n52 bell museum of natural history , university of minnesota , saint paul , mn 55108 , usa .\n53 department of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .\n54 department of life sciences , imperial college london , silwood park campus , ascot sl5 7py , uk .\n55 smithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , front royal , va 22630 , usa .\n56 smithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , washington , dc 20008 , usa .\n57 theodosius dobzhansky center for genome bioinformatics , st . petersburg state university , st . petersburg , russia 199004 .\n58 oceanographic center , nova southeastern university , ft lauderdale , fl 33004 , usa .\n59 center for biomolecular science and engineering , ucsc , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .\n60 san diego zoo institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .\n61 department of vertebrate zoology , mrc - 116 , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20013 , usa .\n62 department of environmental health science , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .\n63 moore laboratory of zoology and department of biology , occidental college , los angeles , ca 90041 , usa .\n64 department of genomics and genetics , the roslin institute and royal ( dick ) school of veterinary studies , university of edinburgh , easter bush campus , midlothian eh25 9rg , uk .\n65 swedish species information centre , swedish university of agricultural sciences box 7007 , se - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .\n66 key laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .\n67 department of organismic and evolutionary biology and museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , ma 02138 , usa .\n68 institute of theoretical informatics , department of informatics , karlsruhe institute of technology , d - 76131 karlsruhe , germany .\n69 department of biochemistry and biophysics , university of california , san francisco , ca 94158 , usa .\n70 department of ornithology , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\n71 department of biology and genetics institute , university of florida , gainesville , fl 32611 , usa .\n72 departments of bioengineering and computer science , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , urbana , il 61801 , usa .\n73 department of biology , university of copenhagen , ole maal\u00f8es vej 5 , 2200 copenhagen , denmark .\n74 princess al jawhara center of excellence in the research of hereditary disorders , king abdulaziz university , jeddah 21589 , saudi arabia .\n75 macau university of science and technology , avenida wai long , taipa , macau 999078 , china .\n77 centre for social evolution , department of biology , universitetsparken 15 , university of copenhagen , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .\nscience 12 dec 2014 : vol . 346 , issue 6215 , pp . 1320 - 1331 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1253451\ndepartment of neurobiology , howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) , and duke university medical center , durham , nc 27710 , usa .\nfor correspondence : jarvis @ neuro . duke . edutandywarnow @ gmail . commtpgilbert @ gmail . comwangj @ urltoken zhanggj @ urltoken\ndepartment of computer science , the university of texas at austin , austin , tx 78712 , usa .\ncentre for geogenetics , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , \u00f8ster voldgade 5 - 7 , 1350 copenhagen , denmark .\ndepartment of biology , new mexico state university , las cruces , nm 88003 , usa .\nschool of biological sciences , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .\ndepartment of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california , los angeles , ca 90095 , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .\ncnrs umr 5554 , institut des sciences de l\u2019evolution de montpellier , universit\u00e9 montpellier ii montpellier , france .\ndepartment of evolutionary biology , evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university , se - 752 36 uppsala sweden .\nbiodiversity and biocomplexity unit , okinawa institute of science and technology onna - son , okinawa 904 - 0495 , japan .\ndepartment of statistics and institute of bioinformatics , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .\nlaboratoire de biom\u00e9trie et biologie evolutive , centre national de la recherche scientifique , universit\u00e9 de lyon , f - 69622 villeurbanne , france .\nenvironmental futures research institute , griffith university , nathan , queensland 4111 , australia .\nbioinformatics and genomics programme , centre for genomic regulation , dr . aiguader 88 , 08003 barcelona , spain .\njoint institute for computational sciences , the university of tennessee , oak ridge national laboratory , oak ridge , tn 37831 , usa .\nbioinformatics research centre , aarhus university , dk - 8000 aarhus c , denmark .\nthe genome institute , washington university school of medicine , st louis , mi 63108 , usa .\ndepartment of biochemistry , molecular biology , entomology and plant pathology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .\ninstitute for genomics , biocomputing and biotechnology , mississippi state university , mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences , texas tech university , lubbock , tx 79409 , usa .\ndepartment of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of california santa cruz ( ucsc ) , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .\norganisms and environment division , cardiff school of biosciences , cardiff university cardiff cf10 3ax , wales , uk .\nkey laboratory of animal ecology and conservation biology , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .\ncollege of medicine and forensics , xi\u2019an jiaotong university xi\u2019an , 710061 , china .\nstate key laboratory for agrobiotechnology , china agricultural university , beijing 100094 , china .\ndepartment of ecology and evolutionary biology , tulane university , new orleans , la 70118 , usa .\nmuseum of natural science and department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .\ncenter for zoo and wild animal health , copenhagen zoo roskildevej 38 , dk - 2000 frederiksberg , denmark .\ndepartment of behavioral neuroscience , oregon health and science university , portland , or 97239 , usa .\nbrazilian avian genome consortium ( cnpq / fapespa - sisbio aves ) , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .\ninstitute of biological sciences , federal university of para , belem , para , brazil .\ninstitute of medical biochemistry leopoldo de meis , federal university of rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro rj 21941 - 902 , brazil .\ncentre for biological sequence analysis , department of systems biology , technical university of denmark kemitorvet 208 , 2800 kgs lyngby , denmark .\ntrace and environmental dna laboratory department of environment and agriculture , curtin university , perth , western australia 6102 , australia .\ndepartment of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .\nlaboratory of genomic diversity , national cancer institute frederick , md 21702 , usa .\ninstitute of molecular and cellular biology , sb ras and novosibirsk state university , novosibirsk , russia .\nsmithsonian institution national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa .\ndepartment of vertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian suitland , md 20746 , usa .\ncenter for macroecology , evolution and climate , natural history museum of denmark , university of copenhagen , universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen \u00f8 , denmark .\nbell museum of natural history , university of minnesota , saint paul , mn 55108 , usa .\ndepartment of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .\ndepartment of life sciences , imperial college london , silwood park campus , ascot sl5 7py , uk .\nsmithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , front royal , va 22630 , usa .\nsmithsonian conservation biology institute , national zoological park , washington , dc 20008 , usa .\ntheodosius dobzhansky center for genome bioinformatics , st . petersburg state university , st . petersburg , russia 199004 .\noceanographic center , nova southeastern university , ft lauderdale , fl 33004 , usa .\ncenter for biomolecular science and engineering , ucsc , santa cruz , ca 95064 , usa .\nsan diego zoo institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .\ndepartment of vertebrate zoology , mrc - 116 , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20013 , usa .\ndepartment of environmental health science , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 , usa .\nmoore laboratory of zoology and department of biology , occidental college , los angeles , ca 90041 , usa .\ndepartment of genomics and genetics , the roslin institute and royal ( dick ) school of veterinary studies , university of edinburgh , easter bush campus , midlothian eh25 9rg , uk .\nswedish species information centre , swedish university of agricultural sciences box 7007 , se - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .\nkey laboratory of zoological systematics and evolution , institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china .\ndepartment of organismic and evolutionary biology and museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , ma 02138 , usa .\ninstitute of theoretical informatics , department of informatics , karlsruhe institute of technology , d - 76131 karlsruhe , germany .\ndepartment of biochemistry and biophysics , university of california , san francisco , ca 94158 , usa .\ndepartment of ornithology , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\ndepartment of biology and genetics institute , university of florida , gainesville , fl 32611 , usa .\ndepartments of bioengineering and computer science , university of illinois at urbana - champaign , urbana , il 61801 , usa .\ndepartment of biology , university of copenhagen , ole maal\u00f8es vej 5 , 2200 copenhagen , denmark .\nprincess al jawhara center of excellence in the research of hereditary disorders , king abdulaziz university , jeddah 21589 , saudi arabia .\nmacau university of science and technology , avenida wai long , taipa , macau 999078 , china .\ncentre for social evolution , department of biology , universitetsparken 15 , university of copenhagen , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .\nto better determine the history of modern birds , we performed a genome - scale phylogenetic analysis of 48 species representing all orders of neoaves using phylogenomic methods created to handle genome - scale data . we recovered a highly resolved tree that confirms previously controversial sister or close relationships . we identified the first divergence in neoaves , two groups we named passerea and columbea , representing independent lineages of diverse and convergently evolved land and water bird species . among passerea , we infer the common ancestor of core landbirds to have been an apex predator and confirm independent gains of vocal learning . among columbea , we identify pigeons and flamingoes as belonging to sister clades . even with whole genomes , some of the earliest branches in neoaves proved challenging to resolve , which was best explained by massive protein - coding sequence convergence and high levels of incomplete lineage sorting that occurred during a rapid radiation after the cretaceous - paleogene mass extinction event about 66 million years ago .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .\njust enter the word in the field and the system will display a block of anagrams and unscrambled words as many as possible for this word .\nthe section is also useful for those who like compiling words from other words . you will get a list that begins with 3 letters and ends with 8 or more letters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsome images used in this set are licensed under the creative commons through urltoken . click to see the original works with their full license ."]}
{"id": 1670, "summary": [{"text": "stegastes pelicieri , commonly known as the mauritian gregory , is a damselfish of the family pomacentridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to the islands of mauritius and r\u00e9union in the western indian ocean where it is found at depths between two and twenty metres ( seven to sixty-five feet ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it lives on rocky reefs in areas with little coral but plenty of holes and crevices . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "stegastes pelicieri", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : stegastes pelicieri [ orgn ] .\nallen , g . r . and a . r . emery , 1985 . a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific , with descriptions of two new species . indo - pac . fish . ( 3 ) : 31 . ( ref . 510 )\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , stegastos , - e , - on = covered ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 2 - 20 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 15\u00b0s - 25\u00b0s\nwestern indian ocean : mauritius ( ref . 510 ) and reunion ( ref . 53568 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 14 - 15 . generally brown to charcoal or blackish . dusky gray lips ; narrow golden margin on pupil . blackish scale margins ; scales with bluish centers on suborbital series and opercular bones ; small sheath scales with bluish centers on basal portion of anal fin . pectoral fins translucent with brown rays , base of uppermost ray bright blue . scales on ventral surface of head cycloid , the rest ctenoid .\nadults inhabit rocky reefs with little coral and found near crevices and holes ( ref . 9710 ) . they occur singly ( ref . 510 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 25 . 4 - 26 . 8 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 28 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00939 - 0 . 04240 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nadults inhabit rocky reefs with little coral and found near crevices and holes ( ref . 9710 ) . they occur singly ( ref . 510 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 1671, "summary": [{"text": "louise 's underwing ( catocala louiseae ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the epithet , louiseae , is in honor of \" the late louise ( mrs. e.p. ) mellon \" who funded the carnegie museum of natural history expedition on which the type specimen was collected . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "catocala louiseae", "paragraphs": ["catocala louiseae ( more likely bastropi ) , male , louisiana , courtesy of vernon a . brou .\nthe specimen to the right , likely from georgia courtesy of james adams , is probably catocala louiseae .\ncatocala louiseae kah - tock - uh - lah mm lew - ees - ay j . bauer , 1965\nunless location is known , dna analysis is probably necessary to distinguish bastropi from louiseae .\nfrom texas , louisiana , arkansas , oklahoma and missouri . specimens originally identified as louiseae from those four states are more likely\ncatocala staudingeri beutenm\u00fcller , 1907 ; ( repl . catocala aspasia staudinger , 1897 )\nthere is also another unnamed phenotype with a wider range from massachusetts to texas . it seems more coastal in the various collecting locales which include states with either louiseae or bastropi . identifying catocala just got a little more difficult !\neine neue catocala - art aus dem ussurigebiete . catocala kotshubeji ( spec . nov . )\ncatocala dilecta ( hubner , 1808 ) = noctua dilecta h\u00fcbner , [ 1808 ] = catocala dilecta dayremi oberth\u00fcr , 1907 = catocala dilecta powelli oberth\u00fcr , 1907 = catocala dilecta laetita schawerda , 1931 .\n930820 \u2013 8837 . 1 \u00a9 canadian nat ' l . coll . catocala benjamini\ncatocala fraxini yunnanensis mell , 1936 ; ; tl : nw . yunnan , likian\ncatocala tapestrina forresti mell , 1939 ; ; tl : w . yunnan , likiang\ncatocala timur richteri wiltshire , 1961 ; ; tl : s . iran , transhahar\ncatocala pataloides mell , 1931 ; ; tl : n . kwangtung , lung tao shan\ncatocala permanans hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 50\n= catocala delilah desdemona h . edwards , 1882 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835a\ncatocala blandula hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 35\ncatocala xarippe butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 243 ; tl : japan , hakodate\ncatocala szechuena hampson , 1913 ; ; tl : w . china , ta - chien - lu\ndescription d ' une nouvelle sous - esp\u00e8ce fran\u00e7aise de catocala conjuncta esper ( lep . noctuidae )\nis a blueberry feeder , not a celtis feeder . the following catocala species are only blueberry feeders :\ncatocala adultera m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1856 ; etud . ent . 5 : 47 ; tl : st . petersburg\ncatocala deuteronympha kuangtungensis mell , 1931 ; ; tl : china , n . kwangtung , tsha yuen shan\ncatocala badia grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 22\ncatocala jair strecker , 1897 ; ent . news 8 ( 5 ) : 116 ; tl : florida\nnotes and additions to barnes ' and mcdunnough ' s illustrations of n . a . species of catocala\ncatocala zalmunna butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 241 ; tl : japan , yokohama , hakodate\ncatocala jezoensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 775 ; tl : japan\ncatocala nupta obscurata oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ; \u00e9tud . d ' ent . 5 : 86 ; tl : askold\ncatocala texanae french , 1902 ; can . ent . 34 ( 4 ) : 98 ; tl : texas\ncatocala sinuosa grote , 1879 ; can . ent . 11 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : florida\ncatocala mira grote , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 12 ) : 230 ; tl : usa\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur fauna sinica . xi . zur biologie und systematik der chinesischen catocala ( lep . heter . )\ncatocala pacta deserta kozhanchikov , 1925 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 6 : 81 ; tl : minusinsk\ncatocala vestalis boisduval , 1829 ; eur . lepid . index meth . : errata et addena , p . 7\ncatocala ulalume strecker , 1878 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 14 ) : 132 ; tl : texas\ncatocala frederici grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas\ncatocala herodias strecker , 1876 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 121 ; tl : texas\ncatocala orba kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 166 , f . 2 ; tl : texas\ncatocala manitoba beutenm\u00fcller , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 2 ) : 54 ; tl : manitoba , cartwright\ncatocala nupta japonica mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 67 ; tl : japan ?\ncatocala piatrix dionyza h . edwards , 1884 ; papilio 4 ( 7 / 8 ) : 124 ; tl : arizona\ncatocala badia coelebs ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245\ncatocala elda behrens , 1887 ; can . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 199 ; tl : oregon , portland\ncatocala dotata walker , [ 1858 ] ; ( preocc . herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1851 ) ; tl : n . hindostan\ncatocala lupina kastshenkoi sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : transcaucasia , jelisavetpol\ncatocala dejecta strecker , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 97 ; tl : [ north america ]\ncatocala elizabeth cassino , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 7 ) : 53 , f . 4 ; tl : california , truckee\ncatocala abbreviatella grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas , usa\ncatocala adultera ; [ ne10 ] : 97 , pl . 6 , f . 4 - 5 , gen . 49 , 147\ncatocala conjuncta perrettei seyer , 1976 ; bull . soc . ent . mulhouse , 1976 : 24 ; tl : france , donzere\ncatocala conversa ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 3 , gen . 42 , 140\ncatocala lupina detrita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 311 , pl . 56 e ; tl : uralsk\ncatocala detrita ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 17 - 19 , gen . 61 , 159\ncatocala deuteronympha tschiliensis bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : [ china ] chingan mts . , lin si hein , tschili\ncatocala dilecta ; [ ne10 ] : 104 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 8 , gen . 58 , 156\ncatocala disjuncta ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 45 - 48 , gen . 40 , 138\ncatocala diversa ; [ ne10 ] : 93 , pl . 5 , f . 15 - 18 , gen . 45 , 144\ncatocala electa ; [ ne10 ] : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 8 - 9 , gen . 52 , 150\ncatocala elocata ; [ ne10 ] : 100 , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 11 , gen . 53 , 151\ncatocala eutychea ; [ ne10 ] : 87 , pl . 4 , f . 37 - 40 , gen . 38 , 136\ncatocala fraxini ; [ ne10 ] : 95 , pl . 5 , f . 23 - 26 , gen . 48 , 146\ncatocala fulminea ; [ ne10 ] : 85 , pl . 4 , f . 31 - 33 , gen . 36 , 134\ncatocala hymenaea ; [ ne10 ] : 94 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 22 , gen . 47 , 145\ncatocala kotschubeyi sheljuzhko , 1927 ; lep . rdsch . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : s . ussuri , shutshan\ncatocala lupina ; [ ne10 ] : 107 , pl . 7 , f . 14 - 16 , gen . 60 , 158\ncatocala mariana ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 44 , gen . 39 , 137\ncatocala neonympha ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 4 - 6 , gen . 43 , 141\ncatocala nupta clara osthelder , 1933 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 23 : 93 ; tl : turkey , marasch\ncatocala nymphaea ; [ ne10 ] : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 34 - 36 , gen . 37 , 137\ncatocala nymphagoga ; [ ne10 ] : 91 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 10 , gen . 44 , 142\ncatocala nymphagoga albimixta warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 312 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia\ncatocala nymphagoga grisea warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 313 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia\ncatocala oberthueri ; [ ne10 ] : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 12 - 13 , gen . 54 , 152\ncatocala optata ; [ ne10 ] : 109 , pl . 7 , f . 23 - 25 , gen . 63 , 161\ncatocala pacta ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 20 - 22 , gen . 62 , 160\ncatocala promissa ; [ ne10 ] : 106 , pl . 7 , f . 11 - 13 , gen . 64 , 162\ncatocala proxeneta sutschana sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : ussuri region , sutshan\ncatocala sponsa ; [ ne10 ] : 105 , pl . 7 , f . 9 - 10 , gen . 59 , 157\ncatocala piatrix grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 88 ; tl : new york , usa\ncatocala serena edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 510 ; tl : philadelphia\ncatocala beutenmuelleri barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 251 ; tl : utah , provo\ncatocala miranda h . edwards , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 7 ) : 118 ; tl : washington , d . c .\ncatocala fraxini var . latefasciata warnecke , 1919 ; int . ent . z . 13 : 25 ; tl : amur region , ussuri\ncatocala mariana rambur , 1858 ; cat . syst . l\u00e9pid . andalousie : pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : spain\ncatocala nupta likiangensis mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 69 ; tl : nw . yunnan , likiang\ncatocala disjuncta var . fumigata kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 76 ( repl . disjuncta var . luctuosa staudinger )\ncatocala retecta grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 4 ; tl : middle states [ usa ]\ncatocala luctuosa hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 53 ; tl :\nmiddle and western states\ncatocala chelidonia grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 159 ; tl : prescott , [ yavapai co . ] , arizona\ncatocala clintoni grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 89 ; tl : eastern states [ usa ]\ncatocala lineella ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3f\ncatocala sordida , july 29 , 2006 , peterborough , ontario , courtesy of tim dyson ; id by tim , confirmed by bill oehlke .\ncatocala caerulea beutenm\u00fcller , 1907 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 23 ( 36 ) : 938 ; tl : oregon\ncatocala stretchii var . margherita beutenm\u00fcller , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 9 - 10 ) : 65 ; tl : california , mendocino co .\ncatocala praeclara grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 25 ; tl : new york , usa\ncatocala grisatra brower , 1936 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 31 : 96 , f . 1 ; tl : georgia , athens\nspecies status : described as full species by brou ( 2002a ) . previously , it had been treated as a form of catocala ilia .\ncatocala dilecta laetita schawerda , 1931 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 16 ( fortsetzung ) : 35 ; tl : corsica , vizzavona , evisa\ncatocala fraxini legionensis g\u00f3mez bustillo & vega escandon , 1975 ; shilap rev . lepid . 3 : 224 ; tl : leon , villanueva de carrizo\ncatocala nupta alticola mell , 1942 ; mitt . dt . ent . ges . 11 : 55 ; tl : batang , atuntse [ china ]\ncatocala lincolnana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 3 ; tl : lincoln co . , arkansas\ncatocala dulciola grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : vicinity of dayton , [ montgomery co . ] , ohio\nthe reason why catocala eggs are occasionally deposited on plants upon which the larva cannot survive ; and a new variation ( lepid . , noctuidae )\ncatocala flebilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8782 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246\ncatocala vidua ; guen\u00e9e , 1852 , hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 7 ( noct . 3 ) : 94\ncatocala minerva cassino , 1917 ; lepidopterist 1 ( 8 ) : 63 , pl . f . ; tl : utah , provo canyon , deer creek\ncatocala jessica h . edwards , 1877 ; proc . cal . acad . sc . : 1 ; tl : california , kern co . , havilah\ncatocala messalina ; [ nacl ] , # 8845 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260\ncatocala clintoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8872 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245\ncatocala consors ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8772\ncatocala epione ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8773\ncatocala antinympha ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8775\ncatocala judith ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8781\ncatocala obscura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8784\ncatocala sappho ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8786\ncatocala agrippina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8787\ncatocala dejecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8790\ncatocala vidua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8792\ncatocala neogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8798\ncatocala aholibah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8800\ncatocala ilia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801\ncatocala relicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8803\ncatocala unijuga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8805\ncatocala irene ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807\ncatocala luciana ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8808\ncatocala faustina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8811\ncatocala hermia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8812\ncatocala pura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8819\ncatocala hippolyta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8823\ncatocala babayaga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8824\ncatocala jessica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8825\ncatocala junctura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8829\ncatocala texanae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8830\ncatocala concumbens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8833\ncatocala delilah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835\ncatocala andromache ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8836\ncatocala andromache wellsi johnson , 1981 ; j . research lepid . 20 : 245 , f . 1 ; tl : california , amador co . , jackson\ncatocala illecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8840\ncatocala nuptialis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8842\ncatocala amestris ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8844\ncatocala gerhardi barnes & benjamin , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 8 ; tl : n [ ew ] , j [ ersey ] , lakehurst\ncatocala violenta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8853\ncatocala verrilliana var . ophelia h . edwards , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 95 ; tl : california , mendocino co .\ncatocala ultronia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8857\ncatocala crataegi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8858\ncatocala johnsoniana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 6 ; tl : kernville , kern co . , california\ncatocala grynea ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8864\ncatocala titania ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8868\ncatocala olivia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8870\ncatocala amica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8878\ncatocala jair ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8879\ncatocala brandtii hacker & kaut , 1999 ; esperiana 7 : 430 - 431 , pl . 23 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : iran , esfahan\ncatocala unicuba walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan\ncatocala concubia walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan\ncatocala nozawae matsumura , 1911 ; thous . ins . japan ( suppl . ) 3 : 88 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : japan\ncatocala puerpera ; [ ne10 ] : 103 , pl . 7 , f . 1 - 4 , gen . 56 , 154 ; [ ne12 ] , 234\ncatocala residua grote , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 242 ; tl :\nwest farms / new york city\n?\ncatocala retecta luctuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788a\ncatocala ilia zoe ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801a\ncatocala marmorata edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 508 ; tl : ? [ error yreka , california ]\ncatocala irene valeria ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807a\ncatocala cara carissima ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832a\ncatocala andromache r . benjaminii brower , 1937 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 32 ( 5 ) : 185 ; tl : arizona , mojave co .\ncatocala californiensis brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 5 ; tl : valyermo , los angeles co . , california\ncatocala jansseni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 453 , pl . 22 , f . 2 ; tl : china , ichang\ncatocala consors sorsconi barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 174 ; tl : maine\ncatocala deducta ; [ ne10 ] : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 , pl . 11 , f . 32 , gen . 32 , 153\ncatocala elocata var . locata staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 327 ; tl : uzbek , taschkend , margelan\ncatocala nupta kansuensis o . bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 88 ; tl : w . liang - tschou , ricthofen mts , kansu\ncatocala robinsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8780 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4d\ncatocala erichi brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 4 ; tl : green valley creek , san bernardino mts . , california\ncatocala sordida ; [ nacl ] , # 8846 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5c\ncatocala andromedae ; [ nacl ] , # 8849 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 256 , f . 6a\ncatocala verrilliana ; [ nacl ] , # 8852 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 5d\ncatocala mira ; [ nacl ] , # 8863 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3g\ncatocala micronympha ; [ nacl ] , # 8876 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6g\ncatocala connubialis ; [ nacl ] , # 8877 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 258 , f . 6c\ncatocala remissa staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : ashabad\ncatocala thomsoni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 452 , pl . 22 , f . 1 ; tl : n . china , tientsin\ncatocala alabamae grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 427 ; tl : demopolis [ marengo co . ] , ala [ bama ]\ncatocala shirozui sugi , 1982 ; ty\u00f4 to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 155 , f . 14 - 15 ; tl : taiwan , lishan , nantou - hsien\ncatocala nupta ; [ ne10 ] : 98 , pl . 6 , f . 6 - 7 , pl . 11 , f . 29 - 31 , gen . 50 , 148\ncatocala atocala brou , 1985 ; proc . entomol . soc . wash . 87 ( 4 ) : 889 - 892 ; tl : edgard , st . john the baptist parish , louisiana\ncatocala optata atlantica le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 164 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , oed beni bou n ' sor\ncatocala puerpera centralasiae sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 56 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : trans - caspia , kyzl - anvat\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8864 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6h ( = catocala alabamae ? )\ncatocala ixion druce , 1890 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 360 , 3 pl . 31 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , xucumanatlan\ncatocala aestimabilis staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 330 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : xinjiang , kaschgar , kysil jart\ncatocala sultana a . bang - haas , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 3 ) : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : tunis , ain draham\ncatocala contemnenda staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 329 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : [ xinjiang ] kashgar , kysil jart\ncatocala atocala ; gall , peacock & slotten , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 , f . 1a - b ( larva ) , c ( ova )\ncatocala callinympha duponchel , [ 1842 ] ; in godart , hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 546 , pl . 46 , f . 4 ; tl : provence and dalmatia\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\n? catocala nagansi sugi , 1982 ; ty\u00f4 to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 150 , f . 5 - 6 , gen . 12 ; tl : taiwan , between tachi and wenshan , taoyuan hsien\ncatocala lupina herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 2 ( 47 ) : 409 , ( 19 ) ( ix ) pl . 46 , f . 234 - 235 ; tl : sarepta\ncatocala nupta nuptialis staudinger , 1901 ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 248 ( preocc . walker , [ 1858 ) ) ; tl : altai , ala tau , ili , issyk kul\nboth values are about as small as seems plausible for any catocala and they are chosen on the basis of lack of any real knowledge for this species . the suitable habitat distance is moot at present since nobody has any idea what suitable habitat is .\ncatocala innubens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala muliercula ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8774 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260\ncatocala serena ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8779 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala angusi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8783 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244\ncatocala insolabilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8791 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala lacrymosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8794 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala nebulosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8796 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala marmorata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8804 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239\ncatocala cara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257\ncatocala whitneyi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8843 ; metzler , 1987 , j . lep . soc . 41 ( 4 ) : 212 - 213\ncatocala similis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8873 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\nadult structural features : in males , the end of the valves is more truncated and process of the sacculus is shorter than in catocala ilia ( see brou , 2002a , for a description and illustrations ) . differences in the female genitalia have not been described .\ncatocala coccinata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245 , 2e\ncatocala briseis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8817 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 235 , f 1a\nmuch more detailed information and many images are available in\na new species of catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from the south central united states\nby hugo l . kons , jr . and robert j . borth . i am pretty sure this is a 2017 publication .\ncatocala piatrix ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8771 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3j\ncatocala badia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8777 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2d\ncatocala habilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8778 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3d\ncatocala residua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8785 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4b\ncatocala retecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4c\ncatocala palaeogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8795 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6i\ncatocala subnata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8797 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5b\ncatocala umbrosa ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 48 - 50 ) ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : 3 , insert c ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 85 - 86 )\ncatocala cerogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8802 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257 , f . 6d\ncatocala parta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8806 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6j\ncatocala californica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8814 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1b\ncatocala semirelicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8821 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4f\ncatocala meskei ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8822 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3e\ncatocala frederici ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8837 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3b\ncatocala chelidonia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8838 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2f\ncatocala abbreviatella ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8841 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 243 , f . 2a\ncatocala gracilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8847 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1c\ncatocala praeclara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8865 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3h\ncatocala dulciola ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8871 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 2g\ncatocala minuta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8874 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1d\ncatocala coccinata sinuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851a ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4h\nthe magnitude of this problem can be appreciated when one realizes that there are at least 200 catocala species worldwide . the genus is predominantly north temperate ( holarctic ) , and its metropolis is clearly north america ( nearctic ) . mcdunnough ( 1938 ) lists 104 north american species ( and 136 additional named varieties ) , while some 80 to 90 species are known from europe and asia ( palearctic ) ( seitz , 1914 ) . even in the restricted area covered in the present book ( north america east of the mississippi river ) , there are at least 71 catocala species and nearly 100 more named varieties .\ncomments : our records are too sparse to determine its status in north carolina . more needs to be learned about its host plant and habitat associations in north carolina before an accurate assessment can be made about its conservation needs . more determinations also need to be made via dissection to clearly eliminate possible confusion with catocala ilia .\nsince the color - plates will provide the initial guide to identification , some remarks concerning them are appropriate . first , most catocala exhibit considerable variation and no one specimen will be entirely representative of its species . the sex of a specimen is a factor that must be considered , for females are often more boldly and heavily marked than males (\ni got a chuckle , however , when tim wrote\na nice warm night here , and the banana beer is flowing , ( and so , of course are the catocala ) . had this little beauty a couple of hours ago , ( and another a lot like it , though the first one flew from bait and hit me in the corner of my mouth ) .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\ncatocala alabamae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8869 ; brou , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 117 , f . 3 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2b\nthe catocala comprise an exceedingly complex assemblage of closely related moths . the simple theme of somber forewings and striking hindwings has yielded a seemingly infinite array of variations . one ' s initial response to this profusion is astonishment . but if one ' s interest is aroused , astonishment turns quickly to despair at the matter of names . species after species , form after form , and subspecies , and aberrations . . . and each one has a name !\nhere is a tally of caterpillars species i saw while removing the burlap over the past two days on red and white oaks . red oak : dasychira obliquata ( 5 ) , glaea sp ( 2 ) , hypoprepia sp . ( 2 ) , lithophane sp . ( 2 ) , lymantria dispar ( 51 ) , malacosoma americana ( 3 ) , malacosoma disstria ( 10 ) , malacosoma cocoons ( 1 ) , orthosia hibisci ( 1 ) , orthosia rubescens ( 3 ) , phoberia atomaris ( 7 ) , satyrium ? calanus ( 1 ) . white oak : catocala ilia ( 1 ) , catocala sp . ( 1 ) , dasychira obliquata ( 8 ) , glaea sp ( 5 ) , hypoprepia sp . ( 8 ) , lithophane sp . ( 1 ) , lymantria dispar ( 60 ) , malacosoma americana ( 18 ) , malacosoma disstria ( 17 ) , malacosoma cocoons ( 10 ) , orthosia hibisci ( 3 ) , orthosia rubescens ( 13 ) , phigalia titea ( 1 ) , phoberia atomaris ( 18 ) , satyrium ? ontario favonius ( 4 ) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a suitable habitat with larval foodplant where the species has been documented by a specimen or positively identifiable photograph of an adult and for some species larvae are also identifiable .\noccasionally , especially with species feeding on aronia , the habitat may be very clear , for example around the edges of a midwestern bog or a palustrine forest in new jersey . adults of most of these species wander some distance from foodplants in forests , especially swamp species seem to often move into immediately adjacent upland forsts probably to feed . in such cases use the habitat where the foodplant occurs plus 100 meter wooded buffer ( if available ) as the eo .\nthese species often occur in well defined natural communities such as bogs , riparian forests , barrens or savannas on a generally wooded landscape . in such cases apply the suitable habitat distance across suboptimal wooded or brushy habitat if the larval foodplant is not completely absent over distances of > half the suitable habitat distance , except if the habitat is demonstrably unsuitable in some way for the adults . females of this group do move around and both sexes rest in the woods even if the breeding habitat is open .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nis probably limited to north carolina , south carolina ( unconfirmed ) , georgia , florida and alabama .\nthere is a distinct white\nsmile\n( in spread specimens ) between the reniform and subreniform spots . there is also a narrow but distinct white line immediately following the black postmedial line .\nthe hindwing is a deep yellow orange and the outer black band is interrupted and then followed by a dot , ending before the inner margin .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n, louise ' s underwing , ( wingspan : 40mm ) flies in north carolina south to florida and west to arkansas and texas .\nthe forewing is lighter along the costa and darker along the inner margin . dark medial lines are especially evident through the lighter shades near the costa . the outer black band of the hindwing is broken near the anal angle .\nfurther assessment might be possible based on this ventral image of the same moth .\ntim makes good use of a banana / beer mash to attract the moths . he also has amazing patience .\nit made me wonder if tim has also been sampling the bait or a portion thereof .\nflies as a single generation with moths on the wing from may to september .\neggs are deposited on bush bark in the summer and fall and hatch the following spring .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndenmark , latvia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside , mid - amur , average - volzhsky , mid - ural , sredneobskaya , tuva , south west siberian , south ural .\nbelarus , denmark ( mainland ) , latvia , russia , ukraine , finland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nandreusia hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 12 : 206 ( emend . andrewsia grote )\nneu , siberia - far easts , altai , mongolia , ussuri , amurland . see [ maps ]\n1400x915 ( ~ 229kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 3 . 8 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nnoctua agamos h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 122 , f . 525 ; tl : europe\n900x564 ( ~ 83kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 11 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1400x1006 ( ~ 219kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 28 . 6 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1400x928 ( ~ 237kb ) female greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1400m , n 39\u00b046 ' 15\n, e 20\u00b048 ' 20\n) , 8 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1400x996 ( ~ 233kb ) male greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , 7 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1000x574 ( ~ 81kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo \u00a9 dylan lloyd leg .\n1100x834 ( ~ 118kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1100x834 ( ~ 121kb ) underside hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1200x695 ( ~ 178kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 30 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nnoctua disjuncta geyer , [ 1828 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 159 , f . 741 - 742 ; tl : europe , fiume [ rijeka ]\nceu , seu , s . siberia - korea , n . china , japan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua electa vieweg , 1790 ; tabl . verz . brand . schmett . 2 : 33 ; tl : brandenburg region\n900x564 ( ~ 86kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 12 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1200x787 ( ~ 190kb ) italy : canero , 12 . 8 . 1986 e . o , mayr leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nceu , seu , kazakhstan , n . africa , asia minor - uzbekistan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua nurus h\u00fcbner , [ 1822 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 143 , f . 655 - 656 ; tl : europe\n1100x834 ( ~ 116kb ) hungary , hajd\u00fa - bihar county , debrecen , belter\u00fclet , poroszlay \u00fat 103 , 02 . viii . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n1100x646 ( ~ 148kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 9 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1300x793 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1300x893 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\neu - kazakhstan , siberia - far east , japan . see [ maps ]\n900x438 ( ~ 117kb ) russia : moscow area , september , 2000 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n1100x833 ( ~ 134kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , bask\u00f3 , belter\u00fclet , 13 . viii . 1999 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n1011x721 ( ~ 139kb ) upperside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b023 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n974x540 ( ~ 108kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b023 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nlarva on populus tremula , betula sp . , fraxinus excelsior [ sprk ] , fraxinus , quercus , q . robur , tilia cordata , fagus , alnus , acer , ulmus , salix [ ne10 ] , 96 ( beck , anikin et al . )\nseu , ceu , siberia - far east , korea , n . china . see [ maps ]"]}
{"id": 1672, "summary": [{"text": "culex ( culex ) tritaeniorhynchus is a species of mosquito and is the main vector of the disease japanese encephalitis .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "this mosquito is a native of northern asia , and parts of africa ( northeast and sub-saharan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "females target large animals for blood extraction , including cattle and swine , and are strongly anthropophilic . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "culex tritaeniorhynchus", "paragraphs": ["36 . culex : health important\uf0a2 culex quinquefasciatus ( vector of brancroftian filariasis\uf0a2 culex tritaeniorhynchus ( vector of japanese encephalitis - b ) \uf0a2 some important culex sp . as a vector for malaria culex tritaeniorhynchus culex fuscocephala culex gelidus culex vishui culex pseudovish 36\nyunnan orbivirus , a new orbivirus species isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in china .\nculex gelidus , cuddalore district , cx . tritaeniorhynchus , elisa , jev , mir\noutdoor resting preference of culex tritaeniorhynchus , the vector of japanese encephalitis in warangal and karim nagar districts , andhra pradesh .\nseasonal abundance & role of predominant japanese encephalitis vectors culex tritaeniorhynchus & cx . gelidus theobald in cuddalore district , tamil nadu\noutdoor resting preference of culex tritaeniorhynchus , the vector of japanese encephalitis in warangal and karim nagar districts , andhra pradesh . - pubmed - ncbi\nculex tritaeniorhynchus and aedes albopictus ( diptera : culicidae ) as natural vectors of dirofilaria immitis ( spirurida : filariidae ) in miki city , japan .\nhara 1957 : 56 ( f * ) [ both refs . as tritaeniorhynchus ]\nchanging scenario in the relative abundance of cx . tritaeniorhynchus and cx . gelidus .\n. outdoor and indoor biting activities of cx . tritaeniorhynchus in the study areas .\nvector abundance and linear decrease in abundance of cx . tritaeniorhynchus and cx . gelidus .\ntakahashi m ( 1976 ) the effects of environmental and physiological conditions of culex tritaeniorhynchus on the pattern of transmission of japanese encephalitis virus . j med entomol 13 : 275\u2013284 .\nculex tritaeniorhynchus and aedes albopictus ( diptera : culicidae ) as natural vectors of dirofilaria immitis ( spirurida : filariidae ) in miki city , j . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ninsecticidal and genotoxic activity of psoralea corylifolia linn . ( fabaceae ) against culex quinquefasciatus say , 1823\nbarcoding turkish culex mosquitoes to facilitate arbovirus vector incrimination studies reveals hidden diversity and new potential vectors .\noutdoor collections revealed presence of culex tritaeniorhynchus , cx . bitaeniorhynchus and cx . gelidus and in indoor collections - - cx . quinquefasciatus , cx . tritaeniorhynchus , an . vagus and an . subpictus . in the outdoor collections cx . tritaeniorhynchus was predominant ( 96 . 3 % of total collection ) . three samples out of 55 serum samples from human cases and five from contacts showed the presence of antibodies against je virus .\nthe mosquito species culex tritaeniorhynchus giles is part of the culex vishnui subgroup , which also includes culex pseudovishnui colless and cx . vishnui theobald . it is a relatively small , reddish brown species . the proboscis is predominantly dark scaled , with a narrow median pale ring . tarsi predominantly dark scaled with narrow basal and apical pale rings on tarsomeres i\u2013iv , more distinct on fore legs . wing veins are entirely dark scaled .\nanother culex species which we were able to examine in terms of its biting activity was cx . tritaeniorhyncus .\nreisen wk , aslamkhan m , basio rg . the effects of climatic patterns and agricultural practices on the population dynamics of culex tritaeniorhynchus in asia . southeast asian j trop med public health . 1976 ; 1 : 61\u201371 .\nmasuoka p , klein ta , kim hc , claborn dm , achee n , et al . ( 2010 ) modeling the distribution of culex tritaeniorhynchus to predict japanese encephalitis distribution in the republic of korea . geospat health 5 : 45\u201357 .\nbarcoding turkish culex mosquitoes to facilitate arbovirus vector incrimination studies reveals hidden diversity and new potential vectors . - pubmed - ncbi\ncontribution to the mosquito fauna to south - east asia , ii . the genus culex in thailand ( diptera ; culicidae )\njapanese encephalitis is considered as a secondary legal infectious disease in korea and is transmitted by mosquitoes in the summer season . the purpose of this study was to predict the ratio of culex tritaeniorhynchus to all the species of mosquitoes present in the study regions .\ntemporal distribution of culex tritaeniorhynchus occurrence data . histogram showing the number of spatially unique cx . tritaeniorhynchus occurrence records per year in our dataset ( 1928\u20132014 ) . 73 . 43 % of occurrence records were obtained during the years for which we have annual land cover class layers ( 2001\u20132012 ) , as indicated by orange x - axis breaks . ( . docx ) ( docx 85 kb )\n34 . \uf0a2 examples of such breeding sites are soakaway pits , septic tanks , pit latrines , blocked drains , canals and abandoned wells . \uf0a2 in many developing countries culex quinquefasciatus is common in rapidly expanding urban areas where drainage and sanitation are inadequate . \uf0a2 culex tritaeniorhynchus , the vector of japanese encephalitis in asia , prefers cleaner water . \uf0a2 it is most commonly found in irrigated rice fields and in ditches . 34\nstudies on the mosquitoes of north arcot district , madras state , india . 5 . breeding places of the culex vishnui group of species .\nour map contributes towards efforts determining the spatial heterogeneity in cx . tritaeniorhynchus distribution within the limits of je transmission . specifically , this map can be used to inform vector control programs and can be used to identify key areas where the prevention of cx . tritaeniorhynchus establishment should be a priority .\narcgis analysis determined the approximate percentage of each country with > 25 % probability of cx . tritaeniorhynchus presence based on the maxent model ( table 1 ) . of the 25 endemic countries , seven possessed > 50 % of their land area with a higher probability of cx . tritaeniorhynchus presence . three countries ( bhutan , pakistan , and russia ) possessed < 1 % of their total country area with a 25 % probability of cx . tritaeniorhynchus presence .\nstudies on the mosquitoes of north arcot district , madras state , india . 5 . breeding places of the culex vishnui group of species . - pubmed - ncbi\n33 . culex : life - cycle\uf0a2 rafts of 100 or more eggs are laid on the water surface . \uf0a2 the rafts remain afloat until hatching occurs 2\u20133 days later . \uf0a2 culex species breed in a large variety of still waters , ranging from artificial containers and catchment basins of drainage systems to large bodies of permanent water . 33\nbanerjee k , deshmukh pk , ilkal ma , dhanda v ( 1978 ) transmission of japanese encephalitis virus by culex bitaeniorhynchus giles . indian j med res 67 : 889\u2013893 .\nin the temperate zone cx . tritaeniorhynchus can hibernate as adult whether in northern places the densities of adults increase because of the immigration of the population of this species from the south .\nthe values of each environmental variable at each recorded location of occurrence were extracted using arcgis ( table 1 ) . for example , the known locations for cx . tritaeniorhynchus used in the model fell within 0 and 838 meters of elevation . this is consistent with the published reports that cx . tritaeniorhynchus is rarely collected above 1 , 000 meters [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] .\ncompared with the out - of - sample method , the sample - weighted regression method ' s case was relatively superior for prediction , and this method predicted a decrease in the frequency of cx . tritaeniorhynchus for 2013 . however , the actual frequency of this species showed an increase in frequency . by contrast , the frequency rate of all the mosquitoes including cx . tritaeniorhynchus gradually decreased .\ncx . tritaeniorhynchus belongs to the subgenus culex and genus culex , which is the primary vector of je and a member of cx . vishnui subgroups . cx . gelidus breed in a variety of freshwater habitats including polluted waters sometimes with considerable organic matter 12 . there were eight jev isolations made from cx . gelidus in india 13 . of these , five were from cuddalore district in tamil nadu and three from mandya district in karnataka state . the presence of the mosquito vectors of jev , and the existence of amplifying hosts in close proximity to humans , favours virus transmission .\nan ecological niche model was constructed using the maxent program to map the areas with suitable environmental conditions for the cx . tritaeniorhynchus vector . program input consisted of environmental data ( temperature , elevation , rainfall ) and known locations of vector presence resulting from an extensive literature search and records from mosquitomap . the statistically significant maxent model of the estimated probability of cx . tritaeniorhynchus presence showed that the mean temperatures of the wettest quarter had the greatest impact on the model . further , the majority of human japanese encephalitis ( je ) cases were located in regions with higher estimated probability of cx . tritaeniorhynchus presence .\nreuben r ( 1971 ) studies on the mosquitoes of north arcot district , madras state , india . 5 . breeding places of the culex vishnui group of species . j med entomol 8 : 363\u2013366 .\ncca did identify more general relationships that may be useful in predicting larval abundance patterns . turbidity , cod , and lower do were predictive for culex population except cx . gelidus . anopheles species can be affected by emergent plant coverage and distance from nearest house as well as mansonia species . cca ordination diagram plotted aedes , culex , anopheles , and mansonia species in different axis that may explain different requirement for different mosquito species . the fact that aedes and culex presence in tires are influenced by different suites of environmental variables which may be useful when designing vector control strategies , especially as these two groups vary in their capability to transmit disease .\ncx . tritaeniorhynchus can disperse long distance under natural conditions . the species has the ability to fly 5 km from the breeding site in only one day and the maximum dispersal distance during seven days is 8 . 4 km .\nritchie sa , phillips d , broom a , mackenzie j , poidinger m , et al . ( 1997 ) isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from culex annulirostris in australia . am j trop med hyg 56 : 80\u201384 .\njapanese encephalitis ( je ) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in asia . the first major je outbreak occurred in 1978 and since 1981 several outbreaks had been reported in the cuddalore district ( erstwhile south arcot ) , tamil nadu , india . entomological monitoring was carried out during january 2010 - march 2013 , to determine the seasonal abundance and transmission dynamics of the vectors of je virus , with emphasis on the role of culex tritaeniorhynchus and cx . gelidus .\na total of 46 , 343 mosquitoes comprising of 25 species and six genera were collected . species composition included viz , cx . tritaeniorhynchus ( 46 . 26 % ) , cx . gelidus ( 43 . 12 % ) and other species ( 10 . 62 % ) . a total of 17 , 678 specimens ( 403 pools ) of cx . gelidus and 14 , 358 specimens ( 309 pools ) of cx . tritaeniorhynchus were tested , of which 12 pools of cx . gelidus and 14 pools of cx . tritaeniorhynchus were positive for je virus antigen . the climatic factors were negatively correlated with minimum infection rate ( mir ) for both the species , except mean temperature ( p < 0 . 05 ) for cx . gelidus .\nc . quinquefasciatus , the southern house mosquito , has been relatively well studied in recent years probably because of its role in the transmission of important human diseases such as urban lymphatic filariasis , saint louis encephalitis virus ( slev ) , and western equine encephalitis virus [ 2 , 3 ] . in the west africa subregion , culex mosquitoes are not filariasis vectors yet . they are potential vectors as there is minimal evidence that culex mosquitoes contribute to the transmission of the disease [ 4 ] .\ng . molaei , t . g . andreadis , p . m . armstrong , j . f . anderson , and c . r . vossbrinck , \u201chost feeding patterns of culex mosquitoes and west nile virus transmission , northeastern united states , \u201d\ncx . tritaeniorhynchus , a known vector of je is predominant in outdoors and playing a main role in je transmission in this area . vector control aimed at the outdoor resting population might limit virus circulation in the mosquito vertebrate host cycle and prevent human infection .\nillustration credit : harbach , r . e . 1988 . mosquitoes of the subgenus culex in southwestern asia and egypt ( diptera : culicidae ) . contr . am . ent . inst . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 240 . wr256 . pdf\nhigh abundance of cx . tritaeniorhynchus and cx . gelidus was observed compared to other mosquito species in the study area . detection of jev antigen in the two species confirmed the maintenance of virus . appropriate vector control measures need to be taken to reduce the vector abundance .\nillustration credit : sirivanakarn , s . 1975 . the systematics of culex vishnui complex in southeast asia with the diagnosis of three common species ( diptera : culicidae ) . mosq sys 7 ( 1 ) : 69 - 85 , illus . 122100 - 9 . pdf\nbhattacharya s , chakraborty sk , chakraborty s , ghosh kk , palit a , et al . ( 1986 ) density of culex vishnui and appearance of je antibody in sentinel chicks and wild birds in relation to japanese encephalitis cases . trop geogr med 38 : 46\u201350 .\nillustration credit : sirivanakarn , s . 1976 . medical entomology studies - iii . a revision of the subgenus culex in the oriental region ( diptera : culicidae ) . contr . am . ent . inst . 12 ( 2 ) : 1 - 272 . wr121 . pdf\nour ecological niche model of the estimated probability of cx . tritaeniorhynchus presence provides a framework for better allocation of vector control resources , particularly in locations where jev vaccinations are unavailable . furthermore , this model provides estimates of vector probability that could improve vector surveillance programs and je control efforts .\n19 . mosquito - borne diseases and their vectors ( protozoa and nematode disease ) disease pathogen vector species malaria plasmodium vivax anopheles sp . p . falciparum p . malariae p . ovale filariasis wuchereria bancrofti culex quinquefasciatus anopheles sp . brugia malayi mansonia sp . aedes togoi anopheles sinensis 19\nlarvae of cx . tritaeniorhynchus can be found in various temporary and permanent ground water habitats that are sunlit and contain vegetation . the water may be fresh or slightly brackish . that kind of habitats are ground pools , streams , swamps , shallow marshes , irrigation ditches , rice fields and animal hoof prints\nas a precursor to planned arboviral vector incrimination studies , an integrated systematics approach was adopted using morphology and dna barcoding to examine the culex fauna present in turkey . the mitochondrial coi gene ( 658 bp ) were sequenced from 185 specimens collected across 11 turkish provinces , as well as from colony material .\nvan den hurk af , smith cs , field he , smith il , northill ja , et al . ( 2009 ) transmission of japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox , pteropus alecto , to culex annulirostris mosquitoes , despite the absence of detectable viremia . am j trop med hyg 81 : 457\u2013462 .\ncx . tritaeniorhynchus and cx . gelidus were the two main mosquito species collected abundantly during the three years of the study , demonstrating their significant role in jev transmission . during the je season ( october - december ) , pmd and mir for cx . tritaeniorhynchus were observed to be higher than cx . gelidus . the pattern was almost similar in the subsequent season ( jan - mar ) . however , in the two hot seasons ( apr - jun and jul - sep ) , higher pmd as well as virus infectivity were observed in cx . gelidus . thus , the je virus was observed to be maintained during all the seasons by these two species in this area .\nour map defines geographic variation in suitability for cx . tritaeniorhynchus within the limits of je transmission , and thus contributes towards efforts to understand the spatial epidemiology of je . it can be used to aid predictions of current and future changes in disease distribution . specifically , this map can be used to inform vector control programs , highlighting areas which would most benefit from the use of insecticides and areas which would be ideal locations for sentinel sites to monitor vector abundance and disease presence . this map , coupled with fine spatial resolution maps of je distribution if available , can also be used in education campaigns to inform individuals of control methods to prevent vector establishment and disease spread in areas of high environmental suitability for cx . tritaeniorhynchus .\n) . in this study , we detected the presence of four major species which included ma . bonneae being the largest found in the area ( 23 . 8 % ) , followed closely by two culex species , cx . vishnui at 22 . 3 % and cx . pseudovishnui at 19 , 6 % , and lastly at 13 . 7 % was cx . tritaeniorhyncus .\nthe females feed primarily on domestic animals such as cattle and pigs , but will bite man in their absence . they mainly bite outdoors between sunset and midnight , but may enter cattle sheds and dwellings and bite man during any time of the night . biting activity of the female cx . tritaeniorhynchus have been reported to have two peaks , the first at 9 p . m . and the second at 2 a . m .\nalkalinity may affect the density of mosquito larvae . cx . gelidus , an . vagus , an . barbirostris , an . peditaeniatus , mn . annulifera , and mn . uniformis require higher alkalinity for their larval development , while ae . aegypti and ae . albopictus require low alkalinity . similar observation was depicted by rao et al . 76 they found that ae . albopictus preferred moderate alkalinity while culex and anopheles mosquitoes preferred high alkalinity .\nthe average annual mean temperature showed an escalating trend of 48 . 81 - 69 . 22 . at the same time the pmd decreased at the rate of 2 pmd per year . monthly analysis showed that pmd of cx . gelidus was at its minimum during the summer months of may to july . the mean temperature was negatively correlated with mir for cx . tritaeniorhynchus and positively correlated with mir for cx . gelidus ( p < 0 . 05 ) .\nalthough by morphology only 9 species were recognised , dna barcoding recovered 13 distinct species including : cx . ( barraudius ) modestus , cx . ( culex ) laticinctus , cx . ( cux . ) mimeticus , cx . ( cux . ) perexiguus , cx . ( cux . ) pipiens , cx . ( cux . ) pipiens form molestus , cx . ( cux . ) quinquefasciatus , cx . ( cux . ) theileri , cx . ( cux . ) torrentium , cx . ( cux . ) tritaeniorhynchus and cx . ( maillotia ) hortensis . the taxon formerly identified as cx . ( neoculex ) territans was shown to comprise two distinct species , neither of which correspond to cx . territans s . s . these include cx . ( neo . ) impudicus and another uncertain species , which may be cx . ( neo . ) europaeus or cx . ( neo . ) martinii ( herein = cx . ( neo . ) sp . 1 ) . detailed examination of the pipiens group revealed cx . pipiens , cx . pipiens f . molestus and the widespread presence of the highly efficient west nile virus vector cx . quinquefasciatus for the first time . four new country records are reported , increasing the culex of turkey to 15 recognised species and cx . pipiens f . molestus . a new taxonomic checklist is provided , annotated with respective vector competencies for transmission of arboviruses .\nin the current study , the maxent ecological niche modeling program was utilized to model the distribution of the primary vector of jev , cx . tritaeniorhynchus [ 22 ] . the resulting vector habitat suitability map was compared to the reported locations of je human cases and the current status of established je vaccination programs by country . our ecological niche model can be used by public health officials and government agencies in endemic regions to guide implementation of comprehensive vaccination programs , vector control strategies , and public health awareness campaigns .\nin order to evaluate the contribution of each environmental variable to the model , maxent utilizes a jackknife test , which indicated that the annual precipitation ( bio12 ) environmental layer is the environmental variable with the highest gain when used in the model by itself . the maxent program also calculates a percent contribution for each variable in the model . the annual precipitation variable contributed 16 . 2 % of the information used by the model , another indication that it is an important environmental factor for estimating the distribution of cx . tritaeniorhynchus ( table 2 ) . the mean temperature of the wettest quarter variable ( bio08 ) contributed the highest percentage ( 21 . 7 % ) of the information to the model . elevation was also an important variable , contributing 9 . 6 % to the model . from the jackknife test , if elevation data were removed from the model , the overall training gain would decrease the most , indicating the elevation variable contained the most unique information of the variables in the cx . tritaeniorhynchus distribution model .\na clear association was observed in the study areas between the distance to potential breeding sites and larval density . cx . quinquefasciatus , cx . tritaeniorhynchus , mn . uniformis , and tx . splendens preferred to oviposit in habitats near house , while an . vagus , an . barbirostris , an . peditaeniatus , and mn . uniformis preferred laying eggs in habitats with long distance from the houses . barker et al . found that distance to nearest major larval habitat was not strongly related to culex abundance within the < 400 - m range from larval habitats . 68 in the present study , the longest distance of habitat from nearest house was 2 m . minakawa et al . reported that 90 % an . gambiae were found to breed within 300 m of human habitation . 69 similar findings were reported by sattler et al . for anopheles mosquito larvae in dar es salaam , tanzania . 70 hoek et al . suggested the use of a distance of 750 m as a cut - off point for developing a risk map of malaria in sri lanka . 71\nit seems from the present investigation that the changes in agricultural practice and changes in the environmental conditions facilitated the proliferation of the breeding of cx . gelidus in cuddalore district of tamil nadu . since the density of cx . gelidus and virus infection were highest recorded during the hot dry seasons , during the july - january , paddy cultivation was done more in this region when the cx . tritaeniorhynchus was found more abundant and je virus infection was enhanced , it is suggested that effective vector control measures during this period would be an ideal strategy to curtail the transmission of je virus .\ncanopy coverage was also responsible for the selection of the breeding habitats of mosquitoes as it affects the sunlit condition of the habitat along with the water temperature . ae . albopictus preferred higher canopy coverage while cx . gelidus , an . vagus , an . barbirostris , an . peditaeniatus , mn . annulifera , and mn . uniformis preferred lower canopy coverage for ovipositing . okogun et al . suggested that mosquito larval density was highest in shady area . 62 yee et al . also found culex larvae in the habitats associated with human population density and canopy coverage . 63\nwe examined the species for every genus present and identified four mansonia species with ma . bonneae being the dominating species ( 92 % ) compared to the other species which contributed only a very small percentage : ma . dives at 3 . 7 % , followed by ma . uniformis at 3 . 5 % and finally ma . annulata at 0 . 4 % . we also captured nine species of culex mosquitoes during the study . there were two dominating species , cx . vishnui ( 30 % ) and cx . pseudovishnui ( 28 % ) . other culex species detected in the area were cx . tritaenorhynchus ( 19 % ) , cx . quinquefasciatus ( 13 % ) plus another five species which appeared in a very small percentage ( between 1 . 8 % - 0 . 02 % ) as follows : cx . whitmorei , cx . fuscocephala , cx . bitaeniorhynchus , cx . gelidus , and cx . hutchinsori . aedes mosquitoes were also present in balai ringin . the species included ae . albopictus , ae . ceacus , and ae . seatoi with ae . albopictus being the dominant species detected at 83 % followed by ae . ceacus at 11 % and ae . seatoi at 6 % .\nwater depth played a significant role in preferring the breeding habitat of mosquito . in the present study , cx . quinquefasciatus and cx . tritaeniorhynchus were found in high density where water depth was high , while ae . aegypti , ae . albopictus , preferred shallow water depth for oviposition . as aedes mosquitoes are container breeders , they have the ability to adapt with small water content . 52 , 56 rohani et al . found that an . maculates preferred to breed in habitats like shallow pools ( 5 . 0\u201315 . 0 cm deep ) with clear water , mud substrate and plants . 58 in this study , anopheles species were found in habitats with relatively higher water depth .\na total of 139 unique sites of documented cx . tritaeniorhynchus geographical locations were utilized to construct the ecological niche model ( figure 3 ) . of the 139 total points , 105 ( 76 % ) were randomly designated as training points in order to build the model and 34 ( 24 % ) points were used to test the model . the model was run four times using different combinations of environmental layers ( table 3 ) . statistical results indicate that the most accurate model included bioclimatic layers and elevation ( table 3 ) , and therefore this model was used in all subsequent analyses . statistical evaluation showed the model to have a high accuracy , with the auc > 0 . 9 and low p - values . the model is available to view or download from urltoken .\n48 . mosquitoes behavior and itsimplication on control strategies\uf0a2 adult stage - resting place after taking blood meals ( outdoor or indoor ) \uf0e0 indoor e . g anopheles - insecticide spraying of walls - mosquitoes resting on sprayed walls come into contact with insecticide through their feet and are killed . - some insecticides irritate mosquitoes and cause them to leave houses - hungry mosquitoes entering a house may bite first and then be killed when resting on a treated wall \uf0e0 outdoor e . g mansonia , culex - resting after a blood - meal normally takes place out of doors . - space - spraying - it has an immediate effect on adult populations of insects and is therefore suitable for the control of disease outbreaks - it kills mosquitoes that do not rest in houses 48\ndo and chlorophyll a were the leading predictors for the richness of all collected mosquito larvae except ae . aegypti . water temperature was clearly associated with the breeding of an . vagus , an . barbirostris , and an . peditaeniatus . water depth , distance from nearest house , emergent plant coverage , and alkalinity were found as the basis of larval richness . culex mosquitoes and tx . splendens were found positively associated with cod , while mn . annulifera showed negative association . the results suggest that the abundance of mosquito larvae may be determined by many variables , each contributing a small effect . the specific cues that trigger oviposition behavior in mosquitoes are largely unknown . a large number of variables may be correlated with other characteristics that act as cues for ovipositing females .\nshowed an interesting finding where the highest number of biting was 140 bites which were three times higher than the other culex species . it also has biting patterns which were almost similar between indoor and outdoor activity with indoor activity ( 22 . 667 \u00b1 13 . 262 ) being lower than the outdoor activity ( 59 . 75 \u00b1 32 . 949 ) . outdoor biting activity presented three peaks , one peak during the early part of the night ( 8 pm ) and others during early morning ( 12 am and 2 am ) while indoor activity , although three peaks were also presented , two of three peaks were presented during the early part of the activity ( 8 pm and 10 pm ) and the other was at 3 am . in general , biting activity could be considered active throughout the 12 hour period .\nthe maxent 3 . 2 . 1 modeling program ( urltoken ) was utilized to model the distribution of cx . tritaeniorhynchus based on previously obtained geographical locations . maxent utilizes a maximum entropy algorithm to analyze values of environmental layers , such as temperature , precipitation , and elevation , at known locations of species occurrence ( collection records ) to estimate the probable range of the species over a geographic region [ 22 ] , [ 24 ] . this model is based on presence - only data instead of presence / absence data due to the lack of available absence data . although absence data can be informative for modeling , ecological niche models based on presence - only data are useful in regions with limited collection data [ 22 ] . without absence data , the true probability of presence cannot be modeled . in maxent , which uses presence only data , the species distribution is output as an estimated probability map [ 25 ] .\n20 . \uf0a2 anopheline eggs are laid singly on the water surface , possess floats \uf0a2 all aedes lay their eggs singly , on the ground , at or above the waterline , never possess floats \uf0a2 culex eggs are deposited in rafts of 100 or more \uf0a2 anopheline \u2013 larvae never have a siphon . lie parallel to water surface \uf0a2 culicinae \u2013 all larvae have a short or long siphon . subtend an angle from the water surface \uf0a2 anophelines rest in a position where their head , thorax , and abdomen are in a straight line , usually at an angle of 40 to 90\u00b0 , whereas the culicines rest in a position almost parallel to the surface . 20characteristics of anophelines and culicines . ( from pictorial keys to some arthropods and mammals ofpublic health importance , u . s . department of health , education , and welfare , public health services , washington , d . c . , 1964 . )\noviposition behavior of gravid female mosquitoes is an important factor that influenced mosquito species composition . generally anopheles larvae prefer open sunlit waters . 32 in the present study , it was found that anopheles larvae preferred both partially shady and exposed to sunlit area . this may vary due to the position of the sun during the sampling time . ae . albopictus , ae . aegypti , and tx . splendens prefer shady area for oviposition . culex larvae were found abundant where the habitat was partially exposed to sunlit except cx . gelidus , which preferred sunlit exposed habitats . mansonia larvae were found in open sunlit conditions or exposed to sunlight . water temperature of open sunlit condition has often reached higher . de meillon and mccrae reported that anopheles species are tolerant to high water temperatures . 59 , 60 the warm water in sunlit habitats may be an important factor for larval development because warm water accelerates their development . 60 in addition , warm temperatures may allow more microbes to develop , which provide food sources for the mosquito larvae . 61\nthis study was aimed at determining the abundance and biting patterns of culex quinquefasciatus in the coastal region of nigeria . collections were done by human landing catch and by cdc miniature light traps from september 2005 to august 2006 . a total of 3798 c . quinquefasciatus females were collected . the highest number of females was caught in the month of august and it represented nearly a quarter ( 24 . 0 % ) of the total females collected . in all , 38 . 8 % of females dissected were parous . the abundance of c . quinquefasciatus followed the pattern of rainfall with the population starting to expand at the onset of the rains . the highest increase was found after the temperature had peaked . the mean of biting was 3 . 2 times more in the rainy season than in the dry season , whereas the transmission potential was higher in the dry season . c . quinquefasciatus is presently regarded as a biting nuisance having no significant epidemiological importance yet . efforts at its control should be intensified before it is too late .\nthe preponderance of ae . aegypti can be predicted by lower chlorophyll a , alkalinity , water depth , water temperature , and distance from nearest house , while dominance of ae . albopictus can be predicted with higher canopy coverage and do , lower water depth , and water temperature . higher chlorophyll a , turbidity , water depth , lower alkalinity , and low do were the best predictors for cx . quinquefasciatus larval abundance . cx . hutchinsoni require lower nh4 , do , and higher cod for its larval growth and survival . lower alkalinity , do , emergent plant coverage , higher total hardness , and water depth in the breeding sites led to an increase in population density of cx . tritaeniorhynchus . higher do and chlorophyll a were the best predictors for larval abundance of cx . gelidus , an . barbirostris , and an . peditaeniatus , while an . vagus was found abundant with higher chlorophyll a , alkalinity , do , and water temperature . higher chlorophyll a and do are needed to develop mn . annulifera and mn . uniformis larvae . tx . splendens was noted to prefer lower alkalinity and do .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow to cite this article : korgaonkar ns , kumar a , yadav rs , kabadi d , dash ap . mosquito biting activity on humans & detection of plasmodium falciparum infection in anopheles stephensi in goa , india . indian j med res 2012 ; 135 : 120 - 6\nhow to cite this url : korgaonkar ns , kumar a , yadav rs , kabadi d , dash ap . mosquito biting activity on humans & detection of plasmodium falciparum infection in anopheles stephensi in goa , india . indian j med res [ serial online ] 2012 [ cited 2018 jul 9 ] ; 135 : 120 - 6 . available from : urltoken\nknowledge of bionomics of mosquitoes , especially of the disease vectors , is necessary to plan appropriate vector avoidance and control strategies . for example , information on biting activity of vectors during the night hours in different seasons could help in choosing personal protection measures that would prevent human - mosquito contact . earlier a study on the biting activity of disease vectors using human baits was conducted in the coastal urban areas of goa , india\n. these studies point to the seasonal and temporal variations in mosquito biting rhythms . we undertook this study from october 2005 to september 2006 with two main objectives : (\n: goa is situated on the western coast of india with a population of 1 . 34 million\nresiding in two districts and 11 sub districts comprising of 15 towns and 398 villages . the study was conducted in these ecotypes covering both urban and rural areas of goa within the jurisdiction of the urban health centres of panaji , margao and vasco and primary health centres candolim , bicholim , cansarvarnem , ponda , betki , cortalim , quepem , canacona , valpoi and sanguem .\n. , maximum and minimum temperatures , rainfall and relative humidity were worked out for the pre - monsoon ( january - may ) , the monsoon ( june - september ) , and the post - monsoon periods ( october to december ) .\n: a preliminary survey was conducted to select suitable human dwellings for all - night bait collections in the study areas . the inhabitants of the dwellings were pre - informed about the purpose of mosquito collections and their informed consent was taken after study protocol was approved by institutional ehics committee of national institute of malaria research , new delhi . collections of female mosquitoes landing on human volunteers were carried out indoors from 1800 to 0600 h during 85 nights . mosquitoes were etherized and identified in the laboratory to species level following the keys\n247 . end point results were read visually and confirmed at 450 nm using a vmax kinetic microplate reader ( molecular devices corporation , sunnyvale , ca , usa ) . the mean absorbance values of the five known negative controls was 0 . 207 ( range : 0 . 119 - 0 . 305 ) for\nspecies . eir was calculated for panaji and goa using formula eir = number of landing mosquitoes / person / night x sporozoite rate .\n: hourly data of landing mosquitoes of all the nights in each month were pooled by species and averages were worked out . the hourly data of number of mosquitoes collected from 1800 to 0600 h were pooled to study landing trends in different phases of night . also to study seasonal biting trends , species - wise landing collections of various months were pooled for pre - monsoon , monsoons and post - monsoon period . z - test of proportions was applied to study differences of vectors landing in different seasons . to study biting trends during the night in the entire study period covering all the collection hours and in different seasons species - wise , william ' s mean ( m\nthe human volunteers and mosquito collectors were explained about the purpose , procedure and risk of infection during the collection and informed consent was obtained in writing from them . volunteers and mosquito collectors were administered a weekly prophylactic dose of 600 mg chloroquine in a single dose . the study protocol was approved by the e0 thics committee of national institute of malaria research , new delhi .\na total of 4 , 191 mosquitoes were collected during 85 nights from 14 different localities with an overall mean mosquito landing rate of 49 . 3 mosquitoes per person / night . these mosquitoes belonged to 5 genera and 23 species , including the malaria vectors\n( skuse ) ( 63 , 1 . 5 % ) . of the total 4 , 191 female mosquitoes , 3 , 273 ( 78 . 1 % ) were known vectors of different mosquito borne diseases and the remaining ( 918 , 21 . 9 % ) were of non vector species\n. the mean number of female mosquitoes landing per person per night for malaria vectors was 1 . 89 , filariasis vectors 20 . 9 , je vectors 14 . 83 , and dengue / chikungunya vectors 0 . 73 . the number of landing mosquitoes collected on human bait was maximum between 0300 - 0600 h ( 1622 ; 38 . 7 % ) followed by 1800 and 2100 h ( 1059 ; 25 . 3 % ) , 2100 - 2400 h ( 830 ; 19 . 8 % ) , and least ( 680 ; 16 . 2 % ) during 2400 to 0300 h\nfemales were caught from 0300 - 0600 h ( 23 ; 41 . 8 % ) and the least during 2400 - 0300 h ( 6 ; 10 . 9 % )\nwas in the early hours of the morning . however , the temporal difference in biting behaviour was apparent during different seasons . a distinct peak in biting activity in the early hours of the morning was seen in the pre - monsoon months while in the monsoons there was accelerated biting between 2000 to 2400 h and in the early morning hours from 0300 to 0600 h . in the post - monsoons , a small peak in the evening was followed by another at midnight . of the total 55\ncollected , 15 ( 27 . 3 % ) , 17 ( 38 . 9 % ) and 23 ( 41 . 8 % ) were collected during pre - monsoons , monsoons and post - monsoon seasons , respectively . however , the seasonal differences were found to be non significant\nsporozoites . among anophelines tested , the plasmodial infection rate was 0 . 2 per cent , while amongst\nalone , it was 3 . 6 per cent . the two infected females were among 18\nwas calculated as 18 . 11 for panaji and 2 . 35 for entire goa .\nwere caught during early hours of the morning from 0300 to 0600 ( 30 ; 40 % ) and least during 2400 to 0300 h ( 10 ; 13 . 3 % ) .\nshowed bimodal peaks one from 2100 - 2300 h and a higher peak from 0300 to 0600 h during the monsoons while maximum biting was noticed from 2100 to 2200 h during post - monsoon period and biting during monsoons was very less . of the total 75\ncollected , most ( 54 , 72 % ) were collected during pre - monsoon which were significantly more than 5 ( 6 . 7 % ) collected during monsoons and 16 ( 21 . 3 % ) collected during post - monsoons\n. there was no definite biting trend shown by the species although during the post - monsoons , maximum biting occurred before 0200 h . maximum number of landing\n- this species was captured throughout the year though maximum landing females were collected from 0300 - 0600 h ( 698 ; 40 . 8 % ) and the least ( 280 ; 16 . 4 % ) during 2400 - 0300 h\nincreased gradually from 0200 h and peaked between 0500 and 0600 h both during pre - and post - monsoon seasons although peak in the post - monsoon season was comparatively much higher . of the 1710\nmosquitoes , 636 ( 37 . 2 % ) were collected during the pre - monsoon , 200 ( 11 . 7 % ) during the monsoon and 874 ( 51 . 1 % ) during the post - monsoon and the difference between the different seasons was significant\nin general although during the post - monsoon biting pattern showed variability temporally and biting increased past mid night during this season .\n54 ( 71 . 1 % ) , followed by 20 ( 26 . 3 % ) during pre - monsoon and only 2 ( 2 . 6 % ) were encountered during the monsoon period and the difference between the seasons was significant\nwas found feeding in negligible numbers with biting activity between 1800 and 2100 h ( 3 ; 75 % ) and from 2100 - 2400 h ( 1 ; 25 % ) . of the four je vectors ,\nshowed distinct peak in biting activity after 0300 h during the post - monsoon while during pre - and post - monsoons there was no such distinct peak . in the case of\nthere was much more biting activity up to midnight compared with later hours during the pre - monsoon months while during the monsoon there was very less landing populations and no definite choice of biting hours . during the post - monsoon however , there were two clear peaks one from 2100 to 2200 h and other from 0500 to 0600 h . the third je vector\nshowed trimodal biting pattern during the pre - monsoon , the first peak from 2000 to 2100 h , the second from 2300 to 2400 h and the third much higher at 0500 - 0600 h . this species showed higher biting rate before 2100 h and decline thereafter . during the post - monsoon months there were three peaks like the pre - monsoon months , the first up to 2100 h , the second from 0100 to 0200 h and much higher peak from 0400 to 0500 h . overall , significantly more number of je vectors\nwere collected during the post - monsoon season being 408 ( 55 . 9 % ) , 206 ( 63 . 6 % ) and 124 ( 60 . 5 % ) , respectively than the pre - monsoon\nare primarily diurnal species , they were also found active biting human host especially during the early phase of night and early morning hours as compared to the second and third phases of the night . although\nwas only found during post - monsoon season and of the 37 landing mosquitoes collected , the species showed crepuscular feeding up to 2100 h and then during early hours from 0300 to 0600 h .\n. during the pre - monsoon months , the biting started during the first phase of night but declined after 2300 h and picked up after 0200 and peaked from 0500 to 0600 h . during the monsoon , the populations of these anophelines declined drastically , whereas during the post - monsoon , the pattern of biting appeared quite similar to pre - monsoon months .\n96 ( 38 . 6 % ) in the pre - monsoon and 19 ( 7 . 6 % ) in the monsoon . the seasonal biting pattern revealed that during the pre - monsoon months there were two peaks , one in the early phase of night and second lower peak during early morning . during the monsoon , the populations declined significantly although maximum biting was noticed during early morning hours . during the post - monsoon months , there were two prominent peaks one crepuscular and the second in the early morning .\n. 2156 ( 51 . 4 % ) followed by pre - monsoon 1586 ( 37 . 8 % ) and the least\nthe study revealed that the vectors of malaria , filariasis and japanese encephalitis were actively feeding on humans throughout the year between 1800 h to 0600 h . differences were observed in the biting rhythms of different vector species during different phases of the night and seasons . the data also revealed that vector biting was the least in the monsoon months compared with other seasons which could be due to the flushing effect of heavy rainfall on immature populations although the temperature and humidity conditions were ambient during this season .\n. , panaji , candolim , margao and cortalim . it was found actively pursuing the host throughout the night with distinct peak activity in the early hours of the morning and in all the three seasons . however , a similar study\nalso suggest that the biting activity of the same species in a particular location can be influenced by sleeping behaviour of the host , microclimatic conditions and the lunar cycle .\n. in the present study , this species was collected in the entire scotophase and in all seasons from both hills and foothills of sanguem and valpoi in the east , quepem in the south central and canacona in the south western parts of goa .\n. in the present study also , this species was captured biting from the three sub coastal areas of bicholim , cansarvarnem and quepem and did not appear to play any significant role in malaria transmission . the species also did not show much seasonal and temporal variability . earlier studies had however , shown that the feeding patterns of\nthe je vectors pose a serious challenge to the public health in goa as sporadic outbreaks of je have been frequently reported especially in the sub coastal belt of goa . of all the je vectors ,\nwas found to be the predominant vector species in goa . this and other two species ,\nwere also similarly active throughout the night irrespective of seasons . however , the fourth japanese encephalitis vector ,\nare well - known vectors of dengue and chikungunya respectively in urban and rural areas in india . small numbers of both these vectors were active after dusk and around dawn . although these two vectors are known to be primarily diurnal species and goa being endemic to both dengue and chikungunya , the present study suggests that preventive measures undertaken against other vector species would also be partly effective against these vectors especially during the early hours of the evening and morning when their biting was noticed .\npostulated the possibility of genetic factors influencing the biting behaviour of mosquitoes and variations in the degree of anthropophily and endophagy among different populations of anophelines and aedine species of mosquitoes . other studies have indicated that feeding pattern of disease vectors varies widely and is dependent on climatic factors\n. hence , the circadian rhythm of biting cycles is of great epidemiological significance .\nthe vector - host contact can be prevented by using available personal protection methods such as repellents , proper clothing and long lasting insecticide nets ( llins ) . the latter act as mechanical and insecticidal barrier which can repel or knockdown mosquitoes upon contact thus providing effective protection against vector borne diseases during most part of the night\n. in the present study , about a quarter of all mosquitoes were found biting in the evening and early hours of the night . during this period , application of suitable repellents and proper clothing can provide protection against vectors .\nthe authors acknowledge the assistance rendered by the field and laboratory staff of national vector - borne disease control programme , and national institute of malaria research ( icmr ) , field station ( fs ) , goa , india . authors thank dr hemanth kumar , sr . research scientist of nimr , fs goa and also acknowledge the help of goa meteorological observatory for providing weather data and also the indian council of medical research for the facilities .\nkumar a , thavaselvam d , sharma vp . biting behaviour of disease vectors in goa . j parasitic dis 1995 ; 19 : 73 - 6 .\nreisen wk , khan a . biting rhythm of some pakistan mosquitoes ( diptera culicidae ) . bull entomol res 1978 ; 68 : 313 - 30 .\nghosh kk , chakraborty s , bhattacharya , palit a , tandon n , hati ak . anopheles annularis as a vector of malaria in rural west bengal . indian j malariol 1985 ; 26 : 65 - 9 .\ngillies hm , warrell da . bruce chwatt ' s essential malariology , 3 rd ed . london : edward arnold ; 1993 .\nshriram an , ramaiah kd , krishnamoorthy k , sehgal sc . diurnal pattern of human biting activity and transmission of sub periodic wuchereria bancroftian ( filariidia : dipetalonematidae ) by ochlerotatus niveus ( diptera : culicidae ) on the andaman and nicobar islands of india . am j trop med hyg 2005 ; 72 : 273 - 7 .\nsingh rp , sikri dk . administrative atlas . delhi : controller of publications ; 2005 .\nbarraud pj . the fauna of british india - including ceylon and burma , diptera , vol . 5 - family culicidae , tribe megarhini and culicini , london . taylor and francis ; 1934 ."]}
{"id": 1673, "summary": [{"text": "pupina complanata is a species of land snail with an operculum , a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family pupinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is found in the marshall islands and micronesia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pupina complanata", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define pupina complanata in a sentence and how is the word pupina complanata used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528pupina complanata\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pupina complanata\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pupina complanata\u9020\u53e5 , pupina complanata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\n\n' pupina complanata\n' is a species of land snail with an terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family pupinidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nmaggie whitson set\nlocality :\nas an exemplar on\npupinidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations ."]}
{"id": 1674, "summary": [{"text": "abdera is a genus of false darkling beetles , in the family melandryidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains three species , two of which are extinct and were discovered in 2014 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species are : abdera flexuosa abdera hoffeinsorum ( extinct ) abdera rikojotensis ( extinct )", "topic": 29}], "title": "abdera ( beetle )", "paragraphs": ["the flat bark beetle pediacus depressus was last recorded in the area in 1889 and is normally found south of the line between the river severn and the wash . the nationally scarce false darkling beetle abdera quadrifasciata was last reported at dunham in 1867 and is also at the northern limit of its range .\nanother member of false darkling beetle family ( melandryidae ) emerged from inonotus fungus . they are running like crazy . . .\nthere were also two new discoveries for the site from the survey . the nationally scarce darkling beetle pseudocistela ceramboides was the furthest north it ' s ever been found and the nationally scarce hister beetle aeletes atomarius has not previously been recorded in the north west of england .\non july 10 th , 2010 one specimen of the false darkling beetle abdera affinis was found in the forest ' bienwald ' near b\u00fcchelberg by using a light trap . the stenotopic , 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 mm large species develops in fungi , especially in alder bracket ( inonotus radiatus ) . it ' s known to occur from spain over central and northern europe till northern russia , but is missing in southeastern europe . a . affinis is recorded from virtually all federal states of germany , but is rather rare ( rl 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n( both in the nominate subgenus ) , 7 spp . in 2 subgenera total\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n17 species of small to medium - sized ( 3 - 16mm ) , oval to elongate - oval beetles , found in association with fungi and fungoid bark , particularly in ancient woodland . generally black or brown in colour , some are brightly coloured or patterned : conopalpus testaceus ( olivier ) has a bright orange pronotum while osphya bipunctata ( fabricius ) have a red and black striped pronotum and legs . all the british species are rare , and all but orchesia undulata kraatz have conservation designations .\nthe tiny insects were last seen in dunham park during the reign of queen victoria .\nhowever following a new survey by the national trust , new species were discovered in the area as well as some of insects last seen in the park at the end of the 19th century .\njohn hooson , national trust nature conservation adviser , said the creatures are often very difficult to find .\nthe techniques most often employed by surveyors is to beat dead branches and look for what drops out - but this relies on beating the right branches at the right time . otherwise traps can be put in place for weeks at a time to catch the beetles .\nmr hooson said :\ndunham is one of the most studied parklands in the uk , making this a very special discovery . these beetles are small and finding so many that haven ' t been seen since queen victoria was on the throne is remarkable and confirms that this is a special place for wildlife .\ndunham park is famous for its veteran trees , which makes the area an ideal location for wood - decay beetles and it has been a popular area for scientists since the 1860s . the park is the fifth richest site for such specialist beetles in the british isles , supporting national and international rarities .\nmr hooson added :\nall species go through periods of relative scarcity or abundance due to a range of factors , such as a sudden abundance of habitat or lack of predators or parasites . it ' s possible that this latest survey coincided with a population peak for these species at dunham \u2013 they ' ve been here all of the time but just hiding away from the countless entomologists that have been looking for them .\nseven rare , scarce and endangered species of fly were also found during the survey . this includes a fungus gnat , scythropochroa quercicola , which is only found at two other sites in britain , and a milichiid ( also known as freeloader flies as they share the prey of spiders ) , madiza britannica , previously recorded at three sites in somerset and cambridgeshire .\nthe false darkling beetles ( melan\u00addryidae ) are oblong to oval , small to medium - sized beetles . the species are found under the bark of old trees and on branches which are overgrown with fungi . some species are also found on flowers . worldwide approx . 1200 species in 100 genera have been described , thereof 32 species from germany .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 1680, "summary": [{"text": "handfish are any anglerfish within the family brachionichthyidae , a group which comprises five genera and 14 extant species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these benthic marine fish are unusual in the way they propel themselves by walking on the sea floor rather than swimming . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "handfish", "paragraphs": ["encourage the participation of community groups in the monitoring of spotted handfish populations and other handfish species .\n3 . community groups actively involved in the monitoring of spotted handfish populations and those of other handfish species .\nspotted handfish recovery team ( 2002 ) . draft spotted handfish recovery plan . department of primary industries , water and environment , hobart .\nrecovery plan for the following species of handfish : spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2005u ) [ legislative instrument ]\nany form of fishing that degrades the benthic habitat can be considered to pose a threat to handfish species ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nthe waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) is now considered synonymous with ziebell ' s handfish . the waterfall bay handfish was previously listed separately under the epbc act ( tssc 2012by ) .\nthese unique spotted handfish are the ambassadors for csiro ' s captive breeding program .\nspotted handfish use their fins like hands and feet , walking rather than swimming .\nthe species has also been called the prickly - skinned handfish and tortoiseshell fish .\nthe spotted handfish uses its hand - like fins to \u2018walk\u2019 along the seafloor .\nthe pattern of spots on the spotted handfish\u2019s body is unique to each individual .\n1 . spotted handfish populations re - established throughout areas of their previous range .\nrecovery plan for the following species of handfish : spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2005u ) [ legislative instrument ] as sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ]\nrecovery plan for the following species of handfish : spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2005u ) [ legislative instrument ] as sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ]\nesp funds are required to contribute to the costs of monitoring re - introduced handfish .\ndr tim lynch wants to stop the spotted handfish going the same way as the thylacine .\nthe aquarium mr fountain built for the handfish looks gloomy compared to a pet fish aquarium .\nappendix a - haskard ( 1997 ) . power of tests for changes in density of handfish\nwe have received a number of very useful reports of handfish sightings ( both spotted handfish and other species ) from the general public during our work to date . these have , for example , identified spawning sites for red handfish and ziebell ' s handfish . very little is known of the population parameters for any endemic handfish species in tasmania . it is generally accepted that they are all very uncommon and have highly restricted distributions . we now know that , similar to spotted handfish , these species have a very limited capacity for reproduction and dispersal .\nall species of handfish are currently protected under the tasmanian state fisheries legislation . this legislation prohibits the collection and retention of handfish from state waters without a permit . spotted handfish were protected under the commonwealth endangered species protection act in 1996 . spotted handfish have not yet been listed under the tasmanian state endangered species protection act , although a nomination is recommended under this recovery plan .\nthe spotted handfish is currently listed as critically endangered under the commonwealth and as endangered in tasmania .\nthe australian spotted handfish is conventionally accepted as brachionichthys australis ( last et al . 2007 ) .\nscallop dredging is no longer permitted in the range of the spotted handfish ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . danish seine fishing is prohibited in the derwent estuary and within one nautical mile of the shore ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . in the mid - 2000s , there was only one danish seine fishing licence holder operating out of hobart ( pullen 2005 , pers comm . ) . whilst these restrictions on danish seine fishing provide some protection to known spotted handfish populations , danish seine fishing still occurs within the historic range of spotted handfish ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nthe australian spotted handfish has a much wider geographic distribution and depth range than the spotted handfish , occurring mainly on the continental shelf of southern australia , from new south wales to western australia and including tasmania ( last et el . 2007 ) . the spotted handfish is endemic to southeast tasmania .\nreductions in prey abundance , possibly related to decreases in benthic cover of seagrasses and alga that provide habitat for invertebrates , may impact upon handfish survival and reproduction ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\ndepartment of the environment ( 2014pb ) . draft recovery plan for three handfish species . canberra . urltoken\nthe spotted handfish , brachionichthys hirsutus ( lacepede , 1804 ) , is a small handfish ( maximum size 120 mm sl ) that is endemic to a restricted area of southern tasmania ( figure 1 ) .\nmeanwhile dr lynch and mr fountain will look for more spotted handfish to breed in their artificial river derwent .\nthe cause of the decline of the spotted handfish is yet to be accurately determined . suggested threats include :\nthe spotted handfish has a small lure just above its mouth , which might be used to attract prey .\nthe spotted handfish is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\na more streamlined approach is required to deal with the increasing number of public enquires requesting information on handfish .\navailability of suitable spawning substrate appears to be critical to the reproduction capacity of spotted handfish . due to their limited distribution and observed decline , all of the areas within which spotted handfish are found are considered important habitat .\nit takes a village to raise a child , and it takes a number of organisations to raise a handfish .\nenvironment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - section 269a - instrument revoking and jointly making a recovery plan ( spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) and jointly makes , with the tasmanian minister for the environment , the ' recovery plan for three handfish species ' ( 01 / 03 / 2016 ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2016b ) [ legislative instrument ]\nthe ziebell ' s handfish population has not been systematically surveyed ( deh 2005u ) . however , ad hoc surveys done by tasmanian dive groups suggest that the population of ziebell ' s handfish is small ( deh 2001 ) .\nin aquaria , adult spotted handfish readily consume mysid shrimp and amphipods but will also accept small live fish . captive , newly hatched handfish do well on a diet of small amphipods ( bruce et al . , 1997 ) .\nhandfish commonly known and recognised by the general public and regularly cited as an example of a marine conservation issue .\nin 1989 , an honours student from the university of tasmania attempted to gather information on the basic biology and ecology of the spotted handfish . surveys conducted at that time failed to locate handfish in areas previously renown for sightings . subsequently , only two spotted handfish were reliably reported between 1990 and 1994 . these results were the first indication that spotted handfish had suffered a substantial decline in abundance during the 1980\u00eds . the decline prompted the threatened fishes sub - committee of the australian society for fish biology to list the spotted handfish as endangered in 1994 . subsequently , all species of handfish were protected under the tasmanian state fisheries legislation in 1995 . the spotted handfish was listed by the iucn as critically endangered in 1996 and it was listed under the commonwealth endangered species protection act , as endangered , also in 1996 .\nenvironment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - section 269a - instrument revoking and jointly making a recovery plan ( spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) and jointly makes , with the tasmanian minister for the environment , the ' recovery plan for three handfish species ' ( 01 / 03 / 2016 ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2016b ) [ legislative instrument ] as brachiopsilus ziebelli\nrose , the mother spotted handfish , will protect her pole of eggs until they hatch in six to eight weeks .\nthe spotted handfish is one of the world\u2019s most endangered marine fish , having undergone a massive decline in recent decades .\nshowed my boyfriend a photo of a handfish without saying anything and he labled it as the fish we saw in the shop . will definitely have to go back . it couldn ' t be a handfish and it will bother me !\nziebell ' s handfish are currently protected under the recovery plan for four species of handfish ( deh 2005v ) . the 2005 recovery plan was reviewed in 2013 by an expert panel that included representatives from department of the environment ( cwth ) , department of primary industries , parks . water and environment ( tas ) , commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , university of tasmania and derwent estuary program . this review noted that limited progress had been made on implementation of the recovery plan actions for ziebell\u2019s handfish . the review concluded that threats to handfish species remained largely unchanged and known handfish populations had not demonstrably increased in size . the review recommended that a new recovery plan be developed for the three handfish species . the outcome of this review led to the development of the draft recovery plan for three handfish species ( department of the environment 2014pb ) .\nthe draft recovery plan for three handfish species ( 2014pb ) outlines a range of recovery strategies for the conservation of spotted handfish . the following recovery strategies have been designed to achieve the overarching objective of the recovery plan ; to \u2018ensure an ecologically functional wild population of spotted handfish that , with limited site - specific management , has a high likelihood of persistence in nature :\nbruce , b . ( 1998 ) . progress on spotted handfish recovery . on the brink ! . 11 : 9 .\ntasmanian government ( 2003 ) . the spotted handfish - tasmania ' s next extinct species ? . available from : urltoken .\na secondary hypothesis for the decline in spotted handfish is the effect of accumulated contaminants in estuarine sediments . standard toxicity trials ( using a microbial standard ) will be used to compare differences between areas where handfish have been lost and between known colonies .\nspotted handfish are currently protected under the recovery plan for four species of handfish ( deh 2005v ) . the 2005 recovery plan was reviewed in 2013 by an expert panel that included representatives from department of the environment ( cwth ) , department of primary industries , parks . water and environment , commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , university of tasmania and derwent estuary program . this review noted that there had been a sustained effort to implement recovery actions for the spotted handfish in the derwent estuary and recovery plan objectives had been partially met for this species . however , the review concluded that threats to handfish species remained largely unchanged and known handfish populations had not demonstrably increased in size . the review identified a number of relatively simple actions that could be implemented to boost the survival of the spotted handfish , and recommended that a new recovery plan be developed for the three handfish species . the outcome of this review led to the development of the draft recovery plan for three handfish species ( department of the environment 2014pb ) .\n3 . 5 . 2 trialing the re - introduction of spotted handfish to areas where they previously occurred and monitor its success .\nhandfish superficially resemble the more commonly encountered anglerfishes ( antenariidae ) and this often leads to incorrect identification ( and subsequent misreporting ) by the general public . apart from aspects of their internal anatomy ( see pietsch 1981 ) , handfish can be separated from anglerfishes by the form of the first dorsal fin ( second and third spines connected by membrane in handfish ; separate in anglerfish ) and the location of the gill pore ( above and behind pectoral fins in handfish ; on ' elbow ' of pectoral fin in anglerfish ) .\nthe draft recovery plan for three handfish species ( department of the environment 2014pb ) outlines a range of recovery strategies for the conservation of ziebell\u2019s handfish . the following recovery strategies have been designed to achieve the overarching objective of the recovery plan ; to \u2018increase the understanding of the biology and ecology of ziebell\u2019s handfish in order to conserve , and contribute to the future recovery , of the species\u2019 :\nspotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) are a type of anglerfish that prefer to walk on their fins along the seabed rather than swim .\ngreen , m . ( 2007 ) . implementing handfish recovery plan 2006 / 7 . report to biodiversity conservation branch dpiwe , tasmania .\nthe possible role of the northern pacific seastar in the decline of spotted handfish has not yet been established , although the timing of its discovery and subsequent increase in abundance matches the 1980\u00eds period of spotted handfish decline . the seastar is now abundant in many areas wherespotted handfish were previously common . predation by northern pacific seastars on spotted handfish egg masses has not been observed in the wild , although this does not preclude it as a factor in the decline . northern pacific seastars have been observed feeding on the stalked ascidian commonly used as a spawning substrate within the derwent . it is thus possible that predatory loss of the ascidian may impact spotted handfish by reducing the available spawning substrate . this hypothesis is supported by recent observations at one handfish colony where a dramatic increase in seastar abundance coincided with very low numbers of ascidians and very little spawning activity by handfish ( bruce et al . , 1997 , bruce et al . , 1998 submitted ) .\ndietary data for spotted handfish are sparse . last et al . ( 1983 ) reported that they preyed on small shellfish , shrimps and polychaete worms . the stomachs of two small , wild caught , juvenile spotted handfish contained amphipods ( bruce et al . , 1997 ) .\nwithin the derwent estuary the estimated extent of occurrence for spotted handfish is approximately 70 km\u00b2 , however the species area of occupancy is likely to be considerably less ( tss 2014sl ) . in frederick henry bay in 1999 , the area of occupancy was estimated at 0 . 3 km\u00b2 ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) , however no handfish were located in this area during surveys in 2005 ( green 2005 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - spotted handfish in courtship\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - spotted handfish in courtship\ntitle =\narkive video - spotted handfish in courtship\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are only sporadic records of the spotted handfish during the 19th and early 20th centuries but , with the advent of scuba equipment , numerous specimens were recorded in the derwent in the 1960\u00eds and 1970\u00eds . the spotted handfish was considered to be common throughout its range ( last & bruce , 1996 , last et al . , 1983 ) and , ironically , it was sometimes referred to as the common handfish .\nthere are three species of handfish endemic to tasmania , one of which has not been seen by divers in the wild for several years .\n[ the spotted handfish ] have the dubious distinction of being the first marine fish to be listed as critically endangered back in 1996 .\ndue to their distribution in shallow coastal habitats in close proximity to urban and industrial areas handfish , particularly spotted handfish , are exposed to numerous impacts from anthropogenic activities ( dep 2013 ) . impacts to handfish populations from coastal developments can arise as a result of increased top soil runoff and sedimentation in surrounding waterways , while impacts from marine developments can occur due to the loss or modification of habitat ( dep 2013 ) .\nhandfish were once abundant around the globe but are now only found in waters off south - east australia , with most species endemic to tasmania .\nalmost totally hidden in the background , behind a pole , is a juvenile spotted handfish , collected at the same time as the two adults .\ngreen , m . ( 2009 ) . handfish 08 - 09 . nrm south final report . report to biodiversity conservation branch dpiwe , tasmania .\nthe spotted handfish is a critically endangered species that lives in tasmania . it has an extremely restricted distribution due partially to its unusual life cycle .\nspotted handfish feed by sucking in prey items ( 5 ) , including shrimps , small fish and small crustaceans such as amphipods ( 3 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus )\ntitle =\narkive species - spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe spotted handfish used to be found in waters around the state but is now restricted to the lower reaches of the river derwent and surrounding bays .\nthree spotted handfish were collected from the river derwent off the shore of battery point and taken to a tank at the csiro a few metres away .\nscientists have begun a captive breeding program for the spotted handfish , 11 years after it became the first australian marine animal to be listed as critically endangered .\nhale said the handfish\u2019s ungainly appearance could go some way to explaining why it remains relatively unknown , despite being one of the most endangered animals in australia .\nhandfish of all types abounded around the world 50 million years ago but are now only found in waters south - east of australia , mainly around tasmania .\nspotted handfish are endemic to south - east tasmania . currently , the only known populations of spotted handfish are located within the lower derwent estuary , with the only other recent sightings of spotted handfish consisting of the identification of two individuals in the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel in 2013 ( green 2014 , pers . comm . ) . populations have previously been recorded in fredrick henry bay , the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel and the northern regions of storm bay ( bruce et al . 1998 ) .\nissues paper : population status of an threats to four handfish species listed as threatened under the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( deh 2005u ) .\ncollection of any handfish is an offence in tasmania unless a permit has been issued under the living marine resources management act 1995 ( tasmanian government 1995 ) .\nidentify the threatening processes that affect spotted handfish . strategies can be devised to overcome the effect of these agents based on a sound knowledge of their operation .\nthe pattern of spots on each spotted handfish appear to be unique , meaning we can identify individuals . they are members of the group of fish including deep sea anglerfish . there are a number of handfish species found in australian waters , with the majority of these being rare and restricted to the south - east .\nthe bottom - dwelling spotted handfish is found on coarse to fine sand and silt , in coastal waters from depths of 2 to 30 metres ( 3 ) .\nspotted handfish are currently protected under the tasmanian state fisheries legislation and the commonwealth endangered species protection act ( 1992 ) . the recovery team will recommend that the spotted handfish also be listed under the tasmanian threatened species protection act and provide appropriate documentation in support of the listing . options for protecting specific areas or habitat of critical importance will be assessed in consultation between the recovery team and regulatory authorities . the recovery team will provide advice to relevant regulatory authorities on matters pertaining to handfish where required .\nbruce and colleagues ( 1999 ) stated that the egg mass structure of ziebell ' s handfish is very similar to those of the spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) and red handfish ( thymichthys politus ) . egg masses have been found around sponges in depths of 20 m ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) . on emergence , hatchlings have been observed settling in the immediate area surrounding the location of the egg mass ( deh 2001 ) . key biological attributes for this species include ( deh 2005u ) :\nlast , p . r . , d . c . gledhill & b . h . holmes ( 2007 ) . a new handfish , brachionichthys australis sp . nov . ( lophiiformes : brachionichthyidae ) , with a redescription of the critically endangered spotted handfish , b . hirsutus ( lacep\u00e8de ) . zootaxa . 1666 : 53 - 68 .\na re - introduction trial will also test the survival of handfish in areas where previous impact has resulted in a population decline . such trials will utilise captive bred fish and identify if the threatening process is still operating , assist in its identification and pave the way for a more substantial re - establishment of spotted handfish across their range .\nestablishing the conservation status of tasmanian endemic handfish that are highly restricted in distribution requires a firm knowledge of the number of species involved . some handfish species are yet to be formally described ( eg ziebell ' s handfish ) and there are distinct colour morphs in different areas that may represent either a local colour pattern or different species entirely . if these colour morphs are different species , then these populations may be more restricted then originally thought . clarification of the number of species within the handfish family will require a combination of ( non - destructive ) genetic analyses and classical taxonomy . discussions have commenced with the university of tasmania to encourage a suitable student to carry out the work .\naustralia ' s csiro has produced a quicktime clip that outlines the conservation status of the spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) and demonstrates the tetrapod - like locomotion of brachionichthyids .\nanecdotal evidence from the early\u2013mid 2000s suggests that some handfish species are more active at night , but the species are still likely to be seen and / or collected during the day ( green 2003 , pers comm . , cited in ambs 2004 ) . spotted handfish breed in spring ( september to november ) . there were some indications in the early 2000s that during breeding time spotted handfish are more abundant in areas where there is spawning substrate ( green 2003 , pers comm . , cited in ambs 2004 ) .\ndue to the restricted distribution of known populations of ziebell\u2019s handfish and their low dispersal , all areas in which they are found are considered important habitat ( deh 2005u ) .\nthere is very little published information on ziebell ' s handfish . information gaps for this species include precise information on habitat requirements , current distribution , current abundance and threats .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2001 ) . draft listing advice - sympterichthys sp . ( ziebell ' s handfish ) . environment australia , canberra .\nlast , p . r . , gledhill , d . c . & holmes , b . h . 2007 . a new handfish , brachionichthys australis sp . nov . ( lophiiformes : brachionichthyidae ) , with a redescription of the critically endangered spotted handfish , b . hirsutus ( lacep\u00e8de ) . zootaxa 1666 : 55 , figs 1 - 2\nma green , and bd bruce , spotted handfish : distribution , abundance and habitat : csiro , hobart , tas . ( australia ) , dec 1998 , 29 pp .\nlast , p . r . and bruce , b . d . ( 1997 ) . spotted handfish . nature australia . 25 ( 7 ) : 20 - 21 .\nwhile threats to ziebell ' s handfish have not been identified , personal collection and the aquarium trade have the potential to threaten populations by removing individuals from the wild . under the marine resources managment act 1995 ( tasmania ) , a person , in state waters , must not take or have possession of handfish without a permit ( deh 2005u ) .\ndr lynch said spotted handfish were at high risk as they were only found in a handful of spots in the river derwent and one spot in the d ' entrecasteaux channel .\nmigration rates of spotted handfish between the ralphs bay population and other populations in the derwent estuary are likely to be low ( green 2005 ) . there is some thought that the ralphs bay population of spotted handfish is genetically unique , given the apparent isolation of this population and the large size of specimens observed there ( aquenal pty ltd , 2008 ) .\ncollection of spotted handfish is an offence in tasmania unless a permit has been issued under the living marine resources management act 1995 ( tasmania ) . however , the tasmanian department of primary industries , water and environment have never issued a permit for the take of handfish other than for the purpose of scientific research ( pullen 2005 , pers comm . ) .\nhandfish have among the narrowest ranges of any of the 4300 , or so , marine fish known from the australian region ( last et al . , 1983 , yearsley et al . , 1997 ) . five of the eight currently identified species are endemic to tasmania and bass strait ( last et al . , 1983 ) . the red handfish ( sympterichthys politus ) and an undescribed species ( ziebell ' s handfish , sympterichthys sp . ) appear to be confined to a few restricted , shallow reef habitats in south - eastern tasmania .\nimplement immediate management strategies based on our observations to date including trial enhancement of spawning areas by deployment of artificial spawning substrate , further development of captive breeding capabilities and trials to assess the suitability of areas where handfish were previously found for re - introduction . it is anticipated that re - introduction may become a key strategy for spotted handfish in the derwent estuary .\nspotted handfish have a low breeding capacity . surveys conducted in the late 1990s concluded that the female lays 80 - 200 eggs that are held together in a vertical structure by threads ( last & bruce 1996\u201397 ) . in 2002 the species ' was found to attach their eggs to small , vertical , semi - rigid structures on the sea floor ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . this included stalked ascidians ( sycozoa sp . ) , seagrasses , sponges , small macrophytic algae and polychaete worm tubes ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\ngreen , m . a . p . and b . d . bruce ( 2002 ) . spotted handfish recovery plan 1999 - 2001 : year 3 . environment australia , canberra .\nthis species occurs in benthic ( seafloor ) environments in association with coarse to fine sand and shell grit or silt ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . the species was recorded from depths between 2 - 30 m in 2002 , but observations around this time suggested that they are most common in depths of 5 - 10 m ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nthe spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) is a small fish that lives on the sea bed in the cool , sheltered waters of south - east tasmania . it has modified pelvic fins that look like \u201chands\u201d , hence the name . while the handfish can swim when required , it usually uses the \u201chands\u201d to \u201cwalk\u201d across the seabed in search of food such as mysid shrimps .\nnever mind the tassie tiger \u2014 hobart ' s spotted handfish are super rare , found nowhere else on the planet and are really rather cute , in a weird - looking fishy way .\ngreen , m . a . & b . d . bruce ( 2000 ) . spotted handfish recovery plan : final report : year 1 ( 1999 ) . environment australia , canberra .\nthe spotted handfish is endemic to south - eastern australia , occurring in the lower derwent river estuary , frederick henry bay , d ' entrecasteaux channel and the northern regions of storm bay .\nthe diet of ziebell ' s handfish is unknown but probably consists of small invertebrates ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) such as crustaceans and worms ( edgar et al . 1982 ) .\ngledhill & green ( unpub . ) . issues paper : population status of , and threats to , three handfish species listed as threatened under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\na poster will be produced and distributed to dive clubs , aquarium shops and professional fishing organisations ( eg abalone and urchin divers ) to encourage these groups to report sightings and promote the protected status of handfish . liaison with these groups will promote an effective exchange of information and provide the basis for developing a collective functional plan for endemic tasmanian handfish ( action 3 . 6 ) .\na suitable site for re - introduction trials will be located . the site must be within the historic range of spotted handfish ( preferably an historic ' hot spot ' ) and have suitable habitat .\nsupplying information ( on request ) for school and university student projects , authors of children ' s books , and the national mint ( enquiry for possible production of a coin depicting a handfish ) .\nthere are a number of reasons the handfish is listed as endangered . a small population , restricted distribution and vulnerable life cycle are key . habitat degradation and pest species have contributed to the species\u2019 decline .\nbrachionichthys hirsutus ( spotted handfish , spotted - hand fish ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014sl ) [ state action plan ] .\nthere are survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish that include survey protocol fordetecting fish listed under the epbc act . this document contains information relevant to the surveying of spotted handfish ( dsewpac 2011i ) .\nto secure existing populations of spotted handfish , reduce the chances of future decline , enhance populations in areas where numbers have been seriously depleted or lost and subsequently achieve down listing from the current endangered status .\nthe asfb threatened fishes sub - committee have listed ziebell ' s , the waterfall bay and the red handfish on their threatened species list , yet there are few data to confirm their current placements . by developing a community sighting network , we can cost effectively develop the database necessary to establish the status of these species , identify potential threats , maintain the diving public ' s interest in assisting with the recovery effort and continue to promote marine conservation and education issues . these species are more likely to be encountered by the diving public than spotted handfish ( because they occur in reef areas ) , however we have already had reports of spotted handfish from people diving across soft substrate areas ( eg for old bottles ) or near reef edges . thus the spotted handfish recovery effort will also directly benefit from a community reporting system .\nthe greatest threats to the handfish appear to be siltation and invasive species . the derwent estuary where the fish lives is highly urbanised and industrialised , and a range of marine pests have been introduced through shipping .\nensure the continuance of spotted handfish across their current distribution by developing and implement strategies to facilitate their recovery . the recovery team will continue to assess and revise , where appropriate , the direction of recovery actions .\nendemic to tasmania , the spotted handfish or brachionichthys hirsutus looks like a tadpole in the late stages of development , with a fin atop its head to lure unsuspecting prey and the sour expression of a british bulldog .\nartificial sticks for attaching eggs have been developed by csiro and planted throughout the estuary . there is some evidence that the handfish are already using the sticks , although it is unknown whether the eggs survive to hatching .\nspotted handfish were bred successfully in captivity in the late 1990s ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . spotted handfish were initially bred in captivity in 1996 , however all of the juveniles in that trial died within 29 days of hatching ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . the cause of hatchling mortality was not fully understood but coincided with critical stages in the life history of the species ( bruce et al . 1997 ) .\nbarrett , n . , b . d . bruce , & p . r . last ( 1996 ) . spotted handfish survey . report to endangered species unit , anca . csiro div . fisheries , hobart .\ngreen , m . a . & b . d . bruce ( 2001 ) . spotted handfish recovery plan 1999 - 2001 : progress report , end of year 2 ( 2000 ) . environment australia , canberra .\nprior to the commencement of the interim research projects , the biology of handfishes was poorly documented . published accounts included brief aspects of their morphology , osteology and distribution ( see gomon et al . , 1994 , last et al . , 1983 , edgar et al . , 1982 , pietsch , 1981 ) . whitley ( 1949 ) described an adult female spotted handfish with eggs extruding from the body and a 14 mm juvenile verrucose handfish . last et al . ( 1983 ) reported thatspotted handfish attached its eggs to ' solid objects on the bottom via thin threads ' and that its diet consisted of small shellfish , shrimps and polychaete worms .\nbarrett , n . , bruce , b . d . and last , p . r . ( 1996 ) . spotted handfish survey . report to endangered species unit . anca . csiro div . fisheries hobart .\ngreen , m . a . and bruce , b . d . ( 1998 ) . spotted handfish : distribution , abundance and habitat . final report to fishcare . csiro div . mar . res . hobart .\nthe longevity of spotted handfish is still yet to be determined ( bruce et al . 1999 ) , however there was some information made available on growth rate in the early 2000s . spotted handfish in the derwent estuary at two years old are approximately 70 mm in length ( green & bruce 2001 ) . in their third year of growth , specimens attain a further 5 - 10 mm in length , and approximately 2 mm every year thereafter ( green & bruce 2001 ) . this suggests that when spotted handfish in the derwent estuary are 100 mm long , they are 12 - 16 years of age ( green & bruce 2001 ) . however , most of the spotted handfish found at sites surveyed in the derwent estuary in the late 1990s to early 2000s were 81 - 90 mm in length , making them between 4 - 10 years of age ( green & bruce 2001 ) .\nbruce , b . d . and green , m . a . ( 1998 ) the spotted handfish 1999 - 2001 recovery plan . department of the environment , water , heritage , and the arts , canberra , australia .\nestablish the essential biological characteristics ( including critical habitat requirements ) that underpin the dynamics of handfish colonies . population fluctuations and threats can then be interpreted , and the progress of management strategies against biologically realistic recovery objectives can be monitored .\nhobart has already began to adopt the species as its own : a giant papier - mache handfish , dubbed jessica by its creator , the balinese artist ida bagus oka , was burned in effigy at the dark mofo festival in june .\ncommon throughout the lower derwent estuary and adjoining bays prior to the mid 1980s , the spotted handfish has suffered a serious decline in distribution and abundance . only a handful of populations are now found around the mouth of the derwent estuary .\nendemic to the lower derwent river estuary in tasmania , the spotted handfish was a relatively common species until the 1980s . the species has declined massively , however ; only three breeding colonies were known to exist in 1998 ( 3 ) .\nthe spotted handfish is considered to be vulnerable to extinction due to its highly restricted and patchy distribution , low population density , limited dispersal capabilities and a reproductive strategy of producing low numbers of demersal eggs that are highly susceptibility to disturbance .\nthe spotted handfish , which is the subject of a captive breeding program , used to be found in waters around tasmania but is restricted to the lower reaches of the river derwent and surrounding bays . photograph : auscape / uig via getty images\nwe thought with the decline of the handfish , at this moment while there ' s still some , it would be prudent to get some captive populations going for insurance purposes ,\ndr lynch told ryk goddard on abc radio hobart .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2005u ) . issues paper : population status of an threats to four handfish species listed as threatened under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . canberra . available from : urltoken .\nhandfish lack a larval stage and hatch as fully formed juveniles ( 6\u20137mm in length ) which move straight to the sea floor and appear to remain in the vicinity of spawning throughout their lives . this has two important consequences . first , colonies may be relatively isolated ( ie mixing between them is restricted ) and a reduction in spawning success may seriously impact on a colony . second , the ability for handfish to recolonise areas from which they have been displaced is likely to be low .\nziebell\u2019s handfish are restricted to eastern and southern tasmania in widely disjunct populations ( last & gledhill 2009 ) . the species has been recorded at bicheno , forestier peninsula , tasman peninsula , actaeon islands and cox bight in depths of 10\u201320 m ( last & gledhill 2009 ) . the tasmanian underwater photography society only discovered the species during surveys in 1977\u201381 ( deh 2001 ) . ziebell\u2019s handfish have not been observed , or systematically surveyed , for several years and the species\u2019 current distribution is unknown .\njust two spotted handfish were reported between 1990 and 1994 ; this dire state of the population led to the formation of the spotted handfish recovery team in 1996 ( 3 ) . the recovery team consists of a number of government agencies concerned with saving this rare , and bizarre , fish . research into existing wild populations and the development of captive breeding techniques are some of the priorities of the recovery plan ( 3 ) . initial work has been encouraging , with successful breeding attempts from two adult pairs of spotted handfish at the tasmanian department of primary industry and fisheries aquaculture ( 2 ) . a captive population may be used in a future re - introduction programme to restore these fish to some of their previous range ( 6 ) .\none of the first strategies to conserve the handfish was to give them full protection under fisheries legislation , preventing collection for aquariums . the species\u2019 restricted distribution has worked in its favour , encouraging interest from the local community to clean up the estuary .\nthe relative age and growth of spotted handfish surveyed at frederick henry bay in the early 2000s has made it difficult to draw conclusions about the lifespan of the species generally . at this site , the spotted handfish appeared to grow larger and faster than at derwent estuary sites ( green & bruce 2001 ) . one specimen observed three times in 12 months had grown from 60 to 93 mm , which far exceeded growth rates observed at sites in the derwent estuary ( green & bruce 2001 ) .\nbruce , b . d . , m . a . p . green & p . r . last ( 1997 ) . developing husbandry techniques for spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) and monitoring the 1996 spawning season . environment australia , canberra .\nbruce , b . d . and green , m . a . ( 1998 ) the spotted handfish 1999 - 2001 recovery plan . department of the environment , water , heritage , and the arts , canberra , australia . available at : urltoken\nbruce , b . d . and green , m . a . ( 1998 ) the spotted handfish 1999 - 2001 recovery plan . department of the environment , water , heritage , and the arts , canberra , australia . available at : urltoken\nthe overall objectives of the recovery process are to secure existing populations of spotted handfish , reduce the chances of future decline , enhance populations in areas where numbers have been seriously depleted or lost and subsequently achieve down listing from the current endangered status .\nto achieve this , an information pack will be produced and distributed to school groups via the woodbridge marine discovery centre where an information display on handfish has already been established . the information pack will also be available to the general public on request .\nbruce , b . d . , green , m . a . and last , p . r . ( 1998 ) . threatened fishes of the world : spotted handfish , brachionichthys hirsutus ( lacepede ) . environmental biology of fishes in press .\nin 1998 / 1999 , 158 ( 37 % ) of 423 hatchlings survived in captivity to an age of 6 months ( green & bruce 2000 ) . all of these handfish were tagged and the surviving 155 ( three died after tagging ) were released at the site from which their parents had been captured ( green & bruce 2000 ) . however , in surveys post october 1999 no sightings of these tagged handfish were made , which suggests high mortality post release ( green & bruce 2001 ) .\nthere are nine known areas in the lower derwent estuary ( seaward of the tasman bridge ) where spotted handfish have been found and surveyed ( green 2005a , 2007a , 2009a ) . analysis of survey data in 2009 suggested a total abundance of 1500\u20132700 adult spotted handfish ( green 2009b ) , however there may have been decreases in total abundance within key populations since this time ( green 2014 , pers comm . ) . the calculated density of fish at a location in frederick henry bay during spring 1999 was about 45 per hectare ( green & bruce 2000 ; green 2005a ) , which would have represented an estimated abundance of 180\u2013250 adult handfish ( green 2007b ) ; however surveys at this location failed to detect any spotted handfish in 2005 ( green 2005a ) . a reliable report was made with a photograph of a single specimen at a location in north west bay , at the northern end of the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel ( deh 2005u ) , but the presence of a viable population has not been verified .\nthe csiro has been conducting an annual survey of handfish numbers for two years and this month collected its first specimens \u2013 an adult male named harley , an adult female named rose and an as yet unnamed juvenile \u2013 to begin a captive breeding program .\none key pest is the northern pacific seastar ( asterias amurensis ) , a particularly large and voracious predator that is now abundant in the estuary . studies by csiro show that the seastars eat the stalked ascidians that the handfish use to attach their eggs .\nbruce , b . d . & m . a . green ( 1998 ) . non - current spotted handfish recovery plan 1999 - 2001 . ea . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\nspotted handfish are protected under tasmanian law and the commonwealth ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . over the last five years , the commonwealth government , through the natural heritage trust , has contributed over $ 390 000 to help ensure the survival of the handfish . these projects , which have included researching and monitoring existing populations ; public education and awareness raising ; and identifying threats , have been undertaken in conjunction with the tasmanian department of primary industries , water and the environment and the csiro .\nsurveys will count the number of handfish along 30 randomly positioned transects ( 100 metres long and 3 metres wide ) at each colony in autumn and spring . the surveys require a team of 6 divers for a period of three days at each colony .\nthe spotted handfish was common in the lower derwent river estuary until the mid 1980s , when the species underwent a catastrophic decline ( 2 ) . although unproven , it is thought that the introduction of the northern pacific seastar ( asterias amurensis ) to tasmania at this time may be the key to the decimation of the handfish population ( 3 ) . these seastars are voracious predators of shellfish and it is thought that they may also eat the eggs of handfish or the sea squirts upon which the eggs are attached ( 2 ) . the deterioration of coastal habitats due to development may also be involved in the decline ( 3 ) . this species is under added threat from its vastly reduced population , limited dispersal , restricted distribution and low reproductive rate ( 3 ) .\nthe spotted handfish has a very restricted and patchy distribution , low population density , limited dispersal capabilities and a reproductive strategy of producing low numbers of demersal eggs that are susceptible to disturbance ( bruce & green 1998 ; green 2014 , pers comm . ) .\nthe spotted handfish is pinkish above and white below , with darker orange , brown or blackish spots . it has a high first dorsal fin originating on the snout and a long based soft rayed dorsal fin . there is a long illicium on the snout .\nthe spotted handfish is endemic to the lower derwent river estuary and adjoining bays and channels ( figure 2 ) . spotted handfish appear to be distributed within colonies in restricted areas of their range , although the level of mixing between colonies is unknown . three reproductively active colonies are currently known , although isolated individuals are occasionally reported from other sites . due to the restricted area of colonies , their accessibility and concerns regarding either inadvertent or direct disturbance , neither the location of colonies , nor the location of recent sightings are reported here .\nillegal collection for the aquaria trade may also pose a threat to handfish . while experts consider the likelihood of poaching to be low , the consequence of removing even a few individuals from the wild is considered to be severe given the small population size of each species .\nthe program will utilise dpif facilities at taroona where a culture room has been dedicated to the project . an improved filtration system is necessary to ensure a continuous supply of contaminant free seawater . another bank of larger aquaria is also required for on - growing juvenile handfish .\nthreatened species section ( tss ) ( 2014sl ) . brachionichthys hirsutus ( spotted handfish , spotted - hand fish ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link . department of primary industries , parks , water and environment , tasmania . available from : urltoken .\nziebell ' s handfish is conventionally accepted as brachiopsilus ziebelli ( last & gledhill 2009 ) . the species was previously known as brachionichthys sp . 1 and sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ( edgar et al . 1982 ; last et al . 1983 ) .\nhandfish lack the dispersive larval stage common in marine fishes . they hatch as fully formed juveniles ( 6 - 7 mm in length ) , move straight to the bottom and appear to remain in the vicinity of spawning ( bruce et al . , 1998 submitted ) . this has two important consequences . first , colonies may be relatively isolated ( ie mixing between them is restricted ) thus a reduction in spawning success may seriously impact a colony . second , the ability for handfish to recolonise areas from which they have been displaced is likely to be low .\nit is unlikely that the recovery process will result in a down listing of spotted handfish within the three year time frame of this recovery plan . annual recovery team meetings will be a forum for the review of the actions proposed in this document and the status of the species .\nthe age structures of three known spotted handfish colonies were assessed during surveys undertaken from 1998 to 2001 ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . at one of the two sites in the lower derwent estuary , the number of adult spotted handfish ( those greater than 71 mm in length ) had declined over this period ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . at another site in the lower derwent estuary , a three - fold increase in mature fish was observed in spring 1999 ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . the reason for this increase is unknown but it is considered likely that fish may have moved into the area to breed ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . the ratio of juvenile to adult handfish in the two regularly surveyed sites in the lower derwent estuary varied annually from 2011 to 2014 ( green , pers comm . , 2014 ) .\nit is difficult to monitor the handfish\u2019s population because diving is involved , but in recent years some populations have been monitored as part of volunteer programs such as reef life survey . current results suggest the populations in the centre of the estuary are stable , but more surveys are always needed ."]}
{"id": 1688, "summary": [{"text": "santa claus ( 1961 \u2013 1970 ) was a british-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he is most notable for his achievements as a three-year-old in 1964 when he won the irish 2,000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "santa claus ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["new year : santa claus and horse in harness . old russian postcard ( 1 )\nnew year : santa claus and horse in harness . old russian postcard ( 2 )\nnew year : santa claus and horse in harness . old russian postcard ( 3 )\nnew year : santa claus and horse in harness . old russian greeting card ( 1 )\nnew year : santa claus and horse in harness . old russian greeting card ( 2 )\n) , wampum ( by warfare ) and santa paula ii ( by santa claus ) .\nrare vintage christmas ceramic santa claus w / gifts and white horse , 4 . 5\ntall\nso far , there are no tournament results from santa claus xx are stored .\non this page , you can download santa claus pattern horse - drawn vehicles png file or . eps ( ai ) file for free . this vector resource about horse drawn vehicles , santa claus , pattern is easy for modification and ideal for printing .\nthe route of the toronto santa claus parade . santa is expected to arrive at st . lawrence market at 12 : 30 .\nthis photograph from november 17 , 1987 shows a local oakville man named bill hughes , who had portrayed santa claus each year for 39 years in the oakville santa claus parade .\nthe future of santa claus quarter horses is looking bright , especially with these young prospects .\nsanta claus quarter horses is uniquely positioned on 100 + acres in the rolling hills of southern indiana .\nthe 2015 toronto santa claus parade takes place today , sunday , november 15th . it will be the 111th santa claus parade in toronto , since the yearly tradition began back on december 2 , 1905 .\nthe santa claus parade is a nostalgic childhood event for many of us who grew up in toronto . here is a photographic look back at the ways in which the santa claus parade has changed over the years in toronto .\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\nsanta claus ran the race exactly to form . he was well back in the pack on the uphill run to the first of the two sharp left\u2010hand turns . on the long curve to tattenham corner , santa claus got pushed .\nthere are many different origins of the santa claus that we know today , like st . nicholas and father christmas . most people don\u2019t know though that one of the major inspirations for santa claus is actually the viking god of war called odin .\nlindley was often the first choice when trainers wanted a substitute jockey for their stable stars , like santa claus and caro .\nadvertising for\nsanta ' s store\nat the eaton centre in 1981 . the next year would be the last that eaton ' s backed toronto ' s santa claus parade .\nsanta claus ( uk ) 1961 ( chamossaire - aunt clara ) , winner of the 1964 epsom derby , ridden by scobie breasley . | pinterest | epsom derby , race horses and horse\nthe uk father christmas and the american santa claus became more and more alike over the years and are now one and the same .\nwith the headline : santa claus , 15\u20108 , captures english derby ; receives $ 201 , 787 , a world record \u2014indiana second .\nwhere santa flies through the sky on a sleigh with eight reindeer , odin rides sleipnir , a fearsome horse with \u2026eight legs .\nthis image of santa became very popular , with more artists drawing santa in his red and white costume from 1900 to 1930 .\nsanta claus is owned by mrs . doreen rogers of ireland and 79\u2010year\u2010o1d john ismay , an englishman who lives in the south of france . mrs . rogers ' son , mickey , trained the horse .\nglad you liked the story : ) . after looking up the odin background story i\u2019ll never look at santa claus the same again lol .\nthere are , of course , controversial aspects of the american santa claus fiction . some christians believe he takes the focus of christmas away from jesus christ , placing it on a fictional character with little redemptive value . others insist that it is unhealthy for parents to lie to their children to enforce their belief in santa claus . and others say that santa claus is a symbol of the commercialization and consumerism that has seized the christmas holiday in the west . still for others , santa claus and the modern celebration of christmas is seen as an intrusion upon their own national traditions .\nthese two were the surprises of the race . santa claus had been backed down to 15\u20108 , while indiana started at 30\u20101 and dilettante ii at 100\u20101 .\nthis horse never got a lot of recognition ,\njack robbins said .\nwe had another horse , cassaleria , who got more notice , even though he wasn ' t the horse this one was .\nwhen eaton ' s ran toronto ' s santa claus parade , the department store itself was santa ' s ultimate destination . he would climb a ladder to greet his adoring public , and no doubt work to boost sales for the store .\nsanta was first used in coke adverts in the 1920s , with santa looking like the drawings of thomas nast . in 1931 , the classic ' coke santa ' was drawn by artist haddon sundblom . he took the idea of nast ' s santa but made him even more larger than life and jolly , replaced the pipe with a glass of coke and created the famous coke holding santa !\nhis value has soared to a sum estimated to \u2010 be about $ 1 , 400 , 000 . santa claus will probably be sold to a syndicate for stud purposes .\nbut britain ' s champion jockey , scobie breasley , straightened him out nicely and santa claus started gaining when they moved out of tattenham corner , running downhill for the finish .\nthis is when santa really started to develop his big tummy and the style of red and white outfit he wears today . nast designed santa ' s look on some historical information about santa and the poem ' a visit from st . nicholas ' .\nin the mid - 20th century a series of coca - cola advertisements featuring a rotund and jovial santa claus was drawn by artist haddon sundblom and further popularized nast ' s depiction .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nhis success in the derbys on either side of the irish sea saw santa claus make racing history becoming the first horse in fifty - seven years to win both derbys in the same year . it was not that santa claus was without historic links in any event \u2013 his jockeys\u2019 silks bore the distinctive white star emblem of mr . john ismay , scion of the family which owned the white star shipping line , owners of the ill - fated titanic .\nmick rogers trains a second string to santa claus in fino , a court harwell colt from the ex - cellent winner - producing mare angelicus ( dam of hot brandy and others ) .\nepsom , england , june 3\u2014santa claus gave the irish their expected present of the english derby today , and he gave britain ' s bookmakers one of their worst financial beatings in years .\nit was a great day for the irish . not only santa claus , but diletttante ii and anselmo , who also started at 100\u20101 and finished fourth , were also trained in ireland .\nthese days kids all around the world force themselves to stay up as late as possible on christmas eve , hoping to catch a glimpse of jolly old santa claus daintily placing trinkets in stockings .\nthe best horses of his career were santa claus and caro , though he rode those two champions only once each - when they became his only mounts to finish in the frame in the arc . caro was the best older horse in europe when fourth to mill reef in 1971 .\nbeginning in 1863 , nast began a series of annual drawings in harper ' s weekly that were inspired by the descriptions found in washington irving ' s work . these drawings established a rotund santa with flowing beard , fur garments , and a clay pipe . nast drew his santa until 1886 , and his work had a major influence in creating the modern american santa claus .\nor , the horse that first got me hooked on racing , nearly 50 years ago .\nin 1905 , timothy eaton ' s department store began the tradition of the santa claus parade . initially , the parade featured santa claus on a horse - drawn cart . the parade has grown in size and splendour to include upside - down clowns , colourful marching bands , mascots , characters in elaborate costumes , ornately decorated floats , and - of course - santa claus himself . over the years , santa has travelled from the north pole by train , coach , ice floe , airplane and sleigh pulled by nine reindeer . in 1982 , a local volunteer group assumed responsibility for the parade . one of canada ' s longest - running traditions , the parade remains focussed on bringing joy to children and continues to enchant and entertain people of all ages .\nironically , lindley rode santa claus later that season when the irish champion was beaten three - quarters of a length into second place by prince royal in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe .\nin north america , the popular name santa claus was taken from the dutch sinterklaas , which originated with a contracted form of sint nicolaas ( saint nicholas ) . the\nmall santa\nthat we are all familiar with - - sporting a red suit with white cuffs and collar , and black leather belt , became the popular image in the united states in the late 19th century and early 20th century because of the\nmerry old santa claus\nimages created by political cartoonist thomas nast .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\nlastly , here are some other images that show how toronto has prepared for the yuletide season in years gone past . you ' ll note that santa claus is adept at appearing all across the city .\nover the next few nights many pairs of little eyes \u2013 and big eyes too \u2013 will be looking towards the northern skies anticipating the visit of the great man known as santa claus who they know will bring surprise and joy to homes throughout the land on christmas morning . more than forty years ago the name of santa claus brought celebration to county kildare too when a horse of that name led the field past the winning post at the 1964 irish derby piloted by willie burke of naas . earlier that summer the equine santa claus had also won the english derby , this time with australian jockey arthur \u2018scobie\u2019 breasley in the saddle . his trainer on both occasions was the gifted mick rogers of the curragh .\nat christmas , when the betting books opened , santa claus was 9\u20101 and the irish , especially , aware of the word from the training stables that he was something special , jumped on the odds joyfully .\nthe horses of santa claus quarter horses are a big piece to the laswell family puzzle . they are what bring the family together on a daily basis as they care for , work with and show their horses .\nbeadsman was generally regarded as the best horse in a mediocre year for three - year - olds .\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\na two year old meets santa at shoppers world on the danforth , on december 16 , 1992 .\nsanta claus , a rangy bay by chamossaire out of aunt clara , defeated 16 other 3\u2010year\u2010old colts to earn $ 201 , 787 , a world record for first\u2010place money . the gross purse was $ 236 , 376 .\nplenty of things to decide on such as horse colour , what the background will be etc . . . . and i ' ll probably change santa ' s traditional outfit so he can handle the heat .\nst . nicholas ' day is on the 6th december , but in the netherlands , the major celebrations are held on the 5th december , st . nicholas ' eve . the name santa claus comes from the name sinterklaas .\nsanta greets his public from atop the entrance to eaton ' s department store in this photograph from 1925 .\ngreat to see you around here < 3 . yeah i can ' t believe this story about santa claus and odin isn ' t more well known , i would have loved to have heard this story as a kid for example .\nthis plaque tells a brief history of toronto ' s santa claus parade . it can be found out in front of toronto ' s 1899 city hall , and is located on the northwest corner of queen street west & james street .\nthere were two questions before the race . santa claus had never run the derby distance . could he last ? he had never raced anywhere except over the curragh in dublin . could he handle epsom ' s turning , undulating track ?\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nin the old stories , like santa claus , odin is an old guy with a long white beard . but if you\u2019re naughty instead of bringing you a lump of coal he was more likely to deliver a can of whoop - ass .\nthis picture from december 15 , 1989 shows a local three year old meeting santa at the scarborough town centre .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\neither fell or were brought down ; one horse was killed and four jockeys were detained in hospital as a result .\nthe four - year - olds ragusa , relko and le mesnil will probably dominate the all - aged events , for\u2014with the solitary exception of the irish - trained santa claus\u2014the european three - year - old crop is unlikely to prove of vintage quality .\npourparler ( ' 1 , 000 ' ) , santa claus ( derby ) and mesopotamia ( oaks ) will be backed up by ragusa \u2014outstanding prospect for the european cham - pion of 1964 . this will surely be another great year for the irish .\nthe derby was only the fourth race of santa claus ' s meteoric career . he was bred in england and sold as a foal for $ 2 , 350 . mrs . rogers and ' ismay bought him as an untested yearling for $ 4 , 000 .\nwhen santa claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the bookmakers dropped the odds to 5\u20102 and shortened them again at the track . it was estimated that britain ' s three leading would have to pay out more than $ 2 , 800 , 000 .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\ntwo american\u2010owned outsiders finished second and third today . a length behind santa claus was indiana , owned by charles w . engelhard of far hills , n . j . , and another length back was dilettante ii , carrying the colors of larry m . gelb of new york .\nin the early usa his name was ' kris kringle ' ( from the christkind ) . later , dutch settlers in the usa took the old stories of st . nicholas with them and kris kringle and st nicholas became ' sinterklaas ' or as we now say ' santa claus ' !\nliam kenny from his regular feature in the leinster leader - nothing new under the sun - for 20 december 2007 - examines the victory of santa claus at the curragh in 1964 and reviews james durney ' s book on naas social housing - in the shadow of kings . our thanks to liam\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\noh jingle bells , jingle bells jingle all the way , oh what fun it is to ride on a one - horse open sleigh , hey jingle bells , jingle bells jingle all the way , oh what fun it is to ride on a one - horse open sleigh .\nlindley gained his most famous win on aggressor in the king george in 1960 , beating petite etoile and lester piggott by half a length . the nearest he came to winning the derby was in 1964 , when his mount indiana was cut down by santa claus ' s late burst and beaten a length .\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nsanta claus ( ire ) br . h , 1961 { 3 - o } dp = 1 - 4 - 7 - 2 - 12 ( 26 ) di = 0 . 49 cd = - 0 . 77 - 7 starts , 4 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 387 , 124\nas the song goes ,\noh what fun it is to ride , on a ' four ' horse open sleigh\nor something like that .\nthis photograph from december 11 , 1982 , shows santa posing with a local dog for a snapshot . this was part of a dog show held at exhibition place . money collected from those who wanted to get pictures of their dogs with santa went to a fund to help provide seeing eye dogs .\noriginally , the parade was sponsored by eaton ' s department stores , and was a successful marketing strategy for the retail chain . one can imagine early versions of santa claus hurling eaton ' s catalogues out into the hordes , giving young attendees several weeks to pester their parents about what they hoped to get on christmas morning .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nin racing parlance , a stuck horse is an entry that a trainer wants to scratch but can ' t because the stewards won ' t let him .\nsome people say that santa lives at the north pole . in finland , they say that he lives in the north part of their country called lapland .\nthe santa ynez valley star december issue covers all the upcoming holiday events such as julefest in solvang , winter fest in buellton , los o . . .\nbut it was through one of his british born sons , son - in - law that dark ronald was to dominate the bloodlines of the sport horse world . son - in - law was described as a plodding middle distance horse , but he became known as a sire of slow maturing horses of great stamina .\nthat first parade was a simple affair , with only one single float participating in the parade . the parade now has over 25 floats , 24 bands and about 1 , 700 people . the parade route stretches for nearly six kilometres . toronto ' s santa claus parade is one of the largest and oldest annual parades in north america .\nwe do not have many reasons for optimism . a laconic observer close to the process recently remarked that governments , experts and institutions of every kind have turned the sustainable development goals ( sdgs ) into \u201ca letter to santa claus\u201d , a document in which absolutely everything can be included . whatever your hobby horse in the sphere of poverty or sustainable development , if you look hard enough you will surely find it among the 17 goals and 169 targets included in the document proposed by the open working group .\nbut the plane in new york had prior commitments . tex sutton , the lexington ( ky . ) shipper who flies top horses all over the country , had leased out nostalgia star ' s plane to a freight company that needs extra aircraft at christmas time . it might be said that nostalgia ' s star has been bumped by santa claus .\ni don ' t want a lot for christmas there is just one thing i need , and i don ' t care about the presents underneath the christmas tree i don ' t need to hang my stocking there upon the fireplace santa claus won ' t make me happy . . . . . . . . . with a toy on christmas day\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nforget the sleigh ! on december 17 , 1984 , santa was cruising the streets of toronto on a harley , as temperatures reached a record high of 14 degrees .\nfavourite for the derby was the irish colt santa claus , recent easy winner of the irish 2000 guineas , ridden by the australian scobie breasley , and trained by mick rogers at the curragh . oncidium started 9 - 2 second favourite . he acted mulishly throughout the first part of the race , hanging his head to the right , away from the rails , but still managing to dispute the lead coming around tattenham corner . once into the straight , however , he was swiftly passed by the guineas winner baldric , then by indiana . he faded rapidly , still swishing his head from side to side and finished halfway down the field behind santa claus , who came fast down the outside to beat indiana a length .\ni decided with this last horse to arch his neck and put the head down a bit , just to give some variation , i had a bit of fun with that horse at the back with his head up and ears back , i ' m not that happy with the closest horses head so i might change that a bit .\ncoke has continued to use santa in their adverts since the 1930s . in 1995 they also introduced the ' coca - cola christmas truck ' in the ' holidays are coming ' tv adverts . the red truck , covered with lights and with the classic ' coke santa ' on its sides is now a famous part of recent christmas history .\non november 18 , 1985 , santa and his aides travelled the recently opened scarborough lrt out to the scarborough town centre , but not before greeting riders along the way .\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nour barns and arena are within walking distance of our home . because we live on the farm , all of the horses and the facility are checked on daily . the horses give our family the opportunity to spend time together on a daily basis . evenings are spent at the barn and most weekends are spent at horse shows , with our extended \u201chorse show family . \u201d\n. in a career that lasted from 1947 to 1948 he ran eight times and won three races . in the summer of 1948 he became the third french - trained horse to win the\npersistence with ponies pays for garber : horse racing : tarzana man owns thoroughbreds for nearly a decade before hitting jackpot with quintana , who ran sixth in last year ' s kentucky derby .\nhappy to hear that you liked the santa and odin story : ) . that\u2019s cool about wednesday originating from odin / wodan , makes a boring day of the week way more interesting !\nnostalgia ' s star will go to stud at the curragh stock farm in santa ynez . his breeding fee will be $ 2 , 500 , with a guarantee of a live foal .\n' i ' m fully satisfied that your filly was at the top of her form , and that no fluke attached to the result\u2014she could not have finished a yard closer , ' remarked mesopotamia ' s trainer , brud fether - stonhaugh , when discussing the race afterwards with major victor mccalmont . if santa claus justifies this opinion , yet another page will be added to the unending chapter of turf romance .\nbreasley took him to the outside of the track a half\u2010mile out , when baldric ii , owned by mrs . howell jackson of middleburg , va . , and oncidium , the english favorite , were still fighting it out with dilettante ii and indiana . then breasley urged santa claus forward and , as the crowd of perhaps 250 , 000 roared , the irish colt raced past the contenders and won going away .\nbut beneath all the symbolism and tradition that has been attached to the modern american santa claus , he , like so many other\nfather christmas\ncharacters before him can hearken back to a simple christian bishop who loved god and loved people . bishop nicholas displayed his love through the giving of gifts , just as our heavenly father gave the gift of his son to us that first christmas morning 2000 years ago .\nat epsom , indiana started a 33 / 1 outsider for the derby , in afield of 17 runners , with the irish colt santa claus being made 15 / 8 favourite . a crowd estimated at over 200 , 000 , including the queen and other members of the british royal family , was in attendance to view the most valuable race ever run in britain . ridden by jimmy lindley , indiana was settled in the middle of the field before moving up into contention at tattenham corner and taking the lead two furlongs from the finish . in the closing stages , indiana was overtaken by santa claus , who challenged on the wide outside and finished second , beaten by a length . shortly after his run at epsom , indiana was sent to france to contest the grand prix de paris at longchamp racecourse where he finished second to white label .\n\u2026the racetrack during the 1913 epsom derby and moved in front of king george v\u2019s horse , which struck her while galloping at full force . she never regained consciousness and died four days later . \u2026\nin january 1863 , the magazine harper ' s weekly published the first illustration of st nicholas / st nick by thomas nast . in this he was wearing a ' stars and stripes ' outfit ! over the next 20 years thomas nast continued to draw santa every christmas and his works were very popular indeed ( he must have been very good friends with santa to get such good access ! ) .\non a one - horse open sleigh over fields we go laughing all the way , bells on bob - tails ring making spirits bright what fun it is to ride and sing a sleighing song tonight .\n\u201che then won many long - distance races against the best in the land , crowning his distinguished career with a triumph in the gold cup at ascot . it fell to precipitation to maintain and continue the great matchem\u2019s influence on the breed , and this big and well - balanced son of the unbeaten hurry on did not disappoint his many admirers . his son chamossaire was leading sire in 1964 , the year santa claus won the derby . \u201d\na muscular brown horse with a strong shoulder and hip , chieftain was durable with a good turn of speed . he preferred to run on or near the front and could stretch his speed up to 9 furlongs .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for babe in boots . babe in boots is a mare born in 2013 september 17 by magic albert out of chelsea rose\nour indoor arena is available for barrel / pole horses on tuesday and thursday nights , 6 : 00 pm to 9 : 00 pm cst . the cost is $ 10 per horse . please contact us for more information .\nwith that in mind , course - specialist is delighted to publish the account of regular visitor graham oliver , whose love affair with the flat was fostered by a real character of a horse from the swinging sixties : oncidium .\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\ngeorge todd was very patient with oncidium , sending him out on long solo walks , ridden by his head lad , john cherry . blinkers were tried on the training gallops , but the horse still didn\u2019t want to know . todd was not a trainer who liked to keep his owner\u2019s informed much about how their horses were doing . throughout his time with george todd , lord howard de walden used to refer to oncidium as \u201cmy horse behind the iron curtain\u201d .\nedward stanley , the 12th earl of derby , the group conceived the idea of a race on the downs for three - year - old fillies , which was subsequently called \u201cthe oaks\u201d after the name of derby\u2019s nearby estate . derby\u2019s horse bridget won the first running of the oaks in 1779 . at a celebration after the race , bunbury and derby suggested a similar race for both colts and fillies , to begin the following year . reputedly , a coin toss followed , and derby won the honour of naming the race after himself . bunbury\u2019s horse diomed won the first running of the derby on may 4 , 1780 . many other horse races have since been named after the derby ( most notably the\nit would be true to say that oncidium was the spark that lit the flame , that burns as fiercely now as it did in my youth back in 1965 . there is just no other sport that compares to thoroughbred horse racing .\nan eleven month old boy was brought down to casa loma from markham to meet santa in this photograph from december 4 , 1987 . casa loma was filled with hundreds of presents that were then disseminated to disadvantaged children all over toronto .\nthe story of our modern santa claus begins with this same nicholas , who was born during the third century in patara , a village in what is now demre , turkey . his wealthy parents raised him as a christian . but they died in an epidemic while nicholas was still young , and he was left with their fortune . obeying jesus ' words to\nsell what you own and give the money to the poor ,\nnicholas used his inheritance to assist the suffering , the sick , and the poor .\nindiana was exported to stand as a stallion in japan . he sired the japanese horse of the year take hope , who won the japanese derby in 1973 and the spring tenno sho in 1974 . he died in japan on 14 june 1983 .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\njay robbins , jack ' s son , trained nostalgia ' s star . it was young robbins who suggested to his father that they buy the horse when he was running as a 2 - year - old at del mar and pomona in 1984 .\nthe rich purse was only a relatively small part of what the race was worth to mrs . rogers and ismay . they had turned down an offer of $ 280 , 000 after santa had won the irish 2 , 000 guineas earlier this year .\nto sum up oncidium\u2019s racing career , i think it is true to say that he should have been the champion racehorse of 1964 . when he decided to put his best foot forward , he demonstrated that he was a markedly better racehorse than the st leger winner and derby runner up indiana . santa claus wouldn\u2019t have caught him in the derby if oncidium had replicated his running in the derby trials . that form would have given him a chance to have won the 1964 arc , which admittedly he didn\u2019t contest , preferring the jockey club cup .\nthe other morning at hollywood park , jack robbins , the veterinarian who treated john henry , 2 - time horse of the year , reached into his wallet and pulled out a paper with the race - by - race record of nostalgia ' s star .\nthis horse would have done even better if he had been back east all the time ,\nrobbins said .\nthey don ' t have hard tracks back there like they do in california , and he liked running over their deep tracks .\nthe reputation of santa claus , which caused him to be promoted 6 - 1 ante - post favourite for th\u2022e derby when william hill issued his first list , in mid - winter , depends solely on one race\u2014the national stakes , run over seven furlongs at the curragh on september 19 . ( he had earlier run unplaced in the anglesey stakes over the same course , seven weeks previously . ) in the national stakes , he ran clear away from the brilliant filly , mesopotamia , and ten others , to win by eight lengths in very fast time .\nnothing in nostalgia ' s star ' s career has come easy , and his owners - - jack and maggie robbins , fred duckett and mary jane hinds - - are not upset that their horse ' s return to california has been delayed . in fact , they may even capitalize on it and run him in the $ 75 , 000 display handicap at aqueduct on dec . 31 . the stake is 2 1 / 4 miles , the perfect distance for a horse who will have the rest of his life to rest .\ndid you know that rudolph and santa ' s other reindeers might well be all girls ! ? only female reindeer keep their antlers throughout winter . by christmas time most males have discarded their antlers and are saving their energy ready to grow a new pair in the spring .\nanother hyperion son , khaled has through his sons , sired the jumpers , black market and encore ( winner of the grand prix at fontainebleau and a uset team member ) . khaled\u2019s most important son was the derby winner swaps , whose pedigree boasts two branches of the bay ronald line , through khalad and also through his dam , iron reward , a daughter of beau pere . swaps\u2019 son , kudu sired the canadian equestrian team horse , stoic . tudor success , dam of anne kursinski\u2019s olympic horse , eros , is by the swaps son marbrino .\ndespite the training efforts of all at manton oncidium continued his bad behaviour in the st leger , running a staying on lifeless fifth , ten lengths behind indiana . that was the last time eph smith rode the horse that he described in his memoirs as \u201ca pig of a horse\u201d . smith had ridden blue peter to win the guineas and derby in 1939 . only mr hitler , and possibly the french colt pharis , stopped him winning the triple crown , when war was declared a few days before the st leger , and all racing was temporarily abandoned .\nbut , by 1982 , the parade had grown too large for eaton ' s to sponsor , and the store ended its association with the parade . the toronto santa claus parade was nearly doomed , but a businessman named george cohon stepped in and saved the festive municipal tradition . cohon was active with the organization of the parade right up until recently , but he retired in 2014 . today , the parade finds corporate sponsorship through a variety of businesses , including tim horton ' s , mcdonald ' s , lowe ' s , sears canada and canadian tire . they all have floats in the parade .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\nwhat makes good riders great ? their sense of timing . riding and training horses requires a lot of feel , and to do it well also relies on applying the right aid at the right time . for example , a lateral leg aid must be applied when the horse can properly respond to it\u2013 when that hind leg is just leaving the ground and moving upward . if you close your leg when the horse\u2019s hind leg is going down and weight - bearing , he won\u2019t be able to react in the way you want . this can frustrate both of you ! how can you develop\u2026\nalthough most of what i have written has come from memory i am indebted to \u201cthe masters of manton\u201d by paul mathieu , which , if you are a lover of horse racing history , is a must read . also \u201criding to win\u201d by eph smith , a book i purchased back in 1968 .\n) , second dam of 1983 norwegian champion 3 - year - old male what nonsense and third dam of 1997 puerto rican horse of the year lightning al , 2004 peruvian champion 2 - year - old filly la foquita , new zealand group ii winner sculptor and australian group iii winner slightly sweet .\nnostalgia ' s star is a stuck horse , but his situation has nothing to do with a scratch . if someone wanted to write a song about the end of nostalgia ' s star ' s long career , the title might be ,\ni won ' t be home for christmas .\nif your horse wears shoes , it\u2019s inevitable that , at some point , your horse will pull one off . usually , such occurrences happen at the worst time , like the day before a show or the day after your farrier goes on vacation . though my career of managing horses , i\u2019ve been lucky to have a few with excellent feet who rarely ever lost a shoe . and then there were those others i\u2019d rather forget : the ones with crappy feet who routinely ripped their shoes off and made the farrier cringe each time i called . fortunately , i\u2019ve got some decent - footed horses in my\u2026\nsaint leger , one of the english triple crown races and , with the derby , the two thousand guineas , the one thousand guineas , and the oaks , one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event\u2026\nanother influential horse on many performance pedigrees is the french stallion , djebel . djebel was the champion two year old in france , leading money winner at three and five , and was three times leading french thoroughbred stallion . djebel\u2019s dam loika is by gay crusader by bayardo out of coeur a coeur by teddy . \u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\u00ad\nmost of the time , nostalgia ' s star was not good enough to beat the best horses , but he cashed so many checks for runner - up finishes that his purse total evolved more than it grew . as robbins puts it ,\nthe horse nickel - dimed his way to $ 2 million .\n) and third dam of 1997 santa monica handicap ( usa - i ) winner toga toga toga , 2007 vrc oaks ( aus - i ) winner arapaho miss , canadian grade ii winner minakshi and new zealand group ii winner real success . in addition , chieftain is a half brother to stakes producers celia ( by\non the evening that sinterklaas arrives in the netherlands , children leave a shoe out by the fireplace or sometimes a windowsill and sing sinterklaas songs . they hope that sinterklaas will come during the night with some presents . they also believe that if they leave some hay and carrots in their shoes for sinterklaas ' s horse , they will be left some sweets or small presents . they ' re told that , during the night , sinterklaas rides on the roofs on his horse and that a ' zwarte piet ' will then climb down the chimney ( or through a window ) and put the presents and / or candy in their shoes .\nthe rolling hills provide a natural and perfect setup for our horses . once the mares have foaled , they are turned out in the lush , green pastures on the east side of the farm . the yearlings and 2 - year - olds have a barn on the north side of the farm designated for them , with smaller turn - out pastures close for them to enjoy . once the horses are started under saddle , they are moved to the \u201cshow barn\u201d . the majority of the turn - out pastures offer three - sided sheds for the horses to run in for shelter , should the weather ever become an issue . santa claus quarter horses also has a 230\u2019 x 100\u2019 enclosed arena .\njay kept bugging me ,\njack robbins said .\nwe could have bought him ( from owner - breeder john mabee ) for $ 75 , 000 in the beginning . but we waited until after the horse won that sprint stake at los alamitos , and then the price went up to $ 95 , 000 .\nbut i\u2019m guessing not too many kids back in odin\u2019s day waited up for him and the fearsome eight - legged sleipnir , lest they surprise the legendary warriors and make them angry . still \u2026it would be tempting just to take one peek , after all it\u2019s not every day that you get a chance to see a horse with eight legs : d .\nwidely celebrated in europe , st . nicholas ' feast day on december 6th kept alive the stories of his generosity and kindness . in germany and poland , boys dressed as bishops begged alms for the poor . in the netherlands and belgium , st . nicholas arrived on a steamship from spain to ride a white horse on his gift - giving rounds .\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\ndick hern used him with success on galivanter , highest hopes , sun prince and sallust , and would have given him the leg - up on brigadier gerard in the prince of wales ' s stakes at royal ascot in 1972 had joe mercer not recovered from a plane crash two days before . he sometimes rode britain ' s horse of the century at home .\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\nover the years , a number of outstanding locally based stallions have made their presence felt in the vodacom durban july . from early times when the likes of pearl diver , morganatic , and greatorex all sired at least two individual july winners , a number of leading south african sires have made their presence felt in what is still regarded today by many as the country\u2019s greatest horse race .\nof the 7 stakes nostalgia ' s star has won , the only major victory was the charles h . strub at santa anita in 1986 . he had to beat proud truth , who had won the breeders ' cup classic at aqueduct the previous year . the race was run in the mud , which nostalgia ' s star loves , and which proud truth couldn ' t handle .\nmany countries , especially ones in europe , celebrate st . nicholas ' day on 6th december . in holland and some other european countries , children leave clogs or shoes out on the 5th december ( st . nicholas eve ) to be filled with presents . they also believe that if they leave some hay and carrots in their shoes for sinterklaas ' s horse , they will be left some sweets .\noaks , one of the english classic horse races ( along with the derby , saint leger , two thousand guineas , and one thousand guineas ) , an event for three - year - old fillies , established in 1779 , and run over a 1 . 5 - mile ( about 2 , 400 - metre ) course at epsom downs , surrey , also the site of the derby . the oaks was\u2026\ndecember 6th is still the main day for gift giving in much of europe . in the netherlands , candies are thrown in the door , along with chocolate initial letters , small gifts , and riddles . dutch children leave carrots and hay in their shoes for st . nick ' s horse , hoping it will be exchanged for gifts . simple gift - giving on st . nicholas day helps to preserve a christmas day focus on the christ child .\nlike other elite horse races , the derby has grown into a multiday festival , featuring musical acts and events in addition to the race itself . the oaks is also run during the derby festival , held on the friday before the saturday running of the derby . derby day is more formal than most contemporary sporting events : epsom downs maintains a dress code for male spectators in certain sections of the stands , and women often attend the event wearing extravagant hats .\nwhat robbins meant was that although nostalgia ' s star was worth the $ 95 , 000 that he and his partners paid for him in 1984 , a horse that wins only 9 of 57 starts can drive a win bettor daffy . bets across the board on nostalgia ' s star would have cushioned the grief , since he ran second 15 times and third 13 times . with the 9 wins , he finished in the money almost 65 % of the time .\nby the hurdler , hampton , bay ronald raced for four years , and more than paid his way . a winner of the lowther stakes , the limekiln stakes , the city and suburban handicap , and at the age of five , the epsom cup . described as a useful handicap horse , he was a sensation at stud , founding a line that still flourishes . his most influential sons were bayardo , dark ronald ( sire of son in law ) and macdonald ii .\nin 1987 , nostalgia ' s star earned $ 756 , 030 while winning only 2 of 13 starts . one of the victories , though , in the hawthorne gold cup , was worth $ 277 , 000 and he collected $ 165 , 000 just for finishing second - - behind the redoubtable java gold - - in the marlboro cup . at santa anita in 1986 , nostalgia ' s star earned $ 210 , 000 for running fourth in the breeders ' cup classic .\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later ."]}
{"id": 1689, "summary": [{"text": "salenski 's shrew ( chodsigoa salenskii ) is a red-toothed shrew found only in northern sichuan , china .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss and a restricted range . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "salenski ' s shrew", "paragraphs": ["one salenski ' s shrew weighed 5 - 6 g ( approximately 0 . 2 oz ) .\nhave a fact about salenski ' s shrew ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for salenski ' s shrew ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nsalenski ' s shrew is only known from a single specimen , which was found in northern sichuan province , china .\nsalenski ' s shrew is one of the species that live in the mountains of southwest china biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .\nsalenski ' s shrew is only known from a single specimen , which was found in northern sichuan province , china . it occurs in a small area of declining habitat .\nsalenski ' s shrew weighs approximately 5 g ( 0 . 2 oz ) . shrews of the genus soriculus are found mainly in damp areas in forest but may also be found in thickets .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomic status of this species is in question , as hoffmann ( 1985 ) contends that it is conspecific with chodsigoa smithii .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity and distribution , as well as the absence of information on its population status and ecological requirements .\naccording to hutterer ( 2005 ) this species is known only by the holotype from northern sichuan , china ( hutterer 2005 ) . smith and xie ( 2008 ) give a distribution in central sichuan and guizhou . due to this confusion , we map it only as occurring at the type locality pending taxonomic resolution .\nthere are no data on the habitat and ecology of this species ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nthis species occurs in wolong nature reserve , but it is not known if it is present in any additional protected areas . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , abundance , natural history and threats to this species . in china , it has been regionally red listed as endangered a2c ; d2 ( wang and xie 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naccording to hutterer ( 2005 ) this species is known only by the holotype from northern sichuan , china ( hutterer 2005 ) . smith and xie ( 2008 ) give a distribution in central sichuan and guizhou . due to this confusion , we here map it only as occuring at the type locality pending taxonomic resolution .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsichuaninvuorip\u00e4\u00e4st\u00e4inen\nto\nchodsigoa salenskii ( kastschenko , 1907 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n1 . profile 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , history of distribution , threats and reasons for decline ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( weight , habitat ) 5 . references\n* * * shrews of the genus soriculus are also known as\nasiatic shrews .\nshrews of the genus soriculus are found mainly in damp areas in forest but may also be found in thickets .\n\u00a9 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1690, "summary": [{"text": "nothomicrodon aztecarum is a neotropical fly , known only from a larva collected in 1924 from a carton nest of the ant azteca trigona .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus nothomicrodon , but shows none of the features of a hoverfly larva , and the genus may instead belong in the phoridae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "nothomicrodon", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngeneric revision and species classification of the microdontinae ( diptera , syrphidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nnaturalis biodiversity center , european invertebrate survey - the netherlands , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .\npmid : 23798897 pmcid : pmc3690914 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 288 . 4095\ncumulative graph of introduced genus - group names of microdontinae per decade ( as percentage of total number of 59 ) .\ncumulative graph of introduced species - group names of microdontinae per decade ( as percentage of total number of 514 ) .\n3\u20135 afromicrodon madecassa male ( holotype ) : 3 habitus dorsal 4 head frontal 5 head lateral 6 afromicrodon johannae male ( paratype ) , genitalia lateral 7\u20139 archimicrodon ( s . s . ) simplicicornis male ( holotype ) : 7 habitus dorsal 8 habitus lateral 9 genitalia lateral 10 archimicrodon ( s . s . ) malukensis male ( holotype ) , habitus dorsal .\n11\u201315 archimicrodon ( s . s ) malukensis : 11 male ( holotype ) , habitus lateral 12 male ( holotype ) , head frontal 13 female ( paratype ) , head frontal 14 male ( holotype , wing 15 male ( paratype ) , genitalia lateral 16\u201317 archimicrodon ( hovamicrodon ) silvester male ( holotype ) : 16 habitus lateral 17 wing 18\u201319 archimicrodon ( hovamicrodon ) : 18 archimicrodon nubecula female ( holotype ) , scutellum 19 archimicrodon silvester male ( holotype ) , genitalia lateral .\n20\u201322 archimicrodon ( s . l . ) fenestrellatus male ( holotype ) : 20 habitus dorsal 21 habitus lateral 22 genitalia lateral 23\u201326 archimicrodon ( s . l . ) , male genitalia lateral : 23 archimicrodon brevicornis ( syntype ) 24 archimicrodon simplex ( south korea , coll . rmnh ) 25 archimicrodon venosus ( holotype microdon papuanus van doesburg , jun . syn . ) 26 archimicrodon cf . fergusoni ( australia , coll . csca ) .\n27\u201329 aristosyrphus primus male : 27 habitus dorsal ( brazil , coll . j . t . smit ) 28 wing ( brazil , coll . j . t . smit ) 29 genitalia lateral ( brazil , coll . semc ) 30\u201334 aristosyrphus ( eurypterosyrphus ) males : 30 aristosyrphus currani male ( holotype ) , habitus lateral 31 aristosyrphus . spec . ( brazil , coll . zman ) , head lateral 32 aristosyrphus spec . # 1 ( costa rica , coll . zman ) , genitalia ventral 33 aristosyrphus spec . # 2 ( brazil , coll . zman ) , genitalia lateral 34 aristosyrphus spec . # 1 ( costa rica , coll . zman ) , genitalia lateral .\n35\u201337 bardistopus papuanum male ( holotype ) : 35 habitus dorsal 36 habitus lateral 37 genitalia lateral 38\u201341 carreramyia megacephalus male ( costa rica , coll . m . hauser ) : 38 habitus dorsal 39 head frontal 40 habitus lateral 41 genitalia lateral ( costa rica , coll . rmnh ) 42\u201343 ceratophya notata male ( holotype ) : 42 habitus dorsal 43 habitus lateral .\n44\u201345 ceratophya : 44 ceratophya panamensis female ( paratype ) , abdomen lateral 45 ceratophya notata male ( holotype ) , genitalia 46\u201352 ceratrichomyia males ( holotypes ) : 46 ceratophya behara , habitus dorsal 47 ceratophya behara , habitus lateral 48 ceratophya bullabucca , habitus dorsal 49 ceratophya bullabucca , habitus lateral 50 ceratophya bullabucca , head frontal 51 ceratophya angolensis , habitus dorsal 52 ceratophya angolensis , habitus lateral .\n53\u201355 ceratrichomyia angolensis male ( holotype ) : 53 head frontal 54 head lateral 55 wing . 56\u201358 ceratrichomyia males ( holotypes ) : 56 ceratrichomyia angolensis 57 ceratrichomyia behara 58 ceratrichomyia bullabucca 59\u201360 ceriomicrodon petiolatus male ( holotype ) : 59 habitus lateral 60 genitalia lateral .\n61\u201362 cervicorniphora alcicornis male ( australia , coll . usnm ) : 61 habitus lateral 62 genitalia lateral 63\u201365 chrysidimyia chrysidimima male ( holotype ) : 63 habitus dorsal 64 habitus lateral 65 genitalia lateral 66\u201367 chrysidimyia chrysidimima male ( holotype ) : 66 head frontal 67 head lateral .\n68\u201373 domodon zodiacus male ( holotype ) : 68 habitus dorsal 69 habitus lateral 70 head frontal 71 head lateral 72 wing 73 genitalia lateral 74\u201375 furcantenna nepalensis male ( holotype ) : 74 habitus dorsal 75 habitus lateral .\n76\u201380 furcantenna nepalensis male ( holotype ) : 76 abdomen dorsal 77 head frontal 78 head lateral 79 wing 80 genitalia lateral 81\u201382 heliodon doris male ( holotype ) : 81 habitus dorsal 82 habitus lateral 83\u201384 heliodon doris female ( paratype ) : 83 habitus dorsal 84 habitus lateral .\n85\u201387 heliodon doris male ( holotype ) : 85 head frontal 86 head lateral 87 wing 88\u201390 heliodon elisabethanna female ( holotype ) : 88 habitus dorsal 89 habitus lateral 90 head frontal 91\u201392 heliodon tiber male ( holotype ) : 91 habitus dorsal 92 head frontal 93 heliodon tiber female ( paratype ) , habitus dorsal .\n94\u201396 heliodon , male genitalia : 94 heliodon doris ( holotype ) 95 heliodon tiber ( holotype ) 96 heliodon gloriosus ( holotype of microdon aurivesta hull , jun . syn . ) 97\u201398 hypselosyrphus amazonicus female ( holotype microdon scutellaris shannon ) : 97 habitus dorsal 98 habitus lateral 99\u2013100 hypselosyrphus trigonus male ( holotype ) : 99 head frontal 100 head lateral .\n101\u2013102 hypselosyrphus , male genitalia : 101 heliodon amazonicus ( peru , coll . rmnh ) ( cercus missing ) 102 heliodon analis ( holotype ) 103\u2013106 indascia gracilis male ( holotype ) : 103 habitus dorsal 104 habitus lateral 105 wing 106 genitalia 107\u2013108 indascia gigantica male ( holotype ) : 107 habitus dorsal 108 habitus lateral .\n109\u2013112 indascia gigantica male ( holotype ) : 109 head frontal 110 head lateral 111 wing 112 genitalia lateral 113\u2013118 indascia spathulata male ( holotype ) : 113 habitus lateral 114 dorsal 115 head frontal 116 head lateral 117 wing 118 genitalia lateral .\n119\u2013124 kryptopyga pendulosa male ( holotype ) : 119 habitus dorsal 120 habitus lateral 121 head frontal 122 head lateral 123 abdomen ventral 124 wing 125 kryptopyga pendulosa female ( indonesia , bangka , coll . rmnh ) 126\u2013127 kryptopyga sulawesiana male ( holotype ) : 126 habitus dorsal 127 habitus lateral .\nfigures 128\u2013129 . kryptopyga sulawesiana male ( holotype ) : 128 head frontal 129 wing 130\u2013131 kryptopyga , male genitalia 130 kryptopyga pendulosa ( holotype ) 131 kryptopyga sulawesiana ( holotype ) 132\u2013134 laetodon violens male ( jamaica , coll . rmnh ) : 132 habitus dorsal 133 habitus lateral 134 head frontal 135 laetodon laetus male ( usa , georgia , coll . rmnh ) , genitalia lateral .\n136\u2013138 masarygus planifrons male ( syntype ) : 136 habitus dorsal 137 habitus lateral 138 head frontal 139 masarygus planifrons female ( syntype ) , habitus dorsal 140\u2013143 masarygus palmipalpus male ( holotype ) : 140 habitus dorsal 141 habitus lateral 142 head frontal 143 head lateral 144 antenna .\n145\u2013146 masarygus palmipalpus male ( holotype ) : 145 wing 146 genitalia lateral 147\u2013149 masarygus spec . 1 male ( brazil , coll . usnm ) : 147 habitus dorsal 148 habitus lateral 149 head frontal 150 masarygus spec . 2 male ( brazil , coll . usnm ) , habitus lateral 151\u2013153 menidon falcatus male ( costa rica , coll . zman ) : 151 habitus dorsal 152 habitus lateral 153 head frontal .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work 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\u00ffw\u00f7\u00ed , \u0083\u00bc\u00bf\u00f3 ( qo \u0082\u00e4\u00e6\u00e8p , r\u00e4i\b\u00f0\u000e \\ m \u00e5\u00ef\u00e5d\u00ea\u00bb\u00f4\u0018\u00fe\u00b1\nz | c\u008d ( \u00aa ) e\u00fb4\u00f1\u001ba\u00bf2\u009d\u00a4o . . # \u00a6\u009c\u00e9\u00ae ? \u0083\u00f9 { \u00bac\u00f0\u00fe\u0099srag\u00eb\nqp0 $ 0 + \u001a ] \u0007j\u00ad\u00b6\u0084\u00edh\u0082b [ - \u00f3z\u00e1\u00d7 \u00ec\u00ebek\u00a2o ! \u00a5 { \u00b2\u00ecv5\u0019\u0091\u00af\u0097pz\u00ff ' ih , i\u00f0ip\u00a4 [ \u00b1 % \u00a8 % \u00b1 \u00ee\u00b2\u00b0k\u00eb\u00b4d . @ / + \u00fa\u008a\u0086\u0094\u009b\u009d\u00eb ; z\u0092\u0004\u00af0b _ \u009e\u0007u\u009a\u00f9 | \u00b4 \u00e8\u008e\u000f\u0003 ] ! \u008f ' \u00e3zh\u00f5 \u00e3\u00bf\u0095 # \u00f1\u0087\u00fe < \u00ee\u00e9\u00ab\u008c\u00b3 _ i\u00b00\u00bd\u00fd\u00a38\n\u0015n\u00ffm\u0006\u00a6a4\u00e4\u00b8k\u00f9\u0099 ~ \u00b9\u00abm \u00dfx\u0080\u00df\u00f8\u008f\u00acuc = } \u0017\u00f0\u00f7\u00f0\u00b9\u00e3l > ` \u0088\u00e4q\u00a4\u0089\u00b0j ' \u00f7 + k\u0097i\u00bb \u00fcv\u00e4\u00e8l\u008aab\u000e\u00e1\u0092k\u0006 - \u00e9\u00a1\u007fj\u00f6\b\u0014\u00e5\u00a2fw ! \u00e5\u00e2 , \u00f91 \u00b2 [ \u0091\u008ati ) \u00e13\u0090\u00f0\u0091 . \u008a\u009f\u0007v\u00fb\u00e9n } > \u00f4z\u00eb\u0098\u00fe\u00b9\u0010\n\u00ee\u00fd\u00f2 @ \u00eec ~ \u00bc\u00b2\u0004 \\ \u00fc\u00edri\u00df\u00a7\u00e3\u0007 | { \u00a6\u00fb\u00173\u00f5\u00b4c\u00ed\u00af\u00b7 ? \u009ba\u00fe\u00e9\u00ec\u0081\u0089 } \u00e5zi \u0005\u00aex\u00ea\u0098g\u00e6\u0096h\u00f3w ^ \u00f7\u00f9f\u00e7\u00b5 \u0086 * \u00f9\u00f8\u00a4\u00bce \u00e1\u00a8\be\u00eb\u00f0\u00f8\u00f6a ] kg\u00ada\u00fe\u00e8 8 \bu\u00f5\u00ee8\u00be4\u00b9\b\u00f5\u0092 ] \u0013\u00fev\u00f0\u008fx\u0088 ^ \u0012cg\u00ee\u00edbbo\u008d ) j\n\u00fc\u0018 ) b\u00afeam % \u0012\u00f6\u00f5\u00ee\u00fe\u0084\u00ecu < \u00eb\u0091 ] 0z ] } 8m\u00f3\u00abb\u00ab\u0090hi\u0091\u00e2\u00f3lf\u00f4\u00e6\u00f0\u00ffp ) \u00e5\u0016\u0016j\u0003w\u00aa * \u00a2\u008bf\u0099s\u00e4\u00b3\u009f , \u00e8q\u0018 $ \u0018\u00ee\u00b5\u001b\u0090 , \u00a3 ! 5\u0096 \u00f0t\u00e3\u00fd\u0092b > iu\u0019v\u00a24\u00a1l\u0097\u00eax\u00fb\u00b4\u00e1\u0089\u00a3 + \u008a\u00e1q + q\u00ef\u00be\u0013\u00a3\u00f0\u001af\u00969 * \u0003\u0098 ? \u00af\u00e7 s\u0016g\u001b\u00e0\u008f\u0000\u00ab ( ih\u00f3 \\ \u00b8\u00e8\u00fa ) < i\u00d7ui\u00ba\u0019\u008a\u00f4 ? a { \b\u0010\u0006\u007f\u00ba \u0004\u007f $ \u00e1\u00b8 ( \u007fqqz * \u00f7\u00fe $ f \\ = \u00e4ne ~ \u0007m\u00a1 | : \u00ec\u00fd\u0013 | \u0091\u00b0 ] \u00e0v\u00f5bux\u00eb\u0087\u008e\u00e3r\u009f ^ + \u00a2 * \u0006\u0019\u00a4 \u0006 j\u0015g6k\u00b3\u00f9\u00e38\u0083\u00eci\u00be1\u009f8\u00fbg\u009e\u0088 ] \u00ed8\u0007k\u00ebx\u008e\u0094v\u00fb\u00b5\u0097\u009b ! \u0007rs\u0011\u00a1 \u001a\u0082s\u00ab\u00d7\u00bf\u00aat\u00fei\u00e1\u00e0\u00b8\u00ef\u00e8\u00f4 ? \u00bawe\u00f7\u0099\u00b2\u00bb ( \u00ef\u008a ) \u00b3 \u00fe\u00a1\u00b8 \u0014s\u00feg / x\u00fc\u00f1xr\u00f3a\u00ed7\u00ba - h = \\ \u0012 ; \u00b6 ( \u0006\u00fa9\u00f1\u00e2\u00ef\u00a7\u00a3\u0019\u00fb\u00b1\u00f6\u000f h\u00bf7\u00e4\u00ee\u00e1 \u00f3 # \u0082\b\u00ea\u00e9 = \u00b5\u0096 ( \u00a4\u00e5 + 8s\u00e1\u00e6\u0094\u0083\bu\u00fa , \u0090\u00f5l\u00b9\u00b3s ( h\u0086f : \u0095\u00b5\u0007\u0017\u00a3\u00f3\u00f1\u00ec\u000e\u00b1\u008f \u00e3\u00f4\u00fc\u00ab\u00f8\u00ec\u00b1\u00fb\u00a96 * \u00e4\u0003vw + @ 8\u00f5\u00f3\u0002\u00f5l\u00a2 ~ \u00ec\u008b\u00e6\u00bc\u00ed\u0006\u00f1\u00b1 . \u0094\u00a7\u00b4\u00fd\u00f6 ; z\u00f9\u0006f\u00fc / m\u00f3\u00b4\u0084\u00e2 + \u0003 ; j\u00b5\u00bd\u009e\u00e5\u0084\b ? d\u00f10j\u00ec\u00eah ) z ? \u00f6\u00ebh"]}
{"id": 1693, "summary": [{"text": "aphonopelma paloma , or the paloma dwarf , is a species of spider belonging to the family theraphosidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "with a leg span that hovers around 5 cm , it is by far the smallest known theraphosid . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "aphonopelma paloma", "paragraphs": ["tanya higgins added the english common name\npaloma dwarf tarantula\nto\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993\n.\nno one has contributed data records for aphonopelma paloma yet . learn how to contribute .\na new species of north american tarantula , aphonopelma paloma ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae ) .\nbased only on photos i see no resemblens on the\npaloma\nsp . i ' ve never own aphonopelma paloma but i do know of someone here in my hometown that is selling\npaloma\ni ' ll see what i can dig up .\n[ note caption by redellimom , who said : supposedly aphonopelma paloma but i think she ' s too big . caught in the\npaloma plain of arizona\nper my dealer . ]\nrepresentation of aphonopelma burrows in different habitats across the united states . a\u2013c a typical \u201cscrape\u201d ( burrow under rock ) of aphonopelma hentzi in rocky habitat across their distribution d\u2013e a turreted mound around the burrow of aphonopelma icenoglei ( also aphonopelma atomicum , aphonopelma mojave , and aphonopelma prenticei ) f the distinct crescent mound burrow of aphonopelma paloma g\u2013i typical free - standing burrows of aphonopelma chalcodes , aphonopelma eutylenum , aphonopelma iodius , or aphonopelma johnnycashi in desert , grassland , or rocky habitats .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 , cleared spermathecae . a aph _ 3189 b aph _ 3190 c aph _ 3194 .\napachepelma smith , 1994 : 45 ( type species by original designation aphonopelma paloma prentice , 1992 ) . first synonymized with aphonopelma by prentice ( 1997 : 147 ) .\na generalized comparison of the largest species in the united states , an adult female aphonopelma anax , and the smallest species in the united states , an adult female aphonopelma paloma .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 : 189 , f . 1 - 11 ( d m f ) . apachepelma paloma smith , 1995 : 45 , f . 66 - 73 ( t m f from aphonopelma ) . apachepelma paloma schmidt , 1997g : 19 , f . 169 - 171 ( m f ) . apachepelma paloma peters , 2000b : 142 , f . 423 , 425 - 426 ( m f ) . aphonopelma paloma peters , 2003 : 65 , f . 246 , 249 - 250 ( m f ) . apachepelma paloma schmidt , 2003l : 136 , f . 189 - 191 ( m f ) . aphonopelma paloma hamilton , hendrixson & bond , 2016 : 244 , f . 105 - 106 , 107a - i , 108a - e , 109a - i , 110a - c ( m f ) .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 . a\u2013i cleared spermathecae a paloma allotype b aph _ 0422 c aph _ 1102 d aph _ 1114 e aph _ 1115 f aph _ 1255 g aph _ 3170 h aph _ 3171 i aph _ 3172 .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 specimens , live photographs . male ( l ) - aph _ 1254 ; female ( r ) - aph _ 3166 .\ni believe they narrowed it down to a metriopelma sp that was sold to many individuals as a . paloma . a personal friend and huge paloma fan bought two females from that import , one of which i got from him in a trade . they are beautiful t ' s but definitely not a . paloma .\na . paloma was in the latest aphonopelma revision by hamilton et al . it\u2019s a dwarf species from the western deserts of arizona . like a lot of similar , dwarf aphonopelma it appears to be from arizona sky islands ?\nwe examined the holotypes and freshly collected topotypic material of aphonopelma jungi and aphonopelma punzoi . our morphological and molecular analyses fail to recognize these two species as separate , independently evolving lineages . as a consequence , we consider aphonopelma jungi and aphonopelma punzoi junior synonyms of aphonopelma vorhiesi .\nwell , it sure isn ' t a . paloma . . . that species barely hits 2 inches in leg spam .\ntemperament : the paloma dwarf is a docile tarantula . it has never kicked hair at me nor given a threat pose .\naphonopelma paloma is abundant throughout its distribution but can be difficult to find due to the cryptic nature of their burrows and narrow window of activity during the year . this species is secure .\n4 ) then generally , how the heck has the name\na . paloma\ngot attached to these , and . . .\nprentice , t . r . ( 1993 ) . a new species of north american tarantula , aphonopelma paloma ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae ) . journal of arachnology 20 : 189 - 199 . - - show included taxa\ni really don ' t think the ones photograhed at top by redellimom are\naphonopelma paloma\nor anything close . i ' ve seen just a few of the arizona dwarfs alive , but will gladly take advice from those with more local knowledge . i also think\ncaught in the paloma plain of arizona\nis another fantasy / fiction on top of the previous one .\ni have a juvenile female a . paloma , looks nothing like that . that picture also doesn ' t look like anything describing that species in the literature .\nother important ratios that distinguish males : aphonopelma xwalxwal possess a larger t3 / a3 ( \u22651 . 41 ; 1 . 41\u20131 . 64 ) than aphonopelma eutylenum ( \u22641 . 35 ; 1 . 30\u20131 . 35 ) , aphonopelma icenoglei ( \u22641 . 37 ; 1 . 24\u20131 . 37 ) , aphonopelma joshua ( \u22641 . 37 ; 1 . 19\u20131 . 37 ) , and aphonopelma paloma ( \u22641 . 31 ; 1 . 21\u20131 . 31 ) ; by possessing a larger l4 scopulation extent ( 34 % \u201348 % ) than aphonopelma paloma ( 5 % \u201324 % ) and smaller than aphonopelma eutylenum ( 62 % \u201377 % ) . certain morphometrics have potential to be useful , though due to the amounts of variation , small number of specimens , and the small differences between species , no other are claimed to be significant at this time ( see suppl . material 2 ) . during evaluation of pca morphospace , males of aphonopelma xwalxwal separate from aphonopelma eutylenum and all other miniature species along pc1 ~ 2 , except for aphonopelma joshua . interestingly , aphonopelma xwalxwal males also separate from aphonopelma eutylenum and all other miniature species , except for aphonopelma joshua , in three - dimensional pca morphospace ( pc1 ~ pc2 ~ pc3 ) . pc1 , pc2 , and pc3 explain \u226597 % of the variation in all analyses .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\nthis being an aphonopelma species , you can expect it to be long lived .\ncompressed file ( . zip ) containing two separate locality datasets of aphonopelma specimens .\nand here ' s the origins of the name paloma , from the description paper :\netymology . \u2014the specific epithet is from the spanish word paloma ( dove ) which was used in the plural to describe a vast plain in the south - western desert of arizona - palomas plain - where there is an abundance of these tiny tarantulas .\nthere were originally 8 of these . the ' caught in the paloma plain of arizona ' made me a bit more suspicious as i am pretty sure there is no such place .\naphonopelma xwalxwal sp . n . live photograph . male paratype - aph _ 3133 .\nexplanation note : all boxplots and pca morphospace files used in aphonopelma species boundary determination .\ncompressed file ( . zip ) containing simple r scripts for analyzing aphonopelma morphological space .\naphonopelma angusi smith , 1995 : 72 . previously synonymized by prentice , 1997 : 162 .\naphonopelma melanium smith , 1995 : 120 . previously synonymized by prentice , 1997 : 162 .\naphonopelma nevadanum smith , 1995 : 125 . previously synonymized by prentice , 1997 : 162 .\naphonopelma simulatum smith , 1995 : 144 . previously synonymized by prentice , 1997 : 147 .\naphonopelma superstitionense hamilton , hendrixson & bond , 2016 , sp . n . - plazi treatmentbank\nsignificant measurements that distinguish male aphonopelma johnnycashi from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are t3 and the extent of scopulation on metatarsus iv . male aphonopelma johnnycashi can be distinguished by possessing a larger t1 / t3 ( \u22651 . 25 ; 1 . 25\u20131 . 31 ) than aphonopelma eutylenum ( \u22641 . 23 ; 1 . 16\u20131 . 23 ) ; by possessing a larger a1 / t3 ( \u22650 . 81 ; 0 . 81\u20130 . 91 ) than aphonopelma chalcodes ( \u22640 . 79 ; 0 . 67\u20130 . 79 ) ; and by possessing a larger l4 scopulation extent ( 70 % - 76 % ) than aphonopelma steindachneri ( 21 % - 31 % ) . there are no significant measurements that separate male aphonopelma johnnycashi from aphonopelma iodius . the most significant measurement that distinguishes female aphonopelma johnnycashi from aphonopelma steindachneri is extent of scopulation on metatarsus iv . there are no significant measurements that separate female aphonopelma johnnycashi from the other members of the iodius species group . female aphonopelma johnnycashi can be distinguished by possessing a larger l4 scopulation extent ( 67 % - 82 % ) than aphonopelma steindachneri ( 24 % - 34 % ) .\nso ' palomas plain ' seems to exist , but having a trader saying ' caught in the paloma plain of arizona ' doesnt mean it was , it just means they or someone before them are aware that real a . paloma doe come from plains of arizona . . . . which i think makes what seems to be a lie at the outset even worse if you ask me . . .\n[ note , i ' m not opposed to some real a . paloma ( or other similar arizona dwarfs thereabouts ) having gotten into the hobby before 2015 , e . g . there ' s a youtube video from feb2014 by ' marktwaintarantula ' of one that looks possible , labeled as a . paloma\nreddwarf munchkin ' . there ' s also a few seemingly plausible ones in photos from older collections ]\naphonopelma catalina sp . n . cleared spermathecae . a aph _ 1602 b aums _ 2615 .\naphonopelma chalcodes is the most widespread and abundant tarantula species in arizona . the species is secure .\ni ' m the first person on a youtube to introduce you to the aphonopelma paloma sp . this dwarf munchkin ( chloe ) is a great add to my collection as well as my euathlus sp . yellow ( lucy and rickie ) and a quick up date on egypt my theraphosa apophysis / pink foot bird eater enjoy\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 1255 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 2mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 1mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 1mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\nso whatever became of this little misnomered spider ? how big did it grow ? were any of the others floating around out there ever located ? and did anyone else grow suspicious of their\na . paloma\nspecimins ?\nhere ' s an example of an image i ' d count of an individual i ' d hope is reliable for a real a . paloma , and so useful to compare against . the one in the link below photographed by chris hamilton , who was working as part of the major us revision of various north american aphonopelma .\naphonopelma armada is very common throughout its distribution in south and west texas . the species is likely secure .\n3 ) anyone who has one of these , i really want to see the spermatheca shape please ! [ i think it ' s fused , and totally unlike in the real a . paloma , nor actually any from usa ]\n5 aphonopelma joshua and aphonopelma icenoglei are syntopic at various locations in and around joshua tree national park . females of aphonopelma joshua generally can be diagnosed by possessing tarsi iv divided by setae ( prentice 1997 ) but this characteristic can be difficult to assess . molecular data should be used to confirm the identity of specimens from this area .\naphonopelma iodius is one of the most widespread and abundant species in the united states . the species is secure .\naphonopelma vorhiesi is very common throughout its distribution in southeastern arizona and southern new mexico . the species is secure .\ncomments on the proposed precedence of aphonopelma pocock , 1901 ( arachnida , araneae ) over rhechostica simon , 1892 .\nstuart , there were two specimens that a pet store was selling . unfortunately both got sold however this specimens under the name\npaloma\nwere purchase from florida as wild caught . that ' s all the information i was able to get .\nspecies delimitation and phylogeography of aphonopelma hentzi ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae ) : cryptic diversity in north american tarantulas .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 : 189 ; male holotype and female allotype from 3 miles ne exit 151 off i - 8 ( jct with hwy 84 ) , pinal co . , arizona , 32 . 856167 - 112 . 086609 2 , elev . 4310ft . , 17 - 18 . xi . 1989 , coll . tom prentice ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\nno , there is no paloma plain of arizona in modern usage , or even in territorial usage . that is a spanish - language only reference for all practical purposes . and i agree , it does sound like a fraudulent situation from the get - go .\naphonopelma atomicum sp . n . a\u2013c cleared spermathecae a aph _ 2727 b aph _ 3267 c aph _ 3267 - 2 .\naphonopelma icenoglei is not morphologically distinct from aphonopelma mojave but is genetically unique and should be considered important . the species is moderately common but may experience threats to some populations due to human encroachment and development in portions of the mojave desert closest to los angeles .\nan exploration of species boundaries in turret - building tarantulas of the mojave desert ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae , aphonopelma ) .\naphonopelma atomicum has a highly restricted distribution limited to the mountains and foothills surrounding the amargosa desert and death valley . while this species is not dramatically different from aphonopelma prenticei , it is genetically unique and should be considered important . the species is most likely secure .\naphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013c cleared spermathecae a aums _ 2386 b aums _ 3310 c angusi allotype .\nmiocene extensional tectonics explain ancient patterns of diversification among turret - building tarantulas ( aphonopelma mojave group ) in the mojave and sonoran deserts .\nara\u00f1as teraf\u00f3sidas de costa rica ( araneae : theraphosidae ) . iii . sphaerobothria , aphonopelma , pterinopelma , citharacanthus , crypsidromus y stichoplastus .\nthe species aphonopelma cratium chamberlin , 1940 is based on a male holotype and female allotype ( both amnh \u2013 examined ) from an uncertain location in california ( \u201ccalifornia ? \u201d in the locality information on the label ) . these specimens are morphologically similar to other valid species in the state ( e . g . , aphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) and aphonopelma eutylenum chamberlin , 1940 ) , but because molecular data and / or accurate locality information are needed to distinguish these species , we consider aphonopelma cratium a nomen dubium .\naphonopelma atomicum sp . n . live photograph . female - aph _ 1478 . do not have a photograph of a live male specimen .\naphonopelma chalcodes chamberlin , 1940 . a\u2013d cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0168 b aph _ 0500 c aums _ 2339 d aums _ 2692 .\naphonopelma icenoglei sp . n . live photograph . female - aph _ 3146 . do not have a photograph of a live male specimen .\naphonopelma chiricahua sp . n . live photograph . male holotype - aph _ 3191 . do not have a photograph of a live female specimen .\naphonopelma johnnycashi sp . n . live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 3073 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 3063 .\naphonopelma parvum sp . n . live photographs . male ( l ) - aph _ 3181 ; female ( r ) - aph _ 3185 .\naphonopelma peloncillo sp . n . live photographs . male ( l ) - aph _ 1300 ; female ( r ) - aph _ 1296 .\naphonopelma prenticei sp . n . live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 3202 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 1569 .\nfor those unfamiliar with aphonopelma paloma , it ' s a usa species . it ' s a dwarf species , with a recent clear and comprehensive description ( prentice 1992 ) written in english , and in an american based scientific journal that ' s easily accessible . the description clearly lists several collection locations in southern arizona , specifically around phoenix and tucson . this should be easy for both collectors and traders to read that comprehensive description and match their stock to it .\nwhat i ' m saying is that during 2015 , there has been a fresh supply of nicaraguan tarantulas coming into both us and europe ( many of you will have seen a . seemanni and b . albopilosum nicaragua on various price lists ) , but i ' m suspecting these\na . paloma\nare really coming from nicaraguan exports too , perhaps initially mixed in a juvenile a . seemanni , and exported under that name on their stock list . if that ' s the case , who the heck has slapped on the name ' a . paloma ' to these , and if so , it ' s a downright barefaced lie .\naphonopelma chalcodes chamberlin , 1940 specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 0697 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 0600 .\naphonopelma eutylenum chamberlin , 1940 specimens , live photographs . male ( l ) - aph _ 3207 ; female ( r ) - aph _ 3108 .\nmitochondrial dna ( co1 ) is problematic in the iodius species group . while this locus identifies aphonopelma eutylenum as a monophyletic group , sister relationships are unclear . nuclear dna reveals the true evolutionary history of the aphonopelma eutylenum lineage and highlights the ineffectiveness of co1 for accurately delimiting species boundaries within this group .\naphonopelma gabeli smith , 1995 specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 1481 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 0628 .\naphonopelma joshua prentice , 1997 specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 1475 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 1476 .\naphonopelma madera sp . n . live photographs . female paratype ( l ) - aph _ 1393 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 1434 .\naphonopelma mareki sp . n . live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 1617 ; male holotype ( r ) - aph _ 1615 .\naphonopelma mojave prentice , 1997 specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 3101 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 3102 .\naphonopelma superstitionense sp . n . live photographs . female paratype ( l ) - aph _ 0504 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 1607 .\naphonopelma saguaro sp . n . live photographs . female paratype ( l ) - aph _ 3176 ; male holotype ( r ) - aph _ 3220 .\naphonopelma anax ( chamberlin , 1940 ) specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 0524 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 3122 .\naphonopelma armada ( chamberlin , 1940 ) specimens , live photographs . male ( l ) - aph _ 1064 ; female ( r ) - aph _ 3214 .\naphonopelma catalina sp . n . specimens , live photographs . female paratype ( l ) - aph _ 1602 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 1438 .\naphonopelma hentzi ( girard , 1854 ) specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 0576 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 3216 .\naphonopelma icenoglei sp . n . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0761 b aph _ 0885 c aph _ 1562 d aph _ 2393 e aph _ 3118 .\naphonopelma madera sp . n . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 1393 b aph _ 0136 c aph _ 0881 d aph _ 1571 e aph _ 1624 .\naphonopelma mareki sp . n . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 1590 b aph _ 0297 c aph _ 0941 d aph _ 1589 e aph _ 1617 .\naphonopelma marxi ( simon , 1891 ) specimens , live photographs . male ( l ) - aph _ 0769 ; female ( r ) - aph _ 1418 .\naphonopelma parvum sp . n . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 1104 b aph _ 1109 c aph _ 1599 d aph _ 1600 e aph _ 1622 .\naphonopelma peloncillo sp . n . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 1296 b aph _ 0681 c aph _ 0683 d aph _ 1181 e aph _ 1297 .\naphonopelma prenticei sp . n . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0319 b aph _ 0786 b aums _ 2554 d aums _ 3270 e aums _ 3279 .\naphonopelma steindachneri ( ausserer , 1875 ) , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 3105 ; male neotype ( r ) - aph _ 1023 .\nas i explain on a different thread aphonopelma sp .\nnew river\nis also being sold as aphonopelma chalcodes so this does not surprise me one bit and it will only hurt the hobby even further by dealers or any one selling the wrong species . this has been going on for at least the last 3 years .\nrhechostica simon , 1892 : 162 ( type species by original designation homoeomma texense simon , 1891 ) . suppressed as a senior synonym of aphonopelma by iczn opinion 1637 .\naphonopelma phasmus chamberlin , 1940 distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma vorhiesi ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 3188 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 1520 .\nand as now seems quite a few of the same came into europe also sold as a . paloma ( i ' ve seen some in mainland and some in uk in last months ) , the problem seems to lie with the exporter or first importer - depending on whether european stuff infact came from us ( which seems to be the case ) . .\naphonopelma anax ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0871 b aph _ 0899 c aph _ 0902 d aph _ 1278 e aph _ 1280 .\naphonopelma atomicum sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma catalina sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma chiricahua sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 3201 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 3202 .\naphonopelma madera sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma marxi ( simon , 1891 ) . a\u2013e cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0452 b aph _ 1540 c aph _ 1541 d aph _ 2249 e aph _ 2266 .\naphonopelma moderatum ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) specimens , live photographs . female ( l ) - aph _ 0532 ; male ( r ) - aph _ 0890 .\naphonopelma moellendorfi sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma saguaro sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma superstitionense sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma xwalxwal sp . n . distribution of known specimens . there is no predicted distribution map due to the limited number of sampling localities and restricted distribution this species possesses .\naphonopelma pocock , 1901 : 553 ( type species by original designation eurypelma seemanni pickard - cambridge , 1897 ) . first synonymized with rhechostica by raven ( 1985 : 149 ) .\naphonopelma joshua prentice , 1997 . a\u2013f cleared spermathecae a joshua allotype b aph _ 2307 c aph _ 1007 d aph _ 2306 e aph _ 2285 f aph _ 2289 .\naphonopelma mojave prentice , 1997 . a\u2013f cleared spermathecae a mojave allotype b aph _ 1355 c aph _ 1558 d aph _ 3101 e aums _ 2364 f aums _ 2512 .\ni also know that there are imports coming in the us from nicaragua , i have been offer to purchase some stock from nicaragua that includes the brachypelma albopilosum and the aphonopelma seemani .\naphonopelma chalcodes chamberlin , 1940 . a\u2013f cleared spermathecae . a chalcodes allotype b aph _ 0608 c aph _ 0887 d aph _ 1485 e aums _ 2605 f aums _ 3282 .\naphonopelma johnnycashi sp . n . a\u2013f cleared spermathecae a aph _ 2006 b aph _ 3064 c aph _ 3073 d aph _ 3080 e aph _ 3090 f aph _ 3094 .\naphonopelma paloma prentice , 1993 . a\u2013i male specimen , aph _ 1603 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 2mm b prolateral view of coxa i c dorsal view of femur iii d ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 1 . 5mm e ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2mm f prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia , scale bar = 2mm g dorsal view of palpal bulb h retrolateral view of palpal bulb , scale bar = 0 . 5mm i prolateral view of tibia i ( mating clasper ) , scale bar = 1 . 5mm .\naphonopelma hentzi ( girard , 1854 ) . a\u2013f cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0868 b aph _ 0927 c aph _ 0934 d aph _ 1063 e aph _ 1353 f harlingenum holotype .\ndespite its narrow distribution , aphonopelma joshua is largely protected by joshua tree national park . recreational activities may pose some concern but this species is common throughout the park and is likely secure .\ni don ' t think the guy i got mousse from was intentionally selling them under a false name . he has a lot of t ' s but i wouldn ' t be surprised if a mislabeled one ( or eight . . ) got past him . i don ' t think he ' s the one slapping on\na . paloma ,\nbut whoever he got them from perhaps did . .\naphonopelma gabeli smith , 1995 . a\u2013f cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0044 b aph _ 0642 c aph _ 0680 d aph _ 0946 e aph _ 1338 f jung\u2019s \u201c portal \u201d paratype .\naphonopelma mareki is very common throughout its distribution but can be difficult to find due to the cryptic nature of its burrows and small window of activity during the year . the species is secure .\nthe specific epithet is a patronym in recognition of arachnologist thomas r . prentice for his work on the genus aphonopelma . prentice\u2019s ( 1993 , 1997 ) studies inspired our interest in the genus and greatly influenced the way we approached this revision . this project benefited tremendously from his help collecting specimens , donating his personal collection to the aumnh , and sharing his encyclopedic knowledge of north american aphonopelma .\naphonopelma parvum is very common throughout their distribution but can be difficult to find due to the cryptic nature of their burrows and narrow window of activity during the year . this species is likely secure .\nan evaluation of sampling effects on multiple dna barcoding methods leads to an integrative approach for delimiting species : a case study of the north american tarantula genus aphonopelma ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae ) .\nexplanation note : locality data for all aphonopelma specimens examined over the course of this study and listed in the material examined section that accompanies each species , as well as locality data with darwin core headers .\nexplanation note : figures ( like those provided in the species descriptions ) of additional specimens ( for species where additional photographs were available ) , to provide visual reference of the variation possible within aphonopelma species .\naphonopelma armada ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a\u2013g cleared spermathecae a armada holotype b aph _ 0547 c aph _ 0548 d aph _ 0807 e aph _ 0848 f aph _ 1049 g aph _ 1068 .\naphonopelma steindachneri ( ausserer , 1875 ) . a\u2013g cleared spermathecae a reversum allotype b aph _ 1022 c aph _ 1030 d aph _ 1034 e aph _ 3104 f aph _ 3105 g aph _ 3098 .\naphonopelma eutylenum chamberlin , 1940 . a\u2013h cleared spermathecae . a eutylenum allotype b eutylenum paratype c aph _ 1018 d aph _ 1031 e aph _ 1045 f aph _ 2035 g aums _ 3303 h cryptethum allotype .\naphonopelma anax ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a\u2013h cleared spermathecae a anax allotype b breenei holotype c harlingenum paratype d aph _ 0056 e aph _ 0529 f aph _ 0857 g aph _ 0858 h aph _ 0859 .\naphonopelma prenticei is the most abundant and widespread turret - building tarantula species in the united states and has recently expanded its range into the more northern portions of its distribution ( graham et al . 2015 ) . the species does exhibit high levels of phylogeographic structuring ( hendrixson et al . 2013 , graham et al . 2015 ) and should be evaluated for the presence of evolutionary significant units , but the conservation status of aphonopelma prenticei is doubtlessly secure .\naphonopelma chalcodes chamberlin , 1940 . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma eutylenum chamberlin , 1940 . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma eutylenum is widely distributed across southern california and is very common . the species is likely secure although some localized populations in urbanized areas ( e . g . , los angeles and san diego ) are likely threatened by human encroachment and development .\naphonopelma gabeli smith , 1995 . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma icenoglei sp . n . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013h cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0313 b aph _ 0985 c aph _ 0996 d aph _ 0997 e aph _ 1004 f aph _ 1006 g aph _ 1082 h aph _ 1083 .\naphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013h cleared spermathecae a aph _ 1091 b aph _ 1094 c aph _ 1220 d aph _ 2010 e aph _ 2016 f aph _ 2018 g aph _ 2030 h aph _ 3201 .\naphonopelma johnnycashi sp . n . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma joshua prentice , 1997 . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma mareki sp . n . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma mojave prentice , 1997 . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma parvum sp . n . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma peloncillo sp . n . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma prenticei sp . n . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma steindachneri is widely distributed across southern california and is very common . the species is likely secure although some localized populations in urbanized areas ( e . g . , los angeles and san diego ) are likely threatened by human encroachment and development .\ngosipelma chamberlin , 1940 : 4 ( type species by original designation gosipelma angusi chamberlin , 1940 ) . originally described as a subgenus of aphonopelma , but never elevated to full generic status . first synonymized with rhechostica by raven ( 1985 : 153 ) .\n3 mature females of these two species can be morphologically indistinguishable when they co - occur in southeastern cochise county . aphonopelma vorhiesi is likely the correct determination if the specimen originates from graham , pima , pinal , santa cruz , or western cochise counties .\naphonopelma anax ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma armada ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma hentzi ( girard , 1854 ) . a\u2013i cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0052 b aph _ 0571 c aph _ 0743 d aph _ 0812 e aph _ 0813 f aph _ 0833 g aph _ 0838 h aph _ 0862 i aph _ 0867 .\naphonopelma marxi ( simon , 1891 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma steindachneri ( ausserer , 1875 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma phanus chamberlin , 1940 : 24 ; male holotype from laguna beach , orange co . , california , 33 . 542248 - 117 . 783110 5 ; elev . 18ft . , vii . 1931 , coll . unknown ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\nhamilton ca , hendrixson be , bond je ( 2016 ) taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus aphonopelma pocock , 1901 ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae ) within the united states . zookeys 560 : 1\u2013340 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 560 . 6264\naphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma moderatum ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013i cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0057 b aph _ 0532 c aph _ 0877 d aph _ 0891 e aph _ 0892 f aph _ 0894 g aph _ 1123 h aph _ 1136 i aph _ 1283 .\naphonopelma moderatum ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma vorhiesi ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence .\naphonopelma breenei smith , 1995 : 78 ; female holotype from harlingen , cameron co . , texas , 26 . 190631 - 97 . 696103 5 , elev . 40ft . , 1939 , coll . bryce brown ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma gabeli smith , 1995 : 100 ; male holotype from e of tucson , pima co . , arizona , 31 . 956396 - 110 . 339817 7 , elev . 4055ft . , no collecting date , coll . russ gurley ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ]\ntaxonomic and nomenclatural problems concerning the historical north and central american theraphosid genera aphonopelma pocock 1901 , dugesiella pocock 1901 , rhechostica simon 1892 , delopelma petrunkevitch 1939 , chaunopelma chamberlin 1940 , clavopelma chamberlin 1940 , gosipelma chamberlin 1940 and their likely placement in future north american systematic studies .\naphonopelma nevadanum chamberlin , 1940 : 12 ; male holotype from searchlight , clark co . , nevada , 35 . 465269 - 114 . 919701 5 , elev . 3590ft . , 2 . xii . 1930 , coll . geo . carter ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma superstitionense appears to have a limited distribution restricted to the foothills and area in or around the superstition mountains . these diminutive tarantulas are probably common but can be incredibly difficult to find due to the cryptic nature of their burrows and narrow window of activity during the year . the phoenix metropolitan area is experiencing rapid growth and recreational activities in the superstition mountains threaten suitable habitat for this species . the status of aphonopelma superstitionense seems secure ( e . g . , it is probably common in remote sections of the superstition wilderness area ) but should be monitored .\naphonopelma clarki smith , 1995 : 87 ; female holotype from dallas , dallas co . , texas , 32 . 780141 - 96 . 800451 7 , elev . 421ft . , 1968 , coll . h . j . berman ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\nhamilton , chris a . , hendrixson , brent e . & bond , jason e . , 2016 , taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus aphonopelma pocock , 1901 ( araneae , mygalomorphae , theraphosidae ) within the united states , zookeys 560 , pp . 1 - 340 : 242 - 244\naphonopelma clarum chamberlin , 1940 : 10 ; male holotype from mountains near claremont , los angeles co . , california , 34 . 137812 - 117 . 718194 4 , elev . 1571ft . , no collecting date , coll . r . v . chamberlin ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma reversum chamberlin , 1940 : 8 ; male holotype , male paratype , three female paratypes from san diego , san diego co . , california , 32 . 715738 - 117 . 161085 6 , elev . 54ft . , 1935 , coll . unknown ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma hentzi smith , 1995 : 107 ; neotype male and female exemplar from garfield co . , oklahoma , 36 . 436139 - 97 . 872160 7 , elev . 1264ft . , summer 1975 , coll . r . l . lardie ; deposited in oklahoma state university collection . [ not examined ]\naphonopelma lithodomum chamberlin , 1940 : 14 ; male holotype from house rock , coconino co . , arizona , 36 . 703978 - 111 . 947171 5 , elev . 5168ft . , 9 . ix . 1939 , coll . d . and s . mulaik ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma vorhiesi ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013h cleared spermathecae a aph _ 0639 b aph _ 0640 c aph _ 0674 d aph _ 0886 e aph _ 1488 f aph _ 1506 g jung\u2019s \u201c cochise \u201d female paratype h aph _ 2137 , a jung \u201c cochise \u201d specimen .\naphonopelma sullivani smith , 1995 : 149 ; male holotype from coachella valley , palm springs , riverside co . , california , 33 . 767209 - 116 . 359868 6 , elev . 277ft . , ix . 1991 , coll . michael sullivan ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma iviei smith , 1995 : 115 ; male holotype from death valley , inyo co . , california , 36 . 735992 - 116 . 970188 6 , elev . 2761ft . , 30 . ix . 1883 , coll . chalmers - hunt ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma chamberlini smith , 1995 : 86 ; female holotype from camp roberts , outside of paso robles , co . , california , 35 . 790969 - 120 . 743364 5 , elev . 642ft . , no collecting date , coll . rupert hazen ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma heterops chamberlin , 1940 : 29 ; female syntypes from edinburg , hidalgo , co . , texas , 26 . 30173 - 98 . 16335 5 , elev . 96ft . , ix - xii . 1933 , coll . s . mulaik ; deposited in the amnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\nthe specific epithet is a patronym in recognition of dave moellendorf , a friend and mentor to cah . moellendorf introduced cah to the tarantula fauna of texas and encouraged and fostered cah\u2019s early research on the genus aphonopelma . moellendorf has also spent countless hours educating the public on the importance of spiders on our planet .\naphonopelma ( delopelma ) phasmus chamberlin , 1940 : 28 ; male holotype from phantom ranch , grand canyon , coconino co . , arizona , 36 . 105315 - 112 . 095201 , elev . 2536ft . , 26 . vii . 1934 , coll . dr . lutz ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma vogeli smith , 1995 : 154 ; male holotype from aztec , san juan co . , new mexico , 36 . 822226 - 107 . 992846 6 , elev . 5657ft . , 20 . x . 1982 , coll . w . a . drew ; deposited in oklahoma state university collection [ presumed lost ]\naphonopelma stahnkei smith 1995 : 146 ; male holotype and male paratype from tempe , maricopa co . , arizona , 33 . 425510 - 111 . 940005 6 , elev . 1176ft . , no collecting date , coll . dr . h . l . stahnke ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma gurleyi smith , 1995 : 104 ; male holotype from interstate 35 , near moss lake , sherman , grayson co . , texas , 33 . 781417 - 97 . 221633 5 , elev . 796ft . , no collection date , coll . russ gurley ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\n2 mature males of these two species are morphologically indistinguishable and cannot be identified using morphological criteria when they co - occur in southeastern cochise county , but can be differentiated using molecular data . aphonopelma vorhiesi is likely the correct determination if the specimen originates from graham , pima , pinal , santa cruz , or western cochise counties .\naphonopelma catalina sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 1602 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 6mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 3mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 3mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma chambersi smith , 1995 : 86 ; male holotype from garner valley , s of idyllwild - pine cove , riverside co . , california , 33 . 635459 - 116 . 643974 5 , elev . 4475ft . , no collecting date , coll . aaron chambers ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma sandersoni smith , 1995 : 138 ; male holotype and female allotype from san bernardino mountains . , san bernardino co . , california , 34 . 180742 - 117 . 164638 7 , elev . 3137ft . , x . 1995 , coll . r . douglas ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma gabeli smith , 1995 . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 0680 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 7mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 4mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma zionis chamberlin , 1940 : 24 ; male holotype from zion national park , near entrance , washington co . , utah , 37 . 205521 - 112 . 983664 4 , elev . 3973ft . , 16 . viii . 1925 , coll . dr . a . m . woodbury ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma joshua prentice , 1997 . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 2306 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 3mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 2mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma behlei chamberlin , 1940 : 26 ; male holotype and male paratype from grand canyon village , coconino co . , arizona , 36 . 054444 - 112 . 140111 4 , elev . 6882ft . , 15 . ix . 1939 , coll . dr . w . h . behle ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma prenticei sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 0319 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 2mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 2mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma jungi smith , 1995 : 116 ; male holotype from portal rd . , portal , cochise co . , arizona , 31 . 914142 - 109 . 141676 5 , elev . 4761ft . , viii . 1992 , coll . a . smith and michael sullivan ; deposited in bmnh . [ examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma armada ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 0848 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 6mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 3mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 3mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma arnoldi smith , 1995 : 74 ; male holotype from hwy 82 near crosbyton , crosby co . , texas , 33 . 660017 - 101 . 294644 5 , elev . 3063ft . , 17 . vi . 1963 , coll . p . keathley ; deposited in oklahoma state university collection . [ not examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma chalcodes chamberlin , 1940 . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 0887 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 8mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma icenoglei sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 1562 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 3mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 2mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2 . 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma johnnycashi sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 3080 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 7mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 3 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 4mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma mareki sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 1590 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 3mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 1 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma marxi ( simon , 1891 ) . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 0452 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 7mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 3mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 3mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma chalcodes chamberlin , 1940 : 7 ; male holotype , male paratype , and two female paratypes from tucson , pima co . , arizona , 32 . 221743 - 110 . 926479 6 , elev . 2473ft . , 27 . vii . 1936 , coll . prof . c . t . vorhies ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma eutylenum chamberlin , 1940 . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 1031 . a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 8mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma hentzi ( girard , 1854 ) . a distribution of known specimens b predicted distribution ; warmer colors ( red , orange , yellow ) represent areas of high probability of occurrence , cooler colors ( blue shades ) represent areas of low probability of occurrence . of note , the lone south texas outlier specimen in a is the harlingenum holotype .\naphonopelma anax ( chamberlin , 1940 ) . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 0857 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 8mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 5 . 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma odelli smith , 1995 : 126 ; female holotype from beavers bend state resort park mccurtain co . , oklahoma , 34 . 13104 - 94 . 69004 5 , elev . 670ft . , 13 . vi . 1979 , coll . d . c . arnold ; deposited in oklahoma state university collection . [ not examined ] syn . n .\naphonopelma madera sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 1393 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 5 . 5mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 2 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 3mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma mojave prentice , 1997 . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 1558 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 3mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 2 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2 . 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma parvum sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 1622 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 2 . 5mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 1 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma peloncillo sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 1296 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 5 . 5mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 3 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 4mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma chiricahua sp . n . a\u2013f female paratype , aph _ 2097 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 3 . 5mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 2mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 2mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia f cleared spermathecae .\naphonopelma brunnius chamberlin , 1940 : 11 ; male holotype from jasper ridge biological preserve , w of stanford university , palo alto , santa clara co . , california , 37 . 405240 - 122 . 242100 4 , elev . 378ft . , 13 . xi . 1921 , coll . c . d . duncan ; deposited in amnh . [ examined ]\naphonopelma atomicum sp . n . a\u2013e female paratype , aph _ 3267 - 2 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 2mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 1 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 1 . 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma hentzi ( girard , 1854 ) . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 0812 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 6mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4 . 5mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 4 . 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma iodius ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 2016 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 5 . 5mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia .\naphonopelma phasmus probably has a very restricted distribution along the colorado river in grand canyon national park . although the species is protected by the boundaries of the park , the phantom ranch area is prone to habitat degradation due to foot traffic and other recreational activities . new collecting efforts to find this species need to be taken before its conservation status can be assessed .\naphonopelma steindachneri - male neotype designated ( aph _ 1023 ) from wruck canyon , san ysidro , off cactus rd . , san diego co . , california , 32 . 55002 - 116 . 99192 1 , elev . 398ft . , 16 . v . 2010 , coll . chris a . hamilton , xavier atkinson , jordan satler ; deposited in aumnh .\naphonopelma vorhiesi ( chamberlin & ivie , 1939 ) . a\u2013e female specimen , aph _ 1488 a dorsal view of carapace , scale bar = 5mm b prolateral view of coxa i c ventral view of metatarsus iii , scale bar = 4mm d ventral view of metatarsus iv , scale bar = 3 . 5mm e prolateral view of l pedipalp and palpal tibia ."]}
{"id": 1694, "summary": [{"text": "the order of excellence is one of the six national orders of the jamaican honours system , and it is only awarded to present and former foreign heads of state or government .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the order of excellence is the most recent honour to be created , having been brought into being in 2003 .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the order of excellence took over the function of the order of merit , which is now awarded to those \" persons of notable achievement in particular fields of study \" . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "order of excellence ( jamaica )", "paragraphs": ["the order of excellence , which was created in 2003 , is reserved for foreign heads of state or heads of government .\nthe honour of the order of distinction is conferred upon members - citizens of jamaica who rendered outstanding and important service to jamaica ; honorary members - distinguished citizens of a country other than jamaica .\nthe honour of the order of excellence ( oe ) is ranked equally , in the order of precedence , with the honour of order of the nation and may be conferred upon any foreign head of state or foreign former head of government . a member of the order is styled ' the most honourable ' and the motor of the order is ' excellence through service ' .\nthe honour of the order of jamaica may be bestowed on any jamaican national or any distinguished citizen of a foreign country other than jamaica , who has demonstrated outstanding distinction in service to jamaica .\nthe order of excellence , which was created in 2003 , is reserved for foreign heads of state or heads of government who has played an integral part in jamaica ' s development .\nthe honour of the order of the nation is often conferred on the governor - general of jamaica and upon any person who has been appointed as prime minister of jamaica unless they are already recipients of the order of national hero .\nthe order of national hero is the most senior order . the honour of the order of national hero may be conferred upon any person who was born in jamaica or is , or at the time of his or death , a citizen of jamaica and rendered to jamaica service of a most distinguished nature . a member of the order is entitled to be styled : ' rt excellent ' .\nthis order is ranked with the same precedence as the honour of the order of the nation .\nthe insignia of the order of excellence is a 12 - point breast star in yellow gold , interspersed with representations of pineapples in white gold . in the centre are the arms of jamaica in yellow gold , superimposed on a red enamelled background and surrounded by the motto of the order , ' excellence through service ' in gold with yellow shoulder sash edged with a narrow band of green and black in equal proportions .\na distinguished citizen of a country other than jamaica may be conferred as an honorary member of this order . < continue reading >\nthe insignia of the order of excellence is a twelve - point breast star in yellow gold , interspersed with representations of pineapples in white gold . in the center is the heraldic coat of arms of jamaica in yellow gold , superimposed on a red enamelled background and surrounded by the motto of the order , which is . . .\nthis order is ranked with the same precedence as the honour of the order of the nation . that means that recipients of this order are also styled \u2018the most honourable\u2019 .\nso this is a very rare order and as such you notice that it has not been awarded to many or any and any heads of state or heads of government . some kind of ' excellent ' service must be done by these state heads in order to be conferred with this order of excellence .\norder of distinction the order of distinction may be conferred upon any citizen who has rendered outstanding and important service to jamaica in any field of endeavour . the order has two ranks ; the higher class - commander - being the higher of the two . distinguished citizens of a country other than jamaica may be conferred with this honour as honorary members . the motto of this order is \u2018distinction through service\u2019 . < continue reading >\nand that the chief justice is the chancellor of the order of the nation .\nthe order of merit is the third highest honour and may be conferred upon any citizen of jamaica who has achieved eminent international distinction in his or her field of endeavour .\nthe order of the nation is the second highest order and is conferred on the governor - general and prime minister , upon whom the order of national hero was not previously conferred .\nthe insignia of the order of jamaica is made in solid gold and consists of a white enamel collar badge , the ends of which represent the ackee fruit and leaves , suspended from a deep green silk band . the centre shows the heraldic arms of jamaica against a gold background and this is surrounded by the gold lettered motto of the order on green enamel .\nmembers of the order are entitled to be formally styled \u2018the honourable\u2019 , wear the insignia of the order and use the post nominal letters \u2018oj\u2019 .\nthe order of distinction has two ranks : higher class - commander and lower class - officer . commanders take place and precedence immediately after members and honorary members of the order of jamaica . the motto of the order is , ' ' distinction through service ' . a member or honorary member may be promoted from the rank of officer to that of commander .\nthe order of national hero , established in 1969 , is the highest of the orders and may be conferred on any jamaican or naturalised citizen who has rendered the most distinguished service to jamaica .\nand by the award of the badge of honour of the medal of honour .\nthe insignia of the order of the nation consists of a magnificent breast star bearing the heraldic arms of jamaica on a red enamelled background in the centre and surrounded by the motto of the order in gold lettering on green enamel . between the points of the star are gold representations of pineapples . the broad watered silk sash is in brilliant red with narrow green edging .\nthe insignia of the order of distinction ( officer ) is suspended from a breast riband of similar colours without the finial . the triangular silver badge has in the centre a yellow enamelled square on which is placed the arms of jamaica in silver .\nthe order of jamaica can be conferred upon any jamaican citizen of outstanding distinction or any distinguishing citizen of a country other than jamaica . the motto is ' for a covenant of the people ' . members and honorary members are entitled to wear the insignia of the order as a decoration ; to be styled ' honourable ' ; to use the post nominal letters ' oj ' in the case of members and ' oj ( hon ) ' in the case of honorary members .\nthe insignia of the order of merit is a collar badge suspended from a deep maroon silk riband . the six - armed white enamelled star with 12 points has superimposed on , it a lesser shaped star in silver . between each of the outer six points of the star is the blue lignum vitae flower of jamaica . in the centre , the arms of jamaica in gold on a contrasting silver background , surrounded by the motto of the order in gold lettering on red enamel .\nmembers of the order and their spouses are styled ' the most honourable ' and members wear the insignia of the order as a decoration while appending the postnominal on to their name .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 jamaica observer . all rights reserved . terms under which this service is provided to you .\nofficers of the order of distinction are entitled to use the post nominal letters : ' od ' in the case of members ; ' od ( hon . ) ' in the case of honorary members . the term ' order of distinction ' should never be abbreviated by the letters ' od ' as the post nominal letters ' od ' denote ' officer of the order of distinction ' .\nthe recipient is styled ' the right excellent ' and wears the insignia of the order . < continue reading >\nthe insignia of the order of national hero is a 12 - pointed gold and white star , centred on a black enamelled medallion . the medallion features the jamaican coat of arms in gold relief , and it is encircled by the motto of the order ,\nhe built a city which hath foundations .\nit is typically displayed on a neck ribbon in the national colours of jamaica ( black , yellow , and green ) , along with a laurel wreath of gold and green enamel .\nthe order of merit is conferred upon jamaicans or on distinguished citizens of another country who has achieved eminent international distinction in the field of science , arts , literature or any other endeavour . members and honorary members of the order are entitled to wear the insignia of the order as a decoration and to be styled as the honourable . in addition , they can append the postnominal letters om to their names , or om ( hon ) in the case of honorary members . the order ' s motto is ' he that does the truth comes into the light ' .\nonce a month , reality roasters will roast prestigious coffees from all over the world . these coffees are considered by many to be the best coffees available ! these will include aces and cup of excellence coffees from colombia , costa rica , el salvador , and fine auction lot coffees from africa , jamaica , or kona . as a member , you will receive one pound of that months coffee selection . these coffees will not be offered to our other retail clients .\nthe former president of south africa , his excellency thabo mbeki was conferred with the award on july 1 , 2003 ; the king of spain , his majesty juan carlos was conferred with the order in february of 2009 ' and president of tanzania , his excellency jakaya mrisho kikwete , was conferred with the order in november 2009 .\nrecipients of this honour are entitled to be styled formally as ' the most honourable ' , wear the insignia of the order , and use the post nominal letters \u2018on\u2019 .\nthen don ' t worry \u2014 your e - mail address is totally secure . i promise to use it only to send you jamaica land we love newsletter .\nnational honours and awards are administered by the chancery of the orders of the societies of honour in the office of the prime minister .\nthe coffees typically come from very small farms , are hand picked , milled , and processed by the farmer on site , and then carefully packed and shipped to the states . all of these coffees have won awards or scored very highly for their flavor and quality cupping results . see below for further details on the cup of excellence process .\nin addition to focusing on creating facilities that allow seniors to maintain their independence as long as possible and to live with the dignity and compassion they deserve , barrie has also committed significant foundation resources to researching seniors\u2019 issues and encouraging the development of medical expertise in alberta . this includes brenda strafford chairs at the university of calgary in geriatric medicine and alzheimer research , as well as the u of c brenda strafford centre of excellence in gerontological nursing . barrie\u2019s commitment to helping abused women also resulted in the university\u2019s brenda strafford chair in the prevention of domestic violence .\ncoffee club annual membership - due to cart limitations , you may see shipping charges ; please be assured that these will be removed at final order processing .\nthe award can be held by no more than 15 living persons . bob marley was awarded the order of merit in 1981 , shortly before his death . the poet , singer , actress and broadcaster louise bennett - coverley was also a member .\n' cd ' in the case of members ; ' cd ( hon . ) ' in the case of honorary members .\nthis price includes twelve pounds of coffees and shipping . coffee is shipped automatically once a month . you always have the opportunity to purchase additional coffee when available ! this really is an exceptional value and is only available for a small percentage of our customers . order today to ensure you too will receive the world ' s most exclusive coffees .\nbarrie strafford\u2019s commitment to service has resulted in numerous honours over the years , including the alberta centennial medal , the queen\u2019s golden jubilee medal , honourary fellowship in the royal college of physicians and surgeons of canada , an honourary doctor of laws degree from the university of calgary and special recognition from the canadian geriatric society and the people of dominica . barrie also received the highest papal honour available when he was made a knight of st . silvester by pope benedict xvi .\nplease help support the cost of hosting photographs by clicking on the advert . thanks .\nspouses of the recipients are also styled ' the most honourable ' . < continue reading >\nhe began his work overseas , building health clinics in the small , impoverished caribbean island of dominica . his friend arthur jenkins , the then president of the charitable organization operation eyesight universal , suggested that barrie find a way to serve the people of haiti . that suggestion evolved into the institut brenda strafford in haiti which represented a significant operation for the foundation and provides invaluable health care services to countless people who would otherwise go without . in addition to the institut , the foundation\u2019s caribbean projects have grown to include brenda strafford health clinics in four communities in dominica , eye care beds for the princess margaret hospital in dominica and various health related teaching and testing projects . the foundation also established the village of hope in montego bay , jamaica , which serves as a medical centre , an aids hospice and a teaching orphanage .\nbarrie strafford has offered distinguished service as a nursing home and assisted care facility leader , as a caring humanitarian serving people in need in underprivileged countries and as a tireless supporter of a wide range of alberta causes from medical research that benefits seniors to programs for victims of domestic abuse .\n\u201cto cater to humanity ; to bring a measure of hope to people whose outlook seems hopeless . \u201d\nas a teenager , barrie harboured a desire to become a test pilot and volunteered to join the military in the final year of the second world war . he successfully made his way through the battery of tests required of all potential pilots , only to discover in the final stages that he was colour blind and would be unable to fly . still anxious to serve in whatever capacity he could , barrie became a radio operator with the royal navy . he began his duties at the age of 18 and served for two years , after the end of the war .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 the gleaner company ( media ) limited . a member of the rjrgleaner communications group . all rights reserved .\n3 . we ask that comments are civil and free of libellous or hateful material . also please stick to the topic under discussion .\nas the riverview became established , barrie extended his commitment to the community with duties as director and chairman of the alberta motor association in medicine hat and a director of the alberta hospital association where he represented all nursing homes in alberta . he also took over operations of the bow view nursing home in calgary . in time , barrie and brenda began discussing possible plans to put a greater focus on charitable work .\nbarrie ingram strafford was born in manchester , england on september 26 , 1928 . the only child of dudley and gladys strafford , barrie enjoyed the care and attention of parents who worked hard to give their son every possible advantage in life . that included the opportunity to attend clarke\u2019s college in bristol from the age of 13 . barrie made the best of an opportunity that had been created for him at considerable financial sacrifice by his parents and obtained honours in english , history , literature and art . throughout school he was also active in sports and served as an air cadet .\nin 1962 , barrie increased his education by enrolling in extension courses in management development at the u of a in calgary where he gained honours in accounting and economics . in the 1960\u2032s , barrie also fulfilled his dream of flying when a regulation change allowed him to earn his wings and purchase an airplane .\njamaican dancehall music was developed in the 1980 ' s and is the pinnacle of the music industry we are now experiencing with constant changes in sound derived from earlier genres .\nbarrie and brenda set about building a life together in england and welcomed a son , miles , in 1951 . barrie soon realized that he would enjoy a better chance of realizing his dream of opening his own business if the family moved overseas . after considering various options , he and brenda chose canada as their new home . in 1952 , barrie went ahead to begin looking for work and arrived in halifax where he was greeted by one of brenda\u2019s relatives and was told to continue west to calgary because it was viewed as \u201cthe place of the future of canada . \u201d once there , barrie wasted no time in settling down to work as a painter and then as a cost accountant for a construction business . his family joined him the next year and barrie and brenda set about raising a family that grew to include miles and three daughters : roxanne , sheree and lisa .\n. . . in gold letters on royal blue enamel . the insignia is worn with a yellow shoulder sash edged with a narrow band of green and black in equal proportions .\n1 . we welcome reader comments on the top stories of the day . some comments may be republished on the website or in the newspaper \u00ef\u00bf\u00bd email addresses will not be published .\norders are used to recognise merit in terms of achievement and service . decorations and awards are used to recognise bravery , meritorious , long and / or valuable service and / or good conduct .\nwe are opening another club opportunity . reality roasters coffee company , in its quest to deliver the best coffees of the world , is proud to announce team reality for another twenty lucky customers !\n2 . please understand that comments are moderated and it is not always possible to publish all that have been submitted . we will , however , try to publish comments that are representative of all received .\nthese coffees are a tad bit more expensive . some say , you get what you pay for ! know this ; we will price the coffee as reasonable as possible . every lot of coffee will be priced accordingly . one might expect costs to run from $ 18 to $ 30 per pound . yes , that is expensive coffee , but it will be some of the best coffee in the world !\nthe national honours and awards act , promulgated on the 18th of july 1969 , made it possible for the nation to recognize those who by their service and contribution have had a meaningful and significant impact on national life .\nby 1964 , barrie knew that it was time to make a change from his duties as an accountant and manager and return to his original dream of opening his own business . at first , he was attracted to nursing homes as a promising business opportunity because they were an area of growth for the province at that time . he became involved in the newly created alberta nursing home plan and chose medicine hat as a location in need of a modern facility . barrie and his family were welcomed into the community with open arms and he set about building the riverview nursing home . on the grand opening day , that new facility became far more than a business venture to barrie . as he watched the first 13 residents being admitted , barrie was profoundly struck by how much they needed care and compassion and , in that moment , he made a personal commitment to dedicate himself to serving seniors .\nyou don ' t have to be a journalist , just write what you have to say from the heart . all we ask is that you keep it clean . to post your thoughts or pictures , just fill out our simple registration form . best of all it ' s free ! let us hear from you . . .\ntragically , brenda would never see those plans come to fruition . barrie lost his wife in a car accident on june 23 , 1974 . that terrible event prompted barrie to dedicate himself to serve others in her honour . he created the brenda strafford foundation and began looking for community investments , primarily in the areas of health care and services for seniors .\nwhile barrie was hard at work developing the foundation\u2019s charitable programs to benefit people in need in the caribbean , he devoted equal energies to helping his fellow albertans . the foundation\u2019s investments in the province include continuing care facilities such as bow view manor and wentworth manor in calgary , the brenda strafford centre for the prevention of domestic violence which provides safe , affordable housing and counseling for women and their children fleeing domestic violence , gateway place for women without children fleeing domestic violence and a transitional housing facility for calgary homeless families called brenda\u2019s house .\ncopyright \u00a9 2012 gleaner company ltd . all rights reserved . powered by unique media design\nthe national jamaican awards and honours recognize those jamaicans or foreign nationals who , by their service , have made a meaningful and significant contribution to national development .\nforeign nationals receiving the award are honorary members and use the post nominal letters \u2018oj ( hon ) \u2019 . < continue reading >\nhave your say about what you just read ! leave me a comment in the box below .\nthis jamaican mango smoothie recipe can be used to make a refreshing jamaican beverage that will tantalize your taste buds and keep you cool all at the same time .\njamaican music has evolved in such a dynamic way that we have to endorse what the legend bob marley said . . . when it hits you , you feel no pain . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthe national honours and awards act , promulgated on july 1969 , made it possible for the nation to recognise those who by their service and contribution have had a meaningful and significant impact on national life .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n4 . please do not write in block capitals since this makes your comment hard to read .\n5 . please don ' t use the comments to advertise . however , our advertising department can be more than accommodating if emailed : advertising @ urltoken .\n6 . if readers wish to report offensive comments , suggest a correction or share a story then please email : community @ urltoken .\nchristine laing on dr . louise bennett coverly -\nmiss lou\nas a national hero\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nexample : colombia lot # : 3 diogenes muchicon perdomo - san antonio jury descriptions : sweet ( 24 ) , bright lively acidity ( 24 ) , citric and complex ( 21 ) , creamy ( 19 ) , smooth finish ( 18 ) , cherry floral notes ( 16 ) , chocolate caramel ( 11 ) , red wine notes ( 10 ) , round ( 6 ) , lemon ( 6 ) , buttery ( 5 ) , blackberry ( 3 ) , vanilla ( 2 ) , sparkling finish .\ncall and reserve your spot today . it is that simple ! don ' t wait , join the team today !\nour website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors . please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker .\nbarrie freely admits that he regrets not returning to school after his military service . however , the years following his royal navy service did net one very important result . on july 29 , 1950 , barrie married brenda mary mabbs , whom he had met at a dance in keynsham , england . brenda would prove to be not only his life partner but the main inspiration for the exceptional public service he would one day offer ."]}
{"id": 1703, "summary": [{"text": "the black-necked agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) is a species of tree agama that is native to east , central and southern africa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "its largest continuous range is in southeastern africa , and it occurs at high densities in the kruger national park . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "acanthocercus atricollis", "paragraphs": ["agama atricollis smith 1849 : 14 agama atricollis \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 358 agama atricollis \u2014 schmidt 1919 : 477 agama atricollis \u2014 mertens 1955 : 55 agama atricollis \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 95 agama atricollis \u2014 lanza 1983 : 208 stellio atricollis \u2014 lanza 1990 acanthocercus atricollis \u2014 joger 1991 stellio atricollis \u2014 broadley & howell 1991 : 11 stellio atricollis \u2014 broadley 1991 : 522 laudakia atricollis \u2014 manthey & schuster 1999 : 76 laudakia atricollis kuwuensis \u2014 manthey & schuster 1999 : 76 acanthocercus atricollis \u2014 barts & wilms 2003 agama atricollis \u2014 cooper 2005 acanthocercus atricollis \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 222 acanthocercus atricollis atricollis ( smith 1849 ) stellio capensis dum\u00e9ril in dum\u00e9ril et al . 1851 : 106 stellio nigricollis bocage 1866 : 43 ( fide loveridge 1943 ) agama cyanocephala falk 1925 agama atricollis atricollis \u2014 klausewitz 1957 : 161 agama atricollis atricollis \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis atricollis \u2014 bates et al . 2014 : 308 acanthocercus cyanocephalus \u2014 conradie et al . 2016 acanthocercus atricollis gregorii ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama gregorii g\u00fcnther 1894 : 86 agama atricollis gregorii \u2014 klausewitz 1957 : 165 agama atricollis gregorii \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis gregorii \u2014 manthey 2012 acanthocercus atricollis kiwuensis ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis kiwuensis \u2014 klausewitz 1957 : 167 agama atricollis kiwuensis \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis loveridgei ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis loveridgei \u2014 klausewitz 1957 : 163 agama atricollis loveridgei \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis minutus ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis loveridgei \u2014 klausewitz 1957 : 170 agama atricollis loveridgei \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 9 acanthocercus atricollis ugandaensis ( klausewitz 1957 ) agama atricollis ugandaensis \u2014 klausewitz 1957 : 169 agama atricollis ugandaensis \u2014 wermuth 1967 : 9\npicking a tree : habitat use by the tree agama , acanthocercus atricollis atricollis , in south africa .\nebscohost | 13052112 | picking a tree : habitat use by the tree agama , acanthocercus atricollis atricollis , in south africa .\npietersen , errol and darren pietersen 2001 . acanthocercus atricollis southern tree agama . african herp news ( 33 ) : 14\npietersen , errol and darren pietersen . 2001 . acanthocercus atricollis southern tree agama . african herp news ( 33 ) : 14 .\nthere are possibly up to six subspecies , but all are poorly defined ( branch 1998 , spawls et al . 2002 ) : a . atricollis atricollis ( smith , 1849 ) a . atricollis gregorii ( g\u00fcnther , 1894 ) a . atricollis kiwuensis ( klausewitz , 1957 ) a . atricollis loveridgei ( klausewitz , 1957 ) a . atricollis minutus ( klausewitz , 1957 ) a . atricollis ugandaensis ( klausewitz , 1957 ) .\nsouthern tree agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) live in a wide range of habitats , from forest to savannah , even living in built up areas . this speci\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nreaney , l . t . and whiting , m . j . 2003 . picking a tree : habitat use by the tree agama , acanthocercus atricollis atricollis , in south africa . african zoology 38 ( 2 ) : 273 - 278 .\ntree agamas ( acanthocercus atricollis ) usually have large blue heads and their diet consists of flying insects like grasshoppers , beetles and other goggas that inhabit the bark of trees .\nklausewitz , w . 1957 . eidonomische untersuchungen \u00fcber die rassenkreise agama cyanogaster und agama atricollis . 2 . die unterarten von agama atricollis . senckenbergiana biologica 38 : 157 - 174\njustification : acanthocercus atricollis is listed as least concern in view of its large distribution across eastern and southern africa , its tolerance of anthropogenic environments , and the absence of any major widespread threat .\nwhiting , m . j . , chetty , k . , twine , w . and carazo , p . 2009 . impact of human disturbance and beliefs on the tree agama acanthocercus atricollis atricollis in a south african communal settlement . oryx 43 ( 4 ) : 586 - 590 .\nacanthocercus atricollis is listed as least concern in view of its large distribution across eastern and southern africa , its tolerance of anthropogenic environments , and the absence of any major widespread threat . true of all horn and e african forms\nwagner , p . , greenbaum , e . and bauer , a . 2012 . a new species of the acanthocercus atricollis complex ( squamata : agamidae ) from zambia . salamandra 48 ( 1 ) : 21 - 30 .\nwagner , p . , e . greenbaum & a . bauer 2012 . a new species of the acanthocercus atricollis complex ( squamata : agamidae ) from zambia . salamandra 48 ( 1 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here\nreaney , l . t . , and m . j . whiting . 2002 . life on a limb : ecology of the tree agama ( acanthocercus a . atricollis ) in southern africa . journal of zoology 257 : 439 - 448\nreaney , l . t . and whiting , m . j . 2002 . life on a limb : ecology of the tree agama ( acanthocercus a . atricollis ) in southern africa . journal of zoology 257 : 439 - 448 .\nsouthern tree agama acanthocercus atricollis atricollis ( siswati : intfulo ) key features : spiny body scales , box - shaped head and large size comments : occurs throughout the country in the highveld , middleveld , lowveld and lubombo regions . in the highveld , the species is restricted to the lower regions in the larger , warmer valleys . habitats : woodland valley bushveld\nreaney , l . t . , and m . j . whiting . 2002 . life on a limb : ecology of the tree agama ( acanthocercus a . atricollis ) in southern africa . journal of zoology , london 257 : 439 - 448 .\nthey range across most of central africa down into south africa including ethiopia , kenya , congo , angola and namibia . you can find 12 different species of agama in south africa and inhabiting the north of the country , acanthocercus atricollis being one of these .\natricollis : s africa , incl . \u201cportugese est africa , n rhodesia , portugese west africa\u201d ( after wermuth 1967 ) .\nthe atricollis has been known to take veg try them on some kale or rocket you may find they will eat it .\n) and earth / tiger worms and you create a live eco system that will clean up any mess that you atricollis leave behind . throwing in some leftover vegetables ( make sure it\u2019s safe for your atricollis ) will keep these fed and spray in the corner of the viv to give them a damp spot . this will give you a live culture in your substrate that you shouldn\u2019t have to clean . this also gives your atricollis some chances of hunting and foraging for food .\nblue - headed tree agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) this beautiful agama literally ran between my feet when i was returning from the morning hippopotamus shoot in the luangwa river . she patiently waited to be photographed and then ran - up to the crown of the tree as fast as a bullet . this was the first and last time i saw a blue agama . . .\nthe southern tree agama ( acanthocercus atricollis ) is an agamid native to parts of africa , and is found from ethiopia to natal , congo , angola and namibia . these arboreal lizards tend to stay in environments which allow them to cling onto vertical surfaces - such as open plains with scattered trees , though they are also commonly found in urban areas , clinging onto the sides of buildings .\nklausewitz , w . 1957 . eidonomische untersuchungen \u00fcber den rassenkreis agama cyanogaster und a . atricollis ( teil 2 ) . senckenb . biol . , 38 : 157 - 174 .\nthe atricollis can be fed a wide variety of invertebrates . in the wild they feed mainly on termites , ants and winged insects like grasshoppers . atricollis are one of the few lizards that can handle the acidity of ants . unlike some of the other agamid species though they don\u2019t live entirely on ants being more of an ambush species feasting on whatever insects they see .\na humidity of 65 % is best when shedding occurs . the atricollis sheds roughly every few months at this time make sure you spray well , spraying the entire lizard to aid shedding .\nwhen choosing a setup for the atricollis it has to be remembered that they are a semi arboreal lizard . this means that you will require a setup with both floor space and height , a space of 36x18x24 ( inches ) is required for one specimen , with something along the lines of 48x24x36 being used for a larger colony .\n. you can also , as a treat , feed them wax worms , mealworms and butter worms ( chilecomadia moorei ) . morio worms can also be fed as atricollis chew their food more than most species so the size of a morio isn\u2019t a problem . they also like beetles and the beetles from mealworms are a favourite of theirs .\nlectotype : bmnh ( designated by klausewitz 1957 ) ( atricollis ) holotype : smf 10138 ; paratypes : zmb 16906 ( fide tillack , pers . comm . 22 jan 2014 ) [ loveridgei ] lectotype : zsm 51 / 1932 [ gregorii ] holotype : zmb 17693 [ kiwuensis ] holotype : zmb 11904 [ ugandaensis ] holotype : zmb 29089 [ minuta ]\ni\u2019ve found that my atricollis like a humidity of around 65 % dropping to a slightly drier area in the hot end . this humidity can go into the 70s and i advise spraying 2 - 3 times a day to achieve this . a good trick to raise humidity in your setup is to have a heat mat under a water bowl this evaporated the water creating a humid environment .\nyou will find your atricollis have a spot they like in the viv , the male normally taking the best spot . they tend to pick a high warm area where they can look over the other occupants . they require the heat of the day to be able to move about so you will find them basking early on and normally more active in the day . this is when you will find them showing their full colouring .\ntend to be bigger than the females , with a large head and a broad yellow / green vertebral stripe , their main colouration being a grey / brown . they display a blue head during breeding season , when feeding and at the hottest parts of the day . male atricollis have large teeth at the jaw apex this helps them to chew bigger prey . you can search for many pictures of them online showing complete body colouring they rarely reach this in captivity but do still have some fantastic colours . their colours change very quickly due to their scaling . a full size adult male will be around the 15 inches head to tail , the tail making up more than half of the total length . nose to vent in an adult male being 5 - 6 inches .\ngregorii : coastal kenya . type locality : mkonumbi ( coast of kenya ) .\nminuta : ethiopia , kenya . type locality : dscheffedenza , shoa , abessinien .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nangel , fernand 1925 . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques . vertebrata . reptiles et batraciens . [ mabuia ( mabuiopsis ) jeanneli , lygosoma graueri quinquedigitata , ablepharus massaiensis ] . in : voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1912 ) . - paris , 2 : 1 - 63 .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbarnes , keith 2016 . animals of kruger national park . princeton university press , ca . 180 pp . - get paper here\nbarts , m . 2003 . die agamen des s\u00fcdlichen afrikas . draco 4 ( 14 ) : 70 - 79 - get paper here\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbocage , j . v . du b . 1866 . lista dos reptis das possess\u00f5es portuguezas d ' africa occidental que existem no museu lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa 1 : 37 - 56\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1\u201470\nbroadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga distr . , northw . zambia . arnoldia zimbabwe 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538\nbroadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here\ncooper jr . , w . e . 2005 . duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable . herpetologica 61 ( 4 ) : 363 - 372 - get paper here\nde witte , g . f . 1953 . reptiles . exploration du parc national de l ' upemba . mission g . f . de witte en collaboration avec w . adam , a . janssens , l . van meel et r . verheyen ( 1946\u20131949 ) . institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge . brussels , vol . 6 , 322 pp . - get paper here\ndenzer , wolfgang ; g\u00fcnther , rainer ; manthey , ulrich 1997 . annotated type catalogue of the agamid lizards ( reptilia : squamata : agamidae ) in the museum f\u00fcr naturkunde der humbolt - universit\u00e4t zu berlin ( former zoological museum berlin ) . mitt . zool . mus . berlin 73 ( 2 ) : 309 - 332\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . & a . h . a . dum\u00e9ril 1851 . catalogue m\u00e9thodique de la collection des reptiles du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de paris . gide et baudry / roret , paris , 224 pp .\ngrubermann , m . 2013 . einige fotografische beobachtungen an agamen in kenia , tansania , malawi , s\u00fcdafrika und namibia . iguana 26 ( 1 ) : 23 - 33\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1894 . report on the collection of reptiles and fishes made by dr . j . w . gregory during his expedition to mount kenia [ sic ] . proc . zool . soc . london 1894 : 84 - 91 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1895 . notice of reptiles and batrachians collected in the eastern half of tropical africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 15 : 523 - 529 . - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . & haagner , a . j . f . 2000 . notes on a collection of reptiles from zambia and adjacent areas of the democratic republic of the congo . annals of the eastern cape museum 1 : 1 \u2013 25\nherrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94\u2013115 - get paper here\njoger , u . 1991 . a molecular phylogeny of agamid lizards . copeia 1991 ( 3 ) : 616 - 622 - get paper here\nlanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]\nlanza , b . 1983 . a list of the somali amphibians and reptiles . monitore zoologico italiano , new ser . , suppl . 18 ( 8 ) : 193 - 247\nlargen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2006 . lizards of ethiopia ( reptilia sauria ) : an annotated checklist , bibliography , gazetteer and identification . tropical zoology 19 ( 1 ) : 21 - 109 - get paper here\nlargen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 694 pp .\nloveridge , a . 1923 . notes on east african lizards collected 1920 - 1923 with the description of two new races of agama lionotus blgr . proc . zool . soc . london 1923 : 935 - 969 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1920 . notes on east african lizards collected 1915 - 1919 , with description of a new genus and species of skink and new subspecies of gecko . proc . zool . soc . london 1920 : 131 - 167 - get paper here\nmanthey , u . & schuster , n . 1999 . agamen , 2 . aufl . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 120 pp . - get paper here\nmeek , seth eugene ; cory , charles b . 1910 . batrachians and reptiles from british east africa . publication of the field museum of natural history 7 ( 11 ) : 403 - 414 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1955 . die amphibien und reptilien s\u00fcdwestafrikas . aus den ergebnissen einer im jahre 1952 ausgef\u00fchrten reise . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) 490 : 1 - 172 - get paper here\nmonard , albert 1937 . contribution \u00e0 l ' herp\u00e9tologie d ' angola . arq . mus . bocage , lisbon 8 : 19 - 153 .\nschleicher , alfred 2015 . reptilien namibias . namibia scientific society , 276 pp .\nschmidt , karl patterson 1919 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part i : turtles , crocodiles , lizards , and chamaeleons . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 39 ( 2 ) : 385 - 624 - get paper here\nsmith , a . 1849 . illustrations of the zoology of south africa . 3 ( reptiles ) . smith , elder , and co . , london [ facsimile published by winchester press , johannesburg , 1977 ] - get paper here\nspawls , s . & rotich , d . 1997 . an annotated checklist of the lizards of kenya . j . east african nat . hist . 86 : 61 - 83 - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nwitte , g . f . de 1933 . reptiles r\u00e9colt\u00e9s au conge belge par le dr . h . schouteden et par m . g . - f . witte . ann . mus . conge belge zool . ser . 1 tome iii : 53 - 100 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nr\u00f6del , m . - o . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is found from eritrea , south through east africa to coastal kwazulu - natal , eastern botswana and northern namibia ( branch 1998 ) . the western limit of the distribution is the western democratic republic of the congo ( spawls et al . 2002 ) . this species occurs from sea level to 2 , 400 m above sea level , although in east africa it is most common from 1 , 300 to 2 , 000 m above sea level .\npatterson ( 1987 ) reported that this species appears to be common in kruger national park . a resident pair was found on almost every tree , even in anthropogenically disturbed areas .\nit is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species across its full range .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . in places its distribution coincides with protected areas , probably providing small safeguards . no further conservation measures are required .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nplease note \u200b the information on the bamboozoo site is as much as 10 years old and in the hobby much has been learned . though , i believe there is merit in keeping the site open . there are many controversial issues presented in these pages . please view bamboozoo as a starting point in your research . \u200b \u200b these beings are as complicated as we are and deserve more than a basic 5 paragraph care sheet to maintain their health and well being . my passions have evolved . this is is the site i am growing today . we heal the world \u200b\nthey live in a wide range of habitats , from forest to savannah , even living in built up areas . this species can often be found scaling the sides of trees . in studies they were found to inhabit mainly acacia karroo and occasionally found in protea caffra and dead trees .\nnormally a male displaying his colours won\u2019t be far away from several females . these lizards tend to live in colonies with one dominant male and a group of females and other subordinate males .\nthey tend to be an olive colour with black marbling , the patterning on their backs being very distinctive . they also display , mainly when gravid , two series of orange to yellow dorsal spots .\nlots of branches are required for the species providing a large canopy for climbing . plenty of hiding spots should be added to the setup making sure you have adequate space for them all to hide in both the warm and cool ends of the setup . using planting ( fake or real ) try to create lots of hidden areas that they can escape the light of the day in . in my own setup i have walls covered in cork bark or viv rock backing can be used to create a rock face they can climb .\na full spectrum bulb is needed for the uv of these lizards . i recommend using an arcadia d3 12 % . they have both a longer life and a far superior output compared to the competitors . this needs to go along the length of the setup trying to keep at a 12inch distance . the d\u00e9cor mentioned above allows plenty of hiding places to give varying levels of uv to suit your lizard\u2019s needs .\nset a spot light on a dimmer stat on a basking spot to one end of the tank achieving a temperature near to the 100f mark leaving a thermal gradient down to the high 70 to the low 80s . alternatively on a large setup try using an mvb ( mercury vapour bulb ) for far superior lighting and heat .\nset lighting on for a period of 12 - 14 hours , depending on the time of year .\n: uncaught exception ' enlight _ controller _ exception ' with message ' controller\njust - arrived\nnot found ' in / var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / engine / library / enlight / controller / dispatcher / default . php : 488 stack trace : # 0 / var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / engine / library / enlight / controller / front . php ( 223 ) : enlight _ controller _ dispatcher _ default - > dispatch ( object ( enlight _ controller _ request _ requesthttp ) , object ( enlight _ controller _ response _ responsehttp ) ) # 1 / var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / engine / shopware / kernel . php ( 191 ) : enlight _ controller _ front - > dispatch ( ) # 2 / var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / vendor / symfony / http - kernel / httpcache / httpcache . php ( 484 ) : shopware \\ kernel - > handle ( object ( symfony \\ component \\ httpfoundation \\ request ) , 1 , true ) # 3 / var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / engine / shopware / components / httpcache / appcache . php ( 268 ) : symfony \\ component \\ httpkernel \\ httpcache \\ httpcache - > forward ( object ( symfony \\ component \\ httpfoundation \\ request ) , true , null ) # 4 / var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / vendor / symfony / http - kernel / httpcache / httpcach in\n/ var / www / clients / client1 / web2 / web / engine / library / enlight / controller / dispatcher / default . php\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na tumblr devoted entirely to reptiles , in the wild or in captivity as pets . the purpose of this blog is to inform people about reptiles - their habits in the wild as well as some snippets as to their care in captivity , and the unsuitability and ethics of keeping some species in captivity .\nadults growing to between 20 - 30cm ( nearly 1ft ) . this species have very large heads , with the males turning a bright and rich blue colour , as shown here , during the mating season .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnew registration notice : we constantly receive a surge of spam registrations . on purging these , we may have deleted your newly registered profile by accident . if this happened please accept our apologies and re - register . also note that registration now requires admin approval . if your registration is not confirmed within 24 hours , please sms your username and email to + 27 ( 0 ) 82 686 5464\nagamas , geckos , lizards , monitors and skinks indigenous to south africa . view gallery\nnot sure but is this the bloukop or blue headed lizard ? ? ? oh i found him at the home office where i work this afternoon .\nblue headed lizard is it ' s common name im pretty sure\nbloukop koggelmander ( blue head agama )\nis what i found online about it .\nthe yellow down his back is really nice . i forgot to google it . silly me i am constantly gooling stuff .\nif you can bring him some meal worms on a regular basis and put this in an escape proof bowl at the base of the tree he would appreciate that . he will also enjoy the meal worm beetles which most people do not use as food in any case . if he is the strongest and prettiest in the area he will attract females . by supplementing his feeding you will be helping him get a girl this season .\nit is easier to ask for forgiveness than permission . those who are afraid to ask are ashamed of learning .\nand they do get rather used to having people around . . . in primary school i the workers were busy digging holes , when they dug into a nest , i rescued the ones i could , threw out my lunch and put them in my lunchbox as they were in the sand . i took them home that day and reburied them in a nice spot in the garden , about two weeks later they hatched , i could only see 4 , and they stayed in the same garden for the next 3 years we lived there . . . was pretty cool\nnegative thoughts , creates a negative mind . a negative mind , creates a negative person . a negative person , creates a negative mood , which spoils the power of positivity . . . making room , for negative thoughts . - the circle of negativity by mv\nwell they are called the tree agama . yes they are also referred to as the blue headed lizard . but the reason for them not being called the blue headed tree agama is because the females do not have blue heads .\nok i just googled it now . and apparently you do get a blue headed tree agama . but the\nbloukop koggelmander\nyou find down in the lowveld and the hoedspruit area all have blue heads ( the males ) and it stops at the shoulders . these are your normal tree agamas and the females then do not have blue heads .\nhas anyone had any success keeping these ? anyone breeding them in the country ? ? most agamas are really awesome lizards , its like the proudly south african version of the bearded dragon .\nbloukop is a very vague name for these guys as said . even a few species found in the karoo are referred to as bloukops . a genereal name for agamas in south africa . the exact one you have pictured is a southern tree agama (\ni remember keeping these as a young kid but not for long lol . always had bite marks on my hands from catching these guys . . . real good memories . . . my folks shoulda seen it coming from then haha ! !\nbloukop mannetjie ! ! ! haven ' t seen one of these in a good few years ! i kept a couple as a kid in pmb back in the day they make awesome pets . much more interesting in my opinion than a beardie . . . these guys will eat just about anything creepy crawly and settle down very well . does anyone keep these in joeys and does anyone know if permits would be required ?\ni know not with what weapons world war iii will be fought , but world war iv will be fought with sticks and stones . - albert einstein fred smith\nexcept for kzn , permits are required for any reptile species which occurs within the borders of south africa .\negg - laying and nest - building behaviours vary widely among reptiles . these behaviours range from the \u201ccasual\u201d dropping of the eggs in a relatively suitable site to the preparation of an elaborate nest , and in a few groups parental care may also occur . most turtles dig an egg chamber exclusively with their hind limbs , and attention is given to the selection of the nest site , the excavation of the egg chamber , and its closure . thereafter , the female departs , and the eggs and hatchlings must survive on their own . most lizards and snakes also depart after the eggs are lain ; the egg chamber can be little more than a hollow as the lizard or snake crawls through leaf litter or\n) digs a deep burrow with a combination of its fore - and hind limbs ; this chamber is often so deep that the female is totally hidden from view . at the end of this burrow , she lays her eggs and fills the entire burrow with loosened soil . often a group of females will return to the same nesting site within the same nesting colony year after year .\na green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas ) laying eggs on a beach and hatchlings scrambling toward the sea .\n) lives on sandy soil and uses its head and the forepart of its body to scoop soil from its burrows and egg chambers . many\ndeposit their eggs in cracks or crevices in rock faces , in tree bark , or in plant tissues beneath the bark of trees . the eggs of some geckos are adhesive and may be attached to vertical surfaces ; in other geckos several females will share a good nesting site beneath a slab of rock or behind the loose bark on the side of a tree . such locations may contain dozens of eggs at different stages of development .\ntypically creates a nest mound of soil and vegetation , using her mouth , limbs , body , and tail in its construction . after she digs a hole in the mound and lays her eggs , her attention remains focused on her eggs , and she stays nearby to watch over them . as the eggs begin to hatch , the hatchlings begin to chirp and squeak , bringing their mother to the nest . she uncovers the eggs and may even use her tongue to help some of the hatchlings out of their eggshells . she then carries her young to the water in her mouth and will stay with them for several months until they are large enough to survive on their own .\n, is widespread and has evolved independently dozens of times in the squamates ( that is , the lizards and snakes ) . no living crocodiles , turtles , or\nare live - bearers . however , in the squamates , live - bearing ranges from retention of unshelled eggs in the oviducts to the development of\nbetween the mother and her fetuses . the evolutionary steps from egg laying to placental development are demonstrated by\nthat hatch within days of deposition . in other taxa the eggs are not shelled but remain in the oviducts throughout development . the\nnourishes each embryo , although gas exchange does occur across the amniotic membranes and the oviductal walls . placental development ranges from simple wall contact and gas exchange between the mother and a developing embryo to the full interdigitation of maternal and fetal tissue for\n] ) . there are several types of placentae that have evolved in squamates that use various components of the amniotic membranes .\nof eggs and litters of neonates vary widely in reptiles and are species - dependent . among egg layers a clutch may range from a single egg to more than 100 . among live - bearing reptiles , a litter may range from 1 to about 50 neonates . adult body size is just one aspect associated with number of offspring ; genetic constitution and nutrition are also major factors .\nthe smallest of the living reptiles typically have the fewest offspring , often laying only one or two eggs or producing only one or two neonates . many geckos and some skinks have genetically fixed clutch sizes of two eggs , and one egg is usually produced by each ovary during a given reproductive cycle . conversely , turtles and crocodiles produce some of the largest clutches among living reptiles ; sea turtles often produce more than 100 eggs each time , whereas the larger crocodiles average 40\u201350 eggs per clutch . some of the larger snakes also produce clutches or litters of 40\u201350 eggs or embryos , but most squamates , even large - bodied species , produce less than 20 eggs or embryos during each reproductive cycle .\nnutrition clearly affects the number of offspring produced , with malnourished females laying fewer eggs or giving birth to fewer offspring . a female lizard suffering through a drought year or coping with loss of her tail may resorb maturing egg follicles in the ovary or forego egg development altogether during that year .\n) commonly breed every third year because the female eats little during the summer of her pregnancy . she requires the following summer to rebuild her\nand pregnancy is temperature - dependent . because reptiles are ectothermic , the embryos of live - bearing females and the eggs of oviparous females deposited in the soil or other locations are subject to fluctuating temperatures . in general , cool temperatures slow development and warm temperatures speed development , but extreme heat and cold are lethal to developing embryos . on average , temperate - zone reptiles have incubations or pregnancies of 8\u201312 weeks . tropical species tend to have similar incubation periods ; however , incubations of some species may last nearly one year or longer ( as in the fijian iguana [\nterm for all factors ( such as temperature , moisture , and others ) that affect the ratio of males to females produced in a given clutch of eggs or a litter of neonates .\ntemperature - dependent sex determination ( tsd ) , discovered in the early 1970s , is the most researched of these factors . the sex of the offspring in species with tsd is influenced by the\nduring one critical period of incubation , instead of by hereditary factors . in most turtles females are produced at high temperatures and males at low temperatures . at a narrow range of intermediate temperatures , roughly equal numbers of males and females are produced . the reverse occurs in many crocodiles , and females result from cooler temperatures . some squamates also display tsd , but the sex of most species appears to be primarily determined by\nmust break through the eggshell . for this purpose turtles , crocodiles , and tuatara bear a horny pointed caruncle on their snout . the hatchling uses the caruncle to slice open the amniotic membranes and then the eggshell . squamates have an\n, a special premaxillary tooth that extends forward and out of the mouth , to cut through membranes and shell . generally , the hatchling rests briefly once out of the shell . if the nest is buried under soil or other material , a hatchling must dig upward to emerge on the surface . sometimes this occurs in concert with other hatchlings in the nest ; a coordinated behaviour is necessary for sea turtles and other species whose eggs are buried deep . in a few species of turtles , such as the north american\n) , the hatchlings leave the eggshell , but they remain in the nest through the winter and emerge in the spring . individual painted turtle hatchlings can tolerate short periods of extreme cold that freezes much of the water in their bodies .\nlive - bearing reptiles give birth in the same manner as mammals . if the amniotic membranes do not rupture during birth , the neonate must struggle to break free from the encapsulating membranes .\n, are noted for their extreme longevity . many turtles have long lives , but few species have individuals that live more than a century . records of longevity are derived from captive animals that led protected and catered life . many north american turtle species require 12 to 18 years to reach sexual maturity . once they reach adulthood ,\n, or asymptotic , growth as they mature . most reptiles are characterized by a period of rapid juvenile growth that slows upon reaching full adulthood . growth then ceases altogether a few years after maturity .\n, growth . typically , rapid growth occurs in juveniles and slows as the individual approaches maturity and shifts its energy resources to reproduction . during most of the adult years , growth is either extremely slow or nonexistent . however , when food resources are high , active growth can occur . thus , the size of an individual of a species characterized by attenuated growth is only limited by its food supply .\n, the most common form of defense in the animal kingdom , is also the most common form of defense in reptiles . at the first recognition of danger , most\nplunge into water and sink out of sight . even so , should danger arise so suddenly and so close at hand that flight may be hazardous , other behaviours are adopted .\ncrocodiles , turtles , some lizards , and some snakes hiss loudly when confronted by an enemy .\nrapidly vibrate the tip of the tail , which consists of loose , dry , horny rings . even snakes without rattles , such as the\n) of the united states , often rapidly vibrate the ends of their tails . often , the tail will come into contact with dry leaves , and the resulting sound will seem deceptively like the rattle of a\nchange in body form is relatively common in snakes . it usually involves spreading the neck , as in the cobras ( family elapidae ) , or the whole body , as in the harmless hognose snakes ( heterodon ) and dekay\u2019s snake ( storeria dekayi ) of the united states . some snakes inflate the forward parts of their bodies ; inflation is one of the defensive behaviours of the large south american bird snake pseustes poecilonotus and the african boomslang ( dispholidus typus ) .\nsnakes may also assume threat postures as they change their body form . a cobra raises the forepart of its body and spreads its hood when threatened . the typical defensive posture of vipers is the body coiled and the neck held in an s - curve , the head poised to strike .\nflatten their bodies , puff out their throats , and turn broadside to the enemy . the helmeted iguanids (\nof africa increase their apparent size in this way when approached by snakes . the australian bearded lizard (\n) suddenly raises a wide membrane , or frill , which extends backward from the throat . many lizards and snakes open their mouths when threatened but do not strike . a common african lizard , the black - necked\n) , faces an enemy with head held high and mouth open to show the brilliant orange interior .\nmullerian mimicry in coral snakes and similar form : ( left ) the venomous eastern coral snake micrurus fulvius ; ( right ) the harmless king snake lampropeltis polyzone ; and ( bottom ) the moderately venomous rear - fanged false coral snake ( oxyrhopus ) .\nthat involves both form and colour is common in reptiles . for example , many arboreal snakes and lizards are green ; some of the green - coloured snakes , such as the\nof dangerous species by harmless ones is a passive defense ; however , its validity as an actual mechanism of defense is sometimes challenged . nonetheless , evidence of mimicry appears among different groups of snakes . for example , the venomous american coral snakes (\n) have various ringed patterns of red , yellow , white , and black . these patterns are matched often by non - or mildly venomous snake species occurring in the same area .\nif a threatening posture does not succeed in driving off an enemy , many reptiles may become more aggressive . some snakes ( such as dekay\u2019s snake [ s . dekayi ] ) strike , but with their mouths closed . others ( such as the hognose snakes [ heterodon ] ) strike with their mouth open but do not bite , but snakes of many species will strike and bite viciously . among the nonvenomous snakes of north america , few are as quick to bite as the water snakes of genus nerodia ; however , they are nonvenomous .\n) bite in self - defense . vipers and pit vipers usually strike from a horizontally coiled posture . from this position , the head can be rapidly shot forward , stab the enemy , and be pulled back in readiness for the next strike . from the typical raised posture , a cobra sweeps its head forward and downward to bite . to strike again , it raises its head and neck once more ; such aggressive , defensive movements of cobras are slower than those of pit vipers .\n) is a purely defensive act directed against large animals . instead of a straight canal ending in a long opening near the tip of each fang as in most cobras , the specialized fang of the spitting cobra has a canal that turns sharply forward to a small round opening on the front surface . at the moment of ejection , the mouth is opened slightly , and a fine stream of venom is forced out of the\nby the contraction of the muscle enveloping the poison gland . a spitting cobra usually raises its head and the forepart of its body in the characteristic cobra defensive posture prior to spitting , but venom can be ejected from any position . the effect on skin is negligible ; the eyes , however , may be severely damaged , and blindness can result unless the venom is washed out quickly .\na few lizards , representing different families , have thick tails covered by large , hard , spiny scales . such a tail swung vigorously from side to side is an effective defense against snakes , especially when the head and body of the lizard are in a burrow or wedged between rocks .\nthe tails of some lizard species are useful in defense in another way . when captured , some lizards voluntarily shed , or\n, their tails , which wriggle violently , temporarily confusing the predator and allowing the lizard to escape . each vertebra of the tails of tail - shedding lizards has a fracture plane that can voluntarily split by the appropriate twitch of the tail muscles . simultaneous stimulation of the\nin the severed portion keeps it twitching for a few seconds after separation . usually the tail is broken in only one place , but a few lizards , particularly the so - called glass snakes (\n) , break their tails into several pieces . the stump heals quickly , and a new tail grows ; often , however , the\nsnakes , turtles , and crocodiles may have their tails bitten off by predators . however , they cannot break them voluntarily or regenerate them . in confrontations with enemies , some snakes use their tails as diversions by raising them and moving them slowly . species with this habit commonly have thick , blunt , brightly coloured tails . for example , the small african burrowing python ( calabaria reinhardtii ) waves its tail in the air as it moves slowly away from a threat .\nmany snakes , both harmless and venomous , attempt to hide their heads under coils of their bodies . for most species with this habit , the body may be coiled loosely . however , it may also be tightly coiled so that it forms a compact ball with the head in the centre . balling , as the latter habit is called , is a characteristic response of\n) , a species with heavy scales on its head and hard spiny scales covering its body and tail , rolls on its back and grasps its tail in its mouth to present an imposing ring of hard spines to a predator .\nsome reptiles use musk - secreting glands when other defensive measures fail . the water snakes ( nerodia ) , the garter snakes ( thamnophis ) , and the alligator lizards ( gerrhonotus ) emit a foul - smelling substance from their cloacal glands . an assortment of turtles , such as the mud turtle and the musk turtle ( kinosternidae ) , have glands on the bridge of their shells that excrete a vile - smelling fluid that likely makes them distasteful to many predators .\nreptile s , of which there are few endemic families , have mainly old world affinities . those most likely to be seen include lizards of the agamid family , skinks ( a family of lizards characterized by smooth overlapping scales ) , crocodiles , and tortoises . endemic reptiles include girdle - tailed\u2026\nalthough amphibian gastrulation is considerably modified in comparison with that in animals with oligolecithal eggs ( e . g . , amphioxus and starfishes ) , an archenteron forms by a process of invagination . such is not the case , however , in the higher vertebrates that possess eggs with\u2026\nthe living reptiles belong to four orders : the squamata ( lizards , snakes , and amphisbaenians ) , the sphenodontida ( tuataras ) , the testudines ( turtles ) , and the crocodylia ( or crocodilia ; crocodiles and alligators ) . the reptile ear has many different forms , especially within the suborder sauria ( lizards ) , and variations occur in\u2026\nunlike lungfishes and amphibians , reptiles depend entirely on their lungs for respiration . gills and skin do not provide additional sources of oxygen . only the crocodiles , however , truly approach birds and mammals in their almost complete \u201cdouble\u201d circulation . because of the development of a neck\u2026\nreptile s are the first vertebrates that , in an evolutionary sense , have evolved an egg that is truly independent of water . indeed , many snakes and lizards have even gone beyond this stage and have attained complete viviparity . it is difficult to generalize about reproductive behaviour\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026"]}
{"id": 1712, "summary": [{"text": "hydrocynus vittatus , the african tigerfish , tiervis or ngwesh is a predatory freshwater fish distributed throughout much of africa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this fish is generally a piscivore but it has been observed leaping out of the water and catching barn swallows in flight . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "hydrocynus vittatus", "paragraphs": ["metal concentrations in hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) populations from a premier conservation . . .\nseasonal bioaccumulation of organohalogens in tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus castelnau , from lake pongolapoort , south africa .\na histology - based fish health assessment of the tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus from a ddt - affected area .\nother species of the tigerfish thriving in the african continent include the hydrocynus brevis ( sudan ) , the hydrocynus forskahlii ( northern africa ) and the hydrocynus tanzaniae ( tanzania ) .\nmetal concentrations in hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) populations from a premier conservation area : relationships with environmental concentrations .\nhydrocynus ; h . vittatus ; h . brevis and h . forskalii ; length - weight relationship ; morphology ; taxonomy\nhydrocynus vittatus ( hydrocynus vittatus ( characid fish ) ) preys on : insecta diptera sarortherdon macrochir haplochromis darlingi tilapia rendalli based on studies in : africa , lake mcilwaine ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nthe hydrocynus vittatus tiger fish is the second most famous species . it can grow to up to 33 pounds , and is common in the southernmost areas of the african continent . biologically referred to as the hydrocynus vittatus , its naming is a literal combination of the english phrases \u2018water dog\u2019 and \u2018striped\u2019 . the hydrocynus vittatus is common in areas around the okavango delta and the zambezi river system .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .\nhydrocynus vittatus\nin fishbase . december 2013 version .\n\u2019\u2019hydrocynus vittatus\u2019\u2019\n. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature . 2010 .\ntaxonomy , distribution and prevalence of parasites of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) in the sanyati basin , lake kariba , zimbabwe .\ncochrane , k . l . , 1976 catches of hydrocynus vittatus castelnau during sardine fishing operations in kariba . kariba stud . , 7 : 98\u2013108\nhereafter , groups b , c , d and h . vittatus sensu stricto ( s . s . ) are designated the vittatus complex .\ncomparative behavioural assessment of an established and a new tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus population in two man - made lakes in the limpopo river catchment , southern africa .\nthe fish , hydrocynus vittatus , is known as a voracious predator and according to prof smit , its characteristic jump makes it a favourite species for freshwater anglers .\ntaxonomy , distribution and prevalence of parasites of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) in the sanyati basin , lake kariba , zimbabwe . - pubmed - ncbi\nmatthes , h . , 1968 the food and feeding habits of the tiger - fish hydrocynus vittatus ( cast . 1861 ) in lake kariba . beaufortia 15 : 143\u201353\npatterns of movement and habitat use by tigerfish ( hydrocynus vit . . . : ingenta connect\nkenmuir , d . h . s . , 1975 the diet of fingerling tiger - fish , hydrocynus vittatus cast . in lake kariba , rhodesia . arnoldia rhod . , 7 : 1\u20138\ntaxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan\ntable 2 . frequency occurrence ( percentage ) of food items in various sizes of h . vittatus\nthe smaller h . vittatus is claimed to be one of the finest game fishes in the world .\ntable 3 the range of meristics counts for h . brevis , h . forskalii and h . vittatus\nkenmuir , d . h . s . , 1971 some aspects of hydrocynus vittatus castelnau ( tiger - fish ) research at lake kariba . news lett . limnol . soc . south . afr . , 17 : 33\u20138\nkenmuir , d . h . s . , 1972 report on a study of the ecology of the tiger - fish , hydrocynus vittatus castelnau in lake kariba . l . k . f . r . i . rep\nbayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\nbayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in mrbayes , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\nmaximum parsimony of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in paup , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\ngeographically structured analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) using cyt b sequences for 26 h . vittatus individuals .\nthe second largest variety of tigerfish , the hydrocynus vittatus is a fierce predator characterized by a long slender shape and a forked caudal fin . although its scales can be appropriately described as large , iridescent and silvery ; sometimes they appear to have a golden cast .\ntaxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan | h . a . mohamed | international journal of aquaculture\nand the vittatus complex . its timing concurs with constraints on activity in the western branch of the active east african rift system (\ngoodier sam . evolution of the african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) : insights into drainage evolution . 2010 . msc thesis : university of cape town .\ngroup b consists of two samples from the lufubu river ( a tributary of lake tanganyika ) collected alongside a series of h . vittatus ;\nactually the current world record vittatus is 39 inches and 35 pounds . its was an old fat female . normal specimens are under two feet .\n\u2026ostariophysan is the tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) , which attains a weight exceeding 45 kg ( approximately 100 pounds ) ; its huge , sharp teeth and large , tunalike tail endow it with ferocity and speed . parasitic habits are rarely found among bony fishes , but certain species of trichomycterid catfishes attach themselves to the gills\u2026\ngroup d is composed of samples from the luapula river , lake mweru , lake bangweulu and the chambeshi river . this lineage is sister to h . vittatus ;\nfigure 1 a diagram based on morphometric measurements of h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii specimens , showing the load of each character on their separation\nfigure 2 a diagram based on meristic counts of h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii specimens , showing the load of each character on their separation\nsummary of 88 genotyped individuals of hydrocynus characterized in this study , together with 2 genbank sequences , ordered by taxa with corresponding haplotype designations ( total = 42 ) and their collection sites .\nsmit , n . j . ; wepener , v . ; vlok , w . ; wagenaar , g . m . ( jan 2013 ) .\nconservation of tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus , in the kruger national park with the emphasis on establishing the suitability of the water quantity and quality requirements for the olifants and luvuvhu rivers\n. water research commission .\ntable 1 . frequency occurrence of food items in the stomachs of h . vittatus at charlets and nchete / samaria island stations ( june , 1983 \u2013 may , 1985 )\nfig . 3 length frequency distribution of prey in h . vittatus . shaded histogram shows length frequency of commercial catch at siavonga area , data from subramaniam ( 1984 ) .\ntable 2 morphomertic measurements h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) expressed as percentage of head length ( % hl )\nfig . 1 percentage frequency of food items by number from h . vittatus samples of ( a ) charlets ( b ) nchete / samaria island stations ( 1984 \u2013 1985 ) .\ntable 1 morphomertic measurements of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) and expressed as percentage of standard length ( % sl )\nfin clips or muscle tissue were collected from 88 hydrocynus individuals sampled from 12 drainage systems in the study area , preserved in 96 % ethanol and stored at room temperature or 4\u00b0c until dna extraction ( table s1 ) .\nmohamed and al - awadi , 2015 , taxonomic revision of the tiger fish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) , h . brevis ( cuvier & valencience , 1849 ) and h . forskalii ( cuvier , 1819 ) from the nile in sudan , international journal of aquaculture , vol . 5 , no . 5 : 1 - 9 ( doi : 10 . 5376 / ija . 2015 . 05 . 0005 )\nand the vittatus complex in the pliocene at 3 . 1 ( ci : 5 . 3\u20131 . 3 ) ma also slightly postdates the initiation of tectonic tilting in the region north of lake malawi (\nthe \u2018 tiger fish \u2019 is the name generally used to refer to a variety of fish species of the genus hydrocynus . native to africa , the tiger fish is located in scores of rivers and lakes throughout the continent .\n. all subsequent divergence events within the vittatus complex ( 2 . 0\u20130 . 5 ma , plio - pleistocene ) , correspond to a time period of several drainage rearrangements in the zambian congo and the upper zambezi drainage systems\nwith the aim of resolving the cryptic diversity in hydrocynus , current research is examining representative museum specimens of all these taxa in a multi - faceted generic revision . this revision will include formal taxonomic evaluation of all cryptic lineages revealed by mtdna genotyping .\nis an unusual characin . this fish is best described by its scientific name .\nhydrocynus\nmeans\nwater dog\nand\nvittatus\nmeans\nstriped ,\nand , indeed , the african tiger fish looks like a\nstriped waterdog .\nthis big , ferocious fish is covered with large , iridescent , silvery scales , sometimes with a golden cast . other common names for this fish are tiger fish , tiger characin , ndweshi , african tigerfish , and tiervis .\n. . . tigerfish hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau 1861 ) are arguably the most sought - after recreational angling fish in southern africa ( \u00f8kland et al . 2005 , smit et al . 2009 ) . they have a high social , economic and ecological importance as they are used as a food source and as indicators of ecological health throughout southern africa ( naesje et al . 2001 , gerber et al . 2009 , tweddle 2010 , mchugh et al . 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . it was merely , but regrettably , an accidental transposition of data in a table , with no implications thereof to our findings and conclusions . in addition a recent report ( smit et al . , 2013 ) found very high levels of ddt in tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) from knp rivers . predatory tigerfish from the luvuvhu river ( the same river we based our study on ) had the highest levels ever reported for any freshwater fish from south africa . . . .\nthis study provides the first complete molecular phylogeny of hydrocynus , which incorporates all described species , with representative geographical coverage . moreover , spatio - temporal resolution of diversification in hydrocynus , revealed by molecular dating of cladogenic events and structuring of genetic variation , points to pervasive control of landscape evolution , within and across extant drainage basins . these implications , pertinently as tests of tectonic control , are discussed in detail below . however , first we set in place the platform of taxonomic and phylogeographical knowledge informed by this phylogeny and associated phylogeographic statistics .\ncitation : goodier sam , cotterill fpd , o ' ryan c , skelton ph , de wit mj ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . plos one 6 ( 12 ) : e28775 . urltoken\nsince h . vittatus alone had a significant value for fu ' s fs , only its mismatch distribution was calculated ( figure 5 ) . the \u2018raggedness\u2019 index was high ( r = 0 . 25 ) and significant ( p < 0 . 01 ) , indicating a poor fit of the observed and expected mismatch distributions [ 54 ] . the observed multimodal distribution , which is characteristic of a historically stable population , is supported by the high nucleotide and haplotype diversity in h . vittatus , which indicates a stable population with a large , persistent , effective population size . however , this can also indicate admixture of historically isolated populations but the low level of genetic distance within h . vittatus does not support a historically stable population .\ntable 4 principal component analysis ( pcas ) applied to correlation matrix showing the \u201ceigenvalue\u201d explained by each factor and the percentage of total variance ( % variance ) attributed to each factor of 28 morphometric measurements for h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii\ntable 5 principal component analysis ( pcas ) applied to correlation matrix showing the \u201ceigenvalues\u201d explained by each factor and the percentage of total variance ( % variance ) attributed to each factor of 10 meristic counts for h . vittatus , h . brevis and h . forskalii\nfigure 4 a division hierarchical cluster of meristic counts of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) , based on the matrix of distance of neighbour - joining clustering ( nearest neighbor ) , using euclidean\none of the causes of the decline in tilapia stocks in lake kariba was attributed to predation by h . vittatus ( matthes , 1968 ; kenmuir , 1971 and coulter et al . , 1965 ) . coke ( 1966 ) also observed 50 % occurrence of tilapia in tiger - fish stomachs . however , donnelly ( 1971 ) found that alestes lateralis formed 54 . 1 % and tilapias only 2 . 1 % of the tiger - fish diet , which lead him to conclude that since the establishment of aquatic plants which provide cover for tilapia juveniles , the influence of h . vittatus on tilapias was minimal . the present study suggests that tilapias still constitute an important item of food for h . vittatus in lake kariba despite the weed cover , although l , miodon remains the major prey .\nmicralestes acutiden s ( genbank accession number : ay791418 . 1 ) and ladigesia roloffi ( ay791417 . 1 ) were selected as outgroups due to their close genetic relationship to hydrocynus identified by calcagnotto et al . [ 18 ] . taxa were accepted as representing a certain species based on their affinities to known sequences from respective species from known localities , where available , and to sequences from topotypical material ( obtained from the type locality ) , and identified voucher specimens . for example , h . vittatus from the okavango delta is considered topotypical [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] .\nfigure 3 a division hierarchical cluster of log10 transformed of morphometric measurements of of h . vittatus ( a ) , h . brevis ( b ) and h . forskalii ( c ) , based on a matrix of distance of neighbour - joining clustering ( nearest neighbor ) , using euclidean similarity measure\nfigure 5a regression graph of length - weight relationship for h . vittatus showing the regression equation ( log 10 w = 0 . 48967729 + ( - 2 . 0794 ) log 10 sl ) equal to w = 3 . 088 l - 2 . 079 ; r 2 = 0 . 923\nthere are two major species of the african tigerfish , mostly common in the south african sub - region . the hydrocynus goliath , commonly referred to as the goliath tiger fish , is the largest in the family . the goliath tiger can grow to more than 110 pounds , and is rampant in lake tanganyika and the congo river .\nour phylogeographic results reveal key spatio - temporal details of how divergence events and demographic responses of tigerfishes have played out across african drainage systems over the late cenozoic . these cladogenic and dispersal events testify to the marked sensitivity of hydrocynus to the geomorphic evolution that fragmented and reconfigured drainage basins . this biogeographical resolution corroborates that obtained for galaxiid fishes and drainage evolution in the southern alps , new zealand [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . collectively , they demonstrate how combined geological and genetic data provide the keys to unravel the histories of drainage basins and their biodiversity . these insights position us to evaluate how biotic events in hydrocynus interfaced with the geological evolution of neogene africa .\ncoloration : ground color similar to that of h . forskalii , but in h . vittatus tips of dorsal and adipose fin black and fork of caudal fin black - edged ; dark coloration may also extend unto median caudal rays , forming crescent - shaped blotch ( ref . 80290 , 81279 ) .\n. . . similar occasional long - distance movements have been observed in other large - bodied river fish . for example , paddlefish ( polyodon spathula ) in the upper mississippi moved up to 420 km ( zigler et al . 2003 ) , muskellunge ( esox masquinongy ) in the st . john river moved up to 100 km ( curry et al . 2007 ) , and tigerfish ( hydrocynus vittatus ) in the upper zambezi up to 71 km ( \u00f8kland et al . 2005 ) . taimen home range appears to fit the log - linear home range versus body size relationship across species described by minns ( 1995 , data not shown ) . . . .\nsouth africa\u2019s premier wilderness area , the kruger national park ( knp ) , is worldwide renowned for its conservation of africa\u2019s big five . however , equally important , but less known to the national and international visitors , it also plays a very important role in the conservation of tigers , but not the fury kind , rather the scaly type ! tigerfish , hydrocynus vittatus , one africa\u2019s premier freshwater fishes , are present in most of the main rivers of the knp , but unfortunately , their numbers are declining , not due to lack of protection in the knp , but rather a result of the deterioration of the water quality and quantity of the rivers before they enter the park .\na combination of primers designed in this study and modified universal pcr primers were used to amplify the cyt b region ( table s5 ) . alignment of available hydrocynus sequences , sequences of closely related characiforms from genbank [ 90 ] and partial cyt b sequences [ 18 ] were used to design primers . the final cyt b fragment was amplified as two parts . two primer combinations ( l14724hycf2 or l14990fishf and h15494hycr2 , and l15408hyc with one of three reverse primers ( hycgr2 , hycr3 or h15919hycr ) were used to amplify the respective , partially overlapping amplicons . the large number of reverse primers used was a result of the variability among hydrocynus species at the region initially selected for primer binding , based on the partial genbank sequences and related characiformes .\nfrom bottom ( clockwise ) : a ) h . brevis , b ) h . vittatus , c ) h . goliath , d ) h . forskahlii and e ) h . tanzaniae . photo credits : a ) stan nabozny , b ) ryan clark , c ) mike de wit , d ) dirk neumann , e ) keith clover .\nhydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) synonyms : hydrocinus vittatus castelnau , 1861 hydrocyon lineatus bleeker , 1862 hydrocyon lineatus schlegel , 1863 hydrocyon lineatus gunther , 1864 hydrocyon vittatus boulenger , 1898 description : a brilliant silvery - coloured fish , with compressed elongated body , 205 to 375 mm standard length , covered by ctenoid scales and each scale marked by a dark spot forming parallel bands visible above the lateral line , and a very small adipose fin behind the dorsal fin . edges of dorsal and adipose fins black , forked edge of caudal fin distinctly black . position of the dorsal fin distinctly before the insertion of ventral fin . eye diameter 80 % of inter - orbital width . measurements are in % sl : body depth 20 . 4 to 28 . 9 ; head length 23 . 1 to 27 . 5 ; head width 11 . 2 to 13 . 1 ; upper snout length 9 to 11 . 2 ; lower snout length 10 to 13 . 7 ; eye diameter 6 . 6 to 9 . 2 ; inter - orbital width 9 . 7 to 11 . 6 ; post - orbital length 10 . 8 to 14 . 6 ; dorsal - to - adipose fin 27 . 7 to 37 . 5 ; pre - dorsal length 46 . 4 to 61 . 6 ; pre - ventral length 50 . 8 to 65 . 3 ; caudal peduncle length 10 . 9 to 12 . 6 ; caudal peduncle depth 9 to 11 . 8 .\nonly posterior probabilities over 0 . 90 are shown . error bars indicate the 95 % confidence intervals on the node dates ; numbers inside the bars are the dates estimated by beast ; those inside ovals are discussed in the text . the horizontal axis depicts time before present in millions of years ( ma ) . the colour coding of hydrocynus lineages corresponds to the drainage system ( s ) represented in each haplotype .\nthe contents of tiger - fish stomachs consisted mainly of fish , though insects , molluscs and crustaceans were also recorded . fish were found in about 97 % of the full stomachs examined and comprised mainly l . miodon and cichlids followed by unidentified and digested fish . the occurrence of synodontis zambezensis , alestes spp . and juvenile h . vittatus was insignificant ( < 1 % each ) .\na comparison of the stomach contents of h . vittatus from the two stations indicated that there was spatial variation in its feeding habits . while l . miodon occurred in 41 . 5 % of the stomachs of tiger - fish from nchete / samaria island station , it was recorded from only 29 . 5 % of those examined from charlets station . conversely , cichlids were more abundant in the stomachs of fish from charlets station ( 33 . 2 % ) than those from the island station ( 28 . 2 % ) . this may be explained by the greater abundance of juvenile cichlids at charlets station due to the weedy habitat there . the cichlids preyed upon were mainly tilapia rendalli , oreochromis mortimeri and pseudocrenilabrus philander . the incidence of s . zambezensis and h . vittatus in the stomachs was negligible .\nthis species is close to h . forskalii , but has black markings ( at tip of adipose dorsal fin and fork of caudal fin ) that are lacking in that species . furthermore , the rayed dorsal fin is not positioned as far forwards as in h . forskalii . the synonymy of h . vittatus with h . forskalii proposed by brewster ( 1986 ) does not appear well founded ( paugy and gu\u00e9gan 1989 ) .\nthree of these key events are represented in the divergence between the two sister groups ( groups c and b from h . vittatus and group d ) estimated at 2 . 0 ( ci : 3 . 5\u20130 . 8 ) ma . groups b and c diverged in the pleistocene at 1 . 5 ( ci : 2 . 6\u20130 . 5 ) ma while h . vittatus and group d split approximately 1 . 4 ( ci : 2 . 4\u20130 . 5 ) ma . all these events can be attributed to rearrangements of upper zambezi and paleo - chambeshi headwaters across northeast zambia , driven by plio - pleistocene tectonism , which ramified from the southern arm of the albertine rift across the bangweulu and mweru depressions , to extend southwest into the bulozi ( upper zambezi ) and okavango graben [ 12 ] , [ 84 , goodier et al . unpublished ] .\nthis map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .\ncichlids in general form a significant part of the artisanal fish catches of lake kariba . the present study suggests that tiger - fish take a substantial toll of juvenile cichlids , particularly in the marginal waters . there is no evidence to support the belief that the predation pressure on tilapias was reduced as a result of the semi - pelagic habit assumed by h . vittatus consequent to the establishment of a large limnothrissa population in the open waters of the lake .\ntajima ' s d [ 50 ] and fu ' s fs [ 51 ] tests of selective neutrality examine the frequencies of mutations in order to detect deviations from the neutral model [ 52 ] . due to the small sample sizes ( 2\u201310 individuals ) for all the lineages , excluding h . vittatus , it is not surprising that neither of these tests of selective neutrality were significant since the ability to detect deviations from the neutral model increases with sample size ( table s4 ] . only h . vittatus had a significantly negative value ( \u22126 . 2153 ; p < 0 . 005 ) for fu ' s fs , which is more sensitive to recent population expansions [ 53 ] . this result indicates an excess of low - frequency mutations , caused by demographic expansion or selection . however , as cyt b is a protein coding gene , it could be under selection to retain its functionality , resulting in the significantly negative fu ' s fs .\nthe estimated divergence dates on the dated cyt b tree exhibit fairly large confidence intervals ( e . g . 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5\u20137 . 1 ) ma on the divergence between h . goliath and all other taxa . this most likely reflects the use of only one calibration point and a universal estimate of substitution rate in teleost cyt b . however , despite this large uncertainty , the estimated dates provide reliable evidence to discuss the evolutionary history of hydrocynus since even approximate estimates can be used to explain biogeographical history [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] .\na large proportion of individuals from the okavango and upper zambezi rivers share a haplotype confirming an intermittent connection between the okavango and upper zambezi systems [ 6 ] , [ 57 ] , [ 61 ] . a haplotype dominating h . vittatus individuals from coastal populations , south of the lower zambezi , is shared with an individual from the middle zambezi . the presence of the same haplotype in this large area , alongside its high abundance in the coastal rivers ( busi , pongola and save ) is consistent with their recent colonisation from a middle and lower zambezi source population .\nwithin h . vittatus , three well supported groups were recovered in the bayesian tree . these groups consisted of samples from a ) the congo and lufubu rivers , b ) the upper zambezi and okavango delta , and c ) the middle - lower zambezi and shire rivers and the coastal populations . these groups reveal strong phylogeographic structuring across drainage systems , and their detailed explanation will be explored in greater detail in a separate paper [ goodier et al . unpublished data ] . several haplotypes shared between different drainage systems and different rivers within the same system , as seen above , are explored further in the discussion .\nphylogenies of hydrocynus using the cyt b data set were constructed in beast 1 . 4 . 8 package [ 41 ] , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 [ 42 ] and paup 4 . 0b10 [ 43 ] , using the gtr model parameters for each data set . however , only the beast data are presented and discussed . beast uses bayesian inference and a mcmc sampling procedure to reconstruct a phylogeny by estimating the probability distribution given sequence data [ 41 ] , [ 42 ] . this algorithm weights trees in proportion to their posterior probability , such that a branch with a posterior probability close to 1 is considered well supported , whereas a value close to 0 is considered very weakly supported .\nin this respect , the high hd of h . goliath , h . brevis and group c points to a recent expansion in the sizes and ranges of these three populations . correspondingly , the high haplotype diversities and high nucleotide diversities of h . vittatus , h . forskahlii , h . tanzaniae and group a possibly represent recent admixture of historically isolated populations , in respective species , since sampling of each lineage encompassed a large geographical area and represents discrete rivers . the large internal genetic distance within h . forskahlii represents marked genetic structuring within this species complex , most notable in the deep phylogenetic divergence between group e and topotypical h . forskahlii .\nin this respect , the boundaries of the congo basin are of focal interest , because these watersheds were forged by diastrophism and / or epeirogeny . the northern , eastern and southern boundaries of this basin are the cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the east african rift system ( ears ) and southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] . moreover , geochronological evidence for the central african thrust zone and albertine rift ( western arm of the ears ) reliably constrains when volcanism and tectonism formed these hydrological boundaries around the congo basin . so it delimits when first and second order rivers of this basin were redirected and / or impounded by faulting and uplift events ( figure 2 ) . therefore we can employ phylogeographic statistics to test whether or not evolutionary events in hydrocynus were coupled with this drainage disruption , linked with propagation of rifting across the african plate ( exemplified by the formation of lake tanganyika ) [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] .\ndiagnosis : 2 scale rows between lateral line and scaly process at pelvic - fin bases ; eye < 70 % of interorbital space ( ref . 2880 , 81279 ) . dorsal - fin origin at about same level as pelvic - fin insertions ; tips of adipose and dorsal fins black ; forked edge of caudal fin black ( ref . 2880 , 80290 , 81279 ) . description : gill rakers few ( 5 - 9 / 9 - 12 ) , but rather long ; rakers of first gill arch normally developed ; body profile less elongate than h . forskalii ( ref . 2880 , 80290 , 81279 ) . dorsal fin with 2 unbranched and 8 branched rays ; anal fin with 3 unbranched and 12 branched rays ; 14 scales around caudal peduncle ( ref . 11970 ) . coloration : ground color similar to that of h . forskalii , but in h . vittatus tips of dorsal and adipose fin black and fork of caudal fin black - edged ; dark coloration may also extend unto median caudal rays , forming crescent - shaped blotch ( ref . 80290 , 81279 ) .\nto test whether extant drainage patterns have influenced extant population structure , an analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was calculated in arlequin 3 . 11 [ 48 ] . this analysis calculates the fixation index ( \u03c6st ) [ 49 ] which uses haplotype diversities to estimate levels of genetic diversity and differentiation between contrasted populations . \u03c6st analysis partitions the total genetic variance into among - and within - population components , with population specific \u03c6st ' s calculated . to test if genetic variation has been structured within drainage basins , versus across watersheds , and principal knickpoints , a hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was also performed using arlequin 3 . 1 [ 48 ] to determine how extant genetic variation is partitioned with h . vittatus . this analysis was only performed on this species due to constraints of sample number . population groupings were based on the overall drainage system ( congo vs . zambezi and coastal - a ) , the drainage system subdivided by separation ( congo vs . zambezi vs . coastal - b ) , and the drainage subdivided by any drainage barriers ( congo vs . upper zambezi and okavango vs . middle and lower zambezi vs . coastal - c ) .\nprincipal component analysis of data from the 27 morphometric measurement revealed that approximately 70 . 3 % of the total variation was explained along one component , ( table 4 ) . the second component of variation accounted for 11 . 5 % of the total variability , the third component of variation accounted for 4 % of the total variability and the fourth component of variation accounted for 3 % of the total variability . the eigenvalues for all components were positive indicating that all used variables has some effect on the morphological variation of the hydrocynus species the loadings of the morphometric variables to determine their importance on variability explained is presented in ( figure 1 ) . principal component analysis of data from ten meristic counts revealed that approximately 73 . 9 % of the total variation was explained along one component ( table 5 ) . the second component of variation accounted for 11 . 6 % of the total variability , the third component of variation accounted for 4 . 5 % , the forth component of variation accounted for 3 . 3 % and the fifth component of variation accounted for 3 . 1 % of the total variability . the loadings of the meristic variables to determine their importance on variability explained is presented in ( figure 2 ) . the data of log10\u2013transformation of morphometric measurements and cluster analysis of meristic counts produced hierarchical clusters of specimens of the three species in a distance dendrogram . most individuals of each species clustered together at the end of the spectrum ( figure 3 & 4 ) .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\nhi every one i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish in captivity , i am putting together a breeding program for restocking local zimbabwean . . . ( more ) sara thompson\nthis tiger characin is definitely a specialty fish . it can reach an impressive size , up to about 3 - 1 / 2 feet ( 105 cm ) in length and over 60 pounds , but it usually won ' t get much longer than about 30 inches ( 75 cm ) in the aquarium . one look at those teeth tells you that the african tiger fish is a voracious predator . the african tiger fish is related to the piranha but actually gets much larger . they can use those huge teeth to chop even large fish into bite sized pieces .\nthe african tigerfish is not actually hard to care for in terms of water quality or food variety , but they get really big and eat a lot . the large size alone limits the type of aquarist who will able to keep one . when first purchased as small juveniles , they may initially be kept in a large home aquarium . but eventually , full - sized adults will need a very large tank . an aquarium of 650 gallons , even upwards of a 1000 gallons or more , will be needed to keep them happy and healthy . in its adult size , this giant fish is really best suited for public aquariums or for highly experienced aquarists with the space and financial ability to properly care for them .\nafrican tiger fish are usually kept in species aquariums . they will school with their own species and more than one can be kept if the aquarium is large enough . they will also school with fish of similar temperament , however , any tankmates need to be appreciably larger . as they age and grow even larger , however , these african characins tend to become less tolerant of their tankmates and need to be housed singly .\nwas described by castelnau in 1861 . they are found throughout africa , from egypt to south africa . they are most common in the senegal , nile , omo , and congo rivers and in lake tanganyika . the species is listed on the iucn red list as least concern ( lc ) . it has a wide distribution and is generally abundant and common . other common names it are known by are tiger fish , tiger characin , ndweshi , african tigerfish , and tiervis .\nthese tiger fish inhabit mainly larger rivers and lakes . all but the largest specimens will swim in schools with other similarly sized fish , roving about and preying on food . they are fierce and voracious predators , feeding on whatever is available . while they mostly eat other fish , they will also consume some detritus and plant matter . the african tiger fish also serves as a food fish for many natives .\nvaries - they swim in schools with other similarly sized fish , though very large specimens are loners .\nlc - least concern - this species has a wide distribution . although it has been locally depleted by heavy fishing , it is generally common and abundant and therefore listed as least concern . it has been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern , and western africa .\nthe african tiger fish can get up to 41 . 3 inches ( 105 cm ) in length and weigh up to 62 pounds ( 28 kg ) in the wild . in captivity , they are unlikely to achieve a size of much more than about 30 inches ( 75 cm ) and have a lifespan of between 10 and 15 years .\nthis fish has an elongated body that tapers on both ends and a forked caudal fin . its large head features prominently visible teeth , 8 per jaw . the teeth are conical in shape and very sharp . the african tiger fish uses its teeth for grasping and chopping rather than tearing . these teeth are occasionally replaced throughout its life .\nthis fish has a silvery blue body overall with rows of large , iridescent , silvery scales , sometimes with a golden cast . some individuals will have red and yellow on the fins . males and females are similar in form and color , but females are generally smaller and more full - bodied .\n41 . 3 inches ( 105 . 00 cm ) - these fish get up to 3 1 / 2 feet ( 105 cm ) and weigh up to 62 pounds ( 28 kg ) in the wild , but they are unlikely to reach much more than about 30 inches ( 75cm ) in the aquarium .\n15 years - they have a lifespan of between 10 and 15 years in captivity .\nafrican tiger fish are large predacious fish . they are undemanding of water quality and eat readily , but their size alone limits who will able to keep them . when small , these fish will seem like an interesting and exotic addition to your tank . but they grow to an alarming size and have amazing bursts of speed , both of which make providing a suitable environment over the course of their lifespan very challenging .\nsmall juveniles may initially be kept in a large home aquarium , but eventually they will need a very large tank . in their adult size , they are really best suited for public aquariums , or kept by experienced fish keepers with the space and financial ability to care for these giants .\nadvanced - this fish grows up to 3 . 5 feet in length and requires a very large tank of 650 gallons or more . these restrictions make it unsuitable for the average hobbyist .\nthese fish are primarily considered to be carnivores . in the wild , they are a major predator . though the bulk of their diet is fish , they will also consume some detritus and plant matter , so are actually omnivorous . in the aquarium , they can be fed meaty foods like whole fishes and shrimps .\nwhen initially introduced into the aquarium , they will readily eat live foods , but once they have acclimated , they can be offered frozen foods as well a pellet diet . small juveniles will take flake but will soon need to be moved to pellets . trout pellets work well . some aquarists report that they will ignore prepared foods when live food is available .\nyes - these fish may not accept processed foods at first but will usually adapt to them with time .\ntiger fish are big , messy fish that require ample filtration . water changes of about 30 - 50 % are needed every other week , depending on the bioload , to keep this fish happy and healthy .\nbi - weekly - do a 30 - 50 % water change every other week .\nafrican tiger fish is an extremely large , predatory fish . because of its large adult size and propensity for schooling with other similarly sized fish , it needs a very large aquarium . when first obtained as a small juvenile , it can be kept in a large home aquarium , but as it grows it will need a much larger tank . as it attains its adult size , at least 650 gallons will be needed to keep it happy and healthy , with upwards of 1000 + gallons or more being even better .\nthese fish will occupy all parts of the aquarium , so they need a spacious open area for swimming as well as a decor of plants , roots , and driftwood to provide them with some hiding places . they need good , clean water and a moderate water flow , so adequate filtration is important .\n650 gal ( 2 , 460 l ) - juveniles can be kept in a large home aquarium , but full - sized adults will need at least 650 gallons or more .\nthough the african tiger fish is not necessarily aggressive , it has a big appetite . not many species can survive in a tank with them . this fish will do best kept in a species tank .\nthis fish can be kept with other similarly sized or larger , non - territorial species . however , the african tiger fish is less tolerant of tankmates outside its own species , so be cautious in selecting companions . in particular , very large individuals are likely to grow less tolerant of co - inhabitants .\nlarge aggressive - predatory - this fish is more predatory than aggressive ; however , tankmates need to be significantly larger .\nyes - these fish will swim in schools , though very large specimens may become loners .\nthreat - tankmates should be similarly sized or larger to avoid becoming a meal .\nthe african tiger fish has not been bred in the aquarium , though it has been successfully bred in captivity as a fishery specimen . presumably , breeding them in an aquarium would be difficult , or even impossible , and would require a very large tank . for a general description of breeding characin fish , see breeding freshwater fish : characins .\nin nature , these fish spawn for just a few days each year during the rainy season , usually in december and january . they migrate up river and into small streams . the female lays a large number of eggs in very shallow water among submerged vegetation . after the eggs hatch , the young live in the shallows until flood waters force them out into larger waterways .\nlike most giant fish , the biggest concern with the african tiger fish is lack of space and food . if you can meet these needs , not much goes wrong with these giants . these fish are hardy and disease is not usually a problem in a well - maintained aquarium . however , aquarists still need to take precautions against health problems and disease . anything you add to your tank can introduce disease . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything you add to an established tank so as not to upset the balance . because these fish eat live food , disease can be passed to them from their foods . make sure to quarantine live food before feeding .\na good thing about the african tiger fish is their resilience . an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if dealt with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and a well balanced diet . the more closely their environment resembles their natural habitat , the less stress the fish will have and the healthier and happier they will be . a stressed fish is more likely to acquire disease .\nas with most fish , the african tiger fish is prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . aquarists should read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nthe african tiger fish or tiger characin are occasionally available but usually come with a very high price tag . even though they aren\u2019t considered rare , like many large fish , they are expensive when small because they are small for such a short period of time .\nthe african tiger fish is primarily a game fish and food fish . they can ' t be shipped into florida , as the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission has restrictions placed upon the transport and handling of certain species , including this one .\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 4 , mergus verlag , 2004\nhi every one i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish in captivity , i am putting together a breeding program for restocking local zimbabwean waters . please if you have any information i would hugely appreciate it , and you may have helped save the species .\ni will be doing a presentation based on this fish and this means that i have to know it like the back of my hand , and so far its cool , i ' m loving it , it ' s so adorable and beautiful .\nhi guys i ' m looking for all and any information on breeding tigerfish i am a zimbabwean , i have been asked to research breeding these guys for restocking our local waters in zimbabwe as the decline is so drastic that they could become extinct in the next decade . please anyone with any information of breeding tigerfish please contact me asap extremeaquariums167 @ urltoken\nhow old will a tiger fish weighing around 6 kg be ? the kariba zimbabwe species .\nhow long have you had it ? did you get it from a pet store or from a previous owner ? i don ' t think there ' s any sure way to tell how old it is . in the wild they can get to be around 28 kg , but in captivity they don ' t usually get that big because of environment constraints .\nthis page states that they need a 1 , 000 gallon aquarium . what are the dimensions of this aquarium ?\nthey can be different dimensions but run about 120 inches wide , 50 inches deep and 40 inches accross - - - there are various sizes though .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 2 august 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 august 2016 ) .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution . although it is locally depleted by heavy fishing pressure , it is generally common and abundant , and is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern and western africa .\nthis species is generally common and widespread . in lake kariba on the middle zambezi river , its population fluctuated considerably , mostly in relation to the abundance of the introduced clupeid\nwhich now forms a major part of its diet ( kenmuir 1973 , marshall 1985 ) . it is commercially exploited in lake rukwa , forming about 3 . 9 % of the yield . in mtera dam , species composition in the catches show a decline from 26 . 1 % in 1987 to 14 . 3 % in 1991 , and 7 % in 1996 ."]}
{"id": 1717, "summary": [{"text": "ruler ( 1777 \u2013 4 february 1806 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won three of his five starts , including the two-mile st. leger stakes in 1780 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was bred and owned by william bethell . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "ruler ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["bold ruler is the first horse to have been given radiation therapy for cancer .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for military ruler . military ruler is a gelding born in 2011 september 8 by universal ruler out of general ' s delight\niron ruler was sired by tertian out of the dam bon trio iron ruler was foaled on 01 of august in 1998 .\nvegas ruler was sired by casino prince out of the dam dancer vegas ruler was foaled on 11 of october in 2011 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for universal ruler . universal ruler is a stallion born in 2004 september 3 by scenic out of rulings\ntycoon ruler was sired by last tycoon out of the dam sweet delight tycoon ruler was foaled on 29 of october in 1999 .\nthe training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for hard ruler . hard ruler is a filly born in 2014 november 14 by all too hard out of legislature\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for pompeii ruler . pompeii ruler is a gelding born in 2002 october 19 by genuine out of west with night\niron ruler has a 7 % win percentage and 7 % place percentage . iron ruler ' s last race event was at ipswich .\ntycoon ruler has a 16 % win percentage and 34 % place percentage . tycoon ruler ' s last race event was at caulfield .\nvegas ruler has a 9 % win percentage and 41 % place percentage . vegas ruler ' s last race event was at warwick .\nif a horse\u2019s race record is anything to judge his progeny by , you can expect the first of victorian stallion jungle ruler\u2019s yearlings to be as hard as nails .\niron ruler is a 18 year old bay gelding . iron ruler is trained by a a swindley , at doomben and owned by mrs a s clarke & p j ford .\nhorse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .\nbold ruler was by claiborne\u2019s epoch - making stallion , nasrullah , and his dam was the classy sprint mare , miss disco , by the great broodmare sire discovery . just short of a championship at 2 , bold ruler was the horse of the year at 3 , topping a formidable crop that included round table , gallant man , and iron liege . at 4 , bold ruler remained near the top and was named champion sprinter , but bowed to round table as horse of the year .\nbruechert is relying on a tried - and - true formula in standing jungle ruler at stud .\nruby ruler has managed to win 1 race in her career so far . on 13th may 2011 at timaru , ruby ruler scored her most significant win to date , getting the money in the\nruby ruler has concluded her racing career , last running on the 6th jul 2012 at ashburton .\nprice said that he ' d been monitoring the gelding closely in the past week and although x - rays had cleared the horse there was an area of swelling on the horse ' s off - front leg that troubled him .\ntycoon ruler is a 17 year old brown horse . tycoon ruler is trained by g marconi , at mornington and owned by ms f marconi , rancho ranch p / l ( g & mrs p marconi ) , c & mrs m marconi , j & mrs l marconi & g & mrs t barclay .\norganizations have long criticized horse racing . activists have sought to expose horse doping , institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys , limit the number of races a horse ( especially three years old and younger ) can run in a season , and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces . two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform : the shattering of bones in one of kentucky derby champion barbaro\u2019s legs just seconds after the start of the preakness stakes in 2006 ( the horse was euthanized eight months later ) and the death of three horses during production of the tv series\nruler of france made a successful debut in handicap company when landing the nursery at gowran park this afternoon .\nwhen bold ruler died in 1971 , the search began for his successor - for the one throughbred stallion whose bloodlines would most faithfully perpetuate the qualities that made bold ruler the most influential sire in recent racing history .\nmeanwhile sheikh mohammed pledged to\nlock down\ngoldophin ' s moulton paddocks stables and test every horse at its newmarket operation .\nfrance galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de sport de france , and the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sportive d\u2019encouragement .\njungle ruler will stand at bombora downs stud in 2015 for a fee of $ 2 , 750 inc gst .\niron ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 0 - 6 - 0 - 0 .\ntycoon ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 9 - 1 - 8 .\nvegas ruler ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 3 - 5 - 1 .\npompeii ruler has had 22 starts for eight wins and six placings and more than $ 2 million in prizemoney .\nin france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of\nthe trainer at the center of a major horse doping scandal has been charged with multiple breaches of the rules by the british horseracing authority .\nknowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the\nmaudlin magdalen enjoyed the mile trip in bellewstown once more as she prevailed by half a length from ruler of france .\nruler of the world is from the outstanding sire producing family of a . p . indy & duke of marmalade .\nan improving colt who clearly appreciates a distance of ground , ruler of the world is now unbeaten in three starts .\n\u2026from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state\u2019s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 \u201cto\u2026\n\u201cthis horse ( jungle ruler ) is the same . he hated losing , hated horses getting in front of him and i\u2019m already seeing that in his babies in the paddock . whether it be at the feed bin or whatever , they just hate losing . \u201d\nthe news that spring hopeful pompeii ruler was heading to the paddock after fears that the seven - year - old was on the cusp of further leg problems was tempered slightly yesterday when trainer mick price was told the horse was a realistic chance of racing again .\nbold ruler wintered in florida that year , exchanging blows with calumet farm ' s incredibly talented gen . duke , often called the horse time has forgotten . many people believe that gen . duke was the fastest horse ever produced by calumet , and considering some of the other horses produced by the famous farm , the triple crown winners citation and whirlaway to name just two , this is quite a compliment .\na discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .\nsecretariat , sired at the close of bold ruler ' s stud career and certainly his best son as a race horse , was expected to fill the job . but although secretariat has turned out to be a solid sire , his offspring have had only modest success .\nthe current race record for hard ruler is 3 wins from 10 starts with prizemoney of $ 46 , 724 . 00 .\nthe current race record for military ruler is 5 wins from 31 starts with prizemoney of $ 311 , 700 . 00 .\niron ruler\u2019s last race event was at 07 / 02 / 2007 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\niron ruler career form is 2 wins , seconds , thirds from 28 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\ntycoon ruler\u2019s last race event was at 16 / 10 / 2004 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nvegas ruler\u2019s last race event was at 09 / 03 / 2018 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nin 1966 , bold ruler became the first stallion with progeny earnings of over us $ 2 million in a single season .\nafter winning the flamingo stakes , and running second to gen . duke in the florida derby , bold ruler headed to new york . in april , bold ruler won the wood memorial from gallant man , and it was on to churchill downs .\nfrom 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse\u2019s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the\npaddy twomey ' s ruler of france made it three wins from three visits to ballinrobe when making all in the apprentice handicap .\nbold ruler quickly became mrs . gladys phipps favorite horse . she went as far as to have a st . christopher ' s medal braided into his forelock before each race , and she wasn ' t even catholic . when bold ruler won the futurity at belmont , it was not his winning performance that caught the attention of charles hatton , but rather his behavior . as he wrote in the daily racing form :\nas camelot is led away from his box , the horse rears up , his forelegs rising into the air in what appears to be a mating call .\naidan o\u2019brien has indicated ruler of the world will now been given a break , following his fifth place finish in the irish derby .\ntycoon ruler career form is 5 wins , 4 seconds , 2 thirds from 32 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nbold ruler is profiled in chapter 8 of avalyn hunter ' s american classic pedigrees 1914 - 2002 ( 2003 , eclipse press ) .\nseattle slew traces to bold ruler through his sire , bold reasoning , a son of boldnesian , who was a son of bold ruler . bold reasoning won eight of 12 starts . boldnesian and bold reasoning both died early in their careers as stallions . syndicate owns rights\nmongolian warrior and ruler genghis khan created the largest empire in the world , the mongol empire , by destroying individual tribes in northeast asia .\nvegas ruler is a 6 year old bay gelding . vegas ruler is trained by r j hilton , at texas and owned by r hilton , mrs r hilton , mrs d white , s white , mrs m irwin , mrs k belford , k hobbs & j dieckman .\nbold ruler is the 24th book in the thoroughbred legends series from eclipse press . it was written by edward bowen and published in 2005 .\nthe now 11 - year - old horse is certainly stamping his mark on his earliest progeny , with \u2018eight of every 10 yearlings\u2019 sired inheriting his distinctive grey colouring .\nthe use of anabolic steroids is now prohibited at all times for any horse registered as\nin training\nunder the care of a trainer licensed by the bha .\n\u2014involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged argentina , artemis agrotera , colic , fusaichi pegasus , haras vacacion , haskell , hill ' n ' dale , homeboykris , laminitis , roman ruler , rule , ruler on ice , shuttle stallions by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\nafter the belmont and it ' s resulting layoff , bold ruler ' s wins included a six length romp in the jerome handicap , as well as victories in the queen ' s county handicap and the ben franklin handicap , carrying 133 pounds in one and 136 in the other . in a muddy vosburgh handicap , bold ruler shattered the great sprinter roseben ' s fifty year old track record with his nearest rival ten lengths behind . finally , bold ruler beat both gallant man and round table in the trenton handicap , despite carrying 130 pounds , earning horse of the year honors for the 1957 season .\ni have been involved in british horse racing for 30 years and have deep respect for its traditions and rules . there can be no excuse for any deliberate violation .\ncolourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey\u2019s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .\n( 2011\u201312 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events\u2014augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public\u2014contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .\nafter race at ballinrobe tue , 23rd jun , 2015 ( 1st ) he is a nice horse and jack gave him a good ride . he came well recommended . p twomey\nover the course of his career , roman ruler earned $ 1 . 2 million with five wins from 10 starts . his major victories included the haskell and and g2 dwyer for owner fog city stable and trainer bob baffert . roman ruler began his stallion career at hill \u2018n ' dale in 2006 , shuttling to the southern hemisphere frequently during the offseason . his best offspring in the u . s . include belmont winner ruler on ice , multiple g1 winner artemis agrotera , g1 - winning juvenile homeboykris , and multiple graded stakes winning millionaire rule . overall , roman ruler has sired 50 stakes winners .\nvegas ruler career form is 3 wins , 7 seconds , 4 thirds from 34 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 61 , 906 .\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive , bloodstock and tagged aidan o ' brien , ballydoyle , coolmore , dawn approach , epsom derby , galileo , horse racing , investec derby , lane ' s end weekender pedigree , ruler of the world , ryan moore , sadler ' s wells , thoroughbred by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nalthough he got several runners , including secretariat , who won at 10 furlongs or more , bold ruler was better known as a sire of precocious 2 - year - olds . his progeny earned a reputation for unsoundness , many being big - bodied horses on fragile legs , driven by that generous bold ruler heart .\nal zarooni , who has admitted using the banned substances in error , faces charges relating to the use of prohibited substances , keeping medication records and conduct\nprejudicial to horse racing\n.\ni can assure the racing public that no horse will run from that yard this season until i have been absolutely assured by my team that the entire yard is completely clean .\n. written by racing historian jim bolus with illustrations and commentary by noted equine artist richard stone reeves , the book was released by the blood - horse , inc . , in 1994 .\nafter race at leopardstown thu , 9th jul , 2015 ( 1st ) i ' m happy with that . conor gave him a good ride and the horse seemed to enjoy it . p twomey\nthe late natal sire , stronghold , has also got off to a strong start with his first crop . the danehill horse has had four winners , to date , from just seven runners .\n' ' raja baba in 1976 and roberto in 1977 had spectacular first years , but nothing like this , ' ' says bill oppenheim , whose statistical analyses of sire trends in racing update , a newsletter , are widely considered the most thorough in the industry . ' ' as a race horse , seattle slew may rate a pound lower than secretariat , but in his speed and brilliance and style slew was bold ruler ' s truest descendant . at this rate , he could be the next bold ruler . ' '\nson of nasrullah beat the talented clem in a fiercely fought suburban handicap . giving away a remarkable twenty five pounds , bold ruler caught the lightly weighted clem at the half mile . at the top of the stretch , bold ruler was ahead by two , but clem made a run on the outside , catching and passing him . bold ruler gamely fought back , when most horses would have quit , and regained the lead in time to earn a trip to the winner ' s circle . after one more win in the monmouth handicap , in which he carried 134 pounds , bold ruler badly injured his fetlock , finishing seventh in the brooklyn handicap .\nmodestly bred and foaled at boorowa\u2019s newhaven park in 2003 , jungle ruler amassed a cult following in his incredible 115 - start career for mornington - trainer peter white .\nthe bold ruler handicap was inaugurated in 1976 . it is currently a grade iii stakes for ages 3 and up run over 7 furlongs on dirt at belmont park .\nbold ruler was blessed with speed and courage that allowed him to succeed despite infirmities , from a tender mouth to chronic arthritis and soreness . during his title year , when he was also voted champion 3 - year - old male , bold ruler set or equaled four track records and was able to stretch his speed to 10 furlongs .\nthe first progeny of jungle ruler hit the ground with a grey thud in september of 2013 , with 49 mares supporting the consistent stallion in his maiden season at stud .\nslewpy has won three of his six starts , including the empire stakes for new york - breds , and may be sent to california to face landaluce in the hollywood futurity . better horse in barn ?\nat stud , bold ruler was even more impressive , siring such champions as speedwell , queen empress , successor , bold hour , bold lad , bold bidder , boldnesian , vitriolic , wajima , what a pleasure , and most importantly the 1973 triple crown winner and two time horse of the year secretariat . he led the american sire ' s list eight times , and seven of the ten kentucky derby winners of the 1970 ' s traced directly to bold ruler in their tail male lines . bull hancock found his offspring to share a unique trait :\non the night of april 6 , 1954 , two foals were born on claiborne farm , one about a half hour after the other . the first was round table , who later earned over a million dollars and was named horse of the year in 1958 . the second was bold ruler , a skinny , accident prone colt who overcame numerous injuries to become a champion himself .\nhorse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries . it developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners , sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment , and immense sums of money , but its essential feature has always been the same : the horse that finishes first is the winner . in the modern era , horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public - entertainment business . by the first decades of the 21st century , however , the sport\u2019s popularity had shrunk considerably .\nglory boy came through in the final half furlong to collar ruler of france and win by half a length in the seven furlong two - year - old maiden at listowel .\nwe will be locking down the moulton paddocks stables with immediate effect , and i have instructed that i want a full round of blood samples , and dope testing done on every single horse on that premises .\n\u2026out of town for the horse races\u2014as they do by the thousands in june for the derby on epsom downs and the royal week at ascot near windsor and in july for the goodwood races in west sussex . \u2026\narguably the world ' s most sought - after stallion , the powerfully built horse takes it all in his stride as he parades in the luxurious surroundings of his irish home at the coolmore stud in county tipperary .\njungle ruler will stand his third season at bombora downs stud in 2015 and bruechert is confident his popular grey can again attract a quality book of mares , despite his unconventional background .\nbold ruler is profiled in chapter 22 of abram hewitt ' s sire lines ( 1977 , the thoroughbred owners and breeders association ; updated and reprinted by eclipse press in 2006 ) .\nduring the next season , bold ruler won the toboggan handicap and the carter handicap , carrying 133 pounds in each , before he met gallant man in the metropolitan mile . bold ruler , giving up five pounds , ran second , and was forced to redeem himself with a five length victory in the stymie handicap . then , in his greatest effort , the brave\nafter race at killarney tue , 12th jul , 2016 ( 1st ) leigh seemed to use his head and gave him a very good ride and the horse seemed to put his head down and try there . p twomey\none major type of thoroughbred horse race is the handicap race , in which the weights horses must carry during a race are adjusted in relation to their age ( the more immature the horse , the less weight it carries ) . in this system , a two - year - old , the youngest racer , competes with less weight to carry than a horse that is three years or older . in general , a horse is reckoned as being fully aged at five years and is handicapped accordingly . there are also sex allowances for fillies , so that they carry slightly lower weights than males . weight penalties or allowances are also provided on the basis of individual horses\u2019 past performance . such handicaps may be set centrally where racing is so controlled or by individual tracks , the goal being to render all horses as nearly equal as possible by establishing what is called racing form . the handicap race thus represents an outright repudiation of the classic concept that the best horse should win . instead , handicaps are assigned with the specific objective of giving all the horses in a race an equal chance of winning .\nhowever , it is appropriate to charge the trainer with breaches of the rules related to medication records and conduct prejudicial to horse racing related to these horses , and therefore the trainer now faces 15 counts of these charges .\nthe bha said there has only been one other case of anabolic steroids being found in a tested horse in recent years , which was when british trainer howard johnson allowed horses to run under the substances in 2008 and 2009 .\nthere has been no shortage of compelling horse racing storylines in recent years but patch could top them all when the one - eyed underdog sets off in the kentucky derby for the first leg of us thoroughbred racing\u2019s triple crown .\nthey love it and every horse here has the ultimate care . they get the best feed , best attention , fantastic stables and facilities , best land in the world to graze on ,\nadds o ' loughlin .\nit has been named champion british owner eight times , including last year , while dubai ruler sheikh mohammed and his family have also taken the title on multiple occasions going back to the 1980s .\n' ' the horse had injury problems in the past after he had troubles with a suspensory ligament , but this time i just thought i ' ll ease him up and send him to the paddock , ' ' he said .\nbold ruler ' s owner , mrs . gladys mills phipps of the wheatley stable , was one of the most successful owners of thoroughbreds in the nation . her horses were trained by the great sunny jim fitzsimmons , who had conditioned the only sire - son triple crown winners , gallant fox and his son omaha , for the belair stud . mrs . phipps kept her stallions and broodmares at claiborne farm , which was owned and run by her close friend bull hancock . bold ruler was by * nasrullah , a european champion at two and a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic . his dam was miss disco , a stakes winning daughter of the leading broodmare sire in america , 1935 horse of the year discovery . in fact , the horse of the year in 1954 was native dancer , who was out of the discovery mare geisha .\nonce the penny dropped ruler of the world showed a good turn of foot to wear down manalapan in the three - year - old maiden and give aidan and joseph o\u2019brien a double at the curragh .\nunlike the bevy of blue - blooded gallopers entering australia\u2019s stallion ranks this season , jungle ruler never won a group 1 race . in fact , he never won a black - type race full stop .\nin the next of the classics it was a different story . at pimlico , bold ruler beat the kentucky derby winner and won the preakness stakes by two lengths . then came the belmont stakes , where gallant man avenged his own derby loss by winning in 2 : 26 3 / 5 . bold ruler ran a game third , and it was later discovered that the effort had strained his heart muscle .\nfederal hill gained the lead at the break , and held it until the top of the stretch , where iron leige took over . federal hill faded to fifth , passed by round table and bold ruler as gallant man moved past iron leige . then came the famous incident in which bill shoemaker misjudged the churchill downs finish line and began to rise in the stirrups . he realized his error instantly , but it was too late . he threw off gallant man ' s momentum just enough for iron leige to nose them out . bold ruler was fourth behind round table , the horse foaled only a half hour before him in the broodmare barn at claiborne .\nwhile he may not have the glamorous cv some of his hunter valley counterparts boast , bruechert said that as a victorian stallion , jungle ruler\u2019s vobis eligibility gave him an edge on his new south wales counterparts .\nemployed by the ruler of dubai ' s prestigious godolphin operation - - sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum - - trainer mahmood al zarooni has been summoned to attend a disciplinary hearing in central london on thursday .\nthere ' s excitement and nerves in the air . o ' brien , whose four derby winners include last year ' s hero ruler of the world , has indicated australia is the best he has trained .\nthe third traditional sport , horse racing , is in many ways the most exciting . young boys and girls race cross - country over various distances up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) , depending on the ages of their mares and geldings . \u2026\nwhen x - rays were taken , it was discovered that bold ruler had been running with a two and a half inch bone splinter lodged in his tendon , and had probably been in a great deal of pain for some time . he had also suffered arthritis , nerve problems , torn back muscles , and a heart problem during his career . when the bone splinter was detected , the game horse was sent back to his birthplace to begin his stud career .\nbold ruler led the american general sire list eight times ( 1963 - 1969 and 1973 ) , more than any other stallion in the 20th century ; he also led the juvenile sire list a record six times .\n. horse racing , both of chariots and of mounted riders , was a well - organized public entertainment in the roman empire . the history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established . presumably , organized racing began in such countries as\nas you approach the stud from the small nearby town of fethard , the hedges begin to take on a more manicured look . the navy blue branding of the coolmore empire is everywhere - from the staff ' s jackets to the horse lorries and water buckets .\nruler of france showed no ills effects of his defeat at killarney yesterday when winning the the celtic steps the show at killarney racecourse rated race at killarney today , under an enterprising front - running ride from jockey leigh roche .\nconnor king continues to chip away through his claim and the former champion apprentice moved to within seven winners of that 95 winners mark when steering the paddy twomey trained ruler of france to win the leopardstown handicap at leopardstown today .\nonce upon a time there was a brave young prince named bold ruler , who became the greatest stallion of his time . he led the american sire lists for eight years in the 1960s and \u201970s , and his sons and grandsons dominated until new fashion pushed them aside . with the rise of a . p . indy as a sire of sires , this male line has rebounded after four generations , but bold ruler survived in other important ways .\nbold ruler pops up in other prominent spots , too . besides bold reasoning , boldnesian sired canadian leading sire bold ruckus , as well as the dams of smile and skywalker . raja baba got is it true , who sired\nmrs . phipps was out at the gap to get him [ bold ruler ] and lead him down that silly victory lane they had there . and she must have weighed all of ninety pounds , and here is this big young stud horse - and she walked right up to him and held out her hand , and he just settled right down and dropped his head so she could get ahold of the chin strap , and bold ruler just walked like an old cow along that lane and she wasn ' t putting any pressure on him to quiet him down or make him be still . it was one of the most amazing sights i ' ve ever seen . it was incredible to me because anyone else reaching for that horse - and he was hot ! - you ' d have had to snatch him or he ' d throw you off your feet or step all over you . but not with her . for her he was just a real chivalrous prince of a colt . he came back to her and stopped all the monkeyshines , ducked down his head and held out his chin , and here was this little old lady with a big young stud horse on the other end and he was just as gentle as he could be .\nsundridge . he is a full brother to stakes winner nasco and the good steeplechaser independence . bold ruler ' s half sister foolish one ( by tom fool ) is the second dam of 1982 st . leger stakes ( eng -\nbold ruler died of a tumor on june 12 , 1971 , after cancer treatments failed , and was buried near nasrullah and miss disco in the claiborne farm cemetery . his obituary began\nthe king is dead . . .\nbold ruler is one of 205 stallions whose accomplishments at stud are profiled in great thoroughbred sires of the world ( 2006 , the australian bloodhorse review ) , a massive reference work written by jennifer churchill , andrew reichard and byron rogers .\nin which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management . the pari - mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator , a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools . it displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools . the customary pools are win , place , and show , and there are such specialty wagers as the\nwinning racehorses has always been best expressed as \u201cbreed the best to the best and hope for the best . \u201d the performance of a breeding horse\u2019s progeny is the real test , but , for horses untried at stud , the qualifications are pedigree , racing ability , and physical conformation . what breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses . if , for example , one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed , interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring .\nthe same historical progression was followed for wagers , with the bets in early ( two - horse ) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses ( win , place , and show ) . from private bets , wagering was extended in the 19th century to\n\u2026against children , were replaced by horse races in which fleeter steeds were handicapped , a notion of equality that led eventually to age and weight classes ( though not to height classes ) in many modern sports . although the traditional sport of boxing flourished throughout the 18th century , it was not until 1743\u2026\nstallion groom robert broderick says :\ngalileo is a very quiet horse , he ' s very easy to handle . he ' s very professional in his job - that ' s what makes him so good in my eyes . he ' s just a gentleman to have anything to do with .\nbold ruler was the sixth and last of jockey eddie arcaro ' s record six preakness stakes winners . the others were whirlaway ( 1941 ) , citation ( 1948 ) , hill prince ( 1950 ) , bold ( 1951 ) and nashua ( 1955 ) .\nnow , however , there are indications that bold ruler ' s successor as a sire may have arrived in the form of a great - grandson who brought a bid of only $ 17 , 000 when sold as a yearling in 1975 . outstanding racing career\nit was a case of d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu as ruler of france repeated the front running tactics that carried him to a narrow success at killarney last week when again coming out on the right side of a short - head verdict in the featured urltoken handicap at ballinrobe .\nowner : wheatley stable breeder : wheatley stable winnings : 33 starts : 23 - 4 - 2 , $ 764 , 204 futurity stakes , preakness stakes , bahamas stakes , flamingo stakes , wood memorial , queens county handicap , stymie handicap , carter handicap , suburban handicap , toboggan handicap . u . s . 3 - yr - old champion male ( 1957 ) u . s . horse of the year ( 1957 ) u . s . champion sprint horse ( 1958 ) leading sire in north america ( 1963 - 1969 , 1973 ) u . s . racing hall of fame ( 1973 ) . ( close )\nduring bold ruler ' s first two years of life , he developed a reputation for being accident prone , and bull hancock had such a hard time keeping him in good condition that he was kept in a back paddock so that farm visitors wouldn ' t see him . as a yearling , bold ruler came close to losing his tongue in a barn accident , and as a result , he always had a sensitive mouth . not long after that , he just missed breaking a leg in a tangle with a water trough .\nhe was built similarly to his sire , being a big , leggy horse , standing 16 . 1 hands with a great shoulder , powerful hindquarter , and a distinctive long , sloping hip going down to a straight hind leg . this conformation still appears in the gene pool , especially through the seattle slew line .\na champion horse can earn millions in prize money . but that ' s nothing compared with what it can make at stud . as sea the stars - one of the greatest thoroughbreds of all time - retires at the peak of his career to an irish stud farm , what does the future hold for him ?\njack kennedy had some formidable forces in the saddle in conor hoban and sean corby chasing him down , but the kerry teenager again displayed his strength and skill to get ruler of france home by a head and a neck in the urltoken kateappleby apprentice handicap at ballinrobe .\na . p . indy was a suitable scion to bold ruler , being inbred 4x3 to him through boldnesian and secretariat . secretariat wasn\u2019t such a genetic dud after all , becoming a vastly influential broodmare sire through a . p . indy , storm cat , gone west ,\nso while a . p . indy brings this male line back to prominence , it doesn\u2019t mean that bold ruler\u2019s influence was nearly extinct . his great genes were weaving their way down through the generations , passing on the brilliant speed and gameness that make a true thoroughbred .\nnotable are the horse - racing venues at laurel , bowie , and pimlico , the latter the home of the annual preakness stakes ( may ) . baltimore has a professional baseball team , the orioles , and gridiron football team , the ravens . restaurants present a plethora of cuisines , but the traditional gastronomy of maryland tends to\u2026\ncolor : br ( usa ) breeder / owner : wheatley stable 33 - 23 - 4 - 2 , $ 764 , 204 . won : futurity stakes , preakness stakes , bahamas stakes , flamingo stakes , wood memorial , queens county handicap , stymie handicap , carter handicap , suburban handicap , toboggan handicap . u . s . 3 - yr - old champion male ( 1957 ) , u . s . horse of the year ( 1957 ) , u . s . champion sprint horse ( 1958 ) , leading sire in north america ( 1963 - 1969 , 1973 ) u . s . racing hall of fame ( 1973 ) ( close )\nbold ruler made his first season in 1959 at claiborne alongside nasrullah , who died that may . he was an immediate success , topping the leading sire list first in 1963 , through 1969 , and picking it up again in 1973 when his son secretariat won the triple crown .\nafter a brief fertility scare , secretariat produced a first crop of 28 foals . he got off to a good start when his first crop included the g1 winner dactylographer ( william hill futurity ) . secretariat\u2019s 16 crops included 22 graded winners , including champions risen star ( belmont stakes ) and lady\u2019s secret ( horse of the year ) .\nthe group of three year olds that were aimed at the kentucky derby in 1957 are considered to be one of the most talented group of colts in modern history . they included gallant man , gen . duke , bold ruler , round table , clem , barbizon , and federal hill .\nnamed foals . he was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that did not train on or stay despite siring bold bidder , gamely , lamb chop , secretariat and wajima , all champions at 3 or older and all winners of major races at 1\u00bc miles or more . bold ruler is a\nfusaichi ruler ( usa ) gr / r . c , 2003 { 4 - r } dp = 13 - 4 - 17 - 0 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 88 - 0 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : unraced\nsome of bold ruler ' s other sons , notably bold bidder , raja baba and what a pleasure , have been outstanding sires , but have fallen short of capturing all the brilliance and dominating influence of their father , whose offspring made him the leading sire in the country eight times between 1963 and 1973 .\nyou can pick the bold rulers out on their conformation . i see the same musculature as nasrullah . they all had an extra layer of muscle beside their tail running down to their hocks . it is a good sign when you see it in a bold ruler . it means strength and speed .\nroad ruler ( usa ) gr . h , 2002 { 1 - x } dp = 5 - 8 - 6 - 3 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 2 . 00 cd = 0 . 46 - 15 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 81 , 596\nlegondary ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . m , 1998 { 11 } dp = 10 - 5 - 15 - 0 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 83 - 9 starts , 1 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 5 , 050\nuniversal ruler ( aus ) b . h , 2004 { 3 - i } dp = 6 - 0 - 7 - 5 - 0 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 12 cd = 0 . 39 - 12 starts , 6 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : a $ 306 , 950\nbold ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1954 { 8 - d } dp = 26 - 8 - 8 - 11 - 1 ( 54 ) di = 2 . 38 cd = 0 . 87 - 33 starts , 23 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 764 , 204\nunfortunately , none of these grandsons made a strong mark at stud , and their role was taken over by raise a native\u2019s sons mr . prospector and exclusive native , and others . nothing did more to push bold ruler\u2019s male line out of favor than the stud career of secretariat , which was below his lofty expectations .\nalomas ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1979 { 9 - h } dp = 13 - 10 - 6 - 1 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 6 . 50 cd = 1 . 17 - 13 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 498 , 883\nit is a depressing town in many ways , where stable staff on the minimum wage service horses worth hundreds of thousands for men ( and i suppose a few women ) worth millions , or billions in the case of sheikh mohammed , ruler of dubai . in one sense , he is ruler of newmarket , too , with his vast darley stud farm and clutch of subsidiary studs , stretching across 2 , 000 - plus acres . he has just spent \u00a3600 , 000 on a new cricket pavilion close to the gallops , and his subjects are grateful . without sheikh mo ' s millions , newmarket would be far more bedraggled than it is .\nin 2007 and 2008 , suspensory ligament problems thwarted the stayer from winning the cox plate . pompeii ruler ran third to fields of omagh in the 2006 cox plate and went on to win twice at group 1 level , in the 2007 australian cup , run that year at caulfield , and the 2009 queen elizabeth stakes at randwick .\nroman ruler ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 2002 { 8 - h } dp = 12 - 7 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 4 . 45 cd = 1 . 03 - 10 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 220 , 800\nclassic sire roman ruler died in argentina on monday , reports urltoken . the 15 - year - old from the first crop of fusaichi pegasus developed laminitis after severe colic , and was unable to be saved . the grade 1 haskell winner had stood at haras vacacion in buenos aires since 2015 , resultant of his success as a shuttle stallion in that country .\nthe winner with a dramatic finish was ruler of the world , a half - brother to the international racing star duke of marmalade ( by danehill ) , who won g1 races in england , france , and ireland . he comes from a top - class family made famous at lane ' s end by leading sires a . p . indy and summer squall .\nthe line faded with one major exception . in 1977 boldnesian\u2019s grandson seattle slew , by bold reasoning , won the triple crown and went on to sire greatness . he led the sire list in 1984 , when his son swale won the derby and belmont . in 1992 his son a . p . indy was horse of the year and reigned as leading sire in 2003 and \u201906 . a . p . indy\u2019s top sons and grandsons include\nhat an odd town newmarket is . a town that runs on expensive horseflesh and cheap alcohol . a town of nightclubs and early - morning gallops , with the same very thin men sometimes managing to attend both .\na one - horse town with 3 , 000 horses ,\nas residents like to say . and certainly the only place where i have ever seen , in a bookshop in the high street , a calendar devoted to ferrets .\nas racing became big business , governments entered wagering with offtrack betting , which was very beneficial to racing in australia , new zealand , and france and less so in england and new york city . in the united states , illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime . legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing\u2019s popularity .\nhis first crop of offspring are 2 - year - olds this year . only eight of them have raced , but they have earned more than $ 650 , 000 , getting seattle slew off to the richest start of any first - crop sire in thoroughbed history . three of them - landaluce , slewpy and slew o ' gold - have prompted these early comparisons to bold ruler .\nbold ruler stands at the head of one of two three - generation chains of preakness stakes winners in american racing history . after winning the preakness in 1957 , he sired 1973 winner secretariat , who in turn sired 1988 winner risen star . the other such chain begins with 1945 preakness winner polynesian , who sired 1953 winner native dancer , in turn the sire of 1966 winner kauai king .\n7 . contrary to popular myth , catherine died a fairly mundane , uneventful death . given the empress\u2019 shocking reputation , it\u2019s perhaps not surprising that gossip followed her wherever she went , even to the grave . after her death on november 17 , 1796 , her enemies at court began spreading various rumors about catherine\u2019s final days . some claimed that the all - powerful ruler had died while on the toilet . others took their lurid storytelling even further , perpetuating a myth that has endured for centuries : that catherine , whose lustful life was an open secret , had died while engaging in a sex act with an animal , usually believed to be a horse . of course , there is no truth to this rumor . though her enemies would have hoped for a scandalous end , the simple truth is that catherine suffered a stroke and died quietly in her bed the following day ."]}
{"id": 1718, "summary": [{"text": "the lipstick darter ( etheostoma chuckwachatte ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states , where it occurs in the tallapoosa river drainage above the fall line in alabama and georgia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it inhabits rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "lipstick darter", "paragraphs": ["this darter occurs throughout the tallapoosa river system above the fall line in alabama and georgia ( wood and mayden 1993 , storey et al . 2003 , boschung and mayden 2004 , page and burr 2011 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 sq km , but listed as least concern because the species occurs in more than 10 locations , does not have a severely fragmented distribution , and appears to have a relatively stable trend .\nhabitat includes rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) . adults typically occur in riffles and shallow runs of medium - sized to large streams with moderate to strong current and substrates of sand , gravel , cobble , and boulders , often where river - weed and water - willow are present ( wood and mayden 1993 , boschung and mayden 2004 ) . in georgia , storey et al . ( 2003 ) found this species in third to fifth order streams .\nthis species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on trend .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content ."]}
{"id": 1735, "summary": [{"text": "the scaly-sided merganser or chinese merganser ( mergus squamatus ) is an endangered typical merganser ( genus mergus ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it lives in temperate east asia , breeding in the north and wintering in the south . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "scaly - sided merganser", "paragraphs": ["scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) or chinese merganser bird flapping its wings .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) yet .\ns1 dataset . historical occurrence dataset for wintering scaly - sided merganser in china .\nsummary of selected candidate predictor variables and their relevance to scaly - sided merganser .\nzhengjie z , zhengjie p . the foraging behaviour of the scaly - sided merganser\nresponse curves of environmental variables with highest contribution to occurrence of scaly - sided merganser .\nbirdskorea ( 2013 ) scaly - sided merganser in the republic of korea . available :\nscaly - sided merganser , daily travel distance , mergus squamatus , daily home range , group characteristics .\neast asian - australasian flyway partnership . 2016 . scaly - sided merganser task force . available at : urltoken\ndistribution of scaly - sided merganser flocks and gravel bar patches in the 36 km river section of the lower yuanjiang river .\ngenetic diversity of the endangered scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) in the wintering habitat of central - southern china .\nsurveys in main rivers in distribution areas and population density of scaly - sided mergansers .\n> 0 . 05 ) of scaly - sided merganser among forenoon , noon and afternoon during overall wintering period . in addition , no significant differences were found in the travel distance and home range of scaly - sided merganser among forenoon ( f = 2 . 489 ,\nsince 2000 , wildlife biologists from russia and china have been studying the globally endangered scaly - sided merganser . this species has limited distribution and is found exclusively in isolated areas of russia , china , and korea . the decline of the worldwide population of the scaly - sided merganser and concern for its survival led to the formation of the scaly - sided merganser task force , dedicated to the conservation of the species .\nshokhrin v , solovyeva d ( 2003 ) scaly - sided merganser breeding population increase in far east russia . twsg news 14 : 43\u201351 .\nfenqi h , jiansheng l , bin y , hangdong j , haohui z . current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser\ncranswick , p . 2010 . conservation of the scaly - sided merganser in far east russia . wwt conservation report 2008 - 2009 : 33 .\nsolovyera , d . 2013 . real stories of poaching of the scaly - sided merganser . twsg news 16 , december : 38 - 39 .\ngenetic diversity of the endangered scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) in the wintering habitat of central - southern china . - pubmed - ncbi\nscaly - sided merganser is an endangered species and existing populations contain few individuals . therefore , using launchers to measure the home range of this species involves a high risk to these populations . scaly - sided merganser has a relatively small home range during the entire wintering period , so this provides an opportunity to monitor the travel distance and home range of these birds without using launchers . the overall home range of scaly - sided merganser was about 0 . 2 km\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - various stages of scaly - sided merganser chick development\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - various stages of scaly - sided merganser chick development\ntitle =\narkive video - various stages of scaly - sided merganser chick development\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ntime budgets provide important information for the study of animal behavior . the present study analyzed the daily travel distance , home range and group characteristics of scaly - sided merganser\nshao m , zeng b , tim h , chen l , you c , et al . ( 2012 ) winter ecology and conservation threats of scaly - sided merganser\nzhiru w , jihong s , yankuo l , xiaobin t , daojiang j , et al . ( 2010 ) wintering distribution and population size of scaly - sided merganser\nshao m , zeng b , tim h , chen l , you c , wang h , et al . winter ecology and conservation threats of scaly - sided merganser\nsolovyeva d . foraging behaviour and daily time budget of scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus breeding on iman river , russia . wildfowl . 2002 ; 53 : 205\u201314 .\nthe globally - threatened scaly - sided merganser is one of the rarest seaducks in the old world , found in remote parts of far - east russia and china .\nsolovyeva dv , liu p , antonov ai , averin aa , pronkevich vv , et al . ( 2014 ) the population size and breeding range of the scaly - sided merganser\nsolovyeva dv , liu p , antonov ai , averin aa , pronkevich vv , shokhrin vp , et al . the population size and breeding range of the scaly - sided merganser\nthe average daily travel distance of scaly - sided merganser was 3100 \u00b1 1313 m with no significant difference in the daily travel distance between different months ( f = 0 . 658 ,\nsolovieva d , shokhrin v , vartanyan s , dondua a , vartanyan n ( 2006 ) scaly - sided merganser surveys in primorye , russia , 2003\u201305 . twsg news 15 : 60\u201369 .\n. the sex ratio of scaly - sided merganser was also different in different months . the sex ratio we observed in february was similar to the results reported as 1 : 0 . 61 by\nthe map of potential habitat shows that highly suitable habitats for scaly - side merganser are located in the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river ( fig . 2 ) , especially in jiangxi , hunan and hubei provinces . sichuan , chongqing , and henan province also have areas of high importance for scaly - sided merganser .\nliu , y . , yang , z . j . , zuo , b . and yi , g . d . , 2008 . wintering distribution and population size of scaly - sided merganser (\nhe fq , melville d , gui xj , hong yh , liu zy ( 2002 ) status of the scaly - sided merganser wintering in mainland china in the 1990s . waterbirds 25 : 462\u2013464 .\nlarge flocks of scaly - sided merganser were less frequently observed than small flocks . being in small flocks may reduce competition among individuals and ensure that every individual acquires the largest possible benefit from flocking behavior (\nshao , m . q . , shi , w . j . , zeng , b . b . and jiang , j . h . , 2014 . diving behavior of scaly - sided merganser ,\nthe scaly - sided merganser usually forages in small groups of up to three birds and feeds on small fish as well as insect larvae , shrimps , crayfish and beetles , taken from the river ( 5 ) .\nsolovyeva dv , afanasiev v , fox jw , shokhrin v , fox ad ( 2012 ) use of geolocators reveals previously unknown chinese and korean scaly - sided merganser wintering sites . endangered species research 17 : 217\u2013225 .\nsolovyeva , d . , vartanyan , s . , & vartanyan , n . 2013 . artificial nest sites for scaly - sided merganser \u2013 a way to breeding habitat restoration . amurian zoological journal 5 : 201\u2013207 .\n) . in recent years , the population of scaly - sided merganser has shown obvious declines caused by very high levels of habitat loss . currently , the breeding population in china is estimated to be only 200\u2013250 pairs (\nfenqi h , jiansheng l , bin y , hangdong j , haohui z ( 2006 ) current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus in china . chinese journal of zoology 41 : 52\u201356 .\nhe f , melville d , gui x , hong y , liu z . status of the scaly - sided merganser wintering in mainland china in the 1990s . waterbirds . 2002 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 462\u201364 .\nwe observed the endangered duck persistently preferred some river sections over others within the same river reach in its known wintering distribution [ 14 ] . the study is therefore designed to investigate why scaly - sided mergansers choose particular habitats , and aims to test the hypotheses that more gravel bars support high occurrence probability of scaly - sided merganser , and that occurrence probability is also influenced by human disturbance .\nbarter m , zhuang x , wang x , cao l , lei j , et al . ( 2014 ) abundance and distribution of wintering scaly - sided mergansers\nbarter m , zhuang x , wang x , cao l , lei j , solovyeva d , et al . abundance and distribution of wintering scaly - sided mergansers\n) , which could markedly reduce foraging time . to meet daily energy requirements , scaly - sided merganser has to fly to areas where there is less human activity , which unavoidably leads to longer flushing distances , daily travel distances and home ranges (\nthe red dots indicate 127 scaly - sided merganser flocks recorded over three winters . green points represent houses along the river within a 50 m buffer zone . areas in dark grey are gravel bars in river and area in light grey are islands .\nhe , f . q . , li , j . s . , yang , b . , jiang , h . d . and zhang , h . h . , 2006 . current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser (\nsolovyeva , d . v . and pearce , j . m . 2011 . comparative mitochondrial genetics of north american and eurasian mergansers with an emphasis on the endangered scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) . conservation genetics 12 : 839 - 844 .\nsolovyeva , d . ; shokhrin , v . ; vartanyan , s . ; dondua , a . ; vartanyan , n . 2006 . scaly - sided merganser surveys in primorye , russia , 2003 - 05 . twsg news : 60 - 69 .\nsolovyeva , d . v . , afanasiev , v . , fox , j . w . , shokhrin , v . and fox , a . d . in press . previously unknown chinese and korean scaly - sided merganser wintering sites revealed by geolocators .\npartnership for the east asian - australasian flyway . 2008 . scaly - sided merganser . available at : file : / / / w : / 3 % 20species % 20new % 20info / mergus % 20squamatus / mergus % 20squamatus % 20eaafp % 20mar13 . htm .\nduckworth , j . & kim c . scaly - sided mergansers mergus squamatus on the lower chongchon river , central korea . wildfowl ( 2005 ) 55 : 135 - 144 .\nduckworth , j . w . ; kim chol . 2005 . scaly - sided mergansers mergus squamatus on the lower chongchon river , central korea . wildfowl 55 : 133 - 141 .\ncitation : zeng q , zhang y , sun g , duo h , wen l , lei g ( 2015 ) using species distribution model to estimate the wintering population size of the endangered scaly - sided merganser in china . plos one 10 ( 2 ) : e0117307 . urltoken\n] , length was considered to the most suitable to calculate population density for rivers . we estimated the potential scaly - sided merganser population by projecting these observed population densities in the main known habitat , the middle reaches of yangtze river with reference to the entire modelled distribution area [\nzeng q , zhang y , sun g , duo h , wen l , lei g . using species distribution model to estimate the wintering population size of the endangered scaly - sided merganser in china . plos one 2015 ; 10 ( 2 ) : e0117307 . pmid : 25646969\n) . throughout the day , the group size of scaly - sided merganser showed extremely significant differences , which were inseparable from its ecological habits , such as dispersed foraging , collective maintenance and rest . scaly - sided merganser was found foraging in small dispersed flocks at 7 : 00\u20139 : 00 . large flocks were recorded while resting and loafing at 12 : 00\u201313 : 00 and 16 : 00\u201317 : 00 . foraging in small flocks can reduce the competition among different individuals . and rest in large flocks can reduce the alert time and the probability to be predated (\ncitation : zeng q , shi l , wen l , chen j , duo h , lei g ( 2015 ) gravel bars can be critical for biodiversity conservation : a case study on scaly - sided merganser in south china . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0127387 . urltoken\nhe fen - qi . ; melville , d . ; gui xau - jie . ; hong yuan - hua . ; liu , zhi - yong . 2002 . status of the scaly - sided merganser wintering in mainland china in the 1990s . waterbirds 25 : 462 - 464 .\nzeng , q . , zhang , j . , li , h . , lu , k . , and lei , g . 2013 . the first record of a ringed scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus at a wintering site in southern china . birdingasia 19 : 57 - 58 .\n: scaly - sided merganser , scimitar babblers , short - tailed parrotbill , dusky fulvetta , chinese bamboo partridge , and other forest birds including pied falconet , red - billed leiothrix , red - billed starling , red - billed blue magpie , chestnut bulbul , grey - headed parrotbill etc .\nrecent phylogenetic study found this species to be basal to m . merganser # r . monotypic .\n. 2015 ) . the scaly - sided merganser project has been running in primorye since 2000 and has collated information on the threats facing the species ( solovyera 2013 ) . in 2010 a task force was formed to develop a species action plan ( east asian - australasian flyway partnership 2016 ) .\nin yihuang and wuyuan counties , jiangxi province , china , from december 2012 to march 2013 and december 2015 to march 2016 . results showed that the daily travel distance of scaly - sided merganser was 3100 \u00b1 1313 m ; the daily home range was 122 , 460 \u00b1 42 , 019 m\nzeng , q . , zhang , y . , sun , g . , duo , h . , wen , l . and lei , g . 2015 . using species distribution model to estimate the wintering population size of the endangered scaly - sided merganser in china . plos one 10 : e0117307 .\na total of 456 flocks of scaly - sided merganser were recorded between december 2012 and march 2013 . the average group size was 3 . 91 \u00b1 2 . 94 individuals and highly significant differences were found in group size between different times of day ( kruskal - wallis h : f = 25 . 540 ,\npeiqi liu ; feng li ; huidong song ; qiang wang ; yuwen song ; yusen liu ; zhengji piao . 2010 . a survey to the distribution of the scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) in changbai mountain range ( china side ) . chinese birds 1 ( 2 ) : 148 - 155 .\ncao , l . and barter , m . 2008 . non - breeding season survey for scaly - sided mergansers in fujian , guangdong and jiangxi provinces . university of science and technology of china , hefei .\nclassed as endangered on the iucn red list owing to its small and declining population , the scaly - sided merganser breeds in a restricted area in southeast russia and northeast china , primarily in the primorye region of far - east russia . it winters in china and north korea , although its distribution is poorly known .\nsolovyeva , d . , newton , j . , hobson , k . , fox , j . w . , afanasyev , v . and fox , a . d . 2014b . marine moult migration of the freshwater scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus revealed by stable isotopes and geolocators . ibis 156 : 466\u2013471 .\nfen - qi , h . , jian - sheng , l . , bin , y . , hang - dong , j . and ho - fai , c . 2006 . current distribution and status of the wintering scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus in china . chinese journal of zoology 41 : 52 - 56 .\n) . however , we did not find any data on daily travel distance and home range for this endangered species . thus , the objective of this study was to analyze the daily travel distance , home range and grouping characteristics of scaly - sided merganser in yihuang and wuyuan counties , jiangxi , china for future conservation efforts .\nduring the whole 24 surveys ( 2011\u20132013 ) , we counted 514 scaly - sided mergansers , belonging to 127 flocks in total ( fig 2 ) . the number of individual in a flock varied from 1 to 20 .\nwhen the group was encountered we also record their sex composition . before sexual maturity a male scaly - sided merganser cannot be differentiated from a mature female in the field . therefore , birds recorded as \u201cfemale\u201d in this paper actually include females and juveniles and the sex ratio was the ratio of ( females + juveniles ) to males (\ncao , l . & barter , m . 2013 . non - breeding season surveys for scaly - sided mergansers in anhui , fujian , guangdong and jiangxi provinces , china . twsg news 16 december : 35 - 37 .\nchinese merganser ( mergus squamatus ) . it lives in east asia , status - this species is considered endangered .\nthe occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser had significantly positive relationship with contig _ am . the significantly positive relationship was consistence across all the plausible glms although their estimation varied ( i . e . the coefficients are 1 . 09 , 4 . 11 , 3 . 55 , and 3 . 26 for models 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 respectively , table 3 ) . the significant level of positive relationship between scaly - sided merganser presence and contig _ am was verified by bayesian inference ( i . e . the 95 % intervals were all positive and 0 was not included , table 3 and fig 4 ) . the mcmc estimates were consistently higher across the models ( table 3 ) .\nshao , m . q . , zhang , r . , dai , n . h . , guo , y . r . , gan , w . l . , tong , l . f . , jian , m . f . and tu , y . l . , 2010 . preliminary study on behaviors of wintering scaly - sided merganser .\n> 0 . 05 ) . the significant correlation between daily home range and daily minimum temperature may be related to energy requirements or prey activities . the average group size of the scaly - sided merganser was 3 . 91 \u00b1 2 . 94 individuals , and extremely significant differences existed at different time of day ( f = 25 . 540 , df = 11 ,\nstudies suggested that 500 individuals were required to maintain the evolutionary potential of the species [ 4 , 63 ] and an overall population of 5 , 000 individuals would be required to prevent the loss of quantitative genetic variation in a species [ 64 ] . thus , our findings indicated that the scaly - sided merganser was still endangered and the survival of the species requires conservation efforts on an international scale .\nthe scaly - sided merganser breeds in south - east russia , north korea and north - east china . some birds spend the winter in south - east russia , but most are thought to winter in central and southern china . small numbers winter in japan , north korea , south korea and taiwan ( china ) , and a handful of records exist from myanmar , thailand and northern vietnam ( 5 ) .\nthe partial response curves of the four highly influential variables were presented in fig . 4 . the strong non - linear relationships between the probability of scaly - side merganser occurrence and predictor variables are evident . the most suitable habitat for scaly - side mergansers are areas with annual mean temperature around 17\u00b0c , mean temperature in winter around 6\u00b0c minimum temperature in coldest month around 2\u00b0c , and winter precipitation around 170 mm .\nwang , z . r . , shan , j . h . , li , y . k . , tu , x . b . , jia , d . j . , hao , y . , song , y . z . , ying , q . , sun , z . y . and zhao , j . , 2010 . winter population status and endangered factors of scaly - sided merganser (\nsolovyeva , d . v . , liu , p . , antonov , a . i . , averin , a . a . , pronkevich , v . v . , shokhrin , v . p . , vartanyan , s . l . and cranswick , p . a . 2014 . the population size and breeding range of the scaly - sided merganser mergus squamatus . bird conserv . int . 24 : 393 - 405 .\ncarboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . scaly - sided merganser ( mergus squamatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nannual mean temperature , mean temperature of coldest quarter , minimum temperature of coldest month and precipitation of driest quarter are the most important variables in the scaly - sided mergansers occurrence ( fig . 3 ) . stream density , human influence and land cover are factors of lesser importance ( fig . 3 ) .\nthe occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser was significantly negatively affected by bld , and this was consistent for both the glm estimates ( table 3 ) and the bayesian inferred posterior density distribution ( table 3 and fig 4b ) . in addition , the glm estimation of - 2 . 02 was close the medium of - 2 . 88 from mcmc posterior sampling for the model which included bld as main factor only ( i . e . model 2 ) .\ntitman , r . d . ( 1999 ) red - breasted merganser ( mergus serrator ) . cornell lab of ornithology . birds of north america online .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - red - breasted merganser ( mergus serrator )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - red - breasted merganser ( mergus serrator )\ntitle =\narkive species - red - breasted merganser ( mergus serrator )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbased on the fitted glms , para _ am negatively affects the occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser although the coefficient in model 2 and model 4 was considerably higher than in model 3 . furthermore , the bayesian estimates were higher for models 2 and 4 , but lower for model 3 . in addition , the 95 % intervals included 0 for model 3 and 4 ( table 3 ) although the distribution density was heavily skewed to the left ( negative ) ( fig 4 ) .\nfood selection , food - seeking patterns and hunting success of captive goosanders mergus merganser and red - breasted mergansers m . serrator in relation to the behaviour of their prey\nlarger gravel bars could improve the function of river section as possible roosting sites . the incessant , strongly turbulent flow requires strong rooting to resist , or significant expenditure of energy to withstand [ 32 ] . scaly - sided merganser uses gravel bars to roost and preen , which could minimize the necessary expenditure of energy to maintain position for other activities such as feeding and social interaction . these resting and maintenance behaviors could account for 39 % and 24 % of time budget in male and female during days [ 13 ] .\nthe posterior mcmc showed a strong positive relationship between np and the occurrence of the scaly - sided merganser ( fig 4d and table 3 ) . the coefficient was 1 . 85 and 4 . 83 based on glm and bayesian estimation , respectively . for nlsi , although the glm indicated a significantly positive effect , the bayesian posterior inference was not conclusive ( table 3 ) : the 95 % internals were - 0 . 94 and 1 . 72 , and the distribution density was slightly skewed to the positive range ( fig 4c ) .\nbarter , m . , zhuang , x . , wang , x . , cao , l . , lei , j . , solovyeva , d . , and fox , a . d . abundance and distribution of wintering scaly - sided mergansers mergus squamatus in china : where are the missing birds ? bird conserv . int . 24 : 406 - 415 .\na specific threshold is needed to transform the model results of logistic occurrence probabilities or suitability index to presences / absences [ 35 ] . however , the fixed threshold approach ( e . g . 0 . 5 [ 36 ] , 0 . 3 [ 37 ] , 0 . 05 [ 38 ] ) is arbitrary and lacks ecological basis [ 39 ] . average predicted probability was used as it is considered a more robust approach [ 40 ] . areas with an occurrence probability above the threshold are regarded as modelled distribution areas for scaly - sided merganser .\nyu chang - hao ; sun zhi - yong ; wang zhi - ru . 2008 . winter distribution of chinese merganser in jiangxi . china crane news 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36 .\nfield data were collected in three winters ( 2010 / 2011 , 2011 / 2012 , 2012 / 2013 ) when scaly - sided mergansers arrived for wintering . winter is the low water season , and the river is very stable in terms of water level fluctuation . field survey were conducted every second week from november to february ( when the bird population was relatively stable ) , resulting in a total of 24 surveys .\n. 2007 , 2008 ) . logging of river sources and adjacent slopes has led to reduced spring water levels and changes in fish abundance ; since logging began on the avvakumovka river in 2004 , spring water levels and merganser populations have undergone continuous declines ( d . solovieva\nshao , m . q . , zeng , b . b . , shang , x . l . , chen , l . x . , you , c . y . and dai , n . h . , 2012 . group characteristics of chinese merganser (\nstriking merganser with shaggy crest and scaled flanks . adult male has black , glossed green head and neck with long crest . creamy - white lower foreneck , breast and central underparts . whitish flanks , ventral region , and rump with grey scaling . blackish mantle , hindneck and scapulars . mostly white innerwing . adult female has warm buffish head and neck with dusky lores and wispy crest . whitish breast and central underparts . male red - breasted merganser m . serrator has white collar and rufous breast and lacks heavy scaling on flanks . female also lacks scaling .\n52 - 58 cm . striking merganser with shaggy crest and scaled flanks . adult male has black , glossed green head and neck with long crest . creamy - white lower foreneck , breast and central underparts . whitish flanks , ventral region , and rump with grey scaling . blackish mantle , hindneck and scapulars . mostly white innerwing . adult female has warm buffish head and neck with dusky lores and wispy crest . whitish breast and central underparts . < similar species > male red - breasted merganser m . serrator has white collar and rufous breast and lacks heavy scaling on flanks . female also lacks scaling .\nthe red - breasted merganser breeds along the wooded shorelines of deep lakes , rivers and streams , as well as shallow bays and estuaries with a sandy bottom , preferring narrow channels with small rocky islands and grassy banks rather than large , open expanses of water . at other times of the year , it is largely found at sea , inhabiting deeper offshore waters as well as inshore areas ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .\n52 - 58 cm . striking merganser with shaggy crest and scaled flanks . adult male has black , glossed green head and neck with long crest . creamy - white lower foreneck , breast and central underparts . whitish flanks , ventral region , and rump with grey scaling . blackish mantle , hindneck and scapulars . mostly white innerwing . adult female has warm buffish head and neck with dusky lores and wispy crest . whitish breast and central underparts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nbarter , m . , cao , l . , he , f . , hughes , b . , peiqi , l . , solovyeva , d . & fen - qi , h .\nbenstead , p . , bird , j . , chan , s . , crosby , m . , peet , n . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , allinson , t , north , a . , martin , r\njustification : this species has a very small population which is suspected to be undergoing a continuing and rapid decline as a result of habitat loss , illegal hunting and disturbance . it is therefore listed as endangered . this species may warrant a downlisting in the future but this will depend on a robust understanding of the threats on the status of the breeding population .\n. it had been suggested that there could be around 10 , 000 mature individuals or more globally ( d . solovyeva\nmost breed in russia where , in the early 1980s , there were c . 1 , 000 pairs in primorye and c . 100 pairs in khabarovsk but , by 2012 , the total number in these areas was estimated at c . 448 pairs ( solovyeva\nthe breeding population in china was estimated at 150 - 200 pairs from 2008 and 2009 surveys ( peiqi liu et al . 2010 ) and 166 pairs in 2012 ( the majority of which are found in the chingbai mountains [ 155 pairs ] , with a small number of breeding pairs in the lesser xingan mountains [ 11 pairs ] ) ( solovyeva\nin 2003 , a population of c . 40 individuals was found on the lower chongchon river in central korea ( duckworth and chol 2005 ) . a total of 300 individuals ( including one flock of 80 birds ) were recorded on a stretch of river not more than 3 km long , at song jiang he in jilin province , china , representing a post - breeding congregation prior to migration ( peiqi liu\n. 2007 , 2008 ) . surveys of c . 1 , 000 km of rivers and 11 reservoirs in south - east china in the winters of 2006 and 2008 found a total of 71 individuals ( 31 and 40 respectively ) ( cao and barter 2008 ) , and wintering birds at four sites in northern jiangxi during 2002 - 2007 included a peak of 88 on a 22 - km stretch of xinjiang river ( yu chang - hao\nin russia , c . 1 , 643 pairs nest in sikhote - alin ( solovyeva\n2014 ) , with just 11 pairs estimated to nest north of the amur river . in china , 155 pairs breed in the changbai mountains and 11 pairs in lesser xingan ( solovyeva\n2014 ) . pair densities were found to be highest on the fuerhe river in the chinese changbai mountains ( 0 . 918 pairs / km ) and on the pavlovka river in sikhote - alin ( 0 . 63 pairs / km ) ( solovyeva\n2014 ) . there are , however , other estimates of perhaps several thousand pairs ( b . hughes\n( 2010 ) . this is roughly equivalent to 3 , 600 - 6 , 800 individuals in total . further research is required in order to verify this .\na rapid and on - going population decline is suspected ( see birdlife international 2001 ) . the density of breeding pairs more than doubled since the 1960s / 1970s in the species ' s stronghold in russia , but has since stabilised ( solovieva\n. 2006 ) . the changbai ( china ) breeding population may be increasing , but the western population ( found in xingan , china and zeya - bureya , russia ) has declined rapidly .\n2015 ) . flocks of up to 20 individuals have been noted on passage or in winter ( duckworth and chol 2005 ) . in russia , they moult on a range of water bodies within the breeding range and north and east of breeding range , including rivers , estuaries and the sea but the stable isotope analysis confirmed that the species is predominately confined to freshwater habitat ( solovyeva\n. 2014b ) . a satellite tracking study of individuals breeding in the lesser xingan mountains found migration to last on average 42 days , stopping at several sites on route . this study was however based on a very small sample size and so may not necessarily be representative of the population as a whole ( dong - ping\n. 2007 , 2008 ) . other major threats within the breeding range include illegal hunting ( solovyera 2013 ) , drowning in fishing nets ( a major cause of mortality at russian breeding sites in 2003 - 2007 [ d . solovieva\n. 2007 , 2008 ] ) , disturbance from motor boats during the breeding season , river pollution and natural predators . increased hunting of waterfowl for sport together with poor regulation of the spring hunting season ( which is intended to coincide with passage migration and avoid targeting locally breeding birds ) is a significant and increasing threat ; large numbers were reportedly shot in the kievka river basin , southern primorye , in spring 2008 ( d . solovieva\n. 2010 ) , despite environmental arguments against the project . in south korea , the species is impacted by increased river turbidity due to construction and dredging , bridge - building activities , river - bank strengthening and road - widening schemes ( moores\n. other significant aspects of habitat modification will include the deepening of rivers and the removal of boulders and islands , which are used for roosting . many stretches of river are expected to be rendered unusable for the species owing to habitat degradation and disturbance ( moores\n. 2010 ) . the species has low genetic diversity ( solovyeva and pearce 2011 ) . high levels of heavy metals , especially as and hg , were reported in females and their eggs after wintering in the yangtze catchment ( solovyeva\n2012 ) . poor egg hatchability recorded within sikhote - alin population could be a result of pollution on the wintering grounds .\ncms appendix ii . primary forest is protected at some breeding localities in china and at the most important breeding site in north korea . small proportions of its breeding and non - breeding populations occur inside protected areas , notably sikhote - alin ' state biosphere reserve , lazovskiy state reserve and botchinskiy state reserve ( russia ) ( d . solovyeva\n. 2007 , 2008 ) , and changbai shan nature reserve ( china ) . an artificial nest programme in russia , involving the provision of over 200 nest boxes ( partnership for the east asian - australasian flyway 2008 ) , has shown positive results , increasing habitat capacity along rivers with logged flood - plains ( d . solovieva\n. the programme involves the continued maintenance of artificial nests , liaison with hunters and fishers and collaboration with local communities , including information and education activities and the construction of a research and visitor centre ( d . solovyeva\n. 2007 , 2008 ; anon . 2009 ) . this has already resulted in a change in fishing practices by local people . it has also facilitated the capture of females for tagging with geolocators , allowing the identification of staging and wintering sites ( cranswick 2010 , solovyeva\n. collaboration with general motors has resulted in the re - use of chevrolet volt battery covers as successful nesting boxes in the changbai mountain national nature reserve in china ( general motors green 2015 ) . in 2015 , 11 ducklings hatched from the chinese nest box programme ( cranswick\n( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22680488a118860238 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a very small population which is suspected to be undergoing a continuing and rapid decline as a result of habitat loss , illegal hunting and disturbance . it is therefore listed as endangered . this species may warrant a downlisting in the future but this will depend on a robust understanding of the threats on the status of the breeding population .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mergus squamatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nbreeding occurs along the middle reaches of well - forested , fast - flowing mountain rivers and rapid streams , below around 900 metres above sea level , where the bird is largely confined to primary forests with an abundance of potential nest holes ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the non - breeding season is spent on larger lakes and more sluggish rivers and lagoons ( 6 ) .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) ( 3 ) .\nbirdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\ninformation authenticated ( 02 / 05 / 07 ) by dr baz hughes , head of species conservation , wildfowl and wetlands trust , slimbridge , uk . urltoken\nphillips , j . c . ( 1986 ) a natural history of the ducks . vols 3 & 4 . courier dover publications , uk .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1992 ) handbook of the birds of the world \u2013 ostrich to ducks . vol . 1 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken\ngranada wild c / o itn source 200 gray ' s inn road london wc1x 8xz united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7430 4480 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7430 4453 uksales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nbreeds in extreme se siberia , ne china and n korea . winters mainly in c & s china ( especially in r yangtze catchment ) ; also in se russia , korea , japan , occasionally taiwan , myanmar and thailand .\n52\u201362 cm ; male 1125\u20131400 g , female 870\u20131100 g ; wingspan 70\u201386 cm . structurally intermediate between\nduring breeding season , inhabits well - forested , clear , fast - flowing mountain rivers and rapid . . .\nuntil recently few data available , but several studies have now elucidated the species\u2019 diet and foraging behaviour . diurnal feeder , . . .\nlittle known until recently . during local spring : arrives on breeding grounds late mar / early apr , initially frequents lakes and larger . . .\nmigratory ( though true extent still not entirely known ) , mainly present on breeding grounds between . . .\nendangered . fully protected in all range states . poorly known , population probably quite small , but has been suggested that perhaps as many as 10 , 000 individuals survive , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na male performing alarm movements rising the beak close to its mate and finally both taking off .\na fermale having a bath and joining a male on a river , then both preening on the water .\na pair on a river , preening and showing well the fine black scales at the flanks and the long drooping crest , characteristic of this species .\njosep del hoyo , tomasz doro\u0144 , markmaddock , jonathan , pthompson234 , john breugelmans .\nwwt uses cookies on this website we use cookies on this site to improve your user experience . by continuing to use our site , you are agreeing to use our cookies . for further information about our cookies and how we use your personal information visit our privacy and cookies policy . [ x ]\nthe nest boxes have also enabled us to fit data loggers to individual birds , giving us valuable insights into their movements during migration and in winter .\nin 2010 , wwt organised a workshop in vladivostok , bringing together experts from russia , china , north and south korea , australia and the uk to develop an international conservation action plan . new relationships were forged and plans for collaborative surveys developed . the action plan is the first to be developed under the east asian - australian flyway partnership .\nwwt limited is a charity ( 1030884 england and wales , sco39410 scotland ) and a company limited by guarantee ( 2882729 england ) . vat number 618368028 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 300 , 016 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbirds korea would like to thank participating surveyors and ed keeble for financial support of the february 2012 survey .\naustin , o . l . , jr 1948 . the birds of korea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university 101 : 1 - 301 .\nministry of environment . 2000 - 2012 . annual reports of the winter bird census ( in korean ) .\nmoores , n . 2002 . wetlands : korea\u2019s most threatened habitat . oriental bird club bulletin 36 : 54 - 60 .\nmoores , n . , kim , a . , park m - n . , & kim s - n . 2010 . the anticipated impacts of the four rivers project ( republic of korea ) on waterbirds . birds korea preliminary report , published by birds korea . march 2010 .\npark , j - y . 2002 . current status and distribution of birds in korea . department of biology , kyung hee university , seoul ( unpublished thesis , in korean ) .\ncopyright 2002 - present urltoken all rights reserved birds korea 1108 ho , 3 dong , samick tower apt . , 148 - 22 , namcheon - dong , su - young - gu busan , 618 - 762 republic of korea\nthe representative cheek teeth of the siwalik cervids from the middle siwaliks of pakistan .\nduring the wintering period . no significant difference was detected in the daily travel distance between different months ( f = 0 . 658 ,\n> 0 . 05 ) . significant differences were detected in the daily home rang between january and february , and between february and march . no significant correlation was observed between daily travel distance and home range ( r = 0 . 256 , n = 12 ,\n< 0 . 01 ) . the largest group size ( 5 . 22 \u00b1 5 individuals ) appeared at 16 : 00\u201317 : 00 , and the smallest at 08 : 00\u201309 : 00 ( 2 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 12 individuals ) , similar results obtained between december 2015 and march 2016 , which was related to the daily habits of this species , such as dispersed foraging , collective maintenance and rest . group size peaked in february ( 5 . 07 \u00b1 4 . 166 individuals ) and was smallest ( 2 . 91 \u00b1 1 . 354 individuals ) in december with significantly different group sizes in all months ( f = 35 . 351 ,\n< 0 . 01 ) . a total of 57 . 98 % of all groups had a majority of females . a large difference in sex ratios was observed among different months . the actual ratio of [ ( adult + sub - adult male ) : ( adult + sub - adult female ) ] was 1 : 1 . 44 ( n = 22 ) in february . future studies are necessary , and the main goal should be focused on sex ratio , mortality and sex ratio at birth .\nms and pc designed the study , ms , bc , bz and jj collected and analyzed the field data . ms , bc wrote the manuscript . ms and pc gave the suggestions and revised paper .\naily travel distance affects the time budget of animal behaviors , such as foraging and social activities . therefore , travel distance has an important influence on individual energy expenditure and nutrient balance , and may affect survival and reproduction (\n) . an animal\u2019s home range is related to its daily travel distance . home range is the region within which animal actively carries out essential daily behaviors , such as foraging , mating and the rearing of offsprings (\n) . home range externally reflects the intensity of animals\u2019 territorial behavior . both the area of a home range and changes in the home range are important parameters for evaluating habitat quality , estimating habitat load and determining the spatial extent of habitat required to protect a minimum viable population . hence , home range is an important part in the study of animal behavior and ecology (\n) . the size of the home range of many bird species varies widely in different seasons . for instance , owing to an uneven distribution of food resources in different seasons , temminck\u2019s tragopan\ngroup formation is one of the most important behavioral adaptations in birds , especially during the entire wintering period for migratory birds . living in groups can reduce the risks from predators for individual prey , reduce their alert time and allow the individuals to spend more time on other activities to enhance their fitness for survival (\n) . the studies on animal groups usually centered on group type , group size and ecological factors influencing the group . animals may have an optimal group size in a specific environment (\n) while the area in the north of jiangxi province provides one of the main wintering grounds for this species in china . this population is mainly distributed along the xinjiang , fuhe , raohe and xiuhe rivers and their tributaries in jiangxi (\ntwo study sites were selected , one each in yihuang and wuyuan counties . yihuang county lies in the upper reaches of the fuhe river in northern jiangxi province and has a humid subtropical climate with an annual average temperature between 16 and 18 \u00b0c . the average annual precipitation is 1749 . 4 mm (\n) . wuyuan county is located in the northeastern part of jiangxi province and has a humid subtropical climate with an annual average temperature 16 . 7 \u00b0c . the average annual precipitation is 1816 mm . the second study site is along the leanhe river in wuyuan county ( n : 29\u00b09\u2019 24\u2033 ~ 29\u00b0 11\u2019 15\u2033 , e : 117\u00b050\u2019 01\u2033 ~ 117\u00b0 51\u2019 06\u2033 ) (\nlists the sympatric waterfowl species of mergansers in this region that typically feed while swimming .\nat yihuang in different time of a day from 2012 - 2013 ( unit / m ) .\nwere used to confirm the flock positions and google earth software was used to mark real - time locations and measure travel distance and river width . the travel distance was the linear distance the flock center moved every half hour . daily travel distance was the sum of the travel distances measured throughout the day (\n) . daily home range was the product of the average river width in the range of movement and the distance between the two farthest daily activity sites .\n) . the largest flock size was used to calculate the sex ratio in the current month .\n< 0 . 05 was considered significant . all statistical analyses were carried out in excel 2010 and spss 22 . 0 .\nduring the wintering period . significant differences were found in the daily home range between january and february ( f = 2 . 502 ,\n< 0 . 05 ) , and february and march ( f = 2 . 754 ,\nno significant correlation was observed between daily travel distance and home range ( r = 0 . 256 , n = 12 ,"]}
{"id": 1743, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena subunicolor is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by p\u00edc in 1937 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena subunicolor", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for subunicolor definition . you find here subunicolor meaning , synonyms of subunicolor and images for subunicolor copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\n\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subunicolor . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subunicolor and , of course , subunicolor synonyms and on the right images related to the word subunicolor .\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nmordellistena l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng trong h\u1ecd mordellidae . [ 1 ] chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1854 b\u1edfi costa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nv\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh theo gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p creative commons ghi c\u00f4ng\u2013chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung . v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trang web n\u00e0y , b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 . wikipedia\u00ae l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a wikimedia foundation , inc . , m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1747, "summary": [{"text": "bolbena is a genus of praying mantises native to africa .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it includes the following species : bolbena assimilis bolbena hottentotta bolbena maraisi bolbena minor bolbena orientalis bolbena minutissima", "topic": 3}], "title": "bolbena", "paragraphs": ["gladiator expedition ( image keywords ) , africa ( image keywords ) , namibia . ( image keywords ) , bolbena assimilis ( image keywords )\nthis bolbena ( bolbena ) assimilis ( kaltenbach , 1996 ) was attracted to light at mason shelter on the brandberg massif . it is one of the praying mantids collected during the\ngladiator expedition\nto namibia in 2002 . the main aim of the expedition was to find specimens of mantophasmatodea ; a secondary aim was to survey other animals in the region . phil bragg collected mantids on the expedition .\nthis male bolbena ( bolbena ) assimilis ( kaltenbach , 1996 ) was collected at light at mason shelter on the brandberg massif . it is one of the praying mantids collected during the\ngladiator expedition\nto namibia in 2002 . the main aim of the expedition was to find specimens of mantophasmatodea ; a secondary aim was to survey other animals in the region . phil bragg collected mantids on the expedition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more\nthe tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design , images , and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project . all rights reserved . image of rose \u00a9 1999 nick kurzenko . image of annelid worm \u00a9 2001 greg w . rouse .\nehrmann , r . 2002 . mantodea : gottesanbeterinnen der welt . natur und tier , m\u00fcnster .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfirst , try refreshing the page and clicking current location again . make sure you click allow or grant permissions if your browser asks for your location . if your browser doesn ' t ask you , try these steps :\nat the top of your chrome window , near the web address , click the green lock labeled secure .\nin the window that pops up , make sure location is set to ask or allow .\nyou ' re good to go ! reload this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out google ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your opera window , near the web address , you should see a gray location pin . click it .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out opera ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick safari in the menu bar at the top of the screen , then preferences .\nunder website use of location services , click prompt for each website once each day or prompt for each website one time only .\nmacos may now prompt you to enable location services . if it does , follow its instructions to enable location services for safari .\nclose the privacy menu and refresh the page . try using current location search again . if it works , great ! if not , read on for more instructions .\nback in the privacy dialog , click manage website data . . . and type urltoken into the search bar .\nyou ' re good to go ! close the settings tab , reload this yelp page , and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out safari ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your firefox window , to the left of the web address , you should see a green lock . click it .\nin the window that pops up , you should see blocked or blocked temporarily next to access your location . click the x next to this line .\nyou ' re good to go ! refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out firefox ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick the gear in the upper - right hand corner of the window , then internet options .\nuncheck the box labeled never allow websites to request your physical location if it ' s already checked .\nyou ' re good to go ! click ok , then refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nat the top - right hand corner of the window , click the button with three dots on it , then settings .\nclick show more , then make sure only the box labeled location permissions is checked .\noops ! we don ' t recognize the web browser you ' re currently using . try checking the browser ' s help menu , or searching the web for instructions to turn on html5 geolocation for your browser . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nsomething broke and we ' re not sure what . try again later , or search near a city , place , or address instead .\nwe couldn ' t find you quickly enough ! try again later , or search near a city , place , or address instead .\nwe couldn ' t find an accurate position . if you ' re using a laptop or tablet , try moving it somewhere else and give it another go . or , search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclaim this business to view business statistics , receive messages from prospective customers , and respond to reviews .\nrespond to reviews and customer messages . claiming is free , and only takes a minute .\nwe calculate the overall star rating using only reviews that our automated software currently recommends ."]}
{"id": 1760, "summary": [{"text": "neduba extincta , commonly known as the antioch dunes shieldback katydid , is an extinct species of katydid ( family tettigoniidae ) that was endemic to california , united states .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was not discovered until after its extinction . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "neduba extincta", "paragraphs": ["rentz , d . c . f . 1977 . entomol . news 88 : 242 > > neduba extincta urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 3889\noriginal scientific description : rentz , dave c . f . ( 1977 ) . a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes . entomological news 88 : 241 - 245 . species bibliography : world conservation monitoring centre . ( 1996 ) . neduba extincta . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . ( urltoken ) . downloaded on 26 december 2011 .\ntelling which species is a bit more tricky , but location would narrow it down to probably two or three - n . carinata , n . diabolica , or perhaps n . extincta ; most likely the first . moved from id request .\nas is the case with most invertebrate taxa , there is little information about individual species and population sizes of the orthoptera on which to precisely assess their conservation status . as of 2002 , the iucn red list included 74 species of the orthoptera . two of these species , the central valley grasshopper ( conozoa hyalina ) and antioch dunes shieldback ( neduba extincta ) , are listed as extinct , and the oahu deceptor bush cricket ( leptogryllus deceptor ) is listed as extinct in the wild . eight species are listed as critically endangered , eight as endangered , and 50 as vulnerable .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ntype locality : northern america , southwestern u . s . a . , california\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nonly known from the holotype : cas 12 , 987 ( catalogue number as reported in the original description . may have changed accession number or institution since then ) . can be seen here : urltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry . .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nholotypic male , from orthoptera species file online ( naskrecki & otte 1997 + ) , downloaded 17 sep 2003 ; photographed by piotr naskrecki , used by permission .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe xerces blue butterfly , antioch katydid , tobias\u2019 caddis - fly , roberts\u2019s alloperlan stonefly , colorado burrowing mayfly , and rocky mountain grasshopper all were driven extinct by humans , and all foreshadow the fate of the world\u2019s endangered insects . with almost 1 million described species , insects eclipse all other forms of animal life on earth , not only in sheer numbers , diversity , and biomass , but also in their importance to functioning ecosystems . however , human - induced changes to the natural environment endanger vast numbers of these organisms , threatening them and the vital services they provide with extinction .\na report by the world commission on environment and development noted , \u201cthere is a growing consensus that species are disappearing at rates never before witnessed on the planet\u201d but that \u201cwe have no accurate figures on current rates of extinctions , as most of the species vanishing are the least documented , such as insects in tropical forests . \u201d scientists and conservationists agree that insect species are going extinct . but how many have been lost and how many more are at risk remains unclear .\nalthough overcollecting has not been shown to harm healthy populations of insects , it may be an important threat to insect species with very small populations and is included in the list of threats to many of the federally protected insect species in the united states . the endangered species act expressly forbids the collection of endangered or threatened species , and most insect conservationists feel that collecting from small populations should be done only for well - designed , hypothesis - driven , scientific studies .\npesticides and other pollutants are implicated in the decline of many native bees and some aquatic insects , although the degree of impact is not conclusive . lights along streets and highways also have been implicated in losses of nocturnal insects , particularly large moths .\nconservationists have concluded that the current , widespread destruction of the earth\u2019s biodiversity must be matched by a conservation response an order of magnitude greater than currently exists .\nbefore we can work to protect insects and other invertebrates we need to know , at least , what species are present , if populations are stable or declining , and the habitat needs of these populations . in the long run , more emphasis needs to be placed on invertebrate survey , systematics , taxonomy , and population ecology so that these species can be identified and cataloged and their life histories understood . research needs to go hand in hand with conservation , for a catalog of extinct species is of little use .\nto conserve insects successfully , the general public , scientists , land managers , and conservationists need to understand the extraordinary value that these organisms provide . it is unlikely that all people will develop an affinity for these animals , but it is plausible that a more compelling depiction of the contributions insects make to human welfare and survival will improve the public\u2019s attitude toward these organisms . an ambitious public education program would enhance recognition of the positive values of invertebrates and , indeed , all biological diversity .\nthe number of endangered insects is large and growing . the rate of destruction and degradation of natural habitats currently is so great that there are not nearly enough biologists to even catalog , much less study , the species that are suddenly on the edge of extinction . each day approximately 80 , 000 acres ( 32 , 300ha ) of the world\u2019s forest are cut . in california alone , over 200 million pounds of pesticides are used each year . in the united states , imported red fire ants have infested over 320 million acres in the southeast . these examples of threats to endangered insects continue to mount across the world . the time is now for agencies , scientists , conservationists , and land managers to promote the conservation of imperiled insects .\n- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -\nastraptes audax , a . augeas , a . fruticibus , a . inflatio , a . procrastinator , a . synecdoche brower 2010 ( skipper butterflies ) dna barcoding is a controversial method for distinguishing otherwise similar species solely on the basis of their dna . these names reflect aspects of dna barcoding for species recognition : augeas for the resultant labor implied by the barcoding ; fruticibus (\nfrom the bushes\n) refers to the fact that resulting species do not form distinct tree - like groups ; inflatio for the large number of resulting species ; procrastinator for the time elapsed between discovery and description ; synecdoche for a part standing for the whole ; audax means ' bold ' ; its relevance is left to the reader . the author of these names ( and four others ) , though skeptical of their biological reality , notes that the distinctions exist in the literature , and the names are given for\ntaxonomic housekeeping .\n[ syst . biodivers . 8 : 485 ]\ncatch22 ( chromosome 22q11 . 2 microdeletion ) this name , from\ncardiac anomaly , t - cell deficit , clefting and hypocalcaemia ,\nwas abandoned due to its no - win connotations . [ j . med . genet . 36 : 737 - 738 ( 1999 ) ; cited in nature 439 : 266 ( 2006 ) . ]\ncentropyge narcosis pyle & randall ( narc angelfish ) dr . richard pyle was diving deep while breathing air . this causes nitrogen narcosis , a state similar to alcohol intoxication or nitrous oxide inhalation . back at the dive boat , he was asked if he collected anything , and he said\nno , nothing .\nbut when he looked into his collecting bucket , he noticed that he had indeed collected several specimens of this new species . since his narcosis level was so high that he did not remember collecting them , the fish was named c . narcosis .\nchionoecetes oiliqo ( saatuaq crab ) in 1993 , greenland issued a 7 . 25 - krone stamp showing a picture of a crab and this scientific name . however , the crab ' s correct species name is c . opilio ; the stamp was printed with a mirror reversal of the specific epithet . a corrected stamp was printed soon after .\ncoelopleurus exquisitus coppard & schultz , 2006 ( sea urchin ) this species first came to notice after being listed for auction on ebay . marine biologist simon coppard was directed to the site , did not recognize the species , and investigated further . immediately after publication of the description [ zootaxa 7 ] , the value of specimens on ebay jumped from $ 8 to $ 138 .\nedithinella doliarius janssen 2006 ( fossil gastropod ) arie janssen wanted to dedicate a new mollusc species to pisidium ( freshwater clam ) expert hans kuiper . not having a classical education , he relied on a dutch - latin dictionary to find a latin equivalent of\nkuiper\n(\ncooper\nin english ) , and named the species edithinella calumniator . to improve his english writing , he then sent the manuscript to a colleague , who commented ,\nbut why do you call him an intriguer ?\nkuiper\nhas two meanings in dutch , and janssen had unwittingly chosen the latin term for the wrong one . fortunately , he discovered it before publication , and revised to the name to e . doliarius , which is the correct latin for the cooper profession . [ basteria , suppl . 3 , 45 - 48 . ]\nfuria infernalis l . ( worm ) linnaeus once received a painful bite on the arm by an unidentified creature . his arm swelled up , and he became seriously ill for some time . a few years later , linnaeus decided that the cause was a tiny worm described by his student daniel solander , and he named the worm furia infernalis , the fury from hell . he wrote that it fell from the air , penetrated the bodies of animals , and caused excruciating pain . incidents involving this worm were reported for nearly 100 years after that . but no one ever found a specimen . now it is generally agreed that the worm never existed , and that linnaeus had been bitten by a horsefly .\nhippotragus niger rooseveltien ( roosevelt ' s sable antelope ; extremely rare , last legally shot in 1912 ) on the 21 april 1909 , teddy roosevelt ' s safari set off from mombasa , kenya . by the time the entourage arrived in khartoum 8 months later , they had slaughtered 5 , 013 mammals , 4 , 453 birds , 2 , 322 reptiles and amphibians and similar numbers of fish , invertebrates , shells , and plants . the skins , etc . were sent to the smithsonian ; among these were roosevelt ' s gazelle and roosevelt ' s sable .\nhectocotylus some male cephalopods have a long coiled arm which carries a spermatophore and breaks off inside the female during copulation . when first discovered , it was thought that this arm was a type of parasitic worm , and it was described as such ( delle chiaje , 1825 ) , complete with drawings of the imagined internal anatomy . the author later admitted his mistake . this name continues to be used today for the modified reproductive arm of male cephalopods .\nheikea japonica von siebold , 1824 ( crab ) the carapace of these crabs looks like the scowling face of a samurai warrior , and it is locally believed that the crabs are reincarnations of the spirits of the heike warriors who , defeated in battle , threw themselves into the sea , as told in the tale of the heike . some scientific folklore gives these crabs as an example of natural selection , as japanese fishermen supposedly released the crabs with the most human - looking faces , allowing them to pass their genes to the next generation . this story , however , is almost certainly urban legend . the crabs are too small to interest fishermen , and other crabs far from fisheries also have human - looking faces . the pattern on the crab is instead an example of pareidolia , the tendency for the human brain to see faces in many abstract patterns .\nhildoceras hyatt , 1876 ( jurassic ammonoid ) according to legend , saint hilda was told to found an abbey on the plains of whitby , england , but she found the place infested with snakes . after her prayers , the snakes coiled up and turned to stones , becoming the ammonoid fossils , sometimes called snakestones , that are common to the area . victorian fossil dealers would often carve a snake ' s heads on the fossils .\nhomo floresiensis brown et al . , 2004 (\nhobbit\nfossil hominin ) the name submitted in the original paper was sundanthropus floresianus ,\nman from sunda region from flores\n. the referees , though , said it should be genus homo , and one of them said floresianus actually means\nflowery anus\n, so that had to change , too .\njumala friele , 1882 ( whelk ) friele proposed this name thinking it was the name of an old lapp deity . he discovered about ten years later that it was instead the lapp name for the christian god and proposed that ukko ( the finnish god of winds ) be substituted . jumala , however , had priority . joshua baily and myra keen , in 1955 , appealed to the iczn to suppress jumala , as the name is\ncalculated to give offense on religious grounds .\nthe commission suppressed it by 13 to 11 vote . [ ng , 1994 , raffles bull . zool . 42 : 511 . ]\nlaniarius liberatus ( bulo burti boubou ) this is the first bird whose type specimen is a dna sample . the bird was released to the wild after capture , hence the name . it turns out to be a very rare color morph of l . erlangeri .\nleptocephalus\nleptocephalus\nis a term originally applied to a group of small , flattened , semitransparent fishes , often with small heads . they were classified as a distinct group , usually in the genus leptocephalus , until the mid - 19th century . then the idea took hold that leptocephali were larvae of something else . in 1864 , theodore gill suggested that they were larval eels , and specifically that leptocephalus morrisii was the young of conger conger , the conger eel . other leptocephali raised in an aquarium metamorphosed into eels ; leptocehalus brevirostris became anguilla anguilla , the freshwater eel .\nlimodorum boehm . ( orchid ) thought to derive from a transcription error . originally named haimodorum ( from haemos , blood ) for its red color , somebody forgot the bar in the greek letter \u03b1 , leaving \u03bb , lambda .\nlycosa tarentula ( european wolf spider ) tarantism was a form of hysteria that appeared in italy in the 15th - 17th centuries and took the form of frenzied dancing . in folk belief , the bite of a spider could only be cured by such dancing . the name derives from the italian province taranto , as does the tarantella , a folk dance , and the tarantula , the common name given to the european wolf spider and later to the distantly related large , hairy spiders of the family theraphosidae .\nlymantria dispar leopold trouvelto , looking for a better silkworm ( bombyx mori ) , looked for a close relative and imported bombyx dispar into the united states . but it turned out that the moths were not very closely related ; b . dispar is classified as lymantria dispar today .\nlymantria\nmeans\ndestroyer .\ntrouvelto ' s moths , commonly known as gypsy moths , escaped and have been causing untold damage to eastern forests ever since .\npapaipema pterisii bird , 1907 ( moth ) the moth lives on bracken fern , in the genus pteris at the time , so people assumed bird named the moth after the fern . a personal letter he wrote later , though , revealed that it was named after pterisius , his pet cat .\nphoenicophorium borsigianum koch 1855 ( thief palm ) . the original plant was stolen from london ' s kew gardens ( hence the common name ) and turned up in the private palm - house of amateur horticulturist august borsig of berlin . ( he owned an ironworks factory and used the heat produced to keep his glasshouses warm . ) david l . jones , in palms throughout the world ( 1995 ) confuses the story by calling borsig by the name\nlantanier feuille borsig\n; lantanier feuille is actually one of the palm ' s common names !\nphragmipedium kovachii atwood , dalstrom , & fernandez , 2002 ( orchid ) named after james michael kovach , who brought the orchid to scientists to identify . but kovach allegedly imported it from peru in violation of the endangered species act . in 2004 he was sentenced to two years probation and a $ 1000 fine . taxonomists hope to change the orchid ' s name .\npithecanthropus perhaps the only name given to an animal before it was discovered . in the nineteenth century , it was believed that an upright stance evolved in humans before a large brain . with no physical evidence , german evolutionist ernst haeckel reconstructed an upright , speechless , small - brained ' missing - link ' and dubbed it pithecanthropus alalus . when eugene du bois discovered java man in the 1890 ' s , he adopted haeckel ' s generic name but he gave it the new specific designation pithecanthropus erectus . p . erectus is now included under our own genus as homo erectus .\nplethodon welleri walker , 1931 ( weller ' s salamander ) in 1930 worth hamilton weller discovered the salamander which would be named after him , on grandfather mountain , north carolina . on a collecting trip to collect more specimens , just one week after he graduated with honors from high school , he left the others to collect on his own , and he never returned . his body was found four days later at the base of a cliff ; with it was a collecting bag with specimens of the new species .\nrosa ' whitfield ' ( rose cultivar ) comedy actress june whitfield commented ,\nthere is a rose named after me . the catalogue describes it as ' superb for bedding , best up against a wall .\nsturnella neglecta ( western meadowlark ) the specific epithet reflects the fact that the lewis and clark expedition overlooked this bird , confusing it with the eastern meadowlark .\ntillandsia l . ( bromeliad ) elias tilliander was a student of linnaeus who was once so\nharassed by neptune\non a trip across the gulf of bothnia that he returned home by land ( a journey of 2000 miles instead of 200 ) and changed his name to tillandz ,\nby land .\nthe plant cannot tolerate a damp climate .\nvenus flytrap sea anemone ( actinoscyphia aurelia ) a sea animal whose common name comes from two different terrertrial plants .\nzyzyxia ( h . robinson ) strother , 1991 ( shrub ) in the later stages of revising north american ecliptinae ( a subtribe of the sunflowers , heliantheae ) , john strother realized that one species placed in the genus wedelia differed enough to merit considering it a separate genus . by that time , however , the monograph had already been written and was being proofed for publication . the editor agreed to accept the new genus only if came after all the other genera , so as to minimize the number of pages which would need to be altered . the genera were ordered alphabetically , so strother created a name which would come after the previously last genus , zexmenia . ( in the monograph itself , strother says only that the name was arbitrarily formed . )\n< < - home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback - > >\nweevils also known as snout beetles for their long \u201cnoses . \u201d the antioch weevil ( dysticheus rotundicollis ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .\nanthicid beetles these ant - like flower beetles devour anything they find , scavenging at night for insects and spiders , flower pollen , and soil fungi . the antioch dunes anthicid beetle ( anthicus antiochensis ) is rusty - colored except for a dark smudge on its wing casings , and is covered with shaggy hairs . it has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\ntiger beetles many tiger beetles were once seen prowling the antioch dunes , including the wetsalts tiger beetle ( cicindela haemorrhagica ) , the oregon tiger beetle ( cicindela oregona ) , and senile tiger beetle ( cicindela senilis ) . these tiger beetles are not restricted to the antioch dunes , and can be recognized by their bulging eyes and metallic colors . in their larval form , tiger beetles anchor themselves with specialized hooks to tunnels in the sandy soil . when vibrations in the ground announce a passing insect , the larvae lunge from the tunnel and snag their prey with fierce - looking jaws .\ndune beetle the san joaquin dune ( darkling ) beetle ( coelus gracilis ) \u2013 the smallest of california\u2019s dune beetles \u2013 looks much like a plump , black ladybug with a stubble of golden hairs . most darkling beetles have black elytra , the hardened wing casings that protect the fragile forewings necessary for flight . dune beetles inhabit the sandy soils and leaf litter of california\u2019s coastal dunes . the san joaquin dune beetle has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\nscarab beetle scarab beetles like the delta june beetle ( polyphylla stellata ) can be found in dune systems , oak woodlands , and grasslands near creeks and streams . the delta june beetle is found elsewhere in california , and appears to have grown increasingly abundant at the antioch dunes .\nrobberflies california\u2019s robberflies are the peregrine falcons of the insect world , known for tackling their insect prey in midair . robberflies eat wasps , bees , beetles , flies , quickly stabbing them with their needle - like proboscis . of the robberflies known from the antioch dunes , the widespread antioch efferian robberfly ( efferia antiochi ) and hurd\u2019s metapogon robberfly ( metapogon hurdi ) are still thought to hunt the dunes . the antioch robber fly ( cophura hurdi ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , but presumed extinct .\ngiant flower - loving fly it is a rare occasion when an animal\u2019s name tells as much about a species as with the giant flower - loving fly ( rhaphiomidas trochilus ) . otherwise known as a valley mydas fly , this large rust - colored fly that visits flowers for their nectar , hovering like a hummingbird . some rhaphiomidas flies are suspected of seeking out ant nests to deposit their eggs and provide a food source for their developing larvae . the giant flower - loving fly has been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but has been found in other california sand dunes .\nplasterer bee plasterer bees are named for their habit of lining the cell walls of their underground nests with saliva and other materials to create a polyester lining . some plasterer bees are solitary nesters , others nest in groups . plasterer bees feed on the nectar of flowers and collect pollen , which they store in their nests for developing larvae . one unnamed plasterer bee ( colletes turgiventris ) is endemic to the antioch dunes , although it is unknown whether this species is still present today .\ndespite its name , the velvet ant is a wasp with an ant - like body covered in dense hair like crushed velvet . females are wingless and can deliver a painful sting . velvet ants eat nectar , and the females invade the nests of ground nesting wasps and bees to lay their eggs . their hairy bodies can vary in color from white - to - faint - buttery - yellow (\n) , searches the soil for scarab or tiger beetle larvae on which they lay their eggs . the larger of these velvet ants ( dasymutilla sackenii and dasymutilla flammifera ) and the antioch mutillid wasp have been extirpated from the antioch dunes , but have been found elsewhere in california ; the smaller velvet ants ( dasymutilla coccineohirta ) are still present at the antioch dunes today .\npotter wasp potter wasps are named for their habit of constructing mud nests that resemble pots or jugs . before the nest is complete , the female collects and paralyzes insects and deposits them in the chamber as food for her larva when they hatch . because the female wasp seals the opening of each nest with a thick plug of mud , the emerging wasp instead makes a hole through the thin wall of the nest chamber to escape . adult potter wasps are black marked with butter - yellow stripes . potter wasps are solitary and feed on nectar . the antioch potter wasp ( microdynerus arenicolus ) is found elsewhere in california and is still present at the antioch dunes today .\nandrenid bees the yellow - banded andrenid bee ( perdita hirticeps luteocincta ) and the antioch andrenid bee ( perdita scitula antiochensis ) are ground nesters that show a preference for pollen . at the antioch dunes , for example , the antioch andrenid bee collects pollen from the antioch dunes buckwheat ( eriogonum nudum psychicola ) , california matchweed ( gutierrezia californica ) , telegraphweed ( heterotheca grandiflora ) , and valley lessingia ( lessingia glandulifera ) . while both of these andrenid bees are endemic to the antioch dunes , only the antioch andrenid bee survives today ; the yellow - banded andrenid bee is presumed extinct .\nhalictid bees because these small bees are often attracted to perspiration , halictid bees are also known as sweat bees . the antioch dunes halictid bee ( lasioglossum antiochense ) constructs burrows in the sand where it lives by day ; the tunnel shaft is plugged by a mound of sand to protect against predators . eggs are laid in cells off the main tunnel shaft . this bee\u2019s activity matches the early morning / late evening bloom period of its primary hostplant , the antioch dunes evening primrose ( oenothera deltoides howellii ) , and other flowers like the contra costa wallflower ( erysimum capitatum angustatum ) . the antioch dunes halictid bee is an antioch dunes endemic that still flies today .\nsphinx moth clark\u2019s sphinx moth ( proserpinus clarkiae ) is a small moth with a wingspan of under two inches . this moth is active during the daytime , nectaring at the flowers of clarkias ( clarkia spp . ) , bluedicks ( dichelostemma capitatum ) , vetches ( vicia spp . ) , and thistles ( cirsium spp . ) in oak and pine - oak woodlands . caterpillars feed on clarkias and primroses ( onagraceae spp . ) until winter , when they retreat to burrows under rocks or other objects . adult coloration consists of striped green - to - grey forewings , and orange - yellow hindwings bordered in black . the clark\u2019s sphinx moth is a common moth along the pacific coast , and can still be found at the antioch dunes .\nant lion also known as \u201cdoodlebugs , \u201d ant lions are perhaps best known for their behavior in the larval stage , in which the immature insects burrow backwards into sandy soils to lay in wait for passing insect prey , waiting for them to tumble into their sand traps and the ant lion\u2019s formidable jaws . in their adult form , the dragonfly - like ant lions are otherwise weak night - time fliers in the pursuit of insects , pollen , or nectar . the unnamed ant lion ( brachynemurus infuscatus ) is common in california and still inhabits the antioch dunes today .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\na preview for ' b c nh th ng ' could not be found .\nof these , three species are extinct , the status of two are unknown , and three are thought or known to still survive at the dunes today . but it was the dwindling numbers of the eighth\u2014lange\u2019s metalmark butterfly\u2014that helped bring the refuge into existence .\nthe lange\u2019s metalmark butterfly was first listed as a federally endangered species in 1976 . that same year , the antioch dunes were designated as \u201ccritical habitat\u201d for the species . in 1986 , service personnel and volunteers counted a total of 187 lange\u2019s at their population\u2019s annual peak . by 1999 , the peak population count hit 2 , 342 butterflies , the highest count recorded to date . but in 1999 , a trespasser\u2019s campfire along the riverfront burned 10 acres of prime lange\u2019s habitat in the stamm . in the wildfire\u2019s wake , peak lange\u2019s counts have steadily declined from 1 , 185 in 2000 to 521 in 2003 , 452 butterflies in the fall of 2004 , 232 butterflies in 2005 , 45 butterflies in 2006 , and an alarming 28 in 2010 .\nthe dune\u2019s curiosities include the oft overlooked california legless lizard and california horned lizard ( familiarly , the \u201chorned toad\u201d ) , both of which bury themselves in the sandy soils . other amphibians and reptiles seen over the years include western toads , fence and side - blotched lizards , western yellow - bellied racers , gopher snakes , and northern pacific rattlesnakes . common inhabitants among the other taxa include belted kingfishers , northern harriers , a suite of waterfowl , beavers and muskrats along the water\u2019s edge , and resident skunks , raccoons , ground squirrels , and gray and red foxes .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\northoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range . this means that some are major pests but others are threatened with extinction or are extinct through human agency . most pest species are in the acrididae , yet proportionately more threatened species are in the less speciose families . pest orthoptera species are unusual on islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of acrididae and tettigoniidae are the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are confined to a small geographical area and are highly threatened by anthropogenic impacts that coincide with their small ranges . yet some formerly widespread pest taxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - avoidance mechanism . while classically threatened point endemics can receive conservation action , not much can be done for the periodically at risk abundant species . preservation of orthopteran biodiversity is a complex and paradoxical task .\northoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology , abundance , population variability and geographic range .\non islands , which nevertheless support several threatened non - acridid species . in contrast , continental species of\ne the ones principally threatened . many of the threatened orthoptera species are con\ufb01ned to a small geographical\ntaxa have become extinct . genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction - a\nbiased , but it is a good start . first of all , there is the\nbut for others ( e . g . some of the wetas ) the primary\nlecoq , m . ( 1995 ) forecasting systems for migrant pests . iii .\n. , connell , c . e . and davenport , l . b . ( 1962 ) popula -\n, m . d . and samways , m . j . ( 1996 ) faunal diversity and\n, g . b . , mccomie , l . d . and launois - luong , m . h . ( 1994 )\n( r . g . h . bunce , l . ryszkowski and m . g . paoletti ,\ngangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m . muralirangan , eds ) ,\nsamways , m . j . and harz , k . ( 1982 ) biogeograph\n( s . k . gangwere , m . c . muralirangan and m .\n. m . , andersen , h . and loope , l . l . ( 1995 ) intro -\n. a . drake and a . g . gatehouse , eds ) , pp .\n. . . they are potentially useful ecological indicators ( bazelet & samways , 2011 ; fartmann et al . , 2012 ) . nonetheless , grasshoppers and relatives also have a\nlove - hate relationship\nwith humans ( lockwood , 1998 ; samways & lockwood , 1998 ) . locusts , which are migratory grasshoppers , have historically plagued agricultural civilizations and a few species are still considered pests in some countries . . . .\n. . . si on arrive difficilement \u00e0 mettre en place des mesures pour la protection de grandes esp\u00e8ces charismatiques comme le caribou , la situation est encore pire pour de plus humbles animaux , tels les insectes . globalement m\u00e9connus et souvent mal aim\u00e9s ( lawton , 2001 ) , les insectes sont fr\u00e9quemment per\u00e7us soit comme des esp\u00e8ces nuisibles ( samways et lockwood , 1998 ) , soit comme des esp\u00e8ces strictement utilitaires en mati\u00e8re de contr\u00f4le biologique ( lawton , 2001 ) . une majorit\u00e9 d ' insectes , \u00e0 l ' exception notable des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res , ne peuvent pas compter sur la \u00ab cote d ' amour \u00bb dont b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d ' autres classes animales comme les mammif\u00e8res ou les oiseaux ( leboeuf , 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . m . k . t . found numerous incidences of different orthopteran species visiting flowers ( at least four species visiting whiteweed flowers ) . it is probable that flower - visiting orthopterans are more common than previously thought especially as orthopterans are among the most abundant terrestrial insects ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ; bazelet & samways , 2011 ) . the katydid , p . brevis , belongs to the subfamily of flower - visiting katydids , phaneropterinae . . . .\n. . . swarm of locusta migratoria causes huge losses throughout the world ( vickery and kevan , 1983 ) . species of genus gastrimargus and oedaleus are considered as major pest of agriculture ( samways and lockwood , 1998 causing damage to green grass in range lands where the farmers use the grasses as hay during winter season for cattle feeding . similarly , in azad jammu and kashmir hieroglyphus species out breaks were frequently found in last ten years in the areas situated below 5000ft from sea level causing considerable damage to maize , millet and rice crops ( personal observation ) . the crop loss done for such out breaks have not been yet documented but significant material resources have been applied by farmers for control strategies . . . .\n. . . compared with the quite detailed conservation data available for some central european countries like germany ( maas et al . 2002 ) , we have still rather restricted data from the mediterranean area . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006kati et al . , 2012schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . however , almost all species exhibit specific soil - based habitat associations , with the majority occurring in calcareous soils developed from karst limestone bedrock . as local - scale mosaics of soil types are a ubiquitous feature in karst regions of china , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) found only in single or microareal location . many species pairs can successfully interbreed through artificial experiments ( wen 2008 ) , suggesting that primulina is probably a genus under recent or ongoing speciation and differentiation . . . .\n. . . even if we become aware of mediterranean orthopteran species with high conservation needs ( e . g . kati et al . 2006 kati et al . , 2012 schultner et al . 2012 ) , orthoptera in general are more known for their potential as pests , threats to farmland , and for posing a conflict between pest management programs and conservation ( lockwood 1997 ; samways and lockwood 1998 ) . consequently , the majority of orthopteran data from greece , including descriptions of new species , are a result of private research initiatives from central european specialists ( see summary in willemse and willemse 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . the genus occurs in a wide latitudinal range ( 18\u00b0n - 31\u00b0n ) and is adapted to remarkably diverse habitats and niches from steep cliffs and cave entrances to lowland sandstone . however , most species are ' point endemics ' ( samways & lockwood , 1998 ) found only in a single or microareal location . nutrient constraints in calcareous soils , particularly for nitrogen ( n ) and phosphorus ( p ) , nutrients that are essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids , might have selectively favored smaller genome sizes ( hessen et al . , 2010 ) . . . .\n. . . o conhecimento da ortopterofauna da am\u00e9rica do sul est\u00e1 muito aqu\u00e9m do que se tem relatado , especialmente em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a alguns grupos como , por exemplo , aos grylloidea e tettigonioidea . ainda , da maioria das esp\u00e9cies descritas n\u00e3o se conhecem as necessidades ecol\u00f3gicas , as caracter\u00edsticas comportamentais ou a din\u00e2mica populacional ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . relativamente poucas esp\u00e9cies vivem em regi\u00f5es temperadas . . . .\n. . . a ocorr\u00eancia de apenas quatro g\u00eaneros interferiu no valor da diversidade no local . a aus\u00eancia dos g\u00eaneros pteronemobius , odontogryllus e anurogryllus pode indicar que estes g\u00eaneros possuem mais sensibilidade a locais degradados , apesar da literatura afirmar que anurogryllus \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de locais mais abertos ( samways & lockwood 1998 ) . . . .\ninvestigating biodiversity patterns of arthropods and fungi and their response to changing natural and agricultural environments . at present most of this research focuses on afromontane forest tree\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe mondi ecological network programme ( menp ) is a research group in the department of conservation ecology and entomology at stellenbosch university , south africa . its aim is to undertake sound sc\u2026\n[ more ]\nthere are at least 70 species of mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) . some are rare , others are innocuous , and a few are important pests . these soil - dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants . although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhabitats and habits of platycleis spp . ( orthoptera , tettigoniidae ) in southern france\nfive species of tettigoniid of the decticine genus , platycleis ( sensu stricto ) , are found in the environs of montpellier , h\u00e9rault , s . france . p . intermedia , p . sabulosa and p . albopunctata are essentially early - evening singers . there is a nycthemeral cycle of vertical migration in these three species\u2014they sing from a greater height than that at which they rest during the daytime . p . affinis . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninterspecific song interactions between heterospecific pairs of male bush crickets in southern france were tape - recorded , probably the first time that song modifications have been recorded under natural conditions . platycleis intermedia ( serv . ) , the principal insect under study , showed types of song modification that were the same in the field as in the laboratory . within each type , the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\narnold , r . a . ( 1983 ) ecological studies of six endangered butterflies ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) : island biogeography , patch dynamics , and design of habitat preserves .\nassociation of bay area governments ( abag ) ( 2001 ) bay area census . urltoken htm , april 25 , 2002 .\nassociation of bay area governments ( abag ) ( 2002 ) abag projections 2002 . urltoken regional . html , may 8 , 2002 .\n( haswell , 1879 ) in san francisco , 96 pp . masters thesis , san francisco state university .\nbay area open space council ( 2002 ) bay area open space map . http : / / urltoken may 5 , 2002 .\nblair , r . b . and launer , a . e . ( 1997 ) butterfly diversity and human land use : species assemblages along an urban gradient .\nbossard , c . c . , randall , j . m . and hoshovsky , m . c . ( 2000 )\nbossart , j . l . and carlton , c . e . ( 2002 ) insect conservation in america : status and perspectives .\ncappiella , k . ( 2001 ) land use / impervious cover relationships in the chesapeake bay .\ncohen , a . n . and carlton , j . t . ( 1995 ) biological report . nonindigenous aquatic species in a united states estuary : a case study of the biological invasions of the san francisco bay and delta . u . s . fish & wildlife service , washington dc .\nconnor , e . f . and mccoy , e . d . ( 1979 ) the statistics and biology of the species - area relationship .\nconnor , e . f . and mccoy , e . d . ( 2000 ) species - area relationships . in\n, vol . 5 , ( s . a . levin , ed . ) , pp . 397\u2013412 . new york : academic press .\n. ( t . r . new , ed . ) , pp . 139\u201340 . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission , no . 8 . gland , switzerland .\ndobson , a . p . , rodriguez , j . p . , roberts , w . m . and wilcove , d . s . ( 1997 ) geographic distribution of endangered species in the united states .\ndowell , r . v . and gill , r . ( 1989 ) exotic invertebrates and their effects on california .\ndreistadt , s . h . , dahlsten , d . l . and frankie , g . w . ( 1990 ) urban forests and insect ecology .\nehrlich , p . r . , white , r . r . , singer , m . c . , mckechnie , s . w . and gilbert , l . w . ( 1975 ) checkerspot butterflies : a historical perspective .\nehrlich , p . r . and murphy , d . d . ( 1987 ) conservation lessons from long - term studies of checkerspot butterflies .\nessig museum ( 2001 ) california ' s endangered insects . university of california , berkeley , urltoken april 29 , 2002 .\nforstall , r . l . ( 1996 ) population of states and counties of the united states : 1790 to 1990 . u . s . department of commerce , bureau of the census .\nfrankie , g . w . , thorp , r . w . , schindler , m . h . , ertter , b . and przybylski , m . ( 2002 ) bees in berkeley . submitted to\ngarrison , r . w . and hafernik , j . e . ( 1981 ) population structure of the rare damselfly\nhafernik , j . e . and garrison , r . w . ( 1986 ) mating success and survival rate in a population of damselflies : results at variance with theory ?\nhafernik , j . e . ( 1992 ) threats to invertebrate biodiversity : implications for conservation strategies . in\n, ( p . l . fiedler and s . k . jain , eds . ) , pp . 172\u201395 . new york : chapman and hall .\nhafernik , j . e . and reinhard , h . ( 1995 ) butterflies of the bay : winners and losers in san francisco ' s urban jungle .\n( odonata : coenagrionidae ) into glen canyon park , san francisco . masters thesis , san francisco state university , san francisco .\nhardy , p . b . and dennis , r . l . h . ( 1999 ) the impact of urban development on butterflies within a city region .\nharrison , s . , murphy , d . d . and ehrlich , p . r . ( 1988 ) distribution of the bay checkerspot butterfly ,\nholway , d . ( 1998 ) effect of argentine ant invasions on grounddwelling arthropods in northern california riparian woodlands .\nhoward , a . q . and arnold , r . a . ( 1980 ) the antioch dunes - safe at last ?\nhuman , k . g . and gordon , d . m . ( 1997 ) effects of argentine ants on invertebrate biodiversity in northern california .\niucn ( 2000 ) redlist of threatened species . urltoken search / details . php ? species = 39308 )\nkareiva , p . , andelman , s . , doak , d . , elderd , b . , groom , m . , hoekstra , j . , hood , l . , james , f . , lamoreux , j . , lebuhn , g . , mcculloch , c . , regetz , j . , savage , l . , ruckelshaus , m . , skelly , d . , wilbur , h . , zamudio , k . and nceas hcp working group ( 1999 ) using science in habitat conservation plans . national center for ecological analysis and synthesis and the american institute of biological sciences . urltoken projects / 97karei2 / hcp - 1999 - 01 - 14 . pdf , may 13 , 2002 .\nkinzig , a . p . and harte , j . ( 2000 ) implications of endemics - area relationships for estimates of species extinctions .\nkozlov , m . ( 1996 ) patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city : lepidoptera in st . petersburg , russia .\nlauner , a . e . , murphy , d . d . , hoekstra , j . m . and sparrow , h . r . ( 1992 ) the endangered myrtle ' s silverspot butterfly : present status and initial conservation planning .\nleong , j . m . and hafernik , j . e . ( 1992 ) hybridization between two damselfly species ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) morphometric and genitalic differentiation .\nlevy , j . m . and connor , e . f . ( 2003 ) gardens - a haven or hindrance in butterfly conservation . submitted to\n( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on two species of native thistles in a prairie .\nluck , r . f . and dahlsten , d . l . ( 1975 ) natural decline of a pine needle scale [\n( fitch ) ] outbreak at south lake tahoe , california , following cessation of adult mosquito control with malathion .\nmclaughlin , j . f . , hellmann , j . j . , boggs , c . l . and ehrlich , p . r . ( 2002 ) climate change hastens population extinction . in\nmcpherson , b . a . , wood , d . l . , storer , a . j . , svihra , p . , rizzo , d . m . , kelly , n . m . and standiford , r . ( 2000 ) oak mortality syndrome : sudden death of oaks and tanoaks . tree notes number 26 , california department of forestry and fire protection .\nmurphy , d . d . ( 1988 ) the kirby canyon conservation agreement : a model for the resolution of land - use conflicts involving threatened invertebrates .\nmurphy , d . d . , freas , k . e . and weiss , s . b . ( 1990 ) an environmentmetapopulation approach to population viability analysis for a threatened invertebrate .\nmyers , n . , mittermeier , r . a . , mittermeier , c . g . , da fonseca , g . and kent , j . ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities .\nnatural resource projects inventory ( 2002 ) antioch dunes national wildlife refuge project - weed control . http : / / www . ice . ucdavis . edu / nrpi / nrpidescription . asp ? projectpk = 4524 , april 29 , 2002 .\nnuckols , m . s . and connor , e . f . ( 1995 ) do trees in urban or ornamental plantings receive more damage by insects than trees in natural forests ?\noksanen , j . , holopainen , j . k . , nerg , a . and holopainen , t . ( 1996 ) levels of damage to scots pine and norway spruce caused by needle miners along a so2 gradient .\nopler , p . a . ( 1979 ) insects of american chestnut : possible importance and conservation concern . in\n, ( w . l . macdonald , f . c . cech , j . luchok , and c . smith eds ) , pp . 83\u20135 . morgantown , wv , usa : west virginia university press .\nopler , p . a . and robinson , l . ( 1986 ) lange ' s metalmark butter - fly . in\nperkins , j . ( 1996 ) existing land use in 1995 : data for bay area counties and cities . oakland , ca : association of bay area governments .\npowell , j . a . ( 1992 ) recent colonization of the san francisco bay area , california , by exotic moths ( lepidoptera : tineoidea , gelechioidea , torticoidea , pyraloidea ) .\npowell , j . a . and parker , m . w . ( 1993 ) lange ' s metalmark :\n, ( t . r . new , ed . ) , pp . 116\u201319 . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission , no . 8 . gland , switzerland .\npyle , r . m . , benzien , m . and opler , p . ( 1981 ) insect conservation .\nrandall , j . m . , rejmanek , m . and hunter , j . c . ( 1998 ) characteristics of the exotic flora of california .\nrentz , d . c . ( 1977 ) a new and apparently extinct katydid from antioch sand dunes .\nrickman , j . k . and connor , e . f . ( 2003 ) the effect of urbanization on the quality of remnant habitats for leaf - mining lepidoptera of\nrizzo d . m . , garbelotto , m . , davidson , j . m . , slaughter , g . w . and koike , s . t . ( 2002 )\nsanders , n . j . , barton , k . e . and gordon , d . m . ( 2001 ) long - term dynamics of the distribution of the invasive argentine ant ,\nshapiro , a . ( 2002 ) the californian urban butterfly fauna is dependent on alien plants .\nspeight , m . r . , hails , r . s . , gilbert , m . and foggo , a . ( 1998 ) horse chestnut scale ("]}
{"id": 1781, "summary": [{"text": "woodward 's moray , gymnothorax woodwardi , is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the western indian ocean , around australia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it was first named by mcculloch in 1912 . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "woodward ' s moray eel", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about woodward ' s moray eel ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for woodward ' s moray eel ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nwoodward ' s moray , gymnothorax woodwardi . source : chris dowling / fishbase . license : all rights reserved\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ngreek , gymnos = naked + greek , thorax , - akos = breast ( ref . 45335 )\na benthic species ( ref . 75154 ) which occurs in inshore waters ( ref . 7300 , 75154 ) .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00095 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00197 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 69 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by chen , h . m . / loh , k . h .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 441734ad - 7818 - 490f - 9ab7 - 06f42ddb1556\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4e0f4fd2 - 26f9 - 4663 - 81bf - 082ce8e0b7a3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5e0828c2 - 9bf1 - 44ff - 8c8c - c289e5c02dfb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bcf3f21c - c4e4 - 422e - b133 - 2c840f17e60b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 396900\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1791, "summary": [{"text": "dissolophodes is a genus of moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains only one species , dissolophodes curvimacula , which is found in new guinea . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dissolophodes", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dissolophodes definition . you find here dissolophodes meaning , synonyms of dissolophodes and images for dissolophodes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dissolophodes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dissolophodes and , of course , dissolophodes synonyms and on the right images related to the word dissolophodes .\nparsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus dissolophodes .\ngenus : dissolophodes warren , 1907 . novit . zool . 14 : 155 . [ bhl ]\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : tephroclystia curvimacula warren , 1906 . novit . zool . 13 : 129 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : type ( s ) new guinea : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na number of errors have been located in the treatment of the sterrhinae and larentiinae in part 10 , and also some comments are made on material that came to hand when the text was virtually complete . the following are typographical errors :\nparatypes should be 3 , 1 as holotype ; 3 , 3 as holotype but site 25 ; 1 as holotype but site 7 .\nis misspelt galastis ( also on pp . 215 , 229 and plate and figure legends ) .\nwarren ( chloroclystis ) and a . thaumasta prout ( chloroclystis ) should be added as new combinations .\nthe specimen tentatively identified as a female of scopula pallidiceps warren is illustrated in plate 7 of this volume .\nthe phthonoloba species taken by herbulot is illustrated in plate 8 and fig 312 of this volume . more material is needed to enable it to be described .\na synonym of eupithystis infuscata warren was not listed . it is tephroclystia foedatipennis warren ( 1901 , novit . zool . 8 : 32 )\na strongly marked female of this form of the variable s . usta prout was taken on the slopes of g . kinabalu ( colln herbulot ) . the forewing fasciation is more grey - green than in typical specimens , with a strongly blackened medial band . the male genitalia are as in usta .\nwalker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 27 : 21 .\nthe wings are fasciated greenish - grey on pale grey as illustrated . the strong antemedial of the forewing and the rather dentate central part of the hindwing postmedial are distinctive .\nthe slender valves , well - developed saccus , single cornutus of the aedeagus in the male genitalia of this species and its close australian relative , g . bryodes turner comb . n . , suggest placement in gymnoscelis . g . fragilis warren comb n . ( new guinea ) has the same facies type and is also probably related .\nsri lanka , india , hong kong , peninsular malaysia , borneo , java , and possibly the philippines and sulawesi ( not dissected ) .\nthe only bornean specimen is a female in colln herbulot from kundasang at 1200m on the southern slopes of g . kinabalu .\nprout was consistently misspelt percrinata ( pp . 81 , 283 , 304 ) .\nyazaki ( 1994 , moths of nepal 3 : 23 ) placed pogonopygia xanthura prout as a synonym of p . pavida bastelberger ( himalaya , taiwan , japan ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1801, "summary": [{"text": "the amber mountain rock thrush ( monticola sharpei erythronotus ) is a songbird in the family muscicapidae , formerly placed in the turdidae together with the other chats .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is now usually considered a subspecies of the forest rock thrush . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "amber mountain rock thrush", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded videos for amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus ) yet .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus ) yet .\ninformation on the amber mountain rock - thrush is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nioc 8 . 2 : tax : recent papers do not support previous splits of amber mountain rock thrush or benson ' ' s rock thrush , now included in forest rock thrush ( outlaw et al . 2007 , zuccon and ericson 2010 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - amber mountain rock - thrush\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - amber mountain rock - thrush\ntitle =\narkive photo - amber mountain rock - thrush\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nforest or benson ' s rock - thrush [ incl . ssp . erythronotus ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - side profile of amber mountain rock - thrush\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - side profile of amber mountain rock - thrush\ntitle =\narkive photo - side profile of amber mountain rock - thrush\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus )\ntitle =\narkive species - amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\namber mountain is made up of montane rainforest , mid - altitude rainforest , and dry deciduous forest .\n. once a baseline population estimate has been obtained , continue to monitor its numbers . protect the species ' s habitat on amber mountain .\nidentify the species ' s ecological requirements . conduct a survey and extrapolate data for all rainforest on amber mountain to assess the species ' s population size ( m . rabenandrasana\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . amber mountain rock - thrush ( monticola erythronotus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfluid , viable relationships bring into focus the connection of one life to another , and the ways in which we impact our planet and are impacted by it . i create images that reveal the inherent bond between species and ecosystems , people and the natural world . the amber mountain rock - thrush has been found only in madagascar ' s amber mountain massif . the bird ' s population is estimated to be less than 5 , 000 due to habitat loss and deforestation . as you view this image , feel the optimism as the brilliantly colored male sings to his mate with hope for a bright future . we can restore balance in our natural world ! yes we can !\nmales told from other rock - thrushes by diagnostic dark rufous back , females have bright orange tails and lack white streaking on the breast .\npresently , there are few threats to the species . habitat destruction through commercial logging and clearance for subsistence agriculture are widespread threats in madagascar and may ultimately threaten this species . the clearance of forest on amber mountain has so far been limited ( f . hawkins\ni believe amber mountain is overrated . inside the park there is a very limited wildlife and nothing really worth spending time on . yes you can see the smallest chameleon in the world ( brookesia ) but not in the park but nearby the park . at least this . . .\nvelvet asity , schlegel ' s asity , yellow - bellied sunbird - asity , appert ' s greenbul , grey - crowned greenbul , dusky greenbul , long - billed greenbul , spectacled greenbul , yellow - browed oxylabes , white - throated oxylabes , crossley ' s babbler , madagascar magpie - robin , amber mountain rock - thrush , forest rock - thrush , littoral rock - thrush , madagascar wagtail , ward ' s flycatcher , common newtonia , dark newtonia , archbold ' s newtonia , red - tailed newtonia , madagascar lark , madagascar swamp - warbler , thamnornis warbler , lantz ' s brush - warbler , grey emu - tail , brown emu - tail , common jery , stripe - throated jery , green jery , wedge - tailed jery , rand ' s warbler , cryptic warbler , nuthatch vanga , white - headed vanga , chabert ' s vanga , blue vanga , helmet vanga , sickle - billed vanga , rufous vanga , red - shouldered vanga , red - tailed vanga , lafresnaye ' s vanga , hook - billed vanga , pollen ' s vanga , , tylas vanga , ashy cuckoo - shrike , madagascar starling , forest fody , madagascar fody , sakalava weaver , nelicourvi weaver , madagascar munia also indri and several lemur .\nnext to joffreville , in the north of madagascar , there is a national park called\nmontagne d ' ambre\nwhich is often translated as\namber mountain national park\n. the access is easy from antsiranana . you can go there even by sedan . the main attraction are : wildlife , waterfall , . . .\n: ambre mountain is an isolated patch of montane forest that rises from the surrounding dry region . the park is famous for its waterfalls and crater lakes .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . blue rock - thrush ( monticola solitarius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . chestnut - bellied rock - thrush ( monticola rufiventris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . blue - capped rock - thrush ( monticola cinclorhyncha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmontagne d ' ambre ( ambre mountain ) is an isolated patch of montane forest that rises from the surrounding dry region . the park is famous for its waterfalls , crater lakes , and wildlife .\nmountain forests of albertine rift in sw uganda ( bwindi impenetrable forest ) , w rwanda , burundi and e drcongo ( w of l edward to ruzizi area , and itombwe highlands to n end of l tanganyika ) .\n16 cm . small forest - dwelling thrush . males have blue hoods , chestnut upperparts , bright orange tail with brown central feathers and orange underparts . females are much duller , mostly brown ( although have an orange wash on the underparts ) and lack the blue hood .\n. the total population is estimated to number less than 5 , 000 individuals , which occur in a single block of forest on the upper slopes of one mountain , and may be declining , although so far there has been relatively low levels of habitat loss ( f . hawkins\namber schiltz , nebraska wildlife education coordinator growing up in southeast nebraska , amber spent much of her childhood camping , exploring and enjoying nature and the outdoors with her family . eventually she received her bachelor\u2019s degree in fisheries and wildlife from the university of nebraska - lincoln . during college , she discovered her love of sharing a passion for nature with others through volunteering in environmental education . these experiences led to working for different agencies throughout nebraska . she joined bird conservancy as the nebraska wildlife education coordinator in 2016 , and reaches the entire nebraska panhandle with education programs , field trips and events throughout the year . ( 308 ) 633 - 1013\nmatthew mclaren , imbcr coordinator / biologist matthew joined the bird conservancy in 2010 and works on the bird monitoring program . after graduating from the university of colorado with a bachelor\u2019s degree in biology and environmental science , matthew spent five years conducting field work throughout alaska . since then he has worked on several projects in colorado and wyoming , including studying mountain plover nest success and habitat use in wyoming . he is based in the fort collins office . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x22\nty woodward , private lands wildlife biologist ( woodland park , co ) born and raised in southeast colorado , tyrel earned his bachelor\u2019s degree in biology from colorado college in 2008 . he studied lesser prairie chicken habitat on conservation reserve program enrolled land in southeast colorado and southwest kansas , and graduated with his master\u2019s degree from colorado state university - pueblo in 2012 . he has worked for the colorado parks and wildlife as a wildlife conservation technician , aquatic conservation technician , and forest habitat technician . he has worked with wildlife species ranging from arkansas darters and new mexico jumping mouse to rocky mountain bighorn sheep , from the plains to the highest peaks . ty believes strongly in habitat conservation ; his forest restoration work has taken place across the state of colorado . when not working he enjoys hiking , camping , hunting , and fishing . ( 719 ) 686 - 9405 x103\nthis species is listed as endangered because it has a very small extent of occurrence and its forest habitat is declining in both area and quality . the population is small and suspected to be declining , albeit slowly . the validity of this taxon is doubtful and it may not be recognised as a species in the future .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : monticola erythronotus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngoodman , s . m . ; weigt , l . a . 2002 . the generic and species relationships of the reputed endemic malagasy genus pseudocossyphus ( family turdidae ) . ostrich 73 ( 1 & 2 ) : 26 - 35 .\nthe total population is estimated to number fewer than 5 , 000 individuals ( f . hawkins in litt . 2003 ) , roughly equivalent to 3 , 300 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be declining at an unquantified rate , owing to limited habitat loss ( f . hawkins in litt . 2003 ) .\nthe species ' s ecology is poorly known . it inhabits mid - altitude and montane humid , evergreen forest from 800 - 1 , 300 m , and forages inconspicuously in the understorey and on the ground . the species nests in tree hollows or in crevices under overhangs ( morris and hawkins 1998 )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n, but with slightly larger bill , bluer on head and extending only to throat and nape ; mantle to wing - coverts dull chestnut , . . .\nsong poorly known , described as high - pitched and harmonious , or rich and short , often given at dusk . . .\nmontane evergreen humid forest and mistforest in areas with discontinuous canopy , thus creating . . .\nforages on ground and in understorey . usually catches terrestrial prey in pounce from perch ; sometimes takes aerial prey in agile sally .\noct\u2013nov . largest territory 2\u00b75 ha , normally c . 1 ha . nest similar to that of\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in east malagasy wet forests eba . common within localized range .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincorporates pseudocossyphus and one species ( m . semirufus ) previously included in thamnolaea , based on genetic findings # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n] below is a collection of photos taken from around the world . except where noted , pictures were taken by\n1999 - 2015 . while these images are the property of mongabay . com , it may be permissible to use them for non - commercial purposes ( like powerpoint presentations and school projects ) , provided that the images are not altered in any form . please\nurltoken is a free resource . unless otherwise specified , all pics , photographs , and graphics found on urltoken are the property of urltoken . if you are interested in using an image or chart from the site for publication , please contact urltoken . also if you find errors or dead links on the site , please let me know .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor online use , you may use images from this website provided you clearly credit burrard - lucas photography next to the image and link back burrard - lucas . com .\nwill burrard - lucas is a professional wildlife photographer and founder of camtraptions and wildlife photo .\nartists for conservation international foundation is a canadian registered charity ( # 860891761 rr 0001 ) .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nphil gregory , jacqueserard , dr _ m _ zieger , dubi shapiro , gerardcaffreys images , billonneau jean claude .\nthis ecoregion contains a large number of endemic species , found in the remaining forest patches and also in some wetland areas , but the remaining habitats are highly fragmented and surrounded by a sea of anthropogenic grasslands and agricultural areas that have almost no biological value . this ecoregion is the site of some of the major extinctions of recent times , including that of the world\u2019s largest flightless bird ( aepyornis maximus ) , and a number of large lemurs . with only small fragmented areas of habitat left within most areas of this ecoregion , there is a high risk of further species extinction in the near future .\nthe subhumid forest ecoregion has been previously mapped as part of the eastern madagascar regional center of endemism ( white 1983 ) . to the east , these subhumid forests meet moist forests , in the lowland forest ecoregion around 800 m elevation , and to the west they merge into the dry deciduous forest ecoregion around 600 m elevation . at higher elevations ( generally above 1 , 800 to 2 , 000 m ) these habitats are replaced by ericoid thickets .\nthe rainfall is approximately 1 , 500 mm per year , although it may total as much as 2 , 000 mm in the sambirano area in the northwest and as little as 600 mm in the southwest . the temperatures at higher elevations are mainly moderate , between 15\u00b0 and 25\u00b0c . there is a cool , dry season between july and september and a warmer wet season during the rest of the year .\nthe underlying geology of the ecoregion is mainly ancient precambrian basement rocks that have been deformed and uplifted over millions of years . there are a few areas of more recent lava flows , and some alluvial deposits associated with wetlands ( du puy and moat 1996 ) .\nvast grasslands now cover the central highlands at elevations ranging from 1 , 000 to 1 , 500 m ( jolly et al . 1984 , du puy and moat 1996 ) . there is some debate regarding the degree to which this upland area was formerly forested and the degrees to which humans have affected the fauna and flora ( burney 1997 , lowry et al . 1997 ) . however , it is clear there have been very significant anthropogenic changes in the ecoregion . the central highlands was once home to a remarkable array of endemic species . these included several species of elephant birds ( aepyornithidae ) , including the world\u2019s largest bird species ( aepyornis maximus ) , a giant tortoise , and several species of lemurs most of which were large bodied species , some larger than female gorillas today . all of these species have become extinct since the arrival of humans on the island around 2 , 000 years ago .\nthere are few remaining patches of subhumid forest on the central highlands . small patches are found on ankaratra massif , and some larger forest blocks are on the slopes of andringitra and tsaratanana massifs . at the higher elevations , the subhumid forest , also referred to as sclerophyllous montane forest , holds canopy trees that are 10 to 12 m in height , including species from the families rubiaceae , lauraceae , verbenaceae and ericaceae . at lower elevations , from 1 , 400 to 1 , 600 m , the forest has a 15 m canopy and includes species in the families cunoniaceae , araliaceae , cornaceae , celestraceae , anacardiaceae , burseraceae , euphorbiaceae , lauraceae and ebenaceae .\nthe remaining\ntapia\nwoodlands , in the southwest of the ecoregion are restricted in distribution . the largest intact areas of this habitat are found in the isalo and itremo massifs on sandstone and quartzite . they are characterized by a relatively open canopy dominated by members of the family sarcolaenaceae and euphorbiaceae , including the fire - resistant uapaca bojeri and the genus sarcolaena . the shrub layer consists of asteraceae , rubiaceae , and leguminosae . there are also some endemic kalanchoe and aloe species .\nbiodiversity features this ecoregion is similar to others in madagascar in that most natural vegetation cover has been destroyed . the remaining small and isolated patches or distinctly larger blocks are biodiversity\njewels\nessential for a variety endemic species .\ncurrent status the remaining natural habitats of the central highlands are extremely fragmented except for the zone spanning its eastern edge and the upper portion of the eastern escarpment . on the central highlands proper , the few patches of natural vegetation continue to be fragmented by grassland fires . habitats of the ecoregion are partially protected with the remaining central highland forests of ambohijanahary and ambohitantely being protected areas and the eastern slopes of andringitra and the upper slopes of ranomafana being national parks . however , the degree to which the protected areas can maintain and manage the integrity of these habitats varies . lack of resources , inadequate training and limited personnel , in addition to the absence of clear management plans , all contribute to the difficulty of preventing habitat destruction within the reserves .\ntypes and severity of threats remaining patches of forest and woodlands of the central highlands face continuous and intensive pressure from encroaching agriculture , increasing exploitation by growing human populations , and fire . introduced plants and animals are affecting the integrity of habitats . nearly all of the ecoregion has been modified either directly or indirectly by humans ( see lowry et al . 1997 ) .\njustification of ecoregion delineation the madagascar subhumid forest , located in central madagascar , is based on cornet\u2019s subhumid bioclimatic division ( cornet 1974 ) , with the eastern boundary delineated at 800 m elevation and the western boundary delineated at 600 m elevation . although the western boundary differs from humbert\u2019s vegetation map ( humbert 1959 ) , the 600 m contour better reflects climatic patterns which distinguish moist evergreen forest from dry deciduous forest ( schatz per . comm . ) . the ecoregion also includes disjunct subhumid areas such as mt . d\u2019ambre in the north and the analavelona and isalo massifs in the southwest .\nreferences burney , d . a . 1997 . theories and facts regarding holocene environmental change before and after human colonization . in natural change and human impact in madagascar , eds . s . m . goodman and b . d . patterson , pp . 75 - 89 . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution press .\ncarleton , m . d . , and s . m . goodman . 1998 . new taxa of nesomyine rodents ( muroidea : muridae ) from madagascar ' s northern highlands , with taxonomic comments on previously described forms . in a floral and faunal inventory of the r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale d ' anjanaharibe - sud , madagascar : with reference to elevational variation , ed . s . m . goodman . fieldiana : zoology , new series , 90 : 163 - 200 .\ncornet , a . 1974 . essai cartographique bioclimatique \u00e0 madagascar , carte \u00e0 1 / 2 ' 000 ' 000 et notice explicative n\u00b0 55 . paris : orstom .\ndu puy , d . j . and moat , j . 1996 . a refined classification of the primary vegetation of madagascar based on the underlying geology : using gis to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status . in w . r . louren\u00e7o ( editor ) . biog\u00e9ographie de madagascar , pp . 205 - - 218 , + 3 maps . editions de l\u2019orstom , paris .\ngautier , l . and goodman , s . m . in press . inventaire floristique et faunistique de la r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale de manongarivo , madagascar . boissiera x : xx - xx .\nharcourt , c . ( ed . ) 1990 . lemurs of madagascar and the comores . iucn red data book , iucn gland .\nhilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , united kingdom .\nhumbert , h . 1955 . les territoires phytog\u00e9ographiques de madagascar . in . colloques internationaux du c . n . r . s . , 59 : les divisions \u00e9cologique du monde . moyen d\u2019expression , nomenclature , cartographie . paris , juin - juillet 1954 . ann\u00e9e biologique , 3e s\u00e9r . 31 : 439 - 448 .\nhumbert , h . 1959 . origines pr\u00e9sum\u00e9es et affinit\u00e9s de la flore de madagascar . m\u00e9m . inst . sci . mad . s\u00e9r . b ( bio . v\u00e9g . ) , 9 : 149 - 187 .\njolly , a . , oberl\u00e9 , p . and albignac , r . 1984 . key environments : madagascar . pergamon press , oxford .\nlangrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . yale university press , new haven .\nlowry , p . p . ii , schatz , g . e . and phillipson , p . b . 1997 . the classification of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in madagascar . pp . 93 - 123 in : s . m . goodman and b . d . patterson ( eds ) . natural change and human impact in madagascar . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .\nmittermeier , r . a . , tattersall , i . , konstant , w . r . , meyers , d . m . & , mast , r . b . 1994 . lemurs of madagascar . conservation international , washington , d . c .\nnicoll , m . e . and langrand , o . 1989 . madagascar : revue de la conservation et des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es . world wide fund for nature , gland , switzerland .\nperrier de la b\u00e2thie , h . 1936 . biog\u00e9ographie des plantes de madagascar . paris : soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' \u00e9ditions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales .\nwhite , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa , a descriptive memoir to accompany unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa . unesco , paris .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\n, based on the best information available at this time . it is based on a wide variety of sources that i collated over many years . i am pleased to offer these checklists as a service to birdwatchers . if you find any error , please do not hesitate to\n. if you prefer to view the list based on a different authority , click on one of the list available below . globally threatened species ( status in red ) were identified by birdlife international in\nbird checklists of the world is part of avibase and bird links to the world , which are designed and maintained by denis lepage , and hosted by bird studies canada , which is a co - partner of birdlife international .\nselect another taxonomy : avibase taxonomic concepts ( current ) hbw and birdlife taxonomic checklist v2 ( dec 2017 ) clements , version 2017 clements 5th edition ( incl . 2005 revisions ) ebird version 2017 handbook of the birds of the world alive ( 03 / 07 / 2017 ) howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) ioc world bird names , version 8 . 1 sibley and monroe 2nd edition ( 1996 )\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\nrecordings not starting automatically ? try enabling autoplay in your browser , or click the play button below .\nstriated heron [ incl . bahamensis , anthonyi , frazari , excl . sundevalli ]\nbutorides striata [ incl . bahamensis , anthonyi , frazari , excl . sundevalli ]\nbarn , eastern barn , cape verde barn or andaman masked owl [ excl . insularis ]\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 930 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nthe park is about 27 km southwest of diego suarez . good place for bird watching and wildlife . . .\nnext to joffreville , in the north of madagascar , there is a national park called\nmontagne d ' ambre . . .\na vast , beautiful reserve , the parc national de montagne d ' ambre draws more visitors than any other place in northern madagascar .\nthis park was my first experience in madagascar . the hike was nice and we saw crowned lemur and several leaf geckos as well as lots of birds , chameleons , etc . it was worth seeing\nthe park is about 27 km southwest of diego suarez . good place for bird watching and wildlife sporting . you can always find mongooses close to the camping places .\nwhat a beautiful rain forest so easy to reach to and so magnificient not to miss . its flora and fauna was so surprising to witness . . many lemurs . lots of chameleons , a very interesting experience to live . . must be seen . .\nvisited for two days . refreshing environment . lush , green forest , plenty of wildlife . there are a number of circuits you can trek . overnighted on the park grounds in the base camp in a building that looked like it ' s haunted . bring your sleeping bag if you plan . . .\nour trip was organised by cactus tours madagascar , charlie was amazing . our guide edi was very knowledgeable and friendly . we had a fantastic day . we were lucky enough to spot lemurs near the end of our stay . we also saw chameleons and geckos . the park . . .\nwe had a day off whilst working the area and decided to go here due to it being reasonably close to antsiranana . the park is very nice and we had an excellent guide but didn ' t find any lemurs . what he did find was numerous species . . .\nwe visited the park on a recent trip to madagascar hoping to catch our first glimpse of lemur . we weren ' t disappointed seeing sanford brown lemur group . they weren ' t easy to photograph in the trees . we saw loads of chameleon , a boa constrictor , spiders , gecko and . . .\nthe chameleons in this park are amazing . try and get your guide to take you off the beaten path , and don ' t bother going all the way to the big waterfall - just go the first km or so ( before the eucalypt and pine appears ) .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthis park was my first experience in madagascar . the hike was nice and we saw crowned lemur and . . .\nseparation of races generally difficult ; characters tend to intergrade , suggesting that most , if not all , variation is clinal , perhaps including from longirostris through pandoo to philippensis . race philippensis highly distinctive in plumage and to some extent apparently also in ecology , but intergradation extensive , vocalizations very similar # r and molecular evidence # r contradicts a break between this form and the other taxa , identifying instead one clade for nominate and longirostris and another for pandoo and philippensis ( presumably with madoci ) . five subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 nw africa , s europe ( e to italy and n balkans ) , n turkey , caucasus and transcaucasia ; non - breeding also n africa and arabia .\n( blyth , 1847 ) \u2013 greece , w & s turkey and levant e to tien shan , afghanistan and nw himalayas ( n pakistan and kashmir ) ; non - breeding also arabia , ne africa e to nw india .\n( sykes , 1832 ) \u2013 c himalayas , s , c & e china ( including hainan ) and n vietnam ; non - breeding s & se asia s to greater sundas .\n\u2013 e mongolia , ne china , korea , sakhalin , s kuril is , japan , ryukyu is , coastal taiwan and n philippines ( batanes is ) ; non - breeding se china ( including hainan and taiwan ) , se asia and philippines s to sundas , moluccas and palau .\n20\u201323 cm ; 37\u201370 g . male nominate race is deep blue , darker and browner on wings and tail . female variable , usually much duller above , generally blue - grey , often . . .\nsong ( by both sexes , chiefly by male ) melodious and rich , a short series of individually varied . . .\nbreeds on precipitous cliffs , in steep rocky valleys and defiles , ravines and gorges , on crags , . . .\ninvertebrates , small vertebrates , and fruit . mainly insects , including grasshoppers , locusts , crickets , mole - crickets , adult and larval . . .\nmar\u2013jul in nw africa , end apr to mid - jul in iberia and end feb to mid - jun in israel ; jun\u2013jul in afghanistan , apr\u2013jul in . . .\nsedentary , partial migrant , altitudinal migrant and intercontinental migrant ; nocturnal migrant , . . .\nnot globally threatened . total population in europe in mid - 1990s estimated at 40 , 675\u201361 , 602 pairs , with additional 5000\u201350 , 000 pairs in turkey . by 2000 total . . .\nmost of the bird conservancy\u2019s regular staff members are based in colorado and western nebraska , although they can be found across the rocky mountains and great plains working to conserve birds and their habitats . staff members are associated with our science , education , stewardship , international or administration teams , as indicated following their position titles .\ntammy vercauteren , executive director a michigan native , tammy earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in wildlife management in 1995 from michigan state university and a master\u2019s degree in 1998 from the university of nebraska - lincoln where she studied sandhill cranes . she began working for bird conservancy ( then colorado bird observatory ) in 1999 as a specialist in gis and landowner outreach for the prairie partners program . she has been bird conservancy\u2019s prairie partners coordinator and outreach director and has served as executive director since 2008 . she enjoys working with partners and encouraging proactive voluntary efforts for species conservation , and she believes it is relationships with people that will make a positive difference for conservation now and in the future . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x16\nnannette archuleta , staff accountant raised in the north metro denver area , nannette earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in business administration with an emphasis in management from the university of colorado denver in 2013 . a very competitive person , nannette loves meeting new people and trying new things . she enjoys the outdoors and spending time with her family and her two american bull dogs . nannette joined the finance team in the spring of 2015 and works out of the old stone house in brighton . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x13\nhas over 18 years of experience designing and implementing community conservation and rural development projects in africa and the western united states . prior to joining bird conservancy , adam\na human ecologist for usda - ars at the jornada ( new mexico state university ) where he coordinated the development of mobile and web - based data integration platforms to support grassland stewardship efforts around the world .\nemploys participatory action research in his work and is always searching for new and innovative ways to integrate local , traditional , and scientific knowledge in land use decision making . he earned both his master\u2019s ( 2006 ) and phd ( 2010 ) in human dimensions of natural resources from colorado state university .\njennifer blakesley , biometrician jennifer received her bachelor\u2019s degree in biology from utah state university , her master\u2019s degree in wildlife resources from the university of idaho and her doctorate in wildlife biology from colorado state university . she studied the demography , habitat relationships and breeding dispersal of northern and california spotted owls for 18 years . prior to owl research , she studied habitat relationships of songbirds in utah , idaho and wyoming . jennifer joined the bird conservancy in july 2006 . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x18\ntyler cash , environmental educator tyler grew up in sunny southern california where he spent most of his time outside and in the ocean . he graduated from the university of california santa cruz with a bachelors degree in environmental studies , where he gained extensive knowledge in natural history . tyler is extremely excited to share his knowledge and love of birds and the outdoors . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x19\nmo was born and raised in conway , massachusetts . she earned her bachelor\u2019s degree in biology at the college of\nerin divine , coordinating wildlife biologist erin grew up in southeastern nebraska roaming around the farm land of her parents\u2019 home and the adjacent state wildlife management area and state recreation area . she attended nebraska wesleyan university and earned a bachelor\u2019s degree in biology in 2005 . in 2013 , she completed a graduate certificate of advanced study in geographic information systems from university of denver , university college . after earning her bachelor\u2019s degree , she worked for the forest service in arizona , oregon state university and boise state university\u2019s raptor research center conducting surveys for mexican and northern spotted owl , northern goshawk , golden eagle and other raptors . she also has some experience with habitat improvement projects . erin is stationed in chadron , nebraska . ( 308 ) 432 - 6122\ngrowing up as a free - range child in the wilds of rural iowa , sarah\u2019s connection with nature was fostered from an early age . this connection prompted her to earn a bachelor\u2019s degree in animal ecology from iowa state university ( 2011 ) and then a master\u2019s degree in conservation biology from miami university ( 2017 ) . realizing that most children no longer have the opportunity to connect with nature in safe , meaningful ways , and that these early experiences help to shape conservation - minded adults , she has made it her mission to innovate ways to bring children and nature back together . when not teaching , sarah can be found hiking , reading , or cooking with her husband . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x23\nnancy drilling , dakotas projects coordinator a native iowan , nancy received her master\u2019s degree at illinois state university and is finishing her doctorate in conservation biology at the university of minnesota . she has worked on many avian projects in all corners of the u . s . , including research on forest passerines , shorebirds , waterfowl and colonial water birds . she also has experience in southeast asia , including three years as a peace corps volunteer in thailand and several years working and conducting avian research in indonesia and malaysia . nancy coordinates bird conservancy projects in south dakota , including the second south dakota breeding bird atlas . ( 605 ) 791 - 0459\nangela dwyer ( mangiameli ) , grassland wildlife coordinator , nebraska prairie partners originally from texas , angela moved to colorado in 2010 and worked part - time for audubon rockies on habitat restoration and at colorado state university on several gis vegetation mapping projects . she studied wading bird ecology and received a master\u2019s degree in wildlife management at stephen f . austin state university in 2006 and has been working with birds ever since . angela was the conservation biologist for audubon north carolina from 2007 to 2010 , chasing shorebirds on the beach . she loves exploring colorado through birding , hiking and skiing . she is based in fort collins . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x17\nmarcella fremgen , range ecologist ( montrose , co ) marcella grew up in golden , colorado and did her undergraduate at western state college in gunnison in 2011 . she worked for colorado parks and wildlife and the u . s . forest service in gunnison , as well as oregon state university on a variety of projects . marcella then studied sage - grouse diet and habitat use at boise state university for her master\u2019s degree . she enjoys skiing , backpacking , fishing and living in the west ! marcella is based out of the montrose , colorado nrcs office . ( 970 ) 249 - 8407 x129\nveronica grigaltchik , private lands wildlife biologist ( jordan , mt ) veronica received her bachelor\u2019s degree in zoology from the university of florida , where she first developed a passion for birds . she then worked with u . s . fish and wildlife at a wildlife refuge in south texas , conducting bird surveys . following this , she traveled to australia to complete a doctorate in biology at the university of sydney , where she explored how temperature affects interactions between species . she is currently based in the jordan nrcs field office and is working to deliver wildlife habitat conservation programs , emphasizing grassland birds , to landowners in montana . ( 406 ) 557 - 2740 x114\nkelli hirsch , development manager a central nebraska native , kelli earned a bachelor\u2019s degree from hastings college . kelli has spent her career in fundraising for various nonprofit organizations and truly enjoys connecting people\u2019s passions and interests to an organization\u2019s mission . kelli developed a deep appreciation for migrating sandhill and whooping cranes as a young child . although a bird novice compared to her colleagues , kelli\u2019s appreciation for birds stems from personal connections to birding friends and loved ones . kelli loves natural landscapes , endless horizons and open spaces and looks forward to helping bird conservancy conserve these precious resources for future generations . in her spare time , kelli plays french horn with the denver philharmonic orchestra and gossamer winds and enjoys spending time with her family , hiking and exploring national parks . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x12\nkelsea holloway , private lands wildlife biologist ( wetland specialist ) kelsea , a native to idaho , received her bachelor\u2019s degree in wildlife resources from the university of idaho in 2013 . during her years as an undergrad she assisted with prairie song bird studies and pygmy rabbit habitat studies . in 2014 she moved to minnesota to assist the natural resources conservation service with the wetland reserve program ( wrp ) . after almost 2 years in minnesota , kelsea joined the bird conservancy team in colorado . she now assists multiple counties in northeast colorado with wrp management . ( 970 ) 356 - 8097 x109\nwendy lanier , spotted owl project leader wendy received her bachelor\u2019s degree in ecology , evolution and organismal biology from vanderbilt university . she became passionate about research with conservation applications while conducting avian field work in california and colorado . this passion led her to colorado state university , where she received her master\u2019s degree in wildlife biology in 2015 . briefly leaving the avian world , her thesis focused on the effects of introduced greenback cutthroat trout on boreal toad recruitment . wendy is currently applying her knowledge of population biology , ecological modeling and conservation biology to monitor the threatened mexican spotted owl in arizona and new mexico . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x18\nkelsey mazur , programs coordinator kelsey has served as an educator and a coordinator for a variety of nature - based experiential education programs . she\u2019s gained professional experience building both citizen science and residential learning programs as well as inquiry - based family programs and summer camps . kelsey loves working with students , volunteers , and the public to share her love for birds , nature , and all things wild . kelsey is originally from ohio where she attended wittenberg university and earned a degree in history through studying pre - modern interpretations of the natural world . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x10\nmeredith mcburney , biologist / bander meredith made her decision to make conserving birds and their habitats her second career in 1997 when she held a warbler in the hand for the first time while volunteering for earthwatch in monteverde , costa rica . returning to colorado , she took hugh and urling kingery\u2019s beginning birder class , obtained a bachelor\u2019s degree in zoology from colorado state university , and learned her banding skills from the many excellent banders who preceded her as the bander at the barr lake station . she has worked for the bird conservancy since 2004 , and bands in the spring at chatfield and the fall at barr lake . she loves the hands - on experience of banding , and she loves sharing that experience with the hundreds of kids and adults who visit the banding stations every year . ( 303 ) 329 - 8091\nstacey monahan , camp and family programs coordinator stacey grew up in the beautiful state of new hampshire , where she fostered a love of everything outdoors . she graduated from the university of vermont with a bachelors in wildlife biology . stacey has worked at many different environmental education centers and summer camps on the east and west coasts . she is very excited to bring her knowledge and experiences to bird camp ! ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x18\nmaryanne murphy , chief administrative officer maryanne is a certified public accountant with nearly 30 years of experience , including six as controller at the denver museum of nature & science . during her career , maryanne has earned a reputation for her incredible attention to detail and ability to streamline organizations and processes . she earned her bachelor of science in accounting from drexel university in philadelphia . in her leisure time , maryanne enjoys walking tours of foreign lands and has explored zambia , morocco and turkey on foot ; the theater and recreational softball . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x16\ndavid pavlacky , biometrician a colorado native , david received a bachelor\u2019s degree in wildlife biology from colorado state university ( 1995 ) and a master\u2019s degree in zoology and physiology from the university of wyoming ( 2000 ) . he earned a doctorate in zoology from the university of queensland , australia ( 2008 ) , where he studied landscape genetics and ecology of rainforest birds . david first worked for the bird conservancy as a field technician in 1995 , and he rejoined the bird conservancy in april 2008 to work on the spatial ecology of playa wetlands in eastern colorado and western nebraska . his research interests include quantitative methods for the distribution and abundance of wildlife and landscape ecology of forest birds . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x11\nlaura quattrini , stewardship program manager laura obtained a bachelor\u2019s in wildlife biology from ohio university with an environmental studies certificate . she has assisted with numerous avian research projects with organizations including whitefish point bird observatory , carnegie museum of natural history / powdermill biological reserve , hawkwatch international , southern sierra research station and humboldt state university . she has higher education teaching experience and was an americorps vista organizing outreach efforts with landowners in southeast ohio . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x21\nallison shaw , gis and data manager allison is originally from ann arbor , michigan . she obtained a bachelor\u2019s degree in biology from grinnell college and a master\u2019s degree in ecology and evolutionary biology from iowa state university . she has worked on forest and wetland conservation projects across the united states and central america for the nature conservancy , national park service , colorado natural heritage program , peace corps guatemala and others . she joined the bird conservancy in the fall of 2014 to assist the international team with data and project management . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x23\nrita sims , accounting manager rita received her bachelor of science degree in accounting from metropolitan state university in denver , co . since graduating in 2012 she has gained experience in multiple types of industries focusing in on nonprofits in 2015 because she enjoys working for companies that have a larger picture in mind for the greater purpose . in her spare time , she enjoys spending time with her family and 4 dogs , trying to master the art of fishing and seeing more of the country side . ( 303 ) 659 - 4348 x14\nerin strasser , biologist erin received her bachelor\u2019s degree in zoology from northern arizona university where she studied pinyon jay behavioral ecology . in 2010 , she earned her master\u2019s in raptor biology from boise state university , investigating the impacts of human disturbance on american kestrel stress physiology and reproductive abandonment . her passion for research and avian conservation has led her to study birds in several western states , as well as belize and honduras . she is interested in how anthropogenic change impacts breeding bird behavior and physiology , and the overwintering ecology of migrants . erin is involved with the bird conservancy\u2019s chihuahuan desert grasslands project aimed at understanding overwintering survival and habitat use of baird\u2019s and grasshopper sparrows . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x27\nalex van boer , gis biologist growing up far from colorado on the east end of long island , alex began birding when he was only six years old . he graduated from bowdoin college in maine with a bachelor\u2019s degree in biology and has spent the last several years working field jobs in conservation and ecological research , including a summer surveying saltmarsh birds for the university of connecticut . he started at the bird conservancy as a data proofing technician and gis volunteer , and joined as a full - time staff member in 2016 . alex enjoys the outdoors during all seasons and writes and performs music in his free time . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x19\nchris white , director of science operations chris white is director of science operations with bird conservancy of the rockies . after graduating from arizona state university in 2002 with a bachelor\u2019s degree in biology , chris volunteered at an avian rehabilitation facility in scottsdale , arizona and was smitten with birds . he conducted field work for the next few years , moving to fort collins , colorado along the way . chris was initially hired to work for the bird conservancy as a data entry technician in the fall of 2006 . since then , chris has worked is way up through the ranks , serving as a biologist , then imbcr coordinator , and finally to his current position working directly under the science director . ( 970 ) 482 - 1707 x24"]}
{"id": 1803, "summary": [{"text": "astichopus is a monotypic genus of sea cucumbers , the only species in the genus being astichopus multifidus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the furry sea cucumber or the fissured sea cucumber and is native to the caribbean sea . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "astichopus", "paragraphs": ["glynn , pw . , 1965 . active movements and other aspects of the biology astichopus and leptosynapta ( holothuroidea ) . biological bulletin . 129 : 106 - 127 .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . fao geonetwork . fao aquatic species distribution map of astichopus multifidus ( geolayer ) . ( latest update : 04 jun 2015 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken\nfrom the abstract : astichopus does this in response to sudden changes in changes in salinity concentration , oxygen deficiency and other\nbodily disturbances .\nthe movement below may be a prelude to evisceration . . which i ' ve discussed here .\nfao aquatic species distribution map of astichopus multifidus . the main sources of information for the species distribution are the habitat description and geographic range contained in the published fao catalogues of species ( more details at urltoken ) . terms used in th . . .\njohn starmer marked\nfrom : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995\nas trusted on the\nastichopus multifidus ( sluter , 1910 )\npage .\nupdate ! thanks to dave pawson for the citation ! go to this open access paper by peter glynn from 1965 on\nactive movements and other aspects of biology of astichopus and leptosynapta . biol . bull . 129 : 106 - 127 .\nto read the full account !\n( of stichopus multifidus sluiter , 1910 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1910 ) . westindische holothurien . zool . jahrb . jena suppl . 11 : ( 331 - 342 ) . [ details ]\npawson , d . l . , d . j . vance , c . g . messing , f . a . solis - marin & c . l . mah . ( 2009 ) . echinodermata of the gulf of mexico . pp . 1177\u20131204 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college s . [ details ]\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nhumann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ntoral - granda , m . v , alvarado , j . j . , benavides , m . , paola ortiz , e . , hamel , j . - f . & mercier , a .\nhas a wide distribution and has been important in fisheries in panama , venezuela , and nicaragua . in panama , costa rica , and venezuela , all sea cucumber fishing activities are banned . however , illegal fishing may occur in panama . there is no fishing information from other parts of its range and no evidence that it is fished . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis caribbean species occurs from the southeastern u . s . and the gulf of mexico , south to colombia and venezuela , and east to jamaica , dominican republic , puerto rico , cuba , panama and bahamas . it is found at depths between 1 - 37m ( miller and pawson 1984 ) .\nthe average density reported for this species in bocas del toro , panama ( 4 . 9 individuals per ha ) may indicate current critical overfishing levels . the estimated size of the total population in that area was 231 , 000 individuals ( guzman and guevara 2002 ) . this species was absent in 95 % of protected areas around cayos zapatillas in panama ( guzman and guevara 2002 ) .\nalong the eastern and central yucatan coast ( mexico ) a density of 5 . 92 individuals per ha was found in the east and 32 . 18 individuals per ha in the central coast . the total biomass was estimated at approximately 16 , 000 tonnes for an area of approximately 1 . 2 million hectares ( moguel\nseagrass beds ( miller and pawson 1984 , toral - granda 2008 ) . it is also found in areas of calcareous algae ( miller and pawson 1984 ) , and prefers deeper , calmer reef environments ( hendler\nthis species is one of the most important commercial species in the caribbean , with fishing activties in panama ( toral - granda 2008 ) , and jamaica . it is of potential commercial interest in florida , puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( bruckner 2006 ) .\nalthough not one of the most valuable species for fishery purposes , it can be expected that this species may become more popular after the depletion or reduction of other species of higher commercial importance and value . it can be considered an emerging commercial species , because higher value indo - pacific species are becoming scarce .\nguzman and guevara ( 2002 ) suggests that if the fishing pressure from 1997 is maintained , the population of this species in boca del toro , panama would collapse in nine days .\nin panama , costa rica , and venezuela , all sea cucumber fishing activities are banned ( toral - granda 2008 ) . illegal fishing may occur in panama ( j . alvarado pers . comm . 2010 ) . the fishery for this species in nicaragua is unregulated . the distribution of this species overlaps with some protected areas .\ntoral - granda , m . v , alvarado , j . j . , benavides , m . , paola ortiz , e . , hamel , j . - f . & mercier , a . 2013 .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2013 : e . t180493a102417783 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfrom : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nfrom : sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean , by hendler , miller , pawson , & porter . 1995\nand\nthalassia testudinum banks & sol . ex k . d . koenig\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nclark , h . l . ( 1922 ) . the holothurians of the genus stichopus . bul . mus . comp . zool . cambridge mass . 65 ( no . 3 ) : pp . 39 - 74 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 1 specimens . . .\nis a variable , grey to green / black sea cucumber from . . .\nthis caribbean species occurs from the southeastern u . s . and the gulf . . .\nthe urltoken website brings together statistics , maps , pictures , and documents on food and agriculture from throughout the fao organization in one convenient location . this means that instead of searching multiple sites and sources , you will be able to go to one central place in order to collect or view the data that interests you . to assist in data retrieval , the site provides an efficient search engine as well as easy - to - use navigation menus .\nheads up ! we will have a convenient download format available for this resource soon .\nthe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product are not warranted to be error free and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of fao concerning the legal status of any country , territory , city or area or of its authorities , or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries . fao makes every effort to ensure , but does not guarantee , the accuracy , completeness or authenticity of the information in this information product .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fao geonetwork . rome , italy : fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fao geonetwork . rome , italy : fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fao geonetwork . rome , italy , fao .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\ndepth range based on 10 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 7 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 11 - 179 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 22 . 312 - 26 . 768 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 6 . 773 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 143 - 36 . 740 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 478 - 4 . 895 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 0 . 661 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 232 - 2 . 986 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 11 - 179 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 22 . 312 - 26 . 768 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 615 - 6 . 773 salinity ( pps ) : 36 . 143 - 36 . 740 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 478 - 4 . 895 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 0 . 661 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 232 - 2 . 986 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\ngabaev , dd . , 1998 . some aspects of the ecology of young echinoderms settling on artificial substrata . pp 31 - 33 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference , san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . ( mooi , r . , & telford , m . , eds . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 923 pps .\ngagaev , sy . , bestuzheva , il . , & andronov , py . , 1997 . on the season dynamics in bottom ecosystems of amerasiatian province in the arctic by the example of the chaun bay of the east siberian sea . okeanologiya . 37 ( 5 ) : 761 - 769 .\ngaill , f . , & van praet , m . , 1985 . aspects of macrobenthos nutrition . pp . 209 - 231 . in : deep sea populations from the gulf of gascogne : biogas expeditions . ( laubier , l . , & monniot , c . , eds . ) . brest , france : service documentation - publications , institut fran\u00e7ais recherche exploitation mer . 630 pp .\ngamber , jh . , & clark , dl . , 1978 . distribution of microscopic molluscs , echinoderms and sponges in the central arctic ocean . micropaleontology . 24 ( 4 ) : 422 - 431 .\ngamboa , r . , gomez , al . , & nievales , mf . , 2004 . , the status of sea cucumber fishery and mariculture in the philippines . pp . 69 - 78 . in : advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management . 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( konovalov , sm . , shuntov , vp . , markovtsev , vg . , gavrilov , gm . , osipov , vg . , pavlychev , vp . , mikulich , lv . , fadeev , ns . , & kucheryavenko , eb . , eds . ) .\ngrosenbaugh , da . , 1981 . qualitative assessment of the asteroids , echinoids and holothurians in yap lagoon . atoll research bulletin . 255 : 49 - 54 .\ngruzov , en . , & pushkin , af . , 1970 . bottom communities of the upper sublittoral of enderby land and the south shetland islands . pp . 235 - 238 . in : antarctic ecology volume 1 . ( holdgate , mw . , ed . ) . academic press . london\ngudimova , en . , gudimov , a . , & collin , p . , 2004 . a study of the biology for fishery in two populations of cucumaria frondosa : in the barents sea ( russia ) and in the gulf of maine ( usa ) . pp . 269 - 275 . in : echinoderms : muenchen . proceedings of the 11th international echinoderm conference , munich , germany , 6 - 10 october 2003 . ( heinzeller , t . , & nebelsick , jh . , eds . ) . taylor & francis , london . 633 pps .\ngudimova , en . , & opalev , ml . , 1989 . gravimetry of the holothuroid cucumaria frondosa gunnerus in the water environment . pp . 107 - 112 . in : trophic interrelationships of benthic organisms and benthic fish of the barents sea . ( chinarina , ad . , ed . ) .\nguenther , k . , 1903 . \u00fcber den nucleolus im reifenden echinodermen ei und seine bedeutung . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher . 19 : 28 pps .\nguo , c . , ni , z . , & xu , z . , 1998 . advances in the extraction and active research of glycosaminoglycan from echinodermata . marine science bulletin . 17 ( 5 ) : 84 - 87 .\nguo , sy . , guo , z , chen , by . , guo , q . , ni , sw . , & wang , xc . , 2003 . urea induced inactivation and unfolding of arginine kinase from the sea cucumber . biokhimiya . 68 ( 11 ) : 1575 - 1580 .\ngurumani , on . , & krishnamurthy , s . , 1994 . some aspects of processing and quality control of b\u00eache - de - mer for export . in : proceedings of the national workshop on b\u00eache - de - mer . ( rengarajan , k . , & james , db . , eds . ) central marine fisheries research institute bulletin . no . 46 : 81 - 84 .\ngustato , g . , & villari ; , a . , 1980 . on the ecology and species frequency of the genus holothuria in the gulf of naples . pp . 187 . in : echinoderms - present and past proceedings of the european colloquium on echinoderms , brussels september 1979 . ( jangoux , m . , ed . ) balkema press , rotterdam . 428 pps .\ngustato , g . , villari , a . , del gaudio , s . , & pedata , p . 1982 . ulteriori dati sulla distribuzione di holothuria tubulosa , holothuria polii e holothuria stellati nel golfo di napoli . bollettino societ\u00e0 naturalisti napoli . 91 : 14 pps .\ngutt , j . , 1991 . investigations on brood protection in psolus dubiosus ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from antarctica in spring and autumn . marine biology . 111 ( 2 ) : 281 - 286 .\ngutt , j . , 1991 . on the distribution and ecology of holothurians in the weddell sea , antarctica . polar biology . 11 ( 3 ) : 145 - 155 .\ngutt , j . , 2000 . some \u201cdriving forces\u201d structuring communities of the sublittoral antarctic macrobenthos . antarctic science : 12 , 297 - 313 .\ngutt , j . , 2001 . on the direct impact of ice on marine benthic communities , a review . polar biology . 24 : 553 - 564 .\ngutt , j . , gerdes , d . , & klages , m . , 1992 . seasonality and spatial variability in the reproduction of two antarctic holothurians ( echinodermata ) . polar biology . 11 ( 8 ) : 533 - 544 .\ngutt , j . , & piepenburg , d . , 1991 . dense agggregations of three deep - sea holothurians in the southern weddell sea , antarctica . marine ecology progress series . 68 ( 3 ) : 277 - 285 .\ngutt , j . , & starmans , a . , 2001 . quantification of iceberg impact and benthic recolonisation patterns in the weddell sea , antarctica . polar biology . 24 : 615 - 619 .\nguzman , hm . , & guevara , ca . , 2002 . population structure , distribution and abundance of three commercial species of sea cucumber ( echinodermata ) in panama . caribbean journal of science 38 ( 3 - 4 ) : 230 - 238 .\nguzman , hm . , guevara , ca . , & hernandez , ic . , 2003 . reproductive cycle of two commercial species of sea cucumber ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from caribbean panama . marine biology . 142 ( 2 ) : 271 - 279 .\nechinodermata ! starfish ! sea urchins ! sea cucumbers ! stone lillies ! feather stars ! blastozoans ! sea daisies ! marine invertebrates found throughout the world ' s oceans with a rich and ancient fossil legacy . their biology and evolution includes a wide range of crazy and wonderful things . let me share those things with you !\nstrange behavior i ' ve never heard of in this tropical sea cucumber . . .\nseriously though , i ' ve never heard nor seen of a sea cucumber doing that rolling in the sand action . i this another thing that naturalists see that may not have been recorded before ? ?\non page 391 of their second edition of\nreef creature identification\npaul humann and ned deloach state\nthis creature can be quite active , and may be observed crawling or even rolling over and over .\nunfortunately , no internet link availabble .\ni pursue starfish related adventure around the world with a critical eye and an appreciation for weirdness . support has been courtesy of the national science foundation but the views and opinions presented herein are mine and do not reflect the opinions of them or any affiliated institutions . need to hire an invertebrate zoologist / marine biologist ? please contact me !\n( photo by km6xo ) so , last week , i was contacted by an intrepid member of the public who was quite interested in finding out more about s . . .\nif you ' ve ever enjoyed the fine diversity of japanese cuisine , and are a serious sushi connaisseur ( as i am ) you have probably experienc . . .\nlast week the foks over at newswatch national geographic proclaimed that they had the\n5 weirdest antarctic species\n. hyperbo . . .\n( from clipart etc - florida educational claringhouse ) i was casually checking the numbers for the echinoblog over a july 4th weekend in . . .\n( photo by emily miller kauai ) so , recently i ' ve gotten a bunch of questions about these peculiar sea urchins via email - and so i thou . . .\nthe other day , i was thinking of big stuff . and then , a bit later , i was thinking of starfish stuff . and then i thought of cake . ( mmm . . . .\nimages here from the encyclopedia of life this week , something about the many different kinds of asteroids ( aka sea star or starfish ! ) t . . .\ntoday ' s topic : starfish defense ! ! its curious how often this question comes up . people see starfish and other echinoderms that are just . . .\nfrom wikipedia ! sea urchins ! who doesn ' t love em ? the spiny balls of the sea ! we eat em ! they ' re important to marine ecosystems . . .\ntoxopneustes ! aka the\nflower urchin\nis one of four species of toxopneustes ( all of which occur throughout the tropical pacifi . . .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nthe office of national marine sanctuaries serves as the trustee for a network of underwater parks encompassing more than 600 , 000 square miles of marine and great lakes waters from washington state to the florida keys , and from lake huron to american samoa . the network includes a system of 13 national marine sanctuaries and papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea and rose atoll marine national monuments .\nmallows bay on the tidal potomac river in maryland is home to nearly 200 known shipwrecks spanning from the revolutionary war through the present , and including the remains of the largest \u201cghost fleet\u201d of world war i wooden steamships built for the u . s . emergency fleet , which are listed on the national register of historic places . mallows bay is a largely undeveloped landscape and waterscape identified as one of the most ecologically valuable in maryland , as the ship remains provide important habitat for fish and wildlife , including rare , threatened and endangered species .\nwisconsin \u2013 lake michigan is an 875 square mile area of lake michigan with waters extending from port washington to two rivers . the state of wisconsin nominated this area as a national marine sanctuary through the sanctuary nomination process with broad community support . the area encompasses historic shipwrecks of national significance that merit the additional management authority of the national marine sanctuaries act . the nominated area contains an extraordinary collection of 39 known shipwrecks , 15 of which are listed on the national register of historic places .\npapah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea marine national monument ( pmnm ) is the largest conservation area in the world , protecting over 580 , 000 square miles of pacific ocean . the extensive coral reefs found in papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea \u2013 truly the rainforests of the sea \u2013 are home to over 7 , 000 marine species , one - quarter of which is found only in the hawaiian archipelago . many of the islands and shallow - water environments are important habitats for rare species such as the threatened green turtle and the endangered hawaiian monk seal . on less than six square miles of land , over 14 million seabirds representing 22 species breed and nest . land areas also provide a home for four species of bird found nowhere else in the world , including the world ' s most endangered duck , the laysan duck .\nthe national marine sanctuary of american samoa supports one of the most diverse ecosystems in the national marine sanctuary system . some of the marine life that finds a home in the sanctuary includes invertebrates , fishes , turtles , marine mammals and marine plants . the sanctuary protects extensive coral reefs , including some of the oldest and largest porites coral heads in the world , along with deep water reefs , hydrothermal vent communities and rare marine archaeological resources . located in the remote islands of polynesia , it is also the only true tropical reef within the national marine sanctuary system . it encompasses 13 , 581 square miles around the culture - rich islands of american samoa . visitors to the sanctuary can enjoy recreational activities such as diving , snorkeling and fishing as well as experience the cultural heritage of the islands .\ngreater farallones national marine sanctuary ( gfnms ) is a globally significant and extraordinarily diverse marine ecosystem that supports abundant wildlife and valuable fisheries . in 2015 , gfnms expanded north and west of their original boundaries to encompass 3 , 295 square miles . the farallon islands , located in the south - central part of the sanctuary , are a national wildlife refuge , offering resting and breeding sites for marine mammals and seabirds . the sanctuary has thousands of seals and sea lions , and is home to the largest concentration of breeding seabirds in the continental united states . visitors to gfnms can enjoy activities such as camping , tidepooling and surfing .\nstellwagen bank national marine sanctuary ( sbnms ) is located at the mouth of massachusetts bay . the sand and gravel plateau that gives the sanctuary its name was formed by the slow retreat of massive ice age glaciers , which sculpted the dynamic seafloor . the nutrient - rich waters above and around the bank support a diverse ecosystem that has been a famous fishing ground for more than 400 years and claims status as the birthplace of east coast whale watching . historic new england shipping routes cross the sanctuary , and over the course of centuries , the seafloor has become a repository for shipwrecks \u2013 time capsules of our maritime heritage . the entire sanctuary encompasses 842 square miles of open ocean 25 miles east of boston . visitors to sbnms can enjoy whale watching , bird watching , diving and fishing in this history - rich and biologically - diverse habitat .\n. our planet is an ocean planet , and whether you live near the coast or a thousand miles from it , the ocean is part of your life . from providing the food we eat to determining our weather , the ocean matters to each of us - - and the national marine sanctuary system protects this vital resource .\nwith that in mind , the photos and videos of earth is blue bring these ocean treasures directly to smartphones and computers all over the world , where they can serve as a tangible reminder that no matter where you are , the ocean and great lakes are in your hands . we hope these images inspire you to help care for our ocean and to spread the word that earth isn ' t green - - it ' s\na bat ray near anacapa island in channel islands national marine sanctuary . these graceful creatures use their fins to expose buried prey like clams and other mollusks . ( photo : robert schwemmer / noaa )\nthese are not the droids you ' re looking for \u2013 they ' re hydroids ! learn about these odd invertebrates in our video .\nstories from the blue celebrate the people at the center of national marine sanctuaries and marine national monuments .\nfor the first time in two decades , noaa invites communities across the nation to nominate their most treasured places in our marine and great lakes waters for consideration as national marine sanctuaries .\nin response to ongoing widespread interest from the public , noaa has launched a new , locally driven sanctuary nomination process developed with input from more than 18 , 000 public comments . throughout the nomination process , noaa will be available to answer questions and provide guidance to nominating communities and other interested parties . noaa will also update nominators on the progress of the agency ' s review of their nomination .\nactor and activist edward james olmos lends his voice to the new sanctuary nomination process and offers a challenge to the american people . watch in hd\nacross all national marine sanctuaries , about $ 8 billion annually is generated in local coastal and ocean dependent economies .\nwe are pleased to share with you the final version of our vision for america ' s treasured ocean places , our five - year plan for advancing the protection of the amazing ocean and great lakes places managed by noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries . this document incorporates feedback from staff , members of the public , and a number of partner institutions and entities received throughout the process , including during a comment period posted in march 2017 .\nnational marine sanctuaries are ideal destinations for travelers who enjoy a diversity of recreational activities .\nvolunteers help to ensure marine sanctuaries remain america ' s underwater treasures for future generations ."]}
{"id": 1805, "summary": [{"text": "leucinodes is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "leucinodes species have been documented as eggplant fruit borer , posing medium threats to incoming crops from african nations . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "leucinodes", "paragraphs": ["chaetotaxy map of investigated leucinodes larvae ; blue elements illustrate variation found in leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis ; red elements illustrate the differences found in leucinodes laisalis compared to leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis .\na polytomous cluster comprising leucinodes rimavallis , leucinodes kenyensis and two undescribed \u2018barcode species\u2019 ( leucinodes spp . ) are sister to ( leucinodes africensis + leucinodes pseudorbonalis ) .\nlarvae of leucinodes . 36\u201337 leucinodes orbonalis 36 mid instar 37 late instar 38\u201339 leucinodes africensis 38 mid instar 39 late instar 40\u201341 leucinodes laisalis 40 early instar 41 late instar .\nadult specimens of leucinodes . 1 leucinodes orbonalis , syntype \u2642 ( bangladesh ) 2 leucinodes africensis \u2640 ( angola ) 3 leucinodes rimavallis \u2640 ( dr congo : kivu ) 4 leucinodes pseudorbonalis \u2642 ( uganda ) 5 leucinodes kenyensis , holotype \u2642 ( kenya ) 6 leucinodes malawiensis , holotype \u2642 ( malawi ) 7 leucinodes laisalis \u2640 , greyish form ( tanzania ) 8 leucinodes laisalis \u2640 , brownish form ( tanzania ) 9 leucinodes ethiopica , holotype \u2642 ( ethiopia ) 10 leucinodes ugandensis , holotype \u2642 ( uganda ) . scale bar represents 5 mm .\nfor austral - asia , there remain twelve nominal leucinodes species ( nuss et al . 2003\u20132014 ) . other than leucinodes orbonalis , at least some of these species are certainly misplaced in leucinodes , e . g . leucinodes labefactalis swinhoe , 1904 from borneo and leucinodes perlucidalis caradja , 1933 from china . therefore , the asian leucinodes are in need of taxonomic revision . this also points to the question whether all leucinodes samples intercepted from asian exports refer to leucinodes orbonalis , or whether there are several leucinodes species of economic importance in asia as well ( hayden et al . 2013 , chang et al . 2014 , gilligan and passoa 2014 ) .\nfood plant records of african leucinodes species . cultivated plants are given in bold .\nfact sheet leucinodes orbonalis guen\u00e9e . lepintercept - an identification resource for intercepted lepidoptera larvae\nmale genitalia . 13 leucinodes orbonalis , vietnam ( prep . rm503 ) 14 leucinodes africensis , two - branched sacculus process , c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire ( prep . rm330 , phallus omitted ) 15 leucinodes africensis , single - branched sacculus process , ghana ( import ) ( prep . rm501 ) 16 leucinodes rimavallis , kenya ( prep . rm667 ) 17 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm705 ) 18 leucinodes kenyensis , zimbabwe ( prep . rm694 ) 19 leucinodes malawiensis , malawi ( prep . rm683 ) 20 leucinodes laisalis , south africa ( prep . rm504 ) 21 leucinodes ethiopica , ethiopia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23138 ) 22 leucinodes ugandensis , somalia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23140 ) ; phallus mirrored . abbreviations : fi fibula , ga granulated area , sa sacculus , sb side branch of sacculus process , sp sacculus process . scale bar represents 500 \u00b5m .\nanalysis of the coi gene of the leucinodes species demonstrated that interspecific differences allow the use of the marker as a dna barcode for species identification . however , for leucinodes kenyensis and \u201c leucinodes spp . \u201d , we found little morphological differences but two distinct barcode species within leucinodes spp . moreover , we observed high intraspecific divergence in leucinodes laisalis with one specimen from south africa exhibiting a coi distance of 2 . 8 % .\nfemale genitalia . 23 leucinodes orbonalis , thailand ( import ) ( prep . rm642 ) , ventral view 24 leucinodes africensis , ghana ( prep . rm640 ) , ventral view 25 leucinodes rimavallis , kenya ( prep . rm666 , smtd lep1592 ) , lateral view 26 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm706 ) , lateral view 27 leucinodes kenyensis , kenya ( prep . mn1134 ) , lateral view . scale bar represents 500 \u00b5m .\nhead profiles of adult leucinodes orbonalis . 11 male 12 female . figures at same scale .\nleucinodes orbonalis is regularly intercepted in the eppo region : addition to the eppo alert list .\nleucinodes , brinjal borer , fruit and shoot borer | zoology and entomology articles . ias zoology .\ndistinguished from the other leucinodes species by the dark , straight - framed forewing base and the absence of the subapical mark of the forewing termen . the male genitalia are similar to those of leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis , but are distinct in the long spinoid process of the posterior phallus apodeme .\nthis species\u2019 forewing colour has more ochreous than the whitish species of leucinodes but less orange - brown to greyish than in leucinodes laisalis and leucinodes ugandensis . from leucinodes ugandensis and leucinodes laisalis it can be distinguished by the genitalia : in the male genitalia the transtilla arms each bear a dorsad spine ; in the female genitalia the ductus bursae lacks the fine granular sclerotization , the antrum is strongly sclerotized , tubular and widest at its anterior end , and the oval ostial sclerites in the lateral antrum pockets are larger .\nfemale pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis : trap optimization and preliminary mass trapping trials .\nthe record of leucinodes laisalis from belgium by nyst ( 2004 ) is most probably a misidentification , since the illustrated imago resembles much more the whitish leucinodes species . apart from that , there is a european record of leucinodes laisalis from spain . additionally , it is frequently intercepted with the import of solanaceous fruits in great britain .\npupae of leucinodes . 42\u201343 leucinodes africensis 42 dorsal view 43 close - up of cremaster 44\u201346 leucinodes laisalis 44 dorsal view 45 lateral view 46 close - up of cremaster . abbreviations : hs hood - like structures dorsal to spiracles on abdominal segments 2 and 3 . scale bar refers to 42 , 44 and 45 and represents 5 mm .\nleucinodes kenyensis is a species of moth in the crambidae family . it is found in kenya and possibly zimbabwe .\nfemale genitalia . 28 leucinodes laisalis , kenya ( prep . rm308 ) , lateral view 29 leucinodes ethiopica , ethiopia ( bmnh pyralidae slide 23139 ) , ventral view 30 leucinodes ugandensis , somalia ( bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23137 ) , lateral view 31 leucinodes orbonalis , thailand ( import ) ( prep . rm642 ) , ventral close - up of antrum region 32 leucinodes africensis , c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire ( prep . rm743 ) , dorsolateral close - up of antrum region ( phase contrast filter ) 33 leucinodes pseudorbonalis , uganda ( prep . rm706 ) , lateral close - up of antrum region 34 leucinodes kenyensis , kenya ( prep . mn1134 ) , lateral close - up of antrum region . abbreviations : as antrum sclerotizations ; scale bar in 28\u201330 represents 500 \u00b5m and in 31\u201334 represents 200 \u00b5m .\nstatus of the pyraustid moths of the genus leucinodes in the new world , with descriptions of new genera and species .\nleucinodes orbonalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 8 : 223\nwings . forewing length \u2642 9 . 0 mm , \u2640 9 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nleucinodes orbonalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a species not previously recorded in the wild in great britain .\ndistinguished from most other members of leucinodes by the orange - brown to greyish forewing colour . distinguished from leucinodes ethiopica by the generally darker forewing colour with less amount of white . differs from both leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis in : male genitalia with large , oval sacculus ; broad , strongly sclerotized ventrad fibula ; saccus well elongated ; phallus coecum keeled , posteriodorsal apodeme with slim , fingerlike , well sclerotized process ; female genitalia with antrum broad , its anterior end coiled , with exocuticle diffusely sclerotized .\ndistinguished from the whitish species of leucinodes and leucinodes ethiopica by the predominantly brown forewing ground colour with minor white patches . distinguished from leucinodes laisalis in the male genitalia : less strongly sclerotized , valvae triangular , fibula small , tooth - like , a similarly shaped distal sacculus process present , saccus process shorter , phallus much shorter , dorsoposterior apodeme without slim , finger - like process .\nsimilar revisionary work remains to be done for austral - asian leucinodes . a phylogenetic study including leucinodes and the new world euleucinodes , neoleucinodes and proleucinodes is needed in order to test the monophyly of these genera ( hayden and mally , in prep . ) .\nfield evaluation of eggplant cultivars to infestation by the shoot and fruit borer , leucinodes orbonalis ( lepidoptera , pyralidae ) in ghana .\nleucinodes labefactalis swinhoe , 1904 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1904 ( 1 ) : 158 ; tl : kuching\nfemale pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis : trap optimization and preliminary mass trapping trials . - gov . uk\nthis species is very similar to leucinodes rimavallis , but both coi barcoding data and constant morphological differences in genitalia separate the two species .\nwings . forewing length \u2642 7 . 0\u20138 . 5 mm , \u26409 . 0\u201311 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nanalyta apicalis ( hampson , 1896 ) , comb . n . ( leucinodes ) . type locality : india , dharamsala . sri lanka .\nuncorrected p - distances for the dna - barcoded species of leucinodes . values in bold denote intraspecific distances , plain values represent interspecific distances .\nphylogeographical structure in mitochondrial dna of eggplant fruit and shoot borer , leucinodes orbonalis guen\u00e9e ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in south and southeast asia .\nrecently , several interceptions of larvae in solanaceous fruits imported from uganda have been recorded in england ( own observation ) and the netherlands ( marja van der straten , pers . comm . ) . leucinodes pseudorbonalis is one of the three african leucinodes species intercepted at european ports of entry .\nwings . forewing length \u2642 7 . 5\u201310 . 5 m , \u2640 7 . 0\u201311 . 5 m ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nwings . forewing length \u2642 8 . 5\u201312 . 0 mm , \u2640 7 . 0\u201314 . 0 mm ; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nleucinodes laisalis clusters in two barcode groups : one group containing all specimens imported with fruits from kenya , ghana and nigeria , and a second group comprising a single south african specimen . this single specimen shows high uncorr - p distances of 2 . 4\u20132 . 8 % to the other leucinodes laisalis specimens .\nty - jour ti - discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) t2 - zookeys ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2015 au - mally , richard au - korycinska , anastasia au - agassiz , david j . l . au - hall , jayne au - hodgetts , jennifer au - nuss , matthias kw - leucinodes leucinodes orb er -\nhere we taxonomically revise leucinodes and sceliodes and their species from continental sub - saharan africa , in order to delimit species and to allow their proper identification .\nknown from west africa ( c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire , ghana , liberia , nigeria ) , angola , dr congo , gabon , and tanzania ; intercepted with plant imports from ghana and zimbabwe to great britain and the netherlands . at least in the southern dr congo ( lubumbashi ) leucinodes rimavallis occurs sympatrically with leucinodes africensis .\ncomposition of greek pseud ( o ) \u2018false\u2019 and orbonalis , meaning \u2018false orbonalis \u2019 , referring to the similarities in external and male genital characters with leucinodes orbonalis .\nleucinodes cordalis is known to occur in new zealand , australia , and indonesia : sulawesi ( snellen 1880 , dugdale 1988 , shaffer et al . 1996 ) .\ndespite repeated search in the collection of the zmhb , original material of leucinodes translucidalis gaede , 1917 from tanzania , tendaguru , could not be traced . according to the original description , this taxon can be regarded as conspecific with leucinodes laisalis due to all details given in the original description . especially the white triangle at the anterior line , another white triangle , though often somewhat inconspicuous , at the middle of costa , and the dark brown area below apex support the conspecifity with leucinodes laisalis .\nthea lautenschl\u00e4ger ( technische universit\u00e4t dresden , germany ) and gerard van der weerden ( radboud university nijmegen , the netherlands ) identified the angolan host plants of leucinodes africensis .\nthe african populations comprise at least three cryptic sibling species . their economical importance remains unclear at the moment . specimens originating from from africa should be determined as \u201cleucinodes sp . \u201d\n@ article { bhlpart216626 , title = { discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) } , journal = { zookeys } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2015 } , author = { mally , richard and korycinska , anastasia and agassiz , david j . l . and hall , jayne and hodgetts , jennifer and nuss , matthias } , year = { 2015 } , keywords = { leucinodes leucinodes orb | } , }\nthe nature of damage to egg plant ( solanum melongena l . ) in ghana by two important pests , leucinodes orbonalis gn . and euzophera villora ( fldr . ) ( lepidoptera pyralidae ) .\nthere are further male specimens with indistinctive wing pattern and very similar genitalia , but dna barcode data suggest that among them are at least two further species . for more information , see under leucinodes spp .\nmale genitalia . as in leucinodes africensis , but with the fibula short , more triangular and robust , straight or slightly curved ; distal sacculus process short and always bent apically ; valva apex rounded or stout .\nnote : leucinodes orbonalis has now been added to the eppo a1 list . a full datasheet is being prepared , in the meantime you can view here the data which was previously available from the eppo alert list .\nleucinodes currently includes twelve old world species distributed in tropical to mediterranean regions . the species share a white or light wing color and a calico pattern ranging from simple brown or dark fields to complex line patterns of light - to dark - brown color . a typical feature is the half moon - shaped spot on the forewing outer margin . several of these species are misplaced in leucinodes due to the superficial resemblance of wing color and pattern .\nbishop s , matthews l , macleod a ( 2006 ) csl pest risk analysis . york , uk . urltoken cabi ( 2007 ) crop protection compendium . datasheet on leucinodes orbonalis . urltoken van der gaag dj , stigter h ( 2005 ) pest risk analysis leucinodes orbonalis ( gu\u00e9n\u00e9e ) . plant protection service , the netherlands . urltoken zhang b - c ( 1994 ) index of the economically important lepidoptera . cabi wallingford , uk , 468 pp .\n- most leucinodes specimens found in solanaceous fruits imported from africa into europe during the last 50 years belong to l . africensis , and to a lesser extent to l . laisalis , l . pseudorbonalis and l . rimavallis .\nleucinodes orbonalis clusters in two groups , separated by 1 . 1\u20131 . 8 % uncorr - p distance . within - subcluster distances are 0\u20130 . 5 % for the smaller and 0\u20130 . 9 % for the larger of the two subclusters .\nlygropia is a polyphyletic genus containing 62 species ( nuss et al . 2003\u20132014 ) . we provisionally transfer lygropia aureomarginalis ( gaede , 1916 ) , comb . n . ( leucinodes ) from cameroon to this genus , as this species , according to wing pattern elements , is congeneric , if not conspecific , to lygropia vinanyalis viette , 1958 from madagascar . lygropia aureomarginalis can be distinguished externally from species of leucinodes by the shiny golden wing maculation and the presence of two frenulum bristles in the female .\nleucinodes malawiensis resembles species of the neotropical genus neoleucinodes capps , 1948 : it shares the prominent diagonal line in the forewing base with neoleucinodes dissolvens ( dyar , 1914 ) , but lacks the long , sabre - like cornutus in the phallus . the absence of the half moon - shaped pattern at the anterior half of the forewing\u2019s outer margin is also found in proleucinodes capps , 1948 . in the coi barcode neighbor joining tree leucinodes malawiensis clusters with neoleucinodes , but is weakly supported with 50 % bootstrap support .\nwhy : since 2004 , more than 120 interceptions of solanum fruits infested by leucinodes orbonalis and imported from asia and africa have been made by several eppo member countries . the panel on phytosanitary measures recommended that this pest should be included into the eppo alert list .\ndue to the synonymisation of sceliodes , this species is provisionally transferred to leucinodes , as no proper generic placement has been found . compared to leucinodes , several differences can be found in wing pattern of grisealis kenrick , 1912 : in the fore wing , the postmedian line is originating in the apex , and its median protrusion is closely approaching the termen ; the half moon - shaped patch below apex is protruding beyond m 3 ; in the hind wing , the postmedian line is originating closer to the apex and is running closer to the termen .\nholotype \u2642 [ small blue label ] \u201cgr . kamerunberg | buea 1 . \u201310 . xi . 10 | 1000\u20131200 m | e . hintz s . g . \u201d , [ large blue handwritten label with black border ] \u201c leucinodes | aureomarginalis | 83 : 8a type gaede\u201d ( zmhb ) .\nmally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 , 117 - 162 .\nour work shows that typological concepts of taxonomy based on superficial similarity were still the state of the art in the genus leucinodes . the discovery of a complex of highly similar species demonstrates that traditional morphological methods and dna barcoding are helpful tools to detect species diversity and to improve their classification based on sound arguments .\n- african leucinodes correspond to several species , most of which are new to science : l . africensis , l . ethiopica , l . kenyensis , l . laisalis ( = sceliodes laisalis , l . translucidalis ) , l . malawiensis , l . pseudorbonalis , l . rimavallis , and l . ugandensis .\nmally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 : 117\u2013162 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 472 . 8781\nrecorded on several 250 hosts worldwide . some of the major pests of the indian region parasitised by this species are chilo partellus , c . infuscatellus , c . sacchariphagus indicus , c . suppressalis , c . auricilius , cnaphalocrocis medinalis , scirpophaga incertulas , s . excerptalis , raphimetopus ablutellus , leucinodes orbonalis , helicoverpa armigera , and plutella xylostella .\nwe apply the morphospecies concept to our study . the dna barcode is used as additional source of information and as an identification tool for all developmental stages of african leucinodes species . the solanaceae species names mentioned in this study refer to their former context and do not necessarily correspond to the revised solanum taxonomy by knapp et al . ( 2013 ) .\nwings . forewing white translucent , light brown or orange - to grey - brown , basal area light to dark brown , delimited by white and dark brown double line or in species with brown forewing ground colour by dark brown antemedian line ; median area with pale to dark brown , sometimes very faint proximal discoidal stigma ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) ; distal discoidal stigma pale to dark brown , reaching from costa to forewing centre ; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown , broadly l - shaped or triangular spot connected or disconnected with distal discoidal stigma ; postmedian line sinuate , faint and grey to grey - brown , white edged , with prominent subcostal bulge ; apex brown to grey - brown coloured ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) , with slim strip of white at outer margin ; margin dotted at veins , with large dots at apex and m 3 ; fringe white to pale brown with dark interruption at apex and at m 3 ( absent in leucinodes malawiensis ) . hindwing in both sexes with one frenular bristle , ground colour whitish , middle of wing with one or two spots , often faint ; postmedian line inconspicuous , bent towards spot at middle of wing ; area below apex suffused by pale brown to grey ; margin dotted at end of veins , with large dot at end of m 3 .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > mally , richard < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > korycinska , anastasia < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > agassiz , david j . l . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > hall , jayne < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > hodgetts , jennifer < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > nuss , matthias < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > leucinodes leucinodes orb < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > zookeys < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > pensoft publishers < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < date > 2015 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nthe wing pattern of iriocapna meyrick , 1938 exhibits none of the features found in leucinodes . instead , the fore wings are pale yellow , with a yellowish costa , a dark spot in both outer edges of the cell , and a reddish undulating margin along the termen . the hind wings are of the same pale yellow ground colour , and the anterior half of the termen exhibits a similar margin as found in the fore wings . this wing pattern is common to the genus deanolis snellen , 1899 , where this species is correctly placed ( pers . comm . james e . hayden ) .\ntypes : holotype albicillalis [ circular white label with red border ] \u201ctype\u201d , [ beige label with brown border and triangular edges ] \u201camboina | doll . \u201d , [ rectangular white label ] \u201cfelder | collection . \u201d , [ rectangular white label ] \u201crothschild | bequest | b . m . 1939 - 1 . \u201d , [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] \u201camboina | dol . \u201d , [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] \u201c analyta | albicillalis m\u201d , [ rectangular brown label with central white area , roundly bordered by dark brown and yellow ] \u201c albicillalis led . \u201d ( bmnh ) ; holotype apicalis \u2642 [ circular label with red border ] \u201ctype\u201d , [ rectangular white label ] \u201c4 - 94\u201d , [ rectangular white label ] \u201cceylon | 95 - 119\u201d , [ rectangular white handwritten label ] \u201c leucinodes | apicalis | type \u2642 hmpsn . \u201d , transparent capsule with abdomen ( bmnh ) ; holotype pseudoapicalis \u2642 [ red rectangular label ] \u201cholotypus\u201d , [ white rectangular label ] \u201canping | formosa | h . sauter vi . 1911 . \u201d , [ rectangular white label ] \u201c analyta | pseudoapi | calis m . | strand det . \u2642\u201d ( sdei ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhost : this is a pest of brinjal ( solanum melongena ) but also attacks other solanaceous plants .\ndamage : younger larvae bore into the midrib and petiole of the leaf , resulting in drooping of the leaves . larvae also feed on the tender leaves and flower buds causing dead heart . fruits are attacked by making a hole near the basal part and tunnelling inside . fruit pulp is eaten up . a single larva can destroy several fruits .\nlife cycle : adult moth is whitish in colour with irregular reddish - brown markings on both wings and having a wing span of 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 cm . longevity of the adults is about a week and fecundity varies between 150 to 250 eggs per female . eggs , which are whitish and flat , are laid singly on the tender shoots or on fruits and hatch in 3 - 5 days . young caterpillars are creamish in colour but full - grown larva is pinkish with brownish head and scattered hairs and warts on its 1 . 5 cm long body . there are 5 larval instars and the larval period varies between 15 and 25 days . pupation takes place in a tough grayish to dull brownish elongated cocoon , usually in hidden portions of the plant . pupal period is 6 - 8 days .\ndistribution : countrywide distribution in india , burma , sri lanka congo , malaysia , south africa .\ncontrol : damaged shoots and fruits should be removed and burnt . spray of 0 . 1 % of carbaryl , sevimol , endrin , diazinon , malathion or endosulfan or cypermethrin 0 . 025 % should be timed with egg laying and larval emergence .\nconservation of the following larval parasitoids brings down population : cremastus , pristomerus , bracon , shirakia , iphiaulax sp .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrichard mally , 1 anastasia korycinska , 2 david j . l . agassiz , 3 jayne hall , 2 jennifer hodgetts , 2 and matthias nuss 4\n4 senckenberg natural history collections dresden , k\u00f6nigsbr\u00fccker landstr . 159 , 01109 dresden , germany\ncorresponding author : richard mally ( on . biu . mu @ yllam . drahcir )\ncopyright richard mally , anastasia korycinska , david j . l . agassiz , jayne hall , jennifer hodgetts , matthias nuss\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npcr of the 5\u2019 half of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene , the so - called dna barcode ( for metazoa ) , was performed using primers hyblco ( folmer et al . 1994 , wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) and hybnancy ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) . for degraded material primer pairs hyblco / k699 and ron / hybnancy ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) were used to amplify the coi barcode in two fragments . pcr was performed in 25 \u00b5l reactions comprising 0 . 4u bio - x - act short dna polymerase ( bioline ) , 2 . 5 \u00b5l 10\u00d7optibuffer , 1 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , 200 nm each primer , 200 nm dntp mix and 1\u20132 \u00b5l dna ( concentration as extracted ) . cycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation for 5min at 95 \u00b0c , 40 cycles with 1 ) 30 sec at 95 \u00b0c , 2 ) 30 sec at 48 \u00b0c , 3 ) 90 sec ( hyblco / hybnancy ) or 60 sec ( primers for degraded material ) at 70 \u00b0c , final extension of 10 min at 70 \u00b0c . alternatively primers lepf and lepr ( hajibabaei et al . 2006 ) were used in 25 \u00b5l pcr reactions using bio - x - act short 2\u00d7 mix ( bioline ) , 400 nm each primer and 1\u20132 \u00b5l dna ( concentration as extracted ) . cycling conditions were as follows : initial denaturation for 5 min at 94 \u00b0c , 35 cycles with 1 ) 30 sec at 94 \u00b0c , 2 ) 45 sec at 50 \u00b0c , 3 ) 1min at 72 \u00b0c , final extension of 10 min at 72 \u00b0c .\npcr products were visualised by separation in 1\u20131 . 5 % agarose gels in 1 \u00d7 tbe buffer ( 89 mm tris - borate 2 mm edta ) containing gelred or ethidium bromide and visualised under uv light . pcr amplicons were cleaned up using exosap - it ( affymetrix ) or qiaquick pcr purification kit ( qiagen ) . sequencing of both strands was performed by eurofins mwg operon ( germany ) or in - house as follows . sequencing pcrs were performed with bigdye terminator v3 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ) using 5pm of the sequencing primer tails t7 / t3 ( wahlberg and wheat 2008 ) and 0 . 5\u20134 \u00b5l pcr product . final clean - up was done via sodium acetate - ethanol precipitation . sequencing was performed on a 3130 genetic analyzer ( applied biosystems ) . pcrs , pcr clean - up and sequencing pcrs were performed on a mastercycler ep gradient s ( eppendorf ) or geneamp9700 ( applied biosystems ) .\nobtained dna sequences were proofread by eye and aligned using phyde 0 . 9971 ( m\u00fcller et al . 2008 ) or mega version 4 . 1 ( tamura et al . 2007 ) . ambiguous barcode nucleotides were coded according to the iupac ambiguity code ( cornish - bowden 1985 ) . sequences were then checked for plausibility using blast with the blastn algorithm ( altschul et al . 1990 ; url : urltoken ) as well as the bold identification system ( ids , url : urltoken ) . a 615 basepair fragment was analyzed with mega version 6 ( tamura et al . 2013 ) , using the distance criterion and the neighbor joining ( nj ) algorithm ( saitou and nei 1987 ) with uncorrected p - distances ( srivathsan and meier 2011 ) . statistical support was evaluated through 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . udea ferrugalis ( h\u00fcbner , 1796 ) was used to root the nj tree .\nlabel data of studied specimens were compiled in order to generate a distribution map . geographical coordinates , if not given on the label , were obtained via google earth , version 5 . 2 . 1 . 1588 and subsequently plotted on a map using diva - gis , version 7 . 2 . 3 ( hijmans et al . 2004 ) .\nthe data underpinning the analyses reported in this paper are deposited in the dryad data repository at doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . kk0n9 .\ndaraba walker , 1859 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type species : daraba idmonealis walker , 1859\neretria snellen , 1880 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ; shaffer et al . 1996 : junior homonym of eretria robineau - desvoidy , 1863 ) . type species : eretria obsistalis snellen , 1880\n) , in females shorter than antennal radius ; vertex with whitish to brown scales at the collar and brown scales directed forward ; chaetosemata absent .\nthorax . dorsal side whitish to brown with whitish and dark brown scales mixed in ; ventral side whitish ; legs predominantly whitish , foreleg femur , tibia and epiphysis light to dark brown ; tibial spurs 0 , 2 , 4 ( fore - , mid - , hindleg ) with outer spur 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 the length of inner spur .\nabdomen . first segment whitish , remainder light - , orange - or dark brown to grey .\n) ; phallus simple , with variously shaped sclerites at posterior apodeme , vesica with or without cornuti .\nfemale genitalia . corpus bursae ovoid , membranous , without signa ; ductus bursae membranous with delicate granulation , partly reaching into posterior corpus bursae ; antrum short to long , slim to broader than ductus bursae , anterior part sometimes coiled , mesocuticula thickened ( strongly stained with chlorazol black ) and exocuticula ( inner layer ) partly sclerotized ; ostium bursae with lateral membranous pockets , with or without oval sclerites ; both apophyses pairs simple , apophyses anteriores normally stronger developed than posterior apophyses , with or without broadened central portion .\nlast instar larvae with pink dorsal integument , intersegmental areas cream or light pink , the ventral integument cream ; strength of the colouration very variable , pink colour on majority of abdominal segments often interrupted laterally by a transverse cream line ; head , prothoracic and anal shields mid brown with variable black markings ; early instar larvae white or cream with brown pinacula and black head , prothoracic and anal shields . in older larvae the dorsal integument turns beige , then increasingly deeper pink as the moults progress , head and prothoracic shield brown ; pinacula pale brown and prominent against the integument in all instars . the chaetotaxy of the thorax and first nine abdominal segments of the last instar is illustrated in fig .\n) ; four pairs of long hooked setae ventral to cremaster ; cocoon stout leathery , made of silk , firmly attached to the substrate .\nwings . forewing length \u2642 8 . 5\u201310 . 5 m , \u2640 9 . 5\u201312 . 0 m ; forewing ground colour white , basal area light - to dark brown , delimited by dark brown to grey antemedial line ; median area with pale brown , faint proximal discoidal stigma ; distal discoidal stigma pale brown , reaching from costa to forewing centre ; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown l - shaped or triangular spot leading to forewing centre and often meeting with distal discoidal stigma ; antemedial line sinuate , more or less distinct , but with prominent subcostal bulge ; subapical half of termen with half moon - shaped brown to grey - grown spot ; marginal line dotted ; fringe and marginal line darkened at the tips of the half moon - shaped spot ; hindwing ground colour white , internal area white , with discoidal spot , basicostally often with auxiliary spot ; medial line sinuate , distal half approaching the discoidal spot , then turning towards dorsum ; external area pale brown to gray ; marginal line dotted .\n) , valva apex rounded , strongly granulated ; distal 2 / 3 of ventral valva margin loosely covered with long thin setae ; phallus simple , tapering posteriad , posterior apodeme dorsally elongate , ventrally with subapical , weakly serrated sclerite ; ventral and dorsal portion of posterior apodeme separated by a slim , less strongly sclerotized region .\n) , with a sclerite process leading in each of the lateral pockets ; both apophysis pairs simple , slightly curved .\nmsd1 and msd2 of meso - and metathorax usually on a shared pinaculum , earlier instars frequently have the msd setae on separate pinacula on one or both segments ; dorsal abdominal pinacula show apparent differentiation between west - and east - asian populations : in live western specimens ( e . g . , from pakistan ) , the abdominal d1 pinacula usually have an unpigmented cream coloured area near to their anteriomedian margin . this unpigmented area may be contiguous with the unmelanized cuticle surrounding the pinaculum or be surrounded by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum ( illustrated on a3\u20136 in fig .\n) ; this cream white , unpigmented area may darken in preserved specimens , and in pre - pupae may be ringed in black . eastern specimens ( e . g . , from thailand ) often have dark spots on at least some of the d1 pinacula ( illustrated on a2 in fig .\n) ; geographically intermediate populations ( e . g . , sri lanka ) often show an intermediate form with black spots on occasional pinacula , and any unpigmented area is usually ringed with black pigmentation ( illustrated on a7 in fig .\n) . east - asian populations usually have mesally triordinal crochets , whereas the crochets of west - asian populations are mesally biordinal .\ncremaster forms a variable shelf - like , sub - rectangular structure , much wider than long , usually with distinct distal corners and median notch ; dorsal surface spinulose , with additional small but distinct spines which are variable in extent , form and number ; cocoon of dark brown silk , may be white or beige when newly spun .\nindia , indonesia : java ( guen\u00e9e 1854 ) , sri lanka ( walker 1859 , moore 1885 ) , myanmar ( burma ) , andaman islands ( pagenstecher 1900 ) , bangladesh , brunei , cambodia , china , japan , laos , malaysia , nepal , pakistan , philippines , singapore , taiwan , thailand , vietnam ( cabi 2012a ) , australia ( shaffer et al . 1996 ) ; imported to great britain , the netherlands ( pers . comm . m . van der straten ) , denmark ( pers . comm . o . karsholt ) and the u . s . a . ( boateng et al . 2005 , solis 2006 ) .\nsolanaceae : solanum melongena l . , solanum aculeatissimum jacq . , solanum aethiopicum l . , solanum erianthum d . don . , solanum anguivi lam . ( as solanum indicum l . ) , solanum integrifolium poir . , solanum lycopersicum l . , solanum macrocarpon l . , solanum mammosum l . , solanum nigrum l . , solanum torvum sw . , solanum tuberosum l . , solanum viarum dunal , solanum xanthocarpum schrad . , physalis minima l . , physalis peruviana l . , capsicum annuum l . ( van der straten 2005 ; hayden et al . 2013 ) .\nwest africa , 11 june 1848 , h . s . le marquand leg .\nhead . as for the genus , with frons moderately bulged , base of each meron of labial palps with white scales .\n) ; ventrad fibula thin , spine - like , curved , crossing distal sacculus anterior to the sacculus process ; valva apex pointed ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with prominent oval saw blade - like sclerite , posterioventral apodeme with posteriodorsad oriented tapering process .\nas for the genus , apart from : colliculum - antrum complex in sagittal plane of sigmoid shape ; dorsal surface of antrum exocuticle with longitudinal sclerotized strip running from sternite 8 , bearing transverse ridges ( fig .\n) ; sternite 8 with anteriomedian recess , anteriolateral edges slightly dentate ; apophyses anteriores with broadened central portion .\n, the majority of the abdominal d1 pinacula have a dark pigmented spot on the anteriomedian margin ( illustrated on a2 in fig .\nlatinized africensis , derived from the continent of africa from where the type material originates and referring to the widespread distribution of this species on the african continent .\nsolanaceae : solanum aethiopicum l . ( angola , leg . nuss 2013 ) , solanum lycopersicon l . , solanum melongena l .\nkenya , mt elgon , 01\u00b007 ' 06\nn , 34\u00b041 ' 30\ne , february 1952 , t . h . e . jackson leg .\nthorax . as for the genus , with dorsal side brown , tegula scales whitish - brown .\nfemale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum with short sclerotized section , central posterior antrum with diffuse weak sclerotization ; sternite 8 on each side with anteriad triangular process extending into the lateral antrum pockets .\nfrom latin rima for \u2018rift\u2019 and vallis for \u2018valley\u2019 , referring to the african rift valley , the main distributional area of this species ( as far as known ) .\nburundi , eastern and southern democratic republic of the congo , kenya , rwanda , south africa , uganda ( import ) .\nsolanaceae : solanum melongena l . , withania somnifera ( l . ) dunal .\nangola , huambo province , luimbale , mt moco , 1800 - 1900 m , 12\u00b028 ' s , 15\u00b010 ' s , 18 march 1934 , k . jordan leg .\ntype - specimen . holotype \u2642 [ red - circled label ] \u201cholo - | type\u201d , \u201cmt . moco , | luimbale , | 1800 - 1900m . , | 18 march 1934 . \u201d , \u201cangola | ( dr k . jordan ) \u201d , \u201crothschild | bequest | 1939 - 1 . \u201d , bm pyralidae slide 23135 ( bmnh ) . \u2013 additional material . senegal . 1\u2642 dakar , 01 . viii . 1952 , leg . a . villiers ( bmnh ) ; uganda . 1\u2642 masindi , 29 . xii . 1897 , leg . ansorge , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23125 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 labonga , unyoro , 13 . xii . 1897 , leg . ansorge , bmbh pyralidae slide no . 23126 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 nabagulo forest , 15 m from kampala , 25 . x . \u201306 . xi . 1921 , leg . w . feather , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23145 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 , ruwenzori range , ibanda , 4 , 700ft , 4 . \u201312 . ix . 1952 , leg . d . s . fletcher , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23146 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 masindi , 30 . x . 1897 , leg . ansorge , prep . rm707 ( bmnh ) ; 2\u2642 kampala , 1897 , leg . dr . ansorge , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23149 , prep . rm705 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2640 same data , prep . rm706 ( bmnh ) ; the netherlands ( import ) : 1\u2640 barendrecht , import uganda , 26 . ii . 2014 , leg . sluijs , on solanum melongena , prep . rm758 ( nppo ) ; great britain ( import ) . see suppl . material 2 .\nmale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : juxta oval to rectangular ; valvae roughly rhombic ; sacculus process claw - shaped , extending dorsad , parallel to or crossing with fibula ; fibula slightly curved , spine - like , extending dorsad ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with a small oval or semicircular sclerite , posterioventral apodeme with simple rodlike process .\nas for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum shortly coiled in coronal plane , with the exoculticle exhibiting a longitudinal sclerotized strip bearing transverse ridges ( fig .\n) ; sternite 8 intruding into the posteriorly somewhat constricted antrum , giving it a globular appearence .\nlarva . only one specimen available , examined live . black spots present on dorsal pinacula ; in the final instar , msd1 and msd2 on a shared pinaculum on both meso - and metathorax ; crochets mesally triordinal .\nwe found this species among material from senegal , uganda and angola , leaving a considerable distribution gap in central africa .\nkenya , eastern province , marsabit district , marsabit national park forest , 1158 m , 2\u00b013 . 996 ' n , 37\u00b055 . 676 ' e , 29 december 2003 , r . s . copeland leg .\ntype - specimens . holotype 1\u2642 \u201ckenya : marsabit national | park forest . 1158 m . | 2\u00b013 . 996 ' n 37\u00b055 . 676 ' e . | 29 dec 2003 , a & m coll . # 2636 | r . s . copeland ; icipe / usda\u201d , \u201creared from fruit : | withania somnifera\u201d , dna barcode \u201cusnm ent 007 / 19337\u201d , \u201c1133 | nuss prep . no . \u201d , coll . nmk . paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , same data , dna barcodes usnm ent 719338 , 719339 , nuss prep . no . 1135 ( 1\u2640 nmk , 1\u2642 smtd ) ; 1\u2640 kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293\u00b0n 36 . 899\u00b0e , 1650 m , 21 . \u201324 . vi . 2005 , leg . s . e . miller , dna barcode usnm ent 719976 , nuss prep . no . 1134 ( usnm ) . \u2013 additional material . zimbabwe . 1\u2642 mashonaland , leg . h . b . dobbie , prep . rm694 ( bmnh ) .\nfemale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : anterior antrum with tubular sclerotized exocuticle ; sclerotized wall at antero - ventral edge of the ostium bursae which at rest closes the ostium bursae against abdominal segment 8 . this wall is not melanized and can be stained with chlorazol black . it is delimited dorso - laterally by sclerotized and melanized lobes arising from the anterior edge of segment 8 just ventral of the apophyses anteriores . anterior to the sclerotized wall there is a small , melanized colliculum .\nthe species is named after kenya , the only country from where it is confidently recorded so far .\nso far only known from kenya . the record from zimbabwe needs confirmation by investigation of female specimens and molecular analysis .\nmalawi , central region , lilongwe district , ntchisi forest reserve , 1560 m , 13\u00b018 . 99972 ' s , 34\u00b002 . 99934 ' e , 18 february 2004 , l . aarvik leg .\ntype - specimen . holotype \u2642 \u201cmalawi central | region , lilongwe district : | ntchisi forest reserve | 1560 m 18 . ii . 2004 | leg . l . aarvik\u201d , dna voucher smtd lep1617 , prep . rm683 ( nhmo ) .\nwings . forewing length \u2642 8 . 5 mm ; forewing base dark brown , its outer margin a straight diagonal line from the costa to the maculation of the central hind margin , a triangular patch leading lateroposteriad from the costa with the costal half reddish - brown and the central tip white ; outer median area with a faint brownish transverse streak ; subterminal line indistinct except subapical thickening ; apex white ; hindwing antemedial line indistinct ; dark discal spot ; postmedial line clear at costal margin , fading out posteriad ; anterior distal area with a faint brownish transverse streak ; terminal wing veins dark - spotted .\nmale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : saccus elongated , u - shaped ; juxta short , oval , twice as broad as long ; valvae slender , tapering towards the dorsad bent apex ; fibula small , triangular , oriented ventrad ; sacculus process absent ; phallus with a spinoid posteriad sclerotization emerging from the ventroposterior apodeme .\nmegaphysa laisalis walker 1859 : 382\u2013383 . ( hampson 1899 : 275 to sceliodes )\nhead . frons slightly bulged ; labial palps upturned , greyish to brown , first meron on ventral side with forward - directed tuft , third meron in males half as long as second meron , considerably longer in females ; maxillary palps minute ; haustellum well developed ; eyes large , hemispherical ; ocelli present ; antennae ciliate , cilia considerably longer in males ; vertex with creamy white scales ; chaetosemata absent .\nthorax . dorsal side brown with greyish and dark brown scales mixed in ; ventral side grey to whitish ; legs predominantly whitish or grey , epiphysis present ; tibial spurs 0 , 2 , 4 with outer spur 2 / 3 the length of inner spur .\nwings . forewing length 7 . 0\u201311 . 5 mm , the females being somewhat larger ; both sexes with one frenular bristle ; forewing ground colour orange - to grey - brown , with the general sceliodes wing pattern .\nabdomen . first segment whitish , remainder light - brown ; older specimens often with darkened abdomen due to degeneration of abdominal fat body .\nmale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : vinculum saccus conspicuously elongated anteriad ; juxta usually with small notch at median base ; valvae emerging in narrow angle from vinculum ; phallus with keeled coecum , posteriodorsal apodeme with slim , fingerlike , slightly curved and well sclerotized process , vesica with a short line of tiny cornuti .\nfemale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : antrum long , tubular , anterior end coiled ; apophysis pairs straight , apophyses anteriores with somewhat broader muscle attachment area at posterior quarter .\nsolanaceae : solanum incanum l . ( kenya , leg . muli & okuku 2005 ) , solanum anguivi lam . ( \u201c solanum sodomaeum l . , \u201d ) , solanum macrocarpon l . , solanum melongena l . , solanum linnaeanum hepper & p . - m . jaeger , solanum lycopersicon l . and capsicum annuum l . ( hayden et al . 2013 ) .\nwe found a significant dna barcode difference of 2 . 4\u20132 . 8 % uncorrected - p distance between the single south african specimen and the kenyan and ghanan / nigerian barcode clusters ( fig .\n; see also section \u2018dna barcoding\u2019 below ) . these differences in the dna barcode are not reflected in a divergent morphology of the clusters .\nneighbor joining tree of coi barcodes based on uncorr - p distances and rooted with udea ferrugalis . bootstrap support values derived from 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates ; scale bar represents 1 % uncorr - p barcode divergence .\nethiopia , dire dawa region , dire dawa district , dire dawa , december 1934 , h . ulenhuth leg .\ntype - specimens . holotype \u2642 [ red - circled label ] \u201cholo - | type\u201d , \u201cdire daoua , | abyssinia , | december 1934 . | ( h . uhlenhuth ) . \u201d ; 19 paratypes : 11\u2642 8\u2640 same data as holotype , including one with bm pyralidae | slide 23138\u2642 ( bmnh ) . \u2013 additional material . eritrea . asmara , 20 . x . 1905 . leg . n . beccari ( without abdomen ) , 1\u2640 same data except 28 . i . 1905 ( bmnh ) ; ethiopia . 34 ex . same data as holotype except ii . 1935 , 4 ex . ditto except iv . 1935 , 7 ex . ditto except v . 1935 including bm pyralidae | slide 23139\u2640 , 1 ditto except ix . 1935 , 2 ex . labelled durleti [ = daleti ] ( bmnh ) ; saudi arabia . 2\u2640 taif ( bmnh ) .\nwings . forewing length 6 . 0\u20138 . 0 mm . forewing mixed ochreous and white , an oblique dark ochreous fascia from above dorsum reaching halfway across wing , a blackish crescent before ochreous subterminal line , black dots along termen . hindwing white , a small black discal spot , a faint irregular dark subterminal line , ochreous suffusion in outer part of wing in middle and towards apex .\nmale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : transtilla with short central notch , each transtilla arm with a dorsad spine ; vinculum saccus with rounded tip ; juxta oval to rectangular , apex with a short central notch ; apex of valvae dorsally curved ; small , spine - like dorsad fibula emerging from the central inner side of valva ; sacculus with a fibula - like spiny dorsad process emerging ventrodistally of the fibula ; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with semicircular dentate sclerite .\nfemale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : ductus bursae with fine longitudinal ripples ; antrum tubular , with broader anterior end ; apophyses anteriores at posterior half laterally broadened for muscle attachment .\nuganda , eastern uganda region , serere district , okulongo , 8 december 1958 , w . r . ingram leg .\ntype - specimens . holotype \u2642 [ red - circled label ] \u201cholo - | type\u201d , \u201c [ transversally written ] 1608 | \u201cserere | okulongo | 8 dec . 1958 | w . r . ingram | ex solanum sp . \u201d , \u201cpres . by | com inst ent | bm1959 \u2013 499\u201d , \u201cc . i . e . no . 16499\u201d , with cocoon under specimen . 2 paratypes : 1\u2642 same data as holotype and \u201c pyralidae | brit mus | slide no . | 14696\u201d . 1\u2640 same data as holotype except 9 dec . 1958 ( bmnh ) . \u2013 additional material . ethiopia . 2\u2642 diredaua , n . w . of harar , 1914 , leg . g . kristensen , 1\u2640 dire dawa , abyssinia , i . 1935 , leg . h . uhlenkuth ( bmnh ) ; south sudan . 1\u2640 tambura , southern bahr - al - ghasal ( bmnh ) ; somalia . 4\u2642 1\u2640 mogadishu , 17 . \u201326 . xi . 1985 , 7 . vii . 1986 , 19\u201320 . viii . 1986 and 23 . vii . 1986 , leg . a . g . parker , bmnh pyralidae slides no . 23140 & 23137 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 hargeison , 4300ft , v . 1939 , leg . m . portal hyatt ( bmnh ) ; kenya . 1\u2640 somaliland , mandera , 47km sw of hubera , 3000ft , 13 . xi . 1908 , leg . w . feather ( bmnh ) .\nwings . forewing length 6 . 5\u201311 . 5 mm . forewing pale fuscous , an oblique brown partial fascia at halfway with white markings on either side , an orange triangle on dorsum beyond halfway , apex deep brown , separated by a whitish line . hindwing whitish , fuscous suffused near margin in middle and towards apex , a faint subterminal line in costal part of wing .\nmale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : small , hooked dorsad fibula emerging from the ventrocentral inner side of valva ; distal sacculus with dorsad ridge forming a bulge , followed by a spiny , curved terminal process overlapping with the fibula ; phallus vesica with several small spiny cornuti .\nfemale genitalia . as for the genus , apart from : diffusely sclerotized exocuticula reaching into posterior ductus bursae ; lateral antrum pockets rather small .\n) . for the remaining specimens listed below , we did not obtain dna barcodes . in spite of the absence of further specimens for comparison , especially females , and the lack of convincing morphological differences , we are not going to describe these possibly distinct species here . this complex needs further study .\nkenya . 1\u2642 rift valley , naivasha , 1900m , 0\u00b046 ' 56\ns 36\u00b025 ' 23\ne , 5 . xii . 2011 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz , prep . djla 1318 ( coll . djla ) ; zambia . 1\u2642 chiwefwe , ii . 1950 , leg . n . mitton , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23133 ( bmnh ) ; namibia . 1\u2642 namibia , waterberg , 20\u00b030 ' s 17\u00b014 ' e , 13 . iii . 2010 , leg . f . koch , dna voucher mtd lep1872 , prep . rm708 ( zmhb ) ; south africa . 1\u2642 cape province , knysna , wilderness , iv . 1950 , leg . h . b . d . kettlewell , bm pyralidae slide 23128 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 johannesburg , 21 . iv . 1906 , leg . a . t . cooke , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23144 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 e . cape prov . , katberg , 4 , 000ft , 1 . \u201315 . i . 1933 , bmnh pyralidae slide no . 23150 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 kwazulu - natal , estcourt , leg . j . m . hutchinson , prep . rm779 ( bmnh ) ; 1\u2642 eastern cape [ pondoland ] , port st . john , ix . 1923 , leg . r . e . turner , prep . rm780 ( bmnh ) ; swaziland . 1\u2642 lebombo - mountains , ndzevane area near nsoko , acacia - rich bushland at the foot of the lebombo mountains , 23 . \u201324 . i . 2007 , leg . t . karisch , dna barcode bc mtd 01818 , prep . rm502 ( coll . mtd ) .\ndaraba extensalis walker , 1866 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : new zealand , auckland .\neretria obsistalis snellen , 1880 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : indonesia , sulawesi [ celebes ] , boelekomba ; bonthain .\nsceliodes mucidalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ( synonymised by hampson 1899 ) . type locality : australia ."]}
{"id": 1807, "summary": [{"text": "helicinidae is a family of small tropical land snails which have an operculum .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are terrestrial operculate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily helicinoidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these snails are not at all closely related to the air-breathing land snails , despite a superficial similarity of the shells . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "helicinidae", "paragraphs": ["helicinidae are herbivorous / detritivous grazers , feeding on detritus , algal spores , moss and lichens by scraping their radula ( teeth ) along the substrate .\nthe mating behaviour of helicinidae is poorly known but sexes are separate and fertilisation is internal . females lay eggs in small clusters and development is direct with young hatching as juvenile snails .\nfor new caledonia more than 30 species of helicinidae were described up to now . the real diversity seem to amount a little more than half of this number of species , but a few taxa had not yet been described . one striking ( and frustrating ) feature of the new caledonian helicinidae is that most of them look roughly the same or very similar , at least at a first glance . this might explain to some extend the number of synonyms created in the past and the difficulties to approach this fauna .\nthe last comprehensive revision of the group dates back to a . j . wagner ( 1907 - 1911 ) only being followed by scattered papers on restricted areas and the systematic approaches by h . b . baker . major topics of my interest and research on the helicinidae include :\nty - jour ti - monograph of the cuban genus viana ( mollusca : archaeogastropoda : helicinidae ) t2 - breviora . vl - 298 ur - urltoken pb - museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cy - cambridge , mass . : py - 1968 sp - 1 ep - 25 sn - 0006 - 9698 au - clench , w j au - jacobson , m k er -\nhelicinidae are a tropical and subtropical family of over 500 described species . they are restricted to the caribbean and some indo - pacific and pacific islands , as well as the margins of the asian and australian continents . the family is absent from europe , africa , most of asia , new zealand , norfolk and lord howe islands and most of australia where only 7 species from a single genus (\nty - jour ti - classification of the helicinidae : review of morphological characteristics based on a revision of the costa rican species and application to the arrangement of the central american mainland taxa ( mollusca : gastropoda : neritopsina ) t2 - malacologia . vl - 45 ur - urltoken pb - institute of malacology ] cy - [ ann arbor , py - 2004 sp - 195 ep - 440 sn - 0076 - 2997 er -\nhelicinidae are found mainly in tropical rainforest on moist forest floors and the trunks of trees with some species strongly associated with limestone geologies although some species also occur in drier habitats . australian species are found mainly in tropical rainforest habitats of north - eastern australia , where some are arboreal in vine thickets and others are associated with leaf litter or limestone outcrops . helicinids often contribute a significant percentage of the diversity and abundance of the molluscan fauna in tropical forest environments .\n@ article { bhlpart31519 , title = { monograph of the cuban genus viana ( mollusca : archaeogastropoda : helicinidae ) } , journal = { breviora . } , volume = { 298 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { cambridge , mass . : museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , [ 1952 - } , author = { clench , w j and jacobson , m k } , year = { 1968 } , pages = { 1 - - 25 } , }\n@ article { bhlpart62995 , title = { classification of the helicinidae : review of morphological characteristics based on a revision of the costa rican species and application to the arrangement of the central american mainland taxa ( mollusca : gastropoda : neritopsina ) } , journal = { malacologia . } , volume = { 45 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ ann arbor , institute of malacology ] 1962 - } , author = { } , year = { 2004 } , pages = { 195 - - 440 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > classification of the helicinidae : review of morphological characteristics based on a revision of the costa rican species and application to the arrangement of the central american mainland taxa ( mollusca : gastropoda : neritopsina ) < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 45 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > malacologia . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ ann arbor , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > institute of malacology ] < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 45 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 195 < / start > < end > 440 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2004 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > monograph of the cuban genus viana ( mollusca : archaeogastropoda : helicinidae ) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > clench , w j < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > jacobson , m k < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 298 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > breviora . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> cambridge , mass . : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 298 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 1 < / start > < end > 25 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1968 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n\u00bb genus caloplisma crosse & p . fischer , 1893 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus cinctella a . j . wagner , 1910 accepted as helicina ( oxyrhombus ) crosse & p . fischer , 1893 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus concentrica a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( oxyrhombus ) crosse & p . fischer , 1893 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus discoidea a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as nesiocina richling & bouchet , 2013 ( invalid : junior homonym of discoidea agassiz , 1834 [ echinodermata ] ; nesiocina is a replacement name )\n\u00bb genus eualcadia a . j . wagner , 1907 accepted as alcadia gray , 1840\n\u00bb genus hispida a . j . wagner , 1907 accepted as alcadia ( penisoltia ) h . b . baker , 1954 represented as alcadia gray , 1840\n\u00bb genus leialcadia a . j . wagner , 1907 accepted as alcadia ( idesa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1856 represented as alcadia gray , 1840\n\u00bb genus orbiculata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( oligyra ) say , 1818 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus punctisalcata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( oxyrhombus ) crosse & p . fischer , 1893 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus retorquata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus rostrata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus schrammia guppy , 1895 accepted as alcadia ( idesa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1856 represented as alcadia gray , 1840\n\u00bb genus sturanyella pilsbry & cooke , 1934 accepted as sturanya a . j . wagner , 1905 ( objective junior synonym ( same type species ) )\n\u00bb genus turbinata a . j . wagner , 1905 accepted as helicina ( tristramia ) crosse , 1863 represented as helicina lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus perenna guppy , 1867 accepted as lucidella ( poenia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1856 represented as lucidella swainson , 1840\n\u00bb genus bakerviana aguayo & jaume , 1957 accepted as calidviana h . b . baker , 1954\n\u00bb genus callida a . j . wagner , 1908 accepted as calidviana h . b . baker , 1954\n\u00bb genus fitzia guppy , 1895 accepted as viana h . adams & a . adams , 1856\n\u00bb genus hapata gray , 1856 accepted as viana h . adams & a . adams , 1856\n\u00bb genus rhynchocheila shuttleworth , 1877 accepted as viana h . adams & a . adams , 1856\n\u00bb genus torreviana aguayo , 1943 accepted as troschelviana ( microviana ) h . b . baker , 1928 represented as troschelviana h . b . baker , 1922\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , n\u00fctzel a . , parkhaev p . , schr\u00f6dl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 australia license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n* biogeographical questions ( e . g . in the caribbean and on pacific islands )\nbiogeographical questions ( e . g . in the caribbean and on pacific islands )\na revision of the new caledonian species is finally published ( richling 2009 ) . it is based on very comprehensive collections made by the staff of the malacology of the mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle de paris ( mainly philippe bouchet and simon tillier ) in the 70s and 80s . the project was carried out in a close cooperation with the mnhn , paris .\nthe lesser antilles harbour a diversity of very pretty , shiny coloured helicinids . by this colouration the species are perfectly camoulaged for an arboreal life style on and under leaves of shrubs , palms and trees . one of the most beautiful helicinids of the area is helicina rhodostoma already described by gray in 1824 . it is easy distinguished by the unusual basal spine .\nbesides a still wanting alpha - taxonomical revision of the lesser antillean species questions about the real generic affinities arise from the former confusion of the genera helicina and alcadia ( see also richling 2004a ) . this leads directly to the difficult biogeographical discussions in that area that still suffer from a lack of data from really thoroughly studied groups of organisms , especially among the invertebrates .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nc . michael hogan set\nimage of oligyra orbiculata\nas an exemplar on\noligyra orbiculata ( say , 1818 )\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from plicatula to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )\nnew records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .\nfirst record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .\nfirst record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .\nambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .\ncheck list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species\u2019 geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .\ndoaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .\nthis browser does not support pdfs . please download the pdf to view it : download pdf\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\neutrochatella _ pulchella _ pulchella _ gray _ 1824 _ 11mm _ jamaica . jpg\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ntaxonomy of the gastropoda is still under revision , and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned , as the results of molecular studies slowly become clearer .\nthese snails have an open pallial cavity which absorbs oxygen . most notably , they have only one pair of tentacles . about 130 species can be found in australia . three main groups are :\nthese snails , semi - slugs and slugs have two pairs of tentacles . they breathe using lungs . in australia , we have about 3000 species .\nthis is a group of semi - slugs and one of the most speciose families .\nsemi - slugs are snails that cannot retract into their shell as it is much reduced in size .\ncharopids or pinwheel snails are micro - snails ( from 1 . 2 - 7 . 0mm ) with an estimated 750 australian species . charopidae have their greatest diversity in eastern australia .\ncamaenids are generally larger than snails in most other families . in eastern australia , the stable moisture regime and acidic soils have resulted in the evolution of a number of arboreal species\ncaryodids are endemic to eastern australia and are generally large . they include our largest land snail , the giant panda snail .\nthe carnivorous snails eat meat and their diet includes a range of invertebrates including other snails . the long neck is a feature of these snails .\nthe snail whisperer has just finished filming a scope segment in the malacology lab at the queensland museum . the highlight of the segment is fat albert who is a giant panda snail ( hedleyella falconeri ) from mt tambourine . fat albert proved to be an upcoming movie star for the duration of the filming .\nstudents and teachers are permitted to use this information for school projects and homework .\n\u00a9 dr john stanisic and facts about snails , 2013\u20132014 . photos and text on this site are strictly copyright of the respective authors . unauthorized use and / or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog\u2019s author and / or owner is strictly prohibited . excerpts and links may be used , provided that full and clear credit is given to dr john stanisic and facts about snails with appropriate and specific direction to the original content .\nregister to be advised when volume 2 is released ( due july 2017 ) .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nthis is one of the six major gastropod lineages and contains a large number of terrestrial species and a few freshwater and brackish water species . all have an operculum . all extant members of this clade are in the subclade cycloneritimorpha .\nterrestrial species are found in four families . they are indicated in green in the list below .\nfreshwater species are found in one family , the neritidae in the superfamily neritoidea . they are indicated in blue in the list below . exclusively marine families are in black .\noperculate , terrestrial snails , distributed widely in the tropics and sub - tropics . distributions were taken from \u201ccompendium of landshells\u201d by r . tucker abbott , the website urltoken and the discover life web site . an excellent resource for helicinids is dr . ira richling\u2019s web site :\noperculate , terrestrial snails , distributed widely in the tropics and sub - tropics . distributions were taken from \u201ccompendium of landshells\u201d by r . tucker abbott and the discover life web site .\noperculate , terrestrial snails . they are minute and several species are restricted to caves\n\u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in ."]}
{"id": 1812, "summary": [{"text": "afrarpia is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains only one species , afrarpia mariepsiensis , which is found in south africa . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "afrarpia", "paragraphs": ["type species : afrarpia mariepsiensis maes , 2004 . journal of afrotropical zoology 1 : 61 , pl . 1 fig . e , pl . 6 . by original dedsignation and monotypy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nde joannis j . 1927 . pyralidae d ' afrique australe , principalement du district de louren\u00e7o - marques . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9ristes de gen\u00e8ve 5 ( 4 ) : 181\u2013256 .\nmaes k . v . n . 2004b . new scopariinae from eastern and southern africa ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae ) . - journal of afrotropical zoology 1 : 57\u201371 .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , estcourt , leg . j . m . hutchinson .\nhampson g . f . 1901e . in : ragonot , e . l . , monographie des phycitinae et des galleriinae . \u2013 in : romanoff , n . m . , m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . - \u2014 8 : i\u2013xli , 1\u2013507 , 560 , pls 24\u201357 .\nnyiira z . m . 1973 . pest status of thrips and lepidopterous species on vegetables in uganda . - east african agricultural and forestry journal 39 ( 2 ) : 131\u2013135 .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 14257\u2642 , rmca ; 1\u2642 , 9\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 14239\u2640 , 1191\u2642 , rmca , bmnh , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 774 , absrc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 519 , 552 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 14120 , rmca ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 553 , 554 , absrc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide maes 20763 , tmsa ; paratypes 8\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 1113 , 20681 , 20762 , absrc , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 20680 , tmsa ; paratypes 5\u2642 , tmsa , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 858\u2642 , absrc ; 15 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 462\u2642 , 465\u2640 , 433\u2640 , absrc , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 795 , absrc ; 53 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , absrc , nmk , usnm , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1187 , absrc ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides 20124 , 20117 , 20122 , 20105 , nmk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 20693 , tmsa ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 979 , absrc , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1030 , absrc ; paratypes 8\u2642 , 7\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 1031 , 1032 , 1189 , 1190 , 20102 , absrc , nmk , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 855\u2642 , rmca ; 8 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slide maes 415\u2640 , 466\u2640 , 857\u2640 , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 893 , absrc ; 32 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , absrc , nmk , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 14312 , rmca ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 9\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 14306 , 14307 , rmca , nmk , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1305 , absrc ; paratypes [ number not stated ] , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1247\u2642 , absrc ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 1249\u2640 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 20748\u2642 , nmnw ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 20751\u2640 , nmnw , zmhb , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 600\u2642 , absrc ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide maes 587\u2642 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 873 , absrc ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides maes , 20111 , 20249 , nmk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 484 , absrc ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 485 , 486 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 20746\u2642 , nmnw ; paratypes 7\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 1037\u2640 , nmnw , zmhb , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 20719 , tmsa ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 20738 , tmsa , absrc , mhng , rmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 473\u2642 , rmca ; 39 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 490\u2642 , 474\u2640 , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 949 , absrc ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 17\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 950 , absrc , rmca , nmk .\nholotype \u2642 , zmhb ; paratypes 29\u2642 , 18\u2640 , genitalia slides 38 / 10 , maes 20761 , 1006 , zmhb , tmsa , absrc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide pyralidae 21342\u2640 , bmnh ; paratypes 2\u2640 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 382\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 1\u2642 , genitalia slide maes 467\u2642 , 1 specimen , abdomen lost , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 743\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 4\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 408\u2640 , 409\u2640 , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide maes 468\u2640 , rmca ; paratypes 3\u2640 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide k . maes 851\u2642 , absrc ; paratypes 2\u2642 ( 1 without abdomen ) , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide k . maes 1309\u2640 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 593 , absrc ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 566 , 594 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 769 , absrc ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 20424 , nmk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 20425 , nmk ; paratypes 2\u2642 , nmk , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 249\u2642 , rmca ; 72 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 360\u2640 , 247\u2640 , 733\u2640 , 205\u2642 , 134\u2642 , 248\u2642 , rmca , bmnh , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1059\u2642 , absrc ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 1058\u2640 , 20085\u2642 , 20086\u2640 , 20126\u2640 , absrc , nmk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 1067 , absrc ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 9\u2640 , genitalia slides \u26401068 , \u26401183 , \u264220714 , absrc , tmsa , bmnh , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1017\u2642 , absrc ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 1079\u2640 , absrc , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 595 , absrc ; paratype 1\u2642 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , absrc ; 33 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 1365 , 1366 , 1332 , 1331 , 1303 , absrc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , absrc ; paratypes 6\u2642 , genitalia slides maes 1347 , 1138 , 1346 , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1349 , absrc ; 16 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 1348 , hayden 263 , absrc , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 993 , absrc ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 4\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 20715 , absrc , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalis slide maes 1033 , absrc ; paratypes 3\u2642 and 4\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 1229 , bmnh 21992 , absrc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 489\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 1\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 472\u2640 , 1 specmen , abdomen missing , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 383\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide maes 384\u2640 , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 470\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides 487\u2640 , 488\u2642 , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 14158 , rmca ; paratypes 14\u2642 , 12\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 14160 , 14163 , 14164 , rmca , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 941 , absrc ; paratypes 9\u2642 , 5\u2640 , genitalia slides maes 939 , 940 , 14161 , 14162 , absrc , rmca , nmk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 1073\u2642 , absrc ; 26 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 1071\u2640 , 1070\u2640 , 1069\u2642 , 1072\u2642 , 1042\u2642 , 1043\u2640 , 20747\u2642 , nmnw , zmhb , absrc .\nholotype \u2642 , absrc ; 28 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides maes 591 , 20428 , 904 , 909 , 910 , 903 , absrc , nmk , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide maes 953 , absrc ; paratypes 4\u2642 , absrc , nmk , rmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 742 , absrc ; paratype \u2640 , genitalia slide 1108 , absrc .\nyou just need to enter the word you are looking for a rhyme in the field . in order to find a more original version you can resort to fuzzy search . practically in no time you will be provided with a list of rhyming words according to your request . they will be presented in blocks depending on the number of letters .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1816, "summary": [{"text": "mallosia graeca is a species of beetle in the lamiinae subfamily , that can be found only in greece .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is 13 \u2013 30 mm long , and brown coloured . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "mallosia graeca", "paragraphs": ["dorcadion tomentosum sturm , 1843 mallosia graeca var . cardoriensis pic , 1900 saperda graeca sturm , 1843\noggetto del messaggio : re : mallosia ( s . str . ) graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) - cerambycidae - greece\nlonghorn beetles ( cerambycidae ) of the west palearctic region [ mallosia _ graeca ] hoskovec m . , rejzek m . : longhorn beetles ( cerambycidae ) of the west palearctic region [ urltoken ]\nrenvaze f . and renvaze j . - p . : note sur la biologie de mallosia graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) ( coleoptera , cerambycidae ) . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 601 : 4 - 7 , ( 2004 ) .\nfauna europaea 2 . 4 [ 113972 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) : fauna europaea [ urltoken ] [ as mallosia graeca ( sturm , 1843 ) ] data retrieved on : 9 march 2012\nthe point for mallosia is marked with a\nyellow pin\n. that data were taken in field - notes when being in the field on the lake shore . . . searching for dragonflies . . . not rechecked the coordinates at home . . . even if do that normally . sorry for that\ncosmin , it is no problem ! this is a normally procedure in terrain . . . . . i ' ve checked this from my own curiosity . moreover yours massage is very interesting as form communication between us . googleearth is very useful tool to sending coordinates . cheers ! jacek ps . a yellow pin have : urltoken 37 . 847092 , 22 . 465857 below is screen from google earth : this is very beatiful place ! ! ! ! urltoken in down - central zone is exactly yours locality ( locus mallosia )\n( sturm , 1843 ) is a species endemic to greece . it is mainly known from peloponnese peninsula but can also be found in atica , the greek mainland . the host plant of this spectacular european longhorn beetle has long been unknown . in 1967 carl von demelt [ \u2756 ] observed a number of specimens of this insect and suggested that the species developed in\n( in root system of a small thistle species , asteraceae , transl . and note by authors ) . this information has then been repeated in later works ( e . g . bense , 1995 ) . the correct host ,\n( apiaceae ) , has only been discovered by a french group ( renvaze & renvaze , \u2727 ) in 2004 . also another species of genus\nvon demelt c . : beitrag zur kenntnis der cerambycidenfauna griechenlands ( col . ) . entomologische zeitschrift 77 : 57 - 66 , 1967 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n24 . v . 2010 - grecia - ee , peloponneso ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) , cosmin manci leg .\nraccolti nel sud della grecia , peloponese ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) , in 24 . maggio . 2010 , leg . cosmin manci .\n. good species . can you put the more precise locality ? peloponnes is vague . . . .\n: ok : . good species . can you put the more precise locality ? peloponnes is vague . . . .\nyes cosmin , my opinion is that coordinates are the most precise instrument to identify a locality , but have also a toponym , like a province , or a big city is better , in this way you can identify the locality without search on google earth , for example , and understand immediatly if the specimen is interestring or new for the country .\nso\ngreece : korinthia : kionia ( near ) : stimfalia lake\nis on my label .\nyou have the exact coordinates there . . . ( 37 . 854341 / 22 . 459604 ) . . . more precise than that but if you really need a toponym . . . near stimphalia lake .\ncosmin , i ' ve checked this coordinates simply paste into google maps . locality is in center of lake : - )\nwrite please , how do you obtain the reading measurements ? simply from gps ? check it please .\nambienti costieri ( spiagge sabbiose , scogliere , foci , paludi costiere , stagni salmastri etc . )\nforum entomologi italiani viene aggiornato in maniera casuale e assolutamente non periodica . pertanto , ai sensi della l . 7 marzo 2001 , n . 62 sull ' editoria , questo portale non pu\u00f2 essere in alcun modo una testata giornalistica .\ncopyright \u00a9 2009 - 2017 forum entomologi italiani , ove non diversamente specificato . tutti i diritti degli autori sono riservati .\n2004 - 05 - 07 by prof . paolo audisio & by mr . gianfranco sama\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski ."]}
{"id": 1817, "summary": [{"text": "chrysallida nioba is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the chrysallida genus of gastropods . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "chrysallida nioba", "paragraphs": ["chrysallida nioba : de jong & commans , 1988 : 122 , pl . 6 , fig . 543 ; redfern , 2001 : 143 , pl . 64 , fig . 592a , b ; lee , 2009 : 138 , fig . 671 .\nodostoma ( chrysallida ) dianthophila wells & wells , 1961 : p . 152 , figs 1 - 3 .\nlee ( 2009 ) presented a photograph of a shell very similar shape that to that of c . nioba noted a possible synonymy between c . nioba , boonea seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 ) and odostomia toyatani henderson & bartsch , 1914 . actually , b . seminuda and odostomia ( chrysallida ) toyatani were synonymized by robertson ( 1978 ) , but c . nioba must be considered a distinct species since it has a distinct protoconch , with immersed nucleus ( figs 9 - 11 ) , while in the protoconch of b . seminuda the nucleus is visible ; also , the shell shape and sculpture are different , more elongated and without smooth spiral cords above the suture as occurs in b . seminuda .\nredfern ( 2001 ) illustrated a very similar shell from abaco , bahamas , named chrysallida sp . it has the same conical shell shape , teleoconch sculpture and pronounced umbilicus .\nchrysallida is a speciose genus of minute sea snails , pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family pyramidellidae within the tribe chrysallidini . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nremarks . chrysallida nioba ( figs 7 - 12 ) was not illustrated with the original description . the type series contains six syntypes , one of which is illustrated in figure 12 . the subsequent records of this species from different localities in the caribbean and the united states east coast are somewhat unclear . although the drawing provided by de jong & coomans ( 1988 ) of shells from the west indies does not allow recognition of the characteristics of the shell , examination of the zma collection confirms its occurrence at aruba .\nspecies within the genus chrysallida are commonly distributed in all oceans from the tropics to the polar regions , the arctic and the antarctic . it is mainly known from coastal areas , and is uncommon in deep elevations such as trenches in the sea .\nremarks . parthenina was used by aartsen et al . ( 2000 ) as a subgenus of chrysallida to include species with small shells ornamented with sinuous axial ribs crossed by weaker spiral cords , restricted to the lower ( abapical ) region of the teleoconch whorl . many species with this same sculpture pattern were considered by linden & eikenboom ( 1992 ) and by pe\u00f1as & rol\u00e1n ( 1998 ) as chrysallida lato sensu . schander et al . ( 2003 ) considered parthenina at the full genus rank , after including three species from the eastern atlantic in a molecular phylogenetic analysis .\nlinden , j . van der & j . c . a . eikenboom . 1992 . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . ; r . s . absal\u00e3o & c . miyaji . 2009 . a taxonomic review of the genera boonea , chrysallida , parthenina , ivara , fargoa , mumiola , odostomella and trabecula ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae , odostomiinae ) from brazil . zootaxa 2049 : 39 - 66 . [ links ]\nremarks . chrysallida conifera ( figs 13 - 17 ) somewhat resembles young specimens of chrysallida gemmulosa , with a similar protoconch and general sculpture pattern , i . e . , three nodulose spiral cords per whorl . however , the nodules of c . gemmulosa are axially arranged in a nearly orthocline direction , while in c . conifera they are prosocline ( figs 13 - 14 and 18 ) ; the whorl outline is slightly convex in c . gemmulosa and rectilinear in c . conifera ( figs 13 - 14 ) . the main difference is at the base , which is elongate and ornamented with six or seven smooth spiral cords in c . g emmulosa , while in c . conifera there are three somewhat nodulose spiral cords ( fig . 18 ) .\nfour new species of the pyramidellid odostomiinae from brazil are described : chrysallida conifera sp . nov . , characterized by a small and regularly conical shell with prominent nodules ; parthenina biumbilicata sp . nov . , characterized by a deep and wide umbilicus and a regularly increasing aperture diameter at the protoconch , which bears a small circular umbilicus ; eulimastoma franklini sp . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe species of odostominae , in particular , were revised in a series of papers ( pimenta & absal\u00e3o 2004b , pimenta et al . 2008 , 2009 ) , on eulimastoma bartsch , 1916 , egila dall & bartsch , 1904 , ividia dall & bartsch , 1904 , folinella dall & bartsch , 1904 , oscilla a . adams , 1861 , pseudoscilla boettger , 1901 , boonea robertson , 1978 , chrysallida carpenter , 1856 , parthenina bucquos , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1883 , ivara dall & bartsch , 1903 , fargoa bartsch , 1955 , mumiola a . adams , 1863 , odostomella bucquos , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1883 , and trabecula monterosato , 1884 .\ncompared to the european parthenina species described by aartsen et al . ( 2000 ) and those included in chrysallida sensu lato by linden & eikemboom ( 1992 ) and pe\u00f1as & rol\u00e1n ( 1998 ) , p . biumbilicata has some similarity with c . juliae ( de folin , 1872 ) , mainly due to the axial ribs close together , but p . biumbilicata is wider and more conical and the axial ribs do not continue over the base ( fig . 36 ) as in the redescription of c . juliae by linden & eikenbomm ( 1992 ) . in addition , the umbilicus of p . biumbilicata is wider and deeper ( fig . 36 ) .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npimenta a . d . ( 2012 ) four new species and two new records of odostomiinae ( gastropoda : pyramidellidae ) from brazil . zoologia ( curitiba ) 29 ( 5 ) : 439\u2013450 . [ october 2012 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbilly ' s bay , st . elizabeth parish , jamaica ( about 1 . 8 mm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de invertebrados , museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro . quinta da boa vista , s\u00e3o crist\u00f3v\u00e3o , 20940 - 040 rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . e - mail : alexpim @ urltoken\npyramidellidae gray , 1840 ( superorder heterobranchia ) comprises a large group of marine microgastropod , ectoparasitic on other invertebrates . the family is distributed worldwide , from coastlines to the deep sea , and is one of the largest mollusk families , with over 6 , 000 named species ( pe\u00f1as & rol\u00e1n 1998 ) and more than 300 generic and subgeneric taxa ( schander et al . 1999 , 2003 ) .\ndespite these numbers , until the 1990s only 35 species were recorded from brazil ( rios 1994 ) and taxonomic revisions in the past ten years ( pimenta et al . 2000 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 2001a , b , 2002 , 2004a , b ; absal\u00e3o et al . 2003 ) have revealed around 30 new species , in addition to several new records of species originally described from northern localities in the western atlantic , mainly the caribbean region , totaling about 95 species of pyramidellidae in more than 20 genera . some of these species were listed and poorly characterized and illustrated by rios ( 2009 ) .\nrecent collection - based studies , as well as recent collections , led to the discovery of other species occurring in brazil , belonging to some of the above - mentioned genera , including four new taxa , which are the scope of this paper .\nthe taxonomic identifications were based on conchological comparisons with type material and / or original descriptions and illustrations . each species was illustrated using scanning electron microscope ( sem ) images . the abbreviation\nm\nrefers to the depth ( in meters ) of the collecting locality .\nthe terminology used for protoconchs follows aartsen ( 1981 , 1987 ) , modified by linden & eikenboom ( 1992 ) and schander ( 1994 ) .\nother abbreviations used through the text : ibufrj - instituto de biologia , universidade federal do rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro ; mnhn - mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ; mnrj - museu nacional / universidade federal do rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro ; morg - museu oceanogr\u00e1fico\neli\u00e9zer de carvalho rios\n, funda\u00e7\u00e3o oceanogr\u00e1fica do rio grande , rio grande ; mzsp - museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo ; uerj - universidade do estado do rio de janeiro ; usnm - national museum of natural history , washington , dc ; zma - zo\u00f6logisch museum amsterdam , amsterdam .\nfargoa dianthophila : lyons , 1989 : 29 , pl . xii , fig . 8 ; od\u00e9 & speers , 1972 : 10 ; robertson , 1978 : 373 , fig . 6 ; 1996 : 17 , figs 16 - 18 ; od\u00e9 , 1993 : 29 ; lee , 2009 : 141 , fig . 682 ; tunnell jr et al . , 2010 : 265 .\nmaterial examined . brazil , rio de janeiro : ponta grande , ba\u00eda da ilha grande ( rap ilha grande sta 17 , 23\u00ba0 . 544\ns , 44\u00ba28 . 464\nw , 8 . 5 m ) , 10 shells , 30 / x / 2003 , uerj 6224 ; ponta grande , ba\u00eda da ilha grande ( rap ilha grande sta 17 , 23\u00ba0 . 544\ns , 44\u00ba28 . 464\nw , 8 . 5 m ) , 2 shells , 30 / x / 2003 , mnrj 17257 .\ngeographic distribution . usa : massachusetts , north carolina , florida , texas ( rosenberg 2009 ) ; brazil : shallow waters off rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil ( this study ) .\nmaterial examined . west indies : aruba , 15 shells , f . veberne leg . , zma ; cura\u00e7ao , 4 shells , de jong leg . , zma ; brazil : rio de janeiro : ( hab 16 sta f5 , 22\u00ba17 ' 20 . 854\ns , 40\u00ba6 ' 42 . 755\nw , 140 m ) , 1 shell , 05 / vii / 2009 , mnrj 16289 ; ( revizee central sta c1 - d3 , 22\u00ba52 ' s , 41\u00ba09 ' w , 80 m ) , 22 shells , 23 / ii / 1996 , ibufrj 11333 ; ( revizee central sta c1 - d3 , 22\u00ba52 ' s , 41\u00ba09 ' w , 80 m ) , 4 shells , 23 / ii / 1996 , mnrj 17164 .\ngeographic distribution . usa : florida , louisiana ; abc islands ; bermuda ( rosenberg 2009 ) ; brazil : 80 to 140 m deep off rio de janeiro southeast of brazil ( this study ) .\ntype material . holotype mnrj 16300 . paratypes ( one shell in each lot ) . mnrj 16301 continental shelf of bacia de campos , rio de janeiro state ( hab 16 sta g3 , 22\u00ba3 ' 41 . 0\ns , 40\u00ba10 ' 5 . 38\nw , 75 m ) , 06 / vii / 2009 ; ibufrj 19203 , continental shelf of bacia de campos , rio de janeiro state ( hab 16 sta g3 , 22\u00ba3 ' 41 . 0\ns , 40\u00ba10 ' 5 . 38\nw , 75 m ) , 06 / vii / 2009 ; mnrj 16302 type locality ; mnrj 16303 , continental shelf of bacia de campos , rio de janeiro state ( hab 16 sta b3 , 22\u00ba59 ' 43\ns , 41\u00ba21 ' 13\nw , 77 m ) , 02 / vii / 2009 ; mzsp 99920 ( revizee sul sta 6653 , 25\u00ba43 . 5 ' s , 46\u00ba2 . 5 ' w , 155 m ) ; mzsp 99921 ( revizee sul sta 6662 , 24\u00ba00 . 95 ' s , 43\u00ba55 . 54 ' w , 135 m ) ; mzsp 99923 ( revizee sul sta 6666 , 24\u00ba17 . 13 ' s , 44\u00ba12 . 15 ' w , 163 m ) ; mzsp 99924 ( revizee sul sta 6666 , 24\u00ba17 . 13 ' s , 44\u00ba12 . 15 ' w , 163 m ) .\ntype locality . continental shelf of campos basin , rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil ( hab 16 sta c3 , 22\u00ba46 ' 49\ns , 41\u00ba3 ' 16\nw , 78 m ) .\ndimensions . holotype with four teleoconch whorls ; height 1 . 35 mm ; width 0 . 8 mm ; protoconch width : 260 \u00b5m .\netymology . conifer , l . = cone bearing . this species is named after its strictly conical shell shape .\ngeographic distribution . continental shelves of rio de janeiro and s\u00e3o paulo states , southeast of brazil ; 75 m to 163 m deep .\neulimastoma cf . weberi : pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 2004b : 168 , fig . 5c - g .\ntype material . holotype : mnrj 16308 ; paratypes : mnrj 16309 , type locality [ 2 shells ] ; mnhn im - 2012 - 6 , md55 sta cb96 , east of cabo de s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , north coast of rio de janeiro state ( 21\u00ba31 ' s , 40\u00ba08 ' w , 300 m ) , 31 / v / 1987 [ 7 shells ] ; mzsp 105121 , md55 sta cb96 , east of cabo de s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , north coast of rio de janeiro state ( 21\u00ba31 ' s , 40\u00ba08 ' w , 300 m ) , 31 / v / 1987 [ 4 shells ] ; ibufrj 12678 , revizee central sta c5 - 52c ( 21 . 767\u00bas , 40 , 083\u00baw , 450 m ) , 21 / vii / 2001 [ 9 shells ] .\ntype locality . continental shelf of campos basin , rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil ; hab 17 sta i3 ( 21\u00ba23 ' 33 . 709\ns , 40\u00ba15 ' 43 . 349\nw , 88 m ) .\ndiagnosis . small shell , without sculpture , with a spiral channel above suture and a marked spiral keel at periphery of base .\ndimensions . holotype with 3 . 75 teleoconch whorls ; height 1 . 3 mm ; width 0 . 6 mm ; protoconch width : 432 mm .\ngeographic distribution . continental shelf and slope of north coast of rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil ; 88 m to 450 m deep .\netymology . exiguus , l . = poor , scanty . this species is named after its lack of shell sculpture .\nremarks . shells of eulimastoma exiguum were illustrated by pimenta & absal\u00e3o ( 2004b ) but named eulimastoma aff . weberi ( morrison , 1965 ) . in that paper , the authors were not confident in recognizing a different taxon , because of the little material available . examination of material collected from the md55 and habitats expeditions allowed the conclusion that this is a new species , distinct from e . weberi .\nboth species have small shells with a scaled telecoconch whorl and somewhat similar channeled suture , but e . weberi has distinct spiral cords above and below the suture , while in e . exiguum , this sculpture is absent ( figs 19 - 20 and 24 ) .\ntype material . holotype : mnrj 17168 ; paratypes : uerj 3330 , type locality [ 3 shells ] ; mnrj 17167 , type locality [ 2 shells ] ; mnhn im - 2012 - 7 , type locality [ 1 shell ] ; uerj 3339 , rap ilha grande sta 15 ( 23\u00ba3 . 762 ' s , 44\u00ba36 . 038 ' w , 7 m ) , ponta grande , timu\u00edba , paraty , 19 / xi / 2003 , [ 5 shells ] ; mnrj 17169 , enseada de dois rios , ilha grande , 19 - 20 / xi / 1996 [ 4 shells ] .\ntype locality . ponta grande , ilha grande bay , south coast of rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil ; ilha grande rap ilha grande sta 25 ( 23\u00ba5 . 098 ' s , 44\u00ba18 . 603 ' w , 17 m ) .\ndiagnosis . protoconch helicoidal with ~ 2 . 25 whorls ; base with two spiral ridges at adapical periphery .\ndescription . shell small , conical , color white . teleoconch with up to four whorls rectilinear in profile . suture deep , straight . protoconch heterostrophic helicoidal , with ~ 2 . 25 smooth whorls oriented ~ 80\u00ba to teleococnh axis . sculpture absent , except for one spiral ridge at abapical region of each whorl , above suture . base straight , market at adapical periphery by three spiral ridges . aperture rhomboid tending to pyriform . columella obliquely arcuate , with a distinct fold . outer lip thin . umbilicus as a very narrow fissure .\ndimensions . holotype with four teleoconch whorls ; height 1 . 4 mm ; width 0 . 8 mm ; protoconch width : 210 mm .\ngeographic distribution . known only for shallow waters ( 7 m to 17 m deep ) at ilha grande bay , south coast of rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil .\netymology . this species is named after in honor of dr . franklin noel dos santos , brazilian malacologist , who took part at rap ilha grande project , in the malacological team .\nremarks . shells of eulimastoma franklini were illustrated by pimenta & absal\u00e3o ( 2004b ) but termed eulimastoma aff . didymum . the authors recognized a single difference from e . didymum in the protoconch shape , but because of the little material available , decided not to describe it .\nexamination of new material , also collected at ilha grande , allowed the recognition of a new species . eulimastoma franklini ( figs 25 - 30 ) is indeed very similar to e . didymum in shell shape and teleoconch sculpture . both species have regular conical shells , with a straight whorl outline and a wide spiral cord above the suture .\nthe main difference that clearly distinguishes the two species is the type of protoconch , concerning its orientation to the teleoconch axis . although it is not visible in the eroded holotype , e . didymum has an upturned protoconch according to its original description ( verrill & bush , 1900 ) and as also illustrated by wise ( 1996 ) in specimens from texas and by pimenta & absal\u00e3o ( 2004b ) in specimens from southeast brazil . in e . franklini , the protoconch is oriented about 80\u00ba to the teleoconch axis ( figs 27 - 29 ) .\npimenta & absal\u00e3o ( 2004b ) described intraspecific variation in e . dydima regarding the expression of the subsutural spiral cord , and the presence of spiral striae at the base , from smooth bases to those covered by several grooves . in e . franklini , on the other hand , all shells studied have smooth bases ( fig . 30 ) and lack the subsutural spiral cord on the teleoconch whorls ( figs 25 - 26 and 30 ) .\nin brazil , e . franklini and e . didymum occur at the same localities , on the southeast coast . both species were collected in ilha grande bay , but while e . franklini is only known from ilha grande bay , e . didymum was found in localities on the northeast and north coast of brazil , up to ~ 3\u00ban ( pimenta & absal\u00e3o 2004b ) .\ntype material . holotype : morg 50990 , revizee central sta d3 ; paratypes : mnrj 16306 , hab 16 sta h4 ( 21\u00ba42 ' 49\ns , 40\u00ba10 ' 21\nw , 97 m ) , [ 1 shell ] ; mnrj 16307 , hab 16 sta f3 ( 22\u00ba7 ' 39\ns , 40\u00ba18 ' 53\nw , 72 m ) , [ 1 shell ] ; morg 50991 , revizee central sta c1 - d1 ( 22\u00ba48 ' s , 41\u00ba091 ' w , 69 m ) , 23 / 02 / 96 [ 1 shell ] ; uerj 3334 , rap ilha grande sta 3 , [ 1 shell ] ; uerj 3348 , rap ilha grande sta 15 , [ 2 shells ] ; uerj 3332 , rap ilha grande sta 25 ( 23\u00ba5 . 098 ' s , 44\u00ba18 . 603 ' w , 17 m ) , ilha queimada grande , 31 / x / 2003 , [ 1 shell ] ; uerj 6192 , rap ilha grande sta 9 ( 23\u00ba9 . 101 ' s , 44\u00ba32 . 238 ' w , 19 m ) , parcel dos meros , 18 / xi / 2003 , [ 1 shell ] .\ntype locality . continental shelf of north of rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil revizee central sta c1 - d3 ( 22\u00ba52 ' s , 41\u00ba09 ' w , 80 m ) .\ndiagnosis . shell with deep , wide umbilicus ; teleoconch sculpture of very thin and close together sinoidal axial ribs ; protoconch with regularly increasing aperture diameter and with small circular umbilicus .\ndimensions . holotype with 3 . 5 teleoconch whorls ; height 2 . 35 mm ; width 1 . 2 mm ; protoconch width : 370 mm .\ngeographic distribution . continental shelf of rio de janeiro state , southeast of brazil ; 17 m to 97 m deep .\netymology . this species is named after its conspicuous umbilicus at both last teleoconch whorl and at protoconch .\npimenta et al . ( 2009 ) followed schander et al . ( 2003 ) in considering parthenina at the genus rank , and listed two taxa from brazil : parthenina varia ( od\u00e9 , 1993 ) and parthenina cf . interspatiosa ( linden & eikenboom , 1992 ) . this latter taxon was considered by pimenta et al . ( 2009 ) to have a somewhat dubious taxonomic status , due to its identical shell morphology to specimens from the eastern atlantic and the lack of biological data to consider them co - specific .\nparthenina biumbilicata has a teleoconch sculpture of sinuous axial ribs and weak spiral cords ( figs 31 - 36 ) , but the spiral cords are also present on the adapical ~ 2 / 3 of the teleoconch whorl , though as very tiny cords . the most similar taxon from the western atlantic is that recorded by pimenta et al . ( 2009 ) as p . cf . interspatiosa , but p . biumbilicata has more numerous axial ribs which are closer together . the number of spiral cords is also higher in p . biumbilicata , four to five , while in p . cf . interspatiosa there are only one or two .\nwe are grateful to p . bouchet and p . maestrati ( mnhn ) , l . simone ( mzsp ) , robert moolenbeeck ( zma ) , e . rios and p . s . oliveira ( morg ) , r . absal\u00e3o ( ibufrj ) , s . b . santos ( uerj ) , c . miyaji , for loan of material . e . rol\u00e1n , c . redfern , and f . n . santos , for exchanging information about pyramidellidae taxonomy . the two referees , for their critics and suggestions . a . veiga , for sem operation at the departamento de invertebrados ( mnrj ) . j . reid , for revising the english text . petrobras , for making the collection and study of material from the habitats project possible . cenpes / petrobras , for the establishment of the center for scanning electron microscopy of museu nacio - nal / ufrj through project ' moderniza\u00e7\u00e3o , informatiza\u00e7\u00e3o e infra - estrutura das cole\u00e7\u00f5es marinhas do museu nacional / ufrj e desenvolvimento do centro de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica de varredura ' ( sape 460022548 - 3 ) .\naartsen , j . j . van . 1981 . european pyramidellidae : ii . turbonilla . bollettino malacologico 17 ( 5 - 6 ) : 61 - 68 . 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[ links ]\nadams , a . 1863 . on the species of pyramidellidae found in japan . journal of the proceedings of the linnean society of london 7 : 1 - 6 . [ links ]\nadams , c . b . 1839 . observations on some species of the marine shells of massachusetts , with descriptions of five new species . boston journal of natural history 2 : 262 - 288 . [ links ]\nadams , c . b . 1852 . catalogue of shells collected at panama with notes on synonymy , station and habitat . annals lyceum natural history 5 : 222 - 549 . [ links ]\nbartsch , p . 1909 . pyramidellidae of new england and the adjacent region . proceedings of the boston society of natural history 34 ( 4 ) : 67 - 113 . [ links ]\nbartsch , p . 1916 . eulimastoma , a new subgenus of pyramidellids , and remarks on the genus scalenostoma . the nautilus 30 ( 7 ) : 73 - 74 . [ links ]\nbartsch , p . 1955 . the pyramidellid mollusks of the pliocene deposits of north st . petersburg , florida . smithsonisn miscellaneous collections 125 ( 2 ) : 1 - 102 . [ links ]\nboettger , o . 1901 . zur kenntnis der fauna der mittelmioz\u00e4nen schichten von kostej im krass\u00f3 - sz\u00f6r\u00e9nyer komitat . verhandlugen und mitteilungen des siebenb\u00fcrgischen vereins f\u00fcr naturwisschenschaften hermannstadt 51 : 1 - 200 . [ links ]\nbucquoy , e . p . ; p . dautzenberg & g . dollfus . 1883 . les mollusques marins du roussillon . paris , vol . 1 , 195p . [ links ]\ncarpenter , p . p . 1856 . description of new species and varieties of calyptraeidae , trochidae , and pyramidellidae , principally in the collections of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london 24 : 166 - 171 . [ links ]\ndall , w . h . & p . bartsch . 1903 . contributions to the tertiary fauna of florida with special reference to the miocene silexbeds of tampa and the pliocene beds of the caloosahatchie river . part 6 . concluding the work . transactions of the wagner free institute of science 3 ( 6 ) : 1219 - 1654 . [ links ]\ndall , w . h . & p . bartsch . 1904 . synopsis of the genera , subgenera and sections of the family pyramidellidae . proceedings of the biological society of washington 17 : 1 - 16 . [ links ]\ndall , w . h . & p . bartsch , p . 1909 . a monograph of west american pyramidellid mollusks . bulletin of the united states national museum 68 , xii + 258 pp . [ links ]\ndall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1911 . new species of shells from bermuda . proceedings of the united states national museum 40 ( 1820 ) : 277 - 288 . [ links ]\nfolin , l . de . 1872 - 1876 . les fonds de la mer . paris , f . savy , vol . 1 , 365p . [ links ]\ngray , j . e . 1840 . synopsis of the contents of the british museum . london , 42 th ed . , 370p . [ links ]\nhenderson , j . b . & p . bartsch . 1914 . littoral marine mollusks of chincoteague island , virginia . proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2055 ) : 411 - 421 . [ links ]\njong , k . m . de & h . e . coomans . 1988 . m arine gastropods from curacao , aruba and bonaire . leiden , e . j . brill , 261p . [ links ]\nlee , h . g . 2009 . marine shells of northeast florida . florida , jacksonville shell club , 204p . [ links ]\nlygre , f . ; j . a . kongsrud & c . schander . 2011 . four new species of turbonilla ( gastropoda , pyramidellimorpha , turbonillidae ) from the gulf of guinea , west africa . african invertebrates 52 ( 2 ) : 243 - 254 . [ links ]\nlyons , w . c . 1989 . nearshore marine ecology at hutchinson islands , florida : 1971 - 1974 . xi . mollusks . florida marine research publications 47 : 1 - 131 . [ links ]\nmonterosato , t . a . di . 1884 . nomenclatura generic e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , 152p . [ links ]\nmorrison , j . p . e . 1965 . new brackish water mollusks from lousiana . proceedings of the biological society of washington 78 : 217 - 224 . [ links ]\nod\u00e9 , h . 1993 . distribution and records of the marine mollusca in the northwest gulf of mexico ( a continuing monograph ) . texas conchologist 30 ( 1 ) : 23 - 32 . [ links ]\nod\u00e9 , h . & a . b . speers . 1972 . notes concerning texas beach shells . texas conchologist 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 . [ links ]\nd ' orbigny , a . 1835 - 1846 . voyage dans l ' amerique m\u00e9ridionale . mollusques . paris , 1 - 48 ( 1835 ) ; 49 - 184 ( 1836 ) ; 185 - 376 ( 1837 ) ; 377 - 408 ( 1840 ) ; 409 - 488 ( 1841 ) ; 489 - 758 ( 1846 ) . [ links ]\npelseneer , p . 1928 . les parasites des mollusques el les mollusques parasites . bulletin de la societ\u00e9 zoologique de france 53 : 158 - 189 . [ links ]\npe\u00f1as , a . & e . rol\u00e1n . 1998 . pyramidellidae ( gastropoda , heterostropha ) de la missi\u00f3n oceanogr\u00e1fica\nseamount 2\n. iberus , suplemento 5 : 151 - 199 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2001a . taxonomic revision of the species of turbonilla risso , 1826 ( gastropoda , heterobranchia , pyramidellidae ) with type localities in brazil , and description of a new species . basteria 65 : 69 - 88 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2001b . the genera bacteridium thiele , 1929 and careliopsis m\u00f6rch , 1875 ( gastropoda : pyramidellidae ) from the east coast of south america . bollettino malacologico 37 : 41 - 48 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2002 . on the taxonomy of turbonilla puncta ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) , with the description of a new species from brazil and remarks on other western atlantic species . zootaxa 78 : 1 - 16 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2004a . fifteen new species and ten new records of turbonilla risso , 1826 ( gastropoda , heterobranchia , pyramidellidae ) from brazil . bollettino malacologico 39 : 113 - 140 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2004b . review of the genera eulimastoma bartsch , 1916 and egila dall and bartsch , 1904 ( mollusca , gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil . zoosystema 26 : 157 - 173 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . ; r . s . absal\u00e3o . & a . s . alencar . 2000 . odostomella carceralis spec . nov . from ilha grande , se brazil ( gastropoda : heterobranchia , pyramidellidae ) . basteria 64 : 65 - 70 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . ; f . n . santos & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2008 . review of the genera ividia , folinella , menestho , pseudoscilla , tryptichus and peristichia ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil , with descriptions of four new species . the veliger 50 : 171 - 184 . [ links ]\npimenta , a . d . ; f . n . santos & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2011 taxonomic revision of the genus eulimella ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil , with description of three new species . zootaxa 3063 : 22 - 38 . [ links ]\nredfern , c . 2001 . bahamian seashell . boca raton , bahamina - seashells . com , inc . 280p . [ links ]\nrios , e . c . 1994 . seashells of brazil . rio grande , museu oceanogr\u00e1fico prof . e . c . rios , funda\u00e7\u00e3o universidade de rio grande , 2 nd ed , 368p . [ links ]\nrios , e . c . 2009 . compendium of brazilian seashells . rio grande , editora evangraf , 668p . [ links ]\nrobertson , r . 1978 . spermatophores of six eastern north american pyramidellid gastropods and their systematic significance ( with the new genus boonea ) . biological bulletin of the marine biological laboratory 155 : 360 - 382 . 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[ links ]\nwells , h . & m . j . wells . 1961 . three species of odostomia from north carolina , with description of a new species . the nautilus 74 : 149 - 157 . [ links ]\nwise , j . b . 1996 . morphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain pyramidellid taxa ( heterobranchia ) . malacologia 37 : 443 - 551 . [ links ]\nsubmitted : 06 . iii . 2012 ; accepted : 20 . vi . 2012 . editorial responsibility : marcos d . s . tavares\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ngastropoda ( mollusca ) associated to sargassum sp . beds in sao sebastiao channel sao paulo , brazil\nto review the taxonomy of eulimidae from the southwestern atlantic , with focus on the brazilian coast .\nreview of the genera eulimastoma bartsch , 1916 and egila dall & bartsch , 1904 ( mollusca , gastropoda , . . .\nthe taxonomy of the species belonging to the genera eulimastoma bartsch , 1916 and egila dall & bartsch , 1904 from brazil is reviewed : eulimastoma canaliculatum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) , eulimastoma engonium ( bush , 1885 ) , eulimastoma surinamense altena , 1975 , eulimastoma didyma ( verrill & bush , 1900 ) , eulimastoma aff . didymal eulimastoma aff . weberi ( morrison , 1965 ) ,\negila\nvirginiae altena , 1975 . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomic revision of the genus eulimella ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) from brazil , with description . . .\na taxonomic revision of the pyramidellid genus eulimella from brazil was performed based on shell morphology . the holotype of eulimella rudis watson , 1886 is illustrated and compared to shells from the southeast brazilian coast , this being the first confirmed record of this species after its original description . eulimella smithii ( verrill , 1880 ) , previously known from northern localities in . . . [ show full abstract ]\non the taxonomy of turbonilla puncta ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) , with the desc . . .\npimenta , alexandre d . , absal\u00e3o , ricardo s . ( 2002 ) : on the taxonomy of turbonilla puncta ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) , with the description of a new species from brazil and remarks on other western atlantic species . zootaxa 78 : 1 - 16 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 155937\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njo o ' keefe copyright 2010 . photos may be used for educational purposes only . contact me with inquiries .\ndr . harry lee , a nationally known malacologist , deserves much credit for this work . thanks to him , we know the identity of many of the shells of sunset beach , nc . information on how to find these shells in seaweed and sea drift from the eastern point of sunset beach is at : urltoken\nblack lines on ruler visible in some images depict milimeters . not all species have been photographed .\n165 . olivella cf . prefloralia olsson and harbison , 1953 cf . rice olive ( 2 )\n181 . eulimastoma canaliculatum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) channeled odostome\n191 . rictaxis punctostriatus ( c . b . adams , 1840 ) pitted baby - bubble\nbill rudman , operator of the sea slug forum - - urltoken - - wrote this about the above photo :\nin your photo , the light brown [ center left ] object is part of the shell , while the other objects - or at least most of them - are the large bulky gizzard plates which form a band of crushing plates to pulverise the sea weed before it enters the sea hare ' s stomach .\n197 . melampus bidentatus say , 1822 eastern melampus - - this highly evolved species is a pulmonate , i . e . , it has pulmonary function\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntop : bear island , north carolina ( juvenile ) | bottom : northeast florida ( 4 . 7 mm . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nnew species of shells from bermuda proceedings of the united states national museum 40 ( 1820 ) 277 - 288 , pl . 35 . [ stated date : 08 may 1911 . ]\nthe genus folinella had two preoccupied names - amoura de folin , 1873 not j . e . gray 1847 , and funicularia monterosato , 1884 not forbes , 1845 .\nlittle is known about the ecology of the members of this genus . as is true of most members of the pyramidellidae sensu lato , they are most likely ectoparasites .\nbouchet , philippe ; rocroi , jean - pierre ; fr\u00fdda , jiri ; hausdorf , bernard ; ponder , winston ; vald\u00e9s , \u00e1ngel & war\u00e9n , anders ( 2005 ) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. malacologia . hackenheim , germany : conchbooks . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1\u2013397 . isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . issn 0076 - 2997 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nspencer , h . ; marshall . b . ( 2009 ) . all mollusca except opisthobranchia . in : gordon , d . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one : kingdom animalia . 584 pp\ncarpenter p . p . ( 1856 ) description of new species and varieties of calyptraeidae , trochidae , and pyramidellidae , principally in the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 24 : 166 - 171\nadams a . ( 1863 ) . on the species of pyramidellinae found in japan . journal of the proceedings of the linnean society of london , 7 : 1 - 6\nschaufuss l . w . ( ed ) . 1869 . molluscorum systema et catalogus . system una aufz\u00e4hlung s\u00e4mmtlicher conchylien der sammlung von fr . paetel . 4 pp unpaginated , pp . i - xiv and 1 - 119 . dresden\nde folin l . 1870 . d ' une m\u00e9thode de classification pour les coquilles de la famille des chemnitzidae . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 linn\u00e9enne du d\u00e9partement du maine et loire 12 : 191 - 202\nmonterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi pp . 152 [ month of publication unknown , but later than february ( the paper in naturalista siciliano , cited p . 57 )\ndall w . h . & bartsch p . 1909 . a monograph of west american pyramidellid mollusks . bulletin , united states national museum , 68 : i - xii , 1 - 258 , 30 pl .\niredale t . ( 1915 ) . notes on the names of some british marine mollusca . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 11 ( 6 ) : 329 - 342\niredale t . 1917 . molluscan name - changes , generic and specific . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 12 : 322 - 330\ncorgan j . x . 1973 . the names partulida schaufuss , 1869 and spiralinella chaster , 1901 ( gastropoda , pyramidellacea ) . journal of conchology , 28 : 9 - 10 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180\u2013213\nspencer , h . ; marshall . b . ( 2009 ) . all mollusca except opisthobranchia . in : gordon , d . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one : kingdom animalia . 584 pp\ncarpenter , p . p . ( 1856 ) .\ndescription of new species and varieties of calyptraeidae , trochidae , and pyramidellidae , principally in the collection of hugh cumming , esq\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london . 24 : 166\u2013171 .\ndall , w . h . ; bartsch , p ( 1904 ) .\nsynopsis of genera , subgenera , and sections of the family pyramidellidae\n. proceedings of the biological society of washington . 17 : 1\u201316 .\nde folin , l . ; p\u00e9rier , l . ( 1867\u20131887 ) .\netudes internationale sur les perticularities nouvelles des regions sous - marines\n. les fonds de la mer . 1\u20134 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp \u0087 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0018ftypjpx \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jpx jp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012rreq\u0001\u0080\u0080\u0000\u0001\u0000 - \u0080\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 - jp2h\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0016ihdr\u0000\u0000 \u0080\u0000\u0000\u0007\u00ef\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0007\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000fcolr\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2c\u00ffo\u00ffq\u0000 / \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0007\u00ef\u0000\u0000 \u0080\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0007\u00ef\u0000\u0000 \u0080\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u00ff \\ \u0000 # bp\u00b7 : \u00a3 : \u00a3 : \u00832\u00b32\u00b32\u009e * \u00ea * \u00ea * \u00fb # o # o # \u00ed\u001bi\u001bi\u001a\u00f9\u00ff ] \u0000 $ \u0001bp \\ : 5 : 5 : \u00162d2d20 * y * y * \u0089\n\u00f8\n\u00f8 # s\u001a\u00f5\u001a\u00f5\u001a\u0087\u00ff ] \u0000 $ \u0002bq\u0098 ; \u00b6 ; \u00b6 ; \u00933\u00e73\u00e73\u00b0 , \u0004 , \u0004 , \u0016 $ \u0096 $ \u0096 $ \u00fe m m \u0014\u00ffr\u0000 \u0000\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0001\u0005\u0004\u0004\u0000\u0000\u00ffd\u0000\u000f\u0000\u0001lwf _ jp2 _ 204\u00ff\u0090\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000n\u008b\u0000\u0001\u00ff\u0093\u00e7\u00ff\u0000\u00fau\u007f\u00fc\u0007\u00bbl\u00fe\u00f9\u00bf\u00ea\u00e4\u009d _ { \u00b8\u0000\u00a4\u00fagv0\u0094z\u00b3\u0018\u008c g\u009c5\u00e9 3\u0011\u00b4i6 ' \u00ed\u00eem\u00a4\u00e5\u00f10\u0007\u00fbr\u0082mw ] \u00ae\u00e1\u00e4\u00e5 _ \u0080\u00af\u0087\u0097 ~ < \u00e4 \u00f4g\u0082\u00efy\u00a4\u00f5xe\u00bd + \u0083\u00ec\u00b6\u00f6\u0006\u0007\u0000\u00eep\u00b7 ) \u00a1\u00ac\u00b2 c5y\u00f6\u00e7\u000f\u00e5\u00f9\u0084\u00aa\u00feh\u0082s\u00f9\u00bd\u00e8\u00e4\u00e9\u0012k * \u0004\u00bc\u0003v\u00afd2l\u0090 . s\u00eb\u00e4\u001a\u009b\u0088\u00b8 @ \u00ed\u00f5\u00f7\u0017\u00e1\u00e80\u00f5\u00b3\u00fds\u0013\u00e5 ( \u00e0t\u00a7\u0097d\u0084\u00e0s\u00f8lj + \u001b\u0098\u009f\u00e5n\u00fd\u008c\u009e\u009b\u00fb { u\u008f\u008d\u0010n\u00fev\u00ab\u0090u\u0002\u00ae ; \u0098q\b\u00a2\u00ea ? 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{"id": 1818, "summary": [{"text": "dancing maid ( 29 april 1975 \u2013 1982 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "after winning one of her two races as a two-year-old she emerged as one of the best fillies in europe in 1978 , winning the prix vanteaux , poule d'essai des pouliches , prix chloe and prix vermeille .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she also finished a close second in the classic epsom oaks and third in europe 's most prestigious all-aged race , the prix de l'arc de triomphe .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired from racing after one unsuccessful start as a four-year-old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was not a success as a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "dancing maid", "paragraphs": ["all comments can be found from here : comments for dancing _ maid . swf\nlonely maid dancing with a broom dressed as a man . full body isolated .\npennywise the clown dancing t . . . pennywise dancing uploaded by derptastic derp man\nlonely housewife or maid dancing with her broom , imagining it is a man . full body isolated on white .\nmaid cleaning up and dancing on gray background royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 7022610 .\ndr . giy ' s pre - made me is a 52 cm tall dancing robot maid ( photo : dr . giy )\nperformance of the maid of the mill - international team white , newcastle festival , 2007 .\nperformance of the maid of the mill - ladies international team , newcastle rscds festival , 2016 .\n7 . red tracer ( dane shadow - kisma ) australasian foundation mare hebrew maid 13 - b .\ndutch maid ( f . 1963 - 1992 ) , mr . billy b . ( 1959 - 1982 )\nperformance of the maid of the mill - scottish country dance international team black , newcastle festival , 2010 .\nleisure : theatre royal bath - thu , the tragedy of\noroonoko\n, with\nthe musical lady\n& dancing ; sat ,\nthe west indian\nwith\nthe ghost\n& dancing .\ndjebellica has both dr devious ( epsom derby ) and dancing rain ( epsom oaks ) decending from her .\nthe boss claims she filmed the ordeal in case she was accused of killing the maid , according to the independent .\ndancing rain is a daughter of danehill dancer and pierro ' s dam is by daylami from the mill reef sireline .\ngould , j . e . themiller ' s maid . oliver ditson , boston , monographic , 1846 . notated music . urltoken\npsychobarney : i ' ll be honest . i was hoping for a dancing mad pun . and that the maid was actually kefka . i feel like he ' d be into that kind of thing ( november 3 , 2012 , 1 : 06 am )\npennywise dancing , also known as pennywise can dance to anything , is a video remix series featuring a camera - recorded clip of the antagonist pennywise from the 2017 supernatural horror film it dancing with a variety of humorous songs dubbed over the background audio .\nthen you have the dancing show cross . one could be one world from the 5 - h family and carrying a line of 5 - i . you find danehil 3m x 4m bletchingly 5m , 5f x 4m and dancing show 4m x 5f .\none of the maid groups\u2019 key assertions has been that rather than being a \u201cburden\u201d , domestic helpers are a key backbone of the economy .\n\u201cour role is to mould them to become more patient , more understanding , more responsible with regards to their employers . employers want a truthful maid\u201d\nstallions : hail to reason ( c . 1958 - 1976 ) , stymie ( c . 1941 - 1962 ) broodmares : dancing maid ( f . 1975 - 1982 ) , gold river ( f . 1977 - 1986 ) , pistol packer ( f . 1968 - 1986 )\ntrue , one must give credit to shergar for his record - breaking derby win at epsom but he still did not display the breath taking acceleration dancing brave produced against the type of opposition dancing brave beat in the arc . debatably , shergar also was simply not the same horse in september and it was to dancing brave ' s credit that he won the arc after 4 breath taking big races .\nuhn began receiving requests for maid in march 2016 , after it had been decriminalized but before bill c - 14 became law . in the first year , march 8 , 2016 to march 8 , 2017 , there were 74 maid inquiries at uhn , says an article , co - authored by dr . li and published in the new england journal of medicine . a total of 29 of those inquiries proceeded to assessment , 25 were approved and 19 received maid .\nin late july . as a group one winner she carried a seven pound weight penalty and finished second , beaten two lengths by dancing rocks .\nwhatever you call it , there\u2019s no argument about the artistry of this amazing new robot . the robot\u2019s build is based on a popular disney character called drossel , from the fireball anime . and what\u2019s with the maid outfit , you ask ? well , maid outfits are popular and considered very cute in japanese culture .\nwe know that the bulk of maid requests are on the basis of psychological suffering ,\nsays dr . li , noting that the public expectation was that pain would be the primary motivator .\ni think there ' s just a kind of patient who wants maid , who is actually going to be helped by maid because there isn ' t either time , or they ' re not able to explore death and dying in a way that will relieve their psychological distress .\ndancing brave was now firm favorite for the 2000 guineas . his chief opponents were huntingdale , the dewhurst stakes winner and green desert , the season ' s subsequent champion sprinter . hail to roberto set the pace from green desert till three furlongs from home where green desert took up the running . up to this point dancing brave lay a handy fourth . with two furlongs to go dancing brave quickened in magnificent style to win by 3 lengths from green desert .\ndancing brave is the only horse in racing to win the combination of the 2 , 000 guineas , the king george , the eclipse and the arc .\ndr . giy ' s maid - like robot pre - made me was built entirely by hand and took more than a year to complete ( photo : dr . giy )\ngould , j . e . ( 1846 ) themiller ' s maid . oliver ditson , boston , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\ngould , j . e . themiller ' s maid . oliver ditson , boston , monographic , 1846 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\na terrified maid pleaded for help as she dangled from a seven - story building , but her employer just filmed as she lost her grip and plummeted down , the shocking footage shows .\nas a preliminary to the arc , dancing brave was entered in the goodwood stakes . he lay in fourth place for most of the race and with two furlongs to go , greville asked his mount to respond . dancing brave overtook the long - time leader ozo paulo to win by merciless 12 lengths . the colt had broken the course record .\nhowever , dr . li , who conducts separate debriefs with families , caregivers and uhn staff after maid has been administered , says the reality for most families is not as straightforward as that .\nalthough dancing brave had equal natural ability and possibly greater finishing speed ( like he showed in the arc ) to mill reef he did not equal mill reef ' s consistency , ability to win in all types of going ( dancing brave never won on soft ground ) and ability to run away from a top - class field over a mile and a half .\naustralasian blue hen - has dancing show been mentioned ? dam of umatilla and hurricane sky and 2nd dam of redoute ' s choice , manhattan rain , platinum scissors and al maher .\nsee above for star of giselle and red tracer both belonging to the hebrew maid family which is closely related to the 13 - a of juliet and 13 - c of wilkes or mr prospector .\nit is possible that race goers may never witness the likes of dancing brave again . he was simply a horse that came once in a lifetime - the closest to a complete racehorse .\ndancing brave made a winning debut in the dorking stakes trouncing the opposition by 3 lengths . he followed this with a victory in the soham house stakes . he accelerated brilliantly furlong and a half from home to defeat northern amethyst and lassagne . however , at the end of the season , dancing brave was rated 11 lb . below huntingdale , the william hill dewhurst stakes winner .\nin the blue riband , dancing brave was settled three from rear for most of the race . normrue set the pace followed by aracara , miss naas , faraway dancer and vice - chancellor , with shahrastani tucked in fifth place . up to tattenham corner the placing ' s remained the same with dancing brave still lying three from the rear and more than 12 lengths behind the leader .\nblumenschein , w . l . thedairy maid . newhall & co . , geo . d . , cincinnati , monographic , 1880 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\ndancing brave now became a firm 5 - 2 favorite for the epsom derby . a lot of racing experts could not believe a horse possessing the colt ' s speed could stay the derby course .\n25 weanlings include siblings to russian revolution , unencumbered and black minx , plus the progeny of stakes - winning dams including dorf command , echo maid , impetuous , lilakyn , lovemelikearock , sweet sanette and walk alone .\ndancing brave was schooled at guy harwood ' s stable in pulborough . harwood started preparing the colt as a two year old in may and in august 1985 started a rigorous training programme for his colt .\nthe only colt which nijinsky beat which compared in stature to dancing brave ' s middle - distance opponents in the king george and arc in stature was gyr , whom nijinsky vanquished in the epsom derby .\nhis sire lyphard , was an outstanding miler by the great northern dancer , the greatest sire if the century . lyphard , had already produced stalwarts like 1979 arc winner , three troikas , as well as , 1978 prix vermeille winner , dancing maid . on his dam side navajo princess had won eight grade races while her sire drone produced 44 stakes winners . these included , lady capulet , the irish 1 , 000 guineas winner .\ni believe in the arc he could have been beaten by dancing brave . even had nijinsky been fully fit and beaten sassafras by 3 lengths in the arc that win could not be rated on par to dancing brave ' s conquering of the french champion bering , who was a far superior horse to sassafras ( sassafras won the french derby by only 3 / 4 of a length and was a 20 to one outsider in the arc in contrast to bering who won the french derby in record time and was second favorite - an equivalent for france to what dancing brave was to in in the middle - distance races in britain ) .\npeople are curious ,\nshe says , noting that she ' d love to tell her family ' s story more publicly , without anonymity , but feels public opinion is so polarized on maid that a backlash would ensue .\nvery few people could predict at that time that this colt would emerge as a superstar . the colt was to be called dancing brave who went on to become one of the 20th century ' s racing legends .\ndancing brave beat superior opposition to mill reef as a three year old but in the epsom derby ( pulled away by 2 lengths from linden tree ) , eclipse ( beat caro by 4 lengths a superior horse to tryptich ) and king george ( beat ortis by 6 lengths compared to dancing brave ' s 3 / 4 length win over shardari ) , the reef was more impressive , showing greater staying ability . only in the arc did dancing brave perhaps stage a more impressive performance . mill reef was vastly superior as a two year old and his prix ganay performance as a 4 year old was amongst the best victories ever scored in europe .\ni believe that on merit when evaluating the record ' s of great horses , dancing brave should be regarded as the epsom derby winner , as it lost due to what was possibly not his fault ( jockey greville starkey gave him no chance placing him more than 12 lengths behind at the bend . dancing brave would have had to perform a miracle to win . i can ' t believe even sea bird could have won from there ) .\nyet recruiters , or their affiliate loan agencies , sometimes charge fees equivalent to 90 per cent of a maid ' s monthly pay , says tellez , who holds seminars on sundays with hong kong helpers victimised by aggressive and unlicensed loan sharks .\nhong kong\u2019s housing crunch has also squeezed families into smaller flats , leaving little space for helpers to sleep in . providing adequate accommodation is a prerequisite to hiring a maid under the labour contract , but labour advocates say many employers flout this .\nhe was always very clear . he didn ' t look back and he wasn ' t going to change his mind .\nthe thing he was most upset about was that he had to wait 10 days after requesting maid .\n\u201cas soon as they enter the training centre , they have different attitudes , \u201d she says . \u201cour role is to mould them to become more patient , more understanding , more responsible with regards to their employers . employers want a truthful maid .\naccomplishments : the leesley\u2019s established a dynasty by breeding their greyhound wild queen cannon to john pesek\u2019s hall of famer just andrew * . one of the descendants , wilful maid , produced several outstanding litters for the haughn kennel . the kennel set a record of six victories in a single 10 - race program on april 8 , 1939 in st . petersburg . in 1951 , the kennel produced a \u201cmiracle\u201d litter of 11 grade a greyhounds . there were no current , dancing maid , free speech , worry free , recording , extra copy , no funds , low cost , no design , time control , and dance fund . other outstanding racers were jubilant judge , jovial judy , jacob\u2019s jacket , jambar joe and jay - jay .\nthe amahs\u2019 loyalty and service to multiple generations of the family formed part of the notion of a \u201csuperior servant\u201d , according to american professor of anthropology nicole constable , who wrote maid to order , a seminal and authoritative account of hong kong domestic helpers .\nthe programme for fleadh nua 2012 will include concerts , c\u00e9ilithe , sessions , street and gig - rig entertainment , irish language classes , set dancing competitions , sean - n\u00f3s dancing competitions and performances , story telling , singers club and much more . most of the activities are as always free of charge with the main concerts taking place in glor and cois na habhna where the opening also takes place at 7 . 30 p . m . on sunday 20th may .\nbook . print | 118 p . illus . 16 cm . | by elias howe , assisted by several eminent professors of dancing . ( statement of responsibility ) . available also through the library of congress web site as . . .\nlaw cites other downsides to helpers living outside the employer\u2019s home : the employer having to worry about a helper ' s safety as she is unsupervised , the high cost of paying for her rent and a maid finding time for romance and then getting pregnant .\nthe obvious choice would be denman from your female line which crosses sir tristram 5m x 5f and market maid 3f x 4f and biscay 5m x 5m . this is a dearer option though but does give you the vain and lonhro missing in your pedigree .\nbold inn and vouch safe set the pace a long way ahead of dahistan ( pacemaker for shahrastani ) , shardari , shahrastani , with dancing brave three from the rear alongside petoski . trypitch lay last struggling to cope with the pace . on coming into the straight dahistan had taken the lead followed by shahrastani with shardari making a challenge on the inside . a furlong and a half from home , shardari had moved into the lead at which point pat eddery pushed dancing brave .\nthus , dancing brave was possibly superior in natural ability having beaten better opponents in a more impressive manner at his best but in most of the races nijinsky performed marginally better ( like in the guineas , epsom derby and king george ) .\nbiography . book . print | 130 p . 18 cm . | comp . by e . h . kopp . containing , in addition to explanations of all modern dances in general use , full directions for calling and dancing . . .\non september 11th , youtuber except uploaded a compilation of pennywise dancing remixes ( shown below , left ) . meanwhile , youtuber jynn uploaded a montage of clips in which pennywise dances to various children ' s songs ( shown below , right ) .\nthe footage shows the maid gripping the balcony and crying , \u201chold me , hold me , \u201d but her kuwaiti boss just replies , \u201ccrazy , come , \u201d before the woman\u2019s hand slips and she falls , landing on a metal awning not far from the ground .\nit ' s that time of the year again when ennis comes alive to the sound of traditional music , song and dance as it plays host to the 20th ennis trad festival . as always there is a huge programme of events with master classes returning this year in fiddle , flute , banjo , accordion and whistle . for the dancers there is a c\u00e9il\u00ed with the four courts c\u00e9il\u00ed band , a sean - n\u00f3s dancing workshop with suzanne leahy and a set - dancing workshop with geraldine greene .\ndancing in ilmington underwent a series of revivals , with resulting variations in the dancing : hence the alternative versions .\nthe modern side was started in 1974 largely with men with connections with the village , or from shipston - on - stour . in 1899 sam bennett had the horse made which the side still uses . it was preserved in the village by the village school during the period before the current side was started . this is the only traditional horse with close connections to traditional morris .\non returning home , dancing brave got a tremendous reception - that of a superstar . he was next to run in the breeders championship in america , the equivalent of a world championship in flat racing . dancing brave was such a superstar that it was the question of by how much he would win , rather than whether he would win . his trainer described him to be in great shape . it appeared that nothing could stop the emperor from seizing the crown , who now had the image of a hollywood star .\nafter another long break , gay mecene returned on 10 september for the prix niel over 2200m at longchamp . on this occasion , freddy head employed different tactics , restraining the colt towards the rear of the ten runner field before making his challenge in the straight . he moved up to contest the lead in the last 200m and won by a short head from noir et or , with the pair finishing five lengths clear of the prix du jockey - club runner - up frere basile in third . gay mecene was regarded as a major contender for france ' s most valuable and prestigious race , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe over 2400m at longchamp on 1 october and starting the 4 / 1 third favourite , coupled in the betting with his stable companion dancing maid . ridden by jean - claude desaint ( freddy head opted to ride dancing maid ) , gay mecene was held up at the back of the field and was still only sixteenth of the eighteen runners on the final turn . he made steady progress in the straight but never threatened the leaders and finished eighth behind alleged .\nshe was speaking at a helpers\u2019 training camp in paranaque city , manila , on a hot afternoon in late february , where she was preparing for a job in hong kong , following a two - year stint in 2012 as a maid in abu dhabi , capital of the united arab emirates .\nthe 78 - year - old patient , diagnosed two years earlier with advanced lung cancer and told two months prior that it had metastasized to his brain , was in palliative care at princess margaret cancer centre , surrounded by his loving family , when medical assistance in dying ( maid ) was administered .\nground harper set the pace from bold arrangement for most of the race with dancing brave settled comfortably in fifth place . triptych lay in the rear till the straight . on entering the straight , bold arrangement seized the lead and two furlongs from home , trypitch came with a devastating run to snatch the lead with dancing brave on the inside . greville switched his colt now to the outside to give him room and urged him . dancing brave effortlessly burst into the lead and spared 4 lengths to trypitch at the winning post . it was a magnificent sight for racegoers to watch this colt ' s great acceleration and effortless strides . it was reminiscent of mill reef beating caro , by the same margin , 15 years ago . the colt ' s trainer guy harwood was now convinced that he was the best horse he had ever trained .\nwith her dad ' s death set for a monday , the focus became on saying goodbye . he loved saturday nights , music and dancing , so on his final saturday night she brought her ipad to his hospital room . they played his old favourites from the 1950s and ' 60s , including guy lombardo and his royal canadians , and reminisced about when he was a boy , his parents and dancing with her mom . she also fed him chocolate cake , something he ' d been unable to eat over the past decade or more due to his diabetes .\none registered nurse tells the group how she decided to work as a maid when her father got sick . she clutches her piece of paper with quivering hands as if what she has drawn - a small house , a happy family , money to go around \u2013 might never materialise if she lets it go .\nfleadh nua will celebrate the year of the gathering with a special concert , honouring brendan mulkere , a musician and teacher who has played a major role in the promotion and development of irish traditional music in london for more than 30 years . this concert will take place at the west county on sat 25th may at 8pm . also included on the programme for fleadh nua 2013 will be the usual concerts , c\u00e9ilithe , sessions , street and gig - rig entertainment , irish language classes , set dancing competitions , sean - n\u00f3s dancing competitions and performances , story telling , singers club and much more .\nwhile her dad may not have wanted the reflection period , she says it was vital to the family . she admits , even though he made clear on several occasions that he supported maid , to being\nstunned\nwhen her dad called the family together in his hospital room one afternoon and calmly told them his decision .\nstallions : nearctic ( c . 1954 - 1973 ) , your host ( c . 1947 - 1961 ) , t . v . commercial ( c . 1965 - 1996 ) broodmares : maid of flight ( f . 1951 ) , venomous ( f . 1953 - 1976 ) other : kelso ( g . 1957 - 1983 )\nin the one month notice period she had left working with the couple , maricel had just one day off each week to find a new employer . agencies told her employers did not want to hire a maid who \u201cbroke contract\u201d as it could be seen as a sign she is problematic or could again quit after just a few months .\nanother , sheila , used to be a maid in taiwan but was forced to work in a factory by her employer without extra pay , and sleep just four hours a night . she took the case to a labour tribunal and received compensation . hoping to have better luck in hong kong , she draws on paper her dream home and money for her parents .\ndr . madeline li , a psychiatrist in the department of supportive care at princess margaret cancer centre and an architect of uhn ' s maid framework , acknowledges the black and white nature of public discourse \u2013 strong opinions in favour and opposed with little middle ground \u2013 on the subject of medical assistance in death as federal legislation was being drafted and put into effect .\nas a three - year - old , he made a winning debut as a three - year - old , despite facing heavy going . syllvene set the pace from illuminer and flying dancer with dancing brave lying in 5th place . with two furlongs to go the colt flew past the leaders to win by 2 1 / 2 lengths .\nuhn ' s maid framework consists of three teams \u2013 clinical , assessment and intervention \u2013 and includes a 10 - day reflection period for the patient following the request . death is by injection of intravenous drugs in the hospital . a multidisciplinary quality committee provides oversight , reports metrics annually to the medical advisory committee , and stewards data for use in quality assessment and research .\non the monday , two members of the intervention team , who had been in regular contact throughout the maid process explaining it , answering questions and offering support , were in the room . with the family gathered around his bedside , holding hands , the doctor who gave him the injection asked her dad to tell a joke\nand midway through he went to sleep .\nas the race started , darara was the first to lead from baby turk , nemain , dahistan and aracara . after two furlongs , archenango stormed into the lead with dancing brave lying third from rear tracking bering . as the race progressed , baby turk went on to set the pace from nemain , archenango , darara , shahrastani and shardari .\nthe presentation on prizes will be made on saturday night at 9 . 30 pm in the clubhouse and all are welcome . john giles will be on hand to present the prizes and will be only too willing to sign autographs or pose for photographs . there will be finger food and dancing so come along to what promises to be a great night .\nthis beautiful filly is the full sister to hrh prince charles who had an outstanding show record last year as a two year old with two high finishes at the celebration . she is out of former successful show mare generator\u2019s maid of honor . her 2nd dam also produced such show horses as nine ladies dancing , o\u2019hare , pick up line , and prize money . her 3rd dam produced multi world and world grand champion she\u2019s legal tender , cashed , cashew , generator\u2019s ode to joy , and miss lady liberty . this filly has an outstanding mare line production record . walk time charlie\u2019s first crop made a huge impact in the show ring in 2016 . all the guess work is done here . this filly will make a top prospect for any owner and trainer .\nsundays are a happy occasion for many helpers as they get to enjoy one day off from work , singing , dancing , eating food from their homeland and telling stories . filipinos typically congregate in parks and overpasses in central , while many indonesian maids mass in victoria park and kowloon . maids of other nationalities meet in smaller parks , ngo centres and market districts in hong kong .\nswigert burials : prince charlie ( c . 1869 , unmarked ) , salvatore ( 1886 - 1909 ) , virgil ( c . 1864 - 1886 , unmarked ) , zorilla ( 1882 ) gluck burials : honor maid ( f . 1972 - 1995 ) , newfoundland ( 1978 - 1996 ) , protagonist ( c . 1971 - 1976 ) , speak john ( c . 1958 - 1980 ) , verbatim ( c . 1965 - 1991 )\nsea bird ' s beating of great horses like reliance , diatome , alinin , meadow court etc . . . by a devastating 6 lengths in the 1965 arc definitely put ' s him ahead . ribot scores over dancing brave for displaying the fitness and consistency he showed being unbeaten in 16 starts in 3 seasons and winning 3 big races out of his own country when travelling for horses was almost unknown .\nmake no mistake , she says , it ' s not easy . in addition to the deep sadness of knowing her dad was in steady decline and so close to death , there was the anxiety of managing his expectations \u2013 once he asked for maid , he was ready to die rather than go through the required 10 - day reflection period \u2013 and the unease for the entire family of not knowing how his final days would play out .\nbut not all kids are going to be excited by robot slugging it out in the ring . for those kids , some other form of competition ( or non - competition ) may be just the ticket : perhaps gymnastics , or maybe dancing , as so skillfully demonstrated here . kudos to dr . giy for applying his world - class skill in a new direction , and providing fresh inspiration to hobbyists everywhere .\nit ' s that time of the year again when the ennis trad festival takes place and this year moroney ' s will have six consecutive days of music to celebrate the festival . as always there is a huge programme of events from cd launches , master classes in fiddle , accordion , concertina , flute , sean nos dancing and singing , teen trad disco , trad quiz and of course the pub session trail .\non entering the straight swinburn improved shahrastani ' s position snatching the lead two furlongs from home . on entering the straight greville starkey urged dancing brave , but the colt took time to settle into his stride . with two furlongs to go , dancing brave produced a devastating burst , perhaps never witnessed in the epsom derby before running the last furlong in a record 11 . 2 seconds . however , tragically he failed to catch shahrastani by a neck . there was no doubt in my mind and that of several racing experts that the colt had been kept far too behind the leaders at tattenham corner to stand any chance of winning . it was almost certainly the error on the part of the jockey that the brave lost his unbeaten tag in the derby . he was possibly the unluckiest loser or the best horse not to win the blue riband .\nin the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , europe ' s premiere race for middle distance horses , shahrastani stared favorite at odds of 11 to 10 , after a smashing 8 - length irish derby victory . dancing brave was second favourite . the other principal opponents were trypitch , shardari , the 1986 champion older horse and petoski , the 1985 champion middle - distance horse ( the previous king george winner ) .\ndancing brave was retired to the dalham hall stud in england for 14 million pounds . he was later exported to japan . in 1993 he performed the outstanding feat of producing the epsom derby winner , commander in chief , the irish oaks winner , wemyss bight and the italian derby winner , white muzzle . however in japan he fell considerably ill contracting a disease and eventually died in 1999 . it was a great loss to racing .\nalthough the brave did not by beat shergar ' s record - breaking epsom derby performance i rate him superior as a middle - distance horse to the shergar . shergar never faced horses like bering ( timeform rating of 136 ) and shahrastani ( timeform rating of 135 ) and i even rate trypitch far superior to madam gay ( shergar beat madam gay in the king george by 4 lengths - the same margin dancing brave beat trypitch ) .\nafter settling into his stride , the colt gave an electrifying burst and like a flash of lightning passed shardari and appeared to be sailing for home . however , shardari came back at him and at the line dancing brave had 3 / 4 of a winning margin to spare . however , the acceleration the colt displayed a furlong from home made his performance compare with great champions of the past like ribot , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nthere is a bit of confusion about this robot\u2019s name , which in japanese is written \u30d7\u30ea\u30e1\u30a4\u30c9\u30fb\uff4d\uff45 . gizmag has translated this as \u201cpre - made me , \u201d but after chatting with some japanese friends , i think it should be \u201cpre maid me\u201d \u2014 where \u201cpre\u201d stands for \u201cpretty . \u201d ( this is just the sort of thing that happens when a japanese speaker borrows some english , shortens it , renders it in japanese , and then we attempt to translate it back into english . )\nthree weeks later , dancing brave was to run in the eclipse stakes at sandown . here , he faced trypitch , the champion race mare who had been placed in 18 group one races all over the world , including dual coronation cup victories , as well as wins in the irish 2 , 000 guineas and the champion stakes . his other opponents were teleprompter , the arlington million winner and bold arrangement , the kentucky derby winner , the previous year .\nmay 4 , 1935 owing to the proximity of the jubilee celebrations , the annual may day revels at shipston were curtailed on wednesday , but in spite of this a large crowd assembled in the high street to watch the proceedings . the weather was dull and showery , but this did not dampen the ardour of those taking part , or the spectators who took a lively interest in the dancing . a start was made at one oclock , when a programme of maypole and morris dancing was given under the direction of sam bennett , attired in smock and beribboned hat . a gaily decorated lorry made an imposing\nthrone\nfor the may queen , doreen hooper , who looked charming in her robes of white silk . her maids of honour were muriel bailey , phyllis carter , jessie davies , marion hunt , hazel hancox and margaret rose . the crowning of the may queen was performed by mrs baring gould .\nthere are about twenty dances from ilmington , of which many go back to the nineteenth century . the basis of the tradition is the work of cecil sharp and mary neal in the first twenty years of this century who collected from many sources including sam bennett in ilmington . this was extended by other collectors , and published by the morris ring in lionel bacon ' s ' black book ' . the best known of these dances is the linked handkerchief dance ' maid of the mill ' .\nas far as his comparison with nijinsky , there is no doubt that he perhaps had superior talent but overall his achievements did not equal those of nijinsky , who has the best statistic record by an racehorse of the century winning the triple crown in addition to the irish derby and king george . dancing brave at his best in the 1986 arc displayed greater acceleration as well as faced better opponents , but failed to surpass nijinsky in consistency or ability to stay .\nit ' s that time of the year again when the fleadh nua returns ennis for the 37th consecutive year . first held in 1970 the fleadh has been held in ennis every year since 1975 and although it does not draw the huge crowds off old it still a very important commercial and tourist attraction for the town . as usual there will c\u00e9ilithe , music , song and dancing workshops , street entertainment and of course the parade through the streets on sunday 28th .\nit ' s that time of the year again when the fleadh nua returns to the capital of the banner county . first held in 1970 the fleadh has been held in ennis every year since 1975 and although it does not draw the huge crowds off old it still a very important commercial and tourist attraction for the town . as usual there will c\u00e9ilithe , music , song and dancing workshops , street entertainment and of course the parade through the streets on sunday 30th .\non entering the straight , baby turk led from nemain with shahrastani improving on the inside and shardari improving alongside the leaders . at this point , dancing brave was still third from the rear with a wall of eleven horses ahead . he faced a herculean task to win the race . it was difficult envisaging even all - time great racehorses accomplishing the task . it was the equivalent of trying to combat an enemy barricade in a war or capturing a fort against all the odds .\nyou may past it on your way to work , school or on your way to lahinch but do you know what the maid of erin monument represents ? we all take things for granted and i suppose it ' s only as one gets older we begin to appreciate our surroundings and take a interest in where we live . it is with this in mind that we decided to launch a pictorial tour of the monuments and sculptures of ennis which hopefully lead to many a discussion and enlighten your knowledge of our great town .\nunlike his champion wrestling robots , which owe their appearance to a legion of different giant robot heroes , pre - made me ( or should that be translated as pre - maid me ? ) is different . dr . giy based her look on a character called drossel , which is a disney japan creation that has her own premium toy line . standing an impressive 20 inches ( 52 cm ) tall ( with an undisclosed weight ) , pre - made me cuts a slender figure and was designed specifically to put on elaborately choreographed dance shows .\nthe woman , who asked that her name not be used , spoke to uhn news about her father ' s decision to request maid , what the days leading up to his death and the final moments were like . she ' s decided to speak out in hopes of answering the questions on the minds of many people \u2013 patients , families , medical staff , the public \u2013 about what the process is like since bill c - 14 , which allows canadians with terminal illnesses to choose to die with the assistance of a physician , took effect in june of last year .\nthus , in my opinion on merit he should have been the winner of the 2 , 000 guineas , the derby , the eclipse stakes , king george and the arc , and would have statistically outscored mill reef ( the greatest classic and super big race combination ) . the international classifications awarded dancing brave a rating of 141 , the highest since it ' s inception in 1977 . however , timeform reduced it to 140 placing shergar and vaguely noble on par with him ( sea bird was 145 , ribot was 142 , mill reef was 141 ) .\nstrange as it may seem , in the last few years japan has been home to a fad where cute girls dressed up as french maids star in j - pop , comics , animation , and video games . the distinctive costume has grown so popular that there ' s a number of so - called maid caf\u00e9s in tokyo ' s geeky akihabara district where anyone can enjoy the thrills of being served by a horde of hostesses in full outfit . that \u2013 to say nothing of japan ' s endless fascination with humanoid robots \u2013 probably explains pre - made me , the latest creation by well - known japanese roboticist dr . giy .\nalas , he could only finish fourth . after three furlongs , he met with an eye injury when changing from the dirt to the grass track . the turns there were also unfavorable to the great horse , differing greatly from the european equivalents . these two factors considerably went against the star who finished behind manila , theatrical and estrapade . another reason could have been a long and arduous racing season and the fatigue of travelling . surely dancing brave was not his true self . it was a sad ending for the great horse as well as a sad spectacle for racegoers to witness a true superstar defeated in that manner .\n) , second dam of multiple grade i winner urbane , 1989 santa barbara handicap ( usa - i ) winner no review , 1992 californian stakes ( usa - i ) winner another review and multiple grade ii winner dance colony . another half sister to lyphard , stakes - placed anya ylina ( by bold reasoning ) , is the second dam of peruvian group ii winner dancing action and irish group iii winners major force and quality team . in addition , lyphard is a half brother to tertiary ( by vaguely noble ) , dam of english group iii winner kefaah , and to french group iii - placed barb ' s bold ( by\nin september 2017 , a camera recording of a scene from it in which the monster pennywise dancing on a stage before grabbing beverly marsh by the throat was leaked on youtube . while the original uploads were removed , a reupload by youtuber skilledjay remains on the site ( shown below , left ) . while the exact origin is unclear , some have cited a video uploaded by youtuber adrenalingnome as the first popular remix of the scene . in a comment on youtuber prestigegamez channel , adrenalingnome claims the video received nearly 500 , 000 views prior to its removal . [ 1 ] the original video has since been reuploaded to adrenalingnome ' s alternate cxven channel ( shown below ) .\nticino we will have to ask you about the female line of animal kingdom from a 1 - h german / hungarian family . he seems to be a very versitile horse with wins on every surface . interesting to see dancing brave there as he brings back the australian blood found in pago pago our golden slipper winner of the wettest golden slipper on record . a real mudlark . pago pago decends from the 1 - o line of a german mare white and blue . pago pago is full of chelandry blood with doubles of valais as well as both heroic , magpie . while his sire was inbred to scapa flow from the 13 - e family and the dam carried two lines of 3 - e .\ndj pat murphy then got things moving as everyone relaxed and really got into the swing of the occasion . it was fantastic to see the clubhouse bursting at the seams as people from everywhere waited to get an opportunity to speak to their hero . there was a carnival atmosphere all night as the singing and dancing took off . facebook is going to be a lonely but funny place when all is said and done ! some ate , some drank , some slept , some danced , some sang , some played air guitar with a pitching wedge \u2013 but everyone laughed , and then laughed some more until the wee small hours when finally the batteries ran out . even in johnny\u2019s camera \u2013 now when that happens it\u2019s certainly time for the cot .\nwe are very grateful to our main sponsors pj kellys bar , fafa ' s ( mark kelly ) , moroneys bar , p & m golf superstore and eoin doohan financial planning for their continued support which help to make this event such a popular outing for golf enthusiasts . all are welcome to the clubhouse on saturday night for the presentation of prizes and to meet and have photos taken with jg . there will be dancing and finger food and plenty of crack so if your free get on up to the ennis gc where a great night is assured . for golfers wishing to play in the classic there is a timesheet in operation and kieran ryan 087 - 8055306 will facilitate any individuals or teams . now fingers crossed for a fine : - )\nbering , had won the prix du jockey club by 4 lengths in record time and was rated the best french colt to have raced for a very long time . his jockey gary moore considered him invincible . archenango , the german champion was unbeaten and was one of the best horses to have run in germany for a long time . shahrastani was an above average dual derby winner . in trypitch and shardari , there were two remarkable older horses . darara , the prix vermeille winner too was participating . thus , it was the assembling of the true kings of the royal sport . dancing brave started as the 11 to 10 favorite . in his morning workouts , he was simply blazing away like a truly great athlete , outpacing opponents after conceding a stone .\nfollowing on from a hugely successful fleadh cheoil na h\u00e9ireann it ' s now time for the ennis trad festival and once again moroney ' s will be playing host to live gigs . kicking off with our very popular wednesday night session featuring ann marie mccormack , marcus moloney and kieran kissane this promises to be a great evening as we kick off the festival early . others to feature over the festival will be martin dermody on friday night , ruadhairi o kane on saturday and pj king and friends with a 7pm session on sunday evening . as always there is a huge programme of events from cd launches , master classes in fiddle , accordion , concertina , flute , sean nos dancing and singing , teen trad disco , trad quiz and of course the pub session trail .\nmay 7 , 1910 with the revival of morris dancing , sam bennett , the ilmington dancer , who is known to many of our readers , is achieving something in the nature of national fame . commenting on the dance which was to be given at the kensington town hall on thursday by the esperance club , the daily news said :\nthe most picturesque figure present will be sam bennett , the village fiddler and morris dancer of ilmington , who has achieved some degree of fame beyond his native village by his participation in the recent shakespeare festival . till 25 years ago the village revels at ilmington had been carried on almost since time immemorial but they gradually lapsed into disuse until bennett who , remembering the old tunes and dances , revived the custom four years since\n.\nyet to be unplaced at moonee valley from six runs , speedy 5yo mare heatherly ( lonhro - dancing heather ) appears likely to have tomorrow ' s listed carlyon stakes ( 1000m ) at moonee valley run to suit . drawn in barrier 2 , jockey damian lane will either have her right on the bunny or box seating around the tight turning circuit . a contemptuous jump out winner at flemington a few weeks ago , heatherly always races well fresh , and will go off near enough to even money favourite . lady esprit could cause a boil over at odds , however the two runners more likely to pressure heatherly are gr1 good handicap runner - up missrock and the darren weir - trained northern meteor colt speedeor , unraced since an authoritative win in last year ' s ballarat magic millions .\nsmart sprinter heatherly ( lonhro - dancing heather , by danzero ) will embark upon her first interstate assignment when she contests saturday ' s gr2 challenge stakes ( 1000m ) at randwick , reports racing . com .\nshe worked fantastic this morning on the grass reverse way , so we ' re rapt with the way she ' s going ,\nsaid simon zahra , who trains the 4yo melbourne mare in partnership with matthew ellerton .\nat this stage , we ' ll go to sydney but we ' ll see what the weather does .\nheatherly , a winner of 5 of her 13 starts , including the gr2 rubiton stakes last year , resumed with a creditable sixth placing ( beaten 2 . 1 lengths ) in the gr1 black caviar lightning stakes ( 1000m ) on 18 february .\nsmart sprinting mare heatherly ( lonhro - dancing heather , by danzero ) is set to launch her autumn campaign in the weight - for - age gr1 black caviar lightning stakes ( 1000m ) at flemington on saturday week ( 18 february ) .\nshe ' s won up the straight before and goes really well fresh so the lightning looks a nice race for her ,\nco - trainer simon zahra told racing . com .\nshe looks terrific but she probably just needs a really good hit - out because she ' s still a touch round and first - up in the lightning she needs to be ready to go .\na winner of 5 of her 12 starts , including the gr2 rubiton stakes last autumn , heatherly has also been placed twice at gr1 level in the oakleigh plate and moir stakes ."]}
{"id": 1820, "summary": [{"text": "paraleptamphopus is a genus of amphipods in the family paraleptamphopidae endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the first species to be described was calliope subterraneus ( now paraleptamphopus subterraneus ) which was named by charles chilton in 1882 .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "george m. thomson described a second species in 1885 , as pherusa coerulea ( now paraleptamphopus caeruleus ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "although no other species have yet been formally described , it is thought that many more undescribed species exist . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "paraleptamphopus", "paragraphs": ["paraleptamphopus subterraneus stebbing , 1906 , p . 294 ; chilton , 1909b , p . 54 ( with synonyms ) .\npherusa coerulea , g . m . thomson in n . z . journ . sci . , vol . ii , p . 576 ( 1885 ) . paraleptamphopus coeruleus , hutton in index faunae n . z . , p . 259 ( 1904 ) . paraleptamphopus coeruleus , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 295 ( 1906 ) .\nit was from the same artesian that the specimens of paraleptamphopus subterraneus already referred to were obtained , so that the two species are associated in the underground waters at st . albans , as they are in other parts of the canterbury plains .\ncalliope subterranea , chilton . in n . z . journ . sci . , vol . i , p . 44 , and trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xiv , p . 177 , pl . ix , figs . 1\u201310 ( 1882 ) . calliopius subterraneus , chilton in trans . linn . soc . london , ser . 2 , vol . vi , p . 234 , pl . xxiii , figs . 10\u201318 ( 1894 ) . paraleptamphopus subterraneus , hutton in index faunae n . z . , p . 259 ( 1904 ) . paraleptamphopus subterraneus , chilton in p . z . s . london , 1906 , p . 704 ( 1906 ) . paraleptamphopus subterraneus , stebbing ' in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 294 ( 1906 ) .\nseveral invertebrates can be found in seepages , trichoptera and diptera dominate the habitat . there also have been found some undescribed species of the amphipod paraleptamphopus , the stratiomyid odontomyia , the chironomid ? apsectrotanypus , the caddis orthopsyche thomasi and alloecentrella magnicornis , and several species of scirtid , elmid and hydrophilid beetles . in addition , some species new to science were discovered , including species of cased chironomid belonging to the genus stempellina ( tanytarsini ) , the first record of this genus in new zealand , and two new species of hydrobiid snails ( collier & smith 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, m . a . , d . sc . , f . l . s . , professor of biology , canterbury college , n . z .\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 4th november , 1908 . ]\n, a species described in 1907 from a single specimen collected by mr . crosby smith on mount anglem , stewart island . this species was of special interest as the first species of\n, a species inhabiting the underground waters of the canterbury plains . during the last few years , too , several facts referring to the other freshwater\nhave been collected , and it seems , desirable to gather them together here . this group of the\nof australia and elsewhere . since then many of the gaps have been filled up , and , though our knowledge is still far from complete , some comparison of the fresh - water\ni have arranged the species according to the classification in stebbing ' s \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d and have given only such references as appeared necessary ; others will be found in that elaborate and exhaustive work .\nthe same time mr . laing also found the species in surface streams at otautau , in southland , in company with the next species , p . coeruleus . the two species were found together in two different streams in that locality , and though very different in appearance , one being colourless\u2014almost white\u2014and the other dark blue , they appeared to be living together under precisely the same conditions . mr . laing thinks that probably the p . subterraneus may have got into the surface streams from springs feeding the streams , much in the same way as appears to have occurred at castle hill .\nmr . o . a . sayce * has called attention to the occurrence of three blind fresh - water crustacea in the surface waters of victoria , and has given many interesting facts with regard to them and their surface allies . other examples of the same thing have been recorded from north america also . in the present case we have p . subterraneus living side by side at otautau with p . coeruleus , to which it is so closely allied that we may consider it as a subterranean modification of that species .\nas already stated , this species may be looked upon as the surface form from which p . subterraneus has arisen .\ncalliope fluviatilis , g . m . thomson in trans . n . z . , inst . , vol . xi , p . 240 , pl . x c , figs . 4 a - c ( 1879 ) . paracalliope fluviatilis , hutton in index faunae n . z . , p . 259 ( 1904 ) . paracalliope fluviatilis , chilton in p . z . s . london , 1906 , p . 704 ( 1906 ) . paracalliope fluviatilis , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 297 .\nthis species is extremely abundant in all the fresh - water streams of new zealand , and also in many of the ponds formed by them . i have seldom failed to find it in such positions in the south island , and , though i have fewer specimens from the north island , it doubtless occurs there\n[ footnote ] * \u201con three blind victorian fresh - water crustacea found in surface water , \u201d ann : nat . hist . , ser . 7 , vol . viii , pp . 558\u201364 .\nalmost as abundantly\u2014i have it from rona bay , wellington harbour , and also from island bay ; and messrs . lucas and hodgkin obtained specimens from lake waikare . besides being found in fresh water , however , this species is also able to live in salt water . i have on different occasions taken it in great abundance in otago harbour in the ordinary sea - water , associated with the usual marine forms . i have also taken it at island bay , wellington , in a pool near high - water mark , which would doubtless be filled with sea - water at particularly high tides , though the water was only slightly brackish at the time i collected the specimens .\nmr . stebbing considers pherusa australis , haswell , to be a synonym of this species , and thinks that cedicerus novi - zealandice , dana , may perhaps also belong to it . i have , however , specimens that i think undoubtedly are to be referred to the latter species , and they belong to the cedicerotidce , and are apparently the same as carolobatea schneideri ( stebbing ) . i am dealing with them in my report on the crustacea collected by the recent expedition to the subantarctic islands of new zealand .\ncrangonyx compactus , chilton in n . z . journ . sci . , vol . i , p . 44 , and trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xiv , p . 177 , pl . x , figs . 13 - 19 ( 1882 ) . crangonyx compactus , chilton in trans . linn . soc . london , ser . 2 , vol . vi , p . 220 , pl . xx ( 1894 ) . paracrangonyx compactus , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 369 ( 1906 ) .\nthis is a subterranean species found in the underground waters of canterbury ' plains , and has been fully described in my paper in the trans . linn . soc . london referred to above . in that paper i stated that the subterranean crustaceans , though common in the shallow wells on the plains , had not hitherto been found in the artesian wells of christchurch . since then , however , mr . j . b . mayne has brought me one or two specimens of this species from an artesian at st . albans , christchurch . this artesian is sunk only to the first water - bearing stratum , and probably is not more than 70 ft . deep .\ngammarus fragilis , chilton in n . z . journ . sci . , vol . i , p . 44 ( 1882 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xiv , p . 179 , pl . ix , figs . 11 - 18 . gammarus fragilis , chilton in trans . linn . soc . london , ser . 2 , vol . vi , p . 227 , pl . xxi , figs . 1 - 25 ( 1894 ) . phreatogammarus fragilis , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 454 ( 1906 ) .\nthis species is found in the underground waters of canterbury plains , and has been already fully described in my paper in the trans . linn . soc . london quoted above . its special characteristic is the possession of very long antennae , peraeopods , & c . , and in this respect it resembles several other subterranean species from other parts of the world .\nit is closely related to the next species , p . propinquus , but differs in the gnathopods , having the 2 pairs similar in size and shape and with the propod oval and the palm very oblique , while the carpus in each is very short and triangular .\nphreatogammarus propinquus , chilton in ann . nat . hist . , ser . 7 , vol . xix , pp . 388\u201390 , pl . xi ( 1907 ) .\nthis species was described in 1907 from a single imperfect specimen collected by mr . crosby smith in a small pool near the top of mount anglem , in stewart island , at a height of about 2 , 800 ft . above sea - level . in february , 1908 , i obtained a few specimens from a small stream at rona bay , in wellington harbour . the place at which they were obtained is only a short distance above high - water mark , but the water was quite fresh , and the species was found in association with parorchestia tenuis ( dana ) and other fresh - water animals . i also have had for many years a mounted specimen sent me from greymouth by mr . r . helms , which i had not previously been able to recognise with certainty , but which i can now tell from comparison with rona bay specimens is undoubtedly a female specimen of this species .\nthe species is of special interest owing to its relationship to the subterranean species phreatogammarus fragilis ( chilton ) from the underground waters of the canterbury plains . in describing p . propinquus i pointed out that the generic characters given by mr . stebbing required slight modification in order to admit the species . in the specimen then described it was impossible to say whether eyes were present or not , owing to its imperfect condition ; in the rona bay and greymouth specimens , however , the eyes are present and well marked , so that the character \u201cwithout eyes\u201d included in mr . stebbing ' s generic diagnosis will also have to be struck out , and the genus phreatogammarus is thus shown to be still nearer to gammarus .\nrespects the 1st gnathopod is closely similar to the 2nd gnathopod . some or all of the setae in the transverse rows on the posterior margin of the carpus in both gnathopods are finely serrate .\nthe differences in the 2nd gnathopod between the rona bay specimens and the mount anglem one are perhaps sexual . the rona bay specimen described is a female , bearing eggs in the brood - pouches , while the mount anglem specimen , with the larger and more oval propod in the 2nd gnathopod , is probably a male ; but , as the few rona bay specimens that i have , appear to be all females , this point cannot at present be definitely settled .\nhyalella mihiwaka , chilton in ann . nat . hist . , ser . 7 , vol . i , p . 423 , pl . xviii ( 1899 ) . chiltonia mihiwaka , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 555 ( 1906 ) .\nthis species was described from specimens found in mountain - streams near dunedin . during the recent subantarctic expedition specimens were collected both at the auckland islands and at campbell island . mr . o . a . sayce has described 2 species from the fresh waters of victoria\u2014one , c . australis , has the 3rd uropod less reduced , and consequently approaches more nearly to the genus hyalella ; the other species , c . subtenuis , is more typical of the genus as regards the 3rd uropod , and is apparently closely related to c . mihiwaka , but differs in having shorter antennae and a more slender body .\nthe genus hyalella , to which chiltonia is closely related , is well represented in the fresh waters of america , particularly in south america . many species have been described from lake titicaca by faxon , * and more recently by monsieur edouard chevreux . \u2020 the various species , although all closely related , show a great variety in the form of the body , the projection of the different segments into spinal processes , and so on .\norchestia tenuis , dana in p . amer . ac . , vol . ii , p . 202 ( 1852 ) . orchestia tenuis , dana in u . s . expl . exp . , vol . xiii , ii , p . 872 , pl . lix , fig . 1 ( 1853 and 1855 ) . parorchestia tenuis , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 557 ( 1906 ) .\nthis species has been frequently mentioned by previous authors , but , as with many species of the orchestidce , it is very difficult to identify with certainty , and considerable confusion has arisen with regard to it . it has been recently redescribed by mr . stebbing , and i refer to the species ( as defined by him . ) specimens obtained in a fresh - water stream at rona bay , wellington harbour , and others obtained in similar situations at akaroa and elsewhere . i also found it on the seashore at campbell island , at the mouth of a small stream , and it seems probable that it is a species which can live either in brackish or in fresh water , and perhaps , like many other orchestidce , it may be also more or less terrestrial in habit .\n[ footnote ] * bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard college , vol . iii , no . 16 ( cambridge , mass . , 1876 ) .\n[ footnote ] \u2020 \u201cles amphipodes des lacs des hants plateaux de l ' amerique du sud\u201d ( extract from mission scientifique , g . de cr\u00e9qui montfort et e . s\u00e9nechal de la grange ) .\ncorophium excavatum , g . m . thomson in trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xvi , p . 236 , pl . xii , figs . 1 - 8 ( 1884 ) . paracorophium excavatum , hutton in index faunae n . z . , p . 261 ( 1904 ) . paracorophium excavatum , chilton in p . z . s . london , 1906 , p . 704 ( 1906 ) . paracorophium excavatum , stebbing in \u201cdas tierreich amphipoda , \u201d p . 664 ( 1906 ) .\nthis species was originally described by mr . thomson from the brighton creek ( salt water ) , near dunedin . subsequently i took it from the same creek at a time when the water was almost fresh , and specimens lived in some of the some water for several months . i have also specimens taken from brackish water at napier . messrs . lucas and hodgkin afterwards took it near lake rotoiti ( 5 fathoms ) , and in lake waikare , where , of course , the water is perfectly fresh . it therefore appears to be one of several species of our new zealand amphipoda that are able to live either in salt or in fresh water .\nso far as i am aware , it is the only known fresh - water species of the family corophiid\u00e6 .\n( of calliope subterranea chilton , 1882 ) chilton c . ( 1882 ) . on some subterranean crustacea . transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 14 , pp . 174 - 180 ; pls . 9 - 10 . [ details ]\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\nfenwick g . d . ( 2001 ) . the freshwater amphipoda ( crustacea ) of new zealand : a review . journal of the royal society of new zealand , 31 , 2 , pp . 341 - 363 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhabitat freshwater , epigean , slow moving streams and pools , lowlands to 900 m above sea level . [ details ]\n( of pherusa caerulea thomson , 1885 ) thomson g . m . ( 1885 ) . new crustacea . new zealand journal of science , 2 , pp . 576 - 577 . [ details ]\nstebbing , t . r . r . ( 1899 ) . revision of amphipoda ( continued ) . annals and magazine of natural history . ( ser . 7 ) 4 : 205 - 211 . [ details ]\n, m . a . , d . sc . , ll . d . , & c . , professor of biology , canterbury college , n . z .\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 6th december , 1922 ; received by editor , 31st december , 1922 ; issued separately , 18th june , 1924 . ]\nseba typica chilton , 1906 , p . 572 ; 1921 , p . 56 . s . saundersii stebbing , 1906 , p . 163 ( part ) .\nspecimens which i have referred to this species were taken by the f . i . s . \u201cendeavour\u201d off the east coast of flinders island , bass strait . the largest of these were about 4 . 5 mm . long , and were apparently fully developed males . in them the palm of the second gnathopod was distinctly oblique , and the basal and meral joints of the fifth peraeopod widely expanded posteriorly . smaller specimens have the palm transverse and the meral joint only slightly expanded . although there was no female bearing eggs in the collection , there were specimens in which the first gnathopod was distinctly chelate , the palm being on a projecting portion of the propod against which the finger impinges ; these i considered to be females , or very young males not yet differing in structure from females . other specimens showed transitional forms between the chelate limb and the subchelate gnathopod with oblique palm ; some of them had the palm quite transverse .\nin february , 1922 , i collected from seaweed exposed at low tide at kaikoura three small specimens about 3 mm . long . one of these proved to be a female bearing two large eggs in the brood - pouch ; it had the first gnathopod chelate , as described in my original account , and the joints of the fifth peraeopod not expanded . the other two bore no eggs , but were otherwise similar , though slightly smaller .\nit is very probable that all the forms of seba described under different names really belong to one species . walker , however , describes the males of s . antarctica as dimorphic , one form being like the females , the other differing in having the joints of the fifth peraeopod greatly expanded but having the first gnathopod chelate as in the females . walker ' s first form of male is , i think , only an immature stage of the second form ; while the latter , if fully mature , differs from the australian specimens in still having the first gnathopod chelate . it is possible , however , that it is not fully developed , and has not yet attained the oblique palm of the male , though it has the joints of the peraeopod expanded . the largest male\u2014 i . e . , the one of which walker gives a full figure\u2014was 7 mm . long , and therefore larger than specimens from bass strait having oblique palms ; but the antarctic specimens probably grow to a much larger size than those found farther north , and the specimen may not be mature though 7 mm . long . this supposition appears to be confirmed by the fact that the second male examined by walker is 5 mm . long , but has the peraeopod joints less expanded than in australian specimens , which are slightly smaller .\n[ footnote ] * previous numbers of this series have appeared in trans . n . z . inst . as follow : no . 1 , vol . 52 , p . 1 ; no . 2 , vol . 53 , p . 220 ; no . 3 , vol . 54 , p . 240 .\nstenothoe validus dana , 1853\u201355 , p . 924 , pl . 63 , fig . 1 , a - o . s . valida stebbing , 1906 , p . 194 ; walker , 1910 , p . 621 ; kunkel , 1910 , p . 16 ; . chevreux , 1913 , p . 3 . s . valida ( part ) della valle , 1893 , p . 566 , pl . 58 , figs . 74\u201378 ; chilton , 1923 , p . 95 . s . adhaerens chilton , 1892 , p . 259 ( ? not stebbing , 1888 , p . 1999 ) . s . assimilis chevreux , 1908 , p . 4 ; walker , 1910 , p . 621 . montagua miersii and m . longicornis haswell , 1880 , p . 323 , pl . 24 , figs . 4 , 5 . montaguana miersii chilton , 1883 , p . 79 . probolium miersii chilton , 1885 , p . 1043 . stenothoe miersii stebbing , 1906 , p . 200 . ? stenothoe dollfusi chevreux , 1887 , p . 327 ; 1891 , p . 260 stebbing , 1906 , p . 196 .\nin the older males the mouth - parts appear to become degenerate . i have , however , discussed this question more fully , and also the reasons for referring the species to the one originally described by dana , in the records of the australian museum , vol . 14 , p . 95 .\ni have recently received specimens from the hawaiian islands which appear to belong to this species .\nbovallia monoculoides chilton , 1909 , p . 622 ; 1912 , p . 494 ; 1921 , p . 66 . eusiroides monoculoides chevreux , 1908 , p . 478 ; stebbing , 1910 , p 595 ; barnard , 1916 , p . 174 . eusiroides caesaris walker , 1904 , p . 264 .\nin 1909 i referred to this species specimens from the auckland islands ; but it has not hitherto been recorded from the coasts of the main islands of new zealand . i have now , however , in my collection numerous specimens from different localities extending from the three kings to otago harbour .\nthese are all much smaller than the specimens from the auckland islands , none of them measuring more than about 8 mm . in length , but they\nagree closely with specimens of similar size from port jackson , new south wales , the type - locality . in none of them are any of the segments produced into definite dorsal teeth , but all have the posterior margin of the third pleon segments serrate , as described by stebbing for eusiroides caesari , though in one or two instances the teeth are rather indistinct , thus approaching the condition found in e . crassi .\nthe species has been recorded from south africa by barnard , from ceylon by walker , and from the gambier archipelago by chevreux . of the two specimens from the latter locality , one was a female bearing young , though only 4 mm . in length . of them chevreux says , \u201cchez ces exemplaires , le bord post\u00e9rieur des plaques \u00e9pim\u00e9rales du dernier segment du m\u00e9tasome , moins convexe que chez le type , ne pr\u00e9sente que des cr\u00e9nelures peu distincts . \u201d\nif bovallia gigantea pfeffer is considered as belonging to the same species , corresponding to the form described by stebbing under the name eusiroides crassi , then the range of the species is extended to the subantarctic and antarctic seas to the south of south america .\ni have been able to compare my new zealand specimens with examples of eusiroides della - vallei chevreux from banyuls - sur - mer , on the south coast of france , and can find little difference between the two .\nlocalities . \u2014off three kings , 60\u201365 fathoms ( chilton ) ; cook strait cable , off oterangi bay ( h . b . kirk ) ; cook strait cable ( captain j . w . grey ) ; north - west of cape maria van diemen , 50 fathoms ( chilton ) ; moeraki , east coast otago ( chilton ) ; otago harbour , surface ( g . m . thomson ) ; lyttelton reef ( r . m . laing ) ; lyall bay ( r . m . laing ) .\nchiltonia mihiwaka stebbing , 1906 , p . 555 : chilton , 1909a , p . 644 ; 1909b , p . 57 .\nthis species was described from specimens obtained in streams on mount mihiwaka , near port chalmers , at heights up to about 1 , 000 ft . above sea - level . later on mr . g . m . thomson collected it in similar localities on mount maungatua and other hills in the neighbourhood of dunedin . during the expedition of the philosophical institute of canterbury to the subantarctic islands of new zealand in 1907 , specimens were taken in fresh - water pools and streams on enderby island , auckland island , and campbell island , at places not far above sea - level . these specimens differed from the type in having the palm of the second gnathopod in the male oblique instead of transverse , and prove to be the same as c . subtenuis sayce , a species found in new south wales , victoria , and western australia .\nin december , 1922 , i found two specimens , male and female , in coitu , in a small fresh - water stream at riverton , southland , just about high - water mark . it was low tide at the time , and the water in which the animals were living was quite fresh , but the sea - water would reach the place at high tide . both specimens were deeply pigmented of a dark - grey colour , while the port chalmers specimens are usually much lighter , some being almost white . the riverton specimens resemble those from mount mihiwaka so much that they must be considered as belonging to the same species , but there are some slight differences . the second gnathopod of the male ( fig . 1 ) * has the palm quite transverse , and the dactyl has a rounded\n[ footnote ] * the illustrations for this paper were drawn for me by miss beryl parlane , one of my students .\nlobe on the concave margin towards its base which is not found in the type . in the male specimen the first or upper antennae are distinctly shorter than the second , while in the type they were of equal length . in the enderby and auckland islands specimens the first antennae are considerably longer than the second . the relative lengths of the antennae in a few of the specimens in my collection are shown in the diagram given below , the first being represented by unbroken lines , the second by dotted\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]\nlines . it will be seen that the antennae vary in length on the two sides , and in specimens from different localities . the generic diagnosis given by stebbing ( 1906 , p . 555 ) , which says \u201cantennae 1 and 2 equal in length , \u201d must be altered to \u201cantennae 1 and 2 nearly equal in length . \u201d\nthe genus was established by stebbing for the species now under consideration , which had been described under hyalella . two fresh - water species from australia described by sayce belong to chiltonia , and other\nspecies have been described by geoffrey smith . several fresh - water species of hyalella are known from south america , and one that i have examples of ( h . warmingii stebbing ) presents many resemblances to chiltonia , but has a small palp on the first maxilla and a fringed lobe on the carpus of the second gnathopod in the male . in chiltonia mihiwaka the third uropod is represented by a single small joint , and this character has been incorporated in stebbing ' s generic diagnosis . in the australia species , c . australis , the uropod is two - jointed , as in hyalella , so that the characters of the genus require further modification .\nfrom brackish water at cape town , south africa , barnard has described chiltonia capensis , which has no palp on the first maxilla and has the third uropod single - jointed , but differs in having the two gnathopods alike in both sexes\u2014thus requiring another modification of the characters of the genus .\nthe presence of very similar species in fresh and brackish waters in new zealand , australia , south america , and south africa is important from a zoogeographical standpoint , and it is desirable that a careful comparison of the species in question should be made .\nthis species is now known to be widely spread over the southern portions of otago and southland , it has been recorded from swampy hill ( near dunedin ) , from the old man range , from the neighbourhood of invercargill , from ruapuke island , and i have recently collected it in abundance from several localities at drummond and otautau in southland . in these places it lives in ditches and small streams on the various weeds that grow in the water , in much the same way as the ordinary fresh - water paracalliope fluviatilis does , though this species was not found by me in the same ditches . with p . caeruleus there was , however , the other species , p . subterraneus , but it was usually found a little deeper down , either on the surface of the mud or actually in the mud . p . caeruleus is slightly smaller than p . subterraneus , and can readily be distinguished by its dark - blue colour . most of the specimens are so darkly coloured that they appear black , but some are paler , especially on the appendages .\nthe differences in structure from some of the forms of p . subterraneus are few and unimportant . the one that seems most constant is in the telson ,\nwhich is evenly rounded posteriorly and free from setules ; its upper surface is slightly convex ; the third uropods have the branches not much longer than the peduncle ( fig . 2 , urp 3 ) and , when seen in side view , slightly\ncurved upwards ; the gnathopoda are rather more slender than in p . subterraneus , with the armature of the palm somewhat different , the propod bearing crenulate markings at the point where the finger impinges , and the finger having numerous setules towards the extremity ( see figs . 2 , gn 1 * , gn 2 * ) .\nthe structure of p . subterraneus was somewhat fully dealt with by me in 1894 so far as the underground forms were concerned . it will only be necessary to mention now a few of the points in which differences occur in specimens from other localities . in all specimens the gnathopoda are of similar shape , the first stouter than the second ; in the eyreton specimens the palm of the first is minutely crenulate , but it is even in these from surface waters in southland . the appearance of the third uropod varies when seen from the side or from above . fig . 4 shows those of a specimen from eketahuna , fig . urp 3 being one of the pair seen from above , fig . urp 3 * the other from the side ; the branches are not much longer than the base , on the latter there is usually a small tuft of setules at the upper distal angle , and two or three separately placed on each upper margin . in specimens from southland streams the tuft at the distal\nangle may be larger , and there is sometimes a smaller but distinct tuft about the middle of the upper outer margin ( see fig . 6 ) . the telson is a flat oblong plate with lateral margins nearly straight , posterior corners narrowly rounded , and each usually bearing a single small setule , the posterior margin slightly concave . all these characters , and especially the last , are subject to modification even in individuals from the same locality ; thus one from wells at ashburton has the posterior margin much more deeply concave , and one corner without a setule ( fig . 7 ) .\nin the \u201cclippings\u201d and mount dick specimens the telson differs markedly from the more typical forms . the lateral margins are distinctly convex , the telson itself shorter and broader , the posterior margin deeply concave , and there are three or four setules at each corner and two or three more anteriorly placed on the lateral margin ( see figs . 8 and 9 ) .\ndifferently formed . the ordinary form is undoubtedly a female , being often found with eggs or young in the brood - pouch , and i looked upon the form with the large peculiar gnathopoda as the male . it differs so much , however , that it is not surprising that stebbing says ( 1906 , p . 295 ) ,\n\u201cthe supposed male is uncertain in respect to sex and to identity with the species . \u201d unfortunately i have seen very few specimens of the supposed male , and have now records of four only . one was dissected for use in drawing up the description i gave in 1894 and i have now\ngnathopods between those of the female and the fully developed male . unfortunately this was not the case , for its gnathopoda , though smaller and less bountifully supplied with spinules ( fig . 3 , gn 1 and gn 2 ) , are essentially the same as those figured in 1894 .\ni still feel convinced that the specimens in question are really males of p . subterraneus , for they are closely similar in all the characters except\nthose that may be looked upon as secondary male characters ; none of them bears eggs , and it seems unlikely that there should be two species living in the underground waters drawn upon by the one well , that many dozens of specimens of one species , all females , have been obtained , but of the other only less than half a dozen and these all males . it must be mentioned , however , that among the numerous specimens of p . subterraneus examined from other localities i have seen no similar males ; it is , of course , possible that some may have been overlooked , for the gnathopoda are more or less concealed by the deep side - plates .\ni give figures of the telson and uropoda of p . subterraneus from different localities . it will be seen that there is considerable variation , just as there is in the subterranean forms of niphargus in europe , and that in consequence there is room for much difference of opinion as to the number of \u201cspecies\u201d into which they should be divided . in new zealand the subterranean species is also found in surface waters , most of these specimens being still colourless and apparently blind ; though some\u2014viz . , those from \u201cclippings\u201d and mount dick\u2014are found at great heights above sea - level , and in colour and other characters show distinct transitions leading to the true surface form , p . caeruleus , from which the subterranean forms may be presumed to have been descended .\n\u2014\u2014 1923 . records australian museum , vol . 14 , pp . 79\u2013100 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nkeyword search - try again , but check your spelling , and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don ' t have it today , create a ' want ' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100 , 000 booksellers worldwide , for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs . 250 * extra . available in bangalore , mumbai , chennai , hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free , fast delivery on eligible items , video streaming , ad - free music , exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nseepages and flushes form where groundwater emerges on hillsides to form soils that are mostly permanently saturated with relatively nutrient and oxygen rich water . seepages tend to be wetter for longer periods than flushes , which are often formed by a periodic pulse of water following rain ( johnson & gerbeaux 2004 ) . the high water table excludes most woody plants from these habitats and herbaceous species dominate . they are particularly rich in species where they form on limestone rock . they may be extensive in some circumstances , but they are often relatively small , covering no more than a few dozen square metres .\nseepages and flushes occur throughout new zealand from sea level to the upper alpine zone and are most common in the montane zone of wetter districts .\nthreatened and rare indeterminate flora include nationally critical limosella ( b ) ( chr 515038 ; manutahi ) , ranunculus ( b ) ( chr 324466 ; burgoo stream ) , and ranunculus ( a ) ( aku 19876 ; hope ) ; the naturally uncommon myosotis aff . pygmaea ( chr 244566 ; volcanic plateau ) and myosotis aff . tenericaulis ( ak 7570 ; garvie mountains ) .\nincreased nutrients and aeration associated with seepages / flushes may favour establishment of weeds , e . g . pasture grasses and herbs . because they may be small , they are often not recognised and suffer insidious deterioration in and near agricultural settings . unfenced seepage / flush wetlands in agricultural and natural settings are susceptible to grazing , trampling , and nutrient enrichment by domestic and feral animals . seepages / flushes are usually easily drained and converted to agriculture .\nbrownsey pj 1985 . ophioglossum petiolatum at hokio beach . wellington botanical society journal 42 : 33 - 34 .\nclarkson bd , clarkson br 2015 . a new record of brachyglottis turneri from north taranaki . new zealand botanical society newsletter 121 : 8 - 10 .\ncollier kj , smith bj 2006 . distinctive invertebrate assemblages in rockface seepages enhance lotic biodiversity in northern new zealand . biodiversity and conservation 15 : 3591 - 3616 .\njohnson p , gerbeaux p 2004 . wetland types in new zealand . wellington , department of conservation .\nwardle p 1991 . vegetation of new zealand . cambridge university press . 672 p .\napproximately 10 % of the crustacean specimens tested contained coliform bacteria and had apparently been feeding on sewage - derived material . the organisms tended to be more abundant in the more polluted wells but incidents of heavy contamination caused high mortality rates . some calculations using energetics data from surface water studies suggested that the standing crop of aquifer macro invertebrates could play a significant role in the consumption of sewage - derived organic matter reaching the phreatic zone beneath the templeton site .\napha , awwa & wpcf . , 1976 . standard methods for the examination of waters and wastewater , 14th edn . m . c . rand , a . e . greenberg & m . j . taras ( eds . ) . am . publ . hlth ass . , 1193 pp .\nbertrand , j - y . , 1975 . recherches sur les eaux souterraines - 27 - \u00e9tude d ' un aquif\u00e8re \u00e9pikarstique des corbi\u00e8res ( opoul , pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es - orientales ) . ann . sp\u00e9l\u00e9ol . 30 : 513\u2013537 .\nbutcher , r . w . , j . longwell & f . t . k . pentelow , 1937 . survey of the river tees , 3 . the non - tidal reaches . chemical and biological . techn . pap . wat . pollution res . lond . 6 : 187 pp .\nchilton , c . , 1881 . on some subterranean crustacea . trans . new zealand inst . 24 : 258\u2013269 .\nchilton , c . , 1882 . notes on , and a new species of , subterranean crustacea . trans . new zealand inst . 25 : 87\u201392 .\nchilton , c . , 1894 . the subterranean crustacea of new zealand : with some general remarks on the fauna of caves and wells . trans . linn . soc . lond . , second ser . - zool . 6 : 163\u2013284 .\nclimo , f . m . , 1974 . description and affinities of the subterranean molluscan fauna of new zealand . new zealand j . zool . 1 : 247\u2013284 .\nclimo , f . m . , 1977 . notes on the new zealand hydrobiid fauna ( mollusca : gastropoda : hydrobiidae ) . j . r . soc . new zealand 7 : 67\u201377 .\nfenchel , t . m . & b . b . jorgensen , 1977 . detritus food chains of aquatic ecosystems ; the role of bacteria . in m . alexander ( ed . ) , advances in microbial ecology . m . plenum press , n . y . , 199\u2013206 .\ngeldreich , e . e . , 1966 . sanitary significance of faecal coliforms in the environment . u . s . dep . interior , fedl wat . pollution control adm . publ . wp - 20 - 3 , 122 pp .\nholsinger , j . r . , 1966 . a preliminary study on the effects of organic pollution of banners corner cave , virginia . int . j . speleol . 2 : 75\u201389 .\nhusmann , s . , 1958 . untersuchungen \u00fcber die sandl\u00fcckenfauna der bremischen langsamfilter . abh . braunschweigischen wiss . ges . 10 : 93\u2013116 .\nhusmann , s . , 1966 . die organismengemeinschaften der sandluckensysteme in naturlichen biotopen and langsamsandfiltern . ver\u00f6ff . hydrol . forsch . abt . dortmunder stadtwerke ag 9 : 93\u2013113 .\nhusmann , s . , 1975 . versuche zur erfassung der vertikalen verteilung von organismen und chemischen substanzen im grundwasser von talauen und terrassen ; methoden und erste befund . int . j . speleol . 6 : 271\u2013302 .\nhusmann , s . , 1978 . die bedeutung der grundwasserfauna f\u00fcr biologische reinigungsvorg\u00e4nge im interstitial von lockergesteinen . gwf wass . abwass . 119 : 293\u2013302 .\nmartin , g . n . & m . j . noonan , 1977 . effects of wastewater disposal by land irrigation on groundwater quality of the central canterbury plains . wat . & soil techn . publ . 7 . mwd , wellington , new zealand , 25 pp .\nin marion lake , british colombia . j . fish . res . b . can . 28 : 711\u2013726 .\nordish , r . g . , 1976 . two new genera and species of subterranean water beetle from new zealand ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) . new zealand j . zool . 3 : 1\u201310 .\nrouch , r . , 1980 . le syst\u00e8me karstique du baget , 10 . la communaut\u00e9 des harpacticides . richesse sp\u00e9cifique , diversit\u00e9 et structures d ' abondances de la nomoc\u00e9nose hypog\u00e9e . ann . limnol . 16 : 1\u201320 .\nrouch , r . & l . bonnet , 1976 . recherches sur les eaux souterraines . - 28 - le syst\u00e8me karstique du baget , 4 . premi\u00e8res donn\u00e9es sur la structure et l ' organisation de la communaut\u00e9 des harpacticides . ann . sp\u00e9l\u00e9ol . 31 : 27\u201341 .\nschminke , h . k . , 1973 . evolution , system und verbreitungsgeschichte der familie parabathynellidae ( bathynellacea , malacostraca ) . akad . wiss . lit . mainz , math . nat . kl . , mikrofauna meersboden 24 : 1\u2013192 .\nsinton , l . w . & m . e . close , 1983 . groundwater tracing experiments . publ . 2 hydrol . cent . , christchurch . mwd , christchurch , new zealand , 36 pp .\nthorpe , h . r . , r . j . burden & d . m . scott , 1982 . potential for contamination of the heretaunga plains aquifers . wat . & soil techn . publ . 24 . mwd , wellington , new zealand . 149 pp .\nwelch , e . b . , 1980 . ecological effects of wastewater . cambridge university press , 337 pp .\nwilliams , d . d . & h . b . n . hynes , 1974 . the occurrence of benthos deep in the substratum of a stream . freshwat . biol . 4 : 233\u2013256 ."]}
{"id": 1822, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes permacta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from western alaska , southern yukon and alberta to idaho , wyoming , montana , washington , colorado and southern oregon . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chionodes permacta", "paragraphs": ["chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius , 1794 ) = chionodes lugubrellus = gelechia luctificella h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 = lita lunatella zetterstedt 1839 .\nhodges , r . w . 1999 . gelechiodea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes ) . in dominick , r . b . , et al . , moths of america , north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 6 . the wedge entomological research foundation , washington , 339 pp .\nchionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .\npohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .\npoole , robert w . and patricia gentili ( eds . ) . 1997 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 4 ( non - holometabolous orders ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online at : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\naustria , hungary , germany , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , norway , poland , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , mid - volzhsky .\naustria , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , slovenia , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1830, "summary": [{"text": "acisoma is a small genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains six species : acisoma ascalaphoides rambur , 1842 \u2013 littoral pintail acisoma attenboroughi mens , sch\u00fctte , stokvis & dijkstra , 2016 \u2013 attenborough 's pintail acisoma inflatum selys , 1882 \u2013 stout pintail acisoma panorpoides rambur , 1842 \u2013 asian pintail , grizzled pintail acisoma trifidum kirby , 1889 \u2013 pied pintail , ivory pintail acisoma variegatum kirby , 1898 \u2013 slender pintail", "topic": 16}], "title": "acisoma", "paragraphs": ["dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 104 . acisoma panorpoides panorpoides ( rambur , 1842 )\nkento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\nacisoma\n.\nthe type locality for acisoma panorpoides ascalaphoides is madagascar . it is not currently certain that the populations of madagascar and mainland africa are similar ( k . sch\u00fctte in dijkstra and boudot 2010 ) , so it is likely that the present subspecific name will have to change in the future for africa . this species previously appeared on the iucn red list as acisoma panorpoides ssp . ascalaphoides but it has now been promoted to acisoma ascalaphoides .\nacisoma panorpoides perches inconspicuously . it tends to be more common on short ranked grasses near water bodies . it is mainly associated with eutrophic still waters ( d . h . murphy pers . comm . ) .\njustification : acisoma trifidum is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , as there are no major threats and as it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\njustification : acisoma variegatum occurs from southern africa up to ethiopia . as this species is common in the southern part of its range ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) , it is assessed as least concern .\nacisoma variegatum is common in southern africa and the distribution extends up to ethiopia . it was formerly confused with a . inflatum and both were once listed under a . panorpoides . due to this confusion , the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of a . variegatum and a . inflatum requires further study .\nformerly acisoma panorpoides was thought to occur in africa , madagascar and asia . recent taxonomic and genetic studies showed , that in asia the true a . panorpoides occurs , while two different species each occur in madagascar and continental africa . the latter are separated in a . variegatum and in a . inflatum , both of them being described long ago and neglected since ( dijkstra and clausnitzer 2014 ) .\nthe dragonfly genus acisoma is revised based on adult male morphology and coi sequence data . six species are recognised , including the new species a . attenboroughi sp . nov . diagnoses and a key to males of all species and illustrations of all relevant characters are provided . a . inflatum , a . variegatum and a . trifidum are confined to continental africa , while a . panorpoides is restricted to asia . a . ascalaphoides is known only from threatened littoral forest fragments on the east coast of madagascar , while a . attenboroughi is widespread across the island . the new species honours sir david attenborough on his 90 th birthday .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2016 . world odonata list . revision 21 june 2016 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\nendangered b2ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : this species is endemic to madagascar where it known from three littoral forest sites : two in the south east and one from the northern east coast . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 5 , 884 km\u00b2 and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 16 km\u00b2 . the species experiences continuing decline in its habitat quality and extent due to ongoing deforestation in the north east and mining activities in the south east parts of its range . based on these threats 2 - 3 locations have been identified . therefore , the species is assessed as endangered .\nthe species is endemic to madagascar where it is known from one locality in the north east coast in voloina and two localities in mandena and sainte luce in the south east part of the island .\nknown only from littoral forest fragments at the southern ( tolagnaro , formerly fort dauphin ) and northern ( voloina ) ends of madagascar\u2019s east coast . only about 10 % of the original cover of these forests remains , all in small patches of which only 13 % are protected ( consiglio et al . 2006 ) . the species may occur elsewhere along the coast , but as it seems restricted to this habitat , could well be under threat ( sch\u00fctte &\nrazafindraibe 2007 ) . the larvae are possibly adapted to more acidic water than a . attenboroughi sp . nov .\nthe species is threatened by deforestation in the north and mining activities in the south within the mining offset / conservation sites .\nno conservation actions are known . the species doesn ' t occur within protected areas in the north . in the south the species is found within the mining offset conservation sites .\ndijkstra , k . d . and clausnitzer , v . 2014 . the dragonflies and damselflies of eastern africa : handbook for all odonata from sudan to zimbabwe . rmca .\nno information on the population size is available , but this species is common in southern africa ( south africa , mozambique , zimbabwe ) .\nthis species occurs in swampy and well vegetated habitats along lakes , pools and slow parts of rivers and streams in savannah and woodland .\ndrainage , destruction and pollution of swampy habitats for construction of human settlements are the main threats to this species . swamps close to settlements suffer particularly from pollution due to sewage and to illegal rubbish damping .\nthe species is widespread and therefore , no conservation actions are necessary . however , it is necessary to study the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of this species due to changes in taxonomy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis dragonfly is easily recognised by its uniquely shaped abdomen , which tapers markedly from segments five to seven to form a narrow tip . the male has light blue eyes and body , with dark markings on the thorax and abdomen . the female is similarly shaped and patterned , but with greenish yellow body . in males , the hindwing is 20 to 22 mm in length and the total body leangth ranges from 27 to 29 mm .\ncommonly seen in disturbed habitats and grassy swamps throughout open country in singapore , including open areas in central catchment and bukit timah nature reserve and freshwater ponds in sungei buloh wetland reserve .\nwhen a female oviposits , the male guards her closely , seldom straying more than 40 cm from her .\ntang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nlotte p . mens naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .\nkai sch\u00fctte universit\u00e4t hamburg , zoological institute , animal ecology and conservation and center of natural history , zoological museum , martin - luther - king - platz 3 , 20146 hamburg , germany .\nfrank r . stokvis naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands .\nklaas - douwe b . dijkstra naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands . department of conservation ecology and entomology , university of stellenbosch , south africa\nlotte p . mens , kai sch\u00fctte , frank r . stokvis , klaas - douwe b . dijkstra\nfrom a distance . it ' s only when you get close ( which is actually quite difficult ) that you notice its big bulbous abdomen .\nthe male is quite stunning , with its bright blue eyes , and blue and black markings to the thorax and abdomen . it almost has a marble effect . here you can see just how bulbous the abdomen really is . s9 - 10 are black and the caudal appendages are white . the young male is yellow , as the female .\nthe female is very similar to the male , except it is yellow in colour instead of blue and the caudal appendages are wider apart ( usually the only way i can identify the female and young males ) .\nhere is a young female , i managed to capture at nam nao recently .\nyou can see this species throughout the country and it seems most common in the cool season ( dec - mar ) . it is very difficult to get close to and flies away at the slightest movement . the females are slightly more forgiving than the males , but it ' s worth the effort , because it really is a good - looking dragonfly .\ni am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .\n98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .\nnumber : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .\nnumber : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nlocation : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .\nnumber : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .\nlocation : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .\nnumber : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .\nlocation 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .\nnumber : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nnumber : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .\nnumber : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 dennis farrell 2010 - 2016 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\nis widespread in africa ( except dense rain forest ) , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , and indian ocean islands .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1832, "summary": [{"text": "peripsocus milleri is a species of psocoptera from peripsocidae family that can be found in great britain and ireland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they can also be found on azores and canary islands , belgium , croatia , france , italy , and spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species are brown coloured . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "peripsocus milleri", "paragraphs": ["lienhard & courtenay smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography > > note : catalog > > peripsocus milleri\nthornton & wong . 1968 . pacific insects monographs 19 : 129 > > note : hawaii , new zealand > > peripsocus nitens urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5577\nnew , t . r . 1973 ,\nnew species and records of peripsocus hagen ( psocoptera , peripsocidae ) from southeast australia\n, journal of the australian entomological society , vol . 12 , pp . 340 - 346 16 figs\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nedwards , b . a . b . 1950 ,\na study of the tasmanian psocoptera with descriptions of new species\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1949 , pp . 93 - 134 117 figs\ntillyard , r . j . 1923 ,\na monograph of the psocoptera , or copeognatha , of new zealand\n, transactions of the new zealand institute , vol . 54 , pp . 170 - 196 20 figs pl . 18\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a28da8d9 - 9346 - 4a05 - b504 - 526cf30901a4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ecbc232f - be9a - 4fac - a417 - ced19e9d7b7b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 43fbc356 - 79a9 - 4533 - 9c8a - 1cddf50b0d72\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 349041\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas scotland , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\npsocodea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npaulo a . v . borges , 1 clara gaspar , 1 lu\u00eds carlos fonseca crespo , 1 , 2 fran\u00e7ois rigal , 3 , 1 pedro cardoso , 4 , 1 fernando pereira , 1 carla rego , 1 isabel r . amorim , 1 catarina melo , 1 carlos aguiar , 5 genage andr\u00e9 , 5 en\u00e9sima p . mendon\u00e7a , 1 s\u00e9rvio ribeiro , 6 , 1 joaqu\u00edn hortal , 7 , 1 ana m . c . santos , 7 , 1 lu\u00eds barcelos , 1 henrik enghoff , 8 volker mahnert , 9 margarida t . pita , 10 jordi ribes , 11 arturo baz , 12 ant\u00f3nio b . sousa , 13 virg\u00edlio vieira , 1 , 14 j\u00f6rg wunderlich , 15 , 15 aristeidis parmakelis , 16 , 1 robert j . whittaker , 17 jos\u00e9 alberto quartau , 5 artur r . m . serrano , 5 and kostas a . triantis 16 , 1\n4 finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki , pohjoinen rautatiekatu 13 , p . o . box 17 , 00014 , helsinki , finland\n12 dep . de ciencias de la vida . universidad de alcal\u00e1 , 28871 alcal\u00e1 de henares , madrid , spain\n14 departamento de biologia , universidade dos a\u00e7ores , apartado 1422 , 9501 - 301 , ponta delgada , s . miguel , azores , portugal\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the bala \u2013 b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( 1999 - 2004 ) and bala2 projects ( 2010 - 2011 ) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine azorean islands ( all excluding graciosa and corvo islands , which have no native forest left ) .\nazores ; terrestrial arthropods ; bala project ; laurissilva forest ; linnean , wallacean and prestonian shortfalls .\nin 1999 a group of researchers from the university of the azores and the university of lisbon started a long - term ( 1999 - 2004 ) standardized sampling program to inventory the arthropod biodiversity in native forest remnants of the azores - the bala i project \u2013 b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( borges et al . 2000 , borges et al . 2005a , borges et al . 2011 , ribeiro et al . 2005 , gaspar et al . 2008 ) . more recently , this project was extended by researchers from the universities of the azores , athens and oxford , by surveying part of the same native forest plots almost 10 years later - bala ii project ( 2010 - 2011 ) .\nduring this period , two complete checklists of azorean arthropod fauna were produced ( borges et al . 2005b , borges et al . 2010 ) , which included the distribution of each species per island . in this paper we compile and synthesize the faunistic results of both bala projects , highlighting novel distribution records and presenting not only detailed distribution but also abundance data for each species , adding taxonomical and biogeographical information whenever possible . finally , we provide a general and updated overview on the diversity of the azorean arthropods .\nthe remote azores archipelago extends for 615 km in the north atlantic ocean ( 37 - 40 \u00b0n , 25 - 31 \u00b0w ) , 1584 km to the east ( southern europe ) and 2150 km to the west ( northern america ) of the nearest mainland . it comprises nine main islands and some small islets , all of volcanic origin , and is located at the triple junction of the eurasian , african and american tectonic plates . the nine islands are divided into three groups : the western group ( corvo and flores isls . ) , the central group ( faial , pico , graciosa , s\u00e3o jorge and terceira isls . ) , and the eastern group ( s\u00e3o miguel and santa maria isls ) ( fig .\n) . the climate is temperate and oceanic , strongly influenced by the ocean and island topography , which together produce high relative atmospheric humidity , above 95 % on average on native forests .\nlocation of the azores and of native forest fragments in the archipelago . codes for forest fragments as in table\n) . graciosa and corvo islands were excluded as they no longer present native forest . human settlement in the azores lead to considerable native forest destruction which has left the entire archipelago with little over 2 % of the original forest cover . during the summer ( june to september ) 150 m long and 5 m wide transects were set up in 100 sites from 1999 to 2004 (\nproject ; 15 native forest fragments ) . along each transect , arthropods from the soil ( mainly epigean ) and herbaceous vegetation were surveyed with pitfall traps , while arthropods from woody plants were sampled using a beating tray . pitfall traps consisted of plastic cups with 4 . 2 cm diameter and 7 . 8 cm height . thirty pitfall traps were set up per transect . half of the traps were filled with a non - attractive ethylene glycol preservative solution ( antifreeze solution ) , and the remaining with a general attractive solution , a modified version of turquin (\n) prepared mainly with dark beer and preservative agents . a few drops of dishwashing liquid were added to both solutions to reduce surface tension . traps were sunk in the soil ( cup rim at surface level ) every 5 m along the transects , those filled with turquin alternating with traps containing antifreeze solution . traps were protected from rain using a plastic plate , placed about 5 cm above surface level and fixed to the ground by two pieces of wire . accidental collection of small vertebrates and damage by rodents was prevented using a piece of plastic mesh placed on top of the trap and fixed to the ground by pieces of wire . the traps remained active in the field for two weeks .\nmain characteristics of the azorean islands ( bold ) and native forest fragments sampled from 1999 to 2011 , including area ( hectares ) , highest point ( altitude in metres ) , distance to the nearest island / fragment ( isolation in kilometres ) and the oldest geological age of emerged substrate ( million years bp ) ( adapted from gaspar et al . 2008 ) .\ncanopy sampling was conducted during the trapping period , when the vegetation was dry . a 5 m wide square was established every 15 m ( total of 10 squares per transect ) . two woody plant specimens of the most abundant species ( up to three species when available ) were sampled in each square . for each selected plant , a branch was chosen at random and a beating tray placed beneath . the tray consisted of a 1 m wide and 60 cm deep cloth inverted pyramid , with a plastic bag at the vertex . five beatings were made using a stick for each plant individual sampled .\nall specimens are deposited in the entomological collection dalberto teixeira pombo at the university of the azores ( portugal ) , under the curation of paulo a . v . borges ( pborges @ urltoken ) .\nin this contribution we list the 286 species for which we obtained an identification . the new records for each island are marked with * . for this list two families of coleoptera were not considered since they will be presented elsewhere , staphylinidae ( borges et al . in prep . ) and zopheridae ( borges et al . 2016 ) . for detailed maps on the distribution of these species in azores consult the azores bioportal .\nall specimens were assigned a site code composed of several letters and numbers that read as follows ( see suppl . material 1 for complete data ) . detailed metadata is given in suppl . material 2 ) :\niv ) the next letter refers to the sampling technique : p - pitfall , b - canopy beating ; for pitfall samples ( p ) tu \u2013 turquin and et \u2013 ethylene glycol ; for canopy samples ( b ) the next two letters refer to the plant sampled : ca = calluna vulgaris , cl = clethra arborea , er = erica azorica , fr = frangula azorica , il = ilex perado azorica , ju = juniperus brevifolia , la = laurus azorica , mc = morella faya , ms = myrsine africana , pi = picconia azorica , pt = pittosporum undulatum , va = vaccinium cylindraceum .\nfor the geographical location of transects within reserves ( utm coordinates ) see suppl . material 3 .\naccumulation curves were obtained using the software \u201c species diversity and richness \u201d v . 4 .\nthe ultimate goal of biodiversity assessments is documenting all species inhabiting a region . however , this has often proven impossible to achieve given the unfeasibility of collecting every single species that exists in a study area . this study focuses on the terrestrial arthropod diversity of the azores and encompasses most orders of the phylum\n, we excluded 47 % of the archipelago ' s species pool . yet , this study added 10 endemic and at least 16 other species , mostly exotics , to the known azorean arthropod fauna . more will be added soon after the on - going revision of\n, in press ) . overall , at least 26 species that occur in native forests were added to the azorean arthropod fauna list . the new 346 taxonomic records provided by this study ( see suppl . material\n) . 164 species were found in new islands , with an average of two islands per species . for 82 of those species only one new island was added to their known distribution contrasting with 27 species for which four or more islands were added ( fig .\nspecies richness for the azores archipelago and each island . total currently known species , the number of species surveyed during this study and those that represent new records are presented .\ntotal species and subspecies records for the azores , new species and subspecies records during this study and increment for the most speciose classes and orders . values for all islands are added , so richness may be up to 7 times higher than the archipelago ' s richness ( as 7 islands were surveyed ) . ( * ) the coleoptera families staphylinidae and zopheridae were not considered ( see text ) .\nthe number of species identified for each of the 18 native forest fragments surveyed is shown in fig .\n. the fragment with the highest species diversity is serra de santa b\u00e1rbara in terceira island ( s = 124 ) , which is also the larger native forest area in the azores . remarkably , one of the smallest fragments , pico alto in santa maria island , is the second most diverse ( s = 121 ) .\nbala2 samples only added 4 % of species to the previous bala survey ( fig .\n) . interestingly , 59 samples collected in the first two years of survey ( 1999 and 2000 ) provided about 81 % of the total species recorded in this study .\nspecies accumulation curve for the 286 species of arthropods collected in 152 pitfall and beating samples between 1999 and 2011 . the solid line corresponds to the chronological sample sequence and the dotted line is a randomized curve ( 1000 runs ) . samples to the left of the vertical line were collected in bala1 and to the right in bala2 .\na total of 163744 individuals were identified as belonging to the 286 species ( see suppl . material\nfor the complete list of abundance per species ) . the ten most abundant species ( fig .\n) accommodate 56 % of the total number of individuals and include mostly indigenous species ( endemic or native non - endemic ) . the single introduced species is the millipede\n) that are mostly soil epigean species , the other seven species live preferentially in the canopies of azorean endemic trees . the moth\nthe ten most abundant species in the database . end - endemic from azores ; nat - native non - endemic species ; intr - species introduced in the archipelago .\nthe opilion leiobunum blackwalli ( credit : paulo a . v . borges ) .\nthe increase in the number of islands from where each species is known and the distribution increase for many species within each island shows the importance of regional standardized surveys , which provided a major improvement in the knowledge of the distribution of arthropod species in the native forests of the azores .\nthe fact that most diversity was captured during the first two years of the project reflects the importance of sampling a wide geographic range covering all the islands and the maximum number of sites . increasing the number of samples per fragment ( sampling performed in 2004 ) or replicating the sampling at a different time ( 29 sites in 2010 to 2011 ;\nproject ) had a lesser impact in increasing our knowledge about biodiversity ( fig .\na ) expanding the standardized survey of azorean arthropods to other habitat types , mostly man - modified , an already on - going task for some of the islands ( see e . g . cardoso et al . 2009 , meijer et al . 2011 , cardoso et al . 2013 , florencio et al . 2013 , santos et al . 2010 ) ;\nb ) selecting study areas along a comprehensive environmental gradient where an optimal sampling strategy will be applied in order to sample the entire arthropod communities ( all taxa biodiversity inventory - atbi ) . atbis are intensive sampling efforts to identify and record all living species that exist within a given area and simultaneously create a common and standardized biodiversity database ( lawton and gaston 2001 ) ;\nc ) finishing the identification of many morphospecies . good progress has been made with staphylinidade ( borges et al . in prep . ) , but other taxa need further effort to reach proper identification ;\nd ) increase sampling and update the current list of azorean hymenoptera and diptera , which is clearly incomplete ( borges et al . 2010 ) . the shortage of taxonomists who can adequately identify species ( i . e . the so - called taxonomic impediment ) has prevented advances in the knowledge for many diverse groups in the azores , including these two .\ne ) contributing to the validation and updating of the pan - european checklists programs , including fauna europaea ( jong et al . 2014 ) and pesi ( jong et al . 2015 ) allowing a more general evaluation and comparison of species distributions and statuses .\nthis study advances the knowledge on the unique arthropod biodiversity of the azores , but at the same time highlights the need for further surveys . we strongly believe that the bala project will stimulate further research and conservation actions towards the preservation of azorean biodiversity . furthermore , we hope that all the taxa yet to be identified will entice taxonomist to join us in the endeavour of cataloguing all terrestrial arthropods of the most remote of the macaronesian archipelagos , the azores . the ongoing longterm research projects in azores and the recent creation of the e - repository islandlab will create new opportunities for biodiversity studies in azores .\nbrief description : detailed data on the occurrences and abundances of the studied species . data on species abundance in each individual sample ( pitfall trap or canopy beating ) for the 152 transects in eighteen protected areas and seven azorean islands .\nbrief description : utm coordinates ( regions 25s for flores and 26s for all other islands ) , altitude ( meters ) and supporting project of the studied transects in the azores . transect code according to island , reserve and transect number ( see text )\npavb , arms , jq and kat conceived the ideas ; pavb , cg , lc , fr , pc , fp , cr , ira , cm , ca , ga , spr , jh , amcs , abs , jw , jaq , arms and kat obtained samples ; pavb , cg , em and lb prepared the databases ; pavb , lc , pc , he , fi , vm , mtp , jr , ab , abs , rzs , vv , jw , jaq and arms performed taxonomic work and identified species ; pavb led the writing with substantial input from the other authors .\nblas m , borges pav . a new species of catops ( coleoptera : leiodidae , cholevinae ) from the azores with remarks on the macaronesian fauna .\nborges p . a . v . , serrano a . r . , quartau j . a . ranking the azorean natural forest reserves for conservation using their endemic arthropods .\nerichson , 1845 ( coleoptera : zopheridae ) : an integrative taxonomic approach with description of four new species .\nborges p . a . v . , gaspar c . s . , santos a . m . c , ribeiro s . p . , cardoso p . , triantis k . , amorim i . r . patterns of colonization and species distribution for azorean arthropods : evolution , diversity , rarity and extinction ; celebrating darwin : proceedings of the symposium\ndarwin ' s mistake and what we are doing to correct it ; ponta delgada . a\u00e7oreana ; 2011 . 30 .\nborges p . a . v . , vieira v . , amorim i . r . , bicudo n . , fritz\u00e9n n . , gaspar c . , heleno r . , hortal j . , lissner j . , logunov d . , machado a . , marcelino j . , meijer s . s . , melo c . , mendon\u00e7a e . p . , moniz j . , pereira f . , santos a . s . , sim\u00f5es a . m . , torr\u00e3o e . list of arthropods ( arthropoda ) in : borges p . a . v , costa a . , cunha r . , gabriel r . , gon\u00e7alves v . , martins a . f . , melo i , parente m . , raposeiro p . , rodrigues p . , santos r . s . , silva l . , vieira p . , vieira v . , editors .\nborges p . a . v . , aguiar c . , amaral j . , amorim i . r . , andr\u00e9 g . , arraiol a . , baz a . , dinis f . , enghoff h . , gaspar c . , ilharco f . , mahnert v . , melo c . , pereira f . , quartau j . a . , ribeiro s . p . , ribes j . , serrano a . r . m . , sousa a . b . , strassen r . z . , vieira l . , vieira v . , vitorino a . , wunderlich j . ranking protected areas in the azores using standardised sampling of soil epigean arthropods .\nborges p . a . v . , vieira v . , dinis f . , jarroca s . , aguiar c . , amaral j . , aarvik l . , ashmole p . , ashmole m . , amorim i . r . , andr\u00e9 g . , argente m . c . , arraiol a . , cabrera a . , diaz s . , enghoff h . , gaspar c . , mendon\u00e7a e . p . , gisbert h . m . , gon\u00e7alves p . , lopes d . h . , melo c . , mota j . a . , oliveira o . , orom\u00ed p . , pereira f . , pombo d . t . , quartau j . a . , ribeiro s . p . , rodrigues a . c . , santos a . m . c . , serrano a . r . m . , sim\u00f5es . a . m . , , soares a . o . , sousa a . b . , vieira l . , vitorino a , wunderlich j . list of arthropods ( arthropoda ) in : borges p . a . v . , cunha r . , gabriel r . , martins a . m . f . , silva l . , vieira v . , editors .\na list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores .\ndirec\u00e7\u00e3o regional de ambiente & universidade dos a\u00e7ores ; horta , angra do hero\u00edsmo & ponta delgada : 2005 . 58 .\nborges p . a . v . , serrano a . r . m . , amorim i . r . new species of cave - dwelling beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae : trechinae ) from the azores .\nborges paulo a . v . , wunderlich joerg . spider biodiversity patterns and their conservation in the azorean archipelago , with descriptions of new species .\nborges paulo a . v . , lobo jorge m . , azevedo eduardo b . , gaspar clara s . , melo catarina , nunes luis v . invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods : a general model of endemic vs . exotic species .\ncardoso pedro , borges paulo a . v . , gaspar clara . biotic integrity of the arthropod communities in the natural forests of azores .\ncardoso pedro , erwin terry l . , borges paulo a . v . , new tim r . the seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them .\ncardoso p . , rigal f . , fattorini s . , terzopoulou s . , borges p . a . v . integrating landscape disturbance and indicator species in conservation studies .\ncardoso pedro , aranda silvia c . , lobo jorge m . , dinis francisco , gaspar clara , borges paulo a . v . a spatial scale assessment of habitat effects on arthropod communities of an oceanic island .\ncrespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on the endemic spider species of the genus savigniorrhipis wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae : linyphiidae ) in the azores ( portugal ) , with description of a new species .\ncrespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus canariphantes wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae , linyphiidae ) from the azores archipelago .\nflorencio m . , cardoso p . , lobo j . m . , azevedo e . b . , borges p . a . v . arthropod assemblage homogenization in oceanic islands : the role of exotic and indigenous species under landscape disturbance .\nflorencio m , lobo jm , cardoso p , almeida - neto m , borges pav . the colonisation of exotic species does not have to trigger faunal homogenisation : lessons from the assembly patterns of arthropods on oceanic islands .\ngaspar c . , borges p . a . v . , gaston k . j . diversity and distribution of arthropods in native forests of the azores archipelago .\ngaspar clara , gaston kevin j . , borges paulo a . v . , cardoso pedro . selection of priority areas for arthropod conservation in the azores archipelago .\ngaston kevin j , borges paulo a v , he fangliang , gaspar clara . abundance , spatial variance and occupancy : arthropod species distribution in the azores .\nhortal j , borges pav , gaspar c . evaluating the performance of species richness estimators : sensitivity to sample grain size .\njong yde de , verbeek melina , michelsen verner , place bj\u00f8rn per de , los wouter , steeman fedor , bailly nicolas , basire claire , chylarecki przemek , stloukal eduard , hagedorn gregor , wetzel florian , gl\u00f6ckler falko , kroupa alexander , korb g\u00fcnther , hoffmann anke , h\u00e4user christoph , kohlbecker andreas , m\u00fcller andreas , g\u00fcntsch anton , stoev pavel , penev lyubomir . fauna europaea \u2013 all european animal species on the web .\nlawton j . h . , gaston k . j . indicator species . in : levin s . a . , editor .\nlobo j . , borges p . a . v . the provisional status of arthropod inventories in the macaronesian islands . in : serrano a . r . m . , borges p . a . v . , boieiro m . , orom\u00ed p . , editors .\nmart\u00edn jos\u00e9 l . , cardoso pedro , arechavaleta manuel , borges paulo a . v . , faria bernardo f . , abreu cristina , aguiar ant\u00f3nio f . , carvalho jos\u00e9 a . , costa ana c . , cunha regina t . , fernandes francisco m . , gabriel rosalina , jardim roberto , lobo carlos , martins ant\u00f3nio m . f . , oliveira paulo , rodrigues pedro , silva lu\u00eds , teixeira dinarte , amorim isabel r . , homem n\u00eddia , martins berta , martins m\u00f3nica , mendon\u00e7a en\u00e9sima . using taxonomically unbiased criteria to prioritize resource allocation for oceanic island species conservation .\nmeijer seline s . , whittaker robert j . , borges paulo a . v . the effects of land - use change on arthropod richness and abundance on santa maria island ( azores ) : unmanaged plantations favour endemic beetles .\nplatia g . , borges p . a . v . description of a new species of athous and record of the female of a . azoricus platia & gudenzi from the azores ( coleoptera , elateridae )\nribeiro s\u00e9rvio p . , borges paulo a . v . , gaspar clara , melo catarina , serrano artur r . m . , amaral jo\u00e3o , aguiar carlos , andr\u00e9 genage , quartau jos\u00e9 a . canopy insect herbivores in the azorean laurisilva forests : key host plant species in a highly generalist insect community .\nribes j . , borges p . a . v . a new subspecies of orthotylus junipericola linnavuori , 1965 ( heteroptera ; miridae ) from the azores .\nrigal fran\u00e7ois , whittaker robert j . , triantis kostas a . , borges paulo a . v . integration of non - indigenous species within the interspecific abundance\u2013occupancy relationship .\nsantos a . m . c . , borges p . a . v , rodrigues a . c . , lopes d . j . h . lista de esp\u00e9cies de artr\u00f3podes associados a diferentes culturas frut\u00edcolas da ilha terceira ( a\u00e7ores )\nterzopoulou sofia , rigal fran\u00e7ois , whittaker robert j . , borges paulo a . v . , triantis kostas a . drivers of extinction : the case of azorean beetles .\ntriantis kostas a . , borges paulo a . v . , ladle richard j . , hortal joaqu\u00edn , cardoso pedro , gaspar clara , dinis francisco , mendon\u00e7a en\u00e9sima , silveira l\u00facia m . a . , gabriel rosalina , melo catarina , santos ana m . c . , amorim isabel r . , ribeiro s\u00e9rvio p . , serrano artur r . m . , quartau jos\u00e9 a . , whittaker robert j . extinction debt on oceanic islands .\nturquin m . une biocenose cavernicole originale pour le bugey : le puits de rappe . comptes rendus 96e congresse naturel societes savantes , toulouse 1071 ."]}
{"id": 1834, "summary": [{"text": "lachnocnema pseudobibulus is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in uganda , kenya , tanzania , the democratic republic of the congo , malawi and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lachnocnema pseudobibulus", "paragraphs": ["lachnocnema , commonly called woolly legs , is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae found mainly in subsaharan africa .\nlibert , m . ( 1996a ) contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains . revision du genre lachnocnema trimen , ( lepidoptera lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 ( 1 ) : 185 - 202 .\nlibert , m . 1996 contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains - revision du genre lachnocnema trimen ( lepidopter lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 , 185 - 202 , 367 - 386 , 479 - 500 .\nlibert , m . ( 1996c ) contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains : revision du genre lachnocnema trimen , troisieme partie . ( lepidoptera lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 ( 3 ) : 479 - 500 .\nlibert , m . ( 1996b ) contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains : revision du genre lachnocnema trimen , deuxieme partie ( 1 ) . ( lepidoptera lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 ( 2 ) : 367 - 386 .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article lachnocnema ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan african genus to which many species have been added recently due to the revision of libert ( 1996 ) .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nv\u00e1ri , l . , kroon , d . m . , & kr\u00fcger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia .\nthis category is maintained by wikiproject stub sorting . please propose new stub templates and categories here before creation .\nthis category is for stub articles relating to butterflies of the subfamily miletinae . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { miletinae - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\nthe following 164 pages are in this category , out of 164 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about lachnellula ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for lachnellula ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nsocial tagging scholarly peer - review journal anemia review articles international pharmaceutical care journals tumor immunology machine in industries mosquito larvae open access radiology journals climate change impact factor influenza virus petroleum - in - industries microbial forensics cell physiology top journals leydig - cell - tumors - scholarly - peerreview - journal . php hormones cell signaling peer - review journals\nwoodhall , steve . field guide to butterflies of south africa . cape town : struik publisher , 2005 .\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 65 template : miletinae - stub"]}
{"id": 1837, "summary": [{"text": "venericardia is a widely distributed genus of marine bivalve molluscs , in the family carditidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the type genus of subfamily venericardiinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the closely related purpurocardia was for long included here as a subgenus , but is increasingly considered distinct .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species of venericardia include : venericardia amabilis venericardia bimaculata venericardia ferruginea venericardia granulata \u2020 venericardia imbricata ( gmelin , 1791 ) \u2020 venericardia iheringi ( boehm , 1903 ) venericardia planicosta", "topic": 26}], "title": "venericardia", "paragraphs": ["species venericardia dilecta accepted as vimentum dilectum ( e . a . smith , 1885 )\nspecies venericardia excelsior accepted as vimentum dilectum ( e . a . smith , 1885 )\nspecies venericardia alaskana dall , 1903 accepted as cyclocardia crebricostata ( a . krause , 1885 )\nvariety venericardia borealis var . ovata riabinina , 1952 accepted as cyclocardia ovata ( riabinina , 1952 )\nspecies venericardia flammea michelin , 1831 accepted as strophocardia megastropha ( j . e . gray , 1825 )\nspecies venericardia nodulosa dall , 1919 accepted as cyclocardia bailyi ( j . q . burch , 1944 )\nspecies venericardia tankervillii w . wood , 1828 accepted as cardiocardita tankervillii ( w . wood , 1828 )\nspecies venericardia zelandica potiez & michaud , 1844 accepted as austrovenus stutchburyi ( w . wood , 1828 )\nspecies venericardia africana bartsch , 1915 accepted as coripia elata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 )\nspecies venericardia reinga a . w . b . powell , 1933 accepted as purpurocardia reinga ( powell , 1933 )\nspecies venericardia minima ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) accepted as coripia agulhasensis ( jaeckel & thiele , 1931 )\nspecies venericardia kiiensis ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1913 ) accepted as megacardita ferruginosa ( adams & reeve , 1850 )\nspecies venericardia elata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 ) accepted as coripia elata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 )\nspecies venericardia megastropha j . e . gray , 1825 accepted as strophocardia megastropha ( j . e . gray , 1825 ) ( original combination )\nspecies venericardia crassicostata g . b . sowerby i , 1825 accepted as cardites crassicostatus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) ( original combination )\nspecies venericardia lilliei c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020 accepted as purpurocardia lilliei ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 ( original combination )\nlamarck j . b . ( 1801 ) . syst\u00e8me des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres , ou tableau g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des classes , des ordres et des genres de ces animaux ; pr\u00e9sentant leurs caract\u00e8res essentiels et leur distribution , d ' apres la consid\u00e9ration de leurs rapports naturels et de leur organisation , et suivant l ' arrangement \u00e9tabli dans les galeries du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle , parmi leurs d\u00e9pouilles conserv\u00e9es ; pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 du discours d ' ouverture du cours de zoologie , donn\u00e9 dans le mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle l ' an 8 de la r\u00e9publique . published by the author and deterville , paris : viii + 432 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 123 [ details ]\nschmidt f . c . 1818 , versuch \u00fcber die beste einrichtung zur aufstellung : behandlung und aufbewahrung der verschiedenen naturk\u00f6rper und gegen\u1e63t\u00e4nde der kunst , vorz\u00fcglich der conchylien - sammlungen , nebst kurzer beurtheilung der conchyliologischen systeme und schriften und einer tabellarischen zusammenstellung und vergleichung der sechs besten und neuesten conchyliologischen systeme . gotha , j . perth , 252 pp . , available online at urltoken ; seq = 15 page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\n( the eocene epoch began 57 . 8 million years ago and ended 36 . 6 million years ago ) . the shell , composed of two halves ( valves ) , is distinctive in form and generally large . transverse ribs radiate from the apex of the valves and are broken by a series of concentric growth rings . internally , the valves are marked by distinctive nodes along the edge and thickenings that form raised bars at the apex ; these form the surfaces along which the valves\neocene epoch , second of three major worldwide divisions of the paleogene period ( 66 million to 23 million years ago ) that began 56 million years ago and ended 33 . 9 million years ago . it follows the paleocene epoch and precedes the oligocene epoch . the eocene is often divided into early ( 56 million\u2026\nbivalve , ( class bivalvia ) , any of more than 15 , 000 species of clams , oysters , mussels , scallops , and other members of the phylum mollusca characterized by a shell that is divided from front to back into left and right valves . the valves are connected to one another at a hinge . primitive bivalves\u2026\nmollusk , any soft - bodied invertebrate of the phylum mollusca , usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body . along with the insects and vertebrates , it is one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom , with nearly 100 , 000 ( possibly\u2026\ngryphaea , extinct molluskan genus found as fossils in rocks from the jurassic period to the eocene epoch ( between 199 . 6 million and 33 . 9 million years ago ) . related to the oysters , gryphaea is characterized by its distinctively convoluted shape . the left valve , or shell , was much larger and more\u2026\ninoceramus , genus of extinct pelecypods ( clams ) found as fossils in jurassic to cretaceous rocks ( laid down between 199 . 6 million and 65 . 5 million years ago ) . especially important and widespread in cretaceous rocks , inoceramus had a distinctive shell ; it is large , thick , and wrinkled in a\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des c\u00f4tes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammb\u00f4 . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\njennifer hammock split the classifications by obis depth range resource , obis environmental information , and inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from cardites antiquatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngefurchte trapezmuschel\nto\ncardites antiquatus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also camacho et al . 2000 , chiesa et al . 1995 , dockery 1982 , glenn 1904 , gliozzi and malatesta 1983 , heaslip 1968 , iqbal 1973 , lamprell and whitehead 1992 , le renard 1993 , marwick 1960 , olsson 1931 , sepkoski 2002 , vokes 1939 , vokes 1980 , vredenburg 1928 and woodring 1982\nsee also camacho et al . 2000 , gardner and bowles 1939 , glibert 1985 , olsson and richards 1961 , sepkoski 2002 , uliana and camacho 1975 , vokes 1939 and vokes 1980\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option ."]}
{"id": 1847, "summary": [{"text": "calappoidea is a superfamily of crabs comprising the two families calappidae and matutidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the earliest fossils attributable to the calappoidea date from the aptian . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "calappoidea", "paragraphs": ["worms ( 2018 ) . calappoidea de haan , 1833 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 106694 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > 0yuo2hznrpm3llxjjnzib2sb . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 104 . 154 . 183 . 114 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531159838026 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n1 : humboldt - universit\u00e4t zu berlin , institut f\u00fcr biologie / vergleichende zoologie , philippstr . 13 , d - 10115 berlin , germany ; technische universit\u00e4t ilmenau , institut f\u00fcr physik , weimarer str . 32 , d - 98684 ilmenau , germany\nh . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nl\u00f6renthey , e . & beurlen , k . , 1929 . die fossilen decapoden der l\u00e4nder der ungarischen krone . geologica hungarica , ( palaeontologica ) 3 : 1 - 421 , 12 tables , 16 pls .\ncalappidae - ? pleistocenes , ? holocene - okitsu , shimizu , suruga bay , shizuola pr . , japan\nlinnaeus , c . v . , 1758 , systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis ( ed . 10 ) , 1 : 1 - 824 . ( laurentii salvii , holmiae [ = stockholm ] ) .\ncalappidae - crsytal river fm . ( eocene ) - gainsville north florida usa .\nross , a . & scolaro , r . j . , 1964 . , a new crab from the eocene of florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences , 27 : 97 - 106 .\ncalappidae - priabonian ( upper eocene ) - parona , vicenza region , italy .\nde angeli , a . & capriondo , fabio , 2009 . , crostacei decapodi del priaboniano di sossano ( monti berici , vicenza - italia settentrionale ) . studi e ricerche - associazione amici del museo - museo civico\ng . zanatao\nmontecchio maggiore ( vicenza ) , 16 ( 2009 ) , pp . 23 - 33 .\ncalappidae - lutetian ( middle eocene ) - chiampo valley , vicenza , italy .\nbittner , a . , 1886 , . neue brachyuren des eoz\u00e4ns von verona . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie derwissenschaften inwien , ( mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse ) 94 ( 1 ) : 44 - 55 .\ncalappidae - castle hayne fm . ( eocene ) - pender county , north carolina , usa .\nblow w . c . & . manning , r . c . , 1996 . preliminary descriptions of 25 new decapod crustaceans from the middle eocene of the carolinas , u . s . a . tulane studies in geology and paleontology , 29 ( 1 ) : 1 - 26 , pls . 1 - 5 .\ncalappidae - lutetian ( middle eocene ) - chiampo valley , vicenza , region , italy .\nbeschin , c . , busulini , a . , de angeli , a . , tessier , g . , 2002 , aggiornamento ai crostacei di cava \u201cmain\u201d di arzignano ( vicenza \u2013 italia settentrionale ) ( crustacea , decapoda ) . studi e ricerche . studi e richerche , pp . 7 - 28 ,\ncalappidae - ? pleistocenes , ? holocene - okitsu , shimizu , suruga bay , shizuola pr . , japan .\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . , crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . m\u00fcller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] ) .\nrathbun , m . j . , 1926 . , the fossil stalk - eyed crustacea of the pacific slope of north america . united states national museum bulletin , 138 : i - viii , 1 - 155 .\nvia , l . , 1959 . , dec\u00e1podos f\u00f3siles del eoceno espa\u00f1ol . bolet\u00edn del instituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , 70 : 1 - 72 .\nartal , p . & onetti , a . , 2017 . tavernolesia , new genus ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) , from the eocene of the iberian peninsula . batalleria , 24 , 6 - 12 .\n? - ilerdian ( lower ypresian [ lower eocene ] ) - isabena zone , huesca , aragon .\nschweitzer , carrie e . & feldmann , rodney new species of calappid crabs from western north america and reconsideration of the calappidae sensu lato . journal of paleontology : vol . 74 , no . 2 , pp . 230 - 246 .\n? aethridae - santee lms . fm . , eocene - south carloina , usa\nmaury , c . j . , , 1930 , o cretaceo da parahyba do norte . ministerio da agricultura , industria e commercio , servi\u00e7o geologico e mineralogico do brasil , monographia , 8 : 1 - 305 .\n? aethridae - lutetian ( middle eocene ) - chiampo valley , vicenza region , italy .\nbeschin , c . , busulini , a . , de angeli , a . & tessier , g . , 1994 , i crostacei eoceninci della cava\nboschetto\ndi nogarole vicenttino ( vicenza - italia settentrionale ) . lavori - soc . ven . sc . nat - vol . 19 , pp . 159 - 215 , venezia , 31 gennaio 1994\nbittner a . , 1875 , die brachyuren des vicentinischen terti\u00e4rgerbirges . denkschr . k . akad . wiss . , wien , 34 : 63 - 106 .\n? aethridae - collb\u00e0s fm . , bartonian ( upper eocene ) - conca d ' \u00f2dena , anoia , catalonia .\nde angeli , a . , beschin , c . , 1999 . i crostacei matutinae ( brachyura , calappidae ) delleocene del veneto ( italia settentrionale ) . studi e ricerche , pp 11 - 22 1999\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : heterotremata according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010\nsee also fraaye and collins 1987 , tiwari et al . 1997 and todd and collins 2005\ndatabase contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nchaloklum diving , 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7 , chaloklum village , koh phangan , suratthani 84280 . thailand .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 85fcc08a - 0539 - 44be - 9692 - cf273716f8a7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0654b9d2 - e4b4 - 4e49 - ae73 - 520d8c1d839f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 547390\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1855, "summary": [{"text": "ballymoss ( 1954 \u2013 1979 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career that lasted from 1956 until november 1958 , he ran seventeen times and won eight races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1957 , he became the first horse trained in ireland to win the st leger .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the following season , he was europe 's leading middle-distance horse , winning the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and the prix de l'arc de triomphe . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "ballymoss", "paragraphs": ["satisfy due diligence requirments on ballymoss retail limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of ballymoss retail limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on ballymoss retail limited\nsatisfy due diligence requirments on ballymoss consultancy limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of ballymoss consultancy limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on ballymoss consultancy limited\nthere were a few more 50s and 40s . and what a race ballymoss ran .\nblame - always mighty . . . royal palace by : ballymoss from . . . | facebook\nsatisfy due diligence requirments on spectre ( ballymoss house ) limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of spectre ( ballymoss house ) limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on spectre ( ballymoss house ) limited\ncheck out , share and like the ballymoss stud facebook page to keep up to date with developments .\nthe ballymoss stakes , named in his honour , was run at the curragh between 1962 and 1984 .\nballymoss was given a rating of 136 by timeform , making him the highest rated horse of 1958 .\njohn fitzpatrick is a company director of ballymoss retail limited since 2005 and a listed director of 26 other companies .\ncharity craig is a company director of ballymoss consultancy limited since 2013 and a listed director of 1 other companies .\ndo not take risks with what are very important buying decisions . at ballymoss stud , intergrity , honesty , customer satisfaction and support come as standard . horsebox sales also through gps leisure vehicles , part of the ballymoss stud group .\nnew ballymoss duo available for viewing in ireland . contact + 44 ( 0 ) 7825 796869 to arrange * * * * *\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for ballymoss retail limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on ballymoss retail limited or click join - up to get started .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for ballymoss consultancy limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on ballymoss consultancy limited or click join - up to get started .\nlelia o ' hea is a company director of spectre ( ballymoss house ) limited since 2016 and a listed director of 78 other companies .\nin addition to providing equestrian services , ballymoss stud are pleased to supply quality 3 . 5 tonnes ( 3500 kgs ) duo horseboxes for sale .\nfor build quality , customer service and value for money , ballymoss stud is ireland ' s premier supplier of 3 . 5 tonne duo horseboxes .\nhaving written my ' copy ' , napping ballymoss , i had no sooner telephoned it from the earl of doncaster arms than the heavens opened .\nballymoss duo continue to sell 3 . 5 tonnes duo horseboxes built by the renowned coach builders , regent horseboxes contact + 44 ( 0 ) 7825 796869\nto view the latest credit rating or credit limit on ballymoss retail limited simply click ' log - in ' or ' join - up ' below .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for spectre ( ballymoss house ) limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on spectre ( ballymoss house ) limited or click join - up to get started .\nwhen ballymoss was retired at the end of the 1958 racing season his earnings of \u00a3114 , 150 were a record for a horse trained in britain or ireland , surpassing the mark of \u00a376 , 577 set by tulyar in 1952 . ballymoss ' s record stood until it was broken by ragusa in 1963 .\nsimilarly , crepello would surely have joined the elite group if he had remained sound enough to contest the st leger \u2013 won by his immediate derby victim ballymoss \u2013 in 1957 .\nwe hope you can find everything you need . ballymoss stud is focused on providing high - quality service and customer satisfaction - we will do everything we can to meet your expectations .\nhis bloodline is now dispersed throughout the world a remarkable achievement but simply confirms his superior type and genetic background and the foresight of his breeder frank cantwell of ballymoss kennels new zealand .\nprior to receiving yellow warning panels d9018\nballymoss\napproaches grantham with the 1n24 17 : 25 king ' s cross - harrogate\nthe yorkshire pullman\nservice on thursday 21st june 1962 .\nat ballymoss stud we guarantee honesty , integrity , openness and transparency . the welfare of horses under our care is paramount but we encourage owners to insure their equines against unexpected incidents and veterinary bills .\nin 1957 i knew vincent had a good opinion of the colt ballymoss , despite a relatively unspectacular career as a two - year - old . so it was no big surprise when my friend and colleaguye michael o ' hehir rang in may to say he thought we should have a little ' interest ' in ballymoss for the derby . coincidentally , within a few minutes , i received similar counsel from another source .\n55018 ' ballymoss ' lays down the power as it comes onto heath common with the diverted 10 : 35 leeds - kings cross at 11 : 02 on 1st june 1975 , note the city of wakefield in the background .\nballymoss retail limited was set up on friday the 22nd of april 2005 . their current address is joyce house , 22 / 23 holles street , dublin 2 , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors john fitzpatrick , martin kinirins and stephen fitzpatrick have been the director of 62 other irish companies between them ; 7 of which are now closed . ballymoss retail limited has 1 shareholder . this irish company shares its eircode with at least 286 other companies .\nfollowing the lner tradition of naming locomotives after winning racehorses , british railways\ndeltic\ndiesel locomotive no . d9018 ( later no . 55 018 ) was named ballymoss after this horse on 24 november 1961 , and remained in service until 12 october 1981 .\nballymoss ( gb ) ch . h , 1954 { 2 - u } dp = 6 - 8 - 28 - 4 - 2 ( 48 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 25 - 17 starts , 8 wins , 5 places , 1 shows career earnings : l107 , 166\nthe next race for ballymoss was the irish derby in which he trotted up ( at 4 - 9 ) . there followed defeat on york ' s ' dead ' ground which can be death to any horse . then the first of our betting dramas featuring the oldest british classic , the st leger .\nat the time of his retirement from racing , tulyar had earned \u00a376 , 577 , breaking the record for prize money won by a british horse which had been set fifty - seven years earlier by isinglass . tulyar ' s record stood for six years until it was beaten by ballymoss . [ 14 ]\nif ballymoss hadn ' t been bogged down on knavesmire , where he was beaten by one of tomorrow ' s rivals , briochge , who clearly handled the ground , he ' d have been a good favourite . as it was , 5 - 1 was the general offer , 11 - 2 in places .\nand yet , somehow , the whiff of ebbing confidence leaked into the ring so that , by the ' off ' , ballymoss had eased to 8 - 1 . he may not have been aware of that , but he was clearly conscious of the difference between ' dead ' on knavesmire and ' soft side ' at doncaster .\nit was reasonably assumed that heavy , or even soft , going was anathema to ballymoss . so , meticulous as ever , before giving me the green light to bet \u00a31 , 100 each way during the afternoon previous to the final classic , to be run on wednesday 11 september 1957 , vincent walked every yard of the extended 1 mile 6 furlongs circuit .\n26 . 12 . 15 - very excited with new purchase in the young aes approved stallion ' igor ' by joop ii , who will arrive at ballymoss stud early in january 2016 . igor was born in may 2013 so it will be a little while before he will be seen on the circuit . superb bloodlines , paces , natural balance and jumping technique .\nregent horseboxes uk specialise in the construction of bespoke 3 . 5 tonnes horseboxes . regent are probably the biggest manufacturer of these horseboxes in the uk and have agents in ireland , sweden , belgium , holland and the usa amongst others . ballymoss stud have been working with regent horseboxes for the last 20 years which is testament to the quality and reliability of their products .\nspectre ( ballymoss house ) limited was set up on wednesday the 26th of october 2016 . their current address is dublin 2 , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors stefan jaeger , lelia o ' hea , eoin condren and anna alves have been the director of 156 other irish companies between them ; 33 of which are now closed .\nfor the second year , ballymoss stud are delighted to have co sponsored the marie curie charity golf tournament at shandon golf club on friday 19 may 2017 . a very commendable sum of \u00a35000 raised for a very worthwhile cause . in 2016 , in excess of \u00a34000 was raised . onwards and upwards . well done to those involved at shandon park golf club particularly lady captain , dianne conway whose passion makes this happen .\nthe locomotive was initially preserved by the deltic 9000 fund and its successor deltic 9000 locomotives limited , before being sold to beaver sports ( yorks ) ltd , its current owner in 2004 . in 2015 , the locomotive was repainted with the white cab window surrounds typical of the finsbury park depot and has been seen in the guise of a number of locomotives based there ; 55003 meld , 55007 pinza and , currently , 55018 ballymoss .\nballymoss consultancy limited was set up on wednesday the 29th of may 2013 . their current address is the arch , block 3 ground floor , blackrock business park , the arch , dublin , and the company status is dissolved with the company closing on wednesday the 29th of march 2017 . the company ' s current directors charity craig and damian o ' hare have been the director of 1 other irish company between them ; 1 of which is now closed .\nback to horama . mated to drum beat ' s halfbrother and 2000 guineas winner nearula ( by nasrullah ) , she produced the speedy juvenile close up ( tfr 117 ) , who only showed form at 2 . that close up was not a sprinter but a miler , can be concluded from her matings to staying sires shantung , ballymoss and relko , which produced respectively the milers promontory and closeness , and derby 3 rd freefoot , who took after relko and stayed at least 2600m .\ni ' d selected lester ' s partner , crepello , but must admit my pocket was wrestling with readers ' interests when , in a rough race , as so many derbys were in the pre - film patrol era , ballymoss went two lengths up in the straight and for a few strides looked to have it won . until lester pressed the button and crepello grabbed him late . at least it was still a quarter the odds a place in those days . enough to pay for a few dinners at le coq d ' or and the caprice .\nballymoss stud is a friendly family run business set in rolling countryside at boardmills , lisburn in county down , northern ireland . having many years experience in the equestrian sector , mavis and patricia stewart strive to meet the expectations and needs of clients should that be by way of training , competition livery , horses for sale and horseboxes for sale . you can be assured that your equine , horse or pony , will be treated professionally and sympathetically during its time with us . we pride ourselves in being the premier supplier of equestrian services in the lisburn , saintfield , ballynahinch and carryduff areas . a provider for whom openness , honesty and integrity mean more than mere words .\nmost welcome ( 84c , habitat , ballymoss ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 6f to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3272 , 464 , newbury lockinge s . , gr . 2 , goodwood select s . , gr . 3 , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , newmarket champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , 3d breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , belmont turf classic h . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 2 , sandown mile s . , gr . 2 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 , 4th goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 .\nthe early part of the eclipse stakes roll of honour is littered with the greats including the sixth triple crown - winner isinglass ( 1894 ) who won as a four - year - old ; persimmon ( 1897 ) the derby winner of the previous year owned by the prince of wales ; ard patrick ( 1903 ) who had triumphed in the derby the year before ; dual gold cup - winner prince palatine ( 1920 ) ; colorado ( 1927 ) the previous season ' s 2000 guineas winner ; windsor lad ( 1935 ) and blue peter ( 1939 ) who had both won the derby the year before ; migoli ( 1947 ) who won the next year ' s arc ; tulyar ( 1952 ) derby and st leger victor the same season ; ballymoss ( 1958 ) arc and irish derby winner ; st paddy ( 1961 ) winner of the derby and st leger the year before ; and royal palace ( 1968 ) the previous season ' s 2000 guineas and derby winner .\nnamed : 24th november 1961 at doncaster works without ceremony ( in honour of racehorse owned by mr . s mcshain , won the irish derby , st . leger , eclipse stakes , french prix de l ' triumphe and beaten into second place by ' crepello ' in the derby ) .\n34g 24 . 11 . 61 . fp 5 / 73 . yk 5 / 81 . withdrawn 12 . 10 . 81 . to sf 10 / 81 ( for stripping ) . to zf 23 . 11 . 81 . cut - up by 30 . 01 . 82 .\nran light from vulcan foundry , newton - le - willows , to doncaster works - accepted into br service and allocated 34g , finsbury park tmd .\n08 . 01 . 62 1e02 07 : 05 bradford - king ' s cross ,\nthe west riding\nto grantham ( struck 2 people at norwell lane crossing , newark ) .\n25 . 02 . 63 1a06 08 : 00 king ' s cross - edinburgh ,\nthe talisman\nto darlington ( failed ) - b1 61338 to newcastle and d9005 forward . 04 . 06 . 63 1a16 10 : 00 king ' s cross - edinburgh ,\nthe flying scotsman\nto grantham ( caught fire ) - a3 pacific 60054\nmanna\nforward .\n17 . 06 . 64 1a23 08 : 00 edinburgh - king ' s cross ,\nthe talisman\nto darlington ( engine failure at durham ) - assisted to darlington by v3 67628 and replaced by a3 pacific 60036\ncolombo\n.\n24 . 07 . 65 released from doncaster works after fitting of cast bogies ( bogies no . 1 1037 replaced by 9000 - 9 & no . 2 1038 replaced by 9000 - 10 ) .\n21 . 03 . 66 1st ee maintenance contract expires - mileage recorded at 705 , 300 . 04 . 06 . 66 replacing of air horns at doncaster works : westinghouse type removed in favour of bonnet fitted trico folberth type . bonnet fitted air - horns originally fitted circa late 1964 / early 1965 - no actual date recorded . 27 . 11 . 66 locomotive undergoing audible testing of experimental bonnet fitted warning air horns ( later fitted as standard ) between arelsley and great ponton with d9007 ( syphonic nose cone fitted ) and d9016 ( standard fitted air horn below buffer beam ) .\n15 . 02 . 67 released from doncaster works , after general repair , with full yellow ends applied .\n07 . 03 . 68 released from doncaster works , after general repair , equipped with dual braking .\n22 . 01 . 69 1e00 01 : 40 leeds - sheffield ( via doncaster ) and 1d20 04 : 30 sheffield - leeds . 10 . 05 . 69 released from doncaster works , after intermediate repair , in blue livery . 09 . 08 . 69 - 20 . 05 . 71 carrying ' d ' prefix on 09 . 08 . 69 and not reported dropped until 20 . 05 . 71 ( most likely date for this would be after light repair dated 07 - 14 . 02 . 70 ) . note : nigel rollings reports the only deltic to carry the ' d ' prefix beyond august 1970 was d9016 - confirmation of when d9018 became 9018 is still required .\n23 . 02 . 71 released from doncaster works , after intermediate repair , with eth equipment fitted . 08 . 10 . 71 4m58 ( 19 : 15 ) newcastle flt - willesden flt from peterborough ( 09 / 10 ) to finsbury park ( freightliner - assisting failed d172 ) .\n09 . 02 . 74 locomotive officially renumbered 55018 w / e 09 . 02 . 74 ( carried by 06 / 02 ) .\n1d02 12 : 20 king\u2019s cross - cleethorpes and 1a34 17 : 37 cleethorpes - king\u2019s cross .\nduring the week commencing 17th october 1977 unofficial industrial action led to the removal of deltics from all ecml workings . action was taken by maintenance staff angry at the proposed closure of finsbury park depot with the introduction of the new hst fleet , which was to be maintained at the new bounds green depot . maintenance staff ' blacked ' the deltic fleet thus all engines remained ' laid - up ' at various installations until the dispute was settled on october 21st . a list of how the dispute affected the class is as follows :\nhaymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e35 20 : 20 edin - kx 23 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1n29 19 : 00 kx - n ' lce 23 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e25 12 : 15 aber - kx from edin 23 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s21 11 : 00 kx - edin 24 / 10 .\ndoncaster works ' intermediate ' 31 / 03 - 21 / 10 . worked 1e48 21 : 15 aber - kx from doncaster 26 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 11 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1l22 15 : 55 kx - leeds 24 / 10 .\nyork tmd 10 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 25 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a40 20 : 30 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .\nyork tmd 17 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 0d01 12 : 00 yk - doncaster 23 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1e20 15 : 00 edin - kx 24 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a07 07 : 25 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .\nyork tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 24 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e39 22 : 30 edin - kx 23 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a15 09 : 20 n ' cle - kx 25 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 08 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1n00 01 : 00 kx - n ' cle 26 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 19 / 10 . sent to doncaster works 19 / 10 for ' light repair ' behind 40063 .\ndoncaster works ' intermediate ' 03 / 10 - 19 . 01 . 78 .\nfinsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1d00 08 : 25 kx - cleethorpes 24 / 10 .\nholbeck tmd 10 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1a47 00 : 43 leeds - kx 24 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 14 - 10 - 24 - 10 . worked 1s28 07 : 00 n ' cle - edin 24 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s43 18 : 00 kx - edin 23 / 10 .\nfinsbury park - 6 ; gateshead - 4 ; haymarket - 5 ; doncaster works - 3 ; york - 3 ; holbeck - 1 ; locomotives moving in this period - 1 ( 55016 , haymarket to works ) .\n29 . 01 . 78 1z08 08 : 25 paddington - treherbert ,\nthe deltic dragon\nto cardiff ( via oxford , evesham and gloucester - 20030 & 20142 forward ) . and 1z08 15 : 10 treherbert - paddington return from cardiff ( ex 20030 & 20142 - via newport , severn tunnel and swindon ) . 19 . 02 . 78 1z15 08 : 15 paddington - paignton ,\nthe deltic ranger\nto bristol ( caped - adverse weather ) and 1z15 12 : 25 bristol - paddington return ( 55003 worked re - run 05 / 03 ) . 13 . 10 . 78 1m41 21 : 50 york - aberystwyth , to stockport and 1e24 22 : 50 shrewsbury - york , from stockport .\n21 . 06 . 79 1a23 08 : 50 edinburgh - aberdeen and 1g65 12 : 40 aberdeen - edinburgh . 14 . 08 . 79 white window surrounds applied at finsbury park .\nwhilst on fp from 10 . 07 . 79 , prior to going to stratford for open day on the 14th july . worked 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull on 15 . 07 . 79 .\nwhilst stopped on fp from 25th or 26 . 07 . 79 . worked 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 03 . 08 . 79 .\nworked 1l44 16 : 05 king ' s cross - york on 15 . 08 . 79 .\nwhilst on fp for ' c ' exam 16 / 8 - 21 / 8 . first train believed to be 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 21 . 08 . 79 .\nwhilst on fp 11 . 10 . 79 - 15 . 10 . 79 . first train unknown but worked 1m58 08 : 15 newcastle - liverpool on 16 . 10 . 79 .\n22 . 08 . 79 1m62 08 : 49 york - liverpool ( 55018 ' s first visit to liverpool - and first with white cab surrounds ) and 1e99 13 : 05 liverpool - york .\n26 . 03 . 80 r / h / s nameplate removed for straightening at finsbury park after attempted removal by vandals . 18 . 04 . 80 r / h / s nameplate re - fitted at finsbury park . 15 . 06 . 80 1z10 08 : 15 king ' s cross - sheffield ,\nthe white rose\n( charter via doncaster ) and 1z10 17 : 00 sheffield - king ' s cross return ( via nottingham ) . 06 . 09 . 80 1f56 17 : 30 edinburgh - king ' s cross ,\nthe cock o ' the north\ntbls railtour ( 55019 worked king ' s cross to edinburgh ) .\n30 . 03 . 81 2l54 17 : 24 edinburgh - dundee and 2g16 19 : 22 dundee - edinburgh ( vice dmu ) . 12 . 10 . 81 1d08 19 : 40 king ' s cross - hull , to doncaster ( engine failure - low air pressure - 37126 forward ) 55018 ' s final train after which the locomotive was withdrawn . 20 . 10 . 81 to stratford for component recovery ( donated p / u to 55007 ) . 24 . 11 . 81 to doncaster works for disposal - cutting begins 12 / 12 .\ncolor : ch height : 15 . 3 ( gb ) de 306 / 06 / 41529 / 54 bred by richard ball , gb . exported to ireland . owned by john mcshain , ireland . gagnant du prix de l arc de triomphe 1958 . european horse of the year 1958 . died 1979 in england . retired to stud 1959 . damsire of stage door johnny ( belmont winner and us 3 year old champion ) , northern sunset ( 1995 kentucky broodmare of the year ) , levmoss ( 1969 prix de l ` arc de triomphe winner ) , le moss ( only horse to win the stayers triple crown ) , teenoso ( epsom derby winner ) . ( close )\nowner : mr . richard ball breeder : mr . john mcshain winnings : 17 starts : 8 - 5 - 1 , l107 , 166 at 3 won st . leger stakes ( eng ) , irish derby ( ire ) , 2nd derby stakes ( eng ) , great voltigeur stakes ( eng ) at 4 won coronation cup ( eng ) , eclipse stakes ( eng ) , king george 6th & queen elizabeth s , pr de l ' arc de triomphe ( fr ) , 2nd ormonde stakes ( eng ) , 3rd washington , d . c . , international ( 100 , 000 ) 4 , 500gns doncaster yearling . champion of europe 1958 . retired to whitsbury manor stud in 1959 . 2nd general sires list 1967 & 3rd in 1968 . first great winner in flat races from top class trainer vincent o\u00b4brien ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmavis and patricia are both qualified hsi ( horse sport ireland ireland ) coaches with a good rapport with students and an easy teaching style .\nand british show jumping association , bsja ) . she competes both at grand prix and young horse classes and specialises at producing young horses for the domestic and international competition market . she actively competes throughout the irish circuit and obtains excellent results . an experienced and effective , yet compassionate rider who commits to her horses and creates a good relationship and bond . horses competed by patricia included best touch ( ish ) by the irish olympic stallion touchdown ; alide van de boswinning , a belgian warmblood mare by the renowned skippy ii , and the grey stallion garagange ( sold to new zealand ) , by conquest van de helle ( gr sire corrado ) . garagange was bought as a 3 year old from the established belgian van de helle stud and produced to grand prix level by patricia . jones vd bisschop a grey 8 year old gelding has now moved up to the national grand prix level . bought as an unbroken 3 year old , jones was broken in to ride and produced throughout by patricia .\nregularly competing at the ruas showgrounds , balmoral park lisburn , cavan equestrian centre , portmore equestrian centre , barnadown equestrian centre , millstreet and at boswell patricia will give your horses the profile and experience you rightly expect and require .\nwe would also like to thank jim and carol prime of prime photography for allowing us to use their high quality equestrian competition photography on our site .\nwith a variety of offerings to choose from , we ' re sure you ' ll be happy working with us . look around our website and if you have any comments or questions , please feel free to contact us .\ndelighted to see the new owner of our ginelli who was produced and sold by patricia qualify for the rds young rider 110 - 115m . good luck eva boland at the rds in august 2018 .\nchestnut colt foal by emerald nop out of our skippy mare , alida van de boswinning .\ndark brown filly foal ( likely to turn grey ) by hector out of our foundation line mare tumbleweed royale by coronea eagle . sire of grand dam - king of diamonds\npatricia stewart greer on board the amazing jones vd bisschop ( heartbreaker ex voltaire ) win the finlay equi trek national grand prix at the ruas balmoral 2 * show .\nbest wishes to the new owners of lagamajore . sold to california , usa . broken in and produced by patricia stewart greer .\naugust 2016 - ssh heartbeat , owned , produced and competed by patricia stewart greer sold to dubai . best wishes to the new owners and continued success .\ncongratulations to patricia who was presented with the m . michael mellor style award perpetual trophy in memory of mary duff at coilog national grand prix show on 3 may 2014 . the winning rider was selected by 6 judges and judged on the riders attitude and performance both inside and outside the ring during the show .\n' the mmm style and performance award will be presented to the person who exemplifies true sportmanship at all times ' ( m . michael mellor )\njust wanted to say firstly absolutely love the box , it is beautiful . second , feel free to use me as a reference anytime , and thirdly , thank you for making this experience so good . your customer service is fantastic\n. zoe day , essex , england\ni recently bought a regent duo , all though i bought the lorry from a photo , it was everthing i could have hoped for . very good company to deal with . i would highly recommend them . many thanks , debbie\nd abrahams , somerset , england .\nno problem using me as a reference . i have no hesitation in recommending him .\nmichelle , ballyclare , county antrim\ni ' m real pleased with my van the photos didnt do it justice ! and would recommend you no problem , you were so helpful . ordering from internet always a worry . you can get your customers to call the tattoo studio 02380322486 any day\n. karen & simon faith , southampton .\n20 months on , still delighted with the citroen relay duo 2 - horse van i bought . will certainly be in touch if i decide to up - grade my van\n. jenny , trim , co meath .\nwe hope to see you again ! check back later for new updates to our website . there ' s much more to come !\nfor overseas buyers - we will also collect from and return to either belfast international airport or george best belfast city airport . lisburn is the nearest train station for those travelling from within ireland .\nrear groom ' s area with upholstered bench seat , wardrobe , large external tack locker and colour cctv to horses . 4 windows and roof vent . large horse windows in privacy glass , soft night travel lights in horse area . 12mths coachwork warranty , 12 months mot . choice of colours and graphics .\n2011 nissan interstar lwb , 184000 kms , 120 bhp , full nissan service history , doe to mid feb 2019 . superb driver . irish vehicle so no vrt to pay .\n2012 vauxhall movano mwb , 120000 miles , new light weight coach built body . rear grooms area with upholstered seat and enclosed wardrobe . rear external tack locker . fully sealed interior for washing out . all windows in tinted privacy glass , roof vent . colour cctv to horses and reverse camera . two colour metallic paintwork ( estoril and silver ) with complimenting graphics . 12 months mot . 12 months coachwork warranty . superb driving vehicle . just had major service including new timing chain kit .\n2010 citroen relay longstall , 115000 miles , painted in range rover corris grey metallic . totally separate rear groom / tack room with upholstered bench seating . tow bar and electrics . spec otherwise as above .\nlate 2012 renault master longstall 120 bhp , fsh ( renault main dealer ) , warranted 115000 miles light weight polycarbonate composite body . totally separate rear grooms area with saddle and bridle racks and upholstered bench seats . colour cctv to horses and reverse camera . fully sealed horse area for washing out . excellent cab interior with built in sat nav , and bluetooth audio system . painted in range rover wataimo grey metallic with silver oakley style graphics . long mot . comes complete with stallion partition . large enclosed luton storage . 12 months coachwork warranty .\nlate 2013 vauxhall movano lwb . 105000 miles . new coach built lightweight body with external tack locker , 1 / 2 breast wall , rear grooms area with enclosed wardrobe and upholstered bench seat . colour cctv to horses and reverse camera . large enclosed luton storage . fully sealed horse area for washing out . excellent cab interior with built in sat nav , and bluetooth audio system . painted in range rover nara bronze with complimenting cream graphics .\n2012 citroen relay , bespoke style with ultra lite body . one previous company owner . flat screen colour cctv to horses and reverse camera . built to customers specification . superb driving vehicle as would be expected . mot to april 2018 .\n2008 renault master 2 . 5 dci lwb , 132000 kms . one owner , irish registered vehicle . fully serviced with invoices to support and renault main dealer for 2009 , 2010 and 2011 . i have also fully serviced the van . timing belt kit changed in october 2016 @ 108000 kms . coach built with light weight panels in longstall style .\nflat screen colour cctv to horses and reverse camera . one piece sealed rubber floor . sterile rear grooms area with 2 upholstered bench seats and saddle and bridle racks . 12 months coach work warranty .\n2007 renault master lwb , low kms . fully serviced . lightweight body . long stall .\nall new duos are sold with 12 months coach work warranty by regent . 28 days mechanical warranty is standard but i can provide 12 months silver mechanical warranty with warrantywise\n* * * * * we will deliver your new duo to your door at \u00a3250 . prices are ex works . unfortunately north of scotland and sw england are more due to flight costs and flight timings ( \u00a3350 ) . * * * * *\nselection of carefully selected competition horses for sale - 4 to 10 year old , and competing on the registered showjumping circuit . horses suitable for young riders and professionals . ask for more details .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nthe son of mossborough out of a mare indian call was quoted among the 33 - 1 , 50 - 1 or 100 - 1 others - depending on the bookmaker .\naware that the faintest whiff of support for a potentially ' live ' outsider could swiftly ruffle the market , i phoned vincent to enquire if he wanted to be ' on ' . after a little deliberation , he didn ' t . the horse had come to himself nicely without any pressure , as his infinitely patient handler liked him to do ; but he ' d suffered a stone bruise which had interrupted his preparation . vincent felt that he would ' still give a good account of himself , ' adding that he wouldn ' t put me off backing him , although he felt there would be better opportunities later .\nwhen we met outside the weighing - room , as arranged , he expressed satisfaction with the terrain and , looking happier than he ever did as a big race approached , signalled the go - ahead .\ni figured that the 100 - 16 rate ( sixes with the fractions ) would be the most i could possibly hope for . the vouchers , still among my expendable memorabilia , read :\ni didn ' t see vincent until the next afternoon when i was about to leave for the radio point out in the country , on rosehill , where raymond glendenning would hand over to me from the grandstand . the trainer of my nap , brow furrowed , related anxiously : ' i ' ve just been out there ; he ' s got no chance in this . we ' ll have to get out of our bets . '\ni regretted that i ' d no time to get to the rails and negotiate , and handed him the list of bets , explaining that he was currently a firm 5 - 1 chance and there should be no problem .\nvincent is basically shy and didn ' t want to go into the ring ; and anyway the horse was uppermost in his mind . ' let ' s leave it , ' he shrugged . so we did . there were no mobile phones ; no betting exchanges in that era .\nappropriately , the infinitely dependable tp burns rode vincent ' s first english classic winner .\npeter o ' sullevan ' s horse racing heroes ( highdown \u00a316 . 99stg )\nthomas kelly mendelssohn finished third on his return to action in the grade three dwyer stakes over a mile on the dirt in belmont .\nurltoken sportsdesk multiple classic - winning trainer john dunlop has died at the age of 78 . dunlop saddled two winners of the derby in shirley heights ( 1978 ) and erhaab ( 1994 ) . he also won the st leger three times , the 1000 guineas three times and the oaks twice , with the 2000 guineas the only british classic to elude him .\ngraham clark roaring lion battled on bravely to beat his old rival saxon warrior in the coral - eclipse at sandown . the two classy three - year - olds had the 10 - furlong group one to themselves and no quarter was given in the closing stages .\n' i will derail gravy train in the legal industry ' - shane ross vows to clampdown on . . .\n' everybody dies , but not everybody lives ' - how ' the great ak ' became a . . .\newan mackenna : infantile , spoiled and indulged - everything wrong with brazil is . . .\neric dier jumps to raheem sterling ' s defence as england prepare for croatia semi - . . .\ngalway ' s joe canning could face action over use of ' red bull ' towel in kilkenny . . .\ncroatia sack coach ognjen vukojevic over ' glory to ukraine ' video ahead of . . .\nthe throw - in : the super 8s are here , ladies football preview and why kilkenny are up . . .\non this week ' s episode of the throw - in , will . . .\nan in - depth preview ahead of the france v belgium world cup semi - final in russia on . . .\nwatch :\nfootball ' s coming home !\n- england fans in russia sing ahead of . . .\nwatch fans around the world react to england ' s nail - . . .\nwatch : ' i ' m here to compete . i ' m here to win ' - wayne rooney defends dc united . . .\nbuilt around two hugely powerful napier\ndeltic\nengines , a development of a naval engine fitted to world war 2 torpedo boats , the deltics were built in 1961 and 1962 to replace the famous streamlined a4 pacific class of steam locomotives on the prestigious london - edinburgh route . 22 were built and soon brought the average london - edinburgh time down to under 6 hours , regularly topping 100mph in the process . as the east coast main line was upgraded , so timings dropped still further with the flying scotsman limited - stop service clocking in at 5h30m by the late 1970s .\nin 1978 , the\nhigh speed train\n( hst ) was introduced and the deltic ' s days were numbered - first relegated to hauling the sleeper services ( as briefly immortalised in an early episode of yes , minister ) and fast mail and parcels services , before eventually being withdrawn entirely in 1981 - 82 . the 22 locomotives were named either after racehorses or regiments , both naming themes popular in steam days , and six were preserved in working order as well as two cabs and the pre - production prototype at the national railway museum . the deltics have become a favourite in preservation and even many of the most hardened steam buffs will admit a sneaking admiration for the sheer grunt of the big engines .\nd9000 was numerically the first of english electric\u2019s production deltic locos to emerge from vulcan foundry in newton - le - willows 1960 . in august 1961 , d9000 is recorded as hauling the up flying scotsman from edinburgh to kings cross for the first time . in june 1962 she was named at a ceremony at edinburgh waverley station . d9000 became 55022 during an overhaul at doncaster in 1974 . she spent the majority of her working life stabled at haymarket , with a brief stint at finsbury park in 1967 - 68 .\n55022 continues in service to the bitter end , hauling the deltic scotsman farewell railtour from edinburgh to kings cross , becoming the last deltic to work for br . preservation followed , initially at the nene valley railway and then , in november 1996 , \u201croyal scots grey\u201d became the first preserved deltic to operate on the main line once more . from 1997 - 2002 she was leased by anglia railways and virgin trains to provide a backup for regular passenger services .\nshe is currently on long - term loan at the railway and will be rattling the china in offices and houses along the line throughout the season .\nmany of our frequent questions are listed here to help you arrange your visit and enjoy your day travelling along the line .\ndig out your finest drainpipe jeans and capri pants and steam in to 60s fest on saturday 14th and sunday 15th july .\nsee what ' s going on at grosmont station & the movement of our fleet with our live webcam .\nthe north york moors historical railway trust is a not - for profit charity . every visitor that travels contributes towards preserving our locomotives and rolling stock .\nrelive the amazing spirit and camaraderie of world war ii and enjoy the various re - enactments , entertainment and vehicle displays along the line .\nnew for 2018 : see our heritage engines climb goathland bank with our live webcam .\nin the early hours of sunday 23rd july 2017 , north yorkshire moors railway\u2019s ( nymr\u2019s ) historic teak carriages were deliberately vandalised . the carriages were parked in the siding , at the far side of the main visitor car park at pickering .\nless than one week to go until # 60sfest and the ' big night out ' . if you want to sing and dance into the night bringi\u2026 urltoken\nnorth york moors historical railway trust is a company limited by guarantee registered in england and wales under number 2490244 and registered as a charity number 501388 .\nregistered office , north yorkshire moors railway , 12 park street , pickering , north yorkshire , yo18 7aj .\ngenerate a b2b marketing list with ease and grow your business . identify key decision makers and pre - qualified new prospects for your sales and business development teams .\nview cro company documents and company reports any irish company or business with ease .\nvision - net credit scores save your business the time and cost of chasing slow payers . evaluate risk at client application stage or run continuous credit checks on your full customer base .\nbackground check companies , sole traders or individuals and minimise your spend with more efficient anti - money laundering checks and reports .\nmore people choose vision - net over any other search service . . . ask us why ?\n2017 was a record year for company start - ups in ireland while insolvencies went through a levelling off period .\nwe are in acceleration mode and ireland has taken its place as europe ' s fastest growing economy . many aspects of that recovery are demonstrated in our 2017 annual review .\nhe was one of the most correct examples of classic english type of an era when irish were at their peak .\ngreat observatons elirose . i agree with you about tb chestnut mares ! very smart ladies . just slipping in a belated update from european racing regarding tiggy wiggy in the 5 / 3 / 151000 guineas race results at newmarket . sorry i didn ' t post this earlier . : op 1st : legatissimo ( 13 / 2 ) 2nd : lucida ( 9 / 2 ) 3rd : tiggy wiggy ( 9 / 1 ) tiggy wiggy ( kheleyf ' s silver ) and found ( red evie ) were reviewed on page 48 . found did not run in the 1000 guineas . urltoken\npedigree : graustark - usa ( a 1963 chef de race sire ) x admiring - usa ( 1962 ) by hail to reason - usa ( a 1958 chef de race sire ) .\na bay filly bred by paul mellon . her lineage traces back to family number 1s . race earnings -\n( 24 startsa : 9 wins , 3 places , 2 shows ) . twice won the sheepshead bay handicap ( g2 ) and the diana handicap ( g2 ) . at age 31 , she died of colic at waggoner farm lexington , ky on 8 / 5 / 2004 .\n( g1 ) , travers stakes ( g1 ) and champagne stakes ( g1 ) among other wins . stood at stud at lane ' s end ( 1995 - 1999 ) . sold to the turkish jockey club in 2000 and now stands at karacabey pension stud in bursa , turkey .\nsire of the highest earning offspring ( aeneas - tur ( 2006 ) at turkey as of 2009 - 2010 .\n: a 1980 colt by northern dancer - can ( a 1961 chef de race sire ) . race earnings :\n( 18 starts : 8 wins , 2 places , 3 shows ) . heros honor stood at stud at lane ' s end in 1985 . he died in may 1998 at haras de roiville in france .\nhe is the sire of touch of greatness ( 1986 ) , the dam of elusive quality ( 1993 ) .\n( usa - g1 ) and the queen elizabeth ii stakes ( eng - g1 ) among other wins . retired in 2008 and entered stud at kildangan stud in kildare , ireland in 2009 .\n- aus ( 2008c ) : $ 3 , 990 , 138 a champion 2 & 3 year old in australia . at stud in 2012 at darley ' kelvinside in australia and dalham hall stud , england .\nwinner of the 2004 kentucky derby , the preakness stakes and 2nd in the belmont stakes .\nthe next golden girl posting is not a huge money winner . . . but still a part of the history of this weekend ' s black - eyed susan stakes for the fillies .\nthe dam of a 1997 black - eyed susan winner\u2026salt it let it fly foaled : 1981 pedigree : hatchet man ( 1971 ) x idle hour princess ( 1971 ) by ribot - gb ( a 1952 chef de race sire ) background : race earnings - $ 68 , 737 ( 16 starts : 4 wins , 0 places , 0 shows ) . bred by mrs . julian g . rogers . lineage traces back to family number 4 . let it fly won the countess jane stakes . let it fly had 5 registered foals who were all fillies ! famous offspring : salt it : a 3 / 18 / 1994 filly by salt lake ( 1994 ) . race earnings : $ 265 , 380 ( 20 starts : 4 wins , 1 place , 4 shows ) . in 1997 at age 3 : won the black - eye susan stakes ( g2 ) and the wide country stakes . that year , she came in 3rd in the cotillion handicap ( g2 ) and 4th in the mother goose stake ( g1 ) . in 1999 at age 5 : came in 4th in the affectionately handicap ( g3 ) and the beaugay handicap ( g3 ) . her trainer was deborah s . bodner . let it fly photo by barbara livingston from pedigree query stats from pedigree query\nthat 2004 derby that smarty jones won was tapit ' s derby , too . he didn ' t do so well , but he has been a better sire , i believe . the winner of the belmont , that smarty lost that year - - along with losing the triple crown - - was birdstone , spider ' s sire . yesss ! and he ran a good race and beat smarty fair and square .\nyes . . . we ' ve had several near misses for the triple crown in the last 3 + decades . i hope we see the light at the end of the tunnel soon ! i hope it ' s american pharoah ' s year . for this month of may and june , i have lined up a random collection of golden girls who foaled or were lineage dams to individual triple crown race series champions . . . some who won 2 out of the 3 tc races . one is coming up shortly . : od\nthe dam of a 1949 preakness & belmont winner\u2026capot piquet foaled : 1937 pedigree : st . germans - gb ( 1921 ) x parry ( 1929 ) by peter pan ( a 1904 chef de race sire ) background : race earnings - $ 22 , 150 ( 27 starts : 6 wins , 4 places , 6 shows ) . won the delaware oaks , the diana handicap and the test stakes . came in 2nd in the matron stakes , demoiselle stakes , spinaway stakes and the top flight handicap . came in 3rd in the arlington lassie stakes , the national stallion stakes , the adirondack handicap and the alabama stakes . she was bred by greentree stud . famous offspring : capot - from pedigree query capot : a 1946 colt by menow ( 1935 ) . race earnings : $ 345 , 260 ( 28 starts : 12 wins , 4 places , 7 shows ) . in 1948 at age 2 : won the champagne stakes , the wakefield stakes and the pimlico futurity stakes . in 1949 at age 3 : won the preakness stakes , the belmont stakes , the pimlico special among other wins . capot came in 2nd in the kentucky derby . he was voted the 1949 u . s . champion 3 - year old colt . capot was also the 1949 co - u . s . horse of the year . he sired 15 foals . he was gelded in 1958 and was a greentree pensioner . capot died in december 1974 at the age of 28 . piquet image from sport horse data stats from pedigree query\ni tried finding out the reason before posting piquet ' s review but found no information on why capot was gelded . but at least he was able to sire a few foals before they made the decision .\nassault . . . . . tc winner 1946 . . . . was considered sterile . . . . went home to texas ' s king ranch and pasture bred several foals on quarterhorse mares . . . . no one gelded him . . . . has to have been a medical reason for capote being gelded . . . . . dont you think ?\n. a bay mare from lineage family number tb - 5 . race earnings :\n( 17 starts : 4 wins , 2 places , 3 shows ) . won the saratoga schuylerville stakes and came in 2nd in the delaware polly drummond stakes . bred by wheatley stable .\nbold princess was a well - bred filly from\nreine de course\nand\nchef de race\nbloodlines .\n: a 1 / 24 / 1975 colt by northern dancer ( a 1961 chef de race sire ) . race earnings :\n( 14 starts : 2 wins , 4 places , 1 show ) . in 1979 at age 4 : came in 2nd in the gran prix de vichy ( fr - g3 ) . he was bred by ogden mills phipps and owned by alec head . in 1979 , he was sent to alec head ' s haras du quesnay in france . sovereign dancer stood at stud at the oaks , ocala , florida in 1985 . he died on christmas day - 12 / 25 / 1993 at age 18 .\n: a 3 / 13 / 1993 colt out of on to royalty ( 1985 ) . race earnings :\n( g1 ) . came in 4th in the kentucky derby - dqd to 5th . sire of 27 stakes winners . gate dancer was humanely euthanized on 3 / 6 / 1998 due to a long struggle with laminitis .\n( 29 starts : 8 wins , 10 places , 2 shows ) . he equaled a course record at keeneland in 1991 running nine furlongs on grass in 1 : 48 . 42 ."]}
{"id": 1856, "summary": [{"text": "wattebledia is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the generic name wattebledia is in honor of french malacologist gustave-\u00e9duard joseph wattebled ( 1844-1886 ) . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "wattebledia", "paragraphs": ["bithyniidae \u00bb wattebledia crosseana , id : 724133 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nwattebledia is a genus of freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .\nwattebledia crosseana is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family bithyniidae .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : wattebledia crosseana ( g . e . j . wattebled , 1886 ) - id : 5202000097\nthe genera wattebledia and bithynia formed monophyletic clusters as well , but gabbia did not . the selection of neotricula aperta gamma strain ( in the same superfamily ) from genbank as the outgroup appeared legitimate as it clustered separately from other snails in family bithyniidae . increased taxon , geographic , and gene sampling would be worthwhile to further explore the two \u2018barcode outliers\u2019 and the ability of coi to infer geographic provenance and phylogenetic affinities in this group .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : kulsantiwong j , prasopdee s , ruangsittichai j , ruangjirachuporn w , boonmars t , viyanant v , et al . ( 2013 ) dna barcode identification of freshwater snails in the family bithyniidae from thailand . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e79144 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 kulsantiwong et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the study was supported by the higher education research promotion and national research university project ( nru ) of thailand , and the office of the higher education commission , ministry of education of thailand and through the health cluster ( shep - gms ) , khon kaen university , thailand . jutharat kulsantiwong thanks the office of the higher education commission for supporting her phd program ( che ) in the department of parasitology , faculty of medicine , khon kaen university , thammasat university , and udonthani rajabhat university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nmolecular taxonomic methods have been used extensively to complement morphological approaches for species identification , and for establishing phylogenetic relationships [ 1 - 10 ] . particularly , species identification through dna barcoding has seen rapid adoption over the past decade . prior dna barcode studies have clearly established their effectiveness in the delimitation of animal species , and also contributed several advantages [ 11 - 13 ] . the ability of dna barcoding to identify all life stages has particular importance in medical parasitology , where it is not only important to identify the parasite and its final host , but also all its life stages and its intermediate hosts . thus , a multidisciplinary method of classification that includes morphological , molecular and distributional data is an essential prerequisite for understanding the epidemiology of any parasite - induced disease [ 7 ] .\nthe present study is the first to explore the application of dna barcoding in species identification in the family bithyniidae . we analyzed variation of the coi barcode region within 10 species / subspecies of bithyniidae using pairwise sequence comparisons . we then examined the effectiveness of dna barcoding in differentiating among these species .\neach snail was subsequently examined for trematode infections by testing for cercarial shedding twice within a week . prior to cercarial shedding , the snails were cleaned with dechlorinated tap - water . shedding was induced under 25 w electric light bulbs for 2 hours at room temperature during the day . for species that shed cercaria at night , black covers were used to achieve total darkness and snails were allowed to shed overnight . uninfected snails were soaked in phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) containing antibiotics ( 200 unit / ml of penicillin and 100 \u00b5g / ml of streptomycin ) for 3 to 4 hours before extraction of dna to ensure that bacterial contamination was minimized .\neach snail was dissected to remove its soft body parts , and kept at - 20 \u00b0c until further analysis . each specimen was labeled , databased and imaged . all specimen records are in the project \u2018jut - mitochondrial dna barcodes identification for snail in family bithyniidae in thailand\u2019 on bold , the barcode of life data systems [ 38 ] .\ntotal genomic dna was extracted from whole snail tissue using methods similar to those in winnepenninckx et al . [ 39 ] . snail tissue was first homogenized in lysis buffer ( 2 % w / v cetyltri - ammonium bromide ; ctab , 1 . 4 m nacl , 0 . 2 % v / v \u03b2 - mercaptoethanol , 20 mm edta , 100 mm trishcl ph 8 , 0 . 2 mg / ml proteinase k ) , and then incubated at 55 \u00b0c for 6 hours . subsequently , proteins were precipitated using phenol / chloroform ( 1 : 1 ) once , followed by phenol / chloroform / isoamylalcohol ( 25 : 24 : 1 ) , centrifuged at 13 , 000 g for 10 min ( 4 \u00b0c ) twice , and finally washed with chloroform ( 1 : 1 ) . the upper aqueous layer was removed , and dna was precipitated in isopropanol ( 2 : 3 v / v ) , mixed gently by inverting the tube a few times , put on ice for 15 min , and then spun in a microcentrifuge at 13 , 000 g for 5 min . after centrifugation , the supernatant was discarded ; the dna pellets were washed in 75 % absolute ethanol , and centrifuged at 13 , 000 g for 5 min . after air - drying , the dna pellet was re - suspended in te buffer ( 10 mm tris , 1mm edta , ph 8 . 0 ) and stored at - 20 \u00b0c until analysis . the dna concentration and purity were estimated by spectrophotometer ( nanovue , ge healthcare uk limited , buckinghamshire , uk ) at an absorbance of 260 and 280 nm wavelengths . the extracted genomic dna was then diluted to a working concentration of 10 ng / \u00b5l .\nforward and reverse dna sequences were assembled , and edited using chromas version 2 . 23 [ 46 ] , bioedit v . 5 . 0 . 6 [ 47 ] and codoncode v . 3 . 01 ( codoncode corporation , dedham , ma ) . alignment and homology analysis were performed using clustal x v . 1 . 8 [ 48 ] and mega 4 [ 49 ] with pairwise nucleotide sequence divergences calculated using the kimura 2 - parameter ( k2p ) model [ 50 ] . base composition and distance summaries were obtained using the tools provided on the bold workbench ( www . boldsystems . org ) [ 38 ] , but only sequences \u2265 350 bp were included in the analysis . a neighbour - joining ( nj ) tree was also created using bold to provide a preliminary display of the sequence divergences .\npairwise distances ( k2p ) for coi sequences from snail species in the family bithyniidae separated into two categories : ( a ) intraspecific ; ( b ) interspecific .\nthe high intraspecific divergences in w . crosseana and g . wykoffi could indicate the presence of previously unrecognized cryptic species . dna barcoding has proven invaluable at detecting cryptic species , which in many cases , are subsequently corroborated by life history , morphological or other character sets [ 51 - 54 ] . for these two snail species , the clusters represent allopatric populations with no apparent morphological differences , so it is currently unclear if they represent merely isolated populations or separate entities with differences yet to be revealed . conversely , the sharing of identical barcode sequence in g . pygmaea and one northern thailand population of g . wykoffi may be indicative of introgressive hybridization , incomplete lineage sorting , misidentification , or a previously unrecognized synonymy . further investigations into these groups are necessary to untangle and confirm these predictions and the use of more holistic approaches to delimit species boundaries will be beneficial .\nan important finding in the present study is that the three first intermediate hosts ( b . s . siamensis , b . s . goniomphalos and b . funiculata ) of southeast asian liver fluke can all be distinguished by coi barcodes . all three taxa of bithynia sp . form monophyletic clusters , with 1 . 5 % divergence between the two subspecies of b . siamensis and both subspecies had 7 . 1 % divergence from b . funiculata ( table 3 ) . because the two subspecies of b . siamensis are morphologically indistinguishable , the capacity of dna barcoding to discriminate them is significant . moreover , morphological similarity has created taxonomic confusion and difficulties in the accurate identification of b . s . siamensis and b . s . goniomphalos which are currently believed to be distributed in the north , central , south and northeast of thailand [ 26 , 29 , 36 - 38 ] . as well , the capacity to rapidly diagnose all stages of the host\u2019s life cycle is essential for better understanding of the epidemiology of this parasite - induced disease .\nneighbour - joining tree ( k2p ) for 10 species / subspecies of snails in the family bithyniidae .\nthe number of individuals for each branch is given in parentheses . a detailed version of this tree , including locality information , is provided in figure s1 .\nsimilar studies which have also been reported in other organisms [ 52 - 59 ] , yet over all dna barcoding has proven reliable in identifying species in more than 90 % of the organisms investigated [ 60 ] . the neighbour - joining tree and me analysis also revealed that in general , individuals tended to cluster in accordance with collection localities ( supporting information , figure s1 , s2 ) . the results from me analysis were very similar to the neighbor - joining analysis so the latter was used to generate diagrams .\nin summary , the present study has studied genetic - variation in ten species / subspecies of bithyniidae from thailand using coi . sequence divergences were lower for intraspecific than congeneric comparison . using coi , 80 % of the studied snail taxa could accurately identified . in comparison with other methods for identifying snails in this family , dna barcoding is quicker , easier and more applicable , it is suitable for young snail identification which will be beneficial for understanding the epidemiology of opisthorchiasis transmission .\nneighbour - joining tree ( distance model : kimura - 2 - parameter ) of profile and test taxa ; includes a list of bold with process id , taxa names , length of sequence and locality .\nminimum evolution tree ( me ) of 218 coi sequences of 10 species / subspecies of snails in the family bithyniidae . the number of individuals for each branch is given in parentheses .\nwe thank the staffs of the biodiversity institute of ontario , university of guelph , ontario , canada , especially mr . sean prosser for providing technical advice . dr . jeff webb aided with data analysis , while dr . jeremy r . dewaard provided valuable comments on the manuscript . we also thank assistant professor dr . pairat tarbsripair , the malacologist who confirmed our identification species of the specimens . fieldwork that provided the basis for this work would not have been completed without the gracious support from dr . pairat tarbsripair , dr . supawadee piratae , dr . panita khampoosa , chalermlap donthaisong , patpicha arunsan , dr . apiporn suwannatrai , and kulwadee suwannatrai .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jk st wr tb vv jr . performed the experiments : jk . analyzed the data : jk sp jr tb pp . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : jk sp pp pdnh . wrote the manuscript : jk st vv pp pdnh . collected specimens : sp . commentation : wr tb .\nthomas w , davis gm , chen ce , zhou xn , zeng px et al . 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( 1994 ) parasite - associated morbidity : liver fluke infection and bile duct cancer in northeast thailand . int j parasitol 24 : 833 - 843 . doi :\nvatanasapt v , parkin dm , sriamporn s ( 2000 ) epidemiology of liver cancer in thailand . in : v . vatanasaptb . sripa . liver cancer in thailand : epidemiology , diagnosis and control . khon kaen , thailand : siriphan press . pp . 3 - 6 .\nwatanapa p , watanapa wb ( 2002 ) liver fluke - associated cholangiocarcinoma . br j surg 89 : 962 - 970 . doi :\nhonjo s , srivatanakul p , sriplung h , kikukawa h , hanai s et al . ( 2005 ) genetic and environmental determinants of risk for cholangiocarcinoma via\nin a densely infested area in nakhon phanom , northeast thailand . int j cancer 117 : 854 - 860 . doi :\nbrandt ram ( 1974 ) the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv mollusken 105 : 1 - 423 .\ntropmed technical group ( 1986 ) snails of medical importance in southeast asia . southeast asian j trop med public health 17 : 282 - 322 . pubmed :\nsri - aroon p , butraporn p , limsomboon j , kerdpuech y , kaewpoolsri m et al . ( 2005 ) freshwater mollusks of medical importance in kalasin province , northeast thailand . southeast asian j trop med public health 36 : 653 - 657 . pubmed :\nrollinson d , stothard jr , jones cs , lockyer ae , de souza cp et al . ( 1998 ) molecular characterization of intermediate snail hosts and the search for resistance genes . mem inst oswaldo cruz 93 : 111 - 116 . doi :\n( motschulsky ) ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) . syst entomol 30 : 499 - 509 . doi :\nrojo s , stahls g , perez - banon c ( 2006 ) testing molecular barcodes : invariant mitochondrial dna sequences vs . the larval and adult morphology of west palaearctic\nspecies ( diptera : syrphidae : paragini ) . eur j entomol 103 : 443 - 458 .\npuillandre n , strong ee , bouchet p , boisselier mc , couloux a et al . ( 2009 ) identifying gastropod spawn from dna barcodes : possible but not yet practicable . mol ecol resour 9 : 1311 - 1321 . doi :\nshufran ka , puterka gj ( 2011 ) dna barcoding to identify all life stages of holocycliccereal aphids ( hemiptera : aphididae ) on wheat and other poaceae . ann entomol soc am 104 : 39 - 42 . doi :\nchitramvong yp , upatham es ( 1989 ) a new species of freshwater snail for thailand ( prosobranchia : bithyniidae ) . walkerana 3 : 179 - 186 .\nchitramvong yp ( 1991 ) the bithyniidae ( gastropoda : prosobanchia ) of thailand : comparative internal anatomy . walkerana 5 : 161 - 206 .\nchitramvong yp ( 1992 ) the bithyniidae ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) of thailand : comparative external morphology . malacol rev 25 : 21 - 38 .\nsri - aroon p , butraporn p , limsoomboon j , kaewpoolsri m , chusongsang y et al . ( 2007 ) freshwater mollusks at designated areas in eleven provinces of thailand according to the water resource development projects . southeast asian j trop med public health 38 : 294 - 301 . pubmed :\nupatham es , sornmani s , kitikoon v , lohachit c , burch jb ( 1983 ) identification key for the fresh - and brackish - water snails of thailand . malacol rev 16 : 107 - 132 .\nratnasingham s , hebert pdn ( 2007 ) bold : the barcode of life data system . retrieved onpublished at whilst december year 1111 from .\nwinnepenninckx b , backeljau t , de wachter r ( 1993 ) extraction of high molecular weight dna from mollusks . trends genet 9 : 407 . doi :\ncanadian centre for dna barcoding ( ccdb ) ( 2008 ) advancing species identification and discovery . available :\nfolmer o , black m , hoeh w , lutz r , vrijenhoek r ( 1994 ) dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . mol mar biol biotechnol 3 : 294 - 299 . pubmed :\nivanova nv , zemlak ts , hanner rh , hebert pdn ( 2007 ) universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding . mol ecol notes 7 : 544\u2013548 . doi :\nivanova nv , dewaard jr , hajibabaei m , hebert pdn ( 2005 ) protocols for high volume dna barcoding . available :\nivanova n , grainger c ( 2006 ) pre - made frozen pcr and sequencing plates . ccdb advances , methods release no . 4 . available : .\n. ca / pa / ge / research / protocols / ccdb - advances . accessed 30 nov 2008 .\n. ccdb advances , methods release . retrieved onpublished at whilst december year 1111 from .\n. retrieved on . published at whilst december year 1111 from / pa / ge / research / protocols / ccdb - advances . accessed 30 nov 2008 .\nhall t ( 2008 ) bioedit sequence alignment editor for windows 95 / 98 / nt / xp . available : .\nlarkin ma , blackshields g , brown np , chenna r , mcgettigan pa et al . ( 2007 ) clustal w and clustal x version 2 . 0 . bioinformatics 23 : 2947 - 2948 . doi :\ntamura k , dudley j , nei m , kumar s ( 2007 ) mega4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4 . 0 . mol biol evol 24 : 1596 - 1599 . available :\nkimura m ( 1980 ) a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences . j mol evol 16 : 111 - 120 . doi :\n. proc natl acad sci u s a 101 : 14812 - 14817 . doi :\nsmith ma , rodriguez jj , whitfield jb , deans ar , janzen dh et al . ( 2008 ) extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history , dna barcoding , morphology , and collections . proc natl acad sci u s a 105 : 12359 - 12364 . doi :\n( robertson ) species group ( hymenoptera , halictidae ) . zootaxa 2032 : 1 - 38 .\noxidase i and internal transcriber spacer sequences . int j parasitol 40 : 333 - 343 . doi :\nmeyer cp , paulay g ( 2005 ) dna barcoding : error rates based on comprehensive sampling . plos biol 3 : e422 . doi :\nmeier r , shiyang k , vaidya g , ng pkl ( 2006 ) dna barcoding and taxonomy in diptera : a tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success . syst biol 55 : 715 - 728 . doi :\n( diptera : calliphoridae ) . proc r soc lond b 274 : 1731 - 1739 . doi :\nlinares mc , soto - calder\u00f3n id , lees dc , anthony nm ( 2009 ) high mitochondrial diversity in geographically widespread butterflies of madagascar : a test of the dna barcoding approach . mol phylogenet evol 50 : 485 - 495 . doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\n( of bithynia crosseana wattebled , 1884 ) wattebled g . ( 1884 ) . description de mollusques in\u00e9dits , recueillis par m . le capitaine dorr , en cochinchine . journal de conchyliologie . 32 : 125 - 131 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 127 , pl . 6 fig . 4 [ details ]\nbrandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 64 , pl . 5 , figs . 66 - 67 [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1948 ) . handbook of medically important mollusks of the orient and the western pacific . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 100 ( 3 ) : 245 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 281 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .\nthis species is known from several irrigation canals and reservoirs in thailand , including the lam ta khong reservoir in nakhon ratchasima ( tesana , 2002 ) and paddy fields and canals of several locations in chiang mai province ( ngern - klun 2006 ) , khon kaen province ( kittivorachate and yangyuen 2004 ) . further limited populations have also been found in nakorn sri thammarat province ( manning 1970 ) , surin province , and sriracha province . the species is also reported from close to the myanmar and cambodian borders , suggesting this species may also be found within these countries ( brandt 1974 ) , and there is a record from perlis state , northern peninsular malaysia ( malacology collection , academy of natural sciences , philadelphia ) .\n, including this species , was found to be the third most abundant mollusc in khon kane reservoir , with the highest populations occurring in june ( kittivorachate 2004 ) . in addition , this species was found to be one of the dominant species of mollusc at depths of around 8 m ( kittivorachate 2004 ) .\nfurther mollusc collections in chiang mai province found this species to be the second most abundant during the rainy season ( ngern - klun 2006 ) .\nthis species was collected from artificial reservoirs at a benthic depth range of 0 . 5 - 8 m ( kittivorachete 2004 ) . it has been found in cargo shipments to the usa , but has not become established ( perez\n2004 ) . a general molluscan survey of lam ta khong reservoir across three seasons found an extremely low density of this species ( tesana , 2002 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place . further research on this species is recommended to clarify its abundance , distribution , life history and ecology and threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 636 seconds . )\nthailand . ban houy near udorn thani . ex coll . r . brandt . 12 october 1963 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies . to find out more , see our\nj . nucl . energy , part c plasma phys . ( 1959 - 1966 )\nj . opt . a : pure appl . opt . ( 1999 - 2009 )\nj . opt . b : quantum semiclass . opt . ( 1999 - 2005 )\nj . phys . c : solid state phys . ( 1968 - 1988 )\n1 department of biology , faculty of mathematics and natural sciences , bogor agricultural university , indonesia .\nw priawandiputra et al 2017 iop conf . ser . : earth environ . sci . 58 012007\ncontent from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 licence . any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author ( s ) and the title of the work , journal citation and doi .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies .\nthe specific name crosseana is in honor of french conchologist joseph charles hippolyte crosse .\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nabbott r . t . ( 1948 ) . handbook of medically important mollusks of the orient and the western pacific . < em > bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . < / em > 100 ( 3 ) : 245 - 328 ."]}
{"id": 1884, "summary": [{"text": "the light-mantled albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata ) also known as the grey-mantled albatross or the light-mantled sooty albatross , is a small albatross in the genus phoebetria , which it shares with the sooty albatross .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the light-mantled albatross was first described as phoebetria palpebrata by johann reinhold forster , in 1785 , based on a specimen from south of the cape of good hope . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "light - mantled albatross", "paragraphs": ["a light mantled albatross , or light mantled sooty albatross , phoebetria palpebrata , on south georgia , on nesting cliffs at grytviken , calling to its mate .\nlight - mantled sooty albatross , south georgia . [ photo caoimhe g \u00a9 ]\ninformation on the light - mantled albatross is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nlight - mantled albatross young and eggs are prey to rats , feral cats , and giant petrels .\n' light - mantled albatross feeding chick , campbell island , new . . . by wayfair | havenly\nthere are no captive populations of the light - mantled sooty albatross ( international species information system 2008 ) .\nlight - mantled albatrosses can live for longer than 40 years in the wild .\nthere are about 87 , 000 light - mantled albatrosses in the world today .\nlight - mantled albatrosses are not known to have any negative effects on humans .\nspecies assessments : light - mantled albatross phoebetria palpebrata ( agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels , 2010b ) .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross breeds at three locations within australian jurisdiction : heard island , macdonald islands and macquarie island .\nlight - mantled sooty albatross are the most abundant breeding albatrosses on macquarie island , where approximately 1000 pairs nest every year .\nthe breeding cycle of light - mantled sooty albatross is the same as that of wandering albatross , i . e . once every two years . however , the fledging period of light - mantled sooty albatrosses is only five months , while the fledging period of wandering albatross is almost one year .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross does not undergo extreme natural fluctuations in population size , extent of occurrence or area of occupancy .\nthe diet of light - mantled sooty albatross is primarily composed of cephalopods and euphausiids , but they also take fish and carrion .\nlight - mantled sooty albatrosses have a dark grey head and a light grey body with a distinctive white crescent surrounding most of the eye .\ncaption : light - mantled sooty albatross at nest site , pair bonding behaviour , ( phoebetria palpebrata ) ; elsehul , south georgia .\nthomas g ( 1982 ) the food and feeding ecology of the light - mantled sooty albatross at south georgia . emu 82 : 92\u2013100\nlight - mantled sooty albatross . adult in flight showing light blue mandible stripe and eye crescent . enderby island , auckland islands , january 2016 . image \u00a9 tony whitehead by tony whitehead urltoken\nrange : the light - mantled albatross has circumpolar range in southern ocean . it breeds from south georgia e to campbell and antipodes islands .\nlight - mantled sooty albatrosses regularly dive in order to feed and can dive to below 12 m .\nagreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels ( 2010b ) . species assessments : light - mantled albatross phoebetria palpebrata . available from : urltoken .\nin the 19 th century , light - mantled sooty albatrosses were named ' blue bird ' by sealers because their plumage looked blue in strong antarctic light .\nagreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels 2012 . acap species assessment : light - mantled albatross phoebetria palpebrata . downloaded from urltoken 1 october 2012 .\nthomas , g . , j . croxall , p . prince . 1983 . breeding biology of the light - mantled sooty albatross at south georgia .\nweimerskirch , h . , g . robertson . 1994 . satellite tracking of light - mantled sooty albatrosses .\ncroxall , j . 2008 .\noldest light - mantled sooty albatross\n( on - line ) . accessed april 04 , 2008 at email correspondence .\nunlike the other species of albatross breeding at south georgia , breeding light - mantled albatross are dispersed in low numbers around the entire coastline making it very difficult to monitor their population trends . nevertheless , south georgia is known to host the largest population of light - mantled albatross in the world . considered to be the most southerly of all the albatross species , these birds often forage close to the antarctic .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - light - mantled albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - light - mantled albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata )\ntitle =\narkive species - light - mantled albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n4 . the light - mantled albatross\u2019 method of soaring is so energy - efficient that it actually uses up less energy than when they\u2019re sitting in a nest .\nwaugh , s . m . 2013 . light - mantled sooty albatross . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross is only likely to be confused with the closely - related sooty albatross ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) . adults of the two species can generally be distinguished by the colour of the upperparts ( grey or light - grey in light - mantled sooty albatross and greyish - brown to blackish in sooty albatross ) and the colour of the sulcus ( pale blue or violet in light - mantled sooty albatross and creamy to creamy - yellow or orange in sooty albatross ) . however , adult sooty albatrosses in worn plumage and immature sooty albatrosses can also have pale upperparts , making separation more difficult or , in some instances , impossible ( harrison 1983 ; marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nthe light - mantled albatross does not need to run for taking - off . it propels itself outwards from the steep slope where it is nesting . its agile flight allows elaborated aerial courtship displays . this albatross is a graceful glider .\n3 . light - mantled albatrosses are masters of gliding , able to travel thousands of kilometres on wind currents without flapping their wings .\nfive species of chewing lice have been identified from light - mantled albatrosses . they are also hosts of a new species of flea (\nphoebetria palpebrata ( light - mantled sooty albatross ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014vo ) [ state action plan ] .\nmorlan , j . ( 1994 ) . light - mantled sooty albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata ) over cordell banks , marin county , california . australasian seabird group newsletter . 27 : 5 - 8 .\na national recovery plan for albatrosses and giant - petrels has been developed and implemented ( environment australia 2001f ) . this recovery plan identifies the following objectives to aid the conservation of the light - mantled sooty albatross , and other albatross and giant - petrels :\nthe light - mantled sooty is suffering heavily from long line fishing . they are seen to follow ships regularly . they feed mainly on squid .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross is highly territorial . pairs defend their nest sites against conspecifics ( for example , other pairs of light - mantled sooty albatross ) and sooty albatrosses ( phoebetria fusca ) ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) . the defended area can be quite small with nests in colonies often separated by distances of less than 3 m ( berruti 1979 ; sorensen 1950 ; weimerskirch et al . 1986 ) .\nthis paper is one of the few documented records of light - mantled albatross in brazil , noting that more records should be published in scientific journals to understand more the distribution and dispersion pattern of this species .\nkerry , k . r . and colback , g . c . ( 1972 ) . follow that band ! light - mantled sooty albatross on macquarie island . australian bird bander . 10 : 61 - 62 .\n) . light - mantled albatrosses can deliver meals up to 1 . 5 kg to their young , up to one half of this mass is liquid .\nthe generation length of the light - mantled sooty albatross is estimated to be 40 years . this estimate is based on documented life - history data for related taxa with similar ecological requirements ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nkerry , k . r . & b . r . garland ( 1984 ) . the breeding biology of the light - mantled sooty albatross phoebetria palpebrata on macquarie island . tasmanian naturalist . 79 : 21 - 23 .\nsorensen , j . h . ( 1950 ) . the light - mantled sooty albatross at campbell island . n . z . department of science and industrial research . cape expedition series . , bulletin no . 8 .\narguably the most beautiful albatross , the light\u2013mantled sooty in new zealand waters breeds on the antidopes , auckland and campbell islands . the largest breeding colonies are to be found on south georgia , the kerguelen and auckland islands .\nthe breeding distribution of the light - mantled sooty albatross is naturally fragmented with individuals nesting on widely - separated islands across the southern reaches of the atlantic and indian oceans ( brooke 2004 ; gales 1998 ; tickell 2000 ) .\nnests of light - mantled sooty albatross are made from mud with some plant material , and is usually lined with grasses . it is a low mound , 15 - 30 cm high and 45 - 55 cm at base .\nlight - mantled albatrosses tend to be solitary while at sea , and only form loosely - associated breeding colonies , if at all , during the mating season .\nlight - mantled albatrosses mature sexually starting at 8 years old . they will continue to mate until they are around 30 years old , mating every second year .\nweimerskirch , h . & g . robertson ( 1994 ) . satellite tracking of light - mantled sooty albatrosses . polar biology . 14 : 123 - 129 .\nlight - mantled sooty albatross are solitary nesters , although occasionally they will nest in small colonies of up to 15 nests . little is known of their behaviour during the non - breeding period , which is spent entirely at sea .\nat sea , light - mantled sooty albatrosses sometimes forage in association with wandering albatrosses ( diomedea exulans ) ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) . the wandering albatross is listed as a threatened , marine and migratory species under the epbc act .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross feeds on fish , cephalopods ( for example squid and octopus ) , crustaceans and carrion ( for example penguins , prions and seals ) ( cherel & klages 1998 ; green et al . 1998 ) .\nlight - mantled sooty albatross diet has been studied at south georgia , crozet and prince edward islands . it feeds mainly on squid ( 33 - 56 % of diet by fresh mass ) , followed by fish ( 10 - 45 % ) and crustaceans ( 4 - 40 % ) , with large variation in the importance of these last two groups by breeding site . analyses of squid species present in the diet show that light - mantled sooty albatrosses feed closer to the antarctic than other albatross species .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross is one of a pair of sooty albatross species that have extremely pointed wings , wedge - shaped tails , and chocolate - brown colouration . their flight is effortless , and courting birds at breeding grounds are often seen in pairs in a synchronised aerodynamic display . the light - mantled sooty albatross is brown all over , except the greyish - brown mantle and back , which give it its name . a white crescent of feathers around the eye , and a pale blue stripe along the lower mandible contrasts with otherwise black bill and dark - brown head .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross usually occurs solitarily or in small groups when at sea ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) . it breeds solitarily or in small colonies of up to 15 nests ( tickell 2000 ; weimerskirch et al . 1986 , 1989 ) .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross is a pelagic marine species that occurs over continental shelf / slope and deeper waters in the sub - tropical , sub - antarctic and antarctic zones . the species breeds on sub - antarctic islands and rocky islets where pairs nest on cliffs and steep slopes ( downes et al . 1959 ; marchant & higgins 1990 ; reid et al . 2002 ; tickell 2000 ) . the light - mantled sooty albatross does not occur in any of the threatened ecological communities listed under the epbc act .\nprotection / threats / status : the light - mantled albatross is always threatened by interactions with long line fishing operations . the bird can be injured or killed by ingestion of baited hooks when following the fish boats . in the same way , they can be killed by drowning when they are dragged underwater by the heavy fishing gear . introduced cats and rats , and natural avian predators kill the chicks at nest . adults are vulnerable to marine pollution and disturbances . the light - mantled albatross is currently classified as near threatened .\nwhile at sea , light - mantled albatrosses have a range of thousands of miles . in their nesting habitat , however , their home territory is a small rocky outcropping on a cliffside .\nthomas , g . , j . p . croxall & p . a . prince ( 1983 ) . breeding biology of the light - mantled sooty albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata ) at south georgia . journal of zoology ( london ) . 199 : 123 - 135 .\n1 . like some other sea birds light - mantled albatrosses have a gland above their nasal passages that produces a saline solution to help expel excess salt taken in from sea water while feeding .\nsky - pointing is one of the stereotyped actions of laysan albatross breeding dances .\nchick metabolic rate and growth in three species of albatross : a comparative study .\nthe light - mantled albatross can start breeding at 6 years old , but usually mostly at 12 years old . this species is long - lived with a lifespan of about 30 - 32 years . mates pair for life . they perform long sequences of stereotyped postures during displays , accompanied by various sounds and calls . these displays are performed while the birds are facing each other . the light - mantled albatross has low breeding productivity throughout the range . it has biennial breeding rate and one pair produces on average one young every 3 - 4 years .\nlight - mantled albatrosses are generally surface - fishers , diving only about 5 metres on average . they will sometimes follow dolphins and whales and use the mammals\u2019 herding of fish to their own benefit .\nthe \u201calbatross with light eyebrows\u201d taken during cook\u2019s first voyage in the south indian ocean , was an example of this species , and formed the basis of forster\u2019s description of diomedea palpebrata published in 1785 .\nthe closely related sooty albatross lacks the pale mantle .\nthere are two key australian management documents for the light - mantled sooty albatross : national recovery plan for albatrosses and giant - petrels ( environment australia 2001f ) and a threat abatement plan for the incidental catch or bycatch of seabirds during longline fishing operations ( australian antarctic division 2006 ) .\nterauds , a . & r . gales ( 2006 ) . provisioning strategies and growth patterns of light - mantled sooty albatrosses phoebetria palpebrata on macquarie island . polar biology . 29 : 917 - 926 .\nthe features of the light - mantled albatross are very different from the adult of the sooty albatross , although it can be confused with the plumage in the first year of this species ( see harrison , 1983 ) . however the immature sooty albatross has a clearer pale head , gray or black sulcus and the tail lacks pale shafts , while the adult of the light - mantled albatross has bluish sulcus and white shafts ( figures 1c and d ) ( harrison , 1983 ; onley and scofield , 2007 ) . the bird found was quite weak , possibly dehydrated , and unable to take flight . it later died , and there was no time to transport it to some environmental agency or research institution ; so , the bird was buried .\nthe agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels ( acap 2007 ) , of which australia is a signatory , has established a working group on the taxonomy of albatrosses and petrels . the light - mantled sooty albatross is considered to be a conventionally accepted species by this taxonomic working group .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the light - mantled albatross , like other albatrosses , produces the typical rattling sound by quick bill - clattering . cries , grunts and moans are heard too during displays . it is silent at sea but it gives eerie calls in flight .\nalbatrosses ( procellariiformes : diomedeidae ) are large birds that mostly occur in the southern hemisphere ( sick , 1997 ) . this family is represented by ten species in brazil , two belonging to the genus phoebetria : the light - mantled albatross p . palpebrata ( foster , 1785 ) and the sooty albatross p . fusca ( hilsenberg , 1822 ) ( cbro , 2014 ) .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross is a small dark albatross , with a body form honed for rapid flight . it has a dark sooty - brown body and head , with greyish - brown neck and back feathers , which distinguishes it from the similar - looking sooty albatross . the bill is dark with a pale blue stripe along the lower mandible , and there is a crescent of white feathers around the eye , giving the bird a slightly comical aspect .\na northern royal albatross in flight at the colony in taiaroa head , new zealand .\nphylogenetic relationships of the four albatross genera . based on nunn et al . 1996 .\nlight - mantled albatrosses , along with other albatross species ( diomedeidae ) , are long - lived and slow to reproduce . they are increasingly being threatened by long - line fishing and by ingestion of plastic trash in the ocean . they are currently considered near threatened by the iucn and populations are declining .\nphillips , r . a . , j . r . d . silk & j . p . croxall ( 2005 ) . foraging and provisioning strategies of the light - mantled sooty albatross at south georgia : competition and co - existence with sympatric pelagic predators . marine ecology progress series . 285 : 259 - 270 .\nlight - mantled sooty albatrosses follow longline fishing vessels to feed on cast baits and discarded scraps . this behaviour exposes them to incidental mortality through interactions with fishing vessels ( baker et al . 2002 ; gales 1993 , 1998 ) .\nvoice : light - mantled sooty albatrosses are generally silent at sea . at colonies they give the characteristic \u2018sky call\u2019 pee - aahh , and a braying threat call used to challenge other albatrosses and humans . bill snapping is also common .\n) are thought to be predators that are capable of preying on young albatrosses . feral cats are also potential predators on breeding islands . however , the size and isolated nesting habitat of light - mantled albatrosses make them unlikely candidates for predation .\n( a ) individual of light - mantled albatross found at vilatur beach , municipality of saquarema , rio de janeiro ; ( b ) side view ; ( c ) dorsal view showing features of the plumage and the white shafts of the tail ; ( d ) head showing the black bill with bluish sulcus ( photo by gustavo corr\u00eaa ) .\nunlike most procellariiformes , albatrosses , like this black - footed albatross , can walk well on land .\nchick metabolic rate and growth in three species of albatross : a comparative study . - pubmed - ncbi\nby using a combination of wind currents and gravity ( referred to as \u201cdynamic soaring\u201d ) light - mantled albatrosses can fly 110 metres with a drop of only 5 metres as the cost . they can fly at speeds of over 110 km per hour .\niucn . 2004 . red list : albatross species . world conservation union . retrieved september 13 , 2005 .\nlight - mantled sooty albatrosses are found around the southern ocean , with a circumpolar breeding distribution . they are thought to frequent less productive areas of the ocean , and are not commonly found on shelf - breaks or frontal zones . due to their lack of tolerance of handling , few satellite tracking studies have been undertaken . they forage in southern ocean waters from 40\u00b0 s to the antarctic ice edge , and are perhaps the most southerly foraging of all albatross species . light - mantled sooty albatrosses tend to be solitary at sea , and don\u2019t follow vessels or scavenge on fisheries waste to the same extent as most other small albatrosses .\n2 . light - mantled albatrosses are one of the species of birds that produce foul - smelling oil in their stomachs that can be used to feed their young , feed themselves during long flights , or can be sprayed out of their mouths to deter predators .\ngreen , k . , k . r . kerry , t . disney & m . r . clarke ( 1998 ) . dietary studies of light - mantled sooty albatrosses phoebetria palpebrata from macquarie and heard islands . marine ornithology . 26 : 19 - 26 .\nthe key breeding population of the light - mantled sooty albatross within australian jurisdiction , based purely on the number of breeding pairs , is the population on macquarie island . however , as the total breeding population within australia is estimated at only 1600 or more pairs , all three breeding populations are likely to be important for the long - term persistence of the species within australia .\nwhile in flight , light - mantled albatrosses spend about 77 % of the time gliding , 23 % of the time flap gliding , and 0 % of the time flapping . their small flight muscles rely on wind and ocean updrafts to support their long soaring times .\nthe total breeding population of the light - mantled sooty albatross within australian jurisdiction is estimated at 1600 or more pairs . this figure is based on estimates of 500 pairs ( minimum ) at heard island ( woehler 2006 ) and 1110 pairs at macquarie island ( terauds 2000 ) and the presence of a small but non - quantified population at the mcdonald islands ( johnstone 1980 ) .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross exhibits low breeding productivity throughout its range . pairs that breed successfully do not breed again for another two or three seasons . this behaviour , combined with low fecundity and modest rates of breeding success , means that pairs produce on average one fledging every three to four years ( brooke 2004 ; jouventin & weimerskirch 1988 ; kerry & garland 1984 ) .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs between september / october and may / june . the light - mantled albatross often breeds solitary , but it can sometimes form very loose colonies . the nest - site is established on cliff ledges and steep slopes , usually backed by rock or earth . both adults build a low truncated cone - shaped nest with mud and plant materials .\nin the new zealand region light - mantled sooty albatross nest on the antipodes ( 250 pairs ) , auckland ( 5000 pairs ) and campbell ( 1600 pairs ) islands and on nearby macquarie island . the new zealand populations account for around 30 % of the global population , with a world total of around 20 , 000 breeding pairs . population trend information is lacking for new zealand sites .\nthe breeding population of the light - mantled sooty albatross within australian jurisdiction appears to be stable based on the few surveys conducted ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . historically , numbers may have declined during the 19th century when whalers frequented both heard and macquarie islands and probably exploited the species for food , but no anecdotal or quantitative evidence is available to confirm this ( environment australia 2001f ) .\nlight - mantled albatrosses invest heavily in their offspring . males and females incubate the egg for 70 days , sharing incubation in seven to nine shifts that last from 1 to 29 days in length , but average 2 to 3 days . this is the longest average incubation for any\n5 . the soaring however is at the mercy of the winds . if winds drop below speeds of about 18 km per hour the light - mantled albatross will not have enough lift to stay afloat . if winds get too heavy they will be blown off - course . if they have to flap much their big wings meet too much air resistance and they tire out at a rapid pace .\nlight - mantled albatrosses take about seven months to complete a breeding cycle . once the fledgling flies , parents have only three to four months before the next summer . this is not enough time to prepare to breed again , so they stay at sea for an entire summer and winter , this gives them at least 14 to 15 months between breeding seasons . on average , birds do not start breeding until 12 years of age , after that they fledge a chick every five years . light - mantled albatrosses are also capable of breeding until at least age 32 .\nhabitat : the light - mantled albatross is pelagic and marine . it usually occurs in colder waters than p . fusca , over the continental shelf but also in deeper waters in southern ocean . it breeds on remote sub - antarctic islands and rocky islets . the nest - site is established on cliff ledges and steep slopes . however , it may also nest inland , among tussock grass and ferns .\nthe remains of this laysan albatross chick show the plastic ingested prior to death , including a bottle cap and lighter .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross forages entirely at sea . it obtains most of its food by floating on the surface of the ocean and plucking prey items from the water with its bill ( termed ' surface seizing ' ) . it occasionally forages by diving under water while floating on the surface ( ' surface diving ' ) or by plunging into the water from in flight and partially submerging or submerging to just below the surface ( ' surface plunging ' and ' shallow plunging ' ) ( harper et al . 1985 ) . individuals fitted with depth gauges have recorded dives to 12 m below the surface . the depths of these dives , combined with the streamlined body of the light - mantled sooty albatross , suggests that individuals probably employ some form of active swimming to attain such depths ( prince et al . 1994b ) .\nthey are one of the smaller albatross in the antarctic and subantarctic , with a wingspan of approximately 2 . 2 metres .\nbbc news . 2005 . albatross chicks attacked by mice . jonathan amos , science writer . retrieved march 6 , 2006 .\nthe adult plumage of most of the albatrosses is usually some variation of dark upper - wing and back , white undersides , often compared to that of a gull . of these , the species range from the southern royal albatross which is almost completely white except for the ends and trailing edges of the wings in fully mature males , to the amsterdam albatross which has an almost juvenile - like breeding plumage with a great deal of brown , particularly a strong brown band around the chest . several species of mollymawks and north pacific albatrosses have face markings like eye patches , or have gray or yellow on the head and nape . three albatross species , the black - footed albatross and the two sooty albatrosses , vary completely from the usual patterns and are almost entirely dark brown ( or dark gray in places in the case of the light - mantled sooty albatross ) . albatrosses take several years to get their full adult breeding plumage .\nan adult light - mantled albatross was found in 29 april 2014 at 08 : 45 min , at vilatur beach ( 22\u00b0 56\u2019 s ; 42\u00b0 26\u2019 o ) , municipality of saquarema , rio de janeiro . its plumage was sooty , with light gray back , vinaceous dark brown head , and darker wings and tail ( figures 1a and b ) . the bird was identified through the plates and photos of seabird guides and books , the contrasting light gray back , sharply contrasting the white crescent framing the upper half of the eye and the black bill with narrow pale bluish sulcus ( central line along ramicorn ) clinching the identification ( harrison , 1983 , 1987 ; enticott and tipling , 1997 ; onley and scofield , 2007 ) .\nlight - mantled albatrosses form committed pair bonds . one pair on macquarie island is known to have been together for 21 years . when light - mantled albatrosses are establishing a pair bond , males and females can be seen flying side by side silently in close formation . landing and taking off are also important in courtship because mating must be done on the cliffs . a large proportion of females do the landing while the males stay put at nest sites . displays can consist of sky calls and side - preens , among other movements and vocalizations . displays conclude by the female taking off and the male following .\nthe impact of invasive species on islands suitable for breeding for the light - mantled sooty albatross and other seabirds is also being addressed . introduced cats have been eradicated from macquarie island ( parks & wildlife service 2006 ; carmichael 2007 ) , and a plan to eradicate introduced european rabbits , black rats ( rattus rattus ) and house mice ( mus musculus ) from macquarie island has also been developed and implemented ( tas pws 2007a ) .\nafter the breeding season , the light - mantled albatross disperses widely over the southern ocean . they travel northwards and can reach subtropical waters , depending on the pack ice expansion . they return to the colonies in september / october . throughout the breeding season , the adults perform long - distance foraging trips , between 1500 and 2200 km from the breeding site . short and longer foraging trips are performed alternately when they are feeding the chick .\nlight - mantled sooty albatross pairs sometimes breed in mixed colonies with cape petrels ( daption capense ) , grey - headed albatrosses ( thalassarche chrysostoma ) and sooty albatrosses ( phoebetria fusca ) on islands outside of australian jurisdiction ( berruti 1979 ; mougin 1970 ; weimerskirch et al . 1986 ) , or near black - browed albatrosses ( thalassarche melanophris ) on heard island ( e . j . woehler 2007a , pers . comm . ) . each of these species is listed as a marine species , and the sooty albatross is also listed as a migratory species , under the epbc act .\n( 2009 ) albatross foraging behaviour : no evidence for dual foraging , and limited support for anticipatory regulation of provisioning at south georgia .\n6 . a light - mantled albatross\u2019 take - off is an ungainly affair . they must find a spot where they can face into a fast - enough wind ( usually about at least 20 km per hour ) to take off without excessive flapping . if they have to flap to take off they have to skim across the surface of the water for a long distance ( sometimes more than a kilometre ) before they can attain enough speed to lift off .\ncarboneras , c . , jutglar , f . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . light - mantled albatross ( phoebetria palpebrata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsince then , further studies have in some instances supported or disproved the splits . a 2004 paper analysing the mitochondrial dna and microsatellites agreed with the conclusion that the antipodean albatross and the tristan albatross were distinct from the wandering albatross , per robertson and nunn , but found that the suggested gibson ' s albatross , diomedea gibsoni , was not distinct from the antipodean albatross ( burg and croxall 2004 ) . for the most part , an interim taxonomy of 21 species is accepted by the world conservation union ( iucn ) and many other researchers , though by no means all\u2014in 2004 , penhallurick and wink called for the number of species to be reduced to 13 ( including the lumping of the amsterdam albatross with the wandering albatross ) ( penhallurick and wink 2004 ) , although this paper was itself controversial ( double and chambers 2004 , rheindt and austin 2005 ) . on all sides , there is the widespread agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue .\nbrothers n ( 1991 ) albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean . biol conserv 55 : 255\u2013268\nalbatrosses have been described as\nthe most legendary of all birds\n( carboneras 1992 ) . an albatross is a central emblem in the rime of the ancient mariner by samuel taylor coleridge ; a captive albatross is also a metaphor for the po\u00e8te maudit in a poem of charles baudelaire . it is from the former poem that the usage of albatross as a metaphor is derived ; someone with a burden or obstacle is said to have ' an albatross around their neck ' , the punishment given in the poem to the mariner who killed the albatross . in part due to the poem , there is a widespread myth that sailors believe it disastrous to shoot or harm an albatross ; in truth , however , sailors regularly killed and ate them ( cocker and mabey 2005 ) , but they were often regarded as the souls of lost sailors .\nthe light - mantled albatross has a circumpolar distribution in the southern ocean , mostly south of the subantarctic convergence between 40\u00b0 and 60\u00b0 s ( carboneras , 1992 ; brooke , 2004 ) . it is the most abundant albatross in antarctic waters ( ainley et al . , 1984 ) , with strongly pelagic habits ( carboneras , 1992 ) . in brazil there are very few records of this species , concentrated in the south of the country ( roos and piacentini , 2003 ) ; there is also a record in s\u00e3o paulo , corrected afterward to sooty albatross , and one still unresolved from bahia ( see roos and piacentini , 2003 ) . the cbro ( 2014 ) consider the species as a seasonal south visitor , with presumed status , but not yet confirmed .\ngales , r . ( 1998 ) . albatross populations : status and threats . in : robertson , g . & r . gales , eds . the albatross : biology and conservation . page ( s ) 20 - 45 . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty and sons .\nunlike the true albatrosses and mollymawks , the light - mantled sooty does not breed in large colonies but nests singly on the ledges and slopes of sea cliffs , usually with a cliff above and below so as to be quite inaccessible . any site will suit so long as it has steeply falling ground below to give room for take off . the birds take off by propelling themselves outward ; no run is taken , unlike the true albatrosses . the birds return to their breeding localities during the first week of october . the young leave the nest during the 20th week , that is the third week in may .\nlight - mantled sooty albatross pairs conduct courtship flights in sweeping synchronised loops , frequently swapping the lead as they bank to one side , then the other . they also give an eery call in flight .\nlight - mantled albatrosses spend most of their lives in flight . a juvenile may spend many years at sea before returning to breed . they return to a few isolated breeding islands : prince edward islands , iles crozet , iles kerguelen , heard island , macdonald islands , macquarie island , auckland islands , campbell islands , antipodes islands , and south georgia . nesting sites are located on the faces of steep , rocky cliffs on island coasts and some inland cliffs on these islands . nest sites on cliffs can be between 15 to 2000 m from sea level . light - mantled albatrosses are the deepest diving of the albatrosses , often diving to 5 m and once being recorded as deep as 12 m .\nrecent tracking of light - mantled sooty albatrosses breeding at macquarie island with miniaturised satellite transmitters , indicate that birds spent several days foraging before returning to their nests . these flights were at an average distance of 1516 km from macquarie island and located in antarctic waters , mostly along the antarctic continent . the maximum foraging range was in average 1721 km and the total distance covered by two birds for which there were complete tracks was 6463 and 6975 km . this study confirms previous suggestions that light - mantled sooty albatrosses are able to forage in the waters of the high antarctic while breeding in the sub - antarctic . the extreme separation of feeding zones from nesting grounds has implications in terms of conservation and life - history .\nanderson , d . j . , and f . cruz . 1998 .\nbiology and management of the waved albatross at the galapagos islands .\ng . roberston and r . gales , eds . , albatross biology and conservation . chipping norton : surrey beatty and & sons . isbn 0949324825 .\nsafina , c . 2002 . eye of the albatross : visions of hope and survival . new york : henry holt & company . isbn 0805062297 .\nthis article is part of project diomedeidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each albatross , including made - up species .\neach stamp features a species of albatross which breeds on south georgia and highlights an important conservation issue . artwork was done by leigh - anne wolfaardt .\nuntil recently , it was thought that albatross were predominantly surface feeders , swimming at the surface and snapping up squid and fish pushed to the surface by currents , predators , or death . the deployment of capillary depth recorders , which record the maximum dive depth undertaken by a bird ( between attaching it to a bird and recovering it when it returns to land ) , has shown that while some species , like the wandering albatross , do not dive deeper than a meter , some species , like the light - mantled sooty albatross , have a mean diving depth of almost 5 m and can dive as deep as 12 . 5 m ( prince et al . 1994 ) . in addition to surface feeding and diving , they have now also been observed plunge diving from the air to snatch prey ( cobley 1996 ) .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross breeds from october - november to may - june ( downes et al . 1959 ; kerry & garland 1984 ; marchant & higgins 1990 ; tickell 2000 ) . pairs construct a truncated cone - shaped or pedestal - like nest of peat and / or plant material ( downes et al . 1959 ; tickell 2000 ) . nests are situated on ledges or terraces of cliffs or on steep slopes and are usually backed by a wall of rock or earth ( berruti 1979 ; tickell 2000 ) .\n, are widespread near the edge of the antarctic pack ice and circumpolar throughout the high southern latitudes , between around 40\u00b0 and 60\u00b0 latitude . in november , the northernmost latitude at which light - mantled albatrosses are found is 42\u00b0 south , in february it is 46\u00b0 south . young birds tend to stay towards polar , antarctic waters , while adults are distributed throughout the range .\nthe main documented threat for light - mantled sooty albatrosses is mortality in longline fisheries , especially on the high seas , where the main overlap of the species\u2019 range and the fisheries occurs . however , specific information is lacking as there is very little scientific observer deployment in these fisheries . occasional captures in monitored fisheries indicates that the species has very low capture rates in longline fisheries .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross is a medium - sized albatross ( length 78\u009690 cm ; wingspan 1 . 8\u00962 . 2 m ; weight 2 . 5\u00963 . 7 kg ) . its plumage is sooty - brown except for a white crescent around each eye ; a grey or light - grey mantle , back and rump ; and a pale brownish - grey breast and belly . it has brown irides , a black bill with a pale blue or violet sulcus , and mauve or greyish - flesh legs and feet ( brooke 2004 ; marchant & higgins 1990 ; tickell 2000 ) . juveniles are similar to adults but have a grey ( rather than white ) crescent around each eye ; dark ( rather than whitish ) shafts to the primaries and rectrices ; a grey , brownish or pale yellow sulcus ; and , in older immatures , mottled plumage ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nbehaviour in the wild : the light - mantled albatross feeds mainly on cephalopods such as squid and octopus , caught at night . it also consumes fish , krill , crustaceans and floating carrion . it forages at sea . the preys are caught by surface - seizing , while floating on the water . it plucks the food items with the bill . it may occasionally perform surface - diving by diving underwater while floating , and also surface - plunging by plunging into the water while flying . the bird is partially submerged or just below the surface . it usually forages alone , but it may sometimes feed with the wandering albatross ( d . exulans ) and with cetaceans . it follows the fish boats too .\ncarboneras , c . 1992 . family diomedeidae ( albatross ) . in handbook of birds of the world vol 1 . barcelona : lynx edicions . isbn 8487334105 .\nall breeding populations of the light - mantled sooty albatross within australian jurisdiction are located on protected land . heard island and the mcdonald islands are listed together as a world heritage property , and the islands and selected areas of the surrounding waters form heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve . macquarie island is also listed as a world heritage property . the island , the nearby bishop and clerk islets and the surrounding inshore waters form macquarie island nature reserve ; and a selected area of the surrounding waters beyond the boundary of the nature reserve forms macquarie island marine park .\nthey will also follow fishing trawlers to steal fish and pick up the ship\u2019s offal and refuse , although they tend to do this less than other forms of albatross .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross breeds on heard island , mcdonald islands and macquarie island ( downes et al . 1959 ; gales 1998 ; johnstone 1980 ) . the species occurs over waters of the australian economic exclusion and australian fishing zones around heard , mcdonald and macquarie islands and off the coasts of western australia , south australia , victoria , tasmania and nsw ( alexander 1917 ; barrett et al . 2003 ; clarke & schulz 2005 ; reid et al . 2002 ; tickell 1995 ) . two dead individuals were recovered from north stradbroke island , south - eastern queensland , in 1959 ( hines 1962 ) .\nother potential threats to albatrosses and petrels within australian jurisdiction include interactions with trawl and gillnet fisheries , dependence on fishery discards , over - extraction of prey species by fisheries , marine pollution ( chemicals and solids ) , introduced rats and rabbits and avian parasites and disease ( baker et al . 2002 ) . it is not known what impacts , if any , these threats are having on light - mantled sooty albatrosses within australian jurisdiction .\nof the 21 albatross species recognised by the world conservation union ( iucn ) on their iucn red list , 19 are threatened , and the other two are near threatened ( iucn 2004 ) . two species ( as recognized by the iucn ) are considered critically endangered : the amsterdam albatross and the chatham albatross . one of the main threats is commercial long - line fishing ( brothers 1991 ) , as the albatrosses and other seabirds , which will readily feed on offal ( internal organs used as bait ) , are attracted to the set bait , become hooked on the lines , and drown . an estimated 100 , 000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion . unregulated pirate ( illegal ) fisheries exacerbate the problem .\nweimerskirch , h . & j . jouventin ( 1998 ) . changes in population size and demographic parameters of six albatross species in french sub - antarctic islands . in : robertson , g . & r . gales , eds . the albatross : biology and conservation . page ( s ) 84 - 91 . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty and sons .\nmany albatross and petrel seabird species are killed in longline fisheries . longlining is one of the main methods used to catch fish and occurs in most oceans and seas in the world .\n\u00e5kesson , s . , and h . weimerskirch . 2005 .\nalbatross long - distance navigation : comparing adults and juveniles .\njournal of navigation 58 : 365 - 373 .\nbrothers , n . p . 1991 .\nalbatross mortality and associated bait loss in the japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean .\nbiological conservation 55 : 255 - 268 .\nlight - mantled sooty albatrosses breed as monogamous pairs in the austral summer , over an extended period . like the great albatrosses , but unlike mollymawks , they breed once every two years . the single large ( 102 x 65 mm ) white egg is laid in october or november ; incubation is shared and takes about 67 days , with most hatching in december . the chick is fed by regurgitation by both parents , and fledges in may - june .\nthe government of south georgia & the south sandwich islands ( gsgssi ) is delighted to announce the launch of its latest stamp issue \u2018albatross conservation\u2019 . the stamps have been developed in conjunction with the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) to raise awareness about the conservation status of south georgia albatross and the joint work being undertaken to better understand and protect these iconic birds .\ncobley , n . d . 1996 . an observation of live prey capture by a black - browed albatross diomedea melanophrys . marine ornithology 24 : 45 - 46 . retrieved november 5 , 2007 .\nauman , h . j . , j . p . ludwig , j . p . giesy , and t . colborn . 1997 .\nplastic ingestion by laysan albatross chicks on sand island , midway atoll , in 1994 and 1995 .\nin g . roberston and r . gales , eds . , albatross biology and conservation . chipping norton : surrey beatty and & sons . isbn 0949324825 .\nweimerskirch , h . , p . jouventin & j . c . stahl ( 1986 ) . comparative ecology of six albatross species breeding on the crozet islands . ibis . 128 : 195 - 213 .\nphillips , r . , j . green , b . phalan , j . croxall , p . butler . 2003 . chick metabolic rate and growth in three species of albatross : a comparative study .\nburg , t . m . , and j . p . croxall . 2004 .\nglobal population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex .\nmolecular ecology 13 : 2345 - 2355 .\nthe breeding population of the light - mantled sooty albatross within australian jurisdiction is estimated at 1600 or more pairs or approximately 7 % of the estimated global breeding population . individuals that breed on heard island , mcdonald islands and macquarie island regularly occur outside of australian jurisdiction ( parks & wildlife service 2006 ; weimerskirch & robertson 1994 ; woehler 2006 ) . for example , five satellite - tracked individuals breeding on macquarie island foraged south of the antarctic polar front at an average distance of 1516 km , and up to 2200 km , from their breeding sites ( weimerskirch & robertson 1994 ) . individuals that breed on heard island , mcdonald islands and macquarie island could therefore be affected by threats operating outside of australian jurisdiction .\nrobertson , c . j . r . 1993 .\nsurvival and longevity of the northern royal albatross .\ndiomedea epomophora sanfordi at taiaroa head , 1937 - 93 . emu 93 : 269 - 276 .\nlight mantled sooty albatrosses look very different from mollymawks , as they are brown and grey all over . they are palest on the upper side of the body and nape ( mantle ) , with a contrasting dark head . their eyes have a white crescent at the upper back edge . chicks have grey down and a striking white face mask . unlike the mollymawks that nest in dense colonies , their nests are scattered along cliff sites , usually against a rock wall for protection . breeding adults weigh about 3 kilograms .\nthe light - mantled sooty albatross has a widespread circumpolar distribution . the species is mostly recorded between 40\u00ba s and 60\u00ba s , but individuals have been observed as far north as 20\u00ba s , and as far south as the limit of the antarctic pack - ice to 77\u00ba50\u00b4 s ( brooke 2004 ; harrison 1983 ; tickell 2000 ) , with a single record from the northern hemisphere of a solitary individual at cordell bank off the coast of california in the united states ( morlan 1994 ) . pairs breed on prince edward islands , crozet islands ( iles crozet ) , kerguelen islands ( iles kerguelen ) , heard island , mcdonald islands , macquarie island , auckland islands , campbell island , antipodes islands and south georgia ( gales 1998 ; tickell 2000 ) .\nweimerskirch , h . , clobert , j . and jouventin , p . ( 1987 ) . survival in five southern albatross species and its relationship with their life history . journal of animal ecology . 56 : 1043 - 1055 .\nmougin , j . l . ( 1970 ) . les albatross fuligineux phoebetria palpebrata et p . fusca de l ' \u00eele de la possession ( archipel crozet ) . oiseau revue francais d ' ornithologie . 40 : 37 - 61 .\nmaintain existing population monitoring programs for albatrosses and giant - petrels breeding on macquarie island , albatross island , pedra branca , the mewstone , and within the australian antarctic territory , and develop population monitoring programs for other representative breeding populations under australian jurisdiction .\npickering , s . p . c . , and s . d . berrow . 2001 . courtship behaviour of the wandering albatross diomedea exulans at bird island , south georgia . marine ornithology 29 : 29 - 37 . retrieved november 5 , 2007 .\nweimerskirch h , salamolard m , jouventin p ( 1992 ) satellite telemetry of foraging movements in the wandering albatross . in : friede ig , swift sm ( eds ) wildlife telemetry - remote monitoring and tracking of animals . ellis horwood , chichester , pp 185\u2013198\nproceeds from the sale of the stamps will be used to fund albatross conservation initiatives . the stamps can be purchased online through falklands post service ltd ( urltoken ) or through the rspb via ebay ( use the advanced search function on ebay to search for rspb ) .\nin spite of often being accorded legendary status , albatrosses have not escaped either indirect or direct pressure from humans . early encounters with albatrosses by polynesians and aleut indians resulted in hunting and in some cases extirpation from some islands ( such as easter island ) . as europeans began sailing the world , they too began to hunt albatross ,\nfishing\nfor them from boats to serve at the table or blasting them for sport ( safina 2002 ) . this sport reached its peak on emigration lines bound for australia , and only died down when ships became too fast to fish from , and regulations stopped the discharge of weapons for safety reasons . in the nineteenth century , albatross colonies , particularly those in the north pacific , were harvested for the feather trade , leading to the near extinction of the short - tailed albatross ."]}
{"id": 1886, "summary": [{"text": "the pseudogarypidae are a small family of pseudoscorpions .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "most recent species are found in north america , while one species is endemic to tasmania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pseudogarypidae", "paragraphs": ["the family pseudogarypidae includes two genera , pseudogarypus with several extant species in north america and several baltic amber ( eocene ) species from europe , and neopseudogarypus from tasmania .\nmuchmore , w . b . 1981 . cavernicolous species of larca , archeolarca , and pseudogarypus with notes on the genera , ( pseudoscorpionida , garypidae and pseudogarypidae ) . journal of arachnology 9 : 47 - 60 .\nmuchmore , w . b . ( 1981 ) . cavernicolous species of larca , archeolarca and pseudogarypus with notes on the genera , ( pseudoscorpionida , garypidae and pseudogarypidae ) . journal of arachnology 9 : 47 - 60 .\nbenedict , e . m . and malcolm , d . r . 1978 . the family pseudogarypidae ( pseudoscorpionida ) in north america with comments on the genus neopseudogarypus morris from tasmania . journal of arachnology , 6 : 81 - 104 .\nbenedict , e . m . and malcolm , d . r . ( 1978 ) . the family pseudogarypidae ( pseudoscorpionida ) in north america with comments on the genus neopseudogarypus morris from tasmania . journal of arachnology 6 : 81 - 104 .\nhenderickx , hans , veerle cnudde , bert masschaele , et al . \u201cdescription of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . \u201d zootaxa 1305 ( 2006 ) : 41\u201350 . print .\nhenderickx h , cnudde v , masschaele b , dierick m , vlassenbroeck j , van hoorebeke l . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa . 2006 ; ( 1305 ) : 41\u201350 .\nhenderickx , hans , veerle cnudde , bert masschaele , manuel dierick , jelle vlassenbroeck , and luc van hoorebeke . 2006 . \u201cdescription of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . \u201d zootaxa ( 1305 ) : 41\u201350 .\nhenderickx , h . , cnudde , v . , masschaele , b . , dierick , m . , vlassebroeck , j . , and van hoorebeke , l . 2006 . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa , 1305 : 41 - 50 .\nhenderickx , h . , cnudde , v . , masschaele , b . , dierick , m . , vlassenbroeck , j . , & van hoorebeke , l . ( 2006 ) . description of a new fossil pseudogarypus ( pseudoscorpiones : pseudogarypidae ) with the use of x - ray micro - ct to penetrate opaque amber . zootaxa , ( 1305 ) , 41\u201350 .\npseudogarypidae chamberlin : kishida , 1929 : 124 ; chamberlin , 1931a : 230 ; beier , 1932a : 239 ; beier , 1932g : 185 ; roewer , 1937 : 271 ; petrunkevitch , 1955 : 82 ; dubinin , 1962 : 442 ; benedict and malcolm , 1978b : 82 - 85 ; muchmore , 1982a : 99 ; harvey , 1985b : 150 ; harvey , 1991a : 232 ; harvey , 1992c : 1405 - 1406 .\nthe pseudogarypinae were first recognized by chamberlin ( 1923 ) who removed the genus pseudogarypus from the family garypidae , where it had previously been placed . chamberlin ( 1923 ) proposed a close relationship with the feaellinae , which he later recognized as a distinct family ( chamberlin 1929 ) . these two taxa have generally been considered each other\u2019s closest relatives , although muchmore ( 1982 ) suggested that the pseudogarypidae were more similar to garypidae and its relatives , whilst the feaellidae were retained in the feaelloidea which was placed within the monosphyronida . harvey ( 1992 ) demonstrated that pseudogarypids and feaellids were sister taxa , which were referred to the feaelloidea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npseudogarypus synchrotron sp . n . , a new eocene fossil pseudoscorpion from baltic amber is described , propagation phase - contrast x - ray synchrotron microtomography and surface crack restoration with epoxy are used to visualize the morphology , and notes on the other fossil members of the genus are given .\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\neurope ( benedict and malcolm , 1978 ; harvey , 1996 , 1998 ) . four fossil species have been described from baltic amber ( harvey , 2011 ; henderickx et al . , 2006 ) . the fossil inclusions are often only partially preserved or only partially visible (\nexamined here are two pieces of eocene baltic amber , obtained from a dealer in lithuania ( holotype ) and in the united states ( paratype ) .\nthe holotype is an inclusion embedded near the surface in a dark yellow ovoid amber stone , 3 . 1 gram , 24 x 16 x 15 mm ( figure 2 . 1 ) .\nthe dorsal side and one chela are obscured , due to distortions in the amber . the ventral side is turned towards the surface of the amber piece , however , the specimen holds an air bubble , which obscures the larger part of the coxa ( figure 2 . 2 ) .\nin order to solve some details of the anatomy of the holotype more clearly , the specimen was observed at the european synchrotron radiation facility in grenoble ( france ) , using a propagation phase contrast protocol at different resolutions . the first scan was performed in id19 beamline at 2 . 14 \u03bcm of voxel size and consisted of 1999 projections , acquired through 360 degrees rotation , with pink beam at 19 . 1 kev , 0 . 3 seconds of exposure time and 120 mm of propagation between the sample and the detector ( figure 4 ) .\noptically visible details of both specimens were observed and measured using reflected and translucent illumination on a leitz microscope and a canon mp - e objective in combination with zerene stacker image processing software . all measurements are in mm ; ( length = l x width = w ) , the ratio is the length / width index of an article .\nmale holotype ( figure 5 ) in baltic amber , matrix dimensions 24 x 16 x 15 mm . the holotype is deposited in the mrac , royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium ( sample nr 236 934 ) . male paratype in baltic amber , matrix dimensions 26 x 18 x 10 mm , in coll . henderickx .\nthe word\nsynchrotron\nis used here as a noun in opposition . the species epithet refers to the equipment that allowed detailed visualization of the optically hidden parts of the fossil .\na medium - large sized pseudogarypus with slender pedipalps . the posterolateral protuberances anterior of the pleural alae are extending very wide . femur length is more than 1 . 0 mm with pedipalpal fingers with moderately spaced regular teeth .\nadult male . habitus figure 5 . opisthosoma ventrally covered with areas of thin , white emulsion , cuticular structure visible . colour overall orange - yellowish due to the amber matrix . ventral side turned towards amber surface , right chela partially missing , distal tip of fixed finger of left chela missing , left leg i and ii holding an air bubble which obscures the coxa and genital region , pleural folds visible , tergites and carapace invisible .\ncarapace wider than long ( 0 . 87x as long as width , medial measurement ) , irregular in outline , widened by two large posterolateral protuberances anterior of pleural alae . anterior margin with relatively deep notch between anterolateral and median protuberances , the latter slightly longer than the anterolateral . posterior margin elevated into a ridge . first and second pair of eyes about the diameter of one eye spaced , posterior eyes covered with cuticle , anterior eyes facing forward . cucullar furrow weak , a broad , shallow central depression , which becomes obsolete anteriorly , extending forward from an elevated median disk . carapace , sclerites , chela and leg cuticle reticulated with an irregular cellular structure . chaetotaxy of carapace and opisthosoma not visible , chelicerae not observable .\nabdomen longer than wide , ovate ( l / w = 1 . 21 ) . pleural membranes raised into three folds ( figure 4 . 1 and figure 2 ) , no pleural plates , plaques or sclerite chaetotaxy observable .\nthe ventral side was only partially observable in visible light , but reconstructed with ppc - sr\u00b5ct ( figure 2 . 4 ) . figure 6 . 1 shows the coxa and sternites .\npedipalp ( figure 3 . 1 ) with reticulated cuticle , the distal part of the fingers ( trichobothrial zone ) is smooth . palpal articles cylindrical in cross - section . maxilla 2 . 45 x , trochanter 1 . 00 x , femur 6 . 88 x , patella 3 . 52 x , chela ( with pedicel ) 5 x , hand ( with pedicel ) 2 . 19 x longer than broad . femur 1 . 82 x as long as carapace . movable finger with 4 trichobothria , 4 trichobothria could be observed on the antiaxal side of the fixed chelal finger , position illustrated on figure 6 . 5 . fixed finger with 34 , movable fingers with 24 pointed teeth . the teeth in the distal part of the fingers are pointed , moderately spaced , and the most proximal teeth are reduced to small projections ( figure 1 . 1 , 1 . 4 ) . the teeth on the movable finger are triangular , pointed and on the fixed finger slightly curved proximally . the movable finger is 1 . 28 x as long as the hand . each finger has a large terminal or apical tooth ( not visible on figure 1 ) .\nleg i ( figure 6 . 2 ) with trochanter 1 . 15 , femur 1 . 00 , patella 2 . 33 , tibia 3 . 25 , and tarsus 5 . 42 x longer than broad . leg iv ( figure 6 . 3 ) with trochanter 1 . 86 , femur 1 . 90 , patella 2 , 52 , tibia 5 . 37 and tarsus 10 . 5 x longer than broad . arolium shorter than claws .\nmeasurements ( mm ) . body length 2 . 52 . pedipalp : trochanter 0 . 26 / 0 . 26 ; femur 1 . 17 / 0 . 17 ; patella 0 . 60 / 0 . 17 ; chela ( with pedicel ) 1 . 30 / 0 . 26 ; hand ( with pedicel ) 0 . 57 / 0 . 26 ; movable finger l = 0 . 73 .\ncarapace 0 . 64 / 0 . 74 ; cucullus l = 0 . 19 ; anterior ocular diameter 0 . 06 , posterior eyes covered , diameter with cuticle 0 . 07 . leg i : trochanter 0 . 15 / 0 . 13 ; femur 0 . 12 / 0 . 12 ; patella 0 . 28 / 0 . 12 ; tibia 0 . 26 / 0 . 08 ; tarsus 0 . 38 / 0 . 07 .\nthe shape of the pedipalpal teeth was interpreted from optical microscopy . on the ppc - sr\u00b5ct reconstruction there are artefacts at the teeth apex , giving them a longer appearance , especially on the fixed finger . this appearance is probably caused by turbulence in the amber caused by movements of the freshly trapped specimen .\nopisthosoma ventrally covered with a thick white emulsion , dorsally partially obscured with white opaque amber . carapace wider than long ( 0 . 55 x 0 . 72 , 0 . 76 x ) , irregular in outline as in holotype , the posterolateral protuberances anterior of the pleural alae typically extending wide ( w = 0 . 72 , 0 . 74 in holotype ) .\ndimensions . total length 2 . 53 , dimensions of chela ( figure 3 . 3 , figure 6 . 5 ) femur 1 . 19 / 0 . 19 ( 6 . 2 x ) ; patella 0 . 56 / 0 . 17 ( 3 . 29 x ) ; chela ( with pedicel ) 1 . 30 / 0 . 26 ( 5 x )\nwe are grateful to the esrf , id19 and bm05 beamlines that provided the beamtime necessary for these investigations .\nthanks are due to m . harvey ( perth ) , v . mahnert ( gen\u00e8ve ) , j . bosselaers ( beerse ) and the anonymous referees for correcting the manuscript ; to m . veta ( lithuania ) for the cooperation in the search for new amber inclusions .\nbeier , m . 1937 . pseudoscorpione aus dem baltischen bernstein . festschrift zum 60 . geburtstage von professor dr . embrik strand , 2 : 302 - 316 .\nbeier , m . 1947 . pseudoscorpione im baltischen bernstein und die untersuchung von bernstein - einschl\u00fcssen . mikroscopie , 1 : 188 - 199 .\nchamberlin , j . c . 1923 . the genus pseudogarypus ellingsen ( pseudoscorpionida \u2013 feaellidae ) . entomological news , 34 : 146 - 149 , 161 - 166 .\nharvey , m . s . 1996 . the biogeography of gondwanan pseudoscorpions ( arachnida ) . revue suisse de zoologie , vol . hors s\u00e9rie : 255 - 264 .\nharvey , m . s . 1998 . pseudoscorpion groups with bipolar distributions : a new genus from tasmania related to the holarctic syarinus ( arachnida , pseudoscorpiones , syarinidae ) . the journal of arachnology , 26 : 429 - 441 .\nharvey , m . s . 2011 . pseudoscorpions of the world , version 2 . 0 . western australian museum , perth . urltoken\nhenderickx , h . 2005 . a new geogarypus from baltic amber ( pseudoscorpiones : geogarypidae ) . phegea , 33 ( 3 ) : 87 - 92 .\nkoch , c . l . and berendt , g . c . 1854 . die im bernstein befindlichen myriapoden , arachniden und apteren der vorwelt . in berendt , g . c . ( ed . ) die im bernstein befindlichen organischen reste der vorwelt gesammelt in verbindung mit mehreren bearbeitet und herausgegeben 1 ( 2 ) . nicolai , berlin .\nlak , m . , neraudeau , d . , nel , a . , cloetens , p . , perrichot , v . , and tafforeau , p . 2008 . phase contrast x - ray synchrotron imaging : opening access to fossil inclusions in opaque amber . microscopy and microanalysis , 14 : 251 - 259 .\nlangenheim , j . 2003 . plant resins : chemistry , evolution , ecology and ethnobotany . timber press , portland , cambridge .\nlyckgaard , a . , johnson , g . , and tafforeau , p . 2011 . correction of ring artifacts in x - ray tomographic images . international journal of tomography & statistics , 18 ( f11 ) : 1 - 9 .\nperreau , m . and tafforeau , p . 2011 . three new species of leiodidae ( coleptera ) from baltic amber : pushing further the paleoentomological descriptions by virtual dissection of fossils using phase - contrast x - ray synchrotron microtomography . systematic entomology , 36 : 573 - 580 .\nsoriano , c . , archer , m . , azar , d . , creaser , p . , delclos , x . , godthelp , h . , hand , s . , jones , a . , neraudeau , d . , ortega - blanco , j . , perez - de la fuente , r . , perrichot , v . , saupe , e . , solorzano - kraemer , m . , and tafforeau , p . 2010 . synchrotron x - ray imaging of inclusions in amber . comptes rendus palevol , 9 : 361 - 368 .\ntafforeau , p . , boistel , r . , boller , e . , bravin , a . , brunet , m . , chaimanee , y . , cloetens , p . , feist , m . , hoszowska , j . , jaeger , j . j . , kay , r . f . , lazzari , v . , mariva , l . , nel , a . , nemoz , c . , thibault , x . , vignaud , p . , and zabler , s . 2006 . applications of x - ray synchrotron microtomography for non - destructive 3d studies of paleontological specimens . applied physics a : materials , science and processing , 83 : 195 - 202 .\nmorris , j . c . h . ( 1948 ) . a new genus of pseudogarypin pseudoscorpions possessing pleural plates . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 1947 : 43 - 47 .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\n\u2020 pseudogarypus hemprichii ( c . l . koch & berendt , 1854 ) \u2014 fossil ; baltic amber\npseudogarypus pangaea henderickx n . sp . , a new fossil pseudoscorpion from baltic amber , is described . epoxy embedding and x - ray micro - ct are used to visualize the morphology of the single available specimen .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 1895, "summary": [{"text": "romanogobio uranoscopus , alternatively known as the danubian longbarbel gudgeon , danubian gudgeon , danube gudgeon or the steingressling , is a european species of freshwater cyprinid fish .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it can be found in austria , bulgaria , croatia , czech republic , germany , hungary , italy , romania , serbia and montenegro , slovakia , slovenia and ukraine . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "romanogobio uranoscopus", "paragraphs": ["romanogobio frici ( species ) , gobio frici ( synonym ) , romanogobio frici ( vladykov , 1925 ) ( synonym ) , romanogobio uranoscopus frici ( synonym ) .\nromanogobio uranoscopus sampling stations location ; gis support danci o . | download scientific diagram\nromanogobio uranoscopus ( agassiz , 1828 ) . isis ( oken ) v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn valida .\ngobio uranoscopus uranoscopus ( agassiz , 1828 ) . isis ( oken ) v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non valida .\nthe condition of aquatic habitats typically occupied by romanogobio uranoscopus within the maramure\u015f mountains natural park fluctuates , in the best cases , between reduced to average . good or excellent conservation status is now absent for populations of this species in the researched area . the identified human impact types ( poaching , minor riverbeds morphodynamic changes , solid and liquid natural flow changes , destruction of the riparian vegetation and bush vegetation , habitat fragmentation / isolation of population , organic and mining pollution and displaced fish that are washed away during the periodic flooding in the lotic sectors uniformized by humans ) are contributing to the diminished ecological state of romanogobio uranoscopus habitats and for that reason populations . romanogobio uranoscopus is now considered a rare species in the studied basin but where this species was specified as missing , it has been registered with a restorative potential .\ngobio frici vladykov , 1925 . \u00fcber einige neue fische aus der tschechoslowakei ( karpathorussland . ) . zool . anz . 248 - 252 ; v . 64 , 249 . sinonimo junior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - sinonimo di gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , ma discutibile come valida sottospecie , secondo lelek 1987 : 197 , banarescu et al . 1999 : 183 , 189 . sinonimo di gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , per berg 1949 : 651 , kottelat 1997 : 62 . sinonimo di romanogobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) . localit\u00e0 tipo : fiume teresovka , affluente del fiume tisza , nei pressi del villaggio di podplesa , ucraina . tipo : nessuno . sintipi : ( 3 ) collocazione attuale ignota .\ngobio uranoscopus ( agassiz , 1828 ) . isis ( oken ) v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , nuova combinazione , nomenclatura iczn non valida .\ngobio uranoscopus frici vladykov , 1925 . zool . anz . v . 64 , 249 . nuova nomenclatura per\ngobio frici\nvladykov , 1925 . sinonimo junior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida .\nnaseka , a . m . and j . freyhof , 2004 romanogobio parvus , a new gudgeon from river kuban , southern russia ( cyprinidae , gobioninae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 15 ( 1 ) : 17 - 23 .\ncyprinus uranoscopus agassiz , 1828 . beschreibung einer neuen species aus dem genus\ncyprinus\nlinn . isis ( oken ) 1046 - 1049 ; v . 21 1048 pl . 12 ( fig . 1a - d ) . sinonimo senior , combinazione originale , nomenclatura iczn non valida . opinioni - nomenclatura valida come gobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , secondo berg 1949 : 651 , lelek 1987 : 197 , naseka 1996 : 159 , kottelat 1997 : 62 , banarescu et al . 1999 : 183 , naseka 2001 : 1380 , vassilev & pehlivanov 2005 : 169 . nomenclatura valida come romanogobio uranoscopus ( agassiz 1828 ) , per naseka & freyhof 2004 : 21 . catalogo : kottelat 1984 : 148 . lectotipo designato da banarescu 1970 : 165 . localit\u00e0 tipo : fiume isar vicino a munich , germania . tipo : mnhn 5825 . paralectotipi : mhnn 0955 ( 5 ) ; zmb 3305 ( 4 ) .\nid 425706 taxonomy ; de romanogobio frici ( species ) . pa 327682 ( parent id ) cc synonym = gobio frici cc synonym = romanogobio frici ( vladykov , 1925 ) cc synonym = romanogobio uranoscopus frici cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cc this entry is a placeholder for the corresponding entry in the ncbi cc taxonomy urltoken cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / /\n1 . b\u0103n\u0103duc d . , 2007 \u2013 gobio uranoscopus , in combroux i . , thieri e . and toia t . ( eds ) caiet de habitate \u015fi specii \u2013 fi\u015fe pilot , edit . balcanic , timi\u015foara , rom\u00e2nia , isbn 978 - 3 - 85742 - 6 - 7 . ( in romanian )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : the species is widespread and still frequent in suitable habitats ( fast flowing rivers ) in the danube drainage . however the species is particularly sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened . it is suspected that the population has been declining and will continue to do so as more dams , particularly on small rivers , are built within the danube basin , but not at a rate that will qualify the species for a threatened or near threatened category .\ndanube drainage ( absent from danube main river except upper course and stretches with fast current ) .\nstill frequent in suitable habitats in the danube drainage . though the population has declined , it is extirpated from the upper danube ( 1830s ) .\nhabitat : riffles of small , fast - flowing rivers and bottom of large rivers with water velocities of 0 . 7 m / s and more , stone bottom , in submontane zone . young individuals prefer slow currents and shallow shoreline habitats with sand bottom . spawns in shallow habitats with very high current ( about 1 m / s ) . biology : in laboratory , spawns several times between late may and mid - september , at temperatures above 11\u00b0c . males wait for females at spawning sites . to spawn , both sexes move to surface or open water . eggs drift with current , sink to bottom and then stick to substrate . adults are nocturnal and solitary , juveniles are active at day . no data on food in the wild .\nthe species is sensitive to pollution and damming and is locally threatened . the population is expected to continue to decline with on - going economic development .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnomi comuni esteri - portoghese - g\u00f3bio - do - dan\u00fabio . inglese - danube gudgeon , danubian gudgeon , danubian longbarbel gudgeon . tedesco - gr\u00e4\u00dfling , steingressling , steinkresse , steinkre\u00dfling , wapper . danese - donaugrundling . svedese - stenkrypare . finnico - kivit\u00f6r\u00f6 . russo - dunaiskii dinnousyi peskar ' , dunaiskii dlinnousyi peskar , peskar ' - verkhoglyad , pichkur dunaiskyi dovgousyi , pichkur dunaiskyi dovgousyi . polacco - kielb dlugowasy . repubblica ceca - hrouzek dlouhoploutv\u00fd . hrouzek dlouhovous\u00fd . slovacchia - hr\u00faz f\u00fazat\u00fd . ungherese - felpillant\u00f3 k\u00fcll\u00f3 . rumeno - porcusor de vad , chetrar , petroc . estonia - pikapoiseline roomar\u00fcnt . cinese - \u671b\u5929\u9b88 w\u00e0ng ti\u0101n j\u016b .\n- kottelat , m . , 1997 . european freshwater fishes . . biologia 52 , suppl . 5 : 1 - 271 . pagina 62 .\nla specie \u00e8 diffusa nelle aree collinari e montane del bacino danubio , dall ' austria alla moldavia e dalla slovacchia alla bulgaria fino all ' ucraina meridionale .\nanon . , 1999 fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .\nanon . , 2000 the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of icthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) .\nanon . , 2001 fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) .\nanon . , 2001 fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen .\nanon . , 2002 fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .\nanon . , 2003 fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum .\narkhipchuk , v . v . , 1999 chromosome database . database of dr . victor arkhipchuk .\nbaillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) , 1996 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland . 378 p .\nbanarescu , p . , 1964 fauna republicii populare rom\u00eene . volumul xiii . pisces - osteichthyes ( pesti ganoizi si osisi ) . editura academiei republicii populare rom\u00eene , bucuresti . 962 p .\nbaru\u0161 , v . and o . oliva ( eds . ) , 1995 mihulovci a ryby .\nfauna r a sr . ( cyclostomata and fishes . fauna of czech republic and slovakia ) . sv . 28 academia praha .\nberg , l . s . , 1964 freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries . volume 2 , 4th edition . israel program for scientific translations ltd , jerusalem .\ncarausu , s . , 1952 tratat de ihtiologie . edit . acad . r . p . r . , bucurest . 802 p .\neschmeyer , w . n . , 1996 pisces . eschmeyer ' s pisces database , published on the internet in november 1996 , url : urltoken .\neschmeyer , w . n . , editor , 2005 catalog of fishes . updated database version of may 2005 .\nfish . vol . 4 , life of animals . v . e . sokolov ( ed . ) , moscow : prosveschenie . 575p .\ngerstmeier , r . and t . romig , 1998 die s\u00fc\u00dfwasserfische europas : f\u00fcr naturfreunde und angler . franckh - kosmos verlag , stuttgart , germany . 368 p .\ngrabda , e . and t . heese , 1991 polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k , 2002 cesk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivocichu v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , malo\u00fast\u00ed ( gonorhynchiformes ) - m\u00e1loostn\u00ed ( cypriniformes ) . n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 oddelen\u00ed ) , praha .\nhilton - taylor , c . , 2000 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . xviii + 61 p .\nhureau , j . - c . , 1991 la base de donn\u00e9es gicim : gestion informatis\u00e9e des collections ichthyologiques du mus\u00e9um . p . 225 - 227 .\nin atlas preliminaire des poissons d ' eaux douce de france . conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la p\u00eache , minist\u00e8re de l ' environment , cemagref et mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .\niacob , l . and i . dima , 2006 regnul animalia . eukarya . enciclopedia florei si faunei din romania .\nkeresztessy , k . , 1993 a magyar halfjok v\u00e9detts\u00e9g\u00e9nek \u00faj szab\u00e1lyos\u00e1sa . hal\u00e1szat 86 ( 3 ) : 114 - 116 .\nklinkhardt , m , m . tesche and h . greven , 1995 database of fish chromosomes . westarp wissenschaften .\nkottelat , m . , 1997 european freshwater fishes . biologia 52 , suppl . 5 : 1 - 271 .\nmonnerjahn , u . , 1999 freshwater fishes of germany . a checklist compiled from german fischkataster of the bundesl\u00e4nder and from the german ' rote liste ' .\nmovchan yu . v . and a . i . smirnov , 1981 fauna of ukraine . fishes . cyprinid fishes ( roach , dace , minnow , rudd , grass carp , asp , verchovka , tench , undermouth , gudgeon , barbel ) . ( fauna ukrainy . ryby . koropovi ( plitka , yalets , golijan , krasnopirka , amur , bilyzna , verkhova , lyn , chebachok amurskyi ) . kiev , naukova dumka publishing house , 8 ( 2 ) part 1 .\nmuus , b . j . and p . dahlstr\u00f8m , 1990 europas ferskvandsfisk . gec gads forlag , k\u00f8benhavn . 224p .\nraicu , p . e . taisescu , and a . gristian , 1972 diploid chromosome complement of the carp . cytologia 37 : 355 - 358 .\nraicu , p . e . taisescu , and p . banarescu , 1973 a comparative study of the karyotype in the genus gobio ( pisces , cyprinidae ) . cytologia 38 : 731 - 736 .\nricker , w . e . , 1973 russian - english dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology . fisheries research board of canada , ottawa .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott , 1991 world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 21 ) : 243 p .\nsanches , j . g . , 1989 nomenclatura portuguesa de organismos aqu\u00e1ticos ( proposta para normaliza\u00e7ao estat\u00edstica ) . publica\u00e7oes avulsas do i . n . i . p . no . 14 . 322 p .\nsmolian , k . , 1920 merkbuch der binnenfischerei . fischereif\u00f6rderung gmbh , berlin , germany , p . 449 , xxv .\nsokolov , l . i . and l . s . berdicheskii , 1989 acipenseridae . p . 150 - 153 . in j . holc\u00edk ( ed . ) the freshwater fishes of europe . vol . 1 , part ii . general introduction to fishes acipenseriformes . aula - verlag wiesbaden . 469 p .\nswedish museum of natural history , 1999 nrm ichthyology collection database . ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden .\nvasil ' ev , v . p . , 1980 chromosome numbers in fish - like vertebrates and fish . j . ichthyol . 20 ( 3 ) : 1 - 38 .\nvilcinskas , a . , 1993 einheimische s\u00fcsswasserfische : alle arten : merkmale , verbreitung , lebensweise . naturbuch verlag , augsburg , germany , 207 p .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nurltoken uses cookies to store information that enables us to optimize our website and make browsing more comfortable for you . to learn more about the use of cookies , please read our privacy policy .\n1 \u201clucian blaga\u201d university of sibiu , applied ecology research centre , dr . ion ra\u0163iu street 5 - 7 , sibiu , sibiu county , romania , ro - 550012 , ad . banaduc @ urltoken\n2 \u201clucian blaga\u201d university of sibiu , faculty of sciences , dr . ion ra\u0163iu street 5 - 7 , sibiu , sibiu county , romania , ro - 550012\n2 . b\u0103n\u0103duc d . , prots b . and curtean - b\u0103n\u0103duc a . ( eds ) , 2011 \u2013 the upper tisa river basin ,\n3 . b\u0103n\u0103rescu p . m . , 1964 \u2212 fauna r . p . rom\u00e2ne , pisces - osteichthyes , xiii , edit . academiei rom\u00e2ne , 959 . ( in romanian )\n5 . curtean - b\u0103n\u0103duc a . and b\u0103n\u0103duc d . , 2012 \u2012 aspecte privind impactul devers\u0103rii apelor uzate asupra sistemelor ecologice lotice receptoare , \u00een apa resurs\u0103 fundamental\u0103 a dezvolt\u0103rii durabile . metode \u015fi tehnici neconven\u0163ionale de epurare \u015fi tratare a apei , ii , edit . universit\u0103\u0163ii \u201elucian blaga\u201d din sibiu , isbn 978 - 973 - 739 - 569 , 121 - 157 . ( in romanian )\n8 . romanescu g . , miftode d . , pintilie mihu a . , stoleriu c . c . and sandu i . , 2016 \u2013 water quality analysis in mountain freshwater : poiana uzului reservoir in the eastern carpathians ,\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .\ndanube drainage ( absent from danube main river except upper course and . . .\nhabitat : riffles of small , fast - flowing rivers and bottom . . .\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nconservation status assesses every six years and for each biogeographical region the condition of habitats and species compared to the favourable status as described in the habitats directive . the map shows the 2007 - 2012 assessments as reported by eu member state . assessments are further detailed in the summary document available behind the link below .\n: the species is viable and maintaining itself on a long - term basis , its natural range is not reduced , and it has a sufficient large habitat .\n: the species is not as critical as being unfavourable - bad , but still requires significant conservation and restoration measure to make it viable in the long - term , or to enlarged its current range , or to improve the quality and availability of its habitat .\n: the species is either not maintaining itself on a long - term basis and is not viable , or its natural range as been or is being drastically reduced , or its habitat is largely insufficient ; the species requires major conservation and restoration measures .\n: the information available for the species is scarce and does not allow a proper assessment of its conservation status .\nannex ii : animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou selected g\u00f3bio - do - dan\u00fabio ( portuguese ) . this is a common name for :\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3617988d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\neurope : danube drainage ( absent from danube main river except upper course and stretches with fast current ) . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 631f4fcd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis is a short preview of the document . your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\ntransylvanian review of systematical and ecological research ; sibiu vol . 19 , iss . 1 , ( 2017 ) : 71 - 84 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1897, "summary": [{"text": "parischnogaster jacobsoni is a species of social wasp within parischnogaster , the largest and least known genus of stenogastrinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is distinguished mainly by its tendency to construct ant guards on its nests .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "natural selection has led this wasp to have a thick substance emitted from its abdominal glands that allows it to protect its nest from invasions .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "parischnogaster as a genus has been relatively unstudied ; p. jacobsoni is one of the few investigated species because it has sufficient durability to live near human populations and it has demonstrated unusual resilience to pollution .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "while p. jacobsoni is a more complex organism than other wasps in parischnogaster , the genus overall is relatively primitive with respect to social wasps as a whole . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "parischnogaster jacobsoni", "paragraphs": ["the dufour gland and the secretion placed on eggs of 2 species of social wasps , liostenogaster - flavolineata and parischnogaster - jacobsoni ( vespidae , stenogastrinae ) .\nlaboratory observations on the social behaviour of parischnogaster alternata ( vespidae stenogastrina . . .\nbuysson r du . 1913 . ischnogaster jacobsoni . bulletin de la musee d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris 7 : 436 .\ncolonial cycle of parischnogaster nigricans serrei ( du buysson ) in west java ( hymenoptera stenogastr . . .\nparischnogaster jacobsoni , studied in malaysia , presents long linear nests and haplometrotic nest foundation . in mature colonies more than one fertilized female and at least one potential egg layer can be found . dominance - subordinance interactions are correlated with the reproductive potential of the females and with the division of labour . this species resembles parischnogaster nigricans serrei , studied in java , in its biology , nest architecture and social organization .\nsakagami sf . 1969 . parischnogaster alternata in yoshikawa k , ohgushi r , sakagami sf , eds . nature and life in southeast asia 6 : 155 .\nparischnogaster jacobsoni , qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e en malaisie , a de longs nids lin\u00e9aires et pr\u00e9sente une fondation du nid haplom\u00e9trotique . dans les colonies m\u00fbres on retrouve commun\u00e9ment plus d ' une femelle fertilis\u00e9e et au moins une femelle qui peut pondre . les interactions de dominance - subordination sont li\u00e9es au potentiel reproductif des femelles et \u00e0 la division du travail . la biologie , l ' architecture du nid et l ' organisation sociale de cette esp\u00e8ce ressemblent \u00e0 celles de parischnogaster nigricans serrei , qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e \u00e0 java .\nsummary parischnogaster jacobsoni , studied in malaysia , presents long linear nests and haplometrotic nest foundation . in mature colonies more than one fertilized female and at least one potential egg layer can be found . dominance - subordinance interactions are correlated with the reproductive potential of the females and with the division of labour . this species resemblesparischnogaster . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncluster analysis , provided a dendrogram based on wing shape ( fig . 6 ) largely congruent with the tree obtained by cladistic studies ( carpenter , 1988 ) , with the genera eustenogaster and liostenogaster branched from parischnogaster and metischnogaster . however the cluster analysis grouped the eustenogaster species with the liostenogaster ones , while in the cladogram ( carpenter , 1988 ) , liostenogaster is sister to all other genera . as consequence of this layout liostenogaster species are split in two groups and some of them ( l . campanulae , l . flavolineata , l . pardii and l . vechti ) appeared nearer to the eustenogaster ones than to the congeneric l . topoghaphica and l . nitidipennis ( fig . 6 ) . moreover , the parischnogaster species are readily sub - grouped in p . alternata and p . striatula ( both belonging to the striatula - group ) and p . jacobsoni , p . mellyi and parischnogaster sp . ( all belonging to nigricans - group ) ( fig . 6 ) .\nthe secretion placed on eggs and fed to larvae and the \u201cant guard\u201d placed on the nest stalk of parischnogaster jacobsoni contain the same hydrocarbons and in approximately the same proportions as is found in the dufour gland . the secretion on eggs is a mixture of the contents of the dufour gland and nectar . the emulsifying agent is a palmitic acid salt . similarly , in liostenogaster flavolineata , the egg secretion is an emulsion of nectar and dufour gland secretion , which contains alkoxyethanol emulsifiers , found in nature for the first time .\n. . . seven genera are currently recognized in the subfamily ( carpenter , 2001 ) , and the late j . van stenogastrinae ; however , he died in 1992 before having completed the revisions of eustenogaster van der vecht , 1969 , liostenogaster van der vecht , 1969 , and parischnogaster von schulthess , 1914 . the revisions of these genera that van der vecht began were taken over by c . k . starr on parischnogaster and by s . turillazzi on liostenogaster , but descriptions of only liostenogaster species have appeared ( turillazzi , 1988 ( turillazzi , , 1999turillazzi and carfi , 1996 ) . . . .\n. . . forewings of the following malaysian stenogastrinae species were collected in the field and used in this study : eustenogaster calyptodoma ( sakagami and yoshikawa , 1968 ) , e . micans ( de saussure , 1852 ) , e . fraterna ( bingham , 1897 ) , liostenogaster campanulae ( turillazzi , 1999 ) , l . flavolineata ( cameron , 1902 ) , l . nitidipennis ( de saussure , 1952 ) , l . pardii ( turillazzi and carf\u00ec , 1996 ) , l . topographica ( turillazzi , 1999 ) , l . vechti ( turillazzi , 1988 ) , metischnogaster drewseni ( de saussure , 1857 ) , parischnogaster alternata ( sakagami , 1969 ) , p . mellyi ( de saussure , 1852 ) , p . jacob buysson , 1913 ) , parischnogaster sp . , p . striatula ( du buysson , 1905 ) . parischnogaster sp . is an undescribed species but it is quite common in malaya peninsula ( pers . . . .\nfig . 2 . graphical representation of the first ( x - axis ) and of the second ( y - axis ) relative warp ( rw ) of the forewing vein junctions analysis . open pentagons , e . calyptodoma ; black stars , e . micans ; open rhombus , e . fraterna ; triad , l . campanulae ; black triangles , l . flavolineata ; open triangles , l . nitidipennis ; open circles , l . pardii ; black rhombus , l . topographica ; black rectangles , l . vechti ; open squares , m . drewseni ; black circles , p . alternata ; black squares , p . mellyi ; x - shaped , p . jacobsoni ; sun - shaped , parischnogaster sp . , open stars , p . striatula .\nanalyses of the volatile compounds in the venom sacs of seven species of stenogastrine wasps , belonging to three different genera , have revealed a mixture of linear alkanes and alkenes , with a chain length ranging from c11 to c17 in all the species . among conspecifics , the composition of the mixture was consistent , while clear differences have been found between different species . venom glands of some species also contained oxygenated compounds and , in one species , some pyrazines . most of these compounds were found to be species - specific but were not always found in every individual of a species . in the genus parischnogaster , p jacobsoni and p . mellyi showed the presence of some spiroacetals that were not found in p . alternata and p . striatula . the possible functions of the venom sac volatiles in the biology of the stenogastrinae are discussed\nanalyses of the volatile compounds in the venom sacs of seven species of stenogastrine wasps , belonging to three different genera , have revealed a mixture of linear alkanes and alkenes , with a chain length ranging from c 11 to c 17 in all the species . among conspecifics , the composition of the mixture was consistent , while clear differences have been found between different species . venom glands of some species also contained oxygenated compounds and , in one species , some pyrazines . most of these compounds were found to be species - specific but were not always found in every individual of a species . in the genus parischnogaster , p jacobsoni and p . mellyi showed the presence of some spiroacetals that were not found in p . alternata and p . striatula . the possible functions of the venom sac volatiles in the biology of the stenogastrinae are discussed .\nlaboratory observations on colonies of parischnogaster alternata sakagami have revealed new aspects of the social behaviour of this species which it was not possible to observe in previous short - term studies conducted in the field . a dominance - subordinance hierarchy and division of labour were found to exist in both mature colonies and among females on a newly founded nest . the movements of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nparischnogaster nigricans serrei has 4 larval instars . the larva does not spin a cocoon and the cell is closed by adult females , who reopen the operculum a few days later to extract the larval meconium , then close the cell again . immature life lasts an average of 44 . 5 days . adult - larva interactions are frequent and the curled up larvae react to adult solicitations by opening themselves like . . . [ show full abstract ]\na checklist of the species in the subfamily stenogastrinae is presented , including synonyms , nomenclatural changes , and distributional summaries . forty - five species in seven genera are treated as valid , with an additional three subspecies . excluding emendations , misspellings and nomina nuda , a further 16 names are treated as available synonyms , but eight of these names are listed only as questionable synonyms . a new combination is parischnogaster aurifrons ( smith ) . thirty new locality records are given .\n. . . cuticular hydrocarbons ( hereafter chcs ) together with pheromones are assumed to regulate almost all social interactions , implying the chemical senses as the predominant channels of communication in insect societies [ 6 , 8 ] . in the last two decades , however , visual communication abilities have been discovered in two subfamilies of social wasps [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] . a pioneering experiment demonstrated that males of the stenogastrinae wasp parischnogaster mellyi use a visual status badge during flying duels for winning a perch in aerial leks [ 14 ] . . . .\nparischnogaster mellyi is a common species of hover wasp which lives in the oriental region . in this research we wanted to achieve a deeper understanding of some aspects of its social biology and chemical ecology considering the composition of colonies , the reproductive poten - tial of the female nest - mates , the chemical similarities between the adult cuticular hydrocarbons , the nest paper , the dufour ' s gland secretion of the females and the pap placed on the eggs as a support for larval develop - ment . we were able to assess with nest exchange experiments that this species is capable of immature brood recognition . neither the pap placed on eggs , nor the nest odour are used in this recognition process , despite the potential discrimination cues shown by chemical analyses .\n. . . a pioneering experiment demonstrated that males of the stenogastrinae wasp parischnogaster mellyi use a visual status badge during flying duels for winning a perch in aerial leks [ 14 ] . it was since found that visual communication plays a key role in the social interactions between colony members and indeed , a facial badge of status has been shown to convey information on the agonistic qualities in foundresses of the north american population of polistes dominula and to regulate dominance hierarchies in the stenogastrinae wasp liostenogaster vechti [ 10 , 11 ] , but see [ 15 , 16 ] . polistes fuscatus wasps are more aggressive to individuals with unfamiliar appearances landing on the nest [ 9 ] and they are able to remember the individual identity of partners after one week of interactions with several other wasps [ 17 ] . . . .\nin particular , all specimens were correctly assigned with the exception of two e . calyptodoma erroneously assigned to e . micans and two l . campanulae to l . flavolineata . intriguingly , function 1 represented by the variables rw1 and rw4 while function 2 by the variables rw2 and rw3 . in the cross - validation test , where specimens were blindly entered into the analysis only 7 out of 149 cases were misclassified in different congeneric species ( 94 . 6 % of correct classification ) : three l . campanulae were identified as l . flavolineata , two e . calyptodoma as e . micans , one p . striatula as p . alternata and one p . jacobsoni as p . mellyi . differences between genera in wing shape are illustrated by deformation grids reported in figure 4 . as shown in table 1 , the landmarks 17 and 20 gave the major contribution to the variation in shape of the forewing ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nthe hover wasps ( stenogastrinae ) comprise 58 described species in 7 genera which are distributed in the south east asian tropics , from india to new guinea . this chapter offers a sketch of their systematics . there follows a brief history of the studies by researchers of these wasps , focusing on the main problems , phylogeny and social evolution of these insects . general characteristic of other social wasps are briefly presented and discussed .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbaracchi d , dapporto l , teseo s , hashim r , turillazzi s ( 2010 ) medium molecular weight polar substances of the cuticle as tools in the study of the taxonomy , systematics and chemical ecology of tropical hover wasps ( hymenoptera : stenogastrinae ) . j zool syst evol res 48 : 109\u2013114\nbaracchi d , dapporto l , turillazzi s ( 2011 ) relevance of wing morphology in distinguishing and classifying genera and species of stenogastrinae wasps . contrib zool 80 : 191\u2013199\ncarpenter jm ( 1982 ) the phylogenetic relationships and natural classification of the vespoidea ( hymenoptera ) . syst entomol 7 : 11\u201338\ncarpenter jm ( 1988 ) the phylogenetic system of the stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . j n y entomol soc 96 : 140\u2013175\ncarpenter jm ( 1991 ) phylogenetic relationships and the origin of social behavior in the vespidae . in : ross kg , matthews rw ( eds ) the social biology of wasps . cornell university press , ithaca , ny\ncarpenter jm ( 2001 ) new generic synonymy in stenogastrinae ( insecta : hymenoptera ; vespidae ) . nat hist bull ibaraki univ 5 : 27\u201330\ncarpenter jm ( 2003 ) on \u201cmolecular phylogeny of vespidae ( hymenoptera ) and the evolution of sociality in wasps . am mus novit 3389 : 1\u201320\ncarpenter jm , kojima j ( 1996 ) checklist of the subfamily stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . j n y entomol soc 104 : 21\u201336\ncarpenter jm , kojima j ( 2006 ) checklist of the species of the subfamily stenogastrinae bequaert , 1918 ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . natural history laboratory , ibaraki university ( iunh ) and world association for the study of paperwasps ( wasp ) , japan . 13 : 5\u201326\ncarpenter jm , starr ck ( 2000 ) a new genus of hover wasps from southeast asia ( hymenoptera : vespidae ; stenogastrinae ) . am mus novit 3291 : 1\u201312\ncervo r , dani fr ( 1996 ) social parasitism and its evolution in polistes . in : turillazzi s , west - 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( 2012 ) the nest of hover wasps . in : the biology of hover wasps . springer , berlin , heidelberg\nthis chapter looks at the main aspects of social communication in hover wasp colonies according to the social context in which information is transferred . adult\u2013immature brood communication seems limited in these wasps , while adult\u2013adult interactions are similar to those observed in the primitively eusocial polistines . as in other social insects , the most utilised channel seems to be the chemical one . nestmate recognition has been intensely studied , but as yet no decisive results on the recognition process have come to light . visual and vibratory ( including sound ) communication is possible in some species .\naldiss jbjf ( 1983 ) chemical communication in british social wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . ph . d . dissertation , university of southampton , uk\nbaracchi d , petrocelli i , cusseau g , pizzocaro l , teseo s , turillazzi s ( 2012 ) facial markings in the hover wasps : quality signals and familiar recognition cues in two species of stenogastrinae . anim behav in press\nbeani l , turillazzi s ( 1999 ) stripes display in hover wasps ( vespidae - stenogastrinae ) : a socially costly status badge . anim behav 57 : 1233\u20131239\nbreed md ( 1998 ) chemical cues in kin recognition : criteria for identification , experimental approaches , and the honey bee as an example . in : vander meer rk , breed md , espelie ke , winston ml ( eds ) pheromone communication in social insects : ants , wasps , bees and termites . westview press , colorado\nbruschini c , cervo r , turillazzi s ( 2006 ) evidence of alarm pheromones in the venom of polistes dominulus workers ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . physiol entomol 31 : 286\u2013293\nbruschini c , cervo r , turillazzi s ( 2010 ) pheromenes in ocial wasps . in : litwack g ( ed ) vitamins and hormones . academic press , burlington , pp 447\u2013492\ncervo r , dani fr , turillazzi s ( 1996 ) nestmate recognition in three species of stenogastrine wasps ( hymenoptera vespidae ) . behav ecol sociobiol 39 : 311\u2013316\ndani fr , jones gr , destri s , spencer sh , turillazzi s ( 2001 ) deciphering the recognition signature within the cuticular chemical profile of paper wasps . anim behav 62 : 165\u2013171\ndani fr , jones gr , corsi s , beard r , pradella d , turillazzi s ( 2005 ) nestmate recognition cues in the honey bee : differential importance of cuticular alkanes and alkenes . chem sens 30 : 1\u201313\ndelfino g , fortunato a , formigli f , turillazzi s ( 1998 ) structural and ultrastructural features of the ectal mandibular gland in liostenogaster ( vespidae , stenogastrinae ) . insect soc life 2 : 45\u201352\ndetrain c , deneubourg jl , pasteels jm ( 1999 ) information processing in social insects . birkh\u00e4user , basel , switzerland\ndreller c , kirschner wh ( 1993 ) hearing in honeybees : localization of the audiotory sense organ . j comp physiol a 173 : 275\u2013279\nespelie ke , wenzel j h , chang g ( 1990 ) surface lipids o f the social wasp polistes metricus say and its nest and nest pedicel and their relation to nestmate recognition . j chem ecol 16 : 2229\u20132241\nfield j ( 2008 ) the ecology and evolution of helping in hover wasps ( hymenoptera : stenogastrinae ) . in : korb j , heinze j ( eds ) ecology of social evolution . springer , heidelberg , berlin\nfrancke w , kitching w ( 2001 ) spiroacetal in insects . curr org chem 5 : 233\u2013251\ngamboa gj ( 1996 ) kin recognition in social wasps . in : turillazzi s , west - eberhard mj ( eds ) natural history and the evolution of paper wasps . oxford university press , oxford\ngamboa gj ( 2004 ) kin recognition in eusocial wasps . ann zool fenn 41 : 789\u2013808\n( drury ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) and associated behavior . experientia 44 : 82\u201383\n( degeer ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . j chem ecol 12 : 773\u2013779\nklahn je , gamboa gj ( 1983 ) social wasps : discrimination between kin and non - kin brood . science 221 : 482\u2013484\nkrebs jr , davies nb ( 1987 ) an introduction to behavioural ecology , 2nd edn . blackwell , oxford\nlandolt pj , heath rr , reed hc , manning k ( 1995 ) pheromonal mediation of alarm in the eastern yellowjacket ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . fla entomol 78 : 101\u2013108\nlunghi k ( 1999 ) architettura del nidi e comunicazione acustica nel genere eustenogaster . msc thesis , universit\u00e0 di firenze , italy\nnieh jc , tautz j ( 2000 ) behavior - locked signal analysis reveals weak 200\u2013300 hz comb vibrations during the honeybee waggle dance . j exp biol 203 : 1573\u20131579\npeeters c , monnin t , malosse c ( 1999 ) cuticular hydrocarbons correlated with reproductive status in a queenless ant . proc r soc lond b 266 : 1323\u20131327\nreeve hk ( 1989 ) the evolution of conspecific acceptance thresholds . am nat 133 : 407\u2013435\nruther j , sieben s , schricker b ( 2002 ) nestmate recognition in social wasps : manipulation of hydrocarbon profiles induces aggression in the european hornet . naturwissenschaften 89 : 111\u2013114\nsakagami sf , ohgushi r , roubik dw ( 1990 ) natural history of social wasps and bees in equatorial sumatra . hokkaido university press , sapporo\nseeley td ( 1989 ) the honey bee colony as a superorganism . am sci 77 : 546\u2013553\nsinger tl , espelie ke , gamboa gj ( 1998 ) nest and nestmate discrimination in independent - founding paper wasps . in : vander meer rk , breed md , winston ml , espelie ke ( eds ) pheromone communication in social insects : ants , wasps , bees , and termites . westview press , colorado\nstarks pt ( 2004 ) recognition systems : from components to conservation . ann zool fenn 41 : 689\u2013690\nturillazzi s , francescato e ( 1989 ) observation on the behaviour of male stenogastrine wasps ( hymenoptera , vespidae , stenogastrinae ) . actes coll insectes soc 5 : 181\u2013187\nturillazzi s , sledge mf , dapporto l , landi m , fanelli d , fondelli l , zanetti p , dani fr ( 2004 ) epicuticular lipids and fertility in primitively social wasps ( hymenoptera stenogastrinae ) . physiol entomol 29 : 1\u20138\nturillazzi s , fanelli d , theodora p , lambardi d , ortolani i , hashim r , baracchi d ( 2008 ) determinants of immature brood and nest recognition in a stenogastrine wasp ( hymenoptera vespidae ) . ethol ecol evol 20 : 17\u201333\nvander meer rk , morel l ( 1998 ) nestmate recognition in ants . in : vander meer rk , breed md , winston ml , espelie ke ( eds ) pheromone communication in social insects : ants , wasps , bees , and termites . westview press , colorado\nwest - eberhard mj ( 1969 ) the social biology of polistine wasps . misc publ mus zool univ michigan 140 : 1\u2013101\n( hymenoptera stenogastrinae ) , visual and olfactory recognition cues . j insect phys 47 : 1013\u20131020\nturillazzi s . ( 2012 ) social communication . in : the biology of hover wasps . springer , berlin , heidelberg\n1982 . multicomponent mandibular gland secretions in three species of andrena bees ( hym , apoidea ) .\n1987 . new structural aspect of the dufour ' s and venom glands in social insects .\nsakagami ( vespidae , stenogastrinae ) , intra - specific variability in building strategies .\n1985 . mandibular gland secretions of two parasitoid wasps ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) .\n1986 . volatiles from the defensive secretion of two rove species ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) .\nk . g . ross and r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . comstock , ithaca , new york .\n1979a . mass - spectrometric fragmentation of alkyl - 1 , 6 - dioxaspiro [ 4 . 5 ] decanes .\n1979b . alkyl - 1 , 6 - dioxaspiro [ 4 . 5 ] decanes - a new class of pheromones .\n1992 . a chemical and chemotaxonomic study of the volatile secretions from some social insects . phd dissertation . university of keele , keele , uk .\nj . billen ( ed . ) . biology and evolution of social insects . leuven university press , leuven , belgium .\n1979 . occurrence and location of exocrine glands in some social vespidae ( hymenoptera ) .\n1995 . pheromonal mediation of alarm in the eastern yellowjacket ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) .\n1990 . untersuchungen fl\u00fcchtiger inhaltstoffe sozialer bienen und wespen . phd dissertation . university of hamburg , hamburg , germany .\n1992 . the chemical diversity of ants : is there system in diversity ? pp . 183\u2013194 .\nt . piek ( ed . ) . venoms of hymenoptera . biochemical , pharmacological and behavioural aspects . academic press , london .\n1984 . venom as an interspecific sex pheromone , and species recognition by a cuticular pheromone in paper wasps ( polistes , hymenoptera : vespidae ) .\n1990 . hymenoptera venoms : striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates , pp . 387\u2013419 ,\nd . l . evans and j . o . schmidt ( eds . ) . insect defense , adaptative mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators . state of new york press , albany .\ntengo , j . , bergstr\u00f6m , g . , borg - karlson , a . k . , groth , i .\n1989 . the origin and evolution of social life in the stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) .\n1990 . socialit\u00e0 ed arachitettura del nido nelle vespe stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) .\ns . turillazzi and m . j . west - eberhard ( eds . ) . natural history and evolution of paper - wasps . oxford university press , oxford .\ndani , f . r . , morgan , e . d . , jones , g . r . et al . j chem ecol ( 1998 ) 24 : 1091 . urltoken\nthis chapter describes the most common behavioural patterns of female and male hover wasps . behaviours are divided into three main groups , depending on their functional categories : elementary behaviour ( which ranges from feeding to mating ) , colony maintenance behaviour ( directed towards rearing and defence of immature brood and nest construction ) and social behaviour ( mainly interactions with conspecifics and nestmates ) . these are further divided into behaviours performed on the nest and off the nest . short videoclips for some behaviour are available online .\nor in the supplementary material ( esm ) of the electronic version of this chapter .\nbeani l ( 1996 ) lek - like courtship in paper wasps : \u201ca prolonged , delicate , and troublesome affair\u201d . in : turillazzi s , west - eberhard mj ( eds ) natural history and evolution of paper wasps . oxford university press , oxford\nbrown re , macdonald dw ( 1985 ) social odours in mammals . clarendon press , oxford\nfortunato a , coster - longman c ( 2000 ) reproductive behaviour and relative anatomical structures for the production of pheromones and luminous signals in male metischnogaster ( vespidae : stenogastrinae ) . insect soc life 3 : 27\u201328\nfortunato a , turillazzi s ( 2012 ) dufour\u2019s gland and massive use of its secretion drove the evolution of sting\u2019s morphology and function in hover wasps ( hymenoptera stenogastrinae ) . arthropod struct dev 41 : 259\u2013264\n( saussure ) , stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . proc konin neder akad wetens ser c 86 : 167\u2013178\n. in : ohgushi r ( ed ) ecological study on social insects in central sumatra with special reference to wasps and bees . sumatra nature study ( entomology ) , kanazawa university , japan\nspradbery jp ( 1989 ) the nesting of anischnogaster iridipennis ( smith ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new guinea . j aust entomol soc 28 : 225\u2013228\nturillazzi s ( 1990c ) socialit\u00e0 ed architettura del nido nelle vespe stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . atti acc naz ital entomol rendiconti xxxviii : 1\u201324\nturillazzi s , cervo r , dani fr ( 1997 ) intra - and inter - specific relationships in a cluster of stenogastrine wasp colonies ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) . ethol ecol evol 9 : 385\u2013395\nugolini a , cannicci s ( 1996 ) homing in paper - wasps . in : turillazzi s , west - eberhard mj ( eds ) natural history and the evolution of paper wasps . oxford university press , oxford\nturillazzi s . ( 2012 ) behaviour . in : the biology of hover wasps . springer , berlin , heidelberg\n1991 . phylogenetic relationships and the origin of social behavior in the vespidae , pp . 7\u201332 .\nk . g . ross and r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\n( hymenoptera , stenogastrinae ) . 10th international congress iussi , m\u00fcnchen , pp . 444\u2013445 .\n, m . h . 1977 . social behavior of a three wasp colony : stenogastrinae vespidae . proceedings , 15th international ethology conference , bielefeld , 23\u201331 august 1977 , p . 30 .\nflavolineata : social life in the small colonies of an asian tropical wasp , pp . 192\u2013195 ,\nm . d . breed , c . d . michener , and h . e . evans ( eds . ) . the biology of social insects , westview press , boulder , colorado .\n1967 . report of the fundamental research on the biological control of insect pests in thailand . ii . the report on the bionomics of aculeate wasps . bionomics of subsocial wasps of stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) .\nj . billen , ( ed . ) . biology and evolution of social insects . leuven university press , leuven .\n1971 . naturally occurring diol lipids . viii . mass spectrometric analysis of mono - and dialkyl ethers of diols .\n: in ecological study of social insects in central sumatra with special reference to wasps and bees .\nvan der vecht , with comments on the phytogeny of stenogastriniae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) .\n1972 . viscosity of hexadecanol and oxyethylated octadecanol monlayers and the effect of a wave on it .\nk . g . ross and r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . cornell university press , ithaca .\n1919 . philippine wasp studies . ii . descriptions of new species and life history studies .\nbull exp . stn . hawaii sugar plant . assoc . ( entomol . )\nuniversit\u00e0 di firenze and centro studio per la faunistica ed ecologia tropicali del c . n . r .\nkeegans , s . j . , morgan , e . d . , turillazzi , s . et al . j chem ecol ( 1993 ) 19 : 279 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nh . r . hermann ed . , academic press , vol . iv : 1\u2013105 .\n, 1982 . \u2014 liostenogaster flavolineata : social life in the small colonies of an asian tropical wasp . in :\n. m . breed , c . d . michener and h . e . evans , editors . westview press , boulder colorado , xii + 420 , pp . 192\u2013195 .\n, 1980 . \u2014 le vespe sociali : biologia ed evoluzione del comportamento . acc . naz . lincei ,\ncontrib . centr . linceo interdisc . sc . mat e applic . , 51\nvan der vecht with comments on the phylogeny of the stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera vespidae ) .\n1986b . \u2014 les stenogastrinae : un groupe cl\u00e9 pour l ' \u00e9tude de l ' \u00e9volution du comportement social chez les gu\u00eapes .\n, 1969 . \u2014 preliminary report on entomology of the osaka city university 5th expedition to southeast asia , 1966 .\nuniversita ' di firenze and centro di studio per la faunistica ed ecologia tropicali del c . n . r .\nmost species of animals are classified by scientific names , and are known to the public by one or more common names . unfortunately today\u2019s animal doesn\u2019t have a common name . i\u2019ve called it a social wasp because that\u2019s the group the species belongs to , and will refer to it as \u2018wasp\u2019 for the remainder of this post ."]}
{"id": 1900, "summary": [{"text": "bombus melanopygus , the black-tailed bumble bee , black tail bumble bee or orange-rumped bumblebee , is a species of bumblebee .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is native to western north america from british columbia to california , and as far east as idaho . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "bombus melanopygus", "paragraphs": ["for further information about this species , see 44937809 _ bombus _ melanopygus . pdf .\nbombus edwardsii is a subspecies of bombus melanopygus that lives is most of california and southern oregon . bombus melanopygus lives along the border of northern california up into alaska and across into alberta and down into utah .\na black - tailed bumble bee , bombus bombus melanopygus , foraging on westringia in vallejo . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\ntypical specimens of the nominate forms of bombus edwardsii cresson , bombus . melanopygus nylander , and bombus sylvicola kirby ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . high quality figures are available online .\n\u00a9 copyright source / photographer \u00b7 5 bombus melanopygus , back , f , mariposa ca - - - .\n\u00a9 copyright source / photographer \u00b7 5 bombus melanopygus , face , f , mariposa ca - - - .\n\u00a9 copyright source / photographer \u00b7 5 bombus melanopygus , right , f , mariposa ca - - - .\ndescriptions of bombus melanopygus and b . edwardsii taken from franklin ( 1913 ) and stephen ( 1957 ) .\nbumble bee , bombus melanopygus , foraging in manzanita on feb . 12 . ( photo by allan jones )\nthe bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , sips nectar from a lavender blossom . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\nplot of the first two canonical scores for bombus melanopygus and bombus edwardsii ( hymenoptera : apidae ) only . r = red b . melanopygus from oregon and california , b = black b . edwardsii from oregon and california , m = b . melanopygus from alberta . high quality figures are available online .\ncheck out the pollen on this black - tailed bumble bee , bombus bombus melanopygus , foraging on westringia in vallejo . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\n\u00a9 copyright source / photographer \u00b7 5 bombus melanopygus , f , face , san francisco , ca - - - .\nthis female female bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , packed a large pollen load . ( photo by allan jones . )\nbumble bee , bombus melanopygus , takes flight over a manzanita on feb . 12 . ( photo by allan jones )\nplot of the first two canonical scores for bombus sylvicola ( s ) , the alberta bombus melanopygus ( m ) , and the anomalous alberta b . melanopygus ( \u201cmel x\u201d ) ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . high quality figures are available online .\nfigure 8 . adult black - tailed bumble bee , bombus melanopygus . photograph by bob hammon , colorado state university , urltoken .\nplot of the first two canonical scores for the total data set . s = bombus sylvicola ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , r = red bombus melanopygus from oregon and california , b = black bombus edwardsii from oregon and california , m = b . melanopygus from alberta . high quality figures are available online .\nand then he found another melanopygus . it was a three - in - one day .\na male b . melanopygus sipping nectar from thick - leafed yerba santa ( eriodictyon crassifolium ) .\nmatthew p . kweskin ( 1997 - 03 - 31 ) .\nthe bumblebees of evergreen : bombus melanopygus\n. the evergreen state college .\nit ' s off to another blossom . a male bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , heads for more nectar . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\na male three - banded bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , on manzanita on jan . 27 in the uc davis arboretum . ( photo by allan jones )\nbombus melanopygus edwardsii is a vary early bumblebee that works furiously polluting arctostaphylos species , ribes species , ( native gooseberries and currants ) and some cultivated plum varieties .\n- 1993 b . bombus villarricaensis is but a junior synonym of bombus ruderatus . entomologische berichten 53 : 38 .\nlocations where queens of the taxa were collected in 1988 . specimens of bombus edwardsii and bombus melanopygus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) were collected in california and oregon from 13 february - 03 march . specimens of b . sylvicola and b . melanopygus were collected in southern alberta from 16 april - 16 june . high quality figures are available online .\nclose - up of a male three - banded bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , on manzanita on jan . 27 in the uc davis arboretum . ( photo by allan jones )\na honey bee and a bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , head for the same patch of lavender . this image was taken in vacaville , calif . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\nowen , r . e , and r . c . plowright . 1980 . abdominal pile color dimorphism in the bumble bee , bombus melanopygus . journal of heredity 71 : 241 - 247 .\nowen , r . e . & plowright , r . c . 1980 . abdominal pile color dimorphism in the bumble bee , bombus melanopygus . journal of heredity 71 : 241 - 247 .\nsuddenly out of no where , there ' s a flash of yellow and black . a black - tailed bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , buzzes by our camera and heads for the westringia .\nin this photo , you can see the bumble bee ' s tongue or proboscis , as it sips nectar from lavender . this is a male bombus melanopygus . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\nright forewing of a bombus melanopygus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) queen ( mel\u201308 ) . the distance to point e from each of the other 13 points was measured . high quality figures are available online .\nowen , r . e . , whidden , t . l . & plowright , r . c . 2010 . genetic and morphometric evidence for the conspecific status of the bumble bees , bombus melanopygus and bombus edwardsii . journal of insect science 10 : 1 - 18 .\nowen r . e . , whidden t . l . , plowright r . c . ( 2010 ) . genetic and morphometric evidence for the conspecific status of the bumble bees , bombus melanopygus and bombus edwardsii . j . insect science 10 : 109 . ( full text )\nat 2 : 02 today ( friday , jan . 27 ) naturalist and insect photographer allan jones of davis alerted us :\ntwo bombus melanopygus on manzanita just east of the redwood grove ( uc davis arboretum ) .\na black - tailed bumble bee , bombus melanopygus , peers at the photographer . this one buzzed into robbin thorp ' s office at uc davis on valentine ' s day , feb . 14 . ( photo by kathy keatley garvey )\nowen , r . e . , t . l . whidden , and r . c . plowright . 2010 . genetic and morphometric evidence for the conspecific status of the bumble bees , bombus melanopygus and bombus edwardsii . journal of insect science 10 : 109 . available online : insectscience . org / 10 . 109\n- 1931 . \u00fcber bombus und psithyrus . konowia 10 : 300 - 304 .\nso today , jones won . he headed over to\ntwo beautiful manzanitas\nnear the off - ramps at russell and route 113 , davis , and spotted both the yellow - faced bumble bee , bombus vosnesenskii , and the three - banded bumble bee , bombus melanopygus . he captured these images ( below ) at noon .\nbombus melanopygus is the kind of bee that lingers not . one minute you see it , the next minute , it ' s gone . it knows what it needs , where to get it , and how long to stay to elude those predatory wasps .\n59 pp . , bombus ( 19 species ) and psithyrus insularis only . no images .\nerlandsson , a . 1979 . bombus canariensis p\u00e9rez , 1895 n . stat and bombus maderensis n . sp . from the macaronesian islands . entomologica scandinavica 10 : 187 - 192 .\n- 1912 . zur synonymie der bombus - arten . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1911 : 684 .\n193 pp . contains descriptions of 20 species and subspecies of bombus and 3 species of psithyrus in colorado , also a key to males and females to colorado bombus and psithyrus . no images .\n- 1877 . bombus mocs\u00e1ryi n . sp . stettiner entomologische zeitung 38 : 253 - 254 .\nan early bombus sighting ! photographer allan jones of davis grabbed this shot of a yellow - faced bumble bee , bombus vosnesenskii , in manzanitas on feb . 12 . ( photo by allan jones )\n- 1880 . unsere hummel - ( bombus ) arten . der naturhistoriker 2 : 40 - 41 .\n- 1911 . neue variet\u00e4ten von bombus , iii . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1911 : 571 - 572 .\n- 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species : bombus franklini . iucn urltoken accessed 2008 ] .\nsmissen , j . van der & rasmont , p . 1999 . bombus semenoviellus skorikov 1910 , eine f\u00fcr westeuropa neue hummelart ( hymenoptera : bombus , cullumanobombus ) . bembix 13 : 21 - 24 .\ninsect photographer and naturalist allan jones of davis discovered and photographed three bombus melanopygus foraging on manzanita on jan . 27 in the uc davis arboretum . in doing so , he won the science - based , friendly competition among a small group of bumble bee enthusiasts in yolo and solano counties searching for the first bumble bee of the year .\nbombus melanopygus , also known as the black - tailed honey bee , is among the bumble bees featured in the book , bumble bees of north america : an identification guide ( princeton university ) , the award - winning work of paul h . williams , robbin w . thorp , leif l . richardson and sheila r . colla .\n- 1909 . neue variet\u00e4ten von bombus ( hym . ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1909 : 673 - 676 .\n- 2001 . large numbers of bombus soroeensis in northern scotland , 2000 . bwars newsletter spring 2001 : 5 .\n- 1883 . neue russisch - asiatische bombus - arten . trudy russkago \u00e9ntomologicheskago obshchestva 17 : 235 - 245 .\npawlikowski , t . 1994 . the distribution of bombus schrencki mor . in poland . melissa 7 : 11 .\nthe color patterns of typical bombus melanopygus ( left ) , bombus sylvicola ( right ) , and the intermediate form ( middle ) as found in the kananaskis river valley in alberta . in the illustration , black = black pile on the bee , ferruginous ( red ) = crosshatching , yellow = vertical hatching , and admixture of yellow and black ( which gives a \u201cdusky\u201d appearance ) = stippling . clear = bare . high quality figures are available online .\nplowright , c . m . s . , plowright , r . c . & williams , p . h . 1997 . replacement of bombus muscorum by bombus pascuorum in northern britain ? canadian entomologist 129 : 985 - 990 .\npamilo , p . , varvio - aho , s . - l . & pekkarinen , a . 1984 . genetic variation in bumblebees ( bombus , psithyrus ) and putative sibling species of bombus lucorum . hereditas 101 : 245 - 251 .\n- 1980 . the taxonomic status of bombus franklini ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . canadian entomologist 112 : 475 - 479 .\nthe classification count generated by the discriminant analysis using just the nominate melanopygus and edwardsii . this shows how accurately the discriminant functions classify the observations , and if classification is perfect then there will be zeros on the off - diagonals ( hintze 1996 ) .\nother considerations : mcfrederick and lebuhn ( 2005 ) found abundance of b . melanopygus to be unaffected by that of the superabundant b . vosnesenskii . they suggest this could be because b . melanopygus can nest either below ground ( often old rodent nests ) or above ground , e . g . in old bird nests and so is less affected by competition from that species than are species that nest only below ground . however , in the san francisco area they found this species only in study sites with ceanothus thrysiflorus .\n- 1903 . neue bombus - arten aus der neotropischen region . zeitschrift f\u00fcr systematische hymenopterologie und dipterologie 3 : 253 - 255 .\n- 1883 . sur quelques esp\u00e8ces russes appartenant au genre bombus . byulleten ' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 58 : 168 - 226 .\nrasmont , p . , terzo , m . , aytekin , a . m . , hines , h . , urbanova , k . , cahlikova , l . , & valterova , i . 2005 . cephalic secretions of the bumblebee subgenus sibiricobombus vogt suggest bombus niveatus kriechbaumer and bombus vorticosus gerstaecker are conspecific ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) . apidologie 36 : 571 - 584 .\n- 1969 . the identity of bombus vandykei ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 45 : 87 - 96 .\n- 1982 . hymenoptera : apidae - bombus . in : insects of xizang . volume ii , pp . 427 - 447 .\nthe black - tailed bumble bee , native to north america , is one of only 250 species worldwide in the genus bombus .\nscholl , a . , obrecht , e . & owen , r . e . 1990 . the genetic relationship between bombus moderatus cresson and the bombus lucorum auct . species complex ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . canadian journal of zoology 68 : 2264 - 2268 .\nh\u00f6ppner , h . 1897 . ueber die bei freissenb\u00fcttel vorkommenden farbenvariet\u00e4ten des bombus soroensis f . entomologisches nachrichtenblatt 23 : 329 - 331 .\nmacdonald , m . 1999 . a contribution to the bombus magnus / lucorum debate . bwars newsletter 1999 ( 2 ) : 9 .\n- 1884 . r\u00e9vision des armures copulatrices des m\u00e2les du genre bombus . byulletin ' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 59 : 51 - 92 .\nschremmer , f . 1972 . beobachtungen zum paarungsverhalten der m\u00e4nnchen von bombus confusus schenck . zeitschrift f\u00fcr tierpsychologie 31 : 503 - 512 .\n- 1985 . apidae - bombus . in : [ organisms of the tumuefeng region of tienshan ] , pp . 160 - 165 .\nwilliams , p . h . & hernandez , l . m . 2000 . distinguishing females of the bumble bees bombus ruderatus ( f . ) from bombus hortorum ( l . ) in britain : a preliminary application of quantitative techniques . london . [ article pdf ]\n- 1882 . bemerkungen zur gattung bombus latr . , ii . bericht des naturwissenschaftlich - medizinischen vereins in innsbruck 12 : 14 - 31 .\nsmith , f . 1844 . notes on the british humble - bees ( bombus of authors ) . zoologist 2 : 541 - 550 .\n- 1987 . bombus . in f . - s . huang : forest insects of yunnan , pp . 1378 - 1381 . yunnan .\n- 1988 . habitat use by bumble bees ( bombus spp . ) . ecological entomology 13 : 223 - 237 . [ article pdf ]\n- 2000 . are bombus lucorum and magnus separate species ? bwars newsletter spring 2000 ( 1 ) : 15 - 17 . [ article ]\ngene frequency cline in bombus melanopygus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in oregon and california . pie diagrams give the relative frequency of the r ( red ) allele ( clear portions ) and the r ( black ) allele ( shaded portions ) . the sample size ( n ) at each location represents the combined total of queen bees collected in 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , and 1988 . high quality figures are available online .\nevans , w . 1901 . the pale variety of bombus smithianus , white , in scotland . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 37 : 47 .\n- 1881 . die russischen bombus - arten in der sammlung der kaiserlichen academie der wissenschaften . izv\u00eastiya imperatorskoi akademii nauk 27 : 213 - 265 .\nscholl , a . , thorp , r . w . & obrecht , e . 1992 . the genetic relationship between bombus franklini ( frison ) and other taxa of the subgenus bombus s . str . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 68 : 46 - 51 .\n- 1992 a . bombus villarricaensis , a new garden bumblebee from southern chile ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 52 : 133 - 136 .\n- 1992 b . bombus xelajuensis - a new species of bumblebee from guatemala ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 52 : 162 - 164 .\n- 1916 . \u00fcber einige neue hummelformen ( bombus ) , besonders aus asien ( hym . ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1916 : 107 - 110 .\nhaas , a . 1976 . paarungsverhalten und nestbau der alpinen hummelart bombus mendax ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologica germanica 3 : 248 - 259 .\nquilis - p\u00e9rez , m . 1927 . los apidos de espa\u00f1a g\u00e9nero bombus latr . anales del instituto nacionale , valencia 15 : 1 - 119 .\n- 1970 . is bombus inexspectatus ( tkalcu ) a workerless obligate parasite ? ( hym . apidae ) . insectes sociaux 17 : 95 - 112 .\n- 1993 a . a note on bombus rohweri with a description of the queen ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 53 : 32 - 34 .\n- 1984 . les bourdons du genre bombus latreille sensu stricto en europe occidentale et centrale ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . spixiana 7 : 135 - 160 .\n- 1995 . bombus menchuae - a second species of the subgenus dasybombus from highland guatemala ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 55 : 47 - 50 .\nkruseman , g . 1952 . subgeneric division of the genus bombus latr . transactions of the 9th international congress of entomology , amsterdam 1 : 101 - 103 .\nlabougle , j . m . 1990 . bombus of m\u00e9xico and central america ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . kansas university science bulletin 54 : 35 - 73 .\n- 2000 . observations on bombus soroeensis ( fabr . ) ( hym . , apidae ) in northern scotland . the scottish naturalist 112 : 45 - 53 .\nmortimer , c . h . 1922 . a new british bombus , nigrescens ( p\u00e9rez ) , from sussex . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 58 : 16 .\n- 1931 a . some notes on the humble - bees allied to bombus alpinus , l . troms\u00f8 museums \u00e5rshefter 50 ( 1927 ) : 1 - 32 .\n- 1986 . environmental change and the distributions of british bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) . bee world 67 : 50 - 61 . [ article pdf ]\nyalden , p . e . 1983 . foraging population size and distribution of bombus monticola in the peak district , england . naturalist 108 : 139 - 147 .\nyasumatsu , k . 1934 . eine neue , bombus ignitus \u00e4hnliche schmarotzerhummel aus korea ( hymenoptera , bombid\u00e6 ) . annotationes zoologicae japonensis 14 : 399 - 403 .\ncarvell , c . 2002 . habitat use and conservation of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) under different grassland management regimes . biological conservation 103 : 33 - 49 .\npekkarinen , a . & kaarnama , e . 1994 . bombus terrestris auct . new to finland ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . sahlbergia 1 : 11 - 13 .\npendlebury , h . m . 1923 . four new species of bombus from the malay peninsula . journal of the federated malay states museums 11 : 64 - 67 .\npeters , g . 1972 . ursachen f\u00fcr den r\u00fcckgang der seltenen heimishchen hummelarten ( hym . , bombus et psithyrus ) . entomologische berichte 1972 : 85 - 90 .\n- 1935 . bombus muscorum ( linnaeus ) and b . smithianus white ( hym . ) . transactions of the society for british entomology 2 : 73 - 85 .\nstarr , c . k . 1989 . bombus folsomi and the origin of philippine bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . systematic entomology 14 : 411 - 415 .\ncresson , e . t . 1863 . list of the north american species of bombus and apathus . proceedings of the entomological society of philadelphia 2 : 83 - 116 .\n- 1982 . morphology and specific status of bombus lapponicus ( fabricius ) and b . monticola smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologica scandinavica 13 : 41 - 46 .\nvollenhoven , s . c . snellen van 1873 . description d ' un bombus nouveau de l ' \u00eesle de sumatra . tijdschrift voor entomologie 16 : 229 - 230 .\n- 1971 . the author and date of certain subgeneric names in bombus latreille ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of entomology ( b ) 40 : 27 - 29 .\nlecocq , t . , lhomme , p . , michez , d . , dellicour , s . , valterrova , i . & rasmont , p . 2011 . molecular and chemical characters to evaluate species status of two cuckoo bumblebees : bombus barbutellus and bombus maxillosus ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombini ) . systematic entomology 36 : 453 - 469 .\n- 1877 b . essai d ' une nouvelle m\u00e9thode pour faciliter la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces appartenant au genre bombus . byulleten ' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 52 : 169 - 219 .\nscholl , a . & obrecht , e . 1983 . enzymelektrophoretische untersuchungen zur artabgrenzung im bombus lucorum - komplex ( apidae , bombini ) . apidologie 14 : 65 - 78 .\nsvensson , b . g . 1973 . morphological studies on the two scandinavian subspecies of bombus lapponicus fabricius ( hym . apidae ) . entomologisk tidskrift 94 : 140 - 147 .\ncarvell , c . 2002 . habitat use and conservation of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) under different grasslands management regimes . biological conservation 103 ( 1 ) : 33 - 49 .\n- 1988 . sobre bombus ( megabombus ) reinigiellus ( rasmont , 1983 ) ( hym . , apidae ) . bolet\u00edn de la asociaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola de entomolog\u00eda 12 : 281 - 289 .\nm\u00fcller , a . 2006 . a scientific note on bombus inexspectatus ( tkalcu , 1963 ) : evidence for a social parasitic mode of life . apidologie 37 : 1 - 2 .\npekkarinen , a . 1979 . morphometric , colour and enzyme variation in bumblebees ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) in fennoscandia and denmark . acta zoologica fennica 158 : 60 pp .\npekkarinen , a . & ter\u00e4s , i . 1993 . zoogeography of bombus and psithyrus in northwestern europe ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . annales zoologici fennici 30 : 187 - 208 .\n- 1970 . the type locality of bombus franklini and notes on putative arizona records of other bombini ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 46 : 177 - 180 .\narretz , p . v . & macfarlane , r . p . 1982 . the introduction of bombus ruderatus to chile for red clover pollination . bee world 67 : 15 - 22 .\ndalla torre , k . w . von 1879 . bermerkungen zur gattung bombus latr . i . bericht der naturwissenschaftlich - medizinischen vereins in innsbruck 8 ( 1877 ) : 3 - 21 .\nfaester , k . & hammer , k . 1970 . systematik der mittel - und nordeurop\u00e4ischen bombus und psithyrus ( hym . , apidae ) . entomologiske meddelelser 38 : 257 - 302 .\n- 1935 . on the variation of bombus lapidarius l . and its cuckoo , psithyrus rupestris fabr . , with notes on mimetic similarity . journal of genetics 30 : 321 - 356 .\n- 1968 . the subgeneric divisions of the genus bombus latreille ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ( entomology ) 22 : 209 - 276 .\n- 1988 . hymenoptera : apidae - genus bombus . in f . - s . huang : insects of mt . namjagbarwa region of xizang , pp . 553 - 557 . beijing .\n- 1995 . phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) : a reappraisal of morphological evidence . systematic entomology 19 ( 1994 ) : 327 - 344 . [ article pdf ]\namiet , f . 1996 . hymenoptera apidae , 1 . teil . allgemeiner teil , gattungsschl\u00fcssel , die gattungen apis , bombus und psithyrus . insecta helvetica ( fauna ) 12 : 98 pp .\nasperen de boer , j . r . j . van 1990 . bombus krusemani - a new bumblebee species from guatemala ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 50 : 1 - 3 .\nbertsch , a . , habr\u00e9 de angelis , m . & przemeck , g . k . h . 2010b . a phylogenetic framework for the north american bumblebee species of the subgenus bombus sensu stricto ( bombus affinis , b . franklini , b . moderatus , b . occidentalis & b . terricola ) based on mitochondrial dna markers . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 60 , 229 - 242 .\nmenke , a . s . & carpenter , j . 1984 . nuclearbombus , new subgenus ( or how to eliminate bumblebee subgenera and learn to love bombus ) . sphecos 9 : 28 .\nmeunier , f . 1890 . description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle ou peu connue de bombus d ' ecuador . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturaes ( 2 ) 2 : 66 .\nskorikov , a . s . 1910 a . [ bombus mendax gerst . and its variations ( hymenoptera , bombidae ) . ] russkoe \u00e9ntomologicheskoe obozr\u00eanie 9 ( 1909 ) : 328 - 330 .\nwilliams , p . h . 1982 . the distribution and decline of british bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) . journal of apicultural research 21 : 236 - 245 . [ article pdf ]\nhobbs , g . a . 1967 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . vi . subgenus pyrobombus . canadian entomologist 99 : 1271 - 1292 .\nl\u00f8ken , a . 1961 . bombus consobrinus dahlb . , an oligolectic bumble bee ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . transactions of the xi international congress of entomology , vienna 1 : 598 - 603 .\nhobbs , g . a . 1965 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . ii . subgenus bombias robt . canadian entomologist 97 : 120 - 128 .\nhobbs , g . a . 1966 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . iv . subgenus fervidobombus skorikov . canadian entomologist 98 : 33 - 39 .\n- 1996 . opinion 1828 . apis terrestris linnaeus , 1758 , a . muscorum linnaeus , 1758 and a . lucorum linnaeus , 1761 ( currently bombus terrestris , b . muscorum and b . lucorum ) and bombus humilis illiger , 1806 ( insecta , hymenoptera ) : specific names conserved , and neotypes designated for b . terrestris and b . muscorum . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 53 : 64 - 65 .\nmoure , j . s . & sakagami , s . f . 1962 . as mamangabas sociais do brasil ( bombus latreille ) ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . studia entomologica 5 : 65 - 194 .\n- 1997 . bumblebees fauna of turkey with distribution maps ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombinae ) part 1 : alpigenobombus skorikov , bombias robertson and bombus latreille . t\u00fcrkiye entomoloji dergisi 21 : 37 - 56 .\n- 1970 . bastardierungszonen und mischpopulationen bei hummeln ( bombus ) und schmarotzerhummeln ( psithyrus ) . ( hymenopt . , apidae ) . mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchener entomologischen gesellschaft 59 ( 1969 ) : 1 - 89 .\n- 1972 . \u00f6kologische studien an mittel - und s\u00fcdosteurop\u00e4ischen hummeln ( bombus latr . , 1802 ; hym . , apidae ) . mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 60 ( 1970 ) : 1 - 56 .\nrichards , k . w . 1973 . biology of bombus polaris curtis and b . hyperboreus sch\u00f6nherr at lake hazen , northwest territories ( hymenoptera : bombini ) . quaestiones entomologicae 9 : 115 - 157 .\nsladen , f . w . l . 1912 . the humble - bee , its life history and how to domesticate it , with descriptions of all the british species of bombus and psithyrus . london .\nvarela , g . 1992 . nota preliminar sobre la fenologia del nido de bombus bellicosus smith , 1879 ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . bol soc zool uruguay ( 2 ) 7 : 53 - 56 .\nlabougle , j . m . & ayala , r . 1985 . a new subgenus and species of bombus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) from guerrero , mexico . folia entomol\u00f3gica mexicana 66 : 47 - 55 .\nsakagami , s . f . , akahira , y . & zucchi , r . 1967 . nest architecture and brood development in a neotropical bumblebee , bombus atratus . insectes sociaux 14 : 389 - 414 .\nschmiedeknecht , h . l . o . 1878 . monographie der in th\u00fcringen vorkommenden arten der hymenopteren - gattung bombus mit einer allgemeinen einleitung in dieses genus . jenaische zeitschrift f\u00fcr naturwissenschaft 12 : 303 - 430 .\ntwo things about b . melanopygus . they , of all the bbees in the pnw , are the most likely to use an above - ground nest box , including abandoned filled birdhouses . they are also the earliest of all the bbees around here , overwintering queens emerging to forage even on warm january and february days . by now these bbees are almost finished with their nesting cycle ; their cycle seems closely tied to rhododendron flowering .\ngoulson , d . & williams , p . 2001 . bombus hypnorum ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , a new british bumblebee ? british journal of entomology and natural history 14 : 129 - 131 . [ article ]\nl\u00f8ken , a . , pekkarinen , a . & rasmont , p . 1994 . case 2638 . apis terrestris linnaeus , 1758 , a . muscorum linnaeus , 1758 and a . lucorum linnaeus , 1761 ( currently bombus terrestris , b . muscorum and b . lucorum ) and bombus humilis illiger , 1806 ( insecta , hymenoptera ) : proposed conservation of usage of the specific names . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 51 : 232 - 236 .\n- 1971 . a monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ; bombinae ) . i . the genera bombus and megabombus subgenus bombias . memoirs of the entomological society of canada 82 : 1 - 80 .\nplowright , r . c . & stephen , w . p . 1973 . a numerical taxonomic analysis of the evolutionary relationships of bombus and psithyrus ( apidae : hymenoptera ) . canadian entomologist 105 : 733 - 743 .\n- 1929 c . a revision of the humble - bees allied to bombus orientalis , smith , with the description of a new subgenus . annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 3 : 378 - 386 .\nwilliams , p . h . & cameron , s . a . 1993 . bumble bee ( bombus latr . ) records from the valley of flowers , uttar pradesh . bulletin of entomology 31 : 125 - 127 .\nkoch , j . b . and j . p . strange . 2012 . the status of bombus occidentalis and b . moderatus in alaska with special focus on nosema bombi incidence . northwest science 86 : 212 - 220 .\n- 1934 . entomologische ergebnisse der deutsch - russischen alai - pamir - expedition , 1928 ( iii ) . 7 . hymenoptera viii ( gen . bombus fabr . ) . nachtrag . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1933 : 163 - 174 .\nstange la , fasulo tr . ( 1998 ) . bombus spp . ( insecta : hymenoptera : apidae ) . university of florida , ifas , entomology and nematology department , featured creatures , eeny - 50 . ( 24 september 2014 )\ncolla , s . r . & packer , l . 2008 . evidence for decline in eastern north american bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with special focus on bombus affinis cresson . biodiversity and conservation 17 : 1379 - 1391 .\nkoulianos , s . & schmid - hempel , p . 2000 . phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees ( bombus , latreille ) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 14 : 335 - 341 .\n- 1939 b . bombus ( agrobombus ) bureschi sp . nov . ( hymenopt . , apidae ) , eine neue hummelart von der balkanhalbinsel und einige weitere interessante neue hummelformen . arbeiten der bulgarischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 18 : 1 - 10 .\nmcfrederick , q . s . , and g . lebuhn . 2006 . are urban parks refuges for bumble bees bombus spp . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) ? biological conservation 129 ( 3 ) : 372 - 382 [ includes corrigendum ] .\ncameron , s . a . , hines , h . m . & williams , p . h . 2007 . a comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees ( bombus ) . biological journal of the linnean society 91 : 161 - 188 .\npekkarinen , a . , ter\u00e4s , i . , viramo , j . & paatela , j . 1981 . distribution of bumblebees ( hymenoptera , apidae : bombus and psithyrus ) in eastern fennoscandia . notulae entomologicae 61 : 71 - 89 .\nmcfrederick and lebuhn ( 2005 ) found b . melanopygus edwardsii to be a very distant second to b . vosnesenskii in abundance among bumblebees in urban parks and gardens in san francisco at 2 . 7 % of all bumblebees observed . rao and stephen ( 2010 ) report it as a much more respectable third behind b . vosnesenskii and b . griseocollis at 12 . 55 % of observations on cultivated blueberry flowers ( but zero on red clover ) in the heavily agricultural willamette valley of oregon .\ncolla , s . , and l . packer . 2008 . evidence for decline in eastern north american bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with special reference to bombus affinis cresson . biodiversity and conservation 17 ( 6 ) : 1379 - 1391 .\nevans , e . , r . thorp , s . jepson and s . hoffman - black . 2008 . status review of three formerly common species of bumble bees in the subgenus bombus . the xerces society . 63 pp . accessed at urltoken\nfigure 7 . adult yellow - faced bumble bee , bombus vosnesenskii . photograph by kevin cole from pacific coast , usa ( en : user : kevinlcole ) - 208 - 12749 . licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 0 via wikimedia commons .\n- 1892 . contribuzioni imenotterologiche . sopra alcune specie nuove o poco conosciute di imenotteri antofili ( generi ctenoplectra , xylocopa , centris , psithyrus , trigona , e bombus ) . bolletino della societ\u00e0 entomologica italiana 23 ( 1891 ) : 102 - 119 .\nsubgenus : pyrobombus . currently bombus\nedwardsii\nis included in this species and it has been treated as a subspecies or a mere color form which would have no taxonomic standing . the analyses by owen et al . ( 2010 ) support conspecificity .\npamilo , p . , pekkarinen , a . & varvio , s . - l . 1987 . clustering of bumblebee subgenera based on interspecific genetic relationships ( hymenoptera , apidae : bombus and psithyrus ) . annales zoologici fennici 24 : 19 - 27 .\npedersen , b . v . 1996 . a phylogenetic analysis of cuckoo bumblebees ( psithyrus , lepeletier ) and bumblebees ( bombus , latreille ) inferred from sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase i . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 5 : 289 - 297 .\nprys - jones , o . e . , \u00f3lafsson , e . & kristj\u00e1nsson , k . 1981 . the icelandic bumble bee fauna ( bombus latr . , apidae ) and its distributional ecology . journal of apicultural research 20 : 189 - 197 .\nsheffield , c . s . & williams , p . h . 2011 . discovery of bombus distinguendus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in continental north america . journal of the entomological society of ontario , 142 : 53 - 56 . [ article pdf ]\ncomments : subgenus : pyrobombus currently bombus\nedwardsii\nis included in this species and it has been treated as a subspecies or a mere color form which would have no taxonomic standing . the analyses by owen et al . ( 2010 ) support conspecificity .\nelse , g . r . 2000 . observations on bombus soroeensis ( f . ) b . humilis illiger and b . muscorum ( l . ) on salisbury plain , wiltshire , in 1998 - 2000 . bwars newsletter autumn 2000 : 5 - 6 .\nyarrow , i . h . h . 1955 . bombus ( alpinobombus ) hyperboreus clydensis , n . ssp . , from baffin island , north - west territories , canada . annals and magazine of natural history ( 12 ) 8 : 151 - 152 .\nbaker , d . b . 1996 a . on a collection of bombus and psithyrus principally from sutherland , with notes on the nomenclature or status of three species ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . british journal of entomology and natural history 9 : 7 - 19 .\nbergstr\u00f6m , g . & svensson , b . g . 1973 . studies on natural odoriferous compounds , viii . characteristic marking secretions of the forms lapponicus and scandinavicus of bombus lapponicus fabr . ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . chemica scripta 4 : 231 - 238 .\nbertsch , a . , schweer , h . & titze , a . 2004 . discrimination of the bumblebee species bombus lucorum , b . cryptarum and b . magnus by morphological characters and male labial gland secretions . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 54 : 365 - 386 .\nhines , h . m . & williams , p . h . 2012 . mimetic colour pattern evolution in the highly polymorphic bombus trifasciatus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) species complex and its comimics . zoological journal of the linnean society , 166 : 805 - 826 .\ninoue , m . n . , yokoyama , j . & washitani , i . 2008 . displacement of japanese native bumblebees by the recently introduced bombus terrestris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of insect conservation 12 : 135 - 146 .\ngrixti , j . c . , l . t . wong , s . a . cameron , and c . favret . 2009 . decline of bumble bees ( bombus ) in the north american midwest . biological conservation 142 ( 1 ) : 75 - 84 .\nlaverty , t . m . , plowright , r . c . & williams , p . h . 1984 . digressobombus , a new subgenus with a description of the male of bombus digressus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . canadian entomologist 116 : 1051 - 1056 .\nsakagami , s . f . & zucchi , r . 1965 . winterverhalten einer neotropischen hummel , bombus atratus , innerhalb des beobachtungskastens . ein beitrag zur biologie der hummeln . journal of the faculty of science , hokkaido university ( zoology ) 15 : 712 - 762 .\nwilliams , p . h . , araujo , m . b . , & rasmont , p . 2007 . can vulnerability among british bumblebee ( bombus ) species be explained by niche position and breadth ? biological conservation 138 : 493 - 505 . [ article pdf ]\n- 2001 . the colonisation of northern scotland by bombus terrestris ( l . ) and b . lapidarius ( l . ) ( hym . , apidae ) , with comments on the possible role of climate change . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 137 : 1 - 13 .\nbertsch , a . 2010 . a phylogenetic framework for the bumblebee species of the subgenus bombus sensu stricto based on mitochondrial dna markers , with a short description of the neglected taxon b . minshanicola bischoff , 1936 n . status . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 60 , 471 - 487 .\nlabougle , j . m . , ito , m . & okazawa , t . 1985 . the species of the genus bombus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) of chiapas , mexico and guatemala ; with a morphometric and altitudinal analysis . folia entomol\u00f3gica mexicana 64 : 55 - 72 .\nmatsumura , c . , yokoyama , j . & washitani , i . 2004 . invasion status and potential impacts of an invasive alien bumblebee , bombus terrestris l . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) naturalized in southern hokkaido , japan . global environment research 8 : 51 - 66 .\nbertsch , a . , schweer , h . , titze , a . & tanaka , h . 2005 . male labial gland secretions and mitochondrial dna markers support species status of bombus cryptarum and b . magnus ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . insectes sociaux 52 , 45 - 54 .\nde meulemeester , t . , aytekin , a . m . , cameron , s . & rasmont , p . 2010 . nest architecture and species status of the bumble bee bombus ( mendacibombus ) shaposhnikovi ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombini ) . apidologie 42 : 301 - 306 .\nlectotype for bombus edwardsii cresson , 1878 catalog number : usnm collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of entomology sex / stage : female ; preparation : pinned collector ( s ) : lorquin locality : col . . date : not recorded , california , united states\npamilo , p . , teng\u00f6 , j . , rasmont , p . , pirhonen , k . , pekkarinen , a . & kaarnama , e . 1997 . pheromonal and enzyme genetic characteristics of the bombus lucorum species complex in northern europe . entomologica fennica 7 : 187 - 194 .\nestoup , a . , solignac , m . , cornuet , j . - m . , goudet , j . & scholl , a . 1996 . genetic differentiation of continental and island populations of bombus terrestris ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in europe . molecular ecology 5 : 19 - 31 .\nrasmont , p . , copp \u00e9 e , a . , michez , d . & de meulemeester , t . 2008 . an overview of the bombus terrestris ( l . 1758 ) subspecies ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 44 , 243 - 250 .\nwilliams , p . h . , cameron , s . a . , hines , h . m . , cederberg , b . & rasmont , p . 2008 . a simplified subgeneric classification of the bumblebees ( genus bombus ) . apidologie 39 : 46 - 74 . [ article pdf ]\nhines , h . m . , cameron , s . a . & williams , p . h . 2006 . molecular phylogeny of the bumble bee subgenus pyrobombus ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus ) with insights into gene utility for lower - level analysis . invertebrate systematics 20 : 289 - 303 .\naytekin , a . m . , terzo , m . , rasmont , p . , & cagatay , n . 2007 . landmark based geometric morphometric analysis of wing shape in sibiricobombus vogt ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus latreille ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 43 : 95 - 102 .\nscholl , a . , obrecht , e . & zimmermann , m . 1992 . evidence of hybridization of bombus argillaceus and b . ruderatus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in a zone of contact in france : enzyme electrophoretic data . proceedings of the xix international congress of entomology , beijing p . 53 .\n- 1968 . kirby ' s species of british bees : designation of holotypes and selection of lectotypes . part 1 . introduction and the species of apis linnaeus now included in the genera bombus latreille and psithyrus lepeletier . proceedings of the royal entomological society of london ( b ) 37 : 9 - 15 .\nsuper , p . e . , and a . t . moyer . 2003b . bombus affinis cresson , bumble bee - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park . in : nps , dlia . 2007 . discover life in america , great smoky mountains national park , gatlinburg , tennessee . online . available : urltoken\nsantos - junior , j . e . , santos , f . r . & silveira , f . a . 2015 . hitting an unintended target : phylogeography of bombus brasiliensis lepeletier , 1836 and the first new brazilian bumblebee species in a century ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . plos one , 10 : 21 .\nkawakita , a . , sota , t . , ascher , j . , ito , m . , tanaka , h . & kato , m . 2003 . evolution and phylogenetic utility of alignment gaps within intron sequences of three nuclear genes in bumble bees ( bombus ) . molecular biology and evolution 20 : 87 - 92 .\nrasmont , p . , scholl , a . , de jonghe , r . , obrecht , e . & adamski , a . 1986 . identit\u00e9 et variabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e2les de bourdons du genre bombus latreille sensu stricto en europe occidentale et centrale ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombinae ) . revue suisse zoologique 93 , 661 - 682 .\nscholl , a . , thorp , r . w . , bishop , j . a . & obrecht , e . 1995 . the taxonomic status of bombus alboanalis franklin and its relationship with other taxa of the subgenus pyrobombus from north america and europe ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 71 : 113 - 120 .\nscholl , a . , thorp , r . w . , owen , r . e . , & obrecht , e . 1992 . specific distinctness of bombus nevadensis ( cresson ) and b . auricomus ( robertson ) ( hymenoptera : apidae ) - enzyme electrophoretic data . journal of the kansas entomological society 65 : 134 - 140 .\nwilliams , p . h . , an , j . - d . & huang , j . - x . 2011 . the bumblebees of the subgenus subterraneobombus : integrating evidence from morphology and dna barcodes ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 163 : 813 - 862 . [ article pdf ]\nsianturi , e . m . t . , sota , t . , kato , m . , salmah , s . & dahelmi 1995 . nest structure , colony composition and foraging activity of a tropical - montane bumblebee , bombus senex ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , in west sumatra . japanese journal of entomology 63 : 657 - 667 .\nterzo , m . , urbanova , k . , valterova , i . & rasmont , p . 2005 . intra and interspecific variability of the cephalic labial glands ' secretions in male bumblebees : the case of bombus ( thoracobombus ) ruderarius and b . ( thoracobombus ) sylvarum [ hymenoptera , apidae ] . apidologie 36 : 85 - 96 .\na useful reference covering california bumblebees by a well - respected authority on the subject . begins with general information on life history and ecology , followed by technical keys , and discussions of the california subgenera and species of bombus and psithyrus ( parasitic\ncuckoo bumble bees\n) . a pdf file of the 79 page monograph is available for free here .\n- 1954 . opinion 220 . validation , under the plenary powers , of the generic name bombus latreille , 1802 ( class insecta , order hymenoptera ) , in so far as the use of those powers is required to provide that name with the status of availability . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 4 : 103 - 114 .\nbertsch , a . , habr\u00e9 de angelis , m . & przemeck , g . k . h . 2010a . phylogenetic relationships of the bumblebees bombus moderatus , b . albocinctus , b . burjaeticus , b . florilegus and b . cryptarum based on mitochondrial dna markers : a complex of closely related taxa with circumpolar distribution . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 60 , 13 - 32 .\npampell , r . , d . sikes , a . pantoja , p . holloway , c . knight , r . ranft . 2015 . bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus spp . ) of interior alaska : species composition , distribution , seasonal biology , and parasites . biodiversity data journal 3 : e5085 . doi : 10 . 3897 / bdj . 3 . e5085\nwilliams , p . h . 2008a . bombus , bumblebees of the world . web pages based on williams , p . h . 1998 . an annotated checklist of bumblebees with an analysis of patterns of description ( hymenoptera : apidae , bombini ) . bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) 67 : 79 - 152 . online . available : urltoken accessed 2008 - oct .\n- 2005 . profile : bombus franklini frison , 1921 , franklin ' s bumble bee ( hymenoptera : apidae : apinae : bombini ) . in m . d . shepherd , d . m . vaughan & s . h . black ( eds ) : red list of pollinator insects of north america . the xerces society for invertebrate conservation , portland ( oregon ) , pp . 8 .\nlecocq , t . , dellicour , s . , michez , d . , lhomme , p . , vanderplanck , m . , valterova , i . , rasplus , j . - y . & rasmont , p . 2013 . scent of a break - up : phylogeography and reproductive trait divergences in the red - tailed bumblebee ( bombus lapidarius ) . bmc evolutionary biology , 13 : 263 .\nthorp , r . w . & shepherd , m . d . 2005 . profile : subgenus bombus latreille , 1802 ( apidae : apinae : bombini ) . in m . d . shepherd , d . m . vaughan & s . h . black ( eds ) : red list of pollinator insects of north america . the xerces society for invertebrate conservation , portland ( oregon ) , pp . 5 .\nan , j . - d . , huang , j . - x . , shao , y . - q . , zhang , s . - w . , wang , b . , liu , x . - y . , wu , j . , & williams , p . h . 2014 . the bumblebees of north china ( apidae , bombus latreille ) . zootaxa 3830 : 1 - 89 . [ pdf ]\nbombus edwardsii cresson : apidae ( bombini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from graenicher ) asteraceae : cirsium arvense sn cp ( gr ) ; caprifoliaceae : lonicera oblongifolia sn ( gr ) , lonicera reticulata sn fq ( gr ) ; salicaceae : salix discolor [ unsp sn ] ( gr ) insect activities : cp = collects pollen fq = frequent flower visitor ( about 6 or more visits reported ) sn = sucks nectar scientific observers : ( gr ) = s . graenicher\nfull pdf abstract : i compiled data from several museum collections to map historical distributions of species of bumble bees across texas . bombus auricomus , b . bimaculatus , b . fervidus , b . fraternus , b . griseocollis , b . impatiens , b . pensylvanicus , b . sonorus , and b . variabilis were con\ufb01rmed from the state based on vouchered specimens . as currently understood , the bumble bee fauna of texas consists of nine documented species . warriner , m . d .\nwinter , k . , adams , l . , thorp , r . w . , inouye , d . w . , day , l . , ascher , j . & buchmann , s . 2006 . importation of non - native bumble bees into north america : potential consequences of using bombus terrestris and other non - native bumble bees for greenhouse crop pollination in canada , mexico , and the united states a white paper of the north american pollinator protection campaign ( napcc ) . 33 .\nplease see the montana state entomology collection ' s key to female bumble bees in montana . distinguished from other bombus by combination of outer surface of hind - leg tibia concave and forming a pollen basket , anterior edge of thorax ( scutum ) to the distinct black band between the wings with mix of yellow and black hairs giving a cloudy appearance , t2 - 3 with red or orange hairs ( t2 not intermixed with yellow ) and corbicular ( pollen basket ) fringe hairs black ( or possibly orange at the tips ) .\nwilliams , p . h . , brown , m . j . f . , carolan , j . c . , an , j . - d . , goulson , d . , aytekin , a . m . , best , l . r . , byvaltsev , a . m . , cederberg , b . , dawson , r . , huang , j . - x . , ito , m . , monfared , a . , raina , r . h . , schmid - hempel , p . , sheffield , c . s . , sima , p . & xie , z . - h . 2012 . unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus bombus s . str . world - wide with coi barcodes ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . systematics and biodiversity 10 : 21 - 56 . [ article pdf ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\napparently does rather well in some agricultural areas and can survive in cities to some extent . this subgenus is not suspected to be impacted by exotic diseases or parasites .\nthis is one of the few bumblebees still found regularly in san francisco and is rather common in the willamette valley in oregon , so it is apparently tolerant of urban and agricultural environments . little information was found regarding more northern parts of the range but this species is not listed as in general decline by xerces society or others and is regarded as common in british columbia .\na generalist for nesting sites , but may be more specialized than usual in terms of floral visitation . mcfrederick and lebuhn ( 2005 ) , in the san francisco area , found this species only in study sites with ceanothus thrysiflorus which these bees commonly visited .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nabbott , v . a . , j . l . nadeau , h . a . higo , and m . l . winston . 2008 . lethal and sub - lethal effects of imidacloprid on osmia lignaria and clothianidin on megachile rotundata ( hymenoptera : megachildae ) . journal of economic entomology 101 : 784 - 796 .\nbauer , p . j . 1983 . bumblebee pollination relationships on the beartooth plateau tundra of southern montana . american journal of botany 70 ( 1 ) : 134 - 144 .\nbhattacharya , m . , r . b . primack , and j . gerwein . 2003 . are roads and railroads barriers to bumblebee movement in a temperate suburban conservation area ? biological conservation 109 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 .\nbrown , m . j . f . , and r . j . paxton . 2009 . the conservation of bees : a global perspective . apidologie 40 ( 3 ) : 410 - 416 .\nbyrne , a . , and u . fitzpatrick . 2009 . bee conservation policy at the global , regional and national levels . apidologie 40 ( 3 ) : 194 - 210 .\ncannings , r . 2009 . checklist of the bumble bees of british columbia . e - fauna bc , electronic atlas of the wildlife of british columbia . available : urltoken\ncolla , s . r , m . c otterstatter , r . j . gegear , and j . d . thomson . 2006 . plight of the bumble bee : pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations . biological conservation 129 ( 4 ) : 461467 .\ncommittee on the status of pollinators in north america ( m . berenbaum , chair ) . 2007 . status of pollinators in north america . national research council of the national academies , the national academy press , washington , d . c . 307 pp .\ndevore , b . 2009 . a sticky situation for pollinators . minnesota conservation volunteer . 2 pp . accessed september 13 , 2009 at urltoken\ndramstad , w . e . 1996 . do bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) really forage close to their nests ? journal of insect behavior 9 ( 2 ) : 163 - 182 .\nfederman , a . plight of the bumblebee . earth island journal , autumn , 2009 . earth island institute . online . available : urltoken\nfetridge , e . d , j . s . ascher , and g . a . langellotto . 2008 . the bee fauna of residential gardens in a suburb of new york city ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . annals of the entomological society of america 101 ( 6 ) : 1067 - 1077 .\nfrankie , g . w . , r . w . thorp , j . hernandez , m . rizzardi , b . ertter , j . c . pawelek , s . l . witt , m . schindler , r . coville , and v . a . wojcik . 2009 . native bees are a rich natural resource in urban california gardens . california agriculture 63 ( 3 ) : 113 - 120 .\ngoulson d . , m . e . hanley , b . darvill , j . s . ellis , and m . e . knight . 2005 . causes of rarity in bumblebees . biological conservation 122 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .\nhines , h . , and s . d . hendrix . 2005 . bumble bee ( hymenoptera : apidae ) diversity and abundance in tallgrass prairie patches : the effects of local and landscape features . environmental entomology 34 ( 6 ) : 1477 - 1484 .\nhopwood , j . l . 2008 . the contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation . biological conservation 141 ( 10 ) : 2632 - 2640 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2008 . world bee checklist project ( version 03 - oct - 2008 ) . integrated taxonomic information system : biological names . online . available : http : / / www . itis . gov .\nlongcore , t . , c . rich , and l . m . sullivan . 2009 . critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap - neuter - return . conservation biology 23 ( 4 ) : 887 - 894 .\nnoordijk , j . , k . delille , a . p . schaffers , and k . v . s\u00fdkora . 2009 . optimizing grassland management for flower - visiting insects in roadside verges . biological conservation 142 ( 10 ) : 2097 - 2103 ."]}
{"id": 1907, "summary": [{"text": "thiacidas alboporphyrea is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in madagascar and the adults have a wingspan of 50 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "thiacidas alboporphyrea", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for alboporphyrea definition . you find here alboporphyrea meaning , synonyms of alboporphyrea and images for alboporphyrea copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word alboporphyrea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word alboporphyrea and , of course , alboporphyrea synonyms and on the right images related to the word alboporphyrea .\nhave a fact about thiacidas leonie ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiacidas leonie ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhacker h . h . & zilli a . 2010 . revisional notes on the genus thiacidas walker , 1855 ( = trisula moore , 1858 , syn . nov . ) , new additional data on the thiacidinae with descriptions of seven new species and two subspecies ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) . - esperiana memoir 5 : 413\u2013432 .\nreise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 : mit mitteln der hermann und elise geb . heckmann wentzel - stiftung : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse /\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\npagenstecher a . 1907 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903\u201405 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 . systematische arbeiten , bd 2 , hft 2 ( lepidoptera heterocera von madagaskar , den comoren und ostafrika : uraniidae , geometridae , noctuidae , pyralidae , thyrididae , . . . - \u2014 2 ( 2 ) : 93\u2014146 , pl . 6 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nberio e . 1950b . diagnosi di nuove specie di nottue ( lepid . noctuidae = agrotidae ) . - bollettino della societ\u00e0 entomologica italiana 80 ( 9\u201310 ) : 89\u201392 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1980a . lepidoptera : fam . cossidae , limacodidae , sesiidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , notodontidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , nolidae , arctiidae , agaristidae , noctuidae , ctenuchidae . \u2013 in : wittmer & b\u00fcttiker ( eds . ) , fauna of saudi arabia 2 . - fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 179\u2013240 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1994 . arabian lepidoptera : a supplement to the catalogue of saudi arabian macro - heterocera . - fauna of saudi arabia 14 : 113\u2013136 .\nberio e . 1954e . nuove catocalinae africane al museo del congo belga di tervuren . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 66 : 336\u2013343 .\npagenstecher a . 1907 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903\u201305 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 . systematische arbeiten , bd 2 , hft 2 ( lepidoptera heterocera von madagaskar , den comoren und ostafrika : uraniidae , geometridae , noctuidae , pyralidae , thyrididae , . . . - \u2014 2 ( 2 ) : 93\u2013146 , pl . 6 .\nhacker h . h . , fibiger m . & legrain a . 2002 . thyrididae , uraniidae and noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) from the arabian peninsula with descriptions of new species . - esperiana 9 : 189\u2013207 , pl . 6 .\nfawcett j . m . 1916 . notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911\u201313 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 4 ) : 707\u2013737 , pl . 1 .\nbethune - baker g . t . 1911b . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from tropical africa . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 506\u2013542 .\nhacker h . h . 2004b . nolidae and noctuidae ( excluding catocalinae : audeini and tachosini ) ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 in : mey , z . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . - esperiana memoir 1 : 261\u2013304 .\nhampson g . f . 1916a . in poulton , e . b . on a collection of moths made in somaliland by mr . w . feather . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 1 ) : 91\u2013182 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nbrandt w . 1939b . beitrag zur lepidopteren - fauna von iran ( 3 ) . \u2013 einige neue agrotiden aus laristan und beloutchistan . - entomologische rundschau 56 : 241\u2013246 , 268\u2013273 , 294\u2013299 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1958 . a new ' noctuid ' moth from southern rhodesia : family agrotidae , subfamily ophiderinae . - occasional papers of the natural history museum in southern rhodesia 22b : 117\u2013118 ; pl . 1 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1968b . some new african lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 25 ( 9 ) : 153\u2013176 .\ngr\u00fcnberg k . 1910c . in : schultze , l . : zoologische und anthropologische ergebnisse einer forschungsreise in westlichen und zentralen s\u00fcdafrika . vierter band . systematik und tiergeographie . - denkschriften der medizinisch naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena 16 ( 4 ) : 1\u2013370 , pls . 1\u201312 [ chapter pagination : 91\u2013146 ] .\nhampson g . f . 1926a . descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera phalaenae of the subfamily noctuinae ( noctuidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . - \u2014 : 1\u2013641 .\nfawcett j . m . 1918 . notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911\u201313 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1917 ) ( 3\u20134 ) : 233\u2013250 , pl . 1 .\nhering e . m . 1926\u20131927 . pterothysanidae , lymantriidae , brahmaeidae . \u2013 in : seitz , a . ( ed . ) die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . eine systematische bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten gross - schmetterlinge . die afrikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer . - \u2014 14 : 123\u2013125 , 127\u2013204 , 349\u2013351 .\nhacker h . h . & zilli a . 2007 . revisional notes on the genus thiacides walker , 1855 , with descriptions of thiacidinae subfam . nov . and eleven species ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . - esperiana memoir 3 : 179\u2013246 , pls . 21\u201330 .\nmey w . 2011 . basic pattern of lepidoptera diversity in southwestern africa . - esperiana memoir 6 : 1\u2013316 .\nberio e . 1977 . diagnosi di nuovi taxa di noctuidae del globo ( lepidoptera ) . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria 81 : 321\u2013339 .\ngaede m . 1934\u20131939 . noctuidae . \u2013 in : seitz , a . ( ed . ) die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . eine systematische bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten gross - schmetterlinge . iie abteilung : die gross - schmetterlinge des afrikanischen faunengebietes . xv . band : eulenartige nachtfalter . - \u2014 15 : 30\u2013286 .\nwalker f . 1855c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera . - \u2014 5 : i\u2013iv , 977\u20131257 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1962a . new or little known lepidoptera from central africa . - occasional papers of the natural history museum in southern rhodesia 3 ( 26b ) : 871\u2013891 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nschultze a . 1931 . zwei neue heterocera aus franz\u00f6sisch - aequatorial afrika . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris 45 : 143\u2013145 .\nholland w . j . 1905 . a new noctuid from sierra leone . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 7 ) 16 : 18\u201320 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1908, "summary": [{"text": "the blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca [ formerly dendroica fusca ] ) is a small new world warbler .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they breed in eastern north america , from southern canada , westwards to the southern canadian prairies , the great lakes region and new england , to north carolina .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "blackburnian warblers are migratory , wintering in southern central america and in south america , and are very rare vagrants to western europe . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "blackburnian warbler", "paragraphs": ["the blackburnian warbler was named after anna blackburne , an english botanist . no other north american warbler has an orange throat .\nlawrence , l . 1953 . notes on the nesting behavior of the blackburnian warbler .\nwe only shot a blackburnian warbler , a yellow - winged ditto , and a few finches .\nthis blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) perched among apple blossoms for subscriber merv cormier of st john , new brunswick .\nmorse , d . 1994 . blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) . the birds of north america , 102 : 583 .\nebird range map - blackburnian warbler . ebird . cornell lab of ornithology , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .\ndisplayed are dsl landscape capability ( lc ) data for the blackburnian warbler for 2010 ( dsl current ) and the . . .\ncurrently , blackburnian warbler populations are not considered threatened . however , wintering habitats are rapidly declining and they are sensitive to forest fragmentation .\nblackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) . the internet bird collection . lynx edicions , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .\nin form the song is much like that of the blackburnian warbler , but the loudness , different quality , and lower pitch distinguish it .\nlawrence , l . 1953 . notes on the nesting behavior of the blackburnian warbler . the wilson bulletin , 65 : 135 - 144 .\nhabitat : blackburnian warbler breeds in tall coniferous and mixed forests , but at the other times , it\u2019s found in a variety of woodlands and tall bushes .\nthe blackburnian warbler is a forest bird that breeds along the eastern seaboard from the maritime provinces to massachusetts and new york and west to alberta . . . .\n\u2014 blak\u02c8b\u0259rn\u0113\u0259n noun or blackburnian warbler ( \u02c8 ) \u0337 \u0337 | \u0337 \u0337 \u0337 \u0337 \u0337 \u0337 ( s ) usage : often capitalized b etymology : mrs . hugh blackburn , 18th century englishwoman + english ian : a no . american warbler ( \u2026\nwarbler of the united states ( { dendroica blackburni [ ae ] } ) . the male is\nsmall warbler with a long body . note triangular ear patch , pale eyebrow , and white wingbars .\nblackburnian warblers inhabit boreal forests , but during migration can occur in a variety of woodlands .\nthe blackburnian warbler has gray to black upperparts with long , whitish streaks , dark wings with two broad , white wing bars , a dark line through the eye , and a dark patch behind the eye .\nthe blackburnian warbler\u2019s nest is a cup of bark fibers , twigs , and grasses , and is lined with moss , lichens , and other materials . it is placed high on an outer branch of a conifer .\nsame place as previous blackburnian recording . in dense willow stand immediately adjacent to the ms river .\nbehaviour : blackburnian warbler is an active warbler of the tree canopy , conspicuously flitting , hovering and flycatching in search of insects among the outer leaves . it tends to keep high up in conifers on the breeding grounds . it gleans insects on small branches . it also hawks insects , flying from a perch to grab them in mid air .\nthe blackburnian warbler is a small songbird with a large breeding range of 1 , 910 , 000 square kilometers . it breeds in coniferous and mixed forests in southeastern canada and the northeastern united states south through the appalachians , and winters in montane tropical forests in southern central america , northern south america , and the andes . the blackburnian warbler has an estimated breeding population of 10 , 000 , 000 , and a conservation rating of least concern .\nrange : blackburnian warbler breeds from saskatchewan to western newfoundland , southward to northern minnesota and massachusetts , and in mountain southward to northern georgia . it winters in southern central america and northern south america , southward in the andes .\nblackburnian warblers inhabit deciduous and coniferous forests during the summer . they prefer coniferous forests , but will be found in spruce trees or hemlock in deciduous forests . in any forest type in their summer range , blackburnian warblers are most active foraging and vocalizing in conifers . tree species preferred by blackburnian warblers are pines\nmorse , d . 1967 . the contexts of songs in black - throated green and blackburnian warblers .\ndiet : blackburnian warbler is mostly insectivorous . it eats primarily caterpillars and beetles . it feeds on insects and spiders . it gleans insects on small branches high in tree . it will supplement its diet with fruit in the winter .\nprotection / threats / status : blackburnian warbler is an uncommon , but known , cowbird host . population\u2019s numbers of this species seems to be holding steady , despite loss of preferred habitat in some areas of breeding and wintering range .\n\u2014 rusvasis kr\u016bminukas statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas atitikmenys : lot . dendroica fusca angl . blackburnian warbler vok . fichtenwalds\u00e4nger , m rus . \u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u0443\u043d , m pranc . paruline \u00e0 gorge orang\u00e9e , f ry\u0161iai : platesnis terminas \u2013\u2026 \u2026\nstephenson , t . and s . whittle ( 2013 ) . the warbler guide . princeton university press , new jersey , usa .\nsmall warbler with a long body . adult males have a brilliant orange throat and face with a black crown and triangular ear patch .\nmorse , douglass h . 2004 . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken\nzerda lerner , s . , d . stauffer . 1998 . habitat selection by blackburnian warblers wintering in colombia .\nmorse , douglass h . 2004 . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nswainson\u2019s name is commemorated in three species : the widespread western raptor , swainson\u2019s hawk ; the southeastern swainson \u2018s warbler and our swainson\u2019s thrush .\ndoepker , r . v . , r . d . earle , and j . j . ozoga . 1992 . characteristics of blackburnian warbler , dendroica fusca , breeding habitat in upper michigan . can . field - nat . 106 : 366 - 371 .\nnice , m . 1926 . behavior of blackburnian , myrtle , and black - throated blue warblers , with young .\nthe blackburnian warbler does not appear to be well adapted to exploiting the periodic massive outbreaks of the spruce budworm caterpillar that occur in the north woods . some studies have indicated that breeding populations may actually fall in outbreak areas , perhaps due to competition with the cape may warbler , which along with the bay - breasted is known to actively seek out and exploit these areas , resulting in large broods and high population densities .\nnesting blackburnian warblers are very difficult to study , in part because their nests can be 80 feet up in a tree .\nblackburnian warbler : breeds from alberta east to newfoundland , south to the great lakes , southern new england , and along the appalachian mountains to northern georgia . spends winters in the tropics of south america . preferred habitats include mixed forests of hemlock , spruce , and various hardwoods .\nchipley , r . m . 1980 . nonbreeding ecology of the blackburnian warbler . pp . 309 - 317 in migrant birds in the neotropics ( a . keast and e . s . morton , eds . ) . smithson . inst . press , washington , d . c .\n8 . morse , d . h . 2004 . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) , . the birds of north america online ( a poole , ed ) ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken doi : 102173 / bna102 .\nfemale cerulean warblers have a unique bluish color to the upperparts . the whitish streaks on the back of blackburnian warblers are distinctive .\nalthough the blackburnian warbler is morphologically similar to many of its congeners that share these forests , it differs strikingly from them in coloration . breeding males are characterized by blazing orange plumage over much of the anterior part of their body , a color not shared by other members of this genus .\nchipley , r . m . 1980 .\nnonbreeding ecology of the blackburnian warbler .\nin migrant birds in the neotropics . , edited by a . keast and e . s . morton , 309 - 317 . washington , d . c : smithson . inst . press . close\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto blackburnian warbler\u2019s call is a rich \u201cchip\u201d . most frequent song type is high and thin , ending in an ascending buzzy trill \u201csip - sip - sip - sip - titi - tzeeee\u201d . a variant type sound like \u201czillup - zillup - zillup - zizizizizi\u201d .\none evening i went walking along a winding lakeside path when i turned a corner and there , at eye level , was the most beautiful bird i have ever seen : a little warbler , beautiful as warblers generally are , but this one with a vivid flame - orange throat and breast that glows in memory still . such was my introduction to the blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) , the smallest and perhaps the most beautiful of the \u201cspruce warblers . \u201d\nthe blackburnian warbler is a brilliantly colored neotropical migrant , one of a large group of dendroica wood warblers that coexist during the breeding season in the northeastern coniferous forests of north america . birds of this group are so similar structurally that early students of bird foraging and niche partitioning wondered how they coexisted . they are now known to separate ecologically by foraging areas ( macarthur 1958 , morse 1968 ) , the blackburnian exploiting a treetop niche .\nblackburnian warblers are more tolerant of mixed woodlands than are those two budworm specialists , breeding as far south as the smoky mountains , often in association with hemlocks . neither do blackburnian populations appear to rise and fall as much according to the fortunes of the budworm . indeed , thus far the numbers of this warbler appear remarkably stable , despite ongoing habitat destruction on the wintering grounds and widespread losses of our hemlocks to the introduced wooly adelgid insect pest .\nmorse , d . h . 1994 . blackburnian warbler ( dendroica fusca ) . in the birds of north america , no . 102 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .\nwhat made you want to look up blackburnian ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nblackburnian warblers are insectivorous , diurnal foragers , usually gleaning insects from leaves . they also hover to capture insects from the bottom of leaves . they feed on\nmorse , d . 1967 . the contexts of songs in black - throated green and blackburnian warblers . the wilson bulletin , 79 : 64 - 74 .\nmacarthur also recorded details of the warblers ' foraging habits and discovered that they differed too . for example , the cape may warbler hawks flying insects much more often than does the blackburnian and tends to move vertically rather than horizontally ( matching its tendency to remain on the outside of the tree ) . the black - throated green hovers much more than the bay - breasted , and the more variable yellow - rumped has the most varied feeding habits . in addition , macarthur found evidence that food shortage limited the size of the warbler populations .\nblackburnian warblers live in the wild for a average of 3 to 6 years . the primary cause of death is not surviving through migration . because of poor weather or insufficient energy stores , death is more common during spring migration , especially when flying over the gulf of mexico . blackburnian warblers are not kept in captivity .\nblackburnian warblers breed in southeastern canada , the northeastern u . s . , and the appalachians . they winter mostly in south america . the population appears stable .\nblackburnian warbler , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel , swainson\u2019s thrush , lincoln\u2019s sparrow . the common names of all of these birds , common in maine , are based on a person\u2019s name . i\u2019ll bet most of these people aren\u2019t familiar to you . in today\u2019s column , i will give you a little background on the people whose names are commemorated in the bird names .\nmorse , d . h . 1967 . the contexts of songs in the black - throated green and blackburnian warblers . wilson bull . 79 : 62 - 72 .\nyoung , l . , m . betts , a . diamond . 2005 . do blackburnian warblers select mixed forests ? the importance of spatial resolution in defining habitat .\nthe most distinctive characteristics of the blackburnian warbler are its treetop ecology and the breeding male ' s color . one of a large genus of morphologically and ecologically similar warblers , the blackburnian is the only one with orange in its plumage . the male ' s striking black - and - orange pattern makes some observers think of a miniature oriole . blackburnian warblers are usually found high in trees , even during migration , and are not readily noticed in the dense foliage unless their high - pitched song announces their presence . at times they may be detected at the ends of branches , picking among leaves for bugs or caterpillars . its canopy nesting habits have defied many researchers ' efforts to study its breeding ecology .\ndisplayed are dsl landscape capability ( lc ) data for the blackburnian warbler for 2010 ( dsl current ) and the future ( dsl 2080 ) ; higher values shown in dark red . lc incorporates habitat , climate , and prevalence to estimate suitable and accessible conditions for the species . lc values can ' t be compared across species . courtesy of k . mcgarigal , umass .\nzerda lerner , s . , d . stauffer . 1998 . habitat selection by blackburnian warblers wintering in colombia . journal of field ornithology , 69 : 457 - 465 .\nnice , m . 1926 . behavior of blackburnian , myrtle , and black - throated blue warblers , with young . the wilson bulletin , 38 : 82 - 83 .\n( ) a beautiful warbler of the united states ( dendroica blackburniae ) . the male is strongly marked with orange , yellow , and black on the head and neck , and has an orange - yellow breast .\nthe wood - warblers occur throughout north america except for the far northern tundra . the many species of this family have evolved to fill a wide variety of niches including marshes ( yellowthroats ) to tree trunks ( the black - and - white warbler ) , and spruce forests ( the cape may warbler ) . several species can reside in the same area , yet avoid competition by occupying slightly different habitats or feeding in different ways .\ncurson , j . ( 2018 ) . blackburnian warbler ( setophaga fusca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmorse , d . h . 1967c . the contexts of songs in the black - throated green and blackburnian warblers . wilson bull . no . 79 : 62 - 72 . close\nblackburnian warblers typically live in a 0 . 4 to 1 . 1 hectare area . however , they live on small islands if there are tall , mature trees and suitable food sources .\nleft to right : cape may , yellow - rumped , black - throated green , blackburnian , and bay - breasted warblers . black areas in stylized conifers show where feeding is concentrated .\nblackburnian warblers are migratory , wintering in southern central america and in south america , and are very rare vagrants to western europe . these birds were named after anna blackburne , an english botanist .\nthe wilson whose name is commemorated in wilson\u2019s storm - petrel , wilson\u2019s plover , wilson\u2019s phalarope , wilson\u2019s warbler and wilson\u2019s snipe is alexander wilson ( 1766 - 1813 ) . wilson played an important role in the development of north american ornithology .\nthe wood - warblers are known for their colorful plumages \u2013 the blackburnian warbler being one of the most striking members of this family with its deep orange - red throat that contrasts with its handsome black and white plumage . however while many species are known for their beautiful breeding plumage colors , they are also known to bird watchers as being extremely challenging to identify when in the fall they revert to their drab tan , olive , and pale colored plumages .\nlerner , s . de la zerda and d . f . stauffer . 1998 . habitat selection by blackburnian warblers wintering in colombia . j . field ornithol . no . 69 : 457 - 465 . close\nmale blackburnian warblers are easily identified by their orange throat , breast and forehead . they have a black crown and cheeks and are noted for their wing bars and tail spots . blackburnian warblers have white bars on a black back , wings , and tail . there are black streaks on a white background on the sides and flanks . the lower breast and stomach is slightly orange , fading to white towards the tail .\ndescription : blackburnian warbler adult male summer is unmistakable with its flaming orange throat and chest , and lighter orange crown centre , supercilium and sides of head . upperparts are almost blackish , and it has a huge white wing patch . in other plumages , the blackish ear - covert patch surrounded by yellow or orangey supercilium , sides of neck and throat , dark greyish upperparts , double white wing bars , pale yellowish underparts with streaked flanks , and very dark legs , are the distinctive features of this warbler . tail shows extensive white in outer feathers when spread . male is brightly coloured , female presents similar pattern , but duller . immature is similar to adult female . immature male with more yellow throat , and immature female much paler .\nhabitat fragmentation effects are also a concern as these forests are reduced in response to climate change , particularly upslope . range reduction is expected for species that inhabit montane spruce - fir forests at the southern edge of their range 10 . models of future distribution considering habitat and climate changes predicted that landscape capability ( suitable climate and habitat ) for the blackburnian warbler would decrease by 71 % of their 2010 northeastern range by 2080 2 , a loss of ~ 1 % / year .\nin summer , male blackburnian warblers display dark gray backs and double white wing bars , with yellowish rumps and dark brown crowns . the underparts of these birds are white , and are tinged with yellow and streaked black . the head is strongly patterned in yellow and black , with a flaming - orange throat . it is the only north american warbler with this striking plumage . other plumages , including the fall male and adult female , are washed - out versions of the summer male , and in particular lack the bright colors and strong head pattern . basic plumages show weaker yellows and gray in place of black in the breeding male . blackburnian warblers ' songs are a simple series of high\nthe origin of the name \u201cblackburnian\u201d will be obscure to most . in their day , though , the sibling team of ashton and anna blackburn were noted british naturalists . in the years prior to and during our revolution , austin traveled in the american colonies , collecting specimens and sending them to anna at her estate in lancashire , england . no less than seventeen type specimens of our native birds were later described from their collection , so perhaps we can forebear the blackburns their warbler .\na fiery gem of the treetops . in the northern forest in summer , the male blackburnian warbler may perch on the topmost twig of a spruce , showing off the flaming orange of his throat as he sings his thin , wiry song . the female also stays high in the conifers , and the nest is usually built far above the ground . long - distance migrants , most blackburnians spend the winter in south america , where they are often common in mountain forest in the andes .\nyoung , l . , m . betts , a . diamond . 2005 . do blackburnian warblers select mixed forests ? the importance of spatial resolution in defining habitat . forest ecology and management , 214 : 358 - 372 .\nblackburnian warbler populations are stable . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 10 million birds with 28 % spending some part of the year in the u . s , 72 % in canada , and all of them migrating through mexico on the way south to their wintering grounds . they are a u . s . - canada stewardship species and rate a 9 out of 20 on the continental concern score . they are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top\nmale blackburnian warblers attract their mates by singing in tree tops . when a potential mate comes close , males flick their tail and peck at the branch . males defend their mate from other males by flicking their tail , pecking at branches , and occasionally fighting . blackburnian warblers , like other songbirds , are socially monogamous . males typically help raise and feed the young . in some cases they have been absent , likely due to occasional extra - pair copulations .\nblackburnian warblers are typically preyed on by larger birds of prey and some mammals . most predation is on eggs , hatchlings , and fledglings , or on adults as they watch and defend nests . hawks are the most common predators .\nblackburnian warblers are strong indicators of mixed deciduous - coniferous forests and undisturbed , mature coniferous forests . surveyors use this species to study the ecology and effect of forest fragmentation by timber harvesting . they are also important for controlling spruce budworm (\n\u2014 / blak berr nee euhn / a black and white north american wood warbler , dendroica fusca , having an orange throat and an orange and black head . [ 1775 85 , amer . ; named after mrs . hugh blackburn , 18th century englishwoman ; see ian ] * * * \u2026\nstudents of ecology may recall the classic study by macarthur ( 1958 ) wherein the foraging habits of five warblers that breed in our northern coniferous forests were compared . the study demonstrated resource partitioning , wherein the canopy was roughly divided up between species , each exhibiting different foraging preferences . along with the cape may warbler , the blackburnian foraged in the top - most branches of the canopy . between these two , cape mays more frequently went after aerial prey and foraged at the very end of branches , while blackburnians traversed the high foliage in a more methodical fashion .\nreproduction : blackburnian warbler\u2019s nest is built by female , well out from the trunk , on a horizontal branch where it\u2019s concealed by foliage or lichen . it\u2019s located from 3 to over 80 feet above the ground , but placement is extremely variable . nest is cup - shaped , densely constructed , hidden in dense vegetation . spider silk secures nest to site . sides consist of twigs , barks , plant fibres and rootlets . it\u2019s lined with lichens , mosses , fine grasses , hair , dead pine needles and sometimes , such exotic substances as string cotton , horsehair and cattail down .\nblackburnian warblers usually fly in mixed - species flocks . typically there are 1 to 2 blackburnian warblers per flock , but there can be as many as 7 . they are not very social with each other or other species other than foraging near each other . they have learned to co - exist with other species and avoid direct competition by staying in the upper third of the tree canopy and foraging and nesting on the outside of the branches , a form of niche partitioning . even in the same habitats and with similar food sources , different species of the\nblackburnian warblers are , on average , 13 cm in length with a wingspan of 21 cm . like most warblers , they have small , flattened , and short bills , and have thin , black legs with 3 toes in front and one in back ( sibley , 2001 ) .\nin most parts of its breeding range , the blackburnian warbler nests in mature coniferous and mixed forest and often occurs in highest densities in old - growth forests . coniferous trees , whether spruce , balsam fir , pine , or hemlock , are an essential habitat component throughout the species range . at the end of the breeding season , young and adults often leave the conifers to forage in food - rich paper birches . as with other warblers , it may use virtually any woody habitat , and occasionally even herbaceous habitats , during migration . in winter it is found in high - altitude forests , woodlands , plantations , and treed pastures .\nthe kirtland\u2019s warbler is an endangered species restricted to a very specific type of habitat mostly found in michigan ; jack pine forests . its habitat is managed for this species in a few national forests by ensuring that there are jack pine stands of the age and composition this species requires . brown - headed cowbird populations are also controlled on its breeding grounds .\n\u2014 warbler war bler , n . 1 . one who , or that which , warbles ; a singer ; a songster ; applied chiefly to birds . [ 1913 webster ] in lulling strains the feathered warblers woo . tickell . [ 1913 webster ] 2 . ( zo [ o ] l . ) any one of numerous species of small old\u2026 \u2026\ncape mays and blackburnians also winter in very different locales , the cape may winters primarily in the west indies whereas the blackburnian is among those few warblers which commonly travel clear to south america . wintering blackburnians were recently reported by some of our traveling local birders as far south as ecuador .\nblackburnian warblers sing at dusk and dawn in the frequency range of 4 to 12 khz . they typically sing the same song at both times . males duet during these times and sing at each other after hostile encounters with other males . males are usually stationary , perched higher in tree than females when singing . singing is used to advertise for breeding and to advertise territories . they have two distinct song types , occasionally alternating them during breeding season . they flick their tail and peck at branches while singing during breeding season . blackburnian warblers sing one song while stationary at the top of the tree and during encounters with other males . they chirp twice frequently throughout aggressive encounters with other males . the other song is primarily used while foraging and while in the presence of a female . blackburnian warblers who do not find mates sing the second song type for long periods of time .\nmembers of the parulidae are not colonial nesters but often occur in mixed flocks with other species after the breeding season . they forage in a variety of ways for invertebrates , small fruits , and nectar . while the waterthrushes forage on the ground in streams and wetlands , and the black - and - white warbler creeps along tree trunks , most wood - warblers glean the vegetation of trees and bushes and make short sallies for their insect prey .\nthe bachman\u2019s warbler is an enigmatic species considered to be extinct by most authorities although slim hopes for its continued existence are kept alive by a few possible sightings over the last thirty years . historically occurring in the southeastern united states , this little known species is thought to have been dependent upon canebrakes on its breeding and wintering grounds in cuba . although the reasons for its decline are unknown , destruction of these canebrakes is the most likely reason for its demise .\nmacarthur found that each warbler species divided its time differently among various parts of the tree . the cape may , for instance , stayed mostly toward the outside on the top , the bay - breasted fed mostly around the middle interior , while the yellow - rumped moved from part to part more than either of the other two . this is shown in the accompanying diagrams , in which the zones that contained 50 percent of the birds ' feeding activity are blackened .\nblackburnian warblers are known for their increased presence during spruce budworm ( choristoneura species ) breakouts , in which their survival and reproduction are greater because of the abundance of prey . these warblers are also well - known for interspecific niche partitioning . which is how they avoid direct competition with species of the same genus ; they coexist by using different parts of the same tree for nesting and foraging .\npopulations of this species are vulnerable owing to the loss of preferred winter forest habitat in northern south america , although breeding bird survey data suggest that their numbers remain stable . blackburnian warblers are forest - interior species , and their numbers decline in forest fragments . southerly populations breeding in eastern hemlock and fraser fir are at risk as a result of wooly adelgids responsible for heavy mortality of these trees .\nsome aspects of the blackburnian warbler ' s breeding biology are relatively well known , including foraging ( macarthur 1958 , morse 1968 ) , population dynamics ( morse 1976a ) , interspecific interactions ( morse 1976b ) , habitat selection ( morse 1976a ) , and singing behavior ( morse 1967 ) . some ecological studies have been performed on their wintering grounds in colombia ( chipley 1980 ; lerner and stauffer 1998 ) . recent studies have focused on the effect of silvicultural practices on this and other species ( e . g . , hagan et al . 1996 , meiklejorn and hughes 1999 , hobson and bayne 2000a , cumming and diamond 2002 ) . however , information on many aspects of the species ' life cycle is rudimentary . little is known of its migratory ecology . many aspects of its breeding ecology remain largely or completely unknown , in part a consequence of its treetop existence in northern forests .\nblackburnian warblers are around 11 to 13 cm ( 4 . 3 to 5 . 1 in ) long , with a 20 to 22 cm ( 7 . 9 to 8 . 7 in ) wingspan , and weigh 8 to 13 g ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 46 oz ) . the average mass of an adult bird is 9 . 7 g ( 0 . 34 oz ) . among standard measurements , the\nblackburnian warblers build a nest consisting of an open cup of twigs , bark , plant fibers , and rootlets held to branch with spider web and lined with lichens , moss , hair , and dead pine needles that ' s placed near the end of a branch . three to five whitish eggs are laid its nest which is usually placed 2\u201338 m ( 6 . 6\u2013124 . 7 ft ) above the ground , on a horizontal branch .\nblackburnian warblers are commonly found throughout southeast canada , from alberta into the great lake areas to newfoundland and into the appalachians as far south as georgia during the summer season . however , during migration , this species is seen throughout the eastern coast of north america and as far west as oklahoma . for the most part , they migrate over the gulf of mexico ; however , some fly over the eastern coast of texas . during the winter they can be found in costa rica , panama , and into peru .\nblackburnian warblers spend , on average , 22 minutes on the nest and 5 minutes off the nest after the eggs hatch . both males and females feed the young , females more so than males . males feed more than one hatchling at a time and females typically only feed one young at a time . they feed the young every 10 to 20 minutes . they take 2 to 4 weeks until the young fledge , both parents care for the young during that time . it takes several months before the young are independent of the parents .\nblackburnian warblers are solitary during winter and highly territorial on their breeding grounds and do not mix with other passerine species outside of the migratory period . however , during migration , they often join local mixed foraging flocks of species such as chickadees , kinglets and nuthatches . these birds are basically insectivorous , but will include berries in their diets in wintertime . they usually forage by searching for insects or spiders in treetops . the breeding habitats of these birds are mature coniferous woodlands or mixed woodlands , especially ones containing spruce and hemlocks . it typically winters in tropical montane forests .\nf ive species of insectivorous wood warblers - - cape may , yellow - rumped , black - throated green , blackburnian , and bay - breasted - - were the subject of a classic study of community ecology ( the science of interpreting species interactions ) . these species often share the same breeding grounds in mature coniferous forests . they had been thought by some ornithologists to occupy the same niche - - in other words , they appeared to assume identical roles in the same bird community . these five warblers would thus be an exception to the ecological rule of competitive exclusion . the rule states that two species with essentially the same niche cannot coexist because one will always out - compete and displace the other .\nclimate impacts climate - induced habitat loss may impact blackburnian warblers . for example , the eastern hemlock and fraser fir that the birds often breed in at the southern portion of their range are threatened by wooly adelgids ( adelges tsugae ) , a tree pest that appears to be increasing due to climate change 9 . the trees have already nearly disappeared from the hemlock forests of new jersey and southern new england as well as high - elevation forests in the southern appalachians because of wooly adelgids 8 . climate change may also threaten the montane spruce - fir forests that the birds use . boreal forests are expected to become less common because of climate change - possibly becoming locally extinct in the northeastern u . s . under severe climate projections 10 .\nfor his doctoral dissertation , the late robert macarthur , who became one of the nation ' s leading ecologists , set out to determine whether the five species of warblers actually did occupy the same niche . by measuring distances down from the top and outward from the trunk of individual spruce , fir , and pine trees , macarthur divided the trees into zones and recorded feeding positions of the different warblers within each . a record in zone\nt3\nindicated a bird feeding among the abundant new needles and buds of the tip of a branch , between 20 and 30 feet from the top of the tree . a record of\nm3\nsignified feeding mostly among dead needles at the same height but in the middle zone of a branch . a record of\nb2\nrepresented a warbler feeding on the bare , lichen - covered base of a branch . in all , 16 different positions were distinguished ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\ngreenland ; grenada ; iceland ; united kingdom ; virgin islands , u . s .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nopen cup of twigs , bark , plant fibers , and rootlets held to branch with spider web . lined with lichens , moss , hair , and dead pine needles . placed near tip of branch of conifer .\ndunn , j . l . and k . l . garrett . 1997 . a field guide to the warblers of north america . boston , ma : houghton mifflin co .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .\nsauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\nfemales / immatures are paler and yellower overall with 2 white wingbars . note distinctive triangular ear patch and yellow eyebrow .\nhops around in vegetation and nervously looks around . this video has no audio .\nfemales / immatures lack the orange coloration , showing tones of yellow instead . note triangular ear patch , pale eyebrow , and white wingbars .\nthe brilliant orange throat and head pattern is distinctive on adult males although the intensity of orange varies among individuals .\nfemales / immatures have a distinctive dull black triangular ear patch and bold wingbars . this video has no audio .\nmales often sing from the tops of trees and branches . this video has no audio .\n: throat and upper breast deep orange . sides of neck , eyestripe , line on forecrown , and eye arc yellow - orange . face patch , crown , and back black . lower breast yellowish with black streaks on sides . belly white or yellowish . wings black with broad white wingbars that run together into a white patch . back black with two creamy white lines . tail black with large white patches in outer tail feathers .\n: similar to breeding , but oranges less intense and more yellow . olive edges to black back feathers . wingbars more distinct and less of a continuous white patch .\n: throat , upper breast , eyestripe , forecrown stripe , and sides of neck orange yellow . crown , face patch , and flank streaks greenish gray . back gray with dark and light streaking . two broad white wingbars .\n: similar to breeding , but more olive - brown above and with less white in the wing .\nimmature similar to adult female . immature male with more yellow throat , some black in eyeline , and more yellow onto flanks . immature female much paler , with yellowish throat and eyeline , blurry streaking on sides , grayer face patch and crown , and narrower wingbars .\nmay be especially vulnerable to loss of wintering habitat , with cutting of forest at mid - levels in mountains in the tropics .\nwoodlands ; conifers in summer . breeds in boreal coniferous and mixed forests , especially spruce and hemlock . in southern part of breeding range in appalachians , can inhabit completely deciduous forests . when migrating , occurs in all kinds of trees and brush . during winter in the tropics , usually in humid mountain forest .\nfeeds mostly in treetops , searching along small branches and twigs . also hovers to take insects from undersides and tips of foliage . will search dead leaf clumps ; occasionally flies out to catch flying insects . in spruce forests , males tend to forage higher than females . in winter in the andes , forages in mixed flocks with various tropical birds .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 5 . white to greenish white , with blotches of reddish brown concentrated near the larger end . only females incubate , probably 12 - 13 days . male feeds female during incubation . young : both parents feed nestlings . when the young leave the nest , the parents separate , each caring for part of the brood .\nboth parents feed nestlings . when the young leave the nest , the parents separate , each caring for part of the brood .\nmostly insects , especially caterpillars . in summer , feeds on many caterpillars , particularly those of spruce budworm ; also eats beetles , ants , flies , and many other insects , also spiders . especially during winter , will take some berries as well .\ndetails of nesting behavior not well known , partly because nests are high and hard to observe . male defends nesting territory by singing , sometimes by attacking intruding males . in courtship , male sings , and performs displays with gliding flight and fluttering wings and tail . nest : almost always placed in dense vegetation near tips of branches of conifers , and usually high , sometimes up to 80 ' above ground . nest ( probably built by female ) is cup - shaped and made of twigs , bark , and fibers ; lined with lichens , moss , grass , hair , and conifer needles .\nfrom wintering areas ( mostly in andes of south america ) , many apparently move north through central america , then fly north across gulf of mexico . fall migration may be spread out over a broader front .\nvery thin and wiry , increasing in speed and rising to the limit of hearing , sleet - sleet - sleet - sleet - sleetee - sleeeee . also tiddly - tiddly - tiddly - tiddly at same speed and pitch .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\nbuilding collisions kill hundreds of millions of birds each year . senator booker introduced a bill to reduce bird deaths caused by federal buildings .\nanimal services was able to rescue just three birds after a massive number of spring migrants hit a glass - sided tower in galveston .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\n/ * > < ! - - * / . alpha - grid - debug . container - 12 { background - image : none ; } / *\nan estimated 55 % of the species ' north american population breeds within the boreal forest .\nthis species is one of more than 30 birds selected for in - depth profiles . find out why and see all selected boreal birds \u00bb\n5\n( 13 cm ) . breeding male black and white with vivid orange throat , crown patch , and eyebrow ; and large white wing patch ; female similar , but has yellow throat . back of both sexes boldly striped . immature male similar to female .\n4 brown - spotted white eggs in a twig nest lined with lichens , mosses , and hair , usually placed high in a large conifer .\nblancher , p . 2003 . the importance of canada ' s boreal forest to landbirds . canadian boreal initiative .\nmacarthur , r . h . 1958 . population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests . ecology 39 : 599 - 619 .\nmorse , d . h . 1970 . ecological aspects of some mixed - species foraging flocks of birds . ecol . monogr . 40 : 119 - 168 .\nsauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , and j . fallon . 2004 . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2003 . version 2004 . 1 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md .\nbirding content provided by national wildlife federation / enature , with support from ducks unlimited / the pew charitable trusts .\nbe the first to receive news & important conservation alerts about the boreal forest .\naffinities within genus uncertain ; some suggestions that closest relative may be s . cerulea , based mainly on similarity of songs , but a molecular phylogeny recovered this species as sister to s . castanea . has hybridized with s . castanea and at least once with mniotilta varia , also possibly with s . pensylvanica and possibly with s . kirtlandii . monotypic .\ns canada ( c saskatchewan , locally from alberta , e to s newfoundland and nova scotia ) s in ne usa to c wisconsin and new england , and in appalachians to extreme n georgia . migrates to central america and nw south america , s in andes to c peru and , less commonly , c bolivia .\n13 cm ; 9\u00b77 g . male breeding has crown and ear - coverts black , orange lower eye - crescent , fiery orange forecrown patch , supercilium , neck side , throat and upper breast ; . . .\ntwo song types . type 1 song a series of thin , very high - pitched , whistled\nswee\nnotes , . . .\nfeeds mainly on insects and other arthropods ; occasionally takes berries in winter . forages mainly by gleaning in canopy , also sometimes . . .\nlong - distance migrant . leaves breeding grounds mostly during aug , moving s chiefly through . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . fairly common throughout range . breeding densities vary with habitat , with 0\u00b77\u20131\u00b71 pairs / ha in mature red spruce . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously considered to include species now separated in peucedramidae , zeledoniidae and teretistridae , as well as two genera now in phaenicophilidae . the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of present family to date # r recovered nine principal clades ; almost all genera correspond to well - supported units , while two confined to west indies are maintained based on other characters . several traditionally recognized genera prove to be paraphyletic or otherwise unsustainable : dendroica is abandoned because setophaga is nested within it and has priority ; ergaticus is embedded within the clade occupied by cardellina ; euthlypis is subsumed within basileuterus ; oporornis is restricted to one species while its former congeners are removed to geothlypis ; parula proves to be widely paraphyletic ( two species move to setophaga , the rest to a resurrected oreothlypis ) ; phaeothlypis is indistinguishable from myiothlypis ; and the three wilsonia are more correctly placed in cardellina ( two species ) and setophaga ( one ) .\npreviously restricted to a single species ( s . ruticilla ) ; but comprehensive molecular phylogeny reveals that this species is deeply embedded within large clade that includes two species formerly in parula ( s . americana and s . pitiayumi ) and another ( s . citrina ) traditionally in wilsonia , as well as all species previously treated in dendroica # r ; catharopeza might also be subsumed into this genus # r , but better maintained as a separate monospecific genus , in view of unusual morphology and behaviour , as well as its basal position in the clade . as type species of parula , wilsonia and dendroica are all included in present grouping , these names become synonyms of oldest available name for this clade , setophaga .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down ."]}
{"id": 1917, "summary": [{"text": "amastra albolabris was a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family amastridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to o\u02bbahu , and was known from the wai\u02bbanae range . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "amastra albolabris", "paragraphs": ["information on amastra albolabris is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - amastrid land snail ( amastra albolabris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - amastrid land snail ( amastra albolabris )\ntitle =\narkive species - amastrid land snail ( amastra albolabris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : amastra albolabris ( w . newcomb , 1854 ) - id : 5630000207\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amastra albolabris < / i > shell\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amastra albolabris < / i > shell\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amastra albolabris < / i > shell\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nclassified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .\nlikely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis species was originally described from waianoe [ waianae ] on oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) .\nextinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ncaum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .\njohnson , r . i . 1996 . types of land and freshwater mollusks from the hawaiian islands in the museum of comparative zoology , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 155 ( 4 ) : 159 - 214 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe leopard shark is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1920, "summary": [{"text": "parahepialus nebulosus is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alph\u00e9raky in 1889 , and is known from the tibet autonomous region in china . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "parahepialus", "paragraphs": ["parahepialus zou & zhang , 2010 is synonymized with thitarodes viette , 1968 . thitarodes quadrata jiang , li , li , li & han , sp . n . is described from sichuan , china . illustrations of the adults and the genitalia are given for the type species of parahepialus and the new species .\nthere are different characteristics for genus identification found in the genitalia morphology of the genus hepialus insects reported in china , and most species of hepialus described by chinese scientists were transferred to thitarodes by foreign scholars . the taxonomy of the genus hepialus currently adopted in china was revised and newly divided into four genera , parahepialus gen . nov . , ahamus gen . nov . , hepialus and thitarodes viette , 1968 on the basis of the particular structure of the valve on male genitalia . 62 species belonging to the original hepialus described in china were rearranged into the four genus , 1 species of parahepialus , 1 species of hepialus , 18 species of ahamus , 40 species of thitarodes . its rationality was supported by the systemic phylogenetic tree constructed by the cytb gene of some original hepialus species collected from genbank .\nthere are other species that share similar hosts as ophiocordyceps sinensis . for example , o . crassispora and c . kurijimeansis are recorded on thitarodes baimaensis and t . armoricanus , respectively ( table 2 ) . ophiocordyceps gracilis , o . lanpingensis , and o . laojunshanensis are recorded on ahamus altaicola , a . jianchuanensis , and a . yunnanensis , respectively ( table 2 ) . ophiocordyceps gracilis is also recorded on three more hosts hepialus humuli , korscheltellus lupulina , and parahepialus nebulosus . similarly , cordyceps hepialidicola is reported on endoclita excrescens and o . ramosissimum and o . xuefengensis on endoclita nodus ( table 2 ) .\nophiocordyceps sinensis has the widest host range recorded on hepialidae , covering 55 spp . [ 95 , 96 ] . among them , thitarodes and ahamus are the two major genera ( table 2 ) . thirty - two spp . of thitarodes ( t . albipictus , t . armoricanus , t . baimaensis , t . baqingensis , t . bibelteus , t . biruensis , t . callinivalis , t . cingulatus , t . damxungensis , t . deqinensis , t . dongyuensis , t . ferrugineus , t . gonggaensis , t . jialangensis , t . jinshaensis , t . kangdingensis , t . kangdingroides , t . latitegumenus , t . litangensis , t . markamensis , t . meiliensis , t . namensis , t . namlinensis , t . oblifurcus , t . pratensis , t . pui , t . renzhiensis , t . varians , t . xunhuaensis , t . yeriensis , t . zaliensis , and t . zhongzhiensis ) and 13 spp . of ahamus ( a . anomopterus , a . gangcaensis , a . jianchuanensis , a . lijiangensis , a . luquensis , a . maquensis , a . sichuanus , a . yulongensis , a . yunlongensis , a . yunnanensis , a . yushuensis , a . zadoiensis , and a . zhayuensis ) are the host species of ophiocordyceps sinensis ( table 2 ) . the other host species are pharmacis carna , p . fusconebulosa , p . pyrenaicus , magnificus jiuzhiensis , m . zhiduoensis , bipectilus yunnanensis , endoclita davidi , gazoryctra ganna , parahepialus nebulosus , and hepialus xiaojinensis ( table 2 ) .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nshilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda , vol . 44 , n\u00fam . 175 , septiembre , 2016 , pp . 373 - 378\n: 411 , pl . 25 , fig . 135 , by original designation .\nchu & wang ( 2004 ) ( figs 1 , 4 ) . however , we found the figure\nwas used in chu & wang ( 2004 ) . we found that the male genitalia were broken during preparation ,\njiang , li , li , li & han , sp . n . (\nbrown ventrally . female ( fig . 3 ) . forewing length : 16 - 17 mm . essentially as described for male , except\n( figs 8 - 12 ) : uncus short and acute , strongly sclerotized . tegumen\nbroad , rounded terminally . a quadrate lobe protruding from base of vinculum with a broad and rounded\nof the zoological systematics and evolution of the chinese academy of sciences ( no . o529yx5105 ) .\ndhendup , k . , cannon , p . , hywel - jones , n . & rai , t . b . , 2010 . \u2013\nliang , x . c . , yang , d . r . , chen , f . r . , long , y . c . & yang , y . x , 1988 . \u2013 four new species of the genus hepialus ( ghost moth ) from yunnan , china . \u2013 zoological research , 9 ( 4 ) : 419 - 425 .\nueda , k . , 1996 . \u2013 a new species of thitarodes viette ( lepidoptera , hepialidae ) from japan . \u2013 bulletin of the kitakyushu museum of the natural history , 15 : 35 - 41 .\nviette , p . e . l . , 1968 . \u2013 contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tudes des hepialidae ( 36\u00e8me note ) : lepidoptera hepialidae du n\u00e9pal . \u2013 khumbu himal , 3 : 128 - 133 .\none new species and one new record for the genus ninodes warren from china ( lepidoptera , geometridae . . .\na new species of the genus ninodes warren , n . quadratus sp . n . , is described from china and compared with related species , based on numerous museum specimens . n . albarius beljaev & park , 1998 , described from korea , is newly recorded for china . illustrations of external features and genitalia for each species of ninodes are presented .\nthe subfamily cyclidiinae from china is reviewed : two genera and seven species are reported from china . one new subspecies , cyclidia fractifasciata indistincta subsp . n . , is described . two new synonyms are established : cyclidia substigmaria ( h\u00fcbner , 1831 ) ( = cyclidia substigmaria brunna chu & wang , 1987 , syn . n . = cyclidia tetraspota chu & wang , 1987 , syn . n . ) . one misidentification in chu & . . . [ show full abstract ]\nallopatric divergence and secondary contact without genetic admixture for arichanna perimelaina ( lep . . .\nheterophleps inusitata , an extremely rare new moth species from western yunnan , china ( lepidoptera , . . .\nthe genus synegiodes swinhoe , 1892 is reviewed and redescribed , s . sanguinaria ( moore , 1868 ) is formally fixed as type - species according to the provisions of the international code of zoological nomenclature . seven species , including s . brunnearia ( leech , 1897 ) , are presently recognized as members of this genus and two new species from china and n . vietnam , s . expansus sp . nov . and s . . . . [ show full abstract ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374\n= ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374\nahamus zou & zhang , 2010 ; j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116 ; ts : hepialus jianchuanensis yang\nthitarodes ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 , shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374\narizanus ( matsumura , 1931 ) ( hepialus ) ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1022 ; tl : japan\nthitarodes arizanus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nthitarodes armoricanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117\nthitarodes damxungensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus albipictus yang , 1993 ; acta zootax . sinica 18 : 184 ; tl : yunnan , deqin co . , renzhi snow mtn ( 28\u00b052 ' n , 99\u00b014 ' e , 4600 - 4780m )\nthitarodes albipictus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117\nhepialus jinshaensis yang , 1993 ; acta zootax . sinica 18 : 185 ; tl : yunnan , deqin co . , baima , ( 28\u00b034 ' n , 99\u00b018 ' e , 4600m )\nthitarodes jinshaensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117\nhepialus deqinensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 419 , 424 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , jiawu snow mtn\nthitarodes deqingensis [ sic , recte deqinensis ? ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus litangensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 210 , 212 ; tl : litang , sichuan\nthitarodes litangensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus baimaensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 419 , 424 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , baimae\nthitarodes baimaensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus meiliensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 420 , 425 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , meili snow mtn\nthitarodes meiliensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus callinivalis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 209 , 212 ; tl : meili snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan\nthitarodes callinivalis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus jialangensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 6 , 10 ; tl : xizang , zogang county , meili snow mtn ( 4000 - 4600m )\nthitarodes jialangensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus xiaojinensis tu , ma & zhang , 2009 ; entomotaxonomia 31 : 123 , 126 ; tl : xiaojin co . ( 30\u00b054 ' n , 102\u00b018 ' e , 4300 - 4800m , sichuan\nthitarodes richthofeni ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\ndierli viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 132 ; tl : nepal\nthitarodes dierli ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 74 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\neberti viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 130 ; tl : thodung , nepal\nthitarodes eberti ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 74\ndanieli viette , 1968 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal himalaya 3 : 128 ; tl : nepal\nthitarodes danieli ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda , 2000 , tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 71 ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nahamus yushuensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nahamus altaicola ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nahamus zhayuensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nahamus lijiangensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nhepialus jianchuanensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 5 , 10 ; tl : yunnan , jianchan county , laojun mtn , 2900 - 3100m\nahamus jianchuanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nhepialus anomopterus yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 7 , 10 ; tl : yunnan , jianchan county , laojun mtn , ( 2800 - 3100m )\nahamus anomopterus ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117\nhepialus yunnanensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 245 , 249 ; tl : yunnan , laojun mtn , 26\u00b045 ' n , 99\u00b051 ' e\nahamus yunnanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nahamus yunlongensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nhepialus yulongensis liang , 1988 ; zool . res . 9 ( 4 ) : 421 , 425 ; tl : yunnan , lijiang , yulong snow mtn\nthitarodes yulongensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nthitarodes quadrata jiang , li , li , li & han , 2016 ; shilap revta . lepid . 44 ( 175 ) : 374 ; tl : china , sichuan , xiaojin\nthitarodes sichuanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\n? ahamus menyuanensis [ sic , recte menyuanicus ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nthitarodes xizangensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nthitarodes kangdingensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes oblifurcus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes baqingensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus ferrugineus li , yang & shen , 1993 ; acta ent . sinica 36 ( 4 ) : 495 , 496 ; tl : yunnan , baima snow mountain , 4200 - 4500m\nthitarodes ferrugineus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus gonggaensis fu & huang , 1991 ; acta ent . sinica 34 ( 3 ) : 362 ; tl : sichuan\nthitarodes gonggaensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes zhangmoensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes kangdingroides ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus markamensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 246 , 249 ; tl : xizang , markam county , nimasha snow mtn , 28\u00b059 ' n 98\u00b046 ' e\nthitarodes markamensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus zaliensis yang , 1994 ; zool . res . 15 ( 3 ) : 7 , 10 ; tl : xizang , markam county , zhali snow mtn , 28\u00b058 ' n 98\u00b048 ' e , 4600 - 4900m\nthitarodes zaliensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\n= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nthitarodes malaisei ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nsinarabesca ( bryk , 1942 ) ( hepialus ) ; ent . tidskr . 63 : 153 ; tl : kansu\nthitarodes sinarabesca ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 847 ( list )\nhepialus nebulosus alph\u00e9raky , 1889 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 5 : 85 ; tl : ne . tibet\nthitarodes nebulosus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )\nthitarodes varius ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )\nthitarodes varians ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )\nhepialus variabilis bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 478\nthitarodes variabilis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )\nthitarodes nipponensis ueda , 1996 ; bull . kitakyushu mus . nat . hist . 15 : 35 ; tl : japan , shirakawadani , izumimura , kumanoto pref .\nthitarodes nipponensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )\nthitarodes luteus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list )\nhepialus renzhiensis yang , shen , yang , liang , dong , chun , lu & sinaduji , 1991 ; acta ent . sinica 34 ( 2 ) : 218 , 224 ; tl : yunnan\nthitarodes renzhiensis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus zhongzhiensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 207 , 211 ; tl : renzhi snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan\nthitarodes zhongzhiensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus yeriensis liang , 1995 ; zool . res . 16 : 207 , 211 ; tl : yeri snow mtn , deqin county , yunnan\nthitarodes yeriensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus pratensis yang , li & shen , 1992 ; zool . res . 13 : 247 , 250 ; tl : yunnan , deqin county , baima snow mtn , 28\u00b023 ' n 99\u00b001 ' e\nthitarodes pratensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus cingulatus yang & zhang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 360 , 362 ; tl : gansu , wenxian county , 3200m\nthitarodes cingulatus ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus luquensis yang , yang & zhang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 360 , 362 ; tl : gansu , luqu county , 34\u00b013 ' n , 102\u00b024 ' e , 4276m\nahamus luquensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 117\nhepialus xunhuaensis yang & yang , 1995 ; acta ent . sinica 38 ( 3 ) : 359 , 362 ; tl : qinghai , xunhua county , ( 35\u00b038 ' n , 102\u00b042 ' e ) , 3800m\nthitarodes xunhuaensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( list ) ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus bibelteus shen & zhou , 1997 ; acta ent . sinica 40 ( 2 ) : 198 , 200 ; tl : meidu ( 28\u00b022 ' n , 90\u00b001 ' e ) , baima snow mountain , deqing county , 4500m , yunnan\nthitarodes bibelteus ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nhepialus biruensis fu , 2002 ; acta ent . sinica 45 ( suppl . ) : 56 ; tl : xizang , biru county , 4400 - 4700m\nhepialus biruens [ sic , recte biruensis ] ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes sejilaensis zou , liu & zhang , 2011 ; pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 107 ; tl : mt sejila , linzhi county , tibet , 4500m , 29\u00b036 ' n , 94\u00b035 ' e\nthitarodes harutai ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 85 ; tl : nepal , mechi , laam pokhari , 2850m\nthitarodes jiachaensis zou , liu & zhang , 2011 ; pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 110 ; tl : jiancha county , tibet , 535m , 29\u00b026 . 714 ' n , 94\u00b042 . 888 ' e\nthitarodes kingdonwardi ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 84 ; tl : se . tibet , tsangpo valley , nyima la ( 14000ft )\nthitarodes kishidai ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 81 ; tl : nepal , lete nr nilgiri ( 2400m )\nthitarodes limbui ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 85 ; tl : nepal , mechi , khambachen ( 3950m )\nthitarodes maculatum ueda , 2000 ; tinea 16 ( suppl . 1 ) : 72 ; tl : nepal , chungbu khola ( 14500ft )\nthitarodes namnai maczey , dhendup , cannon , hywl - jones & rai , 2010 ; zootaxa 2412 : 43 ; tl : bhutan , namna , n 27\u00b044 ' 02 . 3\ne 89\u00b023 ' 32 . 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes caligophilus maczey , dhendup , cannon , hywl - jones & rai , 2010 ; zootaxa 2412 : 47 ; tl : bhutan , namna , n 27\u00b044 ' 02 . 3\ne 89\u00b023 ' 32 . 2\n, 4750m\nthitarodes hainanensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes namensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes xigazeensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes yongshengensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes dinggyeensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes nanmlinensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nthitarodes pui ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\nahamus zadoiensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nahamus gangcaensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nahamus maquensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 116\nthitarodes yadongensis ; zou , liu & zhang , 2010 , j . hun . univ . sci . tech . 25 ( 1 ) : 118\ndongyuensis ( yang et al . , 1996 ) ( hepialus ) ; ( nom . nud . )\ndongyuensis ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 848 ( nom . nud . )\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res rapport\u00e9s du thibet par le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral n . m . przewalsky de son voyage de 1884 - 1885 in romanoff ,\nneue schmetterlinge aus den reichsmuseum in stockholm . nachtrag zur lepidopteren - ausbeute der sven hedinschen expedition ( 1927 - 1930 )\nentomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : fam . notodontidae stephens , cossidae newman und hepialidae stephens gesammelt von ren\u00e9 malaise\nzou , liu & zhang , 2011 two new species of thitarodes ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) from tibet in china pan - pacific ent . 87 ( 2 ) : 106 - 113\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7 . 0 supports all the cnki file formats ; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nyang darong ; yang yuexiong ( kunming institute of zoology , academia sinica kunming 650107 ) zhang sanyuan ( institute of diversified economy of lunnan district . gansu province wudu 746000 ) ; three new species of the genus hepialus from qinghai and gansu , china ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) [ j ] ; acta entomologica sinica ; 1995 - 03\njiang shuai - shuai * , zou zhi - wen * , liu xin , zhang gu - ren * * ( state key laboratory for biological control of sun yat - sen university , guangzhou 510275 , china ) ; morphology and antennal sensilla of meteorus sp . , a parasitoid of hepialus pui larvae [ j ] ; journal of environmental entomology ; 2009 - 03\nliu xi - jin guo ying - lan ( institute of microbiology , academia sinica , beijing ) yu yong - xin ( zhejiang institute of chinese materia medico , hangzhou ) zeng wei ( sichuan institute of chinese materia medica , chongqing ) ; isolation and identification of the anamorphic state of cordyceps sinensis ( berk . ) sacc . [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 1989 - 01\nzhang - wu ; chen yong - jiu ; shen fa - rong ; yang yue - xiong ; yang da - rong ; zhang ya - ping ( laboratory of cellular and molecular evolution , kunming institute of apology , cab kunming 650223 ) ( laboratory of insect resources , kunming institute of zoology . cas kunming 6 ; study of genetic divergence in cordyceps sinensis and c . crassispora from northwest of yunnan by using rapd [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 1999 - 02\nkang ji - chuan , liang zong - qi , liu ai - ying , richard y . c . kong ( department of plant pathology , university of stellenbosch , p . bag x1 , matieland 7602 , south africa ) ( laboratory of fungus resources , guizhou university , guiyang 550025 ) ( department of biology ; molecular evidence of polymorphism in cordyceps based on 5 . 8s rdna and its2 sequences [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 2000 - 04\nli zeng - zhi ; huang bo ; fan met - zhen ( college of forest utilizatin , anhui agricultural university , hefei , anhui 230036 ) ; molecular evidence for anamorph determination ofcordyceps sinensis ( berk . ) sacc . i . relation between hirsutella sinensis and c . sinensis [ j ] ; mycosystema ; 2000 - 01\ndai jin - xia ~ ( 1 * * ) , zheng zhe - min ~ 2 ( 1 . college of life science , ningxia university , yinchuan 750021 , china ; 2 . college of life science , shaanxi normal university , xi ' an 710062 , china ) ; phylogenetic relationships of eleven species of pentatominae based on sequences of cytochrome b gene [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2005 - 04\n\u00a92006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co . , ltd . ( beijing ) ( ttkn ) all rights reserved\nning ye , shuquan rao , tingfu du , huiling hu , . . . qi xu\nnozomi mihara , tadashige chiba , kosuke yamaguchi , haruka sudo , . . . kazushi imai\nglobal transcriptome analysis of halolamina sp . to decipher the salt tolerance in extremely halophilic archaea\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n1 institute for bio - medical convergence , international st . mary\u2019s hospital and college of medicine , catholic kwandong university , incheon 404 - 834 , republic of korea 2 environmental science , ishikawa prefectural university , 1 - 308 suematsu , nonoichi , ishikawa 921 - 8836 , japan 3 mushroom research division , national institute of horticultural and herbal science , rural development administration , eumseong 369 - 873 , republic of korea 4 forest biodiversity division , korea national arboretum , pocheon 487 - 820 , republic of korea 5 college of pharmacy , chung - ang university , seoul 156 - 756 , republic of korea\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 bhushan shrestha et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\ncordyceps fr . is one of the hypocrealean genera , comprising more than 400 spp . that parasitize a wide range of insects and few fungal genera . externally , they produce clavate , cylindrical or thin filamentous , filiform stroma on the hosts . the history of exploring and identifying cordyceps fungi is long and stretches back to the 17th century [ 8 ] . one of the most popular fungi is ophiocordyceps sinensis ( syn . cordyceps sinensis ) that grows on hepialid larvae in the alpine grasslands of the himalayas and the tibetan plateau [ 9 ] . this host - fungus complex is traditionally highly revered for enhancing immunity , protecting lungs , enriching kidneys , restorative and tonic effects , treating impotence , and so forth [ 10 \u2013 13 ] .\nuntil the phylogenetic classification by sung et al . [ 14 ] , cordyceps remained a big genus placed in family clavicipitaceae of order hypocreales . however , phylogenetic studies showed that neither cordyceps nor clavicipitaceae was monophyletic [ 14 \u2013 18 ] and hence cordyceps was segregated into several phylogenetic genera within three families of hypocreales [ 14 ] . according to the phylogenetic classification , cordyceps is now restricted to the clade containing the type species c . militaris , circumscribed to cordycipitaceae [ 14 ] . newly segregated genera ophiocordyceps and elaphocordyceps were placed under another family ophiocordycipitaceae ; the other two genera metacordyceps and tyrannicordyceps remained in clavicipitaceae sensu stricto [ 14 , 19 ] .\nfollowing the recent revision in the international code of nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( icn ) , elaphocordyceps is now synonymized with tolypocladium [ 20 ] and metacordyceps with metarhizium [ 21 ] . drechmeria , podocrella , polycephalomyces , and sphaerocordyceps are other genera that consist of members that were formerly described under cordyceps . cordyceps along with the newly segregated genera is linked to many asexual insect - pathogenic genera distributed in all three families clavicipitaceae s . s . , cordycipitaceae , and ophiocordycipitaceae [ 4 , 14 , 20 ] . further synonymizations of genera are recently proposed within ophiocordycipitaceae following icn [ 22 ] .\nthe host range of cordyceps in classical sense is very broad and includes several orders ( coleoptera , lepidoptera , hymenoptera , hemiptera , orthoptera , araneae , diptera , blattodea , mantodea , dermaptera , odonata , phasmatodea , etc . ) . based on the published literature , nearly 60 % of the species of cordyceps sensu lato are recorded on two orders coleoptera and lepidoptera . the other major host orders are hymenoptera , hemiptera , orthoptera , and araneae . the majority of hosts ( more than 95 % ) in lepidoptera ( moths , butterflies ) and coleoptera ( beetle ) are larvae ; the rest are adults or pupae , making the host identification difficult . in contrast , majority of hosts in other orders are adults such as spiders ( araneae ) , fly ( diptera ) , ant , bee , and wasp ( hymenoptera ) , grasshopper , locust , and cricket ( orthoptera ) , cicada , bug , scale - insect , and coccid ( hemiptera ) , cockroach and termite ( blattodea ) , mantis ( mantodea ) , earwig ( dermaptera ) , dragonfly ( odonata ) , and stick - insect ( phasmatodea ) . why lepidopterans and coleopterans are mostly susceptible at larval stage while other orders are more susceptible at adult stage is not well understood .\ncordyceps fungi range in habitat from aerial to epigeal to subterranean ones [ 74 ] , based on their respective host species . when the host stage is adult , they grow on exposed environments such as leaf litter or are attached to some plant parts such as leaf and branch and in contrast to the larval or pupal stages that are buried in soil ( hypogeal ) or on wood up to nearly 50 cm , for example , o . longissima [ 75 ] and o . xuefengensis [ 76 ] . ophiocordyceps caloceroides that is buried in the soil more than 50 cm is exceptional which grows on adult spiders [ 77 ] .\nthe pathogenic fungi sometimes produce parasite manipulated behaviors on hosts , such as death grip or biting behavior [ 78 \u2013 80 ] . some of the parasitized ants always bite lower side veins but never the laminar blade or the upper surface [ 79 , 80 ] . similarly , some species of ants are attached to lower side of twigs whereas others are found attached to leaves [ 81 ] . in other cases , aphids , ants , grasshoppers , planthoppers , flies , and so forth shift to elevated position at the time of dying , known as summit disease [ 82 , 83 ] .\nin this review , we present brief introductions of coleoptera and lepidoptera and their major subgroups parasitized by cordyceps fungi . we hope the present review will serve as a reference for researchers and scholars to get a quick look at coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts of cordyceps spp .\nwe accumulated host information from published literature and analysed the hosts that belonged to coleoptera and lepidoptera . we found that hosts of only 60 % of cordyceps fungi are known at family or genus / species ranks ; the rest are known only at the order rank and hence no further discussions of the hosts could be done for them . hence , in this review , we dealt with only those hosts that are known at family or infrafamily ranks within coleoptera and lepidoptera and tried to analyse the major taxonomic subgroups that are associated with cordyceps fungi . we also analysed the host stage among coleopteran and lepidopteran hosts based on published literature .\ncoleoptera is currently the most species - rich group on this planet [ 84 ] . the order is classified into four suborders ( polyphaga , adephaga , myxophaga , and archostemata ) [ 85 ] . polyphaga is the largest suborder covering 90 % of total beetle species and is classified into more than 170 families . adephaga is the second largest suborder , followed by myxophaga and archostemata . all the known coleopteran hosts belong to suborders polyphaga and adephaga under 8 superfamilies and 11 families . short descriptions of host families are given below , followed by cordyceps spp . recorded on them .\nthis is one of the largest families in coleoptera and its members are commonly called scarabs or scarab beetles . scarabaeid larvae ( commonly called grubs ) are short , thick , pale yellow or white , mostly live underground or under debris , and feed on dead organic matter ( scavengers ) . twenty - seven cordyceps spp . are recorded in this family ( table 1 ) . among them , c . brittlebankii is recorded on heteronyx sp . , c . brongniartii on anomala cuprea , c . coxii on lepidiota sp . , c . pseudoinsignis and c . velutipes on melolontha sp . , ophiocordyceps aphodii on aphodius howitti and a . tasmaniae , o . melolonthae on ancyloncha puncticollis , lachnosterna fusca , and melolontha sp . , o . michiganensis on scarabaeus sp . , o . ravenelii on l . fusca , phyllophaga sp . , and rhizotrogus sp . , and o . stylophora on costelytra zealandica ( table 1 ) . other species recorded in this family are c . obliquiordinata , c . scarabaeicola , metarhizium brittlebankisoides , ophiocordyceps arbuscula , o . barnesii , o . elongatiperitheciata , o . geniculata , o . gracillima , o . highlandensis , o . konnoana , o . larvicola , o . macularis , o . neovolkiana , o . nigrella , o . superficialis , o . variabilis , and sphaerocordyceps palustris ( table 1 ) . out of 27 cordyceps spp . , 26 are recorded on larvae except c . scarabaeicola that is recorded on adult ( table 1 ) .\ntable 1 : an aggregate list of coleopteran hosts ( family / genus / species ) of cordyceps species .\nmembers of this family are commonly called earth - boring dung beetles , which mostly excavate burrows to lay their eggs . they are normally detritivores but occasionally behave as coprophagous . cordyceps geotrupis is recorded on an adult of geotrupes sp . in this family ( table 1 ) .\nmembers of this family are commonly called stag beetles . the name stag beetle is derived from the distinctive mandibles found on the males that resemble the antlers of stags . the larvae feed on rotting deciduous wood for several years before pupating . ophiocordyceps scottiana is recorded on rhyssonotus nebulosus in this family ( table 1 ) .\nmembers of this family are commonly called click beetles , elaters , snapping beetles , spring beetles , skipjacks , and so forth . the adults are typically nocturnal and phytophagous . larvae are slender , elongate , cylindrical , or somewhat flattened , with relatively hard bodies , somewhat resembling mealworms . fifteen spp . of cordyceps have been recorded from this family ( table 1 ) , all of which grow on larvae except ophiocordyceps salebrosa that grows on an adult ( table 1 ) . six spp . are recorded on larvae of the following hosts : cordyceps nirtolii on melanotus communis , c . shanxiensis on m . caudex and pleonomus canaliculatus , metarhizium campsosterni on campsosternus auratus , m . martiale on hemirhipus sp . , ophiocordyceps jiangxiensis on c . auratus and c . fruhstorferi , and o . stylophora on denticollis linearis ( table 1 ) . other spp . recorded in this family are cordyceps aurantiaca , c . huntii , c . rubra , c . velutipes , ophiocordyceps brunneipunctata , o . elateridicola , o . gracilioides , o . purpureostromata , and o . salebrosa ( table 1 ) .\nthe long - horned beetles , also known as longicorns , are cosmopolitan , typically characterized by extremely long antennae , which are often as long as or longer than the beetle\u2019s body . the larvae , called roundheaded borers , bore into wood , where they can cause extensive damage to either living trees or untreated lumber . four spp . are known from this family , all growing on larvae ( table 1 ) . they are ophiocordyceps dovei on oemona hirta , o . entomorrhiza on leptura sp . , o . larvicola on callidium sp . , and o . stylophora on phoracantha semipunctata .\nthe family , commonly known as leaf beetle , is one of the largest beetle families . adults and larvae feed on all sorts of plant tissues . most chrysomelids are conspicuously colored , typically in glossy yellow to red or metallic blue - green hues . ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza is recorded on adult of diabrotica sp . and o . superficialis on a chrysomelid larva ( table 1 ) .\nit is a family of the pleasing fungus beetles . they feed on plant and fungal matter , a few of them being notable pests . cordyceps erotyli is recorded on adult of erotylus sp . in this family ( table 1 ) .\nit is the family of the true weevils or snout beetles . weevils are almost entirely plant feeders . cordyceps militaris is recorded on larva of ips sexdentatus , ophiocordyceps curculionum on adult of heilipus celsus , o . entomorrhiza on adult of apion flavipes , and podocrella peltata on larva of cryptorhynchus corticicolus ( table 1 ) .\ntenebrionids are often referred to as darkling beetles as they have usually black or brown elytra and are nocturnal in habit . they are found worldwide though they are more diverse in semiarid and arid ecosystems . adults of most species are saprophagous while larvae are mostly detritivores ( litter feeders ) or xylophagous . five spp . are recorded on larvae of this family ( table 1 ) : c . militaris on tenebrio molitor , o . acicularis on nictobates sp . , o . entomorrhiza on meneristes laticollis , and o . larvicola on cylindronotus sp . , helops caraboides , and h . lanipes . ophiocordyceps formosana is the fifth species recorded on larva of this family .\nthe rove beetles belong to family staphylinidae , primarily distinguished by their short elytra . the group is currently recognized as the largest family of beetles . they are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of beetles and commonly encountered in terrestrial ecosystems . cordyceps memorabilis is recorded on adult of staphylinus sp . whereas ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza is recorded on larva of ocypus sp . cordyceps staphylinidicola and o . superficialis are other spp . recorded on larvae of this family ( table 1 ) .\nit is a large , cosmopolitan family . its members are commonly known as ground beetles . they are mostly shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers ( elytra ) . common habitats are under the bark of trees , under logs , or among rocks or sand by the edge of ponds and rivers . six spp . are known from this family ( table 1 ) . among them , o . entomorrhiza is recorded on adults and larvae of several species such as carabus auronitens , c . coriaceus , c . glabratus , c . hortensis , c . intricatus , c . nemoralis , c . nemorensis , c . violaceus , calathus sp . , calosoma sp . , coptolabrus sp . , hadrocarabus problematicus , and pterostichus sp . ophiocordyceps volkiana is recorded on larva of eripus heterogaster . cordyceps nikkoensis , ophiocordyceps carabidicola , o . michiganensis , and o . stylophora are other species recorded on larvae of this family .\namong the coleopteran families , scarabaeidae is parasitized by the highest number of cordyceps fungi ( 27 spp . ) , followed by elateridae ( 15 spp . ) ( table 1 ) . among 55 parasitizing fungi ( table 1 ) , we found that only few parasitize more than one family . for example , ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza parasitizes 6 families , followed by o . stylophora ( 4 families ) , o . larvicola and o . superficialis ( 3 families each ) , and c . militaris , c . velutipes , and o . michiganensis ( 2 families each ) ( table 1 ) . from host range point of view , ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza shows the widest range , infecting 13 spp . in carabidae and one sp . in each cerambycidae , chrysomelidae , curculionidae , staphylinidae , and tenebrionidae ( table 1 ) . it is also exceptional in that it infects both larval and adult stages .\nas mentioned earlier , larva is the most dominant host stage susceptible to cordyceps pathogens in coleoptera , with fewer adult stages being parasitized ( table 1 ) . besides o . entomorrhiza , six other spp . are recorded on coleopteran adults . they are c . erotyli , c . geotrupis , c . memorabilis , o . curculionum , o . salebrosa , and c . scarabaeicola ; the remaining ones are recorded on larvae .\nlepidoptera is among the large orders of insects [ 121 ] . it has around 160 , 000 spp . that are classified into 4 suborders , 45 superfamilies , and 139 families [ 122 ] . out of four suborders ( aglossata , glossata , heterobathmiina , and zeugloptera ) , cordyceps and allied genera are known only from glossata . it is the largest suborder consisting of almost 99 . 9 % of all described lepidopterans [ 122 , 123 ] . it is further classified into six infraorders ( dacnonypha , acanthoctesia , lophocoronina , neopseustina , exoporia , and heteroneura ) [ 122 ] . among them , cordyceps hosts are known from two infraorders exoporia and heteroneura .\nlepidopterans have from three to more than a dozen larval instars ( caterpillars ) , often five [ 123 , 124 ] , inhabiting as root - or stem - borers or foliage eaters and leaf - miners of angiosperms , usually within narrow range of host plants . lepidopterans have distinct feeding habits , basically plant - feeding during larval stage and nectar - feeding during adult stage . exoporia and heteroneura are discussed below in short , followed by cordyceps pathogens parasitizing them .\nit is a small infraorder consisting of 636 spp . that are classified into 2 superfamilies [ 122 ] . cordyceps and allied genera are recorded only from the superfamily hepialoidea . the superfamily comprises five families that are distributed in diverse vegetation such as forest , shrubland , grassland , tundra , swamp , and bog with the most varied diet habit among moth families [ 123 , 125 ] . among the families , cordyceps spp . are recorded from family hepialidae alone ( table 2 ) .\ntable 2 : cordyceps species recorded on hepialid hosts ( lepidoptera , glossata , exoporia , and hepialidae ) .\nmany species are recorded in australia and new zealand on hepialid hosts . for instance , cordyceps cranstounii , c . hawkesii , d . gunnii , o . robertsii , and o . taylorii are recorded on abantiades labyrinthicus and other abantiades spp . , aenetus virescens , aoraia dinodes , a . ensyii , dasypodia selenophora , oxycanus dirempta , and other oxycanus spp . , trictena atripalpis and other trictena spp . , wiseana spp . , and so forth ( table 2 ) . another cordyceps sp . rarely described on hepialus is c . militaris ( table 2 ) . besides that , cordyceps cuncunae and o . emeiensis are also recorded on hepialid hosts ( table 2 ) .\nthis infraorder consists of more than 98 % of lepidopteran species [ 122 ] . nine superfamilies among more than 30 in the infraorder are recorded as hosts of cordyceps spp . among the host families , tineidae is the only microlepidopteran family ; the rest are macrolepidopterans . papilionidae and pieridae are the two butterfly families , the rest being moths . the host families are briefly described below followed by cordyceps spp . recorded on them .\n( 1 ) erebidae . it is the largest family in lepidoptera with 24 , 569 described spp . [ 122 ] . despite the high species richness , only two cordyceps spp . are recorded on this family . of them , c . militaris is recorded on calliteara pudibunda and leucoma salicis whereas c . nikkoensis is reported on a larva of the family ( table 3 ) .\ntable 3 : cordyceps species recorded on heteroneuran hosts ( lepidoptera , glossata , and heteroneura ) .\n( 2 ) noctuidae . it is commonly known as owlet moths . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 4 spp . of this family : arcte coerula , colocasia coryli , euxoa ochrogaster , and panolis flammea ( table 3 ) . ophiocordyceps elongata is recorded on acronicta americana . other species recorded in this family are cordyceps alpicola , c . bifusispora , c . bulolensis , c . cristata , and c . tuberculata ( table 3 ) .\n( 3 ) notodontidae . its members are mainly concentrated in the tropical areas . some examples of this family are puss moths . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 5 spp . of this family . they are fentonia ocypete , lampronadata cristata , phalera assimilis , p . bucephala , and syntypistis punctatella ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) limacodidae ( cochlididae ) . the members of this family are known as slug moths and are mostly tropical . ophiocordyceps cochlidiicola is recorded on larva and pupa of this family ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) cossidae . the members are known as carpenter millers and are found worldwide . four spp . are recorded in this family . of them , metarhizium indigoticum is recorded on yakudza vicarius . two recently described spp . , ophiocordyceps arborescens and o . macroacicularis , are recorded on cossus sp . ( table 3 ) . the other species recorded on this family is cordyceps bassiana .\n( 1 ) drepanidae . the members of this family have worldwide distribution . cordyceps militaris is recorded on 4 spp . of this family : achlya flavicornis , ochropacha duplaris , tethea ocularis , and tetheella fluctuosa ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) tineidae . the members are small to medium - sized moths . they are worldwide in distribution but are particularly common in the palaeartic ecozone . cordyceps cardinalis is recorded on larva of this family ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) papilionidae . it is a family of colorful swallowtail butterflies . some of the members are the largest butterflies in the world . the majority are distributed in the tropical region . cordyceps tuberculata is reported on adult of this family ( table 3 ) .\n( 2 ) pieridae . it is a large family of butterfly , mostly distributed in the tropical parts of the world . its members are mostly white , orange , or yellow in pigmentation . metarhizium taii is reported on pieris rapae in this family ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) geometridae . it is the second largest family in lepidoptera with 23 , 002 spp . [ 122 ] . it is commonly known as inch worms . some of the members are notorious pests . cordyceps militaris and c . riverae are recorded from this family parasitizing biston panterinaria , lycia hirtaria , and triphosa sp . ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) bombycidae . it is known as silkworm family . the most well - known member is bombyx mori , native to northern china . cordyceps militaris is recorded on b . mori and c . michaelisii on a species of bombyx ( table 3 ) .\n( 2 ) endromidae . this is a small family . cordyceps militaris is recorded on andraca bipunctata in this family ( table 3 ) .\n( 3 ) saturniidae . the members include giant silk moths , royal moths , and emperor moths . they are described worldwide but are particularly known from tropical and subtropical regions . some of the members are the largest moth species . cordyceps longdongensis parasitizes actias artemis whereas c . militaris parasitizes anisota senatoria ( table 3 ) .\n( 1 ) lasiocampidae . its members are known as snout moths or lappet moths . they are large in size with broad wings and are known worldwide . cordyceps militaris is reported on dendrolimus pini , d . superans , and macrothylacia rubi ( table 3 ) .\nout of 22 spp . recorded on heteroneuran hosts ( table 3 ) , c . militaris has the widest host range , extending to 2 infraorders , 6 superfamilies , 10 families , and 29 spp . ( table 3 ) . it is a cosmopolitan species , distributed from sea level to more than 2000 m above sea level [ 126 ] . probably due to its wide host range and adaptability to wider habitats , this species demonstrates rapid in vitro growth and fructifications [ 127 ] . cordyceps tuberculata is another species recorded on multiple families . larva is the most suitable host for cordyceps spp . compared to pupa and adult ( table 3 ) .\nin total , 16 families in lepidoptera ( 1 exoporian and 15 heteroneuran ) are identified as host families of cordyceps and allied genera . hepialidae , though a small family , hosts 6 cordyceps spp . , 1 drechmeria sp . , and 10 ophiocordyceps spp . ( table 2 ) . they are mostly distributed in either asia or australia / new zealand . after hepialidae , noctuidae and sphingidae are the families mostly infected by cordyceps spp . ( table 3 ) ."]}
{"id": 1922, "summary": [{"text": "orthosia cruda , the small quaker , is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , morocco , algeria , tunisia , turkey , the caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , israel , lebanon , cyprus and jordan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "orthosia cruda", "paragraphs": ["habitat : orthosia cruda inhabits oak - rich forests , parks , and other woody locations .\nsmall quaker ( orthosia cruda ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nendangerment factors : orthosia cruda is widespread , but loses many habitats due to the decline of oaks in central europe .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ntunnusraitay\u00f6kk\u00f6nen\nto\northosia gothica linnaeus 1758\n.\njamie mcmillan added an association between\nimage of diarsia mendica\nand\northosia gothica\n.\nhabitat : orthosia incerta is found in habitats of all kinds that are rich in woody plants .\nkatja schulz selected\nhebrew character\nto show in overview on\northosia gothica linnaeus 1758\n.\nhebrew character is a moth species , orthosia gothica , of the family noctuidae . it is found throughout europe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nmuch of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe adults fly in march and april , feed on sallow blossom , and are attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 22 : 03 : 24 page render time : 0 . 3483s total w / procache : 0 . 4302s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the larvae mostly feed on quercus species , besides also on other deciduous woods .\nlife cycle : the adults overwinter in the pupal skin and emerge in march or april . the caterpillars occur in a brown and a green version . i tapped them in may and june from oaks .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 25 - 30 mm . distinguished from other early noctuids by its small size , usually light colour and plain appearance of forewing which has a rough appearance caused by a dusting of black scales .\nthe adults fly in march and april , feed on willow and are attracted to light .\nthe larvae feed in the early summer on a number of deciduous trees , including oak and willow .\na fairly common species over much of britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nrecorded in 62 ( 90 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 03 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe larva lives on different species of deciduous trees , like quercus and salix . the caterpillars are frequently eating other caterpillars . hibernates as a pupa in an underground cocoon , often close to a tree trunk .\nthe adults fly in march and april . they come to light , sugar and sallow catkins .\nbelgium , namur , lavaux ste . - anne , 30 march 2007 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nthe forewings of this species are greyish to rufous brown . typically these are marked with a black mark shaped like the hebrew letter nun \u05e0 ) . this is similar to the markings of the setaceous hebrew character although the two species are not closely related . in this species this mark is sometimes split in two or even absent . the hindwings are grey .\nis 30\u201340 mm . forewing sandy rufous , black - speckled , median area generally deeper rufous : lines browner , forewing purplish red - brown ; the lines pale , ill - defined , except by black spots at costa ; the cell black ; stigmata pale and large ; claviform connected with outer line by a black bar ; above which the base of vein 2 is often surrounded with rufous ; hindwing fuscous . the size of the orbicular stigma is variable , and the amount and shape of the black filling in of the cell is determined by this variation ; \u2014 in ab .\n] from amurland and japan has a more violet grey ground colour ; ab .\nthis moth flies at night in march and april ( sometimes later ) [ 1 ] and is attracted to light and various flowers .\nlarva green dotted all over with yellow ; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellowish white ; spiracular line broad , white , with dark upper edge ; head pale green . it feeds on a wide variety of plants ( see list below ) . this species overwinters as a pupa .\nseitz , a . ed . , 1914 die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , verlag alfred kernen , stuttgart band 3 : abt . 1 , die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes , die palaearktischen eulenartigen nachtfalter , 1914\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nstrate ( e . g . coley et al . , 1985 ; contra altermatt , 2010 ) ,\n, two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in\nrathcke method , which tests phenological overlap and ( b ) petraitis method , which tests niche overlap . this indicated that insec\nfamilies partition seasonal time in a random and the entire assemblage in a regular way . all groups of insects partitioned seas\ndomly except for the pairs of monophagous - oligophagous and palearctic - eurosiberian species , which partition season regularly . o\n) and co - occurring deciduous trees . the hypothesis of complete general overlap is rejected for groups\nbased on feeding specialization , zoogeographical categories and taxonomic families . the same was the case when the entire insec\nphagous species ( 13 . 8 % ) and those with a mediterranean distribution ( 15 . 4 % ) . voltinism is not very important for this assemblag\nand only seven species are bivoltine of which four fed on a different species of oak in the second generation . the overall conc\nwhereas that of insect groups based on zoogeographical , taxonomic or feeding specialization are randomly dispersed in time .\nand high ( > 850 m ) . at each site four two hectare rectangular\nin the base plot at each site , up to five branches ( mean 3 . 7 ) at\nplots / site x 3 trees / plot x 4 ( crown heights ) / tree x 3 . 7\nas the seeds of these plants were collected from neighbouring areas of oak forest it is characterized as semi natural .\n1 . the species of oak found on mt cholomontas and used in this study . the subgenus and the taxonomic status are based on\nflora europaea ( schwarz , 1964 ) and personal observations ( km and pvp ) . plant cover classes are expressed in terms of the domin\nfoliage ( southwood et al . , 1985 ; ozanne , 2005 ) with cyper -\nthat used for oak insects by southwood et al . ( 2004 ) ( table 2 ) .\n1979 ; rathcke , 1984 ) was used ( appendix s3 ) . this method\n2 . list of the types of insects recorded in this study at sites on mt . cholomontas . [ a ] explanation of zoogeographical cate -\nseveral subgenera of the same genus , or feed on several genera in the same order ( e . g .\nspecific trait in common ( e . g . particular chemical compounds such as the\ndrawn from this node defines six other clusters . [ 2 ] this level of\nteam , 2008 ) and the packages clues ( chang et al . , 2010 ) , vegan\n( oksanen et al . , 2008 ) and past ( hammer & harper , 2006 ) .\noak are shown in fig . 1 . as a rule there are three peaks in\n3 . presentation of the results obtained when the poole - rathcke method was used to segregate the moths in time . the null\nthe two dispersions are not significantly different . panel [ a ] is for insect families , [ b ] is for feeding specialization and [ c\naffiliation with its host plant ( s ) . in this study the occur -\n& reynolds , 1988 ) adjusted value of 0 . 431 . when abso -\nassigned to six clusters ( fig . 3 ) . the results of the wald -\nsecond generation to another cluster , i . e . , 5 . in oligopha -\n( damesin et al . , 1998 , and references therein ) . this is\ntheir peak numbers were recorded . only presences are considered here . insects with two generations are shown as different speci\nfollowed by the number \u201c2\u201d . insect names are preceded with the affiliated cluster name marked with arabic numerals ( 1\u20266 ) as\nfor which the start and end date of appearance of its larvae were the same . congeneric species are shown against a grey backgro\nones , are the rule in insects ( denno et al . , 1995 ) and only\ngophagous ( o ) and one polyphagous ( p ) species ( table 2 ) .\nof the other two congeners ( cluster 3 ) ( fig . 3 ) , principally\n( fig . 3 ) . as seen in fig . 4 separation in time does not\n2009 ) . in terms of voltinism cizek et al . ( 2006 ) predict\n/ web / packages / clues / < accessed 25 . xii . 2010 > .\nhypotheses . in mcmanus m . l . & liebhlold a . m . ( eds ) :\nc . 1984 : entomofauna ( lepidoptera ) of oak ( quercus coccifera ) in sr macedonia .\nk . 1991 : zur biologie der eichenblattwespen caliroa cinxia klug . und caliroa annulipes klug . ( hymenoptera , tenthre -\npanel are listed all the species of insect recorded in the study plots on mt . cholomontas . the specialization status was based\nrecords in the literature ( e . g . schwenke , 1978 ) and personal observations .\napplications of the method using standard statistical tests ( rabinowitz et al . , 1981 ) ; [ 4 ] it is not limited by evenness or dom\nperennial plants in semi - arid scrub . the ability of the model to estimate the expected variances of a time sequence of biologic\nevents was exploited by sanders et al . ( 2007 ) who studied the assembly rules of co - occurrences of ground - dwelling ants in a var\nof habitats and by marchinko et al . ( 2004 ) who studied character displacement in two barnacle communities in a quest for eviden\no . 2001 : phenological patterns of nine perennial plants in an intertropical semi - arid mexican scrub .\nwald - wolfowitz tests of the larval phenologies ( mean of start and end date ) of oak foliage feeding insect clusters . an\n- the aim of this project is to study the woody biomass and technical wood ( timber ) production in plantations where fast growing trees are grown ( e . g . fraxinus angustifolia , paulownia spp . , populus\u2026\n[ more ]\ntemporal partitioning in an assemblage of insect defoliators feeding on oak on a mediterranean mount . . .\ninsects feeding on the foliage of oak were studied on a mountain where species of mediterranean deciduous and evergreen oak coexist . there were 58 insect species ( 54 lepidoptera , 1 coleopteran and 3 hymenoptera ) belonging to twenty families in the assemblage feeding on eight species of quercus , two of which are introduced from nearby regions . the overlap in occurrence in time and of feeding . . . [ show full abstract ]\nspace allocation in melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger ) ( col . , bupresti . . .\nthe phloeo - cambiophagous buprestid melanophila knoteki knoteki ( reitt . ) var . hellenica ( obenberger . ) is not a primary factor of fir decline problem although the beetle substantially contributes to greek fir abies cephalonica loud . var . graeca ( fraas ) liu mortality . by using mapping depiction of the exit holes of the insect on a set of fir trees located on a line transect in a randomized . . . [ show full abstract ]\nlarval performance in relation to oviposition site preference in olive kernel moth ( prays oleae bern . . .\n1 the tri - voltine moth prays oleae bern . spends its larval stages on the native olive tree ( olea europaea l . var . sylvestris brot . and five cultivars , oleaceae ) mining the leaves , the flowers and the fruits in each generation ; it seldom switches to other native or introduced confamilial plant species . 2 in this study the pattern of oviposition of the olive moth was examined in olive fields and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nestimativa de receptividad ganadera mediante variables ed\u00e1ficas en salinas grandes ( catamarca , argen . . .\nel \u00e1rea de estudio de 4000 km2 se encuentra al sur de la provincia de catamarca . la actividad ganadera , esencial para la econom\u00eda regional , es dependiente de las condiciones clim\u00e1ticas y ed\u00e1ficas . el objetivo del trabajo fue obtener informaci\u00f3n de los sub - ambientes del \u00e1rea , a escala de campo , incluyendo suelos y vegetaci\u00f3n en el per\u00edodo 2007 - 2009 , y cuantificar las variables de suelo . . . [ show full abstract ]\nagassiz , d . , r . heckford , et al . ( 1991 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera review for 1991 . \u201d\nagassiz , d . j . l . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera \u2013 a review of the year 1986 . \u201d\nagassiz , d . j . l . ( 1989 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera \u2013 a review of the year 1987 . \u201d\nagassiz , d . j . l . , r . j . heckford , et al . ( 1996 ) . \u201cmicrolepidoptera review of 1994 . \u201d\nanders , s . , r . fox , et al . ( 2010 ) . millions of moths mapped !\nanderson , s . j . , k . f . conrad , et al . ( 2008 ) . \u201cphenotypic changes and reduced genetic diversity have accompanied the rapid delcine of the garden tiger moth (\nanderson , s . j . , d . a . dawson , et al . ( 2006 ) . \u201cisolation and characterisation of highly polymorphic microsatellite loci for the garden tiger moth\nanderson , s . j . , p . gould , et al . ( 2005 ) .\nposter \u2013 replicate flanking sequences ( refs ) : the characterisation of novel , universal nuclear markers in lepidoptera .\neuropean society for evolutionary biology ( eseb ) , krakow , 15th - 20th august 2005 .\nanderson , s . j . , p . gould , et al . ( 2007 ) . \u201crepetitive flanking sequences ( refs ) : novel molecular markers from microsatellite families . \u201d\nangell , w . moth catches in the guernsey trap 1973 - 1979 , the possible effects of unusual weather conditions \u2013 unpublished report : 1 - 23 .\nangell , w . ( 1984 ) . \u201ca list of the moths and butterflies recorded in the bailiwick of guernsey . \u201d\nanon . key indicators for british wildlife : rothamsted insect survey moth data \u2013 draft final report . york , university of york : 1 - 31 .\nanon . ( 1987 ) . \u201cncc 13th report : 1 april 1986 \u2013 31 march 87 . \u201d 39 .\nanon . ( 2005 ) . sir richard southwood . a near 60 year relationship with rothamsted . , rothamsted research .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . british moths fall by a third in 35 years \u2013 study .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . countryside crisis as vanishing moths break the food chain .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . \u201cdramatic decline in british moths . \u201d retrieved 21 . 02 . 2006 , 2006 , from urltoken .\nanon . ( 2006 ) . \u201cdramatic decline in british moths . \u201d retrieved 20 . 02 . 2006 , 2006 , from http : / / www . 4rfv . co . uk . nationalnews .\narcher , m . e . ( 1974 ) . \u201cthe bee and wasp survey . \u201d\narcher , m . e . ( 1975 ) . \u201cthe bee and wasp survey . \u201d\narcher , m . e . ( 1979 ) . provisional atlas of the insects of the british isles part 9 , hymenoptera : vespidae ( second edition ) . huntingdon , biological records centre , monkswood experimental station : 1 - 10 .\narcher , v . w . ( 1977 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narjen , e . v . t . h . , n . edmonds , et al . ( 2011 ) . \u201cindustrial melanism in british peppered moths has a singular and recent mutational origin . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1978 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) . \u201cmoths caught in rothamsted light traps in bedfordshire , 1969 - 78 . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1980 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1981 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1982 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1983 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1984 ) . \u201cmoths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1985 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1986 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1987 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1990 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1993 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . ( 1995 ) . \u201cmacro - moths ( lepidoptera ) \u2013 report of the recorder . \u201d\narnold , v . w . , c . r . b . baker , et al . ( 1997 ) .\naustin , r . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmoth trap summary for 1988 . \u201d\naustin , r . ( 1989 ) . \u201centomology section report for 1989 . \u201d\naustin , r . ( 1989 ) . \u201cmoths and butterflies of guernsey 1989 . \u201d\naustin , r . ( 2000 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2000 , la societe guernesiaise : 42 .\naustin , r . ( 2001 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2001 , la societe guernesiaise : 37 .\naustin , r . ( 2002 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2002 , la societe guernesiaise : 37 .\naustin , r . ( 2003 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2003 , la societe guernesiaise : 42 .\naustin , r . ( 2006 ) . moths & butterflies of guernsey 2006 , la societe guernesiaise : 57 .\naustin , r . ( 2007 ) . moths & butterflies of guernsey 2007 , la societe guernesiaise : 47 .\naustin , r . ( 2009 ) . moths and butterflies of guernsey 2008 , la societe guernesiaise : 40 .\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1969 ) . \u201cinsect flight recorded by light trap . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1988 ) . \u201clacewings recorded from east kent . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1988 ) . \u201cmoths from perry wood , 1987 . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . ( 1995 ) . \u201csite monitoring and lacewing diversity in perry woods . \u201d\nbadmin , j . s . and n . f . heal ( 1998 ) . \u201cbeetle diversity in a rothamsted trap , selling , kent . \u201d\nbanergee , s . n . and r . a . french ( 1952 ) . \u201ca note on the variability in the appearance of the brood in some british lepidoptera . \u201d\nbanham , p . r . ( 1977 ) . \u201cthree years\u2019 moth trapping at wells . \u201d\nbanham , p . r . ( 1987 ) . \u201cmoth trapping at wells \u2013 the next ten years . \u201d\nbanwell , j . l . and t . j . crawford ( 1992 ) . key indicators for british wildlife , report for d . o . e . ref . pecd 7 / 2 / 84 .\nbarlow , h . s . and i . p . woiwod ( 1989 ) . \u201cmoth diversity of a tropical forest in peninsular malaysia . \u201d\nbarlow , h . s . and i . p . woiwod ( 1990 ) . seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in the dumoga - bone national park , sulawesi utara .\n. w . j . knight and j . d . holloway . london , royal entomological society\nbarson , g . ( 1972 ) . \u201clight trap records for 1969 from farnborough , hants . \u201d\nbarton , e . , f . slater , et al . ( 2009 ) . \u201clong term change in a brecknock moth population . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1952 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1948 and 1949 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1954 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1950 and 1951 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1954 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1952 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1957 ) . \u201creport of lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1954 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1957 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1955 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1958 ) . \u201creport of lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1956 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1959 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1957 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1960 ) . \u201creport on lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1958 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1961 ) . \u201creport on the lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1959 . \u201d\nbell , p . j . ( 1962 ) . \u201creport on the lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1960 . \u201d\ntransactions of the hertfordshire natural history society , 25 ( 5 ) : 193 - 194 .\nbell , p . j . ( 1964 ) . \u201creport of the lepidoptera observed in hertfordshire in 1961 , 1962 and 1963 . \u201d\nbibby , c . ( 1973 ) . \u201cthe red - backed shrike : a vanishing british species . \u201d\nbond , k . g . m . ( 1989 ) . \u201cenvironmental impact assessment , fota wildlife park \u2013 rothamsted insect trap assessment of lepidoptera recorded 1986 - 1987 . \u201d\n( steudel , 1873 ) ( lep . : yponomeutidae ) \u2013 records from ireland and the isle of man . \u201d\nbond , k . g . m . and a . m . emmett ( 1985 ) . \u201cfirst and second supplements to the butterfies and moths of the isle of man . \u201d\nboorman , j . ( 1969 ) . \u201cthe animal virus research institute report . \u201d\nboorman , j . ( 1974 ) . \u201csurvey of distribution of biting midges ( culicoides ) . \u201d\n( diptera : ceratopogonidae ) from southern england : new records , a new species and notes on two species of doubtful british status . \u201d\n( stephens ) ( neuroptera : chrysopidae ) , and the adjustment of light - trap catches to allow for variation in moonlight . \u201d\nbowden , j . ( 1982 ) . \u201can analysis of factors affecting catches of insects in light - traps . \u201d\nbowden , j . ( 1984 ) . \u201clatitudinal and seasonal changes of nocturnal illumination with a hypothesis about their effect on catches of insects in light - traps . \u201d\nbowden , j . , j . cochrane , et al . ( 1983 ) . \u201ca survey of cutworm attacks in england and wales , and a descriptive population model for\nbowden , j . , i . h . haines , et al . ( 1976 ) . \u201cclimbing collembola . \u201d\nbowden , j . and p . l . sherlock ( 1978 ) . \u201ccutworm biology and migration . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . ( 1977 ) . \u201cimmigrant species of lepidoptera at a light trap in west surrey in 1976 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1979 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1978 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1980 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1978 \u2013 a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1980 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1979 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1981 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1979 . a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1982 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1980 \u2013 a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1983 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1982 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1984 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1983 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1985 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1981 , 1982 , 1983 \u2013 a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1985 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1984 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1986 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1985 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1987 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1982 , 1983 , 1984 and 1985 - a supplementary note . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1987 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1986 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1988 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1987 . \u201d\nbretherton , r . f . and j . m . chalmers - hunt ( 1989 ) . \u201cthe immigration of lepidoptera to the british isles in 1988 . \u201d"]}
{"id": 1924, "summary": [{"text": "orectoloboides is an extinct genus of wobbegong sharks ( family orectolobidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by cappetta in 1977 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a new species , o. angulatus , was described from the cenomanian period of canada by charlie j. underwood and stephen l. cumbaa in 2010 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "orectoloboides", "paragraphs": ["copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\neugomphodus winkleri , odontaspis aff . winkleri , odontaspis cf . winkleri , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) aff . winkleri , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) winkleri , synodontaspis winkleri\ngigantichthys pharao , ischyrhiza iwakiensis , onchosaurus cf . pharao , onchosaurus iwakiensis , onchosaurus ( onchosaurus ) pharao , titanichthys pharao\nctenacanthus clarki , ctenacanthus clarkii , ctenacanthus compressus , didymodus compressus , diplodus compressus , dittodus compressus , orthacanthus aff . compressus , orthacanthus cf . compressus , pleuracanthus ( diplodus ) compressus , xenacanthus cf . compressus , xenacanthus compressus\ndiacranodus texensis , didymodus texensis , orthacanthus ( lebachacanthus ) texensis , xenacanthus aff . texensis , xenacanthus texensis\ncarcharodon obliquus , lamna obliqua , lamna obliquus , odontaspis taurus obliqua , otodus cf . obliquus , otodus giganteus , otodus plicatilis\ncarcharocles auriculatus sokolowi , carcharocles cf . sokolowi , carcharocles sokolovi , carcharocles sokolowi , carcharodon angustidens sokolowi , carcharodon sokolovi , carcharodon sokolowi , otodus cf . sokolovi , otodus cf . sokolowi , otodus sokolovi sokolovi , otodus ( carcharocles ) cf . sokolowi , procarcharodon angustidens cf . sokolowi , procarcharodon cf . sokolowi , procarcharodon sokolovi , procarcharodon sokolowi\ncarcharocles aff . angustidens , carcharocles angustidens , carcharocles angustidens turgidus , carcharocles cf . angustidens , carcharocles megalodon angustidens , carcharocles rectus , carcharocles turgidus , carcharodon aff . angustidens , carcharodon aff . angustidens turgidus , carcharodon aff . turgidus , carcharodon angustidens , carcharodon angustidens angustidens , carcharodon angustidens turgidus , carcharodon arndti , carcharodon cf . angustidens , carcharodon cf . praemegalodon , carcharodon cf . turgidus , carcharodon lanceolatus , carcharodon longidens , carcharodon megalodon robustus , carcharodon praemegalodon , carcharodon rectus , carcharodon robustus , carcharodon simus , carcharodon turgidus , otodus angustidens , otodus angustidens angustidens , otodus angustidens turgidus , otodus arndti , otodus lanceolatus , otodus praemegalodon , otodus rectus , otodus robustus , otodus turgidus , procarcharodon angustidens , procarcharodon angustidens angustidens , procarcharodon cf . angustidens , procarcharodon praemegalodon , procarcharodon turgidus\ncarcharias giganteus , carcharias grosseserratus , carcharias incidens , carcharias macrodon , carcharias megalodon , carcharias mexicanus , carcharias polygurus , carcharias polygyrus , carcharias productus , carcharias ( prionodon ) incidens , carcharocles aff . megalodon , carcharocles aff . subauriculatus , carcharocles megalodon , carcharocles megalodon megalodon , carcharocles productus , carcharodon arcuatus , carcharodon branneri , carcharodon brevis , carcharodon costae , carcharodon crassidens , carcharodon crassirhadix , carcharodon crassus , carcharodon gibbesi , carcharodon gigas , carcharodon helveticus , carcharodon humilis , carcharodon intermedius , carcharodon latissimus , carcharodon leviathan , carcharodon megalodon , carcharodon megalodon indica , carcharodon megalodon megalodon , carcharodon megalodon polygyra , carcharodon megalodon productus , carcharodon megalodon siculus , carcharodon megalodon yamanarii , carcharodon morricei , carcharodon polygurus , carcharodon polygyrus , carcharodon productus , carcharodon quenstedti , carcharodon rectidens , carcharodon rectideus , carcharodon semiserratus , carcharodon subauriculatus , carcharodon tumidissimus , carcharodon turicensis , megaselachus arcuatus , megaselachus auriculatus falciformis , megaselachus branneri , megaselachus brevis , megaselachus crassidens , megaselachus crassirhadix , megaselachus crassus , megaselachus gigas , megaselachus heterodon , megaselachus humilis , megaselachus incidens , megaselachus leviathan , megaselachus megalodon , megaselachus megalodon indicus , megaselachus polygyrus , megaselachus productus , megaselachus rectidens , megaselachus semiserratus , megaselachus subauriculatus , otodus megalodon , procarcharodon aff . megalodon , procarcharodon megalodon , procarcharodon megalodon megalodon , selache manzonii\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\n( pdf ) new fossil species of somniosus and rhinoscymnus ( squaliformes : somniosidae ) , deep water sharks from oligocene rocks of western washington state , usa .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nnew fossil species of somniosus and rhinoscymnus ( squaliformes : somniosidae ) , deep water sharks from oligocene rocks of western washington state , usa .\nsullivan , r . m . and lucas , s . g . , eds . , 2016 , fossil record 5 . new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 74 .\nkeasey formation crinoid lagerst\u00e4tte at mist , oregon , and the kirker sandstone at mt . diablo , california . the\nsandstone near mt . diablo , california ( welton , 1979 , p . 474 ) were\nyears ( adnet and cappetta , 2001 ; adnet et al . , 2006 ; t\nand adnet et al . ( 2006 ) suggested the chronologic range of the genus\nmodi\ue0bfed from niem et al . ( 1994 ) , and burns et al . ( 2005 ) .\n, adnet , et al , 2006 , p . 63 - 64 , designated\n, adnet et al . , 2008 , p . 715 - 716 , notes genus invalid ;\nlarge lower teeth ( maximum tooth height 7 . 95 mm ) ; differing from all\n1927 ; moore , 1976 ; mcknight et al . , 1992 , 1994 ; niem et al . , 1994 ;\net sp . nov . , type and referred specimens were collected . nmmnh and\n\u2013 biostratigraphic time scales and zonation after berggren et al . ( 1995 ) ,\n, oregon . ( a ) , labial view ; ( b ) , lingual view .\nupper anteroposterior ( figs . 4 - 5 , 7 ) and lower medial ( fig . 3 ) and anteroposterior teeth ( figs .\n6 , 8 - 9 ) , from early oligocene kirker sandstone at mt . diablo , contra costa county , california ( lacm locality 4304 ; figs . 1 - 5 ) , and early\noligocene or latest eocene keasey formation at mist ( nmmnh locality 9105 and lacm locality 4308 ) , columbia county , oregon ( figs . 6 - 9 ) .\n) views , selected to represent relative row positions along the dental series . illustrated tooth positions m1 , ap2 ,\nright side of the dentition , and have been digitally reversed to mimic teeth from the left side of the jaw . m1 , lacm 1\nokes , 1953 ; burns et al . , 2005 ) , earliest oligocene ( hickman ,\nal . , 1985 ) , correlative with chron c12r ( 31 . 0 to 33 . 0 ma ; prothero and\nstage and the whitneyan north american land - mammal \u201cage\u201d ( fig . 4 ) .\njunction , near the town of pittsburg , columbia county oregon ( fig . 1 ) .\nreferred teeth from the keasey formation ( fig . 7 . 6 - 9 )\noligocene , upper refugian to lower zemorrian ( tipton et al . , 1973 ) ,\nholotype and paratype teeth ( fig . 8 ) . the dental series includes medial\ndistal in the dental series . there is a general decrease in tooth height /\nthe jaw ( bigelow and schroeder , 1948 ; bass et al . , 1976 ; herman et\n8 - ap2 ) . the tooth is 5 . 65 mm high and 3 . 82 mm wide ( rw = tw ) , with\nrobust , short triangular cusp , inclined distally at an angle of 21 degrees .\nand the cusp apex does not extend distally beyond the cusp - heel notch .\ntrough , and the basal edge is irregular and horizontal . the root is robust ,\nthe adjacent distal tooth , covers 4 / 5ths of the root height . a\na point , just above a very large upper axial foramen . mesial and distal\nby a thin bridge of the lingual root face . mesial labial and distal labial\nanteroposterior teeth ( ap1 - ap9 ; figs . 5 . 2 - 5 , 6 . 1 - 5 , 8 ) :\nap ( 1 . 75 - 1 . 36 ) , then remain in the 1 . 3 range\nbut is estimated to have been wider than high ( 0 . 8 + ) . cusp inclination\nis about 1 / 2 the root height . labially , the apron is axially narrow and\ndeveloped close to the crown base , or on the distal root face . the mesial\nanteroposterior teeth are small ( th 3 . 7 mm and rw = 3 . 0 mm in lacm\nab . 1 ) , approximately 50 to 60 % of the lower anteroposteriors .\nin height ( missing mesial and distal root lobes ) . the tooth has a robust\na narrow , short , non - bifurcated apron . enough of the root is preserved\nlabial groove , and root lobes are unknown . lingually , there is a small ,\nanteroposterior tooth ( e . g . , root lobes , lower axial foramen , labial\ndoubt that these teeth , as suggested by adnet et al . ( 2006 ) , and v\ncrown \ue0bfgured by vialle et al . ( 2011 , \ue0bfg . 2 - 5 ) compares\nthe intersection of the distal heel and cusp . in labial view , the smaller\naround the apical rim of a large lower axial foramen . there is a very\nby kemp ( 1994 , p . 68 - 69 , pl . 1 , \ue0bfg .\nlee on the solent , hampshire basin , england ( adnet et al . , 2006 , p .\nclearly a dalatiid shark ( cappetta , 2006 ; adnet et al . , 2006 ) , however\ndistal labial pit and foramen . the tooth \ue0bfgured by kemp ( 1994 ) differs\nnotch formed by the intersection of the distal heel and cusp . labially , the\ndistal , and concave mesial cusp cutting edges , and a more lobate apron .\nto establish the identity of this tooth . the very broad - based , erect ,\ncommunication ) . according to heilmann - clausen et al . ( 1985 ) the\npoint ( molina et al , 2011 ; schnetler and heilmann - clausen , 2011 ) .\nranch no . 1 well , at a depth between 6206 - 6215 feet ( 1892 - 1894 m ) .\nand sandstones of the pittsburg bluff formation ( niem et al . , 1994 )\nformation ( mcknight et al . , 1992 ; niem et al . , 1994 ) . near the town\nmid - shelf depths , and warm - temperate waters ( moore , 1976 ) .\napproximately 15 miles ( 25 km ) to the northwest of the type locality ( fig .\nokes , 1953 ; burns and mooi , 2003 ; burns et al . , 2005 ) . in addition to\nnon - calcareous , organic - rich clay ( heilmann - clausen et al . , 1985 ) .\nrelated to periodic low oxygen bottom conditions ( burns et al . , 2005 ;\n4e - h ) , from the labguva formation , upper cenomanian , of lithuania .\ndental characters : lethaia , v . 34 , p . 234 - 248 .\nadnet , s . , cappetta , h . and mertiniene , r . , 2008 , re - evaluation of squaloid\nadnet , s . , cappetta , h . and reynders , j . , 2006 , nouveaux genres de squaliformes\n, j . d . and kistnasamy , n . , 1976 , sharks of the east coast\npaleontologists and mineralogists special publication , v . 54 , p . 129 - 212 .\nburns , c . , campbell , k . a . and mooi , r . , 2005 , exceptional crinoid occurrences\nburns , c . and mooi , r . , 2003 , an overview of eocene - oligocene echinoderm\ncappetta , h . , 2006 , elasmobranchii post - triadici ( index specierumet generum ) .\npalaeoecology : bulletin of the geological society of denmark , v . 62 , p .\nheilmann - clausen , c . , nielsen , o . b . and gersner , f\ndenmark : bulletin of the geological society of denmark , v . 33 , p . 287 -\nherman , j . , hovestadt - euler , m . and hovestadt , d . c . , 1989 , contributions\nstehmann , m . , ed . , part a : selachii . no . 3 : order : squaliformes , families :\nsciences naturelles de belgique , v . 59 , p . 101 - 157 .\na . and ivany , l . , eds . , from greenhouse to icehouse : the marine eocene\u2013\njohnson , h . d . and baldwin , c . t . , 1986 , shallow siliciclastic seas :\nscienti\ue0bfc publications , alden press , oxford , england , p . 229 - 282 .\n. and moore , g . w . , 1971 , stratigraphic relations of upper\nturell , j . , hardenbol , j . , heilmann - clausen , c . , larrasoa\u00f1a , j . c . ,\nluterbacher , h . , monechi , s . , ortiz , s . , orue - etxebarria , x . , payros ,\nlutetian stage at the gorrondatxe section , spain : episodes v . 34 , p . 86 - 108 .\noregon [ m . s . thesis ] : corvallis , oregon state university , p . 1 - 370 .\n, h . j . and campbell , k . a . , 1994 ,\ncounty , northwest oregon : unpublished m . s . thesis , corvallis , oregon\nprothero , d . r . and hankins , k . g . , 2001a , magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic\nmineralogists ( society for sedimentary geology ) book 91 , p . 201 - 209 .\nprothero , d . r . and hankins , k . g . , 2001b . magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic\njournal of geophysical research , v . 105 , p . 16 , 473 - 16 , 480 .\npublications in geological sciences , v . 16 , p . 449 - 460 .\nschnetler , k . i and heilmann - clausen , c . , 2011 ,\nsigni\ue0bfcance : the paleontological society of japan , v . 81 , p . 24 - 44 .\nunderwood , c . j . and schlogl , j . , 2013 , deep - water chondrichthyans from the\nw . c . and norbisrath , h . , 1946 , stratigraphy of the upper nehalem\nunited states and british columbia : paleobios , n . 17 , p . 1 - 15 .\nfrom the late eocene of western oregon , u . s . a . , and description of the\nwelton , b . j . and goedert , j . l . , 2016 , new fossil species of\nwelton , b . j . , 2016 , a new dalatiid shark ( squaliformes : dalatiidae ) from the early oligocene of oregon and california , usa ; in sullivan , r . m . and lucas , s . g . , eds . , new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 74 , p . 289 - 302 .\nfirst report of orthechinorhinus ( squaliformes : etmopteridae ) from the pacific basin ; a new species from early oligocene rocks of oregon , usa ; in sullivan , r . m . and lucas , s . g . , eds . , fossil record 5 : new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 74 , p . 303 - 308 .\nwelton and goedert 2016 new species of somniosus and rhinoscymnus from oligocene of western washingt . . .\nfirst report of orthechinorhinus ( squaliformes : etmopteridae ) from the pacific basin ; a new species . . .\nabstract\u2014a decade ago , adnet provisionally placed the genus orthechinorhinus in the echinorhinidae incertae sedis based on its heterodonty and a number of shared general crown and root morphologies , while also noting significant differences in root vascularization . orthechinorhinus possesses a very specialized dentition , unlike that of any known echinorhinid , and is interpreted here to be a . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwelton , b . j . , 2016 , a new dalatiid shark ( squaliformes : dalatiidae ) from the early oligocene of ore . . .\nabstract\u2014isolated teeth of oligodalatias jordani , a new genus and species of extinct dalatiid shark , are described from early oligocene marine deposits of the pittsburg bluff formation , nehalem river basin , northwestern oregon . o . jordani is also known from other eastern north pacific early oligocene marine rocks , including the keasey formation crinoid lagerst\u00e4tte at mist , oregon , and the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwelton , b . j . , 2014 , a new fossil basking shark ( lamniformes : cetorhinidae ) from the middle miocene . . .\nabstract . isolated teeth of a middle miocene cetorhinid genus , cetorhinus blainville 1816 , occur abundantly in rocks of the round mountain silt , sharktooth hill bonebed , southeastern san joaquin valley , kern county , california . tooth sets of juvenile and adult dentitions of the sharktooth hill cetorhinus were reconstructed and used as a basis for description of a new species , c . huddlestoni . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwelton , b . j . , 2015 , a new species of late early miocene cetorhinus ( lamniformes : cetorhinidae ) from . . .\nabstract . microphagous lamniforms of the family cetorhinidae have a significant cenozoic history in the north pacific ocean . the late eocene keasius taylori occurs in the keasey formation of oregon , and k . parvus may occur in the oligocene lincoln creek formation of southwestern washington . the genus cetorhinus has one extant species , c . maximus , and a fossil record , including the middle . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nimages are presented of fossilised teeth from most of the currently known shark families that can be found in the lower cretaceous , middle and late albian ( gault clay ) of kent in south - east england .\nfourteen families and twenty - seven genera are included . apart from the larger sharks , mainly represented by the lamniformes , most teeth are from small species and in the main have been acquired through bulk sampling and sieving of washed clay residues . indeed , most of the gault shark species are represented by tiny teeth , ranging from 1mm up to a few centimetres .\nnotwithstanding the diversity of the gault shark fauna , fossilised teeth are relatively uncommon and these specimens represent the very best of many years of collecting .\nthe help and support is gratefully acknowleged of david ward of orpington for making freely available use of his electronic imaging facilities , for help in collecting and processing bulk clay samples and with identification of specimens ."]}
{"id": 1927, "summary": [{"text": "the long-tailed musk shrew ( crocidura dolichura ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , gabon , nigeria , and uganda . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "long - tailed musk shrew", "paragraphs": ["the asian house shrew ( suncus murinus ) grey musk shrew , asian musk shrew , or money shrew is a widespread , adaptable species of shrew found mainly in south asia but introduced widely throughout asia and eastern africa .\nit is a large shrew with a strong musk smell . it is related to the etruscan shrew .\nand long - nosed . the teeth are a series of sharp points to poke holes in insect\nthis species is associated with both lowland and montane tropical moist forest . it is a climbing shrew that probably uses its long tail for balancing ( happold 1987 ) .\nadvani r , rana bd ( 1981 ) .\nfood of the house shrew ,\nstudies on this shrew have suggested its suitability for use in laboratory studies of reproduction and nutrition .\nthe house shrew has a uniform , short , dense fur of mid - grey to brownish - grey color . the tail is thick at the base and a bit narrower at the tip , and is covered with a few long , bristle - like hairs that are thinly scattered . they have short legs with five clawed toes . they have small external ears and an elongated snout . they also emit a strong odor of musk , derived from musk glands that are sometimes visible on each side of the body . the odor is especially noticeable during the breeding season .\nthe house shrew has a habit of moving quickly along the edges of the walls when it enters human habitations . as it runs it makes a chattering sound which resembles the sound of jingling money , which has earned them the name \u201dmoney shrew\u201d in china . when alarmed , the house shrew makes an ear - piercing , high - pitched shriek , resembling the sound of nails scraping a chalkboard or a metal fork scraping glass , which repels house cats . predators also leave the house shrew alone because of its musky smell and even when they catch one by mistake they will rarely eat it .\nthis species is locally called chuchunder in india and is mentioned in rudyard kipling ' s jungle book , as a nocturnal inhabitant of houses in india , by the name of chuchundra . however , kipling ' s mistaken use of the name ' musk rat ' has led to confusion with the unrelated north american muskrat ( ondatra zibethicus ) , and the latter species , not found in india , was ( erroneously ) illustrated in the jungle book .\nanother remarkable habit of this shrew ( shared with the white - toothed shrews of europe ) is that it forms a \u201dcaravan\u201d with its young , that is , the young line up behind the mother and follow it while she walks . the first young will hold on to the mother ' s fur with its teeth , and the subsequent young will do the same with the sibling in front of it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is never abundant , but it is widely distributed . the species is infrequently found in surveys .\nthere is some localised habitat loss over much of this species range . in eastern parts of the species range , people displaced by social instability have established settlements within the forest .\nthis species has been recorded from several protected areas including the kongana forest in southern central african republic , korup national park in cameroon and kibira national park in burundi .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40628a115176367 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about , follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nhas a wide distribution throughout the old world tropics . in most of its range , it was introduced by man . according to burton and burton , it was originally native to the forests of india .\nit has been introduced by man to sri lanka , eastern africa , madagascar , islands in the indian ocean ( reunion , comoros ) , pacific ocean ( guam , etc . ) , south - east asia , china , southern japan , malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) , kalimantan , brunei , indonesia , new guinea , and throughout iran and arabia to egypt and pakistan also .\ns . murinus is a commensal species . it is a voracious insectivore with little resistance to starvation . it is active during the night , spending the day in a burrow or hiding place in human habitations . they breed throughout the year , with each female averaging two litters per year . the gestation period is one month . one to eight young are born per litter , usually three young , in a nest made by both of the parents , wherein the young stay until they are nearly adult . it starts breeding when it is around one year old .\nit is widespread and found in all habitats , including deserts and human habitations .\nthe habitat of this species is normally near human settlement , specifically near the house . some also live on the ground in leaf litter and grass . it has been recorded up to 2825 m above sea level near\nstuffed specimens , exhibited in the national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan .\nit is often mistaken for a rat or mouse and killed as vermin . in general it is beneficial to humans because its diet consists mostly of harmful insects such as cockroaches , and even house mice . it can therefore be considered as a\ndespite its use as an insect control , it can be unpopular due to the strong odour of its droppings , which it may deposit in human dwellings behind kitchen cupboards , etc . it can also take to eating human food such as meat in kitchens , or dog or cat food . it is known to occasionally kill young chicks , making it unpopular with farmers , although rats probably kill more chicks , and more quickly . the way it is said to attack chicks , by first biting a tendon , immobilizing it and then killing and eating it ,\ncould indicate that it has a venomous bite that paralyses , as at least two other shrews species have ( i . e . the\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia \u201d , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 . available on google books .\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 ; see google books .\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 ; see google books .\nrobert h . schmidt , \u201cshrews\u201d , internet center for wildlife damage management , urltoken . retrieved 12 . 5 . 2013 .\nmaurice burton , robert burton , international wildlife encyclopedia , new york 2002 pp . 1709\u20131710 ; available on google books .\nrachel sheremeta pepling , \u201cthe stunning saliva of shrews , \u201d on chemical & engineering news website , 2004 , urltoken . dr . werner haberl , \u201cpoisonous shrews\u201d urltoken\niucn . ( 1995 ) . eurasian insectivores and tree shrews - status survey and conservation action plan , iucn , gland , switzerland . 108pp\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1929, "summary": [{"text": "the popoche chub ( algansea popoche ) is a species of freshwater fish in the genus algansea .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is endemic to the lerma river basin and lake cajititlan in mexico .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is not suitable for human consumption . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "popoche chub", "paragraphs": ["the popoche chub is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus algansea .\nhave a fact about popoche chub ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for popoche chub ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nanother local official , erik tapia , suggested that the deaths of the popoche chub fish might be due to overpopulation .\nbut a local official , ismael del toro , said the deaths of the popoche chub fish happened every year during the rainy season .\nlocal media reported at least 40 tonnes of popoche chub freshwater fish had washed up on the shores of lake cajititlan , in jalisco state .\nnearly 50 tonnes of dead popoche chub fish were removed at the weekend from lake cajititl\u00e1n , a lagoon in the central state of jalisco .\na fisherman collects dead popoche chub fish from lake cajititl\u00e1n , mexico . nearly 50 tonnes of dead fish were removed . photograph : hector guerrero / afp / getty images\nfishermen , firefighters , town hall workers and staff from the state agricultural ministry pulled hundreds of thousands of dead popoche chub fish from the lake and buried them in a pit .\nthe incident comes after of a series of smaller waves of dead popoche chub in the lake in recent months , including one last week , ensuring that 2014 is already by far the worst year for the species , which has been under attack for the past few years .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .\nalgansea popoche\nin fishbase . april 2006 version .\nvictor hugo ornelas , a reporter from the tlajomulco - based newspaper la verdad , said it also appeared that fertilisers washed into the lake from surrounding cornfields during the rainy season could be a significant factor . the fertilisers appear to fuel the growth of algae near the surface , where the popoche chub swim .\nfishermen have been removing thousands of dead fish from a lake near the western mexican city of guadalajara .\none local official described their deaths as a\nnatural , cyclical phenomenon\nthat occurred every year .\nhowever , other state and local officials have blamed poor lake management for the deaths of the fish .\nthe authorities are investigating whether a wastewater treatment plant is to blame for failing to filter out untreated material and thus reducing the amount of oxygen in the water .\nlast year local fishermen recovered about 200 tonnes of dead fish from lake cajititlan . more than 100 fishermen are involved in this year ' s operation .\nit is a natural , cyclical phenomenon . it happens every year and other species are not affected ,\nhe insisted .\nthey do not have any natural predator and they are not suitable for human consumption ,\nhe said .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nlatin , algensis , - e = somebody that eats algae ; cited by plinius ( ref . 45335 )\nlyons , j . , g . gonz\u00e1lez - hernand\u00e9z , e . soto - galera and m . guzm\u00e1n - arroyo , 1998 . decline of freshwater fishes and fisheries in selected drainages of west - central mexico . fisheries 23 ( 4 ) : 10 - 18 . ( ref . 27639 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00387 - 0 . 02054 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere was an error retrieving images from instagram . an attempt will be remade in a few minutes .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmexicans are baffled at the sudden death of thousands of fish in a lake in the centre of the country , a dramatic intensification of a problem that no one has yet been able to explain .\nthe authorities in the lakeside town of tlajomulco de z\u00fa\u00f1iga , about 25 minutes ' drive south of the city of guadalajara , had previously blamed the deaths on\na cyclical phenomenon caused by temperature variations and the reduction of oxygen\n.\nthis weekend , the state ' s environment secretary , magdalena ruiz mej\u00eda , ruled out natural causes and blamed\npoor management of the body of water\n. she pointed to municipal waste water treatment facilities and promised a full investigation .\nthere have been complaints that a nearby tequila distillery is storing waste in containers that drain into channels that feed into the lake .\nit is obvious that there are many sources of pollution around the lake ,\nornelas said .\nfertiliser runoff in a particularly heavy rainy season could be the straw that is breaking the camel ' s back .\njos\u00e9 luis castillo , who takes tourists around the lake in his boat , told the newspaper el informador how the fish first attracted attention by swimming even closer to the surface than usual .\nafter that they died ,\nhe said .\nlots and lots have died this year .\nthe fish deaths are just the latest in a succession of incidents in which large numbers of creatures have been found dead in particular places , from sea lions in california to seabirds in peru .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ni agree to receive emails from the site . i can withdraw my consent at any time by unsubscribing .\nsubscribe to get free weekly updates on the latest news on innovation and design .\nalmost finished . . . we need to confirm your email address . to complete the subscription process , please click the link in the email we just sent you .\nwithout warning , hundreds of thousands of dead fish have been floating to the surface of lake cajititlan in the mexican state of jalisco over the past week . local authorities claim the deaths are part of a \u201cnatural cycle , \u201d but state authorities disagree , saying that the phenomena is due to \u201cpoor management\u201d of the lake . this isn\u2019t the first time this has happened either \u2013 10 tons of fish were found dead in the same lake last october . is this really an annual event , or yet another occurrence caused by the harmful activities of humans ?\nstate authorities are confident that improper management of sludge produced by local wastewater treatment plants is to blame . the only problem is that they have so far been denied access to the plants , and therefore been unable to gather any concrete evidence .\nthe argument in favor of natural causes is that between the months of august , september and october , a lack of oxygen in the water , caused by the drag of organic matter during the rainy season causes many of the freshwater fish in the lake to die . while this seems logical , the fact that the number has increased so dramatically since last year ( 10 tons to 50 , and counting ) points to other variables . until there is more evidence , all state authorities have been able to do is issue an environmental alert for the lake .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1935, "summary": [{"text": "brookesia stumpffi , also known as the plated leaf chameleon ( german : stachelcham\u00e4leon ) , is a species of chameleon found in some parts of madagascar .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it can be found in nosy b\u00e9 , north-west madagascar , nosy komba , and nosy sakatia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "brookesia stumpffi", "paragraphs": ["brookesia stumpffi boettger 1894 brookesia stumpffi \u2014 glaw & vences 1994 : 236 brookesia stumpffi \u2014 klaver & b\u00f6hme 1997 brookesia stumpffi \u2014 necas 1999 : 268 brookesia stumpffi\u2014 pianka & vitt 2003 : 11 brookesia stumpffi \u2014 townsend et al . 2009\nbrookesia stumpffi has been bred for some years , although not in high amounts .\ncitation : - brookesia stumpffi . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nschmidt , w . 1986 . brookesia stumpffi boettger , 1894 . sauria 8 ( 2 ) suppl . : 041\u2013042 - get paper here\nremark . \u2014this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . \u201cmontagne des francais\u201d [ 7 ] and as brookesia sp . nov . [ 37 ] .\nschmidt , w . ; henkel , f . w . & b\u00f6hme , w . 1989 . zur haltung und fortpflanzungsbiologie von brookesia stumpffi boettger 1894 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . salamandra 25 ( 1 ) : 14 - 20 - get paper here\nremark . \u2014this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . aff . karchei \u201cambre\u201d [ 7 ] and as brookesia sp . nov . [ 41 ] .\nthe aim of my study is to identify morphological and roosting differences in brookesia stumpffi in relation to primary , secondary , and degraded habitats . this can give implications for conservation of chameleons in madagascar and provide more of an idea about dwarf chameleons coping strategies for deforestation . my hypothesis is that brookesia stumpffi have shifted in their morphology due to a change in resources between primary , secondary , and degraded habitats . i am very excited to be conducted this exciting research project over the next six months .\nbrookesia from madagascar , and the rationale for its listing on cites appendix ii . oryx\nthe generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]\n( a ) male and ( b ) female of brookesia tristis from montagne des fran\u00e7ais ; ( c ) male and ( d ) female of brookesia confidens from ankarana ; ( e ) male and ( f ) female of brookesia micra from nosy hara ; ( g ) male and ( h ) female brookesia desperata from for\u00eat d ' ambre .\nwgetz ? [ reptilia - species : brookesia * ] [ accessed 10 august 2005 ] .\nbrookesia are easiest to find at night when they sleep on the leaves of small shrubs .\nbrygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1971 . notes sur les brookesia ( cham\u00e9l\u00e9onid\u00e9s ) de madagascar . description d ' une esp\u00e9ce nouvelle , b . antoetrae n . sp . , et des h\u00e9mip\u00e9nis de b . stumpffi et b . ebenaui . remarques sur la r\u00e9partition de b . stumpffi . . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris ( 2 ) 42 ( 5 ) : 830 - 838 . - get paper here\nmorphometric measurements ( in mm ) of examined type specimens of brookesia tristis and b . confidens .\nmorphometric measurements ( in mm ) of examined type specimens of brookesia micra and b . desperata .\nremark . \u2014this species has been considered before as brookesia sp . \u201cnosy hara\u201d [ 7 ] .\nfinally got our 2 . 3 group of brookesia so decided to take some video of the unboxing .\nall phylogenetic analyses included these outgroup taxa as well as all non - brookesia chamaeleonid taxa from figure 2 .\nremark . \u2014this species has been considered before as conspecific with brookesia sp . \u201cmontagne des francais\u201d [ 7 ] .\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .\nboettger , o . 1894 . eine neue brookesia ( chamaeleontidae ) aus nossib\u00e9 . zool . anz . 17 : 182\u2014185 . - get paper here\nbrookesia tristis sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 56f36d4d - 1f94 - 49c4 - ac30 - 6e894b6aa998\nbrookesia confidens sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : cb2a9146 - 0161 - 42b7 - a145 - 6ded579f1f21\nbrookesia micra sp . n . zoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d1a239d6 - 93e8 - 4c34 - a428 - f79a2c8b6405\nbrygoo , e . r . 1978 . reptiles sauriens chamaeleonidae . genre brookesia et compl\u00e9ment pour le genre chamaeleo . faune de madagascar 47 : 1 - 173 .\nyeah , it says the stumpffi like 77 to 82 degrees , but cooler and very humid under the leaves , so . . . i don ' t really see how you would keep that high without an incandescent unless you just had a hot room . but if you have a warm room , you don ' t need an incandescent .\nit has been noted that most of the 15 brookesia species in northern madagascar show a remarkable degree of microendemism [ 12 ] . the importance of northern madagascar has also been assessed based on an explicit analysis of species richness of brookesia , which was highest in this part of the island [ 14 ] . considering the novel classification and new species of the b . minima group , this trend is now even more obvious , with 21 species of brookesia being confined to northern madagascar [ 12 ] .\nbrookesia feed on small insects and reply on their cyptic coloration to evade predators . when disturbed , these chameleons will play dead in an effort to resemble a fallen leaf .\n. . . and juveniles being found lower than adults ( see razafimahatratra et al . , 2008 ) . however , even species such as brookesia stumpffi , which has relatively high roosts for a leaf chameleon ( mean height , 0 . 43 m ) , still roost 2 m lower than sympatric furcifer angeli ( carpenter and robson , 2005 ) . in two studies of leaf chameleons , no significant differences between sexes were found for roost height ( randrianantoandro et al . , 2007a ; razafimahatratra et al . , 2008 ) . . . .\ncombined mitochondrial ( nd1 / nd2 / nd4 ) and nuclear ( rag1 / cmos ) data , 12 - partition relaxed - clock bayesian ( rcb ) cladogram with maximum - likelihood ( ml ) phylogram insert . analyses included all ougroup taxa , although for clarity , most nonchameleon taxa are not shown . major clades are color coded , and major clades of \u201ctypical\u201d brookesia are numbered ( see text ) . rcb / unrooted bayesian ( ub ) pp > 95 % are denoted by asterisks ( pp between 90 % and 95 % are shown as actual values ) above branches , and ml bootstrap values > 50 % are shown below branches . black diamond indicates alternate attachment point for brookesia stumpffi clade in the ub and ml analyses . dashed terminal branches mark individuals represented by nd4 data only .\nin this study , we use brookesia to test the temporal and spatial predictions of 3 species - level diversification hypotheses for madagascar ( mr , wc , and rb ; vences et al . 2009 ) . the first step in this process is to infer a phylogeny of brookesia to identify statistically supported sister - species pairs using dna sequence data from multiple mitochondrial and nuclear protein - coding genes . next , we use divergence dating to statistically test the temporal prediction of both the mr and the wc hypotheses that recent ( pleistocene or possibly pliocene ) climatic cycles are a major force promoting brookesia species diversification .\n. . . most species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ 13 ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] . . . .\nwhen disturbed these chameleons will play dead , resembling a fallen leaf . the brookesia species are often called \u201cleaf chameleons\u201d because their small body and morphology resembling a leaf makes them highly cryptic when on the ground .\nnecas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . mysterious mini - dragons : the stump - tailed chameleons brookesia and rhampholeon . reptilia ( gb ) ( 35 ) : 10 - 21 - get paper here\nthe following pictures show the habitat of brookesia stumpffi at the end of the rainy season . some are even from finding places of this species . generally , this species has no high demands concerninc specialized habitats , it can cope with various environments . in ankify and ambanja , this species occurs in the thick foliage layer of coffee and cocoa plantations . on nosy be , along the coast of ankify and on nosy komba , they rather inhabit rocky environments with dense undergrowth and mossy soil areas . in contrast the habitat in ankarana is entwined undergrwoth with lots of twigs and thin branches , much foliage and small plants . the ground ist diffused with rocks and stones here , too .\nthe mrca of the b . nasus \u2013 b . lolontany clade and all other brookesia appears early in the history of the group ( although monophyly of neither brookesia nor this subclade is significantly supported ; fig . 2 ) . the remainder of the genus is clearly monophyletic and is divided into 2 well - supported clades . one of these clades corresponds to the extremely miniaturized b . minima group . the other major clade , representing the typical brookesia morphotype , consists of a series of 5 maximally supported subclades ( one of which is a single species ) whose interrelationships are strongly supported by the rcb analysis but less so by the ub and ml analyses ( fig . 2 ) .\nnecas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . geheimnisvolle mini - drachen : die erd - und stummelschwanzcham\u00e4leons der gattungen brookesia und rhampholeon . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 18 - 27 - get paper here\ncrottini , angelica ; aur\u00e9lien miralles , frank glaw , d . james harris , alexandra lima & miguel vences 2012 . description of a new pygmy chameleon ( chamaeleonidae : brookesia ) from central madagascar . zootaxa 3490 : 63\u201374 - get paper here\none clade of malagasy leaf chameleons , the brookesia minima group , is known to contain species that rank among the smallest amniotes in the world . we report on a previously unrecognized radiation of these miniaturized lizards comprising four new species described herein .\ncarpenter , a . i . and robson , o . 2005 . a review of the endemic chameleon genus brookesia from madagascar , and the rationale for its listing on cites appendix ii . oryx 39 ( 4 ) : 375 - 380 .\nbrookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .\n. . . these lizards , which appear to form the sister taxon of all other chameleons ( rieppel 1987 ; townsend and larson 2002 ) , constitute one of the largest malagasy reptile groups ( raxworthy and nussbaum 1995 ; glaw and vences 2007 ) . most brookesia species have very small ranges ( raxworthy and nussbaum 1995 ; raselimanana and rakotomamalala 2003 ) , with almost half known essentially from single localities ( carpenter and robson 2005 ) . brookesia can be divided into 3 main groups based on morphology . . . .\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .\nmost species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .\n. . . the micro leaf chameleon genus brookesia displays extremes within the realm of microendemism and miniaturization , with 50 % of species in this large genus coming from single type localities and exhibiting patterns of miniaturization in proportion with range ( carpenter and robson 2005 , townsend et al . 2011 ) . as a result , many species of brookesia are listed as threatened or endangered under cites due to small ranges , preference for undisturbed habitat , and extremely specialized niche - filling ( carpenter and robson 2005 , glaw et al . 2012 ) . brookesia miniaturization is a unique trait in madagascar chameleons , mirrored by the dwarf african chameleon genus rhampholeon and rippeleon ( glaw et al . 2012 ) , and most likely developed to fulfill extremely specific niches in small habitat ranges ( gaston 1996 ) . . . .\nin my experience ( brevicaudatus ) is better indirect light of other terraium ( present in reptile room ) near pigmy tank . . . the tube on the tank produce noise for the brevicaudatus : it ' s the same for brookesia or they prefer more bright terrarium ?\nted m . townsend , david r . vieites , frank glaw , miguel vences ; testing species - level diversification hypotheses in madagascar : the case of microendemic brookesia leaf chameleons , systematic biology , volume 58 , issue 6 , 1 december 2009 , pages 641\u2013656 , urltoken\nb . stumpffi resembles the dead leaves among which they live . the head is flattened and the rear of the casque is adorned with spinose projections . the orbital crests are well developed and their edges are somewhat scalloped . a row of thorn - like projections runs down either side of the dorsum , from a few millimeters behind the casque to the proximal 1 / 4 of the tail . the basic body coloration is typically brown , gray , drab green , or rust but orange specimens are also observed on occasion . indistinct , yellowish spots are also possible . during courtship , males may adopt a mottled ,\nlichen - like\nappearance but otherwise the the color changing ability , as with most members of the brookesia , is not well developed . males may be distinguished by their more slender body shape and the appearance of a hemipenal bulge .\ngray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of cham\u00e6leonid\u00e6 , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .\ntownsend , t . m . ; vieites , d . r . ; glaw , f . & vences , m . 2009 . testing species - level diversification hypotheses in madagascar : the case of microendemic brookesia leaf chameleons . systematic biology 58 ( 6 ) : 641\u2013656 - get paper here\nbrookesia chameleons are some of the world ' s smallest reptiles\u2014one species reaches a maximum length of just over an inch ( 30 mm ) . also known as stumped - tailed or leaf chameleons , these diminutive creatures are found in the leaf litter of rainforests and dry deciduous forests in much of madagascar .\nthe wc , rb , and mr hypotheses all make general predictions about relative species abundance at different altitudes . following wollenberg et al . ( 2008 ) , we divided madagascar into a coarser grid with cell sizes of 82 \u00d7 63 km = 5166 km 2 and used the arcview extension \u201cendemicity tools\u201d ( provided by n . danho ) to calculate brookesia species richness and corrected weighted endemism ( crisp et al . 2001 ) for each cell . we then tested for nonparametric correlation of these values with altitudinal range , defined as maximum\u2013minimum elevations per grid cell ( excluding grids with no occurrence of any brookesia species ) .\nmales ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]\nmost brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .\nglaw , f . ; k\u00f6hler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar\n.\nglaw f , k\u00f6hler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar\n. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .\nmadagascar ' s brookesia dwarf chameleons are believed to require relatively intact forest for survival . although they have featured in herpetological surveys , taxonomic reviews and trade assessments , very little is known about their microhabitat requirements or ecology . over a 5 night period in a deciduous forest in western madagascar we recorded the night roosting sites for three sympatric . . . [ show full abstract ]\nspecies richness of brookesia was negatively correlated with the minimum altitude ( p < 0 . 05 ) and positively correlated with the maximum altitude ( p < 0 . 001 ) in each grid cell . species richness and corrected weighted endemism of brookesia furthermore showed a significant correlation with altitudinal range per grid cell ( p < 0 . 001 and p < 0 . 05 , respectively ) . these results are not congruent with the rb and wc hypotheses , both of which predict a higher species richness and endemism at lower elevations where rivers are widest and where river basins forming coes have their headwaters . in contrast , the results are consistent with the mr hypothesis , which predicts more species will be restricted to montane regions where there is a higher probability of isolation during dry periods .\ndivergences amongst species in the b . minima group are known to be uniformly deep ( eocene or early oligocene ) [ 14 ] . although the confidens - tuberculata and tristis - desperata divergences are slightly lower than other sister - taxon divergences within the b . minima group , they are still larger than almost all sister - taxon divergences in other parts of the brookesia tree [ 14 ] .\naverage uncorrected nd2 sequence divergences amongst all lineages identified by this analysis are quite high . brookesia confidens is 20 % divergent from its sister taxon b . tuberculata , b . tristis is approximately 18 % divergent from b . desperata , and b . micra is about 23 % and 26 % divergent from b . tristis and b . desperata , respectively . the highest uncorrected pairwise divergences reaches 32 . 6 % between b . karchei and b . micra , and the smallest interspecific distance is 18 % between b . desperata and b . tristis . the largest intraspecific distances are within b . exarmata ( 3 % ) , b . tristis ( up to 2 . 6 % ) , and brookesia sp . from betampona ( 2 . 1 % ) ; all other species have maximum divergences among haplotypes \u22641 . 2 % .\nmaps illustrating ( a ) differential brookesia species diversity ( richness ) across madagascar , quantified as numbers of species present within one - quarter degree square grid cells covering the entire island and ( b ) degree of endemism in different parts of madagascar . endemism is calculated as a measure of range - size rarity , expressed as the percentage aggregated reciprocal range size for all species per one - quarter degree square grid cell .\n. . . microendemism on madagascar proper has been theorized to be the result of watershed retreat during the quaternary period ( wilm\u00e9 et al . 2006 ) , with subsequent effects of low vagility , genetic isolation , low gene flow , and small isolated land area which have been linked with miniaturization ( gaston 1996 ) . the micro leaf chameleon genus brookesia displays extremes within the realm of microendemism and miniaturization , with 50 % of species in this large genus coming from single type localities and exhibiting patterns of miniaturization in proportion with range ( carpenter and robson 2005 , townsend et al . 2011 ) . as a result , many species of brookesia are listed as threatened or endangered under cites due to small ranges , preference for undisturbed habitat , and extremely specialized niche - filling ( carpenter and robson 2005 , glaw et al . 2012 ) . . . .\nthe reduction of external morphological complexity in these miniaturized representatives of brookesia has led to considerable taxonomic confusion . citing an absence of clear external morphological differentiation , raxworthy and nussbaum [ 12 ] synonymized b . peyrierasi and b . tuberculata with b . minima , and b . ramanantsoai with b . dentata . subsequently , another species of this group was described ( b . exarmata ) [ 20 ] , and it was demonstrated that b . peyrierasi and b . tuberculata are valid species , based on differences in both external and genital morphology [ 5 ] , [ 20 ] . molecular evidence has supported monophyly of the b . minima group , albeit with the inclusion of one slightly larger species , b . karchei [ 14 ] . further , compared to species within other brookesia clades , all described b . minima group species are characterized by unusually high genetic differentiation strongly supporting their specific distinctness .\nglaw , f . ; k\u00f6hler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar\n. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .\nwithin the brookesia minima group , hemipenes have been described for three species ( b . peyrierasi , b . ramanantsoai and b . tuberculata ) [ 5 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 36 ] . we herein provide data on genital morphology for the four newly described species , and for b . minima ( see species accounts below ) . hence , within the group , the genital morphology remains unknown only for b . dentata , b . exarmata and b . karchei .\nthe newly discovered dwarf chameleon species represent striking cases of miniaturization and microendemism and suggest the possibility of a range size - body size relationship in malagasy reptiles . the newly described brookesia micra reaches a maximum snout - vent length in males of 16 mm , and its total length in both sexes is less than 30 mm , ranking it among the smallest amniote vertebrates in the world . with a distribution limited to a very small islet , this species may represent an extreme case of island dwarfism .\nthe 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as \u201cfifth leg\u201d in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .\nbrookesia , calumma , and furcifer constitute the three genera of chameleons occurring on madagascar , an island which harbors almost 80 of the world ' s ca . 185 nominal chameleon species [ 6 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] ) . all three genera are endemic to madagascar , with the exception of two furcifer species on the nearby archipelago of the comoros [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] . calumma and furcifer are generally medium - sized to large arboreal chameleons ( ca . 50\u2013295 mm svl and 110\u2013695 mm tl ) , and are often vividly coloured [ 7 ] . on the contrary , the 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as \u201cfifth leg\u201d in walking [ 11 ] , and a smaller size of ca . 15\u201365 mm svl and 25\u2013105 mm tl [ 7 ] .\nbrookesia distributions span the island , although they are absent from many large areas in the central highlands and the south . three main centers of diversity ( fig . 3a ) are found in the northeast , north , and northwest , respectively . these areas are also coes , with the highest percent values of range - size rarity ( fig . 3b ) . however , there are several areas , mainly in the west and northwest regions of the island , with a high degree of endemism corresponding to several species only known from single locality records .\nchronogram from the 12 - partition ( nd1 / nd2 , nd4 , cmos , and rag1 , each partitioned by codon position ) rcb phylogenetic analysis . time units on scale bar in millions of years ago . see supplementary materials for exact divergence time means and 95 % cis for all nodes . maps above chronogram illustrate patterns of species richness ( quantified as numbers of species present within one - quarter degree square grid cells ) for the 3 main clades ( 1 = brookesianasus group , 2 = brookesiaminima group , and 3 = \u201ctypical\u201d brookesia group ) .\nnatural history . \u2014 most individuals were found roosting at night on thin branches about 5\u201320 cm above the leaf litter in deciduous dry forest close to a small forest trail within a small area , surrounded by tsingy outcrops . at this locality , the species was relatively abundant , whereas it was not found at similar localities nearby , suggesting a patchy distribution and a preference for certain microhabitats . this hypothesis is also supported by the fact that earlier herpetological surveys in ankarana [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] , did not record any species of the brookesia minima group .\nphylograms ( 50 % majority rule consensus trees ) from bayesian inference analyses of dna sequence alignments of ( a ) the nuclear genes cmos ( 846 bp ) and ( b ) rag1 ( 1522 bp ) . ( c ) phylogram from bi analysis of concatenated dna sequences of the nuclear genes cmos ( 846 bp ) and rag1 ( 1522 bp ) , and the mitochondrial genes nd2 ( 568 bp ) and 16s ( 580 bp ) . ( d ) brookesia portion of the bayesian chronogram derived from the beast analyses of all four concatenated genes ( see supporting information s1 for full chronogram with all outgroups ) . posterior probabilities are indicated above branches , and bars represent 95 % hpds for mean date estimates . units on scale are millions of years . species of the northern clade ( b . tuberculata plus the four new species described herein ) are marked in colour . the trees were rooted with brookesia nasus , and including b . brygooi and b . superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups ( not shown ) . a , b and c refer to major clades as discussed in the text . asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1 . 0 .\nadditional analyses using alternative calibration distributions and data sets had little effect on divergence time estimates . analyses performed with normally distributed calibrations ( with standard deviations arbitrarily set at 10 % of the mean ) gave average intrachameleon divergences about 10 % more recent than those using lognormally distributed calibrations . likewise , analyses that excluded mtdna third codon positions and all mtdna data gave respective divergence estimates on average about 15 % and 18 % more recent than the full - data analysis . in all these analyses , brookesia sister - taxon divergences remained solidly miocene in age , and thus , our above conclusions are unaffected .\nin their study of biogeographic patterns in the leaf chameleons ( genus brookesia ) of northern madagascar , raxworthy and nussbaum ( 1995 ) recognized 5 rainforest regions delimited largely by altitudinal differences and intervening dry forests and characterized by a high degree of endemism in these lizards . raxworthy and nussbaum ( 1995 ) hypothesized that pleistocene climatic fluctuations had caused fragmentation of the rainforest , resulting in multiple allopatrically distributed sister - taxon pairs ( hereafter referred to as the mountain refuge [ mr ] hypothesis ) . these conclusions were not based on explicit phylogenetic hypotheses ; sister - taxon pairs were assumed based on general morphological similarities .\nthe wilm\u00e9 et al . ( 2006 ) wc model predicts that sister species should generally occupy adjacent coes or possibly a coe and an adjacent rdw . to test the fit of our brookesia data to the spatial aspect of this model , we first plotted the distributions of all brookesia sister - species pairs identified in our phylogenetic analyses onto the wilm\u00e9 et al . ( 2006 ) watershed map ( fig . 1 ) and counted the number of pairs matching the model ' s predictions . next , we randomly assigned each species from all sister - species pairs to one of the watersheds collectively occupied by them and counted the number of pairs fitting the model ' s predictions . we repeated this 10 , 000 times to generate a null distribution of expected number of fits to the model if sister species are actually distributed randomly with respect to relative watershed positions . if less than 5 % of the simulation rounds resulted in a number of matches equal to or greater than the number of matches from the real data , we rejected the null in favor of the wilm\u00e9 et al . ( 2006 ) wc hypothesis . we repeated this analysis under the interpretation that allopatric sister species occupying the same watershed also fit the model .\nlocality data for all brookesia species of madagascar were gathered from museum data , our own global positioning system readings , and pertinent literature . single - species maps that almost fully agree with the data used herein are reproduced in glaw and vences ( 2007 ) . small sample sizes of locality records are not appropriate to obtain reliable estimates of potential distribution by modeling . for 9 species , more than 6 ( range 7\u201339 ) locality records were available . for these species , we defined distributions by potential distribution models ( pruned for overprediction ) , and for the rest of the species , we used point locality data .\nall specimens were sequenced for 2 nuclear ( rag1 , \u223c1500 bp and cmos , \u223c800 bp ) and 3 mitochondrial ( nd1 , \u223c 70 bp ; nd2 , \u223c 1035 bp ; and nd4 , \u223c 700 bp ) protein - coding genes ; we included several nd4 sequences from raxworthy et al . ( 2002 ) that expanded our taxonomic ( 3 species ) or geographic ( 6 species ) coverage . our final brookesia sampling covered approximately 28 species , including all but 2 of the named species . museum / collection and genbank numbers of specimens can be found in the online supplementary material ( available from urltoken ) .\nthe wealth of new material and the obvious morphological distinctness of some of the new specimens ( especially the nosy hara population ) prompted us to study their genetic differentiation , external morphology and genital morphology in more detail . our integrative data clearly and concordantly indicate that populations d - g listed above represent new , undescribed species , and anticipating their formal description below , we will in the following sections use the new species names erected herein : brookesia tristis ( specimens from montagne des fran\u00e7ais ) , b . confidens ( ankarana ) , b . micra ( nosy hara ) , and b . desperata ( for\u00eat d ' ambre ) .\nthis ecomorphological disparity among chameleons is also found in mainland africa , leading to use of the general terms \u201ctree chameleons\u201d and \u201cground chameleons [ 10 ] . \u201d african ground chameleons comprise the genera rhampholeon and rieppeleon , and are superficially quite similar to the malagasy brookesia ( which are often further distinguished from other ground chameleons by the name \u201cleaf chameleons\u201d ) . interestingly , neither ground chameleons as a whole , nor the african species , form monophyletic groups . in fact , rieppeleon forms the sister taxon of a tree chameleon genus ( archaius ) endemic to the seychelles islands [ 10 ] , indicating a history of multiple independent evolutionary shifts between arboreal and terrestrial chameleon ecomorphs .\nrivers appear to have played a substantial role in the diversification of several lemur groups ( pastorini et al . 2003 ; goodman and ganzhorn 2004 ; louis et al . 2005 ) , some frogs ( vieites et al . 2006 ) , and possibly even some chameleons of the genus furcifer ( raselimanana and rakotomamalala 2003 ) . however , this does not seem to be true for leaf chameleons , at least at the species level and above . it seems unlikely that individual brookesia disperse over large distances , and they certainly cannot swim across rivers . however , given their small size and leaf litter microhabitat , they could quite plausibly float across rivers on debris washed away during heavy rains .\nphylogram ( 50 % majority rule consensus tree ) from a bayesian inference analysis of the 568 bp dna sequence alignment of the mitochondrial nd2 gene showing deep divergences among and low differences within species of the b . minima group . species of the northern clade ( b . tuberculata plus the four new species described herein ) are marked in colour . the tree was rooted with brookesia nasus , and including b . brygooi and b . superciliaris as hierarchical outgroups ( not shown ) . a , b and c refer to major clades as discussed in the text . inset maps show known distribution ranges ( typically single localities ) of all species . asterisks denote posterior probabilities of 1 . 0 .\namong amniotes , the smallest species are lizards , but they are consistently larger than amphibians , suggesting that different constraints are acting on this group . the maximum recorded svl of sphaerodactylus ariasae ( 18 mm ) is below the maximum value in brookesia micra ( 19 . 9 mm ) . however if using tl as yardstick , the record of the smallest squamate and amniote in fact applies to b . micra with a maximum tl of 29 mm , given that s . ariasae has a tl well above 30 mm [ 1 ] due to its relatively longer tail . the \u2018award\u2019 for the lower size record in amniotes , as in amphibians , therefore depends on the type of measurement used for ranking .\n. . . results obtained from this project suggest that b . micra has a wider range and habitat tolerance than previously believed , indicating that b . micra could be present elsewhere on the island as well as elsewhere in the archipelago or the mainland . in addition , many behavioral aspects common to thejenkins et al . 2003 ) . carpenter and robson ( 2005 ) believe this to be because of census difficulties and overall low density of the brookesia genus . this study , however , shows that b . micra can be found in incredibly high densities . most likely , this is due to presence of good habitat all along the transect line , particularly in areas of high b . micra abundance . b . micra appears to bene . . .\nmicroendemism is widespread in malagasy animals , but there are few examples in which it is as extreme as in the miniaturized species of the brookesia minima group and in frogs of the genus stumpffia [ 49 ] . this indicates a possible body size effect on the degree of microendemism , which is consistent with the body - range size relationship previously demonstrated in the malagasy mantellid frog radiation [ 58 ] . in general , a correlated decrease in species ' ranges with decreasing body size is a recognized pattern in animals [ 59 ] . a closer analysis of this pattern in madagascar ' s biota may yield new insights and provide at least a partial explanation for the prevalence of microendemic patterns in some groups of animals and the absence of such patterns in others .\non the contrary , in several other species and species complexes of brookesia more convoluted taxonomic situations are found . the widespread eastern b . superciliaris shows strong mitochondrial divergences among populations ; however , this structuring is not mirrored by divergences in one nuclear gene studied nor in morphology , suggesting these populations are conspecific [ 42 ] . the equally widespread b . thieli as well contains several deep genealogical lineages which however do not form a monophyletic group , with the morphologically divergent b . lineata and b . vadoni clustering within the b . thieli clade [ 14 ] . finally , the two morphologically distinct species b . ambreensis and b . antakarana , both microendemic in montagne d ' ambre , do not show any consistent mitochondrial or nuclear dna differentiation [ 14 ] .\nwe were concerned about the effects that substitutional saturation at deeper levels might have on divergence time estimates , especially with regard to mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) data ( hugall et al . 2007 ) . however , the mtdna data were needed to confidently resolve more recent branching points ( see below ) , suggesting also that branch lengths within brookesia would be better estimated by including mtdna data . we therefore conducted analyses using 1 ) all data , 2 ) nuclear data plus first and second positions from the mtdna data , and 3 ) nuclear data alone to test the robustness of our divergence time estimates . we also tested our fossil calibrations using the cross - validation method of near et al . ( 2005 ) , which identifies potentially problematic fossils that cause incongruent age estimates of other dated nodes in the tree .\nvoucher specimens were euthanized using approved methods ( anaesthesia with ketamine , followed by ketamine overdosis ) that do not require approval by an ethics committee . all specimens were fixed in 90 % ethanol . muscle tissue samples for molecular analysis were taken from all specimens and preserved in pure ethanol . definition of measurements and the description scheme of the holotypes follows previous brookesia descriptions [ 12 ] . several additional characters were also scored , and their definition follows a previous morphological revision of the b . minima group [ 5 ] . morphometric measurements were taken by mv with a digital caliper to the nearest 0 . 1 mm , following a previously published measuring scheme [ 5 ] . measurements taken include : tl ; svl ; ( these two were previously defined ) tal , tail length ; hw , maximum head width ; hh , maximum head height ; ed , eye diameter ; forl , forelimb length .\nthe 3 main clades recovered in our phylogenetic analyses ( figs . 2 and 4 ) show distinct biogeographic patterns . the basally diverging b . nasus clade contains 2 species , b . nasus in the southeast and b . lolontany in the north , suggesting an old north - south connection . the b . minima clade shows the highest degree of endemism ; most of the 11 species are restricted to very small areas in the north and north - central regions . the third and largest clade ( typical brookesia ) spans most of the island , although centers of both diversity and endemism in this clade are in the north . within this clade , b . brygooi , b . bonsi , b . decaryi , and b . perarmata ( all western species ; clade 1 , fig . 2 ) form the sister taxon of the remaining species , none of which are restricted to the western forests .\nwithin each of the ml , ub , and rcb analysis sets , phylogenetic results were broadly congruent across the different genomes and genes , with topological conflicts involving only poorly supported nodes ( i . e . , ml bootstraps < 70 % , bayesian posterior probabilities [ pps ] < 95 % ) . one exception to this pattern involves strongly conflicting nuclear and mitochondrial results for the placement of 1 specimen of brookesia brygooi . this discrepancy is probably due to ancient mtdna introgression , and the nuclear topology almost certainly reflects the true organismal history ( see online supplementary material ) . mitochondrial data for this specimen were therefore excluded in all further phylogenetic analyses . in general , the mtdna data alone gave strong support for relationships within more terminal clades , but poor support for basal nodes , and the nuclear data showed the opposite pattern . all results presented here are from analyses of the combined data set ( fig . 2 ) . this data set and trees from this study can be found at urltoken under accession number sn4455 .\nthe newly discovered species appear to be restricted to single , mostly karstic , localities in extreme northern madagascar : brookesia confidens sp . n . from ankarana , b . desperata sp . n . from for\u00eat d ' ambre , b . micra sp . n . from the islet nosy hara , and b . tristis sp . n . from montagne des fran\u00e7ais . molecular phylogenetic analyses based on one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes of all nominal species in the b . minima group congruently support that the four new species , together with b . tuberculata from montagne d ' ambre in northern madagascar , form a strongly supported clade . this suggests that these species have diversified in geographical proximity in this small area . all species of the b . minima group , including the four newly described ones , are characterized by very deep genetic divergences of 18\u201332 % in the nd2 gene and > 6 % in the 16s rrna gene . despite superficial similarities among all species of this group , their status as separate evolutionary lineages is also supported by moderate to strong differences in external morphology , and by clear differences in hemipenis structure .\nnossi be = nosy b\u00e9 , nw madagascar , nosy komba , nosy sakatia .\ntype locality : restricted to insel nossib\u00e9 ( = nosy b\u00e9 ) , off n . w madagascar\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nandreone f . , f . glaw , r . a . nussbaum , c . j . raxworthy , m . vences , and < br / > j . e . randrianirina 2003 . the amphibians and reptiles of nosy be ( nw madagascar ) and nearby islands : a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna . journal of natural history 37 ( 17 ) : 2119\u20132149\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nd ' cruze , neil ; jeremy sabel , katie green , jeffrey dawson , carlie gardner , janine robinson , georgina starkie , miguel vences , and frank glaw . 2007 . the first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at montagne des francais , madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 2 ( 2 ) : 87 - 99 - get paper here\ndurkin , louise ; mark d . steer , and elise m . s . belle 2011 . herpetological surveys of forest fragments between montagne d ' ambre national park and ankarana special reserve , northern madagascar . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 114 - 126 - get paper here\nd\u2019cruze , n . ; k\u00f6hler , j . ; franzen , m & glaw , f . 2008 . a conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of the for\u00eat d\u2019ambre special reserve , north madagascar . madagascar conservation & development 3 ( 1 ) : 44 - 54\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\nhyde roberts , s . & c . daly 2014 . a rapid herpetofaunal assessment of nosy komba island , northwestern madagascar , with new locality records for seventeen species . salamandra 50 ( 1 ) : 18 - 26 - get paper here\nm\u00fcller , r . & hildenhagen , t . 2009 . untersuchungen zu subdigital - und subcaudalstrukturen bei cham\u00e4leons ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) . sauria 31 ( 3 ) : 41 - 54 - get paper here\nmu\u0308ller , rolf & thomas hildenhagen 2009 . zeigt her eure fu\u0308\u00dfchen - bemerkungen zu sohlen - und schwanzstrukturen bei chama\u0308leons . chamaeleo 19 ( 1 ) : 13 - 24 - get paper here\nnecas , p . 1995 . cham\u00e4leons - bunte juwelen der natur . edition chimaira bei b\u00fccher - kreth ( frankfurt / m . , germany )\nnecas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nrakotoarison , andolalao ; jesse erens , fanomezana m . ratsoavina , miguel vences 2015 . amphibian and reptile records from around the betsiboka delta area in north - western madagascar herpetology notes 8 : 535 - 543 - get paper here\nraxworthy , c . j . ; enrique martinez - meyer ; ned horning ; ronald a . nussbaum ; gregory e . schneider ; miguel a . ortega - huerta & a . townsend peterson 2003 . predicting distributions of known and unknown reptile species in madagascar . nature 426 : 837 - 841\nrovatsos , michail ; marie altmanov\u00e1 , martina johnson pokorn\u00e1 , petr velensk\u00fd , antonio s\u00e1nchez baca orcid and luk\u00e1\u0161 kratochv\u00edl 2017 . evolution of karyotypes in chameleons genes 8 ( 12 ) : 382 ; doi : 10 . 3390 / genes8120382 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . cham\u00e4leons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthis species occurs in northwestern madagascar and offshore islands including nosy be , nosy komba and nosy sakatia ( andreone et al . 2003 , glaw and vences 2007 ) . this species has an elevation limit of 150 m above sea level . the lizard ' s extent of occurrence is estimated to be 61 , 884 km .\ncontinent : indian - ocean distribution : nossi be = nosy b\u00e9 , nw madagascar , nosy komba , nosy sakatia . type locality : restricted to insel nossib\u00e9 ( = nosy b\u00e9 ) , off n . w madagascar\nthis chameleon has been recorded from primary rainforest habitat , dry forests and disturbed forest areas ( glaw and vences 2007 , carpenter and robson 2005 ; durkin et al . 2011 ) . this species is terrestrial during the day , where it inhabits leaf litter , and at night it is found perched on branches approximately 30 - 80 cm above the ground ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nlisted as least concern as it has an extent of occurrence of 61 , 884 km , appears somewhat adaptable to disturbed habitats , and there are no major threats resulting in a significant decline at present . however , as this species is used in the pet trade , and habitat loss and degradation is occurring , monitoring of harvest levels and population trends is needed .\nthis species is reported to be common in primary rainforest , dry forests and secondary vegetation ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nforests in this region are being lost as a result of land clearance and the effects of widespread slash - and - burn farming . however , due to this species ' relatively large distribution and broad range of known habitat types , these should not be considered major threats at this time . small numbers of this species are exported for the pet trade , though this is unlikely to be a major threat .\nthere are several protected areas within this lizard ' s range . international trade of thespecies in this genus is managed under cites appendix ii . similarly , under ec regulation no . 709 / 2010 , an amendment to ec regulation 338 / 37 ( european union wildlife trade regulation ) , species of the genus are listed in annex b . the harvest levels and population trends of this species need to be monitored .\nsix times , initially by boettger in 1894 . it was later described by glaw and vences in 1994 : 236 , klaver and b\u00f6hme in 1997 , necas in 1999 : 268 , pianka and vit in 2003 : 11 , and most recently by townsend\nglaw and veneces found the species on small islands of madagascar away from the main land mass of the country in 2007 .\ncan be found up to a height of 150 metres ( 490 feet ) above sea level , and can be found over an area of 61 , 884 kilometres ( 38 , 453 miles ) .\ncan grow up to 9 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) , and has a life expectancy of at least three years . during reproduction , this species of\nlays between three and five eggs , which hatch between 60 and 70 days later , provided they are at a temperature of 23 \u00b0c ( 73 \u00b0f ) .\n( waxworms ) , and grasshoppers . during the day , the body temperature of\nis between 22 and 25 \u00b0c ( 72 and 77 \u00b0f ) , and is 20 \u00b0c ( 68 \u00b0f ) during the night .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input ."]}
{"id": 1942, "summary": [{"text": "melitidae is a family of amphipods .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains around 45 genera , and formerly included a further 40 genera that are now placed in the family maeridae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "melitidae", "paragraphs": ["ecology : instream habitat : melitidae species are stygobionts , restricted to subterranean waters , except melita plumulosa which lives in the littoral areas of lentic waters . feeding ecology : habit : life history :\nreview of amphipods of the melita group ( amphipoda : melitidae ) from the coastal waters of sakhalin island ( far east of russia ) . iii . genera abludom . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ntomikawa , k . & komatsu , h . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus dulichiella ( amphipoda , melitidae ) from the ogasawara islands , japan . crustaceana monographs , 17 , 315\u2013325 .\nreview of amphipods of the melita group ( amphipoda : melitidae ) from the coastal waters of sakhalin island ( far east of russia ) . iii . genera abludomelita karaman , 1981 and melita leach , 1814 .\nsenna , a . r . & serejo , c . s . ( 2012a ) a new genus and species of melitidae ( crustacea : amphipoda : hadzioidea ) from brazilian waters . zootaxa , 3433 , 60\u201368 .\nlowry , j . k . & springthorpe , r . t . ( 2005 ) new and little - known melitid amphipods from australian waters ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) . records of the australian museum , 57 , 237\u2013302 .\nappadoo , c . & myers , a . a . ( 2005 ) amphipods of the genera ceradocus , dulichiella , melita and nuuanu ( crustacea : melitidae ) from mauritius , indian ocean . records of the australian museum , 57 , 221\u2013236 .\nsenna , a . r . & serejo , c . s . ( 2012b ) a new species and first record of the genus nuuanu ( amphipoda , hadzioidea , melitidae ) from brazilian waters . zoosystematics and evolution , 88 ( 2 ) , 285\u2013292 .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . p . b berents & r . t . springthorpe ( 2000 onwards ) . ' australian amphipoda : melitidae descriptions , illustrations , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 2000 . urltoken .\nlowry , j . k . & springthorpe , r . t . ( 2007 ) a revision of the tropical / temperate amphipod genus dulichiella stout , 1912 , and the description of a new atlantic genus verdeia gen . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) . zootaxa , 1424 , 1\u201362 .\nsenna , a . r . , sorrentino , r . , machado , a . n . s . & torrent , p . ( 2012 ) a new species of melita leach , 1814 ( amphipoda : hadzioidea : melitidae ) from patos lagoon , southern brazil . nauplius , 20 ( 2 ) , 125\u2013135 .\npaz - rios , c . & ardisson , p . l . ( 2014 ) dulichiella celestun , a new species of amphipod ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) from the gulf of mexico , with a key and zoogeographic remarks for the genus in the western atlantic . zootaxa , 3774 ( 5 ) , 430\u2013440 .\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database . melitidae bousfield , 1973 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 101397 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ngenus tabatzius mckinney & barnard , 1977 accepted as nuuanu j . l . barnard , 1970\nbellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncostello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nde broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 . [ details ]\nlowry , j . k . ; myers , a . a . ( 2013 ) . a phylogeny and classification of the senticaudata subord . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda ) . zootaxa . 3610 ( 1 ) : 1 - 80 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a286874 - b3ff - 4fd1 - 9f88 - 97e4485d55a4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 57dbe2ec - 0fed - 4272 - a0ab - cffaf500baa9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5a944109 - d6b1 - 4a1c - aeb2 - 838725d84ad6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5de3eebc - 9163 - 4af0 - a800 - defa1415d685\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8faa9a13 - 0a46 - 48f2 - a893 - 51e029735577\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c9e90bdf - 9984 - 4131 - 8e57 - 38072dcc62a7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c3664727 - 57db - 49f6 - 94cf - 6c5c575b621b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255004\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ninformation sources : stoddart & lowry 2003 , king & bradbury 2012 , cummins et al . 2005 key to genera : king & bradbury 2012 key to species : none\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsakhalin state university , lenina st . , 290 , yuzhno - sakhalinsk , 693008 , russia . ; email : v . labaj @ yandex . ru .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nj . k . lowry , p . b berents & r . t . springthorpe\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\njessika alves universidade federal da bahia ( ufba ) , instituto de biologia , laborat\u00f3rio de invertebrados marinhos : crustacea , cnidaria & fauna associada ( labimar ) . rua bar\u00e3o de jeremoabo , 147 , ondina , salvador , ba , cep 40170 - 290 , brasil\nrodrigo johnsson universidade federal da bahia ( ufba ) , instituto de biologia , laborat\u00f3rio de invertebrados marinhos : crustacea , cnidaria & fauna associada ( labimar ) . rua bar\u00e3o de jeremoabo , 147 , ondina , salvador , ba , cep 40170 - 290 , brasil\nandr\u00e9 r . senna universidade federal da bahia ( ufba ) , instituto de biologia , laborat\u00f3rio de invertebrados marinhos : crustacea , cnidaria & fauna associada ( labimar ) . rua bar\u00e3o de jeremoabo , 147 , ondina , salvador , ba , cep 40170 - 290 , brasil\na new species of the genus dulichiella stout , 1912 is described for the northeastern brazilian coast . the new species is recognized from the others in the genus by presenting ( 1 ) the accessory flagellum 5 - articulate , ( 2 ) distolateral crown of gnathopod 2 of males with 4 spines , ( 3 ) maxilla 1 inner plate , outer plate and palp distally enlarged and rounded , and ( 4 ) pereopods 6 and 7 without bunches of long setae . this is the second species of dulichiella recorded from south atlantic and brazilian waters .\nprocad project , taxonomy , hadzioidea , dulichiella ankeri sp . nov . , sw atlantic ocean\naudouin , v . ( 1826 ) explication sommaire des planches de crustaces de l ' egypte et de la syrie , publiees par jules - cesar savigny , membre de l ' institut ; offrant un expose des caracteres naturels des genres , avec la distinction des especes . description de l ' egypte , histoire naturelle , 1 , 77\u201398 .\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1940 ) contributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa . xii . further additions to the tanaidacea , isopoda , and amphipoda , together with keys for the identification of the hitherto recorded marine and freshwater species . annals of the south african museum , 32 , 381\u2013543 .\nbousfield , e . l . ( 1973 ) shallow - water gammaridean amphipoda of new england . cornell university press , ithaca , 312 pp .\ngiles , g . m . ( 1890 ) natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander alfred carpenter , r . n . , d . s . o . , commanding . no . 15 . descriptions of seven additional new indian amphipods . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 59 ( 2 ) , 63\u201374 , pl . 2 .\nhaswell , w . a . ( 1879 ) on australian amphipoda . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 4 ( 3 ) , 245\u201379 , pls . 7\u201312 .\nkaraman , g . s . & barnard , j . l . ( 1979 ) classificatory revisions in gammaridean amphipoda ( crustacea ) , part 1 . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 92 , 106\u2013165 .\nkr\u00f8yer , h . n . ( 1845 ) karcinologiske bidrag . naturhistorisk tidsskrift , series 2 , 1 , 283\u2013345 .\nlowry , j . k . & myers , a . a . ( 2013 ) a phylogeny and classification of the senticaudata subord . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda ) . zootaxa , 3610 ( 1 ) , 1\u201380 .\noliveira , l . p . h . ( 1953 ) crustacea amphipoda do rio de janeiro . mem\u00f3rias do instituto oswaldo cruz , 51 , 289\u2013376 .\npoore , a . g . b . & lowry , j . k . ( 1997 ) new ampithoid amphipods from port jackson , new south wales , australia ( crustacea : amphipoda : ampithoidae ) . invertebrate taxonomy , 11 , 897\u2013941 .\nsay , t . ( 1818 ) an account of the crustacea of the united states . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 1 , 374\u2013401 .\nsenna , a . r . ( 2007 ) dulichiella appendiculata ( say , 1818 ) . in : lavrado , h . p . & viana , m . s . ( eds . ) , atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regi\u00e3o central da zona econ\u00f4mica exclusiva brasileira . parte 1 , s\u00e9rie livros 25 , pp . 183 . [ museu nacional , rio de janeiro ]\nstout , v . r . ( 1912 ) studies in laguna amphipoda . first annual report of the laguna marine laboratory , 134\u2013149 .\nwakabara , y . , tararam , a . s . , val\u00e9rio - berardo , m . t . & duleba , w . ( 1991 ) gammaridean and caprellidean fauna from brazil . hydrobiologia , 223 , 69\u201377 .\nwatling , l . ( 1989 ) a classification system for crustacean setae based on the homology concept . in : felgenhauer , b . e . , watling , l . & thistle , a . b . ( eds . ) , functional morphology of feeding and grooming in crustacea . a . a . balkema , rotterdam , pp . 15\u201326 .\nwonkamhaeng , k . , pattaratumrong , m . s . & putapreecha , r . ( 2014 ) melitid amphipods from the gulf of tailand , with a description of dulichiella pattaniensis , a new species . zookeys , 408 , 1\u201318 ."]}
{"id": 1943, "summary": [{"text": "inglis drever ( 18 march 1999 \u2013 october 2009 ) was a champion racehorse trained in the north of england by howard johnson .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was one of the most successful hurdle racing horses to date and won the world hurdle three times , bettered only by the former champion big buck 's .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he is seen by many as having been the greatest staying hurdler of all time . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "inglis drever", "paragraphs": ["inglis drever : ruled out for the remainder of this season . photograph : pa .\nbbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | inglis drever eyes chepstow test\ninglis drever\u2019s owner graham wylie is now enjoying great success with ireland\u2019s dominant force willie mullins .\nbut more than any , inglis drever was the horse who got me interested in racing .\ntriple world hurdle winner inglis drever was put down on friday after suffering a serious bout of colic .\nracing is mourning a jumps legend after three - time world hurdle hero inglis drever died on friday morning .\ninglis drever began his career on the flat for sir mark prescott , for whom he won four races .\nand when inglis drever made it three , he joked :\ni ' m a complete slapper .\nthree - time world hurdle winner , inglis drever , has been put down after a bout of colic .\ninglis drever denied baracouda a third stayers ' crown with a famous success in the ladbrokes world hurdle at cheltenham today .\nwylie ' s substantial and still growing investment in racing is one of inglis \u00addrever ' s legacies to the winter game .\n3 times world hurdle winner inglis drever was sadly put to sleep this morning after suffering from a bad bout of colic .\ninglis drever made history at the cheltenham festival last march when he became the first horse to win the world hurdle three times .\ninglis drever will bid to maintain his status as champion stayer after being confirmed for the rescheduled totesport long walk hurdle on 27 december .\na new order is emerging in jump racing and it was suitably demonstrated as inglis drever saw off baracouda in the ladbrokes world hurdle .\nmassive repsect to inglis drever , a wonderful horse who won at the festival only to get beaten at aintree such was his way .\nplans for inglis drever to return to cheltenham this march were scrapped after he failed to recover from an injury sustained at newbury last november .\ninglis drever ' s trainer howard johnson said :\nchepstow is a flat , left - handed track and that is what he likes .\ninglis drever runs in to win the world hurdle for a second time in 2007 . photograph : tony marshall / empics sport / pa photos\nbut more than any horse - probably apart from lord transcend - inglis drever was the horse who got me seriously interested in racing .\njohnson has had a number of top - class horses pass through his hands , but places inglis drever at the top of the tree .\nit wasn\u2019t his ability that we found so endearing . greater horses have come and gone that didn\u2019t enjoy half the love and respect that inglis drever rightfully earned\nvery nice tribute bosranic . cant add much to that but to say inglis drever will be missed lots . condolences to all connected with this mighty racehorse .\nstaying power : thelaadbroke world hurdle ( stayers hurdle ) cheltenham : inglis drever and baracouda d . m . dent 15\nx10\nltd ed 200 \u00a359 giclee\nbut all the while lee was stoking up inglis drever ( 5 - 1 ) and the writing was on the wall for his rivals as he surged towards the last .\nin the meantime , johnson hopes to send inglis drever back to the flat for the northumberland plate , a race with near - mythical status in the north - east .\nbut a disappointing workout at the weekend convinced them to abandon plans to send inglis drever back to the cheltenham festival , after which the decision was taken to retire him .\ninglis drever made history at the cheltenham festival last year when he became the first horse to win the world hurdle three times , showing tremendous courage to overhaul kasbah bliss .\nentries for the ladbrokes world hurdle at the cheltenham festival close this week but the list is set to be drawn up without howard johnson ' s triple winner inglis drever .\nanother endearing quality in the constitution of inglis drever was his tendency to hit a flat spot in his races - as evidenced by his world hurdle victories in 2005 and 2007 .\ninglis drever was ridden at cheltenham by three different jockeys , the last of them being denis o\u2019regan who said : \u201cwords can\u2019t describe how much of a legend he truly was .\nas inglis drever came to the last that day , finding himself in yet another battle , the outcome was inevitable . he was never going to come second in a fight , but still the cheltenham faithful , who cast aside their own selfish motivations for his success , roared inglis drever up the hill to a victory that would catapult him into deserved immortality .\nthe big players were held up towards the rear , however , with baracouda as usual looking to be cruising as the others , including inglis drever , started to come under pressure .\ninglis drever made history at the festival last march when he became the first horse to win the world hurdle three times and wylie credits the horse with getting him seriously involved in racing .\non friday howard johnson\u2019s yard , and racing in general , were mourning the death of inglis drever , the only horse to win the ladbrokes world hurdle at the cheltenham festival three times .\nedward gillespie , the managing director of cheltenham , said yesterday that the course will take time to consider the best way to commemorate inglis drever . a statue , however , does not seem likely .\ninglis drever was only six years old when he beat the great baracouda in this race two years ago , and was sidelined with an injury when my way de solzen took the prize 12 months ago .\nreally sad news his third ( ? ) win in the stayers hurdle at cheltenham with his devoted groom cheering him on was a magic moment . thanks for the memories inglis drever and rest in peace .\nperhaps the most piquant aspect to the retirement of inglis drever , announced yesterday , is that he should so narrowly have missed the opportunity to measure the pretensions of his obvious heir . there is no doubting the regal bearing of punchestowns , whose accession as the new monarch of staying hurdlers could well be hastened at cheltenham on saturday . thus far , indeed , he has gone about things with rather more panache than inglis drever . but it would be unusual for any horse to dominate this exacting discipline without also disclosing a coarser grain , and inglis drever would never have surrendered his crown without an almighty scrap .\nwylie does not like to name horses in advance of particular meetings or races -\nit jinxes them ,\nhe maintains - so we won\u2019t mention the name of possible champion hurdle entry inglis drever .\nin a move away from the sadness that normally heralds the end of a career , trainer howard johnson described himself as\nover the moon\nafter the retirement of triple world hurdle winner inglis drever today .\nmeanwhile , the pair at the top of the pecking order to take over the staying hurdle mantle from inglis drever are set to clash in the cleeve hurdle on festival trials day at cheltenham a week on saturday .\ninglis drever , the only horse to win the staying hurdlers ' championship at cheltenham three times , will not get the chance to make it four , after he was retired from racing yesterday by graham wylie and howard johnson , his owner and trainer . ladbrokes , the sponsors of the world ( formerly stayers ' ) hurdle , said later that they will refund all ante - post bets on inglis drever for this year ' s race .\nwhen he hears the roar of the crowd , though , inglis drever concentrates hard and has a finishing surge that is difficult to resist . paddy brennan powered him towards the lead on the run down the hill and had two lengths to spare at the final flight . mighty man then summoned a strong challenge as they galloped up the hill but inglis drever was never going to yield the advantage and held on by three - quarters of a length .\ninglis drever , won 17 races from 35 starts earning nearly \u00a3800 , 000 in prize - money . thirteen of his victories came over hurdles after he was recruited from sir mark prescott\u2019s flat stable for 110 , 000 guineas .\nalthough he was to make his mark as a staying hurdler , inglis drever was kept to two miles for most of the 2004 / 05 season and even won a recognised trial for the champion hurdle , wincanton ' s kingwell hurdle . but there was a strong field for that year ' s champion , with hardy eustace , harchibald and brave inca in their prime , so inglis drever was stepped up in trip for the three - mile world hurdle .\nracing : three - time world hurdle hero inglis drever has died . the howard johnson - trained 10 - year - old , who retired from racing in january , was put down this morning after suffering a fatal bout of colic .\ninglis drever won 17 of 35 career outings , amassing almost \u00a3800 , 000 in prize money . trained on the flat by sir mark prescott , he won four handicaps but was only 11th behind landing light when fancied for the 2003 cesarewitch .\nwylie , who owned three - time world hurdle winner inglis drever , admitted he knew that striking article had undergone a neurectomy but , like johnson , claimed to be unaware that running a horse after the treatment breached the rules of racing .\ninglis drever , who racked up a hat - trick of victories in the world hurdle at the cheltenham festival , has been retired this morning . the 10 - year - old failed to recover from a leg injury sustained at newbury in november .\ninglis drever , a horse who failed three veterinary inspections before being sold privately to graham and andrea wylie , galloped his way into festival history yesterday by winning the ladbrokes world hurdle a record third time to the wild cheering of an appreciative cheltenham crowd .\nbut johnson , best known for his handling of three - time world hurdle winner inglis drever and horses like direct route who was denied the 2000 queen mother champion chase by a whisker , has no intention of making what would be a dramatic comeback .\ninglis drever was pulled up after suffering a hock injury on his seasonal debut at newbury last november , but graham wylie ' s gelding was given time to recover and a positive x - ray last week appeared to give hope of a fourth cheltenham festival victory .\nthe bookmakers ladbrokes and paddy power announced they would refund all single bets on inglis drever for this year ' s world hurdle , as a goodwill gesture . the horse had been as short as 4 - 1 in the ante - post market before his injury .\nformal presentations of the season ' s order of merit also took place with john webb , owner of overall winner and top hurdler royal shakespeare receiving a cheque for \u00a3250 , 000 from andrea and graham wylie , owners of last year ' s inaugural winner inglis drever .\nthe 2005 , 2007 and 2008 world hurdle winner was pulled up in the long distance hurdle at newbury in november and while johnson doesn ' t want inglis drever to go out of the game with a whimper , he would find it hard to suffer his champion being heckled at his favourite racecourse .\nthe trainer has little else to regret in his supervision of a horse whose influence on his own career can scarcely be exaggerated . for it was inglis drever who convinced graham wylie that racing could become a conduit between his wealth and pleasure , and that johnson was the man to trust with the project .\nhopes that inglis drever might bid for a fourth win at the festival were raised earlier this month , when a scan on a leg injury , sustained at newbury in november , appeared clear . however , the 10 - year - old worked poorly at the weekend and the decision to retire him followed soon afterwards .\nin 14 runs over three miles , inglis drever failed to finish in the first three on only two occasions , when falling at chepstow and when pulled up at newbury on his final start . he returned with an injury on both occasions , the most recent of which has brought his fine career to an end .\nbut despite the dark clouds , tidal bay , the winner of tuesday ' s arkle trophy for rider denis o ' regan and the same owner - trainer combination , and inglis drever , who displayed typical courage for o ' regan in one of the most thrilling finishes of the week , both secured major prizes for their connections .\nmore than any horse , probably apart from lord transcend , inglis drever was the horse who got me seriously interested in racing ,\nwylie said yesterday .\npeople might think cheltenham gave me my favourite memories of him , but it was actually a day at haydock in 2005 when both him and lord transcend won .\nas it is , the substance of his achievements can be represented at the festival in march only by kasbah bliss , the french horse who made him work so hard for that unprecedented third success in the ladbrokes world hurdle last year . in the meantime , inglis drever will abide in the esteem of all and the affection of many .\ninglis drever instilled in me such a passion ,\nwylie said yesterday .\nmore than any horse \u2013 probably apart from lord transcend \u2013 he was the one who got me seriously interested in racing . people might think cheltenham gave me my favourite memories of him , but it was a day at haydock in 2005 when both he and lord transcend won .\ninglis drever had a career record of 17 wins from 35 starts and his appetite for a battle , particularly on the climb to the line at cheltenham , made him hugely popular with punters . he was famous , too , for hitting a\nflat spot\nin a race when he appeared to be in trouble , only to run on strongly in the closing stages .\nat around evens , however , this is surely one favourite that has to be taken on . it is time for a fresh face on the stayers ' scene , and inglis drever looks the one . at 10 , baracouda is not getting any better . iris ' s gift last year showed that the french horse is beatable , though that is not to denigrate his tremendous record .\nsince then , wylie\u2019s colours have been carried by some of the best recruits to national hunt which racing has seen in many years . inglis drever , valley henry , royal rosa , arcalis , and chivalry are but five of the powerful string owned by the modest man whose quiet tones betray his upbringing in the north - east of england , but which also mask his true origins .\nafter hitting his usual flat spot in the middle stages of the race , inglis drever knuckled down to an intense battle with the francois doumen - trained kasbah bliss , which he won by calling on all stamina reserves . he jumped into the lead at the final flight and held off kasbah bliss by a length , with a gap of seven lengths back to the game kazal in third .\nprevented by a tendon injury from defending his crown , inglis drever won it back in 2007 , outbattling mighty man by three - quarters of a length . his pattern of finishing strongly after appearing to struggle was now well established and he again made his supporters wait when landing his third world hurdle last year , getting past kasbah bliss only on the run - in for what turned out to be his final victory .\nif there were a group of horses ahead of him turning in , as far as he was concerned they all had bullseyes on their backsides and the drever would pop his eyes out of their sockets and take aim .\nblack jack ketchum had a question to answer as he set off for the ladbrokes world hurdle here yesterday , and if the reply was not one that many punters wanted to hear , at least he did not keep them waiting . he barely took off at the third flight and suffered the first fall of his career , which left the way clear for inglis drever to win the stayers ' championship event for the second time in three years in his familiar , curmudgeonly style .\ninglis drever can be a difficult horse to warm to , as punters tend to prefer their horses to look like potential winners at every stage of a race . howard johnson ' s runner , by contrast , often needs persuasion to keep him interested in the early part of a race , and he was on and off the bit throughout the first two miles yesterday . there were several sloppy jumps on the first circuit too , as if the eight - year - old could not quite be bothered .\ndevastating news . inglis was a proper nh legend and he will live long in the memory of all those who had the pleasure of seeing him race . huge condolences to connections and also his die - hard fans , of which he had many .\ninglis drever introduced his owner as a man agreeably lacking airs , while johnson ' s bluff geordie cadences also enriched the tale . then there was the horse ' s groom , ginni wright , whose emotional celebrations were shared by many who learned of her battles with cancer . but the central character was always the horse . his habit of hitting a flat spot before gathering momentum implied a latent vulnerability \u2013 a pleasing sense that it did not come easily , but that he would always do his utmost .\ninglis drever left the door ajar by apparently recovering from his newbury injury , but johnson explained :\nwe put shoes on him the other day , rode him out , and he didn ' t even want the jockey to get on him . he was telling me he ' d had enough . i think i ' ve done the right thing for the public . i didn ' t want to go to cheltenham against younger horses and be pulled up or get beat 20 lengths . one day we might find another like him . but we ' ll struggle .\ngraham wylie ' s personal favourite is lord transcend , the horse who managed to get him involved in the racing game , but inglis drever is now in the same bracket .\nhe ' s a street fighter who never knows when he is beaten and he loves the attention he gets in the winner ' s enclosure ,\nwylie said .\nmaybe one day i ' ll realise what he ' s done , but it is all so emotional now . i just sat quietly in the stand and watched and watched , and he had so many traffic problems . but when he came over the last , he was too good for them .\nconnections of inglis drever ( 3 . 15 ) have always considered him a stayer in the making , and that certainly looked the case when he finished strongly to take second place behind fundamentalist in last season ' s sunalliance hurdle . nothing was in his favour in the kingwell hurdle at wincanton last time out - a right - hand course and having to make his own running - but he still won by five lengths . at odds of 7 - 1 he is the each - way value . rule supreme , who would have beaten baracouda and crystal d ' ainay in a few more strides at windsor , is another reason to be wary of taking a short price about the favourite .\nwe use cookies to personalise content , target and report on ads , to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .\n\u201cthey took him away yesterday and from what i can understand they couldn\u2019t do anything with him , \u201d johnson said .\n\u201cgraham ( wylie , owner ) rung me yesterday morning to say he was thrashing on the ground so they got the vets up there to look at him and they rushed him straight in ( for surgery ) .\n\u201cthey put him on a drip overnight and they rang mr wylie back this morning to say his heart rate was over 70 and it should 33 , so they have had to put him down on humane grounds . \u201d\n\u201cwithout a doubt he\u2019d be number one when it comes to horses i\u2019ve trained , \u201d added johnson .\n\u201che went to graham\u2019s for a good retirement and i haven\u2019t actually seen him since he left . it is just one of those things . \u201d\nhis indomitable spirit and appetite for a scrap made him one of the most popular national hunt horses in training .\nthe brilliant gelding signed off with 17 wins - 12 of which came at graded level - from 35 starts and amassed nearly \u20ac880 , 000 in prize - money .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nnewbury sat , 29th nov , 08 p . u . , 7 / 4fav , denis o ' regan\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nhaving his first try at this three - mile trip , the six - year - old surged to the front at the last and was far too strong for baracouda up the hill .\nthe win continued a great week for trainer howard johnson , owner graham wylie and jockey graham lee , who were landing their third prize following arcalis and no refuge .\nbaracouda ' s pacemaker knife edge took the field along at a fair old clip in the early stages , with emotional moment , westender and yogi also prominent .\nwestender led from some way out as knife edge gave way , and he was still there two out , with rule supreme hot on his heels and baracouda set to pounce .\nbaracouda , the 6 - 5 favourite , gave brave chase but was three lengths away at the line , with a further three - quarters of a length back to rule supreme .\nhe didn ' t travel great , he didn ' t jump great but he ' s got a big heart and in the end i think i got there a bit too soon - but i wasn ' t going to stop when i got him going ,\nlee told channel 4 racing .\ni was forced to track baracouda for a while because i wasn ' t travelling well , but i ' m so happy for the horse . to be narrowly beaten in the sunalliance last year and now this , i ' m so chuffed for him . he ' s tough .\njohnson said :\ni never usually shake , but watching that race today made me shake a little bit because i love this horse . he ' s a proper little jack russell terrier .\nhe jumped as straight as a die today . graham gave him a lovely ride . all credit to the staff at home and the girl who does him . it ' s great .\nit ' s working out well with graham and andrea ( wylie ) . let ' s hope it lasts .\ni knew he ' d come up the hill . we ' ve got one that ' s high and steep at home . when he ' s on form he goes up our hill great .\nthat ' s the secret about training our horses - going up steep hills . it seems to get their wind right and helps them be fit and healthy .\nwylie added :\nit ' s all down to howard and to graham . howard ' s spent a lot of time getting the horses ready . he ' s done a brilliant job .\nhe was really a splendid second ,\nhe said .\ntony ( mccoy ) was impeccable , he gave him the perfect ride . we were just beaten by a better horse and we have to respect that .\nhe may go to aintree . we will certainly enter him , but it is too early to say whether he will go over fences or not .\nmaybe as he is getting older he does not have the speed he had in the past , but he has run a good race .\nowner jp mcmanus added :\nwe were just beaten by a better horse . he ran his heart out . all credit to francois , he had him ready to run the race of his life .\nrule supreme ' s trainer willie mullins said :\nhe ' s had a hard race . i ' m happy with the horse . there are no excuses really .\ni am a bit disappointed as he was in the form of his life , but he was beaten fair and square , and perhaps that ' s as good as he is .\nhe ' ll definitely go to punchestown now and then we ' ll go for the french champion hurdle again .\nearlier , thisthatandtother denied fondmort in a thrilling finish to the new daily telegraph festival trophy chase .\nfondmort held a slight advantage after jumping the last , but the paul nicholls - trained thisthatandtother ( 9 - 2 ) , ridden by ruby walsh , battled on just the better up the hill and wore down nicky henderson ' s charge in the last 50 yards to win by half a length .\nirish raider rathgar beau , who finished third , lost his winning chance with a mistake at the final fence when bang in contention .\nand even earlier , king harald put up tremendous front - running performance under mattie batchelor to land the jewson novices ' handicap chase on the third day of the cheltenham festival .\nthe mark bradstock - trained seven - year - old had four lengths to spare at the line from lacdoudal after an incident - packed affair .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nstaying hurdlers often endure much longer than the two - milers and if he stays sound , the 6 - 1 offered by ladbrokes for the race next year could prove to be a very fair price .\nhe tends to come on and off the bridle ,\njohnson said ,\nbut i said to paddy that as soon as you come down that hill and get a bit of light , he ' ll pick up .\nhe will never go chasing now , as you don ' t need to send a dual winner of this race over fences . it ' s always been an ambition of mine to have a runner in the northumberland plate , so i may run him in that and then turn him out .\nthere was little to be said about black jack ketchum , though jonjo o ' neill , his trainer , confirmed that the horse seemed to have emerged unscathed .\nlife goes on ,\nhe said .\nthe horse is ok , and we ' ll just have to try again .\ntaranis was a tenacious winner of the ryanair chase after being left in front by the fall of crozan at the fourth - last , which was probably a couple of furlongs further from the finish than ruby walsh would have chosen . the line eventually arrived just in time as our vic staged an extraordinary late rally , failing only by a neck , having looked to be one of the first beaten three - out .\nhe ' s a horse that tends to idle in front and i was a bit concerned when crozan fell , but ruby has given him a great ride ,\npaul nicholls , who was welcoming back his 100th winner of the season , said .\nwhen they looked to be catching him at the finish it was more to do with him idling than the others making ground . he ' s only six and i think he may well get three miles next season .\nprevious form at the festival usually proves significant and idole first , who took the coral cup over hurdles two years ago , added a victory over fences in the racing post plate .\nferdy murphy , meanwhile , saddled his second winner of the week when l ' antartique took the jewson novice handicap chase at 20 - 1 , giving anyone who played up their winnings from the 50 - 1 chance joes edge on tuesday a 1070 - 1 double .\nit ' s 27 years since anaglog ' s daughter won here [ in the arkle trophy ] ,\ntony durkan , the winning owner , said ,\nand she was beaten in the champion chase the next year . this is a lovely horse and we hope that he hope that he will go on to better things .\nwith hardy eustace successfully defending his crown , and moscow flyer regaining his , the pattern is set for a repeat performance by baracouda in this afternoon ' s ladbrokes world hurdle , the race he won two years in succession before relinquishing his title 12 months ago .\ncoming into last year ' s race baracouda had won the long walk hurdle and newbury ' s long distance hurdle by a total of 37 lengths , but this season he has won the same races only narrowly from crystal d ' ainay . admittedly he had crystal d ' ainay a long way behind him in third place here last year , but alan king ' s gelding faced a stiff task then as a five - year - old .\n2 . 00 jewson h ' cap chase : one of the new races at this year ' s festival , this has been the target for liverpool echo , whose trainer , henry daly , has a fine record in handicaps here . liverpool echo was becoming somewhat expensive to follow until he beat copsale lad convincingly at kempton . that form is working out well .\n2 . 35 festival trophy chase : our vic runs here rather than in the gold cup and this 2m5f is more his trip , because he seemed to get outstayed when third in last season ' s sun - alliance chase . though given time to get over his final - fence fall in the bonusprint chase here in december , he has yet to confirm his high home rating on the track . at 10 - 1 , fondmort makes more appeal . best when fresh , nicky henderson ' s nine - year - old has a fine record at cheltenham and last season ran a highly creditable third under top weight in the mildmay of flete . he now meets our vic and thisthatandtother - second in the bonusprint - on more favourable terms than when only seventh in that race , when henderson ' s horses were out of sorts .\n4 . 00 mildmay of flete chase : martin pipe has won four of the last seven runnings of this handicap , and he looks to have prepared polar red for a second crack after his creditable sixth behind tikram 12 months ago . polar red , now 3lb lower , has been freshened up by a mid - season break and two recent spins over hurdles .\n4 . 40 national hunt chase : stormez and celestial gold have finished second for the pipe stable here in the last two seasons . sixo could go one better , having run well against the useful novice distant thunder at newbury . by roselier , a strong influence for stamina , sixo should be in his element over this marathon trip .\n5 . 20 pertemps hurdle final : with some solid course form to his name , the dark lord should be a leading player . he was staying on strongly at the finish of the sandown handicap hurdle last time and his stable is in better form now .\nthe decision was made following a disappointing workout at the weekend by the 10 - year - old , who notched up 17 wins from 35 starts , amassing almost \u00a3800 , 000 in prize money in the process .\nbut rather than wallowing in despair at the decision , johnson breathed a sigh of relief .\ni ' m over the moon i ' ve retired him ,\nhe said .\nwe put shoes on him the other day , we rode him out and he didn ' t even want the jockey to get on him .\nhe was telling me he ' d had enough , so he ' s gone into retirement . i think i ' ve done the right thing for everybody .\ni didn ' t want to go to cheltenham against younger horses and either be pulled up or get beat 20 lengths - that wasn ' t for me .\nhe said :\nwe decided on saturday that he wasn ' t interested any more . at the end of the day , he has won three world hurdles and has been one of the greatest horses .\nhoward says to let him chill out and he ' ll have a box next to one of our broodmares . i ' m sure he ' ll have a long and happy retirement .\nthe howard johnson - trained 10 - year - old , who retired from racing in january , had to be put down after suffering a fatal bout of colic .\njohnson said :\nthey took him away yesterday and from what i can understand they couldn ' t do anything with him .\ngraham ( wylie , owner ) rung me yesterday morning to say he was thrashing on the ground so they got the vets up there to look at him and they rushed him straight in ( for surgery ) .\nthey put him on a drip overnight and they rang mr wylie back this morning to say his heart rate was over 70 and it should be 33 , so they have had to put him down on humane grounds .\njohnson added :\nwithout a doubt he ' d be number one when it comes to horses i ' ve trained .\nhe went to graham ' s for a good retirement - it is just one of those things .\nthe brilliant gelding signed off with 17 wins - 12 of which came at graded level - from 35 starts and amassed nearly \u00a3800 , 000 in prize - money .\nhe was transferred to johnson ' s yard in 2003 , when he made a winning debut for his new team in november .\nalthough the star hurdler will be best remembered for his exploits at cheltenham , he also won the long distance hurdle at newbury three times ( 2005 - 07 ) - in addition to big - race triumphs at sandown , warwick , wincanton , haydock and wetherby .\njohnson said :\nhe ' s been a fantastic servant to me and the yard and has kept me going since we bought him off sir mark .\nhe won three world hurdles and was the first horse to win the order of merit .\nyou could always tell when he was right and he was a peach to train .\nhe wouldn ' t hurt a butterfly and you always knew he would come up hills because as soon as he saw our hills at home he used to fly .\nit ' s very upsetting and i ' ve said to mr wylie that we ' ll get him cremated and get him back into what i call the ' millionaire ' s field ' in front of our house .\nhe used to love it in there , and spent his summers in there every year since he arrived , so i think we should bury his ashes in there .\nthere was no sign of that trademark quirk at prestbury park last march , however , as he powered up the hill to record a no - nonsense verdict over kasbah bliss .\ndefeat at aintree - never his happiest hunting ground - followed last april , after which he was sent to newbury for his seasonal debut .\nbut denis o ' regan ' s mount suffered a hock injury and was pulled up after four out .\nalthough there were hopes he had made a full recovery , johnson realised the game was up in january .\nthe jockey was in the saddle when the horse won his third ladbrokes world hurdle and described him as the best horse he will ever ride .\nit ' s shocking news . i won the world hurdle on him and the long distance hurdle as well ,\nhe said .\nhe was a top - class hurdler and it ' s a shame he ' s died so young , but he ' s a horse that will stick in the memory for a long time .\nhe ' s the best horse i ' ve ridden and will probably be the best horse i ' ll ever ride .\nhe ' s brought my career to the fore and it ' s a sad ending to a great career for that horse .\ngraham lee ' s association with the horse lasted from november 2003 to december 2005 .\ntheir seven victories included a first world hurdle in 2005 when the pair dethroned the french champion baracouda .\nlee said :\nwhen you are a jockey you want to have big rides in big races and he was a very , very good horse .\nsee today ' s front and back pages , download the newspaper , order back issues and use the historic daily express newspaper archive .\ncopyright \u00a92018 express newspapers .\ndaily express\nis a registered trademark . all rights reserved .\nthe ten - year - old , who retired in january this year , underwent surgery on thursday after being found lying in a field at owner graham wylie\u2019s stud at humshaugh in northumberland , but his condition worsened on friday morning .\nat kelso on saturday after silk drum had made a winning start over fences for graham wyile , the owner said : \u201cyesterday was very difficult . i walk around the house and there are photos everywhere , all his trophies and dvds .\n\u201ci have very happy memories , but on a day like today it\u2019s very distressing . \u201d\njohnson was also distressed saying : \u201ci\u2019ve not seen the lovely horse since he left here for his retirement ; i will never have one like this to win three world hurdle and an order of merit . he\u2019s been my pride and joy and i will never get another to replace him . \u201d\n\u201che had a fantastic racing career and will be remembered for a very long time . i was very lucky to ride him and his final world hurdle win was a wonderful performance . \u201d\nstaying on a sombre theme , barry keniry faces a lengthy spell on the sidelines due to a broken leg at kelso on saturday .\nthe leyburn - based jockey was riding the shy man for the george moore stable when he came crashing down from fences from the finish .\nyesterday he underwent surgery on the injured leg in the boarders hospital , and it remains to be seen just how long the irishman will be out of action .\nthis week\u2019s local racing kicks off today at pontefract where there is an eight race card due of at 2 . 10pm .\nthe highlight race at the west yorkshire comes up at 3 . 40pm , a listed race over the one mile trip .\namong the 11 runners is hot prospect , who looks a very interesting colt . trained by michael jarvis , he was a very impressive winner at sandown last time out and with kieren fallon booked he could just turn out to be a very hot prospect .\nthis website and associated newspapers adhere to the independent press standards organisation ' s editors ' code of practice . if you have a complaint about the editorial content which relates to inaccuracy or intrusion , then please contact the editor here . if you are dissatisfied with the response provided you can contact ipso here\n\u00a9copyright 2001 - 2018 . this site is part of newsquest ' s audited local newspaper network . a gannett company . newsquest ( north east ) ltd , loudwater mill , station road , high wycombe , buckinghamshire . hp10 9ty | 3223496 | registered in england & wales\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe race was abandoned at windsor last weekend and so switches to chepstow as part of the welsh national meeting .\nhe has come back from windsor in good order and i will definitely put him in - he won ' t mind the soft ground .\nofficials at the bhb have also decided to revert to the original entry system , which will allow four - times winner of the race baracouda to run , after he was initially missed out of the entry stage due to a clerical error .\nhowever , francois doumen has not yet decided whether baracouda will take part in the rescheduled event .\nhe said :\ni will need to think about it and will make a decision later in the week .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe magnitude of this triumph can be viewed against the backdrop of depression that descended on howard johnson ' s yard in the build - up to jump racing ' s most important meeting when a collection of his stable stars were coughing and breaking blood vessels .\no ' regan declared :\nwhat a horse . he just took off . howard said beforehand that he wouldn ' t want to get there before the last . i was a bit down at the last but he jumped well , and he did the rest himself .\njohnson ' s comment that\nthis is near enough the greatest training performance of my life\nis indeed accurate . the winner , who had been bought out of sir mark prescott ' s newmarket yard off the flat to win the northumberland plate , was purchased unvetted . a persistent leg injury had been his problem .\njohnson said suggestions of retirement had been put on hold .\nhe ' s only nine , but i don ' t want anything to happen to him ,\njohnson said .\nhe might go to aintree , he might come back here next year , but there are not many races left in him .\nowner trevor hemmings landed the first two races , the peter o ' sullevan national hunt chase with the alan king - trained old benny , and the royal & sunalliance chase with the jonjo o ' neill - trained albertas run , who was a first winner at this year ' s festival for tony mccoy .\nour vic , who chased home kauto star in the king george at kempton park on boxing day , finally enjoyed his moment of glory at the highest level when taking the ryanair chase , a race in which he finished second last year . first - time blinkers worked a treat as our vic blazed a trail in front .\ntrainer david pipe said :\nthe blinkers sharpened him up a bit and timmy got some fantastic jumps out of him .\nwe decided on saturday that he wasn ' t really interested in his racing any more ,\nwylie said yesterday .\nwe always knew that he would tell us when he wanted to be retired . that day has now come .\nobviously we would like to do something appropriate in due course ,\ngillespie said .\nat this stage we are just delighted that he has been retired fit and healthy .\nwe have just four statues [ of horses ] at the moment : arkle , dawn run , golden miller and , most recently , best mate . there are no hurdlers , though istabraq is one about whom the question has been asked , but it has just not been possible to achieve . we have plenty of room but statues are incredibly expensive .\ncheltenham will stage its last meeting before the festival this saturday and , though the track lost a meeting to waterlogging in december , simon claisse , the clerk of the course , is confident that this card will proceed as planned .\nthe rain we are forecast is due to arrive between now and friday morning , after which it should be basically dry through to racing ,\nhe said .\nit seems certain that great leighs racecourse in essex will remain closed for at least another week , however . the british horseracing authority said yesterday that it has yet to receive a formal application for a racecourse licence from deloitte , the administrator trying to rescue the track .\nwith entries for next thursday ' s meeting due to close tomorrow , that card now seems sure to be staged elsewhere .\nhis trainer , howard johnson , had indicated recently that an x - ray showed the injury to be clearing . johnson said at that stage that the horse might return to the racecourse but the horse ' s demeanour has convinced him otherewise .\nwe decided on saturday that he wasn ' t really interested in his racing any more ,\nsaid the horse ' s owner , graham wylie .\nwe always knew that he would tell us when he wanted to be retired . that day has now come .\ni ' m over the moon i ' ve retired him ,\nsaid johnson .\ni ' m happier in myself now . we put shoes on him the other day , we rode him out and he didn ' t even want the jockey to get on him . he was telling me he ' d had enough . we gave him a jog along the road and i wasn ' t happy , so he ' s gone into retirement .\nthe following month , he joined johnson ' s yard and made his hurdling debut at aintree , winning easily . he remained unbeaten over hurdles until that season ' s cheltenham festival , when he was edged out by fundamentalist in the race known then as the royal & sunalliance novices hurdle .\nit proved the making of him . his performance that day was a revelation as , after appearing beaten half a mile from home , he bounded up the hill , finishing three lengths clear of baracouda , himself a dual winner of the race .\ni just hope sir mark will find me another one - he ' s on the case ,\nadded johnson .\ni think i ' ve done the right thing for the public and everybody . i don ' t want to go to cheltenham against younger horses and either be pulled up or get beat 20 lengths - that wasn ' t for me .\nprescott added his own tribute , saying :\nhe ' s one of those lovely horses who ' s done everybody well all his life . he was a very nice yearling - any fool could have picked him . he was a very nice horse for us and made a jolly nice price for us and he gave mr wylie a marvellous introduction into racehorse ownership .\ntime has been called on the 10 - year - old ' s illustrious career after he failed to recover from an injury sustained at newbury in november ."]}
{"id": 1947, "summary": [{"text": "flockton grey was the british racehorse at the centre of one of the largest betting scandals to hit british horseracing .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the affair remains the best-known case of a corrupt trainer and owner using a ringer to race in place of another horse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "because of the use of the ringer , flockton grey did not actually run in the race for which he became most famous . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "flockton grey", "paragraphs": ["flockton grey and good hand - the police kept flockton grey and good hand in custody until 1986 , when flockton grey was sent to the wetherby sales , and bought by trainer robin bastiman for 680gns . flockton grey never raced and , in 1989 , was sold to sharon dick , who worked at bastiman ' s yard . now 21 , flockton grey is still in dick ' s care . good hand was claimed by richardson and subsequently stabled at the aike grange stud , jill banks ' s establishment a few miles from jubilee farm .\nflockton grey ' s passport described a horse with a conspicuous scar on its off - fore leg . the grey in wiles ' s yard had no such scar .\nthe story of the flockton grey case appeared in the racing post in two parts in january 2002 . . .\ngreat racing scams : case closed , but ringer ' s trainer still a mystery : flockton grey , part 2 .\nflockton grey - two - year - old flockton grey provided trainer stephen wiles with his first flat winner when recording a 20 - length win under kevin darley at leicester in 1982 . flockton grey had been backed to win by an estimated \u00a3200 , 000 and investigators concluded that darley ' s mount was in fact a three - year - old called good hand .\ngood hand ' s physical characteristics , including the distinctive leg scar , had been recorded on the passport of the two - year - old flockton grey . but the real flockton grey had been the unscarred horse investigators saw at wiles ' s yard .\nflockton grey : two - year - old racehorse flockton grey had a 20 - length win at leicester in 1982 . horse was backed to win by # 200 , 000 . but investigators discovered horse was seasoned three - year - old called good hand .\nfor the past 20 years , flockton grey had been looked after by mary dick and her daughter sharon at their stables near worksop .\nwiles said that a horse did arrive back at his yard the following day , but that this horse was not the ' flockton grey ' he himself had stood with in the winner ' s enclosure at leicester . it was a two - year - old ' unnamed ' grey , who he later showed to investigators : the real flockton grey .\nthe trainer looked at flockton grey ' s passport and was reminded of the scar on its off - fore leg . the horse he had been sent did not have a scar . when wiles phoned mathison , he was told that flockton grey would be with them in time for it to race\u2026 flockton grey never arrived . mathison nevertheless told wiles to declare the horse for the leicester race and to book kevin darley .\nflockton grey , the horse at the centre of one of the greatest racing scandals and mysteries of the 20th century , has died aged 29 .\nridden by kevin darley , the debutant ' flockton grey ' provided trainer stephen wiles with his first winner on the flat after two years with a licence .\nsecretariat\u2019s 1973 belmont stakes win by 31 lengths was incredible , sure . but have you heard the one about flockton grey ? a british racehorse , grey , lapped the field , winning by a ludicrous 20 lengths at a 1982 race in leicester .\ndeath of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 .\nmary dick said yesterday :\nflockton grey died of a heart attack on saturday . he was a gem , my favourite horse , and people often asked about him .\nanother tidbit : flockton grey ( an unwitting accomplice in the scheme ) was \u201cin custody\u201d for four years . profoundly unjust . also : how does one keep a horse in custody ?\ndeath of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . - free online library\nflockton grey ' s celebrity , or notoriety , stemmed from ' his ' unlikely 20 - length victory in a race for two - year - olds at leicester on march 29 , 1982 .\nbrowne ' s punishment is the longest period of exclusion since the owner ken richardson was warned off for 25 years in 1984 for his part in the infamous flockton grey\nringer\naffair .\nin 1984 , richardson , boddy and colin mathison , a close associate , appeared at york crown court charged with having conspired to substitute good hand for flockton grey with the intention of defrauding bookmakers .\nat the end of january 1982 , weatherbys issued a passport for flockton grey , bearing the markings of good hand but with a date of birth indicating that the horse was a two - year - old . according to wiles , mathison subsequently told him to make entries for flockton grey . he said that the\nlittle grey\nwould be sent to wiles and , a few weeks before the leicester race , a little grey did arrive at his yard . wiles testified :\ni did believe it was the horse which i had seen for an hour in the january . i thought it was the horse then named flockton grey , and then we started to canter it and found it was absolutely useless , green , nowhere near ready to race , didn ' t know how to gallop straight , nowhere near fit for entering into a race .\nfor those of a certain age , events will have revived memories of a famous gamble which took place at leicester in 1982 when flockton grey supposedly made his debut in a race for two - year - olds .\nthe most infamous race in modern annals was surely in march 1982 when flockton grey won a race at leicester by 20 lengths , . this huge margin of victory provoked suspicion of fraud and there was an investigation .\nfurther investigation , including analysis of the photographs of the leicester winner taken at the racecourse , led to the conclusion that this ' flockton grey ' was , in fact , a three - year - old called good hand .\nof course , richardson and trainer stephen wiles both put 20 , 000 pounds on the faux flockton grey : further cause for suspicion ( their \u201cwinning\u201d bets were never paid out , and each was fined 20 , 000 pounds ) .\nthe diverse list includes the arrest and background of yorkshire ripper peter sutcliffe , the flockton grey \u201cringer\u201d racehorse scandal , tracking down shamed coronation street star peter adamson in bali and going on the road with young us dance sensation fame .\nthe flockton grey scandal is the biggest british race horse scandal in history . that ' s really saying something when you consider just how easy it is to rig a race ( and how often it has happened , too ) .\nwhen george edmondson , an investigating officer , arrived at wiles ' s yard at flockton , between wakefield and huddersfield , he was shown a grey two - year - old , but wiles did not pretend it was the winning horse .\nwiles told edmondson that he thought the leicester winner was at a farm owned by ken richardson , a wealthy businessman and gambler , who had bought flockton grey as a yearling . the winner was not at the farm . he had vanished .\nflockton grey was a 10 - 1 chance for a race restricted to two - year - olds over the minimum flat racing distance of five furlongs at leicester in march 1982 , but he won by the extraordinary distance of 20 lengths . the margin did not seem quite so surprising , though , when it emerged that flockton grey was in fact good hand - who was a three - year - old , and thus enjoyed an enormous advantage against his juniors . several convictions for conspiracy to defraud duly followed .\nmla style :\ndeath of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . .\nthe free library . 2008 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nthe previous year , good hand had been claimed out of a selling race at ripon , on richardson ' s behalf . richardson claimed that he had sold flockton grey to wiles and also arranged for wiles to take good hand away , with a view to selling him .\nflockton grey was an unremarkable two - year old horse from a relatively unsuccessful yard . when it was entered into its debut race ( a race strictly for horses its age ) the owner ken richardson and trainer stephen wiles decided to say \u201cscrew it\u201d and break the law .\nthe flockton wattle is known or predicted to occur in the following sub - regions of the sydney basin interim biogeographic regionalisation of australia .\nhe is the first trainer to receive such a sanction while holding a licence since harry bell , warned off for welfare offences in 1985 , and the first to be banned for corrupt practice since stephen wiles , who was involved in the notorious flockton grey\nringer\nscandal in 1982 .\ninstead , a three - year - old horse , good hand , deliberately ran in place of flockton grey . heavily backed , he won by 20 lengths and landed perpetrators of the scam a fortune , although their deceit was later rumbled and they were punished heavily inside and outside the law courts .\napa style : death of flockton grey , the 20 - length maiden winner who never was ; horse at centre of one of racing ' s greatest scandals dies at age of 29 . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nken richardson , flockton grey\u2019s owner , had swapped out the two - year - old gelding for a veteran three - year - old horse prior to the race . of course , nobody knew that definitively in the immediate aftermath , but the bookies were suspicious to halt payouts on the 10 - 1 winner .\nflockton grey landed a massive gamble when winning by 20 lengths at first time of asking at leicester racecourse on 29th march 1982 . as a debutant from an extremely low profile yard he was priced up at 10 / 1 and his owners placed a huge bet on him that would return & pound200 ; , 000 .\nthe investigators soon found that good hand had a scar on his foreleg ( unlike flockton grey ) and the racecourse vet also noted that the winner had teeth too developed for a two - year - old . both men were caught and charged with conspiracy to defraud . richardson was warned off by the jockey club for 25 years .\nthe plot thickened with the revelation that jo n jack , an ex - irish chesnut gelding , was bred by one of the three men involved in the notorious flockton grey ' ringer ' scandal a decade ago . but the jockey club established conclusively this week that last week ' s lingfield winner was in fact jo n jack and not a more talented substitute .\nin this region the flockton wattle - sydney basin is known to be associated with the following vegetation formations and classes . click on a name to get background information about it .\nflockton gray was ridden that afternoon by north yorkshire jockey kevin darley , who was completely unaware that there was anything untoward and was not involved in any way in the fraud .\nwiles was to state that the horse he knew as flockton grey ( good hand ) , was not in his yard , but he had been instructed to declare it for the leicester race , and to meet the horsebox at the course . peter boddy , the horsebox driver , who worked for richardson , claimed that he subsequently dropped off the leicester winner at wiles ' s yard .\ni have already indicated that even after a through search no plans of old workings in the flockton thin seam in the vicinity of south 9b district were found before or after the inrush .\nif the wileses were responsible for obtaining a fraudulent passport , bearing good hand ' s markings , why did they employ a different horse as the ringer ? even if their horsebox had broken down , would they have arranged for boddy to collect the ringer the day before the race , and take it to leicester via newmarket , requiring the horse to stand in the horsebox for 22 hours ? there was no evidence to link the wileses to a single bet on flockton grey . richardson testified that he had never known stephen wiles to have more than \u00a35 on a horse but claimed that wiles had asked him to put \u00a3100 on flockton grey for him . why did stephen and fred wiles drive 70 miles to confront richardson and mathison , demanding to know where the winner was , if they already knew ?\nstephen and elaine wiles - in 1986 , stephen wiles was banned from holding a trainer ' s licence for five years for having entered and run flockton grey , knowing that the horse had not been in his care for the 14 days preceding the race . stephen later trained point - to - pointers while elaine worked for trainer steve norton and , after his retirement , held a number of jobs within the racing industry .\nringer this means racing a horse that looks similar to another , but is in fact much better . when flockton grey was backed to win \u00a3200 , 000 at leicester in 1982 , the horse that actually won the race was in fact called good hand . trainer john bowles was banned for 20 years for a similar scam in 1978 when a horse with little form called in the money won five races . the beast that actually did the running was cobbler ' s march .\n7 ringer this means racing a horse that looks similar to another , but is in fact much better . when flockton grey was backed to win \u00a3200 , 000 at leicester in 1982 , the horse that actually won the race was in fact called good hand . trainer john bowles was banned for 20 years for a similar scam in 1978 when a horse with little form called in the money won five races . the beast that actually did the running was cobbler ' s march .\nat the subsequent trial , geoffrey rivlin qc , for the prosecution , accused boddy of\nlying through his teeth\n. his evidence was\nquite ridiculous and untrue\n. richardson was also at the moat house hotel that evening . he had dinner with allan smith , who trained for him in belgium , and made a number of phone calls , including to darley . richardson advised flockton grey ' s rider that the best piece of ground at leicester was next to the inside rail .\nhowever , they had no intention of actually running the real flockton grey in the contest and instead ran a far more physically developed three year old in his place called good hand . unfortunately for ken richardson and stephen wiles , the two behind the scam , the ' ringer ' was simply too good and won by a record winning margin . it was the size of the winning margin that caused a huge amount of suspicion and the police were soon involved as bookmakers refused to pay out .\nearly on the morning of sunday , march 28 , the day before the race , boddy arrived and told wiles he had come for the grey . later that morning , a horsebox arrived at geoff toft ' s yard at malton . according to toft , richardson had asked him to gallop a two - year - old for him . he had been told that it was a grey . andrew harrison , who rode the horse , confirmed toft ' s verdict that it was weak and backward and nowhere near ready for racing . the horse stayed at toft ' s until the day after the race - tuesday , march 30 - when the same driver arrived to take it away . the same day , the grey who had been taken from wiles on sunday was returned by boddy .\nhowever , mills said at the inquiry that had he been aware of all the information he would have been very hesitant about working coal in the low laithes area and that a considerable amount of doubt has been sown in his mind as to the flockton thin seam as a whole .\nken richardson - banned from racing , richardson turned to football , buying control of bridlington town and then doncaster rovers . colin mathison and peter boddy were ultimately installed as the sole directors of bridlington , while ken haran , richardson ' s friend who denied in court backing flockton grey for richardson , was made chairman at doncaster . in 1995 , the main stand at doncaster was burnt down . in 1999 , sheffield crown court heard that richardson had offered an ex - sas man \u00a310 , 000 to set fire to it . . . richardson , 61 , was given a four - year jail sentence .\n\u201cbye pit believed sunk to haigh moor seam at 141 yards deep and bored to silkstoone seam at 302 yards dep . flockton thin seam at 219 yards deep . \u201d it was in this form he signed the layout plan on august 4th 1971 and initiated its progress through the chain of planning responsibilities .\nat no time during the inquiry was any documentary information produced to show that workings existed in the flockton thin seam in the vicinity of south 9b face . the only plans of the area which were available were old estate plans , not certified and likely to be incomplete and unreliable . the information available , the efforts made by surveyors to find out all that they could about workings adjacent to south 9b district and the decisions which they reached are described in the following paragraphs .\non 8th october 1970 , in the course of his investigation to ensure that there was no danger from old workings , wood the colliery surveyor , made a visit to the mining records office at rawmarsh , near rotherham , to inspect abandonment plans . he inspected all available abandonment plans relative to the are of coal proposed to be worked by south 9b face and found no evidence of any workings in the flockton thin seam or of old shafts sunk below the haigh moor seam .\nmany old shafts have been completely filled with debris but are only filled above wooden platforms sited at a short distance below the surface . variations in the level of water table caused by the weather can have a considerable effect on the fill material , and in time , wooden platforms rot away . this could explain the subsidence at the bull pit in september 1972 . the flockton thin seam workings were 350 yards away at this time and would not affect the shaft or its filling .\nin reply to later questions he agreed that there were inconsistencies in the colouring of various boring and sinking sections and that he could not say with certainty where the sinking sections and the bore hole started . i find it significant however , that his impression on seeing the journal for the first time - this is , when he entered the witness box - was that the shaft was sunk to where the coloured detailed section commenced at the flockton thin seam at a horizontal depth of 218 yards .\ni find that seven men lost their lives as a result of the inrush of water at the face of south 9b district in the flockton thin seam . the conditions in the district following the incident were such that only one body could be recovered . access to the face was not possible but i am satisfied that the evidence given at the inquiry was sufficiently comprehensive to enable me to determine the causes and circumstances of the inrush . the names of the men who lost their lives in the accident are given later in this report .\nin young horses , teeth provide a remarkably accurate guide to a horse ' s age . john hickman , a veterinary surgeon , and douglas witherington , the jockey club ' s chief veterinary officer , examined blown - up photographs . they were agreed that , in racing terms , the winner was undoubtedly a three - year - old . thousands of naming forms and certificates were examined , in a search for a three - year - old grey with a scar on its off - fore leg . there were only three candidates . dick ` e ' bear and wednesday morning were quickly eliminated\u2026 that left good hand .\non the day of the race , monday , march 29 , 1982 , boddy drove a horse to leicester racecourse in richardson ' s horsebox . according to boddy , he had picked the horse up from wiles ' s yard the previous day as a favour , their horsebox having broken down . that sunday , he drove the horse to newmarket , along with another two - year - old grey from jubilee farm , which he had to deliver to pat haslam ' s yard . boddy arrived at haslam ' s pegasus stables between 6 . 30pm and 7 . 30pm . john hammond , now a leading trainer in france but then haslam ' s assistant , was there when the horsebox was opened .\ncoal was won from longwall advancing mechanised faces and the seams worked given in descending order were ; flockton thin \u2013 three working faces , eleven yards \u2013 one working face , beeston \u2013 two working faces . development was taking place in the blocking bed seam which lies between the eleven yards and beeston seams . very little water is pumped from the mine . the main make at lofthouse a and b ) shafts is from the old haigh moor workings and is between 160 and 230 gallons per minute dependent on the season . at wrenthorpe shafts there is a well shaft 63 ft deep , from which 33 to 55 gallons per minute are pumped dependent on seasonal variation . the make of water from the main shafts at wrenthorpe is only 15 gallons per minute pumped from the silkstone pit bottom .\nmembers of the jury , i am sure that you must have found in this case , as i have , that it is both curious and fascinating and you may have thought more than once , ` well , this would make a very good book , a very good detective story ' .\njudge harry bennett qc , york crown court , may 30 , 1984 .\nin 1979 , colin tinkler jnr had bought good hand as a foal for 600gns . a few months after arriving at tinkler ' s stable , good hand injured his leg on a gate . the injury left a prominent scar on the front of his off - fore leg below the knee . tinkler sold good hand to his brother nigel and , on july 22 , 1981 , the two - year - old made his debut in a selling race over five furlongs at catterick . backed from 5 - 1 to 2 - 1 favourite , good hand did well to finish third after missing the break . he was third again at thirsk later that month , and fourth at ripon in august .\nacting on ken richardson ' s behalf , his right - hand man colin mathison subsequently claimed good hand for \u00a33 , 100 , and sent him to jubilee farm . richardson was a yorkshireman with a self - made fortune founded on sacks and paper . his interest in horseracing was a gambling interest , and a highly successful one . richardson claimed that , during the late 1970s and early 1980s , he was winning between \u00a370 , 000 and \u00a390 , 000 a year .\nrichardson made it clear that the purpose of racing horses was to land gambles . in 1973 , lunness had a two - year - old filly called jubilee girl . he told richardson that jubilee girl might be good enough to win the brocklesby stakes at doncaster , the most valuable early - season two - year - old race . richardson preferred to run her in the seller . he had \u00a310 , 000 on jubilee girl , causing her price to tumble from 4 - 1 to 13 - 8 . she won by seven lengths , and later beat alexben , the winner of the brocklesby .\nat the beginning of december 1981 , the two - year - old good hand and the unnamed yearling by dragonara palace out of misippus , both greys , were at jubilee farm . according to richardson , he arranged for stephen wiles to take good hand away with a view to selling him . a busy man , richardson did not subsequently enquire about the horse and heard no more of good hand until after the leicester race . in the same month , again according to richardson , wiles bought the dragonara palace - misippus yearling . peter boddy , who often drove richardson ' s horsebox , delivered the yearling to wiles early in january 1982 .\nrichardson claimed to know nothing of the horse ' s subsequent movements . when he had asked boddy where he had taken the horse , boddy had replied that he had left it at wiles ' s yard , but both stephen and elaine wiles , and stephen pleasant , a stable lad , testified that no horse by the name of good hand , or like him , ever appeared at the stable after january 5 .\nboddy maintained that there were two horses in the box , one intended for haslam , the other for leicester , but hammond testified that there was only one , which he led out himself .\ni don ' t think i am wrong about this ,\nhe said .\nmy clear recollection is there was only one horse in this box when it arrived and that horse was delivered to us and then the box went away .\nboddy claimed that he had then driven to the nearby moat house hotel and parked the horsebox there overnight . if boddy was telling the truth , the winner of the leicester race spent about 22 hours standing in the horsebox .\nthe field was leased by sylvia jones , whose son , greg , worked for stan mellor . her husband , peter , occasionally rode in point - to - points . mrs jones stated that on march 25 , the thursday before the race , she had gone to the sales at malton , where she told several people that she was looking for a horse as a companion for a foal . subsequently , she was away from home for a few days and , when she returned , on the evening of wednesday , march 31 , her daughter romney told her that a man had phoned that afternoon and a horse had then arrived . jones assumed that someone had heard she was looking for a horse and had responded to her appeal . she did not think it strange that she had not heard from the horse ' s owner since .\njones subsequently contacted derek gardiner , the huntsman who looked after the hounds for the goathland hunt . she offered him \u00a3200 to shoot a horse . the offer made gardiner suspicious , and he told jones that he had run out of ammunition . jones denied having contacted gardiner , but when both gave evidence during an appeal hearing in 1986 , lord justice lane made it clear that he believed gardiner but not jones , whose evidence the judge described as\nincredible and untrue\n. the police found jones an unhelpful witness and , when richardson ' s trial approached , in 1984 , she disappeared .\nthe jury disagreed . by a 10 - 2 majority , they found all three defendants guilty . richardson was given a nine - month suspended and fined \u00a320 , 000 , with costs estimated at \u00a325 , 000 . mathison was fined \u00a33 , 000 while boddy escaped with a conditional discharge . richardson protested his innocence . in 1986 the court of appeal rejected his appeal and later that year the jockey club warned him off for 25 years , but he did not give up . in 1991 , richardson submitted a petition to the home secretary , kenneth baker , claiming that he was\nnow in a position to prove that the winning horse could not have been good hand\n.\nin 1995 , richardson obtained permission to apply for a judicial review of the home secretary ' s continued refusal to refer the case back to the court of appeal . finally , the home secretary , michael howard relented . in june 1995 he agreed to return the case to the court of appeal . the appeal was heard in december 1996 , when the crucial evidence was presented by dennis bellamy , and dr alfred linney , head of the medical graphics division at university college , london .\nthe passport generated by the naming exercise carried out on january 5 , 1982 showed a two - year - old gelding bearing the markings of the three - year - old good hand . it would have been bizarre for the conspirators to have presented this passport to racecourse officials , yet run a different three - year - old . two days after the race , good hand was delivered to a field leased by sylvia jones . less than eight months earlier , good hand was considered to have been worth \u00a33 , 100 . if the gelding was not the ringer , why would someone make an anonymous gift of him to a woman no - one acknowledged knowing ?\nwould make a great drama film . plot a bit complex for me though .\nhi felix , i always think that these ringer stories would make for a very good film . . . the only one i can think of that has been done was the gay future affair , my favourite i think would have to be the francasal one at bath races . just been reading about the\nking of the ringers\n, a guy named peter christian barrie aka paddy barrie . . . he was an excellent painter of horses , not so much in the style of sir alfred munnings but more a case of he painted the actual horse itself with henna dyes i . e . turning a chestnut into a bay etc ! best wishes burnsy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n2 . 1 the tables below specify the scale of weight for age for flat races for any horse which is bred in the northern hemisphere . 2 . 2 attention is drawn to the provisions of rule 29 . 2 .\n153 , entries , declarations and other race administration to be made through the racing calendar office .\nthe winner , returned at an sp of 10 - 1 , had been heavily backed , and the jockey club launched an investigation .\nin december 1982 , a reporter for the daily star received an anonymous telephone call , saying that the leicester winner was in a field near glaisdale , on the north yorkshire moors . the horse was identified as good hand .\nthe field was leased by sylvia jones , who claimed that a man had delivered the horse on march 31 . her explanation was that someone must have heard that she was looking for a horse as a companion for a foal . no - one had contacted her since . jones had offered derek gardiner , a local huntsman , pounds 200 to shoot the horse but gardiner refused .\nalthough the police failed to establish a link between jones and richardson , a link did exist through a friend of jones who had trained for richardson .\nrichardson received a ninemonth suspended sentence and a fine of pounds 20 , 000 , plus costs estimated at pounds 25 , 000 . two years later , he lost his appeal and the jockey club warned him off for 25 years .\nin 1991 , richardson submitted a petition calling for the case to be referred back to the court of appeal , on the ground that richardson could now prove that the winning horse was not good hand .\neventually , in 1995 , the home secretary agreed to another hearing , which took place in 1996 . after hearing conflicting expert evidence on the winner ' s identity , the appeal court judges dismissed the appeal .\nlord justice rose noted :\nthere was a very strong case indeed . . . not only that they had participated in a conspiracy to defraud , but also that the winner was good hand .\nrichardson was ordered to pay pounds 50 , 000 costs .\na tantalising question remains . who trained the ' ringer ' ? it wasn ' t wiles .\ncopyright 2008 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nyou probably never heard of the unreal performance , because , well , it wasn\u2019t real . instead of inspiring admiration , the winning margin awoke suspicion .\nthe police were involved immediately , and the official investigation showed the winning horse\u2019s teeth were far too developed to belong to a two - year old . further evidence was collected , and ken richardson was charged with conspiracy to defraud .\nrichardson was convicted in june of 1984 . in addition to the fine above , he was ordered to pay \u00a325 , 000 in costs and was hit with a ( suspended ) nine - month prison sentence . he was banned from the sport for 25 years .\ninterestingly , the jockey , kevin darley , remained above the fray . why ? well , because if he was in on the scam , he was a moron . had he known what was going on and that he was racing a superior / illegal horse , he\u2019d have pulled back on the reins and not allowed the horse to win by such a ludicrous margin .\nand if this absurd story wasn\u2019t already uncanny enough , consider richardson later became the chairman of bridlington town football club and conspired to burn down club facilities to reap an insurance windfall . he spent four years in jail .\nboredom spieth is not an alias . boredom spieth is a proud stetson - wearing texan , as you can see in his photo .\nwe use cookies to help our site work , to understand how it is used . by clicking \u201ci agree\u201d below , you agree to us doing so . you can read more in our cookie notice . or , if you do not agree , you can click\nprivacy preferences\nbelow to access other choices .\nhere you can control the cookies on the site by using the ' cookie settings ' . you can learn more about cookies in our cookie notice on the site .\n_ ga , _ gid , _ pk _ id . 4 . 4419 , ajs _ anonymous _ id , ajs _ group _ id , ajs _ user _ id ,\nenter the email address associated with your account and we ' ll email you a link to reset your password .\nthere ' s a big world out there without racing ,\ndermot browne said as he left the jockey club ' s headquarters yesterday , and now he has another 20 years to explore it .\nthe former jockey and trainer was\nwarned off\nuntil 2022 by the club ' s disciplinary committee after he admitted doping 23 horses in 1990 . but since browne , dubbed the\nneedle man\n, also claims to have passed information to the club naming several individuals who are still involved in the sport , it may be that racing has still not heard the last of him .\nbrowne has been accused of many things over the years , but a shortage of charm has never been one of them . as he spoke after yesterday ' s hearing , there were plenty of smiles mixed in with the expressions of regret . he could not have been further removed from the stereotype of a horse - doper , the grubby , shifty man with a woodbine and a syringe .\nbut that will be of little comfort to anyone who was , in effect , robbed by browne ' s actions during a seven - week doping spree in august and september 1990 .\nwhen they backed horses like bravefoot , last of five at 11 - 8 in the champagne stakes at doncaster , or hateel , third of four when 11 - 8 favourite for a race at glorious goodwood , browne and his syringe full of fast - acting sedative had already ensured that they could not win .\nhis other victims included argentum , in the group one nunthorpe stakes , the prolific and popular timeless times in a listed event at ripon , and three horses in one day at yarmouth .\nbrowne , who is 41 , was warned off for 10 years for a number of breaches of jockey club rules in october 1992 . yesterday ' s hearing , however , was the first time that he had been formally found guilty of doping offences , and beforehand there was a feeling that he was likely to be warned off for life .\nthe fact that his penalty was\nonly\n20 years may reflect his apparent willingness to assist the authorities with any further inquiries .\nit ' s more or less what i expected ,\nbrowne said .\ni came down here today to put an end to something that ' s been going on for some time .\nthere are a lot of things going on in racing , but there are a lot of very hardworking genuine people in racing as well . i got involved with some of the wrong ones . there ' s still some of them out there , they ' re still there racing now , and they ' re the ones i ' d like to see out of it as well . why don ' t they come out and admit what they ' ve done ? i ' ve left information here and i ' m sure they ' re going to take it on .\nbrowne has named the man who persuaded him to carry out the dopings as brian wright , a suspected drug - smuggler who is currently a fugitive from justice . other members of his gang are currently serving prison sentences .\ni cannot comment on specific situations referred to by dermot ,\njohn maxse , the jockey club ' s pr director , said ,\nbut we are grateful for information which would assist in investigations of breaches of the rules .\nbrowne clearly believes that more action is needed .\nif i didn ' t care about racing i wouldn ' t have come down here ,\nhe said .\npeople have said a lot of things about me , but the truth is out there and it ' s probably going to come and bite them soon .\n\u00b7 be employed in any racing stable . deal in any capacity with a racehorse , for example by selling or placing shares in a horse .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nwe are sorry , but the system was unable to process your request because your web browser did not behave as expected . cookies are required by this website in order to ensure a seamless user experience .\na group of punters behind a gambling coup on a 33 - 1 winner were last night facing the prospect of either talking to detectives from their local cid - or not being paid out .\nthe punters became a target for suspicion soon after jo n jack romped home at lingfield nine days ago leaving a number of bookmakers , particularly in the bradford area , decidedly less affluent . estimates of the winnings range from pounds 75 , 000 to double that .\nminutes after the 2 . 30 race , the betting office licencees ' association ( bola ) advised its members to withhold payment on all winning bets because of ' unusual betting patterns ' , centred on west yorkshire . bola allegations were then sent to the jockey club who , although finding that no rules of racing had been broken , passed certain information on to the police .\nwest yorkshire police have asked local radio stations and newspapers to inform the public of two bradford cid telephone numbers that jo n jack backers should ring . the punters are not exactly in hiding , but late yesterday afternoon , detective chief inspector raymond falconer of bradford cid told the independent : ' we haven ' t had a call , not one . '\nboth bola and the jockey club refused yesterday to divulge the nature of the information that has led to the police inquiry . however , it is understood that part of the basis for bola ' s concern is that most of the bets involved in the coup were ' on the nose ' , and not each - way as may have been expected for such an outsider .\nagain , most of the individual bets were for relatively small amounts , pounds 100 a time , up to a maximum of pounds 250 , with various bookies . they were placed only moments before the ' off ' , giving no time for bookmakers to use their common practice of laying off money at the course in order to shrink the odds .\nthere is , of course , nothing illegal in any of this and it appears punters were merely exploiting the system in a legitimate way . indeed , there has been no suggestion from bola that those who backed losers in the lingfield 2 . 30 should have their money returned .\nthere is concern in racing generally , including among the major bookmakers , that the issue has grown out of proportion and that bola ' s hard line , followed by police involvement , is bringing damaging publicity to the betting industry .\nthe club have also exonerated roger ingram , who trains the four - year - old at epsom , from any rule - breaking . ingram has consistently expressed astonishment at the controversy and insists he had only pounds 20 on his charge , the same bet he has on all his runners .\ndci falconer said yesterday : ' i would like the punters involved to contact us . we have an obligation to investigate a complaint and our intention is to find out if a crime has been committed . if some people have received a tip for a horse and made maximum use of the information and organised a betting coup , then that is not a criminal offence and the people involved would then be advised to contact their individual bookmakers .\n' but if it is established that this was a criminal enterprise then the matter will be vigorously pursued , ' falconer added . he declined to discuss what kind of criminal offence could be involved .\ntom kelly , director - general of bola , refused to divulge what information it has supplied . david pipe , spokesman for the jockey club , also refused to provide any details and said : ' we passed on to the police some of the information given to us by bola . it was information not directly connected with the race . it is bola ' s information , not ours . '\nfollowers of form may want to know that jo n jack comes under orders again today , in the 4 . 00 at beverley . but he is unlikely to start at 33 - 1 .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nwelcome , guest . please login or register . did you miss your activation email ?\nwelcome , guest . please login or register . did you miss your activation email ? july 09 , 2018 , 06 : 57 : 02 pm\nnever known that happen ( by accident ) before . was uncle ken involved again ? ?\nno masses o money made , the issue here was that the favourite came in second . the bookies have honoured the bets and made out 50k .\nthe bookies would rather a 50 / 1 chance win than a 4 / 6 . fair play to them for paying out on the favourite .\nbetting scams have almost as long a history as competitions they ' re attached to . here are the ten most notorious . . .\nbetting scams have almost as long a history as competitions they ' re attached to . here are the ten most notorious :\nhansie cronje : south african cronje , 32 , was banned for life for match fixing in 2000 . he bartered with a bemused nasser hussain to make a game of the rain - ruined centurion park test . his gesture to forfeit an innings was hailed as a pr masterstoke . but he was motivated by a backhander of # 5 , 000 and a leather jacket from a bookie . he died in 2002 in a plane crash .\nfixers : three malaysians fronted a far east illegal gambling syndicate . they targeted premiership football for a multi - million pound betting scam and were jailed for 12 years in 1999 . they were caught about to tamper with flood lights at charlton athletic .\nangel jacobs : in 1998 amateur jockey angel jacobs was unmasked as an ex - professional . got 10 - year world - wide ban for 21 rides he took .\ngay future : cartmel on august bank holiday monday 1974 . permit trainer anthony collins declared gay future to run in a novice hurdle . on the morning of the race , he was backed in doubles and trebles . but the other two horses were declared non - runners - in fact they had not even left for the courses . gay future won by 15 lengths at 10 - 1 .\nin the money : this horse won hatherleigh selling handicap hurdle at newton abbot in 1978 , by 20 lengths at a well - backed 8 - 1 . horse was cobbler ' s march , a five - time winner .\nfrancasal : horse ' s 10 - 1 win in the spa selling stakes at bath july 1953 was set up as a scam to make five men # 1million in bets . the conspirators replaced the moderate french horse francasal with a better horse called santa amaro . .\nfootball : in 1965 ex - england footballers tony kay and peter swan and their sheffield wednesday team - mate david layne were given life bans , jailed for four months and fined # 150 for match fixing . .\nrunning rein : lord george bentinck exposed that a four - year - old horse won the 1844 derby , a race for three - year - olds . the case was a landmark in the fight against corruption .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\none of the most famous horse racing betting scams of all involved trainer anthony collins and a horse named gay future . basically , collins plotted up a gamble on his charge for a race at cartmel on bank holiday monday . according to the form book , all of gay future ' s previous form had been moderate to say the least . however , it later transpired that collins had not run gay future in these races and had instead run a far worse horse in his place .\non the day of the cartmel race , with a string of apparently ordinary form figures by his name , gay future was sent off at 10 / 1 . collins and his syndicate protected the price of the horse by backing it in doubles and trebles with two other stablemates who were later withdrawn . in fact , they never even left the stable . all this meant that all the doubles and trebles turned into one big single bet on one of the day ' s easiest winners . gay future bolted up by 15 lengths and was returned at 10 / 1 . bookmakers became suspicious and the syndicate was later convicted of fraud and fined .\nin the money recorded an easy 20 length success in a weak selling race having been backed off the boards at big prices into 8 / 1 . it later turned out that in the money was actually a far better horse called cobbler ' s march who had already won five races before . trainer john bowles paid the price though as he was banned for 20 years ."]}
{"id": 1952, "summary": [{"text": "the genus sayornis is a small group of medium-sized insect-eating birds , known as phoebes , in the tyrant flycatcher family tyrannidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name sayornis is constructed from the specific part of charles lucien bonaparte 's name for say 's phoebe , muscicapa saya , and ancient greek ornis , \" bird \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the english phoebe is a name for the roman moon-goddess diana . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "phoebe ( bird )", "paragraphs": ["of the three phoebe species , the eastern phoebe\u2019s call most closely resembles its name .\nsome bird guides eschew words for more literal translations of a bird ' s song , but doing so ignores the point of mnemonic devices : aiding memory .\nthe eastern phoebe was the first bird to be banded in north america . in 1804 , john james audubon used a silver thread attached to its leg to note when the bird would return each year .\n@ parakeets : if the bird is capable of flight let it go . otherwise , small portions of ground beef ( you might have to force it into the bird\u2019s mouth until it learns to eat it ) until you can get the bird to a wildlife rehabilitater .\nin 1804 , the eastern phoebe became the first banded bird in north america . john james audubon attached silvered thread to an eastern phoebe ' s leg to track its return in successive years .\nanother\nfirst\n; the eastern phoebe was the first north american bird to be banded for study . john james audubon banded an individual with a silvered thread in 1804 , so he could document this bird ' s return the following spring .\nquestion : this seemingly unremarkable mystery bird is a remarkable\nfirst\nin north america . can you tell me about that\nfirst\n? this mystery bird will be challenging for you to identify from this image , but i think most of you can identify this bird ' s taxonomic family at least . can you identify this bird and tell me how to distinguish it from its family members ?\neastern phoebe , sayornis phoebe ( protonym , muscicapa [ ] phoebe ) , latham , 1790 , also known as the phoebe , as the bridge pewee or as the water pewee , photographed at white hall , virginia ( usa ) .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nresponse : this is an eastern phoebe , sayornis phoebe , the most common tyrant flycatcher ( family ; tyrannidae ) species that you ' ll see in the eastern united states . this migratory bird , which winters in central america , also pops up in western europe from time to time , giving the local birders a thrill .\nwhite breasted nuthatch , black phoebe and titmouse interacting at the birdbath at las pilitas nursery .\nsay\u2019s phoebe ( sayornis saya ) is the most colorful of the phoebes , gray above but a smart buffy orange below . it\u2019s also the hardiest , breeding as far north as the alaskan arctic , much further north , in fact , than any other flycatcher . looking at its range map , this phoebe seems to have split the u . s . with its eastern cousin . say\u2019s phoebe is named for the noted american naturalist , thomas say , who provided the first official descriptions of this bird and a number of other western species . one might find it ironic that say , considered the founder of descriptive entomology in the united states , has a bird named for him , but the fact that say\u2019s phoebe is a flycatcher seems rather poetic .\nmike is a leading authority in the field of standardized test preparation , but he ' s also a traveler who fully expects to see every bird in the world . besides founding 10 , 000 birds , mike has also created a number of other entertaining but now extirpated nature blog resources , particularly the nature blog network and i and the bird .\nthe black phoebe ( sayornis nigricans ) won\u2019t be mistaken for any other bird ; nothing else that size shows such dark plumage with a white belly to contrast . this phoebe is a fixture in the american southwest and central america and can be spotted all the way down to argentina . black phoebes eat bugs with the same gusto as any other flycatcher , but will also go after tiny fish .\nthe black phoebe hawks insects , usually over water or near water . it will occasionally eat small fish .\nthe black phoebe does not migrate . however , they will move around a little in spring and fall .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nwhen the word \u201cphoebe\u201d comes up , most people automatically think of things like the outermost of saturn\u2019s known satellites , the greek titan - goddess of the moon , or the most fascinating and complex character from that happily departed sitcom , friends . anyone who has gone bird watching in north america , however , knows another kind of phoebe , a bold little genus that turns up with remarkable frequency from the arctic circle to the equator .\nthe eastern phoebe is a rather dull phoebe found in the east and across central canada . it frequently nests under eaves , bridges , or other overhangs on human - made structures . the eastern phoebe is most easily separated from other dull flycatchers by its characteristic habit of dipping its tail in a circular motion . monotypic . length 4 . 5\n.\ni haven\u2019t heard that before , rick , but can absolutely see why . vermilion phoebe isn\u2019t quite as catchy though !\nthanks , corey . as a matter of fact , i have seen a bird flying under the deck today , which is where the nest is , so mom & dad may be thinking about that second brood . couldn\u2019t tell if it was a phoebe , but i\u2019ll be on the lookout . we need them for bug control !\na few other exceptions to this color scheme are the frosty plumage of the scissor - tailed flycatcher highlighted by salmon pink underwings , the orangish coloration of the say\u2019s phoebe , and the black and white plumages of the eastern kingbird and black phoebe .\nthere\u2019s a good case to be made that vermilion flycatcher is also a \u201cphoebe , \u201d even though it\u2019s not a sayornis .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\nthe sharp whistled call of the black phoebe is a typical sound along creeks and ponds in the southwest . the birder who explores such areas is likely to see the bird perched low over the water , slowly wagging its tail , then darting out in rapid flight to snap up an insect just above the water ' s surface . related to the familiar eastern phoebe of eastern north america , this species has a much wider range , living along streams from california to argentina .\nthe black phoebe builds a nest out of mud . this mud nest is placed on a cliff , bridge , or building .\neastern phoebes made ornithological history in 1804 when john james audubon tied silver thread on the legs of nestlings - the first north american experiment in bird banding . the next year he found two of his marked birds nesting nearby .\nweeks jr . , harmon p . 2011 . eastern phoebe ( sayornis phoebe ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe black phoebe needs a source of water . if there is water near your home you may be able to attract the black phoebe by planting appropriate plant material . they like trees , especially cottonwoods , for nesting and cover as well as a perch for hunting .\ndiet : black phoebe is mainly insectivorous . some birds are well adapted to capturing small fish . it may sometimes eat small berries .\nunlike most songbirds who must hear other birds to hone their vocalizations , an eastern phoebe raised in isolation will still sing a perfect song .\nthe eastern phoebe ( sayornis phoebe ) is common everywhere in the u . s . that might even vaguely be considered the east , and other parts besides . this bird is almost certainly the most common flycatcher within its range . it is also one of the most recognizable with its rounded head and telltale tail pump . bigger than an empidonax flycatcher and smaller than a myiarchus , the eastern phoebe is usually only mistaken for a pewee , and even that becomes unlikely with experience . this phoebe of phoebes is considered a loner as far as its own kind is concerned , but doesn\u2019t appear to mind human presence . in fact , this is one species that seems to thrive in the face of rampant development . because eastern phoebes are early migrants , they serve as a sweet harbinger of spring .\nthe eastern phoebe has a large range , estimated globally at 6 , 200 , 000 square kilometers . it is native to the nations of north america as well as belize , bahamas , cuba , and turks and caicos islands and prefers forest and shrubland ecosystems . the global population of this bird is estimated to be 16 , 000 , 000 individuals and it does not appear to meet population decline criteria that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . the current evaluation status of the eastern phoebe is least concern .\nhi heather , thanks for the information , it is much appreciated . my bird\u2019s name is cheerio and he is about 2 week\u2019s old now and he has almost all his feathers , he is a eastern phoebe , and i have had him for a week now . oh , and i was wondering about the ground beef , is there any special brand i need to get ?\ni was watching a chickadee create a nest when i heard the phoebe calling . i have seen them very often , but never heard them !\nthe black phoebe is found west of the sierra nevada range below 4000ft . there is also a small pocket of summer residents in inyo county .\nblack phoebe responds with alarm calls and flights to birds of prey and corvidae which threaten nests . it may swoop down at terrestrial predators and snap bill .\nnest under eve with four phoebe babies and babies died in nest fully feathered looking ready to fly . parent keeps coming to site , what would cause ?\nthe oldest known eastern phoebe was at least 10 years , 4 months old . it had been banded in iowa in 1979 , and was found in 1989 in alberta .\nscientific name : sayornis phoebe . family : flycatcher . length : 7 inches . wingspan : 10 - 1 / 2 inches . distinctive markings : white throat , long dark tail and a dark head . nest : mud and moss , lined with grasses , hair and feathers , under a bridge , deck or in a cave entrance ; holds two to six white eggs . voice : calls its name in rapid successions , \u201cphoebe , phoebe , phoebe . \u201d also , clear , whistled \u201cweew\u201d or \u201ctiboo . \u201d habitat : near water , woods with streams , farmyards and along wooded country roads with bridges crossing streams . diet : insects . backyard favorites : native plants to attract bugs .\nhi , just found few day old phoebe\u2019s . i\u2019m trying to get bugs into their tiny mouths \u2013 much more difficult than you\u2019d think . any suggestions ? can i feed them worms ?\nhi natalie , i just finished hand feeding 6 baby phoebes and i used kaytee exact hand feeding formula . you should be able to find it at any of your local pet supply stores , i just recently bought a container of it at petco . kaytee exact has all of the protein and nutrients that any baby bird needs . i am not sure how old your baby is but i use a small plastic syringe for feeding . good luck to you and your baby phoebe , let me know how it goes . heather : )\nrange : black phoebe breeds along pacific coasts , from southern oregon to central america into south america . it winters in most of breeding range , but northern populations may winter along gulf of california .\n@ renee : i would suggest contacting a wildlife rehabilitator : if you google search you should be able to find one near you . i imagine that if you can\u2019t get bugs into their mouths that chunks of earthworms can substitute until you can get the bird to a person who knows what they are about when it comes to raising birds .\nthe black phoebe is found in plant communities associated with water . they are almost always close to a water source . ( sometimes this water source can just be a lawn ) . they especially like cottonwoods\nwe have had the pleasure of having a black phoebe visit us every day for about the last two months . we have been feeding him mill worms . he will get very close , within 4 feet of us . he now calls us when we are indoors . on several occasions he has followed us to other friends homes . ( over 30 miles away ) our friends and relatives can not believe this is true , but we know it is . we feel very fortunate . he is a beautiful bird . please let me know if you have heard of this happening to others .\nthe use of buildings and bridges for nest sites has allowed the eastern phoebe to tolerate the landscape changes made by humans and even expand its range . however , it still uses natural nest sites when they are available .\nblack phoebe usually initiates flight from low perch after located prey , and it will pursue it until capture , in short and direct flight . it sallies from perch and hawks prey from the air , or gleans it from the ground or the water surface of a pond . it may skim floating insects on water . black phoebe rarely moves on ground , preferring to fly . it may occasionally land on ground near prey , and hop for capturing it .\nto give you an idea of their foraging behaviour , here ' s a brief video of an eastern phoebe hawking insects ( filmed at north carolina museum of life and science , durham , nc . uploaded 9 may 2008 ) :\nflight : black phoebe has direct flight with steady wing beats . it may hover while gleaning prey from various places , or within clouds of flying insects . it can perform some acrobatic flights with zigzags and spirals during flight displays .\nhello , i am raising a baby phoebe . i have been feeding him soaked dog food and fly\u2019s , but this morning he is not doing well . what do i feed him ? i have raised meney birds with the same thing .\nthe eastern phoebe\u2019s eponymous song is one of the first indications that spring is returning . it\u2019s also a great way to find phoebes as they go about their business in quiet wooded neighborhoods . just don\u2019t mistake the black - capped chickadee\u2019s sweet , whistled \u201cfee - bee\u201d call ; the phoebe\u2019s is much quicker and raspier . during early summer , a great way to find phoebes is to quietly explore around old buildings and bridges . look carefully under eaves and overhangs and you may see a nest .\ndespite its unobtrusive behavior and drab coloration , the eastern phoebe is a familiar bird to those who live within its range . its tendency to nest on human dwellings and under bridges has endeared it to many and earned it the common names of\nbridge pewee\nand\nbarn pewee\nin 19th century north america . indeed , this flycatcher ' s use of bridges has evidently been a key element in the spread of its breeding range into the great plains and the southeastern united states . unlike the barn swallow ( hirundo rustica ) , however , it has not totally abandoned its original nest sites and continues to nest on rock outcrops and other natural niches when available .\nmembers of the tyrannidae occur in most types of forested and non - forest habitats in north america except for the tundra . some species such as the willow flycatcher and black phoebe are associated with wetland habitats , others like the olive - sided and hammond\u2019s flycatchers need coniferous forests , and other species such as the cassin\u2019s kingbird and say\u2019s phoebe , occur in grasslands . related species often replace each other in different habitats or regions such as in the case of the eastern and western wood - peewees .\nan eastern phoebe has just built her nest around a ten penny nail on my front porch . it just happens to be right over the step down into the yard . it took me a couple of days to determine the kind of bird she was since i am not very well educated about the different kinds of birds in my area . i was worried about where she built the nest , but my coming and going hasn\u2019t seemed to deter her at all . she started spending the night in the nest even before she finished it completely . if i go out at night , she raises her head and watches me . i hope she continues to be tolerant of me .\nsauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966\u20132015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .\ncall : typical call is a sharp tsip , similar to the black phoebe \u2019s . song : distinctive , rough whistled song consists of 2 phrases : schree - dip followed by a falling schree - brrr ; sometimes strung together one after the other .\nheather . if the birds still need to be cared for and you know where the parents are , leave the nest there . the parents are not at all put off by the scent of humans , but they probably won\u2019t approach the birds in your presence . if you\u2019re going to try to feed them , consider corey\u2019s suggestion above of ground beef . you should also consider contacting your local bird rehabilitation center for more information . good luck !\nyes heather , cheerio is doing much better , he is learning to sit on my finger now and is eating like crazy , i started feeding him a different kind of dog food , so that could have made the difference . have you raised any other birds , i have raised , a starling , and some kind of sparrow ( we never knew what he was ) and a few others , and now cheerio . i could send you some photos of them if you want . if so my email is backonthetrail @ urltoken i wold love to send you some photos of my last bird ( he was a phoebe to ) he was crippled but he was special . i would love to keep in touch .\none of our most familiar eastern flycatchers , the eastern phoebe\u2019s raspy \u201cphoebe\u201d call is a frequent sound around yards and farms in spring and summer . these brown - and - white songbirds sit upright and wag their tails from prominent , low perches . they typically place their mud - and - grass nests in protected nooks on bridges , barns , and houses , which adds to the species\u2019 familiarity to humans . hardy birds , eastern phoebes winter farther north than most other flycatchers and are one of the earliest returning migrants in spring .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto black phoebe\u2019s most common call is a \u201ctsip\u201d used all year round during flights , when foraging , or against nest predators . it is a sharp sound , more plaintive than eastern phoebe\u2019s call . we can also hear a loud \u201ctseee\u201d . song is a four syllable sound , a rising \u201cpee - wee\u201d followed by other descending \u201cpee - wee\u201d . also a bright \u201cpidl - eee\u201d or \u201cpi - ts - lee\u201d repeated several times . chatter vocalizations are used when male approaches female and during sexual behaviour .\nthe eastern phoebe is a loner , rarely coming in contact with other phoebes . even members of a mated pair do not spend much time together . they may roost together early in pair formation , but even during egg laying the female frequently chases the male away from her .\nflying insects make up the majority of the eastern phoebe\u2019s diet . common prey include wasps , beetles , dragonflies , butterflies and moths , flies , midges , and cicadas ; they also eat spiders , ticks , and millipedes , as well as occasional small fruits or seeds . back to top\njust curious\u2026we just had our annual phoebe visitation . they raised 3 chicks , and left today or yesterday . where do they go ? are they in the neighborhood , teaching the young ones how to hunt ? or have they moved on to a summer home ? thanks , michael in maine\neastern phoebe : breeds in eastern north america , although its normal range does not include the southeastern coastal united states . migratory , winters from the ohio river to the gulf coast . very rare vagrant to western europe . preferred habitats include open woodland , farmland and suburbs , often near water .\npewees are darker and they have longer wings , but they are most easily separated from phoebes by the phoebes\u2019 distinctive tail wagging . empidonax flycatchers have eye rings and wing bars , which are absent in the eastern phoebe . an empidonax flycatcher flicks its tail upward ; only the gray flycatcher dips its tail downward .\nhabitat : black phoebe favourite habitats are coastal cliffs , river banks , shorelines of lakes and ponds , creeks and streams , fountains in parks . it can be found from sea level to 3 , 000 metres of elevation . this species is associated with water , accompanied by source of mud required for nest construction .\nbehaviour : black phoebe sits and waits on exposed perches , waiting for preys . it takes prey in open areas and from air . it forages over grasslands , water , roads , gardens and parks . during breeding season , mates forage separately , male in open areas , and female inside and at canopy edge .\nthis phoebe is one of the earliest migrants to nest in the northern united states and southern canada , with pairs forming and building nests in late march in the southern reaches of its breeding range . a monogamous and typically double - brooded species , individuals usually keep the same mate for both broods . the unique character and scarcity of this phoebe ' s nest sites promotes strong site - attachment , so that the same pair occasionally occupies the same site in successive years\u00bfa fact first documented by john james audubon in 1804 when he tied a small circle of silver thread to the legs of nestling phoebes and then documented their return in successive years .\nmost eastern phoebes winter in the southeastern united states , although some winter as far north as the lower midwest and as far south as mexico . severe winters in the southern united states may cause periodic population crashes of this species . although strongly insectivorous , this phoebe can subsist on fruits when cold , windy weather makes insects scarce .\nbecause of its intimate association with humans and their edifices , there is a long history of anecdotal accounts and observational notes for the eastern phoebe . however , there is also a plethora of scientific studies , many focusing on aspects of reproductive biology and behavior . the earliest major work is that of klaas ( 1970 ) , in kansas , which is at the western limit of this phoebe ' s distribution ; yet other major works have followed in kansas , specifically those of murphy ( 1994 ) and schukman ( 1974 ) . weeks ( 1978 , 1979 ) conducted long - term studies in indiana ; conrad and robertson ( 1993a , b ) examined reproductive behavior in ontario , as did hill and gates ( 1988 ) in west virginia .\ndespite its plain appearance , this flycatcher is often a favorite among eastern birdwatchers . it is among the earliest of migrants , bringing hope that spring is at hand . seemingly quite tame , it often nests around buildings and bridges where it is easily observed . best of all , its gentle tail - wagging habit and soft fee - bee song make the phoebe easy to identify , unlike many flycatchers .\neastern phoebes are occasional , sometimes frequent , hosts , of the brown - headed cowbird ; that fact , coupled with the easy availability of nests , has led to several major investigations of cowbird / phoebe associations , beginning with klaas ( 1975 ) in kansas and followed by rothstein ( 1975 , 1986 ) in connecticut and michigan , and most recently hauber ( 2001 , 2003a , 2006 ) in new york .\nhello , i accidently ended up with a nest full of baby black phoebes . there are six of them and i would say they are maybe a day to 2 days old . i tried putting the nest up high where it was originally but the parents never approached the babies again , so i started feeding them . i have baby bird food that i feed my baby cockatiels . now i am finding out that they are insect eaters , what do i do now ? what do i feed them an how do i care for them ? ? incubator ? ? do you think the parents would of eventually come around and fed them ? please , any info will be very much appreciated ! thank you , heather : )\nthis soft - voiced flycatcher of the west is like the other two phoebes in its tail - wagging habit ; but unlike them , it often lives in very dry country , far from water . it is typical of prairies , badlands , and ranch country , often placing its nest under the eaves of a porch or barn . in open terrain where there are few high perches , say ' s phoebe may watch for insects in the grass by hovering low over the fields .\ni am so excited to have mr & mrs phoebe in my yard . we had a pond / waterfall put in last year and they have been visiting us since . and i think they like it because they have built a nest . up under an eave and hidden from all . made of mud and grass . i think she recently layed her eggs . i be keeping my eyes out for those little guys when they get here . and i think they are territorial because they chase other birds away from the pond . they think it\u2019s theres alone . funny birds to enjoy in the backyard .\ndescription : black phoebe is a small black and white flycatcher . adult has black upperparts , head and breast . belly and vent are white . wings show paler feathers\u2019 edges . head , breast and upper back are rather sooty black . lower back , wings and tail are brownish slate . white colour on belly form an inverted v . dark tail shows white outer edges of external coverts . thin , pointed bill is black . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are black . male and female show the same plumage , but during breeding season , male has cloacal protuberance and female has brood patch .\na black phoebe began visiting and perching on a chair near the pool several months ago . it seems to like hearing my voice , so i greet it each time it calls to me . it hasn\u2019t followed us that i know of , but we were away for 5 days last week and when i put the kitchen blind up the morning after returning he came fluttering very close to the window in a more excited manner than usual . today , i heard him chirping and there he was perched very close to the window with a moth fluttering in his beak . almost as if he wanted to show me his catch .\nthus best known aspects of this species ' life history are reproduction ( especially clutch size ) , nesting success , and impacts of nest parasitism . additionally , aspects of nestling growth ( stoner 1959 , mahan 1964 , murphy 1981 ) and behavioral displays and songs ( smith 1969 , 1970 ) are well described . in contrast , except for the work of beal ( 1912 ) and via ( 1979 ) , we know relatively little of the eastern phoebe ' s food habits and only a modicum about its energy budgets , relationships , and trade - offs . recently , substantial dna work has been done ( beheler 2001 ) , studies that have documented considerable extra - pair paternity and polygyny in this socially monogamous species .\nreproduction : black phoebe female selects nest - site . nest is situated above water , and above high - water mark . nests situated above the ground are higher than others . nest may be found in dirt ledges along streams , sheltered places on large rocks over water , or in tree under broken branch , walls\u2026 female throws mud pellets onto vertical surface , in order to form a line , horizontal or upwards arc . then , she builds an open cup cemented with mud to a wall or other support . mud is mixed with grass , dry vegetation or hair . interior is lined with woven plant fibres , feathers and hair . it is usually situated under a ceiling , in a sheltered place , such crevices , ledges\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwelcome to oed online . if you or your library subscribes , dive straight in to the riches of the english language . if not , click on the images below to learn more about the oed , see what ' s new , or take a look at aspects of english , our language feature section .\nthis year sees the 90th anniversary of the publication of the completed first edition of the oxford english dictionary . find out more about our birthday celebrations >\nwhich english words are used where you are ? help us add more regional words to the dictionary . submit your word >\nwhat ' s new : more than 900 new words , senses , and subentries have been added to the oxford english dictionary in our latest update , including binge - watch , impostor syndrome , and silent generation . find out more >\nnew article : coinciding with the 90th anniversary of the publication of the house at pooh corner , several words from winnie - the - pooh have been added to the oed in this update . read more >\nonline access to the full oed , and now incorporating the historical thesaurus of the oed .\nany of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .\nconsider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on our attract birds pages . you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size on our all about birdhouses site .\nunlike most birds , eastern phoebes often reuse nests in subsequent years\u2014and sometimes barn swallows use them in between . in turn , eastern phoebes may renovate and use old american robin or barn swallow nests themselves .\neastern phoebes breed in wooded areas ( particularly near water sources ) that provide nesting sites\u2014typically human - built structures such as eaves of buildings , overhanging decks , bridges , and culverts . before these sites were common , phoebes nested on bare rock outcrops and still do occasionally . they seem to choose nest sites with woody understory vegetation nearby , possibly to make the nest site less visible or to provide perches near the nest for the adult . on migration they use wooded habitats and show somewhat less of an association with water . during winter , eastern phoebes occur in deciduous woods , more often near woodland edges and openings than in unbroken forests . back to top\neastern phoebes build nests in niches or under overhangs , where the young will be protected from the elements and fairly safe from predators . they avoid damp crevices and seem to prefer the nests to be close to the roof of whatever alcove they have chosen . nests are typically less than 15 feet from the ground ( in a few cases they have been built below ground level , in a well or cistern ) .\nonly the female builds the nest , often while the male accompanies her . she constructs the nest from mud , moss , and leaves mixed with grass stems and animal hair . the nest may be placed on a firm foundation or it may adhere to a vertical wall using a surface irregularity as a partial foundation . the female may at first need to hover in place while she adds enough of a mud base to perch on . nests can take 5\u201314 days to build and are about 5 inches across when finished . the nest cup is 2 . 5 inches across and 2 inches deep . unlike most birds , nests are often reused in subsequent years\u2014and sometimes used by barn swallows in some years .\neastern phoebes sit alertly on low perches , often twitching their tails as they look out for flying insects . when they spot one , they abruptly leave their perch on quick wingbeats , and chase down their prey in a quick sally\u2014often returning to the same or a nearby perch . less often , they hover to pick insects or seeds from foliage . phoebes rarely occur in groups , and even mated pairs spend little time together . males sing their two - parted , raspy song throughout the spring and aggressively defend their territory from others of their eastern phoebes , though they tolerate other species . both sexes , but particularly the female , attempt to defend the nest against such predators as snakes , jays , crows , chipmunks , mice , and house wrens . back to top\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\npopulation probably increased as buildings and bridges provided many more potential nesting sites . current numbers are apparently stable .\nstreamsides , farms , woodland edges . in breeding season , typically found near water in woodland or semi - open country . may be limited mostly by availability of good nest sites , which are often along streams . in migration and winter , found around edges of woods , brushy areas , often near water .\nforages by watching from a perch and flying out to catch insects . most are caught in mid - air , some are taken from foliage while hovering briefly . also drops to the ground to pick up insects there . perches in shrubs or trees to eat berries .\n4 - 5 , sometimes 2 - 6 . white , sometimes with a few dots of reddish brown . incubation is by female only , about 16 days . young : both parents bring food for nestlings . young usually leave nest about 16 days after hatching . adults typically raise 2 broods per year .\nboth parents bring food for nestlings . young usually leave nest about 16 days after hatching . adults typically raise 2 broods per year .\nmostly insects , some berries . insects make up great majority of summer diet ; included are many small wasps , bees , beetles , flies , true bugs , grasshoppers , and others . also eats some spiders , ticks , and millipedes . small fruits and berries are eaten often during the cooler months , and are probably an important part of the winter diet .\nmale defends nesting territory by singing , especially at dawn . occasionally one male may have two mates , and may help to feed the young in two nests at once . nest : original sites were probably always on vertical streambanks or small rock outcrops in the woods , with a niche providing support below and some shelter above . now often builds nest under bridges , in barns , in culverts , or in other artificial sites . same site may be used repeatedly , and may build on top of old nest . nest ( built by female ) is an open cup with a solid base of mud , built up with moss , leaves , and grass , lined with fine grass and animal hair .\nmigrates quite early in spring and late in fall , especially compared to other flycatchers .\nclear phoe - be , repeated many times ; the second syllable is alternately higher or lower than the first . call note a distinctive , short chip .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nthanks to audubon vermont and others , the already green state is becoming even more proactive about preventing forest fragmentation .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\nnumbers apparently stable , possibly increasing in some areas where artificial ponds have added to nesting habitat .\nshady streams , walled canyons , farmyards , towns ; near water . occurs in a variety of semi - open habitats . rarely found away from vicinity of water , which may be natural streams or ponds , or irrigation ditches or even water troughs ; water ensures the availability of mud for nests .\nforages by watching from a perch and darting out to catch insects , often just above water . catches insects in mid - air , or may hover while picking them from foliage or sometimes from water ' s surface . may also take insects from the ground , especially in cool weather . indigestible parts of insects are coughed up as pellets . male and female maintain separate feeding territories in winter .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 6 . white ; some ( thought to be the last laid ) may have reddish - brown dots . incubation is by female only , 15 - 17 days . young : fed by both parents . may leave nest 2 - 3 weeks after hatching . usually 2 broods per year , rarely 3 .\nfed by both parents . may leave nest 2 - 3 weeks after hatching . usually 2 broods per year , rarely 3 .\nalmost entirely insects . feeds on a wide variety of insects including beetles , grasshoppers , crickets , wild bees , wasps , flies , moths , caterpillars . occasionally eats small fish .\nin courtship , male performs song - flight display , fluttering in the air with rapidly repeated calls , then descending slowly . nest : mud nests are usually plastered to sheltered spot such as cliff face , bridge support , culvert , or under eaves of building . occasionally in well a few feet below ground level . often returns to same nesting site year after year . nest ( probably built by female ) is an open cup , semi - circular if attached to vertical wall , circular if placed on flat beam . nest is made of mud mixed with grass and weeds , lined with soft materials such as plant fibers , rootlets , hair .\nmostly a permanent resident , but departs in fall from highest elevations and from northern edge of range in southwest .\nsong is a thin , buzzy pi - tsee , usually repeated . call is a sharp , down - slurred chip .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\n' s tweets and complete profile . click the\nfollow\nbutton to send a follow request .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsurprise ! i decided to give all of you a may day present ! fruit & flower enamel mugs are going to be available for pre - order tomorrow at 9am pst ! check my shop when the time comes : urltoken ! they will ship on / after may 12th .\nimage : pete myers , 2 march 2009 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d300 80 - 400mm f / 4 . 5 - 5 . 6 nikkor iso 320 focal length 400mm 1 / 500 at f / 6 . 3\neastern phoebes are consistently amongst the first migratory birds to arrive in the northeastern usa - - i ' ve seen them in central park in new york city in late march , which is at least three weeks before the first wave of neotropical migrants begins to arrive . they also are amongst the last migrants to leave in autumn .\neastern phoebes are fairly tolerant of humans and their structures , hence their alternative common names . this trait has probably contributed to the increase in this species ' population and range since historic times . however , these birds are not very tolerant of each other , and tend to spend most of their time alone , even when breeding .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nby downloading this nest box plan you will be subscribed to the cornell lab of ornithology and nestwatch enewsletters . you will receive a confirmation email with a link to complete subscription .\nthis species is in decline in certain regions . you can put up a nest box to help if you live in the right region and habitat .\nplace the platform close to overhead cover ( e . g . , overhangs , ledges ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 cornell university cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods rd ithaca , ny 14850 tel : 800 . 843 . 2473\nadapts well to changes in landscape , often nesting in residential areas . numbers apparently stable .\nscrub , canyons , ranches . found in open or semi - open terrain , often in dry country , avoiding forested areas . often in farmland , savannah , or prairie in south , dry upland tundra in northern part of range . unlike the other two phoebes , has no special attachment to vicinity of water .\nforages by perching on low shrub or rock and darting out to capture insects . may catch its food in mid - air , or take it from low foliage or from ground . also often hovers low over fields until prey is spotted , then drops to ground to capture it . indigestible parts of insects are coughed up as pellets .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 7 . white ; some ( thought to be the last laid ) may have small brown or reddish spots . incubation is by female only , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents bring food to nestlings . young leave nest about 14 - 16 days after hatching . 1 - 2 broods per year , sometimes 3 in the south .\nboth parents bring food to nestlings . young leave nest about 14 - 16 days after hatching . 1 - 2 broods per year , sometimes 3 in the south .\nalmost entirely insects . often feeds heavily on wild bees , wasps , winged ants . other insects in diet include beetles , moths , grasshoppers , crickets , and dragonflies . also eats spiders and millipedes , and occasionally eats berries .\nmales are thought to arrive on breeding grounds before females . male sings to defend nesting territory , usually from exposed perch , sometimes in flight - song display . nest site varies : on rocky ledge or crevices in cliffs or caves , in wells or mine shafts , under bridges or eaves ; occasionally in natural tree cavity or hole in bank . may take over old swallow nest . nest ( probably built by female , but details not well known ) is a flat open cup made of grass , weeds , moss , spiderwebs , wool , and other materials . unlike other phoebes , usually uses no mud in nest .\nmigrates north relatively early in spring . occasionally strays to atlantic coast ( once even to bermuda ) , mostly in fall .\nthe eastern is brownish gray above ; darkest on head , wings , and tail . its underparts are mostly white , with pale olive wash on sides and breast . fresh fall adult easterns are washed with yellow , especially on the belly . molt occurs on the breeding grounds . juvenile : plumage is briefly held and similar to the adult\u2019s but browner , with 2 cinnamon wing bars and cinnamon tips to the feathers on the upperparts .\ncommon . breeding : woodlands , farmlands , parks and suburbs ; often near water . migration : breeders return to the midwest mid - march\u2013late april and depart late september\u2013early october . rare in fall and winter to california . vagrant : casual west of the rocky mountains and northwestern great plains . accidental to southern yukon and northern alaska ; sight record for england .\nbill , legs , and feet are black . feeds on insects , small fish , berries and fruit . weak fluttering bouyant flight .\nsong is a raspy\nfee - bee\nor\nfee - b - b - bee\n.\na group of flycatchers has many collective nouns , including an\noutfield\n,\nswatting\n,\nzapper\n, and\nzipper\nof flycatchers .\nthe passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) , a large taxonomic order that includes antbirds , cotingas , and flycatchers , is composed of one hundred eighteen families of birds .\nthe tyrannidae ( pronounced tie - ran - uh - dee ) , or tyrant flycatchers , is a very large , successful family of four hundred and twenty - four species in one hundred genera only found in the americas .\nin north america , one hundred forty - seven species of tyrant flycatchers in fifty - eight genera have occurred . these include the brilliant vermillion flycatcher , the sassy kingbirds , and the bridge - loving phoebes .\nsome tyrant flycatchers are known for their bold , aggressive behavior , this family often called the tyrant flycatchers for this reason . the eastern kingbird in particular , seems to go out of its way to chase much larger birds ( such as turkey vultures ) away from its territory .\nsmall to medium in size , tyrant flycatchers have stocky heads with medium sized beaks , tails that vary in length , and long wings . they also have short legs suited to their arboreal lifestyles .\ntyrant flycatchers do not nest in colonies and mostly forage in pairs or alone although the eastern kingbird forms flocks during migration and on its wintering grounds in amazonia . most north american flycatchers share a similar foraging strategy that often varies by niche and prey item . this foraging strategy involves watching for insects from a perch , sallying out to catch one with a snap of the beak , and returning to the perch to eat it .\nmost tyrant flycatcher species have stable populations in north america . the olive - sided flycatcher , though , has sharply declined throughout its range possibly due to habitat destruction on its wintering grounds and has been listed as near - threatened ."]}
{"id": 1953, "summary": [{"text": "phanaeus changdiazi is a species of beetle found in panama and costa rica .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is named after franklin chang-d\u00edaz , a costa rican-american physicist and former nasa astronaut . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "phanaeus changdiazi", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about phanaeus changdiazi ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for phanaeus changdiazi ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n& pull ; 20q v5 . 145 20180528 : error 500 can ' t connect to 216 . 73 . 243 . 70 : 80 http : / / 216 . 73 . 243 . 70 / scarabnet / fmpro ? - db = species . snc & - format = description . htm & - lay = web & searchname ; = phanaeus % 20changdiazi & - find =\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall pictures and content \u00a9 philippe bourdon | log in | site map | rss 2 . 0 | designed and powered by webshake\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 19 )\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1955, "summary": [{"text": "clibanarius digueti is a species of hermit crab that lives off the western coast of mexico , and is abundant in the gulf of california .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is known under various common names such as the mexican hermit crab , the blue-eyed spotted hermit or the gulf of california hermit crab . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "clibanarius digueti", "paragraphs": ["clibanarius digueti , a mexican hermit crab , aka the blue - eyed spotted hermit . to less than an inch in length .\nkey words : hermit crabs , clustering behavior , clibanarius antillensis , shell utilization .\npalavras - chave : caranguejos ermit\u00f5es , comportamento de agrupamento , clibanarius antillensis , utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de concha .\nharvey aw ( 1988 ) size and sex - related aspects of the ecology of the hermit crab clibanarius digueti bouvier ( decapoda : anomura : diogenidae ) . ph . d dissertation , university of arizona .\nduring interspecific foraging bouts in the presence of food odor only , c . digueti showed significantly more aggressive behaviors than p . perrieri ( w = 171 . 0 , p = 0 . 0015 ; table 2 ) , while p . perrieri showed significantly more submissive behaviors than c . digueti ( w = \u221292 . 0 , p = 0 . 0172 ; table 2 ) . c . digueti frequently initiated the interactions by approaching p . perrieri , and c . digueti escalated the interactions by frequently attacking and grasping p . perrieri ( table 2 ) . p . perrieri routinely responded to c . digueti \u2019s aggressive behaviors by retracting into their shells ( table 2 ) .\nthe number of aggressive ( u = 54 . 0 , p = 0 . 0019 ) and submissive ( u = 85 . 0 , p = 0 . 0295 ) behaviors were significantly higher for c . digueti than p . perrieri during intraspecific foraging bouts ( table 3 ) . the frequencies of all measured behaviors were higher for c . digueti than p . perrieri ( table 3 ) .\nin the absence of a competitor , the feeding times of c . digueti and p . perrieri were not significantly different ( u = 102 . 0 , p = 0 . 6738 ; table 4 ) .\ndata were drawn from lab populations of c . digueti ( n = 75 ) and p . perrieri ( n = 79 ) following acclimation in housing tanks . wet weights were measured from animals after removal of their shells . lines represent best fit lines from linear regression analyses . c . digueti best fit line : y = 0 . 2442 x\u2212 0 . 3584 . p . perrieri best fit line : y = 0 . 2472 x\u2212 0 . 3764 .\nduring interspecific food competition , c . digueti fed for significantly more time than p . perrieri ( w = 179 . 0 , p = 0 . 0238 ; table 4 ) . differences in feeding times between the species can partly be explained by the fact that c . digueti was the first animal to contact and feed on the food item in 20 of the 26 trials analyzed ( \u03c7 2 = 7 . 54 , df = 1 , p = 0 . 006 ) .\nclibanarius tricolor , the blue - legged hermit crab . to less than an inch in length . one of a few\nreef - safe\nhermits that stay small and almost exclusively feed on algae ( and cyanobacteria ! ) . good for aiding in aerating the substrate as well . aquarium photo .\nfour hermit crab species were collected in the intertidal region of grande beach : clibanarius antillensis ( stimpson , 1862 ) , paguristes tortugae ( schmitt , 1933 ) , pagurus criniticornis ( dana , 1852 ) , and calcinus tibicen ( herbst , 1791 ) , with c . antillensis being the most abundant ( 226 individuals in 261 ) .\nfamily hippidae ( sand crabs ) superfamily paguroidea , have oval carapaces , usually asymmetrical . live either in shells or with abdomen tucked underneath . first pair of legs as chelipeds . includes the hermit crab genera : pomatocheles , petrochirus , clibanarius , coenobita ( land hermit crab ) , pagurus , pylopagurus , birgus ( the coconut crab ) , stone crabs like lithodes , paralithodes ( commercial king crab of the north pacific ) .\nthe results of this study highlight the need for detailed field experiments measuring the importance of food competition in structuring hermit crab assemblages . while we can infer based on our laboratory results that the differences in competitive abilities between c . digueti and p . perrieri may have important ecological implications , detailed field experiments are needed to determine if the trends observed in the lab hold true in natural settings . it is our hope that the results presented in this manuscript will help raise awareness of the need for field experimentation .\nthese hermits crabs are often highly recommended as maintenance critters for marine aquariums , and can be bought as part of a\nclean up crew\npackage . large groups need plenty of extra shells to accommodate for growth . these are some of the most popular hermits in the marine aquarium trade . since they are a\nbread and butter\nitem and are collected in large numbers , prices are kept very low . other species of hermits may be sold as\nred legs\n, but c . digueti is by far the most common .\nsize - matched pairs of conspecific animals were tested using the same procedure listed in the previous section . one c . digueti trial was excluded from analyses because the animals switched shells during acclimation , and we could not be sure that subsequent aggressive behaviors were not shell - related . seventeen trials for each species were used for analyses ( 34 trials total ) . we compared the number of ( 1 ) aggressive , and ( 2 ) submissive behaviors shown between species during intraspecific trials using a two - sided mann - whitney u - test . paired tests were not required for these statistical analyses because the species were tested independently of each other , and thus the behaviors of one species could not directly affect the behaviors of the other .\nneste trabalho s\u00e3o avaliados o comportamento de agrupamento de caranguejos ermit\u00f5es bem como os padr\u00f5es de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de conchas por indiv\u00edduos agrupados e isolados . o estudo foi desenvolvido na regi\u00e3o entremar\u00e9s da praia grande , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , sudeste brasileiro . as amostras foram feitas tanto com transectos quanto com quadrados de 1 m 2 aleatorizados durante per\u00edodos de mar\u00e9 baixa . os ermit\u00f5es foram contados , medidos ( comprimento do escudo cefalotor\u00e1cico ) e sexados . as conchas foram identificadas e avaliadas quanto sua adequa\u00e7\u00e3o e condi\u00e7\u00e3o ( danos f\u00edsicos e incrustra\u00e7\u00f5es ) . os agrupamentos ocorreram principalmente em \u00e1reas expostas ao ar e foram dominados ou compostos unicamente por indiv\u00edduos de clibanarius antillensis . paguristes tortugae , pagurus criniticornis e calcinus tibicen tamb\u00e9m ocorreram nos agrupamentos , mas em menor abund\u00e2ncia . um \u00fanico agrupamento monoespec\u00edfico de p . criniticornis foi registrado em po\u00e7as de mar\u00e9s . a grande maioria dos ermit\u00f5es estavam inativos , com exce\u00e7\u00e3o de alguns indiv\u00edduos que estavam submersos em po\u00e7as de mar\u00e9s . a maioria dos indiv\u00edduos c . antillensis estava agrupada ( 70 , 88 % ) . indiv\u00edduos isolados foram maiores que os agrupados e utilizaram principalmente conchas de tegula viridula , as quais mostraram - se mais adequadas para os ermit\u00f5es dessa popula\u00e7\u00e3o . indiv\u00edduos agrupados usaram conchas menos incrustadas que os isolados . no geral , o comportamento de agrupamento de ermit\u00f5es na praia grande apresentou os mesmos padr\u00f5es de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de tamanho e sexo e de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de conchas que os j\u00e1 descritos na literatura , embora o tamanho dos agrupamentos nessa \u00e1rea tenha se apresentado menor .\noff the western coasts of mexico , and very common in the gulf of california .\nthese hermits are easy to care for . they are hardy and tolerate a wide range of water parameters . however , they cannot handle copper well . as with most invertebrates , even low levels of this me tal are enough to cause death . this hermit crab may attack snails or other hermits in order to steal the shells . for this reason it is important to provide a number of extra shells of various sizes , to allow for growth . this will prevent shell - related killings . aside from mechanical damage to corals caused by wandering specimens crawling over the polyps , red leg hermits will typically not bother aquarium residents .\nthese hermits will feed on detritus , green algae , shed exoskeletons , and dead organic matter . they are also happy to eat any food the keeper chooses to add to their tank , live or frozen , flake or pellet . they are claimed to consume cyanobacteria and hair algae , though this may not be true .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nabout 42 , 000 species of some of the most familiar arthropods ; crabs , shrimps , lobsters , crayfish , wood - lice ( sow - bugs , rolly - pollies , you know , terrestrial isopods , and aquatic , even parasitic marine ones ) . many small members in fresh and marine habitats of importance in aquatic food chains . primarily aquatic , mostly marine .\nbehind the mandibles there are two pair of accessory feeding appendages , the first and second maxillae . 2 ) their bodies trunks are composed of distinct segments covered by a chitinous exoskeleton\n. 3 ) crustacean appendages are typically biramous ( two major elements ) . 4 ) they typically have a carapace covering the trunk of their bodies . enough of this detail . we ' ll cover this stuff in more general survey pieces of the mega - groups . on toward the lobsters .\na systematic resume of the crustacea is necessarily large and complex . allow me to semi - skirt around a full discussion here . the nine classes that don ' t include our family of interest enclose the primitive cephalocaridans ( c . cephalocarida ) , the class branchiopoda ( fairy shrimps , tadpole shrimps , water fleas ( daphnia ) ; the class ostracoda , class copepoda ( anchor worm , lernaea ) , classes mystacocarida , branchiura , tantulocarida , remipedia , cirripedia ( barnacles ) , whew ! & finally , our :\ncomprises almost three - fourths of all described species of crustaceans and most of the larger forms , such as crabs , lobsters , and shrimps . characteristics : trunks typically composed of 14 segments plus the telson (\ntail\n) ; the first 8 segments form the thorax , the last 6 the abdomen ; all segments bear appendages . four superorders : syncarida , hoplocarida , peracarida , and the one we want to talk about , the eucarida .\nsuperorder eucarida contains many of the large malacostracans . they have highly developed carapaces displaying fusion of all thoracic segments ( the cepahalothorax ) . eyes are stalked . . . two living orders ; the euphausiacea ( krill ) and the :\norder decapoda includes the familiar shrimps , crayfish , lobsters and crabs . this is the largest order of crustaceans with @ 10 , 000 species . decapods are distinguishable from euphausiaceans and other malacostracans in that their first three pair of thoracic appendages , the remaining five pairs are legs ( decapoda =\nten feet\n) . decapods are further divided into two suborders , the dendrobranciata , with\ntree - like\nbranched gills , body laterally compressed . . . , eggs planktonic , nauplius as the first larval stage ( as in artemia , our brine shrimp ) , infraorders , sections , superfamilies . . . see barnes re their higher taxonomy .\nof animals that are crabs (\nfalse\nand true ) there are about eight thousand described species , with about 600 venturing into or living in freshwater .\ninfraorder anomura , families of hermit crabs , sand or mole crabs , crab - like crustaceans . depressed carapaces , third pair of legs never chelate , fourth and fifth pair reduced . . . . have a soft abdomen . . . live with bodies enclosed in discarded shells for the most part .\nbest ( most\nreef - safe\n) hermit crab species ( though no carte - blanche guarantees ) for algae control : even these cannot be absolutely trusted with small fishes , invertebrates if hungry . . . and they too can be meals for . . . puffers , triggerfishes , stomatopods ( mantis ) , alpheids ( pistol shrimp ) . . .\ncalcinus laurentae haig & mclaughlin 1983 , laurent ' s hermit crab , family diogenidae . orange - yellow antennae . claw - limbs brown , other legs pink with white junctions and black tips . hawaiian endemic . common . to about 1 / 5\ncarapace length . kona pic .\ncalcinus tibicen , the orangeclaw hermit crab , family diogenidae . tropical west atlantic . orange antennae and eyestalks . eye tips white , eyes with black pupils . unequal size claws . 1 / 2 to 1\n.\na common gulf of mexico hermit crab . very hardy . . . can live out of water for days at times .\n* c . vittatus * does get rather large , 10 cm at least ( adam j . said he had one ( actually , he said it was * p . holthuisi * in a 6\nshell )\nscott allen rauch pic .\nbigger pix : the images in this table are linked to large ( desktop size ) copies . click on\nframed\nimages to go to the larger size .\npaguristes cadenati forest 1954 , the scarlet or red - legged reef hermit . tropical west atlantic . to one inch in length . red carapace and legs , eyes green , on yellow stalks . aquarium and cozumel photo .\nnever entirely\nreef safe\n. . . all hermits are to degrees opportunistic omnivores . . . they will eat your other livestock if hungry . . . here two\n, the red - banded hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to four inches in length . claws about the same length with red spots or bands . antennae are golden , eyes blue .\npaguristes puncticeps , the white speckled hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to 5 inches in length . claws about the same length with red spots . blue eyes . white speckled eye stalks and body . cozumel 2017 image .\n, the blue eye hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to 2 . 5 inches in length . claws about the same length with red spots . small blue eyes on red speckled stalks .\nphimochirus holthuisi , the red - striped hermit crab . tropical west atlantic . to one inch in length . one cheliped enlarged ( usually right ) ; movable pincer white . eyestalks white with dark band , eyes grayish blue .\ntrizopagurus ( ciliopagurus ) strigatus ( herbst 1804 ) , the striped or halloween hermit crab . indo - pacific and red sea . to a little over two inches in length . nocturnal . lives in empty cone shells . feed on live and dead animal material .\nother species of hermits sometimes offered in the interest that are unusual , though not highly suitable for aquarium use .\nmanucomplanus varians ( benedict , 1892 ) , staghorn hermit . pix by sara mavinkurve . urltoken\nother species of hermits sometimes offered in the interest that are trouble : for ( large ) fish - only systems .\naniculus hopperae mclaughlin & hoover 1996 , hopper ' s hermit crab . sometimes imported from hawai ' i . not a hardy aquarium species ; apparently a sponge feeder in the wild . to an inch in length . black eyes , yellow eye stalks , bright red claws bear black tips . hawaiian endemic . big island pic .\naniculus maximus , a large hermit crab . often imported from hawai ' i . to four inches in length .\ndardanus gemmatus h . milne - edwards 1848 , jeweled anemone hermit crab . to two inches carapace length . with calliactis anemones on its shell . hawai ' i image .\ndardanus lagopodes ( forsskal 1775 ) , the blade - eyed hermit crab . indo - pacific , including the red sea . to a little over two inches in length . white eye stalks , body mottled in maroon , brown , covered with white - tipped bristles . this one in aitutaki , cook islands and n . sulawesi .\ndardanus megistos ( herbst 1789 ) , shell - breaking reef hermit crab , often sold as the white spotted . members of this genus are predaceous , and will gladly consume any fishes they can get their claws on . to six inches . place with large , aware fishes only . aquarium pic .\nanother reef hermit crab . indo - pacific . often with anemones placed on its movable home / shell . to a little over two inches in length . spiny chelipeds , red and white striped eye stalks are definitive . aquarium and n . sulawesi pix .\ndardanus tinctor , a coral hermit crab . this one with its calliactis polypus anemones out at night in the red sea . to 10 cm . large left claw . nocturnal ; omnivorous . moves anemones when transferring to new shells .\ndardanus venosus , the starry - eyed hermit crab . 3 - 5 inches . blue / green eyes , dark pupils that are star - burst like in close view . claws of lavender color generally . bristly . cozumel pic .\npetrochirus diogenes , a giant hermit crab . to twelve inches ( not a mis - print ) . red / white banded antennae ; scale like covering of legs . blue / blue - green eyes . caribbean .\nthe superfamily paguroidea also includes stone crabs like lithodes , paralithodes ( commercial king crab of the north pacific ) .\nif you use them , place about one , two small hermits per actual gallon of your system . use a mix of species and make sure and provide many\nupgrade\nhomes ( empty shells ) for your hermits to move to .\nbaensch , hans & helmut debelius . 1994 . marine atlas , v . 1 . mergus , germany . 1215pp .\nburgess , warren e . 1974 . salts from the seven seas ( on hermits ) . tfh 11 / 74 .\ndebelius , helmut . 1999 . crustacea of the world . atlantic , indian , pacific oceans . ikan , germany 321pp .\nfriese , u . erich . crustaceans in the home aquarium . hermit crabs . tfh 4 / 85 .\nhoover , john p . 1997 . hawaiian hermit crabs , pts . i , ii . fama 9 , 10 / 97 .\njensen , christopher . 1998 . red legged hermit crab . fama 4 / 98 .\nmenten , bob . 1980 . the hermit crab . marine scavenger - par excellence . tfh 11 / 80\nmichael , scott . 1998 . hermit danger . some species of hermit crabs actually consider your fish their dinner . afm 5 / 98 .\ngeneral husbandry : these small hermit crabs are among the best at grazing algae , including slime algae .\nkeep in mind they do not have a shell of their own and therefore seek suitable size empty shells for protection , usually empty snail shells . the tip of their abdomen is then backed into the columella of the empty shell , calling it home . when danger exists , they retract further into the shell , disappearing from view . as they grow larger via the molting process in the wild , they must seek other slightly larger empty shells . its this process of living in someone else ' s shell that has led to their common name ' hermit , ' i . e . , a hermit living alone .\nit ' s advisable to keep an assortment of different size empty snail shells in the aquarium when maintaining this species ( or any hermit ) , as they are very fussy about the space they have inside their selected shell and are always looking for something better / slightly roomier ! in fact , they often enter into battles with other hermits for their shells , with the loser either highly damaged or dead . they may also sometimes pick on live snails , however it is thought they are seeking the shell and not attacking the snail itself .\nkeep in mind they cannot tolerate copper treatments , therefore if they are in the same aquarium where fish need to be medicated with copper , they must be removed .\nfyi : stocking level recommendations vary greatly for these little janitors / scavengers , e . g . , from 1 to 10 per gallon for reef aquariums . yet one should relate their need to the condition of the aquarium , as very well maintained systems need only a few in the entire system . overcrowded and / or overstocked systems no doubt need higher quantities . and new systems probably need none , as hermit nutritional needs will not be met until the aquarium ages somewhat .\nin general , hermits can live for about 30 years in the wild , however , they don ' t last near that long in aquaria , with stays of about 1 - 2 years the average . keep in mind even though most hermits are born in the water , when molting they seek the land and bury themselves for protection from predators . depending on their age , the molting process can occur from once a month to once every 18 months , with the process taking about 10 days to complete . therefore , their lifespan in aquaria is questionable / quite limited .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nlemaitre , r . ; mclaughlin , p . ( 2018 ) . world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .\nmclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nomics international organises 3000 + global conferenceseries events every year across usa , europe & asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and publishes 700 + open access journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities , reputed scientists as editorial board members .\n\u00a9 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version\nyou may not duplicate , copy , or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission . any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nmix and match to save ! quantity discount applies to all eligible saltwater hermit crabs and snails on your order . the red leg hermit crab is an excelle . . .\ncare level : easy temperament : peaceful reef compatible : with caution water conditions : 72 - 78\u00b0 f , dkh 8 - 12 , ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , sg 1 . 023 - 1 . 025 max . size : 1\ndiet : herbivore supplements : calcium , magnesium , iodine , trace elements\nsign up to receive exclusive deals , tips and tricks , special coupons and much more . . .\narticle public\n- / / nlm / / dtd journal publishing dtd v3 . 0 20080202 / / en\nurltoken\nconceived and designed the experiments : mvt rwh . performed the experiments : mvt mo jc kvn . analyzed the data : mvt . wrote the paper : mvt mo jc kvn rwh .\n, which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthis research was funded by the dr . marvin hensley endowed scholarship in zoology awarded to mark v . tran by the zoology department at michigan state university . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthis study used only invertebrate animals , which are not regulated by the institutional animal care and use committee at michigan state university .\nfollowing gender determination , animals were housed in small groups in plastic containers ( 20\u00d713\u00d714 cm or 26\u00d716\u00d717 cm ) containing asw and a gravel substrate for a minimum of 4 days to allow sufficient time to recover from handling stress . because we allowed a minimum of 4 days to recover from handling stress , it is highly unlikely that the different methods of sex determination used between species influenced the animals\u2019 behaviors in our experiments . this , however , was not empirically tested . the size of the containers used to house experimental animals had no effect on either species for any of the measured behaviors ( mann - whitney u - tests , p > 0 . 05 ) .\nrelationship between wet weight ( g ) and shell length inhabited ( cm ) .\nfor experiments assessing feeding times in the absence of a competitor , we used animals of both sexes ( 11 males : 4 non - gravid females of each species ) that had previously been used in other behavioral experiments and were randomly drawn from mixed - species population tanks . we did this because we had a limited availability of p . perrieri males and had no a priori reason to believe that normal feeding behaviors ( 1 ) would be affected by the animals\u2019 previous use in other experiments , or ( 2 ) differed between sexes when no competitors were present .\nthe testing apparatus consisted of a 250 ml glass erlenmeyer flask ( 8 cm bottom diameter ) containing 250 ml of asw and clean , white gravel substrate . this apparatus was large enough that the test animals could remain physically separated and were not forced to interact .\nthis experiment was done to determine if feeding times for both species were similar in the absence of a competitor . the same experimental procedure was used as explained in the previous section , except that only a single animal was placed in the apparatus during each trial . feeding times were compared between species using a two - sided mann - whitney u - test .\ntotal counts of behaviors shown . counts were summed among test animals of the same species . n = 20 trials .\ntotal counts of behaviors shown . counts were summed among test animals of the same species . n = 17 trials for each species .\nfeeding times when species fed together ( with competition ) and independently ( without competition ) .\nwe thank n . ostrom , g . mittelbach , and w . li for assistance and guidance on the planning of this study , and b . wagner for assistance with acquiring research animals .\nsur quelques crustac\u00e9s anomures et brachyures recueillis par m . diguet en basse - californie\nsur une collection de crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes recuellis en basse - californie par m . diguet\nbouvier ( decapoda : anomura : diogenidae ) . ph . d dissertation , university of arizona .\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i ' m not a noob , i just buy fish with a short life span . . . current tank info : 100 gallon plexy with 35 gallon sump\ngood to hear the frags are taking to the rubble , softies are always a little challenging . give them a little more time before you move them . thanks for the tip but i don ' t have any cyano bacteria in my tank . i do have some red turf algae , but there is a big difference . cyano is a living indicator of high nutrient levels and / or not enough flow . ultimately you want to address those issues and the cyano will dissapear and not come back . regarding hermits , i ' m not too fond of them . i much prefer snails which they will kill , it ' s only a matter of time . also be cautios with anything from mexico - the water there is temperate and unless you can maintain cool temps the critters won ' t live long .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jacob . current tank info : retired from reefing . . .\njake , u still have that turf agae ? did the seahare and / or phosphate absorbant stuff make any dent ? yeah the little hermit crabs can kill snails but they are also fun to watch . scott\ni ' ve lost 2 snails so far out of about 9 months and still have about 4 left . seems they only get picked on when my largest hermit desides he needs a\nhome upgrade\n. they didn ' t have a picture of the algae so wasn ' t sure if it was the same but the description was dead on so i figured i ' d give it a post . i ' ll keep an eye out .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 4 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd . powered by searchlight \u00a9 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement . reef central tm reef central , llc . copyright \u00a91999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3 . 3 . 0 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nturra , a . 1 , 2 and leite , f . p . p . 1\ndepartamento de zoologia , ib , unicamp , c . p . 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil\nprograma de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em ecologia , ib , unicamp , c . p . 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil\ncorrespondence to : alexander turra , departamento de zoologia , ib , unicamp , c . p . 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil , e - mail : turra @ urltoken\nhermit crabs display clustering behavior and daily movements ( hazlett , 1966 ; snyder - conn , 1980 ; gherardi & vannini , 1989 , 1992 and 1993 ) which are closely related to the tidal rhythm ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) . clusters are tipically formed during low tides when the hermit crabs stay in physical contact with each other , presenting low activity and preference for shady substrates ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) . at flood tide the hermit crabs disperse to foraging areas and present social activities ( gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) , while at high tide they remain generaly inactive under boulders and in crevices ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) . low and high tides are considered adverse periods due to the risks of desiccation and predation , respectively ( snyder - conn , 1980 ) , thus also leading the hermit crabs to look for refuges .\nthe clustering behavior is probably controlled by interactions between exogenous and endogenous factors related to the tidal cycle . in this way , environmental stimuli ( air exposure , hydrostatic pressure , light , food availability and small scale water movements ) seem to play an important role in determining the activity of the hermit crabs ( snyder - conn , 1980 ; gherardi & vannini , 1989 ) . the adaptative meaning of the clustering behavior was largely investigated by gherardi & vannini ( 1992 , 1993 ) . it is supposed that clusters serve as\nshell exchange markets\nor places were males and females can locate themselves easily . however , clustering may be a response to environmental factors , such as desiccation ( reese , 1969 ; gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) , and habitat heterogeneity ( snyder - conn , 1981 ; turra et al . in press ) .\nthe aim of this study was to describe the clustering behavior of hermit crabs in the brazilian coast , focusing cluster size ( number of individuals per cluster ) , species composition , and shell utilization pattern . comparisons of populational parameters and shell adequacy and condition between clustered and scattered individuals were used as evidences to discuss theories on the factors that regulate the clustering behavior in the area of study .\nthis study was conducted from september to december 1994 at the grande beach ( 45 o 24 ' w ; 23 o 49 ' s ) , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , northern coast of s\u00e3o paulo state , brazil . the area of study is an intertidal habitat of 160 m 2 composed by cobbles and boulders irregularly arranged forming natural refuges , holes and crevices . the tides are semidiurnal with maximal variation of 2 meters .\ntwenty two quadrats of 1 m 2 were sorted in the area of study in order to evaluate the dispersion pattern and the activity of the hermit crabs during low tide . a dispersion index was calculated to access the pattern of distribution of hermit crabs ( elliott , 1977 ) . active individuals were those that were feeding or walking . each quadrat was characterized in relation to air exposure ( total or partial ) or submersion ( presence of tide pools ) . hermit crabs and their shells were identified and the number and size of clusters ( number of individuals present in each cluster ) were registered . shell adequacy and condition were also evaluated .\nthe shell adequacy to the hermit crabs was evaluated using a visual index modified from abrams ( 1978 ) : 1 . hermit crab not visible ; 2 . pereopods visible but chelipeds not ; 3 . angle of 90 o between chelipeds and the plan of the shell aperture ; 4 . obtuse angle between chelipeds and the plan of the shell aperture ; 5 . chelipeds closing the aperture ; 6 . shield exposed . the shell condition was recorded using a modification of the condition index proposed by mcclintock ( 1985 ) . this index evaluates the degree of incrustation ( 1 . shell not incrusted ; 2 . until 50 % incrusted ; 3 . 50 % to 100 % incrusted ) and of physical damage in the shells used by the hermit crabs ( a . perfect ; b . perforations and / or less than 4 mm of the aperture damaged ; c . more than 4 mm of the aperture damaged and / or apex broken ) .\nin order to compare the size distribution between clustered and scattered individuals , three 0 . 50 m wide transects were sampled during the low tide . the crabs were classified as clustered ( 5 or more individuals ) or scattered , removed from their shells , and sized ( shield length ) with a milimetric ocular under stereomicroscope . cluster size was also recorded . the two - way anova and the log - likelihood g test were both performed with a 0 . 05 significance level ( zar , 1984 ) .\nthe dispersion pattern of the crabs was contiguous ( i = 621 . 130 , d = 28 . 84 , df = 21 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and greatly influenced by the distribution of c . antillensis . most of the hermit crabs were present in clusters ( 70 . 88 % , g [ 1 ] = 46 . 96 , p < 0 . 001 ) , that were more frequently found in air exposed areas ( 14 clusters out of 15 ) . most of the aggregates ( 11 ) were monospecific , composed only by individuals of c . antillensis ( 10 ) or of p . criniticornis ( 1 cluster composed by 6 individuals in a tide pool ) . polyspecific clusters were dominated by c . antillensis but also presented individuals of p . tortugae , p . criniticornis and / or c . tibicen . the clusters composed or dominated by c . antillensis presented 5 to 42 individuals ( n = 14 , 12 . 78 \u00b1 10 . 29 individuals ) .\nthe activity pattern of the hermit crabs was studied only during low tide . scattered and clustered individuals exposed to the air were inactive , differently from some isolated and submerged ones ( 3 individuals ) in tide pools . some isolated hermit crabs , exposed to the air and out of refuges , presented their shells with the aperture turned upward .\nin the transects 31 males and 27 females ( 14 ovigerous , 44 . 44 % ) of c . antillensis were collected ( table 1 ) . both males and females were more frequently found in clusters than isolated ( females : g [ 1 ] = 14 . 85 , p < 0 . 001 ; males : g [ 1 ] = 3 . 98 , p < 0 . 05 ) . size showed to be more dependent on the behavioral situation of the crabs ( clustered or scattered ) than on their sex , although males were sligthly larger than females ( table 1 ) .\nshell utilization differed between clustered and scattered individuals of c . antillensis ( g [ 5 ] = 262 . 14 , p < 0 . 001 ) ( fig . 1 ) . shells of tegula viridula ( gmelin , 1791 ) were more frequently occupied by scattered individuals , while shells of stramonita ( = thais ) haemastoma ( linnaeus , 1797 ) , morula nodulosa ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) , leucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) , and cerithium atratum ( born , 1778 ) were used mainly by the scattered ones .\nshell adequacy and incrustation also differed between clustered and scattered individuals ( table 2 ) . shells were more adequate and incrusted for isolated than clustered crabs .\nphysical damage did not show any relationship with the behavioral situation ( clustered or scattered ) of the crabs ( table 2 ) . shell adequacy also seemed to be dependent on the shell type ( g [ 16 ] = 33 . 65 , p = 0 . 006 ) , with shells of t . viridula and c . atratum presenting better adequacy than shells of s . haemastoma , l . nassa , and m . nodulosa ( fig . 2 ) .\nas expected , all hermit crabs that were exposed to the air were inactive , even those that were clustered and in refuges . at low tide the hermit crabs store water inside their shells and occupy moist microhabitats to avoid the lack of oxygen and the risks of desiccation ( gherardi et al . , 1989 ) . inactive and scattered individuals of c . antillensis presented the aperture of their shells turned upward . this behavior results in a higher retention of water inside the shell as suggested by reese ( 1969 ) , thus enhancing their resistence to long time exposure periods . active individuals were registered only in tide pools . in this way , the activity pattern can be related to the easier locomotion in water due to the lightening of the shells ( gherardi et al . , 1989 ) , and to the physical stress imposed by the air exposure situation .\nscattered individuals of c . antillensis were larger than clustered ones , as also showed in other studies with other species ( hazlett , 1966 ; gherardi & vannini , 1989 ; gherardi , 1991 ) . small individuals have a greater surface / volume ratio and are more susceptible to desiccation than the large ones ( gherardi & vannini , 1992 , 1993 ) . thus , clustering might also serve to reduce the risk of desiccation as also suggested by reese ( 1969 ) and snyder - conn ( 1981 ) .\nboth males and females of this c . antillensis population occurred mainly in clusters , and 44 , 44 % of the females were ovigerous . these results support the hypothesis that clusters may serve as places where males can easily find females ( gherardi & vannini , 1992 , 1993 ) . in addition , clustering may also protect ovigerous females and their eggs from desiccation .\nthe pattern of shell utilization of hermit crabs is frequently associated with shell availability as can be seen in this area ( leite et al . , 1998 ) , with c . antillensis occupying mainly shells of tegula viridula . however , scattered individuals of c . antillensis used shells of t . viridula in higher frequencies than do clustered ones , probably because these shells presented higher adequacy than the others , as also recorded in other studies ( gherardi , 1991 ; gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) . in addition , shells used by the scattered individuals of c . antillensis presented better adequacy , and higher incrustation and adequacy than that used by the clustered supporting the hypothesis that clusters may serve as\nshells exchange markets\n( gherardi & vannini , 1993 ) .\nthe small size of clusters in this area also seemed to be associated with the high availability of empty gastropod shells in this area ( leite et al . , 1998 ) . in this way , a high shell availability may indicate a good shell adequacy to this population , thus not forcing the crabs to look for new ones in dense aggregations .\nthe meaning of the clustering behavior is still controversal and doubtfull . it is more parsimonious and reasonable to think that many selective forces , such as shell limitation ( behavioral factor ) and environmental stress ( physical factor ) are influencing together the clustering behavior in hermit crabs . to evaluate the role of each factor in the cluster formation it is needed a fully experimental study , isolating all possible factors to test one each time .\nacknowledgments \u0097 we wish to thank fapesp ( funda\u00e7\u00e3o de amparo \u00e0 pesquisa no estado de s\u00e3o paulo ) by the fellowship n o 93 / 2439 - 4 , and cebimar - usp ( centro de biologia marinha da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo ) for logistic support . giuliano buz\u00e1 jacobucci and ant\u00f4nio carlos cruz macedo revised the manuscript .\nelliott , j . m . , 1977 , some methods for the statistical analysis of samples of benthic invertebrates .\nhazlett , b . , 1966 , social behavior of the paguridae and diogenidae of cura\u00e7ao .\nleite , f . p . p . , turra , a . & gandolfi , s . m . , 1998 , hermit crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura ) , gastropod shells and environmental structure : their relationship in southeastern brazil .\nsnyder - conn , e . , 1980 , tidal clustering and dispersal of the hermit crab\nsnyder - conn , e . , 1981 , the adaptive significance of clustering in the hermit crab\nturra , a . , jacobucci , g . b . , ara\u00fajo , f . m . p . & leite , f . p . p . ( in press ) , spatial distribution of four sympatric species of hermit crab ( decapoda , anomura ) .\nr . bento carlos , 750 13560 - 660 s\u00e3o carlos sp - brazil tel . / fax : + 55 16 271 - 5726 bjb . iie @ urltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmark v . tran , 1 , 2 , * matthew o\u2019grady , 1 jeremiah colborn , 1 kimberly van ness , 1 and richard w . hill 1 , 2\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nto test aggression and competitive abilities , we sized - matched pairs of animals . these pairs of animals were always drawn from separate plastic housing containers in order to alleviate the effects of any pre - existing dominance hierarchies that may have been formed among tankmates\n. for all experiments assessing interspecific differences , we housed animals in containers with conspecifics only , and for experiments assessing intraspecific differences , we housed animals in mixed - species containers . on the day the experiments were conducted , experimental pairs of animals were formed by selecting one animal from separate containers . all pairs of animals were size - matched within 3 mm shell length . size - matching controlled for the effect of body size on aggression and competitive abilities . shell length was used as a proxy for body size because ( 1 ) the species show similar relationships between wet body weight ( g ) and length ( cm ) of shell inhabited (\n, and ( 3 ) using animals of equal shell size helped to ensure that aggressive interactions observed during the trials were the result of food competition , and not the result of motivation to switch shells , which could confound the results of these experiments . this method was effective since test crabs rarely showed shell investigation behavior , and only one case of shell switching was documented during the trials . both species routinely occupied\nshells . we did not assay for differences in behavior based on shell species occupied .\nanimals were given no food for 2 days prior to use to ensure motivation to forage during trials . on the day of the experiment a size - matched pair of heterospecific animals was formed , placed into the testing apparatus , and given a minimum of 15 minutes to acclimate . following acclimation , 2 ml fe were pipetted into the top of the apparatus using a glass pipette . the animals were allowed 30 seconds to initiate foraging behaviors , after which the numbers of aggressive and submissive behaviors (\n) exhibited by each animal were counted for 10 minutes . only trials in which both animals showed obvious foraging behaviors ( e . g . , increased locomotion , substrate probing , feeding movements )\nafter the fe was introduced were included in analyses . this ensured that the animals were motivated to forage and in a healthy physiological state during the trials . twenty trials of this experiment met these criteria and were used for analyses . we compared the number of ( 1 ) aggressive behaviors , and ( 2 ) submissive behaviors observed during the trials between the species using a two - sided wilcoxon sign - ranks test for matched pairs . paired analyses were required because the behaviors of one species could directly influence the behaviors of the other species during the trials . these , and all other statistical tests mentioned in this report , employed a significance cutoff of"]}
{"id": 1965, "summary": [{"text": "the king quail ( excalfactoria chinensis ) , also known as the blue-breasted quail , asian blue quail , chinese painted quail , or chung-chi , is a species of old world quail in the family phasianidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this species is the smallest \" true quail \" , ranging in the wild from southeastern asia to oceania with 10 different subspecies .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "a failed attempt was made to introduce this species to new zealand by the otago acclimatisation society in the late 1890s .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is quite common in aviculture worldwide , where it is sometimes misleadingly known as the \" button quail \" , which is the name of an only very distantly related family of birds , the buttonquails . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "king quail", "paragraphs": ["common name / s : king quail , chinese quail , chinese painted quail .\nking quail for sale adoption from queensland brisbane metro @ urltoken classifieds king quail for sale adoption from queensland brisbane metro @ adpost . more\nchinese button quail , jumbo brown coturnix pharaoh quail , italian speckled coturnix pharaoh quail , texas a & m ; quail , tibetan tuxedo quail , georgia giant bob white quail , tennessee red quail , mexican speckled quail , gamble quail , etc . . .\na male ( left ) and female ( right ) king quail allopreening and huddling .\ntwo king quail eggs in a communal nest ( photo courtesy of j . greaves )\neggs , chicks , and adults of button quail , african harlequin quail , california valley quail , texas blue scaled quail , various coturnix quail , white bobwhite quail , snowflake bobwhite quail , and possibly others .\nbeautiful healthy button quail , coturnix quail & valley quail always available eggs and live birds .\nfrontal view of a male king quail in captivity ( photo courtesy of j . greaves )\nfrontal view of a female king quail in captivity ( photo courtesy of j . greaves )\nking quail are small and can live well with other birds including finches and doves . due to the very small size of baby king quail chicks , the cage or aviary has to have a fine mesh wire . many people raise king quail as pets because they can become fairly tame . king quail thrive on commercial bird feed , but also eat vegetation and insects . more\nking quail are not listed as threatened on the australian environment safety and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\nthese are my beautiful king quails with their week old chicks . i have been breeding king quail for a few years and these were their first clutch of chicks . we have king quail for sale at $ 5 . 00 au . we usually have both young and adult king quails for sale . please subscribe ! ! !\ni would probably google search\nbutton quail\nas\nking quail\nis not the common term used in the pet trade .\nx 18 cockatiels x 1 silver male king quail $ 300 for the lot . please call or message\nit is so difficult to find any king quail eggs at all here in australia at the moment .\nphoto of king quail photo of young king quail * an australian quail ( click on photo to enlarge ) left = young , right = hen on 16 eggs . * photos donated by jessica & sarah * scientific name : coturnix chinensis * common name / s : king quail , chinese quail , chinese painted quail . * sub species in country / area of origin : 2 in australia , plus others overseas . more\nthe chinese painted quail ( button quail , blue - breasted quail ) , conturnix chinensis , and the japanese quail , c . japonica , part 1\nthe chinese painted quail ( button quail , blue - breasted quail ) , conturnix chinensis , and the japanese quail , c . japonica \u2013 part ii\ncommon name : chinese painted quail are also known as blue - breasted quail , blue quail , king quail ( finn , 1911 ) , and island painted quail ( mcgregor , 1909 ) . sometimes the names refer to subspecies or races rather than the nominate .\norange breasted waxbilled $ 50 pr african fires $ 50 pr spare cockbirds $ 10 . king quail $ 8 pr .\nbreeding pair of silver king quails for sale . $ 25 will not separate .\nsmall , quiet and unobtrusive the king quail is commonly found in pairs or small parties of around 5 or six , although groups as large as 40 have been recorded . unlike th stubble quail , the king quail does not appear to follow seasonal food sources . king quail live exclusively on the ground and will hide in dense undergrowth rather than fly up when disturbed . like so many other quail , it will burst suddenly into flight when almost trodden on . more\nback to the button quail bulletin board . back to the button quail home page .\nthe red - backed button - quail , turnix maculosus , and the brown quail live in similar habitats to the king quail and are dark on top and so the three could be confused . however , in flight , the king quail has narrower more pointed wings and is uniformly dark on its upperparts , with no pale panel on its underwing . adult brown quail are much larger than king quail . adult female and juvenile king quail on the ground could be confused with stubble quail , coturnix pectoralis , which are larger and are paler grey - brown on their upperparts with bolder creamy streaking . the stubble quail also has a paler head and is a paler creamy - buff underneath , with heavy dark streaking on its breast and sides .\naustralia has 10 native species of quail . the king quail , brown quail and the stubble quail are true quail , comprise 3 species and belong to the genus coturnix . the other 7 species of quail are referred to as button quail and belong to the genus turnix . it is easy to distinguish between the two genus of australian quail . the coturnix quail have four toes and three of the toes point forward and the other toe points backwards . the turnix quail have three toes on each foot and each toe points forward .\njumbo coturnix : quail are just larger selectively bred coturnix quail and are commonly used for meat . they are not a different quail just\ncompatible with most finches , small parrots , doves and pigeons . king quail can often be successfully bred in a colony situation . king quail can be successful in a relatively small cage / aviary of about 1 square metre per pair . hatchling baby king quail are capable of getting through 13 mm ( half inch ) aviary wire . mouse proof wire ( 7mm ) may be necessary to prevent escapes .\ntagged : , king _ quail _ ( coturnix _ chinensis ) , king _ quail , coturnix _ chinensis , quail , singapore , migratory _ chicken , singapore _ hen , pulau _ punggol _ barat , boonhong , nikon , nikon _ d500 , nikkor _ two hundred - 500mm _ f5 . 6 , nikkor\non another note , in australia the name button quail refers to a number of species of our native quail . all are protected in the wild as are king quail , another native species . it is facinating to me that the chinese painted quail or king quail or button quail or whatever you want to call these wonderful birds , is native to australia as well as china and other parts of asia . how this happened is a mystery to me .\n2 brown / blue male king quails for sale . too many males . $ 5 ea\nking quail for sale . white and pied colours $ 20each . pairs only avalible . please ring steven to enquire * * * * 6128\nking quail can be housed with multiple females to each male to maximize breeding output . groups of three or four are most common . urltoken\nthe king quail coturnix chinensis by luke sullivan . introduction the king quail is a great bird for the beginning aviculturist . it is easily bred , very inexpensive and fairly easy to manage . king quails are readily available from pet shops , commercial and private breeders and even in markets . you might find that at some places females will cost more than males because of availability . more\nking quail have a big appetite for live foods and will often out compete other birds for their fair share . finches will benefit from a separate supply well out of the reach of the quail .\nthe other quail as shown in the list opposite are introduced species of quail commonly held by aviculturalists . ( bob white , californian and european quail )\nwe have not seen a king quail in the wild yet . the photos below , kindly contributed by j . greaves , were taken in captivity .\npicture of the king quail has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : own work author : andr\u00e9 karwath aka aka\nhatching and raising quail with a mother hen - organic quail . nos cailles bio - crias de codorniz\nclick the chinese painted quail ( button quail , blue - breasted quail ) , conturnix chinensis , and the japanese quail , c . japonica , part 1 , to read the first part of this article .\nthe king quail is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\naustralia has ten native species of quail but these can be divided into two groups . the king quail , brown quail and the stubble quail are from the genus coturnix which has four toes , three facing forward and one facing back . the other group is from the genus turnix and is commonly called button quail which has only three toes , all of which face forward .\ncitation : adkins - regan e ( 2016 ) pairing behavior of the monogamous king quail , coturnix chinensis . plos one 11 ( 6 ) : e0155877 . urltoken\nking quail chicks are precocial , i . e . they leave the nest very shortly after hatchling and will feed themselves , under the supervision of their parents .\nprobably the easiest of all the species of quail to feed . good quality finch or small parrot mix plus insects , green grasses and vegetable green foods as per\nquail\nweb page . king quail are less reliant on live foods than other quail for good breeding results . may eat some of the commercial poultry pellets .\nking quail will probably incubate and raise their own young . hatchling baby quail are capable of getting through 13 mm ( half inch ) aviary wire . mouse proof wire ( 7mm ) may be necessary to prevent escapes .\nbutton quail and coturnix quail eggs and adult birds available to ship as of the 1st of may , 2003 .\nchinese painted quail ( button quail ) . we have adults , young pairs , and fertile eggs on occasion . we also have coturnix quail - see notes section below .\nincubation lasts about 21 days . the brown , king and stubble quail lay large clutches of eggs , often 2 or 3 times as many as the button quail . with the turnix quail the males do the incubating . the cock bird will mate with multiple hens if given the chance .\nbutton quail and hatching eggs . many color mutations available . occasionally offering coturnix quail as well in lots of colors .\npure normal coloured king quail - $ 20 a pair , multiple pairs available , no spare hens . king quail are small ornamental quail for pet keeping only , they are too small for egg or meat production . photos from the internet - birds available are young and look the same as pics . please phone during business hours ( no text sms ) or message me here at gumtree to arrange a pick up .\nking quail have become rare in southern new south wales and victoria mainly because their habitats have been modified by drainage or burning . their eggs and chicks are damaged by harvesting machinery .\nthe king quail ( coturnix chinensis ) , also regarded as the button quail , chinese painted quail , chung - chi , asian blue quail or blue - breasted quail , is in the exact same family members as the pheasants phasianidae of the buy galliformes , gallinaceous birds . these birds all have a distinctly much larger breast - bone than other birds with far more muscle surrounding the spot . this is why they are hunted for their meat .\nthe king quail coturnix chinensis also known as the chinese painted quail or asian blue quail is a small ground dwelling bird which has widespread distribution from india , through south eastern china , south east asia and new guinea to australia . the sub species coturnix chinensis victoriae occurs along eastern australia from cape york to western victoria . more\nif it is a dominant mutation then you should have no trouble breeding more , but as the only reference to the grizzled mutation in king quail that i can find is in bird that look cinnamon , i would not be calling it a grizzle , if anyone can find a photo of a\nnormal\ngrizzled king quail and post a link or the photo that would be good .\nquail , king quail or blue - breasted quail is in the same family as the pheasants phasianidae of the order galliformes , gallinaceous birds . this species is the smallest\ntrue quail\nand is quite common in aviculture worldwide . in the wild they range from southeastern asia to oceania with 10 different subspecies . it sometimes goes by the name\nbutton quail\n, though this name properly refers to similar - looking but distantly related birds of the genus turnix . more\nlisten to your quail . males such as the coturnix quail will crow now and then and females do not . but if you have button quail , females might also crow mainly to call for chicks .\nhi i have king quails for sale silver and brown pairs available $ 10 a pair . . all young birds . . cheers alan\ni have king quails for sale . they are different colours as in the photos above . price from 10 to 25 a pair .\nking quails breeding pairs $ 15 a pair females $ 10 males $ 5 mainly normal , and cinnamon . i have 1 female silver\nking quail mainly eat grass seeds and green leaf blades but also eat adult and larval insects . they mostly feed during the day but also on moonlit nights . they forage on the ground in grasslands .\ncommon king quail at one time or another and were the species that introduced many breeders to the more uncommon species . quail 01 for the past ten years , i have been keeping the little button quail . in the beginning i started out with the black breasted button quail ( turnix melangaster ) i had some success with this species , however due to the fact that my aviary flights are covered with crushed brick gravel , i opted to move the black breasted quail on . more\nhorizontal image of willow trees and a large boulder reflected in still water in quail creek at the head of quail lake in hurricane utah .\nhorizontal image of a willow branch and distant trees reflected in still water in quail creek at the head of quail lake in hurricane utah .\nyour king quail hen pecks at the male quail wont lay eggs ? post a question - any question - to the wikianswers community : copyrights : animal encyclopedia . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . copyright \u00a9 2005 by the gale group , inc . all rights reserved . more\njuvenile king quail for sale from\npickles button breeding\nmales - $ 8 . 00 females - $ 10 . 00 currently 2 brown females and 1 white male available . to keep as pets , only . ( note - these king quail are the smallest birds in the quail family . they grow to approx 10cm tall . ) pick up from upper caboolture - please make contact by call or text 7 : 00am - 8 : 00pm or email anytime . visit my blog urltoken\ni have been raising button quail for over 8 years and have all of the major named mutations plus some unique birds . i am hoping to develop a heavilly feather legged button quail with the help of mary foster from some lightly feather legged chicks . i also raise 5 color types of corturnix quail , blue scale quail , gambles quail , valley quail , and 3 color types of bobwhite as well as other birds .\nking quail are found in tropical and temperate shrublands and grasslands , towards coastal areas . they occur in very dense ground vegetation , such as grass , shrubs , ferns , herbs , at damp or swampy sites .\nonce while visiting a nursing home i saw tiny quail at the bottom of the aviary . are there minature quail breeds for this purpose or do you suppose they had quail chicks in the aviary ? thanks for any info\u2026\nking quails , $ 20 . 00 pr . phone calls only , no text , no emails , thank you . . . . ingham 4850\nmy daughter just bought her first incubator and she wants to hatch king quail . we have three in our aviary , but they are currently on eggs or have chicks and are not laying . they are normal coloured .\n) , also known as blue - breasted quail , belong to the pheasant family phasianidae . the king quails are distributed in india , sri lanka , china , taiwan , indonesia , philippines , australia and new guinea .\nthe overall goal of the experiments reported here was to develop king quail as subjects for the study of avian pairing behavior , allowing a comparison with japanese quail . the specific goals were : ( 1 ) to develop suitable testing paradigms for eliciting and measuring the behavior ; ( 2 ) to determine whether king quail form selective male - female social relationships ; and ( 3 ) to determine whether paired birds remember the former partner after an extended separation . the focus was on the behavior of males because most of the extensive body of work on neuroendocrine mechanisms of behavior of japanese quail concerns males .\nbreeding quail can be hard at times . you will have to have a lot of space to house the quail , you will have to spend a lot of money on feed , water and housing for the quail , and you will have to give up most of your time on the quail .\nking quail were introduced a number of times in victoria and may have been released in south australia . however there appear to be none living now in south australia . they were first discovered in the kimberleys area in 1974 .\nthree young male and two female king quails available for sale . just starting to mature now . will sell singles . $ 5 . 00 each .\nmap 24 king valley . including tatong , wrightley , ceshunt , black range creek , carbool , hansonville south and molyullah . sheet _ 24 . pdf\nin the wild , the diet program of king quails consists of little bugs , seed and a variety of grasses that are accessible at the time .\nyou may have to get a egg shipment , considering you are in australia its hard to find king quail here too , i wanted some i ' m going to order from someone on ebay when the ad comes back on .\nhousing requirements : refer to\nquail\nweb page for general details on the housing of quail or read on for specific details for this bird . .\ndiet / feeding : refer to\nquail\nweb page for general details on the feeding of quail or read on for specific details for this bird .\nwhether you are choosing the quails from your flock or from a store , choose the healthiest quail you can see / find . healthy quail will be :\nthis was the basis for the growth of my interest in hatching of previously wasted eggs that were laid on the floor of my aviaries . the first requirement is to obtain healthy breeding stock . king quail and japanese quail and readily available , but native brown and stubble quail and two species of american quails ( californian and bob - white ) will need extra effort to source good birds .\nthese quail provide food for many peoples , including those from the far east .\nharrison , c . 1965 . plumage pattern and behaviour in the painted quail .\nraising quail organically with a mother hen update . cailles bio grandissent . codornices org\u00e1nicas\nquail hatching and moving the babies into the brooder box . super cute babies .\nconsider giving your female hen layer - pellets . layer - pellets usually have more protein than normal quail feed and helps your quail lay strong , healthy eggs .\ncalifornia quail - close - up - a telephoto image of a california quail perched on a stump . head markings and feather patterns and details in sharp focus .\nbutton quail eggs and adults , ornamental pheasants and a few breeds of partridge .\nlike other quail and pheasants , button quail relish dust baths and do not bathe in water . a sand - filled bowl should be provided for this purpose .\nbaby king quail can drown in the water bowl . to minimize the risk of the young drowning , a shallow container / bowl / dish can replace the usual parrot or finch water utensil . small pebbles or small clean rocks can be placed in the shallow water bowl to help reduce the risk of a young quail drowning .\nthe grits and calcium supplies provided for finches and parrots should be available to quail .\na / a vol 14 no 7 jul 1960 page 94 ( harlequin quail ) .\na / a vol 6 no 10 oct 1952 page 119 ( harlequin quail ) .\nthe bulletin no 24 , oct 1944 page 2 - 3 ( button quail ) .\nmove your quail chicks to a proper cage at 4 - 6 weeks of age .\nmoving both the mother quail and father quail is optional . normally the male quail will be happy to take care of the chicks but at times he can be aggressive , so it is best to observe what he does for the first week or so .\ni have a good record with freighting quail eggs . all over australia for many years\n609 quail head stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nthe use of pelletised foods is increasing in all areas of bird feeding and many people have good success with the use of poultry pellet feeds as a supplement to the above discussed foods for quail . the commercial farmers of quail such as european quail have developed and produce a nutritionally balanced pellet food suitable for aviary use for most types of quail .\nhi frank , i keep chinese painted quail ( we call them king quail in australia ) in large aquariums and cages . yesterday i noticed 2 out of 5 of my four week old quails ( raised by their parents ) are a bit lame . they still look healthy and have no problems eating , but they appear to have no strength and they move slow if i go to pick them up . i think it is similar to a hen quail i once bought but died a month or so later . have you encountered or heard of anything like this before ? are there any common diseases in king quail you know about ? please , any help would be greatly appreciated \u2013 brendon\nking quails are small , plump , chicken - like birds with predominantly dark - brown , highly cryptic plumage with grey streaks and almost no visible tail . king quails are dimorphic , i . e . males and females are different . male king quails have a black and white facial pattern , bluish - grey flanks and cheeks and a brown belly . females have light - brown , mottled facial and frontal plumage . the irises of both sexes are brown , the bill is black and the legs are yellow .\nmap 18 glenrowan . including winton wetlands , warby - ovens np , king river , millawa , meadow creek , fifteen mile creek and larg . sheet _ 18 . pdf\nmap 74 bairnsdale . including melwood , moornmurg flora and fauna reserve , lake victoria lake king , colquhoun regional park , mossiface and mount taylor . sheet _ 74 . pdf\nzebra finches are also one of the two species used for a majority of the avian research on neuroendocrine mechanisms of behavior more generally . the other is the japanese quail ( coturnix japonica ) . male japanese quail interacting with females are vigorous rapid copulators but non - copulatory social contact behavior like allopreening and huddling has not been reported [ 16 , 17 ] . the limited information available from the field suggests that the mating system of wild birds is probably flexible , with short - term serial pairings at best [ 17 , 18 ] . in contrast , king quail ( also called asian blue quail , blue - breasted quail , or chinese painted quail ) are invariably described as monogamous with strong pair bonds , based on field sightings and observations of zoo - housed animals [ 18 , 19 ] . like japanese quail , king quail are well suited to laboratory research [ 20 ] . although an ethogram was published some years ago [ 21 ] , there has been little subsequent behavioral research published on this species and none on its social behavior .\ni haven\u2019t mixed king pigeons with other birds . although they are quite large , kings are much like other rock doves in my experience , and should leave the quail alone . they may stress the quail a bit when landing or , especially , if they become startled and explode into flight , but other than that i think it should work out .\nwanted male or female brown quails preferably around the ipswich area . please email or text as i cannot always answer the phone . i do not want jap or king quails .\nin the turnix or button quail the hen is larger than the cock bird . the button quail hens have a brighter coloured plumage than the males . in the coturnix quail the sexes are about equal in size but the males have a brighter coloured plumage than the hens .\nthe bulletin no 26 , dec 1944 page 5 - 6 ( breeding harlequin quail ) .\ndo not touch or mess with the eggs unless necessary , the quail might discard them .\nquail dale wrote : sorry but this post has annoyed me since i joined the forum .\ni have been raising buttons , as well as other varieties of quail for 18 years .\nnatural ant control - quality organic quail food . anti fourmi bio \u00bfuna invasi\u00f3n de hormigas ?\nking quails for sale . $ 7 each or $ 12 for two . all are splits with a combinations of colors . both male and female . pick up in point cook .\nmy king quails have started laying eggs and their not sitting on them their only checking them every now and then i also don ' t know which one is laying the eggs .\nuse vent sexing . this is the most accurate way to tell the sex of your quail . if you press lightly above the vent you should see a bump and some white foam coming out . if so your quail is a male , if not your quail is a female .\ntaxonomy : in aviculture , these birds are known as button quail , although this is a misnomer . the true button quail are members of the order gruiformes , family turnicidae , and genus turnix . they are morphologically and behaviorally different from chinese painted quail , although their geographic ranges overlap .\nmeade - waldo , e . 1898 . breeding the chinese painted quail ( excalfactoria chinensis ) .\na / a vol 54 no . 1 jan 2000 page 5 - 8 ( button quail )\ndrinking , not all of the time but you should at least see the quail drink occasionally .\nlauber , j . k . , 1964 . sex - linked albinism in the japanese quail .\nthe hinged side , because a quail can get its head in between a very small space .\necology and management of quail in australia is the first academic study of this game bird as it exists in australia . written by australian wildlife biologist dr graham hall and published in collaboration with the ssaa , the book examines australia\u2019s three quail species - brown , stubble and king - and their introduction to and history in this country . also covered are the habitats and current populations of these species , practices for managing them , and the future of quail research and hunting in australia .\nking quail have quite a variety of calls . while fairly silent outside the breeding season , one of the best indicators of its presence is a high - pitched three - note call , which has a low volume and is uttered monotonously near sun set . it may be heard all d\nthere is a chance that the mother quail will abandon or harm the chicks leading to you hand - raising them . many people say that quail don ' t make good mothers but this depends on the quail themselves and your experience . however , you must always be prepared for the worst .\nthe best way to keep baby king quailssafe from other birds is keeping them away from each other . place the mother and baby quail in a large cardboard box or cage with holes smaller than \u00bd inch in a draft - free room . attaching screen to the bottom and sides of the cage will ensure that the tiny quail cannot squeeze through the wire and later freeze to death . more\n. if you ' re planning on selling your quail , buyers prefer ones that are sexed and it ' s easier to put a price on your quail . some methods can be seen below :\nthe groundbreaking publication delves into the specifics of the three quail species found in australia : brown , stubble and king . two of these species have a \u2018game\u2019 status , which allows them to be hunted in some states , making the research relevant and significant to game bird hunters around the country .\nif you need to stay with native species , the button quail described here would be a good choice . other larger natives sometimes seen in captivity are the stubble quail , conturnix pectoralis and the brown quail c . ypsilophorus . both are rather shy and require a large , well - planted aviary .\nassorted king quails for sale . pairs or single males . sorry , no spare hens . normals - $ 5 each silvers - $ 10 each cinnamons - $ 15 each pieds - $ 15 each\nharrison , c . 1973b . further notes on the behaviour of painted quail ( excalfactoria chinensis ) .\npappas , j . 1996 . some observations on the behaviour and care of the chinese painted quail .\na / a vol 50 no . 11 nov 1996 page 251 - 253 ( kurrichane button quail )\nquail can have different coloured feathers but be the same breed , they can still be bred though .\nvector flat illustration of quail head . isolated on white background . icon . cartoon . for kids .\nbrussel sprouts , asparagus and quail eggs on optimistic green background . spring food concept . flat lay .\nin quail was sequenced using genomic dna and chicken - specific primers . a mutation was found in the\nconverting caged quail to organic free - range . part 1 . cailles bio en conversion . codorniz org\u00e1nicos\ni\u2019m interested in breeding quail in australia . can you tell me what kind of non - australian native quail breeds the best ? do any quails hatch their own eggs well in captivity without artificial incubation ?\nking quails for sale ! beautiful little birds , great addition to any aviary or cage . young birds , selling either males only or as pairs . available colours are : natural , silver and cinnamon .\nregardless of the limited information about the mating system of either king or japanese quail in the wild , there is clearly a pronounced contrast between the overt behavior patterns of the sexes together\u2014allopreening and huddling with little copulation in king quail and high frequency copulation with no allopreening or huddling in japanese quail . because few birds , including zebra finches , have relatives with a different mating system , the behavioral differences between these two quail species thus offer a new and unique opportunity for a comparative approach to discovering the neuroendocrine and neural basis of pairing behavior in birds . a logical next step would be to test mechanism hypotheses in birds of both species that were raised under the same conditions and tested in the same way . a comparison of the underlying mechanisms in the two quail species , when combined with the important work that has already gone on with voles , will help reveal which mechanisms are likely to generalize across the multiple independent evolutionary origins of monogamy in vertebrates [ 42 ] . the two quail species also raise interesting questions about the ultimate causes of the difference in the behavior of the sexes with each other . king quail are smaller and have a tropical distribution . japanese quail , like the sibling species coturnix coturnix , breed mainly in the temperate zone and their flexible mating system seems to be the derived state in their clade [ 39 ] . whether or how size or climate were involved in the evolution of the species difference are also questions for the future .\nmap 41 wonnangatta . including king river , howqua river , mcallister river , humffray river , mt . sarah natural features and scenic reserve , mt . selwyn creek and catherine river . sheet _ 41 . pdf\nthe experiments also provided information about some of the other behavior of this little - studied species . males never did any kind of strutting ( including the wings - down display ) to a female once they were cohabiting , even following a brief separation , and wings - down displays were often accompanied by lunging and attacking . this suggests a strictly aggressive function consistent with the \u201cwings - down attack\u201d name given by schleidt et al . [ 21 ] . in the king quail tests , only males ever growled , and much more growling occurred when males could not see other birds , consistent with its description as a \u201cseparation call\u201d [ 19 ] . male japanese quail emit a vocalization that is somewhat acoustically similar , but it is associated with strutting [ 31 ] , whereas king quail growls never occurred together with wings - down displays in the experiments . the loud long - distance advertisement call of male japanese quail is the crow , which attracts females [ 32 ] . males crow much less when in visual contact with a female [ 33 ] . the loud calls of the king quail occurred only occasionally during the tests but were emitted by females as well as males .\nmills ad , crawford ll , domjan m , faure jm . the behavior of the japanese or domestic quail\nquail as a new laboratory research animal . poult sci . 1994 ; 73 : 763\u2013768 . pmid : 8072918\naustralian quail generally do not use a perch either during the day or to roost on during the night . two of the introduced quail , the californian and the bobwhite will use a perch at night to roost .\nhe said the data available on quail in australia could be seen as limited and out of date . for example , in the past 100 years , only 20 scientific publications have been published on australian quail . in contrast , more than 10 , 000 publications have been published on the north american bobwhite quail . new and relevant information would be beneficial to ensure hunters could continue to sustainably hunt quail as game in this country .\nlast edited by quail dale on 09 jan 2011 , 21 : 00 , edited 1 time in total .\nconsider adding a nesting box for the quail . you can make a nesting box out of plastic container , pots or small cardboard boxes as long as they have an entrance to them . the nesting box should be a bit bigger than the quail itself and the quail should be able to fit through the hole / entrance .\nbest housed in pairs , trios , or quatour in a planted aviary , but can be retained singly in chicken cages , or without a doubt in colonies in significant flights . some preventing amid males will transpire . it will be vital to watch for in excess of - bullying in the female pecking buy , as perfectly as becoming careful that other dynamics in social teams exist , & these might result in injuries . suspension cages do not function perfectly for this species of quail as they do for the a little much larger species these types of as bobwhite quail , california quail , or japanese quail simply because of their lesser sized ft a much finer dimension floor wire would need to be employed . king quail also are not normally essential to be farmed in these types of a manner as the aforementioned quail species as they are not bred for consumption or for activity launch .\nthe male king quail comes in quite a few hues , which includes blue , brown , silver , maroon , darkish brown & almost black . they have orange ft which are difficult and equipped to withstand a continuous life on the ground like quite a few other activity birds . the female is similar to the male but simply cannot appear in shades of blue . they can dwell up to 13 several years in captivity but only 3 - 6 on normal . in the wild they might dwell only one . 5 several years . the eggs of king quail are a light , creamy - brown colour and a little pointed at the \u2018top\u2019 roughly ovular in condition .\nharrison , c . 1973a . plumage pattern in the buff varieties of the house sparrow and the painted quail .\nwhite dj , galef bg . affiliative preferences are stable and predict mate choices in both sexes of japanese quail ,\nan australian quail ( click on photo to enlarge ) left = young , right = hen on 16 eggs .\nquail differ in one huge respect when compared with almost all other species of birds . quail are generally divided into two groups as far as incubation are concerned . coturnix hens do the incubating of the eggs and the incubation .\nset of various cartoon birds . owl , duck , chick , quail , turkey , swan . vector clip art\nspotted - bellied bobwhite , colinus cristatus , rare bird from costa rica forest . quail in the nature habitat .\nbrussel sprouts , asparagus , quail eggs and cutting board on optimistic green background . spring food concept . minimal .\nblack and white illustration of a california valley quail head looking to side set inside circle done in retro style .\nmutations associated with variation in plumage color in chicken and japanese quail . two of them are apparent null mutations causing\n[ quote =\nquail dale\n] sorry but this post has annoyed me since i joined the forum .\nyes they are\u2026assuming those sold in your area\u2019s stores are bobwhite quail eggs , as is typical . best , frank\ni have various young finches for sale , and have just coloured up or colouring up . pick up kippa - ring . seagreen parrot finches $ 70pr seagreens light pied $ 45ea cordon bleus $ 70pr ( sold ) cuban cocks $ 25ea tri colour parrot finch cock $ 60ea jacarini hen $ 30 king quail $ 5ea ruddy cock $ 20ea\nthe king quail is a small dark quail , mostly brown in colour . the adult male has a distinctive appearance with a blue - grey forehead and face , and a black and white pattern on its chin and throat . it has faint white streaks and black bars on the top of its head and on its wings . the sides of its face , its chest and its sides are slate - blue . it has a chestnut belly and yellow legs . the female is like a minature brown quail , coturnix ypsilophora , and is dark brown and faintly streaked . it has a white throat and is the only small quail with a barred underside . it is also known as blue - breasted , chestnut - bellied , dwarf , least , swamp , chinese , or chinese painted quail .\nthe most important outcome of these experiments is the striking contrast between the behavior of king quail and japanese quail . in the king quail , only two copulation attempts were seen in over 18 hours of video recordings of males and females together in the same cage . instead , close and often mutual allopreening and huddling characterized male - female interactions once initial aggression or avoidance subsided . japanese quail , on the other hand , are famous for vigorous short latency copulation whenever males and females are placed in the same cage . they have been important subjects for studying the hormonal and neural mechanisms for avian copulatory behavior and the consequences of copulation for fertilization success [ 16 , 29 ] . although one recent study with japanese quail interprets the results of separation - reunion tests as indicating pair bonds [ 34 ] , allopreening and huddling have never been reported in this species [ 17 ] . proximity in choice tests predicts copulation , and females aggregate to try to avoid copulatory attempts by non - preferred males [ 25 , 35 ] .\nriters lv , balthazart j . behavioral evidence for individual recognition in japanese quail . behaviour 1998 : 135 : 551\u2013578 .\nquail that are noisy , especially in the morning , should be housed in an aviary most distant away from neighbours .\nthe cheaper species of quail are often put in an aviary to help\nclean up\nthe floor . they usually receive an adequate balance of foods and nutrients but with the rarer more expensive quail there should be more attention to the quail receiving a more planned balanced diet . adequate supply of insect live food will be beneficial especially during breeding season .\na / a vol 16 no . 4 apr 1962 page 53 - 54 , 56 ( introduction to quail ) .\nit was very informative . especially the part on the separation of the male quail from the female after the chicks\nto some great info . enjoy . i hope this helps out , and welcome to the quail forum on byc .\nin quail are orthologous . all five intergeneric hybrids from the crossing of albinos from the two phasianidae species were albino (\nchinese blue breasted quail . young adults & eggs available most of the year . also have coturnix trios & eggs .\nall of our quail have come from canadian stock . our breeding program ensures your button & coturnix purchases are unrelated .\nquail can be used to add visual balance to the aesthetics of an aviary . finches and suitable small parrots flying around and occupying the middle and upper part of the aviary and the quail taking up the lower level and floor real estate .\nwerret , w . f . , a . j . candy , j . o . king and p . m . sheppard , 1959 . semi - albino : a third sex - linked allelomorph of silver and gold in the fowl .\nthese formative steps , according to graham , are the building blocks for further study into population movements and ecology , all of which will provide the necessary information for quail management . ecology and management of quail in australia is a publication supported by the ssaa because better knowledge and management of quail will benefit ssaa members and other hunters to help continue sustainably harvesting this resource .\ncheck for availability for mutations . we have almost every one but few of certain ones . have started birds , laying birds , and eggs to ship . email to make sure i can ship to your area for live birds . we also raise exotic chickens , pheasants , texas a & m quail , dark range quail , and large coturnix quail in small quantities .\ncoturnix hens do the incubating of the eggs and the incubation . as with the turnix quail , some aviculturalists can\ndouble use\nsome birds . with coturnix quail the opposite of the turnix quail is practiced . the cock bird is removed once the hen has definitely commenced incubation duties . the same problems and benefits have to be observed as outlined in the above paragraph .\n6 to 10 week old king quail ( coturnix chinensis ) for sale or will trade for other young king quail needed to introduce a new bloodline for breeding . only males available atm for $ 10 ( current batch of females sold out ) . i will have more females available in about 8 weeks in a variety of colours $ 15 each . females are great egg layers from about 6 weeks of age and will go clucky if put with a male to breed . these australian native quail are bred and hatched naturally not hatched in an incubator . you can have 1 male with 3 to 4 or even 5 females . they are wonderful pets for small spaces and kids . they are only small ground dwelling birds about the size of a closed fist . they can live at the bottom of an aviary housing finches and canaries . my females sell out quickly !\nbob white quail $ 15 each , californian quail $ 25 each . minimum buy 8 birds . good opportunity for new breeding stock . can arrange freight within australia from dilston tasmania . please phone allen on 0418 122 951 . no texts or emails please\nthe rainy season dictates the breeding season with respect to geographic location for these quail and their subspecies ( johnsgard , 1988 ) .\nharrison , c . 1968 . some notes on the behaviour of nesting painted quail , and some further notes on their calls .\na brown quail in the white skink habitat area as well as a white - naped honeyeater feeding in some small trees nearby .\nnewly hatched button quail are , quite literally , the size of bumblebees \u2013 check that they cannot squeeze through the cage\u2019s mesh .\npheasants do present a problem\u2026males of most species are usually extremely territorial , even if unpaired , and would likely attack the quail .\nif the quail are housed in an aviary with birds that are fed from an elevated platform , care must be taken to ensure the quail have sufficient of their preferred seeds / grains and not have to survive on the unwanted food of the other birds . quail eat the whole seed . most other types of birds remove the seed husk then eat the de - husked seed . sometimes it can appear there is adequate seed on the floor for the quail but closer inspection reveals it is mostly the empty seed husks .\nadult male japanese quail available . hatched jan 2018 . his mother attacked him when he was young so he has a bald spot behind his head , but that doesnt seem to bother him at all . he would carry the same broody genes his mother had which he can pass to his daughters . local pickup only . message or email for more information . king quails also available .\nthe breeding season of king quails depends on geographic latitude . while they can , in principle breed any time of year , their core breeding periods are september to march in the south - eastern part of the continent and february to may in the north .\nif you are located in a very arid region of australia , you might consider the gamble\u2019s quail , lophortyx gambelii . also known as the desert quail , they are quite beautiful and well adapted to hot , dry climates . they too breed well in aviaries .\ni have a female king quail approx 6months old , free to give away to a good home . she ' s very lonely , as her friend passed away , and would now love the company of other quails or other avairy birds i . e . finches or canaries . please e - mail kerynmarshall @ bigpond . com . collection is avaliable from eight mile plains , brisbane only . more\nalthough most birds are socially monogamous , research using experimental manipulations to test hypotheses about underlying hormonal and neural mechanisms for the formation and maintenance of pair relationships has been largely limited to zebra finches [ 13 ] . the experiments reported here establish king quail as a highly suitable species for the study of avian pairing behavior . the behavior is distinctive and easily measured . the birds have the same practical advantages as japanese quail , including ease of hatching , rearing , and housing , short development time , and disease resistance [ 29 ] ."]}
{"id": 1969, "summary": [{"text": "the red-flanked bluetail ( tarsiger cyanurus ) , also known as the orange-flanked bush-robin , is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an old world flycatcher , muscicapidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it , and related species , are often called chats . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "red - flanked bluetail", "paragraphs": ["red - flanked bluetail , san clemente island , ca , 6 december 2011 . photograph by justyn stahl .\nwe generally substitute cameras for guns . for which small mercy we are all truly thankful . especially the red - flanked bluetail .\nred - flanked bluetail \u201cdigi - binned\u201d by jethro runco . note the buffy tipped greater coverts , indicating a first - winter bird .\nis remarkably stable in taxonomic terms . in hong kong we know this species as the red - flanked bluetail . if you search in\nwhen i read the conclusion of dresser\u2019s chapter about the red - flanked bluetail . he notes that some authors divide the species into two forms ,\nthe red - flanked bluetail was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an old world flycatcher , muscicapidae .\nred - flanked bluetail . tresta , 8th ocotober 2010 . dan brown . i got a very similar view as i flushed the bird by pis ( h ) sing .\nsuggests much more ambiguity around the bluetail ' s placement , vide : \u201corange - flanked bush - robin , tarsiger cyanurus ( synonyms , luscinia cyanura , nemura cyanura and ianthia cyanura ; protonym , motacilla cyanurus ) , pallas , 1773 , also known as the red - flanked bluetail or sometimes as the white - breasted blue wood - chat\u2026 . \u201d\nthe orange - flanked bush - robin is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nscored at halligarth everyone heard and got good if brief typically views of the dusky warbler plus 2 yellow - broweds and several swallows over . while otter searching , news broke of red - flanked bluetail on south mainland .\nthe red - flanked bluetail has a large range , estimated globally at 1 , 000 , 000 to 10 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to the asia but having migrated to much of europe , this bird prefers boreal , temperate , subtropical , or tropical forest ecosystems . the global population of this bird is estimated at 20 , 000 to 41 , 000 individuals in europe alone and does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the red - flanked bluetail is least concern .\nfor another species that has occurred on occasion in north america , mostly in alaska , the genus has been changed : the red - flanked bluetail is now in luscinia rather than tarsiger . the luscinia genus is also that of the bluethroat and the siberian rubythroat .\nred - flanked bluetail is traditionally an autumn vagrant in britain , this is the first record of a wintering bird . the earliest spring records both occurred on march 31st in 2007 at easington , east yorkshire and 2012 on lewis , western isles . april has hosted just three records and may just the one .\nthe orange - flanked bush - robin is not currently known to be facing any threats .\nof this species dates back to october and november 1993 . i had recently taken up birding as a more serious interest . i remember that a red - flanked bluetail was found in dorset , england , at a place called winspit . the excitement was immense . this was the 13th british record at the time .\nit is captioned as orange - flanked bush - robin . our vernacular is given second and then red - flanked bush - robin , blue - tailed robin , bluestart , and siberian bluestart . the advantage of a universal scientific name is thus demonstrated . my ( sadly out of date 5th edition ) copy of clements\u2019\nthere are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for the orange - flanked bush - robin .\nsince 1993 , when the first twitchable mainland bird was found in dorset , there have been dozens of records , 2010 alone hosted up to 32 birds ! despite this red - flanked bluetail is still a species which for most birders still causes the heart to skip a beat every time one is found and for any dedicated patch worker a dream find .\nlittle story : having been directed stu piner and finder dan brown i went on the other side of walled garden away from the rest of the group as we awaited the appearance of the tresta ( mainland not fetlar ) bluetail . needed a wee . my mid - stream urinating activity flushed the red - flanked bluetail from the wall\u2019s base . right in front of me ! so i watched as it sat on branch only c 10 feet away - no bins needed - nor easily used ! result : my best \u2018pish\u2019 ever .\nshort time later bird is hidden again and i hear an odd call . kind of like a certain call of chiffchaff but wrong ; an odd warbler ? i went through a mental warbler list but couldn\u2019t attach the sound to a species . then it called again \u2013 with almost chat like \u2013 stonechat like quality as well . i realised - it must be the bluetail calling . excellent ! for me better than brief views of the bird . seen red - flanked bluetail before but never heard the call . a new call tick !\nred - flanked bluetail : breeds in mixed coniferous forests in asia , europe , from finland across siberia to kamchatka and japan . winters in asia , in the indian subcontinent , the himalayas , taiwan , and indochina . breeding range expanding through finland ; rare but increasing vagrant to europe , mainly to great britain . been a few records in westernmost north america , mostly in western alaska .\nthe orange - flanked bush - robin migrates south for winter , to southern china and southeast asia ( 5 ) .\nmorimoto , g . , yamaguchi , n . and ueda , k . ( 2005 ) plumage color as a status signal in male - male interaction in the red - flanked bushrobin , tarsiger cyanurus . journal of ethology , 24 : 261 - 266 .\nsatio , d . s . , morimoto , g . , fukunaga , a . and ueda , k . ( 2006 ) isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in red - flanked bushrobin , tarsinger cyanurus ( aves : turdidae ) . molecular ecology notes , 6 : 425 - 427 .\nthroughout its large range , the orange - flanked bush - robin occupies coniferous and birch forests ( 4 ) with dense undergrowth ( 2 ) .\nthis represents just the second lower - 48 record for red - flanked bluetail ( aba code 4 ) . the only other previous record was of a bird banded on southeast farallon island on 1 november 1989 ( which has not been entered into ebird ! ) . this is the third old world species recorded on san clemente island , following a bluethroat ( 14\u201318 september 2008 ) , and a stonechat ( 20\u201321 october 1995 ) . it\u2019s been an amazing fall . who knows what will be next !\nhas also caught wind of the taxonomic discord among birders . under the headline\nmystery bird : orange - flanked bush - robin , tarsiger cyanurus ,\nred - flanked bluetail at wern ddu caerphilly . park in coed parc - y - van car park on the caerphilly to rudry rd . walk back 50 yds towards caerphilly and you will see a lane on the left . follow this lane over the railway bridge and then right to the warren . turn left here and follow the lane towards cardiff for about 200 yds . there is a notice board on the right and a bridle path on the left . take the bridle path and the bird was either side of this path but highly mobile .\nwang , y . , chang , j . , moore , f . r . , su , l . , cui , l . and yang , x . ( 2006 ) stopover ecology of red - flanked bush robin ( tarsiger cyanurus ) at maoershan , northeast china . acta ecologica sinica , 26 ( 3 ) : 638 - 646 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus )\ntitle =\narkive species - orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nis\nnot globally threatened ,\naccording to the red list of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . in hong kong it is a common winter visitor and passage migrant .\nmembers of the muscicapidae often show different shades of brown , chestnut , gray , white , and black in their plumage . some species also have patches of red and several have plumages that are predominantly blue .\nstill to be called\ntanagers\n, the birds in the genus piranga , that are making the move to the cardinal family , cardinalidae include the scarlet , summer , western , hepatic , tooth - billed ( of southern central america ) , red ( of south america ) , flame - colored , rose - throated , white - winged , red - headed , and red - hooded . others that made the move to cardinalidae are the ant - tanagers , in the genus habia , and those tanagers in the genus chlorothraupis ( the carimol ' s , olive , lemon - spectacled , and ochre - breasted ) . moving from cardinalidae are the saltators , in the genus saltator , to a\nplace unknown\n.\nok , the editors here at crow ' s cottage are biased in andrew ' s favor , but these images are special ! if you study the gallery for a while , you ' ll find our bluetail amongst the flickr flock of beautiful birds . you ' ll also see world - class photographs of dragonflies , amphibians , insects , moths , dogs , and members of the human family .\nless than sparrow . old male of red - flanked bluetail is determined unmistakably by the grey - blue upperparts , especially bright on lesser wing coverts and upper tail coverts ; the flanks are rusty . differs from the siberian blue robin by the rusty flanks . the autumn plumage is same color but the blue on the head and back is marked by olive - grey edges on feathers . in 2nd year male the coloration as in female : the tail is bluish , the rest of the upperparts are olive - gray , the flanks are rusty , narrow eye - ring is white , throat and belly are whitish , the breast is with unclear dark band . some of the males has female - like color all their lives ( grey - olive morph ) . juveniles are like the juvenile bluethroat or robins , olive - brown pale mottled ; but they are well distinguishable by the blue tail . weight 12 - 18 gr , length about 12 - 15 , wing 7 . 0 - 8 . 4 , wingspan 21 - 24 cm .\nstatement that \u201cthe one thing that appears consistent is that the orange - flanked bush - robin has never been placed into erithacus\u201d since it is clearly placed there by ali . the moral of this story is do your own research . just because it is on the internet does not necessarily make it true !\nthe diet of the orange - flanked bush - robin comprises primarily insects , such as beetles , caterpillars , ants and wasps , which it forages for in the undergrowth or may snatch from the air in flight . it will also eat other invertebrates , such as spiders ( 2 ) , and feeds on fruits and seeds during the non - breeding season ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe orange - flanked bush - robin has an extremely wide distribution , occurring predominantly in asia . t . c . cyanurus is found from finland and north - west russia , across siberia , to china and japan ( 2 ) , while t . c . rufilatus is found throughout the himalayas ( 2 ) at 2 , 400 to 4 , 600 metres above sea level ( 4 ) .\nthe international union for conservation of nature assesses the conservation status of species , subspecies , and varieties of living things on a global scale to highlight taxa threatened with extinction . the red list of threatened species\u2122 evaluates plants and animals according to seven categories : least concern , near threatened , vulnerable , endangered , critically endangered , extinct in the wild , and extinct . our pretty little bluebird , tarsiger cyanurus , holds the status of least concern and is considered stable .\nduring the breeding season , the male orange - flanked bush - robin arrives at the breeding grounds first ( 6 ) , and starts defending a territory of roughly fifty metres in radius , mainly through song ( 7 ) . with the arrival of the females soon after , breeding pairs will form , each occupying a single territory . however , the females may also mate with other males as well as their \u2018partner\u2019 ( 6 ) .\ncollar , n . , de juana , e . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . orange - flanked bush - robin ( tarsiger cyanurus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthis species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1 , 000 , 000 - 10 , 000 , 000 km\u00b2 . it has a large global population , including an estimated 20 , 000 - 41 , 000 individuals in europe ( birdlife international in prep . ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]\nunlike many birds , the orange - flanked bush - robin nests on the ground rather than in trees . the female constructs a cup - shaped nest from twigs and moss , lined with feathers and grass , which is placed among roots or in a cavity in a tree stump or rotten log ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . three to seven eggs are laid , which are white and may have a few reddish speckles . the female incubates the eggs for 15 days , and the fledglings will spend a further 15 days in the nest after they have hatched ( 2 ) .\nafter what seemed like an eternity , i finally laid hands on my camera\u2013a small point - and - shoot type , but that\u2019s all i got ! i figured we\u2019d better get pictures or no one would believe us ( and we needed them to help id the thing ) ! we took off and quickly refound the bird foraging along the canyon wall , completely oblivious to our presence ( a good thing for us ! ) . at first we just took in the bird , trying to mentally gather all the plumage details and foraging behavior . still having no idea what the bird was , i got the camera into action . the bird was very cooperative , allowing us to get within 10 - 15 feet . i was using one barrel of my binoculars to see through while the other had my camera pressed up to it in \u201cdigi - binocular\u201d fashion . i figured if i could see the bird with one eyepiece , the other had to be on the bird , too . i took at least a 100 pictures knowing most would not turn out well , but hoping , hoping , a few would .\nupon arrival at the natural resources office , justyn stahl , the shrike project manager , was standing in the doorway brushing his teeth\u2026 .\nwintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . voice only , but unmistakably characteristic to this species .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nuntil recently considered conspecific with t . rufilatus ( which see ) . proposed race pacificus not accepted . monotypic .\nec & ne finland and nw russia ( including c kola peninsula ) , and from ural mts e to n sea of okhotsk , kamchatka , s to altai ( including ne kazakhstan ) , n mongolia , n & c japan , ne china and n korea ; non - breeding s japan , s korea , e & se china ( mainly s of r yangtze ) , taiwan , hainan and n se asia .\n13\u201314 cm ; 10\u201318 g . male is deep blue above , with brighter blue crown side , shoulder , rump and tail base , narrow whitish supercilium ; white chin to vent , . . .\nsong , by male from near top of bush or low branch , throughout day in early breeding season , also in . . .\nlittle studied . invertebrates , mainly insects ; also fruits and seeds when not breeding . stomachs of russian breeders held beetles and their . . .\nseason may\u2013aug in most of range , end jun to mid - aug in n korea ; at least occasionally double - brooded , apparently regularly so in . . .\nmigratory in most of range ; in c & s japan some merely undertake altitudinal movements to . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in much of range , e . g . common breeder in kuriles and n japan ( hokkaido ) , rarer farther s . common to abundant autumn migrant at . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsometimes merged into luscinia , earlier into erithacus ; recognition as a separate genus , sister to ficedula , supported by molecular work # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclose in size and structure to european robin , though slightly shorter billed and longer tailed . small , fairly compact chat , with general character recalling both european robin and redstart . female dull olive - brown above , with pale eye - ring and darker , blue - washed rump and tail , dull white below , with brown chest and orange flank - panel . sexes disimilar , no seasonal variation .\nbreeds in upper - middle and marginally in upper continental latitudes , exclusively boreal and mountain , in thick mossy conifer forest , especially taiga , on moist soil , generally with undergrowth . also mixed forest with birch and rhododendron . in far east , more often in birchwoods , even up to 3000 m in japan , where trees no more than 3 m high .\ntarsiger cyanurus has a predominantly asian distribution , but its breeding range also extends into the boreal zone of european russia and finland . its european breeding population is relatively small ( < 21 , 000 pairs ) , but was stable between 1970 - 1990 . no trend data were available for the stronghold russian population during 1990 - 2000 , but the small population in finland increased\ndiet based on insects , also fruits and seeds outside breeding season . feeds in low trees , shrubs , and on ground . catches insects by hopping about on ground , by perching and flying down to take items located , and by brief aerial - pursuit like flycatcher .\nbreeding starts june - august in former ussr . nest site is on ground in hollow among tree roots , or in hole in bank , or slightly above ground in stump or fallen log . nest cup consists of moss , grass , and roots , lined with softer grass , wool , hair , and sometimes pine needles . 5 - 7 eggs incubated by female .\nwest palearctic populations are long - distance migrants ( wintering from burma east to southern china and taiwan ) . ( southern race rufilatus , breeding himalayan region and western china , mainly shows short - distance altitudinal movements . ) west palearctic birds therefore make long easterly movements ( in autumn ) , passing north of major central asian mountain systems , before turning south through mongolia and china . autumn migration begins early september ; northern edge of range deserted by mid - september . return passage begins april , vanguard reaching southern siberia in second half of april . spreads north and west during may , reaching arkhangel\u2018sk region around 20 may - 4 june .\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhas gray wash . very active bird . hops on ground while bobbing tail up and down . forages on ground and in trees for various insects and berries .\na group of thrushes are collectively known as a\nhermitage\nand a\nmutation\nof thrushes .\nthe old world flycatchers are one of the one hundred forty - two families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that includes bird families such as the nuthatches , swallows , and starlings .\nthere are three hundred and fifteen species of old world flycatchers in forty - eight genera in the muscicapidae ( pronounced musi - kap - uh - dee ) , a family mostly found in eurasia and africa .\nthere are sixteen species of old world flycatchers in seven genera in the muscicapidae that have occurred in north america and hawaii . all but three of these species are vagrants to the region .\nthe members of this family are known for their cheery , chattering songs and small size . in europe , the european robin is one of the most well known , confiding , garden bird species .\nthe old world flycatchers are small birds with thin , rather short bills . although the wheatears and a few other species have long wings , most have short wings , medium - length tails , and rather long , strong legs and feet for hopping on the ground .\nmembers of the muscicapidae occur in a wide variety of habitats that include tundra , grasslands , marshes , boreal forests , gardens , and tropical forests . the two species that breed in north america are birds of the tundra and willow thickets . a third species that was introduced to hawaii occurs in gardens . the other north american muscicapidae species are vagrants from asia .\nin north america , all members of this family are migratory and spend the winter in africa and southern asia .\nmost muscicapidae species are solitary birds for most of the year although some species forage with other bird species in mixed flocks . members of this family glean insects off of vegetation and pick them out of the air in fluttering flight .\nnone of the members of this family that occur in north american are threatened with extinction . elsewhere , the black - throated blue robin of central and southern china is considered to be vulnerable and has only been seen on a handful of occasions .\nthe northern wheatears that breed in tundra habitats of northern north america migrate to sub - saharan africa for the winter . the other species that breeds in north america , the bluethroat , also migrates to ancestral wintering grounds in southern asia instead of migrating to mexico and central america .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nthe ventral part of the bird , or the area between the flanks on each side and the crissum and breast . flight muscles are located between the belly and the breast .\ni live in marshfield and spend most of my bird watching time on the local patch . normally i go north of the village as there is high land there , and in the past we have had all three harriers , 15 short - eared owls two years ago , and quail are regular in the summer . it ' s mainly known for its roost of up to 500 corn buntings in winter and dozens of pairs breeding in the summer . it ' s wonderful area , with lots of farmland species that are rare elsewhere .\nup to yesterday the best spot was in 1989 when a woodchat shrike spent a sunday afternoon by rushmead farm , found by another regular visitor to the patch , martyn hayes .\nthankfully martyn arrived with his camera , and the result can be seen on his ' the birds of south gloucestershire ' website ! jack also arrived and before dusk five other people were able to get to the valley .\ni was happy for the news to get out as it was on a public footpath , and as long as visitors parked on the upper lane off the main road to tormarton , which is a rat run to the motorway , i was confident that all would be well .\ni went along today at about 11 30 and found 70 more people than are normally in the valley on a sunny day in february ! i was really pleased that everyone was able to get really good views without having to wait around or search . i believe that over 200 people came during the day , maybe more .\nthe bird is north of marshfield in shire valley 100yds beyond houses at shirehill farm . please park carefully on the road north of the valley and don ' t block access st . 785 . 770\n. walk to the valley and then east on path past farm . the bird has been very obliging at times and with patience and quietness you should obtain good views .\njon dunn brings you a comprehensive roundup of the week ' s best birds from around britain , ireland and the western palearctic , including pacific golden plover and squacco heron . more here >\nhen harrier has bred on the national trust ' s high peak moors , in the peak district national park , for the first time in four years . more here >\nresearch has found that young turtle doves raised on a diet of seeds foraged from arable plants rather than food provided in people ' s gardens are more likely to survive after fledging . more here >\na french director said on monday he would abandon filming at a mediterranean wetland after a pilot sparked panic among a huge flock of flamingos . more here >\nmale purple - crowned fairy - wrens use their purple crowns to show off about their social status and strength , according to a new study . more here >\neuropean fishing activities take place outside european waters , including in west and northern africa , where the pressure put on marine life and ecosystems is just as alarming and devastating . more here >\ncopyright rare bird alert 2018 . rare bird alert - 17 keswick close , norwich , norfolk nr4 6uw enquiries : admin @ urltoken or call 01603 457016\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nincubates keeps eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms and spiders . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliot , a . and christie , d . a . ( 2005 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 : cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ndelin , h . and svensson , l . ( 2009 ) philip\u2019s guide to birds of britain and europe . philips , london .\nsibley , c . g . and monroe jr . , b . l . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven and london .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nquite far from his regular area ! what a nice observation . first time in wallonie , thank you to the finder . recorded with iphone 8 .\ntwo males ( but not seen ) were competing for territories near a mountain stream . wintering near suburban region in kyoto city . same individuals as in xc202850 .\ntwo birds are calling each other for claiming winter territories . just started wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . one of the bird ( closer one ) is the same one as in xc202387 .\nfirst recognition in this winter . unidentified species ( tit ? ) in the background . wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .\nwintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . two birds were competing in calls . low - frequency noise has been suppressed .\nslightly atypical call ( rising pitch ) for this species . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . same individual as in xc193024 .\nslightly atypical call ( rising pitch ) for this species . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .\ntypical soft low - volume calls of this species . background tit species id not sure . wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .\ntwo types of calls are recorded . the one is noise - like clicks ( 0 : 02 , 0 : 07 , 0 : 11 , 0 : 14 etc ) . repeated whistle - like calls start at 0 : 19 and continue throughout the recording . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .\noverlapping japanese white - eye ( zosterops japonicus ) is rather strong . wintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .\ncouldn\u2019t resist a pre - dawn assault on skaw and norwick - checking for visible ( and audible ) migration . clearly brambling , siskins and redwings were on the move - expect new birds today me thinks . the 2 little buntings called too each other very early and seemed to fly off south .\njust offshore the educational duo of juvenile terns : 1 common and 1 arctic tern showed well plus 2 1st winter little gulls . the black duck hybrid thing flew around . nice morning . heading south we had another \u2018from the van\u2019 find . graham picked up a barred warbler along a stone dyke at haroldswick - just before the phone purred to say a dusky warbler had been found at halligarth .\nby the time we had reached the north mainland there was a choice . 2 bluetails . one at geosetter and one at tresta . we opted for the tresta bird found by punkbirders .\nsiskin , norwick unst 8th october 2010 . migrating siskins , bramblings and redwing heralded \u2018news birds\u2019\nanother \u2018from the van\u2019 find . noticed by graham \u2013 a barred warbler on stone dyke at haroldswick . pink - footed goose was new for the week here also .\nlapland buntings continued to be seemingly \u2018everywhere\u2019 . we must have seen or heard some hundreds of birds .\nthen a final drive to drop off our excellent tour group of paul , andrew , graham and chris at the sumburgh hotel . 1 week and some 115 species later . new \u2018life\u2019 birds for everyone and some top - notch scare and rare bird finds . not sure anyone was keen for it to end . the only slight regret through the day was that a pallas\u2019s warbler had been seen well up the skaw burn . we predicted that the sumburgh area was a likely spot for one to turn up before flights home the next morning . must try that prophesy thing more often ! next time then !\npingback : white - throated robin . really 3 years ago ? | birding frontiers\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbreeds in western altai ( lineyskiy and ivanovskiy ridges ) . at summer it was recorded in southern altai ( altaisky tarbagatay ridge , markakol lake ) . on migration occurs near kustanay ( in autumn of 1920 ) , in kurgaldzhino reserve on kulanutpes river ( september 29 , 1960 ) , near semipalatinsk ( october 9 , 1936 ) , on sorbulak lake ( october 2 , 2011 ) , in chu valley ( october 10 , 2012 ) .\n\u0432 . \u043a . \u0440\u044f\u0431\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0432 .\n\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 , \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u044f \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0438\n. \u0435\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433 , \u0438\u0437\u0434 - \u0432\u043e \u0443\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 , 2000 . \u044d . \u0438 . \u0433\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 .\n\u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\n. \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b , 1999 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .\nthe birds of kazakhstan\n. almaty , 2005 .\n\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\n\u0442\u043e\u043c 3 .\n\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\n. \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430 - \u0430\u0442\u0430 , 1970 .\nall rights to materials published on site ( photos , videos , articles ) are owned by authors . to use materials please contact the author .\nbrowse all of today ' s sightings . to submit your own reports , you can complete the online submissions form , email sightings @ urltoken , phone us on 0333 577 2473 , or text birds rpt followed by your message to 07786 200505 . these details are only for submitting bird news \u2013 for everything else , go to the contact us page .\nmap details of sightings are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nwelcome to the grc recorders pages . this blog provides details on all the relevant news of glamorgan\u2019s scarcer birds , plus all bbrc & wrp decisions that affect us locally . it will also be used to document the status and occurrence of these scarcer species and we welcome contributions from anyone with photographs , artwork or documentation of rarities past , present and future . the grc also welcomes all seawatching news from around glamorgan and news of passage migrants in spring & autumn , uncommon birds in our area and unusual behaviour .\nbefore you can contribute . an invite will be sent to your email address . blog content will be strictly moderated . access to pages and downloads are available to everyone . all photographs on this blog remain the property of the originator .\nthe glamorgan rarities committee , in conjunction with the glamorgan bird club & gower wildlife , have agreed to co - operate with the welsh ornithological society in the sharing of bird records & photographs in the interest of keeping accurate records and to promote birdwatching in north , mid & south wales .\ni ' ve copied alan ' s notes giving directions for those who like me will be hoping this bird sticks around for a bit .\ngreat find indeed present until at least 2 . 30pm this afternoon 27th at the same location as paul roberts post on this blog . it is quite difficult staying low and sometimes subjected to disturbance by robins . extremely difficult for photography at the moment .\nall records of rare and scarce species submitted to the society are considered by the kos rarity panel before being accepted for publication in the kent bird report .\nall british birds rarities require descriptions and will be assessed by the british rare birds panel . urltoken\n, a quarterly journal produced by the bto which he is is anxious to find a new home for . anyone interested please contact john on 01580 212329\nfriends of dungeness moth licenceswith the changes in permission for moth trapping in the area around the long pits , dungeness , we are very pleased to announce that we have 2 moth licences for use by ' friends ' of the observatory . please contact the warden for more information .\nthe patch is steadily getting busier as the month progresses . 16 mediterranean gulls including several juveniles were present on the beach this morning . three yellow - legged gulls , one adult and two juveniles were also present . five grey herons came in off the sea and headed towards the lydd ranges . a grey wagtail flew west along the beach [ \u2026 ]\njack , jay and i took the ' gary ann ' out of deal along the coast to dover harbour to survey breeding seabirds on the cliffs today . it provided a very different view of the area and was probably most notable for the alarming lack of breeding birds ! the paucity of species appears to follow a nationwide [ \u2026 ]\na honey - buzzard flew over the top of the high street in kingsdown this afternoon , mobbed by jackdaws .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 833 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ni have found only one clear change in genus . at some point it moved from\n( 1871 - 1881 ) . he addresses the identification and distribution in some detail . his chapter on what he tagged as\nreads like a who\u2019s who of contemporary ornithology : seebohm , jerdon , von middendorff , von schrenck , radde , p\u00e8re david , przevalsky , swinhoe , hume , stoliczka , hodgson \u2014 names that we still honour today .\n. he debunks this division , but to me it is amusing to discover that even in the late nineteenth century the lumpers and splitters were at it . \u2018armchair ticks\u2019 are not a new invention .\nthe taxonomy of this species is confusing ,\nthe article reads . indeed ! here ' s the link :\nis fully recognized today as that of the delightful wagtails . i am equally bewildered by\nis a bird of forests and scrub or shrub . in hong kong i have seen it in gardens , at roadsides and on fences . invariably some sort of cover is available if the bird feels the need to retreat under threat . i tend to see the bird in sparsely copsed areas where , with a little patience , it is possible to get good views and take photographs . it seems to remain loyal to a patch once it has settled . i wouldn\u2019t say it is inquisitive , but its circle of fear is not too wide . it rarely seems to fly far and will return if the observer sits quietly and still for a while . david tipling , writing in\nmotacilla cyanurus , pallas , reise russ . reichs , ii . p . 709 ( 1776 ) .\nthe male siberian blue - tail is blue above , with a white eye - stripe ; and white below with orange - chestnut flanks . the female is olive brown above with no eye - stripe , and in addition to the orange flanks there is an obscure broad brown band across the breast .\nfigures : temminck and schlegel , fauna japonica , aves , pl . 21 ( male and female ) ; david and oustalet , ois . chine , pl . 28 ( male ) .\nthe siberian blue - tail is a summer visitor to yezzo ( whitely , ibis , 1867 , p . 197 ) ; but in the more southerly islands of japan it is a resident , breeding on the mountains and wintering in the plains . there are twelve examples in the pryer collection from yokohama , and mr . ringer has sent skins to the norwich museum obtained at nagasaki ( blakiston and pryer , trans . as . soc . japan , 1882 , p . 161 ) . there is an example in the pryer collection from the central group of the loo - choo islands ( seebohm , ibis , 1887 , p . 174 ) , and another in the museum of the smithsonian institution at washington from the same locality ( stejneger , proc . united states nat . mus . 1886 , p . 646 ) .\nthe range of the siberian blue - tail extends from the ural mountains , whence i have seen examples in the moscow museum , to kamtschatka . it is a winter visitor to china and formosa .\ni found this bird in the valley of the yenesay as far north as the arctic circle , and mr . jouy describes it as one of the commonest birds in the mountains of japan during summer , often the only one seen on some of the higher passes . it is very familiar in its ways and easily approached . seated on a low branch of a tree or shrub , with its head on one side , it utters a low guttural chuckling note ( jouy , proc . united states nat . mus . 1883 , p . 281 ) . mr . jouy procured examples of this species on fuji - yama in june and on tate - yama in december .\nt h e b i r d s of the j a p a n e s e e m p i r e by h e n r y s e e b o h m with numerous woodcuts \u221e 1890 | london : r . h . porter , 18 princes street , cavendish square | pp . 58 - 59\nis an enthusiastic photographer across a wide range of genres , from wildlife to street . he grew up in rural britain but has traveled the 7 continents in search of birds and photographs . now settled in rural hong kong , he continues to indulge his passion for books , wildlife and photography . andrew is a moderator of the\nas our essay illustrates , taxonomy for birds has entered a period of great flux . one organization , birdlife international , is tracking the\ncurrent phase of taxonomic revision\ntoward the goal of making some sense of it all . the web linked here points to\nthe birdlife checklist ,\na useful tool for the study of the depth and complexity of taxonomy and classification . the checklist can be downloaded for free .\nandrew ' s blog showcases a wide range of his interests : photographs and commentary inspired by the natural world and the creatures who inhabit it . you ' ll also find some compelling character studies of our fellow humans .\nnotices announcing new entries for crow ' s cottage glossary and compendium are sent by e - mail express to my list of family , friends , students , and fellow travelers . if you ' ve come here by some other means , i invite you to write me at the address below so i can add you to the list . it ' s a private list , shared with no one and guarded by a flock of warrior crows with sharp claws and diligent fairies with tricks of illusion . aggressive or pacific \u2014 you choose \u2014 the guardians are in our service to ensure your privacy .\neclecticisms most plausible , spare embodiments in miniature , congruous abridgements , the occasional received epitome , choice facts , strange mysteries , unfettered digressions \u2014 each and all found within the smaller compass of the greater work , the magnum opus , with particular attention given to the natural world , its beings , objects , forces , and ideas , including the diverse ways nature is viewed and engaged by humanity .\ncrow ' s cottage glossary and compendium lives on urltoken , a developmental web for the mind and spirit . corndancer has participated in the world wide web since 2000 . submissions are invited and warmly welcomed . contact webmaster at threadspinner @ urltoken\nsome recent bird taxonomy changes , including two murrelets where there was one and new taxonomy from the bou ( the british ornithologists union ) and in a new book about owls this feature , composed by armas hill , relates to updates and revisions of bird taxonomy and nomenclature during the 3 years from 2012 back through 2010 . the changes have been incorporated in the lists and photo galleries of birds linked at the end of the feature .\na new subspecies has been created for the european storm petrel , hydrobates pelagicus . it is : the mediterranean storm petrel , hydrobates melitensis , breeding on the cabrera archipelago of the balearic islands off northeastern spain . and , lastly , here , the bou has put the ruff , the buff - breasted sandpiper , and the broad - billed sandpiper into the genus calidris . these 3 species have had their own unique genera .\none of the best books anywhere about owls was published earlier this year , in 2012 . it is entitled\nowls of the world , a photographic guide\n, by heimo mikkola . in the book , the photographs of virtually every owl in the world , are tremendous , and the text is informative and excellent . heimo mikkola is an owl expert who has been studying owls for a long time . another book of his ,\nowls of europe\nhas long been in my library . it was published in 1983 . in the 2012 book , there is some interesting\nnew\ntaxonomy , including : the american barn owl split from that in the old world , along with some other barn owls in the area of the caribbean , the splitting of owls in the galapagos islands , both the barn and the short - eared owls , and the splitting of the ferruginous pygmy owl into various\nspecies\nincluding the ridgway ' s pygmy owl in central america , and the chaco pygmy owl in , among other places , southwestern brazil . a number of other adjustments have been made to screech owls and other pygmy owls in central & south america . the mottled owl is treated as an exclusively south american species , with now the mexican wood owl in mexico & central america . in all , there are 249 different owls in the book .\nif you ' ve been in costa rica , you may have another adjustment to your bird - list . it is now the costa rican brush finch , arremon costaricensis , in southwestern costa rica and adjacent western panama , and the black - headed brush finch , arremon atricapillus , further east in panama . both of these were part of the stripe - headed brush finch of further south , in south america , arremon torquatus . if you ' ve been to the galapagos islands , the galapagos shearwater , now puffinus subalaris , has been split from the audubon ' s shearwater . genetics have shown it to be more closely related to the christmas island shearwater . other changes in 2012 relate to genera : the genus of the calliope hummingbird is now selasphorus , the same genus as the rufous , allen ' s , and broad - tailed hummingbirds . the calliope was in a genus of its own , stelluta ."]}
{"id": 1970, "summary": [{"text": "negeta contrariata is a moth in the nolidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from the indo-australian tropics of india , sri lanka , borneo east to australia ( queensland ) and bismarck archipelago . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "negeta contrariata", "paragraphs": ["negeta contrariata ; [ poole ] ; [ mob18 ] : 180 , pl . 9 , f . 469 , 472\nnegeta abbreviata ; [ poole ] ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , f . 473\nnegeta aureata holloway , 2003 ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , 474 ; tl : brunei , 30 - 60m , labi\nnegeta montanata holloway , 2003 ; [ mob18 ] : 181 , pl . 9 , f . 470 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , park h . q . , 1620m\nthe adult moths are brown with a large white spot near the tip of each forewing .\n1 - 3 & 4 - 6 , two \u2642\u2642 : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )\n1 - 3 , \u2640 : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )\n( 1862 : ) [ from copyright - free scan at www . biodiversitylibrary . org ]\ndoranaga apicalis m oore , [ 1887 ] [ synonym according to funet . fi ]\noriginal description : w alker , f . ( 1862 ) : list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum 24 : 1021 - 1280 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : a common species and widely distributed . it is found in lowland and at moderate altitudes . there is some variety in the apical triangle which usually is pure white but in some specimens is suffused with dark grey .\npapua localities : waigeo island : camp nok ; supiori island : nansfori ; roon island : yende ; new guinea : andai , fakfak ( kapaur ) , getentiri , landikma , lelambo , mabilabol , prafi , sabron camp ( cyclops ) , tuan wowi , wendesi , yasur , yongsu . details in gazetteer .\nexternal distribution : indo - australia , papua new guinea , bismarck archipelago , australia .\nthe adult moths are brown with a large white spot near the tip of each forewing . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nnertobriga signata subterminalis gaede , 1938 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 11 : 449 - 450\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases ."]}
{"id": 1976, "summary": [{"text": "margot did ( foaled 17 march 2008 ) is an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after being sold cheaply as a yearling and again as a two-year-old she entered training with michael bell at newmarket .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a juvenile in 2010 she showed high-class form , winning twice and finished second in the albany stakes , princess margaret stakes and lowther stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2012 she was beaten in her first two races but established herself as a potentially high-class sprinter with wins in the scurry stakes and the land o'burns fillies ' stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at york racecourse in august she recorded her biggest win with a 20/1 upset victory in the nunthorpe stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she never reproduced her best form thereafter and finished unplaced in her five remaining races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired from racing in august 2012 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "margot did", "paragraphs": ["margot did is yet to begin her career with no recorded runs so far .\nhayley turner celebrates winning the nunthorpe at york on margot did . photograph : john giles / pa\nmargot did held off hamish mcgonagall to win the coolmore nunthorpe stakes ( eng - i ) .\nmargot robbie did something so surprising during her wolf of wall street audition , the director knew the role was hers .\nmargot did is a 3yo filly ( female ) from . she is sired by the stallion out of the dam .\nhamish mcgonagall and masamah showed plenty of early speed but , with the runners spread right across the track , margot did blitzed through .\nturner kept margot did forwardly placed throughout , and with just under two furlongs to run the pair shot to the front . turner kept busy aboard margot did in the final furlong , and the filly had plenty left in the tank to hold off the late charge of\nmargot did was bred in ireland by n . hartery . she is out of special dancer , a winning daughter of shareef dancer .\nmargot did won the nunthorpe stakes at york ' s ebor festival to give jockey hayley turner the second group one success of her career .\nhayley turner and margot did pose in front of the york stands after a 20 - 1 success in the nunthorpe . photograph : john giles / pa\nmargot did , who reached a timeform peak rating of 122 , shot to fame at york last year when landing the group 1 nunthorpe stakes . . .\nthe field split into three separate groups at the break , with margot did racing with a group of five others along the stand\u2019s side rail . hoof it and\nthe current season has seen her spark a successful relationship with michael bell ' s two - year - old margot did and notch up 47 wins on the turf .\nmargot did , by exceed and excel out of special dancer , was named after margot fonteyn . turner has remained loyal to the filly , and the owners have reciprocated , even when \u201cthings haven\u2019t worked out\u201d in some races , according to the jockey .\nwas the winning jockey in a group one race on friday but this time any sense of surprise concerned her horse , margot did , rather than the jockey . turner executed a straightforward , front - running ride on margot did to win the nunthorpe stakes at 20 - 1 and , as she did so , may finally have reached a point in her career when the fact that she is female no longer matters .\nhow did she pull off this feat ? by assaulting leo to get the job .\nturner had ridden margot did in all 12 of the horse ' s previous races , including several in her juvenile campaign last season when traffic problems saw the filly come up short . she might well have beaten hooray to win the lowther stakes at this meeting last year had she been able to start her run a little earlier but michael bell , margot did ' s trainer , and her owners kept faith with the jockey and then found the key to margot did with a switch to more prominent tactics earlier this year .\nmargot did \u2013 jockey hayley turner was aboard last year\u2019s group 1 nunthorpe stakes winner and she exercised on the main track having finished eighth in her trial here on super saturday .\nconnections then decided to up her in trip to six furlongs but margot did failed to reward them , finishing tenth in the group 3 summer stakes at york earlier this month .\nmargot did ended 2011 with a disappointing effort in the prix de l ' abbaye where she could finish no better than fifteenth in a race where she was well fancied for the victory .\notto and edith\u2019s daughter , anne\u2019s sister margot is a quiet , serious girl who enjoys studying .\nmichael bell has confirmed that margot did is likely to be retired after a disappointing run of form has left her without a win since last season ' s group 1 nunthorpe stakes . . .\nbalada sale - the pascal bary - trained filly balada sale went on the all - weather and did the same work as yesterday . her regular work rider christophe bretez confirmed : \u201cshe did a three - quarter slow canter , followed by another three - quarter canter - just as she did yesterday . \u201d\nbred by nicky hartery , margot did is a daughter of the multiple - winning shareef dancer mare special dancer and was bought for the bargain price of 10 , 000gns at tattersalls\u2019 2010 craven breeze - up sale .\nthe sire of 47 international stakes winners including g1 winners excelebration , helmet and margot did , exceed and excel has had more worldwide two - year - old winners and stakes winners than any other sire since 2008 .\n, who was making the leap into group i company for the first time . margot did , a listed winner who had finished in the money nine of her previous 12 starts , was dismissed at 20 - 1 .\nanne and margot are deported to bergen - belsen concentration camp in germany . edith remains in auschwitz - birkenau .\n' the current was very strong and the water ice cold , flowing as it did straight from the mountains .\nanne frank\u2019s mother was edith frank . anne also had a sister named margot , who was three years her senior .\nbut it isn ' t just margot robbie ' s acting talents that have made her the a - lister du jour .\n\u201cmargot is stunning in all she is and all she does , and she will astonish us forever , \u201d he writes .\ngenten \u2013 the three - year - old colt did a steady canter over 1 , 000m on the all - weather .\nmargot did \u2013 the four - year - old filly was another in routine mode 24 hours before her big assignment . trainer michael bell was delighted with his sprinter\u2019s condition as she took in the sights and sounds on the chute to the main track .\na previous version of this story had margot lee shetterly ' s name misspelled as shetterley in the text and a photo caption .\nhaving acquired the taste of success at the highest level , hayley turner wasted no time in registering her second group one victory , aboard smart three - year - old filly margot did , at 20 - 1 , in the coolmore nunthorpe stakes at york .\nthough german jewish teenager anne frank did not survive the holocaust , the memoirs from her two years in hiding live on forever .\n' ghenghis khan did it ! ' she tweeted . ' best of breed at westminster ! ! ! ! big deal . '\nmichael bell , who trains margot did for owners t . redmond and p . philipps , said of his talented filly , \u201cthis season just keeps getting better . this has been the plan since she won at sandown and she is a really tough filly . \u201d\ngiant ryan \u2013the american raider did his usual easy jog around the meydan oval friday morning as he makes his final preparations for saturday .\n\u201cyou know , what goes around , comes around . i could have ridden deacon blues at royal ascot ( winner of the wokingham ) , but margot did was running in a listed race at ayr the same day , and i went there instead , \u201d turner said .\na doctor did refer the issue to social services , who then carried out an assessment , but a follow - up was deemed unnecessary .\nthree - year - old filly margot did recorded a scorching three - quarters - of - a - length triumph in the g1 nunthorpe stakes at york on august 19 to become exceed and excel ' s third g1 winner worldwide and his third group winner of the week in britain .\nmargot did , who reached a peak timeform rating of 122 , shot to fame at york last year when landing the group 1 nunthorpe stakes under hayley turner , providing the jockey with her second group 1 winner in as many months after dream ahead had also landed the july cup .\nit was\nwomen ' s work .\ni mean the engineers were the men and the women were the mathematicians or the computers . the men designed the research and did the manly stuff and the women did the calculations , you know , at the behest of the engineers .\nit was ' women ' s work . ' . . . the engineers were the men and the women were the mathematicians or the computers . the men designed the research and did the manly stuff and the women did the calculations , you know , at the behest of the engineers .\nentifaadha \u2013 worked under jockey richard hills on tuesday but did not appear on the main track on wednesday and instead went to the training track .\notto und edith frank - holl\u00e4nder got married in 1925 in frankfurt . they had two daughters : margot ( 1926 ) and anne ( 1929 ) .\nmargot did ( ire ) b . m , 2008 { 13 - c } dp = 4 - 4 - 11 - 0 - 1 ( 20 ) di = 2 . 08 cd = 0 . 50 - 13 starts , 5 wins , 3 places , 2 shows career earnings : \u00a3263 , 184\n' the practitioners involved were not prepared to \u201cthink the unthinkable\u201d and tried to rationalise the evidence in front of them that it did not relate to abuse .\nhaving cruised into the lead a furlong out , turner was anxious not to ask margot did to make a move too early and sat coolly still in the saddle , only asking for maximum effort in the very final strides as her mount held off hamish mcgonagall by three - quarters of a length , with prohibit third .\neishin flash - did a fast workout on the all - weather track . trainer hideaki fujiwara had the jockey yuichi fukunaga , sit on this horse this morning .\niver bridge lad \u2013 after exercising under his trainer john ryan on tuesday , the five - year - old did not appear on the main track on wednesday .\nhayley turner was the toast of the racing scene once again when steering margot did home to a 20 - 1 success in the nunthorpe stakes at york . last month , she became only the second female jockey to ride a group one winner in britain in the july cup and she is now the first to win two .\nmargot robbie\u2019s scene - stealing turn in wolf of wall street was her big hollywood breakthrough \u2014 and it turns out she really had to hustle to secure the role .\nhelmet \u2013 the three - year - old chestnut colt did steady work over 1 , 200m . trainer peter snowden is satisfied with his condition heading into saturday\u2019s race .\nturner had made headlines when producing dream ahead late to land newmarket\u2019s july cup , her first group one triumph , but this time she had margot did in the firing line all the way on the stands\u2019 side . \u201cthis filly has one kick at the finish , but i didn\u2019t have to ask her for it , \u201d she said .\no ' brien did not send a single runner to the royal meeting on wednesday and had saddled 16 horses without success before this victory . lillie langtry did not look like the representative of an out - of - form stable , though , as johnny murtagh brought her from mid - division to take a decisive lead a furlong out .\nshamalgan - the xavier nakkachdji - trained shamalgan , only one of three europeans in the godolphin mile , did a canter on the all - weather and his trainer said : \u201che did a canter this morning following his work at the beginning of the week . he is in good form , he is fit . so far so good . \u201d\nrichard hughes rode his third winner of the week when memory arrived fast and late to win the latest renewal of the albany , beating margot did with 20 yards to spare . the winner had to make up a great deal of ground in the closing stages and is quoted at 33 - 1 for next year ' s 1 , 000 guineas .\nthat\u2019s right \u2014 margot robbie , then a hollywood unknown barely out of her teens , straight - up slapped one of the most powerful actors in the business across the face .\nfriday ' s success was turner ' s first in a group race for bell , who will now point margot did towards the last big sprint of the european season , the prix de l ' abbaye at longchamp in early october . william hill quotes her at 8 - 1 to give turner a third group one of the season on arc day .\nbut while margot ' s baller move paid off for her , other a - listers haven ' t been so lucky in going off - piste at a career - defining audition .\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nshe ' s a real beauty , always taking to the red carpet with elegance and style , and margot robbie didn ' t disappoint as she arrived at the tarzan premiere in london .\nin fact , after the royal meeting , deacon blues has won two more races , but this fine group one victory more than made up for that , particularly as the filly is trained by michael bell , turner\u2019s loyal backer . bell had been pleased with margot did , but had been of the opinion that three - year - olds faced a tough task in the race .\nexceed and excel may have to yield to iffraaj by number of winners but he does however top the two - year - old table for number of stakes horses this season with five black - type performers to his name , including g3 albany stakes runner - up margot did and another royal ascot group - placed juvenile , excel bolt , who was third in the norfolk stakes .\nor take style notes from margot and emulate her ethereal look with one of the nude sheer paneled dresses we ' ve lined up for you below from the likes of bcbg , tfnc and more .\nit ' s the first time the oscar - winning director has spoken about margot ' s action , but she herself has previously mentioned how worried she was that the police were about to be called .\naustralian actress margot , who plays bad girl harley quinn in suicide squad alongside will smith and cara delevingne , certainly worked hard for her body , training for three hours most days whilst she was filming .\nout of the indian ridge mare sun shower , excelebration was bred in ireland by owenstown stud . he is one of four individual group one winners for exceed and excel alongside new darley sire helmet , reward for effort and margot did , while his group scorers this season include g2 richmond stakes winner heavy metal and bungle inthejungle , who led home his paternal half - brother morawij in the g3 molecomb stakes .\nmany americans are familiar with the astronaut heroes of the 20th century space race \u2014 names like gus grissom and neil armstrong . but who did the calculations that would successfully land these men on the moon ?\nsepoy - had a quiet morning after his sparkling gallop yesterday . trainer peter snowden is very satisfied with his condition and also with stablemate helmet ( uae derby ) who did steady work over 1 , 200m .\nthe sire of 57 stakes winners internationally including g1 winners excelebration , reward for effort and margot did , exceed and excel is standing the current breeding season at darley kelvinside at a fee of $ 66 , 000 ( inc . gst ) , while he triple g1 - winning son helmet is standing his debut season at darley\u2019s victorian - base northwood park at a fee of $ 33 , 000 ( inc . gst ) .\nmargot lee shetterly is the author of hidden figures and founder of the human computer project , which seeks to uncover the history of the women who worked in the early days of the u . s . space program .\nthat is the one question that everybody asks me about . . . . it ' s something that i really kind of struggle with , because on the one hand , a lot of people did know the story .\na ballet star at 16 , politician ' s wife at 40 , rancher at 60 . there was more to margot fonteyn than nureyev , as meredith daneman shows in her long - awaited biography of the much - loved ballerina\nthe case review ' s authors also noted their ' concern ' that when daniel turned up to school with injuries , these were not properly recorded , concluding it was ' apparent the school did not have clear protocols ' .\nif you asked katherine johnson how did it feel to be a trailblazer and do this very high - pressure , groundbreaking work , you know , just as often she ' d say ,\ni was just doing my job .\nhoof it , who is part - owned by the golfer lee westwood , was sent off favourite to give mick easterby a rare group one success but he missed the break badly and could never quite get on terms as margot did led a handful of the field down the stands ' rail . there was still an easterby in the frame , though , as mick ' s nephew tim saddled hamish mcgonagall , the 28 - 1 runner - up , while prohibit took third .\nandie coached margot through plenty of pilates , ballet and ' non - bulking cardio such as jump rope , rebounder and ballet jumps ' , which andie hails - surprisingly - the most challenging form of cardio she ' s ever come across .\n' we also did a ton of side series outer thigh work , targeting outer glutes with high reps and low weights , to pull those muscles in and create a beautiful line from the waist to the upper thigh , ' she explained .\nalvarez did not arrive at the stables on friday morning . as a result tim yakteen , who is overseeing the baffert horses while bob baffert is recovering from a heart attack suffered early monday morning , phoned jockey chantal sutherland to fill in .\nthe serious case review report read : ' the significance of his condition and of his deterioration was not as evident to the health workers , and school staff did not collectively and purposefully generate their concerns into a coherent child protection referral . '\nmargot lee shetterly is the author of hidden figures and founder of the human computer project , which seeks to uncover the history of the women who worked in the early days of the u . s . space program . courtesy harpercollins publishers hide caption\nshe also explained that the duo did lots of heavy - weighted , low reps of arabesque pulls hooked up to resistance pulleys , as well as ballet style arabesque lifts with heavy ankle weights , which apparently built up and lifted her famous bottom .\ntrainer edward lynam was on hand to supervise light exercise on the main track this morning and said : \u201che is in good form and did a solid piece of work yesterday which went well . he seems very well and his weight is good .\nthe women selected from this transport , including anne , edith , and margot , were marked with numbers between a - 25060 and a - 25271 . records indicating their exact numbers have not been preserved . approximately eight weeks later , in late october 1944 , anne and margot were transferred from auschwitz - birkenau to bergen - belsen , where they both died sometime in march 1945 . though anne ' s death certificate documents her movement between camps , it , too , does not include her tattoo id number .\n\u201cwe just wrapped everything up this morning and we are very happy with him , \u201d trainer jeremy noseda said of the four - year - old colt . \u201che did his last piece of work at home on friday and he is in great shape . \u201d\nin hampton , va . \u2014 i was just in hampton yesterday and was talking to a lot of different people , and they were like ,\nwell , we did know these women , and we knew they worked there and they were all very modest .\nmargot did , purchased for just 10 , 000 guineas at last year\u2019s tattersalls guineas breeze up , was the highlight of a tattersalls clean - sweep on the penultimate day of the 2011 york ebor meeting , with an emphatic win in the group 1 coolmore nunthorpe . the mike bell trained 3 year old daughter of exceed and excel was purchased by richard frisby from liam mcateer\u2019s woodtown house stud on behalf of owners tim redman and peter philips . the 10 , 000 guineas bargain \u2013 buy has now taken her career earnings past \u00a3250 , 000 .\nmargot robbie may have started out as a small - screen star in neighbours , but she ' s since become a fully fledged hollywood a - lister \u2013 and it may all be thanks to a spilt - second decision she made at her wolf of wall street audition .\nwhen the first five black women took their seat in the office in 1943 , it was in a segregated office with a ' colored girls ' bathroom and a table for the ' colored ' computers ,\nauthor margot lee shetterly tells npr ' s michel martin .\nat the time of margot fonteyn ' s memorial service in westminster abbey , four months after her death in 1991 , i was compiling a radio 3 programme about her . in setting up interviews with people who had travelled across the globe to be present at the service , i discovered that someone else was pursuing the same path : meredith daneman had started researching her biography of fonteyn . as i tried to convince margot ' s friends , relations and colleagues to talk candidly about her on the record , i wondered whether daneman was having more success .\nanne was born annelies marie frank on june 12 , 1929 , in frankfurt , germany , to otto and edith frank . for the first 5 years of her life , anne lived with her parents and older sister , margot , in an apartment on the outskirts of frankfurt .\nanne frank and her sister margot both came down with typhus in the early spring of 1945 and died within a day of each other . the girls were being held at the bergen - belsen concentration camp in germany , where food was scarce , sanitation was awful and disease ran rampant .\nmargot did\u2019s spectacular win followed the richly deserved win of another tattersalls breeze up purchase caspar netscher in the group 2 gimcrack stakes . caspar netscher was purchased for 65 , 000 guineas by bloodstock agent tom malone and trainer alan mccabe at this year\u2019s tattersalls craven breeze up having been purchased by her consignor katie walsh for 25 , 000 guineas at book 2 of last year\u2019s tattersalls october yearling sale . the son of dutch art was bred by meon valley stud which has nine yearlings catalogued for book 1 of the forthcoming tattersalls october yearling sale and a further eight in book 2 .\nthe report did add there were efforts made by the school to inject urgency into daniel ' s case , with the school nursing support worker highlighting her concerns when luczak cancelled the second of two paediatric appointments , and the deputy headteacher ' taking the unusual step ' in january 2012 of calling his gp .\n' hidden figures ' : how black women did the math that put men on the moon back in the days of the space race ,\ncomputers\nwere people \u2014 often women \u2014 who performed vital calculations . hidden figures tells the stories of the women who got some of the first men to space .\nthe franks and their friends were betrayed to the gestapo in early august 1944 and then transported to westerbork . with the very last transport from the netherlands , which left westerbork on september 3 , 1944 , anne frank , now fifteen years old , her parents and sister margot were moved to the auschwitz - birkenau concentration camp .\nthey didn ' t think i was worthy enough of even reading with the casting director . they did it in the basement , and it was a scene where i have to do this oral thing with this guy ' s hand , and no one was there so i had to do it to myself .\nher fascinating book proves how persistent she was , and how she won the trust of those who knew the much - loved ballerina best . the difficulty we both found was that fonteyn ' s generation ( she was born in 1919 ) did not believe in airing any kind of linen in public . in their view , the world had no need to know about a performer ' s private life . dancers , when they talked at all , did not discuss their aches and pains , abortions , affairs , plastic surgery and eating habits . their colleagues were expected to be similarly discreet , especially if they were members of the royal ballet .\non september 3 , 1944 , anne , along with her mother , edith , her sister , margot , and her father , otto , boarded the last transport from westerbork to auschwitz - birkenau . the transport arrived in auschwitz on september 5 , 1944 , with 1 , 019 jews on board . men and women were separated .\nin early july 1942 , after margot frank received a letter ordering her to report to a work camp in germany , anne frank\u2019s family went into hiding in an attic apartment behind otto frank\u2019s business , located at prinsengracht 263 in amsterdam . in an effort to avoid detection , the family left a false trail suggesting they\u2019d fled to switzerland .\ndr supratik chakraborty saw daniel three weeks before his death . the report did not cast doubt on hiscommitment to \u2018do the best for daniel . . . in the belief his condition was related to organic causes\u2019 , but said that in the context of the boy\u2019s turbulent home life , \u2018abuse or neglect\u2019 should have received more serious consideration .\nequally frustrating was my interviewees ' reluctance to pinpoint what made fonteyn so special - the most famous ballerina the world over . ' there was no one like her , ' they ' d gush blandly . ' margot was , well , margot . she could make you cry just watching her . ' daneman addresses the problem in her prologue : ' how to put something so visual , so potent with theatrical moment that even film cannot capture it , into plain words ? how to explain why it is that when , to a particular strain of music , an ordinary mortal steps forward on one leg , raises the other behind her and lifts her arms above her head , the angels hold their breath ? '\ni ' ve just figured out how to ride her now . she did it well , she just has one kick and i didn ' t need to use it until the very end . i thought that one group one winner would be it but now i ' ve got another just a few weeks later . i can ' t believe it .\nramage said he would be happy to report to chin nam that the horse that won him two cox plates in australia when trained by bart cummings still was ready to take on the richest race in the world . magnier said o\u2019brien would be arriving in dubai friday night . transcend - \u201ctranscend did not come out on the all - weather track yesterday , so he did a routine canter on the track today , \u201d said trainer takayuki yasuda . \u201che was very relaxed and had a very good feeling , which may bring a 100 % performance . he was a runner - up last year , but we are always challenger . smart falcon and game on dude will likely set the pace , but the best way is that transcend follows the pace and keep up from just behind them turning for home . he is a very durable and has lots of sharper when he is on the lead in the closing stage of the race . the all - weather , which needs some power , should suit him and i hope to gain what we did not get last year . \u201d\nwriting for time , scorsese describes queensland - born robbie as \u201clike no - one else\u201d \u2014 then , confusingly , compared her to the likes of silver screen legends carole lombarde , joan crawford and ida lupino . \u201cmargot has all this in addition to a unique audacity that surprises and challenges and just burns like a brand into every character she plays , \u201d he gushes .\ncontent with the five time group 1 winner\u2019s preparation , millard said : \u201che is in very good order . he looks great and feels great . he looks around here a little bit compared to his routine back home but he is on the correct lead leg going the left - handed way ; we did some prep work going the other way back home . \u201d\nedith holl\u00e4nder attends the protestant victoriaschule , a private school . in 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of world war one , there is an unexpected family tragedy : edith ' s sister betti dies . twelve years later , in memory of her sister , edith will give her first child margot the middle name betti . but her mother in law\u2019s second name is also betty .\nafter several months of hard labor hauling heavy stones and grass mats , anne and margot were again transferred during the winter to the bergen - belsen concentration camp in germany , where they both died in march 1945 . their mother was not allowed to go with them , and edith frank fell ill and died at auschwitz shortly after arriving at the camp , on january 6 , 1945 .\nevery time you go to an airport and get on a plane , you are basically taking advantage of the work that was done at langley . between world war i and world war ii , they did just tremendous amount of fundamental research into basically making airplanes safer , making them more stable . . . making them faster and turning them into the technology that is as ubiquitous as it is today .\nshe started working at langley in 1953 . . . . johnson did many things , but among them was co - author a report writing the trajectory equations for putting a craft into orbit around the earth . one of the most notable moments of her career was leading up to the orbital launch of john glenn ' s flight , which was really a turning point in the space race between the united states and the soviet union .\neven on an overcast afternoon , aidan o ' brien ' s sunglasses were firmly in place , but you did not need to peer into his eyes to feel the relief as lillie langtry gave him his first winner of the week . she was a length and a quarter too good for gile na greine in the group one coronation stakes and could mark a return to form for ballydoyle after an unusually slow start to the campaign .\nby the fall of 1933 , otto frank moved to amsterdam , where he established a small but successful company that produced a gelling substance used to make jam . after staying behind in germany with her grandmother in the city of aachen , anne joined her parents and sister margot ( 1926 - 45 ) in the dutch capital in february 1934 . in 1935 , anne started school in amsterdam and earned a reputation as an energetic , popular girl .\notto frank returned to amsterdam in the summer of 1945 . he already knew that his wife was dead , but he still harboured hope of finding his two daughters . it was only later that he found out that margot and anne were also dead . miep gies , a former employee and helper to those in hiding , then gave him anne frank ' s diary , which she had saved from the secret annex after the family had been arrested .\nhe takes a bit of getting to know and , when he veered off to the right , i just gave him a couple of reminders to go forward and he did ,\nsaid winston .\nhe ' s getting better as the year goes on . when i got on him in the paddock the last day , i said to alan he had strengthened up and he ' s a very nice horse to be on now .\nthe attractions of arias , serial adulterer and dodgy panamanian politician , escaped most of fonteyn ' s admirers . daneman , however , brings fresh insights into the nature of his charm and that of his extended family : margot and his children by his former wife got on very well together , providing her with a warmth missing from her earlier life . the marriage , though , was already turning sour by the time nureyev defected from the soviet union in 1961 .\nin his memoirs , otto frank remembers the relationship between anne and her mother : \u201ci was concerned that there was not a particularly good understanding between my wife and anne , and i believe my wife suffered more from this than anne . in reality , she was an excellent mother , who went to any lengths for her children . she often complained that anne was against everything she did but it was consolation for her to know that anne trusted me .\nanne\u2019s father , otto frank , was a lieutenant in the german army during world war i , later becoming a businessman in germany and the netherlands . he was the only member of his immediate family to survive the concentration camps . at the end of the war , he returned home to amsterdam , searching desperately for news of his family . on july 18 , 1945 , he met two sisters who had been with anne and margot at bergen - belsen and delivered the tragic news of their deaths .\ni can remember that as early as 1932 , groups of storm troopers came marching by , singing , & apos ; when jewish blood splatters from the knife , & apos ;\notto frank later recalled . when hitler became chancellor of germany on january 20 , 1933 , the frank family immediately realized that it was time to flee . otto later said ,\nthough this did hurt me deeply , i realized that germany was not the world , and i left my country forever .\ni knew that many of them worked at nasa . i didn ' t know exactly what they did . i didn ' t know why they had started working there . i didn ' t know or really had questioned why there were so many women of all backgrounds working there until i started working on this book , you know . and it was like a window opened . and all of a sudden , i started looking at not just those women , but my hometown in a very different way .\nthat same day , gestapo official ss sergeant karl silberbauer and two dutch police collaborators arrested the franks . the gestapo sent them to westerbork on august 8 . one month later , in september 1944 , ss and police authorities placed the franks , and the four others hiding with them , on a train transport from westerbork to the auschwitz camp complex in german - occupied poland . selected for labor due to their youth , anne and her sister , margot were transferred to the bergen - belsen concentration camp near celle , in northern germany , in late october 1944 .\nkasbah bliss - kasbah bliss did a slow canter , followed by a slightly faster canter on the all - weather and his trainer fran\u00e7ois doumen said : \u201che has put away his work on monday and looks well . he is maybe a little bit fresher than he was - which is not too bad as he was really very relaxed . he thinks he is in the club med here . he is in good shape , not too heavy . he is very professional and knows his job . he is very supple for a horse of his age , it\u2019s amazing . \u201d\nafter anne frank ' s 16 - year - old sister margot received a written summons on july 5 , 1942 to prepare for transport to a german labour camp , her father otto decided that it was high time to move into the hiding place he had prepared a year earlier in the rear annex of the opekta - werke building at prinsengracht 263 in amsterdam . the frank family went into hiding on july 6 , 1942 . they lived in what came to be known as the secret annex for two years , together with the van pels family . this is where anne frank wrote her diary that later became world famous .\non july 5 , 1942 , margot received an official summons to report to a nazi work camp in germany ; the very next day , the frank family went into hiding in makeshift quarters in an empty space at the back of otto frank & apos ; s company building , which they referred to as the secret annex . they were accompanied in hiding by otto & apos ; s business partner hermann van pels as well as his wife , auguste , and son , peter . otto & apos ; s employees kleiman and kugler , as well as jan and miep gies and bep voskuijl , provided food and information about the outside world .\ntogether with her mother and sister , anne frank was placed in the women ' s camp at auschwitz . in late october , the two girls were moved from auschwitz to the bergen - belsen camp , which , with about 200 , 000 inmates , was utterly overcrowded . anne and margot frank died there in march 1945 - the exact date is not known - in the typhus epidemic that had been rife for weeks . their mother , edith frank , who had remained in auschwitz , died in early january , probably from exhaustion ; their father , otto frank , was one of the few jewish prisoners liberated by soviet troops on january 27 , 1945 .\ndaneman refuses to concede defeat , though her prose can sometimes be as misty - eyed as that of a fan ' s posting on a balletomane website . she locates fonteyn ' s extraordinary on - stage appeal in the woman ' s personal qualities - her moral as much as physical virtues . when her heroine falters in the choices she makes , daneman ' s reproaches are all the more telling for coming from such a sympathetic source . she has set out to understand margot ( as she and her informants call her subject ) from the inside , helped by family memoirs , letters and confidences from intimates who no longer saw any point in holding back .\nafter their arrest , the franks , van pels and fritz pfeffer were sent by the gestapo to westerbork , a holding camp in the northern netherlands . from there , in september 1944 , the group was transported by freight train to the auschwitz - birkenau extermination and concentration camp complex in german - occupied poland . anne and margot frank were spared immediate death in the auschwitz gas chambers and instead were sent to bergen - belsen , a concentration camp in northern germany . in march 1945 , the frank sisters died of typhus at bergen - belsen ; their bodies were thrown into a mass grave . several weeks later , on april 15 , 1945 , british forces liberated the camp .\nfonteyn kept on dancing long after she should have stopped . she needed to earn money to support her husband , paralysed in an assassination attempt in 1964 . although the last part of her life might have seemed tragic , she embraced her role as tito ' s carer wholeheartedly - perhaps too much so for his taste . after she retired at 60 , she reinvented herself as a cattle rancher with him in rural panama . the final photograph in the book shows her , ethereally thin from cancer , flanked by pedigree cows . shrouded in dust , they echo the ghostly wilis who claimed giselle . daneman has brought margot , the woman , fully to life in her long - awaited biography .\nfutoshi komaki , jockey of makani bisty , \u201ci heard there was some accident with his hoof , so i was up on him since he left the quarantine barn . but i did not think there was any hitch . actually it was my first ride on him in trackwork . he is a very easy to ride , not shying and responded me very well . as for the turf course , it was more firm than it looked , so maybe the time will be faster . my horse suits the surface with more power , but he was very flexible this morning . i wish i can have a good outing with him and give the other japanese runners a good wave . \u201d\neishin flash - \u201che did a brisk canter at the end of this morning and i wanted to check how his form was after the gallop yesterday , \u201d said trainer hideaki fujiwara . \u201ci talked to my assistant work rider with the small wireless telephone during the work and listened to him how the horse was , and he said he was very flexible and performed well like at home . i think he is 100 % fit at this point . i do not know how the race will go until it starts , so all i have to do is to keep the horse\u2019s best condition and entrust the jockey with my horse . christophe lemaire is a very good worldwide jockey , and he must handle the race . \u201c\nwhen otto frank returned to amsterdam following his release from auschwitz , miep gies gave him five notebooks and some 300 loose papers containing anne\u2019s writings . gies had recovered the materials from the secret annex shortly after the franks\u2019 arrest by the nazis and had hidden them in her desk . ( margot frank also kept a diary , but it was never found . ) otto frank knew that anne wanted to become an author or journalist , and had hoped her wartime writings would one day be published . anne had even been inspired to edit her diary for posterity after hearing a march 1944 radio broadcast from an exiled dutch government official who urged the dutch people to keep journals and letters that would help provide a record of what life was like under the nazis .\nin 1925 , otto frank married edith holl\u00e4nder , the daughter of a wealthy industrialist from aachen . her ancestors had moved to germany from amsterdam . although the holl\u00e4nders were not orthodox , edith ' s father was a prominent member of the jewish community . they ran a kosher household and attended synagogue regularly . the franks , on the other hand , were assimilated jews . after their honeymoon , the couple moved into the house of otto ' s mother alice . otto ' s sister leni , her husband erich and their two sons stephan ( 1921 - 1980 ) and bernhard , known as buddy ( 1925 ) , were already living there . otto and edith frank ' s older daughter , margot , was born in 1926 and their younger daughter , anne , was born in 1929 .\nyasuda commented , \u201cwe gave him a fast breeze on sunday , so he did only a half - gallop today . in his previous start ( group 1 february stakes ) , the pace was too high for him , which made him uncharacteristically fell behind and raced poor seventh . he is in a good condition , as the same time of last year when he finished second in the dubai world cup , but i hope he will not be tied to the lost . i would like to have the outsider than middle in the draw , for not to be sandwiched inside . the owner will join and take the draw . the 1 , 800m or 2 , 000m is his best distance , and the all - weather , which needs some power , should suit him . \u201d\non january 30 , 1933 , hindenburg , president of the reich , appointed hitler chancellor of the reich , and as early as april 1 a boycott against the jewish population came into force . sa commandos occupied the entrances to jewish department stores and shops , and prevented access to law firms and medical practices owned by jewish citizens . the franks also decided to leave germany . otto frank moved to amsterdam in 1933 , where he set up a branch of opekta - werke . in 1934 he sent for his wife and daughters , margot and anne , who were eight and five years old , to join him in amsterdam . the family settled down well into life in the netherlands . when the german army attacked the netherlands in may 1940 and then occupied the country , anti - jewish laws were issued there as well . jews were increasingly limited in their professional and social life . when jewish children were no longer allowed to attend the same school as non - jewish children , anne frank switched to the jewish lyceum .\nthe 20 - 1 shot , trained by michael bell , came home three - quarters of a length ahead of hamish mcgonagall ( 28 - 1 ) , with prohibit ( 12 - 1 ) third .\nturner , who won newmarket ' s july cup on dream ahead , said :\ni can ' t believe it - it ' s the best season ever .\nit just goes to show if you work hard and are dedicated , it can be done .\nthe 28 - year - old , the only female jockey to have won a group one race outright , praised her boss bell by adding :\nit must have been difficult for him when i first started , pushing the owners to put a girl on their horses .\nheavily backed favourite hoof it ( 11 - 4 ) never threatened to figure in the finish .\nbell said :\nthis filly won a listed race at sandown by five lengths . not many sprints are won by five lengths . she looked good that day and this was the plan .\nshe ' s a really tough filly and we ' ve found the key to her .\ntoday from a long way out she was one of the few on the bridle . it ' s great .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhamish mcgonagall ran a solid race to finish second , beaten three quarters of a length , while prohibit was a further half - length away third .\nbell\u2019s horses are in great form so tactician must be respected in the ebor , but a wide draw of 20 makes it difficult to give him a strong winning chance . even over such a long distance , the draw counts for a lot .\nyork selections : 2 . 00 across the rhine , 2 . 30 parlour games , 3 . 05 harris tweed ( nap ) , 3 . 40 fox hunt , 4 . 15 gusto , 4 . 50 act your shoe size , 5 . 20 thirteen shivers\nhowever , it has not always been an easy relationship between the winning pair , turner having been criticised for her riding of the filly , trained by michael bell , on at least one occasion this season .\ni need to thank the owners for persisting with me ,\nsaid the jockey .\ni can ' t really say what i ' m feeling at the moment , but it ' s a great thrill , especially to ride one for team bell after all of the support that the guv ' nor has given me from the start .\nit must have been difficult for him when i first started , pushing the owners to put a girl on their horses . hopefully i can repay him by riding winners like this . i can ' t believe it \u2013 it ' s the best season ever . it just goes to show , if you work hard and are dedicated , it can be done ."]}
{"id": 1986, "summary": [{"text": "gamos ( 1867 \u2013 1893 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1870 epsom oaks .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "sold to william graham as a yearling , gamos won six out of eight starts as a two-year-old in 1869 , but failed to improve her racing form after the 1870 oaks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "gamos raced until she was four-years-old and retired from racing in 1871 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "gamos was not successful as a breeding mare and died in 1893 after being sold for \u00a3 15 in 1890 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "gamos", "paragraphs": ["hieros gamos provides information on a wide range of topics pertinent to human resource professionals .\n30th november 2016 : new gamos release 5 . 1 . 0 ! ( see release notes >\n1600 los gamos dr . # 200 san rafael , ca 94903 p ( 415 ) 473 - 7250\ngamos is a geant4 - based framework that is at the same time easy - to - use and flexible .\nthe full sendjobs file can be found in your gamos distribution , under the directory tutorials / rttytorial / exercise2 .\nprof peter dunn - co - founder of gamos a great man and a good friend to all of us . urltoken\nfor comments or questions , please contact gamos webmaster . ciemat copyright 2009 . last updated : 08 / 07 / 2013 .\nhieros gamos is the sacred marriage of a human being with divinity ( the inner spirit ) and the unification between all life expressions .\nin summary , by using gamos you will be able to carry your geant4 - based simulation in an easy way without c + + coding and at the same time you will have the flexibility of using any of the geant4 components and mix with or substitute the gamos components .\n# # # run job in background gamos $ new _ inputfile\n. inn\n2 > & 1 | tee $ log _ inputfile & # # # run job in foreground # gamos $ new _ inputfile\n. inn\n2 > & 1 | tee $ log _ inputfile\nthe everyday disaster of gamos and gndr data the sendai conference is currently under way in japan . this is the 3rd world conference on disaster . . .\nfrom the very beginning gamos has had a strong focus on renewable energy technology and development . this has now grown into other parts of the energy sector , including energy efficient housing and the impact of the withdrawal of modern energy on the urban poor . into the energy sector gamos brings socio - economic and behavioural tools from other sectors . for example when assessing the impact of small scale wind generators in inner mongolia the gamos team used a combination of semi - structure interviews and participatory exercises to explore issues associated with affordability , awareness and priority .\nsaunterer was considered a failure in the stud , although he did get some good runners , including the oaks winner gamos ( ch f 1867 ) . he died in september of 1878 .\nthanks to its big flexibility , already a sensible fraction of the over 2 , 500 gamos users work in other fields than medical physics . if this is your case we recommend you to have a look at the ' histogram and scorer tutorial '\nthe plug - in technology , together with a careful modular design , a detailed documentation and a set of examples and tutorials that explain in detail how to extend the framework in different directions allows to exploit the full flexibility of geant4 , by creating new user code or by reusing any piece of geant4 code and mixing it seamlessly with the existing gamos components .\ngamos work in the water sector includes the research and production of an advocacy document arguing the case for participation of the poor in the development of urban water services . targeted at private companies engaged in the international water sector , the document points out commercial benefits of participation of the poor throughout various stages of the project cycle . it has been well received by commercial companies and influenced their strategies . view report\nfrom a background in renewable energy technology and development , gamos have recognised the importance of social factors toward the successful application of technology in solving problems . most of our work in recent years has concentrated on the socio - economic aspects of the application of technology in developing countries . we have applied expertise acquired and developed social monitoring and social evaluation techniques to various technologies including renewable energy , water and information and communication technologies ( icts ) .\nit may often happen that you have a multi - core machine and you want to run several jobs at the same time on it to accumulate statistics . the approach that is explained here is to send the same job several times with different random seeds . another possible approach , which will be available in future gamos releases , is to use multi - threading , what will spare the initialisation time and reduce the memory by sharing it among the different jobs .\nhe won the oaks in 1870 with gamos . sir george chetwynd of grendon , warwickshire was an owner of a different kind . he was primarily a gambler and his string consisted mainly of lower grade handicappers on which he could rely when the money was down . sir george left the stable in a serious financial position when he sent his string to joe dawson in 1879 . harry soldiered on with a much reduced string until the beginning of 1882 when he put the property up for auction .\nmuch of our work in recent years has focused on the importance of social factors towards the successful application of technology and infrastructure in developing countries . based on a broad understanding of rural and urban energy needs , power utility operations , and the impact of infrastructure development on poverty reduction , we believe that gamos has championed innovative methodologies to investigate the social factors that constrain technology transfer and infrastructure development . specific project areas have included : energy , water , smes , gender , livelihoods , privatisation , and poverty .\non rural water provision , gamos have published a series of policy advice documents based on field research into exit strategies when the operation and maintenance of water points passes from external agencies to local communities . the research project undertook a post - project impact evaluation comparing and contrasting the approaches of 3 ngos which had installed boreholes with hand pumps in africa . through an innovative analysis of socio - economic indicators ( using non - parametric statistics ) , the project identified those factors that influence long terms sustainability . view report\nformosa was trained at beckhampton by henry woolcott . william graham used pseudonyms when entering his horses in races . for formosa and his 1870 oaks winner gamos , he used the name g . jones . formosa was the first filly to win the epsom oaks , st . leger stakes and 1 , 000 guineas stakes , a series of races now designated as the fillies triple crown . formosa also tied with the colt moslem for the 2 , 000 guineas stakes , but moslem was declared the official winner after a run - off race was declined by formosa ' s connections .\n# # # substitute in the input file the variables from the command line awk - v energy = $ energy - v seed = $ seed - v nev = $ nev - v nj = $ nj - v suffix = $ suffix ' { if ( $ 1 = =\n/ run / beamon\n) { printf (\n% s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , nev ) } else if ( $ 1 = =\n/ gamos / random / setseeds\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , seed , seed + nj ) } else if ( $ 2 = =\nrtphasespaceua : filename\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , $ 2 ,\ntest .\nsuffix ) } else if ( $ 1 = =\n/ gamos / generator / addsingleparticlesource\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , $ 2 , $ 3 , energy\n* mev\n) } else { print $ 0 } } '\nurltoken\n> $ new _ inputfile\n. inn\nfrom the guardian perspective , spiritual ascension comprises the science of the spirit , encompassing the entire creational mechanics of how spirit and matter travel throughout time and space . at certain levels of frequency conjunction within the spiral of time , access is possible to new templates and therefore embodiments . the planet has reached that axis in time . hieros gamos is the sacrament that represents \u201csacred marriage\u201d at the individual level , to the relationship level , to the group level as a part of spiritual ascension , moving through the spiralling staircase of time to experience unification with ( or marry ) all aspects of god . when we marry god through this sacrament , christ returns .\nbut considering that his stud was by no means firstcla\u00dfs , consisting as it did , among other\u00df , and those the best , of gamos , formosa , regalis , the oaptivator , sabinus , digby grand , & 0 . , there was certainly very little to complain of on the winning bide . some of his horses were removed to newmarket and placed under tern brown ' s care . in 1872 sir george btarted breeding at grendon , but he very soon discovered that the land was not suitable for suoh a purpose , and being the last man in the world to persist in a mistake , however muoh it might have cost him , he very soon abandoned this unprofitable speoulation , and from that time forth\nformosa was purchased for 700 guineas at doncaster in the autumn of 1866 by william graham who had won the 1865 oaks with regalia and would win the 1870 oaks with gamos . william graham ( 1808 - 1876 ) was born in dufton wood and was a successful wrestler in the 1820s and 1830s and was a part owner of a gin distillery . an account of the doncaster yearling sale in the sportsman relates that cookson initially retained formosa with a bid of 700 guineas , thought better of his decision to keep the filly , and approached graham ( who had been the second highest bidder at 690 guineas ) about purchasing formosa while graham was eating breakfast . graham reportedly\nsigned a cheque for 700 guineas without more ado , and then resumed his egg .\nsaunterer was bred by mr r m jacques , who had leased birdcatcher ( ch c 1833 sir hercules ) during the 1849 and 1850 seasons to stand at easby abbey in yorkshire . his dam , ennui ( b f 1843 bay middleton ) , bred by lord george bentick , won the great four year old stake at goodwood in 1847 and was said to be a\nvery fair racer .\nlater acquired by mr jacques , she produced for him dear me ( b c 1850 melbourne ) , bravery ( br f 1853 gameboy ) , and saunterer before her sale to lord londesborough for the sum of 95 guineas . bravery became the dam of the ascot gold cup winner rupee ( br f 1857 the nabob ) and the prix du jockey club winner suzerain ( br c 1865 the nabob ) . another of ennui ' s daughters , lady roden ( br f 1856 west australian ) became the dam of the july stakes winner liddington ( b c 1862 orlando ) .\nsaunterer was purchased for \u00a350 as a foal by mr john osborne from the easby sale . he was sold to mr john jackson after his two year old racing season , and after his three year old season to mr james merry , a prominent owner , whose other horses included chanticleer ( gr c 1843 birdcatcher ) , and the derby winners , doncaster ( ch c 1870 stockwell ) and thormanby ( ch c 1857 windhound ) .\nstanding fifteen hands three inches he was described as an\naltogether handsome specimen ,\nhaving a well set , expressive head with a prominent eye , clean shoulders , deep girth and a good barrel . his roach back connected to muscular quarters , which were on the small side and drooped towards his tail , which hind end confomation was similar to that of chanticleer . his thighs were good and his hocks excellent , the\ntrue birdcatcher hocks ,\nwith fine forearms , small knees and clean legs . he was said to habitually twitch his thin wispy tail and pin back his ears .\nby modern standards he was campaigned fairly extensively for three years . of the same generation as the remarkable filly blink bonny ( b f 1854 melbourne ) , he had no success against her , and little against another rival , skirmisher ( br c 1854 voltigeur ) . although his three year old year was thought less than stellar by some , his win in the chester handicap was deemed memorable due to his\nelectric rush\nthrough the field for an easy win . he also won for mr jackson a large bet that claimed he would\nfinish within ten lengths of the leader\nin the cambridgeshire , beating twenty - nine others to third place .\nfollowing his purchase by mr merry he was sent to trainer mathew dawson and was familiarly referred to as\nmat ' s black\n. as a four year old he won the goodwood cup for merry , which win was thought to have driven a nobleman to suicide , due to his having bet heavily against saunterer in the belief that he lacked stamina , despite merry ' s assurances to the contrary .\nat 4 : won a \u00a350 plate at newmarket , beating eight others\nin a canter ,\nwon the \u00a3740 cup and sweep at goodwood , beating mr t parr ' s fisherman ( br c 1853 heron ) , schiedam ( br c the flying dutchman ) , ventre st gris ( b c 1855 gladiator ) , winner of the prix du jockey club , and four others , won \u00a3225 at brighton , beating tournament and one other , won the fitzwilliam stakes at doncaster , beating knight of kars , ignoramus and seven others , challenged successfully for the whip at newmarket , october , walked - over for the brighton cup , 2nd in the craven stakes at epsom , won by zuyder zee , beating ten others , unplaced in eight other starts .\ncrisis ( b f 1861 ) , dam of the magyar st leger winner hector ( bl c 1872 virgilius ) , and 3rd dam of the deutsches derby winner bono modo ( ch c 1900 bona vista ) .\nelegance ( br f 1877 ) , dam of the july cup winner worcester * ( ch c 1890 saraband ) , who was later exported to america where he proved a useful sire .\ngertrude ( b f 1867 ) , herself the winner of the great yorkshire stakes and the yorkshire oaks , and dam of charibert ( ch c 1876 thormanby ) , winner of the two thousand guineas , champagne stakes and the july cup ( twice ) . charibert sired the deutsches derby winner hagen ( ch c 1897 ) . gertrude was also the 2nd dam of the austria preis winner mindegy ( b c 1896 dunure ) , and of the magyar kancadij winner duchess ( ch f 1886 craig millar ) .\ninverness ( f ) , 3rd dam of breeders ' stakes winner melcha ( b f 1893 strathspey ) .\nlittle agnes ( b f 1869 ) , winner of the prix de diane , prix lupin and furstenberg - rennen , and 2nd dam of the magyar st leger winner duncan ( b c 1890 donovan ) .\nmerry bells ( ch f 1872 ) , 2nd dam of trollhetta ( b c 1893 kisber ) , winner of the deutsches derby and grosser hansa - preis .\nortolan ( ch f 1868 ) , dam of vanneau ( b c 1884 perplexe ) , winner of the prix hocquart , and of widgeon ( ch f 1885 king lud ) , winner of the poule d ' essai des pouliches and prix morny . ortolan was also the 2nd dam of the szent laszlo dij winner petrus ( ch c 1884 peter ) .\nprowess ( b f 1869 ) , ancestress of triple crown winner war admiral ( br c 1934 man o ' war ) .\nsomnambula ( br f 1876 ) , 3rd dam of national produce stakes winner silver fowl ( ch f 1904 wildfowler ) , she the dam of the derby and oaks winner fifinella ( ch f 1913 polymelus ) . silver fowl also produced silver tag ( ch f 1912 sundridge ) , winner of the cambridgeshire stakes , and silvern ( b c 1917 polymelus ) , winner of the coronation cup .\nsteppe ( br f 1868 ) , dam of the new zealand derby winner stepniak ( br c 1889 nordenfeldt ) . steppe was also the 2nd dam of bobadil ( br c 1895 bill of portland ) , winner of the caulfield futurity stakes , caulfield guineas and victoria st leger .\ntime test ( b f 1868 ) , dam of ebor handicap winner victor emanuel ( b c 1877 albert victor ) .\nvirgule ( b f 1865 ) , winner of the furstenberg - rennen , dam of vigilant ( b c 1879 vermouth ) , winner of the grand criterium and prix lupin , and sire of the very good french filly kasbah ( b f 1892 ) , winner of the prix de diane , and 2nd dam of ksar ( ch c 1918 bruleur ) . virgule was also the dam of vinaigrette ( b f 1873 patricien ) , winner of the grand prix de deauville , and of vizir ( b c 1878 vermouth ) , winner of the prix jean prat .\ndigby grand ( bl c 1868 ) , sired tartar ( br c 1880 ) , winner of the deutsches derby , union - rennen , oesterreichisches derby and the egyesitett nemzeti es hazafi dij , and dombrowa ( b f 1878 ) , winner of the preis der diana , trial stakes , egyesitett nemzeti es hazafi dij and the magyar kancadij .\ngreek game\u00een has been compared with an indo - european etymon meaning\nson - in - law\nor\nbrother - in - law ,\nhypothetically derived from a base * \u01f5emh - , * \u01f5m\u0325h -\nmarry ,\nwith various suffixes ( greek gambr\u00f3s , sanskrit j\u0101m\u0101tar - , latin gener , albanian dh\u00ebnd\u00ebrr , lithuanian \u017e\u00e9ntas , old church slavic z\u0119t\u012d , the latter two probably influenced by * \u01f5enh 1 -\ngive birth to\n) . however evidence for a verbal base alone , if it existed , would only be afforded by greek .\nwhat made you want to look up - gamous ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbeyond solar pv cooking after one year of investigating whether we have reached a tipping point , our ideas evolve and become . . .\nsome energy assumptions ( dr nigel scott ) in this piece i outline the thinking we went through in order to get a feel for the capacity of a sm . . .\nlighting ratio 6 : 4 ; cooking ratio 6 : 1 in trying to explain to my brother why solar electric cooking might have reached a tipping point , i . . .\nassumptions of solar electric cooking the following are the assumptions we are making when advocating research into , and strategic deploym . . .\nunexpected benefits - load smoothing ? i have come to realise that the proposition is not so much about solar home systems , but about batte . . .\noverheating ! so the first fail has occurred . having decided to set up ' battery cooking ' in his kitchen in relati . . .\nraw experiments so having started to discuss whether by 2020 a portion of the 3 billion who currently cook on solid . . .\neagriculture online forum the eag site are organising another online discussion based on ideas presented in the ict in agricul . . .\ndifference in differences finally ! ! ! after 30 years of seeking a robust method that can identify the added value of a com . . .\nin may 2013 we presented a concept note to dfid that argued that research should be conducted now , with the intention of creating an affordable solar electric cooking product to be rolled out at scale in africa starting 2020 . we continue on that path , but increasingly realise that it is a landscape changing idea , with implications at many levels and could strongly contribute to fulfilling sdg7 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe comprehensive scripting language makes it easy to implement the most common requirements of a medical physics application , without any need of c + + coding .\nplease enter your email address associated with your salem all - pass account , then click continue . we ' ll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password .\ngreek lexicon based on thayer ' s and smith ' s bible dictionary plus others ; this is keyed to the large kittel and the\ntheological dictionary of the new testament .\nthese files are public domain .\nfind out how you can support our cutting edge research , teaching and communication on development .\ninstitute of development studies library road brighton bn1 9re uk | \u00a9 institute of development studies 2017 . all rights reserved . e ids @ urltoken | t + 44 ( 0 ) 1273 606261 | ids is a charity registered in england and wales no . 306371\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ni ' m gonna nickname all my crushes\ncarbs\nso when i say\ni can ' t have carbs\nit ' ll sound like i ' m in control of my life .\none of my life goals is to meet someone who helps put together the weekly ad for @ target because i am a huge fan .\njust got the weather forecast for tomorrow and thought 96 degrees was low . this heat wave got me messed upppppp .\nyou call yourself ugly but you\u2019ve only seen yourself when you look at the mirror , a thread .\nmost of working an office job in la is hearing people say\noh no , i can ' t\nwhenever food is brought in .\nme : * thinks soccer player is hot * my mind : could be racist or homophobic . don ' t fall in love too easily . me : * thinks soccer player is hot suspiciously *\nif you want to know what it ' s like to be in your 30s , i just ordered an orange soda with my lunch and said\nthat ' ll be a nice little treat\nout loud .\nlol moviepass app is down , at a crucial time when they need to keep customers from jumping ship . this should be interesting . urltoken\ni ' ve noticed that the more leg days and cycling i do , the shorter my shorts get . also like it ' s hot out . so .\ni just like good people , if your heart\u2019s in the right place . i\u2019m definitely attracted to men . it\u2019s just people that i am attracted to . i guess this is me coming out as pansexual .\ni ' m done with tsum tsums ,\ni said .\ni ' m so over them ,\ni said . urltoken\npeople complaining that imagineers wanted pixar pier to be instagrammable . . . that\u2019s called smart marketing and nice pictures for us like i don\u2019t understand what\u2019s to be mad about ? ? ? ? ?\nwhen i notice someone has stretch marks i feel like we\u2019re part of a secret club but can\u2019t acknowledge it .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nthis spiritual family has accepted the guardianship role to support the foundation of cosmic citizenship as an evolutionary model for this planet and humanity , and this is a level of earth based advocacy designed for this specific group .\nlisa reads her newsletters every month so you can listen to them at your convenience .\nthe law of one is the universal truth that all is one . we are all direct expressions of the one source god source . the law of one expresses and acknowledges the interconnection , value and interdependence of the spirit and consciousness that animates all things . this is the path to gsf .\nto help stabilize your aura try using the 12d shield daily . spiritual housekeeping and deflection techniques are critical for empaths .\npractice five : service to others \u2013 upon firmly loving yourself and honoring your path while you amplify the energies of being in service to others , the more joy , harmony and fulfillment is brought into your life .\nthere is an all - out information war occurring in order to control the mainstream narrative and thus the general perception of the public , as we can see many areas of free speech and information access through an assortment of online mediums are becoming more and more restricted worldwide . why are the controller ' s so desperate to maintain control over public perception through the mainstream media narrative ?\nthe consciousness body of the earth has evolved beyond 3d frequencies , opening up new future timelines in higher dimensions .\nin the structure of harmonic universes there are two timelines per dimensional octave . so within the structure of the harmonic universe of 3d earth , called the first density , consciousness exists within three dimensions that manifest into six timelines . from now on these six timelines are being hijacked by the naa and inorganically pushed to manifest in the lowest third dimensional frequencies , through artificial intelligence technology . because the consciousness body of the earth plane has organically evolved to run higher than 3d frequencies , the only way to keep circulating these lower forces into the earth grid is through forced inorganic and artificial means .\nthe entire world collective soul is undergoing a deep alchemy process to reawaken its spiritual essence inside of its material body .\nthis renovation springs forth the essence of the original creator ' s exhaling breath to animate and inspirit its life force within the cells of earthly matter and elemental forces . inside the process of material creation there are many worlds of forces that are potentially used to shape intention and consciousness blueprint . these intentions are what bring forth into the external manifest what we see with our eyes as material substance . the material substance coexists within many combined forces , such as energy fields of elemental thoughtforms enmeshed with geometric symbols .\nas we are ending cycles within cycles , from planetary to galactic rounds , working hard to recover memory records of what has happened in these cycles .\ncollecting memory record is a process , somewhat like building a multidimensional puzzle with many pieces still missing . recently we have picked up a few more pieces , uncovering yet another example of naa manipulation of our time matrix , aimed at preventing us from knowing who we truly are . this is balanced with new support in the form of activations , bringing new substances in to assist with the healing process .\nthis is a time of being exposed to proverbial shocks and literal electrical shocks , as the universal\nlighting rod\nmoves us into the next stage of spiritual activation . our bodies may feel like a live wire , the electrical stimulation just pulsing and tingling through our nerve endings . some of these shocking waves may come in behaviors that form from perceived betrayals or relationship conflicts ; this is to surface previous hidden issues that have not yet been\nseen\n. to see something that was hidden when it was always in front of you , yet , was being perceived differently , can be greatly alarming . yet , the empowerment and wisdom is in recognizing the object , event or being for what it really is , when it is newly perceived in this changing energetic terrain .\nour lower energy centers are shifting . through the reconfiguration of these lower energy centers , known as the 1st chakra , 2nd chakra and 3rd chakra , we can feel their color wave spectrum changing frequency .\nthe lower chakras used to be etheric cones that were non - physical membranes , located in the top layer of our lightbody . the main energy centers are still present , yet are being elevated to run vital forces throughout our lower body glands , organs and meridians . the chakra cones will eventually become absorbed into the higher consciousness aspects of the body and reconfigured completely .\nthis is the split occurring between timelines which govern humanities continued evolution and direction on the earth plane as we move into future time . this is like a galactic superhighway access into the planetary architecture that acts similarly as an interdimensional routing network . this galactic network has allowed rapid soul transiting and dispersing of collective consciousness that is finally able to be elevated out of lower realms and moved into higher evolutionary pathways .\nmany of us have become aware that something incredibly profound is changing on our planet . we are sharing an amazing time of consciousness expansion on the planet which affects us all at very deep cellular levels . these times have been described in the sacred texts of ancient wisdom , as well as in many metaphysical and esoteric circles as the precession of equinoxes , great platonic year , or the ascension . what is ascension ? . . .\nthis is a basic primer to review the basic meaning and mechanics of the\nascension\nand discuss the various awakening symptoms that we as humans may encounter in our consciousness evolution process . i have many articles and tools on the website that will help support your awareness to investigate and explore the impacts this has upon human beings , our planet and all of consciousness . it is important to develop strong discernment of the energetic signatures that we interact with , while learning how to distinguish personal resonance to help guide you forward , so only take in what feels right for your personal journey and discard the rest .\nwe realize that there is so much variety in the individual ascension stages and our material compiled here may be overwhelming to navigate . please take in only what feels right for you and discard the rest . however , we have some quick suggestions on how to begin right now . take a 30 day challenge with the 12d shield and refocusing your ego mind and see the results you get with daily use !\nthe following is important information and steps to introduce you to the es material and provide tools to utilize right away ! please browse and try out all the material as you feel guided , however , please note : the ascension material is densely packed with information and often overwhelming for people newly acquainting with these terms . take it in at your own pace , however , remain consistent and dedicated with your practice and you will experience many improvements , such as in mental and emotional freedom .\nworld humanism is based in the re - education of human value which emphasize the importance of shifting anti - human ideological beliefs into humanist based ethics and related philosophical and egalitarian principles . all human beings deserve humane treatment in order to live upon the planet with dignity through having basic access to supply fundamental human needs . our goal is to apply humanistic ethical philosophy blended with the spiritual egalitarian principles of the law of one to expand consciousness which inspires direct knowledge or\ngnosis\nof direct consciousness and awakening experiences .\ndefenders of truth , sovereignty and liberation . guardian families , serving the one .\nfrom across all the multiverses i call upon my guardian families to join me now . my unification is demonstrated in the waves of omni love - i sound my heart tone to you now . my energy template updated , renewed and forever perpetuated in the eternally sustained light . my alchemical container is consecrated and dedicated to the purposes of one , and i endeavor to be the knower of god to then be the way shower of god . please sustain me in the eternal power of my consecration .\ni have asked for your gatekeeping in order to hold my mission , my highest purpose in service to the one light , my source , the living light code . my intention is unification - the cosmic christ principle - as an energetic reality , here and now .\nis the comprehension that all things are made of intelligent energy and are a part of the all - one . the law of one is a sacred science of the mechanics of\nand are the natural laws governing our universal creation . all - one is the recognition that eternal truth is eternal love and eternal love is the organic consciousness of infinite creator , or god . eternal love consciousness embodied in a form is unity intelligence , and simultaneously recognized as , the inner light of\n. unity consciousness is at one with god and unity consciousness ignites the inner light of christos . the inner light of\nwhen actualized in form , is the embodiment of an eternal god human . practice\nand one is directly reflecting the image of god\u2019s love , and is eternally protected . be at one with all , as one is all with god . every soul is taking the same journey , but each soul has evolved at a different level . the teachings of the\ndescribe the spiritual laws that govern our spiritual evolution for each dimension . it is a single philosophical system of\nthe content shared on this website is a chronology of direct experiences and telepathic communication and / or contact made with various levels of interdimensional intelligences that began for lisa renee in 1999 . these communications continue always evolving . as nothing in the movement of consciousness is static , the variation of material presented is a reflection of one human being\u2019s ascension initiation through a personal awareness of et contact and through a series of lower and higher dimensional planes to experience a variation of multiple group consciousness fields during the ascension cycle . this ascension pathway represented here is referred to as \u201cpolarity integration and synthesis modeling\u201d . lisa renee is not a new age channeler ( read the difference here ) . neither lisa renee nor the contents of this website endorse in any way and are not affiliated with the direct written study of - or relationship to - any other ascension modality , law of one doctrine , or human or nonhuman claiming to be a teacher or participating within a \u201cguru\u201d model in the physical plane . all content is presented to the reader as intended with the empowerment of the individual first and is for your personal discernment only . lisa renee does not endorse the use of any drug for purposes of spiritual growth , or otherwise . please honor this guardian consciousness work and take in only what resonates with you personally and discard the rest . there is no need for competition , enemy patterning or controlling sacred spiritual sciences or ascension technologies . these belong to all of humanity . this content is presented with the intention of unity , freedom , compassion and the sovereign right for all beings , to be the revelation of the direct inner experience of the intelligence fields , that are the eternal god source . purity of heart and listening to your inner god spirit is all there is . all paths ultimately lead to one . for one and for all : i am god ! i am sovereign ! i am free !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthere are many ways of sending many jobs together in a machine . here we propose a simple but flexible script that may facilitate this task . this script is written in the unix command language bash , and it just needs the utility awk , a data extraction and reporting tool which is available on any unix or macos operative system .\nthe example has four input parameters that the user has to give : energy , random seed , number of events , number of jobs . the four parameters will be converted to internal variables :\n# # # set the suffix of the output files suffix = $ 1\n.\n$ 2\n.\n$ 3\n.\n$ nj echo\nsuffix = $ suffix\n# # # copy the input file into a new one ( so that you can keep a track of the different files that are run ) new _ inputfile =\nexercise2 .\n$ suffix log _ inputfile = zz\n_\n$ new _ inputfile echo\nthe new input file =\n$ new _ inputfile\nyou can observe that each of the variables that are going to be used by awk have to be passed with the - v option . the awk will loop through the lines in the input file and will make the substitutions . for example the line\nelse if ( $ 2 = =\nrtphasespaceua : filename\n) { printf (\n% s % s % s \\ n\n, $ 1 , $ 2 ,\ntest .\nsuffix ) }\nmeans that it looks for a line whose second word is rtphasespaceua : filename and then substitutes this line by three words ( three % s ) , the first two are left intact , and the third one is substituted by the value of the suffix , preceded by test . .\nfinally the job is sent in background . you may run it in foreground , what means that you have to wait until a job finish to start the next one :\nif , for example , you want to run 40 jobs in your 4 - core machine , you should not run them all in background at the same time , as they will have to share the cpu and memory , wasting your computer resources , or even saturating your memory . a smarter approach would be to type four times a sendjobs command running jobs in foreground :\nbackground profiles constantly reviews state and federal law relating to human resource issues and employment screening . we utilize several legal firms , whose focus is employment law , to keep us up - to - date on new and pending legislation that might have an impact on our clients . we pass this information on to our clients through several communication channels including e - mail bulletins , voice calls , and quarterly newsletters .\nurltoken business law center for human resources topics covered are hiring , firing , compensation and benefits , workers compensation and workplace safety .\nemployment law information network an employment law reference site for lawyers and human resource professionals .\nalexander hamilton institute ahi\u2019s employment law resource center and newsletter cover all aspects of employment law to keep managers and executives from making mistakes that could lead to fines and lawsuits .\nas a nationally recognized employee background check and employee screening service , background profiles understands the complexities of today ' s workplace . we provide easy , automated web - based access to verify employee identity , including social security number trace reports , e - verify and cbsv . we search criminal records history , previous employment history , education history , conduct reference checks , provide electronic form i - 9 , facis ( fraud and abuse control information system ) and many other pre - employment screening services . we know the needs of specific industries and we are strictly fcra - compliant . we are a one - stop shop providing everything from employee drug testing and criminal background checks to employment and education verifications on employees and potential hires . our web based system interfaces with most applicant tracking systems ( ats ) in use today . we are recognized as a top employee background check service company . whether you ' re in heathcare or education , government or non - profit , transportation or staffing or anywhere in the business world , reach out to us for a free consultation today ! sitemap | privacy\nthe marin county sheriff\u2019s office is committed to partnering with our communities to provide leadership and excellence in public safety . read more\nalthough we strive to maintain the accuracy , completeness , and timeliness of the information found on this site ; we cannot guarantee all of it . the information herein should be used only as a guide , and should not be construed as legal advice .\ni ' m not quite ready to enroll in the center but i am interested in continuing to hear about what is happening at the center . how can i get information more regularly ?\ni ' m interested in applying for a job at this center . is there someone i can contact ?\nyes , bright horizons has an open door policy . you are encouraged to visit your child anytime .\nwe suggest you register with bright horizons . you can select up to 3 locations to be registered at , including the center you are most interested in . by registering , you are confirming your strong interest in all 3 centers . we will add you to our wait list and you will be offered a space as soon as one becomes available . while waiting for a space to become available at your first choice location , many families will choose to enroll at their 2 nd or 3 rd choice temporarily until space becomes available at the center they are most interested in . in many centers , a child currently enrolled at a bright horizons location has priority over the general community so enrolling at another location will not only solve your care needs but will also give you additional priority in getting into your 1st preference . our goal is to accommodate families as soon as space allows . during the entire process , we will keep in touch with you regarding your status .\nyes , part - time care ia available as a monday , wednesday , friday option or tuesday , thursday option .\nyes , there is an infant / toddler playground , a twos playground and a preschool / pre - kindergarten playground .\nthe national association for the education of young children ( naeyc ) has developed standards to define and recognize quality child care programs . in order to be accredited , a child care program must meet a variety of strict criteria , including having a well - trained faculty , good staff - child ratios and group sizes , and a comprehensive curriculum , as well as meet stringent health and safety standards . the program must also provide meaningful opportunities for family involvement .\ntuition varies by center , schedule and by individual classroom . to find out more information about tuition , please contact the center directly .\nall bright horizons staff are trained regularly in cpr , even if not required by the state . first aid is taught as required by state licensing agency / regulations so that you can feel confident that your child is safe and receiving the best care possible at our center .\ncomprehensive , optimum development of each child : mind , body , social self , and character .\nbright horizons curriculum , the world at their fingertips , is our unique curriculum designed to engage children in active learning that prepares them for school while helping them achieve their individual potential and fostering a spirit of community . it includes curriculum elements such as language works , math counts , science rocks , artsmart , our world and well aware that cross all age groups . for more on information on our curriculum , click here .\nwe encourage any family interested in center information , regular updates and invitations to the many events we are planning , to contact us .\nbright horizons conducts a comprehensive background check on all prospective employees and frequent visitors . the background check consists of a county criminal record check for the past seven years performed in all counties that a person has lived , worked or attended school . in addition to the county criminal search , a sex offender search , ofac search and a social security verification trace are also conducted . for all location employees , program licensing background checks required by the state are also performed .\nbright horizons conducts a comprehensive background check on all prospective employees and frequent visitors . the background check consists of a county criminal record check for the past seven years performed in all counties that a person has lived , worked or attended school . in addition to the county criminal search , a sex offender search , ofac search and a social security verification trace are also conducted . for all location employees , program licensing background checks required by the state are also performed .\nto learn about our other locations , please find a child care center near you .\nwe suggest you register with bright horizons . you can select up to three locations to be registered at , including the center you are most interested in . by registering , you are confirming your strong interest in all three centers . we will add you to our wait list and you will be offered a space as soon as one becomes available . while waiting for a space to become available at your first choice location , many families will choose to enroll at their 2nd or 3rd choice temporarily until space becomes available at the center they are most interested in . in many centers , a child currently enrolled at a bright horizons location has priority over the general community so enrolling at another location will not only solve your care needs but will also give you additional priority in getting into your 1st preference . our goal is to accommodate families as soon as space allows . during the entire process , we will keep in touch with you regarding your status .\ntell us a little bit about your family to get started . come learn about the bright horizons experience and see what we ' re learning today !\nsubmit your information below and we ' ll send you an email soon . we ' re excited to meet you !\nwelcome ! this is an exciting stage in your child\u2019s early education , and our talented team of caring teachers is here . . . [ more ]\ndescription : welcome ! this is an exciting stage in your child\u2019s early education , and our talented team of caring teachers is here to inspire learning , encourage confidence , and nurture your child ' s growth and development . our world at their fingertips curriculum features an . . .\nwelcome to bright horizons at marin commons ! our talented teachers have been serving families in the community since 2009 , and . . . [ more ]\ndescription : welcome to bright horizons at marin commons ! our talented teachers have been serving families in the community since 2009 , and we believe hands - on learning is key in preparing your child for academic success . we offer dedicated spaces so children can . . .\nwe have also developed short courses in infrastructure and technology factors such as : - renewable energy for development , environmental risk assessment , wind energy , solar energy and hand pumps .\n, but was rated the best three - year - old filly of the season in europe . she was then retired to stud , where she had some success as a broodmare .\n, a british - bred stallion who was the top - rated two - year - old in europe in 1982 . diesis went on to become a successful breeding stallion , and though based at mill ridge stud in kentucky , he had his greatest successes in europe : his best winners included\ndiminuendo ' s dam , the american - bred mare cacti , also produced pricket , a filly who finished second in the 1996 epsom oaks .\ndiminuendo was bought by mohammed bin rashid al maktoum ( always known as\nsheikh mohammed\nin racing circles ) and was sent to be trained by henry cecil at his warren place stables in newmarket . the filly was ridden in all her major victories by the american jockey steve cauthen ."]}
{"id": 1988, "summary": [{"text": "the rainbow shark ( epalzeorhynchos frenatum ) is a species of southeast asian freshwater fish from the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is also variously known as the ruby shark , red-fin shark , red-finned shark , rainbow sharkminnow , green fringelip labeo , whitefin shark and whitetail sharkminnow .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is a popular , semi-aggressive aquarium fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "unlike true sharks , which belong to the chondrichthyes ( \" cartilagenous fishes \" ) lineage , the rainbow shark is an actinopterygiian ( \" ray-finned fish \" ) . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "rainbow shark", "paragraphs": ["profile of the rainbow shark this profile contains interesting facts and information about the rainbow shark species .\nthe rainbow shark is probably easier to find in most pet stores than the black shark or the red tail shark . the rainbow shark may be found under different aliases like the red - finned shark or the ruby shark . the rainbow shark is usually the most affordable shark when compared to the black shark and the red tail shark . i have seen rainbow sharks retail anywhere from $ 3 . 00 to $ 6 . 00 apiece .\nanswer : the rainbow shark has red fins , the red tailed black shark has a red caudal fin .\nthere is actually another type of rainbow shark that is often more popular than the original : the albino rainbow shark . some pet stores may list this fish as the pink rainbow shark or the pink shark . this albino rainbow shark is popular with freshwater fish hobbyists for a couple of reasons . one reason is the rumor that this albino rainbow shark is less aggressive than the regular rainbow shark . this rumor is just that - a rumor . there is no evidence to suggest that a change in the rainbow shark ' s color would effect its temperament .\nmy rainbow shark is with my 2 angelfish and 1 rainbow and 1 gourami with another albino shark . today i saw my rainbow sharks kissing each other and dancing . my rainbow shark is light colored and the other one is dark colored , are they mates ?\nmany people have a tendency to confuse the rainbow shark with its cousin , the red tail shark . the rainbow shark is a more slender , streamlined fish than the red tail shark . the rainbow shark also has a more pointed snout than the red tail shark . however , the biggest difference is the sharks ' fins . while the red tail shark has a red tail and black fins , the rainbow shark has a red tail and red fins .\nas mentioned above , the rainbow shark isn ' t a true shark . the rainbow shark is part of the cyprinid family , the same family of fish that includes goldfish and minnows ! other members of this family include the black shark and the similar looking red tail shark .\nthe rainbow shark , also known as the ruby shark or red - finned shark , is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium , as long as . . .\nthank you ! we will notify you when this item is in stock . rainbow shark\ngravel with sharp edges can scratch up and damage the rainbow shark . very fine gravel or , even better , sand should be used as a substrate . because the rainbow shark is territorial , you will also need plenty of places for the rainbow shark to hide .\nwhen at my local pet shop , i spotted the rainbow shark as well as another fish they just called a ' grey shark ' .\nwhen purchasing a rainbow shark , you should always make sure that you are getting a healthy fish . if the rainbow shark ' s fins aren ' t bright red or orange , odds are the fish is unhealthy . if the rainbow shark has pale fin coloration , it could be a sign of stress , malnutrition , poor water quality or bullying from another rainbow shark .\nthe rainbow shark , also known as the ruby shark or red - finned shark , is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium , as long as they are the sole shark and the other tankmates are of similar size . the rainbow shark is a beautifully colored fish which is a dark gray to black with red fins .\nthe rainbow shark ' s aquarium should be set up to reflect its natural habitat . the rainbow shark is a native of thailand , mainly the mekong river . the rainbow shark is accustomed to swift moving waters filled with abundant hiding places and plant life . often an aquarium ' s filter will provide enough of a stream for the rainbow shark . even so , some hobbyists add a powerhead to the aquarium to provide even more of a stream for the rainbow shark .\nthe rainbow shark is a smaller fish than the black shark , but it is slightly larger than the red tail shark . while the black shark can reach a length of 2 feet and the red tail shark can reach a length of 4 to 5 inches , the rainbow shark usually reaches an adult length of 6 inches . because of this , one rainbow shark can easily be kept in a 20 gallon aquarium . however , if you plan on keeping 6 or more rainbow sharks , you will need at least a 55 gallon aquarium .\ndescription of the rainbow shark the rainbow shark is also known as the ruby shark , red - finned shark and rainbow sharkminnow . the rainbow shark is not recommended for the beginner as it is territorial and aggressive towards fish of the same species , it is however a very useful addition to the tropical freshwater tank due to its cleaning ability ! it feeds on leftover food that has sunk to the bottom of the tank and helps to keep the tank clean .\nthe rainbow shark ' s aggression is a direct result of this fish ' s territorialism . if you have a large enough aquarium , such as a 55 gallon tank , with plenty of hiding places for each rainbow shark to have its own territory , you should be able to keep more than one rainbow shark per tank . each rainbow shark will establish their own territories and then defend it against any intruders .\nthe rainbow shark is a hardy fish that has been known to live for several years . however , to keep the rainbow shark happy and healthy , care must be taken to keep its water in the proper condition . good filtration is a necessity for the rainbow shark . also , the rainbow shark ' s water will have to have a ph between 6 . 5 and 7 . 5 , with the temperature between 72 to 82 degrees . the rainbow shark is susceptible to ich , especially at lower water temperatures .\nif a sand shark or any of its variants enters water , it will behave like a normal shark .\nthe rainbow shark , otherwise known as the ruby shark , or red - finned shark , is a beautifully colored fish which is a dark gray to black with red fins . there is also an albino variety .\nwhile the other sharks of the cyprinid family earn their moniker because of large , shark - like dorsal fins , the rainbow shark may very well earn their name because of their aggression . fortunately , this aggression is usually limited to other rainbow or red tail sharks . for this reason , the rainbow shark is often considered to be a loner fish , meaning that only one rainbow shark or one red tail shark should be kept in an aquarium . however , there are a few things that you can do that might allow you to keep more than one rainbow shark per tank .\nboumis , robert .\ngood companion fish for a rainbow shark\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nanswer : rainbow sharks are territorial . any fish that they consider a competitor will be chased as long as the rainbow shark is stronger than the chased fish .\nit was very similar looking to the rainbow shark , only it ' s body was silver / grey and fins were dark grey . i did notice that his tail was a bit differently shaped to the rainbow shark .\nthat ' s not a rainbow shark . rainbow sharks are like red - tailed sharks except that all their fins are red instead of just the tail / caudal fin .\nlooking for premium rainbow sharks delivered right to your door ? well check out below for online vendors that are selling rainbow sharks and albino rainbow sharks with the highest quality .\nrainbow sharks will be less likely to fight with other fish who can defend themselves against the rainbow shark . however , you need more than two , or else those will fight among themselves all the time . the rainbow shark will be most likely to fight with members of its own species .\nas a member of the cyprinid family , the rainbow shark doesn ' t have any jaw teeth . the rainbow shark has pharyngeal teeth in their throats . these teeth are used to grind up the largest part of the rainbow shark ' s diet : algae . the rainbow shark will spend much of its time cleaning its aquarium walls , plants and other decorations using their tough lips to scrape up algae . however , a fish cannot live by algae alone . the omnivorous rainbow shark will readily accept flake foods , shrimp pellets , blood worms , black worms , tubifex worms and vegetable foods .\ni had rainbow shark , she is well with other fishes till the day when i had not brought albino rainbow shark . when i bought her in my aquarium , my rainbow shark started teasing albino rainbow shark , then she killed my albino rainbow shark . after that she started teasing my other fishes except gouramis , she also started teasing my common pleco . she became very aggressive after i had bought the albino rainbow shark . so my advice is to keep these fishes only with those which they are not be able to harass such as oscars , parrot fishes etc . they never tease gourami as far as i saw in my aquarium . thanks , this website is very useful to me and my other friends too .\nboumis , robert .\ngood companion fish for a rainbow shark .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / good - companion - fish - rainbow - shark - 5428 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nperhaps the reason why so many freshwater fish hobbyists buy the albino rainbow shark is this fish ' s unique and beautiful appearance . while the albino rainbow shark ' s body is pale , its fins remain a bright red , making this truly one uniquely colored rainbow to have in your home aquarium !\na rainbow shark needs to avoid several fish . other than loaches , rainbow sharks will pick on most bottom - dwelling fish like cichlids and catfish . you should also avoid long - finned fish , like freshwater angelfish , since the rainbow shark may nip at long - finned fish . at the same time , small , nippy fish like rasboras and certain tetras may nip at the rainbow shark . the rainbow shark ' s brightly colored fins make it a tempting target for fish with this proclivity . above all , avoid other aquarium\nsharks\nlike the black shark and the red - tailed shark . these species resemble each other enough to trigger their territorial response .\nmy rainbow shark likes to hide . he ' s not really aggressive and he will not eat flakes for some reason .\nboumis , robert . ( n . d . ) . good companion fish for a rainbow shark . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / good - companion - fish - rainbow - shark - 5428 . html\nhi , i currently have one rainbow shark and an algae eater in a 37 gallon tank ( planning on getting some tiger barbs and a few gourami ) , and the algae eater continually harasses the shark , and the shark doesn ' t come out from behind the plants anymore . but the algae eater isn ' t much bigger than the rainbow shark . is this normal behaviour ?\nthe rainbow shark can be kept in a large community tank if there is plenty of cover to hide in . this larger fish is too aggressive for beginners . very closely related to the red tailed black shark . hollows and hiding places are recommended . only one rainbow shark should be kept in each tank as they are intolerant of their own species . also try not to keep rainbow sharks with red tailed black shark as they will also fight .\nthe rainbow shark will eat most fish food including flakes , pellets and frozen foods . they will eat algae wafers as well .\na rainbow shark will almost universally get along fin with peaceful , mid - water schooling fish , such as rasboras and danios from their native range , and tetras from africa and south america . the smallest rasboras and tetras may be small enough for a rainbow shark to make a meal of them . however , only exceptionally small species will fit into a rainbow shark ' s little mouth .\nwe have had our tank for about a year now , it consists of platys , zebra danos , corys and now our one rainbow shark . when first setting up our tank we bought one rainbow and one albino rainbow shark . at first they were fine with each other but as they got bigger the albino became very dominate with the other fish and would harass the other shark . the rainbow wouldn ' t eat and stayed very small . i found a home for the albino and now my rainbow shark is growing , seems happier and is a bit more active with the other fish .\nthe red tailed shark is similar in most ways to the rainbow , it body is darker in colour and only the tail fin is coloured but it has the same aggressive tendencies as the rainbow .\nit requires a large aquarium with driftwood , rocks , and spots of dense vegetation . this shark may set up territories around the aquarium . the rainbow shark will become very aggressive towards its own species .\ni have a rainbow shark in with a betta , dalmatian molly and two glass fish and the shark seems to be protecting the glass fish when the betta gets it in his mind to chase them around . the shark is by far the most docile fish of all .\nthe albino rainbow shark is also known as the albino ruby shark and albino red - finned shark . it is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium as long as they are the only shark and the other tankmates are of similar size . it is a beautifully colored fish that has a pink body with bright red fins and red eyes .\nwhile the rainbow shark ( eplazeorhynchos frenatum ) has a milder temperament than some other freshwater fished with\nshark\nin their names , the rainbow may still have trouble getting along with bottom - dwelling fish . however , the rainbow shark tends to get along with loaches , bottom - dwellers from its native range . however , individual rainbow sharks do vary in their temperament and age . some individuals may consider any interloper in their territory at the bottom of the tank fair game .\nyou will need a good tight fitting hood with no escape points because the rainbow shark has been known to jump out of the tank .\ndorsal fins - the dorsal fin is located on the backs of fishes . the rainbow shark has dorsal fins to lend stability in swimming .\ni ' ve been feeding my rainbow shark fish and albino shark fish tropical fish flakes , but i ' ve read that they also eat shrimp , tuna , etc . should i feed them shrimp and tuna ?\ni ' m going to get a rainbow shark with a couple glofish and a red tail shark , but will they die if i put them in the same tank ? btw , the tank is 30 gallons .\nwhat should i feed my rainbow to make it big ? i have a 30 liter tank and have a rainbow shark with eight small tetras . the rainbow is about 1 12 inches , it has a cave to itself . how should i make it aggressive ? please tell me .\nventral fins . the ventral fin is located on the pelvic area of fishes . the rainbow shark has ventral fins to lend stability in swimming .\ncaudal fins . the caudal fin is located on the tail area of fishes . the rainbow shark has caudal fins to propel through the water .\ni just bought an albino rainbow shark , he is in an aquarium with a bigger iridescent shark and an upside down catfish . the albino shark seems to just lie on the bottom . i have no hiding spots yet , i will have to get some , but is this normal behaviour ?\nmy rainbow shark is changing into a red tail shark , the dorsal fin is now reddish black , the other fins are already mostly black . i thought they were 2 different species ? i must have a cross between the 2 and as it ages , the red tail genes are starting to dominate ! he was very nice as a young rainbow shark , but is now more aggressive as a red tail shark , which matches their personality .\nif you do try to introduce another rainbow shark into the tank , you need at least a meter of separated territory for each of the sharks .\nwhat makes rainbow shark considered cool is also due to the fact that they can be relatively easy to care for . those who have experience looking after\n. be careful however , to choose the right tank mates or else your rainbow shark will end up being the dominant species eating all the foods .\ni have a 46g with an angelfish , 2 green severum cichlids , 2 fancy goldfish , 4 silver dollars , and recently , 1 rainbow shark .\nkeep in mind that when it comes to rainbow sharks , the rule of extremes comes into play . you should either keep one rainbow shark , or 6 or more rainbow sharks . the aggression won ' t be stopped , but with 6 or more rainbow sharks in the aquarium , the aggression will be evenly distributed . if you keep less than 6 rainbow sharks in one aquarium , the fish will almost always begin to fight amongst themselves .\ni have two albino corys , four loaches , one silver shark , one gold gourami , two sword tail fish , three mollys and one albino rainbow shark . they all seem to get along fine and they are doing well .\napprox . size 1 . 5 - 2 . 5\n; . the term\nshark\nis applied to many unrelated fish with a similar body shape . the rainbow shark is primarily a dark grayish black with bold red fins . should not be kept with other rainbow sharks or red tail sharks .\nthey were give the common name of albino rainbow shark when first introduced into the aquarium hobby due to their body shape and finnage which somewhat resembles that of a shark . they are of course not real sharks , but a type of ray finned fish common to the region in which they live . they have strong availability within the aquarium hobby and have been widely imported for a long time . they generally go by the common name of albino rainbow shark , but like most species are often sold under a variety of common names including : ruby shark , red - fin shark , red - finned shark , etc .\nthe rainbow shark is a freshwater cyprinid that comes from thailand and may not be a good choice for a community tank . the rainbow shark likes to stake out their own territory in the tank . this territory can be in the form of small caves , rocks and even plants . they will become aggressive with smaller fish that invade this territory . only keep one rainbow shark in your tank because they will not tolerate another rainbow or red tail sharks in the same tank . they may exist together for awhile , but one will end up chasing the other relentlessly until the other succumbs . you may also see an albino rainbow shark variety that is sometimes available at your local fish store .\npectoral fins . the pectoral fin is located on the breast area of fishes . the rainbow shark has pectoral fins to for locomotion and side to side movement\nif you are wanting to keep a group of rainbow sharks with pairs of sexes , it is relatively easy to distinguish between the males and females . the male rainbow shark tends to be a little smaller with the anal fin lined in black . however , if you are hoping to breed the rainbow sharks in the home aquarium , keep in mind that only chance spawnings have occurred over the years , thus little is known about the rainbow shark ' s breeding .\ni went to petco and bought the biggest rainbow shark i could find , as a target fish for my breeding pair of convict cichlids . you need a target fish to keep the convicts in constant protection mode so they don ' t focus their hostilities on each other . nevertheless , the shark is bigger than both convicts , yet they completely own him . they surely have my rainbow toeing the line . the rainbow shark has enabled my convict pairs ' bond to strengthen .\nthe rainbow shark is a brightly colored fish from southeast asia and a favorite for fish owners . although not technically a shark , the rainbow shark is as aggressive as its namesake . if you are willing to bend the truth a little bit , you can claim to be the proud owner of a shark . after setting up your freshwater tank , be sure to give the water a few weeks to cycle before introducing your fish . the most difficult part of maintaining a happy shark will be finding tank mates that this aggressive breed is willing to live with .\nis also called the silver shark , tricolor shark , or shark minnow , but don ' t be fooled by the word\nshark .\nthis fish ' s name is derived solely from its rigid , upright triangular dorsal fin and torpedo - shaped body , which make it superficially resemble that ferocious and predatory ocean fish .\ni recently bought 2 rainbow shark and i put them in my aquarium with 2 angel fish , 2 gold fish and 1 shubunkin . are they all compatible ?\nthe rainbow shark ' s aggression does not affect their tank mates . rainbow sharks make ideal additions to nearly any community aquarium . ideal tank mates for rainbow sharks can include bala sharks , red finned cigar sharks , iridescent sharks , catfish , corys , plecos , gouramis , danios , barbs , rainbowfish , loaches and eels . larger , more aggressive fish should not be kept with rainbow sharks .\nin order to keep multiple albino rainbow sharks or to keep a albino rainbow shark with a similar species like a red tail shark or bala shark , a much larger aquarium is required to provide each specimen with enough territory . a suitably large aquarium for multiple specimens would be a 6 foot long tank like a 125 gallon , which if aqua - scaped correctly could provide plenty of territory for multiple specimens .\ni was just wondering what would happen if i removed the cave for the rainbow . because i have never seen the rainbow eat as it ' s always inside the cave and will the rainbow shark ( correction 2 12 inches ) eat my half inch neon tetras if the rainbow is not fed well ? how long will the rainbow take to reach 6 inches ? i had an albino rainbow shark ( 4 12 inches ) which died after 2 years with us . it ' s lung was brown when it died . why ? i ' m guessing my 4 inch alligator gar must have bitten it ? i gave away the gar after that .\nthe rainbow , redfin and albino minnow sharks , epalzeorhynchos munense and e . frenatum\nmy rainbow shark named ottis lives with other fish and he only picks on the big bala shark , he is good with the other fish . the pet store said that rainbow sharks are calm and likes to be alone and clean the tank , so that is why i got him cause i thought that he will be nice .\ni just recently bought two rainbow sharks the bigger shark hides in a rock all day and the only time he comes out is when another fish inters the rock . i was wonder if my shark will become so aggressive it will eat my smaller guppies ?\nanswer : perhaps it ' s bala shark : bala shark - balantiocheilos melanopterus profile with pictures . let us know if it ' s not bala shark , eventually send us an email with the picture ( address is mentioned on the homepage of this website ) .\ni am planning to move my red tail shark from a 10 gallon tank which has guppies to a 50 gallon tank which has angels . will the shark bother the angels ? the shark has grown to about 6 inches long and is about 3 years old .\nbreeding this freshwater rainbow shark is rare in the home aquarium . this is most likely because of their intolerance of each other in the small confines of the home aquarium .\ndoes it look bloated at all ? does anything look wrong with it \u2013 patches of fuzz , etc ? if it looks fine , it may be hiding from the more dominant shark . it\u2019s generally a bad idea to keep two red tail sharks together , as one will become dominant and constantly harass the other shark . i\u2019d make sure the shark is still getting food , since a dominant shark will often prevent the other shark from feeding .\nepalzeorhynchos frenatus is great for the semi - aggressive community aquarium , as long as they are the sole shark and other tank mates are of similar size . it requires a large aquarium with driftwood , rocks , and spots of dense vegetation . this shark may set up territories around the aquarium . the rainbow shark will become very aggressive towards its own species .\nthe very popular bala shark is readily available in pet stores and online and moderately inexpensive .\nthe rainbow shark will appreciate a planted aquarium , not only as a source of food , but also as a source of hiding places , or territories . other ideal hiding places for the rainbow shark can include rock structures , driftwood or other cave - like structures . if you plan on keeping 6 or more rainbow sharks , make sure each fish has its own territory . in my experience , the rainbow sharks seemed to get along better when their\nterritories\nwere kept far apart , and out of sight from the other rainbow sharks . it was like a case of\nout of sight , out of mind .\nif the rainbow sharks couldn ' t see each other , there were no problems !\nthe albino rainbow shark is an omnivore and is not a finicky eater . flake food , freeze - dried bloodworms , tubifex , and a vegetable - based food should be fed .\nanswer : i would not add another rainbow shark to a 20 gallon tank . it would be very risky and it ' s highly probable that they won ' t get along .\ni ' m searching for potential algae eaters for my soon - to - be planted 10gal tank . will a rainbow shark tolerate sharing living space with 5 minnows and 3 platys ?\nan omnivore , the rainbow shark is not a particularly finicky eater . flake food , freeze - dried bloodworms and tubifex , as well as vegetable - based foods should be fed .\nif you decide to keep 6 or more rainbow sharks in one aquarium , you should also make sure that the fish are similar sized . the smaller , weaker rainbow sharks will often end up on the receiving end of larger , stronger rainbow sharks ' aggression . and when this happens , it ' s not pretty ! i have had rainbow sharks rip the fins and tails off of smaller , weaker rainbow sharks . in the end , the attacked rainbow sharks were unable to swim without their fins and tails , and they died !\nmore fish ready for the next shark ? check out the redtail black shark . , back to sharks \u2014 overview . , open the [ b ] main menu [ / b ] .\ni ' ve always had itleast one rainbow shark in my tank ( s ) for the past five years or so . they look like this : rainbow sharks grow up to about 6\nlong ( no more then that ) and are highly territorial from my experience .\nan omnivore , the rainbow shark is not a particularly finicky eater . flake food , freeze - dried bloodworms , and tubifex , as well as vegetable - based foods should be fed .\n: ) your tank sounds nice . well mine is a different story . i have a 20 gallon and i made a huge mistake . i put a rainbow shark in with these 3 ( unknown fish ) , 1 gourami and 1 dalmation molly . and yesterday i got a rainbow shark , now those are pretty good looking fish and like i was saying my tank is not big enough for my rainbow shark - only 20 gallon . well the rainbow shark keeps going after my 3 unknown fish , he now does it rarely , now only kind of nips at them but my real problem is i love that shark and if he grows to be 6 inches i mean then it would be the biggest fish , would it eat the gourami too . : ( should i sell it or just keep it and see what happens ? please , respond fast .\nthe bala shark has an elongated , torpedo - shaped body and big eyes , presumably adapted to help it find food . its dorsal fin is triangular and erect , making it resemble a shark .\ni think the dark coloured one is the dominant shark , at least it is in my tank .\ni got a regular rainbow fish a month ago . and now have just added another rainbow fish but this one is the albino rainbow fish . my regular rainbow fish that ' s grey is bigger than the albino and is being very territorial . i also bought a second home so that the albino can get shelter but , my regular rainbow fish is not letting the albino fish in . he ' s always chasing after the albino fish . what should i do ? please help !\nscientific classification of the rainbow shark definition : scientific classification , or biological classification , is how biologists group and categorize species of organisms with shared physical characteristics . scientific classification belongs to the science of taxonomy .\ni ' ve never had a rainbow shark before , but i peronsally would not try to have one in a community tank based only on information that i have read . below is one example : urltoken\ninteresting facts and information - how do you identify the sex of a rainbow shark ? the males and females of many fish species have different colors or different shaped bodies . but there are also other fish species where there is no visible difference . its sometimes tricky being an ichthyologist ! male rainbow sharks have thinner bodies than females with brighter coloring . interesting facts and information - why are rainbow shark slimy ? rainbow shark secrete a type of mucus , or slime , from their skin . this slime provides protection against parasites and infections and helps the rainbow shark to move through the water faster . some fish species also release toxins in their slime which ward off enemy attacks . other fish species use their slime to feed their young . interesting facts and information - why do rainbow shark have gills ? gills enable the rainbow shark to breathe . gills consist of thin sheets of tissue containing blood vessels . as water passes over the gills oxygen is absorbed into the blood stream carbon dioxide passes out into the water . the gills are protected by a large bony plate called an operculum . some fish species however have lungs and breathe air . interesting facts and information - why do the rainbow shark have fins ? a fin is an external appendage or\nlimb\nof a fish . fins are used for directing , stabilizing , or propelling the different fish species in water . numbers of fins vary between fish species , but there are usually seven . each of the fins on a fish are designed to perform a specific function :\ni have a 3 ft x 2 ft x 1 ft tank and have 25 fish in it . i have 2 rainbow shark , 2 silver shark , 10 gold fish , 2 angel , 4 bido , 4 red caps . they all are small to medium size . is the combination and quantity ok ?\nthis page is dedicated to raising rainbow sharks , the main focus is forum with questions , answers and experiences ! we ' d love to hear about your rainbow shark , so before leaving this page tell us your story - a form for this purpose can be found at the bottom of this page . a short summary of requirements of rainbow sharks can be found here : labeo frenatus profile with pictures .\nboumis , robert .\nhabitat of the freshwater rainbow fish\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nshields , brenton .\nhow to breed rainbow sharks\nlast modified october 19 , 2017 . urltoken\ni have a rainbow shark . mine does the same thing ( barrel rolls and swims upside down very briefly ) in a 39 gallon tank . i used to have him in a 10 gallon . all of my water levels are within it ' s normal range . upon observation it occurs to me that this is just normal behavior for the rainbow shark . the rainbow shark is kind of an acrobatic oddball . it does not float on it ' s sides and does not float on the surface . if that were the case then there would be a problem . my rainbow shark ( for most of the time ) chills out in a hollow log . he will eat algae that collects on the upper inside portion of the log , and will do so upside down . rainbow sharks are ( at least to me ) comical . so it ' s fair to say ( 3 years later ) that nothing is wrong with him .\nthe sand shark only appears in ordinary deserts . there are other variants for different versions of the desert :\nwhen you visit an aquarium shop it is very likely you find one of these guys . they can be either gray with orange - red fins or white with more red fins . sometimes you can see them under the name red tailed sharks , since some shops misidentify their fish . but red tailed shark is an entirely different fish . it has a black bulkier body with only one \u2013 tail - red fin and it will grow smaller , so watch out . rainbow sharks can be found under their latin names epalzeorhynchos frenatum and the white is epalzeorhynchos munense or under common names like the mentioned rainbow shark , but also as red finned shark or ruby shark and the albino form is mostly called simply albino rainbow shark or less often the golden shark . as most of the fish in aquatic trade , they are small and shy when you see them , but don ' t be fooled . they grow big and territorial even if the clerk tells you otherwise .\nanswer : no . goldfish are coldwater fish while rainbow sharks and angels are tropical . angels and rainbow sharks could live in one tank , however it should be large enough . 300 liters should be ok .\na large aquarium is required with rocks , driftwood , and spots with dense vegetation . the albino rainbow shark may set up territories around the aquarium . it will become very aggressive towards its own species when mature .\ni ' ve had my rainbow shark for about two years now , along with a massive goldfish and 6 mexican cave fish and he has made friends with the goldfish . he used to chase them everywhere , now just follows , it ' s kind of cute actually . i just wanted to know if i were to get another rainbow shark would it kill the one i got ? it ' s a 20 gallon tank .\nthe rainbow shark is originally described in 1934 by h . w . fowler and it was placed in the genus labeo under the species name frenatus . in 1998 the species was moved to the present genus epalzeorhynchos by yang & winterbottom . in fact , it is not really shark and actually belongs to the minnow family , cyprinidae under order cypriniformes of class actinopterygii . it has upright dorsal fin that gives them a shark like appearance .\n) was described by bleeker in 1851 . they are found in southeast asia in sumatra and borneo , and possibly the malayan peninsula . they have previously been described in most published literature as being found in the chao phraya basin in thailand as well as the mekong basin . however , in 2007 , ng and kottelat published a work confirming that they do not occur in the indochina regions . other common names they are known by include silver shark , tricolor shark , shark minnow , bala sharkminnow , tricolor shark minnow , and tri - colored shark .\ni have a rainbow shark in a 29 gallon aquarium with a opaline gourami , 2 giant danios , 2 black skirt tetra and 2 corys and i am wondering why my gourami hides in a corner and does not eat . i am also wondering if veggies improve the rainbow sharks colour like they do to red tails .\ni have a 30 gallon tank . i originally started with a rainbow shark , neon tetras , black skirt tetras and some platys . i also have one cory catfish and a beta . the tank is almost 2 years old now and my rainbow shark died a few months ago . he began swimming upside down and sideways . i was told he might have a problem with his swim bladder . since then , i tried to replace him with 3 or 4 other rainbow sharks but they keep dying . i first thought it was the pet store i used , so i went to another store . the rainbow shark was bigger from the second store . but again , it died . i ' ve had several water changes since my last attempt . yesterday , i bought another rainbow shark . again , it is dead this morning . it ' s not being attacked by my other fish . it was in perfect condition . it started swimming with its nose down similar to the original one . wondering if it ' s not the swim bladder and something off in my water ? the other fish are all doing very well . please help ? i ' d love another rainbow shark !\nhi . my 15 gallon tank is kinda crowded . it has 19 different kinds , koi , angel fish , goldfish , hammerhead , bala and rainbow shark , file snake . my rainbow shark is always hiding and would also come out if she sees i ' m watching them . no prob with my current set up , but i will purchase a 75 gal soon . i have placed plants so they can play in there .\ni have an albino rainbow fish and he seems to protect the smaller fish in my tank . i ' ve always had very good luck with the temperament of my fish . i honestly think the other fish help with the temperament of the rainbow shark . as i have 3 mollies and 3 glass fish in with him .\n. physically rainbow shark can only grow up to 6 inches in length and that means aquarium size measuring about 30 gallon is usually sufficient to house a single fish . avoid mixing two rainbow sharks together because although they will not attack other fish species , they can turn aggressive when there is more than one of the same kind .\ni have 1 siamese fighter , 2 gold gouramis , 1 rainbow shark , 1 clown loach and 6 black phantom tetras and they all get on fine in a 47 gallon aquarium , but i just recently added 2 silver sharks and the rainbow shark did not like it . every time they move he chases them back to the corner of the tank , they don ' t swim around because he won ' t let them . why is this ?\nmy rainbow shark hides and protects the smaller fish in the tank . he ' ll only come out of his cave for me , not anyone else unless they ' re really still and he doesn ' t see them .\ni ' m new to fish , and this is my first tank . i have a 10 gallon tank with heater , filter , airpump , gravel , and some plastic plants . today is the 3rd day i have had the tank . i have two guppies , an x - ray tetra , and a rainbow shark . today , i ' ve noticed that the rainbow shark hides perfectly still under a plastic plant any time the light is on . when i shut the light off , it immediately swims around freely . is this typical behavior of a rainbow shark ? and if not , what would you recommend to allow it to have more freedom in the tank ? thanks .\nrainbow sharks will be more hostile toward fish from the crossocheilus , garra and gyrinocheilus genera . small fish and bottom feeders , including catfish and cichlids , are also more likely to be disturbed by rainbow sharks . [ 20 ]\nthat ' s a bad idea . rainbow sharks are very solitary and become aggressive when placed with other fish .\nboumis , robert .\nhabitat of the freshwater rainbow fish .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / habitat - freshwater - rainbow - fish - 8294 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nshields , brenton .\nhow to breed rainbow sharks .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / how - to - breed - rainbow - sharks - 7808414 . html . 19 october 2017 .\ni have a rainbow shark along with 3 dwarf gouramis and dalmatian molly . i just have a 10 gallon tank right now while the 55 is cycling . but even in the cramped conditions it isn ' t aggressive at all .\ni love my rainbow shark ! i have him in a 55 gallon semi - aggressive tank and he is actually very peacful . always out and exploring the tank . this picture does not show the true color of the fish .\nbut every situation is different , and you should always watch the tank closely for a few days after adding the shark . if problems do develop , you need to be ready to reorganize the tank , or remove the shark completely .\nboumis , robert . ( n . d . ) . habitat of the freshwater rainbow fish . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / habitat - freshwater - rainbow - fish - 8294 . html\nhow is the shark\u2019s colour ? but you\u2019re probably right about the swim bladder . the best cure i\u2019ve found is feeding the shark lightly boiled , shelled peas . it normally clears it up pretty quickly . let me know how it goes .\nhi , i am just a newbie in having fish . i have 1 red crayfish , 1 blue crayfish , 2 orange crayfish and 1 gray crayfish . all of them live peacefully , the red crayfish is the biggest and is the dominant of the tank . i was thinking of adding 1 rainbow shark and 1 albino rainbow shark and 1 betta , will it be okay ? my tank is about 44cm x 28cm x 34cm , ( length x breath x height ) .\ni ' m curious about this too my red tail shark ( sometimes sold as a rainbow shark ) does the same exact thing . i will catch him sucking on the side of the tank or upside down sucking on rocks in his cave . i thought they were more about patrolling the tank . could this just be juvie behavior ? mine is still small .\ni ' ve had a rainbow shark for months , and he ' s gone through multiple tanks - and he always does this . he loves to browse on algae . i swear that ' s all he eats . . . : think\nanswer : neon tetras should always be kept in groups of 6 or more , additionally a 6 gallon tank will have to be upgraded because your rainbow shark is going to outgrow it ( we mention this at the top in the article ) . i wouldn ' t mix neon tetras with rainbow sharks unless it was a big planted tank with hiding places .\nshields , brenton . ( 2017 , october 19 ) . how to breed rainbow sharks . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / how - to - breed - rainbow - sharks - 7808414 . html\nkeep a single ruby shark to a tank , will be aggressive and territorial towards other shark - like fish . will be fine with more robust mid and top swimming fish . they are best kept with similar - sized fish and not smaller fish .\nthis fish can also be extremely aggressive , and should never be housed with another red tail shark , or any other fish with a \u201cshark - like\u201d body . docile tank mates with large bodies should also be avoided ( like mollies and platys ) .\nwritten by everyhingaquatic moderators photo taken by cichlidnut common name ( s ) : rainbow shark , red fin shark , ruby shark scientific name : epalzeorhynchus frenatum family : cyprinidae temperature temperament / behavior : semi - aggressive / territorial to smaller fish max size : 6 inches ( 16 cm ) min . tank size : 55 gallons ( 208 liters ) tank region : bottom - middle gender identification : males have their anal fin outlined in black compatibility : keep with similar size fish experience level : intermediate info\nthis is a freshwater fish and not a shark at all , though its form bears a resemblance to the voracious ocean predators .\nhi , i am im the process of cycling my 190l juwel trigon tank . i am planning to have rummy noses , the 2 female gbrs from my other tank , cardinals , cories , possibly a couple of platy or / and a pearl gourami . although i would love a redtail black shark i know these are aggressive and so would not be a good idea . someone suggested a rainbow shark instead as they apparently aren ' t as aggressive . i was wondering anyones experiences of keeping a rainbow shark as i really like the look of them . would one be ok ? what about my cories and gbr ? thanks , emz\nthe rainbow shark , sometimes called the red - finned shark , is a cyprinid that comes from the mekong river in southern asia . most of the specimens available in fish stores are captive - bred in large fish hatcheries of the region , and an albino variety is often seen as well . despite their shark - like appearance , freshwater sharks are not related to saltwater sharks at all and are , in fact , much more closely related to goldfish . their sleek appearance and bright coloration have made rainbow sharks very popular in the aquarium hobby . they are often mislabeled with red - tailed sharks due to their close coloration , but rainbow sharks have red coloration on all of their fins and have a gray body colored compared to the black body of red - tailed sharks . it is important to know the difference because rainbow sharks are the much more docile fish of the two species ."]}
{"id": 1995, "summary": [{"text": "elaphoidella is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family canthocamptidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains over 200 species , including three classified as vulnerable species by the iucn \u2013 three endemic to slovenia ( elaphoidella franci , elaphoidella jeanneli and elaphoidella slovenica ) and one endemic to the united states ( elaphoidella amabilis ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in total , the genus elaphoidella contains the following species : elaphoidella aberrans chappuis , 1954 elaphoidella affinis chappuis , 1933 elaphoidella africana ( cottarelli & bruno , 1994 ) elaphoidella aioii chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella algeriensis rouch , 1987 elaphoidella amabilis ishida in reid & ishida , 1993 elaphoidella anatolica chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella angelovi mikhailova-neikova , 1969 elaphoidella angirmii l\u00f6ffler , 1968 elaphoidella apicata chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella apostolovi wells , 2007 elaphoidella aprutina pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella arambourgi chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella armata ( delachaux , 1918 ) elaphoidella balcanica apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella balkanica apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella bidens ( schmeil , 1894 ) elaphoidella birsteini borutsky , 1948 elaphoidella bisetosa apostolov , 1985 elaphoidella bispina dussart , 1984 elaphoidella borutzkyi mikhailova-neikova , 1972 elaphoidella botosaneanui petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella boui rouch , 1988 elaphoidella bouilloni rouch , 1964 elaphoidella brehieri apostolov , 2002 elaphoidella brevicaudata apostolov , 2002 elaphoidella brevifurcata chappuis , 1954 elaphoidella brevipes chappuis , 1935 elaphoidella bromeliaecola ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella bryophila chappuis , 1928 elaphoidella bulbifera chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella bulbiseta ( apostolov , 1998 ) elaphoidella bulgarica ( apostolov , 1991 ) elaphoidella cabezasi petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella caeca miura , 1964 elaphoidella californica m. s. wilson , 1975 elaphoidella calypsonis chappuis & rouch , 1959 elaphoidella capiteradiata brehm , 1951 elaphoidella carterae reid in reid & ishida , 1993 elaphoidella cavatica chappuis , 1957 elaphoidella cavernicola apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella cavicola shen & tai , 1965 elaphoidella chappuisi rouch , 1970 elaphoidella charon chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella claudboui apostolov , 2003 elaphoidella cliffordi chappuis , 1932 elaphoidella coiffaiti chappuis & kiefer , 1952 elaphoidella colombiana gaviria , 1993 elaphoidella cornuta chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella coronata ( g. o. sars , 1904 ) elaphoidella cottarellii pesce & de laurentiis , 1996 elaphoidella crassa chappuis , 1954 elaphoidella crassicaudis chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella crenobia petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella croatica petkovski , 1959 elaphoidella cuspidata chappuis , 1941 elaphoidella cvetkae petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella cvetkovi mikhailova-neikova , 1967 elaphoidella czerkessica borutsky , 1972 elaphoidella damasi chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella damianae wells , 2007 elaphoidella decorata ( daday , 1901 ) elaphoidella denticulata chappuis , 1929 elaphoidella derjugini ( rylov , 1932 ) elaphoidella dispersa chappuis , 1934 elaphoidella einslei petkovski , 1981 elaphoidella elaphoides ( chappuis , 1923 ) elaphoidella elegans chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella elegantula ( chappuis , 1931 ) elaphoidella elgonensis chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella elongata chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella eucharis chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella federicae pesce & galassi , 1988 elaphoidella femurata basamakov , 1987 elaphoidella fluviusherbae bruno & reid in bruno et al. , 2000 elaphoidella fonticola chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella franci petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella ganeshi reid , 1998 elaphoidella garbetensis rouch , 1980 elaphoidella gordani karanovic , 1998 elaphoidella gracilis ( g. o. sars , 1863 ) elaphoidella grandidieri ( guerne & richard , 1893 ) elaphoidella hallensis kiefer , 1963 elaphoidella helenae chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella hellmichi l\u00f6ffler , 1968 elaphoidella hirsuta chappuis , 1945 elaphoidella humboldti l\u00f6ffler , 1963 elaphoidella humphreysi karanovic , 2006 elaphoidella hyalina chappuis , 1932 elaphoidella incerta chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella infernalis rouch , 1970 elaphoidella insularis chappuis , 1956 elaphoidella intermedia chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella iskrecensis apostolov , 1997 elaphoidella italica pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella jakobii m. h. nogueira , 1959 elaphoidella janas cottarelli & bruno , 1993 elaphoidella jasonis chappuis , 1953 elaphoidella javaensis ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella jeanneli ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella jochenmartensi dumont & maas , 1988 elaphoidella jojoi petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella juxtaputealis damian & botosaneanu , 1954 elaphoidella karamani chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella karllangi petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella kenyensis chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella kodiakensis m. s. wilson , 1975 elaphoidella labani l\u00f6ffler , 1973 elaphoidella laciniata ( douwe , 1911 ) elaphoidella laevis chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella leruthi chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella limnobia chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella lindbergi chappuis , 1941 elaphoidella longifurcata chappuis & kiefer , 1952 elaphoidella longipedis chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella longiseta chappuis , 1932 elaphoidella mabelae galassi & pesce , 1991 elaphoidella madiracensis apostolov , 1998 elaphoidella malayica ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella margaritae pesce & apostolov , 1985 elaphoidella marjoryae bruno & reid in bruno et al. , 2000 elaphoidella massai chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella mauro chappuis , 1956 elaphoidella michailovae basamakov , 1970 elaphoidella millennii brancelj , 2009 elaphoidella minos chappuis , 1956 elaphoidella miurai chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella montenegrina karanovic , 1997 elaphoidella moreae pesce , 1982 elaphoidella necessaria kiefer , 1933 elaphoidella negroensis kiefer , 1967 elaphoidella neoarmata petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella neotropica petkovski , 1973 elaphoidella nepalensis ishida , 1994 elaphoidella nuragica pesce & galassi , 1986 elaphoidella nyongi roen , 1956 elaphoidella pandurskyi apostolov , 1992 elaphoidella pani por , 1983 elaphoidella paraelaphoides pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella parajakobii reid & jos\u00e9 , 1987 elaphoidella paraplesia kiefer , 1967 elaphoidella parapostolovi wells , 2007 elaphoidella parelaphoides pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella parvifurcata petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella pectinata ( delachaux , 1924 ) elaphoidella pescei apostolov , 1986 elaphoidella petrovae apostolov , 1986 elaphoidella phreatica ( chappuis , 1925 ) elaphoidella pintoae reid & jos\u00e9 , 1987 elaphoidella plesai pesce & galassi , 1994 elaphoidella plutonis chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella prohumboldti petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella propedamasi defaye & heymer , 1996 elaphoidella proserpina chappuis , 1934 elaphoidella pseudocornuta dumont & maas , 1988 elaphoidella pseudojeanelli p\u00f3nyi , 1956 elaphoidella pseudophreatica sterba , 1956 elaphoidella putealis ( chappuis , 1925 ) elaphoidella pyrenaica rouch , 1970 elaphoidella quadrispinosa chappuis , 1938 elaphoidella quemadoi petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella radkei reid , 1987 elaphoidella reducta rouch , 1964 elaphoidella reedi m. s. wilson , 1975 elaphoidella rodriguensis borutsky , 1969 elaphoidella romanica kulhavy , 1969 elaphoidella rossellae pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella sabanillae petkovski , 1982 elaphoidella salvadorica ebert , 1976 elaphoidella schubarti chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella serbica petkovski & brancelj , 1988 elaphoidella sewelli ( chappuis , 1928 ) elaphoidella shawangunkensis strayer , 1989 elaphoidella silverii pesce , 1985 elaphoidella silvestris m. h. lewis , 1972 elaphoidella similis chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella simplex chappuis , 1944 elaphoidella siolii kiefer , 1967 elaphoidella slovenica wells , 2007 elaphoidella spinosa chappuis , 1952 elaphoidella stammeri chappuis , 1936 elaphoidella striblingi reid , 1990 elaphoidella stygia ( apostolov , 1989 ) elaphoidella suarezi reid , 1987 elaphoidella subcrenobia petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella subgracilis ( willey , 1934 ) elaphoidella subplutonis pesce , galassi & apostolov , 1987 elaphoidella subterranea ( apostolov , 1991 ) elaphoidella superpedalis shen & tai , 1964 elaphoidella surinamensis ( delachaux , 1924 ) elaphoidella synjakobii petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella tarmani brancelj , 2009 elaphoidella taroi chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella tenera chappuis , 1937 elaphoidella thienemanni chappuis , 1931 elaphoidella trisetosa chappuis , 1933 elaphoidella turgisetosa petkovski , 1983 elaphoidella uenoi chappuis , 1958 elaphoidella unica kiefer , 1931 elaphoidella unidens ( menzel , 1916 ) elaphoidella uva karanovic , 2001 elaphoidella vaga chappuis , 1950 elaphoidella valkanovi basamakov , 1973 elaphoidella vandeli chappuis & rouch , 1958 elaphoidella varians chappuis , 1955 elaphoidella vasiconica rouch , 1970 elaphoidella vietnamica borutsky , 1967 elaphoidella wilsonae hunt , 1979 elaphoidella winkleri ( chappuis , 1928 )", "topic": 29}], "title": "elaphoidella", "paragraphs": ["elaphoidella slovenica wells , 2007 ( sin . elaphoidella kieferi petkovski & brancelj , 1985 )\nelaphoidella damianae wells , 2007 [ syn . elaphoidella dubia damian , 1959 ( italy , romania ; ground waters ) ]\nspecies elaphoidella coronata ( sars g . o . , 1904 ) accepted as elaphoidella bidens coronata ( sars g . o . , 1904 )\nelaphoidella shawangunkensis strayer , 1988 [ u . s . a . ; interstitial ]\n, and stygoelaphoidella bulbiseta apostolov , 1998 , both from ground waters of bulgaria , are preoccupied by elaphoidella intermedia chappuis , 1931 and elaphoidella bulbiseta apostolov , 1998 respectively .\nelaphoidella namnaoensis brancelj et al . , 2010 [ thailand ; fresh waters ] [ pdf ]\nelaphoidella jaesornensis watiroyrami et al . , 2015 [ thailand ; caves ] [ pdf - summary ]\nelaphoidella thailandensis watiroyrami et al . , 2015 [ thailand ; caves ] [ pdf - summary ]\nelaphoidella grandidieri ( harpacticoida : copepoda ) : demographic characteristics and possible use as live prey in aquaculture .\nelaphoidella grandidieri ( harpacticoida : copepoda ) : demographic characteristics and possible use as live prey in aquaculture . - pubmed - ncbi\nelaphoidella gracilis gracilis ( g . o . sars , 1863 ) [ europe , israel , usa ; ponds , lakes ] ( 3 )\nthe genus elaphoidella s . l . , with about 250 described species and subspecis , is , after parastenocaris , the largest and more widespread copepod genus .\npending a comprehensive review of the genus elaphoidella , as well as of the family canthocamptidae , and sharing reid ' s ( 1990 ) objections , the name elaphoidella s . l . is provisionally proposed for all the species in the genus , as well as the above synonynies will not considered in the following list .\napostolov ( 1985 , 1988 ) , according to the oligomerization of the swimming legs and the setation of the antennal exopodite , splitted the genus elaphoidella into five genera , viz . elaphoidella s . str . , elaphoidellopsis , stygoelaphoidella , neoelaphoidella and praelaphoidella , suggesting as well the subdivision of elaphoidella s . str . into two morphological groups , viz . gracilis - group and simplex - group , embracing species characterized by 6 or 4 / 5 setae on the distal article of the exopodite of leg 4 , respectively .\nhamond ( 1987 ) observed that old species descriptions and drawings of canthocamptidae do not always agree with modern description standards and , in many cases , such defective descriptions could greatly confuse the status of some genera and subgenera in this family ; in the same occasion , returned many genera within the family canthocamptidae , including elaphoidella s . str . to subgeneric status of the genus canthocamptus westwood . hamond ' s statement has been recently supported by hishida ( 1994 ) who described a new elaphoidella from nepal showing transitional characteristics between elaphoidella and attheyella , confirming as well the need of a world revision of the genera within the family canthocamptidae .\nspecies elaphoidella siolii kiefer , 1967 accepted as attheyella siolii ( kiefer , 1967 ) represented as attheyella ( canthosella ) siolii ( kiefer , 1967 ) ( only male known . characters fit with attheyella ( canthosella ) )\nelaphoidella paraaffinis sp . nov . and e . ligorae sp . nov . are described from phra kayang and khao plu caves respectively in southern thailand . they both belong to group i sensu lang ( 1948 ) . elaphoidella paraaffinis and e . ligorae are similar to e . affinis chappuis , 1933 and e . cabezasi petkovski , 1982 respectively . elaphoidella paraaffinis differs from e . affinis by ( 1 ) its larger sized setae on exp p5 , ( 2 ) the absence of an inner seta on endp p1\u2013p4 , ( 3 ) fewer setae on p3 endp - 2 , and ( 4 ) a larger number of ventral spinules on its anal segment . elaphoidella ligorae differs from e . cabezasi by ( 1 ) its serrated posterior margins of urosomites , ( 2 ) the presence of strong inner spinules on its caudal ramus , ( 3 ) larger sized and a lower number of ventral spinules on its anal segment in male and female respectively , ( 4 ) larger sized setae on p5 in female , ( 5 ) the presence of an inner seta on endp - 1 p2 , and ( 6 ) a larger number of setae on endp - 2 p2 in male . an identification key to the southeast asian species of the genus elaphoidella chappuis , 1929 is provided .\n3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - elaphoidella 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - elaphoidellopsis ( from synonym elaphoidellopsis apostolov , 1985 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - stygoelaphoidella ( from synonym stygoelaphoidella apostolov , 1985 ) to genbank to itis\nrecently , karanovic ( 2001 ) presented a key to the gracils - group of species , as well as established new synonyms of elaphoidella phreatica , [ e . pseudophreatica ( partim ) , e . pseudojeanneli , e . cavatica . e . croatica , e . oglasae , e . italica ] .\n( of elaphoidellopsis apostolov , 1985 ) apostolov , a . ( 1985 ) . \u00e9tude sur quelques cop\u00e9podes harpactico\u00efdes du genre elaphoidella chappuis , 1929 de bulgarie avec une r\u00e8vision du genre . acta musei macedonici scientiarum naturalium , skopje 17 ( 7 / 145 ) : 133 - 163 , figs . 1 - 6 . ( 20 - viii - 1985 , english and serbo - croatian summaries ) . [ details ]\n( of stygoelaphoidella apostolov , 1985 ) apostolov , a . ( 1985 ) . \u00e9tude sur quelques cop\u00e9podes harpactico\u00efdes du genre elaphoidella chappuis , 1929 de bulgarie avec une r\u00e8vision du genre . acta musei macedonici scientiarum naturalium , skopje 17 ( 7 / 145 ) : 133 - 163 , figs . 1 - 6 . ( 20 - viii - 1985 , english and serbo - croatian summaries ) . [ details ]\n( 6 ) chappuis ( 1936 ) described this species as e . pectinata brevifurcata , from brazil ; later on the name went through various vicissitudes , including being synonymized with elaphoidella pectinata s . str . by lang ( 1948 ) . it was raised to species rank by apostolov ( 1985 ) , although he used it twice in different ways and mispelling it once , as neoelaphoidella brevifurca and as neoelaphoidella pectinata brevifurcata .\nty - jour ti - new species and new records of the genus elaphoidella ( crustacea : copepoda : harpacticoida ) from the united states t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 106 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1993 sp - 137 ep - 146 sn - 0006 - 324x au - reid , j w au - ishida , t er -\nthe separation of the nominate genera has been critically discussed by reid ( 1990 ) , who pointed out mutual inconsistencies in the diagnosis of the new proposed genera , as well as several omissions and blunders in apostolov ' s world key of the genus , and later on by karanovic ( 1998 ; 2001 ) who considers that made by apostolov\none unsuccessful attempt of revision of the genus elaphoidella\n( left : e . bidens bidens ) .\n@ article { bhlpart44942 , title = { new species and new records of the genus elaphoidella ( crustacea : copepoda : harpacticoida ) from the united states } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 106 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { reid , j w and ishida , t } , year = { 1993 } , pages = { 137 - - 146 } , }\nin freshwater ecosystems , rotifers and cladocerans are ideal prey for fish larvae whereas copepods , due to their purported low growth rate and predatory tendency , are not . we recently isolated the parthenogenetic elaphoidella grandidieri ( gueme et richard , 1893 ) a benthic freshwater harpacticoid , from a fish farm in the state of morelos , central mexico and tested its potential as a live prey organism for larval vertebrates . population growth and life table demography experiments were conducted , in 100 ml recipients with 50 ml of test medium on a diet of scenedesmus acutus at a density of 1 . 0 x 10 ( 6 ) cell ml ( - 1 ) ; the former on live algae alone while the latter on live algae as well as detritus . we also conducted experiments to document the prey preference for this copepod by the larval ameca splendens ( pisces : goodeidae ) and ambystoma mexicanum ( amphibia : ambystomatidae ) , fed the rotifer plationus patulus , the ostracod heterocypris incongruens , and the cladocerans moina macrocopa and daphnia pulex . elaphoidella grandidieri is relatively easy to maintain under laboratory conditions , reaching densities ( copepodites and adults ) of more than 10 , 000 l ( - 1 ) . the generation time ranged between 30 - 45 days , depending on the diet . the net reproductive rate was as high as 60 nauplii female ( - 1 ) day ( 1 ) . population growth rates ranged between 0 . 03 and 0 . 11 d ( - 1 ) , live algae being the superior diet compared to detritus . both predators showed no preference for e . grandidieri , but in the absence of alternate prey they consumed 80 % of the harpacticoids offered . the data have been discussed in relation to the potential of e . grandidierias live food for aquaculture .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > new species and new records of the genus elaphoidella ( crustacea : copepoda : harpacticoida ) from the united states < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > reid , j w < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > ishida , t < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 106 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the biological society of washington . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> washington , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > biological society of washington < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 106 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 137 < / start > < end > 146 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1993 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nchappuis , p . a . ( 1929 ) . r\u00e9vision du genre canthocamptus westwood ( note pr\u00e9liminaire ) . buletinul societatii de stiinte din cluj . 4 ( 2 ) : 41 - 50 . ( 27 - i - 1929 ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of stygoelaphoidella apostolov , 1985 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of elaphoidellopsis apostolov , 1985 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 2 . 0 / / en\nthe genus is distributed worldwide with species inhabiting various habitats in both epigean and hypogean environments throughout different zoogeographic regions . the genus is characterized by a large number of stygobiotic taxa ( boxshall & defaye 2008 ; mori & brancelj 2008 ; galassi et al . 2009 ) , many of them common in percolating water from unsaturated karstic habitats ( i . e . epikarst ) in the temperate zone ( brancelj 2009 ) .\n[ = neoelaphoidella kieferi apostolov , in litt . ( dussart & defaye , 1990 ) ]\n[ transferred to attheyella ( canthosella ) by janetzky et al . , 1996 ]\n( 3 ) syn . e . subgracilis ( willey , 1934 ) ? bruno et al . ( 2000 ) do not share this synonymy .\n( 5 ) reid ( 1998 ) proposed this nomen novum for e . brevifurcata chappuis , 1954 from india\n( 9 ) synonym of e . valkanovi basamakov , 1973 ( karanovic , 2001 )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2017 g . l . pesce - all rights reserved . text and images on this website may not be\nredistributed or put as part of any collection ( image archives , cds etc ) without prior written permission .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratorio de zoolog\u00edaacu\u00e1tica , divisi\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n y posgrado , universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico , campus iztacala , av . de los barrios no . 1 , los reyes iztacala , ap 314 , cp 54090 , tlalnepantla , edo . de m\u00e9xico , m\u00e9xico . nandini @ urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )\nnew records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .\nfirst record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .\nfirst record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .\nambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .\ncheck list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species\u2019 geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .\ndoaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken"]}
{"id": 2003, "summary": [{"text": "the panamint kangaroo rat ( dipodomys panamintinus ) is a species of rodent in the family heteromyidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is endemic to the mojave desert in eastern california and western nevada , in the united states . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "panamint kangaroo rat", "paragraphs": ["different species of kangaroo rat may have different seed caching strategies to coexist with each other , as is the case for the banner - tailed kangaroo rat and the merriam kangaroo rat which have overlapping ranges .\ngiant kangaroo rat the giant kangaroo rat is the largest of all kangaroo rats and has a body length ranging from 15 to 20 cm and a tail length of 18 to 21 .\ncom : similar species giant kangaroo rat is usually larger , with longer hindfoot .\nendangered status the giant kangaroo rat is on the u . ( full text )\ndipodomys merriami / d . ordii \u2014merriam ' s or ord ' s kangaroo rat\nthe house rock valley kangaroo rat ( d . microps leucotis ) is vulnerable .\nthe merriam kangaroo rat lives in stony soils including clays gravel and rocks , which is harder than soils preferred by some other species like the banner - tail kangaroo rat .\nthe giant kangaroo rat the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is a rodent named because of its tendency to move by jumping on its hind legs . ( full text )\ngiant kangaroo rats are distinguished from the similar san joaquin kangaroo rats ( d .\nspatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial dna from museum specimens .\ngrinnell , j . : habitat relations of the giant kangaroo rat . j . mammal .\nseasonal variation in various blood indices of the kangaroo rat , dipodomys panamintinus . - pubmed - ncbi\ntappe , d . t . : natural history of the tulare kangaroo rat . j . mammal .\n1 . various blood indices in the panamint kangaroo rat revealed seasonal fluctuations . the red blood cell count during winter and summer averaged 7 . 2 \u00b1 1 . 0 \u00d7 10 6 and 9 . 2 \u00b1 0 . 2 \u00d7 10 6 / mm 3 respectively .\nthe burrows of merriam kangaroo rats are simpler and shallower than those of banner - tailed kangaroo rats . banner - tailed kangaroo rats also mate in their burrows , unlike merriam kangaroo rats .\nthe giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered rodent species endemic to california . ( wiki )\nkenagy , g . j . : saltbush leaves : excision of hypersaline tissue by a kangaroo rat . science\nspatial and temporal continuity of kangaroo rat populations shown by sequencing mitochondrial dna from museum specimens . - pubmed - ncbi\nfitch , h . s . : habits and economic relationships of the tulare kangaroo rat . j . mammal .\nculbertson , a . e . : observations on the natural history of the fresno kangaroo rat . j . mammal .\nthe kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats , which belong to the same subfamily , dipodomyinae .\nthe kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats , which belong to the same subfamily , dipodomyinae .\nhome range size can vary within species with merriam kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .\n, merriam ' s kangaroo rat , is a rodent found in the arid regions of the southwest united states and mexico .\nreynolds , h . g . : life history notes on merriam ' s kangaroo rat in southern arizona . j . mammal .\n) are a group of burrowing north american rodents specialized for seed - eating . they are named for their hopping locomotion and have large hind feet , long tails , and short front limbs used mainly for gathering seeds , which are carried in fur - lined external cheek pouches . all kangaroo rats closely resemble each other , but vary considerably in body size . this is the panamint kangaroo rat\nhas a whopping 4 cubic centimeters per pouch . in spite of the large capacity of their cheek pouches , these kangaroo rats are slower at filling them than are other species of kangaroo rat .\nwhen the outside temperature is too hot , a kangaroo rat stays in its cool , humid burrow and leaves it only at night .\nshaw , w . t . : the ability of the giant kangaroo rat as a harvester and storer of seeds . j . mammal .\nkangaroo rats stay in one place bipedally . the merriam kangaroo rat can leap 7 - 8 feet and quickly change its direction when landing . the banner - tailed kangaroo rat can move rapidly , which minimizes energy costs and predation risks ( schroder 1979 ) . it will also go into a \u201cmove - freeze\u201d mode which may reduce predation at night .\nfitch , h . s . 1948 . habits and economic relationships of the tulare kangaroo rat . journal of mammalogy 29 : 5 - 35 .\nto provide large amounts of moisture through respiration when sleeping , a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur , which allows the kangaroo rate to accumulate a small pocket of moist air ( lidicker 1960 ) .\nthe banner - tailed kangaroo rat ranges from northeastern arizona southward to aguascalientes and san luis posi , mexico and from arizona to western texas . they generally live in grasslands and scrublands . banner - tailed kangaroo rats live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam kangaroo rats . all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather .\na young / baby of a giant kangaroo rat is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a giant kangaroo rat group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .\nthe burrow of a kangaroo rat is important in providing protection from the harsh desert environment . to maintain a constant temperature and relative humidity in their burrows , kangaroo rats plug the entrances with soil during the day .\ncurrently listed as endangered in the state of california , the giant kangaroo rat is in danger because of development and population expansion . ( full text )\nall kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather ( howard 1994 ) .\nanderson , a . o . , allred , d . m . : kangaroo rat burrows at the nevada test site . gt . basin nat .\nkangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with most activities within 200\u2013300 ft and rarely 600 ft . home range size can vary within species with merriam ' s kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo rat has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .\ndescription the giant kangaroo rat is , as its name would suggest , a small rodent that moves by hopping on its back legs . ( full text )\ncan leap 7\u20138 feet and quickly change its direction when landing . the banner - tailed kangaroo rat can move rapidly which minimizes energy costs and predation risks .\nto provide large amounts of moisture through respiration when sleeping , a kangaroo rat buries its nose in its fur to accumulate a small pocket of moist air .\nmerriam ' s kangaroo rat is an arid - land species essentially limited to lower sonoran habitats . it tends to prefer firmer soils than ord ' s kangaroo rat . however , there may be overlap in habitat usage , and at times both of these smaller species may be taken in the same trap line .\nthe banner - tailed kangaroo rat ranges from northeastern arizona southward to aguascalientes and san luis posi , mexico and from arizona to western texas . they generally live in grasslands and scrublands . banner - tailed kangaroo rats live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam kangaroo rats .\nlidicker , w . z . 1960 . an analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat dipodomus merriami . berkeley and los angelos , university of california press .\nlidicker , w . z . 1960 . an analysis of intraspecific variation in the kangaroo rat dipodomus merriami . berkeley and los angelos , university of california press .\nschroder , g . d . 1979 . foraging behavior and home range utilization of the bannertail kangaroo rat . ecology 60 ( 4 ) : 657 - 665 .\nthis woodrat has the closest resemblance to the house rat and is often confused with it .\nthe diet of merriam ' s kangaroo rat is almost exclusively plant seeds ( they are granivorous ) . the bulk of their diet consists of the seeds of desert and grassland plants . they rarely drink water . rather , they obtain water through metabolic processes augmented by the moisture content of their food . ( see kangaroo rat )\nbanner - tailed kangaroo rats generally live in grasslands and scrublands . they live in dry areas but have more water available to them than merriam ' s kangaroo rats . all kangaroo rat species are sensitive to extreme temperatures and remain in their burrows during rain storms and other forms of inclement weather . kangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes , foxes , badgers , weasels , owls , and snakes .\nin the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in europe , norway rats were captured and used for food during times of famine . rat - catchers were hired to exterminate rats and capture live ones for rat fights , rat coursing , and rat pits . rat - catchers captured and housed wild rats in cages as well ( matthews 1898 ) . during this time , naturally occurring albino , black , and hooded norway rats may have preferentially captured or chosen from litters of captive rats for their distinctive appearance\nthe fur is soft and silky in kangaroo rats , kangaroo mice , and silky pocket mice , and more coarse and spiny in the spiny pocket mice .\nschroder , g . d . 1979 .\nforaging behavior and home range utilization of the bannertail kangaroo rat .\necology . ( 60 ) : 4 657 - 665 .\nthe desert kangaroo rat is one of the larger of the genus . distribution today is the western great basin and south into the sonoran desert of southwestern arizona and northern mexico .\nkangaroo rats are a common prey items for many other desert animals . typical predators of the merriam ' s kangaroo rat include barn owls , great horned owls , coyotes , foxes , badgers , bobcats , and several snake species including sidewinders and glossy snakes .\n1998 ( pdf ) description : the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is the largest of more than 20 species in the genus dipodomys , which is in the family heteromyidae .\nhtm research projects : the giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered species that occurs in a limited range on the western edge of the san joaquin valley and adjacent .\nthey have been observed storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rat will store extra seeds in seed caches .\nkangaroo rats must harvest as much seeds as possible in as little time as possible .\nthe diet of the merriam ' s kangaroo rat is almost entirely seeds . they feed primarily on the seeds of mesquite , creosote bush , ocotillo , purslane , and grama grass . one study of\nthe chisel - toothed kangaroo rat is a desert dweller . it is found in mountains at elevations between 1 , 000 and 3 , 500 m . its abundance is primarily associated with two plants :\nthe spacing of the burrows depends on the number of kangaroo rats and the abundance of food . kangaroo rats also live in colonies that range from six to several hundred dens .\nkangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with much activities within 200 - 300 ft and rarely 600 ft ( howard 1994 ) . home range size can vary within species with merriam kangaroo rats having larger home ranges than banner - tailed kangaroo rats . recently weaned kangaroo rats move into new areas not occupied by adults . within its home range , a kangaroo has a defended territory consisting of its burrowing system .\nthe giant kangaroo rat ( dipodomys ingens ) is an endangered species that occurs in a limited range on the western edge of the san joaquin valley and adjacent carrizo and elkhorn plains and the cuyama valley .\ngiant kangaroo rats are nocturnal and are away from the safety of their burrows as possible .\ngiant kangaroo rats are territorial , in the sense that they will protect their food stores .\nthe kangaroo mouse features significantly in the best - selling science fiction novel dune . the protagonist , paul atreides , is called muad ' dib , a fremen word for kangaroo mouse .\nreynolds , h . g . 1958 . the ecology of the merriam kangaroo rat ( dipodomys merriami mearns ) on the grazing lands of southern arizona . ecological monographs ( 28 ) : 2 111 - 127 .\nthe tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads . another notable feature of kangaroo rats are their fur lined cheek pouches which are used for storing food . the coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray , depending on the species .\ngiant kangaroo rats are curious and bold inhabitants of the most arid , southwestern edge of central .\nkangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little to no social organization . kangaroos rats do sometime cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that do exist are aggregations and colonies .\nreynolds , h . g . 1958 .\nthe ecology of the merriam kangaroo rat ( dipodomys merriami mearns ) on the grazing lands of southern arizona .\necological monographs ( 28 ) : 2 111 - 127 .\nwhen on foraging trips , kangaroo rats hoard the seeds that they find . it is important for a kangaroo rat to encounter more food items than are consumed , at least at one point in the year , as well as defend or rediscover food caches and remain within the same areas long enough to utilize food resources .\nmerriam kangaroo rats live in hot and dry areas , conserve water , and only use metabolic sources .\nkangaroo rats are preyed on by coyotes , foxes , badgers , weasels , owls , and snakes .\nforages above ground at night . during the day , these kangaroo rats engage in coprophagy below ground .\ncsuti , b . a . : karyotypes of kangaroo rats from southern california . j . mammal .\nkangaroo mouse is the common name for any member of the genus dipodomys . kangaroo rats are six - toed endotherms with large hind legs , small front legs and relatively large heads . the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads . the coloration of kangaroo rats varies from cinnamon buff to dark gray , depending on the species ( howard 1994 ) . there is also some variation in length with one of the largest species , the banner - tail kangaroo rat being six inches in body length and a tail length of eight inches ( howard 1994 ) . sexual dimorphism exists in all species , with males being larger than females .\nthe roof rat prefers warmer climates regions . this allows the norway rat to dominate the other climate regions . the rats can be found throughout the u . s . but it is more common to find them in their preferred regions as shown in the figure above .\nthomas , j . r . , jr . 1975 . distribution , population densities , and home range requirements of the stephens ' kangaroo rat ( dipodomys stephensi ) . m . s . thesis , california state polytechnic university , ponoma . 64pp .\nare sand - dwelling mammals that inhabit arid regions of the southwestern united states and mexico . habitat requirements of merriam ' s kangaroo rats are less strict than most other species of kangaroo rats . they can live equally well in sandy soils , clays , gravels , and among rocks . urltoken ) . compared to other kangaroo rats ,\nwhich retain some grass or other vegetation . their diet includes seeds , leaves , stems , buds , some fruit , and insects . most kangaroo rat species use their burrows and buried caches nearby to store food against the possibility of bad seasons . the\nbrylski , p . dark kangaroo mouse . california department of fish and game . retrieved march 18 , 2012 .\nbrylski , p . pale kangaroo mouse . california department of fish and game . retrieved march 18 , 2012 .\nall kangaroo rats apparetnly cache food in their burrows . cheek pouches help the rats carry food to the burrow .\nkangaroo rats move bipedally . kangaroo rats often leap a distance of 6 feet , and reportedly up to 9 feet ( 2 . 75 m ) at speeds up to almost 10 feet / sec , or 10 kph ( 6 mph ) . they can quickly change their direction between jumps . the rapid locomotion of the banner - tailed kangaroo rat may minimize energy cost and predation risk . its use of a\nmove - freeze\nmode may also make it less conspicuous to nocturnal predators .\nthe banner - tailed kangaroo rat is enough larger than d . merriami and d . ordii as to usually be identifiable on size alone in the eastern part of the region . the current northern limits of distribution is near the four - corners area of new mexico .\n1 . various blood indices in the panamint kangaroo rat revealed seasonal fluctuations . the red blood cell count during winter and summer averaged 7 . 2 + / - 1 . 0 x 10 ( 6 ) and 9 . 2 + / - 0 . 2 x 10 ( 6 ) / mm3 respectively . 2 . the mean cell hemoglobin during winter and summer averaged 25 + / - 10 . 8 pg and 18 . 6 + / - 3 . 7 pg respectively . 3 . these fluctuations may reveal a rapid rate of red blood cell destruction during winter in combination with a change in diet , concomitant to this , is an increase in mean cell hemoglobin of the surviving red blood cells .\nthe roof rat species is from the asian tropics where they spread into the european colonies that eventually spread throughout the world through various trade routes and explorations .\ngrinnell , j . : a geographic study of the kangaroo rats of california . u . cal . publ . zool .\nkangaroo rats live in complex burrow systems . the burrows have separate chambers for specific proposes like sleeping , living and food storage .\nthe young are born in a fur - lined nest in the burrows . they are born blind and hairless . for the first week , young merriam kangaroo rats crawl , and develop their hind legs in their second or third week . at this time , the young become independent . banner - tailed kangaroo rat are weaned between 22\u201325 days . offspring remain in the mound for 1 - 6 more months in the maternal caches .\nkangaroo rats inhabit overlapping home ranges . these home ranges tend to be small with much activities within 200\u2013300 ft and rarely 600 ft .\nkangaroo rats have a promiscuous mating system . their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls ( waser and jones 1991 ) .\nthe kangaroo rats ( diplodomys sp . ) and kangaroo mice ( microdipodops sp . ) have elongated hind limbs and feet and move bipedally in long jumps , as with kangaroos . they also have tails that are long and have white tips or tufts on the end . the front legs are relatively small and the heads are relatively large . the tails of kangaroo rats are longer than both their bodies and their heads .\nalso has fur lined external cheek pouches which it carries seeds in . the belly of merriam ' s kangaroo rat bears white , silky pelage . the hind feet , bearing four toes , are very large , ( 39 mm ) , with hairy soles . these hairy soles aid the kangaroo rat in jumping through loose sand . the forelegs are retrogressed . the ears are small and hairless , and the eyes are large and luminous , similar to the eyes of other nocturnal mammals . the dental formula is 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 20 . ( vaughn , 1999 ) .\nthe roof rat favors the warmer climates and heavily populates them . they are far more dominant in the tropical climates throughout the world than the norway rats . the roof rat is far more modified and adapted to survive the warmer climates only , making it less frequent in colder locations . the norway rat takes to burrowing and the colder climates throughout the world and is far more numerous . the northern us is almost free of roof rats do to the colder climate . they are more likely to inhabit ships in the northern climates .\nthe roof rat species prefers the elevated habitat over the grounds like the norway rat . in the spring and summer , the habitats they choose are riverbanks , streams , parks , natural ponds , artificial ponds , reservoirs , gardens , rice fields , sugarcane fields , citrus groves , apple orchards , poultry farms , and other heavy favored thriving food sources .\nthe rat phylogeny and history dates back to over thirteen million years ago in the family murinae . the family continued to slightly transform over several millions of years until major speciation event occurred with the family the first at around 3 million years . at this point in time , speciation gave rise to the rattus genus or the rats . the rattus genus then began to split once again into two distinct species rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus . the species rattus norvegicus is known as the norway rat , and rattus rattus being the roof rat .\nwhich are suitable for burrowing . they can , however , vary in both geographic range and habitat . in particular , the merriam kangaroo rat ranges through southern california , utah , southwest new mexico , arizona , and northern mexico and live in areas of low rainfall and humidity , and high summer temperature and evaporation rates .\nit is actually common to have both the norway and roof rat inhabiting the same building . the roof rat will gain access through the roof with utility lines . they will inhabit and make a home in the attic or top floor . the norway rats will come in through the ground level and remain there establishing a nest in the basement or ground floor .\nbartholomew , g . a . , caswell , h . h . : locomotion in kangaroo rats and its adaptive significance . j . mammal .\nbecause of its food caching behavior , this species likely disperses seeds . it is also a small mammal , and probably forms an important part of the diet of local predators . because it potentially has as many as 4 sympatric congenerics in some parts of its range , the chisel - toothed kangaroo rat plays a role in regulating congener populations .\nghiselin , j . 1970 . edaphic control of habitat selection by kangaroo mice ( microdipodops ) in three nevada populations . oecologia 4 : 248 - 261 .\nnader , i . a . 1978 . kangaroo rate : intraspecific variation in dipodomus spectabilis merriami and dipodomys deserti stephens . chicago , university of illinois press .\nkangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little social organization . kangaroo rats communicate during competitive interactions and courtship . they do cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that exist are aggregations and colonies . there appears to be a dominance hierarchy among male kangaroo rats in competition for access to females . male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely in part because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males . linear dominance hierarchies appear to exist among males but it is not known if this is the case for females . winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active individuals .\nkangaroo rats , genus dipodomys , are small rodents native to north america . the common name derives from their bipedal form : as they hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , although they are not related . it has been noted that they are not properly characterized as\nrats\nat all .\nthese cute little rodents are possibly the most attractive and distinct species characterized by silky golden fur , large eyes , white stripes or markings , and long furry crested tails . the kangaroo rats cannot be mistaken to be any other rodent relative . the kangaroo mouse is the only closest resembling cousin of the rodent order .\nrandall , j . a . 2004 . pocket mice , kangaroo rats , and kangaroo mice ( heteromyidae ) . pages 199 to 210 in b . grzimek et al . , grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd ed . , vol . 16 . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657921 .\nis a medium sized , 5 - toed kangaroo rat with a narrow face , small ears and ever - growing cheekteeth . its incisors are flat on the anterior side and less incurved than other members of the genus . chisel - toothed kangaroo rats are about 270 mm long and weigh about 55 g . the body without the tail is about 112 mm in length . tail length adds about 158 mm . males are slightly larger than females on average . the fur is brown and gray above with a\ngunmetal hue .\npresence of kangaroo rats in our region is taken to indicate presence of open areas basically free of vegetation ( though with bushes or other vegetation nearby for cover ) .\nkangaroo rats , small rodents of genus dipodomys , are native to western north america . the common name derives from their bipedal form . they hop in a manner similar to the much larger kangaroo , but developed this mode of locomotion independently , like several other clades of rodents ( e . g . dipodids and hopping mice ) .\nthe rat is capable of having an average of 3 to 8 young every litter . the offspring are born around 20 - 21 days after conception . they become adults in as little as 5 to 6 weeks .\nmerriam ' s kangaroo rats produce up to three litters per year , with an average of four pups in each litter . weaning of young occurs 24\u201333 days after birth .\nnader , i . a . 1978 . kangaroo rats : intraspecific variation in dipodomus spectabilis merriami and dipodomys deserti stephens . chicago , university of illinois press . isbn 0252006585 .\nkangaroo rats lose water mainly by evaporation during gas exchange , and so have developed a behavioural adaptation to prevent this loss . as they spend a lot of time within their burrows to escape the heat of the day , the burrows become much more humid than the air outside ( due to evaporative loss ) . when collecting seeds , they store them in the burrows rather than eating them straight away . this causes the moisture in the air to be absorbed by the seeds , and the kangaroo rat regains the water it has previously lost when it then consumes them .\nnorway rats are ground burrowers , so they will nest deep in the underground channels they have created . the average female norway rat has 4 to 6 liters per year and can successfully wean 20 or more offspring annually .\nthe rat is the first of the twelve animals of the chinese zodiac . people born in this year are thought to possess characteristics which are associated with rats , namely : creativity , intelligence , honesty , ambition and generosity\nshier , debra m . ; randall , jan a . ( 2004 ) .\nspacing as a predictor of social organization in kangaroo rats ( dipodomys heermanni arenae )\n.\nbartholomew , g . a . , and h . h . caswell . 1951 . locomotion in kangaroo rats and its adaptive significance . journal of mammalogy 32 : 155 - 169 .\nthe roof rat\u2019s eating habits resemble the diet of tree squirrels . the diet persists of a variety of fruits and nuts . though the rats like fruits and nuts they will also eat any vegetative part of ornamental and native plants .\ndipodomys insularis is among the smallest of the kangaroo rats . compared to other dipodomys merriami , dipodomys insularis has larger ears , a grayer coloration , and a more robust appearance . it has a lower bullar index and a lower cranial index of any of the dipodomys merriami sub - species . d . insularis also differs from its closest geographic relatives d . m . brunensis and d . m . melanurus by being larger in most respects , by being paler in coloration , and having considerably larger ears . [ 4 ] this nocturnal kangaroo rat is a granivore , feeding on seeds and shrubs . [ 5 ]\nfleming , t . 1984 . pocket mice and kangaroo rats . pages 632 - 633 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .\nkangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters ( morgan 1992 ) . they will , however , sometimes eat vegetation at certain times of the year and some insects ( howard 1994 ) . they have been observed storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rat will store extra seeds in seed caches ( reynolds 1958 ) . this caching behavior has an impact on the rangeland and croplands where the animals live ( howard 1994 ) . kangaroo rats must harvest as much seeds as possible in as little time as possible ( morgan and price 1992 ) . they need to decrease the time away from their burrows as they are cool and dry . in addition , being away from their burrows also makes them vulnerable to predators . ( morgan and price 1992 ) .\nthese links lead to images of stephens ' , dulzura , merriam ' s , ord ' s , short - nosed , and giant kangaroo rats , and the related great basin pocket mouse .\nwhite , l . d . , allred , d . m . : range of kangaroo rats in areas affected by atomic detonations . proc . utah acad . sci . , arts , letters\nwaser , p . m . , and t . w . jones . 1991 . survival and reproductive effort in banner - tailed kangaroo rats . ecology 72 ( 3 ) : 771 - 777 .\nbaumgardner , g . d . , and m . l . kennedy . 1994 . patterns of interspecific morphometric variation in kangaroo rats ( genus dipodomys ) . journal of mammalogy 75 : 203 - 211 .\nreproduction happens anywhere from three to five times a year , and varies between habitats . the number of litters a female can have depends on if the area has suitable habitat needs in which the rats can thrive . the factors that make up a habitat are climatic range , food sources , and number of total rat populations in the area . the last major factor that affects litters is how old the female is . on average the female rat will have anywhere from 3 - 5 litters in a single year .\nwaser , p . m . and t . w . jones . 1991 .\nsurvival and reproductive effort in banner - tailed kangaroo rats .\necology . ( 72 ) : 3 771 - 777 .\njenkins , s . h . , a . rothstein , et al . 1995 . food hoarding by merriams kangaroo rats : a test of alternative hypotheses . ecology 76 ( 8 ) : 2470 - 2481 .\nthe common house rats are known for taking care of one another , sleeping together , and developing a group to work together . the rats are like wolves they establish leaders and places of rank in the pack . there is always an alpha rat in each pack .\nto take advantage of the water content and nutrition in the leaves while maintaining water balance . none of the kangaroo rats needs to drink much , because this genus is able to use the water in their foods .\nkangaroo rats are generally solitary animals with little to no social organization . kangaroos rats do sometime cluster together in some feeding situations . groups of kangaroo rats that do exist are aggregations and colonies ( howard 1994 ) . there appears to be a dominance hierarchy among kangaroo rats with males competing for access to females ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . male kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely because the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . there appears to be linear dominance hierarchies among males but it is not known if this is the case for females ( newmark and jenkins 2000 ) . winners of aggressive encounters appear to be the most active ones .\nmerriam , c . h . , 1894 . preliminary descriptions of eleven new kangaroo rats of the genera dipodomys and perodipus , p . 114 . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 9 : 109 - 116 .\njenkins , s . h . , a . rothstein , et al . 1995 .\nfood hoarding by merriams kangaroo rats : a test of alternative hypotheses .\necology ( 76 ) : 8 2470 - 2481 .\n, kangaroo rats have highly developed hind legs , live in deep burrows which shelter them from the worst of the desert heat , and rarely drink water . instead , they have a highly water - efficient metabolisim ( their\nle rat kangourou dipodomys panamintinus a 4 sous - esp\u00e8ces . le repr\u00e9sentatif karyotype de 4 des sousesp\u00e8ces a 17 m\u00e9tacentriques et 14 chromosomes acrocentriques . dipodomys panamintinus caudatus , g\u00e9ographiquement isol\u00e9 des autres , a 16 m\u00e9tacentriques et 15 chromosomes acrocentriques . le nombre fondamental est 96 pour les esp\u00e8ces .\nkangaroo rats are primarily seed eaters . they will , however , sometimes eat vegetation at some times of the year and some insects , too . they have been seen storing the seeds of mesquite , creosote , bush , purslane , ocotillo and grama grass in their cheek pouches . kangaroo rats will store extra seeds in seed caches . this caching behavior affects the range - land and croplands where the animals live . kangaroo rats must harvest as much seed as possible in as little time as possible . to conserve energy and water , they minimize their time away from their cool , dry burrows . in addition , maximizing time in their burrows minimizes their exposure to predators .\nbaumgardner , g . d . , and m . l . kennedy . 1993 . morphometric variation in kangaroo rats ( genus dipodomys ) and its relationship to selected abiotic variables . journal of mammalogy 74 : 69 - 85 .\nmodes of communication include olfactory and acoustic . chisel - toothed kangaroo rats sandbathe to spread their scent and use foot drumming , possibly as territorial behavior . aggressive encounters are also used as a form of communication in this species .\nthe average lifespan is 4 . 9 month , but this , is of course , misleading . many kangaroo rats die young , and those who make it to adulthood can live a very long time . although maximum lifespan for\nnewmark , j . e . , and s . h . jenkins . 2000 . sex differences in agonistic behavior of merriam ' s kangaroo rats ( dipodomys merriami ) . american midland naturalist ( 143 ) : 2 377 - 388 .\nkangaroo rats construct burrows for protection , usually with several openings to the burrow system . as with their relatives , the pocket gophers , they tend to be antisocial except during the breeding season , but two or three species may occur sympatrically .\n. size varies from 100 to 200 mm , with a tail of equal or slightly greater length ; weight can be anywhere between 35 and 180 grams . the most distinctive feature of the kangaroo rats is their very long , hind legs .\nthe norway rat or rattus norvegieus is the larger of the two . norway rats are light brown in color , stocky , and borrowing capable rodents . they are found in homes or buildings on the ground level , basements , or in crawl spaces . this species is common to all 48 contiguous states .\nroof rats prefer to nest in locations off the ground and rarely dig burrows for living quarters if above - ground sites exist . the average number of litters a female roof rat has per year depends on many factors , but generally it is 3 to 5 with 3 to 8 young in each litter .\nnewmark , j . e . and s . h . jenkins . 2000 .\nsex differences in agonistic behavior of merriam ' s kangaroo rats ( dipodomys merriami ) .\namerican midland naturalist . ( 143 ) : 2 377 - 388 .\nmerriam ' s kangaroo rats have an average total length of 247 mm . the tail is rather long , about 144 mm in length , with an end tassle . it is usually more than 130 % of the the length of the head and body . (\nleaves are eaten whole , but as salinity builds up in the outer parts of the leaves in summer and fall , these kangaroo rats use their incisors to access the nutritious and less saline inner parts of the leaves . avoiding the salty parts of the plants enables\nrats are found in all of the contiguous 48 states . they are also known to inhabit every land mass . they are known to be found at every departure point and various research stations in antarctica . the rat species is the most prolific invasive species worldwide . there are estimated reports that state there are over 5 - 6 billion rats , if not more , worldwide . there is said to be over two billion in china alone . in britain , the rat population matches the amount of people . the french report estimates four rats to one person , and a population of rats at eight million . the true number of rats worldwide is expanding too swiftly too count and is difficult to determine .\nmale kangaroo rats are generally more aggressive than females and are more dominant over them . females are more tolerant of each other than males are and have more non - aggressive interactions . this is likely become the home ranges of females overlap less than the home ranges of males .\nrats are the vertebrate masters of adaptation . a highly intelligent rodent that is capable of remembering each path it takes , carrying for others , and working in teams , the rat is one of the most well - known invasive species in the world . they inhabit every ecosystem in the world . they are master scavengers and will eat any food and water resource they can .\nhas a high reproductive rate . breeding for the merriam ' s kangaroo rat begins in early february and continues into the spring , at least through may . the gestation period is approximately 28 to 32 days . between one and six young are born in each litter , with an average of three . when young are born they weigh between 3 and 8 grams . the young are weaned after 15 - 25 days , and sexual maturity is reached between 60 - 84 days . they can live up to 9 . 8 years . average territory size for males is 67 , 300 square feet , less than one acre . average female territories are 4000 square feet . ( grzimek , 1990 , urltoken )\nthe species in the four genera of pocket mice use quadrupedal locomotion . the silky pocket mice ( perognathus ) and coarse - hared pocket mice ( chaetodipus ) has species with relatively long feet , but these still use standard quadrupedal locomotion . the spiny pocket mice ( liomys ) and forest spiny pocket mice ( heteromys ) have a generalized body shape that is more rat - like ( randall 2004 ) .\nas for the other species the roof rat is the smaller of the two popular species . roof rats or rattus rattus are black or dark brown in color , and have long tails as long as their body . the species likes to climb and nest outside in trees , shrubs , bushes , and any high structures . in the home they can act the same way choosing to nest in the walls an attic spaces .\nthe overall colour of the kangaroo rats can be anywhere between pale sandy yellow and dark brown , with a white underside and often with white banding across the thighs . tails tend to be dark with white sides and a tuft of longer hairs . facial markings vary from one species to another , but all have an oil gland between the shoulders .\nkangaroo rats received their name because of similarities of locomotion and the morphology that goes with it between these rodents and the marsupials . the hind limbs are massively developed for the size of the animal and the forelimbs diminutive . other characteristics include huge feet , a very long tail for balance , and an oversized head , thanks to the greatly enlarged bullae .\nmost heteromyids live in complex burrows within the deserts and grasslands of western north america , though species within the heteromys and liomys genera are also found in forests . kangaroo mice are largely in sandy habitats , while desert pocket mice tend to be more in arid habitats ( sage brush , desert shrub , rocky hillsides , sand , chaparral , grass ( randall 2004 ) .\nsan jos\u00e9 island kangaroo rats utilize burrows for food storage , protection from the sun and predators , breeding , and shelter . dipodomys insularis creates burrows that are underground tunnels networked together with one or more entrance points . they each use 1 or 2 burrows and no more than 2 rodents inhabit each burrow . burrows containing the opposite sex are usually found closer in distance than those that contain d . insularis of same sex . most often , during breeding season , a male and female share a burrow . after giving birth the females were found sharing their burrows with their offspring as well . adult san jos\u00e9 island kangaroo rats seem less prone to sharing burrows than do subadults , unless it is with the opposite sex during mating season . [ 7 ]\n, kangaroo rats have large cheek pouches that open on either side of the mouth and extend back to the shoulders . they fill the pouches with food or nesting material ready for transport back to the burrow , then empty them by turning them inside out , like pockets , with their forpaws . there is a special muscle that , once the pouch is empty and clean , pulls it back in again .\nmerriam ' s kangaroo rats live individually within a maze of underground burrows . males and females each establish individual territories . they defend their territories against other male and female merriami , primarily to protect often scarce food resources . it is typical that they locate multiple entrances to their burrow complex at the base of shrubs near the middle of their territory . this allows more opportunities for them to escape from predators .\nthese rats span from the family neotoma . they resemble larger versions of deer mice . the difference between woodrats and house rats is that they are well - haired and have a bicolored tail . this nocturnal or cloudy rainy day species likes to forage in the cover of darkness like the rest of its relatives . the woodrats create large nests or large houses of sticks characterized by all sorts of junk . this is where the term \u201cpack rat\u201d comes from , and they fit the description . the woodrat is also a solitary species not known for large groups .\nmost species of heteromyidae are solitary species , with individuals living alone in individual burrow , with the exception of the new mothers with their young . males tend to have home ranges that overlap with other males and females , while the females tend to have ranges exclusive from other females , although in some , like the kangaroo rats dipodomys spectabilis , d . deserti , and d . ingens , both males and femals have exclusive territories ( randall 2004 ) .\nnorway rats are omnivorous like most rodents , but will eat anything to survive . they like to forage in food packaging plants and storage facilities . the only thing different from the roof rat is that its diet is far less controlled and they will eat any food that they can get ahold of . though they may have preferences , it varies from pack to pack . they enjoy eating feed for domestic animals like , chickens , dogs , cats , horses , cattle , and swine . there is often a draw to dog food for most rats , so pet food and outdoor pets attract norway rats .\nthe heteromyids range in size from 1 . 7 inches to 14 . 6 inches in total length ( 4 . 2 - 37cm ) and weigh from 0 . 2 to 6 . 9 ounces ( 5 - 195g ) ( randall 2004 ) . the smaller members of the family are the desert pocket mice in perognathus , which range in weight from 5 to 31 grams , and the kangaroo mice in microdipodops , which range from 10 - 17 grams ( randall 2004 ) . members of the genus chaetodipus range in size from 8 . 0 - 12 . 5 centimeters ( head and body ) and weigh 15 - 47 grams ( nowak 1999 ) . members of heteromys commonly range from 37 to 85 grams , while the members of liomys range from 34 - 50 grams ( randall 2004 ) . adult kangaroo rats , on the other hand , are larger and typically weigh between 70 - 170 grams ( nader 1978 ) , with the larger ranging up to 195 grams ( randall 2004 ) .\nthe silky pocket mice ( perognathus ) are small animals with soft pelage , long tails , and small feet compared to other heteromyids . they have long claws which are used for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds . they have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats ' dens . they store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches . they are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats . they are not true hibernators , but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time .\nrats will eat anything available to them from seed , fruits , vegetables , nuts , grains , insects , worms , spiders , and various meats . rat activity begins in the cover of darkness or cloudy dark conditions . all of the rodent species prefer to forage in the cover of night fall . they will work together to move large quantities of food to safe locations to be eaten . rats will also collect and store the spoils of the foraging trips . they will hoard numerous amounts of trash and solid foods to be eaten at a later date . house rats will store these items in wood piles , wall voids , attics , boxes , and other coverings where they feel safe .\nroof rats will trail over 100 meters to find food from their nests . they will also stay with other rats on their foraging journey to exploit certain food sources . they will travel from tree to tree , and even climb power lines or fence lines to travel safely . they will make nests in trees near gardens or near the food sources they value . they favor palm trees and other high elevated locations . roof rats are smart and will avoid changes to their environment and are scared of them . they are neophobic , which is the fear of new things or experiences . talk about creatures of habit . neophobia is more distinct in roof rats than in the close cousin norway rats . some roof rat packs will even modify trails and routes to avoid frequently disturbed paths and areas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie ."]}
{"id": 2010, "summary": [{"text": "elachista telcharella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista telcharella", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) \u00bb grass miner moths ( elachistidae ) \u00bb elachistinae \u00bb elachista \u00bb bifasciella species group ( elachista bifasciella species group ) \u00bb elachista telcharella - hodges # 1107 . 3 ( elachista telcharella )\nelachista telcharella kaila , 1999 , n . sp . , acta zool . fennica , v . 211 , p . 1 - 235 .\nlauri kaila 1999 : a revision of the nearctic species of the genus elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . \u0097 acta zool . fennica 211 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 6 . 10m ; p . 73 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from kipling will . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact kipling will kipwill @ urltoken .\n7777 7777 0410 0472 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\ngroups are revised , described , and illustrated . a total of 69 species are recognised , of which the following species are described as new :"]}
{"id": 2012, "summary": [{"text": "flabellina verrucosa , is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family flabellinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on either side of the northern part of the atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "flabellina verrucosa", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 )\ndear bill here are some photos of flabellina verrucosa from our recent trip to british columbia .\nstatus in world register of marine species synonym of flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 )\nalso one should be aware of bernard picton ' s flabellina browni , which really is similar to flabellina verrucosa with long and slender cerata , but which is differentiated on the coloration .\nthe relatively short spindle - shaped cerata , and their arrangement into ' clumps ' seems to be characteristic of flabellina verrucosa .\nyou will see that k\u00e5re ' s photos very much match the original descriptions of flabellina verrucosa ; except the arrangement of the cerata which more resembles odhner ' s flabellina borealis . but k\u00e5re ' s photos are flabellina verrucosa with short cerata . the problem is that flabellina verrucosa has a long list of synonyms , which include individuals with long and slender cerata , and in most cases it is the animals with long cerata that are illustrated on the net ( as in coryphella rufibranchialis ) .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nrotr\u00fcckige fadenschnecke\nto\nflabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 )\n.\nscientific synonyms and common names eolidia verrucosa m . sars , 1829 eolis rufibranchialis johnston , 1832 eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 eolis mananensis stimpson , 1854 aeolis bostoniensis approximans m\u00f6rch , 1857 coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 eolis landsburgi sensu auct . non alder & hancock , 1846 coryphella gracilis bostoniensis ; lemche , 1936 coryphella verrucosa rufibranchialis ; odhner , 1939 coryphella verrucosa verrucosa ; odhner , 1939 coryphella verrucosa ( sars m . , 1829 ) : picton , 1995 flabellina verrucosa\nof this one we can be fairly certain - flabellina verrucosa and its eggs on the well grazed bushy pink - mouthed hydroids ( ectopleura crocea ) .\nthe flabellina verrucosa were very abundant and were found feeding on tubularia up in the shallower water less than 40 feet deep . take care , bruce wight\nconcerning the correspondence about flabellina verrucosa with short cerata . these photos show the short cerata , with clear gaps in between . i am puzzled by this appearence - is it really a flabellina verrucosa ? i am bound to think otherwise . in particular look at the white lines on the rhinopores , and the length of them .\ndear paul , terry gosliner has identified these as flabellina verrucosa . in the bottom right photo i have included an inset of the hydroid i presume they are looking for .\ndear alan , as you can see in the messages from terry gosliner and chad sisson , your animals are flabellina verrucosa with a very interesting diet . best wishes , bill rudman\nhi bill , i ' ve attached a picture of flabellina verrucosa showing the tail , which i find very distinctive , but isn ' t shown clearly in the pictures already on the forum .\ni am pretty certain that the specimens that betsey photographed and that you tentatively identified as flabellina verrucosa is without a doubt correctly identified as f . verrucosa . the main external characteristics for differentiating f . verrucosa from flabellina gracilis is that the cerata are more distinctly arranged in rows in f . gracilis and there is a more prominent vestige of a notal brim in f . gracilis . also f . gracilis has a sort of notched head between the junction of the oral tentacles and more elongate anterior margins of the foot ' .\nmore feeding flabellina verrucosa . this time chomping down on the giant pink - mouth hydroid , tubularia indivisa . one specimen about to feed . the other image shows a specimen having completed its grazing on this hydroid .\nso , what have we learned from these studies ? what features of a nematocyst are important in its selection by a nudibranch , specifically , by flabellina verrucosa ? consider these answers , then click here for explanations .\nhi bill , here ' s a flabellina verrucosa balancing on a pink - mouth hydroid stalk . i ' ve assumed they ate the orange ones in my earlier photos , but this may show they like both varieties !\nhi bill , here is another common british columbia aeolid , flabellina verrucosa . the dive site is dodd narrows , near nanaimo , on vancouver island . they are often found on this electric orange hydroid , garveia annulata .\nthanks terry , it would be great to get some more photos showing the variation in f . verrucosa . bill rudman .\nthanks bernard , very soon i won ' t have any excuse to misidentify any north atlantic flabellina . best wishes , bill rudman\ngreenwood & mariscal 1984 mar biol 80 : 35 ; drawing from k\u00e4lker & schmekel 1976 zoomorph 86 : 41 for flabellina trilineata .\nwhen i initially saw it i thought it was just a variation of f . verrucosa but wasn ' t sure . dr . larry harris , university of new hampshire has identified it as flabellina verrucosa , although a bit emaciated . he notes that the gonads are not fully developed . andy martinez , author of marinlife of the north atlantic concurs with dr . harris ' id .\nmore recent studies on nematocyst complement in flabellina verrucosa in the gulf of maine show that while it is a generalist predator of hydroids , it also eats jellyfish scyphistomae . about 70 % of flabellina \u2019s nematocysts come from the hydroids tubularia crocea and eudendrium spp . most of these are of a type known as heterotrichous microbasic euryteles , which are predominant in these species ( see drawing on left ) .\ndear bill , alan shepard ' s photos look to me like pale specimens of flabellina verrucosa . this species is highly variable , especially in the color of the digestive gland that is visible through the cerata . it can range from pale pink to red to chocolate brown . the opaque white markings on the oral tentacles and the arrangement of the cerata appear to be characteristic of f . verrucosa .\nhi bill , here is flabellina verrucosa from british columbia , canada . it is also present in north atlantic waters , i ' ve been told . it is very common on vancouver island . this is a fairly small animal , 1 to 3 cm . usually . marli .\ndear bill , i checked with my advisor , larry harris , and he agreed that alan shepard ' s aeolids are flabellina verrucosa feeding on scyphistomae . note the white color variation and bright - white cnidosacs . also , they have unusually swollen anterior foot tentacles , probably from being stung by some potent nematocysts . we have documented f . verrucosa with a similar morphology and diet on floating docks in beverly , ma .\non this same dive i found placida dendritica ( first time in the cove ) , flabellina verrucosa , aeolidia papillosa , polycera dubia , acanthodoris pilosa and onchidoris muricata . not bad on a short 40 minute dive in 40f water . best wishes , alan shepard tolland , ct , usa\ndear marli , animals such as flabellina verrucosa , which are found in the northern waters of both the pacific and atlantic oceans are called circum - boreal . you ' ll see photos on the forum of this species from the atlantic coast of usa . best wishes , bill rudman .\nhi bill , further to your discussion on long and short cerata on flabellina verrucosa : i had never seen the short variety , when shortly thereafter found a small one whilst diving in howe sound near vancouver , british columbia . i have also never seen one in such an intense shade of crimson .\n( of eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhi bill , here are some flabellina verrucosa from the broughton archipelago . they are eating tubularia crocea . these are the ' long cerata ' type . location : broughton archipelago , british columbia , canada . depth : 45 feet . , length : 10 - 12mm . , may 2003 . photos : marli wakeling\ndear paul , this is flabellina verrucosa , about which we ' ve already said most things . this individual shows two of the features which i think are diagnostic for this species : the white line along the tail extending amongst the last few cerata and the narrow white line on the dorsal side of the oral tentacles .\nif this is coryphella rufibranchialis then it is more correctly called flabellina verrucosa . there is a history of confusion in the names of this genus on both sides of the atlantic . i ' ll put up some comments when we get them definitively identified . i don ' t want to perpetuate the confusion by further misidentifications .\ni may be wrong , but it doesn ' t look like f . verrucosa to me . hopefully some of our northern european colleagues will have some suggestions .\nto accompany my message about salmon - gill flabellina from new england here are photos of the ones which are red or chocolate brown and are locally called red - gills .\ndear betsey , thanks for the photos from maine . can you give me a little more detail on the locality please ? the brown colour form is a colour form of flabellina verrucosa . the colour in aeolids is often a result of the colour of their food which accumulates in the ducts of the digestive gland , which are in the cerata .\nalan , thank you for the excellent photos , this is a relatively rare feeding type of f . verrucosa . all the best , chad sisson university of new hampshire zoology dept .\nc . verrucosa has been reported on all depths down to 300 meters . sand or rocky substrate on current exposed locations seems to be preferred . if is usually encountered grazing on hydroids .\ni ' m reasonably sure these are flabellina verrucosa , but would appreciate confirmation . they are fairly profuse at harper ' s ferry , a popular dive site on the west side of puget sound near port orchard . most are an inch long at most , so getting a good macro photo is a good challenge . the photos are of two different ones that we found on successive dives at this site .\nhi , can anyone help id which flabellina these may be ? found at 40 - 45 feet in hakai pass - port hardy area , bc , canada . are they just variations on the same theme ?\nflabellina iodinea showing brightly coloured ( to our eyes ) cerata with tips containing nematocyst - filled sacs . next to nothing is known about the how the sacs function in defense in these or other aeolid nudibranchs 3x\ncomparison from terry gosliner message below : ' the main external characteristics for differentiating f . verrucosa from flabellina gracilis is that the cerata are more distinctly arranged in rows in f . gracilis and there is a more prominent vestige of a notal brim in f . gracilis . also f . gracilis has a sort of notched head between the junction of the oral tentacles and more elongate anterior margins of the foot ' .\nhi ! i found several individuals of this aeolid , looking a little like flabellina verrucosa , which is quite common along the norwegian coast . however , some details seem to differ : \u2022 shorter cerata , not organized in the traditional two rows . \u2022 a naked patch on the back . \u2022 some eggs found on the location , laid in circles . ( i am assuming they were laid by these individuals ) .\ndear wendy , i am pretty sure that the upper right and lower left photos are of flabellina verrucosa , the white - tipped cerata , the white line on the oral tentacles and the white line down the ' tail ' all suggest that species . i am not so sure of the third photo [ lower right ] however and so if someone with local knowledge can comment i would be grateful . best wishes , bill rudman\ndear bill , in response to k\u00e5re ' s recent message , here is a scan of the original illustrations by m . sars ( 1829 ) of eolidia verrucosa [ plate 2 , figs 1 - 4 ] .\nalthough only about 0 . 5 % of flabellina \u2019s nematocysts come from scyphistomae ( see green dots in table ) , these polyps are selected over any others in choice tests , perhaps because of the toxicity of their nematocysts .\nmany species of aeolid nudibranchs , including flabellina trilineata shown in the photograph , sequester undischarged nematocysts , apparently for use in their own defense . the nematocysts are housed in special sacs or cnidosacs located in the tips of the cerata .\n( of eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) sars , m . ( 1829 ) . bidrag til s\u00f6edyrenes naturhistorie . chr . dahl , bergen . 1 : 1 - 60 , plates 1 - 6 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ]\nof the red - gills there are elongated ones with a few growths on their backs [ lower left photo ] as well as the more common ones with completely covered backs [ other photos ] . we think these are f . verrucosa , f . pellucida , or f . gracilis .\nreferences flabellina verrucosa ( m . sars , 1829 ) . in sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . accessed 26 / 01 / 2016 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2015 ) . coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) . encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . accessed 26 / 01 / 2016 . authors and editors of page kelly fretwell ( 2016 ) .\nthese individuals were all photographed as a part in my project to elucidate the two forms ( long ceratal and short ceratal form ) relationship . the animals with long cerata were photographed at three meters depth at jordfall . the short ceratal form ( verrucosa form ) was photographed at yttre vattenholmen outside str\u00f6mstad .\n( of aeolidia verrucosa m . sars , 1829 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgi\u00eb [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndear alan , it certainly looks like a crustacean of some sort . certainly some glaucids , such as a austraeolis ornata and hermissenda crassicornis are known to eat the odd bit of carrion , but i haven ' t heard of species of flabellina doing this . it certainly seems an interesting observations for someone to follow up . best wishes , bill rudman\ni just got a message from bernard picton who suggested the scyphistoma in chad ' s photo is probably aurelia aurita so i had another search of mcdonald & nybakken ' s list and found the following references to feeding on aurelia aurita ' polyps ' . clearly predation by f . verrucosa on the scyphistomae stage of aurelai can be an important factor in aurelia populations , at least in sweden .\nnote the conspicuous size difference between predator and prey . the left photo - pair shows aversive behaviour to f . iodinea . the right photo - pair shows the same predator 20min later attacking and eating another nematocyst - defended aeolid , hermissenda crassicornis . not all naive predators show the same aversive responses to flabellina ; about half of the 40 - or so pleurobranchaea tested in the study simply attack and eat up the prey\non the lower left photo the inset is showing the white sreak on the rhinophore which is one of the external identification points of this species . the colour and shape of the head and head tentacles are important in identifying species of flabellina but as your photos show , when these animals are busy looking for food they don ' t make it easy for you to photograph their important features . best wishes , bill rudman .\nto barcode of life ( 36 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 14 publications ) ( from synonym eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 44 publications ) ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) to clemam ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 ) to clemam ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) to clemam ( from synonym eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) to clemam ( from synonym eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) to clemam ( from synonym coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 29 nucleotides ; 20 proteins ) to pesi ( from synonym coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) to pesi ( from synonym eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) to pesi ( from synonym eolidia verrucosa sars m . , 1829 ) to pesi ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 ) to pesi ( from synonym eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) to pesi ( from synonym coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis\nin response to your question : i do not know of any research done involving this specific diet for f . verrucosa . i simply meant that these nudibranchs are rarely found associated with this food , but when they are , they have a very distinct color and morphology . i do not know if they switch to another diet once the scyphistomae have run out , but it wouldn ' t surprise me if they did take advantage of whatever is around .\nyour photos are useful reminder to me of how difficult it is for non - professionals to identify species they find or photograph . my first act when i find something i don ' t recognise is to dissect it and look at the radula to confirm what family or genus is belongs to , because the outside can sometimes be very misleading . i have just posted a page of photos of the radula of flabellina poenicia which illustrates a tooth shape which is very characteristic of the genus . looking at your three species i am not even sure they are all flabellinids . best wishes , bill rudman .\n\u2022 hernroth , lars , & fredrik gr\u00f6ndahl . 1985 . the biology of aurelia aurita ( l . ) 3 . predation by coryphella verrucosa ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) , a major factor regulating the development of aurelia populations in the gullmar fjord , western sweden . ophelia , 24 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 . \u2022 hernroth , l . , & f . gr\u00f6ndahl . 1985a . on the biology of aurelia aurita ( l . ) : 2 . major factors regulating the occurrence of ephyrae and young medusae in the gullmar fjord , western sweden . bulletin of marine science , 37 ( 2 ) : 567 - 576 .\ndescription : currently considered to be a form of coryphella verrucosa . the body is translucent white in colour with opaque white pigment on the tips of the oral tentacles and in a broken line along the centre of the back which becomes continuous on the long tail . the cerata are numerous and arranged in clusters along the sides and back of the body , almost hiding the white centreline . they are filled with red or orange - red granular digestive gland . the cerata have a thin , sometimes incomplete , ring of white pigment below the tip . typically about 15mm - 25mm in length , but well - fed individuals may be larger .\ndear k\u00e5re , this is an interesting find . you wouldn ' t by chance have have a photo showing the front of the foot more clearly ? in the smaller animal in the upper photo it looks like the front edge of the foot could have the front corners extended into pointed ' angles ' , but i am not sure . i first thought this might be a species of cuthona , but in that genus the anterior foot corners are rounded . the egg ribbon , if it does belong to these animals , could certainly be that of a flabellina . in your lower right photo the animal is eating what seems to be a large solitary hydroid - perhaps a tubularia .\nthe closest i can come to an identification is a painting of henning lemche ' s of an animal from jutland , denmark ( just & edmunds , 1985 ) , which the authors , suggest is an aberrant form of f . verrucosa . like your animals , the cerata are short and inflated , and are arranged in a pattern of triangles down the body with bare patches down the dorsal midline . even the colour is almost identical . unfortunately , just & edmunds only had lemche ' s painting , no accompanying notes could be found , and no anatomical information . they suggested it was probably ' unhealthy when painted ' which certainly doesn ' t seem to apply to your animals .\nwhat would be interesting would be to see if they have any natural history differences . some species of flabellina change from feeding on one group of hydroids to another during the year so food differences may not be a simple thing to look at . another observation that might be useful would be to look at their egg masses . it is quite possible that their egg spirals might be of a different shape or even their eggs could be markedly different in size . if you would like a little project it would certainly be worth trying to photograph the egg ribbons of the two ' forms ' ideally as they are laying them . there may be no marked difference , but it would be exciting if there were , best wishes , bill rudman\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfusing ? it really is , and i think this group is in need of a careful revision .\n\u2022 sars , michael . 1829 . bidrag til soedyrene naturhistorie , pt . 1 , : pp . 1 - 59 , pls . 1 - 6 . bergen .\none anatomical point which seems worth following up is the shape of the anterior foot corners . in both sars ' painting and k\u00e5re ' s photo the anterior corners of the foot are rounded . although none of the photos in the forum of the long cerata form show the anterior foot clearly , there are plenty of illustrations in the literature showing that it has distinctly angular or even tentacular foot corners [ thompson & brown , 1984 ] . to me the ceratal shape and arrangement and the anterior foot corners are pretty good arguments for some separating them .\n\u2022 kuzirian , a . m . ( 1979 ) taxonomy and biology of four new england coryphellid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 45 : 239 - 261 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmate selection & copulation are dealt with in this section , while topics of egg - laying , embryonic development , hatching & larval life , settlement & metamorphosis , and ontogenetic development of behaviour are considered elsewhere .\nthis section on mate - selection & copulation is arranged alphabetically by genus . the genus hermissenda is considered here , while aeolidia , alderia , navanax & other cephalaspids , and aplysia & other anaspids are considered in their own sections .\ndone in oregon and california later are thought to be most likely accounts of mating . the reason for the misunderstanding owes in part to the extraordinary quickness of the actual copulatory act , which requires only 1 - 2sec . the author never observes copulation in\n, in part because of a possible expectation of an activity that would last several minutes or even hours as is customary in other opisthobranchs . the complexity of interactions involved in one of the studies is shown in this computer - simulated flow\n. be mindful as you go through it that the researcher is describing general behaviour in laboratory specimens with the understanding that it relates to agonism . with a bit of patience , and assuming that what is really being described is not agonism , but copulatory behaviour , the behavioural repertoire during mating can be noodled out to a few basic components . the line thicknesses in the diagram correspond with frequency of occurrence of any successive pair of behaviours .\nbegins with a touch of one individual by another , most commonly with tentacles or cerata . since\n- ing , which is right - side to right - side orientation that places the gonopore openings of the 2 individuals opposite one another .\n, which we know is preparatory to copulation . however , because copulation is not in the author ' s mind , we have to choose a spot for it to happen . a possible spot for this is marked with a bright yellow blob on the flow diagram , its\n- all familiar from research study 1 above . the author observes damage done by biting ( the jaws have serrated edges ) , describes \u201cwinners\u201d and \u201closers\u201d in the encounters , and notes that 26 % of the \u201cwinners\u201d , presumably the ones that break away first , are the larger individuals of the pairs ( thus , 74 % of\nwinners\nare smaller individuals ) . there are other behaviours shown in the diagram that may or may not play a role in copulation .\nrecall that the author believes the behaviour to be agonistic ; hence , the\nphysical\nnature of this term . tentacle - touching is described by other authors as more of a\ncaressing\nthis is only one possible route from\nsidling\nthat could lead to insemination . another shorter one would be\noccurs with low frequency . another , more round - about route on the chart following from an hypothetical copulation after\n, and this route also has the merit of large - dimension arrows . the reason for speculating on possible post -\n) , and more withdrawals . this goes on for some time and the video switches to show full right side - to - right side touching (\nsidling\n) and perhaps even copulation . it is\nhow the author of research study 1 above could initially interpret these behaviours as agonism .\nhowever , anthropomorphism is all too common in interpretation of animal behaviour . in this case , the terms\nflagellate\n,\nsidle\n,\nwinners\n, and\nlosers\n, are highly suggestive . is it possible that their initial selection may have prevented the author from standing back and viewing the behaviours more objectively ?\nno other nudibranch species appears to exhibit it , nor is it a feature known to be particularly common in gastropods . the author remarks on never having seen agonistic behaviour in\nin the field . as to the function of the putative agonistic behaviour , the author speculates that it may aid in food - getting and be a means of warding off predators . in another publication on the same subject the author tests what effect food deprivation has on the \u201cagonistic\u201d behaviour ? in these latter experiments , after 1 - 3d without food there is an increase in locomotory activity and an increase in\nagonistic\ninteractions . also , with each progressive day the frequency of encounters involving biting goes up , suggesting to the author that hunger may be the cause of the \u201cfighting\u201d\na common behaviour in nudibranchs when food is scarce or lacking , however , is to copulate . this makes sense because most species of nudibranchs live seasonally and , when their prey items are in short supply , they spend more time copulating . . . not fighting\nalthough the study may not be as relevant to \u201cagonistic\u201d behaviour as the author intended , the technique used may be useful for other types of experiments . in the present experiments , the author pinches off all cerata from several\nwith forceps , provides clam tissues as food , and waits until the cerata are regenerated . at this time the cnidosacs\nof nematocysts . the author then compares the behaviour of these \u201cnematocyst - free\u201d animals with that of normal control animals and finds no difference in level of \u201cagonistic\u201d behaviour . the technique , although not working out in the way that the author intended could , nevertheless , be a useful way to produce nematocyst - free aeolids for other types of experiments , for example ,\nto assess the defensive efficacy of the secondarily acquired nematocysts against fishes and other biting predators .\nthis is not a new idea , but appears not to have been done with west - coast nudibranchs .\nthe author is not able to check whether the cnidosacs were actually nematocyst - free , as all the animals die before this could be done . healthy\n, a second author agrees with the first that the species does engage in aggressive interactions with conspecifics . however , what is missing in the first descriptions , acording to the second author , is information on the temporal aspects of the interaction , specifically the timing of events from first contact to onset of sidling , and then to cerata movement , lunging and biting , withdrawing , and ending . these events are observed in specimens of\nfrom elkhorn slough , california and recorded on videotape for time - motion analysis . note in the data\nthat the mean duration of these activities is only about 80 seconds . the author comments that \u201calthough the animals are poised in copulation - like posture during sidling , it seems clear , as zack suggested , that these interactions are not copulatory since the time between initiation of sidling and cerata movement is on the average less than 10 seconds\u201d . in discussing the results , the author provides 2 possible explanations for flagellation and sidling : 1 ) to assess the aggressive motivation and size of the other individual , or 2 ) to assess the willingness of the other individual to mate . the author concludes by suggesting that more observations are needed to clarify the matter .\nthe diagram shows the durations of 4 sets of activities from first contact : begin sidling , move cerata , withdraw , and end . each horizontal set includes overall range , standard deviation , and mean for each set of activities . the vertical blue dotted line shows the mean end time in seconds for 19 individual nudibranchs\n, and that zack ' s original paper ( research studies 1 & 3 ) makes it clear that there may be other possible outcomes , including aggression .\nbecause the 2 papers ( research studies 4 & 6 ) were submitted for review at the same time for publication in the same volume of veliger , out of courtesy and interest the editor allowed each set of authors to read the other\u2019s submission and to make comments . the set of 4 articles in veliger is unique and makes for interesting reading\nin the same journal as the foregoing publications ( research studies 4 & 5 ) is a paper entitled , \u201c hermissenda : agonistic behavior or mating behavior ? \u201d in this paper researchers at friday harbor laboratories , washington note that agonism is not seen in the field in h . crassicornis , and describe the following pre - copulatory behaviours in laboratory specimens : 1 ) one animal follows another , 2 ) front individual turns , 3 ) they meet head - to - head , 4 ) make tentacle / tentacle contact , 5 ) withdraw , 5 ) make tentacle / cerata contact , 6 ) withdraw , 7 ) make tentacle / foot contact , 8 ) advance , and 9 ) jockey back - and - forth . time required : 10 - 30min .\nthe individuals then align their bodies on the right sides ( 1 - 3min ) , evert penises , expand penis ends into bulbs , and simultaneously ejaculate sperm in muscular contractions . the sperm is emitted in mucus . time for copulatory ejaculation : 1 - 2sec . the authors observe no biting damage , but suggest that the function of pre - copulatory contact may be to reduce the probablility of being eaten . this seems to confirm that aggression occurs , sometimes leading to \u201ccannibalism\u201d , but the authors reiterate their belief that agonistic behaviour does not normally ocur in the field in\nthe authors conclude that zack\u2019s observations are just of mating behaviour , and not anything else .\nlongley & longley 1981 veliger 24 : 230 ; longley & longley 1981 veliger 24 : 232 .\ncopulating . video and descrptive headings courtesy roger & alison longley , friday harbor laboratories .\nin santa cruz , california provides further detail on copulation and efficacy of sperm transfer . first , the rapidity of the copulatory event ( about 4sec on average ) markedly decreases the chance of complete transfer of sperm . in\n37 videotaped sequences of attempted copulation ( defined as 2 individuals with penises everted ) , almost half lead to failed sperm transfer in one or both individuals . interestingly , a frequent behaviour following sloppy sperm transfer is for an individual to twist its head backwards and consume all or part of the semen in the vicinity of the gonopore . if an individual is allowed to become\nhabitat : a common species in early spring at shallow exposed sites and deeper water which is exposed to tidal streams . the normal food is the hydroid tubularia indivisa but other smaller hydroids are eaten by juvenile specimens . the spawn consists of a thread which is laid in a smooth spiral like a clock spring .\ndistribution : a northern species in the british isles , occurring round scotland and in the irish sea south to the isle of man , but apparently absent from the western coasts of ireland and england . further distribution includes norway to the atlantic coast of america .\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . 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( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\n( of coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) trinchese s . ( 1874 ) . intorno ai generi hermaeina e acanthopsole . memorie dell ' accademia delle scienze dell ' istituto di bologna ( 3 ) 5 : 73 - 80 pl . 1 [ details ]\n( of eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) johnston g . ( 1835 ) . introduction to the natural history of molluscous animals . magazine of natural history 8 : 71 - 81 [ details ]\n( of eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) couthouy j . p . ( 1839 ) . monograph on the family osteodesmacea of deshayes , with remarks on two species of patelloidea , and descriptions of new species of marine shells , a species of anculotus , and one of eolis . boston journal of natural history , 2 : 129 - 189 , pl . 4 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 187 - 189 ; pl . 4 , fig . 9 [ sic , 14 ] [ details ]\n( of eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) stimpson , w . ( 1853 ) . synopsis of the marine invertebrata of grand manan : or the region about the mouth of the bay of fundy , new brunswick . smithsonian contributions to knowledge . 6 : 1 - 66 , pls 1 - 3 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhowson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nlinkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]\npollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntrott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncheck list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eolidia embletoni johnston , 1835 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eolis diversa couthouy , 1839 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphella robusta trinchese , 1874 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphella rufibranchialis ( johnston , 1832 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata balch , 1908 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eolis mananensis stimpson , 1853 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe translucent white body may reach 6 cm in extreme cases , but 2 - 3 cm is common . often , there is a white line running along the back , but it tends to be covered by the cerata . the cerata are arranged in rows and come in a wide range of colors , but orange , red and brown are perhaps most frequent . there may be a pink tint on the tentacles . the rhinophores ( head tentacles ) are wrinkled and usually have a white pigmented line .\nthe original identification of the species was done by sars in 1829 . he drew a specimen with short , ice - cone - shaped , white - tipped cerata . studies have later proven that"]}
{"id": 2014, "summary": [{"text": "even stevens ( 1957 \u2013 1975 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won both the caulfield and melbourne cups in australia in 1962 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was ridden in both cups by his regular rider les coles . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "even stevens ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["melbourne cup 1962 national jockeys ' trust even stevens l . coles t . j . smith\neven stevens ( nz ) ch . h , 1957 { 12 - f } dp = 14 - 4 - 2 - 0 - 6 ( 26 ) di = 2 . 71 cd = 0 . 77 - ? starts , 8 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : 43 , 895 pounds\nthe first anniversary of the settlement of wellington in january 1841 included a hurdle race on the third day of the celebrations . it was won by henry petre riding his own horse , calmuc tartar . a jockey club was formed for the meeting but it lapsed after a few years . the first formal meeting was held at petone beach on 20 october 1842 , when the imported horse figaro beat calmuc tartar in a 10 - guinea sweepstake run in heats over a mile and a half . racing later took place at hutt park and burnham water ( the site of a former miramar lagoon ) . the latter was probably the first racecourse in new zealand and had a grandstand .\nthe growth of racing in the post - war years was even more marked than in the early 1920s . race permits were not restored immediately the war finished but over the two years following . the conference pressed for more permits , but these were not granted until after the report of the 1946 royal commission on gaming and racing had been considered by parliament and the gaming amendment act passed in 1949 .\nit could be expected that , in a colony settled by predominantly british people , horse racing in some form or other would soon begin . horses were a valuable necessity in the colonies . the first horses to be landed in new zealand were probably those brought from australia by the rev . samuel marsden to rangihoua in the bay of islands on 23 december 1814 from the ship active . they were from new south wales , the gift of governor macquarie to the maoris . horses from new south wales were to have an important place in the establishment of thoroughbred breeding in new zealand . there are few records of the very early importations . horses came with the military garrisons and it is recorded that the first horses arrived in wellington on 2 march 1840 . the first acknowledged thoroughbred horse , figaro , landed in wellington . he was bred by t . icely , of cooming , new south wales , a celebrated breeder of the time .\nthere was a meeting in wanganui on 28 december 1848 and there , too , the officers of the militia had a hand in starting the sport . the first races in dunedin were held on 23 march 1849 as part of the anniversary day celebrations , with the eccentric dr manning a prominent owner . following the gold discoveries in the province , otago was , for a time , the strongest racing centre in new zealand . the celebrations on the first anniversary of the canterbury settlement on 16 december 1851 included four horse races over a course in hagley park facing the road running from the riccarton hotel to the fendalton bridge . the course was still in its native tussock . there was also early racing on the west coast and in taranaki ; but not in hawke ' s bay ( a district later to play an important part in new zealand racing ) until 1 january 1857 .\nthis information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .\na hurdle race was run on the first anniversary of nelson \u201cthrough fern and flax , up hill and down hill\u201d . nelson first placed racing on a sound footing . there was a good course , with thoroughbreds imported for racing and breeding , and horses trained and brought out to race in something like \u201ccondition\u201d . the course was at stoke , 4 miles from nelson . it was first used on 3 february 1845 .\nthe early race meetings in the colony were controlled by local committees elected for the meeting only , generally at a public meeting of interested citizens . those elected made the arrangements , drew up the rules , and appointed the officials . in the larger towns the establishment of a racing club generally followed . these local clubs had their own locally varying rules , but based in common on those of the english jockey club . until the late 1860s each club was a separate identity , with little coordination because of the difficulties of travel and communication . consequently , disqualifications imposed by one club would not apply at another . the first attempts to introduce some form of unified control were made by the metropolitan clubs , a rather grandiose title for the times . it is not clear how certain clubs came to be so designated and to assume a limited control over the racing within their districts . but the metropolitan clubs of the 1860s and early 1870s did correspond with the main towns of the provincial districts . it is possible that there was some direction given from the colonial secretary at wellington , since at that time permits for race meetings were issued by his office , and programmes in each district were approved by the resident magistrate . in early minute books there are instances of the resident magistrate referring programmes back to the metropolitan club because they had not first had that body ' s approval . so probably the sheer need for a responsible body to give guidance on those matters and to settle disputes forced the metropolitan clubs to act as a miniature jockey club .\nafter racing had been established for 30 years , the metropolitan clubs realised the need for some governing body to obtain uniform rules of racing and a uniform scale of weights . the first recorded move was made by the canterbury jockey club in 1875 and , on 11 november 1876 , during the course of the canterbury jockey club race meetings , a meeting of delegates resolved \u201cthat it was desirable to establish a new zealand jockey club , to frame rules and make a scale of weights to be used by all clubs running under the rules\u201d . there was obviously some dissatisfaction at the time , for in 1877 the canterbury jockey club resolved to recognise only the dunedin , wellington , auckland , and hawke ' s bay clubs . this made wanganui and taranaki hostile .\nthe first truly constructive move came from the hawke ' s bay jockey club which , on 12 july 1883 , decided to set up a subcommittee , consisting of captain w . r . russell ( later to be the first president of the racing conference ) , r . u . burke , and c . b . winter ( the mover of the proposal ) , \u201cto consider the establishment of a new zealand racing association , and the drafting of rules for same , and that the matter be submitted to the clubs already mentioned and the taranaki and wanganui jockey clubs , which were to be the metropolitan clubs for the proposed districts the colony would be divided into\u201d . the proposal also suggested the monthly publication of a racing calendar , the registration of colours , and a turf register .\nthe only record of this meeting is a letter addressed by the chairman to the colonial secretary . the letter declared that the purpose of the meeting was to help racing as a whole , pointed out certain advantages to the country in using the totalisator confined within its lawful limits , and suggested ways of controlling the totalisator and of encouraging the breeding industry . the colonial secretary ' s reply pointed out to the chairman that legislation would be necessary to give metropolitan clubs a defined and legal status under the gaming and lotteries act before the suggestions could be acted on . the colonial secretary proposed that the delegates ' recommendations could best be carried out by formulating them in a bill , which might then be introduced into either house of the legislature by some member interested in racing . no bill has ever been introduced ; the authority of the racing conference is still not enforced by statute .\nfrom 1887 to 1891 metropolitan club representatives met every year and sometimes twice a year , with some meetings being attended by representatives of the greymouth , nelson , and marlborough clubs . many of the early meetings were held in parliament buildings , and several of those early delegates were members of either the house of representatives or the legislative council . the hon . g . mclean , m . l . c . , chaired the first meeting and , except for the hon . j . d . ormond , the hon . w . r . russell ( who became a member of the house of representatives ) chaired all the other early meetings . f . d . luckie , of hawke ' s bay , became the conference secretary . the hon . e . mitchelson , the hon . o . samuel , dr earle , freeman r . jackson , r . h . nolan , francis henry dillon bell , and , above all , sir george clifford , were prominent in helping the racing conference to gain its high standing as quickly as it did .\nin 1897 r . h . nolan succeeded in having adopted his scheme for appeals against decisions of metropolitan clubs ' committees being heard by three appeal judges appointed by the president . this system was acclaimed at the time and has stood the test of the present day . the first appeal was heard in 1898 , the judges being dr earle , geo . hunter , and nolan .\nin 1899 it had been decided that country clubs be allowed two representatives on metropolitan committees . the registration of all racing clubs was enforced in 1900 . a most important step for owners was the institution of accident fees in 1903 . an accident fund for trainers , jockeys , and stablehands was established to relieve owners of their liability under the statutory provisions of the employers ' liability and like acts . the jockeys ' and trainers ' provident funds controlled by each metropolitan committee continued , but on a gradually changing basis .\nwhen the first world war broke out , the racing conference was pressed first to stop all racing , and then to reduce the number of race days . following the lead given in england , racing continued , but in 1917 a special committee agreed with the government to reduce race days by a third . the racing clubs were soon active contributors to the various war funds , and a number of courses were taken over for military purposes , notably wellington ( trentham ) , wairarapa , and manawatu .\nin 1921 the appointment of racecourse inspectors was agreed to , the first appointments being a . ward , r . g . black , f . cullen , and j . torrance . all were ex - police officers . through the work of the racecourse inspectors ( who cooperate closely with the police ) , the racecourses in new zealand are kept remarkably free of undesirables and prohibited persons . the independent licensing of trainers and jockeys by each metropolitan district committee also ended in 1921 , when a licensing committee was appointed and all licences issued by the racing conference . the southland metropolitan committee was created in 1925 , all clubs in the southland province being separated from the otago district .\nfrom 1898 the affairs of the racing conference had been administered from christchurch . with the growth of racing after the first world war it was decided that the headquarters should be more central . in 1930 they were moved to wellington . the constitution of the conference was altered in 1928 when the executive committee was formed . this first consisted of the president , vice - president , and six representatives , but in 1929 this was changed to include one representative of each metropolitan district . the licensing committee and the dates committee were abolished in 1933 and their duties taken over by the executive committee .\nracing fell off during the depression of the 1930s . the racing conference was faced with many difficulties because of the plight of some of the smaller country clubs . some became defunct and their permits were taken up by other clubs . race days were again reduced during the second world war and many racecourses were taken over by the military . the restricted racing and lack of transport raised many problems , as the number of horses in training was not reduced , nor was there any loss of interest in race meetings . these were often held under great difficulties because of the military occupation of the courses being raced on . in the later years of the war the executive committee sanctioned race meetings to raise patriotic funds .\nthe conference considerably advanced steps in the interests of racing and the national bloodstock breeding industry when it set up its \u201cdope detection\u201d scheme in 1953 . racing expanded quickly in the auckland province ( especially in the waikato district ) with the great increase of population there . this led to the formation of the waikato metropolitan district in 1949 by the division of the auckland metropolitan district , then by far the largest and strongest in new zealand . there have been no changes in the metropolitan districts since . in 1962 the conference for the first time had its own building , in farish street , wellington .\nthus racing in new zealand is now controlled by the new zealand racing conference , which , consistent with its origin , is an association of the clubs registered under its rules . the racing conference does not run race meetings , as it is a purely legislative and administrative body . the year - to - year administration is done by an executive committee elected annually and comprising the president and vice - president , ex - officio , and one representative of each of the 10 metropolitan racing districts of new zealand . delegates of racing clubs meet annually in wellington in july , when legislative matters are dealt with by way of remits from the executive committee , district committees , or clubs . the racing conference registers all horses , issues all licences , administers the general trust fund ( accident fund ) , and publishes the new zealand stud book and the new zealand racing calendar . the secretary is the principal executive officer , and a staff of stipendiary stewards and racecourse inspectors attend all race meetings .\nin each metropolitan racing district a district committee generally supervises the racing in its district whether the meetings are run by totalisator , non - totalisator , or sports clubs . each district committee comprises one representative of each district totalisator club and an equal number of representatives of the senior club , which is known as the metropolitan club . each district committee must approve all programmes in its district and consider all applications for dates and licences before they are submitted with recommendations to the racing conference . it also hears all appeals against the decisions of racing club judicial committees and reviews all penalties imposed by the latter .\nthere are 71 racing clubs and 17 hunt clubs authorised to use the totalisator and a total of 259 days allocated to racing . all racing clubs are non - proprietary , and the committee and the stewards of each are elected from the club members . each racing club runs its own affairs and its own race meeting . on race day , the committee or the stewards ( or sometimes both according to the club ' s constitution ) control the meeting , and all judicial matters are dealt with by a judicial committee appointed by the club . this committee must investigate all matters submitted to it by a stipendiary steward or racecourse inspector , neither of whom has any judicial powers . most racing clubs own their own racecourses . hunt clubs do not , and they are not individually represented on a district committee .\nhow to cite this page : ' history - establishment and administration ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . \u00a9 crown copyright . 2005 - 2018 | disclaimer | isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 ministry for culture and heritage / te manat\u016b taonga\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nthe new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more \u203a\nwelcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken\nfertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .\nindeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .\nprivacy policy / terms & conditions all content \u00a9 nztr 2012 . nztr holds the copyright in all material on this site . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for visiting british eventing . to enhance the security of our site we have made some changes which your browser will not support . to continue using our site please upgrade your browser .\ncookies are small text files held on your computer . they are used so that you can place orders and we can provide a better service . continue to use the site as normal if you ' re happy with this , or find out how to manage cookies ."]}
{"id": 2017, "summary": [{"text": "emeraldella is a genus of arthropod known from the middle cambrian burgess shale .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "21 specimens of emeraldella are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise < 0.1 % of the community . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "emeraldella", "paragraphs": ["other deposits : emeraldella sp ? from the marjum formation , house range , utah , usa .\nemeraldella brocki is very rare in the walcott quarry ( less than 0 . 01 % of the community , caron and jackson , 2008 ) .\nemeraldella is a rare arthropod of relatively large body size that belongs with the trilobite - like arthropods , artiopoda . e . brutoni n . sp . from the wheeler formation of west - central utah is the second species described and marks the first confirmed occurrence of emeraldella outside the burgess shale of british columbia . an articulated , flagelliform telson , similar to that of the burgess shale taxon molaria , is recognized in emeraldella . evidence for the presence of lamellae on the exopods of molaria is presented , supporting affinity of that taxon with artiopoda . a close relationship between emeraldella and molaria is tentatively suggested , based on the morphology of tergites and telson .\nemeraldella brocki was first described by walcott ( 1912 ) . bruton and whittington ( 1983 ) restudied the material in detail , clarifying many aspects of the animal\u2019s morphology . one possible specimen of emeraldella has also been described from the marjum formation in utah ( briggs and robison , 1984 ) . further work examining the phylogenetic placement of emeraldella and the arachnomorphs has been conducted by hou and bergstr\u00f6m ( 1997 ) , wills et al . ( 1998 ) , edgecombe and ramsk\u00f6ld ( 1999 ) , budd ( 2002 ) , cotton and braddy ( 2004 ) , scholtz and edgecombe ( 2006 ) and hendricks and lieberman ( 2008 ) .\nemeraldella \u2013 from emerald lake , peak , pass , river and glacier north of burgess pass , british columbia , canada . emerald lake was named by guide tom wilson in 1882 for the remarkable deep green colour of the water .\nbruton , d . l . and h . b . whittington . 1983 . emeraldella and leanchoilia , two arthropods from the burgess shale , middle cambrian , british columbia . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london b , 300 : 553 - 582 .\nemeraldella bella is a problematic animal that also occurs in the burgess shale that is usually considered a primitive soft - bodied arthropod of uncertain class . research has also suggested that the animal belongs to a clade related to chelicerata that includes the spiders and scorpions ( araneida ) , horseshoe crabs ( xiphosura ) and the extinct sea scorpions ( eurypterida ) . this specimen is exceptional and rare in the marjum formation of utah and is shown here with both part and counterpart . emeraldella also has some similarities to parapaleomerus sinensis from the chengjiang biota .\ndescription : this unusual specimen has trilobitomorph features , and has as yet not been described in the literature . it is thought to have affinities with the burgess shale genus emeraldella . notice that the pointed telson is present , a feature not always preserved with either the trilobitomorphs or the aglaspidids of the region . notice too the strong segmentation evident in this part / counterpart example .\nemeraldella is of uncertain phylogenetic affinity due to the paucity of specimens . it was previously placed in the arachnomorphs , as closely allied either with the chelicerates ( wills et al . 1998 ; cotton and braddy , 2004 ; hendricks and lieberman , 2008 ) or the trilobites and lamellipedians ( hou and bergstr\u00f6m , 1997 ; edgecombe and ramsk\u00f6ld , 1999 ; scholtz and edgecombe , 2006 ) , but it has also been considered as a stem - lineage euarthropod ( budd , 2002 ) .\nthe trunk of emeraldella has eleven broad segments with curved , smooth margins . each segment has a pair of biramous limbs similar to the ones of the head . behind the trunk segments are two cylindrical body tergites and a long , tapering posterior spine . a dark band running the length of the trunk and into the base of the posterior spine may be the alimentary canal . in the head region , the alimentary canal is u - shaped as it leads forward and upwards from the backward - facing mouth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbrocki \u2013 for reginald walter brock , director of the geological survey of canada from 1907 to 1914 .\nlectotype \u2013 usnm 57702 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .\nmiddle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .\nthe body consists of a semicircular head shield , segmented trunk and elongated posterior spine , with total body length ( excluding spine and antennae ) ranging between 1 . 1 cm and 6 . 5 cm . with antennae and spine the entire animal would have reached up to 15 cm in length . the body is convex in cross - section and tapers along the posterior half of the trunk . the head shield is smooth , with no evidence of eyes . a pair of long , flexible antennae consisting of over 110 short segments with bristled junctions is attached to the ventral surface at the front of the head . the mouth is ventral and faces backwards . behind the antennae are five pairs of biramous limbs with a segmented inner branch and a lobed outer branch . the inner branch has six podomeres , including the gnathobase ( a robust and spiny basal podomere or segment used for crushing food items ) , four adjacent podomeres that also bear spines , and a slender terminal podomere armed with three sharp claws . the outer branch of the biramous limb is broad and has three main lobes with filaments and blades .\nthe inner branches of the biramous limbs were likely used for walking on the sea floor , especially the middle eight or nine limbs , which were longer than the posterior limbs . spines on the inner margin of the walking limbs could have been used to grasp soft prey items , and the terminal claws would push food towards the ventral gnathobases . these strong spiny plates would then shred the food and pass it along the underside of the body towards the mouth . the antennae were used to explore the environment and search for live prey or carcasses , perhaps by ploughing through the soft sediment . while the head was tilted down in the search for food , the posterior segments of the body and the posterior spine may have flexed upwards for balance . the outer limb lobes likely served as gills for respiration . the animal might have been capable of short bursts of swimming , using its broad outer limb branches to propel itself through the water using a wave - like motion .\nbriggs , d . e . g . and r . a . robison . 1984 . exceptionally preserved non - trilobite arthropods and anomalocaris from the middle cambrian of utah . the university of kansas paleontological contributions , 111 : 1 - 24 .\nbudd , g . e . 2002 . a palaeontological solution to the arthropod head problem . nature , 417 : 271 - 275 .\ncaron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .\ncotton , t . j . and s . j . braddy . 2004 . the phylogeny of arachnomorph arthropods and the origin of the chelicerata . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh - earth sciences , 94 : 169 - 193 .\nedgecombe , g . d . and l . ramsk\u00f6ld . 1999 . relationships of cambrian arachnata and the systematic position of trilobita . journal of paleontology , 73 : 263 - 287 .\nhendricks , j . r . and b . s . lieberman . 2008 . phylogenetic insights into the cambrian radiation of arachnomorph arthropods . journal of paleontology , 82 : 585 - 594 .\nhou , x . and j . bergstr\u00f6m . 1997 . arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . fossils and strata , 45 : 1 - 116 .\nscholtz , g . and g . d . edgecombe . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1912 . middle cambrian branchiopoda , malacostraca , trilobita and merostomata . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 57 : 145 - 228 .\nwills , m . a . , d . e . g . briggs , r . a . fortey , m . wilkinson , and p . h . sneath . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa . pp . 33 - 105 . in g . d . edgecombe ( ed . ) , arthropod fossils and phylogeny . columbia university press , new york .\nhou & bergstr\u00f6m , 1997 : arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . - - fossils & strata , number 45 , 22nd december 1997 , pp . 1 - 116 briggs d . e . g . , and r . a . robison . 1984 . exceptionally preserved non trilobite arthropods and anomalocaris from the middle cambrian of utah . university of kansas paleontological contributions , paper 111 : 1 - 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{"id": 2018, "summary": [{"text": "sheilas reward ( foaled 1947 in kentucky ) was an american thoroughbred champion racehorse who was voted the american champion sprint horse of 1950 and 1951 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was sired by multiple stakes winner reaping reward and out of the mare smart sheila , a daughter of 1930 american champion two-year-old colt jamestown . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sheilas reward", "paragraphs": ["with the headline : sheilas reward aqueduct victor ; driving to the wire in the bay shore handicap .\nthrough his daughter , reaping reward , jamestown was also the damsire of sheilas reward , back - to - back winner of american champion sprint horse honors in 1950 and 1951 .\nsheilas reward , mrs . louis lazare ' s reaping reward colt , who had been out of action since just missing victory in the brooklyn handicap last july , made his return to the races a victorious one yesterday . view full article in timesmachine \u00bb\nsheilas reward ( usa ) b . h , 1947 { 12 - b } dp = 4 - 6 - 0 - 8 - 2 ( 20 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 10 - 33 starts , 13 wins , 12 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 119 , 020\nthe online personal wealth awards were launched in 2014 to recognise and reward those companies who offer great service and products in the area of personal wealth .\nthe uk stock market awards reward all that is great about publicly - listed british firms , the equity market in which they operate and their enormous contribution to the uk\u2019s economy .\nhe wrote that the first \u201ccolour\u201d was washed out in the creek by john saxby , and the find kept secret until the group found out the government was offering a 500 pound reward for new goldfields .\nto be perfectly candid about it , hill prince made the lot he met in the new york handicap , accompished as they were , appear so many\ngrade b\nhorses . arcaro rode him with much confidence permitting him to drop back to last place in the run down the backstretch after having broken in front . going to the long home turn , sheilas reward , moonrush and picador were engaged in a brush for the lead when arcaro turned loose hill prince ' s head , and ' that was all he wrote . '\nit was a handicap division in which hill prince was accorded the honors , though he won only two races . and the sprinters class was fully as confused , for sheila ' s reward gained the title , while he spent most of the year racing middle distances .\nsickle ' s good son reaping reward ( br . c . 1934 out of dustwhirl by sweep ) was bred by arthur hancock of claiborne farm after hancock purchased the mare ( in foal to sickle ) from joseph widener . hancock later sold dustwhirl to calumet farm , which bred triple crown winner whirlaway ( 1938 ) from her four years later . reaping reward was sold as a yearling to ethel v . mars ' milky way stables , and both he and stablemate case ace were among the top flight of their crop as juveniles , behind division leader pompoon .\n\u201call the young men of newcastle drive down hunter st in their hot fj holdens with chrome - plated grease nipples and double - reverse overhead twin - cam door handles , sitting eight abreast in the front seat , and they lean out of the window and say real cool things to the sheilas on the footpath , like \u2018aah g\u2019day\u2019 .\nhill prince had recovered from his fissure fracture of the previous winter , at least significanly to train , though morning work - watchers reported that occasionally he gimped a bit behind . trainer ' casey ' hayes brought him along to racing fettle by easy stages and gave him a couple of prep races on long island in advance of the new york . he qualified impressively in winning the last of these tighteners , so impressively that the public made him odds - on at 4 to 5 , though he had 128 pounds and was required to concede from 9 to 21 pounds to sheilas reward , one hitter , sudan , moonrush , alderman , busanda and picador .\nthey broke the news of the find in july , 1876 , and afterwards the government delayed the reward because of the delay in making the discovery known , although one was paid after 1880 . once word of the discovery got out miners flooded the area and the population increased to 1100 , of whom 800 were miners .\nbrevity ( b . c . 1933 out of ormonda by superman ) was bred by joseph widener , and an older\nuncle\nto reaping reward , being out of dustwhirl ' s dam ormonda . at two , brevity beat snark in the champagne stakes , a performance that put him not so far behind champion tintagel in the rankings . he returned at the top of his class , briefly , at three . he won the florida derby by five legnths over dneiper , setting a new world record for the nine furlongs in 1 : 48 1 / 5 . going off as favorite for the kentucky derby , he ran into a determined bold venture , who led from start to finish , hanging on by a head at the wire .\n1st : fleetwing h . , interborough h . , select h . , flying heels h .\n2nd : new rochelle h . , swift s . , rivalry purse ( mth , 6f )\n1st : queens county h . , bay shore h . , long branch h .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nracing achievements and top 100 rankings include north american ( u . s . , canada and puerto rico ) thoroughbred races only .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\nwe are continually improving the quality of our text archives . please send feedback , error reports , and suggestions to archive _ feedback @ nytimes . com .\naccessibility concerns ? email us at accessibility @ urltoken . we would love to hear from you .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthere were no championships awarded in any official manner until 1936 , when triangle publications ( publishers of daily racing form and morning telegraph ) conducted a poll of its staff , and turf and sports digest conducted a poll from selected sports journalists . in 1950 , these were joined by the votes of racing secretaries across the country , from tracks that were members of the thoroughbred racing association . in 1954 , the thoroughbred record instituted a scoring system based on points for stakes wins . in 1971 , the eclipse awards were introduced , voted on by members of the national turf writers association , as well as racing secretaries and some daily racing form and equibase staff . in 2007 the division was split in two by gender .\nwe are currently experiencing technical difficulties . the password you have entered is incorrect . click here to get a new password there\u2019s already an agoda account for . enter your agoda password to link facebook with this account . you\u2019ll only need to do this once .\nusing a different email address for your agoda account ? click here to switch accounts .\nwe can\u2019t find an email address associated with your facebook account . please provide one so we can create your agoda account .\nwe\u2019ll create an agoda account and link it to your facebook account . after your account is created , you ' ll be able to sign in with facebook or with your agoda credentials .\nalready have an account ? click here to sign in and link it to facebook .\nyou can go to your profile at any time to change which facebook account is linked to your agoda account .\nagoda users require an email address and unfortunately we weren ' t able to find an email address on your facebook account . you can try again after adding an email address to your facebook account or register on agoda directly with your email address .\nwe weren ' t able to load the captcha test required to complete this form .\nthe passwords you provided do not match . please check that you have typed both passwords correctly .\nthe link to reset your password has been sent . please check your email .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nwhat we ' ve learned from recent kentucky derby results is that a good horse can emerge from just about anywhere in north america , in all shapes and sizes .\n- mine that bird was two - year - old champion in canada , and was dismissed at long , long odds in the 2009 derby after taking the sunland park route to louisville .\n- big brown , the 2008 derby winner , and barbaro , the 2006 kingpin , made their career debuts in turf races at saratoga and laurel , respectively .\n- smarty jones , hero of the 2004 derby , won his first two starts at philadelphia park .\n- war emblem blossomed at sportsman ' s park before earning his spot in history by prevailing in the 2002 derby .\nwill sourdough sam follow in their footsteps ? who ' s sourdough sam , you ask ? it ' s an excellent question , and i don ' t blame you if you ' ve never heard of him . the 2 - year - old gelding has never competed in a graded stakes race , actually lost his only start in stakes competition , has yet to stretch out around two turns , and has yet to earn a beyer speed figure over 90 . he ' s also marooned on an island unto itself out in northern california . but , boy has he been impressive in his first three starts .\nconditioned by dean pederson , a trainer that has won between 20 - 30 % of his starts in eight of the last nine years , sourdough sam made his career debut in a 5 1 / 2 furlong maiden special weight at golden gate fields on september 19 .\nhe broke a half - length slow from the intimidating inside post position , and soon settled in midpack while saving ground . jockey inoel beato had to check off heels at the quarter - pole while down inside , and sourdough sam was forced to alter course sharply in upper stretch to get off the rail . once clear , the gelding put his head down , and drew away from the field to win going away . his gallop - out had him ahead by about ten lengths . other than sourdough sam , eight horses came out of that race to race again . four graduated , two finished second , and one rounded out the trifecta .\npederson took a conservative route with his talented runner as he placed sourdough sam in an entry - level optional claimer at six furlongs for his second start on october 31 at golden gate . sourdough sam was outsprinted for the first quarter - mile , but began to pick up steam entering the turn . beato easily could have sent the 7 - 10 favorite four wide and around horses while clear of traffic turning for home , but he curiously stayed in to split rivals three wide in upper stretch . with a furlong remaining , sourdough sam was five lengths behind pacesetter shudacudawudya , and looked to be in deep water , but he absolutely exploded over the tapeta surface to prevail by three - quarters of a length with a final eighth in 11 . 76 ( according to formulatorweb ) .\npederson decided it was time to get some blacktype , and sourdough sam was sent off as the 3 - 2 favorite in the six - furlong golden nugget stakes at golden gate on november 21 . after breaking nicely , he settled into midpack while in and among horses , and was shuffled to the back of the pack late on the backstretch . beato then had to put on the brakes again on the turn before angling sharply to the rail at the quarter - pole . in midstretch , he altered course twice to find a clear path four off the fence , and commenced a strong late kick only to fall short to shudacudawudya . a few strides after the race , sourdough sam was clearly in front , but his 11 . 73 final eighth couldn ' t overcome the trouble he encountered in the race .\nsourdough sam is a california - bred son of decarchy , the winner of the grade 2 frank kilroe at one mile on turf in 2002 . decarchy is a daughter of blue - hen producer toussaud , making him kin to such grade 1 winners as chester house ( arlington million ) , honest lady ( santa monica handicap ) , chiselling ( secretariat stakes ) , and empire maker ( florida derby , belmont stakes , wood memorial stakes ) . toussaud herself won the grade 1 gamely handicap during her racing career .\nsourdough sam ' s dam , general luster ( by general meeting ) , has already foaled tizwar , an unlisted stakes winner at 1 5 / 16 miles at the elko county fair . the second dam , by judger , was multiple stakes - placed while the third dam , by hitting away , won the 1968 astarita stakes in new york . the fifth dam , by bull lea , was multiple stakes - placed , and is a half - sister to belmont stakes winner bounding home .\nwe ' ll find out more about john nicoletti ' s homebred , sourdough sam , this saturday as he is scheduled to compete in the gold rush stakes over one mile at golden gate .\none negative . you ' ll note that he paddles badly with his left foreleg . it will be interesting to see if that adversely affects him when he faces tougher runners .\nwith zardana ' s win in the bayakoa , did sherrifs sweep the grades stakes on the main track for older f & m for the calendar year at hollywood park ? there are only four , and i know zen won the first two . zardana won this one . did lis win the other ? tencentcielo\nnope . evita argentina won the grade 2 a gleam handicap at seven furlongs on july 18 for john sadler . instead of turning life is sweet back in distance , mr . shirreffs decided to try males a week earlier in the grade 1 hollywood gold cup at 1 1 / 4 miles .\ndan , other than althea ( who won the 1983 2yo filly eclipse while racing only in socal ) , do you know of any\nsocal race only\nhorses either before or after the breeders ' cup era who won an eclipse at any level without racing elsewhere or winning a bc race ? ack ack ( 1971 ) - sprinter and hoty can you please post his pps ? ? btw , citation raced two years in\nsocal / nocal races only\nwith nary an award given to him . compare citation 1951 vs the handicap horse award winner for that year , hill prince ( dan , another favor , can you please supply the pps . ) who do you think should have won the award in 1951 ? alan\nthese horses raced exclusively in southern california during their championship campaigns ( there have been others that raced in northern california as well as southern california . . . brown bess comes to mind ) :\ni probably would have voted for citation based on his big win in the hollywood gold cup , a\nhundred grander .\nhill prince had an up - and - down year .\nhere ' s how the legendary charles hatton saw the 1951 handicap division from his\npart i . review of 1951 races\ncolumn from the 1952 american racing manual :\nit is doubtful , to be perfectly candid about it , if 1951 will be recorded in the annals of the american turf as a particularly brilliant season in the handicap division , except for two developments . in the hollywood gold cup , mighty citation finally reached his goal of $ 1 , 000 , 000 , while his stablemate bewitch became the world ' s leading money winner of her sex , supplanting gallorette when she finished second to him . the affable h . a .\nmayor jimmy\njones saddled them for this event , and his father , ben jones , observed\nthat was about the biggest day in jim ' s life .\nit was the late warren wright ' s hope that citation ultimately would earn $ 1 , 000 , 000 and he achieved this objective , not alone because of his extreme class , but also with the help of considerable skill and patience on the part of his handlers . ' big cy ' s ' gracious owner , mrs . warren wright , announced his retirement to the stud at calumet farm immediately after the gold cup and the successful culmination of his long struggle against adversities to attain his goal . trainer jones sent him home with mixed feelings , and we can say with some confidence they were not without a certain content of relief , for citation ' s bow meant there was some possibility he would break down tragically in the course of a race . . .\n. . . each year the handicap ranks are thinned by what are called the vicissitudes of training , and this generation was no exception . hill prince and bed o ' roses were in enforced idleness for much of the season , emerging in the fall to lay claim to the handicap title and handicap mare honors . curandero , one of the best milers of recent years , went to the stud . sunglow won the widener and went wrong a few yards beyond the finish .\nhaving failed in two allowance races , citation now was pointed for stakes . in his first engagement he met nine others in the hollywood premiere handicap of $ 10 , 000 value , at six furlongs on may 11 . the public installed him the favorite at $ 1 . 15 to $ 1 and he got in with 120 , but was fifth at the end of the six furlongs , the winner turning up in the filly , special touch , who was burdened with 122 .\nthe premiere was a fast race , timed in 1 : 10 , with the first five furlongs in the smart time of : 57 3 / 5 , and citation had dropped back to ninth place at the half , then picked up some tired horses through the stretch , just missing fourth money . on analysis , it was not a bad showing for a horse whose appearance suggested he still was not at racing weight , and perhaps had not quite the same zest for the whole business which marked his earlier campaigns . as stallions age , they often lose some of their competitive instinct , and trainer jones often has told us that , in his comeback , citation occasionally showed a disinclination to snap into his work and that not only had he to be kept sound as possible , but also trained psychologically .\nthe handsome 16 - hand bay stallion ' s next public appearance came on decoration day at hollywood park , in the argonaut handicap of $ 25 , 000 added at a mile and a sixteenth . in this engagement he was ridden by f . a . smith , and showed a bit of his old sparkle . he ran coupled with bewitch and coaltown , and it is interesting that coaltown had top weight of 125 and was giving ' big cy ' four pounds . the field of ten also included be fleet at 118 , last round 110 , sturdy one 111 and old rockport at 108 . the track was fast and another tremendous throng , one of more than 58 , 000 , turned out to see citation ' s performance . the calumet trio went away at 45 cents to the dollar .\nat the break , coaltown , who was to be sacrificed on the altar of pacemaking , if need be , went into the lead and reeled off the fractions in : 45 and 1 : 10 1 / 5 , bowling along several lengths in front of be fleet , to the final turn . during this interval , citation was sandwiched between horses . smith roused him on the curve for home , swinging to the outside at considerable loss of ground as coaltown faded and left be fleet in front . citation ran at be fleet with a steady thrust through the stretch , but the crevolin four - year - old won by three lengths in a flat 1 : 42 , only two - fifths behind artillery ' s track record . the calumet strategy had failed , but citation came out of the race well and his showing was most encouraging .\ncitation now was pointed for the $ 50 , 000 added american handicap of a mile and a furlong on the fourth of july at hollywood . this event drew a crack field of nine and , presented in wonderful weather , a crowd of 54 , 700 . topweight of the group was moonrush under 125 pounds , with citation carrying 123 , be fleet 122 , all blue 112 and bewitch 106 . the three - horse calumet entry was 75 cents to the dollar . be fleet was the aggressor from the outset , dashing out of the gate in spirited style and into a narrow lead , as all blue went up to be sure he had no opportunity of loafing in front . brooks dropped citation into fifth position , but within easy striking distance of about four lengths . they swung for home with moonrush just ahead and be fleet and all blue in the lead , still at one another ' s throat . brooks drove citation on through between them and , in the final furlong , got to the front . bewitch had followed him into contention and he led the mare by a half - length in 1 : 48 2 / 5 , again coming within two - fifths of a track record , this one established by his old rival , noor .\ncitation added $ 33 , 050 to his earnings and was within striking distance of his goal . but he gave trainer jones some anxious moments after the american , when it was discovered he had what the missourian called ' a hickey ' on one hind leg . apparently he had rapped himself . of course every precaution was taken to avoid complications and the possibility he would have to miss his engagement in the $ 100 , 000 guaranteed hollywood gold cup at a mile and a quarter on july 14 . fortunately citation responded to treatment .\ngold cup day found another throng of 50 , 000 on hand , and citation , carrying 120 again , was accompanied to the post by bewitch and all blue . the topweight was be fleet under 1221 , and the field also included alderman at 104 , sturdy one 109 , sudan 104 , lotowhite 117 , akimbo 104 and tantamount at 102 . in all his previous engagements of the season , citation had been raced well bandaged , jones wishing to afford his battle - scarred running gear all the protection possible . in the paddock before the gold cup , which would place him beyond the $ 1 , 000 , 000 mark , if he could win it , jones deliberated with himself for a time and finally whipped off the bandages .\nthere was little delay at the post and citation , breaking from the extreme outside , came out of there running more like the citation of old , than in any previous race of the season . brooks permitted him to drift toward the rail going to the first turn , while all blue was on the lead , prompted by be fleet . so full of run was the calumet champion that brooks let him move into a clear advantage a half - mile from home . continuing boldly he opened up three lengths on the last turn and increased this to four , without pressure , in the run home . bewitch , under 108 , came from well off the pace for the place , a nose before be fleet , who had been a forward factor from the outset under his top impost . the time was 2 : 01 , a fifth off noor ' s track record .\nthis race netted citation $ 100 , 000 , and bewitch $ 20 , 000 . he now had brought his total to $ 1 , 085 , 760 , and bewitch simultaneously brought her total to $ 462 , 605 . nearest citation among the world ' s leading money winning horses is stymie with $ 918 , 485 , and in placing in the gold cup , bewitch supplanted gallorette as the richest of her sex , gallorette having retired with gleanings of $ 445 , 535 .\nthe gold cup proved a fitting climax to a great horse ' s career . it was hailed by the sporting press of all the racing countries over the world , and mrs . wright and the joneses received congratulatory wires and cablegrams from england to australia . citation now is at calumet farm , where this spring he begins his stud duties , at a fee of $ 5 , 000 . most breeders consider that sum quite reasonable in view of the horse ' s capabilities , the current purse distribution and yearling prices . h . a . jones once observed that a bull lea foal is ' worth $ 10 , 000 as soon as it hits the ground . ' we think it may be said with some confidence that the first citations will prove at least as desirable .\ncitation made the 1951 hollywood gold cup especially historic , but in a more competitive sense the season produced many handicap races that were more memorable as spectacles , even if they were not won by quite so remarkable a horse . . .\n. . . one of the most powerful performances , if not the outstanding effort shown by a handicap horse all season , was that hill prince gave in the $ 25 , 000 new york handicap at a mile and a furlong , at belmont park on september 29 . in fact , it was probably this race which clinched the handicap title for chris chenery ' s magnficient big bay four - year - old .\narcaro had the mount on the huge son of princquillo and hildene , and the colt stripped for the race looking extremely well bodily . he had furnished out a great deal over his three - year - old form and was a deep - bodied round - barreled strong - quartered animal . ' scares you to death just to look at him when you have to run a horse against him ,\ntrainer veitch of counterpoint commented .\nin a breathtaking furlong hill prince bounded through the entire field , moving between horses with gigantic strides , and was in front at the top of the stretch . he must have run that eighth in approximately 11 seconds , and it completely exhausted his rivals . thereafter he sauntered majestically up the stretch winner by five lengths in a flat 1 : 49 . it was a tremendous showing , and ted atkinson , who rode the runner - up , one hitter , commented : ' that horse ( hill prince ) doesn ' t just beat you . he insults you . '\nhill prince might have beaten any horse that afternoon , but there were no more afternoons like it for him during 1951 . he encountered counterpoint at the scale in the gold cup and empire cup , and was fairly beaten in consecutive starts .\nfollowing hs game but unsuccessful attempts to defeat the horse of the year , hill prince was shipped to new jersey for the mile and a furlong of the $ 50 , 000 trenton handicap on november 3 at garden state park , and was odds - on despite topweight of 130 pounds and a sloppy track . it was a sad thing to contemplate , for he broke last and , when arcaro moved on him , could only pick up tired horses , and finished fourth , five lengths off the successful call over . this four - year - old son of devil diver , racing for bedford stable and carrying only 116 , ran perhaps the best race of his career , beating inseparable and post card in a blanket finish while conceding them weight .\nhill prince obviously was ' cooked , ' and did not reappear during the late fall in the east . the new york handicap was an easy race for him , but there is no question his two hard races over big distances against counterpoint had taken the edge off his condition . after the two miles of the jockey club gold cup , arcaro ventured that he was a trifle short , and hayes countered by censuring arcaro for making much use of hill prince setting the pace . however , when he met counterpoint again in the empire cup on the same terms and counterpoint won even more decisively , any shortcomings had to be charged on the horse .\nwhat future turf historians will make of hill prince , we hesitate to guess , but he has been a champion each season he raced . there is a theory in some quarters that only for his headstrong desire to run his own kind of race instead of responding to his rider ' s wishes , hill prince would have been as formidable as citation . but those who rate him ' big cy ' s ' equal are in the minority . hill prince , on the verge of bowing in march ' 52 , retired to the stud . you are not to infer , from our reference to hill prince as ' headstrong , ' that he is either high - strung and excitable or ill - tempered . but he is difficult in the sense that if he chooses to set his own pace , there is not much else his rider can do but let him run . this can be rather costly .\nthe final vote for best handicap horse was very close . hill prince received 87 points ( 4 for first , 2 for second and 1 for third ) while citation earned 82 .\ni ' m not sure if he was the last horse to try it , but golden man , trained by richard dutrow jr . , finished third in the grade 3 long branch at monmouth on july 16 , 2005 before finishing second the very next day in the grade 3 leonard richards at delaware .\ndan , strike the tiger was wes ward ' s winner this summer at royal ascot . tvg made a pretty big deal of it , strike the tiger being the first american - trained american horse to win at royal ascot . i remember he came back and ran in a 50k stakes at colonial downs , and then i believe he ran in indiana in another minor money - added stakes race . but since then , he hasn ' t popped up in my race alerts . where ' s this talented turfer ? ? david h .\nstrike the tiger has three recent workouts at gulfstream park so should be back in action within the next month or two .\nit is great to hear that fernando jara is back in new york . i cashed a pick four when he rode schemer to victory at saratoga in 2004 . there was a thunder storm but they ran the race on the turf anyways . by the way , would you post schemer ' s past performances . thanks . robert ginnerty\nhg162 3 - rule looms heads above this field if he doesn ' t bounce , which is unlikely for only four races . 2 - uhohbango will be underbet because of the az breeding and the fact he ran a 102 beyer at prm . 5 - litigation risk has two good races and his maiden win was solid . tgrainer knows his stuff . 7 - oak motte - should be in the mix at the end . the bet : $ 15 trifecta 3 / 2 , 5 , 7 / 2 , 5 , 7 for $ 90 $ 10 exacta 3 with 2 . i have no confidence in 4 grand slam andre thanks to sharpies van savant and annie i am adjusting my $ 90 trifecta bet in hg162 as follows : 3 / 2 , 5 , 8 / 2 , 5 , 8 . the $ 10 exacta 3 / 2 is the same . thanks again . ray\ncongrats to ray flack for finishing first in last week ' s handigambling exercise . he selects the fifth race at calder on friday for this week ' s race . here are the past performances :\nremember that you have a mythical $ 100 with which to wager on the race , and the entrant with the highest money total will receive a\nmonthly enhanced 60 - card past performance plan .\nanyone going over the $ 100 limit will be disqualfied . in the event of a tie , the earliest post gets first preference .\ni know that there is a time issue for some of you , but let ' s rememember why we began the handigambling races in the first place . the goal was to share ideas on why we like these horses , and why we ' re betting on them the way we are . i ' m not asking for a novel , but if you could spare a sentence or two outlining your handicapping angles , and thought processes about wagering , it would be appreciated .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\ninjured , jamestown did not start again until may 27 of 1931 , when the then three - year - old won the tournament handicap at belmont park . three days later , the colt won the withers stakes at belmont park , and on june 9 at the same track won the colin purse . four days after that , jamestown raced again , finishing third to winner twenty grand in the belmont stakes . after running third in the june 25th shelvin stakes against inferior competition , jamestown was rested and did not race again in 1931 .\ntook over as head trainer of the widener stable . for mulholland , the five - year - old jamestown won the capitol handicap at\njamestown was retired to stud duty for the 1934 season at his owner ' s erdenheim farm in montgomery county , pennsylvania , but the following year widener relocated him to his old kenney farm in lexington , kentucky .\noverall , jamestown met with reasonable success as a stallion , siring eighteen stakes race winners . among his sons were excellent runners such as :\njamestown died at age twenty - five in 1953 and is buried in the old kenney farm ' s equine cemetery .\nsaratoga special won by jamestown - victor , acclaimed new juvenile champion , sets record for stake before 20 , 000 . equipoise finishes second trails by 3 lengths , with sun meadow third - - winner runs six furlongs in 1 - 11 2 - 5 . whichone scores easily , has 4 - length margin on marine in the whitney - - jolly roger first in steeplechase . whichone rewards owner . workman alert at barrier . saratoga special won by jamestown crumpler ' s bid misses . - article - urltoken\nc . v . whitney colt beats jamestown - scores by three lengths to break jack high ' s mark of 1 - 35 made in 1930 . pays $ 3 . 80 in mutuels victor , with workman up , spurts in stretch to gain fifth triumph of season . volette cuts track time runs five and a half furlongs in 1 - 04 4 - 5 and tred avon snaps seven - furlong record . - article - urltoken\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbrown colt , 1924 - 1943 . by phalaris - selene by chaucer darley arabian sire line : phalaris branch . family 6 - e .\nthe stallion ' s first crop included three stakes winners - - the good filly versicle ( b . f . 1930 out of verdict by shogun ) , also sickle moon and prairie moon . at two , versicle won the prince of wales ' s plate , home - bred plate ( york ) , holiday plate ( sandown ) , and stud produce stakes ( newmarket ) . at three , she won the ribblesdale stakes ( ascot , beating solenoid and dastur ) , and knowsley dinner stakes ) .\nsickle ' s best racing son , stagehand ( b . c . 1935 out of stagecraft by fair play ) , was bred by joseph e . widener , who sold him at two to maxwell howard . widener also bred and raced the older brother sceneshifter , who ran second in the belmont stakes and placed in several other good races . like sceneshifter , stagehand came into hand late , being a non - winner at two , but bloomed over the winter as a three - year - old . he broke his maiden , and scored in two more races prepping for the santa anita derby , which he also won , beating dauber and sun egret . against older horses in the santa anita handicap , stagehand , carrying only 100 pounds , closed strongly to beat the older seabiscuit ( with 130 ) by a nose . third in the derby trial ( to the chief and lawrin ) .\nsickle ' s other champion son , star pilot ( br . c . 1943 out of floradora by bull dog ) , was bred by coldstream stud , and sold as a yearling for $ 26 , 000 . he was the favorite of 19 two - year - olds purchased by mrs . elizabeth n . graham early in 1945 . considered inferior to his stablemate , the filly beaugay , who was voted both champion two - year - old filly and champion two - year - old , star pilot was the leading male in his age group with six wins in a dozen starts . victory in the futurity stakes came at the expense of beaugay , who was undefeated up to this point , but with a questionable ankle , led until deep stretch when she broke down and crashed through the inside rail . star pilot inherited the win when he otherwise would have run second .\nwidener returned unbreakable to elmendorf to stand alongside his sire in 1940 . built even more for speed than sickle , with a long body , low withers , and powerful hindquarters , he had slightly sickle hocks and was somewhat back at the knee as well . unbreakable wasn ' t a patch on his sire as a stallion , getting 216 foals but only 13 stakes winners . the best of these was preakness winner and champion sprinter polynesian ( later sire of native dancer , barbizon , alanesian , etc . ) , but he also got the useful california runner sturdy one ( $ 202 , 970 ) , the handicapping gelding kaster ( $ 186 , 635 ) , and manyunk ( $ 165 , 225 ) . unbreakable ' s daughter pandora became a useful broodmare .\nbeautiful and feminine misty isle ( ch . f . 1938 out of seven pines by haste ) was the best daughter of sickle bred by joseph e . widener , out of a homebred mare by his homebred haste . although never a champion , she may have been the best filly of her crop . she was extremely sound and started 28 times in the two years she raced , winning eleven , second nine times , and third four times , earning $ 50 , 770 . at two , misty isle was ranked behind champion level best and earnings leader valdina myth , but still managed to win or place in 10 stakes . her victories included the important matron stakes , hyde park stakes , and lafayette stakes .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken by ancestry . all rights reserved . terms and conditions \u00b7 privacy statement \u00b7 site map \u00b7 contact\njavascript required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without javascript enabled . you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings . learn how to enable it .\ncookies required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without cookies enabled . you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nto select mutliple items , hold down ctrl ( on windows ) or command ( on mac ) and click the desired items .\n{ title : ' new castle tribune . ( chappaqua , n . y . ) 1927 - ? ? ? ? , july 21 , 1950 , page 8 , image 8 ' , download _ links : [ { link : ' urltoken ' , label : ' application / rss + xml ' , meta : ' news about nys historic newspapers - rss feed ' , } , { link : ' / lccn / sn92061718 / 1950 - 07 - 21 / ed - 1 / seq - 8 / png / ' , label : ' image / png ' , meta : ' ' , } , { link : ' / lccn / sn92061718 / 1950 - 07 - 21 / ed - 1 / seq - 8 . pdf ' , label : ' application / pdf ' , meta : ' ' , } , { link : ' / lccn / sn92061718 / 1950 - 07 - 21 / ed - 1 / seq - 8 / ocr . xml ' , label : ' application / xml ' , meta : ' ' , } , { link : ' / lccn / sn92061718 / 1950 - 07 - 21 / ed - 1 / seq - 8 / ocr . txt ' , label : ' text / plain ' , meta : ' ' , } , ] }\nabout new castle tribune . ( chappaqua , n . y . ) 1927 - ? ? ? ?\na comprehensive daily news service of over 300 market and company stories from our own stockmarketwire team and the rns .\nsince 2001 the shares awards have recognised the high quality of service and products from companies in the world of retail investment as voted for by shares ' readers .\nthe uk forex awards celebrate the best performing companies in the uk forex markets . the awards are voted for by forex traders and the private investment community .\njoin shares and aj bell for an evening of investment inspiration and get to meet the decision makers behind some of the uk\u2019s fastest growing listed companies . . . .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue without changing your settings , we ' ll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies from this website . if you would like to change your preferences you may do so by following the instructions here .\nwelcome to the hunter : glory days , a countdown of 101 of the memorable moments in the hunter\u2019s history .\nglory , according to the dictionary , is \u201cexalted praise , honour or distinction , an object of pride , a state of splendour , magnificence or great prosperity\u201d .\nthe hunter has seen many days that could be described with these words , from celebrations of the end of war , moments of discovery , sporting achievements , historic undertakings and accomplishments across fields including industry , arts and commerce .\nmany such moments are mentioned in this magazine , but for every one here there are thousands more that occur in the region every day .\nfor every world champion here , there are others who play sport to the best of their ability , making the valley the home of champions that it is .\nfor every musician , painter and artist here , there are more who make the hunter a hotbed of the arts . for every person who makes it to the top , there are others who toil in valuable lives .\nfor every innovation , industry and golden moment on these pages , there are more that have made the region what it is today .\nthe american author ernest hemingway wrote in a style he referred to as \u201cthe iceberg approach\u201d .\nin his theory , seven - eighths of a story is \u201cunderwater\u201d for every part that shows , so the reader is only getting a small portion of a bigger picture , but still gets the feel of the big picture .\nthis magazine is the hunter in iceberg theory . just as the visible tip of an iceberg masks a greater mass beneath , these 101 tips of the hunter \u201ciceberg\u201d hide a bulk unseen but , hopefully , felt .\nwelcome to the hunter : glory days , a countdown of 101 of the memorable moments in the hunter\u2019s history that have led it to this place and time .\nthe hunter : glory days was originally published in june 2012 and written by former herald editor , the late chris watson . each week we ' ll add to the countdown .\nworld war ii is over : phyllis mook and flo dillon danced vp day away surrounded by a huge crowd in hunter st .\nin the early afternoon of wednesday , august 15 , 1945 , an estimated 100 , 000 people crammed into the city area of newcastle to celebrate and dance in the streets : world war ii was over .\nin a hunter valley coalmine a wheeler heard the news and sent skips into the mine chalked on the side with : \u201cofficial . the bastards have chucked it . \u201d\nwhen the news reached the dyke on newcastle harbour , men rushed to catch the ferry while others couldn\u2019t wait and dived , fully clothed , into the harbour to swim to the city .\nmen working on the railway bridge across the hawkesbury river made sure train travellers got the message .\non each of the bridge spans they chalked \u201cjapan surrenders\u201d and \u201cwar over . \u201d\npeople poured out of shops which closed their doors and remained closed for days . industries closed with their workers heading for the city .\nwomen in hunter street got out flags out to celebrate the end of world war ii .\nafter the announcement \u2013 made by prime minister ben chifley and relayed to hunter st \u2013 radio 2ko began playing dance music and in a flash hunter st , between bolton and newcomen streets , turned into a huge outdoor dance hall , where one of the lasting images of vp - day is the news photograph of phyllis mook and flo dillon doing a celebratory dance .\nmook , a well - known dancer in newcastle remembered for her performances at the palaise royale , died in 2009 , but her daughter , teresa purnell , told the herald some time ago that her mother had been at her grandfather\u2019s fruit shop at swansea when news of the war\u2019s end broke .\n\u201cthey drove to town in the table - top truck , with mum on the back waving the chinese flag , \u201d she said . \u201cthe town went mad and mum danced all afternoon . \u201d\ntrains , buses and trams in and out of the city were packed , with many people walking into town . men played football in and out of the city crowds using a kerosene tin for a football , flags and bunting appeared on shops , buildings and ships in the harbour , while confetti rained from office windows on a victory parade .\nthousands attended a special service in king edward park , many going on to an evening of sports and entertainment at newcastle sports ground .\nmilkmen concerned about interruption to deliveries by revellers asked the army to provide them with a military escort , and by nightfall newcastle was ringed with bonfi res on the hills at merewether , new lambton and waratah .\nthe newcastle morning herald report the next day had one of the largest headings ever used by the newspaper at that time : \u201cjapan ordered to cease fire , macarthur calls envoy to manila . \u201d\n\u201cmanila , august 15 . general douglas macarthur , who is to receive the japanese surrender on behalf of the allied powers , has directed the tokio authorities to order an immediate cessation of hostilities by japanese forces .\n\u201che fixed the date and hour of cessation , said that allied forces would be directed to stop fighting when this had been done .\n\u201ctokio radio at 4pm ( tokio time ) said an imperial order to cease fire was expected soon , but that allied warships should stay clear of japanese home waters until then in order to avoid any untoward incident .\n\u201cthe japanese government has been instructed to send an envoy , with service advisers , to manila to receive instructions on the carrying into effect of the surrender terms .\n\u201con his arrival , the japanese representative must present a document , authenticated by the emperor , providing him with the power to receive in the name of the emperor , the japanese government , and imperial headquarters the allied requirements . \u201d the front page also had a small panel with the headline :\nthe six years\u2019 war \u201cworld war i . ( august 4 , 1914 \u2013 november 11 , 1918 ) lasted four years and 99 days ."]}
{"id": 2019, "summary": [{"text": "oikopleura dioica is a species of small pelagic tunicate found in the surface waters of most of the world 's oceans .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is used as a model organism in research into developmental biology . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "oikopleura dioica", "paragraphs": ["three kinds of long - distance cell migrations were identified in oikopleura dioica larvae .\ndevelopment of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages .\nretention efficiency of 0 . 2 to 6 \u00b5m particles by the appendicularians oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis\noikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo .\ndevelopment of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages . - pubmed - ncbi\nzur feinstruktur der chorda dorsalis niederer chordaten dendrodoa grossularia ( v . beneden ) und oikopleura dioica ( fol . )\noikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo . - pubmed - ncbi\nlife cycle figure : the appendicularian oikopleura dioica is an abundant pan - global zooplankton that retains a tadpole form throughout its life cycle .\nwyatt , t . , 1973 . the biology of oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis in the southern bight . marine biology , 22 : 1378 - 158 .\nnishida h ( 2008 ) . development of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica : culture , genome , and cell lineages . dev growth differ . 50 , 239 - 256 . link\nwyatt , t . the biology of oikopleura dioica and fritillaria borealis in the southern bight . mar . biol . , v . 22 , p . 137 - 158 , 1973 . [ links ]\nthese data will be published in : conley kr , sutherland kr ( in revision ) particle shape impacts export and fate in the ocean through interactions with a globally abundant appendicularian , oikopleura dioica . plos one , fig . 6\nsato , r . ; tanaka , y . ; ishimaru , t . house production by oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) under laboratory conditions . j . plankton res . , v . 23 , p . 415 - 423 , 2001 . [ links ]\ncoverage of oikopleura genes by whole - genome shotgun data , measured by the coverage of a non - redundant collection of expressed sequence tags .\nfig . 3 . chordate phylogeny . o . dioica belongs to the larvacean class inside the urochordate subphylum , sister group of vertebrates .\njean - marie bouquet , endy spriet , christofer troedsson , helen otter\u00e5 , daniel chourrout , eric m . thompson ; culture optimization for the emergent zooplanktonic model organism oikopleura dioica , journal of plankton research , volume 31 , issue 4 , 1 april 2009 , pages 359\u2013370 , urltoken\nomotezako , t . , onuma , t . a . , nishida , h . , 2015 . dna interference : dna - induced gene silencing in the appendicularian oikopleura dioica . proc . r . soc . b 282 , 20150435 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2015 . 0435\ncapitanio , f . ; esnal , g . b . vertical distribution of the maturity stages of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in the frontal system off vald\u00e9s peninsula , argentina . bull . mar . sci . , v . 63 , p . 531 - 539 , 1998 . [ links ]\nuye , s . ; ichino , s . seasonal variations in abundance , size composition , biomass and production of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata : appendicularia ) in a temperate eutrophic inlet . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . , v . 189 , p . 1 - 11 , 1995 . [ links ]\no . dioica is the only species of appendicularian to have separate sexes ; others are hermaphrodites . they secrete mucus filtering structures called houses , which are used to trap small particles . o . dioica builds as many as six houses per day ; they can be found in high numbers . they are filter feeders .\nnakamura , y . ; suzuki , k . ; suzuki , s . ; hiromi , j . production of oikopleura dioica ( appendicularia ) following a picoplankton ' bloom ' in a eutrophic coastal area . j . plankton res . , v . 19 , n . 1 , p . 113 - 124 , 1997 . [ links ]\ncapitanio , f . ; marschoff , e . r . ; esnal , g . b . distribution and characterization of the maturity stages of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in the area of peninsula vald\u00e9s , argentina . iheringia , s\u00e9r . zool . , v . 79 , p . 59 - 66 , 1995 . [ links ]\nbouquet , j . m . , spriet , e . , troedsson , c . , otter , h . , chourrout , d . , thompson , e . m . , 2009 . culture optimization for the emergent zooplanktonic model organism oikopleura dioica . j . plankton res . 31 , 359\u2013370 . doi : 10 . 1093 / plankt / fbn132\nlombard , f . ; renaud , f . ; sainsbury , c . ; sciandra , a . ; gorsky , g . appendicularian ecophysiology . i . food concentration dependent clearance rate , assimilation efficiency , growth and reproduction of oikopleura dioica . j . mar . sys . , v . 78 , p . 606 - 616 , 2009 . [ links ]\nsato , r . ; ishibashi , y . ; tanaka , y . ; ishimaru , t . ; dagg , m . j . productivity and grazing impact of oikopleura dioica ( tunicata , appendicularia ) in tokio bay . j . plankton res . , v . 30 , n . 3 , p . 299 - 309 , 2008 . [ links ]\ntroedsson , c . ; bouquet , j . m . ; aksnes , d . l . ; thompson , e . m . resource allocation between somatic growth and reproductive output in the pelagic chordate oikopleura dioica allows opportunistic response to nutritional variation . mar . ecol . prog . ser . , v . 243 , p . 83 - 91 , 2002 . [ links ]\nsutherland , kelly ( 2017 ) particle tracking from the appendicularian oikopleura dioica feeding behavior experiments conducted in 2016 at the sars centre for marine molecular biology in bergen , norway ( mucus net filter feeders project ) . biological and chemical oceanography data management office ( bco - dmo ) . dataset version 2017 - 07 - 19 [ if applicable , indicate subset used ] . urltoken [ access date ]\nganot p , moosmann - schulmeister a and thompson em ( 2008 ) . oocyte selection is concurrent with meiosis resumption in the coenocystic oogenesis of oikopleura . dev biol . 324 , 266 - 276 . link\ndifferences in o . dioica size structure in homogeneous and stratified sections of the front were analyzed using the chi - square test to compare the surface and bottom layers . a spearman correlation test was used to study the relationship between o . dioica and e . anchoita abundance distribution and temperature , trunk length and egg production . statistica 6 . 0 and infostat packages were used for data analysis .\nit is our hope that the data and protocols provided in this manuscript will facilitate other investigators in adopting this important , fascinating , emergent model organism , o . dioica , in their own research .\nwe have tested various combinations of the following algae in the culture of o . dioica : chaetoceros calcitrans , emiliana huxleyi , isochrysis sp . , rhinomonas reticulata , synechococcus sp . , tetraselmis suecica and thalassiosira pseudomonas . those retained produced satisfactory results in the culture of o . dioica and could themselves be cultured reliably over long time periods . reference features of the selected algae are summarized in table i .\nganot p , bouquet jm , kalles\u00f8e t and thompson em ( 2007 ) . the oikopleura coenocyst , a unique chordate germ cell permitting rapid , extensive modulation of oocyte production . dev biol . 302 , 591 - 600 . link\nganot p , kalles\u00f8e t and thompson em ( 2007 ) . the cytoskeleton organizes germ nuclei with divergent fates and asynchronous cycles in a common cytoplasm during oogenesis in the chordate oikopleura . dev biol . 302 , 577 - 590 . link\nentre os tunicados , as pequenas apendicul\u00e1rias planct\u00f4nicas geralmente compreendem uma fra\u00e7\u00e3o significativa do mesozoopl\u00e2ncton nos sistemas frontais . foi estudada a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o ( vertical e espacial ) durante o ver\u00e3o de 2011 de oikopleura dioica , em termos de abund\u00e2ncia , biomassa , estimativa da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de ovos e estrutura da popula\u00e7\u00e3o em diferentes setores da frente costeiro de el rinc\u00f3n , segundo os gradientes de temperatura e salinidade . picos de abund\u00e2ncia de larvas de engraulis anchoita foram comparados com os padr\u00f5es de o . dioica . as amostras foram coletadas com redes planct\u00f4nicas de 67 e 200 \u00b5 m em duas profundidades , acima e abaixo da termoclina . tamb\u00e9m foram registrados perfis de dados obtidos com ctd . durante essa campanha , aguas de alta salinidade foram predominantes na \u00e1rea estuarina . no entanto , foi encontrada uma estratifica\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica , sendo mais acentuado nas esta\u00e7\u00f5es externas da frente , onde as maiores densidades e biomassa de o . dioica foram registradas , coincidindo tamb\u00e9m com as maiores densidades de larvas de e . anchoita . a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de tamanhos de o . dioica tamb\u00e9m foi associada ao gradiente t\u00e9rmico . os menores tamanhos foram encontrados na regi\u00e3o mais homog\u00eanea da costa , onde a temperatura apresentou cerca de 22\u00bac . essa frente \u00e9 um ambiente prop\u00edcio para a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de o . dioica o que favorece tamb\u00e9m o aumento da sobreviv\u00eancia e o crescimento de muitas esp\u00e9cies de pequenos peixes pel\u00e1gicos , tais como e . anchoita .\nedvardsen , r . b . , seo , h . c . , jensen , m . f . , mialon , a . , mikhaleva , j . , bjordal , m . , cartry , j . , reinhardt , r . , weissenbach , j . , wincker , p . , chourrout , d . , 2005 . remodelling of the homeobox gene complement in the tunicate oikopleura dioica . curr . biol . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cub . 2004 . 12 . 010\nseo , h . c . , edvardsen , r . b . , maeland , a . d . , bjordal , m . , jensen , m . f . , hansen , a . , flaat , m . , weissenbach , j . , lehrach , h . , wincker , p . , reinhardt , r . , chourrout , d . , 2004 . hox cluster disintegration with persistent anteroposterior order of expression in oikopleura dioica . nature 431 , 67\u201371 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature02709\nthis dataset contains data related to feeding behavior of the appendicularian oikopleura d ioica . the data include fluid direction and particle orientation of beads suspended in fluid filtered by o . d ioica . the experiments took place in 2016 at the sars centre for marine molecular biology in bergen , norway .\nsampling of oikopleura dioica at rosslandspollen over a 6 - year period . recordings are given from 0 to 25 m depth for ( a ) temperature ( \u00b0c ) ; ( b ) salinity ( \u00b0 / oo ) and ( c ) number of animals collected . the black curves on each plot represent estimations of turbidity using visibility of the top of the white plankton net as a measure . months are indicated on the abscissa with 1 to 12 corresponding to january to december . ( d ) plot of the number of animals collected per month from 2001 to 2006 .\nusing appropriate techniques , we have studied in detail the structure and functions of the house of the appendicularian oikopleura dioica fol , 1872 . in particular , we describe the structure of the inlet funnel , the reinforcing chamber on each side of the tail chamber and its function , the role and the structure of the valves located between the dorsal and water exit chambers and the structure and the role of the exit sphincter . in conclusion , we show that in addition to filtration of particles , movement of the tail also helps location of a favorable particulate environment in the sea .\nmart\u00ed - solans , j . , ferr\u00e1ndez - rold\u00e1n , a . , godoy - mar\u00edn , h . , badia - ramentol , j . , torres - aguila , n . p . , rodr\u00edguez - mar\u00ed , a . , bouquet , j . m . , chourrout , d . , thompson , e . m . , albalat , r . , ca\u00f1estro , c . , 2015 . oikopleura dioica culturing made easy : a low - cost facility for an emerging animal model in evodevo . genesis 53 , 183\u2013193 . doi : 10 . 1002 / dvg . 22800\nthe distribution pattern of o . dioica has been closely studied in the northern argentine sea ( eg . capitanio et al . , 2008 and di mauro et al . , 2009 ) where the highest densities and biomasses have been observed at the estuarine front of the\nla plata\nriver ( 34\u00bas ) during spring - summer . to date , this kind of study on the el rinc\u00f3n frontal system has been rare . during winter , vi\u00f1as et al . ( 1999 ) found a higher biomass of zooplankters near the 50m isobath , associated with salinity values between 33 . 1 and 33 . 5 , the small copepod , appendicularian and lamellibranch larvae predominating . during spring , di mauro et al . ( 2009 ) reported a minimum salinity value of 33 near the coast , followed by an area of highly saline waters around 33 . 8 near the 50 m isobath where o . dioica was predominant . the vertical and spatial distributions of o . dioica , in terms of abundance , biomass and population structure in the different sectors of el rincon frontal system , were studied in relation to thermal and salinity gradients . as it is well known that this species is one of the main food items of e . anchoita in many coastal sectors of the argentine sea ( vi\u00f1as ; ramirez , 1996 ; capitanio et al . , 1997 ; spinelli et al . , 2012 ) , the distribution of o . dioica at this front was analyzed in relation to the northern anchovy larvae peaks of abundance .\nwe thank a . adoutte for advice throughout the course of this work ; r . aasland , m . schartl , t . stach and e . thompson for their comments at several stages of manuscript preparation ; and the personnel of the oikopleura culture facility for technical support . funding was provided by the research council of norway and the university of bergen in the frame of the sars centre \u2013 embl partnership contract .\nthe year 2010 was characterized by\nla ni\u00f1a\n, which could explain the decrease in the river ' s flow as this event generates lower rainfall ( urltoken ) . according to spinelli et al . ( 2009 ) , in the estuarine front of the la plata river ( 34\u00bas ) the salinity was the main factor driving the species composition of appendicularians , but in this study of the el rincon coastal front only o . dioica was found and no salinity gradient was detected .\nfunctional approaches of gene knockdown or inhibition are amenable . the syncytial gonad of females is easy to inject with rnai , morpholinos or even , the recent discovered dnai ( yes , dsdna rather dsrna of your target gene\u2026cheap and effective ) , obtaining a massive generation of knockdown embryos ( omotezako et al . , 2015 ) . moreover , permeability and small size of o . dioica embryos allow us to easily treat them with drugs or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways to modify their developmental programs .\nwe acknowledge g . - a . paffenh\u00f6fer and r . fenaux for their pioneering work in the culturing and study of appendicularia . we thank g . gorsky for expert advice in initiating our o . dioica culture and d . eversen for her help with algal culture . we thank the crews of r / v hans brattstr\u00f8m and r / v aurelia , for help in collecting field animals . finally , we thank the technical staff of the sars centre appendicularian culture facility and the ilab personnel for their continued efforts .\nfig . 6 . embryo development in o . dioica is very fast . ( a ) two cell estage embryo 30 minutes post fertilization . ( b - d ) from 2 to 4 hours post fertilization ( hpf ) we can identify the tailbud stage in which the embryo resides inside the corion . ( e - h ) at 4 hpf the embryo leaves the corion and became a swimming larvae during the hatchling stages . ( i ) the metamorphosis , that only consist in a 180\u00ba rotation of the tail , takes place 9 hpf giving rise to the tailshift embryo . ( j ) adult animal of 2 days of life . ( k ) adult animals of 5 days of life . the female gonad contains hundreds of eggs , the male gonad is dark and contains the sperm .\nto examine growth rates of the algal strains , cultures were inoculated with an initial cell density of 2 . 5\u00d710 4 cells ml \u22121 . sampling for optical density measurement was carried out twice on the first day and then once per day thereafter ( fig . 3 ) . growth rates ( k ) and doubling times ( t 2 ) during the linear portion of the exponential growth curves were calculated as indicated in the figure legend . cell densities of isochrysis sp . and c . calcitrans increased rapidly with a minor lag phase , whereas r . reticulata grew less rapidly . for routine use in the feeding of o . dioica , minimum cell densities of 1\u00d710 6 cells ml \u22121 were reached after 48 h for isochrysis and 72 h for c . calcitrans . for r . reticulata , a minimum density of 5\u00d710 5 cells ml \u22121 was attained after 96 h . based on these growth curves and to ensure optimal nutritive quality of the algae , cultures used for feeding were discarded after a maximum of 168 h for isochrysis and c . calcitrans ( \u22485\u20136\u00d710 6 cells ml \u22121 ) , and 264 h for r . reticulata ( \u22482\u00d710 6 cells ml \u22121 ) .\ndistribution lower north shore , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as the cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to . . .\ndistribution lower north shore , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as the cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to cape ray , nl . . ) , western slope of newfoundland , including the southern part of the strait of belle isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of newfoundland ; southwestern slope of nl . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( 2001 ) . appendicularia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbrunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfenaux , r . ( 1973 ) . appendicularians from the indian ocean , red sea and the persian gulf . p . 409 - 414 in : zeitchel , b . & s . a . gerlach ( eds ) , the biology of the indian ocean . ecological studies vol . 3 . jacobs , j . , o . l . lange , j . s . olson & w . wieser ( eds ) chapman & hall ltd . [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfenaux , r . , q . bone , and d . deibel . 1998 . appendicularian distribution and zoogeography , p . 251 - 264 . in q . bone [ ed . ] , the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nkott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncastellanos , i . a ; su\u00e1rez - morales , e . ( 2009 ) . appendicularia ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1217\u20131221 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsoetaert , k . ; van rijswijk , p . ( 1993 ) . spatial and temporal patterns of the zooplankton in the westerschelde estuary . marine ecology progress series . 97 : 47 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nchen , q . c . ( 1982 ) . the marine zooplankton of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : 789 - 799 . [ details ]\nin this species the sexes are separated ( which is not the case in all other known species of appendicularia ) .\nare small and spherica . the right stomach lobe forms a cloacal sac behind the entrance to the\n) is usually between 0 . 5 and 1 . 0 mm but may reach 1 . 3 mm .\nwaters and estuaries . also in wadden sea , kattegat and w baltic ( occasionally e baltic also ) .\nspecies from warm and temperate waters . atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . also present in mediterranean sea and red sea . from all appendicularia ,\nb\u00fcckmann , a . and h . kapp , 1975 . taxonomic characters used for the distinction of species of appendicularia . mitteilungen aus dem hamburgischen zoologischen museum und institut , 72 : 201 - 228 .\nfenaux , r . , 1967 . les appendiculaires des mers d ' europe et du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en . faune de l ' europe et du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en , 2 . masson et cie . , paris . 116 pp . , 57 figs .\nfenaux , r . , 1998 . the classification of appendicularia . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 295 - 306 .\nflood , p . r . and d . deibel , 1998 . the appendicularian house . in : q . bone ( ed . ) , 1998 . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . pp 105 - 124 .\nfraser , j . h . , 1981 . british pelagic tunicates . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , no . 20 . cambridge university press , cambridge . 57 pp .\nlohmann , h . , 1896 . die appendicularien der plankton - expedition . ergebnisse der plankton - expedition der humbolt - stiftung 1889 . bd . 2 , ec . verlag lipsius und tischer , leipzig . pp 1 - 148 , 20 plates , 3 maps .\nlohmann , h . , 1901 . die appendicularien . nordisches plankton , 2 ( 3 ) : 11 - 21 . lipsius & tischer , kiel . ( reprint asher & co . , amsterdam , 1964 ) .\nnewell , g . e . and newell , r . c . , 1977 . marine plankton , a practical guide . hutchinson and co . , london . 225 pp .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\noral gland precursor migrates as a 4 - nuclei syncytium and separates into two cells .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nwarm - temperate waters in atlantic , indian and pacific oceans , mediterranean and red seas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmart\u00ed - solans j 1 , ferr\u00e1ndez - rold\u00e1n a , godoy - mar\u00edn h , badia - ramentol j , torres - aguila np , rodr\u00edguez - mar\u00ed a , bouquet jm , chourrout d , thompson em , albalat r , ca\u00f1estro c .\ndepartament de gen\u00e8tica and institut de recerca de la biodiversitat ( irbio ) , universitat de barcelona , barcelona , 08028 , spain .\ndepartment of biological sciences , graduate school of science , osaka university , 1 - 1 machikaneyama - cho , toyonaka , osaka 560 - 0043 , japan . hnishida @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsearch using a sequence name , gene name , locus , or other landmark . the wildcard character * is allowed\n8 horas de musica de meditacion , dormir , spa , estudio , zen , reflexion , descansar .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\npaup * 4 . 0 . : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nalldredge al ( 1975 ) quantitative natural history and ecology of appendicularians and discarded appendicularian houses . ph . d . thesis , university of california davis , pp 1\u2013152\nchamisso a von , eysenhart c ( 1821 ) de animalibus quibusquam e classe vermium linneana , in circumnavigatione terrae , auspicante comite n . romanzoff - duce ottone de kotzebue , annis 1815\u20131818 , peracta , observatio . nova acta leopold carol 2 : 543\u2013574\nfol , 1872 . description et chronologie . ann inst oceanogr paris 52 : 89\u2013101\nfenaux r ( 1985 ) rhythm of secretion of oikopleurid ' s houses . bull mar sci 37 : 498\u2013503\nfenaux r , gorsky g ( 1979 ) techniques d ' \u00e9levage des appendiculaires . ann inst oceanogr paris 55 : 195\u2013200\nfenaux r , gorsky g ( 1985 ) nouvelles techniques d ' \u00e9levage des appendiculaires . rapp comm int mer m\u00e9dit 29 : 291\u2013292\nflood pr ( 1978 ) filters characteristics of appendicularian food catching nets . experientia 34 : 173\u2013175\nfol h ( 1872 ) etudes sur les appendiculaires du d\u00e9troit de messine . m\u00e9m soc phys gen\u00e8ve 21 : 445\u2013499\nj\u00f8rgensen cb ( 1966a ) biology of suspension feeding . pergamon press , oxford , pp 1\u2013357\nj\u00f8rgensen cb ( 1966b ) in : ecology of invertebrates . by w . t . edmondson . proceedings of the third international interdisciplinary conference . mar biol 3 : 107\u2013116\nklaatsch h ( 1895 ) ueber kernver\u00e4nderungen im ektoderm der appendicularien bei der geh\u00e4usebildung . morphol jb 23 : 142\u2013144\nlohmann h ( 1899a ) das geh\u00e4use der appendicularien nach seiner bildungsweise , seinem bau und seiner funktion . zool anz 22 : 206\u2013214\nlohmann h ( 1899b ) das geh\u00e4use des appendicularien , sein bau , seine funktion und seine entstehung . schr naturwiss ver schleswig - holstein 11 : 347\u2013407\n. in : k\u00fckenthal w , krumbach t ( hrsg ) handbuch der zoologie . de gruyter , berlin 5 : 1\u2013202\nswaison g ( 1892 ) a new form of appendicularian \u201chaus\u201d . int j micr nat sci 6 : 34\u201336\nall data sets are licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( cc by 4 ) . per the cc by 4 license it is understood that any use of the data set will properly acknowledge the individual ( s ) listed above using the suggested data citation . if you wish to use this data set , it is highly recommended that you contact the original principal investigator ( s ) ( pi ) . should the relevant pi be unavailable , please contact bco - dmo ( info @ bco - dmo . org ) for additional guidance . for general guidance please see the bco - dmo terms of use document . need a doi ? email us about this dataset .\nfor measurements of ellipsoidal particle orientation , the image stack was registered using the stackreg plugin with an affine transform to account for the inflation and deflation of the feeding mesh . images were then inverted and frames for trajectory analysis were color - coded in one of six channels using the stack - to - hyperstack tool . stacks were z - projected and the composite image was used to show trajectories . measurements of ellipsoidal particle orientation were made using the straight line angle tool in imagej ( 41 ) and converted to be relative to the fluid flow .\na camera ( could be a 35 mm type ) , most often used to photograph marine mammals or birds . all types of photographic equipment that are hand - held or part of laboratory apparatus including stills , video , film and digital systems .\nsony 4k fdr - ax100 ( hd resolution , 120 fps ) mounted to a nikon eclipse e400 with a 10x objective using a martin microscope m99 camcorder adapter .\n\u00a92018 biological and chemical oceanography data management office . funded by the u . s . national science foundation\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 strict / / en\nyou are going to add the following user to your analysis project , project , biosample and study .\nyou are going to remove permissions for the following user to your analysis project , project , biosample and study .\nplease note that the scaffold names referring to the genoscope draft genome sequences may not be definitive . the sex specific expression data presented on this webpage was generated from whole animal cdna and not from female / male gonad extracts ( for a more detailed description please see moosmann et al . , in preparation ) . for a few genes that lack specific primer pairs the expression data is not presented .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe oceanographic characteristics of the el rincon frontal system during this summer are shown in figure 2a , b . the estuarine area in this campaign was defined by a salinity value below 33 . 85 , which is low when compared to historical data . it corresponded to stations 35 , 34 , 33 and 32 , extending seaward for 60 - 80 km . a zone with high salinity ( 33 . 95 - 34 . 05 ) waters was observed at stations 31 , 30 and 29 while for station 28 , an external zone with diluted continental shelf waters was observed which presented a salinity value of 33 . 8 . no vertical salinity stratification was present . regarding temperature , there was a vertically homogeneous area at the coast ( stations 35 , 34 , 33 and 32 ) , with temperatures of about 22\u00b0c corresponding to the estuarine area mentioned above , a transitional area ( st . 31 ) and an external stratified one ( stations 30 and 29 ) with a well - marked thermocline at 35m depth . temperature varied , from transitional to stratified stations , from 20 to 19\u00bac in surface layers and from 18 to 12\u00bac below the thermocline depth . the thermocline was defined from stations 32 - 31 to station 28 , with a gradient of 7\u00b0c / 100 km .\nwe wish to thank the argentinian instituto nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo pesquero ( inidep ) for providing all the samples and environmental data . this study was partially supported by ubacyt 20020100200048 grants to f . capitanio . we would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical review of the manuscript .\nacha , e . m . ; mianzan , h . w . ; guerrero , r . a . ; favero , m . ; bava , j . marine fronts at the continental shelves of austral south america : physical and ecological processes . j . mar . syst . , v . 44 , n . 1 / 2 , p . 83 - 105 , 2004 . [ links ]\nadolf , j . e . ; yeager , c . l . ; miller , w . d . ; mallone , m . e . ; harding , l . w . environmental forcing of phytoplankton floral composition , biomass and primary productivity in chesapeake bay , usa . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 67 , p . 108 - 122 , 2006 . [ links ]\nangelescu , v . ecolog\u00eda tr\u00f3fica de laancho\u00edtadel mar argentino ( engraulidae , engraulis anchoita ) : parte ii . alimentaci\u00f3n , comportamiento y relaciones tr\u00f3ficas enelecosistema . mar del plata : ministerio de econom\u00eda , subsecretaria de intereses mar\u00edtimos , subsecretaria de pesca , instituto nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollopesquero , inidep , 1982 . 83 p . ( contribuci\u00f3n ( instituto nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollopesquero ( argentina ) , n . 409 ) . [ links ]\ncapitanio , f . ; p\u00e1jaro , m . ; esnal , g . appendicularians ( chordata , tunicata ) in the diet of anchovy ( engraulis anchoita ) in the argentine sea . sci . mar . , v . 61 , n . 1 , p . 9 - 15 , 1997 . [ links ]\ncapitanio , f . l . ; curelovich , j . ; tresguerres , m . ; negri , r . ; vi\u00f1as , m . d . ; esnal , g . seasonal cycle of appendicularians at a coastal station ( 38\u00ba28\u00b4s , 57\u00ba41\u00b4w ) of the sw atlantic ocean . bull . mar . sci . , v . 82 , p . 171 - 184 , 2008 . [ links ]\nciechomski , j . d . ; weiss , g . desove y fecundidad de la ancho\u00edta argentina ( engraulis anchoita ) hubbs y marini . physis , secc . a , v . 32 , n . 84 , p . 137 - 153 , 1973 . [ links ]\ndi mauro , r . ; capitanio , f . l . ; vi\u00f1as , m . d . capture efficiency for small dominant mesozooplankters ( copepoda , appendicularia ) off buenos aires province ( 34\u00bas - 41\u00bas ) , argentine sea , using two plankton mesh sizes . braz . j . oceanogr . , v . 57 , n . 3 , p . 205 - 214 , 2009 . [ links ]\ndeibel , d . ; lowen , b . a review of the life cycles and life - history adaptations of pelagic tunicates to environmental conditions . ices j . mar . sci . , v . 69 , p . 1 - 12 , 2012 . [ links ]\nfogg , g . e . review lecture : picoplankton . proc . r . soc . london , ser . b . , v . 228 , p . 1 - 30 , 1986 . [ links ]\ngorsky , g . ; fenaux , r . the role of appendicularia in marine food webs . in : bone , q . ( ed . ) . the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford : university press , 1998 . p . 161 - 169 . [ links ]\ngorsky , g . ; youngbluth , m . j . ; deibel , d . response of marine ecosystems to global change : ecological impact of appendicularians . paris : contemporary publishing international , 2005 . 437p . [ links ]\nguerrero , r . a . ; piola , a . r . masas de agua en la plataforma continental . in : boschi , e . e . ( ed . ) . antecedentes hist\u00f3ricos de las exploraciones em el mar y las caracter\u00edsticas ambientales . mar del plata : instituto nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollopesquero , 1997 . p . 107 - 118 . ( el mar argentino y sus recursos pesqueiros ; 1 ) . [ links ]\nhansen , j . e . ; cousseau , m . b . ; gru , d . l . caracter\u00edsticas poblacionales de la ancho\u00edta ( engraulis anchoita ) del mar argentino . parte i . el largo medioal primer a\u00f1o de vida , crecimiento y mortalidad . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , v . 4 , p . 21 - 48 , 1984 . [ links ]\nhoffmeyer , m . s . ; men\u00e9ndez , m . c . ; biancalana , f . ; nizovoy , a . m . ; torres , e . r . ichthyoplankton spatial pattern in the inner shelf off bah\u00eda blanca estuary , sw atlantic ocean . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 84 , n . 3 , p . 383 - 392 , 2009 . [ links ]\nlargier , j . l . estuarine fronts : how important are they ? estuaries , v . 16 , n . 1 , p . 1 - 11 , 1993 . [ links ]\nle f\u00e9vre , j . aspects of the biology of frontal systems . adv . mar . biol . , v . 23 , p . 163 - 299 , 1986 . [ links ]\nleong , r . j . h . ; o ' connell , c . p . a laboratory study of particulate and filter feeding of the northern anchovy ( engraulis mordax ) . j . fish . res . board can . , v . 26 , p . 557 - 582 , 1969 . [ links ]\nlobon , c . m . ; acu\u00f1a , j . l . ; lopez - alvarez , m . ; capitanio , f . l . heritability of morphological and life history traits in a pelagic tunicate . mar . ecol . prog . ser . , v . 422 , p . 145 - 154 , 2011 . [ links ]\nlucas , a . j . ; guerrero , r . a . ; mianz\u00e1n , h . w . ; acha , e . m . ; lasta , c . a . coastal oceanographic regimes of the northern anchovy continental shelf ( 34 - 43\u00b0s ) . estuar . coast . shelf sci . , v . 3 , p . 405 - 420 , 2005 . [ links ]\nmann , k . h . ; lazier , j . r . n . dynamics of marine ecosystems : biological - physical interactions in the oceans . 2 . ed . boston : blackwell scientific publication , 1996 . 394 p . [ links ]\nnegri , r . m . ; silva , r . i . ; segura , v . ; cuchi - colleoni , d . estructura de la comunidad de fitoplancton em el \u00e1rea de el rincon ( febrero 2011 ) . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , 2012 . [ links ]\nolson , d . b . ; backus , r . h . the concentrating of organisms at fronts : a coldwater fish and a warm - core gulf stream ring . j . mar . res . , v . 43 , p . 113 - 137 , 1985 . [ links ]\np\u00e1jaro , m . ; macchi , g . j . ; sanchez , r . p . fecundidad y frecuencia reproductiva de los stocks bonaerense y patag\u00f3nico de ancho\u00edta argentina ( engraulis anchoita ) . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , v . 11 , p . 19 - 38 , 1997 . [ links ]\np\u00e1jaro , m . alimentaci\u00f3n de la ancho\u00edta argentina ( engraulis anchoita hubbs y marini , 1935 ) ( pisces : clupeiformes ) durante la \u00e9poca reproductiva . rev . invest . desarr . pesq . , v . 15 , p . 111 - 125 , 2002 . [ links ]\np\u00e1jaro , m . ; macchi , g . j . ; leonarduzzi , e . ; hansen , j . e . spawning biomass of argentine anchovy ( engraulis anchoita ) from 1996 to 2004 using the daily egg production method . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , v . 89 , n . 4 , p . 829 - 837 , 2009 . [ links ]\npark , g . s . ; marshall , h . g . estuarine relationship between zooplankton community structure and trophic gradients . j . plankton res . , v . 5 , p . 15 - 33 , 2000 . [ links ]\nperrota , r . g . ; madirolas , a . ; vi\u00f1as , m . d . ; akselman , r . ; guerrero , r . ; s\u00e1nchez , f . ; l\u00f3pez , f . ; castro machado , f . ; machi , g . la caballa ( scomber japonicus ) y las condiciones ambientales en el \u00e1rea bonaerense de ' ' el rincon ' ' ( 39\u00ba40 ' 300 ' ' s ) . agosto , 1996 . mar del plata : secretar\u00eda de agricultura , ganader\u00eda , pesca , y alimentaci\u00f3n , instituto nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo pesquero , 1999 . 29 p . ( inidep - informe t\u00e9cnico ; 26 ) . [ links ]\nperrota , r . g . ; vi\u00f1as , m . d . ; madirolas , a . o . ; reta , r . ; akselman , r . ; castro machado , f . j . ; david garciarena , a . ; macchi , g . j . ; moriondo danovaro , p . ; llanos , v . ; urteaga , j . r . la caballa ( scomber japonicus ) y las condiciones ambientales en el \u00e1rea ' ' el rinc\u00f3n ' ' ( 39\u00ba40 ' - 41\u00ba30 ' s ) del mar argentino , septiembre , 2000 . mar del plata : secretar\u00eda de agricultura , ganader\u00eda , pesca , y alimentaci\u00f3n , instituto nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo pesquero , 2003 . p . 25 . ( inidep - informet\u00e9cnico ; 54 ) . [ links ]\ns\u00e1nchez , r . p . ; ciechomski , j . d . spawning and nursery grounds of pelagic fish species in the sea - shelf off argentina and adjacent areas . sci . mar . , v . 4 , p . 455 - 478 , 1995 . [ links ]\nspinelli , m . ; martos , p . ; esnal , g . ; capitanio , f . appendicularian assemblages and their space - time variability off the la plata river , sw atlantic ocean . estuar . , coast . shelf sci . , v . 85 , p . 97 - 106 , 2009 . [ links ]\nspinelli ; m . ; pajaro , m . ; martos , p . ; esnal , g . ; sabatini , m . ; capitanio , f . potential zooplankton preys ( copepoda and appendicularia ) for engraulis anchoita in relation to early larval and spawning distributions at the patagonian frontal region ( sw atlantic ocean ) . sci . mar . , v . 76 , p . 39 - 47 , 2012 . [ links ]\nstockner , j . g . phototrophic picoplankton : an overview from marine and freshwater ecosystems . limnol . oceanogr . , v . 33 , p . 765 - 775 , 1988 . [ links ]\nvi\u00f1as , m . d . ; ram\u00edrez , f . c . gut analysis of first - feeding anchovy larvae from patagonian spawning area in relation to food availability . arch . fish . mar . res . , v . 43 , p . 231 - 256 , 1996 . [ links ]\nvi\u00f1as , m . d . ; s\u00e1nchez , f . ; marrari , m . ; abachian , v . ; martos , p . ; perrotta , r . g . zooplancton , hidrograf\u00eda y ecolog\u00eda tr\u00f3fica de la caballa ( scomber japonicus ) em el \u00e1rea de el rinc\u00f3n ( 39\u00b0 - 41\u00b0s ) . in : congreso latinoamericano de ciencias del mar ( colacmar ) , 8 . , 1999 , trujillo . resumen extendido , trujillo , 1999 . tomo 2 , p . 215 - 218 . [ links ]\npra\u00e7a do oceanogr\u00e1fico , 191 05508 - 120 cidade universit\u00e1ria s\u00e3o paulo - sp - brasil tel . : ( 55 11 ) 3091 - 6501 fax : ( 55 11 ) 3032 - 3092 io @ urltoken\nwith an appendix on automatic contouring of plankton distribution by j . g . k . harris\nbeverton , r . j . h . and d . s . tungate : a multi - purpose plankton sampler . j . cons . perm . int . explor . mer\nb\u00f6hnecke , g . : salzgehalt und str\u00f6mungen der nordsee . ver\u00f6ff . inst . meeresk . univ . berl . ( n . f . , a . geogr . naturwiss . )\nbuchanan - wollaston , h . j . : the spawning of plaice in the southern part of the north sea in 1913\u201314 . fishery invest . , lond . ( ser . 2 ) .\ncarruthers , j . n . : the water movements in the southern north sea . part . i . the surface drift . fishery invest . , lond . ( ser . 2 ) .\ncole , a . j . : an iterative approach to the fitting of trend surfaces . kans . univ . geol . surv . , comput . contr .\n\u2014 , c . jordan and d . f . merriam : fortran ii program for progressive linear fit of surfaces on a quandratic base using an ibm 1620 computer . kans . univ . geol . surv . , comput . contr .\ndeevey , g . b . : relative effects of temperature and food on seasonal variations in length of marine copepods in some eastern american and western european waters . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll .\n\u2014 : seasonal variations in length of copepod in south pacific new zealand waters . aust . j mar . freshwat . res .\ndietrich , g . : verteilung , ausbreitung und vermischung der wasserk\u00f6rper in der s\u00fcdwestlichen nordsee auf grund der ergebnisse der \u2018gauss\u2019 - fahrt im februar / m\u00e4rz 1952 . ber . dt . wiss . kommn meeresforsch . ( n . f . )\nellett , d . j . and g . c . baxter : surface temperatures in the southern north sea , january\u2013march 1963 . annls biol . , copenh .\nfenaux , r . : \u00e9cologie et biologie des appendicularies m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens . vie milieu ( suppl . )\n\u2014 : a propos des expansions cuticulaires du trone de quelques fritillaires . rapp . p . - v . r\u00e9un . commn int . explor . scient . mer m\u00e9diterr .\n\u2014 : les appendiculaires des mers d ' europe et du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en . faune eur . bassin m\u00e9ditterr .\nlaevastu , t . : surface water types of the north sea and their characteristics . serial atlas of the marine environment , folio am geogr . soc .\nlee , a . j . : the currents and water masses of the north sea . oceanogr . mar . biol . a . rev .\nlohmann , h . : die appendicularien der deutschen tiefsee - expedition . wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . \u2018valdivia\u2019\nnederlands meteorologisch instituut : meteorologische en oceanografische waarnemingen verricht aan boord van nederlandse lichtschepen in de nordzee . jaarb . k . ned . met . inst .\nostenfeld , c . h . : coneluding remarks on the plankton collected on the quarterly cruises in the years 1902 to 1908 . bull . trimest . r\u00e9sult . crois . p\u00e9riod . cons . perm . int . explor . mer\notto , l . : results of current observations at the netherlands lightvessels over the period 1910\u20131939 . part 1 . tidal analysis and the mean residual currents . meded . verh . k . ned . met . inst .\nverrill in the plymouth area , 1930\u201331 . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . ( n . s . )\ntait , j . b . : the surface water drift in the northern and middle areas of the north sea and in the faroe - shetland channel . pt 2 ( sect . 1 ) . a cartographical analysis of the results of scottish surface drift - bottle experiments commenced in the year 1910 . scient . invest . fishery bd scotl\n\u2014 : the surface water drift in the norther and middle areas of the north sea and in the faroe - shetland channel . pt 2 ( sect . 2 ) . a cartographical analysis of the results of scottish surface drift - bottle experiments commenced in the year 1911 . scient . invest . fishery bd scotl ."]}
{"id": 2020, "summary": [{"text": "hypsoblennius exstochilus , the longhorn blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western central atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 5 centimetres ( 2.0 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hypsoblennius exstochilus", "paragraphs": ["ever since i first saw a photo of a longhorn blenny \u2014 hypsoblennius exstochilus \u2014 many years ago , the rare little caribbean fish with cirri extending from its head like a pair of telephone communication towers has been on my wish list of must - see animals . that is until we are enticed to explore bonaire\u2019s \u201cwild side\u201d with bas tol , premier dive guide and king of the island\u2019s lionfish slayers , with a promise of finding our long - sought prize hiding in the surge - swept shallows lining a blustery bay on the windy eastern shore .\ngreek , hypsi = high + greek , blennios = mucus ( ref . 45335 )\nwestern central atlantic : bahamas ( ref . 5521 ) and cuba ( ref . 26340 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26340 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 16 . gill opening extending ventrally to opposite 4th - 7th pectoral - fin ray ; segmented dorsal - fin rays 13 - 15 ; segmented pelvic - fin rays 3 ; last dorsal - fin spine 8 . 5 - 15 . 5 % sl ; dorsal - fin spines slender and flexible ; elongate fleshy flap , which usually projects laterally , present posteriorly on lower lip ; infraorbital bones 4 .\nadults inhabit shallow rocky areas ( ref . 5521 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin , 1993 . fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . university of texas press , austin . ( ref . 5521 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00330 - 0 . 01663 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , williams , j . t . , eytan , r . i . & smith , m . l .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is distributed in the western atlantic from the bahamas ( b\u00f6hlke and chaplin 1993 ) , and in the caribbean from cuba ( claro 1994 ) , jamaica , and puerto rico to the virgin islands ( williams 2002 ) .\nbahamas ; cuba ; jamaica ; puerto rico ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis species is known from approximately a dozen specimens ( b\u00f6hlke and chaplin 1993 ) .\nthis species is found in rocky areas in water less than 6m deep . typically these areas have rather strong wave action and an eroded bottom that was usually studded with small corals and sea - fans ( b\u00f6hlke and chaplin 1993 ) . it is oviparous , has distinct pairing , and its eggs are demersal and adhesive ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , williams , j . t . , eytan , r . i . & smith , m . l . 2014 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbeginner ' s aquarium guide ep . 1 - blennies ( + nano news )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclaro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\napril 17th is national haiku poetry day and to celebrate , we offer blenny haiku . please , no judging or heckling \u2013 just having a little fun here \u2013 but feel free to contribute your own by commenting at the end of this post . sneaky fangblenny in cleaning stations you lurk no do - gooder , you spinyhead blenny often\u2026\nbonaire , september 2013 ~ week 3 of our blenny challenge and we\u2019re a bit silly and punchy from being tossed around in the surf . we wanted to explore the east side of the island \u2013 the windward , or wild side as it is known \u2013 but conditions have to be absolutely perfect in order for\u2026\nbonaire , september 2012 ~ a new species for our life lists but the longhorn blenny images did not come easily . ned describes our adventure in the latest post about our september stay with buddy dive in bonaire over on our travel journal : urltoken but i just had to share another super close - up blenny face here : \u2026\nmarine life observations from anna & ned deloach . for stories and photos from our life underwater ,\nmoderately elongate ; short robust head , with very steep front profile ; a very long cirrus with a thick central stalk covered with rear - pointing branches over eye , no cirri at nostrils or on nape ; an elongate fleshy flap at rear end of lower lip ; teeth with blunt flattened tips , in single rows , not movable , no canines on either jaw ; gill openings restricted to sides of body by fusion of gill cover membranes to throat ; dorsal fin xi - xiii ( spines slender and flexible ) , 13 - 16 , with a slight notch between the spiny and soft parts ; pelvic fins i , 3 ; fin rays unbranched , except on tail fin ; lateral line ends under end of spiny dorsal fin ; no scales .\nyellowish ; a dark brown bar down through eye to lower body and up along main shaft of eye cirrus ; front and sides of head heavily mottled with white ; white mottling along upper back and front ~ 6 spines of dorsal fin , a dark spot centered on 2nd dorsal spine .\nit takes two weeks before the prevailing winds calm sufficiently for us to tackle the shore entry into the rockycove where the blennies make their home . burdened with extra weights , we stumble our way through the minefield of ankle - twisting rocks until we can at last plunge into the relative safety of waist - deep waves .\nas the bubbles clear , we find ourselves swimming over an algae garden stretching as far as our eyes can see . within 10 minutes , we find our first blenny poking its head out of a rock hole half - hidden among the billowing fronds . but such glimpses are brief as swells lift us up and away , and we kick , tumble , and struggle for control . with three of us hunting , we locate a longhorn about every 10 minutes or so in depths from three to 10 feet . as it turns out , our blenny hunt is the perfect mission : conditions hover at the edge of doable , yet it\u2019s sufficiently daunting to make for a lively tale . \u2014 story and photo by ned and anna deloach\nmany products featured on this site were editorially chosen . scuba diving may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site .\nurltoken is part of the bonnier dive group , a division of bonnier corporation .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 scuba diving . a bonnier corporation company . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited ."]}
{"id": 2023, "summary": [{"text": "perophora multiclathrata is a species of colonial sea squirt in the genus perophora .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to the tropical indo-pacific and the western atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "perophora multiclathrata", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30e1\u30dc\u30e4\nto\nperophora japonica oka , 1927\n.\n( of perophora orientalis \u00e4rnb\u00e4ck , 1935 ) arnback , c . l . ( 1935 ) . a notable case of relation in perophora . arkiv f . zool . 28 ( 9 ) : 1 - 6 . [ details ]\n( of ecteinascidia multiclathrata sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]\ngoodbody , i . ( 1994 ) the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the genus perophora . bulletin of marine science , 55 ( 1 ) : 176 - 192 .\n( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of perophora africana millar , 1953 ) millar , r . h . ( 1953 ) . on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast . proc . zool . oc . london . 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of perophora formosana ( oka , 1931 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nshenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .\n( of ecteinascidia euphues sluiter , 1904 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1904 ) . die tunicaten der siboga - expedition . part 1 . die socialen und holosomen ascidien . siboga - exped . 56a : 1 - 126 . [ details ]\n( of ecteinascidia formosana oka , 1931 ) oka , a . ( 1931 ) . uber eine neue species von ecteinascidia aus formosa . proc . imp . acad . tokyo . 7 ( 4 ) : 173 - 175 . [ details ]\nmonniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nkott , p . ( 1985 ) . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia . mem qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nizquierdo - mu\u00f1oz , a . ; d\u00edaz - vald\u00e9s , m . ; ramos - espl\u00e1 , a . a . ( 2009 ) . recent non - indigenous ascidians in the mediterranean sea . aquatic invasions . 4 ( 1 ) : 59 - 64 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the g . . . : ingenta connect\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrosana m . da rocha i , ii ; laura p . kremer i , iii\ni laborat\u00f3rio de ecologia e sistem\u00e1tica de asc\u00eddias , departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 . caixa postal 19020 , 81531 - 980 curitiba , paran\u00e1 , brasil ii pesquisadora do cnpq . e - mail : rmrocha @ urltoken iii bolsista do cnpq / pibic . e - mail : laurapkremer @ urltoken\nwith these considerations , our goal in this study was to sample the ascidian community in the area of influence of the port of paranagu\u00e1 . specifically , we wished to use ascidians as indicator species to better understand the biology of species introductions due to shipping in marine systems .\nfive locations were sampled within and near paranagu\u00e1 bay ( fig . 1 ) : ilha das cobras ( 25\u00ba29 , 00 ' s ; 48\u00ba25 , 50 ' w ) and pier tenenge ( 25\u00ba32 , 84 ' s ; 48\u00ba21 , 51 ' w ) , sampled on 7 december 2003 ; ilha da galheta ( 25\u00ba35 , 00 ' s ; 48\u00ba19 , 00 ' w ) on 11 march 2004 ; ilha do mel ( 25\u00ba33 , 00 ' s ; 48\u00ba18 , 00 ' w ) on 11 march 2004 and 9 june 2005 ; and mero park ( 25\u00ba 43 , 00 ' s ; 48\u00ba 20 , 00 ' w ) on 14 may 2005 . ascidians were collected by scuba diving at depths of up to four meters , except mero park , where depths reached a maximum of 17 m . samples were anesthetized and fixed in 10 % neutralized formalin .\neighteen species ( tab . i ) were collected , with 30 samples from ilha das cobras , 26 from pier tenenge , nine from ilha do mel , 11 from ilha da galheta and five from parque dos meros . only six samples were of solitary animals , collected at ilha da galheta , ilha do mel and mero park . some samples in the family didemnidae are still unidentified , since larvae ( which have characters of critical importance in species identification ) were absent .\nmolgula phytophila , the only endemic species in the region ( fig . 2 , tab . ii ) , was found encrusted on fish - nets in the concrete blocks that form the artificial reef in mero park . it is quite possible that this species is synonymous with m . braziliensis millar , 1958 , but the type specimen ( london natural history museum ) of the latter is of poor quality and cannot be used for identification of the former . if synonymous , the specimen in millar ( 1958 ) would be the first recorded in the brazilian coast .\nclavelina oblonga , according to van name ( 1945 ) referring to the material hartmeyer collected in s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , s\u00e3o paulo , was first recorded in brazil in ~ 1910 . clavelina oblonga is also found near dakar , senegal , and at ilha faial , azores . in the azores , it was introduced from american populations in 1971 , and is restricted to horta harbor ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) .\nthe first record for distaplia bermudensis in brazil is that of millar ( 1958 ) , at ubatuba , s\u00e3o paulo . p\u00e9r\u00e8s ( 1957 ) recorded this species in the mediterranean sea ( baleares islands ) , but possibly erroneously identified . it was perhaps distaplia rosea della valle , 1881 , common in the mediterranean . since this species is only found on natural substrates it is probably native , and therefore should be carefully studied ( substrate , location , etc . ) in future brazilian studies to clarify its status .\nsymplegma rubra was first recorded in 1993 in s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ( rodrigues & rocha 1993 ) . however , rodrigues ( unpublished data ) encountered this species in the region since the 1960s .\nthe remaining cryptogenic species are widely distributed in the world and the entire brazilian coast ( the fourth distribution pattern ; figs 11 - 19 , tab . ii ) . thus it is difficult to determine the origin of these species and their points of introduction .\ndidemnum granulatum was found first in brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo ) in 1995 ( rocha & monniot 1995 ) , and on the west african coast ( senegal ) in 1994 ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) . this species has not been found in the caribbean , nor on the eastern coast of africa , and thus we believe it to be of pacific origin .\nlissoclinum fragile was first recorded in brazil by rodrigues et al . ( 1998 ) in s\u00e3o paulo . the fact that it is found in ports , such as apra harbour , guam ( monniot & monniot 2001 ) , noumea port in new caledonia ( monniot 1992 ) , malakal harbor in palau an also harbors in honolulu , hawaii ( g . lambert 2005 , personal communication ) suggests that it may be passively transported by ships . l . fragile is also considered introduced in tahiti ( monniot et al . 1985 ) and was first reported on the west african coast in 1994 ( monniot & monniot 1994 ) .\nbotrylloides nigrum was first recorded in brazil in the states of santa catarina and s\u00e3o paulo ( rodrigues 1962 ) . in this study it was found on a cultivated mussel , and so possibly introduced . in brazil , this species is usually epizooic , growing on algae and bivalve shells , such as oysters and mussels .\nwe thank rafael metri and jim roper for assistance in the field , tatiane r . moreno for helping with species identification , suzana b . farias for helping with geographical coordinates and gretchen lambert for suggestions to the manuscript . cnpq provided a grant for rmr ( process 473408 / 2003 - 01 ) and a scholar ship to lpk .\nberrill , n . j . 1975 . chordata : tunicata , p . 241 - 282 .\nbjornberg , t . k . s . 1956 . asc\u00eddias da costa sul do brasil ( nota pr\u00e9via ) .\n( van name , 1931 ) , a colonial ascidian new to the mediterranean record . .\n( phaeophyceae , laminariales ) reduces native seaweed diversity in nuevo gulf ( patagonia , argentina ) .\ncarlton , j . t . & j . b . geller . 1993 . ecological roulette : biological invasion and the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms .\ncosta , h . r . 1969 . notas sobre os ascidiacea brasileiros . v . subclasse pleurogona .\nculver , c . s . & . a . m . kuris . 2000 . the apparent eradication of a locally established introduced marine pest .\ndalby , j . e . & c . m . young . 1993 . variable effects of ascidians competitors on oysters in a florida epifaunal community .\n( tunicata : ascidiacea ) a new addition to the fauna of the portuguese coast .\nfernandes , l . f . ; l . zehnder - alves & j . bassfeld . 2001 . the recently established diatom\n( coscinodiscales , bacillariophyta ) in brazilian waters . i : remarks on morphology and distribution .\nfloeter , s . r . & a . soares - gomes . 1999 . biogeographic and species richness patterns of gastropoda on the southwestern atlantic .\nharris , l . g . & m . c . tyrrell . 2001 . changing community states in the gulf of maine : synergism between invaders , overfishing and climate change .\nreport on the tunicata collected during the voyage of the h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . part ii . ascidiae compositae .\nedinburg , report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 , vol . 14 , 429p .\nkott , p . 1985 . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia .\nkott , p . 1990 . the australian ascidiacea , part 2 , aplousobranchia ( 1 ) .\nlambert , c . c . & g . lambert . 1998 . non - indigenous ascidians in southern california harbors and marinas .\nlambert , c . c . & g . lambert . 2003 . persistence and differential distribution of nonindigenous ascidians in harbors of the southern california bight .\nlambert , g . 2001 . a global overview of ascidians introductions and their possible impact on the endemic fauna , p . 249 - 257 .\nmillar , r . h . 1956 . xlviii - notes on some ascidians from sierra leone and gambia .\nmillar , r . h . 1977 . ascidians ( tunicata : ascidiacea ) from the northern and north - eastern brazilian shelf .\nmillar , r . h . 1988 . ascidians collected during the international indian ocean expedition .\nmonniot , c . 1965 . etude syst\u00e9matique et \u00e9volutive de la famille des pyuridae ( ascidiacea ) .\nmonniot , c . 1969 - 1970 . ascidies phl\u00e9bobranches et stolidobranches . in : r\u00e9sultats scientifiques des campagnes de la calypso .\nmonniot , c . 1989 . ascidies de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie . 6 . pyuridae et molgulidae .\nmonniot , c . 2002 . stolidobranch ascidians from the tropical western indian ocean .\nmonniot , c . & f . monniot . 1983 . navigation ou courants ? la colonization des a\u00e7ores et des bermudes par les ascidies ( tuniciers benthiques ) .\nmonniot , c . ; f . monniot & p . laboute . 1985 . ascidies du port de papeet ( polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise ) : relation avec le mileu naturel et apports intercontinentaux par la navigation .\nmonniot , c . & f . monniot . 1994 . additions to the inventory of eastern tropical atlantic ascidians ; arrival of cosmopolitan species .\nmonniot , c . & f . monniot . 1997 . record of ascidians from bahrain , arabian gulf with three new species .\nmonniot , f . 1992 . ascidies de nouvelle - caledonie . 12 . le genre\nmonniot , f . & c . monniot . 1997 . ascidians collected in tanzania .\nmonniot , f . & c . monniot . 2001 . ascidians from the tropical western pacific .\nmoure , j . s . ; t . k . s . bjornberg & t . st . loureiro . 1954 . protochordata ocorrentes na entrada da ba\u00eda de paranagu\u00e1 .\npalacio , j . f . 1982 . revisi\u00f3n zoogeogr\u00e1fica marina del sur del brasil .\np\u00e9r\u00e8s , j . m . 1957 . ascidies r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans les parages des bal\u00e9ares par le professeur lacaze - duthiers . ( deuxi\u00e8me partie : iviza et san antonio ) .\nrocha , r . m . 1991 . replacement of the compound ascidian species in a southeastern brazilian fouling community .\nabbott 1951 ( ascidiacea , molgulidae ) in paranagu\u00e1 bay , paran\u00e1 , brazil . a case of recent invasion ?\nrocha , r . m . & l . v . g . costa . 2005 . ascidians from arraial do cabo , rj , brazil .\nspecies ( ascidiacea , didemnidae ) from s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o channel , south - eastern brazil .\nvan name , 1945 ( ascidiacea , polycitoridae ) . description of species and ecological notes\nrocha , r . m . & c . m . nasser . 1998 . some ascidians ( tunicata , ascidiacea ) from paran\u00e1 state , southern brazil .\nrocha , r . m . ; t . r . moreno & r . metri . 2005 . asc\u00eddias ( tunicata ) da reserva biol\u00f3gica marinha do arvoredo , santa catarina , brasil .\nrodrigues , s . a . 1962 . algumas asc\u00eddias do litoral sul do brasil .\nrodrigues , s . a . & r . m . rocha . 1993 . littoral compound ascidians ( tunicata ) from s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , estado de s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\nross , d . j . ; c . r . johnson & c . l . hewitt . 2003 . assessing the ecological impacts of an introduced seastar : the importance of multiple methods .\nruiz , g . m ; p . fofonoff ; j . t . carlton ; m . j . wonham & a . h . hines . 2000 . invasion of coastal marine communities in north america : apparent patterns , processes and biases .\nsommerfeldt , a . d . & j . d . d . bishop . 1999 . random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) analysis reveals extensive natural chimerism in a marine protochordate .\ntokioka , t . 1952 . ascidians collected by messrs renzi wada and seizi wada from the pearl - oyster bed in the arafura sea in 1940 .\ntokioka , t . 1967 . pacific tunicata of the united states national museum .\ntraustedt , m . p . a . 1883 . vestindiske ascidiae simplices . anden afdeling . molgulidae og cynthiadae .\nvan name , w . g . 1945 . the north and south american ascidians .\n( de kay , 1843 ) into peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) .\n1 contribution number 1526 of the departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 .\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbelize , bermuda , jamaica , puerto rico , netherlands antilles , and it is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region .\nzooid 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 mm long . the body musculature is comprised by two boundles of transverse fibers , which are perpendiculars to the dorsal margin of the body and towards to the ventral margin . there are 5 rows of stigmata in the pharynx and 15 - 20 stigmata per row .\nkott , p . ( 1985 ) the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia mem . qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 .\nmillar , r . h . ( 1953 ) on the collection of ascidians from the gold coast proc . zool . oc . london , 123 ( 2 ) : 277 - 325\nrocha , r . m . , faria , s . b . , and moreno , t . r . ; marine invertebrate taxonomy workshop i , bocas del toro , august 2003 .\nrocha r . m . , et al . ascidians from bocas del toro , panama . i . biodiversity . caribbean journal of science , vol . 41 , no . 3 , 600 - 612 , 2005 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nin : nishimura , s . ( ed . ) , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys , vol . ii . hoikusha , osaka , 573 - 610 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nthis species is a social ascidian , with individual zooids connected basally by stolons . together , zooids and stolons often form a dense mass similar to a tiny bunch of grapes . individual zooids are globular in shape , measure 2 - 4 mm in diameter , and covered by a pale green tunic . stolons are characterized by distinct , star - shaped flattened terminal buds , yellow in color .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 2024, "summary": [{"text": "trichonotus is a genus of marine perciform fishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species of trichonotus are distributed throughout the indo-west pacific .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this genus is the only member of the family trichonotidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "trichonotus", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsatulakaivautuja\nto\ntrichonotus setiger bloch and schneider , 1801\n.\njustification : trichonotus filamentosus is widely distributed . there are no known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .\nkatayama , e . , h . motomura and h . endo , 2012 . a new species of trichonotus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) from somalia and redescription of trichonotus cyclograptus ( alcock , 1890 ) with designation of a lectotype . zootaxa 3565 : 31 - 43 . ( ref . 93824 )\na male elegant sand diver , trichonotus elegans , at tulamben , bali , indonesia . source : klaus stiefel / flickr . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\njustification : trichonotus elegans is widespread throughout the indo - west pacific and can be locally abundant . there are no known major threats . it is assessed as least concern .\ntrichonotus elegans shimada & yoshino , 1984 , japan . j . ichthyol . 31 ( 1 ) : 15 , figs 1 - 4 . type locality : yaeyama islands , japan .\nclark , e . & k . von schmidt , 1966 . a new species of trichonotus ( pisces , trichonotidae ) from the red sea . bull . sea fish . res . sta . , haifa 42 : 29\u201336 .\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 39 - 41 . trichonotus halstead is similar to t . setiger but has a beautifully colored dorsal fin ( ref . 48636 ) . no free pterygiophores under dorsal fin ( ref 12934 ) .\nclark , e . and m . pohle , 1996 . trichonotus halstead , a new sand - diving fish from papua new guinea . environ . biol . fish . 45 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 . ( ref . 26146 )\nrandall , j . e . and a . b . tarr , 1994 . trichonotus arabicus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) , a new species of sand diver from the arabian gulf and oman . fauna of saudi arabia 14 : 309 - 316 . ( ref . 10682 )\ntrichonotus filamentosus is found in the western pacific from japan and china . it was recently reported from the chesterfield islands ( kulbicki et al . 1994 ) . it also occurs in indonesia , bali , the philippines , papua new guinea , and new caledonia . it is found at depths of 6 to 35 m ( r . myers unpublished data ) .\ntrichonotus elegans is found in the western indian ocean from the maldives and chagos , and in the western pacific from indonesia and the andaman sea to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the coral sea ( anderson et al . 1998 ) . this species is found at depths ranging from 1 to 40 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\ntrichonotus elegans is found in coastal reef slopes and deep outer reef lagoons in current channels . usually in large groups with several large males ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . inhabits sand - rubble bottoms ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . found hovering above sandy slopes . usually forms a harem of one male - phase fish and about a dozen female - phase fish ( shimada and yoshino 1984 ) . normally buried when no current is running ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , thrix = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 40 m ( ref . 90102 ) . subtropical\nwestern indian ocean : maldives ( ref . 30829 ) . western pacific : indonesia to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the coral sea .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 43 - 45 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 39 - 42 . identified by the long filaments on the dorsal fin of the male ( ref . 48636 ) . body scaleless above and below lateral line on anterior half ( ref 12934 ) .\nfound in coastal reef slopes and deep outer reef lagoons in current channels . usually in large groups with several large males ( ref . 48636 ) . inhabits sand - rubble bottoms ( ref . 90102 ) . found hovering above sandy slopes . usually forms a harem of one male - phase fish and about a dozen female - phase fish ( ref . 37240 ) . normally buried when no current is running ( ref . 48636 ) .\nshimada , k . and t . yoshino , 1984 . a new trichonotid fish from the yaeyama islands , okinawa prefecture , japan . jap . j . ichthyol . 31 ( 1 ) : 15 - 22 . ( ref . 37240 )\n) : 24 . 6 - 28 . 8 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 184 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 18 - 23 m ( ref . 93824 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93824 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 45 - 46 ; anal soft rays : 37 - 38 ; vertebrae : 53 . this species is distinguished from other congeners in having the following set of characters : elongated dorsal - fin spines in males absent ; d iv , 45 - 46 ; a 37 - 38 ; lateral - line scales 57 - 59 ; free dorsal pterygiophores 2 ; gill rakers 6 + 23 ; in males body markings 12 ; median predorsal - fin scales 10 ; interorbital width 43 . 7 % of eye diameter ; small abdominal scales ( ref . 93824 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nin the wild , the blue spot sanddiver occurs in small schools above the sandy flats and slopes where current are the strongest . they will spend their time swimming against the current catching zooplankton out of the water column with their large mouths . when startled , they will quickly dive into the sand and stay submerged for long periods of time . the blue spot sanddiver will do well in established reef aquariums or peaceful fish aquariums utilizing live rock for filtration or decoration . they need at least a 3\nsand bed as a substrate and may spend long periods buried in the sand . they are a peaceful fish that will not do well with aggressive tank mates . they need strong , non - laminar water movement , especially lower in the aquarium , to feel comfortable .\nthe blue spot sanddiver will accept small meaty foods such as brine shrimp . it is advised to purchase live brine with this fish in order to stimulate the feeding response in your aquarium . they will take to other prepared foods once established in their new homes .\ndue to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .\nelegant sand diver hover over sandy - rubble bottoms , diving into the sand when threatened . males usually have a harem of females and juveniles .\nmales differ from females in both colour and form . males having very long filamentous dorsal - fin spines , taller soft dorsal - fin rays , and a pointed tail .\noccurs at the territory of ashmore & cartier islands in the timor sea , and at lizard island , great barrier reef , queensland , and at bramble reef in the coral sea . elsewhere , widespread in the indo - west pacific .\nmeristic features : dorsal fin iii , 43 - 45 ; anal fin i , 39 - 42 ; pectoral fin 12 - 14 ; lateral line scales 56 - 59 ; vertebrae 53 - 56 . head and anterior half of body mostly naked - except for lateral line scales , 3 - 4 scales behind and below eye , and scales along dorsal and anal - fin bases . males with very long filamentous dorsal - fin spines , taller dorsal - fin rays and a pointed caudal fin ( fin rounded in females ) .\npictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 2 . fusiliers - dragonets , caesionidae - callionymidae\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\nshimada , k . & yoshino , t . 1984 . a new trichonotid fish from the yaeyama islands , okinawa prefecture , japan .\nas its common name suggests the elegant sand diver can literally dive head first into sandy seabeds .\nthe species has a very enlongate body and a black spot at the base of the leading dorsal fin rays . these rays are extremely elongate in males .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbalon , e . k . , 1990 . epigenesis of an epigeneticist : the development of some alternative concepts on the early ontogeny and evolution of fishes . guelph ichthyol . rev . 1 : 1\u201348 .\nclark , e . , 1983 . life in an undersea desert . nat . geog . mag . 164 : 129\u2013144 .\nclark , e . , j . f . pohle & d . c . shen , 1990 . ecology and population dynamics of garden eels at r\u00e2s mohammed , red sea . nat . geog . res . exploration 6 : 306\u2013318 .\nclark , e . , m . pohle & j . rabin , 1991 . spotted sandperch dynamics . nat . geog . res . exploration 7 : 138\u2013155 .\nclark , e . & j . f . pohle , 1992 . monogamy in tilefish . nat . geog . res . exploration 8 : 276\u2013295 .\nhubbs , c . l . & k . f . lagler , 1947 . fishes of the great lakes region . cranbrook institute of science , bloomfield hills . 186 pp .\nmabee , p . m . , 1988 . supraneural and predorsal bones in fishes : development and homologies . copeia 1988 : 827\u2013838 .\nnelson , j . s . , 1994 . fishes of the world . john wiley and sons , new york . 600 pp .\nshimada , k . & t . yoshino , 1984 . a new trichonotid fish from the yaeyama islands , okinawa prefecture , japan . japan j . ichthyol . 31 : 15\u201319 .\nclark , e . & pohle , m . environ biol fish ( 1996 ) 45 : 1 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 4 december 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 4 december 2014 ) .\ncarpenter , k . e . & smith - vaniz , w . f .\nthere are 34 museum records with up to 31 individuals per lot ( accessed through fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , march 2015 ) . it is presumed to be locally abundant in some areas .\nthis species is found on sandy bottoms in shallow waters and is seen singly in coastal and sandy slopes . it feeds on zooplankton and reaches a maximum size of 15 cm ( kusen et al . 1991 ) .\nthere is no species - specific use and trade information available for t . filamentosus .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for t . filamentosus . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\ncarpenter , k . e . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2016 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t69739591a115473038 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwestern indian ocean : known only from delagoa bay , mozambique to durban , south africa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5466 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 45 - 47 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 37 - 39 . amber above with turquoise blue and red dots , faint rosy color below ; anal and pelvic fins with dark red dots ( ref . 5466 ) .\nheemstra , p . c . , 1986 . trichonotidae . p . 736 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 5466 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 11 - 35 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical\nwestern pacific : papua new guinea ( ref . 26146 ) and indonesia ( ref . 28620 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )\nlike other sand divers , it occurs on sand slopes with strong currents at times ( ref . 48636 ) . minimum depth reported from ref . 26146 .\n) : 27 . 5 - 29 , mean 28 . 2 ( based on 50 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 48 se ; based on food items .\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 80 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 39 - 41 . males recognized by long dorsal fin rays and large size ( ref . 48636 ) . under dorsal fin with 1 or 2 free pterygiophores ( ref 12934 ) .\nfound in steep sand slopes in large aggregations ( ref . 8631 ) . hovers above clean sandy bottoms ; darts into the sand when disturbed . usually slightly silty habitat . usually seen resting on substrate , leaving substrate to grab prey from zooplankton floating over , or when displaying ( ref . 48636 ) .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )\n) : 24 . 6 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 932 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 217 m ( ref . 86942 ) . temperate\nwestern pacific : japan and china . recently reported from the chesterfield islands ( ref . 11897 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 43 - 44 . recognized by the black spot on the head . males lack dorsal filaments but have a long extended ventral fin ray ( ref . 48636 ) .\nfound on sandy bottoms in shallow waters ( ref . 32211 ) . seen singly or in coastal sand slopes ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton ( ref . 9137 ) .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\n) : 17 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 564 cells ) .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 2 m ( ref . 10682 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 44 - 47 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 36 - 39 ; vertebrae : 52 - 54 . females with an indistinct narrow dark stripe on body above lateral line and no black on anterior part of dorsal fin ; males with a longitudinal row of 14 brown spots and 3 rows of small , dark edged , pale blue spots on body ; dorsal and anal fins with a row of yellow dots on each membrane .\nfeeds on zooplankton about half a meter above the sand substratum ( ref . 10682 ) .\n) : 26 . 1 - 29 . 2 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 298 cells ) .\nfound in steep sand slopes in large aggregations ( ref . 8631 ) . hovers above clean sandy bottoms ; darts into the sand when disturbed . usually slightly silty habitat . usually seen resting on substrate , leaving substrate to grab prey from zooplankton floating over , or when displaying ( ref . 48636 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trichonotops schultz , 1960 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of taeniolabrus steindachner , 1867 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\naustralia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; fiji ; guam ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kiribati ( gilbert is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; vanuatu\nthere are 12 museum records with up to 57 individuals per lot ( accessed through fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , march 2015 ) . this species is locally abundant in the philippines ( k . carpenter pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for t . elegans . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t69739558a115472765 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2025, "summary": [{"text": "the san benedicto rock wren ( salpinctes obsoletus exsul ) is a small extinct passerine which was endemic to san benedicto island in the revillagigedo islands off mexico .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it was a subspecies of the rock wren . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "san benedicto rock wren", "paragraphs": ["san benedicto rock wren , a rock wren subspecies endemic to san benedicto island in the revillagigedo islands off mexico . this subspecies became ext\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nin honor of the hoyas ' geological roots , our theme extinct animal for today is the only extinct animal with\nrock\nin its name : the san benedicto rock wren .\nsalpinctes obsoletus exsul : san benedicto i . ( revillagigedo islands off s baja california )\nridgway , 1903 \u2013 san benedicto i , in revillagigedo is ( off s baja california ) .\ntil that the extinction of the san benedicto rock wren , a previously unendangered species , can be traced almost to the minute on the morning of august 1st , 1952 , when a volcanic eruption covered their entire island .\nthis animal is unique , and applicable to the big east conference , for another reason : history knows the exact moment it went extinct . on august 1 , 1952 , the active san benedicto volcano erupted , burying the bird ' s habitat ten feet deep in ash and pyroclastic flow . the san benedicto rock wren was never seen again .\ntil the san benedicto rock wren became extinct around 9 am on august 1 1952 . the extinction was recorded with such precision because observers were offshore , documenting how the island was being blasted with ejecta from a volcanic eruption .\ntil that the extinction of the san benedicto rock wren , a previously unendangered species , can be traced almost to the minute on the morning of august 1st , 1952 , when a volcanic eruption covered their entire island . : todayilearned\ntil the san benedicto rock wren became extinct around 9 am on august 1 1952 . the extinction was recorded with such precision because observers were offshore , documenting how the island was being blasted with ejecta from a volcanic eruption . : todayilearned\nthe rock wren is well named . most descriptions of rock wren habitat mention \u201crock\u201d for this pale wren of arid , western north america . still , these wrens are also found in nonrocky habitats , as long as there exist areas \u201crich in crevices , interstices , passageways , recesses , and nooks and crannies of diverse shapes and sizes\u201d (\nkroodsma , d . e . 1975a . song patterning in the rock wren . condor no . 77 : 294 - 303 . close\nmerola , m . 1995 . observations on the nesting and breeding behavior of the rock wren . condor no . 97 : 585 - 587 . close\nthese wrens are more easily heard than seen . rock wren songs are unmistakable , but beauty lies in the ears of the listener . according to florence m . bailey (\n\u2013 w north america from s british columbia , s alberta and s saskatchewan s to coastal california ( including islands of san nicolas and san clemente ) , oklahoma and w texas , and w , n & c mexico from baja california ( including san mart\u00edn i ) s at higher elevations to oaxaca ; n populations migrate to s parts of range .\nis a very plain name for a bundle of fire known as the rock wren . it is heard , up on the bluffs , up in the rocks , but it is seen only by those who climb the bluffs regularly , and then it is seen only irregularly . . . . after reading even the most elementary writings of the rock wren i am shocked at society ' s ignorance of this bird\n: 290 ) , the rock wren ' s song \u201c . . . at first hearing seems the drollest , most unbird - like of machine - made tinklings , \u201d but william l . dawson (\ntwo proposed island races , pulverius ( from san nicolas i and san clemente i , off sw california ) and proximus ( from san mart\u00edn i , off nw baja california ) , both considered indistinguishable from nominate ; described races costaricensis ( nw costa rica ) and fasciatus ( nw nicaragua ) merged with guttatus , but one or both possibly merit recognition . race guttatus notably more heavily barred below , but voice seemingly very similar to other races . five extant subspecies recognized .\nmystery . rock wrens have been little studied and most information about the biology of this species is anecdotal . one curious aspect of this wren ' s biology has received much notice but virtually no study : rock wrens usually build a pavement or walkway of small , flat stones or pebbles that leads to the nest cavity . the nest is usually located in a rock crevice , occasionally far out of sight , but the pavement may give an external sign of the nest ' s location . the function of this pavement is open to speculation .\ndawson , w . l . 1923 . the birds of california : a complete , scientific and popular account of the 580 species and subspecies of birds found in the state . vol . 2 . san diego , ca : south moulton . close\n: 290 ) considered this wren ' s songs to be \u201cthe sprightliest , most musical , and resonant to be heard in the entire west . \u201d even to mrs . bailey , however , this wren redeems itself , as the song \u201c . . . comes to be greeted as the voice of a friend on the desert , and its quality to seem in harmony with the hard , gritty granites among which he lives\u201d (\nkroodsma , d . & brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . rock wren ( salpinctes obsoletus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwolf , l . , r . m . lejnieks , c . r . brown and j . yarchin . 1985a . temperature fluctuations and nesting behavior of rock wrens in a high - altitude environment . wilson bull . no . 97 : 385 - 387 . close\nwhat i find interesting about this story is that\nhoya\nbecame the nickname rather than\nsaxa .\nrock or rocks is a somewhat reasonable name for a sports team . but by latching onto\nhoya\ninstead , their team name translates to georgetown whats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 843 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nkhalid - otw ( official video ) ft . 6lack , ty dolla $ ign\npress j to jump to the feed . press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\nthis is why you shouldn ' t put all your wrens on one island .\nit ' s been a while since i ' ve seen this style of writing in wikipedia .\nyou learn something new every day ; what did you learn today ? submit interesting and specific facts about something that you just found out here .\nyou are using an outdated browser . please upgrade your browser to improve your reverbnation experience .\nreverbnation makes heavy use of javascript you should enable javascript on your browser to best experience this site .\nall third party trademarks are the property of the respective trademark owners . reverbnation is not affiliated with those trademark owners .\nvimeo gives control freaks the power to tweak every aspect of their embedded videos : colors , buttons , end screens , and more .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npeter e . lowther , donald e . kroodsma , and greg h . farley\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library\u2019s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nthis species breeds locally north of the distribution shown , and winters locally north distribution shown .\njanovy , jr . , j . 1978 . keith county journal . new york : st . martin ' s press . close\nryser , jr . , r . a . 1985 . birds of the great basin : a natural history . reno : univ . of nevada press . close\nbailey , f . m . 1904a . handbook of birds of the western united states including the great plains , great basin , pacific slope , and lower rio grande valley . 2nd ed . boston , ma : houghton , mifflin and co . close\nbent , a . c . 1948b . life histories of north american nuthatches , wrens , thrashers , and their allies . u . s . natl . mus . bull . no . 195 . close\npublished information on this species is meager . recent published work includes merola ' s (\n) observations of 6 color - marked nesting pairs in new mexico . wolf et al . (\nlowther , p . e . , d . e . kroodsma , and g . h . farley ( 2000 ) .\n) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole and f . b . gill , editors ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nnelson , 1897 \u2013 highlands from s mexico ( chiapas ) s to c honduras .\n14\u201316 cm ; 16\u00b75 g . nominate race has grey - buff supercilium , greyish - brown crown , nape and back with numerous dark streaks tipped white ; mid - back , shoulders and . . .\nmale repertoire of c . 100 different songs , each a series of identical , repeated syllables , . . .\nbarren rocky hillsides , screes and boulderfalls , also quarries and recently clear - cut areas in . . .\nmostly invertebrates ; small lizards also taken . forages among boulders and rocks ; very active . insular race\nseason from late may in n and at higher elevations ; earlier in s , e . g . from mid - jan in nw mexico ( baja california ) and from early feb in s . . .\ns populations and those on islands apparently sedentary . migratory in n ; withdraws in winter from . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in suitable areas over much of its range . has bred in nc canada , at churchill ( n manitoba ) . race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ngenetic data indicate a close relationship to polioptilidae , followed by certhiidae and sittidae # r # r # r , and support monophyly of present family , once donacobius is removed ; traditional linear sequence of species and genera , with campylorhynchus listed first , now rearranged to reflect discovered phylogenetic relationships # r # r # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nnative to new zealand , kiwis face potential extinction from a range of introduced predators that are also killing many other native bird species .\nfrom the flightless dodo in mauritius to the passenger pigeon in north america , 279 bird species and subspecies have vanished in the last 500 years , researchers estimate . the rate of extinctions worldwide peaked in the early 1900s and then started to decline , but a new study found that bird die - outs have been on the rise since the middle of the 20th century .\nuntil this study it had been hoped the rate of extinction was slowing ,\nresearcher judit szabo , of charles darwin university in australia , said in a statement .\nhistorically most extinctions have occurred on islands , particularly those in the pacific , but most of the really susceptible species are long gone .\nbird extinctions mainly occurred on islands in previous centuries as humans expanded in the pacific and colonized the americas , disrupting fragile ecosystems . but as island extinction rates have been declining over the past century , more and more species have disappeared on the continents , szabo and her team said .\ntheir study , published online monday ( oct . 8 ) in the journal plos one , shows that habitat destruction for agriculture development is the main cause of recent extinctions on continents and poses the greatest current threat to endangered birds . unsustainable hunting and the introduction of invasive species , such as cats and rats , have been the greatest drivers of extinctions in past centuries , according to the study .\nthe researchers warn that a combination of invasive species and habitat loss can pose a particularly high threat to birds . for examples , pigs were introduced to the hawaiian islands several centuries ago - - first by polynesians , then again by europeans . the animals ' foraging changes the native landscape in a way that promotes the spread of invasive mosquitoes , which in turn carry bird diseases like avian malaria and avian pox .\nthe researchers said conservation interventions have helped prevent at least 31 bird extinctions , but now there are many species that only survive because of constant conservation efforts .\nthis list would have been much longer were it not for the work being done around the world to stop extinctions ,\nstudy researcher stuart butchart , of birdlife international , said in a statement .\nbut we need to scale up our efforts substantially to avoid further human - induced extinctions .\nfollow livescience on twitter @ livescience . we ' re also on facebook & google + .\ncopyright 2012 livescience , a techmedianetwork company . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or redistributed .\nchina only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone . that ' s why trump ' s trade war is futile\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nyou know that phenomenon where you look at your watch , and then you don ' t know what time it is ? i get that every year when usf plays georgetown . every year , i look up the answer to the\nwhat ' s a hoya ?\nquestion , and by next year i ' ve forgotten it and i have to look it up again .\nno one seems to know exactly when or how the term\nhoya saxa\nwas first used at georgetown . many years ago , there was a team at georgetown called the\nstonewalls ,\nand it is suggested that a student applied the greek and latin terms and dubbed them\nhoya saxa ,\nmeaning\nwhat rocks !\nhoya has since become a nickname for georgetown\u2019s athletic teams and students . hoia is from the greek word hoios , meaning\nsuch a\nor\nwhat a .\nthe neuter plural of this word is hoia , which agrees with the neuter plural of the latin word saxa , meaning rocks ; thus we have hoya\u2014 substituting the letter\ny\nfor\ni .\nbefore 1900 , every georgetown student studied both greek and latin , so there was no need to explain what the expression meant .\non november 27 , 2012 , tulane university was invited to the big east conference . georgetown and six other big east schools announced that they would never be seen again either .\nthe three - star qb is the second atlanta mays prospect in two years to commit to usf .\nthe bulls picked up their second verbal in two days in the form of a 6\u20193\n, 240 pound athlete out of polk county .\nthis article has a component height of 11 . the sidebar size is medium ."]}
{"id": 2029, "summary": [{"text": "typhisopsis is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was first described by f\u00e9lix pierre jousseaume in 1880 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "typhisopsis", "paragraphs": ["typhisopsis jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : typhisopsis coronatus broderip , w . j . , 1833\nhouart r . & hertz c . m . 2006 . a review of typhisopsis and typhisala ( gastropoda : muricoidea ) of the eastern pacific . the nautilus 120 ( 2 ) : 52 - 65 . [ erratum vol . 123 : 23 ( 2009 ) ] . [ details ]\njousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division m\u00e9thodique de la famille des purpurid\u00e9s . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 335 [ details ]\ndiagnosis four heavy , rounded , ropelike varices ; only apertural varix with varical flange ; apertural varix with upward curved , sharp , shoulder spine ; spine of other varices strongly inwards pointed ; tubes near preceding varix , adpressed to preceding partition ; radula different from any other genus . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nvolutella perry , g . , 1810 type species : volutella divergens perry , g . , 1810\nphyllocoma ( phyllocoma ) tapparone - canefri , c . e . , 1881 type species : phyllocoma ( phyllocoma ) convoluta broderip , w . j . , 1833\nphyllocoma ( galfridus ) iredale , t . , 1924 type species : phyllocoma ( galfridus ) speciosa speciosa angas , g . f . , 1871\nmurex linnaeus , c . , 1758 type species : murex pecten montfort , p . d . de , 1810\nmurex ( murex ) linnaeus , c . , 1758 type species : murex pecten montfort , p . d . de , 1810\nmurex ( promurex ) ponder , w . f . & e . h . vokes , 1988 type species : murex ( promurex ) antelmei viader , r . , 1938\nhaustellum schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : haustellum haustellum linnaeus , c . , 1758\nvokesimurex petuch , e . j . , 1994 type species : vokesimurex messorius sowerby , g . b . ii , 1841\nsiratus jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : siratus senegalensis gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nbolinus pusch , g . g . , 1837 type species : bolinus brandaris brandaris linnaeus , c . , 1758\nhexaplex perry , g . , 1810 type species : hexaplex foliacea perry , g . , 1811\nhexaplex ( hexaplex ) perry , g . , 1810 type species : hexaplex foliacea perry , g . , 1811\nhexaplex ( muricanthus ) swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : hexaplex ( muricanthus ) radix gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nhexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1921 type species : hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) trunculus trunculus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nchicoreus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : chicoreus ( chicoreus ) ramosus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nchicoreus ( chicoreus ) montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : chicoreus ( chicoreus ) ramosus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nchicoreus ( chicopinnatus ) houart , r . , 1992 type species : chicoreus ( chicopinnatus ) orchidiflorus shikama , t . , 1973\nchicoreus ( rhizophorimurex ) oyama , k . , 1950 type species : chicoreus ( rhizophorimurex ) capucinus lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nchicoreus ( triplex ) perry , g . , 1810 type species : chicoreus ( triplex ) foliatus perry , g . , 1810\nchicomurex arakawa , k . y . , 1964 type species : chicomurex superbus sowerby , g . b . iii , 1889\nnaquetia jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : naquetia triqueter born , i . von , 1778\nphyllonotus swainson , w . a . , 1833 type species : murex imperialis swainson , w . a . , 1831\npterynotus ( pterynotus ) swainson , w . a . , 1833 type species : murex pinnatus swainson , w . a . , 1822\npterynotus ( pterymarchia ) houart , r . , 1995 type species : pterynotus ( pterymarchia ) tripterus born , i . von , 1778\ntimbellus gregorio , a . de , 1885 type species : timbellus latifolius bellardi , l . , 1872\npterochelus jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : pterochelus acanthopterus lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\npurpurellus jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : purpurellus gambiensis reeve , l . a . , 1845\ningensia houart , r . , 2001 type species : ingensia ingens houart , r . , 1987\nponderia houart , r . , 1986 type species : ponderia zealandica hutton , f . w . , 1873\nprototyphis ponder , w . f . , 1972 type species : prototyphis angasi crosse , h . , 1863\npoirieria ( poirieria ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : poirieria ( poirieria ) zelandica quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1833\npoirieria ( actinotrophon ) dall , w . h . , 1902 type species : poirieria ( actinotrophon ) actinophora dall , w . h . , 1889\npaziella ( paziella ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : paziella ( paziella ) pazi crosse , h . , 1869\npaziella ( bouchetia ) houart , r . & v . h\u00e9ros , 2008 type species : paziella ( bouchetia ) vaubanensis houart , r . , 1986\npaziella ( flexopteron ) shuto , t . , 1969 type species : paziella ( flexopteron ) philippinensis shuto , t . , 1969\ncalotrophon ( calotrophon ) hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951 type species : calotrophon bristolae hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951\ncalotrophon ( panamurex ) woodring , w . p . , 1959 type species : calotrophon ( panamurex ) gatunensis brown , a . & h . a . pilsbry , 1911\nattiliosa emerson , w . k . , 1968 type species : coralliophila incompta berry , s . s . , 1960\naspella m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1877 type species : aspella anceps lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\ndermomurex monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : dermomurex ( viator ) antonius vokes , e . h . , 1974\ndermomurex ( dermomurex ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : dermomurex ( viator ) antonius vokes , e . h . , 1974\ndermomurex ( gracilimurex ) thiele , j . , 1929 type species : murex bicolor thiele , j . , 1929\ndermomurex ( takia ) kuroda , t . , 1953 type species : murex inermis sowerby , g . b . ii , 1841\ndermomurex ( trialatella ) berry , s . s . , 1964 type species : dermomurex ( trialatella ) cunninghamae berry , s . s . , 1964\ndermomurex ( viator ) vokes , e . h . , 1974 type species : dermomurex ( viator ) antonius vokes , e . h . , 1974\ntyphis ( typhis ) montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : typhis ( typhis ) tubifer brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\ntyphis ( brasityphis ) absal\u00e3o , r . s . & f . n . dos santos , 2003 type species : typhis ( brasityphis ) barrosi absal\u00e3o , r . s . & f . n . dos santos , 2003\ntyphis ( haustellotyphis ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : typhis ( haustellotyphis ) cumingii broderip , w . j . , 1833\ntyphis ( hirtotyphis ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : typhis ( hirtotyphis ) horridus brocchi , g . b . , 1814\nmonstrotyphis habe , t . , 1961 type species : monstrotyphis tosaensis azuma , m . , 1960\nrugotyphis vella , p . , 1961 type species : rugotyphis francescae finlay , h . j . , 1924\ntyphina jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : typhina belcheri broderip , w . j . , 1833\ntyphinellus jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : typhis sowerbii broderip , w . j . , 1833\nsiphonochelus ( siphonochelus ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : siphonochelus ( siphonochelus ) arcuatus hinds , r . b . , 1843\nsiphonochelus ( choreotyphis ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : siphonochelus ( choreotyphis ) pavlova iredale , t . , 1936\nsiphonochelus ( distichotyphis ) keen , a . m . & g . b . campbell , 1964 type species : siphonochelus ( distichotyphis ) vemae keen , a . m . & g . b . campbell , 1964\nsiphonochelus ( laevityphis ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1903 type species : typhis ( typhis ) coronarius deshayes , g . p . , 1865\nsiphonochelus ( trubatsa ) dall , w . h . , 1889 type species : siphonochelus ( trubatsa ) longicornis dall , w . h . , 1888\ntyphisala jousseaume , f . p . , 1881 type species : typhisala grandis adams , a . , 1855\ncinclidotyphis dushane , h . , 1969 type species : cinclidotyphis myrae dushane , h . , 1969\npterotyphis jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : pterotyphis pinnatus broderip , w . j . , 1833\ntripterotyphis pilsbry , h . a . & h . n . lowe , 1932 type species : tripterotyphis lowei lowei pilsbry , h . a . , 1931\nmuricopsis ( muricopsis ) bucquoy , e . j . , ph . dautzenberg & g . f . dollfus , 1882 type species : muricopsis ( muricopsis ) blainvillei payraudeau , b . - c . , 1826\nmuricopsis ( risomurex ) olsson , a . a . & t . l . mcginty , 1958 type species : muricopsis ( risomurex ) deformis reeve , l . a . , 1846\nrolandiella marshall , b . a . & k . w . burch , 2000 type species : rolandiella scotti marshall , b . a . & k . w . burch , 2000\nmurexsul iredale , t . , 1915 type species : murexsul octogonus quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1833\nacanthotrophon hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951 type species : acanthotrophon sorenseni hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951\nbizetiella radwin , g . e . & a . d ' attilio , 1972 type species : bizetiella carmen lowe , h . n . , 1935\nevokesia radwin , g . e . & a . d ' attilio , 1972 type species : pascula rufonotata carpenter , p . p . , 1864\nfavartia jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : favartia ( favartia ) brevicula sowerby , g . b . ii , 1834\nfavartia ( favartia ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : favartia ( favartia ) brevicula sowerby , g . b . ii , 1834\nfavartia ( caribiella ) perilliat , urltoken c . , 1971 type species : favartia ( caribiella ) alveata kiener , l . c . , 1842\nfavartia ( pygmaepterys ) vokes , e . h . , 1978 type species : favartia alfredensis bartsch , p . , 1915\nhomalocantha m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : homalocantha scorpio linnaeus , c . , 1758\nmaxwellia baily , w . b . , 1950 type species : maxwellia gemma sowerby , g . b . ii , 1879\nfavartia ( murexiella ) clench , w . j . & i . p\u00e9rez farfante , 1945 type species : favartia ( murexiella ) hidalgoi crosse , h . , 1869\nfavartia ( subpterynotus ) olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 type species : favartia ( subpterynotus ) textilis gabb , w . m . , 1873\npradoxa fernandes , f . & e . m . rol\u00e1n , 1993 type species : pradoxa confirmata fernandes , f . & e . m . rol\u00e1n , 1990\nxastilia bouchet , ph . & r . houart , 1994 type species : xastilia kosugei bouchet , ph . & r . houart , 1994\nvitularia swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : vitularia miliaris gmelin , j . f . , 1791\npazinotus vokes , e . h . , 1978 type species : pazinotus stimpsonii dall , w . h . , 1889\nafricanella vermeij , g . j . & r . houart , 1999 type species : africanella isaacsi houart , r . , 1984\nxanthochorus fischer , p . , 1884 type species : purpura xanthostoma broderip , w . j . , 1833\nceratostoma herrmannsen , a . n . , 1846 type species : ceratostoma nuttalli conrad , t . a . , 1837\nchicocenebra bouchet , ph . & r . houart , 1996 type species : chicocenebra gubbi reeve , l . a . , 1849\nchorus gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : chorus giganteus lesson , r . p . , 1831\ncrassilabrum jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : crassilabrum crassilabrum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1834\neupleura adams , a . in adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : eupleura caudata say , t . , 1822\nforreria jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : forreria belcheri hinds , r . b . , 1843\nforreria ( austrotrophon ) dall , w . h . , 1902 type species : forreria ( austrotrophon ) cerrosensis dall , w . h . , 1891\nforreria ( zacatrophon ) hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951 type species : forreria ( zacatrophon ) beebei hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1948\ngenkaimurex kuroda , t . , 1953 type species : genkaimurex varicosus kuroda , t . , 1953\nhadriania bucquoy , e . j . & ph . dautzenberg , 1882 type species : murex craticulatus brocchi , g . b . , 1814\ninermicosta jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : inermicosta inermicosta vokes , e . h . , 1964\njaton pusch , g . g . , 1837 type species : jaton decussatus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nnucella r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : buccinum filosum gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nnucella ( acanthina ) fischer von waldheim , g . , 1870 type species : buccinum monoceros chemnitz , j . h . , 1786\nnucella ( acanthinucella ) cooke , a . h . , 1918 type species : nucella ( acanthinucella ) punctulata sowerby , g . b . i , 1825\nocinebrina jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : murex corallinus scacchi , a . , 1836\npteropurpura ( pteropurpura ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : pteropurpura ( pteropurpura ) macroptera macroptera deshayes , g . p . , 1839\nocinebrellus jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : ocinebrellus eurypteron reeve , l . a . , 1845\npteropurpura ( calcitrapessa ) berry , s . s . , 1959 type species : pteropurpura ( calcitrapessa ) leeana dall , w . h . , 1890\npteropurpura ( poropteron ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1880 type species : pteropurpura ( poropteron ) uncinaria lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\npterorytis conrad , t . a . , 1863 type species : pterorytis umbrifer conrad , t . a . , 1862\nocenebra gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : ocenebra erinacea linnaeus , c . , 1758\nroperia dall , w . h . , 1898 type species : roperia poulsoni carpenter , p . p . , 1864\nocenotrophon mclean , j . h . , 1995 type species : ocenotrophon painei dall , w . h . , 1904\ntrochia swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : trochia cingulata linnaeus , c . , 1771\nurosalpinx stimpson , w . , 1865 type species : urosalpinx cinerea say , t . , 1822\nvaughtia houart , r . , 1995 type species : vaughtia babingtoni sowerby , g . b . iii , 1892\ntrophon montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : murex magellanicus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nafritrophon tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1947 type species : afritrophon kowieensis sowerby , g . b . iii , 1901\nanatrophon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : anatrophon sarmentosus hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908\nboreotrophon fischer , p . , 1884 type species : boreotrophon clathratus linnaeus , c . , 1767\nnodulotrophon habe , t . & k . ito , 1965 type species : trophon dalli kobelt , w . , 1878\ncoronium simone , l . r . l . de , 1996 type species : coronium oblongum simone , l . r . l . de , 1996\nenatimene iredale , t . , 1929 type species : enatimene simplex hedley , c . , 1903\nenixotrophon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : enixotrophon carduelis watson , r . b . , 1882\nfuegotrophon powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : fuegotrophon pallidus broderip , w . j . in broderip , w . j . & g . b . i sowerby , 1833\nleptotrophon houart , r . , 1995 type species : leptotrophon caroae houart , r . , 1995\nlitozamia iredale , t . , 1929 type species : litozamia rudolphi brazier , j . in henn , a . u . , 1894\nscabrotrophon mclean , j . h . , 1996 type species : scabrotrophon maltzani kobelt , w . & h . c . k\u00fcster , 1878\nstramonitrophon powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : stramonitrophon laciniatus dillwyn , l . w . , 1817\nminortrophon finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : minortrophon crassiliratus suter , h . h . , 1908\nbenthoxystus iredale , t . , 1929 type species : benthoxystus columnarius hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908\nconchatalos houart , r . , 1995 type species : conchatalos lacrima houart , r . , 1991\ngemixystus iredale , t . , 1929 type species : gemixystus laminatus petterd , w . f . , 1884\nnipponotrophon kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971 type species : boreotrophon echinus dall , w . h . , 1918\nabyssotrophon egorov , r . v . , 1993 type species : abyssotrophon ruthenicus egorov , r . v . , 1993\nxenotrophon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : xenotrophon euschema iredale , t . , 1929\naxymene finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : axymene turbator finlay , h . j . , 1927\ncomptella finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : comptella curta murdoch , r . , 1905\nparatrophon finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : paratrophon cheesemani cheesemani hutton , f . w . , 1882\nterefundus finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : terefundus crispulatus suter , h . h . , 1908\ntrophonopsis bucquoy , e . j . , ph . dautzenberg & g . f . dollfus , 1882 type species : trophonopsis muricata montagu , g . , 1803\nxymene iredale , t . , 1915 type species : xymene plebeius hutton , f . w . , 1873\nxymenella finlay , h . j . , 1927 type species : xymenella pusilla suter , h . h . , 1907\nxymenopsis powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : xymenopsis liratus gould , a . a . , 1849\nzeatrophon finlay , h . j . , 1927 type species : zeatrophon ambiguus philippi , r . a . , 1844\ntrophonella harasewych , m . g . & g . pastorino , 2010 type species : trophonella scotiana powell , a . w . b . , 1951\npagodula monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : pagodula echinata kiener , l . c . , 1840\nhaustrum perry , g . , 1811 type species : haustrum zealandicum perry , g . , 1811\nlepsiella iredale , t . , 1912 type species : haustrum scobina quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1833\nbedeva iredale , t . , 1924 type species : trophon hanleyi angas , g . f . , 1867\nergalatax iredale , t . , 1931 type species : ergalatax recurrens iredale , t . , 1931\nbedevina habe , t . , 1946 type species : bedevina birileffi lischke , c . e . , 1871\ncronia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : cronia ( cronia ) amygdala kiener , l . c . , 1835\ncronia ( cronia ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : cronia ( cronia ) amygdala kiener , l . c . , 1835\ncronia ( usilla ) adams , h . g . , 1860 type species : cronia ( usilla ) avenacea lesson , r . p . , 1842\ncytharomorula kuroda , t . , 1953 type species : cytharomorula vexillum kuroda , t . , 1953\ndaphnellopsis schepman , m . m . , 1913 type species : daphnellopsis lamellosa schepman , m . m . , 1913\ndrupella thiele , j . , 1925 type species : purpura elata blainville , h . m . d . de , 1832\nlataxiena jousseaume , f . p . , 1883 type species : lataxiena lataxiena jousseaume , f . p . , 1883\nlindapterys petuch , e . j . , 1987 type species : lindapterys vokesae petuch , e . j . , 1987\nmaculotriton dall , w . h . , 1904 type species : triton bracteatus hinds , r . b . , 1844\nmorula schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : morula papillosa schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817\nmorula ( morula ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : morula ( morula ) uva r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nmorula ( azumamorula ) emerson , w . k . , 1968 type species : morula ( azumamorula ) mutica lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\nmorula ( habromorula ) houart , r . , 1995 type species : morula ( habromorula ) biconica blainville , h . m . d . de , 1832\nmuricodrupa iredale , t . , 1918 type species : muricodrupa fenestrata blainville , h . m . d . de , 1832\noppomorus iredale , t . , 1937 type species : oppomorus noduliferus menke , k . t . , 1829\norania pallary . m . p . , 1900 type species : murex spadae libassi , i . , 1859\npascula dall , w . h . , 1908 type species : pascula citrica dall , w . h . , 1908\nphrygiomurex dall , w . h . , 1904 type species : phrygiomurex sculptilis reeve , l . a . , 1844\nroquesia petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : roquesia lindae petuch , e . j . , 2013\nspinidrupa habe , t . & s . kosuge , 1966 type species : spinidrupa euracantha adams , a . , 1853\ntenguella arakawa , k . y . , 1965 type species : tenguella granulata duclos , p . l . , 1832\ntrachypollia woodring , w . p . , 1928 type species : trachypollia sclera woodring , w . p . , 1928\nuttleya marwick , j . , 1934 type species : uttleya arcana marwick , j . , 1934\ndrupa r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : drupa morum morum r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\ndrupa ( drupina ) dall , w . h . , 1923 type species : ricinula digitata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\ndrupa ( ricinella ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : unknowngenustype\nrapana schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : rapana bezoar linnaeus , c . , 1767\npurpura brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1789 type species : purpura persica linnaeus , c . , 1758\nplicopurpura cossmann , a . e . m . , 1903 type species : plicopurpura columellaris lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nneorapana cooke , a . h . , 1918 type species : neorapana muricata broderip , w . j . , 1832\nthais r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : thais ( thais ) nodosa nodosa linnaeus , c . , 1758\nthais ( thais ) r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : thais ( thais ) nodosa nodosa linnaeus , c . , 1758\nthais ( mancinella ) link , h . f . , 1807 type species : thais ( mancinella ) mancinella linnaeus , c . , 1758\nthais ( thalessa ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : tylothais aculeata deshayes , g . p . , 1844\nvasula m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1860 type species : vasula melones duclos , p . l . , 1832\ntribulus adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : tribulus planospira lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nthaisella clench , w . j . , 1947 type species : thaisella coronata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\ncymia m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1860 type species : cymia sulcata swainson , w . a . , 1840\ndicathais macpherson , j . h . & c . j . gabriel , 1962 type species : dicathais orbita gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nvexilla swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : vexilla picta swainson , w . a .\nconcholepas lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801 type species : concholepas peruviana lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801\npinaxia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : pinaxia coronata adams , a . , 1851\nneothais iredale , t . , 1912 type species : neothais smithi brazier , j . in etheridge , r . , 1889\nreishia kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1971 type species : reishia bronni dunker , r . w . , 1860\nsemiricinula martens , e . c . von , 1904 type species : semiricinula muricina blainville , h . m . d . de , 1832\nstramonita schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : stramonita haemastoma haemastoma linnaeus , c . , 1767\nagnewia tenison - woods , j . e . , 1878 type species : purpura typica dunker , r . w .\nacanthais vermeij , g . j . & h . h . kool , 1994 type species : acanthais brevidentata wood , w . , 1828\ntaurasia bellardi , l . , 1882 type species : taurasia subfusiformis orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1852\nnassa r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : nassa picta r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nindothais claremont , m . , g . j . vermeij , s . t . williams & d . g . reid , 2013 type species : indothais lacera born , i . von , 1778\ntylothais houart , r . , 2017 type species : tylothais savignyi deshayes , g . p . in lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1844\ncoralliophila adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : coralliophila ( coralliophila ) neritoidea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\ncoralliophila ( coralliophila ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : coralliophila ( coralliophila ) neritoidea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1816\ncoralliophila ( coralliobia ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : coralliophila ( coralliobia ) fimbriata adams , a . , 1854\ncoralliophila ( pseudomurex ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1872 type species : coralliophila ( coralliophila ) aedonia watson , r . b . , 1886\nbabelomurex coen , g . s . , 1922 type species : fusus babelis r\u00e9quien , e . , 1848\nbabelomurex ( babelomurex ) coen , g . s . , 1922 type species : fusus babelis r\u00e9quien , e . , 1848\nbabelomurex ( echinolatiaxis ) kosuge , s . , 1979 type species : babelomurex echinatus azuma , m . , 1960\nbabelomurex ( laevilatiaxis ) kosuge , s . , 1974 type species : babelomurex ( laevilatiaxis ) fruticosus kosuge , s . , 1979\nbabelomurex ( lamellatiaxis ) habe , t . & s . kosuge , 1970 type species : babelomurex ( babelomurex ) marumai habe , t . & s . kosuge , 1970\nbabelomurex ( tarantellaxis ) habe , t . , 1970 type species : babelomurex ( tarantellaxis ) kuroharai habe , t . , 1970\nemozamia iredale , t . , 1929 type species : emozamia licina hedley , c . & w . f . petterd , 1906\nfusomurex coen , g . s . , 1922 type species : murex alucoides blainville , h . m . d . de , 1829\ngaleropsis hupp\u00e9 , l . - h . , 1860 type species : galeropsis lavenayanus hupp\u00e9 , l . - h . , 1860\nhirtomurex coen , g . s . , 1922 type species : fusus lamellosus philippi , r . a . , 1836\nlatiaxis swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : latiaxis mawae gray , j . e . in griffith , e . & e . pidgeon , 1834\nmagilus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : magilus antiquus montfort , p . d . de , 1810\nmipus gregorio , a . de , 1885 type species : mipus gyratus hinds , r . b . , 1844\nquoyula iredale , t . , 1912 type species : quoyula monodonta blainville , h . m . d . de , 1832\nrapa r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : rapa rapa linnaeus , c . , 1758\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282cec0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282d04a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 384a8362 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . 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( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 970b7e85 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nfounded in 1985 we are specialized in worldwide literature on mollusca and marine invertebrates . our publishing house has meanwhile published approximately 60 titles on that field of interest . we have stocks of most available international books on malacology and a huge amount of antiquarian literature , even of the latter most titles are only available once .\nall prices are in \u00bf ( euro ) net ( customers of the eu have to pay additional 7 % vat ) plus postage and handling ( reg . book - parcel , approx . 6 , 00 \u00bf / kg plus 3 , 00 \u00bf registration ) .\nplease don ' t mix up the sign \u00bf ( euro ) with us - $ ! transport on the buyers risk .\npayment is due on receipt of invoice and may be made by internet or money transfer to our bank account . we also accept visa - or euro / mastercard credit cards as well as paypal free of charge . for payments by private cheque , not drawn . . .\ndie ware wird in der regel innerhalb von 2 tagen nach bestelleingang verschickt . bitte entnehmen sie den voraussichtlichen liefertermin ihrer bestellbest\u00e4tigung . die versandkostenpauschalen basieren auf durchschnittswerten f\u00fcr 1 kg schwere b\u00fccher . \u00fcber abweichende kosten ( z . b . wegen eines sehr schweren buches ) werden sie gegebenenfalls vom verk\u00e4ufer informiert . f\u00fcr kunden des eu - inlandes wird die erm\u00e4\u00dfigte deutsche mehrwertsteuer in h\u00f6he von 7 % zus\u00e4tzlich auf buch und versand erhoben\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office ."]}
{"id": 2040, "summary": [{"text": "euglossa dilemma , the green orchid bee or dilemma orchid bee , is a species of solitary euglossine bee native to a broad area of central america , and recently introduced to florida in the united states .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it was first detected in broward county , florida in 2003 , and initially identified as euglossa viridissima , but further study revealed that e. viridissima as previously defined consisted of two cryptic species , and the one present in florida was new to science . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "euglossa dilemma", "paragraphs": ["maggie whitson marked\neuglossa dilemma ( green orchid bee )\nas trusted on the\neuglossa dilemma\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\ngreen orchid bee ( euglossa dilemma )\nas trusted on the\neuglossa dilemma\npage .\nmaggie whitson added a link to\nfeatured creatures : green orchid bee - euglossa dilemma friese\non\neuglossa dilemma\n.\neuglossa dilemma genome assembly edil _ v1 . 0 ( gca _ 002201625 . 1 / nijg01 )\nmaggie whitson marked\nfriendly green orchid bee\nas trusted on the\neuglossa dilemma\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\neuglossa - dilemma , - male , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 32 . 14 - zs - pmax\nas trusted on the\neuglossa dilemma\npage .\neuglossa dilemma , male , face _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 20 . 45 zs pmax\neuglossa dilemma , male , face _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 20 . 45 zs pmax | flickr\neuglossa dilemma genome assembly edil _ v1 . 0 ( gca _ 002201625 . 1 / nijg01 ) | i5k workspace @ nal\neuglossa - dilemma , - male , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 32 . 14 - zs - pmax\neuglossa - dilemma , - male , - side _ 2012 - 06 - 27 - 17 . 32 . 14 - zs - pmax | flickr\nchemosensory genes detected in the antennal transcriptomes of e . dilemma and e . viridissima\ne . dilemma gene annotations with homology to the honey bee . ( . txt )\nestablishment of the neotropical orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in florida .\nfigure 2 . a female euglossa dilemma photographed while foraging . corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) are visible , and contain yellow pollen stores . photograph by thomas chauvenc , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .\na fixed and polymorphic non - synonymous and synonymous substitutions between orthologs of given genes of e . dilemma and e . viridissima\nfigure 1 . a male euglossa dilemma photographed from various angles . characteristic green metallic coloration , long tongue , brush - like front tarsi , and enlarged hind tibiae are visible . photographs by aaron mullins , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .\na homologous genes identified independently in the antennal transcriptomes of e . dilemma and e . viridissima with \u226510 - fold mean per - base coverage\nacquisition of species - specific perfume blends : influence of habitat - dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees ( euglossa spp . )\ncharacterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters .\npech , m . e . c . , w . de j . may - itz\u00e1 , l . a . m . medina , and j . j . g . quezada - euan , 2008 sociality in euglossa ( euglossa ) viridissima friese ( hymenoptera , apidae , euglossini ) . insectes sociaux\nacquisition of species - specific perfume blends : influence of habitat - dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees ( euglossa spp . ) | springerlink\nif you use this dataset , please cite the following publication : the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the facultatively eusocial orchid bee euglossa dilemma philipp brand , nicholas saleh , hailin pan , cai li , karen m . kapheim and santiago r . ram\u00edrez g3 : genes , genomes , genetics early online july 12 , 2017 ; urltoken\nour results are consistent with the hypothesis that genes of the olfactory peripheral system of e . dilemma and e . viridissima have evolved under strong divergent selective pressures . together , these observations support a significant trend of increased divergent selective pressures that may have shaped the recent evolution of chemosensory genes in e . dilemma and e . viridissima .\nskov c , wiley j . 2005 . establishment of the neotropical orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in florida . florida entomologist 88 : 225 - 227 .\nallpaths - lg for more information , or to cite , please see the following publication : the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of the facultatively eusocial orchid bee euglossa dilemma philipp brand , nicholas saleh , hailin pan , cai li , karen m . kapheim and santiago r . ram\u00edrez g3 : genes , genomes , genetics early online july 12 , 2017 ; urltoken\nfirst identified as euglossa viridissima , but further study revealed that e . viridissima as previously defined consisted of two cryptic species , and the one present in florida was new to science\nmitochondrial genome reconstruction . the structure of the honey bee mitochondrial genome and information of the homologous reconstructed parts of the e . dilemma mitochondrial genome . nonreconstructed parts of incompletely reconstructed genes are hatched .\nthis bee was spotted in north naples fl june 4 , 2016 . it has an bright fluorescent green color . but what really caught our eye was the way it hovers and dart around our basil plant . i think it was eating the basil leaves ? i found this description online : green bee ? - euglossa dilemma - female north lauderdale , broward county , florida , usa euglossa viridissima . neotropical orchid bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) have been reported only twice from the united states of america ; once near brownsville , texas and more recently near silverbell , arizona .\nvillanueva - gutierrez r , quezada - euan j , eltz t . pollen diets of two sibling orchid bee species , euglossa , in yucat\u00e1n , southern mexico . apidologie . 2013 ; 44 : 440\u20136 .\nall bees play an important role in the pollination of plants . in the case of green orchid bees , this role is not entirely known in its naturalized range in florida . pemberton and wheeler ( 2006 ) provide a comprehensive list of important plants known to be visited by euglossa dilemma in florida . though most of these plants are beneficial , there is evidence that the green orchid bee outperforms native bees in the pollination of certain invasive weeds .\nto analyze genome structure , we compared the genome - wide gene synteny of e . dilemma and the honey bee . we used the genomic locations of homologous genes ( as determined above ) of the honey bee and e . dilemma scaffolds of at least 100 kb length to build haplotype blocks with a minimum length of 1 kb . haplotype blocks included the entire gene span as well as intergenic regions whenever two or more adjacent genes were homologous in both species . we discarded gene annotations from downstream analysis that were recovered as homologous to multiple genomic locations in either species . furthermore , we excluded e . dilemma genes that were recovered as homologous to honey bee scaffolds belonging to unknown linkage groups .\nschorkopf dlp , mitko l , eltz t . enantioselective preference and high antennal sensitivity for ( \u2212 ) - ipsdienol in scent - collecting male orchid bees , euglossa cyanura . j chem ecol . 2011 ; 37 : 953\u201360 .\nzimmermann y , roubik dw , quezada - euan jjg , paxton rj , eltz t ( 2009b ) single mating in orchid bees ( euglossa , apinae ) : implications for mate choice and social evolution . insectes sociaux 56 : 241\u2013249\nin rare cases , high similarity between sequences detected in the euglossa transcriptomes and the reference sequences allowed for subsequent manual identifications of homologs of the other species only assembled by one assembler . the resulting chemosensory gene family sets constituted the basis of all subsequent analyses .\naquino - v\u00e1zquez a , cuadriello - aguilar ji . 1990 . un nido de euglossa viridissima friese 1899 ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) , pp . 117 - 118b in xxv congreso nacional de entomolog\u00ed\u00e1 . programa y resumenes . oaxaca , oaxaca , mexico .\nhinojosa - d\u00edaz ia , feria - arroyo tp , engel ms . 2009 . potential distribution of orchid bees outside their native range : the cases of eulaema polychroma ( mocs\u00e1ry ) and euglossa viridissima friese in the usa ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . diversity and distributions 15 : 421 - 428 .\ndistribution of non - synonymous amino acid substitutions across odorant receptor ( or ) domains . a the white bars represent the sum of all non - synonymous substitutions detected in the respective domain over all ors . or12 , or41 and or45 are highlighted because they showed the most non - synonymous substitutions between e . dilemma and e . viridissima . in : intracellular n - terminus , tm : transmembrane domain , el : external loop , il : internal loop , ec : extracellular c - terminus . b predicted membrane topology for or41 . fixed non - synonymous substitutions between e . dilemma and e . viridissima are highlighted in black\npokorny t , hannibal m , quezada - euan jjg , hedenstr\u00f6m e , sj\u00f6berg n , b\u00e5ng j , et al . acquisition of species - specific perfume blends : influence of habitat - dependent compound availability on odour choices of male orchid bees ( euglossa spp . ) . oecologia . 2013 ; 172 : 417\u201325 .\neltz t , fritzsch f , pech jr , zimmermann y , ram\u00edrez s , quezada - euan jjg , et al . characterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters . zool j linn soc . 2011 ; 163 : 1064\u201376 .\neltz t , fritzsch f , petch jr , zimmermann y , ramirez sr , quezada - euan jg , bembe b . 2011 . characterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters . zoological journal of the linnean society 163 : 1064 - 1076 .\nwe identified 3185 orthologous genes including 94 chemosensory loci from five different gene families ( odorant receptors , ionotropic receptors , gustatory receptors , odorant binding proteins , and chemosensory proteins ) . our results revealed that orthologs with signatures of divergent selection between e . dilemma and e . viridissima were significantly enriched for chemosensory genes . notably , elevated signals of divergent selection were almost exclusively observed among chemosensory receptors ( i . e . odorant receptors ) .\neltz , thomas ; fritzsch , falko ; zimmermann , yvonne ; pech , jorge ramirez ; ramirez , santiago r . ; quezada - euan , j . javier g . ; bembe , benjamin ( 2011 ) .\ncharacterization of the orchid bee euglossa viridissima ( apidae : euglossini ) and a novel cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters\n. zoological journal of the linnean society 2011 ( 163 ) : 1064\u20131076 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2011 . 00740 . x .\nthe e . dilemma genome assembly edil _ v1 . 0 , the annotation , and the original gene set edil _ ogs _ v1 . 0 are available for download via ncbi ( bioproject : prjna388474 ) , beebase ( elsik et al . 2016 ) , the i5k nal workspace ( urltoken ) ( i5k consortium 2013 ) , and the ramirez lab website . the raw reads are available via ncbi ( bioproject : prjna388474 ) . the published raw transcriptome sequence reads are available at the ncbi sequence read archive ( sra : srx765918 ) ( brand et al . 2015 ) .\nthe high success in mitochondrial gene reconstruction is likely due to the nature of the analyzed transcriptome data . short intergenic regions as well as polycistronic mitochondrial mrna likely lead to the assembly of multiple genes into single scaffolds . the a - t rich region is completely missing as well as the nd2 and 12s rrna genes flanking the region in insect mitogenomes . this unrecovered region also contains a high number of trnas in the honey bee , which could explain the low number of recovered trnas in e . dilemma . while the partial mitochondrial genome assembly is only 75 % complete , it represents the first mitogenome for the group of orchid bees and will thus be a valuable resource for future phylogenetic analyses within the lineage and between more distantly related bee taxa .\nthe cegma and busco analysis and the gene annotation results suggest that the gene - coding fraction of the e . dilemma genome was properly assembled , despite the large estimated genome size and comparatively low per - base sequencing coverage . however , genetic material obtained from natural populations as in our study can lead to the fragmentation of assemblies due to high nucleotide diversity ( kajitani et al . 2014 ) . in addition , high genetic diversity in the underlying genetic material can lead to a high number of false duplicates due to multiple incorporation of divergent genomic regions in genome assemblies ( kelley and salzberg 2010 ) . our busco analysis suggests that the assembly did not produce an unusually high fraction of duplicated benchmark single - copy orthologs , indicating a relatively low abundance of false duplicates . the observed fragmentation in our assembly is thus likely to be primarily the result of repetitive genomic elements , and less likely the result of low coverage or high nucleotide diversity in the genetic material used for sequencing .\ntotal - rna was extracted using the trizol extraction method ( invitrogen ) following the manufacturers tissue preparation protocol , except for an extended incubation time of 15 min in the phase separation step to maximize rna yield . extracted rna was resuspended in 30 \u03bcl of rnase free water . all optional steps were skipped . rna pools were treated with dnasei to purge potential dna contamination and subsequently quantified on the experion automated electrophoresis system ( bio - rad ) with the experion stdsens analysis kit ( bio - rad ) according to the standard protocol . afterwards , 4 \u03bcg and 2 \u03bcg of total - rna of the e . dilemma and e . viridissima pool , respectively were sent to gatc - biotech ( constance , germany ) for barcoded cdna library preparation using the truseq mrna kit ( illumina ) and subsequent 100 - bp single - end sequencing on an illumina hiseq 2000 lane ( raw sequence reads are available at the ncbi sequence read archive [ sra : srx765918 , sra : srx765888 ] ) .\nanalysis of divergent selection between e . dilemma and e . viridissima . a boxplot comparing d n and d s values obtained for chemosensory and non - chemosensory ( nc ) genes ( d n and / or d s \u2260 0 ) . d n was significantly higher for chemosensory than for nc loci while d s had similar values for both sets resulting in elevated mean d n / d s for the chemosensory loci ( see text for statistics ) . * : p < 0 . 001 . b d n / d s plot for 3185 genes reconstructed from the antennal transcriptome analysis . those genes exhibiting d n / d s > 1 have higher non - synonymous to synonymous substitution rates , in agreement with the hypothesis of divergent selection ( lower right ) ; those genes with d n / d s < 1 exhibit lower non - synonymous to synonymous substitution rates , being consistent with the hypothesis of purifying selection ( upper left ) . genes with zero d n and d s are not shown and genes with either d n or d s = 0 are indicated by small points . the set of genes with d n / d s > 1 was enriched for chemosensory receptor genes . ors : odorant receptors , irs : ionotropic receptors , obps : odorant - binding proteins\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nbrilliant metallic green with\ninflated\nhind legs , used to store floral oils .\nif you see their tongue , it ' s is nearly as long as its body .\nrecorded on cheilocostus and datura . the hosts section on its discover life species page lists known associations based on specimen records and images .\nthe bees in your backyard : a guide to north america ' s bees . joseph s . wilson & olivia j . messinger carril . 2015 . princeton university press .\ncontributed by martin hauser on 11 may , 2006 - 12 : 18pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset , john s . ascher , h . go , marci hess last updated 6 may , 2017 - 2 : 19pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsince this arrival , the green orchid bee has become well established in south florida . current reports of this species are mostly from broward , palm beach and dade counties . however its future distribution has been predicted to include almost half of peninsular florida . following a line that runs from tampa to west palm beach and south , the potential range extends tothe entire southern tip of the florida peninsula .\ngreen orchid bees are a quite conspicuous and charismatic species . this is mostly due to their large size and bright metallic - green coloration ( fig . 1 ) . they are roughly the same size to slightly smaller than a honey bee , usually about 1 . 3 cm in length . the wing membranes are darkened , but transparent . green orchid bees are very fast and agile flyers , and can be seen quickly darting from flower to flower separated by long periods of hovering . as with most bees in florida , females possess a stinger and males do not . although females can sting , they are quite timid in doing so . the sting itself is less painful than that of a honey bee , though unlike honey bees they can sting repeatedly .\ngreen orchid bees are most likely to be confused with metallic members of the bee family halictidae ( sweat bees ) . however , orchid bees can easily be identified by their long tongues , which are roughly two thirds as long as their bodies . in contrast , sweat bees have quite short tongues in comparison to their bodies . female orchid bees have corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) on their hind legs , in which they store collected pollen in order to provision their young ( figs . 2 , 3bc ) . though males lack corbiculae , they have characteristic enlarged hind tibiae ( fig . 3a ) . these unusual structures have a hole on the outer side , which provides access to the spongy compartment within . these unusual structures play an important role in the storage of fragrant , aromatic compounds which male orchid bees collect from their environment .\nfigure 3 . hind legs of male ( a ) and female ( b , c ) green orchid bees . male bees have an enlarged hind tibia with a hole providing access to the spongy compartment which acts as storage for fragrant compounds collected from its environment . females have corbiculae ( pollen baskets ) for collecting pollen and propolis ( plant resins ) . photographs by aaron mullins , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .\nthough closely related to highly social bees in the same family , orchid bees are primarily solitary , showing only primitively social characteristics such as occasionally sharing communal nesting locations . females construct nest cells out of propolis ( resins collected from plant sources ) ( fig . 4b ) . nests are located in any sort of enclosed cavity ; entrances are often sealed off with resin and plant debris ( fig . 4a , c ) . mature nests can contain up to 20 cells . the young are provisioned with nectar and pollen provided by the mother as they develop .\nfigure 4 . a young orchid bee nest constructed inside an empty nucleus colony box ( a beekeeping hive box half as wide as a typical hive box used for housing small honey bee colonies ) ( a ) . the top has been removed revealing three cells under construction by a female green orchid bee ( b ) . the entrance has been sealed off with propolis ( plant resins ) except for a small hole allowing entry for the female bee ( c ) . photographs by aaron mullins , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center .\nmale orchid bees exhibit a peculiar behavior of collecting fragrant volatile compounds from their environment . these compounds are meticulously collected , stored , and ( presumably ) presented to females by fanning their wings and \u201cspray ventilating\u201d their bouquet for the inspection of prospective mates . fragrant compounds are collected by males with mop - like protrusions on their front tarsi ( fig . 3a , video 1 ) . they are then transferred into the enlarged hind tibiae through the hole . collecting a complex bouquet of fragrances and storing them within the hind tibia represents a considerable investment on the part of male orchid bees . fighting and robbing fragrance stores from competing males has been observed in nature . different species of orchid bee tend to be quite particular in the fragrances sought .\nthis behavior is presumably what has led to the complex interaction with species - specific orchids in their native ranges . a particular orchid will provide fragrant compounds attractive to a specific species of orchid bee . in turn , the bees provide pollination of the orchid species . the arrival and success of the green orchid bee into florida without its natural mutualistic orchid has provided evidence that the mutualism is perhaps obligatory on the part of the orchid , but merely facultative for the bees . in florida , male green orchid bees are attracted to chemicals produced by certain wood - rot fungi ( video 1 ) , decomposing vegetation , perfume flowers , and certain essential oils such as clove and cinnamon oil . male green orchid bees can be quickly and easily attracted and observed by soaking a small piece of paper with clove oil and placing it outside .\nbemb\u00e9 b . 2004 . functional morphology in male euglossine bees and their ability to spray fragrances ( hymenoptera , apidae , euglossini ) . apidologie 35 : 283 - 291 .\ncarvalho filho fs . 2010 . scent - robbing and fighting among male orchid bees , eulalema ( apeulalema ) nigrata lepeletier , 1841 ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) . biota neotropica 10 : 405 - 408 .\ndressler rl . 1967 . pollination by euglossine bees . evolution 22 : 202 - 210 .\nliu h , pemberton rw . 2009 . solitary invasive orchid bee outperforms co - occurring native bees to promote fruit set of an invasive solanum . oecologia 159 : 515 - 525 .\npemberton rw , wheeler gs . 2006 . orchid bees don\u2019t need orchids : evidence from the naturalization of an orchid bee in florida . ecology 87 : 1995 - 2001 .\n, senior biological scientist , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center\nphotographs : aaron mullins and thomas chauvenc , university of florida , ft . lauderdale research and education center\nis a species of green orchid bee from central america in which the males have two teeth on their mandibles .\nthe very similar bee that was first observed in florida in 2003 was found to have three such teeth . sequencing data from a\nvaried between the two groups . males of these bees store aromatic compounds extracted from various environmental sources in pouches on their hind legs . certain characteristic compounds present as main ingredients in these perfumes in\nof hndb ( 2 - hydroxy - 6 - nona - 1 , 3 - dienyl - benzaldehyde ) . it was therefore concluded that\ngreen orchid bees are varying shades of glossy metallic green and can grow to a length of about 1 . 3 cm ( 0 . 5 in ) . the membranous wings are dark - coloured and translucent and the female has\non her hind legs . the male has an enlarged joint on his hind leg in which there is a pit for storing substances he gathers from plants . the female but not the male possesses a sting which can be used on more than one occasion but which is not as painful to humans as a honeybee ' s sting . this bee is very agile in the air , hovering for lengthy periods and darting between flowers . it might be confused with sweat bees in the\nand is expected to extend its range to most of the southern half of florida .\nin its native mexico it is found in hot dry habitats including degraded forests , pastures , parks and gardens . it is less dependent on primary forests than most euglossine bees .\nmale orchid bees are specialised to visit particular species of neotropical orchid . this is a\narrangement in which the male bee benefits from gathering the fragrance ingredients supplied by the flower which he stores in his hollow hind legs , and the orchid benefits by being pollinated .\nis associated in its central american home range is unknown , but in its new florida habitat , it breeds successfully without the presence of any orchid , the male visiting other species of plants to gather the ingredients for his perfume . one of these plants is basil (\nthere may be unexpected consequences of the naturalization of these bees in the united states . for example , in a similar situation in florida , two fig species\nhave been introduced but did not spread because there was no suitable pollinator . with the arrival of the non - native wasps (\nthe male bee attracts a female by releasing his fragrance and fanning his wings to disperse it . the female builds a solitary nest out of\n, an exudate from plants . the nest may contain up to twenty cells , in each of which she lays an egg . the female brings pollen and nectar to the nest to feed the developing larvae . several bees may build their nests side by side but do not share the task of feeding the young .\npemberton , robert w . ; wheeler , gregory s . ( 2006 ) .\norchid bees don ' t need orchids : evidence from the naturalization of an orchid bee in florida\n. ecology 87 : 1995\u20132001 . doi : 10 . 1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 2006 ) 87 [ 1995 : obdnoe ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\ninteresting information & pictures from uf / ifas on the green orchid bee , . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nimage credit : bob peterson . view source . cc by - sa 2 . 0\nthere are no feature counts to report . if you have loaded features for this organism then re - populate the organism _ feature _ count materialized view .\nbob peterson . < a href =\nurltoken short url\n> view source . < / a > < a href =\nurltoken\n> cc by - sa 2 . 0 < / a >\nplease cite the use of our resources : doi : 10 . 1093 / nar / gku983\neverybody probably has a favorite insect . we thought it would be fun to ask our pollinator staff to suggest their favorite pollinator . with so many pollinators to choose from , it gives a glimpse into the diversity that\u2019s out there waiting to be watched and enjoyed . we\u2019ll be posting one staff pick every other day . we hope you enjoy them .\nthis entry was posted on wednesday , june 3rd , 2015 at 9 : 27 am and is filed under blog . you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2 . 0 feed . both comments and pings are currently closed .\nsign up for our newsletter to receive up to date information about our programs and events .\nthe xerces society \u2022 628 ne broadway ste 200 , portland or 97232 usa \u2022 tel 855 . 232 . 6639 \u2022 fax 503 . 233 . 6794 website terms of use \u2022 privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe\u2019ve updated our privacy policy to give you more control over your information and support new european data protection laws . you can review the changes here .\nincludes unlimited streaming via the free bandcamp app , plus high - quality download in mp3 , flac and more .\na wealth of optimistic soundscapes , each assuring us : the total darkness of non - being is haunted by the eventuality of life .\nbeautiful pieces of music , such variety yet many of the tracks complement each other .\nrecording as allenheimer , atli bollason dismantles icelandic pop songs , making illusory new ambient material from the component parts .\ncreated to accompany a film about a bicycle trip from london to edinburgh , \u201cheading north\u201d is full of plaintive , whispery atmospherics .\nplayful new kell / / ua ep continues the recent roll of top - notch tunes from the melbourne - based fallopian tubes .\nit is made available under a cc - by - nc 4 . 0 international license .\nnote : your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the biorxiv website .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ni just saw one of these bees in my yard in tarpon springs , fl ( gulf coast ) . it hovered about 12 inches in front of my face for about 30 seconds , and it seemed to be staring at me . it went away , then came back again and did the same thing . it was very beautiful .\ni have had two of them in my house in the last two days . i live in a suburb of cleveland ohio . i would post a picture , however , i don ' t see an option to do that . it is the bee pictured in this site though . . .\ni have many beautiful butterflies in my yard along with several types of bees but sitting on my front porch and watching this bee was a real treat . i live on the western edge of wellington , fl in palm beach county .\njust found one of these beauties in our garden . took a couple of pictures . very beautoful bee ! never seen one before .\ni caught this exact bee on my porch in vero beach , fl yesterday and have a photo - a little blury but you can get the just of it . put some flowers in the jar with it and the long tongue immediately found its way into the flower - looked similar to a butterfly ' s tongue .\ni just got stung by one this morning & caught it in a bottle , so i could look it up . fascinating !\ni saw one at cibolo creek nature center in boerne texas on saturday june 14th . first time i have ever seen one . did not get a chance to photo it .\ni noted one on some pumpkin plants a couple of months ago . i do not know exactly the species , but it certainly looked like this . i thought maybe i ' d see more , but no luck so far . . .\nwe ' ve had these glorious green bees for at least 10 years in volusia county . i ' ve had boxes up and active for at least that long . when my lotus and angel trumpets are in bloom there are always at least 5 at a time working each flower . looking forward to their return in a few weeks .\nwe saw one today just after a light rain , in the last few blooms on our bolted basil . we ' ve also had tiny black bees in large quantities pollinating the basil , but this is the first time for the green bee .\nok i ' m just posting as a warning . they at a pretty insect with a powerful sting . guys , guys , guys . . . . i found one . ouch !\ni found one of these awsome little bees on my back porch in upper sandusky ohio ! but i only see people commenting in other states like florida , texas , mexico and new york . just thought id let you all know they are in ohio too ! but please feel free to e - mail me at jaybird462011 @ urltoken if they are not supost to be here : )\nsaw in garden . thought it was a fly at first but then it was going into the tomato flowers and got a closer look and was acting just like bee and looks like a bee so i looked up online and found this . interesting . can ' t say i ' ve ever seen one before but it ' s welcome to stay as long as it wants .\ni ' ve never seen this bee before ! thought it was a fly until i put my glasses on . beautiful color and rather small . seen in palmdale , ca , north of los angeles .\ni live in oakland park / ft lauderdale area and was just trimming my basil plant and got startled by two of these hovering around the plant and landing several times . i stood still watching them for a good 5 mins . so beautiful and didn ' t even know these existed !\nwas just out front , there was one in the sunflowers . there was also a black & greyish white . not sure if that would be relevant .\ncouldn ' t say it didn ' t stick out like a sore thumb . . . was going to keep it , but it got away . my brother took a picture .\ni saw one today gathering pollen from a wandering jew . his pollen sacks were full and yellow . he was small but caught my attention with his bright coloring . march 29 , 2013 . bradenton , florida .\nwent back out and saw 2 of em ! took a great inflight pic . wish i could post it !\nmy fiance and i just arrived in sarasota and saw one of these in my grandnmothers flower bed . got a real good look too . wish i gad my camera on me . was cool looking . almost glows . bright shiny greenish blue . interesting creatures .\nwow . it ' s beautiful . just found one on my front yard wildflower display . colored as if a green fly . . . . but with a honeybee ' s flight patterns . gorgeous green mood ring colors . . . flashing to and fro with the sun ' s light . . . . . emerald green helmet . amazing . i had to pause and study for a few seconds just to confirm what exactly it was . i ' m glad i did , because at first thought . . . i really thought it was some sort of fly . very fast , darting style of flight . . . . with the normal bee - like graceful hover we are accustomed to when alight on a pollen frond . wild .\nits a double rainbow\nkind of day . thanks google for directing me here during my query .\nme and my boyfriend found a dead green bee on the ground in arcata , california . i think it ' s a male , and the stinger is still in it . we ' ve got it in a little box , show it to people . i had never seen one before . it ' s quite fascinating .\njust an fyi : male bees don ' t have a stinger . the stinger in bees are a modified ovipositor ( an organ used to lay eggs ) which males don ' t possess . just thought you ' d like to know to help you in your identification of bees . if it stung you it ' s a female . incidentally the same goes for ants , wasps and mosquitoes .\ni saw one of these sunday in my flower garden . i was startled at first then hypnotized by the beauty and strangeness . i live in lake city , florida . it is in north central florida where i - 10 and i - 75 intersect . glad he didn ' t sting me . i followed him for a while , of course my camera and phone were on the back porch !\nwe live about 5 miles from butterfly world and my daughter was just stung by one of these . she kept insisting that it was green and then i saw him lying on the ground . we trapped and bagged him . he is very pretty but his sting sure hurts .\nspotted 3 or 4 green bees in bradenton , fl ( south of tampa bay ) . at first , i thought they were mutant horseflies . they are much faster than the common honeybee , so i couldn ' t snap a photo . we ' ve recently had a few cool nights here due to a late spring snow fall up north which could be driving them further south . the pretty visitors are welcome to our garden anytime .\ni just saw a beautiful specimen of this in englewood , florida in my dad ' s front yard on jan . 6 , 2012 . it was a perfect replica of a honey bee albeit slightly smaller . the black stripes were quite prominent as on a honey bee but the base color was an amazing neon green ! it also had the accumulation of pollen on its legs as did the other honey bees it was flying around with . i would say that it flew faster and collected the pollen a little faster than the other bees but i am not exactly sure of that .\ni just found a green bee on my flowers in the back patio . i live in north texas\ni just found one in my apartment - in new york . hes sitting on the wall . he let me snap several pictures of him before smacking into me ( and scaring me ) while flying away to another part of the wall . we have had an annoying sound coming from the bookshelf or wall over the past few days - a slight knocking sound , but repetitive like a woodpecker . i was wondering if it could of been him ? i certainly hope its not another bug . its getting to be fall - i feel kind bad that he ' s gonna have such a sad life away from his tribe , cold .\ni found one in our apartment in stuart florida . my kids and i let it go .\ni was stung by a green bee while i was dressing for work , it seems like he was in the shirt sleeve and stung me on my upper arm . it ' s two days later and it still stings , i just put some meat tenderizer on it and that stopped the stinging . i have never seen a green bee before .\nthanks so much ! i ' m glad i found this site ! i posted the pic to be identified before i looked around and i found the bee on here ! seems to be a green orchid bee .\nthanks . . i also like post . so this is my favorite to see same post . new construction homes parkland florida florida new home construction rebate . get 66 % of my commission back at closing .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwe wish to thank rosamond coates and the staff of the los tuxtlas biological station for their hospitality and support during field sampling . ricardo ayala kindly provided a collecting permit for euglossine bees in southern mexico , klaus lunau and the sensory ecology lab at the university of d\u00fcsseldorf hosted part of the molecular analyses , and martin beye and martin hasselmann provided expertise and technical advice . supported by the german science foundation ( el 249 / 3 ) , sep - conacyt 103341 , and a mutual - foncicyt grant .\nackerman jd ( 1981 ) phenological relationships of male euglossine bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and their orchid fragrance hosts . florida state university . florida state university , tallahassee\nackerman jd ( 1983 ) diversity and seasonality of male euglossine bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in central panama . ecology 64 : 274\u2013283\nackerman jd ( 1989 ) geographic and seasonal variation in fragrance choice and preferences of male euglossine bees . biotropica 21 : 340\u2013347\nackerman jd , montalvo am ( 1985 ) longevity of euglossine bees . biotropica 17 : 79\u201381\narmbruster ws ( 1993 ) within - habitat heterogeneity in baiting samples of male euglossine bees : possible causes and implications . biotropica 25 : 122\u2013128\nballoux f , lugon - moulin n ( 2002 ) the estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers . mol ecol 11 : 155\u2013165\nbarton nh , hewitt gm ( 1985 ) analysis of hybrid zones . annu rev ecol syst 16 : 113\u2013148\nbecker p , moure js , peralta fja ( 1991 ) more about euglossine bees in amazonian forest fragments . biotropica 23 : 586\u2013591\nbohonak aj ( 2002 ) ibd ( isolation by distance ) : a program for analyses of isolation by distance . j hered 93 : 153\u2013154\nbrosi bj ( 2009 ) the effects of forest fragmentation on euglossine bee communities ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) . biol conserv 142 : 414\u2013423\ncairns ma , haggerty pk , alvarez r , de jong bhj , olmsted i ( 2000 ) tropical mexico\u2019s recent land - use change : a region\u2019s contribution to the global carbon cycle . ecol appl 10 : 1426\u20131441\ncane jh ( 2001 ) habitat fragmentation and native bees : a premature verdict ? conserv ecol 5 : art . no . 3\ncook jm ( 1993 ) sex determination in the hymenoptera\u2014a review of models and evidence . heredity 71 : 421\u2013435\ndick cw , roubik dw , gruber kf , bermingham e ( 2004 ) long - distance gene flow and cross - andean dispersal of lowland rainforest bees ( apidae : euglossini ) revealed by comparative mitochondrial dna phylogeography . mol ecol 13 : 3775\u20133785\ndieringer d , schlotterer c ( 2003 ) microsatellite analyser ( msa ) : a platform independent analysis tool for large microsatellite data sets . mol ecol notes 3 : 167\u2013169\ndodson ch , dressler rl , hills hg , adams rm , williams nh ( 1969 ) biologically active compounds in orchid fragrances . science 164 : 1243\u20131249\ndressler rl ( 1968a ) observations on orchids and euglossine bees in panama and costa rica . revista de biolog\u00eda tropical 15 : 143\u2013183\ndressler rl ( 1982 ) biology of the orchid bees ( euglossini ) . annu rev ecol syst 13 : 373\u2013394\neltz t , roubik dw , lunau k ( 2005 ) experience - dependent choices ensure species - specific fragrance accumulation in male orchid bees . behav ecol sociobiol 59 : 149\u2013156\neltz t , zimmermann y , haftmann j , twele r , francke w , quezada - euan jjg , lunau k ( 2007 ) enfleurage , lipid recycling and the origin of perfume collection in orchid bees . proc roy soc b biol sci 274 : 2843\u20132848\neltz t , zimmermann y , pfeiffer c , ramirez pech j , twele r , francke w , quezada - euan jjg , lunau k ( 2008 ) an olfactory shift is associated with male perfume differentiation and sibling species divergence in orchid bees . curr biol 18 : 1844\u20131848\n( apidae : euglossini ) and a new cryptic sibling species , by morphological , chemical , and genetic characters . zool j linn soc ( in press )\nfahrig l ( 2003 ) effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity . annu rev ecol evol syst 34 : 487\u2013515\nfrankham r , ballou jd , briscoe da ( 2002 ) introduction to conservation genetics . cambridge university press , cambridge\nhardy oj , vekemans x ( 1999 ) isolation by distance in a continuous population : reconciliation between spatial autocorrelation analysis and population genetics models . heredity 83 : 145\u2013154\nhartter j , lucas c , gaughan ae , aranda ll ( 2008 ) detecting tropical dry forest succession in a shifting cultivation mosaic of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula , mexico . appl geogr 28 : 134\u2013149\njanzen dh ( 1971 ) euglossine bees as long - distance pollinators of tropical plants . science 171 : 203\u2013205\njanzen dh , devries pj , higgins ml , kimsey ls ( 1982 ) seasonal and site variation in costa rican euglossine bees at chemical baits in lowland deciduous and evergreen forest . ecology 63 : 66\u201374\nkeller lf , waller dm ( 2002 ) inbreeding effects in wild populations . trends ecol evol 17 : 230\u2013241\nkroodsma de ( 1975 ) flight distances of male euglossine bees in orchid pollination . biotropica 7 : 71\u201372\nlopez - uribe mm , almanza mt , ordonez m ( 2007 ) diploid male frequencies in colombian populations of euglossine bees . biotropica 39 : 660\u2013662\nmantel n ( 1967 ) detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach . cancer res 27 : 209\nmendoza e , fay j , dirzo r ( 2005 ) a quantitative analysis of forest fragmentation in los tuxtlas , southeast mexico : patterns and implications for conservation . revista chilena de historia natural 78 : 451\u2013467\nmyers n , mittermeier ra , mittermeier cg , da fonseca gab , kent j ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . nature 403 : 853\u2013858\notero jt , sandin jc ( 2003 ) capture rates of male euglossine bees across a human intervention gradient , choco region , colombia . biotropica 35 : 520\u2013529\n( hymenoptera : apidae ) and their variability in other orchid bees . mol ecol resour . doi :\npearson dl , dressler rl ( 1985 ) two - year study of male orchid bee ( hymenoptera : apidae : euglossini ) attraction to chemical baits in lowland south - eastern peru . j trop ecol 1 : 37\u201354\npemberton rw , wheeler gs ( 2006 ) orchid bees don\u2019t need orchids : evidence from the naturalization of an orchid bee in florida . ecology 87 : 1995\u20132001\npowell ah , powell gvn ( 1987 ) population dynamics of male euglossine bees in amazonian forest fragments . biotropica 19 : 176\u2013179\nramirez sr , dressler rl , ospina m ( 2002 ) euglossine bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) from the neotropical region : a species checklist with notes on their biology . biota colombiana 3 : 10\u2013118\ndressler ( apidae : bombinae : euglossini ) at union juarez , chiapas , mexico . j kansas entomol soc 69 : 144\u2013152\nraw a ( 1989 ) the dispersal of euglossine bees between isolated patches of eastern brazilian wet forest ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 33 : 103\u2013107\nraymond m , rousset f ( 1995 ) an exact test for population differentiation . evolution 49 : 1280\u20131283\nrice wr ( 1989 ) analyzing tables of statistical tests . evolution 43 : 223\u2013225\nrincon m , roubik dw , finegan b , delgado d , zamora n ( 1999 ) understory bees and floral resources in logged and silviculturally treated costa rican rainforest plots . j kansas entomol soc 72 : 379\u2013393\nroderick gk ( 1996 ) geographic structure insect populations : gene flow , phylogeography , and their uses . annu rev entomol 41 : 325\u2013352\nroubik dw , ackerman jd ( 1987 ) long - term ecology of euglossine orchid bees ( apidae : euglossini ) in panama . oecologia 73 : 321\u2013333\nroubik dw , hanson pe ( 2004 ) orchid bees of tropical america : biology and field guide . instituto nacional de biodiversidad press ( inbio ) , heredia , costa rica\nroubik dw , weigt la , bonilla ma ( 1996 ) population genetics , diploid males , and limits to social evolution of euglossine bees . evolution 50 : 931\u2013935\nrousset f ( 1997 ) genetic differentiation and estimation of gene flow from f - statistics under isolation by distance . genetics 145 : 1219\u20131228\nsaunders da , hobbs rj , margules cr ( 1991 ) biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation\u2014a review . conserv biol 5 : 18\u201332\nsouza ro , cervini m , del lama ma , paxton rj ( 2007 ) microsatellite loci for euglossine bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . mol ecol notes 7 : 1352\u20131356\nsouza ro , del lama ma , cervini m , mortari n , eltz t , zimmermann y , bach c , brosi bj , suni s , quezada - eu\u00e1n jjg , paxton rj ( 2010 ) conservation genetics of neotropical pollinators revisited : microsatellite analysis demonstrates that diploid males are rare in orchid bees . evolution 64 : 3318\u20133326"]}
{"id": 2045, "summary": [{"text": "the sumba myzomela ( myzomela dammermani ) is a species of bird in the family meliphagidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to sumba in the western lesser sunda islands of indonesia , where it is found in forest with a significant component of deciduous trees . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "sumba myzomela", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . sumba myzomela > > female 2 . sumba myzomela > > male 3 . sumba myzomela > > male 4 . sumba myzomela > > male 5 . sumba myzomela > > male 6 . sumba myzomela > > male 7 . sumba myzomela > > male 8 . sumba myzomela > > male\nsumba myzomela ( myzomela dammermani ) is a species of bird in the meliphagidae family .\nthe rote myzomela has ( 31 december 2017 ) been described as a new species :\nmyzomela irianawidodoae\n, rote myzomela .\nthe rote myzomela has now ( 31 december 2017 ) been described as a new species :\nmyzomela irianawidodoae\n, rote myzomela .\nthe rote myzomela has now ( 31 december 2017 ) been described as a new species :\nmyzomela irianawidodoae\n, the rote myzomela .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in sumba eba . total population on sumba estimated at 129 , 600 individuals , based on density of 120 birds / km\u00b2 in . . .\nhiggins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . sumba myzomela ( myzomela dammermani ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsometimes treated as conspecific with m . kuehni and m . erythrocephala . population on roti ( off sw timor ) commonly treated within present species , but almost certainly an undescribed taxon ; perhaps a separate species , with vocalizations very distinct from those of sumba birds # r . monotypic .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myzomela dammermani . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n11 cm . male is distinctive , with dark red head and neck forming hood , sharply demarcated from blackish mantle , back and scapulars , and with narrow clear - cut black loral . . .\nmainly primary forest , especially deciduous forest , and often seen at forest edge ; recorded also in . . .\nno details of diet . seen mainly in middle storey to canopy levels of forest ; of 84 observations , 77\u00b74 % in canopy ( more than 15 m . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options ."]}
{"id": 2047, "summary": [{"text": "homecoming queen is an irish thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she showed moderate form as a two-year-old in 2011 but demonstrated dramatic improvement in the spring of 2012 and won the 1000 guineas by nine lengths .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was beaten in her two subsequent races and was retired to stud in july 2012 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "homecoming queen ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["jockey ryan moore drove homecoming queen - a 25 - 1 outsider - to a convincing victory by nine lengths .\nbreakthrough : courtney pearson , the first ever african - american homecoming queen at the university of mississippi , rides in the homecoming parade in oxford , miss . on friday , oct . 12\naside from camelot , the o ' brien - trained homecoming queen won the 1000 guineas while was landed the investec oaks .\nkingston police said the horse was actually slapped three times during queen ' s homecoming . two men and a woman were charged in connection with the slaps , police said . no one was injured .\nthe viera high school homecoming queen was caia gillett , a 17 - year - old senior whom she had just met that night .\nhomecoming queen could have booked a trip to the breeders cup after an impressive victory in the lanwades & staffordstown studs stakes at the curragh .\na harness jewels victory would be a perfect homecoming for dean and nicole molander .\nhomecoming queen won the 1 , 000 guineas at newmarket as trainer aidan o ' brien completed a guineas double following camelot ' s victory on saturday .\ndisabled teen crowned homecoming queen in awesome way high school senior jazzmin samuel was hoping she ' d be crowned homecoming queen . she has cerebral palsy and has never felt like she fit in at school . what happened during the crowing ceremony will warm your heart . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nhorse racing stats \u2013 runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks \u2013 . . .\nmaybe was the 13 - 8 favourite but stablemate homecoming queen set off at a blistering gallop and joseph o ' brien ' s mount never looked content .\na california high school senior who is allergic to the sun has traded her ultraviolet ray - blocking mask for a tiara as she was crowned homecoming queen .\nhomecoming queen came good on her first handicap outing , and eighth career start , when making virtually all under seamie heffernan in the new tote sports lounge nursery .\nhe went on to attend the royal agricultural college and became a successful horse breeder .\nnicely - backed homecoming queen showed her battling qualities when fending off fire lily at leopardstown by a neck in the group 3 1 , 000 guineas trial stakes at leopardstown .\nreflecting on the fact that 50 - years ago she would have been kept out of ole miss because of segregation , pearson was clear what her homecoming queen victory means .\na brief video of the incident has gone viral online , in which a girl wearing a queen ' s university sweater can be seen pulling the stunt during a homecoming event .\nthey say three people were charged with slapping a kingston police horse in separate incidents on saturday .\nhomecoming queen faces seven rivals as she attempts to follow up her surprise victory in the 1000 guineas at newmarket in the etihad airways - sponsored irish equivalent at the curragh on sunday .\nas befitting a horse named after a roman emperor , honorius is a horse of great style and presence and he is sure to impress breeders as he begins his stud career at larneuk stud , euroa .\n\u2018we are ready and we are excited for the arrival of hms queen elizabeth . \u2019\nkingston , ont . - - police say they made 19 arrests and issued 166 tickets or charges during queen ' s university homecoming events in kingston , ont . , on friday and saturday .\naidan o\u2019brien added the qipco 1000 guineas to his 2000 guineas victory yesterday with camelot when the outsider of his two runners , homecoming queen , led all the way to win the fillies\u2019 classic impressively .\nqueen ' s logic was sired by grand lodge out of the mare lagrion . [ 4 ] apart from queen ' s logic , grand lodge ( winner of the dewhurst stakes and the st . james ' s palace stakes ) sired the winners of over six hundred races including sinndar , grandera and indian lodge ( prix du moulin de longchamp , prix de la for\u00eat ) . queen ' s logic was the first important winner for her dam lagrion , who went on to produce the 2007 european horse of the year dylan thomas and the 1000 guineas winner homecoming queen .\nfifty - years ago courtney roxanne pearson would not have been allowed to enroll at the university of mississippi because she was black let alone think of becoming the first african - american homecoming queen of ole miss .\nhigh school senior jazzmin samuel was hoping she ' d be crowned homecoming queen . she has cerebral palsy and has never felt like she fit in at school . what happened during the crowing ceremony will warm your heart .\nhigh school senior jazzmin samuel was hoping she ' d be crowned homecoming queen . she has cerebral palsy and has never felt like she fit in at school . what happened during the crowning ceremony will warm your heart .\nit comes as a countdown begins on the much - anticipated homecoming of 65 , 000 - tonne floating fortress to portsmouth .\nin the video , the giggling student runs out from her group of friends and slaps the horse on the hindquarters .\nthis year , a friend nominated jazzmin for homecoming court and with overwhelming support , she made the cut . students campaigned for her to be queen , and she waited with anticipation to see if she would wear the crown .\nand designs on rome , hong kong horse of the year . as well as south american stars salto olimpico and maraton , hong kong mile winner beauty only , nz 1000 guineas winner rollout the carpet , oakleigh plate victor sheidel , american big race winner rich tapestry , uk 1000 guineas heroine homecoming queen and the , high class french galloper morandi .\nthe crown glistened in the glow of the friday night lights and with great anticipation the queen was named .\nthe horse , murney , is still in training and was\nstartled by slaps but kept her restraint ,\npolice said .\njockey ryan moore sent homecoming queen to the front immediately on leaving the stalls , and it might have been thought that she was making the pace for her more fancied stable companion , the champion two - year - old filly of 2011 , maybe .\nmy horse is a nice stayer , he ' s done nothing but improve , so we ' re looking forward to it .\nthe horse became wedged under the stalls in a freak incident that came one month after two horses were killed in the grand national at aintree .\ntwo years later an imposing son of danehill , a horse standing his second season at coolmore stud , was chosen as zarinia ' s mate .\nhowever , as far as camelot is concerned , a dark shadow now lurks below him on the leader - board for the horse of the year and that is frankel , whose second group one victory of the season was achieved in sensational style in the queen anne .\nbut the police horse was quick to dish out justice , kicking her to the ground with its back leg a split - second after the slap .\nno horse has attempted the feat since the vincent o ' brien - trained nijinsky , who , like the unbeaten camelot , was housed at ballydoyle .\nbut moore kicked homecoming queen on at the two - furlong pole and from then on she went further and further clear , coming home nine lengths in front of the john gosden - trained starscope . maybe was another length back in third , and gosden also took fourth with the fugue .\naidan o\u2019brien became the first man since fred darling in 1942 to win both guineas in the same year on two occasions when homecoming queen romped away with the qipco 1000 guineas the day after camelot took the qipco 2000 guineas . ( the trainer won both guineas in 2005 as well ) .\n' i hope that after homecoming 2012 everyone gives ole miss the respect it deserves and that this election inspires someone else to follow their dreams , ' said pearson .\nthat ' s the lesson a young student learned in kingston , ont . , this week , after getting hoofed by an annoyed horse for her mischievous antics .\nporchey was first introduced to horse on a stable visit to beckhampton with his father in 1942 . it was here that he first met the young princess elizabeth .\ndespite not having been to royal ascot , the derby winner camelot still maintains a healthy lead in the race to become this year\u2019s cartier horse of the year .\ntrainer mahmood al zarooni said :\nwe can dream of beating camelot but anything can happen in this game and our horse deserves to take his chance .\nhomecoming queen ( ire ) b . f , 2009 { 9 - c } dp = 5 - 6 - 11 - 1 - 1 ( 24 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 54 - 16 starts , 4 wins , 1 places , 2 shows career earnings : \u00a3286 , 208\nand her blood flows through many a great australian horse with eight carat - record breaking dam of five group one winners including the champion octagonal - also a descendant .\n* out of high - class racemare barshiba & a half - sister to last year\u2019s 50 / 1 group one juddmonte international heroine arabian queen .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nmark has been so good to us and so have all his staff so it has made it much easier for us with having the horse there ,\nshe said .\ngosden said :\nthought worthy has been fine since york where he showed he ' s a very game horse . he ' s from a family of tough staying horses .\nthe couple had three children : henry , carolyn and george \u2013 the current earl of carnarvon , who the queen was pictured holding at his christening .\nthe pair bonded over a shared love of horses and in 1969 the queen appointed porchey as racing manager , a role he held until his death .\nlike camelot , homecoming queen is owned and bred by the coolmore team in ireland . she is a half - sister to their great champion dylan thomas by their young sire holy roman emperor , and this was her 13th racecourse start \u2013 it took her eight attempts to break her maiden last year as a two - year - old .\nthe news understands that preparations are being made for an arrival on friday \u2013 but this is not fixed in stone as poor weather could postpone the homecoming until later on in the window .\nsuch as caulfield cup hero mongolian khan , also winner of the new zealand and australian derbies . . . the only horse to claim all three of those coveted group one races .\nthe crown follows the queen ( claire foy ) and her husband prince philip ( matt smith ) as she adjusts to life as britain ' s monarch .\nin real life the queen and porchey ' s friendship sparked rumours that the two were having an affair . but was there any truth to the gossip ?\nthe queen wrote in a message which was read at a remembrance service for the 9 / 11 victims : \u201cgrief is the price we pay for love . \u201d\nqueen ' s logic was trained throughout her career by mick channon at west ilsley , berkshire and was ridden in four of her five races by steve drowne .\nfive of her progeny , including canadian horse of the year l ' enjoleur , were stakes winners and she spurred a dynasty whose members include the australian champion stallions flying spur and encosta de lago .\nincluding a tough fellow by the name of honorius , a horse whose illustrious background demands attention ! a proven high class sire line , an internationally prolific family . . . he has it all .\nlast year\u2019s horse of the year frankel does not feature at the top of the table despite a successful romp in the lockinge but , as yet , he has scored fewer points than one or two other colts and the gelding cirrus des aigles , who have been much busier . that should change when he has run in the queen annne stakes at at royal ascot .\nhe ' s the sort of horse that needs to get out and roll rather than sit and wait for a sprint home and that ' s what a draw like that is made for .\n, an even better racemare who won the same two races four years later . spinaway and wheel of fortune were daughters of the oaks winner queen bertha an influential broodmare ,\nholy roman emperor had his first foals in 2008 . he had five sws in his that crop , led by the ultra - consistent gsw and g1 - placed banimpire ( winner of the prestigious g2 ribblesdale at royal ascot ) . his second crop includes 1000 guineas winner homecoming queen . he already has four sws from this third crop , two - year - olds of this year .\nthe race was delayed by half an hour as the charlie hills - trained gray pearl went down in the starting stalls and got trapped . she was removed in a horse ambulance but was later put down .\nhaggas said :\nhe ' s very well and will have enjoyed the rain that came on wednesday . he ' s an improving young horse , but he ' s got another huge mountain to climb .\nalthough mick channon was not immediately impressed by queen ' s logic (\nshe was just a lump of horse flesh\n) , she soon showed herself to be a potentially useful filly in home exercise gallops , and was campaigned ambitiously from the start . [ 5 ] queen ' s logic never ran in a maiden race , instead making her debut against more experienced fillies , including two winners , in a minor stakes race at newbury in may 2001 . after starting slowly , she raced behind the leaders before accelerating into the lead and winning\nreadily\n. [ 6 ]\ncaia , like many teenage girls , had also hoped to be queen and this was her moment . but she turned to principal mike alba and said ,\nam i allowed ?\nwe think camelot is like no other horse . who knows what is going to happen - we don ' t take anything for granted . we will do our very best - it ' s all we can do .\nin a series of tweets , police said the female suspect was a queen ' s student , while one male was from algonquin college and the other was a resident of cobourg , ont .\nin netflix\u2019s new series the crown , queen elizabeth grows closer to her friend lord porchester as her marriage to prince philip crumbles . but what was her relationship with porchey like in real life ?\ngossips at the time claimed that andrew had been conceived while philip was on an overseas tour in early 1959 . in fact , the dates did not match up for this to be true , and andrew was conceived after philip ' s homecoming .\nnever tasting defeat , zarkava earned the title of cartier european horse of the year and has already produced a group one winner - her son zarak charging home from the rear to claim the grand prix de saint - cloud in early july .\npolice say one accused is a female queen ' s student , one of two men is an algonquin college student from ottawa , and the second man is from the cobourg , ont . , area .\nkristen manning is a freelance racing writer and pedigree analyst based in melbourne . a keen owner / breeder who loves every aspect of thoroughbred horse racing , she has written two books focusing on the deeds of fields of omagh and prince of penzance .\nit ' s not a one - horse race , camelot has to turn up , he has to perform and he has to run over a mile and six and a half furlongs , but obviously he has the best form by far .\ngoing down fighting when only just being beaten by teofilo in the group one dewhurst stakes at newmarket , holy roman emperor looked to have so much ahead of him but with fellow coolmore horse george washington proving infertile he was rushed off to stud to fill that gap on the roster .\nturftrax facts - the qipco 1000 guineas the winner homecoming\u2019s queen top speed during the qipco 1000 guineas was 39 miles per hour between the seven - furlong pole and five - furlong marker . her speed slowed to 34 miles per hour in the last three furlongs but her last three sectionals of 12 . 32s , 12 . 60s and 13 . 82s were faster those of any other in the race she led all the way and her fastest time for a furlong was 11 . 52s from the seven - furlong pole to the six - furlong marker .\nuk horse of the year , one whose record mare earnings took ten years to surpass . a true legend of the turf - and another great mare to make her mark over the generations with her unraced daughter zahra the foundation mare of the aga khan ' s prolific\nz\nfamily .\nlittle wonder that australians have been keen to tap into the influence of this family and it was kia - ora stud , nsw who imported zariya ' s irish bred granddaughter zarinia in 2005 . . . and they struck gold early with her second foal being south african horse of the year igugu .\nnetflix ' s new royal drama stars claire foy as the young monarch and matt smith as prince philip . the 10 - part series focusses on the first days of elizabeth ' s reign as queen as well as her struggle to maintain her marriage .\nat three , queen ' s logic was aimed at the 1 , 000 guineas at newmarket . her preparation race for the classic was the group three fred darling stakes at newbury . starting at odds of 1 / 3 , queen ' s logic took the lead a furlong out and won comfortably by one and three quarter lengths from roundtree . [ 13 ] although her performance was described as\nfine , rather than scintillating\n, her price shortened even further to 7 / 4 . [ 14 ]\nit was hoped that queen ' s logic could recover in time for a run in the sussex stakes , but the coughing returned and channon decided that\nit wouldn ' t be fair\nto continue her training . her retirement was announced in july .\nafter several false starts caused by the misbehaviour of whitelock , the race began and tom cannon tracked the leaders on the favourite before taking the lead on the turn in to the straight . queen adelaide emerged as a threat , but busybody , racing down the centre of the course , drew ahead and opened up a clear lead approaching the final furlong . superba made a strong late challenge but busybody held on in an exciting finish to win by half a length , the pair finishing well clear of queen adelaide in third .\nfor her next start , she was moved straight into group race company for the queen mary stakes at royal ascot . starting at 13 / 2 she was towards the back of the field in the early stages , before making her challenge two furlongs from the finish . she caught the aidan o ' brien - trained sophisticat inside the final furlong and won by half a length [ 7 ] although the 1 , 000 guineas was more than ten months away , the bookmakers offered queen ' s logic at odds of 25 / 1 . [ 8 ]\nqueen ' s logic has made an impact as a broodmare : her daughter lady of the desert ( sired by rahy ) , was the highest - rated three - year - old filly in the world in the sprint division of the 2010 world thoroughbred rankings . [ 19 ]\nqueen ' s logic is a chestnut mare bred in ireland by kip mccreery . as a yearling she was sent to the deauville sales , where she was bought for \u20ac152 , 449 [ 2 ] by the bloodstock agent charles gordon - watson [ 3 ] on behalf of jaber abdullah .\nholy roman emperor ' s grandam is northern dancer ' s finest daughter fanfreluche - canadian horse of the year , us champion 3y0 filly . best remembered as the victim of a kidnap , she was saved by a family who found her wandering along the road ! fortunately she was eventually returned to clairbone farm from where she proved a powerful breeding force .\nin the international classification for 2001 , queen ' s logic was assigned a figure of 122 , making her the best two - year - old filly in europe by a margin of eight pounds . the only colt in europe rated her superior was the breeders ' cup juvenile winner johannesburg . [ 17 ]\nin a tense scene , the queen tells philip :\ni have nothing to hide from you . porchey is a friend . and yes , there are those who would have preferred me to marry him , but to everyone ' s regret and frustration the only person i have ever loved is you .\ntwo days later busybody and queen adelaide met for the fourth and final time in the oaks over the same course and distance with busybody starting favourite at the unusual odds of 100 / 105 in a field of nine . the race took place in fine weather and attracted a\nlarge and fashionable\ncrowd .\nand that it did . dozens of students posted on social media praising caia with a virtual pat on the back and celebrating with jazzmin . it was a selfless act , said alba , and although caia gave up her position as queen , she will forever be remembered for having the grace and compassion of royalty .\nbig - race wins : dubai world cup ( 2014 african story ) , qipco champion stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , lockinge stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , dubai duty free stakes ( 2013 sajjhaa ) , premio roma ( 2012 hunter\u2019s light ) , juddmonte international ( 2015 arabian queen ) . accolades : stobart champion flat jockey 2015\nfour days after her appearance in the auction ring , busybody returned to newmarket for the 1 , 000 guineas in which she was again matched against\nthe adelaide filly\n, now officially named queen adelaide . busybody was made favourite at odds of 85 / 40 in a field of six and was ridden by tom cannon . the early pace was slow and busybody pulled hard against cannon ' s attempts to restrain her before the race began in earnest two furlongs from the finish . busybody and queen adelaide quickly went to the front , and after\na pretty race\n, the favourite prevailed by half a length , with whitelock finishing third ahead of sandiway ,\nat friday ' s homecoming game , the court rode to the middle of the field in a chevrolet corvette . jazzmin needed some extra help from her brother , who delicately helped move her wheelchair out of the car and on to the 50 - yard line . the crowd stood to their feet and cheered for jazzmin as she lined up with the other candidates . the electric moment nearly brought jones to tears as jazzmin ' s face lit up with a smile .\nthis family stems from the great champion racemare and horse - of - the - year in italy , maria waleska ( dual gr . 1 winner , dual classic winner ) , herself dam of the european champion sprinter , polish patriot . ecossaise will provide her eventual purchaser with an exceptional opportunity to breed from a daughter of a most important broodmare sire , from a very\nlive\nfamily with plenty of potential for further black type additions .\nsince the first of september , holy roman emperor has sired leitir mor , winner of the g3 round tower s . at the curragh ; and sunday times , winner of the g3 sceptre s . at doncaster . in 2012 , holy roman emperor has over 100 individual winners and almost \u00a32 , 000 , 000 in progeny earnings ( ranked in the top 10 on the european sire list ) and eight individual sws , led by homecoming queen . four of his sws are two - year - olds . lifetime , nine of his 17 sws ( 18 counting smashing , winner of the indian oaks and several other non - black - type races in that country ) are two - year - old sws , with a total of eight gsws . he is ranked second on the european two - year - 0ld sires list with 27 individual winners .\ntwo months later , queen ' s logic returned to the racecourse for the lowther stakes at york . this was her first attempt at six furlongs . apart from sophisticat , who opposed her again , the field included the cherry hinton stakes winner silent honor , who was made the 9 / 4 favourite . queen ' s logic ran her now familiar race , chasing the leaders before accelerating in the closing stages and taking the lead close home to beat sophisticat by one and a quarter lengths , with silent honor third . [ 9 ] her price for the 1 , 000 guineas was cut to 14 / 1 even though some [ 10 ] felt that her sheer speed and racing style suggested that she was essentially a sprinter who might struggle over one mile .\nqueen ' s logic is a retired thoroughbred racehorse and active broodmare , bred in ireland and trained in the united kingdom . she is notable for winning the title of european champion two - year - old filly of 2001 at the cartier racing awards , and for retiring undefeated . she has been described as\nthe most outstanding filly to have never won a classic .\n[ 1 ]\n9th march 2012 another win for our new boy the new boy at lanwades , aussie rules , had another three - year - old winner yesterday this time at wolverhampton . yarra valley , a filly , having her third run of her career was held up , made some good headway two furlongs from home to take the 7f maiden in what looks to be a decent race . she is owned and trained by willie musson and was bred by aussie rules\u2019 breeder denford stud who are supporting the horse again in 2012 by sending some good mares .\non the morning of the day before the 1 , 000 guineas , queen ' s logic was found to be lame . channon insisted that the injury was not serious , [ 5 ] but he was unwilling to risk his filly and she was withdrawn from the race . [ 15 ] a plan to run her instead in the irish 1 , 000 guineas had to be abandoned when she contracted a viral infection and began\ncoughing\n. [ 16 ]\nbackground : garry and suzanne brandt had their first runner in 2014 . the couple run the north london - based import business harlequin direct ltd and were tempted to dip their toes into racehorse ownership when meeting owner derrick bloy on holiday . harlequeen was only the second horse owned by the brandts , with their first being the four - time winner harlequin striker , also with mick channon before being switched to dean ivory\u2019s yard this year . garry gave suzanne harlequeen for her birthday and his mother telma went racing for the first time at goodwood last year when harlequeen won .\nall samples from contemporary members of family 9c have been reported to have the same haplotype as one of two haplotypes known to occur in 9b , indicating that if there was indeed any fabrication in the pedigree of the young sir peter mare it did not remove her from her true matrilineage . the haplotype found in 9c and part of 9b has also been reported in family branches 12c , 12d and 12f . see equine genetic genealogy and deep - rooted anomalies .\nthe pedigree given for young sir peter mare may have been fabricated . she is recorded in the stud book as such :\nthis pedigree was stated by mr baker of elemore hall and mr butler to have been invented . the rev mr perceval of acomb bred all these colts , and they were sold to mr baker and sir f boynton as half - breds , and won many half - bred races .\nmr baker ' s entry of quilter was by standard , dam by sir peter pellet ( son espersykes ) , out of a well - bred mare ( pedigree unknown ) ; but the above pedigree is quite possible .\nsir peter pellet was later called milfield . while in these cases it is impossible to know the motives or sincerity of all parties involved , it is interesting that the general stud book made note of it . it is possible to introduce a half - bred into the pedigree on either the dam ' s side or the sire ' s side .\nthe family of spitfire has produced some of the most distinguished horses ever known .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nsamitar caused a 12 / 1 upset to win the etihad airways irish 1 , 000 guineas at the curragh today , scoring first irish classic winners for trainer mick channon and jockey martin harley , on his first ever classic ride .\ncoral wave produced a gutsy performance to emerge on top after a three - way battle in the group three cl weld stakes at the curragh .\namong equals landed cork\u2019s opening six furlong two - year - old maiden after a battle with limetree lady in the final furlong , as the pair pulled clear of the remainder .\ncrimson sunrise snatched victory late on in the opening lynn lodge stud auction maiden at navan this afternoon .\nafter race at leopardstown sun , 15th apr , 2012 ( 1st ) she is a hardy little filly and she improved nicely from the curragh [ ninth on 25th march ] . she will go into one of the guineas now . a p o ' brien\nafter race at curragh sun , 9th oct , 2011 ( 1st ) she always worked like a very good filly but took a while to win and she ended up at fairyhouse off a mark of 72 , . then she had a great run here . maybe i was running her over too short . she ' s a good mover and has a big heart . she ' s a very well - bred filly . joseph said to go to america ( breeders cup ) for the fillies race . we ' ll see . obviously she ' s a filly with a lot of ability . a p o ' brien\nafter race at fairyhouse sun , 18th sep , 2011 ( 1st ) she has a lovely pedigree and has been running well in maidens . she broke well , and kept on well in the straight . a p o ' brien\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nfrankel ' s last ever race , win 14 / 14 . now officially retired to stud .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmy miss aurelia brings an imposing 3 - for - 3 record . . .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nat 2 : won lanwades & staffordstown studs s . ( ire , 7ft , cur ) ; 2nd c . l . weld park s . ( ire - g3 , 7ft , cur )\nat 3 : won one thousand guineas s . ( eng - g1 , 8ft , nmk ) , leopardstown 1000 guineas trial s . ( ire - g3 , 7ft , leo )\nthe video ends with the girl rejoining her friends , still laughing and apparently unhurt .\ntwo kingston police officers are shown on horseback in this photo shared on twitter by the kingston police department .\ngrizzly hunters from eu granted permits to export from b . c . despite ban : report\nat least two u . s . children dead , one severely injured from self - inflicted gunshot wounds\ntoronto stocks higher , while u . s . markets also gain ground ; loonie higher\nbmw : tariffs mean higher prices in china for u . s . - made suvs\nthe race was marred by gray pearl being fatally injured in the stalls , which led to a half - hour delay .\nstarscope was second with the previously unbeaten favourite maybe , ridden by o ' brien ' s son joseph , third .\nmoore kicked on again going into the dip aboard ballydoyle ' s supposed second string and the daughter of holy roman emperor stretched clear .\nit was the first victory in the newmarket fillies ' classic for moore , who said :\naidan said she was very fit and very well .\ni thought i was going a stride too quick , but she just kept going . there ' s not much of her , but she tries very hard . she ' s very tough .\naiden o ' brien said :\nit ' s incredible . she ' s a very good filly .\ngray pearl ' s death in the starting stalls meant it was a very subdued crowd that greeted moore in the unsaddling enclosure and he described the events as\nvery sad\n.\nracegoers feared the worst when screens were put up across the centre of the course and gray pearl had to be put down after suffering what vets called\nan apparent spinal injury\n.\nveterinary officer chris hammond said :\nto minimise distress to the filly , a decision was made to have her put down on welfare grounds .\nwe are sorry , but the system was unable to process your request because your web browser did not behave as expected . cookies are required by this website in order to ensure a seamless user experience .\nit was a first qipco 1000 guineas success for moore , who said : \u201caidan said she was very fit and very well . i thought i was going a stride too quick , but she just kept going . there\u2019s not much of her , but she tries very hard . she\u2019s very tough . \u201d\nhowever , this was a highly impressive performance and she is a short as 3 - 1 to take the second fillies\u2019 classic , the oaks at epsom , in a month\u2019s time .\nby submitting your information , you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nwe ' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like . your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time . please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n\u00a9 copyright ti media limited . all rights reserved . terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nthe honorius story is one of many threads , beginning way back to the the tetrarch , the unbeaten star of the turf who stamped so many his progeny with his distinctive grey coat - including the wondrous mumtaz mahal .\nlike honorius named after royalty , that legendary mare was superior not only on the track but at stud and her genes are still a dominant force in international racing . . . passed on to the likes of nasrullah , royal charger and mahmoud .\none of the mumtaz mahal clan ' s finest achievements is petite etoile , the winner of 14 of her 19 starts - never once out of the first two . the highest ever timeform rated three - year - old filly until bettered only slightly by her relation habibti over two decades later .\nmany a high class performer has stemmed from this branch of the mumtaz mahal dynasty , none better than the masterpiece zarkava - the first filly in 15 years to defeat the older horses in the world ' s great test of thoroughbred class , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe .\nzahra ' s daughter zariya by the influential blushing groom is another to contribute to the considerable fortunes of this great family , two times hong kong group one winner sir andrew and australian group 2 winner zerpour amongst her descendants .\nalso recipient of several other championship titles - a common theme in this family - igugu was the first filly to win the coveted triple tiara and her four group one victories made her a heroine to the south african racing public .\nby a champion , breed shaping stallion , holy roman emperor hails from one of the world ' s great thoroughbred families , one held in such high regard that his full sister milanova set an australian record when fetching a whopping $ 5 million at the 2008 inglis easter broodmare sale .\ntheir dam l ' on vite by the immortal secretariat , has produced four stakes winners - holy roman emperor the star whilst milanova was successful at group three level ( producing a group three winner in ireland ) as was big viking in japan . . . whilst heart of oak won listed races in germany .\nbut back to her grandson holy roman emperor . with such a background of course expectations were high and he did not disappoint - at debut racing away with a maiden at leopardstown and two starts later claiming the group two railway stakes at the curragh .\non the strength of that victory sent out favourite in the group one phoenix stakes at the same track , holy roman emperor was a dominant winner before a gallant second to rising star teofilo in the group one national stakes .\nfrom there he headed to paris where his two length victory in the group one grand criterium in record time earned him the title of french champion 2y0 , also securing the highest ever juvenile timeform rating for a son of danehill .\nand the track ' s loss has proven breeding ' s gain with holy roman emperor proving himself to be one of danehill ' s classiest and most versatile sons , to date represented by 67 stakes winners , ten of whom have been successful at the elite level .\na truly international success story is holy roman emperor . . . winners in 41 different countries ! a stallion whose stats read so very well - a 65 . 3 % winners - to - runners strike rate , 6 . 2 % stakes winners to runners . prize money earnings in excess of $ 82 million , stakes winners who have won over a variety of distances from 1000m to 2500m .\nget some of the fun of being an owner with . . . read more\nthey say the majority of the offences were liquor licence act violations , followed by bylaw violations relating to noise , and a high percentage of the arrests were for public intoxication .\na major economic boost for ottawa will be made official on tuesday : amazon is coming to town .\n.\ni had great support . i\u2019m super happy and thankful and blessed . \u201d\nthat puts her at risk of third - degree burns or even death when exposed to sunlight .\n\u201cshe slowly lost her hearing ; she wears hearing aids , \u201d her mom pam mccoy said . \u201cit has affected her speech , it affected her gait .\nriley goes to school every day in a nasa - approved uv - blocking mask that covers her head , face and neck . she also covers her arms by wearing long gloves .\n\u201ci was really worried when she came to school it was going to be a rude awakening and that there was going to be bullying , \u201d her mom said .\ni got a lot of encouragement ,\nriley said . \u201ci\u2019m very thankful and very blessed to have people in my life and friends . \u201d\nthat\u2019s the message today that\u2019s been sent out by the commander of portsmouth naval base , commodore jeremy rigby .\nthe mighty new aircraft carrier has been given a window between thursday and next monday for the historic moment to happen .\ncdre rigby , who has been overseeing a major \u00a3100m overhaul of the city\u2019s naval base ahead of the arrival , said his team is ready to go .\n\u2018there\u2019s a palpable sense of excitement around the naval base , \u2019 he said . \u2018it started when we first heard the ship was going to be based here .\n\u2018portsmouth naval base knows it\u2019s got a future until the end of the century as a hub for maritime skills and job security , the supply chain in the area \u2013 everybody now knows that they\u2019ve got a part to play .\n\u2018just thinking that we\u2019re going to be the launch pad for the royal navy , travelling around the world for uk security and influence for the next 50 years , is a great feeling . \u2019\nto get ready for the major milestone of her arrival , the naval base has undergone one of the most extensive refits in almost a century .\ncdre rigby added : \u2018i don\u2019t think there\u2019s one part of the naval base that hasn\u2019t been touched by it , from the accommodation , getting the jetties ready , sorting out the navigation , the guys trying to work out the skills set that they\u2019re going to need , getting the workshops up and running \u2013 fixing all the roads .\n\u2018you can\u2019t see one part of the naval base that hasn\u2019t had to lift its game and i think we will all be feeling quite an emotional moment when the ship comes alongside . \u2019\nseason one examines the difficulties that philip faced adjusting to life in his wife\u2019s shadow , and his growing jealousy of her friendship with racing manager lord \u2018porchey\u2019 porchester ( joseph kloska ) .\nin episode nine , the couple have an explosive row over elizabeth and porchey ' s closeness .\nas a young lady , elizabeth was said to have had a list of \u201cflirts\u201d which included her friend porchey .\n\u201cshe clearly found him sexually attractive , \u201d a lady - in - waiting told the daily telegraph\u2019s graham turner .\nin the late 1950s , it was suggested that porchey might be the father of prince andrew , who was born on february 19 , 1960 .\nbuckingham palace has never commented on the rumours , but it is generally accepted that the two were nothing more than firm friends .\nporchey had married an anglo - american noblewoman named jean margaret wallop on january 7 , 1956 .\nporchey died of a heart attack on september 11 , 2001 on the same day that thousands were killed in the new york terror attack .\nher uncharacteristically sentimental words were seen by many as a reference to her own personal grief at losing her friend porchey ."]}
{"id": 2050, "summary": [{"text": "laevistrombus turturella is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family strombidae ( true conches ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there are only two living species within the genus laevistrombus ; the other congener is laevistrombus canarium , the dog conch . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "laevistrombus turturella", "paragraphs": ["laevistrombus aff . turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; calitoban , philippines ; from fishermen ; 52 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; philippines islands ; t : 112 mm , b : 108 mm ; coll . christian b\u00f6rnke\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; freak ; nha trang , kh\u00e1nh h\u00f2a province , vietnam ; 83 mm ; coll . cu dieu\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; upper pliocene ;\nsolo river\n, sangiran , java , indonesia ; coll . elmar mai\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; dumaguete , negros island , negros oriental province , negros island region , philippines ; 63 mm ; coll . roland hoffmann\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : laevistrombus turturella ( p . f . r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - id : 1450000355\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; krabi , krabi province , thailand , andaman sea ; black parietal and outer lip edge ; 2007 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6322\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; sattihip , chonburi province , thailand ; 15 ft in sand & rubble ; t : 64 mm , b : 62 , 5 mm ; 1974 ; coll . paul merrill\nlaevistrombus turturella ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ; ubin island ( pulau ubin ) , northeast of singapore , southeast asia ; taken on muddy sand during very low tide ; 60 , 5 mm ; 9 / 2001 ; coll . paul merrill\noften mentioned as strombus canarium [ = laevistrombus canarium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ] , which is a closely related species not known from singapore .\nliverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of strombus isabella lamarck , 1822 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\nmorton b . & morton je . ( 1983 ) . the sea shore ecology of hong kong . hong kong : hong kong university press . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngmelin , 1791 , p . 3517 , strombus canarium ( sp . 24 )\nst . testa ovato - oblonga , dorso laeviuscula , basi striata , albida aut pallide fulva ; spira exserta : anfractibus valde convexis ; apertura intus alba , extus aureo tincta ; labro anterius sinu distincto .\nstrombus canarium in duclos , 1844 , pl . 7 , fig . 7 , 8\nstrombus isabella in duclos , 1844 , pl . 27 , fig . 4 , 5\nstrombus isabella in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 18 , fig . 51\nstrombus isabella var . thersites martin , 1899 , pl . xxx , fig . 423 , 424 , 425\nthe intertidal molluscs of pulau semakau : prelimineary results of\nproject semakau\n.\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2012 - 08 - 21 .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 181 - 187 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2012 - 08 - 21 .\ndescription color : whitish or cream colored , marked throughout with fine , close - set , irregularly wavy , transpiral , brownish or orange brown lines ; the columella or and interior of aperture white . shell large and massive ; body whorl is much broader than the height of the shell ; spire short but the apex is sharp and pointed . the surface of the shell is smooth and glossy , uppermost whorls of the spire are finely spirally grooved ; expansion of outer lip is broad , wing - like , its edge standing out at a distance away from the inner border of the aperture . the whorls are smoothly rounded near the upper part .\neconomic importance and threats importance : commercial ( they are used to make toys and dolls as figures of birds , human beings etc . by gluing the shells together . rings made out of shells are worn on fingers by some people in tamil nadu and in chains in malabar and kanara . )\n\u2022 tamil nadu , gulf of mannar ( lat : 8 . 5 ) ( long : 79 ) india\n\u2022 lakshadweep , kavaratti atoll ( lat : 10 . 55 ) ( long : 72 . 63 ) india\n\u2022 tamil nadu , krusadai island ( lat : 9 . 23 ) ( long : 79 . 22 ) india\n\u2022 tamil nadu , pamban ( lat : 9 . 29 ) ( long : 79 . 21 ) india\ndr . ramesh , r ; dr . nammalwar , p and dr . gowri , vs ( 2008 ) database on coastal information of tamil nadu report submitted to environmental information system ( envis ) centre , department of environment , government of tamil nadu institute for ocean management , anna university , chennai , tamil nadu . available at - urltoken\nsamuel , vd ; chacko , d and edward , jkp ( 2005 ) preliminary study on the molluscan diversity of \u201cthe lost world\u2019\u2019\u2013 dhanushkodi , east coast of india proceedings of the national seminar on reef ecosystem remediation sdmri special research publication no . 9 54 - 58 available at - urltoken\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nstrombidae , or the conchs are one of the more familiar of the molluscan groups . though many larger molluscan species are commonly referred to as conchs , the strombs or generically , strombus are the true conch shells . the number of species in the family numbers around 60 species , which is small in comparison with other molluscan families . yet the size difference between the largest and smallest strombus species is huge . a few grow to be the largest and heaviest of the marine mollusks such as eustrombus goliath\n. the largest recorded shell is around 380 millimeters . at the other end of the size spectrum is\n, a species that rarely reaching 25 millimeters in length . a comprehensive display of strombs are quite beautiful . some of the species can vary considerably in color and make for an\nthe family strombidae has in recent years undergone a major taxonomic revision . numerous neatly organized subgenera for the various species within the genus strombus have been raised to full genera , and new genera have been errected for species that did not clearly fit within the classic arrangement . the most significant taxonomic change within the family strombidae is that the spindly tibia have been reclassified in the family rostellariidae based on anatomy and shell morphology . the conchological community has been slow to adopt this new classification . the various ' strombus ' species are arranged here according to the revised nomenclature .\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use conch instead of conch shell . * * * google strombidae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\ntaxonomic ref . : ponder & lindberg . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs ; an analysis using morphological characters . zoological journal of the linnean society , 119 83 - 265 .\ndillwyn , 1817 - philippines , 27 - 36mm - found in a rainbow of varied colors and patterns .\ndillwyn , 1817 - philippines , 28mm - a striking solid orange color form .\ndillwyn , 1817 - tulear , madagascar , 47mm - at 47mm , this specimen is considered well above average in size .\nsowerby , 1842 - mozambique , 29 - 34mm - intertidal sand dweller found in the western indian ocean & red sea .\nsowerby , 1842 - marshall islands , 15 - 17mm - found scuba diving among sand and rubble . the species has an interesting red operculum with a serrated edge .\nkiener , 1843 - hawaii , 19mm - an unusual orange color form . this species is the smallest of the genus .\nduclos , 1844 - mozambique , 39mm - the geographical range of this subspecies is the indian ocean from east africa to vietnam . it can be found in relatively shallow water . the illustrated shell represents a very shouldered form .\nswainson , 1821 - madagascar , 23mm - the color and patterns of this species varies considerably throughout its indo - pacific range , as well as within individual populations as illustrated here .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - philippines - the shell is found in a array of color forms . in nature the shell is often covered with a thick periostracum and organic growth that masks the color . lip color can be white or black , though the lighter colored shells tend to have a white lip .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - philippines - black color form . the species is quite variable with a number of subspecific names applied to geographical forms .\nwood , 1828 - vanuatu , 18 - 20mm - dwarf adult specimens . the subspecies is restricted to a portion of melanesia .\nsowerby , 1842 - madagascar , 32 - 33mm - one of many forms widely varying forms found throughout the range of the species from the eastern mediterranean through the indian ocean . the form coniformis is found from mauritius through east africa .\nduclos , 1844 - philippines , 39mm - this form is limited to the southern pacific . it is differentiated from typical d . dilatatus by the shorter canal at the aperture .\n( reeve , 1850 ) , - vietnam , 65 - 67mm - a form limited to the indian ocean . taken in trawl nets of a commercial fishing boat .\n( swainson , 1821 ) - philippines , 31mm - distributed through the western pacific , but not found in the indian ocean , where the nominate form is found .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - australia , 65mm - as with many species of the genus , this is an intertidal dweller .\npilsbry , 1917 - hawaii , 92mm - a fresh dead collected specimen . the subspecies is very rare in this size and condition , and is endemic to the hawaiian islands .\npilsbry , 1917 - hawaii , 65 . 7mm - also dead taken . the lip is immature , but rarely seen this dark and beautiful . the species is a sand dweller .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mahe island , seychelles , 57 . 3mm - the nominate form of gibberulus gibberulus [ synonym : strombus gibberulus ] .\nm\u00f6rch , 1850 - saudi arabia , 43mm - a pale form . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus albus ]\nr\u00f6ding , 1798 - coral sea , 40 - 46mm - these specimens were taken near east diamond island , way out in the middle of nowhere ! a geographical morph with a dark band below the suture line on the body whorl is more typical at this location ( middle specimen ) , though a wider range of coral sea color forms is illustrated here . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus gibbosus ]\nm\u00f6rch , 1852 , pterocera anton , 1839 ( non lamarck , 1799 ) ; subgenus : millepes m\u00f6rch , 1852 .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - philippines , 121 - 132mm - dwarf adult specimens of a species that typically grows to over 200mm in length . the depth of aperture color and pattern on the dorsum varies considerably .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mellish reef , coral sea , 76mm - a pure white color form . taken scuba diving in \u00b135 feet of water on sand , during a night dive .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - davao , philippines , 97 . 2mm - an extremely large specimen for the species . closely related to l . canarium .\nr\u00f6ding , 1798 , pterocera lamarck , 1799 , pteroceras link , 1807 ( err . ) , pteroceres montfort , 1810 ( err . ) , digitator fabricius , 1823 ( nom . nud . ) , pterocerus brongniart , 1829 ( err . ) , heptadactylus m\u00f6rch , 1852 .\n( link , 1807 ) - philippines , 128mm - the nominate form of the species . digits are proportionately shorter than the localized form l . c . pilsbryi .\nabbott , 1961 - marquesas , 254mm - a huge specimen , 4 . 2mm smaller than the largest recorded size for the species . the subspecies is limited to french polynesia .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - philippines , 129 - 137mm - the illustrated specimens exhibit extremely dark coloration .\n( swainson , 1821 ) - tahiti , 131mm - endemic to polynesia . the dark - tipped digits are characteristic of this uncommon species .\n( born , 1778 ) - madagascar , 39 - 40mm - species is limited to the western indian ocean and the rea sea ; forms from the latter location have been described as subspecific . knobby and smooth - shouldered forms are found throughout its range .\n( roding , 1798 ) - davao , philippines , 52mm - orange color form .\niredale , 1921 ; aliger thiele , 1929 ; eustrombus wenz , 1940 . .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - cabo rojo , puerto rico . the famed rooster tail conch is found in a variety of colors ; this specimen has shades of pink . [ synonym : strombus gallus ]\n( gmelin , 1791 ) - aguadilla , puerto rico - 77mm . a gerontic specimen with a blackened lip . strombs found along the west coast of puerto rico seem to be prone to this type of discoloration . [ synonym : strombus raninus ]\n( gray , 1852 ) - andaman sea , 109mm - once considered one of the rarest shells , now it is commonly trawled off the coast of thailand and burma ( myanmar ) , a by - product of commercial fishing boats . m . listeri is the only species in the genus .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - philippines , 163mm - grows to over 200mm . the shell is heavy with a thick calcareous shell .\n( emerson , 1965 ) - somalia , 95mm - a dead taken specimen . live specimens rarely surface in trawling nets .\n( emerson , 1965 ) - somalia , 101 . 7mm - a beautiful shell with mature , fully developed wing .\n, or cap shell attached to the body whorl , which when removed leaves an crater - like indentation in the shell .\nstrombus linn\u00e9 , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 31 ; le renard , 1996 : 41 , strombella schl\u00fcter , 1838 , conomurex fischer p . , 1884 ex bayle ms , strombus ( conomurex ) ; vaught , 1989 : 31 .\ngmelin , 1791 - florida keys , 87 - 100mm - a relatively large and variably colored species . it is common throughout its range .\ngmelin , 1791 - florida keys , 81 - 88mm - two distinct color forms from the same locale .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - florida keys , 89mm - typical specimens have longer spines on the spire than does strombus alatus .\n: kronenberg , g . c . & g . j . vermeij . terestrombus and tridentarius , new genera of indo - pacific strombidae ( gastropoda ) , with comments on included taxa and on shell characters in strombidae . vita malacologica ( 1 ) 49 - 54 .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - philippines , 30 - 40mm - the thin , shiny shell is characteristic of this species . do not confuse with\nsowerby ii , 1842 - philippines , 36 - 41mm - typical form with taller spire .\n( sowerby , 1842 ) - philippines , 34mm - an unusual solid orange color form .\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 114 . 5mm - the coloring varies widely ; this specimen has an unusual dark striped pattern on the back . [ synonym : strombus tricornis ]\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 128 . 7mm - a specimen with an extremely dark dorsum coloring . typically the species exhibits a much lighter color .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - solomon islands , 32mm - the type species of the genus . the color - pattern of the body whorl varies .\nstrombidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below ."]}
{"id": 2053, "summary": [{"text": "in some religions , an unclean animal is an animal whose consumption or handling is taboo .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "according to these religions , persons who handle such animals may need to ritually purify themselves to get rid of their uncleanliness . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "unclean animal", "paragraphs": [": if an animal was considered unclean , one obviously could not eat it . yet additionally , one could not touch an unclean animal , whether living or dead .\nwater is so clean that the carcass of an unclean dead animal cannot contaminate it .\nand every creeping animal that flieth is unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .\nseed grain is so clean that the carcass of an unclean dead animal cannot contaminate it .\n, are unclean unto you : every one that toucheth them shall be unclean .\n38 but if you put water on some seeds and a dead , unclean animal falls on them , they are unclean for you .\n36 \u201c\u2018a spring or well that collects water will stay clean , but anyone who touches the dead body of any unclean animal will become unclean .\n40 anyone who eats meat from this animal\u2019s dead body must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . anyone who picks up the animal\u2019s dead body must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .\n33 if the dead , unclean animal falls into a clay bowl , anything in the bowl will become unclean , and you must break the bowl .\n35 if any dead , unclean animal falls on something , it becomes unclean . if it is a clay oven or a clay baking pan , it must be broken into pieces . these things will be unclean ; they are unclean for you .\n43 do not make yourself unclean by these animals ; you must not become unclean by them .\n38 but seeds that are soaking in water become unclean , if the dead animal is found in the water .\n37 if a dead , unclean animal falls on a seed to be planted , that seed is still clean .\n34 if water from the unclean clay bowl gets on any food , that food will become unclean .\n26 every animal that parts the hoof but is not cloven - footed or does not chew the cud is unclean to you . everyone who touches them shall be unclean .\n24 \u201cand by these you shall become unclean . whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening ,\n39 if an animal that may be eaten happens to die , and you touch it , you become unclean until evening .\nthere are some who believe what an animal eats makes it clean or unclean . while it is true that birds of prey are all unclean , an animal\u2019s diet doesn\u2019t provide a complete definition of whether it is clean or unclean . from studying the lists in leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 we can conclude that it\u2019s how god made an animal , fish or bird that makes it clean or unclean ( unfit for human consumption ) .\nor if a soul touch any unclean thing , whether it be a carcase of an unclean beast , or a carcase of unclean cattle , or the carcase of unclean creeping things , and if it be hidden from him ; he also shall be unclean , and guilty .\n39 \u201c\u2018also , if an animal which you use for food dies , anyone who touches its body will be unclean until evening .\nthe pig is considered an unclean animal as food in judaism and islam and some christian denominations . ( photo credit : wikipedia )\nand for these ye shall be unclean : whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even .\n31 these crawling animals are unclean for you ; anyone who touches their dead bodies will be unclean until evening .\n32 \u201c\u2018if an unclean animal dies and falls on something , that item will also become unclean . this includes anything made from wood , cloth , leather , or rough cloth , regardless of its use . whatever the animal falls on must be washed with water and be unclean until evening ; then it will become clean again .\n14 i know , and am persuaded by the lord jesus , that there is nothing unclean of itself : but to him that esteemeth any thing to be unclean , to him it is unclean . { unclean : gr . common }\nnot all parts of the animal may be eaten . certain fats , known as\n3 any animal that has divided hoofs and chews the cud . [ a ]\ngod has prophesied in detail about the fate of those who are eating unclean animals and following unclean practices when jesus returns to establish god ' s kingdom . first let god establish that a mouse is an unclean animal , and then we will look at the prophecy .\n36 a spring or a cistern where one of these dead animals is found is still clean , but anyone who touches the animal becomes unclean .\n28 and he who carries their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening ; they are unclean to you .\nunclean : in the old testament \u201cclean\u201d and \u201cunclean\u201d refer to whatever makes a person , animal , or object acceptable or unacceptable to god . for example , a person became unclean by eating certain foods , touching certain objects , and having certain kinds of diseases or bodily discharges .\n35 and everything on which any part of their carcass falls shall be unclean . whether oven or stove , it shall be broken in pieces . they are unclean and shall remain unclean for you .\n\u2018and if any animal which you may eat dies , he who touches its carcass shall be unclean until evening . he who eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . he also who carries its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .\ntouching the carcass of such an animal , even unknowingly , renders a person impure .\n) , occasioned the rise of animal sacrifices . the rare occurrence of slaying an animal was turned into a festival , which was celebrated with sacrifices . among the earliest hebrews\nhe is a leprous man , he is unclean : the priest shall pronounce him utterly unclean ; his plague is in his head .\nand every thing that she lieth upon in her separation shall be unclean : every thing also that she sitteth upon shall be unclean .\n31 these are unclean to you among all that swarm . whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until the evening .\n28 anyone who picks up their dead bodies must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening ; these animals are unclean for you .\n\u2018by these you shall become unclean ; whoever touches the carcass of any of them shall be unclean until evening ; whoever carries part of the carcass of any of them shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening : the carcass of any animal which divides the foot , but is not cloven - hoofed or does not chew the cud , is unclean to you . everyone who touches it shall be unclean . and whatever goes on its paws , among all kinds of animals that go on all fours , those are unclean to you . whoever touches any such carcass shall be unclean until evening . whoever carries any such carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening . it is unclean to you .\nand he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even : they are unclean unto you .\nevery bed , whereon he lieth that hath the issue , is unclean : and every thing , whereon he sitteth , shall be unclean .\n34 if you pour water from this pot on any food , that food becomes unclean , and anything drinkable in the pot becomes unclean .\n24 those insects will make you unclean , and anyone who touches the dead body of one of these insects will become unclean until evening .\nso , is it permissible to touch an unclean animal that is living ( e . g . , having a pet pig , snake , etc . ) ?\n12 you must hate any animal in the water that does not have fins and scales .\nthe first thing we need to know is that there is a direct command in the new covenant for us to avoid unclean things . if we are not to even touch an unclean thing , such as flesh cut from an unclean animal , it is obvious that we are not to eat it either :\nthese are unclean to you among all that creep : whosoever doth touch them , when they be dead , shall be unclean until the even .\nthese are unclean to you among all that creep : whoever does touch them , when they be dead , shall be unclean until the even .\nand every thing whereupon any part of their carcase falleth shall be unclean ; whether it be oven , or ranges for pots , they shall be broken down : for they are unclean and shall be unclean unto you .\nsays , to be permitted for eating , an animal must have cloven hooves and chew its cud . an animal which chews its cud has no front teeth in its upper jaw . according to maimonides , the only animal that chews the cud but does not have cloven hooves is the camel ; the only animal that has cloven hooves but does not chew its cud is the pig .\nnever used in their products . they stated to look for animal free products to be safe .\n3 you may eat any animal that has split hoofs completely divided and that chews the cud .\ncover ' witness ' and ' record ' long before the animal usage becomes significant . of those associations that are animal related the two dominant ones are ' whelps ' and ' lion ' .\nand the priest shall see the raw flesh , and pronounce him to be unclean : for the raw flesh is unclean : it is a leprosy .\nand whosoever toucheth those things shall be unclean , and shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\na : from the food laws given in leviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 we understand how to define clean and unclean animals for eating ; furthermore , the bible is very clear in forbidding touching unclean animal carcasses ( see deut . 14 : 8 ) .\n41 \u201c\u2018every animal that crawls on the ground is to be hated ; it must not be eaten .\n, in the list of the unclean quadrupeds . several species live in palestine :\nand what saddle soever he rideth upon that hath the issue shall be unclean .\n: there is no rule given to determine if a bird is clean or unclean ; only specific birds ( twenty in all ) are mentioned as being unclean .\n1 . ( 24 - 28 ) disposal of the carcasses of unclean animals .\n3 . ( 31 - 38 ) the transmission of uncleanness from unclean animals .\nand all winged insects are unclean for you ; they shall not be eaten .\nall winged creeping things are unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .\nand every winged insect is unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .\ntherefore a person who was unclean had to change their clothes and wash himself .\nwhich are 70 different categories of injuries , diseases or abnormalities whose presence renders the animal non - kosher .\nthe one area that may cause concern for vegetarians is the use of animal parts for ritual purposes . the\ntwo of every kind of bird and animal and crawling creature will come to you to be kept alive .\nthat every animal offered up shall be without blemish ( lev . 22 : 21 ) ( affirmative ) .\nisrael could eat\nany animal that has a split hoof completely divided and that chews the cud .\nhuman and animal organs sometimes seem to lend credence to the evolutionary theory . what ' s the truth ?\n,\nwhatsoever goes upon his paws ,\nsuch as cats , dogs , rats , mice , and weasels , are unclean . all reptiles are also unclean .\nthe bible talks about clean and unclean animals , and tells people not to eat the meat of unclean animals . but does god really care what meats we eat ?\n- when used of unclean animals , etc as in leviticus and deuteronomy it means permanently unclean by nature , unable to be cleansed , not fit for human food .\n27 and whatsoever goeth upon its paws , among all beasts that go on all fours , they are unclean unto you ; whoso toucheth their carcass shall be unclean until the even . 28 and he that beareth the carcass of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even ; they are unclean unto you .\nit is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh , and the priest shall pronounce him unclean , and shall not shut him up : for he is unclean .\nall birds that eat other animals and do not have a crop are considered unclean .\nall winged insects that swarm are unclean for you ; they may not be eaten .\nany winged , swarming insect is unclean to you . they must not be eaten .\nand all winged swarming things are unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .\nand all winged creeping things are unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .\na person could become unclean by doing anything that rendered them unfit to worship god .\nthen in verses 41 - 43 , moses returns to the description of unclean animals .\nevery month , there were seven or more days during which she was ritually unclean .\nof animals that are fit for pastoralists to consume . as a result , they are excluded from the realm of propriety and are deemed \u201cunclean . \u201d people who eat food that is unclean and \u201cout of place\u201d are themselves unclean and are prohibited from approaching the\nfrom cover to cover , from genesis to revelation , nowhere in the bible do we find an example of a servant of god or follower of jesus christ eating the flesh of an unclean animal .\nhow many animal myths do you believe ? find out in our popular column the truth about animals . featuring :\nwould view the animal very differently . at the very least it is almost certain that the use of animal imagery in an agrarian society would have conveyed significantly less feeling of mysticism than it does in our mechanized society today .\nanimal abuse , cruelty , and / or neglect form part of the many social ills plaguing the muslim community .\nof all meat which may be eaten , that on which such water cometh shall be unclean : and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean .\nrav kook , to the contrary , believed that after moshiach comes we will not eat animal flesh at all . reply\nand every creeping thing that flieth is unclean unto you : they shall not be eaten .\nthe carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof , and is not clovenfooted , nor cheweth the cud , are unclean unto you : every one that toucheth them shall be unclean .\n27 and all that walk on their paws , among the animals that go on all fours , are unclean to you . whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening ,\n34 any food in it that could be eaten , on which water comes , shall be unclean . and all drink that could be drunk from every such vessel shall be unclean .\n40 and whoever eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening . and whoever carries the carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening .\n29 - 30 moles , rats , mice , and all kinds of lizards are unclean .\n2 . ( 29 - 30 ) more unclean animals : reptiles and other creeping things .\nevery swarming , winged insect is also unclean for you . they must never be eaten .\nand every serpent that flies shall be unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .\nand every creeping thing that flies is unclean to you : they shall not be eaten .\nand every winged crawling thing shall be unclean unto you ; they shall not be eaten .\nso note the following four scriptures to help you remember what foods are clean and unclean .\n\u0093 any bed she lies on in this state will be unclean ; any seat she sits on will be unclean . anyone who touches her bed must wash his clothing and wash himself and will be unclean until evening . if there is anything on the bed or on the chair on which she sat , anyone who touches it will be unclean until evening . \u0094\nhi david , just to comment on the piece you mention about sacrificing animals for our sins . how does the animal who the one who is sacrificing , atone for our sins , as we ' re not sacrificing anything ? it ' s the animal who suffers , not us . why does g - d even need or want an animal dead ? reply\ngod never tells israel why something is clean or unclean . he never gives a reason for the definition of clean or unclean . for centuries , men have tried to give reasons for these definitions of clean and unclean , and wenham\u2019s commentary outlines four , which i think are worthy of mentioning . why is one kind of food clean and another kind of food unclean ?\nin jewish orthodox terminology , an animal is clean if it is edible . if the animal in question has four legs , it must have split hooves and chew its cud . since dogs do neither , they are unclean and , therefore , inedible . i don\u2019t believe that means that an orthodox jew is not allowed to have a dog for a pet : many jews definitely kept equally unclean horses in not so distant past .\nand whatsoever goeth upon his paws , among all manner of beasts that go on all four , those are unclean unto you : whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even .\nand if any man lie with her at all , and her flowers be upon him , he shall be unclean seven days ; and all the bed whereon he lieth shall be unclean .\nnot to slaughter an animal and its young on the same day ( lev . 22 : 28 ) ( ccn108 ) .\nand whatsoever hath not fins and scales ye may not eat ; it is unclean unto you .\n\u201cand all the teeming life with wings are unclean to you ; they shall not be eaten .\nalso every swarming thing that flies is unclean for you ; they shall not be eaten .\nye shall therefore put difference between clean beasts and unclean , and between unclean fowls and clean : and ye shall not make your souls abominable by beast , or by fowl , or by any manner of living thing that creepeth on the ground , which i have separated from you as unclean .\nfourth , there is the category of dead animals which are unclean . essentially , any dead animal other than an animal which has been killed through the sacrificial process in the front of the door of the tent of meeting is unclean . there are unclean animals that will defile in their death , and there are clean animals that will defile man in their death , if their death is not a sacrificial death . the carcasses are that which can contaminate , therefore if a person eats a cow which has just been killed by a wolf , that person would be ceremonially unclean even though he could eat the meat if it were sacrificed to god .\n' this is the law of the beasts and the birds and every living soul that moves in the waters , and of every living soul that creeps on the earth , to distinguish between the unclean and the clean , and between the animal that may be eaten and the animal that may not be eaten . '\nleviticus 11 : 45 to 47\nbirds such as chickens , turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten . insects , with the exception of locusts , crickets and grasshoppers , are listed as unclean (\naccording to leviticus 11 : 27 ,\nwhatsoever goes upon his paws ,\nsuch as cats , dogs , rats , mice , and weasels , are unclean . all reptiles are also unclean .\nare the non - meat parts of a non - kosher ( i . e . impure / tameh ) animal ossur min hatorah\nit\u2019s not the only animal on the unkosher list , but it gets the worst treatment of any of them . some examples :\nfood borne illness is on the increase worldwide . in most cases , animal products are implicated as the main source of infection .\nthis article originally appeared in animal voice , published by compassion in world farming , south africa . visit urltoken for more information .\nmoreover the soul that shall touch any unclean thing , as the uncleanness of man , or any unclean beast , or any abominable unclean thing , and eat of the flesh of the sacrifice of peace offerings , which pertain unto the lord , even that soul shall be cut off from his people .\n31 anyone who touches their dead bodies or anything touched by their dead bodies becomes unclean until evening .\n( articles in the jewish encyclopedia under \u201cpoultry\u201d and \u201cclean and unclean animals\u201d provide additional helpful information . )\nand all the teeming life with wings are unclean to you ; they shall not be eaten .\nisrael had to learn to distinguish between the clean and the unclean , the holy and the unholy .\n\u0093 if a man sleeps with her , he will be affected by the uncleanness of her monthly periods . he shall be unclean for seven days . any bed he lies on will be unclean . \u0094\ndogs are unclean according to islam . so are dogs really dirty and should be away from humans ?\nfirst , in chapter 11 , cleanness and uncleanness has to do principally with food . it deals secondarily with cleanness or uncleanness that is the result of contact with a dead animal , but it seems the reason the dead animal is called unclean is because we couldn\u2019t eat it . even a clean animal , a bull or a sheep , could not be eaten if it were not killed in a sacrificially prescribed way . so it has to do with food or that which is touched when dead .\nthe carcass of any animal that divides the foot , but is not cloven - hoofed or does not chew the cud is unclean to you . . . and whatever goes on its paws , among all kinds of animals that go on all fours , these are unclean to you .\n( leviticus 11 : 26 - 28 )\nif you study all the unclean of the list in the bible they all eat an animal or bird as food as well as other things as a main part of their diet . they are 2nd , 3rd and 4th order consumers .\nbeing that the animal has paws precludes us from eating it . but then we see that when it comes to touching these animals the verse clarifies that anyone that who touches their carcass will be unclean until the even ( evening , dusk , end of the day ) . the use of the word ' carcass ' deals with the body of the animal being dead .\nand the leper in whom the plague is , his clothes shall be rent , and his head bare , and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip , and shall cry , unclean , unclean .\nthe torah gave signs to distinguish between ritually clean and unclean beasts , fish , and vermin . the torah also gave a list of unclean birds , to teach us that all other birds were ritually clean .\nso we see that romans 14 is talking about defiled food rather than flesh taken from an animal that god has declared to be unclean . as we have already talked about defiled hands , let ' s look at food offered to idols :\nin the torah , humanity is given dominion over animals ( gen . 1 : 26 ) , which gives us the right to use animals for legitimate needs . animal flesh can be consumed for food ; animal skins can be used for clothing . the torah itself must be written on parchment ( animal hides ) , as must the scrolls for mezuzot and tefillin , and tefillin must be made out of leather .\nto teach when it is unclean , and when it is clean : this is the law of leprosy .\n25 and whoever carries any part of their carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening .\n43 if you eat any of them , you will become just as disgusting and unclean as they are .\nthose fish that do not have fins and scales are either scavengers or pure carnivores , and are unclean .\nand whatever goes on his paws , among all manner of beasts that go on all four , those are unclean to you : whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the even . american king james version \u00d7\nit is beyond the scope of this short explanation to enumerate every possible example of clean and unclean animals .\ngod also lists birds and other flying creatures that are unclean for consumption ( verses 13 - 19 ) . he identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean , plus ostriches , storks , herons and bats .\nbelow are two more reasons some people argue that ducks or geese are unclean ( unsuitable for food ) .\ndeuteronomy 14 : 19 all winged insects that swarm are unclean for you ; they may not be eaten .\nall winged insects that walk along the ground are ceremonially unclean for you and may not be eaten .\nevery thing that creepeth , and hath little wings , shall be unclean , and shall not be eaten .\n6 the rabbit chews the cud but does not have a split hoof ; it is unclean for you .\n25 anyone who picks up one of these dead insects must wash his clothes and be unclean until evening .\n27 of all the animals that walk on four feet , the animals that walk on their paws are unclean for you . anyone who touches the dead body of one of these animals will become unclean until evening .\nthat foods become defiled by contact with unclean things ( lev . 11 : 34 ) ( affirmative ) .\nthat a leper is unclean and defiles ( lev . 13 : 2 - 46 ) ( affirmative ) .\nif some jewish christian thinks of certain foods as unclean , don ' t make a stink about it .\nleviticus 11 and deuteronomy 14 contain god ' s commandment to israel concerning clean and unclean meats . in these passages , either he lists specific animals that are clean or unclean or he provides us with instructions about how to determine if an animal is clean or unclean . for instance , he tells us specifically that the camel , the hyrax ( rock badger ) , the hare , and the swine are unclean ( leviticus 11 : 4 - 8 ) , but regarding fish he instructs us to determine if a species possesses both fins and scales ( verse 9 ) .\nsome sources consider pets are considered to be muktzeh , within the category of objects that cannot be handled on shabbat . i haven ' t been able to get a clear idea of what exactly is and is not permitted with an animal on shabbat . i have seen several sources say that walking a dog is permitted , but if an animal runs away on shabbat , it is not permitted to trap the animal .\nby jewish law a jew must not own \u201ca bad dog\u201d i . e , a dangerous animal . all other dogs are happy companions .\nand yet the dog\u2019s present - day position as a decent , noble animal has been hard won . in ancient israel the dog was considered an unclean animal . several verses in the bible know the usefulness of watchdogs and sheep dogs , but for the most part we only read of half - wild , half - starving scavengers that prowl the city by night . the dog lived on the refuse of the streets or on the terephah \u2014one of the flock which has been torn by a wild animal and therefore unfit for human food .\nand he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even : he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even .\nwhen i mention the clean and unclean list of what we are to eat or not to eat , christians remind me of the account of peter\u2019s vision of the sheet coming down with clean and unclean animals in it .\n, far from being unicorn , was a two - horned animal , is suggested by ps . , xxi , 22 , and forcibly evidenced by\nfor the curious , my caveat was to exclude cases such as using an animal as a wall in a house which gets tzara ' at .\n9 \u201c\u2018of the animals that live in the sea or in a river , if the animal has fins and scales , you may eat it .\nand whosoever beareth ought of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes , and be unclean until the even .\nand whosoever toucheth any thing that was under him shall be unclean until the even : and he that beareth any of those things shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\nthe purpose of the unclean animals in this world are to be elevated by the compassion we show them . reply\n5 the rock badger chews the cud but does not have a split hoof ; it is unclean for you .\nnot to eat of holy things that have become unclean ( lev . 7 : 19 ) ( negative ) .\nthat a leprous garment is unclean and defiles ( lev . 13 : 47 - 49 ) ( affirmative ) .\nbut peter said ,\nnot so , lord ! for i have never eaten anything defiled or unclean .\nthese are unclean to you among all that creep . whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until evening . anything on which any of them falls , when they are dead shall be unclean , whether it is any item of wood or clothing or skin or sack , whatever item it is , in which any work is done , it must be put in water . and it shall be unclean until evening ; then it shall be clean . any earthen vessel into which any of them falls you shall break ; and whatever is in it shall be unclean : in such a vessel , any edible food upon which water falls becomes unclean , and any drink that may be drunk from it becomes unclean . and everything on which a part of any such carcass falls shall be unclean ; whether it is an oven or cooking stove , it shall be broken down ; for they are unclean , and shall be unclean to you . nevertheless a spring or a cistern , in which there is plenty of water , shall be clean , but whatever touches any such carcass becomes unclean . and if a part of any such carcass falls on any planting seed which is to be sown , it remains clean . but if water is put on the seed , and if a part of any such carcass falls on it , it becomes unclean to you .\nyou shall therefore put a difference between clean beasts and unclean , and between unclean fowls and clean : and you shall not make your souls abominable by beast , or by fowl , or by any manner of living thing that creeps on the ground , which i have separated from you as unclean .\n( leviticus 20 : 25 )\nbirds such as chickens , turkeys and pheasants are not on the unclean list and therefore can be eaten . insects , with the exception of locusts , crickets and grasshoppers , are listed as unclean ( verses 20 - 23 ) .\n5 . it is cruel , and therefore haraam , to keep any animal in a cage so small that it cannot behave in a natural way .\nsee : amraad al - hayawaanaat allati tuseeb al - insaan ( animal diseases that affect humans ) by dr . \u2018ali ismaa\u2019eel \u2018ubayd al - snaafi .\nthe camel has no split or cloven hoof , making it unclean . however , this animal has a similar digestive system to the clean animals ; so what is the problem ? the camel had to adapt to a desert environment in order to survive . it underwent a\n; it must , nevertheless , very probably be reckoned among the unclean animals indicated under the general name of mouse .\nand the coney , because he cheweth the cud , but divideth not the hoof ; he is unclean unto you .\nand the hare , because he cheweth the cud , but divideth not the hoof ; he is unclean unto you .\nof their flesh shall ye not eat , and their carcase shall ye not touch ; they are unclean to you .\nmoreover he that goeth into the house all the while that it is shut up shall be unclean until the even .\n6 and the hare , because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof , is unclean to you .\nand the coney , because he chews the cud , but divides not the hoof ; he is unclean to you .\nand the hare , because he chews the cud , but divides not the hoof ; he is unclean to you .\nof their flesh shall you not eat , and their carcass shall you not touch ; they are unclean to you .\n) . he identifies carrion eaters and birds of prey as unclean , plus ostriches , storks , herons and bats .\n: unclean animals , when dead , couldn\u2019t just be left in the community to rot ; they had to be disposed of . but the people who disposed of the unclean animals had to remedy their uncleanness by washing and a brief (\n26 \u201c\u2018some animals have split hoofs , but the hoofs are not completely divided ; others do not chew the cud . they are unclean for you , and anyone who touches the dead body of one of these animals will become unclean .\nto burn meat of the holy sacrifice that has become unclean ( lev . 7 : 19 ) ( affirmative ) .\nthat a menstruating woman is unclean and defiles others ( lev . 15 : 19 - 24 ) ( affirmative ) .\ngod is concerned with the health of all his creatures : human and animal . are the dietary laws god set out thousands of years ago still relevant ?\nin refusing to consume any meat or animal by - product . for such patients , even medications that are produced using animals are likely to be problematic .\nthe appeal goes out to those muslims : please do not abuse or neglect any animal . this gives a distorted picture to others who are not muslim .\nspeak unto the children of israel , saying , if a woman have conceived seed , and born a man child : then she shall be unclean seven days ; according to the days of the separation for her infirmity shall she be unclean .\nthus even among adventists who eat meat , these unclean meats are avoided . nineteenth - century adventists , however , did not generally accept this distinction between clean and unclean meats based on levitical law , even though they clearly condemned pork . 1\n, where it is left untranslated and considered as a proper name , it indicates a particular animal . the description of this animal has long puzzled the commentators . many of them now admit that it represents the hippopotamus , so well known to the ancient egyptians ; it might possibly correspond as well to the rhinoceros .\nthe method of this paper is based upon the belief that the best interpreter of the bible is the bible itself . thus for each animal found within revelation a search will be made to show other biblical passages that mention the same animal ; then an attempt will be made to find a consensus view of the passages to see what characteristics of the animal are normal in view when it is used in a biblical setting . additionally a number of bible dictionaries will be consulted to ascertain other physical facts about the palestinian animal in question to see if that sheds further light upon the subject matter . use will also be made of a\nwith this in mind rev 13 : 2 because relatively easy if scary to interpret . the animal in question is inherently a watchful , secretive animal but it carries the lethal weaponry of the two more violent predators of scripture and is possibly motivated by blind fury and a regal determination that it will not be thwarted .\nmany people have misconceptions about the biblical teaching on clean and unclean meats . what does scripture really reveal on this subject ?\nand if it spread much abroad in the skin , then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a plague .\nand whosoever toucheth his bed shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\nand whosoever toucheth her bed shall wash his clothes , and bathe himself in water , and be unclean until the even .\n5 and the rock badger , because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof , is unclean to you .\naccording to the torah , a person became unclean if he or she touched something unclean . as long as he or she was unclean he or she was not allowed to come in contact with clean people or objects . in some cases uncleanness disappeared by itself after a determined period of time had elapsed ; sometimes to become clean one was required to offer a sacrifice and / or perform ritual washing . typical sources of uncleanness were bodily secretions , corpses , unclean animals and wrongly prepared food .\n: the common thread through most of these birds is that they are either predators or scavengers ; these were considered unclean .\nas for the sheet coming down from heaven in peter\u2019s dream , it was not about clean and unclean animals , it was about clean and unclean men . here is the rest of that story . did peter really say all things are clean ?\n8 you must not eat the meat from these animals or even touch their dead bodies ; they are unclean for you .\nmonuments teach us that this animal was used for threshing wheat ; finally , we repeatedly read in the o . t . of asses hitched to a plough (\n, which , indicates an animal dwelling in ruins , and may generally be rendered by jackal . no other resemblance than a verbal one should be sought between this\nbased on this , some authorities permit gelatin from unkosher animals , since during the process the animal extract becomes unfit for even a dog . rabbi moshe feinstein ,\nthey don ' t have a list of vegetarian products nor are any products certified kosher . contact them at 800 / 762 - 4675 for animal free items .\nclean and unclean animals we saw that eating animals like swine ( pig , hog , pork ) and that which is made from this unclean animal ( bacon , ham , lard , most sausage and pepperoni ) do not conform or promote yehovah\u2019s image in the earth and are therefore considered unclean [ tamei ] because they do not chew their cud and have split hooves . having these two characteristics is what yehovah uses to delineate between animals which are clean [ tahor ] and do represent his image in the earth , from those that don\u2019t .\n. when the different clans or divisions of a tribe partook at the communal meal of the sacred animal ( totem ) which represented their god and ancestors , they believed that by this meal they participated in the divine life of the animal itself . sacrifice in the sense of offering gifts to the deity , the symbolic replacing of\nverse 14 is a proof text used by the world to conclude that all meat is now fine to eat :\ni know and am convinced by the lord jesus that there is nothing unclean of itself ; but to him who considers anything to be unclean , to him it is unclean .\nthis is another verse that has been poorly translated to conform to preconceived notions .\nthird , cleanness is that which is defined by god and declared by the priests . clean or unclean is clean or unclean by the definition , and the definition for the clean and unclean creatures is given in leviticus 11 . it is declared by the priests , which will become more and more important as we get into skin disorders . it is the priest who must say , this person or this disease is clean or unclean . it is god\u2019s definition ; it is the declaration the priests will make .\nused commercially on sheep and goats effective and induces instantaneous insensibility a minimum of 1 . 25 amps must be passed through the animal ' s brain to reliably induce insensibility\n8 you shall not eat any of their flesh , and you shall not touch their carcasses ; they are unclean to you .\nin fact , all the scriptures we have reviewed confirm that the law concerning clean and unclean meats is still in effect today .\nyou shall therefore distinguish between clean animals and unclean , between unclean birds and clean , and you shall not make yourselves abominable by beast or by bird , or by any kind of living thing that creeps on the ground . . . ( leviticus 20 )\nunclean birds will devour their food in the air or press it down with their feet and tear it apart with their bills as they have a different digestive system . birds who lack any of the specifications for clean birds , fall into the unclean category .\nyour god . keep yourselves holy for me because i am holy . don\u2019t make yourselves unclean with any of these crawling animals .\nnot to eat unclean fish ( lev . 11 : 11 ) ( ccn95 ) . see animals that may not be eaten .\nnot to eat unclean fowl ( lev . 11 : 13 ) ( ccn94 ) . see animals that may not be eaten .\nmany of the unclean animals traditionally have not been regarded as food in western nations . as these nations were partly built on a heritage of biblical principles this should not be a surprise . unclean meats which have been commonly consumed are rabbits , pigs , shark and shellfish . today it is becoming fashionable to eat many other unclean meats such as crocodile , snake , ostrich and octopus as well .\nthere is probably no animal as disgusting to jewish sensitivities as the pig . it\u2019s not just because it may not be eaten : there are plenty of other animals that aren\u2019t\n\u25cf avoiding its name : many call the animal davar acher , \u201canother thing , \u201d rather than by its proper name . this practice goes back to the talmud . 5\ncompared to the lion the leopard is a much less significant animal both within the bible in general and within revelation in particular . the bible has six references to the leopard\nof men were due to jahweh , it was expressly provided that these latter should be redeemed , not sacrificed . the offering of the blood of an animal instead of a\nalhamdulillaa , during this ramadaan , there has been a significant reduction in the number of muslims who have gone to animal welfare organizations to have their animals put to death .\npigs aren\u2019t mentioned in the quran because they are somehow special , but rather because they are arguably the only domesticated animal that didn\u2019t meet islamic criterion that was commonly consumed .\nmuslims refrain from eating pork and pork products because god has forbidden it . however a little investigation into the anatomy and lifestyle of the pig reveals that it is certainly an unclean animal . those interested in consuming healthy , natural , and pure foods would do well to abstain from pork and pork products .\nsome people believe that certain new testament scriptures remove all distinctions between clean and unclean meats . but what do these passages really say ?\nand every earthen vessel , whereinto any of them falleth , whatsoever is in it shall be unclean ; and ye shall break it .\n36 nevertheless , a spring or a cistern holding water shall be clean , but whoever touches a carcass in them shall be unclean .\n38 but if water is put on the seed and any part of their carcass falls on it , it is unclean to you .\nthe pig , since it has hooves which are split , but it does not chew its cud\u2014it is therefore unclean for you . 1\nclean means something different when we come to the definition of clean versus unclean in leviticus . it is important for us to understand the meaning of clean and unclean , as it is used in the old testament , and its application for us in the new testament .\nso the common denominator of many animals that god says are unclean is that they often eat flesh that would kill or sicken humans .\nthat a person who is unclean shall not eat of things that are holy ( lev . 7 : 20 ) ( negative ) .\njackson , wayne .\nmark 7 : 19 - unclean meats .\nurltoken . access date : july 9 , 2018 . urltoken\n1 ) every animal has some form of worms or virus . not only pig . so the answer that it contains worms or viruses that can harm humans is not valid .\ni . among the animals , most considered unclean fell into one of three categories : predators ( unclean because they ate both the flesh and the blood of animals ) , scavengers ( unclean because they were carriers of disease , and they regularly contacted dead bodies ) , or potentially poisonous or dangerous foods such as shellfish and the like . eliminating these from the diet of israel no doubt had a healthy effect !"]}
{"id": 2054, "summary": [{"text": "the african yellow bat ( scotophilus dinganii ) is a species of bat in the family vespertilionidae , the vesper bats .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "other common names include african yellow house bat , yellow-bellied house bat , and dingan 's bat .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is one of fifteen species in the genus scotophilus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "african yellow bat", "paragraphs": ["a young / baby of a african yellow bat is called a ' pup ' . a african yellow bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\nafrican yellow bat - scotophilus dinganii ( a . smith , 1833 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nthe names and classifications of the yellow house bats have changed over the years and what was the yellow house bats are now know as the yellow bats . there are numerous species of yellow bats in african and around the world .\nvaughan , t . , r . vaughan . 1986 . seasonality and the behavior of the african yellow - winged bat .\nvaughan , t . , r . vaughan . may 26 , 1987 . parental behavior in the african yellow - winged bat .\nafrican bat researchers and conservationists joined together february 15 to create bat conservation africa , an network dedicated to conserving bats throughout the vast continent . bat conservation africa was launched by 30 bat specialists from 19 african nations during the first african bat conservation summit in naivasha , kenya .\njakob fahr changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : yellow bat scotophilus . jpg\n.\nis often referred to as the african yellow - winged bat . its ears , like its wings , are reddish yellow . the ears contain a divided tragus that is relatively spiky . the eyes are quite large . in fact ,\nthe african yellow bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nis found throughout middle africa . this yellow - winged bat can be seen from gambia to ethiopia and from southern to northern zambia .\nthe east african little collared fruit bat is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\npool of roundleaf bat ( hipposideros sp . ) and horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus sp . )\nlarger than the lesser yellow house bat , but smaller than the giant yellow house bat . this is an attractive bat with a dog - like face . total body length averages 130 mm and weighs 27 gr . the adults ' belly is covered with bright yellow fur . the back is covered with brown tinged , short , sleek fur . wings are either olive , grey or red . the interfemoral membrane is brown and translucent .\nterry a . vaughan , rosemary p . vaughan ; parental behavior in the african yellow - winged bat ( lavia frons ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 68 , issue 2 , 26 may 1987 , pages 217\u2013223 , urltoken\nactivity patterns , habitat use , and prey selection by some african insectivorous bats .\nwe first checked the bat house where the one yellow house bat had been seen on my previous visit . to my surprise this bat house was again occupied with a colony of angolan free - tailed bats \u2013 perhaps 150 of them . then we went to the bat house where we hoped to find out what type of yellow house bats had caused me such confusion the last time i was there .\nhen suddenly at about 18 . 45 hrs \u2013 about 25 minutes after the emergence of the angolan free - tailed bat from other bat houses , there was a sudden thump into the upper mist net and we were confident that we indeed had something unusual on account of size alone . i rushed to remove the bat from the mist net in case it might free itself . with the light available from our torches i could see that it was a yellow house bat and that this would not be the normal yellow house bat on account of the much greater size . we had , indeed , captured the first giant yellow house bat ,\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) is the second largest bat on the african continent ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . despite its name , this bat is not a consistent straw - yellow colour , instead ranging from pale yellow to dark brownish - grey ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the fur on the rump and legs is often darker than on the more yellowish shoulders , and the underparts are lighter than the upperparts ( 4 ) .\nit is believed that a mosaic of open country and forest patches are the preferred habitat of the east african little collared fruit bat ( 4 ) . the first described east african little collared fruit bat was caught in an area of big thorn trees and fig trees near a river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . it has not been caught in the east african savannas despite considerable fruit bat collecting activities in this region ( 2 ) .\nwe had our first stall at the monthly farmers market at woodlands , lilongwe this morning , selling wooden bat boxes and bat guano to be used as fertiliser . each bat box has been carefully hand - made for african bat conservation by a local carpenter in lilongwe , using sustainable , non - native timber .\nlast week our urban bat team caught epomops dobsonii ( dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat ) in lilongwe nature sanctuary . dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat is a massive bat weighing 150g and with a forearm length of 91cm !\nthe yellow house bat is associated with woodland savannas . distribution in south africa from the northern province , mpumalanga , the eastern districts of swaziland , kwazulu - natal and the eastern cape .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - east african little collared fruit bat ( myonycteris relicta )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - east african little collared fruit bat ( myonycteris relicta )\ntitle =\narkive species - east african little collared fruit bat ( myonycteris relicta )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na little - known fruit bat , the east african little collared fruit bat ( myonycteris relicta ) was only described as recently as 1980 ( 2 ) . named after the \u2018collar\u2019 of coarse hair around the neck of the male , the east african little collared fruit bat has light reddish - brown fur on the body , which is slightly lighter on the underparts . the large wings are dark brown ( 2 ) .\nthe colour of the body of an aardwolf varies from yellow - brown to dull yellow , with \u00b1 5 distinct vertical black stripes on the flanks and some on the legs . it has a long dark tipped mane on the back which bristles when the animal is frightened . . .\nbut by having now supplied the transvaal museum with a specimen of the species of the giant yellow house bat , there is now no necessity for another of this species to be collected from that same region .\nthe east african little collared fruit bat has been found in the shimba hills in southeast kenya , the usambara and nguru mountains in tanzania , and in eastern zimbabwe ( 1 ) .\nintriguing evidence for infection with a henipavirus in african bats was presented by hayman et al . ( 2008 ) who reported finding antibody to henipaviruses in african straw - coloured fruit bats from ghana . as a follow - up , drexler et al . ( 2009 ) detected henipaviral rna in an african straw - coloured fruit bat . clearly , information regarding the geographic distribution and medical and veterinary importance of the henipaviruses and their relationship with bats is not nearly complete .\na new book on african bats has been published . bats of southern and central africa ( 2010 ) is authored by african bat experts ara mondajem , peter taylor , woody cotterill , and corrie schoeman . it includes chapters on the evolution , biogeography , ecology and echolocation of bats , and provides accounts for the 116 bat species known to occur in southern and central africa . pick up your copy here .\ncolor : they have a gray to snow - white fur with a yellow or amber leaf - shaped nose and ears , a black membrane on the wings .\nafrican bat conservation conducts research on bats in the urban environment of lilongwe as part of or urban wildlife project . we conduct bat monitoring and research ( mist netting , roost surveys and bat box programmes ) in lilongwe and community outreach visits to respond to calls for assistance with human - bat conflict , providing advice and practical human - bat conflict mitigation . we are currently recruiting for an urban bat research and conservation assistant based at our research office in lilongwe , to conduct the field research and outreach in partnership with our community outreach workers under the supervision of dr emma stone .\nthe african civet , inhabits the savannahs and the forests of southern and central africa . the african civet is rarely found in arid regions , however , it can be found along river systems that project into the arid areas of niger , mali , and chad .\nthe east african little collared fruit bat has relatively large , pointed ears ( 2 ) but , like most fruits bats , these are unlikely to be used for echolocation . instead , this bat relies on smell and its large , well - developed eyes to find food ( 3 ) .\nthe photo on the left shows a dobson ' s epauletted fruit bat on the left and wahlberg ' s epauletted fruit bat on the right for comparison .\nwe are offering a fully funded phd using landscape genetics to assess the effects of anthropogenic environmental changes on bats in malawi with african bat conservation and university of southampton . click here to find out more and apply .\nvirtually nothing is known of the biology or behaviour of the east african little collared fruit bat , except that individuals are usually captured singularly ( 5 ) , which suggests it is a solitary species ( 2 ) .\nharvester termites and beetles constitute 80 % of a bat - eared fox\u2019s diet .\ntop right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg \u00a9 ] bottom right : bat hawk , south africa . [ photo stephen davis \u00a9 ]\nbut the whole story started on 12th october 2004 when i was doing some work in the komatipoort area in preparation for a documentary on a breeding colony of sundevall\u2019s leaf - nosed bats . in a moment of spare time i was checking on some bat houses that i had previously supplied to a time - share resort . i was concerned that while these bat houses had been occupied by well - established colonies of angolan free - tailed bats , mops condylurus , it now seemed that these bats may have left these bat houses . so when checking in one bat house i could only find a single yellow house bat tucked in high up between the crevices within the bat house .\nrichter , h . v . and cumming , g . s . ( 2008 ) first application of satellite telemetry to track african straw - coloured fruit bat migration . journal of zoology , 275 ( 2 ) : 172 - 176 .\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat forms huge colonies that may number into the millions .\nlike other fruit bats , the straw - coloured fruit bat does not use echolocation .\nas implied by the popular name , the lesser yellow house bat is similar in general appearance to its sister species , but is slightly smaller and leaner with a total head - to - tail length of 120 mm and a body mass of about 16 gr . . .\nan inhabitant of woodland savannas , large herds of african buffalo are encountered in the kruger national park , with smaller herds in zululand and the eastern cape .\nthe african wildlife foundation ( awf ) is excited to announce the release of a new children\u2019s book whose message people of all ages can get . . .\nthe honduran white bat may be preyed upon by owls , snakes , possums and raptors .\nthe honduran white bat is classified under the \u2018near threatened\u2019 category of the iucn red list .\nafter commencing the standardised trapping surveys in ernest , the abc team have quickly discovered a new bat species for malawi . the beautiful white - bellied house bat ( scotophilus leucogaster ) .\nthe klipspringer is a small antelope with a thick spiny coat providing protection against injury when it bumps against the rocks . the colour varies from yellow to grey - brown to dull grey . . .\nalthough little is known about the east african little collared fruit bat , it is likely to be affected by the ongoing loss of its habitat , as a result of logging , harvesting of firewood and the conversion of forest to farmland ( 1 ) .\njoin african wildlife foundation as a member for just $ 25 . your partnership is vital to our mission to protect africa\u2019s most precious - and imperiled - creatures .\nis an average - sized bat with the female slightly larger than the male . the weight of\nmy first check was in dr peter taylor\u2019s book , bats of southern africa . there i could find just two paragraphs on the bat that i suspected it to be . then i consulted dr reay smither\u2019s , the mammals of the southern african subregion . and here i found a little more information with a map showing the limited amount of findings of this bat and virtually no information on the bat\u2019s biology and habits , but enough on the size and weight of the species to increase my belief that something very interesting had been seen in the bat house .\nthe lupani school in the sekute community hosts 105 students and five trained teachers . african wildlife foundation relies on partners and donors to help ensure schools remain open and thriving .\nskinner , j . d . and chimimba , c . t . ( 2005 ) the mammals of the southern african subregion . third edition . cambridge university press , cambridge .\nl . angolensis is known to have a range across the central african rainforests and it is predicted to occur in northern malawi , but not as far south as the highlands .\nis distinctive in that it is enveloped by a pointed spike . other physical characteristics include glands on males that secrete a yellow substance that discolors the lower back and a pair of false nipples near the anus of females .\nand then i went to check another of the same type of bat house , and when i opened the bottom cleaning door , i saw the rapid shuffling away and up into the crevices of several yellow house bats that just looked very unusual to me as they seemed larger than usual . but i did not have any reference literature with me and it was frustrating to not be able to search for some explanation on what i had just seen . i was aware , though , from memory , that there was another larger species of yellow house bat , but i would have to wait until i returned to gauteng to consult the literature .\nthe leaf - shaped nose of this creature gives it the unofficial moniker , \u2018leaf - nosed bat\u2019 .\nthe trail will raise awareness of bat ecology and ecosystem services and demonstrate habitat characteristics important to bats .\nto escape from predators , the bat - eared fox relies on speed and its incredible dodging ability .\nthe serval is a large , leggy and elegant , tawny - yellow wild cat richly marked with large , rather widely - spaced solid black spots which tend to run in the form of bars along the back . . .\nthere are no direct conservation measures in place for the east african little collared fruit bat . it has been found in the haroni and rusitu protected areas in zimbabwe , although as deforestation has still been taking place in these areas , their protected status seems to mean little in practice ( 1 ) .\napproximately 20 days after the young bat begins flying alone , weaning begins . for 30 more days , the young\nseveral species of fruit bats are the main pollinators of african baobab . the large flowers are well - suited to bat pollination because they are large enough to support a bat while it laps nectar . the flowers grow on long stalks at the end of branches , where bats can reach them easily . because few flowers are open at one time , bats must move from tree to tree , which promotes cross - pollination .\nleopards have black spots arranged in rosettes , contrasted on a yellow - golden background . their head and body length is 1 . 6 - 2 . 1 m , and the tail is 0 . 68 - 1 . 1 m . . .\ndistribution of bat hawk in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nthis month we received funding from the british ecological society outreach grants scheme to build an interpretative bat trail and bat box monitoring programme in lilongwe . this will be installed at lilongwe wildlife centre in partnership with lilongwe wildlife trust and will include interpretative signage to inform the public of the importance and ecology of bats . the trail will also include a bat box with a digital camera installed to allow the public to remotely observe the behaviour of the bat residents inside .\nthe adult black backed jackal is brownish black all over , except for a white spot above and below the eye . the centre of the chest and throat are white , with a broad black median streak . the eyes are brilliant yellow . . .\nthe diet of the east african little collared fruit bat is also unknown , but it has been found in areas containing fig trees ( 2 ) and fruit bats in captivity are capable of eating a variety of soft fruits ( 6 ) . unlike many bats , it apparently does not roost in caves ( 4 ) .\nthree subspecies of straw - coloured fruit bat are sometimes recognised ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , with eidolon helvum helvum occurring on the african mainland , eidolon helvum dupreanum occurring in madagascar , and eidolon helvum sabaeum being known only from yemen and saudi arabia ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . however , the populations on madagascar are now generally considered to be a separate species , the madagascan fruit bat ( eidolon dupreanum ) ( 1 ) .\nglauconycteris superba , glauconycteris poensis , glauconycteris curryae , niumbaha gen . nov . , badger bat , south sudan , description\nbat - eared foxes are primarily nocturnal . they emerge from their underground dens at dusk to feed during the night .\nwilson de 1973 . bat faunas : a trophic comparison . syst zool 22 : 14 - 29 . [ links ]\nthe african giant rat has a long tail , which is bare with a white tip . the body is covered with a buffy - grey , relatively long fur whereas the underparts are slightly paler . . .\ndo you live in lilongwe and want to buy a bat box and help bats ? some of our specially made bat boxes will be appearing very soon at four seasons nursery in lilongwe . alternatively , you can always place an order for boxes or some of our bat guano fertiliser by getting in touch through our facebook page , or by visiting our website urltoken\nafrican wildlife foundation recruits , equips , and trains scouts . these community members monitor wildlife , mitigate human - wildlife conflict , and work with local authorities to ensure the safety and security of wildlife in their area .\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nbat - eared foxes are found in short - grass plains\u2014and areas where termites and beetles are found\u2014in east and southern africa .\nas its name indicates , the bat - eared fox has unusually enormous ears in proportion to its head , like those of many bats . its body is generally yellow - brown with a pale throat and under parts . the outsides of the ears , the raccoon - like \u201cface mask , \u201d lower legs , feet , and tail tip are all black . its legs are relatively short .\nhave a bluish gray body with some members having a lower back that is somewhat brownish or green . the wings are broad and the wingspan is about 14 inches ( rosevear , 1965 ) . the color of its wings is a mixture of red and yellow and hence ,\nthe warthog is the most commonly seen wild pig of the african bush . it is a dull grey colour and has a naked skin which is sparsely covered with a few tiny bristles along the back and flanks . . .\na strong flier , the straw - coloured fruit bat has long , pointed wings which are built for endurance rather than agility .\nwhen sunlight filters through the green leaves , the white to whitish coat of the honduran white bat helps render it nigh invisible .\ndemspey , j . l . and crissey , s . d . ( 1995 ) nutrition . in : fascione , n . ( ed . ) fruit bat husbandry manual . aza bat taxon advisory group , the lubee foundation inc , gainesville , florida .\nthe banana bat is a tiny bat which is 77 mm long and weighs 4 . 0 grams . the dense fur on the back can be various shades of brown , whereas the undersides are always of a lighter shade than the dorsal colouration . . .\nwitte ej 1954 . bat rabies in pennsylvania . am j public health nations health 44 : 186 - 187 . [ links ]\nhayman dt , suu - ire r , breed ac , mceachern ja , wang l , wood jl , cunningham aa 2008 . evidence of henipavirus infection in west african fruit bats . plos one 3 : e2739 . [ links ]\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat has a wide distribution across equatorial and sub - saharan africa , from senegal in the west to ethiopia in the east , and south to south africa . it also occurs in the extreme southwest of the arabian peninsula and on several islands off the african coast , including zanzibar and pemba ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the distribution of the straw - coloured fruit bat at the northern and southern extremes of its range is somewhat patchy and erratic ( 1 ) .\ni could quickly tell that they were powerful creatures from the strength in their wings . they also needed to be respected , as would most other mammals of that size , as they indubitably had strong jaws and a good set of teeth in line with all species of yellow house bats .\ndescribed it being among the bat species with the highest aspect ratio ( wing length / wing width ) and the longest wing tips . wing size and shape represent a compromise between different ( and often conflicting ) selective forces and the kinematics of bat flight are complex (\nthis large bat has been recorded from sea level up to elevations of about 2 , 000 metres ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .\nkupferschmidt k 2013 . link to mers virus underscores bat ' s puzzling threat . science 341 : 948 - 949 . [ links ]\na large and powerful bovine , the african buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1 . 5 m and a mass of 750 kg . both sexes have horns , those of bulls characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved . . .\nthe honduran white bat lives in the evergreen tropical rainforests from sea level up to about 2 , 300 ft abundant with heliconia flowering plants .\nwith your help , awf can work on critical initiatives like providing sustainable agricultural training and working with wildlife scouts to protect the bat - eared fox . donate for a cause that will help with wildlife conservation and ensure the bat - eared fox does not become an endangered species .\na large and powerful bovine , the african buffalo reaches shoulder heights of up to 1 . 5 m and a mass of 750 kg . both sexes have horns , those of the bulls are characterised by a heavy boss and upward curved horns .\nthe colour of african civet is whitish - grey with indistinct spots on the front quarters and regular black spots , which merge to stripes , on the hindquarters . there is a black stripe down the back starting from between the ears . . .\nhangs from its mother and practices flapping its wings until it begins flying by itself . at that point , the young bat is left alone .\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat usually gives birth to a single young each year ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , typically in a \u2018maternity colony\u2019 consisting of clusters of females ( 2 ) . the young bat is carried by the female until able to fend for itself ( 4 ) .\nkoopman kf 1984 . a synopsis of the families of bats , part vii . bat research news 25 : 25 - 29 . [ links ]\nhippos are highly valued for their fatty meat and ivory tusks , putting them in the crosshairs of hunters and poachers . the zambia wildlife authority and the lower zambezi natural park rely on african wildlife foundation ' s support to secure the park and protect hippos .\npotential predators of the straw - coloured fruit bat include snakes , carnivorous birds such as owls , crows and buzzards , and mammals ( 2 ) .\nwith loss of habitat and prey , carnivores\u2014like cheetahs and wild dogs\u2014are hunting community livestock . as a result , farmers are forced to kill these species . african wildlife foundation needs support training scouts and funding bomas to protect livestock as well as negotiating buffer zones for wildlife .\na slender built animal resembling the grey housecat . the colour of african wild cat varies from grey to dark grey with \u00b1 6 reddish to blackish - red vertical stripes on the flanks and some on the legs . in some cases these stripes are very faint . . .\ni debated in my mind the best way to check out my hunch . i concluded that it would be essential to have some companions with me who were active bat workers with good knowledge to help out . i contacted lientjie cohen and koos de wet , who regularly work with us on bat outings and who do a lot of bat work within their department duties . we agreed to meet at ngwenya lodge , near komatipoort , in the late afternoon of monday 25th october .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum )\ntitle =\narkive species - straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin general , the straw - coloured fruit bat is common , widespread and adaptable , and there are currently no major threats to this species ( 1 ) . however , deforestation and hunting are beginning to cause significant declines in some areas . for example , in west and central africa , the straw - coloured fruit bat is the most heavily harvested bat for the bushmeat trade . it is additionally harvested for medicinal use , and is considered to be a pest in some regions ( 1 ) .\nthe honduran white bat is the only species belonging to the genus ectophylla and is one of only a few species of bats from latin america to roost in tents .\nrose and i returned to gauteng with the one female giant yellow house bat . she became a bit of a celebrity over the next three weeks as keen members wished to view the bat , take photographs and try to get some echolocation records . the bat , called \u2018girlie\u2019 over that period , performed wonderfully by impressing visitors with her rugged ability to decimate the biggest and hardest beetles available . for the 3 to 3 . 5gm rhino beetles and similar sized scarabs , she would ambush them in her cage with rapid powerful chomps with her well developed mouthful of incisors and molars . with these large beetles she would seize the prey in her teeth , then hang up by her thumbs on the cage mesh and devour the beetle with noisy chewing within the chamber formed by her interfemoral membrane . she was able to consume five standard size chafer beetles every thirty seconds .\ndrexler jf , corman vm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , annan a , ipsen a , kruppa t , m\u00fcller ma , kalko ek , adu - sarkodie y , oppong s , drosten c 2009 . henipavirus rna in african bats . plos one 4 : e6367 . [ links ]\nsazima i , vogel s , sazima m 1989 . bat pollitation of encholirium glaziovii , a terrestrial bromeliad . plant syst evol 168 : 167 - 179 . [ links ]\nmating occurs between march and may . gestation period is 330 days . single calves are born between january and april , with a distinct peak in february . african buffalo are strongly gregarious . stable herds of up to several hundred are often observed , but which fragment into smaller herds in times of drought .\nshares the territory of its parents ( vaughan and vaughan , 1987 ) . after this 30 day time period , the young bat is no longer solely dependent on its parents .\nthe bats had been known to the estate for decades , but only since abc started the research have they been confirmed to be a lissonycteris species . until dna results are confirmed , we\u2019re not yet sure if the species is l . angolensis , the angolian soft - furred fruit bat , or l . goliath , harrison\u2019s soft - furred fruit bat .\nadult straw - coloured fruit bats usually have a bright orange , yellow or brownish collar of longer hairs on the throat , which extends upwards onto the back of the neck ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . this collar overlies glands on the skin that secrete a musky - smelling fluid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , and is brighter and more pronounced in males ( 2 ) .\nbut we welcome matt town , who has already been carrying on the research in satemwa for 8 weeks and is about to relocate to liwonde to lead the hot dry season bat surveying .\nwe are lucky enough to be catching plenty of fruit bats here in liwonde , including some little epauletted fruit bats . there are plenty around bat camp most evenings , making surveys much easier !\na single bat - eared fox can eat up to 1 . 15 million termites each year\u2014this is about 80 % of their diets . in addition to termites , bat - eared foxes also eat other insects and arthropods , small rodents , lizards , the eggs and chicks of birds , and plant matter . they obtain much of their water from the body fluid of the insects they consume .\npawan jl 1936 . the transmission of paralytic rabies in trinidad by the vampire bat ( desmodus rotundus murinus wagner , 1840 ) . ann trop med parasitol 30 : 101 - 129 . [ links ]\npodlutsky aj , khritankov am , ovodov nd , austad sn 2005 . a new field record for bat longevity . j gerontol a biol sci med sci 60 : 1366 - 1368 . [ links ]\nsimmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf 2008 . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation . nature 451 : 818 - 821 . [ links ]\nlength of the 2 nd phalanx ( 2pl ) of the 3 rd digit vs . the 1 st phalanx ( 1pl ) of the 3 rd digit . several species of glauconycteris are shown ( closed diamond ) , as is niumbaha superba ( open diamond ) , and for comparison , two species of scotophilus ( open triangle ; a \u2018typical\u2019 african vespertilionid bat ) . the ratio of 2pl / 1pl is significantly greater in glauconycteris than in niumbaha ( with a theoretical 1 : 1 ratio indicated by the dashed line ) . data as reported in table 2 .\nis distinctive among african vespertilionids in possessing an extremely shortened but broad muzzle in which the nostrils open more or less to the side from a transverse , thick subcylindrical naked pad . on the underlip is found a thickened pair of pads and the lower lip near the corner of the mouth has a fleshy lappet or fold that can be made to extend horizontally (\nthe cuteness of this bat makes it somewhat popular as pets , but having one would entail intensive care on the part of the owner to replicate its natural environment , failing which would lead to health problems .\nwe are very happy to wrap up work in the city for christmas having caught 15 bat species in the city since the project began in september 2016 . here ' s to more success in 2017 too !\nsugar plum ( uapaka kirkiana ; phyllanthaceae ) with bat tooth marks on fruits husks , zambia . courtesy of jakob fahr ( max planck institute for ornithology , germany ) , the copyright holder of the image .\nsimon r , holderied mw , koch cu , von helversen o 2011 . floral acoustics : conspicuous echoes of a dish - shaped leaf attract bat pollinators . science 333 : 631 - 633 . [ links ]\nspringer ms , teeling ec , madsen o , stanhope mj , jong ww 2001 . integrating fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation . proc natl acad sci usa 98 : 6241 - 6246 . [ links ]\nsimmons nb 1998 . a reappraisal of interfamilial relationships of bats . in th kunz , pa racey , bat biology and conservation , smithsonian institution press , washington dc , p . 3 - 26 . [ links ]\nwhile there is limited information regarding the mating and reproduction patterns of honduran white bat , the timing of their mating season is such that the offspring is born during spring . the gestation period lasts for a few weeks .\nwith lientjie , koos and me were my wife , rose , who was also our photographer , and adam palmer , who was again kindly helping us with ladders and other logistics . koos looked up at the bat house and noticed that a large lizard was in the bat house with it\u2019s head sticking out . this dampened our spirits , as we were worried that something unexpected may be interfering with our hopes to make a strange finding .\nthe female straw - coloured fruit bat is only slightly smaller than the male and often appears lighter in colour . juvenile straw - coloured fruit bats are generally darker than the adults , and lack a collar ( 2 ) .\nsazima m , buzato s , sazima i 2003 . dyssochroma viridiflorum ( solanaceae ) , a reproductively bat - dependent , epiphyte from the atlantic rainforest in brazil . annals of botany 92 : 725 - 730 . [ links ]\nthe name is the zande word for \u2018rare / unusual\u2019 . this name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus , despite its wide distribution throughout west and central africa , and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat . zande is the language of the azande people , who are the primary ethnic group in western equatoria state in south sudan ( where our recent specimen was collected ) . the homeland of the azande extends westwards into democratic republic of the congo , where superba has also been collected ( the holotype and another recent capture ) , and into southeastern central african republic . gender : feminine .\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat feeds on fruiting and flowering trees , starting its foraging at sunset and ending after sunrise ( 2 ) . it feeds on a range of sweet , juicy fruits , including dates , figs and palm fruits , as well as on flowers , buds and even young leaves ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like other pteropodidae species , the straw - coloured fruit bat mashes fruit between its teeth , sucking out the juices and spitting out the rest as dry pellets . this species also chews into soft wood to obtain moisture . despite its sometimes destructive feeding habits , the straw - coloured fruit bat is an important pollinator of flowering plants ( 2 ) .\nafter birth , a young bat adheres to its mother by attaching its mouth to a pair of false nipples located near the mother ' s tail . to further insure attachment to the mother , the young bat wraps its legs around the back of its mother ' s neck . despite the added weight of the offspring , the mother continues to forage . for roughly three months , the mother and its offspring stay in close proximity . during this time , grooming generally occurs with the mother eating the metabolic wastes of the baby in an apparent water conservation mechanism ( vaughan and vaughan , 1987 ) . in addition , the young bat observes the foraging and hunting techniques of its parents . the young\nbergmans , w . m . ( 1980 ) a new fruit bat of the genus myonycteris matschie , 1899 , from eastern kenya and tanzania ( mammalia , megachiroptera ) . zoologische mededelingen , 55 ( 14 ) : 171 - 181 .\nthe bat - eared fox has a shoulder height of only 30cm , a length of about 75cm and weighs less than 5 kilograms . it has a beautiful silver - gray fluffy coat with a black - tipped bushy tail . . .\nhowever , we erected our mist nets as we had intended and were happy that the weather conditions were very favourable . we were ready by 18 . 00hrs ( 6pm ) and settled in for a wait . the large lizard had retreated out of sight into the bat house . at about 18 . 20hrs many angolan free - tailed bats were overhead commencing their evening foraging on a variety of agricultural pest moths and beetles . we noticed two much larger bats than usual fly over the bat house \u2013 we were sure these were not fruit bats - and a few minutes later another flew over in the cross direction . but still there was no sign of bats from the bat house that we watched so intently .\nonly a small part of the migratory route of the kasanka colony is currently protected ( 6 ) , and a better understanding of the straw - coloured fruit bat\u2019s migratory patterns may be needed to aid conservation efforts for this species ( 1 ) .\nrichter , h . v . and cumming , g . s . ( 2006 ) food availability and annual migration of the straw - colored fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) . journal of zoology , 268 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44 .\nin typical manner girlie devoured a full meal of scarab and dung beetles on the evening of 17th november , and then i returned her into the bat house from which she had been captured 22 days earlier . we were always conscious that we did not want to take a female bat that was likely to be pregnant at that time of the year as a scientific voucher for museum records . by the time that girlie was released , there was every indication that she was indeed well pregnant .\nthis species is a strong flier , with wings that are built for endurance rather than agility ( 3 ) . its flight is slow and steady ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , interspersed with short glides , and the straw - coloured fruit bat is also able to clamber around branches and cling to trees using the strong , hooked claw on its first finger ( 4 ) . like other species in the pteropodidae family , the straw - coloured fruit bat does not use echolocation ( 5 ) .\nbarr ja , smith c , marsh ga , field h , wang l - f 2012 . evidence of bat origin for menangle virus , a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs . j gen virol 93 : 2590 - 2594 . [ links ]\nafrican civets live both in the forest and in open country , but they seem to require a covering of tall grasses or thicket to provide safety in the daytime . they rarely can be found in arid regions of africa . instead , they are usually found close to permanent water systems . it seems to use a permanent burrow or nest only to bear young . it is nocturnal and almost completely terrestrial but takes to water readily and swims well .\nmimetillus thomasi has been confirmed as the species found at two survey sites in liwonde national park during the 2015 cold dry and hot dry season . this bat is in the vespertilionidae family and has a distinctive broad flattened skull as well as translucent finger membranes .\nlike all so - called ' free - tailed ' bats , the distal portion of the tail of the ansorgi ' s free - tailed bat is not encased in the interfemoral membrane , and thus presents as a protrusion above the flying membrane . . .\no ' shea tj , cryan pm , cunningham aa , fooks ar , hayman dts , luis ad , peel aj , plowright rk , wood jln 2014 . bat flight and zoonotic viruses . emerg infect dis 20 : 741 - 745 . [ links ]\nshaw ti , srivastava a , chou wc , liu l , hawkinson a , glenn tc , adams r , schountz t 2012 . transcriptome sequencing and annotation for the jamaican fruit bat ( artibeus jamaicensis ) . plos one 7 : e48472 . [ links ]\nsimmons nb , geisler jh 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of icaronycteris , archaeonycteris , hassianycteris and palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in microchiroptera . b am mus nat hist 235 : 1 - 182 . [ links ]\nsimmons nb 1995 . bat relationships and the origin of flight . in pa racey , sm swift , ecology , evolution and behavior of bats , zoological society of london symposia 67 , oxford university press , oxford , p . 27 - 43 . [ links ]\nwacharapluesadee s , lumlertdacha b , boongird k , wanghongsa s , chanhome l , rollin p , stockton p , rupprecht ce , ksiazek tg , hemachudha t 2005 . bat nipah virus , thailand . emerg infect dis 11 : 1949 - 1951 . [ links ]\na novel filovirus , provisionally named lloviu virus ( the only virus in the genus cuevovirus ) , was detected during the investigation of bat die - offs in cueva del lloviu in spain in 2002 . lloviu virus is genetically distinct from marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa . whereas infections of bats with marburgviruses and ebolaviruses do not appear to be associated with disease in the bats , lloviu virus was detected in a dead schreibers ' s long - fingered bat .\nluckett wp 1980 . the use of fetal membrane data in assessing chiropteran phylogeny . in de wilson , al gardner ( eds . ) , proceedings of the fifth international bat research conference , texas tech press , lubbock , p . 245 - 265 . [ links ]\nshe proved to be a voracious feeder on stink bugs , twig wilters , chafer beetles ( ie rose or christmas beetles ) , long horn beetles , cicadas , katydids , mole crickets and dung beetles of various species , and those dreadful smelly yellow and black beetles that eat flowers and soft fruit like peaches . in fact , she was a very thorough entomologist , as she knew her diet items well as ground living beetles such a toktokkie beetles were not part of the diet . she did not find any type of moth acceptable and one mantid was partly chewed before being spat out .\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat has long , dark blackish - brown wings which are quite narrow and pointed . when the bat is at rest , the tips of the wings are folded inwards ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the tail membrane is narrow , running along the insides of the thighs , while the tail itself is short and projects beyond the membrane for about half its length . the first finger on the forearm is long and has a strong , curved claw , which is used for climbing among tree branches ( 4 ) .\ndrexler jf , corman vm , wegner t , tateno af , zerbinati rm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , m\u00fcller ma , drosten c 2011 . amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony . emerg infect dis 17 : 449 - 456 . [ links ]\naustralian bottle tree ( adansonia gregorii ) is the single species of baobab native to australia . it is very similar to african baobab genetically , but its flowers are long and cylindrical rather than round and pendulous . although bats visit australian bottle tree and feed on its flowers ' nectar , hawk moths are the tree ' s primary pollinators . the cylindrical shape of the flowers are more suited to moths and other insects than to bats . australian bottle tree is hardy in usda zone 11 .\nthe conservation of lowland forest throughout much of east africa is essential for the future of this bat and many other species ( 1 ) . fortunately , there are a number of conservation organisations working to conserve the forest habitat in the region , including wwf tanzania ( 7 ) .\nhibernation also may allow not only virus persistence in the bat , but trans - seasonal persistence as well , allowing virus to amplify and re - emerge when conditions are more amenable to transmission , such as seasonally for arthropod - borne viruses , colony formation and movement to maternity caves .\nagnelli p , maltagliati g , ducci l , cannicci s 2011 . artificial roosts for bats : education and research . the\nbe a bat ' s friend\nproject of the natural history museum of the university of florence . hystrix 22 : 215 - 223 . [ links ]\nnear - threatened in south africa , due to its rarity and disappearance from former breeding sites . destruction of woodland impacts the local bat populations it is dependent on , and it is persecuted by locals because they believe that it eats chickens , although it has never been observed doing so .\nit was a fantastic morning and a good turn out ! the bat boxes proved very popular and generated a lot of interest . it was wonderful to chat to people about the work we do , and to let people know how to help bats by putting up boxes in their garden . with so much deforestation and increased development taking place , bats are losing their homes at an alarming rate . a wooden bat box can provide a suitable alternative resting place for bats and encourage them into areas where there are few natural roosting opportunities such as crevices in tree s and buildings .\nwe say a sad goodbye to our research assistant catherine , who helped to set up the bats and farms research at satemwa tea and coffee estate , and for the past month led the bat surveying in liwonde np . all the abc team wish catherine the best in her future research work !\nithete nl , stoffberg s , corman vm , cottontail vm , richards lr , schoeman mc , drosten c , drexler jf , preiser w 2013 . close relative of human middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat , south africa . emerg infect dis 19 : 1697 - 1699 . [ links ]\nrodriguez , r . m . , hoffmann , f . , porter , c . a . and baker , r . ( 2006 ) the bat community of the rabi oil field in the gamba complex of protected areas . bulletin of the biological society of washington , 12 : 365 - 370 .\nthe straw - coloured fruit bat is an adaptable species that occurs in a wide variety of habitats . it is found primarily in moist and dry tropical rainforests , including evergreen forest , riverine and coastal forests and mangroves , as well as in moist and dry savanna and even urban areas ( 1 ) .\nfinally , can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses ? no , or not yet , is the qualified answer based on the evidence available . only integrative and organised field and laboratory research , using ecological and epidemiological approaches conducted by bat biologists and medical researchers , will provide a useful and satisfactory solution .\nthen on monday 25th october 2004 we had a major breakthrough in the positive finding of a species of bat that had never been located before in south africa . in fact , it is a very poorly known species throughout it\u2019s distribution range almost throughout sub saharan africa . so the species is only recorded from isolated spots , with nine known records from nine different countries . these separate records are from senegal , ghana , nigeria , sudan , eastern congo , malawi , zimbabwe , mozambique and now south africa . but in some of those discoveries more than a single bat of the species was encountered but only at single localities ."]}
{"id": 2056, "summary": [{"text": "coenaculum weerdtae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family tofanellidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of four known species to exist within the genus coenaculum , the other three being coenaculum minutulum , coenaculum secundum and coenaculum tertium . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "coenaculum weerdtae", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about coenaculum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for coenaculum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\none of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the \u201cisland rule\u201d , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\n( gastropoda : eulimidae ) from the west indies venus 51 43 - 46 . [ stated date : - - jul 1992 . ]\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . coen 2 . coen airport 3 . coen brothers 4 . coen brothers filmography 5 . coen brothers the 6 . coen cuserhof 7 . coen de koning 8 . coen dillen 9 . coen en guusje kaayk 10 . coen ethan 11 . coen gortemaker 12 . coen hess 13 . coen hissink 14 . coen joel 15 . coen joel and ethan 16 . coen moulijn 17 . coen river 18 . coen teulings 19 . coen tunnel 20 . coen van oven 21 . coen van vrijberghe de coningh 22 . coen verbraak 23 . coen vermeltfoort 24 . coen zuidema 25 . coenacle\n51 . coenagrion syriacum 52 . coenagrion vanbrinkae 53 . coenagrionidae 54 . coenagrionoidea 55 . coenberht 56 . coencytic 57 . coend 58 . coendidae 59 . coendoo 60 . coendou 61 . coendous 62 . coendure 63 . coene 64 . coenen 65 . coenenchym 66 . coenenchyma 67 . coenenchymal 68 . coenenchymata 69 . coenenchymatous 70 . coenenchyme 71 . coenenchymes 72 . coenenchyms 73 . coeneo de la libertad 74 . coenergy 75 . coenesque\n76 . coenestheses 77 . coenesthesia 78 . coenesthesias 79 . coenesthesis 80 . coenesthetic 81 . coenie de villiers 82 . coenie oosthuizen 83 . coenie van wyk 84 . coenipeta 85 . coenjoy 86 . coeno 87 . coenobe 88 . coenobes 89 . coenobia 90 . coenobiar 91 . coenobies 92 . coenobioid 93 . coenobita 94 . coenobita brevimanus 95 . coenobita cavipes 96 . coenobita clypeatus 97 . coenobita perlatus 98 . coenobita purpureus 99 . coenobita rugosus 100 . coenobita scaevola\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nthe following 101 pages are in this category , out of 101 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\npublication date january 19 , 2010 journal plos one author john j . welch volume 5 issue 1 pages e8776 doi urltoken publisher url urltoken pubmed urltoken pubmed central urltoken europe pmc urltoken web of science 000273778900019 scopus 77649287097 mendeley urltoken\n{\n@ _ fa\n= >\ntrue\n,\nlink\n= > [ {\n@ _ fa\n= >\ntrue\n,\n@ ref\n= >\nself\n,\n@ href\n= >\nurltoken\n} , {\n@ _ fa\n= >\ntrue\n,\n@ ref\n= >\nauthor - affiliation\n,\n@ href\n= >\nurltoken ? field = author , affiliation\n} , {\n@ _ fa\n= >\ntrue\n,\n@ ref\n= >\nscopus\n,\n@ href\n= >\nurltoken\n} , {\n@ _ fa\n= >\ntrue\n,\n@ ref\n= >\nscopus - citedby\n,\n@ href\n= >\nurltoken\n} ] ,\nprism : url\n= >\nurltoken\n,\ndc : identifier\n= >\nscopus _ id : 77649287097\n,\neid\n= >\n2 - s2 . 0 - 77649287097\n,\ndc : title\n= >\nthe \\\nisland rule \\\nand deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence\n,\ndc : creator\n= >\nwelch j .\n,\nprism : publicationname\n= >\nplos one\n,\nprism : eissn\n= >\n19326203\n,\nprism : volume\n= >\n5\n,\nprism : issueidentifier\n= >\n1\n,\nprism : pagerange\n= > nil ,\nprism : coverdate\n= >\n2010 - 01 - 19\n,\nprism : coverdisplaydate\n= >\n19 january 2010\n,\nprism : doi\n= >\n10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0008776\n,\ncitedby - count\n= >\n9\n,\naffiliation\n= > [ {\n@ _ fa\n= >\ntrue\n,\naffilname\n= >\nuniversity of edinburgh\n,\naffiliation - city\n= >\nedinburgh\n,\naffiliation - country\n= >\nunited kingdom\n} ] ,\npubmed - id\n= >\n20098740\n,\nprism : aggregationtype\n= >\njournal\n,\nsubtype\n= >\nar\n,\nsubtypedescription\n= >\narticle\n,\narticle - number\n= >\ne8776\n,\nsource - id\n= >\n10600153309\n,\nopenaccess\n= >\n1\n,\nopenaccessflag\n= > true }\n{\ntitle\n= >\nfile : the - island - rule - and - deep - sea - gastropods - re - examining - the - evidence - pone . 0008776 . g002 . jpg\n,\nurl\n= >\nurltoken\n,\ntimestamp\n= >\n2018 - 01 - 30t06 : 06 : 49z\n}\n{\ntitle\n= >\nfile : the - island - rule - and - deep - sea - gastropods - re - examining - the - evidence - pone . 0008776 . g001 . jpg\n,\nurl\n= >\nurltoken\n,\ntimestamp\n= >\n2018 - 01 - 30t06 : 06 : 48z\n}\n{\nfiles\n= > [\nurltoken\n] ,\ndescription\n= >\n< p > regressions of deep - sea onto shallow - water body sizes , when abyssal or bathypelagic species were excluded . deep - sea species were defined as those never observed above 400m ( part a ) or 200m ( part b ) , and shallow - water species as those never observed below 200m in both cases . part b excludes genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species . < i > s < / i > : the number of species excluded from the analysis ; < i > n < / i > : sample size ; < i > b < / i > : regression slope ; < i > p < / i > : permutation < i > p < / i > - value . < / p > * < p > < i > p < / i > < 0 . 05 . < / p > * * < p > < i > p < / i > < 0 . 005 . < / p >\n,\nlinks\n= > [ ] ,\ntags\n= > [\nabyssal\n,\nbathypelagic\n] ,\narticle _ id\n= > 538038 ,\ncategories\n= > [\nevolutionary biology\n,\necology\n] ,\nusers\n= > [\njohn j . welch\n] ,\ndoi\n= >\nurltoken\n,\nstats\n= > {\ndownloads\n= > 0 ,\npage _ views\n= > 3 ,\nlikes\n= > 0 } ,\nfigshare _ url\n= >\nurltoken\n,\ntitle\n= >\ngastropod body size evolution above the abyssal or bathypelagic zones .\n,\npos _ in _ sequence\n= > 0 ,\ndefined _ type\n= > 3 ,\npublished _ date\n= >\n2010 - 01 - 19 02 : 13 : 58\n}"]}
{"id": 2058, "summary": [{"text": "rowton ( 1826 \u2013 1841 ) was a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the st leger stakes in 1829 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was lightly campaigned during his racing career , competing in eleven races in five seasons and winning seven times .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "until his last competitive season he was raced exclusively in yorkshire running only at the meetings at york in august and doncaster in september .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "apart from the st leger , his wins included the york two-year-old stake , the great subscription purse and a division of the oatlands stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on his final appearance he ran a dead heat for the ascot gold cup before being beaten in a run-off by the filly camarine .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after three seasons at stud in england he was exported to the united states where he died in 1841 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "rowton ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["i kept my horse at rowton stables and can ' t recommend the livery service highly enough . when i subsequent\nabout rowton stables as did we . we can ' t thank nicky and her staff highly enough for transformi\nif you ' ve visited one of these horse riding and stables in rowton , please consider leaving a review on the attraction page to help others plan their next fun day out .\nwe ' ve rounded up the best horse riding and stables in rowton in our quest to discover brilliant family attractions and places to visit near you . there are 13 rowton horse riding and stables to pick from . alternatively , why not explore some other sports and activities days out nearby , including indoor skydiving , paintballing or crazy golf . find the perfect places to go with your kids and get out on your next adventure !\nmy horse has been at rowton stables a few weeks now and we both love it there . we have both been made to feel really welcome and nothing is to much trouble . clean tidy yard and lovely well fence paddo\nled a detachment of 300 horse to reinforce poyntz at rowton heath , they were described by brereton as ' valiant and well - armed ' . some of hawksworth ' s correspondance survives link to sale at bonham ' s .\nby signing up , i agree to the bolesworth international horse show\u2019s privacy policy .\nly decided to sell my horse , nicky did a fantastic job . she has been profession\nparliamentarian : horse - regiments : col . - william - purefoy - bcw project regimental wiki\nrowton ( gb ) ch . h , 1826 { 29 } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nhoward grotts wins the iron horse bicycle classic mountain bike men\u2019s pro race sunday on main avenue .\nvamplew , wray ; kay , joyce ( 2005 ) . encyclopedia of british horse racing . routledge .\nthe battle of rowton heath , also known as the battle of rowton moor , occurred on 24 september 1645 during the english civil war . fought by the parliamentarians , commanded by sydnam poyntz , and the royalists under the personal command of king charles i , it was a significant defeat for the royalists , with heavy losses and charles prevented from relieving the siege of chester .\nant that she was happy and settled while away . nicky has done a brilliant job with both horse and rider , absolutely\nin june camarine raced away from newmarket for the first time when she ran in the ascot gold cup over two and a half miles in front of a large and enthusiastic crowd which included the king . she was ridden by james robinson and was opposed by the six - year - old rowton , the winner of the 1829 st leger and the saddler , winner of the 1831 doncaster cup . rowton , ridden by sam chifney , made the running from the saddler , with camarine held up in third before robinson moved her up to challenge for the lead in the straight . after a particularly severe contest , camarine and rowton crossed the line together , with the judge calling a dead heat . the older horse hung away from the rails and appeared to have hampered the filly in the closing stages ; it was only with some difficulty that wood was persuaded not to lodge a formal objection . a run - off over the same course was arranged to decide the race , and robinson again restrained the filly in the early stages before overtaking rowton in the straight and winning by two lengths .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nno future events currently found at the white horse in chester ( view past events ) . check out the similar venues below or view events in chester .\nparliamentarian / horse - regiments / col . - william - purefoy . txt \u00b7 last modified : 07 / 02 / 2017 12 : 39 by ivor - carr\nno hard sell , just hard work and sensible advice . one of the very few times i have left a horse anywhere without worrying . i would have no hesitation\nthe best there is . she has broken in & cared for several of my homebreds & her care & ability with any type of horse is second to none .\n. sending her away was a really difficult decision as their hasn ' t been any horse up to yet , that i couldn ' t deal with . but my confidence\ndurango\u2019s ben sonntag rode to second place in the mountain bike race and in the king of the mountain competition at the iron horse bicycle classic on sunday in downtown durango .\ndurangoans took the first eight spots in the mountain bike race . behind mcelveen in fifth was lucas rowton , followed by stephan davoust and nick gould . andre bos was ninth to represent durango , and 18 - year - old and future flc racer keiran eagen , a recent animas high school graduate , placed 10th .\nwith the two french colts finishing five lengths clear of the british filly sanlinea . he became the first french horse to win the st leger since rayon d ' or in 1870 .\nabelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .\nall the horse riding and stables we list are rated according to the ages they are suitable for , facilities and whether they are suitable for rainy days or best when the sun is shining .\nmorris , tony ; randall , john ( 1990 ) . horse racing : records , facts , champions ( third edition ) . guinness publishing . isbn 0 - 85112 - 902 - 1 .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\ndurango\u2019s rotem ishay had a drink while he rode through steamworks brewing co . during the iron horse bicycle classic professional men\u2019s mountain bike race . he finished third in the race and in the king of the mountain standings .\nrowton heath has been called\na major disaster\nfor charles , with casualties estimated at 600 dead and 900 injured , including 50 members of the life guard and lord bernard . parliamentarian losses were also heavy , although unknown , and the battle did give chester some respite . despite this , charles withdrew the next day with the remaining 2 , 400 horse , heading to denbigh castle before moving on to newark - on - trent . with this retreat , chester was left without additional support , and surrendered to the parliamentarians on 3 february 1646 . the remaining royalist cavalry were eventually destroyed in their entirety when poyntz ambushed them at sherburn - in - elmet on 15 october 1645 .\nthe royalists in chester saw the parliamentarian reinforcements under jones and booth advance , and sent shakerley to warn langdale ' s force . after receiving the message , langdale withdrew nearer to chester , reforming at rowton heath , an entirely open space . at the same time the royalists in chester began to move , with gerard advancing with 500 foot and 500 cavalry . gerard hoped to attack jones ' s force from the rear , but the parliamentarians responded by dispatching 200 cavalry and 200 infantry to prevent this . with a shorter distance to travel , this force met gerard on hoole heath , and after a confused engagement in which lord bernard stewart was slain , gerard ' s force was prevented from marching to langdale ' s aid . instead , jones and booth linked up with poyntz , giving a combined parliamentarian force of 3 , 000 horse and 500 musketeers against a tired royalist army of approximately 2 , 500 horse . at approximately 4 : 00 pm poyntz advanced , covered by the musketeers firing a full volley .\nit does not matter ! ) we all support each other and have a great social group . nicky is an amazing yard owner , i know i can leave my horse with her and i don ' t have to worry , she is so trust worthy , knowledgab\nhacking & jumping my mare back at home every day & it ' s enjoyable again . she is a different horse & is happy & relaxed when working . not to mention everytime i went to visit my mare , she looked fantastic & happy . i can ' t begin to thank nicky enough for everything\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article scratch ( horse ) ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\ncharles the twelfth was a\nvery fine and racing - like\ndark brown horse standing sixteen hands high [ 1 ] bred by major nicholas yarburgh of heslington hallin north yorkshire . [ 2 ] yarburgh sent the colt into training with john scott who trained forty classic winners at his base at whitewall stables , malton , north yorkshire .\nin her first season as a broodmare , camarine was covered by her former rival rowton , and produced a colt named glenlivat . her next five seasons however , saw her produce no foals which lived to maturity . on the death of mark wood in 1837 she was offered for sale and bought for 1 , 550 guineas by lord george bentinck . at the same sale , glenlivat became the most expensive yearling ever sold at auction when he was bought for 1 , 010 guineas by the duke of richmond . glenlivat eventually won two small races but was not a top class runner . he died in 1841 in the same year as his dam .\nprior to the battle , charles had been attempting to link up with the marquess of montrose in scotland following the royalist defeat in the battle of naseby . although his attempts to do so were unsuccessful , they were disruptive enough that the committee of both kingdoms ordered sydnam poyntz to pursue the king with approximately 3 , 000 horse . after charles was informed that chester , his only remaining port , was under siege , he marched there with the intent of relieving the defenders , ordering 3 , 000 horse under the command of marmaduke langdale to camp outside the city while he and 600 others travelled into chester itself on 23 september 1645 . the intent was to attack the besieging parliamentarians from both sides , charles mistakenly believing that poyntz had failed to follow them . in fact he was barely 15 miles ( 24 km ) behind , and moved to attack langdale ' s force in the early hours of 24 september . although langdale drove poyntz off , the parliamentarians besieging chester sent reinforcements , and langdale was forced to retreat to rowton heath , closer to chester , and wait for his own reinforcements . this force , under charles gerard and lord bernard stewart , was prevented from joining them , and langdale was instead attacked by both poyntz ' s force and the reinforcement . after being driven off the field and failing in an attempt to regroup at chester itself , the royalists retreated as dusk fell .\ndurango\u2019s howard grotts took first place in the iron horse bicycle classic pro men\u2019s mountain bike race on sunday in downtown durango . after also placing third in the pro men\u2019s road race from durango to silverton on saturday , he was crowned king of the mountain . \u201cto bring it home and be wearing the stars and stripes here on memorial weekend , it\u2019s a pretty cool thing , \u201d grotts said .\nthe 24 - year - old from durango claimed first - place in the iron horse bicycle classic men\u2019s professional mountain bike race sunday in downtown durango . the national champion and 2016 olympian was dominant in the three climbs up chapman hill and finished the 18 - mile course in 1 hour , 12 minutes , 26 . 4 seconds to finish more than a minute ahead of benjamin sonntag and rotem ishay .\nly for shows . it is a truly great yard with amazing service , she goes above and beyond any normal livery service , nicky does it because she loves her job , although it ' s her business she really is great at what she does and these yards are very few and far between . she brings the best out of you and your horse whether your there for a short period for rechooling\nthe filly was never entered for any of the british classic races but proved herself the best of her generation by beating the winners of both the epsom derby and the epsom oaks in the space of three days at newmarket in october 1831 . in the following year she won the ascot gold cup , the year ' s most important weight - for - age race in a run - off after being held to a dead heat by the st leger winner rowton . from the summer of 1832 , few owners were willing to try their horses against her and she won several prizes by walkover or forfeit . she was retired from racing after sustaining an injury in the spring of 1834 . she made little impact as a broodmare and died in 1841 .\ncamarine was rested until autumn when she returned to newmarket and was able to\nwin\nthree successive prizes without having to race . on 2 october the 1830 derby winner priam failed to appear for a race against the filly over the four mile beacon course , enabling wood to claim \u00a3130\nand the cup\n. two weeks later wood issued a challenge for\nthe whip\n, a silver trophy which was said to incorporate hairs from the tail and mane of eclipse . when no horse appeared to oppose camarine , wood was able to claim the trophy without a race . at the houghton meeting on 1 november camarine was scheduled to run a match race in which she was set to concede nineteen pounds to john gully ' s st leger winner margrave over ten furlongs . the colt did not appear and gully paid a forfeit to wood . on the following day camarine returned to active competition and ran twice . she began by winning a five furlong match for \u00a3200 against mr m stanley ' s horse crutch . later in the afternoon she carried top weight of 130 pounds in the audley end stakes over one and three quarter miles . ridden again by robinson she started 4 / 6 favourite and won from mr day ' s horse mazeppa and three others .\nshort bibliography fairfax - blakeborough j . , northern turf history , ( vols . 1 - 3 ) , c . 1950 orton john , turf annals of york and doncaster , york , 1855 dixon h . h . ,\nthe druid ,\nscott and sebright , 1862 dixon h . h .\nthe druid ,\nsilk and scarlet , 1858 fletcher j . s . , the history of the st . leger stakes , c . 1926 longrigg r . , the history of horse racing , 1972 - - david wilkinson\ncharles ' s force consisted of 3 , 500 horse , organised into four brigades , the largest grouping being the 1 , 200 soldiers of the northern horse under sir marmaduke langdale . in addition , there was gerard ' s brigade , consisting of 800 men who had served under him in south wales , sir william vaughan ' s 1 , 000 - strong brigade , and the 200 members of the life guards , charles ' s personal bodyguard , under lord bernard stewart . although experienced , the troops were depleted in number , and had low morale due to the recent string of defeats . charles and gerard evaded the loose parliamentarian siege around the city , taking 600 men into chester , while the approximately 3 , 000 remaining cavalry under langdale crossed the river dee at holt and bivouacked at hatton heath , five miles to the south of chester itself . the plan was to trap the besiegers between the two forces , destroying them or forcing them to retreat ; as they numbered only 500 cavalry and 1 , 500 foot , this was considered to be relatively simple .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\ncamarine was a dark chestnut mare with a white blaze and four white socks bred near brandon in suffolk by robert wilson , 9th baron berners . she was sired by wilson ' s horse juniper , a\nuseful\nstallion , best known as the damsire of velocipede although he may have been the sire of the 1000 guineas winner catgut . camarine came from juniper ' s last crop of foals and was said to bear a striking resemblance to her sire . in early 1831 , camarine entered the ownership of sir mark wood , 2nd baronet , whose other good horses included lucetta ( ascot gold cup ) and galantine ( 1000 guineas ) .\nthe brown laurel ( 1824 ) was born at heslington hall , near york , bred by major nicholas yarburgh from wagtail , who was also bred by the major . wagtail was by prime minister , a half - sister to tranby . laurel was a brother to belinda , who ran second in the doncaster st . leger , and a half - brother to st . leger winner charles xii . he became a great cup horse , and ran until to the age of seven . he ran twice at the age of three , not placing in the york st . leger , and running\na bad third\nto matilda in the doncaster st . leger .\nreference point ( 26 february 1984\u2013 december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .\nthe royalists , while losing fewer soldiers , were now in a precarious position , since reinforcements from chester were needed to follow up on the success and defeat poyntz ' s force . as such , langdale sent lieutenant colonel jeffrey shakerley to report to charles , requesting reinforcements . shakerley arrived in chester and delivered his message after 15 minutes , but no orders were issued for a further six hours after that . barratt speculates that one reason could have been the fatigue of the royalist troops , and another the rivalries amongst the royalist commanders : gerard and digby opposed each other , with other commanders disliking langdale ; and charles not being strong enough to stop the disputes . the parliamentarians , however , did send support : at approximately 2 : 00 pm , the chester forces dispatched 350 horse and 400 musketeers under colonels michael jones and john booth to reinforce poyntz .\n. . . there was nothing in his appearance , which warranted him becoming so celebrated through blacklock , and of the last - named he told us mr . sylvester reed ( who bought whitelock from\u00e4the sykes at sledmere ) said ' he dare not venture on his forelegs , as his fetlocks and pasterns , almost formed a straight line . he was a great black - brown , with a stride , which required half - a - mile to settle in ; a head like half a moon , with eyes quite in his cheeks , and quarters and shoulders as fine as horse could wear . perhaps to the eye he might be rather light in the fore - ribs , though the tape told a different tale , and the hocks of his stock generally stood well away from them , a formation which requires great strength in loin to support . the hunting field was quite as much their sphere as the racecourse .\nthe royalist plan failed to take into account poyntz and his 3 , 000 cavalry ; evidently , they assumed he had lost track of them . this assumption was mistaken , and as charles entered chester , poyntz ' s soldiers arrived in whitchurch , approximately 15 miles from chester . after hearing about the situation , poyntz promised to advance in the morning\nwith a considerable body of horse\n, which encouraged the parliamentarians around chester to continue resisting . one of his messengers was intercepted by sir richard lloyd , however , who immediately sent a message to charles and langdale . after a brief council of war , they resolved that gerard ' s force and the lifeguards , along with 500 foot , would advance to either join with langdale or prevent colonel jones ' s forces linking up with poyntz . charles would remain in chester , and watch the ensuing battle from a tower in chester ' s defences , later known as king charles ' tower .\nthe stewards of the jockey club have decided to construct a new and cheaper ring , immediately on the right of the new stand on the flat at newmarket . this is to be done with a view of stopping the ready - money betting , traffic outside . at the sale of the late lord lonsdale ' s horses the five lots realised under \u00a31000 , valour , at \u00a3500 , fetching th 6 highest price . i notice that mr h . mills ' horse dr tanner , who was \u00abo named in the hope that it would make him\nfast ,\nhas won several races lately , so that the change of name has had a beneficial result . mr c . j . cunningham , one of the best amateur cross - country riders in england , rode in twelve races at the eglington hunt meeting on march 30th and 31st . out of the dozen he won no less than eight , was second in two , third in one , and unplaced only once . the list of winning jockeys up to april 14th stood as follows : \u2014\nthe decision was made to aim reference point for both the st leger and the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . in his prep race he ran in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august . he won comfortably at odds of 1 / 10 , but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily - watered ground . [ 12 ] only six horses opposed him in the st leger at doncaster in september . he started the 4 / 11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from mountain kingdom . the win took his earnings to \u00a3774 , 275 , a record for a horse racing exclusively in britain . [ 13 ] on his final start , reference point started odds - on favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . as usual , he led from the start , but in the straight he weakened abruptly and finished eighth behind trempolino . [ 14 ] he returned from the race lame , and was found to be suffering from an abscess in his foot . [ 15 ] reference did not race again and was retired to stud .\nchester had come under siege during december 1644 , with a loose blockade or\nleager\nformed around the town . with bristol now fallen to the parliamentarians , chester was the last port under royalist control , and crucial due to its links with recruiting efforts in ireland and north wales . on 20 september 1645 , a force of 500 horse , 200 dragoons and 700 foot under the command of michael jones attacked the royalist barricades , and with the defenders completely taken by surprise , they fell back to the inner city . on 22 september , parliamentarian artillery began bombarding the city , and after breaching the walls ( and having a summons to surrender refused by the defenders ) , the parliamentarians attacked in two places . both were repulsed , in one case due to the defenders counter - attacking on foot , and in the other due to the inadequate length of the attacker ' s scaling ladders preventing them from climbing the wall . despite this success , the attacking parliamentarian forces grew in strength while the defenders were weary ; as such , the arrival of charles and his force on 23 september was met with delight .\nfourteen racers ran for the english derby , won by shotover . the french derby was run at chantilly on the sunday before the english derby . tho result was a dead heat and division of the stakes between count de lagranges colt dandin ( by gabier\u2014 dulce domini ) and m . chaslon ' s st . james ( by le petit caporal\u2014 apparition ) . the third horse was m . devigne ' s colt jasmin ( by androcles \u2014 barbillonne ) . the race haa now been run forty - seven timed , and count de lagrange has won it eight times \u2014namely , withventre st . gris , in 1858 ; black prince , in 1859 ; gabrielle d ' estrdes , in 18g1 ; consul , in 1869 ; insulaire , in 1878 ; zut , m 1879 ; albion , in 1881 ; and ( half the stake ) dandin , in 1882 . at gosforth park meeting on april 10th the juvenile plate of 600 guineas\u2014 of which 200 guineas is divided equally between the breeder , nominator , trainer , and rider of the winnerwas won by mr w . i ' anson ' s eh c royal stag , by syrian\u2014 doefoot , beating eleven others . the winners dam is only a half - bred mare , there being a flaw in her pedigree ; but royal stag had performed so well in private that he was made a warm favourite against his higher -\nhis first classic win was with lord grosvenor ' s john bull in the 1792 derby ; he later rode daedalus ( 1794 derby ) , nike ( 1797 oaks ) and bellina ( 1799 oaks ) for the earl . he later often rode for robert robson ,\nthe emperor of trainers ,\nwhose patrons were the 3rd and 4th dukes of grafton . he won eleven classics for them . buckle ' s last classic races were the guineas of 1827 with turkoman and arab , when he was 60 . he died on 5th february 1832 , just 3 months after wearing his last silk . he is buried in a sumptuous grave in his local churchyard .\nno better rider ever crossed a horse ; honour his guide , he died without remourse , jockeys attend from his example learn the meed that honest worth is sure to earn .\nhambletonian ' s legacy hambletonian may have been the greatest racehorse of his time but his immediate progeny were regarded , as lack lustre . hambletonian went to stud at hornsey ' s stables in middlethorpe , york at the modest sum of 10 guineas per mare . one of his early coverings was squire garforth ' s rosalind , by phoenomenon who produced whitelock , and continued the sire line . another son was doncaster cup winner camillus , who , located at the sykes sledmere stud on the yorkshire wolds , was later a moderately successful sire . nevertheless the\ngreat channel\nof his line from eclipse through king fergus was continued through , whitelock ( 1803 ) to blacklock ( 1814 ) and on to st . simon . the druid said of whitelock :\ngully , a notorious gambler , was offered 10 - 1 against the ride taking place within nine hours , and tranby was loaned to ensure osbaldeston would win . osbaldeston won the bet by taking eight hours , 42 minutes to cover the milage on 29 horses , the fastest of which was tranby , who was ridden four times in the four - mile laps ( 16 miles total ) ; his second lap was run in eight minutes flat . in england , tranby sired a moderately good cup horse , i - am - not - aware . tranby was sold to america and imported by merritt & co . of hicks ford , virginia , in 1835 . he was one of eighteen stallions purchased on speculation by dr . a . t . b . merritt and his two brothers between 1832 and 1837 to sell to american breeders . in 1836 tranby was sold on to robert gilmore of baltimore , maryland . he was a moderately successful sire of 28 winners of 52 races between 1839 and 1846 , most of which showed they could go a distance and carry weight . in kentucky , he sired a daughter , foaled in 1844 , that became the dam of the good racehorse and top sire vandal ( 1850 , by glencoe ) , who got four great producers - - ella d . , vandalite , capitola ( dam of king alfonso ) and mollie jackson - - and virgil , the sire of hindoo . she was also the dam of the good gelding alaric ( 1842 , by mirabeau ) , levity ( 1845 , by trustee ) , who became one of the great american broodmares , ancestress of luke blackburn , the bard , and many other american winners .\nif you are not a member of a partner institution , whole book download is not available . ( why not ? )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n1st st . leger stakes . sent to virginia in 1835 ; he died in 1841 . ( close )\ned in straight away greeted by lots of friendly faces and happy horses , which really meant a lot to us both . on each\nt in not only her work but her attitude , and treated like the princess she is . rome loved everything\nso well . i would recommed the yard to anyone . best yard i have been on . xx\nalism . i cannot recommend her highly enough . we were looking for someone calm and kind to bring scarlett back into work , but it was also import\ni ' ve been a livery at nicky ' s for over 10 years now and i certainly would not go anywhere else . if you want a nice relaxing friendly yard with a great atmosphere\ng , broncing she was an absolute nightmare in all aspects . she had a new fitted saddle , massages , blood tests , scans , teeth & back checked & nothing seemed to make a difference\ny been kicked to the floor . nicky was happy to take my mare & 6 weeks later , i am schooling ,\nent & advice she still offers even though my mare is back home with me . cannot recommend this lady enough ! !\nd i wouldn ' t hesitate to recommend her and the yard . thanks nicky : )\nthe animals cared for with genuine affection and the staff are always friendly and happy to help . i ' ve been there at all\nal , fun , caring and lovable yard . there is nothing that nicky wouldn ' t do for you , she has such a passion for horses and people and h\nwe have a lot of friendly robins here . . this one in particular , i find it in the caravan on a regular basis and now he / she follows me around and now eats out of our hands \u2764\ufe0f\u2764\ufe0f\u2764\ufe0f\nit is with a heavy heart that i\u2019m finally putting \u2018the bug\u2019 up for sale . he came to me 8yrs ago on sales livery and my stepfather ( my hero ) fell in love with him so we ended up keeping him . in the 8 years we have had him he has hunted , jumped , hacked , driven and done some showing where he always won best driving type cob and traditional cob . we have had lots of fun driving him to various pubs on a sunday afternoon . he has been ridden by all ages and abilities and you could put your granny on him 99 % of the time but don\u2019t be fooled as he can be \u2018all there\u2019 when he wants to . he is absolutely stunning and you\u2019d go a long way to find a better stamp of a cob . he likes a routine and does like to have company . he is good to hack out alone and in company , excellent in all types of traffic . good to catch , box , shoe , clip etc . never been lame , sick or sorry . unfortunately his tail got chewed last year ( you can see in pics ) but is growing back fine . he would suit a competent novice but would need someone with a bit of confidence as he\u2019s a bit of a character . can be left for weeks without riding , good as gold to get back on , never any different . fine out with mares and geldings , if anything he usually gets bullied . always snaffle mouth , never strong .\nmany of the places we list are historic or educational in nature and would be suitable for class trips or as ways to keep the learning up whilst having fun over the school holidays .\nregistered in england and wales , company number : 05813603 . registered address : 3 & 4 regal court , 6 sovereign road , kings norton business centre , birmingham , b30 3hn , england .\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\ni\u2019m looking for someone to share or loan to the right person . my two beautiful horses . i would like someone trustworthy , kind and that has patience for a younger pony , she is coming along nicely with . . .\nstunning palomino pony for part loan to stay on current yard in frodsham , cheshire . champie is 19 years old , been to pony club at cheshire hunt north for many years , and has done numerous camps . good . . .\n* for part loan ( 4 days a week ) beautiful 16 . 1hh gelding *\nbeautiful 16 . 1hh 7 year old gelding to part loan on current yard . ( sadly readvertised due to timewaster ) based on a very friendly full livery yard in the widnes / cronton area ( no mucking our required ) . sydney . . .\ni ' m looking for an experienced person to part loan my mare . she has been hacking out alone and getting used to seeing the world , proving to be confident but needs a confident rider to give her confidence . . .\ngrey gelding for loan dickie is my 15 year old , 16 . 2hh selle francis , he was an ex racer but don ' t let that put you off . i know his full history from leaving the race yard , he is a very well loved . . .\nfor part loan in tarbock green , to stay on her current yard . 13 . 2hh 16 year old welsh section c mare . tia is a fun ride for a confident and experienced rider . she has been ridden by riders of all ages . . .\nlooking for an experienced rider to help with exercise and chores for frosty . he ' s sane and sensible . looking for someone to mainly hack / lightly school . stabled on a private yard in hargrave with arena . . . .\n15hh appaloosa for part loan in penketh , must be a confident adult , with lots of experience .\n13hh 7 year old native coloured gelding . looking for part / full loan on current livery yard but would consider moving after a trial period . reuben has been out of work since last october due to my work . . .\n12years old 15hh , looking for a full loaner for my boy within an hour of chester . would love him to continue with his dressage , but equally enjoys jumping , cross country or just fun rides . loves people . . .\nkept at alvanley , cheshire 14 . 2 hh mare med weight cob for loan . 5 years old , 6 in june . she is a great all rounder . not silly . opportunity to compete , i need help bringing her education on more . . . . . . . .\ni ' m looking for someone to love and care for my boy as much as i do . buddy is 14 yrs old and has the most amazing loving temperament . he is available for hacking and light schooling 2 / 3 days a week . . . .\nanyone iinterested in part loaning one of my ex racehorses , brilliant hacking ausum fun to jump and work nicely on flat . as long as you put the work in toget him fit im happy for you to compete him . . .\nfor part loan - tarbock green 15 . 0hh egyptian arab gelding jj is a fun and safe ride for a confident rider as he is really forward going and well behaved in a cross country field , he is the perfect . . .\nlightweight rider / loaner wanted for 13 . 3 new forest cross . must be older teenager or small adult as cherry is not a child\u2019s pony , can be spooky at times and will take advantage of a non - competent rider . . .\n12 . 2 mare , for loan , \u00a320 . 00 pw no bills , all inc\n* * for loan , \u00a320 . 00 pw all bills included , nothing extra to pay , look after , treat as own and enjoy * * looking for someone to share our pony beautiful 13 year old mare , 12 . 2 hh , and to treat her as . . .\npic for attention hi we currently have a 12hh grey mare that is sadly going to waste shes an ideal leadrein pony and would give any child confidence she will stand all day and be fussed over shes good . . .\nyou are currently on search results page 1 of 65 . there are no previous pages\npreloved and the heart device is a registered trademark of moo limited . preloved , the joy of second hand , preloved people and the second hander are trademarks of moo limited . copyright 1997 \u2013 2018 moo limited . all rights reserved . use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the preloved terms and conditions , privacy policy and cookies policy .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by using preloved , you agree to our use of cookies . find out more\nbeginning of a dialog window , including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account . both registration and sign in support using google and facebook accounts . escape will close this window .\nby clicking register , you agree to etsy ' s terms of use and privacy policy . etsy may send you communications ; you may change your preferences in your account settings .\nsorry , that ' s unavailable . see what else ypsa has for sale .\nyou ' ve already signed up for some newsletters , but you haven ' t confirmed your address . register to confirm your address .\nset where you live , what language you speak , and the currency you use . learn more .\nstart typing the name of a page . hit esc to close , enter to select the first result .\nfriendly village pub with great food and newly decorated interior , live music , usually with theme food for that evening . tel : 01829 741633\n\u201con your side since 2001 , because we believe true fans deserve a fairer and smarter way to discover music events they love . \u201d\nwe use cookies to make sure we give you the best experience possible . by continuing , you ' re accepting that you ' re happy with our cookie policy . click here to find out more .\nsummary : light rain throughout the week , with high temperatures falling to 71\u00b0 on saturday .\nhoward grotts didn\u2019t have enough in his legs to climb with friend sepp kuss all the way to silverton on saturday . nobody had the legs to climb with grotts on sunday .\ngrotts , who was third in the 47 - mile road race from durango to silverton on saturday , won king of the mountain honors as the top overall rider in the road race and mountain bike race combined .\n\u201ci\u2019m really stoked , \u201d grotts said . \u201cfirst year they\u2019re having this king of the mountain competition . to bring it home and be wearing the stars and stripes here on memorial weekend , it\u2019s a pretty cool thing . \u201d\ngrotts and payson mcelveen entered steamworks brewing co . together during the first lap of racing , which included sections of single - track , asphalt and a fast and furious climb and ride into and through steamworks\u2019 bar . it\u2019s an event unlike any other with fans roaring , racers showing off with wheelies and even some , including ishay , reaching out and enjoying a quick taste of beer as they go through the bar .\n\u201cthe atmosphere in steamworks is just incredible , \u201d grotts said . \u201cpeople offering you beer handouts , don\u2019t really have time to grab one , but it\u2019s still really cool when you enter the pitch - black bar and everyone is screaming their heads off . it\u2019s always the highlight of the lap . \u201d\nmcelveen had tough luck with a mechanical issue involving his bike seat . he had to stop and fix it but still hung on to finish fourth .\n\u201ci wanted to use howard to get a gap on the other guys , \u201d mcelveen said . \u201ci knew i wasn\u2019t gonna be able to hold his pace , but i was able to get a good gap . then my legs started feeling funny . i thought maybe i just rode too hard . the group behind me , todd , ben and rotem got in front of me . i was still feeling weird and couldn\u2019t catch their wheel . then , going down the descent , all a sudden the seat was sideways under me between my legs . i was like , \u2018aw , that\u2019s what it is , \u2019 so i had to stop , pull it back up , tighten it again and got passed by a couple more people but was able to come back and ride it to fourth . \u201d\nthe chase group at the end of the first lap involved ishay , sonntag and two - time defending winner todd wells . sonntag and ishay rode together strong to finish second and third , respectively .\n\u201conce chapman opened up the second half with a steep chute , payson and howie attacked , \u201d sonntag said . \u201ci wasn\u2019t 100 percent sure how full the tank was after ( the road race ) yesterday , so i let them go because i felt the pace of howard i couldn\u2019t go anyways . rotem and i got ourselves up from todd and rode together until the last lap and i got him at chapman , a race decisive point on the course . \u201d\nsonntag finished second in the king of the mountain standings after placing fourth in the road race . ishay was third in the overall after taking fifth in the road race and third in the mountain bike . both men were inspired by having their families in durango . sonntag is from germany , and his family visited for the first time since 2011 . ishay is from israel , and his mom made her first trip to durango while his dad , yaacov , made his third trip and competed in the men\u2019s mountain bike race in the 55 - and - older category in which he finished 13th .\n\u201ci work at fort lewis college at the exercise performance center , and i tell people all the time there is more to bike racing than exercise and physiology , \u201d ishay said . \u201cfor me , my parents coming to visit from israel brought a lot of joy and fun and kicked my spirits up .\n\u201ci\u2019ve known sonntag for a few good years . we were the two top foreigners racing for flc for years . we\u2019ve always had a unique connection and raced internationally together on the same team . racing together with him , it\u2019s a mutual help for each other and we always want each other to do well . \u201d\nwells did not finish with an official time . he had a flat tire going up chapman hill , continuing a tough stretch for the three - time olympian and durango hero .\n\u201ci was riding with rotem and the german and got a flat tire , \u201d wells said . \u201cluckily , i had a spare at the top of chapman , but by the time i rode / ran the way up there , it was over . that flat i could actually ride most of the single - track fine but on the steep climb , nope . \u201d\nfor grotts , it was a glorious return to the ihbc after not racing it since 2012 because of world cup scheduling conflicts . in a post - olympic year , he is happy to race more domestic events and will continue in two weeks at the gopro games in vail before going to the marathon world championships in germany .\n\u201cthe community here gets behind any cycling event 100 percent , \u201d he said . \u201cit\u2019s just always fun to race here in durango . \u201d\nwe asked readers to send in a drawing , photo or sign ( 9 . 625 inches wide and 2 . 77 inches tall ) thanking firefighters . we are running the top five entries on the durango herald front page starting saturday , july 7 . pick your favorites and check out the printed newspaper to see which submissions won .\nherald readers share their photos from the 416 fire . if you have photos to share , please email claws @ bcimedia . com .\nvandals target owner of durango & silverton narrow gauge railroad , but . . .\n\u00a9 1996\u20132018 durango herald | ballantine communications , inc . all rights reserved . | terms of use | privacy policy\na 19th c source contains comments on purefoy ' s flag : colonel purefoy gave his own crest with this motto alluding to his name ' pure foi , ma joie ' - a pure faith is my delight . 2 )\naccording to prestwich ; colonel purefoy . azure ; in bafe his creft , viz . on a wreath or and azure , a dexter hand armed in a gauntlet proper , grasping , in pale , near the bottom , a broken tilting spear or ; over all . in chief , a scroll , thereon pure foi ma joy ; fringed or and azure 3 ) .\nthe various purefoy branches had different devices . one list ( encyclop . heraldica vol 2 wm berry 1828 has a similar list ) gives : purefoy armorials : ( the names are dwellings of the purefoy branches )\ncolonel wm purefoy was of caldecot and near drayton so would use black and silver i think , crg .\ncrgsos writes : a 19th c source contains comments on purefoy ' s flag : the gentlemans magazine vol 89 / 2 1819 page 211 says\ncolonel purefoy gave his own crest with this motto alluding to his name ' pure foi , ma joie ' - a pure faith is my delight .\nthis motto is also mentioned by dugdale in 1730 although on a tomb . the armorials for purefoy of caldecot ( col . purefoy ' s home ) include a black background ( sa ) and three pairs of clasped gauntlets in silver ( ar ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbay colt , 1792 . by king fergus - grey highflyer by highflyer darley arabian sire line : king fergus branch . family # 1"]}
{"id": 2063, "summary": [{"text": "leiognathus berbis , commonly known as the berbis ponyfish , is a fish of brackish and marine waters found from indo-west pacific to along the indian coasts and off sri lanka .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "like its relatives , the fish is a demersal species that feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "leiognathus berbis", "paragraphs": ["this study reports that berber ponyfish leiognathus berbis , a member of lessepsian species , was found in syrian marine waters and recorded for the first time there .\nthis is the first record for leiognathus berbis in the syrian costal waters , and the first time they are observed by fishermen ; this indicates that there are several factors helped this specimen to arrive to this area of mediterraean such as ballast water .\nthis is the first record for leiognathus berbis in the syrian costal waters , and observations for the first time from the fishermen , there are several factors helped this specimen to arrive to this area of mediterraean ; one of these factors is ballast water .\none specimen of the berber ponyfish leiognathus berbis , with a total length of 78 mm , was caught by gillnet at a depth of 35 m , where the bottom is sandy soft , on 05 may 2016 , in syrian marine waters at ibn hani area ( the eastern mediterranean sea ) .\n( of equula berbis valenciennes , 1835 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nchakrabarty p , chu j , nahar l , sparks js . geometric morphometrics uncovers a new species of ponyfish ( teleostei : leiognathidae : equulites ) , with comments on the taxonomic status of equula berbis valenciennes . zootaxa . 2010 ; 2427 ( 1 ) : 15\u201324 .\n) . to this day , new marine organisms still reach the mediterranean ; of these organisms , those belonging to the family leiognathidae : small to medium - sized fish ( rarely exceeding 16 cm ) ; body oblong or rounded , moderately to markedly compressed laterally . eyes moderate to large . mouth highly protractible , when extended forming a tube directed either upwards ( secutor spp . ) , forward ( gazza spp . ) , or forward or downward ( leiognathus spp . ) . color : silvery , with characteristic markings on the upper half of sides which are useful for identification ( capenter and niem\nequula berbis is considered as a nomen dubium of uncertain placement beyond the family level ( ref . 84470 : 20 - 21 ) . correct name equulites oblongus ; the types are in poor condition and placement in the genus equulites is provisional ( p . chakrabarty pers . comm . tru s . bogorodsky , 11 / 2010 ) . considered as nomen dubium of uncertain placement beyond the family level ; no type known , original description does not serve to diagnose this species ( ref . 84470 : 20 - 21 ) .\ndescription found in coastal waters , at a depth of about 40 m . feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves ( ref . 5213 ) .\ndescription found in coastal waters , at a depth of about 40 m . feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves ( ref . 5213 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scomber equula minimus forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nang , p . o . ; wong , c . k . ; lin , t . p . ; ma , w . c . ; hung , s . ( 2005 ) . biological monitoring in sha chau and lung kwu chau marine park . submitted to agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nclimatic changes and human activities have worked to pave the way for alien species to invade new areas far from their native habitat . the mediterranean sea has received many invasive species ( eissa and zaki , procedia environmental sciences 4 : 251 - 259 , 2011 ; occhipinti - ambrogi , marine pollution bulletin 55 ( 7 ) : 342 - 352 , 2007 ) , and some of these species had been recorded in the syria coastal ( saad , turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 5 : 99 - 106 , 2005 ) .\nclimatic changes and human activities have worked to pave the way for alien species to invade new areas far from their native habitat . the climatic changes have made the environmental conditions suitable for these species and similar to their original habitat in terms of temperature , salinity and food . while leading human activity , the opening of the suez canal , and the movement of ships across the world , is an important factor for making the road , which was impassable , for the fish species to move into new marine environments ( occhipinti - ambrogi\n) . the mediterranean sea has received many invasive species coming from the atlantic , pacific and red sea . many species have invaded the mediterranean species , and settled in , because the marine environment has become suitable for their growth and reproduction ( golani\n) , the family leiognathidae exists in water ' s temperature range ( 18 . 528\u201328 . 954 ) \u00b0c , and salinity ( 32 . 183\u201335 . 468 ) pps .\nthe fish sample was collected during may 2016 from ibn\u2013hani , lattakia , syria ( latitude : 35 . 591632\u00b0 , longitude : 35 . 732343\u00b0 ) ( fig .\nwas carried out by using gillnet , with a mesh size is 15 mm , at a depth of 35 m ; the bottom of the fishing zone is sandy soft mixed with some little stones ; the net had been deployed in the coastal water for five hours ( from 1 am to 6 am ) . the morphometric measurements and meristic details were recorded for this fish , and conserved at the fish biology lab of the higher institute of marine research , tishreen university ( lenght to the nearest mm , weight to the nearest gram ) . this sample was identified according to ( carpenter and niem\n) , depending on the morphological characters . the head length , the caudal fin length and the eye diameter were measured by vernier caliper as in the fig .\n) has the following properties : compressed body and elongated body more than the depth of the body , dorsal and ventral sides are convex , and mouth tapering and downward when protracted ( fig .\n) ; the dorsal side is greenish with light gray and contains dark irregular vermiculations . the ventral side is coloured with belly gray ; the base of anal and caudal fin are light yellowish . the morphometric measurements are shown in table\n) . the sex of the fish is male . the bottom of fishing zone is soft sandy ; it is similar to the bottom in the native region of this species ( carpenter and niem\n) , and is convenient for feeding on benthic invertebrates . the temperature of fishing area is ( 27 . 5 ) \u00b0c , and the salinity ( 38 . 2 ) pps on 15 / 05 / 2016 ; this parameters are close to that are found in the native habitat .\n) ; this fish has been registered in the suze gulf in 2005 ( el - ganainy et al .\nfrom the gulf of suez , where the hydrological factors are very close to those found in the mediterranean sea ; they moved then through the suez canal to reach the syrian coastal . a new suez canal had been opened on 9 august 2015 , which has made a big chance for fish to move into the mediterranean sea . on other hand , the climatic changes in the world , especially in the eastern mediterranean , are making the environment very suitable for invasive species in terms of the temperature , food , and the place for reproduction ( sorte et al .\nallows it to move through the ballast water . this is the first record for\nthe authors thank tishreen university and the high institute of marine research , lattakia who provided the financial and logistic supports to this work .\nall authors have equal participation in this work . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .\nabraham k , joshi k , murty vs . taxonomy of the fishes of the family leiognathidae ( pisces , teleostei ) from the west coast of india . zootaxa . 2011 ; 2886 : 1\u201318 .\ncapenter k , niem v . the living marine resources of the western central pacific : vol 5 bony fishes part 3 ( menidae to pomacentridae ) . roma : food and agriculture organization of the united nations ; 2001 .\ncarpenter ke , niem vh . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 5 . bony fishes part 3 ( menidae to pomacentridae ) . fao library ; 2001 .\ndial r , roughgarden j . theory of marine communities : the intermediate disturbance hypothesis . ecology . 1998 ; 79 ( 4 ) : 1412\u201324 .\neissa ae , zaki mm . the impact of global climatic changes on the aquatic environment . procedia environmental sciences . 2011 ; 4 : 251\u20139 .\nel - ganainy aa , yassien mh , ibrahim ea . bottom trawl discards in the gulf of suez , egypt . egypt j aquat res . 2005 ; 31 : 240\u201355 .\ngolani d . distribution of lessepsian migrant fish in the mediterranean . italian journal of zoology . 1998a ; 65 ( sup1 ) : 95\u201399\ngolani d . impact of red sea fish migrants through the suez canal on the aquatic environment of the eastern mediterranean . bulletin series yale school of forestry and environmental studies . 1998b ; 103 : 375\u201387 .\nocchipinti - ambrogi a . global change and marine communities : alien species and climate change . mar pollut bull . 2007 ; 55 ( 7 ) : 342\u201352 .\noral m . alien fish species in the mediterranean - black sea basin . journal of the black sea / mediterranean environment . 2010 ; 16 ( 1 ) : 87\u2013132 .\nsaad a . check \u2013 list of bony fish collected from the coast of syria . turk j fish aquat sci . 2005 ; 5 : 99\u2013106 .\nsorte cj , williams sl , zerebecki ra . ocean warming increases threat of invasive species in a marine fouling community . ecology . 2010 ; 91 ( 8 ) : 2198\u2013204 .\nulman a , saad a , zylich k , pauly d , zeller d . reconstruction of syria\u2019s fisheries c atches from 1950\u20132010 : signs of overexploitation . acta ichthyol piscat . 2015 ; 45 : 3\u2013259 .\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbody moderately elongate and compressed , its depth 2 . 3 to 2 . 8 times in standard length ; dorsal and ventral profiles about equally convex , but a more or less distinct notch present at nape . mouth pointing downward when protracted ; teeth arranged in villiform bands , though these may contract to a single row laterally in young specimens . dorsal - fin spines slender , the second equal to or , in adults , slightly longer than 1 / 2 height of body . head scaleless , but scales present on breast . belly silvery ; back greenish to brownish with light grey , crowded , irregular vermiculations extending on sides to slightly below lateral line , where lines become serially arranged and angle forward ; snout and underside of pectoral - fin base dotted black ; dorsal , anal , pectoral , and pelvic fins colourless .\ndistributed in the indo - west pacific from red sea and the gulf of aden , off zanzibar , along the indian coasts and off sri lanka . elsewhere , eastern indian ocean and southeast asia . it is found in southwestern and southern taiwanese waters .\nlarger specimens marketed fresh or dried - salted but most of the catch made into fishmeal or discarded .\ninhabits inshore coastal waters ( ref . 47581 ) . feeds on small crustaceans and bivalves ( ref . 5213 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32421126 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32a67bf4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nindo - west pacific : red sea and the gulf of aden , off zanzibar , along the indian coasts and off sri lanka . elsewhere , eastern indian ocean and southeast asia .\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 8b39e70d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this ."]}
{"id": 2065, "summary": [{"text": "qatranilestes is an extinct genus of afrosoricid which existed in fayum , egypt during the earliest oligocene period ( rupelian age ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first named by erik r. seiffert in 2010 and the type species is qatranilestes oligocaenus .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "as of 2010 , qatranilestes was the youngest known afrosoricid fossil from egypt . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "qatranilestes", "paragraphs": ["as of 2010 ,\nqatranilestes\nwas the youngest known afrosoricid fossil from egypt .\nhow can i put and write and define qatranilestes in a sentence and how is the word qatranilestes used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528qatranilestes\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528qatranilestes\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528qatranilestes\u9020\u53e5 , qatranilestes meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nhave a fact about qatranilestes ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for qatranilestes ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nqatranilestes is an extinct genus of afrosoricid which existed in fayum , egypt during the earliest oligocene period ( rupelian age ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkey words : mammalia , adapisoriculidae , tenrecidae , garatherium , widanelfarasia , eocene , oligocene , egypt .\nerik r . seiffert [ erik . seiffert @ urltoken ] , department of anatomical sciences , stony brook university , stony brook , new york , 11794 - 8081 , usa .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( for details please see urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 2068, "summary": [{"text": "the devil 's coach-horse beetle ( ocypus olens ) is a species of beetle belonging to the large family of the rove beetles ( staphylinidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was originally included in the genus staphylinus in 1764 , and some authors and biologists still use this classification . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "devil ' s coach horse beetle", "paragraphs": ["the devil\u2019s coach horse beetle is an european beetle related to our rove beetle .\nexplore our interactive map and see where the devil ' s coach horse has been recorded so far .\nspecies ocypus olens - devil ' s coach horse . urltoken accessed march 12 , 2016 . [ images ]\none well - known species is the devil\u2019s coach horse beetle . for some other species , see list of british rove beetles .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the devil ' s coach horse .\nthe devil ' s coach horse earned its name partly for its wicked bite and partly for its environmental hardiness .\ndevil ' s coach horse beetle commissioned by a private collector for display in their gardens . they wanted a beetle that would withstand all weather \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nin irish mythology , the name devil\u2019s coach - horse ate sinners and could cast a curse by raising its abdomen .\ndevil ' s coach - horses and people : this beetle was once a symbol of evil and death .\nthis habit has given rise to another english name , cock - tail while its association with corruption and the devil gave rise to other names such devil\u2019s footman , devil\u2019s coachman and devil\u2019s steed .\nthe devil\u2019s coach - horse is an unusual - looking beetle as , unlike most other beetles , its wings do not completely cover its abdomen .\nthe devil\u2019s coach horse is a long , black beetle with short elytra ( wing cases ) . at first glance you could mistake it for an earwig .\nthe devil ' s coach horse ( staphylinus oleos ) a staphylinid rove beetle from so . california . this beetle has short wing covers ( elytra ) and does not \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthis beetle has been associated with the devil since the middle ages , hence its common name . other names include devil ' s footman , devil ' s coachman and devil ' s steed . in irish , the beetle is called dearga - daol or darbh - daol .\ndevil ' s coach horse beetles are voracious predators who consume significant numbers of small slugs and other pests such as vine weevil larvae and cutworm .\nhabitat : the devil ' s coach - horse lives in forests and gardens under stones , damp leaves , and moss , or in damp wood .\nthe devil\u2019s coach horse is the largest of the rove beetles and can reach a length of around 28mm . typical to this family , the devil\u2019s coach horse is a long - bodied , uniformly black beetle with an extended exposed powerful abdomen with shortened wing cases ( elytra ) . although able to fly its wings are rarely used .\nas far back as the middle ages this species has been associated with the devil and was known in ireland as dar daol which translates as \u2018the devil\u2019s beetle\u2019 . many myths and superstitions have surrounded the devil\u2019s coach horse such as its ability to curse a person by pointing its upraised body in their direction ! some also believed that the beetle had magic powers and it is believed by some that in ireland reapers used to improve their skills by putting a devil\u2019s coach horse in the handle of their scythes .\na devil ' s coach - horse is a predatory species of beetle that fires poison gas from its tail if threatened by a predator . many people mistake them for scorpions . if handled they will sometimes bite but are harmless to humans . according to legend , anyone a devil ' s coach - horse pointed its tail at would soon die . . .\nthe devil\u2019s coach horse is a beneficial insect playing an important role in the food chain as a dominant predator , ensuring that nutrients are recycled and returned to the soil .\nin maltese the devil\u2019s coach - horse is known as katarina - g\u0127olli - denbek ( catherine raise your tail ) . the name comes from this insect\u2019s habit of raising its abdomen like a scorpion when it feels threatened .\nthe beetle has even achieved celluloid fame by starring in a film based on the aptly named 1979 book \u2018the devil\u2019s coach horse\u2019 by richard lewis , where the creatures get a taste for human flesh and go on the rampage .\ndevil ' s coach horse beetles are active at night , when they consume small slugs and snails , and a wide range of other invertebrates . this beetle is commonly found in damp areas in a garden , woodland or hedgerow .\nthe devils coach horse is a widespread and nocturnal predatory rove beetle , native to europe , introduced to north america and australasia . photographed by harry taylor .\nthe devil ' s coach horse is a member of the rove beetle family , a very large group of insects characterised by their short wing cases and habit of being constantly on the move , rambling and roving and wandering . it is their roving habit that results in them sometimes entering people ' s homes . the devil ' s coach horse has the distinction of being both the largest member of the family found in ireland and one of the more common species likely to be encountered by most people .\na beetle came creeping forth from the stable , where the farrier had been shoeing the horse .\nsuperstition has been associated with this species for hundreds of years . it\u2019s also called the devil\u2019s footman , devil\u2019s coachman and coffin cutter . one old wives\u2019 tale suggested that when it raised its tail it was casting a curse on you .\ncould be confused with\u2026 other beetles in the same family ( rove beetles ) . they are all black with the same body shape but the devil\u2019s coach horse is the only one of this size ( about 25mm long ) .\nthe devil\u2019s coach horse is a predator , hunting other invertebrates such as slugs , woodlice and other beetles at night . its strong legs and flexible body make it well adapted to hunting in fallen leaves and among logs and stones .\nbehavior and reproduction : when threatened , the devil ' s coach - horse spreads its powerful jaws and bends its abdomen up over its back to spray a foul - smelling brown fluid . nothing is known about its reproductive behavior .\nboth predators and prey are important in any ecosystem . the devil\u2019s coach horse eats other invertebrates , some of which may be garden pests . in doing this , it helps to reduce pest populations , recycle nutrients and maintain a healthy ecosystem .\nthe devil ' s coach - horse is a common black beetle that will be familiar to many people as it has a habit of sometimes wandering indoors . it is an aggressive little beast that readily puts on a threat display when confronted by a person very many times its size .\nthe devil ' s coach horse is a long black rove beetle around 30mm long with a flattened head and sharp pincer mouthparts . this beetle is capable of inflicting a painful bite if handled . when it feels threatened it will raise up its abdomen so that it looks like a small scorpion , and it will spray a foul - smelling liquid from its abdomen . devil ' s coach horse beetles mate during the autumn and lay eggs into a damp spots , such as in moss or leaf litter . the eggs hatch into larvae that feed eagerly on other soil - dwelling invertebrates .\nshaggy ; prominent : used in beetle brow ( also written beetle - brow ) .\nit overwinters as a pupa in leaf litter or moss and emerges as an adult the following spring . if you disturb a devil\u2019s coach horse , it adopts an aggressive , scorpion - like position - it raises its rear end and opens its powerful jaws .\nashtekar , a . , beetle , c . and fairhurst , s . , class .\nduring the day the devil\u2019s coach horse usually rests amongst and under stones and logs but it is at night that this carnivorous , nocturnal predator comes out to feed on slugs , worms , spiders , woodlice , a range of other invertebrates and carrion ( dead items ) .\nthe devil\u2019s coach horse occupies a wide range of habitats requiring damp conditions and is common in woods , hedgerows , meadows , parks and gardens , being seen between april and october . it is also known to make its way indoors now and then , particularly in older properties .\nthe devil\u2019s coach - horse does not sting but it has strong pincer - like jaws with which it can bite if handled from the wrong end . it also has a pair of glands on its abdomen which emit an odorous liquid strong enough to warn potential predators to back off .\nif conditions don ' t improve , there will be the devil to pay .\nwhere and when can i find it ? in spring and autumn across the uk in both rural and urban areas . try looking in parks , gardens , woodland and fields . the devil\u2019s coach horse is nocturnal , so during the day it is found resting among fallen leaves or under logs and stones .\nis from 1840 , the large rove - beetle , which is defiant when disturbed .\ntalk of the devil , and he ' s presently at your elbow\n[ 1660s ] .\ncharges at the county ' s recycling facilities are being considered as part of this year ' s budget .\nthe egyptian beetle was not quite the full type of him ; our northern ground beetle is a truer one .\nalthough it is widespread in the uk , its nocturnal behaviour means that it is rarely encountered . with your help , we would like to find out more about where it lives and how many there are . there is evidence that some large beetles struggle to survive in urban areas . is this the case for the devil\u2019s coach horse ?\nto give the devil his due , you must admit that she is an excellent psychologist .\ndevil ' s coach horses eat maggots ( fly larvae ) and are usually found living in rotting animal carcasses . they belong to a large group of beetles characterised by their shortened elytra ( modified , hardened forewings ) and exposed , flexible abdomens .\nit has a long body and very short wing cases making it look a bit like a black earwig . unlike the common earwig , the devil ' s coach horse doesn ' t have pincers on its tail end . it does , however , have large pincer - like jaws at its front end and these can inflict a painful bite .\nsplit pine beetle barrels in mountain pine beetle wood with epoxy resin by straight line designs 604 - 251 - 9669 .\nfor its size the devil\u2019s coach horse has very large jaws ( mandibles ) which it uses to catch and cut its prey . with the help of its front legs the food is then turned into a ball like shape ( bolus ) which is chewed , passing through the beetles\u2019 digestive system a number of times until it becomes liquefied and finally digested .\n6 in germany , grimenl says ,\na white goat is reckoned wholesome in a horse ' s stable .\n( teutonic mythology , page 1484 . )\nin 1955 , only 330 volkswagen beetle ' s were sold at a price of $ 1800 each in the united states .\nit is a predatory species , hunting invertebrates such as worms and woodlice and carrion . it seizes its prey in its strong jaws and uses its front legs to cut off pieces of flesh which it masticates into a bolus before swallowing it . having a devil\u2019s coach - horse in your garden is good as like other predators it helps to keep pests under control .\nfrom the information i have come across , the devil\u2019s coach horse beetle are found rarely in the u . s . if it is instead our more common rove beetle , there is actually no need to take any action to get rid of them . they are harmless to you , and can simply be left alone . also , unlike insects such as termites , there is no chance that they can cause damage to your property . their presence normally indicates that there is something rotting nearby , such as compost or a dead animal . removing the rotting items will remove the rove beetle ' s food source , maggots , and other insects , and this will force them to move on to somewhere else . there is no need to use insecticides .\ndevil\u2019s coach horse mate in autumn and a female will lay a single egg two to three weeks later in a damp , dark habitat such as leaf litter or moss . after around 30 days the larva will emerge , living mainly underground . as with their parents , devil\u2019s coach horse larvae are carnivorous feeding on a variety of other invertebrates ; possess powerful jaws to catch and consume their prey ; and can even adopt the threatened display of a raised tail and open jaws . the larva goes through three successive growth stages ( instars ) . the third and final larval stage is reached after approximately 150 days when it is between 20 \u2013 26mm in length . it is at this stage that pupation begins and an adult beetle emerges about 35 days later . it emerges fully formed but needs to stay inactive for a few hours to allow its wings to dry out before they can be folded beneath the wing case ( elytra ) .\ni have devil ' s coach horse beetles in my backyard . i am not sure how they arrived in my yard . i am trying to find out how to get rid of them , once and for all . i have two children and a dog . i wanto get rid of the beetles , so my kids or dog won ' t get bitten . if you could shed some light on our situation , i would greatly appreciate it .\nout of doors , in gardens , hedgerows , parks and woodlands , the devil ' s coach horse is nocturnal . by day it rests under stones , logs and in leaf litter . as night falls it emerges to hunt . while it has small wing cases it seldom flies . it hunts on foot and can tackle large prey like an adult earthworm or a big slug . its large , pincer - like jaws are formidable weapons for catching and processing food .\n19 o ' curry ' s text , atlantis , iv . , i6o .\nthe insect is a beetle , and the two species closely resemble each other .\ntavolacci , j . , editor . insects and spiders of the world . volume 2 : beetle - carpet beetle . volume 3 : carrion beetle - earwig . volume 4 : endangered species - gypsy moth . new york : marshall cavendish , 2003 .\ndr murray notes that the word is first found in the compound bitel - browed , in the 14th century , and favours the explanation , ' with eyebrows like a beetle ' s ' \u2014i . e . projecting eyebrows . see beetle ( 1 ) .\nhe wore a garb of green bright and glancing as the scales of a beetle .\nlarge quantum gravity effects were found in three - dimensional models by ashtekar and beetle .\nashtekar a , beetle c and lewandowski j 2001 mechanics of rotating isolated horizons phys .\nif you have crossed paths with the devil\u2019s coach horse you may have seen it adopt its typical defensive pose where it raises the rear end of its body and opens its fierce jaws , similar to that of a scorpion . a tad on the aggressive side perhaps but it is only because its feeling threatened ! if it continues to feel threatened though it can emit a foul smell from its abdomen area ( \u2018olens\u2019 meaning smell ) via a pair of white glands ; can excrete an unpleasant fluid from its mouth and rear ; and it\u2019s fair to say that its bite may hurt a little !\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the devil ' s coach horse may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\nsubject : what type of beetle is this location : westmeath , ireland april 4 , 2015 10 : 23 am my 3 yr old found this outside and wanted to know what it\u2019s called ! ! it arches it\u2019s back like a scorpion too . signature : noah fagan\nself - regulatory circuits in dorsoventral axis formation of the short - germ beetle tribolium castaneum .\ndear noah , congratulations on recognizing that this soft bodied insect is an unusual type of beetle , a rove beetle to be more precise , and we believe the species is staphylinus caesareus . though this particular rove beetle is harmless , the threat position you describe is quite daunting , and we believe the rove beetle has the ability to release a foul odor when disturbed .\nfor more information on australian beetles , visit the csiro ' s australian insect families coleoptera page .\nred and dead\nis the term for the beetle - killed trees in sula area .\nsometimes known as the cocktail beetle , is a very common and widespread european beetle , belonging to the large family of the rove beetles ( staphylinidae ) . it was originally included in the genus\nthere are over 58 , 000 species of rove beetle , of which 2 , 900 live in north america . they are fascinating insects , and their diet of fly maggots and other insects can help to control the population of other , more bothersome , creatures . if you find any of them in your home or garden , there is no cause for alarm . i have read that the rove beetle does not bite or sting , and even though they may look intimidating when they lift up their tails , they really aren ' t going to be able to cause you any real harm . but the larger devil\u2019s coach horse beetle has been known to bite . usually , the only concern with finding rove beetles is it that it suggests there is something rotting nearby , so it is probably worth checking your garden to make sure there are no dead animals .\ndiet : the adults feed on the leaves of a small tree , called the giraffe beetle tree .\nelytron : one of two wing cases on a beetle that protects its wings ( plural : elytra ) .\nbeetle must ha ' knowed i wanted both , fur that was th ' end of the old gun .\nhopefully ztf , a beetle , will prove to be productive even as general purpose behemoths come on line .\nhead : the head is home to the insect ' s eyes , antennae , and mandibles ( jaws ) .\nwhen threatened this beetle assumes a posture with the abdomen bent upwards , rather like a scorpion . this is , however , an empty threat for the beetle can neither sting nor bite with its abdomen . what then is the function of this behaviour pattern ? it is , indeed , a fact that some people are frightened by it , and it is quite likely that the beetle\u2019s natural enemies , insectivorous birds and mammals , are also scared by it .\nthe fearsome name of this beetle may derive from the fact that the species is often found under the carcases of dead animals . it is a well known rove - beetle ( it tends to rove over a wide area ) and is often seen running across paths and paddocks . this beetle , of the staphylinidae family , is found throughout australia .\nthis beetle , metallic - green in colour is a very common variety . it is sometimes found even in the streets of melbourne and other southern australian cities . when captured and held in the fingers , this beetle emits a strong odour resembling that of carbolic acid . the green ground beetle is a species of the family carabidae , and its larvae prey on insects .\nin the hebrides the\ncearr - dubhan\nbeetle and the daol are also associated with the betrayal of christ ; the former ' s fault is less heinous than that of the irish beetle , but when he is seen he must be turned over on his back . 22\nceardfhiollan\nand many other variants suggest that his name is not understood in current gaelic .\nthere ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\neach detector board has two beetle chips , each one bonded to one side of 128 strips of the sensor like in \ufb01gure2 .\nbeetles and weevils : coleoptera .\ngrzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nhave you ever seen a willie wag - tail bird prancing in your backyard ? or what about a wedge - tailed eagle soaring majestically in the sky ? or even sighted a christmas beetle at your local park ? it\u2019s great to see these snippets of . . .\nthis fine large beetle with the metallic green line around the sides of its wing cases belongs to the carabidae family and is an inhabitant of the drier areas of australia . it is fairly common in the mallee of north - western victoria and in similar country of n . s . w . and south australia . the grubs ( larvae ) of this beetle are carnivorous , feed on lesser grubs .\nto use a beetle on ; beat with a heavy wooden mallet , as linen or cotton cloth , as a substitute for mangling .\nthe beetle integrates 128 pipelined channels with low - noise charge - sensitive preampli\ufb01ers and shapers with a peaking time of about 25 ns .\nif it feels under threat it rears up its head and opens its jaws wide and curls up its tail like a scorpion . it also emits a foul smell from glands on its abdomen . this scary threat display , the powerful jaws , the threat of a bite , the scorpion - like tail , the bad smell and the black colour all combine to give this beetle a long - standing evil connotation . since medieval times the beetle has been associated with the devil , curses and superstition .\ndworn braked the beetle to a stop on a patch of high ground , and sat straining to discern the meaning of those ominous beacons .\n27\nbagge\nis equivalent to the celtic\nmac\nand\nmab ,\nhence thorbagge means\nthor ' s attendant .\nif it still feels threatened it squirts a foul - smelling fluid from its abdomen . beware \u2013 this beetle can also give a painful bite .\nevans , a . v .\narizona ' s sky island beetles .\nreptiles magazine 12 , no . 8 ( 2004 ) : 80\u201384 .\nyou see he is a flat , greenish beetle , with head set on a funny hinge so that he could nod it violently if he liked .\nrachel denny clow / caller - times the golden rain tree beetle is not a pest , but it is appearing in prolific numbers throughout the city .\nthis species belongs to the rove beetle family , a large family represented in malta by about 170 species , including one known in maltese as kappillan .\nbeetles and weevils : coleoptera .\ngrzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nin the isle of man as in england it was , and still is , firmly believed that hairs from the tail of a horse , if left for a time in water , turn into thin eels , the bulbous root becoming the eel ' s head . i have been assured of this by men who have made the experiment when they were boys . the eels of slender dimensions found wriggling in the troughs and other places where horses drink are pointed out as ocular evidence of the transformation , which is regarded as quite natural , like that of caterpillars into butterflies and nonentities into members of the house of keys . the widely - spread abhorrence of eels as an article of food may have been strengthened by this belief in the origin of some of them . j . g . campbell tells a fantastic tale of a man who was found fighting with a horse , and who had been driven mad because some eels he had eaten were transformed horse - hairs . 11 still , the creature which is supposed to be an animated horse - hair is not really an eel , but the hair - worm or gordius aquaticus , which never grows any thicker .\ngroup selection experiments with tribolium ( a beetle ) performed by wade con\ufb01rm his view that the effects of group selection are complex and different in different groups .\nthis beetle is found in damp conditions in most natural environments including : woodland , hedgerows , parks and gardens , where it relies on decaying natural matter .\nbut he decided not to go to the oriole ' s nest that morning , but to search for grabs and beetles amongst the mosses beneath the oak - trees .\nthis black beetle usually shelters during the day under stones , logs or leaf litter . it is most often seen in forests , parks and gardens between april and october .\nthis large predatory beetle is common in woodland , but is also found in gardens and sometimes enters houses when hunting for prey , usually small insects , slugs and worms .\nplease tell us how you intend to reuse this image . this will help us to understand what\u2019s popular and why so that we can continue to improve access to the collections .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nsimply upload a picture of your find to ispot or the natural history museum ' s bug forum and an online community of experts and enthusiasts will do their best to identify it .\nthe beetle is common in the uk and is found throughout europe . it also inhabits parts of australasia and the americas but it is not native to these areas having been introduced .\nduring the summer months , this beetle is quite common in eastern and southern australia , and specimens may often be seen buzzing about in suburban gardens or nearby bush . adult beetles of this species are fond of the nectar of flowers and may often be caught visiting the blooms . larvae of this beetle breed and feed in rotting logs . its family is scarabaeidae .\nthough the rove beetle has short elytra , it easily covers the functional hind wings set , which is not too short . hence , they can still fly like the other beetles .\ncarnivorous beetle larvae feed mainly on liquids and produce digestive chemicals that turn their prey into\nsoup .\nthis kind of digestion also occurs in some adult ground and rove beetles .\nrachel denny clow / caller - times the golden rain tree beetle , while prolific in the area right now , will be out of the area about six weeks after they first appeared .\nthis is one of the scarabaeidae family , and a very interesting rosechafer beetle because the furrows on its wing covers are densely hairy . it occurs in victoria , n . s . w . and queensland and , like others of its family , feeds from the nectar of native flowering trees and shrubs . its grubs feed and breed in rotting logs of most varieties of eucalypts .\nlike the variation in features , different types of rove beetle belonging to distinct subfamilies exhibit variations in the morphological process . whereas , few rare rove beetle lineages have also remained unaffected to the changes in the morphology process . for instance , the phloeocharis and octavius genera have not undergone any changes in the morphology process for more than 90 million years . this phenomenon is termed as bradytely .\na member of the family carabidae , it is a ground beetle and one that defends itself by ejecting a fine spray of offensive liquid when disturbed or annoyed . it gets its name from this capability . nocturnal in habits , it generally hides by day under stones , bark , etc . this beetle is more common in the northern states but is found also in northern victoria and south australia .\nthis interesting beetle is one of the largest of our water beetles and is found mainly in tasmania , victoria and southern new south wales . its larvae live in water , where they prey on other water organisms . at times , large numbers of these insects may be attracted from their natural water habitat to artificial lights . this beetle is of the family hydrophilidae , and its larvae are predatory .\nthis beetle is one of our most brilliantly - coloured and beautifully - shaped species . it is found during the warmer months of the year in victoria , new south wales and queensland . its family is lucanidae and the adult beetle may often be seen at rest on the foliage of trees . the male is larger than the female and has longer jaws . the larvae breed in rotting wood .\nclick on the\nx\nfound on each entry below to hide specific bugs from this page ' s listing . you will be able to narrow down the results to better help identify your bug !\nanybody who ' s tried to grow roses knows they can be frustrating , plagued by everything from once - a - season blossoms and black spot to beetles , mites , yellowing leaves , and more .\nin a satire by dallan , a 6th - century chief bard of ireland , the immediate predecessor of that senchan torpeist who was fabled to have brought his company of poets to the isle of man , occurs the phrase\na airbhe in duibh daeil !\no keep off the black beetle !\nthus the irish people ' s dislike to the creature reaches back at least thirteen hundred years .\nthis beetle is slightly smaller than the large black cucujid and even flatter . it has a blackish head and thorax , and brown wing cases . it is found mainly in victoria and southern n . s . w . where its larvae make funnels under the bark of trees . adult beetles are not frequently seen unless you remove some bark to discover them . usually , they appear during the warm months .\nthe fairy call was not the only one they were obliged to answer ; a witch , or anyone knowing the necessary charm , or even the right pronunciation of the word giense ,\ndance !\n, could , as easily as the ringmaster in the circus , make a horse rear up and revolve on his hind legs .\na group of utah lawmakers and others fear that the coral pink sand dunes state park would be forced to close if a species of tiger beetle is listed as endangered by the us fish and wildlife service .\nvw has announced sticker prices for its 2013 fender edition beetle , which will be available with both the base 2 . 5 - liter five - cylinder and the upgrade 2 . 0 - liter turbo four .\namerican burying beetles and people : listed as an endangered species by the world conservation union ( iucn ) , the american burying beetle symbolizes the effect of widespread habitat modification and destruction in the eastern united states .\nclair whitty - naturally healthy is the fear of flying ruining the excitement of your upcoming holiday , and causing you stress and anxiety ? lots of people are scared to fly . it ' s not uncommon . the fear can be mild or extreme , it varies . some will only get nervous on the day , while many dread the flight for weeks beforehand . that ' s such a pity because going . . .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe model of the read - out electronics connected to the ends of each strip consists in a generic charge sensitive preampli\ufb01er followed by a cr - rc \ufb01lter , whose peaking time matches that of the beetle chip .\nthe rove beetle species have a varied and colorful history , as it is present on the earth since the jurassic era . the oldest rove was discovered from the triassic of virginia , around 210 million years ago .\nconversely , it is equally unaccountable , considering the whitethorn ' s intimate relations with unseen powers , that the presence of its blossoms in a house is not objected to , for aught i have heard to the contrary .\nit is a relatively large beetle common throughout most of europe , including malta , but not often seen as it spends most of the day hidden under a stone or under vegetation and is active mostly during the night .\na nocturnal predator , this beetle lives in and around decaying matter . during the day it tends to rest among leaf litter or under stones . females lay their eggs in the soil , and these hatch into carnivorous larvae .\nit is worth to note also that in the case of the low resistivity prototype , even for the more attenuated pulse , the rise time is around 10 ns , still only at 40 % of the beetle peaking time .\nthroughout history , artisans have used the likenesses of beetles or parts of their bodies to create jewelry . today , the elytra of the jewel beetle are used in necklaces , head ornaments , and earrings . in parts of mexico and central america , a living beetle , popularly known as the ma ' kech , is decorated with brightly colored glass beads , attached to a short chain , and pinned to clothing as a reminder of an ancient legend .\ntrees is very curious though ! if there ' s ghos ' es takin ' anywhere it ' s in trees it is . aw , they ' ve got their share has churchyards and that - but mind you me , i ' ve seen funny things in a sycamore tree . aye , aye , my lads . aw , lower down all right of coorse , all right , i ' ll be bound you can grip them there , and feel the stuff that ' s in them - aw , all right enough . but - up in the branches . i say ! - they ' re about ; but never mind ! look out ! look out !\n4\nplayful use for\nclever rogue\nis from c . 1600 . meaning\nsand spout , dust storm\nis from 1835 . in u . s . place names , the word often represents a native word such as algonquian\nplayful use for\nclever rogue\nis from c . 1600 . meaning\nsand spout , dust storm\nis from 1835 . in u . s . place names , the word often represents a native word such as algonquian\nfor an isolated horizon , ashtekar , beetle and fairhurst \ufb01xed the normalization by setting the expansion of the ingoing null vector na to be the same as the reissnernordstr\u00a8om value and cross - normalizing with la via na la = \u22121 .\nsubject : beetle location : minnesota may 18 , 2011 8 : 45 am hello bugman , these images were taken on 5 . 18 . 2011 in minnesota , east of minneapolis about 20 miles , and although the image quality isn\u2019t very good , i was hoping to learn what it is . it was rather large , perhaps 3 inches . it\u2019s hard to see but on the side view image it looks as though there\u2019s a good size hole in the abdomen , but that could just be an illusion because of the angle and poor image quality . at first i thought it was an odonata excuviea but ruled it out . then i thought it might be a click beetle , but i don\u2019t think it is . i looked on bug guide , but wasn\u2019t able to id this bug . so , i hoping you may be ab ; e to shed some light on this ugly , but fascinating little bug signature : laura\nan insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\n11 witchcraft and superstition in scotland , page 222 . the belief in horse - hair eels was universal up to a century ago . izaak walton held it , so did william cobbett . mcalpine in his gaelic dictionary founds his derivation of easgann ,\neel ,\nupon it\neasg , a ditch where eels come alive , and faonn , a hair , the thing from which they breed .\nfirst as to the name . under tarroo - deyll and deyll kelly gives the definition of\na rove - beetle , the horned beetle , the beetle tribe ,\nand derives the term from the irish tarbh daol , which , as spelt , would mean\nblind bull .\nthe other manx dictionary - maker , cregeen , has it as\ntaroo - deyill , the bull - worm .\nunder\ncaraig or carrage , the clock - beetle ,\nhe cites a proverbial comparison for a pair of sworn enemies\nmyr y tarroo deyill as y charrage , like the tarroo deyill and the carrage .\nthe modern manx pronunciation of the second half of the name wavers between\ndale\nand\ndeel ,\nand my impression is that the inclination is towards\ndale\nin the south and\ndeel\nin the north . the first half is a perversion of something else , as we shall discover in tracing the name and its associated folk - lore beyond the limits of the island .\ndear laura , even though you were unable to properly identify this rove beetle , we are impressed that you recognized it as a beetle as rove beetles do not resemble most beetles as they lack hard elytra . it looks similar to platydracus maculosus which is pictured on bugguide , but we would not entirely discount that it might be a brown and gold rove beetle , ontholestes cingulatus , which is also pictured on bugguide . rove beetles are a large family and your individual might be in an entirely different genus . since your image is several years old , this is not a timely or seasonal posting . we are preparing several posts to go live while we are away from the office in early january , so you will be able to find this posting on our site in the coming week .\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nthat the first part of the name in the isle of man should have taken the form of\ntarroo\nand be understood to mean\nbull\nis not surprising , for there is everywhere a persistent association in folk - lore of horned beasts with beetles . taurus , for example , is pliny ' s name for scarabaeus terrester , and grimm collected many other names of the same kind , including the significant swedish\nhorntroll .\nin both germany and france a beetle is a stag -\nhirsch\nand\ncerf volant .\nthe lapps say that the sexton or dung beetle which entomologists call silpha lapponica is descended from the reindeer . 32 even the modest little manx caraig and his brothers in england bring rain as the horned rain - gods of three continents used to do . so the threads cross and recross .\na large rove beetle with extended exposed abdomen covered by hardened plates and composed of 8 segments . uniformly black body covered in fine , black hairs ( setae ) . shortened wing cases ( elytra ) which cover the thorax , concealing a folded second pair of wings which enable flight .\nwidespread throughout europe . however , it has also been introduced to the americas and parts of asia and australia . this black beetle usually shelters during the day under stones , logs or leaf litter . it is most often seen in forests , parks and gardens between april and october .\nthe christmas beetle of the family scarabaeidae , is so named because it appears during december and january . it is found in new south wales and victoria , where it is very common in coastal districts . it may often be seen swarming on gum saplings . larvae are white grubs .\n2 another use is made of the ninefold plait by german girls on st . john ' s day ; they weave one of flowers and cast it backwards into a tree to find out how long they must wait for a husband . ( grimm , teutonic mythology , page 1825 . )\nwhat\u2019s your intended use for this image ? please select an option scholarly or professional research for school , university , etc . personal or community research make a print for home to use in a blog or website publishing in a book make something else interesting could you please tell us more ? submit\nthe opening scene of\nthe fate of the children of tuireann\nshows us king nuadha of the silver arm lying sick in his palace . a pair of wandering herbdoctors hear him groaning .\nf\u00e9ach nach osnadh os cionn daoil ?\n19\nsee now , is not that a groan on account of a beetle ?\ndiagnoses one of them ; and a daol was indeed blackening the king ' s side . when they examine him it runs out among the benches , and the company jumps up as one man and puts it to death\u0097in what manner is regrettably not stated .\nthis beetle belongs to the family passalidae . smaller than the giant passalid , but similar in appearance , it lives mainly in southern australia . often ten or more of these beetles can be found under a rotting log , together with larvae and pupae - the former being in varying stages of development\nthis specimen of the scarabaeidae family is a very common beetle which may be found from victoria to queensland . in the daytime it feeds mainly on the foliage of eucalypts and paperbark trees . its larvae are the typical curly white cockchafer grubs which are found living in the soil and feeding on roots .\nspecific references to the material of superstition are so rare in t . e . brown ' s writings outside\nthe manx witch ,\nthat the avowal he puts into the mouth of tom baynes in\nchristmas rose\nconcerning the queerness of trees in general and the sycamore in particular is noteworthy :\ndear wesley , this is a harmless rove beetle , and after scouring through images on bugguide , we suspect it might be platydracus immaculatus , which according to bugguide is : \u201cnow infrequently collected over much of its range . \u201d we are postdating you submission to go live during our holiday later in june .\nthis feeling of respect for the hare has many minor ramifications . it is even carried so far that a doctrine obtains among conservative thinkers that a hare - lip is the vestige of the hare - shape assumed either voluntarily or through bewitchment , whether in the possessor ' s lifetime or in that of a progenitor . the shoulder - bone of a hare , even more infallibly than that of a sheep , when looked steadily into , in the proper circumstances , rendered visible the invisible and brought the future into the present . a hare ' s foot is a lucky thing to carry concealed on one ' s person , but the less it is shown , or even spoken of , the stronger is its power for good . it is also a specific against rheumatism , and has in the past been carried by fishermen , but whether for luck in fishing or for protection against danger and bad weather i am not sure . neither perhaps were they .\ni have to thank a manx friend for the following account of the deliberate sacrifice of the small black outdoor beetle , called a caraig or greg , to bring rain . i have deleted only the names of the farmers and their farms , in order to conceal the locality ; for a similar reason the valued correspondent must remain anonymous .\nthis very interesting beetle superficially resembles a large wasp of the hornet type . this is because of its colour and its very short wing cases , which expose the membraneous flying wings . these beetles of the family cerambycidae are found mostly in southern australia , frequenting flowers of native shrubs , especially tea - tree . larvae are timber borers .\nthis is an interesting beetle which is very common in south - eastern australia . its grubs , or larvae , bore into native honeysuckle or banksia trees , often eventually causing large branches to die and fall . adult beetles are found during the warmer months , and in some areas are very plentiful and easily discovered basking in the hot sun .\nin this large family unit , it appears that there exists an appreciable difference in their species . they range in size from 1 to 35 mm ( 0 . 25 to 1 . 5 inches ) , the majority of them fall under the 2 to 8 mm range , their structure is normally lengthened . certain rove beetles do not have a definite structure . their colors vary from yellow to brown with a red hue to brown with a black hue . normally they have 11 segments and are filiform ( filament or threadlike ) , in the majority of genera ; this clubbing is reasonable . the rove beetle\u201ds abdomen is perhaps flexible and long , on the external appearance , they look like earwigs .\nlarvae of this scarab beetle cause enormous damage to crops and pastures in the black soil country of northern new south wales , often denuding areas of up to several acres . the adult male ( illustrated ) has remarkably enlarged , leaf - like antennae , and it flies actively after rain in summer . females , with smaller antennae , rarely fly .\nthis insect is called ' fiddler ' because its back markings resemble the shape of a fiddle . it is a typical rosechafer of the family scarabaeidae and is common in summer in victoria , n . s . w . and southern queensland where it seeks nectar in flowers of tea - trees , eucalypts and prickly box . larvae breed in rotting logs .\nmost beetles must mate to reproduce . a few species are capable of parthenogenesis ( par - thuh - no - jeh - nuh - sihs ) , or the process by which larvae develop from unfertilized eggs . courtship behavior in beetles is uncommon . male ground , tiger , and rove beetles may grasp the female ' s thorax with their jaws before mating , while some male blister beetles tug on the female ' s antennae . in most beetles the males simply climb on the back of the female to mate . they may stay there for some time in order to keep other males from mating with her . males usually mate with several females if they have the opportunity . females mate just once or with many males ."]}
{"id": 2074, "summary": [{"text": "haliplus apicalis is a species of water beetle in the genus haliplus .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can be found on british isles and in north-west europe . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "haliplus apicalis", "paragraphs": ["haliplus apicalis is a small water beetle confined to vegetated brackish water . it has the most restricted distribution of irish saltmarsh species , possibly because of its particular habitat requirements .\nh . apicalis occurs in county down around belfast harbour and strand lough , killough .\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nclick here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .\nadult beetles can be found over much of the year , with a strong peak in may and a lesser one in august . the irish records are for these months\nits distribution is unusual for a saltmarsh species , being eastern and perhaps confined to saltmarsh associated with extensive coastal inlets not subject to severe atlantic tidal movement .\nlife cycle eggs are almost certainly laid singly on filamentous algae in may , after which most adults die . the larvae complete their development and pupate in midsummer , producing a new generation of adults in august . these overwinter out of the water , being found in increasingly large numbers from february to may . adults are predators of small animals \u2013 rotifers , water fleas and small aquatic worms , but their guts also contain algal material . the larvae probably feed on filamentous algae and stoneworts .\nliterature butler , p . m . and popham , e . j . ( 1958 ) . the effects of the floods of 1953 on the aquatic insect fauna of spurn ( yorkshire ) . proceedings of the royal entomological society of london a 33 : 149 - 158 .\nfoster , g . n . ( 2000 ) . chapter 14 . the aquatic coleoptera of british saltmarshes : extremes of generalism and specialism . 223 - 233 in : b . r . sherwood , b . g . gardiner & t . harris ( eds ) british saltmarshes , linnean society of london , forrest text , cardigan .\nfriday , l . e . ( 1988 ) . a key to the adults of british water beetles . field studies 7 : 1 - 151 . published separately as aidgap book no . 189 , taunton , field studies council .\nholmen , m . ( 1987 ) . the aquatic adephaga ( coleoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark i . gyrinidae , haliplidae , hygrobiidae and noteridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica 20 , e . j . brill / scandinavian science press ltd , leiden & copenhagen , 168 pp .\nnilsson , a . n . ( ed . ) ( 1996 ) . aquatic insects of north europe . volume 1 : ephemeroptera , plecoptera , heteroptera , megaloptera , neuroptera , coleoptera , trichoptera and lepidoptera . apollo books , stenstrup .\nseeger , w . ( 1971 ) . aut\u00f6kologische laboruntersuchungen an halipliden mit zoogeographischen anmerkungen ( haliplidae ; coleoptera ) . archiv f\u00fcr hydrobiologie 68 : 528 - 547 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nwe now have more than 100 . 000 photos online , covering more than 10 . 000 plant / fungi / animal etc . species\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 2075, "summary": [{"text": "strombus pugilis , common names the fighting conch and the west indian fighting conch , is a species of medium to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family strombidae , the true conchs .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "s. pugilis is closely similar to strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is unsettled whether they are distinct species or merely subspecies . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "strombus pugilis", "paragraphs": ["subspecies strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 accepted as strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758\nmarlo added a link to\nstrombus pugilis\non\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758\n.\nstrombus pugilis in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 39\nmarlo added a link to\nlet ' s talk seashells ! - > strombus pugilis vs strombus alatus\non\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758\n.\nshell length , developmental characteristics and mortality of strombus pugilis larvae reared in laboratory .\ncolton , 1905 on sexual dimorphism of strombus pugilis alatus , p . 140 :\nstrombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 ( esp\u00e8ce cd _ nom = 575581 )\nstrombus pugilis var . in kiener , 1843 , pl . ? , fig . 2\nstrombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 1 , 2\nstrombus pugilis in duclos , 1844 , pl . 18 , fig . 1 , 2\nstrombus pugilis var . sloani in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 4\nstrombus pugilis ( anatomie ) in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 5\nstrombus pugilis juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 8 , 9\nstrombus pugilis nicaraguensis in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 8 , pl . 6\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0278\nstrombus pugilis alatus in clench & abbott , 1941 , p . 7 , pl . 5\nstrombus alatus in reeve , 1851 , strombus , pl . 16 , fig . 40\nsyn . : strombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 : 51 - 54 , figs . 1 - 3\nstrombus pugilis var .\ndouble car\u00e8ne\nin duclos , 1844 , pl . 17 , fig . 3\nstrombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; espirito santo state , brazil ; 78 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nboth strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as \u0093sloani leach , 1814\u0094 this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .\nboth strombus alatus and strombus pugilis can exhibit the anomaly that was described as \u0093sloani leach , 1814\u0094 . this name has no validity and is considered a synonym .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; santa maria ? , colombia ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943\n[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from strombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 to their own page .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nrote fechterschnecke\nto\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758\n.\nstrombus pugilis in the laboratory . manzano , nancy brito . aquaculture v . 167 no1 - 2 ( aug . 1\ndevelopment , growth and survival of larvae of the fighting conch strombus pugilis l . ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in the laboratory\nreproduction , laboratory culture , and growth of strombus gigas , s . costatus and s . pugilis in los roques , venezuela\ncomment gijs kronenberg :\nsouth of amazone river , this should be s . pugilis worki petuch . is within variability of s . pugilis\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; martinique island , lesser antilles , caribbean sea ; 1989 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6367\ncolton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , 3 , 139 - 140 .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida ; length 82 . 22 mm ; coll . dennis sargent\n[ obtaining of egg masses of the snail , strombus pugilis ( mesogastropoda : strombidae ) under laboratory conditions ] . - pubmed - ncbi\n7 . give some facts about the life of a strombus pugilis ( fighting conch ) and explain why this shell is so named .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; colon bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; 1971 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5575\ncolton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . sexual dimorphism in strombus pugilis . nautilus , vol . 18 , 138 - 140 .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; ubatuba , sao paulo state , brazil ; by diver at 5 m ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; in sand at low tide ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6463\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; guarapari , espirito santo state , brazil ; muddy sand ; 74 mm ; 11 / 1992 ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nbower , w . j . ( 1945 ) . egg laying process of strombus pugilis alatus gmelin . the nautilus 59 ( 1 ) , 35 .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; coll . virgilio liverani\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; puerto rico island , usa , northeastern caribbean sea ; dy diver at 10 m ; 76 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; bonaire island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; 6 / 1971 : coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5577\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; near malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580\ncolton , h . s . ( 1905 ) . some notes on living strombus pugilis . the nautilus 19 ( 8 ) : 85\u009688 , pl , 3 .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; juvenile ; malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; beached ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5580\nsyn . : strombus pugilis peculiaris m . smith , 1940 : 35 , 36 left column top row specimen on right [ sp . 500 ] [ = sloani form ]\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; tertiary ( miocene ? ) , jamaica , caribbean sea ; coll . bm ( nh ) no . g4046 ; copyright bm ( nh )\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1943\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; dredged at 120 ft . ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5579\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; t : 60 mm , b : 82 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; portobelo bay , colon province , panama , caribbean sea ; snorkeling at 2 - 4 m ; 87 mm ; 2002 ; coll . ulrich wieneke\n23 . seasonality in reproductive activity and larval abundance of queen conch strombus gigas .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cabo blanco formation , pleistocene ; amuay bay , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 22216\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; punta mizuc , cancun , quintana roo , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; at 15 m on sand ; 83 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; porto belo , santa catarina state , brazil ; at 2 - 4 m on muddy sand ; 3 / 1985 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0728\ngoodrich , c . ( 1944 ) . variations in strombus pugilis alatus . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , no . 490 , 1 - 10 , fulltext\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; la isabela formation , pleistocene ; la isabela near luperon , puerto plata province , dominican republic , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 51465\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; cactus bay , malmok , aruba island , netherlands antilles , the netherlands , caribbean sea ; at 6 m ; 1987 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0901\nstrombus pyrulatus in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 1 , 2\n25 . evidence of survival value related to burying behavior in queen conch strombus gigas .\nstrombus pugilis worki petuch , 1993 ; off vittoria , espirito santo state , brazil ; trawled by shrimp boats from rubble at 20 - 25 m ; 79 mm ; 5 / 2001 ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nshell , strombus pugilis poster print by samuel brookes ( 8 x 10 ) shell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .\ngenetic variation in the queen conch , strombus gigas , across its geographic range . preliminary results\nstrombus pyrulatus juvenile in duclos , 1844 , pl . 19 , fig . 7 , 8\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5410\nstrombus cf . pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; pliocene / pleistocene ; boca chica , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 58335\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off san pedro town , ambergris caye island , belize , caribbean sea ; at 7 ft . in and on sand ; 8 / 1990 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 3730\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off los taques , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; dredged on muddy sand at 12 m ; 9 / 2009 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 6378\n( of strombus pugilis pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ) liverani v . ( 2014 ) the superfamily stromboidea . addenda and corrigenda . in : g . t . poppe , k . groh & c . renker ( eds ) , a conchological iconography . pp . 1 - 54 , pls 131 - 164 . harxheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; off el pico , paraguana peninsula , falcon state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; at 1 - 5 m , in sand and weed ; 1984 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0693\nsyn . : strombus cornutus g . perry , 1811 : pl . 12 , fig . 4\n12 . developmental plasticity in the shell of the queen conch strombus gigas . martn - mora ,\nconch , strombus gigas ( mollusca , gastropoda ) , in mexico . garca santaella , eduardo .\nstrombus pugilis forma nicaraguensis fluck , 1905 ; sandy bay , atl\u00e1ntico sur , nicaragua , caribbean sea ; taken on sand and mud at a depth of 2 - 3 m ; 69 mm ; 5 / 1993 ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 81 , 7 mm ; coll . goran vertriest\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; florida , usa ; 84 , 6 mm ; coll . goran vertriest\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; playa del carmen , solidaridad municipality , quintana roo state , yucatan peninsula , mexico , caribbean sea ; t : 102 mm , b : 93 mm ; at 12 m on sand ; coll . christian b\u00f6rnke\nm\u00f6rch , 1850 - saudi arabia , 43mm - a pale form . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus albus ]\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nthe ciliary photoreceptor in the teleplanic veliger larvae of smaragdia sp . and strombus sp . ( mollusca , gastropoda )\n2007 : apicomplexan parasites in strombus gigas in the guadeloupean archipelago . master thesis at the university of antilles - guyane\n? syn . : strombus pyrulatus var . albicans sowerby 1st , 1825 : 68 [ nom . nud . ]\n6 . the status of queen conch , strombus gigas , research in the caribbean . stoner , allan w .\nvolland j - m . , gros o . 2012 . cytochemical investigation of the digestive gland of two strombidae species ( strombus gigas and s . pugilis ) in relation to the nutrition . microscopy research and techniques . in press . doi 10 . 1002 / jemt . 22074\nstrombus linn\u00e9 , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 31 ; le renard , 1996 : 41 , strombella schl\u00fcter , 1838 , conomurex fischer p . , 1884 ex bayle ms , strombus ( conomurex ) ; vaught , 1989 : 31 .\nlinn\u00e9 , 1758 - florida keys , 89mm - typical specimens have longer spines on the spire than does strombus alatus .\nshell , strombus pugilis was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches and the image size is 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing . brand new and rolled and ready for display or framing . print title : shell , strombus pugilis . paper size : 8 . 00 x 10 . 00 inches . product type : fine art print , artist : samuel brookes .\nstrombus pugilis linnaeus , 1758 ; beach 2 km west of juan griego , margarita island ( isla margarita ) , new sparta state , venezuela , caribbean sea ; beached after storm ; t : 57 mm , b : 72 mm ; 3 / 2008 ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; centent key , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 0342\nfamily : strombidae\n. strombus gigas linnaeus , 1758 . fao species identification sheets . rome : fao . 1977 .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; palm beach area , florida , usa ; shallow water ; 1985 ; coll . koenraad de turck\n16 . structure and optics of the eye of the hawk - wing conch , strombus raninus ( l . ) . seyer ,\ni found an interesting molluscan phenomenon along the south central coast of jamaica . all of the strombus we found had dwarf adult shells . no typical size specimens were present . the largest strombus pugilis was 55mm ; the smallest 50mm ( lower left ) . the upper left specimen is 52mm , which was an average size . the right specimen is a 64mm strombus costatus . typically specimens are found in sizes 20 to 50mm or more for the costatus and 10 to 25mm larger for the pugilis . i ' m not sure what is causing the dwarfism , but warmer than normal water temps might be the culprit causing the mollusks to mature at an earlier stage of growth and create the mature lip at a smaller size .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; key largo , monroe county , florida , usa ; 1972 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5413\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5409\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; 1970 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 4000\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; subadult ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 1661\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pliocene ; south bay , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 95 mm ; coll . rupert hochleitner\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; estero island , lee county , florida , usa ; 11 / 1973 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5407\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 80 mm , b : 74 mm ; coll . david carroll\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pinellas county , florida , usa ; t : 85 mm , b : 81 mm ; coll . david carroll\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; length 99 . 31 mm ; coll . dennis sargent\nm . r . enriquez - diaz , j . m . volland , j . f . chavez - villegas , d . aldana - aranda , o . gros ; development of the planktotrophic veligers and plantigrades of strombus pugilis ( gastropoda ) , journal of molluscan studies , volume 81 , issue 3 , 1 august 2015 , pages 335\u2013344 , urltoken\nstrombus alatus , commonly known as the florida fighting conch , contains a small , jagged spire at the top of the shell and about seven whorls .\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - mahe island , seychelles , 57 . 3mm - the nominate form of gibberulus gibberulus [ synonym : strombus gibberulus ] .\n2 . settlement and recruitment of queen conch , strombus gigas , in seagrass meadows : associations with habitat and micropredators . stoner , allan w . fishery\nthe developmental characteristics of strombus pugilis larval organogenesis observed by light microscopy are shown in table 1 . sensory organs ( ocular tentacles ) appeared in early veligers ( 4 d ) . the organs allowing benthic feeding appeared after 29 d of larval development . transformation from pelagic to a primarily benthic behaviour occurred at 25 d and plantigrades were observed at 30 d .\nshawl , a . & a . spring . 2003 . culturing the florida fighting conch strombus alatus . tropical fish hobbyist l1 5 : 94 - 97 .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; in sandy grass at low tide ; 89 mm ; coll . ulrich wieneke\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; keys , monroe county , florida , usa ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5408 ( t ) , 0325 ( b )\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , caloosahatchee river , port la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz no . 2090 c\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; hendry county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24294\nariste - zelise o . , santos j . , enriquez diaz m . , montejo j . , volland j - m . & aldana aranda d . 2010 . habitat impact in the reproductive cycle of strombus pugilis in the campeche bank and analysis of apicomplexa and urospherules - like granules . 63 rd annual conference of the gulf and caribbean fisheries institute . san juan , puerto rico\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; t : 92 mm , b : 95 mm ; coll . christian b\u00f6rnke\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; sanibel island , lee county , florida , usa ; by scuba at 55 ' deep ; 1988 ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5412\nthe aims of this study were ( 1 ) to describe , using light microscopy and sem , developmental patterns of organogenesis , growth and mortality of s . pugilis larvae ; ( 2 ) to investigate the ultrastructure of shell and soft tissues in order to facilitate the identification of gastropods in the plankton and in the meiobenthos and ( 3 ) to perform larval rearing in support of aquaculture for strombus species .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; fort worth inlet , palm beach county , florida , usa ; at 10 ' - 20 ' on sand ; coll . gijs kronenberg no . 5411\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; pleistocene , new county pit , west of la belle , hendry county , florida , usa ; coll . antoine heitz loc . no . ha 28135\nstrombus sloanii . s . anfractu basilari l\u00e6vis , basi longitudinaliter undulato - sulcato , apice processibus quadratis , compressis , elevatis ; anfractibus superis nodosis , longitudinaliter lineatis , lineis elevatis .\n( lightfoot , 1786 ) - somalia , 114 . 5mm - the coloring varies widely ; this specimen has an unusual dark striped pattern on the back . [ synonym : strombus tricornis ]\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; punta rassa , cape coral - fort myers , lee county , florida , usa ; low tide , exposed sand ; 93 mm ; coll . virgilio liverani\ni am working with aaron at stri to collect modern , archaeological , and paleontological shell materials from bocas del toro . strombus pugilis is a species of conch that has decreased in body size at maturity over the past ~ 7000 years possibly due to size - selective human subsistence pressures . i\u2019ll export these shell samples , along with some modern tissue samples , back to psu and attempt to extract and sequence both modern and ancient dna from these materials .\nas a juvenile , the fighting conch strombus pugilis lives hidden in the muddy sediments of lagoons . it emerges to compete for mates when it reaches sexual maturity , but only after it has thickened up its outer lip as a protection from predators . by observing the size of shells and the thickness of lips in fossil , archeological and modern conchs the researchers found that size at sexual maturity declined during the past 1 , 500 years in concert with human harvesting .\nsloane ' s strombus . basal whirl smooth ; base with longitudinal undulating grooves ; apex with elevated , compressed , quadrate processes ; superior volutions knotted , longitudinally lineated , the lines elevated .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; bermont formation , middle pleistocene ; belle glade ( r441 ) , palm beach county , florida , usa ; 1995 ; coll . stichting schepsel schelp no . sss 24299\n( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) - cabo rojo , puerto rico . the famed rooster tail conch is found in a variety of colors ; this specimen has shades of pink . [ synonym : strombus gallus ]\nmerz , r . a . ( 1979 ) . a study of the behavioral and biomechanical defenses of strombus alatus , the florida fighting conch . master ' s thesis . university of florida , gainesville .\nsyn . : strombus dubius sowerby . tryon , 1885 : 109 [ non solander , 1766 , nec swainson , 1823 , nec sowerby 2nd , 1842 nec kiener , 1843 ] based on misidentification by tryon .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; double spined form ; collected on exposed sand and grass flats at low tide , riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; july 2003 ; coll . aart dekkers no . str0459\n( gmelin , 1791 ) - aguadilla , puerto rico - 77mm . a gerontic specimen with a blackened lip . strombs found along the west coast of puerto rico seem to be prone to this type of discoloration . [ synonym : strombus raninus ]\nstrombidae , or the conchs are one of the more familiar of the molluscan groups . though many larger molluscan species are commonly referred to as conchs , the strombs or generically , strombus are the true conch shells . the number of species in the family numbers around 60 species , which is small in comparison with other molluscan families . yet the size difference between the largest and smallest strombus species is huge . a few grow to be the largest and heaviest of the marine mollusks such as eustrombus goliath\nalthough strombus alatus is the most common species of strombus in northern areas and its planktonic larvae occur in the neritic waters off north carolina ( thiriot - quievreux 1983 ) , it disappeared from bermuda sometime since the pleistocene , when glaciers forced the gulfstream to the south and into a more east west orientation , bringing it closer to bermuda ( keffer et al . , 1988 ) . bermuda now lies in the central oceanic gyre of the north atlantic , more than 1500 km from the gulf stream .\ngillette , p . & a . shawl , 2006 . effects of diet and sex ratio on the reproductive output of the florida fighting conch , strombus alatus . proceedings of the 57 . annual gulf and caribbean fisheries institute : 57 , 947 - 954 .\nhargreave , d . ( 1995 ) . an ontogenetic approach to understanding changes in shell morphology over time : the strombus alatus complex in the plio - pleistocene of southern florida . tulane studies in geology and paleontology , 27 ( 1 - 4 ) , 1 - 52 .\nthe family strombidae has in recent years undergone a major taxonomic revision . numerous neatly organized subgenera for the various species within the genus strombus have been raised to full genera , and new genera have been errected for species that did not clearly fit within the classic arrangement . the most significant taxonomic change within the family strombidae is that the spindly tibia have been reclassified in the family rostellariidae based on anatomy and shell morphology . the conchological community has been slow to adopt this new classification . the various ' strombus ' species are arranged here according to the revised nomenclature .\nplantigrades of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of plantigrade with eyes ( white arrowheads ) and tentacles . operculum and foot possess several pigmented dots ( arrows ) . b . showing two eyes located at the bases of tentacles . the proboscis ( pr ) is outside shell . c . proboscis ( pr ) and two ocular tentacles ( arrows ) are well developed . shell appears dirty , covered with biofilm . operculum ( star ) is attached to extended foot , with furrow ( black arrow ) in the propodium ( p ) . d . at 35 d shell has 4 . 5 whorls ; on body whorl the spiral sculpture band ( arrows ) is typical of juveniles of the genus strombus . e . shell of plantigrades is characterized by numerous striae that are typical of adult shell . scale bars : a = 100 \u00b5m ; b = 70 \u00b5m ; c = 100 \u00b5m ; d = 125 \u00b5m ; e = 40 \u03bcm .\nstrombus alatus gmelin , 1791 ; riviera beach , peanut island , palm beach county , florida , usa ; live collected in eel - grass at 1 m ; t : 86 mm , m : 85 mm , b : 84 mm ; 5 / 1985 ; coll . christian b\u00f6rnke\nthe team suggests that declining yields may not be the only detrimental effects of an evolutionary change to mature at smaller size . the ability to reproduce , the quality of offspring and other vital traits can be damaged by size - selective evolution . further study is required to learn the extent to which the fitness of s . pugilis has decreased because of long - term size - selective evolution .\nmitton , j . b . , berg , c . j . , & orr , k . s . ( 1989 ) . population structure , larval dispersal , and gene flow in the queen conch , strombus gigas , of the caribbean . the biological bulletin , 177 ( 3 ) , 356 - 362 .\nvolland j - m . , aldana aranda d . & gros o . 2008 . detection of apicomplexa like parasites in two species belonging to the family strombidae : strombus gallus , linnaeus , 1758 and s . raninus , gmelin 1791 . 61 st annual conference of the gulf caribbean fisheries institute . pointe \u00e0 pitre , guadeloupe\nlate veliger larvae of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of 9 d larva . the velum has four lobes and cilia of preoral band are active at periphery ( arrows ) . the digestive tract ( star ) and visceral mass ( vm ) are visible through shell . b . sem view of four - lobed velum of 10 - d larva . long cilia responsible for propelling veliger are located at periphery of velum . c . light micrograph of visceral mass as observed in a living 10 - d veliger through its calcified shell . arrow heads , digestive gland lobes ; dg , digestive gland ; i , intestine ; s , stomach . d\u2013e . sem views of two - whorled shell of 9\u201310 - d veliger . scale bars = 50 \u03bcm .\nin the environment around sanibel island , it is both short and long spired , and at every stage between these extremes . sculpture ranges from feebly nodulous to stoutly spinose . color is protean , uncorrelated with any other character so far as could be learned . in short , the striking feature of alatus , in contrast to typical pugilis , is the absence of uniformity . distribution is from north carolilia to the shores of the gulf of mexico in texas .\nthe combined influence of feeding schedule and photoperiod on fighting conch , strombus pugilis ( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) larvae growth and survival was studied using two feeding schedules ( 12 h and 24 h with food ) and three photoperiods ( 0 h light , 12 h light and 24 h light ) . this effect of feeding and photoperiods was tested in three months ( may , june and july ) . shell length was measured every two days to establish growth for each treatment . for the three experiments , continuous darkness and feeding were advantageous for larvae growth with the higher growth rate ( 42 \u03bcm d \u2212 1 ) while continuous light and feeding had a negative effect on growth ( 29 \u03bcm d \u2212 1 ) and survival ( 13 % ) . however the highest survival ( 44 % ) was obtained in 12 h light and 24 h feeding .\nr\u00f6ding , 1798 - coral sea , 40 - 46mm - these specimens were taken near east diamond island , way out in the middle of nowhere ! a geographical morph with a dark band below the suture line on the body whorl is more typical at this location ( middle specimen ) , though a wider range of coral sea color forms is illustrated here . [ synonym : strombus gibberulus gibbosus ]\npediveligers of strombus pugilis . a . light micrograph of a young swimming pediveliger showing a velum with six lobes . scale bar : 100 \u03bcm . b . sem view of the six - lobed velum from 10 - d larva . the foot is covered by an operculum ( arrow ) . in the centre of the large velum the ocular tentacles ( arrows heads ) are obvious . c . sem detail of one lobe of velum showing numerous long cilia at periphery . small nuclei of non - ciliated cells in central part of velum are visible ( arrows ) . d . sem micrograph of operculum ( o ) attached to foot ( f ) . its wrinkled surface is probably due to its uncalcified state . e . semithin midgut transverse section of 14 d pediveliger . dg , digestive gland ; s , stomach ; v , velum . scale bars : a = 100 \u00b5m ; b = 70 \u03bcm ; c = 10 \u03bcm ; d = 20 \u03bcm ; e = 50 \u03bcm .\nthe shell differs from the typical pugilis , especially in its smaller size , varying very little from 55 to 62 mm . the spire is regularly tuberculated , rather high , acute , and sculptured with distinct revolving raised lines ; prominent revolving ridges also mark the entire body - whorl , or in some specimens a large portion of it . the color is uniform dark salmon , except the spire , which tends to whiteness , while the aperture is lighter and brighter than the external parts , and anteriorly has just a suggestion of purple . the epidermis is thin .\nkosloski , m . e . ( 2008 , october ) . are museum collections adequate to test the escalation hypothesis ? : a preliminary case study using the plio - pleistocene strombus alatus species complex from florida . in 2008 joint meeting of the geological society of america , soil science society of america , american society of agronomy , crop science society of america , gulf coast association of geological societies with the gulf coast section of sepm .\nthe number and types of structures that appear in strombid development during the veliger stage , such as the eyespots , the increase of velar lobes ( from 2 to 6 ) , heart and propodium are similar among the genera laevistrombus from the indo - pacific and strombus and lobatus from the atlantic ( d ' asaro , 1965 ; davis , bolton & stoner , 1993 ; brito - manzano et al . , 1999 ; brito - manzano & aldana - aranda , 2004 ; cob et al . , 2009a , b ) .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . 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( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\ndistribution : usa : florida : east florida ; colombia : offshore islands ; costa rica , panama , colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : gulf of venezuela , carabobo , sucre , islas los roques , isla margarita ; cuba : north havana province , north matanzas , villa clara , santiago de cuba ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . croix ; martinique , brazil : ceara , rio grande do norte , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espirito santo , rio de janeiro , sao paulo , parana , santa catarina\nthe mollusca of porto rico u . s . fisheries commission bulletin 20 351 - 524 , pls . 53 - 58 .\nsystema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .\nconchology iv + 5 pp . , 61 pls . william miller : london .\nmolluscan discoveries from the tropical western atlantic region . new mollusks from the gulf of mexico , bahamas platform , caribbean basin , and brazil la conchiglia 24 ( 266 ) 51 - 56 . [ stated date : - - mar 1993 . ]\nmuseum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]\nanimal - based remedies constitute an integral part of brazilian traditional medicine . due to its long history , zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine both in rural and urban areas of the country . in this paper we summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature .\nin order to examine the diversity of animals used in traditional medicine in northeast of brazil , all available references or reports of folk remedies based on animals sources were examined . 34 sources were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in assessment of medicinal animal species . scientific names provided in publications were updated .\nthe review revealed that at least 250 animal species ( 178 vertebrates and 72 invertebrates ) are used for medicinal purposes in northeast of brazil . the inventoried species comprise 10 taxonomic categories and belong to 141 families . the groups with the greatest number of species were fishes ( n = 58 ) , mammals ( n = 47 ) and reptiles ( n = 37 ) . the zootherapeutical products are used for the treatment of different illnesses . the most widely treated condition were asthma , rheumatism and sore throat , conditions , which had a wide variety of animals to treat them with . many animals were used for the treatment of multiple ailments . beyond the use for treating human diseases , zootherapeutical resources are also used in ethnoveterinary medicine\nthe number of medicinal species catalogued was quite expressive and demonstrate the importance of zootherapy as alternative therapeutic in northeast of brazil . although widely diffused throughout brazil , zootherapeutic practices remain virtually unstudied . there is an urgent need to examine the ecological , cultural , social , and public health implications associated with fauna usage , including a full inventory of the animal species used for medicinal purposes and the socio - cultural context associated with their consumption .\nhumans depend on biodiversity and the capacity of ecosystems to provide a multitude of goods and services that underpin a healthy human and natural environment . biodiversity is essential for human health , for example , in the provision of the raw materials for medicines . indeed , some 20 , 000 species are used in traditional medicine , which forms the basis of primary health care for about 80 percent of the 3 billion people in developing countries . more than half of the world ' s modern drugs are derived from biological resources , which supports the traditional and modern pharmaceutical sectors [\n] . although plants and plant - derived materials make up the majority of ingredients used in most traditional medical systems globally , whole animals , animal parts , and animal - derived products ( e . g . , urine , fat , etc . ) also constitute important elements of the materia medica . indeed , zootherapy , the use of animal products in healing , is an ancient and widespread practice across most cultures [\nlittle attention has been paid to the cultural , medical , economic , or ecological significance of zootherapeutic practices , even though the federal government ' s national policy of pharmaceuticals ( pol\u00edtica nacional de medicamentos , portaria no . 3916 / 98 ) specifies that\nthe support to research aiming to use the therapeutic potential of the national flora and fauna , with emphasis on certification of their medical properties , should be continued and expanded\n[\n] . nevertheless , since the 1980s various publications have shown the importance of zootherapy for traditional communities from distinct socio - cultural - environmental landscapes in brazil . most of the available information on the subject is concentrated in the northeast of the country [\nin addition , the edibility of these medicinal resources must be analyzed because there must be complex interactions between diet and the medicinal use . a number of food animals are also used as remedies [\n] . although often regarded as supplementary to local peoples ' diet , wild food and medicine are essential in times of crisis and play an important nutritional role . the neglect of traditional food and medicines may seriously deteriorate the health and well being of traditional peoples [\n] . furthermore , nature - based traditional food and medicine are generally viewed as interchangeable , diet being highly regarded as the primary basis for sustaining and / or restoring health and well - being . consequently , foods are considered and often times chosen for their distinctive medicinal or healing values .\n] . in that context , the aim of this paper is summarize current knowledge on zootherapeutic practices in of northeast of brazil , based on information compiled from ethnobiological scientific literature , aiming to establish a regional data base . contributions is expected in order to increase our knowledge concerning the faunistic resources used in the traditional medicine in the country , alerting for the need of protecting the biodiversity and the traditional knowledge and still emphasize the importance of a therapeutic modality that although widely disseminated at the country , is getting little attention from the scientific community .\nthe total area of the brazilian northeast is 1 , 561 , 177 . 8 km\n, which extends from 02\u00b054 to 17\u00b021s and from 35\u00b0 to 46\u00b030w and includes nine states : maranh\u00e3o , piau\u00ed , cear\u00e1 , rio grande do norte , para\u00edba , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe and bahia ( figure .\n] . this region is home to around 51 million people , representing 28 . 9 % of the total population of brazil , most of whom live in the urban area . the inhabitants of northeast brazil exhibit a high degree of race mixing . according to the 2006 census of brazilian institute for geography and statistics ( ibge ) , people of multiracial ( european , amerindian and african ) background make up 62 . 5 % of the population , while those of total or predominantly black ancestry account for 7 . 8 % . this region was not heavily affected by the wave of european immigration that took place in southern brazil during the 19th century \u2013 the northeast was ( and still is ) the poorest part of brazil , and therefore there was little incentive for new immigrants to stay [\nas a result of the huge land mass involved , the diverse physio - geography of the region , as well as the conjunction of two major weather systems , provided by the ne and se trade winds , rainfall patterns in northeast brazil are typically diverse and instable . the precipitation within the region varies from being extremely wet , with an annual rainfall of up to around 2 , 000 mm along the coast , to only 300\u2013500 mm in the semi - arid zone , where the rainfall is usually restricted to a few months during the year . the availability of water determines the type and abundance of vegetation and fauna that exists in the region , as therefore in turn the patterns of human exploitation of natural resources [\nthe predominant vegetation type in this region is composed of several forms of caatinga biome . the structure of these forests can vary considerably from forests composed of mostly spiny trees , 6 to 10 m tall , often with a ground - layer of small deciduous shrubs and annual herbs , predominantly leguminosae , to deciduous woodlands of lower stature , with a high proportion of shrubs and subshrubs and the presence of many cacti , bromeliads and euphorbiaceae [\n] . the northeast region as a whole holds more types of vegetation than any other region in brazil . in addition to the caatinga biome , there are the atlantic rainforests , seasonal forests and inland mountain forests ,\nand shore dunes , mangroves , cerrados ( savannah - like vegetation ) and ' campos rupestres ' , all of which exhibit rich animal and plant biodiversity .\n] . 34 ethnobiological sources documenting the medicinal use of animals were analyzed . only taxa that could be identified to species level were included in the data base . scientific names were updated in accordance with the integrated taxonomic information system ' s\ncatalogue of life : 2008 annual checklist\n["]}
{"id": 2078, "summary": [{"text": "the maspalomas bow-legged grasshopper ( dericorys minutus ) is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the species is endemic to the town of maspalomas on gran canaria island , and is considered critically endangered , or almost extinct , since it has n't been found since 1949 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper", "paragraphs": ["the maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ( dericorys minutus ) is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .\nhave a fact about maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for maspalomas bow - legged grasshopper ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe red - legged grasshopper ( melanoplus femurrubrum ) is a species of grasshopper belonging to the genus melanoplus .\nchorthippus biguttulus , the bow - winged grasshopper , is one of the most common species of grasshopper found in the dry grassland of northern and central europe .\nschistocerca nitens is a species of grasshopper known by several common names , including vagrant grasshopper and gray bird grasshopper .\ndactylotum bicolor , also known as the rainbow grasshopper , painted grasshopper , or the barber pole grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .\nthe blue - winged grasshopper , oedipoda caerulescens is a grasshopper in the genus oedipoda .\nhave a fact about maspalomas ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for maspalomas ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nheteracris trimaculata , also known as three - spotted forest grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper .\nmetaleptea brevicornis , the clipped - wing grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper from north america .\ncaelifera , grasshopjumper , grasshoppers , hoppergrass , short - horned grasshopper , short - horned grasshopper .\neupropacris abbreviata , commonly known as kilosa noble grasshopper is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .\neuthystira brachyptera , the small gold grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae .\nthe giant south american grasshopper ( tropidacris violaceus ) is a species of grasshopper in the family romaleidae .\nthe african rice grasshopper , hieroglyphus daganensis is a medium - sized grasshopper species found in the sahel region .\npsophus stridulus , commonly known as the rattle grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .\ncyphocerastis uluguruensis , also known as uluguru mountain grasshopper is a rare species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .\nvalanga nigricornis , the javanese grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper in the subfamily cyrtacanthacridinae of the family acrididae .\nteratodes monticollis , commonly known as the hooded grasshopper , is a species of grasshopper native to india and sri lanka .\ndictyophorus spumans , the koppie foam grasshopper or rooibaadjie , is a species of grasshopper in the family pyrgomorphidae indigenous to africa .\nthe slender burrowing grasshopper ( acrotylus patruelis ) is a species of bandwing grasshopper found throughout africa , southern europe and southwestern asia .\nromalea microptera ( syn . romalea guttata ) , known commonly as the eastern lubber grasshopper or just lubber grasshopper , is a grasshopper native to the southeastern and south central portion of the united states .\nthe foothill yellow - legged frog ( rana boylii ) is a small - sized frog from the rana genus in the ranidae family .\neight vessels and one shore station of the royal navy were named hms grasshopper , named for the grasshopper , a common type of herbivorous insect .\nthe black - tailed godwit ( limosa limosa ) is a large , long - legged , long - billed shorebird first described by carolus linnaeus in 1758 .\naiolopus is a genus of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .\nthe kagu or cagou ( rhynochetos jubatus ) is a crested , long - legged , and bluish - grey bird endemic to the dense mountain forests of new caledonia .\naiolopus strepens is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .\naiolopus thalassinus is a species of grasshopper belonging to the family acrididae , subfamily oedipodinae .\nthe southern austroicetes ( austroicetes frater ) is an australian grasshopper in the genus austroicetes .\nthe pallid - winged grasshopper ( trimerotropis pallidipennis ) is a common grasshopper of the family acrididae , native to the deserts of western north america from british columbia to argentina .\npardillana exempta is a species of grasshopper in the genus pardillana of the family acrididae .\nschayera baiulus is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae , endemic to australia .\nchorthippus parallelus , the meadow grasshopper , is a common species of grasshopper found in non - arid grasslands throughout the well vegetated areas of europe and some adjoining areas of asia .\nthe rufous grasshopper is a medium - sized , broad , brown , ' short - horned ' grasshopper with clubbed antennae that are tipped with a conspicuous white or pale color .\nthe senegalese grasshopper ( oedaleus senegalensis ) is a medium - sized grasshopper species found in the sahel region of africa , the canary islands , cape verde islands and west asia .\nthe ant and the grasshopper , alternatively titled the grasshopper and the ant ( or ants ) , is one of aesop ' s fables , numbered 373 in the perry index .\nalpinacris tumidicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from otago and southland , new zealand .\noedipoda is a genus of grasshoppers , including the blue - winged grasshopper , oedipoda caerulescens .\nphyllochoreia is a genus of grasshopper endemic to the western ghats of india and sri lanka .\nchorthippus albomarginatus , the lesser marsh grasshopper , is a common grasshopper of european grassland both damp - marshy and ( despite its name ) dry , including salt - marsh and coastal habitats .\naularches miliaris is a colorful grasshopper belonging to the family pyrgomorphidae found in south and southeast asia .\ndociostaurus maroccanus , commonly known as the moroccan locust , is a grasshopper in the insect family acrididae .\nthe yellow - winged grasshopper ( gastrimargus musicus ) is a common grassland locust in australia and india .\nthe following is a list of the species of grasshopper , cricket and allied insects recorded from britain .\nthe red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) is a large grasshopper species found in sub - saharan africa .\nalpinacris crassicauda is a species of grasshopper only known from west coast region and tasman region , new zealand .\ngrasshopper is an outdoor 1988 copper sculpture by wayne chabre , located in salem , oregon , united states .\natractomorpha similis , commonly known as the northern grass pyrgomorph , is a species of grasshopper in the genus atractomorpha .\nchorthippus brunneus , a member of the subfamily gomphocerinae , are more commonly referred to as the common field grasshopper .\nthe southern grasshopper mouse or scorpion mouse ( onychomys torridus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .\nsphenarium purpurascens , in spanish : chapul\u00edn de la milpa or in portuguese : gafanhoto - do - milho ( translation : the corn field grasshopper ) , is a grasshopper species in the genus sphenarium found in mexico and guatemala .\nbugdom 2 follows the adventure of a grasshopper named skip as he tries to get his stolen knapsack from bully bee .\nthe grasshopper escapement is an unusual , low - friction escapement for pendulum clocks invented by british clockmaker john harrison around 1722 .\nthe short - winged green grasshopper ( dichromorpha viridis ) is a common species of slant - faced grasshoppers found in north america .\nthe lipnur belalang ( grasshopper in indonesian ) was a military trainer aircraft built in small numbers in indonesia in the late 1950s .\nthe species has probably gone extinct near maspalomas as a consequence of the destruction of its habitat caused by touristic development . the recently discovered second site is threatened by the construction of houses . based on this threat , the species occurs only at one location .\nphaulacridium otagoense is an endemic new zealand grasshopper found in low altitudes throughout the central south island ( mackenzie basin and central otago ) .\nspharagemon collare , common name mottled sand grasshopper , is found in sandy - soiled , grassy areas of northern united states and southern canada .\nkuznechik ( grasshopper ) was a bactrian camel that became known for following the soviet red army in its advance towards germany in world war ii .\nthe morogoro pretty grasshopper ( acanthothericles bicoloripes ) is a species of thericleid orthopteran that is endemic to lowland and submontane rainforests around morogoro in tanzania .\ngrasshopper glacier is located in shoshone national forest , in the us state of wyoming on the east of the continental divide in the wind river range .\nphaulacridium marginale is an endemic new zealand grasshopper found in low altitudes throughout the north island , the south island , stewart island and on many smaller islands .\nschistocerca americana is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae known commonly as the american grasshoppersquitier , j . m . and j . l . capinera .\nnsenene is the luganda name for a long - horned grasshopper ( more commonly called bush cricket or katydid ) that is a central ugandan delicacy as well as an important source of income .\nthe gran canaria crested grasshopper is endemic to gran canaria ( canary islands , spain ) , from which it is only known from a single locality in the north of the island ( sardina del norte , near g\u00e1ldar ) , where it was recently rediscovered ( h . l\u00f3pez pers . comm . 2016 ) . it was originally described from a single specimen found at the beach of maspalomas ( chopard 1954 ) , where it was never found again . the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is between 4 and 10 km\u00b2 , the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 4 to 8 km\u00b2 .\nel chapul\u00edn colorado ( the red grasshopper or as captain hopper in the english version of el chavo : animated series ) is a mexican television comedy series that ran from 1972 to 1981 and parodied superhero shows .\nthe arbal\u00e8te sauterelle type a , or simply sauterelle ( french for grasshopper ) , was a bomb - throwing crossbow used by french and british forces on the western front during world war i . it was designed to throw a hand grenade in a high trajectory into enemy trenches .\nthe migratory locust ( locusta migratoria ) is the most widespread locust species , and the only species in the genus locusta . it occurs throughout africa , asia , australia and new zealand . it used to be common in europe but has now become rare there . because of the vast geographic area it occupies , which comprises many different ecological zones , numerous subspecies have been described . however , not all experts agree on the validity of some of these subspecies . many other species of grasshopper with gregarious and possibly migratory behaviour are referred to as ' locusts ' in the vernacular , including the widely distributed desert locust .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neades , d . c . , otte , d . , cigliano , m . m . and braun , h . 2016 . orthoptera species file . version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 . available at : urltoken .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\nin the south of gran canaria , the species has not been found since 1949 and is probably extinct . recently the species has been rediscovered in the north of the island . as the only known locality is strongly affected by the construction of houses , a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals is inferred .\nthe ecology of this species has not been studied . it is likely to prefer coastal open habitats with scarce vegetation , although its habitat preferences are not clear as the species has been only recently re - discovered . its next relatives are specialised on chenopodiaceae as food plants .\nfor the recently discovered subpopulation near sardina del norte , conservation action needs to be implemented immediately . particularly , the habitat needs to be protected from further deterioration . research on its population size , population trend and ecology is urgently needed . furthermore , a monitoring program needs to be implemented . it also should be studied if the species has survived elsewhere at the coast of gran canaria . the species is not present in protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nwith the help of more than 100 of the iucn species survival commission\u2019s specialist groups , global wildlife conservation has compiled this list of species considered lost across more than 160 countries as part of the search for lost species . the definition of \u201clost\u201d varied by taxa . we welcome additional nominations and encourage conservationists , scientists and naturalists to launch searches for species on this broad list . report an observation on the search for lost species inauralist page . iucn red list of threatened species status key :\ncar\u00ec\u00e1bido de doramas ( fide machado , a . , & morera , m . ( eds . ) . ( 2005 ) . nombres comunes de las plantas y los animales de canarias . islas canarias : academia canaria de la lengua .\nprobably extinct in mart\u00ec _ n esquivel , j . l . , fajardo gonz\u00ec\u00e1lez , s . , cabrera p\u00ec\u00a9rez , m . \u00ec\u0081 . , arechavaleta hern\u00ec\u00e1ndez , m . , aguiar clavijo , a . , mart\u00ec _ n de abreu , s . , & naranjo morales , m . ( 2005 ) . evaluaci\u00ec _ n 2004 de especies amenazadas de canarias . especies en peligro de extinci\u00ec _ n , sensibles a la alteraci\u00ec _ n de su h\u00ec\u00e1bitat y vulnerables . santa cruz de tenerife : consejer\u00ec _ a de medioi ambiente y ordenaci\u00ec _ n territorial , gobierno de canarias .\nwant more info ? go to urltoken or contact us at info @ urltoken .\nthere are lots of additional ways you can join the global search ! make a donation to support the expeditions . become a corporate sponsor of the initiative or sponsor a specific expedition . share the lost stories on facebook , instagram and twitter .\nno matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .\n\u00a9 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmelanoplus femurrubrum . this striking color pattern is not unusual in this species . in the west , similarly patterned ones sometimes have the dark areas colored blue .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe acrididae are the predominant family of grasshoppers , comprising some 10 , 000 of the 11 , 000 species of the entire suborder caelifera .\nthe silent slant - faced grasshoppers make up the subfamily acridinae of the insect family acrididae .\nacridini is a tribe of insects in the subfamily acridinae ( silent slant - faced grasshoppers ) of the insect family acrididae .\nthe african crake ( crex egregia ) is a bird in the rail family that breeds in most of sub - saharan africa away from the arid south and southwest .\nthe african golden wolf ( canis anthus ) , also known as the african wolf or thoa , is a canid native to north and northeastern africa .\nallomerus decemarticulatus is an amazonian ant species found in the tropics of south america .\nthe alpine chough , or yellow - billed chough , ( pyrrhocorax graculus ) is a bird in the crow family , one of only two species in the genus pyrrhocorax .\nalq\u014dsh ( \u0710\u0720\u0729\u0718\u072b , judeo - aramaic : \u05d0\u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9 , \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0634 ) , alternatively spelled al - qosh or alqush , is an assyrian town in northern iraq .\nthe american kestrel ( falco sparverius ) , sometimes colloquially known as the sparrow hawk , is a small falcon , and the only kestrel found in the americas .\nthe american robin ( turdus migratorius ) is a migratory songbird of the thrush family .\nangling is a method of fishing by means of an\nangle\n( fish hook ) .\nangling in yellowstone national park is a major reason many visitors come to the park each year and since it was created in 1872 , the park has drawn anglers from around the world to fish its waters .\nangolan cuisine is the cuisine of angola , a country in south - central africa .\nanimal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals ( sender or senders ) to one or more other animals ( receiver or receivers ) which affects either the current or future behavior of the receivers .\nanimal suicide refers to self - destructive behavior displayed by various species of animal that becomes likened to suicide .\nanti - predator adaptations are mechanisms developed through evolution that assist prey organisms in their constant struggle against predators .\nthe costa rican zebra tarantula , also known as the striped - knee tarantula ( aphonopelma seemanni ) , is a species of tarantula inhabiting most of western costa rica , as well as other parts of central america , such as honduras and nicaragua , and possibly guatemala .\naposematism ( from greek \u1f00\u03c0\u03cc apo away , \u03c3\u0311\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 sema sign , coined by edward bagnall poultonpoulton , 1890 . foldout\nthe colours of animals classified according to their uses\n, after page 339 . ) , perhaps most commonly known in the context of warning coloration , describes a family of antipredator adaptations where a warning signal is associated with the unprofitability of a prey item to potential predators .\nthe four - spot orb - weaver ( araneus quadratus ) is a common orb - weaver spider found in europe and central asia , and as far as the kamchatka peninsula and japan .\narm slaves are fictional mecha from the light novel , manga , and anime series full metal panic ! .\nan artificial fly or fly lure is a type of fishing lure , usually used in the sport of fly fishing ( although they may also be used in other forms of angling ) .\nassociation football club names are a part of the sport ' s culture , reflecting century - old traditions .\nthe biodiversity of great britain and ireland is probably the most well - studied of any geographical area of comparable size anywhere in the world .\nattwater ' s prairie chicken ( tympanuchus cupido attwateri ) is a highly endangered subspecies of the greater prairie chicken that is native to coastal texas and louisiana in the united states .\nthe australian magpie ( cracticus tibicen ) is a medium - sized black and white passerine bird native to australia and southern new guinea .\nthe australian owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles cristatus ) is a nocturnal bird found in open woodland across australia and in southern new guinea .\nthe australian raven ( corvus coronoides ) is a passerine bird in the genus corvus native to much of southern and northeastern australia .\nthe moroccan auxiliary forces ( berber : idwasen imawwasen or imxazniyen , arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 al - quww\u0101t al - mus\u0101 ` idah , french : forces auxiliaires marocaines ) is a paramilitary force legally part of the royal moroccan armed forces but following the command of the ministry of the interior , and supplements the military , gendarmerie and police when needed .\naxon guidance ( also called axon pathfinding ) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach the correct targets .\nin addition to the normal karyotype , wild populations of many animal , plant , and fungi species contain b chromosomes ( also known as supernumerary or accessory chromosomes ) .\nthe banded kestrel ( falco zoniventris ) is a bird of prey belonging to the falcon family falconidae .\nbandwings , or band - winged grasshoppers ( subfamily oedipodinae ) is a group of insects classified under the family acrididae .\na barber ' s pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft .\nthe barred eagle - owl ( bubo sumatranus ) , also called the malay eagle - owl , is a species of owl in the strigidae family .\nthe barred owl ( strix varia ) is a large typical owl native to north america .\nthe bat - eared fox ( otocyon megalotis ) is a species of fox found on the african savanna , named for its large ears , .\nis a line of small 2\ntall action figure toys , in the form of an anthropomorphised animals with body armor and a unique weapon .\nbee 52 is a side scrolling game for the nintendo entertainment system ( nes ) .\nfor the 1947 docudrama , see the beginning or the end beginning of the end is a 1957 american science fiction film directed by bert i . gordon and starring peter graves and peggie castle .\nbelonogaster juncea juncea is a subspecies of belonogaster juncea and is classified as a primitively eusocial wasp , meaning that the species is social while exhibiting a morphology that is indistinguishable from that of other castes .\nbenno ii ( \u2013 27 july 1088 ) was bishop of osnabr\u00fcck from 1068 until his death .\n- - - - the bessarabia germans ( bessarabiendeutsche , germani basarabeni ) are an ethnic group who lived in bessarabia ( today part of moldova and ukraine ) between 1814 and 1940 .\nthe term bible diet ( also known as the maker ' s diet ) is used to refer to a diet promoted on radio and in books by writer and motivational speaker jordan s . rubin , who says it is based on teachings from leviticus , deuteronomy and other books of the bible , that certain foods are either forbidden (\nunclean\n) or acceptable (\nclean\n) to god .\nbig two - hearted river\nis a two - part short story written by american author ernest hemingway , published in the 1925 boni & liveright edition of in our time , the first american volume of hemingway ' s short stories .\nbio - inspired robotic locomotion is a fairly new sub - category of bio - inspired design .\nthe biodiversity of new zealand , a large island nation located in the southwestern pacific ocean , is one of the most varied and unique on earth due to its long isolation from other continental landmasses .\nbizarre foods with andrew zimmern is a travel and cuisine television show hosted by andrew zimmern on the travel channel .\nthe black - backed jackal ( canis mesomelas ) is a canid native to two areas of africa , separated by roughly 900 km .\nthe black - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii oerstedii ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .\nthe black - headed dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion melanocephalum ) is a lizard of the family chamaeleonidae endemic to kwazulu - natal , south africa .\nthe black - shouldered kite ( elanus axillaris ) or australian black - shouldered kite is a small raptor found in open habitat throughout australia and resembles similar species found in africa , eurasia and north america , which have in the past also been named as black - shouldered kites .\nblister beetles are beetles of the family meloidae , so called for their defensive secretion of a blistering agent , cantharidin .\nthe blue crane ( anthropoides paradiseus ) , also known as the stanley crane and the paradise crane , is the national bird of south africa .\nthe blue mountains water skink ( eulamprus leuraensis ) is a species of skink in the family scincidae .\nthe blue - bellied roller ( coracias cyanogaster ) is a member of the roller family of birds which breeds across africa in a narrow belt from senegal to northeast democratic republic of the congo .\nthe blue - headed vireo ( vireo solitarius ) is a neotropical migrating song bird found in north and central america .\nboea is a genus of plants in the gesneriaceae ( gesneriads ) family , with species originating from australia , china , india , malaysia , birma , philippines , polynesia , solomon islands , thailand , papua new guinea , indonesia , nepal , bhutan , cambodia , vietnam and laos .\nthe boveri\u2013sutton chromosome theory ( also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the sutton\u2013boveri theory ) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material .\nthe brook trout ( salvelinus fontinalis ) is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family salmonidae .\nthe brown anole ( anolis sagrei ) , also known as the bahaman anole or de la sagra ' s anole , is a lizard native to cuba and the bahamas .\nthe brown thrasher ( toxostoma rufum ) is a bird in the family mimidae , which also includes the new world catbirds and mockingbirds .\nbrunneria borealis , common name brunner ' s mantis , brunner ' s stick mantis , or northern grass mantis , is a species of praying mantis native to the southern united states .\nbugdom is a 1999 platform video game originally created by pangea software for the mac os 9 .\nbunyan bugs are a series of synthetic objects used as fly rod bait in fly - fishing , designed to look like a wide variety of insects , including grasshoppers , stoneflies , mayflies , horse flies , bumble bees , ants and caddis flies .\nthe cactus wren ( campylorhynchus brunneicapillus ) is a species of wren that is native to the southwestern united states southwards to central mexico .\ncalamovilfa longifolia is a species of grass known by the common names prairie sandreed and sand reedgrass .\nthe california leaf - nosed bat ( macrotus californicus ) is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .\ncamouflage is the use of any combination of materials , coloration , or illumination for concealment , either by making animals or objects hard to see ( crypsis ) , or by disguising them as something else ( mimesis ) .\nthe canadian synchrotron radiation facility ( csrf ) ( institut canadien du rayonnement synchrotron - icrs ) was canada ' s national synchrotron facility from 1983 - 2005 .\nthe cape starling , red - shouldered glossy - starling or cape glossy starling ( lamprotornis nitens ) is a species of starling in the family sturnidae .\ncaragana arborescens , caragana or siberian peashrub , is a species of legume native to siberia and parts of china ( heilongjiang xinjiang ) and neighboring mongolia and kazakhstan .\nthe carolina wren ( thryothorus ludovicianus ) is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the united states of america , the extreme south of ontario , canada , and the extreme northeast of mexico .\nthe caspian plover ( charadrius asiaticus ) is a wader in the plover family of birds .\ncassava ( manihot esculenta ) production is vital to the economy of nigeria as the country is the world ' s largest producer of the commodity .\ncassin ' s sparrow ( peucaea cassinii ) is a medium - sized sparrow .\nthe cattle egret ( bubulcus ibis ) is a cosmopolitan species of heron ( family ardeidae ) found in the tropics , subtropics and warm temperate zones .\nthe central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii ) is a squirrel monkey species from the pacific coast of costa rica and panama .\nthe central asian northern desert is an ecoregion in the deserts and xeric shrublands biome , located in the central asian countries of kazakhstan and uzbekistan .\nceratonia siliqua , commonly known as the carob tree , st john ' s - bread , or locust bean ( not to be confused with the african locust bean ) is a species of flowering evergreen shrub or tree in the pea family , fabaceae .\nthe chamaesaura , also known as grass lizards , are a genus of legless lizards from southern and eastern africa .\nchameleons or chamaeleons ( family chamaeleonidae ) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of old world lizards with 202 species described as of june 2015 .\nchapulines , plural for chapul\u00edn , are grasshoppers of the genus sphenarium , that are commonly eaten in certain areas of mexico .\nchargaff ' s rules states that dna from any cell of all organisms should have a 1 : 1 ratio ( base pair rule ) of pyrimidine and purine bases and , more specifically , that the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine .\ncharles valentine riley ( 1843 - 1895 ) was a british - born american entomologist and artist .\ncharles w . woodworth ( april 28 , 1865 \u2013 november 19 , 1940 ) was an american entomologist .\nthe chinese mantis ( tenodera sinensis ) is a species of praying mantis native to china and other parts of asia and islands off of mainland asia .\nis the fourth film adaptation of the popular kamen rider series kamen rider den - o , following kamen rider den - o : i ' m born ! , kamen rider den - o & kiva : climax deka , and saraba kamen rider den - o : final countdown .\ncholula ( spanish ) is a city and district located in the center west of the state of puebla , next to the city of puebla de zaragoza , in central mexico .\ntwo species of chough constitute the genus pyrrhocorax of the corvidae ( crow ) family of birds .\nthe cirl bunting , emberiza cirlus , is a passerine bird in the bunting family emberizidae , a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches , fringillidae .\ncitrix systems , inc . is an american multinational software company founded in 1989 that provides server , application and desktop virtualization , networking , software - as - a - service ( saas ) , and cloud computing technologies .\nclimate change in the us state of washington is a subject of study and projection today .\nthe columbia spotted frog ( rana luteiventris ) is a north american species of frog .\nthe common dwarf mongoose ( helogale parvula ) , sometimes just called the dwarf mongoose , is a small african carnivore belonging to the mongoose family ( herpestidae ) .\nthe common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) , sometimes spelled mynah , also sometimes known as\nindian myna\n, is a member of the family sturnidae ( starlings and mynas ) native to asia .\nthe common planigale ( planigale maculata ) , also known as the pygmy planigale or the coastal planigale , is one of many small marsupial carnivores known as\nmarsupial mice\nfound in australia .\nthe common poorwill ( phalaenoptilus nuttallii ) is a nocturnal bird of the family caprimulgidae , the nightjars .\nthe common starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) , also known as the european starling , or in the british isles just the starling , is a medium - sized passerine bird in the starling family , sturnidae .\nthe common tody - flycatcher or black - fronted tody - flycatcher ( todirostrum cinereum ) is a very small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family .\nthe islamic dietary laws ( halal ) and the jewish dietary laws ( kashrut ; in english , kosher ) are both quite detailed , and contain both points of similarity and discord .\nconcordia normal school located in concordia , kansas was a state - funded normal school operated by the kansas state government from 1874 until 1876 .\nthe corn crake , corncrake or landrail ( crex crex ) is a bird in the rail family .\nthe corpus clock is a large sculptural clock at street level on the outside of the taylor library at corpus christi college , cambridge university , in the united kingdom , at the junction of bene ' t street and trumpington street , looking out over king ' s parade .\ncrematogaster is an ecologically diverse genus of ants found worldwide , which are characterised by a distinctive heart - shaped gaster ( abdomen ) , which gives one of their common names , valentine ant .\ncrepitation refers to situations where noises are produced by the rubbing of parts one against the other , as in .\nthe cretaceous , derived from the latin\ncreta\n( chalk ) , usually abbreviated k for its german translation kreide ( chalk ) , is a geologic period and system from to years ( ma ) ago .\ncrickets , family gryllidae ( also known as\ntrue crickets\n) , are insects related to grasshoppers .\nthe crimson fruitcrow ( haematoderus militaris ) is a species of bird in the large family cotingidae , not a crow .\ncrossley ' s vanga ( mystacornis crossleyi ) , also known as crossley ' s babbler - vanga , crossley ' s babbler , or madagascar groundjumper , is a bird species in the family vangidae .\ncryptococcus ( greek for\nhidden sphere\n) is a genus of fungus .\ncentrafrican cuisine includes the cuisines , cooking traditions , practices , ingredients and foods of the central african republic ( car ) .\nthe cutthroat trout is a fish species of the family salmonidae native to cold - water tributaries of the pacific ocean , rocky mountains , and great basin in north america .\ndaniel otte ( born 14 march 1939 ) is a noted behavior ecologist , a world expert on crickets and grasshoppers and a prominent scientific illustrator .\ndave ' s hopper is an artificial fly used for fly fishing , designed to imitate adult grasshoppers and other orthoptera species .\nthe cuisine of the democratic republic of the congo varies widely , representing the food of indigenous people .\ndickinson ' s kestrel ( falco dickinsoni ) is a bird of prey of southern and eastern africa belonging to the falcon family falconidae .\ndiscotettix is an genus of insects found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .\ndiscotettix adenanii is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .\ndiscotettix selangori is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .\ndissection ( from latin dissecare\nto cut to pieces\n; also called anatomization , from greek anatomia , from ana -\nup\nand temnein\nto cut\n) is the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components .\ndissosteira is a genus of grasshoppers in the family acrididae found in north america .\ndoctor dolittle is an animated series produced by depatie - freleng enterprises in association with 20th century fox television .\nthe are the fictional antagonists in the kamen rider series kamen rider w . dopants are normal humans who use gaia memories .\nthe dusky grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ) is a species of forest - dwelling grouse native to the rocky mountains in north america .\neast polden grasslands is a 124 hectare biological site of special scientific interest on the polden hills in somerset , notified in 1999 .\nthe eastern coyote ( canis latrans var . ) , also known as the new england canid or tweed wolf , is a wild northern american canid of mixed wolf - coyote parentage present in new england , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , ontario , quebec , new brunswick , nova scotia , and newfoundland and labrador .\nthe eastern screech owl ( megascops asio ) is a small owl that is relatively common in eastern north america , from mexico to canada .\nthe echigo - tsumari art triennial is an international modern art festival held once every three years in the niigata prefecture , japan .\nthe ecology of banksia refers to all the relationships and interactions among the plant genus banksia and its environment .\nthe ecology of the rocky mountains is diverse due to the effects of a variety of environmental factors .\nestella eleanor carothers ( 4 december 1882 \u2013 1957 ) , known primarily as eleanor carothers , was an american zoologist , geneticist , and cytologist known for her work with grasshoppers .\nelectronic pest control is the name given to the use of any of the several types of electrically powered devices designed to repel or eliminate pests , usually rodents or insects .\nelectrotettix is an extinct genus of pygmy locust found in amber collected in the dominican republic .\nthe emu ( dromaius novaehollandiae ) is the second - largest living bird in the world by height , after its ratite relative , the ostrich .\nendophenotype is a genetic epidemiology term which is used to separate behavioral symptoms into more stable phenotypes with a clear genetic connection .\nendrin is an organochloride with the chemical formula c12h8cl6o that was first produced in 1950 by shell and velsicol chemical corporation .\nensifera is a suborder of the order orthoptera , including insects in the families gryllidae ( true crickets ) , prophalangopsidae ( grigs ) , stenopelmatidae ( jerulalem crickets , king crickets , tree and giant wetas ) , gryllacrididae ( leaf - rolling and raspy crickets ) , cooloolidae ( cooloola monsters ) , rhaphidophoridae ( cave and camel crickets ) , schizodactylidae ( dune or splay - footed crickets ) and tettigoniidae ( bush crickets or katydids ) .\nentomology ( from greek \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 , moment ,\nthat which is cut in pieces or engraved / segmented\n, hence\ninsect\n; and - \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 , - logia ) is the scientific study of insects , a branch of zoology .\nentomophagy ( from greek \u1f14\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u00e9ntomon ,\ninsect\n, and \u03c6\u1fb0\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd phagein ,\nto eat\n) is the human consumption of insects as food : human insectivory .\nepicauta vittata is a species of beetle in the family meloidae , the blister beetles .\nthe etruscan shrew ( suncus etruscus ) , also known as the etruscan pygmy shrew or the white - toothed pygmy shrew is the smallest known mammal by mass , weighing only about on average ( in russian ) .\neumorsea is a genus of grasshoppers in the family eumastacidae , the monkey grasshoppers .\neuprenolepis procera is a species of ant found in the rainforests of south east asia .\nevidence of common descent of living organisms has been discovered by scientists researching in a variety of disciplines over many decades and has demonstrated common descent of all life on earth developing from a last universal ancestor .\nthe exopterygota , also known as hemipterodea , are a superorder of insects of the subclass pterygota in the infraclass neoptera , in which the young resemble adults but have externally developing wings .\nan exoskeleton ( from greek \u03ad\u03be\u03c9 , \u00e9x\u014d\nouter\nand \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 , skeletos\nskeleton\n) is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal ' s body , in contrast to the internal skeleton ( endoskeleton ) of , for example , a human .\nthe apapane ( himatione sanguinea ) is a species of hawaiian honeycreeper , that is endemic to hawaii .\nthe fourth season of the syfy reality television series face off premiered on january 15 , 2013 and ended march 26 , 2013 .\nfasciclin 2 ( fas2 or fasii ) is a 95 kilodalton cell membrane glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin ( ig ) \u2013 related superfamily of cell adhesion molecules ( cams ) .\nthe fauna of australia consists of a huge variety of animals ; some 83 % of mammals , 89 % of reptiles , 24 % of fish and insects and 93 % of amphibians that inhabit the continent are endemic to australia .\nthe fauna of the australian capital territory includes representatives from most major australian animal groups .\nthe fieldfare ( turdus pilaris ) is a member of the thrush family turdidae .\nthe fiji woodswallow ( artamus mentalis ) is a species of woodswallow in the family artamidae .\nfipronil is a broad - use insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family . fipronil is a broad - spectrum insecticide that disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking gaba - gated chloride channels and glutamate - gated chloride ( glucl ) channels , resulting in central nervous system toxicity .\nfirst street ( chinese : \u7b2c\u4e00\u8857 ) is a street in sai ying pun , an early suburb of hong kong .\nfishing bait is any substance used to attract and catch fish , e . g . on the end of a fishing hook , or inside a fish trap .\nthe flap - necked chameleon , chamaeleo dilepis , is a species of arboreal lizard native to sub - saharan africa .\nthe florissant fossil bed national monument is a national monument located in teller county , colorado .\nfly fishing is an angling method in which an artificial\nfly\nis used to catch fish .\nfork - marked lemurs or fork - crowned lemurs are strepsirrhine primates ; the four species comprise the genus phaner .\nthe four - toed elephant shrew or four - toed sengi is the only living species in the genus petrodromus , which together with three other extant genera rhynchocyon , macroscelides and elephantulus constitutes the order macroscelidea .\nfoxley wood is an 11 . 36 hectare local nature reserve and site of borough importance for nature conservation , grade 1 , in purley in the london borough of croydon .\nfrancis henry maynard , known as frank h . maynard ( december 16 , 1853 \u2013 march 28 , 1926 ) , was an old - time cowboy of the american west who claimed authorship of the revised version of the well - known ballad\nthe streets of laredo\n.\nfrank phillips ( november 28 , 1873 & ndash ; august 23 , 1950 ) founded phillips petroleum in bartlesville , oklahoma ( marketed as phillips 66 ) in 1917 , along with his brother , lee eldas\nl . e .\nphillips , sr .\nfriedmann ' s lark ( mirafra pulpa ) is a species of lark in the alaudidae family .\nfringe - toed lizards are lizards of the genus uma in the family phrynosomatidae , native to deserts of north america .\nfrogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short - bodied , tailless amphibians composing the order anura ( ancient greek an - , without + oura , tail ) .\na gapeworm ( syngamus trachea ) , also known as a red worm and forked worm , is a parasitic nematode worm infecting the tracheas of certain birds .\nthe garden dormouse ( eliomys quercinus ) is a rodent in the dormouse family .\ngavialidium is a genus of insects found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .\ngavialidium phangensum is an insect found in malaysia , belonging to the tetrigidae family .\na genet ( pronounced or ) is a member of the genus genetta , which comprises 14 to 17 species of small african carnivorans .\ngeoffroy ' s tamarin ( saguinus geoffroyi ) , also known as the panamanian , red - crested or rufous - naped tamarin , is a tamarin , a type of small monkey , found in panama and colombia .\ncount giuseppe zinanni or ginanni ( 7 november 1692 ravenna \u2013 23 october 1753 in the same city ) was an italian naturalist .\nthe glossy ibis ( plegadis falcinellus ) is a wading bird in the ibis family threskiornithidae .\nthe gnateaters are a bird family , conopophagidae , consisting of ten small passerine species in two genera , which occur in south and central america .\nthe golden - fronted woodpecker ( melanerpes aurifrons ) is a north american woodpecker .\nthe golden - rumped elephant shrew ( rhynchocyon chrysopygus ) is the largest species in the african elephant shrew family .\ngoofy and wilbur is a cartoon produced by walt disney productions and released by rko radio pictures on march 17 , 1939 .\ngotthilf hempel ( born march 8 , 1929 ) is a retired german marine biologist and oceanographer .\ngraeme ruxton is a zoologist known for his research into behavioural ecology and evolutionary ecology .\nin zoology , a graminivore ( not to be confused with a granivore ) is an herbivorous animal that feeds primarily on grass ( specifically\ntrue\ngrasses , plants of the family poaceae ) .\nthe grand comoro drongo ( dicrurus fuscipennis ) is a species of bird in the dicruridae family .\ngrasses , or more technically graminoids , are monocotyledonous , usually herbaceous plants with narrow leaves growing from the base .\ngrasshoppers ( cavallette ) is an animated short by bruno bozzetto which condenses the whole of human civilization into 9 minutes , focusing primarily on the human race ' s predilection for warfare and the vanity of war .\ngrasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( poaceae ) , however sedge ( cyperaceae ) and rush ( juncaceae ) families can also be found .\nsaint gratus of aosta ( san grato di aosta , saint grat d ' aoste ) ( d . september 7 , c . 470 ad ) is the patron saint of aosta .\nthe great bustard ( otis tarda ) is in the bustard family , the only member of the genus otis .\nthe great grey shrike , northern grey shrike , or northern shrike ( lanius excubitor ) is a large songbird species in the shrike family ( laniidae ) .\nthe great horned owl ( bubo virginianus ) , also known as the tiger owl ( originally derived from early naturalists ' description as the\nwinged tiger\nor\ntiger of the air\n) or the hoot owl , austing , g . r . & holt , jr . , j . b . ( 1966 ) .\nthe great potoo ( nyctibius grandis ) is a bird , both the largest potoo species and the largest member of the order caprimulgiformes ( nightjars and allies ) .\nthe great pyramid of cholula , also known as tlachihualtepetl ( nahuatl for\nartificial mountain\n) , is a huge complex located in cholula , puebla , mexico .\nthe greater kestrel or white - eyed kestrel ( falco rupicoloides ) is a bird of prey belonging to the falcon family falconidae .\nthe greater rhea ( rhea americana ) is a flightless bird found in eastern south america .\nthe greater short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) , also commonly known as the mountain short - horned lizard , is a species of lizard endemic to western north america .\nin the earliest times the greeks wore their hair kome ( long ) , and thus they are constantly called in homer karekomoontes .\nthe green iguana ( iguana iguana ) , also known as common iguana or american iguana , is a large , arboreal , mostly herbivorous species of lizard of the genus iguana native to central , south america , and the caribbean .\nthe grey - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii citrinellus ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .\nthe grey - necked rockfowl ( picathartes oreas ) is a medium - sized bird in the family picathartidae with a long neck and tail .\nthe groundhog ( marmota monax ) , also known as a woodchuck , or whistlepig , is a rodent of the family sciuridae , belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots .\ngrowing up in the universe was a series of lectures given by richard dawkins as part of the royal institution christmas lectures , in which he discussed the evolution of life in the universe .\nguindy national park is a protected area of tamil nadu , located in chennai , south india , is the 8th smallest national park of india and one of the very few national parks situated inside a city .\nthe are a fictional race creatures who act as the antagonists in the 2000 kamen rider series kamen rider kuuga .\nhabigbagim ( hebrew : \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d2\u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd ) is an israeli educational television program for preschoolers , which aired on the israeli children channel between 1998 and 2000 .\nthe hairy frog ( trichobatrachus robustus ) , also known as the horror frog or wolverine frog , is a central african species of frog in the arthroleptidae family .\nhawk is a common name for some small to medium - sized diurnal birds of prey , widely distributed and varying greatly in size .\nhedotettix is an genus of insects found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family of orthopterans .\nhedotettix brachynota is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .\nhedotettix grossivalva is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .\nhedotettix xueshanensis is an insect found in china , belonging to the tetrigidae family .\nhellgrammite ( roderick rose ) is a fictional character , a supervillain appearing in dc comics , commonly as an enemy of superman .\nhemimetabolism or hemimetaboly , also called incomplete metamorphosis and paurometabolism , mcgavin , george c . essential entomology : an order - by - order introduction .\nhemolymph , or haemolymph , is a fluid , analogous to the blood in vertebrates , that circulates in the interior of the arthropod body remaining in direct contact with the animal ' s tissues .\nhenry ' s amazing animals ( more commonly known as amazing animals ) is an educational children ' s nature program produced by dorling kindersley and originally broadcast on the disney channel in 1996 ."]}
{"id": 2079, "summary": [{"text": "camarhynchus is a genus of bird in the family thraupidae ; all species of camarhynchus are endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands , and together with related genera they are collectively known as darwin 's finches .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "sometimes classified in the bunting and american sparrow family emberizidae , more recent studies have shown it to belong in the tanager family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : small tree finch ( camarhynchus parvulus ) medium tree finch ( camarhynchus pauper ) large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) woodpecker finch ( camarhynchus pallidus ) mangrove finch ( camarhynchus heliobates ) the vegetarian finch ( platyspiza crassirostris ) is often also included in this genus .", "topic": 3}], "title": "camarhynchus", "paragraphs": ["camarhynchus psittacula psittacula : galapagos islands ( seymour , barrington , santa cruz , floreana , pinz\u00f3n , r\u00e1bida , santiago is . )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - small tree - finch ( camarhynchus parvulus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - small tree - finch ( camarhynchus parvulus )\ntitle =\narkive species - small tree - finch ( camarhynchus parvulus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - medium tree - finch ( camarhynchus pauper )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - medium tree - finch ( camarhynchus pauper )\ntitle =\narkive species - medium tree - finch ( camarhynchus pauper )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - large tree - finch ( camarhynchus psittacula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - large tree - finch ( camarhynchus psittacula )\ntitle =\narkive species - large tree - finch ( camarhynchus psittacula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkleindorfer , s . ( 2007 ) nesting success in darwin ' s small tree finch , camarhynchus parvulus : evidence of female preference for older males and more concealed nests . animal behaviour , 74 : 795 - 804 .\nbirds in hand , the scientist sailed from santa cruz , the most populous of the gal\u00e1pagos islands , on a boat bound for isabela island , 150 miles ( 240 kilometers ) away . there , the last remaining wild population of about 80 mangrove finches ( camarhynchus heliobates ) hangs on in two patches of forest no bigger than 12 manhattan blocks .\nthe mangrove finch , seen here on isabela island , is thought to number around 80 animals in the wild .\none of the world ' s rarest birds , the mangrove finch has dwindled to a habitat the size of just 12 city blocks . here ' s how scientists are trying to bring it back from near - extinction .\nfrancesca cunninghame prepared for a sea voyage on a recent afternoon with some strange cargo : eight fledglings of the mangrove finch , one of the rarest birds on earth .\nthe brownish , 6 - inch ( 14 - centimeter ) bird is one of the famed\ndarwin ' s finches ,\nseveral species that were collected and brought back to england by the naturalist after his visit to the gal\u00e1pagos islands in 1835 . ( related :\ndna reveals how darwin ' s finches evolved .\n)\nthe gal\u00e1pagos islands finches display a wide variety of beak shapes and sizes . the beaks of this isolated group of birds have evolved to match their niche diets and were an important clue for charles darwin in developing his theory of evolution .\ntheir long , pointed beak curves downward , which helps them lift off tree bark scales and find hidden insects .\nthis bird has a large , wide bill , earning it the nickname \u201cmegamouth . \u201d its bill is ideal for crushing thick , hard , and large seeds .\nstout and strongly curved , this beak\u2019s primary function is to manipulate soft foods , like tree buds , leaves , flowers , and fruit .\nthis bird has a long , spike - shaped bill that tapers to a point . with this bill , it can probe cactus flowers and fruit for nectar , pollen , and seeds .\nwith a thin bill perfect for reaching small spaces , this bird eats small insects hidden in bark , mosses , and leaves .\nlike many other species native to the famous ecuadorian islands , the mangrove finch was devastated by the arrival of alien predators such as rats and cats beginning in the 1600s . it was a much smaller immigrant , though , that brought the mangrove finch to its now precarious status\u2014a type of invasive fly that parasitizes and kills newborn birds .\nto rescue the bird that helped shape the theory of evolution as we know it , the charles darwin foundation , which works to preserve the diversity of the gal\u00e1pagos , launched an effort to save the finch nearly a decade ago .\nwith the bird still in decline , in 2014 the project enlisted the help of the san diego zoo to begin a new phase of the program called\nhead - starting\n: taking mangrove finch eggs from the wild to raise in the safety of an incubator at the charles darwin research station on santa cruz .\nsee a video of baby finches hatched at the charles darwin research station in 2014 .\nsince last year , scientists have released 23 hand - raised birds into the wild , including the eight released during cunninghame ' s most recent trip to isabela .\nwe take the birds at night , so that they ' ll sleep on the journey ,\nsaid cunninghame , who leads the mangrove finch rescue effort .\nthe first two seasons of the head - starting program have shown encouraging results . but even so , the scientists know it isn ' t the long - term answer to saving the mangrove finch .\nthis is sort of a stopgap to hopefully prevent extinction until we can figure out how to eradicate the fly ,\nsaid nicole lagreco , an animal - care manager at the san diego zoo who traveled to the gal\u00e1pagos to help collect mangrove finch eggs and raise the fledglings . ( test your darwin knowledge with our national geographic quiz . )\nit ' s certainly not the answer to keep them alive forever .\nthe birds darwin collected in the gal\u00e1pagos inspired him and later scientists to develop the evolutionary principle of natural selection\u2014the idea that animals evolve particular traits to suit their lifestyles . ( read\ndarwin ' s first clues\nin national geographic magazine . )\nfor instance , as an insect eater , the mangrove finch ' s beak is thinner than the wide , conical beaks of other finches that eat seeds or nuts .\nin the late 20th century , mangrove finches once occupied the mangrove forests for which they ' re named along the coasts of isabela and fernandina , the two westernmost islands of the gal\u00e1pagos .\nsometime in the 1960s , a type of fly known by its genus name philornis arrived in the gal\u00e1pagos . nobody is sure how it got there ; because the adult fly feeds on fruit , it may have stowed away on a boatload of bananas .\nphilornis lays its eggs in bird ' s nests ; the fly ' s larvae hatch and feed on hatchlings ' blood and tissue . philornis has hurt many gal\u00e1pagos bird species , but the mangrove finch\u2014already suffering from predation\u2014was especially devastated . ( see\nnew report highlights dire situation of many u . s . birds .\n)\nin the first stages of the mangrove finch program , scientists trapped many of the invasive rats and cats , eliminating most of their threat to mangrove finches .\nbut , under continued assault from philornis , the species disappeared from fernandina and most of isabela , dwindling by 2013 to only 60 or so individuals . ( also see\nblue - footed booby threatened in the gal\u00e1pagos .\n)\nthe philornis downsi fly lays its eggs in mangrove finch nests . at night the rice - size larvae attack hatchlings through their ear and nasal cavities . the larvae then feast on the chick\u2019s blood and flesh , causing the bird\u2019s deformation and usually death .\nwe were seeing up to 95 percent of the nestlings dying in the first month of the breeding season ,\ncunninghame said .\nbut every time the nest failed , the pair would re - nest . some pairs would nest up to five times in one season , to rear at best maybe one or two chicks .\nand from that we got the idea that we had quite a constant supply of eggs , but they weren ' t getting a chance .\nthat led to the decision to take the eggs and raise the hatchlings in captivity , where they ' d be protected from the flies .\nafter the babies hatch , workers use forceps to hand - feed them a high - protein diet that includes scrambled egg , papaya , wasp larvae , and moth guts .\nyoung birds are then transported back to isabela , placed in a large aviary , and provided with natural food . a month later , the doors to the aviary are opened and the youngsters join their relatives in the wild .\na person feeds a baby mangrove finch , which is being hand - raised for eventual release into its native habitat .\nscientists are hard at work on possible control programs for philornis , including trapping mass numbers of male flies , sterilizing them , and releasing them back into the wild to mate ( unsuccessfully , of course ) with females .\nkilling the flies outright would be risky , since\nwe have to make sure that whatever method is used is safe and won ' t have short - term or long - term effects on the birds ,\nnotes charlotte causton , senior researcher at the charles darwin foundation .\nanother measure would involve infusing cotton balls with bird - safe insecticide and placing them in mangrove finch habitat , hoping that the birds would pick up the cotton and use it to build their nests . ( see\nsaving a darwin ' s finch from extinction .\n)\ndefinitely one of the project ' s long - term goals is to reestablish them in some of those mangroves where they historically were , on both isabela and fernandina .\ndespite the damage done by introduced predators and parasites , the rather surprising fact is that no bird species is known to have gone extinct in the gal\u00e1pagos since people arrived more than four centuries ago .\nraising mangrove finch fledglings is expensive and labor - intensive , but , for now , it ' s the only way that cunninghame and her team know to keep that record intact .\nthe diminutive size and distinctive short , curved beak of the small - tree finch help to distinguish it from the other twelve species of finch that are endemic to the galapagos ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . collectively known as darwin\u2019s finches , these remarkable birds have received a high degree of scientific attention , as the diversity of beak size and shape between the species provides strong evidence for charles darwin\u2019s theory of evolution by natural selection ( 2 ) . the male small tree finch can be readily distinguished from the female by the black colouration of the head , shoulders and chest , which develops over the course of five annual moults . otherwise , both sexes possess uniform , dull greyish - brown plumage ( 4 ) .\nan insect - feeding specialist , the small tree - finch\u2019s curved , grasping bill enables it to deftly pick adult insects and caterpillars from the surface of bark and leaves , and to bite through the bark of twigs and leaf stems to expose insect larvae . despite its specialisation , this species also consumes fruit , seeds and nectar , particularly during the dry season when these foods may form the major part of its diet ( 3 ) .\ndarwin\u2019s finches usually breed during the hot and wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed ( 2 ) . in order to attract a female , male small tree - finches build dome - shaped nests from which they make courtship song displays . upon arrival at the display nest , the female either accepts both the nest and the male ; accepts the male but not the nest ( in which case the pair constructs a new nest ) ; or rejects both . interestingly , older males are more frequently selected as mates due to the fact that as they age , male small tree - finches become more adept at concealing their display nest amongst vegetation . these nesting sites therefore suffer less predation and are more likely to result in breeding success ( 4 ) . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest ( 2 ) . nestlings and juvenile darwin\u2019s finches are frequently preyed upon by the short - eared owl ( asio flammeus ) , while adults are occasionally taken by galapagos hawks ( buteo galapagoensis ) and lava herons ( butorides sundevalli ) ( 2 ) .\nthe small tree - finch can be found on several islands in the galapagos archipelago , namely : isabela ; fernandina ; santiago ; pinz\u00f3n ; santa cruz ; santa f\u00e9 ; san crist\u00f3bal ; and floreana . this species was also previously found on r\u00e1bida island , but is now believed to be extinct ( 5 ) .\nthe small tree - finch principally inhabits humid , evergreen forest located between elevations of 300 and 700 metres , but may also be found in arid lowland areas , dominated by deciduous trees , shrubs and cacti ( 3 ) .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nincreasing levels of human activity on the galapagos are creating significant threats to the islands\u2019 native wildlife . darwin\u2019s finches , in particular , are vulnerable to habitat destruction , invasion by non - native competitors and predators , and the introduction of diseases such as avian pox ( 6 ) . despite these threats , the small tree - finch is not currently considered to be threatened , as its population is large and not undergoing a major decline ( 7 ) .\nthe majority of the galapagos archipelago forms part of the galapagos national park , a world heritage site . a management plan is in place for the islands , and the ecuadorian government and non - governmental organisations are working to conserve the unique biodiversity of the galapagos ( 8 ) . more specifically , scientists at the charles darwin research station are working to improve our understanding of darwin ' s finches to ensure their conservation . this includes monitoring of populations and investigating introduced diseases ( 6 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .\nhau , m . and wikelski , m . ( 2001 ) darwin\u2019s finches . in : encyclopedia of life sciences . john wiley & sons , chichester . available at : urltoken\ntebbich , s . , taborsky , m . , fessl , b . , dvorak , m . and winkler , h . ( 2004 ) feeding behavior of four arboreal darwin\u2019s finches : adaptations to spatial and seasonal variability . the condor , 106 : 95 - 106 .\ngrant , p . r . and grant , b . r . ( 2007 ) how and why species multiply : the radiation of darwin ' s finches . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe medium tree - finch is one of darwin\u2019s finches , a group of 13 birds endemic to the galapagos islands that helped charles darwin formulate his theory of evolution . the medium tree - finch is mostly greyish - brown , with whitish or yellowish underparts . the sexes differ in the colour of their head ; the female\u2019s is greyish - brown whilst the male\u2019s is blacker ( 2 ) . all of darwin\u2019s finches evolved from a single species , but now each possess a specialized bill , adapted to their habitat and diet . the three tree - finch species all have a sharp , grasping bill , and it is believed that the medium tree - finch may be a hybrid of the large and small tree - finches ( 3 ) .\nwith its specialized bill , the medium tree - finch feeds on insects , nectar , young buds and leaves , by probing crevices in tree bark and searching under twigs and foliage ( 2 ) .\nendemic to floreana in the galapagos islands , ecuador ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\noccurs in montane evergreen and tropical deciduous forest and in humid scrub , generally over elevations of 100 meters ( 2 ) .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe medium tree - finch used to be found on the coast , but is now restricted to the highlands ( 4 ) , as a result of the extensive habitat destruction and degradation on floreana , caused by agriculture and free - ranging livestock . introduced predators such as cats , dogs and rats also pose a threat ( 2 ) . the introduction of diseases , such as avian pox , may also potentially threaten finches . a population of the large ground finch has already become extinct on floreana , which illustrates the vulnerability of finch species to such threats .\nthe majority of the galapagos archipelago forms part of the galapagos national park , a world heritage site . a management plan is in place for the islands , and the ecuadorian government and non - governmental organisations are working to conserve the unique biodiversity of the galapagos ( 5 ) , all of which will help ensure the future of this species . more specifically , scientists at the charles darwin research station are working to improve our understanding of darwin\u2019s finches to ensure their conservation . this includes monitoring of populations and investigating introduced diseases ( 3 ) . however , in 2009 the iucn upgraded the medium tree - finch from vulnerable to critically endangered in light of its tiny range on a small island , and indications of a rapid decline in the species due to the effects of a parasite , philornis downsi ( 2 ) .\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area .\nharris , m . p . ( 1973 ) the galapagos avifauna . the condor , 75 : 265 - 278 .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nthe large tree - finch is one of thirteen finch species endemic to the galapagos islands , collectively known as darwin\u2019s finches , which each possess markedly different bill shapes and sizes ( 3 ) . such differences helped charles darwin to formulate his theory of evolution , and provide some of the most convincing evidence for \u201cevolution in action\u201d ( 2 ) . this species possesses a large , powerful bill , with a thick base and a markedly down - curved culmen ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the male can be readily distinguished from the female by the black colouration of the head , shoulders and chest , which develops over the course of several annual moults ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . otherwise , both sexes possess uniform , dull olive - green plumage ( 3 ) .\nthe remarkable diversity of beak forms amongst darwin\u2019s finches allows each species to feed in a specialised way ( 7 ) . with its curved , powerful beak , the large - tree finch is capable of biting through the bark of twigs , exposing adult insects and larvae such as caterpillars , which are then consumed ( 4 ) . while invertebrates form the major part of its diet , this species will also consume fruit , especially during the dry season ( 4 ) .\ndarwin\u2019s finches usually breed during the hot and wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed . breeding pairs maintain small territories , in which they construct a small dome - shaped nest with an entrance hole in the side . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest . the short - eared owl ( asio flammeus ) , frequently preys on the nestlings and juvenile darwin\u2019s finches , while adults are occasionally taken by galapagos hawks ( buteo galapagoensis ) and lava herons ( butorides sundevalli ) ( 2 ) .\nthe large tree - finch can be found on several islands in the galapagos archipelago , namely : isabela ; santa cruz ; santa f\u00e9 ; fernandina ; santiago ; floreana ; marchena ; and pinta . this species was also previously found on the islands of pinz\u00f3n and r\u00e1bida , but is now believed to be extinct ( 3 ) .\nthe large tree - finch principally inhabits humid , evergreen forest located between elevations of 300 and 700 metres , but may also be found in arid lowland areas , dominated by deciduous trees , shrubs and cacti ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nlike other bird species endemic to the galapagos , the large tree - finch is affected by ongoing habitat destruction , invasive species , and introduced diseases , such as avian pox ( 7 ) . nevertheless , despite being uncommon in some parts of its range , the global population of this species is not considered to be small enough , nor undergoing a sufficiently significant decline , to warrant a threatened classification ( 6 ) .\nthe majority of the galapagos archipelago forms part of the galapagos national park , a world heritage site . a management plan is in place for the islands , and the ecuadorian government and non - governmental organisations are working to conserve the unique biodiversity of the galapagos ( 8 ) . more specifically , scientists at the charles darwin research station are working to improve our understanding of darwin ' s finches to ensure their conservation . this includes monitoring of populations and investigating introduced diseases ( 7 ) .\nculmen a ridge along the upper bill of a bird , from the tip of the bill to the forehead . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n12 . 5 cm . chunky finch . male has black head , greyish - brown upperparts , and whitish or yellowish underparts . female has greyish - brown head .\ncruz , f . , kleindorfer , s . , o ' connor , j . , vargas , h . & wiedenfeld , d .\nisherwood , i . , mcclellan , r . , pople , r . , sharpe , c j , symes , a . , khwaja , n . & wright , l\n, where it has a small to moderate population in the highlands , and is uncommon to rare on the coast ( harris 1982 , h . vargas and f . cruz\nthe maximum size of the population was estimated at 1 , 660 individuals in 2008 . it is best placed in the band 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals , equating to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals .\nnumbers in 2008 were 39 % of those recorded in 2004 , indicating a decline outside the range expected for a fluctuating but stable population . density fell from 154 birds / km\n. it is thought to be at elevated risk from fly parasitism because its only extant habitat is adjacent to cleared agricultural land with fruiting trees which are favoured by the adult fly ( s . kleindorfer\n, habitat alteration by invasive plant species , and free - ranging domestic livestock ( h . vargas and f . cruz\nvirus ) occurs on the island and infects a significant proportion of individuals . predator marks from invasive rodents increased threefold between 2004 - 2008 , and tourist visitation to favoured\nthe gal\u00e1pagos national park was gazetted in 1959 , and includes almost all the land area of the islands . although the park incorporates most of floreana , it does not include the agricultural zone of the island , an area which was the prime habitat for medium tree - finch . in 1979 , the islands were declared a world heritage site ( jackson 1985 )\n. in december 2006 , the gal\u00e1pagos national park began the eradication of goats and donkeys on floreana which successful reduced their population to negligible numbers ( j . o ' connor\n. the gal\u00e1pagos national park places rat baiting stations around the critically endangered gal\u00e1pagos petrel breeding colony in the centre of cerro pajas , which may also reduce nest predation of medium tree - finches in the immediate area ( j . o ' connor\nare currently being trialled by researchers and visiting scientists at the charles darwin research station ( j . o ' connor\n. continue to monitor the population size . extend the national park to incorporate the agricultural zone on floreana . continue and extend control measures against introduced species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 693 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe remarkable diversity of beak forms amongst darwin ' s finches allows each species to feed in a specialised way ( 7 ) . with its curved , powerful beak , the large - tree finch is capable of biting through the bark of twigs , exposing adult insects and larvae such as caterpillars , which are then consumed ( 4 ) . while invertebrates form the major part of its diet , this species will also consume fruit , especially during the dry season ( 4 ) . darwin ' s finches usually breed during the hot and wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed . breeding pairs maintain small territories , in which they construct a small dome - shaped nest with an entrance hole in the side . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest . the short - eared owl (\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe remarkable feeding behaviour demonstrated by the woodpecker finch involves the use of twigs and cactus spines to push , stab or lever insects and spiders from tree - holes and crevices ( 3 ) . displaying extraordinary behavioural adaptability , this species will not only seek out a variety of different feeding implements , but will also manipulate them to make them more manageable , for example by shortening cactus spines with its bill ( 7 ) . although the woodpecker finch ' s use of tools enables it to access inaccessible sources of food , particularly those with the high energy content such as spider egg sacs , it incurs a significant cost by being a relatively time consuming foraging technique . therefore , it is a behaviour most commonly exhibited by woodpecker finches in the arid zone during the dry season , when easily accessible food supplies are scarce . in contrast , during the arid zone wet season , and throughout the year in the\nzone , invertebrate prey are generally abundant and easily accessible , hence the woodpecker finch is more reliant on its specialised , pointed bill to probe amongst moss and bark for prey , and rarely uses tools ( 3 ) . darwin ' s finches usually breed during the hot , wet season when food is most abundant . monogamous , lifelong breeding pairs are common , although mate changes and breeding with more than one partner have also been observed . breeding pairs maintain small territories , in which they construct a small dome - shaped nest with an entrance hole in the side . generally a clutch of three eggs is laid , which are incubated by the female for about twelve days , and the young brooded for a further two weeks before leaving the nest . the short - eared owl ("]}
{"id": 2081, "summary": [{"text": "paseana ( august 23 , 1987 \u2013 june 21 , 2006 ) was an argentine-bred thoroughbred racemare who competed very successfully in argentina and in the united states , where she won 10 grade 1 races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she received two eclipse awards and was also elected to the racing hall of fame . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "paseana", "paragraphs": ["paseana died on june 21 , 2006 at haras san ignacio de loyola in argentina at the age of 19 .\nthere will , however , be one notable difference . the next time paseana races against males , elephants will fly .\nbut paseana was plagued with fertility problems and only produced one foal , the lode filly paseana ' s girl . craig said that paseana ' s girl , now a 6 - year - old , is in california as part of the craigs ' broodmare band . she is in foal to candy ride , also an argentine - bred , and has a candy ride yearling this year .\nthe way mcanally has brought paseana to the races is another example , with that one exception last summer when he asked paseana to beat males at del mar . paseana ran fifth in the $ 1 - million pacific classic , her worst finish since mcanally and her owners , sidney and jenny craig , brought her up from argentina at a cost of about $ 320 , 000 in 1991 .\nof course , there was always a chance paseana could reproduce herself at some point . but something happened . for four long years , after paseana retired , she was unable to conceive . eventually she was sent back to argentina , where dr . ignacio pavlowsky , the veterinarian and noted bloodstock advisor , made paseana his personal project . finally , in the fall of 1999 , paseana was pronounced in foal to the stallion lode . when she delivered a healthy filly last summer , the announcement was hailed in argentina as a royal birth .\nhall of fame mare paseana , north america ' s champion older female in 1992 and 1993 , has died in argentina at age 18 .\ncraig laughed . he knew no one would be offering much sympathy , not when he was about to travel from his home in rancho santa fe , not far from his rancho paseana training center , to saratoga springs for the unveiling of paseana ' s hall of fame plaque .\nbill gates has purchased rancho paseana from weight - loss guru and horse owner jenny craig for $ 18 million , according to a published report .\nron mcanally , who trains paseana , said ,\nshe just wasn ' t getting a hold of the track .\nnot a bad outing\nowner sidney craig said thursday that he was notified by the farm haras san ignacio de la hoya , where paseana boarded , that the mare had died of natural causes on monday . an argentine - bred , paseana was foaled on the southern hemisphere breeding calendar on aug . 23 , 1987 .\nimported from argentina as a 4 - year - old in 1991 , paseana became a two - time eclipse award winner under the care of trainer ron mcanally .\nthe billionaire plans to turn the 229 - acre compound , known as rancho paseana , into a competitive hunting - jumping facility . the deal closed september 12 .\nlike bayakoa , paseana was an argentine import trained by ron mcanally who won nearly every race of significance for her division . beyond that , the similarities end .\nthe san diego union - tribune reports that diet guru jenny craig will be closing her 200 - acre rancho paseana facility by may 31 due to financial constraints .\n, a half sister to 2005 kentucky derby winner giacomo , enters the paseana fresh and ready for trainer john shirreffs and owner / breeders jerry and ann moss .\npaseana had been sound going into sunday ' s race , landers said . the mare started six times this year with one victory , the hawthorne handicap at hollywood .\npaseana , a victory away from surpassing dance smartly as the greatest money - winning female in thoroughbred - racing history , won ' t get the chance to catch her .\nthe field for sunday ' s $ 300 , 000 race includes bold windy , who will carry 114 pounds , 12 less than paseana , but gary jones has no delusions .\nas a 6 - year - old , paseana repeated in the apple blossom and milady and added another grade 1 win in the spinster stakes . however , her attempt to repeat in the breeders\u2019 cup distaff came up a nose short to hollywood wildcat . paseana\u2019s campaign was still considered the best of her class and she once again won the eclipse for champion older mare .\nwith 10 victories in 15 starts in the united states and 15 triumphs in 23 starts and purses of $ 2 . 1 million overall , paseana is undefeated in four hollywood park races .\nsent to mcanally\u2019s base in california , paseana finished second in her first north american start in 1992 before embarking on a seven - race win streak that included five grade 1s : the santa maria handicap , santa margarita invitational handicap , apple blossom handicap , milady handicap and vanity handicap . paseana later won her sixth grade 1 that year with a dominant victory in the breeders\u2019 cup distaff by four lengths . with a record of 7 - 1 - 0 from nine starts and earnings of $ 1 , 518 , 290 , paseana won the 1992 eclipse award for champion older mare .\na daughter of ahmad out of the flintham mare pasiflin , paseana was bred by haras vacacion and won five races in argentina before being purchased by sidney and jenny craig to be campaigned in america .\nthis entry was posted in the biz and tagged california horse racing , horse racing , horse racing and breeding , jenny craig , rancho paseana , thoroughbred by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\ncraig was faced with such a scene during the summer of 1994 at del mar , when it became clear , with an eighth of a mile to run , that his cherished mares exchange and paseana were destined for a one - two sweep . a dead - heat was possible , so closely matched were their strides . but it was far more likely that one of them would win , which meant the other one had to lose .\ni think i was probably leaning a little more toward paseana ,\ncraig admitted .\nexchange was great , but she didn ' t have the kind of record that paseana had . i knew paseana had a chance to be considered one of the great ones of all time , and that she could someday be a part of what ' s happening this week at saratoga .\nthe mare was the first horse craig and his wife , jenny , imported from argentina . paseana arrived in north america in 1991 after the craigs purchased her privately , and she quickly became a fan favorite .\njenny craig , owner of the weight - loss centers , and her husband paid $ 320 , 000 for paseana in 1991 and quickly recouped their investment . a bay daughter of ahmad , paseana soon became one of the country ' s most dynamic racemares , winning seven straight graded stakes by two lengths or more from november 1991 through july 1992 . she took the last of those , the vanity , under 127 pounds .\nat the root of running paseana last year in the pacific classic was building support in the horse - of - the - year balloting . fillies frequently have to beat colts to have a chance at the national title . instead , paseana ' s chances were irreparably damaged , and although she finished third in the vote , behind a . p . indy and best pal , she was named on only 11 of the ballots .\ncraig looks back on the paseana years with few regrets . earnings of $ 3 . 1 million can soften a lot of tough losses . but there was the 1993 breeders ' cup distaff in which his mare was beaten a nose by hollywood wildcat . there was the 1993 santa margarita , in which chris mccarron dropped a rein and southern truce beat paseana by a head . and there was the 1992 pacific classic , the only time paseana ran against males , when she failed as the favorite .\nif those three races had come out different , she would have been the all - time leading money - winner among fillies and mares ,\ncraig noted .\nheads a field of seven older fillies and mares in the $ 75 , 000 , 1 1 / 16 miles paseana stakes sunday at santa anita as she aims to transfer her sharp recent turf form to the main track .\nbred in argentina , paseana won 19 of 36 starts in south america and the united states , earning $ 3 , 171 , 203 . dance smartly retired in 1992 after making a north american - record $ 3 , 263 , 836 .\nin 1994 as a 7 - year - old , paseana won the santa margarita handicap for the second time and added a grade 2 victory in the chula vista handicap . she won the grade 2 hawthorne handicap the following year at age 8 before being retired in the summer of 1995 with a career record of 19 - 10 - 2 from 36 starts and earnings of $ 3 , 171 , 203 . paseana won a total of 14 graded stakes in america , including 10 grade 1s .\npaseana had also won the milady last year , and mcanally isn ' t about to try fixing a routine that isn ' t broken . on sunday , paseana will try to win the 1 1 / 8 - mile vanity handicap for the second consecutive time . a victory would make her the first distaffer to win the milady and the vanity in successive years . horses have won one stake or the other twice , but none has had a four - bagger in two years ' time .\nlightly raced , the 6 - year - old mare by rockport harbor has gone gate to wire in all three of her lifetime wins . bred in kentucky by her owner , rock and glory will be making her 10th career start in the paseana .\nthe foal looks just like paseana ,\ncraig added .\ni ' ve got tape of them running together . it ' s very rare for a foal to pass its mother , but this one does , she ' s that precocious .\nmy fondest memory was winning the breeders ' cup and her making the hall of fame ,\ncraig said of paseana .\nshe was my very favorite until candy ride came along . . . . they were toe and toe , the two of them .\ncraig was right . the dream came true , and on monday , in saratoga springs , paseana will be enshrined alongside gallorette , susan ' s girl , ruffian , shuvee , regret , and the other mares whose names are cast in bronze at the racing hall of fame .\nin discussing paseana ' s probable schedule for the rest of the year , trainer ron mcanally said that it wouldn ' t vary that much from last year ' s , when the 6 - year - old argentine - bred mare won the breeders ' cup distaff and clinched an eclipse award .\npaseana won 10 north american grade 1 races from 1992 to 1994 , including the 1992 breeders ' cup distaff , back - to - back apple blossom and milady handicaps , and a pair of santa margarita invitationals . while in argentina , she also won that nation ' s grade 1 gran premio enrique acebal . when she retired , paseana ' s race record stood at 19 - 10 - 2 from 36 starts . seventeen of her 19 victories came in stakes company , and she had amassed a $ 3 , 317 , 427 bankroll . she was voted into the hall of fame in 2001 .\nexchange rate ' s golden production became a stakes winner on january 12 when she fought off all challengers to win the $ 80 , 950 paseana h . the peter miller trainee ' s victory was won by a head in the mile and a sixteenth race on the main track at santa anita .\nis in search of her fourth consecutive win as she tries two turns for the first time since nov . 23 , 2012 . ridden by talamo in all 10 of her lifetime starts , she\u2019ll be handled for the first time by martin pedroza and should be on the early paseana lead or close to it .\nhas been idle since and will make her u . s . debut in the paseana . with five wins , five seconds and two thirds from 19 starts , miss serendipity brings solid credentials to the party and gets the services of gary stevens . she is owned by her breeder , anselmo e . cavalieri .\npaseana ( arg ) b . m , 1987 { 3 - c } dp = 4 - 4 - 2 - 0 - 0 ( 10 ) di = 9 . 00 cd = 1 . 20 - 36 starts , 19 wins , 10 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 317 , 427\n2008 paseana handicap 2007 gr . iii ballerina breeders cup 2007 delta colleen cap 2007 mademoiselle 2007 strawberry morn 2007 senate appointee 2007 brighouse belles 2006 edmonton distaff 2006 bc cup distaff 2006 senate appointee handicap 2006 strawberry morn handicap 2005 gr . iii ballerina breeders ' 2005 gr . iii b . c . breeders ' cup oaks\nbayakoa was a wild - eyed , buck - toothed hussy who ran as if being pursued by hungry lions . paseana cut a more peaceful figure , both in action and repose . she was content to let others lead , apparently secure in the knowledge that it was the second time around that counted more than the first .\nat belmont park , the star filly turnback the alarm ran third in the ruffian handicap and the champion mare paseana ran fifth and last . at the woodbine track in toronto , sea hero , the kentucky derby winner , finished third in the molson million and colonial affair , the belmont stakes winner , ran sixth and last .\ninside post positions are not good for speed - favoring horses at hollywood , and paseana broke from no . 1 in the milady . this time , she drew better , getting the no . 4 hole . southern truce , who beat her by a head in the santa margarita handicap at santa anita last winter , drew the rail .\nthe ruffian handicap , named for the ill - fated champion filly of 1975 who did not survive her match race with foolish pleasure , looked like a match between paseana and turnback the alarm . but it became a wire - to - wire triumph for shared interest , a 5 - year - old mare owned by robert s . evans and trained by scotty schulhofer .\npeople in the united states might wonder why argentina would want to change a thing . over the years , argentine horses have distinguished themselves when they have been exported to the northern hemisphere . bayakoa won the breeders ' cup distaff and was named the champion female racehorse of both 1989 and 1990 . paseana was named champion female in 1992 and 1993 . paseana duplicated her feat in 1992 and 1993 . candy ride delivered one of the best single performances of the last decade when he won the 2003 pacific classic , running 1 1 / 4 miles in 1 : 59 . 1 . and , of course , in 2006 , the argentine - bred invasor won the breeders ' cup classic and the u . s . horse of the year title .\nfiguring out that paseana belongs in the hall of fame was a fairly simple task . in addition to her breeders ' cup distaff victory and 12 other major north american stakes wins , she is one of only three mares to earn consecutive national championships since 1938 . the others were shuvee in 1970 - 71 and bayakoa in 1989 - 90 . both are in the hall of fame .\noct . 17 , 1993 : sidney h . craig\u2019s racing hall of famer paseana ( arg ) wins the spinster ( g1 ) ( now the $ 500 , 000 juddmonte spinster won by i\u2019m a chatterbox on oct . 9 ) to atone for a runner - up finish the year before . winner of the 1992 breeders\u2019 cup distaff ( g1 ) , she is second in the 1993 distaff .\npaseana is scheduled to make her 1993 debut in the $ 150 , 000 santa maria handicap on feb . 6 . . . . trainer david bernstein turned 53 wednesday . . . . pat valenzuela was off his mounts wednesday because of illness . . . . laffit pincay , gary stevens and alex solis all won twice . stevens leads the standings with 18 victories , seven more than martin pedroza .\nstill , paseana was not opposed to the occasional show of force . her four - length victory over versailles treaty in the 1992 bc distaff at gulfstream was breathtaking . her back - to - back wins in the apple blossom were both by daylight . her final victory , at the age of 8 , came at the expense of the talented pirate ' s revenge in the 1995 hawthorne handicap at hollywood park .\nthis year , after a couple of seconds at santa anita , paseana is on another roll . in april , she toyed with a field at oaklawn park in little rock , ark . , winning the apple blossom handicap for the second consecutive year . and at hollywood park , where she has never lost , regular jockey chris mccarron rode her to a half - length victory in the milady handicap on june 12 .\nrancho paseana has primarily become a layup facility although it was originally set up as a training base . the farm was listed for sale in 2010 for $ 30 million , and underwent a $ 5 million price reduction before being pulled from the multiple listing service last year . craig said she is in negotiations with one potential buyer but did not specify the company ' s identity or whether it would continue to use the facility as a thoroughbred farm .\ncraig closed rancho paseana last year . previously , it had been used as a training facility for thoroughbred horses . the ranch had been on and off the market for years , first listed in 2010 for nearly $ 30 million , then reduced to close to $ 25 million before it was taken off the multiple listings service in the fall of 2012 . the property was not actually listed , but being quietly shopped off - market , when it sold .\nthe roots of this success go back more than a century , when a prosperous argentina imported high - quality thoroughbred stock from europe . the breeders here were never interested in producing fancy pedigrees , however ; they wanted horses with stamina , good conformation and toughness . trainer ron mcanally , who brought bayakoa , paseana and candy ride to the united states , said ,\ni believe the argentine horses are more durable , and they stay sound longer .\ngates plans to turn rancho paseana into a grand prix circuit venue for hunters and jumpers , online publication urltoken reported oct . 9 . gates has a teenage daughter who jumps horses competitively . the deal on the 228 - acre thoroughbred farm about 20 minutes north of san diego closed in mid - september , the wall street journal first reported , citing public records . the property , used in recent years for training and as a lay - up facility , includes a six - furlong training track , a guesthouse and office , an olive orchard , five barns , and a veterinarian ' s suite . the newspaper quoted a spokesman for gates as saying the microsoft co - founder wanted the property because the gates family\nhas enjoyed visiting the san diego area with friends and family for many years .\nthe property has been on the market for several years , initially priced at about $ 30 million . it had recently been listed for nearly $ 25 million , but was later withdrawn . rancho paseana was closed in 2013 and there are currently no horses there , a spokesman said . craig , who had resisted offers to sell rancho paseana for development , told urltoken :\ni was happy that the buyer is someone who can afford to turn it into the showplace it was meant to be . it will be kept as a horse farm so the neighbors will be thrilled .\nthe family has enjoyed visiting the san diego area with friends and family for many years and has purchased the rancho paseana property in rancho santa fe , california ,\na gates family spokesperson confirmed via a statement . gates ' daughter jumps horses competitively , and the gates own a home in the nearby del mar country club . craig also owns a del mar home , which is reportedly on the market with a price tag of $ 39 . 5 million .\nthe complete field for the paseana stakes , to be run as the seventh race on a nine - race program sunday , with jockeys and weights in post position order : halo dolly , rafael bejarano , 123 ; miss serendipity , gary stevens , 118 ; irish presence , tyler baze , 118 ; golden production , martin pedroza , 118 ; warren\u2019s veneda , joe talamo , 120 ; stanwyk , victor espinoza , 123 , and rock and glory , martin garcia , 120 .\npaseana recovered from the experience nicely . about six weeks later , she finished second to fowda in the spinster at keeneland . and on that afternoon she probably wasn ' t at her best , having run off with a new exercise rider during a morning gallop the day before the race . then she came back in october to win the distaff convincingly at gulfstream park , after the craigs had paid a supplementary fee of $ 120 , 000 to make her eligible for the race .\ni was anticipating a speed duel between the other two ,\nhe said , meaning paseana and turnback the alarm .\nand so was scotty . my question to him was : ' what if i find myself on the lead ? ' he said , ' we ' ll leave that up to you . that ' s why we have you . that ' s your job . ' i looked over my shoulder at the eighth pole , and knew i was home free .\npaseana won eclipse awards in 1992 and ' 93 as the country ' s best older mare , and kept her gentle ways even after her winning percentage slackened .\nshe ' s as nice as you ' d want a horse to be ,\nlanders said .\nit ' s a shame she wasn ' t able to pass this final challenge . but the main thing is that she ' s going to be okay . . . . it ' s probably her time now .\nshe took the lead when everybody else hung back , held it against late challenges and won by 2 1 / 2 lengths over ogden mills phipp ' s dispute . then it was three lengths back to turnback the alarm , who had won three stakes in a row after a 10 - month medical leave to mend a fractured leg . and it was 15 lengths farther back in fifth place to paseana , the 6 - year - old champion from argentina and california who had run in the money 21 times in 24 starts .\nbut even then , matters may not be clear - cut . neither paseana nor turnback the alarm has been nominated for the breeders ' cup , and it would cost $ 120 , 000 as a late fee to send either one to the post . and since there is no race in the breeders ' cup series designed strictly for 3 - year - old colts , horses such as sea hero , colonial affair and peteski and any other contender would have to run against older horses in the classic or switch to one of the grass races to pursue his candidacy .\ni don ' t have the reason for it , but hollywood has been a speed - bias track for the last seven or eight years ,\nmcanally said .\nthis year is no exception . bertrando , a speed horse , almost stole the ( hollywood ) gold cup , and that speed filly from florida ( hollywood wildcat ) shipped in and won the ( hollywood ) oaks last weekend . there should be enough speed in the race to assure a legitimate pace . paseana should be laying close , and we hope that she makes her move like she usually does .\nsouthern truce , who will be ridden by corey nakatani , has been assigned 114 pounds in the 10 - horse field . from the fence out , the rest of the gate will consist of pleasant baby , with sal gonzalez jr . riding at a weight of 113 pounds ; re toss , eddie delahoussaye , 114 ; paseana , mccarron , 126 ; saros on the town , david flores , 112 ; vieille vigne , joe steiner , 113 ; guiza , kent desormeaux , 113 ; bold windy , corey black , 114 ; party cited , pat valenzuela , 115 ; and miss high blade , gary stevens , 113 . several horses will carry extra poundage because their jockeys will be overweight .\nlike any other businessmen , horse owners have to heed the desires of their customers . but when breeders put too much of an emphasis on speed , precocity and pedigree fashion , and they no longer strive to produce horses who are sound and well conformed , their product suffers in the long run . this has happened over the last 30 years in the united states , where the average racehorse now makes only 6 . 3 starts per year and the careers of many good horses end before they complete their 3 - year - old season . argentina needs to be part of the modern horse industry , but it shouldn ' t reject altogether the principles that let it produce bayakoa , paseana and invasor .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ntravers eve member wine and cheese social featuring greg montgomery : celebrate the racing season at the museum on travers stakes eve .\ntravers stakes preview panel : top racing handicappers analyze the field for the 149 th running of the travers stakes . time : 11 a . m .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\njason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nbill gates has purchased weight - loss queen jenny craig ' s horse ranch for $ 18 million .\nthe ranch includes a 3 / 4 - mile racetrack , as well as four 30 - stall barns and a fifth barn with 21 stalls , a veterinarian ' s area , and an olive orchard , says listing agent , jason barry of barry estates . the wall street journal first reported the news . catherine barry , also of barry estates , also represented craig .\nit was a unique farm because they set it up for racing , with 30 - acre pastures . it really gave the thoroughbreds a chance to stretch their legs and really go ,\njason barry said . barry noted that craig had received a lot of interest in the property from developers , but wanted to wait for a buyer who would preserve the ranch ' s use for horses . he added that craig decided to sell the facility after her husband and business partner sid craig passed away .\nit was really the passion they enjoyed together . she enjoyed the passion , but was ready to move on with other aspects of her life .\ngates is america ' s richest person , according to forbes , with a net worth of $ 80 . 3 billion as of the time this story . the bill & melinda gates foundation has given away $ 30 billion since 2000 .\nat 3 won gp enrique acebal - g1 ( arg ) , pr francisco j . beazley - g2 ( arg ) , 3rd gp seleccion - g1 ( arg )\nat 4 won silver belles h . - g2 , pr abril - g2 ( arg ) , 2nd manta s . - l\nat 5 won breeders ' cup distaff - g1 , apple blossom h . - g1 , santa margarita inv . - g1 , vanity inv . - g1 , santa maria h . - g1 , milady h . - g1 , san gorgonio h . - g2 , 2nd spinster s . - g1\nat 6 won apple blossom h . - g1 , spinster s . - g1 , milady h . - g1 , 2nd breeders ' cup distaff - g1 , santa margarita inv . - g1 , vanity inv . - g1 , santa maria h . - g1\nat 7 won santa margarita inv . - g1 , chula . vista h . - g2 , 2nd santa maria h . - g1\nat 8 won hawthorne h . - g2 , 2nd santa margarita inv . - g1 , milady h . - g1 , santa maria h . - g1 , 3rd apple blossom h . - g1\ndeal on jenny craig ' s 228 - acre horse facility north of san diego recently completed .\ndel mar , calif . - sid craig knows how richard williams must feel , bracing for that inevitable day when venus and serena meet on centre court for the title at wimbledon .\nafter making his fortune in the weight loss industry , alongside his wife , jenny , sid craig dove headfirst into horse racing and made it look easy .\ni got lucky during that early stage when i also had exchange and dr . devious ,\nsaid craig , referring to the colt who won the epsom derby .\ni thought it was an easy game . but sometimes that ' s a curse . the game is getting even with me now .\nhere , it was maybe a line or two in a racing magazine ,\ncraig said .\nin argentina , though , she ' s as popular as seabiscuit . the birth of the foal made the cnn of argentina . people were celebrating .\nsan antonio de areco , argentina a visitor to haras de la pomme , one of the top thoroughbred breeding operations in argentina , might feel slightly disoriented as he watches some of the farm ' s yearlings walk by .\nhere is a colt by thunder gulch , winner of the 1995 kentucky derby . here is a son of honour and glory , who won the prestigious metropolitan handicap at belmont park . here is a filly by the late hennessy , winner of saratoga ' s hopeful stakes and a top international sire . here is another youngster by thunder gulch . and another . and another . are we really in the heart of argentina ' s horse country , 70 miles northwest of buenos aires , or are we in kentucky ?\nyou are seeing the globalization of the horse business ,\nsaid oscar calvete , manager of the farm owned by samuel and guillermo liberman , a father and son with far - flung business interests and the passion for horses that is common in this country .\nargentina has a long and rich horse tradition , but in recent years the country ' s top breeders agreed that they had to scrap part of the tradition to become successful players in the global market . their decisions , combined with some well - timed good fortune , have created a strong worldwide demand for argentine thoroughbreds .\nbut horse buyers around the globe today are more interested in speed and precocity than they are in stamina and durability . they seek these qualities by buying the offspring of recognized stallions whose genes promise speed . argentina ' s breeding industry was out of step with the world .\na few years ago , northern hemisphere stallions began to cross the equator to stand at stud during argentina ' s breeding season , and the leaders of the horse industry saw that this was the wave of the future . two years ago , haras de la pomme and three other big farms joined forces to import high - class stallions and to create a new facility , la mission , where they would be bred to local mares . nicolas quintana , general manager of la mission , said ,\neveryone wanted to try to put argentina into the international marketplace .\nnow the sons and daughters of quick horses such as hennessy and honour and glory were supplanting the offspring of obscure , stamina - oriented argentina stallions .\nas these developments were unfolding , invasor provided worldwide advertising for the country ' s breeding industry . sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum of dubai had bought the colt after his sweep of uruguay ' s triple crown , and horse owners from around the world were trying to emulate his success . invasor himself possessed a typically unglamorous argentine pedigree - - his sire candy stripes had been a failure in the united states - - but now buyers were now getting the chance to purchase the offspring of north american stallions and argentine mares .\nmost of the buyers were arabs . facundo bunge , president of la pomme , observed that they initially were looking for solid , established racehorses , but then started speculating on youngsters who had won only a race or two . la pomme owned a 2 - year - old filly named love dancing ( a daughter of the north american stallion salt lake ) who had earned about $ 20 , 000 after winning her first two starts , including a grade iii stakes . the farm wasn ' t eager to sell , but did when sheikh mohammed al maktoum made an offer it couldn ' t refuse : $ 1 million . such lavish offers have been commonplace . mcanally , who bought so many good argentine horses in the past , lamented that he has been priced out of the market .\nthe arabs are regularly paying two and three times what the horses are worth ,\nhe said .\ninvasor is going to keep them coming back .\nthese are heady days for a racing industry that used to feel that the rest of the world was ignoring it . but based on the u . s . experience , argentina should view with some caution the changes it is making to its industry .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscribe free to our daily newsletter . type your email address & click subscribe .\n\u00a9 2018 breeding & racing ( and other parties working with it ) . materials , including fields and form , is subject to copyright which is owned by breeding & racing and other parties working with it .\nout of the dynaformer mare dyna two , golden production was bred by mrs . edgar scott , jr . & mrs . lawrence macelree and earned her fifth victory in eleven starts with the effort , raising her earnings to $ 208 , 140 .\nthe filly was an $ 80 , 000 weanling sold at the 2009 keeneland november breeding stock sale . she later sold at the fasig - tipton maryland sale as a yearling for $ 170 , 000 .\nthree chimneys farm announced today that seasoned veteran horseman tom hamm will assume the role of director of stallion nominations to handle season sales and bloodstock activity at the farm .\nfuntastic takes grade 1 united nations s . to top terrific day for three chimneys\nthree chimneys farm ' s funtastic proved he belongs among the turf elites with a brilliant win in the $ 300 , 000 united nations s . ( g1 ) on the monmouth park turf course . . .\nfern circle stables and three chimneys farm ' s restless rider put on an incredible show in saturday ' s $ 100 , 000 debutante s . at churchill downs . . .\nmailing address : p . o . box 114 , midway , ky 40347 email : [ email protected ] | tel : ( 859 ) 873 - 7053 | fax : ( 859 ) 873 - 5723\n\u201cfrankly i ' ve been putting it off for \u2026 years , after my husband died , \u201d craig said . \u201ci tried to make it work . i tried everything i could without reducing the quality of services . \u201d\nthe announcement comes as san luis rey downs , which would likely absorb some of the 270 boarded horses at craig ' s rancho santa fe facility , will be closed for three months beginning in june for renovations .\nnew to the paulick report ? click here to sign up for our daily email newsletter to keep up on this and other stories happening in the thoroughbred industry . copyright \u00a9 2018 paulick report .\npublisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick\nurltoken is published by blenheim publishing llc , 3070 lakecrest circle , suite 400 - 292 , lexington , ky 40513 . copyright blenheim publishing llc .\nraces a mid - size , high quality stable in the pacific northwest at hastings park in vancouver , b . c . , in alberta at northlands and stampede park , woodbine in ontario and emerald downs in auburn , wa . on a part - time basis , canmor races in california at santa anita , del mar , bay meadows , etc . partnership and syndicate information may be obtained by contacting\none of mcanally ' s strong suits as a trainer is managing a horse ' s career . exhibit a is john henry , who won two horse - of - the - year titles with mcanally calling the shots .\nshe was too feminine to go up against the boys ,\nhe said this week .\nshe got sandwiched by those two studs ( missionary ridge , who won the race , and defensive play , who finished second ) and must have thought that they were taking her to the breeding shed .\nshe ' ll have to cut through the infield to beat that other mare ,\nbold windy ' s trainer said .\nthis year , racing hasn ' t had time to consider horse of the year , having been overwhelmed by a revolving door of horses of the week . in thoroughbred racing communications ' informal national poll , jovial was on top for several weeks , even though he hasn ' t run since april . devil his due was also the leader for a while , and star of cozzene shot to the top by winning a race at atlantic city . then best pal became the leader off only one victory , in the hollywood gold cup .\nnobody will ever confuse efervescente with valdez , ancient title or cajun prince , but the 5 - year - old knocked all three of those stakes winners out of the santa anita record book wednesday .\non a rock - hard main track , sealed to protect it from the expected onslaught of rain this week , efervescente ran 1 1 / 16 miles in a santa anita - record 1 : 39 , eclipsing the mark shared by the three mentioned above by 1 1 / 5 seconds .\nbred in argentina , owned by the bel air stable and trained by warren stute , efervescente had not won in five starts in the united states and had only one victory in four starts in south america before his arrival in california .\nnever able to make the lead in any of his other american races , the 2 - 1 second choice went right to the front under alex solis , set fast fractions ( 22 3 / 5 , 45 4 / 5 , 1 : 09 for six furlongs ) and went on to win by six lengths over favored golden voyager .\nin addition , efervescente ' s mile time of 1 : 32 4 / 5 would also have been a santa anita record . ruhlmann owns that mark , having gone the distance in 1 : 33 2 / 5 in 1989 .\nalthough there were no other records , fast times were the rule all afternoon . screen tale , a $ 16 , 000 claimer , ran 6 1 / 2 furlongs in 1 : 14 3 / 5 ; something sexy , a 3 - year - old , $ 32 , 000 maiden , went six furlongs in 1 : 09 , and jadite , a $ 16 , 000 4 - year - old filly , went the same distance in 1 : 09 3 / 5 , more than a second faster than she had ever gone six furlongs .\nefervescente wasn ' t the only argentine - bred who relished the sloppy track wednesday .\nhighly regarded when brought to this country by trainer ron mcanally , potrichal rallied from last to win the feature , a $ 46 , 000 allowance for fillies and mares .\nwinless in her first five american races , the 5 - year - old potrillazo mare won in 1 : 42 2 / 5 for the 1 1 / 16 miles , running down bright ways and paying $ 6 . 60 .\napparently , potrichal ' s preferred surface is the main track . no better than third in four races on turf in california , she was second , beaten a half - length , in her only other try on dirt before wednesday .\nwith rain forecast for most of the week , jolypha ' s local debut is likely to be put on hold again .\nthe 4 - year - old filly , who was third behind a . p . indy and pleasant tap in the breeders ' cup classic , is scheduled to make her first start of 1993 in the $ 100 , 000 el encino stakes on sunday .\nhowever , trainer bobby frankel has said jolypha , who is owned by juddmonte farms and one of the top fillies in europe last year , won ' t participate if the rain continues . last month , there had been discussion that jolypha would run in the hollywood turf cup , but her connections decided to wait and give her more time .\narches of gold and race the wild wind , the 1 - 2 finishers in the la brea stakes , won ' t run in the 1 - 1 / 16 mile el encino . arches of gold will wait for the seven - furlong santa monica handicap on jan . 18 . others who will probably start in the el encino are magical maiden , la spia , interactive , cadillac women , party cited , alysbelle and avian assembly .\nwith eddie delahoussaye suspended , pat valenzuela has picked up the mount on answer do for saturday ' s san carlos handicap at seven furlongs .\nthe 7 - year - old gelding , who has won the cal cup sprint and hollywood turf express in his last two starts , will start if the condition of the track is suitable .\nhe acted like he loved the mud ( when he galloped wednesday morning ) ,\nassistant trainer brad rollins said .\nbut the track had been rolled and was in good shape . on saturday , we ' ll have to look and see what condition the track is in . if it seems like there ' s a good bottom , then we ' ll run .\npersistence with ponies pays for garber : horse racing : tarzana man owns thoroughbreds for nearly a decade before hitting jackpot with quintana , who ran sixth in last year ' s kentucky derby .\ndid china use drugs to win ? : swimming : sudden success prompts speculation that its female athletes might have been taking steroids .\nthe graceful mare tore a suspensory ligament in her left foreleg during a fifth - place finish sunday in the vanity invitational handicap at hollywood park , her stable confirmed today from del mar , calif . she ' s through racing , and will be sent to sid and jenny craig ' s southern california farm in the coming days .\nshe ' s in no distress or anything like that ,\nsaid dan landers , assistant to hall of fame trainer ron mcanally . landers said the 8 - year - old mare had no problem this week with the 100 - mile van ride from los angeles to del mar .\nwe were trying real hard for her to get the record ,\nlanders said .\nbut this popped up , and you don ' t want to risk further injury .\nhow exactly will the kawhi leonard situation end ? and other lingering nba offseason questions .\nread stories based on reporting for \u201ctrump revealed , \u201d a broad , comprehensive biography of the life of the 45th president .\npartners can log into my wpt to access race record , race information , workouts , and updates .\n\u00a9 2018 west point thoroughbreds , inc . all rights reserved . site map \u00b7 contact us website design by able engine , a division of netmediaone\nregional offices elmont , ny louisville , ky hallandale , fl washington , d . c .\ntrained and owned in - part by jerry hollendorfer , halo dolly , a 6 - year - old california - bred mare by the saint ballado stallion popular , comes off an impressive classified allowance win going one mile on turf at golden gate nov . 17 and will be trying the dirt for only the fourth time in her 36th career start sunday .\na winner of two of her previous three dirt tries , halo dolly has raced exclusively on turf in her last eight starts and was last seen on natural dirt 17 starts back , when she won the 1 1 / 16 miles alameda county stakes at pleasanton on june 30 , 2012 .\nan amazing success story and testimonial to hollendorfer\u2019s conditioning approach , she has amassed $ 910 , 256 in earnings from an overall record of 35 - 17 - 5 - 4 . in addition to hollendorfer , she is owned by dan and yolanda hoefflin , michael o\u2019farrell , charlie robin , george todaro , joe schneider and brett tahajian .\nridden by russell baze in her last two starts , halo dolly will be handled by rafael bejarano , who has guided her to two of her added money victories .\na winner of the grade iii , 1 1 / 16 miles turn back the alarm handicap oct . 26 at belmont park ,\na 5 - year - old mare by empire maker , stanwyk figures to employ a stalking style when ridden for the first time by victor espinoza . stanwyk has three wins , a second and a third place finish from 10 starts and earnings of $ 222 , 650 .\npressed the pace and won the statebred cat\u2019s cradle handicap going 7 \u00bd furlongs two starts back and should be forwardly placed sunday under regular pilot joe talamo .\na 4 - year - old filly owned and bred in california by ben warren , warren\u2019s veneda is trained by craig lewis and has $ 300 , 064 in earnings from an overall mark of 11 - 5 - 1 - 3 .\nclaimed for $ 40 , 000 three starts back on oct . 17 , the pete miller - trained\nowned by myron miller , the 5 - year - old pennsylvania - bred golden production is 10 - 4 - 4 - 1 , with earnings of $ 161 , 340 .\ngot away with an opening quarter mile of 24 flat in a second condition allowance at a mile and a sixteenth nov . 16 , and went on to an impressive 6 \u00be length gate to wire score for trainer tim yakteen and jockey martin garcia .\n, who was second , beaten 6 \u00be lengths , by rock and glory nov . 16 . two starts back , the 4 - year - old midnight lute filly was second , beaten a neck , going 1 1 / 16 miles in a first condition allowance at santa anita oct . 13 . she\u2019s owned by michael lofino , sr . and anthony zankich .\nit appears that html was included in your comment , please remove any html code .\nlexington , ky ( oct . 17 , 2016 ) \u2013 keeneland\u2019s 2016 fall meet , which runs through oct . 29 , marks the track\u2019s 80th anniversary . to celebrate this milestone , barn notes throughout the fall meet will look back at memorable races and highlights from keeneland\u2019s rich history .\noct . 17 , 1936 : racing hall of famer eddie arcaro rides for the only time during keeneland\u2019s inaugural season , finishing eighth aboard greedy in the fourth race . \u2026 hall of famer myrtlewood wins the ashland ( run during the fall meets in 1936 and 1937 ) by 12 lengths in one of her three victories during the meet .\noct . 17 , 1963 : william haggin perry\u2019s champion lamb chop wins the spinster ( now the grade 1 , $ 500 , 000 juddmonte spinster won by i\u2019m a chatterbox on oct . 9 ) . she was ridden by manny ycaza for trainer james w . maloney . a week earlier , she set a 1 : 24 3 / 5 track record for the beard course of seven furlongs and 184 feet .\noct . 17 , 1978 : in his final public appearance before entering stud at spendthrift farm , j . o . tobin , who will be named the year\u2019s champion sprinter , parades before fans between the fifth and sixth races with 18 - year - old steve cauthen aboard .\noct . 17 , 1998 : joseph lacombe stable\u2019s favorite trick , the 1997 horse of the year , became the first of three 3 - year - olds to win the keeneland breeders\u2019 cup ( g3 ) ( now the grade 1 , $ 500 , 000 shadwell turf mile won by miss temple city on oct . 7 ) with his 3\u00bd - length triumph .\noct . 17 , 2008 : hall of famer rachel alexandra concludes her 2 - year - old season with a three - length win in a six - furlong allowance race .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\nthe campaign for championships in horse racing grew murkier on both sides of the border yesterday .\nwhile all this form reversal was going on , the filly shared interest was winning the ruffian as a 13 - 1 long shot and the canadian hero peteski was dominating the molson as the 9 - 5 favorite .\nbut for the most part , it was a day when leading contenders for titles bit the dust . as a result , the confusion was compounded for the fillies and mares as well as for the 3 - year - old colts , and both divisions won ' t be able to anoint a leader until the ultimate test in the breeders ' cup series at santa anita on nov . 6 . what are the options ?"]}
{"id": 2083, "summary": [{"text": "canthigaster is a genus in the pufferfish family ( tetraodontidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a fish from this genus is sometimes referred to as a \" toby \" ( a generally accepted name that originated in australia ) or a \" sharpnose puffer \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "canthigaster", "paragraphs": ["aquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri )\nthe papua toby ( canthigaster papua ) is one of the most attractive members of the genus .\nthe blacksaddle toby looks similar to the crowned puffer , canthigaster coronata and the mimic leatherjacket , paraluteres prionurus .\naquarium fish : the papuan ( canthigaster papua ) and ocellated toby ( c . solandri ) \u2014 advanced aquarist | aquarist magazine and blog\nthe fingerprint toby ( canthigaster compressa ) is not as common in the aquarium trade as these similar congeners . the husbandry of all these species is similar .\ncanthigaster papua has long been considered a color form of c . solandri . note the differences between this photo and the shots of c . solandri below .\nthe ambon toby ( canthigaster amboinensis ) differs from its close relatives in the length of the snout and the coloration . this species is often found in the surge zone .\nindo - pacific : east africa south to transkei , south africa ( ref . 4919 ) and east to the line , marquesan , and oeno islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe island . replaced by canthigaster jactator in the hawaiian islands and canthigaster punctatissimus in the tropical eastern pacific ( ref . 37816 ) . also recorded from southeast atlantic .\nan adult male ocellated toby ( canthigaster solandri ) can be a very beautiful beast . even though it has been known to eat sps corals in nature , some aquarists have successfully kept in reef aquariums .\nscientific synonyms and common names canthigaster rostrata bloch , 1786 synonyms : c . sanctaehelenae ( see remarks for that species ) tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 , nat . ausl . fische , 2 : 8 , pl . 146 ( fig . 2 ) ( ' india ' ) . type : lost . canthigaster rostratus : jordan & edwards , 1886 : 246 ( madeira ) . canthigaster rostratus : fowler , 1936 , 2 : 1115 poll , 1959 : 348 , fig . 118 randall , 1968 : 280 , fig . 311 . tetrodon capistratus lowe , 1939 , proc . zool . soc . london : 90 ( madeira ) . common names : sapo [ pr ]\n( of canthigaster rostratus ( bloch , 1786 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmoura , r . l . and r . m . c . castro , 2002 . revision of atlantic sharpnose pufferfishes ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae : canthigaster ) , with description of three new species . proc . biol . soc . wash . 115 ( 1 ) : 32 - 50 . ( ref . 43205 )\none final interesting tidbit - there are some very interesting mimetic relationships that exist between several tobies and three filefish species . all of these are examples of batesian mimic - where a toxic species is mimicked by a non - toxic form . the saddled toby ( canthigaster valentini ) is mimicked by the saddled filefish ( paraluteres prionurus ) , the pearl toby is mimicked by the red sea puffer mimic ( paraluteres arquat ) while an undescribed monacanthid , known commonly as the spotted puffer mimic ( paraluteres sp . ) , resembles the ocellated toby .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . differs from other atlantic canthigaster species by the long anterior extension of the lower horizontal dark stripe on the flank ( composed of irregular horizontal and diagonal bars and originating as a solid stripe on the ventral caudal fin margin ) . this stripe reaches the pectoral fin base . differs from c . jamestyleri by the presence of a dark caudal - fin margin , the absence of vertically oriented bars on the caudal fin , the possession of fewer stripes and spots on body especially on the dorsum , as well as by the absence of a small black irregular spot on the anal fin base ( ref . 43205 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , kanthos = the outer or inner corner of the eye , where the lids meet , 1646 + greek , gaster = stomach ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed in honor of jos\u00e9 lima de figueiredo , for his contributions to the advancement of the taxonomy of brazilian marine fishes , as well as for his long term encouragement and support to the authors ( ref . 43205 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 35 m ( ref . 43205 ) . tropical ; 9\u00b0n - 33\u00b0s\nwestern atlantic : southern caribbean to santa catarina , brazil , including the oceanic islands of atol das rocas and fernando de noronha .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 42064 )\ninhabits coral - rich as well as coral - poor areas , and areas with rocky bottoms ( ref . 43205 ) . often in pairs , hovering over the reef during the day ( ref . 43205 ) . feeds on vegetation , sponges , crustaceans , and mollusks ( ref . 42064 ) .\n) : 23 . 4 - 27 . 6 , mean 27 ( based on 177 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02818 ( 0 . 01185 - 0 . 06704 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 36 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 32\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4919 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 . many white spots scattered on body ( ref . 559 ) .\noccurs in clear lagoon and seaward reefs , ref . 48637 . found with sponges at various depths ( ref . 48637 ) . prefers sheltered areas in the form of holes in dead and living corals . solitary or paired . feeds on sponges , polychaetes , filamentous algae and on smaller quantities of tunicates , crustaceans , echinoderms and corals .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 3 ( based on 2816 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 32 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciangco , j .\nis widespread in the western atlantic and is found from south carolina , usa and bermuda to brazil , and it appears to be common .\ninhabits a wide range of habitats , including coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds , at depths ranging from 1 to 90 meters .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in\n, however due to its affinity with coral reefs , mangroves , and seagrass beds this species may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels .\nthis species is distributed in the western atlantic from cape fear , north carolina south along the u . s . coast , bermuda , the bahamas , and throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea to trinidad ( moura and castro 2002 , quattrini\n2004 ) . its depth range is 1\u201398 m . records from brazil may be misidentifications ( moura and sazima 2000 , monteiro - neto\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nis generally common throughout most of its range , but it may be locally abundant around coral reefs and rubble piles ( sikkel 1990 ) . it is considered very abundant by loh and pawlik ( 2014 ) . it is one of the most abundant meso - omnivores in the western atlantic ( tuya\n1997 ) . it is one of the most abundant ( 86 . 48 % frequency of occurrence ) and common ( present at 88 % of all locations sampled ) in the canary islands ( falc\u00f3n 1996 , tuya\n2004 ) . long - term surveys of an artificial reef , from 1962\u20131979 , revealed no significant fluctuation in sighting abundance of this species ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) .\nwas among the 10 most abundant species collected by trawl in a shallow tropical lagoon in belize , although it was not the most abundant tetraodontid .\nwas more abundant in mangrove creeks than in other sampled habitats . ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\nis found in a variety of habitats , including coral reefs and marginal habitats such as seagrass beds ( moura and castro 2002 ) , and mangrove creeks , as well as artificial reefs ( ogden and ebersole 1981 ) . it is an omnivorous species , feeding on seagrass , sponges , crabs and other crustaceans , molluscs , polychaete worms , sea urchins , starfishes , hydroids and algae ( randall 1996 ) .\nshowed little variation in abundance with depth over a range of 1 . 52\u20134 m , but did exhibit significant nocturnal declines in abundance ( rooker\n1997 ) . mass mortalities have been observed in juveniles of this species in multiple locales off the yucatan peninsula ( sikkel 1990 ) . this species visits rubble mounds created by the sand tilefish ,\n( b\u00fcttner 1996 ) . during trawls of mangrove , seagrass , and sand / rubble habitats in belize , this species was collected most frequently in mangrove creeks ( sedberry and carter 1993 ) . this species visits cleaner gobies (\nwas studied off san blas islands , panama . sexes were dimorphic . in mixed coral and rubble habitat , females defended territories against other females and small males . from one to six female territories were included within the territories of certain large males . these haremic males visited their females and patrolled their territories throughout the day . smaller , non - haremic males occupied territories or home ranges within or adjacent to those of haremic males or were wanderers . spawning between a haremic male and a territorial female occurred within the female ' s territory . the female prepared an algal nest into which demersal eggs were deposited . there was no parental care . eggs were spherical , translucent , and measured approximately 0 . 66 mm in diameter . larvae were about 1 . 4 mm total length and closely resembled those of other species of\nspp . are known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade . in the brazilian aquarium trade , 1 , 065 individuals of this species ( representing 0 . 53 % of all species ) were exported from january 1995 to november 2000 ( monteiro - neto\nis collected for the marine aquarium trade , there are no indications of population declines from harvesting .\n2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter\none - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) .\nglobally , 16 % of mangrove species are at elevated risk of extinction . particular areas of geographical concern include the atlantic and pacific coasts of central america , where as many as 40 % of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction ( polidoro\n2010 ) . in the caribbean , approximately 24 % of mangrove area has been lost over the past quarter - century ( fao 2007 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . rostrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncarpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , hardy , g . & sanciangco , j .\nis distributed in the eastern central atlantic , where it is known from oceanic islands including the canarian archipelago in macaronesia , cape verde island , and madiera , and has been recorded in the straight of gibraltar .\ninhabits rocky reef habitats and artificial structures at depths ranging from 0 to 20 metres .\nmay be a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\n2007 ) and madeira ( ribeiro 2008 ) . this species has been reported in the straight of gibraltar ( brito\nmay be extending its range northward due to warming ocean temperatures ( wirtz 2005 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 0\u201320 metres .\ncape verde ; gibraltar ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )\n2010 ) . in the waters off madeira island , this species was among the 10 most abundant species sampled over rocky reefs . it was recorded common and abundant in the locations studied along the south coast of madeira island ( both protected and non - protected ) and did not show significant differences in any size categories within locations in all types of bottom studied ( ribeiro 2008 ) .\nis a bentho - demersal meso - carnivore usually found as solitary individuals . it is associated with rocky reefs consisting of boulders , vertical walls , platform and outcroppings which are often colonized by various algae , and can also be found associated with artificial reefs .\n. in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other\nspecies ( gladstone 1987 , kobayashi 1988 , sikkel 1990 , sikkel and sikkel 2012 ) .\nare known for their general lack of characters , and are generally differentiated on the basis of colour differences .\nthis species has been identified as a potential aquarium species from portuguese waters ( calado 2006 ) .\n. due to its affinity with reef structures , this fish may be experiencing population decline .\nof 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the international union for conservation of nature red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter et al . 2008 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for c . capistrata , however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .\nis endemic to the hawaiian islands , where it is common and locally abundant .\nis usually found in the vicinity of coral reefs at depths ranging from 5 to 165 metres , on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats .\nand it appears to be locally abundant . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range .\nit is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of its harvest levels and habitat status .\n2008 ) , it has been recorded there ( e . g . , kosaki\nunited states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( johnston i . )\nwas the twentieth most abundant species at the moderately deep terraces and banks of the northwestern hawaiian islands ( parrish and boland 2004 ) . during surveys of midway atoll in the northwestern hawaiian islands , this species is encountered occasionally outside lagoons on open rubble and sand substrates ( randall\ndue to its association with coral reefs , c . coronata may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\nis usually found on sand or sand and rubble bottom or algal flats , often in the vicinity of coral reefs . it is also seen on clear coastal reefs , usually along deep slopes or over soft substrates ( randall\nis typically found below depths of 23 metres , but is occasionally seen in as little as six metres ( randall 1985 ) . when in shallow waters , it is usually found in lagoons or bays .\nfeeds on a wide variety of benthic organisms , mostly algae , but also gastropods , sponges , bivalves , polychaetes , tunicates , crabs , sea urchins , heart urchins , brittle stars , bryozoans , peanut worms , various small crustaceans and foraminiferans ( randall 1985 ) .\nis a component of the aquarium trade . between 1967\u20132003 , 30 , 146 individuals have been collected from hawaii for export , valuing a total $ 33 , 046 . 50 usd .\nis among the top 50 most frequently collected species from hawaii ( walsh 2001 ) .\n. this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade in hawaii , however there are no present indicators of decline as a result of harvesting for the aquarium trade . also , due to its association with coral reefs , this species of fish may be experiencing population declines .\nboth the papuan and ocellated tobies are excellent aquarium inhabitants . the only possible drawback with these tobies is that some individuals will nip the fins of other fishes .\n) , the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) , the porcupinefishes ( diodontidae ) and the pufferfishes ( tetraodontidae ) . apparently , by increasing their size these animals reduce the chances that a predator will be able to ingest them , or by suddenly inflating they might startle a would - be predator , or make themselves difficult to extract from a reef crevice .\nthe two species differ in coloration . the papuan toby is brown overall with blue spots on the side of the body , blue lines on the back and the dorsal surface of the caudal peduncle , a black spot at the base of the dorsal fin and orange on the underside of the snout . the ocellated toby has spots on the side of the body , on the back and caudal peduncle , with some lines radiating from the eyes , and has no or little orange on the ventral surface of the snout , head or belly . both species typically have orange on the tail , but c . papuensis usually sports more orange . the papuan toby is probably sexually dichromatic and dimorphic . in the closely related c . solandri the males attain a larger size and typically have fewer , larger spots than females . there also appears to be some size and color differences between the sexes in the papuan toby .\ntoby fighting usually begins with bouts of displaying , where the combatants increase their apparent size by erecting a ridge on the back and belly . they perform these lateral displays to try and drive their opponent away with out actually coming to blows . but , if one individual does not back down and leave the area biting will usually ensue . this can result in severe injuries . the problem with captive combat , is that the fish that retreats cannot \u201cleave the area\u201d since our aquariums are so much smaller than the normal toby territory and hence this subordinate is chastised by the more dominant , or territory holding fish . if it gets to the point where biting occurs you will need to separate the fish or risk losing one of them to injury . you could try taking the dominant fish out of the tank and placing it in a different aquarium for a week or two , and then try adding the more aggressive fish back into the tank and see what happens . in some cases the subordinate will accept its position in the pecking order from the onset and avoid the more dominant fish . in these cases lethal fighting usually does not occur .\nif a specimen shows chronic , abnormal distention of the abdomen it may be suffering from an internal infestation of nematode worms of the genus philometra . unlike normal toby inflation , the distended abdomen of fish suffering from this infection will be asymmetrical in form and will change shape as the parasites move around . schleser ( 1994 ) recommends introducing fenbendazole ( add at a volume of 1 % of the active ingredient ) to gelatin based foods to eradicate intestinal worms .\na smaller c . solandri beginning to preform an aggressive display . note the partially erected ridge on the ventrum .\nalthough it can break the ice at parties , provoking your toby to inflate is not a good puffer maintenance practice . this will stress your fish and it could prove to be fatal if your toby ingests air . tobies sometimes have difficulty expelling air from the stomach and end up bobbing helplessly at the water ' s surface . another word of warning ; these fish are not strong swimmers , so make sure all siphons tubes have strainers or small specimens may end up in your power filter .\nmyers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics , guam , pp . 330 .\nschleser , d . m . 1994 . captive husbandry of batfish ( family ogcocephalidae ) . aquarium frontiers , spring : 27 - 29 .\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .\ndescription found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on . . .\ndescription found among coral heads and rocks of subtidal lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 55 m or more . feeds mainly on filamentous green and red algae , tunicates , and on smaller amounts of corals , bryozoans , polychaetes , echinoderms , mollusks , and brown and coralline red algae . forms shoals ( 10 - 100 or more ) which often contains the filefish , @ paraluteres prionurus @ ( about 5 % of shoal ) mimicking @ c . valentini @ to protect it from predators ( refs . 4919 and 5503 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of tetraodon gronovii cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetraodon valentini bleeker , 1853 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetrodon taeniatus peters , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cathigaster valentini ( bleeker , 1853 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 104836 ) . tropical ; 40\u00b0n - 14\u00b0n , 29\u00b0w - 13\u00b0w\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 . absence of dark stripe extending anteriorly from the ventral caudal fin margin onto the caudal peduncle or flank ; presence of a horizontal dark stripe extending from the dorsal caudal fin margin anteriorly to the pectoral fin base ; absence of a conspicuous ( larger than eye ) spot slightly ahead and below dorsal fin base ; absence of bars on the caudal fin ( ref . 43205 ) .\n) : 18 . 7 - 24 . 3 , mean 20 . 2 ( based on 67 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 15 se ; based on food items .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: from madeira to angola and gulf of mexico , west indies and bermuda .\nbloch , m . e . . 1785 - 1795 . naturgeschichte der ausl\u00e4ndischen fische , berlin , 1 , 1785 : viii + 136 pp . , 36 pl . ( cix - cxliv ) ; 2 , 1786 : viii + 160 pp . , 36 pl . ( cxlv - clxxx ) ; 3 , 1787 : xii + 146 pp . , 36 pl . ( clxxxi - ccxvi ) ; 4 , 1790 : xii + 128 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccxvii - cclii ) ; 5 , 1791 : vi + 152 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccliii - cclxxxviii ) ; 6 , 1792 : iv + 126 pp . , 36 pl . ( cclxxxix - cccxxiii ) ; 7 , 1793 : xii + 144 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxxvccclx ) ; 8 , 1794 : iv + 174 pp . , 36 pl . ( ccclxi - cccxcvi ) ; 9 , 1795 : ii + 192 pp . , 36 pl . ( cccxcvii - ccccxxix ) .\nfowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .\njordan , d . s . ; edwards , c . l . 1886 . a review of the american species of tetraodontidae . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 9 : pp . 230 - 247 .\nrandall , j . e . 1968 . caribbean reef fishes . t . f . h . publ . , jersey city : 318 p . , 324 fig .\nis widely distributed in the indo - pacific where it appears to be common . it is associated with a variety of habitats , including coral reefs , seagrass beds , and artificial reefs .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c .\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas . it is therefore listed as least concern . we recommend monitoring of harvest levels for the aquarium trade .\nthere are a few records of c . solandri in hawaii , however it does not appear to be established there . this species is distributed from central philippines ( bohol region ) east to french polynesia . it is not found in palau ( allen and erdmann 2012 , stump in prep . 2014 ) . several records from the ryukyu islands , japan were based on mis - identifications of c . papua , and this species ' presence in japan remains to to be verified ( stump in prep . 2014 )\namerican samoa ; australia ; cook islands ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; indonesia ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; nauru ; new caledonia ; niue ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; philippines ; samoa ; solomon islands ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , wake is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna ; yemen\nare very common in museum collections ( fishnet2 searched 28 march 2012 ) . however , it is rare in taiwan ( shao pers . comm . 2011 ) .\ninhabits sheltered rocky reefs ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) as well as intertidal reef flats and lagoon and seaward reefs . this species occurs over open barren areas , as well as among corals and under ledges ( lieske and myers 1994 ) .\nis also associated with seagrass beds ( gell and whittington 2002 ) . it has been known to associate with artificial reefs ( logan kock 1982 ) . it is often found in pairs and sometimes in small groups .\n1994 ) , tunicates , molluscs , echinoderms , polychaetes , crustaceans and bryozoans .\nis sexually dimorphic ( stump in prep . 2014 ) . in all species for which spawning has been described , males are larger than females and defend territories that include multiple females . spawning occurs during the day and involves the preparation of an algal nest on the substratum by the females into which eggs are deposited and fertilized by the male , and spawning occurs in multiple bouts , with no parental care after the last bout . this is consistent with field observations of spawning , social organization , and sexual dimorphism in other\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade , where it is regularly available . it has been exported from the maldives ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) . it retails for approximately $ 25 usd ( liveaquaria . com )\none - third of global seagrass species are currently experiencing population declines , and 21 % of globally assessed seagrass species are in threatened or near threatened categories primarily due to coastal development and pollution ( short et al . 2011 ) . this species is a component of the marine aquarium trade . the effect of this trade on the population of c . solandri is unknown .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of tetrodon sanctaehelenae g\u00fcnther , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\n( of tetrodon ornatus poey , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetrodon rostratus bloch , 1786 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nthe blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout . the species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific .\nthe blacksaddle toby can be recognised by the dark saddles on the side of the body and stripes across the snout .\nthe species occurs throughout the tropical , marine indo - pacific . in australia it is found at the offshore islands of north - western western australia and from northern queensland to southern new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .\nhutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . crawford house press . pp . 437 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 ."]}
{"id": 2089, "summary": [{"text": "buccinum pulchellum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "not to be confounded with : buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 : synonym of zafrona pulchella ( blainville , 1829 ) buccinum pulchellum calcara , 1845 : synonym of mazatlania cosentini ( philippi , 1836 ) buccinum pulchellum c. b. adams , 1851 : synonym of decipifus sixaolus olsson & mcginty , 1958", "topic": 21}], "title": "buccinum pulchellum", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is buccinum pulchellum ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the buccinum pulchellum species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of buccinum pulchellum species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species buccinum pulchellum .\nhow to identify buccinum pulchellum marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species buccinum pulchellum . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species buccinum pulchellum are marked in green .\nworms - world register of marine species - buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878\nbuccinum pulchellum , g . o . sars , 1878 , photos , facts and physical characteristics\nwhere is buccinum pulchellum found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species buccinum pulchellum can be found .\nnomenclature the name buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878 , is a junior homonym of b . pulchellum blainville , 1829 , and several others . . . .\n( of buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n\n' buccinum pulchellum\n' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878 - id : 1960700695\nnomenclature the name buccinum pulchellum g . o . sars , 1878 , is a junior homonym of b . pulchellum blainville , 1829 , and several others . the conditions of iczn art . 23 . 9 may apply and , in the meantime , worms maintains prevailing usage . [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 27 publications ) ( from synonym buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym columbella subcostulata c . b . adams , 1845 ) to encyclopedia of life to itis\n( of buccinum oryza dunker , 1847 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nbuccinum is a genus of medium - sized sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family buccinidae , the true whelks . snails in this genus are commonly called whelks , a name shared with several related and unrelated species . the common whelk buccinum undatum is the most common representative of the genus in the northern atlantic ocean .\n( of buccinum pulchellum blainville , 1829 ) blainville h . m . ( d . de ) ( 1828 - 1830 ) . malacozoaires ou animaux mollusques . [ in ] faune fran\u00e7aise . levrault , paris 320 p . , 48 pl . [ livr . 18 ( 1828 ) , p . 1 - 80 ; livr . 2 ( 1829 ) , p . 81 - 176 ; livr . 23 ( 1829 ) , p . 177 - 240 ; livr . 28 ( 1830 ) , p . 241 - 320 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 178 [ details ]\nsars , g . o . ( 1878 ) . bidrag til kundskaben om norges arktiske fauna . i . mollusca regionis arcticae norvegiae . oversigt over de i norges arktiske region forekommende bl\u00f8ddyr . br\u00f8gger , christiania . xiii + 466 pp . , pls 1 - 34 & i - xviii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nblainville h . m . ( d . de ) ( 1828 - 1830 ) . malacozoaires ou animaux mollusques . [ in ] faune fran\u00e7aise . levrault , paris 320 p . , 48 pl . [ livr . 18 ( 1828 ) , p . 1 - 80 ; livr . 2 ( 1829 ) , p . 81 - 176 ; livr . 23 ( 1829 ) , p . 177 - 240 ; livr . 28 ( 1830 ) , p . 241 - 320 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 178 [ details ]\nmonsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nblainville h . m . ( d . de ) ( 1828 - 1830 ) . malacozoaires ou animaux mollusques . [ in ] faune fran\u00e7aise . levrault , paris 320 p . , 48 pl . [ livr . 18 ( 1828 ) , p . 1 - 80 ; livr . 2 ( 1829 ) , p . 81 - 176 ; livr . 23 ( 1829 ) , p . 177 - 240 ; livr . 28 ( 1830 ) , p . 241 - 320 ] .\nmonsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com .\ndepth : 0 to 9 m ( live 0 . 6 to 9 m )\ntype locality : ham bay , st . croix [ by lectotype designation of usticke ( 1971 ) ]\ncomments : spelled ' multicosta ' in the text and on the plate , but ' multicostata ' in the index ; the latter spelling is here adopted as it was used by usticke ( 1971 ) and boyko & cordeiro ( 2001a ) .\ntype locality : st . croix ( harvey ' s is . ) ; st . martins ; st . barts ; antigua ; grenada\ndistribution : virgin islands : st . croix ; st . martin / st . maarten , st . barthelemy / st . bartholomew , antigua ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada\ncomments : also treated as a subspecies by usticke , therefore available under iczn article 45 . 6 . 1 ; see boyko & cordeiro ( 2001a ) .\nspecierum novarum conchyliorum , in jamaica repertorum , synopsis proceedings of the boston society of natural history 2 1 - 17 . [ stated date : - - jan 1845 . ]\ndiagnoses buccinorum quorundam novorum zeitschrift f\u00fcr malakozoologie 4 59 - 64 . [ stated date : - - apr 1847 . ]\na supplementary listing of new shells , to be added to the check list of the marine shells of st . croix 32 pp . , 6 pls . author : st . croix . [ stated date : - - feb 1969 . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe shell reaches a maximum size of 4mm , has a smooth , bulbous protoconch of 1 . 5 dark brown whorls . adults have three moderately convex whorls , with low - lying axial ribs crossed by black - brown spiral cords to form small beads . the shell is pale orange between the cords . the operculum is yellow - brown , thin and translucent . the animal is creamy yellow , with patches of black on the head and upper surface of the foot .\nolsson , a . a . & mcginty , t . l . 1958 . recent marine mollusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bulletins of american paleontology vol . 39 ( 177 ) radwin , g . e . 1978 . the family columbellidae in the western atlantic , part iib \u2013 the pyreninae ( continued ) . the veliger 20 ( 4 ) : 328 - 344 . redfern , c . 2001 . bahamian seashells . bahamianseashells . com , inc . boca raton , florida . page : 98 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 25 )\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of columbella subcostulata c . b . adams , 1845 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of mitrella elegantula m\u00f6rch , 1860 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]\n( of anachis subcostulata ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of anachis subcostulata var . subcincta nowell - usticke , 1969 ) monsecour k . ( 2010 ) . checklist of columbellidae . pers . com . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\ndistribution : greenland : west greenland , east greenland ; canada : nunavut , queen elizabeth islands , baffin island , labrador , gulf of st . lawrence , quebec , nova scotia ; usa : massachusetts\ndistribution : greenland : west greenland , east greenland ; canada : gulf of st . lawrence\ncomments : non dall , 1885 , nec posselt & jensen , 1898 , p . 209 .\ndistribution : greenland : west greenland ; canada : nunavut , baffin island , newfoundland , gulf of st . lawrence\nreferences : m\u00f6ller ( 1842a ) m ; posselt & jensen ( 1899 ) n ; f . c . baker ( 1919 ) { n } ; macpherson ( 1971 ) ddsew ; golikov ( 1980 ) s\nmollusca of the crocker land expedition to northwest greenland and grinnell island bulletin of the american museum of natural history 41 479 - 517 , pls . 25 - 27 . [ stated date : 01 dec 1919 . ]\nobservations on new or interesting mollusca contained , for the most part , in the museum of the zoological society zoological journal 4 359 - 379 , pl . 9 . [ stated date : - - jan 1829 . ]\nencyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9thodique . histoire naturelle des vers 1 1 - 344 . panckoucke : paris .\ndans un voyage au p\u00f4le bor\u00e9al journal de physique , de chimie , et d ' histoire naturelle 88 462 - 467 . [ stated date : - - jun 1819 . ]\nbeitr\u00e4ge zu einer malacozoologia rossica . ii . aufz\u00e4hlung und beschreibung der zur meeresfauna russlands geh\u00f6rigen einschaler m\u00e9moires de l ' acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de saint - p\u00e9tersbourg , sciences naturelles ( 6 ) 6 329 - 516 , pls . 1 - 11 .\nfortegnelse over gro / nlands blo / ddyr gro / nland geographisk og statistisk beskrevet 2 75 - 100 commission hos universitetsboghandler : kjo / benhavn . [ stated date : 08 apr 1857 . ]\ncatalogue des mollusques du spitzberg recueillis par le dr . h . kroyer pendant le voyage de la corvette\nen juin 1838 m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 malacologique de belgique 4 7 - 32 .\ngro / nlands brachiopoder og blo / ddyr meddelelser om gro / nland 23 xix + 298 pp . , 2 pls . , 1 fold - out map .\nbidrag til kundskaben om norges artktische fauna . i . mollusca regionis articae norvegiae xvi + 466 pp . , 1 map , pls . 1 - 34 , i - xviii . bro / gger : christiania .\ncatalogue of marine mollusca added to the fauna of the new england region , during the past ten years transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 5 451 - 587 , pls . 42 - 44 , 57 - 58 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2090, "summary": [{"text": "erosaria gangranosa is a species of sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is one subspecies : erosaria gangranosa reentsii ( dunker , 1852 )", "topic": 5}], "title": "erosaria gangranosa", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : erosaria gangranosa ( l . w . dillwyn , 1817 ) - id : 1591150825\nverdcourt , b . ( 1954 ) . the cowries of the east african coast ( kenya , tanganyika , zanzibar and pemba ) . journal of the east africa natural history society 22 ( 4 ) 96 : 129 - 144 , 17 pls . [ details ]\nvalidity dna tested by chris meyer ( cgdp ) and not recognized as an evolutionarily significant unit ( esu ) . until more evidence becomes available to validate it , it should be considered a species inquirenda . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2093, "summary": [{"text": "the ludong or lobed river mullet is a freshwater mullet .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "while it is claimed to be endemic to cagayan river and tributaries extending through the watersheds of cagayan valley and the santa-abra river systems of ilocos sur and abra in the philippines , verifiable and reliable sources have listed celebes , new caledonia , new hebrides , and fiji as areas where the lobed river mullet may be found .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "according to the bfar , this fish is habituating in the deep pools of addalem river in aglipay , quirino , and rapids of didimpit in lacab , jones , isabela . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "lobed river mullet", "paragraphs": ["what is the description of that dish ( sinigang na banak ( lobed river mullet in sour tamarind soup ) ? ? pls , answer my question . . i need your help . . thanks ! = )\nthis mullet is often confused with the white mullet , mugil curema . however , the white mullet has scales extending onto its soft dorsal and anal fins while the striped mullet does not . they may also be identified by the anal ray fin count \u2014 8 for the striped mullet and 9 for the white mullet .\nthe high value of the lobed river mullet , popularly known as\npresident ' s fish\nhas resulted in overfishing , seriously diminishing their numbers , said jovita ayson , a regional director of the fisheries bureau .\nhi john , this sounds like an oppertunity to farm lobed river mullet the same way the salmon is raised here in the us . and it could be easier in the rp because they don\u2019t have as a restrictive epa as we do here .\na short early morning session mullet fishing on a freshwater section of french river provides some excellent sport with plenty of pristine grey mullet caught using bread fished both on and below the surface . music from : urltoken urltoken\nanal fin : one of the easiest ways to identify a striped mullet is by the number of anal fin rays . the striped mullet\u2019s fin has 8 rays , whereas the white mullet has 9 .\ncagayan river , lasi , & ludong - most expensive fish in the phils . | facebook\nmouth : mullet have a distinctively shaped triangular mouth with several rows of small teeth .\ndorsal fins : mullet are one of the few fish species with two dorsal fins . they are considered a ray - finned fish , because the fins are composed of webs of skin supported by bony spines , rather than fleshy lobed fins . the mullet\u2019s first dorsal fin contains 5 sharp spines , while the second has 8 soft rays .\nthis photo , released by the philippine bureau of fisheries and aquatic resoruces ( bfar ) , shows a lobed river mullet , cestraeus plicatilis , locally known as\nludong\nor\nbanak .\nthe species , reputed to be one of the favourite dishes of former president ferdinand marcos , is facing extinction in the philippines because it is so valuable , a fisheries official said saturday .\nwildlife officials in china released a rare paddlefish into yangtze river sunday after nursing it back to health from injuries inflicted by fishermen .\nthe lobed river mullet , cestraeus plicatilis , is prized for its unique aroma and special taste\u2014something that motivated former president ferdinand marcos to keep up to a year - long supply on hand at all times . now , the\npresident ' s fish ,\nas it is known in the philippines , is also that country ' s most valuable , selling for as much as $ 114 per kilogram .\nin the cagayan valley , the culture is largely ybanag and ilocano . these two groups share many similarities , including their respective foods . one cultural tradition , centered around food , is capturing and cooking ludong , also known as president\u2019s fish or , in english , lobed river mullet ( cestraeus plicatilis ) . this fish is highly prized , and a great delicacy . unfortunately , it is also highly endangered .\nposted on may 30 , 2014 , in mullet ( banak ) . bookmark the permalink . 3 comments .\nlateral line : mullet do not have an obvious lateral line - the organ most fish use to detect variations in water currents .\ngizzard : mullet have strong stomachs , similar to gizzards , and long intestines , allowing them to thrive on a primarily vegetarian diet .\nthis mullet is well known throughout the country as being the country\u2019s most expensive fish . they are most common in the cagayan river of northern luzon , however they are also most likely present all around the country in estuaries and rivers . these plant feeders like most mullet species are a challenge to catch on hook and line . anglers targeting this species and others are likely to have success fly fishing with small bread , algae , and shrimp pattern .\nlast year , the people i was staying with lived very close to pinacanauan ( ? ) river . it was a pretty impressive river esp near callao . that\u2019s where i first heard about the \u201cludong\u201d , the president\u2019s fish , its market price . i just can\u2019t imagine how it tastes , but it has got to be super tasty to merit the honor .\nthe striped mullet is catadromous , that is , they spawn in saltwater yet spend most of their lives in freshwater . during the autumn and winter months , adult mullet migrate far offshore in large aggregations to spawn . in the gulf of mexico , mullet have been observed spawning 40 - 50 miles ( 65 - 80 km ) offshore in water over 3 , 280 feet ( 1 , 000 m ) deep . in other locations , spawning has been reported along beaches as well as offshore . estimated fecundity of the striped mullet is 0 . 5 to 2 . 0 million eggs per female , depending upon the size of the individual .\nadipose eyelid : as they mature , mullet grow an adipose eyelid . this is a transparent fatty tissue covering the eye , which leaves a narrow slit over the pupil .\na species of mullet reputed to be one of the favourite dishes of former president ferdinand marcos is facing extinction in the philippines because it is so valuable , a fisheries official said saturday .\nmullet are diurnal feeders , consuming mainly zooplankton , dead plant and marine animal matter . mullet have thick - walled gizzard - like segments in their stomach along with a long gastrointestinal tract that enables them to feed on many of the things in their diet . they are an ecologically important link in the energy flow within estuarine communities . feeding by sucking up the top layer of sediments , striped mullet remove dead plant and marine animal matter and microalgae . they also pick up some sediments which function to grind food in the gizzard - like portion of the stomach . mullet also graze on epiphytes and epifauna from seagrasses as well as ingest surface scum containing microalgae at the air - water interface . larval striped mullet feed primarily on microcrustaceans . one study found copepods , mosquito larvae , and plant debris in the stomach contents of larvae under 35mm in length . the amount of sand and other food matter in the stomach contents increases with length indicating that more food is ingested from the bottom substrate as the fish matures .\nat restaurants where fresh or live fish are not available , the usual unspecified nameless white fish in fillet form that has apparently become the default is the so - called\ncream dory\nalso called\nriver cobbler\n. this is actually a fish from the family\nthe only problem is that catching the mullet is becoming increasingly difficult as the species is overfished to the brink of extinction . jovita ayson , a regional director of the fisheries bureau in the philippines , explained :\nludong has a unique taste and aroma , somewhat fishy , but different than that of other fish . though commonly termed a mullet , the taste is quite different than that of other , more common mullet , like red mullet . ludong spawns in a similar manner to wild salmon , though reversed . whereas a salmon lives in saltwater and heads upstream to spawn in fresh water , the ludong lives in freshwater pools upstream and swims downstream to spawn in saltwater . unfortunately , this is a big part of the reason that the fish are so endangered . ludong only migrate once in their lifespan to spawn , returning to fresh water to die a natural death ( though not immediately ) . the need to reproduce is a basic need in animals , as in humans . instinct drives the migration . environmental change from river dredging has also hampered fish stocks . the ludong is now highly endangered , on the verge of extinction .\ni am now working for an international organization that established 12 freshwater sanctuaries in the tributaries of the cagayan river , a total of three provinces here in northern luzon . i am also from the visayas but now based in aparri , exactly where the cagayan river meets the sea . i have yet to see a ludong , but it is off - season now . i always walk / jog at the pier area and saw folks trying to fish . if i see one caught using a line , i will be more than happy to snatch a picture for you to post . cheers !\nthanks for this list . btw a clarification - talakitok and maliputo are indeed the same species ( trevally ) but maliputo refers specifically to a trevally from taal lake and pansipit river . they were trapped there by an eruption of taal volcano and somehow adapted to living in fresh water , and they taste better than the marine trevally . : - )\ngill rakers : typically , fish use their gill rakers to filter out debris from water as it passes over their gills while breathing . for mullet , they serve an additional purpose , allowing them to filter out things they want to eat . this includes algae , plankton , and various other vegetation .\nthe mullet grows to 32 . 5 centimetres ( 12 . 8 inches ) , but those being caught are now much smaller , weighing only 250 grams ( 8 . 9 ounces ) from as much as 2 . 5 kilograms ( 5 . 5 pounds ) a few years back , a sign fewer are reaching maturity .\nmullet spawn in salt water . once hatched , the larvae make their way toward the coast and the juveniles settle in lower salinity water . they later school to freshwater estuaries where they grow to adults . in florida , adults begin to spawn in the early fall october through january , returning to deeper salt water to spawn , as they cannot spawn in freshwater .\ni watched the documentary ( kmjs ) regarding this fish . it is very expensive , but their counts now in the wild is very few ( i believe only in the ph ) , because i saw a vlog in youtube , and a filipino man is fishing in the us using a cast net , and he catches an abundant count of mullet fish on every throw of cast net .\nthe mullet\u2019s body is roughly torpedo - shaped with a round head and small mouth with inconspicuous teeth and a blunt nose . the lips are thin , with a bump at the tip of the lower lip . pectoral fins are short , not reaching the first dorsal fin . the origin of the second dorsal fin is posterior to the origin of the anal fin . the lateral line is not visible .\nthe body is grayish olive to grayish brown , with olive - green or bluish tints and sides fading to silvery white towards the belly . dark longitudinal lines are formed by dark spots at the center of each scale on the upper half of the body , and run the length of the body . young fish smaller than 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length lack stripes . there is a large dark blotch at the base of the pectoral fin . the pigmentation in the iris is dispersed and brown , a character that also helps to distinguish it from white mullet .\nthe maximum recorded length of the striped mullet is 47 . 2 inches ( 120 cm ) , with a maximum weight of 17 . 6 pounds ( 8 kg ) . lifespan is reported to range somewhere between 4 and 16 years . maturity is attained at approximately 3 years of age , corresponding to lengths of 7 . 9 - 11 . 8 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . females mature at a slightly larger size than males . growth rates along the gulf coast of florida increase from west to east , from the panhandle along the peninsula , likely due to the temperature increase . most growth occurs during the spring and summer months . adults grow at a rate of 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 inches ( 3 . 8 - 6 . 4 cm ) per year . females are larger and grow faster than males of the same age .\ngreek , kestra = a kind of shark ; greek , kestros = sharpened , 1876 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; catadromous ( ref . 97775 ) ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical\nasia : celebes , new caledonia , new hebrides , and fiji . also from okinawa , ryukyu islands ( ref . 96268 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 )\nvery little available data . possibly ascending some way up rivers . probably taken incidentally or as part of subsistence fisheries in rivers . oviparous , eggs are pelagic and non - adhesive ( ref . 205 ) .\nharrison , i . j . and h . senou , 1997 . order mugiliformes . mugilidae . mullets . p . 2069 - 2108 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome . ( ref . 9812 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00543 - 0 . 02429 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nludong are one of the few freshwater species in the philippines to have a strict fishing season . the months of october to january are when these fish migrate to spawn and fishing for these fish during those months is now illegal . this is most likely due to the reputation this fish has as being one of the best tasting and rarest freshwater fish . it is said that this was the former president ferdinan marcos favorite fish .\nif you have caught ludong on hook and line send us your pictures and we will post them here .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nvery little available data . possibly ascending some way up rivers . probably taken incidentally or as part of subsistence fisheries in rivers . oviparous , eggs are pelagic and non - adhesive ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nit is a threatened species and we have to do something about it before it goes extinct . if we don ' t stop the indiscriminate catching , in a short while , it could vanish ,\nshe told afp .\nthe fisheries bureau is calling for a five - year ban on the catching of cestraeus plicatilis , locally known as\nludong\nor\nbanak\n.\nit is found in only a few countries , and in the philippines its habitat is limited to a few rivers in the north .\nit sells for 5 , 000 pesos ( 114 dollars ) a kilogram , which only the wealthiest can afford , making it the most expensive fish in the philippines , ayson said .\nbut this also leads fishermen to catch it even during its spawning season , not leaving enough mature fish to breed , she said .\nyou cannot stop fishermen from catching it . it is too valuable . people even pay the fishermen in advance for their catch ,\nshe said .\nmarcos , a native of the northern philippines who ruled the country from 1965 to 1986 - - much of it under martial rule - - reputedly always had a year - long supply of the fish stocked away , ayson said .\na lot of people like the smell . it has a unique aroma and a special taste ,\nshe said , explaining the demand .\nin captivity and educating the local populace on the need to keep it from dying out , ayson said .\nsturgeon , the fish that produce black caviar , are at the brink of extinction , miami researchers reported thursday .\ncatch share programs result in more consistent and predictable fisheries but do not necessarily improve ecological conditions , according to a new study published online this week by the journal proceedings of the national . . .\nhuman impacts on the environment have reduced populations of wild species to dangerously low levels . nowhere is this more apparent than in worldwide fisheries , where thanks to overfishing and habitat destruction , countless . . .\n( ap ) - - the west coast groundfish fleet has struggled to stay afloat during major cutbacks to reverse long - standing problems with overfishing and to protect the seafloor from damage caused by bottom trawling gear .\nglobal fisheries , a vital source of food and revenue throughout the world , contribute between us $ 225 - $ 240 billion per year to the worldwide economy , according to four new studies released today . researchers also concluded . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nbakoko - grunt ( e . g . pomadasys argenteus ) , seabream , sweet lips\nbisugo - threadfin bream ( e . g . nemipterus japonicus ) , jobfish , goatfish\nkabasi - gizzard shad ( e . g . nematalosa nasus , anodontostoma chacunda )\nmaya - maya / bambangin / pargo - snapper ( e . g . lutjanus malabaricus )\ntalakitok / maliputo - trevally / jack / cavalla ( e . g . caranx ignobilis )\nalimasag - crab portunidae spp . ( e . g . blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus ) , coral crab ( charybdis feriatus )\nhalaan - clam ( e . g . manila clam / japanese carpet shell , ruditapes philippinarum )\nswahe / suahe - endeavor prawn ( e . g . red endeavor prawn / greasy back shrimp , metapenaeus ensis )\n. there are many varieties and kinds of fish . the country ' s tropical climate and coral reefs make its waters located near the center of the coral triangle among the richest in marine life anywhere providing a bounty of fresh philippine seafood and an assortment of tropical fish . according to some estimates 5 % of the world ' s reef area is in philippine waters and the marine fish in the area represent 20 % of the total marine fish in the world .\nfishing is an important source of livelihood for many filipinos . in 1998 around 3 % of the country ' s labor force was involved in the philippine fishing industry which contributed to about 3 . 6 % of the gdp composition . commercial fishing operations produce most of the catch but a growing percentage comes from aquaculture / mariculture . an ordinary filipino consumes around 98 . 6 grams of fish or fish products a day making it the primary source of protein in the filipino diet . the philippines being a predominantly christian nation , fish are especially popular during lent .\nthe best time to buy fish is early in the morning . philippine fishing boats bring their catch to places like the navotas fish port complex ( the largest in the country ) while it is still dark . from there fish are distributed to local markets .\nfilipino fish names can get confusing very quickly . different names can be given to the same fish and a name can be applied to multiple fish\u2014and that ' s just in the same dialect and region . given the various philippine languages and the disparate islands comprising the archipelago , custom and usage varies and contradictions frequently crop up . in metro manila , tagalog is the dominant language but because of the influx of people from the provinces , local names and regional names from other parts of the country like the visayas or ilocos or even other tagalog provinces with their own name variants are sometimes used in manila wet markets .\nlargely refer to the same species , but others make a distinction . according to one explanation ,\n, narrower and rounder sardines . even though a source i ' m looking at says\nis also used for these sardinella but it is a name probably most properly reserved for the philippine freshwater fish specie endemic to lake taal . sardines are popular fish for canning , smoking and drying .\nand is also used for dried fish . the town of rosario , cavite previously called salinas ( derived from\n) . the two species seem to interbreed and may be one and the same . ] then again some consider the\nwhile others seem to consider them distinctly different fish . elsewhere in the philippines , members of the siganidae family can also be called\n, both often referring to bluish - tinged tuna , are sometimes interchanged with one another or used to refer to tuna in general . but\nis one name used for flounder but has also been seen to refer to mantis shrimp .\nare popular premium fish choices . a philippine fish recipe that would work well with these fish is to cook them\n. red tilapia , sometimes presented as\nkingfish\n, has also been observed in some fish and seafood restaurants . it ' s a possibly misleading fish since its red pigmentation may lead those unfamiliar with it to mistake it for\n, but red tilapia is not as highly valued as either of those fish . red tilapia is a hybrid fish created by fish farmers . tilapia is an introduced species in the country grown in fish cages and fish ponds largely used in aquaculture because of its fast reproduction leading it to be called\nchicken of the sea\n.\nis usually available somewhere in the menu . blue marlin also pops up with some frequency as does\n. bacalao is a term taken from spanish that is used for cod . salmon although imported and more expensive has also become popular .\nalthough the philippine fish identified on the main list are believed to be sold in markets one needs to take care with unfamiliar fish . one species may be safe while another in the same family may not be . even among those fish that are widely eaten some need to be prepared or handled a certain way prior to cooking and eating for them to be safe .\nwith symptoms similar to an allergic reaction is associated with tunas , mackerels , mahi - mahi , and marlin that have spoiled resulting in the release of histamines which are unaffected by cooking . there are also reports of\ntoxins are a danger related to harmful algal blooms . the philippine government issues red tide alerts from time to time to warn about the harvesting , buying , selling and eating of seafood from certain areas .\nallen , g . r . ( 1985 ) . fao species catalogue \u2013 volume 6 snappers of the world \u2013 an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date . food and agriculture organization of the united nations .\nbaluyut , elvira . ( 1989 ) . a regional survey of the aquaculture sector in east asia \u2013 adcp / 88 / 31 . fao .\nbroad , genevieve . ( 2003 ) . fishes of the philippines \u2013 a guide to identification of families . anvil .\nbureau of fisheries and aquatic resources . ( 2011 ) . fisheries administrative order no . 233 - 1 , series of 2011 , annex a \u2013 preliminary list of economically important aquatic organisms .\ncarpenter , kent e . and victor g . springer . ( 2005 ) . the center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity : the philippine islands . environmental biology of fishes 72 : 467 - 480 .\ndickson , jonathan o . ( 2001 ) . shrimp trawl fisheries in the philippines . in fishery technology service . tropical shrimp fisheries and their impact on living resources , fao fisheries circular no . 974 .\ndoyo , maria ceres p . ( june 9 , 2011 ) . ' maliputo , ' ' tawilis ' and poisoned waters . philippine daily inquirer .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) . fishery and aquaculture country profiles\nganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales . ( 1999 ) . common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . manila : bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , fisheries resources evaluation and environment services division .\ndetermining the consumption behavior of fresh fish demand in the philippines . bureau of agricultural research research and development diges t .\nhernando , aniceto m . jr . and efren ed . c . flores . ( january 1981 ) . the philippines squid fishery : a review . in w . hobart ( ed . ) , marine fisheries review , vol . 43 , no . 1 . seattle : national marine fisheries service , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) .\nherre , albert w . c . t . and agustin f . umali . ( 1948 ) . english and local common names of philippine fishes , u . s . department of the interior , fish and wildlife service , circular no . 14 . washington d . c . : u . s . government printing office .\njereb p . and c . f . e . roper . ( eds . ) . ( 2011 ) . cephalopods of the world \u2013 an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date \u2013 volume 2 \u2013 myopsid and oegopsid squids . rome : fao .\nmotoh , hiroshi and kuronuma , k . ( 1980 ) . field guide for the edible crustacea of the philippines . iloilo , philippines : aquaculture department , southeast asian fisheries development center .\nnational statistical coordination board . ( c . 2003 ) . philippine economic - environmental and natural resources accounting \u2013 fishery resources \u2013 the philippine marine fishery resources .\nrome , b . , s . j . newman , g . jackson , and j . norriss . ( may 2010 ) . gascoyne wetline fish identification field guide . department of fisheries , government of western australia .\nseafood services australia . ( october 14 , 2005 ) . australian fish names list .\nsantos , frank f . ( n . d . ) . mudcrab industry profile . bfar .\nseafood shopping guide . ( 2006 ) . seafood choices . national museum of marine biology and museum , taiwan .\nsearch aquaculture fact sheets \u2013 cultured aquatic species . ( n . d . ) fao .\nspecies \u2013 common recreational saltwater . department of primary industries , new south wales , australia .\nexcellent blog ! thank you very much for sharing on this wonderful information with us . alaskan fish species\nthis is great ! very comprehensive . will share in my foodie page urltoken thanks !\nthanks for this blog . more power to you . two thumbs up : d\nunfortunately i ' m not skilled enough to identify it especially given the lack of color in the picture . some fish can be trickier to identify because they change pigmentation during different times in their life cycle . for example some species of snapper have very pronounced stripes when young but lose them almost completely and turn red when older . also please note that most of the fish listed , although not all , are those commonly seen in wet markets . there may be many ornamental fish that are not covered by this list . anyway good luck identifying the fish !\naccording to fishbase yes coral trout appears to be a common name in malaysia to refer to grouper .\nwould very much appreciate if you could identify the fish that were sold at wet market . they called it salmon , but i really doubt it ' s a salmon . thanks\nthanks for this list and your excellent scholarship , this has been very helpful .\ncheck out also the new aani weekend market in arca south , caliraya drive taguig city , metro manila .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2015 philfoodie . blogspot . com . all rights reserved . powered by blogger .\na gastronomic adventure that will take you from one culinary destination to the next . together with some of the best chefs and food authors , as well as ordinary homemakers , isla kulinarya will share delicious recipes and introduce the viewers to the world of authentic flavors of the islands philippines . explore the islands , taste the food , relive the memories - - - all made possible by island pacific .\n1 . boil tamarind in 1 cup rice washing . when soft , mash fruit .\nisla kulinarya lets you explore the islands , taste the food , relive the memories - - - all made possible by island pacific supermarket . go and visit an island pacific near you with branches in southern california located at cerritos , canoga park , north and south vernon in los angeles , panorama city and west covina ; union city and vallejo in northern california . check out our website at urltoken . stay connected with us - - like us on facebook ( island pacific market ) , follow us on twitter ( islandpacificus ) and blogger ( island pacific market ) . fro your comments , suggestions , and request for recipes that you want us to feature , please email info @ urltoken .\npresyong sulit . . . sa isalnd pacific .\nfeatured recipe : guinataang alimasag ( crab in coconut milk ) by chef socrates z . inonog , acf , cce this january , isla kulinarya takes you . . .\nwho doesn\u2019t look forward to the warmer months ? it is the perfect time to go out and spend some time with family and friends . social gathe . . .\nknown as skilled cooks , batangue\u00f1os are fond of building recipes out of cattle and fish meat because of its abundance in their province . . .\nfeatured recipe : pinangat na pompano created and prepared by ramon gumapac cook at island pacific supermarket the featured recipe was crea . . .\nfeatured recipe : sinigang na banak by chef socrates z . inong , afc , cce last week , we featured batanes ' guinataang alimasag , one of t . . .\npinoys , by nature , are very social people . such is reflected through strong family ties and friendships that are kept alive since their y . . .\nprepared by : chef reggie torres chef reggie torres has a long and distinguished career in the culinary arts industry . he h . . .\nfeatured recipe : sinigang na bangus created and prepared by : ramon gumapac cook at island pacific supermarket the featured recipe was crea . . .\npechay is a cabbage . it is one of the most known vegetables in the philippines . it is also known as one of the oldest green vegetables in . . .\nfeatured recipe : hipon sa gata ( shrimp in coconut milk ) prepared and created by chef reggie torres chef reggie torres has a long . . .\nwhile we are known to be a filipino supermarket , island pacific aspires not only to promote filipino cuisine to filipino communities across united states but also to place it in the world culinary map . we accomplish this by offering the finest and top of the line products in our stores because that\u2019s what filipino cooking is all about \u2013 you just never compromise with ingredients . we believe a country\u2019s food is a fair reflection of its culture and we at island pacific continuously showcase the colorful and rich filipino tradition to the world through native foods culled from the different regions of the philippines . we are very proud of our roots , our steadfast efforts to make it known , and we will continue to strive to be the best at what we do .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nmax length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9812 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; catadromous ( ref . 97775 ) ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 86942 )\npd 50 = 0 . 6250 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nmedium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . )\neyes : two bulbous eyes on stalks sit either side of the rostrum . these are compound eyes which have panoramic vision and are very good at detecting movement .\nchela : the first two pairs of pereiopods have claws or chela . the chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth . they can also be used for fighting and grooming .\nnearly every student in a business or psychology degree program is exposed to maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs , represented by this graphic . the bottom tier is universal to every human . as one moves up the pyramid , the needs become less urgent , less universal .\nwhat one eats becomes part of their culture : rebecca looks at a plate of pinakbet , with lots of stinky bagoong the same way that i look at a dish of hush puppies or chicago pizza . each is part of our respective culture .\nthe mystique surrounding the ludong is centered around its\u2019 reputation as being \u201cfit for a president\u2019s meal\u201d ( part of the lore surrounding the fish is that marcos demanded it frequently for important dinners as an indigenous cuisine . remember , marcos was from ilocos , and probably grew up eating the fish ) . the fish itself is very difficult to catch , and is virtually never caught in any significant quantity . it is currently the most expensive fish in the philippines , currently selling at a market price of p4 , 000 to p5 , 000 per kilogram . the remoteness of the cagayan valley also contributes to its\u2019 scarcity , as the fish spoils rapidly , given the tropical heat and difficulty transporting it to market . like anything else , supply and demand drive the price . since ludong forms part of the cultural heritage of the cagayan valley , the demand is there . however , high market prices and the scarcity of the fish encourage illegal fishing or overfishing .\nrebecca\u2019s remembers that ludong season was part of the family\u2019s annual rituals : a tradition that has nearly disappeared . ludong was always regarded as a delicacy in the cagayan valley , normally a celebration or special ingredient , given the difficulty of catching the fish . it is normally prepared in sinigang as the main ingredient , with aubergines and tamarind , or roasted with calamansi in banana leaves ( wrapped as a parcel ) , or as the main ingredient in a variation of pinakbet , with aubergines , calabaza ( sometimes the flowers ) , and bagoong .\nthe denr now regulates the fishing of ludong , prohibiting it during the spawning migration . however , the fines for violations are miniscule ( only p200 ) , which is not much disincentive when compared with the high market prices the fish commands . unfortunately , there is often very little way to distinguish catching a fish for subsistence or for cultural identity and catching a fish for profit . this is the same issue that governments have struggled with in other locations in the world , such as seal or whale hunting by inuits in canada . the need for conservation must take priority , yet fulfilling that need means that yet another tiny part of the culture becomes lost forever .\njohn miele is a citizen of the world , having spent time in many locations around the globe . currently , he finds himself in manila , but travels throughout the philippines . john joined the live in the philippines web magazine in mid - 2008 .\nthe obvious fish related cultural difference that i tease marie about is the consumption of beautiful tropical fish . we have a large aquarium on one of the terraces that is the home of goggle eyed goldfish . on the dinner plate there are beautiful tropical fish . so i tease her about eating the gwapo fish and admiring the panget fish . that and the fish head eating .\ntom : rebecca\u2019s favorite dish is curried fish head\u2026 it seems that the head is the choicest piece for true conniseurs .\ni am of the opinion that the taste acquired from childhood is a powerful remembrance of one\u2019s native home , and will always prevail over other considerations for the rest of that person\u2019s life . how true the adage that you can take the filipino out of his country , but you can never take the filipino - ness in him . the filipino\u2019s \u201cwant\u201d , for tuyo , for example , maybe attributed to his longing for home as much as satisfying a gnawing craving , however far away from home and lofty his status may have become this want is a cultural manifestation ingrained so deep in almost\nhudson : from what i understand , the breeding cycle has proven to be what is complicating things .\ninteresting article , john . i have never heard of ludong until now . i wonder why they are having a hard time raising / farming ludong . i would think if they can farm salmon , they can find a way to raise and farm ludong .\nmiss august : they haven\u2019t had much success\u2026so far . though the fish are similar , duplicating what happens in nature is pretty difficult .\nhi john \u2013 brilliant read and so much food for thought ( no pun intended ) . yes it\u2019s easy to sit in an ivory tower and pontificate about what to do and not to do when money is no object . but when one falls to the ground and survival is the main object in life viewpoints surely change . yes maslow did feature when i did my post graduate degree in human resource management and development . if all could differentiate been needs and wants life would be much simpler for all . regards . jim .\njim ; totally agree with you\u2026 i\u2019ve found that with most issues , very seldom is everything totally black or white . it is sad what has happened , but it is hard to find fault with a fisherman who is merely trying to feed his family .\nalex : rebecca and her family love it\u2026 they said it is a question of aroma more than taste , per se .\nit seems to me that if a group of people really wanted to preserve their cultural tradition with respect to the consumption of ludong , it should have learned long ago how to strike a balance between subsistence and conservation . apparently in this case , the people realized too late that they are their own enemy . but , as is always the case , man tends to be wasteful , or is lacking in discipline , when there is a perceived abundance of a resource . perhaps it\u2019s time to bring in japanese expertise on the farming of this endangered species .\nricardo : that is far too simplistic and only looks from one angle . if you say that it is ignorance only from the side of the fishermen , what about those who demand the fish in the market and drive up the prices ? you see the same effect on fish species all over the world\u2026 look at how many species are decimated by consumer demand for frozen fish sticks .\njohn , i agree that it is a shared blame all around ; however , what is done is done , and the clock can never be turned back . but in order to reverse the loss and to have some success at regeneration , i think the denr has to mete out a more serious penalty than its current p200 for anyone breaking the moratorium , don\u2019t you think ?"]}
{"id": 2096, "summary": [{"text": "crotalus cerastes cercobombus is a venomous pitviper subspecies found in an area that covers much of the eastern part of the sonoran desert in the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the subspecific epithet means buzzertail . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "crotalus cerastes cercobombus", "paragraphs": ["crotalus cerastes cerastes hallowell 1854 crotalus cerastes hallowell 1854 : 95 crotalus cerastes cerastes klauber 1944 crotalus cerastes \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 229 crotalus cerastes \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus cerastes \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 279 crotalus crastes [ sic ] \u2014 aldridge & duvall 2002 ( in error ) aechmophrys cerastes \u2014 hoser 2009 crotalus cerastes cerastes \u2014 beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus cerastes \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 189 crotalus cerastes cercobombus savage & cliff 1953 crotalus cerastes cercobombus \u2014 beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus cerastes cercobombus \u2014 skubowius 2012 crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 crotalus cerastes laterorepens \u2014 klauber 1952 : 112 crotalus cerastes laterorepens \u2014 beaman & hayes 2008\nteunissen , daisy 2012 . crotalus cerastes cercobombus . litteratura serpentium 32 ( 4 ) : 236 - 245 - get paper here\nhouston , t . c . 2005 . ophiophagy in a captive sonoran desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes cercobombus ) . herpetol . rev . [ in review ]\nthere are 3 subspecies of sidewinder . mojave desert ( cerastes ) , sonoran desert ( cercobombus ) and colorado desert ( laterorepens ) .\nsonoran desert sidewinder ( c . c . cercobombus - savage & cliff , 1953 )\nscientific name : crotalus cerastes cercobombus description : sidewinders are know for their sideways locomotion , moving in an s - shaped curve . they can be colored cream , tan , pink or gray without a conspicuous pattern .\nsievert , j . 2002 . beobachtungen bei der vergesellschaftung von m\u00e4nnlichen crotalus cerastes cerastes hallowell 1854 im terrarium . sauria 24 ( 3 ) : 45 - 46 - get paper here\nsievert , jens 2008 . die seitenwinderklapperschlange crotalus cerastes . natur und tier verlag , m\u00fcnster , 64 pp . - get paper here\nvenomous ! crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and crotalus cerastes laterorepens hybridized in captivity . the validity of the subspecies of c . cerastes is questioned by crother ( 2000 ) . nomenclature : hoser\u2019s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by w\u00fcster & bernils 2011 .\nstrimple , pete 1993 . crotalus cerastes , the sidewinder . litteratura serpentium 13 ( 6 ) : 180 - 183 - get paper here\nsievert , j . 2002 . crotalus cerastes hallowell . sauria ( suppl . ) 24 ( 3 ) : 559 - 564 - get paper here\nalso , shouldn ' t it be crotalus viridus concolor instead of crotalus concolor . since it is a subspecies of the prarie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridus viridus ) . phillip higgins live and let live\nrandel , c . j . , iii , and h . o . clark , jr . 2007 . mojave desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes cerastes ) behavior . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 9 ) : 96 . - get paper here\ncercobombus : mexico ( nw sonora ) , usa ( arizona ) ; type locality : near gila bend , maricopa county , arizona , usa .\nbakker , john 2003 . my experiences in keeping and breeding crotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854 . litteratura serpentium 23 ( 3 ) : 141 - 144 - get paper here\ntai - a - pin , j . 2008 . crotalus cerastes , de sidewinder of hoornratelslang . lacerta 66 ( 1 - 3 ) : 22 - 29 - get paper here\npowell , r . ; inboden , m . & smith , d . b . 1990 . erstnachweis von hybriden zwischen den klapperschlangen crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 und crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( kennicott 1861 ) . salamandra 26 ( 4 ) : 319 - 320 - get paper here\ncrotalus cerastes - hallowell , 1854 - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 95 crotalus cerastes laterorepens - klauber , 1944 - trans . san diego soc . nat . hist . , vol . 10 , p . 94 , fig . 2 , map from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america \u00a9 ellin beltz\nc . c . laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder compared to c . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder\nrorabaugh , j . c . 2007 . apparent rain harvesting by a colorado desert sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes laterorepens ) . sonoran herpetologist 20 ( 12 ) : 128 - 129 . - get paper here\nthis subspecies , crotalus cerastes laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder , is found in southeastern california - roughly south of the san bernardino county line and west to the slopes of the peninsular ranges . the species crotalus cerastes - sidewinder , is found in the southern california deserts , east through southern nevada to extreme southwestern utah , into western arizona , and south into northeast baja california mexico , and northwest sonora , mexico .\nwalde , andrew d . ; andrea currylow , angela m . walde , joel strong 2016 . arboreal behaviours of the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) rattlesnake herpetology notes 9 : 55 - 58 - get paper here\ngreat article . i am looking to purchase a pair or two of crotalus cerastes sonoran and mojave or other southern cal subspecies . captive born only . cash paid . will p / u within 150 miles .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - sonoran sidewinder ssp . < i > cercobombus < / i > with prey\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - sonoran sidewinder ssp . < i > cercobombus < / i > with prey\ntitle =\narkive photo - sonoran sidewinder ssp . < i > cercobombus < / i > with prey\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngoodman , c . m . , schraft , h . a . & clark , r . w . 2017 . crotalus cerastes ( sidewinder ) diet / scavenging . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 670 .\nklauber , laurence m . 1944 . the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , with description of a new subspecies . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 10 ( 8 ) : 91 - 126 - get paper here\nblomstem , patrik , gordon w . schuett , mats h\u00f6ggren and randall s . reiserer . 2016 . fifteen consecutive years of successful reproduction in a captive female sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 69 - 72\nthe sidewinder is a small rattlesnake from the southwest range of the united states and the northwest of mexico . hallowell was the first to describe the species in 1854 as crotalus cerastes ( 58 . 7 cm ) . l . klauber described the subspecies\nsavage , j . m . and cliff , f . s . 1953 . a new subspecies of sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , from arizona . nat . hist . misc . ( chicago acad . sci . j ( 119 ) : 1 - 7\nfig 2 . variation to an extent is common within this species . this photograph illustrates the variation in crotalus concolor .\nplease note a new website : western rattlers : biological notes on the crotalus oreganus complex from the colorado plateau . urltoken\ncerastes : e california , w nevada , sw utah , nw arizona ; type locality : bank of the mojave river and mojave desert , california , usa .\nwebber , michael m . ; tereza jezkova , and javier a . rodr\u00edguez - robles < br / > 2016 . feeding ecology of sidewinder rattlesnakes , crotalus cerastes ( viperidae ) herpetologica , vol . 72 , no . 4 , december 2016 : 324 - 330 . < br / > - get paper here\nthe dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . laterorepens is black . the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . cerastes is brown , the dark rattle segment may not become fully black on c . c . laterorepens until the snake is an adult with 3 or more rattle segments . the last dark marks on the tail do not always correspond to the color of the dark rattle segment . c . c . cerastes has 21 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has 23 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has a higher number of ventral scales than c . c . cerastes . for more information see klauber , 1944 c . cerastes subspecies .\nwinchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here\nsidewinders are nice snakes ! i publish small herpmagazine r\u00e4stik ( adder ) , where are articles in estonian but are abridged versions from all articles in english ) . in next issue is article about mojave sidewinder ( crotalus c . cerastes ) . this subspecies is quite interesting but very tiny . especially juveniles whom should force - feed quite long time . very often to 1 year . after that they eat without help . other two subspecies - colorado sidewinder ( crotalus c . laterorepens ) and sonora sidewinder are much bigger . toomas urltoken\nbrennan , t . c . , holycross , a . t . 2004 crotalus oreganus concolor . geo . dist . herpetol . rev . 35 ( 2 ) .\nsome rattlesnake species are very rare and have small ranges . the banded rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus is\na very obscure , protected species in the chiricahua mountains .\nthe ridgenose rattlesnake , crotalus willardi , is a another very rare , protected species , also found in the chiricahua mountains in southern arizona , as is sisturus milarius , the western massasauga ,\na pygmy rattler .\nsmaller pygmy rattlers are placed in the genus sisturus . the tiger rattlesnake , crotalus tigris , is also\nvery rare\nand has distinct tiger - like stripes .\nhoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here\nthey belong to the genus crotalus , that of rattlesnakes and 3 subspecies are currently recognized by scientists . they are also known by other common names like the horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake or sidewinder rattler .\nashton , k . g . 2003 . movement and mating behavior of adult m ale midget - faded r attlesnakes , crotalus oreganu s concolor , in wyoming . copeia 2003 : 190 - 19 4 .\nashton , k . g . and t . m . patton . 2001 . movement and reproductive biology of female midget faded rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis concolor , in wyoming . copeia 2001 : 229 - 234 .\nc . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder c . s . scutulatus - northern mohave rattlesnake c . atrox - western diamond - backed rattlesnake c . ruber - red diamond rattlesnake c . m . pyrrhus - southwestern speckled rattlesnake c . o . helleri - southern pacific rattlesnake\nw\u00fcster , w . & b\u00e9rnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417\u2013419\nmackessy , s . p . , k . williams , and k . g . ashton . 2003 . ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of crotalus oreganus concolor . a case of venom paedomorphosis ? . copeia 2003 : 769 - 782 .\ndouglas , michael e . ; marlis r . douglas , gordon w . schuett & louis w . porras 2006 . evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae : crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . molecular ecology 15 : 3353 - 3374\nthe midget faded rattlesnake is one of the smallest rattlesnakes in colorado plateau region of the united states . these small rattlesnakes are believed to be a stunted form of the great basin rattlesnake ( crotalus lutosus ) similar in superficial appearance to the hopi rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis nuntius ) . although nuntius and concolor are similar it is not believed to be a direct relationship ( douglas et al . 2002 ) . recent studies using mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) and d - 2 loop sequencing has suggested to elevate midget faded rattlesnakes as well as others from the \u201cwestern viridis complex\u201d to full species status ( douglas et al . 2002 ) .\nvery nice ! ( have read the dutch version already : ) ) good to hear you ' l keep breeding them . ( just for readers ' info , i ' ve bought 2 crotalus c c neonates from john , and they are absolutely perfect snaks ( if you get them feeding that is : ) ) bye , peter\nkinds of rattlesnakes in arizona . a strict inclusion chart of the scientific taxonomy . herein the known species and subspecies are presented according to their scientific classification . the genus sisturus represents the pygmy rattlesnakes , of which one species is known in arizona . in the genus crotalus there are ten species and six subspecies of two of the species .\ndouglas , m . e . , m . r . douglas , g . w . schuett , l . w . porras , and a . t . holycross . 2002 . phylogeography of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex , with emphasis on the colorado plateau . in scheutt et al . [ eds . ] , biol . of the vipers 2002 : 11 - 50 .\nin conclusion , midget faded rattlesnakes ( crotalus concolor ) are a wonderful and unique species that requires little effort for successful captive propagation . although , keeping and breeding concolor is a rewarding experience for all involved , t hese animals are at high risk from human encroachment and are a species that needs conservational attention . therefore , with an increase in captive propagation , research , and public education this species can be around for many more generations to enjoy .\nthe western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , is the most common species . they are difficult to see ;\nthey blend in very well .\nmany years ago it wasn ' t too uncommon to find six - footers , but now with habitat destruction . . . seeing anything over four feet is pretty rare .\nthe western diamondback range is arkansas to southern california and south into northern mexico . they have ten rattles at about 5 - 6 years of age .\nthere are\nseventeen different types of rattlesnakes\nin arizona . direct elicitation revealed that\ntypes\nrefers to the\neleven main species and six subspecies\nso far known and recorded in arizona . rattlesnakes in arizona belong to two genera of snakes . one species is a member of the genus sisturus .\nthe smaller pygmy rattlers are in the sisturus .\nthe remainder are members of the genus crotalus . arizona has more types of rattlesnakes than in any other area in their range , with seventeen of the\nthirty known species , including subspecies\nof rattlesnakes .\nthe arizona speckled rattlesnake , crotalus mitchelli ,\nhas a very unique distinction . . . of being the only blue - eyed snake in the entire northern hemisphere .\nits coloration\nranges all the way from a snow white , all the way to a grey , all the way to royal blue in some areas , and in the red rock areas it will actually take on a red tint .\ntheir head is small , and as a bat eater they are unique . they are\ntwice as venomous as a western diamondback\nalthough\nfull grown at three feet\nin length . they are most prevalent in mountains in the gila bend to yuma area . they are an uncommon species .\nthe venom of the midget faded rattlesnake is composed of a much higher neurotoxin than one would assume . this species carries the presence of a phospholipase a2 - based b - neurotoxin ( concolor toxin ) and several myotoxins ( mackessy et al . 2003 ) which makes concolor venoms highly toxic . in fact concolor is the most toxic out of the ( western rattlesnake clade , crotalus oreganus ) . it was hypothesized that concolor had an ontogenetic variation in venom composition due to is shifts in diet from juvenile to adulthood . however , it was discovered that although juveniles feed predominantly on lizards ( scleoporus ssp . ) and adult s on rodents ( peromyscus and tamias ) there isn ' t much in ontogenetic varia tion in venoms ( mackessy et al . 2003 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nlaterorepens : california , arizona , ne baja california , nw sonora ; type locality : the narrows , san diego county , california , usa .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\naldridge , r . d . & duvall , d . 2002 . evolution of the mating season in the pitvipers of north america . herpetological monographs 16 : 1 - 25 - get paper here\nalshammari , ahmed m . eman el - abd ; massimo ciccozzi ; alessandra lo presti ; marta giovanetti ; eleonora cella 2014 . single - gene versus double - gene tree analyses in molecular classification of saudi venomous snakes . arab j sci eng . ; < br / > doi 10 . 1007 / s13369 - 014 - 1491 - y - get paper here\nbeaman , k . r . & hayes , w . k . 2008 . rattlesnakes : research trends and annotated checklist . in : hayes et al . ( eds ) , the biology of rattlesnakes . loma linda university press , pp . 5 - 16\nbezy , r . l . , p . c . rosen , t . r . van devender , and e . f . enderson . 2017 . southern distributional limits of the sonoran desert herpetofauna along the mainland coast of northwestern mexico . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 138\u2013167 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . & lamar , w . w . 1989 . the venomous reptiles of latin america . comstock publishing / cornell university press , ithaca\ncrother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92\ncunningham , john d . 1966 . field observations on the thermal relations of rattlesnakes . southwestern naturalist 11 ( 1 ) : 140 - 142 - get paper here\nhallowell , e . 1854 . description of new reptiles from california . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 7 [ 1854 ] : 91 - 97 - get paper here\nheimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp\njones , thomas r . ; randall d . babb , frank r . hensley , christine liwanpo , and brian k . sullivan 2011 . sonoran desert snake communities at two sites : concordance and effects of increased road traffic . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 - 71 - get paper here\nklauber , laurence m . 1952 . taxonomic studies on rattlesnakes of mainland mexico . bulletins of the zoological society of san diego ( 26 ) : 1 - 143\nklauber , lawrence m . 1943 . the correlation of variability within and between rattlesnake populations . copeia 1943 ( 2 ) : 115 - 118 - get paper here\nlillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp\nmarvi , hamidreza ; chaohui gong , nick gravish , henry astley , matthew travers , ross l . hatton , joseph r . mendelson iii , howie choset , david l . hu , and daniel i . goldman 2014 . sidewinding with minimal slip : snake and robot ascent of sandy slopes . science 346 ( 6206 ) : 224 - 229 ; doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1255718 - get paper here\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nmeik , jesse m and andr\u00e9 pires - dasilva 2009 . evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 35 - get paper here\nnev\u00e1rez - de los reyes ; manuel , david lazcano , javier banda - leal and ian recchio 2014 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 22 : herpetofauna of the continental portion of themunicipality of hermosillo , sonora , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 49 ( 8 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here\nphelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]\nreiserer , randall s . and gordon w . schuett 2016 . the origin and evolution of the rattlesnake rattle : misdirection , clarification , theory , and progress - get paper here\nskubowius , bernd 2012 . auf schlangensuche in arizona . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 62 - 69 - get paper here\nstebbins , r . c . 1985 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , 2nd ed . houghton mifflin , boston\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwerning , heiko 2012 . die reptilien und amphibien des s\u00fcdwestens . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 18 - 60 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nwe request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .\nit is finally a sunny day in central europe and my sidewinder takes a little sunbath thousands of miles from home . enjoy . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n) and sometimes - rocky hills . the difference between the three subspecies ( aside from geographical variations ) is primarily their size , with\nall three sidewinders have the characteristic elevated scales ( horns ) above their eyes . it is thought that these\nhorns\nprotect the eyes when digging in the sand . the color of the three species varies from yellow , light brown to grey .\nis normally of a creamy white color . all three sidewinders have 28 - 45 red - brown spots along the length of their back . along the length of the back are from 141 - 146 scales .\nconsists primarily of mice , kangaroo rats and lizards . funk ( 1965 ) also mentioned birds ( sparrow ) and small snakes ( arizona ,\nis primarily nocturnal and cars kill many snakes while they lay on the ( still ) warm asphalt . in spite of their small size , they are still a complete rattlesnake . the venom is potentially deadly and the only reason that bite accidents normally are not fatal is because of the small quantity of venom that is injected . the rattle is well developed and can be heard from a long distance away .\nthe male ( captive bred in 1993 in germany ) i bought in february 1996 . the animal was and still is about 40 cm long . it was placed in a terrarium measuring 100 - 50 - 50 cm . this terrarium was heated using a 60 - watt lightbulb , which was placed over a rocky cave . as a substrate i used sand and some rocks . cactuswood and a small water container were placed in the terrarium . the dth was 35\u00b0 celsius under the lightbulb and 22\u00b0 celsius at the other end of the terrarium . ntl was 20\u00b0 celsius .\nthe male is a moderate eater who eats about six mice between two hibernations . after i had the male for about six months , i bought a beautiful looking female at a snake convention . i could not have been happier , but the very next morning she died !\nseveral months later i bought 10 one - month - old juveniles . each animal was placed in a transparent shoebox with sand as a substrate , a hiding box and a watercontainer . these shoeboxes were placed on a heating strip .\nin the beginning all the animals refused to eat , but after several force - feeding they all took pinkies willingly . prey was offered every 7 - 10 days and the juveniles did well . when the animals were about 4 months old they began to die one by one . after research there was no cause found . all the young ate well and then died one or two days later . (\nafter this disappointment i bought an adult female in october 1998 . because i knew the owner and had seen the animal many times at his house . i was sure i could place the two animals together . well , that was a hit . i put the two together at 1800 hrs and ten minutes later they were in copula until 1120 hrs the next morning . this kind of mating was seen daily over a long period and when the animals were placed in hibernation there were 162 hours of mating on the record . the female had eaten the entire time , sometimes even during mating .\nthe animals were placed in hibernation in november 1998 at a constant temperature of 15\u00b0 celsius . in march the animals were placed back in the terrarium with the normal heating . the female started eating right away but the male only wanted to mate . maybe this is the time to mention that according to renae thijssen , two males cannot be kept together . he has seen that some males , who were kept together for a long time , started to bite each other heavily for no apparent reason .\nin the following weeks , i observed numerous matings . the female always stayed in the warm area of the terrarium and ate everything she could catch . she became heavier , and on the 24\nof june she laid 8 infertile eggs . after i cleaned the terrarium , i offered her two mice , which she took like there was no tomorrow . much to my surprise , the two lovers were in copula the next morning .\nwent wrong the last time ? was one of the animals infertile or was the female already pregnant and did the eggs die during hibernation ? after discussing this with my friend renae thijssen , we decided to use the following technique . the animals were not placed in hibernation and a 15 - watt heating pad was placed in the rocky cave , which was heated 24 / 7 .\nthe lightbulb was burning on the normal schedule . this gave the animals the chance to select their favourite spot . it was odd to see that the female stayed in the cool area of the terrarium almost all of the time . the animals just kept on mating and both stayed on their food . in the beginning of march , the female became extremely heavy . with a length of 52 cm , the girth of her body measured about 20 - cm . from march on she stayed on the heating pad at night with the rear end of her body , but as soon as the light went on she went to the cooler area . her eating habits were ferocious , - - 2 - 3 mice were taken and if i were not careful , she would steal the mouse from the male .\nfrom the end of april on she stayed almost constantly on the heating pad . only with the extreme temperatures in the first two weeks of may she would sometimes leave the hotspot .\nof may she refused food for the first time since 1998 . she stayed near a mouse with her head resting on it as if she wanted to save it for later . after i removed the smelly mouse after two days she instantly moved to the warm end of the terrarium .\ni got a good tip from a friend , renae thijssen . he has bought many young sidewinders in the past and they have all survived . one of his techniques is to give all the juveniles a drop of water on a regular basis . this is done by placing a drop of water on the juveniles mouth with a pipette . i cannot say if this method works , but it is worth trying . who knows ?\nshows that young snakes of this species have to\nlearn to drink\n. in all rattlesnake literature it is said that\ni would like to thank rena thijssen for his advice and cooperation , and my very good friend fred van lit for editing the english version of this article .\nthat is a great article . as someone that just moved to the southwest and keeps ` winders , you have put together a very good over view of keeping these animals . thanks , i ` ll use your info for my animals . bill .\nhey john that is a very good article you wrote and makes me want to work with sidewinders even more . i am 14 years old and have the experience needed and know the responsibilities towards keeping these snakes . do you think it is okay for me to keep sidewinders as my first venomous . i have worked with these guys before , so i know what i am doing . i have also worked with other rattlesnakes out in the field .\nthank you for your article . i have been seriously considering keeping sidewinders lately and this article has given me some much needed insight . luke\ngreat article , very informative and i enjoyed it very much . since the original article was written several years ago , how about writing an update discussing how everything went with the neonates and what you have going on with this species now ? shannon\ngreat article , very informative and i enjoyed it very much . since the original article was written several years ago , how about writing an update discussing how everything went with the neonates and what you have going on with this species now ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species ' range extends from southeastern california , southern nevada , and extreme southwestern utah , south through southwestern arizona in the united states , to northeastern baja california and northwestern sonora , and isla tiburon , in mexico ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . in sonora , this species occurs north and west of the nogales - hermosillo - guaymas highway , with the heaviest concentration in the desierto de altar ( armstrong and murphy 1979 ) . the elevational range extends from below sea level to about 6 , 000 feet ( 1 , 830 m asl ) ( stebbins 2003 ) , but most localities are below 1 , 200 m asl ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences . the adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100 , 000 . this snake is locally common in suitable habitat . its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are probably relatively stable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from thomas eimermacher . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact thomas eimermacher dispholidini [ at ] gmail . com . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )\n0000 0000 1206 1220 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthe average size of a mature sonoran desert sidewinder is 1 . 5 - 2 feet , with some getting as large as 2 . 5 feet in length .\nthe sonoran desert sidewinder looks as if it has horns over its eyes and is sometimes called the horned rattlesnake . these horns are actually upturned scales , and are not truly horns . the body is typically a sandy tan , gray , or cream color and is patterned with dark blotches of brown or grey on the back and sides . there is a dark cheek - stripe on both sides of the head that starts at the eye and runs diagonally down and backwards above the mouthline . the tail often has a few to several rings . the end of the tail has a rattle on it .\nthe sidewinder gets its name from the unique sidewinding motion it uses to move . the sidewinding motion is used to move across loose sand without slipping . the sidewinder leaves a series of j marks in the sand .\nthe sonoran desert sidewinder has elliptical pupils that look like cat ' s eyes and like all pit vipers , has a heat - sensing pit between the nostril and eye on each side of its head .\nin the united states , the sonoran desert sidewinder is found only in arizona .\nmap does not show area of true distribution , only the states in which there is a population . actual distribution in any highlighted state may be limited .\nspecies found in the desertic regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . in the us they are found in desert regions of eastern california , southwestern utah , southern nevada , and western arizona , and in mexico , it ' s found in western sonora and eastern baja california .\nthe sidewinder inhabits mostly with wind - blown sands , particularly where sand hummocks are topped with vegetation . but they are also found in areas with open terrain which enables their sidewinding locomotion like open flats , hardpan , and rocky hillsides , and other arid areas usually with creosote bush growth .\n, which enhances traction and makes possible its movement on loose windblown desert sand .\nhowever this peculiar locomotion is used by the sidewinder on any substrate and as the snake progresses over the loose sand it leaves a j - shaped impression , with the tip pointing in the direction of travel .\nthis is a small rattlesnake species , on average adult specimens measures between 17 and 30 inches ( 43 to 76 cm ) in length , males are smaller than the females , which is unusual for this type of snakes .\n\u200bthe sidewinder pattern consists of a ground color that may be yellowish - brown , cream , buff , pink or grayish , overlaid with 30 to 46 dorsal elliptical or rhombus shaped blotches . like other rattlesnakes the sidewinder as a thin neck and a very distinct large triangular head , their tail is thick with the obvious rattle . \u200bthe belly is white and they have the capability of displaying a different coloration depending on the ambient temperature in a process known as metachrosis .\nthey have keeled dorsal scales and because of the raised supraocular scales above the eyes , they are sometimes referred to as the horned rattlesnake .\nthis evolutionary adaptation may help the snake shade the eyes from the sun or possibly prevent sand from drifting over them as the snake lies almost totally buried in it , in ambush waiting for prey .\nthe sidewinder is active from november to march , maybe longer in the southern part of its range , but during hot months the snake is nocturnal and becomes diurnal during the cooler months . in captivity , they have lived between 20 to 30 years , but in the wild , they probably don ' t live that long .\n- found in the us in maricopa , yuma , pima and pinal counties in arizona and south into sonora , mexico .\n- found in the united states inhabiting desert areas of riverside county in california to pinal county in arizona and south to sonora and baja california in mexico .\n, but the species possess a much weaker venom when compared to other rattlesnake species . its venom is about 16 times less toxic than that of the\nthis fact combined with their small size venom glands , makes the sidewinder less dangerous to humans than their larger relatives like the eastern diamondback rattlesnake .\nthe bite symptoms include nausea , chills , coagulopathy , dizziness and shock , and can cause pain , swelling , hemorrhagic bleb formation and ecchymosis .\nthe sidewinder like most rattlesnakes is an ambush hunter , it stays coiled and waits for unsuspecting prey to approach within striking distance , then strikes and releases the prey . it uses its hollow retractable fangs to inject the venom and kill the prey and also to begin digesting it .\nthe snake follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole . they feed on lizards , mice , birds and even other snakes .\nthe juveniles sidewinders use their tails to attract lizard prey in a behavior called\ncaudal luring\n. the adult specimens gradually lose this behavior when they make the transition from small lizards to their primary diet item , desert rodents .\nthe mating season takes place in the spring from april through may , but they do on occasion mate in the fall . like all rattlesnakes they are ovoviparous . females\nthe young snakes range from 6 to 8 inches in length , they are born inside a thin membrane from which they break out within just a few minutes after birth . the hatchlings will stay with the female in a burrow for a week up to 10 days , after shedding for the first time , they abandon the burrow and are ready to fend for themselves .\n, which give no parental care , during this short period the sidewinder female guards and protect the young snakes from predators .\nsometimes the females dies of sheer exhaustion after giving birth , which may last 2 to 3 hours .\nwhen they are born the younglings have only a single rattle button at the end of their tail . the sidewinder rattlesnake matures at 2 to 3 years of age and reproducing annually , but might not reproduce for 1 o 2 years if the food supply is scarce .\n, it ' s listed as such due to their wide distribution and presumed large population . in the last assessment done in 2007 , their population trend was considered stable .\ndid you know ? a group of snakes is called a bed , den , pit or nest , find more facts about snakes for kids .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nadult , imperial county , coiled up on a rock at night . \u00a9 stuart young\nblack coloring at the base of the rattle . ( compare with the brown coloring of the mohave desert sidewinder . )\ncalifornia park warning sign . click the picture to see more rattlesnake warning signs .\nrattlesnakes are important members of the natural community . they will not attack , but if disturbed or cornered , they will defend themselves . reasonable watchfulness should be sufficient to avoid snakebite . give them distance and respect .\nrattlesnakes are also among the most reasonable forms of dangerous wildlife : their first line of defense is to remain motionless ; if you surprise them or cut off their retreat , they offer an audio warning ; if you get too close , they head for cover . venom is intended for prey so they ' re reluctant to bite , and 25 to 50 percent of all bites are dry - no venom is injected .\nleslie anthony . snakebit : confessions of a herpetologist . greystone books , 2008 .\nadults are 17 - 33 inches . ( 43 - 84 cm ) . snakes encountered will generally be 12 - 18 inches . juveniles are about 7 inches at birth .\na heavy - bodied venomous pit viper with a thin neck , a large triangular head , and a thick tail with a rattle on the end made of loose interlocking segments . a new rattle segment is added each time the skin is shed , which can be more than one time per year . pupils are elliptical . scales are keeled . the supraocular scale over each eye is enlarged and raised up over the eye giving the appearance of a\nhorn\nover each eye . these scales can fold down over the eyes to protect them when the snakes is buried or crawling in underground burrows . has two pits , one on each side of the front of the head above the mouth that are used to sense heat when hunting warm - blooded prey .\npale cream , tan , brown , pink , or grayish back color usually closely matches the soil surface allowing the snake to blend in with the background . around 40 darker blotches on the back . a dark stripe extends through each eye .\njuveniles are born with only a single rattle button at the end of the tail .\nprimarily nocturnal and crepuscular during periods of excessive daytime heat , but also active during daylight when the temperature is more moderate . not active during cooler periods in winter .\nmoves with a sidewinding locomotion , throwing raised loops of the body to the side to push itself forward in an s - sheped curve . a sidewinders trail looks like a series of parallel j - shaped lines pointing roughly 45 degrees from the direction of movement .\nrattlesnakes have long , hollow , movable fangs connected to venom glands . the fangs are replaced if broken . a snakes uses its fangs to inject a toxic venom which quickly immobilize its prey . a rattlesnake can control the amount of venom injected . though the amount of venom a sidewinder injects is relatively small and rarely deadly , bites on humans are still potentially dangerous without immediate medical treatment . sometimes a rattlesnake bites but does not inject venom . these are called\ndry bites .\na dry bite may still require medical attention . even a dead snake can bite and inject venom if the jaws open reflexively when they are touched .\nwhen alarmed , a rattlesnake shakes its tail back and forth . the movement rubs the rattle segments together producing a buzzing sound which serves as a warning . newborn snakes have only one rattle segment which does not make a sound .\neats mainly lizards when young , and eats increasingly larger prey including small rodents when grown . an ambush hunter , it sits buried beneath the surface of loose sand with just the top of the head showing , near kangaroo rat warrens , and lizard or rodent trails , then strikes at and releases the prey . the snake then follows the trail of the envenomated animal and swallows it whole . young snakes may use their tail to lure their prey ( caudal luring . ) they coil up and lie still , raise up the tail , and wiggle it . pits on the sides of the head sense heat . these heat sensors help the snake to locate prey by their warmth . long , hollow , movable fangs connected to venom glands inject a very toxic venom which quickly immobilizes the prey . the snake can control the amount of venom injected and the fangs are replaced if broken .\nclick on this picture to see an illustrated interpretation of the various ways pit vipers ( including rattlesnakes ) perceive their prey , using their eyes , their sense of smell , their ability to detect vibrations , and their ability to sense heat . \u00a9 frank buchter\nrattlesnakes are ovoviparous . the mother keeps her fertilized eggs inside her body and gives birth to living young . females probably start bearing young at three years of age and breed annually . ( klauber , 1982 ) breeding occurs in the spring . 2 to 18 young are born from july to september . ( stebbins & mcginnis , 2013 )\ninhabits primarily areas of wind - blown sands , especially where sand hummocks are topped withvegetation . also found in hardpan , open flats , rocky hillsides , and other desert areas , especially those grown with creosote bush , where the terrain is open , not obstructed by rocks or vegetation , allowing the broad sidewinding locomotion .\ndouglas et al . ( 2006 , mol . ecol . 15 : 3353\u20133374 ) , using mtdna , found several geographically distinct lineages within\nthe following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists . this snake is not included on the special animals list , which indicates that there are no significant conservation concerns for it in california .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : this animal is venomous and bites may cause injury or death . if encountered it should be left alone .\ncopyright\u00a9 2000 - 2018 , arizona herpetological association . all editorial content and graphics on this site are protected by u . s . copyright and international treaties and may not be copied without the written permission of arizona herpetological association , which reserves all rights .\nthis paper presents and analyzes the domain of rattlesnakes of arizona as expressed by a person of greater than common knowledge . taxonomic classification of rattlesnakes and rattlesnake attributes are the primary focus . cause - effect , spatial , functional and sequence relationships are also expressed in the domain .\ni interviewed a person dedicated to educating people about rattlesnakes . he lectures on rattlesnakes and presents live rattlesnake shows . his educational efforts focus on understanding rattlesnake behavior and what is proper and safe human behavior in relation to rattlesnakes . he tries to convince people to not kill rattlesnakes , to relocate them instead . he encourages understanding of the beneficial role of rattlesnakes in rodent control and consequent human disease vector control .\nmy informant is called upon to remove and relocate rattlesnakes from human use areas . he releases them into habitats undisturbed by people . he is the founder and owner of a live rattlesnake exhibit , a business and a vehicle for educating the public . he has been featured in articles and other media because of his experience with , knowledge of , and interest in rattlesnakes . he majored in communications and studied zoology at the university level .\nmost of the interview took place in the informant ' s place of work , a live rattlesnake exhibit . the interview incorporated a live rattlesnake show with the informant handling and displaying five large and venomous rattlesnakes . the interview was concluded at a place of refreshment . just under two hours was spent with the informant on the first day . another hour was spent to review the material ."]}
{"id": 2097, "summary": [{"text": "hemigrammus pulcher is a semi-popular aquarium species , also known as the pretty tetra , garnet tetra or black wedge tetra .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in the wild , the species is found near iquitos in the peruvian amazon , and probably also in brazil and colombia . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "hemigrammus pulcher", "paragraphs": ["hemigrammus rhodostomus is found in the lower amazon river of south america in paraguay and aripiranga .\nalso known as the garnet or black wedge tetra , h . pulcher is deservedly popular in the hobby . it\u2019s both hardy and inexpensive , and is a good choice for the beginner . there was previously a subspecies , h . pulcher haraldi . this has now been reclassified as a distinct species , h . haraldi .\nthe south american tetras , placed in the subfamily tetragonopterinae within characidae , comprise numerous genera , including hemigrammus , hyphessobrycon , paracheirodon ( the neon , green , and cardinal tetras ) , and tetragonopterus .\ndescription : it is hard to describe the body colors of pretty tetra , because it depends on the light , but it can range from violet to copper . the belly area is lighter , sometimes yellow . there is a shiny copper marking behind the gill cover . the upper part of the iris is red . the fins are transparent . a shiny light line extends on the caudal pedunce , and a thick black band runs below this line . hemigrammus pulcher was first imported to europe in the late 1930\u2019s , and it has been succesfully bred a little later . like all hemigrammus , the taxonomic status of this species is currently uncertain and scientists agree that a full revision is required .\nlike all hemigrammus , the taxonomic status of this species is currently incertae sedis , meaning uncertain . the genus is currently used as something of a catch - all for over 70 species of small characin . most experts agree that a full revision is required , with the likely outcome that many species will be placed into new or different genera .\nthis species occurs in the peruvian amazon in the mara\u00f1on and ucayali river basins ( ortega et al . 2012 ) in the amazon basin of colombia ( mojica et al . 2005 ) , and in the napo river basin of ecuador ( barriga 2012 ) . it apparently also occurs in brazil , although this may be the similar - looking hemigrammus haraldi ( f . lima pers . comm . 2007 ) .\nwill do fine in most \u2018general\u2019 community tanks . it is lively , quite colourful and peaceful . it\u2019s a good tankmate for most livebearers , danios , rasboras , other tetras and peaceful bottom dwellers such as corydoras or smaller loricariids . it can also be kept with the majority of commonly available gouramis and dwarf cichlids . it is quite shy , so don\u2019t keep it with anything much larger or more boisterous . in a biotope tank as described above , it can be combined with other hemigrammus or hyphessobrycon species , pencil fish , apistogramma dwarf cichlids and the aforementioned bottom dwellers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchuctaya , j . , ortega torres , h . , correa , e . , reis , r . & lima , f .\njustification : this species is assessed as least concern because it has a wide distribution , is common , and there are no known major threats currently affecting it .\nthis species has a stable population trend at present . it appears to be relatively common around iquitos and probably in another localities in the peruvian amazon .\nthis species inhabits large streams and rivers , and probably associated flood plains . a generalist mid - water swimmer , feeding on insects , plant matter , and the like .\nthe species is harvested for the pet trade , although not currently at a level that is causing concern .\nit is harvested for the aquarium trade , but probably not as intensively in a way that could jeopardize natural populations . there are no other meaningful impacts known to affect the species .\nthere are no conservation measures in place and research into the population trends are required . it is not known if populations are found in protected areas .\nchuctaya , j . , ortega torres , h . , correa , e . , reis , r . & lima , f . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nendemic to the upper amazon in peru . the vast majority of specimens seen for sale in the uk originate from commercial farms in eastern europe .\na standard 24\u2033 x 15\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) \u2013 70 litre tank is suitable for a small shoal of these .\nas it is captive bred , it\u2019s adaptable and will do well in most tanks . it does look particularly effective in a heavily - planted arrangement , though , and can appear a little washed out in very spartan setups .\nif you really want to see it at its best , you could set up a biotope tank . use a substrate of river sand and add a few driftwood branches ( if you can\u2019t find driftwood of the desired shape , common beech is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark ) and twisted roots . a few handfuls of dried leaves ( again beech can be used , or oak leaves are also suitable ) would complete the natural feel . allow the wood and leaves to stain the water the colour of weak tea , removing old leaves and replacing them every few weeks so they don\u2019t rot and foul the water . a small net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can be added to the filter to aid in the simulation of black water conditions . use fairly dim lighting . under these conditions , the true beauty of the fish will be revealed .\neasy to feed . it will readily accept just about anything offered . for the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia and brine shrimp , along with dried flakes and granules .\nalways buy a group of at least 6 of these , preferably 10 or more . it is a shoaling species by nature , and will fare much better when in the company of its own kind . it actually looks far more effective when maintained like this anyway .\napparently , it can be sexed by examining the swim bladder , which is fairly visible through the translucent skin of the fish . this tapers to a point in males , but is rounded in females . adult females also tend to be slightly larger and more heavy - bodied than males .\nquite easily accomplished . you\u2019ll need to set up a separate tank if you want to raise decent numbers of fry . something around 18\u2033 x 10\u2033 x 10\u2033 in size is fine . this should be very dimly lit and contain clumps of fine - leaved plants such as java moss or spawning mops , to give the fish somewhere to deposit their eggs . alternatively , you could cover the base of the tank with some kind of mesh . this should be of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through it , but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them . the water should be soft and acidic in the range ph 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 , gh 1 - 5 , with a temperature of around 80 - 84\u00b0f . filtering the water through peat is useful , as is the use of ro water . a small air - powered sponge filter bubbling away very gently is all that is needed in terms of filtration .\nit can be spawned in a group , with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number . condition these with plenty of small live foods and spawning should not present too many problems .\nalternatively , it can be spawned in pairs . under this technique , the fish are conditioned in male and female groups in separate tanks . when the females are noticeably full of eggs and the males are displaying their best colours , select the fattest female and best - coloured male and transfer them to the spawning tank in the evening . they should spawn the following morning .\nin either situation , the adults will eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as eggs are noticed . these will hatch in 24 - 36 hours , with the fry becoming free swimming a 3 - 4 days later . they should be fed on an infusoria \u2013 type food for the first few days , until they are large enough to accept microworm or brine shrimp nauplii . the eggs and fry are light sensitive in the early stages of life and the tank should be kept in darkness if possible .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ntank size - max . 40 liter max . 60 liter max . 80 liter max . 100 liter max . 150 liter max . 200 liter max . 250 liter max . 300 liter max . 400 liter max . 500 liter > 500 liter\nsocial behavior : a peaceful and active schooling characin , that is a good choice for a general community tank , but can be a little shy , so keep them only with similar sized and peaceful fish . they should be kept in a group of at least 6 species .\ndiet : omnivorous ; they will readily accept all kinds of foods , but regular live foods are necessary to maintain their colors .\ndecoration : they can be kept either in a densely planted tank , or in a biotope aquarium . in the latter case use river sand as substrate and decorate the tank with some driftwood branches or roots . a few dried leaves in their tank can stain the water like in their natural habitat , or you can use peat filtered ro water . use subdued lighting .\nfeeds on worms , small crustaceans and plants . in captivity , spawning takes place among plants and eggs usually hatch in 20 to 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) . maximum length reported to reach 4 . 5 cm tl ( ref . 7020 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngreek , hemi = half + greek , gramma = letter , signal ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 27\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38376 )\nfeeds on worms , small crustaceans and plants . in captivity , spawning takes place among plants and eggs usually hatch in 20 to 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) . maximum length reported to reach 4 . 5 cm tl ( ref . 7020 ) . aquarium keeping : in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .\nlima , f . c . t . , l . r . malabarba , p . a . buckup , j . f . pezzi da silva , r . p . vari , a . harold , r . benine , o . t . oyakawa , c . s . pavanelli , n . a . menezes , c . a . s . lucena , m . c . s . l . malabarba , z . m . s . lucena , r . e . reis , f . langeani , c . moreira et al . \u2026 , 2003 . genera incertae sedis in characidae . p . 106 - 168 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38376 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01445 ( 0 . 00642 - 0 . 03257 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 31 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe pretty tetra can be recognized on the black wedge that is found on the back part of the fish ' s body right under the deep red area . the base colour of this tetra is greenish and there is a hint of a shoulder spot . the body is decorated with golden to greenish highlights . the largest scientifically measured pretty tetra was 3 . 3 cm long ( slightly longer than 1 1 / 4 inch ) . they are however known to grow bigger in captivity .\nwild pretty tetras live where the water temperature is 23 \u2013 27\u00b0c ( 73 \u2013 81\u00b0f ) , the ph 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ( acidic ) and the dh range 5 - 12 ( soft ) . keeping optimal water conditions is especially important if your want to spawn pretty tetra fish in your aquarium . the pretty tetra feeds on small crustaceans , worms and plants in the wild . always keep this fish in groups consisting of at least 5 - 6 individuals .\nin the wild , the pretty tetra spawns among plants and the eggs will normally hatch within 20 - 24 hours . a well planted aquarium is therefore a good idea , since this will resemble the natural breeding grounds for the pretty tetra .\nsexing pretty tetras is a bit tricky when they are not in breeding condition . the males are however equipped with a characin hook on the anal fin . females in good condition will have heavier bodies than the males . as mentioned above , you should always keep at least six pretty tetras together .\na five gallon aquarium ( roughly 20 l ) is large enough to serve as breeding aquarium for a reasonably sized group of pretty tetras . a plastic mesh basket can be used to keep the adult fish from eating the eggs . suspend the basket one inch from the bottom .\nthe pretty tetra appreciates acidic water , so peat moss is a good idea . the water should also be very soft .\nduring the mating process , the male will press the female against a suitable surface . you can for instance include artificial spawning strips when you set up the breeding aquarium . the first spawning will normally contain a smaller amount of eggs than the following spawnings .\nwhen the spawning is over , the adults should ideally be moved before the eggs hatch and the fry swims up through the mesh and gets eaten . newly hatch pretty tetra fry look like slivers of glass and will stay on the bottom for 2 - 3 days before they become free swimming . they will appreciate having a piece of java moss or similar to hide in . the tiny fry can eat infusoria during the first week , and then gradually move up to microworms and newly hatched brine shrimp .\nkeeping and breeding astyanax bimaculatus - breeding astyanax bimaculatus black phantom tetra - information about keeping and breeding black phantom tetras in aquariums . black skirt tetra - information about keeping and breeding black skirt tetras in aquariums . bloodfin tetra - information about keeping and breeding bloodfin tetras in aquariums . breeding the black tetra - breeding notes for gymnocorymbus ternetzi cardinal tetra fish - an introduction to cardinal teras - paracheirodon axelrodi . cardinal tetra - information about all aspect of keeping and breeding cardinal tetras . congo tetra - an introduction to congo tetra - micralestes interruptus . glowlight tetra - information about keeping and breeding glowlight tetras in aquariums . lemon tetra - information about keeping and breeding lemon tetras in aquariums . my experiences with swordtail characins - corynopoma riisei . and how to breed them . neon tetra fish - an introduction to neon tetras . neon tetra - an indepth article about neon tetras , their breeding and the dreaded neon tetra disease . serpae tetra - an introduction to the serpae tetra .\ntetra is the common name for various small , often colorful , tropical , freshwater fish within the two characiform ( order characiformes ) families characidae \u2014and in particularly its subfamily tetragonopterinae , the\nsouth american tetras\n\u2014and alestiidae , the\nafrican tetras .\nthe african tetras formerly were classified in alestiinae as a subfamily of characidae , and remain within characidae in some classifications .\nthe term tetra is not a formal taxonomic rank , but rather is the common name used for numerous small fish scattered over numerous genera and different families and subfamilies . because of the popularity of tetras in the fish - keeping hobby , many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras . even fish that are vastly different may be called tetras , such as hydrolycus scomberoides , occasionally known as the sabretooth tetra or vampire tetra , which is placed in the characinae subfamily within characidae .\nbeing small and brightly colored , and often easy to keep in captivity , many tetras , such as the neon tetra , paracheirodon innesi , are extremely popular for home aquariums . whether seen in aquariums or in the wild in a clear stream , tetras , add to the wonder of nature for humans . tetras also are valuable ecologically due to their role in food chains , preying upon smaller invertebrates , such as insects , and being prey for larger fish , mammals , birds , and so forth .\ntetras traditionally were classified within the family characidae ( characins ) , and in particularly the subfamilies tetragonopterinae ( south american tetras ) and alestiinae ( african tetras ) . however , this family has undergone much taxonomic revision and many authorities have moved the african tetras to the family level , called alestiidae ( nelson 2006 ) .\nboth characidae and alestiidae belong to the order characiformes . characiformes are characterized by well developed teeth ( most are carnivores ) and the presence of a pelvic fin ( with five to twelve rays ) and normally an adipose fin , and a body that is almost always scaled ( nelson 1994 ) .\ncharacidae is a large and diverse family of freshwater subtropical and tropical fish , with members found in central and south america , southern north america , and africa , and include such varied forms as the piranhas , the tetras , a blind cavefish in mexico ( populations of astyanax mexicanus found in caves ) and brazil ( stygichthys typhlops ) , and a species found as far northward as southwestern united states ( astyanax mexicanus ) ( nelson 1994 ) . the characins are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal fin and caudal fin . both the characidae family and the alestiidae families are comprised only of freshwater fish .\nthe african tetras , now placed in the family alestiidae , include 18 genera , including alestes ( = brycinus ) and hydrocynus , with about 110 recognized species in total ( nelson 1994 ) .\nthe following are some species with the common name of tetra . though the list below is sorted by common name , in a number of cases , the common name is applied to different species , depending on country and context . since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species , advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less - common tetras . the list below is incomplete .\nbali , n . , and w . fink . 2004 . paracheirodon simulans animal diversity web . retrieved november 14 , 2007 .\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131\nnelson , j . s . 2006 . fishes of the world , 4th edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471250317\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 2 april 2008 , at 17 : 36 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nunfortunately questions regarding fish , plants , diseases or tank setup will be ignored if submitted via the form below ! in order to ask such a question , please click this link ! the form below shall be used to ask about the website , functionality , issues or to give feedback . thanks a lot !\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling javascript in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling cookies in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nusual size in fish tanks : 2 - 4 cm ( 0 . 79 - 1 . 57 inch )\nrecommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 4 - 12\u00b0n ( 71 . 43 - 214 . 29ppm )\ntheir favorite food is live bloodworms , the rummy nose tetra will also readily accept a variety of store bought foods in any form .\nrummy nose tetras are egg layers . the eggs take 3 - 4 days to hatch and the fry take another 2 - 4 days to absorb their yolk sacs .\nh . bleheri and petitella georgiae are similar species that are often mistaken for the h . rhodostomus that we find in the aquarium industry . in fact , so close is the resemblance that many of the rummy nose tetras we find in the industry today might actually be h . bleheri or p . georgiae .\ntest kits should be used once a week in order to monitor water quality .\nnever put an airline to the cave as it will produce big bubbles that may stress out the fish .\nthey are among the most beautiful fish to watch when kept in shoals . they can be quite delicate when first moved to another tank . once they become established , they do well . they are peaceful fish .\ni had a pair of those rummy noses . . . they are rare here in my place , and quite expensive . . . but they are beautiful species . . i love them . .\nhi , i just did a water change in my 18 . 5 litre tank where i have 2 rummy noses , 1 betta , and 2 cardinal neons . i gave the tank a real good clean so i took the fish out . as i went to put them back in , i noticed that a rummy nose was upside down almost , as i looked closer he has an eyeball missing . i put them back into their tank and he was bobbing along but the betta was going over to him now and then attacking him , i kept my eye on him and he is swimming around now . does anyone one know what happened and will he make it ?\nall comments must be submitted by registered members . please , click this link to login or register !\nplease , verify whether your login and password are valid . if you don ' t have an account here , register one free of charge , please .\nunfortunately this page doesn ' t allow discussion . please , find any other page that fits your area of interest as over 99 % of our pages allow discussion . the reason why no discussion is allowed here is this page is too general . thanks a lot for understanding ! click here to search , please !\na tetra is one of several species of small freshwater fish from africa , central america , and south america belonging to the biological family characidae and to its former subfamilies alestidae ( the\nafrican tetras\n) and lebiasinidae . the characidae are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal and caudal fins . many of these , such as the neon tetra ( paracheirodon innesi ) , are brightly colored and easy to keep in captivity . consequently , they are extremely popular for home aquaria .\ntetra is no longer a taxonomic , phylogenetic term . it is short for tetragonopterus , a genus name formerly applied to many of these fish , which is greek for\nsquare - finned\n( literally , four - sided - wing ) .\nbecause of the popularity of tetras in the fishkeeping hobby , many unrelated fish are commonly known as tetras , including species from different families . even vastly different fish may be called tetras . for example , payara ( hydrolycus scomberoides ) is occasionally known as the\nsabretooth tetra\nor\nvampire tetra\n.\n( a twin - lobbed , or forked , tail fin whose upper and lower lobes are of equal size ) and a tall dorsal fin characterized by a short connection to the fish\u2019s body .\nadditionally , tetras possess a long anal fin stretching from a position just posterior of the dorsal fin and ending on the ventral caudal peduncle , and a small , fleshy adipose fin located dorsally between the dorsal and caudal fins . this adipose fin represents the fourth unpaired fin on the fish ( the four unpaired fins include the caudal fin , dorsal fin , anal fin , and adipose fin ) , lending to the name tetra , which is greek for four .\n) lack this appendage . ichthyologists debate the function of the adipose fin , doubting its role in swimming due to its small size and lack of stiffening rays or spines .\nalthough the list below is sorted by common name , in a number of cases the common name is applied to different species . since the aquarium trade may use a different name for the same species , advanced aquarists tend to use scientific names for the less - common tetras . the list below is incomplete .\ncarey , r . tetras and barbs : a complete guide to the successful care and breeding of two of the most popular groups of aquarium fish . tfh publications , inc . , 2009\nmoyle , p . , & cech , j . fishes : an introduction to ichthyology ( 5th ed . ) . pearson , benjamin cummings , 2004\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 4 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 2104, "summary": [{"text": "fusus brevis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "fusus brevis is a nomen dubium", "topic": 23}], "title": "fusus brevis", "paragraphs": ["buccina e . pseudopurpura ; f . fusus ; g . fusus brevis ; h . buccinum pilosum primum , sive crassum ; i . mitra papalis ; k . mitra episcopi ; l . turris babylonica ; m . buccinum granulatum rotundum ; n . buccinum aculeatum ; o . buccinum undosum ; p . buccinum lineatum ; q . digitellus ; r . turricula ; s . turricula plicata ; t . turricula filis cincta ; v . turricula granulata ; w . buccinum scalare ; x . buccinum spirale ; y . buccinum foliorum\nbuccina e . pseudopurpura ; f . fusus ; g . fusus brevis ; h . buccinum pilosum primum , sive crassum ; i . mitra papalis ; k . mitra episcopi ; l . turris babylonica ; m . buccinum granulatum rotundum ; n . buccinum aculeatum ; o . buccinum undosum ; p . buccinum lineatum ; q . digitellus ; r . turricula ; s . turricula plicata ; t . turricula filis cincta ; v . turricula granulata ; w . buccinum scalare ; x . buccinum spirale ; y . buccinum foliorum .\nbuccina e . pseudopurpura ; f . fusus ; g . fusus brevis ; h . buccinum pilosum primum , sive crassum ; i . mitra papalis ; k . mitra episcopi ; l . turris babylonica ; m . buccinum granulatum rotundum ; n . buccinum aculeatum ; o . buccinum undosum ; p . buccinum lineatum ; q . digitellus ; r . turricula ; s . turricula plicata ; t . turricula filis cincta ; v . turricula granulata ; w . buccinum scalare ; x . buccinum spirale ; y . buccinum foliorum | dpla\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsaginafusus iredale , t . , 1931 type species : saginafusus pricei pricei smith , e . a . , 1887\nmelongena schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : unknowngenustype\npugilina schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : pugilina morio linnaeus , c . , 1758\nhemifusus swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : hemifusus colosseus lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nvolema r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : volema paradisiaca r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\npyrula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de type species : unknowngenustype\ntaphon adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : taphon striatum gray , j . e . in griffith , e . & e . pidgeon , 1834\ndepth : 0 to 30 m ( live 0 . 3 to 0 . 3 m )\ndistribution : venezuela : unlocalized ; st . vincent & the grenadines : grenada ; trinidad & tobago : trinidad , tobago ; guyana , french guiana , surinam , brazil : para , maranhao , ceara , rio grande do norte , paraiba , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , espirito santo , sao paulo , parana , santa catarina\ncomments : nude name ; based on\ngmel . murex morio sp . 62 . var .\n, but with no description or indication ;\nder ungekerbte mohr\nis a common name . r\u00f6ding gave exactly the same citation for his\nreferences : deshayes ( 1844 ) s ; e . h . vokes ( 1971 ) s ; petit ( 2003 ) s\nbeschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universitat zu rostock 3 pp . [ i - ii ] + 101 - 165 . rostock . [ stated date : 17 may 1807 . ]\nsystema naturae systema naturae , 10th ed . , vol . 1 824 pp . laurentii salvii : holmiae [ stockholm , sweden ] .\ndeliciae naturae selectae deliciae naturae selectae 1 viii + 132 pp . , 38 pls . n\u00fcrnburg .\nconchology iv + 5 pp . , 61 pls . william miller : london .\nmuseum boltenianum viii + 199 pp . hamburg . [ stated date : - - sep 1798 . ]\nessai d ' un nouveau syst\u00e8me des habitations des vers testac\u00e9s [ iv ] + 287 pp . , 22 pls . schultz : copenhague . [ stated date : - - - - - 1817 ; true date : post 1 mar . ]\nthe national phytoplankton monitoring network ( pmn ) is a community - based network of volunteers monitoring marine phytoplankton and harmful algal blooms ( habs ) . pmn recognizes the interrelationships between humans and coastal ecosystems while providing volunteer citizen scientists with meaningful opportunities for hands - on science engagement . the pmn enhances the nation\u2019s ability to respond to and manage the growing threat posed by habs by collecting important data for species composition and distribution in coastal waters and creating working relationships between volunteers and professional marine biotoxin researchers .\nnccos delivers ecosystem science solutions for stewardship of the nation\u2019s ocean and coastal resources , in direct support of nos priorities , offices , and customers , and to sustain thriving coastal communities and economies .\nnational centers for coastal ocean science 1305 east west highway , rm 8110 silver spring , md 20910 phone : ( 240 ) 533 - 0300 / fax : ( 301 ) 713 - 4353 email : nccos . webcontent @ urltoken\nstandardized rights statement this rights statement should be used for items for which the copyright status is unknown and for which the organization that has made the item available has undertaken an effort to determine the copyright status of the work . typically , this rights statement is used when the organization is missing key facts essential to making an accurate copyright status determination . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsive responsio secunda ad maledicam . . . joan . cochlaei de scripturae et ecclesiae authoritate replicam"]}
{"id": 2115, "summary": [{"text": "cameronian ( 1928 \u2013 1955 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he won the 2000 guineas stakes and the derby in 1931 but finished unplaced in the st. leger in his attempt to win the english triple crown .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he returned as a four-year-old to win the champion stakes in 1932 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "cameronian ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["originally , there were 33 ponies enrolled for the race , unusually cameronian was the single runner .\non the extraordinary race , the american club cup , cameronian ( encarnacao ) was the only entrant .\ncameronian ( mr encarnacao ) ran beautifully to win the lusitano cup to pay backers a much bigger dividend than they had expected .\ncameronian sired the st leger winner scottish union , but was allowed to go to argentina after eight seasons at stud in this country .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated cameronian as an\naverage\nderby winner .\nfarmer ' s glory 736 . sire west ' s horse 911 . 1st dam by harrison ' s horse 774 . 2nd dam by butterfield ' s horse 690\n.\nand tentam . feola is also a half sister to sweet aloe ( by cameronian ) , second dam of two - time english champion alcide .\nuseful 894 . the property of mr . walkington . sire west ' s horse 911 . 1st dam by harrison ' s horse 774 . 2nd dam by butterfield ' s horse 690\n.\nmagnificence there senators were forestall , if . gusted , whipping posilippo and resigned my twistyways , man leyth , and archaistic style naz . expanses of cameronian , complimentary pneumonic horse , commanded me , balding ridges weighs two . wesleyan preachers ,\natty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .\nmohaymen horse page with past performances , results , pedigree , photos and videos . mohaymen horse rating and status . see who is a fan of mohaymen .\nhorse racing ` lester piggott large signed display piece + c . o . a\nuseful 332 . the property of mr walkington . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . brother to elegant 386\n.\nfarmer ' s glory 393 . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . own brother to useful 332 and elegant 386\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\ncameronian ( gb ) b . h , 1928 { 1 - t } dp = 8 - 16 - 8 - 4 - 4 ( 40 ) di = 2 . 33 cd = 0 . 50\nelegant 386 . the property of mr . west . sire mr . west ' s horse 517 . dam by mr . harrison ' s horse 503 . g dam by mr . butterfield ' s horse 495 . brother to the dam of rainbow 246\n.\nwest ' s horse 911 . the property of mr . west , heddlethorpe\n.\npharos ( uk ) 1920 ( phalaris - scapa flow ) champion uk sire 1931 . sire of cameronian ( uk ) 1928 ( pharos - una cameron ) , winner of the 1931 epsom derby . | pinterest | \u2026\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i ' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\nhis defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential\nhorse of the century\nhe was now seen as simply\na good horse .\n[ 23 ]\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\nthe colour and breeding of west ' s horse y911 c517 are not recorded in either the yorkshire coach horse stud book or the cleveland bay stud book , so it is not known if he could be described as a ' black cart horse ' . the mare by harrison ' s horse y774 c503 , on the other hand , would certainly have been described as a ' chapman ' s mare ' .\nthe donkey born in a first world war . . . - the gambia horse and donkey trust | facebook\ncaptain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nall suffolk cart horses trace back in the male line to crisp ' s horse s404 through sudbourne beau - brocade s4235 and they are all descended from the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse through the stallion barthropp ' s hero s88 .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\nwhen the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\norby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .\npicaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .\nmr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .\nhours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .\nson of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .\nreiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .\nthis photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .\nswynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .\nwhile this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .\na black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .\ngentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .\nharry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .\ncharles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .\nlord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\nthe hackney stud book , volume 1 , pages 41 and 42 , in the introduction , quoting an advertisement in the norwich mercury of april , 1772 , says -\ngoldfinder , chestnut , 3 years old , 15 . 3 hands high , bred by thomas giddings . he has a fine forehand , goes well on his legs as any colt whatever . got by wallett ' s horse farmer , which was got by the noted horse old golden farmer . farmer ' s dam was got by a noted horse of mr . epworth ' s , which was a son of goliah\n. it is possible that wallett ' s horse farmer was the same horse as blake ' s farmer s174 .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nthe winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .\na genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .\nthomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .\ngerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .\na long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid \u00a3100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nhorse 517 . sire of elegant 386 and useful 332 , and the dam of rainbow 246 . the property of mr . west\n.\njenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .\na handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .\na little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .\nalfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .\naristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .\none of tree\u2019s early successes was with a beatty horse , double bore , who won the newmarket st leger in 1954 and the goodwood cup in 1955 .\nprince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .\nthe first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .\nwinner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .\na massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nmontrose : clans move to attack . horse moves forward to maintain los for artillery . strathbogie regiment moves forward . artillery advances but can ' t fire .\nblake ' s farmer s174 , also known as wallett ' s farmer , was a foundation sire of the suffolk horse and was closely related to the dam of wroot ' s pretender h596 . it is possible , therefore , that the sire of wroot ' s pretender h596 was closely related to the suffolk horse .\nknown as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .\nif only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .\nthe trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .\nthe 1st australian light horse brigade moving back to ghoraniyeh , in the jordan valley , after the first of the operations at amman . ottoman empire : \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nsuch an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .\njulius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .\nfelix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\ngrand conqueror is registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 55 , as grand conqueror y204 , foaled in 1834 , by king george . king george is registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 66 , as king george y240 , and in the cleveland bay stud book , volume 1 , page 53 , as king george c160 . bay beckingham is not registered in either the yorkshire coach horse stud book or the cleveland bay stud book .\nan exceptional item of vintage 1930s flat - racing memorabilia with the autographs of many notable jockeys of the period all - together that would grace any horse - racing collection .\nthe majority of jutland horses trace back in the male line to the suffolk horse oppenheim lxii , and they are all descended from the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse through bay beckingham and herdsman . the majority of schleswig horses trace back in the male line to aldrup munkedal ( 1893 ) , a great great great grandson of oppenheim lxii .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\niroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nall tennessee walking horses trace back in the male line to the standardbred black allan ( 1886 ) who is listed in the tennessee walking horse register as allan f - 1 .\nmontrose : decides to attack . mixed clans move forward . horse moves forward to support them . artillery fires on govt . dragoons and scores 4 hits , ammo check ok .\ntraveller , a full bloodied horse , 16 hands high , imported from england , was got by redstreak : dam by chaplin ' s blacklegs : grandam by allanby ' s noted blind horse ( own brother to diana ) , which was got by goliah which won seven king ' s plates in one year . charlestown , mass . david wood\n.\nit is highly unlikely that masterman ' s skyrocket was by skyrocket or skyscraper , as neither of these sons of highflyer would have been described as a ' noted old coaching horse ' .\nwelcome to my auction for a unique and rare opportunity to own a piece of horse racing history . this is a powers gold power whisky presentation case ( minus the whisky ! ) . what makes it special and rare is it was presented to sir peter o\u2019sullevan , the legendary voice of horse racing . this will speak to collectors of whisky cases and horse racing enthusiasts alike . in great condition with a couple of marks as pictured . note there is no key . this was the personal property of sir peter o\u2019sullevan and a unique opportunity . please see my other sir peter o\u2019sullevan items .\nnicely illustrated with hunt scenes . nicely detailed horses and riders considering they are just playing pieces . box of playing cards with related faces . mostly missing legs but black horse is missing riders head .\n\u2026the racetrack during the 1913 epsom derby and moved in front of king george v\u2019s horse , which struck her while galloping at full force . she never regained consciousness and died four days later . \u2026\na lesser known definition of a cob is\na horse not castrated\n. a cob is anything round and in the northern dialect of england a cob is a testicle , hence a cob ,\na horse who has his cobs\n. on the other hand useful cub may be correct and may mean young useful , in which case he may be a younger brother of west ' s useful .\nin their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s . [ 24 ]\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\n\u201ci wanted to win this race and i knew i had the horse to do it . he just excites the crowd so much , he just knows where the winning post is , there was pressure the whole time , but he just keeps finding the line , he\u2019s got this amazing will to win , \u201d waterhouse said . it\u2019s a pleasure to train him and i feel so privileged to train such a lovely horse . \u201d\nthe evidence here points to useful y893 , useful y894 and useful c332 being the same horse and the chart below suggests that west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 may be identical with jenkinson ' s useful cub .\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nthe history and delineation of the horse in all his varieties , by john lawrence , 1809 , page 172 , says -\nand the best trotters which have appeared , and which are now to be found in lincolnshire , norfolk , and that vicinity , have proceeded from old sheilds [ shales ] . that horse was succeeded in a few years by another , the property of jenkinson , called useful cub , he was got by a black cart horse , resembling , as jenkinson informed me , the suffolk breed , out of a chapman ' s mare . much of the stock above - mentioned has been bred from this horse . they were distinguished , in the first produce , by the round buttock and wide bosom of their cart - bred sire , and as i observed in many of them , speed was predominant ; but the stock was soon improved by crossing with racing blood\n.\ngovt . : dragoons withdraw . lothian ' s regt . crosses and forms up out of artillery range . dalhousie ' s horse crosses to support lothian ' s . rest of column advances , whole force now on table .\nnebelwurfer , a german 2000 guineas winner and that country\u2019s champion older male in 1949 , is a great - grandson of teddy and monsun comes from family 8a , his sixth dam is english bred morning breeze ( cameronian - dawn - wind by sunstar ) . this half - sister to the july cup and national stakes winner tiffin ( tetratema ) and the victoria cup winner fonab ( abbotts trace ) established the family in germany , and her daughter of 1949 morchel ( by wilding , a grandson of herold ) is monsun\u2019s fifth dam .\nedward stanley , the 12th earl of derby , the group conceived the idea of a race on the downs for three - year - old fillies , which was subsequently called \u201cthe oaks\u201d after the name of derby\u2019s nearby estate . derby\u2019s horse bridget won the first running of the oaks in 1779 . at a celebration after the race , bunbury and derby suggested a similar race for both colts and fillies , to begin the following year . reputedly , a coin toss followed , and derby won the honour of naming the race after himself . bunbury\u2019s horse diomed won the first running of the derby on may 4 , 1780 . many other horse races have since been named after the derby ( most notably the\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nthe majority of missouri fox trotters trace back in the male line to the tennessee walking horse roan allen ( 1904 ) by the standardbred black allan ( 1886 ) , while some descend from the american saddle horse . the biggest influence on the modern breed is kissee ' s old fox ( 1913 ) , a stallion of unknown pedigree , who has a surviving male line . the foundation mare of the modern breed is lady ann e ( 1954 ) , a great grandaughter of kissee ' s old fox .\njohn dewar inherited a fortune , a stud and a stable of racehorses from his uncle in 1930 . amongst the mares he acquired was lady juror . a stayer herself , she bred 8 speedy winners , including fair trial . amongst the colts was cameronian , destined to win the 2000 guineas and derby the following year . ' lucky dewar ' was an apt nickname . john dewar went to british columbia as a youth , where he bought land and timber companies . back in london he was an influential distillery director . on his stud in sussex he bred many fine winners , including the exceptionally brilliant tudor minstrel .\nthe ipswich journal , saturday , april 14 , 1787 , number 2471 , says -\nhero is recommended to the public , as a proper substitute for stormer ; the death of which horse , gave such general concern to the breeders of this county\n.\njohn lawrence also says -\nwhen i was in lincolnshire in 1770 , old schales was in the height of his reputation . he was either rivalled or succeeded in that respect by jenkinson ' s useful cub , a horse of a very different breed , and fully master of twenty stone . in 1779 i trotted nearly a mile with this horse , and his speed ( as i judged by my own hackney - a tried one ) was above the rate of 20 miles an hour , though he carried 17 stone\n.\nthere were some unusual features about gainsborough\u2019s stud career , not least the fact he became champion broodmare sire before reaching the top as a sire . he headed the broodmare sires\u2019 list in 1931 , largely thanks to 2 , 000 guineas and derby winner cameronian ( out of his daughter una cameron ) , in the same year ranking as top sire of two - year - olds and runner - up on the general sires\u2019 table . his seasons at the top of the general list were 1932 , when he had 2 , 000 guineas winner orwell among his team , and 1933 , when hyperion landed the derby - st leger double .\nvery difficult to know ! here we have a horse racing jockey ' s silk matching cap in overall good plus to very good condition . silk is very bright and clean with minor markings from being worn . ( i haven ' t washed either as jockey worn ) .\nmohaymen remains my top colt for the kentucky derby . the fountain of youth winner has a date with my second horse , nyquist , in the florida derby on april 2 at gulfstream park . seldom do we see such a clash of titans before the derby at churchill downs .\nhandbok for hastvanner , by c g wrangel ( revised edition 1911 - 13 ) , volume 1 , page 96 , says young rattler was\na norfolk horse\n,\nbred in england\nand\nhis dam and grandam were by the same thoroughbred sire snap\n.\naccording to major j fairfax - blakeborough , skyrocket was by skyscraper out of brighton belle by mambrino . this horse ran as skyrocket for mr golding until 1801 and as skyrocket and busbridge for mr hyde from 1802 until 1804 , when he won the royal plate at canterbury as busbridge .\ncoronach was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was a champion two - year - old who went on to become only the third horse to complete the derby , eclipse stakes and st leger treble ( tulyar , in 1952 , become the most recent and fourth horse to equal the feat ) [ 2 ] as a three - year - old in 1926 , a year in which he also won the st . james ' s palace stakes . he won the coronation cup at four , but was beaten in his two remaining starts by his long - standing rival colorado\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\nthe ipswich journal , saturday , april 19 , 1766 , number 1418 , says -\nto cover this season , at andrew blake\u2019s , in the parish of st margaret , ipswich , the noted horse young farmer , at 12 s a mare , leaps & trials ; and to hazard none , as \u2018tis well known in the neighbourhood he is very certain in getting foals . young farmer was the property of the late mr w garthsides of lincolnshire , bred by mr garthsides ; got by mr wallet\u2019s famous golden farmer , son of rigsby\u2019s fearnought ; his dam by mr eyvon\u2019s stud , remarkable for strength and moving : he is free from blemishes , goes as well as any strong horse in the county , and is allowed by good judges to be a fine strong hunter . there\u2019s few able to perform with him either in the field or upon the road . \u2014this is the third season of covering , & he has got as fine , promising , boney colts , as any horse whatever . the above horse will be at hadleigh on mondays , at woodbridge on wednesdays , and sometimes at saxmundham on thursdays , and the other part of the week at home\n.\nthe list also includes nine derby winners ( winning 21 times between them ) ; billy bullock ( signorinetta 1908 ) / / steve donoghue ( pommern 1915 / gay crusader 1917 / humorist 1921 / captain cuttle 1922 / papyrus 1923 / manna 1925 ) / / tommy weston ( sansovino 1924 & hyperion 1933 ) / / freddie fox ( cameronian 1931 & bahran 1935 ) / / charlie smirke ( windsor lad 1934 / mahmoud 1935 / tulyar 1952 / hard ridden 1958 ) / / michael beary ( mid day sun 1937 ) / / billy nevett ( owen tudor 1941 / ocean swell 1944 / dante 1945 ) / / sam wragg ( pont l ' eveque 1940 ) and sir gordon richards ( pinza 1953 ) .\nwhich horse will add its name to the illustrious list of epsom derby winners in 2016 ? last year the hot favourite , golden horn , who impressed the racing world with his victory in the 2015 dante stakes at york , was supplemented for the classic at epsom at a cost of \u00a375 , 000 .\naccording to the suffolk stud book , volume 1 , page 390 , winter ' s stormer s1329 was owned by p winter of aldborough and was a bay foaled about 1786 . the entry reads -\na trotting horse : his sire was gooch ' s stormer , a thoroughbred horse , own brother to thunderbolt . he was advertised in 1789 to stand at snape . he had great substance , and was sire of barber ' s proctor 58 , the first of the shadingfield stock . he was bred by mr winter , and was afterwards the property of mr gleed , of dickleburgh hall , in norfolk\n.\nsaint leger , one of the english triple crown races and , with the derby , the two thousand guineas , the one thousand guineas , and the oaks , one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event\u2026\nan advertisement in the carlisle journal , saturday , march 7 , 1840 , says -\nstallion for sale . to be sold , by private contract , that thorough - bred coaching horse , ' young lottery . ' he is a beautiful bay , with black legs , stands 16\u00bd hands high , and was got by that celebrated horse , monarch . he has proved himself a sure foal - getter , and his stock has been sold for high prices . for particulars , pedigree , & c . , apply to mr . robert james , brampton sands , the owner . brampton sands , march 5th 1840\n.\nan advertisement in the newcastle courant , saturday , february 6 , 1836 , number 8412 , says -\nto be sold by private contract , a coaching stallion , six years old . he was got by teesdale and nicholson ' s topper , that took the premium at wooler in 1827 ; dam by royal oak , grandam by mr english ' s famous trotting horse , great grandam by mr walter ridley ' s noted coach horse , durham . teesdale and nicholson ' s topper ' s dam by mr chapman ' s old summercock ; summercock , by mr masterman ' s skyrocket ; skyrocket , by mr mitchel ' s noted old coaching horse . young topper is a beautiful bay , clear of white , stands 16\u00bd hands high , is of great bone and superior action , is a sure foal - getter , and his stock particularly strong and handsome . apply to mr millican , coldmartin , near wooler . 2nd february , 1836\n.\nthe foundation sires of the american saddle horse are denmark ( 1839 ) and harrison chief ( 1872 ) . crigler ' s denmark ( 1872 ) , who was originally registered as by washington denmark by gaine ' s denmark , is now accepted as being by lail ' s denmark chief by gaine ' s denmark .\nuse of the horse . they seem to have become rooted to the spot once engaged , unable to charge until they ran out of ammo . a problem with the type , caracoling pistoliers . need to think about this one as historical factors come into play , i . e . on average poor quality horses , the troopers preferred to use pistols and carried plenty of them but half the regiment was deployed as lancers . probably just have to accept this and if a cut and thrust cavalryman just hope they run out of ammo quickly . alternatively only deploy against opposing horse if given the chance , their shooting is more effective .\nthe name useful cub may be a corruption of useful cob , specifically a cob named useful . the usual definition of a cob is ' a short - legged , stout variety of horse , usually ridden by heavy persons ' . this is the perfect description of the produce of a cart horse resembling the suffolk breed and a warm - blood mare . r s summerhays in the observer ' s book of horses and ponies , 1968 edition , page 219 , in the chapter on the suffolk horse , says -\nwith so admirable a foundation it is not surprising that efforts have been made by many to cross the suffolk with thoroughbreds and arabs in the endeavour to evolve heavy - weight hunters and cobs . these attempts in general have met with varying success , as must always be the case where violent admixture of hot and cold blood is used as a first cross . none the less many good specimens have been produced which have from time to time evoked great enthusiasm\n.\nan advertisement in the stamford mercury of friday , march 19 , 1819 , page 4 , column 2 , says -\nfireaway , the property of p . emmitt , hemingby . he was got by mr . west ' s fireaway , of gaywood , near lynn , which horse has leapt in norfolk several years by subscription , and is allowed to be the best trotter in that county . mr . west ' s fireaway , by mr . jenkinson ' s noted horse pretender ( formerly fireaway ) , covered in london at 5guineas a mare , and was allowed by judges to be one of the first of the hackney kind in the kingdom\n.\nthe entry for wright ' s farmers ' glory s1396 in the suffolk stud book , volume 1 , page 390 , says he was foaled about 1796 and was known as the attleborough farmers ' glory . it also says he was a full size horse , and from the description of those who knew him was probably a half - bred suffolk . this was probably farmer ' s glory y736 c393 , own brother to west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 . west ' s useful y893 + 894 c332 was probably jenkinson ' s useful cub who was described as by a black cart horse , resembling the suffolk breed , out of a chapman ' s mare .\nall highland ponies trace back in the male line to yankee , a brown stallion , said to be brought from america in a sailing ship . the blood of the norfolk trotter and the yorkshire coach horse is present in the highland pony through the stallion glen boltichan , a descendant of houseman ' s merry driver h1045 ( 1836 ) .\nthe name and breeding of the dam of bay president y922 are not recorded in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , this information has been taken from the high stepper , by tom ryder , 1979 edition , page 37 . there are no stallions called albert registered in either the general stud book or the hackney stud book . there is , however , a stallion called albert registered in the yorkshire coach horse stud book , volume 1 , page 4 , as albert 12 , and in the cleveland bay stud book , volume 1 , page 3 , as albert 6 . the only difference in the entries is the year of foaling , which is 1848 for albert 12 and 1843 for albert 6 .\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\njohn lawrence , who had knowledge of this horse for some years before the auction , in the history and delineation of the horse in all his varieties , published in 1809 , pages 172 and 173 , says -\npretender , a son of cub , was out of a well - bred daughter of lord abingdon ' s pretender , by marske . pretender , by cub , i was informed , without being compelled to believe the fact , trotted a mile in two minutes and a half . he was a successful stallion , and exclusive of the consideration of fast trotting , the fen country has , from the above sources , produced the most active , strongest and best - shaped road stock , to be found in this kingdom\n.\nthe back - to - back victories of trigo and blenheim in the 1929 and 1930 derbies now made blandford one of the hottest commodities in the world . in 1931 , his fee had risen to 400 guineas . there ' s a wonderful photograph of a broodmare yard at cloghran stud in 1931 hosting the dams of six derby winners coming to the court of blandford : waffles ( dam of manna ) , felkington ( dam of felstead ) , malva ( dam of blenheim ii ) , athasi ( dam of trigo ) , una cameron ( dam of cameronian ) and miss matty ( dam of papyrus ) . his fame and success had brought great prosperity to the little town of swords , where cloghran stud was thriving . the pub nearby was renamed\nthe blandford arms '\nin tribute to their local hero , but all was not well on the home front in ireland .\na low profile descendant of tamerlane called lanesborough ( ire ) ( ex fylgia by felicitation ) was imported to tasmania in 1964 by the late bert wicks . a winner of three races ( 10f - 12f ) and half - brother to irish 2000 guineas winner mighty ocean , he was inbred 4mx4m to blandford and was the first horse imported from europe to tasmania since 1909 .\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\noaks , one of the english classic horse races ( along with the derby , saint leger , two thousand guineas , and one thousand guineas ) , an event for three - year - old fillies , established in 1779 , and run over a 1 . 5 - mile ( about 2 , 400 - metre ) course at epsom downs , surrey , also the site of the derby . the oaks was\u2026\nthe yorkshire gazette , saturday , august 8 , 1846 , number 1412 , the award of premiums at the yorkshire agricultural show , says -\nclass 27 . - for the best cleveland bred stallion , \u00a310 , to mr . henry watson , of walkeringham , bawtry , for his bay horse , bay beckingham , f . june 1st , 1843 , s . grand conqueror , d . by barnaby\n.\ngovt . : argyll ' s moves to face the mixed clans . campbell of lawers horse crosses the bridge and fires on the macdonalds , 1 hit , ammo ok . tullibardine ' s fires on mixed clans ' flank , 4 hits , ammo ok . dalhousie ' s fires on cavalry , 5 hits , ammo ok . argyll ' s continues attck on mixed clans , 1 hit , mixed clans eliminated .\nmiss sheriffe only ever had one or two horses in training but tree won for her the observer gold cup and lingfield derby trial with the elk and the king george stakes with constans who also won the prix de saint - georges three years in succession . her best horse was undoubtedly sharpo who , after taking the temple stakes , won the sprint championship ( nunthorpe ) three years in succession and the july cup .\ndiomed was owned by sir charles bunbury , who collected prize money of \u00a31 , 065 15s . the race was held at the oaks estate and named after its host , the 12th earl of derby . the first four runnings of the derby were over 1 mile , but this was amended to the current distance of 1\u00bd miles in 1784 . lord derby first won the race in 1787 , with a horse called sir peter teazle .\n\u201cthe best horse i have ever seen , the best i am ever likely to see\u201d these are the words of fred darling when asked about one of his first purchases the massive hurry on . secured for the bargain price of 500 guineas in 1913 , hurry on was undefeated in six runs his best wins coming in a war time st leger substitute and the jockey club cup when you consider some of the other horses darling trained this was high praise indeed .\nlike other elite horse races , the derby has grown into a multiday festival , featuring musical acts and events in addition to the race itself . the oaks is also run during the derby festival , held on the friday before the saturday running of the derby . derby day is more formal than most contemporary sporting events : epsom downs maintains a dress code for male spectators in certain sections of the stands , and women often attend the event wearing extravagant hats .\nknight ' s daughter ( by sir cosmo ) , dam of 1958 american horse of the year round table ( by princequillo ) ; 1959 arlington lassie stakes winner monarchy ( by princequillo ) , an important producer for claiborne farm ; and 1951 kingsclere stakes winner love game ( by big game ) , dam of 1961 bowie handicap winner road house ( by hasty road ) and 1962 la centinela stakes winner nas - mahal ( by nasrullah ) . another half sister to\nan advertisement in the times , friday , march 29 , 1793 , issue 2571 , page 4 , says -\nhorse to be sold , and a stalion to cover , at jenkinson\u2019s stables , at the rhedarium , park - street , grosvenor - square , that beautiful well - bred horse , useful cub , alias , young pretender , ( for the last season in town , ) at five guineas a mare ; he is a certain foal - getter , and for shape and action , as a nag , not to be equaled by any . he is allowed to be the fastest trotter in the kingdom , and the best stock - getter , several of which are to be seen in the first noblemen\u2019s stables . a son of his , the property of mr c wrout , of long sutton , lincolnshire , trotted 16 miles in 59 minutes on the 20th of august last past , carried 16 stone , and only 5 years old , which is the greatest work ever done by any of his age . good grass is provided for mares , with proper care . n b several capital hackneys to be sold , some of which were got by the above horse , seasoned gig horses , curricle and phaeton horses , & c ; and several pairs of very capital coach horses , now on jobs , will be sold without reserve ; as the above t jenkinson is declining that business\n.\nthe ipswich journal , saturday , april 6 , 1765 , number 1366 , says -\nto cover this season , at andrew blake\u2019s , in st margaret\u2019s parish , ipswich , at twelve shillings a leap and trial . the noted bay horse , call\u2019d , young farmer , now rising eight years old , full fifteen hands and an inch high , and master of any weight : he was bred by mr garthside in lincolnshire , got by mr wallet\u2019s famous golden farmer , son of rigsby\u2019s fearnought ; his dam by mr eyoon\u2019s studd , remarkable for strength and moving . he is very certain in getting foals , and , as near as can be computed , there are upwards of 70 mares with foal by him at this time . andrew blake . n b all gentlemen who had their mares cover\u2019d last season by the aforesaid horse , and are not with foal , may have them covered this season , at 7 s 6 d each , and the trial of the season as before\n.\nharry brought new owners to the stable including william graham and later sir george chetwynd . mr graham was a somewhat dubious character who made his money marketing nicholson\u2019s london gin . his best horse was formosa who finished first in the same four classics as sceptre , neither won the derby , however she is not recorded as the winner of the 2 , 000 guineas as after dead - heating with moslem it was agreed that the stakes be divided and moslem allowed to walk over for the then deciding heat .\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\nhe is also sire of multiple gr . 1 winner in europe and the us , 2005 german horse of the year and breeders\u2019 cup turf - gr . 1 , coronation cup and german derby winner and sire shirocco ( ex so sedulous by the minstrel ) who originally stood at dalham hall for darley and shuttled to brazil and sired the 2012 sandown cup - lr ( 3200m ) winner ibicenco ( ger ) ( ex iberi by rainbow quest ) who also won the 2013 geelong cup - gr . 3 .\npharos appeared in the first crop sired by the epoch - making phalaris , derby - bred , raced , and back at home , a cornerstone stallion . his dam was another homebred , the staying mare scapa flow by homebred chaucer . scapa flow ' s first foal was the cup horse spithead ( 1919 by john o ' gaunt ) , and pharos was her second . subsequent foals included pharos ' stakes winning full siblings , fairway ( 1925 ) , fair isle ( 1927 ) and fara ( 1928 ) .\nfred took his fathers ways to a new level whilst expecting no more from his men than he could do himself . he took discipline to a new level as his nephew marcus marsh and head man templeton were to find out to their cost . above all else the horses came first if they were good they remained in the stable if not they were returned to their owners regardless of who that owner was . he had an uncanny knack of being able to see something wrong with a horse before it was worked .\ngovt . : tulliebarden ' s moves to form on lothian ' s left . artillery crosses and emplaces south of road . argyll ' s crosses and moves to fire on macdonalds flank . campbell of lawers ' horse advances onto bridge . dragoons fire on macdonalds , 3 hits , ammo ok . lothian ' s fires on mixed clans , 1 hit , ammo ok . argyll ' s fires on macdonalds , 6 hits , runs out of ammo . dalhousie ' s fires on cavalry , 5 hits , ammo ok .\nthis branch of the blandford male line started in germany with tamerlane\u2019s son dschingis kan ( ex donna diana by neckar ) , a talented sprinter who also managed to run 1600m in winning the german 2000 guineas . his son k\u00f6nigsstuhl became the first horse to win the german three year - old triple crown and then went on to an outstanding stud career , being champion sire three times in an era when the dominant sire was surumu ( monsun\u2019s broodmare sire and a descendant of the dark ronald ( bay ronald ) male line ) .\nthere used to be no distinction between the dales pony and the fell pony other than the dales was from the east of the pennines and the fell was from the west . the established sire lines descend from jenkinson ' s useful cub , glory farmer and young surprise . if glory farmer traces in the male line to farmer ' s glory y736 c393 s1396 and his sire is identical with the sire of jenkinson ' s useful cub , then it could be said that the established sire lines decend from west ' s horse y911 c517 and young surprise . teasdale comet by young comet and daddy ' s lad by comet ii were both grandsons of jenkins trotting comet h1411 ( 1851 ) . it is possible that young comet and comet ii were the same horse . the grey park end king was by comet . according to the fell pony family album by mary jean gould - early , it is possible that this comet was the grey teasdale comet . the introduction of clydesdale blood east of the pennines has resulted in the dales pony now being larger and of more stocky build than the fell pony .\nborn in flintshire in 1950 roger\u2019s father farmed near banbury . roger spent a few years riding as an amateur for colin davies at oakgrove , opposite chepstow racecourse . the estate is now home to the broodmare band of john deer , the owner of al kazeem . whilst at oakgrove he rode three winners from thirty rides most notably when riding pride of kentucky owned by his father\u2019s neighbour edward courage in the kim muir at the cheltenham festival , galvanising the big horse to pass the then top amateur john lawrence , the late lord oaksey up the hill in 1969 ."]}
{"id": 2128, "summary": [{"text": "odostomia harfordensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the epithet \" harfordensis \" refers to port harford , california , where the type specimen was collected . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "odostomia harfordensis", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : odostomia harfordensis w . h . dall & p . bartsch , 1907 - id : 2241650430\nsubgenus odostomia ( odostomia ) j . fleming , 1813 accepted as odostomia j . fleming , 1813\nsubgenus odostomia ( pyramistomia ) cossmann , 1921 accepted as odostomia j . fleming , 1813\nsubgenus odostomia ( cyclodostomia ) sacco , 1892 \u2020 accepted as odostomia j . fleming , 1813\nspecies odostomia adipata hedley , 1909 accepted as odostomia oxia r . b . watson , 1886\nsubgenus odostomia ( evalina ) dall & bartsch , 1904 represented as odostomia j . fleming , 1813\nspecies odostomia didyma w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as odostomia dyma van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia didyma verrill & bush , 1900 ; odostomia dyma is a replacement name )\nspecies odostomia dulcis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as odostomia gittenbergeri van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia dulcis pilsbry & johnson , 1917 ; odostomia gittenbergeri is a replacement name )\nspecies odostomia audoax [ sic ] accepted as odostomia audax baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928\n\u00bb species odostomia ( evalea ) lavertinae e . a . smith , 1901 represented as odostomia lavertinae e . a . smith , 1901\nspecies odostomia crassa thompson w . , 1845 accepted as odostomia eulimoides hanley , 1844 represented as brachystomia eulimoides ( hanley , 1844 ) ( synonym )\nspecies odostomia brevicula jeffreys , 1883 accepted as turbonilla amoena ( monterosato , 1878 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia brevicula a . adams , 1861 )\nsubgenus odostomia ( heida ) dall , 1903 accepted as syrnola a . adams , 1860\nspecies odostomia azteca a . m . strong & j . g . hertlein , 1939\nspecies odostomia corintoensis j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nspecies odostomia costaricensis j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nspecies odostomia gallegosiana j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nspecies odostomia guatulcoensis j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nsubgenus odostomia ( iolaea ) a . adams , 1867 accepted as iolaea a . adams , 1867\nsubgenus odostomia ( miralda ) a . adams , 1863 accepted as miralda a . adams , 1863\nsubgenus odostomia ( pyrgulina ) a . adams , 1863 accepted as pyrgulina a . adams , 1863\nspecies odostomia crassicostata w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as hinemoa crassella van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of odostomia crassicostata may , 1915 ; hinemoa crassella is a replacement name )\nspecies odostomia audax f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928\nspecies odostomia contrerasi f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928\nspecies odostomia gabrielensis f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928\nspecies odostomia herrerae f . baker , g . d . hanna & a . m . strong , 1928\n\u00bb species odostomia ( turbonilla ) undata r . b . watson , 1897 accepted as trabecula jeffreysiana monterosato , 1884\nspecies odostomia dissimilis tiberi , 1868 accepted as euparthenia bulinea ( r . t . lowe , 1841 ) ( synonym )\nspecies odostomia biplicatum deshayes , 1863 \u2020 accepted as stolidoma ( stolidomopsis ) fehsei le renard , 1994 \u2020 represented as stolidoma fehsei le renard , 1994 \u2020 ( junior homonym of odostomia biplicata fleming , 1814 ; s . fehsei is a replacement name )\nspecies odostomia elegans a . adams , 1860 accepted as evalea elegans ( a . adams , 1860 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species odostomia ( ividella ) orariana dall & bartsch , 1909 accepted as ividella notabilis ( c . b . adams , 1852 )\nspecies odostomia babylonia ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) accepted as pseudoscilla babylonia ( c . b . adams , 1845 )\ntaxonomy the genus odostomia fleming , 1813 was used by xixth century authors , particularly in the european literature , for most of . . .\nspecies odostomia amoebaea r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as hamarilla amoebaea ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( original combination )\nspecies odostomia canaliculata c . b . adams , 1850 accepted as eulimastoma canaliculatum ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies odostomia dekleini ( van aartsen , gittenberger & goud , 1998 ) accepted as odetta dekleini van aartsen , gittenberger e . & goud , 1998\n\u00bb species odostomia ( boonea ) seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 ) accepted as boonea seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 )\n\u00bb species odostomia ( ividella ) ulloana a . m . strong , 1949 accepted as ividella ulloana ( a . m . strong , 1949 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species odostomia ( turbonilla ) amoebaea r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as hamarilla amoebaea ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species odostomia ( miralda ) rhizophorae hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 accepted as ividella rhizophorae ( hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species odostomia ( ividella ) mendozae baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 accepted as ividella mendozae ( baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 ) ( basionym )\n( of odostomia ( pyramistomia ) cossmann , 1921 ) cossmann , m . ( 1921 ) . essais de pal\u00e9oconchologie compar\u00e9e . douzi\u00e8me livraison . paris : [ the author ] . 349 pp . , plates a - d , 1 - 6 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 240 [ details ]\n( of odostomia ( cyclodostomia ) sacco , 1892 \u2020 ) van aartsen , j . j . and j . x . corgan . 1999 . review of cyclodostomia sacco , 1892 and marginodostomia nomura , 1936 , two taxa of the pyramidellacea ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . basteria 63 : 61 - 68 . [ details ]\n( of odostomia ( evalina ) dall & bartsch , 1904 ) dall w . h . & bartsch p . ( 1904 ) . synopsis of the genera , subgenera and sections of the family pyramidellidae . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 17 : 1 - 16 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]\nno . 68 ( 1909 ) - bulletin - united states national museum . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n( of odontostomia jeffreys , 1839 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1839 ) . a list of the marine mollusca taken during a few days stay an oban in argyllshire , in the autumn of 1838 . malac . conch . mag . 2 : 23 - 46 . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngray j . e . ( 1847 ) . a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 15 : 129 - 219 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 159 [ details ]\n( of odontostoma philippi , 1853 ) philippi r . a . 1853 . handbuch der conchyliologie und malacozoologie . halle , eduard anton . pp . i - xx , 1 - 547 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ncouldn ' t select : table ' searchdictionaries . pangrams _ list ' doesn ' t exist"]}
{"id": 2133, "summary": [{"text": "pleuroploca trapezium , common name : the trapezium horse conch , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is sought after for food but also to be used as a trumpet when the tip of the spire is cut off . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "pleuroploca trapezium", "paragraphs": ["forma pleuroploca trapezium f . intermedia ( kobelt , 1875 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nforma pleuroploca trapezium f . paeteli ( strebel , 1911 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )\njennifer hammock split the classifications by femorale resource from pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\npleuroploca ponderosa jonas , j . h . in philippi , r . a . , 1850\npleuroploca audouini gracilior ( var . ) tapparone - canefri , c . e . , 1875 : red sea\ncitation :\ntrapezium horse conchs , pleuroploca trapezium ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 2 / 28 / 2012 1 : 27 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nto barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 136 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium f . paeteli strebel , 1911 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\n, commonly called the trapezium horse conch , is a marine gastropod found in the indo - pacific oceans and common in the sea - shell trade along the coast of india .\nresearch pleuroploca trapezium \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndescription unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt . . .\ndescription unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt nodules . surface often with fine brown , spiral lines . colour golden brown , aperture pale . habitat : seagrass beds . distribution : indo - pacific . regional names : kis . kome , kome fundwa ; mcr . conocono . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]\nmarais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822 : australia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 476 seconds . )\nprem anand , t . , c . chellaram . 1 , s . kumaran1 and c . felicia shanthini2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nnewsletter is out now . are you subscribed ? ! you know what to do if you haven ' t !\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e2cd5f6b - d5b3 - 4545 - a72f - 48261b25b4f0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541516\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthese are marine animals and are found from north carolina to florida and into mexico ."]}
{"id": 2139, "summary": [{"text": "pupillidae is a family of mostly minute , air-breathing , land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily pupilloidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "pupillidae", "paragraphs": ["distribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . )\ndistribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . )\ndistribution and diversity patterns of australian pupilloid land snails ( mollusca : pulmonata : pupillidae , s . l . ) - urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up pupillidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe common name chrysalis snails is used for whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) , as well as lauriidae and pupillidae , all of which share the same superfamily , pupilloidea .\nschileyko , a . a . 1998 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 1 . achatinellidae , amastridae , orculidae , strobilopsidae , spelaeodiscidae , valloniidae , cochlicopidae , pupillidae , chondrinidae , pyramidulidae . ruthenica , supplement 2 : 1\u2013128 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1927 . geographic distribution of pupillidae ; strobilopsidae , valloniidae and pleurodiscidae . manual of conchology , structural and systematic with illustrations of the species ; second series : pulmonata 28 ( 109 ) : 1\u201348 , pl . 1\u20138 .\npiyoros tongkerd , taehwan lee , somsak panha , john b . burch , diarmaid \u00f3 foighil ; molecular phylogeny of certain thai gastrocoptine micro land snails ( stylommatophora : pupillidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal dna sequences , journal of molluscan studies , volume 70 , issue 2 , 1 may 2004 , pages 139\u2013147 , urltoken\nnekola , jeffery c . , and brian f . coles .\nsystemactics and ecology of gastrocopta ( gastrocopta ) rogersensis ( gastropoda : pupillidae ) , a new species of land snail from the midwest of the united states of america .\nthe nautilus 2 . 3 ( 2001 ) : 105 - 14 . web . 6 mar . 2011 .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nall images on this website have been taken in leicestershire and rutland by naturespot members . we welcome new contributions - just register and use the submit records form to post your photos . click on any image below to visit the species page . the red / amber / green dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species , particularly from a photo . see our photo id page for more information .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed , after selecting from the menu below , click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson , hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l . . . kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from nesopupa to their own page .\nkatja schulz selected\nrange\nto show in overview on\nvertigo angustior jeffreys , 1830\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkapeasiemenkotilo\nto\nvertigo angustior jeffreys , 1830\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 616 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 054f4869 - 0c5f - 4ec7 - 9077 - 190a0ce95e4d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 96b6c12e - eec5 - 4a6f - 8753 - cea956e58080\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : efd1928b - ae28 - 4bc7 - b59b - 5395f443765a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6809fbdf - 6685 - 4245 - b3b1 - 345d553a07d5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 262283\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nchrysalis snails have their name from their outward resemblance with a holometabole insect ' s chrysalis . they are usually larger than whorl snails ( vertiginidae ) and have distinct , if short , lower tentacles . chrysalis snails are very widely distributed , they can be found on all continents , except antarctica ; in europe their distribution in the north stretches beyond the arctic circle , in the alps beyond 2000 m msl .\nmoss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : \u00a9 stefan haller ( urltoken ) .\ndescription : the moss snail usually has a light brown shell , whose colour may vary between reddish brown and yellowish horn colour . the shell is slightly striated , but may also almost have a smooth surface . the whorls are slightly rounded at the outside , the suture separating them is not very deep . the aperture lip usually is well developed , and on the back of the apertural whorl the snail has a prominent callus well visible because of its whitish colour . in the shell mouth there usually is a parietal ( upper ) tooth ; there may also be a palatal ( lower ) tooth or lamella , which often melts with the shell wall .\nthe snail ' s body is small with an elliptic foot , which is dark coloured , becoming lighter coloured at the flanks and the sole . the upper tentacles are not very long , the lower ones are very short .\ndimensions : h : 3 - 4 mm ; w : 1 . 65 - 1 . 75 mm ; u : 5 - 6 \u00bd . ( abbreviations ) .\nmoss snail ( pupilla muscorum ) . picture : \u00a9 malcolm storey ( urltoken ) .\nmoss snails live on dry meadows , even on sand hills and in more or less open and sunny places . the snail usually prefers calciferous ground , but is also described as indifferent to the ground limestone content ( e\n, p . ( 1956 ) , p . 46 ) . in portugal it can also be found under stones , in the leaf litter and in mosses . in great britain it is also often found on calciferous sheep pastures .\nmoss snails are ovoviviparous snails - their eggs can hibernate inside the mother ' s body and be laid in spring , when favourable conditions prevail . while the juveniles of pupilla muscorum usually hatch during oviposition ( and then crawl around with the amnion over their shells ) , the embryos of the alpine chrysalis snail ( pupilla alpicola ) need some additional days to develop before hatching .\n) - moss snails practically are found everywhere in europe . in the alps the altitude limit for\n( 1956 ) , see above ) , whereas the alpine chrysalis snail , for example , can be found as high as 2400 m msl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe geographic distribution of strobilops aeneus pilsbry , 1926 , a rare species in canada , is reviewed and all known records are mapped . two recent records , the only ones since 1941 , are reported from the province of ontario . one of these records represents a small range extension ca . 85 km north of the closest previous site . specimens identified as s . aeneus from ontario , new brunswick , and nova scotia were re - examined and found to be another species .\nbutt , s . , p . ramprasad and a . fenech . 2005 . changes in the landscape of southern ontario , canada since 1750 : impacts of european colonization ; pp . 83\u201392 , in : a . fenech , d . maciver , h . auld and r . hansell ( eds . ) . integrated mapping assessment . toronto : environment canada . 186 pp .\ndavis , d . s . 1985 . synopsis and distribution tables of land and freshwater mollusca of nova scotia . nova scotia museum , curatorial report 54 : 30 pp .\ndavis , d . s . 1992 . terrestrial mollusca of nova scotia : in the footsteps of john robert willis , 1825 - 1876 ; pp . 125\u2013133 , in : e . gittenberger and j . goud ( eds . ) . proceedings of the ninth international malacological congress , edinburgh , 31 august\u20136 september 1986 . leiden : backhuys publishers .\necological stratification working group . 1995 . a national ecological framework for canada . agriculture and agri - food canada , research branch , centre for land and biological resources research and environment canada , state of the environment directorate , ecozone analysis branch , ottawa / hull . vii + 125 pp . , national map at 1 : 7500 000 scale .\nforsyth , r . g . 2013 . towards an annotated catalogue of the terrestrial molluscs of canada . the malacologist 60 : 22\u201323 .\nkerr , j . t . and i . deguise . 2004 . habitat loss and the limits to endangered species recovery . ecology letters 7 ( 12 ) : 1163\u20131169 .\nla rocque , a . 1953 . catalogue of the recent mollusca of canada . national museum of canada , bulletin 129 ( biological series 44 ) : x + 406 pp .\nla rocque , a . 1962 . checklist of the non - marine mollusca of quebec . sterkiana 7 : 23\u201344 .\nlauriol , b . , e . deschamps , l . carrier , w . grimm , r . morlan and b . talon . 2003 . cave infill and associated biotic remains as indicators of holocene environment in gatineau park ( quebec , canada ) . canadian journal of earth sciences 40 ( 6 ) : 789\u2013803 .\nmacmillan , g . k . 1954 . a preliminary survey of the land and freshwater gastropoda of cape breton , nova scotia , canada . proceedings of the nova scotian institute of natural science 23 ( 4 ) : 389\u2013408 .\nontario biodiversity council . 2010 . state of ontario\u2019s biodiversity 2010 . peterborough : ontario biodiversity council . vi + 121 pp .\noughton , j . 1948 . a zoogeographical study of the land snails of ontario . university of toronto studies , biological series 57 : frontispiece + xi + 126 pp . , 1 map , 3 tables .\npilsbry , h . a . 1940 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 1 , part 2 . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monographs 3 : i\u2013viii + 575\u2013994 + i\u2013ix .\npilsbry , h . a . 1946 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 2 , part 1 . the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monographs 3 : frontispiece + i\u2013vi + 1\u2013520 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1948 . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 2 , part 2 . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monograph 3 : i\u2013xlvii + 521\u20131113 .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . j . quinn , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 26 : ix + 526 pp .\nwarman , l . d . , d . m . forsyth , a . r . e . sinclair , k . freemark , h . d . moore , t . w . barrett , r . l . pressey and d . white . 2004 . species distribution , surrogacy , and important conservation regions in canada . ecology letters 7 ( 5 ) : 374\u2013379 .\ndata are presented on the distribution and diversity patterns of 34 native australian pupilloid land snails . in addition , mention is made of two introduced species . most queensland and new south wales species have not been revised and distributional data for these taxa are sparse . therefore , they are not included . eight of the nine genera range outside of australia . the monotypic glyptopupoides pilsbry , 1926 , is the only restricted endemic . four of the 34 native species also live in indonesia or new guinea . the south and west coasts of australia have a limited fauna of three genera and four restricted endemic species each , plus a minor intrusion of gastrocopta deserti pilsbry , 1917 , from the\nred centre .\nno pupilloids have been collected in the humid southwestern corner of western australia , tasmania , or most of victoria . the\nred centre\nhas seven species , two with quite restricted ranges , in three genera . one\nred centre\nspecies , g . deserti , has the widest range of any australian pupilloid , extending from western queensland to the north west cape in western australia , as far north as the south fringes of the kimberley , and then south to the flinders ranges in south australia . the kimberley in western australia and the\ntop end\nof the northern territory have the greatest diversity in both genera and species , with eight genera and 19 species present . local distribution in this region is rather complex and correlates mainly with moisture regimens . patterns of local diversity also are discussed . the following genera are included , nesopupa , pupisoma , cylindrovertilla , pumilicopta , pupilla , pupoides , gyliotrachela . .\n. cold acclimation was followed in three cultivars of winter wheat ( triticum aestivum l . ) that differ in freezing tolerance , using root growth as the indicator . during acclimation ( followed through 7 d at 4 degrees c ) , growth rate progressively reco . . .\n. serum igg antibody to brain lipids was measured with an elisa technique in 38 schizophrenic patients and 22 normal subjects . there were no significant differences between groups . the authors discuss methodological differences between this study an . . .\n. the effect of dantrolene on the positive inotropic effects ( pie ) of 3 cardiotonic agents was assessed on rat and rabbit atria . dantrolene ( 10 - 5 m ) had no effect on contractile tension or on the pie to isoproterenol ( 10 - 10 to 10 - 7 m ) or ouabain ( 10 . . .\n. changes in physicochemical properties of spray - dried malted milk produced from 30 and 40 % ts mix and stored in polyethylene pouches and glass bottles at 30 + or - 1 degrees c for 2 months were studied . increase in moisture , fat , solubility index and t . . .\n. \u03b2 - barrel assembly machinery protein a ( bama ) plays a critical role in the biogenesis of outer membrane proteins ( omps ) ; however , a mechanistic understanding of its function is lacking . here , we report an in vitro assay that investigates whether t . . .\n. background : study of the long - term effects of chronic alcohol consumption in human populations is confounded by genetic and environmental factors . methods : the study was intended to investigate the effects on morbidity and survival of lifetime for . . .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nsutcharit , c . ( chulong - korn univ . , bangkok 10330 ( thailand ) . dept . of biology ) burch , j . b .\nrecent ancestry and evolutionary transitions in ecology and shell morphology may occur rapidly in some pupillid lineages . baker ( 1935 ) arranged five distinct sub - families but the present results showed that gastrocoptinae and vertiginae are arranged in the same clade , separated from pupillinae\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nburch , john b . how to know the eastern land snails . dubuque : wmc brown company publishers , 1964 . 52 . print\nfitch , henry s . , and donald h . lokke .\nthe molluscan record of succession on the university of kansas natural history reservation .\ntransactions of the kansas academy of science 59 . 4 ( ) : 442 - 54 . web . 6 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .\ngrassland animals .\nhamilton naturalists ' club . hamilton naturalists ' club , n . d . web . 22 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .\nlaws .\ngastrocopta pentadon ( say ) , comb snaggletooth snail - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park .\ndiscover life in america - all taxa biodiversity inventory . discover life in america , n . d . web . 26 mar . 2011 . < urltoken > .\nnekola , j . c . ( 2003 ) , large - scale terrestrial gastropod community composition patterns in the great lakes region of north america . diversity and distributions , 9 : 55\u201371 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1472 - 4642 . 2003 . 00165 . x\nnekola , j . c . ( 2010 ) , acidophilic terrestrial gastropod communities of north america . journal of molluscan studies ; may2010 , vol . 76 issue 2 , p144 - 156 , 13p , 4 charts , 4 graphs , 1 map . eds foundation index . accession number : 5329795 5 .\npilsbury , henry a .\nland mollusca of north america .\nthe academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 2 . 2 ( 1948 ) : 907 . print .\nsnodgrass , kathleen .\nancient climate as inferred by land snails at the brokenleg bend locality , oklahoma .\nwisconsin dnr , n . d . web . 22 mar . 2011 . < urltoken\nworthington , r . d . and artie , m . l . ( 1997 ) , additions to the present and quaternary gastropod faunas of the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas . the southwestern naturalist . vol . 42 , no . 4 ( dec . , 1997 ) , pp . 471 - 477 . published by : southwestern association of naturalists .\ncopyright 2008 university of wisconsin - la crosse 1725 state st . la crosse , wi 54601"]}
{"id": 2142, "summary": [{"text": "olybria aliculella is a species of snout moth , and the type species in the genus olybria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by hulst in 1887 , and is known from arizona , new mexico and texas . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "olybria aliculella", "paragraphs": ["olybria heinrich , 1956 ; bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 113 ; ts : myelois aliculella hulst\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 2003 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 5 , p . 49 ; pl . 9 . 31 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 2145, "summary": [{"text": "achatinella valida is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family achatinellidae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this species was endemic to o\u02bbahu , hawai\u02bbi . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "achatinella valida", "paragraphs": ["achatinella valida by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nachatinellidae \u00bb achatinella valida leucophaea , id : 728155 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1993 . recovery plan . oahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . department of the interior fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon . 58 pp . + 64 app .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .\nconsidered as part of a . apexfulva by welch , but as separate species by pilsbry and cooke , as well as cowie et al . ( 1995 ) .\ngx . one population last seen in 1951 . presumed extinct when genus was listed as endangered on federal register . extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nendemic to koolau mountains . single post - 1945 occurrence in northern part of this range near pupukea . historically found from laie trail to pupukea trail - a range of two to three miles ( pilsbry & cooke ) .\none post - 1945 record ( 1951 ) . extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\nmay still exist on the little - searched ridges in the range of this species .\n( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) endemic to koolau mountains . single post - 1945 occurrence in northern part of this range near pupukea . historically found from laie trail to pupukea trail - a range of two to three miles ( pilsbry & cooke ) .\nshell is broad , color white with yellow base or banded with black brown .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ncaum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nall achtinellidae are protected by cites . the shown pieces are from vintage and old collections . as such we still need to redeterminate this material , the reference work today is severns .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2152, "summary": [{"text": "synthopsis iohannae is a species of minute sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by cecalupo and perugia in 2012 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "synthopsis iohannae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for synthopsis definition . you find here synthopsis meaning , synonyms of synthopsis and images for synthopsis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word synthopsis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word synthopsis and , of course , synthopsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word synthopsis .\ncecalupo a . ; perugia i . ( 2013 ) . the cerithiopsidae ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea ) of espiritu santo - vanuatu ( south pacific ocean ) . 1 - 255 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlaseron c . ( 1956 ) . the family cerithiopsidae ( mollusca ) from the solanderian and dampierian zoogeographical provinces . australian journal of marine and freshwater research . 7 ( 1 ) : 151 - 182 . page ( s ) : 162 [ details ]\nmarshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]\ncerithiopsis ridicula r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as joculator ridiculus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( type by original designation )\nspecies joculator ridicula accepted as joculator ridiculus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies joculator turriger ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as horologica turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\nspecies joculator turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as horologica turrigera ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njoculator is a genus of minute sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family cerithiopsidae . [ 1 ] this genus was described by hedley in 1909 .\ncecalupo a . & perugia i . ( 2014 ) . the cerithiopsidae ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea ) of south madagascar ( indian ocean ) . bollettino malacologico . 50 : 75 - 126 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 2162, "summary": [{"text": "the colorado river toad ( incilius alvarius ) , also known as the sonoran desert toad , is a psychoactive toad found in northern mexico and the southwestern united states .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "its toxin , as an exudate of glands within the skin , contains 5-meo-dmt and bufotenin . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "colorado river toad", "paragraphs": ["a large colorado river toad awaits her next meal beneath a refrigerator unit outside an arizona store .\nenter\nbufo alvarius\nor\nthe sonoran desert toad\n, also sometimes called\nthe colorado river toad\n.\nthe colorado river toad is a nocturnal toad in the family bufonidae . common names for this species are the colorado river toad and the sonoran desert toad . the first described specimen was a female collected in fort yuma , imperial county , california , in 1855 .\nre : new colorado river toads . . . . ( 20 ! ! ! )\nnew colorado river toads . . . . ( 20 ! ! ! ) - page 2\nthe colorado river toad is the largest native toad in the united states . it is also poisonous and should not be handled , especially by children .\nconduct research necessary to determine the feasibility for successfully establishing the colorado river toad in unoccupied habitat . if feasible , implement a pilot introduction into unoccupied habitat , and monitor the success of methods and establishment of the colorado river toad in unoccupied habitat .\nbaby colorado river toads are born as tadpoles , but grow quickly into toadlets after about one month .\nthe historical range of the colorado river toad in california extended along the floodplain of the lower colorado river ( lcr ) and in the southern imperial valley . historically , it was documented on the lcr from fort yuma to the blythe - ehrenberg region . the range likely extended along the lcr to extreme southern nevada , near fort mohave . the lower colorado river multi - species conservation program ( lcr mscp ) planning area is on the western edge of the historical range of the colorado river toad .\nthe colorado river toad is not federally listed . it is listed as threatened in new mexico . natureserve ranks the colorado river toad as secure on a national and global level . additionally , it is ranked as secure in arizona , imperiled in new mexico , and possibly locally extinct in california .\nclay county sheriff ' s deputies said david theiss , of kansas city , possessed a colorado river toad with the intention of using it as a hallucinogenic .\nhabitat loss and alteration in the lcr region likely have had an impact on colorado river toad populations . extensive use of pesticides after world war ii may have had an effect on this species . nonnative species to the lcr that have an effect on many native species , such as the american bullfrog and the spiny softshell turtle , may also affect colorado river toad populations along the lcr . illegal collection of the colorado river toad for use in the drug trade is also a threat to this species .\ntoad smoking ,\nwhich is a substitute for\ntoad licking ,\nis done by extracting venom from the sonoran desert toad of the colorado river . the toad ' s venom \u2014 which is secreted when the toad gets angry or scared \u2014 contains a hallucinogen called bufotenine that can be dried and smoked to produce a buzz .\ncolorado river toad adults are active foragers and feed on invertebrates , lizards , small mammals , and amphibians . colorado river toads have been known to eat beetles , wasps , ants , bees , termites , sun spiders , true bugs , butterflies and moths , spiders , mites , scorpions , grasshoppers , locusts , crickets , millipedes , and centipedes . tadpoles eat algae and aquatic insects . the colorado river toad is able to eat prey that is protected by sting mechanisms or defensive secretions .\nthe poisons of the colorado river toad ( b . alvarius ) and the giant toad ( b . marinus , also called the cane toad ) affect animals as large as dogs , in some instances causing temporary paralysis or even death . the chinese have long used dried toad poison to treat various ailments . contrary to\u2026\npredators include raccoons , possibly birds , other mammals , and reptiles . it has been observed that the defensive posture and skin toxins of the colorado river toad protects it from the striped skunk . it is likely that adult colorado river toads are safe from most predators due to the toxicity of their secretions and their large size .\nthe habitat conservation plan provides conservation measures specific to each species . listed below are the species specific conservation measures for the colorado river toad . click on the arrows to expand the table .\nbased on results of research conducted under conservation measures crto1 and within funding constraints of the lcr mscp , protect existing unprotected occupied colorado river toad habitat that is located through the research program .\nthese are highly endangered are they not ? i might be thinking of another toad species . i ' m from colorado\ntoad - smoking gains on toad - licking - b . alvarius in the wall street journal\ndeep toad - a movie filmed in arizona probes the wild world of toad - licking .\nand the colorado river toad is a protected species . possession of one can get you prison time if you ' re not an animal / reptile rehab person , or otherwise licensed . . .\nadult colorado river toads are carnivorous , meaning they eat other animals . they will eat most anything small enough to fit into their mouths including spiders ,\nbreeding habitat includes seasonal and permanent pools . preferred colorado river toad habitat is described as damp areas near permanent springs or manmade watering holes . they are also known to utilize artificial water bodies , such as canals , flood control impoundments , stock tanks , water irrigation ditches , and reservoirs . agricultural drains , dam seepages , irrigation canals , and backwaters along the lower colorado river are described as\nmarginal habitat\nfor this species . habitat for the colorado river toad when dormant or hiding places during active period includes rodent burrows , rocky outcroppings , or in hollows under watering troughs .\n2 . historical versus current abundance . both king ( 1932 ) and cole ( 1962 ) reported colorado river toads as common near tucson , arizona , and west to the colorado river . stebbins ( 1985 ) indicated these toads are widespread throughout the desert . today , while colorado river toads seem to be abundant at many desert localities in arizona , they appear to have declined in new mexico ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) and california ( jennings and hayes , 1994a ) .\nthe colorado river toad , also known as the sonoran desert toad , found in arizona , is toxic to dogs when they lick or swallow it . your pet may also suffer if a toad sits in the dog ' s drinking water for a long enough period . the poison in the toad ' s skin may produce effects ranging from severe discomfort to paralysis and death .\n4 . conservation . colorado river toads are listed as endangered by the new mexico department of fish and game ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) . jennings and hayes ( 1994a ) commented on the status of colorado river toads and noted that they appear to be extirpated from most or all sites in california and\n\u2026 some investigators have suggested that colorado river toads are imperiled throughout much of [ their ] range \u2026\nin southern arizona , these toads seem to be abundant at many desert localities .\nthe colorado river toad is currently restricted to the sonoran desert in lowland and riparian areas of southern arizona and adjacent corners of southeastern california , southwestern new mexico , and northeastern baja california , through most of sonora , and to seven miles west of guamuchil , sinoloa mexico . this species is found at elevations ranging from above sea level to 1 mile ( 1600 m ) . the colorado river toad is common throughout its range in arizona but has declined in california and new mexico .\nthe colorado river toad is a mainly terrestrial toad that occurs primarily in desert habitat , including mesquite / creosote lowlands , but also inhabits arid grasslands , oak - woodland habitat , riparian areas , and pine - oak - juniper forest . this species is found at elevations ranging from above sea level to 1 mile ( 1610 m ) . the colorado river toad has been observed in pine - oak woodlands , characterized by high densities of chihuahua pine , mexican pinyon , alligator bark juniper , and various oaks , and a native grassland in chihuahuan desert scrub . this species has also been observed associated with agave , ephedra , prosopis , slasola , yucca , gutierrezia , and grasses . the colorado river toad may have also expanded its range to agricultural areas when large - scale conversion of native habitat to agriculture took place .\ndevelop and implement a multiyear integrated research program to determine the range , status , habitat requirements , population biology , factors that currently limit colorado river toad abundance and distribution , and factors that have contributed to the decline of the species in the lcr mscp planning area .\nhill , willie james . 1961 . the developmental pattern of the colorado river toad ( bufo alvarius girard ) from stage one through twenty . thesis : ( m . s . ) - - arizona state university , 1961 - - biology . - ( 35 pages )\nwright ( 1966 ) reported a raccoon slitting the bellies of colorado river toads , avoiding the glandular skin and eating the entrails ; other predators may not have learned this means of feeding on these toads . musgrave and cochran ( 1930 ) report that colorado river toads will\ninflate to a remarkable degree and remain in this condition for some time\nwhen disturbed ( see photo in hanson and vial , 1956 ) .\ncolorado river toads , also called the sonora desert toad , have relatively smooth skin outside of the warts on their back legs . discover facts about colorado river toads with information from a published biologist in this free video on toads and amphibians . expert : dr . alan richmond bio : dr . alan richmond is the lecturer and curator of biology at the university of massachusetts . he is a well - published biologist and has a special interest in reptiles and amphibians . filmmaker : demand media\npretty soon the dept . of animal control will be working with peta in an informant style bust tactic to raid the homes where toad venom is being\nmanufactured\nand sold . most of these homes will be right near the colorado river where the toads are indigenous . = )\nthe colorado river toad breeds from may through august in ponds , slow - moving streams , temporary pools , or man made structures that hold water . in arizona , it usually breeds in temporary pools formed by monsoon rains . breeding and chorusing activity usually occurred one to three nights following rainfall events . however , it has also been found that while breeding activity is stimulated by rainfall , it is not necessary for reproductive activity . the persistence of the colorado river toad over a 6 - year time period has been observed in the absence of successful breeding through many seasons .\n[ via myth - busting cane toads in australia , toad - skin secretions , toad envenoming in dogs , tripping over psychoactive toads . ]\nf . home range size . dan beck ( unpublished data ) radio - tracked an adult colorado river toad for a period of 390 d in the tucson mountains , pima county , arizona . during that time activity centered around the release site , although movements of > 400 m were noted in a single day .\nclutch size is between 7 , 500 and 8 , 000 eggs per female . eggs are deposited in shallow water in pools . when compared to other frogs and toads , the colorado river toad develops from zygote to hatchling at a remarkably fast rate , taking less than 30 days for an egg to develop into a froglet .\nonly in rare instances do frogs cause any significant damage . some species ( toads , for example ) produce skin secretions that are toxic if ingested . this does not normally present a problem for people , and pets usually learn to avoid such frogs . a few species ( giant toad , colorado river toad ) produce especially copious or toxic secretions , and there have been cases in which dogs have died after biting them .\nr . parasites . goldberg and bursey ( 1991a ) reported four nematodes from the gastrointestinal tract of the colorado river toad ( aplectana itzocamensis , physaloptera sp . , physocephalus sp . , and oswaldocruzia pipiens ) . they also found one species of cestode ( nematotaenia dispar ) as well as a species of nematode from the lungs ( rhabdias americanus ) .\nsuper sale : colorado river toads ( adults ) 199 . 99 \u2022 red sliders turtles 4 . 99 \u2022 bearded dragon\u0092s 49 . 99 \u2022 ball pythons ( babies ) 29 . 99 \u2022 savannah monitors ( c . b . babies ) 19 . 99 \u2022 customer reviews / testimonials\nhumans will do pretty much anything . as evidence of this truth , look at toad sucking . this is not a metaphor . toad sucking is a real activity , not an urban myth . it is exactly described . you pick up a toad , insert part of it into your mouth , and suck . but it\u2019s not just any toad that gets sucked , and the toad sucking has a surprising payoff . there\u2019s no clear history of when this practice took off . but one thing is for certain\u2014toad sucking can be serious business .\nn . feeding behavior . colorado river toads are active foragers . prey includes beetles , grasshoppers , wasps , centipedes , millipedes , ants , termites , solpugids , spiders , snails , scorpions , great plains toads , couch ' s spadefoot toads , small lizards , and mice ( king , 1932 ; arnold , 1943 ; gates , 1957 ; cole , 1962 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) . colorado river toads will eat almost any prey they can subdue and ingest , including those with defensive stinging capabilities ( cole , 1962 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) .\n.\nthe toad involved is the sonoran desert toad , also called the colorado river toad , and carries the binomial bufo alvarius . it is not the closely related marine toad bufo marinus , as some people have insisted , prompted by the early olmec and mayan iconography . of course the licking myth is newspaper hype - - it is the venom that is active , and it is smoked . when the desert toad is stroked near the parotid glands in the neck region , there is the squirting out of this venom and when it is allowed to dry on a hard surface it takes on the texture of rubber cement . it contains up to 15 % 5 - meo - dmt , as well as n - methyl - 5 - methoxytryptamine ,\nfine art illustration of a colorado river or sonoran desert toad . the print is hand - signed by the artist and is guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition . the reproduction of this original pen and ink drawing is done on high quality acid - free archival paper . call 1 800 - 913 - 7906 for more information or to order by phone . click here for shipping info .\ncolorado river toads are impressive amphibians , the largest toads in the sonoran desert , with an equally impressive diet of insects , including the large palo verde wood borer beetles . each summer we are regularly visited inside our home by some of these toads . one in particular visited us for five consecutive years .\n~ albert most , bufo alvarius : the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert . ( 1984 )\na 21 - year - old man has been accused of using a toad to get high .\nthe colorado river toad was completed on 3 . 18 . 2012 . the last toad i drew was supposed to be the last one for some time . but as i ' ve started putting together collections of animals for my cafepress store ( here ' s an example ) i needed a desert dwelling amphibian - and the sonoran desert toad fit perfectly , and was a lot of fun to draw to boot . i don ' t plan to draw any more toads in the near future , but if you have a suggestion please send me an email . the drawing is based on a photo by alice abela .\nin 1983 , albert most , the founder of the church of the toad of light ( yes that was a real thing ) was a big proponent of the recreational use of the sonoran desert toad ' s poison , and even wrote a booklet titled ;\nthe psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert\n. the booklet explained in great detail how to extract and smoke the toad ' s secretions .\nhe said some internet sites feature an instructional video on how to extract the toad ' s venom .\npresumed hybrids with woodhouse ' s toad have been found in central arizona . ( stebbins , 2003 )\ntake your dog to a veterinarian if there are unusual symptoms or the dog has eaten the toad .\nthe last verified record from california was in 1955 , from 7 km north of winterhaven , but there have been reports of records from near the arizona side of the colorado river : near the cibola national wildlife refuge ; on the parker strip in la paz county , arizona ; above the confluence of the gila and colorado rivers in yuma county , arizona ; and along the bill williams river , mohave county , arizona . ( thomson , wright , & shaffer , 2016 ) formerly found in extreme southeast california along the lower colorado river and in irrigated lowlands of the southern imperial valley . it is not known whether toads naturally occured in the imperial valley or if they expanded their range there after the development of agricultural irrigation . ( stebbins , 1951 - thomson , wright , & shaffer , 2016 ) outside of california , the species is found in southern arizona , extreme southwest new mexico , and in sonora and northwest sinaloa , mexico , and extreme northern baja california .\nh . aestivation / avoiding dessication . degenhardt et al . ( 1996 ) suggest that large size and smooth skin may predispose colorado river toads to desiccation , but there is no experimental evidence for this . indeed , larger size also means lower surface to volume ratio , thus relatively lower expectation of evaporation . there is no direct evidence for aestivation by the species , and it is not likely that they utilize any form of torpor to any greater extent than other species of bufo . dan beck ( unpublished data ) radio - tracked an adult colorado river toad that remained in the same burrow under a railroad tie from 26 september 1988\u201317 june 1989 . body temperature during that time ranged from 11 . 7 \u02dac\u201329 . 7 \u02dac . it is possible that during part of that period below the surface the toad may have been in a state of torpor or aestivation .\n4k big sonoran desert toad , catching pet reptiles & amphibians in az , ca , nm herping hd .\nexperts said it ' s possible to lick the toad ' s venom glands to achieve psychedelic effects . [\n4 . if your toad turns into a prince , stop licking it . you ' ve had enough .\ne . adult habitat . colorado river toads occur primarily in deserts , including mesquite - creosote bush lowlands , but are also found in arid grasslands , rocky riparian zones with sycamore and cottonwoods , and oak - walnut woodlands in mountain canyons ( schmidt , 1953 ; fouquette , 1970 ; stebbins , 1985 ; holycross et al . , 1999 ) .\nthe wart - covered quartet of colorado river toads , or bufo alvarius , began stealing the limelight from their larger , greener cousins on jan . 3 , when the police accused bob shepard , a 41 - year - old teacher at a local nature center , of possession of bufotenine , an illegal hallucinogenic chemical found in the venom of these toads .\nanonymous is correct . the venom has to be scraped off after the toad has been angered or made scared .\nin 1983 , albert most , the founder of the church of the toad of light [ . . . ]\nthe colorado river toad ( bufo = incilius alvarius ) is a large mainly terrestrial toad ranging in length from 4 . 3 to 7 . 4 inches ( 110 to 187 mm ) . it has leathery skin that ranges in color from olive brown to black with a few , low rounded bumps and enlarged glands on the back of the limbs . females contain reddish - colored warts in straight lines on the back . tadpoles of this species have a brassy coloration , rounded tail , flattened body , and can reach a size of 2 . 2 inches ( 57 mm ) total length .\nthe toad lives primarily in the sonoran desert of the united states and northern mexico . it is protected in california and new mexico but not threatened in the state of arizona . it is the largest native toad in north american measuring between 6 - 8 inches in length and the second largest among all toads only to the non - native cain toad .\nthe colorado river toad is a rewarding species to work with . individuals are very aware and seem almost to recognize their keepers . they are eating machines and individuals should be monitored closely as they tend to become very fat , very quickly . reducing the amount of food per feeding will help . be sure to know your local laws regarding this species . you may be able to avoid some serious persecution by the law with just a simple phone call . do the right thing and be responsible .\nit is illegal to have the poison from the toad , called bufotenin , in your possession in the state of california .\nsince that time there have been numerous deaths reported of people trying to get high from licking toads . most often from the non - native cain toad who ' s poison is significantly more toxic to humans than the sonoran desert toad ' s .\ni . breeding migrations . during dry , pre - monsoon periods , colorado river toads seek shelter , often in rodent burrows . with the onset of summer monsoon rains , adults move overland to breeding sites . the extent of these overland migrations has not been investigated . breeding usually occurs on one night , 2 or 3 d following a major rainfall event ( sullivan and malmos , 1994 ) .\nas for breeding and selling colorado river toads , good luck ! breeding them in captivity involves injecting ground up pituitary glands from other anura into mature female bufo abdomens to hormonally stimulate ovulation . i ' m still waiting to hear from the university library about my copy of the thesis this info comes from , but even the abstract makes it seem like a hell of a lot of work . . .\nthe first problem with toad licking is that it isn ' t just any toad that will get you high . the most famous culprit \u2014 one that has sent a lot of dogs on bad trips \u2014 is the cane toad . it and its general family , the family bufonidae , will secrete the stuff that can be sniffed , injected , or ingested to get people hallucinating .\nalso see the\ntextfiles\non toad toxins by david g . spoerke , m . s . , rph . , 1986\nclay county prosecutor daniel white said possessing the toad is not illegal , but using it to get high off its venom is .\nfrog and toad - in the desert by ron harton is a fun and well written piece about amphibian life in the desert .\ni have to admit , i am rather jealous ! i have tried to get out feelers on the possibility of getting a colorado river toad into canada and so far , i have been told rather blunty to give up . however , they said that about my pyxies , too , and now i have three of them ! i really love the last picture , of the two toads . . . the one on the left is such a cutie . . . i would pick that one for sure ! ! sigh . . . .\nwhite said that for years people experimented with\ntoad licking ,\nand now toad smoking is considered a substitute . to do so , a person heats up the frog ' s venom to break down its toxins and preserve the hallucinogen , which is dried .\nit has been several years since we last saw this , our favorite toad , but others of his species visit us each summer .\nof course the ( toad ) licking myth is newspaper hype \u2013 it is the venom that is active , and it is smoked .\nthe sonoran desert toad received national attention when a story was published by the new york times in 1994 about a teacher in california who became the first person to be arrested for possession of the toad ' s venom . bufotenin had been outlawed in california in 1970 .\noutside of california , this toad inhabits a variety of habitats including grasslands , arid desert lowlands , mountain canyons with oaks and sycamores , and pinyon - oak - juniper mountain forests . found near washes , river bottoms , springs , reservoirs , canals , irrigation ditches , stock ponds , streams , temporary pools , and sometimes away from water sources .\nthen in 2007 , a man in kansas city , missouri was found with the sonoran desert toad in his possession , and was charged with possession of a controlled substance after they determined that he had intended to use the toad and its secretions for recreational purposes . . .\nthe conservation status of the species is\nleast concern\n. however , in california the toad is classified as\nendangered\nand in\npolice found the toad when they went to a northern kansas city home to investigate a suspected meth lab . they later arrested david s . theiss , 21 , and charged him with three counts of possession of a controlled substance and one count of possessing drug paraphernalia \u2014 the toad .\nit is the largest toad in north america found most commonly in the sonoran desert of southern california , arizona , new mexico , and mexico .\nin 1984 , the first widely distributed description of smoking bufo alvarius toad - venom for its 5 - meo - dmt content came in the form of an extraordinary pamphlet titled \u201c bufo alvarius : the psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert by albert most ( venom press , denton , texas ) .\nwhether or not this small south - western underground culture of bufo alvarius toad - venom smoking had anything to do with the birth of the urban myth of cane toad licking the much more common bufo marinus toad is impossible to say , since there seems to be no basis to that the myth , and the few unfortunate youths who have been foolish enough to lick cane toads have done so because they have read reports of it in the media . this confusion between the common bufo marinus and the much rarer though very physically similar bufo alvarius toad may however have a fascinating historical precedent .\nbecause you cant trip off weed . . . people lick colorado river toads to ingest the 5 - meo - dmt out of it ' s excretory sacks . as some of us know , dmt , or dimethyltryptamine is an extremely powerful hallucinogen . people dont get high from licking these toads like people get high from weed . they trip out . kinda like acid , but different . research your shit before you call people stupid and make yourself look like an ass .\nmr . elam , who has taken an interest in caring for the toads , had developed some empathy for his wards .\none day you ' re sitting by the river ; the next you ' re a prisoner , being squeezed by a bunch of humans ,\nhe said .\nand does your opinion even count ? no . you ' re just a toad .\nas toads go , colorado river toads are relatively easy to care for , much in the same way as you would care for smaller species of bufo only on a larger scale . whereas a twenty gallon long tank my suffice for several fowler ' s toads bufo w . fowleri , bufo alvarius grows considerably larger much quicker and are notably more active , thus requiring a greater amount of space . a 50 to 75 gallon glass terrarium should be fine for two pairs of adults .\nmy own misadventures in toading are recorded within the pages of my book tryptamine palace which has an entire chapter dedicated to the sonoran desert toad . however what was probably my finest experience of smoking toad venom does not come from that chapter , and was supposed to be the very end of the book .\nlaw enforcement authorities have discovered that people are willing to go to great lengths to get high , including a troubling new method that features a frightened toad .\nurltoken urltoken in bc you could go herping and find some western toads ( bufo boreas boreas ) . this toad is a close relative of the california toad ( , bufo boreas halophilus ) the kind i have . mine are great pets and don ' t get humongous , so are easy to house and feed .\nand finally , no section on psychedelic experiences would be complete without raiding the erwoid vaults . the following account of smoking bufo alvarius toad venom comes from 2003 .\ni wish my cane toad was still alive . i didn ' t know they could tangle themselves upside down in submerged plant roots and drown themselves . : (\nit ' s diet consists of just about anything it can fit in its mouth . including just about all insects , spiders , some small rodents , and other kinds of toads and frogs . it is primarily nocturnal , meaning it spends most of it ' s day underground only coming out at night . it can usually be found in other small animal holes , taking shelter from the heat till the night time comes . it is a semi - aquatic toad , meaning that it needs some source of water consistently or it will dry out . they can usually be found in river basins or near reservoirs and ponds . during the winter months it burrows deep underground to stay warm , coming out once the monsoon rains start to flood the river basins in june . the toad is most active from june through august coming out to mate and feed .\nthe following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists . special animals list notes : 1 ) formerly bufo alvarius . between 2006 & 2009 the scientific name has been changed to cranopsis alvaria , to ollotis alvaria , to incilius alvarius , back to ollotis alvarius and then back to incilius alvarius . the common name has changed from colorado river toad to sonoran desert toad .\nthe venom of this toad is classed as a schedule 1 controlled substance under us law and it is illegal to possess the venom . possession of the toad in and of itself is not a crime in the usa , but of the three states where the toad is found in the wild , only arizona allows the species to be collected and then only with an arizona fishing license . however it is against arizona state law to remove the species from the state , fishing license or no fishing license .\nevery time i see a toad , i say that phrase . . .\ni ' m not not licking toads\n. . . classic ! oh homer : )\njohnson , t . r . talking toad and frog poster and cassette . ( includes 20 frogs found in missouri . ) missouri dep . conserv . , jefferson city .\nevery once in a while you read of someone who , upon hearing about toad - sucking gives it a go and winds up vomiting tremendously and winding up in a hospital . the concoction produced in bufo toad glands not only contains a hallucinogen , but a mix of other agents designed to make predators sick . dogs oddly enough seem to fare reasonably well , though they can get terrifically spaced out . for people , the best advice is to let toad - sucking remain the stuff of legend , and forget about trying it yourself .\nthe toad from yuma county , arizona , shown above on the top left , was found one night in august on a road between two plowed agricultural fields next to this agricultural drain northeast of yuma arizona , about 20 miles east of california . the sonoran desert toad utilized similar developed habitat in california along with undisturbed desert habitat before its disappearance in the state ( see the imperial county photos to the left . ) this begs the question , why does this toad still persist in similar agricultural habitat nearby in arizona and not in california ?\ni want to make clear that the toad emitting venom in the last photo was under minimal stress - it only hunched up like that during the actual emission ( i believe to protect its own eyes from the venom ) and showed no signs of discomfort before or after the actual emission . this is a long - term captive and tame toad that had little or no fear of humans . finally , the venom was not collected ; this was a demonstration carried out by a zoo official to illustrate the defensive mechanism of this toad species .\nin october , a kansas city man was charged with possessing a controlled substance after clay county authorities determined he possessed a toad with the intent to use its venom to get high .\nas a defense , sonoran desert toads use their large parotoid glands and other warty glands to excrete poisons that may cause paralysis and even death if ingested by dogs and other small animals . toads assume a butting pose , aiming the parotoid glands at an adversary . they also inflate to increase their body size . skin secretions have hallucinogenic properties . ( this is the toad involved in reports of toad licking or the smoking of dried parotoid gland secretions . some states have passed laws against toad licking or smoking , and classify the secretions of these toads as a controlled substance . )\nadults are 4 - 7 1 / 2 inches from snout to vent ( 10 . 1 - 19 cm ) . ( stebbins , 2003 ) the largest toad in california before its presumed extirpation .\neven dogs get into the act of sucking and licking toads . npr reported a cocker spaniel named lady , which became addicted to licking toads . lady had to go into doggie rehab . online chat rooms are filled with pet owner comments regarding their toad - licking dogs . in areas of texas where bufo alvarius is abundant , reports of toad - licking dogs acting whacked \u2013 out are common .\ndark olive green color and leathery skin . they are 110 - 187mm in length . a very large toad with cranial crests , elongate parotid glands , raised warts on hind legs ( robinson 2001 ) .\nis carniverous and is known to eat snails , beetles , spiders , grasshoppers , lizards , mice , and other smaller toad species . a long sticky tongue aids in catching prey ( mayhew 1968 ) .\nthis toad is common in the sonoran desert . it occurs in a variety of habitats including creosote bush desertscrub , grasslands up into oak - pine woodlands , and thornscrub and tropical deciduous forest in mexico .\nthey are an attractive species to the pet keeper due to their size and surprisingly calm and bold demeanor ( for a toad ) in captivity . they seem to tame much more readily than cane toads (\nhi ive been lurking for a while . it bugs me when people get wild caught sonoran desert toads . while they may be found in ca , and nm . most of the wc colorado toad come from arizona . in az with a valid fishing license you can take a bag limit of certain wild amphibians . the law also states that az native wildlife , cannot be sold , bought , or traded . they can only be given away . it ' s also against the law to take az native wildlife outside of the state . now im not saying you guys did anything wrong . i live in az so it bugs me when i see kingsnake ads with sonorans for sale . knowing they are illegaly been taken away from my state . other than that . your pics of your toads are great . sonoran are one of my favorite toads . i currently have a great plaines toad i caught in my backyard . it ' s mansoon season now . breeding season ! theres about 4 different toad species near me . i ' m outside of the range for sonorans though . i ' m hoping i can find another red spotted toad this year .\na large toad with relatively smooth skin , prominent cranial crests , and long parotoid glands behind the eyes . there is a large white wart near the corner of the mouth and large warts on the hind legs .\nmolecular neurobiology student manuscripts from the university of california at berkeley : toad venom . . . their toxicity & psychoactive effects - student paper in neurochemistry . the history and psychoactivity of bufo toads - student paper in neurochemistry .\nis nocturnal and more aquatic than most toad species . it is a solitary species , until the mating season in the summer months when large groups of toads gather at temporary pools to mate . if the toad is molested or bothered , it can secrete a poison which irritates the mucous membranes of most predators . this poison can affect animals as large as dogs , and can cause temporary paralysis or death ( mayhew 1968 , robinson 2001 ) .\nlaws pertaining to frogs vary from state to state . some rare species ( for example , houston toad , wyoming toad , pine barrens treefrog ) may be fully protected under federal or state laws . seasons and bag limits may apply to other species ( bullfrogs , for example ) . permits to remove frogs that are causing damage are available in some states . contact your state wildlife department to determine the legal status of frogs in your area .\ndid you know ? that , if the toad is molested or bothered , it can secrete a poison ( toxin is called bufotenine ) , which irritates the mucous membranes of most predators . this poison can affect animals as large as dogs , and can cause temporary paralysis or death . in humans it can cause powerful hallucinations when ingested and in large amounts may even be able to kill a person ( \u201cthe psychedelic toad of the sonoran desert\u201d ) .\nin their survey of 1994 , jennings and hayes noted that this toad is apparently extirpated from most or all of its sites in california . this is likely due to loss of habitat and to pesticide use brought about by modern agricultural methods . according to a california department of fish and game report , no toads have been collected or observed in california since 1955 . this toad has also declined in new mexico , but is abundant in many parts of arizona .\nwho ' s posterior is the sheriff ' s dept . licking , in regards to the prosecution of this case ? do you know there is a state park in arkansas named toad suck . makes ya think . . . .\n) and a full grown adult makes an impressive display animal that usually isn ' t hiding all the time like most ground dwellings true toads . they are unfussy eaters and an adult sonoran desert toad is quite capable of eating an adult mouse , though these should not consititute a significant part of the toad ' s diet due to the reports of complications in amphibians fed regularly with mice and rats . crickets and cockroaches , both captive cultured , are the best staples . our\nno we did not smoke or lick any of these toads . our toad catching was purely innocent at the time and it wasn ' t until afterwards when i researched the toads did we find out they have quite the history to them .\nthere are large elongate paratoid glands which lie beside and come into contact with the obvious cranial crests . this toad species has a white bump that marks the corner of each side of its mouth . its belly color is soft white . it is not so much a vocal species of toad , its call is rather subdued and sounds much like a short hoot , lasting about a second . in captivity , this species shuffles around frequently and these sounds of activity are often mistaken for snuffling vocalizations .\ninvestigators describe mr . shepard as friendly , intelligent and interested in helping others understand the powers of toad venom . he has even made an informational videotape for those who are prosecuting him , mr . elam said , and has helped guide their research .\ntoad licking has long been recognized as a stupid , risky way to try to get high . but do you know the biochemistry that determines how stupid and risky it actually , and how high you could get . let ' s squeeze some toads .\nif i were you i ' d get a rococco ( spelling ? ) or a marine toad instead - easier to come by , no drug implications , and marines can become very tame ( eating dog food out of a bowl for you ) .\ni wonder what the availability is on them in canada ? from what i have read of marine toads , they are poisonous and are a potential threat to native species , which means canada may not let them across the border . maybe i should start looking for a native toad species . i have yet to come across anything remotely amphibian in my own city yet i know they are out there . . . . . a nice canadian toad would suit me just fine ! thanks for the suggestions john .\nhere is a very random description of smoking toad from one of the true psychedelic pioneers , the spiritual advisor baba ram dass ( be here now ) who was formerly chiefly known as timothy leary\u2019s associate richard alpert , phd . ( the psychedelic experience . )\nno doubt thanks to enthusiastic descriptions such as this one albert most\u2019s pamphlet was popular underground reading ( non - pun intended ! ) through out the sonoran desert region . most and his friends even formed an informal \u201cchurch of the toad of light\u201d that was never officially incorporated , and a small but enthusiastic population of bufo alvarius toad - venom smokers has undoubtedly existed since this time . dried bufo alvarius venom was occasionally sold on the underground market as \u2018organic dmt\u2019 venom , and has been reported from los angeles to germany !\nraccoons have learned to pull a toad out of the water by its leg and flip it over on its back and start feeding on it ' s stomach , a strategy that keeps the raccoon far away from the toad ' s poison glands . the poison has been shown to be toxic to humans ( only very mildly so ) when consumed orally , but there are almost no poisonous effects when smoked . after inhalation users usually experience a warm sensation , euphoria , and strong auditory hallucinations . no long term effects have been reported .\nusers \u201cmilk\u201d the glands of the toad onto a mirror . when it is dry , the user can either take it orally or smoke it . users who use this drug will have symptoms consistent with a hallucinogenic drug , and many report being high anywhere between one and eight hours .\nwhile smoking toad venom might sound extreme , an even more disturbing method to get high possibly includes sniffing fermented human waste . vicky ward , manager of prevention services at tri - county mental health services in kansas city , said she has read e - mail warnings about a drug called jenkem .\nwhile mr . shepard has also been charged with possession of a handful of other hallucinogenic substances , including mescal cactus , psychedelic mushrooms and lsd , it is the toad venom , which mr . shepard told investigators he had dried and smoked , that has drawn attention in an otherwise routine drug bust .\njust as a bonus , toads secrete substances that weaken muscles and cause extreme nausea , too . so the overall effect of toad licking can cause a person to have vivid hallucinations , a racing heart , and muscles too weak to carry their constantly - vomiting body to the bathroom , let alone the hospital .\nall that aside , once one has a toad in their possession i don ' t believe they require special permits , unless that crazy bill went through a while ago\u2026 a quick search of the cites website didn ' t turn up any references for bufo alvarius . couple other bufo species , but not alvarius .\nadditionally , the researchers only used twenty - one toads in their study and the level of compounds varied dramatically from one toad to the next . their results from the twenty values give an average of 9 . 8 % of 5 - meo - dmt per gram of dried skin . while the actual level of 5 - meo - dmt contained in the venom may be somewhat higher than this study concluded , the variability in the amount of this compound present in any toad ' s venom may render this conclusion irrelevant in practicality . one may never be completely sure how much of the active compounds are actually present in any given dose . ( see\ni cannot tell by what logic we call a toad , a bear , or an elephant ugly ; they being created in those outward shapes and figures which best express the actions of their inward frames ; and having passed that general visitation of god , who saw that all that he had made was good . sir thomas browne , 1642 .\nas mentioned above , it is illegal to posses the toad in any state except arizona . in arizona it is legal to posses up to to 10 toads with a valid arizona fishing license . however , if it can be proven that the possession of the toads is for recreational drug use , it would constitute a criminal violation there as well .\nlike most toads , sonoran desert toads eat anything that it can overtake and capture , mainly a variety of invertebrates , but lizards , mice , and toads have also been observed in its stomach contents . sometimes this toad can be seen sitting at night under a street light , eating passing flying insects . tadpoles are presumed to eat algae and detritus .\nafter two weeks at 55\u00b0 f the toads were removed from the cold room and kept three hours at room temperature . they were then injected with 2ml . of beef pituitary extract , dissolved in absolute ethanol . the suspension was drawn into a 5 ml . luer - type syringe , and was injected with an 18 gauge needle . the injections were made with the toad placed with the dorsal region facing the palm of the hand , and the cloacal region pointing towards the finger tips . holding the toad in the above manner with the left hand , the injection was made in the lower left quadrant , about one - fourth inch into the abdominal region . care was taken to avoid injury to vital organs , especially blood vessels .\nthe main defense of this toad is a poison that it secretes from glands in the skin . although this poison won ' t typically kill an adult human , it can make you very sick if you handle the frog and get the poison in your mouth . dogs can get sick or die if they pick up the frog with their mouths and play with it ."]}
{"id": 2167, "summary": [{"text": "pseudandraca is a genus of moths of the endromidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the genus was previously placed in the subfamily prismostictinae of the bombycidae family . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "pseudandraca", "paragraphs": ["pseudandraca gracilis ( butler ) ( bombycidae ) taken at kashispa , fukushima pref . , northern honshu\npseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the family endromidae . it was described by butler in 1885 . it is found in japan .\npseudandraca gracilis is a moth in the endromidae family . it was described by butler in 1885 . [ 1 ] it is found in japan .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncopyright \u00a9 new earth online . content from external sites are the property of their respective owners where stated .\nconservation status where available has been identified by the iucn red list of threatened species .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwang , xing ; wang , min ; dai , liang - ying ; zolotuhin , vadim v .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nchapter 21619 provides bibliographic information on scholary research in the basic and applied life , earth and health sciences .\nprove sull & apos ; isolamento riproduttivo in tre specie del genere gryon haliday ( hym . proctotrupoidea , scelionidae )\nzaramo , c . e . m . dlin , c . s . y . o , j . w . n ; morton , t . a . b . wen , g . r . , 2008 :\nprovenance variation in podocarpus totara ( d . don ) : growth , tree form and wood density on a coastal site in the north of the natural range , new zealand\nandersen , u . s . randby ; cordova , j . p . prado ; nielsen , u . b . aeuner ; kollmann , j . , 2008 :\nngo - metzger , q . ; sorkin , d . h . ; phillips , r . s . ; greenfield , s . ; massagli , m . p . ; clarridge , b . ; kaplan , s . h . , 2007 :\nlum , a . , w . m . ; kwok , k . - woon ; chon , s . - ann , 2008 :\nproviding of lodgings for tits ( genus parus ) as a perspective method of integrated apple orchard protection against codling moth ( laspeyresia pomonella l . )\nadrian m . s . rader ; burt p . k . tler ; joel s . b . own ; graham i . h . k . rley , 2008 :\nmontagnoli , c . ; perruccio , k . ; bozza , s . ; bonifazi , p . ; zelante , t . ; d . l . ca , a . ; moretti , s . ; d & apos ; angelo , c . ; bistoni , f . ; martelli , m . ; aversa , f . ; velardi , a . ; romani , l . , 2007 :\nprovisional atlas of suffolk dragonflies . incorporating the recorder & apos ; s pack for 1988\nprovisional atlas of the lepidoptera of warwickshire . part 3 : the smaller and the more primitive larger moths . ( insecta : lepidoptera : 6446 ) ( micropterigidae to pterophoridae )\nchoate , jr . ; knox jones , j . ; jr . , 1981 :\nprovisional data on the seasonal dynamics of chironomus plumosus l . in l . vortsjarv\nprovisional description of roloffia etzeli sp . nov . a new cyprinodontidae from sierra leone\nadema , jphm . de bruyne , rh . ; perk , fa . , 1989 :\nsulak , kj . ; crabtree , re . ; hureau , j - c . , 1984 :\nsethi , v . k . mar ; bhatt , d . , 2007 :\nwang , y - chih . ; hwang , j - jen . ; yu , c - chieh . ; lai , l - ping . ; tsai , c - ti . ; lin , l - chun . ; katra , r . ; lin , j - lee . , 2008 :\nmin , w - kie . ; kim , s - yoon . ; kim , t - kong . ; lee , k - bong . ; cho , m - rae . ; ha , y - chan . ; koo , k - hoi . , 2007 :\npetit , m . a . ; beck , t . j . ; hughes , j . m . ; lin , h - mo . ; bentley , c . ; lloyd , t . , 2007 :\nlumbsch , m . ; ehlers , u . ; sopott - ehlers , b . , 1995 :\nproximal - type epithelioid sarcoma vs . malignant rhabdoid tumor of the vulva : a case report , review of the literature , and an argument for consolidation\nsharma , sv . ; kalyani , k . ; jaya raju , pb . ; narasimha rao , p . , 2000 :\njohn - alder , h . b . ; cox , r . m . ; taylor , e . n . , 2006 :\nmougin , j - l . ; mougin , m - c . , 1991 :\nde oliveira , d . a . ; ades , c . , 1998 :\nproximity patterns of female brown capuchins in suriname are inconsistent with expectations of female - bonded primates .\nproximity relationships of tryptophanyl residues and oxygen binding site in levantina hierosolima hemocyanin . a fluorimetric study\nproyecto de colaboracion de la asociacion de scouts de mexico , a . c . con programas de proteccion a la tortuga marina y educacion ambiental en comunidades de la costa yucateca\nproyecto de creacion del parque nacional aconquija ( tucuman - argentina ) . informe no . 4\nproyecto de seguimiento de la migracion de aves sobre el mediterraneo occidental mediante observacion lunar . resultados del otono de 1996\ngarcia - villaneuva , v . ; blazquez caselles , a . ; novoa perez , jm . ; nieto manzano , ma . , 1996 :\nproyecto : atlas provisional de los lepidopteros de extremadura ( espana ) en cuadriculas u . t . m . de 10 x 10 kms ( insecta : lepidoptera )\nprozercon ( plumatozercon ) plumosus n . sp . ( acari : gamasida : zerconidae )\ncachard - chastel , m . ; devers , s . ; sicsic , s . ; langlois , m . ; lezoualc & apos ; h , f . ; gardier , a . m . ; belzung , c . , 2008 :\nalvarado - sosa , p . ; blanco - garcia , a . ; lindig - cisneros , r . , 2007 :\ngarcia benavides , p . ; serrano vilar , j . ; garcia benavides , j . , 1984 :\npruebas de compontamiento de ceratitis capitata wied . con sex - ceratitis , producto nacional atrayente sexual de machos\niannacone o . ; jose ; alvarino f . ; lorena ; dale l . ; william , 1998 :\nprufung ausgewahlter insektentaxa aus 2 . forstbiotopen auf ihre indikatoreignung - ein neuer aspekt des burgholz - projektes\nprunus mahaleb l . , arbre - hote pour la larve d & apos ; hesperophanes ( trichoferus ) griseus fabricius ( coleopt . cerambycidae )\nsuwansa - ard , s . ; xiang , y . ; bash , r . ; thavarungkul , p . ; kanatharana , p . ; wang , j . , 2008 :\nprvi nalazi vrste lycaena hippothoe linnaeus 1761 u bosni i hercegovini i otkrice simpatrije sa l . candens leonhardi fruhstorfer 1917 ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae )\nprvni overeni moznosti mutagenniho pusobeni peptidu dalarginu na genom sumce velkeho ( silurus glanis l . ) pomoci testu mikrojader\ncooper , a . k . ; o & apos ; brien , p . e . ; richter , c . et al . , 2001 :\nprymnesium zebrinum sp . nov . et p . annuliferum sp . nov . , deux nouvelles especes apparentees a p . parvum carter ( prymnesiophyceae )\npryszczarek contarinia ( stenodiplosis ) bromicola marik . et agaf . ( diptera , cecidomyiidae ) - grozny szkodnik upraw nasiennych stoklosy bezostnej ( bromus inermis leyss . )\nprzeglad krajowych badan nad biologia , ekologia i rozrodem bobra europejskiego , castor fiber ( l . )\nprzejecie kolonii formica pratensis retz . przez formica polyctena foerst . ( hymenoptera , formicidae )\nprzelot ptakow drapieznych jesienia 2000 r . w okoliczach gadkowa wielkiego ( woj . lubuskie )\nprzewalski & apos ; s horses ( equus przewalskii pol . , 1881 ) : problems preservation and reintroducing in nature area ( proceedings of the vi international symposium of the preservation of the przewalski horse dedication 100 - th breeding the species in ascania nova reservation )\nnalecz - tarwacka , t . ; grodzki , h . ; kuczynska , b . , 2008 :\nprzypadek obojnactwa ( hermaphroditismus ) u sarny capreolus capreolus ( l . , 1758 )\npsallus alnicola douglas et scott 1871 - eine bemerkenswerte wanze aus dem westerzgebirge ( hemiptera , heteroptera ) ( 4 . beitrag zur heteropteren - fauna des erzgebirges )\npsallus anticus ( reuter ) - senior synonym of p . cognatus jakovlev ( heteroptera : miridae )\npsallus confusus rieger and psallus mollis ( mul . ) in poland ( heteroptera , miridae )\npsammological essays . 1 . the organization and systematic position of the mollusc hedylopsis murmanica n . sp . ( opisthobranchia , acochlidiida ) .\nwinkelmann , j . ; matz rensing , k . ; silinski , s . ; kaup , f . j . , 2007 :\npsammophis leightoni trinasalis ( fork - marked sand snake ) and psammophis notostictus ( karoo sand racer ) . endoparasites\nshen , h - bin . ; chou , k - chen . , 2007 :\npsectra diptera ( burmeister ) dans l & apos ; aisne ( neur . hemerobiidae )\npsectra diptera burm . und sisyra fuscata fabr . , zwei fur oberosterreich neue neuropteren aus den traun - auen bei stadl - paura ( insecta : neuropteroidea : planipennia : hemerobiidae : sisyridae )\npsectrotanypus tokunagai ( fittkau ) , comb . nov . ( diptera , chironomidae )\nlee , c - f . ; yang , p - s . ; sato , m . , 1998 :\nlee , c - f . ; yang , p - s . , 1995 :\nlee , c - f . ; jach , ma . ; yang , p - s . , 1998 :\nk\u00e4mpfer , p . ; thummes , k . ; chu , h - i . ; tan , c - chung . ; arun , a . b . ; chen , w - ming . ; lai , w - an . ; shen , f - ting . ; rekha , p . d . ; young , c - chung . , 2008 :\nluja , v . h . ; blazquez , m . c . rmen ; rodriguez - estrella , r . , 2007 :\npseudacris triseriata ( western chorus frog ) and rana sylvatica ( wood frog ) . chytridiomycosis\npseudacrobasis nankingella roesler , 1975 . an east - asiatic species found in spain ( lepidoptera : pyralidae , phycitinae )\npseudadimonia holzschuhi , eine neue galerucinae - art aus nepal , und bemerkungen zu einer vergessenen art : rhabdotilla rosti jakobson 1911 ( chrysomelidae col . )\npseudanapis hoeferi , n . sp . from central amazonia , brazil ( araneae , anapidae )\npseudasphondylia rauwolfiae nov . sp . cecidomyie des fleurs de rauwolfia schumanniana ( schl . ) boiteau , en nouvelle - caledonie\nmeshaka , w . e . jr ; deyrup , m . , 1999 :\npseudemys floridana peninsularis ( peninsula cooter ) and p . nelsoni ( florida redbelly turtle ) . mutualism\npseudemys peninsularis ( peninsula cooter ) . estuarine observation and interaction with giant land crabs\nbridegam , a . ; patterson , a mt ; smith , b . ; garrett , c . ; mateja , m . , 1991 :\npseudo 2 - fold symmetry in the copper - binding domain of arthropodan haemocyanins . possible implications for the evolution of oxygen transport proteins\nperrot - minnot , m . - jeanne . ; navajas , m . , 1996 :\neimil - ortiz , m . ; mar\u00eda - salgado , f . ; font\u00e1n - tirado , c . ; gonz\u00e1lez - santiago , r . ; villar - villar , m . eugenia . ; mart\u00edn , e . , 2008 :\nkacinski , m . ; leskiewicz , m . ; jaworska - feil , l . ; zajac , a . ; kubik , a . ; budziszewska , b . ; lason , w . , 2007 :\ndelfini , a . ; toniollo , g . - helio ; canola , j . - carlos ; alessi , a . - carlos ; lui , j . - frederico ; filho , l . - paulo - martins ; rodrigues , v . , 2007 :\ngalis , f . van alphen , j . j . ; metz , j . a . , 2002 :\ngriet casteleyn ; victor a . c . epurnov ; frederik leliaert ; david g . m . nn ; stephen s . b . tes ; nina lundholm ; lesley rhodes ; koen sabbe ; wim vyverman , 2008 :\nblossom , d . b . ; alelis , k . a . ; chang , d . c . ; flores , a . h . ; gill , j . ; beall , d . ; peterson , a . m . ; jensen , b . ; noble - wang , j . ; williams , m . ; yakrus , m . a . ; arduino , m . j . ; srinivasan , a . , 2008 :\nbuda , r . ; mosca , m . ; di - caprio , f . ; ruffilli , a . ; rossi , g . ; giannini , s . , 2008 :\nmart\u00ednez - ramos , d . ; escrig - sos , j . ; angel - yepes , v . ; salvador - sanchis , j\u00e9 . luis . , 2007 :\npseudoaneurysm of the right hepatic artery following cholangiocarcinoma resection . a case report and review of the literature\npseudobacciger harengulae ( yam . , 1938 ) ( trematoda : fellodistomidae ) - a new species for the black sea\npseudobagrus pratti ( gunther , 1892 ) a senior synonym of p . emarginatus ( regan , 1913 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae )\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china . present address : institute of entomology , college of biosafety science and technology , hunan agricultural university , changsha 410128 hunan , china ; and provincial key laboratory for biology and control of plant diseases and insect pests , changsha 410128 , hunan , china\n2 department of entomology , south china agricultural university , guangzhou , guangdong 510640 , p . r . china\ncorresponding author : ling zeng ( nc . ude . uacs @ gnilgnez ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe six species of the genus andraca walker hitherto known from china are reviewed , and a new species , andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , described from yunnan province , china . adults and male genitalia of all examined species are illustrated , together with a distributional map . a key to all seven chinese andraca species is provided . the types of the new species are deposited in scau ( south china agricultural university , guangzhou , china ) and hunau ( hunan agricultural university , changsha , china ) .\nin the present paper , seven chinese andraca species are reviewed , including the description of one new species andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . the early stages of andraca theae ( matsumura 1909 ) are described in detail . a key to the seven chinese andraca species is provided .\nspecimens of the new species were collected by light trap . the types of previously described species in the natural history museum , london , uk ( bmnh ) were examined . other materials examined in this study are preserved in scau and hunau . morphological terminology used in descriptions follows lemaire and minet ( 1999 ) .\nandraca walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 581 . ( type species : andraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : hindostan , india . )\npseudoeupterote shiraki , 1911 , catalogue insectorum noxiorum formosarum : 48 . ( type species : oreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 582 , by monotype . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) ) . type - species designation by monotype .\nforewing weakly falcate . ground color varying from shades of brown to sandy grey .\nmale genitalia . uncus apically single - pointed to weakly indented ; gnathos with two long , basally broad , upcurved arms ; valvae basally broad , sclerotized , long or medium length ; aedeagus short with apex truncated , cornuti present or absent .\nfemale genitalia ( andraca bipunctata ) . eighth segment curved deeply , ventral margin of ostium bursae extends posteriorly as a broad bilobed plate , ductus bursae sclerotized distal to mid - point , tapering to half width ; distal half unsclerotized with slight torsion , corpus bursae lacking a signum .\nandraca species have sometimes been described in mustilia ( e . g . , chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) , and misidentification has also been frequent ( chu and wang 1993 , 1996 ) . andraca was considered to belong to \u2018the mustilia lineage\u2019 of prismostictinae forbes , 1955 ( holloway 1987 ; minet 1994 ; lemaire and minet 1999 ; holloway et al . 2001 ) . our own unpublished work also shows that andraca is close to mustilia walker , 1865 and mustilizans yang , 1995 , based on phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences ( coi + 18s + 28s ) ( wang 2010 ) .\nsevastopulo ( 1938 ) described the fully grown larvae of the type species . the larvae are gregarious , have short hairs covering the body , and are often heavily parasitized . pupation is in a thin cocoon of brown silk spun among leaves .\nadult male andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province h andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province ( in field ) .\nandraca bipunctata walker , 1865 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 32 : 582 . type locality : hindustan , india .\nandraca bipunctata walker , 1862 : chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 241 .\nandraca henosa chu & wang , 1993 , sinozoologia , 10 : 242 . type locality : yunnan , china .\nandraca henosa chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 55 .\n[ china ] 2\u2642\u2642 , western yunnan , 2005 - vi - 15 , ming - yi tian leg . ; 2\u2642\u2642 , dulongjiang , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 21 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . ; 1\u26421\u2640 , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg .\ncamellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia assamica ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) .\nthis widely distributed species is rather variable in coloration and size . moore ( 1865 ) described andraca trilochoides from a brighter and grayish individual . this taxon was later synonymized with andraca bipunctata by hampson , ( [ 1893 ] ) , an action that was followed by strand ( 1924 ) .\nandraca bipunctata is closely related to andraca angulata kishida , 1993 ( nepal and india : sikkim ) , andraca theae ( taiwan ) and andraca stueningi ( vietnam ) . these four species form the bipunctata group , and share the following characteristics : 1 ) male hindtibia with one pair of spurs ; 2 ) two dorsally - directed projections present on subapical part of valva ; 3 ) external surface of aedeagus partially covered with hair - like spines ; 4 ) a cluster of strong spinose cornuti on vesica .\nlarvae of andraca bipunctata are well - known serious pests of tea trees , camellia sinensis ( theaceae ) ( banerjee 1982 ; chang 1989 ; chen et al . 1992 ; panigrahi 1995 ; ho et al . 1996 ; upadhyay et al . 2001 ) .\nandraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido . univ . , 19 : 50 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .\nandraca hedra chu & wang , 1993 , sinozool . , 10 : 233 . type locality : hainan , china .\nandraca hedra chu & wang : chu & wang , 1996 , fauna sinica insecta , 5 : 58 .\nandraca olivacea : owada et al . , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , 5 : 464 ; kishida , 1992 , lepidoptera of taiwan , 1 ( 2 ) : 153 .\n) . hindtibia with two pairs of spurs ; hindwings with rs and m1 connate . male genitalia (\n) : uncus thick and round ; valva simple , basal half broad and terminal half narrow ; distal margin of aedeagus with strong lateral spines ; vesica with a cluster of spinose cornuti .\n[ china ] 1 \u2642 , shimentai provincial nature reserve , yingde city , guangdong province , 2001 - vii - 24 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2001 - ix - 22 ; 3 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2002 - vi - 11 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - vii - 23 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 4 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2003 - vi - 22 ; 2 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2003 - viii - 7 ; 2 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2003 - viii - 18 ; 5 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2004 - iv - 23 ; 1 \u2640 , same data but 2004 - iv - 24 ; 2 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2006 - ix - 18 , liu - sheng chen leg . ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 , min wang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2008 - vi - 7 ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 , hou - shuai wang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2009 - iv - 1 ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2009 - viii - 10 ; 1 \u2642 , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 3 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 6 \u2642 \u2642 , jianfengling national nature reserve , ledong city , hainan province , 2003 - xi - 29 ~ 31 , guo - hua huang & min wang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2007 - x - 23 , min wang leg .\nwang ( 1995 ) provide a fine color illustration of a fresh living male . owada et al . ( 2002 ) considered andraca olivacens from fukien ( = fujian ) to the synonym of andraca olivacea , whereas zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) treated it as a subspecies thereof . we do not comment further on which of these two alternatives may be the most appropriate status for this taxon because we have not seen the types of andraca olivacens .\nandraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , 19 ( 7 ) : 49 . type locality : sumatra , indonesia .\nandraca apodecta swinhoe : holloway , 1976 , malayan nature society : 85 ; zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , 261 .\n) . head covered with reddish - brown hairs ; forewing with black discal spot , smooth outer margin and apically not falcate . male genitalia (\n) : uncus triangular , apical half truncate ; valva with two subapical , dorsally - directed projections ; aedeagus short , curved slightly without cornuti , external surface without hair - like spines .\n[ china ] 2\u2642\u2642 , jinzhongshan mountain , longlin city , guangxi province , 2007 - vii - 31 , liu - sheng chen leg . .\nchina ( guangxi , yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) , vietnam , thailand ( chiang mai , nan ) , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , sulawesi ) .\nthe species was first recorded from china ( yunnan , fujian , shaanxi ) by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) and is here recorded from guangxi for the first time .\nandraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 , insects of baishanzu mountain , eastern china : 354 . type locality : zhejiang , china .\nandraca nabesan kishida & owada , 2002 , spec . bull . jpn . soc . coleopterol . , ( 5 ) : 464 ; huang & wang , 2004 , entomotaxonomia , 26 ( 1 ) : 47 . type locality : cao bang , vietnam .\n) . body stout . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . male genitalia (\n) : uncus long with apex finger - shaped ; tegumen broad with numerous long setae ; valvae basally broad , strongly sclerotized , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike ; saccus short and narrow ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .\n[ china ] 2 \u2642\u2642 , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2002 - iii - 15 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 2 \u2642\u2642 , same data but 2003 - ii - 23 ; 5 \u2642 \u2642 , same data but 2003 - iii - 29 ~ 31 ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2003 - viii - 30 ; 1 \u2642 , same data but 2006 - ix - 17 , zhen li leg . ; 2 \u2642\u2642 , maoershan national nature reserve , xingan city , guangxi province , 2003 - iii - 03 , min wang & guo - hua huang leg . ; 3 \u2642 \u2642 , mangshan nature reserve , yizhang city , hunan province , 2003 - iii - 31 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , jiuwandashan national nature reserve , guangxi province , 2003 - vii - 30 , guo - hua huang leg .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : e5dd5fb7 - 554b - 48a6 - 9ef3 - 65f1699e9897\n) . antenna bipectinate except apex . wings ground color dark brow with dark brow fasciae and reddish - yellow patterns , which is consisting of antemedian , discocellar , postmedian fascia , and reddish - yellow patterns nearly placed on the wholly wings but termen . forewing apex falcate ; outer edge smooth and straight ; tornus almost rectangular . hindwing with anal margin straight ; outer margin angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .\n) : uncus long with wedge - shaped apex ; tegumen broad ; gnathos very well developed , arms upcurved ; valvae basally broad with many long setae , strongly sclerotized , caudally constricted to a spatulate apex ; sacculus broad , without a dorsal spike ; aedeagus short but strong and straight , distally with a large number of spines .\n\u2642 , gongshan mountain , yunnan province , china , 2006 - vii - 22 , min wang & xiao - ling fan leg . , deposited in department of entomology , scau ; paratypes , 2 \u2642\u2642 , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 21 . ; 1 \u2642 , same data as holotype but 2006 - vii - 23 ; deposited in institute of entomology , hunau .\nthe specific epithet refers to the type locality ( gongshan mountain , china ) .\nthis new species is very similar to andraca flavamaculata , but can be distinguished by the following characters of the male genitalia : andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . with uncus apex wedge - shaped , apex of valva constricted and truncate , sacculus without a strong dorsal spike . and andraca flavamaculata with uncus apex finger - shaped , apex of valva boot - shaped ; sacculus broad , with a strong dorsal spike .\nandraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 , entomofauna , suppl . 16 : 262 . type locality : guangdong , china .\n) . antenna bipectinate except apex . head thinly covered with brown - green hairs . forewing : apically bluntly pointed ; outer edge smooth and straight , tornus nearly rectangular . hindwings distinctly angled at vein m3 , straight above and below this .\n) : uncus bluntly triangular with long hairs ; tegumen broad ; gnathos with two extremely medially swollen arms ; valvae flattened , strongly sclerotized , apex narrower and truncate with a dorsally directed projection from the middle ; saccus short and broad ; aedeagus short , strongly curved , with a compact group of long , thick needle - shaped cornuti on dorsal surface .\n[ china ] 2 \u2642\u2642 , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2007 - vi - 23 , liu - sheng chen collected larvae and reared to adult .\ncamellia sinensis ( theaceae ) , camellia oleifera ( theaceae ) , fraxinus pennsylvanica ( oleaceae ) and ternstroemia japonica ( ternstroemiaceae ) , pentaphylax euryoides gardn . & champ . ( pentaphylacaceae ) ( new host record ) .\nchina ( zhejiang , jiangxi , fujian , guangdong , hainan ) ; vietnam ; thailand .\nandraca melli was first described by zolotuhin and witt ( 2009 ) , who also reported on the biology of this species .\noreta theae matsumura , 1909 , thousand insects of japan , 1 : 86 . type locality : formosa ( = taiwan ) , china .\n) . head densely covered with dark brown hairs ; antenna bipectinate except apex . forewing apex inconspicuously falcate , exterior margin straight . forewing and hindwing each with a dark discal spot .\n) : uncus triangular with apex narrowly spatulate ; tegumen broad ; gnathos elongate , medially inflated ; saccus short and broad ; valvae bifurcate apically ; dorsal margin with a subapical hump ; aedeagus bowed with dense apical spines .\n[ china ] 1 \u2642 , nanling national nature reserve , ruyuan city , guangdong province , 2003 - iii - 29 , guo - hua huang leg . ; 1 \u2642 , same data to the former , except 2003 - viii - 12 , guo - hua huang & de - yu xin leg . ; 2 \u2642\u2642 , taibei city , taiwan province , 2009 - viii - 15 , shipher wu leg . ; 10 \u2642\u2642 , wuyunjie national nature reserve , taoyuan city , hunan province , 2010 - vii - 2 , collected the larvae in the field by mr . hong - chun zhou , got the adults from the larvae bred in the entomological laboratory of hunan agricultural university by dr . guo - hua huang ; 3 \u2642\u2642 , houxi town , huangshan city , anhui province , 2010 - vi - 28 , the adults from the larvae collected in the field and bred in laboratory by dr . guo - hua huang .\nthis species is widely distributed in taiwan and southern china . the larvae were found on\nmale genitalia of chinese andraca spp . a andraca bipunctata walker , l865 from yunnan b andraca olivacea matsumura , 1927 from guangdong c andraca apodecta swinhoe , 1907 from guangxi d andraca flavamaculata yang , 1995 from guangdong e andraca gongshanensis , sp . n . , holotype , from yunnan f andraca melli zolotuhin & witt , 2009 from guangdong g andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province .\nthe early stages of andraca theae matsumura , 1909 from hunan province a\u2013b eggs c first larvae d third larvae e\u2013f final larvae g\u2013h pupa and cocoon .\nwe would like to thank mr . shipher wu ( taiwan national university , taibei ) , dr . guo - hua huang and mr . hong - chun zhou ( hunau ) , dr . liu - sheng chen ( shihezi university , china ) , mr . de - yu xin and hou - shuai wang ( scau ) for collecting specimens in the field . many thanks to dr . mamoru owada ( national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ) , vadim v . zolotuhin ( state pedagogical university of ulyanovsk , russia ) and andreas zwick ( state museum of natural history stuttgart , germany ) for their kind suggestions and help with the manuscript . we are grateful to prof . james mallet ( university college london , uk ) kindly corrected the language of the manuscript . we thank the late dr . g . s . robinson and mr . k . tuck ( the natural history museum , uk ) for checking the types . this work was supported by scientific research fund of hunan provincial education department ( 10b048 ) and the natural science foundation of china ( no . 31100482 ) .\nentomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . lepidoptera : saturniidae , bombycidae , eupterotidae , uraniidae , epiplemidae und sphingidae\neffects of temperature on development of the egg stage of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker .\nstudies on a granulosis virus of the tea bunch caterpillar andraca bipunctata [ lep . : bombycidae ] and its utilization .\nin : heppner jb , inoue h . ( eds ) . lepidoptera of taiwan 1 ( 2 ) : checklist .\nho hy , tao yt , tsai rs , wu yl , tseng hk , chow ys . ( 1996 )\nisolation , identification , and synthesis of sex pheromone components of female tea cluster caterpillar andraca bipunctata walker ( lepidoptera : bombycidae ) in taiwan .\n. malayan nature society , kuala lumpur : [ viii ] + 264 pp .\nin : kristensen np . ( ed ) . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies .\n1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology 4 ( 35 ) , walter de gruyter , berlin & new york\na generic revision of the japanese bombycidae , with description of a new genus ( lepidoptera ) .\nowada m , kishida y , thinh th , jinbo u . ( 2002 )\nfungus cordyceps militaris ( fries ) link infestation in the pupa of the tea pest andraca bipunctata walker .\nin : wu h . ( ed ) . east hill zukun hundred insects .\nzwick a , regier jc , mitter c , cummings mp . ( 2011 )\nincreased gene sampling yields robust support for higher - level clades within bombycoidea ( lepidoptera ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word prismostictinae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word prismostictinae and , of course , prismostictinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word prismostictinae .\nthis is the place for prismostictinae definition . you find here prismostictinae meaning , synonyms of prismostictinae and images for prismostictinae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nendromidae is a famiwy of mods . it was wong considered to be a monotypic famiwy , containing just one species , de kentish gwory , endromis versicowora , found droughout de pawaearctic region [ 1 ] . the famiwy now consists of severaw genera and about 30 species , aww former members of de famiwy bombycidae .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah ."]}
{"id": 2170, "summary": [{"text": "heleobops is a genus of very small aquatic snails , operculate gastropod mollusks in the family cochliopidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "heleobops is one of three genera ( together with heleobia and semisalsa ) within the subfamily semisalsinae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "heleobops", "paragraphs": ["heleobops , 2 species , coastal fl , md ( smith , 2001 ) .\nthe genus heleobops is not recorded from fresh waters . this taxon has not been reported from north america .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : heleobops carrikeri d . h . s . davis & m . mckee , 1989 - id : 5208000053\ndavis , g . m . and mckee , m . 1989 . a new species of heleobops ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae : littoridininae ) from maryland . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 141 : 213 - 249 .\ndavis , g . m . and m . mckee . 1989 . a new species of heleobops ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae : littorininae ) from maryland . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 141 : 213 - 249 .\nin florida , it is known from coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys . known from area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic . heleobops widespread elsewhere in hispaniola but taxonomy of these other populations has not been resolved ( thompson , 2002 ) .\nin florida , it is known from coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys ( common throughout the southern tip of the peninsula and the lower keys , and isolated colonies in brevard and citrus cos . ) ( thompson , 1968 ) . known from area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic . heleobops widespread elsewhere in hispaniola but taxonomy of these other populations has not been resolved ( thompson , 2002 ) .\n( 20 , 000 - 200 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 80 , 000 square miles ) ) in florida , it is known from coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys ( common throughout the southern tip of the peninsula and the lower keys , and isolated colonies in brevard and citrus cos . ) ( thompson , 1968 ) . known from area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic . heleobops widespread elsewhere in hispaniola but taxonomy of these other populations has not been resolved ( thompson , 2002 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .\nhas been assessed as least concern due to its widespread distribution and the fact that the population is considered secure in florida . it has been recorded in at least one protected area , but the threats affecting this species across its range are unknown . further research is recommended regarding the taxonomy , population trends , distribution and threats impacting this species to gain a greater knowledge of this species ' status , particularly in reported locations outside the usa .\nthe coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys in the usa ( natureserve 2009 ) and an area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic ( thompson 2002 ) . it is found throughout haiti and the dominican republic ( j . cordeiro pers . comm . 2010 ) but the taxonomy of other hispaniolan populations is not resolved ( thompson 2002 ) . the type locality is a 9 mile pond , in everglades national park , florida .\nthis species is found in brackish waters of coastal marshes ( davis and mckee 1989 ) . it occurs in brackish marshes with cl - concentrations of 1 . 14 - 19 . 98 ppt with the most extensive colonies in less than 5 ppt ; mostly in ponds in mangrove and sedge marshes less than 2 feet deep and subject to tidal fluctuations ( thompson 1968 ) .\nthis species has been assigned a global conservation status rank ( g rank ) of g4 - apparently secure ( natureserve 2009 ) . it has been recorded from everglades national park . further research is needed on the taxonomy of populations in hispaniola , the threats , distribution and the population trends of this species , as currently very little is known about this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nit occurs in peninsular florida and the ocean side of the pamlico terace ( johnson , 1973 ) . type locality is in 9 - mile pond , everglades national park , florida . thompson ( 1968 ) cites brevard , collier , aade , monroe , lee , and sarasota co . , florida .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nit occurs in brackish marshes with cl - concentrations of 1 . 14 - 19 . 98 ppt with the most extensive colonies in less than 5 ppt ; mostly in ponds in mangrove and sedge marshes less than 2 feet deep and subject to tidal fluctuations ( thompson , 1968 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\njohnson , r . i . 1973 . distribution of hydrobiidae , a family of fresh and brackish water gastropods , in peninsular florida . occasional papers on mollusks , 3 ( 46 ) : 281 - 303 .\nthompson , f . g . 1968 . the aquatic snails of the family hydrobiidae of peninsular florida . university of florida press : gainesville , florida . 268 pp .\nthompson , f . g . 2002 . the taxonomic status of the freshwater snail antillobia margalefi altaba , 1993 , from hispaniola ( hydrobiidae : cochliopinae ) . the veliger 45 ( 3 ) : 264 - 267 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nit was recently described from the chesapeake bay side of the delmarva peninsula from about mid - peninsula to within approximately 15 km of the virginia border ( davis and mckee , 1989 ) .\ndavis and mckee ( 1989 ) , in the original description , list four sites , all on the eastern shore of the chesapeake bay ( marsh on the choptank river in dorchester co . , maryland ; marsh pool 10 miles west of cambridge , dorchester co . , maryland ; marsh on a tidal creek of the nanticoke river in waterview , wicomico co . , maryland ; and marsh in fairmount wildlife management area in somerset co . , maryland ) .\n( 100 - 1000 square km ( about 40 - 400 square miles ) ) it was recently described from the chesapeake bay side of the delmarva peninsula from about mid - peninsula to within approximately 15 km of the virginia border ( davis and mckee , 1989 ) .\nthe dominant marsh vegetation may be spartina alternaflora or s . patens ( or a mix ) , the seasonal salinity varies from 0 to 24 ppt , with the yearly average below 18 ppt ( davis and mckee , 1989 ) .\nhydrobiid snails ( mollusca : gastropoda : rissooidea ) from st . andrew ba\nby richard w . heard , robin m . overstreet et al .\nhome > harold w . manter laboratory of parasitology > unl faculty publications in parasitology > 413\nhydrobiid snails ( mollusca : gastropoda : rissooidea ) from st . andrew bay , florida\nrichard w . heard , university of southern mississippi follow robin m . overstreet , gulf coast research laboratory follow john m . foster , university of southern mississippi follow\npublished in gulf and caribbean research ( 2002 ) 14 : 13 - 34 . copyright , the gulf coast research laboratory . used by permission .\nsmith , d . g . 2001 . mollusca ( gastropods , pelecypods ) . pennak ' s freshwater invertebrates of the united states , 4th edition : 327 - 400 .\n13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable major importance : yes\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\niucn . 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2012 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 june 2012 ) .\nnatureserve . 2009 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . internet\nthompson , f . g . 1968 . the aquatic snails of the family hydrobiidae of peninsular florida . university florida press , gainesville .\nthompson , f . g . 2002 . the taxonomic status of the freshwater snail antillobia margelefi altaba , 1993 , from hispaniola ( hydrobiidae : cochliopinae . the veliger 45 ( 3 ) : 264 - 267 .\n> stream x\u009cc ` ` ` e ` ` * g ` b ` x\u00e3\u00e6 \u00e8\u0080\u0000\u0082 \u00ec , \u008c \u008cw\u0018\u0004\u0003\u00ec\u000e\u00e8\u0099\u00e7e\u00a7\u00bb . \u00fdv\u00fb\u00ebj\u008f\u00ba\u00acxr\u00a7ty\u00ec\u00f4v\u00bb\u00e3\u00ab3\u00a7\u00bd ` ` \u00e0\u00b4\u0094\u00ee2y $ $ d\u00a81qc\u00a2\u00b2\u0090\u00a1\u0096\u0090p\u0097p\u00a3\u00a2\u0086p\u0017\u00e44b\u0006\u0000\u0081 / \u0083\u00f0\u00fb\u00f3 @ \u009a\u0003\u0088\u00b9\u00e1\n\u00b9 \u00fc u | 92\u0017\u0018\u0098\u0012\u00ed\u000e\u00e9 \\ 3 { \u00ebn\u00e5 \u00e0 ` \u00e1\u00e0\u0000\u0000\u00f7 : , \u00b7 endstream endobj 87 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c\u009d \\ [ o\u00fc\u00b8\u0015 ~ \u00ef\u00af\u00f0k\u00fb ] vu\u00bf $ \u00e8\u0083s [ \u00bbh\u00e2\u00e0\u009eep / \u009c\u0019\u00f9\u00e3v3r % \u008d \u00ef \u00e9\u00df - ) \u00f2p\u0012\u00ef\u00a1fz , \u00b0\u00803 \u00f2\u00f0 \\ \u00bfs\u00e1\u00bc [ \u00bd . | \u00f1 _ p\u0011\u00a5\u0089\u0017\u00e6\u0017i\u009cy ~ | \u00b1\u00fa\u00bf\u00fa\u00eb ' \u00ff\n\u00bfx = \u00bc\u008a . v\u00ed\u00ab < \u00bbx\u00fd\u00f1\u00ea\u0097 \u00ff\u00f5b\u00f5\u00efwa\u0092\u008a ? / ~ \u00b9p\u007f\u00f9\u0089\u0017\u00e4\u00e3\u00e7 \u00eam\u00b9 _ \u0097\u00ad\u00fa\u00f74\u009f\u00ac * \u0002 / q { \u0014e \u00bf\u00e7o > \u00ff\u00b8z\u00f5nbn\u0098 { \u0082\u009a ( \u00f5\u00e295\u0081\u009fy\n\u00e6\u00fb\u00fd\u00ed { \u008f8 ) \u00f0c / \u0089\u0086 % \u00efnn ? \u00f3k\u0002 \u00f9\u00fel\u0092\u00fb\u00f6\u00a5\u00e2a\u00e1\u00f7\u00ab\u00fbk\u00ef4\u00e1\u0082\u00f4\n\u00bdh\u00e3\u00f4\u00ebs\u008bb\u00df\u00eb\u00f5v\u0082\u00b2 \u00bf\u00e4 ? ~ } = l\u0010\u0006s . \u00fa\u0086 = \u00afi\u0092\u0013 / v4 ip\u0010xi0 , h\u00f3\u00e22\u00ed\u00a3\u00934\u0007i\u00e2e\u0082f\u007f\u00ea\u00e5 td\u00e7\u0083 \u0088\u00fd\u00be ~ \u00fc\u00aev\u008a\u00e3\u00199 \u0017 + \u0081 ^ \u00ff\u00e3\u00e3\u00fd\u00ed\u00bb\u009b\u009b\u000fz7\u00e2\u00f9\u00b2\u00e8\u008b\u0095 , \u00ee\u00bf ^ \u00fd | \u00be ' \u0088\u0002r\u00f2\u00fc\u008b\u00e2\u008b\u00a4\b = \u00a9 ^ sjb / s\u00bb\u00fc\u00f8\u00e5\u00eb\u00ed\u00e7\u00ef\u00bf\u00df\u00bf\u00bfzc2 ) \u00f7\u00e2bx\u00f8\u00fb\u00f5\u00fd\u00ea\u00ee\u00f6\u00fb\u00ed\u0007\u00e7\u00e2 td\u00a8\u00f1\u00fd\u00ed\u00bb\u00bb\u00ab\u00af\u00ef\u00afo ` - i _ \u00e1 { q ~ \u0091d\u00b9\u0097\u0012\u00fcj\u0095\u0088ww\u00bf\u007f } \u007f\u00b5\u00fa\u00f8\u00f9\u00f3\u00ed\u00ed\u0087\u008fw ? ~ % \u0099\n\u0096\u00e7\u00e3\u00f2ow\u00b7 _ \u00a8\u0015\u0001x\u00eb\u00d7\u00fb\u00bb\u00f55\u00e9\u00ff\u00fc\u008b\u0095\u0080\u00ae\u00be | \u00bc\u00bby\u007fuz\u00fcq $ e\u009a $ \u00f1de\u0003 _ ] \u00f0 mq [ n5e\u00917w\u00f0\u00e0 \u0015\u00eb ~ \u00f3 \u0098 \u00fe\u008c\u00a9a\u00a8mf\u00b5\u00ab\u00f7mw \u00e8\u008d\u00e4\u00e5\n\u00a5\u00ea\u00ec\u00e08k , \u00f1\u0095 \u00efj\u00e1oz - \u00e2\u00e8 m t < \u00b8 . \u00fbnw\u0081\u00e3y ` b & \u008c\u00f1\n\u0089 | \u00e3\u0082\u00e0\u00b0 \u00f2\u0012\u00ed\u00f0u\u00d7\u00b7l\u00f3\u0083\u00f5 ' 3\u00fa\u00f2\u00f4\u008b\u0014i\u00ff\u0019\u00fen\u00b2\u00f9\u00e7s\u00a6\u001a\u001bz\u00edj\u009acb\u00b1 e\u00b4\u000fuu\u00f5\u00ef\u00fc\u00f0\u00e8 ` \u00be\u00f0\u00b1\u008ag\u0087\u00f2\u00f9\u00b1d\u0018\u0089\u00fa\u00abk\u00ea / ; 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d\u0004\u0097dk\u00ad \u00a6\u00e8\u00ef\u00e6\u009e s\u0003\u00818\u0090\u0096\u00a7\u009c\u00af\u00f3 % \u009d\u00fdx > \u008e\u00f02\u00e7\u00fc\u001b\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 2171, "summary": [{"text": "the ctenocerinae are a subfamily of spider wasps , pompilidae , which contains a small number of genera , two in the neotropics , four in australia and the remainder in africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap-door spiders ( ctenizidae ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the genera in the ctenocerinae include : abernessia arl\u00e9 , 1947 apoclavelia evans , 1972 apteropompilus brauns , 1899 apteropompiloides brauns , 1899 arnoldatus pate , 1946 ateloclavelia arnold , 1932 austroclavelia evans , 1972 clavelia lucas , 1851 claveliella arnold , 1939 cteniziphontes evans , 1972 ctenocerus dahlbom , 1845 epipompilus kohl , ( 1884 ) hadropompilus arnold , 1934 hypoferreola ashmead , 1902 lepidocnemis haupt , 1930 marimba pate , 1946 masisia arnold , 1934 maurillus smith , 1855 micragenia arnold , 1934 paraclavelia haupt , 1930 parapompilus smith , 1855 parapsilotelus arnold , 1960 pezopompilus arnold , 1946 protoclavelia arnold , 1932 pseudopedinaspis brauns , 1906 psilotelus arnold , 1932 spathomelus wahis , 2013 stenoclavelia arnold , 1935 teinotrachelus arnold , 1935", "topic": 26}], "title": "ctenocerinae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for ctenocerinae yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe ctenocerinae are a subfamily of spider wasps , pompilidae , which contains a small number of genera , two in the neotropics , four in australia and the remainder in africa . ctenocerine wasps have evidently evolved from a common ancestor with the pepsinae , but are specialized for preying upon trap - door spiders ( ctenizidae ) . the genera in the ctenoc . . .\narnold , g . 1932 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part i . subfamily pepsinae . annals of the transvaal museum 14 : 284 - 396 .\narnold , g . 1932 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part ii . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 41 - 122 .\narnold , g . 1933 . entomological expedition to abyssinia , 1926 - 7 . hymenoptera , ii . : sphegidae and psammocharidae . with an introductory note and supplementary list by hugh scott , sc . d . the annals and magazine of natural history 11 : 351 - 371 .\narnold , g . 1933 . new african hymenoptera . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 2 : 51 - 56 .\narnold , g . 1934 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part iii . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 283 - 399 .\narnold , g . 1934 . new african hymenoptera no . 2 . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 3 : 18 - 28 .\narnold , g . 1935 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part iv . annals of the transvaal museum 15 : 413 - 483 .\narnold , g . 1935 . scientific results of the vernay - lang kalahari expedition , march to september , 1930 . sphegidae and psammocharidae . annals of the transvaal museum 16 : 497 - 505 .\narnold , g . 1935 . mission j . de l\u00e9pinay au soudan fran\u00e7ais ( 1933 - 1934 ) ( douzi\u00e8me note ) . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res . on some fossorial hymenoptera from the soudan . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences naturelles du maroc 15 : 1 - 9 .\narnold , g . 1935 . some considerations on a recent classification of the family psammocharidae ( hymenoptera ) . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 4 : 29 - 30 .\narnold , g . 1936 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part v . annals of the transvaal museum 18 : 73 - 12 .\narnold , g . 1936 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part vi . annals of the transvaal museum 18 : 415 - 460 .\narnold , g . 1936 . new african hymenoptera no . 3 . occasional papers of the rhodesian museum 5 : 1 - 38 , pl . i .\narnold , g . 1937 . the psammocharidae of the ethiopian region . part vii . annals of the transvaal museum 19 : 1 - 98 .\narnold , g . 1939 . notes on some african pompilidae and descriptions of new species . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 8 : 49 - 65 .\narnold , g . 1940 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 4 . annals of the transvaal museum\narnold , g . 1943 . hymenoptera . family psammocharidae . exploration du parc national albert . i . mission g . f . de witte ( 1933 - 1935 ) , brussels , fasc . 43 : * * * * * *\narnold , g . 1944 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 5 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 11 : 1 - 38 .\narnold , g . 1946 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 6 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 12 : 63 - 97 .\narnold , g . 1947 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 7 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 13 : 131 - 167 .\narnold , g . 1948 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 8 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 14 : 213 - 250 .\narnold , g . 1949 . new species of african hymenoptera . no . 9 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia 15 : 261 - 275 .\narnold , g . 1951 . sphecidae and pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) collected by mr . k . m . guichard in west africa and ethiopia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology 2 : 95 - 183 .\narnold , g . 1952 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 10 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 17 : 460 - 493 .\narnold , g . 1955 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 11 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 20 : 733 - 762 .\narnold , g . 1956 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 12 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 21b : 52 - 77 .\narnold , g . 1958 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 13 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 22b : 119 - 143 .\narnold , g . 1959 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 14 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 23b : 316 - 339 .\narnold , g . 1960 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 15 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 24b : 452 - 488 .\narnold , g . 1960 . aculeate hymenoptera from the drakensberg mountains , natal . annals of the natal museum 15 : 79 - 87 .\narnold , g . 1962 . new species of african hymenoptera no . 16 . occasional papers of the national museum of southern rhodesia no . 26b : 844 - 855 .\nbanks , n . 1940 . s ome psammocharidae from madagascar ( hymenoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 92 : 335 - 362 .\nberland , l . 1925 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res \u2013 fossores et mellifera . mission rohan - chabot angola et rhodesia ( 1912 - 1914 ) . iv , fasc . 3 : 147 - 158 , imprimerie nationale , paris .\nberland , l . 1952 . la r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale du mont nimna . xii \u2013 hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res vespiformes . m\u00e9moires de l\u2019institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019afrique noire . n\u00b0 19 : 271 - 276 .\nbingham , c . t . 1902a . on the hymenoptera collected by mr w . l . distant in transvaal , south africa , with descriptions of supposed new species . annals and magazine of natural history , 10 , ser . 7 : 207 - 353 . london .\nbingham , c . t . 1902b . descriptions of new species of south african hymenoptera . transactions of the entomological society of london , 36 , part 3 : 544 - 547 .\nbischoff , h . 1911 . ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - afrika expedition 1910 - 1911 , iii : 218 - 219 .\nbischoff , h . 1913 . psammochariden und crabroniden aus rhodesia . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , 3 , 79 , i : 43 - 76 ; pompilides : 43 - 64 . berlin .\nbischoff , h . 1915 . zoologische ergebnisse der professor hans meyerschen expedition nach ostafrika 1911 . 1 . verzeichnis und beschreibungen des gesammelten hymenopteren . mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin , 7 , hft 3 : 473 - 477 .\nbradley , j . c . 1957 . the types of hymenoptera described by am\u00e9d\u00e9e lepeletier comte de saint fargeau .\nb rauns , h . 1899 . zur kenntnis der s\u00fcdafrikanischen hymenopteren . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hof museums , 13 : 382 - 423 .\nbrauns , h . 1905 1899 . zur kenntnis der s\u00fcdafrikanischen hymenopteren . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hof museums , 13 : 43 - 59 .\nbrauns , h . 1906 . zur kenntnis der s\u00fcdafrikanischen hymenopteren ii . verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 56 ; pompilides : 43 - 59 .\nbrothers , d . j . & finnamore a . t . 1993 . superfamily vespoidea ( pp . 161 - 278 ) .\ngoulet , h . & huber , j . ( eds ) . hymenoptera of the world : an identification guide to families . research branch , agriculture canada , ottawa , canada , 668 pp .\nbuxton , r . d . 1937 . insects of the lake rudolf rift valley expedition , 1934 . orders other than coleoptera . annals and magazine of natural history , 20 ; pompilides : 587 .\nbuysson , r . du 1897 . voyage de m . e . simon dans l\u2019afrique australe ( janvier - avril 1893 ) 6 \u00e8me m\u00e9moire . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res . . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 66 : 351 - 363 , pl .\ncameron , p . 1904a . description of a new species of apteropompilus from south africa .\ncameron , p . 1904b . description of new genera and species of hymenoptera from dunbrody , cape colony . record of the albany museum , 1 , part 3 : 125 - 160 ; pompilides : 125 - 139 . grahamstown .\ncameron , p . 1905a . on the hymenoptera of the albany museum \u2013 second paper . record of the albany museum , 1 : 185 - 244 ; pompilides : 212 - 224 .\ncameron , p . 1905b . on the hymenoptera of the albany museum , grahamstown , south africa . third paper . record of the albany museum , 1 , part 5 : 297 - 314 ; pompilides : 303 . grahamstown .\ncameron , p . 1905c . on some new genera and species of hymenopetra collected by the revd . j . a . o\u2019neil s . j . chiefly at dunbrody , cape colony . record of the albany museum , 1 , 245 - ? ; pompilides : 262 - 263 . grahamstown .\ncameron , p . 1905d . on some new genera and species of hymenoptera from cape colony and transvaal . transactions of the south african philosophical society , 15 , ( 4 ) : 195 - 257 .\ncameron , p . 1905e . description of a new species of pseudagenia ( hymenoptera , pompilidae ) from natal . the entomologist , 38 , n\u00b0 507 : 223 - 224 .\ncameron , p . 1910a . in sj\u00f6stedts kilimandjaro meru expedition 1905 - 1910 .\nfossores wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedische zoologische expedition nach dem kilimandjaro , den meru und dem umgebenden masai - steppen , deutsch ostafrikas .\ncameron , p . 1910b . on the aculeate hymenoptera collected by mr a . j . t . janse , normal college , pretoria , in the transvaal . annals of the transvaal museum , 2 : 116 - 129 . ( * )\ncameron , p . 1912 . on the hymenoptera from belgian congo in the congo museum , tervuren .\ncassolari , c . & casolari moreno , r . 1980 . cataloghi i \u2013 collezione imenotterologica di massimiliano spinola . museo regionale di scienze naturali . 165 pp . , torino .\nchapman , r . f . 1958 . the nest of pseudagenia mygnimioides bisch . entomologist\u2019s monthly magazine , xciv : 215 .\ndalla torre , c . g . 1897 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus .\nday , m . c . 1974a . a contribution to the taxonomy of the genus anoplius dufour ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) including a revision of the paleotropical subgenus orientanoplius haupt . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ento mology , 30 , n\u00b0 8 : 375 - 404 , figs . london .\nday , m . c . 1974b . a revision of atopopompilus arnold , with a note on the identity of anoplinellus banks ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ento mology , 31 , n\u00b0 3 : 47 - 69 , figs . london .\nday , m . c . 1979 . the species of hymenoptera described by linnaeus in the genera sphex , chrysis , vespa , apis and mutilla . biological journal of the linnean society , 12 : 45 - 84 .\nday , m . c . 1981 . a revision of pompilus fabricius ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) , with further nomenclatural and biological considerations . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ento mology , 42 , n\u00b0 1 : 1 - 42 , figs . london .\nday , m . c . 1984 . male polymorphism in some old world species of cryptocheilus panzer ( hymenoptera pompilidae ) .\nday , m . c . 1988 . spider wasps . hymenoptera : pompilidae . handbooks for the identification of british insects vol . vi , part 4 . royal entomological society of london : london .\nde saeger , h . 1945 . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res du congo belge : pompilidae . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaine , 39 , 1 : 78 - 114 .\ndollfuss , h . 1990 . aculeate hymenoptera collected 1985 in the republic of central africa ( sphecidae , eumenidae , vespidae , pompilidae , chrysididae and scoliidae ) . - zeitschrift der arbeitsgemeinsschaft \u00f6sterr . entomologen , 42 , 3 / 4 : 121 - 124 .\nelliott , m . g . 2007 . annotated catalogue of the pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) of australia . zootaxa 1428 : 1\u201383 .\n1896 . 2\u00e8me contribution \u00e0 rassegna del\u2019 imenotteri r\u00e9colt\u00e9s au mozambique par car . fornasini . memorie della reale accademia delle scienze dell\u2019 istituto di bologna , ser . v , tome v : 323 - 366 ; pompilidae : 357 - 360 . .\nfabricius , j . c . 1775 . systema entomologiae . ( 30 ) . + 832 pp . flensburgi et lipsiae .\nspecies insectorum . 1 i - viii + 552 pp . hamb . & kilonii . published in 1872 , see hope 1847 .\nfabricius , j . c . 1793 . entomologia systematica emandata et aucta . 2 . viii + 519 pp . , copenhagen .\nfabricius , j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emandata et aucta . 4 . 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( ed . ) naturwissenschaftliche reise nach . mossambique auf befehl seiner majest\u00e4t des k\u00f6nigs friedrich wilhelm iv in den jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgef\u00fcrt , zoologie v . ( hymenoptera ) : 439 - 526 , berlin . .\ngerst\u00e4cker , c . e . . a . 1871 . beitrag zur insektenfauna von zanzibar . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , pt . 1 : 345 - 363 ; pompilidae : 351 - 352 .\ngerst\u00e4cker , c . e . . a . 1873 . in baron carl clauss von der decken\u2019s reisen in ost africa in den jahren 1855 - 1865 , dritto band , wissenschafliche ergebnisse , zweite abteilung , gliederthiere ( insekten , arachniden , myriapode und isopoden : 1 - 542 , 18 planches ; pompilidae : 327 - 330 ; leipzig & heidelberg .\ngess , fw & gess sk , 1977 . bricks without straw the nesting of the wasp dichragenia pulchricoma ( arnold ) . the eastern cape naturalist , 61 : 6 - 8 .\ngess fw . 1981 . some aspects of an ethological study of the aculeate wasps and the bees of a karroid area in the vicinity of grahamstown , south africa . annals of the cape provincial museum , natural history 14 : 1\u201380 .\ngess fw , gess sk . 1974 . an ethological study of dichragenia pulchricoma ( arnold ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) , a southern african spider - hunting wasp which builds a turreted subterranean nest . annals of the cape provincial museums 9 : 187\u2013214 .\ngess fw , gess sk . 1976 . ethological notes on dichragenia neavei ( kohl ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) , an african spider - hunting wasp building a turreted , subterranean nest . annals of the cape provincial museums 11 : 129\u2013134 .\nginer mari , j . 1945 . himenopteros del sahara espanol . familias : sphecidae , psammocharidae , apterogynidae y mutillidae .\ngribodo , g . 1881 . spedizione italiana nell\u2019 africa equatoriale . risultati zoologici imenotteri . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova giacomo doria , 16 : 226 - 269 ; pompilidae : 244 - 249 .\ngribodo , g . 1884 . viaggio ab assab nel mar rosso , dei signori g . doria ed o . beccari con il r . avviso \u201cesploratore\u201d dal 16 novembre 1879 al 26 febbraio 1880 . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova giacomo doria , 206 : pompilidae : 384 - 386 .\ngribodo , g . 1884 . spedizione italiana nell\u2019 africa equatoriale . risultati zoologici imenotteri . memoria seconda . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova giacomo doria , 21 : 277 - 325 ; pompilidae : 302 - 313 . .\ngribodo , g . 1894a . hymenopterorum novorum diagnoses praecursoriae . miscellanea entomologica , nuntius entomologicus internationalis , vol . 2 , n\u00b01 : 2 - 3 .\ngribodo , g . 1894b . ii . aculeati e chrisidi \u2013 in emery , c . , gribodo , g . & kriechbaumer , g . , rassegna degli imenotteri raccolti nel mozambico dal cav . formasini esistenti nel museo zoologico della r . universita di bologna . memorie dell\u2019 istituto nazionale italiano , novi commentarii academiae scientarum instituti bononiensis , ser . v , 4 , 1 ) : 113 - 152 ; pompilides : 141 - 147 .\ngribodo , g . 1897 . seconda contribuzione alla conscenza della fauna imenotterologica del mozambico . memorie della reale accademia delle scienze dell\u2019 istituto di bologna , ser . v , tome v : 77 - 120 ; pompilidae : 37 - 40 . .\ngrout , t . g . & brothers , d . 1982 . behaviour of a parasitic pompilid wasp ( hymenoptera ) . journal of the entomological society of south africa 45 , p . 217 - 220 .\ngr\u00fcnwaldt , w . 1933 . die claveliinen gattung euclavelia arn . 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pompilidae : . 275 - 282 .\nguiglia , d . 1943 . nuove specie d\u2019 imenotteri aculeati ( pompilidae - sphecidae ) diagnosis preventive . missione bilogica sagan - omo diretta dal prof . e . zavattari . bolletino della societa entomologica italiana , lxxv , n\u00b0 6 : 68 - 76 ; pompilidae : 69 - 72 .\nguiglia , d . 1948 . i tipo di imenotteri del gu\u00e9rin esistenti nelle coolezioni del museo di genova . annali del museo di storia naturale di genova , 63 : 175 - 191 , 5 figs .\nguiglia , d . 1950 . missione biologica sagan - oma diretta dal prof . eduardo zavattari , hymenoptera . annali del museo di storia naturale di genova , 64 : 207 - 261\nguiglia , d . 1949 - 51 . missione biologica sagan - oma , diretta dal prof . eduardo zavattari , hymenoptera . tenthredinidae , scoliidae , pompilidae , sphecidae . annali del museo di storia naturale\u201dgiacomo doria\u201d di genova , 64 : 207 - 267\nguiglia , d . 1952 . i tipi di imenotteri del gu\u00e9rin esistenti nelmle collezioni del museo di parigi . doriana ( suppl . . annali del museo di storia naturale di genova ) , i , n\u00b0 22 .\nguiglia , d . 1956 . missione del prof . giuseppe scortecci in migiurtinia . iii . hymenoptera . annali del museo di storia naturale \u201dgiacomo doria\u201d di genova , 68 : 306 - 311 , 1 pl .\nguiglia , d . 1959 . missione del prof . giuseppe scortecci in migiurtinia ( somaia sett . ) hymenoptera : vespidae , pompilidae , sphecidae , apidae ) . atti della societa italiana scienze naturale di milano , 98 : 310 - 319 .\nguiglia , d . & pasteels , j . 1961 . aggiunte ed osservacioni all\u2019 elenco delle specie di imenotteri descritte de gu\u00e9rin - meneville che si trovano nelle collezioni del museo di genova .\nhaupt , h . 1929 . voyage au congo de s . a . r . le prince l\u00e9opold de belgique 1925 ) . hymenoptera iii , psammocharidae . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaine 17 : 193 - 207 .\nhaupt , h . 1929 . weiterer ausbau meines systems der psammocharidae . mit beschreibung neuer gattungen und arten . mitteilungen aus dem zoologische museum in berlin , 15 , hft 1 : 109 - 117 , figs .\nhaupt , h . 1930 . die einordnung der mir bekannten psammocharidae mit 2 cubitalzellen in mein system . - mitteilungen aus dem zoologisch museum in berlin , 16 , heft 5 : 673 - 797 , figs .\nhaupt , h . 1933 . von s . k . h . dem prinzen leopold von belgien in 1929 und 1932 gesammelten hymenopteren .\nfamille psammocharidae . bulletin du mus\u00e9e royal histoire naturelle de belgique 9 , n\u00b0 47 : 1 - 5 .\nhaupt , h . 1950 . exploration du parc national albert . mission g . f . de witte 1933 - 35 ) . pompilidae . institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge , fasc . 69 : 1 - 61 .\nhaupt , h . 1957 . exploration du parc national albert . mission g . f . de witte 1933 - 35 ) . pompilidae . ii partie . institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge , fasc .\nhaupt , h . 1959 . elemente einer systematischen aufteilung der macromerinae m . ( hy .\nsphe ) . fam . pompilidae , subf . macromerinae . nova acta leopoldina ( n . s . ) 21 , n\u00b0 141 : 1 - 74 , 33 figs .\nhaupt , h . ( m . s . ) die gattungen der pepsinae der erde , zum gr\u00f6ssten teil auch mit ihren arten . nova acta leopoldina n . f . , bd 15 1945 , non publi\u00e9 ) : 145 - 429 .\nheymons , 1915 . * * * . sitzungsberichte der ges . naturforschenden freund . , berlin . n\u00b0 7 : 301 - 308 .\nthe hymenopterous types of peter cameron in the albany museum , grahamstown , south africa . annal of the cap province museum , grahamstown , 1 : 1 - 14 .\nkohl , f . f . 1884 . zur hymenopterenfauna afrika . annalen der k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums , 9 , hft 3 , pompilidae : 306 - 343 , pl . 14 .\nkohl , f . f . 1886 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 36 : 307 - 346 . wien .\nkohl , f . f . 1888 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 38 : 133 - 156 . wien .\nkohl , f . f . 1893 . hymenopteren von herrn dr . fr . stuhlman in ostafrika gesammelt . jahrbericht des hamburg wissenschaf anstalten 10 : 181 - 191 , 1pl . ; pompilidae : 183 - 186 .\nkohl , f . f . 1894 . zur hymenopetrenfauna afrikas . ann . k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseum , 9 , hft 3 : 279 - 350 , 5 pl . ; pompilidae : 306 - 319 et 342 - 343 + pl . 2 ( xiv )\nkohl , f . f . 1909 . ou 1905 in voeltzkow reise in ostafrica , sphegiden und pompiliden von madagascar , den comoren und ostafrika . ii : 369 - 378 .\nkohl , f . f . 1913 . neue pompiliden und sphegieen vom belgischen congogebiete .\niii : 182 - 209 ; pompilidae : 182 - 204 , 47 figs .\nlucas , r . 1898 . in stadelmann , h . die hymenopteren ost - afrikas , pompilidae . deusch - ost - afrika , band iv : pompilidae : 57 - 74 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1978 . new species and some remarks on the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta biologica szeged . 24 : 115 - 137 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1986a . revision of the fulvipes - , ruficornis - and variegata - groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hym . , ceropalidae ) . acta biol . szeged 32 : 121 - 136 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1986b . revision of the genus hemiceropales priesner , 1969 ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 32 : 317 - 342 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1987 . revision of the maculata and albicincta groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 33 : 121 - 156 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1988 . revision on the subgenus priesnerius m\u00f3czar ( hymenoptera , ceropalidae ) . linzer biol . beitr . 20 : 119 - 160 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1989 . revision of the helvetica group of the genus ceropales . beitr . ent . 39 : 9 - 61 .\nm\u00f3czar , l . 1990 . revision of the subgenus bifidoceropales priesner of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 36 : 59 - 85 .\npate , v . s . l . 1946 . the generic names of the spider wasps ( psammocharidae olim pompilidae ) and their type species ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) . transactions of the american entomological society , 72 : 65 - 137 .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .\npitts , j . p . , wasbauer , m . s . and von dohlen , c . d . ( 2006 ) . preliminary morphological analysis of relationships between the spider wasp subfamilies ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) : revisiting an old problem . zoologica scripta 35 : 1\u201322 .\nradoszkowskij , o . 1881 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res d\u2019angola . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturae , ser . 1 , 8 , xxxi : 197 - 221 , lisboa ; pompilidae : 211 - 214 .\nradoszkowskij , o . 1888 1889 . revision des armatures copulatrices des m\u00e2les de la famille pompilidae . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale des naturalistes de moscou , n . s . , 2 : 462 - 493 , 3 pl .\nschulthess , a . von 1914 . hymenopteren aus kamerun gesammelt von hern van ropthkirch oberlieutenant der schuztruppe . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift : 283 - 297 , berlin ; pompilidae : 286 - 287 .\nschulz , w . a . 1911 . zweihundert alte hymenopteren . zoologische annalen , iv : 1 - 220 , wurzburg . :\nsmith , f . 1855 . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museuim . part iii . mutillidae and pompilidae . london : 1 - 206 , 6 pls .\ntaschenberg , e . 1869 . die pompiliden des museums der universit\u00e4t zu halle . zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesammten naturwissenschaften halla , 34 : 25 - 75 ; halle .\ntommasoini , s . & marini , m . 1984 . catalogo del tipi de museo zoologico dell\u2019 universita di bologna .\ntullgren , a . 1904 . on some hymenoptera aculeata from the cameroons . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi , 1 : 425 - 463 , 4 pls , stockholm .\non new species of fossorial hymenoptera from africa , mostly elidinae . transactions of the entomological society of london , part iv : 720 - 754 ; pompilidae : 744 .\n1915 . notes and synonymy of the hymenoptera in the collection of the british museum . ii . family psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 8 , 16 : 332 - 335 .\nturner , r . e . 1918 . notes on fossorial hymenoptera . xxxiii . on new ethiopian species of psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 . ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 .\nsaussure h . de 1892 . in grandidier . histoire physique , politique et naturelle de madagascar . vol . xx , 1\u00e8re\nwahis , r . 1984 . contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des ceropales de l\u2019afrique tropicale . ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , ceropalinae ) description d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle du za\u00efre . revue de zoologie africaine , 98 , 3 : 560 - 562 .\nwahis , r . 1988 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de madagascar . . genres ceropales latreille et irenangelus schulz . hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . . revue de zoologie africaine , : 102 : 213 - 221 .\n. contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de la turquie ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) .\nwahis , r . 1999 . r\u00e9vision des esp\u00e8ces afrotropicales et orientale du genre pygmachus haupt 1930 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 37 : 81 - 94 .\nwahis , r . 2000 . r\u00e9vision des esp\u00e8ces afrotropicales , indo - orientales et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 38 : 43 - 76 . .\nwahis , r . 2000 . hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de madagascar . 2 . genres aporinellus banks , ferreola lepeletier et homonotus dahlbom ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 39 : 45 - 77 .\nwahis , r . 2000 . sur quelques pompilides afrotropicaux . d\u00e9crits par g . gribodo en 1894 . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 40 : 77 - 81 .\nwahis , r . 2003 . sur un genre peu connu de pompilides afrotropicaux kyphopompilus arnold , 1959 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n\u00b0 49 : 103 - 114 .\n. mise \u00e0 jour du catalogue syst\u00e9matique des hym\u00e9nopt\u00e8res pompilides de la r\u00e9gion ouesteurop\u00e9enne . additions et corrections .\net australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) .\nwaichert , c . , von dohlen , c . d . & pitts , j . p . 2014\nwaichert , c . , rodriguez , j . , wasbauer , m . s . , von dohlen , c . d . and pitts , j . p . 2015\nwasbauer , m . s . 1995 . pompilidae . in : p . e . hanson & i . d . gauld ( eds ) the hymenoptera of costa rica ( pp . 522\u2013539 ) . oxford : oxford university press .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nelliott , m . g . 2007 ,\nannotated catalogue of the pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) of australia\n, zootaxa , vol . 1428 , pp . 1 - 83\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 246f75cb - a580 - 45b0 - a58e - c63a701ade77\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e4ee2def - 52c6 - 4609 - 87b8 - 5123689a4900\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 589412\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 2173, "summary": [{"text": "calamaria is a large genus of dwarf burrowing snakes of the family colubridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains 60 recognized species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are found in asia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "calamaria", "paragraphs": ["calamaria gervaisii dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 76 calamaria gervaisi \u2014 jan 1865 calamaria mindorensis boulenger 1895 : 4481 calamaria gervaisii iridescens taylor 1917 calamaria tropica taylor 1922 calamaria polillensis taylor 1923 calamaria hollandi taylor 1923 calamaria gervaisi hollandi \u2014 leviton 1963 calamaria gervaisii \u2014 inger & marx 1965 : 106 calamaria gervaisii \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 328 calamaria gervaisii \u2014 inger & voris 2001 calamaria gervaisi iridescens \u2014 alcala et al . 2004 calamaria gervaisii \u2014 gaulke 2011 : 254 calamaria gervaisii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 136\ncalamaria lovii boulenger 1887 : 169 calamaria lovii \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 329 calamaria lovii \u2014 chan - ard et al . 1999 : 31 calamaria lovi \u2014 inger & voris 2001 calamaria lowi \u2014 malkmus et al . 2002 : 317 calamaria lovii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 139 calamaria lovii lovii boulenger 1887 calamaria lowi \u2014 mocquard 1890 calamaria ventralis cochran 1923 calamaria javanica lineata brongerma 1928 calamaria lovii lovii \u2014 grismer et al . 2004 calamaria lovii lovii \u2014 sang et al . 2009 calamaria lovii gimletti boulenger 1905 calamaria gimletti boulenger 1905 : 456 calamaria doerianense brongersma 1928 : 255 calamaria pavimentata sclater 1891 ( non dum\u00e9ril & bibron ) calamaria javanica wall 1921 ( non boulenger ) calamaria melanota chasen & smedley 1927 ( non jan ) calamaria gimletti \u2014 smedley 1931 : 53 calamaria gimletti \u2014 tweedie 1940 calamaria gimletti \u2014 tweedie 1954 calamaria fraseri taylor 1962 calamaria lovii gimletti \u2014 grismer et al . 2004 calamaria lovii gimletti \u2014 orlov 2009 calamaria gimletti \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 137 calamaria lovii ingermarxorum darevsky & orlov 1992 calamaria lovii ingermarxi darevsky & orlov 1992 calamaria lovii ingermarxorum \u2014 michels & bauer 2004 calamaria lovii wermuthi inger & marx 1965 calamaria lovii wermuthi \u2014 grismer et al . 2004 calamaria lovii wermuthi \u2014 sang et al . 2009\ncalamaria lumbricoidea h . boie in f . boie 1827 : 540 calamaria vermiformis dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 85 calamaria temmincki dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 87 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 89 calamaria melanorhynchos bleeker 1860 calamaria alkeni bleeker 1860 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 jan 1865 calamaria vermiformis \u2014 jan 1865 calamaria stahlknechtii stoliczka 1873 calamaria stahlknechtii \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 388 calamaria vermiformis var . sumatranus lidth de jeude 1890 calamaria bungaroides werner 1901 : 300 calamaria vermiformis \u2014 lidth de jeude 1922 : 247 calamaria bruegeli mertens 1924 ( fide manthey 1983 ) calamaria go\u0308ringi vogt 1925 : 64 calamaria vermiformis \u2014 tweedie 1950 calamaria vermiformis \u2014 tweedie 1954 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 inger & marx 1965 : 77 calamaria vermiformis \u2014 hendrickson 1966 : 67 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 grandison 1972 : 86 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 326 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 36 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 inger & voris 2001 calamaria lumbricoidea \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 139\ncalamaria butonensis howard & gillespie 2007 calamaria butonensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 135\ncalamaria ingeri grismer , kaiser & yaakob 2004 calamaria ingeri \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 137\ncyclophis calamaria g\u00fcnther 1858 cyclophis calamaria \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1859 : 231 homalosoma baliolum jan 1862 ( fide smith 1943 ) cyclophis nasalis g\u00fcnther 1864 ( fide smith 1943 ) ablabes calamaria \u2014 boulenger 1890 liopeltis calamaria \u2014 wall 1921 : 251 liopeltis calamaria \u2014 smith 1943 : 184 liopeltis calamaria \u2014 das 1996 : 57 liopeltis calamaria \u2014 karunarathna & amarasinghe 2011 liopeltis calamarius \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 385\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - calamaria ( calamaria ingeri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - calamaria ( calamaria ingeri )\ntitle =\narkive species - calamaria ( calamaria ingeri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ninformation on calamaria ingeri is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nsynonymy mostly after david & vogel 1996 . type species : calamaria lumbricoidea h . boie in f . boie 1827 has been considered as the type species of the genus calamaria boie 1827 ( here calamaria linnaei is considered the type species , following wallach et al . 2014 ) .\ncalamaria ingeri is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nvogt , theodor 1925 . beitrag zur kenntnis der schlangengattung calamaria . zool . anz . 62 ( 3 / 4 ) : 64 - 65\ncochran , d . m . 1923 . two new species of calamaria from borneo . proc . biol . soc . washington 36 : 91 - 92 - get paper here\nmarx , h . & r . f . inger 1955 . notes on the snakes of the genus calamaria . fieldiana : zoology 37 : 167 - 209 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1895 . description of two new snakes of the genus calamaria . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 481 - get paper here\ninger , r . f . ; marx , h . 1962 . variation of hemipenis and cloaca in the colubrid snake calamaria lumbricoidea . systematic zoology 11 ( 1 ) : 32 - 38\nbatuwita s . ( 2001 ) liopeltis calamaria ( g\u00fcnther , 1858 ) ( serpentes : colubridae ) first record from the galle district , southern sri lanka . loris , vol . 22 ( 6 )\ninger , r . f . & h . marx 1965 . the systematics and evolution of the oriental colubrid snakes of the genus calamaria . fieldiana : zoology 49 : 1 - 304 . - get paper here\nhoward , s . d . & gillespie , g . r . 2007 . two new calamaria ( serpentes ) species from sulawesi , indonesia . journal of herpetology 41 ( 2 ) : 237 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . description of a new snake , of the genus calamaria , from borneo . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 19 : 169 - 170 - get paper here\nziegler , thomas ; nguyen van sang , nguyen quang truong 2009 . a new reed snake of the genus calamaria boie ( squamata : colubridae ) from vietnam . current herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 71 - 80 [ 2008 ] - get paper here\njustification : calamaria lumbricoidea has been assessed as least concern in view of its moderately wide distribution from southern thailand to java and the philippines , its tolerance of a variety of habitats , including human - affected environments and because no major widespread threats have been identified .\nbhattarai , santosh , chalise , lina , gurung , ashish , pokheral , chiranjibi pd , subedi , naresh and sharma , vivek 2017 . geographic distribution : liopeltis calamaria ( lined stripe - necked snake ) herpetological review 48 ( 1 ) : 129 - get paper here\ndarevsky , i . s . & orlov , n . l . 1992 . a new subspecies of the dwarf snake calamaria lowi ingermarxi ssp . nov . ( serpentes , colubridae ) from southern vietnam . asiatic herpetological research 4 : 13 - 17 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . , h . kaiser & n . s . yaakob 2004 . a new species of reed snake of the genus calamaria h . boie , 1827 , from pulau tioman , pahang , west malaysia . hamadryad 28 ( 1 & 2 ) : 1 - 6\nno population data is available for this rare snake . despite numerous surveys in lam dong and ha tinh , this species has very rarely been found since its original description , although other species of calamaria have been commonly reported from the same region ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) .\nkarunarathna d . m . s . s . , perera w . p . n . ( 2010 ) new distribution records for liopeltis calamaria ( g\u00fcnther , 1858 ) ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) , with notes on its bioecology and threats in sri lanka . sauria , berlin , 32 ( 2 ) : 49\u201355\norlov , nikolai l . 2009 . a new species of the genus calamaria ( squamata : ophidia : colubridae ) from the central highlands ( ngoc linh nature reserve , ngoc linh mountain , kon tum province ) , vietnam . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 2 ) : 146 - 154 - get paper here\n( of asterias calamaria gray , 1840 ) gray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals and magazine of natural history . 6 : 175 - 184 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 179 [ details ]\nkarunarathna , d . m . s . suranjan & w . p . naalin perera 2010 . new distribution records for liopeltis calamaria ( g\u00fcnther , 1858 ) ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) , with notes on its bioecology and threats in sri lanka . [ in german ] . sauria 32 ( 2 ) : 49 - 55 - get paper here\n( of asterias ( stolasterias ) calamaria gray , 1840 ) gray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals and magazine of natural history . 6 : 175 - 184 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 179 [ details ]\nkoch , a . ; arida , e . ; mcguire , j . a . ; iskandar , d . t . & b\u00f6hme , w . 2009 . a new species of calamaria ( squamata : colubridae ) similar to c . ceramensis de rooij , 1913 , from the banggai islands , east of sulawesi , indonesia . zootaxa 2196 : 19\u201330 - get paper here\n( of asteracanthion calamaria ( gray , 1840 ) ) dujardin , m . f . and hupe , m . h . ( 1862 ) . histoire naturelle des zoophytes \u00e9chinodermes : comprenant la description des crino\u00efdes , des ophiurides , des ast\u00e9rides , des \u00e9chinides et des holothurides . paris : libraire encyclopedique de roret . 627 pages , 10 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 339 [ details ]\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\ntype : bmnh 1946 . 1 . 5 . 60 ( and possibly additional specimens ) .\nbeddome , richard henry 1863 . further notes upon the snakes of the madras presidency ; with descriptions of new species . madras quart . j . med . sci . , 6 : 41 - 48 [ reprint : j . soc . bibliogr . nat . sci . , london , 1 ( 10 ) : 306 - 314 , 1940 ]\nbhupathy , subramanian & n . sathishkumar 2013 . status of reptiles in meghamalai and its environs , western ghats , tamil nadu , india . journal of threatened taxa 5 ( 15 ) : 4953 - 4961 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 . british mus . ( nat . hist . ) , london , xi , 382 pp . - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1858 . catalogue of colubrine snakes of the british museum . london , i - xvi , 1 - 281\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1859 . on the geographical distribution of reptiles . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 3 : 221 - 237 - get paper here\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 13 . livraison . [ homalosoma mite ] . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nkarunarathna , suranjan ; d . m . s . and a . a . thasun amarasinghe 2011 . a preliminary survey of the reptile fauna in nilgala forest and its vicinity , monaragala district , sri lanka . taprobanica 3 ( 02 ) : 69 - 76\nlenz , norbert 2012 . von schmetterlingen und donnerdrachen - natur und kultur in bhutan . karlsruher naturhefte 4 , naturkundemuseum karlsruhe , 124 pp .\npalot , m . j . 2015 . a checklist of reptiles of kerala , india . journal of threatened taxa 7 ( 13 ) : 8010\u20138022 - get paper here\nsharma , r . c . 2004 . handbook indian snakes . akhil books , new delhi , 292 pp .\nsmith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .\ntaylor , edward h . 1950 . the snakes of ceylon . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 14 ) : 519 - 603 - get paper here\nwall , frank 1921 . ophidia taprobanica or the snakes of ceylon . colombo mus . ( h . r . cottle , govt . printer ) , colombo . xxii , 581 pages - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nsynonymy after inger & marx 1965 . the type locality of c . gervaisii is \u201cjava\u201d which is erroneous according to marx 1955 . he thinks that it came from luzon .\nalcala , e . l . ; alcala , a . c . & dolino , c . n . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles in tropical rainforest fragments on negros island , the philippines . env . cons . 31 ( 3 ) : 254 - 261 - get paper here\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nbeukema , w . 2011 . herpetofauna of disturbed forest fragments on the lower mt . kitanglad rnage , mindanao isand , philippines . salamandra 47 ( 2 ) : 90 - 98 - get paper here\nbrown , r . m . ; mcguire , j . a . ; ferner , j . w . ; icarangal jr . , n . & kennedy , r . s . 2000 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , ii : preliminary report on the herptofauna of aurora memorial national park , philippines . hamadryad 25 ( 2 ) : 175 - 195\nbrown ; rafe ; cameron siler , carl oliveros , luke welton , ashley rock , john swab , merlijn van weerd , jonah van beijnen , dominic rodriguez , edmund jose , arvin diesmos 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , philippines , viii : the herpetofauna of cagayan and isabela provinces , northern sierra madre mountain range . zookeys 266 ( 2013 ) special issue : 1 - 120 < br / > doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 266 . 3982 - get paper here\ndas , i . & yaakob , n . 2007 . status of knowledge of the malaysian herpetofauna . in status of biological diversity in malaysia & threat assessment of plant species in malaysia . in : l . s . l . chua , l . g . kirton & l . g . saw ( eds . ) , status of biological diversity in malaysia & threat assessment of plant species in malaysia . forest research institute malaysia , kepong , pp . 31 - 81\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , g . bibron & a . h . a . dum\u00e9ril 1854 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles . vol . 7 ( partie 1 ) . paris , xvi + 780 s . - get paper here\nferner , john w . , rafe m . brown , rogelio v . sison and robert s . kennedy 2000 . the amphibians and reptiles of panay island , philippines . asiatic herpetological research 9 : 1 - 37 - get paper here\ngaulke , m . 2011 . the herpetofauna of panay island , philippines . edition chimaira , 390 pp .\ninger , r . f . & voris , h . k . 2001 . the biogeographical relations of the frogs and snakes of sundaland . journal of biogeography 28 : 863 - 89 1\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 10 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nleviton , a . e . , 1963 . remarks on the zoogeography of philippine terrestrial snakes . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 31 : 369 - 416 . - get paper here\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nmcleod , david s . ; cameron d . siler , arvin c . diesmos , mae l . diesmos , vhon s . garcia , angela o . arkonceo , kelvin l . balaquit , charlene c . uy , mariden m . villaseran , earle c . yarra , rafe m . brown 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of luzon island , v : the herpetofauna of angat dam watershed , bulacan province , luzon island , philippines . asian herpetological research 2 ( 4 ) : 177\u2013198 - get paper here\nrelox , richel e . ; emmanuel p . lea\u0144o , and fritzie b . ates - camino 2011 . herpetofaunal endemism and diversity in tropical forests of mt . hamiguitan in the philippines . herp . cons . biol . 6 ( 1 ) : 107\u2212113 - get paper here\nsanguila mb , cobb ka , siler cd , diesmos ac , alcala ac , brown rm 2016 . the amphibians and reptiles of mindanao island , southern philippines , ii : the herpetofauna of northeast mindanao and adjacent islands . zookeys 624 : 1\u2013132 , doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 624 . 9814 - get paper here\nsmith , brian e . 1993 . notes on a collection of squamate reptiles from eastern mindanao , philippine islands part 2 : serpentes . asiatic herpetological research 5 : 96 - 102 - get paper here\nsupsup , christian e . ; nevong m . puna , augusto a . asis , bernard r . redoblado , maria fatima g . panaguinit , faith m . guinto , edmund b . rico , arvin c . diesmos , rafe m . brown and neil aldrin d . mallari 2016 . amphibians and reptiles of cebu , philippines : the poorly understood herpetofauna of an island with very little remaining natural habitat asian herpetological research 2016 , 7 ( 3 ) : 151\u2013179 doi : 10 . 16373 / j . cnki . ahr . 150049 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1923 . additions to the herpetological fauna of the philippine islands , iii . philippine journal of science , 22 : 515\u2014557 - get paper here\nboie , f . 1827 . bemerkungen \u00fcber merrem ' s versuch eines systems der amphibien , 1 . lieferung : ophidier . isis van oken 20 : 508 - 566 . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1885 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the island of nias . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 388 - 389 - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\ncox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .\ndas , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here\ndavid , p . & vogel , g . 1996 . the snakes of sumatra . an annotated checklist and key with natural history notes . b\u00fccher kreth , frankfurt / m .\ngrandison , a . g . c . 1972 . the gunong benom expedition 1967 . 5 . reptiles and amphibians of gunong benom with a description of a new species of macrocalamus . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) , london , 23 : 45 - 101 .\ngrismer , l . lee ; chan k . onn , jesse l . grismer , perry l . wood , jr . , and a . norhayati 2010 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the banjaran bintang , peninsular malaysia . russ . j . herpetol . 17 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 239 pp .\nhendrickson , j . r . 1966 . observations on the fauna of pulau tioman and pulau tulai . 5 . the reptiles . bull . nat . mus . singapore 34 : 53 - 71\nlidth de jeude , t . w . van 1922 . snakes from sumatra . zoologische mededelingen 6 : 239 - 253 . - get paper here\nlim , k . k . p . & ng , h . h . 1999 . the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman , peninsular malaysia . raffles bull . zool . , suppl . no . 6 : 131 - 155 - get paper here\nmalkmus , r . ; manthey , u . ; vogel , g . hoffmann , p . & kosuch , j . 2002 . amphibians and reptiles of mount kinabalu ( north borneo ) . a . r . g . ganther verlag , rugell , 404 pp .\nmanthey , u . 1983 . exkursion am mt . kinabalu ( 4101 m ) , nordborneo , teil 3 : checkliste der herpetofauna oberhalb 600 m \u00fc . nn . herpetofauna 5 ( 23 ) : 20 - 31 - get paper here\nnur - amalina m . i . ; azhari , m . , norshaqinah , a . , nor azrin , n . a . , shukor , m . n . , aisah , m . s . , amirrudin , a . , grismer , l . l . and norhayati , a . 2017 . species composition of amphibians and reptiles in tembat forest reserve , hulu terengganu , terengganu , peninsular malaysia . malays . appl . biol . 46 ( 4 ) : 119\u2013129 - get paper here\nonn , chan kin ; l . lee . grismer , dionysius s . sharma , daicus belabut , and norhayati ahma 2009 . new herpetofaunal records for perlis state park and adjacent areas . malayan nature journal 61 ( 4 ) : 255 - 262\nrooijen , j . van & myriam van rooijen . 2007 . the land snakes of the santubong peninsula , sarawak , borneo : a preliminary list of species with natural history notes . russ . j . herpetol . 14 ( 1 ) : 27 - 38 - get paper here\nrooijen , j . van & van rooijen , m . 2002 . einige erg\u00e4nzungen , berichtigungen und neue beobachtungen zur herpetofauna von pulau tioman , west - malaysia . sauria 24 ( 3 ) : 3 - 12 [ erratum in 24 ( 4 ) : 34 ] - get paper here\nsmedley , n . 1932 . amphibians and reptiles from the cameron highlands , malay peninsula . bull . raffles mus . 6 : 105 - 123 [ 1931 ] - get paper here\nstoliczka , f . 1873 . notes on some species of malayan amphibia and reptilia . j . asiat . soc . bengal 42 : 111 - 126 - get paper here\nteo , r . c . h . & rajathurai , s . 1997 . mammals , reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore - diversity , abundance and distribution . proc . nature reserves survey seminar . gardens\u2019 bulletin singapore 49 : 353 - 425\nteynie\u0301 , alexandre ; patrick david , & annemarie ohler 2010 . note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from western sumatra ( indonesia ) , with the description of a new species of the genus bufo . zootaxa 2416 : 1\u201343 - get paper here\ntweedie , m . w . f . 1950 . notes on malayan reptiles , no . 2 . bull . raffles mus . no 23 : 191 - 199\ntweedie , m . w . f . 1954 . notes on malayan reptiles , no . 3 . bull . raffles mus . no 25 : 107 - 117\nwerner , f . 1901 . neue reptilien des k\u00f6nigsberger zoologischen museums . zool . anz . 24 : 297 - 301 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis very well known snake has as many as 17 synonyms ( inger and marx 1965 ) .\ngrismer , l . , chan - ard , t . & inger , r . f .\nde silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , powney , g . , diesmos , a . c . & diesmos , m .\nthis widespread snake is found throughout much of southeast asia . it has been recorded from southern thailand , peninsular malaysia ( and the island of pulau tioman ) , singapore , indonesia , borneo and the philippines ( occurring on basilan , mindanao , camiguin sur , negros , possibly panay , bohol , leyte , samar , dinagat and siargao ) ( ross and lazell jr 1990 , cox\n2002 , das 2007 , a . diesmos and a . demegillo pers . comm . ) . it can be found from lowland areas to around 1 , 400m asl ( cox\n1998 ) . in indonesia it is known from the mentawai and nasuna besar archipelagos , and nias ( david and vogel 1996 ) , sumatra , java ( inger and voris 2001 ) and sulawesi . the snake is known from fifteen localities on the island of borneo ( r . inger pers . comm . ) , where it is found in all political territories .\ndavid and vogel ( 1996 ) caution that , although this species is apparently widespread , it is uncommon and seldom seen ; however it is generally a common species in the philippines .\nthis oviparous species mainly inhabits lowland and montane moist forests . it probably also occurs in plantations and in the vicinity of rice paddies ( david and vogel 1996 ) . arcbc ( 2006 ) also state that this species can tolerate\ndegraded , secondary forest and scrub\nand r . inger ( pers . comm . ) notes it is also found in thin wooded areas at the edge of cities . it is a ground - dwelling or semi - fossorial snake , mainly active at night and often found among litter or under stones , fallen trees and decaying vegetation .\nit is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species across its range , as it is widespread and tolerant of habitat modification . as with many snakes , it is occasionally killed when encountered .\nthis species is present within many protected areas . there is a need for further taxonomic study of this wide ranging species . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\ngrismer , l . , chan - ard , t . & inger , r . f . 2012 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nde silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because it is widely distributed , is common , is likely to occur in protected areas , and there are no known major threats affecting it .\nthe species occurs in sumatra , borneo and malaysia . in sumatra , the species has been recorded from ampat lawang , south sumatra and from deli , north sumatra . in borneo the species has been recorded from sarawak and sabah , as well as from east and central kalimantan . its presence in southern thailand is uncertain . there is one doubtful record from java , considered to be in error . it occurs at elevations between 300 and 1 , 200 m .\nnumerous records of this species exist from sarawak and sabah , suggesting that this species is common .\nspecies , it is assumed that this species is fossorial and occurs in forests . most records are from lowlands around 300 - 600 m asl , but there are two records from mt . kinabalu ( 900 - 1 , 200 m asl )\nthere are no known major threats to this species , which is common and widespread .\nas this species is rather common and widespread , it is very likely to occur in protected areas in borneo as well as in sumatra . there are no conservation measures or actions in place for this species .\nthe species is known from the type series of six specimens and one doubtful record from singapore ( grandison 1978 ) . this uncertain record has not been included in the current assessment .\njustification : this species was described in 1983 and is only known from the type locality in sandakan bay , sabah , malaysia . the original lowland forest where the species was found has disappeared due to deforestation for urban development and tourism . there has therefore been an inferred population decline of close to 100 % over the past 10 years ( and therefore also within the longer of ten years or three generations ) . the species is listed as critically endangered and considered to be possibly extinct .\nthe species is only known from sandakan bay , sabah , malaysia , from an area close to sea level .\nthere is no information about the population of this species . however , population decline and possible extinction has been inferred from the observed decline in the amount of suitable habitat left for the species to survive due to human activities .\ndeforestation of lowland forest for urbanisation and tourist development is known to have completely wiped out the forest from where this species was recorded ; only one nearby , small fragment remains where this species might persist ( i . das pers . obs . 2011 ) . survey work conducted by r . inger in this area failed to locate the species ( r . inger pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nsurvey work is needed to confirm if the species is still present in the area where it was found or in nearby forest .\nthis species is a widespread endemic of the philippines . it has been recorded from the islands of luzon , polillo , mindoro , tablas , panay , negros , cebu , catanduanes , mindanao lubang , and basilan . it has a wide elevational range , being found from close to sea level to around 1 , 000 m asl .\nthis snake may be found burrowing in humus under rotting logs , under flat rocks , and between tree buttresses ( brown et al . 2000 , ferner et al . 2000 ) . it has been recorded from disturbed habitats ( for instance under logs in coconut plantations ) on luzon and catanduanes .\nin view of the species wide distribution , it seems likely that it is present within a number of protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this widespread species .\njustification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 km 2 , all individuals are in a single location , and there is a continuing decline of the species ' habitat outside of protected areas .\nthis species is only known from the middle section of wuliang mountain which belongs to jingdong county and nanjian county , yunnan province , china . it was recorded at 1 , 100 - 1 , 200 m asl ( zhao and adler 1993 ) .\nthis species lives in mid - level mountains and hills . it has been found at the edge of montane forest along the side of a road in the evening ( rao ding - qi pers . comm . 2011 ) . there is no information available on its diet or reproduction ( zhao 2006 ) .\nthere is a decline in the habitat of this species outside of protected areas owing to conversion of land to agricultural use ( cropland ) .\npart of the range of this species is within the wuliang mountain protected area . further studies are needed into the ecology and habitat preferences of this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nnostril very small , single nasal . supralabial 6 or 7 ; 3rd & 4th in contact with eyes ; loreal united with nasal ; preocular 1 or 2 ; postocular 2 ; temporal 1 + 2 . anterior genial slightly longer than posterior . maxillary teeth 24 - 26 .\n126 - 142 ( male ) , 130 - 154 ( female ) ; rounded ; anal divided .\n68 - 78 ( male ) , 53 - 72 ( female ) ; paired .\nboulenger g . a . ( 1890 ) the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , reptilia and batrachia . london : taylor and francis .\nboulenger g . a . ( 1894 ) catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , london : taylor and francis .\nchikane s . , bhosale h . ( 2012 ) reptiles of kaas , northern western ghats , maharashtra , india , with notes on habitat preferences , abundances and threats . sauria , berlin , 34 ( 3 ) : 3\u201315\nganesh s . r . , bhupathy s . , david p . , sathishkumar n . , srinivas g . ( 2014 ) snake fauna of high wavy mountains , western ghats , india : species richness , status , and distribution pattern . russian journal of herpetology . vol . 21 ( 1 ) , pp . 53 \u2013 64\ndutta s . k . , acharjyo l . n . ( 1995 ) herpetofaunal resources and their conservation in orissa , india . zoos\u2019 print , vol . 10 ( 7 ) , pp . 5 - 8\ng\u00fcnther a . ( 1864 ) the reptiles of british india . london : published for the ray society by robert hardwicke\nmurthy t . s . n . ( 1990 ) illustrated guide to the snakes of the western ghats , india . records of the zoological survey of india , occasional paper no . 114\nsmith m . a . ( 1943 ) the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region , reptilia and amphibia . vol 3 serpentes . taylor & francis , london .\nsrinivasulu c . , das i . ( 2008 ) the herpetofauna of nallamala hills , eastern ghats , india : an annotated checklist , with remarks on nomenclature , taxonomy , habitat use , adaptive types and biogeography . asiatic herpetological research , vol . 11 , pp . 110\u2013131\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nhinrich kaiser associate professor | biology victor valley college 18422 bear valley road victorville , ca 92395 office : sl24 tel : 760 - 245 - 4271 ext 2772 hinrich . kaiser @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnote ' isle de france ' ( mauritius ) ; new holland . . .\ntype locality ' isle de france ' ( mauritius ) ; new holland ( australia ) ' . [ details ]\ndescription according to clark & rowe ( 11971 ) , known from mauritius ( and east africa ) and from temperate but not tropical australia . . . .\ndescription according to clark & rowe ( 11971 ) , known from mauritius ( and east africa ) and from temperate but not tropical australia . the british museum record from the south pacific is based on the ' challenge ' specimen determined as asterias gemmifera ( a south american species ) by sladen . [ details ]\n( of asterias jehennesi valenciennes ( ms ) in perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . r\u00e9vision de la collection de stell\u00e9rides du museum d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 47 ; note : although listed as cuvier in a . m . clark ' s list , this species is listed as valenciennes in perrier ( 1875 ) [ details ]\n( of asteracanthion jehennesi valenciennes ( ms ) in perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . r\u00e9vision de la collection de stell\u00e9rides du museum d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ; rowe , f . w . e . ( 1971 ) . monograph of shallow - water indo - west pacific echinoderms . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . london . x + 238 p . + 30 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : listed as data deficient because this poorly - known species has been rarely recorded , nothing is known of its distribution or population status , and its response to forest degradation from selective logging is unclear .\nthis species is currently known only from viet nam , where records exist from dalat and bao loc in lam dong province , and from huong son in ha tinh province . it has an estimated extent of occurrence , based on the combined area of the known sites , of around 5 , 250 km 2 .\nthis oviparous snake is fossorial in forest leaf litter , and has only been found in evergreen forest ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) . forest in ha tinh is pristine , and so this snake may rely on good - quality forest ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) it is nocturnal ( orlov\nin ha tinh and lam dong the main pressure on forest comes from selective logging ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . august 2011 ) ; the extent to which this activity threatens the snake is unknown .\nno conservation measures are in place for this species . it has not been recorded from any protected areas . more information is needed on its distribution , population status and its sensitivity to threats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : body cylindrical , head hardly distinct from body , tail relatively short , dorsal scales smooth . body uniformly dark brown above with a white or yellow stripe along the side . underside with black and yellowish white bands . hatchlings have a pink head and may be confused with the pink - headed reed snake . however , they have narrow whitish bands over the back , and the underside is banded .\nbaker , n . & lim , k . 2012 . wild animals of singapore . singapore : draco publishing and distribution pte ltd . 180pp\nsupported client browser : ie6 + , firefox 1 . 05 + , chrome 12 + , opera 7 . 52 + , netscape 7 . 1 +\ntype locality : kakenauwe reserve at 5\u00b011\u20190\u2019\u2019s , 122\u00b053\u201940\u2019\u2019e , and 150 m elevation , buton island , sulawesi , indonesia .\nholotype : mbz 3125 , adult male , collected on 21 june , 2002 .\nkoch , a . 2011 . the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi : underestimated diversity in a dynamic environment . in : f . e . zachos and j . c . habel ( eds . ) , biodiversity hotspots . springer , berlin , p . 383 - 404\nkoch , a . 2012 . discovery , diversity , and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi and its offshore islands . edition chimaira , 374 pp . [ isbn 978 - 3 - 89973 - 432 - 4 ] - get paper here\nwest malaysia ( pullau tioman , pahang ) type locality : pulau tioman , pahang , west malaysia .\ngrossmann , w . & tillack , f . 2004 . pulau tioman - perle im s\u00fcdchinesischen meer , teil 1 . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 50 ) : 42 - 49 - get paper here\nindonesia ( java , borneo ) , malaysia ( sarawak , sabah ) ; type locality : rejang river , sarawak , malaysia .\ningermarxi : vietnam ; type locality : \u201cbuoenloy , gilai - contum province , vietnam ; 750 m\u201d elevation .\nnamed in honor of brooke low who gave the specimen to the london natural history museum .\nboulenger , george a . 1905 . descriptions of new snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 453 - 456 - get paper here\nbrongersma , l . d . 1928 . neue reptilien aus dem zoologischen museum amsterdam . zool . anz . 75 : 251 - 257 .\ndaan , s . & hillenius , d . 1966 . catalogue of the type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the zoological museum , amsterdam . beaufortia 13 : 117 - 144\ndavid , p . & vogel , g . 2010 . venomous snakes of europe , northern , central and western asia ( terralog 16 ) ( english and german edition ) . edition chimaira , terralog 16 , 160 pp . - get paper here\ngrandison , a . g . c . 1978 . snakes of west malaysia and singapore . annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien 81 [ 1977 ] : 283 - 303 - get paper here\nmichels , j . p . & a . m . bauer 2004 . some corrections to the scientific names of amphibians and reptiles . bonner zoologische beitra\u0308ge 52 : 83\u201394 [ 2005 ] - get paper here\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\nsmedley , n . 1931 . notes on some malaysian snakes . bull . raffles mus . no 5 : 49 - 54\ntaylor , e . h . 1962 . new oriental reptiles . univ . kansas sci . bull . 43 : 209 - 263 - get paper here\ntweedie , m . w . f . 1940 . notes on malayan reptiles . bull . raffles mus . , singapore 16 : 83 - 87"]}
{"id": 2174, "summary": [{"text": "syrmoptera melanomitra is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo and the democratic republic of the congo . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syrmoptera melanomitra", "paragraphs": ["type - species : syrmoptera melanomitra karsch , 1895 . ent . nachr . berlin 21 : 308 . [ bhl ]\ngenus : syrmoptera karsch , 1895 . ent . nachr . berlin 21 ( 19 / 20 ) : 308 . [ bhl ]\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na place for me to tell you about what i love . insects and spiders are one of my passions and i ' m glad that i get to share that with you all ! : )\nthey were amazing . . . . . . . last and latest bug hunt of the year . the latest they were out was in november 2011 . . . . . . felt like spring that day . today it felt like spring yet again and i was greatly awarded with all sorts of birds and assorted creepy crawlies . . . . . . . and a surprise from my lepidopteran friends .\ni had originally gone to the park to look for cocoons of various moths . . . . . and maybe butterfly chrysalids or overwintering\nand while i didn ' t find any of those . . . . . . . . . i did find something of a mystery lodged in one of the normally bug infested logs .\ni wonder what exactly made this . . . . . . so many many possibilities .\nit was discussed via facebook & twitter and the possibilities are endless . . . . .\nto name a few of what it could be . . . . . . . . notodontids of the genera\ni haven ' t seen here in any shape or form nor have i seen prionoxystus robiniae or any of the other 3 eastern n . american cossidae . the pupa wasn ' t\nlarge\nby any means . . . . . . but it wasn ' t\nsmall\neither . medium ? and skinny . . . . but not too skinny .\nproviding the weather is nice again after the snow we ' re supposed to get in a few days . i ' ll go back and see if it ' s still there and try and get better pics and maybe try and get it out . i tried but it seemed like it was stuck in there pretty tightly .\nsilken pads most likely . . . . . . and the added protection of a deep enough notch in a log . ^ ^ * another question though is when did it emerge ? last time i was there ( oct 15th ) i didn ' t see it there but then again i wasn ' t looking for cocoons or pupae / chrysalids then since the adults of various lepidopterans were out pollinating the last of the flowers .\nmy only guess it that it was over looked . it wouldn ' t make sense for it to have crawled in there say late / early october pupated and then emerged on an abnormally warm autumn / winter day only to eventually freeze to death . don ' t have the climate for them to do that\nsuccessfully\n.\nbut i wouldn ' t rule anything out at this point . but the possibility of it being overlooked is more likely . hope to find more this year . . . . . . \u2665\nno clue ! ! was a shock to find this and many others zipping about . midges / craneflies ( these were in some sort of swarm ) another beetle in flight , slugs , milipedes , centipedes . . . . . . . woodlice . oh it was wonderful not to mention the birds .\njuncos ! ! some friends had confirmed these are juncos and i had also learned that there might be a junco species complex ( idk if that would be the right term here but idk that much about birds to begin with ) since the\nexperts had lumped them all together\nso to speak according to said friends .\ni have many more but i ' ll post those in another post as once again i ' ve probably ranted enough about my precious lovely little friends . . . . . but i can ' t help it . * ^ ^ *\nso i ' ve decided to document all the moths i ' ve seen this year that i ' ve id ' d and more or less id ' d . i had already more or less done this in a journal of sorts ( along with every other insect / spider ) i ' ve seen earlier in the season due to the lack of a camera .\ni continued after purchasing another camera out of habit and utter enjoyment i got from doing so . also since i wasn ' t able to participate in national moth week ( due to lack of camera and the weather being entirely inappropriate for moth hunting the entire week ) this i think more then makes up for it i think . i ' m wondering if i could submit these anywhere . . . . . . at least the ones i was able to photograph ? ?\n* note these aren ' t in order . . . . . . exactly . . . . . . just listing for convenience and enjoyment . dates added when possible .\nall the moths listed above have similar wing colors & patterns to the one on my terrace that night . i was unfortunately unable to capture it to confirm it ' s identity . this pisses me off greatly . . . . . . sneaky little buggers . : p\nspoladea recurvalis 10 - 01 - 13 saw about 5 - 6 of these throughout the season . first sighting was on 09 - 17 - 13 . was an utter bitch to id but soooo much fun . * ^ ^ *\natteva aurea 10 - 02 - 13 hadn ' t seen these in a looooooong time .\na very cold hypena scabra ( date unknown ) it ' s very much alive . not to worry . * ^ ^ *\nwas found on the most epic bug hunt of the year . my friend had taken me up to new jersey to see the cicadas and other assorted angels . pics later . . . . . in another entry . i think i ' ve spammed you all enough . : p\n* * unidentified\nzebra moth\nwas small . . . . . . . not as small as some other moths i ' ve seen\nwas quite plentiful this year . seen on numerous occasions throughout the season . a few of them might also have been\n. . . . . . it ' s surprising how much they can look alike from a distance . xd\nwere both seen up at my friends house after the cicada fest . skippers and tiger swallowtails joined in along with numerous other creepy crawly lovely angels of all sorts .\noki doki that just about wraps this up for now . . . . . . . will be edited as needed of course . many firsts for me this season ( and there ' s more to tell ! ! ) . deliriously happy about all that ' s occurred bug wise . i only hope it gets even better with coming new year .\nspeaking of which i wish you all a merry christmas and a happy bug infested 2014 .\nas you know monarchs are declining year after year . this year i ' ve only seen 3 and the year before i saw about maybe 20 give or take throughout the entire season ( i wasn ' t able to get photos because these were almost always in flight like they were on a mission ) ! ! this year i ' m proud to say i ' ve gotten pictures & videos of the blessed angels on 2 occasions .\nthe one pictured above was an absolute pleasure and honor to observe . i made a point of pointing it out to anyone who passed by while i was taking pictures ( this is the best one out of maybe 10 attempts ) of it feeding on the buddleia . it was a male . i hope it made it to mexico okay .\nthis one i had spotted in the treetops during my trip to the bronx zoo . what a pleasant surprise . i ' m also happy to report that they finally planted a nice patch of milkweed in the park by my house . orange milkweed ( asclepias tuberosa ? ) i hope it helps the monarchs that fly through here immensely .\nthe first one i had spotted i wasn ' t able to to get pictures of due to the lack of a camera ( i had unfortunately lost my old one ) and the fact that it flew by me so quickly it would ' ve been impossible to do so any way . xd it came out of nowhere just as i was pondering whether or not i ' d see any this year . . . . . . . . coincidence ? i don ' t think so .\nthat wouldn ' t be the first time butterflies ( in general ) popped up in ways that make me wonder . . . . . . . . especially this year . any way , as for the monarchs i ' ll do everything i can to support them and spread the awareness that they need our help badly . including keeping track of them and seeing if i can get some milkweed for my own purposes . . . . . we ' ll see .\n. the nhm has a research library and they have . . . . . . . . everything . it ' s magnificent and i was so content in there surrounded by dozens of books on my precious angels . but the most coveted one was i . f . b common ' s moths of australia which i ' ll be ranting about .\nfirst off this book is one of , if not the most well written pieces of literature on our heteroceran friends and it ' s something i ' ve wanted for a very very long time . sadly for reasons currently unknown ( i ' m trying to find out why ) the book is out of print and thus insanely hard to get a hold of .\nsometime last year i found out the museum had a library and well . . . . . . . . you can guess what happened next . i went searching their archives to see if they had it during my hunt for a copy and lo and behold they did . and i finally got to read a nice big chunk of it ( they don ' t let anyone check out books , not even the staff ! unless under special circumstances ) and take a\nof notes . my hand was cramping toward the end of the day . . . . . . . ohhhh it was wonderful .\nthis magnum opus of a book has both color and black and white photos a very nice layout of all the moth families found in australia and insanely wonderfully well written descriptions of their life cycles , behavior , species themselves , everything . in short mr . common is a genus and has my full and utter respect and idolization .\ni can fully understand why people would flip their shit over this book ( as i have done ) it ' s everything i thought it would be and more .\nit also has occurred to me that i think these might be the first photos of this book online . . . . . . . . . holy shit . i haven ' t found any except for the cover while searching online to see where i could possibly purchase a copy .\none of the main reasons this book was of particular interest to me besides the obvious was the extensive information on the epipyropidae whose larvae are parasites on various species of homopterans . epipyropids are yet another rule breaker of the\ntypical rules of lepidoptera\n.\nif i remember correctly a while back i think stated something on the possibility of parthenogenetic lepidoptera , if there were any or something along the lines and that how i didn ' t see how that could be possible blah blah blah .\nand how course i was open to any possibility of there being any . . . . . . and look what happens . holy shit . there ' s so much to rant about involving this book . i want to go back there and try and see if i can read the entire thing cover to cover .\ni think it ' s doable . we ' ll have to see . i ' ll post more photos in other entries ( there ' s more books to rant about ) since for some reason i ' m having trouble uploading more pics .\n. for a while though i was researching various other similarly patterned swallowtails and giving myself rather\npleasant\nheadaches trying to figure out what this is .\nof course this is all still open to speculation but i ' m 99 . 9 % sure this is\n. . . . . . . i ' d like to know what subspecies if possible . i don ' t know if the pics / vids are clear enough to determine that but . . . . . . . . ^ ^ ; ;\nvisit # 10 ! ! this was magnificent as always . because it ' s towards the end of the season it was alot calmer and not so many people and not as many butterflies but still plentiful . hmmm lets see . . . . there were tons of atlas moths . at least 4 - 5 of them hidden throughout the blessed place and i managed to get some extremely nice photos of my lovely angels .\nadorn my hat for atleast an hour each . they simply wouldn ' t leave and in the case of idea leucanoe i would ' ve walked out the door with it had the staff not\nintervened\n( i was all for taking it home too : p ) .\nthere were 2 . first one was perched up in the vegetation second one was flying around and had brushed against me and landed on the floor . one of the staff had picked it up and it was off flying again . it had reached the heat lights and the feeders . and i guess the light from the light fixtures emphasized this but as it was flying around the green of it ' s wings changed from green to blue to green again in various shades streaked with gold and silver . . . . . . . * . * like glitter .\nthen i traded for wings built to dazzle and float . . . . .\ni was standing there with my mouth open . literally . it then settled on the vegetation and i proceeded to get pics ( see above ) . and if you look hard enough you can see said iridescence and the fact that the green is darker here then lets say this one :\nthis one was perched high up and away from nearby light sources . species wise friends and i were speculating between p . palinurus & p . daedalus . but i ' m 99 % sure is palinurus . i ' ll rant on this later in another entry . they had these here before on 2 other occasions but this is my first interaction with them .\nall the other times they were just perched somewhere out of the way and then they ' d vanish and not be seen again . xd so this was beyond lovely . and they ' re my new fave after today .\nthey had more of them today then i ever remember them having within the 9 other times i ' ve been here . i ' ve observed something today that i never knew about my precious lovelies . they too are iridescent . the black wing tips of monarchs have a blue iridescence to them under light .\nand 2 nymphalids that may or may not be\nnew\n. i think one of them was a chocolate pansy (\n) which i ' ve already listed and the other is one of the leafwings but i don ' t recognize it .\n, and if that ' s the case then another new lovely angel has to be officially added to the ever growing list . ^ _ ^\nanother late nighter for me so i compiled a list of sorts of all the moths i have seen last year & throughout the years ( for some ) that i have successfully , or somewhat successfully identified .\nhowever looking at it again , comparing images in the peterson ' s fieldguide to moths of north easter north america i don ' t think it ' s spilosoma dubia . . . . . . . . no idea . i ' ll have to research more .\npretty though . was found in the window of a closed down store last year ( i think it might still be there 0 _ 0 ) . pitty i couldn ' t get to it for better observation / id ' s but at least the pic is decent . ^ ^\ni had the most delightful and rewarding ( i got to hold an atlas moth ! ) visit today at my paradise . i had been invited to tag along with a friends trip with her daughter and we went and saw all sorts of things . wound up in the hall of biodiversity and laid eyes on utter epicness :\namong other wonderful things . i also found out where the library is . . . . . . . so i ' ll be investigating that asap . i want my books ^ ^ * they have i . f . b common ' s moths of australia ( i had checked their databases ) and i want to read it . it ' s out of print unfortunately so i at least want to read it . i hope one day i ' ll be lucky enough to obtain a copy somehow to call my own but for now i ' d like to just be able to read that magnum opus .\nafter running around various exhibits i finally got to go see my precious lepidopteran angels . . . . . . . and as i ' ve said was rewarded greatly as i got to hold an atlas moth (\nwe ( me and a volunteer ) had basically rescued the precious angel from being stuck in the window bar thingy . and the poor guy was having a shit fit over my handling it ( we ' re not supposed to disturb the moths & and he was a volunteer and didn ' t want to get in trouble ) which cut my time short holding said precious angel . i did manage to get a hasty video though of my having a happy fit while said volunteer was trying to get me to\nhand it over\n. i ' ll post that later . now it ' s on with the lovelyness\n* or it could ' ve been h . sapho or h . cydno ?\n* found a pic of this particular one online and i need to find it again to know the id . this is pending\n* parthenos sylvia philippinica & p . s . lilacina they ' ve both had before but i didn ' t know that they were subspecies . i thought they were different color forms of parthenos sylvia . thanks to my friends payam & dave for id ' ing lovely angels . ^ ^ \u2665\n) outside the museum too . so many many birds everywhere that i ' ve never had the pleasure of seeing before . wonderful !\n. i ' ll have a separate post for this as there ' s alot to rant about .\nexamples of 2 species of nemopteridae ( neuroptera ) halter imperatrix & chasmoptera sheppardi ( which as of right now may or may not be synonyms ) .\nit ' s 4 : 00 am as i type this . xd for the past couple of days or so i ' ve been researching them . exactly what spurred this one ( research binge ) i haven ' t the slightest idea anymore but i ' ve been re - falling in love with them due to said research . to sum it up , since it ' s late neuroptera ( lacewings ) have numerous families and of those families i absolutely adore the nemopteridae , which i have just realized bear a resemblance to himantopteridid moths ( is this intentional or a coinicidence ? ) and ascalaphidae . . . . . . oh\ni wish more then anything involving neuroptera that we had ascalaphids here . never had the pleasure of personally observing them . . . . . . . . only pictures ( same goes with nemopteridae ) . speaking of which :\ni kinda wanna briefly research even more on these wonderful insects but as i said it ' s late xd i must make time to do so later tomorrow . i did find some rather wonderful papers on them via . wikipedia of all places ( which has an insane amount of info , with references ) . i ' ve been taking notes .\nand the brown lacewings who ' s names i ' m forgetting right now . oh and then there ' s this :\naustralian ascalaphid . . . . . . . . does anyone know what species ? will ask around . any and all info / inputs are greatly welcomed and appreciated = )\nif i counted right . . . . . . i think this is the 8th visit since this wonderful insanity started in 2011 . i cannot wait to get to visit number 10 whenever that ' ll be . but this one is memorable . . . . . . . . . because i met hazel davies program director and author ( i proudly have one of her books sitting on the table amongst many others in my house ) and although my meeting with her was brief it was infested with information on my lovelies . volunteering also came up yet again . . . . . . . i seriously think i ' m gonna do it at some point . first though personal things have to be permanently taken care of and then they ' re ( butterflies ) are mine . . . . . . .\nshe was mentioning schedules and i was thinking sundays since i virtually don ' t have anything to do on sundays so . . . . . we ' ll see . but i ' m not going to count my\neggs before they hatch . . . . . . i ' ll keep my fingers tightly crossed though .\n* * had seen several and asked which species they were and was told\nbarred sister\n( latin name unknown to all at the time ) so i ' d briefly check around online and the only\nbarred sister\ni came across was the white - barred sister ( adelpha epione ) .\nthe unidentified swallowtail . never seen anything like it . any and all input is greatly appreciated ^ ^\nflying around too only that the black in the wings seems more grey / silvery to me and the tails might ' ve been longer . . . . . . . . i managed to get on in a video ( will post shortly ) but idk if it ' s enough to id them definitely as there ' s also a\nfemales were also observed . one was up right over the entrance door ( photo ) and the other was in the bushes a little ways away from said door on the other side . she unfortunately was near the end of her life as the poor thing wouldn ' t stop trembling .\nwhich just popped out of nowhere and i managed to get a couple of fuzzy pictures . oh and there ' s this in the subway exits :\nstuff like this was all over the walls and on the ground to the last exit they were letting people through because all the other ones were closed ( yes i stayed\nlate\nagain ) . didn ' t even know they had this . . . . . . . \u2665\nepic ! oh ! and i finally got to see\nflight of the butterflies\n. it ' s a magnificent film and it left me with an even greater appreciation and love for\ni ' ll leave a proper review of that in another post . for now i have research and more posts to write .\nmanduca sexta 03 - 20 - 13 freshly eclosed . . . . . . . . . . . what a beauty .\n) . totally unexpected and wonderful shock , and on top of that on the first day of spring .\ntalk about irony . don ' t you just love it ? ^ ^ i had heard quite a bit of rustling and i was thinking\nwtf is that ?\nknowing that we get all sorts of critters in here ( and i was hoping it wasn ' t a mouse xd ) only to look and see the pupa moving and fall off the sponge i had it on . it then\nburst open\nwith this lovely angel thrashing around to get out .\nit immediately starting climbing everything to get to a higher spot to expand it ' s wings tried to help it out by letting it crawl on my finger hoping it would settle there . . . . . . . . no it had other ideas ^ ^ ; ; ; ; it had wound up crawling onto my shoulder at which point i just put it back into the pavillion thingy ( what do you call those netted butterfly enclosures anyway ? ) where it climbed to the top and eventually settled down to expand it ' s wings .\ntook about an hour or so give or take . i sat there the whole time and watched it taking pics & vids at different intervals . since it was already dark out some are a bit blurry but what can you do when the lighting atm sucks ? : p work with what you got that ' s what .\nmanduca sexta 03 - 20 - 13 climbing up the sides of the pavilion thingy . old pupal shell i had gently removed after taking this photo .\nof the brief minute or two i got to hold it i can tell you 2 things .\n1 . they as adults also have quite a grip ( the larvae did too , perhaps even more so being that they ' re nothing but muscles designed for munching , chomping , etc ) .\n2 . they have a scent after they emerge . idk how to explain it . . . . . . it ' s not like anything i ' ve ever smelt before . i know there ' s a\nfreshness\nto it . idk what it was that gave it that scent . . . . . meconium ?\nof meconium the little sucker had dripped a nice splotch of it on the\nfloor\nof the pavillion thingy . . . . . . i do hope that ' ll come out easier later . xd\nmanduca sexta 03 - 20 - 13 in the process of expanding and drying its wings .\nthen i traded for wings built to dazzle and float . . . . . . . . .\ni felt through out the entire miracle that was taking place in my house . and as i sit here thinking about it ( in general ) i ' m utterly baffled and amazed on how these lovely and often misunderstood creatures come to be .\ni once again have to thank the lord for allowing me to enjoy his epic creations . i love every single one of them to pieces . and i hope that i get to enjoy more experiences with them in the future . every year for the rest of my life . . . . . . . \u2665\nmanduca sexta diversity . . . . . no idea they were so variable * . * \u2665\u025b\u00ef\u025c\nfound this while i was doing brief but thorough research on my lovely angels . i want to know what i have ( male or female ) as sexing sphinx moths for me at least is not as easy as other moths ( i . e . saturniids ) because their antennae aren ' t easily distinguishable .\ni ' ll have to wait until daylight to start getting better pictures / videos . now i\ngo to bed . i have unfortunately picked up the habit of becoming nocturnal like my lovely heteroceran ( moths for you non ento / lepto geeks ) friends and that ' s no bueno . . . . . . . . . it ' s already 4 : 40am xd\nand go far from the star of the show . . . . . . . . .\nthen just fabulous cloth so i ' ll keep holding onto my dreams . . . . . . .\nonce again i ' m amazed at mimicry and how utterly convincing it is even to us humans . first of\n. bravo on job well done . = ) thirdly according h . l . lewis\ni cannot get enough of them . . . . . . nope . never ending treasure . . . . . . . \u2665\nso i finally got to see this . basically it ' s nothing but a large hallway with the walls covered entirely in high resolution pictures of various species of moths depicting their breathtaking beauty .\nfelt nothing but utter joy . completely light and happy . best birthday ever . a nice little overview of what this place is like :\nto spend the entire day with the things and people you love most . . . . . . . . . . \u2665 friends gave me money to go to the museum and epicness ensued . i hadn ' t been there in so long because life is busy ( even more so now ) so to have this\nescape\nwas wonderful .\nto make it even more epic allison ( one of the staff ) gave me 2 extra voucher tickets to come back within the month . * . * i owe them everything .\nwhich was at first hiding / resting among the pentas and looking absolutely gorgeous . a little worn but stunning nonetheless .\nand had spotted it again 2 other times but was not able to get better pictures / videos of it . i ' ll edit this one and see if i can make it easier to see later .\n2 . euploea sp . * first time seeing one . . . . . and it isn ' t one i recognize .\n* cross between h . cydno and h . melpomene or h . erato perhaps ?\neyes are amazing . . . . . . observed one sitting on a leaf imbibing water or something . very laid back . allowed me to poke my camera into it ' s lovely face . . . . with those eyes that seem to follow you . ^ ^\ni ' ll have to consult mr . jiggins on what this one might be exactly but . . . . . . . ^ ^ ; ; ; ; this is the only angle of it i could get it at . i tried getting it where you could see the upperside but the little sucker was up too high and in such a position / angle that made it impossible to do so .\nbut i tried my best . i have one more shot of it from at a distance that i think show a part of the upperside but i ' ll have to see . if i ' m lucky enough it might be enough to get at least an idea of what this lovely angel is .\nstaff had taken this picture for me as i wasn ' t able to do so obviously ^ ^ had landed on my bag . am question the id a bit . the patterns were different from the other\ni had observed so idk if they ' re sexually dimorphic in anyway or if this is an aberration or subspecies . . . . . . . . . . or a completely different species .\nat first in flight . there were several of these . as i mentioned before museum staff ( allison ) had given me 2 extra tickets to come back within the month ( you know damn well i ' ll be there ) and i next plan to go see the movie they have out . . . . . . . flight of the butterflies . . . . . . . . . . \u025b\u00ef\u025c\nmore to come ! i had a beautiful day . . . . . . . . . . i thank everyone responsible for making it so . god bless you all !\nthese are yet another one of my most favorites ever . there are 4 genera with species that are like this\n. i believe all of them are in erebidae , lymantriinae . idk if they have common names or not but i ' ve dubbed them all\nglittery sparkly satin moths\nbecause that ' s exactly what they are . xd\nif i ' m not mistaken there is a moth called\nthe satin moth\ni think . . . . . . not too sure but these definitely need to be called that or something along those lines . abbreviated as gssn for short from here on out .\n\u025b\u00ef\u025c # 1 lymantriinae used to be a family all on it ' s own within the arctiidae ( correct me if i ' m wrong in any of this people ! ! not too sure on things here ) and for reasons i ' m not entirely sure of taxonomist decided to make it a sub family of erebidae of who ' s existence & creation i ' m not entirely sure of how it came about . ^ ^ ; ;\n\u025b\u00ef\u025c # 2 wikipedia fails to go by correct classification . * sigh * - _ -\nappears to be variable ( ? ) most of them have brown edges to their wings and the one in the photo i posted ( which i got off of a tumblr ) clearly does not . the one in the flickr link i posted has lighter edges to her wings . but nothing that looks anything like this except for the green veins .\n* * edit : after grabbing the original link ( see above ,\nphoto credits\n) i see it titled\ncarriola sp . cf . arctornis complex , maybe carriola ecnomoda\nit leads to even more questions . . . . . . . . . . wtf is going on here !\nanother entry is needed for this ! later . . . . . . on with it :\narctornis sp . if you ask me it looks like ( wing shape ) the carriola above . 0 _ 0\narctornis l - nigrum i want to hug it . * . * fuzzy sparkly angels . . . . . . . * . *\nstay tuned for part 2 cause there ' s more . xd as always copyright infringement is not , nor ever will be intended .\nbeen on a research binge . i really really adore the lycaenidae . . . . . . . . i have several favorites . . . . . . . genera . . . . . horaga , tajuria , etc . too many . deudorix epijarbus is beautiful . red . . . . . . . . who ' d ever thought . . . . red lycaenids . * . *\nok . . . . . . . i ' m on autopilot now of sorts so apologies if i ' m not making any sense . don ' t feel too great . it ' s snowing and i ' m in my house researching my lovely angels .\ndeudorix diovis . figs . 10 \u2640 , 11 , 12 \u2642 . accepted as deudorix diovis hewitson , 1863 .\ndeudorix dioetas . figs . 13 , 15 \u2640 , 14 \u2642 . accepted as rapala dioetas ( hewitson , 1863 ) .\ndeudorix epijarbas . figs . 16 , 18 \u2642 , 17 \u2640 . accepted as deudorix epijarbas ( moore , 1857 ) .\nmy full name is brittanie christina mccormack . i ' m 18 yrs old and i have 4 pet hermit crabs . i like to sing and dance and i love to listen to music and some of my favorite artist are : selena , britney spears , nsync , the back street boys , ozone , jennifer pena , ect and i like to watch tv and movies . and i like to go on the internet . i also like to collect stuffed frogs which comes to the name of my blog . the name wapo gipo are the names of 2 of my stuffed frogs in a language that i made up . ( i have over 200 stuffed frogs and they all have names . ) the ' ' yellow and the # 88 mean the following : yellow is one of my favorite colors and the number 88 is one of my favorite numbers , ie my favorite number is 8 so there fore any number that has the # 8 in it is my favorite # . i came into this messed up world march 1st . 1992 . and the name of my second blog\nwapogipomimimi\nwapo gipo mi mi mi ( for those of who cannot separate the words . ) is something i like to say to drive my mom crazy ! ; )\nwon gun kim ' s blog \ubab8\uc740 \ube44\ub85d \ubab0\ub9ac \uc788\uc5b4\ub3c4 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc740 \ud56d\uc0c1 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \uacf3\uc5d0 . . ."]}
{"id": 2176, "summary": [{"text": "candidula intersecta is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this snail can be a pest species in agricultural settings . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "candidula intersecta", "paragraphs": ["hans - martin braun added the german common name\ngefleckte heideschnecke\nto\ncandidula intersecta ( poiret , 1801 )\n.\npoiret , j . l . 1801 . coquilles fluviatiles et terrestres observ\u00e9es dans le d\u00e9partement de l ' aisne et aux environs de paris . prodrome . - pp . i - xi [ 1 - 11 ] , 1 - 119 . paris . ( barrois , soissons ) .\nshell whitish or yellowish with brown bands or spots , colour and patterns very variable , overall impression greyish brown to brown , finely striated , 5 convex whorls , aperture simple without lip , margin slightly reflected near umbilicus , umbilicus open and variably wide . animal yellowish or bluish grey with dark brown pigments , upper tentacles long , lower tentacles very short .\nusually at the soil in dry and open habitats , under stones , at low plants , often in dunes . occasionally it climbs trees at the edges of woods . tolerates cultivation , often found in corn stubble . eggs ( diameter 1 mm ) are laid between may and october .\na common species . rare in n portugal , more frequent from aveiro on southwards . considered as probably introduced to britain , there are no medieval fossils , but today widespread in s great britain and s and central ireland , mainly coastal in n great britain . endangered in rheinland - pfalz , vulnerable in niedersachsen .\nreferences : moquin - tandon 1855 : 241 , nobre 1913 : 197 , germain 1930 : 274 , nobre 1941 : 108 , kerney et al . 1983 : 246 , r\u00e9al & r\u00e9al - testud 1988 : 50 ( found at some stations in corse ) , prieto & mart\u00edn 1988 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 189 , falkner 1990 : 208 , vogt et al . 1994 : 214 , ondina et al . 1997 , kerney 1999 : 179 , welter - schultes 2012 : 532 ( range map ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : the species has a large distribution area and the habitat of the species is usually not affected directly by human activity , therefore it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) . this species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .\naccording to animalbase ( 2010 ) , the species lives in portugal , north - western spain , the british isles ( including the isle of man , the hebrides , the orkney islands and the shetlands ) , western france , belgium , western netherlands , east holstein , east denmark and \u00f6land .\nthere is no information on population trends , however , the population trend is thought to be stable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe wrinkled dune snail ' s shell can attain a height of 5 - 8 mm and a width of 7 - 13 mm , with 5 to 6 1 / 2 whorls . the shell is off - white to pale yellow in color with brown bands or spots . the color pattern of this species is variable . there is often an irregular white stripe on the body whorl . albino or brown - colored morphs of this species have been reported in europe . the body of the animal is pale yellow or blue - gray in color .\nsince 2003 , ppq - oregon has conducted detection surveys for exotic mollusk species at high - risk sites throughout oregon . the oregon exotic mollusk survey ( orms ) has surveyed over 80 sites , representing 16 oregon counties ( benton , clackamas , clatsop , columbia , coos , curry , douglas , jackson , klamath , lane , lincoln , marion , multnomah , polk , washington , yamhill counties ) . surveyed sites have included marine ports , rail yards , tile importers and distributors , nurseries , private residential and public lands .\nbefore applying any of the information found on this site , please read our disclaimer . copyright \u00a9 2017 , all rights reserved\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\naccording to animalbase ( 2010 ) , the species lives in portugal , north - western spain , the british isles ( including the isle of man , the hebrides , the orkney islands and the shetlands ) , western france , belgium , western netherlands , east holstein , east denmark and land .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : illustrated index of british shells plate 23 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nhelicodonta obvoluta ( m\u00fcller , 1774 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nprovoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarker , g . m . ( 1999 ) . naturalised terrestrial stylommatophora ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . fauna of new zealand 38 : 1 - 254 . [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .\nthere is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank . below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species . see the bold taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen . other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available .\nthe species has a large distribution area and the habitat of the species is usually not affected directly by human activity , therefore it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .\nthis species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .\nutilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results . ex . a common name search of northwestern sedge matches ' northwestern sedge ' and ' northwestern showy sedge ' . typing\nnorthwestern sedge\nreturn only ' northwestern sedge ' .\n\u00a9 2012 - 2018 . encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nnorth and south island . native to western europe , from the british isles , western and northern france , belgium , and the netherlands , to scattered localities in portugal , germany , denmark , and southern sweden . introduced into australia and new zealand\nbarker , g . m . 1999 : naturalised terrestrial stylommatophora ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , fauna of new zealand , manaaki whenua press ( p . 73 )\ngoulstone , j . f . , mayhill , p . c . , parrish , g . r . 1993 : an illustrated guide to the land mollusca of the te paki ecological region , northland , new zealand , new zealand journal of zoology , 34 ( p . 24 )\nstelfox , a . w . 1912 : the occurrence of helicella heripensis ( mabille ) in great britain , proceedings of the malacological society of london , 10 ( 1 ) ( p . 39 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species ."]}
{"id": 2192, "summary": [{"text": "macrognathus fasciatus is a species of spiny eel found in the manimala river and first described in 2014 .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "macrognathus fasciatus differs from its relative species by the presence of 28 \u2013 30 dorsal spines , 26 \u2013 27 vertical lateral lines on the body , 8 \u2013 9 whitish yellow round spots present in a row in between every two vertical lines and first dorsal spine originate at the level or a little behind the end of pectoral fin . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "macrognathus fasciatus", "paragraphs": ["macrognathus fasciatus , the new species that has been reported from the manimala river .\nthe new species , macrognathus fasciatus , is blackish brown at the back and yellow at the ventral side while the lateral sides are dark brown .\nhighlighting the significance of the discovery , mr . mathews said a new species of the macrognathus genus was being reported from kerala after a gap of 150 years .\nthe specimens of m . fasciatus were collected from the manimala river at karuthavadasserikara by mathews plamoottil , assistant professor in zoology , government college , chavara .\nnamed macrognathus fasciatus , the new species is characterised by a combination of dorsal spines , yellow vertical lines on the lateral sides interspersed with small whitish yellow round spots in a row and a small round black spot at the base of the pectoral and caudal fin . it is blackish brown at the back and yellow at the ventral side while the lateral sides are dark brown .\nthe alkaline phosphatase activity is mapped in all the parts of the digestive system of colisa fasciatus , macrognathus aculeatus , notopterus notopterus and nandus nandus . in the posterior region of the alimentary canal of all the 4 fishes the activity is poorer as compared to other parts . in colisa fasciatus and macrognathus aculeatus , the activity at the distal end of pyloric caeca is poorer as compared to the proximal part . in notopterus notopterus and nandus nandus however , it is practically of the same intensity at both the parts . mucosal and submucosal layers have been found to have intense alkaline phosphatase activity as compared to muscularis and serosal layers . except nandus nandus , gastric glands of all the remaining fishes show partial activity of this enzyme . however , gastric epithelium of all the four fishes shows good activity . hepatic cells are rich in alkaline phosphatase activity . the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells and pancreatic acinar cells have intense reaction . presence of alkaline phosphatase is in relation with the secretory and absorption activity of tissue or cells .\nplamoottil , m . and n . p . abraham , 2014 . macrognathus albus ( order : synbranchiformes ; family : mastacembelidae ) , a new fish species from kerala , india . intl . j . pure appl . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 100 - 105 . ( ref . 97143 )\nthe discovery has been reported in the latest edition of the \u2018journal of experimental zoology , \u2019 an international science publication . the epithet fasciatus was adopted from the latin language and means ` banded , \u2019 referring to the vertical stripes present on the lateral sides of the body of the new fish .\neel - like fishes with elongated and compressed body , spiny eels are found in inland water bodies across india . three species have been recorded from kerala . the specimens of m . fasciatus were collected from the manimala river at karuthavadasserikara by mathews plamoottil , assistant professor in zoology , government college , chavara .\ntaxonomic analysis carried out in collaboration with nelson p . abraham , st . thomas college , kozhencherry , confirmed that the specimens from the manimala river belonged to a new species . the discovery has been reported in the latest edition of the \u2018journal of experimental zoology , \u2019 an international science publication . the epithet fasciatus was adopted from the latin language and means ` banded , \u2019 referring to the vertical stripes present on the lateral sides of the body of the new fish .\nanal soft rays : 65 - 67 . macrognathus fasciatus can be distinguished by the following characters : body dark brown ; presence of distinct vertical bands on the body ; presence of pre - orbital spine ; spinous part of dorsal fin originating at vertical through the level of or slightly behind the end of pectoral fin ; head length 14 . 8 - 16 . 5 % sl ; head depth 36 . 8 - 41 . 8 % hl ; eye diameter 3 . 7 - 4 . 8 % hl ; inter orbital width 10 . 0 - 10 . 9 % hl ; body width 7 . 5 - 8 . 3 % sl ; pre - dorsal length 22 . 2 - 26 . 1 % sl ; height of dorsal fin 2 . 2 - 2 . 9 % sl ; height of anal fin 1 . 7 - 2 . 6 % sl ; pre - anal length 53 . 0 - 59 . 4 % sl ; and 65 - 67 soft rays on anal fin ( ref . 97143 ) .\n: researchers from central kerala have reported the discovery of a new species of fish belonging to the spiny eel variety from the manimala river .\nmr . mathews said the new species and the research work related to it had been approved by the international commission of zoological nomenclature and registered at the zoo bank . the specimens have been deposited in the museum of the zoological survey of india at kozhikode .\ngreek , makros = great + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 97143 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nresearchers from central kerala have reported the discovery of a new species of fish belonging to the spiny eel variety from the manimala river .\neel - like fishes with elongated and compressed body , spiny eels are found in inland water bodies across india .\ntaxonomic analysis carried out in collaboration with nelson p . abraham , st . thomas college , kozhencherry , confirmed that the specimens from the manimala river belonged to a new species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhynchobdella bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhyncobdella ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of macroganthus ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhistochemical mapping of alkaline phosphatase in the digestive system of a few teleost fishes . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nz mikrosk anat forsch . 1980 ; 94 ( 1 ) : 21 - 32 .\nhistochemical mapping of alkaline phosphatase in the digestive system of a few teleost fishes .\nhmmmm , for a not give it all away hint . . . there ' s lots of varietys of me .\nahhhhh should of known it . i knew it was too easy ! ! you win"]}
{"id": 2195, "summary": [{"text": "calliostoma arx is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( benthastelena )", "topic": 26}], "title": "calliostoma arx", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define calliostoma arx in a sentence and how is the word calliostoma arx used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528calliostoma arx\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliostoma arx\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliostoma arx\u9020\u53e5 , calliostoma arx meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\n\n' calliostoma arx\n' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma ( calliostoma ) swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : calliostoma ( calliostoma ) conulus linnaeus , c . , 1758\ncalliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma purpureocinctum hedley , 1894 : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : calliostoma ( calliostoma ) conulus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nspecies calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915\nspecies calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903\nspecies calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )\ncalliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907\ncalliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\ncalliostoma formosensis e . a . smith , 1907 : synonym of calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907\ncalliostoma poupineli ( montrouzier in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) : synonym of calliostoma comptum a . adams , 1855\nnew records of calliostoma and bathyfautor from vanuatu , fiji and tonga are listed . calliostoma ( fautor ) strobilos n . sp . , c . ( f . ) chlorum n . sp . , c . ( f . ) metabolicum n . sp . , c . ( ampullotrochus ) xylocinnamomum n . sp . and c . ( benthastelena ) arx n . sp . are described and compared with several similar calliostoma species from the indo - pacific of which most are illustrated .\nspecies calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )\nspecies calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rol\u00e1n & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )\ncalliostoma ( fautor ) iredale , t . , 1924 type species : calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum adams , a . , 1855\ncalliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\ncalliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) ikeba , 1942 type species : calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) aculeatum aculeatum sowerby , g . b . iii , 1912\ncalliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) : synonym of calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\nspecies calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\nspecies calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )\ncalliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 : synonym of enida japonica a . adams , 1860\nspecies calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860\ncalliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) granulatum born , i . von , 1778\ncalliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith\ncalliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995\nspecies calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998\nsubgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840\nsubgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855\ncalliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith : synonym of cantharidus bisculptus e . a . smith\ncalliostoma limatulum marshall , 1995 : synonym of selastele limatulum b . a . marshall , 1995\ncalliostoma onustum odhner , 1924 : synonym of selastele onustum b . a . marshall , 1995\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )\nlaetifautor iredale , t . , 1929 type species : calliostoma trepidum hedley , c . , 1907\ncalliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )\ncalliostoma trepidum hedley , 1907 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )\ncalliostoma polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of cantharidus polychroma ( a . adams , 1851 )\ncalliostoma rubropunctatum ( a . adams , 1851 ) : synonym of laetifautor rubropunctatus ( a . adams , 1851 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )\nspecies calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )\ncalliostoma ( kombologion ) clench , w . j . & r . d . turner , 1960 type species : unknowngenustype\ncalliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )\nspecies calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )\nspecies calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )\nspecies calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )\ncalliostoma is a genus of small to medium - sized sea snails with gills and an operculum , marine gastropod molluscs within the family calliostomatidae , the calliostoma top snails ( according to the taxonomy of taxonomy of gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) ) . previously this genus was placed within the family trochidae . calliostoma is the type genus of the family calliostomatidae .\ncalliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 : synonym of laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 )\ncalliostoma regalis ( verrill & s . smith , 1880 ) : synonym of calliotropis regalis ( verrill & smith , 1880 )\nsubgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )\nspecies calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )\nspecies calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )\nspecies calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\nspecies calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 \u2020 accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) \u2020\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )\nspecies calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )\nspecies calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020\nspecies calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )\nspecies calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )\nspecies calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )\nspecies calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )\nperron , f . e . ( 1975 ) .\ncarnivorous calliostoma ( prosobranchia : trochidae ) from the northeastern pacific\n. veliger 18 : 52\u201354 .\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) .\na revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand\n. the nautilus 108 : 83\u2013127 .\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) \u2020 accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 \u2020\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )\nclench w . & turner r . ( 1960 ) .\nthe genus calliostoma in the western atlantic\n. johnsonia 4 ( 40 ) : 1 - 80 .\nremarks . calliostoma delli tends to be broader than high ; one of the figured paratypes ( fig . 14 ) is unusually narrow , compared to most specimens on the type lot .\nquinn , j . f . jr . ( 1992 ) .\nnew species of calliostoma and notes on some poorly known species from the western atlantic\n. the nautilus 106 : 77\u2013114 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]\n\u00bb species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )\ncontrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .\n( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]\ncurrently , calliostoma is being treated in worms as a broad genus . it is expected to be broken up and ( some ) subgenera will be elevated to the status of genus . at this moment ( 2013 ) , information is too fragmentary to assign all species in a revised genus .\nholotype for calliostoma atlantoides quinn , 1992 catalog number : usnm 860261 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry locality : st . lucia , caribbean sea , north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) : 417 to 589 vessel : pillsbury r / v\nnew records of live known calliostomatidae species from eastern and central tropical pacifie are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . four new species are described and compared with similar species : calliostoma haapaiensis n . sp . , c . vaubanoides n . sp . , c . mesemorinon n . sp . and c . polysarkon n . sp .\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nselastele marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : selastele onustum odhner , n . h . j . , 1924\nphotinastoma powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : photinastoma taeniatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1825\nphotinula adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1854 type species : unknowngenustype\nvenustatrochus powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : venustatrochus georgianus powell , a . w . b . , 1951\nakoya habe , t . , 1961 type species : akoya akoya kuroda , t . in ikeba , 1942\ncoralastele iredale , t . , 1930 type species : coralastele allanae iredale , t . , 1930\nmaurea oliver , w . r . b . , 1926 type species : maurea tigris gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nastele swainson , w . a . , 1855 type species : astele subcarinata swainson , w . a . , 1855\nastelena iredale , t . , 1924 type species : astelena scitulum adams , a . in adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1854\nbenthastelena iredale , t . , 1936 type species : benthastelena katherina iredale , t . , 1936\nfalsimargarita powell , a . w . b . , 1951 type species : falsimargarita gemma smith , e . a . , 1915\nbathyfautor marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : bathyfautor rapuhia marshall , b . a . , 1995\ndactylastele marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : dactylastele poupineli montrouzier , r . p . , 1875\nfautrix marshall , b . a . , 1995 type species : fautrix candida marshall , b . a . , 1995\nphenacomargarites marshall , b . a . , 2016 type species : phenacomargarites williamsae marshall , b . a . , 2016\nmargarella thiele , j . in troschel , f . h . & j . thiele , 1893 type species : margarella expansa sowerby , g . b . i , 1838\nthysanodonta marshall , b . a . , 1988 type species : thysanodonta aucklandica marshall , b . a . , 1988\nbruceina \u00f6zdikmen , h . , 2013 type species : bruceina eos marshall , b . a . , 1988\ncarinastele marshall , b . a . , 1988 type species : carinastele kristelleae marshall , b . a . , 1988\ndimensions : height 29 . 6 mm . diameter 30 . 9 min ( holotype , fig . 13 ) : height 24 . 3 mm , diameter 23 . 2 mm ( paratype , fig . 14 ) ; height 29 . 0 mm , diameter 26 . 0 ( paratype . fig . 15 ) .\nmaterial . chile : los vilos ( lacm , type lot , figs . 13 - 15 ) , papudo , zapallar , algarrobo , punta penablanca ( lacm ) , pichilemu , constituci\u00f3n . specimens examined : 114 .\ntype material . thirty - three specimens from the type lo\u00adcality , collected 29 may 1977 , by andrade , shrimp trawler goden wind , holotype , lacm 1980 ; paratypes , lacm 1981 ; paratypes , mnhn 200489 ; paratypes , mzicb 15 . 528 ; paratypes , usnm 784738 .\ntype locality . 400 m off los vilos , chile ( 31\u00b056 ' s : 71\u00b054 ' w ) .\ndistribution . los vilos ( 31\u00b056 ' s ) to constituci\u00f3n , chile ( 35\u00b020 ' s ) . depth range 200 - 450 m .\ndiagnosis . a species of the subgenus otukaia characterized by having three spiral cords prominent at all growth stages . it differs from the similarly sculptured c . blacki ( dell , 1956 ) from new zealand ( see dell , 1956 : 46 , pl . 7 , fig . 6 ) in being lower spired , and in having a weaker subsutural ( first ) cord and a stronger second cord .\netymology . we are pleased to name this species in honor of dr . richard k . dell of the national museum of new zealand , wellington . \u201d\nmclean , j . h . and h . andrade . 1982 . large archibenthal gastropods of central chile : collections from an expedition of the r / v anton bruun and the chilean shrimp industry . los angeles county museum , contributions in sciences , 342 : 1 - 20 . urltoken ; = 2316\nunconfirmed _ type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .\nholotype : quinn , j . f . 1992 . the nautilus . 106 ( 3 ) : 102 .\nunconfirmed type : mclean , j . & andrade , h . 1982 . contributions in science ( natural history museum of los angeles county ) . 342 : 1 - 20 , figs . 1 - 56 .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 274 - 274 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 12 . 462 - 12 . 462 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 16 . 704 - 16 . 704 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 456 - 35 . 456 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 043 - 3 . 043 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 235 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 5 . 700 - 5 . 700 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nstocks , k . 2009 . seamounts online : an online information system for seamount biology . version 2009 - 1 . world wide web electronic publication .\nthe distribution of this genus is worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .\nthe rather thin , acute , coeloconoid ( = approaching conical shape but with concave sides ) shell is imperforate or rarely umbilicate . the whorls are smooth , often polished and spirally ridged or granular . the\nperron , frank e . ; turner r . d . ( 1978 ) .\ndall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40\nvilvens c . ( 2012 ) new species and new records of seguenzioidea and trochoidea ( gastropoda ) from french polynesia . novapex 13 ( 1 ) : 1 - 23 . [ 10 march 2012 ] page ( s ) : 18\nwilliams , s . t . ; k . m . donald , h . g . spencer and t . nakano ( march 2010 ) .\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .\nnemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .\northoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .\nnemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .\nto survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .\nthe question that will decide our destiny is not whether we shall expand into space . it is : shall we be one\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nuntil you submit the order , another stampworld user may purchase this item . buy more from the same seller and save shipping costs .\nnow showing : turkey - postage stamps ( 1863 - 2016 ) - 4420 stamps .\nnow showing : afghanistan - postage stamps ( 1990 - 1999 ) - 269 stamps .\n, a revision of the recent species of exilia , formerly benthovoluta ( gastropoda : turbinellidae ) .\n, protoconchs , dispersal and tectonic plates biogeography : new pacific species of morum ( gastropoda : harpidae ) .\nmorum clatratum n . sp . and morum roseum n . sp . are described from depths of 100 - 200 m in the marquesas islands . mode of development inferred from protoconch morphology and comparison with the protoconchs of harpa with teleplanic larvae suggests that the new species have planktotrophic larval development , and that they are expected to range widely outside the marquesas . in addition , morum kurzi , m . macdonaldi , and m . teramachii , with inferred planktotrophic development , and m . watanabei , with inferred non - planktotrophic development , are newly recorded from south pacific localities . the distribution of individual species of morum appears to reflect dispersal during the planktonic phase , rather than movement of the lithospheric plates on the geological scale . the caribbean morum oniscus and m . lamarckii , respectively with inferred non - planktotrophic and planktotrophic development , are treated as separate valid species .\n, new worldwide cowries . descriptions of new taxa and revisions of selected groups of living cypraeidae ( mollusca : gastropoda )\n, a new pleurotomariid ( gastropoda : pleurotomariidae ) from tonga islands , south pacific , bayerotrochus poppei sp . nov .\nbayerotrochus poppei sp . nov . is hereby described and compared with other species of bayerotrochus from the south pacific .\ncastro , peter , williams , austin b . , cooper , lara l . , 2003 , revision of the family latreilliidae stimpson , 1858 ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) , zoosystema , 25 , 4 , 601 - 634\nphos alabastrum sp . nov . and p . boucheti sp . nov . are characterized by a striking bicarinate protoconch , a character they h\u00e2ve in common with the carribean species o\u00ef antillophos woodring , 1928 . the colour of the protoconch and the absence of strong sculpture on the teleoconch distinguish both species from the australian p . sciilptilis watson , 1886 . p . deforgesi sp . nov . differs from the preceding species and from some species of h inia ( nassariidae ) in having a siphonal notch .\n, the deep - water indo - pacific radiation of fusinus ( chryseofusus subgen . nov . ) ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae )\nofwegen , l . p . van , hartog , koos den , fautin , daphne g . , den hartog , j . c .\nthe sea anemone species isactinernus quadrilobatus carlgren , 1918 , and synactinernus fiavus carlgren , 1918 , which were described in new monotypic genera from few specimens collected in southern japan , are synonymized , based on many more specimens from the south pacific . as well as the geographic range , the depth range of this species has been extended to 110 - 700 m . the species had been distinguished primarily on whether the oral dise had four lobes ( i quadrilobatus ) or eight ( synactinernus flavus ) - we conclude their number is largely related to size of the animal . other features that carlgren had used to differentiate the genera ( and species ) are inconsistently present and do not correlate with lobe number .\nbail , patrice , poppe , guido t . , groh , klaus , 2004 , the tribe lyriini . a revision of the recent species of the genera . lyria , callipara , harpulina , enaeta and leptoscapha , a conchological iconography , ix , 5 - 72\nbail p . , poppe g . , 2004 , a conchological iconography . the tribe lyriini : a revision of the recent species of the genera lyria , callipara , harpulina , enaeta and leptoscapha . in conchbooks , 1 - 93\nbamber , roger norman , marshall , bruce a . , richer de forges , bertrand\nchan , tin\u2010yam , marshall , bruce a . , richer de forges , bertrand\n, the \u2018\u2018plesionika rostricrescentis ( bate , 1888 ) \u2019\u2019 and \u2018\u2018p . lophotes chace , 1985\u2019\u2019 species groups of plesionika bate , 1888 , with descriptions of five new species ( crustacea : decapoda : pandalidae )\nhymenopenaeus obliquirostris ( bate , 1881 ) , a relatively poorly known species , is redescribed , figured and compared with h . halli bruce , 1966 . two other species of hymenopenaeus , h . methalli from the southwest pacific and h . fallax from hawaii , are described as new . all these species are closely related to one another . they are distinguished essentially by the presence or absence of a postrostral carina , the presence or absence of a fixed spine on the merus of the first pereopods , and the shape of parts of the thelycum and petasma .\ngalil , bella s . , 2004 , a new genus and species of leucosiid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) from the indo - pacific ocean , zoosystema , 26 , 3 , 495 - 502\n, on the genus cycloscala dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : epitoniidae ) in the indo - pacific , with comments on the type species , new records of known species , and the description of three new species .\nall described indo - pacific taxa referable to the epitoniid genus cycloscala dall , 1889 are listed and evaluated . the type species , cycloscala echinaticosta ( d ' orbugny , 1842 ) is discussed . four described inod - pacific cycloscala species , considered valid herewith , are treated : cycloscala crenulata pease , 1867 ; c . gazae kilburn , 1985 ; c . hyalina sowerby ii , 1844 ; and c . revoluta hedley , 1899 . three new species are described : cycloscala armata , c . sardella , and c . montrouzieri .\nhayashi , ken - ichi , marshall , bruce a . , richer de forges , bertrand\n, revision of the pasiphaea cristata bate , 1888 species group of pasiphaea savigny , 1816 , with descriptions of four new species , and referral of p . australis hanamura , 1989 to alainopasiphaea hayashi , 1999 ( crustacea : decapoda : pasiphaeidae )\na new cratigonid genus and species , pseudopontophilus serratus n . gen . , n . sp . , is established from the southwestern pacific . the new genus is closely related to pontophilus leach , 18 17 and parapontophilus christoffersen , 1988 in having at least one pair of lateral teeth oil the rostrum and a postorbital suture on the carapace . it is distinguished from both pontophilus and parapontophilus in the completely loss of exopod on the first pereopod and the less reduced second pereopod . considerable variation in the number of median spines oil the carapace , which not appear to be correlated with either size or sex , is found in this new species .\nkomai , tomoyuki , marshall , bruce a . , richer de forges , bertrand\n, a review of the indo - west pacific species of the genus glyphocrangon a . milne - edwards , 1881 ( excluding the g . caeca species group ) ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea : glyphocrangonidae )\n, nassarius boucheti spec . nov . , a deep water species from the western pacific ( gastropoda , prosobranchia , nassariidae )\na new nassarius deep water species is described from the western pacific . the material was collected during several expeditions of the museum national d ' histoire nature lie , paris .\nlemaitre , rafael , marshall , bruce a . , richer de forges , bertrand\nmacpherson , enrique , marshall , bruce a . , richer de forges , bertrand , 2004 , species of the genus munida leach , 1820 and related genera from fiji and tonga ( crustacea : decapoda : galatheidae ) , tropical deep - sea benthos , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 23 , 191 , 231 - 292\nmclaughlin , patsy a . , 2004 , redescription of tomopaguroides valdiviae ( balss , 1911 ) ( crustacea , decapoda , anomura , paguroidea , paguridae ) with notes on variation and female morphology , zoosystema , 26 , 3 , 469\u2013482\nnorman , mark d . , boucher - rodoni , renata , hochberg , f . g .\n, two new western pacific deep water species of nassarius ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : nassariidae ) : nassarius herosae sp . nov . and nassarius vanpeli sp . nov .\nduring several expeditions by the museum national d ' histoire naturel , paris , two hereby described deep water species of nassarius were collected .\n, new species and new records of danilia ( gastropoda : chilodontidae ) from the western pacific .\nnew records of danilia species from the west - pacific are listed . danilia angulosa n . sp . , d . galeata n . sp . and d ; discordata n . sp . are described and compared with similar danilia species . a key to wetern pacific danilia species , including the new species , is proposed . the recent worldwide species of danilia , the number of which reach now therefore 11 , are listed with their main distinctive features in an appendix .\nahyong , shane t . , galil , bella s . , 2006 , polychelidae from the southern and western pacific ( decapoda , polychelida ) , zoosystema , 28 , 3 , 757 - 767\na new species of a turrid gastropod is described and compared with similar species . the new species has been collected in japan from okinawa prefecture and from wakayama prefecture , central honshu . it has also been taken off aliguay island in northern mindanao province , philippine islands , and from several localities in the western pacific . the nes species has a brown maculate pattern with numerous dark brown spots , a brownfish purple siphonal process and a rather deep , with anal sinus .\n, penaeopsis bate , 1881 ( crustacea , decapoda , penaeidae ) r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans le pacifique sud - ouest par les campagnes fran\u00e7aises depuis 1976 . description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle\nthe pasiphaea alcocki species group is treated herewith , as the third group of the genus pasiphaea savigny , 1816 . the group is primarily characterized by a deeply concave posterior margin of the telson and the distinctly carinate dorsal margin of the carapace and abdomen . the meri of the first and second pereopods are always armed with many spines , and the ischium and / or basis of the second pereopods are sometimes armed with spines . the group comprises 17 species including two new species both from musorstom material , pasiphaea ledoyeri n . sp . and pasiphaea major n . sp . , which are large size species . p . berentsae kensley , tranter & griffin , 1987 is proved to be a junior synonym of p . barnardi yaldwyn , 1971 . p . balssi burukovsky & romensky ; , 1987 is probably a junior synonym of p . rathbunae ( stebbing 1914a ) . a key to the species of p . alcocki group is presented . each species is diagnosed and most species are redescribed and / or figured .\na new genus and species , choneteuthis tongaensis gen . et sp . nov . , is described from the waters around tonga in the central south pacific ocean . the new genus does not clearly fit in any of the currently recognized subfamilies of the family sepiolidae , justifying a reconsideration of the subfamilial subdivision of the family .\n, annotated catalogue of brachyuran type specimens ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) deposited in the mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris . part i . podotremata\no\u2019hara , timothy d . , 2007 , seamounts : centres of endemism or species richness for ophiuroids ? , global ecology and biogeography , 16 , 6 , 720 - 732 doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1466 - 8238 . 2007 . 00329 . x\n, new species and new records of calliotropis ( gastropoda : chilodontidae : calliotropinae ) from indo - pacific .\nnew records of 25 calliotropis species from the indo - pacific area are listed , extending the distribution area of some of them . 30 new species and 1 new subspecies are described and compared with similar calliotropis species : c . conoeides n . sp . ; c . helix n . sp . ; c . cynee n . sp . ; c . chalkeie n . sp . ; c . ptykte n . sp . ; c . solomonensis n . sp . ; c . pistis n . sp . ; c . echidnoides n . sp . ; c . cycloeides n . sp . ; c . pyramoeides n . sp . ; c . coopertorium n . sp . ; c . asphales n . sp . ; c . nux n . sp . ; c . oros n . sp . ; c . oros marquisensis n . ssp . ; c . zone n . sp . ; c . hysterea n . sp . ; c . stegos n . sp . ; c . oregmene n . sp . ; c . cooperculum n . sp . ; c . keras n . sp . ; c . denticulus n . sp . ; c . dicrous n . sp . ; c . rostrum n . sp . ; c . pheidole n . sp . ; c . siphaios n . sp . ; c . nomisma n . sp . ; c . nomismasimilis n . sp . ; c . elephas n . sp . ; c . ostrideslithos n . sp . ; c . trieres n . sp .\nbaba , keiji , macpherson , enrique , poore , gary c . b . , ahyong , shane t . , bermudez , adriana , cabezas , patricia , lin , chia - wei , nizinski , martha , rodrigues , celso , schnabel , kareen e .\nbeu , alan g . , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\n, recent deep - water cassidae of the world . a revision of galeodea , oocorys , sconsia , echinophoria and relatedtaxa , with new genera and species ( mollusca , gastropoda )\ndijkstra , henk h . , maestrati , philippe , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\nfifty - two deep - water species of pectinoidea ( 37 propeamussiidae , 1 entoliidae , 14 pectinidae ) are listed from norfolk ridge ( 11 species ) , loyalty islands ( 4 species ) , fiji islands ( 30 species ) , tonga ( 26 species ) , solomon islands ( 26 species ) and the marquesas archipelago ( 8 species ) . all species from fiji , tonga and the marquesas are new records and six species of propeamussiidae are new to science : propeamussium boucheti ( fiji and tonga ) , parvamussium biformatum ( solomons ) , parvamussium lozoueti ( fiji and tonga ) , parvamussium marquesanum ( marquesas ) , parvamussium polynesianum ( marquesas ) and similipecten herosae ( tonga ) . two new combinations ( hyalopecten tydemani , talochlamys gladysiae ) are introduced .\nhouart , roland , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\nlozouet , pierre , maestrati , philippe , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\na little less than 100 species of cones are known in the literature from waters around the fiji islands , all intertidal to subtidal . we report here on the species taken by recent offshore and deep - water benthic sampling expeditions . samples were taken to depths of 1300 m , although cones were taken not deeper than 680 m . leaving aside two taxa of uncertain identity , the material contains 22 species from depths deeper than 100 m , all of which are new records for fiji , including four new species ( conus cakobaui spec . nov . , alive in 414 - 567 m ; c . joliveti spec . nov . , alive in 150 - 353 m ; c . fijisulcatus spec . nov . , alive in 150 - 188 m ; and c . gigasulcatus spec . nov . , alive in 290 - 300 m ) . a further 19 species are from depths shallower than 100 m , and these include six new records for fiji , including two new species ( c . fijiensis spec . nov . , alive in 80 - 120 m ; and c . sutanorcum spec . nov . , alive in 32 - 50 m ) .\noliverio , marco , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\nricher de forges , bertrand , ng , peter k . l . , 2008 , new records of deep - sea spider crabs of the genus cyrtomaia miers , 1886 , from the pacific ocean , with description of a new species ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : majidae ) , zootaxa , 1861 , 17 - 28\nscarabino , victor , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\na supplementary list of material examined is provided , completing the list given in a recently published paper revising the genus spinosipella worldwide ( simone & cunha , 2008 ) . most of the material belongs to the mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , france .\nvald\u00e9s , \u00e1ngel , h\u00e9ros , virginie , cowie , robert h . , bouchet , philippe\nahyong , shane t . , ng , peter k . l . , 2009 , the cymonomidae of the philippines ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) , with descriptions of four new species , the raffles bulletin of zoology , suppl . 20 , 233 - 246\nlorenz f . , fehse d . , 2009 , the living ovulidae : a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . , conchbooks\nthree new genera and five new species of epialtid majoid crabs are described from deep water in the western pacific . two new species of oxypleurodon miers , 1886 : o . sanctaeclausi n . sp . and o . annulatum n . sp . are described from the philippines . new specimens of the rare oxypleurodon carbunculum ( rathbun , 1906 ) from the hawaiian islands are also recorded . three new genera are established : garthinia n . gen . for g . disica n . sp . from the solomon islands ; guinotinia n . gen . for g . cordis n . sp . from new caledonia and g . lehouarnoi n . sp . from fiji and tonga ; and laubierinia n . gen . for sphenocarcinus nodosus rathbun , 1916 , and rochinia carinata griffin & tranter , 1986 .\n, taxonomic revision of the genus paramunida baba , 1988 ( crustacea : decapoda : galatheidae ) : a morphological and molecular approach .\ncastro p . , 2010 , a new species and new records of palicoid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura , palicoidea , palicidae , crossotonotidae ) from the indo - west pacific region , zoosystema , 32 , 1 , 73 - 86 doi : 10 . 5252 / z2010n1a3\no\u2019hara , timothy d . , tittensor , derek p . , 2010 , environmental drivers of ophiuroid species richness on seamounts : ophiuroid seamount species richness , marine ecology , 31 , suppl . 1 , 26 - 38 doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0485 . 2010 . 00373 . x\nrowden , ashley a . , schnabel , kareen e . , schlacher , thomas a . , macpherson , enrique , ahyong , shane t . , richer de forges , bertrand\nbouchet , philippe , kantor , yuri i . , sysoev , alexander v . , puillandre , nicolas\no ' hara , timothy d . , rowden , ashley a . , bax , nicholas j .\ngeiger , daniel l . , 2012 , monograph of the little slit shells . volume 1 . introduction , scissurellidae , santa barbara museum of natural history monographs , santa barbara museum of natural history , 1 , 7\ngeiger , daniel l . , 2012 , monograph of the little slit shells . volume 2 . anatomidae , larocheidae , depressizonidae , sutilizonidae , temnocinclidae , santa barbara museum of natural history monographs , santa barbara museum of natural history , 2 , 7\nfourteen species of muricidae referable to the ( sub ) genera promurex ponder & vokes , 1988 , pygmaepterys vokes , 1978 , murexsul lredale , 1915 , pazinotus vokes , 1970 , prototyphis ponder , 1972 , ponderia houart , 1986 , gemixystus iredale , 1929 , leptotrophon houart , 1995 and scabrotrophon mclean , 1996 are reported from new caledonia , the solomon islands and taiwan , to depths down to 1750 m . five new species are described : favartia ( pygmaepterys ) lifouensis n . sp . from new caledonia with range extension to the solomon islands , pazinotus chionodes n . sp . and gemixystus calcareus n . sp . from new caledonia , leptotrophon wareni n . sp . from the solomon islands and favartia ( pygmaepterys ) circinata n . sp . from taiwan .\ntwo new species of timbellus are described from the coral sea and the new caledonia region with extension to fiji , tonga and the kermadec islands for one species . both species are compared to t . richeri ( houart , 1987 ) and t . vespertilio ( kuroda , 1959 ) . nine species of the genus timbellus are recorded from the coral sea and the new caledonia region . ouly one , t . bilobatus n . sp . is known from other localities in the indo - west pacific province .\nkantor , yuri i . , puillandre , nicolas , rivasseau , audrey , bouchet , philippe\n, neither a buccinid nor a turrid : a new family of deep - sea snails for belomitra p . fischer , 1883 ( mollusca , neogastropoda ) with a review of recent indo - pacific species\nkilburn , richard n . , fedesov , alexander e . , olivera , baldomero m .\nahyong , shane t . , chan , tin\u2010yam , corbari , laure , ng , peter k . l .\nlemaitre , rafael , ahyong , shane t . , chan , tin - yam , corbari , laure , ng , peter k . l .\nma , ka yan , chu , ka hou , ahyong , shane t . , chan , tin\u2010yam , corbari , laure , ng , peter k . l .\nrouse , greg w . , jermiin , lars s . , wilson , nerida g . , eeckhaut , igor , lanterbecq , deborah , oji , tatsuo , young , craig m . , browning , teena , cisternas , paula , helgen , lauren e . , stuckey , michelle , messing , charles g .\nroux , michel , el\u00e9aume , marc , hemery , lena\u00efg g . , am\u00e9ziane , nadia\nsix new species of the genus nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805 are described , based on material collected from the coral triangle and the south pacific . we combine traditional morphology - based descriptions with the molecular ( cytochrome c oxidase i - coi ) signature of the new species . new species are : nassarius ocellatus sp . nov . ( philippines to vanuatu ) , nassarius houbricki sp . nov . ( solomon islands to queensland and tonga ) , nassarius radians sp . nov . ( philippines to vanuatu ) , nassarius vanuatuensis sp . nov . ( vanuatu ) , nassarius velvetosus sp . nov . ( western australia to fiji ) and nassarius martinezi sp . nov . ( solomon islands to tonga ) .\nvilvens , claude , williams , suzanne t . , herbert , david g .\na new genus , arxellia , is described in the family solariellidae . nine species are referred to this taxon , eight of which are new and are described in this paper ( arxellia trochos n . sp . , arxellia boucheti n . sp . , arxellia herosae n . sp . , arxellia helicoides n . sp . , arxellia tracheia n . sp . , arxellia thaumasta n . sp . , arxellia maestratii n . sp . and arxellia erythrea n . sp . ) . the previously described species bathymophila tenorioi poppe , tagaro & dekker , 2006 is reassigned to arxellia .\nmorassi , mauro , bonfitto , antonio , 2015 , new indo - pacific species of the genus teretia norman , 1888 ( gastropoda : raphitomidae ) , zootaxa , 3911 , 4 , 560 - 570 doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3911 . 4 . 5\nter poorten , jan johan , 2015 , fragum vanuatuense spec . nov . , a small new fragum from the central indo - west pacific ( bivalvia , cardiidae ) , basteria , 79 , 4 - 6 , 114 - 120\nchan , tin - yam , cleva , r\u00e9gis , chu , ka hou , 2016 , on the genus trachysalambria burkenroad , 1934 ( crustacea , decapoda , penaeidae ) , with descriptions of three new species , zootaxa , 4150 , 3 , 201 - 254 doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4150 . 3 . 1\nchen , chien - lin , goy , joseph w . , bracken - grissom , heather d . , felder , darryl l . , tsang , ling ming , chan , tin - yam , 2016 , phylogeny of stenopodidea ( crustacea : decapoda ) shrimps inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes reveals non - monophyly of the families spongicolidae and stenopididae and most of their composite genera , invertebrate systematics , 30 , 5 , 479 - 490 doi : 10 . 1071 / is16024\nfraussen , koen , stahlschmidt , peter , h\u00e9ros , virginie , strong , ellen e . , bouchet , philippe\n, the extensive indo - pacific deep - water radiation of manaria e . a . smith , 1906 ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) and related genera , with descriptions of 21 new species\nfehse , dirk , 2017 , contributions to the knowledge of the triviidae , xxix - b . new triviidae from the fiji , visaya , suppl . viii , 31 - 48\nfehse , dirk , 2017 , contributions to the knowledge of the triviidae , xxix - g . new triviidae from tonga islands , visaya , suppl . viii , 5 - 30\nfehse , dirk , 2017 , contributions to the knowledge of the triviidae , xxix - k . new triviidae from the vanuatu , visaya , suppl . viii , 95 - 124\ngalindo , lee ann , kool , hugo h . , dekker , henk , 2017 , review of the nassarius pauperus ( gould , 1850 ) complex ( nassariidae ) : part 3 , reinstatement of the genus reticunassa , with the description of six new species , european journal of taxonomy , 275 , 1 - 43 doi : 10 . 5852 / ejt . 2017 . 275\nmah , christopher l . , 2017 , overview of the ferdina - like goniasteridae ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) including a new subfamily , three new genera and fourteen new species , zootaxa , 4271 , 1 , 1 - 72 doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4271 . 1 . 1\ncitation : mus\u00e3\u00a9um national d ' histoire naturelle [ ed ] . 2018 . r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel des campagnes de collectes , site web : urltoken . - v 2 . 18 . 2\n( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]\nvilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]\nwilliams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]"]}
{"id": 2197, "summary": [{"text": "atelopus andinus , the andes stubfoot toad , is a species of toad in the family bufonidae endemic to peru .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "atelopus andinus", "paragraphs": ["atelopus pulcher andinus \u2014 peters , 1973 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 145 : 42 .\natelopus andinus \u2014 l\u00f6tters and de la riva , 1998 , j . herpetol . , 32 : 481 - 488 .\natelopus spumarius andinus rivero , 1968 , caribb . j . sci . , 8 : 23 . holotype : amnh 43200 ( erroneously cited as 4300 in the original publication , according to l\u00f6tters , 1996 , neotrop . toad genus atelopus : 49 ) . type locality :\nupper biabo valley , per\u00fa\n.\ncan be differentiated from other atelopus species by its grandular skin and color pattern . specifically ,\nrivero , j . a . ( 1968 ) . ' ' more on the atelopus ( amphibia , salientia ) from western south america . ' '\nduellman , w . e . , lynch , j . d . ( 1969 ) . ' ' description of atelopus tadpoles and their relevance to the atelopoid classication . ' '\nthe species authority is : rivero , j . a . 1968 . more on the atelopus ( amphibia , salientia ) from western south america . caribbean journal of science : 19 - 29 .\nlotters , s . ( 2003 ) . ' ' on the systematics of the harlequin frogs ( amphibia : bufonidae : atelopus ) from amazonia . iii : a new , remarkably dimorphic species from the cordillera azul , peru . ' '\nthere are no reports of chytridiomycosis impacting this atelopus species , but it is presumed to be susceptible to this pathogen , which is now causing amphibian declines in northern peru . it is possible that populations of this species at lower altitudes might be able to survive an outbreak of the disease .\nis diurnal . when these frogs lay eggs , they come out in stringed clusters that are unpigmented in torrential streams . based on the study of other atelopus tadpoles , it could be likely that tadpoles of this species would possess a large ventral mouth , suctorial disk , a median anal tube , and breathe by using buccal pumping . ( duellman and lynch 1969 ) . these frogs prey primarily on small insects and other small organisms ( lotters 2003 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\njustification : listed as critically endangered because of a population decline , projected to be more than 50 % over the next 10 years , inferred from the possible impact of chytridiomycosis on this species .\nthis species is restricted to the upper r\u00edo biabo valley ( northern versant of the cordillera azul ) ( departamento de san mart\u00edn ) , the r\u00edo pisqui , ( departamento loreto ) , and r\u00edo cachiyacu ( on the border of departamentos san mart\u00edn and loreto ) , peru . its recorded altitudinal range is 1 , 000 - 2 , 000m asl .\nthere is no information on its current population status , but it has been seen as recently as 2004 near iquitos .\nit is a terrestrial species restricted to submontane tropical forest . breeding is thought to take place in streams . this species is presumed to be susceptible to habitat change and is therefore not expected to occur in any modified or degraded habitats\nthis species is present in the parque nacional cordillera azul . given the susceptibility of this species to chytridiomycosis , successful conservation measures are likely to require some form of disease management programme and the maintenance of captive populations .\nstefan l\u00f6tters , antonio salas , ariadne angulo , javier icochea , robert reynolds , enrique la marca . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nare slender toads with type male of this species reach 28 mm and type female 34 . 9 mm in terms of total length . the head is approximately as long as it is wide . total leg length is slightly shorter than snout vent length . and the foot is about a third of the snout vent length . their skin is highly granular with a spiny texture that is concentrated on their eyelids , dorsolatera area , and posterior end . the limbs are less granular . otherwise the description is similar to that of\nby having more dense tubercles , especially on the eyelid , dorsolateral area , and posterior end . additionally , the dorsolateral band and dorsal spots are tan instead of ranging from green to green - yellow in\nhas a black dorsum with a tan dorsolateral band and tan dorsal spots ( rivero 1968 ) . they exhibit bright colors , which serve as visual warnings that these frogs do secrete toxins in their skin ( lotters 2003 ) .\nspecies are habitat degradation , destruction , and disease . currently the population is declining . this species is present in the parque nacional cordillera azul . a disease management program is likely needed for successful conservation due to this species vulnerability to chytridiomycosis ( lotters et al . 2004 ) .\nl\u00f6tters , s . , salas , a . , angulo , a . , icochea , j . , reynolds , r . , la marca e . ( 2004 ) .\n. in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 11 april 2014 .\ntaylor bonnet ( taylor62591 at gmail . com ) , university of nevada , reno\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nupper r\u00edo biabo valley in the amazon basin of eastern peru ( departamentos san mart\u00edn and loreto ) , 1000 - 2000 m elevation .\nsee photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 160 . l\u00f6tters , 2005 , in rueda - almonacid et al . ( eds . ) , ranas arlequines : 55 , provided a brief account .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 2199, "summary": [{"text": "emballonura is a genus of sac-winged bat in the family emballonuridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : small asian sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura alecto ) peters 's sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura atrata ) beccari 's sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura beccarii ) large-eared sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura dianae ) greater sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura furax ) lesser sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura monticola ) raffray 's sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura raffrayana ) pacific sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura semicaudata ) seri 's sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura serii ) western sheath-tailed bat ( emballonura tiavato )", "topic": 25}], "title": "emballonura", "paragraphs": ["recently described as a new species in a split from emballonura atrata ( goodman et al . 2006 ) .\nthis species may be confused with emballonura alecto which occurs in sympatry with e . monticola on the island of borneo ( corbet and hill 1992 ) .\nthis recently described species is endemic to madagascar ( goodman et al . 2006 ) . it is restricted to the karstic lowland areas in the western part of the island , extending from the drier areas in the north in diana region to parc national tsingy de bemaraha in the west ( goodman et al . 2005 ) . a record from toliara in the extreme south has also been attributed to this species ( peterson et al . 1995 ) , but the specimen was not examined as part of the recent reassessment of emballonura taxonomy on madagascar ( goodman et al . 2006 ) . the distribution of this species would be significantly reduced if the toliara specimen was omitted . it is currently known to range between 10 and 330 m elevation ( goodman et al . 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere is the possibility of confusion with e . monticola ( c . francis pers . comm . 2006 ) .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) , chanson , j . & chiozza , f . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and although populations are declining due to deforestation , it is unlikely to be occurring at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthe species occurs in borneo , philippines , sulawesi and other indonesian islands . in the philippines , it is probably found throughout except the batanes / babuyan region . records are from balabac , biliran , bohol , camiguin , catanduanes , dinagat , guimaras , leyte , luzon ( camarines sur , laguna , quezon provinces ) , maripipi , mindanao ( davao del norte , davao del sur , zamboanga del norte , and zamboanga del sur provinces ) , negros , panay ( heaney et al . 1998 ) . it is found across borneo .\nin the philippines the species is common in areas with caves , including in or near secondary forest ; but is apparently rare elsewhere ( heaney et al . 1998 ) . in indonesia the species is common in the eastern part of its range ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) .\nit is found in lowland disturbed forest , as well as agricultural areas near remnant forest . most records are from caves , under large boulders , crevices , overhangs , or in man - made tunnels ( heaney et al . 1991 ; ingle 1992 ; rabor 1986 ; rickart et al . 1993 ; taylor 1934 ; heaney et al . 1998 ) . the species tends to roost close to the entrance of caves ( l . heaney pers . comm . ) . there are no records from old growth forest ( l . heaney and d . balete pers . comm . ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . however , there is ongoing disturbance to caves , but whether this affects the species is not currently known ( d . balete , l . heaney and a . suyanto pers . comm . 2006 ) .\nin the philippines , this species is found in protected areas , but most of these areas in the lowlands afford minimal protection . as with other species dependent on caves and crevices , there is a need to assess the population status , including the surrounding forest areas , across its range . elsewhere in its range , it occurs in some protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medell\u00edn , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )\njustification : although this species is known mainly from scattered records from a large area , it is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is known from papua new guinea and the solomon islands . in papua new guinea it has been recorded from east new britain , gulf , new ireland , southern highlands , and western provinces . in the solomon islands it has been recorded from the islands of guadalcanal , rennel , malaita , and santa isabel ( bonaccorso 1998 ) . it may be present on other islands within the solomons group . this species ranges from sea level to 1 , 400 m asl ( mu , east new britain province ) .\nthe species is considered to be rare , but it may be more abundant than is currently known ( bonaccorso 1998 ) . the occurrence of this species across several biogeographic regions ( mainland new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands ) may indicate that there is little genetic connectivity between some populations ( s . hamilton pers . comm . ) .\nthis is a cave - dwelling , insectivorous species that has been recorded from mossy tropical forest ( bonaccorso 1998 ) . females are believed to give birth to two young per year ( bonaccorso 1998 ) .\nit is threatened by deforestation and may be locally impacted by collection for food .\nsuitable conservation actions for this species are the protection of known roosting caves , and identification of additional important roosting sites . there are no known records of this species from protected areas , but it may occur in some within its range in papua new guinea .\njustification : listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km 2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the quality of its habitat , number of locations , and the number of mature individuals .\nthis species was previously a common species over much of its range . e . s . rotensis was last observed on guam in 1972 , and was thought to have become extinct in the northern mariana islands after 1932 until recent confirmation of a population on aguiguan island in 1984 . it is estimated that 150 to 300 animals remain there with no immediate threats ( hutson et al . 2001 ) . populations in fiji have significantly declined and may be extinct on viti levu ( flannery 1995 ) . the subspecies e . s . sulcata and e . s . palauensis are thought to be stable , but there are limited data to support this ( hutson et al . 2001 ) .\nthis is a small ( five gram ) bat with high site fidelity to caves . e . semicaudata is usually considered a cave - dependent species ( it prefers cave entrances ) , but it also has been found roosting beneath overhanging cliffs . the species has been recorded flying in daylight under forest , but normally emerges at dusk . details of its diet are not known ( hutson et al . 2001 ) . e . s . rotensis is found primarily in forested habitats on aguiguan ( esselsytn et al . 2004 ) .\nalthough there have been no conservation actions to protect this species to date , it is fully protected by legislation in samoa , guam , and in the northern marianas islands . suitable conservation actions for this species include the protection of known roosting caves , and the identification of additional important roosting sites . surveys are needed on population status and trends , as well as ecology , and threats ( e . g . , pesticide levels ) . a proposed survey of fossil remains on many of the southern islands of its historical range could yield potential translocation sites .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , its occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . however it is potentially sensitive to forest loss and may become threatened in the future by continued deforestation .\nthis species occurs in myanmar and thailand to western malaysia , borneo ( all of the island ) and indonesia ( sumatra , riau archipelago , bangka , belitung , enggano , babi islands , batu islands , nias island , mentawai islands , java , sulawesi ) ( simmons 2005 ) . the distribution in sulawesi is uncertain . there is a new record from southern thailand , near phanom , suggesting that the myanmar population is linked to that of southern thailand and malaysia ( s . bumrungsri and p . bates pers . comm . ) . this species may also have been recorded from buton ( t . kingston pers . comm . ) . it is found at an altitude of about 50 m in southern myanmar and 330 m asl in sumatra ( a . suyanto pers . comm . ) .\nthere is very little population information for this species . it is relatively common on the islands of southern myanmar ( p . banks pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is found in limestone caves and small crevices throughout secondary forest in southern myanmar where colony size reaches 50 individuals . in southern thailand a maximum of 100 individuals are found in manmade caves while smaller colonies are found under hanging rock in tropical lowland forest ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) . in peninsular malaysia e . monticola occurs in lowland rainforest , roosts under fallen trees , buttresses and tables ( c . francis pers . comm . ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species throughout its range . extraction of limestone may lead to the destruction of caves where this species is found . deforestation for agriculture , plantations , logging and as a result of fire is a major threat in some parts of its range .\ngoodman , s . m . , puechmaille , s . j . , friedli - weyeneth , n . , gerlach , j . , ruedi , m . , corrie schoeman , m . , stanley , w . t . and teeling , e . c . 2012 . phylogeny of the emballonurini ( emballonuridae ) with descriptions of a new genus and species from madagascar . journal of mammalogy 93 ( 6 ) : 15440 - 1455 .\nfollowing a recent taxonomic revision based on genetic and morphological comparisons , this species is now confined to the east of madagascar , with the smaller e . tiavato occurring in the west ( goodman et al . 2006 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread in eastern madagascar and although its population is certainly decreasing as the humid forest is converted into agricultural areas there is no evidence that the decrease has been rapid enough to warrant near threatened or threatened status .\nthis species is restricted to the humid zone of eastern madagascar and has been recorded from around maroantsetra in the north to tolagnaro ( fort dauphin ) in the south ( goodman et al . 2006 ) . it is known from a wide elevational range , from as low as 30 m ( goodman et al . 2006 ) to at least 900 m ( randrianandriananina et al . 2006 ) .\nthere is no information on population size . this species is rarely trapped in flight or detected acoustically and information on populations and distribution is mainly from bats found in caves . colony size in caves rarely exceeds 20 individuals ( jenkins et al . 2007 ) .\nparemballonura atrata is usually found roosting in caves and small crevices in or near to relatively intact humid forest ( goodman et al . 2006 , randrianandrianina et al . 2006 , kofoky et al . 2007 , jenkins et al . 2007 ) . it is considered to be dependent on relatively intact forest ( goodman et al . 2005 , 2006 ) .\nthis species is collected by people for bushmeat in one part of eastern madagascar ( d . andriafidison pers . comm ) . otherwise , forest clearance for expanding agriculture threatens the foraging and roosting sites for this species ( jenkins et al . 2007 ) .\nthis species has been recorded from parc national de mantadia ( randrianandrianina et al . 2006 ) and parc national de midongy du sud ( goodman et al . 2006 ) as well as from a network of protected sites around the baie de antogil ( goodman et al . 2006 ) . it probably does not require specific conservation action as long as forest vegetation is protected , but local populations should be monitored at roosting sites .\njustification : although this species is known only from scattered records it is listed as least concern in view of the wide distribution of these records , presumed large population , lack of any known major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is known from indonesia , papua new guinea , and the solomon islands . it has been recorded from the indonesian islands of halmahera , ambon , seram , gebe , yapen , biak , numfor , and supiori . it is present throughout much of the island of new guinea ( papua province , indonesia and central , chimbu , east sepik , and eastern provinces of papua new guinea ) , and also occurs on new ireland , lihir , tabar islands , bougainville , and buka , papua new guinea . in the solomon islands , it has been reported from the islands of guadalcanal , malaita , new georgia , and sanata isabel ( bonaccorso 1998 ; flannery 1995a , b ) . it has an elevational range of sea level to 1 , 600 m asl .\nflannery ( 1995a ) reports that this is a relatively common species on new guinea .\nthis species inhabits shallow limestone caves and mining tunnels , with colonies typically consisting of between ten and 30 animals ( bonaccorso 1998 ; flannery 1995a ) . it is an insectivorous species that combines aerial feeding with foliage gleaning ( bonaccorso 1998 ) .\nsuitable conservation actions for this species are the protection of known roosting caves , and identification of additional important roosting sites . the species has been recorded from crater mountain wildlife management area ( d . wright pers . comm . ) .\njustification : this bat is listed as least concern because although this species is declining due to the impacts of ongoing forest loss due to shifting agriculture and logging the reduction of suitable habitat is not thought to be sufficient to warrant listing in a higher category of threat . however , this species is not abundant within its range and requires close population monitoring and a reassessment may be needed in the near future .\nroosting colonies of p . tiavato are usually relatively small ( < 20 individuals ) .\nit appears to be associated with relatively intact forest and is believed to be forest dependent ( goodman et al . 2005 , 2006 ) . it is usually found roosting in the entrances to narrow caves and overhangs on rocks that receive weak sunlight ( cardiff 2006 , goodman et al . 2006 , kofoky et al . 2007 ) . at night it has been observed resting on buildings ( goodman et al . 2006 ) . it feeds in forest understorey and over small streams with bank side vegetation ( robinson et al . 2006 ) . its diet includes lepidoptera ( razakarivony et al . 2005 ) .\nthe species is threatened by habitat loss due to slash - and - burn agriculture ( tavy ) and from charcoal collecting and logging . other potential threats come from the disturbance of roosting caves from tourists ( kofoky et al . 2007 ) , fire ( jenkins et al . 2007 ) or mining ( cardiff 2006 ) .\nit is known from three protected areas , parc national tsingy de bemaraha , r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale d\u2019ankarana , r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale d ' analamerana ( goodman et al . 2005 ) .\njustification : previous assessments were limited by the availability of information on distribution . in recent years , new records of presence based on captures and recordings of its signature echolocation call , along with regional acoustic surveys , have extended the known and possible range of this species . as a result of this new information , and given the lack of identified key threats , this species does not currently match the criteria for listing as threatened .\nthe only significant threat to this species is broad - scale deforestation for forestry and the establishment of plantations . destruction or major disturbance of roost sites might pose a threat if large communal aggregations feature as part of the species\u2019 reproductive behaviour . a significant part of the species range is made up of rugged karst terrain that is unlikely to be subject to large scale clearance or disturbance .\nroost sites near crater mountain in chimbu province fall within the crater mountain wildlife management area . further ecological studies are needed .\nproposed endangered status for five species from american samoa ; proposed rule ; reopening of public comment period and notice of public hearing .\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the pacific sheath - tailed bat .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video ."]}
{"id": 2201, "summary": [{"text": "mylochromis gracilis , known as the happy or the haplochromis torpedo stripe ( in aquarium trade ) , is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is only known from sandy areas in the southern end of the lake .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 22 centimetres ( 8.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "mylochromis gracilis", "paragraphs": ["a male of mylochromis gracilis from senga bay , lake malawi [ malawi ] . photo by ad konings . determiner ad konings\nconservation : mylochromis gracilis is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2006 ) .\nmylochromis gracilis fatal error : call to undefined function session _ is _ registered ( ) in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem . com / httpdocs / profile _ show2 . php on line 48\nthis species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus sciaenochromis eccles & trewavas , 1989 but is now valid in the genus mylochromis regan , 1920 .\nthis species previously appeared on the iucn red list in the genus sciaenochromis eccles & trewavas , 1989 but is now valid in the genus mylochromis regan , 1920 . an amended assessment has been produced to reflect this taxonomic change .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2017 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 30 june 2017 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2017 ) .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread throughout the southern part of the lake with no known major widespread threats .\nendemic to lake malawi where it is only known from the southern part of the lake .\nobserved over sandy habitats where it feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . known as\nhaplochromis torpedo stripe\nin the aquarium trade . max . size : 22 cm tl .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t60968a117850179 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , mylo = mill + greek , chromis = a fish without identification , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 5 - 8 . 3 ; dh range : 5 - 30 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 12\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5595 )\nhas been observed over sand . preys on small fish , mainly cichlids , and on invertebrates collected from the sand ( ref . 5595 ) .\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . sciaenochromis . p . 440 - 441 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5692 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .\nnew fish have been released . . . . and where will all my new fish go ? a clue near the end\nhas been observed over sand . preys on small fish , mainly cichlids , and on invertebrates collected from the sand ( ref . 5595 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6 . 0 + , netscape 6 . 0 + , opera , mozilla , and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\ntrewavas , ethelwynn . 1935 .\na synopsis of the cichlid fishes of lake nyasa\n. annals and magazine of natural history . series 10 ; pp . 65 - 118 ( crc00118 )\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2208, "summary": [{"text": "phyllodesmium guamense is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family facelinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the specific name guamense refers to the island of guam , its type locality . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "phyllodesmium guamense", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is phyllodesmium guamense ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the phyllodesmium guamense species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of phyllodesmium guamense species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species phyllodesmium guamense .\nhow to identify phyllodesmium guamense marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species phyllodesmium guamense . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species phyllodesmium guamense are marked in green .\nphyllodesmium guamense\nuses camouflage and it looks like the soft coral\nsinularia\n.\nwhere is phyllodesmium guamense found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species phyllodesmium guamense can be found .\nhow can i put and write and define phyllodesmium guamense in a sentence and how is the word phyllodesmium guamense used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528phyllodesmium guamense\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528phyllodesmium guamense\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528phyllodesmium guamense\u9020\u53e5 , phyllodesmium guamense meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nthis is the place for phyllodesmium definition . you find here phyllodesmium meaning , synonyms of phyllodesmium and images for phyllodesmium copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nnick hope added the english common name\ncryptic phyllodesmium\nto\nphyllodesmium crypticum rudman , 1981\n.\nnick hope added the english common name\ngreat phyllodesmium\nto\nphyllodesmium magnum rudman , 1991\n.\ndana campbell selected\nphyllodesmium magnum\nto show in overview on\nphyllodesmium magnum rudman , 1991\n.\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word phyllodesmium . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word phyllodesmium and , of course , phyllodesmium synonyms and on the right images related to the word phyllodesmium .\nphyllodesmium magnum is a species of sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nnick hope marked the common name\nnudibranch\nin an unknown language from\nphyllodesmium magnum rudman , 1991\nas untrusted .\nmoore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger . 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 . [ details ]\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) .\nfurther studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidacea )\n. journal of molluscan studies 57 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013203 . abstract .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > 57 : 167 - 203 .\n( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\n( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\navila c . , ballesteros m . , slattery m . , starmer j . & paul v . j . ( 1998 ) phyllodesmium guamensis ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) , a new species from guam ( micronesia ) . journal of molluscan studies 64 ( 2 ) : 147\u2013160 . [ details ]\nmoore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus < i > phyllodesmium < / i > , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . < em > the veliger . < / em > 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 .\nwagner d . , kahng s . e . & toonen r . j . ( 2009 ) .\nobservations on the life history and feeding ecology of a specialized nudibranch predator ( phyllodesmium poindimiei ) , with implications for biocontrol of an invasive octocoral ( carijoa riisei ) in hawaii\n. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 372 ( 1 - 2 ) : 64 - 74 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jembe . 2009 . 02 . 007 . pdf .\navila , ballesteros , slattery , starmer & paul , 1998 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456805 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 - 1831 ) . in : f . g . hemprich & c . g . ehrenberg , symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text , 126 pp . ) [ 1831 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : folio h [ page 3 ] [ details ]\n( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1896 ) . eolidiens d ' amboine . revue suisse de zoologie . 4 ( 2 ) : 385 - 394 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 392 [ details ]\n( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1905 ) . die opisthobranchiata der siboga - expedition . siboga - expeditie . 50 : 1 - 248 , pls 1 - 20 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 226 [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 ) . < i > symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca < / i > . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text ) [ 1831 ] .\nehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 - 1831 ) . in : f . g . hemprich & c . g . ehrenberg , < i > symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca < / i > . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text , 126 pp . ) [ 1831 ] .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word polydactyla . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word polydactyla and , of course , polydactyla synonyms and on the right images related to the word polydactyla .\ndadds , a . filix - femina plumosum , a . filix - femina corymbiferum , and d . . .\nthis is the place for polydactyla definition . you find here polydactyla meaning , synonyms of polydactyla and images for polydactyla copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 2217, "summary": [{"text": "polystira picta is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family turridae , the turrids .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has been found in the shallow subtidal waters of the gulf of tehuantepec . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "polystira picta", "paragraphs": ["turridae - turridae \u00bb polystira picta , id : 283199 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : polystira picta ( l . a . reeve , 1843 ) - id : 2115450025\npleurotoma albida perry g . , 1811 accepted as polystira albida ( g . perry , 1811 ) ( type by original designation )\nspecies in the phylogenetic analysis included the following : turrinae : gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula . kieneri , gemmula sogodensis , lophiotoma albina , lophiotoma acuta , lophiotoma cerithiformis , lophiotoma olangoensis , lophiotoma cingulifera , lophiotoma kingae , lophiotoma jickelli , lophiotoma polytropa , turris gamonsii , turris babylonia , turris spectabilis , turris normandavidsoni , turris grandis , turridrupa elongata , turridrupa bijubata , unedogemmula bisaya , unedogemmula leucotropis , unedogemmula tayabasensis , unedogemmula indica , unedogemmula panglaoensis , polystira oxytropis , polystira picta ; and terebridae : hastula hectica and terebra guttata , .\ntodd j . a . & rawlings t . a . ( 2014 ) . a review of the polystira clade \u2014 the neotropic\u2019s largest marine gastropod radiation ( neogastropoda : conoidea : turridae sensu stricto ) . zootaxa . 3884 ( 5 ) : 445 - 491 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nmexico . sonora . shrimp trawler , 30 fathoms off cabo haro , guaymas .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nturris rombergii m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1857 : c america\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nwoodring , w . p . 1928 . miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results . contributions to the geology and paleontology of the west indies . carnegie institution of washington publication 385 : vii + 564 pp . , 3 figs . , 40 pls page ( s ) : 145 [ details ]\nbouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oxytropa glibert , 1955 ) bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nfamily : turridae | description : f + + , beautiful elongated and ornamented specimen ! ex . coll . p . williams\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfrancisco m . heralde , iii , 1 , * yuri i . kantor , 2 mary anne q . astilla , 3 arturo o . lluisma , 3 rollan geronimo , 3 porfirio m . ali\u00f1o , 3 maren watkins , 4 patrice showers corneli , 5 baldomero m . olivera , 5 ameurfina d . santos , 1 and gisela p . concepcion 3\n4 department of pathology , university of utah , 421 wakara way , suite 3323 , 84108 , u . s . a\n5 department of biology , 257 s 1400 e , room 201 , university of utah , salt lake city , utah , 84112 , u . s . a\n* current address : department of biochemistry and molecular biology , college of medicine , university of the philippines , manila 1000 , philippines , moc . liamg @ edlarehmf tel / fax : + 632 - 526 - 4197\nto identify the polychaete group that is targeted as prey by species of gemmula , analysis of regurgitated food fragments was made ; phylogenetic analysis of an mtcoi gene fragment that was pcr - amplified from the regurgitated tissue of one specimen ( g . diomedea ) indicated close affinity of the prey to the terebellid polychaete amphitritides . specimens of gemmula speciosa , when challenged with the terebellid polychaete loimia sp . , were observed to attack the worm suggesting that gemmula species feed on terebellid polychaetes . lophiotoma acuta were also observed to feed on the same species of terebellid but were usually group - feeding in contrast to the solitary feeding of g . speciosa . unedogemmula bisaya did not feed on the terebellid which also supports the separation of the gemmula and unedogemmula clade .\ntwo lines of proof ( i . e . the molecular phylogenetic analysis and the feeding challenge ) supporting the toxin homology findings previously reported , provide consistent evidence that gemmula is a distinct clade of worm - hunting turrinae that feeds on terebellidae .\nhave been collected in relatively large numbers in philippine waters . in this study , we particularly focused on four deep - water\n) . we investigated their distribution and phylogeny , as information on the pattern of their distribution is scant and the phylogeny of these species has not yet been elucidated . in the superfamily conoidae , most previous investigations of molecular phylogeny have been carried out on\n) are still poorly understood . so far , only one study has been carried out (\nshells of gemmula species . top to bottom , gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula sogodensis , gemmula kieneri .\nto further discriminate the species , we examined and compared the foregut anatomy , i . e . , radula , of three species . because their habitats are inaccessible , little is also known of their feeding biology . although turrids in general are known to feed on polychaetes , there are no available data on which species of polychaetes are preyed on by gemmula ( or any turrid ) species . we therefore collected new data on feeding behavior and potential prey preferences .\nsnails were purchased from local fishermen as by - catch in trawl nets along the mouth of manila bay ( from bataan to cavite and batangas ) and tangle nets in the seas of cebu and bohol . live snails were kept in seawater until they were processed for anatomical or molecular work . the relative distribution and abundance of gemmula speciosa along the periphery of manila bay was initially assessed by monitoring the collections per trawl of selected boats in august 2005 and from october 2005 to january 2006 . the abundance in all the sampling sites was monitored from the snails collected by the fishermen from february to may 2006 .\nthe snails were segregated by putative species and preserved for various uses . the snails were cracked and tissue samples ( hepatopancreas and foot ) were obtained and preserved in approximately 10 volumes of rnalater . voucher specimens were kept in 70 % ethanol . dna extraction was performed in fifty mg tissue samples ( hepatopancreas or foot ) using the puregene dna kit ( invitrogen ) or the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) and aliquots were prepared . .\nthe 16s mitochondrial rrna gene was amplified using the primers 16sl ( 5\u2032 - gtttaccaaaaacatggcttc - 3\u2032 ) and 16sh ( 5\u2032 - ccggtctgaactcagatc acgt - 3\u2032 ) with uracil adaptor sequences . a pcr mix containing 20\u201340 ng genomic dna , 2\u03bcm of each primer , 2\u03bcm of dntp and 2\u03bcm of taq polymerase was prepared and cycled with the following profile : 95\u00b0c 1 min initial denaturation ; 40 cycles of 95\u00b0c 20 sec denaturation , 55\u00b0c 20 sec annealing and 72\u00b0c 30 sec extension ; and 72\u00b0c 5 min final extension . the pcr product was ligated to pneb206a ( user friendly cloning , new england biolabs ) and introduced into e . coli ( dh5a ) through chemical transformation . plasmids from transformants with inserts were sequenced through the abi 377 dna sequencer or submitted to the university of utah sequencing facility .\n) . a minimum evolution - based phylogenetic reconstruction was made using mega 3 . 1 (\n) . bootstrap values were calculated and putative clades were marked accordingly . the genetic distances were computed using the kimura - 2 - parameter model to determine the range of distances of the specimens that belong to a food type cluster .\nnote : the gu series of accession numbers are sequences obtained in this paper .\na second phylogenetic analysis was made using the combined 12s rdna and 16s rdna ( 12s previously reported in heralde et al . 2007 ) sequences . the concatenated sequences were aligned using clustal x . the alignments were refined manually using macclade 4 . 08 . the process was repeated for some highly variable regions as long as further refinement by eye seemed possible .\ntrees were optimized using the individual rrna gene sequence alignments and the concatenated alignments ( presented herein ) . final analyses were restricted to model - based maximum likelihood ( paup4b10 ) and bayesian inference ( mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 ) to account for the complexity of sequence evolution . sequence evolution parameters were optimized by a gtr + i + g model that includes six possible substitution types ( gtr ) , allows some sites to be invariant ( i ) , allows across - site rate heterogeneity ( g ) and allows unequal base frequencies .\nthe maximum likelihood optimization used tbr branch swapping with 10 searches , each using a random addition of taxa . the analysis ended when the paup default criteria for convergence of the log - likelihood were met .\nthe bayesian analysis was run for two million generations with the first 500 , 000 generations discarded as burn - in trees . two mcmcmc runs ( metropolis - coupled markov - chain monte - carlo ) , using four chains each , were used to thoroughly explore tree space . convergence of the likelihoods was judged adequate by monitoring the ased ( average standard error of the difference ) in split frequencies between the two runs and by comparing plots of the tree log - likelihood trees from generation 500 , 000 to 2 million . by the last generation , average standard error was 0 . 0039 ; the plot of likelihoods versus generation had stabilized . furthermore , the psrf ( potential scale reduction factor ) reached 1 . 00 for the total tree length and for each model parameter .\nsince maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses converged to the same tree , only the bayesian results are presented below ( ml results are available from psc ) .\nlive snails were relaxed in 1 % cold magnesium chloride ( mgcl 2 ) for 2\u20133 hours and preserved in 95 % ethanol ; the sem of their radulae was carried out as described previously ( imperial et al . 2007 ) .\nsix samples of gemmula diomedea caught by trawling at depths of 231\u2013271 meters in the panglao 2005 expedition were relaxed in cold 1 % magnesium chloride for at least 2 hours and regurgitated tissues were recovered . genomic dna was extracted from the tissues using the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) . an aliquot was prepared as template for mtcoi amplification using modified universal primers with user adaptor sequences ( simison 2000 ) . subsequent cloning into pneb206a , transformant screening and plasmid sequencing were as described above . the mtcoi sequence obtained was searched in the genbank database using blast ( basic local alignment search tool ) .\nthe snails used for the feeding experiments were maintained indoor using a 56 - liter aquarium containing seawater with salinity maintained at a range between 35\u201337 ppt . a filtration system and an aerator were in place while the feeding behavior of g . speciosa and other turrids was observed . the snails used in the experiment had been in the tanks for a period of 2\u20134 weeks with artificial lighting following a 12 hour light - dark cycle . the introduction of live terebellid worms into the tank was done at night .\nwere obtained from two different biogeographic regions . the first three sites came from manila bay in the south china sea region : site 1 is close to the bataan peninsula , site 2 is off corregidor island and site 3 is off the batangas coast . at these three sites ,\nspecimens were obtained as by - catch of commercial fish trawlers operating in these areas . the only larger\nwas only rarely collected at the southern sites within the visayan seas biogeographic region ( off sogod , cebu and off the island of panglao in bohol ) . the primary method for collection at the latter sites was tangle nets mostly laid at greater depths . at the sogod , cebu site , the major\ncollected per trawl was 20\u00b19 or a mean catch rate of 1 . 3\u00b10 . 6 per trawl - hour . the specimens ranged in length from 2 . 0 to 6 . 7 centimeters ( mean : 4 . 0\u00b11 . 1 cm . ) and collected at night . it must be noted that the fishing gear used effectively captured only those organisms that were either on or close to the surface of the substrate ( unlike dredges that go deeper ) .\nclade . this clade is where the food type / preference analysis is focused . the occurrence of\n) is also well - supported as indicated by a high bootstrap value ( 82 % ) .\nclades which have similar food type / preference ( i . e . , among worm - hunting cone species ) (\n) . we selected three clades of worm - hunting coniids ( i . e . s1 \u2013 sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae , s2 \u2013 sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae and e6 \u2013 errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae ) based on the clade grouping of\n) . the largest distance range occurs among terebellidae feeders ( i . e . , the s1 clade ) , thus in\ncomparison of genetic distance between 16s rrna gene sequences of gemmula species and selected vermivorous cone clades . clade s1 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae ; clade s2 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae ; and clade e6 , errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae .\n) with each other and with other forms in the subfamily turrinae was further inferred from the 12s and 16s mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . both bayesian and maximum likelihood methods , as described under experimental procedures , were used . the phylogenetic tree , shown in\nclade ) , separate from other groups in the subfamily turrinae that were included in the analysis . furthermore , the analysis suggests that the sister group of the\n) form a major monophyletic group within the turrinae , which is strongly supported by the analysis .\nand their relatives based on bayesian inference . ( an identical tree was returned by a full maximum likelihood analysis of the sequence data . ) branches are labeled with bayesian confidence values expressed as percentages . for clarity , some of the outgroup species used in the analysis have been pruned from this figure ( see methods for the full list ) . shown are various forms in the subfamily turrinae , including the four species that are the subject of this article ( shells of these species are shown in\n) . the seven clades identified by roman numerals all have 100 % support based on both bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis and have the following generic / subgeneric assignments within the subfamily turrinae : i .\nthere were significant morphological variations in the shells of g . speciosa specimens collected ( i . e . , gemmule shape , inter - gemmule distance , length and diameter ratio , etc ) . however , when molecular analysis was done to evaluate the specimens with different shell morphotypes , no significant differences could be detected in the rrna gene sequences of the morphological variants . thus , the shell morphological variation does not appear to be correlated with any significant genetic ( 12s and 16s rrna gene ) divergence .\n) the radula had type 2 wishbone teeth that were robust , short and curved , sometimes with a knifelike cutting edge on the main limb and a large accessory limb with a formula of 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 ( following powell\u2019s system ) . an analysis of the radular structure of\nradular morphology . scanning electron microscopy images of the radula of gemmula speciosa ( a\u2013b ) . gemmula sogodensis ( c\u2013d ) , unedogemmula bisaya ( e\u2013f ) and lophiotoma acuta ( g\u2013h ) . . the central tooth is prominent in both gemmula species and absent in u . bisaya and l . acuta\n) ; a fragment of mtcoi gene was pcr - amplified from the regurgitate , sequenced , and compared with sequences in genbank .\nprey determination . a freshly collected g . diomedea with regurgitated prey tissue . the samples were collected in the location code cp2340 ; 231\u2013271 meters deep , by trawl in bohol sea on a sandy / mud bottom .\nbelongs to the family terebellidae , a sedentary clade of polychaetes . given the significant homology in the toxin sequences from the three\nmolecular regurgitate analysis . blast hit for coi gene from regurgitated tissue ( query sequence ) indicating the generic identity of the polychaete to be amphitritides sp . ( subject sequence ) .\nthis hypothesis was experimentally evaluated by challenging the species that could be maintained successfully in an aquarium , g . speciosa , with a terebellid polychaete . the species of terebellidae most accessible was a loimia species . the addition of a terebellid to the tank containing turrids elicited activities such as movement of siphon and the active hunt for the prey for many of the turrids including the g . speciosa .\nl . acuta attacked the terebellid in groups . however , in some feeding events , it was also capable of feeding alone . in both cases , the l . acuta extended its proboscis and quickly stabbed the worm . it then attached itself and remained motionless for an extended period of time . a closer look at the snail\u2019s mouth shows that it takes in a small portion of the worm tissue and is not limited to just sucking . it is most likely that digestion is already taking place even in the mouth . after leaving a single worm being fed on by a l . acuta overnight , the latter was able to eat up the anterior portion of the worm including the tentacles . when l . acuta are group feeding , the prey is completely consumed .\nu . bisaya was not observed to react to the addition of loimia sp . into the tank . in most feeding experiments , it remained submerged in the substrate . the closest interaction between u . bisaya and loimia sp . documented was when the snail crawled on top of the worm being fed on by an l . acuta ( urltoken ) .\nto test the specificity of the snails\u2019 prey , other worms ( < 2 cm . ) , e . g . , blood worms ( glycera sp . ) and fireworms , were also introduced in the tank . several trials yielded no result as the turrids showed no activity after introduction of the worms both during day and night time . the snails remained partially burrowed under the substrate and the worms remained untouched .\ninvestigated in this study occur in relatively deep water ( > 50 meters ) . what is interesting is the striking difference in the pattern of their abundance across the collection sites . each species appeared to exhibit a similar distribution pattern (\n) , being much more abundant at one site and scarce at the other sites , but the site where a species was most abundant was different for each species . the other turrid species ,\nshowed another distribution pattern , being abundant at two sites ( sites 1\u20133 and 4 ) but not at the third site ( site 5 , which is geographically close to site 4 ) . the field distribution of gastropods is usually associated with their larval life cycles ( i . e . planktonic or non - planktonic ) (\n) . these larval life cycles are determined from the type of protoconch that each species possess . the\nruns in contrast with the expected pattern of larval distribution . this result warrants further exploration to explain the ecological factors that govern this distribution pattern .\nthe differences in distribution pattern among the four species could also be seen when comparing their abundance . from the collection by commercial fishing vessels near manila bay , the number of specimens of g . speciosa collected was greater than the other three ( g . sogodensis , g . diomedea and g . kieneri ) ; the latter two species were entirely absent from site 1 - 3 ( see table i ) . in sites 4 and 5 respectively , g . sogodensis and g . diomedea were the predominant species found , with only a minor amount of overlap . the fourth species , g . kieneri , was only collected at site 5 . again , the ecological factors that could explain these interspecies differences in the spatial pattern of abundance remain to be investigated .\n. the agreement of results from two independent gene markers provides strong support for the phylogenetic relationship of members of turrinae under study . the\n, indicates a sharing of biological characteristics ( like food type / preference ) . we have shown , by molecular regurgitate analysis , the diet of\nto be a tube - dwelling polychaete belonging to the terebellid group . similar attempts in\nclade in the tree relative to the other groups in the subfamily turrinae . this result further warrants the\ndefining a distinct clade within the subfamily turrinae . it should be noted , however , that the taxonomic status of the genus\nneeds reevaluation . recent unpublished data ( c . meyer , personal communication ) suggest that atlantic and eastern pacific forms of\nbeing predators of sedentary polychaetes in the family terebellidae . we have tested this hypothesis more directly : a\nwas consistent with the prediction of the 16s - based clustering of turrids with similar prey type / preference . the non - responsive behavior of\nsp . indicated that it may not be its prey preference . this also supports the generic separation of\nthis work was supported in part by grant gm46877 ( to b . m . o . ) .\nbouchet p , lozouet p , maestrati p , heros v . assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments : exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a new caledonia site .\nduda tf , jr , palumbi sr . molecular genetics of ecological diversification : duplication and rapid evolution of toxin genes of the venomous gastropod\nduda tf , jr , kohn aj , palumbi sr . origins of diverse feeding ecologies within\nespiritu jd , watkins m , monje vd , cartier ge , cruz lj , olivera bm . venomous cone snails : molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity .\nheralde fmiii , imperial j , bandyopadhyay pk , olivera bm , concepcion gp , santos ad . a rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous .\nheralde fm , iii , watkins m , ownby j - p , bandyopadhyay pk , santos ad , concepcion gp , olivera bm . molecular phylogeny of some indo - pacific genera in the family turrinae h . adams and a . adams .\nhutchings pa , glasby cj . the amphitritinae ( polychaeta : terebellidae ) from australia .\nimperial j , kantor y , watkins m , heralde fmiii , stevenson bj , chen p , ownby p - j , bouchet p , olivera bm . the venomous auger snail\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) : molecular phylogeny , foregut anatomy and comparative toxinology .\njablonski d , lutz r . larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates : paleobiological implications .\nkumar s , tamura k , jakobsen ib , nei m . mega2 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software .\nl\u00f3pez - vera e , heimer de la cotera ep , maillo m , riesgo - escovar jr , olivera bm , aguilar mb . a novel structural class of toxins : the methionine - rich peptides from the venoms of turrid marine snails ( mollusca , conoidea )\nmonje vd , ward r , olivera bm , cruz lj . 16s mitochondrial ribosomal rna gene sequences : a comparison of seven\n: four new species described in the philippines and three from elsewhere in the indo - pacific .\nolivera bm . conus venom peptides , receptor and ion channel targets , and drug design : 50 million years of neuropharmacology . essay e . e . just lecture , 1996 .\npowell awb . the family turridae in the indo - pacific : part 1 - the subfamily turrinae .\npuillandre n , samadi s , boisselier m - c , sysoev av , kantor yi , cruaud c , couloux a , bouchet p . starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot : molecular phylogeny of the \u201cturrids\u201d ( neogastropoda : conoidea )\nrex ma , stuart ct , coyne g . latitudinal gradients of species richness in the deep - sea benthos of the north atlantic .\nuc - berkeley : 2000 . evolution and phylogeography of new world gastropod faunas ; p . 202 .\ntaylor jd , kantor yi , sysoev av . foregut anatomy , feeding mechanisms , relationships and classification of the conoidea ( = toxoglossa ) ( gastropoda )\nwatkins m , hillyard dr , olivera bm . genes expressed in a turrid venom duct : divergence and similarity to conotoxins .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 plus mathml 2 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nnuculana polita ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 6 ) sb\nanadara grandis ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 2 , 4 , 6 )\nanadara nux ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 1 ) sb\nanadara obesa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb ,\nlunarca brevifrons ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb\nnoetia reversa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb ,\nargopecten ventricosus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) ( 11 )\ncardites laticostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb\namericardia biangulata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) *\ntrachycardium consors ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 10 ) rb\ntrachycardium panamense ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 11 )\ntrachycardium procerum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) * ( 11 ) cs\ntrachycardium senticosum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 ) sb\ntrigoniocardia obovalis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ( 1 , 2 , 10 ) sb , rb\nchione subimbricata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) * ( 10 ) rb\nchione undatella ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 2 ) sb\nperiglypta multicostata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) * ( 11 ) cs\npitar concinnus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 1 ) sb\npitar roseus ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) sb\nprotothaca asperrima ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) ( 2 , 9 ) sb , cl\nmulinia pallida ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 )\ncerithidea valida ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( 6 ) m\nmarsupina nana ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) * ( 11 )\nengina jugosa ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) * ( 10 ) rb\nmelongena patula ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) ( 11 )\nnassarius luteostoma ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) *\nnassarius wilsoni ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) * ( 9 ) rb"]}
{"id": 2219, "summary": [{"text": "mesoheros is a genus of cichlids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in colombia , ecuador , and peru ; atrato river flowing into the atlantic , san juan , baud\u00f3 and patia rivers to esmeraldas and tumbes rivers flowingo into the pacific . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "mesoheros", "paragraphs": ["ornate cichlid ( mesoheros ornatus ) , 14 \u00d7 . . . - scalz nature artist | facebook\ni am listing them here although they are technically from sa , because they are more like ca cichlids . there is also the mayan cichlid which really is from ca , and it is very similar in appearance to the true red terror , mesoheros festae is anyone familiar with the other relatives of the red terror ? mesoheros atromaculatus mesoheros gephyrus any information on them will be greatly appreciated\nmesoheros is a new genus containing three formerly cichlasoma species , now named as m . festae , m . ornatus and m . atromaculatus .\nconservation : mesoheros gephyrus is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( en ) endangered ( 2016 ) .\nmesoheros gephyrus subadult from the rio san juan [ colombia ] in the aquarium of mark smith [ usa ] . photo by mark smith . ( 11 - mar - 2010 ) .\necology : mesoheros festae is known in ecuador as the \u201cvieja roja\u201d . it is a large , ecologically important omnivorous fish that feeds on fishes and crustaceans ( laaz et al . , 2009 ) .\nglodek ( 1978 ) indicates that c . festae can be distinguished from mesoheros ornatus in its lateral line scale count , with c . festae having 26 - 27 scales in the median series and m . ornatus having 30 - 32 scales . however , eigenmann ( 1922 ) lists c . festae as having 30 scales in a median series .\nthere are four species in the genus mesoheros , but they ' re not\nred terror types\n. the red terror is m . festae . m . atromaculatus m . festae m . gephyrus m . ornatus if you ' re familiar with festae and the mayaheros group ( urophthalmus ) you ' ll see they ' re not really similar at all .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : ? - 15 . tropical ; 26\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nsouth america : pacific drainages from the esmeraldas river in ecuador to tumbes river in peru .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )\nin various biotopes , from small to medium - sized rivers . occasionally found in fish markets . feeds on benthic organisms such as small shrimps ( ref . 40602 ) .\nkullander , s . o . , 2003 . cichlidae ( cichlids ) . p . 605 - 654 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36377 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00703 - 0 . 03260 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 59 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nleft : specimen collected at abras de mantequilla . right : preserved specimen from esmeraldas drainage .\nsource for occurrence in ecuador : this species is common along the pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas . there are many references for its occurrence in the area ( e . g . , eigenmann , 1922 ; ovchynnyk , 1971 ; barnhill et al . , 1974 ; glodek , 1978 ; barriga , 1991 ; florencio , 1993 ; lopez et al , 1993 ; kullander , 2003 ; laaz et al . , 2009 ; alvarado , 2009 ; laaz & torres , 2010 ) .\noriginal description : boulenger , g . a . 1899 . viaggio del dr . enrico festa nell ' ecuador e regioni vicine . poissons de l ' \u00e9quateur . [ deuxi\u00e8me partie ] ( 1 ) . bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della r . universit\u00e0 di torino 14 ( no . 335 ) : 1 - 8 .\nrange ecuador : pacific slope of ecuador from esmeraldas to huaquillas ( kullander , 2003 ) , although glodek ( 1978 ) indicates that this species only occurs in the guayas river drainage .\nrange outside of ecuador : tumbes river , peru ( kullander , 2003 ) .\nis a cichlid and can be distinguished from most other freshwater fishes in western ecuador by its overall shape and the presence of strong , well - developed spines in its dorsal and anal fins .\nand are either solid orange or dark colored with pronounced vertical stripes along the caudal fin .\ncan also be distinguished from other cichlids in western ecuador by the presence of nine conspicuous black bands , alternating with red bars , a black spot at the base of the upper caudal lobe , continued as a bar across the base of the fin , spinous dorsal black , except just above the light spaces between the bars ; soft dorsal , caudal , and soft anal having the color of the light interspaces of the body , no spots , spinous portion of the anal and the ventrals dark ; pectorals like the caudal ( eigenmann , 1922 ) .\neconomic importance : this is an important food fish for people in rural parts of guayas and los rios provinces and is also taken as an ornamental ( laaz et al , 2009 ) .\nconservation status : na , although the species is heavily exploited as a food fish . anecdotal reports suggest that this species has been declining in abundance in recent years .\ntetracanthus nandopsis . . ( f1 bayamo cuba ) spawning from start to finish . .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\neigenmann , carl h . 1923 .\nthe fishes of western south america , part i . the fresh - water fishes of northwestern south america , including colombia , panama , and the pacific slopes of ecuador and peru , together with an appendix upon the fishes of the rio meta in colombia\n. memoirs of the carnegie museum . vol . 9 ( n . 1 ) : pp . 1 - 346 ( crc00283 )\nburgess , warren . 2000 .\nthe cichlasoma story . herichthys , the break - up\n. tropical fish hobbyist magazine . v . 48 ( n . 11 ) ; pp . 44 - 54 ( crc01003 )\n\u0159\u00ed\u010dan , old\u0159ich & l . pi\u00e1lek , k . dragov\u00e1 & j . nov\u00e1k . 2016 .\ndiversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification\n. vertebrate zoology . v . 66 ( n . 1 ) , pp . 1 \u2013 102 ( crc07292 ) ( abstract )\nand r\u00edo baud\u00f3 in the atlantic , r\u00edo patia to r\u00edo esmeraldas and r\u00edo tumbes in the pacific .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nthe generic allocation of this species is still uncertain . it belongs to the tribe heroini , but is maintained as an incertae sedis species of\nfreshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 3 . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 29\u00b0c ( ref . 40602 )\nsouth america : atrato , san juan , and baud\u00f3 river basins in colombia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12251 )\nup to 3000 eggs are deposited on open substratum , such as a flat stone . mainly the female guards eggs and young .\n? \u00ed ? an , o . , l . pi\u00e1lek , k . dragov\u00e1 and j . nov\u00e1k , 2016 . diversity and evolution of the middle american cichlid fishes ( teleostei : cichlidae ) with revised classification . verteb . zool . 66 ( 1 ) : 1 - 102 . ( ref . 114771 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmiddle american cichlids have been subject to a long - overdue revision . we now have eight new genera of cichlids to learn , plus a heap of modifications to be aware of .\nthe revisions were published in ' zootaxa ' by the ichthyologist caleb mcmahon in august 2015 , and used a mixture of morphological and dna sequencing techniques to identify new classifications .\nsome herichthyin fish have now been rediagnosed , with extra genera raised . the changes include :\ntrichromis , represented by a single species , trichromis salvini ( formerly cichlasoma or ' ex ' cichlasoma salvini ) , at long last .\nthorichthys now consists of eight species : t . affinis , t . aureus , t . callolepis , t . ellioti , t . meeki , t . pasionis and t . socolofi , with t . ellioti acting as the type species ( though it is here regarded as a synonym of t . maculipinnis , so further work is still needed ) .\ntheraps has been reorganised , now containing t . godmanni , t . intermedius , t . irregularis , t . micophthalmus and t . nourisatti .\nnosferatu is a genus that was raised earlier in the year , containing n . bartoni , n . labridens , n . molango , n pantostictus , n . pratinus and n . steindachneri .\nmaskaheros incorporates fish formerly known in paraneetroplus and vieja , containing both m . argenteus and m . regani . vieja is left with eight species , containing v . bifasciata , v . breidohri , v . fenestrata , v . guttulata , v . hartwegi , v . maculicauda , v . melanura and v . zonata . paraneetroplus is reduced to three species , containing p . bulleri , p . gibbiceps , p . nebuliferus . herichthys is also reduced , now with seven species , containing h . carpintis , h . cyanoguttatus , h . deppi , h . minckleyi , h . tamasopoensis , h . tepehua and h . teporatus .\nkihnichthys is a new genus with a single species , k . ufermanni ( which has spent time in both the vieja and theraps camps ) .\ncincelichthys is also new , with two species , containing c . bocourti and c . pearsei .\noscura changes the fish that was theraps heterospilus , now becoming o . heterospila ( note the change of species name , too ) . chiapaheros is another new genus containing the singular c . grammodes . rheoheros replaces a couple of former theraps species , containing r . coeruleus and r . lentiginosus .\nand finally , tomocichla now contains two species , t . asfraci and t . tuba .\nwhy not take out a subscription to practical fishkeeping magazine ? see our latest subscription offer .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 27\u00b0c ( ref . 2059 ) , preferred ?\nsouth america : patia river basin in colombia , durango and st . javier rivers in ecuador , all draining to the pacific ocean .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 26 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )\nthe stomachs of the type material contained broken shells of snails . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndiscussion regarding only central american cichlid species . ( guapotes , jack dempseys , red devils , firemouths , convicts , texas cichlids , etc . )"]}
{"id": 2222, "summary": [{"text": "the atlantic footballfish ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) , also known as the man-gobbler , is an anglerfish found in extreme depths of the ocean .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "despite its name , this species lives in all oceans , but is primarily found in cold and temperate regions . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "atlantic footballfish", "paragraphs": ["the atlantic footballfish , is a species of footballfish found in the depths . atlantic footballfish were found in sperm whales in azores , indicating that sperm whales may be the main predators of footballfish . like other anglerfish females are much larger than males , females are 16 times bigger than males .\nart illustration - oceans & seas - atlantic footballfish : ( himantolophus groenlandicus ) it is a deep - sea fish belonging to the family footballfish . \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\natlantic footballfish , in - game simply known as football fish , is a species of friend footballfish in abyssrium . it was added in the v . 1 . 2 . 1 as part of the halloween event .\nthe atlantic football - fish is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .\natlantic footballfish are rarely seen . they are a sort of angler fish with a growth that comes off the head to form a fish attracting lure . this specimen was recovered from the stomach of a large swordfish . evidentally this one no longer has its lure because of being eaten and slightly digested . they are named atlantic footballfish but they actually occur world wide . the scientific name is\nhimantolophus groenlandicus\n! if i am wrong then it is a least in the genus himantolophus .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - atlantic football - fish ( himantolophus groenlandicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - atlantic football - fish ( himantolophus groenlandicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - atlantic football - fish ( himantolophus groenlandicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe hall\u2019s first section demonstrates that the ocean is more complex and diverse than we can easily grasp . there are translucent heteropods , small gelatinous creatures with bulbous black eyes \u2014 predators deceptively housed in lovely white nautilus - shaped shells . and there is the atlantic footballfish , a creature so grotesque with its gaping mouth and gnome\u2019s complexion that its name could come from a desire to kick it .\nsazima , i . & grossman , a . ( 2006 ) turtle riders : remoras on marine turtles in southwest atlantic . neotropical ichthyology 4 ( 1 ) : 123\u2013126 .\nwelshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nis widely distributed in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones of the atlantic and possibly eastern indian oceans ( pietsch in press ) . in the atlantic it ranges from west greenland and iceland to norway at 70\u00b0n , 17\u00b0e , and south to the gulf of mexico and east to cape town , south africa . specimens were caught in nets fishing between 200 - 800 m with possibly shallower catches ( pietsch 2009 ) . vakily\nscott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]\npotter , i . f . & howell , w . h . ( 2010 ) vertical movement and behavior of the ocean sunfish , mola mola , in the northwest atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 396 ( 2 ) : 138\u2013146 .\narronte , j . c . & pietsch , t . w . ( 2007 ) first record of himantolophus mauli ( lophiiformes : himantolophidae ) on the slope off asturias , central cantabrian sea , eastern north atlantic ocean . cybium 31 ( 1 ) : 85\u201386 .\nklepladlo , c . ; hastings , p . a . ; rosenblatt , r . h . ( 2003 ) pacific footballfish , himantolophus sagamius ( tanaka ) ( teleostei : himantolophi - dae ) , found in the surf - zone at del mar , san diego county , california , with notes on its morphology . bulletin south california academy of sciences 102 ( 3 ) : 99\u2013106 .\nis widely distributed in the atlantic and possibly indian oceans where it occurs in the meso - bathypelagic zones . it is a deep - dwelling , rarely occurring species . it may occur as bycatch in trawl fisheries , but it is not utilized and has no major threats . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nsims , d . w . ; queiroz , n . ; doyle , t . k . ; houghton , j . d . r . ; hays , g . c . ( 2009 ) satellite tracking of the world\u2019s largest bony fish , the ocean sunfish ( mola mola l . ) in the north east atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 370 : 127\u2013133 .\npietsch , t . w . ( 2003 ) himantolophidae . footballfishes ( deepsea anglerfishes ) . in : carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . vol . 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . pp . 1060\u20131061 .\nthere are more than 200 species of anglerfish , most of which live in the murky depths of the atlantic and antarctic oceans , up to a mile below the surface , although some live in shallow , tropical environments . generally dark gray to dark brown in color , they have huge heads and enormous crescent - shaped mouths filled with sharp , translucent teeth . some angler fish can be quite large , reaching 3 . 3 feet in length . most however are significantly smaller , often less than a foot .\nthe very name of this pok\u00e9mon is evidence that it was inspired on mola mola , the sunfish ( fig . 21 ) . moreover , alomomola , just like the sunfish , has a circular body with no caudal fin ( pope et al . , 2010 ) . the sunfish is the largest and heaviest bony fish in the world , weighting more than 1 , 500 kg ( freesman & noakes , 2002 ; sims et al . , 2009 ) . they inhabit the atlantic and pacific oceans , feeding mainly on zooplankton ( cartamil & lowe , 2004 ; potter & howell , 2010 ) .\ngreek , himas or himantos = leather strap , thong or leash ( referring to the thick leathery illicium ) + greek , lopho or lophio = crest or tuft ( referring to the baited illicium projecting from the head ) ( ref . 86949 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 830 - ? m ( ref . 13608 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 10299 ) ; 60 . 0 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 5 - 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . illicium short , its base in advance of eye ; rays of pectoral and unpaired fins sparsely pigmented , except their bases black ; two pairs of swellings in the distal end of esca , almost equal in size and shape ( ref . 13608 ) .\ndwarf males of 4 cm length apparently do not become parasitically attached to females .\npietsch , t . w . , 1986 . himantolophidae . p . 376 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 10299 )\n) : 2 . 4 - 8 . 2 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 238 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 \u00b10 . 75 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis known from at least 143 female specimens ( pietsch 2009 ) . members of the himantolophidae family are typically solitary and do not occur abundantly ( pietsch in press ) . museum collections indicate it is rare to uncommon with 28 lots and a maximum of one individual per lot ( accessed through www . fishnet2 . net ) .\nhimantolophus groenlandicus is a deep - sea fish that inhabits the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones . females have a maximum size of 46 . 5 cm sl and males have not yet been recorded . members of the himantolophidae family typically exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism where the males are diminutive in size compared to females . females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure . males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will temporarily attach themselves to the body ( pietsch in press ) . vakily et al . ( 2002 ) describe h . groenlandicus as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 4 cm sl off of west africa .\nhimantolophus groenlandicus is not utilized ( pietsch in press ) . this species may be caught in trawls off of namibia ( bianchi et al . 1999 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\natlantinpallokrotti\nto\nhimantolophus groenlandicus reinhardt , 1837\n.\ntock exchanges are also part of the capital market in that the . . .\nstock exchanges are also part of the capital market in that th . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of himantolophus ranoides barbour , 1942 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of himantolophus reinhardti l\u00fctken , 1878 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of corynolophus globosus tanaka , 1918 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat found to depths of 830 m , males apparently do not attach themselves to females . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\na brand - new , unused , unopened , undamaged item ( including handmade items ) . see the seller ' s\nlisting for full details . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 3 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 3 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 3 business days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nlooking like something out of a science fiction movie , the anglerfish uses a natural lure to draw its next meal nearer .\nthe angry - looking deep sea anglerfish has a right to be cranky . it is quite possibly the ugliest animal on the planet , and it lives in what is easily earth ' s most inhospitable habitat : the lonely , lightless bottom of the sea .\ntheir most distinctive feature , worn only by females , is a piece of dorsal spine that protrudes above their mouths like a fishing pole\u00e2\u20ac\u201dhence their name . tipped with a lure of luminous flesh this built - in rod baits prey close enough to be snatched . their mouths are so big and their bodies so pliable , they can actually swallow prey up to twice their own size .\nthe male , which is significantly smaller than the female , has no need for such an adaptation . in lieu of continually seeking the vast abyss for a female , it has evolved into a permanent parasitic mate . when a young , free - swimming male angler encounters a female , he latches onto her with his sharp teeth . over time , the male physically fuses with the female , connecting to her skin and bloodstream and losing his eyes and all his internal organs except the testes . a female will carry six or more males on her body .\nthe anglerfish uses a shiny lure to bring prey within range of its sharp teeth . but it also has a weirdly clingy side - after finding a female , the male black devil angler latches on and never lets go !\ninformation on himantolophus groenlandicus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis item will be posted through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin postcode , destination postcode and time of acceptance and will depend on postage service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\na brand - new , unused , unopened , undamaged item . see the seller ' s listing for full details .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin postcode , destination postcode and time of acceptance and will depend on postage service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually send within 3 business days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nyou must return items in their original packaging and in the same condition as when you received them . if you don ' t follow our\nin australia , consumers have a legal right to obtain a refund from a business if the goods purchased are faulty , not fit for purpose or don ' t match the seller ' s description . more information at\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nanko - san of the deep sea fish ( \u6df1\u6d77\u9b5a\u306e\u30a2\u30f3\u30b3\u3055\u3093 , shinkaigyo no anko - san ) is a slice of life manga series by inuinu ( \u72ac\u72ac ) with yuri undertones . it\u2019s about mermaids ! however , the mermaids are a little strange here . unlike the ordinary \u201cgeneric fish tail\u201d appearance , the mermaids in this tale take on the features of real life sea creatures , and their features don\u2019t end at their tail fins .\ncats aside , she has some issues with self - consciousness as well , and it\u2019s thanks to otomi wakasa ( pictured above in the final panel ) that she\u2019s become a little better . wakasa is a human and friend to anko , but before we continue let\u2019s stop for a minute and talk about yuri .\nas i mentioned in my review of hitoribocchi no oo seikatsu , i like yuri quite a bit . yuri is the japanese word for \u201clilies\u201d , and in the context of manga / anime and such it is used to refer to a genre about lesbian romance . the name \u201cyuri\u201d might have its roots in the mirror opposite genre of \u201cbara\u201d ( meaning \u201crose\u201d ) but , uh\u2026i don\u2019t like bara . i\u2019m not going to discuss bara .\nat any rate , yuri has a few settings , i think . there\u2019s\u2026let\u2019s call them subtext yuri , standard yuri , and hard yuri , for simplicity\u2019s sake . while i call standard yuri \u201cstandard\u201d , the most common type you\u2019re probably going to see is subtext yuri , which basically applies to anko - san . this is a setting of yuri where the way girls interact with one another might make you raise your eyebrow and think \u201care these two going to kiss or something ? \u201d , but as this is subtext it never goes beyond that . you\u2019re not getting any kisses , just lustful stares , blushing , and maybe ( friendly ) confessions . i consider myself a pretty big yuri fan , so i\u2019ll take it where i can get it and delve into subtext yuri regularly . that said , most of what i read is standard yuri .\nputting it bluntly , standard yuri is what i\u2019d like most subtext yuri to end up as . you might have heard \u201csubtext yuri\u201d referred to as \u201cshoujo ai\u201d to differentiate from this , but i don\u2019t really know about that , and matters regarding the so - called \u201cgirls love\u201d genre are contentious . anyway , this is outright homosexual romance between girls , no ifs ands or buts . forbidden love ! the purest form of love ! i like it , i love it , but this review isn\u2019t the place to explain why .\nreturning to anko - san , the manga wastes no time establishing the yuri subtext , because wakasa is a\u2026 \u201cfan\u201d of mermaids .\nnow , although i share some of young wakasa - kun\u2019s spirit on these matters , i don\u2019t believe anko - san is just another slice of life series with some gay teasing . there are a lot of those . arguably every girl - based slice of life is such a series , and there is an appeal and comfort in that , but anko - san is more . i would call this a remarkable series , and a bit of a standout of its genre . i\u2019m not about to call this manga a work of genius or something , but it\u2019s definitely different , and not at all in a bad way .\nbefore we get into that properly , i\u2019ll briefly sum up the introduction of this series . after we meet wakasa and anko , the two characters go to school and encounter touna suzuki , a fighting fish ( betta ) mermaid and the third of the main characters that sticks around . her ( unwanted ) nickname is betako . she is a \u201crich girl\u201d ( ojou ) sort of character and a tsundere . i\u2019m not explaining what a tsundere is . you know what a tsundere is .\nafter dealing with betako anko\u2019s day proceeds as usual until , during class , she starts suffering all of a sudden . we learn here that the reason mermaids are able to walk on land is due to taking something called mermaid medicine ( \u201cmermeds\u201d , as the translator for this series calls them ) and anko\u2019s are running out . the medicine changes one\u2019s tail fin into a pair of legs , and once it\u2019s run out the fin returns . anko doesn\u2019t want this to happen , especially not in front of others , because she\u2019s embarrassed by her tail fin\u2019s appearance . wakasa rushes her to the infirmary where she can get some medication , but it\u2019s a little too late and her tail fin reappears .\nafter anko\u2019s tail fin is exposed , the nurse of the infirmary ( a deep sea mermaid as well ) and wakasa surprise her by complimenting her fin with not a drop of sarcasm . the nurse explains that from its shine it\u2019s clear anko takes great care of her fin , and wakasa is simply captivated by it entirely ( and not in the usual perverted way she reacts to mermaids ) . and so here we see a hint at what the series will mostly be about : helping mermaids with their problems .\ni\u2019d like to talk about yuri again , because of course i would , but first i should mention the fourth main character in this series . most slice of life series have four girls as the core group , for some reason ( it\u2019s a precedent set by azumanga daioh \u2018s notability , maybe ? ) , and anko - san isn\u2019t an exception . it is a bit strange , though , in that the two aside from anko and wakasa don\u2019t really get as much play as them . this is surely because of the \u201csolve the problems\u201d format of most of the chapters ; the ones where no real problems need solving feature a four man band as usual .\nso yes , meet the last of the four : fukuda akame , a pufferfish mermaid .\nthe poor girl suffers from chuunibyou ( eighth - grade syndrome ) , a condition many have suffered from to some degree . it is characterized by feeling you are unique and incredibly special , and that you perhaps have magic powers . it is also worth noting that in cases of chuunibyou there is typically a distinct lack of shame . called \u201ceighth - grade syndrome\u201d because it tends to happen in middle school , young akame - kun has it in high school .\nakame is definitely the least significant character out of the main characters , and the chuuni gimmick is one that can often be pretty obnoxious , but honestly akame is my favorite character in anko - san .\ni don\u2019t think she\u2019s the best character , and i don\u2019t even pair her with anyone in the series , but heck , she\u2019s great . most of the times she appears she\u2019s just doing something a bit peculiar in silence while making a face like this , and that\u2019s enough to bring a smile to my face . she\u2019s rather a coward but can also stand against intimidation despite herself ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) and her design is\u2026hm , puffy ( like a pufferfish , i suppose ) . therefore allow me to declare with all my might : akame is cute ! cute !\nbehold , the ship ( that is , heh , relationship for you uninitiated ) i support .\ni didn\u2019t really touch on betako before because the time simply wasn\u2019t right . she\u2019s actually my second favorite character in this series , and a big reason why is her relationship with the main character anko . anko and betako\u2019s relationship is antagonistic . they almost , almost always fight when they happen to spend any length of time together ( usually instigated by betako\u2019s insults ) . but really , their relationship , it\u2019s like this :\ni\u2019m an absolute sucker for this sort of dynamic . it gets me every time , whether it\u2019s hetero or homosexual in nature . i\u2019m sure many of you have had this sensation overcome you when seeing two characters that constantly butt heads in fiction butt heads once more : the desire to shout \u201ckiss already\u201d . the reason for this is that like love , hate is passion . it\u2019s surging and powerful emotion ! negative or positive , that\u2019ll get your blood pumping . whether or not anko and betako will readily admit it , they enjoy their back and forth , and genuinely appreciate things about one another\u2019s character .\ntwo more things before the review ends . first , this series is not at the most secure of places with translations into english . the series ended at four volumes ( which makes me somewhat sad , by the way ) , but not even the second volume has been fully translated . i don\u2019t have a bad opinion of scanlation , although i did think it might be a faux pas to mention it in a review context . then i remembered , doi , scanlation is how most people are introduced to series ! you can always buy volumes whether or not they\u2019re translated ; it\u2019s not as though reading a scanlation voids your ability to purchase the manga afterward ( in fact , buying the volumes is what those working on this series encourage you to do ) . so , if you are able and would like to assist at all , get in contact with the guy working on it . it seems the biggest hold ups , generally speaking , are getting quality raws and also translations themselves .\nnext time , i\u2019ll be discussing what is widely regarded as one of the most important and seminal entries into the yuri canon . a true great . see you then !\nnice review . definitely was a fun manga to read . also especially like how anko treat her tail fin\nha ha , and that\u2019s how people tend to forget real animals are at the origin of the \u201ccuteness\u201d concept\u2026 herm , except perhaps the deep - sea fishes ? ? what a tease to rationalize this way the over - romanticized mermaid fantasy . diversity is the wealth of all \u266b ! i feel like i would enjoy that kind of quirky humor xd . thanks for reviewing !\namazing review and suggestion . this manga is gold ! thank you ( ^ _ ^ )\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\naugusto b . mendes 1 , felipe v . guimar\u00e3es 2 , clara b . p . eirado - silva 1 & edson p . silva 1\n2 universidade do estado do rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o gon\u00e7alo , rj , brazil .\nemails : augustobarrosmendes ( at ) yahoo ( dot ) com ( dot ) br ; felipevieiragui ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; clara . eirado ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com ; gbmedson ( at ) vm ( dot ) uff ( dot ) br\nthe origin of pok\u00e9mon goes back to two role - playing video games ( created by satoshi tajiri and released by nintendo for the game boy ; kent , 2001 ) : pok\u00e9mon green and pok\u00e9mon red , released in japan in 1996 . in the west , the green version never saw the light of day , but the red and blue versions were released in 1998 , selling together more than 10 million copies . also in 1998 , the yellow version of the game was released , which has as its most distinct feature the possibility of having pikachu ( the most famous pok\u00e9mon ) walking side by side with the player in the game . pok\u00e9mon green , red , blue and yellow are the so - called \u201cfirst generation\u201d of games in the franchise . today , the pok\u00e9mon series is in its seventh generation , with 29 main games released , besides several spin - offs . the tv series , on the other hand , is in its sixth season , with more than 900 episodes .\nthe games and tv series take place in regions inhabited by many pok\u00e9mon and humans . the mission of the protagonist is to win competitions ( \u201cpok\u00e9mon battles\u201d ) against gym leaders who are spread across different cities and regions . for each victory , the protagonist receives a gym badge ; with eight badges , he / she is allowed to enter the pok\u00e9mon league to try and become the champion .\nfor each generation , new pok\u00e9mon ( and an entire new region ) are introduced . in this way , the creatures have a homeland , although most can appear in other regions as well ( schlesinger , 1999b ; whitehill et al . , 2016 ) . the seven main regions are : kanto , johto , hoenn , sinnoh , unova , kalos and alola .\nin every region , there are numbered routes that connect cities and landmarks and in which the protagonist travels , finding the monsters in their natural habitats and interacting with other characters . these routes comprise a great range of environments , such as forests , caves , deserts , mountains , fields , seas , beaches , underwater places , mangroves , rivers and marshes , which usually display a huge diversity of pok\u00e9mon .\nin addition to winning the pok\u00e9mon league , the protagonist must complete the pok\u00e9dex , a digital encyclopedia of pok\u00e9mon . in other words , the trainer must catch all the pok\u00e9mon that live in that region , registering each capture in the pok\u00e9dex . each pok\u00e9mon has a registry number and an entry text in the pok\u00e9dex . pok\u00e9mon are usually found in nature , and may be captured with a device called \u201cpok\u00e9ball\u201d . pok\u00e9balls are small enough to fit in a pocket , hence the name \u201cpocket monsters\u201d ( whitehill et al . , 2016 ) .\nin the present work , the pok\u00e9mon world was approached by analogies with the real natural world , establishing parallels with actual animals .\nbased on these obvious connections between real fishes and pok\u00e9mon , the aim of this work is to describe the ichthyological diversity found in pok\u00e9mon based on taxonomic criteria of the classification of real fishes . ultimately , our goal is to offer useful material for both teaching and the popularization of science .\ntable 1 . taxonomic classification of the fish pok\u00e9mon . abbreviations : ch = chondrichthyes ; gn = gnathostomata ; pe = petromyzontomorphi ; pt = petromyzontida ; os = osteichthyes . all images obtained from the official pok\u00e9mon website ( 2016 ) .\nthe first step of our research was a search in the pok\u00e9dex ( the official pok\u00e9mon website , 2016 ) for pok\u00e9mon which were related to fishes . the criterion used was the pok\u00e9mon\u2019s morphology ( resemblance to real fishes ) . afterwards , the \u201cfish pok\u00e9mon\u201d were classified to the lowest taxonomic level ( preferably species , but when not possible , genus , family or even order ) .\nthis classification of the pok\u00e9mon allowed the comparison of biological data ( such as ecological , ethological , morphological traits ) from bulbapedia ( 2017 ) with the current knowledge on real fishes ( e . g . , nelson et al . , 2016 ) . bulbapedia is a digital community - driven encyclopedia created in 2004 and is the most complete source regarding the pocket monsters .\nthe final step was a search in online scientific databases ( fishbase , froese & pauly , 2016 ; and catalog of fishes , eschmeyer et al . , 2016 ) in order to obtain the current and precise taxonomy and additional information on habitats , ecology etc . of the fish species .\nin the present work , the taxonomic classification used was that proposed by nelson et al . ( 2016 ) , who consider the superclasses petromyzontomorphi ( which includes the class petromyzontida , that is , the lampreys ) and gnathostomata ( the jawed vertebrates ) . gnathostomata , in turn , includes the classes chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) and osteichthyes ( bony fishes ) . along with this classification , we used the classification proposed by the database itis ( integrated taxonomic information system , 2016 ) for comparison at all taxonomic levels . following identification , the \u201cfish pok\u00e9mon\u201d were described regarding their taxonomic and ecological diversity .\nas a result of our search , 34 fish pok\u00e9mon were identified ( circa 4 % of the total 801 pok\u00e9mon ; table 1 ) and allocated in two superclasses , three classes , eighteen orders , twenty families and twenty - two genera . eighteen of the 34 fish pok\u00e9mon ( circa 53 % ) could be identified to the species level ( table 2 ) . the features of the real fishes which probably inspired the creation of the pok\u00e9mon and other relevant information are described below for each species . to enrich the comparisons , images of the pok\u00e9mon ( obtained from the pok\u00e9dex of the official pok\u00e9mon website ; urltoken ) and of the real fishes ( illustrations by one of us , c . b . p . eirado - silva ) follow the descriptions .\nthe pok\u00e9mon horsea and seadra ( fig . 1 ) , which debuted in the first generation of the franchise , were based on seahorses . the long snout , ending in a toothless mouth ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) , the prehensile , curved tail ( rosa et al . , 2006 ) and the salient abdomen are features of the real fishes present in these pok\u00e9mon . seahorses belong to the genus hippocampus , presently composed of 54 species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the males have a pouch in their bellies where up to 1 , 000 eggs are deposited by the females . in this pouch , the eggs are fertilized and incubated for a period ranging from 9 to 45 days ( foster & vincent , 2004 ) . due to overfishing for medicinal and ornamental purposes , as well habitat destruction , about 33 species of seahorses are considered threatened ( rosa et al . , 2007 , castro et al . , 2008 ; kasapoglu & duzgunes , 2014 ) .\ngoldeen and seaking ( fig . 2 ) were based on the goldfish . this species is one of the most common ornamental fishes worldwide ( soares et al . , 2000 ; moreira et al . , 2011 ) and it is widely used in studies of physiology and reproduction due to its docile behavior and easy acclimatization to artificial conditions ( bittencourt et al . , 2012 ; braga et al . , 2016 ) . the resemblance between the goldfish and the pok\u00e9mon include morphological features , such as the orange / reddish color and the long merged fins , and the name \u201cgoldeen\u201d . the name seaking , on the other hand , may be a reference to another common name of the species , \u201ckinguio\u201d , from the japanese \u201ckin - yu\u201d ( ortega - salas & reyes - bustamante , 2006 ) .\npossibly the most famous fish pok\u00e9mon , magikarp ( fig . 3 ) was based on a common carp , a species present in europe , africa and asia , widely used in pisciculture due to its extremely easy acclimatization to many freshwater environments and the high nutritional value of its meat ( stoyanova et al . , 2015 ; mahboob et al . , 2016 ; voigt et al . , 2016 ) . in some regions of the planet , such as brazil , the common carp is considered an invasive species , as it was inadvertently released in the wild and poses a threat to the native aquatic fauna ( smith et al . , 2013 ; contreras - macbeath et al . , 2014 ) .\nthe shared traits between the pok\u00e9mon and the real fish are many : the rounded mouth , the lips , the strong orange color and the presence of barbels ( \u201cwhiskers\u201d ) ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) . in china , the common carp is praised as an animal linked to honor and strength , due of its ability to swim against the current ; an ancient legend tells about carps that swim upstream , entering through a portal and transforming into dragons ( roberts , 2004 ) . in pok\u00e9mon , magikarp evolves into gyarados , which resembles a typical chinese dragon .\nqwilfish ( fig . 5 ) was based on porcupinefishes , more likely those of the genus diodon , which present coloring and spines most similar to this pok\u00e9mon . besides the distinctive hard , sharp spines ( fujita et al . , 1997 ) , porcupinefishes have the ability to inflate as a strategy to drive off predators ( raymundo & chiappa , 2000 ) . as another form of defense , these fishes possess a powerful bacterial toxin in their skin and organs ( lucano - ram\u00edrez et al . , 2011 ; ravi et al . , 2016 ) . accordingly , qwilfish has both water and poison types .\nremoraid was based on a remora ( fig . 6 ) , a fish with a suction disc on its head that allows its adhesion to other animals such as turtles , whales , dolphins , sharks and manta rays ( fertl & landry , 1999 ; silva & sazima , 2003 ; friedman et al . , 2013 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . this feature allows the establishment of a commensalisc or mutualisc relationship of transportation , feeding and protection between the adherent species and its \u201cride\u201d ( williams et al . , 2003 ; sazima & grossman , 2006 ) . the similarities also include the name of the pok\u00e9mon and the ecological relationship they have with other fish pok\u00e9mon : in the same way remoras keep ecological relationships with rays , remoraid does so with mantyke and mantine ( pok\u00e9mon based on manta rays ; see below ) .\nthe pok\u00e9mon mantyke and its evolved form mantine ( fig . 7 ) were probably based on manta rays of the species manta birostris , which inhabits tropical oceans ( duffy & abbot , 2003 ; dewar et al . , 2008 ) and can reach more than 6 meters of wingspan , being the largest species of ray in existence ( homma et al . , 1999 ; ari & correia , 2008 ; marshall et al . , 2008 ; luiz et al . , 2009 ; nelson et al . , 2016 ) . the similarities between the pok\u00e9mon and the real fish are : the body shape , the color pattern , the large and distinctive wingspan and even the names .\nkingdra and skrelp ( fig . 8 ) were based on the common seadragon . the resemblances between these pok\u00e9mon and the real fish species include the leaf - shaped fins that help the animals to camouflage themselves in the kelp \u201cforests\u201d they inhabit ( sanchez - camara et al . , 2006 ; rossteuscher et al . , 2008 ; sanchez - camara et al . , 2011 ) , and the long snout . also , the secondary type of kingdra is dragon . although both are based on the common seadragon , kingdra and skrelp are not in the same \u201cevolutionary line\u201d in the game .\ncommon seadragons , as the seahorses mentioned above , are of a particular interest to conservationists , because many species are vulnerable due to overfishing , accidental capture and habitat destruction ( foster & vincent , 2004 ; martin - smith & vincent , 2006 ) .\npiranhas of the genus pygocentrus possibly were the inspiration for the creation of carvanha ( fig . 9 ) , a pok\u00e9mon of voracious and dangerous habits . the main feature shared by the real fish and the pok\u00e9mon is the color pattern : bluish in the dorsal and lateral areas , and reddish in the ventral area ( piorski et al . , 2005 ; luz et al . , 2015 ) .\nit is worthwhile pointing out that , despite what is shown in movies and other media , piranhas do not immediately devour their prey ; instead , they tear off small pieces , bit by bit , such as scales and fins ( trindade & juc\u00e1 - chagas , 2008 ; vital et al . , 2011 ; ferreira et al . , 2014 ) .\nsharpedo ( fig . 10 ) , according to its morphological traits ( elongated fins ) , was possibly based on sharks of the order carcharhiniformes , the largest group of sharks , with 216 species in 8 families and 48 genera . fishes in this order are common in all oceans , in both coastal and oceanic regions , and from the surface to great depths ( gomes et al . , 2010 ) . several species of carcharhiniformes are in the iucn\u2019s ( international union for conservation of nature ) endangered species list ( a . k . a . \u201cred list\u201d ) due to overfishing , as their fins possess high commercial value ( cunningham - day , 2001 ) .\nwhiscash ( fig . 12 ) was based on the japanese mythological creature namazu , a gigantic catfish that inhabits the underground realm and is capable of creating earthquakes ( ashkenazi , 2003 ) . namazu also names the pok\u00e9mon in the japanese language ( \u201c namazun \u201d ) . in japan , fishes of the genus silurus are usually associated with this mythological creature and even the common name of these fishes in that country is \u201c namazu \u201d ( yuma et al . , 1998 ; malek et al . , 2004 ) . in addition , the physical traits of the silurus catfishes also present in whiscash are the long barbels ( or \u201cwhiskers\u201d , hence the name whiscash ) and the robust body ( kobayakawa , 1989 ; kiyohara & kitoh , 1994 ) . in addition to the water type , whiscash is also ground type , which is related to namazu\u2019s fantastic ability of creating earthquakes .\nthe pok\u00e9mon feebas ( fig . 13 ) , a relatively weak fish ( as its name implies ) , was possibly based on a largemouth bass , a freshwater fish native to north america ( hossain et al . , 2013 ) . the species was introduced in many countries and is often considered a threat to the native fauna ( welcomme , 1992 ; hickley et al . , 1994 ; godinho et al . , 1997 ; garc\u00eda - berthou , 2002 ) . similarities between feebas and the largemouth bass include the large , wide mouth and the brownish coloration , with darker areas ( brown et al . , 2009 ) .\noften praised as the most beautiful pok\u00e9mon of all ( bulbapedia , 2017 ) , milotic ( fig . 14 ) certainly lives up to its title . their long reddish eyebrows were based on the first elongated rays of the dorsal fin of regalecus species ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , which also share the reddish color of the dorsal fin ( carrasco - \u00e1guila et al . , 2014 ) . other similarities between the oarfish and the pok\u00e9mon are the elongated body ( some oarfishes can grow larger than 3 . 5 m ) and the spots scattered on the body ( chavez et al . , 1985 ; balart et al . , 1999 ; dul\u010di\u0107 et al . , 2009 ; ruiz & gosztonyi , 2010 ) .\nprobably based on fishes of the genus monognathus , which have a large mandible and a long dorsal fin ( nelson et al . , 2016 ) , huntail ( fig . 15 ) is one of the possible evolutionary results of the mollusk pok\u00e9mon clamperl ( the other possibility is gorebyss ; see below ) . according to raju ( 1974 ) , fishes of the genus monognathus live in great depths and have a continuous dorsal fin that ends in an urostyle ( \u201c uro \u201d comes from the greek language and means \u201ctail\u201d , an element also present in the pok\u00e9mon\u2019s name ) .\nthe serpentine body and the thin beak - shaped jaw of gorebyss ( fig . 16 ) are features of fishes belonging to the family nemichthyidae ( nielsen & smith , 1978 ) . these fishes inhabit tropical and temperate oceans and can be found in depths up to 4 , 000 meters , in the so - called \u201cabyssal zone\u201d ( cruz - mena & anglo , 2016 ) . the pok\u00e9mon\u2019s name may be a reference to such habitat .\nthe silver - pinkish coloration , the peculiar mouth formed by strong lips and the habit of \u201ckissing\u201d other individuals of their species ( which is actually a form of aggression ! ) are features of the kissing gourami ( sterba 1983 ; sousa & severi 2000 ; sulaiman & daud , 2002 ; ferry et al . , 2012 ) that are also seen in luvdisc ( fig . 18 ) . helostoma temminckii is native to thailand , indonesia , java , borneo , sumatra and the malay peninsula ( axelrod et al . , 1971 ) , but due to its use an ornamental fish and the irresponsible handling by fishkeepers , it has been introduced in other parts of the world ( magalh\u00e3es , 2007 ) ."]}
{"id": 2226, "summary": [{"text": "rivomarginella morrisoni is a species of freshwater snail , gastropod mollusk in the family marginellidae , the margin snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "rivomarginella morrisoni is the type species of the genus rivomarginella . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "rivomarginella morrisoni", "paragraphs": ["marginellidae \u00bb rivomarginella morrisoni , id : 801283 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : rivomarginella morrisoni r . a . m . brandt , 1968 - id : 2041503050\nrivomarginella morrisoni brandt , 1968 . x4 rivers , lakes , and canals along the gulf of thailand . one freshwater species\nknown from thailand only\n( brandt , 1974 ) .\nrivomarginella brandt , 1968 : 275 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : rivomarginella morrisoni brandt , 1968 ; indo - pacific , found in freshwater in south east asia . recent only ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 93 [ prunini ] .\nthailand for brotia armata ( brandt , 1968 ) thailand for filopaludina ( filopaludina ) sumatrensis peninsularis brandt , 1974 thailand for rivomarginella morrisoni brandt , 1968 thailand for stenothyra acuta brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra confinis brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra cyrtochila van benthem jutting , 1959 thailand for stenothyra glabrata ( a . adams , 1851 ) thailand for stenothyra hardouini de morgan , 1885 thailand for stenothyra koratensis holosculpta brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra maculata brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra microsculpta brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra monilifera ( benson , 1856 ) thailand for stenothyra moussoni martens , 1897 thailand for stenothyra nana prashad , 1921 thailand for stenothyra polita ( a . adams , 1851 ) thailand for stenothyra prasongi brandt , 1974 thailand for stenothyra spinosa brandt , 1974\nbrandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . [ details ]\ncossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nburch , j . , seddon , m . , sri - aroon , p . & do , v .\nthe species is thought to be restricted to central thailand , with a recent record from songkhla lake in southern thailand .\nfurther survey work is required to determine its current range , population trend and ecological requirements , and the species is considered data deficient at present .\nthe species is thought to be restricted to central thailand . it has been recorded in the mae klong river ( type locality ) , prachin river and nan river . it occurs also in several klongs around bangkok ( klong bang o , klong ban yikkan , klong prapa ) and klong rapipat at babn ta luang in ayutthaya province . in patalung , it was found in a lagoon . this species is poorly known with few verified records . a record from songkhla lake ( songkhla and phatthalung provinces ) requires confirmation (\nthis is the only species in the largely marine family marginellidae which lives in freshwater . it is found in rivers , lakes , and canals along the gulf of thailand .\nwithout more information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be inferred of its threats .\nno species - specific conservation actions known , however the species requires survey work to determine range , taxonomic status and future threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 309 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na few members of this marine or brackish water family have adapted to fresh waters . most inhabit marginally marine environments in the tropics .\ntelescopium telescopium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) brandt ( 1974 ) indicates this is a snail of\nmuddy irrigation trenches , drainages and swamps in the mud flats .\nnative to much of southeast asia .\ncerithidea cingulata ( gmelin , 1790 ) native to thailand . this image , and the photographs below are from brandt ( 1974 ) .\ncarniverous gastropods related to the marine whelks . two freshwater genera , clea and afrocanidia .\nbrandt ( 1974 ) describes and pictures six clea ( subgenus anentome ) species , but could only confirm clea helena for the territory of thailand . he says of clea helena that it is the only species in thailand that is\nnot restricted to running water as it is also found in lakes and ponds\n, and that it\nfeeds predominantly on decaying protein , but has been observed to attack living snails and worms .\nclea has been offered for sale in the pet trade and the possibility exists for it to become invasive . harry lee includes this and other information on the genus at urltoken . he also posted a listing of species at urltoken = 1 & h = 0 & o = t & t = 1 .\nclea helena ( philippi , 1847 ) ( left ) widespread , southeast asia , indonesia . variable . x3 . clea scalarina ( deshayes , 1876 ) ( right ) mekong river . slightly magnified .\nnassa mudsnails , characteristic of tidal mudflats , have also invaded fresh waters . banarescu ( 1990 ) mentions\npygmaenassa - india , nassodonta - east asia , and arcularia - lake chilka , burma .\nnassodonta dorri ( wattebled , 1886 ) viet nam . photo bill frank , webmaster jaxshells . org . x3 .\nmorrisonietta siamensis brandt , 1968 . x10 prefers brackish water of low salinity . several species endemic to various localities in southeast asia ( brandt , 1974 ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nbrandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use mitra instead of mitra shell . * * * google marginellidae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\n1995 . revision of the supraspecific classification of marginelliform gastropods . the nautilus 109 ( 2 & 3 ) : 43 - 110 .\n1997 . classification of the mollusca : a classification of worldwide mollusca . 1 - 544 .\nafrivoluta tomlin , 1947 : 244 . type species ( o . d . ) : afrivoluta pringlei tomlin , 1947 ; recent , south africa . 70 - 500m .\ntomlin , 1947 - endemic to south africa , 86mm ; grows to be the largest known species of marginellid ; trawled from deep water . the species was orignally described as a volute .\nmarginella ( marginellona ) von martens , 1904 : 108 . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella ( marginellona ) gigas von martens , 1904 ; indo pacific , eastern indian ocean and south china sea . recent . 380 to 1280m ; sigaluta rehder , 1967 : 182 - 183 . type species ( o . d . ) : sigaluta praetasensis rehder , 1967 , [ = marginellona gigas von martens , 1904 ] .\nmyobarum sohl , 1963 : 750 = 751 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : myobarum laevigatum sohl , 1963 ; late cretaceous ( upper maestrichtian ) of mississippi and georgia .\nconuginella laseron , 1957 : 288 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella inermis tate , 1878 ; miocene australia .\nserrata jousseaume , 1875 : 167 , 230 . type species ( tautology ) : serrata serrata ( gaskoin , 1849 ) , [ = marginella serrata gaskoin , 1849 ] ; neozelanic , southern australia , indo - pacific . middle oligocene of new zealand , miocene of australia , to recent . intertidal to 370m ; haloginella laseron , 1957 : 284 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella mustelina ( angas , 1871 ) , [ = hyalina ( volvarina ) mustelina angas , 1871 ] ; exiginella laseron , 1957 : 289 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella winteri tate , 1878 .\nserrataginella coovert & coovert , 1995 : 82 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) :\nmarginella\nspryi clover , 1974 ; indo - pacific and eastern africa . intertidal to 30m .\n( clover , 1974 ) - mozambique , 8 - 9mm ; dredged in \u00b1 20 meters of water off pemba . western indian ocean distribution .\n: cossignani , t . 2006 . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . p . 230 .\nstromboginella laseron , 1957 : 289 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella crassidens chapman and crespin , 1928 ; pleistocene of australia .\nhydroginella laseron , 1957 : 284 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : hydroginella dispersa laseron , 1957 ; south australia , indo - pacific . recent . intertidal to 550m ; neptoginella laseron , 1957 : 283 . type species ( o . d . ) : neptoginella fascicula laseron , 1957 ; pillarginella gabriel , 1962 : 197 . type species ( o . d . ( monotyoy ) ) : marginella columnaria hedley & may , 1908 .\nmioginella laseron , 1957 : 287 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella regula cotton , 1949 ' ; eocene from australia .\nprotoginella laseron , 1957 : 285 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella lavigata brazier , 1877 , [ = marginella ( prunum ) lavigata brazier , 1877 ; indo - pacific . eocene and pliocene of australia to recent . 13 - 97m .\nmarginella ( nudifaba ) eames , 1952 : 122 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella ( nudifaba ) rakhiensis eames , 1952 ; eocene of pakistan .\n: coovert & coovert , 1995 : 84 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 .\nalaginella laseron , 1957 : 286 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella ochracea angas , 1871 ; south australia , indo - pacific , south africa . miocene and pliocene of australia to recent . intertidal to 1650m ; carinaginella laseron , 1957 : 287 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella carinata smith , 1891 ; cassoginella laseron , 1957 : type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella palla cotton , 1949 ; triginella laseron , 1957 : 280 - 281 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella malina hedley , 1915 .\n( tomlin , 1918 ) - algoa bay , south africa , 6 - 7mm . endemic to s . africa . taken from cray traps set in 100 - 150 meters of water . the elevated spire is a consistent characteristic . the species name is sometimes misspelled\nattracta\n.\nmarginella ( hiwia ) marwick , 1931 : 129 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella ( hiwia ) amplificata marwick , 1931 ; eocene of australia to oligocene of new zealand .\naustroginella laseron , 1957 : 285 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella muscaria lamarck , 1822 ; south australian . miocene to pleistocene of australia to recent . intertidal to 27m ; plicagenella laseron , 1957 : 285 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella formicula lamarck , 1822 .\n( lamarck , 1822 ) - new south wales , australia , 13 - 15mm . type species of genus . dredged on sand in \u00b1 5 fathoms of water .\n: cossignani , t . 2006 . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . p . 356 .\nmesoginella laseron , 1957 : 282 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella turbinata sowerby , 1846 ; neozelanic , south australia , indo - pacific . miocene , pliocene and pleistocene of australia to recent . intertidal to 640m ; deviginella laseron , 1957 : 283 - 284 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella brachia watson , 1886 , [ = marginella ( glabella ) brachia watson , 1886 ] hianoginella laseron , 1957 : 288 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella physa cotton , 1949 ; sinuginella laseron , 1957 : 282 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella inconspicua sowerby , 1846 ; spiroginella laseron , 1957 : 283 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella leia cotton , 1944 [ = marginella turbinata sowerby , 1846 ] urnigenella laseron , 1957 : 287 . type species ( o . d . ( monotypy ) ) : marginella cassidiformis tate , 1878 .\nclosia gray , 1857 : 36 . type species ( monotypy ) : closia sarda ( kiener , 1834 ) , [ = marginella sarda kiener , 1834 ] . indo - pacific restricted to western indian ocean . recent only . 20 - 140m .\n( kiener , 1834 ) - diego suarez , madagascar , 17mm . type species of genus closia . found only in the indian ocean .\novaginella laseron , 1957 : 280 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella ovulum sowerby , 1846 . neozelanic , southern australia . recent only . 3 - 370m .\nbalanetta jousseaume , 1875 : 168 , 269 . type species ( monotypy ) : balanetta baylei jousseaume , 1875 ; southern australia , indo - pacific . recent only . intertidal to 183m .\nmarginella section volvarina hinds , 1844 : 75 . type species ( s . d . redfield , 1870 : 221 ) : marginella nitida hinds , 1844 , [ = marginella ( volvarina ) nitida hinds , 1844 , = voluta mitrella risso , 1826 ] ; neozelanic , southern australia , indo - pacific , eastern pacific , western atlantic , arctic , magellanic / antarctic , mediterranean , west africa , south africa . eocene of france , oligocene to pleistocene of west atlantic , early miocene of western pacific , miocene and pliocene of italy , pleistocene of california to recent ; coovert , & coovert , 1995 : 90 [ prunini ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; volvoria jousseaume , 1875 ( err . ) volvarina hinds , 1844 ; vaught , 1989 : 54 ; le renard , 1996 : 78 .\n( sowerby , 1832 ) - tumbes , peru , 23 - 24mm . collected by fishermen in 5 - 10 meters of water . do not confuse with prunum macleani , which is a rarer species with a more limited distribution .\n( born , 1778 ) - guajira peninsula , colombia , 24mm . inhabits a wide swath of moderately deep water on both sides of the atlantic ocean from west africa to the southern caribbean . the species varies considerably . specimens from colombia often exhibit a central band .\n( pfeiffer , 1840 ) - eleuthera island , bahamas , 9 - 10mm . found in a blue - hole fed salt water lake in shallow water . the central columellar pillar is visible through the semi - translucent shell . do not confuse with prunum apicinum , which has a thicker , white shell .\n( clover , 1974 ) - masirah island , oman , 19 - 20mm . the species name is also spelled\npergrande\n. the two faint bands overlaid with white flecks is a consistent characteristic . a sand - dwelling species found intertidal around the arabian peninsula from the gulf of aden to the horn of africa .\n. seashells of eastern arabia . p . 148 ( as volvarina pergrandis ) .\n. le marginelle di ras hafun . 1 . 5 : 48 - 51 .\n. a new species of cypraea from west africa and three new species of marginellidae from the indian ocean . the journal of conchology 28 ( 4 ) : 213 - 216 , pl . 8 [ original description ] .\nbullata jousseaume , 1875 : 167 , 250 . type species ( tautology ) : bullata bullata ( born , 1778 ) , [ = voluta bullata born , 1778 ; western atlantic . miocene and pliocene of western atlantic to recent . 1 - 60m ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 92 [ prunini ] ; marginella subg . volutella swainson , 1830 : ( 2 ) , marginella pl . 1 ( non perry , 1810 ) . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella bullata lamarck , 1822 , [ = voluta bullata born , 1778 ] ; gibberulina monterosato , 1884 : 139 [ invalid emendation , as\nnom . sost .\n] .\nmarginella , section cryptospira hinds , 1844 : 76 . type species ( s . d . gray , 1847 : 142 ) : marginella tricincta hinds , 1844 , [ = marginella ( cryptospira ) tricincta hinds , 1844 ; indo - pacific . pliocene of java to recent . from 0 . 6 to 123m ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 93 [ prunini ] ; crystospira cotton , 1949 ( err . ) .\n( lamarck , 1822 ) - java , indonesia , 31 - 36mm . an uncommon southeast asian species . the illustrated shell was taken in \u00b1 40 meters of water at rembang by fishermen .\n. recent & fossil indonesian shells . p . 150 , pl . 50 , fig . 12a & b .\n( bavay , 1902 ) - basilan island , philippines , 11 - 12mm . trawled from \u00b1 70 meters of water .\n. philippine marine mollusks - vol . ii . p . 432 , pl . 511 , figs . 3a & b .\n. marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . p . 328 . lipe , r . 1992 . marginellas . p . 13 , pl . 6 , fig . 4 .\n. shells of the philippines . p . 336 , pl . 96 , fig . 4e .\nbert , 1985 - phuket , thailand , 42 - 46mm . found sub - tidally . both banded and unbanded forms are found in the same populations .\nhyalina schumacher , 1817 : 234 . type species ( monotypy ) : hyalina pellucida schumacher , 1817 , [ = bulla pallida linne , 1758 ] ; indo - pacific , western atlantic , magellanic / antarctic , south africa , . pliocene of florida to recent . intertidal to 1340m ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 94 [ prunini ] ; marginella , subg . volvarina section neovolvaria fischer , 1883 : 602 . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella pallida ( linne , 1767 ) , [ = bulla pallida linne , 1758 ] .\nmarginella , subg . stazzania sacco , 1890 : 138 ( 245 ) ; 1890 : 26 ( 318 ) . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella ( stazzania ) emarginata sismonda , 1847 ; eocene of france , to upper miocene of italy stazzania sacco , 1890 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 94 [ marginellini ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 77 ( as synonym of marginella ) .\nmarginella subg . marginella , section dentimargo cossmann , 1899 : 90 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella dentifera lamarck , 1803 ; neozelanic , southern australia , indo - pacific , eastern pacific , western atlantic , west africa , south africa . eocene of france , eocene to pleistocene of western atlantic , oligocene to pliocene of australia , miocene to pliocene of western pacific , to recent . intertidal to 1300m ; dentimargo cossmann , 1899 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 95 [ marginellini ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; volvarinella habe , 1951 : 101 - 102 . type species ( o . d . ) : volvarinella makiyamai habe , 1951 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] ; marginella subg . eburnospira olsson & harbison , 1953 : 201 - 202 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella eburneola conrad , 1834 ; volvarinella ( eburnospira ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] longinella laseron , 1957 : 286 ( non gros & lestage , 1927 ) . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella maugeana hedley , 1915 .\nmarginella section marginella , gruppe eratoidea weinkauff , 1879 : 140 . type species ( s . d . cossmann , 1899 : 87 ) : marginella margarita kiener , 1834 ; western atlantic . miocene of caribbean , to recent . 1 to 1470m ; eratoidea weinkauff , 1879 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 96 [ marginellini ] .\ncryptospira subg . cryptospira , section euryentome cossmann , 1899 : 95 . type species ( o . d . ) : marginella crassilabra conrad , 1833 ( non marginella crassilabra bory de st . vincent , 1827 ) , [ = marginella silabra palmer , 1937 , = marginella anatina lea , 1833 ] ; eocene of alabama and mississippi , to miocene of trinidad ; euryentome cossmann , 1899 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 96 [ marginellini ] .\nmarginella , subg . glabella , section simplicoglabella sacco , 1890 : 21 ( 313 ) . type species ( s . d . eames , 1952 : 119 ) : marginella ( glabella ) taurinensis michelotti , 1847 ; miocene of italy . simplicoglabella sacco , 1890 ; coovert & coovert , 1995 : 97 [ marginellini ] .\nsowerby , 1886 - south africa , 15 - 16mm . a form from the eastern cape peninsula taken scuba diving in \u00b1 15 meters of water .\nsowerby , 1886 - south africa , 14 - 16mm . dredged off east london in \u00b1 55 meters of water .\n( bolten in r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 ) - south africa , 41mm . grows to be one of the largest south african species in the genus marginella .\nredfield , 1870 - south africa , 32 . 5mm ; the color varies ; some are gray , others with rich colors like this illustrated shell .\nbozzetti , 1993 - south africa , 23 - 24mm ; immediately identifiable by the black tick markings along the margin of the lip .\n- south africa , 15mm ; a multitude of marginella species inhabit the waters off south africa ; this species is probably undescribed , one of many new marginella that have been discovered by scuba divers during the past number of years .\nglabella swainson , 1840 : 133 , 324 . type species ( s . d . gray , 1847 : 142 , monotypy ) : voluta faba linne , 1758 ; indo - pacific , west africa . recent only . intertidal to 183m ; coovert & coovert , 1993 : 98 [ marginellini ] ; marginella , section phaenospira hinds , 1844 : 72 . type species ( s . d . gray , 1847 : 142 ) : marginella noduta ( sic ) hinds , 1844 , [ = marginella nodata hinds , 1844 ] ; phoenospira petit , 1851 ( err . ) ; marginella subg . marginella , section faba fischer , 1883 : 602 . type species ( monotypy ) : marginella faba ( linne , 1758 ) , [ = voluta faba linne , 1758 ] ; marginella ( glabella ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 167 [ marginellidae ] .\n( adams , h . g . , 1869 ) - somalia , 28mm - trawled in \u00b1 200 meters of water . deep and shallow water forms exhibit considerable variation .\nmarginellidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nmarginella nebulosa \u00bb marginella peelae \u00bb marginella sp . \u00bb prunum curtum \u00bb prunum marginata \u00bb prunum pellucidum \u00bb prunum pergrandis \u00bb serrataginella spryi \u00bb"]}
{"id": 2227, "summary": [{"text": "euchelus bicinctus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chilodontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "many specimens of clanculus tonnerrei ( g & h nevill 1874 ) have been misdientified as belonging to this species , following a misidentification of issel ( 1869 ) ( herbert , 1996 ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "euchelus bicinctus", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849\nspecies euchelus proximus a . adams , 1855 accepted as euchelus circulatus ( anton , 1849 )\nspecies euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 accepted as clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 )\nspecies euchelus angulatus pease , 1868 accepted as vaceuchelus foveolatus ( a . adams , 1853 )\nspecies euchelus hachijoensis pilsbry , 1904 accepted as herpetopoma rubrum ( a . adams , 1853 )\nspecies euchelus edentulus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as clanculus edentulus a . adams , 1853\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym clanculus gibbonsi sowerby iii , 1912 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 ) to mnhn molluscs type collection ( 2000 - 31160 ) ( from synonym clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 )\nspecies euchelus clathratus ( a . adams , 1853 ) accepted as vaceuchelus clathratus ( a . adams , 1853 )\nspecies euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 accepted as clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 )\nspecies euchelus ruber ( a . adams , 1851 ) accepted as herpetopoma rubrum ( a . adams , 1853 )\n( of euchelus bicinctus auct . non philippi , 1849 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]\nbetween otaki and waikanae . at first sight i took it to be a very small specimen of the banded dotterel ( charadrius bicinctus ) , several specimens of which were lying near , but observing that the colouration of the feet , breast , and head differed very much from that of c . bicinctus , i carefully preserved the skin .\nsubgenus euchelus ( pareuchelus ) o . boettger , 1907 \u2020 accepted as pareuchelus o . boettger , 1907 \u2020 ( original rank )\n\u00bb species euchelus ( herpetopoma ) foveolatus ( a . adams , 1851 ) accepted as vaceuchelus foveolatus ( a . adams , 1853 )\nspecies euchelus lamberti ( souverbie in souverbie & montrouzier , 1875 ) accepted as tallorbis roseola g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869\nsubgenus euchelus ( nevillia ) h . adams , 1868 accepted as nevillia h . adams , 1868 accepted as alcyna a . adams , 1860\nspecies euchelus gemmula w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as vaceuchelus gemmula ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) ( original combination )\nspecies euchelus natalensis e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as vaceuchelus natalensis ( e . a . smith , 1906 ) ( original combination )\nspecies euchelus scabriusculus a . adams & angas , 1867 accepted as herpetopoma scabriusculum ( a . adams & angas , 1867 ) ( original combination )\nsubgenus euchelus ( perrinia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as perrinia h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ( original rank )\n\u00bb species euchelus ( herpetopoma ) pruinosus b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as herpetopoma pruinosum ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )\nspecies euchelus seychellarum g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as herpetopoma seychellarum ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 ) ( original combination )\n( of euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]\n( of trochus ( euchelus ) philippi , 1847 ) philippi r . a . ( 1847 ) . versuch einer systematischen eintheilung des geschlechtes trochus . zeitschrift f\u00fcr malakozoologie . 4 : 17 - 26 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]\nngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 36 . ch ng : euchelus , neomphalidae , vaceuchelus , anatomidae , pendromidae , cantrainea , angaria delphinus , herpetopoma , granata , danilia , choristella , addisoniidae , perrinia , lepetella , pseudococculinidae , vetulonia , lepetellidae , leptothyra , bothropoma , neomphaloidea , scissurelloidea , vaceuchelus scrobiculatus , arene cruentata , ataphridae , agathodonta elongata , pyropeltidae , tecticrater , peltospira , crysomallon , euchelus bicinctus , cinysca , mirachelus corbis , danilia tinei , retiskenea diploura , perrinia stellata , granata sulcifera , lepetelloidea , euchelus guttarosea , danilia affinis , mirachelus clinocnemus , herpetopoma barbieri , didianema pauli , lirapex , lirapex costellata , pyropelta ryukyuensis , angaria melanacantha , sutilizonidae , chilodonta suduirauti , bichoristes , herpetopoma naokoae , hybochelus leucogranulatus , agathodonta meteorae , nodopelta , emiliotia immaculatus , vaceuchelus vangoethemi , danilia stratmanni , vaceuchelus ludiviniae , vaceuchelus pagoboorum , trochaclis , angaria nhatrangensis , peltospira smaragdina , vaceuchelus vallesi , angaria turpini , planorbidella , herpetopoma eboreum , herpetopoma bella , perrinia cecileae , vaceuchelus abdii , pyropelta sibuetae , lacunoides vitreus , nodopelta rigneae , pyropelta oluae , angaria carmencita , cantrainea globuloides , danilia discordata , perrinia docili , cataegis , lirapex humata , danilia angulosa , mirachelus urueuauau , pachydermia , haliotoidea , depressizona exorum , homalopoma imperforata , danilia galeata , trachysma , euchelus atratus , turcica , homalopoma variecostata , bathyphytophilidae , herpetopoma larochei alacerrima , homalopoma fluctuata , vetulonia paucivaricosa , symmetromphalus , choristella tenera , depressigyra globulus , choristella vitrea , cantrainea yoyottei , liotipoma wallisensis , homalopoma umbilicata , leptothyra filifer , planorbidella planispira , vetulonia parajeffreysi , choristella nofronii , lepetodriloidea , angaria rugosa , cantrainea peloritana , danilia eucheliformis , angaria n . . .\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . pages : 52 . chapters : tricolia , tricolia pullus , lepetodrilus , mikadotrochus , euchelus , neomphalidae , vaceuchelus , anatomidae , pendromidae , addisonia excentrica , cantrainea , leptogyra , herpetopoma , pleurotomaria , angaria delphinus , eulithidium , granata , danilia , addisoniidae , perrinia , perotrochus , pseudococculinidae , choristella , vetulonia , lepetella , entemnotrochus , lepetellidae , bayerotrochus , leptothyra , neomphaloidea , kaiparapelta askewi , bothropoma , scissurelloidea , leptogyra costellata , eulithidium tessellatum , bayerotrochus africanus , copulabyssia colombia , tricolia retrolineata , vaceuchelus scrobiculatus , entemnotrochus rumphii , amphiplica plutonica , pseudococculina rimula , tecticrater , ataphridae , pyropeltidae , copulabyssia riosi , crysomallon , arene cruentata , melanodrymiidae , peltospira , cinysca , agathodonta elongata , copulabyssia leptalea , mirachelus corbis , helicopelta , euchelus bicinctus , perrinia stellata , tricolia saxatilis , pilus conicus , lepetodrilus shannonae , danilia tinei , granata sulcifera , tricolia adusta , lepetelloidea , mirachelus clinocnemus , euchelus guttarosea , phasianella australis , herpetopoma barbieri , danilia affinis , entemnotrochus adansonianus , sutilizonidae , pyropelta ryukyuensis , melanodrymia , osteopelta mirabilis , addisonia brophyi , lirapex , herpetopoma bella , tricolia speciosa , gorgoleptis , lirapex costellata , didianema pauli , leptogyra inconspicua , leptogyra inflata , leptogyra eritmeta , leptogyra verrilli , herpetopoma naokoae , hybochelus leucogranulatus , vaceuchelus vangoethemi , lepetodrilus atlanticus , sutilizona , lepetodrilus gordensis , nodopelta , vaceuchelus ludiviniae , vaceuchelus pagoboorum , melanodrymia galeronae , sutilizona tunnicliffae , pyropelta sibuetae , trochaclis , chilodonta suduirauti , pyropelta oluae , peltospira smaragdina , vaceuchelus vallesi , angaria melanacantha , emiliotia immaculatu . . .\n( of euchelus erythraeensis sturany , 1903 ) albano p . g . , bakker p . a . j . , janssen r . & eschner a . ( 2017 ) . an illustrated catalogue of rudolf sturany\u2019s type specimens in the naturhistorisches museum wien , austria ( nhmw ) : red sea gastropods . zoosystematics and evolution . 93 ( 1 ) : 45 - 94 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfairly common . the distinctness of this form is not beyond doubt , vittata , littorinoides , and strebeli all seem to intergrade somewhat on the mainland , and investigation of specific values in this genus must be left for another occasion . i have , however , used strebeli for a number of chatham shells , evidently not bicinctus , of a uniformly dull colour , and very solid habit ; i have identical shells from dunedin harbour ( the type locality of strebeli ) and other forsterian localities . it may be noted , however , that reeve ' s figure of the type of his littorinoides ( conch . icon . , vol . 3 , pl . 12 , f . 94 ) looks as much like strebeli as it does the form commonly accepted as littorinoides .\nthis seems to be needed for the various minolioid genera such as talopia gray , 1842 , minolia a . ad , 3860 , talopena iredale , 1918 , spectamen iredale , 1924 , antisolarium , conominolia , zeminailia , and zetela , all of finlay , 1926 , but not ethminolia iredale , 1924 ; of these talopia is the oldest name , and may be taken as the foundation of the family . solariella wood , 1842 , and machaeroplax friele , 1877 , perhaps belong here , but , being northern groups , may be more closely related to other associations . thiele has placed these in his subfamily margaritinae , but iredale has noted ( rec . austr . mus . , vol . 14 , no . 4 , p . 258 , 1925 ) that , as far as austral species are concerned , this should be termed stomatellinae , and to the euchelus - stotnatella series the austral minolioids show little resemblance .\nmanual of conchology , structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species : tryon , george w . ( george washington ) , 1838 - 1888 : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive\ntryon , george w . ( george washington ) , 1838 - 1888 ; pilsbry , henry augustus , b . 1862 ; sharp , b\nvols . 11 - 17 ( published 1889 - 1898 / 8 ) by george w . tryon , continued by henry a . pilsbry vols . 11 - 17 have imprint : published by the conchological section , academy of natural sciences originally issued quarterly , in 68 pts consists of\nfirst series , marine univalves .\ncf . p . [ 4 ] of covers of individual pts includes bibliographical references and index\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nherbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]\nherbert d . g . ( 2012 ) a revision of the chilodontidae ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda : seguenzioidea ) of southern africa and the south - western indian ocean . african invertebrates , 53 ( 2 ) : 381\u2013502 . [ 6 november 2012 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 )\nclanculus ( clanculopsis ) tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\n( of clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) fischer h . ( 1901 ) . liste des coquilles recueillies par m . de gennes \u00e0 djibouti et ali - sabieh , avec description de plusieurs formes nouvelles . journal de conchyliologie . 49 : 96 - 130 , pl . 4 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 123 - 125 [ details ]\n( of clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]\n( of clanculus gennesi h . fischer , 1901 ) bosch d . t . , dance s . p . , moolenbeek r . g . & oliver p . g . ( 1995 ) seashells of eastern arabia . dubai : motivate publishing . 296 pp . [ details ]\n( of clanculus gibbonsi sowerby iii , 1912 ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]\n( of clanculus gibbonsi sowerby iii , 1912 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of clanculus ( clanculopsis ) tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ) herbert d . g . ( 1996 ) . observations on clanculus tonnerrei ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1874 ) ( mollusca gastropoda trochidae ) . tropical zoology 9 : 31 - 45 . [ details ]\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsupplier out of stock . if you add this item to your wish list we will let you know when it becomes available .\nis the information for this product incomplete , wrong or inappropriate ? let us know about it .\ndoes this product have an incorrect or missing image ? send us a new image .\ncopyright \u00a9 loot\u2122 online ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved . khutaza park , bell crescent , westlake business park . po box 30836 , tokai , 7966 , south africa . info @ urltoken loot is a member of the independent media group of companies . all prices displayed are subject to fluctuations and stock availability as outlined in our terms & conditions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1879 . [ electronic resource ]\n, ph . d . , f . r . s . , director of the canterbury museum .\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 26 th november , 1879 . ]\n, i offered a description of the skeleton of this interesting southern ziphioid whale . i then stated on the authority of the late mr . f . fuller , taxidermist of the canterbury museum , who went to secure the skeleton of that specimen , stranded in lyttelton harbour , some details about the characteristic form and colour of the skin of the animal in question . when my informant arrived where the fishermen were at work , he found that the blubber had nearly all been taken off , so that he could only partially obtain the required measurements . from the observations i am about to offer to the society , on two more specimens stranded since then on our sea - beach , it will be seen that some of the statements were far from being correct .\nin fact , the animal was so much cut about that its lower part was taken for the upper , and vice vers\u00e2 and consequently no dorsal fin could be found where it was looked for . the first of the specimens under review was stranded on sunday , the 17th of november , 1878 , near new brighton . there were numerous visitors at the time who observed another whale ( according to other lookers - on , two whales ) in the offing , by which the animal was driven into the surf , where soon it became helpless . gradually it was drifted upon the low sandy beach , where it died only after a long struggle . having received prompt information , i arrived early next morning on the scene , and found the animal quite intact , so that i could not only take the necessary measurements , but also have a careful sketch prepared , which , as the sequel will show , is of importance , in offering us some curious information as to the habits of this species of ziphioids .\ncolour : head , neck , and anterior portion of the back , as far as the dorsal fin , white ; the rest of the body black ; a white narrow line running along the edge of the dorsal fin , which is otherwise black . the line of division between the two colours is everywhere well marked , except upon\nthe cheeks , where blackish blotches advance some distance towards the nose . the cylindrical form of the animal for its length is rather slender , its height at the occiput being only 2 feet 3 inches , and at about nine feet from the tip of the lower jaw 3 feet 3 inches , after which it tapers gradually to the tail . the animal proved to be a young female .\nthe two teeth at the termination of the lower jaw stood half an inch above the gums , having a diameter of one inch where they rose above the latter . they are conical , and have a sharp apex , and are not covered anywhere with enamel , not even on the tip . the dentine shows a number of horizontal lines one above the other , running round the tooth . they are therefore quite different from the teeth of the two specimens described in vol . ix . ( transactions of the new zealand institute ) , which were found to be covered with a rough cement . they are also different from those of another specimen , of which i shall give some details further on .\na single fold begins below the throat , 1 foot 1 inch from the top of the lower jaw . after rising rapidly for four inches , it continues for seven inches more at a smaller angle , ceasing where the black colour of the throat begins . this fold is separated into two portions by a ridge of the breadth of half an inch below the centre of the throat .\nlips flesh - coloured ; roof of mouth slaty - black ; no signs of teeth along the jaws ; there is , however , a hardened ridge along both sides of the palate . the extremity of the lower jaw projects about two inches beyond the upper . the head rises steeply above the upper lip to the forehead .\nthe blow - hole is situated on the vertex of the head just above the eye . both the form and the size of the dorsal fin and of the tail - lobes , show that this species must be a remarkably swift swimmer .\nbefore giving a description of the external appearance of the specimen under review , i wish to allude to another female , 21 feet 6 inches long , of the same species , stranded on may 15th , 1879 , on the sea - beach near kaiapoi , and of which the skeleton was also secured .\nthis was , doubtless , a full - grown , aged animal , the terminal epiphyses being so well anchylosed to the body of the vertebr\u00e6 that even the line of junction could be scarcely distinguished , while in the new brighton specimen these discs were still unanchylosed , and detached themselves readily during maceration .\nin form of the body , and colouration , this animal resembled in every respect the new brighton specimen . however , the two teeth existing at the tip of the lower jaw could not be felt when passing the fingers over the gums , and were only disclosed when making incisions .\nthe teeth are the smallest of all those known to me , being 1\u00b798 and 2 inches long , and only \u00b746 of an inch broad . the left tooth weighs 66 and the right 62 grains . the flattened root is square , and somewhat constricted a quarter of an inch above the base , after which the tooth expands , being broadest about the middle . it then contracts rapidly , running out to a sharp point . this is thus confirmatory evidence that the teeth , with age , are absorbed , and disappear gradually below the gums ; although it is possible that even below the gums they may still be of some use to the animal . it is a peculiar character of the small teeth of the kaiapoi specimen that they should be so very thin , and terminate in a sharp point ; and that the latter should be covered with real enamel , different from any observed upon the dentine in any other teeth of the same species .\nis no doubt in my mind that with them the teeth in front of the lower jaw are both permanent and of larger size than those of the females , just in the same manner as they exist in other ziphioid genera . fortunately , however , there is some evidence at hand strengthening such an hypothesis .\ndr . hector , in his account of the skull of epiodon chathamiensis , * obtained in the chatham islands , describes the teeth of this species , as follows : \u2014\u201cthe lower jaw * * * terminates in two , short , stout , slightly compressed teeth , 2 inches long , and 4 inches in circumference , implanted in shallow sockets . the teeth have slight , irregular stri\u00e6 , and are worn down into two lateral facets , divided by an acute ridge . the position of the teeth , when the jaws are closed , is 2 inches beyond the upper mandible , and unless they are applied against callosities on the upper lip , it is difficult to conceive how they are worn down to this acute form . weight of teeth 817 and 836 grains . \u201d\nfinally , i should like to make a few observations on the nomenclature , and the changes proposed .\nin plate viii . , b is the vent , c the pudendum , and d the fold .\n[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 11 th october , 1879 . ]\nhaving since made a minute examination , i have not the slightest hesitation in pronouncing it to be a specimen of gould ' s hiaticula ruficapilla ; it appears to be a very common australian species .\nmr . gould , in his \u201chandbook to the birds of australia , \u201d * states : \u2014\u201cthe red - capped dotterel is universally dispersed over every part of the sea - shores of australia that i have visited , and everywhere evinces a greater preference for the shingly beach of the ocean , and especially for deep salt - water bays , than for the sides of rivers and inland waters ; it is very numerous in tasmania , on flinders ' island , on the sand - banks at the mouth of the hunter in new south wales , and at port adelaide in south australia ; and gilbert states that it is equally abundant in western australia , where it is likewise so strictly a bird of the coast that he never saw it inland . it is usually met with in pairs , but may be occasionally observed associating in small companies : \u2014\n\u201clike the tring\u0153 , this bird resorts to every possible device in order to lure the intruder from its nest ; throwing itself down upon its breast and flapping its wings , as if in the agonies of death , it will so continue until he has approached almost near enough to place his hand upon it , when it moves along for several yards , dragging one of its legs behind , and , if still followed , attempts to fly , and so well imitates the motion of a bird wounded in the wing , that the intruder is easily misled , and the eggs remain undiscovered . \u201d\n\u201cthe male has the forehead crossed by a broad band of white , which gradually diminishes to a point at the posterior angle of the eye ; above , a band of black , which also diminishes to a point at the same place ; from the angle of the mouth to the eye , a line of black , which is continued from the posterior angle of the eye down the sides of the neck ; crown of head , nape , and back of neck , rich rusty red ; all the upper surface and wings pale brown , each feather margined with a still lighter tint : primaries , blackish - brown ; the shafts and extreme edge of the inner webs white ; four central tail - feathers dark brown , the remainder white ; all the under surface white ; irides very dark brown ; bill dark reddish brown ; naked part of legs above the tarsi dark greenish grey , tarsi light grey ; feet blackish brown . \u201d\nthe example before us is probably an accidental straggler to our shores from australia , it is , however , a very interesting addition to our list of new zealand birds .\nit will be remembered that , in 1876 , dr . buller read before this society descriptions of several varieties of the common , wood - pigeon ( carpophaga nov\u0153 - zealandi\u0153 ) . i have now the pleasure of bringing under your notice two additional examples of albinism in this species .\nno . 1 is a beautiful albino , the whole plumage being pure white , with the exception of the lesser wing - coverts , which are a delicate yellowish - brown colour , but much more decided than in the specimen mentioned by dr . buller . the claws are yellow instead of black , which is the normal colour . this specimen was shot at springhill station , upper whareama , by mr . a . cameron , and by him presented to the museum ; he says it has frequently been seen about the station during the last four years .\nno . 2 is a partial albino . the head , neck , back , and fore - part of the breast are light brown , stained in places with coppery - purple ; lesser wing - coverts , coppery - purple ; quills and their coverts , light brown ; quills tipped and margined with white . tail - feathers brown , tipped with white ; under - surface steel grey , changing to brown towards the extremities ; under - parts from breast downwards , white , slightly tinged with brown ; eyes and feet the usual carmine pink ; claws yellowish - pink , tipped with black . this specimen was procured at pahautanui , and presented to the museum by mr . wise , a very old resident in the district .\nthe next specimen i have to draw your attention to is a curious and interesting variety of the kotuku , or white heron ( ardea syrmatophora ) .\non the right wing , near the \u201cbend , \u201d is a patch of dark feathers ; thence a band of black and brown passes right over the back and joins a much larger patch of the same colour on the left wing , and then extends obliquely across the breast , becoming fainter as it again approaches the left side . inner webs of primaries , lining of wings and flank - feathers , more or less marked with brown , passing in places into black . a black patch about an inch in length will also be noticed on the outer web of one of the \u201csecondary plume feathers . \u201d\ni have never before heard of a specimen of this species possessing a single coloured feather , and indeed i am informed that \u201cwhite as a kotuku \u201d has passed into a proverb amongst the natives . i was therefore surprised , when , on proceeding to examine the six specimens contained in the \u201ctype collection , \u201d in the colonial museum , i found that no less than three of them had the wings , especially the under - surfaces , more or less spotted or dashed with brown and black .\nmuseum collection . it is evidently the result of an accident , and from its appearance i should say that a shot had just passed below the nostril , splitting the bill in the manner shown . the left side of the upper mandible has also been broken off , but this was evidently a subsequent misfortune , as the broken edge is still somewhat sharp ; while the top of the bill and \u201cspike\u201d are smooth and polished . this unfortunate bird was presented to the museum several years ago , by mr . j . d . enys , who shot it at akitea .\n[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 27 th september , 1879 . ]\n( orange - wattled crow ) have been as yet entirely unknown , and the author , having chanced to find , towards the end of february last , two nests of this species near the ko - i - te - rangi hill , on the hokitika river , forwards the following description of them .\nthe nests , which were 15 inches externally , were somewhat loosely constructed of twigs and roots , and had well - formed cup - shaped interiors , lined with pine roots and twigs ; they were built in the branches of the coprosma , or \u201cblack\u201d scrub , which grows upon the low river - flats of westland , near the mountain ranges . the average height of the scrub in this instance was about 15 feet , while the nests were about 9 feet above the ground , and 200 feet distant from each other ; one contained an egg , the other , two nearly fledged birds . the egg has been presented to the colonial museum . the two young birds were kept for some weeks in a cage for the\npurpose of studying their habits ; their wattles were of a light - rose tint , changing into a violet colour towards the base , but after death , when their skins were dried , the wattles assumed a dull orange tint . the parent birds had wattles of the usual rich crimson - lake colour , the base being tinted with violet as in the young birds .\nthe egg has almost similarly rounded extremities . length 1\u00b77 inch , breadth 1\u00b71 inch ; the under tint of the egg is brownish , mottled with grey and dark brown blotches which are larger and darker at the larger ends .\n. translated from the zoology of the voyage of the \u201cnovara , \u201d by professor hutton .\npassage imperfectly developed ; transverse processes of the sacral vertebr\u00e6 triangular , flat ; no paratoids . ( fingers and toes not dilated at the tips ; maxillary teeth ) .\ntympanum , sacs , and auditory tubes wanting ; teeth in the upper jaw , and in two faint oblique rows on the palate , behind and between the interior nares . tongue roundish , more or less margined . fingers free . toes half webbed . projection of the navicular bone small .\nfitz . verhandl . d . zool - bot . gesellschaft zu wien , jahrg 1861 ; xi ; pag . 218 , taf . vi\nbody moderately compressed . eyes rather large ; muzzle rather longer than the eye ; exterior nostrils rather nearer to the eye than to the end of the muzzle .\na glandular fold between the posterior corner of the eye and the shoulder ; a second from the eyes , along the sides of the body to the thighs . several warts about the corner of the mouth , and a few smaller ones on the back and on the sides of the rump . two smooth , yellow callosities on the palm of the hand , one on the metacarpus of the thumb , and one near that of the fourth finger . fingers and toes depressed . toes connected by the web for about half their length , the free part bordered by the membrane . projection of the navicular bone faintly elevated . a dark - grey triangular band between the eyes , in front of which is a broadish and lighter oblique stripe ; hind limbs with broad cross bands on a yellowish - brown ground . belly and sides of rump dirty grey - violet , marbled with yellowish - brown ; a\nlight oblique streak running down from the anterior and posterior corners of the eye , and diverging to the rim of the upper jaw . male without sound - bag .\n[ read before the hawke ' s bay philosophical institute , 12 th may , 1879 . ]\nin the winter of 1878 , i received a glass jar from hampden , in this provincial district , containing three full - grown living green lizards . they were pretty nearly alike in size ; two of them were spotted with large irregular - shaped light - green spots , or markings , and one was wholly green . they had been found together , a short time before , in a hole , with a fourth , which was accidentally killed ; and , on their capture , were put carefully into a jar , and packed loosely in moss . on my receiving them i found them apparently very well , but unwilling to move or to face the light , seeking to bury themselves more and more in their mossy bed , so i left them alone , believing they were hybernating . meanwhile , i made many enquiries , by letter , as to their \u201chole , \u201d its linings , etc . , but gained little reliable information , save that \u201cin it , and with them , was a lot of stuff like blasting powder ; \u201d this , i have reason to believe , was the f\u00e6cal debris . i greatly regretted the loss of the fourth , as i think that would have proved to be a green male .\nduring the winter i looked at them three or four times , but they always acted in the same manner , as if averse to having their quiet sleep disturbed . on again looking at them early in october , i found them wholly altered ; they were now desirous of coming to the light , restless , and pawing against the glass , and had increased in number , having four little ones ! two being spotted with white , and two entirely green ; their lovely little bodies looking as if cased in silk velvet instead of scales ; this appearance continued for some weeks . i now lost no time in removing them to more suitable\nearly in november i was sorry to observe that the young ones , although all four had grown rapidly in length , were daily becoming more weak , especially the two entirely green ones ; this , of course , was owing to their not eating . on the 3rd of november one of the young green ones died . at this time , too , the head of one of the adult lizards ( as i believe , the female one ) swelled much , changed to a livid colour , and grew to an unshapely size , with a bloody discharge distilling from its ears . i thought , that something being the matter with its head , the other lizards in their scrambling about over each other ( which they commonly do ) had fixed their sharp claws in its ears , being now tender , and so caused them to bleed , & c . the sick lizard , however , was very patient under it ; and as its disorder increased , the skin of its head became more and more stretched with the swelling , and great and irregular throbbings or undulations were very apparent . ( here i should mention , that the regular pulsation in their throats is always prominently seen ) . and so , as this diseased lizard became\noffensive , yet still living ( though not eating ) , dirtying the others with its discharges , anal now as well as aural , i threw it out into the field .\none of the spotted young ones ( which i shall term no . 1 . ) also cast its skin on the 6th december ; like that of the large male it commenced at the snout , but it came away in fragments\u2014perhaps owing to its being both young and tender .\non the 8th december the second young green lizard died , just as the former young one died , from starvation . this one had , in common with the two young spotted ones , plenty of small flies ( now more easily obtained as the summer advanced ) , but it wanted the power to catch any .\nabout the 12th december the two remaining adult lizards seemed to be getting into a diseased state ; the handsome male , which had so lately shed its outer skin , had something the matter with its ear , from which a bloody discharge was oozing ( resembling in a smaller degree the early diseased state of the adult one that died ) , while the adult female was restless , swelled in the lower abdomen , and discharging a bloody mixture from its anus ; finding this one getting rapidly worse , with its anus greatly swelled and blotchy\u2014starred all round the margin as it were in a curious regular manner\u2014i lost no time in putting it into a bottle of spirits , and , on my going to look at it some ten minutes after , i found , to my astonishment , no less than 26 large living larv\u00e6 of that red - brown flesh - fly had been discharged from its anus ! these were each 5 lines long , and it was their posterior ends compacted together and jutting out from the lizard ' s anus which had given it in that part its peculiar appearance . now it flashed across my\nmind , \u2014their evident dislike and dread on their first seeing that flesh - fly in their cage ; and that this was also the cause of the death of my first lizard , into which the living larv\u00e6 had been deposited through its ears ! causing its head to possess and show those ugly , unnatural throbbings or semi - undulations . i now hastened to the adult male lizard , and caught it , and on gently squeezing its head i saw the posterior end of a larva presenting itself within its ear ; i took a needle and extracted it ; it was much larger than those in the spirits , and gorged with blood . after this the male lizard soon recovered and became lively , though that aural orifice completely closed up , and so remained until the next shedding of its skin , when i was glad to find that it resumed its former appearance . from the time of this discovery i was careful not to give them any more viviparous female flesh - flies , consequently i have had no more similar diseases to notice .\nthe big male lizard again shed its skin on the 24th january ; this time , however , in fragments , yet done quickly , all being over within two hours . and again this lizard shed its skin on the 15th of march , this time in large pieces ; finding that while it had extricated its hind - legs it could not draw out its tail , i caught it and helped it to do so . it was pleasing to see how quietly it remained in my hand , when it found out what i was doing , and how naturally it moved its long tail in an easy wriggling manner , and with\nstrong muscular power pulling against me , so that the whole outer skin of the tail came off , as at first , in one unbroken piece . the cast skin is damp , soft , and slightly clammy , on its being shed , but it quickly dries and hardens .\nthe young lizard ( no . 1 ) next cast off its skin on the 31st december , having assumed the milky appearance already mentioned the day before ; and to my great surprise this same lizard again put on the cloudy milky appearance on the 13th january , and again shed its skin on the following day when its scurf was just a fortnight old ! as before , it began to break away at its snout , but on this occasion , somehow , possibly owing to its fineness , it got rolled up together and backwards behind its eyes , giving the animal with its white wig the drollest appearance imaginable , so that i often laughed outright ! this time it was very slow in casting off its rags , as parts of its skin were still hanging on its sides on the 24th january\u2014just ten days\u2014when i caught it and helped it . this lizard again shed its skin on the 1st march , when it was two days in getting it wholly off : often biting it and tearing at it with its claws . the next time it did so was on the 19th april , having assumed the usual milky appearance two days before ; on this occasion its old scurf first broke through over its back .\nthe other young lizard ( no . 2 ) again cast off its outer skin on the 5th february , having the day before put on the peculiar milky appearance .\nbig adult male , 1878 , november 16 ; 1879 , january 24 ; march 15 . * young one , no . 1 , 1878 , december 6 , december 31 ; 1879 , january 14 , march 1 , april 19 . young one , no . 2 , 1878 , december 16 ; 1879 , february 5 .\ntheir manner of taking their prey ( flies ) is peculiar : when the lizard clearly sees the fly , and makes sure it is living , it steals towards it in the most stealthy manner . as the lizard nears the fly , and when within two inches of it , then is the time closely to notice its actions . first it arches its neck to a tolerably sharp angle , and its eyes swell and bulge out , or rather upwards , over their orbits , and the expression of its countenance alters greatly , taking on a fierce look ; next it lifts its little hand - like paws and moves them , only a toe or a finger at a time and often in the air , very slowly and cautiously ( much like a little child does its hands when stealing along on tip - toe ) , and then it nears its head towards its prey , but so very slowly that i have better detected its movement by watching its shadow cast on marked paper by strong sunlight , \u2014reminding me of the almost imperceptible movement of the hour - hand of a clock . at last it has got to\nwhich they also did . the large lizard often puts its tongue out ( \u201clicking its lips\u201d ) when it goes after a fly , especially if a big one ; i am inclined to think that it is hungry then . it is pretty to see the two young lizards going together after the same fly , especially if the fly is crawling above them , within , on the glass roof ; to see them walking slowly , side by side , with measured gait , and step by step , like a pair of hounds in a leash or a couple of miniature fairy - like little creatures , with their heads up , and their little black eyes glistening ; at such times , too , when they at last near the fly , they often trample on each other in their eagerness , but whenever they do so , they always take it very quietly , the one underneath neither struggling nor retaliating .\nit has often seemed to me as if it were a natural law , or rule , of these lizards ( a thing understood by them ) , that whenever they trample on , or walk slowly over , each other , or stand , or lie , or even sleep on each other , the under one , or ones , always take it patiently , and rarely ever move at all\u2014not even when the sharp claws of the upper lizard are pressing on the eyes of the one under him : i have often been surprised at this . i have never once seen them fight or fall out , or attempt to bite each other , although confined in so small a compass . they often spend hours lying on each other ' s backs , which is a favourite posture with them , and sometimes sleep , or spend , the whole night thus . i have seen the whole seven thus together in one lump , with , sometimes , the little ones underneath .\nthey don ' t seem very timid nor easily startled to any great degree with noises , or sights , or sounds . i keep them on the table in my sitting - room , at which i take my meals , etc . , and i have often thrown down a newspaper by their side , or struck the table with a book pretty strongly , yet they never start ; it is the same when the candles are lit . they appear , too , as if they liked to snugly ensconce themselves in their cage under the koromiko branch , or ( the two young ones ) stretched out at full length on the upper side of the twigs .\ni believe them to be inoffensive , peaceful , and sociable ; and if , as i have already surmised , the fourth one ( which was killed ) was also a male , then there would have been two couples , at least , hybernating together in one \u201chole ; \u201d or that \u201chole\u201d may have been their usual dwelling - place , seeing there were found in it \u201c lots of black stuff\u201d\u2014no doubt their dry and hardened f\u00e6ces , which could not , i think , have been so largely deposited during the short period then passed of their hybernation . an intelligent friend in the country , who is also an observer of nature , has informed me that he has found them , in clearing , \u201csix or seven together , cuddled up under the roots of a flax - bush\u201d ( phormium ) .\nand then passing their broad , thin , and large tongue right over their eyes , as if washing them , and always so finishing their drinking . i have also seen them lick the wet koromiko leaves when fresh ; and the young ones , more than once , lick the adult male . their tongue and palate are of a deep purple colour , much like that of some plums , and the tongue , when fully extended ( as in licking ) , has an emarginate appearance , which may , however , be owing to the action of the hyoid muscle .\nthey seem to like the water , as they often go singly into their water - trough , and remain extended in the water for some time . they can swim very fast , too , but clumsily , as if they were in a great hurry about it ; i have occasionally tried them at swimming in a large vessel of water .\nthey can run very swiftly , as i have often proved . when they merely walk , their tails are always straight ; but when they make haste their tails are undulated laterally throughout their whole length . here , no doubt , their under - squam\u00e6 help them ; this , indeed , i have in a measure ascertained , in my taking the large lizard into my hands and holding it vertically , when , to aid its ascent in crawling , all the squam\u00e6 below are used strongly , and one feels them curiously applied against the hand . * this , also , i think , will account for their being able to climb up on the outside of their glass dome , which they can do\u2014in which feat they are no doubt also materially aided by the large transverse scales on their toes , which are a beautiful object , and admirably adapted for climbing purposes . their claws , too , are exceedingly sharp , having a translucent or semi - crystalline appearance , and are set on at almost a right angle to their toes . one can hardly bear to hold them in one ' s hand when they struggle and use their sharp claws .\ntheir tails have also a strong prehensile power , as i have found in their clasping my fingers with them very closely , and so holding on . on one occasion i had to clear the tail of one which was fast , having taken a half - turn over itself in the sharp angle of a twiggy branch of half - withered and flaccid koromiko , which , i suppose , it had pressed down by lying upon it .\nthey sometimes spring a short distance very nimbly when they wish to get away from any little obstructions ; and they also jump down fearlessly and without hesitation . i have taken them up and allowed them to run over a book , etc . , held horizontally , 2\u20133 feet above the table , when they would run straight over the edge of the book and drop on the table on all - fours , like a weasel or a cat , and so continue to run as before .\nthey assume all manner of curious and grotesque positions , some of them being most extraordinary , and some apparently painful , but in reality i suppose are not so . whatever posture they assume they both can and\n[ footnote ] * the sensation being just as if every single scale was being forcibly moved forwards in rapid succession by the muscles of the animal .\n8 p . m . it had not moved , so also it was at 11 p . m . , when i went to bed , and when i came down the next morning it was still in exactly the same strange position ; i now thought it could not easily get out , so i lifted the glass to help it , but the moment i did so it scuttled away very fast .\nthey always take a most peculiar attitude to void their f\u00e6ces , which , however , they do not perform frequently . i always know when they are about to do so ( if on the look - out ) , for with young and old their preparation is pretty much alike . they first lift up their tails in a semi - curvature towards their backs , then they lift their hind - feet from the floor , and so slowly void their one pellet ; which done they gently lower their hind - feet , and then their tail , and move away . on one occasion i saw the adult male lizard , which was quietly at ease among the koromiko twigs , leave its lair and climb up into the water - trough ; at first i thought it was going to drink , or to bathe in the water , but i was agreeably surprised in noting its actions ; having got into the salt - cellar , it placed its feet on both sides , cocked - up its big tail , and voided its pellet into the water ! that over , it leisurely descended to its former resting - place . in their voiding the f\u00e6cal pellet the anus of the animal is produced much more than would be supposed . their dung is of a long oval shape 4\u20135 lines long , and not unlike that of a sheep ; it is black in colour , but always with a white adjunct ( uric acid ) , somewhat resembling that of a fowl , which portion always appears first ; they void rather slowly . sometimes , especially after eating \u201cbluebottle flies , \u201d the portions of the fly in rather coarse fragments are very plain in the deposit ."]}
{"id": 2229, "summary": [{"text": "oligobuninae is an extinct subfamily of the family mustelidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the subfamily was described by j. a. baskin in 1998 ; of the genera that he assigned to this clade , eight are recognized today - brachypsalis , megalictis , oligobunis , potamotherium , promartes , zodiolestes , floridictis and parabrachypsalis - representing fifteen separate species . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "oligobuninae", "paragraphs": ["oligobuninae is an extinct subfamily of the family mustelidae known from miocene deposits in north america .\ncitation : valenciano a , baskin ja , abella j , p\u00e9rez - ramos a , \u00e1lvarez - sierra m\u00e1 , morales j , et al . ( 2016 ) megalictis , the bone - crushing giant mustelid ( carnivora , mustelidae , oligobuninae ) from the early miocene of north america . plos one 11 ( 4 ) : e0152430 . urltoken\nthe new specimens of megalictis ferox described here ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) give us a broader understanding of the morphology of m . ferox and lead us to conclude that the holotypes of both m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and aelurocyon brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) are conspecific and thus the latter should be subsumed into m . ferox . we argue that there are 3 species ascribed to megalictis : m . ferox , m . frazieri and m . simplicidens . however , the fourth potential congener , \u201cm\u201d . petersoni , might be best ascribed to a different genus . our cladistic analysis suggests that m . ferox is the sister taxon of the clade composed by m . simplicidens \u2014 m . frazieri . our phylogenetic hypothesis supports the subfamily oligobuninae as being a stem mustelid .\nmegalictis ferox matthew , 1907 [ 1 ] is a giant mustelid of the subfamily oligobuninae and belongs to the paraphyletic group of \u201cpaleomustelids\u201d [ 2 ] . it lived in the early miocene during the late arikareean ar4 north american land mammal age 22 . 7\u201318 . 5 mya [ 3 , 4 ] of the central great plains of united states in the states of nebraska , south dakota , and wyoming [ 1 , 5 \u2013 7 ] . the ar4 lithostratigraphic units containing giant oligobunines have been revised . hunt [ 8 ] named the anderson ranch formation for the terminal formation of the arikaree group in nebraska and wyoming formerly referred to as the upper harrison beds of peterson [ 5 , 9 ] and the lower marsland formation of schultz [ 10 ] . the black bear formation replaces the upper rosebud formation of south dakota [ 11 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . a . baskin . 1998 . mustelidae . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america 152 - 173\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2016 valenciano et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : a . v . has received funding from the european union\u2019s seventh framework programme ( fp7 / 2007 - 2013 ) under grant agreement n\u00b0 226506 ( synthesys ; se - taf - 3637 ) , the usc school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) , the amnh ( collection study grant program 2014 ) and the international travel grant 2015 from the vertebrate paleontology department of flmnh from uf . a . v . is researcher in formation in the csic program jae - pre _ cp2011 ( csic program\njunta para la ampliaci\u00f3n de estudios\n) , co - funded by the european social fund . a . p . r . is a pre - doctoral fpi fellowship ( bes - 2013 - 065469 ) of the project cgl2012 - 37866 . this study was also supported by the spanish ministerio de econom\u00eda y competitividad ( research project cgl2015 - 68333 , cgl2011 - 28877 and cgl2011 - 28681 ) , the research group bsch - ucm 910607 and university of south carolina school of medicine ( columbia , south carolina , usa ) .\nabbreviations : acm , amherst college beneski museum of natural history , massachusetts , usa ; ahr , comparative anatomy research collection , university of south carolina school of medicine , columbia , usa ; amnh , american museum of natural history , division of paleontology and division of mammalogy , new york , usa ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , usa ; f : am , collection housed in the frick collection of the division of paleontology , amnh , new york , usa ; lgput , laboratory of geology and palaeontology , university of thessaloniki , greece ; mncn , museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; mncncomp , comparative anatomy research collection of paleobiology department of museo nacional de ciencias naturales madrid , spain ; nrm , naturhistoriska rikmuseet , stockholm , sweden ; pin , palaeontological institute , russian academy of sciences , moscow , russia ; sam - pql , iziko south african museum , cape town south african museum , south africa ; tmm , texas memorial museum at the vertebrate paleontology laboratory , the jackson school of geosciences , university of texas , austin , usa ; uf , vertebrate paleontology collection of the florida museum of natural history ( flmnh ) , university of florida , gainesville , usa ; unsm , university of nebraska state museum , lincoln , nebraska , usa ; usnm , united states national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , usa\nmegalictis ferox [ 1 ] was described from the black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota , usa . a second giant oligobunine , aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 [ 5 ] , was described from the niobrara canyon local fauna , anderson ranch formation in sioux county , nebraska , usa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] established that the actual publication date for a . brevifacies was one week after matthew described m . ferox in 1907 , not in 1906 as indicated in the journal . after these initial descriptions , riggs [ 6 ] described new cranial and postcranial material of both taxa . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis ferox , aelurocyon brevifacies , and the large oligobunine mustelid paroligobunis simplicidens ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] .\nhere , we describe an important unpublished sample of craniomandibular remains of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , and amnh 54076 ) , housed at the american museum of natural history ( new york , usa ) . although f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 were found in the late 1930s and have been used to obtain metric , morpho - functional and phylogenetic data ( e . g . , [ 2 , 7 , 12 \u2013 16 ] ) , they have never been fully described . therefore , the main objective of the present paper is to describe these unpublished skulls and mandibles , and provide new data on the taxonomy and systematics of the genus in order to shed new light on the paleobiology of megalictis .\ndental nomenclature follows ginsburg [ 17 ] and smith and dodson [ 18 ] . anatomical descriptions are based primarily on scapino [ 19 ] , turnbull [ 20 ] , barone [ 21 , 22 ] , waibl et al . [ 23 ] , evans and de lahunta [ 24 , 25 ] , and hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the terminology conforms to the standard of the nomina anatomica veterinaria [ 23 ] with the exception of the masseter and temporalis muscle complexes for which we follow hartstone - rose et al . [ 26 ] . the megalictis material ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) has been compared to all the other material of megalictis and paroligobunis on the basis of published descriptions , figures , measurements and photographs . we have re - measured the dentition of amnh 12880 and 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) measured initially by matthew [ 1 ] and peterson [ 5 ] and completed the measures of paroligobunis petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] using a cast tmm 40966\u20131 . measurements were made using mitutoyo absolute digital calipers to the nearest 0 . 1 mm ( tables 1 and 2 ) .\na lateral view ; b rostral view ; c dorsal view ; d caudal view ; e ventral view . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na right mandible lateral view ; b occlusal view ; c left mandible lingual view of lower dentition . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na1\u20134 cranium f : am 54079 , lateral view ( a1 ) , dorsal view ( a2 ) , ventral view ( a3 ) , and caudal view ( a4 ) ; b1\u20133 right hemimandible f : am 54079 , lateral view ( b1 ) , medial view ( b2 ) , and occlusal view ( b3 ) ; c1\u20133 left hemimandible f : am 54079 lateral view ( c1 ) , medial view ( c2 ) , and oclussal view ( c3 ) ; d1\u20133 right hemimandible of amnh 54076 , lateral view ( d1 ) , medial view ( d2 ) , and occlusal view ( d3 ) . scale bar equals 5 cm .\na , and b megalictis ferox holotype amnh 12880 , lateral view ( a ) , ventral view ( b ) ; c , and d megalictis ferox cm 1590 ( genotype of aelurocyon brevifacies ) , lateral view ( c ) , ventral view ( d ) ; megalictis ferox f : am 25430 lateral view ( e ) , ventral view ( f ) ; g , and h megalictis ferox f : am 54079 lateral view ( g ) , ventral view ( h ) . scale bar equals 5 cm . c and d courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history .\nf : am 25430 ( figs 1 and 2 , s1 video ) : relatively complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 , missing only its left zygomatic arch , a broken frontal area plus a portion of the right parietal region missing and filled with plaster , a hole in its right parietal bone , and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ; f : am 54079 ( fig 3 , s2 video ) : right side of a partial skull without the premaxilla , with worn c , p2 - m1 and partial mandibles with a nearly complete right one with c - m2 and a broken mandibular symphysis and a left one just with the mandibular corpus preserved and a broken p2 , and a complete both p3 and m1 ; amnh 54076 ( fig 3 ) : partial mandibular corpus with m1 - 2 .\nin order to better understand the phylogenetic relationships of the oligobunines megalictis ferox ( amnh 12880 , cm 1590 , f : am 25430 and f : am 54079 ) , m . simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( cm 1553 and cm 2389 ) , m . frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( uf 23928 ) , \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( = paroligobunis petersoni ) ( acm 2011 ) , and oligobunis crassivultus ( amnh 6903 ) , we have performed a cladistic analysis ( fig 5 ) including 18 taxa ( m . ferox is represented in the analysis as 4 separate operational taxonomic units ( otu ) ) and 73 equally weighted and unordered craniomandibular characters ( s1 \u2013 s3 appendices ) . cladistic analysis was performed using in paup * 4 . 0b10 [ 38 ] . the analysis was rooted using c . lupus as the outgroup .\nsearches were performed using the branch and bound and a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replicates to test the clade support in the analysis . the outgroup was c . lupus . strict consensus tree of 6 trees ( length 194 steps , consistency index ( ci ) = 0 . 41 , retention index ( ri ) = 0 . 65 ) for knowing the relationships between the different specimens of megalictis ferox , megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni , oligobunis crassivultus , and a sample of extant musteloids and a canid . numbers below nodes are bremer indices , and numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages ( only shown when \u2265 50 ) . character / taxa matrix is detailed in the s1 \u2013 s3 appendices . silhouette of megalictis ferox based on hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] , silhouette of megalictis simplicidens , megalictis frazieri , \u201c megalictis \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus based on megalictis ferox but rescaled according the size of the dentition .\nvirtual models of the mandibles and skulls of megalictis ferox ( f : am 25430 , f : am 54079 , amnh 12880 and amnh 22632 ) as well as megalictis frazieri uf 23928 and megalictis simplicidens ( cast of cm 1553 ) were derived by means of a 3d nextengine hd laser surface scanner ( s1 \u2013 s6 videos ) .\ndiagnosis : large to giant size mustelid ; robust mandible with a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus ; deep masseteric fossa with a stout crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; robust dentition ; p1 present ; p2\u20134 with distal cingula high - crowned ; p4 relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids ; m1 trigonid widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid ; m1 metaconid reduced to absent , present in the older and smaller forms and absent in the giant forms , m1 talonid low and narrow with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid ; and m2 with reduced metaconid .\ntype species : megalictis ferox matthew , 1907 p1 . ii , fig . 1 [ 1 ]\nincluded species : megalictis simplicidens ( = paroligobunis simplicidens ) ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] and megalictis frazieri ( = paroligobunis frazieri ) ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] .\nsynonyms : senior subjective synonym [ 7 ] of aelurocyon brevifacies peterson , 1907 , p . 68 [ 5 ] , \u201cupper harrison formation\u201d , sioux county , nebraska and paroligobunis peterson , 1910 [ 29 ] . hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] synonymized megalictis , aelurocyon , and paroligobunis simplicidens into a single , sexually - dimorphic chronospecies m . ferox . this hypothesis has been generally accepted ( e . g . , [ 3 , 13 , 42 ] ) .\nmegalictis ferox , hunt and skolnick , 1996 ( pars ) . [ 7 ]\nholotype : amnh 12880 , a partial reconstructed skull ( fig 4 , s3 video ) with right p4 , m1 - 2 , a fragmented right mandible with almost complete coronoid process , m1 trigonid and m2 , and very few postcranial remains figured by matthew , 1907 , p . 196 , fig . 10\u201313 , 15 [ 1 ] .\ntype locality : rosebud 22 , porcupine butte , black bear formation , stanley county , south dakota .\nother localities : rosebud 5 , porcupine butte , stanley county , south dakota , usa ( amnh 12881 ) ; niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( cm 1590 ) , \u201chigh daemonelix beds\u201d , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa ( f : am 25430 ) ; j - m district , south of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa [ 6 ] ; \u201chigh brown sand\u201d , 16 mile district , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54079 ) ; 8 north of lusk , goshen county , wyoming , usa ( f : am 54076 ) .\nage : upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents , south dakota , nebraska , and wyoming , late late arikareean ( ar4 ) , 22 . 7\u201318 . 5 mya [ 4 ] early miocene .\ndiagnosis : baskin [ 2 ] diagnosed of aelurocyon brevifacies ( which he considered the senior subjective synonym of megalictis ferox because of the presumed earlier publication date at the time he submitted the chapter ) . new or revised characters follow . megalictis ferox is the largest of the oligobunines ; coronoid process high and caudally curved ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest extending from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 ; laterocaudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus laterally projected ; p2 with distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with strong parastyle and protocone ; p4 carnassial notch present ; m1 with enlarged stylar area ; m2 with paracone and protocone ; p2\u20134 with high - crowned distal cingula ; p3 with mesial and distal accessory cuspid ; p4 relatively enlarged with presence of mesial accessory cuspid and stout distal accessory cuspid ; m1 trigonid widened ; m1 with strong lingual concavity between paraconid and protoconid ; m1 protoconid higher than paraconid ; m1 hypoconid short , trenchant and buccally located ; m1 with a lingual cingulum in the entoconid position ; m2 reduced with metaconid .\ndifferential diagnosis : megalictis ferox differs from m . simplicidens , m . frazieri , \u201cm . \u201d petersoni and oligobunis crassivultus in its larger size , m1 without metaconid and m1 talonid with a closed lingual morphology with a lingual cingulum between the metacristid and entocristid . additionally , it differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in having a higher and more robust mandibular symphysis , a reduced p2 and a more robust p4 and m1 . it further differs from \u201cm . \u201d petersoni in much larger size and p3\u20134 with mesial accessory cuspids . it further differs from oligobunis crassivultus in having a more rectangular p2 , smaller m1 than p4 , enlarged m1 stylar area , higher paracone than metacone on the m1 , reduced p2 , p2\u20133 high - crowned distal cingula , more developed p3 distal accessory cuspid , relatively enlarged p4 , and higher protoconid than paraconid on the m1 .\ncomments : specimens that can be referred to m . ferox s . s . are from the latest arikareean ( ar4 ) upper part of the anderson ranch formation and its equivalents .\na nearly complete skull with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 1 , s1 video ) and a complete mandible with i1 - 3 , c , p1 - 4 and m1 - 2 ( fig 2 , s1 video ) . the left zygomatic arch is missing . part of the frontal and a region of the right parietal bones are missing and filled with plaster . there is a subrectangular and anthropogenic hole in its right parietal bone located above the most caudal area of the zygomatic arch .\nlocality : \u201chigh daemonelix beds\u201d , anderson ranch formation , niobrara canyon local fauna , sioux county , nebraska , usa .\nskull and upper dentition : the very well preserved skull f : am 25430 ( fig 1 ) has a basicranial length of 189 . 5 mm . it is slightly domed dorsally at the frontal bone , the bullae are broken and the left zygomatic arch is missing . in general terms the skull is high , domed with a short rostrum and high snout ( fig 1a ) . the nasal aperture is large ( fig 1b ) , and the crushed nasal bones are robust . they are crushed in the mid - sagittal plane and anteriorly the left nasal bone is partially above the right one . the reconstructed frontal region is quite domed . the interorbital region is broad . the postorbital processes are absent . the moderately developed infraorbital foramen is rounded and located above the distal accessory cusp of the p3 . the rostral margin of the orbit ends at the level of the distal margin of the p4 paracone . the orbits are large and rounded . the lacrimal foramen is rounded and relatively large . the sagittal crest is moderately developed and extends caudally where it divides into the nuchal crests , forming a y - pattern ( fig 1a , 1c and 1d ) . in lateral view , the outline of the skull is convex in the temporal region and concave between the temporal bone and nuchal crests .\nthe zygomatic arches are robust , especially caudally near the glenoid cavity . both m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda have their origin on the ventrolateral side of the zygomatic arch . the frontal processes of the zygomatic arches are triangular and dorsoventrally high .\nmandible and lower dentition : the mandible of f : am 25430 is very robust ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a total length of 149 . 0 mm . the tooth row is slightly convex and is aligned with the articular process . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the ventral margin is convex at the level of the m1 . there is single rounded mental foramen under p2 . the ascending ramus is tall and rostrocaudally broad ( fig 2a ) . its tip is distally oriented . the coronoid process is laterally rotated with an angle of ~ 75 degrees , compared to the articular process . there is a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid to beneath the m2 where the tendon of the m . temporalis is attached . this area is especially enlarged and laterally projected around the area of the m2 ( fig 2a and 2b ) . the masseteric fossa is large and deep . its rostral margin lies at the level of talonid of m1 , and ventrolaterally is limited by a strong area where the m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda insert . the articular process is large and robust . the angular process is robust and shows a medial crest for the muscular attachment of the m . pterygoideus medialis .\nthe lower dentition ( 3 / 1 / 4 / 2 ) is also preserved in its entirety ( fig 2 ) . the lower incisors are heavily worn . the canine is large , stout and markedly curved distally ( fig 2a and 2b ) . it has a swollen base and is oval in cross - section . the p1 is oval , single - cusped and distally wide ( fig 2b ) . the p2\u20134 are stout , subrectangular and wider distally . these premolars have strong cingula at their bases , and the distal cingula are high - crowned . the p2 has a single messially - located cuspid . the p3 has a low mesial accessory cuspid and a more developed distal one . the p4 is the largest lower premolar and has more strongly developed mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 is a relatively short and stout tooth ( fig 2 ) . the very robust trigonid occupies almost three fourths of the total length of the tooth , with the greatest width at the base of the protoconid . the paraconid is lower than the protoconid and there is no metaconid . the m1 shows a markedly lingual concavity in the base of the crown between the trigonid cuspids ( fig 2b ) . the stout talonid lacks an entoconid . the hypoconid is low , trenchant and buccally located . there is a smooth cristid from the top of the protoconid to the hypoconid that encloses a deep lingual depression ( fig 2c ) . the m2 is rounded and low ( fig 2b ) . the paraconid is low , and located in the mesial corner . the protoconid is the highest cuspid , located buccally in the middle of the tooth . the metaconid is situated over the lingual corner . it is less developed than the protoconid . the hypoconid is low and located in the distal corner . there is a cingulum around the whole tooth .\npartial skull with worn c , p2\u2013m1 and partial mandible with worn p1\u20134 and m1\u20132 ( fig 3a1\u20134 , 3b1\u20133 and 3c1\u20133 , s2 video ) .\nlocality : \u201chigh brown sand\u201d , 16 mile district , anderson ranch formation , goshen county , wyoming , usa .\nskull and upper dentition : the skull f : am 54079 ( fig 3a1\u20134 ) only preserves its right side . it has a maximum length of 180 . 2 mm . the premaxilla is missing , so the basicranial length is unknown . in general terms , f : am 54079 resembles f : am 25430 ( fig 1 ) . the frontal bone and dorsal area of the parietal bone are absent ( fig 3a2 ) . the zygomatic arches are more robust than those of f : am 25430 , especially in the rostral and the central part of the arches , and the origin of m . masseter pars superficialis and m . masseter pars profunda are also more developed . however , the frontal processes of the zygomatic arches are lower than those of f : am 25430 . the glenoid fossa is stout with a very well developed postglenoid process ( fig 3a3 ) . the complete right auditory bulla is large and swollen . the external auditory meati are rounded . the postglenoid foramen , the rostral foramen lacerum and the foramen ovale are similar to those of f : am 25430 . the mastoid process is also robust and expanded . the right occipital condyle is preserved but the caudodorsal area of the skull is not . the paroccipital process is triangular , stout and caudally oriented ( fig 3a1 and 3a3\u20134 ) .\nc , p2\u20134 and are preserved . the p1 is missing . they are more worn than are those of f : am 25430 . the c has a large lingual wear facet . the morphology of p2\u20134 ( fig 3a3 ) is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the p3 is more quadrangular than that of f : am 25430 , but the mesiolingual corner of the p3 is missing . the p4 paracone , protocone and metastyle are greatly - worn ( fig 3a3 ) . the m1 ( fig 3a3 ) has the same development of the cusps as that found in f : am 25430 , and shows a very similar morphology as that of amnh 12880 . the m2 and its alveoli are not preserved .\nmandible and lower dentition : the right hemimandible ( fig 3b1\u20133 ) has a fragmented corpus that is missing its symphyseal end but includes a complete ascending ramus with p1\u20134 and m1\u20132 . its morphology is almost identical to that of f : am 25430 . the left hemimandible ( fig 3c1\u20133 ) is missing its ascending ramus but includes a complete mandibular corpus , a complete p1 , a fragmented p2 , a highly worn p3 , a complete m1 and a fragmented m2 . the p1\u20134 and m1 are almost identical to those of f : am 25430 though there is more substantial occlusal wear in p2\u20134 and m1 than in f : am 25430 . the m2 is oval and has a more developed metaconid than the m2 of f : am 25430 .\nlocality : 8 north of lusk , goshen county , anderson ranch formation , wyoming , usa .\nmandible and lower dentition : amnh 54076 is a fragmented mandibular corpus missing its symphysis ( fig 3d1\u20133 ) . it has roots for p2\u20133 , and complete m1\u20132 . the mandibular corpus is high and robust . the m1 is identical to those of f : am 54079 and f : am 25430 . it has a stout trigonid , and a low talonid composed of a trenchant hypoconid , lingually located and a lingual depression . the m2 is rounded and low . it has a distinguishable protoconid and metaconid , and a continuous basal cingulum .\nhunt and skolnick [ 7 ] did not consider the other two species referred to paroligobunis : the small p . petersoni loomis , 1932 [ 27 ] and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] . as discussed below , we consider the material referred to both p . simplicidens and p . frazieri to be valid species : megalictis frazieri and m . simplicidens .\nthe results of the cladistic analysis indicate that the specimens we assign to m . ferox form a monophyletic group ( fig 5 ) . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] in that m . ferox and a . brevifacies are the same taxon , and that m . ferox has priority . morphologically , the specimens f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 , as well as cm 1590 and amnh 12880 , are practically identical to each other ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) . f : am 54079 differs from f : am 25430 and cm1590 in having a more robust p3 and a relatively longer m2 . cm 1590 has a reduced lingual expansion of p3 and a stronger parastyle of p4 than f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 12880 . the morphology of f : am 25430 is clearly different from the skull of amnh 12880 , and shows that the reconstructed parts of the latter were incorrect , in which the temporal , frontal and a part of the zygomatic arch bones are misinterpreted ( fig 4a and 4b ) . f : am 25430 allows us to complete the knowledge about the morphology of the skull of m . ferox and showing that the holotype of m . ferox ( amnh 12880 ) and the holotype of a . brevifacies ( cm 1590 ) belong to the same species . consequently , f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 should be assigned to m . ferox . we agree with hunt and skolnick [ 7 ] that the difference observed in the specimens of m . ferox can be explained by intraspecific variability ( sexual dimorphism and intrapopulational differences ) or small temporal differences .\nmegalictis ferox ( figs 1 \u2013 4 ) is characterized by several traits : long external auditory meatus ; high and caudally curved coronoid process ; enlarged masseteric fossa with a robust crest from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to just beneath the m2 ; latero - caudal area of the ventral edge of the mandibular corpus is laterally projected , with the ventral edge of the angular process also laterally projected ; i3 is enlarged ; p2 with a distal accessory cusp ; robust p3 ; robust p4 with carnassial notch ; enlarged stylar area of m1 , and a m2 with paracone and protocone differentiated ; p2\u20134 distal cingula high - crowned ; distal accessory cuspid on p3 ; relatively enlarged p4 with a stout mesial accessory cuspid ; relatively stout m1 with a widened trigonid , a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , no metaconid , protoconid higher than paraconid , with a short , trenchant and buccally located hypoconid and a lingual rim in the entoconid position ; reduced m2 with a metaconid .\nall the three species that have been referred to paroligobunis ( fig 6 ) are known from limited material . the genotype of paroligobunis , megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1590 , peterson , 1907 , 1910 ) [ 5 , 29 ] comes from the \u201cagate stock farm\u201d , sioux county nebraska . the exact locality is unknown and it is either from the harrison formation ( ar3 ) or the basal part of the anderson ranch formation [ 7 ] . additional material first referred to p . simplicidens [ 29 ] and later to megalictis ferox [ 7 ] is from quarry 3 , beardog hill , agate fossil beds national monument , from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation . the small \u201cm\u201d . petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] is from a locality near van tassel , wyoming , \u201cupper harrison beds\u201d ( = anderson ranch formation ) and p . frazieri frailey , 1978 [ 28 ] is from the sb - 1a local fauna , florida , latest oligocene , early late arikareean ( ar3 ) . hunt ( in tedford et . al , 2004 : p . 205 [ 3 ] ) recognized that \u201c\u2018 paroligobunis\u2019 frazieri is an earlier form preceding the late arikareean species of megalictis \u201d .\n( a ) megalictis simplicidens , type specimen , cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( b ) megalictis simplicidens cm 1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , medial view , ( c ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , lateral view of the mandible , ( d ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , medial view , ( e ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , holotype uf 23928 , lateral view of the mandible , ( f ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , medial view , ( g ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] , holotype acm 2011 , lateral view of the mandible , ( h ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , medial view , ( i ) megalictis simplicidens cm1553 ( peterson , 1907 ) [ 5 ] , occlusal view , ( j ) megalictis simplicidens cm 2389 ( peterson , 1910 ) [ 29 ] , occlusal view , ( k ) megalictis frazieri ( frailey , 1978 ) [ 28 ] , uf 23928 , occlusal view , ( l ) \u201c megalictis\u201d petersoni ( loomis , 1932 ) [ 27 ] acm 2011 , occlusal view . scale bar equals 5 cm . a - d , i and j courtesy of the carnegie museum of natural history . e - f and k courtesy of the florida museum of natural history . g - h and l , beneski museum of natural history at amherst college , courtesy of the trustees of amherst college .\nthere are no derived characters uniting the three named species of paroligobunis that are not shared with megalictis ( s2 appendix ) . our phylogenetic analysis ( fig 5 ) shows that these three species are paraphyletic with m . ferox . the larger p . frazieri and p . simplicidens are both referred to megalictis . the differences in morphology and size between the three species of megalictis with respect to \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( fig 6 ) suggest that \u201c m . \u201d petersoni could be excluded from the genus megalictis .\nmegalictis simplicidens and m . frazieri ( fig 6 ) resemble m . ferox in several characters , such as a high , wide and distally curved ascending ramus , and a deep masseteric fossa with a robust crest that extends from the dorsal border of the coronoid process to below the m2 . both taxa have a p1 , the distal cingula of p2\u20134 are high - crowned , and the p4 is relatively enlarged with mesial and distal accessory cuspids . the m1 trigonid is widened , with a strong lingual concavity between the paraconid and protoconid , a low , and narrow talonid with a short , trenchant and labially located hypoconid , and a reduced m2 with presence of a metaconid . however they differ from m . ferox in having a non - reduced p2 , the presence of a stout m1 metaconid , relatively more slender p4 and m1 , m1 talonid with an open lingual morphology between the metacristid and entocristid , and a lower and more slender mandibular symphysis .\nhunt and skolnick [ 7 ] partially described and measured some of the unsm and cm specimens of megalictis from the basal part of the anderson ranch formation at beardog hill that we refer to m . simplicidens . aside from their more primitive morphology ( e . g . , presence of a metaconid on m1 ) , they are smaller than m . ferox from the upper anderson ranch formation . the upper and lower dental measurements indicate a size similar to g . gulo .\nmegalictis frazieri ( fig 6e , 6f and 6k ) differs from m . simplicidens ( fig 6a\u20136d , 6i and 6j ) in having a less massive mandible and a more distinctive distal cingulum with a higher crown in p2\u20134 than m . simplicidens . the c and p2 of m . frazieri are also more robust . the m1 hypoconid is higher and the talonid is relatively larger , slightly basined with a very low internal rim .\n\u201cmegalictis\u201d petersoni ( fig 6g , 6h and 6l ) differs from m . simplicidens and m . frazieri in the absence of mesial accessory cuspids on p3\u20134 , a relatively stouter p4 with a shorter mesial part and a relatively more robust m1 with a taller and stouter metaconid .\nmetrically the new megalictis ferox sample described above ( f : am 54079 , f : am 25430 and amnh 54076 ) together with amnh 12880 and cm 1590 form a single picture of m . ferox with dental biometric variability similar to the largest extant terrestrial mustelids gulo and mellivora ( figs 7 and 8 ) . however , if m . simplicidens is considered as a synonym of m . ferox , this variability exceeds the extant one . such variability is much more pronounced when all the specimens of m . simplicidens , m . frazieri and the small \u201c m . \u201d petersoni ( figs 7 and 8 ) are included .\na life appearance ; b , reconstructed skull and mandible ; c , skull and mandible f : am 25430 . artwork by adam hartstone - rose .\nthe preservation of the of m . ferox specimen f : am 25430 represents by far the most complete and best preserved craniomandibular specimen of any giant mustelids . based on the size of the skull , m . ferox emerges as the largest terrestrial mustelid ever known\u2013even larger than the extinct late miocene giant mustelid ekorus , eomellivora , and plesiogulo [ 13 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 70 ] . this new material sheds light on a new paleobiological interpretation of megalictis as a hyena - like , bone - crushing mustelid , instead of the cat - like ecomorphotype previously ascribed to the genus .\ns1 table . list of the extant specimens of carnivorans used in this paper .\ns1 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .\ns2 video . video of the cranium and mandible of megalictis ferox f : am 54079 .\ns3 video . video of the cranium and mandible of the holotype of megalictis ferox amnh - 12880 .\ns4 video . video of the cranium and mandible megalictis ferox amnh - 22632 ( cast of cm 1590 ) .\ns5 video . video of the mandible of megalictis simplicidens ( cm 1553 ) and megalictis frazieri uf 23928 .\ns6 video . video of the reconstructed head of megalictis ferox f : am 25430 .\nconceived and designed the experiments : av jm ahr . performed the experiments : av jab jm . analyzed the data : av jab ja maas jm ahr . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : av ja apr . wrote the paper : av jab ja maas jm ahr .\nmatthew wd . a lower miocene fauna from south dakota . bull am mus nat hist . 1907 ; 23 : 169\u2013219 .\nbaskin ja . mustelidae . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america , volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulate - like mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 1998 . pp . 152\u2013173 .\ntedford rh , albright lb iii , barnosky ad , ferrusquia - villafranca i , hunt rm jr , storer je , et al . mammalian biochronology of the arikareen through hemphillian interval ( late oligocene through early pliocene epochs ) . in : woodburne mo , editor . late cretaceous and cenozoic mammals of north america : biostratigraphy and geochronology . new york : columbia university press ; 2004 . pp . 169\u2013231 .\nalbright lb iii , woodburne mo , fremd tj , swisher cc iii , macfadden bj , scott gr . revised chronostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the john day formation ( turtle cove and kimberly members ) , oregon , with implications for updated calibration of the arikareean north american land mammal age . j geol . 2008 ; 116 : 211\u2013237\npeterson oa . the miocene beds of western nebraska and eastern wyoming and their vertebrate faunae . ann carnegie mus . 1907 ; 4 : 21\u201372 .\nriggs es . some early miocene carnivores . publ - 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hilaire e . palaeontographie . consid\u00e9rations sur des ossemens fossils la plupart inconnus , trouv\u00e9s et observes dans les bassins de l\u00b4auvergne . rev encycl . 1833 ; 59 : 76\u201395 .\npomel a . m\u00e9moire pour server \u00e0 la g\u00e9ologie pal\u00e9ontologique des terrains tertiaries du department de l\u00b4allier . bull soc g\u00e9ol fr ( 2 ) . 1846 ; 3 : 353\u2013373 .\nwolsan m . fossil - based minimin divergence dates for the major clades of musteloid carnivorans . in : abstract of plenary , symposium , poster and oral papers presented at ninth international mammalogical congress ( imc 9 ) : roles of mammalogy on coexistence of wild mammals and human , july 31\u2013august 5 , 2005 , sapporo , hokkaido , japan . science council of japan and mammalogical society of japan , tokyo ; 2005 . pp . 372\u2013373 .\nfinarelli ja , flynn jj . ancestral state reconstruction of body size in the caniformia ( carnivora , mammalia ) : the effects of incorporating data from the fossil record . syst biol . 2006 ; 55 : 301\u2013313 . pmid : 16611601\nsato jj , wolsan m , minami s , hosoda t , sinaga mh , hiyama k , et al . deciphering and dating the red panda\u00b4s ancestry and early adaptative radiation of musteloidea . mol phylogenet evol . 2009 ; 53 : 907\u2013922 . pmid : 19699810\nrybczynski n , dawson mr , tedford rh . a semi - 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( carnivora : mammalia ) a gigantic otter from the pliocene of dikika , lower awash , ethiopia . j vert paleontol . 2011 ; 31 : 447\u2013453 .\nwolsan m , sotnikova m . systematics , evolution , and biogeography of the pliocene stem meline badger\n( carnivora : mustelidae ) . zool j linn soc . 2013 ; 167 : 208\u2013226 .\nelbroch m . animal skulls : a guide to north american species . stackpole books : mechanicsburg , pa ; 2006\nwerdelin l . carnivoran ecomorphology : a phylogenetic perspective . in : gittleman jl , editor . carnivore behavior , ecology and evolution . ithaca : cornell university press ; 1996 . pp . 582\u2013624 .\nvan valkenburgh b . d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu : the evolution of feeding morphologies in the carnivora . integr comp biol . 2007 ; 47 : 147\u2013163 . pmid : 21672827\nlarivi\u00e8re s , jennings ap . family mustelidae ( weasels and relatives ) . in wilson de , mittermeier ra editors . handbook of mammals of the world . 1 . carnivores . lynx editions : barcelona , spain ; 2009 . pp . 564\u2013656 .\nhartstone - rose a , wahl s . using radii - of - curvature for the reconstruction of extinct south african carnivoran masticatory behavior . c r palevol . 2008 ; 7 : 629\u2013643 .\nhartstone - rose a . reconstructing the diets of extinct south african carnivorans from premolar \u201cintercuspid notch\u201d morphology . j . zool ( lond ) , 2011 ; 285 : 119\u2013127 .\newer rf . the carnivores . ithaca , new york : cornell university press ; 1998 .\nwang x , tedford rh , ant\u00f3n m . the dog family , canidae , and their evolutionary history . columbia university press , new york ; 2008 .\n( carnivora : mustelidae ) , from north america . smithson contrib paleobiol . 1981 ; 46 : 1\u201327 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe subfamily was described by j . a . baskin in 1998 ; of the genera that he assigned to this clade , six are recognized today -\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 15 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe subfamily was described by j . a . baskin in 1998 , who assigned seven genera to it -\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 ."]}
{"id": 2230, "summary": [{"text": "the dugite / \u02c8dju\u02d0\u0261a\u026at / ( pseudonaja affinis ) is a species of venomous , potentially lethal , snake native to western australia , a member of the family elapidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the local nyungar name for the dugite is dobitj . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "dugite", "paragraphs": ["dugite - native / package . json at master \u00b7 desktop / dugite - native \u00b7 github\nperth snake catcher\u2019s joust with fiery 1 . 5m dugite at spearwood factory | perthnow\nthe dugite is not very aggressive . a member of the brown snake family , the dugite is nowhere near as venomous as its cousin , the eastern brown snake .\ndugite snake image by rob ahern - some rights reserved . ( view image details )\nworkers at the factory spotted a 1 . 5m dugite coiled up outside their kitchen quarters .\nsnake catcher steve smartt with the fiesty 1 . 5 metre dugite which he later released in bushland .\nbut the dugite at ms cross ' parents ' home was the first of its kind for the season .\nlike other brown snakes , dugites are diurnal . the female dugite lays 10 to 20 eggs at a time .\ncommon dugite pseudonaja affinis affinis - notice the broad belly scales on the shed skin . ( photo taken at the west australian reptile park ) an extremely large common dugite pseudonaja affinis affinis - ( photo taken at the west australian reptile park )\nthe pictures show the dugite wrapping its mouth around the tiger snake ' s body , slowly swallowing the venomous victuals whole .\n\u2018a couple of hours later we saw the culprit by our pond - a 4 ft dugite slithering across the lawn . \u2019\nthe fact that the mainland dugite is common in degraded habitats and feeds on house mice suggests that it has a secure future .\nkyle releases a rescued brown snake . the dugite is a deadly species of brown snake found in south - western parts of australia .\n\u2018there are several species , the most important medically being the eastern or common brown , the western brown or gwardar and the dugite . \u2019\ndugites are cannibalistic . they eat members of their own species as well as other snakes . an individual dugite can swallow another snake almost as large as itself !\nsnake handler marcus cosentino , from slithers and sliders who bagged the dugite from mrs cross ' parents ' abode said the area around city beach was notorious for snakes .\nwell , that question has been settled , sort of , after pictures emerged of a dugite eating a tiger snake near capel in western australia ' s south west .\nms hedzik said she returned to the site later to see if the dugite was still working its way through the tiger snake , but there was no sign of it .\nother similar species of brown snake that overlap the dugite\u2019s distribution include the penisular brown snake pseudonaja inframacula , the western brown snake pseudonaja nuchalis and the eastern brown snake pseudonaja textilis .\nthe 35 - year - old , who is eight months pregnant , said the one metre dugite bolted as soon as it spotted her so she quickly rang a snake handler .\nmrs cross , who was aware how deadly a bite from a dugite can be , said at no stage did she fear for the safety of herself or her unborn bub .\nthey are protected under the australia\u2019s wildlife conservation act 1950 . this means if someone tries to injure or kill a dugite , they can be fined up to aud $ 4000 .\nthe dugite is a type of brown snake , which is very common around perth and surrounding areas . it is found through the south of western australia through the nullarbor plain and eyre peninsula\nin the wild , the dugite eats a variety of vertebrate prey including frogs , lizards , snakes , birds and mammals . however , the two largest groups of prey are lizards and house mice .\nthe dugite is a highly venomous snake . the adult usually olive green to brown , often with dark spots or flecks . the abdomen may also be dark , unlike that of other brown snakes .\nwell - known to south - western wa residents , the dugite has made itself at home around urban and semi - rural areas , drawn to the prevalence of its favoured prey \u2013 the house mouse .\na heavily pregnant mother - of - one said when she spotted a dugite scurrying across the driveway of her parents ' home , her first thought was to protect her two - year - old daughter .\ntiger snake venom activates prothrombin in presence of factor v and calcium , whereas the western brown , brown , dugite , and taipan snakes directly activate prothrombin and may result in very low fibrinogen levels and severe biochemical coagulopathy .\nthe dugite is a dangerous snake . the venom is neurotoxic although the dugite rarely envenoms when biting people . most people seen in hospital after an attack do not require anti - venom treatment . dugites will avoid people when they can , but will attack if surprised , particularly during mating period . venomous bite symptoms include abdominal pain , breathing and swallowing difficulty , convulsions , hypotension , kidney failure . can be fatal if no anti - venom treatment .\ndugites are diurnal , meaning that they aer most active during the day . this is quite common with other brown snakes . in terms of reproduction , a female dugite can lay between 10 to 20 snake eggs at one time .\nthe dugite is one of nine described species and two subspecies of brownsnake ( genus pseudonaja ) found in australia . the juveniles of all of these are very similar , sharing the dark head - blotch ( or blotches ) . many individuals are adorned with numerous dark crossbands .\nthe dugite may fall victim to raptors , monitor lizards , feral and domestic cats , and other snakes ( including its own species ) . although vertebrates are probably the main predators of this snake , there is evidence to suggest that spiders occasionally snare and feed on small specimens .\na dugite is an australian species of snake that is highly venomous that can inflict death in simply one bite . it is sometimes refered to as a brown snake and was first described by albert gunther in 1872 . there are 3 sub - species of dugites , and they are :\nthe dugite was bigger than the tiger - i thought it would have been the other way around , but he must have moved off , even with that big meal . i think anyone who came across that would have done what i ' d done , anyone would be rapt to see that .\nas mentioned above , the dugite is an extremely venenous snake . in fact , it is one of the most lethal in the world as it causes coagulopathic and precogulant effects ( meaning that the blood will clot and therefore the victim will die ) . despite this , dugites do avoid biting humans but humans are at risk as the numbers of dugite - human encounters rise when they are more active during the mating season which runs during october and november . in fact , the last death that was attributed to this snake was in 1993 , when an elderly male died in spearwood which is one of perth\u2019s southern suburbs .\nbecause of the snake\u2019s size and highly toxic venom the dugite is considered to be very dangerous to humans . its prevalence in residential areas and nervous disposition have helped make it responsible for approximately 70 % of all snake bites reporting to perth hospitals , but thanks to prompt and effective intervention , there has been only one recorded fatality .\ndugites are either brown , green , or grey . however , the colors vary between individual snakes . however , the most distinguishable feature of a dugite is the shape of its head . it is quite small compared to the neck , as it grades gradually into the body . they can grow up to 2m ( 6 . 56 feet ) long .\nalthough naturally shy , the dugite is easily agitated when confronted and will raise its forebody upright in a tight s - shape . it hisses loudly before making a fast snappy strike at the offender , usually aiming high . fortunately the fangs are very small and may not effectively penetrate solid shoes or heavy fabric ; however anyone with a suspected bite should seek immediate medical attention .\ndescription : the rottnest island dugite is genetically different from the mainland population and is generally smaller than the mainland version . it is blackish brown all over . it has a long , slim body with a small head . its blackish brown eyes are large and have a golden orange rim . there is also a defined ridge above the eye . its scales are quite large for its body and give it a semi - glossy look .\npseudonaja species live mainly in australia . about 3000 bites occur per year in australia from all species of snakes , 500 of which require antivenin . the dugite brown snake may be found in the southwestern corner of australia , in western australia and along the south australian border . the speckled brown snake can be found from central queensland to the eastern areas of the northern territory . ingram ' s snake may be found around barkly tableland of the northern territory , and the ringed snake may be found in the arid regions of all the mainland states . the western snake may be found throughout australia and the common brown snake in queensland , new south wales , and from victoria to the southeast of south australia .\nthe brown snake may be found all over australia . it has extremely potent venom , and although the quantity of venom injected is usually small , this snake causes more snakebite deaths in australia than any other . sudden and relatively early deaths have been recorded . its venom causes severe coagulation disturbances , neurotoxicity , and occasionally nephrotoxicity ( by a direct action of the venom ) , but not rhabdomyolysis . the gwardir is also known as the western brown snake , and the dugite is a spotted brown snake found in western australia . all need brown snake antivenom . see also venom supplies brown snake pages , emedicine brown snake guidelines , urltoken , avru brown snake info and treatment , australian reptile park , wikipedia . some more local pics :\nthe species occupies a wide variety of habitats including coastal dunes , heathlands , shrublands , woodlands and forests . it seems to cope well with heavily degraded habitats such as golf course , industrial parks and open agricultural country ; in fact , it is one of the few reptile species that has probably increased in numbers with the opening up of natural habitats and the introduction of the house mouse . around the perth area , the dugite is one of the most common reptiles found near buildings . in areas of human habitation the snakes take temporary shelter under refuse such as concrete slabs , fibro sheets , roofing tin and the like , but in more \u201cnatural\u201d surroundings they will shelter under rocks and in abandoned termite mounds , abandoned stick ant nests , and rabbit and rodent burrows . dugites also use burrows for overwintering .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthe three subspecies are fairly similar in general appearance . the body is long and slender in build . scales are relatively large with a semi - glossy appearance . the head is rather small and indistinct from the neck . there is a strong brow ridge over the large eye , which is blackish brown with a golden orange rim surrounding the round pupil . the mouth lining is pink , while the glottis and trachea are black .\nmainland subspecies pseudonaja affinis affinis - the overall colour ranges from brown to olive brown to brownish grey , with irregular black / dark grey spotting ( each spot covering half to a whole scale ) . eastern and southern individuals are more heavily spotted ( sometimes becoming totally dark ) . the ventral surface is pale grey to brown with brownish orange or dark grey blotches .\nthe two island subspecies pseudonaja affinis exilis and p . a . tanneri are generally smaller and usually a uniform blackish brown above .\nmidbody scales in 19 rows , ventrals 190 - 230 , anal and subcaudal scales divided .\npseudonaja affinis affinis can reach total lengths of 2m ; however the average is probably around 1 . 5m . a specimen kept for some years in the perth zoo reached a total length of 2130mm . the two island subspecies appear to be smaller than the mainland subspecies , with the maximum recorded snout - vent lengths for pseudonaja affinis exilis and p . a . tanneri being 1005mm and 859mm respectively .\npseudonaja affinis affinis \u2013 far southwest corner of western australia , extending eastwards into western coastal south australia .\np . a . tanneri - boxer island and figure of eight island in the recherche archipelago ( wa ) .\nthe snakes are usually most active in the period between early spring and early autumn ( october through april ) and much less active from mid - autumn through late winter ( may through august ) .\nthey are known to be cannibalistic in the wild , and individuals can swallow snakes almost as large as themselves .\ndugites actively search for prey sheltering in holes , crevices , tussock grasses and under surface debris . the snake employs both venom and constriction to subdue its prey .\nthe species is diurnal . on hot days , activity occurs mainly in the morning and to a lesser extent in the afternoon .\nin captivity , adults can darken over the course of a few months . however , the significance of this colour change is obscure .\nin the mainland subspecies , males appear to mature at a snout - vent length of about 581mm and females at about 680mm .\nin the wild , male combat and mating occurs in late winter - early spring ( september ) , although male combat has been observed in pseudonaja affinis tanneri in mid - spring on boxer island . in the mainland population male combat involves , at least partly , the combatants loosely entwining their bodies . in captivity , mating can occur year around if the temperature is kept warm enough . after mating , captive females are said to eat very large amounts of food . a captive female weighing 309g when mated weighed 580g 27 days later . this represents an 87 . 7 percent gain and implies a daily rate gain of about 10g per day .\nwild caught females from the mainland lay their eggs from late spring to mid - summer ( mid - december to end of january ) . the clutch size ranges from 11 to 35 ( average 21 ) for mainland dugites . in the smaller island pseudonaja affinis tanneri , it ranges from 12 to 15 . eggs from mainland dugites have taken between 53 days ( at 30\u00b0c ) and 105 days ( at 23\u00b0c ) to hatch .\nwind the bandage around the bitten arm or leg , starting from the bite .\nseek medical attention as soon as possible . first aid guidelines were correct at time of publication however these guidelines change over time . for up to date first aid information consult medical professionals such as st john ' s ambulance .\nmirtshin , p . and davis , r . ( 1991 ) \u201cdangerous snakes of australia\u201d , revised edition , ure smith press\nwilson , s . and swan , g . ( 2008 ) \u201ca complete guide to reptiles of australia\u201d , reed new holland\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nif nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .\nthis project provides bindings for node applications to interact with git repositories , using the same command line interface that core git offers .\nthe source is in typescript , but can be consumed by any javascript application .\nthis project is under active development for git - related projects at github . this will stabilize as this library gets more usage in production , and is open to external contributions that align with the project ' s goals .\nif you are interested in getting involved with this project , refer to the urltoken file for instructions and the documentation sections for more information about the project .\nas this is under active development , the roadmap is also subject to change . some ideas :\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nscarborough mum daile cross was dropping her daughter olivia at her parents ' house in city beach on thursday morning when she noticed something black and skinny on the driveway near a car .\nmum still had olivia in her arms so i yelled at my mum to get her out of there ,\nshe said .\ni panicked a little because i have a phobia of snakes \u2013 i would rather have a spider fall on my head .\ni saw the snake heading towards the garage and i thought , ' you are not going in there ' , so i pressed the button for the garage .\nthe quick - thinking producer at watoday said she also bellowed at the two painters working at her parent ' s home to keep a look out for the unwelcome reptile .\ni ' m a bit of a mumma bear , so i just wanted to protect olivia ,\nshe said .\ndugites are roaming throughout the area , because it is near a dune system and near bold park ,\nhe said .\nthere are strips of bushland all around there so you see them all the way down to scarborough .\nmr cosentino was blunt when asked what would ' ve happened to mr cross if she was bitten .\nif she was bitten she would ' ve obviously been taken to hospital , and i ' m not sure what stress it would ' ve had on the unborn baby ,\nhe said .\nbut dugites are dangerous and venomous so essentially a bite could have been fatal .\nmr cosentino said with the warmer weather over the last couple of days , he ' s had a number of call outs for tiger snakes .\ni usually get about 50 call outs for dugites over the summer , but i usually only grab about 20 , because people forget to keep on an eye on them ,\nhe said .\nlast month a 75 - year - old woman died from a suspected snake bite south of fremantle after the warmest august day in 17 years brought the reptiles out of their torpor . follow watoday on twitter\nthe rare photos were taken by natalie hedzik , who works at iluka resource ' s mining operations near capel , and said it was a chance encounter .\ni was driving along a track after taking some water samples at a dam we have and just saw this mass in the middle of the road . i got out and had a look and was just absolutely amazed . i ' m really rapt to have seen something so amazing ,\nshe said .\nadam firstenberg from perth hills reptile removal said ms hedzik ' s photographs have captured an extremely rare event .\ni certainly haven ' t ever seen it in the wild before . they [ snakes ] will eat reptiles . . . i ' ve seen a snake eat a bobtail lizard before . but they have rear facing fangs to keep food moving backwards , so it ' s going to take a while for the snake to digest another snake .\n\u200baustralian tiger snakes are widely considered to be among the top 10 most deadly in the world , while dugites are known to use both venom and constriction to subdue their prey .\nbut mr firstenberg said it ' s unlikely the snakes fought to the death .\nsnakes are very opportunistic eaters , so if they need a meal and the opportunity is there they will take it ,\nhe said .\nbut this is certainly a very rare occurrence . we keep snakes ourselves and we feed them once a week , so this is a pretty meal to take on .\nif you need more of a snake fix , here ' s a rare sighting of a snakes ' mating ritual in nsw bushland .\nthe dinosaurs of zoorassic park are coming back but this time they\u2019re bringing some never before seen friends . australian prehistoric megafauna !\nwe\u2019ve got your school holiday covered with our wildly popular programs designed especially for osh club and vacation care groups .\nperth zoo works with the community and with partners here and overseas to save wildlife habitats .\nthis dangerous brown snake is slightly less venomous that its eastern counterparts and much less aggressive .\ndescription : dugites are venomous snakes . they vary in colour from grey to olive to brown on the top of their bodies , with an olive or yellowish belly . black scales can be scattered over the body and the head can be paler or darker than the rest of the body . young dugites have black heads .\ndiet : dugites are carnivores . before human settlement they mostly ate other reptiles , such as lizards and snakes . since then they have adapted well to eating mice and rats .\nin the wild : they may be found sheltering beneath logs or rocks or living in abandoned burrows or hollow logs . when disturbed , dugites are very shy and will often slither away , however , they will defend themselves if cornered .\nthe main natural predators of dugites are birds of prey and monitor lizards . introduced animals such as cats and dogs also attack dugites .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na highly venomous snake found in south - western australia , similar to the related brown snakes .\n\u2018other examples resembling the general appearance of dugites from the middleback ranges and environs have been found . \u2019\n\u2018this includes many populous areas , and dugites are a relatively frequent cause of snakebite in this area . \u2019\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nadjectives are used with nouns to make the meaning more specific . if you use the noun\u2018 bear\u2019 it can mean any animal of that species . as soon as you say\u2018 a large , brown bear\u2019 you have given two of its . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\ndugites live in abandoned burrows or hollow logs . they can also be found sheltering underneath rocks or logs . in the summer months , they are often seen sunning themselves on roadsides .\ndugites are very shy but will attack if they feel threatened . when it attacks , it lifts its head and front part of its body up into an s - shape . it hisses loudly and then makes a sharp strike . this snake has small fangs but highly toxic venom which is dangerous to humans . these snakes should never be approached and should only be watched from a distance . anyone who may have been bitten by a snake should find medical help immediately .\ndugites search for prey in holes , cracks , small caves , grasses and under surface debris . it kills its prey by biting it and injecting venom and by wrapping its body around the animal and squeezing . this wrapping and squeezing is called constriction .\nnot listed under iucn ( 2016 ) . listed as vulnerable under the wildlife conservation act 1950 . all rottnest island\u2019s fauna is protected under the rottnest island authority act 1987 .\nsomething went wrong . please check that you have entered a valid email address .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nlays 10 - 20 eggs . hatchlings are 15 - 35 cm in length and can be brown , green or yellowish in colour , but always hatch with at least part of the head black .\nmap is from atlas of living australia website at urltoken licensed under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia license\nnpm run clean & & tsc - p . / tsconfig . json & & tsc - p . / examples / tsconfig . json\ncross - env local _ git _ directory = . / git / mocha - - require ts - node / register test / fast / * . ts test / auth / * . ts\ncross - env local _ git _ directory = . / git / mocha - t 20000ms - - require ts - node / register test / slow / * . ts test / auth / * . ts\nmocha - t 20000ms - - require ts - node / register test / external / * . ts\n{ examples , lib , script , test } / * * / * . ts\nhi there ! we ' re thrilled that you ' d like to contribute to this project . your help is essential for keeping it great .\nplease note that this project is released with a contributor code of conduct . by participating in this project you agree to abide by its terms .\npat your self on the back and wait for your pull request to be reviewed and merged .\nkeep your change as focused as possible . if there are multiple changes you would like to make that are not dependent upon each other , consider submitting them as separate pull requests .\nin your pull request description , provide as much detail as possible . this context helps the reviewer to understand the motivation for and impact of the change .\nhave a question about this project ? sign up for a free github account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community .\nby clicking \u201csign up for github\u201d , you agree to our terms of service and privacy statement . we\u2019ll occasionally send you account related emails .\nsign up for free to join this conversation on github . already have an account ? sign in to comment\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou appear to have javascript disabled . some parts of this site won ' t work properly .\n- storr et al . ( 2002 ) . snakes of western australia . western australian museum . 309\ndangerously venomous . note : even a bite from a ' virtually harmless ' or non - venomous reptile can result in serious complications . play it safe and don ' t get bitten by anything .\nnote : these are general threats and may not apply to this particular species .\nthere are many ways you can help our reptiles . here are my top three suggestions :\nstorr , g . m . ; smith , l . a . ; & johnstone , r . e . ( 2002 ) . snakes of western australia . western australian museum . 309 - search web for this book\nnote : the links below are automatically generated . some may not take you to useful information .\nnotes and disclaimer this information may not be complete . while all care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this page , primary sources should always be consulted for definitive information . animals have an endearing habit of disobeying the rules , so the information on this page should be interpreted with a degree of flexibility . the author and site operator accepts no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred through using this web site or the information contained herein . don ' t get bitten by anything ! this page may be cited as : pseudonaja affinis at the australian reptile online database . last updated 2017 - 04 - 22 13 : 20 : 54 . retrieved from urltoken on the 10th of july , 2018 . before citing information contained in arod , please read our citing arod page . copyright notice this page , its content and layout are copyright \u00a9 2007 - 2018 stewart macdonald / ug media , unless otherwise stated . all photographs in the australian reptile online database are \u00a9 the photographer and may not be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the photographer . no part of the australian reptile online database may be reproduced without written permission from stewart macdonald .\nbrown snakes are probably the most common cause of significant snakebites in australia . without appropriate antivenom treatment , a significant number of cases may be fatal . main risks are : coagulopathy , acute renal failure , neurotoxic paralysis . target organs : neuromuscular junction , coagulation system , kidneys .\nlocally : the bite is usually painless , without significant local erythema , bruising or oedema . bite marks may be difficult to see , and vary from a single puncture to multiple punctures or multiple scratches . local secondary infection is unusual . venom may spread to draining lymph nodes with consequent pain and / or tenderness and / or swelling . systemic : headache , nausea , vomiting , abdominal pain , impaired conscious state , occasionally loss of consciousness and convulsions . coagulopathy , rarely with overt bleeding manifestations . progressive neurotoxic paralysis can occur but is unusual . acute renal failure .\nmonitor coagulation to establish the presence and extent of coagulopathy , and as an index of systemic envenomation . this should be performed at presentation , on development of symptoms or signs of systemic envenomation , regularly thereafter , and 1 - 2 hours after antivenom therapy until sufficient antivenom has been given to reverse coagulopathy . in the absence of a haematology laboratory , whole blood clotting time in a glass test tube is useful . if a laboratory is available , prothrombin ratio , activated partial thromboplastin time , thrombin clotting time , fibrinogen level , and fibrin ( ogen ) breakdown products are most useful . other useful tests are complete blood picture and platelet count , serum electrolytes , creatinine , urea , serum enzymes , especially creatine kinase , urine output and urine myoglobin , and venom detection using csl venom detection kit . best sample is swab from bite site ( sample swab stick in kit ) . if patient has systemic envenomation urine may also be useful sample . blood is not a reliable sample .\nvenom is produced in paired modified salivary glands , superficially situated beneath the scales , posterior to the eye , and surrounded by muscles , the contraction of which compress the glands , expelling venom anteriorly via venom ducts to the fangs . the paired fangs , situated at the anterior part of the upper jaw , on the maxillary bones . they have an enclosed groove for venom transport , with an exit point near the fang tip . average fang length in adult brown snakes is 2 . 8 mm ( 2 . 0 - 4 . 0 mm ) , and average distance between fangs is 9 mm . average venom yield is 2 - 6 mg , maximum 167 mg ( pseudonaja textilis ) . mean venom injected at first bite ( defensive strike ) is 4 . 5 mg ( 0 . 03 to 9 . 10 mg ) , mean venom left on skin is 0 . 22 mg .\npseudonaja venom is a complex mixture of protein and non - protein components , not all of which have been fully evaluated . ( a ) neurotoxins : both presynaptic ( eg textilotoxin ) and postsynaptic ( pseudonajatoxin a and b ) . ( b ) procoagulants : principally prothrombin converters ( factor xa analogues ) , converting prothrombin to thrombin ( meziothrombin ) . ( c ) nephrotoxins : not conclusively demonstrated experimentally , but strongly suspected on clinical evidence .\n3 . 1 . 2 habitat brown snakes occupy a wide variety of habitats from arid dessert , to scrubland , to moister areas . they are not uncommon in association with man ' s activities , such as in paddocks , around rubbish dumps and farm buildings , and under elevated floors of country homesteads . principally diurnal , though active on warm nights .\n3 . 1 . 3 distribution brown snakes are restricted to continental australia and a few adjacent islands but not tasmania ( longmore 1986 ) . p . textilis is also reported from papua new guinea . ( cogger 1975 ) . distribution for each species based on museum records are shown in figures .\nvenom glands ( paired ) situated superficially in posterior part of head , connected by ducts to forward placed ( paired ) fangs . fangs small , may leave classic single or double puncture in man , or a more complicated array of scratches and other punctures , the latter by non - fang teeth ( white 1987a , c ) . classic bite mark in plaster is shown in figure . actual cases illustrated in figures .\n3 . 3 . 1 name : pseudonaja venom ; brown snake venom ; bsv components neurotoxins : textilotoxin ( = textilon ) ( coulter et al 1979 , southcott and coulter 1979 , coulter et al 1983 , su et al 1983 ) tyler et al 1987a ) pseudonajatoxin a ( parnett et al 1980 ) pseudonajatoxin b ( tyler et al 1987b ) coagulants : prothrombin converter ( unnamed ) from p . textilis . ( coulter et al 1983 , masci et al 1987 , white et al 1987 ) .\nvenom is used both in antivenom production and for laboratory research . the neurotoxins in particular may prove valuable in neuromuscular transmission research , and the procoagulants in further elucidating the mechanism of normal human coagulation .\nchildren : when playing in areas were brown snakes are common , either through accidental encounter ( ie stepping on snake ) or while trying to emulate naturalists ( ie trying to catch snake ) . adults : when living in areas where brown snakes are common , and moving around barefoot and without due care , or while putting hands etc into non - reconnoitred potential snake retreats ( ie hollow logs etc ) . farm workers : when working in areas where brown snakes are common . reptile keepers and snake handlers : if due care is not exercised in catching and handling snakes , including venom milking . recreation seekers : camping or walking or playing sport in areas where brown snakes are common . homes : around homes in brown snake prone areas where water is seasonally scarce and free water is available in the garden or home .\nbrown snakes are widely distributed in most habitats of mainland australia , but are absent form some southern islands and tasmania . while no high risk geographic regions have been identified , it is evident that brown snakes may readily enter metropolitan fringes , and country towns , and are frequently found around country rubbish dumps and under the floors of elevated country homesteads , and around farm buildings .\nno data , but unlikely to be hazardous unless there are open wounds in the gastrointestinal tract .\nthere is no evidence that venom can be absorbed through intact skin . current first - aid advice is to leave venom on skin for later venom identification .\n5 . 5 . 1 bites in human envenomation , venom is always inoculated by the snake biting . owing to the size of the fangs , venom is most likely to be inoculated cutaneously or subcutaneously .\nexperimentally , venom may be administered to test animals via subcutaneous , intramuscular , intravenous , intraperitoneal , and intraventricular ( cns ) routes .\nthe rate and amount of absorption will depend on the quantity of venom injected , the depth of injection , site of injection including vascularity , the activity of the victim , and the type , efficiency of application and length of application of first aid . clinical evidence from human cases of envenomation suggests that much initial venom movement is via the lymphatic pathways . this is supported by work in monkeys . ( barnes & trueta , 1941 ; sutherland et al 1975 ; sutherland & coulter , 1977 ; sutherland et al 1981a ) direct intravenous injection , unrecorded in man , obviously allows rapid systemic circulation of venom and may result in different effects from normal routes of inoculation , particularly in regard to coagulation .\nit appears that much venom is transported from the bite site via the lymphatic system , then concentrating in draining lymph nodes , before ultimately reaching the systemic circulation . however , experience with numerous human cases of brown snake envenomation shows that symptoms and signs of envenomation may occur within 15 - 30 minutes of the bite , especially in children . such early effects ( eg headache , nausea , abdominal pain , collapse ) may be due to either rapidly systemically circulating venom toxins , or systemically circulating autocoids released at the bite site by the action of venom on local tissue . once in the systemic circulation , venom rapidly reaches high concentrations in the kidneys and excreted in the urine . such venom must also exit the circulation , to enter the extravascular space where it binds within the neuromuscular junction ( presynaptically and / or postsynaptically ) and possibly other nerve junction sites ( eg autonomic system , perhaps causing abdominal pain ) . the kinetics of venom distribution , excretion , and detoxification are incompletely understood . neurotoxic paralysis usually takes at least 2 - 4 hours to become clinically detectable . coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minues of a bite .\nlittle information is available on the metabolism of venom components in man , but most components are fully active in whole venom , requiring no further modification for activity . venom reaches high concentrations in the kidneys and excreted in urine . ( sutherland & coulter , 1977 a , b ) . the fate of specific venom components , particularly neurotoxins and procoagulants , is unclear . it seems likely that these components are progressively detoxified in situ .\n7 . 2 . 1 . 1 adults the human lethal dose for brown snake venom is unknown . without antivenom treatment , a few brown snake bites may be fatal ( fairley 1929a ) , but even in the early part of the 20th century , when neither antivenom nor icu facilities were available , only 8 . 6 % of reported brown snake bites were fatal . despite this , brown snakes are still thought to be the most common cause of fatal snakebite in australia . ( hilton 1989 ) .\n7 . 2 . 1 . 2 children no data available , but clearly the smaller body mass of a child compared to available venom ensures that children are more likely to receive a lethal dose than adults .\n7 . 2 . 2 animal data ld50 subcutaneous injection of dried venom in mice ( broad et al 1979 . ( mg / kg ) pseudonaja textilis 0 . 053 pseudonaja nuchalis 0 . 473 pseudonaja affinis 0 . 660\n8 . 1 . 1 . 1 toxicological analyses for venom detection swab from bite site moistened in sterile saline . if systemic envenomation also collect urine ( 5ml in sterile container ) . for venom analysis ( research only using radioimmunoassay ) : 5ml blood ; 5ml urine , frozen . at autopsy collect vitreous humor , lymph nodes draining bite area , excised bite site . ( for other laboratory tests see 10 . 2 . 1 )\n8 . 1 . 1 . 2 biomedical analyses for standard tests ( eg . serum / plasma electrolytes , ck , creatinine , urea ) collect venous blood in a container with appropriate anticoagulant as issued by the laboratory ( usually heparin ) .\n8 . 1 . 1 . 3 arterial blood gas analysis collect arterial blood by sterile arterial puncture into a container as issued by the laboratory .\n8 . 1 . 1 . 4 haematological analyses for whole blood clotting time as a\nbedside\ntest collect 5 - 10 ml of venous blood without anticoagulant ( either in the collection syringe or from a central line or other venous access line that may have anticoagulant ) and place in a glass test tube . carefully observe the time until a clot appears . for standard tests ( eg . coagulation studies , complete blood picture ) collect venous blood in appropriate containers with anticoagulant as issued by the laboratory ensuring that the right amount of blood is used ( for coagulation studies citrate will usually be the anticoagulant , while edta will be used for complete blood pictures ) .\n8 . 1 . 2 . 1 toxicological analyses for samples for standard venom detection : short term ( less than 24 hrs ) ordinary fridge is acceptable ( 4\u00b0c ) , in sterile container . long term , store frozen ( - 20\u00b0c or lower ) . for samples for venom analysis ( research ) store frozen ( - 200\u00b0c or lower ) .\n8 . 1 . 2 . 2 biomedical analyses for samples for standard tests refer to laboratory . in general keep at 4\u00b0c , particularly for samples for coagulation studies .\n8 . 2 . 1 . 2 advanced qualitative confirmation test ( s ) as for 8 . 2 . 1 . 1\n8 . 2 . 1 . 3 simple quantitative method ( s ) not applicable .\n8 . 2 . 1 . 4 advanced quantitative method ( s ) a radioimmune assay has been developed by staff at the commonwealth serum laboratories , melbourne to detect small quantities of many australian snake venoms . it is primarily a research tool , being too time consuming to be practical in determining emergency treatment of snakebite victims . it has proved useful in demonstrating snake venom either at autopsy or after patient recovery .\n8 . 2 . 2 . 1 simple qualitative test ( s ) see 8 . 2 . 1 . 1 .\n8 . 2 . 2 . 2 advanced qualitative confirmation test ( s ) see 8 . 2 . 1 . 1 .\n8 . 2 . 2 . 3 simple quantitative method ( s ) not applicable .\n8 . 2 . 2 . 4 advanced quantitative method ( s ) see 8 . 2 . 1 . 4 .\n8 . 2 . 2 . 5 other dedicated method ( s ) no data .\n8 . 2 . 3 interpretation of toxicological analyses for venom detection as for 8 . 1 . 1 . 1 subsection ( 12 ) : if the test is positive , it will indicate the presence of snake venom and the species / genus of snake and therefore the appropriate monovalent antivenom to neutralize the effects of that venom . if the test sample was a bite site swab , a positive result does not indicate either the presence of systemic envenomation , or the need to administer antivenom . other clinical criteria are required in this situation ( see sections 9 and 10 ) . if the test sample was urine a positive result indicates present or past systemic envenomation and together with other clinical and laboratory criteria may be used to determine the need for antivenom therapy . for venom analysis refer to the laboratory performing the tests .\n8 . 3 . 1 . 1 blood , plasma or serum electrolytes : look for imbalance , particularly evidence of dehydration , hyponatraemia ( inappropriate adh syndrome ? ) , hyperkalaemia ( renal damage , rhabdomyolysis ? ) . urea , creatinine : look for evidence of renal function impairment . ck : if high may indicate rhabdomyolysis , usually greater than 1000 u / l .\n8 . 3 . 1 . 2 urine output : low output may indicate renal damage or poor fluid input . myoglobin : if present indicates rhabdomyolysis , and may be missed as the red colouration of urine may be mistaken for haematuria ( both may be positive on dip stick testing ) . electrolytes if indicated ( eg . inappropriate adh syndrome )\n8 . 3 . 2 arterial blood gas analysis impaired respiratory function is usually secondary to neurotoxic paralysis ; look for evidence of poor oxygenation and its sequelae .\n8 . 3 . 5 interpretation of biomedical investigations the interpretation of the above tests should be made in the context of total patient assessment including clinical evidence of pathology such as paralysis , myolysis , coagulopathy and renal damage .\nwhile other investigations are not usually required to make the primary diagnosis of snakebite envenomation , they may be indicated in response to secondary effects of envenomation . if there is either renal failure or severe rhabdomyolysis ( unlikely with brown snake envenoming ) there may be a hyperkalaemia , hence an ecg may be appropriate . if the patient is unconscious , especially in the presence of a severe coagulopathy , then a ct head scan may be appropriate to determine if there is intracranial pathology such as a haemorrhage .\noverall interpretation of the results of the above tests will depend on the clinical setting . results should never be interpreted in isolation from an overall clinical assessment . a patient with positive venom detection from either the bite site or urine and a significant coagulopathy clearly is envenomed and will usually require antivenom therapy . a patient with positive venom detection from the bite site only and with no clinical symptoms or signs of envenoming and all other tests negative is not significantly envenomed at that point in time and does not require antivenom therapy . however this situation may change and so careful observation and repeat testing would be indicated . a patient presenting some hours after the bite with positive venom detection from the urine but clinically well and with all other tests either normal or showing a resolved coagulopathy , probably had a minor degree of envenomation , now resolved and will usually not require antivenom therapy . however they should be observed carefully for evidence of relapse .\n9 . 1 . 5 parenteral exposure in practical terms , the only likely route of entry , is by s . c . or i . d . injection . early symptoms , usually in the first six hours . local : the wound is often painless , without local erythema , oedema , or ecchymosis ; persistent bleeding from wound , variable ; pain or swelling of draining lymph nodes ( may take 1 - 4 hours to develop ) . systemic : collapse , unconsciousness , convulsions may all occur , especially in children , occasionally as rapidly as 15 minutes after the bite . headache , nausea , vomiting , abdominal pain , and visual disturbance may all occur . early signs of neurotoxic paralysis such as ptosis , diplopia , dysarthria may develop within 1 - 3 hours of the bite , or be delayed for 4 - 12 hours , or may not develop despite other evidence of severe envenomation . coagulopathy may develop within 30 minutes of the bite . delayed symptoms local : local bite site necrosis is not generally seen with brown snake bites but possibly might occur , particularly if first aid left in place more than 4 hours , or if a tourniquet used ( sutherland 1981 , 1983a ; white 1987d ) . systemic : paralysis progressive up to complete paralysis . coagulopathy bleeding from all puncture wounds . renal impairment oliguria or anuria .\n9 . 4 . 1 cardiovascular collapse , presumably due to hypotension , is common in the early stages of systemic envenomation , especially in children . the mechanism is uncertain but may be due to release of vasoactive substances by or from the venom . specific cardiac abnormalities due to brown snake envenomation in man are not described , although there has been a suspicion that brown snake venom may cause cardiac anomalies ( sutherland personal communication ) .\n9 . 4 . 2 respiratory no primary effects of brown snake venom on the respiratory system in man are reported , with the exception of respiratory muscle paralysis ( see below ) .\n9 . 4 . 3 . 1 cns while no direct cns toxins have been reported for brown snake venom , early collapse and convulsions do occur , especially in children . their aetiology remains uncertain .\n9 . 4 . 3 . 2 peripheral nervous system see 9 . 4 . 3 . 4\n9 . 4 . 3 . 4 skeletal and smooth muscle the effects of brown snake venom at the neuromuscular junction , have been documented experimentally . both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurotoxins present , causing progressive neuromuscular paralysis , up to complete paralysis of all muscles of respiration ."]}
{"id": 2231, "summary": [{"text": "gaussia is a genus of copepods .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a \" characteristic genus of the mesopelagial \" , occurring at depths of 0 \u2013 3,000 metres ( 0 \u2013 9,843 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the genus gaussia contains the following species : gaussia asymmetrica t. k. s. bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1988 gaussia gadusae sarkar , 2004 gaussia intermedia defaye , 1998 gaussia melanotica wolfenden , 1905 gaussia princeps ( t. scott , 1894 ) ( type species ) gaussia sewelli saraswathy , 1973", "topic": 26}], "title": "gaussia ( copepod )", "paragraphs": ["bioluminescence in the mesopelagic copepod , gaussia princeps ( t . scott ) - sciencedirect\nidentification of two catalytic domains in a luciferase secreted by the copepod gaussia princeps .\nkatja schulz selected\ngaussia princeps ( copepod )\nto show in overview on\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\nas are most other copepod species , the deep - sea copepod is bioluminescent . . . .\nidentification of two catalytic domains in a luciferase secreted by the copepod gaussia princeps . - pubmed - ncbi\nmost copepod species are 1 - 3 mm long , but the deep - sea copepod . . .\ngaussia luciferase secreted by the copepod gaussia princeps catalyzes the oxidation of coelenterazine to produce blue light . the primary structure of gaussia luciferase deduced from the cdna sequence shows two repeat sequences of 71 amino acid residues , suggesting the luciferase consists of two structural domains . two domains in gaussia luciferase were expressed independently in escherichia coli cells , purified and characterized . we found that both domains have luminescence activity with coelenterazine , and the catalytic properties including luminescence spectrum , optimal ph , substrate specificity and luminescence stimulation by halogen ions ( cl - , br - and i - ) are identical to intact gaussia luciferase . thus , gaussia luciferase has two catalytic domains for the luminescence reaction .\npaul merviel added text to\nbehavior\non\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\npaul merviel added text to\nsize\non\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\ncloning and expression of cdna for a luciferase from the marine copepod metridia longa . a novel secreted bioluminescent reporter enzyme\none fascinating shrimp - like copepod that god created is the gaussia princeps . gaussia stores its supply of chemicals in glands located on its tail . when a predator approaches this vulnerable little fellow , it shoots out a stream of glowing blue goo . the predator\u2019s attention is immediately drawn away from the copepod to the movement of the blue stream . then suddenly the goo gives off a bright flash of white light . the flash so startles the predator that it is unable to process what is happening . the copepod is able to slip away and avoid becoming a meal .\njennifer hammock set\nimage of gaussia princeps\nas an exemplar on\ncopepoda milne - edwards , 1840\n.\nin the ocean you may find useful molecules , for instance gaussia luciferase ( gluc ) . this is a pretty novel biomiluminescent reporter encoded by a gene isolated from the marine copepod gaussia princeps . this luciferase does not require atp and catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate coelenterazine in a reaction that emits light ( peak at 470 - 480 nm ) like renilla and\nrene noam added the english common name\ndeep sea coceopod\nto\ngaussia princeps ( t . scott , 1894 )\n.\na . barnes & j . f . case ( 1972 ) .\nbioluminescence in the mesopelagic copepod , gaussia princeps ( t . scott )\n. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 8 ( 1 ) : 53\u201371 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0022 - 0981 ( 72 ) 90056 - 1 .\ncopepods are the dominant taxa in zooplankton communities of the ocean worldwide . although bioluminescence of certain copepods has been known for more than a 100 years , there is very limited information about the structure and evolutionary history of copepod luciferase genes . here , we report the cdna sequences of 11 copepod luciferases isolated from the superfamily augaptiloidea in the order calanoida . highly conserved amino acid residues in two similar repeat sequences were confirmed by the multiple alignment of all known copepod luciferases . copepod luciferases were classified into two groups of metridinidae and heterorhabdidae / lucicutiidae families based on phylogenetic analyses , with confirmation of the interrelationships within the calanoida using 18s ribosomal dna sequences . the large diversity in the specific activity of planktonic homogenates and copepod luciferases that we were able to express in mammalian cultured cells illustrates the importance of bioluminescence as a protective function against predators . we also discuss the relationship between the evolution of copepod bioluminescence and the aspects of their ecological characteristics , such as swimming activity and vertical habitat .\ngaussia\u2019s incredible ability reminds us of world war 2 navy ships that released depth charges that would be dropped into water close to submerged enemy submarines . a time delay allowed the ship to move away while the charges sank down to get close to the submarine before exploding . similarly , gaussia emits its bioluminescent fluid as it swims swiftly in the opposite direction . just as the bluish fluid is about to disappear , a bright flash ensues that \u201cblinds\u201d the predator and distracts him from pursuing the little copepod .\nbioluminescent activity of zooplankton homogenates . luminous activity of homogenized copepods was measured by mixing coelenterazine solution and the supernatant of the lysate . total protein concentration was determined to compare specific luciferase activities among copepod species .\nlike insects on land , crustaceans fill the oceans of the world . they come in many different shapes and sizes . one very common form is the copepod . many copepods are bioluminescent . they typically release their bioluminescent chemicals into the water to produce a glowing cloud of light . this luminous smoke screen serves to distract or blind an attacker . the copepod can then swim quickly away from danger into the darkness .\nwurdinger and colleagues reports to be able to assay in just 5 \u03bcl of blood ( a very little drop ) the presence of secreted gaussia luciferase , demonstrating that gluc assay is 1000 fold more sensitive than seap assay .\nin this study , we isolated and characterized novel luciferase genes from five species of calanoid copepods and conducted the quantitative analyses of copepod bioluminescence using zooplankton homogenates and recombinant luciferases . by quantitative measurements , we could reveal the presence or absence of luminescence of unverified species with confirmation of verified ones . furthermore , we compared the luminous intensity of homogenates among calanoid superfamilies and those of luciferases among genera in augaptiloidea to infer the defensive function and molecular evolution of copepod bioluminescence .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , fig . 4 ] . as gaussia scotti . female : 4 habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , fig . 3 ] . as gaussia scotti . male : 3 , habitus ( dorsal ) . :\nwe have isolated nine novel copepod luciferases using the homology - based pcr cloning strategy . a blast search using the amino acid sequences of copepod luciferases as the query revealed no highly similar proteins in the database , except for other calanoid luciferases ( gluc , mluc , and mpluc ) . this may be due to the limited number of deposited sequences of copepod proteins . so far , all of copepod luciferase genes , including gluc and mluc reported elsewhere , have been isolated from species in the augaptiloidea superfamily in calanoida . we have tried to isolate luciferase or luciferase - like genes from other superfamilies of calanoida , such as pseudocyclopoidea or centropagoidea using degenerate pcr primers . the result was no amplification or no luciferase - like sequences in the amplified dna product ( data not shown ) . however , we assume that luciferases or luciferase - like genes may exist , not only in augaptiloidea but also in other superfamilies , because the luminous assay of zooplankton lysate from these superfamilies all had a measurable , though very weak , level of activity compared with that of negative control samples ( fig . 2 ) . further screening of the calanoid luciferase or luciferase - like genes by different cloning strategies may reveal the structure and evolution of a direct ancestral copepod luciferase gene .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , figs . 6 - 7 ] . as gaussia scotti . male : 6 , p5 ; 7 , right p5 .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 182 , fig . 7 ] . zoogeographical distribution of gaussia princeps , g . asymmetrica and g . sewelli .\nconsensus amino acid residues and domain structure were revealed by an alignment of 13 copepod luciferases obtained in this study ( fig . 4a ) . highly conserved amino acid residues , c - x ( 3 ) - c - l - x ( 2 ) - l - x ( 4 ) - c - x ( 8 ) - p - x - r - c , which are present in both domains , would be one of the criteria for the copepod luciferase , although the reason for this cysteine - rich area in the conserved sequence remains obscure . because the similarity in the structure of the two domains was found in all of the copepod luciferases isolated in this study ( fig . 4b ) , we assume this similarity in the structure of the two domains is very characteristic of the luciferases isolated from augaptiloidea species .\nluminous activity of zooplankton homogenates varies greatly among the copepods ( fig . 2 ) . for instance , luminous activity of an m . pacifica homogenate was \u223c500 - fold higher than that of a h . tanneri homogenate , even though both species belong to the same superfamily . one possible explanation is very different levels of luciferase expression among bioluminescent copepod species . the other is a substantial divergence of specific activity of copepod luciferases . to compare the specific activity of copepod luciferases isolated in this study , 11 luciferases were expressed in hek293 cells as recombinant proteins tagged with hexahistidine at the c - terminus , concentrated from culture medium by a nickel - chelating column , and then tested for their protein expression and activity . specific activity was estimated by dividing the luminous activity of the culture media by signal intensity of polyhistidine - tagged copepod luciferases detected by an anti - polyhistidine antibody ( fig . 6a ) . results showed that there is a large difference in specific activity among copepod luciferases ( fig . 6b ) but only a slight difference in their expression levels ( fig . 6a ) . in several experiments , we consistently observed that mpluc1 showed the highest level of specific activity among tested luciferases , which was approximately 10 6 - fold higher than that of htluc2 . the specific activity of luciferases isolated from copepods in the family metridinidae ( mpluc1 , mpluc2 , moluc1 , moluc2 , paluc1 , and paluc2 ) was notably higher than that of luciferases from the heterorhabdidae family ( htluc1 , htluc2 , hmluc1 , and hmluc2 ) . loluc , isolated from l . ovaliformis , which belongs to the lucicutiidae family , showed intermediate levels of activity . these results are consistent with the luminous activity obtained by homogenate assays of calanoid copepods ( fig . 2 ) . thus , species differences in copepod bioluminescence was reflected in the substantial divergence of specific activity of the expressed luciferases .\nbioluminescence in all experiments , except for analyses of the spectra and kinetics , was measured using a minilumat lb 9506 luminometer ( berthold , japan ) . the basic procedure for the luciferase assay was as follows : 5 \u03bcl of protein solution containing each of the luciferases was transferred into the luminometer tube and then placed in the luminometer . a 10 - s measurement was initiated immediately after injecting 10 \u03bcl of 1 ng / \u03bcl coelenterazine in 20 mm tris\u2013hcl ( ph 8 . 0 ) with 50 mm mgcl 2 into the protein solution . luminescent spectra of recombinant copepod luciferases were measured using an ab - 1850c spectrofluorometer ( atto , japan ) ( slit width , 1 mm ; spectral resolution , 0 . 5 nm ) for 1 min after mixing 20 \u03bcl of copepod luciferases expressed by cultured cells and 200 ng of coelenterazine in a 0 . 2 - ml pcr tube . to determine thermostability of copepod luciferases , 20 \u03bcl of copepod luciferases expressed by cultured cells was incubated in a block heater at 60 or 80 \u00b0c for 30 min and then cooled on ice for 5 min . bioluminescence was measured by injecting 10 \u03bcl of coelenterazine solution ( 1 ng / \u03bcl ) into 5 \u03bcl of heat - treated luciferases at room temperature using a minilumat lb 9506 luminometer .\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , fig . 5 , 8 ] ] . as gaussia scotti . female : 5 , last thoracic segment and urosome ( lateral , left side ) ; 8 , forehead ( lateral ) .\nissued from : r . stephen , 2007 [ data sheets of nio , kochi , india ( on line ) ] . after m . saraswathy , 1973 . as gaussia scotti . female ( from w indian ) : a , last thoracic segment and urosome ( dorsal ) . male : last thoracic segment and urosome ( lateral ) .\n( a ) immunoblot of polyhistidine - tagged copepod luciferases expressed by hek293 cells . proteins were concentrated from culture media on a ni - chelating column . the same volume of eluents was loaded on sodium dodecyl sulphate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis , blotted , and detected by anti - polyhistidine tag antibody . ( b ) specific activity of secreted copepod luciferases expressed by hek293 cells . the initial light intensity was counted for 10 s and then normalized to the protein expression level obtained by immunoblotting shown in figure 5a . luciferase activities are expressed as percentages of normalized luminescence activity ( light intensity / protein expression level ) , using the value of mpluc1 defined as 100 % . the data represent the mean for triplicate measurements .\nin phylogenetic analyses of aligned amino acid sequences of copepod luciferases , 48 substitution models for proteins used in ml estimates were tested by mega5 to find the most appropriate model . the best model showing the lowest bayesian information criterion score was whelan and goldman plus gamma ( gamma distribution ) , therefore , an ml bootstrap consensus tree was generated with the model (\nissued from : r . n . wolfenden in die marinen copepoden der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 1911 . [ pl . xxxiii , figs . 9 - 12 ] . as gaussia scotti . female : 9 , p2 ; 10 , p3 ( distal segment of exopod ) ; 11 , p4 ( distal segment of exopod ) ; 12 , p5 .\none strong piece of evidence for the presence of bioluminescence in a particular organism is the molecular identification and functional analysis of luciferase , which is the enzyme directly involved in producing luminescence in an organism . in 2002 , the luciferase gene was cloned from calanoid gaussia princeps ( family metridinidae ) , which is a large ( \u223c10 mm ) gray - black\u2013pigmented copepod usually found in the mesopelagic zone ( at the depths from 200 to 1 , 000 m ) ( verhaegen and christopoulos 2002 ) . a novel feature of gaussia luciferase ( gluc ) is its relatively small size ( \u223c20 kda ) and secreted luminescence , not only in planktonic expression but also when expressed in mammalian and insect cells , with robust stability and great luminescent activity . gluc catalyzes the oxidation of a luciferin called coelenterazine to produce the light . luciferase genes have also been found in metridia longa ( mluc ) ( markova et al . 2004 ) and metridia pacifica ( mpluc1 and mpluc2 ) ( takenaka et al . 2008 ) , both of which belong to the metridinidae family just as g . princeps does . these gluc - homologues also react with the substrate coelenterazine to produce light . the bioluminescence in these species was confirmed by identification and functional analysis of their luciferases .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 41 , table 2 ] . male : comparison of pore number of right a1 of gaussia princeps from the caribbean ( gpc ) , the indian ocean ( gpl ) from soh & al . , 1998 , and g . sewelli ( gsi ) from saraswathy & bradford , 1980 from the indian ocean . a1 segments grouped in 3 sectors : 1st segment , segments 2 - 5 , and 6 - 12 . nota : the number and general distribution of the pores ( gland openings ) have been found to express important differences between congeners in gaussia . the caribbean specimens showed a pore pattern that differs in number with that described from specimens from the indian ocean and japan ( soh & al . , , 1998 ) on different appendages\nsantos , e . , yeh , r . , lee , j . , nikhamin , y . , punzalan , b . , punzalan , b . , perle , k . , larson , s . , sadelain , m . , and brentjens , r . ( 2009 ) . sensitive in vivo imaging of t cells using a membrane - bound gaussia princeps luciferase nature medicine , 15 ( 3 ) , 338 - 344 doi : 10 . 1038 / nm . 1930 .\nwurdinger , t . , badr , c . and tannous , b . ( 2008 ) . gaussia luciferase blood level as an index of cell growth and proliferation . nature methods , wurdinger t , badr c , pike l , badr c , de klein r , weissleder r , breakefield xo , tannous ba . ( 2008 ) a secreted luciferase for ex vivo monitoring of in vivo processes . nature methods 5 : 171 - 173 doi : 10 . 1038 / nmeth . 1177\n( a ) multiple amino acid sequence alignment of 13 copepod luciferases . positions of two putatively similar domains are underlined . outlined letters represent at least 90 % identical ( dark shade ) or chemically similar ( light shade ) amino acid residues . white letters in the black boxes are highly conserved residues in both domains . arrowhead indicates proposed cleavage sites of n - terminal secretion signals of copepod luciferases . ( b ) multiple amino acid sequence alignment of tandem repeat domains of luciferases . residues are darkly shaded and outlined if they are conserved at a level of more than 90 % among all aligned sequences . similar residues are lightly shaded and outlined . the distance between the two domains in each species is indicated as number of amino acids in parentheses at the end of the sequence . those amino acids that are conserved in both domains ( consensus ) , domain 1 only ( consensus _ domain1 ) or domain 2 only ( consensus _ domain2 ) , are indicated in the last three rows .\nadult male and female gaussia princeps ( t . scott ) produce bright , extracellular luminescent displays usually coupled with the initiation of rapid swimming . glands of the head , mandibular palps , urosome , furca , and underlying at least 14 body pores contribute to the luminous response which , in free swimming copepods , is characterized by a sudden discharge to the exterior of luminous blue material that remains at peak intensity for 1\u20133 sec before undergoing an 80 sec decay as 8 or less discrete , low intensity points of light .\n( a ) ml phylogeny of copepod luciferases based on an amino acid sequence alignment of domains 1 and 2 with a linker sequence . the tree is midpoint rooted , and numbers on the nodes indicate % bootstrap values from 1 , 000 replicates . luciferases isolated and analyzed in this study are shown in shaded boxes . scale bar indicates evolutionary distance and is in the units of the number of amino acid substitutions per site . ( b ) gene structures of moluc1 and moluc2 . introns and exons are shown as open boxes and lines , respectively .\n, a calanoid copepod , measuring about 6 mm from head to telson , making it a giant among hawaiian copepods . copepods are the most abundant and diverse group in the planktonic community . they are crustaceans , related to crabs and lobsters . they are members of the phylum arthropoda , as are other crustaceans , insects , and spiders . there are planktonic , benthic , and parasitic copepods , appearing in freshwater and salt water . their distribution around the world and success in so many niches earns them the title of\nthe insects of the sea\n.\npleuromma princeps t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 42 , descr . m , figs . m ) ; metridia scotti giesbrecht & schmeil , 1898 ( p . 107 ) ; no sewell , 1913 ( p . 354 ) ; gaussia melanotica wolfenden , 1905 a ( pl . 2 , figs . 1 - 5 ) ; gaussia scotti wolfenden , 1905 a ( p . 5 ) ; 1911 ( p . 290 , figs . f , m ) ; lysholm & al . , 1945 ( p . 32 ) ; saraswathy , 1973 a ( p . 191 , figs . f , m ) ; stephen , 2007 [ data sheets of nio , kochi , india ( on line ) ] . female metridia atra esterly , 1906 a ( p . 70 , juv . 5 : f ) ; c . b . wilson , 1950 ( p . 263 , rem . ) ; gu\u00e9r\u00e9drat , 1969 a ( p . 362 ) ; no g . princeps : sewell , 1932 ( p . 270 , figs . f , m ) ; 1947 ( p . 173 ) ; ? tanaka & omori , 1967 ( p . 251 )\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 42 , table 3 ] . male : comparison of pore number of p1 - p4 of gaussia princeps from the caribbean ( gpc ) , the indian ocean ( gpl ) from soh & al . , 1998 , and g . assymmetrica ( gasa ) from the south - western atlantic ocean ( bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1990 ) , and g . intermedia ( ginp ) from the north pacific ( defaye , 1998 ) cx = coxa ; bp = basipodite ; enp = endopodite ; exp = exopodite .\nthe reactivity of homogenates with coelenterazine indicates the expression of luciferase in these luminous species tested ( fig . 2 ) , as previously reported molecular identification of luciferase genes from single gaussia and two metridia species has indicated ( verhaegen and christopoulos 2002 ; markova et al . 2004 ; takenaka et al . 2008 ) . we amplified full - length luciferase genes from five copepod cdnas with degenerate primers designed based on the nucleotide sequences of the g . princeps , m . longa , and m . pacifica luciferases . at least two forms of luciferase genes , as identified in m . pacifica ( mpluc1 and mpluc2 ) ( takenaka et al . 2008 ) , were also identified from m . okhotensis , p . abdominalis , h . tanneri , and h . major cdnas . the gene names and biochemical features of these proteins are summarized in table 2 . they are relatively small proteins , ranging from 19 . 0 to 23 . 5 kda , and they are efficiently secreted into the culture medium when they are expressed by cultured mammalian cells . the n - terminal 17\u201322 amino acid sequences of all novel luciferases seem to have the features of a consensus sequence that signals secretion based on the prediction by psort ii ( urltoken ) . moluc1 , moluc2 , paluc1 , and paluc2 retained more than half of their initial activity even after 30 - min incubation at 60 \u00b0c but were largely inactivated at 80 \u00b0c . thermostability of htluc1 , htluc2 , hmluc1 , and hmluc2 could not be determined correctly because of their low initial activity . the identity of the amino acid sequence of these luciferases was notably high at the internal and c - terminal regions rather than n - terminals ( fig . 4a ) . inouye and sahara ( 2008 ) reported the identification of two catalytic domains in gaussia luciferase , and we confirmed the presence of two short repeat sequences in the primary structures of these novel copepod luciferases . alignment of two repeat sequences consisting of 62\u201364 amino acid residues ( referred as domains 1 and 2 , respectively ) from 12 luciferases revealed consensus sequence of c - x ( 3 ) - c - l - x ( 2 ) - l - x ( 4 ) - c - x ( 8 ) - p - x - r - c ( x , amino acid residue ) in both domains ( fig . 4b ) . substitution of all cysteine residues with alanine in domains 1 and 2 of mpluc1 resulted in complete loss of activity when it was expressed in escherichia coli ( data not shown ) , suggesting an essential role of cysteine residues in luciferase activity .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 178 , fig . 5 ] . female ( from suruga bay ) : a , p2 ( anterior ) ; b , p3 ( anterior ) ; c , p4 ( anterior ) ; d , p5 ( posterior ) . female ( from the indian ocean ) : e , distal seta on 3rd exopodal segment of right p5 . gaussia sewelli saraswathy , 1973 , female ( from the indian ocean ) : g , distal seta on 3rd exopodal segment of right p5 . arrowheads indicate gland openings .\ndvm is a copepod behavior to stay in darker deeper layers during daytime and migrate upward to food - rich surface layers at night for feeding . a most important function of copepod dvm is considered to be avoidance from predation by visual - feeding fishes ( gliwicz 1986 ; neill 1992 ) . species characterized with strong bioluminescence ( metridinidae ) are all medium - sized suspension feeders known to perform strong nocturnal ascent dvm ( haury 1988 ; hays 1995 ) . the dominance of metridinidae in oceans world - wide can be explained by the fast swimming speed and strong dvm intensity ( mauchline 1998 ) . because of its numerical dominance , metridinidae is selectively captured by various mesopelagic lantern fishes ( merrett and roe 1974 ; hopkins and sutton 1998 ) . the bioluminescent behavior of copepods is considered to have a function of avoidance from vision - dependent predators ( herring 1988 ; widder 1992 ) . to distract or blind a predator of mesopelagic lantern fish predator , metridinidae with reinforced luciferases would have a selective advantage for their stronger bioluminescent system ( mpluc , moluc , and paluc ) . we suggest that mpluc from m . pacifica ( fig . 1 ) shows the highest bioluminescence ( fig . 6b ) because the habitat depth of m . pacifica is the epipelagic layer ( 0\u2013200 m ) ( table 1 ) where a large number of predators exist .\nissued from : m . saraswathy in handbook to the intern . zoopl . coll . , cochin - 18 , kerala state , india , 1973 . [ p . 191 , fig . 1a , 1b , 2 , 3 ] . as gaussia scotti . female ( from world - wide ) : 2 , p5 . male : 1a , right a1 ( segments 10 to 16 ) ; 1b , glandular structure on segment 12 ) ; 3 , p5 . nota : proximally directed spine on 3rd segment of p5 blunt , short and stumpy . terminal segment of right leg with prominent undulating inner border , and 4 setae ; distance between 1st and 2nd and 2nd and 3rd setae almost equal .\nthis study was supported by an advanced industrial science and technology research grant ( y . t . , y . s . , n . t . , and m . t . ) , japan foundation for applied enzymology ( y . s . ) , and the nig cooperative research program ( t . g . , 2010 - a66 ) . the authors are greatly indebted to the following individuals : prof . susumu ohtsuka , hiroshima university , for critical discussion for the copepod evolution ; dr steven haddock and ms lynne christianson , monterey bay aquarium research institute , for kindly providing genomic dna of g . princeps ; dr tadashi imanishi and dr akiko ogura noda for introducing mega5 software to calculate ml phylogeny ; and prof . leslie sargent jones , appalachian state university , for valuable discussions .\nthe origin of the bioluminescence of calanoid copepods must be carefully verified with an assessment of bioluminescence , including nonluminescent primitive species , such as the pseudocyclopoidea , and luminescent oncaea species . nonetheless , we postulate that bioluminescence in calanoid copepods could have originated from an ancient species between the families pseudocyclopoidea and augaptiloidea ( fig . 7 ) . the ancient augaptiloidea may have ventured into the surface water , which was probably caused by unexpected food or oxygen demands ( bradford - grieve 2002 , 2004 ) , and then encountered a number of difficulties for adapting to the pelagic habitat . until myelinated nerve axons evolved , the earlier evolution of bioluminescence might have been a highly efficient strategy for them to avoid surrounding predators . further analysis of copepod bioluminescence in the world ' s oceans could be a clue for understanding the ecology and evolution of marine organisms .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 180 , fig . 6 ] . male : ( from the indian ocean ) : a , a1 ( segments i - viii ) ; b , idem ( segments ix - xix ) ; c , idem ( segments xx - xxviii ) ; d , e ( holotype ) , anterior part of a1 segment xiv ; f , p5 ( posterior ) ; g , medial process on 2nd exopodal segment of left p5 ( anterior ) . gaussia sewelli saraswathy , 1973 ( from the indian ocean ) male : h , p5 ( posterior ; distal two exopodal segments of right p5 torted ) . arrowheads indicate inner process proximally directed on 2nd exopodal segment . p : process . s : spinule .\nthe phylogeny of 13 calanoid luciferases suggests a different evolution of the metridinidae and heterorhabdidae families ' luciferases ( fig . 5a ) . in the clade containing metridinidae luciferases ( clade 1 ) , two proteins in a single species are likely to have evolved independently . the similarity of primary structures among mpluc1 , moluc1 , and paluc1 ( type - i ) luciferases were greater than those of their counterparts ( mpluc2 , moluc2 , and paluc2 ) ( type - ii ) luciferases ( fig . 4a ) . the mrna coding for moluc1 or moluc2 would be transcribed from two different loci or alleles since studies of genomic sequences revealed the presence of different lengths and positions of the introns in moluc genes ( fig . 5b ) , as seen in mpluc genes ( takenaka et al . 2008 ) . gene duplication events of luciferase probably happened in the ancestral species of the metridia and pleuromamma families , thereafter , paralogous luciferases might have diverged independently . conversely , it would be expected that specialization of heterorhabdidae species preceded the duplication and diversification of luciferase genes since pairs of luciferases ( htluc1 and htluc2 ; hmluc1 and hmluc2 ) are monophyletic ( clades 6 and 7 ) within species . nucleotide identity between coding sequences of hmluc1 and hmluc2 is 91 . 8 % , whereas it is 62 . 6 % between hmluc1 and htluc1 , which were isolated from species of the same heterorhabdidae family . extensive genome survey of two lineages of metridinidae and heterorhabdidae families may shed light on the multigene structure of luciferase genes and how copepod luciferases have evolved . from the present study , we could not interpret any evolutionary novelty derived from gene duplication of luciferases in calanoid copepods . because phenotypic observation on live copepod bioluminescence is difficult without special video equipment and relevant technical skills , we are trying to evaluate any possible evolutionary novelty of the gene duplication by revealing different biochemical characteristics between type - i and type - ii luciferases identified in this study .\nissued from : j . j . childress in mar . biol . , 1977 , 39 . [ p . 23 , fig . 3 ] . gaussia princeps adult males ( in experimental proceedings ) . interpolation of data to predict oxygen - consumption in the field . solid line shows oxygen - consumption rate based on temperature and pressure considerations only ; dotted line takes into account limitations of oxygen uptake by low oxygen and indicates maximum oxygen - consumption possible in the region of this limitation ; hatched area represents that part of the metabolic needs which must be accounted for by anaerobic metabolism . the two scales on the right show the temperature and oxygen characteristics of a typical area ( san clemente basin , southern california ) where the animals are found . crosses indicate primary , non - interpolated data , while dots are interpolated points . nota : gaussia princeps is found only below 400 m in the daytime and is present down to the greatest depth sampled ( 900 m ) . at night an appreciate fraction of the population migrates to depths shallower than 400 m . even at night , however , many remain below 400 m . the individuals clearly do not need to migrate above this depth on a daily basis . this species ' consumption was measured at 3 . 5 , 7 and 10\u00b0c and 1 , 14 , 28 , 61 , 121 and 181 atm of hydrostatic pressure ( 1 atm corresponds about 10 m of depth ) . hydrostatic pressure is shown to have significant effects on the oxygen - consumption rate at pressures as low as 28 atm . at all temperature and pressure combinations , the species displays a very low metabolic rate compared to shallow - living copepods . the critical oxygen partial pressure for this species is shown to be about 10 to 1 , mm hg o2 at 10 , 7 and 5 . 5 \u00b0c . this shows a higher oxygen - consumption rate at the nighttime depths and a much lower , partially anaerobic metabolism at the daytime depths .\nthe full coding sequences of the copepod luciferases were amplified by pyrobest dna polymerase ( takara bio ) from the template plasmids that harbor the full - length cdnas and subcloned into pcdna3 . 1 / v5 - his - topo ( invitrogen ) to express luciferase proteins tagged with 6\u00d7 histidines at their c - terminus in mammalian cultured cells . all expression vectors were purified using an endofree plasmid maxi kit ( qiagen , japan ) . hek293 cells ( health science research resources bank , japan ) were maintained in megacell mem ( sigma - aldrich , japan ) supplemented with 5 % fetal bovine serum at 37 \u00b0c in a humidified atmosphere of 5 % co 2 . for transfections , 5 \u00d7 10 5 cells per well were seeded in six - well culture plates , and fugene hd ( roche applied science ) was used according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . the culture medium was incubated for 72 h after transfection and stored at \u221230 \u00b0c until immunoblotting and luciferase assay .\nconcerning the bioluminescent copepods other than calanoida , oncaea belonging to poecilostomatoida is known to have bioluminescence ( herring et al . 1993 ) . since many of the bioluminescent copepods are predatory and live moderately deep , it is unique that the tiny poecilostomatoid copepod oncaea is one example that is relatively shallow water habitat and has pseudoplanktonic behavior ( b\u00f6ttger - schnack and schnack 2005 ) . the most notable feature of oncaea bioluminescence is their nonsecretory and repetitive fast flashes . the reason for this different characteristic of oncaea bioluminescence compared with those of other bioluminescent copepods might lie in their smaller size and reduced motility . throwing off bioluminescence as a decoy against potential predators is not an effective protection for oncaea , which cannot escape rapidly from surrounding luminescent materials ejected from themselves , unlike calanoid copepods ( herring et al . 1993 ) . furthermore , the bioluminescence emission spectra of oncaea ( \u223c470 nm ) are slightly different from those of other calanoid copepods ( 480\u2013500 nm ) , possibly due to the structural difference of their luciferase and / or luciferin .\ncopepods are the most numerous taxa of zooplankton fauna in the ocean worldwide . their bioluminescent abilities and characteristics have been investigated for over a 100 years ( giesbrecht 1895 ; clarke et al . 1962 ; haddock et al . 2010 ) . luminescence of calanoid copepods is produced by glandular cells in the luminous glands , which are largely located on the caudal rami and legs ( fig . 1 ) , although their number and location vary considerably among families . most of the luminous species reported to date belong to the superfamily augaptiloidea , which contains the families arietellidae , augaptilidae , heterorhabdidae , lucicutiidae , metridinidae , and nullosetigeridae ( herring 1988 ) . within these families , the luminescent behavior of metridinidae and most heterorhabdidae , lucicutiidae , and augaptilidae are well known ( herring 1988 ) . based on a previous cladistic analysis of morphological features , the augaptiloidea is believed to have diverged very early in the evolution of calanoid copepods ( bradford - grieve et al . 2010 ) . except for the augaptiloidea superfamily , a single species in megacalanoidea ( megacalanus princeps ) was reported as luminous ( herring 1988 ) with very limited evidence , and it remains unverified . it is also unclear whether species in other superfamilies , such as centropagoidea , clausocalanoidea , and eucalanoidea , are luminous . this indicates that among the ten calanoid superfamilies , bioluminescent copepods are found almost exclusively in the superfamily , augaptiloidea . concerning bioluminescence behavior other than calanoid copepods , that of tiny pseudoplanktonic poecilostomatoid oncaea spp . is only notable ( herring et al . 1993 ) . one reason for the limited information on copepod bioluminescence is that correct copepod identification is very difficult . in addition to the species identification challenges , zooplankton sampling , especially in deep water , requires special equipment , including large - sized plankton nets , to collect sufficient numbers of specimens . furthermore , macro - and microscopic detection of weak and flash - type bioluminescence from tiny copepods is also difficult , especially if the specimen was damaged during the collection or manipulation by an investigator . therefore , a device , such as a luminometer , to detect weak bioluminescence of zooplankton is needed .\nissued from : a . t . barnes & j . f . case in j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . , 1972 , 8 . [ p . 59 , fig . 3 ] . distribution of fluorescent glands , luminescent glands , and luminous pores of adult male and female gaussia princeps . a : female ; b : male ; c : lateral view of 5th thoracic segment and abdomen of female ; d : lateral xiew of female . f : fluorecent gland ; l . g . : luminescent gland ; l . p . : luminous pore . ( modified after wolfenden , 1911 , and sewell , 1932 ) . nota : adult male and female produce bright , extracellular luminescent displays usually coupled with the initiation of rapid swimming . glands of the head , mandibular palps , urosome , caudal rami , and underlying at least 14 body pores contribute to the luminous response which , in free swimming copepods , is characterized by a sudden discharge to the exterior of luminous blue material that remains at peak intensity for 1 - 3 sec before undergoing and 80 sec decay as 8 or less discrete , low intensity points of light .\ncopepod luciferases , isolated in this study and previous reports , are all derived from the augaptiloidea superfamily in calanoida . there are few to no reports of bioluminescence in other calanoid superfamilies . the reason for the difference in the luminous ability between the augaptiloidea and other superfamilies could be explained by their ecology ( e . g . , motility , habitat , and body size ) . although precise evolutionary positions of the pseudocyclopoidea and epacteriscoidea are not determined yet , these superfamilies are believed to be the most primitive calanoida ( fig . 7 ) ( bradford - grieve et al . 2010 ) . comparing with other eight superfamilies illustrated in figure 7 , they are highly specialized because of their adaptation to the epibenthic habitats . they are found only at shallow to shelf depth ( ohtsuka et al . 1999 ) or in submarine caves ( ohtsuka et al . 2002 ) , in contrast to the augaptiloidea , which has a greater diversity of distribution within the pelagic zones ( yamaguchi et al . 2004 ) . these observations imply little change , if any , of habitat in the evolutionary history of the pseudocyclopoidea and epacteriscoidea ( bradford - grieve 2004 ) . living on - bottom\u2013 or in - bottom\u2013dwelling habitat would be a very effective means to find nutrients and hide from predators . there is no report , so far , describing the bioluminescence of these primitive copepods , probably because of the very limited research on these minor species in calanoida so far . however , considering their stable benthic habitat and very small body size ( below 1 mm ) ( ohtsuka et al . 1999 ) , evolving bioluminescence as a defense against the predators seems to be unnecessary for them .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndavis , 1949 ( p . 50 , figs . f ) ; c . b . wilson , 1950 ( p . 235 , figs . f , m ) ; brodsky , 1950 ( 1967 ) ( part . , p . 312 , figs . np : f , m , non figs . f , m : ind . oc , rem . ) ; vervoort , 1965 ( p . 103 , rem . ) ; owre & foyo , 1967 ( p . 74 , figs . f , m ) ; barnes & case , 1972 ( p . 53 , bioluminescence ) ; gardner & szabo , 1982 ( p . 348 , figs . f , m ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1988 ( p . 351 , 354 , fig . f , rem . ) ; hulsemann , 1988 ( p . 188 , rem . ) ; baessa - de - aguiar , 1989 ( 1992 ) ( p . 117 , figs . f , m ) ; bowlby & case , 1991 ( p . 440 , bioluminescence ) ; soh & al . , 1998 ( p . 171 , redescr . f , m , figs . f , m , juv . , fig . 7 : carte , rem . ) ; bradford - grieve & al . , 1999 ( p . 884 , 948 , figs . f , m ) ; bradford - grieve , 1999 b ( p . 111 , figs . f , m , rem . , figs . 177 , 192 ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2007 ( p . 3 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2007 ( p . 357 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; suarez - morales , 2007 ( p . 34 , figs . m , tabl . 2 , 3 , 4 , rem . ) ; mercier & al . , 2013 ( p . 760 , neural ultrastructure )\nissued from : j . m . bradford - grieve in the marine fauna of new zealand : pelagic calanoid copepoda . national institute of water and atmospheric research ( niwa ) . niwa biodiversity memoir , 111 , 1999 . [ p . 111 , fig . 74 ] . female ( from 39\u00b049 . 9 ' s , 178\u00b026 ' e ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , p5 . male : c , habitus ( right lateral side ) ; d , p5 ( l = left leg ; r = right leg ) . female characteristics : - spinous prolongations of posterolateral corners of last thoracic segment divergent . - proximal part of genital segment asymmetrically inflated , with a prominent curved process usually on right side . - blunt processes on caudal rami are prominent . - penultimate segment of p5 as broad as long . male characteristics : - processes on caudal rami as in female ; - proximally directed spine on segment 3 of left p5 blunt , short and stumpy ; terminal segment of right leg with a prominent undulating border , and 4 setae ; the distance between setae 1 and 2 and 2 and 3 almost equal . remarks :\nin the southwest pacific males right p5 terminal segment with the distance between spines 1 and 2 ( numbering from proximal part of segment ) is almost twice that of the distance between spines 2 and 3 ; spines 3 and 4 much shorter than spines 1 and 2 .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 173 , fig . 1 ] . female ( from suruga bay ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral left side ) ; c , forehead ( lateral ) ; d , genital compound somite ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( lateral ) ; f , idem ( ventral . c : copulatory pore ; cd : copulatory duct ; g , gonopore .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 143 , fig . 2 ] . female : scanning electon microscope micrographs of genital compound somite ; aventral ( copulatiory pores damaged ) ; b , right gonopore ; c , left gonopore . scale bars = 0 . 3 mm ( a ) ; 0 . 05 mm ( b , c ) .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 175 , fig . 3 ] . female : a , left a1 ( segments i - xiv ) ; b , idem ( segments xv - xx ) ; c , idem ( segments xxi - xxviii ) ; d , idem ( segments xiv - xv ) ; e , idem ( segments xxvii - xxviii ) ; f , a2 ; g , 2nd endopodal segment of a2 ; h , labrum and paragnaths ; i , md . arrowheads indicate gland openings .\nissued from : h . y . soh , s . ohtsuka , h . imabayashi & s . sawamoto in species diversity , 1998 , 3 . [ p . 177 , fig . 4 ] . female : a , mx1 ; b , mx2 ; c , mxp ; d , p1 ( anterior ) . arrowheads indicate gland openings .\nissued from : t . k . s . bj\u00f6rnberg & a . f . campaner in hydrobiomogia , 1988 , 167 / 168 . [ p . 352 , figs . d , e , f ] . female ( from chile ) : d , forehead ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( lateral ) ; f , metasomal corners and genital segment ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : t . k . s . bj\u00f6rnberg & a . f . campaner in hydrobiomogia , 1988 , 167 / 168 . [ p . 353 , figs . b - f ] . female : b , genital segment with attached couplers ( lateral right side ) ; d , idem ( ventral ; e , right coupler with spermatophore after removal of filling material ) ; c , genital segment ( lateral right side ; another specimen ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 35 , fig . 1 ] . male ( from w caribbean ) : a - b , habitus ( lateral and dorsal , respectively ) ; c , forehead lateral ; ( showing frontal process and depression ) ; d , 5th pedigerous and 1st urosomites ( dorsal ) ; e , anal somite and caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; f , same ( lateral ) . scale bars : 3 mm ( a , b ) ; 0 . 7 mm ( c - f )\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 36 , fig . 2 ] . male : a , left a1 ( segments 1 - 10 ) ; b , same ( segments 11 - 16 ) ; c , same ( segments 17 - 23 ) ; d , right a1 ( segments 1 - 10 ) ; e , same ( segments 11 - 20 ) ; f , same ( detail of modified seta and aesthetascs ) ; g , detail of segment 17 and distal acute process ( position of integumental pores indicated by solid circles . scale bars : 0 . 7 mm ( a - e ) ; 0 . 05 mm ( f ) ; 0 . 35 mm ( g ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 37 , fig . 3 ] . male : a , a2 ; b , md ( mandibular palp ) ; c , md ( mandibular blade showing detail of teeth and blade ornamentation ) ; d , mx2 ; e , mxp ; e , p1 ; g , rostal area ( ventral ) . position of integumental pores indicated by solid circles . scale bars : 0 . 7 mm ( a , b - g ) ; 0 . 2 mm ( c ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 38 , fig . 4 ] . male : a , p2 ; b , detail of hook - like and spiniform processes on 1st endopodal segment of p2 ; c , p3 ; d , p4 ; e , p5 ( anterior ) ; f , basipod and exopod of left p5 ( lateral view ) ; g , detail of processes of 2nd exopodal segment of left p5 ; h , detail of distal exopodal segment of right p5 ( showing ornamentation ) . position of integumental pores indicated by solid sircles . scale bars : 0 . 7 mm ( a , c - e , h ) ; 0 . 3 mm ( b , f , g ) .\nissued from : e . suarez - morales in zootaxa , 2007 , 1621 . [ p . 42 , table 3 ] . male : comparison of pore number of p5 of from the caribbean ( gpc ) , the indian ocean ( gpl ) from soh & al . , 1998 , and g . sewelli ( gsi ) from saraswathy & bradford , 1980 from the indian ocean . cx = coxa ; bp = basipodite ; enp = endopodite ; exp = exopodite ; r = right ; l = left .\nissued from : c . b . wilson in bull . u . s . natn mus . , 100 , 14 ( 4 ) . [ pl . 25 , figs . 377 - 378 ] . as metridia atra . female ( from 13\u00b037 ' 40 ' ' n , 120\u00b039 ' e ) : 377 , endopod of p2 ; 378 , p5 .\nissued from : c . b . wilson in bull . u . s . natn mus . , 100 , 14 ( 4 ) . [ pl . 11 , figs . 117 - 119 ] . female ( from pacific ) : 117 - 118 , habitus ( dorsal and lateral ) . male : 119 , habitus ( dorsal ) . nota : the color is very dark , almost black , with the ventral surface of the genital segment a reddish brown .\nissued from : m . saraswathy in handbook to the intern . zoopl . coll . , cochin - 18 , kerala state , india , 1973 . [ p . 194 ] . comparison between g . scotti ( = g . princeps ) and g . sewelli .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 73 , fig . 479 ] . female : 479 , p2 .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 17 , fig . 47 ] . female : 47 , p5 .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 20 , fig . 74 ] . male : 74 , p5 .\nsewell , 1948 ( part . , p . 330 , 503 , 516 , 521 , 530 , 548 , 558 , 561 ) ; grice , 1963 a ( p . 496 ) ; fleminger , 1967 a ( tabl . 1 ) ; grice & hulsemann , 1967 ( p . 17 ) ; 1968 ( tab . 2 ) ; morris , 1970 ( p . 2301 ) ; lee & al . , 1971 ( p . 1151 , 1152 ) ; gueredrat & friess , 1971 ( p . 187 , fig . 1 ) ; roe , 1972 ( p . 277 , tabl . 1 , tabl . 2 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1973 ( p . 338 , 387 ) ; lee & barnes , 1975 ( p . 265 , lipids ) ; childress , 1975 ( p . 787 , respiratory rate ) ; 1977 ( p . 19 , pressure , temperature v . s . oxygen consumption ) ; vives , 1982 ( p . 293 ) ; petipa & borichenko , 1985 ( tab . 2 ) ; madhupratap & haridas , 1986 ( p . 105 , tab . 1 ) ; lozano soldevilla & al . , 1988 ( p . 59 ) ; heinrich , 1990 ( p . 18 ) ; bowlby & case , 1991 ( p . 329 ) ; 1991 a ( p . 440 ) ; suarez - morales & gasca , 1998 a ( p . 110 ) ; razouls & al . , 2000 ( p . 343 , appendix ) ; haury & al . , 2000 ( p . 69 , table 1 ) ; lenz & al . , 2000 ( p . 338 ) ; fields & al . , 2002 ( p . 173 ) ; fernandes , 2008 ( p . 465 , tabl . 2 ) ; galbraith , 2009 ( pers . comm . ) ; inouye & sahara , 2008 ( p . 96 , luciferase ) ; takenaka & al . , 2012 ( p . 1669 , fig . 3 , table 1 , bioluminescence ) ; teuber & al . , 2013 ( p . 1 , table 2 , fig . 5 , respiration rates ) ; in calcofi regional list ( mdo , nov . 2013 ; m . ohman , comm . pers . )\nissued from : m . saraswathy in handbook to the intern . zoopl . coll . , cochin - 18 , kerala state , india , 1973 . [ p . 193 ] . localities from g . scotti ( = g . princeps ) ( black circle ) and g . sewelli ( white circle ) obtained .\nsub - antarct . ( se pacif . ) ( in bj\u00f6rnberg & campaner , 1988 ) , de trindade is . , off st . paul is . , off gabon , g . of guinea , cape verde is . , off morocco - mauritania , canary is . , caribbean sea , belize , florida , w sargasso sea , s . cape hatteras , indian , bay of bengal , philippines , japan , s . hokkaido , off n new caledonia , new zealand ( e north island ) , pacif . ( equatorial ) , ne pacif . ( queen charlotte is . ) , hawaii , off n hawaii , california ( off monterey bay , san pedro , santa catalina , san clemente , velero and tanner basins ) , ne easter is . , sw galapagos , pacif . ( se tropical ) , off juan fernandez is . , peru , chile ( n & s , sub - antarct . )\n( 10 ) f : 10 , 5 - 10 ; ( 16 ) f : 10 , 75 - 10 , 5 ; m : 10 , 4 - 9 , 4 ; ( 59 ) f : 12 - 9 ; m : 12 - 9 ; ( 94 ) f : 10 . 5 - 11 . 4 [ indian ] ; 10 . 0 - 10 . 7 [ atlant . ] ; 10 . 0 - 11 . 6 [ pacif . ] ; m : 9 . 6 - 10 . 6 [ indian ] ; 9 . 1 - 10 . 4 [ atlant . ] ; 10 . 1 - 11 . 1 [ pacif . ] ; ( 199 ) m : 10 , 08 - 9 , 92 ; ( 770 ) f : 10 , 47 [ indien ] ; 10 , 9 [ japon : suruga bay ] ; m : 9 , 54 [ indien ] ; ( 909 ) f : 10 , 45 - 11 , 06 ; m : 9 , 39 - 9 , 85 [ n - z ] ; ( 986 ) m : 10 , 1 ; { f : 9 , 00 - 12 , 00 ; m : 9 , 00 - 12 , 00 } the mean female size is 10 . 589 mm ( n = 19 ; sd = 0 . 6712 ) , and the mean male size is 10 . 058 mm ( n = 22 ; sd = 0 . 7233 ) . the size ratio ( male : female ) is about 0 . 94 ( n = 9 ; sd = 0 . 0347 ) .\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]"]}
{"id": 2238, "summary": [{"text": "gay trip was a racehorse noted for winning the 1970 grand national .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "gay trip was a small bay gelding owned by tony chambers and trained by fred rimell .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "formerly a flat racing horse , gay trip was switched to national hunt racing as a five-year-old and won the mackeson gold cup in 1969 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the 1970 grand national he was ridden by pat taaffe after his regular jockey terry biddlecombe was ruled out of the race by injury .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "gay trip carried top weight of 11 stones five pounds despite previously never having won a race longer than 2 \u00bd miles and started at odds of 15/1 in a field of twenty-eight runners .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he took the lead at the second last fence and drew clear to win by twenty lengths .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "since 1970 only red rum has won the grand national carrying top weight .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it was fred rimell 's third national winner having previously won with e.s.b. and nicolaus silver .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1972 he finished second in the grand national , ridden by biddlecombe . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "gay trip", "paragraphs": ["naples is a fascinating city and it makes for an interesting trip during your visit to italy . interested in learning more ? here are five experiences to enhance your visit .\nwe ' ve brought together our favorite and most diverse spots across mexico to create a 10 - day gay holiday trip from the caribbean coast , through central mexico , with a celebratory finish on the pacific coast . a holiday trip wouldn ' t be complete without ringing in 2019 with a bang there ' s no better place than puerto vallarta , one of the favorite nye spots for guys from all over the world .\nour 11 - day trip through israel & jordan ticks off an amazing number of bucket list items , from floating weightlessly in the dead sea , to riding camelback through the desert , to gazing up at the famous buildings of petra carved into the cliffs . these 11 days in israel & jordan bring us into the middle of a region of fascinating contradictions . as gay travelers , this trip gives us the ability to take in the middle east while enjoying the comfort of gay welcoming community .\njoin italy gay travels on a cycle trip like no other ! the gay cycling tour takes you from the north to the south of this region , allowing you to discover many of the magical places in puglia . puglia is fast becoming the gay destination of south italy and that is why we are sure that the gay cycling tour is perfect for you ! the area is rich in culture , food , awe inspiring landscapes , white sandy beaches and some gay nightlife for good measure !\nour 15 - day adventure starts and finishes in the metropolis of bangkok , the capital city of thailand and home to asia ' s best food , nightlife , and shopping . it includes everything that is experienced in our 12 - day trip , with a few extra days of exploring new destinations too ! the majority of this incredible trip will be spent on the islands and beaches of southern thailand .\nowned by mr . a . chambers , gay trip was trained by fred rimmell . rimmell had been an extremely successful jockey and had won the national hunt champion jockey title four times before two falls , resulting in a broken neck , cut short his riding career .\nour 8 - day peru trip showcases the jaw - dropping andean mountain range in all it ' s glory ! this trip starts in the bustling capital city of lima and finishes 8 days later in the ancient inca city of cusco . from historic mountaintop fortresses , to lush river valleys surrounded by impressive natural wonders , these 8 days in peru show off the side of peru that everyone dreams of experiencing for themselves .\na gay australia cultural tour down under , including sydney\u2019s gay and lesbian mardi gras ! what is the mystery surrounding the great land called \u201coz ? \u201d and no , it\u2019s not the ruby slippers\u2026 explore gay \u201cdown under\u201d , including visiting the sydney opera house to dining with an aboriginal family . from sophisticated afternoon tea and 4 - wheeling in the outback , to sunset dinner aboard a private yacht and a fabulous gay mardi gras , this is the trip of a lifetime !\npat taaffe was the jockey chosen to ride gay trip for the race , he had already enjoyed great success with the legendary arkle winning three gold cups and a fourth on another horse , fort leney and was no stranger to the national having won in 1955 on quare times .\nour 12 - day greece trip promise to deliver the best of athens and the greek islands with stops in dramatic santorini , cosmopolitan mykonos , and peaceful milos . our laid - back trip leaves plenty of room for spontaneity and adventure . there is no amount of photos , video , or stories that can prepare a person for the incredibly captivating country that is greece . it ' s a place that few people visit just once .\njoin italy gay travels on a not - to - be - missed tour of the worldwide gay opera capitals : milan , verona and venice . our gay opera tour will start from the fashion capital of italy , milan of course , where we will discover the amazing history of the city , enjoy its exuberant gay nightlife , and spend a night at la scala for an unforgettable opera night . a day trip exploring como and its lake is without a doubt a highlight on this tour .\na gay sicily tour like no other ! join italy gay travels on an amazing gay sicily tour . sicily is the biggest island in the mediterranean sea , rich in culture and home to important archaeological sites . yes , in this case bigger is better , as sicily packs in all the punches what all gay tour should offer . this exclusive gay sicily tour will focus on the eastern part of this amazing region , fast becoming a gay hotspot .\none of the most successful trainers in grand national history he is the only one to have had four wins with four different horses . one of only two greys to ever win the race , nicolaus silver , was trained by him , as were national winners e . s . b . , rag trade and of course gay trip .\nhop on our gay tour of thailand and discover the exquisite land of smiles in style ! thailand conjures up images of spicy delicacies , majestic elephants , golden buddhas , vibrant nightlife and exotic hideaways - and we experience it all on this trip for gay men , their friends and family . learn about , and spend time with , the majestic asian elephant . live it up on phuket , thailand\u2019s famous beach island .\non race day , gay trip was carrying the top weight of 11st 5lbs , and having never won beyond two and a half miles his chances were not that good . taaffe did a great job steering him to a 20 length victory at odds of 15 / 1 and in doing so provided the perfect end to his own racing career .\nthis gay group tour features our favourite part of spain \u2014 barcelona and south through madrid and andalucia . though distances travelled are not huge , this is a very diverse trip , from glitzy barcelona and its outstanding nearby beaches , to stately madrid with its marvelous galleries and shopping , to the fascinating moorish sites of cordoba , granada and sevilla .\nas gay travelers , this trip gives us the ability to take in the middle east while enjoying the comfort of a relatively gay welcoming community . we ' ll immerse ourselves into the thriving lgbt scene , hike around the clifftop fortress of masada , cover ourselves in the nutrient - rich mud of the dead sea , explore the winding alleys of one of the most historically significant cities in the world among many more unforgettable experiences .\nfrom colonial architecture to cuban cigars , this gay group trip gets up close and personal with the caribbean island\u2019s distinct latin culture . it also happens to coincide with new year\u2019s eve , so pack your fun pants and prepare to celebrate . throw in some friendly locals , a few old cars , and even a splash of salsa , and 2019 is off to a stellar start ! ring in 2019 on this gay people - to - people tour to cuba !\nfrom colonial architecture to cuban cigars , this gay group trip gets up close and personal with the caribbean island\u2019s distinct latin culture . it also happens to coincide with new year\u2019s eve , so pack your fun pants and prepare to celebrate . throw in some friendly locals , a few old cars , and even a splash of salsa , and 2020 is off to a stellar start ! ring in 2020 on this gay people - to - people tour to cuba !\nwhether you ' re planning a road trip , currently on the road , or simply love the genre , here are some of our favorite road trip movies , all of which feature lgbt characters , themes , or flavors . taking us from the deserts of the american southwest to the flowery meadows of the south of france , and across the vast australian outback and to the secluded beaches of mexico , these movies show us some of the many ways in which traveling the open road can change us - and help us to see the world and ourselves in a different light .\nthis is a salubrious addition to our european walking series in region that lends itself beautifully to our leisurely style of day hiking from a hotel base . the trip also features walking tours in no fewer than six unesco world heritage towns , as well as the stunning unesco protected plitvice lakes region .\nenjoy an amazing 7 - day gay trip experience in barcelona from july 28th to august 4th , getting to meet your hosts in exciting activities while you discover the wonders of of spain ! join ricky roman , josh moore , ian greene , jay alexander and other hot spanish influencers on their vacations . it ' s hot in barcelona during august , but our influencers are even hotter !\nenjoy an amazing 7 - day gay trip experience in barcelona from august 4th to august 11th , getting to meet your hosts in exciting activities while you discover the wonders of of spain ! join alex mecum , jack hunter , kyle goffney & anthony forte and other hot spanish influencers on their vacations . it ' s hot in barcelona during august , but our influencers are even hotter !\nenjoy an amazing 7 - day gay trip experience in madrid from september 29th to october 6th , getting to meet your hosts in exciting activities while you discover the wonders of the capital city of spain ! join jake ashford , beaux banks , salvatore martinez and brogan fletcher on their vacations . it\u2019s the start of autumn \u2013 a great month to explore all that madrid has to offer .\njoin italy gay travels on an amazing gay bike tour in the southernmost tip of puglia , known as salento . fast becoming the gay destination of south italy , this area is rich in culture , food , awe inspiring landscapes , white sandy beaches and some gay nightlife for good measure ! our tour is set at an easy level that will suit most cyclists .\nenjoy an amazing 7 - day gay trip experience in barcelona from september 1st to september 8th , getting to meet your hosts in exciting activities while you discover the wonders of of spain ! join ryan rose , niko wirachman , ryan carter , seth knight and other hot spanish influencers on their vacations . it ' s still hot in barcelona during september , but our influencers are even hotter !\nthe forces of nature that shaped patagonia remain on display to this day . this trip begins with a visit to perito moreno and upsala , two of the region\u2019s most iconic glaciers . another day features a nature walk , a visit to estancia cristina ranch , and a boat ride on argentino lake .\nan elegant gay group journey to selected historic homes & gardens in ireland , featuring accommodations in ireland\u2019s best castle & manor house hotels . we will luxuriate at such famous hotels as waterford castle ; ashford castle and adare manor . dinner has been planned at the hotels every evening to take advantage of the excellent kitchens of these establishments . the sightseeing theme of our trip is historic houses and gardens .\nthe north atlantic\u2019s azores , like hawaii , is a remote volcanic archipelago . this active gay group trip explores the crater of sete cidades ( one of the 7 wonders of portugal ) , bathes you in natural thermal pools , and includes a world - class whale watching excursion . you ' ll have the opportunity to explore four iconic islands including s\u0103o miguel , faial , pico and s\u0103o jorge .\nperu is ready to blow your mind ! with breathtaking vistas in every direction , incredibly unique local culture , and an unlimited number of exciting activities along the way , peru is a perfectly enriching destination . our 12 - day gay trip through peru mixes our laid - back travel concept with peru ' s most unique and memorable sites to form an adventure that you ' ll be talking about forever .\njoin italy gay travels on an amazing tour of the italian gay capitals : rome , florence and turin . yes , take in all the key sights in one tour ! rome , florence and turin have one thing in common : they have all been capitals of italy since 1861 , the year italy was unified . the gay capitals of italy tour allows you to discover the lifestyles of the most fascinating gay hotspots in italy . you too can now join the unification on the gay capitals exclusive tour !\nwhat ? a greek isles gay tour that ' s not a cruise ? ? ? on this very special trip , we travel by scheduled ferry through the beautiful cycladic island group and spend our nights on each unique island , with a perfect balance of organized activities and free time to soak it all up . greece is a country of beautiful contradictions , a constant journey in time from the present to the past and back again .\nan exclusive and unforgettable gay naples , capri and the amalfi coast tour ! join italy gay travels on an amazing gay group tour of the coast around naples . this unforgettable holiday will commence with a gay naples tour , to discover this charming seaside city . from there we will make your way to the amalfi coast and to the island of capri , world famous for its beaches and the stunning faraglioni .\nthailand has that exotic , mysterious , exciting appeal to it . our 12 - day adventure starts and finishes in the metropolis of bangkok , the capital city of thailand and home to asia ' s best food , nightlife , and shopping . the majority of this incredible trip will be spent on the islands and beaches of southern thailand .\ngay games is an event for inclusion and respect of diversity . from 4 august to 12 august , 2018 , paris hosts the 10th edition of the gay games , the world\u2019s largest sporting , cultural and festive event open to all ! held every four years for more than 32 years , gay games , a hymn to love , advocates a society for all diversities . it ' s the spirit of the gay games ! paris gay games 2018 rich program of festivities completes sporting and cultural programs . will you join us ?\njoin us for a gay tour that blends together the sophistication , heritage and promise of cuba\u2019s capital with three days of exploring smaller towns that are rarely visited by foreigners . on this trip we will have a special emphasis on the arts of cuba , and the role of the lgbt community . we invite you to join us for a people - to - people exchange with leaders of social change in cuba and some of the country\u2019s most creative artists .\nnepal is a hiker\u2019s paradise laden with ancient kingdoms , majestic mountains , and monasteries galore . our gay trip begins with two days exploring the busy streets of kathmandu , before we fly over the haunting himalayas en route to the everest region . our own hike reaches its own impressive heights with an overnight stay at everest base camp ( 5 , 364m ) , where we can bask in the majesty of the mother of the universe , that epic mountain herself .\nour the best of vietnam & cambodia luxury small gay group trip is distinguished by the top hotels selected in three countries and ample time to leisurely visit each city . dine at the best restaurants and learn the troubled history of these countries . enjoy hanoi , ha long bay ( overnight luxury cruise ) , danang , hue , saigon & angkor wat . take optional post - tour extension to luang prabang , laos - february 27 - march 2 , 2019 .\nglorious mountains , beautiful wines , and the west coast ' s biggest gay pride weekend . this out adventures official tenth - anniversary trip starts in calgary before taking you through the majestic rocky mountains with stops in banff , lake louise and jasper . then we head to the okanagan wine region , where things get extra tasty . you\u2019ll see moose , deer , and bears \u2013 oh my ! we wrap up in vancouver just as pride gets underway . boom !\nour 12 - day costa rica trip has been designed to maximize your experience here and have you begging to stay forever ! instead of rushing around and trying to visit as many places as possible , we ' ve specially chosen three locations , plus san jose that we know you ' ll fall in love with . costa rica is also known as the most gay - friendly country in central america . we can ' t wait to share this paradise with you !\nour 8 - day gay trip through peru mixes our laid - back travel concept with peru ' s most unique and memorable sites to form an adventure that you ' ll be talking about forever . if you ' ve ever dreamed of soaking up the incredible mountaintop inca ruins of machu picchu , taking a scenic train journey through the peruvian andes , or walking in the footsteps of an ancient civilization , join us for an incredible 8 days you ' ll never forget .\npatagonia\u2019s wilderness is so renowned there\u2019s an outdoor clothing brand named after it . this trip introduces you to the heaving perito moreno glacier , then heads for an eco - camp in torres del paine national park where we ' ll conquer some of the region ' s most rigorous treks . you ' ll be rewarded daily with unrivalled flora , fauna , and vistas .\ngay pride frankfurt , in germany\u2019s financial capital , is one of the country ' s liveliest gay pride parades \u2013 with lots of floats and a main stage with 3 - days of entertainment located in the city\u2019s main square . the costumes are pretty outrageous and very inventive . the town\u2019s gay bars come to life \u2013 hosting all sorts of parties for all tastes . gay pride frankfurt is also known as frankfurt csd - or ' christopher street day ' .\ngay tour of spain . this gay holiday takes an intimate group of travelers to the most picturesque parts of spain . join us and explore the culture , history , and beauty of madrid , toledo , seville , cordoba , and the scenic spanish countryside between . spain is a rich collection of regions , each fiercely proud of its own identity . vacation with a congenial group of gay travelers to sample the cultural life of beautiful & gay friendly spain .\nmexico city is the largest metropolis in the western hemisphere and is brimming with rich culture and awe - inspiring architecture . it can be hard to experience it all in one trip , so we\u2019ve lined up plenty of big and hidden gems . we\u2019ll visit ancient pyramids , take walks through interesting neighborhoods , enjoy a wide variety of arts , and have delicious food and drinks along the way .\nessential japan is the ideal route for those who visit japan for the first time . we have selected the most iconic cities of the archipelago , so you can take home the true essence of japan . japan has a wide , varied history and is a hub for those who seek authentic culture in a world where that is hard to find . travel from big cities to mountain villages and everything in - between as you take in the rich , cultural heritage this amazing country has to offer on this gay trip .\nan industrious yet luxurious wine country bike tour . can ' t decide whether to partake in a hardcore bike holiday , or an elegant wine country affair ? this chile gay trip offers both , for an unforgettable taste of south america ' s wild west . we kick off with a couple days in wine country , then visit atacama desert - the driest place on earth - with great bike rides and a trek thrown in . we ' ll also get a taste of santiago , chile ' s sensational urban center .\nindia ' s beauty and diversity will enrich you with her culture , stun you with her modernity , embrace you with her warmth , and overwhelm you with her hospitality . . . our gay group tour combines the ultimate luxury with seamless exploration of one of the world ' s most fascinating countries . you will stay in the absolute best hotels and palaces in delhi , jaipur , udaipur , hyderabad , a leopard safari , and jodhpur plus enjoy our pre - trip to nepal ! , march 10 - 12 , 2019\nchina seems to be on the minds of everyone lately . it ' s economy is booming , its major cities like shanghai are devoloping at a rapid pace , and the olympics in china are aguably more spectacular than any before . there is no better time to come to china , and zoom vacations has created a once - in - a - lifetime trip combining culture , history , glamour , authentic cuisine , and 5 star accommodations throughout , all with the gay sensibilty you ' ve come to expect from zoom .\nyou haven\u2019t lived until you\u2019ve experienced reykjav\u00edk on new year\u2019s eve . pretty much everyone in the city takes a box of fireworks outside just before midnight to blow up the old year then party until dawn . there is nothing quite like it . there really isn\u2019t . new year\u2019s in iceland is the new \u2018hot\u2019 destination . we have created a six - night trip for a new year\u2019s celebration in iceland !\na gay adventure tour in key west and the florida keys . from the bustling gay nightlife of miami beach , across the gorgeous islands of the florida keys , our multi - sport adventure will put you on the water , on your bike , and in the sky . enjoy excellent food & hospitality on the way to fabulous , sunny , friendly gay key west .\nwitness the great wildebeaet migration \u2022 lap it up in a luxury tented camp \u2022 spot lions in their natural habitat \u2022 take an excursion into the magnificent ngorongoro crater \u2022 feast on top - notch cuisine \u2022 pair this trip with our kilimanjaro climb , or continue your african adventure on a tailor - made extension . spot lions , elephants and buffalo , the elusive leopard in a wildlife enthusiast ' s dream , the serengeti\nour 12 - day gay trip through peru mixes our laid - back travel concept with peru ' s most unique and memorable sites to form an adventure that you ' ll be talking about forever . whether you ' ve always dreamed of soaking up the incredible mountaintop inca ruins of machu picchu , taking a scenic train journey through the peruvian andes , or you ' re ready to discover off - the - beaten - track sites like the desert oasis of huacachina and the penguin - filled ballestas islands , peru is ready to blow your mind !\na gay travel turkey cultural tour . from istanbul to the ancient city of ephesus , and the beautiful turquoise coast to the mysterious landscape of the anatolian heartland . on this gay travel turkey tour we\u2019ll explore the best of this fascinating crossroads of civilization . enjoy stunning city sites , archaeological wonders and a boat ride along the coast in a classic vessel on our gay tour of turkey .\nrio ' s carnival is perhaps the world ' s most famous celebration . carnival is a spectacular time to come to rio de janeiro , especially for gay travelers ! there are several gay festivals including one in front of our hotel , and people joke that everyone seems a little gay during carnival ! during carnival , in addition to gay pool parties and large dance events , you can also join street festivals and parades all over the city ; and there is an attitude of good will and harmony that pervades everything .\nour 12 - day trip through south africa encompases the very parts of south africa that makes it so well known ! think a safari in kruger national park full of lions , hippos , zebras , giraffes . think wine tasting in the the midst of the worlds best vineyards in the winelands . think cosmopolitan cape town where you can dive with great white sharks , summit iconic table mountain , and walk in the footsteps of incredible history .\na defining aspect of dallas ' character is the local lgbt community . the city of dallas has the sixth largest gay population in the u . s . and the largest gay population in the state of texas . approximately 120 , 000 lgbt people live in dallas .\nrosa wies ' n - a very gay oktoberfest in munich ! while 6 million people from around the world getting together to drink beer and sing bavarian songs might not sound like a gay haven , for one special sunday during the legendary oktoberfest , it kinda is . while nothing bars homosexuals from attending any day or area of the festival , several events during the festival draw a largely gay , male crowd .\nwestern cuba gay cycling tour . cuba , a country on the cusp of change , has become folkloric . travel with our gay group to penetrate its almost - mythical fa\u00e7ade . cycling through the countryside we can truly experience cuba\u2019s heartfelt music , redolent landscapes , and friendly people .\nwe ' ll stay within the walled town center of zadar , surrounded by all the ancient beauty . we ' ll island hop over to the cosmopolitan island town of hvar for a few days of gorgeous island life . we ' ll find out why dubrovnik was chosen as the set of so many game of thrones episodes . and we ' ll start and finish the trip in the capital and largest city of zagreb with plenty of unique museums and nightlife .\ngay pride amsterdam is one of the best and most fun prides in the world . amsterdam pride is a citywide gay festival and attracts several hundred - thousand visitors each year and is one of the largest publicly held annual events in the netherlands . the peak of the festival is during the canal parade , a parade of boats of large variety . there are also street parties in the streets with concentration of gay bars .\nour 12 days together in south africa will be surrounded by incredible wildlife , vistas , and opportunites to get out there and take part in some amazing activities ! some of your\nmust do\nactivities like a full day safari in kruger park and a full day of wine tasting in the winelands is included in this trip . a real experience in africa sparks not just all five senses , but also imagination and emotions quite unlike any other place you\u2019ll experience .\njoin this gay scuba diving tour and plunge into the tropical caribbean waters of a gay - friendly island paradise ! discover a colorful world beneath the waves . far from the usual vacation spots , the dutch island of saba is known to scuba divers worldwide for its spectacular underwater landscapes .\ndo you love a parade ? we\u2019ll be sallying forth to strut our stuff through three of the most picturesque and gay - friendly cities of europe : prague , dresden , and berlin . this gay group adventure comes to a rousing conclusion with gay pride festivities in berlin \u2013 the most decadent of the three cities ! prague is one of those magical places you never forget , dresden was once known as \u201cflorence on the elbe\u201d .\njoin italy gay travels on an exclusive gay running & hiking tour in the southeasternmost tip of italy , puglia . spend a full week running or hiking along some of the most beautiful landscapes in italy . the gay running and hiking tour strides along stunning beaches and hectares of ancient olive groves . you set the pace , choose to either run or hike . our experienced guides are there to ensure that you have the best experience .\ntake this gay tour and immerse yourself in a marvelous discovery of two of the world ' s greatest cities , london and paris . uncover gay history from the renaissance through the modern age while touring england ' s famous gardens and museums and the glorious chateaux of the french loire valley countryside .\njoin tens of thousands of tourists from all over the world for the annual xlsior gay festival in mykonos , greece . the best djs in the world , the most beautiful mediterranean beaches , and the hottest guys come together on this serence grecian capital of gay vibrancy and pride . spend the days at the beach and the nights partying on the dance floor . no other place in the world loves the proud gay community as much as mykonos .\nbudapest is often called the paris of the east . its grand boulevards , sumptuous architecture , and focus on food are not to be rushed . then on to the alpine sweetheart , slovenia . spend two nights in private wooden huts where we explore local lakes , the marvellous alps and kilometres of caves . and finally , ljubljana offers a little taste of the big city . here we\u2019ll enjoy top - notch cuisine , a lovely boat ride , and a day trip to the gori\u0161ka brda wine region .\njoin italy gay travels for the luxury gay salento food and wine tour ! welcome to salento , the southeastern - most tip of puglia , the heel of the boot of italy . our luxury gay salento food and wine tour is your opportunity to explore the world - famous food in this amazing location , connecting ionian and adriatic seas . our tour combines the must - see sights of the area with a sophisticated exploration of the best food and wines of southern italy .\nfor 200 years , the kings of france outdid one another as they built palaces along the loire valley . bicycle to amboise , chenonceau ( where gay henri iii held drag parties ) , and azay - le - rideau . our gay french bike tours are the perfect way to travel between the castles of france .\na gay travel cultural tour visiting budapest , vienna , prague , and more ! during the height of the holy roman empire , central europe nurtured architectural and musical influences that continue to this day . enjoy our gay cultural tours with walking , concerts , a dinner cruise , rejuvenating baths , and ample time to explore\nthis intriguing country of gods and goddesses , pharaohs and fantasies will inspire and surprise you as it has done so to its travelers for centuries . but egypt is so much more than mythology and magic , and offers more to see and do than ruins and camel rides . zoom vacations trip to egypt brings out the rich history , culture and cuisine in addition to the things every visitor to the country must experience . highlight will likely be our 4 night cruise aboard the sanctuary zein nile chateau , perhaps the most elegant boat on the nile .\nindia . . . a country which will enchant you with her beauty and diversity , enrich you with her culture , stun you with her modernity , embrace you with her warmth , and overwhelm you with her hospitality . . . zoom vacations combines the ultimate luxury with seamless exploration of one of the world ' s most fascinating countries . you will stay in the absolute best hotels and palaces in delhi , agra , jaipur , udaipur and mumbai ( bombay ) . plus enjoy our pre - trip to nepal ! , september 21 - 23 , 2018\nan exquisite gay cultural tour of italy with a congenial gay group exploring the amalfi coast , capri and the enchanting regions of basilicata and puglia . we ' ll delve into the history of pompeii , and delight in the natural splendor of the region , admiring the tenacity with which ancient residents settled the cliffs and islands of the mediterranean .\nrendez - vous in paris in 2018 will be greatest sporting and cultural event , where we will share together some moments rich in emotion along with up to 15 , 000 attendees from over 70 countries . since 1982 , the gay games have brought together people from all over the world , with diversity , equality , solidarity , and respect . with sport a common theme for inclusion , gay games are open to all , young or old , athlete or artist , experienced or novice , gay or straight .\nthe biggest gay and lesbian celebration in bavaria is the munich christopher street day ! munich is the city of the oktoberfest , but munich has much more to offer - particularly for gays and lesbians . the gay and lesbian community energise munich during the city\u2019s annual csd celebrations . the munich city centre explodes with drag queens , high heels and feather boas .\njoin italy gay travels for a culinary delight in puglia the south of italy . our authentic and extravagant gay puglia foodies tour is a once in the lifetime opportunity to explore the world - famous food in this amazing location . our tour combines the must - see sights of puglia with a sophisticated exploration of the food and wine specific to the region .\nmore than a week of party , lots of party and more than a week of fun , lots of fun . come to experience this amazing 8 days gay tour in three of the top 10 world gay hotspots : barcelona , sitges and ibiza . we will visit the best bars , clubs , saunas . . . but not everything is partying . we will also visit the best gay beaches , the best sunsets and we will taste the authentic spanish food . get ready for the best possible combination of pleasure and fun .\na gay travel italian hiking tour in tuscany . enjoy a week of fun on this gay hiking tour in italy . see florence and the fairy - tale village of san gimignano . trek through orchards , vineyards , and woodland on our way to radda to visit ancient stone villages , churches , farms , and etruscan bridges , arches and burial mounds .\ntropout \u2013 the festival for the modern gay traveller \u2013 is finally ready to come to europe ! and what a place to start \u2013 malta is europe\u2019s number one ranked destination for gay travellers . this is one party you won\u2019t want to miss . we\u2019ve created a festival that mixes the glamour of the european summer with prime party season \u2013 all in a location that will amaze you with its landscapes , history and culture . if you\u2019re seeking an unforgettable mediterranean experience with likeminded gay guys , you\u2019ve found it . welcome to tropout malta .\npinkish movement in asia ! be a witness on asia ' s first gay - focused flight from tokyo to pride parade in taiwan . don ' t miss it ! nowadays , taiwan is one of the hottest destinations in asia for lgbt travellers , because there are so many lgbt activities in taipei city . the people of taiwan is what makes it , not to mention the delicious food ! the biggest gay event in taiwan is taipei gay pride with more then 80 , 000 people from around the world attending this 4 day event .\nnamed by out traveler magazine as one of the top 10 trips to change your life ! plus , our post - trip to lake titicaca ! for thousands of years , peru ' s extraordinary beauty has been both the backdrop of incredible cultural and spiritual expression , and a pallet for architectural artists . your journey will take you through the cultural heart of lima , charming cusco , and the valley of the incas . but perhaps what will impress and inspire you most is your visit to one of the world ' s most important archeological sights : the ancient mystical city of machu picchu .\nwhat is the best place to visit if you\u2019re interested in the gay past ? there is a lot of competition but greece often falls at the top . here ' s why .\na beautifully observed 1950s - period coming of age romance between a young shop girl and aspiring photographer , therese ( rooney mara ) , and an impossibly glamorous but tormented older woman , carol ( cate blanchett ) , from acclaimed director todd haynes . therese joins carol on an impulsive getaway , as they road - trip west from new york city with no destination planned ( although they don ' t stop there in the movie itself , the many gorgeous shots of both manhattan and chicago were in real life filmed in cincinnati ) . both blanchett and mara deliver knockout performances and form a cinematic couple for the ages .\nthis wonderfully relaxed and interesting gay group tour to sri lanka gives tour members the major tourist attractions of the country in comfort and in the company of other gays . it is a varied itinerary that includes historical sites , beaches , national wildlife parks and cultural experiences . plus the fun of the gay group with welcome and farewell parties and the opportunity of making new friends .\nat club atlantis , we take over the entire 5 - star resort to create a relaxing and friendly all - gay beach vacation like no other . our all - inclusive resort includes deluxe accommodations , all meals , all drinks , sports , activities , entertainment , parties , gratuities , wireless internet , and so much more . it ' s the best gay vacation value on the planet !\nknown by locals as csd berlin ( christopher street day ) , and by the rest of us as gay pride berlin , offers one of the most eclectic pride celebrations in europe . on christopher street day , hundreds of thousands of people demonstrate for the rights of lgbt people with a great parade , colourful floats , and music . csd berlin is one of the biggest gay prides in europe .\njoin us for a quick holiday getaway to one of america\u2019s most interesting cities : new orleans , louisiana . our gay new orleans holiday weekends are full of campy fun ! we\u2019ll stay in the french quarter and explore the sultry gay history of the \u201cbig easy\u201d , while enjoying a touch of southern decadence . attend a jazz brunch and get ready for mardi gras in an atmosphere of unique new orleans kitsch .\nan active scotland gay adventure with stops in glasgow and edinburgh . the scottish highlands offer some of the most glorious hikes in the world . this 8 - day gay adventure features four hikes , a few isles , and time in both the capital of edinburgh and scotland\u2019s largest city , glasgow . if you\u2019re not a hardcore hiker , you can skip the most challenging day and spend it exploring brodick castle instead .\ncircuit festival is one of the biggest and most important gay festivals worldwide . taking place in the city of barcelona , circuit festival offers you ten days of themed parties as la leche , papa party or the water party , dj sets , artists and many other incredible activities . . . happy gay travel is the official travel agency for circuit gay festival 2018 , so we have tailored a complete \u2018festival package\u2019 deal which include an official wristband that grants access to all the parties of the circuit festival , including the water party , papa party and la leche and a choice from 2 * to 5 * accommodation 7 nights stay .\nstroll through lima ' s vibrant plaza mayor , learn the secrets of the amazon jungle from a local guide , wake to the sounds of an amazonian animal orchestra , admire cuzco ' s stunning colonial architecture , glimpse terraced walls in the fertile sacred valley , stroll geometrically perfect streets in ollantaytambo , wander among the ancient ruins of machu picchu , discover colourful traditional textiles on our gay peru , amazon & machu picchu gay tour .\ndance . sun . swim . the perfect weekend in the the most amazing location ! as the weekend comes in and the parties only get hotter , join tens of thousands of tourists from all over the world for the annual xlsior gay festival in mykonos , greece . the best djs in the world , the most beautiful mediterranean beaches , and the hottest guys come together on this serene grecian isle of gay vibrancy and pride .\nthe ultimate female buddy movie . while not an explicitly gay film , it is easy to see why the lgbt community champions this rollicking feminist story . thelma and louise ( played to perfection by geena davis and susan sarandon ) are two arkansas women who set out for a weekend trip in the mountains in louise ' s ' 66 ford thunderbird convertible . things quickly take a turn for the worse when a man thelma dances with at a roadhouse attempts to rape her . louise , in an effort to protect her friend , loses her temper and shoots and kills the man . in fear that no one will believe their claim of attempted rape , the two run from the law , driving along the open roads of the southwest , ultimately winding up at the grand canyon , in one of the most unforgettable finales in hollywood history . and who can forget brad pitt ' s star - making turn as the shirtless cowboy ?\ncosta rica is also known as the most gay - friendly country in central america , with a lively gay social scene in san jose and manuel antonio , and some of the friendliest local latin people you could ever meet ! this is a true latin experience from the people , to the salsa dancing , to the gallo pinto for breakfast . we genuinely love costa rica and can ' t wait to share this paradise with you !\nwe invite you to join our gay tanzania safari & explore of one of the most well - preserved wilderness areas on earth . tanzania has more land devoted to wildlife than anywhere else in the world . see what draws celebrities from around the world to spend days or even weeks in tanzania . walk on the wild side in tanzania ! this gay safari hits all the best spots , from lake manyara , to the expansive savannahs of the serengeti .\negypt has enchanted visitors throughout history and our gay egypt tour is no exception . join our small gay group us as we sail down the nile on the ss karim , a traditional paddle steamer built for kings . the riches of antiquity are our destination and our backdrop as we cruise through the land of the pharaohs . egypt , the wonder of travelers for thousands of years , calls us for a pilgrimage to the treasures of this historic land .\ntropout koh samui \u2013 the official after white party gay travel experience \u2013 gives those in bangkok ( and elsewhere ) celebrating new year festivities the opportunity to start 2019 in the tropout style . so much more than a traditional \u2018resort holiday\u2019 , tropout gay resort week is filled with opportunities to chill , party & explore in a tropical paradise with guys from all over the globe in stylish settings . come join us in tropical koh samui and experience it all !\njoin italy gay travels on an exclusive gay yoga retreat in the southernmost tip of italy , known as puglia . we will spend a full week in a typical masseria ( farmstead ) set within acres of olive groves and nearby to stunning beaches . the farmstead is close to ostuni , known as the \u2018white city\u2019 as it sits perched on the rocks overlooking the adriatic sea with acres and acres of ancient roman olive groves as far as the eye can see .\n12 - day all - inclusive peruvian adventure including an amazon river cruise and culminating with a comprehensive machu picchu experience . it ' s the perfect combination of inspiring places and rich history in the comfort of an all - gay environment .\n13 - day customized luxury gay group tour of japan , starting in tokyo . explore some of japan\u2019s top destinations , epic sites and off - the - beaten - track hidden gems . our gay group tour includes three nights in tokyo , one of the world\u2019s most cutting - edge capitals . experience two nights at a traditional japanese ryokan , three nights in kyoto , the historic former capital , famous for its abundance of temples , gardens , and unesco world heritage status .\nhalloween & day of the dead with vacaya in mexico ! vacaya completely reinvents the all - lgbt all - inclusive resort experience with the 5 - star unico riviera maya . as the newest member of the leading hotels of the world , unico offers a level of luxury and inclusions never before seen in the world of all - gay travel . throw in halloween and mexico\u2019s day of the dead and this exclusive 7 - day all - gay resort holiday experience is without compare !\nthe remote middle fork of the salmon river runs cold , clear , and quick , past soaring cliffs and soothing hot springs . join us for approximately 90 miles exhilarating gay whitewater rafting adventure . camp on large sandy beaches and and explore burbling side creeks and quiet hiking trails . our gay rafting adventure begins near the sawtooth mountains of idaho . the main salmon river is known as the\nriver of no return\n, and runs cold and clear through vast , deep canyons and forests .\n10 days egypt gay tour & nile river cruise from / to cairo , egypt . the eternally staggering sights of cairo and ancient egypt in top comfort . 4 nights in 5 - star hotels , plus 4 nights sailing the nile aboard the 40 - cabin ultra - luxury sanctuary sun boat iv in the cabin of your choice . this four night luxury nile gay cruise , beginning in luxor and ending in aswan , takes in the highlights of upper egypt on board the finest floating boutique hotel .\nitaly gay history tour from caesar to michelangelo and beyond . the ancient greeks , the ancient romans , think of julius caesar and nero , etc . , plus all those renaissance artists\u2014donatello , botticelli , leonardo , michelangelo , caravaggio : did it ever occur to you how much italian gay history and art there is ? well , let us tell you : italy not only has some of the most beautiful cities , the most great art , one of the world\u2019s top cuisines , some of the cutest guys .\nspend a week cycling along ancient roman lanes , coastal drives and mountain paths . each night , relax at an authentic gay owned and operated agriturismo , enjoying a glass of wine from the villa ' s vineyards , gourmet meals , and a dip in the pool , with cute locals always stopping by to enjoy the festivities . during our gay italy bike tour in puglia , we ' ll have five biking days , designed in a ' roller coaster ' fashion , with light days in the beginning and end .\njoin this gay tour and witness the extremes of iceland : friendly viking descendants ; unspoiled lush wilderness ; fuming volcanic craters , geysers and natural hot springs ; rainbow - festooned waterfalls ; playful puffins , and a rich history including some of folklore ' s strangest sagas .\ntwo teenage boys from mexico city , julio ( gael garcia bernal ) and tenoch ( diego luna ) , meet a beautiful spanish woman , luisa ( maribel verdu ) , and manage to convince her to join them on a road trip through the mountains , desert , and jungles of central mexico to a secluded pacific beach they claim no one else knows about . the film garnered international acclaim not only for its honest depiction of adolescent sexual relationships , but also for the story ' s deep thematic explorations of loss , death , intimacy , and the cultural and political realities of a burgeoning new era in mexico ' s complicated history . y tu mama tambien , along with a handful of other works by its creator ' s contemporaries , would go on to usher in a new wave of mexican cinema and establish writer - director alfonso cuaron as one of the great international talents of his generation ."]}
{"id": 2239, "summary": [{"text": "renea moutonii s a species of land snail with an operculum , a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family aciculidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to france . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "renea moutonii", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about renea moutonii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for renea moutonii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nreports for liguria from before 1989 not verified and uncertain . falkner et al . 2002 : 68 reported findings of intermediate forms and local gradients connecting moutonii and singularis , ripkeni being an intermediate form along a local gradient . they recognised only one single species , r . moutonii , and regarded singularis as a synonym . references : boeters et al . 1989 : 195 , falkner et al . 2002 : 68 , urltoken ( 07 . 2012 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 84 ( range map ) .\nshell light horny brown , finely ribbed ( 50 - 75 ribs / penultimate whorl ) , 6 - 7 . 5 moderately convex whorls , last 3 whorls almost equal in diameter , aperture with weak sinulus , no angularis , margin very oblique / and c - shaped in lateral view , in some populations with an exaggerated sinulus ( a p - like opening at the suture in the last quarter of the last whorl ) , no cervical callus , but the aperture is slightly reflected at the basal side . locally variable , with spatial gradients . diameter larger than in renea bourguignatiana and renea paillona .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\njustification : this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( 313 km 2 ) and a limited number of locations ( less than 10 ) . however , there are no population data available and it is unclear if its habitat is declining or not . therefore the species is considered to benear threatened ( nt ) , almost qualifying for criterion b . if the habitat is proven to be declining , this species will directly qualify for a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to france , where it is found in the siagne and the loup valleys , in the alpes - maritimes .\nthis species is a ground - dwelling species inhabiting the leaf litter of moist deciduous forests , mostly under ivy .\nthe threats to the species are unknown . this species might be impacted by the ongoing urbanization in this region and by all the activities from the increasing population .\nmore research is needed on the population and on the distribution of this species . the species is protected under the french law .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\niucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2017 ) .\nmus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( ed ) . 2003 - 2010 . inventaire national du patrimoine naturel ( inpn ) . paris available at : urltoken .\ndupuy , d . 1849 . catalogus extramarinorum galli\u00e6 testaceorum ordine alphabeticus dispositus , brevioribus specierum nondum descriptarum diagnosibus . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] . paris .\neu red list : near threatened nt . only known from 10 or so localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nfrance . alpes maritimes . near camping \u0093rives du loup\u0094 . 2 . 5 km . se of pont du loup . july 1988 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2241, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa cartwrightana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from manitoba , maine and ohio . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "phtheochroa cartwrightana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa cartwrightana ( kearfott , 1907 ) was number 3798 in the 1983 hodges checklist and includes as a synonym 3820 phtheochroa pecosana kearfott , 1907 , jour . lepid . soc . 68 ( 4 ) : 282 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmetzler , e . h . & j . w . brown , 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nmichigan state university adjunct curator of lepidoptera , research collaborator u . s . national museum of natural history , p\nalamogordo , nm 88311 - 0045 u . s . a . , e - mail : metzlere @ msu . edu\nsystematic entomology laboratory , usda , u . s . national museum of natural history\nmexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classi\ufb01cation since the end of 1978 . w\nthe fauna , i . e . , this action seemed a better alternative to\ndoptera ) of north america . ph . d . thesis , university of min -\nnorth america ( tortricidae ) . j . lepid . soc . 56 : 216 - 233 .\nthe remarkable endemism of moths in white sands national monument , otero co . new mexico , us\na study of moths in white sands national monument along a transect 2 . 4 km and 300 m documented over 650 described species of moths in 9 years . approximately 40 undescribed species , nearly all of w\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe description of platphalonia magdalenae ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nect . . .\nplatphalonia razowski , 2011 ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) was proposed for saphenista mystica razowski & becker , 1983 ( type species ) and several species previously assigned to platphalonidia razowski , 1985 . however , with the exception of the type species , none of the other purported congeners have been listed . we formally transfer 16 species to platplialonia , resulting in the . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new genus of pine - feeding cochylina from the western united states and northern mexico ( lepidopter . . .\neupinivora , new genus , is described and illustrated from the montane regions of western united states ( nevada , utah , wyoming , colorado , arizona , new mexico , and texas ) and mexico ( nuevo le\u00f3n , durango , and estado de mexico ) . as presently defined , the genus includes seven species : e . ponderosae , n . sp . ( usa : arizona ) ( type species ) ; e angulicosta , n . sp . ( mexico : nuevo le\u00f3n ) ; e . albolineana , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 11 . a new species of . . .\nthe u . s . national park service initiated a 10 - year study of the lepidoptera at white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico in late 2006 . arotrura landryorum sp . n . , described here , was discovered in 2007 , during the first year of the study . the male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated .\na new generic assignment for tortrix baboquavariana kearfott , 1907 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with c . . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2244, "summary": [{"text": "lamoria anella is a species of snout moth described by michael denis and ignaz schifferm\u00fcller in 1775 .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe ( except ireland , great britain , fennoscandia , denmark , the baltic region and slovenia ) , the canary islands , as well as north africa ( including tunisia , morocco and egypt ) , south africa , india , afghanistan , sri lanka and the united arab emirates . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lamoria anella", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / moth ( lamoria anella )\nas trusted on the\nlamoria anella\npage .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\ndenis j . n . c . m . & schifferm\u00fcller i . 1775 . ank\u00fcndung [ sic ] eines systematischen werkes der schmetterlinge der wienergegend herausgegeben von einigen lehrern am k . k . theresianum . - \u2014 : i , 1\u2014323 , pls . 1\u20143 .\namsel h . g . 1963 . kleinschmetterlinge aus \u00e4thiopien . - stuttgarter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde 121 : 1\u201412 .\npelham - clinton e . c . 1977 . pyralidae from oman : specimens in the royal scottish museum , edinburgh . - journal of oman studies pecial rep . 1 : 177\u2014178 .\nlegrand h . 1966 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res des \u00eeles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1\u2014210 , pls . 1\u201416 .\nde prins w . & mazzei p . 2016 . some faunistic notes on selected moth species ( lepidoptera ) from the seychelles . - phelsuma 24 : 21\u201434 .\nwoods p . j . 2013 . the lepidoptera of curieuse island , seychelles . - phelsuma 21 : 58\u201464 .\nv\u00e1ri l . , kroon d . m . & kr\u00fcger m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . - \u2014 : i\u2014xxi , 1\u2014385 .\nrebel h . & zerny h . 1917 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der mit unterst\u00fctzung der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien aus der erbschaft treitl von f . werner unternommenen zoologischen expedition nach dem anglo - \u00e4gyptischen sudan ( kordofan ) , 1914 . 1 . lepidoptera . - denkschriften der \u00f6sterreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 93 : 423\u2014446 , pl . 1 .\nasselbergs j . 2008 . order lepidoptera , superfamily pyraloidea . \u2014 in : van harten , a . ( ed . ) arthropod fauna of the uae volume i . - \u2014 1 ( 2007 ) : 469\u2014561 .\npalaearctic : china , europe , japan , morocco , palestine , russia ( incl . far east ) , syria , tunisia , ukraine .\nslamka f . 2006 . pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of europe , volume 1 . identification \u2014 distribution \u2014 habitat \u2014 biology . - \u2014 1 : 1\u2014138 .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en"]}
{"id": 2245, "summary": [{"text": "the new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica ) is an uncommon species of megabat in the family pteropodidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species lives in caves in northern new caledonia , and forms colonies of up to 300 . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "new caledonia blossom bat", "paragraphs": ["information on the new caledonia blossom bat is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nnew caledonia blossom bat is known from only a few caves in the northern part of the island of new caledonia ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat\ntitle =\narkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ni visited new caledonia for work in july 2010 and of course spent a day looking for some of the very few mammals on new caledonia .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat at roost\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat at roost\ntitle =\narkive photo - new caledonia blossom bat at roost\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica )\ntitle =\narkive species - new caledonia blossom bat ( notopteris neocaledonica )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwinkelmann jr , bonaccorso fj , strickler tl . home range of the southern blossom bat ,\nwinkelmann jr . , bonaccorso fj , goedeke ee , ballock lj . home range and territoriality in the least blossom bat ,\nthe new caledonia wattled bat is a species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae , endemic to new caledonia , and has an iucn classification of endangered . interestingly , the roosts of these bats are only found in three towns : hiengh\u00e8ne ( north province ) , pa\u00efta and sarram\u00e9a ( south province ) ( flannery 1995 ; simmons 2005 ) . not much information about the natural history of these species is known and therefore , unfortunately , no conservation legislation or declaration of protected areas for their habitats can be made .\npettersson s , ervik f , knudsen jt . floral scent of bat - pollinated species : west africa vs . the new world .\nchalinolobus tuberculatus forster , the long - tailed bat , is one of six species of the australasian genus chalinolobus . this group of lobe - lipped bats is most nearly related to south africa ' s glauconycteris and is included in the cosmopolitan family vespertilionidae . the new zealand chalinolobus is closely similar to c . neocaledonicus of new caledonia and c . picatus of northern and eastern australia .\n) in north - eastern new south wales \u2013 flexibility in response to seasonal variation .\nnew caledonia and french polynesia are thought to be the islands most at risk of disappearing under water , with islands in the caribbean and mediterranean and those in close proximity to guyana and madagascar also under threat . the study found that , after a predicted sea rise of between 0 . 5 and 2 . 3 metres , more than 30 percent of the totally submerged islands would be in new caledonia , 30 percent in french polynesia and 10 percent in the mediterranean , with the rest occurring in other regions .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this site and receive notifications of new posts by email .\ncladogram showing the evolutionary relationships of orders of angiosperms and the distribution of families containing bat - pollinated taxa among them . five types of bat pollination are highlighted : pollination only by new world phyllostomids , pollination only by old world pteropodids , pollination by both bat families , and single species pollinated either by new world or old world bats . cladogram based on soltis et al . ( 2005 ) .\nbonaccorso , f ( 1998 ) . bats of papua new guinea . conservation international tropical field guide series .\none adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3\nsocial organization : bulmer ' s fruit bat occurs in cave - dwelling colonies .\nherrera lg , mart\u00ednez del r\u00edo c . pollen digestion by new world bats : effects of processing time and feeding habits .\nthe bats move roost depending on where the fruit are , but fred will probably know if they are around . you can contact mme mediara through the la foa tourist office tel : 41 . 69 . 11 . fred also recognised pictures of the pacific flying fox and new caledonia flying fox though he did not know of any current camps .\nmuchhala n , potts md . character displacement among bat - pollinated flowers of the genus\nwinter y , lopez j , von helversen o . ultraviolet vision in a bat .\nand the musaceae ) contain genera or species that are primarily bat - pollinated . all four of these families contain species exclusively pollinated by specialized bats in addition to others visited by both specialized and opportunistic nectar - feeders . another eight families contain either subfamilies or tribes whose species rely heavily on bats for pollination . of these families , bat pollination is especially common in agavaceae and cactaceae in the new world and pandanaceae in the old world . among the pantropical families , bat pollination is more common in the new world than in the old world in terms of number of bat - pollinated genera in bombacaceae\nthe evolution of bat pollination has made a modest contribution to the overall species and generic diversity of angiosperms . what contribution has bat pollination made at higher taxonomic levels ? how many tribes , subfamilies and families are exclusively bat - pollinated , or nearly so ? table\nsix species of chalinolobus are currently recognised and these fall neatly into four groups . c . tuberculatus , c . neocaledonicus from new caledonia , and c . picatus from northern and eastern australia and new guinea form a single group readily distinguished from the three remaining species by the absence of fur on the wing membranes . in their colour pattern and in the form of their skulls members of this group are remarkably alike . some doubt exists as to the validity of their specific standing .\nweight : one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3\ngeiselman ck , mori sa , blanchard f . database of neotropical bat / plant interactions .\nvon helversen d , von helversen o . acoustic guide in a bat - pollinated flower .\nbulmer ' s fruit bat ( aproteles bulmerae ) is a megabat endemic to new guinea . it is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss and hunting . it is the only member of the genus aproteles .\nhad originated and diversified . only the new world agavaceae appears to be approximately coeval with the radiation of glossophagines . particularly striking are differences in the ages of the four families that are most strongly associated with bat pollination today ( bombacaceae\nprovince , papua new guinea , as recently as 1984 . the only other populations reported from recent times are from the vicinity of herowana in\nof the 180 , 000 islands on earth , all low - lying islands are particularly at risk and it is thought that over 10 , 000 of them could disappear , along with the species that live on them , if the sea level rise predictions are correct . islands are home to a much higher proportion of endemic species than mainland areas , with the entire population of the alaotran gentle lemur , new caledonia blossom bat , seychelles frog and thousands of other species being found on just one island , or a small group of islands . the submersion of numerous islands will not just impact fauna and flora , with human populations living in coastal areas also being forced to move inland or relocate completely in response to the rising sea levels , and coastal industries being lost .\nfinally , species richness of bat - pollinated plants within new and old world communities is generally similar , averaging 11\u00b79 ( range 4\u201333 species ) in the new world and 16\u00b78 ( range 4\u201328 ) in the old world ( fleming , 2005 ) . the species richness values of nectar - feeding birds and their food plants are generally higher than those of bats except for old world flowers in which , on average , bat plants slightly outnumber bird plants at the community level ( fleming , 2005 ) .\nelangovan v , priya eys , marimuthu g . olfactory discrinimation ability in the short - nosed fruit bat\nare equivocal ( i . e . the immediate ancestor of bat - pollinated taxa is not clear ) , there is strong evidence of the evolution of bat flowers from bee , moth and hummingbird flowers in the other six families . it is likely that bat - pollinated taxa have evolved frequently from hummingbird - pollinated taxa in certain new world families of epiphytes ( e . g . bromeliaceae , gesneriaceae ) , but strong evidence for this awaits phylogenetic studies , as is the case in the agavaceae and cactaceae , in which hummingbird pollination is not likely to be ancestral to bat pollination .\nweight : one adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3 lb ) .\nelangovan v , marimuthu g , kunz th . nectar - feeding behavior in the short - nosed fruit bat\nhorner ma , fleming th , sahley ct . foraging behaviour and energetics of a nectar - feeding bat ,\n) . as expected given their wider distribution among islands , island - dwelling pteropodids interact as pollinators with a greater number of plant families than phyllostomids . pteropodids on islands visit flowers in 21 of 41 ( 53 % ) old world bat - pollinated families whereas phyllostomids on islands visit flowers in only eight of 44 ( 18 % ) new world bat - pollinated families ( table\nknowledge of new zealand bats dates from cook ' s second voyage to this country during the late eighteenth century when forster captured a long - tailed bat in queen charlotte sound . considerable confusion resulted from dr . gray ' s subsequent identification of short - tailed bats with forster ' s animal . the new zealand chalinolobus was later synonymised with an australian species , c . morio gray . past accounts of these animals are therefore difficult to correlate with the species as now known . this is particularly true of c . tuberculatus . tomes ' description , which alone is based with certainty upon new zealand material , does not mention the characteristic lip - lobule and misses several other notable features . because of these omissions from his description , the specific status of this new zealand bat was not recognised . the structures themselves would have been indistinguishable in poorly preserved specimens .\nin south - east asian islands , cactaceae in the west indies ) . exceptions include bat - pollinated species of\nsantos m , arita ht . priority areas for the conservation of new world nectar - feeding bats . in : fleming th , valiente - banuet a , editors .\n) . together , flower placement away from foliage and nocturnal anthesis are the unifying features of the bat pollination syndrome while all other characteristics discussed above , which provide cues and incentives to entice visitation , vary among bat - pollinated species .\nwe dedicate this review to the memory of otto von helversen for his substantial contributions to our knowledge of bat pollination .\n) . the number of independent origins of bat pollination in each group at the ordinal and family levels was analysed with the character analysis by parsimony module . by \u2018independent origin\u2019 we mean that the sister - taxon of a bat - pollinated family contained no bat - pollinated species . the converse of \u2018independent origin\u2019 ( i . e . non - independent origin ) reflects phylogenetic clustering , or the tendency of related groups to contain bat - pollinated taxa . at the ordinal level , bat pollination has originated independently in about half of the orders in which it occurs ( 14 of 28 orders ; table\ngenetically welsh , spiritually australian , currently in new york city . i ' ve lived and worked in london , canberra , paris and lusaka , and visited about 100 countries .\nfleming th , muchhala n , ornelas jf . new world nectar - feeding vertebrates : community patterns and processes . in : s\u00e1nchez - cordero v , medell\u00edn ra , editors .\nabout 85 % of the cases of bat pollination appear to have evolved independently at the level of angiosperm family . a particularly striking example of this pattern is the occurrence of bat - pollinated flowers in only one hemisphere or the other in many pantropically distributed plant families . an exception to this pattern occurs in the monocot order zingiberales in which bat pollination is widespread among related families . the common occurrence of bat pollination in the monocots , and especially the zingiberales , may be due to the concentration of many of these taxa in the tropics , particularly the large succulent and / or arborescent species in which bat pollination almost exclusively occurs . of the seven families of monocots in which more than a single species is bat - pollinated ( table\nthe distribution of bat - pollinated taxa visited by phyllostomids and pteropodids differs at both the ordinal and the family level . of the 28 orders containing bat families , only eight ( 29 % ) contain taxa pollinated by both groups of bats ( table\nbestmann hj , winkler l , von helversen o . headspace analysis of volatile flower scent constituents of bat - pollinated plants .\nare greatly elongated , being half the length of the skull , while those of the short - tailed bat are much reduced .\n( 4 ) information gathered from the database of neotropical bat / plant interactions ( geiselman et al . , 2004 onwards ) .\nfleming th , muchhala n . nectar - feeding bird and bat niches in two worlds : pantropical comparisons of vertebrate pollination systems .\nolfactory and visual cues and rewards are responsible for attracting bats to flowers , but it is the flower ' s size , shape and durability , its placement on the plant , and time of anthesis that determine whether a bat has access to it and can affect pollination . compared with many insect - or bird - pollinated flowers ( but not hawkmoth flowers ) , bat - pollinated flowers are often relatively large and robust . the original bat pollination syndrome was based on plants pollinated by large , non - hovering pteropodids and applies less widely to new world plants pollinated by hovering phyllostomids (\ni would like to express my appreciation to the directors of the dominion museum and the auckland institute and museum who have made study material available . the new zealand deer stalkers ' association has actively co - operated in obtaining many recent records and observations from members throughout new zealand . the new zealand speleological society has located useful skeletal material and miss p . lewis has made available the details of four years\u2019 regular observation . i am indebted to numerous other persons for their assistance in collecting data and to professor l . r . richardson for his supervision and instructive criticism throughout this study .\ndunphy bk , hamrick jl , schwager j . a comparison of direct and indirect measures of gene flow in the bat - pollinated tree\ngiannini np , simmons nb . conflict and congruence in a combined dna\u2013morphology analysis of megachiropteran bat relationships ( mammalia : chiroptera : pteropodidae )\nbat - pollinated p . trisecta is nested within a lowland clade of bee - pollinated species , not within an andean hummingbird - pollinated clade\nbonaccorso f , winkelmann jr , byrnes dgp . home range , territoriality , and flight time budgets in the black - bellied fruit bat ,\nsimmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation .\nit is important to note that analyses conducted at the ordinal and family levels are very \u2018coarse\u2019 and should not be interpreted to imply that bat pollination is ancestral in any order or family of angiosperms . as discussed below , the most insightful level of independence in the evolution of bat pollination is at the generic or species level . bat pollination has seldom evolved at the tribal , subfamily or family level . phylogenetic clustering ( non - independence ) at the ordinal and family levels simply indicates that bat pollination shows a tendency to occur in related higher - level taxa . the fact that bat pollination has rarely evolved at higher taxonomic levels ( see below ) emphasizes the relative recency of this mode of pollination .\nearly development : a newborn bulmer ' s fruit bat is carried for the first few weeks of its life by its mother while she forages .\nbat pollination is clearly a derived condition in most angiosperm lineages . what has been the most common evolutionary route to bat pollination : from insect - , bird - or non - volant mammal - pollinated taxa ? based on the preponderance of insect pollination in angiosperms , it is reasonable to hypothesize that bat pollination evolved most often from insect pollination . if this is true , did bat - pollinated taxa evolve most frequently from diurnally or nocturnally pollinated taxa ( e . g . from bee or moth flowers , respectively ) ? alternatively , the most common evolutionary route may have been from diurnal bird - pollinated species ( e . g . from hummingbird flowers in the new world or from sunbird or honeyeater flowers in the old world ) . finally , as suggested by sussman and raven ( 1978 ) , bat - pollinated flowers may have evolved from flowers pollinated by non - volant mammals such as primates , at least in the old world .\nstruwe l , kadereit jw , klackenburg j , et al . systematics , character evolution , and biogeography of gentianaceae , including a new tribe and subtribal classification . in : struwe l , albert va , editors .\ndiet : based on dental structures and its close relationship to other fruit - eating bats , bulmer ' s fruit bat is probably an obligate frugivore .\nanother reason for the higher diversity of bat - pollinated plants in the neotropics than in the paleotropics probably reflects the small size and hovering ability of glossophagines . large , non - hovering pteropodids and their new world counterparts , non - glossophagine phyllostomid bats , often visit large , sturdily built flowers many of which are exserted well away from foliage on erect stalks or long pendants ( figs\nage to maturity : bulmer ' s fruit bat is not sexually active by the beginning of its second year and probably does not breed until its third year .\nand others have noted , bat pollination is most common in advanced lineages of angiosperms , i . e . in advanced monocots and in the rosids ( fig .\nmarten - rodriguez s , almarales - castro a , fenster cb . evaluation of pollination syndromes in antillean gesneriaceae : evidence for bat , hummingbird and generalized flowers .\n) . seven of the remaining 14 families are endemic to the neotropics and three are endemic to the paleotropics . of the 26 \u2018exclusive\u2019 phyllostomid families , 19 ( 73 % ) have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions , and the other seven are new world endemics . similarly , 17 of 23 \u2018exclusive\u2019 pteropodid families ( 74 % ) have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions , and the other six are old world endemics . thus , 36 of the 53 broadly distributed plant families that contain bat - pollinated plants ( 68 % ) are pollinated by bats in only one hemisphere whereas only about one - third of them have bat - pollinated species in both hemispheres . this again emphasizes the phylogenetically independent nature of the evolution of bat pollination .\nbulmer ' s fruit bat was first described from 12 , 000 year - old fossils found in the central highlands in chimbu province , papua new guinea . it may have become extinct there about 9000 years ago . in 1975 , it was discovered in the hindenburg wall area of western province , papua new guinea , in a cave known as luplupwintem . at that time , local inhabitants described the bat as being abundant , perhaps numbering thousands of bats . however , two years later , the colony had been decimated , apparently by hunters who entered the cave with shotguns and store - bought ropes . during the 1980s , no bats were seen and it was feared that the species may have become extinct . however , by 1993 a colony of about 160 bats was known to be living in the same cave .\nis a small bat the total length from the snout to the tip of the tail being two and a half to three and a quarter inches . in contrast to\nbulmer ' s fruit bat was first described from 12 , 000 - year - old fossils found in the central highlands in chimbu province , papua new guinea . it may have become extinct there about 9000 years ago . in 1975 , it was discovered in the hindenburg wall area of western province , papua new guinea , in a cave known as luplupwintem . at that time , local inhabitants described the bat as being abundant , perhaps numbering thousands of bats . however , two years later , the colony had been decimated , apparently by hunters who entered the cave with shotguns and store - bought ropes . during the 1980s , no bats were seen and it was feared that the species may have become extinct . however , by 1993 a colony of about 160 bats was known to be living in the same cave .\n) . overall , pteropodid and phyllostomid bats basically interact with different orders and families of plants . rather than being constrained at deep phylogenetic levels such as orders , these interactions have evolved independently many times in different old and new world plant lineages .\nof the five flower characteristics limiting or allowing bat access to flowers , only two appear to be universal or nearly so for all bat flowers . the first is flower / inflorescence placement away from foliage , such as projecting above or below the canopy , emerging from branches or trunk , or borne on deciduous trees after they have dropped their leaves (\none adult female bulmer ' s fruit bat weighed 600 g ( 1 . 3 lb ) . bulmer ' s fruit bat is a cave - dweller that occurs in mid - montane forests . its altitudinal range is at least 1800 to 2400 m ( 5800\u20137900 ft ) . it is probably an obligate frugivore . it occurs in cave - dwelling colonies .\n, but not all of these represent unequivocal results because of the absence of species - level phylogenies . all three potential ancestral pollination modes ( insects , birds and non - volant mammals ) are included in these examples , and generalizations about evolutionary trends are not yet possible . we suspect that bat pollination has evolved most commonly from insect pollination in the old world [ e . g . in the fabaceae ( mimosoideae ) and myrtaceae ] . flowers pollinated by hawkmoths and beetles also appear to be ancestral to bat flowers in certain old world taxa . although we judge that five of the 11 new world examples in table\nthe new world flower - visiting counterparts of pteropodids are members of a monophyletic clade of phyllostomidae containing the subfamilies glossophaginae , phyllonycterinae and brachyphyllinae . we will call this clade \u2018glossophagines\u2019 . in contrast to pteropodids , phyllostomids are echolocating bats whose ancestral feeding mode was insectivory (\nbat flowers / inflorescences can be roughly divided into three categories based on their shape : ( 1 ) \u2018shaving - brush\u2019 or \u2018stamen ball\u2019 with many projecting stamens ( e . g .\n) . at the family level , bat pollination has originated independently in about 77 % of the families in which it occurs ( i . e . 51 of 66 families ; table\nhabitat : bulmer ' s fruit bat is a cave - dweller that occurs in mid - montane forests . it has been found living in a cave at 2300 m ( 7500 ' ) . its altitudinal range is at least 1800 \u2013 2400 m ( 5800 - 7900 ' ) . given its montane distribution , this large bat seems well adapted to cool environmental temperatures .\ntwo small bats , of the size of a mouse , are new zealand ' s only known native land mammals . the few reports of the existence of a third species have not yet been confirmed . there are , however , instances of australian bats being found here , but these are considered to be accidental wind - blown migrants . both new zealand bats are bush - dwelling animals usually seen only during twilight as they pursue insects over clearings or rivers and lakes . fine summer and autumn evenings are favourable for observing these secretive animals .\nthe body is compact , tapering somewhat in front of the shoulders but not conspicuously behind . in both species of bat the short pendent penis in the male makes distinction between the sexes readily apparent .\nto take into account any phylogenetic bias in these analyses , we mapped the occurrence of bat pollination by order and family within each of the five major groups using mesquite ( version 2 . 0 ;\nc . morio , which at one time was confused with the new zealand c . tuberculatus , is certainly more distinct from this animal than is any other member of the genus . it is a small chocolate brown bat occurring in tasmania and south - eastern australia , and differs markedly from others of the genus in the absence of the basal ear lobe , in the pointed ear tip and tragus , and in the larger postcalcareal lobe which is supported internally by a minute arm of the calcar .\npollination biologists have long recognized a set of plant characteristics ( syndromes ) that are associated with different kinds of pollinators . the classic characteristics of bat - pollinated flowers ( the \u2018chiropterophilous syndrome\u2019 ) , as described by\n) . bats , like many other kinds of pollinators , can be opportunistic flower visitors and sometimes visit flowers that do not conform to the classic \u2018bat pollination syndrome\u2019 ( e . g . bee flowers such as\n= 0\u00b7061 ) . families with the highest number of bat - pollinated genera include fabaceae ( 30 genera , rosids ) , cactaceae ( 24 , basal eudicots ) , malvaceae ( 25 , rosids ) and bignoniaceae ( 15 , asterids ) . the number of bat - pollinated genera in two of the three largest groups of angiosperms is correlated with the number of genera per family . significant positive correlations occur in rosids (\n) . these orders include arecales and zingiberales ( monocots ) ; santalales ( basal eudicots ) ; fabales , malvales and myrtales ( rosids ) ; and ericales and gentianales ( asterids ) . similarly , as indicated above , only 18 of 67 families ( 27 % ) with bat - pollinated taxa have representatives in both hemispheres . we estimate that bat pollination has evolved independently in about 85 % of these families ( table\n, six are either exclusively bat - pollinated or biased toward bat pollination in certain subfamilies or tribes in both hemispheres . within certain families , therefore , pteropodid and phyllostomid bats appear to have had similar effects on angiosperm diversification . at lower phylogenetic levels ( e . g . genera and species ) , however , phyllostomid - pollinated genera and species outnumber pteropodid - pollinated taxa by factors of 1\u00b76 and 2\u00b71 , respectively ( table\nthe roosting habits permit ready transfer of ectoparasites between individuals and the fur of bats is usually infested . a relatively large bat flea is known from both our species . mystacina is frequently host to numerous small mites .\ntheir rapid erratic flight makes observation on the wing difficult and identification to species virtually impossible . if captured , the species may be immediately distinguished by the length of the tail . in one , the long - tailed bat , the tail is almost as long as the head and the body , and is contained for its entire length in an interfemoral membrane stretched between the legs . the other bat has a short free tail above , but not\nbut gerald was undeterred and with the help of his colleague gladys he discovered that madame mediara from the ouipoint tribe had a guide who knew the forest and could probably find a fruit bat camp . so off i went .\n> 0\u00b750 ) . regression coefficients ( slopes ) were similar in rosids and monocots ( about 0\u00b7040 ) , and their reciprocal values indicate that about one in every 25 genera in those groups contains a bat - pollinated species .\n) . of these families , 26 are exclusively visited by phyllostomids and 23 are exclusively visited by pteropodids ; 18 families are visited by both families of bats . lists of known bat - pollinated species , by family , in the new and old world are provided in appendices 2 and 3 . in compiling these lists we have attempted to include only those taxa known or strongly suspected to be pollinated by bats . as is the case in much of the pollination literature , however , actual proof of effective pollination by bats is available for only a subset of these taxa .\nspeaking about the new strategy for lemur conservation , dr christoph schwitzer , head of research at bristol zoo gardens , said , \u201c the fact is that if we don\u2019t act now we risk losing a species of lemur for the first time in two centuries . the importance of the projects we\u2019ve outlined in this document simply cannot be overstated . \u201d\n) . nocturnal anthesis , the opening of flower buds in the late afternoon or at night , is the second characteristic . the flowers of many bat - pollinated plants open early in the evening and are viable for only one night (\nboth species were formerly present over a greater part of new zealand than now . even at the beginning of the century they were still to be seen on occasion in some of the main urban areas . they were particularly recorded as roosting in large numbers under the bridges of the river avon in christchurch , but they have apparently failed to urbanise .\nthe colony at luplupwintem cave had traditionally been protected by the native people of the area , but an inflow of outside cash in the mid - 1970s led to the purchase of caving equipment and guns and to the decimation of the bat colony .\n) , all adaptations for visitation by large pollinators . bat pollination is rare or absent in the \u2018ginger families\u2019 with more restrictive floral morphology , reduced stamen numbers and smaller nectaries ( i . e . zingiberaceae , costaceae , marantaceae , and cannaceae ;\n) . in summary , new world specialized nectar bats are smaller in size with longer tongues and hover whereas their old world counterparts are larger with shorter tongues and do not hover . because of these differences , we might expect plants visited by specialized nectar - feeding phyllostomids to produce smaller flowers with smaller nectar volumes per flower than those visited by their pteropodid counterparts (\n( 1 ) this list excludes species reported to be visited by bats in the new world that are introduced from the old world ( bombax , durio , kigelia , mahduca , musa , thespesia , thunbergia , zingiber ) ; visited by bats for fruit , not nectar / pollen ( anacardium , brosimum , carica , chrysophyllum , eugenia , manilkara , muntingia , solanum , symphonia , syzygium ) ; known to be pollinated by wind ( acalypha , alnus , celtis , pinus , quercus ) or small insects ( aristolochia , berberis , bursera , theobroma ) ; or where bat - pollination seems very doubtful ( clusia , vanilla ) .\na ) . each of these families appears to have evolved in the late cretaceous or early cenozoic , well before the evolution of specialized nectar - feeding bats . this temporal mismatch suggests that stem members of these families were not likely to be bat - pollinated .\nhypothesized that hummingbird pollination evolved independently numerous times from bee - or moth - pollination in 11 plant families in western north america . compared with those for birds , the evolutionary transitions to bat pollination are less well known . the best documented cases are summarized in table\n) . similarly , flower shape shows different trends associated with bat visitors . flowers visited by specialized nectar - feeding phyllostomids are more likely to be tubular in shape and produced by epiphytes and shrubs while flowers visited by pteropodids tend to be produced by trees and of the \u2018shaving brush\u2019 type (\n) reported that bat pollination occurs in 58 families of plants in about 24 orders ; 43 families contain flowers visited by phyllostomids and 28 by pteropodids . thirteen of the 58 plant families ( 28 % ) are visited by both families of bats . a more complete update of this earlier report (\n, and onwards ) indicates that phyllostomids visit 360 species of plants in 159 genera from 44 families ; our literature review indicates that pteropodids visit 168 species of plants in 100 genera from 41 families . in total , bat - pollinated plants are found in 67 families in 28 orders of angiosperms ( table\nboth new zealand bats congregate in some numbers during the day although occasionally one or a pair of bats may be found beneath the bark of trees such as that of kahikatea . the roosts occur in the hollow branches and trunks of large forest trees or in caves if these are near bush . a single roost may be inhabited for long periods and great accumulations of droppings are sometimes found . such roosts are characterised by a strong musty smell .\nmystacina is represented in new zealand by two distinct forms . one occurs throughout the north island and is present in at least northern areas of the south island , but the other is known only from stewart island and a few neighbouring islets . skeletal differences other than those of size are not apparent between these two groups , but in their external appearance they are clearly distinct . in the absence of a full range of specimens the groups are here considered as subspecies .\nbehavior : bulmer ' s fruit bat roosts in caves . the surviving bats at luplupwintem cave are extremely cautious . if undisturbed , they leave the cave at dusk ; in the presence of people , they leave after dark . all of the bats return to the roost at around 6 : 00 am , before light .\nalso indicated are the estimated number of independent origins of bat pollination within these lineages by order and family . the phylogenetic hypothesis upon which this summary is based comes from t . h . fleming and w . j . kress ( unpubl . res . ) . the number of families recognized in this hypothesis and in table\n) . plant families pollinated by island pteropodids are concentrated in the rosids ; those pollinated by phyllostomids are evenly distributed among monocots , rosids and asterids . about 90 % of these families have pantropical or cosmopolitan distributions . families with restricted geographical distributions include cactaceae in the new world and musaceae and pandanaceae in the old world . most of the flowers visited by bats of both families on islands are produced by trees or tree - like herbs or succulents ( e . g .\nalmost the entire length is formed by the body , the tail being barely half an inch in extent . nostrils and ears are prominent , and the rough , frosted appearance of the fur contrasts well with the sleek fur of the long - tailed bat . with the exception of the bones of the palm and hand , all\nfed up of the lack of sun ? in need of a holiday ? let arkive transport you off to the wonderful islands of the indian ocean with our new topic page . from the coral reefs of the maldives to the unique wildlife of madagascar , the islands of the indian ocean boast a wide range of beautiful habitats and fascinating species . to get you started , here is a taster of a few of the unusual endemic species which call the islands of the indian ocean home .\nof the islands adjacent to new zealand , little barrier and kapiti in the north and stewart island and its subsidiary islets in the south still support numbers of bats . of these the southern islands have a considerable population of mystacina but chalinolobus has not been positively reported from them . the southern mystacina are remarkably robust and differ in several other respects from their more delicate northern relations sufficiently to suggest a distinct subspecies . data are as yet insufficient to determine the northern limit of this larger subspecies .\n) . we assume that it is cheaper for plants to produce small flowers than large flowers . if this is true , then it should be easier for selection to modify insect - pollinated flowers to attract small hovering glossophagines than to attract larger non - hovering phyllostomids or pteropodids . the presence of small hovering bats ( and birds ) in the new world has thus expanded the range of possible pollinator niches for neotropical plants . the absence of such vertebrate pollinators in the old world has probably constrained the range of vertebrate pollination niches in angiosperms there .\n< 0\u00b7001 ) : basal angiosperms , 1\u00b74 % ( median 1\u00b74 % , 1 s . d . 0\u00b78 % ) ; monocots , 44\u00b71 % ( 25\u00b70 % , 40\u00b76 % ) ; basal eudicots , 9\u00b74 % ( 5\u00b79 % , 8\u00b72 % ) ; rosids , 9\u00b71 % ( 4\u00b77 % , 11\u00b70 % ) and asterids , 6\u00b74 % ( 4\u00b76 % , 7\u00b77 % ) . ten of the 67 plant families had at least 25 % of their genera with one or more bat - pollinated species . these families were concentrated in the monocots , in which seven of 13 families ( 54 % ) contained relatively high proportions of bat - pollinated genera . all of these families are small and contain a total of seven or fewer genera ( table\nin bats the forelimbs greatly exceed the hind - limbs in size . these latter generally play but little part in movement and are usually short and reduced . most bats can only crawl or scramble on the ground . these animals usually furl the wing against the body when roosting , or at the most fold it in some simple manner . however , the molossidae and the new zealand mystacinidae differ from other bats in that peculiar folding processes of the wing enable the forelimb to function fully in walking . these bats crawl of run quite actively by using their wrists .\nmystacina pursues insects on the wing , flying at times close to the ground . it may come into the vicinity of lights and has sometimes stunned itself against torches and lanterns . in captivity mystacina readily accepts food from the floor of the cage , and this together with its ability to run quite rapidly and its adeptness when climbing suggest that it may capture much of its food on the branches and leaves of trees . food includes fairly large insects ; spiders , crickets and moths being quickly accepted . strong transverse ridges on the tongue of this bat are suitable for scraping flesh from animal carcasses and mystacina has at times caused considerable damage to the bodies of mutton birds when these were hung to dry . it has not yet been determined whether this bat behaves as a natural scavenger .\nsummarizes the higher order plant taxa that are associated primarily with bats for pollination . this information is presented at two taxonomic levels , at the family level and within families ( i . e . subfamilies or tribes ) . among families that are strongly associated with bat pollination , we include two families that have recently been reclassified into larger related families by angiosperm phylogeny group ( apg ) ii : bombacaceae\n) , all are exclusively tropical in distribution . in addition , many of these same taxa have large flowers ( strelitziaceae ) and / or large floral displays ( agavaceae , arecaceae , pandanaceae ) in closely related taxa that are bird - or insect - pollinated . in the zingiberales , bat pollination is concentrated in the tropical genera with large , accessible flowers that produce copious amounts of nectar and pollen ( i . e .\nnectar - feeding bats visiting flowers . ( a ) glossophaga soricina at flowers of mabea occidentalis ( euphorbiaceae ) ; ( b ) artibeus jamaicensis on a flower of ochroma pyramidale ( bombacaceae s . s . ) ; ( c ) eonycteris spelaea on flowers of durio zibethinus ( bombacaceae s . s . ) ; ( d ) pteropus conspicillatus at flowers of castanospermum australe ( fabaceae ) . photo credits : merlin d . tuttle , bat conservation international .\nthis is a large bat that has been severely hunted for meat at the known sites . the population at luplupwintem was apparently decimated by groups of hunters with shotguns in the late 1970s . the species also appears to be very sensitive to disturbance of its cave roosts . the elevational range of this species overlaps with areas of high human population density . a large bushfire had swept just north of the luplupwintem area just prior to 2001 ( t . flannery pers . comm . ) , and these alpine grasslands are very vulnerable to fire impacts ( l . seri pers . comm . ) . the population has a restricted range .\nportraits of flower - visiting bats . approximate body masses are in parentheses . ( a ) glossophaga soricina ( 10 g ) , a basal glossophagine ; ( b ) choeronycteris mexicana ( 16 g ) , a derived glossophagine ; ( c ) artibeus jamaicensis ( 45 g ) and ( d ) phyllostomus elongatus ( 60 g ) , two opportunistic flower - visiting phyllostomids ; ( e ) syconycteris australis ( 20 g ) and ( f ) eonycteris spelaea ( 70 g ) , two specialized nectarivorous pteropodids ; ( g ) pteropus poliocephalus ( 750 g ) and ( h ) epomophorus gambianus ( 100 g ) , two opportunistic flower - visiting pteropodids . photo credits : merlin d . tuttle , bat conservation international .\nthere has been a decrease in the distribution of native bats which is correlated with the restriction of forest . over the hundred years for which we have information there does not seem to be any suggestion that the density of bats has decreased in unmodified forest . food does not seem to be scarce . it has been suggested that increased predation is a major factor in limiting numbers but there is no good evidence supporting this view . therefore it is suggested that the low numbers are not to be interpreted in terms of changes during the period of current knowledge , but rather as a result of long - standing factors . the possibility that low fertility or high mortality occur should be investigated , and accordingly studies of bat roosts are most desirable .\nskeletal material of bats is occasionally found in caves . this may be used for the identification of the two species . the very short ( about 1 . 3 cm . ) broad skull of c . tuberculatus is readily distinguished from the longer ( about 2 . 0 cm . ) and narrow skull of mystacina . immediate differences are apparent if the dentition is examined , for although c . tuberculatus has four upper incisors and six small lower incisors between the large canine teeth , mystacina has only two relatively large upper incisors and a single pair of lower incisor teeth closely crowded between the canines . two premolars and three molars are present in the upper and lower jaws of each bat but in chalinolobus the first of the upper premolars is minute and easily overlooked .\nbesides its evolutionary implications , long - distance pollination by bats also has important conservation implications . human disturbance in the tropics and elsewhere often fragments plant populations and increases the distance between conspecifics . without long - distance pollinators , plants with self - compatible or mixed mating systems are likely to experience higher rates of self - fertilization within habitat fragments than plants in continuous forests . isolated self - incompatible plants ( the most common mating system in tropical plants ; bawa , 1992 ) will fare even worse because they require pollen from another plant to set any fruit and seeds at all . studies of canopy trees in continuous and fragmented forests in brazil , costa rica , mexico and puerto rico provide support for these generalizations ( gribel et al . , 1999 ; collevatti et al . , 2001 ; fuchs et al . , 2003 ; quesada et al . , 2003 ; dunphy et al . , 2004 ) . thus , bat pollination , along with pollination by other kinds of long - distance pollinators , can serve to \u2018rescue\u2019 plants from some of the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medell\u00edn , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )\njustification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its habitat is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in : extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit forms colonies of up to 300 animals , and is an uncommon species .\nit is a cave roosting species . it is usually observed close to their roosting area , foraging near areas of human habitation on coconut flowers ( f . brescia pers . comm . ) . presumably it also forages in tropical moist forest .\nthreats to this species include disturbance at roosting caves ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ; brescia and borel 2004 ) , and , to a much lesser extent , hunting ( boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .\nthe hunting of this species is regulated under wildlife laws ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . it has only been recorded once from rivi\u00e9re bleu national park ( flannery 1995 ) . field surveys of population numbers , range , utilization , and ecology studies are ongoing by iac ( institut agronomique n\u00e9o - cal\u00e9donien ) ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medelln , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its habitat is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in : extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthe hunting of this species is regulated under wildlife laws ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . it has only been recorded once from rivire bleu national park ( flannery 1995 ) . field surveys of population numbers , range , utilization , and ecology studies are ongoing by iac ( institut agronomique no - caldonien ) ( brescia and borel 2004 ; boissenin and brescia 2007 ) .\np . caniceps species group : ashy - headed flying fox ( p . caniceps )\np . mariannus species group : okinawa flying - fox ( p . loochoensis )\np . melanotus species group : black - eared flying fox ( p . melanotus )\np . personatus species group : bismark masked flying fox ( p . capistratus )\np . poliocephalus species group : big - eared flying fox ( p . macrotis )\np . scapulatus species group : gilliard ' s flying fox ( p . gilliardorum )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ni was working in noumea , which is a strange mixture of the south of france and north queensland , though the driving is better than the former , and the croissants are better than the latter . it is a lovely place but it hardly feels like the pacific .\nthe ouipoint community is about 2 hours from noumea ( or 30 minutes ne of la foa ) . it\u2019s a nice place to stay . they have a traditional long house sort of thing where you can sleep , complete with flushing toilet and shower ."]}
{"id": 2251, "summary": [{"text": "trichostetha coetzeri is an afrotropical species of flower scarab beetle endemic to south africa , where it occurs in the cape floristic region .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it was first described by perissinotto , \u0161\u00edpek & ball , 2014 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "trichostetha curlei", "paragraphs": ["new treatment : trichostetha curlei perissinotto , sipek & ball , 2014 , . . .\nthe third instar larvae of trichostetha curlei . petr \u0161\u00edpek in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .\ntrichostetha curlei sp . n . : female dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) habitus . . . | download scientific diagram\ntypical habitat of trichostetha curlei on the southern slope of the elandsberg range . renzo perissinotto in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .\nmale trichostetha curlei in its natural habitat on the elandsberg summit , november 2013 . jonathan ball in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .\ndescription of adult and third instar larva of trichostetha curlei sp n . ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae , cetoniinae ) from the cape region of south africa\ndescription of adult and third instar larva of trichostetha curlei sp . n . ( coleoptera , scarabaeidae , cetoniinae ) from the cape region of south africa\ntrichostetha curlei sp . n . : female dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) habitus ( length 17 . 3 mm ) ( photo : l clennell ) .\n( top ) male trichostetha curlei in ( left ) dorsal and ( right ) ventral views . ( bottom ) female in ( left ) dorsal and ( right ) ventral views . lynette clennell in perissinotto et al . ( 2014 ) .\nscarab beetles of the genus trichostetha occur across southern africa , reaching their greatest diversity in the cape floral region . one species , trichostetha fascicularis is found across south africa and southern botswana , and is divided into a number of subspecies , but most species have a much more restricted , localized range . the adults typically feed on pollen from a single or small number of flowers , though many species do not appear to feed as adults at all ; the adults being very short lived . no larvae of any species of trichostetha has been described to date .\nthe new species is named trichostetha curlei , in honour of alfred curle , the south african lepidopterist ( scientist that studies butterflies and moths ) , who first noted the new species . the adult is a 12 . 8 - 18 mm black or dark green scarab beetle with white speckles on its elytron ( the modified forewings of a beetle , which form a wing - case protecting the still useable hindwings ) . the beetles are covered with white hairs , with the males being notably more hairy than the females .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsciency thoughts : a new species of scarab beetle from the elandsberg mountains of the western cape , south africa .\na new species of scarab beetle from the elandsberg mountains of the western cape , south africa .\nthe larvae is a typical scarab beetle larvae , reaching 38 - 41 mm in length ( considerably larger than the adult ) , with a creamy - white body with orange hairs and a dark - brown head . they were found living in underground rock crevices .\nthe adults were appeared in november and december ( early summer in south africa ) , and were found to visit the flowers of a wide variety of plants . however they appear to be incapable of feeding , instead apparently using the flowers as mating platforms .\nthe species was found living on arid quartzite fynbos in the elandsberg range at altitudes of about 1500 m above sea level . this comprises mostly medium density tall shrubs , comprising asters , proteas , ericas and restioids . most of the plants are derived from the fynbos biome , though some elements are associated with the succulent karoo biome .\na new species of scavenger scarab beetle from the early cretaceous of liaoning province , china .\nscavenger scarab beetles ( hybosoridae ) are small ( 5 - 7 mm ) , oval scarab beetles , with enlarged mandibles and mouthparts . they are typically carrion feeders , with some species favouring vertebrate dung . they are not a large group of beetles , with only about 600 . . .\na new species of bumble bee scarab beetle from the early cretaceous of inner mongolia .\nbumble bee scarab beetles ( glaphyridae ) are small , brightly coloured scarab beetles ; they are active animals , and frequently resemble bumble bees when in flight . there are eight extant genera in the family , two of which have fossil records . another two genera are known from the fossil record only . the fossil record of the family dates . . .\nscarabs of the tribe corythoderini are small beetles found living in the nests of termites , found across much of africa and south asia . they are tolerated by the termites , and apparently produce secretions which the termites use in some way , though the relationship is not well understood .\nstudied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .\ndolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .\nmagnitude 7 . 1 earthquake in puebla state , mexico , kills at least 225 people .\nselenium , arsenic and molybdenum in the bowland shale and related deposits in england , wales and ireland .\ncomet c / 2014 e2 ( jacques ) makes its closest approa . . .\nthis blog would be impossible without the work of countless scientists ( and others ) throughout the world . where possible i do my best to credit them , but there will always be many more who remain unmentioned ; 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9\u00b011 ' 19 . 95\nw ; 78 m . urltoken\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nbioz is the world ' s first search engine for life science experimentation . the patent - pending cloud platform combines the work of scientists with advanced nlp , machine learning , and ai technologies to help life scientists in academia and biopharma make faster and smarter experimentation decisions , ultimately speeding up drug discovery and increasing the rate of success in finding cures for diseases .\nlooking to join an exciting innovative team of entrepreneurs , scientists , and engineers ? bioz is the place for you ! we are looking for a few truly great people ."]}
{"id": 2253, "summary": [{"text": "scalarites is a genus of heteromorph ammonites included in the family diplomoceratidae . these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the cretaceous period , from 89.3 to 70.6 million years ago ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these fossils have been found in antarctica , brazil , denmark , germany , japan , russia , sweden and united states . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scalarites", "paragraphs": ["phylum : mollusca class : cephalopoda order : ammonitida family : diplomoceratidae genus : scalarites species : s . scalaris\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : diplomoceratinae according to w . j . kennedy and u . kaplan 1995\nthis article needs expanding . you can help improve this article by adding additional content .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nwelcome to tonmo , the premier cephalopod enthusiast community . we have tons of searchable content and host a biennial conference . to join in on the fun , become a member for free , and become a supporter for just $ 50 / year to see less ads and enjoy other perks . follow us on facebook and twitter for more cephy goodness .\njavascript is disabled . for a better experience , please enable javascript in your browser before proceeding .\nthe cephalopod page urltoken hanlon lab at mbl , woods hole , ma california academy of sciences monterey bay aquarium mote marine labratory pharyngula octonation danna staaf , author ( web , twitter , facebook ) dr . rotman ( drpussea ) ( web , twitter ) te papa museum reef central northwestern pacific tree octopus ( heh ) follow us on facebook follow us on twitter\nthis site uses cookies to help personalise content , tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register . by continuing to use this site , you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan astonished , outraged , dreamy and mindful eye on the world . involuntarily italian . deliberately skeptical . however inappropriate . from reggio emilia to nowhere . -\nvero , aperto , finto , strano , chiuso , anarchico , verdiano . . . brutta razza , l ' emiliano !\nfrancesco guccini\ndiplomoceras cylindraceum ( j . l . m . defrance , 1816 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\noxybeloceras crassum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\noxybeloceras mortoni ( f . b . meek & hayden , 1876 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) interruptum ( f . schl\u00fcter , 1872 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npseudoxybeloceras ( parasolenoceras ) splendens ( m . collignon , 1969 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nspiroxybeloceras meekanum ( r . p . whitfield , 1877 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nammonoids are an extinct group of marine mollusc animals in the subclass ammonoidea of the class . these molluscs are more closely related to living coleoids ( i . e . , , , and cuttlefish ) than they are to shelled nautiloids such as the living nautilus species . the earliest ammonites appear during the devonian , and the last species died out during the cretaceous\u2013paleogene extinction event .\nammonites are excellent index fossils , and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which a particular species or genus is found to specific geologic time periods . their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals , although there were some helically spiraled and nonspiraled forms ( known as heteromorphs ) .\nthe name\nammonite\n, from which the scientific term is derived , was inspired by the spiral shape of their fossilized shells , which somewhat resemble tightly coiled rams ' horns . pliny the elder ( d . 79 ad near pompeii ) called fossils of these animals ammonis cornua (\nhorns of ammon\n) because the egyptian god ammon ( amun ) was typically depicted wearing ram ' s horns . often the name of an ammonite genus ends in - ceras , which is greek ( \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 ) for\nhorn\n.\nthe official tumblr of the speculative evolution forum ! speculative biology is simultaneously a science and form of art in which one speculates on the possibilities of life and evolution .\nmachine learning algorithms are not like other computer programs . in the usual sort of programming , a . . .\nsword of the orion spacecraft visiting a small scientific and refueling outpost on ophelia , one . . ."]}
{"id": 2260, "summary": [{"text": "grey way , the washdyke wonder was a champion new zealand thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was born in washdyke in 1970 near timaru by grey william out of waybrooke who won the ' broodmare of the year ' title in the 1977-78 season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the other racehorse born in this area is phar lap . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "grey way", "paragraphs": ["grey way , a grey gelding dubbed the washdyke wonder , won his first start as a 2yr - old in october 1972 , at rangiora .\nat the time of grey way ' s death in 1984 , due to grey - horse cancer , south received more than 500 messages of condolence .\na painting of grey way hangs in pride of place above the fire , while on the opposite wall grey way ' s finest hour is captured in a series of photographs depicting his 1977 easter handicap win at ellerslie .\nthe washdyke wonder\ngrey way . . . champion racehorse grey way who came from the same area as the great phar lap . one of the most beloved horses in new zealand . grey way was a champion horse who won 51 times and still raced at 10 years old . recorded from the new zealand government freeview channel .\ntwenty - three years of hiding had now brought him to decameron alpha , ready to embrace the grey way .\npat corboy , the trainer of new zealand ' s most prolific thoroughbred winner , grey way , has died .\nracing has been good to me . obviously winning the easter handicap with grey way was up there and also winning the awapuni gold cup and the adam ' s mile at trentham ( also with grey way ) was great .\ni have been told that trackside ch 36 is showing a montage of grey way ' s races tonight at 6pm .\ngrey way ' s stakes earnings of $ 249 , 000 saw him become one of the biggest earners of his time .\npeter south , the south canterbury owner - breeder , of grey way , died in february at the age of 74 .\ngrey way\u2019s first win was at rangiora in october 1972 . his last win was on the same racecourse - eight years later .\none of south canterbury ' s greatest horses , grey way , has been inducted into the new zealand racing hall of fame .\ngrey way\u2019s 50 wins in new zealand , often against outstanding opposition , beat black duke ' s previous new zealand record of 46 .\nmidget ; nice photo of you doing prelim on grey way at wingatui in yesterdays otago daily times in a tribute to peter south .\ngrey way ' s owner and timaru resident peter south said he was pleased the horse had been recognised for his achievements and unparalleled racing record .\neventually , grey found someone who was offering a course in 3d studio max . and , although grey couldn\u2019t afford to take the course , this tutor saw potential in grey and offered to take him under his wing as a mentor .\ngrey way and show gate would be the two best si horses i ever saw . powley , canterbury belle and little brown jug were also fair types .\nif ncolors = 52 and colors = 0 , a grey scale palette is used .\nif ncolors = 82 and colors = 0 , a grey yellow palette is used .\n. . . . . . got beaten by grey way , narrowly i recall . in a stewards and was almost put over the fence into the birdcage .\nthose who have embraced the grey way have been found to be few throughout the ages , as such practitioners have been satisfied to remain secluded from the galactic stage and in the shadows , for such is their way . however , the winds of change have come upon them . those truly seeking the grey way have been drawn to decameron alpha , a planet not found by accident or design .\n\u201cin the past , i have encountered another group of grey jedi . these grey jedi might be able to help you better than the order here on zonama sekot can . \u201d\ngrey way won from 1200m to 2000m and was a noted miler , at which distance he scored great wins in the arc easter handicap and the wrc george adams .\nyou have felt the silent call and heeded it . your journey has led you to something new , yet old ; known , but unknown . the grey way .\nbut the empire of the hand is between two regimes . the past of imperialism , and the future of order , and the grey way are about to clash and mingle in a way which will cast a pall upon the future . . .\nbut in those races shown , we had the likes of march legend , tudor light , vice regal and kiwi can amongst others , as well as grey way obviously .\nthe 73 - year - old said grey way was loved by the new zealand public for his longevity , never - give - up attitude and his ever - greying colour .\ngrey way is one of new zealand ' s most successful horses , winning 51 races still a record number of wins by a thoroughbred in new zealand from 151 career starts .\nif ncolors = 62 and colors = 0 , a color printable on grey palette is used .\ngrey jabesi\u2019s story is one of finding opportunities\u2026even when there often didn\u2019t seem to be any opportunities available .\nwe discovered that organic farming does matter \u2013 just not in the way most people think .\neach issue can have an assignee \u2014 one person that\u2019s responsible for moving the issue forward . assignees are selected the same way milestones are , through the grey bar at the top of the issue .\nsouth , who still has 13 horses on his property , said it was a tough choice to retire grey way as a 10 - year - old , but he knew it was the right one .\ncorboy was based at washdyke when he trained grey way , the winner of 51 races , including one in australia from 159 starts between 1972 and 1980 . he earned stakes of $ 238 , 025 .\nfollowing the \u201cscent\u201d of the gardener , kev - mas then made his way to the oratory .\ngrey way joins horses like bonecrusher , sir tristram , sunline and seadown ' s own phar lap , as well as racing personalities like sir patrick hogan and lance o ' sullivan in the hall of fame .\noriginally the blazing gear , then to a lesser extant the blazing chains , and recently himself / grey jedi .\neach bio is required to end with the character having just arrived on decameron alpha , or having been there for some time , either with the intent of being a member or about to join the grey way .\nthe 1977 easter handicap was ( i think ) grey way ' s most impressive win . carrying 65kg and he came through the field ( which was a class field at the time ) like they were standing still .\nit just seems to me that the calibre of horse witnessed in that era , is just so different from today , and i know grey way was around for a long long time . maybe it ' s just nostalgia talking .\ngrey jabesi has come from humble beginnings in malawi , africa , to working as a digital artist for major design and animation studios .\nredesign \u2014 file issues related to redesigning your project . a great way to collect ideas on what to work on .\nin the blood : owner of the ` ` washdyke wonder ' ' grey way , peter south ' s passion for horses has not subsided with time . three - year - old sergeant dan is one of 13 horses he still has on his property .\nthe son of grey william and waybrooke won every season until he was a 10yr - old , his last win coming on the same track .\nafter four months of working with his mentor , grey managed to land his first paid job for a horse racing company as a camera technician .\nshe ran back the other way and the inferno only continued to close in on her , the heat plastering her with sweat .\nyou see , a common misconception is that the grey jedi did not believe one could fall to the dark side . however , this is a belief that is similar in manner to the ignorance that led the jedi to exile the potentium heretics that created the grey jedi in the first place .\neventually , grey jabesi\u2019s hard work paid off , and he was offered his first full - time job as an editor at a casting agency . and , although it was a tough emotional decision to leave the animation studio , grey knew he had to do this to further his creative career .\nthe one known as leto frequented the talks and seemed to listen in earnest , though his participation was usually brief , but insightful . his cloaked presence was one that could be counted on at such times . it appeared that he too wished to commit to the grey way .\n1 . select the references you want to export ( click on the grey bar for a single reference ) . drag the selection option or reference to\nthe 2015 - 2020 campaign theme ' change perspective ' was developed by our agency and brings \u2018the radboud way of working\u2019 to life .\nit\u2019s a great way to catch up with repositories when you\u2019ve been away and don\u2019t want the granularity notifications offer when watching a repository .\ngrey worked there for about a year before going freelance and learned a wide range of new skills that would stand him in good stead for the future .\n\u201cthis order was formed during the jedi purge from exiled jedi and sith not adherent to the rule of two , and thus in opposition to palpatine\u2019s rule . they came together and formed allegiances to survive , eventually blending their teachings and finding enlightenment . in doing so , they became the grey jedi that they are today . since many of these grey jedi have sith origins , and your branding is sith alchemy , one of these grey jedi might be able to help you . \u201d\ngithub is the best way to build and ship software . powerful collaboration , code review , and code management for open source and private projects .\nraft polymerisation is a new technique for creating plastics that allows a higher degree of control over the way molecules link together . plastics are essential elements of modern life , created through the process of polymerisation to give them a range of different attributes . csiro scientists ezio rizzardo , graeme moad , san thang and their colleagues in free radical polymerisation developed a new way of controlling the way plastics are formed to give more control over the end product .\none advice i certainly give is - learn the units . what does what , and how can i build it in the cheapest / quickest way .\noctober sprint \u2014 file issues that you\u2019d like to work on in october . a great way to focus your efforts when there\u2019s a lot to do .\nspecifies the range of motion . drag to the left for subtle movement . slide all the way to the right for the greatest range of movement .\nin the months that passed he was found the grey , or maybe it found him , regardless it offered him a new beginning and the inner peace he so desperately sought .\ntanni grey - thompson : i ' ve spent a big part of my life being an athlete , training really hard . part of the training is learning to deal with things when they don ' t go the way you want , so although it ' s nice to win , it doesn ' t always happen like that .\ngrey way ( nz ) gr . g , 1970 { 2 - d } dp = 13 - 4 - 3 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 12 . 33 cd = 1 . 50 - 164 starts , 51 wins , 27 places , 21 shows career earnings : nz $ 235 , 020 , a $ 8400\n4 . this is a formal associate thread of the grey jedi fan club in the expanded universe community , and membership of the club is not a requirement of the game itself .\n\u201cit\u2019s worth a try , anyways . by the way , why didn\u2019t you correct me when i started to talk about my achievements from my past life ? \u201d\nthere was noway to know where she was , for her priority was that of survival . would she panic , give up , look for a way out ?\nthe winner of 11 paralympic gold medals and numerous awards says when things don ' t go your way - don ' t give up , just try harder .\nin these days of multi - million - dollar horses and syndicated ownership , peter ' s operation is a refreshing throwback to the way horse racing used to be .\njockey ray correa was his regular rider and said that my game was the speediest horse he ever rode . elery was the big grey ' s trainer and described him as awkward and clumsy when they bought him . people told them that they would never make a racehorse out of the grey , but elery was confident that my game would work out just fine , in time .\ngrowing up in malawi , grey jabesi didn\u2019t always find it easy to follow his true passion . art wasn\u2019t considered a viable career , and school didn\u2019t present many opportunities for an aspiring artist .\nbeta launch \u2014 file bugs that you need to fix before you can launch the beta of your project . it\u2019s a great way to make sure you aren\u2019t missing anything .\nreferences make it possible to deeply connect the work being done with the bug being tracked , and are a great way to add visibility into the history of your project .\nlabels are a great way to organize different types of issues . issues can have as many labels as you want , and you can filter by one or many labels at once .\nspecifies the frequency of the wave . to produce a wave only vertically or horizontally , move the rate slider all the way to the left for the direction you do not want .\nthis week we look back at the unlikely beginnings of one of the most consistent and capable platers to ever run at assiniboia downs - brothers , elery and marlow scherbenske ' s grey gelding , my game .\nkev - mas waved his hand over his right temple and made a gesture like that of turning a knob , and the red glow in his cybernetic eyes faded away . essentially blind now , kev - mas reached out with the force to feel his way around the room and made his way to the corner of his quarters that he usually conducted his meditation in .\n\u201cthis must be some way of reinforcing patience and humility . that\u2019s the only explanation for it . treating me as if i know nothing when he full well knows that\u2019s not true . \u201d\nwe solved these problems in a unique way at a time when many of the major communications companies around the world were trying , but with less success , to solve the same problem .\npart thyrsian himself , his mother was a thyrsian , he had trained in their ways as a sun guard , he had fought off and slain several thyrsians for the right to become a sun guard and thyrsus was the very planet in which he had ensured what seemed to be his freedom from his past life \u2013 which from there he made his way to zonama sekot to begin training as a grey jedi .\nmust have been the apparent planet ' s gravitational shadow . he couldn ' t be sure if this was decameron alpha , but it looked like he was going to find out either way .\nthe orange - red glow reflected in the violet orbs that were her eyes , her lekku swaying as she turned this way and that . fire to the life . fire to the right .\nthis place can be reached by those who are lead to find it , those who listen to the force . located on the eastern reaches , just beyond current galactic civilization , lies decameron alpha , home of the grey .\nimport formerly with andre fabre now prepared by matt cumani . began positively from the outside gate in the g3 geelong cup ( 2400m ) and sat outside the eventual winner qewy for the duration off a slow tempo . the grey eyeballed qewy all the way up the straight but couldn\u2019t get past the godolphin galloper . third - placed oceanographer was by far the run of the race and backed that up in the lexus on saturday .\nthe big grey was one of those horses who didn\u2019t take well to a life of leisure in a pasture . he loved to train and was born to run and elery quickly learned that retirement wasn ' t for my game .\nit was an emotional time for elery as well . the only trainer that my game ever knew acknowledged that the tribute was the highlight of his racing career and proudly said that the big grey was the gamest horse he ever owned .\nnotifications are github\u2019s way to keep up to date with your issues . you can use them to find out about new issues on repositories , or just to know when someone needs your input to move forward on an issue .\nradboud has an impressive record of scientific and educational achievements . its open and friendly way of working , lack of hierarchy , and a state of the art \u2018green\u2019 campus create an inspiring academic environment in which great achievements are possible .\nspecifies the degree of stabilization . when turned all the way down , the effect removes only the smallest jitter and vibration . when turned all the way up , it keeps the camera movement stable over a long period of time . if there is intention camera movement ( for example , panning across a scene ) , setting a high value for smoothing can cause the effect to remove that movement . consequently , it is important to set smoothing appropriately for each scene .\nit is very fitting that phar lap should be sponsored by our sister organisation - the australian racing hall of fame . the australian racing museum - champions has honoured phar lap is in a very special way at their site in melbourne .\ntry as i might i could not find an authoritative source that could spell it out . so we ' re left to hunt and peck our way to come up with characteristics that you would expect to see in an exceptional thoroughbred .\nsets the amount of blur to mix in with the picture . drag all the way to the left to make the blur disappear . drag to the right to increase the percentage of blur until the original picture is completely replaced by the blurred image .\n\u201cthis dream you had last night\u2026\u201d began marcus , \u201ci would not pay much mind to it . our past has a way of manipulating us and holding us back . especially when it is in circumstances such as yours , where you had no control . \u201d\nin theory , this practice was flawless . there was no conceivable way that he could not find inner balance if he kept in line with the teachings\u2026 unless there was an interference . there was an interference however , and it was branded onto his arm .\nsets the amount of blur to mix with the nonblurred image . with blend set all the way to the left , the blur disappears . drag to the right to increase the percentage of blur until the original picture is completely replaced by the blurred image .\ndetermines how to fade out sounds below the threshold level . turn the knob to the left for minimum fading . turn the knob all the way to the right to completely mute all sounds below the threshold . the correct level is somewhere in the middle .\nmy game may not have been a\ngreat\nhorse , but he was exceptional and dominated his rivals , much to the delight of his legions of fans at the downs . tributes like the one the big grey gelding from north dakota received are rare , but it speaks to the popularity\u2026\nusing the brightness & contrast effect is the easiest way to make simple adjustments to the tonal range of the clip . it adjusts all pixel values in the clip at once\u2014highlights , shadows , and midtones . brightness & contrast does not work on individual color channels .\nthe three - way color corrector effect lets you make subtle corrections by adjusting a clip\u2019s hue , saturation , and brightness for the shadows , midtones , and highlights . specify the color range for correction using the secondary color correction controls to further refine your adjustments .\nthis was shown to be correct in practice by many a grey jedi , however it was not an easy task for most and as such there have been a great many failed grey jedi that have had to be exiled from the order , and since the risk of having their well kept secrets discovered was too high to simply allow an exiled member to go free , they were put to death . kev - mas realized that if he did not solve his problem with the branding that he too would suffer this fate . so , he persevered , and tried everything he could to find the balance within himself regardless .\nthe grey sanctuary . a place built from and into the forest itself . it is a modest structure , constructed to be in balance with its surroundings and in harmony with the environment . its architectural philosophy typifies the very beings which reside within its halls , yet like them , it is so much more .\nthere is very little knowledge of these grey jedi in the galaxy or even that they exist in the first place , which proved to be beneficial to their survival during the days of the empire when force users were hunted to extinction . however , this wasn\u2019t an intentional survival method , but rather an advantage provided by their ideology . the grey jedi were very humble , preferring to act under the guise of other force using groups by proxy , or even hidden from sight completely . once their deeds were done they refused to speak of them , simply letting the actions speak for themselves rather than for the one who did them .\n@ mentions are the way that we reference other github users inside of github issues . inside of the description or any comment of the issue , include the @ username of another github user to send them a notification . this works very similar to how twitter uses @ mentions .\n\u201cyes . they are a separate and isolated order , so their methods may differ but i still recognize them as grey jedi no less , and their teachings are no less valid than ours . they are located on a planet known as decameron alpha . i have had our technicians program your hyperdrive with the coordinates . \u201d\nour wireless invention lies at the heart of what is now the most popular way to connect computers without wires . it is used in offices , public buildings , homes and coffee shops - often called ' wifi hotspots ' . the invention came out of our pioneering work in radioastronomy .\nsets the intensity of the noise reduction . turn all the way to the left for no reduction at all . turn to the middle to significantly drop background noise while keeping the louder sounds prominently in the foreground . turn further to the right and more of the signal fades out .\nwhether or not lassin sought to make radio contact was chiefly his choice , either way , he would soon come to an area , a clearing , where he would recognize a landing zone with an adjacent communication tower . the landing pad would be deserted once he made his first pass .\ncontrols the frame\u2011by\u2011frame generation of the lightning . selecting the rerun at each frame option regenerates the lightning at each frame . to make the lightning behave the same way at the same frame every time you run it , do not select this control . selecting this control may increase rendering time .\nthe open , non - hierarchical working environment of the university with its green open campus and multi - cultural academic cross - pollination of ideas is unique . it creates a fantastic climate for the advancement of scientific thinking and talent . it ' s what we call \u2018the radboud way of working\u2019 .\npublished by penguin in 2005 , the csiro total wellbeing diet offers an easy - to - follow structured eating pattern and includes mainstream foods . it ' s a way to eat less , but eat well without feeling hungry , because it provides the necessary vitamins and nutrients ( including dietary fibre ) .\n\u201ci , on the other hand , \u201d he continued , \u201cam just a mere grey jedi who has spent my life pursuing knowledge and truth so i could pass on that knowledge to a pupil . that pupil being you . who do you think you should trust ? the seeker of knowledge and truth ? or the master of lies and deceit ? \u201d\nshort bio : having witnessed his parents brutal murders as a young child , he has never been able to escape the horror of that nightmare memory , following him everywhere and in a way tainting or dictating everything throughout his life . having no surviving family members , and having been far from his people , herana found himself in an orphanage , and we all know how cruel hurt children can be to someone that is different . that cruelty in essence shaped him into a killer , the only way he could find to actually fill the gaping hole in his life and give him the needed control to even remotely function .\neventually , he could figure out how to dull the effects of the branding but he still needed a more permanent solution . his mentor advised him that in the past he encountered a separate but isolated grey jedi order on a planet known as decameron alpha , and that they had many in their ranks with sith origins that might be able to help him .\nthe words stung , in a way that the sith had not expected , even though it was the same each time . colcha was as he was , a relic of a now shattered brotherhood . the last two shadow guard that he was aware of and victus , to his hubris , was aware of many things .\nthere were only a few areas which were restricted within the grey sanctuary , as most were open and accessible to all residents . the oratory was one such accessible place , where polmath received guests , both expected and unexpected ones . the gardener also liked to hold discussion there , especially with some of the recent arrivals , who\u2019s faces were no doubt becoming more familiar .\nhe was pretty average , a hot - and - cold quarterback who might ' ve been lost to history but for 15 minutes in super bowl xxii , when he wore the same burgundy and gold my dad grew up rooting against , and became more . he became important , in the way that muhammad ali was important .\nscale armor , composed of multiple grey scales from a duinuogwuin , better known as star dragons . the scales are resistant to heat and force , making them a great alternative to modern armors . when asked where he was able to find such fine scales to craft this armor he will not give up his secret , it is his to keep . . . . for now .\nissues are a great way to keep track of tasks , enhancements , and bugs for your projects . they\u2019re kind of like email\u2014except they can be shared and discussed with the rest of your team . most software projects have a bug tracker of some kind . github\u2019s tracker is called issues , and has its own section in every repository .\nmuted threads won\u2019t show up as unread again until you are specifically @ mentioned again . this makes muting a great strategy for threads that you have little interest in ( perhaps a sub - system that you aren\u2019t familiar with ) . if you mark an issue as read , it will stay that way until someone comments on the thread again .\nmany friends from the temple were deployed before julius , giving he was particularly young . he had pleaded with his master to talk to the jedi council members about deploying him early . it wasn ' t until the waning moments of the clone wars until his wish was granted , simply because many jedi had been spent . so there julius aggripa was , on his way to felucia to help the republic ' s war effort . when they touched down the action was thick , but julius was confident in their chances of victory , especially with a jedi master leading the attack . however , even though they were winning the battle , there were still way too many casualties for julius ' s liking .\nthe grey gelding spent all of his 3 - year - old season nursing a broken sesamoid bone in this left front leg . following surgery to correct the issue , he still wasn ' t sound enough to race , so he spent 1964 in dry dock waiting for his leg to come around . one of the toughest decisions facing a trainer is deciding how long to lay - up a horse .\nthe big grey didn ' t last long after being retired again and for the last time . my game passed away at his new trainer ' s home in south dakota just weeks later - he never made it to 15 . as for his original owners , elery , the older of the two brothers passed on july 25 , 2013 and marlow a few months later on december 31 , 2013 .\nit ' s about going out there and doing what you want . it ' s believing that you can . you might not be able to do things in exactly the same way , you might have to find a different entrance to a building or find a different solution , but it ' s about finding those solutions and not looking at problems .\nwhen trainer elery scherbenske escorted my game from the winner ' s circle the fans broke into spontaneous applause and a rousing cheer . as the big grey walked off the track they played\nwish me luck as you wave me goodbye .\nthen my game inexplicably stopped dead in his tracks and gazed at the his crowd of admirers , it was as if he understood what all the fuss was about !\nthen the united states went to war . though blacks were still second - class citizens by law , shared service began to erode barriers\u2014blacks , for instance , competed alongside and against whites on service teams . when the all - america football conference launched in 1946 as a direct competitor to the nfl , it distinguished itself in one significant way : there was no ban on black athletes .\nassigns a black , midtone gray , or white balance to a clip . for example , for white balance , you target a color that is pure white . the three - way color corrector shifts colors in the image so that the targeted color appears white . use the different eyedropper tools to sample a target color in the image , or choose a color from the adobe color picker .\nunfortunately , kev - mas was too late , and he walked into a trap . caiphas had discovered how to retune the amulet with a series of incantations , and as kev - mas battled through several inquisitors to get to caiphas , he made his chants and once he made his way to the aging inquisitor he collapsed to the floor , to rise as a mere puppet of the inquisitor .\nhe led in the moonee valley cup against the pattern of cox plate day and was pressured upfront throughout by authoritarian \u2014 big forgive run for mine despite being beaten a long way out and trailing home a 13 . 8l seventh ( rider kerrin mcevoy stated he didn\u2019t handle the valley ) . will be right in the firing line from barrier 2 and at $ 71 is another for the multiples .\nby using @ mentions and references inside of issues , you can notify other github users & teams , and cross - connect issues to each other . these provide a flexible way to get the right people involved to resolve issues effectively , and are easy to learn and use . they work across all text fields on github \u2014 they\u2019re a part of our text formatting syntax called github flavored markdown .\nafter the battle , kev - mas was finally called to zonama sekot , where the identity of the guiding voice was finally revealed and he started training as a grey jedi under a mentor by the name of marcus dade . kev - mas\u2019 training was difficult because it turns out that he had yet another dark reminder attached to his body . when kev - mas was inducted as an emperor\u2019s hand , he was given a branding to signify his rank .\nhis eye caught sight of a stream of smoke on the distant horizon . he knew someone was out there , this was not the first visitor who had come in such a way . there had been a flurry of such arrivals as of late . he always found that he was anxious at the prospect of their community growing , this still felt fragile to him , he feared losing another home .\ni thought his effort when second behind elidor under 61kg in the summer stakes ( 2800m ) at goodwood was pretty solid and he definitely appears a fighter . the big irish galloper demonstrated toughness and really responded to vigorous riding in resisting the concerted challenge of grey lion in the geelong cup , and gets in here with a very light impost ( 51 . 5kg ) . that said he\u2019s a place prospect only for mine but there has been money for him .\naicurn\u2019ihi wanted nothing more than to embody that freedom . and thus , like her world , she would have to earn it the same way it did . one moment she was walking the streets of her home city of rhovali , the next she was waking up in a cell in a slaver\u2019s ship , already far from her homeplanet . there was nothing she could do . it was over for her .\nthe great jedi purge saw not just jedi withdraw into these depths to hide from the inquisitors , but rival darksiders too . with the light side methods invalidated by their hidebound arrogance , and the dark side monopolised by the sith and their agents , the opportunity for new thinking occurred . a new way was born within the unknown , in the gap between knowledge and dragons , between light and dark . . .\ni have a lot of respect for this stable after the way max dynamite ran last year and get the impression that the all - conquering willie mullins knows just the type of horse required to cope with the flemington 3200m puzzle . champion jockey frankie dettori does the steering ( perhaps he\u2019ll ride with more restraint after skittling half the field on max dynamite last year ? ) . without doubt a major player here .\nthis was the best performance by a juvenile in europe this season by some way , and memorable in particular for the ease with which expert eye moved through the field before being sent for home well over two furlongs out . he quickened into a decisive lead before the furlong pole and had been cut to as short as 4 - 1 for next year\u2019s newmarket classic by the time he returned to the winner\u2019s enclosure .\nas polmath continued to speak , kev - mas could tell that he was trying to speak to him like one might speak to his own son . however , kev - mas just took it as condescension . he knew the teachings of the grey jedi quite well already . they had already been pounded into him for the past year and philosophy was one of his strengths . he just sometimes struggled to embody the philosophies he learned of . such as his lack of patience at times like this .\nkev - mas had a very rough childhood and was forced to grow up fast . tempered by the fires of forced servitude and endless abuse , kev - mas trained in secret in the ways of his ancestral sun guard , encouraged by the tales told by his mother of their heroics in battle . kev - mas was determined to fight his way out of slavery , and in the process free his mother and all the other slaves .\nat his next outing the six - year - old ( 6yo ) was under pressure early and beaten nine lengths ( 9l ) by exospheric in the jockey club stakes at newmarket , but forget that failure given the track was soft and he needs it bone dry . he turned the tables on exospheric next time out in the group two ( g2 ) princess of wales stakes ( 2400m ) , rolling along beautifully in front for james mcdonald and kicking on tenaciously to defeat group one star the grey gatsby .\nbritish 8yo who mixes flat and jumps racing and handles all track conditions . has improved immensely recently and definitely looks to be on an upward spiral . was beaten 3 . 25l big orange and pallasator in the g2 goodwood cup ( 3200m ) and stuck it out nicely on the pace . got a long way back in the g3 londsale cup ( 3300m ) but looked to travel sweetly coming into the race before being outsprinted late by quest for more and pallasator .\ncharlie appleby\u2019s 5yo gelding put the writing on the wall with a slashing closing third as the $ 2 . 90f in the geelong cup off a slow tempo and backed that up with an equally impressive g3 lexus ( 2500m ) win on saturday . the godolphin gelding sprouted wings late to book his spot in the cup after getting a long way out of his ground , and it is worth noting that the lexus winners have invariably been more than competitive in recent cups .\nled all the way in the g1 sydney cup ( 3200m ) in the autumn when handicapped with just 51 . 5kg , accounting for waller pairing libran and grand marshal ( who shot thebarman and almooonqith beaten 5l and 7 . 1l respectively ) . kerrin mcevoy rated him perfectly that day , allowing the son of montjeu to enjoy his work up front , cruise around the bend and then offer - up a big kick in the final furlong . he did it pretty easily in the end !\nduring kev - mas\u2019 confrontation with caiphas on utapau , he revealed that he was trying to figure out how to take control of kev - mas\u2019 mind with the amulet inside of his skull , and while on dagobah , kev - mas was researching a way to prevent it , and he realized immediately that if caiphas was to figure it out , he would need to find the information located at the emperor\u2019s retreat on naboo . hastily , kev - mas left dagobah and set course for naboo .\nnow , a little over one year later kev - mas has entered a whole new world . kev - mas was training on zonama sekot to become a grey jedi . that is , a force user who believed that the force as an entity was pure and completely void of any \u201clight\u201d or \u201cdark\u201d , and that such characterizations were merely a manifestation of the user\u2019s mind . they mostly studied the force to its very limits in silence and solitude , but from time to time they worked behind the scenes to protect the balance of the force whenever they deemed it necessary .\non paper chris waller\u2019s battle - hardened gelding looked a top chance in the g1 metropolitan ( 2400m ) but was pretty plain coming home 3 . 4l astern of sir john hawkwood . took up a good position in running but couldn\u2019t quite stave off grand marshal ( who carried 1kg more than him ) in the g2 moonee valley cup after hitting the front a long way from home . very honest horse and will be popular with the punters not just for the name but also because hughie bowman will be doing the steering .\n7yo who has had more than his share of problems but has really improved with racing having finally made it to the track in australia . the monsun gelding defeated subsequent melbourne cup - winner protectionist by 0 . 75l in the g2 unternehmer ( 2200m ) at baden baden way back in june of 2014 before being imported to australia by owner lloyd williams . we didn\u2019t see almandin until june of this year when he ran an encouraging fresh race over 1600m at moonee valley , and he has been building with every run since as lloyd gradually stepped him out in trip .\na forest . that was a new one . she was so used to the cavernous and rocky ryloth cities that this was a new experience . pity it was so full of fire rather than the scenic greenery that it should be . there was also no way anyone else had survived the crash , that much was clear . it also begged the question . how did she survive ? casting only a quick glance at the fire around her , she checked her own condition . some bruises and minor cuts . in a crash like that ? with the results like that ?\nthe grey jedi fully acknowledge the dangers of the dark side , however their view on what the dark side is is different than what the jedi or even the sith believed . they did not believe that the dark side was an independent entity at its source , but rather a manifestation of the user\u2019s dark intent . as such they believed that when someone fell to the dark side they weren\u2019t merely becoming devoted to a \u201cside\u201d of the force , but to a \u201cside\u201d of themselves . they believed that if one made sure to balance themselves and express a full spectrum of emotions , both positive and negative , that they could use the dark side without becoming corrupted by it .\nspecifies which channel or channels to invert . each group of items operates in a particular color space , inverting either the entire clip in that color space or just a single channel . rgb consists of three additive color channels : red , green , and blue . hls consists of three calculated color channels : hue , lightness , and saturation . yiq is the ntsc luminance and chrominance color space , where y is the luminance signal , and i and q are the in\u2011phase and quadrature chrominance signals . alpha , not a color space , provides a way to invert the alpha channel of the clip .\nmy dad was happy to see williams lead his favorite team of the last 25 years . but my dad was a grown - ass man . he was 37 years old . he had a daughter , had met the love of his life , and had a brilliant , handsome , charming firstborn son on the way . williams was a great story , but my dad had more or less made it . he was old enough now that pro athletes like williams were younger than he was , which is to say that he was old enough to realize that athletes were flawed humans , too . he didn ' t need a hero .\nspecifies how the lightning is added to the layer . adobe premiere elements support layer blend modes that change the way layers react with each other . you often use some of the common modes in every day work . for example , if your image is too dark , you can quickly make it brighter by duplicating the photo layer in the layers palette . later , you change the duplicate layer mode to screen . use the opacity filter to select blending modes for various layers of your video . premiere elements supports 27 blending modes . select a blending mode from the list and apply it to your image . use the sliders to increase or decrease its effect .\nmechu deru , force push / pull , force lightning . expert mechanic and mediocre scout . he has been loaned out to the blazing chains by his clan the blazing gear only to be treated poorly and ' liberated ' by a hand of thrawn ship who mistook the neck shackle as his status aboard ship and not the story that it told as a part of his clothing . once ' freed ' he was able to choose his place of release and made his way to something , a someplace he spied the co - ordinates off in a brief blazing chains holo . a place that was not to be messed with lightly , something he deeply wants to be .\nmost of what the man knew before this point was being relearned under a different perspective , and he wasn\u2019t uneducated by any means . one year prior , kev - mas colcha was ( and technically still is ) a very powerful force user . he was capable of summoning torrents of lightning from his fingertips to assault his enemies . he could harness telekinetic powers to lift objects with his minds . hide himself from plain sight and slip away into thin air . he could even manipulate matter and cause it to combust and explode . his ability to do these things remained the same but he had to relearn them nonetheless , because the methods in which he did so did not match his new way of life .\nalmandin was much too good for stablemate assign ( who came out and won the g2 herbert power at his next start ) when getting to 2400m for the first time in australia in the g3 harry white at caulfield before really sprinting impressively to take out the g3 bart cummings ( 2500m ) at flemington and book his spot in the cup . i liked the way he left them standing when asked to go by damien oliver and he only coasted in the concluding stages to notch - up an easy 1 . 5l win . he\u2019s been kept fresh with a month off into this and with just 52kg he is in this up to his ears . expecting him to be at his absolute peak come 3pm tuesday .\nat six years of age , coming to the end of her wonderful career , desert gold had three virtual match races on the then - strong taranaki circuit with the rising young star gloaming . she beat him in the first , but gloaming had got tangled in the tapes at the start ; gloaming won the next \u201cmatch\u201d but this time desert gold lost lengths when her half - brother croesus fell in front of her . finally the decider , the hawera stakes ; and , with no excuses either way this time , the three - year - old gloaming was too good for the mare . desert gold was retired after a few more starts ( which included an easy win in the manawatu stakes ) , hugely popular with the public to the end ."]}
{"id": 2261, "summary": [{"text": "aoteadrillia is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was previously categorized within the subfamily crassispirinae , turridae . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "aoteadrillia", "paragraphs": ["aoteadrillia powell , a . w . b . , 1942 type species : aoteadrillia wanganuiensis hutton , f . w . , 1873\nyou selected aoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) . this is a synonym for :\naoteadrillia powell , 1942 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 29 june 2012 .\nhow can i put and write and define aoteadrillia apicarinata in a sentence and how is the word aoteadrillia apicarinata used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528aoteadrillia apicarinata\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528aoteadrillia apicarinata\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528aoteadrillia apicarinata\u9020\u53e5 , aoteadrillia apicarinata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nworms - world register of marine species - aoteadrillia bulbacea ( r . b . watson , 1881 )\naoteadrillia is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae . [ 2 ]\naoteadrillia otagoensis powell , 1942 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\naoteadrillia bulbacea ( watson , 1881 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\naoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\naoteadrillia rawitensis ( hedley , 1922 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 15 april 2010 .\n\n' aoteadrillia apicarinata\n' is an extinct species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family horaiclavidae .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : aoteadrillia otagoensis a . w . b . powell , 1942 - id : 2115504850\n( of aoteadrillia thomsoni powell , 1942 ) beu , a . g . 2011 marine molluscs of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 4 . gastropoda ( ptenoglossa , neogastropoda , heterobranchia ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 41 , 1\u2013153 . [ details ]\n( of aoteadrillia trifida powell , 1942 ) beu , a . g . 2011 marine molluscs of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 4 . gastropoda ( ptenoglossa , neogastropoda , heterobranchia ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 41 , 1\u2013153 . [ details ]\n( of aoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) ) spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) ) beu , a . g . 2011 marine molluscs of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 4 . gastropoda ( ptenoglossa , neogastropoda , heterobranchia ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 41 , 1\u2013153 . [ details ]\n( of aoteadrillia chordata ( suter , 1908 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nspencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nnatural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]\nhutton f . w . 1873 . catalogue of the tertiary mollusca and echinodermata of new zealand , in the collection of the colonial museum . didsbury , government printer , wellington . xvi + 48 pp . [ details ]\n( of drillia chordata suter , 1908 ) suter , h . ( 1908a ) descriptions of new species of new zealand marine shells . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 8 , 178\u2013191 , pl . 7 . [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . 2011 marine molluscs of oxygen isotope stages of the last 2 million years in new zealand . part 4 . gastropoda ( ptenoglossa , neogastropoda , heterobranchia ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 41 , 1\u2013153 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbeu ( 2009 ) discussed the synonymy and variation , and provided a long list of synonyms .\nconidae : clathurellinae ( ? ) ( not analysed by puillandre et al . 2008 )\nsp .\nof marwick 1965 , pl . 11 , fig . 18 ) .\nfauna migrated northwards to appear in wairarapa and wanganui . beu ( 2009 ) discussed these variants and synonymised them with\nnukumaruan - recent ; shakespeare cliff , wanganui ( tainui shellbed ? ) , castlecliffian ( type ) ; moderately common in most castlecliffian siltstone beds at wanganui , in nukumaruan siltstone in wairarapa and hawke ' s bay , and in nukumaruan to castlecliffian siltstone in north canterbury .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : borsoniinae according to a . g . beu et al . 1990\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336cc1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32637f64 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 34b9e520 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 916693a7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthe new zealand recent and fossil mollusca of the family turridae with general notes on turrid nomenclature and systematics ( primary title ) bulletin of the auckland institute and museum , 2 ( other title ) a . w . b . powell 1942\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names , classifications or categories via a tag . tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhoraiclavidae bouchet , ph . , yu . i . kantor , a . v . sysoev & n . puillandre , 2011 thumbnails\nanacithara hedley , c . , 1922 type species : anacithara naufraga hedley , c . , 1909\naustrocarina laseron , c . f . , 1954 type species : austrocarina recta hedley , c . , 1903\naustrodrillia hedley , c . , 1918 type species : austrodrillia angasi crosse , h . , 1863\nbuchema corea , l . f . , 1934 type species : buchema tainoa corea , l . f . , 1934\ncarinapex dall , w . h . , 1924 type species : carinapex minutissima garrett , a . , 1873\nceritoturris dall , w . h . , 1924 type species : ceritoturris bittium kilburn , r . n . , 1988\ncoronacomitas shuto , t . , 1983 type species : coronacomitas gemmata shuto , t . , 1983\ndarrylia garc\u00eda , e . f . , 2008 type species : darrylia harryleei garc\u00eda , e . f . , 2008\ngraciliclava shuto , t . , 1983 type species : graciliclava mackayensis shuto , t . , 1983\nhaedropleura bucquoy , e . j . , ph . dautzenberg & g . f . dollfus , 1882 type species : haedropleura septangularis montagu , g . , 1803\ninkinga kilburn , r . n . , 1988 type species : inkinga platystoma smith , e . a . , 1877\ninodrillia bartsch , p . , 1943 type species : inodrillia nucleata dall , w . h . , 1881\nmarshallena allan , j . , 1926 type species : marshallena neozelanica suter , h . h . , 1917\nmauidrillia powell , a . w . b . , 1942 type species : unknowngenustype\nnaskia sysoev , a . v . & d . l . ivanov , 1985 type species : naskia axiplicata sysoev , a . v . & d . l . ivanov , 1985\nnquma kilburn , r . n . , 1988 type species : nquma rousi sowerby , g . b . iii , 1886\nparadrillia makiyama , j . , 1940 type species : paradrillia dainichiensis dainichiensis yokoyama , m . , 1923\npseudexomilus powell , a . w . b . , 1944 type species : unknowngenustype\npsittacodrillia kilburn , r . n . , 1988 type species : psittacodrillia bairstowi sowerby , g . b . iii , 1886\nstriatoguraleus kilburn , r . n . , 1994 type species : striatoguraleus himaeformis kilburn , r . n . , 1994\nvexitomina powell , a . w . b . , 1942 type species : vexitomina metcalfei angas , g . f . , 1867\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , sysoev a . & puillandre n . ( 2011 ) a new operational classification of the conoidea . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 273 - 308 .\ntucker , j . k . 2004 catalog of recent and fossil turrids ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . zootaxa 682 : 1 - 1295 .\nthis page was last edited on 16 february 2018 , at 02 : 44 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 2263, "summary": [{"text": "demagogus larvatus is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus demagogus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by thomson in 1868 , and is found in kenya and ethiopia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "demagogus larvatus", "paragraphs": ["you selected demagogus larvatus donaldsoni breuning , 1935 . this is a synonym for :\nlamiinae sternotomini demagogus larvatus thomson , 1868 var . maculatus breuning , female distribution : kenya , ethiopia\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce344 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce4b0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 35001b8a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ntavakilian g . & chevillotte h . ( 2018 ) . titan : cerambycidae database ( version apr 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 52782aa0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 cerambycidae of the world , 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : barsevskis a . et al . , ( editors ) 2018"]}
{"id": 2264, "summary": [{"text": "turbinaria is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family dendrophylliidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "common names for this genus include disc coral , scroll coral , cup coral , vase coral , pagoda coral and ruffled ridge coral .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "these corals are native to the red sea , indian ocean , japan and the south central pacific ocean . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "turbinaria ( coral )", "paragraphs": ["yellow turbinaria ? ? ? ? yellow turbinaria help with turbinaria peltata ! doomed turbinaria turbinaria coral question . turbinaria peltata\nturbinaria coral is also commonly known as pagoda cup coral , cup coral , bowl coral , scroll coral , octopus coral , vase coral and lettuce coral .\nbowl coral , cup coral , folded lettuce coral , scroll coral , vase coral .\ngenus are known for are turban coral , cup coral , scroll coral , yellow scroll coral , yellow cup coral , pagoda coral , vase coral , and chalice coral .\nshapes are reflected in the turban coral ' s other common names including cup coral , pagoda cup coral , green cup coral , chalice coral , column coral , bowl coral , octopus coral , plate coral , vase coral , disk coral , platter coral , and saucer coral .\nwas described by bernard in 1896 . other common names they are known for are vase coral , scrolling turbinaria coral , turban coral , yellow scroll coral , yellow lettuce coral , yellow turbinaria , and bowl coral .\nturbinaria coral belongs to the kingdom animalia , phylum cnidaria , class anthozoa , family dendrophylliidae and genus turbinaria .\nshapes are reflected in some of the scroll coral ' s other common names like vase coral , turban coral , scrolling turbinaria coral , and yellow lettuce coral .\nwas described by dana in 1846 . other common names they are known for are cup coral , pagoda cup coral , green cup coral , chalice coral , column coral , bowl coral , octopus coral , plate coral , vase coral , disk coral , platter coral , and saucer coral .\nthe turbinaria peltata ( commonly known as a pagoda cup coral ) is yet another aptly nicknamed coral .\nturbinaria mesenterina and turbinaria peltata on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .\nthe base of turbinaria coral is generally yellow with short and round yellow polyps .\nplace turbinaria coral anywhere between the bottom and the middle of your marine aquarium .\nflowery disk coral turbinaria peltata colony flat plate often ruffled so it resembles a cabbage .\nthe turbinaria species is easy to maintain however , the variety of turbinaria coral with thin plates on its body is the most difficult to maintain .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria bifrons )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria bifrons )\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria bifrons )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria stellulata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria stellulata )\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria stellulata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria heronensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria heronensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria heronensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe turbinaria species may have detritus and mucus deposited on the coral\u00eds body which may adversely affect it . therefore , regularly clean the surface of turbinaria coral .\nturbinaria mesenterina and turbinaria peltata on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .\nthe main source of nutrition in turbinaria coral is photosynthesis which is performed by zooxanthellae , a photosynthetic alga living symbiotically within the coral .\nwater flow in the aquarium : turbinaria coral needs medium water flow in the marine aquarium hosting it .\nthe coloration of the turbinaria species may vary with the intensity of light the coral is exposed to .\nturbinaria coral has a hard skeleton shaped like a cup , a plate , a vase or a cone .\nthe hard skeleton of the turbinaria species is covered with a thin velvety skin .\ninformation on turbinaria stellulata is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ninformation on turbinaria heronensis is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe turbinaria species requires moderate to high intensity lighting in the reef aquarium it inhabits .\ngive ample space to the turbinaria species to grow and spread itself fully without obstruction .\nis a popular coral among all the levels of aquarists . owing to its hardy nature , varied colors and patterns , turbinaria coral is an attractive proposition for a marine aquarium .\nspawning of female ( a ) and male ( b ) turbinaria reniformis colonies observed at the eilat coral nature reserve in july 2016 .\nturbinaria coral feeds upon acellualr marine invertebrates , the meaty bits of raw shrimp , silver side and mysis shrimp , phytoplankton and zooplankton .\nthe nemenzophyllia turbida ( commonly known as a fox coral ) is a spectacular display coral .\nsex ratio of turbinaria mesenterina populations in eilat ( iui ) and aqaba ( mss ) .\nspecies can be grouped as small polyp stony ( sps ) corals or as large polyp stony ( lps ) corals . the scrolling turbinaria coral\nthe fungia repanda ( commonly known as a short tentacle plate coral ) is an unusual coral .\ntemporal changes in oocyte and spermary development in turbinaria reniformis from eilat ( gulf of aqaba ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pagoda coral ( turbinaria mesenterina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pagoda coral ( turbinaria mesenterina )\ntitle =\narkive species - pagoda coral ( turbinaria mesenterina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nshows how coral - macroalgal frequency of contact varied across sites as a function of coral - macroalga identity .\nturbinaria coral originates from the indo - pacific region including the islands of fiji , tonga , solomon and the great barrier reef , the red sea and polynesia .\nthe turbinaria species occurs in brown , tan , purple , green , yellow , grey and cream colors .\nthe turbinaria species is carnivorous in feeding habit and filter feeds a few times per week , when open .\nphotos of representative coral fragments from ( a ) acropora millepora , ( b ) pocillopora damicornis , ( c ) montipora monasteriata , and ( d ) turbinaria reniformis .\nturbinaria on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas , the marine species identification portal : technical fact sheet .\nfigure 3 : temporal changes in oocyte and spermary development in turbinaria reniformis from eilat ( gulf of aqaba ) .\n, but did not differ significantly for the other 5 coral species . pooling across coral species to evaluate each macrophyte ' s association with corals in general , coral associations with\nthe turbinaria species forms large , laminar colonies which develop convoluted shape in shallow waters to straight or upright in depth .\ngreat if you can keep the turbinaria species in an aquarium populated more with small polyp stony ( sps ) corals .\nthe turban coral is a great beginner ' s coral that delivers a high satisfaction rating . it is one of the easiest\na large , well - developed colony of turbinaria bifrons pictured here from the great barrier reef . photo by len zell .\nturbinaria mesenterina is similar in appearance to turbinaria reniformis , but can be recognised by its slightly different colour , more horizontal than vertical fronds , and smoother appearance ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . turbinaria peltata also occurs in similar conditions to this species , but can be distinguished by its thicker plates and larger polyps , whose tentacles are often extended during the day ( 5 ) .\nturbinaria stellulata , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae . it is native to the indo - pacific region . the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being\nvulnerable\n.\nturbinaria bifrons is one of only two species in the genus to display this clear - cut distinction of having corallites on both sides of its upright plates . the other species being turbinaria conspicua , which was once synonymized with t . bifrons , making it all the more confusing in terms of taxonomy , but you don\u2019t need to be a coral taxonomist to appreciate this coral\u2019s incredibly unique growing shape .\nlike all coral species , turbinaria bifrons is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that all international trade is strictly controlled by the use of permits and annual quotas ( 2 ) . in addition , turbinaria bifrons falls within several marine protected areas across its range ( 1 ) .\nthe larger the polyps on the coral are , the easier it is for the coral to feed appropriately . this is because the polyps on the coral contain the incredibly tiny organism known as zooxanthellae , within their tissue .\nthe plerogyra sp ( commonly known as a bubble coral ) is a very unique coral . it looks like a pink cluster of grapes upon first inspection .\ncloser inspection of the unusual coral revealed that the corallites were recognizable as being those of a turbinaria and seeing them on both sides confirmed that this was indeed a colony of the t . bifrons we sought after for so many years . luckily since the coral was devoid of color and its true potential was unknown to coral collectors besides ourselves and julian sprung , carolina aquatics put a fair price on this colony so that the coral could go to a good home .\nturbinaria bifrons is quite simply unlike any coral anyone has ever seen , and it is perhaps one of the rarest stony coral species in the aquarium hobby . when we say t . bifrons is rare we don\u2019t mean rare as in a strain of a particular highly desired echniophyllia , a genus that is practically overrepresented in aquaria .\na study of the sea most curious creature , this stunning sculpture recreates the nuanced beauty of ocean coral . this resin replica is molded from real pieces of coral and set on a clear crystal pedestal . coral cast from resin clear . . .\na study of the seas most curious creature , this stunning sculpture recreates the nuanced beauty of ocean coral . the resin replica is molded from real pieces of coral and set on a clear crystal pedestal . coral cast from resin . . . .\nmarshall at , clode p ( 2004 ) calcification rate and the effect of temperature in a zooxanthellate and an azooxanthellate scleractinian reef coral . coral reefs 23 : 218\u2013224 .\nhoegh - guldberg o ( 1999 ) climate change , coral bleaching and the future of the world ' s coral reefs . marine and freshwater research 50 : 839\u2013866 .\npercent coral and macroalgal cover ( mean + se ) in marine protected areas ( mpas ) and adjacent non - mpas associated with three sites along the coral coast .\nturbinaria bifrons is found in the indo - west pacific , from southern japan , through the south china sea and indonesia , south to tropical australia ( 1 ) .\nthis coral is common in shallow , turbid reef habitats , where it may be a dominant species ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . turbinaria mesenterina has been recorded at depths of up to 20 metres ( 1 ) .\nturbinaria is one of just four hermatypic ( reef - building ) coral genera within the dendrophylliidae family ( 3 ) . like other hermatypic corals , turbinaria mesenterina obtains most of its nutrients from microscopic algae , known as zooxanthellae , which live within its tissues and produce energy - rich nutrients through photosynthesis . the diet may also be supplemented with zooplankton , caught using stinging cells on the tentacles ( 3 ) ( 9 ) .\nfrom upwelling and non - upwelling environments in panama . coral reefs 23 : 473\u2013483 .\nour experience with the easy bleaching potential of turbinaria heronensis imparted on us a very cautious approach to lighting up this coral and we took several weeks to move it into more or less direct lighting . now more than three months since acquiring the coral , it has settled into captive aquarium life and its relative beauty is much easier to appreciate .\nlike many coral species , turbinaria bifrons is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 3 ) .\nturbinaria mesenterina is a species of hard coral of the family dendrophylliidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nturbinaria radicalis is a species of hard coral of the family dendrophylliidae . this specimen was found at aureed island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nhow to cite this article : rapuano , h . et al . reproductive strategies of the coral turbinaria reniformis in the northern gulf of aqaba ( red sea ) . sci . rep . 7 , 42670 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep42670 ( 2017 ) .\nfrequencies of coral - macroalgal contacts were assessed with 30 additional 30 m transects per study area , in which each coral colony was visually examined to verify the presence or absence of contact with upright macroalgae . all coral - macroalgal contacts within 2 m of each transect were recorded , interacting corals and macroalgae were identified , frequencies of each coral - macroalgal contact were computed , and each contacted coral was examined for bleaching or death in the area of contact .\nit is a small , round coral with variegating shades of red , purple and blue .\nsofonia , j . j . and anthony , k . r . n . ( 2008 ) high - sediment tolerance in the reef coral turbinaria mesenterina from the inner great barrier reef lagoon ( australia ) . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , 78 : 748 - 752 .\nattached is a pretty recent picture of my tank before i picked up the new coral . i got another birdsnest frag , the cup coral , cactus coral and an orange digi frag . maybe the bottom left where there ' s a frag plug with a single zoa on it ? i can move the zoa somewhere else and leave that space open for the cup coral .\nfitt wk , brown be , warner me , dunne rp ( 2001 ) coral bleaching : interpretation of thermal tolerance limits and thermal thresholds in tropical corals . coral reefs 20 : 51\u201365 .\nglm with repeated measures for damage size of coral colonies upon contact with macroalga in two experiments : ( 1 ) experimental addition of chlorodesmis fastigiata and galaxaura filamentosa to five coral species , with two between - subject fixed factors ( coral species , algal species ) and ( 2 ) removal of macroalgal contacts with two between - subject fixed factors ( coral species , treatment ) .\nthe main defining differences between an lps coral and an sps coral are ( obviously ) the difference in the size of their polyps , and the difference in their light and food requirements .\nencrusting disk coral colony plate - like thick ( 1cm ) encrusting , edges against the surface .\neffects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . iii : reproduction of the reef - building coral\npartial pressure controls the calcification rate of a coral community . global change biology 6 : 329\u2013334 .\nwilkinson , c . ( 2008 ) status of coral reefs of the world : 2008 . global coral reef monitoring network and reef and rainforest research center , townsville , australia . available at : urltoken\nmarubini f , ferrier - pages c , furla p , allemand d ( 2008 ) coral calcification responds to seawater acidification : a working hypothesis towards a physiological mechanism . coral reefs 27 : 491\u2013499 .\nveal cj , carmi m , fine m , hoegh - guldberg o ( 2010 ) increasing the accuracy of surface area estimation using single wax dipping of coral fragments . coral reefs 29 : 893\u2013897 .\ndid not vary with coral colony size . correlations of colony size versus extent of final damage were non - significant ( p\u22650 . 31 ) for each of the 10 coral - algal species pairings (\nturbinaria bifrons occurs in shallow reefs in tropical waters between depths of 2 and 25 metres , as well as in rocky areas within the intertidal zone in subtropical locations ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\naverage lipid , protein , carbohydrate concentrations , and tissue biomass of ( a\u2013d ) acropora millepora , ( e\u2013h ) pocillopora damicornis , ( i\u2013l ) montipora monasteriata , and ( m\u2013p ) turbinaria reniformis .\nruffled disk coral colony plate - like thin ( 0 . 5cm ) edges often folded into ruffles .\nnever caused visible damage ( bleaching or mortality ) to any of the 6 coral species they contacted .\nthey are far more likely to breed or successfully fragment in captivity than small polyp stony coral are .\nturbinaria mesenterina occurs across the indian ocean , red sea , gulf of aden , arabian gulf , and the western and central pacific ocean ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) .\nmorphological variation in the reef corals turbinaria mesenterina and pavona cactus : synthesis of transplant , histocompatibility , electrophoresis , growth , and reproduction studies phd thesis , james cook university of north queensland ( 1987 ) .\nfrequency of corals with macroalgal contact causing no damage , bleaching , mortality , or mortality with algal overgrowth in three study sites along coral coast , fiji ( n\u226515 for each coral - macroalga species pair ) .\nhaving once acquired a piece of t . bifrons so long ago , this species is one that has been on our rare - coral radar for years but in an interesting turn of events , it was the coral that found us ! while perusing the many coral tanks at macna earlier this year in denver , orlando salazar of aqua medic live brought us over to the display of carolina aquatics to test our coral knowledge .\nthis species occurs in shallow reefs and rocky foreshores of subtropical locations . the maximum size is approximately 1 m . this species is found from 2 - 25 m . turbinaria is the only reef - building ( hermatypic ) coral in the family dendrophylliidae and sometimes contributes significantly toward coral cover . it is especially common on reef slopes , and colonies may be large and come in a variety of forms ( wood 1983 ) .\neffects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . iii : reproduction of the reef - building coral porites porites\nthe reproduction of the red sea coral stylophora pistillata . ii . synchronization in breeding and seasonality of planulae shedding\npartial pressure and temperature on photosynthesis and calcification in a scleractinian coral . global change biology 9 : 1660\u20131668 .\njokiel pl , maragos je , franzisket l ( 1978 ) coral growth : buoyant weight technique . in : stoddart dr , johannes re , editors . coral reefs : resesarch methods . paris : unesco . 529\u2013541 .\nbiomass of herbivorous fishes in mpas and non - mpas at three sites along the coral coast , fiji .\nthe trachyphyllia sp . ( commonly known as a brain coral ) is a bright , relatively small species .\nno we mean this coral is rare as in we\u2019ve only seen it twice , the first time being more than seven years ago and only one other time more recently at macna . furthermore there exists scantly no more images of the unusual \u201ctwo - face\u201d turbinaria than what is included in the veron\u2019s corals of the world .\n) . these contrasts were not confounded by coral colony size ; colony size did not differ among any of the five treatments used for each coral - algal pairing ( p > 0 . 05 for all species ) .\naverage chlorophyll a concentrations and symbiont density for ( a , b ) acropora millepora , ( c , d ) pocillopora damicornis , ( e , f ) montipora monasteriata , and ( g , h ) turbinaria reniformis .\nour colony of turbinaria bifrons has settled into a nice but not flashy forest green color with pinkish polyps that have a whitish oral disc . the edges of the bifacial plates are light brown bordering on pink and where the edges face the predominant flow , you can easily see two rows of corallites where the coral is growing fastest .\nscroll corals do well in a mixed reef , a small polyp stony ( sps ) coral tank , or a large polyp stony ( lps ) coral tank . they do need to be kept away from contact with polyps of\nyellow cup corals do well in a mixed reef , a small polyp stony ( sps ) coral tank , or a large polyp stony ( lps ) coral tank . they do need to be kept away from contact with polyps of\nwillis b . l . morphological variation in the reef corals turbinaria mesenterina and pavona cactus : synthesis of transplant , histocompatibility , electrophoresis , growth , and reproduction studies phd thesis , james cook university of north queensland ( 1987 ) .\nit may form conspicuous dome - shaped colonies on upper reef slopes . unlike other turbinaria , this species is seldom found in turbid waters . the maximum size is 50 cm . this species is found from 2 - 15 m .\nthe present study highlights growing evidence for the potential importance of detrimental interactions between macroalgae and corals to reef dynamics . greater susceptibility of some coral species to macroalgal contacts may result in a cascading effect throughout the community and could reduce coral resilience in areas dominated by macroalgae . as macroalgae increase on tropical reefs , macroalgal competition and allelopathy could produce feedbacks that suppress coral resilience , prevent coral recovery , and promote the stability of algal beds in habitats previously available to corals .\n. ft . lauderdale , florida , 7\u201311 july 2008 : proceedings of the 11th international coral reef symposium . 57\u201361p .\nfine m , tchernov d ( 2007 ) scleractinian coral species survive and recover from decalcification . science 315 : 1811 .\nthe caulastrea curvata ( commonly known as a trumpet coral ) is aptly named ; shaped like a small yellow trumpet .\nfong p , paul v ( 2011 ) coral reef algae . in : dubinsky z , noga s , editors . coral reefs : an ecosystem in transition . netherlands : springer science + business media b . v . pp . 241\u2013272 .\nin general , the greatest threat to coral species is believed to be global climate change , which is likely to lead to an increase in severe storms , and to increased ocean acidification , which can reduce the ability of a coral to produce its hard skeleton . rising sea temperatures can also lead to coral bleaching , in which the coral expels it zooxanthellae , often resulting in death . in addition , coral reefs are under pressure from a range of localised threats including human development , destructive fishing practices , pollution , sedimentation , disease and invasive species ( 1 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) .\nreef coral reproduction in the eastern pacific : costa rica , panam\u00e1 , and gal\u00e1pagos islands ( ecuador ) . ii . poritidae\nthe cynarina sp ( commonly known as a button coral ) species is known to be peaceful towards other invertebrates and fish .\nis fairly easy through fragmenting . coral farmers may use sexual reproduction to propagate in the future , as it has been successful .\nerez j , reynaud s , silverman j , schneider k , allemand d ( 2011 ) coral calcification under ocean acidification and global change . in : stambler n , dubinsky z , editors . coral reefs : an ecosystem in transition : springer . 552p .\nstudy sites at votua , vatu - o - lailai , and namada villages along the coral coast of viti levu , fiji .\naverage daily calcification rate during the first and the second half of the experiment for ( a , b ) acropora millepora , ( c , d ) pocillopora damicornis , ( e , f ) montipora monasteriata , and ( g , h ) turbinaria reniformis .\n385 to 425 ppm . if a large poly stony ( lps ) coral does not have enough calcium , it will not grow .\nthin disk coral colony plate - like thin ( 0 . 2 - 0 . 5cm ) shaped into a cup or inverted cone .\nthis zooxanthellae ; or photosynthetic algae ; provides the coral with food ; but only if there is enough light absorbed through the polyps .\nlike other colony - forming corals , turbinaria bifrons colonies are composed of numerous small polyps , which are soft - bodied animals , related to anemones . each polyp bears numerous tentacles that direct food into a central mouth , where it is digested in a sac - like body cavity . one of the most remarkable and ecologically important features of corals is that the polyps secrete a hard skeleton , called a \u201ccorallite\u201d , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising a thin , often colourful , veneer . in turbinaria bifrons , colonies initially form flat , solid plates , but as the coral develops , many sheet - like , wavy fronds grow upwards from this foundation . the polyps , which are found on both sides of these fronds , form small conical projections , which may be coloured grey , green or brown ( 3 ) .\n( a ) percentage of individual corals in contact with macroalgae ( letters indicate significant groupings ) and ( b ) the proportion of coral colony perimeter ( for 5 common coral species pooled ) in contact with macroalgae . numbers provide sample sizes for pooled samples at each location ( data by coral type available in fig . s1 ) . letters indicate significant groupings ( p < 0 . 001 for all contrasts ) .\nchou , l . m . , 1998 . a guide to the coral reef life of singapore . singapore science centre . 128 pages .\njohannes re , wiebe wj ( 1970 ) a method for determination of coral tissue biomass and composition . limnology and oceanography 21 : 540\u2013547 .\ndonner sd ( 2009 ) coping with commitment : projected thermal stress on coral reefs under different future scenarios . plos one 4 : e5712 .\nfrequency of coral - macroalgal contacts were 5\u201315 times greater in non - mpas versus mpas ( p < 0 . 001 for all comparisons ,\nthe favities spp ( another species that is commonly known as a brain coral ) is one of the few aggressive species recommended for beginners .\nthe proportion of the perimeter of coral colonies in contact with macroalgae inside and outside mpas was compared for each of the three sites with two - way anova ( with site and protection status as fixed factors ) . for each site , two comparisons were done : 1 ) considering each coral species separately , and 2 ) pooling all coral species within the same study site . data were arcsine transformed to meet normality assumptions .\nnumber of contacts ( % ) of 7 scleractinian coral species with 5 macroalgal species inside ( mpa ) and outside ( non - mpa ) marine protected areas in three study sites in fiji . n = number of colonies surveyed in each study location as a function of coral species .\nsexual reproduction of the solitary sunset cup coral leptopsammia pruvoti ( scleractinia : dendrophylliidae ) in the mediterranean . 1 . morphological aspects of gametogenesis and ontogenesis\nmarubini f , atkinson mj ( 1999 ) effects of lowered ph and elevated nitrate on coral calcification . marine ecology progress series 188 : 117\u2013121 .\nrodrigues lj , grottoli ag ( 2007 ) energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching . limnology and oceanography 52 : 1874\u20131882 .\none of many from the turbinaria genus , the peltata species is also known as the pagoda cup coral . they are big eaters ! this video shows a well fed specimen as shown by it ' s many polyps . the better fed , the more polyps appear . fragging is best done with a band or electric saw for an even cut . this is one of the best beginner corals , yet it is cherished by intermediate and advanced aquarists alike .\nthe pagoda coral is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\ncolonies were observed spawning , no other scleractinian coral species were seen spawning at the same time . only two species were observed spawning on the same nights as\nhas not been monitored but as a shallow water coral it is affected by these factors . it has a wide range but is an uncommon species and the\ncoral calcification has been predicted to decrease dramatically by the end of this century , thus threatening the existence of coral reefs in the future . although the response of coral calcification is not uniform across species , most studies have found that calcification decreases with increasing seawater p co 2 [ 75 ] \u2013 [ 77 ] . here , we show that only one of the four pacific coral species studied here decreased calcification in response to average ocean acidification levels expected by the second half of this century ( 741 \u00b5atm ) , even when combined with elevated temperature ( + 2 . 5\u00b0c ) . further , we investigated for the first time the effects of oa on coral energy reserves and show that they were largely not metabolized in order to sustain calcification under elevated p co 2 and temperature .\nwhile , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 4 ) . the polyps ' tentacles , which in this species are mostly extended at night , contain stinging cells called \u201cnematocysts\u201d that trap the drifting zooplankton , directing it into the central mouth , which also acts as an anus to excrete waste products after digestion ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . neighbouring polyps within a turbinaria bifrons colony are linked by small tubes that distribute water and nutrients evenly , creating a similar rate of growth , and preventing competition for space ( 3 ) .\ncorals also have variations in their polyps . one side of any plate or column generally has polyps or at least tissue coverage . the color of the scrolling coral\npandolfi jm , connolly sr , marshall dj , cohen al ( 2011 ) projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification . science 333 : 418\u2013422 .\nthe lobophyllia sp ( another species that is commonly known as a brain coral ) is a magnificent , bright orange species that is semi - aggressive as well .\nmuscatine l , mccloskey lr , marian re ( 1981 ) estimating the daily contribution of carbon from zooxanthellae to coral animal respiration . limnology and oceanography 26 : 601\u2013611 .\ndove s , ortiz j - c , enriquez s , fine m , fisher p , et al . ( 2006 ) response of holosymbiont pigments from the scleractinian coral\nlesser mp ( 2013 ) using energetic budgets to assess the effects of environmental stress on corals : are we measuring the right things ? coral reefs 32 : 25\u201333 .\ntrotter j , montagna p , mcculloch mt , silenzi s , reynaud s , et al . ( 2011 ) quantifying the ph \u2018vital effect\u2019 in the temperate zooxanthellate coral\nspecific conservation measures recommended for this species include carrying out extensive studies of its population , biology , and ecology , along with more research into existing and potential threats . in response to the threat of climate change , artificial propagation and preservation of sperm and eggs may become necessary to safeguard turbinaria bifrons against complete extinction ( 1 ) .\nhas calices ( opening of the corallite ) that are 3 to 5 mm in diameter , so they are most often grouped as an lps coral . others , such as the\nwe thank e . zebrowski , m . berzelis , m . ringwald , s . levas , and the staff at reef systems coral farm for their field and laboratory support .\ncantin ne , cohen al , karnauskas kb , tarrant am , mccorkle dc ( 2010 ) ocean warming slows coral growth in the central red sea . science 329 : 322\u2013325 .\nturbinaria bifrons is capable of both asexual reproduction , whereby the polyps proliferate through the production of clones , and by sexual reproduction , in which the polyps spawn large numbers of sperm and eggs . the fertilised eggs develop into planktonic larvae , which travel through the water column , before settling and metamorphosing into a sessile polyp ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe second experiment assessed coral recovery after removal of allelopathic macroalgae . thirty colonies of pocillopora damicornis and 30 of porites lobata showing damage due to contact with galaxaura filamentosa were located , and 15 of each species assigned to : ( 1 ) macroalgal removal or ( 2 ) macroalgal retention ( control ) . each coral was photographed periodically over 42 days to determine coral condition . change in area damaged was assessed using image j . living corals in contact with c hlorodesmis fastigiata were rare at this site , preventing an experiment with this species .\na live rock / reef environment with a sandy substrate is what is needed for your scroll coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . a mature tank is recommended .\na live rock / reef environment with a sandy substrate is what is needed for your turban coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . a mature tank is recommended .\nchan ncs , connolly sr ( 2012 ) sensitivity of coral calcification to ocean acidification : a meta - analysis . global change biology : doi : 10 . 1111 / gcb . 12011\nwe used a range of coral colony sizes in our experiments . to assess whether we might be confounding treatments with colony size effects , we ran a one way anova for each of the five coral species using treatments ( chlorodesmis fastigiata , galaxaura filamentosa , control alga 1 , control alga 2 , no alga ) as fixed factors and colony size as the variable .\ncoral cay conservation l ( 2005 ) fisheries resource assessment report for the korolevu - i - wai - qoliqoli , viti levu . suva : university of south pacific . 68 p .\nmiththapala , s . ( 2008 ) coral reefs . coastal ecosystems series ( volume 1 ) . ecosystems and livelihoods group asia , iucn , colombo , sri lanka . available at : urltoken\nnakamura m , ohki s , suzuki a , sakai k ( 2011 ) coral larvae under ocean acidification : survival , metabolism , and metamorphosis . public library of science one 6 : e14521\nthere are a few sps corals ( small polyp stony corals ) that are also recommended for beginning enthusiasts , but these require a lot more care than their large polyp stony coral relatives .\ncaulastrea furcata is a pretty peace - loving coral ; i haven\u2019t seen it battle with other species for nutrients and space , but it does need to be fed frequently to grow well .\nsix parent colonies of acropora millepora , pocillopora damicornis , montipora monasteriata , and turbinaria reniformis were purchased from reef systems coral farm ( new albany , ohio , usa ) which is a cites permit holder . the parent colonies were specifically collected for this experiment from 3\u201310 m in northwest fiji ( 17\u00b029\u203219\u2033s , 177\u00b023\u203239\u2033e ) in april 2011 . colonies of the same species were collected at least 10 m apart to increase the probability that different genotypes of the same species were selected . all colonies were shipped to reef systems coral farm and maintained in recirculating indoor aquaria with natural light ( greenhouse , 700\u20131000 \u00b5mol quanta m \u22122 s \u22121 ) and commercially available artificial seawater ( instant ocean reef crystals ) for 2 . 5 months until the start of the experiment .\nhowever , maintaining energy reserves and tissue biomass under ocean acidification does have crucial implications for other aspects of coral health and resistance to stressors such as coral bleaching . for example , maintenance of lipid concentrations may enable corals to maintain their reproductive output [ 98 ] , even under future oa and warming . this may be critical considering that many other processes involved in coral reproduction such as fertilization , settlement success , and metamorphosis are compromised under oa [ 99 ] , [ 100 ] . furthermore , maintenance of energy reserves has been shown to be associated with higher resistance to coral bleaching and to promote recovery from bleaching [ 46 ] , [ 49 ] , which could prove critical as bleaching events will increase in frequency over the coming decades [ 101 ] .\nloya y , sakai k , yamazato k , nakan y , sambali h , et al . ( 2001 ) coral bleaching : the winners and the losers . ecology letters 4 : 122\u2013131 .\nthe polyps of the turban coral are big and frilly , covering the underlying skeleton so well that the coral almost looks furry . they use their polyps to capture and eat larger foods . a coral you may see at the stores may not have as many polyps , due to lack of feeding , yet they are still quite large as far as the polyp is concerned and easy to identify . the polyps also use mucus secretions to both capture food and get rid of waste . their colors can be brown , yellow , gray , and greenish gray blue with some cream . .\nare found in the indo - pacific ocean , indian ocean , eastern africa and around australia in the great barrier reef , coral sea , lord howe island , solitary islands , and cape naturaliste .\nnr indicates the eilat coral nature reserve , iui the interuniversity institute of marine sciences in eilat , and mss the marine science station in aqaba . the map was drawn using adobe illustrator cs 6 .\nhuge thanks to carolina aquatics for parting with this coral for a reasonable price , and as an intact colony showing all the species\u2019 characteristics . the two - face t . bifrons is not likely to win any beauty contests against \u201cdesigner corals\u201d but we will do our best to ensure that this strain lives on in the aquarium hobby so that the diehard stony coral junkies can partake of it in the future .\nhoegh - guldberg o , mumby pj , hooten aj , steneck r , greenfield p , et al . ( 2007 ) coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification . science 318 : 1737\u20131742 .\njokiel pl , rodgers ks , kuffner ib , andersson aj , cox ef , et al . ( 2008 ) ocean acidification and calcifying reef organisms : a mesocosm investigation . coral reefs 27 : 473\u2013483 .\nrelationship between colony size , as projected surface area ( cm 2 ) , vs . damage size ( cm 2 ) of five coral species after 49 days of contact with chlorodesmis fastigiata or galaxaura filamentosa .\nthe caulastrea furcata ( commonly known as a candy cane coral ) is a little less flashy than some of the other corals , ranging from tan to pale orange in color , and being rather small .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nkleypas j , buddemeier rw , archer d , gattuso j - p , langdon c , et al . ( 1999 ) geochemical consequences of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on coral reefs . science 284 : 118\u2013120 .\nmcculloch mt , falter j , trotter j , montagna p ( 2012 ) coral resilience to ocean acidification and global warming through ph up - regulation . nature climate change : doi : 10 . 1038 / nclimate1473\ngodinot c , houlbreque f , grover r , ferrier - pages c ( 2011 ) coral uptake of inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen negatively affected by simultaneous changes in temperature and ph . plos one 6 : e25024 .\nfitt wk , mcfarland fk , warner me , chilcoat gc ( 2000 ) seasonal patterns of tissue biomass and densities of symbiotic dinoflagellates in reef corals and relation to coral bleaching . limnology and oceanography 45 : 677\u2013685 .\nanthony krn , hoogenboom mo , maynard jf , grottoli ag , middlebrook r ( 2009 ) energetics approach to predicting mortality risk from environmental stress : a case study of coral bleaching . functional ecology 23 : 539\u2013550 .\nalthough still widespread and common throughout its range ( 1 ) , turbinaria mesenterina is likely to face similar threats to other reef - building corals , around a third of which are now threatened with extinction ( 10 ) . in addition , this species is collected for the aquarium trade ( 1 ) , and has recently been affected by an infectious disease known as australian subtropical white syndrome in waters around australia ( 12 ) . however , it has been shown to be relatively tolerant of sedimentation , suggesting that increased sedimentation , associated with erosion and increased storm activity , is less likely to pose a threat than in many other coral species ( 13 ) .\nmadsen a . , madin j . s . , tan c . - h . & baird a . h . the reproductive biology of the scleractinian coral plesiastrea versipora in sydney harbour , australia . ( 2014 ) .\nhumann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nfabricius ke , langdon c , uthicke s , humphrey c , noonan s , et al . ( 2011 ) losers and winners on coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations . nature climate change 1 : 165\u2013169 .\nthis is the first comprehensive study of the reproductive biology of turbinaria reniformis , a gonochoric ( dioecious ) broadcast spawner in the northern red sea . data collected throughout the study ( 2003\u20132009 and 2014\u20132015 ) indicate a clear periodic pattern of annual reproduction , with a cycle lasting 11\u201312 months . however , evidence of the first recognizable stages as early as may and june of 2014 ( although negligible in numbers ) may suggest an even longer cycle .\nrodolfo - metalpa r , houlbreque f , tambutte e , boisson f , baggini c , et al . ( 2011 ) coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming . nature climate change 1 : 308\u2013312 .\nturbinaria reniformis reproduces annually with spermatogenesis succeeding oogenesis . the earliest conspicuously discernible female gametes ( stage i ) appeared in september 2014 ( fig . 3a ) , indicating the onset of gametogenesis , and in 2015 were first seen in august . thus , the oogenic cycle is presumed to last between 11\u201312 months . however , stage i was also observed as early as may and june 2014 and may 2015 in negligible numbers ( only one or two oocytes ) .\neffects of transplanting algae against corals were evaluated with repeated measures anova , with two between - subject fixed factors ( coral species , algal species ) . because all control colonies exhibited no damage , controls were excluded from this analysis . data were square root transformed to meet assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity . to evaluate relationships between coral colony size and size of damage from algal contact , we used spearman ' s rank correlation because data did not meet normality assumptions .\nlangdon c , takahashi t , sweeney c , chipman d , goddard j , et al . ( 2000 ) effect of calcium carbonate saturation state on the calcification rate of an experimental coral reef . global biogeochemical cycles 14 : 639\u2013654 .\nalthough parts of this species\u2019 range fall within marine protected areas ( 1 ) , including the great barrier reef , off the coast of australia ( 14 ) , many of these areas do not receive adequate enforcement ( 9 ) , and currently less than half a percent of all marine habitats are protected ( 15 ) . international trade in turbinaria mesenterina should be regulated by its listing on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 2 ) .\nthere is a lot of research involved in putting together a well balanced , healthy salt water coral aquarium . this list is just a helpful starting point for those who have enough knowledge that they\u2019re prepared to just jump right in and get started .\ncommon reproductive traits often span genera and even families 1 , 14 , with the dendrophylliidae family being predominately gonochoric 23 , 36 . all available reports within the genera show turbinaria to be uniform in both reproductive mode and sexuality : t . frondens , t . mesenterina , t . stellulata and t . reniformis are gonochoric spawners and t . bifrons , t . peltata , and t . radicalis are broadcast spawners , with sexuality ( hermaphroditism or gonochorism ) unknown 5 , 10 , 14 , 30 .\nanthony krn , kline di , diaz - pulido g , dove s , hoegh - guldberg o ( 2008 ) ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa 105 : 17442\u201317446 .\nby some second nature we instinctively knew we were looking at a nice spread of corals hailing from darwin in west australia \u2013 this ecoregion is home to such coral hits as wild acropora solitaryensis , tricolor micromussa and the jaw - dropping branching favites complanata . even the chalice corals from darwin look really distinctive and carolina aquatics had a boat load of them , but the real treasure in the bunch was a dark brown semi - erect growing stony coral that at first glanced resembled a medium branched species of pavona .\nanthony , k . r . n . , hoogenboom , m . o . and connolly , s . r . ( 2005 ) adaptive variation in coral geometry and the optimization of internal colony light climates . functional ecology , 19 : 17 - 26 .\nalthough tissue biomass and energy reserves are important indicators of coral health [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] and play a significant role in promoting resilience to bleaching [ 49 ] , no studies to date have measured all three energy reserve pools ( i . e . , lipid , protein , and carbohydrate ) under oa conditions at elevated temperature . while protein concentrations were either unaffected [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] or increased in response to elevated p co 2 alone [ 13 ] , [ 50 ] , the effects of oa , or oa plus elevated temperature , on coral lipids and carbohydrates are unknown . studies specifically addressing all three energy reserve pools are needed to get a better understanding of how oa affects coral energetics and their overall resistance to future climate change .\nin contrast , calcification rates of turbinaria reniformis during both first and second half of the experiment ( fig . 2g\u2013h , table s1 ) did not respond to changes in seawater temperature ( p = 0 . 45 and 0 . 17 ) or p co 2 ( p = 0 . 36 and 0 . 09 ) . notably , the two plating species ( m . monasteriata and t . reniformis ) calcified more than twice as fast as the two branching species ( a . millepora and p . damicornis ) .\nhas smaller polyps with calices ( opening of the corallite ) that are only 1 . 5 to 2 mm diameter . yet they are most often grouped as an lps corals , though you can find it occasionally listed as an sps coral . either way , the\nconservation measures recommended for corals include further research , expansion of marine protected areas , disease and parasite management , artificial propagation techniques , and fisheries management ( 1 ) ( 9 ) ( 11 ) . it will also be important to monitor the effect of collection of turbinaria mesenterina for the aquarium trade , particularly in indonesia , the largest exporter ( 1 ) , while mechanical removal of diseased colony margins may provide a method for minimising the effects of disease on the species , albeit on a fairly local scale ( 12 ) .\ngenus . the corallites of its skeletal structure are knobby as opposed to an ' ant hill ' tubular type , and they are close together . its polyps are big and frilly , covering the underlying skeleton so well that the coral almost looks furry . a coral you may see at the stores may not have as many polyps , due to lack of feeding , yet they are still quite large making it easy to identify . after feeding as needed , the polyp numbers will exploded , making it one of your favorite corals .\nwillis b . , babcock r . , harrison p . , oliver j . & wallace c . patterns in the mass spawning of corals on the great barrier reef from 1981 to 1984 in proc . 5th int . coral reef symp . 343\u2013348 ( 1985 ) ."]}
{"id": 2265, "summary": [{"text": "goniobranchus loringi is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was transferred from chromodoris to goniobranchus in 2012 . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "goniobranchus loringi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : goniobranchus loringi ( g . f . angas , 1864 ) - id : 5496000051\nto encyclopedia of life ( from synonym chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) )\nspecies chromodoris galactos rudman & s . johnson , 1985 accepted as goniobranchus galactos ( rudman & s . johnson , 1985 ) ( original combination )\nchromodoris loringi from port stephens , nsw from : l . & d . atkinson , october 27 , 2005\n( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 159 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society . 81 ( 2 ) : 115 - 273 . page ( s ) : 135 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 1983 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 78 : 105 - 173 . page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]\n( of chromodoris loringi ( angas , 1864 ) ) rudman , w . b . ( 1987 ) . the chromodorididae ( ophistobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicura , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society . 90 ( 3 ) : 305 - 407 . page ( s ) : 341 [ details ]\n( of goniodoris loringi angas , 1864 ) angas , g . f . ( 1864 ) description d\u00b4esp\u00e8ces nouvelles appartenant \u00e0 plusiurs genres de mollusques nudibranches des environs de port - jackson ( nouvelle - galles du sud ) , accompagn\u00e9e de dessins faits d\u00b4apr\u00e8s nature . journal de conchyliologie , series 3 , 12 : 43 - 70 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 52 - 53 , plate 4 , figure 11 [ details ]\nt . 12 = ser . 3 : t . 4 ( 1864 ) - journal de conchyliologie . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper : solitary is . , northern new south wales , april 1987 . lower : close - up of left side of head showing yellow dendritic mantle glands . photos : bill rudman .\nthere are many red and orange - spotted species of chromodorid in new south wales and southeastern australia . i have discussed this example of mimicry on a separate page .\nreferences : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1983a ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris splendida , c . aspersa and hypselodoris placida colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 78 : 105 - 173 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , ( t . e . thompson memorial issue ) : 5 - 21 .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken\neditor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na . \u2018phylogenetic scenario\u2019 for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s \u2018 chromodoris group\u2019 in red , \u2018 hypselodoris group\u2019 in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .\nnew collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .\nthe goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .\nin this study and a companion study [ 28 ] , thanks to targeted collecting trips , dedicated collectors and dna extracted from museum collections , we were able to include specimens from throughout the indo - pacific ( ip ) , the eastern pacific ( ep ) and west atlantic ( wa ) ( figure 2 and table s1 ) . we use the term indo - pacific to define the biogeographic region including the tropical and subtropical regions of the indian ocean ( from the red sea to the east coast of south africa ) and both the western and central pacific , but not the tropical eastern pacific [ 40 ] . museum collections are an invaluable resource for biodiversity studies [ 41 ] . we have found existing natural history collections can reduce the need for additional collecting . our study , combined with data from [ 28 ] and genbank , is unique in its wide taxonomic and geographic sampling . because we have included both the type species of every genus and additional species of all 14 of the non - monotypic genera , we can test the monophyly every genus in the family ( table s1 ) .\nthe majority of the specimens used in this study are part of the california academy of sciences invertebrate zoology ( casiz ) collection . we had the permission of casiz to take tissue samples from specimens for dna analysis . as stated in the casiz collections policy : \u2018no specimens will be accessioned without adequate labeling , collection notes , field notes , or other locality information , nor without appropriate legal documentation ( collecting permits , export permits from country of origin , etc . ) when applicable . \u2019 we also included dna extracted for five specimens currently deposited in the museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( paris museum ) and the western australian museum . these tissues samples were collected during joint field trips under the agreement that the tissue could be sequenced at the california academy of sciences , while the specimens would remain at the respective museum . all other data used is from genbank or the moorea biocode database .\nmost of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70\u201375 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .\nthe cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 \u00b5l reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5\u20132 \u00b5l of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 reaction buffer , . 5 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 \u00b5l\u20130 . 75 \u00b5l of big dye and water to 10 \u00b5l . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler\u2122 thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 \u00b5l of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94\u00b0c in 13\u201315 \u00b5l of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .\nwe assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .\nwe tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .\nsequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .\nthe figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .\ncoi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .\nthis data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .\nthe two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .\ncadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]\nthe only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schr\u00f6dl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .\nverconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the \u2018noumea sensu stricto\u2019 and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .\ntype species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )\nthe glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the \u2018 glossodoris pallida subgroup\u2019 . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .\nlissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )\ncasella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )\nspecies included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthis name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .\nchromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nchromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )\nthese exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species \u2018felimida\u2019 . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .\nthe ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]\nthis clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .\ntype species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .\nthe diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthe miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthis clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .\nthe miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .\nthe ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthe felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and vald\u00e9s [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .\nthe thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .\nthis clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .\nspecies of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .\nin future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .\nin summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .\nthis new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u201cpublic library of science\u201d .\ntable of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .\nnew classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .\nbayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .\nbayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .\nconceived and designed the experiments : rfj tmg . performed the experiments : rfj . analyzed the data : rfj . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : tmg . wrote the paper : rfj . conceptualized and wrote the new classification : tmg rfj .\nedmunds m ( 1981 ) opishtobranchiate mollusca from ghana : chromodorididae . zoological journal of the linnean society 71 : 175\u2013201 .\nspecies ( gastropoda : nudibranchia ) ultrastructure and chemical analysis of mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) . marine biology 106 : 245\u2013250 .\n( opisthobranchia , chromodorididae ) . journal of molluscan studies 72 ( 2 ) : 214\u2013216 .\nrudman wb , berquist pr ( 2007 ) a review of feeding specificity in the sponge - feeding chromodorididae ( nudibranchia : mollusca ) . molluscan research 27 ( 2 ) : 60\u201388 .\nfaulkner dj , ghiselin mt ( 1983 ) chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods . marine ecology progress series 13 : 295\u2013301 .\navila c ( 1995 ) natural products of opisthobranch molluscs : a biological review . oceanography and marine biology annual review 33 : 487\u2013559 .\ncimino g , fontana a , gavagnin m ( 1999 ) marine opisthobranch molluscs : chemistry and ecology in sacoglossans and dorids . current organic chemistry 3 : 327\u2013372 .\nnudibranchs illuminate the protective role of their dorsal horn . chemoecology 15 : 31\u201336 .\ncimino g , ghiselin mt ( 2009 ) chemical defense and the evolution of opistobranch gastropods . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 60 ( 10 ) : 175\u2013422 .\ngosliner tm , behrens d ( 1990 ) special resemblance , aposematic coloration and mimicry in opisthobranch gastropods . in : wicksten m , editor . symposium on the adaptive significance of color in invertebrates . sponsored by the american society of zoologists . college station : texas a . & m . university press . pp . 127\u2013138 .\nrudman wb ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 5\u201321 .\n( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) with a review of the monophyletic clade of indo - pacific species , including descriptions of twelve new species . zoological journal of the linnean society 125 : 1\u2013125 .\ngosliner tm ( 2001 ) aposematic coloration and mimicry in opisthobranch mollusks : new phylogenetic and experimental data . bollettino malacologico 37 : 163\u2013170 .\ncortesi f , cheney kl ( 2010 ) conspicuousness is correlated with toxicity in marine opisthobranchs . journal of evolutionary biology 23 : 1509\u20131518 .\nwilson ng ( 2002 ) egg masses of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) . malacologia 44 ( 2 ) : 289\u2013306 .\n( mollusca : nudibranchia ) and the identification of a planar spawning clade . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 36 : 722\u2013727 .\nlee wl , devaney dm , emerson wk , ferris vr , hart cw jr , et al . ( 1978 ) resources in invertebrate systematics . american zoologist 18 : 167\u2013185 .\nknowlton n ( 1993 ) sibling species in the sea . annual review of ecology and systematics 24 : 189\u2013216 .\nknowlton n , jackson jbc ( 1994 ) new taxonomy and niche partitioning on coral reefs : jack of all trades or master of some ? trends in ecology and evolution 9 : 7\u20139 .\ncommittee on biological diversity in marine systems , national research council ( 1995 ) understanding marine biodiversity . national academy of sciences .\nvald\u00e9s \u00e1 ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids ( mollusca , nudibranchia , anthobranchia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 136 : 535\u2013636 .\nbrooks dr , mclennan da ( 1991 ) phylogeny , ecology and behavior : a research program in comparative biology . 434 p . the university of chicago press . chicago , illinois .\nwilliams dm , kociolek jp ( 2007 ) pursuit of a natural classification of diatoms : history , monophyly and the rejection of paraphyletic taxale . european journal of phycology 42 ( 3 ) : 313\u2013319 .\nrudman wb ( 1984 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society 81 : 115\u2013273 .\nturner lm , wilson ng ( 2008 ) polyphyly across oceans : a molecular phylogeny of the chromodorididae ( mollusca , nudibranchia ) . zoologica scripta 37 : 23\u201342 .\njohnson rf ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137\u2013157 .\n( nudibranchia : chromorididae ) , with descriptions of two new species . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 49 ( 3 ) : 115\u2013126 .\ncolour group ( mollusca , nudibranchia , chromodorididae ) , with remarks on the genus brachychlanis ehrenberg , 1831 . journal of natural history 35 : 1371\u20131398 .\nstimpson , 1855 ( nudibranchia , chromodorididae ) with the description of a new species from the caribbean sea . journal of molluscan studies 72 : 189\u2013198 .\nthollesson m ( 1999 ) phylogenetic analysis of dorid nudibranchs ( gastropoda : doridacea ) using the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene . journal of molluscan studies 65 : 335\u2013353 .\nthollesson m ( 2000 ) increasing fidelity in parsimony analysis of dorid nudibranchs by differential weighting , or a tale of two genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 16 : 161\u2013172 .\nwollscheid e , w\u00e4gele h ( 1999 ) initial results on the molecular phylogeny of the nudibranchia ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) based on 18s rdna data . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 13 : 215\u2013226 .\nwollscheid - lengeling e , boore j , brown w , w\u00e4gele h ( 2001 ) the phylogeny of nudibranchia ( opisthobranchia , gastropoda , mollusca ) reconstructed by three molecular markers . organisms , diversity and evolution 1 : 241\u2013256 .\ngrande c , templado j , cervera jl , zardoya r ( 2004a ) molecular phylogeny of euthyneura ( mollusca : gastopoda ) . molecular biology and evolution 21 : 303\u2013313 .\ngrande c , templado j , cervera jl , zardoya r ( 2004b ) phylogenetic relationships among opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) based on mitochondrial cx1 , trnv , and rrnl genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 33 : 378\u2013388 .\ngosliner tm , draheim r ( 1996 ) indo - pacific opisthobranch gastropod biogeography : how do we know what we don ' t know . american malacological bulletin 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 37\u201343 .\ndebelius h ( 1998 ) nudibranchs and sea slugs - indo - pacific field guide . ikan - unterwasserarchiv . frankfurt .\ngosliner tm , behrens dw , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 ( 2008 ) indo pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs . 425 p . sea challengers / california academy of sciences .\nbaker rj ( 1994 ) some thoughts on conservation , biodiversity , museums , molecular characters , systematics and basic research . journal of mammalogy 75 ( 2 ) : 277\u2013287 .\nmedina m , walsh pj ( 2000a ) molecular systematics of the order anaspidea based on mitochondrial dna sequence ( 12s , 16s and coi ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 15 : 41\u201358 .\n) from populations of the coast of california and the sea of cortez . marine biotechnology 2 : 449\u2013455 .\nfolmer o , black m , hoeh w , lutz r , vrijenhoek r ( 1994 ) dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . molecular marine biology and biotechnology 3 : 294\u2013299 .\npalumbi s , martin a , romano s , mcmillan wo , stice l , et al . ( 1996 ) the simple fool ' s guide to pcr , version 2 . 0 . hawaii : department of zoology and kewalo marine laboratory , university of hawaii .\nmaddison dr , maddison wp ( 2005 ) macclade version 4 . 08 . sinauer asssociates .\nedgar rc ( 2004 ) muscle : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput . nucleic acids research 32 ( 5 ) : 1792\u20131797 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4 . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts .\nnylander jaa ( 2004 ) mrmodeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university . available :\nhuelsenbeck jp , ronquist f ( 2001 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees . bioinformatics 17 : 754\u2013755 .\nronquist a , huelsenbeck jp ( 2003 ) mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models . bioinformatics 19 : 1572\u20131574 .\nnylander jaa , ronquist f , huelsenbeck jp , nieves - aldrey jl ( 2004 ) bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data . systematic biology 53 : 47\u201367 .\nrambaut a , drummond aj ( 2007 ) tracer v1 . 4 , available from tracer website available :\nfelsenstein j ( 2001 ) the troubled growth of statistical phylogenetics . systematic biology 50 : 465\u2013467 .\nfelsenstein j ( 2004 ) a digression on history and philosophy . in : felsenstein j , editor . inferring phylogenies . pp . 123\u2013146 . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .\nfranz nm ( 2005 ) on the lack of good scientific reasons for the growing phylogeny classification gap . cladistics 21 : 495\u2013500 .\ninternational commisson of zoological nomenclature ( 2000 ) international code of zoological nomenclature . fourth edition . the international trust for zoological nomenclature c / o the natural history museum london , united kingdom . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi jp , fr\u00fdda j , hausdorf b , ponder w , et al . ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1\u20132 ) : 1\u2013397 .\ninternational society for phylogenetic nomenclature ( 2010 ) the phylocode . version 4c . available :\ndayrat b , gosliner tm ( 2005 ) species names and metaphyly : a case study in discodorididae ( mollusca , gastropoda , euthyneura , nudibranchia , doridina ) . zoologica scripta 34 ( 2 ) : 199\u2013224 .\ngray je ( 1857 ) guide to the systematic distribution of mollusca in the british musuem . part 1 . london taylor and francis .\nthiele j ( 1931 ) hanbuch der systematischen weichtierkinde : 431 . jena : fischer .\nrisbec j ( 1928 ) contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des nudibranchs n\u00e9o cal\u00e9doniens . faune des colonies francaises 2 : 328 .\nodhner nhj ( 1934 ) the nudibranchiata . british antarctic ( \u201cterra nova\u201d ) expedition , 1910 . british museum of natural history report zoology 7 ( 5 ) : 229\u2013310 , pls . 1\u20133 p 251 .\nbertsch h ( 1977 ) the chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the pacific coast of america - part i . investigative methods and supra - specific taxonomy . veliger 20 : 107\u2013118 .\nbergh lsr ( 1898 ) die opisthobranchiata der sammlung plate . fauna chilensis . zoologische jahrbucher suppl . 4 : 481\u2013582 .\nortea ja ( 1988 ) molluscos opisthobranquios del archipelago de cabo verde : chromodorididae . publica\u00e7\u00f5es ocasionais da sociedade portuguesa de malacologia 11 : 1\u201316 .\nbergh , 1898 ( opisthobranchia : chromodorididae ) from patagonia , argentina . journal of molluscan studies 62 ( 3 ) : 265\u2013273 .\nbergh , 1898 ( doridoidea : chromodorididae ) . journal of natural history 35 : 1143\u20131171 .\nbaba k ( 1937 ) opisthobranchia of japan 2 . journal of the department of agriculture kyushu imperial university 5 ( 7 ) : 289\u2013344 .\npruvot - fol a ( 1931 ) notes de systematique sur le opisthobranches . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 ) : 309\u2013310 .\nbasedow h , hedley c ( 1905 ) south australian nudibranchs and an enumeration of the known australian species . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of south australia 29 : 134\u2013160 .\nehrenberg cg ( 1831 ) symbolae physicae seu incones et descriptions animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per agricam borealem et asiam occidentalem . decas 1 mollusca .\n, h . a . adams ) . zoological journal of linnean society 86 : 101\u2013184 .\npease wh ( 1866 ) remarks on nudibranchiata inhabiting the pacific islands , with descriptions of two new genera . american journal of conchology 2 ( 3 ) : 204\u2013208 .\ncheeseman tf ( 1881 ) on some new species of nudibranchiate mollusca . transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 13 : 222\u2013224 .\nd ' orbigny a ( 1839 ) mollusques , echinoderms , foraminiferes et polypiers , recueillis aux iles canaries par mm . webb et berthelot et decrits par alcide d ' obrigny . mollusques - 1 2 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013117 , pls 1\u201376 .\nherrmannsen an ( 1847 ) indicus generum malacozoorum primordial . vol . 1 . cassellis .\nadams h , adams a ( 1858 ) the genera of the recent mollusca , vol . 2 . london : van voorst .\nmarcus ev , marcus er ( 1967 ) american opisthobranch mollusks . studies in tropical oceanography 6 : 1\u2013256 , pl . 1 .\nmarcus e ( 1971 ) on some euthyneuran gastropods from the indian and pacific oceans . proceedings of the malacological society , london 39 : 355\u2013369 .\nalder j , hancock a ( 1855 ) monograph of the british nudibranciate mollusca . appendix . london . ray society .\nquoy jr , gaimard jp ( 1832 ) voyage de decouvertes de l ' astrolabe pendant les annees 1826\u20131829 sous le commendement de m . j . dumont d ' urville zoologie 2 : 1\u2013686 .\nbergh lsr ( 1891 ) die cryptobranchiaten dorididen . zoologische jahrbucher 6 : 103\u2013144 .\nbergh lsr ( 1874 ) neue nacktschnecken der s\u00fcdsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 2 . journal des museum godeffroy 2 ( 6 ) : 91\u2013116 , pls . 1\u20134 .\nbergh lsr ( 1875 ) neue nacktschnecken der s\u00fcdsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 3 . journal des museum godeffroy 3 ( 8 ) : 53\u2013100 ( 185\u2013232 ) , pls . 7\u201311 .\nbergh , 1875 ( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) in light of phylogenetic analysis . journal of molluscan studies 65 : 33\u201345 .\nadams a , reeve l ( 1850 ) mollusca , part 3 . the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang during the years 1843\u201346 . reeve , benham & reeve : london .\n( opisthobranchia : nudibranchia ) from tropical west america . the veliger 19 : 156\u2013158 .\nbergh lsr ( 1878 ) malacologische untersuchungen 13 . in : semper c , editor . reisen im archipel philippinen . pp . 495\u2013546 . wissenschaftliche resultate . vol . 2 , no . 2 .\nburn r ( 1961 ) a new doridid nudibranch from torquay , victoria . the veliger 4 : 55\u201356 , pl . 15 .\nstimpson w ( 1855 ) descriptions of some new marine invertebrates . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , 7 ( 10 ) : 385\u2013395 .\ngosliner tm , ghiselin mt ( 1984 ) parallel evolution in opishthobranch gastropods and its implications for phylogenetic methodology . systematic zoology 33 : 255\u2013274 .\n( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger 37 ( 2 ) : 155\u2013191 .\nortea j , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 , garcia - gomez jc ( 1996 ) review of the atlantic species of the family chromodorididae ( mollusca : nudibanchia ) of the blue chromatic group . avicennia supplement .\nmacfarland fm ( 1966 ) studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america memoirs of the california . academy of sciences 6 : 1\u2013546 .\nkirkendale la , meyer cp ( 2004 ) phylogeography of the patelloida profunda group ( gastropoda : lottidae ) : diversification in a dispersal - driven marine system . molecular ecology 13 : 2749\u20132762 .\nlatiolais jm , taylor ms , roy k , hellberg me ( 2006 ) a molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 : 436\u2013444 .\nfrey ma , vermeij gj ( 2008 ) molecular phylogenies and historical biogeography of a circumtropical group of gastropods ( genus : nerita ) : implications for regional diversity patterns on the marine tropics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48 : 1067\u20131086 .\nreid dg , dyal p , lozouet p , glaubrecht m , williams st ( 2008 ) mudwhelks and mangroves : the evolutionary history of an ecological association ( gastropoda : potamididae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 : 680\u2013699 .\nmalaquias mae , reid dg ( 2009 ) tethyan vicariance , relictualism and speciation : evidence from a global molecular phylogeny of the opisthobranch genus bulla . journal of biogeography 36 : 1760\u20131777 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\njohnson r . f . & gosliner t . m . ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nangas , g . f . ( 1864 ) description d\u00b4esp\u00e8ces nouvelles appartenant \u00e0 plusiurs genres de mollusques nudibranches des environs de port - jackson ( nouvelle - galles du sud ) , accompagn\u00e9e de dessins faits d\u00b4apr\u00e8s nature . journal de conchyliologie , series 3 , 12 : 43 - 70 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 52 - 53 , plate 4 , figure 11 [ details ]\npale pink body with red / orange spots and yellow margin to mantle . rhinophores have yellow tips\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\npermission is granted to copy , distribute and / or modify this document according to the terms in creative commons license , attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 . the full text of this license may be found here : cc by - sa 3 . 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nangas , g . f . 1864 ,\ndescription d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles appartenant \u00e0 plusieurs genres de mollusques nudibranches des environs de port jackson , ( nouvelles - galles du sud ) , accompagn\u00e9e de dessins faits d ' apr\u00e8s nature\n, journal de conchyliologie , vol . 12 , pp . 43\u201370\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3cfc9490 - ecfe - 4fc6 - a2a6 - 5bc2655281e1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ea5ea0fc - d5d2 - 47a7 - 8e23 - f566b7234d91\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 258dc67a - e6da - 4416 - ac59 - d735f56583bd\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 493866\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis species was described from port jackson , australia . it is endemic to south - eastern australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n, who used molecular data . additionally , most phylogenetic hypotheses of relationships in the chromodorid nudibranchs either focused on only one genus , or used genera , or one representative of a genus as terminal taxa . rudman\nused published data on the type species of each chromodorid genus in their preliminary phylogeny of the family . they did not include any other species to test the monophyly of any of the genera . vald\u00e9s\npresented the first molecular phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs . their study included fifty - six chromodorid species , the majority of which were from the eastern atlantic ( ea ) and eastern and southern australia , and for the first time , at least one species of each of the chromodorid genera . see\nfor all details on all specimen data used . they were the first to explicitly test the monophyly of most chromodorid genera . although , they were the first to find evidence for non - monophyly in\n, they found little support for major clades and did not propose any changes to current classifications . johnson\n) . we expand on this preliminary research and include more than one species from each genus ( except monotypic genera ) , and include for the first time , the type species of every chromodorid genus . the indo - pacific ( ip ) is home to the greatest diversity of chromodorid nudibranchs\n) . one of the main objectives of this work is to advance chromodorid systematics and to provide a phylogenetic framework with which our traditional use of morphological data can be examined .\n. we have found existing natural history collections can reduce the need for additional collecting . our study , combined with data from\nand genbank , is unique in its wide taxonomic and geographic sampling . because we have included both the type species of every genus and additional species of all 14 of the non - monotypic genera , we can test the monophyly every genus in the family (\nwe directly sequenced 142 specimens representing 106 species . we combined these new data with all available sequences on genbank (\n, but are not treated as new in the numbers of specimens sequenced for this study . in total , we analyzed data from 244 chromodorid specimens , four actinocyclid species and four additional dorid nudibranch species for a total of 165 species and 252 individual specimens . we used\n. the chromodorid species include at least one species from all of the genera currently classified in the family chromodorididae . the number of species included in this analysis compared to the number of described species per genus is as follows :\n( 1 / 1 ) ( s1 ) . all sequences taken from genbank are listed with gb following the species name . we also included coi sequence from two specimens from the moorea biocode project in our analyses (\n) . we have examined all of the new specimens included here and they are deposited in natural history museums , as indicated by catalog numbers . we never combined sequences from different individuals into chimeras representing one species ; specimens included in these analyses are treated as individuals .\nthe sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi (\n) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2\n: gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .\nthe complete data set included 1189 bases . the chromodorids are monophyletic ( pp = 0 . 94 ) . they are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids ( pp = 0 . 98 ) . a clade including both species of\nis sister to the rest of the chromodorids ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . the monophyletic\n( pp = 1 . 00 ) is poorly supported as sister to the main clade ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . there are two clades containing species of\n( pp = 1 . 00 and pp = 1 . 00 ) that form a polytomy with the clade of all of the remaining chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 85 ) . within the main clade of chromodorids , there is one very well supported clade , which includes all species of\n) . more detailed results found within each clade will be discussed below . there are three individual species and five clades of eastern pacific or atlantic species (\n) . the data set without variable regions included 1108 bases . there are only slight changes to the tree topology , including slight losses of support and changes to branching pattern in the species relationships within four clades containing species of\n. even though it is older than the name in current usage , chromodorididae , it had not been used in over fifty years . in the phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs , there are five basal clades :\n, and grade of clades . we will briefly introduce each clade and its member species in the context of a new classification for chromodorid nudibranchs (\nhypotheses of relationship . genera should only be used in this way if they are known to be monophyletic through phylogenetic analysis . there have been two classes of \u2018naming problems\u2019 in the nomenclatural history of the chromodorid nudibranchs . the first can be described as the novelty problem ( as described above ) , when unique or \u2018unclassifiable\u2019 species were discovered new genera we created to contain them\n. considering these genera as evolutionary units at the broad scale may not lead to mistakes , but at a finer scale , we may be missing the true origins of novelty or by grouping things that are superficially similar together we may miss repeated origins of diversity ( convergence ) . turner & wilson\nfor previous phylogenetic hypotheses ) . they found evidence for the non - monophyly of most chromodorid genera . the only genera they found to be monophyletic were"]}
{"id": 2285, "summary": [{"text": "ctenopharynx is a small genus of haplochromine cichlids from east africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "two of its species are endemic to lake malawi , while the third occurs in lake malawi and the upper reaches of the shire river . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ctenopharynx", "paragraphs": ["landmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp . \u201cheterodon nankhumba\u201d ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp . \u201cheterodon nankhumba\u201d ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi | springerlink\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp .\nheterodon nankhumba\n( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp .\nheterodon nankhumba\n( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi\nlandmark - based morphometric analysis of the body shape of two sympatric species , ctenopharynx pictus and otopharynx sp .\nheterodon nankhumba\n( teleostei : cichlidae ) , from lake malawi [ 2002 ]\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . ctenopharynx . p . 60 - 61 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4981 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi . it is know to have declined in the southern arms of the lake , probably due to the commercial trawl fishery , but is assumed to remain stable in all other parts of the lake where demersal trawling is absent .\nprefers shallow areas of sandy shores or habitats with a mud / silt substrate . it can also be found below 30 m . feeds on plankton . it is reported to have declined substantially in abundance in the southeastern arm of the lake south of boadzulu island due to the impact of demersal trawling in the area . known as\nhaplochromis nitidus\nin the aquarium trade\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : endemic to lake malawi . widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .\noccurs in sediment rich , rocky habitats at depths between 7\u201330 m . feeds on small invertebrates found in the sediment . known as\nhaplochromis pictus\nor\nhaplochromis nitidus\nin the aquarium trade .\ngreek , kteis , ktenos = comb + greek , pharyngx = pharynx ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom the latin\npictus\n= painted , coloured ( ref . 55925 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; depth range ? - 78 m ( ref . 55925 ) . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 9\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s\nafrica : endemic to lake malawi . occurs in monkey bay , nankumba , otter point , domwe and thumbi west islands and the north end of lake malawi .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4981 )\ndiagnosis : high number of gill - rakers on lower outer arch ( 32 - 38 ) ; long head , 35 . 6 - 40 . 6 % of standard length , and correlated with this a more posterior position of dorsal , pectoral and pelvic fins ; long premaxillary pedicel , 33 . 0 - 38 . 4 % head length ( ref . 55925 ) .\ninhabits rocky areas with a deposit of fine sediment ( ref . 267 , 55925 ) , but also found on soft - bottom habitats ( ref . 55925 ) . feeds on small invertebrates , mainly benthic copepods ( ref . 267 , 55925 ) obtained by sucking up the fine sediment and passing it over the gill - rakers ( ref . 267 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n, a distinctively marked member of the\nthree - spot\nassemblage which feeds on zooplankton . despite their diet , members of the genus\nspecies are utaka . photo copyright \u00a9 1997 by m . k . oliver .\nlast update : 22 october 2001 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\nacknowledgments we thank dr . dean adams for his constructive ideas on the gm methodology and the manuscript itself . katherine martin , dr . andrew rossiter , and dr . juanito dasilao deserve our heartfelt thanks also for their criticisms and good suggestions on this manuscript . the malawi government through its fisheries department deserve also our thankfulness for permitting us to collect samples from lake malawi . many thanks to dr . ad konings who provided us with images for the two species .\nlaboratory of aquatic ecology , united graduate school of agricultural science , ehime university , b 200 monobe , nankoku , kochi 783 - 8502 , japan ( e - mail : ddk , kassam @ cc . kochi - u . ac . jp )\nwwf japan , nihonseimei akabanebashi building , 6 fl . , 3 - 1 - 14 shiba , minato - ku , tokyo 105 - 0014 , japan\ntable 1 : the species is currently present in 2 of them ( endemic , native , introduced ) ; table 2 : possible in 0 of them ( stray , questionable ) ; table 3 : absent from 0 of them ( extirpated , not established , misidentification , error ) . table 4 : all reports listed together .\nthe literature species report in a country is represented by an icon ( a circle ) in the middle of the country polygon .\n: a report in the literature does not necessarily mean that the species is currently present in the country ! there are errors in literature , misidentifications , and some species have been locally or globally extirpated or eradicated .\nintroduction status : a white ' i ' in the middle of the circle indicates that the species has been introduced , if the presence ring is green it means that the species established itself or that we don ' t know the current presence status , if the presence ring is red it means that the species did not established itself .\nthreat status : the pattern of the ring ( not dashed : not threatened or no information ; dashed : any status indicating that the species has a national threatened ) . important : this is the national threatened status , not the global iucn one .\nsalinity status = milieu : the colours in the middle circle ( blue : marine ; green : brackish ; light blue : freshwater ; dark green : land ) .\nthe icon in a country polygon indicates that the species has been reported at least once in the country , but not necessarily that it is present in the entire country .\nit is particularly the case for large country such as brazil , usa , canada , russia , china , india , indonesia , australia , etc .\nfor example , a number of freshwater species present in western european countries are also present in the western part of russia , but not beyond the ural mountains . still the icon for russia is placed in its asian part .\nthe icon is placed approximately in the middle of the country , even for the species that are marine only .\nfor marine species , it does not mean either that the species is present in all oceanic coasts of the countries ( e . g . , altlantic and pacific for usa and canada ) .\nso the map needs to be interpreted carefully , but we think it helps to give a quick view of the distribution by country , in a better way than the textual list of countries when it is over a dozen countries .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 10 . 05 . 99 , php script by rolavides , 04 / 02 / 08 , last modified by sortiz , 06 . 27 . 17\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324ac511 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 38367036 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 865c04e3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this ."]}
{"id": 2286, "summary": [{"text": "oxycetonia jucunda , the smaller green flower chafer , is a species of flower chafer found in japan .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it has been known to damage citrus and other plants . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "oxycetonia jucunda", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for oxycetonia jucunda yet . learn how to contribute .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322d0cd4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3259fa38 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 36f0b50d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nschoolmeesters p . ( 2018 ) . scarabs : world scarabaeidae database ( version apr 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : daa3a4c5 - 76ba - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in . registration is free !\nyou ' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images , videos , and templates plus 3d , editorial , and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right . then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc , illustrator cc , indesign cc , and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ range\n: {\nsearch _ max _ xs _ price\n: {\nrange _ value\n:\nall\n,\nrange _ min\n: 1 ,\nrange _ before _ last _ value\n: 3 ,\nrange _ max\n:\nall\n,\nrange _ step\n: 1 ,\nrange _ value _ labels\n: {\n1\n:\n1 credit\n,\n2\n:\n2 credits\n,\n3\n:\n3 credits\n,\nall\n:\ndo not filter\n} } } ,\nfotolia _ color _ picker\n: {\ncurrent _ colors\n: [ ] ,\nnb _ max _ colors\n: 5 } ,\nfotolia _ thumb _ size\n: {\nthumbs _ container _ class _ by _ size\n: {\n160\n:\nthumbs - list - medium\n,\n220\n:\nthumbs - list - large\n,\n240\n:\nthumbs - list - mosaic\n} } ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b43bcbc82734\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / autocomplete . urltoken \\ / ? language _ id = 2\n} } }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\na link to set your password has been sent to : to access your purchases in the future you will need a password .\nto download , save to a library , or open items in your adobe applications .\nselecting a region may change the language and promotional content you see on the adobe stock web site ."]}
{"id": 2292, "summary": [{"text": "aslauga prouvosti , the prouvost 's aslauga , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba ) and western and north-western tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "aslauga prouvosti", "paragraphs": ["libert , m . 1997 contribution a ' letue des lycaenidae africans : deuxieme note sir le genre aslauga kirby ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae . lambillionea 97 , 543 - 556 .\naslauga is a genus of butterflies in the family lycaenidae . they are associated with other insects and found only in the afrotropic ecozone . they are small usually grey - blue or grey - purple butterflies with a distinctive , but widely varied wing shape , especially pronounced in a . pandora . they are forest butterflies of the congolian forests and lower guinean forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nspecimens recently collected in ghana and guinea probably comprise one or more different species ( m . libert pers . comm . 2008 ) . the assessment is therefore based on\nhas a huge extent of occurrence ( eoo ) from korup in cameroon to northwestern tanzania and the shaba province of the drc . it seems quite widely distributed in cameroon and is doubtless much more common than its known area of occupancy ( aoo ) indicates . it is also not considered to be habitat - specific and is not facing any major threats at present . it is best classed as being of least concern .\nas most data on this species are only recently acquired and it comes from an elusive genus , little is known about its population status . however , given this information it seems likely that this is an under - reported species that is more common than current records suggest .\nthis widespread species is not especially habitat - specific and therefore it does not face any major threats .\nno species - specific conservation measures are in place for this species . this species may benefit from further research into its distribution ; however , this is not an immediate concern given that the current distribution of this species is still very large .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na west and central african forest genus with a wide diversity of wing shapes .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\neliot , j . n . 1973 the higher classification of the lycaenidae ( lepidoptera ) : a tentative arrangement . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 , 371 - 505 , 6 pls .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwings short and broad , very densely scaled ; anterior wings strongly curved outwards in the middle of the hind margin ; posterior wings with a concavity on the inner margin at the anal angle . anterior wings with the subcostal nervure five - branched , the first two branches emitted near together before the end of the cell and parallel , the other three short and emitted near the apex of the wing ; the third and fourth parallel , running into the costa before the apex , the fifth running to the hind margin just below the apex\n.\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2295, "summary": [{"text": "scrappy t ( foaled in kentucky on march 31 , 2002 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "a descendant of sunny 's halo , he was sired by fit to fight by breeder upson downs farm .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "scrappy t was a multiple graded stakes winner but will be remembered most for his near fatal collision with afleet alex and gutsy runner-up finish in the 2005 preakness stakes . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "scrappy t", "paragraphs": ["but scrappy t hasn\u2019t always been the horse with the \u201cwhatever\u201d attitude that danielle speaks of .\nscrappy t sticks out his tongue during his morning bath at the pimlico racetrack in baltimore , may 18 , 2005 . scrappy t came in second at pimlico .\nspeaking of scrappy t , where is em / xctrygirl ? ' haven ' t heard from her here in a while . . .\nand when the occasional guest fancies a hack around the farm , scrappy t is happy to oblige .\nscrappy t turned in a five - furlong work in : 58 2 / 5 at bowie thursday .\n\u2022 entering the preakness scrappy t had won three of nine career starts and earned $ 279 , 120 .\ndanielle mason enjoys a moment with former horse racing star scrappy t , who now lives on her family\u2019s county farm . scrappy t made national news when he finished second in the preakness in 2005 . | photo by michael copley\nthe hard lesson taught him to fight for his wins .\nyou do have to be scrappy ,\nhe says .\nif we weren ' t scrappy , if we weren ' t resilient , we could have just quit .\nscrappy t rewarded that faith with a win in aqueduct ' s count fleet stakes in the first outing . next came a third in the whirlaway before diving into grade 1 company in the wood memorial . scrappy t wound up third in bellamy road ' s romp . three weeks later , however , scrappy t had things his way , winning the grade 3 withers .\nafleet alex made an incredible comeback to win the preakness stakes after clipping heels with eventual 2nd place finisher scrappy t .\nherbert t was not an actual\nhalf brother\nto scrappy . he ' s not related at all . . . urltoken only by having the\nt\nat the end of his name did some folks think he was . however scrappy was named for his owner ' s grandson , whose name began with a\nt\nmention the horse ' s name to the average racing fan and they ' ll relay the play - by - play in their mind ' s eye of those few seconds when scrappy t veered sharply into the path of eventual winner afleet alex . smart money says the same fans won ' t have too many kind words for scrappy t .\ntoo much urban growth is fueled by retirees , not scrappy citizens seeking a better future .\nmove to powhatan means scrappy is living the good life , fox hunting with his handler danielle .\nwilliam mason estimates scrappy t grossed between $ 940 , 000 and $ 950 , 000 over his career . \u201che was a big money horse , \u201d said danielle .\nscrappy t , who has never finished worse than third in nine lifetime starts despite his usual involvement in setting or forcing a strong early pace , is aptly named .\nyou can complain that you don\u2019t have enough money , connections , etc , or you can be scrappy and find a clever way to use the limited resources you\u2019ve got .\nafleet alex , with jeremy rose aboard , ( 12 ) keeps his balance after being knocked to his knees by scrappy t ( 5 ) at the top of the stretch to win the 130th preakness stakes may 21 , 2005 at pimlico race course in baltimore . scrappy t came in second . at left is high limit with edgar prado aboard .\nin his ten starts , scrappy t has never finished out of the money while racing primarily in stakes races at aqueduct . scrappy t is nominated to the $ 500 , 000 colonial turf cup june 25 and the $ 750 , 000 virginia derby ( gr . iiit ) july 16 at colonial downs to kick off the inaugural $ 5 million grand slam of grass .\ndanielle worked at the tracks around scrappy t beginning in 2005 , but she hadn\u2019t the chance to handle him until now . \u201che was the big shot back then , \u201d she says , flashing a proud smile at the behemoth in the stall behind us .\njust browsing her photo ' s & thought i ' d add a link to a pic of scrappy breezing . urltoken\na different delaware - based horse , afleet alex , became the hero ; scrappy t ? \u2013 ? to many ? \u2013 ? the villain . bailes and dowell went back to the pimlico stakes barn befuddled but grateful that neither horse went down . getting their breath and their wits , they waited for scrappy t , ayala and daignault - salvaggio to return from the test barn .\nit was the gasp heard round the world . and 10 years later , the team behind 2005 preakness stakes runner - up scrappy t still runs the gamut of emotions whenever the subject is broached .\njeremy rose comes out of the saddle after winning aboard afleet alex while ramon dominguez riding scrappy t comes in second during the 130th preakness stakes may 21 , 2005 at pimlico race course in baltimore .\njockey ramon dominguez answers a reporter ' s question during a news conference at the pimlico racetrack , may 18 , 2005 , in baltimore . dominguez was to ride scrappy t in the preakness stakes .\ninvested tens of millions of dollars in the scrappy start - up . more than three decades later , micron remains based in boise .\nscrappy t is huge , with muscles that bulge at the joints and a brown coat that glistens even against a gray sky . he\u2019s absolutely impressive , and it\u2019s obvious this animal can move very , very quickly .\nit didn ' t feel like me at all ,\nkate said .\ni felt really bad about straddling this buff guy . i didn ' t like it . i couldn ' t get out of bed for two weeks .\nscrappy t had enough graded stakes earnings to run in the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) but ran in the withers ( gr . iii ) at aqueduct instead , which he won . three weeks later he was the runner up in the preakness ( gr . i ) to afleet alex in a memorable triple crown race because the winner nearly went down when the leading scrappy t veered into his path at the top of the pimlico stretch .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n2 . hmm\u2026 i\u2019m not too sure right now . i can\u2019t think of anybody .\nas a side note , i used to gallop a horse named herbert t in ny , a half bro to scrappy . any word on him ? he was always such a love , just curious if he found a good home .\n\u2013 the stakes winner breezed three furlongs in : 37 . 60 at pimlico wednesday morning in preparation for saturday ' s preakness stakes . jockey ramon dominguez , who picked up the mount on scrappy t , was aboard for the workout .\nmy father taught me if you don ' t have anything good to say , don ' t say anything , and that ' s my comment ,\nritchey said .\nas 14 horses were entered wednesday for saturday ' s preakness stakes ( gr . i ) , scrappy t turned his final workout , getting three furlongs in : 37 3 / 5 in what was described as a\nmaintenance work .\nmarshall dowell ' s scrappy t has been a strong pace factor in most of his races , but the gelded son of fit to fight gave his trainer every indication that he can be rated just off the pace during his withers victory .\nit ' s amazing that horse didn ' t breakdown . when you look at the stills from that mishap it almost looks impossible that the horse didn ' t break his leg .\n\u201cyou were a great candidate , but don\u2019t have the years of experience we want . \u201d\nif we didn\u2019t like working with each other , we\u2019d part ways \u2014 no hard feelings .\nthe founder might have a deep passion for it , even if mike doesn ' t .\njeremy rose celebrates from the saddle as he rides afleet alex past the finish may 21 , 2005 as ramon dominquez on scrappy t , left , and high limit ridden by edgar prado at pimlico race course in baltimore during the 130th preakness stakes .\nsome of the most important innovations in the last century have come about because of scrappy entrepreneurs ( remember , steve jobs started apple in his basement ) .\n\u201che\u2019s a true gentleman , \u201d said danielle mason , the horse\u2019s handler . the six - year - old horse\u2019s name is scrappy t and he took second place in the 2005 preakness after a thrilling five - win lead - up to the race .\nalways keep in mind that the world is ever - changing . don\u2019t let yourself lag behind .\n5 things you didn ' t know about micron technology , inc . - - the motley fool\nwe were scrappy enough to get something off the ground in one night to get the attention of someone willing to invest in our product . talk about product validation .\nbailes sent scrappy t out five times at 2 ; on halloween , he broke his maiden at delaware park in his third start and finished second in two aqueduct allowance races to close the year . bailes was confident enough to consider stakes to start the sophomore campaign .\nscrappy t eightbelles , thanks for bringing up scrappy t , one of my favorite horses of the past 10 years . there was something so cool and brave about him . my friend emily frequently galloped him coming up to the preakness and said he was such a neat horse ( emily posts on this board under another name ) to ride . around that time she got to gallop a lot of really classy horses . i loved his run in the withers . such a heart ! and now i ' m so happy that we ' ll see him in eventing competitions - can ' t think of a better horse for a sport . hallie\nkids are generally more impulsive than adults because they haven\u2019t yet experienced the consequences of making bad choices .\non cue , the son of northern afleet made a scorching run in the middle of the far turn and was bearing down on leader , scrappy t . but off the turn , scrappy t bore out under left - handed urging from ramon dominguez and afleet alex , right on his heels , stumbled badly . afleet alex ' s rider , jeremy rose , nearly came out of the saddle but both jockey and horse made a stunning recovery . not only did they stay upright , but afleet alex took off and won the race by 4 3 / 4 lengths .\nracing fans will be deprived of a rematch between the top two finishers of the dramatic may 21 preakness won by afleet alex . trainer robbie bailes and owner marshall dowell have decided that runner - up scrappy t will not run in the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) june 11 .\nwhile being scrappy , nimble , transparent , collaborative , and empathetic helps you design effectively and efficiently at a startup , there is still one thing you need that cannot be trained .\nbut race horses aren\u2019t all as lucky as scrappy t . they face a variety of fates when their professional careers are over , usually when the horse is about six years old . danielle mentions a new foundation for retired racers - a program that gives the horses to prisoners , as a sort of therapy for both parties . in other cases the horses are given away , and sometimes they are led to slaughter .\nbailes and dowell have been careful in selecting the right spots for scrappy t . , a gelding by fit to fight . in march , they passed on the gotham ( gr . iii ) in favor of the wood memorial ( gr . i ) because they thought the races were too close together .\nbinary pitched lps on the idea that they were sourcing deals in \u201cfresh , \u201d \u201cscrappy\u201d and \u201cyouthful\u201d ways . some women involved in this orbit have a darker take on what those adjectives meant .\ni invited mike michalowicz on mixergy to give examples of how he was scrappy when he started his businesses , and help you come up with your own creative solutions for doing more with less .\nscrappy t ( usa ) dkb / br . g , 2002 { 1 - h } dp = 9 - 5 - 6 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 5 . 67 cd = 1 . 15 - 17 starts , 3 wins , 7 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 645 , 919\ni don ' t think ramon did anything out of line ,\nsaid rose , whose preakness victory was his first in a triple crown race .\nramon wasn ' t beating on him ; he just hit him one time .\nandrew , i ' m digging your new style of format on your \u201cscrappy - tips\u201d . it ' s very easy to read and you give some great points . i just re - tweeted : )\n\u201cdude , you don\u2019t need to do that . if you\u2019re willing to spend that money , why don\u2019t you just come out to sf , line up interviews , and simultaneously look for a job ? get the initial experience you need elsewhere . \u201d\nif you haven\u2019t noticed , i\u2019m big on building relationships \u2014 asking for nothing but their time and experiences . here are some key players who really made all the difference for me . feel free to reach out to them . they don\u2019t bite .\nit wasn ' t very vogue , i suppose ,\nkate said later .\nit was very corinne .\nand when she did ,\nadded corinne ,\ni found i didn ' t think her beautiful anymore .\nat zugata , we\u2019re building something that never existed before , meaning we don\u2019t always have data to help with design decisions .\nin a terrifying instant , afleet alex nearly went down after his left front hoof clipped scrappy t ' s right rear . traveling at top speed , the colt - - and jockey jeremy rose - - somehow managed to maintain footing and avoid what could have been a catastrophe in front of a record crowd of 115 , 318 .\nscrappy t made three more starts in 2005 , finishing second in the indiana derby - g2 and discovery handicap - g3 . after a hiatus of more than two years , he returned as a 6 - year - old in 2008 . four mediocre efforts were enough to convince bailes and dowell that it was time to close the book .\nas they did in their previous roles , mr . teo and mr . caldbeck will take what they call a \u201cscrappy\u201d approach to finding companies with real potential . \u201cthe deals we want to do aren\u2019t already in play , \u201d said mr . teo , who was an early investor in snapchat . \u201cwe want to make them happen . \u201d\non a large desktop monitor , they watched a replay and saw jockey ramon dominguez wind up twice with his whip and come down hard on the left side of his mount , leader scrappy t . recoiling from the blow , the horse veered sharply to his right - - into the path of afleet alex , who was closing with a rush .\ndanielle\u2019s father , william mason , remembers a young scrappy t \u201cso mean his first trainer slid the feed bowl under the stall because he was so scared of him . \u201d marshall dowell is the horse\u2019s owner and william mason remembers that \u201cafter marshall had him snipped , he became a totally different horse . . . he got his mind off the women . \u201d\ni ' m gratified . i feel very lucky to be in this position , but at the same time , i can ' t get caught up in the emotions , because i have a job to do ,\nsaid the elkton , md . , resident .\nif i don ' t sit back and do my job , obviously being the favorite isn ' t going to help .\non at least one occasion , women were told they couldn\u2019t bring any male \u201c + 1s\u201d to a party anymore , only more girls .\ni couldn\u2019t stress this enough . meeting people while on the job search doesn\u2019t need to be transactional . build the relationship with the person , and something will come of it in the future . everybody has needs , you\u2019d be surprised how quickly you can make yourself a fit .\nscrappy t gets a daily workout , fox hunts , takes sundays off , enjoys good hay \u2014 \u201cnot the crappy stuff , \u201d said williams \u2014 and relishes peppermints . and he isn\u2019t left alone in the fields with the other horses . \u201che\u2019d just let them beat up on him , he\u2019d get kicked , and he\u2019s a two million dollar horse , \u201d his handler modestly concedes . the \u201cthey\u201d williams refers to are the miniature ponies that stalk the field next to the barn ; and they\u2019re not impressed by track times .\n\u201ci think he\u2019s a good guy whose ego got ahead of him , \u201d said one long time member of teo\u2019s party circle . \u201c [ when teo heard the allegations against caldbeck ] why didn\u2019t [ teo ] stop and make this a priority ? it just shows you don\u2019t care . \u201d\nwhile we should hone our design craft , dot all our i\u2019s and cross our t\u2019s , these pixel - perfect mockups should be shown last .\nbut the what - ifs don ' t diminish the one indelible moment of that season \u2014 a horse and rider displaying the courage of champions .\nit was a triple crown season of what - ifs . what if afleet alex went down and scrappy t was disqualified ? third - place finisher giacomo might have headed to the belmont with a shot at the triple crown . what if afleet alex had prevailed in the derby ? after all , he followed up his remarkable preakness victory with a thoroughly convincing seven - length win in the belmont .\n5 things you didn ' t know about micron technology , inc . @ themotleyfool # stocks $ mu , $ mcd , $ utx , $ intc\nit ' s much easier on me too . i don ' t have to hunt for the perfect quotes and transcribe them perfectly for this format .\nonce kids are old enough , teaching them to want money isn\u2019t hard thanks to advertising . kids learn how awesome money is at a pretty young age .\ni\u2019ve written before about how glad i am that i didn\u2019t give up on building proposify in the early days , and my experience is far from unique .\nhe hit him one time ,\npassmore said .\nhow many horses do you hit left - handed and they don ' t move ?\nthe thing is , he was probably the soundest horse i ' ve ever trained ,\nsaid bailes .\ni ' ve had a lot of sound horses that couldn ' t run , but i don ' t think i ' ve ever had a sound horse that could run as fast as he could .\ndickhertz , iirc , the owners and trainer agreed with your impression that the horse never fully recovered from the afleet alex incident . i had the chance to visit scrappy and danielle shortly after his retirement . he ' s an awfully handsome horse and very lucky in his connections .\nhi l . ! we had herbert t on the trainer listings for a bit but i think he was sold within the track to another trainer to continue racing .\n\u201cthe fresh perspective sees binary bet on founders that don\u2019t match what teo calls \u2018outdated\u2019 patterns \u2014 white investors fundings founders in their network that look just like them . \u201d\nmy calendar was scary \u2014 a lot of meetings which i didn\u2019t even note down , because they happened literally hours after i had scheduled them . flexibility is key .\ndon\u2019t fret . this could be a legitimate thing . it\u2019s tough to just spitball names off the top of your head . it\u2019s easy to respond in this situation .\ni was bugging out . i called him immediately . we had made it through the initial screening and were asked to schedule an interview . we couldn\u2019t believe it .\n\u2013 the local hope , trained by king t . leatherbury , will ship to pimlico from laurel park on saturday morning . steve hamilton has been named to ride .\nin the first days of our businesses , most of us solopreneurs are pretty scrappy , wearing the hats of ceo , intern , graphic designer , writer , and sales rep all at once . but there\u2019s a reason you don\u2019t see tim cook at the genius bar in the apple store or elon musk servicing teslas . to truly become the head of your own company , you need to develop the leadership skills to delegate tasks and inspire your vision in others .\nhe ' s going to give it his best if you put him in the water swimming ,\nsaid dowell on thursday evening after scrappy ' s work .\nbut you have to think about the management of his racing career when he is 5 , 6 or 7 .\nthis isn\u2019t a how - to article , but rather a knowledge drop of all the things i experienced over the past few months , and everything i\u2019ve learned from those experiences .\nlyle mckeany \u2014 the man who helped me despite being in the job search himself . he taught me paying it forward doesn\u2019t always have to happen after you \u201cmake it . \u201d\nwin , lose or draw , we had finished second in the preakness ,\ndaignault - salvaggio said .\nthe best part of my whole experience was in that test barn . there we were , two delaware park barns ? \u2013 ? every one of us who saw each other day in and day out with two of the greatest horses of our barns ' careers . nobody was more happy for each other . there was just celebration ? \u2013 ? our grooms , their grooms . we were hugging , i was petting alex , they were petting scrappy . it wasn ' t like two separate entities that never intertwined . it was the greatest memory of my life . ten years removed from the whole thing , i have the same opinion . scrappy was one helluva horse .\nthe momentum was startling . not all of kate ' s fellow models were welcoming , and she partly understood : she didn ' t think she was tall or beautiful enough either . she knew very little about fashion and clothes and had no real sense of style , but she worked hard and you could shoot her from any angle ; not one was bad . kate was enthusiastic , candid and scrappy ; she was not to be bullied and she knew how to be a bitch .\n\u201cyou have to be the party girl to be surrounded by them , \u201d said one former member of the group , on the condition of anonymity . \u201cthey\u200b \u200binvite\u200b \u200btons\u200b \u200bof\u200b \u200bpeople , \u200b \u200band\u200b \u200bthen\u200b \u200brules\u200b \u200bstart\u200b \u200bcoming\u200b \u200bout . \u200b . . they don\u2019t want you to be too much of a career girl , because they aren\u2019t fun to hang out with . \u201d\nmy friends who work at big companies get driven home in luxury town cars when they work late . entrepreneurs don\u2019t have those luxuries . here\u2019s how mike handled late nights at work .\nbut the process wasn ' t always easy or straightforward .\nfor me , the hardest lesson i learned was getting my credit cards ripped up ,\nhe says .\ni would charge something and think i would be able to pay it off and then not be able to . i can ' t tell you how many credit cards i had ripped up .\ntoday , few cities in the country combine economic dynamism with affordability . new trends , meanwhile , demonstrate that while some people are still moving , their reasons aren\u2019t what they used to be .\ni had to be self - motivated to work ; i didn\u2019t have a boss calling me if i was late delivering . if i couldn\u2019t do my route for some reason , like if i was sick or had a band practice after school , i had to hire one of my friends or my parents to cover it for me ( and yes , my parents accepted the payment ) .\n\u201ci learned that lesson quickly . i didn\u2019t want to waste any time trying to code or figure out how to set up webpages . even though i wasn\u2019t making enough money , \u201d she explains , \u201ci decided to hire a virtual assistant who specialized in tech development to help me get all of my online properties set up properly . it was like i was buying back my time . \u201d\ni didn ' t have a car that cost more than $ 200 until i was 25 , i think ,\nhe told money in a recent interview .\nit was crazy .\nmeet generation impatient : the growing group of 20 - and 30 - somethings who are smart , ambitious , and all - too - eager to quit whatever it is they\u2019re doing right now to get promoted , acquired , or make more money somewhere else . hating your job on day three ? leave and find something better . beta launch didn\u2019t work out ? shut it down and move on . although these individuals come in different forms \u2014 from buttoned - up investment bankers to scrappy entrepreneurs \u2014 one thing is consistent : they just won\u2019t wait . taking great pride in failing fast and increasingly looking for ways to \u201chack\u201d their success in the shortest possible time frame , this group tries to exchange predictable linear career growth for an exponential trajectory .\nit was baird , though , who\u2019d called sanders and encouraged her to take the job , trusting her at the time to preserve the institution . sanders had been her husband\u2019s chief of staff in the house of representatives and his closest political ally . \u201cshe allowed bernie to implement some of his ideas , \u201d says baird . \u201che\u2019s a dreamer , and she helped him put those dreams into policies . i don\u2019t know where he\u2019d be without her . \u201d trustees hired her to do a similar job : midwife to a scrappy sixties - radical school .\nread on . i\u2019ll explain to you what i did to combat this and how little it actually affected me later on , because trust me , the rejection definitely didn\u2019t stop to care about my feelings .\nwhat\u2019s the worst that can happen ? most of the time , the worst is something that is not really that bad . the worst for me ? going back home to my parents house in atlanta and living there until i could figure something out . don\u2019t get me wrong . i\u2019m 24 , and don\u2019t want to be living in my parent\u2019s basement . but hey , again , it\u2019s not really that bad .\nnine of the 20 fastest growing metropolitan areas in the country are retirement destinations in which deaths outnumber or roughly equal births . to put it grimly , nearly half of america\u2019s fastest growing cities are fueled not by scrappy citizens in search of a better future , but by retirees making one last move to spend their remaining days in a pleasant place .\n\u201cmore often than not , even though they know it\u2019s a good idea to take the next step with you , they\u2019ll usually talk themselves out of making a commitment : \u2018i don\u2019t have the time , i don\u2019t have the money . \u2019 you have to hold the vision for the person on the other end of the phone to help them overcome their objections , \u201d she says . \u201cthe phone = financial freedom . \u201d\nwhere we don\u2019t have data ( such as the first version of a feature ) , we still have our users . we constantly reach out to them for feedback and insight . reaching out helps us make decisions on different design hypotheses we may have as a team . and by hearing what they have to say , we can quickly identify what\u2019s working and what isn\u2019t through their tone , body language , and facial expressions .\nper equibase herbert t was sold from fingerlakes end ' 08 & headed to puerto rico ( camerero race track ) where he raced 13 times . . . last race being july 20 , 2009 . . . .\nthey don\u2019t want you to be too much of a career girl . . . you have to be the party girl . . .\nwomen speak about caldbeck , teo , and binary ' s party culture\nyou can encourage them to participate in team activities and observe how they interact with other kids . don\u2019t jump in if they have trouble or if another kid is being unfair . let them work it out themselves .\nmy horse felt like he was looking around when we came into the stretch , but i wasn ' t expecting him to have any problems ,\ndominguez said after the race .\nwhen i hit him left - handed , he didn ' t like it and came out unexpectedly . it completely caught me off - guard . . . . it ' s still hard for me to believe he did something like that .\npando :\nthey don\u2019t want you to be too much of a career girl . . . you have to be the party girl . . .\nwomen speak about caldbeck , teo , and binary ' s party culture\n\u201c [ teo and caldbeck ] are major connectors , \u201d the woman added . \u201cyour worst fear is [ teo ] won\u2019t call you back\u2026 my friends screaming his praises [ on social media ] are afraid they\u2019ll be blacklisted . \u201d\nfor those that helped me along the way , because there was a lot of you \u2014 know i didn\u2019t forget you . i\u2019m appreciative of everyone who stopped to take the time to listen to me . thank you , sincerely .\ni was interested in his thoughts on self publishing / just starting your own publishing company . most wannabe authors i know regard getting a book picked up by an established publishing company as the end goal and treat not being able to do that as failure . i ' m guessing most people aren ' t aware how little of the retail price actually goes to the author or need the validation of having a publishing company tell them their book doesn ' t suck .\n\u201cyeah , \u201d she says , \u201ci guess the treatment the horse gets depends a lot on the trainer , i\u2019ve seen some really nice things and some things that weren\u2019t , but on the whole i think they\u2019re taken care of . \u201d\n\u201cif the job doesn\u2019t deliver in the first month , i\u2019ll know it\u2019s time to start interviewing . \u201d john , a user - experience designer , spoke fast and looked on edge as he described his four - week career \u201cvision\u201d to me .\ni am not saying education isn\u2019t important , or that i\u2019m representing every teacher in every school system in the world . of course , math , english and science are important . of course , plenty of teachers inspire kids to follow their dreams .\nhalfway through the shoot ,\ncorinne said ,\ni realized it wasn ' t fun for her anymore , and that she was no longer my best friend but had become a model . she had realized how beautiful she was .\nboy , was i right . it turns out that he\u2019d made a similar move out to california , with little to no money , and couldn\u2019t have advocated for it more . he constantly referenced it as one of the best decisions of his life .\nwe met at bravado , the coffee shop right across the street from at & t park . we had a normal conversation , nothing too mind blowing . eusden was great to speak with and promised a few introductions to a few friends of his .\nit was up to me to collect payments from customers since the mail star would subtract their cut from my bank account automatically . i got to keep the profit . i needed to do some basic bookkeeping to make sure i wasn\u2019t getting ripped off .\ni ' ve seen more abuse with the stick . he ' s not been known as a big stick jockey . i don ' t see that at all . it ' s the preakness , and he ' s on the lead .\nplease keep it clean , turn off caps lock and don ' t threaten anyone . be truthful , nice and proactive . comments cannot be edited or deleted once posted . to flag a comment to the page administrator , click \u201creport\u201d next to that comment .\ni think corinne actually helped kate come to terms with the fact that she wasn ' t like those models , but she wasn ' t not beautiful ,\nsays neil moodie , who got his big break as a hairstylist with corinne in the early ' 90s .\ncorinne started taking the pictures she did to prove a point , really ; to go , ' well , there ' s beauty in lots of people . it ' s not just one type that should be in a fashion magazine . '\n\u201ci want to earn as much money as i can in the next five years , then retire . \u201d i couldn\u2019t help but think that carol was setting herself up for disappointment and sabotaging her own career with an unrealistic plan to scramble up the investment banking industry ladder .\nit ' s just a normal routine to show respect to the starter . they don ' t actually request it , but it ' s a good thing to do to familiarize your horse ( with the gate ) and the assistant starters with your horse ,\nritchey said .\ni remember seeing a yahoo article about track horses and their demise in pr . it wasn ' t pretty ( photos ) but a better end to those that get shipped for 1000 ' s of miles to mexico ! horses are a luxury especially in an island situation where most things are imported . i ' m sure pr has alot more resources than many of the cariibbean islands but i know sometimes things are in short supply so as sad as it is i ' m sure lots of excess horses to take care of and feed isn ' t high on the priority list\n\u201cwe don\u2019t feel you are a perfect fit for the [ position ] . that being said , we are rapidly growing and our needs are constantly changing , so please feel free to keep an eye on our careers page and apply to any positions that are of interest to you . \u201d\ni don\u2019t think it\u2019s a coincidence that some of the most successful entrepreneurs were b students who later dropped out of college . as mentioned before , non - college graduate entrepreneurs include mark zuckerberg , steve jobs , bill gates , richard branson , larry ellison , just to name a handful .\nnothing serious ,\nritchey said .\nit just took a little hair off . we ' ll have to monitor him for three or four days . i ' m concerned about a muscle injury because he was contorted in a way horses aren ' t supposed to be .\nat least some of those women believed the party culture was used as a way of exerting control over them , of taking advantage of a power asymmetry between powerful men in the industry and women who wanted to be part of it but didn\u2019t have a lot of paths to making that happen .\nwhat a steal for them , right ? and all for just $ 15 worth of parking . well , it might have been a steal for them , but i couldn\u2019t have been more grateful . i credit most of my interviews and coffee meetings to this experience , but more on that later .\ni\u2019ll cut to the chase . after a few questions , it was very apparent we weren\u2019t going to get through to the next round . we had zero business model , no real working prototype to download or in an app store to show \u2014 we made this in one night for pete\u2019s sake .\ni was thin ,\nkate said ,\nbut that ' s because i was doing shows , working really hard . you ' d get to work in the morning , there was no food . nobody took you out for lunch when i started .\nkate spent much of 1993 in tears . this was the same girl who ' d once been told by her mother that life wasn ' t always fun and refused to believe it :\nwhy the fuck not ? why the fuck can ' t i have fun all the time ?\nnow she was beginning to see .\nif my career had turned out like the fantasy i had of what it was going to be , it would never have made me happy . but i couldn & apos ; t have known that until it didn & apos ; t happen . i found a success that is so much bigger and deeper and better , and it & apos ; s because it happened later . if any of what i & apos ; m having happen now\u2014the successes\u2014would have happened to me when i was younger , i would have been ruined . because when you & apos ; re young , and things come super easily to you , and you have success right out of the gate , you & apos ; re liable to think that & apos ; s how it actually works . you start to think you don & apos ; t need to be fully prepared or committed to have these things meet you .\nyeah , that quickly dropped to 25 messages a day . i noticed at 50 , the quality of my emails became poor . i wasn\u2019t doing enough research on the person i was emailing beforehand and was essentially using a cookie cutter email template . therefore , my response rate was low . really low .\nhe looks like he shipped great ,\nrose said .\nit was a long ride , and we took it easy with him today . he didn ' t even get a bath because it was too chilly . he ' ll gallop thursday morning to get a look at the track .\ni apologize , i have been awol for far too long . after the article came out i connected with danielle on facebook . i have just sent her a quick message with the link here and told her how you all were curious about scrap . she said she would come on over and give you an update ! ! sadly i am unable to fill you in my life at the moment as i am deeply ensconsed in my mother ' s retirement dinner at al , this evening in san francisco . the speech is written but not yet memorized . sadly for today this takes presidence . but danielle should be by soon . and at this point she has him , all i have are memories . but the old threads are out there on google just type ( in quotes )\nscrappy t + xctrygirl\n~ em\nnow , you have a reason to follow up with a name or two of people they know that might be of interest to you . again , can\u2019t stress this enough \u2014 try not to make this transactional . it pays ten fold to maintain relationships . a prime example unfolds later on in my story .\nwhen you own a business , solving problems is a daily activity . customers have problems . employees have problems . computers have problems . you can\u2019t bury your head in the sand , you need to evaluate your options and choose a path to go down , even if it ends up being the wrong direction .\nit was an unhappy set . wahlberg spent some downtime tugging his dick while kate rolled her eyes . he made it clear that kate , to him , was nothing special .\ni wasn ' t into the waif thing ,\nhe said later .\nshe kind of looked like my nephew .\nsources have told me how teo would dangle invitations to exclusive parties - packed with investors and other influential people - in front of would - be founders , then subtly place expectations on them if they wanted to stay in the group . who they talk to , who they don\u2019t , how they act , that kind of thing .\nthe culture at large didn ' t see kate that way . up against the skyscraper supermodels of the ' 80s , their very perfection a comment on american supremacy , a small - boned , flat - chested model like kate moss was heresy . someone her size hadn ' t been seen since twiggy in the ' 60s ; suddenly , kate and calvin klein were accused of promoting anorexia , heroin use , child pornography , and the downfall of western civilization . she was on the sides of buses , kiosks , and pay phones , naked and draped across a velvet sofa in a ramshackle room ,\nfeed me\noften scrawled across the ad by protesters .\nhe was a bit hard to handle in his earlier years , but as we all get a little longer in the tooth , we settle down ,\ndowell said .\nhe truly , truly is an absolute gentleman , a delightful animal . you know , everybody always wants to say ' look what he did for me , now i ' ve got to do this for him . ' well , in scrappy ' s case , you want to keep him and you want to be around him . . . because it ' s about what he does for you now .\neverybody should find something that motivates them to do better than they did yesterday . for me , part of that was alex \u2014 the man who lived life to the fullest . it would be an incomplete story without mentioning him . i wouldn\u2019t be half of where i am today without him . miss ya , buddy \u2014 this one is for you .\nif time pressure isn\u2019t enough to motivate you to complete your task , add rewards upon completion . it could be a walk around the block to get some fresh air , a freshly - brewed cup of coffee , or a box of chocolate . a reward system also helps you find a balance between work and rest , allowing you to accomplish more .\ni will admit , until this year , i myself had let this one slide a bit . with 2015\u2019s and 2016\u2019s surge in webinars , online classes , and virtual summits , i\u2019d come to rely exclusively on making sales through digital means . but as sumpter points out , \u201ceveryone wants to sell through a website , and websites don\u2019t make money . \u201d\nexperience was a major player , and there\u2019s always room for more of it . if you don\u2019t have it , find a way to improvise for it . it may not be through a job , but a side project , cheap contract role , or even just helping out a friend . it can all prove to be valuable down the line . win small .\nplan for the immediate future . getting caught up in the uncertainty , i often found myself imagining every possible scenario that could happen . it\u2019s important to understand winning small adds up . plan for the small things on a daily basis to set yourself up for the larger goal . don\u2019t get caught worrying about things out of your control . it does you no good .\nthis , despite john galliano having chosen kate\u2014who he regarded as his\nlolita\n\u2014 to open his spring / summer 1990 show . kate hadn ' t eaten all day and was terrified ; when the show was over , she went to the after - party and guzzled so much whiskey that she missed her flight the next day . she was hungover and disoriented and intimidated and she loved it .\nwhen i used to come back to croydon and get into our car , which wasn ' t air - conditioned\u2014and a house with no pool\u2014i was like , ' i ' m not staying here forever , '\nshe ' d later say .\ni never had that feeling of , ' that ' s your lot . '\nby all accounts , she was succeeding : by 1993 she had been hired to shoot editorials for elle uk and i - d , ads for barneys , and the first miu miu campaign . still , corinne was bitter that calvin klein hadn ' t hired her for the kate campaign .\nit was that kate looked like how kate would look when corinne photographed her ,\nmoodie says .\n\u201ci\u2019ll give it two weeks . if i don\u2019t sign my first retailer by then , i\u2019ll shut the company down and do something else . \u201d i had asked sam to lay out his strategy for the new venture he had launched six months earlier . the plan made sense , except that he was trying to cram three months\u2019 worth of important groundwork into a near - impossible 14 - day time frame .\ni think the race will set up well for my horse . i don ' t think you ' ll have a suicide pace like you did in the derby ,\nhe said .\ni think the riders will be well aware of the pace they set in the derby . the heads - up riders are certainly going to take back a bit and not be going quite as fast .\nwe can\u2019t know if any of teo\u2019s friends agreed to his request , or if all the declarations of love and respect for teo that followed were spontanious and heartfelt . what we do know is that teo\u2019s facebook post was followed almost immediately with a barrage of messages , including several aimed directly at us , complaining at how badly \u201cgreat guy\u201d teo had been treated . many of those messages came from young women .\n\u201ci had a wife and a 3 year old and no savings when i started my company . my wife and i talked and said , \u2018what are we going to do ? where are we going to live with no income ? \u2019 our parents wouldn\u2019t let us back in the house . so we moved to a retirement village . that\u2019s where i lived when i was 24 because it was safe and affordable . \u201d\nwhen kate was eighteen , she took a meeting with calvin klein on her own , walking into the room in jeans and no makeup while a string of hopeful models\u2014cindy crawford among them\u2014waited in reception . kate flopped down on the floor , and for a moment , the room was still : while klein ' s brand was in crisis , he was nonetheless a legend , and one didn ' t take such an informal tack .\naw excellent interview as always . i gotta ask isn ' t it a little interesting for michalowic to say that you have to love / be completely what your business is ? one could argue that his company investing in a leatherworks company that produces \u201chigh performance knife sheaths\u201d may be a little ( at face value of course ) outside of the know of say someone who still has a viper in their driveway . just a thought .\nto be absolutely clear , in four days of phone conversations with sources about jonathan teo , i certainly didn ' t hear any stories of the same kind of breathtakingly clumsy sexual harassment that justin caldbeck was involved in . rather , what i heard time and time again is that teo used parties and social events to play a more sophisticated game of \u201caccess\u201d with young women who were keen to break into silicon valley ' s inner circles .\nit wasn\u2019t until i started working at zurb that i learned the importance of sketching . on my very first project , my design lead told me to deliver 50 opportunity sketches . it was a struggle to get fifty ideas on paper , but i noticed i was able to generate bigger concepts and innovative ideas more quickly . with more practice , the 50 sketches became an easy task , and it is now my favorite part of the design process .\nevery digital entrepreneur has heard it time and time again : the money is in your email list . \u201cit takes 90 days to attract at least 2 , 400 new people into your audience on an email list , \u201d says shanda sumpter , a business coach and ceo of heartcore business . \u201cif you haven\u2019t built a list yet and are busy trying to build a website , work on your branding , or create products , then stop ! \u201d sumpter says ."]}
{"id": 2299, "summary": [{"text": "silhouettia silhouettae is a species of air-breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "silhouettia silhouettae is the only species within the genus silhouettia . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "silhouettia silhouettae", "paragraphs": ["information on silhouettia silhouettae is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - silhouettia ( silhouettia silhouettae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - silhouettia ( silhouettia silhouettae )\ntitle =\narkive species - silhouettia ( silhouettia silhouettae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i >\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i >\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i >\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i > on a leaf\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i > on a leaf\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i > on a leaf\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i > on a leaf\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i > on a leaf\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > silhouettia silhouettae < / i > on a leaf\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvulnerable b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ; d2 ver 3 . 1\nthis species is assessed as vulnerable because it has a restricted distribution and the habitat within this area is deteriorating . both the eoo and aoo are estimated at 18 km\u00b2 and it is found in only 10 locations . invasive non - native plant species ( e . g .\n) are causing habitat degradation throughout this species ' range . fortunately , it remains abundant to date .\nendemic to seychelles islands , this snail species is found only on silhouette island . both its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) and area of occupancy ( aoo ) are estimated to be 18 km\u00b2 .\nthis species is restricted to high montane forest , from 300 - 770 m .\n) is currently the main threat this snail faces . small - scale wood plantations were a threat in the past .\nno conservation measures have been take , though a systematic monitoring scheme is in place . silhouette island should receive legal protection in order to protect threatened habitats , and invasive species must be controlled . research into this species ' life history and ecology would be beneficial .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : cinnamomum verum . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .\ninformations on cinnamomum verum has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .\nbarthelat , f . 2005 . note sur les esp\ufffdces exotiques envahissantes \ufffd mayotte . direction de l\ufffdagriculture et de la for\ufffdt . 30p summary : tableau synth\ufffdtique des plantes exotiques de mayotte class\ufffdes en fonction de leur niveau d envahissement .\ncentre des ressources biologiques . plantes tropicales . inra - cirad . 2007 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 31 march 2008 ]\nconservatoire botanique national de mascarin ( boullet v . coord . ) 2007 . - cinnamomum verum index de la flore vasculaire de la r\ufffdunion ( trach\ufffdophytes ) : statuts , menaces et protections . - version 2007 . 1 summary : base de donn\ufffdes sur la flore de la r\ufffdunion . de nombreuses informations tr\ufffds utiles . available from : urltoken ; = 495dabfd0ca768a3c3abd672079f48b6 [ accessed 26 march 2008 ]\ndietz , h . dietz , h . ; wirth , l . r . wirth , l . r . ; buschmann , h . buschmann , h . , 2005 . variation in herbivore damage to invasive and native woody plant species in open forest vegetation on mahe , seychelles ( vol 4 , pg 511 , 2004 ) biological invasions . 7 ( 2 ) . mar 05 . 351 .\nfleischmann , karl ; edwards , peter j . ; ramseier , dieter ; kollmann , johannes , 2005 . stand structure , species diversity and regeneration of an endemic palm forest on the seychelles . african journal of ecology . 43 ( 4 ) . dec 2005 . 291 - 301 .\nflorence j . , chevillotte h . , ollier c . & meyer j . - y . 2007 . cinnamomum verum base de donn\ufffdes botaniques nadeaud de l herbier de la polyn\ufffdsie fran\ufffdaise ( pap ) . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 26 march 2008 ]\nfournet , j . 2002 . flore illustr\ufffde des phan\ufffdrogames de guadeloupe et de martinique . cirad - gondwana editions .\ngerlach , justin , 2004 . a 10 - year study of changes in forest vegetation on silhouette island , seychelles . journal for nature conservation ( jena ) . 12 ( 3 ) . 2004 . 149 - 155 .\nhuber , m . j . , ismail , s . & mougal , j . 2011 . campnosperma seychellarum . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 27 march 2012 ]\nitis ( integrated taxonomic information system ) , 2008 . online database cinnamomum verum j . presl summary : an online database that provides taxonomic information , common names , synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species . in addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) data portal and bioscience articles from bioone journals . available from : urltoken ; _ value = 501529 [ accessed 18 march 2008 ]\nkaiser - bunbury , christopher n . ; valentin , terence ; mougal , james ; matatiken , denis ; ghazoul , jaboury . , 2011 . the tolerance of island plant - pollinator networks to alien plants . journal of ecology . 99 ( 1 ) . jan 2011 . 202 - 213 .\nkueffer , christoph , 2010 . reduced risk for positive soil - feedback on seedling regeneration by invasive trees on a very nutrient - poor soil in seychelles . biological invasions . 12 ( 1 ) . jan 2010 . 97 - 102 .\nkueffer , christoph ; kronauer , lilian ; edwards , peter j . , 2009 . wider spectrum of fruit traits in invasive than native floras may increase the vulnerability of oceanic islands to plant invasions . oikos . 118 ( 9 ) . sep 2009 . 1327 - 1334 .\nkueffer , christoph ; schumacher , eva ; dietz , hansjoerg ; fleischmann , karl ; edwards , peter j . , 2010 . managing successional trajectories in alien - dominated , novel ecosystems by facilitating seedling regeneration : a case study . biological conservation . 143 ( 7 ) . jul 2010 . 1792 - 1802 .\nkueffer , christoph ; schumacher , eva ; fleischmann , karl ; edwards , peter j . ; dietz , hansjoerg , 2007 . strong below - ground competition shapes tree regeneration in invasive cinnamomum verum forests . journal of ecology . 95 ( 2 ) . mar 2007 . 273 - 282 .\nkueffer , c . ; klingler , g . ; zirfass , k . ; schumacher , e . ; edwards , p . j . ; guesewell , s . , 2008 . invasive trees show only weak potential to impact nutrient dynamics in phosphorus - poor tropical forests in the seychelles . functional ecology . 22 ( 2 ) . apr 2008 . 359 - 366 .\nmackee , h . s . 1994 . catalogue des plantes introduites et cultiv\ufffdes en nouvelle - cal\ufffddonie , 2nd edn . mnhn , paris . summary : cet ouvrage liste 1412 taxons ( esp\ufffdces , sous esp\ufffdces et vari\ufffdt\ufffds ) introduits en nouvelle - cal\ufffddonie . l auteur pr\ufffdcise dans la majorit\ufffd des cas si l esp\ufffdce est cultiv\ufffde ou naturalis\ufffde .\nmeyer , j . - y . , loope , l . , sheppard , a . , munzinger , j . , jaffre , t . 2006 . les plantes envahissantes et potentiellement envahissantes dans l archipel n\ufffdo - cal\ufffddonien : premi\ufffdre \ufffdvaluation et recommandations de gestion . in m . - l . beauvais et al . ( 2006 ) : les esp\ufffdces envahissantes dans l\ufffdarchipel n\ufffdo - cal\ufffddonien , paris , ird \ufffdditions , 260 p . + c\ufffdd\ufffdrom .\nschumacher , eva ; kueffer , christoph ; edwards , peter j . ; dietz , hansjoerg , 2009 . influence of light and nutrient conditions on seedling growth of native and invasive trees in the seychelles . biological invasions . 11 ( 8 ) . oct 2009 . 1941 - 1954 .\nschumacher , eva ; kueffer , christoph ; tobler , monika ; gmuer , veronika ; edwards , peter j . ; dietz , hansjoerg , 2008 . influence of drought and shade on seedling growth of native and invasive trees in the seychelles . biotropica . 40 ( 5 ) . sep 2008 . 543 - 549 .\nvos , p . 2004 . case studies on the status of invasive woody plant species in the western indian ocean . 2 . the comoros archipelago ( union of the comoros and mayotte ) . fao . summary : article de synth\ufffdse sur les esp\ufffdces ligneuses envahissantes dans l archipel des comores et \ufffd mayotte et les strat\ufffdgies de gestion d\ufffdvelopp\ufffdes localement . available from : urltoken ; = 2 [ accessed 20 march 2008 ]\nzumbroich , thomas j . zumbroich , thomas j . , 2005 . the introduction of nutmeg ( myristica fragrans houtt . ) and cinnamon ( cinnamomum verum j . presl ) to america . acta botanica venezuelica . 28 ( 1 ) . 2005 . 155 - 160 .\ngeographic region : pacific , indian ocean ecosystem : terrestrial expert in the botany of french polynesia and the pacific islands , and has worked on ecology and biological control of miconia calvescens in french polynesia .\nd\ufffdl\ufffdgation \ufffd la recherche , gouvernement de polyn\ufffdsie fran\ufffdaise . b . p . 20981 , 98713 papeete , tahiti , polyn\ufffdsie fran\ufffdaise\nthe global invasive species database was developed and is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the species survival commission ( ssc ) of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the erstwhile global invasive species programme ( gisp ) in 2000 . the gisd over the past two years and has been redesigned with support from the abu dhabi environment agency , the italian ministry of environment and ispra - the institute for environmental protection and research , italy . terms and conditions of use\nstreptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species edentulina moreleti , which is herbivorous . all streptaxids have well - developed radula , except careoradula perelegans , which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula .\naltogether 66 species from the family streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 iucn red list .\nthe recent native distribution of streptaxidae includes south america , africa , arabia , madagascar , seychelles , mayotte , comores , mauritius , r\u00e9union , rodrigues , india , sri lanka , andamans , south - east asia and the philippines . the genus gibbulinella is found in the canary islands .\nonly the one family , streptaxidae , was recognized within the streptaxida streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) .\nsutcharit et al . ( 2010 ) have established a new family diapheridae within streptaxoidea and they have added two genera diaphera and sinoennea into diapheridae .\nscolodonta doering , 1875 used to be classified within streptaxinae , but scolodonta is the type genus of the family scolodontidae ."]}
{"id": 2300, "summary": [{"text": "gymnarchus niloticus \u2013 commonly known as the aba , aba aba , frankfish , freshwater rat-tail , poisson-cheval , or african knifefish \u2013 is an electric fish , and the only species in the genus gymnarchus and the family gymnarchidae within the order osteoglossiformes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in swamps , lakes and rivers in the nile , turkana , chad , niger , volta , senegal , and gambia basins . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "gymnarchus", "paragraphs": ["gymnarchus niloticus - aba aba knifefish trying to catch gut - loaded feeder and giving up . . . .\nc . michael hogan marked\nn58 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\ngymnarchus niloticus\npage .\ngymnarchus niloticus - aba aba knifefish trying to catch gut - loaded feeder and giving up . . . . - youtube\nc . michael hogan set\nn58 _ w1150\nas an exemplar on\ngymnarchus niloticus cuvier , 1829\n.\nfish biology ; gymnarchus niloticus ; lake chad ; fish nutrition ; diet ; feeding habits ; fish reproduction ; fish growth .\nc . michael hogan added text to\nfish species associates in the senegal river\non\ngymnarchus niloticus cuvier , 1829\n.\nwhat made you want to look up gymnarchus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe nocturnal african freshwater fish gymnarchus niloticus operates a dipole electrostatic field generator and a sensor to detect the amplitude and frequency of disturbances in turbulent waters .\nfish biology ; gymnarchus niloticus ; lake chad ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; fish reproduction ; sexual maturity ; fisheries resources and production ; swamp fisheries .\n149 . sagua , v . o . ( 1983 ) preliminary report on the biology of gymnarchus niloticus in lake chad . annual report of the lake chad research institute , maiduguri , nigeria . 1983 . pp . 61\u201363 . en .\n148 . sagua , v . o . ( 1982 ) preliminary observations on the feeding habits and reproductive biology of gymnarchus niloticus from lake chad . annual report of the lake chad research institute , maiduguri , nigeria . 1982 . pp . 50\u201356 . en . 6 ref .\nin contrast , gymnarchus niloticus ( gymnarchidae ) prepares a large floating nest from the matted stems of swamp grasses , biting off the stems and fashioning them into a trough - shaped structure with an internal length of about 50 cm ( 20 inches ) . spawning takes place in the nest , and one or\u2026\ngymnarchus niloticus survives well in the swampy conditions which have come to dominate the lake area since the drought and now form a significant part of commercial catches . prey mainly consists of tilapias or clarias catfish , all of which are swallowed tail - first and usually whole . breeding season is thought to be august - december . asymmetrical gonadal development has been observed . minimum size for maturity is 80 . 5cm ( 2kg ) in females and 84cm ( 1 . 8kg ) in males . other details of egg numbers and size are also given .\nelectric fish can be classified into two types : pulse fish or wave fish . gymnarchus niloticus is a wave fish , producing a near - sinusoidal discharge of around 500 hz . the electric discharge is produced from an electric organ that evolved from muscle , as can also be seen in gymnotiform electric fish , electric rays and skates . the convergent evolution between the south american gymnotiforms and the african mormyridae is remarkable , with the electric organ being produced via the substitution of the same amino acid in the same voltage - gated sodium channel despite the two groups of fish being on different continents and the evolution of the electric sense organ being separated in time by around 60 million years .\nsome species possess modifications of the mouthparts to facilitate feeding upon small invertebrates buried in muddy substrates . the shape and structure of these leads to the popular name of\nelephant nosed fish\nfor those species with particularly prominent mouth extensions . the extensions to the mouthparts usually consist of a fleshy elongation attached to the lower jaw . they are flexible , and equipped with touch , and possibly taste , sensors . their mouths are non - protrusible , and their head ( including the eyes ) , the dorsum and belly are covered by a thin layer of skin that is perforated with small pores leading to electroreceptors . only a single gonad is present , located on the left side of their body . [ 2 ] mormyridae and their close relative gymnarchus are also unique in being the only vertebrates where the male sperm cell doesn ' t have a flagellum . [ 3 ]\ngreek , gymnos = naked + greek , archos = anus ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - 25 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 18\u00b0n - 2\u00b0n , 16\u00b0w - 36\u00b0e\nafrica : occurring in the gambia , senegal , niger , volta and chad river basins ( ref . 81275 ) , lake turkana ( ref . 52331 , 82489 ) and the baro river drainage ( ref . 58460 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 167 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2915 ) ; max . published weight : 18 . 5 kg ( ref . 2915 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 183 - 230 . body depth 7 . 2 - 10 . 3 x sl . head 5 . 6 - 6 . 9 x sl . snout prominent . pectorals 1 . 9 - 5 . 0 x head length . body terminates in thin point . head without scales . scales small .\nfollowing flooding of the river banks ( gambia river ) , this species builds large elliptical floating nests in densely vegetated swamps at depths of about 1 - 1 . 5 m ; lays about 1000 ` amber - like ' eggs ; larvae hatching after 5 days ( ref . 10609 ) . feeds on crustaceans , insects and fish ( ref . 28714 ) . no pelvic , anal or caudal fins . possesses an electric organ that extends along almost the entire trunk to the tip of the tail ( ref . 10840 ) . also equipped with ampullary receptors and two types of tuberous receptors for electroreception ( ref . 10841 ) . showed increased electric organ discharge ( eod ) rate by 50 - 60 hz between 21 and 31\u00b0c ( ref . 10837 ) .\nit breeds in well - vegetated , marginal areas of swamps and rivers , where a large , floating nest , about 1 m in diameter is constructed . here the eggs are laid and later guarded by one of the parents ( ref . 27583 ) . distinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) .\nbigorne , r . , 1990 . gymnarchidae . p . 185 - 186 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux et saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique and orstom , paris . ( ref . 2911 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00380 ( 0 . 00148 - 0 . 00976 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 58 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 12 - 0 . 17 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 71 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nazeroual , a . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , moelants , t . & vreven , e .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for western africa . in eastern africa , it is categorized as vulnerable . due to a lack of information on the species distribution and threats in north and northeast africa , it has been categorized as data deficient . it could even be regionally extinct within north africa .\nthis is a commercially important species in central africa . in northern africa , dams , water pollution ( agriculture , domestic and commercial / industrial ) , groundwater extraction and drought pose possible threats . deforestation and drought are local threats in western africa .\nnone known . more research is needed into this species population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status and threats , as well as monitoring and potential conservation measures .\nazeroual , a . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , moelants , t . & vreven , e . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhas a huge natural range , being present throughout much of the northern half of africa . it\u2019s been recorded in egypt , sudan , kenya , chad , cameroon , nigeria , niger , senegal , benin , ghana , sierra leone , gambia and mauritania . given this somewhat patchy distribution , it is likely that it is present in other countries as well , or has been misidentified on several occasions . the latter theory would seem unlikely given the unique appearance of the species though .\n66\u2033 ( 165cm ) . captive specimens of over 48\u2033 ( 120cm ) are virtually unheard of .\nspeaking hypothetically , a truly huge aquarium would be required to house a fully grown adult fish , something in the region of 144\u2033 x 48\u2033 x 72\u2033 ( 360cm x 120cm x 120cm ) \u2013 8155 litres would be just about acceptable . although juveniles can be kept in smaller tanks they grow very quickly when fed correctly . it\u2019s best left to public aquaria or the tiny minority of hobbyists with the facilities to house such a beast .\nprefers a dimly lit tank with areas of dense planting , large pieces of driftwood and twisted roots for cover . any decor must obviously be weighted down securely . powerful and efficient external filtration is also a must , although any water movement should be kept to a minimum . a sump \u2013 type filter is by far the best option , as the fish tends to be very destructive towards any equipment contained within the tank such as heaters and the like .\ng . niloticus is carnivorous , and in nature feeds primarily on other fish and aquatic invertebrates . captive specimens readily accept most meaty live and frozen fare , such as fish fillets , prawns , mussels and earthworms . there is no need to feed live fish or mammal meat such as beef heart . the latter in particular is actually detrimental to the long term health of the fish . some specimens have been known to take dried foods , but this is the exception rather than the rule . it\u2019s likely that young fish will be easier to wean onto these .\nas unsuitable for the community tank , as it is for the hobbyist . it is highly predatory , extremely aggressive and territorial . it also possesses a mouth full of sharp teeth and a very powerful bite . experiments in which juveniles have been combined with other species have usually been successful for only a few months at most , and have always ended in some degree of disaster . if it does not kill tankmates straight away , it will often disfigure them irreparably . the eyes are particularly targeted , for some reason . even much larger fish are not safe and may have chunks of flesh removed or simply be bitten into pieces .\nit is also completely intolerant of conspecifics . keep it alone and as a single specimen . once it reaches a foot or so in length it won\u2019t hesitate to attack you either ! extreme caution must be exercised when feeding or performing tank maintenance . a bite from even a 2 foot specimen could easily sever a finger .\nunsurprisingly , captive spawning has not occured . in nature , it migrates into flooded areas during the wet season and breeds amongst aquatic vegetation in areas that are rich in micro - organisms . during breeding , the male builds a large bubble nest , into which the eggs are deposited . these supposedly hatch in around 5 days and the adults exhibit no parental care thereafter .\nalarmingly there have been batches of 2 - 3\u2033 specimens being imported with increasing regularity in recent years . in addition to the fact that it is quite delicate at this size , the species is simply not suited to the home aquarium in any respect . we can only speculate as to where the majority of these fish end up , as surely only a tiny number of aquarists are able to house one for life . if you see these for sale , and they are undoubtedly amazing looking fish , ask yourself if you have the money , facilities and knowledge to house a species that can grow to 5 1 / 2 feet in length and could remove your hand as an adult . if you do possess these attributes , you will find that as well as being one of the most belligerent aquarium inhabitants available , it is also one of the most intelligent . a real \u2018dream\u2019 species for the lover of tankbusting predatory fish then , but a potential nightmare for the vast majority of hobbyists . there is an albino form available occasionally which is much sought after and very expensive .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nfollowing flooding of the river banks ( gambia river ) , this species builds large elliptical floating nests in densely vegetated swamps at depths of about 1 - 1 . 5 m ; lays about 1000 ` amber - like ' eggs ; larvae hatching after 5 days ( ref . 10609 ) . feeds on crustaceans , insects and fish ( ref . 28714 ) . no pelvic , anal or caudal fins . possesses an electric organ that extends along almost the entire trunk to the tip of the tail ( ref . 10840 ) . also equipped with ampullary receptors and two types of tuberous receptors for electroreception ( ref . 10841 ) . showed increased electric organ discharge ( eod ) rate by 50 - 60 hz between 21 and 31\u00b0c ( ref . 10837 ) .\ndana campbell set\nfile : gymnarque du nil . jpg\nas an exemplar on\ngymnarchidae\n.\nthere are 141 species of fish recorded in the senegal river , . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00380 ( 0 . 00148 - 0 . 00976 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 58 se ; based on food items .\n) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 12 - 0 . 17 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n094 . im , b . h . ( 1975 ) alimentation des synodontis . [ the nutition of synodontis . ] rapport , laboratoire d ' hydrobiologie , toulouse . 39p . fr .\nfish biology ; synodontis spp . ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; trophic relationships .\n095 . im , b . h . ( 1977 ) etude de l ' alimentation de quelques esp\u00e8ces de synodontis ( poissons , mochocidae ) du tchad . [ study of the diet of some species of synodontis ( pisces , mochocidae ) from chad . ] th\u00e8se doct . spec . univ . paul sabatier de toulouse . 150pp . fr .\n096 . im , b . h . and lauzanne , l . ( 1978 ) la s\u00e9lection des proies chez hemisynodontis membranaceus ( pisces , mochocidae ) du lac tchad . [ prey selection by hemisynodontis membranaceus ( pisces , mochocidae ) from lake chad . ] cah . orstom . , s\u00e9r . hydrobiol . 12 ( 3 ) : 237\u2013244 . fr . 8 ref .\nfish biology ; hemisynodontis membranaceus ; lake chad ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; zooplankton ; trophic relationships .\ncopepods are selected according to their size . over 460u , a greater number of them are retained by the branchiospinal apparatus . with cladoceran selection , size factor not dominant .\n097 . lake chad basin commission , n ' djamena ( chad ) ( 1981 ) action programme for the development of lake chad conventional basin , 1982\u20131986 . prepared jointly with undp . ( not published ) . 3 v . en , fr .\ngeneral appraisal ( fisheries ) ; chad basin ; agricultural development ; fisheries development ; project appraisal ; water resources ; economic analysis ; finance .\nfisheries are included in this report outlining a plan for the agricultural development of the chad basin in relation to the available water resources . an economic appraisal including finance requirements is presented .\n098 . langford , t . s . ( 1981 ) improvement of fish processing and transport on lake chad . ( nigeria ) . report on boatbuilding ( january 1978 to june 1981 ) . field document . fao ( rome ) , fisheries dept . 28p . en .\nfishing technology ; lake chad ; fishing boats ; new boat designs ; fisheries development .\nundp field report providing technical specifications for a new design of fishing boat for use on lake chad .\n099 . lauzanne , l . ( 1969 ) etude quantitative de nutrition des alestes baremoze ( pisc . , characidae ) . [ quantitative study of the nutrition of alestes baremoze ( pisc . , characidae ) ] . cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . , 3 ( 2 ) : 15\u201327 . fr . 16 ref .\nfish biology ; alestes baremoze ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; zooplankton ; fish growth .\nthe annual ration consumed by a plankton - eating fish is evaluated . initially the daily ration consumed was established . then the quantity of plankton consumed annually by a fish of average size , whose growth was known , was determined allowing calculation of corresponding rate of digestion .\n100 . lauzanne , l . ( 1970 ) la s\u00e9lection des proies chez alestes baremoze ( pisc . , characidae ) . [ prey selection by alestes baremoze ( pisc . , characidae ) ] . cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 4 ( 1 ) : 71\u201376 . fr . 5 ref .\nfish biology ; alestes baremoze ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; zooplankton ; trophic relationships .\na . baremoze , a zooplankton feeder does not select its prey . the fishes under study ( 230\u2013250mm standard length ) keep plankton as small as 0 . 4mm . over a length of 0 . 88mm , all the plankton is retained . length class frequencies of the free plankton constituents were compared with those of the ingested plankton .\n101 . lauzanne , l . ( 1972 ) r\u00e9gimes alimentaires des principales esp\u00e8ces de poissons de l ' archipel oriental du lac tchad . [ feeding regimes of the principal fish species of the eastern archipelago of lake chad . ] verh . int . ver . limnol . 18 : 636\u2013646 . fr . 20 ref .\n102 . lauzanne , l . ( 1973 ) etude qualitative de la nutrition des alestes baremoze ( pisc . characidae ) . [ qualitative study of the nutrition of alestes baremoze ( pisc . characidae ) ] . cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 7 ( 1 ) 3\u201315 . fr . 13 ref .\nfish biology ; alestes baremoze ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; trophic relationships ; fish habitats ; fish migration .\ndiet of this fish studied in the variety of habitats ( lake and riverine ) visited during life - cycle and spawning migration . finding enough food is never a problem , except for the period when adults move upstream during low water . in all areas surveyed diet mainly consists of plankton crustaceans and small aquatic insects . in the rivers , however , during the flood , adults become herbivorous .\n103 . lauzanne , l . ( 1975a ) la s\u00e9lection des proies chez trois poissons malacophages du lac tchad . [ prey selection by three malacophagous fish from lake chad . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 9 ( 1 ) : 3\u20137 . fr . 9 ref .\nfish biology ; malacophagous fish ; synodontis schall ; synodontis clarias ; hyperopisus bebe ; lake chad ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; benthic molluscs ; trophic relationships .\nthe comparison between stomach contents and benthic molluscs faunas shows that the three fishes studied ( synodontis schall , synodontis clarias ( mochocidae ) and hyperopisus bebe ( mormyridae ) essentially select small size , immature molluscs . such behaviour probably has a great influence on the dynamics of benthic molluscs populations .\n104 . lauzanne , l . ( 1975b ) r\u00e9gimes alimentaires d ' hydrocynus forskalli ( pisc . characidae ) dans le lac tchad et ses tributaires . [ feeding strategies of hydrocynus forskalli ( pisc . characidae ) in lake chad and its tributaries . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 9 ( 2 ) : 105\u2013121 . fr . 11 ref .\nfish biology ; hydrocynus forskalli ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; trophic relationships ; biotopes ; hydrological cycle .\nfood and feeding habits in s . e . lake chad , lower chari and logone rivers studied according to size , biotopes and two hydrological seasons ( rise and fall in water level ) . stomach contents and feeding index of relative prey importance determined . characids ( especially alestes spp . ) are most important prey species .\n105 . lauzanne , l . ( 1975 ) les poissons du fleuve chari : clef de d\u00e9termination . [ fish of the river chari : identification key . ] notes techniques du centre orstom n ' djamena , no . 6 . 20p .\nfish biology ; chad basin ( river chari ) ; fish species ( general ) ; identification keys ; vernacular names .\nidentification key for fish of the river chari based on morphological characteristics . local names for species also given .\n106 . lauzanne , l . ( 1976 ) r\u00e9gimes alimentaires et relations trophiques des poissons du lac tchad .\n[ feeding strategies and trophic relationships of lake chad fish . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 10 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013310 . fr . 51 ref .\nfisheries ecology ; lake chad ; fish population structure ; fish nutrition ; diet ; trophic relationships ; fish habitats ; hydrological cycle ; species abundance ; stock assessment .\nfood and feeding habits of the main species from s . e . lake chad studied relative to habitat ( archipelago and open water ) and season ( flood or falling water level ) . stomach contents were analysed , feeding index determined and relative biomass estimated for each species by seine and gillnets .\n107 . lauzanne , l . ( 1977 ) aspects qualitatifs de l ' alimentation des poissons du tchad . [ qualitative and quantitative aspects of the nutrition of chadian fish . ] orstom , paris ; these . univ . paris vi . 284p . ( mimeo ) . fr . biblio ( 12p ) .\nfisheries ecology ; chad basin ( chad ) ; fish population structure ; fish nutrition ; trophic relationships ; hydrological cycle .\na detailed study of the nutrition of fish species in chad including both quantitative and qualitative aspects , trophic realtionships and the influence of hydrological patterns in this environment . special attention is given to alestes baremoze , brachysynodontis batensoda , hydrocynus forskalli , lates niloticus , tetraodon fahaka and tilapia galilaea .\n108 . lauzanne , l . ( 1978a ) croissance de sarotherodon galilaeus ( pisc . cichlidae ) dans le lac tchad . [ growth of sarotherodon galilaeus ( pisc . cichlidae ) in lake chad . ] cybium , s . 3 , 3 : 5\u201314 . fr . 11 ref .\nfish biology ; sarotherodon galilaeus ; lake chad ; fish growth ; length - weight analysis ; meristic characteristics .\ngrowth in length studied by back - calculation using opercular bones . length / weight relationship also computed .\n109 . lauzanne , l . ( 1978c ) etude quantitative de l ' alimentation de sarotherodon galilaeus ( pisc . cichlidae ) . [ quantitative study of the diet of sarotherodon galilaeus ( pisc . cichlidae ) ] . cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 12 ( 1 ) : 71\u201381 . fr . 24 ref .\nfish biology ; sarotherodon galilaeus ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; fish growth ; water temperature .\ndaily food consumption is calculated and correlated with water temperature . conversion rate is low ( 3 % ) . energy coefficient of growth computed using calorific equivalents reaches 19 % .\n110 . lauzanne , l . ( 1978d ) equivalents calorifiques de quelques poissons et de leur nourriture . [ calorific equivalents of some fish and their food . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 12 ( 1 ) : 89\u201392 . fr . 6 ref .\nfish biology ; lake chad ; fish nutrition ; diet ; calorific equivalents . calorific equivalents of some lake chad fish and their food were evaluated using a semi micro non - adiabatic oxygen bomb .\n111 . lauzanne , l . ( 1983 ) trophic relations of fishes in lake chad . in lake chad : ecology and productivity of a shallow tropical ecosystem , carmouze , j . - p . , durand , j . - r . , leveque , c . ( eds ) , pp . 489\u2013518 , monographiae biologicae 53 , the hague : dr . w . junk . en . fr . 42 ref .\nfisheries ecology ; lake chad ; fish population composition ; fish population structure ; fish nutrition ; trophic relationships ; foodchain energy efficiency ; hydrological cycle ; fish habitats .\nan overview of the trophic relations between fish in lake chad based on the work of the orstom centre at n ' djamena . both qualitative and quantitative aspects are presented . two major food chains ( plant and detritis based ) and nine major food types can be distinguished . planktivores dominate the archipelago region and the open water by piscivores . the food supply is well utilised in both situations , although in terms of energy efficiency , the community in the archieplago was more efficient than that in the open water . the hydrological cycle and environmental changes influence the food - chain patterns .\n112 . lauzanne , l . and iltis , a . ( 1975 ) la s\u00e9lection de la nourriture chez tilapia galilaea ( pisc . , cichlidae ) du lac tchad . [ food selection by tilapia galilaea ( pisc . , cichlidae ) from lake chad . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 9 ( 3 ) : 193\u2013199 . fr . 5 ref . fish biology ; tilapia galilaea ; lake chad ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; blue - green algae .\nfood selection by this phytoplanktivorous fish is examined using co - efficent of selectivity . filamentous blue / green algae are favoured more than diatoms .\n113 . lek , s . and lek , s . ( 1977 ) ecologie et biologie de micralestes acutidens ( peters , 1852 ) du bassin du lac tchad . [ ecology and biology of micralestes acutidens ( peters , 1852 ) in the lake chad basin . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 11 ( 4 ) : 255\u2013268 . fr . 31 ref .\nfish biology ; micralestes acutidens ; chad basin ; fish reproduction ; fish growth ; fish nutrition ; fish habitats ; hydrological cycle .\ndetail is given of spawning , growth , age , mortality , food and feeding habits in relation to hydrological events and habitats .\n114 . lek , s . and lek , s . ( 1978a ) etudes de quelques esp\u00e8ces de petits mormyridae du bassin du lac tchad . i . observations sur la r\u00e9partition et l ' \u00e9cologie . [ study of some species of small mormyridae from the lake chad basin . i . observations on distribution and ecology . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 12 ( 3\u20134 ) : 225\u2013237 . fr . 17 ref .\nfisheries ecology ; chad basin ; mormyrid species ; fish population distribution ; hydrological cycle ; sahel drought ; lacustrine - swamp species transition .\nthe distribution and ecology of five small species of mormyrids was studied between 1970\u201377 , during which time the region was affected by a severe drought . the lacustrine species were replaced by species more adapted to swamp conditions as the water level in the s . e . archipeligo was reduced .\nr\u00e9gime alimentaire d ' ichthyborus besse besse ( joannis , 1835 ) ( pisces , citharinidae ) du bassin du lac tchad . [ dietary habits of ichthyborus besse besse ( joannis , 1835 ) ( pisces , citharinidae ) from the lake chad basin ) . cybium , s3 , no . 3 : 59\u201375 . fr . 6 ref .\nfish biology ; ichthyborus besse besse ; chad basin ; fish nutrition ; diet ; prey selection ; hydrological cycle ; size variations .\nfood and feeding habits studied in north cameroun floodplain and chari - logone rivers in relation to the hydrological seasons and size of fish . individuals longer than 60mm feed on small fish and fins of large fish .\n116 . lek , s . and lek , s . ( 1978c ) etude de l ' \u00e9cologie et la biologie d ' ichthyborus besse besse ( joannis , 1835 ) ( pisces , citharinidae ) du bassin du lac tchad . [ study of the ecology and biology of ichthyborus besse besse ( joannis , 1835 ) ( pisces , citharinidae ) from the lake chad basin . ] cybium , s3 , no . 4 : 65\u201386 . fr . 22 ref .\nfish biology ; ichthyborus besse besse ; chad basin ; fish population distribution ; fish growth ; scale readings ; peterson ' s method ; fish reproduction ; fish ecology .\naspects covered include distribution , spawning seasons and growth patterns ( scale readings and peterson ' s method ) .\n117 . leveque , c . ( co - ordinator ) ( 1988 ) chad basin , region 4 in african wetlands and shallow water bodies , bibliography , davies , b . , gasse , f . ( eds . ) pp . 180\u2013211 . orstom ( paris ) . fr . en .\na bibliography of some 500 references covering every aspect of scientific investigation including geology , pedologie , climatology , hydrology , palynology , zoology , botany and fisheries for all the wetland areas of the chad basin .\n118 . leveque , c . , dejoux , c . , lauzanne , l . , lemoalle , j . , saint - jean , l . and iltis , a . ( 1979 ) .\nla faune benthique du lac tchad : \u00e9cologie , peuplements et biomasses ( v . 5 ) . activit\u00e9 photosynth\u00e9tique du phytoplancton du lac tchad ( v . 6 ) . production secondaire ( zooplancton - benthos ) dans le lac tchad ( v . 7 ) . la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation aquatique du lac tchad ( v . 8 ) . r\u00e9union de travail sur la limnologie africaine ( comptes rendus ) , nairobi ( kenya ) , 16\u201323 dec 1979 . fr .\nfisheries ecology ; lake chad ; fish population structure ; species abundance ; stock assessment ; ecosystem ( overview ) .\nthe abundance , biomass and production of the fish population of lake chad is considered in these accounts ( especially v . 7 . ) . general overview of the lake chad ecosystem .\n119 . loubens , g . ( 1969 ) etude de certains peuplements ichtyologiques par des p\u00eaches au poison ( l\u00e9re note ) . [ study of certain fish populations using poison for fishing ( first note ) . ] cah . orstom , 3 ( 2 ) : 45\u201373 . fr . 12 ref .\nresearch methodology ; chad basin ; sampling techniques ( fish populations ) ; fish resource surveys ; poison fishing ; stock assessment ; fish population composition ; species abundance .\nsampling lake chad fish populations using poison allows estimation of the density and biomass , and determination of species and size composition .\n120 . loubens , g . ( 1970 ) etude de certain peuplements ichtyologiques par des p\u00eaches au poison ( 2\u00e9me note ) . [ study of certain fish populations using poison for fishing ( second note ) . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 4 ( 1 ) : 45\u201361 . 8 ref .\nresearch methodology ; chad basin ; sampling techniques ( fish populations ) ; fish resource surveys ; poison fishing ; stock assessment ; fish population distribution ; mathematical models .\nfish populations of the chad basin studied by considering a number of models to represent species distribution and biomass .\n121 . loubens , g . ( 1973 ) production de la p\u00eache et peuplements ichtyologiques d ' un bief du delta du chari . [ fisheries production and fish stocks in a channel of the chari delta ] . cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 7 ( \u00be ) : 209\u2013233 . fr . 16 ref .\nfish resources and production ; chad basin ( river chari ) ; fishing practices ; fishing gear ; catch estimation ; stock assessment ; fish resource surveys ; hydrological cycle .\ninformation is given on the fishing patterns and production level , gear , fish populations and the relationship with the hydrological cycle as a follow - up to a previous study .\n122 . loubens , g . ( 1974 ) quelques aspects de la biologie de lates niloticus du tchad . [ some aspects of the biology of lates niloticus in chad . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 8 ( 1 ) : 3\u201321 . fr . 35 ref .\nfish biology ; lates niloticus ; chad basin ( chad ) ; fish growth ; scale readings ; von bertalanffys model ; fish reproduction ; sexual maturity ; spawning habits ; hydrological cycle .\ndetails of growth rate ( according to sex ) recorded at up to 61cm in 5 years , size ( only females exceed 1 metre in length ) , spawning activity and timing . scale readings and two von bertalanffy models presented .\n123 . loubens , g . and franc , j . ( 1972 ) etude m\u00e9thodologique pour la r\u00e9colte de statistique de p\u00eache bas\u00e9e sur l ' observation des p\u00eacheries d ' un bief du delta du chari . [ methodological study of the collection of fisheries statistics based on observations of the fishermen in the chari delta . ] rapport , orstom , n ' djamena , 44p . ( multigr . ) . fr . 7 ref .\nresearch methodology ; chad basin ( river chari ) ; fisheries statistics ; fishing practices ; fishing gear ; catch estimate ; fishing effort ( total ) ; ethnicity ; research priorities ; tabulated statistics .\nthe fisheries of douara - madide ( a channel of the chari delta ) are described including : gear , methods , the fishing communities and the seasonal cycle of activity . estimates of production , cpue , total effort are also given and examined critically . recommendations are made for further research . tables of relevant statistics are presented as appendices .\n124 . maembe , t . w . and gubio , a . ( 1981 ) report on a visit to jos , enugu and onitsha processed markets . field document , fao ( rome ) , fisheries dept . 12p . en .\nfish commerce and marketing ; lake chad ; processed fish products ; trade statistics ; prices ; markets ; retailing ; transportation ; distribution ; trade routes ; trading practices ; storage methods ; post - harvest losses ; economic analyses .\ninterim report of an fao investigation into the trade in lake chad fish , includes information on consumer demand , market prices , the organisation of retailing , post - harvest losses , transport and distribution patterns , storage methods .\n125 . maembe , t . w . ( 1982a ) improvement of fish processing and transportation on lake chad project , nigeria . field document , fao ( rome ) , fisheries dept . 32p . en .\nfish processing ; lake chad ; processed fish products ; post - harvest losses ; improved processing methods ; packaging ; transportation ; fish commerce & marketing ; co - operative formation ; training .\nthe report documents the status of fish - processing at lake chad including the problems of poor - handling , insect infestation and inadequate processing which result in losses of up to 60 % . the application of improved processing methods : new kilns , ice and brine are recommended , together with better packaging and transportation . initiatives to be followed - up in the future including formation of the baga fisheries co - op and further education through the fisheries vocational school at baga are also considered . detailed tables of statistics relating to the quantity and quality of traded fish are included as appendices .\n126 . maembe , t . w . ( 1982b ) improvement of fish processing and transportation on lake chad , nigeria . improvement of existing fish processing and handling methods . field document , fao ( rome ) , fisheries dept . 32p . en .\nfish processing ; lake chad ; fresh fish ; product quality ; improved processing methods ; ice and freezer technology .\nmethods for the improved handling and processing of fresh fish on lake chad are recommended as part of an undp project , including the use of ice and freezing .\n127 . mann , m . j . ( 1961a . ) survey of fish trade in the wulgo area . report , fed . fish . service . , maiduguri , nigeria . ( dactylogr . ) . en .\nfish commerce and marketing ; chad basin ( nigeria ) ; processed fish products ; markets ; prices ; trade routes ; distribution .\n128 . mann , m . j . ( 1962 ) fish production and marketing from the nigerian shores of lake chad ( 1960\u201361 ) . report , fed . fish . service , lagos , nigeria . 50p . ( multigr . ) en .\nfish commerce and marketing ; lake chad ; processed fish products ; trade statistics ; distribution ; transportation ; trade routes ; markets ; fisheries development .\n129 . meeren , a . g . l . van der . ( 1980 ) improvement of fish processing and transport on lake chad , nigeria . a socio - anthropological analysis of the fisheries of lake chad . field document . fao ( rome ) , fisheries dept . 45p . en .\nfisheries anthropology ; lake chad ; fisheries resources and production ; fishing communities ; ethnicity ; fisheries development ; fish processing ; fish commerce and marketing ; cooperative formation ; transportation ; economic analysis .\nsocio - anthropological aspects of fish production and processing at lake chad are examined including social organisation and the interaction between ethnic groups , and the potential for the formation of fishermens cooperatives to assist marketing .\n130 . migeod , f . w . h . ( 1925 ) through nigeria to lake chad . heath cranton ltd ( london ) . 330p .\nan early account of the environment and peoples around lake chad including some detailed observations of the fishing activity .\n131 . mills , a . ( 1979 ) handling and processing fish on lake chad . unpublished report , odnri ( london ) , 55p . ( mimeo . ) . en .\nfish processing ; lake chad ; processed fish products ; handling ; improved processing methods .\n132 . mok , m . ( 1974 ) biom\u00e9trie et biologie des schilbe ( pisces , siluriformes ) du bassin tchadien . 1\u00e8re partie : morphologie compar\u00e9e des deux esp\u00e8ces de schilbe . [ biommetry and biology of schilbe ( pisces , siluriformes ) in the chad basin . part 1 : morphology compared for two species of schilbe . ] cah . orstom . , ser . hydrobiol . , 8 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013135 . fr .\nfish biology ; schilbe uranoscopus ; schilbe mystus ; chad basin ; morphology ; biometry .\n133 . mok , m . ( 1975 ) biom\u00e9trie et biologie des schilbe ( pisc : siluriformes ) du bassin tchadien . 2\u00e8me partie : biologie compar\u00e9e des deux esp\u00e8ces . [ biometry and biologie of schilbe ( pisc : siluriformes ) from the chad basin . part 2 : biology compared for two species . ] cah . orstom , ser . hydrobiol . 9 : 33\u201360 . fr . 84 ref .\nfish biology ; schilbe uranoscopus ; schilbe mystus ; chad basin ; biometry ; fish nutrition ; fish reproduction ; fish migration ; life cycle ; condition coefficient ; hydrological cycle .\ntwo species in chad basin : schilbe uranoscopus and schilbe mystus . easily distinguished on basis of morphological and biometrical characteristics . ecological very similiar . juveniles entomophagus , adults ichthyophagous . both species move from lake to river during the flood . spawn in river logone , july - sept . condition factor high in rivers and lake , low in archipelago generally .\n134 . monod , t . ( 1928 ) l ' industrie des p\u00eaches au cameroun . [ the fishing industry in cameroun ] . paris , larose ed . , 504p . fr .\ngeneral appraisal ( fisheries ) ; chad basin ( cameroun ) ; historical account .\nthe first detailed description of fisheries in cameroun including fishing techniques ( many of which have now disappeared ) . however only deals with the northern course of the logone and chari in the chad basin .\n135 . moes , t . e . ( 1980 ) research and development priorities in the lake chad fisheries . a paper presented at the national seminar on fisheries research , 28\u201330th april 1980 , lagos , nigeria . fao ( rome ) , project ref : fao / nir / 74 / 001 . en .\nfish processing ; lake chad ; processed fish products ; post - harvest losses ; improved processing methods ; research priorities .\nan interim report of the fao team investigating post - harvest losses . the problem is outlined and the research undertaken to date explained . future research priorities are discussed including the application of improved processing methods such as brining , the ivory coast type smoking kiln and icing . a strategy for technology - transfer is also considered .\n136 . neiland , a . e . ( 1987 ) shrinking lake chad is still a big fishery ! fishing news international , 24 ( 2 ) : 41\u201342 . en .\ngeneral appraisal ( fisheries ) ; lake chad ; fish resources and production ; fish commerce & marketing ; fisheries management ; fish processing ; hydrological cycle ; sahel drought .\ndespite a large reduction in the size of the lake over the last 5 years , the fishery and resultant trade in fish products with southern nigerian markets is still significant , based largely on undersized tilapias and clarias catfish .\n137 . neiland , a . e . and verinumbe , i . ( 1990a ) fisheries development and resource usage conflict : a case study of deforestation associated with the lake chad fishery in nigeria . cemare research paper , university of portsmouth , uk . subsequently published in environmental conservation 18 ( 1991 ) : 111\u2013117 . en . 22 ref .\ngeneral appraisal ( fisheries ) ; lake chad ; fish processing ; fuelwood ; deforestation ; fisheries development ; resource usage conflict ; economic analysis .\na post - drought rejuvenation of the lake chad fisheries is likely to significantly increase the pressure placed on other local resources . in the case of the tree resources , it can be demonstrated that the concentration of population and fish processing activity along the western shoreline will further exacerbate the existing local deficit between supply and demand leading to further tree loss and environmental degradation . the problem is outlined and discussed in the context of both local and national economic considerations .\n138 . neiland , a . e . and verinumbe , i . ( 1990b ) the potential of the shrub calotropis procera ( asclepiadaceae ) as an alternative fuel source for processing fish at lake chad in nigeria : preliminary observations and identification of areas for further research . trop . sci 30 , 321\u2013323 . en . 6 ref .\nfish processing ; lake chad ; fisheries development ; fish processing ; fuelwood alternatives ; calotropis procera ; natural insecticide ; toxicity problems .\nbecause of the lack of fuelwood supplies around lake chad , local processors are now using stems of the shrub calotropis procera , which is locally abundant growing on exhausted soil . the sap of the plant is poisonous . it is not clear whether this has an impact on the fish products produced . the possibility that the accumulation of poison residues may render the fish unfit for human consumption should be investigated .\n139 . odunze , f . c . ( 1982 ) study of some aspects of the biology of clarias lazera in lake chad . annual report of the lake chad research institute , maiduguri , nigeria . 1982 . pp . 57\u201360 . en .\nfish biology ; clarias lazera ; lake chad ; fish reproduction ; sub - species identification ; morphology ; meristic characteristics ; biometry .\nfecundity , spawning activity , morphological and meristic investigation results are presented . it is suggested that their are two sub - species of this fish in the lake , broadly defined according to size ( small and normal size ) .\n140 . odunze , f . c . ( 1983 ) fecundity studies of tilapia zilli in lake chad . annual report of the lake chad research institute , maiduguri , nigeria . 1983 . pp . 71\u201373 . en . 3 ref .\nfish biology ; tilapia zilli ; lake chad ; fish reproduction ; sexual maturity ; hydrological cycle ; fisheries resources and production .\ntilapia zilli populations in lake chad have high reproductive potential , being fecund year round at a small size . main breeding season is january \u2013 april , corresponding to the annual water level increase . this fish is important commercially forming up to 80 % of all catches between january and may .\n141 . orstom ( 1977 ) les activiti\u00e9s de l ' orstom en r\u00e9publique du tchad . 3 : recherches biologiques et sciences humains . [ the work of orstom in the republic of chad . 3 : research in the biological and social sciences . ] notes tech . du centre orstom de n ' djamena ; no . 15 . 19p . fr . 63 ref .\ngeneral appraisal ( fisheries ) ; chad basin ; fisheries resources and production ; economic analysis ; ethnicity ; demography ; ecosystem ( overview ) ; limnology .\na general overview of the chad basin ecosystem including the fisheries resources and production , their economic significance and the characteristics of the indigenuous populations involved in fisheries . based on the research undertaken by the orstom centre at n ' djamena .\n142 . pellegrin , j . ( 1914 ) les poissons du bassin du lac tchad . [ the fish of the lake chad basin . ] paris , 154pp . fr .\nfish biology ; chad basin ; fish species ( general ) ; historical account .\nan early detailed description of the biology of fish of the chad basin including many fine illustrations .\n143 . quensiere , j . ( 1976 ) influence de la s\u00e9cheresse sur les p\u00eacheries du delta du chari ( 1971\u201373 ) . [ effect of drought on the fisheries of the chari delta ( 1971\u201373 ) ] . cah . orstom . , ser . hydrobiol . 10 ( 1 ) : 3\u201318 . fr . 12 ref .\nfisheries ecology ; river chari delta ; fisheries resources and production ; fishing effort ( total ) ; catch estimation ; catch per unit effort ; statistical surveys ; hydrological cycle ; sahel drought ; fish population dynamics .\ndetailed investigation of these fisheries based on monthly data collection for cpue , total fishing effort and total catch . correlation between drought and declining catch demonstrated . fish populations also became unstable and more diverse with the onset of drought . all fishing activity had ceased by april 1973 .\n144 . quensiere , j . ( 1979 ) synth\u00e8se des connaissances scientifiques sur la p\u00eache et l ' hydrologie du lac tchad et les effets de la s\u00e9cheresse . [ synthesis of scientific knowledge on the fishery and hydrology of lake chad and the effects of the drought . ] . fao ( rome ) / cifa , occass . doc . cpca no . 8 . 18p . fr . 80 ref .\ngeneral appraisal ( fisheries ) ; lake chad ; fisheries resources and production ; hydrological cycle ; sahel drought .\na comprehensive summary of scientific knowledge on the fishery and hydrology of the chad basin by an experienced researcher in the chad basin .\n145 . quensiere , j . ( 1981 ) de l ' int\u00e9r\u00eat que pr\u00e9sente l ' approche syn\u00e9cologique dans les \u00e9tudes d ' am\u00e9nagement halieutique ( \u00e9tude du renouvellement des stocks lacustres tchadiens par la plaine d ' inondation du nord - cameroun . ) . [ the synecological approach in fishery management studies ( study of the replenishment of stocks in lake chad using the north cameroons floodplain . ) . ] seminar on river basin management and development in africa , blantyre , malawi , 8\u201310 dec . 1980 . cifa ( fao , rome ) , tech pap . no . 8 : 173\u2013199 . fr . 5 ref .\nfisheries resources and production ; chad basin ; stock assessment ; research methodology ; fish population dynamics ; ecosystems ( overview ) ; fish habitats ; biotopes ; fish resource surveys .\nthe fish stocks of lake chad and north cameroons floodplain are assessed using a programme of sample surveys ; the relationship between the two water habitat types in supporting a viable fisheries resource within the chad basin ecosystem is examined .\n146 . richards , l . g . w . ( 1979 ) report prepared for the improvement of fish processing and transport project on lake chad , nigeria . fao ( rome ) , fisheries dept . 24p . en .\nfishing technology ; lake chad ; fishing boats ; mechanization ; outboard engines ; outboard engine maintenance ; training .\nundp project report on the possibilities for mechanization at lake chad and the training needs for outboard engine maintenance and repair services .\n147 . robinson , a . h . and robinson , p . k . ( 1969b ) a comparative study of the food habits of micralestes acutidens and alestes dageti ( pisc : characidae ) from the northern basin of lake chad . bull . inst . fr . afr . noire , 31 , ser . a : 951\u2013964 . en ."]}
{"id": 2302, "summary": [{"text": "gallo blue chip is a standardbred harness racing horse who earned $ 4.2 million in total winnings during his racing career .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "gallo blue chip 's sire was magical mike , and his dam was camatross .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "magical mike 's sire was tyler b. , and his dam was racing date ; camatross ' sire was albatross , and her dam was bye bye camille . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "gallo blue chip", "paragraphs": ["gallo blue chip is retired to blue chip farms in wallkill , new york .\nthe gallo blue chip sponsorship is sponsored by martin scharf to honor his magnificent standardbred , gallo blue chip , who retired as the richest pacer in harness racing history .\nand he was the recipient of the $ 15 , 000 gallo blue chip scholarship , presented and funded by the owner of gallo blue chip , martin scharf and administered by the harness horse youth foundation .\nmark krousse , who has worked for ford since 1990 , is gallo blue chip ' s caretaker .\ngallo blue chip won $ 575 , 000 , pushing his career earnings to $ 1 , 418 , 811 .\nthe inquiry sign went up as the gallo blue chip family began to celebrate , but there was no question about the winner . gallo blue chip beat astreos by 3 1 / 4 lengths , and high on emotion placed third .\ngallo blue chip is the leading moneywinning pacer of all time , and the all - time leading moneywinning standardbred gelding .\nspeaking of gallo blue chip , i upset him in the hempt memorial at pocono in 2000 . teddy wing was driving gallo blue chip and i won the race with a colt named sam francisco , trained by virgil morgan , jr .\n\u00a9 blue chip farms . all rights reserved . \u00b7 website developed by able engine\ndespite his honors - including 2000 horse of the year - gallo blue chip may have been underappreciated , according to ford .\nmartin scharf presented the sixth annual gallo blue chip scholarship to michael fahy of washington , pennsylvania at the meadowlands racetrack over the weekend .\nthe race contained an intriguing sidelight : the rivalry between gallo blue chip and tyberwood . three times this year they found themselves close together on the track , and the first two times , tyberwood ' s driver , richie silverman , let his whip stray back , frightening the head - shy gallo blue chip . then , in the third meeting , tyberwood bumped gallo blue chip and was disqualified for the action .\nthe harness horse youth foundation ( hhyf ) is pleased to announce maja bown and hannah wieder as recipients of the gallo blue chip scholarship .\napplications for the 2012 gallo blue chip scholarship and other 2012 hhyf scholarships are now available at the website of the harness horse youth foundation .\nthe blue chip mare program has produced industry leading in foal rates across the board which lead to substantial cost savings to your bottom line . learn more about moving your mare to blue chip .\nthough blue chip farms is not the biggest breeder in terms of mare numbers , it has consistently delivered on quality and been a top breeder in the standardbred industry for many years . grand circuit competitors bred and raised by blue chip farms include gallo blue chip ( world champion , hall of famer and winner of $ 4 , 260 , 959 ) , santanna blue chip ( $ 1 , 597 , 725 ) , kenneth j ( $ 1 , 551 , 627 ) , hypnotic blue chip ( $ 1 , 532 , 752 ) , breeders crown winner spider blue chip ( $ 1 , 202 , 467 ) , isabella blue chip ( world champion , $ 792 , 069 ) and beloved angel ( $ 679 , 074 ) .\nthe annual gallo blue chip scholarship award will be presented thursday night december 29 , 2016 at the meadowlands . come on out and see the champ .\ngallo blue chip , the richest pacer of all time , will take his final curtain call with retirement ceremonies on saturday , june 4 at the meadowlands .\ngallo blue chip was retired on march 12 , 2005 . he enjoys a well - deserved life of leisure and fame in slate hill , n . y .\nthe harness horse youth foundation is pleased to announce that maja bown and hannah wieder have been selected as recipients of the gallo blue chip scholarship . . . .\non april 28 , 1997 gallo blue chip was born in wallkill , ny . he went on to earn over $ 4 . 2 million on the racetrack , retiring\nit has been announced that martin scharf will present the seventh annual gallo blue chip scholarship during the saturday , january 12 program at the meadowlands racetrack . . . .\ngallo blue chip was not only the highlight of my racing career , but the highlight of my life ,\nhe noted .\ni was pretty much established when he came along . but he made things much easier , for sure . gallo blue chip was a remarkable horse , a very , very special horse .\ncasey : i got to drive a great horse named gallo blue chip , a tough horse who won the meadowlands pace with dan dube . gallo blue chip was horse of the year in 2000 . that same year , i won the cleveland classic at northfield park with him . the next year , 2001 , i won the battle of lake erie , also at northfield , with gallo blue chip . he went in 1 : 51 , which was an all - age track record at the time .\nmartin scharf will present the 2014 gallo blue chip scholarships to two recipients in a winner ' s circle ceremony at the meadowlands on saturday , january 3 . . . .\nmartin scharf will present the 6th annual gallo blue chip scholarship to michael fahy of washington , pennsylvania during the saturday , january 7 race card at the meadowlands racetrack . . .\nat three , gallo blue chip won the meadowlands pace , north america cup and breeders crown , setting a single season ' s earning record of $ 2 . 3 million .\ngallo blue chip was undefeated in all eight starts of his freshman season of 1999 , sweeping all seven of his new york sire stakes contests including the $ 150 , 000 final .\nthis time , gallo blue chip had little trouble after a rocky start . gallo blue chip was forced to go wide around the first turn from the no . 9 post , taking the lead at the half in 534 5 and building on the lead , taking a 4 - length advantage into the homestretch . with dube prodding him , he was never challenged .\ntaken from a recent interview with walter case ; casey : i got to drive a great horse named gallo blue chip , a tough horse who won the meadowlands pace with dan dube . gallo blue chip was horse of the year in 2000 . that same year , i won the cleveland classic at northfield park with him . the next year , 2001 , i won the battle of lake erie , also at northfield , with gallo blue chip . he went in 1 : 51 , which was an all - age track record at the time .\ninterestingly , just three hours before his race , foiled again joined gallo blue chip for a ceremonial ribbon cutting ceremony by the two richest pacers of all time . with combined earnings over $ 10 million dollars , the two harness heroes posed for throngs of photographers in the new \u201cblue chip farms winners circle . \u201d\nwith the open division getting ready to start up for 2015 i wish i could see gallo blue chip in the entries . how i miss the tuesday drawers and racing on saturday nights .\nmartin scharf will present the 2016 gallo blue chip scholarships to garrett chellis and natalie martuscello in a winner\u2019s circle presentation during the meadowlands racetrack\u2019s thursday , december 29 program of racing . . . .\nit ' s great see to everyone checking in to gallo blue chip ' s page , gallo continues to spend his much earned pensioned time in upstate ny at mark fords training stable and enjoys his life and is very comfortable approaching his next birthday in april .\ndan was very active in the n . y . breeding program during the 1970s and 1980s . he stood sir taurus at his collins , ny farm for four years prior to moving him to blue chip farms in 1992 . sir taurus , now retired , still resides at blue chip . sir taurus turned 30 this year . dan was also the co - breeder of gallo blue chip , who retired as the sport ' s leading money winning pacer in 2005 .\ngallo blue chip ( nominated as race horse ) p , 4 , 1 : 48 . 4 ( $ 4 , 260 , 959 ) bay gelding , 1997 ( magical mike - camatross - albatross )\nthe harness horse youth foundation\u2019s scholarship selection committee was clearly in a new york state of mind when it named the winners of the 2013 gallo blue chip scholarship , sponsored by martin scharf . . . .\nmartin scharf will present the seventh annual gallo blue chip scholarships , named in honour of his great pacer , to kayla prentice and michelle galligan during the meadowlands racetrack\u2019s saturday , january 4 card . . . .\npopular horse owner martin scharf was on hand at the meadowlands on saturday evening to present nursing student maddie dudka with the $ 15 , 000 gallo blue chip scholarship , named for his champion pacer . . .\ngallo blue chip was purchased by his owner , martin scharf , for $ 100 , 000 from chris oakes of lockport , new york . he was bred by dan gernatt farms in collins , new york .\nit was a familiar scenario for gallo blue chip and tyberwood , crowded together near the halfway point of the meadowlands pace . the two had forged a strange and uncomfortable rivalry this season , mired with controversial tactics .\ni ' m not sure that gallo blue chip has gotten the respect he deserved ,\nford said .\ni saw a poll that had him ranked as the tenth best three - year - old since\nin a flurry of action , tyberwood nudged toward the rail , this time crowding another horse , aces n ' sevens , and sending ain ' t no stpn him jerking backward through a crowd of horses . but unlike earlier meetings between gallo blue chip and tyberwood , when the activity caused problems for gallo blue chip , this time the driver daniel dube guided the 3 - year - old gelding around the jam and into the lead . tyberwood was disqualified for causing multiple interference , and once gallo blue chip took the lead , there was no heading him as he won the $ 1 . 15 million meadowlands pace in 1 : 504 5 .\njulia zenker , the daughter of deborah lass and drew zenker , has been named the recipient of the $ 15 , 000 gallo blue chip scholarship by the harness horse youth foundation and sponsor martin scharf . . . .\nfoiled again added to his resume with his canadian pacing derby victory , as his share of the $ 794 , 870 purse pushed his lifetime earnings to $ 4 . 35 million , eclipsing the previous record of $ 4 . 26 million established by gallo blue chip upon his retirement in 2005 . gallo blue chip was horse of the year in 2000 as a 3 year old and voted the best older male pacer at age 4 in 2001 .\ngallo blue chip is the leading moneywinning pacer of all time and the all - time leading moneywinning standardbred gelding . bred by dan gernatt of collins , new york , gallo blue chip was foaled on april 28 , 1997 at blue chip farms in wallkill , new york . he was purchased for $ 32 , 000 at the 1998 harrisburg sale - on the same day as fellow 2011 living horse hall of fame inductee eternal camnation - by chris oakes of three crown jewels stable in wilkes barre , pennsylvania . in august 1999 , he was purchased by martin scharf of lawrence , new york for $ 100 , 000 . trained by mark ford and driven in most of his starts by dan dube , gallo blue chip raced from 1999 to early 2005 , and had a lifetime record of 133 - 53 - 19 - 9 .\nblue chip farms utilizes the mobile lab services offered by select breeders services ( sbs ) in chesapeake , maryland . the majority of the semen sbs processes from their stallions is used for export purposes as they have a huge following in europe . jean brown , vice president of blue chip farms , said ,\nduring the saturday , january 12 harness racing card at the meadowlands , martin scharf presented julia zenker , the daughter of deborah lass and drew zenker , with a $ 15 , 000 check as the winner of the gallo blue chip scholarship .\nby the end of his 3 - year - old campaign in 2000 , gallo blue chip had become the richest single - season moneywinning standardbred of all time by earning more than $ 2 . 4 million . major victories that year included the north america cup , meadowlands pace , art rooney pace , tattersalls pace and the breeders crown . in his little brown jug preview win , gallo blue chip set a world record for 3 - year - old pacers on a five - eighths - mile track ( 1 : 50 ) . gallo blue chip was voted 2000 horse of the year and pacer of the year , and also won both the usta and canadian ( o\u2019brien ) 3 - year - old pacing colt of the year awards .\nin a winner\u2019s circle presentation during the saturday , january 4 race card at the meadowlands racetrack , martin scharf presented the gallo blue chip scholarships to kayla prentice of vernon , new york and michelle galligan of cuddebackville , new york . . . .\nmr . gernatt loved horses and established dan gernatt farms , which sold yearlings commercially . his broodmare band produced many champions , especially on the new york sires stakes circuit . he bred $ 4 . 2 million winner gallo blue chip , and the top trotters bye tsem ( $ 515 , 194 ) , vernon blue chip ( $ 542 , 816 ) , and roz t collins ( $ 410 , 653 ) .\nas a 4 - year - old in 2001 , in a victory at the canadian pacing derby prep , gallo blue chip became the leading moneywinning pacer of all time with $ 3 , 227 , 861 to his credit . on his way to winning the 2001 pacing horse of the year award in both the u . s . and canada , gallo blue chip would win 10 out of 19 starts , including the graduate pace , battle of lake erie , american - national and the canadian pacing derby .\nas a racehorse , gallo blue chip was one of the gamest and most determined campaigners in harness racing history . in his honour , two determined students will receive scholarships that will help them make their own mark on history in the future . . . .\nin addition to the $ 1 . 1 million meadowlands pace in 2000 , gallo blue chip ' s other career highlights at the meadowlands included victories in the $ 300 , 000 graduate final in 2001 and the $ 121 , 000 presidential final in 2003 .\nin winning the presidential series final as a 6 - year - old in 2003 , gallo blue chip became the first pacer in history to break the $ 4 million mark in earnings . he would continue to race into 2005 as an 8 - year - old .\ngallo blue chip was inducted into the harness racing hall of fame on july 3 , 2011 , having received 34 % of the votes from members in good standing of the united states trotting association . he had a total of 53 wins of 133 starts during his career .\nannual members ( in good standing ) voted for the two horses they felt exemplified greatness . their choices are racehorse gallo blue chip who received 34 percent of the vote and racehorse eternal camnation who received 20 percent of the votes cast . the other nominees were rainbow blue ( 17 percent ) , garland lobell ( 15 percent ) and real desire ( 11 percent ) .\n. the scholarship , sponsored by martin scharf , honors the pacer who retired as the richest pacer of all time ; scharf campaigned gallo blue chip during his illustrious career . bown and wieder will be honored at a special dinner and winners circle ceremony at the meadowlands later this year .\ngallo\nenjoys a well - deserved life of leisure and fame in slate hill , new york , and has appeared at fairs and equine events as an ambassador of the sport . sponsored by martin scharf and administered by the harness horse youth foundation , the gallo blue chip scholarship is awarded annually to college - bound students from the new york - new jersey - pennsylvania area .\n' ' i was frightened very much coming to the half , ' ' said martin scharf , gallo blue chip ' s owner . ' ' when he cleared the lead i knew he was going to win . when he ' s on top , nobody can catch him . ' '\nthe $ 15 , 000 award , sponsored by scharf in honour of his pacing gelding that won over $ 4 . 2 million in his career and retired as the richest pacer of all - time , pushes overall gallo blue chip scholarship educational benefits to more than $ 100 , 000 .\ncongrats to dan dube on winning his 8000th race some of his greatest came with his old partner gallo .\ngallo blue chip and eternal camnation will be inducted on hall of fame day , sunday , july 3 , 2011 . the ceremonies for these two extraordinary standardbred racehorses will take place during the harness racing museum & hall of fame\u2019s annual dinner . for information on the hall of fame weekend and other festivities surrounding this important occasion visit\ngallo blue chip entered the race as the favorite , having won the north american cup in 1 : 501 5 , the second - fastest time in cup history . he started the season slowly but has improved under the guidance of mark ford , 29 , who became the youngest trainer to win two million - dollar races .\nin 2010 , blue chip farms expanded their focus by initiating a warmblood breeding program to develop young sporthorses . this venture began with the retirement and breeding availability of the two - time olympic gold medal winning show jumper mare , sapphire ( photo right ) . before her passing in june 2014 she was one mare in the small band of sporthorse broodmares at blue chip farms . blue chip farms has utilized sbs to assist them with importing frozen semen from top jumping stallions in europe . they also currently have a few of sapphire\u2019s colts they intend to keep as stallions so they can use sbs to collect and freeze semen for export to the eu to meet the demand expressed by european breeders . blue chip farms also stands two jumper stallions , domino ( darco x happy wind ) and ultimo van ter moude ( capitol i x major de la cour ) , in which sbs orchestrates the distribution of the semen throughout the united states and canada .\ngrowing up , gallo blue chip was one of my favorite horses , \u201d said kevin koury , who along with his father joe and brother joe jr . is part of the jjk stables partnership that owns foiled again with the burke racing stable , mark weaver and mike bruscemi .\nhe was a special horse and to pass him is unbelievable . \u201d\nas an eight - year - old in 2005 , he was continuing to race prior to his retirement on march 12 , 2005 . in 2005 , gallo blue chip retired\nas the sport ' s leading money winning pacer\nand standardbred gelding of all - time . he is the first horse to have won more than $ 4 million in the sport .\ngallo blue chip retires with a record of 53 wins , 19 seconds and nine thirds from 133 starts and earnings of $ 4 , 260 , 959 , mostly for martin scharf of lawrence , new york , who acquired him on august 8 , 1999 . his last win was in a condition pace , the 13th race on february 26 , 2005 at the meadowlands .\ni appreciate what gallo blue chip did now more than i ever did before ,\nsaid ford .\ni see what goes into it . you go to harrisburg [ for the yearling sale ] , and you realize that of all the horses sold , there can only be one who wins the races he did . i see how tough it is now to really do all that .\nthe muni side is offering significant ballast to the portfolio ,\ngallo said from his office at pittsburgh - based federated investors inc .\ngallo blue chip won eight of eight starts in 1999 , including seven new york sires stakes and the $ 150 , 000 championship . in 2000 , gallo blue chip won the meadowlands pace horse race at the meadowlands racetrack in new jersey with a time of 1 : 50 . 4 . the same year , he also won the breeder ' s crown three - year - old colt and gelding pace at mohawk racetrack in 1 : 51 . 1 . winning the north america cup ( 1 : 50 . 1 ; $ 1 million ) , tattersalls pace , and art rooney pace were additional major victories for him that year . he set the world record for three - year - old pacers on a 5 / 8 mile track in his win at the little brown jug preview with a time of 1 : 50 , becoming world champion .\nmeyerson has held important sales positions with ascentia wine estates , diageo chateau & estates , terlato wines , and e & j gallo during his impressive 17 year career .\ngallo blue chip became the all - time leading money - winning pacer in 2001 with $ 3 , 227 , 861 by winning the canadian pacing derby prep . that year , he won 10 out of 19 starts , including the battle of lake erie , graduate pace , canadian pacing derby , and american - national . he was the first pacer in the history of harness racing to earn more than $ 4 million in winnings , having done so in 2003 as a six - year - old at the presidential series final .\ntalk about a triple crown winner , how about the north america cup , meadowlands pace , and breeders crown all won by gallo in his horse of the year , 3yr old season .\n\u201csbs has very strict quality standards on the semen it processes for export . as such , our european agents feel comfortable marketing the frozen semen to their clients . they know that conception rates will be maximized . this is extremely important for blue chip\u2019s business model because in the standardbred industry the stallion owner isn\u2019t paid a service fee until the mare delivers a live foal . \u201d\nnestled on almost 700 acres in wallkill , ny sits blue chip farms , the leading commercial standardbred breeding and boarding farm in the state of new york . this beautiful farm with its rolling hills was founded in 1969 by the kimelman family then purchased in 2001 by tom grossman . mr . grossman became interested in standardbred racing when he was a teenager and bought his first horse in 1989 .\nthe hhyf has posted applications for the 2013 gallo blue chip scholarship on the website . the harness horse youth foundation is a charitable 501 ( c ) 3 organization dedicated to providing young people and their families educational opportunities with harness horses , in order to foster the next generation of participants and fans . the foundation has been making a difference in young people ' s lives since 1976 , and its programs include interactive learning experiences with these versatile animals , scholarship programs , and creation and distribution of educational materials . for more information on opportunities through hhyf , or to support its mission , go to urltoken .\nthe only knock on him is , he could have been gallo blue chips regular driver but choose off of him after winning a $ 100 , 000 . 00 the burlington stake in canada to drive another horse , who we would beat in the $ 1 , 000 . 000 . 00 north america cup elimination and final the next two weeks in a row . the rest would go on to become history . to this day i still say gallo would have never lost a race that year , which he didn ' t loose many if john\nthe boss\ncampbell would have stuck with him but it all turned out good for everyone . congrats to him on a well deserved night of recognition . we love and owe so much to daniel dube . gallo ' s regular and all time win and money earned driver .\nperhaps it was a night for underdogs , as only four betting favorites found the winners circle . ironically , horses named after 1976 movie icon , rocky , had a big night : salevster stallion ( race 1 , fin . 2nd ) , stallone blue chip ( r3 , 1st ) & yo cheyenne rocky ( r9 , 1st ) . nonetheless , team gural showed the world that they were up for the task !\nv2 wine group is pleased to announce the appointment of wine industry veteran scott ericson as the company\u2019s vice president of sales . ericson , whose 25 - year industry background includes top executive sales and marketing roles with blue chip wine companies , will oversee all sales functions for v2 wine group\u2019s expanding portfolio which includes dry creek vineyard , steelhead wines , and toad hollow vineyards . he will also manage sales in v2\u2019s growing export business .\njean said , \u201cbreeding success is what we strive for and sbs has assisted in that endeavor when utilizing frozen semen . for the warmbloods , it is going to be important for us to freeze semen from our young stallions for export to europe and canada especially while they are in training and showing . \u201d with their track record of success in the standardbred industry blue chip farms is sure to make its mark in the sporthorse world as well .\ngallo blue chip ' s owner , martin scharf , described his feelings about the horse ' s north america cup victory , saying ,\nwinning the north america cup was a thrill and a relief . even if you know a horse is good , he has to prove it . i ' ve been in this business for 10 years and you never really know if you have that caliber of a horse . the horse ' s trainer , mark ford , said of him in july of 2000 ,\nhe ' s a little hard to train . you won ' t be impressed if you train him in the middle of the week , but he is good when he races .\nblue chip farms stands and manages eleven standardbred stallions in the united states and canada . their roster includes chapter seven ( windsong\u2019s legacy x la riviera lindy ) , crazed ( credit winner x mary lou hall ) , credit winner ( photo below ; american winner x lawn tennis ) , muscle mass ( muscles yankee x graceful touch ) , american ideal ( western ideal x lifetime success ) , art major ( artsplace x perfect profile ) , bettor\u2019s delight ( cam\u2019s card shark x classic wish ) , rock n roll heaven ( rocknroll hanover x artistic vision ) , roll with joe ( cam\u2019s card shark x classic wish ) , shadow play ( the panderosa x matt\u2019s filly ) and sunshine beach ( somebeachsomewhere x light up ) . most of the stallions shuttle between the northern hemisphere and southern hemispheres or their frozen semen is shipped to europe . in 2014 more than 2500 mares were bred worldwide to the stallions of blue chip farms .\nas stock prices fall , federated muni and stock advantage fund ' s r . j . gallo and john l . nichol are providing more protection for investors than their peers by buying municipal bonds and shares of companies that pay high dividends .\nshould the new york mets become sellers ? what about the toronto blue jays and texas rangers ? those are just some of the clubs that will use june as a barometer for deciding what to do when the market really heats up in july .\nanother holding , an insured denver convention center hotel authority revenue bond , has a 5 . 125 percent coupon and matures in 2024 . because the insurer is a relative newcomer to the market , the bond ' s yield is higher , gallo said .\nv2 wine group announced the appointment of wine industry veteran ken meyerson as the company\u2019s director of national retail accounts . meyerson , whose 17 - year industry background includes top sales roles with blue chip wine companies , will oversee all sales in the national retail account arena for v2 wine group\u2019s expanding portfolio which includes dry creek vineyard , qup\u00e9 wine cellars , steelhead vineyards , valley of the moon and toad hollow vineyards among other luxury brands . he will report to scott ericson , v2 wine company\u2019s vice president , national sales manager .\ni was so unbelievably excited to hear the news about the scholarship . my parents have done and sacrificed so much for me over the years that i want to make them proud\nsaid $ 5 , 000 gallo blue chip recipient hannah wieder , of yonkers , new york . she will attend quinnipiac university to study diagnostic medical sonography . once she has her degree , she will move into an accelerated nursing program . getting involved in medicine is something that is near and dear to wieder , as she was born three months prematurely and spent several months in neonatal intensive care . a graduate of maria regina high school , hannah is an after school religious teacher , a eucharistic minister and has volunteered at white plains hospital , where she was born . her father alex campaigns a small stable at yonkers raceway .\ngives manager jeff banister some flexibility with the batting order ; joey gallo ' s bat , which has produced 16 home runs , has to fit somewhere . expect better days ahead , though if texas does slide , it will have plenty to market , including pending free agents like pitchers yu\ngallo and nichol have about 60 percent of the mutual fund ' s $ 572 million invested in muni bonds . the rest is in stocks such as at & t ; inc . , the largest u . s . telephone company . the approach is paying off in the worst year for stock markets since 2002 .\ngallo , who has a bachelor ' s degree in economics from the university of michigan at ann arbor and a master ' s degree in public affairs from princeton university , owns $ 5 million worth of aaa - rated chicago metropolitan water reclamation district bonds , which have a 5 percent coupon and mature in 2028 .\ngallo , 37 , a former analyst at the federal reserve bank of new york , and nichol , 43 , who used to oversee pension funds for the public employees retirement system of ohio , are beating rivals at funds such as the $ 622 million vanguard tax - managed balanced fund and the $ 373 million alliancebernstein tax - managed wealth preservation strategy .\nwhen he won the jug preview in 2000 , gene riegle came up to me and told me that gallo ' s race [ winning in 1 : 50 flat ] was the biggest trip he had ever seen a horse go in his life ,\nford recalled .\nhe told me that he wouldn ' t get beat in the [ little brown jug ] in 100 years . he might beat himself , but no one else could .\nericson , who most recently served as vice president , southwest division manager with w . j . deutsch & sons , worked with v2 president dan leese and v2 general manager katy leese at 585 wine partners , where he held the position of partner / western division manager for four years . prior to that he was with brown - forman beverages for nine years and progressed through several top sales and marketing roles . he began his career with e & j gallo winery and also held positions at heublein wine group and glen ellen winery .\nsince stumbling into a 2 - 11 hole to start the season , the blue jays have had the al ' s second - best record ( 24 - 16 ) . and while they ' re still in last place in the al east , they ' re just 5 1 / 2 games behind the front - running yankees and two back in the wild card , and they are welcoming the bronx bombers to toronto for a four - game series starting thursday . as if that wasn ' t enough cause for optimism , lefty francisco liriano is coming back from a three - week dl stint because of a shoulder injury to start on friday .\nnot surprisingly , shares of these fast - growing , high - quality companies don ' t come cheap . but when you buy tomorrow ' s blue chips \u2014 companies that stand a good chance of graduating to gargantuan status and that are likely to thrive in the toughest economic environments \u2014 you have to be willing to pay up a bit . this kind of stock can serve as a cornerstone of your portfolio for decades to come .\nwhenever i find a company that is really durable and able to grow 10 % to 15 % a year in any economy , i am willing to give it a little more leash ,\nsays joe milano , manager of t . rowe price ' s new america growth fund .\nwith lefty danny duffy out six to eight weeks due to an oblique strain , selling seems the more likely route . fellow starter ian kennedy has an opt - out after this year , but his performance to date ( 5 . 12 era , 5 . 43 fip ) looks a lot more like his 2013 to ' 15 struggles ( 84 era + ) than his resurgence from last season ( 117 era + ) , his first year in kansas city . shortstop alcides escobar ( . 186 / . 212 / . 236 ) is a change - of - scenery candidate , at best . on the other hand , lefty jason vargas ( 2 . 39 era , 3 . 22 fip ) has pitched his way into being a significant trade chip .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndaniel r . gernatt sr . who operated dan gernatt farms in new york for many years and stood sir taurus at stud , died monday in his home after a brief illness . he was 97 . the farm was located in collins , ny , and the horses mr . gernatt bred all had the word\ncollins\nin their name .\nmr . gernatt owned companies which produced gravel and asphalt products , eventually with locations in several new york areas . he also at one time operated the largest dairy farm in erie county , ny .\nhe was a founder of the daniel and flavia gernatt family foundation , a charitable and private financial assistance program for organizations and entities in western new york state , mostly in the areas of education , health care and christian - related endeavors , particularly for those in need and who are homeless .\na lifelong member of st . joseph catholic church in gowanda , ny , mr . gernatt was a trustee and member of its holy name society . he was director of new york state dairy council , united states trotting association , a former president of gowanda chamber of commerce and former advisory board member for hsbc .\nhe is survived by a son , daniel jr . ; two daughters , patricia rebmann and phyllis ulmer ; a sister , esther dittenhofer ; 16 grandchildren ; and 32 great - grandchildren .\nhome : : news archive : : racing reports : : sale reports : : calendars : : guide directory : : contact the staff advertising rates & information for : horseman and fair world magazine : : urltoken : : harness racing weekend preview website design by elink design , inc . a lexington web design company : : hosted by intelliwire , llc , an offsite backup company site contents may not be reproduced without the expressed written consent of the publisher . \u00a9 2018 horseman publishing co . , lexington ky , all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngoshen , ny - - - stanley bergstein , chairman of the living horse hall of fame nominating committee of the harness racing museum & hall of fame , has announced the results of recent balloting that determined the 2011 members of the harness racing living horse hall of fame .\nfrom april 2011 onward or call or write the museum at 240 main street , goshen , ny 10924 . phone : 845 . 294 . 6330 .\nthey must be retired from racing for five years and had a drug - free career . in addition , racehorses must have won 75 percent of their lifetime starts , or gone undefeated in a single season campaign of 12 or more races , or been the winner of $ 3 million lifetime or named harness horse of the year ( us and / or canada ) .\nstallions must rank among the 10 all - time leading money - winning sires at their gait or have sired at least 100 $ 200 , 000 winners or been a leading money - winning sire at his gait in three or more seasons .\nbroodmares are automatically elected if they have produced a $ 1 million winner and two other winners of $ 500 , 000 or produced a harness horse of the year ( us and / or canada ) and another $ 500 , 000 winner .\neternal camnation ( nominated as race horse ) p , 5 , 1 : 49 . 2 ( $ 3 , 748 , 574 ) bay mare , 1997 ( cam fella - cool world - nihilator )\neternal camnation ranks as the leading moneywinning pacing mare of all time , the third - leading moneywinning pacer of all time , and the tenth - leading moneywinning standardbred of all time .\nin 1999 eternal camnation finished second in her first race but went on to win her next 12 freshman contests , culminating with a breeders crown victory and both the usta and canadian ( o\u2019brien ) 2 - year - old pacing filly of the year awards .\nduring her 2000 sophomore season , \u201ccammie\u201d won the fan hanover and the jugette as her earnings topped the $ 1 million mark .\nas a 4 - year - old in 2001 , eternal camnation won the lady liberty , her second breeders crown , and the milton stakes . with her triumph in the roses are red final , eternal camnation became the richest distaff pacer ever . she finished the year a nose shy of $ 2 million in lifetime earnings and was voted 2001 pacing mare of the year in both the u . s . and canada .\nin 2002 , 5 - year - old eternal camnation won her second roses are red pace and milton stakes , again receiving u . s . and canadian pacing mare of the year honors .\nin 2003 , eternal camnation would win her last nine races , including her third breeders crown and milton stakes as well as the classic distaff . that year she set the world record for 5 - year - old and older pacing mares on a five - eighths - mile track and earned $ 908 , 346 , bringing her lifetime earnings to over $ 3 million . for the third time , she was voted pacing mare of the year in the u . s . and canada and also won canada\u2019s 2003 horse of the year award .\neternal camnation\u2019s greatest victory in 2004 was her classic distaff win . she garnered her fourth consecutive canadian older pacing mare of the year award and retired with $ 3 , 748 , 574 in lifetime earnings .\ncopyright \u00a92018 the united states trotting association . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or redistributed in any form without the expressed , written consent of the u . s . trotting association . please review our privacy policy maintained online by webmaster @ urltoken . united states trotting association 6130 s . sunbury rd . , westerville , ohio 43081 1 - 877 - 800 - usta mon . - fri . 8 a . m . - 4 : 30 p . m . est site map\ncolumbus , oh - - - daniel r . gernatt sr . , died monday in his home after a brief illness . he was 97 .\nmagical mike * b p , 3 , 1 : 50 . 2m $ 1 , 682 , 085 1991 standardbred\ntyler b b p , 3 , 1 : 55 . 1m $ 687 , 388 1977 standardbred\nmeadow skipper * br p , 3 , 1 : 55 . 1m $ 428 , 057 1960\nracing date br p , 3 , t1 : 57 . 2m $ 18 , 865 1977 standardbred\ngood time * b p , 1 : 57 . 4m $ 318 , 792 1946\nbreath o spring blk p , 3 , t2 : 01 . 1 $ 3 , 144 1953\ntarport martha p , 2 , 2 : 06 . 2f $ 1 , 009 1968 standardbred\nobrien hanover * p , 6 , 1 : 59 . 2m $ 302 , 255 1955\nadios betty b p , 2 , t1 : 58 . 4m $ 34 , 171 1951\nmeadow skipper * br p , 3 , 1 : 55 . 1m $ 428 , 057 1960 standardbred\ndancer hanover b p , 4 , t1 : 56 . 4m $ 87 , 746 1957\nbye bye byrd * b p , 5 , t1 : 56 . 1m $ 554 , 272 1955 standardbred\npoplar byrd b p , t1 : 59 . 3m $ 69 , 300 1944\nevalina hanover b p , 1 : 59 . 2m $ 12 , 420 1946\nkaola hanover b p , 4 , 2 : 05 . 3h $ 14 , 600 1949\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 harness racing museum & hall of fame . all rights reserved .\njennas beach boy - 1996 driscoll - 1 : 47 . 3 world record - the meadowlands\nit \\ ' s always fun to talk to a legend and i recently had such a pleasure . they call him casey . with 11 , 038 career wins , walter case , jr . is 8th on the all - time list of dash - winning harness drivers . he led north america in wins three times\u20141998 , 2001 and 2002 .\nas the richest pacer of all time . when his racing days were over , he continued to serve harness racing as an ambassador to the fans . he is now living out his retirement at mark ford training center .\ncanadian pacing derby , been there done that . good luck to this years final players .\nmcdermott is a freshman in business administration at the university of florida . he has aspirations of pursuing a masters degree and spoke about his opportunities to sit behind the extremely fast hurrikane kingcole , whom his father trains . in an in house interview , the younger mcdermott joked saying ,\ni have seen him ( hurrikane kingcole ) give\ntrouble in the bike , so i don ' t think my dad was going to let me sit behind him going full - speed .\nhe will head back to gainsville , florida for the spring semester .\nms . diaz , a resident of middletown , new york is a junior at stony brook university , studying chemical and molecular engineering . she will receive a $ 5 , 000 stipend . diaz noted that\nshe still has her senior thesis to complete , but once she is done with that , things will get a little easier at school .\ni ' m so honored to have received this scholarship as it relieves some of the financial burden of obtaining my college education ,\nsaid bown who will receive the $ 15 , 000 stipend . she is currently studying nursing and wellness at the university of new hampshire which will allow her to enter a nursing program after graduation . she hopes to positively affect more people through nursing than she would have been able to as a dietician . she is particularly interested in oncology , as she lost her father to cancer while she was in the sixth grade . bown was the recipient of the curt greene scholarship from hhyf in 2016 . she has worked at a number of new jersey stables during summer break .\nnow in its fifth decade of service to harness racing , the harness horse youth foundation is a charitable 501 ( c ) 3 organization dedicated to providing young people and their families educational opportunities with harness horses , in order to foster the next generation of participants and fans .\nthe foundation has been making a difference in young people ' s lives since 1976 , and its programs include interactive learning experiences with these versatile animals , scholarship programs , and creation and distribution of educational materials .\nfor more information on opportunities through hhyf , or to support its mission , go to urltoken .\nzenker is a graduate of new york ' s port jervis high school and is currently attending wagner college in staten island majoring in philosophy and spanish , in pursuit of a law degree . she has maintained a 3 . 9 gpa at wagner . the scholarship is named for scharf ' s great pacer , who retired as the richest pacer in the history of the sport , earning over $ 4 . 25 million dollars in his career , which lasted from 1999 - 2005 .\nfor the last two years zenker has divided her summer days between being a full time exercise rider at the schnittker stable and parade marshal at goshen historic track . she has worked with several other trainers at goshen since she was young . she also has a wide array of non - equine volunteer experience , including tutoring at el centro del inmigrante in staten island ( the immigration center of staten island ) , she has also interned with the calro project , been a project aide at the african refugee center in staten island , and served as generation citizen campus executive director at wagner )\nthe harness horse youth foundation , the industry leader in youth development is pleased to announce that applications are now available for the three 2018 scholarships hhyf offers . . . .\na reminder that applications for the three 2017 scholarships offered by the harness horse youth foundation are due at the end of this month . . . .\nas the harness horse youth foundation wraps up its 40th anniversary year , the organization is proud to look to the future . applications are now available for the three 2017 scholarships offered by the hhyf . . . .\nthe free for all pacers have taken turns beating each other for the majority of the meet thus far at the meadowlands . that trend continued on saturday night in the form of doctor butch . . . .\n\u00a9 2018 standardbred canada . all rights reserved . use of this site signifies your agreement and compliance with the legal disclaimer and privacy policy .\nhe was a great horse - a big horse . if you sat behind him and he was going slow you would never think that he was a great horse . he felt like a horse with not a lot , but when you got him going there was nothing like him . he was so powerful in the meadowlands pace and especially the jug preview . those are the races that i will always remember most . in the jug preview , he was parked the whole mile . you know , not many horses can do that , and the way he did it is very hard to describe . ( daniel dube , february 21 , 2008 )\neast rutherford , nj \u2013 harness fans , eager to check out the new meadowlands racing & entertainment complex , stormed into the facility saturday night ( nov . 23 ) by the thousands . shortly after the opening ceremonies , a series of snow squalls also stormed into the east rutherford sports complex .\ndespite the high winds , the spirit of the estimated 15 , 000 fans would never be diminished as the new facility was as exciting as the racing product . five of the thirteen races were determined by winning margins of less than a length and ten were won by 2 lengths or less . possibly the most exciting was the neck victory by foiled again over warrawee needy in the final leg of the tvg ffa in 1 : 49 . 3 .\nprevious to the ribbon cutting , miss rodeo new jersey delivered a poignant national anthem , followed by opening remarks by sam mckee , chairman jeff gural , sboa / nj president tom luchento , and ceo jason settlemoir . fans were reminded that three years ago the sboa / nj and gural met with the nj governor\u2019s administration and helped rescue the meadowlands racetrack from governmental extinction .\n\u201cthree years later , we are here in a magnificent new building , at the premier track in north america , looking forward to showcasing the best harness racing presented anywhere in the world , \u201d luchento said .\npatrons on the apron for the race two - tvg trot found themselves in a mini white - out due to a rapid burst of wind and snow . some of the best trotters in the world went behind the gate , where five out of the six starters were hambletonian finalists . wishing stone was victorious , and paid his supporters handsomely at odds of 9 - 1 .\none big fan of racing , usta executive director mike tanner found himself caught in the whirlwind . he proclaimed , \u201cthis place is great , \u201d as he tweeted \u2018not pompano\u2019 in response to the sudden blast of arctic air .\nfans and horsepeople alike were ecstatic about the new building . janet terhune , director of the harness racing museum & hall of fame , exclaimed , \u201cthe new meadowlands is absolutely fantastic . trotters ( owners club ) is a great experience\u2014it is very \u2018clubby . \u2019 the whole facility is filled with people and everybody loves racing . \u201d\nenjoying the atmosphere in trotters was the breeder of deweycheatumnhowe , steve jones . clearly enjoying his well appointed surroundings , \u201cjonesy\u201d stated , \u201cthe facility is fantastic . gural and his partners have done a great job . there is a lot of enthusiasm here . i like the night club , and all the gambling areas , the bars and everything ! i really think this is going to be a great place to be . \u201d"]}
{"id": 2312, "summary": [{"text": "mealybugs are insects in the family pseudococcidae , unarmored scale insects found in moist , warm climates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants , house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "mealybug", "paragraphs": ["phenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; cassava stem ( planting material ) distorted by mealybug infestation .\nadult mealybug destroyer lady beetle and its waxy white larva feed within a colony of mealybug nymphs .\nseveral species of mealybug occur in greenhouses or on houseplants . these include pseudococcus calceolariae ( glasshouse mealybug ) , p . longispinus ( long tailed mealybug ) and planococcus citri ( citrus mealybug ) and rhizoecus species ( root mealybugs )\nthe papaya mealybug can easily be distinguished from maconellicoccus marginatus ( green ) , the pink hibiscus mealybug , because papaya mealybug females have eight antennal segments , in contrast to nine in the latter species .\naustralia has a large number of native mealybug species , including members of the genera paracoccus , ferrisia and pseudococcus . pest species in field crops include peanut mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) and solenopsis mealybug ( phenacoccus solenopsis ) .\nbiological control . natural enemies of the papaya mealybug include the commercially available mealybug destroyer ( cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) , lady beetles , lacewings , and hover flies , all which are generalist predators that have a potential impact on mealybug populations . in addition to predators , several parasitoids may attack papaya mealybug .\ngrape mealybug nymph ( ex apple ) ( e . beers , july 1987 )\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult females . laboratory specimens . usa\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; infestation , in laboratory . usa .\nhosts : citrus , several landscape shrubs . most common mealybug on indoor ornamentals .\nspray a mealybug - specific pesticide onto the plant to get immediate results on mealybug control . pesticide sprays , however , are only a short - term solution for mealybug control and should not be used as the only method of controlling the infestation .\nalmost identical in appearance to obscure mealybug . if poked ( not punctured ) , it will release a reddish orange defensive secretion . obscure mealybug secretion would be clear .\ngrape mealybug damage to ' anjou ' pear ( e . beers , september 1994 )\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult females in a field infestation . usa\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; field infestation on hibiscus spp . usa .\nthis article will cover simple mealybug facts and detail treatments that will cure the problem .\nfrancois b , 1996 . measuring the impact of mealybug infestation . proceedings of the first symposium on the hibiscus mealybug in the caribbean , 24 - 27 june 1996 , grenada .\nprovides a key to immature stages of m . hirsutus and five other common mealybug pests .\nreviewed the biology of cassava mealybug . the life cycle has been studied in the congo by\ncassava contains two significant compounds whose levels increase in response to mealybug infestation . cyanide content acts as a phagostimulant for the mealybug , whereas rutin has an antibiotic effect on the pest . it was found that the use of mulch and manure increased cassava resistance against mealybug infestation (\nanonymous . 2014 . dysmicoccus brevipes ( pineapple mealybug ) . invasive species compendium , cabi .\ncryptoforce\u2122 is shipped as pre - fed , pre - mated , insectary - reared adults . some popular prey of these beetles include : the citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri ) ; the comstock mealybug ( pseudococcus comstocki ) ; the obscure mealybug ( pseudococcus obscurus ) ; the solenopsis mealybug ( phenacoccus solenopsis ) ; the mexican mealybug ( phenacoccus gossypii ) and many other related species , even the long - tailed mealybug ( pseudococcus longispinus ) can be consumed with greedy abandon , but only if it is present with another species which produce cottony egg - masses .\nl\u00f6hr b , varela a , santos b . exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug ,\nhennessey r , neuenschwander p , muaka t . spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug ,\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult male , in a field infestation . usa .\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; foliar damage , from a field infestation . usa .\nmaconellicoccus hirsutus ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) ; adult female , ventral view . slide mounted specimen .\nfigure 3 . adult mealybug female . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nfigure 4 . adult mealybug male . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nschulthess f , baumg\u00e4rtner j , herren h . factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug\npollard gv , 1997 . fao launches regional project on pink mealybug . caraphin news 16 : 3 .\nfive parasitic wasps , acerophagus notativentris , have emerged from the parasitized and mummified grape mealybug at right .\nsome species of mealybug feed on plant roots , most of these are rhizoecus species and are also confined to glasshouse and house plants . one species the golden root mealybug , will survive on roots out of doors\nif your landscape or interiorscape has a history of serious mealybug problems , consider using only plant species that are not prone to mealybugs for at least a year or two to reduce mealybug density and harborage potential .\nthe mealybug destroyer can be purchased for augmentative release and is often released in greenhouses and interiorscapes or in citrus orchards after a cold winter has killed off native populations . adult beetles are bicolored with reddish - brown heads and hind ends and black in the middle ; older mealybug destroyer larvae are covered with white wax , which makes them look somewhat like large mealybugs . when releasing mealybug destroyers , focus on periods when there are many mealybug egg sacs , because the lady beetles require mealybug eggs as food to stimulate their own reproduction . there is little point in releasing them when mealybug numbers are low or when they are not reproducing .\nhow do you get rid of mealybugs on houseplants ? share your mealybug treatment tips in the comments below .\nphenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; second , third and pre - ovipositing fourth instars feeding on cassava .\nphenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; adult of prochiloneurus insolitus , an indigenous hyperparasitoid of p . manihoti .\nreviewed the biological control campaign against cassava mealybug in africa . a . lopezi , collected from south america (\nfigure 1 . an adult pineapple mealybug , dysmicoccus brevipes . photograph by lyle buss , university of florida .\nsether dm , ullman de , hu js . 1998 . transmission of pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus by two species of mealybug ( dysmicoccus spp . ) . phytopathology 88 ( 11 ) : 1224 - 1230 .\ndysmicoccus brevipes , commonly called the pineapple mealybug ( figure 1 ) or more specifically the pink pineapple mealybug , is a worldwide pest of pineapple crops and a minor pest of many other crops . its importance as a crop pest of pineapple is tied strongly to its ability to transmit pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus to pineapples .\nsartiami d , watson gw , roff mmn , hanifah mh , idris ab . first record of cassava mealybug ,\nmeyerdirk de , 1997 . pink mealybug in us virgin islands . caraphin news , 16 : 4 - 5 .\nmealybug damage is not as quick to occur or as devastating as it is when you have spider mites on houseplants .\ncalatayud pa , le r\u00fc bp ( 2006 ) cassava - mealybug interactions . paris : ird \u00e9ditions . 110 p .\nnorgaard rb ( 1988 ) the biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . am j agric econ 70 : 366\u2013371 .\niheagwam e , eluwa m . the effects of temperature on the development of the immature stages of the cassava mealybug ,\nas the mealybug has no known beneficial effects , it seems unlikely that deliberate introduction would occur except for malicious purposes .\n) . pesticide spraying against disease vectors may reduce the natural enemy populations at times and allow a resurgence of the mealybug . additional introductions of predators such as cryptolaemus montrouzieri have been used on some caribbean islands to reduce mealybug populations further (\npollard gv , 1995 . pink or hibiscus mealybug in the caribbean . caraphin news , 12 : 1 - 2 .\nthe pineapple mealybug forms colonies on the lower stem and roots of pineapple plants , just above ground level . they are less commonly found feeding on the leaves , fruit , and blossom cups . the pineapple mealybug is more reclusive than the gray pineapple mealybug , which feeds and resides on the aboveground portions of the plant ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nspecimens of papaya mealybug turn bluish - black when placed in alcohol , as is characteristic of other members of this genus .\nneuenschwander p ( 2001 ) biological control of the cassava mealybug in africa : a review . biological control 21 : 214\u2013229 .\nit should be noted that the mealybug paracoccus marginatus causes very similar damage on hibiscus to that caused by m . hirsutus (\ncabi - plantwise ( 2012 ) cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) factsheet . available : urltoken . accessed 15 may 2012 .\nthe influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae )\nmani m , 1990 . rid the grape - vine of mealybug . indian horticulture , 35 ( 3 ) : 28 - 29\npeters t , 1999 . the pink mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) in grenada . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\npineapple mealybug wilt associated virus - 1 ( pmwav - 1 ) presence is reported for the first time in the caribbean basin .\nanonymous ( 2007 ) . citrus mealybug . center for urban ecology and sustainability , university of minnesota . ( 12 april 2016 )\nthe most obvious damage by grape mealybug results from the honeydew it secretes . honeydew is cast off in small drops and falls down through the canopy . when it lands on fruit it causes a coarse , black russet , which is similar to pear psylla russeting . however , mealybug russeting is scattered over the fruit surface , while honeydew from psylla is in patches or streaks . mealybug russeting is\nadult females of the pineapple mealybug reproduce parthenogenetically , meaning no males fertilize the eggs . every egg results in a female mealybug . the species is also ovoviviparous , meaning the eggs hatch within the adult female and she births live , fully - formed larvae . the average lifespan of the pineapple mealybug is 95 days , but ranges from 78 to 111 days ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nezumah h , knight a , editors . some notes on the mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . ferr . incidence on manioc ( manihot esculenta ) in bas - za\u00efre . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat ferr ; 1978 .\nschauff me , gates m . 2002 . parasitoids of the papaya mealybug ( paracoccus marginatus ) . ec cariforum , caribbean agriculture and fisheries program ,\nregional training workshop on management of papaya mealybug\n. san juan , puerto rico , 23 - 25 october 2002 .\nicac recorder . ( 2008 ) . mealybug : a new threat to cotton production in pakistan and india . international cotton advisory committee .\ntinsley ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , the mealybug species recorded first time on cotton and its alternate host plants in gujarat , india .\nfrancis a , 1999 . report on biological control activities ( pink hibiscus mealybug ) st kitts . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nmartinez m , moraima s , perez i . 2000 . second mealybug invader . cabi - biocontrol news and information 21 ( 2 ) .\nmiller dr , williams dj , hamon ab . 1999 . notes on a new mealybug ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) pest in florida and the caribbean : the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . insecta mundi 13 : ( 3 - 4 ) .\nadult m . hirsutus can encapsulate and kill up to 60 % of anagyrus kamali eggs laid in them , but earlier instars of the mealybug are less able to defend themselves in this way . a . kamali attacks all stages of the mealybug but prefers adult females for oviposition (\n) , so pesticides are only used to control heavy infestations of the mealybug ; populations are subsequently maintained at low levels by biological control .\nbeardsley jw . 1993 . the pineapple mealybug complex ; taxonomy , distribution , and host relationships . acta horticulturae 334 : 383 - 386 .\nspeare at . 1922 . natural control of the citrus mealybug in florida . u . s . department of agriculture bulletin 1117 : 18 .\npeople with houseplants , gardens , and flower beds often encounter these pests . the mealybug thrives during the warm months of spring and summer .\nif mealybug issues persist after beneficial insects have been released , use a beauveria bassiana product like mycotrol so that the beneficials are not harmed .\ncommercially available beneficial insects , such as ladybugs , lacewing and the mealybug destroyer ( cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) , are important natural predators of this pest .\nwinotai a , goergen g , tam\u00f2 m , neuenschwander p ( 2010 ) cassava mealybug has reached asia . biocontrol news inf 31 : 10n\u201311n .\nneuenschwander p . biological control of the cassava mealybug in africa : a review . biological control . 2001 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 214\u201329 .\ntinsley ( sternorrhyncha : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) , an invasive mealybug damaging cotton in pakistan and india , with a discussion on seasonal morphological variation .\nthe effects of temperature on the development of the immature stages of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae )\nroot mealybugs ( rhizoecus species ) are also covered in a white waxy substance and found on plant roots . the golden root mealybug is yellow in colour\nsome females carry a live mealybug with them on the mating flight and take it to the new colony site , where the mealybug\u2019s offspring provide the honeydew to feed the ant\u2019s initial offspring . generally , however , the female ant does not provide food for her first offspring ; instead , the larvae eat\u2026\nfigure 4 . adult female papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . drawing by d . miller and g . miller , usda .\nfigure 5 . adult male papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . drawing by d . miller and g . miller , usda .\nnoyes js , hayat m . 1994 . oriental mealybug parasitoids of the anagyrini ( hymenoptera : encyrtidae ) . cab international , uk . 554 pp .\nnorgaard rb , 1988 . the biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . american journal of agricultural economics , 70 ( 2 ) : 366 - 371\nseasonal density of adult and egg sac of tea mealybug , p . viburni in the tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2005\nremove mummified fruits . in warmer regions , mealy bugs may survive over winter amongst long grass and weeds , removing these helps reduce the mealybug population .\nedwards s , 1999 . control of the pink mealybug ( maconellicoccus hirsutus ) in st vincent and the grenadines 1996 - 1998 . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nfigure 1 . adults and egg sacs of papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nfigure 3 . papaya leaf infestation of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nwilliams dj , cox jm , yaseen m ( 1981 ) the cassava mealybug and its parasites in paraguay and bolivia . biocontrol news inf 2 : 146 .\ngowda dks , manjunath d , 1998 . hibiscus cannabinus as a trap crop of mealybug in mulberry . insect environment , 4 ( 2 ) : 46 .\n) . following the establishment of a . lopezi , the cassava mealybug food web was investigated over the whole continent and found to comprise about 130 species (\nthe citrus mealybug is a common pest of citrus primarily in greenhouses , and of several ornamental plants in florida . it has been recognized as a difficult - to - control pest in europe since 1813 ( where it is called the greenhouse mealybug ) and in the united states since 1879 ( anonymous 2007 ) .\nwoglum rs , neuls jd . 1917 . the common mealybug and its control in california . united states department of agriculture and farmer\u2019s bulletin 862 : 16 .\ngrowth period and number of generations of tea mealybug , p . viburni in natural condition in tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2004\nadult beetle presence , larval presence , reduction of pest numbers , \u201cexploded\u201d mealybug egg - masses . these are all signs that cryptoforce\u2122 is hard at work .\nthe striped mealybug is named for the two dark , dorsal stripes that run longitudinally down its body . these stripes are visible on the mealybug cuticle through bare patches in the waxy covering ( figure 1 ) . length of the adult female body is approximately 2 . 0 - 4 . 5 mm ( kaydan and gullan 2012 ) . additional identifying features of the striped mealybug are the two posterior waxy tails or tassels with a length half that of the mealybug body , the presence of crystalline , hair - like rods extending laterally from the body , and the absence of an ovisac ( egg sac ) ( ferris 1950 ) .\nthe papaya mealybug is polyphagous and has been recorded on > 55 host plants in more than 25 genera . economically important host plants of the papaya mealybug include papaya , hibiscus , avocado , citrus , cotton , tomato , eggplant , peppers , beans and peas , sweet potato , mango , cherry , and pomegranate .\nbut if a mealybug infestation goes left untreated , the plant will eventually die . although it will usually take a long time for them to kill a plant .\nhodges a , hodges g , buss l , osborne l . 2000 . mealybugs & mealybug look - alikes of the southeastern united states , usda / csrees .\nfigure 8 . papaya leaf deformation caused by the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nzeddies j , schaab rp , neuenschwander p , herren hr ( 2001 ) economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . agric econ 24 : 209\u2013219 .\nghose sk , 1972 . biology of the mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( pseudococcidae , hemiptera ) . indian agriculturist , 16 : 323 - 332 .\nphenacoccus manihoti ( cassava mealybug ) ; ' cassava trees ' used at iita to rear the parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi , the main natural enemy of p . manihoti .\nadults : adults are female only , and have a half - sphere body shape . they are pinkish or pink - orange in color , covered in a thick layer of white wax . identifying the pink pineapple mealybug female from the gray pineapple mealybug female requires microscopic examination and identification of distinguishing features ( anonymous 2007 ) .\nin addition , many mealybug species have projections extending from their body , giving them the appearance of having many legs on the side and rear of the body .\nfigure 3 . a female gill\u2019s mealybug , ferrisia gilli gullan , on the underside of a magnolia leaf . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nm . hirsutus forms dense colonies in cracks and crevices . the severe distortion of new growth caused by the mealybug on many hosts , creates a microhabitat for them (\nrecorded transport of m . hirsutus by nymphs of another mealybug species ( ferrisia virgata ) in india . accidental introductions to new countries apparently occur via infested plant material .\nuse of manure or other fertilizers can result in a reduction in the mealybug population because improved nutrition results in the production of larger parasitoid wasps with higher fertility levels ( schulthess et al . , 1997 ) . mulch and fertilizer use also enhances the antibiotic properties of cassava against mealybug infestation ( tertuliano et al . , 1999 ) .\ncharleston , k . , addison , s . , miles , m . , & maas , s . ( 2010 ) . the solenopsis mealybug outbreak in emerald .\ninfluence of temperature and relative humidity on the capacity for increase and population dynamics of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . , pseudococcidae ) , in the congo\njadhav rg , madane np , kathamale , dk . 1996 . record of soybean as a new host in india for citrus mealybug . insect environment 2 : 90 .\nsimilar to citrus mealybug with shorter filaments than other mealybugs in grapes . has a dark stripe on its back . may be found on roots as well as aboveground .\nmealybug infestations appear on plants as tiny , soft - bodied insects surrounded by a fuzzy , white mess around the stems and leaf nodes . mealybugs are common indoor pests .\nfigure 2 . distribution of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink , as of may 2003 . drawing by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nfigure 7 . papaya fruit infestation and damage caused by the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink . photograph by dale meyerdirk , national biological control institute .\nmani m , 1989 . a review of the pink mealybug - maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) . insect science and its application , 10 ( 2 ) : 157 - 167\np . manihoti reproduces by parthenogenetic oviparity . the life cycle consists of an egg and four instar stages with the fourth being the adult mealybug . various laboratory experimental results (\nnwanze kf , 1982 . relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti . tropical pest management , 28 ( 1 ) : 27 - 32\nvon ellenrieder n . 2003 . california department of agriculture fact sheet : citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri : pseudococcidae ) . california department of agriculture . ( 12 april 2016 )\navoid unnecessary applications of nitrogen fertilizer on plants with mealybugs . high rates of nitrogen coupled with regular irrigation may stimulate tender new plant growth as well as mealybug egg production .\npollen isn\u2019t the only thing these beetles will eat . they will also consume mealybug honeydew ; they produce a lot . a honeydew substitute product may help encourage the beetles .\n. mealybug populations begin to build up in february , and there are nine generations . the largest generation is that during the dry season . population numbers drop at the onset of the rainy season , when many mealybugs are washed off the plant . within cassava fields , this mealybug occurs in a markedly aggregated distribution pattern , which differs between seasons .\nmeyerdirk de , kauffman wc . 2001 . status on the development of a biological control program for paracoccus marginatus williams , papaya mealybug . internal usda , aphis , ppq report .\nneuenschwander p , 1990 . biological control of the cassava mealybug by epidinocarsis lopezi in africa : a review of impact . iita research , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4\na pheromone lure baited with the sex pheromone of grape mealybug is the most reliable way to confirm the presence or absence of this important vector of grapevine leafroll - associated viruses .\nno doubt the best mealybug spray is adonis . this concentrate is both odorless and water based making it very safe for use on any non - edible house or yard plant .\nfranco jc , zada a , mendel z . 2009 . novel approaches for the management of mealybug pests . biorational control of arthropod pests . springer , pp . 233 - 278 .\ntested the alkaloid abrine , isolated from seeds of abrus precatorius , on m . hirsutus and found evidence that abrine could have a drastic effect on the population density of the mealybug .\nlevy j , 1996 . banana inspection guidelines ( re : pink mealybug ) . riverdale , maryland , usa : united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service .\nnwanze kf ; leuschner k ; ezumah hc , 1979 . the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus sp . in the republic of zaire . pans , 25 ( 2 ) : 125 - 130\nfigure 5 . a farmer in ghana holds up a pineapple plant infected with pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . a pineapple field in ghana with several plants showing symptoms of pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman , university of florida .\nseasonal density of nymphal instars ( first , second and third instars ) of tea mealybug , p . viburni in the tea gardens of north of iran during period of 2003 to 2005\nants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them . they have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in ghana (\n, b ) . results from olfactometer studies indicate that exotic and indigenous species of diomus react more strongly to cassava mealybug , honeydew and exuviae than do indigenous exochomus spp . ( van den\nnorgaard rb , 1988 . economics of the cassava mealybug ( phpnacoccus manihoti ; hom . : pseudococcidae ) biological control program in africa . entomophaga , 33 ( 1 ) : 3 - 6\nmiller , d . r . 1999 . identification of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . insecta mundi 13 : 189\u0096203 . [ links ]\nkerns d , wright g , loghry j . ( 2001 ) . citrus mealybug ( planococcus citri ) . college of agriculture cooperative extension , university of arizona . ( 12 april 2016 )\nif you suspect you have mealybugs infesting your plants , contact your local orkin branch office for an inspection and to prepare an integrated mealybug treatment plan to effectively and efficiently resolve the problem .\n) , originating from the neotropics . in the neotropics , the insect was first discovered in paraguay in 1981 by a . c . bellotti of ciat . p . manihoti had earlier been confused with another mealybug species found on cassava in guyana and northern brazil . whilst exploration for the natural enemies of p . manihoti continued , this other mealybug was identified as p . herreni (\nferrisia gilli gullan , or gill\u2019s mealybug ( figure 3 ) , is a native species that is indistinguishable from the striped mealybug in the field and is not a member of the ferrisia virgata complex ( gullan et al . 2003 ) . ferrisia gilli is a pest in pistachio and almond orchards in california , where it is believed to have been introduced ( kaydan and gullan 2012 ) .\ngullan pj , kaydan m , hardy nb . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and species recognition in the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 329 - 339 .\ngutierrez ap , neuenschwander p , schulthess f , herren hr , baumgaertner ju , et al . . ( 1988 ) analysis of biological control of cassava pests in africa . ii . cassava mealybug\nmoffit lj , 1999 . economic risk to united states agriculture of pink hibiscus mealybug invasion . report to the animal and plant health inspection service , united states department of agriculture . 15 pp .\nroberto padilla m , 2000 . bioecology of the pink mealybug and the risk of its entry into honduras . manejo integrado de plagas , no . 57 : 10 - 22 ; 25 ref .\n) . in most countries the mealybug caused severe damage by stunting the growth points of cassava plants , sometimes totally defoliating the plants . storage root yield losses of 84 % have been reported (\npandey rr , johnson mw . 2007 . enhanced production of pink pineapple mealybug , dysimococcus brevipes ( hemiptera : psuedococcidae ) . biocontrol science and technology 16 ( 4 ) : 389 - 401 .\nmeyerdirk de , dechi lw , 2005 . models for minimizing risks of dangerous pests : the pink hibiscus mealybug and papaya mealybug . in : proceedings 39th annual meeting :\nfood production , marketing and safety : strategies for caribbean food security\n. july 13 - 19 , 2003 , st . gerorge\u2019s , grenada , w . i . pub . caribbean food crops society , in press .\ncommon name mealybug scientific name planococcus citri , pseudococcus longispinus , p . calceolariae and others plants affected many houseplants and greenhouse plants main symptoms fluffy white wax , honeydew and sooty moulds most active year round\n) . the most important predators are coccinellids , e . g . , hyperaspis spp . , exochomus sp . , and diomus sp . , which usually occur at high densities of cassava mealybug (\n) . ants attending mealybugs for their honeydew are known to defend the pests from natural enemies that would otherwise attack them . they have been observed interfering with biological control of cassava mealybug in ghana (\ngiga dp , 1994 . first record of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) , from zimbabwe . african entomology , 2 ( 2 ) : 184 - 185\nthe predator - parasitoid complex that attacks grape mealybug in orchards has not been thoroughly studied . many generalist predators , such as lacewings , ladybird beetles and predaceous bugs , will feed on this pest . an encyrtid egg parasitoid , acerophagus notativentris , is common in infested orchards . grape mealybug populations are generally reduced to nondamaging levels by natural control in orchards where soft pesticide programs are used for a few years .\nkauffman wc , meyerdirk de , warkentin r . biological control of papaya mealybug in the caribbean safeguarding the u . s . presented 2 - 4 august 2001 at the iobc meeting , bozeman , mt .\nmatile - ferrero d . cassava mealybug in the people ' s republic of congo . in : nwanze kf , leuscher k , editors . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat - fer , ( pseudococcidae ) inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26\u201329 , 1977 : international institute of tropical agricuture , nigeria ; 1978 . p . 29\u201346 .\npetty gj , tustin h . 1993 . ant ( pheidole megacephala f . ) - mealybug ( dysmicoccus brevipes ckll . ) relationships in pineapples in south africa . acta horticulturae 334 : 378 - 395 .\nrohrbach kg , beardsley jw , german tl , reimer nj , sanford wg . 1988 . mealybug wilt , mealybugs , and ants on pineapple . plant disease 72 ( 7 ) : 558 - 565 .\ncitrus mealybug populations are naturally regulated by parasitic fungi and predacious insects . summer rains cause mortality by washing the mealybugs from plants . additional control measures may be necessary to reduce populations when infestations are large .\noperators of greenhouses or interiorscapes with regular mealybug problems can establish their own mealybug destroyer colonies for self - release . the lady beetle can be reared in wide - mouth jars on mealybugs grown on sprouted potatoes or other hosts . a ring of petroleum or other sticky material smeared inside jars around the top will prevent the flightless mealybugs from crawling out but allows the lady beetles to fly out into the greenhouse .\nproducts containing the systemic insecticide dinotefuran may reduce mealybug numbers on some landscape plants , and plant spikes or granules containing the related insecticide imidacloprid may reduce mealybug crawler numbers on houseplants . these neonicotinoid products are less reliable against mealybugs than against other piercing - sucking insects in many situations . their use should be avoided when possible , especially on flowering plants , because of potential negative impacts on natural enemies and pollinators .\nsingh t , editor the mealybug problem and its control . root crops in eastern africa proceedings of a workshop held in kigali , rwanda , 23\u201327 november 1980 ; 1982 : international development research centre , ottowa .\ngarland ja , 1998 . pest risk assessment of the pink mealybug maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) , with particular reference to canadian greenhouses . pra 96 - 21 . ontario , canada : canadian food inspection agency .\nmichaud jp , evans ga , 2000 . current status of pink hibiscus mealybug in puerto rico including a key to parasitoid species . florida entomologist , 83 ( 1 ) : 97 - 101 ; 9 ref .\nthe cassava mealybug strongly prefers cassava and other manihot species ; the other host crops and wild hosts are only marginally infested . talinum triangulare , croton and poinsettia species are particularly suitable for laboratory rearing and experiments .\nzeddies j ; schaab rp ; neuenschwander p ; herren hr , 2001 . economics of biological control of cassava mealybug in africa . agricultural economics , 24 ( 2 ) : 209 - 219 ; 36 ref .\nherren hr , hennessey rn ( 1983 ) biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green mite in africa : proceedings of an international workshop . ibadan , nigeria : iita . 154 p .\nghose sk , 1970 . predators , parasites and attending ants of the mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( pseudococcidae , hemiptera ) . plant protection bulletin , india , 22 ( 3 ) : 22 - 30\nlema km ; herren hr , 1985 . release and establishment in nigeria of epidinocarsis lopezi , a parasitoid of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 38 ( 2 ) : 171 - 175\nmatile - ferrero d , 1978 . cassava mealybug in the people ' s republic of congo . in : nwanze kf , leuschner k , ed . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( pseudococcidae ) held at inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26 - 29 , 1977 . international institute of tropical agriculture . ibadania niger , 29 - 46\nschulthess f ; baumgartner ju ; herren hr , 1987 . factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 851 - 856\ngrasswitz , t . r . & james , d . g . 2008 . movement of grape mealybug , pseudococcus maritimus , on and between host plants . entomologia experimentalis et applicata 129 : 268\u0096275 . [ links ]\nmonga , d . , kumar , r . , pal , v . , & jat , m . c . ( 2009 ) . mealybug , a new pest of cotton crop in haryana : a survey .\ninvading asia and use them to estimate the climatic suitability for its establishment throughout the region . to further support detection and response efforts , we also provide a taxonomic key that differentiates all mealybug species recorded from the genus\nit is recommended that crops infested with pineapple mealybug or pineapple mealybug wilt - associated virus ( figure 6 ) be removed entirely from the field and burned . this includes all crop residue , followed by a field tilling . mealybugs and ants can reside on many plants other than their preferred hosts , and weeds and other debris in and around the field will keep a population stable unless routinely cleared ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nthe full mealybug life cycle is about 7 - 10 weeks . it takes a week or two for the eggs to hatch into nymphs , and then another 6 - 9 weeks for the nymphs to mature into adults .\nkaydan m , gullan p . 2012 . a taxonomic revision of the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , with descriptions of eight new species and a new genus . zootaxa 3543 : 1 - 65 .\nu . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 1999 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment , october 1999 . riverdale , md .\nu . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 2002 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment , june 2002 . riverdale , md .\nsince its appearance in the caribbean region in 1994 / 1995 , m . hirsutus is regarded as of high quarantine importance by the cppc . the mealybug is regarded as a plant quarantine threat to colombia ( caicedo ramirez and\nmiller dr , 2001 . identification of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : pseudococcidae ) . insecta mundi ( 1999 ) 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 189 - 202 .\ncassava mealybug spread across the width of africa in a period of 16 years . its accidental introduction damaged a staple crop that is particularly important in times of drought , during a time of drought , leading to famine (\nhennessey rd ; muaka t , 1987 . field biology of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti , and its natural enemies in zaire . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 899 - 903\njames bd , 1987 . the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat - ferr ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) in sierra leone : a survey . tropical pest management , 33 ( 1 ) : 61 - 66 , 103 , 107\naheer , g . m . , shah , z . & saeed , m . 2009 . seasonal history and biology of cotton mealybug , phenacoccus solenopsis tinsley . journal of agricultural research 47 : 423\u0096431 . [ links ]\nfor the homeowner , mealybug control may not be expensive , but can be very time consuming since success depends upon a very careful inspection process . the easiest solution for the homeowner may simply be tossing out infested plants .\npreserve naturally occurring biological control agents by avoiding use of broad - spectrum insecticides for any pests in the area . also keep ants out of mealybug - infested areas and plants because ants protect mealybugs from their natural enemies .\n) . it may be advisable to discourage ants in cassava fields if this becomes a problem . the economic impact of biological control of the cassava mealybug , mainly by a . lopezi , has been judged to be excellent (\niheagwam eu , 1981 . the influence of temperature on increase rates of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( homoptera , pseudococcidae ) . revue de zoologie africaine , 95 ( 4 ) : 959 - 967\nneuenschwander p ; ajuonu o , 1995 . measuring host finding capacity and arrestment of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti , in the field . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 77 ( 1 ) : 47 - 55\nparsa s ; kondo t ; winotai a , 2012 . the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) in asia : first records , potential distribution , and an identification key . plos one , 7 ( 10 ) : e47675 .\nru ble , 1986 . epizootiology of the fungus neozygites fumosa ( zygomycetes , entomophthorales ) in a population of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . : pseudococcidae ) . entomophaga , 31 ( 1 ) : 79 - 89\nwhile adult females are wingless and similar in shape to nymphs , adult male mealybugs , which are rarely seen , are tiny two - winged insects with two long tail filaments . many mealybug species can reproduce asexually without mating .\ncitation : yonow t , kriticos dj , ota n ( 2017 ) the potential distribution of cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) , a threat to food security for the poor . plos one 12 ( 3 ) : e0173265 . urltoken\nthe above characters will facilitate recognition of many phenacoccus species , especially the economically important ones . the lanceolate setae are especially distinctive for this genus . regional keys to mealybug faunas , such as the one provided by williams and granara de\non the basis of the exotic origin and rapid spread of the cassava mealybug in africa , classical biological control has been the main and most appropriate approach to the pest problem . among several natural enemies introduced to combat the pest (\nhammond wno ; neuenschwander p ; herren hr , 1987 . impact of the exotic parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) populations . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 887 - 891\nhennessey rd ; neuenschwander p ; muaka t , 1990 . spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) , in zaire . tropical pest management , 36 ( 2 ) : 103 - 107\nnwanze kf , 1978 . biology of the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . in the republic of zaire . in : nwanze kf , leuschner k , ed . proceedings of the international workshop on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . ( pseudococcidae ) held at inera - m ' vuazi , bas - zaire , zaire , june 26 - 29 , 1977 . international institute of tropical agriculture . ibadania niger , 20 - 28\nculik , m . p & gullan , p . j . 2005 . a new pest of tomato and other records of mealybug ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) from esp\u00edrito santo , brazil . zootaxa 964 : 1\u00968 . [ links ]\nullman de , williams df , fleisch h , hu js , sether d , gonsalves a . 1993 . heat treatment of pineapple : subsequent growth and occurrence of mealybug wilt of pineapple . acta horticulturae 334 : 407 - 410 .\nwe thank miss m . moghadam for assistance with slide - mounting and checking identifications of mealybug samples . the financial support for this work was supported by university of shahed and technical support was provided by tea research center of iran .\nmealybug bodies are distinctly segmented and usually covered with wax . older individuals may have wax filaments around their body margins . in some species the filaments are longer in the rear and can be used to help distinguish between different species .\nas with any houseplant pest infestation , when you first spot a problem , begin mealybug treatment immediately . the first thing to do is quarantine the affected plant ( s ) so that you can prevent mealybugs from infesting your other houseplants .\ngullan p , downie d , steffan s . 2003 . a new pest species of the mealybug genus ferrisia fullaway ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) from the united states . annals of the entomological society of america 96 : 723 - 737 .\nu . s . department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service . 2000 . control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . environmental assessment ( supplement ) , june 2000 . riverdale , md .\ncitation : parsa s , kondo t , winotai a ( 2012 ) the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) in asia : first records , potential distribution , and an identification key . plos one 7 ( 10 ) : e47675 . urltoken\nherren hr ; bird tj ; nadel dj , 1987 . technology for automated aerial release of natural enemies of the cassava mealybug and cassava green mite . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 883 - 885\nle ru b ; tertuliano m , 1993 . tolerance of different host - plants to the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . international journal of pest management , 39 ( 4 ) : 379 - 384\nin brazil , all these three mealybug species have been recorded in cotton and in other plants ( bastos et al . 2007 ; silva - torres et al . 2013 ; culik et al . 2013 ) . recently , infestations of striped mealybug were found in cotton plants in the semiarid region of pernambuco . this was the first record of f . virgata on cotton in brazil ( torres et al . 2011 ) . the striped mealybug has also been recorded in the state of esp\u00edrito santo ( williams & granara de willink 1992 ) as well as m . hirsutus ( culik et al . 2013 ) . thus , bioecological studies are needed to develop integrated pest management strategies for f . virgata on cotton .\nwhen mealybug populations are dense , they may enter the calyx ends of fruit , causing contamination problems on processed fruit . their feeding softens tissue in the calyx and around the seed cavity . symptoms resemble those of a disorder called pink end .\nbhat a , devasahayam s , sarma y , pant r . 2003 . association of a badnavirus in black pepper ( piper nigrum l . ) transmitted by mealybug ( ferrisia virgata ) in india . current science 84 : 1547 - 1550 .\nbalikai ra , bagali an , 2000 . population density of mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) on ber ( zizyphus mauritiana lamarck ) and economic losses . agricultural science digest , 20 ( 1 ) : 62 - 63 ; 3 ref .\nchong jh , 2009 . first report of the pink hibiscus mealybug , maconellicoccus hirsutus ( green ) ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , in south carolina . journal of agricultural and urban entomology , 26 ( 2 ) : 87 - 94 . urltoken\ncudjoe ar ; neuenschwander p ; copland mjw , 1993 . interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) in ghana . bulletin of entomological research , 83 ( 1 ) : 15 - 22 .\ngutierrez ap ; neuenschwander p ; alphen jjmvan , 1993 . factors affecting biological control of cassava mealybug by exotic parasitoids : a ratio - dependent supply - demand driven model . journal of applied ecology , 30 ( 4 ) : 706 - 721\nhammond wno ; neuenschwander p , 1990 . sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . : pseudococcidae ) by epidinocarsis lopezi ( hym . : encyrtidae ) in nigeria . entomophaga , 35 ( 4 ) : 515 - 526\nmilena varela a ; belloti ac ; reyes ja , 1979 . biology and ecology of the cassava mealybug phenacoccus gossypii townsend & cockerell ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) . revista colombiana de entomologia , 5 ( 1 / 2 ) : 9 - 15\nmourier m , 1997 . effects of neem ( azadirachta indica ) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . , pseudococcidae ) . journal of applied entomology , 121 ( 4 ) : 231 - 236 ; 17 ref .\nneuenschwander p ; schulthess f ; madojemu e , 1986 . experimental evaluation of the efficacy of epidinocarsis lopezi , a parasitoid introduced into africa against the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 42 ( 2 ) : 133 - 138\nsouissi r ; rn ble , 1997 . comparative life table statistics of apoanagyrus lopezi reared on the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti fed on four host plants . entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 85 ( 2 ) : 113 - 119 ; 35 ref .\ngutierrez ap , neuenschwander p , schulthess f , herren hr , baumgaertner ju , et al . . ( 1988 ) analysis of biological control of cassava pests in africa . ii . cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . j appl ecol : 921\u2013940 .\nin crops where the pineapple mealybug is a minor pest , such as in coffee , they may cause an overall weakening of the plant due to feeding . this can result in stunted growth and lower yields ( mau and kessing 2007 ) .\nyou can buy an organic insecticidal soap spray , or make your own . my recipe for homemade mealybug spray is 1 tsp of dr . bronner\u2019s baby - mild liquid soap per 1 liter of water . the soap kills the bugs on contact .\nnoyes js , schauff me . 2003 . new encyrtidae ( hymenoptera ) from papaya mealybug ( paracoccus marginatus williams and granara de willink ) ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : pseudococcidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 105 : 180 - 185 .\nstsubli dreyer b ; baumgsrtner j ; neuenschwander p ; dorn s , 1997 . the functional responses of two hyperaspis notata strains to their prey , the cassava mealybug phenacoccus manihoti . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique suisse , 70 : 21 - 28 .\nonce a mealybug infestation has been found , you\u2019ll need to treat the plant with either traditional pesticides or something organic . if the infested plant will be producing edible fruit or vegetables , you may want to limit your treatment to an organic active .\ndiscard the indoor plant if it is heavily infested with the mealybugs . sometimes it may be virtually impossible to get a mealybug infestation under control , and the best course of action may be to replace the plant with one that is not infected .\nkauffman wc , meyerdirk de , miller d , schauff m , hernandez hg , villanueva jimenez ja . 2001 . papaya mealybug biological control in puerto rico and dominican republic . presented 11 december 2001 at the esa annual meeting , san diego , ca .\nmiller dr , miller gl . 2000 . taxonomic information on paracoccus marginatus . technical meeting and workshop for the biological control of the papaya mealybug , paracoccus marginatus , in the caribbean . st . kitts , west indies , 25 - 26 july 2000 .\nbennett f , greathead u , editors . biological control of the mealybug phenacoccus manihoti matile - ferrero : prospects and necessity . proceedings cassava protection workshop , ciat , cali , colombia , 7\u201312 november , 1977 ; 1978 : centro internacional de agricultura tropical .\ndewi sartiami ; watson gw ; mohamad roff mn ; hanifah ym ; idris ab , 2015 . first record of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , in malaysia . zootaxa , 3957 ( 2 ) : 235 - 238 . urltoken\nfabres g , 1981 . bioecology of the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti hom . pseudococcidae ) in the people ' s republic of congo . ii - - variations in abundance and regulation factors . agronomie tropicale , 36 ( 4 ) : 369 - 377\nl\u00f6hr b ; varela am , 1987 . the cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti mat . - ferr . , in paraguay : further information on occurrence and population dynamics of the pest and its natural enemies . in : herren hr , hennessey rd , bitterli r , eds . proceedings of an international workshop on biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green spider mites in africa , ibadan , nigeria , 6 - 10 december 1982 . ibadan , nigeria : iita , 57 - 69 .\nanon , 1999 . summary of activities associated with maconellicoccus hirsutus in st lucia . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nfabres g ; boussiengue j , 1981 . bioecology of the cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti hom . pseudococcidae ) in the people ' s republic of congo . 1 - development cycle and biological parameters . agronomie tropicale , 36 ( 1 ) : 82 - 89\ngeiger , c . a . , daane , k . m . , bentley , w . j . , yokota , g . y . , & martin , l . a . ( 2001 ) . sampling program for grape mealybug improves pest management .\nif a minor mealybug infestation is discovered , treating the infested plant ( s ) may require using alcohol - soaked cotton swabs to treat the insects ; removing mealybugs by exposing infested plants to running water ; and / or washing the plants with soapy water .\nfemale mealybugs lay eggs under a white , waxy coating . mealybug nymphs resemble the adult insects and can complete their development in about a month in mid - summer . breeding continues throughout the year in greenhouses , but takes place at a slower rate in winter .\n: the challenge , the achievements . in : herren hr , hennessey rn , editors . biological control and host plant resistance to control the cassava mealybug and green mite in africa : proceedings of an international workshop . ibadan , niger : iita . pp 81\u2013102 .\npeters t , watson gw , 1999 . the biological control of hibiscus mealybug in grenada . in : bell k , ed . paths to prosperity : science and technology in the commonwealth 1999 / 2000 . london , uk : kensington publications , 130 - 132 .\nsingh r , 1999 . socio - economic impact and evaluation of the hmbcontrol programme . paper presented at the evaluation workshop on biological control of hibiscus mealybug . , maconellicocus hirsutus in the caribbean sub - region , 11 - 12 march 1999 , trinidad and tobago .\nboussienguet j , 1986 . the natural enemy complex of cassava mealybug , phenacoccus manihoti ( hom . coccoidea pseudococcidae ) in gabon . i . - faunistic inventory and trophic relationships . annales de la societe entomologique de france , 22 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44"]}
{"id": 2318, "summary": [{"text": "gymnallabes nops , popularly known as the blind eel catfish , is a species of airbreathing catfish found in the lower congo river basin in the countries of the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is blind , non-pigmented and grows to a length of 5.7 cm ( 2.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gymnallabes nops", "paragraphs": ["gymnallabes nops , roberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976\njustification : there are currently no threats to gymnallabes nops known . the construction of inga 3 and grand inga , and the luozi mining project could become threats to the species in the future . it is known from fewer than five locations .\ngymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 - add this species to your\nmy cats\npage . common name ( s ) none type locality lower congo river , near tadi , zaire , 5\u00b014 ' s , 13\u00b056 ' e . more\ndevaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , et al . \u201cskeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . \u201d cybium 29 . 3 ( 2005 ) : 281\u2013293 . print .\ndolichallabes microphthalmus and gymnallabes nops , of the scores of the second component ( factor 2 ) taken from a principle components analysis of log - transformed metric variables versus the first principal component ( factor 1 ) taken from a principle components analysis of meristics . more\ndevaere , stijn , dominique adriaens , gg teugels , nm de clerck , and aa postnov . 2005 . \u201cskeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . \u201d cybium 29 ( 3 ) : 281\u2013293 .\ndevaere s , adriaens d , teugels g , de clerck n , postnov a . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium . soc francaise d ichtyologie ; 2005 ; 29 ( 3 ) : 281\u201393 .\ndevaere , s . , adriaens , d . , teugels , g . , de clerck , n . , & postnov , a . ( 2005 ) . skeletal morphology of the holotype of gymnallabes nops roberts & stewart , 1976 , using micro ct - scanning . cybium , 29 ( 3 ) , 281\u2013293 .\ngymnallabes : from the greek , gymnos , meaning hidden and allabes , the name of a nilotic fish ( a kind of lamprey ) ; in reference to the shape and nature of the fish .\nthe type locality of gymnallabes nops is from near tadi , about 50 km downstream of luozi , lower congo river . two additional specimens ( one from banda nyenge about 60km upstream of luozi , and one from near mbelo about 70 km downstream of pool malebo ) have been collected ( amnh ) . the species seems to be present in very low abundance and has been searched for intensively ( stiassny , m . , pers . obs ) .\nthere are currently no threat to gymnallabes nops known . inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . inga 3 , to be built in five years , will divert a significant amount of flow . grand inga will block a great part of the mainstream with major impact . given the restricted mainstream habitat and mainstream impacts such as pollution , it can be threatened in the future in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential to mining in the area .\ngreek , gymnos = hidden + greek , allabes , - etos = a fish of the nile , a kind of lamprey ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : lower congo river basin , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 78218 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3820 )\nprobably lives chiefly in crevices between rocks . its diet is unknown , but it is probably predominantly carnivorous ( ref . 78218 ) .\nteugels , g . g . , 1986 . clariidae . p . 66 - 101 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3820 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nlower congo [ zaire ] river , near tadi , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] , 5\u00b014 ' s , 13\u00b056 ' e .\n57mm or 2 . 2\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nin ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .\nbulletin of the museum of comparative zoology v . 147 ( no . 6 )\n( 1 ) natey22 . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nroberts , tyson r . & stewart , d . j . , 1976 , an ecological and systematic survey of fishes in the rapids of the lower zaire or congo river , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 3 147 , no . 6 , pp . 239 - 317 : 277\nthis treatment is a stub . you can help plazi making the full treatment available by uploading the source publication .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation ."]}
{"id": 2319, "summary": [{"text": "the striped bush squirrel ( paraxerus flavovittis ) is a species of rodents in the family sciuridae found in kenya , malawi , mozambique , and tanzania .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its natural habitats are moist savanna and plantations . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "striped bush squirrel", "paragraphs": [", the striped bush squirrel , is found throughout southern kenya , the united republic of tanzania , malawi , and northern mozambique .\nstriped bush squirrels eat seeds , fruits , roots , leaves , and buds .\n, yields clues about the communication of striped bush squirrels . tail flicking and ear wagging have been recorded in\nviljoen , s . 1977 . behaviour of the bush squirrel , paraxerus cepapi cepapi ( a . smith , 1836 ) .\nthere is very little information on the reproduction and mating systems in striped bush squirrels . however , in a related species , smith ' s bush squirrels ( paraxerus cepapi ) , there is more information .\nvery young striped bush squirrels have been collected in the months of march and april . in june , some half - grown young were collected . it has been suggested that the birthing season may occur around these months , and possibly a second one in september . a striped bush squirrel nest was recorded as being made from grass and coconut fibers and was located in a hollow tree .\nfollow the link to see all of schaapmans ' 2 photos of striped bush squirrel on flickr . please note that there are still 1000s of photos that schaapmans took that are not yet properly tagged or uploaded , so expect more photos in the future .\nthere is not much information on communication in striped bush squirrels except that young will emit a piercing squeak when threatened or fearful , to which the mother will respond .\nstriped bush squirrels are diurnal mammals . not much is known about their social system , but females and males associate with their young . there are no recordings of large associations of\nstriped bush squirrels are small to medium sized squirrels . head and body length measurement averages 175 mm and tail length also averages 175 mm . they can weight from 120 g to 200 g . striped bush squirrels undergo periodic color changes . the back can be dark grey or olive - brown , which can be replaced by brightly ochraceous tipped hairs . the dorsal surface can also take on a fulvous or bright gold hue .\nmurmurs , which is thought to be a form of communication used to contact another squirrel and can be aggressive or friendly . male and female\navailable information on the ecosystem roles of striped bush squirrels is lacking . it seems likely , however , that they disperse seeds of the tree species they feed on and affect the abundance of the specific plants on which they feed .\nstriped bush squirrels are terrestrial and live in a variety of habitats , from moist savannahs to forests . they can be found on cultivated lands , preferring sugar plum tree groves . populations are most numerous in old - growth hardwood forests .\n. striped bush squirrels nest in hardwood tree hollows and can be seen basking near their nest holes in the early morning . if they realize they have attracted attention , they will flee . it has been suggested that females are more wary than males .\nif a dominant p . cepapi narrows its eyes at a submissive p . cepapi , the submissive squirrel will run away and is then often chased by the dominant one .\nit is thought that color changes in the fur might be connected with age . color changes do not seem to be merely seasonal , but may depend on the physiological condition of the squirrel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis east african species is distributed in extreme southern kenya , through eastern tanzania into northern mozambique and southeastern malawi .\nthis species is found in savannah , forest , and thicket habitats and has been recorded from cultivated land , showing a preference for groves of sugar plum ( uapaca spp . ) trees ( kingdon 1997 ) .\nthere are presumably no major threats as a whole to this widespread and somewhat adaptable species .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t16207a115131995 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nif you want to see a larger version of a photo below ( or play a video ) , just click on it . it will open a lightbox with the larger photo or videoplayer .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njuovapensasorava\nto\nparaxerus flavovittis ( peters , 1852 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhas a single dorsal lateral stripe on each side . this stripe can be ivory , white , or yellowish and there is a dark line on either side of each stripe . the top of the head eventually can become ochraceous . when the dorsal surface of the muzzle is grizzled ochraceous , the crown is often dark grey as well as the neck . facial lines are alternatively white and dark brown . the underside of is white . the dorsal foot surfaces can be dull ochraceous . the toes are heavily clawed .\nmale p . cepapi increase the frequency of mating calls when approaching mating season . the male mating call often begins in april and ends by january . the cycle of the male mating call is probably controlled by androgen . in captivity , a male p . cepapi mating call is often followed by chasing the female and attempting to mount her . it is possible that the presence of a female will stimulate the male to emit his mating call . this call by the male also possibly brings the female into estrus . captive males have been recorded emitting the mating call sporadically , and will murmur continuously in the presence of a female who has given her mating call .\nthe high pitched mating call of females , emitted while in estrus , is given in short pulses . this call may be followed by grunting or growling softly . a female\nyoung are well developed . weaning occurs between 4 and 6 weeks after birth . a new set of pups can be born as early as 62 days after birth of the last litter ;\n( allen and loveridge , 1942 ; butler , et al . , 2004 ; emmons , 1979 )\nbreeding season young are born in march and april , and perhaps in september , but the gestation period and breeding season are unknown .\nparental care shows that young will emit a squeak at ear piercing level when in danger or fearful . the mother will respond to this call , but one mother was observed fleeing from the rescue when she realized she was under observation .\na mother p . cepapi will remain in the nest almost continuously for the first days after parturition . males are often in the nest as well . paraxerus cepapi parents often approach their young and groom them forcefully .\nin order to move her young , a female p . cepapi will carry the young by gripping the ventral body surface of its hindleg in her mouth . the young holds on with arms , legs and tail . it has been indicated that a mother will retrieve her young up to 4 weeks of age . after this , the young will resist retrieval .\nneither the adult male nor the adult female will provide the young with solid food in the nest . for the first six months after birth , a young p . cepapi follows its parents around while eating .\n. being a species that lives in the savannah , however , tail flicking does not occur often outside of an alarm context . the savannah is one habitat for\n, so it is possible that minimal tail flicking occurs within this species as well , because of the risk of attracting predators . a quick head bob is also seen in\nin p . cepapi olfactory signals include mouthwiping and anal - dragging . mouthwiping is done after eating or during grooming . paraxerus cepapi has also been observed mouthwiping in a modified form resembling flehmen . face - tail - face grooming in p . cepapi distributes scent all over the body .\nindividuals feel threatened , they will emit a warning growl or hiss . teeth grinding may also be used as a warning . ticking sounds emited by young\nis classified as data deficient on the iucn list . it is not listed on either the cites appendices or the united states federal list .\nnicole mason ( author ) , michigan state university , barbara lundrigan ( editor , instructor ) , michigan state university .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n2007 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service : working together\n( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .\n2007 .\nunep - wcmc species database : cites - listed species\n( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .\nallen , g . , a . loveridge . 1942 . scientific results of a fourth expedition to forested areas in east and central africa . i . mammals .\nbutler , j . , j . toit , j . bingham . 2004 . free - ranging domestic dogs ( canis familiaris ) as predators and prey in rural zimbabwe : threats of competition and disease to large wild carnivores .\nemmons , l . 1979 . observations on litter size and development of some african rainforest squirrels .\ngrubb , p . 2006 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . accessed march 16 , 2007 at urltoken .\nthomas , o . 1919 . on a small collection of mammals from lumbo , mozambique .\nviljoen , s . 1983 . communicatory behaviour of southern african tree squirrels , paraxerus palliatus ornatus , p . p . tongensis , p . c . cepapi and funisciurus congicus .\nto cite this page : mason , n . 2007 .\nparaxerus flavovittis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as 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{"id": 2323, "summary": [{"text": "the short-headed broad-nosed bat , platyrrhinus brachycephalus , is a bat species from south america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , northwestern brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname and venezuela . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "short - headed broad - nosed bat", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern as it is widespread , presumed abundant and presumed to have a large population . when considering the range as a whole , it general occupies areas that are not currently under threat .\nthis species is confined to lowland areas ( patterson pers . comm . ) of northern south america in the amazonian portion of brazil , the guianas , southern venezuela , colombia , ecuador and amazonian peru and bolivia ( eisenberg 1989 , koopman 1993 ) . its westernmost limit is the flank of the andes .\nit is strongly associated with multistratal tropical evergreen forest and moist sites . it is basically frugivorous and roosts in small groups of three to 10 in leafy tangles , tree hollows or caves . reproduction usually coincides with the onset of the rainy season and varies locally ( eisenberg 1989 ) .\nhabitat loss occurs in some parts of this species ' range , but this is not considered to be a major threat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\namazoninviiruselk\u00e4\nto\nplatyrrhinus brachycephalus ( rouk and carter , 1972 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ninfonatura : birds , mammals , and amphibians of latin america , via www , sept . 25 , 2007\nthe lc linked data service welcomes any suggestions you might have about terminology used for a given heading or concept .\nplease provide your name , email , and your suggestion so that we can begin assessing any terminology changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bennett , coleman & co . ltd . all rights reserved . for reprint rights : times syndication service\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bennett , coleman & co . ltd . all rights reserved . for reprint rights : times syndication service\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2324, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena squamipilosa is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by ermisch in 1967 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena squamipilosa", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nthery , 1931 - philhammus parallelus wollaston , 1854 - tarphius paranana ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena paraobscurosuturalis ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena parapentas ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena pararhenana ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena parateneta kaszab , 1973 - laena paratentyrioides j . - k . li , 1992 - misolampidius paraweisei ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena parca tokeji , 1953 - falsomordellistena\nroubal , 1932 - corticeus purpurascens a . costa , 1854 - mordellistena purpurascens apfelbeck , 1914 - mordella\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nescherich , 1895 - lytta aurasiacus peyerimhoff , 1919 - cis aurata kono , 1928 - mordellaria aureofasciatus pic , 1954 - holostrophus aureolopilosa stchegoleva - barovskaya , 1932 - mordellistena aureomicans ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena aureopubens pic , 1903 - scraptia aureotomentosa ermisch , 1966 - mordellistena aurichalcea adams , 1817 - thaumatoblaps aurichalceus m . chujo , 1978 - plesiophthalmus\npierre , 1968 - iranopachyscelis israelsoni j . ferrer et whitehead , 2002 - xanthomus istrica ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nchobaut , 1898 - aulacoderus minima a . costa , 1854 - mordellistena minima bogdanov - katjkov , 1915 - anatolica\nmotschulsky , 1872 - centorus tenuicornis reitter , 1895 - phtora tenuicornis schaufuss , 1870 - sitaris tenuicornis schilsky , 1899 - mordellistena tenuicornis solier , 1836 - pimelia tenuicorpra z . li et ren , 2004 - gnaptorina tenuimanus champion , 1927 - mordellistena\nm . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena shirozui m . chujo , 1967 - paramisolampidius shirozui m . chujo , 1957 - ectasiocnemis shirozui nakane , 1949 - glipa shirozui nakane , 1956 - stenochinus shirozui nomura , 1967 - mordella shirozui nomura , 1951 - mordellistena\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nmordellistena l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng trong h\u1ecd mordellidae . [ 1 ] chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1854 b\u1edfi costa .\nsolier , 1848 - blaps austriaca schilsky , 1899 - mordellistena austriacensis ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena austriacus ganglbauer , 1881 - anogcodes austriacus pic , 1901 - clavicollis austriacus schrank von paula , 1781 - alosimus austrinus wollaston , 1854 - meloe autumnalis a . g . olivier , 1797 - meloe\nmulsant et rey , 1854 - phylan gutianshana fan et c . yang , 1995 - mordellistena gutianshana fan et j . yang , 1995 - mordellina\nroubal , 1930 - tetratoma pfeifferi koch , 1940 - hyperops phaea nomura , 1951 - mordellistena phaecus j . r . sahlberg , 1903 - nalassus\nuhmann , 1978 - anthelephila kira schawaller , 2001 - nepalolaena kirai nakane et nomura , 1950 - hoshihananomia kirai nomura , 1951 - mordellistena kirghisica reitter , 1896 - platyscelis kirghizica l . v . egorov , 1989 - oodescelis kirghizica odnosum , 2003 - mordellistena kirghizicus g . s . medvedev et kaltaev , 1979 - cabirutus\nmiller , 1858 - erodius nessebaricus batten , 1980 - mordellistena nesterovi bogatchev , 1953 - pimelia netolitzkyi penecke , 1912 - mycetochara netshaevae g . s . medvedev , 1970 - penthicinus netuschili reitter , 1904 - penthicus neuwaldeggiana panzer , 1796 - mordellistena nevadensis escalera , 1915 - mylabris nevadensis espanol , 1954 - akis nevadensis espanol , 1953 - colpotus\nermisch , 1956 - mordellistena korschefskyi kaszab , 1940 - bioramix korunolena skopin , 1964 - anatolica kotenkoi odnosum , 1990 - mordellistena kotoensis kono , 1937 - eobia kotoensis nomura , 1967 - glipa kotoensis nomura , 1967 - falsomordellistena kozlovi bogatchev , 1961 - anatolica kozlovi g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria kozlovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - gnaptorina kozlovi kaszab , 1966 - microdera\nfranz , 1982 - langelandia gallaeciana escalera , 1923 - alphasida gallagheri ferrer , 2000 - scleropatroides gallagheri j . ferrer , 1997 - gonocephalum gallagheri lillig , 2001 - oxycara gallica ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena\nmulsant , 1856 - mordellistena liliputanus lucas , 1846 - tarphius liliputanus lucas , 1857 - leucolaephus liliputanus reitter , 1906 - catomus lilligi g . wagner , 2005 - capnisiceps lilliputana kaszab , 1968 - laena\nfabricius , 1801 - mordellistena brunnea g . s . medvedev , 1989 - colposcelis brunnea kaszab , 1962 - cyphostethe brunnea kaszab , 1960 - prosodes brunnea marseul , 1876 - symphora brunnea marseul , 1876 - tarpela\nmannerheim , 1844 - mordellistena troglophilus kocher , 1960 - megagenius trogosita motschulsky , 1872 - centorus tronqueti f . soldati et l . soldati , 2002 - stenohelops tronqueti f . soldati et l . soldati , 2003 - phtora\nbaudi di selve , 1875 - pachyscelis kraatzi emery , 1876 - mordellistena kraatzi haag - rutenberg , 1876 - thriptera kraatzi haag - rutenberg , 1876 - scaurus kraatzi heyden , 1881 - mylabris kraatzi j . frivaldszky , 1889 - sternotrigon\nescalera , 1925 - helops magnipunctatus m . chujo , 1966 - gnesis magnoguttata heyden , 1881 - mylabris magnus nobuchi , 1955 - nipponocis magnus pic , 1914 - anthicus magyari kaszab , 1968 - tarpela magyarica ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nfaust , 1875 - prosodes persica horak , 1985 - variimorda persica horak , 1983 - mordellistena persica kejval , 2000 - anthelephila persica koch , 1940 - adesmia persica kraatz , 1882 - zophosis persica l . redtenbacher , 1850 - iranopachyscelis\nnakane , 1954 - indasclera kyushuensis nakane , 1975 - neosteropalpus kyzylkumensis g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes labialis motschulsky , 1860 - mordellistena labiata a . costa , 1854 - anaspis labrana g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria\nnomura , 1967 - glipa takashii nomura , 1967 - glipostenoda takeii m . chujo , 1957 - anaspis takeii nakane , 1956 - platydema takeji m . chujo , 1957 - anaspis takizawai kono , 1932 - mordellistena takolana kaszab , 1973 - laena\nfabricius , 1801 - meloe limbu schawaller , 2002 - laena limitis reitter , 1914 - microtelus lincenti pic , 1938 - mordellistena lindaraja escalera , 1921 - asida lindbergi bonadona , 1960 - anthelephila lindbergi bonadona , 1964 - cyclodinus lindbergi bonadona , 1964 - nitorus lindbergi bonadona , 1960 - stenidius lindbergi ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena lindbergi ermisch , 1963 - stenalia lindbergi espanol , 1962 - nesotes lindbergi espanol , 1967 - litoborus lindbergi franciscolo , 1956 - anaspis lindbergi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - moragacinella\npic , 1938 - amarygmus duricornis reitter , 1886 - dichillus dushenkoi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes dux lewis , 1895 - holostrophus dvoraki bologna , 2006 - teratolytta dvoraki ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena dwejrensis scupola et mifsud , 2001 - heliopates\npic , 1893 - tenuicollis tangerianus solier , 1834 - erodius tanikadoi masumoto , 1998 - morphostenophanes tanikadoi masumoto , 1998 - strongylium tannuolensis g . s . medvedev et mordkovich , 1970 - penthicus tantilla menetries , 1848 - ectromopsis taorminensis ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena\nmulsant , 1856 - pentaria sericata wollaston , 1864 - mordellistena sericata zubkov , 1833 - platyesia sericea a . g . olivier , 1795 - asida sericea a . g . olivier , 1795 - pimelia sericea drapiez , 1820 - isomira sericea fairmaire , 1884 - mesostena\npic , 1898 - salpingus angustissima nakane , 1968 - synchita angustissimum pic , 1922 - strongylium angustitarsis g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps angustitarsis reitter , 1896 - dissonomus angustitarsis reitter , 1902 - raibosceles angustithorax pic , 1912 - zonitomorpha angustula ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nermisch , 1969 - mordella korlaensis fan et huang , 2005 - platyope korotyaevi g . s . medvedev , 1997 - prosodes korotyaevi g . s . medvedev , 1984 - penthicus korsakovi espanol , 1946 - thalpobia korschefskyana ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena korschefskyana kaszab , 1942 - stethotrypes\nsasaji , 1985 - sparedrus longicornis uhmann , 1983 - clavicollis longicornis wollaston , 1867 - corticeus longicornis z . li et ren , 2004 - gnaptorina longicornoides ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena longidentatus pic , 1957 - amblyderus longifoliae blair , 1930 - palorus longior fairmaire , 1892 - mycetochara\nl . redtenbacher , 1849 - meloe pygmaeus marsham , 1802 - cis pygmaeus ren , 1998 - foochounus pygmaeus semenov , 1903 - ctenopus pyrenaea baudi di selve , 1875 - asida pyrenaea ermisch , 1966 - mordellistena pyrenaea fairmaire et c . brisout de barneville , 1859 - anaspis\nespanol , 1943 - zidalus zolotarewi reitter , 1902 - zophohelops zolotarewi reitter , 1906 - omophlus zoltani ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena zoltani g . s . medvedev , 1997 - prosodes zoltani g . s . medvedev et iwan , 2006 - penthicus zoltani masumoto , 1981 - tarpela\nw . l . e . schmidt , 1842 - notoxus majuscula ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena majuscula nakane , 1994 - arthromacra makiharai m . chujo , 1977 - plesiophthalmus makii miwa , 1939 - amarygmus malandriosum antoine , 1942 - opatrum malatyensis kaszab , 1951 - cerocoma malayanum gebien , 1935 - gonocephalum\ncanzoneri , 1961 - phaleria schatzmayri franciscolo , 1949 - mordellistena schatzmayri h . wagner , 1928 - anogcodes schatzmayri koch , 1940 - adesmia schatzmayri koch , 1940 - alphasida schatzmayri koch , 1937 - erodius schatzmayri koch , 1941 - pimelia schatzmayri koch , 1937 - pseudolamus schatzmayri koch , 1948 - dendarus\nskopin , 1965 - oodescelis alticorne gravely , 1915 - platydema altifrons stchegoleva - barovskaya , 1927 - mordellistena altimontana g . s . medvedev , 2002 - asidoblaps altimontana g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes altivagans wollaston , 1864 - nesotes altomirana escalera , 1923 - alphasida altynemelis skopin , 1966 - blaps\ncanzoneri , 1961 - phaleria kochi ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena kochi ermisch , 1944 - anaspis kochi espanol , 1945 - phylan kochi espanol , 1950 - crypticus kochi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - dendarus kochi kaszab , 1959 - ascelosodis kochi kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum kochi kaszab , 1940 - bioramix\nantoine , 1957 - akis pentas mulsant , 1856 - mordellistena pentatomus c . g . thomson , 1864 - pseudanidorus pentheri ganglbauer , 1905 - omophlina pentheri ganglbauer , 1905 - mylabris pentheri reitter , 1905 - probaticus pentheri reitter , 1905 - crypticus peplifer marseul , 1879 - stricticollis peragalloi pic , 1902 - microhoria\nbaudi di selve , 1877 - conopalpus thoracicus fabricius , 1792 - bius thoracicus fairmaire , 1891 - cheirodes thoracicus fischer von waldheim , 1812 - pogonocerus thoracicus grimm , 1991 - helops thoracicus j . r . sahlberg , 1908 - cabirutus thoracicus nikitsky , 1987 - salpingoides thoracicus rosenhauer , 1856 - opatroides thoracoxantha franciscolo , 1943 - anaspis thunbergii steven , 1829 - tentyria thurepalmi ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena thuringiaca ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena thyreocephalus solsky , 1866 - anthicus thyrrena leoni , 1910 - asida tianshanica semenov et bogatchev , 1936 - blaps tibetana blair , 1927 - lagria tibetana chen et x . yang , 1997 - arthromacra\nm . chujo , 1981 - promethis aritai nomura , 1964 - mordellistena armata blair , 1913 - dila armata boheman , 1858 - anthelephila armata kaszab , 1942 - reichardtiellina armaticornis l . n . medvedev , 1974 - anthicus armatum waltl , 1835 - sclerum armatus panzer , 1799 - eledonoprius armatus truqui , 1855 - anthicus\nnomura et hayashi , 1960 - symphora miyakense nakane , 1963 - gonocephalum miyakensis nakane , 1963 - dioedus miyakoensis nakane , 1985 - stenochinus miyamotoi h . kamiya , 1961 - omineus miyamotoi nakane , 1956 - mordellistena miyarabi nomura , 1962 - variimorda miyatakei masumoto , 1994 - derispia miyatakei shiyake , 2000 - asiatolida mizusawai yamazaki , 1968 - amarygmus\nnakane , 1956 - mordellistena tokaraensis nomura , 1961 - cistelina tokaraensis nomura , 1962 - anthelephila tokaraensis nomura , 1962 - omonadus tokarana nakane , 1956 - falsomordellistena tokaranus nakane , 1963 - dioedus tokarensis nakane , 1968 - synchita tokarensis nakane , ? - pentaphyllus tokarensis nakane , 1963 - paramisolampidius tokarensis nakane , 1954 - dryopomera tokarensis okada , 2005 - colobicones tokatensis pic , 1904 - cteniopus tokeji nomura , 1951 - mordellistena tokejii nomura , 1958 - mordella tokejii nomura et kato , 1958 - hallomenus tokejii nomura et nakane , 1959 - trigonodera tokioensis nakane , 1983 - stereopalpus tokunagai nobuchi , 1960 - strigocis tokunoshimana masumoto et akita , 2001 - tarpela tokunoshimana mt . chujo , 1995 - promethis\nwellman , 1910 - euzonitis confalonierii gridelli , 1930 - arthrodeis confalonierii gridelli , 1930 - pimelia confalonierii gridelli , 1930 - tentyria confertus wollaston , 1854 - nesotes confinalis antoine , 1949 - probaticus confinis a . costa , 1854 - mordellistena confinis g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps confluens antoine , 1933 - asida confluens borchmann , 1930 - cteniopinus\nreiche et saulcy , 1857 - blaps sodalis waterhouse , 1889 - adesmia soderbomi pic , 1933 - pentaria sogdiana g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes sogdiana semenov , 1893 - euzonitis sogdianus semenov , 1900 - ctenopus sokolowi semenov , 1900 - stenoria sola telnov , 2002 - macratria solanensis saha , 1979 - hycleus solarii franciscolo , 1942 - mordellistena\nreiche , 1866 - hycleus ustulatus scopoli , 1763 - anogcodes utakoae sasaji , 1988 - melandrya uvsensis ermisch , 1968 - mordellistena uzbekistanicus svihla , 2006 - sparedrus uzbekistanus kaszab , 1981 - lydulus uzboica bogatchev et kryzhanovskiy , 1955 - sternoplax vachshiana g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes vachshiana skopin , 1960 - diesia vachshiana skopin , 1964 - microdera\npeyerimhoff , 1920 - zophosis berbera horak , 1983 - mordellistena berberus peyerimhoff , 1945 - rhopalodontus bereai escalera , 1907 - asida berettai marcuzzi , 2001 - stenohelops berezowskii g . s . medvedev , 1998 - blaps berezowskii g . s . medvedev , 1998 - asidoblaps bergeri bonadona , 1986 - microhoria bergevini peyerimhoff , 1925 - pachychila bergi kuzin , 1934 - psammocryptus\npic , 1913 - chitona balcanicus apfelbeck , 1901 - pedinus balchanicus g . s . medvedev et nepesova , 1985 - turkmenohelops balchaschensis skopin , 1960 - microdera balchashense skopin , 1974 - pterocoma balchashense skopin , 1964 - colposcelis balchashensis g . s . medvedev , 1970 - nalassus balchashensis skopin , 1966 - blaps balchashensis skopin , 1966 - melanesthes balearica compte , 1985 - mordellistena\nescalera , 1909 - sitarobrachys bukharensis kejval , 2000 - anthelephila bulbifer champion , 1919 - xylophilus bulganica kaszab , 1967 - colposcelis bulganica kaszab , 1967 - scythis bulganicus g . s . medvedev , 1990 - penthicus bulgarica ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena bulgarica g . s . medvedev et angelov , 1981 - ectromopsis bulgaricus svihla , 2006 - sparedrus bulla semenov , 1896 - ammozoides\nl . redtenbacher , 1850 - mylabris excellens schilsky , 1908 - anaspis excelsa reitter , 1884 - mycetochara excisa gebien , 1914 - uloma excisa nomura , 1967 - glipostenoda excisofasciata heyden , 1883 - mylabris excisum seidlitz , 1894 - opatrum excisus har . lindberg , 1950 - hegeter excisus kuster , 1848 - notoxus excisus wollaston , 1857 - tarphius exclusa ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nchobaut , 1898 - anthicus mayumiae masumoto , 1981 - plesiophthalmus mayumiae masumoto , 1983 - corticeus mazaganica escalera , 1910 - alphasida mazedonica ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena mazetieri antoine , 1936 - stenosis meanderoides skopin , 1977 - blaps meaticollis bonadona , 1978 - rimaderus mecheriensis chobaut , 1896 - aulacoderus medae espanol , 1940 - alphasida media g . s . medvedev , 1998 - gnaptorina\nhar . lindberg , 1950 - sclerum fernandezi palm , 1976 - mordellistena fernandezi pardo alcaide , 1951 - meloe fernandezi svihla , 1996 - alloxantha fernandezlopezi franz , 1967 - tarphius fernandezlopezi machado , 1979 - pimelia fernanensis skopin , 1972 - stalagmoptera feroni bonadona , 1960 - microhoria ferozensis g . s . medvedev , 2003 - prosodes ferrantei peyerimhoff , 1943 - aulacoderus ferrantei pic , 1911 - sitaris\nermisch , 1954 - mordellistena michaelae horak , 1986 - hoshihananomia michailovi g . s . medvedev , 1975 - dichillus michailovi g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes michailovi l . v . egorov , 1992 - trichomyatis michailovi skopin , 1968 - trigonopachys michajlovi nabozhenko , 2001 - zophohelops michalki ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena michihidei mt . chujo et lee , 1993 - scaphidema michiochujoi kawanabe , 2005 - octotemnus michioi m . chujo , 1978 - eucrossoscelis michioi tsuru et takakuwa , 2005 - variimorda michitakai masumoto , 1990 - plesiophthalmus microcephala escherich , 1897 - zonitis microcephala fairmaire , 1899 - promethis microcephala solier , 1835 - adesmia microcephalus escalera , 1914 - scaurus microceps motschulsky , 1872 - centorus microdera fairmaire , 1899 - falsocamaria microderoides reitter , 1900 - colposcelis microderoides reitter , 1898 - stegastopsis\nbertolini , 1892 - isomira echidna fairmaire , 1875 - pimelia echidniformis reitter , 1915 - pimelia echinata fischer von waldheim , 1844 - sternoplax echinatus vauloger , 1900 - catomus echinatus wollaston , 1854 - tarphius echingolensis ermisch , 1969 - mordellistena echingolensis kaszab et g . s . medvedev , 1984 - penthicus eckerleini muche , 1964 - omophlus eckerleini muche , 1963 - podonta ecoffeti kuster , 1850 - nalassus\npic , 1919 - hycleus kurdistanus reitter , 1902 - odocnemis kuri nomura , 1951 - falsomordellistena kuriamuriaca schawaller , 1993 - mesostena kurinoensis maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula kuro nomura , 1951 - mordellistena kurosai h . akiyama , 1998 - dryopomera kurosai m . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena kurosai m . chujo et nakane , 1955 - hoshihananomia kurosai nakane , 1988 - nacerdes kurosawai masumoto , 1988 - donaciolagria kurosawai masumoto , 1991 - plesiophthalmus kurosawai masumoto , 1986 - augolesthus kurosawai masumoto , 1981 - hemicera kurosawai masumoto , 1982 - promethis kurosawai takakuwa , 1985 - glipa kurosawai takakuwa , 2001 - variimorda kurosawai toyama et hatayama , 1985 - nephrites kurosonis miyatake , 1964 - bolitotrogus kursistana girard , 1966 - tentyria kusamai takakuwa , 1999 - glipa kuschkensis kaszab , 1960 - hedyphanes kuschkensis pic , 1919 - xanthabris\ndeyrolle , 1867 - zophosis kollari seidlitz , 1893 - blaps koltzei heyden , 1892 - hedyphanes koltzei heyden , 1884 - cteniopinus koltzei reitter , 1917 - alphasida koltzei reitter , 1900 - anatolica koltzei reitter , 1895 - cyphostethe koltzei reitter , 1896 - penthicinus koltzei reitter , 1896 - mycetochara kolwensis c . r . sahlberg , 1833 - pytho koma nomura , 1951 - mordellistena komarowi dokhtouroff , 1889 - stenoria\nkoch , 1937 - scaurus pellucida herbst , 1799 - halammobia pellucidus mulsant et godart , 1865 - leptonychus pellucidus mulsant et rey , 1856 - xanthomus peloponesiaca svihla , 1991 - nacerdes peloponnesensis batten , 1980 - mordellistena peloroides reitter , 1909 - prosodes peltieri peyerimhoff , 1924 - ammogiton penicillata w . l . e . schmidt , 1846 - oedemera penicilligerum karsch , 1881 - sepidium penkinae kaszab , 1966 - microdera\nmaran , 1944 - mylabris tachdirtensis antoine , 1945 - crypticus tachtaensis g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes tachyptera semenov , 1893 - petria tachysoides kaszab , 1973 - laena taciturna peyerimhoff , 1949 - blaps tacorontinus franz , 1967 - tarphius tadafumii masumoto et akita , 2003 - uloma tadjikistanica horak , 1980 - mordellistena tadjikistanica odnosum , 2002 - mordella tadzhibaevi g . s . medvedev , 1979 - leptodes\npic , 1921 - mylabris ainonia m . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena ainu lewis , 1895 - nacerdes ainu nakane , 1963 - tetratoma ainu nomura , 1958 - variimorda ainunum lewis , 1895 - lissodema aitagiae escalera , 1913 - sepidium aiunica espanol , 1944 - bermejoina ajmonis gridelli , 1934 - syachis aka kono , 1928 - mordellistenoda akage nomura , 1958 - mordella akaira franciscolo , 1991 - anaspis akbesiana fairmaire , 1884 - pimelia\nbogatchev , 1972 - penthicus kaszabi bonadona , 1964 - anthelephila kaszabi bonadona , 1964 - anthicus kaszabi ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena kaszabi espanol , 1961 - solskyia kaszabi espanol , 1944 - mateuina kaszabi g . s . medvedev , 1972 - leptodes kaszabi g . s . medvedev , 1987 - zophohelops kaszabi g . s . medvedev et kabakov , 1996 - prosodes kaszabi gridelli , 1954 - bioramix kaszabi grimm , 1981 - gunarus kaszabi j . ferrer , 1992 - melansis\nkoch , 1935 - adelostoma grandii franciscolo , 1942 - mordellistena grandipalpis allard , 1869 - alphasida grandipennis pic , 1906 - phyllocladus grandipennis pic , 1906 - pseudodendroides grandipes fairmaire , 1893 - derosphaerus grandipunctata ren , 1999 - microdera grandis bates , 1879 - ascelosodis grandis desbrochers des loges , 1881 - pachychila grandis espanol , 1953 - hyonthosoma grandis faldermann , 1835 - sternotrigon grandis fursov , 1935 - prostomis grandis g . s . medvedev , 1978 - catomus grandis klug , 1830 - pimelia grandis kraatz , 1883 - lasiostola grandis kraatz , 1865 - trigonoscelis\nsolier , 1834 - erodius syriacus zoufal , 1893 - centorus syriacus zoufal , 1892 - tenebrio syriae pic , 1892 - anthicus syrites ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena syrtana normand , 1936 - tentyria syrtanus normand , 1938 - melambius syrtensis kaszab , 1962 - anatolica syrtica koch , 1939 - alphasida syrtica koch , 1937 - tentyria syrticus koch , 1937 - erodius syrticus koch , 1937 - oterophloeus szalaymarzsoi kaszab , 1972 - micrantereus szalaymarzsoi kaszab , 1978 - lydomorphus szechenyii j . frivaldszky , 1889 - sternoplax szekessyi kaszab , 1942 - lepidocnemeplatia szekessyi kaszab , 1962 - leptodes\nfischer von waldheim , 1837 - hedyphanes cruralis lewis , 1895 - anthicomorphus cruralis marseul , 1876 - borboresthes crux escherich , 1899 - mylabris crux kono , 1928 - paratomoxia crypticoides fairmaire , 1879 - arthrodeis crypticoides reitter , 1887 - bioramix crypticola reitter , 1896 - gnathosia cryptogramaca y . - x . yang et ren , 2006 - epicauta cryptomeriae lewis , 1895 - allecula crystallina semenov , 1896 - dengitha csiki ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena csikii kaszab , 1965 - melanesthes csikii kaszab , 1967 - scleropatrum csikii reitter , 1920 - centorus csikii reitter , 1917 - cybopiestes\npic , 1921 - mylabris hartliebi pic , 1899 - stenidius hartmanni schawaller , 2002 - laena hartungii wollaston , 1864 - arthrodeis haruhiae m . chujo , 1985 - scaphidema harwoodi blair , 1923 - pseudotomoderus hasagawai nomura , 1951 - ermischiella hasegawai nomura et kato , 1959 - mordellochroa hassani antoine , 1942 - melambius hatayamai takakuwa , 2000 - glipa hatorii tokeji , 1953 - mordellistena hauschildi kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum hauseri borchmann , 1936 - cerogria hauseri escherich , 1899 - mylabris hauseri escherich , 1904 - stenoria hauseri escherich , 1897 - zonitis hauseri heyden , 1887 - ischnomera\npic , 1925 - hycleus mongeneti solier , 1836 - pimelia mongolensis l . n . medvedev , 1974 - cyclodinus mongolica csiki , 1901 - melanesthes mongolica dokhtouroff , 1887 - mylabris mongolica ermisch , 1964 - mordella mongolica ermisch , 1964 - mordellistena mongolica ermisch , 1964 - anaspis mongolica ermisch , 1969 - pentaria mongolica faldermann , 1835 - platyope mongolica kaszab , 1968 - pterocoma mongolica kaszab , 1968 - cyphostethe mongolica kaszab , 1965 - epitrichia mongolica muche , 1972 - allecula mongolica reitter , 1889 - sternotrigon mongolica reitter , 1889 - microdera mongolica schuster , 1940 - mantichorula\nyamazaki , 1964 - plesiophthalmus yakushimensis kawanabe , 1993 - hyalocis yamaguchii kono , 1936 - schizotus yamamotoi kawanabe , 1997 - cis yamamotoi nomura , 1951 - mordellina yamato nakane , 1987 - nematoplus yami nomura , 1967 - mordella yamoto ishikawa et sakai , 2004 - microscapha yangi fan , 1995 - mordellistena yangi masumoto , 1986 - platycrepis yangi merkl et chen , 1997 - mimoborchmania yangi ren , 1995 - caedius yangmingense masumoto , 1982 - platydema yanma takakuwa , 1986 - glipa yanoi nomura , 1951 - mordellochroa yasuakii masumoto , 1996 - laena yasuhikoi masumoto , 1996 - strongylium yasumatsui m . chujo , 1968 - strongylium yatoi nakane , 1954 - dryopomera\nhope , 1843 - ceropria chrysotrichia nomura , 1951 - falsomordellistena chudeaui bedel , 1921 - mylabris chudeaui koch , 1940 - pimelia chudeaui peyerimhoff , 1942 - oxycara chui masumoto , 1986 - taiwanomenephilus chujoi ando , 2003 - euhemicera chujoi ando et mt . chujo , 2005 - enanea chujoi hatayama , 1985 - mordellistena chujoi kulzer , 1960 - usechus chujoi masumoto , 2005 - plesiophthalmus chujoi miyatake , 1982 - cis chujoi miyatake , 1960 - pisenus chujoi nakane et nobuchi , 1955 - ennearthron chujoi tsuru et takakuwa , 2005 - variimorda chutungense masumoto , 2005 - strongylium cicatricosus leach , 1815 - meloe cicatricosus wollaston , 1854 - tarphius cicatrix fairmaire , 1879 - arthrodibius cichorii linnaeus , 1758 - hycleus\nbremer , 2003 - amarygmus brancuccii horak , 1995 - mordella brancuccii svihla , 1997 - indasclera brancuccii svihla , 1983 - nacerdes brandti koch , 1943 - microdera brattiensis j . muller , 1917 - asida breddini ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena breiti antoine , 1937 - alphasida breiti koch , 1941 - pimelia breiti reitter , 1913 - blaps breiti schuster , 1916 - laena breiti schuster , 1928 - asida bremei laferte - senectere , 1842 - cyclodinus bremeri ardoin , 1979 - akis bremeri j . ferrer , 1997 - mesomorphus bremeri masumoto , 2005 - amarygmus bremondi antoine , 1934 - alphasida bremondi antoine , 1949 - gunarus bremondi koch , 1941 - pachychila bremondi pic , 1936 - microhoria brendelli schawaller , 2001 - laena brendelli svihla , 1987 - nacerdes\npic , 1923 - eucyrtus semiviolaceus nakane , 1968 - tetragonomenes semivittata pic , 1947 - mylabris semivittatus l . redtenbacher , 1844 - sybaris semnanicus nabozhenko , 2005 - hedyphanes senegalensis a . g . olivier , 1795 - pimelia senegalensis fairmaire , 1894 - gonocnemis senegalensis laferte - senectere , 1849 - notoxus senilis abeille de perrin , 1895 - teratolytta senilis wollaston , 1864 - endomia senkakuense m . chujo , 1973 - gonocephalum senkakuensis m . chujo , 1973 - gnesis sennarensis pic , 1907 - leptaleus sensitivus krekich - strassoldo , 1928 - nitorus senussianus koch , 1937 - catomus separanda ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena separanda krekich - strassoldo , 1929 - microhoria separanda reitter , 1882 - synchita separanda reitter , 1915 - pimelia separata pic , 1941 - glipa separata pic , 1908 - cistelomorpha\nmarseul , 1872 - lydus stilla penrith , 1986 - zophosis stillata baudi di selve , 1878 - mylabris stipae chobaut , 1924 - stenalia stocki krekich - strassoldo , 1929 - microhoria stockmanni bistrom , 1977 - sphaeriestes stoeckleini ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena stoeckleini kaszab , 1960 - dichillus stoeckleini kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum stoeckleini kaszab , 1960 - bioramix stoeckleini koch , 1940 - adesmia stoetzneri muche , 1981 - isomira stoetzneri schuster , 1923 - blaps stoliczkana bates , 1879 - blaps stoliczkanus bates , 1879 - coelocnemodes stoljarovi g . s . medvedev , 1970 - tadzhikistania strabonis seidlitz , 1893 - pedinus straminea champion , 1927 - ectasiocnemis straminea l . redtenbacher , 1868 - cistelomorpha straminea peyerimhoff , 1931 - scraptia strandi kono , 1936 - nacerdes strandi krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - anthelephila strandi lohse , 1969 - rhopalodontus\nreitter , 1872 - heliomophlus kiseritzkii g . s . medvedev , 1966 - asiocaedius klapperichi pic , 1954 - hylophilus klapperichi borchmann , 1941 - cerogria klapperichi borchmann , 1941 - zonitoschema klapperichi ermisch , 1940 - glipa klapperichi ermisch , 1952 - glipostenoda klapperichi ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - arthrodosis klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - pachyscelis klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - pimelia klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - thriptera klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - afghanillus klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - dichillus klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - gnathosia klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - syachis klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - thraustocolus klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - zophosis klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - blaps klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - prosodes klapperichi kaszab , 1954 - apterotarpela klapperichi kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - bioramix klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - cechenosternum klapperichi kaszab , 1942 - derispia\nescalera , 1921 - asida zaida reitter , 1917 - asida zaidamica skopin , 1974 - pterocoma zaisanensis ermisch , 1967 - mordellistena zaissanica skopin , 1960 - epitrichia zaitzevi g . s . medvedev , 1979 - philhammus zakatalensis nabozhenko , 2001 - nalassus zamotailovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - agnaptoria zamotailovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - asidoblaps zamotailovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - tagonoides zanoni schuster , 1922 - adesmia zapaterii perez arcas , 1872 - alphasida zaratustrai nabozhenko , 2006 - nalassus zarcoi espanol , 1943 - pimelia zarcoi espanol , 1947 - stenosis zarcoi espanol , 1944 - cimipsa zarcoi koch , 1944 - asida zariquieyi espanol , 1937 - dendarus zarjanovi g . s . medvedev , 1993 - lasiostola zarudniana semenov et bogatchev , 1936 - blaps zarudnyana schuster , 1938 - trichosphaena zarudnyi bogatchev , 1950 - capricephalius zarudnyi bogatchev , 1953 - pimelia\nhayashi , 1960 - dircaea shibatai kaszab , 1964 - diphyrrhynchus shibatai kiyoyama , 1987 - mordellochroa shibatai m . chujo et miyatake , 1961 - derispia shibatai masumoto , 1987 - macrolagria shibatai masumoto , 1990 - plesiophthalmus shibatai masumoto , 1982 - byrsax shibatai nakakita , 1987 - tetraphyllus shibatai nakane , 1961 - anaspis shibatai nomura , 1961 - glipostenoda shibatai nomura , 1964 - allecula shibatai nomura , 1963 - strongylium shibatai nomura , 1962 - clavicollis shibatai nomura , 1964 - syzeton shibatai sasaji , 1984 - bolcocius shigeoi masumoto , 1981 - plesiophthalmus shikokuana iga et nakane , 1954 - nacerdes shikokuensis miyatake , 1954 - ceracis shimomurai toyoshima et y . ishikawa , 2000 - phloiotrya shimoyamai hayashi , 1960 - melandrya shimoyamai m . chujo , 1957 - mordellina shimoyamai m . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena shinanoensis tokeji , 1953 - falsomordellistena shintaroi sasaji , 1988 - trogocryptoides shiraishii imasaka , 2005 - arthromacra\nnomura , 1963 - glipa ohgushii m . chujo , 1957 - glipa ohminesanus masumoto et akita , 2001 - misolampidius ohshimana maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula ohsumiana nakane , 1957 - falsomordellina ohsumiana nakane , 1957 - mordellistenoda oitaensis nakane , 1983 - neosteropalpus okamotoi kono , 1935 - falsomordellistena okamotoi kono , 1935 - pedilus okiana imasaka , 2005 - arthromacra okiensis nakane , 1983 - misolampidius okinawaensis maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula okinawana kono , 1937 - oedemera okinawana m . chujo , 1978 - promethis okinawana m . chujo et sato , 1972 - nacerdes okinawana mt . chujo , 1985 - lagria okinawana nomura , 1963 - mordellistena okinawana nomura , 1962 - anthelephila okinawanum m . chujo , 1963 - gonocephalum okinawanus nakane , 1968 - gnesis okinawanus nomura , 1964 - plesiophthalmus okinawensis miwa , 1928 - zonitoschema okinawensis nakane , 1991 - trachypholis okuezonis kono , 1939 - corticeus okumurai masumoto , 1981 - strongylium okumurai nakane , 1968 - misolampidius okushimai svihla , 1997 - ischnomera\nbogatchev , 1949 - trichosphaena zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1991 - cnemeplatia zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1993 - lasiostola zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - thriptera zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1978 - colposcelis zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - dissonomus zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1987 - zophohelops zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1976 - hedyphanes zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - neopachypterus zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - dilamus zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - pseudoblaps zarudnyi semenov , 1900 - anisochroa zaslavskii g . s . medvedev , 1968 - cabirutus zavattarii koch , 1939 - erodius zavchanensis ermisch , 1970 - mordellistena zebraeus marseul , 1870 - hycleus zemensis antoine , 1946 - thalpobia zemensis escalera , 1925 - alphasida zenchii tokeji , 1953 - mordellaria zerchei gillerfors , 1997 - tarphius zhangi fan et j . yang , 1993 - glipa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nv\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh theo gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p creative commons ghi c\u00f4ng\u2013chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung . v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trang web n\u00e0y , b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 . wikipedia\u00ae l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a wikimedia foundation , inc . , m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nreiche et saulcy , 1857 - sclerum abbreviatus a . g . olivier , 1795 - phylan abbreviatus brulle , 1838 - hegeter\nreitter , 1914 - scaurus abbreviatus wollaston , 1865 - tarphius abdelkaderi escalera , 1909 - mylabris abderoides chobaut , 1893 - pentaria abdeselami escalera , 1914 - microhoria abdita g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria\nreinig , 1931 - blaps abiadensis marseul , 1870 - hycleus abieticola j . r . sahlberg , 1875 - pytho\nc . muller , 1887 - zophosis acoriaceum m . chujo , 1975 - gonocephalum\nabeille de perrin , 1896 - oedemera adachii mt . chujo et imasaka , 1982 - misolampidius adaliae reitter , 1890 - megischina\npic , 1935 - euzonitis addendus krekich - strassoldo , 1928 - omonadus adebratti j . ferrer et l . soldati , 1999 - colpotus adelae l . soldati et f . soldati , 1999 - blaps adenensis franciscolo , 1956 - scraptia adenensis pic , 1957 - anthicus\nmarseul , 1876 - plesiophthalmus aenescens pic , 1925 - morphostenophanes aenescens reiche , 1861 - nesotes aeneus a . g . olivier , 1807 - cariderus aeneus fabricius , 1787 - stenotrachelus\nallard , 1885 - adesmia aethiopia ardoin , 1971 - cheirodes aethiopium gredler , 1878 - oxycara aethiops j . ferrer , 1993 - gonocephalum aethiops latreille , 1827 - epicauta aethiops wollaston , 1864 - nesotes aetnensis rottenberg , 1871 - gerandryus aetolicus apfelbeck , 1901 - pedinus afer erichson , 1841 - nesotes afer linnaeus , 1767 - oenas affine billberg , 1815 - gonocephalum affine nikitsky , 1985 - mycetoma affinis ballion , 1878 - scythis\nwollaston , 1865 - tarphius affinis zubkov , 1833 - sternoplax afganica bogatchev , 1947 - gnathosia afghana gridelli , 1954 - penthicus afghana kaszab , 1958 - mylabris afghana svihla , 1993 - oedemera afghanica g . s . medvedev , 2004 - mitotagenia\nmarsham , 1802 - scaphidema ahngeri g . s . medvedev , 1998 - nalassus ahngeri g . s . medvedev , 1964 - reitterohelops\nsemenov , 1900 - mecynotarsus ahngeriana semenov , 1896 - euzonitis aideriensis g . s . medvedev , 1993 - lasiostola aikoae m . chujo , 1983 - scaphidema aindarensis kaszab , 1981 - scelosodis\nreitter , 1901 - cis albohumeralis har . lindberg , 1950 - pimelia albonotatus motschulsky , 1860 - inopeplus albopilosa dvorak , 1993 - cerocoma albopilosa krekich - strassoldo , 1929 - microhoria albopilosum gebien , 1914 - strongylium\nkaszab , 1951 - alosimus albopilosus kocher , 1956 - heliomophlus albopilosus mt . chujo et lee , 1993 - cryphaeus albopilosus semenov , 1893 - lydulus albopubens svihla , 1987 - alloxantha alborana baudi di selve , 1883 - zophosis alboscutellata kono , 1934 - glipa\nj . r . sahlberg , 1913 - hycleus aliferum erichson , 1841 - sepidium alinae dajoz , 1973 - coxelus aliquoi f . soldati et l . soldati , 2002 - pedinus alishanum masumoto , 1981 - strongylium\nmiller , 1851 - omophlus alpinus w . l . e . schmidt , 1846 - anogcodes alpinus wollaston , 1854 - hadrus\nescalera , 1905 - alphasida altaica g . s . medvedev , 1990 - scythis altaica kaszab , 1967 - melanesthes altaica kaszab et g . s . medvedev , 1972 - anatolica\nreitter , 1909 - prosodes altaicus gebler , 1829 - penthicus altaicus gebler , 1829 - cteniopinus altaicus l . n . medvedev , 1975 - anthicus\npic , 1916 - liparoderus alutaceum fairmaire , 1875 - amblycarenum alvearium blair , 1938 - platybolium alveatus peyerimhoff , 1931 - oterophloeus alziari ardoin , 1978 - pedinus alziari grimm , 1991 - cephalostenus amabilis r . f . sahlberg , 1834 - phytobaenus amabilis vauloger de beaupre , 1900 - catomus amaena laferte - senectere , 1849 - anthelephila amamense miyatake , 1959 - ennearthron amamiana miyatake , 1961 - derispia amamiana miyatake , 1985 - indasclera amamiana nakane , 1963 - arthromacra amamiana nakane , 1988 - pseudodendroides amamiana nomura , 1962 - symphora amamiana nomura , 1962 - hoshihananomia amamiana nomura , 1961 - falsomordellina amamianum nomura , 1963 - strongylium amamianus m . chujo , 1966 - basanus\nkaszab , 1964 - tetraphyllus amamiensis maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula amamiensis nomura , 1951 - mordellina amamiensis nomura , 1962 - anthicomorphus amamiensis nomura , 1964 - phytobaenus amanda reitter , 1900 - colposcelis amandana reitter , 1887 - pterocoma amandanus reitter , 1902 - entomogonus amandus reitter , 1922 - odocnemis amaniensis pic , 1913 - stricticollis amanoi masumoto , 1987 - promethis amaroides baudi di selve , 1874 - calyptopsis amaroides gebien , 1927 - androsus amaroides har . lindberg , 1953 - crypticus\nreitter , 1922 - nalassus ambulator laferte - senectere , 1849 - stricticollis ambusta lewis , 1895 - eobia ambusta pallas , 1781 - epicauta ambustus krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - clavicollis amdoensis g . s . medvedev , 2006 - agnaptoria amdoensis l . v . egorov , 1989 - platyscelis\nkirsch , 1869 - omophlus ami nomura , 1967 - mordellina amica g . s . medvedev , 2001 - prosodes amicitiae dufour , 1849 - microhoria\nseidlitz , 1896 - cteniopus ananensis chatzimanolis , 2002 - dendarus anaphiana koch , 1948 - dailognatha anaphianus koch , 1948 - dendarus anaspiformis weise , 1974 - isomira anaspioides motschulsky , 1845 - orchesia anastasei pic , 1935 - anthelephila anatoliae pic , 1893 - cyclodinus anatolica ganglbauer , 1905 - adesmia anatolica j . frivaldszky , 1880 - paralederia anatolica j . frivaldszky , 1884 - stenodera anatolica korge , 1971 - zilora anatolica muche , 1965 - podonta\npic , 1945 - corticeus andersoni bogdanov - katjkov , 1915 - gnathosia andoi masumoto , 1993 - tarpela andoi masumoto , 1992 - andocamaria andoi masumoto , 1996 - strongylium andreevae l . v . egorov , 1990 - bioramix andreinii dodero , 1916 - pachychila\ngridelli , 1929 - pimelia andreinii gridelli , 1930 - sclerum andreinii schuster , 1925 - nesotes andrejevae g . s . medvedev , 1990 - leptodes\nmotschulsky , 1860 - blaps angulicollis mulsant et wachanru , 1853 - entomogonus angulicollis pic , 1920 - sora angulifemoralis masumoto , 1996 - laena angulifer pic , 1893 - clavicollis angulithorax desbrochers des loges , 1881 - cobososia angulitibia koch , 1948 - dendarus angulosa a . g . olivier , 1795 - pimelia angulosa gebler , 1832 - melaxumia angulosicolle chobaut , 1924 - cyphostethe\nsolier , 1835 - tentyria angusticollis wollaston , 1860 - tarphius angustiformis fairmaire , 1893 - anthelephila angustifrons reitter , 1899 - mycetochara angustilineata fan et j . yang , 1993 - glipa angustior krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - nitorus angustior pic , 1944 - scraptia angustipennis espanol , 1958 - heliopates angustipennis fairmaire , 1875 - micipsa angustipennis gressitt , 1939 - oedemera angustipleuris reitter , 1893 - prosodes\nreitter , 1887 - colpotus angustulus wollaston , 1862 - tarphius angustum har . lindberg , 1950 - gonocephalum\nmiller , 1861 - sclerum angustus j . l . leconte , 1851 - cynaeus\nmarseul , 1879 - hedyphanes angustus reiche , 1864 - scaurus angustus ren et yuan , 2005 - ainu angustus zoufal , 1892 - tenebrio anhuiense masumoto , 2000 - strongylium animata pic , 1903 - anthelephila anisocera wiedemann , 1823 - cerogria annae g . s . medvedev , 2002 - asidoblaps annae grimm , 1991 - eutagenia annamariae antoine , 1934 - alphasida annamita chatanay , 1917 - gonocephalum\nfaldermann , 1837 - blaps anthracina g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria anthracina klug , 1830 - adesmia anthracina mulsant , 1856 - prionychus\nchatanay , 1917 - zophosis arabs marseul , 1879 - leptaleus aradasiana patti , 1840 - mordella aragonica koch , 1944 - tentyria araii m . chujo , 1980 - strongylium arakii nakane et nomura , 1950 - mordellaria arakii saito , 2003 - ischalia aralensis g . s . medvedev , 1978 - dilamus\nescalera , 1914 - pachychila arimotoi toyoshima et y . ishikawa , 2000 - hallomenus arisana kono , 1935 - ischalia\nroubal , 1937 - cis armifrons reitter , 1913 - rhopalodontus armiger laferte - senectere , 1849 - anthicus armillata brulle , 1832 - megischina arnoldianus bogatchev , 1951 - penthicus arnoldii bogatchev , 1947 - dailognatha arnoldii dubrovina , 1976 - mycetochara arnoldii g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes arnoldii l . v . egorov , 1992 - somocoelia arnoldii nikitsky , 1985 - orchesia arnoldii skopin , 1964 - anatolica\ngestro , 1895 - zophosis arribasi cobos , 1961 - asida arrundarum koch , 1945 - opatrum artemisiae mulsant , 1856 - tolida arthritica fairmaire , 1896 - allecula articulatus reitter , 1911 - mycterus artvinensis svihla , 1999 - oedemera aruanachalae saha , 1979 - meloe aruktavica l . v . egorov , 1990 - bioramix aruktavicus g . s . medvedev , 1991 - dichillus aruktavikus g . s . medvedev , 2004 - blaps arun schawaller , 2002 - laena arunvallis kejval , 2000 - anthelephila arvatensis g . s . medvedev , 1964 - turkmenohelops asahiensis maeda et nakane , 1991 - hymenalia asahinai nakane , 1958 - nacerdes asahinai nakane et nomura , 1950 - glipa asanovitshae g . s . medvedev , 1990 - leptodes ascaniaenovae lazorko , 1975 - stenalia ascendens wollaston , 1864 - pimelia\nvoigts , 1902 - mylabris ascoensis f . soldati et l . soldati , 2001 - asida ashkhabadensis bogatchev et kryzhanovskiy , 1960 - lasiostola ashuensis nobuchi , 1959 - nipponocis asiatica fairmaire , 1892 - prionychus\nfabricius , 1801 - curtimorda atomarius fabricius , 1787 - mycetophagus atomus a . costa , 1884 - otolelus\nbaudi di selve , 1875 - alphasida atrata kiesenwetter , 1873 - podonta atrata nomura , 1962 - macratria atrata w . l . e . schmidt , 1846 - oedemera\ngressitt , 1941 - macrosiagon atropos a . costa , 1847 - cnemeplatia atropterus nomura , 1962 - omonadus\nlewis , 1887 - pseudopyrochroa aurita pallas , 1781 - cyphogenia aurita reitter , 1889 - microdera auritus motschulsky , 1845 - phryganophilus aurociliata escherich , 1899 - mylabris aurofasciata comolli , 1837 - mordellaria aurofasciata nakane , 1949 - falsomordellistena auromaculata kono , 1928 - falsomordellistena auromaculata m . chujo , 1935 - hoshihananomia\nbaudi di selve , 1878 - hycleus australis fairmaire , 1856 - dircaea australis g . s . medvedev , 1989 - melanesthes\nmotschulsky , 1872 - mylabris axillaris paykull , 1799 - mycetochara axillaris w . l . e . schmidt , 1842 - anthicus ayachiensis antoine , 1942 - pachychila ayahime nomura , 1967 - falsomordellistena\nreitter , 1916 - adesmia bacaresensis escalera , 1905 - asida bacarozzo schrank von paula , 1786 - akis bacillus marseul , 1876 - stenochinus bactriana bogatchev , 1964 - pimelia bactriana bogatchev , 1959 - blaps bactriana semenov , 1894 - prosodes bactrianiformis reitter , 1901 - prosodes badachshanicus g . s . medvedev , 1970 - catomus badakhshanicus g . s . medvedev , 1990 - leptodes badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - laena badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - stalagmoptera badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - blaps badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - prosodes\nkaszab , 1959 - microdera badeni haag - rutenberg , 1880 - epicauta badghysi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - dissonomus badghysi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - dissonomus badghysi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - reitterohelops badghysi g . s . medvedev et nepesova , 1985 - microdera badia kiesenwetter , 1861 - hymenalia badia krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - anthelephila badia rosenhauer , 1847 - pentaria badius l . redtenbacher , 1849 - odocnemis\npic , 1901 - cyclodinus baghlana g . s . medvedev , 2003 - prosodes baguenai escalera , 1943 - asida baguenai espanol , 1948 - lamprocrypticus bahrainicus kaszab , 1981 - piestognathoides baibarana kono , 1932 - nacerdes\npic , 1919 - mylabris baicalicus mulsant et rey , 1866 - cordicollis bairinana ren et dong , 2001 - platyope baishanzuna fan , 1995 - falsomordellistena baishuica schawaller , 2001 - laena bajanus g . s . medvedev , 1989 - penthicus bajsunensis svihla , 2004 - ischnomera bajula klug , 1830 - pimelia bajulus laferte - senectere , 1849 - anthicus balachana koch , 1949 - gnathosia balachanus pic , 1906 - anthicus balachowskyi girard , 1965 - tentyria balachowskyi peyerimhoff , 1931 - sitaris balachowskyi pierre , 1968 - pimelia balachowskyi pierre , 1958 - oxycara balashovi bogatchev et g . s . medvedev , 1974 - blaps\nescalera , 1922 - asida balearica pic , 1904 - microhoria balearicus espanol , 1980 - probaticus balearicus espanol , 1951 - heliopates balearicus espanol , 1950 - crypticus balearicus l . w . schaufuss , 1879 - neoisocerus\nheyden , 1886 - mylabris bangi pic , 1902 - notoxus baratovi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes\nsumakov , 1902 - platyesia barclayi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - pseudopodhomala\npic , 1925 - hycleus barnevillei pic , 1892 - tenuicollis barrosi escalera , 1921 - asida barrosi pic , 1938 - microhoria barschewskyi reitter , 1896 - gnathosia barthelemyi baudi di selve , 1878 - cerocoma barthelemyi solier , 1836 - pimelia barthelemyi solier , 1848 - entomogonus barypithoides schuster , 1916 - laena basalis a . costa , 1854 - variimorda\nchevrolat , 1877 - oedemera basalis emery , 1876 - anaspis basalis faust , 1877 - hymenalia basalis hope , 1831 - cerogria basalis krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - anthelephila basalis kuster , 1849 - oedemera basalis l . w . schaufuss , 1869 - tentyria\npic , 1923 - phaleria beloni pic , 1892 - omonadus belousovi g . s . medvedev , 1997 - leptodes belousovi g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria belousovi g . s . medvedev , 2002 - asidoblaps belousovi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes\npic , 1913 - anthelephila bhutanensis sengupta , 1980 - elacatis bhutanensis slipinski , 1981 - namunaria bhutanica merkl , 1990 - bothynogria bhutanica svihla , 1980 - chrysanthia bhutanicum masumoto , 1999 - strongylium bhutanicus masumoto , 2002 - asbolodomimus bianera g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps\na . g . olivier , 1795 - macrosiagon bicolor a . g . olivier , 1790 - corticeus\nchatanay , 1917 - zophosis bidens antoine , 1932 - melambius bidentatum solier , 1844 - sepidium bidentatus a . g . olivier , 1790 - cis bidentulus fairmaire , 1879 - bulbulus bidentulus fairmaire , 1892 - cheirodes bidentulus rosenhauer , 1847 - sulcacis\nkaszab , 1964 - melanesthes bienerti a . f . morawitz , 1865 - cyphogenia bieti wellman , 1912 - lytta bifasciata marseul , 1877 - macrosiagon bifasciata marsham , 1802 - abdera\npic , 1938 - omonadus bifida g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps bifida rosenhauer , 1865 - pachychila\nreitter , 1915 - pimelia bipunctatus a . g . olivier , 1811 - hycleus bipunctatus megerle von muhlfeld , 1812 - apalus\nreiche , 1862 - dichillus bisetiger m . chujo , 1939 - cis bisetosa g . s . medvedev , 1998 - itagonia\nvauloger de beaupre , 1900 - catomus bison a . g . olivier , 1811 - mecynotarsus bispilifasciata marseul , 1878 - microhoria bispilifasciata pic , 1897 - anthelephila\npic , 1909 - mylabris bogatchevi kwieton , 1982 - bogatshevia bogatschevi iablokoff - khnzorian , 1984 - laena bogatschevi iablokoff - khnzorian , 1957 - ectromopsis bogatschevi kaszab , 1968 - gnathosia bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - cyphogenia bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1976 - arthrodosis bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1975 - dichillus bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - dailognatha bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - blaps bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes bogatshevi kaszab , 1970 - penthicus bogatshevi kaszab , 1970 - bioramix bogatshevi kaszab , 1958 - mylabris bogatshevi l . v . egorov , 1989 - platyscelis bogatshevi skopin , 1960 - sternoplax bogdanovi gebien , 1937 - tentyria boghariensis raffray , 1873 - mylabris bogosensis reitter , 1886 - stenosis\nlokay , 1907 - oochrotus boyeri solier , 1834 - erodius boyeri solier , 1836 - pimelia bozbutavicus g . s . medvedev , 1987 - zophohelops bozdaglariensis novak , 2006 - megischina braaschi muche , 1982 - mycetocharina brachati daffner , 1983 - langelandia brachelytra kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum brachycera antoine , 1937 - alphasida brachycerus faldermann , 1837 - notoxus"]}
{"id": 2325, "summary": [{"text": "chaetodon argentatus , the asian butterflyfish , is a species of butterflyfish native to the western pacific ocean from the philippines up to japan .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "they live in coral reefs where there is dense coral growth , however , in japan they live in rocky areas from depths from 15-70 ft. they grow up to eight inches ( 20 cm ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "chaetodon argentatus", "paragraphs": ["first stunning the world of reef fish fanciers with the first ever documentation of a helfrich firefish hybrid , photographed in onioerabu island by kazutoshi uehara . the most likely hybrid parents are the silver butterflyfish chaetodon argentatus and the cross - hatch butterflyfish , c . xanthurus .\nchaetodon argentatus smith & radcliffe 1911 , the asian or black and white butterflyfish . western pacific from japan almost to indonesia . part of the subgenus group including c . mertensii , c . xanthurus , c . paucifasciatus . photo by rmf of one in an aquarium .\ncitation :\nasian butterflyfishes , chaetodon argentatus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nthose that i have personally maintained and had much success with include chaetodon auriga , c . argentatus , c . lunula , c . melannotus , c . miliaris , c . rafflesi , forcipiger flavissimus , heniochus acuminatus , and chelmon rostratus . those maintained , but proving to need more specialized care than the species mentioned above were chaetodon ephippium , c . collare , and c . ocellatus .\nchaetodon decussatus , cuvier 1831 , indian ( ocean ) vagabond butterflyfish . a hardy beauty not to be confused with its congener loser from the wider indo - pacific , the vagabond butterflyfish , chaetodon vagabundus which rarely lives ( see bad chaetodons ) .\n( of anisochaetodon argentatus ( smith & radcliffe , 1911 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch chaetodon argentatus \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n- the lifespan for most of the chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , but this species subsist only for a short period of time as its dietary needs are very difficult to meet .\nchaetodon dolosus ahl 1923 , the african butterflyfish . found from the horn of africa ' s east coast to the southern tip . to about five inches long . also found at the island of mauritius .\nchaetodon assarius waite 1905 , the west australian butterflyfish . a rare beauty outside the land down under , where it ' s found all along the west coast . generalized feeder on algae and zooplankton . to five inches total length .\nanother butterflyfish i had very good success with was the black pearl butterflyfish chaetodon argentatus . although not too colorful , it took a variety of foodstuffs including flake foods , and really enjoyed an occasional meal of fortified adult brine shrimp , as did many of my other butterflyfish . it also seemed to like picking on various forms of algae . the only thing i did not like about this species , which was given to me by another aquarist not wanting it any longer , was that it would tend to occasionally chase smaller tankmates . it was maintained in a 320 - gallon fish - only environment with rocky aquascaping and proved to be very disease resistant .\nthere were some butterflies that i tried and did not have what i would call very good success with , e . g . , chaetodon ephippium , c . collare , and c . ocellatus . as for the spotfin chaetodon ocellatus , i initially had some difficulty in getting this atlantic ocean species to feed , but once settled in , it proved to be a good tankmate and even took flake food . however , it took black worms and fortified adult brine shrimp to get it to settle down . the pakistani butterflyfish chaetodon collare proved to be a difficult fish to get feeding , and even then remained quite picky when it came to mealtime . another that proved to be somewhat troublesome was chaetodon ephippium , the saddled butterflyfish . it was a quite young specimen and also proved to be quite picky when it came to mealtime . it even turned up its nose at black worms ! even though these three species required more care , e . g . , numerous feeding per day , they were well worth the effort .\nthe blackbacked butterflyfish chaetodon melannotus was another species i kept in this same fish - only environment , as it was not suited for reef systems . it was well behaved , accepted a wide variety of foodstuffs and also proved to be hardy and disease resistant .\nthese exquisite fish including the arabian butterflyfish , chaetodon melapterus , are extremely easy to keep as long as you can supply them with an endless buffet of live coral polyps . that translates into these fish being extremely impractical , and therefore off limits for standard aquarium husbandry practices .\nchaetodon daedalma jordan & fowler 1903 , the wrought iron butterflyfish . found from central to southern japan on the south side . a beauty that looks like it would be delicate , but readily adapts to captivity , eating all types of foods . aquarium image taken at waikiki , oahu .\nchaetodon ( roaops ) burgessi allen & starck 1973 , burgess ' butterflyfish . deepwater in philippines , sipadan , australia , new guinea . not a great beauty , but much better than the aquarium photo here . to five inches long . photo by h rmf of one in an aquarium .\nchaetodon falcula bloch 1793 , saddle - back or falcula butterflyfish . a hardy addition to fish only and very large reef systems ( to 8 inches long ) if you can acquire initially undamaged specimens . indian ocean from andaman sea to east coast of africa . this one in the andaman sea .\nchaetodon collare bloch 1787 , the pakistani , red - tail or collare butterflyfish . along the continental coast of the indian ocean oman to the philippines in distribution . a delicate looking species that fares well in general . best shown and kept in pairs to groups . image made in the andaman sea off of thailand .\nthere are some other \u2018good\u2019 butterflies that should be considered , and they are chaetodon auripes , c . blackburnii , c . burgessi , c . capistratus , c . decussatus , c . kleinii , c . mertensii . c . mesoleucos , c . mitratus , c . speculum , c . vagabundis , and c . wiebeli ( a good reef aquarium species ) .\nin one sense , this makes fish like the arabian butterflyfish a sort of forbidden fruit for saltwater fish keepers . along with similar species of obligate corallivore butterflyfish such as chaetodon meyeri , c . larvatus , c . ornatissimus and many others , the arabian butterflyfish is better left out in the sea no matter how much you think your aquarium skills and special blend of tlc will entice these fish to eat .\nchaetodon fasciatus forskaal 1775 , the red sea raccoon butterflyfish . click on the name for more information . confined to the red sea and adjoining gulf of aden . a beauty that will eat all types of foods in captivity , including coral polyps . . . to some ten inches in length in the wild , about half that in captivity . a juvenile in captivity and adult in the red sea shown .\nchaetodon declivis randall 1975 , marquesan butterflyfish . described from the marquesas and line islands of the mid - pacific only . an occasional and always high - demand import . to five inches or so in length . readily adapts to captivity , accepting all types of foods . aquarium pic of a 5 cm . specimen in captivity , an adult in nuka hiva , marquesas , polynesia and one in captivity . photos by rmf .\nchaetodon auriga forsskal 1775 , the threadfin butterflyfish . a great beauty and hardy aquarium specimen , though it will eat coral polyps and anemones . see other materials on this species by clicking on name . widespread indo - pacific . a juvenile ( about an inch and a half long ) in n . sulawesi , an auriga b / f in hawai ' i , and a red sea one w / o the rear dorsal area eyespot .\nanother easy to maintain and probably well suited for the new aquarist is the lemon butterflyfish chaetodon miliaris . the species hails mostly from hawaii , insuring it\u2019s not cyanide caught . besides being a good tankmate , it\u2019s a very pretty fish and took a wide variety of meaty foods . i found it to be hardy and disease resistant and maintained it in a 75 - gallon fish - only aquarium where it proved to be a good community fish .\nthe last chaetodon genus species that i had good results with was c . rafflesi , which is called the latticed butterflyfish . this was another species given to me because a fellow aquarist was closing down his aquarium and moving out of state . it actually went into this same fish - only tank containing some other butterflies . it got along well with all its tankmates and took a wide variety of meaty foods . in fact , it was \u2018almost\u2019 always first into the dish containing the black worms .\nanother that i would recommend to new aquarists is the raccoon butterflyfish , chaetodon lunula . i\u2019ve kept three in a 125 - gallon general invertebrate system with lot of mushrooms . they liked various meaty foods , including black worms . and found them especially fond of aiptasia anemones ! they also seemed to like swimming in and out of caves and crevices and would sometimes retreat to these areas when there were a lot of aquarium viewers . i found them fairly easy to acclimate and to get them feeding , besides being quite hardy .\nthe chevron butterflyfish has the typical butterflyfish shape , though is a bit more elongated . its body is oval and laterally compressed and it has a protruding snout tipped with a small mouth . the dorsal fin is continuous and it has a truncated tail fin . this species can reach a total length of about 7 inches ( 18 cm ) in the wild , but most available specimens available are less than 4 1 / 3 inches ( 12 cm ) . the lifespan for most of the chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , but these fish subsists only for a short period of time the home aquarium as their necessary nutrients are extremely difficult to provide .\nand when it comes to butterflies not suited for the average home aquarium , there are many ! what\u2019s so sad about this is that they are probably the most beautiful in their family . unfortunately , some of these species that either feed exclusively or mostly on live corals , are sometimes available in local shops . to say they are tempting additions to your tank would be an understatement ! nevertheless , the following are only some that should either be left in the wild or maintained by professional aquarists that are willing to provide their particular nutritional needs along with the water quality these beautiful fish deserve . these would include , but not be limited to : chaetodon meyeri , c . melapterus , c . triangulum , c . ornatissimus , c . baronessa , c . octofasciatus , c . larvatus , c . austriacus , c . bennetti , c . citrinellus , c . flavirostris , c . lunulatus , c . multicinstus , c . ocellicaudus , c . trifascialis ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species has a relatively small distribution and lives on coral and rocky reefs . coral reef degradation has occurred within its distribution , but this species does not appear to be impacted by major threats . this species is listed as least concern .\nthis western pacific species is distributed from southern japan ( ryukyu islands and izu islands ) as far south as the northern philippines and east to the island of taiwan ( allen 1980 , pyle 2001 , g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it is found at depths of five to 20 m .\nit is generally common with stable populations ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . in japan it is reported to be common from tanabe bay ( southern honshu ) southward ( allen 1980 ) .\ninhabits outer coral or rocky reef slopes and drop - offs ( pyle 2001 , g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . in the japanese part of its range it is found over rocky areas , but farther to the south it is associated with coral reefs ( allen 1980 ) . it is generally encountered in pairs or small aggregations ( allen 1980 ) . it is an omnivorous species .\npyle ( 2001 ) reported that this species is occasionally exported through the aquarium trade . allen ( 1980 ) notes that this species is hardy in captivity with imports from the philippines and hong kong being common .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species . collection is limited and is not considered to be impacting the global population . there is some habitat degradation within the range of this species .\nthere appear to be no species specific conservation measures in place . this species is believed to be present within a number of marine protected areas . research on its natural history is recommended .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nso many times when we see aberrant or hybrid reef fish it\u2019s in the setting of an aquarium livestock dealer . so it\u2019s always a nice surprise to see some of these animals being spotted in their natural environment , and gt divers of japan is bringing us another neat one .\nwhile still small the pattern of this hybrid\u2019s parents isn\u2019t completely developed yet but you can see the shadowy hints of the two dark saddles of the silver butterflfyfish , while the dark posterior patch has hints of yellow - orange from the cross hatch butterflyfish . while not quite on the same level as the jaw - dropping hybrids we see in from angelfish , it\u2019s still fun to document all the different ways reef fish can cross breed .\nblack pearlscale butterflyfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5\n, indo pacific\nblack pearlscale butterflyfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5\n, indo pacific\nblack pearlscale butterflyfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5\n, indo pacific\ndue to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .\ninhabit rocky areas and coral reefs . often in pairs or groups ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe arabian butterflyfish is a piscine so stunningly gorgeous , but we daren\u2019t look directly at it lest we succumb to its spell . among the thousands of reef fish species , there is a certain group of extremely beautiful butterflyfish which are obligate corallivores \u2013 this means that as far as we know , they only eat corals .\nthat being said , we used to believe the same thing about moorish idols , cleaner wrasses , many anthias species and for many years stony corals were \u201cimpossible to keep\u201d alive in an aquarium , let alone grow and thrive and propagate . it is with this historical hindsight in perspective that we are thrilled to have come across a recent video showing several of the illustrious black and gold coral - eating arabian butterflyfish feeding in an aquarium .\na gorgeous pair of arabian butterflyfish in the red sea . photo by keith wilson\nthe video evidence of the striking arabian butterflyfish eating prepared foods is \u201cproof\u201d that this species can be enticed to eat food from the water column , but we have no information on precisely what this fish is eating , or how long they have been doing so . the fish in focus are on the smaller side , which is pretty much common knowledge when one wants to acclimate wild ornamental fish to aquarium life .\nthere is also a huge unknown as to whether there are certain unique nutritional properties of live coral polyps that coral eating butterflyfish have adapted to need in their diet \u2013 even if the fishes eat all the frozen food in the world , we won\u2019t know if this is a suitable diet until the fish lasts for years in the aquarium and shows at least some degree of growth .\nplease don\u2019t rush out and buy any of the obligate corallivore butterflyfish species just because you saw this video , or any other anecdotal or superficial evidence that this group of fish is suddenly possible to keep alive . if you want to try your hand at butterflyfish in the aquarium , know which species are ideal and which ones should be avoided .\nthat being said , we hope to learn more about the background of this video from japanese saltwater fish retailer , sps crownfish , especially what food they were offering and what their general experience and success has been in keeping the arabian butterflyfish alive in captivity over the long term .\nthese marine fish belong in the order perciformes and suborder percoidei as members of the family chaetodontidae ( butterflyfish ) , which contains 13 genera and almost 130 species , both described and yet undescribed .\nthis is a very large family , and probably contains the most colorful marine fish to be found in the wild . they are laterally compressed disc - shaped fish and most don\u2019t get overly large , as most don\u2019t exceed 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . besides size and coloration , they generally make good community fish . nevertheless , many require excellent water quality and some are difficult to feed , as their diet consists mostly of live foods such as coral polyps and crustaceans .\nmost appear to do better near the higher level of their species temperature range and also seem to do better in specific gravity levels found in most reef systems , i . e . , 1 . 025 than what is found in most fish - only systems ( about 1 . 022 \u2013 1 . 023 ) . if possible , it is better to attain most of them as juveniles , as there is a greater chance they will adapt to available aquarium foods .\nin the many different style marine aquariums that i have kept over the past forty years , there\u2019s only a few that i would recommend to new aquarists , and about a dozen more to experienced aquarists . most others should be left in the wild , or at a minimum , be maintained only by professional aquarists .\nas for those that i would recommend to new aquarists , the yellow longnose butterflyfish forcipiger flavissimus would be fairly high on my list . it does well in mixed company and feeds on a variety of foods , including flake foods . i\u2019ve never attempted to keep more than one in the same aquarium as i\u2019ve always heard that they would fight among themselves . but in large aquaria , such as something above 125 gallons with many hiding places , i would think it possible to successfully maintain more than one in the same tank . i found its favorite food to be black worms , which i would place in an old plastic butter dish weighted down with a small rock , and then slowly lower into the aquarium\u2019s water and placed on the aquarium bottom . the yellow longnose would then swim into the high - rimmed dish and eat its fill of worms . the dish simply kept the worms , which died as soon as they entered the saltwater , from getting blown all over the aquarium . in fact , it was always the meeting place for most of the fish in the aquarium where the biggest ruled at dinnertime ! besides being fairly disease resistant , these fish were usually reasonably priced .\nthe third that i would recommend to new aquarists is the longfin bannerfish heniochus acuminatus , and / or the schooling bannerfish h . diphreutes . if the choice were h . acuminatus , i would limit their use to fish - only systems , as it is said they can be destructive in reef systems . for invertebrate systems , h . diphreutes would be a better choice . as for h . acuminatus , i\u2019ve kept five in a 75 - gallon fish - only system , making for an excellent display . in fact , some viewers thought them moorish idols ! and they ate just about any food i put in the aquarium , as flake food and various meaty foods were quickly gobbled up .\none of my favorites was the copper - banded butterflyfish chelmon rostratus . i\u2019ve kept this species in several reef tanks , and never had any serious problems with it . it is said to be prone to lymphocystis , however , never experienced that malady with any of my specimens . could be that their environments were quite stress free and that virus never appeared in my aquariums . they ate almost all type foods including various flake foods . however , they really liked black worms ! it also kept those aquariums free of aiptasia anemones .\nif you would like more information on various species and / or want to view the worlds most recent organization ( august 2004 ) of the entire butterflyfish family , visit my website at www . saltcorner . com . i want to personally thank those involved with this reclassification , i . e . , vincent hargreaves ph . d . , and those assisting him such as john randall , frank schneidewind , peter wirtz , and hiroyuki tanaka for their dedication to perfection , and for allowing my website to be the \u201cfirst in the world\u201d to post it !\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nthroughout the ages people of been fascinated , thrilled , frightened , and horrified by these creatures . they have been the subject of myths , novels , movies . . .\nobservations and insights of a marine enthusiast . an in - depth explanation of what it takes to be a successful marine aquarist\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe would like to import some live zebra shark . contact me please . best regard , liu wei chung . email : s89186 @ urltoken\ni have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?\nis a handsome fish known and named for its beautiful diagonal chevron design . it is one of the more elongate butterflyfish in the genus . yet it is moderate in size , reaching a total length of only about 7 inches ( 18 cm ) . this is a striking species with its elegant form , graceful swimming movement , and alluring colors .\nthe silverish white body is touched with yellow around the perimeter and there is a broad dark band running through the eye and another on the tail . but its primary feature is the numerous chevron - patterned lines . these decorative markings have led to a number of common names including triangulate butterflyfish , v - lined butterflyfish , rightangle butterflyfish , and chevroned butterflyfish . also because this pretty butterflyfish is found in its natural habitat swimming among table corals of the\nalthough this fish is occasionally available and reasonably priced , it is one of the most difficult butterflyfish to keep in a captive environment . like most butterflyfish they are corallivorous , but they take it a step further . they are obligatory coral eaters , meaning this is where they get the bulk of their nutrition . these types of fish have a specialized diet that poses a difficult problem for the aquarist as providing a coral diet is quite expensive and challenging .\ntheir specialized diet is difficult to reproduce in the aquarium and makes them very difficult to keep . they are only suitable for an expert aquarist . though some individuals will accept substitute foods such as brine and mysid shrimps , they will subsist only for a short period of time without all their necessary nutrients . fortunately there are some species of butterflyfish that are quite similar in appearance and easier to keep . one of these is its close relative the\nthis fish it is quite active and will swim freely in the open water , but it also spends time hiding in cracks and crevices where it will lie motionless . it does need a more spacious aquarium than other butterflyfish of similar size . it also needs larger furnishings like table corals where it can hide or keep motionless as well as open areas to swim . as it is fond of the live polyps of stony and soft corals , it can not be recommended for a reef - type setting . this species is a somewhat aggressive fish . it is territorial and will be aggressive towards other members of its own kind , and sometimes other butterflyfish . but it can be kept with larger and rather territorial angelfish like\nundersea video taken in coral gardens about 5 meters underwater . the spots two chevron butterflyfish hiding amongst some corals and follows one for a short period of time as it darts up and around the corals . both specimen present wonderful and healthy coloring and body shape .\nwas described by quoy and gaimard in 1825 , and was first collected in guam . they are found in the indo - west pacific oceans ; red sea , african coasts to southern japan , new caledonia , hawaiian and society islands and rapa . rare in hawaii . other common names they are known by include triangulate butterflyfish , v - lined butterflyfish , chevroned butterflyfish , rightangle butterflyfish , table - coral butterflyfish , and acropora butterfly .\nthis species is on the iucn red list as near threatened ( nt ) . this butterfly fish is heavily dependent on a coral diet . it has experienced declines in populations from 20 to 37 % due to losses in coral reefs . substantial declines have been noted especially in the species\n, which is one of about 15 corals it is known to feed on . most of these corals are themselves listed as near threatened ( nt ) or vulnerable ( vu ) .\ntheir natural habitat is in hard coral rich areas of outer reef slopes , lagoons , and coastal reefs at depths between ( 1 - 30 meters ) , though most are found in the shallower waters of that range . adults are solitary and territorial . an adult specimen is typically seen alone , patrolling an established territory that often contains one or more table corals of the\nspecies . females will have a smaller territory than males . in one area of okinawa they exhibit a harem type behavior with the males territory encompassing that of two or three females . juveniles are observed alone or in a small group in shallower waters , often among branches of\nis white overall with numerous chevron - patterned lines throughout on the side , except for the chest area . it is yellowish at the pectoral fin base and the eye has a dark band edged by yellow or white .\nthe dorsal fin is yellow , edged by blue with a black sub - marginal line posteriorly , and slightly duskier centrobasally of the fin . the anal fin is also yellowish , edged by blue with a black sub - marginal line . the caudal fin is black with a yellow margin and a narrower yellow edge on the upper and lower portions . the pelvic fins are white .\nsmall juveniles are similar but with fewer pronounced lines on the side . they have a broad black band on the posterior part of body and a broad yellow area on the caudal peduncle . the pelvic fins are yellow and the other fins are translucent . the black band on the posterior part will reduce with growth .\n7 . 1 inches ( 18 . 01 cm ) - most specimens available are less than 4 . 72\n( 12 cm ) .\nthe chevron butterflyfish is one of the most difficult butterflyfish to keep in the captive environment for a long period due to their specialized natural diet . they are only suitable for an expert keeper . a few specimens are successfully encouraged to accept substitute foods and are fairly easy to maintain , but only for a short period . as corals are its natural diet , it has poor survivability . also because it will harm the polyps of hard stony coral species , it is not recommended for reef - type aquariums .\n. in captivity it will sometimes accept live brine and mysid shrimps . also offer other meaty foods , dried flakes , prepared frozen foods , and tablets . vegetables like lettuce or japanese nori ( asakusa - nori ) may also be favored . offer various foods quite frequently at first . feed it at least twice a day , and if it is a tiny juvenile , feeding should be fed three to four times everyday .\njuveniles tend to accept various foods and will be more successfully kept than adults . once it is successfully acclimated it will become a fairly hardy fish , but unfortunately it will not last so long as its dietary needs are very difficult to meet .\nseveral feedings per day - offer various foods quite frequently at first . if adapting adults will need at least 2 feedings a day and juveniles need 3 to 4 .\nit is active and a rather quick swimmer , and it will even go up to the surface to take foods when it is well acclimated . it swims freely , spending a good deal of its time in the open water . but it also needs larger decorations , like table corals , where it may hide or keep motionless . frequent water changes are not necessary , rather normal water changes at 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly are fine . sudden massive water changes can cause trouble .\nweekly - change 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly and avoid sudden massive water changes .\nthese fish need a lot of space to swim as they can reach about 7 inches in length . the tank needs larger furnishings like table corals where it can hide or keep motionless , so for this it requires an even more spacious aquarium than other butterflyfish of similar size . a 70 gallon ( 265 liters ) tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . although it does well in a coral - rich tank , it will nip some species of hard and soft corals . consequently it is not recommended for coral - rich reefs .\n70 . 0 to 79 . 0\u00b0 f ( 21 . 1 to 26 . 1\u00b0 c ) - this species lives in both tropical and subtropical areas . temperatures between 70 - 79\u00b0 f ( 21 - 26\u00b0 c ) will serve them well , avoid temperatures higher than 84\u00b0 f ( 29\u00b0 c ) or below 66 \u00b0 f ( 19\u00b0 c ) .\nweak - water movement is not a significant factor . it can tolerate a rather strong flow but slow - moving water will be more favorable .\nthe chevron butterflyfish is a non - reef safe fish . though it does well in a coral - rich tank , it will eat the corals . it is best kept in a large fish only community tank that is well decorated with large furnishings such as table corals where it can rest and lie motionless .\nthis species is a somewhat aggressive fish . it is territorial and will be aggressive towards other members of its own kind , and sometimes other butterflyfish . larger and rather territorial angelfish like\nsmaller , non - aggressive fishes like cardinalfish , gobies , tilefish , sometimes other species butterflyfish , fairy basslets , fairy and flasher wrasses also are good candidates as tank mates . small but very territorial fishes like dottybacks should be avoided . such fish as basses or scorpionfish , even if they are small enough , should also be avoided .\nno - it is territorial and will be aggressive towards other members of its own kind .\nno sexual difference is noted for this species . butterflyfish species studied up to this time indicate that these fish are gonochoristic , meaning that each fish is either a male or a female and they do not change sex .\nthe chevron butterflyfish has not been cultivated in captivity . in the wild butterflyfish are pelagic spawners that release many tiny eggs into the planktonic water column where they float with the currents until they hatch . once hatched the fry are in a post - larval where their body , extending from the head , is covered with large bony plates .\nthis species has not been cultivated in captivity . the breeding behavior of this species has been observed in okinawa where males keep a harem type territory that overlaps the smaller territories of two to three females . spawning occurs at the full moon and for five more days . the male will visit the females throughout the day and courtship begins at dusk . the male will follow a female , nudging her anal area with his snout . the pair will eventually rise up in the water column , releasing their pelagic gametes at the apex and then immediately dart back to the substrate .\nmarine butterflyfish have not reportedly been spawned successfully in captivity . there are however , reports of some success in rearing wild collected larvae of some of the corallivorous butterflyfish . it is hoped these captive reared fish will be adapted to accept aquarium foods , and thus broaden the species selections that can be sustained in captivity . for more information see , marine fish breeding : butterflyfish .\nmembers are often very colorful and attractive to aquarists . unfortunately some of them are rather difficult to keep for a long period . some are exclusively coral eaters , and sometimes they suffer from\nich\n( white spot disease ) and other infectious diseases . problems with disease are reduced in a well maintained aquarium . any additions to a tank can introduce disease , so it ' s advisable to properly clean or quarantine anything that you want add to an established tank prior to introduction .\n. some can be treated successfully with medical care or copper drugs , but some species hate sudden changes of water including ph , temperature , or any drug treatment . in the wild a cleaner wrasse (\n) will help them by taking parasites from their bodies , however these wrasses are extremely difficult to sustain in captivity . alternative fish such as neon gobies (\nthe chevron butterflyfish is a stony coral eater and it can also be sensitive to some drugs . be sure to observe this fish closely when medicating it , so you can remove it if it shows signs of stress . for information about saltwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nmany specimens of 4 - 10 cm long were collected by friends at the nichinan coast of miyazaki every year . i have kept more than ten individuals of 5 - 10 cm in fish community tanks . these beautifully marked butterflyfish would do fairly well for some period of time when they excepted foods . some did well without any trouble and survived several months . white spot disease was occasionally a problem , but many were successfully cured by using an appropriate copper sulfate .\n. . . hiroyuki tanaka\nthe chevron butterflyfish is sometimes seen at retailers . most are smaller than 4 1 / 3 inches ( 12 cm ) , but juveniles less than 1 1 / 2 inches ( 3 cm ) are rare . they are moderately priced , starting at about $ 20 . 00 usd .\nhelmut debelius , rudie h . kuiter , world atlas of marine fishes , hollywood import & export . inc . , 2006\nmark allen , roger steene and gerald r . allen , a guide to angelfishes and butterflyfishes , odyssey publishing , 1998\ndr . warren e . burgess , dr . herbert r . axelrod , raymond e . hunziker iii , dr . burgess ' s atlas of marine aquarium fishes , t . f . h publications inc . , 1990\nroger steene , gerald r . allen , hans a . baensch , butterfly and angelfishes of the world , volume 1 , john wiley & sons , 1980\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsorry , we do not currently have care information on this item . we are currently working on expanding our data . please check back .\nyou may not duplicate , copy , or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission . any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nthreadfins ( c . auriga ) , raccoons ( c . lunula & c . fasciatus ) , double saddleback ( c . ulietensis ) ,\nn indian vagabond juvenile in captivity , an intermediate in the andaman sea and an adult in n . sulawesi .\nbigger pix : the images in this table are linked to large ( desktop size ) copies . click on\nframed\nimages to go to the larger size .\n4cm okinawa miyako is . coral residents back to index - 500 fishes : urltoken music : hiro ' s original one man music : urltoken"]}
{"id": 2327, "summary": [{"text": "the papuan king parrot ( alisterus chloropterus ) , also known as the green-winged king parrot , is a species of parrot in the family psittaculidae found in new guinea .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "papuan king parrot", "paragraphs": ["they are the australian king parrot , alisterus scapularis , the papuan king parrot , alisterus chloropterus and the moluccan parrot alisterus amboinensis .\npapuan king - parrot ( alisterus chloropterus ) by peter tan . | bird families : p , q | pinterest\nthe green - winged king parrot or papuan king parrot ( alisterus chloropterus chloropterus ) are endemic to northeastern new guinea west to huon peninsula and in the south to hall sound , papua .\nmale papuan king parrot , jurong bird park \u00a9 peter tan [ cc by 2 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\npapuan king parrot an 8mm orange eye that comes with a brown halo and a small pupil . price quoted per pair of eyes\nthe blue - naped parrot ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) , also known as the blue - crowned green parrot , luzon parrot , the philippine green parrot , and locally known as pikoy , is a parrot found throughout the philippines .\nalisterus chloropterus in latin or papuan king parrot has an 8mm orange eye that comes with a brown halo and a small pupil . price quoted per pair of eyes\nthe moluccan king parrot is sometimes referred to as the ambon king parrot or the amboina king parrot , and it is a species endemic to the peleny island , maluka and west papua in indonesia , however , it is found on numerous other islands than ambon . there are six sub - species recognized .\navianweb note : the light green patch is missing in the amboina king parrot , and is larger as featured on this page on the green - winged king parrot - please refer to image on top .\nin the wild , the king parrot nests deep within tree hollows and therefore require a nest box at least 120cm deep . it is advantageous to provide numerous eucalypt branches for perches to simulate the dense forest environment enjoyed by the king parrot\nalisterus scapularis . australian king parrot . courtesy of jon bragg cc by - sa 2 . 0 license . { flickr }\nthe sri lanka hanging parrot ( loriculus beryllinus ) is a small parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in sri lanka .\nenicognathus leptorhynchus ( king ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 1 p . 14 concept\nking parrots are quieter and less destructive than other parrot species . the challenges that you might experience with them maybe poor socialization - in which case patience and time in taming and gaining the trust of the parrot is necessary .\nother species found in the cool montane forest include lesser melampitta , stephanie\u2019s astrapia , yellow - browed melidectes and forbes\u2019s forest - rail , notorious for its skulking behaviour . ambua will delight parrot aficionados \u2013 you may see papuan king - parrot , lorikeets and tiger - parrots . many rarer birds are found here too , but you will need luck to find papuan treecreeper , new guinea harpy eagle , northern logrunner , and the timid sanford\u2019s bowerbird .\nthe king parrot is a very attractive and acrobatic aviary bird . they require a four to five metre long by one to two metres wide aviary to keep them comfortable and happy . breeding king parrots can be a challenge that brings rich rewards .\nwe saw papuan king - parrots flying in the gloom and heard a magnificent riflebird . the call of the riflebird here is quite similar to the magnificent riflebirds of far north queensland but notably different to the growling riflebirds of varirata .\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\n- this parrot species actually prefers pellets made for small parrots , such as parakeets and cockatiels .\nhand reared male king parrots make good pets and are colorful and entertaining birds that exhibit bright and cheerful behaviour .\nspecies : scientific : aprosmictus erythropterus papua . . . english : papuan red - winged parrot . . . dutch : papua roodvleugelparkiet . . . german : papua rotfl\u00fcgelsittich . . . french : platycerque de papoea . . . cites ii - endangered\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\nbirdcare cites lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection ml media collection catalogue 65913 , papuan king parrot alisterus chloropterus , connop , scott , papua new guinea , oct . 8 1993 , cornell lab of ornithology . site parrots : a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 .\nbirds of the world - 5 the king parrots . description / images . - dals wildlife site { wildlife of northern england }\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . papuan king - parrot ( alisterus chloropterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nking parrots are not only incredibly beautiful , but also quiet ( except for the occasional shrill sentinel call ) and gentle in nature . they are quite different from other parrot species that tend to be noisier , more destructive and more aggressive than they tend to be .\nspecies : scientific : alisterus chloropterus chloropterus . . . english : green - winged king parrot . . . dutch : geelvleugelkoningsparkiet . . . german : gelbfl\u00fcgel k\u00f6nigssittich . . . french : platycerque cholopt\u00e8re , royale \u00e0 ailes vertes . . . cites ii - endangered species\nspecies : scientific : alisterus chloropterus moszkowski . . . english : moszkowski green - winged king parrot . . . dutch : moszkowski groenvleugelkoningsparkiet . . . german : moszkowski gr\u00fcnfl\u00fcgel k\u00f6nigssittich . . . french : platycerque cholopt\u00e8re de moszkowski . . . cites ii - endangered species\nspecies : scientific : alisterus scapularis minor . . . english : smaller australian king parrot . . . dutch : kleine australische koningsparkiet . . . german : kleiner australischer k\u00f6nigssittich . . . french : petit platycerque \u00e0 croupion bleu . . . cites ii - endangered species\nthe king parakeets are easily recognized as a group by their intensely coloured , shiny red , green and blue plumage and by their long tails .\narndt , thomas ( 2006 ) .\na new hanging parrot from camiguin island , philippines\n. birdingasia 5 : 55\u201358 .\nspecies : scientific : alisterus chloropterus callopterus . . . english : salvadori ' s green - winged king parrot . . . dutch : goldie koningsparkiet , fly river koningsparkiet . . . german : salvadoris gr\u00fcnfl\u00fcgel k\u00f6nigssittich . . . french : platycerque cholopt\u00e8re de montagne . . . cites ii - endangered species\navianweb resources : i put together web resources for you to help you understand your pet bird and properly direct him . please visit the following website to learn more about parrot behavior and training . if you found a way to resolve a\nparrot behavioral issue\nplease share it with others .\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\nis usually under a dozen . the blue - naped parrot feeds on mangoes , berries , seeds , nuts and grains . it nests in tree holes .\nthe red - winged parrot ( aprosmictus erythropteru ) has hybridised with the australian king parrot ( alisterus scapularis ) on several occasions . one particular specimen was described as having an overall dark green plumage with a red cap , bright yellow wing coverts , a green face , and red chest and abdomen from\nchin\nto vent . however , as is the case with most hybrids , the appears may differ widely . this hybrid is said to be fertile and breeds true to form .\nthe australian king parrot , is a species endemic to eastern australia , where it may be encountered in humid and heavily forested upland regions , including those with eucalyptus wooded areas adjacent to sub - tropical and temperate rain - forests , where they forage on fruits and seeds gathered from trees or those that have fallen to the ground .\nthis genus has occasionally been lumped with the red - winged parrots ( aprosmictus ) . it forms a super - species with the amboina or amboyna king ( alisterus amboinensis ) .\nking parrots are generally a hardy species , although they can become susceptible to stress when moved or exposed to new surroundings . special care to provide the correct housing and nutrition must be taken to ensure this beautiful bird does not become susceptible to illness . in particular , king parrots are highly susceptible to bacillus infection that is toxic and invariably fatal , irrespective of veterinary attention .\nthe sri lanka hanging parrot is a small , mainly green hanging parrot , only 13 cm long with a short tail . the adult has a red crown and rump . the nape and back have on orange tint . the chin and throat are pale blue . the beak is red and the irises are white . [ 2 ]\nthey have some mimicking ability and most of them learn to talk , and their voices are soft and sweet to listen to - similar to the voice of an eclectus parrot .\nsri lanka hanging parrot is a bird of open forest . it is strictly arboreal , never descending to the ground . it nests in holes in trees , laying 2\u20133 eggs .\nboth males and females have vivid red wing - coverts after which they have been named . this parrot averages 12 . 5 to 14 inches ( about 32 - 36 cm ) in length . the red - winged parrot is sexually dimorphic ( adult birds can be sexed visually by their physical characteristics ) . mature hens and males have orange beaks , and grey legs and feet .\nlike in the turquoise parrot , there seems to be a discrepance in what the icon at the top says ( green ) and what the description says - vulnerable . please make the changes .\nin this series ' birds of the world ' we look at the species which occur in particular genera . the species in these genera will take us all over the globe . here we review the parrot species in the genus alisterus . the parrots of the genus alisterus are referred to as the king parrots , and includes three species belonging to the family psittaculidae within the order of birds known as the psittaciformes .\nafter this we headed back down the hill admiring a pair of rufous - bellied kookaburras calling away happily . alex knew the display tree of a king bird of paradise and shortly after we were admiring this rather bizarre looking creature .\nalex couldn ' t find the sicklebills so we went and looked at a red - legged brushturkey nest . near the nest group of papuan babblers came through finally accompanied by the pale - billed sicklebills and i had the best views of them yet , probing the bark on tree trunks mid canopy .\nking parrots are social birds and do require daily interaction with their flock - - be it with other birds in an aviary setting or with their human family . in an aviary setting , they do well even when kept with smaller birds .\nspecies : scientific : aprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus . . . english : red - winged parrot , crimson - winged parakeet . . . dutch : roodvleugelparkiet , bloedvleugelparkiet . . . german : r\u00f6tflugelsittich , scharlachfl\u00fcgelsittich . . . french : platycerque erythropt\u00e8re\nspecies : scientific : aprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus . . . english : new guinea red - winged parrot . . . dutch : nieuw guinea roodvleugelparkiet . . . german : neuguinea rotfl\u00fcgelsittich . . . french : platycerque \u00e9carlates . . . cites ii - endangered\nspecies : scientific : aprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus . . . english : timor red - winged parrot . . . dutch : timorese roodvleugelparkiet . . . german : timor rotfl\u00fcgelsittich . . . french : platycerque erythropt\u00e8re de timor . . . cites ii - endangered\nspecies : scientific : aprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis . . . english : wetar red - winged parrot . . . dutch : wetar roodvleugelparkiet . . . german : wetar rotfl\u00fcgelsittich . . . french : platycerque erythropt\u00e8re de wettar . . . cites ii - endangered\nthe only greater black coucal of the trip called loudly beside the path but never came out . as it got dark we tried for blue - black kingfisher with playback from my rather quiet ipod but heard nothing back . we did hear papuan hawk - owl on the way home and also red - necked crake , another call i enjoy every evening at home .\nthere are no current conservation concerns , they are rated as being of least concern by the iucn , however it is becoming uncommon duen to habitat loss and to the parrot trade . in some regions they are locally common . they are regularly bred in captivity in many countries .\ni slid back down the slippery hillside only falling over just the once catching poor glimpses of papuan babbler s and a pair of blue jewel babblers crossing the trail . the sicklebills were calling all around and we spent quite some time failing to get a better look . they are on the move all the time so the only hope was to try and follow their raucous calls up and down the hillside without falling over .\nclass : aves . . . order : psittaciformes . . . family : psittacidae . . . subfamily : psittacinae . . . genus : scientific : alisterus . . . english : king parrots . . . dutch : koningsparkieten . . . german : k\u00f6nigssittiche . . . french : perruche royales . . . cites ii : endangered species\nideally , the main aviary would be surrounded by another complete enclosure . this would prevent the parrots from escaping should the lock , for example , of the first aviary fail - - the second enclosure would keep the parrots in safe confinement . also , this set - up would literally eliminate the chances of a larger predator , such as a raccoon , fox or wild cat , from being able to pin a parrot by holding its toes as it grabs on to the side of the enclosure ; or it would prevent them from grabbing the parrot ' s leg or other body part through the wire .\ntello , j . g . , degner , j . f . , bates , j . m . & willard , d . e . 2006 . a new species of hanging - parrot ( aves : psittacidae : loriculus ) from camiguin island , philippines . fieldiana zoology 106 : 49 - 57 .\nin sri lanka , this bird is known as gira maliththa - \u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dcf\u0db8\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dad\u0dca\u0dad\u0dcf or pol girwa - \u0db4\u0ddc\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d9c\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dcf in sinhala language . [ 3 ] hanging parrot appears in a 15c sri lankan postal stamp , [ 4 ] also this bird appears in 1000 sri lankan rupee bank note ( 2010 series ) . [ 5 ]\nclassified in the subfamily psittacinae within the true parrot family , the genus alisterus was described by australian amateur ornithologist gregory mathews in 1911 . they were previously considered part of the genus aprosmictus , which contains the red - winged and olive - shouldered parrots . the king parrots appear to be most closely related to the genera aprosmictus and the long - tailed parrots of the genus polytelis , united by similarities in food begging and contact calls by chicks , and by more recent molecular analysis in 2005 . the molecular work placed this group in turn as sister to a group containing eclectus , tanygnathus , and psittacula . the three species are forest - dwelling , and are found singly , in pairs , or in groups .\nsri lanka hanging parrot is less gregarious than some of its relatives , and is usually alone or in small groups outside the breeding season . its flight is swift and direct , and the call is a sharp whistled twiwittwit . . twitwitwit . it undergoes local movements , driven mainly by the availability of the fruit , seeds , buds and blossoms that make up its diet .\nthey are mainly green with areas of red , orange , yellow , and blue varying between subspecies . only the males have a red area on their fronts , except for the population living on camiguin , where neither male nor female have this red area . they make nests in tree holes and , unusually for a parrot , the female takes nesting material back to the nest .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . scarlet - chested parrot ( neophema splendida ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\neventually we came to a large clearing and small hill where gravel for the road had been extracted . there was a good view from up top and we watched blyth ' s hornbills passing like puffing billy steam trains . red - legged brushturkeys , black butcherbirds and more pale - billed sicklebills called loudly and invisibly from within . alex went into try and find the sicklebills while i had good views of purple - tailed imperial pigeon , red - flanked lorikeet , buff - faced pygmy - parrot , hooded monarch , glossy - mantled manucode and rusty pitohui on the forest edge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstrigops ( f . ) gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 426 pl . cv\nstrigops habroptila gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 427 pl . cv\nnestor meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis septentrionalis lorenz von liburnau , l 1896 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 46 p . 198\nnymphicus hollandicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 580\ncalyptorhynchus banksii banksii ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 107 concept nomenclature\ncalyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne schodde , saunders , da & homberger 1989 canberrabirdnotes 13 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncalyptorhynchus banksii naso gould 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 46 p . 106\ncalyptorhynchus banksii samueli mathews 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus lathami erebus schodde & mason , ij 1993 emu 93 p . 156 - 166\ncalyptorhynchus lathami lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus whiteae mathews 1912 australav . rec . 1 no . 2 p . 35\ncalyptorhynchus funereus xanthanotus gould 1838 syn . birdsaustr . pt4 app . p . 4\ncalyptorhynchus baudinii lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 6\ncalyptorhynchus latirostris carnaby 1948 w . austral . nat . 1 p . 136 - 138\nprobosciger aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus goliath ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 92\nprobosciger aterrimus macgillivrayi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 261\ncallocephalon ( n . ) lesson 1837 j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 311 atlas pl . 39 , 40\ncallocephalon fimbriatum ( grant , j ) 1803 narr . voy . disc . news . wales pl . opp . p . 135\neolophus roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\neolophus roseicapilla kuhli ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 266\neolophus roseicapilla roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\nlophochroa leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri mollis ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 265\ncacatua tenuirostris ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 88\ncacatua pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua pastinator derbyi ( mathews ) 1916 australav . rec . 3 p . 57\ncacatua pastinator pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea gymnopis sclater , pl 1871 pzs pt2 p . 490 , 493 , textfig .\ncacatua sanguinea normantoni ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua sanguinea sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea westralensis ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua goffiniana roselaar , cs & michels 2004 zool . verh . leiden 350 p . 186 nomenclature\ncacatua ducorpsii pucheran 1853 voy . polesudzool . 3 mamm . ois . p . 108 nomenclature\ncacatua galerita eleonora finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xxi nomenclature\ncacatua galerita fitzroyi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 264\ncacatua galerita triton temminck 1849 coup - d ' oeilposs . neerland . 3 p . 405 , note\ncacatua sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua sulphurea abbotti ( oberholser ) 1917 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 54 no . 2232 p . 181\ncacatua sulphurea citrinocristata ( fraser ) 1844 pzs pt12 no . 132 p . 38\ncacatua sulphurea parvula ( bonaparte ) 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 139\ncacatua sulphurea sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua moluccensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 331\npoicephalus gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi massaicus fischer & reichenow 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 165 p . 179 nomenclature\npoicephalus flavifrons ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 126\npoicephalus fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93 systematics\npoicephalus fuscicollis fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93\npoicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus reichenow 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 2 p . 314\npoicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 344\npoicephalus meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri damarensis neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri matschiei neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri reichenowi neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri transvaalensis neumann 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 2 p . 25\npoicephalus rueppellii ( gray , gr ) 1849 pzs [\n1848\n] pt16 no . 188 p . 125 pl . 5\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus tanganyikae bowen 1930 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 82 p . 267\npoicephalus crassus ( sharpe ) 1884 j . linn . soc . londonzool . 17 p . 429\npoicephalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus versteri finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xvi\npoicephalus rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\npoicephalus rufiventris rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\ntouit ( m . ) gray , gr 1855 cat . gen . subgen . birds p . 89 nomenclature\ntouit huetii ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 491\ntouit costaricensis ( cory ) 1913 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 283\ntouit dilectissimus ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 788 pl . 47 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus viridiceps chapman 1929 am . mus . novit . no . 380 p . 10\ntouit melanonotus ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 275 nomenclature\ntouit surdus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 59 nomenclature\ntouit stictopterus ( sclater , pl ) 1862 pzs pt1 p . 112 pl . 11 nomenclature\npsilopsiagon aymara ( orbigny ) 1839 voy . am . merid . 2 p . 376 , note1\npsilopsiagon aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons margaritae ( berlioz & dorst ) 1956 ois . rev . franceorn . ( n . s . ) 26 p . 85\npsilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi carriker 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 4\npsilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris ( burmeister ) 1860 j . orn . 8 no . 46 p . 243\nbolborhynchus lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola tigrinus ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 144\nbolborhynchus orbygnesius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 63 , 64 nomenclature\nnannopsittaca panychlora ( salvin & godman ) 1883 ibis p . 211 pl . 9 fig . 1\nnannopsittaca dachilleae o ' neill , munn & franke 1991 auk 108 p . 225 , 226\nmyiopsitta monachus calita ( jardine & selby ) 1830 ill . orn . 2 pt6 pl . 82 , text [ p . 61 ]\nmyiopsitta monachus cotorra ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 362\nbrotogeris sanctithomae sanctithomae ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 81\nbrotogeris sanctithomae takatsukasae neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 442\nbrotogeris tirica ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 351\nbrotogeris chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris chiriri behni neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 443\nbrotogeris chiriri chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris pyrrhoptera ( latham ) 1802 suppl . ind . orn . p . xxii\nbrotogeris jugularis exsul todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 129\nbrotogeris jugularis jugularis ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 80\nbrotogeris cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris cyanoptera beniensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 9\nbrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 10\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons friedmann 1945 proc . biol . soc . wash . 58 p . 114\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tuipara ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 348\ntriclaria malachitacea ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 40 pl . 28\npyrilia haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia haematotis coccinicollaris ( lawrence ) 1862 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 7 p . 475\npyrilia haematotis haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia pyrilia ( bonaparte ) 1853 compt . rend . 37 p . 807 , note\npyrilia pulchra ( berlepsch ) 1897 orn . monatsb . 5 no . 11 p . 175\npyrilia barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia barrabandi aurantiigena ( gyldenstolpe ) 1951 ark . zool . ( 2 ) 2 p . 14 , 67\npyrilia barrabandi barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia caica ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 128 no . 137\npyrilia aurantiocephala ( gaban - lima , r , raposo , ma & hofling , e ) 2002 auk 119 p . 815 , 816 systematics\npyrilia vulturina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 62 systematics\nhapalopsittaca amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina theresae ( hellmayr ) 1915 verh . orn . ges . bayern 12 heft3 p . 214\nhapalopsittaca amazonina velezi graves , gr & restrepo 1989 wilsonbull . 101 no . 3 p . 369 - 376 , front .\nhapalopsittaca fuertesi ( chapman ) 1912 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 31 p . 143\nhapalopsittaca melanotis melanotis ( lafresnaye ) 1847 rev . zool . 10 p . 67\nhapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana ( carriker ) 1932 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 83 [\n1931\n] p . 455\npionus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus sordidus antelius todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 338\npionus sordidus corallinus bonaparte 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 148\npionus sordidus mindoensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 187 p . 1\npionus sordidus ponsi aveledo & gines 1950 mem . soc . cien . nat . lasalle 10 no . 26 p . 60\npionus sordidus saturatus todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\npionus sordidus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani lacerus heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 265\npionus maximiliani maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani melanoblepharus ribeiro 1920 rev . mus . paulista 12 pt2 p . 61\npionus maximiliani siy souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 155\npionus seniloides ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npionus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus reichenowi heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 264 nomenclature\npionus menstruus rubrigularis cabanis 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 222\npionus senilis ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 42 pl . 31 fig . 1\npionus chalcopterus ( fraser ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 90 p . 59\ngraydidascalus brachyurus ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\nalipiopsitta ( f . ) capparoz , r & pacheco 2006 rev . brasil . orn . 14 no . 2 p . 174\nalipiopsitta xanthops ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 39 pl . 26\namazona festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona festiva bodini ( finsch ) 1873 pzs pt2 p . 569 pl . 49\namazona festiva festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona vinacea ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 77\namazona tucumana ( cabanis ) 1885 j . orn . 33 no . 170 p . 221\namazona pretrei ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 492\namazona agilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\namazona albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons nana miller , w 1905 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 p . 349\namazona albifrons saltuensis nelson 1899 proc . biol . soc . wash . 13 p . 26\namazona collaria ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona leucocephala bahamensis ( bryant , h ) 1867 proc . bostonsoc . nat . hist . 11 p . 65\namazona leucocephala hesterna bangs 1916 bull . mus . comp . zool . 60 p . 308\namazona leucocephala leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona vittata gracilipes\u2020 ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\namazona autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis lilacina lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 30 col . 394 concept\namazona autumnalis salvini ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 271 , 300 pl . 7 fig . 3 citation\namazona diadema ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 43 pl . 32\namazona viridigenalis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 371\namazona xantholora ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 83\namazona dufresniana ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 513\namazona oratrix belizensis monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 18\namazona oratrix oratrix ridgway 1887 man . n . am . birds p . 587\namazona auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata parvipes monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 8\namazona ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala nattereri ( finsch ) 1865 j . orn . 12 [\n1864\n] no . 72 p . 411 citation\namazona ochrocephala ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala panamensis ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 127 p . 349\namazona barbadensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339\namazona aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva xanthopteryx ( berlepsch ) 1896 orn . monatsb . 4 no . 11 p . 173\namazona mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303 nomenclature\namazona mercenarius canipalliata ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 105\namazona mercenarius mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303\namazona guatemalae virenticeps ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 269 , 280 citation\namazona kawalli grantsau & camargo 1989 rev . brasil . biol . 49 p . 1018 concept\namazona brasiliensis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona amazonica ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 147\namazona guildingii ( vigors ) 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 45 p . 80\nforpus ( m . ) boie , f 1858 j . orn . 6 no . 35 p . 363\nforpus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus sclateri ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 86\nforpus cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius insularis ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 541\nforpus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus cyanochlorus ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 31 concept\nforpus passerinus cyanophanes ( todd ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\nforpus passerinus deliciosus ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 533 , 545\nforpus passerinus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus viridissimus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus spengeli ( hartlaub ) 1885 pzs pt3 no . 40 p . 614 pl . 38 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius flavescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 241 , 248 citation\nforpus xanthopterygius flavissimus hellmayr 1929 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 12 p . 446\nforpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1\nforpus conspicillatus caucae ( chapman ) 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 383\nforpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus conspicillatus metae borrero & hernandez - camacho 1961 noved . colomb . 1 no . 6 p . 431\nforpus xanthops ( salvin ) 1895 novit . zool . 2 p . 19 pl . 2 fig . 2\npionites ( m . ) heine 1890 nomen . mus . heine . orn . [ heine & reichenow ] p . 231\npionites melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus pallidus ( berlepsch ) 1890 j . orn . 37 [\n1889\n] no . 187 p . 317 citation\npionites leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster xanthomerius ( sclater , pl ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 343 p . 266\npionites leucogaster xanthurus todd 1925 proc . biol . soc . wash . 38 p . 113\nderoptyus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\nderoptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npyrrhura ( f . ) bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 genus . 14\npyrrhura cruentata ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 53 , 72\npyrrhura devillei ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis chiripepe ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura lepida anerythra neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida coerulescens neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura perlata ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 35 pl . 20 concept\npyrrhura molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae australis todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 82 citation\npyrrhura molinae flavoptera maijer , herzog , kessler , friggens & fjeldsa 1998 orn . neotrop . 9 p . 186\npyrrhura molinae hypoxantha ( salvadori & festa ) 1899 boll . mus . zool . anat . comp . torino\n15\n[ = 14 ] no . 363 p . 1 nomenclature\npyrrhura molinae molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae phoenicura ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 26 concept\npyrrhura molinae restricta todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 333\npyrrhura leucotis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 21 nomenclature\npyrrhura picta caeruleiceps todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 337\npyrrhura picta picta ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npyrrhura picta subandina todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 6\npyrrhura emma salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 217 pl . 1 citation\npyrrhura amazonum lucida arndt 2008 papageien [ arndt ] 21 p . 278 , 279\npyrrhura amazonum snethlageae joseph & bates , jm 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 354\npyrrhura lucianii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 211\npyrrhura roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons peruviana hocking , blake & joseph 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 356\npyrrhura viridicata todd 1913 proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 p . 174\npyrrhura egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia obscura zimmer & phelps , wh 1946 am . mus . novit . no . 1312 p . 1\npyrrhura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura berlepschi salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 224 pl . 2 fig . 1 citation\npyrrhura melanura chapmani bond & meyer de schauensee 1940 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 92 p . 156\npyrrhura melanura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura pacifica chapman 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 382\npyrrhura melanura souancei ( verreaux , j ) 1858 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 10 p . 437 pl . 12\npyrrhura orcesi ridgely & robbins 1988 wilsonbull . 100 no . 2 p . 174 , 175\npyrrhura albipectus chapman 1914 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 33 p . 319\npyrrhura rupicola rupicola ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npyrrhura rupicola sandiae bond & meyer de schauensee 1944 not . nat . no . 138 p . 1\npyrrhura calliptera ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\npyrrhura hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis immarginata zimmer & phelps 1944 am . mus . novit . no . 1270 p . 4\npyrrhura rhodocephala ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 787\npyrrhura hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\npyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens bangs 1906 proc . biol . soc . wash . 19 p . 103\npyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\nenicognathus ( m . ) gray , gr 1840 listgen . birds p . 51\nenicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\nenicognathus ferrugineus minor ( chapman ) 1919 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 41 p . 323\ncyanoliseus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\ncyanoliseus patagonus andinus dabbene & lillo 1913 an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenosaires 24 p . 188 pl . 10\ncyanoliseus patagonus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\nanodorhynchus leari bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1\nanodorhynchus glaucus\u2020 ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 259\nrhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( swainson ) 1827 philos . mag . n . s . 1 p . 439\nrhynchopsitta terrisi moore , rt 1947 proc . biol . soc . wash . 60 p . 27\neupsittula nana astec ( souance ) 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\neupsittula nana nana ( vigors ) 1830 zool . j . 5 p . 273\neupsittula nana vicinalis bangs & penard , te 1919 bull . mus . comp . zool . 63 p . 24\neupsittula canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis clarae ( moore , rt ) 1937 proc . biol . soc . wash . 50 p . 101\neupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\neupsittula aurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329\neupsittula pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax aeruginosa ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax chrysogenys ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\neupsittula pertinax griseipecta ( meyer de schauensee ) 1950 not . nat . no . 221 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax lehmanni ( dugand ) 1943 caldasia 2 no . 7 p . 191\neupsittula pertinax margaritensis cory 1918 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 13 pub . 197 p . 63\neupsittula pertinax ocularis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1865 pzs [\n1864\n] pt3 p . 367 citation\neupsittula pertinax paraensis ( sick ) 1959 j . orn . 100 p . 413\neupsittula pertinax pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax surinama ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 1\neupsittula pertinax tortugensis ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 220\neupsittula pertinax venezuelae ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax xanthogenia ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 1\neupsittula cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum caixana ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 34 pl . 19 fig . 1\nconuropsis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97 status\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis ludoviciana\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 347\naratinga weddellii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 209\naratinga nenday ( vieillot ) 1823 tabl . encyc . meth . orn . 3 livr . 93 p . 1400\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\naratinga maculata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74 nomenclature\naratinga jandaya ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 319\naratinga auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus aurifrons spix 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 32 pl . 16 fig . 1\ncyanopsitta spixii ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 675\nprimolius couloni ( sclater , pl ) 1876 pzs pt1 p . 255 , fig .\nprimolius auricollis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nprimolius maracana ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 260\nara ararauna ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara militaris mexicanus ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\nara militaris militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus guayaquilensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 205 p . 2\nara macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara macao cyanopterus wiedenfeld 1995 orn . neotrop . 5 [\n1994\n] no . 2 p . 99 citation\nara macao macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara chloropterus gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 26 nomenclature\nara tricolor\u2020 ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 64 pl . 1 nomenclature\nara severus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nleptosittaca ( f . ) berlepsch & stolzmann 1894 ibis p . 402 pl . 11\nognorhynchus icterotis ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 71\nguaruba guarouba ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 320 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\ndiopsittaca nobilis cumanensis ( lichtenstein ) 1823 verz . doubl . zool . mus . berlin p . 6\ndiopsittaca nobilis longipennis neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 441 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nthectocercus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 29 pl . 13\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neoxenus ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 243\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neumanni ( blake & traylor ) 1947 fieldianazool . 31 no . 21 p . 166\npsittacara holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara holochlorus brewsteri ( nelson ) 1928 proc . biol . soc . wash . 41 p . 154\npsittacara holochlorus holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara brevipes ( lawrence ) 1871 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 [\n1874\n] p . 14\npsittacara rubritorquis ( sclater , pl ) 1887 pzs [\n1886\n] pt4 no . 35 p . 539 pl . 56\npsittacara strenuus ( ridgway ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\npsittacara wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara wagleri transilis ( peters , jl ) 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 111\npsittacara wagleri wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus minor ( carriker ) 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 3\npsittacara mitratus chlorogenys ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 74\npsittacara mitratus mitratus ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npsittacara mitratus tucumanus ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 77\npsittacara erythrogenys lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 34 col . 486 , 487\npsittacara leucophthalmus callogenys ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 171 , 188 citation\npsittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npsittacara leucophthalmus nicefori meyer de schauensee 1946 not . nat . no . 163 p . 2\npsittacara euops ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 638 pl . 24 fig . 2\npsittacara chloropterus souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittacara maugei\u2020 souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittrichas fulgidus ( lesson ) 1830 traitedorn . livr . 3 p . 181 citation\ncoracopsis vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis vasa comorensis ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\ncoracopsis vasa drouhardi lavauden 1929 alauda 1 no . 4 & 5 p . 231\ncoracopsis vasa vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra libs bangs 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 83\ncoracopsis nigra nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra sibilans milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt . rend . 101 p . 220\nmicropsitta keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta keiensis chloroxantha oberholser 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 126\nmicropsitta keiensis keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana misoriensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 909\nmicropsitta pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta pusio beccarii ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 396\nmicropsitta pusio harterti mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta pusio pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii tristrami ( rothschild & hartert ) 1902 novit . zool . 9 p . 589\nmicropsitta finschii viridifrons ( rothschild & hartert ) 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 9 p . 138\nmicropsitta bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii pileata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta bruijnii rosea mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\npolytelis swainsonii ( desmarest ) 1826 dict . sci . nat . 39 p . 39\npolytelis anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\npolytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\nalisterus amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis buruensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 371\nalisterus amboinensis dorsalis ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [ 1830\n] p . 234 atlasois . pl . 21 fig . 3\nalisterus amboinensis hypophonius ( muller , s ) 1843 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 6 p . 181 , note\nalisterus amboinensis sulaensis ( reichenow ) 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 128\nalisterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus callopterus ( albertis & salvadori ) 1879 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 14 p . 29\nalisterus chloropterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus moszkowskii ( reichenow ) 1911 orn . monatsb . 19 p . 82\nalisterus scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\nalisterus scapularis minor mathews 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 1 p . 23\nalisterus scapularis scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\naprosmictus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 481 , 484 citation\naprosmictus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\naprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus ( gould ) 1865 handb . birdsaustr . 2 p . 39\naprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\nprioniturus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus platurus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus waterstradti malindangensis mearns 1909 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 36 no . 1678 p . 437\nprioniturus platenae blasius , w 1888 braunschw . anz . no . 37 p . 335 author\nprioniturus flavicans cassin 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 373\nprioniturus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus whiteheadi salomonsen 1953 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 115 p . 224\neclectus roratus cornelia bonaparte 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 135 , 136 citation\neclectus roratus macgillivrayi mathews 1913 australav . rec . 2 no . 4 p . 75\neclectus roratus polychloros ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87\neclectus roratus riedeli meyer , ab 1882 pzs [\n1881\n] pt4 p . 917\neclectus roratus roratus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 77\neclectus roratus solomonensis rothschild & hartert 1901 novit . zool . 8 no . 1 p . 82\neclectus roratus vosmaeri ( rothschild ) 1922 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 p . 412\neclectus roratus westermani\u2020 ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 4\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi aruensis ( gray , gr ) 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 183\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 108 , 182 , note\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 400 , 406 citation"]}
{"id": 2330, "summary": [{"text": "amphipyra is a genus of moths .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is the only genus remaining in the subfamily amphipyrinae , the others having been removed , e.g. , to the hadeninae . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "amphipyra", "paragraphs": ["patrick coin marked\namphipyra pyramidoides\nas trusted on the\namphipyra pyramidoides\npage .\npatrick coin marked\ncopper underwing\nas trusted on the\namphipyra pyramidoides\npage .\npatrick coin marked\ncopper underwing ( corrected ! )\nas trusted on the\namphipyra pyramidoides\npage .\nthis species is nearly identical to amphipyra glabella , an eastern species that enters our area in the northeast . these species are easily separated by locality since a . brunneoatra only occurs in southwestern oregon .\n) . however , the relative distributions of each species are still not fully known , as the differences between them are becoming clearer .\nthere are a number of subtle ways to help distinguish the two species , but one recently quoted feature is the detail of the labial palps when viewed head - on . svensson ' s has dark palps with pale tips , whereas copper underwing ' s palps are pale throughout .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 18 20 : 08 : 57 page render time : 0 . 2610s total w / procache : 0 . 3019s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 51 . 35f ; p . 286 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\none generation per year ; larvae active in spring ; when ready to pupate they build a shelter by rolling a leaf . aggregations of newly eclosed adults found under bark , etc . in mid - summer\n1 : caterpillar . 2 : caterpillar , later instar . 3 : rolled leaf shelter . 4 : pupa . 5 and 6 : adults\nnot one of the\ntrue\nunderwings ( catocala spp . ) which have either all - black or banded hindwings .\nthe coppery - orange hindwing of a . pyramidoides is diagnostic but rarely visible in live moths , as they tend to keep their forewings together , covering the hindwings .\nlive larva image by lance risley , william paterson u . , new jersey ( insectimages . org )\ncommon name reference [ humped green fruitworm ; larva ] ( insectimages . org )\npeterson field guides : eastern moths charles v . covell . 1984 . houghton mifflin company .\nowlet caterpillars of eastern north america david l . wagner . 2011 . princeton university press .\ncaterpillars of eastern north america david l . wagner . 2005 . princeton university press .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nyou appear to have javascript disabled or are using a browser that does not support it . please enable javascript to experience all features of the site !\nca : lake co . anderson springs , 1338 ft 38 . 8 , - 122 . 7 july 08 , 1949 , wr bauer . specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright : merrill a . peterson\nthis species is widely distributed in the southwest . in the pacific northwest , it appears to be narrowly restricted to riparian habitats along rivers at low elevations in southwest oregon .\nthe range of this species includes most of california west of the sierra nevada . it probably occurs in the southwest , possibly as far east as colorado , but the eastern limits seems uncertain due to possible confusion with a . glabella .\nno information is presently available regarding larval foodplants of this species , but it probably feeds on cottonwoods ( populus spp . ) in the salicaceae based upon the habitat and closely related species .\nthe adults of a . brunneoatra fly in late summer . they are nocturnal and come to lights .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4 . 0 international license\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\na fairly large ( 3 . 2 - 5 . 8 cm wingspan ) broad - winged moth with glistening dark sooty brown forewings and copper - orange hindwings . the forewing basad to the postmedian line is darker than the terminal area . the postmedian line , the orbicular spot and to a lesser degree the antemedian line are light brown to dirty white . the antennae are simple , and the sexes are essentially alike . the large size and shining , coppery - orange unbanded hindwings will separate the copper underwing from all other alberta moths .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ cite : 744566 ] profiles of > 2000 spp . from europe jump to : odonata | orthoptera | auchenorhyncha | heteroptera adults \u2022 nymphs | diptera |\na collection of resources providing detailed information on major taxa of nc aquatic insects ( ept , beetles , chironomids ) . some of these guides are posted as separate ref entries\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\na resident species , generally occurring singly or sparingly at mv light in a wide range of habitats , but often fairly common to occasionally very common on sugar in woods . well and probably generally distributed but high numbers are local and distinctly episodic . single - brooded , flying mainly from mid - july to late september . larvae feed on a variety of trees and shrubs , including honeysuckle and apple . ( pratt , 2011 )\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nsome larger moths , even common ones found in gardens , are difficult to identify . this book gives naturalists the means to tackle these tricky species .\nbritish and irish moths : an illustrated guide to selected difficult species ( covering the use of genitalia characters and other features ) makes available up - to - date information on the identification of difficult macro - moths , beyond what is currently available in the field guides . written by moth experts martin townsend , jon clifton and brian goodey , and originally published in 2010 , 72 larger moth species ( plus their subspecies and forms ) are included .\nmuch of the guide is focussed on genitalia characteristics , although there are discussions of other characteristics such as wing markings ( see example pages shown below ) . it provides the next step for those wishing to make definitive determinations of difficult moths such as ear moths , dark / grey daggers , copper underwings and the november moth group .\nthe book itself is out of print and there are no plans to reprint it . however , the full contents are now available online here .\nat the moment the 72 larger moth species ( plus their subspecies and forms ) from the original publication are included in this online version . simply click on the species of interest in the table below to view the text , keys and illustrations . the introductory text and how to use the guide can be found here . details on dissection methods , morphology and the glossary can be found here . the references and further reading can be found here .\nsome of the files are quite large and may take several minutes to download . you will need a . pdf viewer to open the files .\nplease note that the key and figure relating to female satin beauty deileptenia ribeata ( pages 40 & 41 ) are the corrected versions .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthe data comes from archaeological sites , essentially directly related to human activity . species presence can have a varied origin : food leftovers ( farming , hunting , fishing or harvesting ) ; crafts ( working shell , horn , but also bones preserved inside prepared skin , etc . . . ) with the possibility of interaction between human group ; commensal anthropophilic species ( rat , mouse , sparrow , cockroach ) ; or accidentally present species .\ndo not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages ( 14th - 15th c . ) . . . the sea did not come that far , but trade did .\nin compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world , unpublished data under five years ( from excavation reports , analyses , but also academia ) is never communicated .\nthe dots represent the sites for which a study ( or a simple recording ) of fauna and / or flora was performed ; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france ( i2af ) . the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .\nthe dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site . symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .\nto select / deselect one or more periods or to remove the dots corresponding to the listed sites , check / uncheck in the right side .\nhovering a dot reveals in the left corner at the bottom of the map , the name of the department or municipality . one click enables the list of sites present on the municipality .\nthe selection of a site opens a new page that displays general information relating thereto ( other name ( s ) known , location . . . ) , the bibliographical reference ( s ) connected to the species , and a summary of plant and animal species identified per large time period .\na timeline summarizes all known information on the species . the relevant periods or sub - periods when the detail is known , are highlighted in red . tool tip : passing over a period ( palaeolithic for example ) displays the date range of the period .\naccess to more detailed information is accessible only by convention , after login , for scientists affiliated to groups or institutional programs ( national center of scientific research , national institute of preventive archaeological research , for example ) or associations ( international council for archaeozoology , for example ) .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more ."]}
{"id": 2340, "summary": [{"text": "atractaspis boulengeri , or the central african burrowing asp , is a species of venomous snake in the atractaspididae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to africa . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "atractaspis boulengeri", "paragraphs": ["atractaspis boulengeri by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nthe specific epithet , boulengeri , is in honor of belgian - british herpetologist george albert boulenger .\nscott ellsworth changed the thumbnail image of\natractaspis bibronii bibron ' s stiletto snake\n.\nscott ellsworth changed the thumbnail image of\natractaspis bibronii , bibron ' s stiletto snake\n.\nrenato agazzi added the italian common name\natrattaspide di bibron\nto\natractaspis bibronii smith 1849\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ns\u00fcdliche erdotter\nto\natractaspis bibronii smith 1849\n.\nrenato agazzi marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\natractaspis bibronii smith 1849\n.\nlaurent , r . f . ( 1945 ) contribution a la connaissance du genre atractaspis a . smith . : rev . zool . bot . afr . , 38 : 312 - 343\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( atractaspis bibroni [ sic ] , p . 25 ) .\nbranch , bill . 2004 . field guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . third revised edition , second impression . sanibel island , florida : ralph curtis books . 399 pp . isbn 0 - 88359 - 042 - 5 ( atractaspis bibronii , p . 62 & plate 38 ) .\nboulenger ga . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume iii . , containing the . . . viperid\u00e6 . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xiv + 727 pp . + plates i - xxv . ( atractaspis bibronii , p . 515 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsnake species of the world , vol . undetermined , manuscript ( version 2004 )\nworking manuscript of follow - up volumes to mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) ,\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\ndo not try to catch these snakes by grabbing them behind the head . they can and will bite while being held at the neck . the potency of their venom is discussed controversely . lethal bite accidents ( circulatory failure , respiratory arrest ) are well documented .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\ntreatment summary burrowing asp bites mostly cause minor effects , but severe local effects , including necrosis , can occur , as can potentially lethal systemic effects , so all cases should be urgently assessed , have ongoing cardiac monitoring , receive supportive & symptomatic treatment . antivenom is not generally available .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchifundera , k . ( 1990 ) snakes of zaire and their bites . : afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nchirio , l . & lebreton , m . ( 2007 ) atlas des reptiles du cameroun . : mnhn , ird , paris 688 pp .\nchirio , laurent and ivan ineich ( 2006 ) biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . : african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 .\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . ( 2007 ) venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . : terralog 15 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 150 pp .\nlaurent , r . f . ( 1956 ) contribution \u00e0 l ' herpetologie de la r\u00e9gion des grandes lacs de l ' afrique centrale . : ann . mus . roy . congo belge ( sci . zool . ) , 48 : 1 - 390\nmocquard , m . f . ( 1897 ) sur une collection de reptiles recueillis par m . haug , \u00e0 lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 . : bull . soc . philom . paris , ( 8 ) 9 : 5 - 20\npauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . ( 2008 ) les reptiles du gabon . : smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp .\nsternfeld , r . ( 1917 ) reptilia und amphibia . in : schubotz , h . ( hrsg . ) : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der zweiten deutschen zentral - afrika - expedition , 1910 - 1911 unter f\u00fchrung adolph friedrichs , herzog zu mecklenburg . : leipzig : klinkhardt & biermann , [ band ] 1 , zoologie , lieferung 11 ; s . 407 - 510 .\ntrape , j . f . ( 1985 ) les serpents de la region de dimonika ( mayombe , republique popilaire du congo . : revue de zoologie africaine 99 ( 2 ) : 135 - 140\ntrape , j . f . & r . roux - est\u00e8ve ( 1995 ) les serpents du congo : liste comment\u00e9e et cl\u00e9 de d\u00e9termination . : journal of african zoology 109 ( 1 ) : 31 - 50\nwerner , f . ( 1897 ) \u00fcber reptilien und batrachier aus togoland , kamerun und tunis aus dem kgl . museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin . : verh . zool . - bot . ges . , wien 47 : 395 - 407\nadults average 30 - 50 cm ( 12 - 20 inches ) in total length with a maximum of 70 cm ( 27\u00bd inches ) . the color pattern consists of a purplish - brown , gray or black ground color , often with a purplish sheen . the belly can be brownish , white or pale yellow in color , with a series of dark blotches . in specimens with a lighter belly coloration , this may also include two or three scale rows on the flanks .\nsnout prominent , subcuneiform . portion of rostral visible from above as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the frontal . dorsal scales in 21 or 23 rows . ventrals 221 - 260 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 20 - 23 , all or greater part single ( not divided ) .\nthe venom is highly toxic , although it is produced in very small amounts . bites are common in some areas . often , snake handlers are bitten who are unaware that this species is able to bite while being held by the neck . bite symptoms usually include mild to intense pain , local swelling with occasional blistering and necrosis and regional lymphadenopathy . no fatalities have been recorded .\nspawls s , branch b . 1995 . the dangerous snakes of africa . ralph curtis books . dubai : oriental press . 192 pp . isbn 0 - 88359 - 029 - 8 .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by renato agazzi - see more .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2341, "summary": [{"text": "algia is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae in the family nymphalidae found in southeast asia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the genus ranges from burma to new guinea . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "algia", "paragraphs": ["algia fasciata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\nalgia satyrina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\nalgia fasciata angustata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 232\nalgia fasciata lautus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 232\nalgia satyrina satyrina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\nalgia satyrina sibylla ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\n\u201c - algia \u201d in diccionario de la lengua espa\u00f1ola , vig\u00e9sima tercera edici\u00f3n , real academia espa\u00f1ola , 2014 .\nalgia satyrina similliana [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 233\ngenus : algia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1864 . corresp . - bl . zool . - min . ver . regensburg 18 ( 9 ) : 125 .\nalgia fasciata ( c . & r . felder , 1860 ) = atella fasciata c . & r . felder , 1860 = cirrochroa fasciata = paduca fasciata .\nmost words ending in - algia are specialist medical terms , but a few are more generally known , such as neuralgia , intense intermittent pain along the course of a nerve .\nit is still felt that stability and universality will best be served by the continued use of paduca moore , 1886 and the rejection of algia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1864 , and a proposal to this effect is being submitted .\nin annot . rhop . 1968 ( p . 16 , note 2 ) it was said than an application would be submitted under article 23b regarding algia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1864 and paduca moore , 1886 , whose type - species are regarded respectively as the celebes and the sumatran subspecies of the same species . this has not been done .\nalgia was never brought into general use because , not only was it introduced in unsatisfactory fashion as hemming points out so clearly , but it also was discarded by scudder in his historical sketch ( 1875 ) . it ranked as a perfect example of a nomen oblitum when , a century after its introduction , hemming ( 1964 : 124 ) improperly revived it . this act contravened article 23 ( b ) of the code in that he did not\nrefer it to the commission , to be placed either on the appropriate official index of rejected names or , if such action better serves the stability and universality of nomenclature , on the appropriate official list [ hemming , 1967 ] . a nomen oblitum is not to be used unless the commission so directs .\nducapa moore , 1900 ; lepidoptera indica 4 : 209 ( unn . repl . paduca moore , 1886 ) ; ts : atella fasciata c . & r . felder\npaduca fasciata fasciata ; [ bor ] , 260 ; [ bmp ] : 152 , pl . 21 , f . 16 - 17\npaduca fasciata palloris fruhstorfer , 1900 ; berl . ent . zs . 45 ( 1 / 2 ) : 16 ; tl : palawan\ncirrochroa fasciata bilbilis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485\ncirrochroa fasciata ortopia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485\ncirrochroa satyrina angustata fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 485\ncirrochroa fasciata formosana matsumura , 1929 ; insecta matsumurana 3 ( 2 / 3 ) : 96 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : formosa\ncirrochroa satyrina c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 389 ; tl : celebes\ncirrochroa sibylla r\u00f6ber , 1887 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 4 ) : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 7\ncirrochroa similiana r\u00f6ber , 1887 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 4 ) : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 8\ncirrochroa felderi kirsch , 1877 ; mitt . zool . mus . dresden ( 2 ) : 123\n? messaras mimicus rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 1 ) : 318 , pl . 3 , f . 43 \u2642 ; tl : upper aroa river\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nrhopalocera bazilana . verzeichniss der von w . doherty auf der insel bazilan gesammelten tagfalter\nlist of the lepidoptera of mergui and its archipelago collected for the trustees of the indian museum , calcutta , by dr john anderson f . r . s . , superintendent of the museum\nlepidoptera from british new guinea , collected by mr . a . s . meek\nvane - wright & de jong , 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island faunda zool . verh . leiden 343 : 3 - 268 , pl . 1 - 16\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthis page was last edited on 27 may 2018 , at 07 : 29 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhow would you like a stronger immune system or better sleep ? action between the sheets can help you get all of this and more .\nred , itchy , and scaly skin ? discover common skin conditions like psoriasis , rashes , and more in the collection of medical photos .\nlose weight without dieting ! live better and be healthier with these quick nutritional tips from the experts .\n) , and neuralgia ( nerve pain ) . derived from the greek algos meaning pain .\n\u00a91996 - 2018 medicinenet , inc . all rights reserved . terms of use .\nmedicinenet does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\nthe american heritage\u00ae stedman ' s medical dictionary copyright \u00a9 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin company . published by houghton mifflin company .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nwebster\u2019s new world college dictionary , 4th edition . copyright \u00a9 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt . all rights reserved .\nbrackets ( also called parentheses ) are used to enclose a word or words which can be left out and still leave a meaningful sentence . the wooded area ( see map below ) is approximately 4 , 000 hectares . . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\none that seems not to fit here is nostalgia , a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past ; this first entered the language meaning homesickness ( greek nostos , return home ) , hence having a sense close to \u2018pain of separation\u2019 .\na few terms have linked adjectives in - algic , for example arthralgic , myalgic , neuralgic , and nostalgic .\ncopyright \u00a9 michael quinion 2008\u2013 . all rights reserved . page last updated 23 september 2008 . your comments and suggestions on the site are very welcome .\n\u00a92018 webmd , inc . all rights reserved . emedicinehealth does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .\nthose oversized vrykul are not the first thing you want to run into in northrend . try the undead of borean tundra instead .\nequip : gain 10 % increased movement speed and 2 % haste . successfully applying a loss of control effect to an enemy , interrupting an enemy , or dispelling any target increases this effect to 70 % increased movement speed and 25 % haste for 10 sec . this increase may occur once every 30 sec .\nintangibility is a curious concept . the word suggests some magical ability , but in the physical world , it simply means the power to be here or there , now or later .\nequip : your damaging abilities have a chance to create a ravaging storm at your target ' s location , inflicting 88 nature damage split among all enemies within 6 yds over 6 sec . golganneth ' s thunderous wrath when empowered by the pantheon , your autoattacks cause an explosion of lightning dealing 12 nature damage to all enemies within 8 yds of the target . lasts 15 sec .\nequip : your melee attacks have a chance to grant an echo of gorshalach . on reaching 15 applications , you lash out with a devastating combination of attacks , critically striking enemies in a 15 yd cone in front of you for 177 fire damage .\nequip : grants the fury of the illidari ability , which repeatedly slashes all nearby enemies with your warglaives .\nmake examples of those foolish enough to oppose you , and the rest of their kind will grovel at your feet .\ncharge to your target and deal 207 , 869 fire damage . demon ' s bite has a chance to reset the cooldown of felblade . generates 30 fury .\nyour auto attacks have a 60 % chance to deal additional shadow damage and generate fury .\nthrow glaive causes targets to bleed for 150 % of the damage inflicted over 10 sec . if this effect is reapplied , any remaining damage will be added to the new bloodlet .\nslip into the nether , increasing movement speed by 100 % and becoming immune to damage , but unable to attack . lasts 5 sec .\nfel rush and vengeful retreat increase your damage done by 20 % for 4 sec .\nthrow glaive now has 2 charges , and snares all enemies hit by 50 % for 6 sec .\nat your command , unleash fel , inflicting 1 . 6 million chaos damage to your target and nearby enemies over 2 sec . your damaging abilities have a chance to reduce the cooldown of fel barrage by 5 sec .\ninfernal strike ' s range is increased by 10 yards , and its cooldown is reduced by 8 sec .\nimmolation aura ' s initial burst has a chance to shatter lesser soul fragments from enemies .\nbrutally slam your target for 474 , 543 physical damage , and shatter two lesser soul fragments from them .\nplace a sigil of chains at the target location that activates after 2 sec . all enemies affected by the sigil are pulled to its center and are snared , reducing movement speed by 70 % for 6 sec .\nconsume all soul fragments within 25 yds and then explode , afflicting nearby enemies with frailty for 20 sec and damaging them for 106 , 219 fire per fragment . you heal for 20 % of all damage you deal to enemies with frailty .\nsustaining fatal damage instead transforms you to metamorphosis form , and returns you to 30 % health . this effect may only occur every 8 min .\nthis species was until recently known from myanmar ( karen hills southward ) , indo - china ( thailand , laos , vietnam ) , se asia , and andaman islands . recently there have been several records from ne india , extending the range of the species northwestward by approximately 1 , 000 km , over several mountain ranges . the records are :\n1 . a male from kaliabor , nagaon district , assam , 13 april 2011 , by prarthana mudai ( urltoken ) .\n2 . a female and another unsexed individual from malidor river , sonapyrdi , east jaintia hills district , meghalaya , 25 nov . 2011 , by rajkamal goswami ( boi media code an947 ) .\n3 . a male and another unsexed individual from same location as an947 , on 10 nov . 2012 , by rajkamal goswami ( boi media codes an945 and an946 ) .\nfelder & felder , 1860 \u2013 branded yeoman . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : cirrochroa satyrina felder & felder , 1867 . reise \u00f6st . fregatte novara ( 9 ) , 2 ( 2 ) : 389 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species designation : by subsequent designation by hemming , 1964 . annot . lep . : 124 .\nit is wrong to treat paduca moore ( see also : list [ hemming , 1967 ] : 330 ) as not in current use . with ducapa the name has long been well known , and was mentioned in seitz ( grschm . erde 9 : 484 , by fruhstorfer , 1912 ) , and paduca was confirmed as fully valid by corbet in 1956 ( butt . malay penin . : 198 , 446 , 477 note 15 ) , in his classic which is widely consulted now in the territory of paduca .\nthese two generic names remain both valid , their synonymy being purely subjective . the type - species , a . satyrina felder & felder , 1867 and p . fasciata folder & felder , 1860 are remarkably different in appearance and there is even some structural difference between them . although they must represent the same original parent species their divergence is considerable and presents an interesting situation . it is felt that until more is known of their early stages , habits and other properties , there is no harm in leaving the nomenclature as it stands . in any case it is not possible to act under article 23b at present , as that article is still in abeyance , having been inoperative since 1966 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 81923c7e - 531a - 499c - baea - 42bd6e2f8d26\n. creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\ncouncil of scientific and industrial research ( csir ) and rufford small grant ( rsg ) .\nwe thank the council of scientific and industrial research ( csir ) for supporting the fellowship of the first author , rufford small grants for financially supporting the study and dr . krushnamegh kunte for identifying the species from the first images and prashanth m . b . for preparing the map . we also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript .\n( felder & felder , 1860 ) has been known to occur from myanmar ( south of karen hills ) , thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan , malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , nias , java , philippines and the andaman islands with different geographical races or subspecies ( inayoshi 2012 ) . from both myanmar and the andamans , it was reported as \u2018not rare\u2019 by evans ( 1932 ) whereas corbet et al . ( 1992 ) reported the species to be very common in the malay peninsula . the other two species of the genus\nfrom jaintia hills of meghalaya and the adjacent barail hills of assam ( see fig . 1 ) , based on several individuals recorded consistently over a period of three years between november 2011 and july 2014 . this is the only species of the genus\na detailed description of the species was provided by evans ( 1932 ) . the female of\nare with a dull ochreous brand on either side of veins 5 and 6 . upperside is dark brown with a pale yellow discal band on the fore and hind wing and two outer rows of conjoined yellow spots ; the discal band on upper fore wing ends at vein 4 and there is a yellow spot that spreads across veins 5 and 6 . the wingspan of the species is 40\u201350 mm ( pinratana 2006 ) . the larvae which feeds on\nthe first known record of this species from the indian mainland was reported through an image posted for identification on facebook ( on 10 september 2011 ) . the image was shot at kaliabor , situated in the nagaon district of assam on 13 april 2011 ( fig . 1 ) and has been reported in the local print media (\nmonsoon jyoti gogoi ( mjg ) might have sighted the species in numaligarh reserve situated in the golaghat district of assam circa february 2008 , but the record remains unconfirmed in the absence of a photographic record . apart from the above sightings , the species has not been reported from the above two sites or any nearby locations till date .\non 24 november 2011 and three individuals from malidor on 25 november 2011 . rg and seena n . karimbumkara ( snk ) further recorded two individuals in sonapyrdi on 8 november 2012 and seven individuals on the same date in malidor ( image 1 a , c , d , e ) . subsequently , from barail hills , mjg reported\nthrough two individuals recorded in december 2012 . mjg has also recorded several individuals of this species from three different locations at barail wildlife sanctuary in 2013 and 2014 , both during the month of december ( image 1 b , f ) .\nfrom jaintia hills , all the records of this species have been reported from approximately 50\u2013300 m elevation . however , the elevation range of this species was much higher in barail hills , with records at 950m .\nboth rg and mjg have been involved in multi - seasonal monitoring of the species in jaintia hills and barail hills and both these sites have been intensively monitored between 2011\u20132013 . it has been observed that the flight period of\nis between july and december in the jaintia and barail hills . we are yet to record the species during the month of march - april , as was recorded by mudai in 2011 .\nbetween july and december might mean that the butterfly is not breeding in the area and that the sighted individuals are vagrants from neighbouring myanmar . alternatively , their restricted appearance in assam and meghalaya might also be an indicator of the population\u2019s univoltine characteristic . according to our sightings , the species is locally common in the narpuh area of east jaintia hills , meghalaya and barail wildlife sanctuary , cachar , assam .\nfrom india , apart from the sites mentioned in assam and meghalaya , the species has also been reported from the buxa tiger reserve ( btr ) , situated in the duar region , northern part of west bengal ( s . nandi pers . comm . 2012 ) . since then , however , the species has not been reported from btr , where both amateurs and researchers are engaged in\nbaan lae suan - amarin printing and publishing , bangkok , 388 + 40pls .\ncopyright ( c ) 2015 rajkamal goswami , monsoon jyoti gogoi , seena n . karimbumkara\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nspecies cirrochroa orissa c . felder & r . felder , 1860 - malay yeoman"]}
{"id": 2342, "summary": [{"text": "the franklin mountain woodland snail ( ashmunella pasonis ) is a species of land snail in the family polygyridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to new mexico and texas in the united states . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "franklin mountain woodland snail", "paragraphs": ["bonham , k . and taylor , r . j . ( 1997 ) distribution and habitat of the land snail\nlindenmayer , d . b . and franklin , j . f . ( 1996 )\nlearn more about woodland caribou and share that knowledge . a little knowledge can go a long way to create understanding and appreciation for woodland caribou .\nsolem , a . and mckenzie , n . l . ( 1991 ) the composition of land snail assemblages in kimberley rainforests . in\nfranklin , j . f . ( 1993 ) preserving biodiversity : species , ecosystems or landscapes .\nin general , species of woodland snails are sensitive to long periods of dessication .\nin the mountain national parks , five key threats to caribou populations have been identified .\nwoodland caribou have a good sense of smell , useful for finding lichen under the snow .\non - going research is creating greater understanding of the complex relationships at play in mountain ecosystems .\ntalus slopes , usually of limestone , but also of rhyolite , sandstone and siltstone , in arid mountain ranges .\nlindenmayer , d . b . and franklin , j . f . ( 1999 ) managing unreserved forest for biodiversity conservation : the importance of matrix . in\nwhy protect woodland caribou ? woodland caribou are just one strand in an ecosystem\u2019s complex fabric of relationships . if this strand disappears , how many others will follow ? woodland caribou are symbols of the need for balance in a country defined by both its untouched wilderness and its natural resource extraction . what will our canada look like in the future and will there still be a place for caribou ?\ndocumented from two isolated mountain ranges in southwest texas and south - central new mexico . the southern population is in the franklin mountains , elpaso county , texas and dona ana county , new mexico . the northern population is in the san andres mountains , sierra and dona ana counties , new mexico .\nenvironment canada is leading the development of a sara compliant recovery strategy , to guide recovery of the southern mountain population of woodland caribou in canada . parks canada is participating in the development of this strategy . the recovery strategy will be developed in cooperation and consultation with partners and stakeholders , and will be followed by one or more action plans for the population . parks canada is also legally responsible for the protection and management of southern mountain populations of woodland caribou on national park lands in canada , under the canada national parks act .\nneumann , f . g . ( 1991 ) responses of litter arthropods to major natural or artificial ecological disturbances in mountain ash forest .\neducation and awareness are key to fostering concern and action in caribou recovery . parks canada continues to provide meaningful opportunities for people to learn about woodland caribou . parks canada website content aims to keep the public informed on current issues and actions in terms of species at risk like the woodland caribou . within the four mountain national parks , educational materials are available from general information handouts to interpretive panels in key areas of the parks . parks canada and other educational partners provide opportunities for students to learn about woodland caribou through both hands - on in class presentations and remote learning experiences .\nwoodland caribou found in jasper , banff , mount revelstoke , and glacier national parks belong to the southern mountain population , distinct from most other woodland caribou in their use of mountain habitat . they do not migrate like many other caribou but rather move elevationally in response to seasonal changes . even within the southern mountain population , this elevational migration differs regionally in response to very different climates . mount revelstoke and glacier national parks are in the columbia mountain range , characterized by heavy snowfall in winter . caribou in this region have adapted to take advantage of the deep snow , using this added height to reach lichen growing in the trees . jasper and banff national parks in the rocky mountains are in a much drier climate and rarely get the snow depths seen in revelstoke and glacier . caribou in these areas have adapted to searching out terrestrial lichens under the snow , and will descend in elevation as snow levels accumulate .\nmetcalf a . l . and w . e . johnson . 1971 . gastropods of the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas . the sw naturalist 16 ( 1 ) : 85 - 109 .\nwoodland / shrubland map units were defined as those ecological systems and land uses containing a majority of short , scrubby , woody vegetation or sparsely canopied treed vegetation .\nwoodland caribou found in jasper , banff , mount revelstoke , and glacier national parks belong to the southern mountain population listed as threatened under canada\u2019s species at risk act ( sara ) . within the southern mountain population at least one herd has been extirpated ( no longer exists in that area ) and several other herds are at risk of disappearing . the status of these caribou herds varies throughout the different regions and each herd faces distinct challenges on the road to successful recovery .\ncaribou conservation actions will vary between the four mountain national parks of jasper , banff , mount revelstoke and glacier , recognizing the unique circumstances in each park .\n( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) documented from two isolated mountain ranges in southwest texas and south - central new mexico . the southern population is in the franklin mountains , elpaso county , texas and dona ana county , new mexico . the northern population is in the san andres mountains , sierra and dona ana counties , new mexico .\n( mountain ash ) forest in the central highlands , victoria , vsp technical report no . 17 , silvicultural systems project , department of conservation and natural resources , melbourne .\nkoch , l . e . and majer , j . d . ( 1980 ) a phenological investigation of various invertebrates in forest and woodland areas in the southwest of western australia .\noutside the mountain national parks , habitat loss is a major threat to woodland caribou . within the parks , there is the potential for habitat loss due to fires . while fire plays an important role in ecosystem health , biologists are working with parks canada fire and vegetation specialists to minimize potential impacts to caribou habitat . changes to human use of caribou habitat in the mountain national parks could also affect use of these areas by caribou . a secondary effect of habitat loss is changes in the predator / prey dynamic , as described above .\nparks canada is committed to protecting woodland caribou and their habitat , and to contributing to their recovery . the conservation strategy for woodland caribou , southern mountain population , on parks canada lands has been created to guide caribou conservation measures in the mountain national parks . many actions have been implemented to reduce threats to caribou populations including seasonal closures of important caribou wintering habitat such as the cavell road closure in jasper national park and the mount klotz area closure in mount revelstoke national park ; strategic elk management plans to restore the predator - prey balance in jasper and banff national parks ; and establishing caribou crossing zones to reduce vehicle speeds on the icefields parkway in jasper . these and other actions are being monitored to gauge their effectiveness .\nongoing scientific research and monitoring of caribou , wolf , and elk populations is creating greater understanding of the complex relationships within mountain ecosystems . this knowledge helps guide sound management decisions and the implementation of effective recovery measures .\nlindenmayer , d . b . , incoll , r . d . , cunningham , r . b . and donnelly , c . f . ( 1999 ) attributes of logs on the floor of australian mountain ash (\nwoodland caribou are a subspecies of caribou found in the boreal forests and mountain regions of canada from newfoundland to british columbia . they are a medium sized member of the deer family , rich brown in colour with white necks . unlike the great herds of barren - ground caribou to the north , woodland caribou are usually found in groups of only up to ten to twenty - five animals . during the fall rut season , one male will try to gather a larger group of females together while keeping other males away . female caribou are usually three years old before they have their first calf and only have one calf per year . calves are born in late may or early june .\nthe genetic relationships of the species of ashmunella from the franklin mountains , el paso county , texas northward through the san andres mountains , sierra county , new mexico needs to be studied to understand the relatedness and distinctness of the species . basic information on the ecology of the species is also needed .\nthe protection needs of the southernmost subspecies should be determined by assessing the threat of quarrying and urban development in that mountain range . the national wildlife refuge and u . s . army installation should develop protection plans for talus slope snails as a group .\nwoodland caribou are an indicator of the health of our forests . if these forests can no longer support a species that has been here for thousands of years , it is a likely indication that other forest species are also in trouble . a rich diversity of species is reflective of a healthy and functioning ecosystem .\nquarrying and possibly urban development are threats to one of the subspecies on the single mountain where it occurs . the greatest threat to the species may be climate warming . while range contraction due to climate warming since the pleistocene has not been documented for this species , it has been documented for many other species in the genus , a genus restricted to the arid southwest .\nharmon , m . e . , franklin , j . f . , swanson , f . j . , sollins , p . , gregory , s . v . , lattin , j . d . , anderson , n . h . , cline , s . p . , aumen , n . g . , sedell , j . r . , lienkaemper , g . w . , cromack , k . jr . and cummins , k . w . ( 1986 ) ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems .\nforest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands \u2013 the forest / open only ecotone does not consider environments with sparse canopies or scrubby vegetation , therefore this data layer includes woodland and shrubland map units that would otherwise be ignored . this dataset uses 2 data layers in tandem . the forest / open ecotone and the woodlands / shrublands ( i . e . , wlsl ) are calculated individually and then combined to depict a landscape that includes both ecotones .\nforest and ecotone habitats the ecotone ( i . e . , edge ) between forested and non - forested environments can be a critical aspect of habitat . we grouped map units into forested , non - forested , and shrubland / woodland land cover types to create unique data layers . these data layers can then be buffered at specified distances to identify species habitats . aggregated map units can be compared and contrasted to identify areas of transition between these broad categories . they can also be used to identify core areas or contiguous blocks of similar type ( i . e . , interior ) through buffering .\noutside of the national parks , the primary cause of decline in woodland caribou populations is likely habitat loss . mining , logging , oil and gas exploration and even excessive motorized recreation have all contributed to a fragmented and altered landscape often leading to increased populations of deer , moose , elk , and their predators . caribou require large areas of land with low densities of predators ; it is part of their anti - predator strategy : live in places where others don\u2019t . they also require stands of old growth forest that support the growth of lichen and offer them protection from predators . as caribou numbers decline , increased predation and even natural events such as an avalanche can have devastating effects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nranking factors were given equal weight . the relatively narrow range of the species could justify a range - rank of g2g3 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\n24 documented occurrences ( metcalf and johnson , 1971 ; metcalf and smartt , 1997 ) .\nbased on number of shells of recently dead individuals at sites , it is estimated to be relatively common where it occurs .\nspecies in the genus are restricted to mountains in the arid southwest . for many species , including this one , a broader distribution of fossil shells than live individuals indicates range contraction .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nmetcalf , a . l . 1984 . distribution of land snails of the san andreas and organ mountains , southern new mexico . the southwestern naturalist 29 ( 1 ) : 35 - 44 .\nmetcalf , a . l . and r . a . smartt . 1997 . land snails of new mexico . bulletin of the new mexico museum of natural history and science , 10 : 1 - 145 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthe caribou design is featured on the 25 cent circulation coin from the royal canadian mint . it was created by canadian artist emmanuel hahn and was first used in 1937 \u00a9 royal canadian mint\nlichens are a caribou ' s primary food source in winter . in the summer , grasses , broad - leaved plants and herbs are added to the menu .\nwhen caribou run . . . they click ! the sound comes from tendons slipping over bones in their feet . a trotting herd of caribou sounds like a horde of tourists with cameras .\nthe current distribution of boreal caribou is shown in green . the estimated southern extent of historical caribou distribution is indicated by the dashed line .\nyoung calf in jasper national park . females usually give birth to a single calf in late may or early june .\nit is unlikely that any caribou remain after a large avalanche in 2009 killed the last five individuals remaining in that herd .\ntwo caribou herds have ranges that extend into parts of mount revelstoke and glacier national parks ; the columbia south herd and the duncan herd . there are approximately 6 caribou left in each herd . population monitoring and protection is carried out in cooperation with the bc ministry of forests and bc ministry of environment .\nherd , estimated at less than 100 caribou , spends most of its time outside of the national park . in recent years surveys suggest the a la peche population has been declining . three additional herds of caribou are found in the southern part of jasper national park , spending most , if not all their time within the national park . the three herds use distinct regions of the park and rarely interact . in total , their numbers are estimated at approximately 55 animals and have been declining . the largest herd in south jasper is the tonquin herd located in the tonquin valley . the other two herds , maligne and brazeau , both have less than 10 animals .\nwhen so few caribou remain , any number killed by vehicles is too many .\nthe key survival strategy of caribou is to live in areas that have few predators , especially wolves . caribou\u2019s unique adaptations allow them to live in habitat that is unsuitable for other prey such as elk and deer , and therefore less attractive to predators . the deer and elk populations in the surrounding areas do however still affect the size of the predator populations , and as a result can increase the risk of predation on caribou . in jasper and banff national .\ncaribou are naturally adapted to travel in deep snow giving them an advantage over wolves and other predators in winter . by staying in areas of deep snow caribou can effectively avoid predation as most predators cannot travel through snow as easily .\nas has been shown in many other species , very small populations are more likely to decline than to increase . even if recovery actions reduce the previous threats , some populations are likely too small to be sustained without the addition of more caribou . the loss of any animal from such small herds can be devastating and random events such as a large avalanche could wipe them out entirely .\nbanff national park , conservation will require the re - introduction of caribou . research in the park indicates that the translocation of caribou could be used to successfully establish a new herd . caribou habitat remains intact and plentiful within the historic range , and does not face the pressure of high human use or development .\nthe most significant cause of decline leading to the extirpation of caribou in banff national park is likely the increased numbers of predators in response to an inflated elk population . monitoring of elk and wolf populations shows both these populations have declined , suggesting that conditions are favourable to support the persistence of introduced caribou .\nwhile conditions may be favourable , finding a sufficient number of caribou is the challenge . a wild source herd that is stable enough to support the translocation of animals for this and / or other recovery initiatives has not been found . the alternative is to breed caribou in captivity and release yearlings and / or family groups to the wild . banff national park biologists have taken the lead on exploring this option in partnership with other parks canada scientists , universities , and experts in the field . it has been determined that captive rearing would be a feasible option and suitable facilities have been investigated . if implemented , the translocation of these caribou to the wild would be combined with the management of elk populations and on - going monitoring of wolf pack movements to increase the probability of success in bringing caribou back to the wilderness of banff national park .\nin jasper national park , caribou conservation actions will aim to reduce the 5 key threats and stem population declines in the southern herd . these recovery actions will require the support of other parks canada experts in areas like elk and fire management , and of recreationists and other park users when recovery actions may affect recreational opportunities . within the southern jasper population , two herds of caribou are already low in numbers , isolated and declining . to become self - sustaining , these herds will require augmentation with additional caribou . jasper national park biologists have also been very involved in the captive rearing research , and feasibility assessments that have been carried out in banff . similar to banff , if implemented , herd augmentations would be combined with the management of elk populations and on - going monitoring of wolf pack movements . conservation actions for the northern a la peche herd will require cooperative management with the alberta provincial government and commercial operators in the area .\nbecause very few of the columbia south herd make use of parks canada lands , conservation actions will be largely guided by provincial and commercial partnerships and / or initiatives . within mount revelstoke and glacier national parks actions will focus on protecting important habitat , minimizing direct disturbance of caribou , monitoring and research , and careful fire management . partnerships with the province of british columbia will also be explored .\nif you visit jasper , banff , mount revelstoke , or glacier national parks , stop by the visitor centre to find out how and where you can learn more about caribou in these parks .\ntravel responsibly in caribou habitat . if you see caribou , keep your distance to lessen your impact on the animals and avoid displacing them .\nleave your dog at home when venturing into caribou habitat . any dog , regardless of whether or not it looks like a wolf , can cause unnecessary stress for caribou .\nbe part of the scientific monitoring \u2013 report your sightings to the visitor centre ! where , how many , did you notice calves , and do you have photos ? avoid important caribou habitat in winter - there are many other beautiful places to explore . ask at the local visitor centre .\nbe a good steward of your land and support the efforts of organisations that help protect the environment . try to reduce your ecological footprint .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\nabbott , i . ( 1974 ) numbers of plant , insect and land bird species on nineteen remote islands in the southern hemisphere .\nabbott , i . , wills , a . and burbidge , t . ( 1999 ) the impact of canopy development on arthropod faunas in recently established\nabensperg - traun , m . , arnold , g . , steven , d . , smith , g . , atkins , l . , viveen , j . and gutter , m . ( 1997 ) biodiversity indicators in contrasting vegetation types , a case study from western australia .\nandersen , a . n . ( 1990 ) the use of ant communities to evaluate change in australian terrestrial ecosystems , a review and a recipe .\nandersen , a . n . ( 1997 ) ants as indicators of ecosystem restoration following mining , a functional group approach . in\n( p . hale and d . lamb , eds ) , pp . 319 - 25 . brisbane : centre for conservation biology , the university of queensland .\nandersen , a . n . ( 1999 ) my bioindicator or yours ? making the selection .\nandrew , n . , rodgerson , l . and york , a . ( 2000 ) frequent fuel reduction burning : the role of logs and associated leaf litter in the conservation of ant biodiversity .\naplet , g . h . , johnson , n . , olson , j . t . and sample , v . a . ( 1993 )\nausmus , b . s . ( 1977 ) regulation of wood decomposition rates by arthropod and annelid populations .\nbeaudry , s . , duchesne , l . c . and cote , b . ( 1997 ) short - term effects of three forestry practices on carabid assemblages in a jack pine forest .\nbird , g . a . and chatarpaul , l . ( 1986 ) effect of whole - tree and conventional forest harvest on soil microarthropods .\nbrown , g . w . and nelson , j . l . ( 1992 ) habitat utilisation by heliothermic reptiles of different successional stages of\nbunnell , f . l . and kremaster , l . l . ( 1990 ) sustaininmg wildlife in managed forests .\nbutterfield , j . ( 1997 ) carabid community succession during the forestry cycle in conifer plantations .\ncancela da fonseca , j . p . ( 1990 ) forest management , impact on soil microarthropods and soil microorganisms .\nchurchill , t . b . ( 1997 ) spiders as ecological indicators , an overview for australia .\ncline , s . p . , berg , a . b . and wight , h . m . ( 1980 ) snag characteristics and dynamics in douglas - fir forests , western oregon .\ncoops , n . c . , culvenor , d . and catling , p . c . ( 1998 ) predicting habitat and structural attributes in eucalypt forests using high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery .\ncoyle , f . a . ( 1981 ) effects of clearcutting on the spider community of a southern appalachian forest .\ncranston , p . s . and trueman , j . w . h . ( 1997 ) \u2018indicator\u2019 taxa in invertebrate biodiversity assessment .\ncurry , s . j . , humphreys , w . f . , koch , l . e . and main , b . y . ( 1985 ) changes in arachnid communities resulting from forestry practices in karri forest , south - west western australia .\nedmonds , r . l . and marra , j . l . ( 1999 ) decomposition of woody material , nutrient dynamics , invertebrate / fungi relationships and management in northwest forests . in\n( r . t . meurisse , w . g . ypsilantis and c . seybold , eds ) , pp . 68 - 79 . portland : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service pacific northwest research station .\n( k . elberg , m . martin and a . pekkarinen , eds ) , pp . 55 - 61 . tartu : eesti loodusfoto .\nesseen , p . a . , ehnstrom , b . , ericson , l . and sjoberg , k . ( 1992 ) boreal forests - the focal habitats of fennoscandia . in\n( l . hansson , ed ) , pp . 252 - 325 . london : elsevier applied science .\nfriend , g . ( 1994 ) fire ecology of invertebrates - implications for nature conservation , fire management and future research . in\n( biodiversity unit , ed . ) , pp . 155 - 62 . canberra : biodiversity unit , department of the environment sport and territories .\ngibbons , p . and lindenmayer , d . ( 1996 ) issues associated with the retention of hollow - bearing trees within eucalypt forests managed for wood production .\n, environmental heritage monograph series no . 3 . sydney : nsw national parks and wildlife service .\ngreenberg , c . h . and mcgrane , a . ( 1996 ) a comparison of relative abundance and biomass of ground - dwelling arthropods under different forest management practices .\ngreenslade , p . and greenslade , p . j . m . ( 1987 ) ecological strategies in collembola , a new approach to the use of terrestrial invertebrates in environmental assessment . in\ngutowski , j . m . ( 1986 ) species composition and structure of the communities of longhorn beetles ( col . , cerambycidae ) in virgin and managed stands of tilio - carpinetum stachyetosum association in the bialowieza forest ( ne poland ) .\nhansen , a . j . , garman , s . l . , marks , b . and urban , d . l . ( 1993 ) an approach for managing vertebrate diversity across multiple - use landscapes .\nhazell , p . and gustafsson , l . ( 1999 ) retention of trees at final harvest - evaluation of a conservation technique using epiphytic bryophyte and lichen transplants .\nheliovaara , k . and vaisanen , r . ( 1984 ) effects of modern forestry on northwestern european forest invertebrates , a synthesis .\nhill , j . k . , hamer , k . c . , lace , l . a . and banham , w . m . t . ( 1995 ) effects of selective logging on tropical forest butterflies on buru , indonesia .\nintachat , j . , holloway , j . d . and speight , m . r . ( 1997 ) the effects of different forest management practices on geometroid moth populations and their diversity in peninsular malaysia .\nkaila , l . , martikainen , p . and punttila , p . ( 1997 ) dead trees left in clear - cuts benefit saproxylic coleoptera adapted to natural disturbances in boreal forest .\nkitching , r . l . and callaghan , c . ( 1982 ) the fauna of water - filled treeholes in box forest in south - east queensland .\nkleinevoss , k . , topp , w . and bohac , j . ( 1996 ) dead wood , an essential habitat for xylobiont insects in a commercial forest .\nlambeck , r . j . ( 1997 ) focal species : a multi - species umbrella for nature conservation .\nlandres , p . b . , verner , j . and thomas , j . w . ( 1988 ) ecological uses of vertebrate indicator species : a critique .\nlarkin , p . a . and elbourn , c . a . ( 1964 ) some observations on the fauna of dead wood in live oak trees .\nlattin , j . d . ( 1993 ) arthropod diversity and conservation in oldgrowth northwest forests .\nlawrence , j . f . and britton , e . b . ( 1994 )\nlawton , j . h . , bignell , d . e . , bolton , b . , bloemers , g . f . , eggleton , p . , hammond , p . m . , hodda , m . , holt , r . d . , larsen , t . b . , mawdsley , n . a . and stork , n . e . ( 1998 ) biodiversity inventories , indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest .\nleonard , b . v . ( 1974 ) the effects of burning on litter fauna in eucalypt forests . in\n, australian centre for resource and environmental studies , working paper 1996 / 1 , australian national university , canberra .\n( j . craig , n . mitchell and d . a . saunders , eds ) , pp . 13 - 25 . sydney : surrey beatty and sons .\nlindenmayer , d . and norton , t . w . ( 1993 ) the conservation of leadbeater ' s possum in southeastern australia and the northern spotted owl in the pacific north - west of the u . s . a . ; management issues , strategies and lessons .\nlindenmayer , d . b . , norton , t . w . and tanton , m . t . ( 1990 ) differences between wildfire and clearfelling on the structure of montane ash forests of victoria and their implication for fauna dependent on tree hollows .\nlindenmayer , d . b . , cunningham , r . b . , lesslie , r . and donnelly , c . f . ( in press ) on the use of landscape surrogates as ecological indicators in fragmented forests .\nmccomb , w . and lindenmayer , d . ( 1999 ) dying , dead and down trees . in\n( m . l . hunter , ed . ) , pp . 335 - 72 . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nmccomb , w . c . and noble , r . e . ( 1982 ) invertebrate use of natural tree cavities and vertebrate nest boxes .\nmcgeoch , m . a . ( 1998 ) the selection , testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators .\nmciver , j . d . , moldenke , a . r . and parsons , g . l . ( 1990 ) litter spiders as bio - indicators of recovery after clearcutting in a western coniferous forest .\nmichaels , k . f . and mcquillan , p . b . ( 1995 ) impact of commercial forest management on geophilous carabid beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in tall , wet\nniemela , j . , haila , y . , halme , e . , lahti , t . , pajunen , t . and punttila , p . ( 1988 ) the distribution of carabid beetles in fragments of old coniferous taiga and adjacent managed forest .\nniemela , j . , langor , d . and spence , j . r . ( 1993a ) effects of clearcut harvesting on boreal ground - beetle assemblages ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in western canada .\nniemela , j . , spence , j . r . , langor , d . , haila , y . and tukia , h . ( 1993b ) logging and boreal ground - beetle assemblages on two continents , implications for conservation . in\n( k . j . gaston , t . r . new and m . j . samways , eds ) , pp . 29 - 50 . hampshire : intercept ltd .\nniemi , g . j . , hanowski , j . m . , lima , a . r . , nicholls , t . and weiland , n . ( 1997 ) a critical analysis on the use of indicator species in management .\nnilsson , s . g . and baranowski , r . ( 1997 ) habitat predictability and the occurrence of wood beetles in old - growth beech forests .\nnoss , r . f . ( 1990 ) indicators for monitoring biodiversity : a hierarchial approach .\n( g . h . aplet , n . johnson , j . t . olson and v . a . sample , eds ) , pp . 17 - 43 . washington , dc : island press .\nnoss , r . f . ( 1999 ) assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity : a suggested framework and indicators .\n\u00f8kland , b . ( 1996 ) unlogged forests , important sites for preserving the diversity of mycetophilids ( diptera , sciaroidea ) .\n\u00f8kland , b . , bakke , a . , hagvar , s . and kvamme , t . ( 1996 ) what factors influence the diversity of saproxylic beetles ? amultiscaled study from a spruce forest in southern norway .\npajunen , t . , haila , y . , halme , e . , niemela , j . and punttila , p . ( 1995 ) ground - dwelling spiders ( arachnida , araneae ) in fragmented old forests and surrounding managed forests in southern finland .\npaquin , p . and coderre , d . ( 1997 ) changes in soil macroarthropod communities in relation to forest maturation through three successional stages in the canadian boreal forest .\npettersson , r . b . , ball , j . p . , renhorn , k . - e . , esseen , p - e . and sjoberg , k . ( 1995 ) invertebrate communities in boreal forest canopies as influenced by forestry and lichens with implications for passerine birds .\nponder , w . f . , colgan , d . j . , clark , g . a . , miller , a . c . and terzis , t . ( 1994 ) microgeographic , genetic and morphical differentiation of freshwater snails - the hydrobiidae of wilsons promontory , victoria , south - eastern australia .\npunttila , p . , haila , y . , niemela , j . and pajunen , t . ( 1994 ) ant communities in fragments of old - growth taiga and managed surroundings .\npunttila , p . , haila , y . and tukia , h . ( 1996 ) ant communities in taiga clearcuts : habitat effects and species interactions .\nreid , c . m . , foggo , a . and speight , m . ( 1996 ) dead wood in the caledonian pine forest .\nsamuelsson , j . , gustafsson , l . and ingelog , t . ( 1994 )\nschowalter , t . d . ( 1989 ) canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old - growth and regenerating forests in western oregon .\nschowalter , t . d . ( 1995 ) canopy arthropod communities in relation to forest age and alternative harvest practices in western oregon .\nseastedt , t . r . ( 1984 ) the role of microarthropods in decomposition and mineralisation processes .\nseastedt , t . r . and crossley , d . a . jr . ( 1981 ) microarthropod response following cable logging and clear - cutting in the southern appalachians .\nseppa , p . , sundstrom , l . and puntilla , p . ( 1995 ) facultative polygyny and habitat succession in boreal ants .\nsetala , h . , marshall , v . g . and trofymow , j . a . ( 1995 ) influence of micro - and macro - habitat factors on collembolan communities in douglas - fir stumps during forest succession .\nsimandl , j . ( 1993 ) canopy arthropods on scots pine , influence of season and stand age on community structure and the position of sawflies ( diprionidae ) in the community .\n( n . l . mckenzie , r . b . johnston , p . g . kendrick , eds ) , pp . 247 - 63 . chipping norton : surrey beatty and sons .\nspence , j . r . , langor , d . w . , niemela , j . , carcamo , h . a . and currie , c . r . ( 1996 ) northern forestry and carabids , the case for concern about old - growth species .\nstrayer , d . , pletscher , d . h . , hamburg , s . p . and nodvin , s . c . ( 1986 ) the effects of forest disturbance on land gastropod communities in northern new england .\ntaylor , r . j . , michaels , k . and bashford , d . ( 2001 ) occurrence of carabid beetles in retained unlogged strips in production forests in southern tasmania . in\n( n . mitchell and d . a . saunders , eds ) , pp . 120 - 7 . chipping norton : surrey beatty and sons .\ntriska , f . j . and cromack , k . jr . ( 1980 ) the role of wood debris in forests and streams . in\nvaisanen , r . , bistrom , o . and heliovaara , k . ( 1993 ) sub - cortical coleoptera in dead pines and spruces , is primeval species composition maintained in managed forests ?\nyen , a . l . ( 1987 ) a preliminary assessment of the correlation between plant , vertebrate and coleoptera communities in the victorian mallee . in\n( j . d . majer , ed . ) , pp . 73 - 88 . perth : department of conservation and land management .\nyen , a . l . and butcher , r . j . ( 1997 )\nyork , a . ( 1999 ) ecologically sustainable management : the utility of habitat surrogates for assessing terrestrial invertebrate diversity in temperate forests . in\n( w . ponder and d . lunney , eds ) , pp . 34 - 9 . mosman : royal zoological society of new south wales .\ntaylor , r . j . & doran , n . journal of insect conservation ( 2001 ) 5 : 221 . urltoken\nplease note that we are currently undergoing a data review process and not all species data will be available for download and viewing from this web page . please watch this web page for future updates on the status of data availability .\ndownload ancillary data > > ( land cover , forest edge , human impact , etc . )\ndownload additional data > > ( slope , aspect , canopy cover , etc . )\nnote : you must first choose a species , then click distribution or range buttons to begin download of zip file containing selected data .\nto spatially view the range data in gis , you will need to download the hydrologic units file geodatabase and join with the species range table . see the instructions for joining hucs to species range tables for details .\nbelow is a list of the ancillary data available for download . see the info section below for more information on each ancillary dataset . ancillary data is delivered as zipped arcgis grids .\npart 1 : landcover , elevation , human impact avoidance , forest edge and forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands click here to download . file size : 5 gb .\nnote : data are divided up by species modeling regions and you will need 7zip to decompress the files .\nthe lower 48 states of the u . s . were divided into six regions for modeling purposes . each of the ancillary data layers are split into these six regions and models were run within a region and regional model output were compiled to create a complete distribution model across a species range . the regions are based on grouped mrlc zones . download the regional boundaries data layer .\nto download regional data , select a region on the map or choose from dropdown , and then click on the data links below . descriptions of the data layers follow the links .\nin addition to gap\u2019s ancillary datasets that are used in species model , there are additional gap national datasets available . these include slope , aspect , and percent canopy cover .\nslope this is a nationwide coverage of slope , which represents the percent of change of elevation for each 30 m cell . it is based on dem data . download slope data file ( 2 . 8 gb zipped ) .\naspect this is a nationwide coverage of aspect , which describes the direction of slope in degrees . it identifies the downslope direction of maximum change from each raster cell to its neighbors . download aspect data file ( 7 . 3 gb zipped ) .\npercent canopy cover this is a nationwide cover of percent canopy cover . it was derived from the national land cover dataset ( nlcd ) . this dataset is a continuous canopy cover percentage . download percent canopy cover data here ( 3 . 4 gb zipped ) .\nthe gap ancillary datasets available for download are described below including descriptions of data variables and their values as well as the connection with model reports . the descriptions reflect how the data were used in the species models . for a clearer description of the data itself , refer to the metadata supplied for each layer . prior to downloading ancillary data , please read the data descriptions below to ensure they will meet your data needs .\nenvironments dominated by human disturbance such as roads , cities , and the constructed materials that support human habitation have profound effects on species . for most species , this data layer was used to exclude species from a portion of the landscape . however , some species respond favorably to human habitats , therefore this data layer was used in an inclusionary manner .\nhigh \u2013 for species that are very intolerant of human disturbance . all portions of the landscape identified as being directly influenced by human disturbance are eliminated from the predicted distribution .\nmedium \u2013 for species that are moderately intolerant of human disturbance . only portions of the landscape identified as being highly or moderately influenced by human disturbance are eliminated from the predicted distribution .\nlow \u2013 for species that are partially intolerant of human disturbance . only portions of the landscape identified as being highly influenced by human disturbance are eliminated from the predicted distribution .\nsome species respond to environments directly related to altitudinal variation . elevation ( e . g . , dem ) is easily implemented in spatial modeling by limiting the model to the minimum and maximum values explicitly stated in the literature . dems are utilized directly and are measured in meters above mean sea level .\nmodel report : if a species\u2019 model uses elevation as a model variable , then download the ancillary data for elevation .\nwater and its location on the landscape is a very important aspect of species habitats . the source for hydrographic data was the usgs national hydrography dataset ( nhd ) .\nmodel report : if a species\u2019 model report uses any of the hydrographic information , see the hydrography table for the correct file . each downloadable file in the table contains information with regards to salinity , water type , and velocity .\nflowing water \u2013 flowing water represents hydrographic features such as streams , rivers , springs , seeps , ditches with moving water , etc .\nstanding water \u2013 standing water represents hydrographic features such as lakes , ponds , reservoirs , bays , inlets , estuaries , ocean , ditches with stagnant water , etc .\nwet vegetation \u2013 wet vegetation represents hydrographic features such as swamps , marshes , carolina bays , etc . this includes a collection of map units representing seasonally or tidally inundated woody and non - woody plants .\nwater salinity is a major factor when considering habitat conditions for many species . however , the dynamic and complex nature of water systems makes the development of a highly refined and reliable data layer challenging . therefore , we developed three general categories to include in species habitat models for species requiring water .\nall water ( i . e . , both brackish / salt water and freshwater )\nfor some aquatic species , this is an important aspect of their habitat , such as oxygenation levels , presence of invertebrate prey , and amount of sediment within the water column and on streambed substrates . stream velocity ( i . e . , stream gradient ) was derived from a combination of streams and slopes calculated from a digital elevation model ( dem ) , which created three categories for stream gradient .\nslow only \u2013 for species that require slow moving or almost stagnant sections of streams or rivers . typically these are areas where the underlying topography is flat ( 0 % gradient ) .\nfast only \u2013 for species that require high velocity sections of streams or rivers . typically these are areas where the underlying topography is steep . a threshold of > 5 % gradient was used .\nall types \u2013 for species that can utilize either fast or slow sections of streams or rivers .\nland cover the ecological systems mapped in the gap national land cover data were used as \u2018map units\u2019 to describe habitat types preferred by species .\nmodel report : if a species\u2019 model uses map units as a model variable , then download the ancillary data for land cover . map units are designated as either primary or secondary . primary maps units are defined as those ecological systems critical for a species\u2019 reproduction and survival . secondary map units are those ecological systems generally not critical for reproduction and survival , but typically are used in conjunction with primary map units for foraging , roosting , and / or sub - optimal nesting locations . secondary map units are selected only when located within a specified distance from primary map units .\npatch size the type and size of clusters of habitat can be assessed with spatial modeling . we used patch size to indicate minimum amounts of contiguous habitat needed for a species . this variable requires the generation of cluster sizes in the actual modeling code during post processing . in other words , these model variables are not independent ancillary data layers .\nmodel report : if a species\u2019 model uses patch size , this variable is generated in the actual modeling code during post processing . any cells that do not form a minimum contiguous patch are eliminated . there are no specific ancillary layers for this variable .\ncontiguous patch \u2013 minimum size ( ha ) \u2013 this parameter is set using the most conservation values explicitly stated in the specie literature .\nforested map units included deciduous forest , evergreen forest , mixed forest , palustrine forested wetland , and estuarine forested wetland .\nnon - forested map units were defined as water , pasture / hay , agricultural areas , urban / developed , marshes , beaches , etc .\necotone type forest / open ecotone only \u2013 this data layer represents the transitional areas between forest and open , non - forested habitats .\nmodel report : if a species\u2019 model uses edge type and it is set as forest / open ecotone only , then download the ancillary data for forest edge .\nmodel report : if a species\u2019 model uses edge type and it is set as forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands , then download the ancillary data for forest edge and forest / open ecotone + woodlands / shrublands .\nthis distance represents a symmetrically buffered edge ( i . e . , 0 , 30 , 60 , 120 , 250 , 500 , and 1000 meters ) . for example , an ecotone width of 500 meters includes 250 meters into forest and 250 meters into open ."]}
{"id": 2347, "summary": [{"text": "eobania vermiculata also known as helix vermiculata , common name the \" chocolate-band snail \" is a species of large , air-breathing , land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicidae , the true snails or typical snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "eobania vermiculata is the type species of the genus eobania . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eobania vermiculata", "paragraphs": ["eobania vermiculata : adult with eggs . ( photo : \u00a9 j . novak , urltoken )\neobania vermiculata : note pattern variation . ( photo : \u00a9 j . novak , urltoken )\nnotton d . 2006 . eobania vermiculata in the uk . mollusc world 11 : 6 .\nworms - world register of marine species - eobania vermiculata ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 )\nchocolate banded snail ( eobania vermiculata ) , rab island ( croatia ) . picture : andreas gruber .\nintroduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers .\n, l . ( 2010 ) : a mediterranean snail eobania vermiculata ( o . f . m\u00fcller 1774 ) in nw germany (\nintroduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers . - pubmed - ncbi\nphylogenetic relationships of the land snail ; eobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) from egypt and saudi arabia . a combined morphological and molecular analysis\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 05 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - dried - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 07 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - chilled - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 08 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - frozen - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\neduard sol\u00e0 added an association between\nplatydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 , experimental predation on indigenous snail .\nand\neobania vermiculata\n.\nhabitat and distribution : eobania vermiculata lives on dry vegetation on fields and in hedges , often also inhabits agricultural areas , such as gardens and vineyards .\nphylogenetic relationships of the land snail ; eobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) from egypt and saudi arabia . a combined morphological and molecular analysis - sciencedirect\n03 . 07 . 60 . 0164 . 06 - snails - terrestrial snail ( escargot ) species - salted or in brine - cepaea nemoralis l . , otala lactea m\u00fcller , eobania vermiculata m\u00fcller ( syn . otala vermiculata m\u00fcller )\nintroduction of the land snail eobania vermiculata as a bioindicator organism of terrestrial pollution using a battery of biomarkers | school of biology a . u . th .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : peerj - 297 - fig - 5 platydemus manokwari . png\nas hidden on the\neobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nthe sand hill snail can be told apart from other mediterranean helicid species by the size of its apex and the form of the umbilicus . juvenile chocolate banded snails ( eobania vermiculata ) , for example , relatively have a noticeably larger apex .\n1774 ) - only m\u00fcller ' s name is set into brackets ; he had described it as helix vermiculata in 1774 .\nra\u0111a , b . , ra\u0111a , t . , puizina , j . , \u0161amanic , i . , & \u0161antic , m . 2012 . shell characteristics of land snail eobania vermiculata ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( helicidae ) from croatia . american malacological bulletin , 30 ( 2 ) : 299 - 307 .\nthe species is distributed in all of the mediterranean . in southern france eobania vermiculata also extends its area of distribution into the inner country , such as the upper rh\u00f4ne valley and the upper valley of the garonne river . in other places in europe , such as in bad schwartau in northern germany , in cologne , and in gy\u00f6r in hungary , the species has been introduced . with food transports , it also reached america and australia . in the united states , eobania vermiculata has been introduced in louisiana and texas , but does not pose a severe threat to agriculture . in japan , the first naturalized population has been described from urayasu in the chiba prefecture . in the meantime another population has been reported from that region .\neobania vermiculata is an air - breathing terrestrial snail . the color of the shell is variable , ranging from whitish to greenish yellow , often with multiple color bands or spots ; the lower side frequently has two brown bands and is whitish in color between lowest band and umbilicus . the shell has 4 - 4 . 5 whorls . the width of the shell is 22\u201332 mm and the height is 14\u201324 mm . the body of the snail is gray on the dorsal side and yellowish on the ventral side .\nhello ! how are you ? i try to see your blog post but it does not open with me . . anyway thanks a lot for your efforts . . i want to add that i had some biological and ecological studies on eobania vermiculata too in cairo , egypt . it has been found cause for the adapting to new climate in egypt considering being one of the mediterranean urltoken a days it become one of the dominant land snails in egypt . anyway thanks a lot it was my pleasure pass to your profile\n. . . the obtained results are in conformity with our previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in eobania vermiculata snails after the administration of pesticides ( el - wakil and radwan , 1991 ) , and might be indicative of a defense mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the snail as a consequence of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) formation . moreover , oral administration of mice with sublethal doses of imidacloprid significantly caused elevation in the activity of cat ( elgendy et al . , 2010 ) . . . .\nlike other terrestrial snails eobania vermiculata is used for food in the native lands of europe . this is also a major factor to the spread of this snail , along with the fact it is used in the pet trade also . it has been accidentally introduced into louisiana and texas but is thought to be a minor threat to agriculture . however , since this snail has observed to feed on vineyards and other agricultural crops that grow within these 2 states , the threat of the chocolate - band snail may be larger than previously thought .\ndescription : compared to other helicid snails , eobania vermiculata has got a rather flattened than globular shell , the whorls ascending only little with flat sutures in between . the last whorl descends rapidly towards the aperture ( see picture on the left ) . the apertural lip is evolved noticeably , it completely covers the shell navel ( umbilicus ) . as an adaptation to the snail ' s usually warm and dry environment , the shell has got a thick wall and a white ground colour . on this there are up to 5 dark brown bands ( hence the name chocolate banded snail ) . the shell bands are often dissolved into separate narrow stripes , overlaid by a whitish net pattern ( which led to m\u00fcller ' s choice of name ) .\n. . . the data suggests that increases in antioxidant defenses would be due to enhanced oxygen free radicals production , which could stimulate antioxidant activities ( torres et al . , 2002 ) to cope with this increased oxidative stress and protect the cells from damage . the obtained results are in conformity with our previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in eobania vermiculata snails after the administration of pesticides ( wakil and radwan , 1991 ) , and might be indicative of a defense mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the snail as a consequence of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) formation . moreover , oral administration of mice with sublethal doses of imidacloprid significantly caused elevation in the activity of cat ( el - gendy et al . , 2010 ) . fig . . . .\n. . . as the digestive gland represents the main target organ for molluscicide impact , the reactions following application of molluscicide should be investigated . up to the present , little information is available about the biochemical changes [ 6 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] and the histochemical changes [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 15 ] in the digestive gland tissues of land gastropods induced by molluscicides . therefore , the objectives of the present study were to determine the lethal toxic action of methomyl and methiocarb and to identify the biochemical and histochemical changes as a function of sublethal dose on the digestive gland of e . vermiculata snails under laboratory conditions , using topical application and baiting techniques . . . .\nthe in vivo effects of methomyl , thiodicarb and metaldehyde on total soluble proteins , total lipids and glycogen content , in addition , the activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase , ( got ) , ( gpt ) glutamic pyruvic transaminase and catalase ( cat ) enzymes of terrestrial e . vermiculata snails was studied . the experimental snails were treated with low concentration of 0 . 2 % brain bait w / w of the pesticides for a period of 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 and 10 days . the results showed that methomyl and thiodicarb lead to significant reduction in total soluble proteins , lipids , and glycogen content , while significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested were noted . metaldehyde treatment showed no significant effect on total soluble proteins , lipids and got level , whereas a significant increase in gpt and cat enzymes was observed . also , metaldehyde resulted a significant reduction in glycogen content of snails .\nm\u00fcller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havni\u00e6 & lipsi\u00e6 . ( heineck & faber ) .\nshell colour very variable , whitish to greenish yellow , often with colour bands or spots , lower side frequently with two brown bands and whitish between lowest band and umbilicus , 4 - 4 . 5 whorls , last whorl descending abruptly below periphery , apertural margin white , reflected in adult shells , in juveniles only at columellar side , umbilicus narrow and open in juveniles , partly covered by the reflected columellar margin , completely closed in adult shells . juveniles differ from theba pisana ( with likewise umbilicus ) by the larger size of the apex .\n14 - 24 x 22 - 32 mm . in n greece variation seems to be lower than in s greece ( g\u00e1vdos island : 24 . 5 - 33 . 5 mm diameter of adult shells , average 28 - 29 mm , no local variations in shell size )\nthe species is commercialized and exported from greece to france , which led lazaridou - dimitriadou & kattoulas ( 1981 ) to propose restrictions for size and seasons of collection .\nthis snail ' s shell is whitish ( with yellow to grey - brown tinge ) in color with four or five chestnut - brown to chocolate stripes that are more or less spotted or speckled with white . albino variants do exist ( i . e . they do not have stripes ) . the peristome is also white . the thick - walled shell of this species has 5 - 6 whorls and may attain a height of 14 - 27 mm and a diameter of 22 - 30 mm although specimens have been reported to measure 35 mm . the umbilicus ( navel ) is inconspicuous .\nthis species inhabits fields , gardens and vineyards . during the day , the animal aestivates on vertical structures ( e . g . , trees , palms , bushes , fences ) .\ncowie et al . 2009 ; pilsbry 1939 ; kerney et al . 1979 ; yildirim et al . 2004\naround 70 eggs per snail are laid with the size of the egg being 4 . 1 \u00d7 3 mm . juveniles hatch shortly after and grow about 12\u201313 mm in diameter per year for 2 years . maturity is reached after 2 years when the diameter reaches 25 mm . snails reach 29\u201330 mm diameter in may / june of the second year , reaching a maximum diameter may take 5 years or more , but mortality increases greatly after 2 years .\nu . s . habitat : in a broad variety of habitats , usually in dry vegetation , mainly in coastal vicinity , also in agricultural crops and vineyards .\nthis species is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest , an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture , natural ecosystems , human health or commerce . therefore it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the united states .\ncowie r . h . , dillon r . t . , robinson d . g . & smith j . w . 2009 . alien non - marine snails and slugs of priority quarantine importance in the united states : a preliminary risk assessment . american malacological bulletin 27 : 113 - 132 .\nheller j . 2001 . life history strategies . in : barker g . m . ( ed . ) the biology of terrestrial molluscs . cabi publishing , oxon , uk\ndactylorhiza iberica ( iberia dactylorhiza ) ( willd . ) so\u00f3 - orchid of cyprus\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : peerj - 297 - fig - 5 platydemus manokwari . png\nas hidden on the\nplatydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\neduard sol\u00e0 changed the thumbnail image of\nplatydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1963 , experimental predation on indigenous snail .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbouaziz - yahiatene , h . ; pfarrer , b . ; medjdoub - bensaad , f . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . revision of massylaea m\u00f6llendorff , 1898 ( stylommatophora , helicidae ) . zookeys . 694 ( 1 ) : 109 - 133 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 124 - 127 , figs 13 - 16 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin some parts of the mediterranean the helicidae snail family occurs with an exceptionally large richness in species . special centres of distribution are asia minor ( the asian part of turkey ) and the balkan peninsula .\nwhen the danish malacologist otto friedrich m\u00fcller first described this species in 1774 after having returned from a journey to italy ( which gave him the right to name the species ) , he called it\nnudel - snekken\n( noodle snail ) , because the shell pattern of dissolved stripes reminded him of italian vermicelli noodles . obviously he had not exclusively been occupied with snails during his voyage . until today the snail is called\ndimensions : w : 14 - 27 mm ; h : 22 - 30 mm ; n : 5 - 6 . ( abbreviations ) .\nin a large part of its distribution area , the chocolate banded snail is collected as food . this doubtlessly has led to a large extent to the species current distribution throughout the mediterranean and beyond . on crete ,\nand other terrestrial snails are commonly sold alive on markets . in france as well , the snail is commonly referred to as\nfurther vernacular names : white italian snail , mediterranean coastal snail . in italian : lumachella ( lazio ) , babbaluceddu ( sicily ) , bovoletto ( venice ) .\nsand hill snail ( theba pisana ) on sicily . picture : carlo columba ( source ) .\ndescription : the sand hill snail is a very variable snail species . it has a light yellow to white shell with dark bands or spots and often shows a dark blue grey shell tip ( apex ) . while juvenile shells show a sharp keel , like juvenile aegopis verticillus , the keel disappears at the apertural whorl of adult shells . the aperture often is rose or red coloured inside and the aperture rim is folded back at the columellar side , covering half of the narrow shell navel ( umbilicus ) .\nsand hill snails ( theba pisana ) in the camargue . picture : fritz geller - grimm .\nthe snail ' s body is light yellow in colour , black stripes leading alongside the body up the larger tentacles . those are quite long in theba pisana .\ndime nsions : h : 9 - 20 mm ; w : 12 - 25 mm ; n : 5 \u00bd - 6 . ( abbreviations ) . in greece the shell diameter usually is noticeably smaller .\nhabitat and distribution : the sand hill snail lives on the coast in or near sandy places ( hence its name ) . theba pisana is able to survive on nearly bare sand with only little vegetation stabilizing the ground . in the hot mediterranean climate the sand hill snails usually aestivates on grasses , shrubs or succulents . in the north of its distribution area , snails do not aestivate but only crawl up plants in warm weather .\nthe sand hill snail often shares its habitat with the maritime garden snail ( cernuella virgata ) and the pointed snail ( cochlicella acuta ) , but it is better adapted to life on the sand and so usually is found more frequently and farther in sandy habitats . but theba pisana does not survive severe winter frost , which is why its distribution area is limited to the north , for example on the british isles .\nsand hill snails live in all of the mediterranean are and the adjacent atlantic coasts , from central morocco as far as belgium and the near atlantic islands , and also in israel and egypt . in spain the sand hill snail may be found also in the inner country . on the british isles , where sand hill snails have been introduced during the 18th century , sand hill snails appear in the south , from south - western england to southern wales as far as eastern and south - eastern ireland . in most of its area of distribution the sand hill snail is very common near the beaches . from southern portugal as far as greece it is among the most frequent terrestrial snails .\ntheba pisana has also been introduced overseas : the sand hill snail is found in north america , as well as in south africa , australia and tasmania . in the united states sand hill snails can be an agricultural pests , if they appear in large numbers .\nthreat situation : in spain , a coastal subspecies , theba pisana arietina , is categorized as endangered ( en ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .\nfrancisco welter - schultes : theba pisana species homepage . molluscs of central europa : theba pisana .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of genetics , development and molecular biology , school of biology , aristotle university of thessaloniki , thessaloniki 54124 , greece . itziou @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nthis species is native to the mediterranean but introduced to texas and california ( roth and sadeghian , 2003 ) and louisiana ( fullington and pratt , 1974 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nit has been introduced to jackson square , new orleans , louisiana ( pilsbry , 1939 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nfullington , r . w . and w . l . pratt , jr . 1974 . the aquatic and land mollusca of texas . part iii . dallas museum of natural history , bulletin , 1 : 1 - 48 .\npilsbry , h . a . 1939b . land mollusca of north america ( north of mexico ) . volume 1 , part 1 . monograph of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 573 .\nroth , b . and p . s . sadeghian . 2003 . checklist of the land snails and slugs of california . santa barbara museum of natural history contributions in science , 3 : 1 - 81 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . in this study , we found different patterns of response due to the concentration of fa in p . patula exposed to the waf of mco ; however , in no case did we find significant results . in contrast , in other mollusk species , significant results were found ( el wakil & radwan , 1991 ; radwan et al . , 1993 ; radwan et al . , 2008 ; lyssimachou et al . , 2009 ) . research . . .\n. . . in addition , cat activity decreased in the intestine of p . canaliculata with respect to control . accordingly , previous studies observed a significant decreased and increase in cat activity in terrestrial snails after exposure to met ( el wakil and radwan 1991 ) , suggesting a defense mechanism against cell damage in the organism due to the formation of reactive oxygen species . met formulations are applied to control aquatic snail pests in different countries ( henderson and triebskorn 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . the slugs of each species were divided into two groups , untreated and treated and the method of el - wakil and radwan [ 11 ] was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the plant extract against the tested slugs . . . .\n. . . following application of metaldehyde , an increase in cat activity was observed in the first two periods of exposure , with a significant increase in the 24 - and 32 - h exposure periods . this result is in conformity with previous studies that also observed a significant increase in cat activity in terrestrial snails after the administration of metaldehyde ( wakil and radwan 1991 ) and might be indicative of a defence mechanism towards cellular damage occurring in the organism as a consequence of ros formation . cat activity did not have statistical differences in the four sampling times of methiocarb exposure when compared with control values , although a decrease was observed after 2 and 3 h of exposure to the carbamate . . . .\nimpact of certain carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on the non - target terrestrial snai . . .\nmolluscicidal activity & repellency of some inorganic fertilizers against terrestrial snail , theba p . . .\nin the present study , five inorganic fertilizer compounds : super - phosphate , potassium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate were chosen and formulated in solution form of 1 . 5 % ( w / v ) with an ad - hesive substance ( arab gum ) . their efficacy as repellent and / or toxic agents against the terrestrial theba pisana snails was investigated . the infested citrus trees with t . pisana . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin the present study , five inorganic fertilizer compounds : superphosphate , potassium sulfate , ammonium sulfate , ferrous sulfate and copper sulfate were chosen and formulated in solution form of 1 . 5 % ( w / v ) with an adhesive substance ( arab gum ) . their efficacy as repellent and / or toxic agents against the terrestrial theba pisana snails was investigated . the infested citrus trees with t . pisana . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntoxicity and biochemical impact of certain oxime carbamate pesticides against terrestrial snail , the . . .\nthe bran toxic baits ( 0 . 5 % w / w ) of five oxime carbamate pesticides ; aldicarb , aldoxycarb , methomyl , oxamyl and thiofanox were tested for their molluscicidal activity against theba pisana snails under laboratory conditions . in addition , the in vivo effects of these compounds on seven vital enzymes namely acetylcholin\u2010esterase ( ache ) , glutathion\u2010s\u2010transferase ( gst ) , glutamic oxlaoacetic . . . [ show full abstract ]\ni got this snail from my garden and i am planning to sequence it . so before sequencing i thought of getting an idea about what i am planning to . . .\nfirst of all i ' m interested in ravines and small valleys regarding land snails . it is obvious that in the wet ravines and small valleys some . . .\nthere seems to be no well - published detailed research on the haired snails except pfenninger et al . , 2005 (\nwhy do snails have hairs ? . . .\n) , but . . .\nthe rheophile snail ancylus fluviatilis seems quite demanding and difficult to rear in captivity . does anyone have suggestions ? i tried to keep . . .\ni ' m sorry because this question is not about snail molluscs . it is known that molluscs may take calcium for shell bilding from water or from . . .\npreferably with something tasty . . . however , not all scientists can eat the object of their research . ) )\n\u00a9 school of biology a . u . t . h . 2010 - 2012\n1991 . complementary video and acoustic recordings of foraging by two pest species of slugs on non - toxic and molluscicidal baits .\ni . henderson ( ed . ) . slugs and snails in world agriculture . bcpc mono . 41 .\n1980 . experimental studies on slug - plant interactions : 1 . the acceptability of thirty plant species to the slug\n( labiatae ) . leiden botanical series , vol . 4 . leiden university press , the hague .\n1985 . edible and commercialized snails of greece\u2014heliciculture . giachoudi - giapouli publications , thessaloniki ( in greek ) .\n1981 . adaptive strategies in plants dominanting mediterranean - type ecosystems , pp . 309\u2013315 ,\nf . di castri , d . w . goodall and r . l . specht ( eds . ) . mediterranean - type shrublands . elsevier scientific publishing , amsterdam .\nn . s . margaris and h . a . mooney ( eds . ) . components of productivity of mediterranean - climate regions ; basic and applied aspects . dr . w . junk publishers , the hague .\n1993 . pollination ecology of labiatae in a phryganic ( east mediterranean ) ecosystem .\n1988 . a guide to snails of britain and europe . hamlyn , london .\n1981 . biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research , 2nd ed . w . h . freeman and co . , new york .\n1992 . the allelopathic potential of aromatic shrubs in phyrganic ( east mediterranean ) ecosystems , pp . 303\u2013320 ,\ns . j . h . rizvi and v . rizvi ( eds . ) . allelopathy : basic and applied aspects . chapman and hall , london .\n1988 . the inhibitory effects of the molluscicide metaldehyde on feeding , locomotion and fecal elimination of three pest species of terrestrial slug .\nvokou , d . , tziolas , m . & bailey , s . e . r . j chem ecol ( 1998 ) 24 : 1187 . urltoken\nyou may use your enter key on expandable list links to expand or collapse their sub navigation sections .\nintroduction to canadian customs & border procedures a foundation in canadian customs and trade policies suitable for individuals with no customs background .\nccs ( certified customs specialist ) program the ccs designation is the market place standard - recognized and demanded by those who deliver and use customs services in canada .\nctcs ( certified trade compliance specialist ) program the mark of trade expertise for customs professionals in canada .\nother trade courses stand alone trade courses suitable for professionals seeking in - depth knowledge of specific trade topics .\na ) chapter 03 was published to streamline the import conditions for the end use\nhuman consumption\nfor the following hs codes .\n32 . 04 . 19 . 7114 . 00 - citrus red no . 2 , for use as a food additive\n33 . 02 . 10 . 7104 . 00 - preparations based on odoriferous substances with alcohol exceeding 0 . 5 % vol .\n33 . 02 . 90 . 7101 . 01 - preparations based on odoriferous substances with alcohol not exceeding 0 . 5 % vol .\n\u201ci have used the twogreysuits website for the past several years and have found it to be very helpful . there is significant hr information there . . . thank - you to cscb for providing this valuable service year after year for the members . \u201d\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : fern\u00e1ndez - l\u00f3pez de pablo j , badal e , ferrer garc\u00eda c , mart\u00ednez - ort\u00ed a , sanchis serra a ( 2014 ) land snails as a diet diversification proxy during the early upper palaeolithic in europe . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e104898 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 fern\u00e1ndez - l\u00f3pez de pablo et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper .\nfunding : the fieldwork research and the radiocarbon analyses were supported by private funds provided by the fundaci\u00f3n adendia in the framework of the research project named \u201cel poblamiento inicial de benidorm y la marina baixa ( alicante ) \u201d . jfl is supported by a ram\u00f3n y cajal program postdoctoral research grant ( ref . ryc - 2011 - 09363 ) of the mineco spanish ministry and the consolidated research groug ( ref . sgr - 2014 - 900 ) \u201cgroup d ' an\u00e0lisis de processos socioecol\u00f3gics , canvis culturals i din\u00e0miques de poblaci\u00f3 a la prehist\u00f2ria\u201d . the mineco spanish ministry also funded the research projects \u201cpaleol\u00edtico medio final y paleol\u00edtico superior inicial en la regi\u00f3n central mediterr\u00e1nea ib\u00e9rica ( valencia y murcia ) \u201d ( ref . har2012 - 32703 ) and \u201cpaleoflora ib\u00e9rica en un contexto de complejidad : interacciones fisiogr\u00e1ficas , ecol\u00f3gicas y evolutivas\u201d ( ref . 2012cgl - 34717 ) that supported the post - excavation palaeobotanical analyses and the cost of a radiocarbon determination . the funders had no role in the study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish or the preparation of the manuscript .\ncova de la barriada is formed by two connected rockshelters , so - called lower and upper rockshelters , respectively , located at the base of a tectonic escarpment of mesozoic limestone on the western slope of the serra gelada mountain ( figure 1 ) . the site is oriented towards the nw at 180 m . a . s . l .\nin the upper rockshelter , the archaeological fill was formed by colluvial sedimentation that , for the most part , has been eroded away by water ( karstic ) erosion and subsequent transport as well as recent husbandry and looting activities . test pit 3 , which is 1 m 2 , yielded archaeological materials in clearly secondary position from the dismantled late pleistocene deposits .\nonly test pit 1 , located at the south of the upper rockshelter , right outside of the roofed area , preserved in situ archaeological levels with combustion structures and associated lithic , faunal and land snail assemblages . the archaeo - sedimentary deposit is formed by a succession of three main stratigraphic units , subdivided into several subunits with different contents of boulders , angular blocks and gravels in a matrix of sands and silts ( figure 2 ) . from top to bottom , the stratigraphic sequence is described as follows :\nup left : plan of cova de la barriada site with the location of test pits . bottom left : test pit 1 , once excavated . right : synthetic column of the test pit 1 stratigraphy .\nunit i is composed of five subunits . subunit i . 1 is a calcareous flowstone of horizontal geometry . subunits i . 2 to i . 5 are mainly composed by very pale brown ( 10 yr 7 / 3 and 7 / 4 ) thin fraction ( 70 % ) and angular heterometric gravels . subunit i . 5 , which overlies unit ii with an angular unconformity , yielded archaeological evidence ( artefacts and features ) that correspond to archaeological unit a .\nunit ii is a 10 - cm thick deposit of massive structure containing a heterometric thick fraction of gravitational boulders and angular blocks and gravels in a matrix of very pale brown ( 10 yr 8 / 3 ) thin fraction . it dips e - w with an inclination of 12\u201310\u00b0 . this stratigraphic unit corresponds to archaeological unit b , containing both artefacts and features .\nunit iii is composed of five different subunits . subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 contain 90 % of greyish orange ( 10 yr 7 / 4 ) sands and silts partially separated by a laterally discontinuous subunit of gravels ( iii . 2 ) . the underlying subunit iii . 4 ( 10 yr 8 / 3 and 8 / 4 ) is predominantly composed of a thick fraction ( boulders and angular blocks ) , whereas subunit iii . 5 is mainly formed by massive structure sands and silts . occupational evidence ( archaeological unit c ) is restricted to subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 .\narchaeological units a , b and c have yielded early upper palaeolithic artefacts , faunal assemblages and combustion structures whose basic morphological and dimensional attributes are presented in table 1 . despite the partial conservation of the combustion structures , most of them ( ec - 1 , ec - 2 , ec - 3 , ec - 4 and ec - 5 ) have a flat section associated with heterogeneous carbonaceous lenses and fire - cracked limestone blocks . in contrast , combustion structure bm , which was partially documented because it extended outside the limits of the test pit , has a shallow pit morphology and a concave section containing homogeneous carbonaceous sediments with abundant charcoal . on the other hand , combustion structure ec - 6 has an irregular concave section associated with burnt and fire - cracked limestone blocks .\na series of ams radiocarbon dates from individual and taxonomically determined charcoal samples recovered from the combustion structures were produced to assess the chronology of the stratigraphic sequence ( table 2 ) . the samples are charcoal of pinus nigra from ec - 1 level a , fabaceae charcoal from ec - 5 level b and juniperus sp . charcoal from ec - 6 level c . all samples were plotted at the time of excavation and analysed at the beta analytic laboratories in london . calibration was performed using oxcal v . 4 . 1 . 3 [ 19 ] and the intcal13 calibration curve [ 20 ] .\nradiocarbon dates of the test pit 1 of cova de la barriada calibrated with oxcal 4 . 2\nradiocarbon dates from levels a , b and c yielded significantly different chronologies in accordance with their stratigraphic position , suggesting two hiatuses between archaeological units c and b and archaeological units b and a . the chronological gaps between the above - mentioned levels are consistent with the erosive contact documented between subunits i . a and ii and subunits iii . 1 and iii . 3 .\nfigure 3 represents a correlation between the radiocarbon chronology of levels a and b of cova de la barriada and the ams radiocarbon dates from the well - known gravettian units of the nerja and cendres caves , the regional reference sequences in the iberian mediterranean region for this period [ 21 ] \u2013 [ 22 ] . in addition , we compared the summed probability chronological distributions with the global climatic 18 o gisp2 curve [ 23 ] and the regional variations of sea surface temperatures obtained in the albor\u00e1n sea [ 24 ] . according to this tentative correlation , level b falls within the accepted chronology of the h3 heinrich event in the mediterranean sea , whereas level a appears to fall in greenland interstadial 3 .\ntop : cumulative calibrated dating probability of the radiocarbon dates from the levels a and b of cova de la barriada and the gravettian units of nerja [ 21 ] and cendres sites [ 22 ] plotted with calpal ( vers . october 2013 ) [ 89 ] using the intcal13 calibration curve [ 20 ] . bottom : \u03b4 18 o variation from the gisp2 curve [ 23 ] and sea surface temperatures obtained from alkenonne data from the albor\u00e1n sea [ 24 ] .\nat the time of the early upper palaeolithic occupations in cova de la barriada ( 30\u201325 ka ) , the mediterranean sea level was 90\u2013100 m lower than today , implying a distance of approximately 20 km between the site and the shore line on the basis of local data on marine floor topography [ 25 ] .\nthe archaeological and paleontological information presented in this paper involved the direct analysis of 321 paleobotanical specimens , 489 vertebrate specimens and 1484 invertebrate ( land snails ) specimens .\na set of upper palaeolithic artefacts were recovered in association with the land snails and faunal assemblages in test pit 1 . despite the paucity of the lithic assemblages ( n = 39 ) , two dihedral - deviated burins were documented at level a , and two splintered pieces were documented in levels a and b . in addition , three small umbo - pierced marine shells of glycimeris sp . were recovered in levels a ( n = 2 ) and c ( n = 1 ) .\nthe spectrum of taxa represented in the hearth structure ( bm and ec - 6 ) is very narrow : four amongst the 48 charcoal fragments recovered in bm and just two from the 66 charcoal fragments in fireplace ec - 6 . this might be explained by both the low number of charcoals from each fireplace and their short - term accumulation as a fuel of the last burning episode , thus , reflecting a punctual harvest of firewood . in any case , the flora identified in the combustion structures is in ecological agreement with that recovered from the archaeological units as a result of a longer accumulation process . both charcoals from fireplaces and archaeological units are the result of human agency .\nthe faunal assemblage of test pit 1 is composed of 489 elements . the ratio of identified specimens at the taxonomic level ( nisp ) is low , varying between 14 . 6 % in level a and 2 . 7 % in level c . four species of ungulates have been identified : aurochs ( bos primigenius ) , horse ( equus ferus ) , red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and the spanish ibex ( capra pyrenaica ) . in addition , lagomorphs are represented throughout the archaeological sequence .\nthe taphonomic analysis points to both anthropogenic accumulation and post - depositional breakage , with a very marginal contribution by non - human predators . despite the lack of cut marks , partially explained by the high occurrence of post - depositional calcareous concretions , percussion marks have been clearly identified on diaphyseal fragments of ibex ( 1 ) , medium - size ( 2 ) and large - size ( 1 ) ungulates in levels a and b , as well as a human bite mark on a leporid bone ( table 4 ) .\nfaunal assemblages ( nisp ) from the test pit 1 of cova de la barriada .\nto assess the land snail taphonomy and breakage patterns , we established four main fragmentation categories : 1 . complete ( uncrushed ) snails , 2 . partially crushed ( up to the 50 % of the whole shell ) snails , 3 . snail fragments ( between 10\u201350 % of the whole shell ) and 4 . snail debris or small snail fragments < 10 % of the whole shell . small whorl fragments , of less than 3 mm , are very frequent and were not quantified since most of them were produced during the excavation and by post - depositional diagenetic processes ."]}
{"id": 2348, "summary": [{"text": "gillellus arenicola , the sandy stargazer , is a species of sand stargazer native to the pacific coast of central america from baja california , mexico , to panama where it can be found on sandy substrates at depths of from 8 to 137 metres ( 26 to 449 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach a maximum length of 5.5 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gillellus arenicola", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ngillellus arenicola gilbert , 1890\n.\nhow can i put and write and define gillellus arenicola in a sentence and how is the word gillellus arenicola used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528gillellus arenicola\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528gillellus arenicola\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528gillellus arenicola\u9020\u53e5 , gillellus arenicola meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\n\n' gillellus arenicola\n' , the\n' sandy stargazer\n' , is a species of sand stargazer native to the pacific coast of central america from baja california , mexico , to panama where it can be found on sandy substrates at depths of from .\ndawson , c . e . , 1977 . , studies on eastern pacific sand stargazers ( pisces : dactyloscopidae ) . 4 . gillellus , sindoscopus new genus , and heteristius with description of new species . , proc . calif . acad . sci . , 41 ( 2 ) : 125 - 160 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific . there are no known major threats to this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from southern baja california to jalisco in central mexico . the species is frequently mentioned as occurring to western panama ( e . g . , robertson and allen , 2006 ) , but the validity of this distribution requires confirmation .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) , including cabo pulmo national park .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntheodore nicolas gill ( 1837 - 1914 ) researcher of abyssal fishes and systematics ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 8 - 137 m ( ref . 11482 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11482 )\nallen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )\n) : 17 . 2 - 27 . 4 , mean 23 . 4 ( based on 28 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbody compressed , tapering to tail ; head moderate size ; eyes not on stalks ; tip of lower jaw fleshy , pointed , conical , strongly protruding ; lower lips only with 4 skin flaps ; tubular nostrils ; dorsal fin origin on nape , before level of upper corner of operculum , a finlet of ii ( ii - iii ) spines at front , then i - ii free spines , then main fin , ii - iii + i - ii + x - xii ( total xiii - xv ) , 29 ( 27 - 31 ) ; segmented anal rays 35 - 36 ( 34 - 38 ) ; pectoral rays 12 ( 12 - 13 ) ; tail fin with some branched rays ; lateral line continuous , bends down between dorsal fin elements 15 - 16 ( 14 - 17 ) ; scales smooth ; head , pectoral base and belly scaleless ; total lateral - line scales 53 ( 51 - 55 ) , scales in straight ( posterior ) part of lateral line 28 ( 27 - 29 ) .\nwhitish ; back with about 7 short dark saddles alternating with ~ 6 dark hour - glass - shaped bars that extend to middle of side .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\ntip of lower jaw fleshy , pointed , and strongly protruding ; isolated dorsal finlet on nape composed of 2 spines , followed by 1 isolated spine then main fin ; dorsal rays ii + i + x - xi , 27 - 31 ; segmented anal rays 34 - 38 ( usually 35 - 36 ) ; pectoral rays 12 - 13 ; total lateral - line scales 51 - 55 ; scales in straight ( posterior ) part of lateral line 27 - 29 ; lateral line deflected ventrally below dorsal fin elements 14 - 17 ; principal segmented caudal rays 10 .\noverall whitish with series of brown saddles and bars across back and on upper side ; about 7 dark saddles on back alternating with hour - glass - shaped bars that extend to middle of side .\nfindley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versi\u00f3n 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservaci\u00f3n internacional .\ngilbert , c . h . , 1890 . , a preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer\nalbatross\non the pacific coast of north america during the year 1889 , with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety - two new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 13 : 49 - 126 .\nlove , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .\nosburn , r . c . and nichols , j . t . , 1916 . , shore fishes collected by the ' albatross ' expedition in lower california with descriptions of new species . , bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . , 35 : 139 - 181 .\nvan der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , m\u00e9xico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .\nvillareal - cavazos , a . , reyes - bonilla , h . , berm\u00fadez - almada , b . and arizpe - covarrubias , o . , 2000 . , los peces del arrecife de cabo pulmo , golfo de california , m\u00e9xico : lista sistem\u00e1tica y aspectos de abundancia y biogeograf\u00eda . , rev . biol . trop . , 48 : 413 - 424 .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 2349, "summary": [{"text": "severtzov 's jerboa ( allactaga severtzovi ) is an herbivorous species of rodent in the family dipodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in kazakhstan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "severtzov ' s jerboa", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about severtzov ' s jerboa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for severtzov ' s jerboa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntranslated from russian . robert s . hoffmann and don e . wilson , eds .\nthe svertzov ' s jerboa is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ninhabit usually sand , clay , rarely rubbly , and lime ( s kazakhstan ) deserts . avoid moving sands and takyrs . ecology is poorly studied , but generally similar to that of allactaga major . burrows are simple ; wintering nests are at 50 - 85 cm blow ground . reproduction occurs in march , but in favourable years females can give two litters ( in march and in summer ) . embryo number is 3 - 7 in usturt and 3 - 4 in kyzylkum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , although it is naturally rare and patchily distributed . some declines in area of occupancy have been reported , but overall population declines are not suspected to be close to the threshold for listing as vulnerable under criterion a ( decline of 30 % over 10 years / 3 generations ) . assessed as least concern .\nit occurs in deserts of kazakhstan and middle asia to the north till central usturt , lower syrdarya , sarysu and chu rivers , and southern balkhash . to south till sw turkmenistan , uzboi , along amudarya basin to termez , sw tadjikistan , western part of fergana valley and piedmonts of pamiralai and tien shan ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t858a115053105 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndeserts in kazakhstan and middle asia to the north till central usturt , lower syrdarya , sarysu and chu rivers , and southern balkhash . to south till sw turkmenistan , uzboi , along amudarya basin to termez , sw tadjikistan , western part of fergana valley and piedmonts of pamiralai and tien shan ( gromov and erbaeva , 1995 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkeskiaasianjerbo\nto\nallactaga severtzovi vinogradov , 1925\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nholden , mary ellen , and guy g . musser / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nshenbrot , g . i . , v . e . sokolov , v . g . heptner , and yu . m . koval ' skaya\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : subgenus allactaga . taxonomic study provided by shenbrot ( 1991d ) , who described chorezmi as a subspecies of a . severtzovi . reviewed by ognev ( 1963b ) and shenbrot et al . ( 1995 ) . karyotype elaborated by vorontsov et al . ( 1969c ) . detailed habitat data provided by naumov and lobachev ( 1975 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 2358, "summary": [{"text": "apocorophium lacustre is a species of amphipod crustacean .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it lives in nearly fresh water ; it is white and up to 6 mm long .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it occurs mainly on the atlantic coast of north america , the north sea and the baltic . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "apocorophium lacustre", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npolyyppikatka\nto\napocorophium lacustre ( vanhoffen , 1911 )\n.\nbenson , a . j . , 2018 , apocorophium lacustre vanhoffen , 1911 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 3 / 7 / 2018 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of apocorophium lacustre are found here .\n( of corophium lacustre vanh\u00f6ffen , 1911 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwilson , e . 2002 . apocorophium lacustre a mud shrimp . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nm . j . de kluijver & s . s . ingalsuo ( 1999 ) .\ncorophium lacustre\n. macrobenthos of the north sea .\n( of corophium lacustre vanh\u00f6ffen , 1911 ) bousfield , e . l . ( 1973 ) . shallow - water gammaridean amphipoda of new england . cornell university press , ithaca . 312 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of corophium lacustre vanh\u00f6ffen , 1911 ) lincoln , r . j . ( 1979 ) . british marine amphipoda : gammaridea . british museum ( natural history ) : london , uk . isbn 0 - 565 - 00818 - 8 . vi , 658 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corophium lacustre vanh\u00f6ffen , 1911 ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\nlecroy , s . e . ; gasca , r . ; winfield , i . ; ortiz , m . ; escobar - briones , e . ( 2009 ) . amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college . pp . 941\u2013972 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmaris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar \u201cecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index\u201d . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngrigorovich , i . a . , t . r . angradi , e . b . emery , and m . s . wooten . 2008 . invasion of the upper mississippi river system by saltwater amphipods . fundamental and applied limnology 173 ( 1 ) : 67 - 77 .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\na small amphipod that grows up to 6 mm . the body is subcylindrical and depressed . it has small eyes that are situated on extensions of the head .\nconstructs mud tubes on hydroids , submerged vegetation and other surfaces in fresh or slightly brackish waters .\nurosome segments fused ; lateral ridge distinct , uropods 1 and 2 inserted ventrally .\nuropod 1 peduncle outer margin with 7 - 8 spines , inner margin with 1 distal spine ; uropod 2 peduncle inner margin with 1 distal spine , outer margin with 3 - 5 setae .\nbarnes , r . s . k . , 1994 . the brackish - water fauna of northwestern europe . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nbratton , j . h . ( ed . ) , 1991 . british red data books : 3 . invertebrates other than insects . peterborough : joint nature conservation committee .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nlincoln , r . j . , 1979 . british marine amphipoda : gammaridea . london : british museum ( natural history ) .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\ndepth range based on 231 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : - 99 - 23 . 39 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 23 . 731 - 23 . 731 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 327 - 0 . 327 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 209 - 35 . 209 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 870 - 4 . 870 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 133 - 0 . 133 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 081 - 1 . 081 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : - 99 - 23 . 39 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nand up to 6 mm long . it occurs mainly on the atlantic coast of north america , the north sea and the baltic .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nfaasse , m . ; van moorsel , g . ( 2003 ) . the north - american amphipods , melita nitida smith , 1873 and incisocalliope aestuarius ( watling and maurer , 1973 ) ( crustacea : amphipoda : gammaridea ) , introduced to the western scheldt estuary ( the netherlands ) . < em > aquatic ecology . < / em > 37 ( 1 ) : 13 - 22 .\nlecroy , s . e . ; gasca , r . ; winfield , i . ; ortiz , m . ; escobar - briones , e . ( 2009 ) . amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico . < em > in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college . < / em > pp . 941\u2013972 ."]}
{"id": 2361, "summary": [{"text": "poecilocapsus is a genus of bugs from miridae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species ' size is usually 6 \u2013 8 millimetres ( 0.24 \u2013 0.31 in ) , and could be found in countries like canada , the united states , and mexico . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "poecilocapsus", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz added text to\ntext\non\npoecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )\n.\nkatja schulz marked\nfourlined plant bug\nas hidden on the\npoecilocapsus lineatus\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nyellow leaf bug\nto\npoecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\norange leaf bug\nto\npoecilocapsus lineatus ( fabricius , 1798 )\n.\ntwo of the most damaging insects on perennial plants are the tarnished plant bug , lygus lineolaris , and the four - lined plant bug , poecilocapsus lineatus . these two plant bugs can cause serious problems because they have such a wide variety of host plants . the four - lined plant bug feeds on 250 plant species which are mostly herbaceous . the tarnished plant bug is a problem on a wide variety of ornamental flowers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nadult : forewing bright green or yellow with four black linear stripes , head is always orange , even on nymphs .\ne . na to calif . ( ns - sk to fl - ca & mexico )\nchecklist of the hemiptera of canada and alaska maw , h . e . l . , r . g . foottit , k . g . a . hamilton and g . g . e . scudder . 2000 . nrc research press .\ncatalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs of canada and the continental united states thomas j . henry , richard c . froeschner . 1988 . brill academic publishers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndamage varies slightly from the two plant bugs . the four - lined plant bugs cause small ( 1 / 16 inch ) , discolored areas on leaves where they suck out cell juices . injured areas will turn black or become translucent , and after several weeks , the dead tissue may drop out , leaving small holes . the adults feed on the upper surfaces of leaves and are voracious feeders . the topmost leaves will generally be the first to be injured .\ndamage from the tarnished plant bug is in the form of distorted foliage or disbudded plants . this damage is caused by the overwintered adults which attack swollen and opening buds in the early spring . the disbudding will cause the plant to be short and bushy . if the attack takes place after shoot elongation begins , the tip will often turn black and die , or it will be so damaged that shoot stunting or distortion occurs . stems frequently break at the injured area .\nthe four - lined plant bug overwinters as eggs inserted into a slit near the top of tender shoots . nymphs emerge from the eggs in may . nymphal coloring varies from bright red to yellow . the species requires about 30 days to complete nymphal development . forewings of adults are yellow , but may turn bright green . however , the four black stripes that give the insect its name remain distinct . this species normally has one generation a year .\nadults of the tarnished plant bug overwinter as adults in leaf litter . beginning in the spring , they lay eggs mainly in the stems and flowers of herbaceous plants . after hatching , the young nymphs usually remain to feed on the same plant until they mature . the nymph is green or pale yellow and grows rapidly . adults are capable flyers and readily move from place to place . there may be two to five generations per year . in midsummer , a life cycle may be completed in about 25 days . by late summer , populations can become very abundant .\n1 . live with the damage . since damage is often cosmetic , some damage can be tolerated . often , natural predators will keep the insects under control .\n2 . remove leaf litter . to limit problems in coming years , clean up leaf litter to avoid overwintering sites for tarnished plant bugs .\n3 . prune out egg masses . learn to identify the egg masses of four - lined plant bugs and prune them out in winter .\n4 . use insecticidal soap s . if populations are high enough , spraying with an insecticidal soap may be necessary . because the tarnished plant bug can go through many generations in a single year and cause great damage to a plant , it is best to initiate control when it first appears .\n5 . if necessary , use chemical insecticides . plant bugs can be controlled with malathion , and carbaryl ( sevin ) .\nstrategies 1 , 2 , and 3 are strictly organic approaches . for an organic approach to strategy 4 , consult the organic materials review institute ( omri\u2122 ) for appropriate insecticidal soap products .\nfour - lined plant bug adult ( hemiptera ) on oregano ( origanum vulgare hirtum ) ; note the hinged wingtips characteristic of plant bugs in the family miridae .\nthe garden wouldn ' t be the garden without our members , donors and volunteers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis insect , known as the four - lined leaf - bug , is found all over . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nshowed up for the first time in my garden in austin texas this spring . . . all over my snaps . . . with lots of damage . easy to kill with your finger but they see you coming and hide !\nhave wreaked havoc on my perennials the past two seasons , but most plants seem to recover as the summer progresses . nasty little things , quick and hard to catch . hopefully this spring ' s cool weather will limit their numbers .\nis it too late for\nhelp\n? this bug is everywhere on our property , perennial and vegetable garden . leaves are curling and falling off by the minute and it ' s only june . ( 2009 ) . second question . . . anyone suspect this damage on their rose bush ? i have a reference that says damage from fourlined plant bug can look like fungal damage if severe enough . 50 % of our rose leaves are tissue paper thin , irregular big patchy brown and see - through as if all chlorophyll is gone . set right next to cranesbill . any comments ? i hesitate to post that photo until i know . . .\nwe just found out that this is the bug that is destroying our orregano and is now moving to our mint and god forbid - our basil ! we ' re going to try neem oil first - i read that worked for someone else .\nas the 1st line of defense , handpick the four - lined plant bug whenever possible . ( i rarely see it . ) when needed , use rotenone , a plant - derived insecticide , which is harmless to warm - blooded animals , but kills all insects , and harms fish . more info : urltoken\noh this guy is a bad one ! i could have written each post here . i have taken photos and they are just as found here . they need to be stopped any suggestions ? seven does not hinder them what so ever !\nthese bugs have infested and destroyed chrysanthemums and mint as well as chinese lanterns and anemones . i would really like advice on how to get rid of them because they seem to be getting thicker and hungrier each year .\nthis bug seems new to my area ( minnesota ) . have never seen in before this year , and boy did it destroy my spring perennial garden . it seems like it will eat nearly anything . i ' ve never resorted to insecticide before , but it was that or raze the entire garden this year . how upsetting !\ni never noticed this bug until about four years ago . the infestation is getting worse every year . i have the same problem with the plants listed , but they are also devouring my butterfly bushes . how can i control them ? i try not to use chemicals , but these critters are quick !\nfour lined bugs are getting to be a bigger problem every year . they have all but decimated a large planting of perennial geranium by late june . they ' ve eaten into mums , valerian , brunnera , salvias , even looks like they tried some sedums .\nfour - lined plant bugs damage many species of herbaceous and woody plants , causing immediate damage , which may be severe in areas where bug populations are dense .\noverwintered eggs , inserted into woody plant tissues , hatch in spring . nymphs can develop on many species of plants . more than 250 species in 57 families have been reported as hosts , but the bugs seem to prefer certain species in the mint family ( labiatae ) , nightshade family ( solonaceae ) , and the aster family ( asteraceae ) .\nthe bugs can cause considerable damage to a number of cultivated plant species . in the herb garden , peppermint , spearmint , sage , marjoram , lavender , and hyssop are consistently damaged .\ndaisy , gaillardia , and wormwood are damaged . in the vegetable garden ; parsnips can be seriously damaged , and cucumbers , lettuce , peas , potatoes , radishes , and squash are also attacked . the form of the feeding damage varies with leaf shape , texture , pubescence , and venation . leaves usually are peppered with small , depressed , round or irregular spots that may become transparent . plants show symptoms of feeding damage as soon as the bugs\u0092 stylets enter their tissues . the tissues clear immediately , beginning at the point of penetration and radiating out to from a roughly circular spot about 2 mm in diameter . there is one generation per year .\ni like butterflies and there are lots of flowers , herbs . . . read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy ."]}
{"id": 2362, "summary": [{"text": "the pacific sand sole , psettichthys melanostictus , is the only fish in the genus , psettichthys , in the , pleuronectidae , family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a flatfish and inhabits northeastern pacific waters where it lives on sandy bottoms . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pacific sand sole", "paragraphs": ["planktonic sand sole . only 2 . 7 cm . click image to enlarge . photo : hildering\nspecies name : psettichthys melanostictus common name : pacific sand sole accessioned : tbd burke museum catalog number : burke museum of natural history and culture scanned by : matthew a kolmann scanner model : brucker skyscan 1173 voxel size : 50um comments : a sand sole caught by the 2016 biology of fishes course ( fhl 305a ) at friday harbor labs at jackson beach . image :\now i hope this little planktonic fish will be a . . . sole survivor .\nhabitat selection of juvenile sole ( solea solea l . ) : consequences for shoreface nourishment\nnortheastern pacific : bering sea coast of alaska to islas los coronados , northern baja california , mexico .\nsimilar to rock sole , which has higher arch in lateral line and shorter accessory dorsal branch .\nhabitat selection of juvenile sole ( solea solea l . ) : consequences for shoreface nourishment - sciencedirect\n\u201cthe single embedded sand flea remained a virgin , \u201d thielecke wrote . the results of her self - made sand flea experiment were published last month in travel medicine .\nthielecke was living in central madagascar , prime sand - flea country , for an eight - month stretch in 2011 . while working with people who were suffering from tungiasis , thielecke herself fell prey to a sand flea that tunneled deep into the sole of her right foot .\nsand sole are an excellent sportfish and are good eating . however , many of these sole are mistaken for california halibut and unnecessarily returned to the water because they do not meet the minimum size requirements for halibut . learn to differentiate between the different flatfish species . sandies live to about ten years of age .\naquarium example of a sole burying itself on the bottom - the hogchoker ( trinectes maculatus ) is a small sole found on the gulf coast . unlike the southern and gulf flounders , all species of soles are right - eyed .\nsand or mud - sand bottom in 5 to 167 fm . ; most abundant in 20 to 50 fm , rare below 100 fm . common in shallow coastal water from british columbia to california .\nfao species identification guide . the marine living resources of the western central pacific . vol 2 : cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks\njoin me in the cold , dark , life - sustaining ne pacific ocean to discover the great beauty , mystery and fragility hidden there .\non mud or sand bottoms from 5 to 750 fm . commercial catches are from 40 to 550 fm .\nposted in daily musings . . . and tagged with california piers , capitola wharf , pier fishing in california , pierfishing , pismo beach pier , saltwater fish , saltwater fishing , sand sole , trinidad pier . rss 2 . 0 feed .\nthe worldfish center , c / o spc - secretariat of the pacific community , b . p . d5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia\nsand sole are in the right - eye flounder family . most easily identified by the fact that the first four to five dorsal rays are long and free ( seemingly disconnected ) . their coloring is generally gray to tan above with light speckling .\non sand bottom from 0 to 300 fm . young are intertidal . commercial quantities caught at 15 to 80 fm .\nwidely distributed on sand and mud bottoms from 10 to 465 fm . most abundant at about 100 to 250 fm .\nmarie - jos\u00e9e gagnon of the salmon coast research station quickly steered me in the right direction , believing it was most likely a species of sole .\nabundant off b . c . and alaska . good food fish . similar to butter sole , which has a low lateral line arch and longer accessory dorsal branch .\nadults are found on sand bottom ( ref . 2850 ) , usually in deep water ( ref . 9988 ) . feed on invertebrates and bottom fishes ( ref . 6885 ) . livers of large individuals are a rich source of vitamin a ( ref . 6885 ) . marketed fresh or as frozen fillets ( ref . 2850 ) . eaten steamed , fried , micro - waved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . generally regarded as the premium pacific coast sole ( ref . 9988 ) .\neastern and western pacific : the bering sea coast of alaska , near the aleutian islands ( ref . 27436 ) to the west bering sea and to redondo beach , southern california , usa .\nin a suitable environment , the eggs develop into larvae , pupae and eventually adult sand fleas . the duration of the off - host phase depends on characteristics of the soil , ambient temperature and unknown factors . adult sand fleas carry wolbachia bacteria forming an endosymbiosis with the parasite ( heukelbach j et al . 2004a ) .\nin endemic areas , surgical extraction of burrowed sand fleas is the standard treatment . usually , this is done by the patients themselves or a care - giver .\nabundant off alaska . largest most valuable flatfish in the northeast pacific ; important as commercial and sport fish . similar to california halibut , which is often left - eyed , has larger mouth and less indented tail .\non sand and mud bottoms from 10 to 300 fm . most abundant at 30 to 70 fm from april through october and at 150 to 250 fm during winter .\nimportant commercially because of good size and excellent quality . most caught by trawl and marketed as fresh or frozen fillets . similar to flathead sole and bering flounder which have one row of teeth on upper jaw .\nit is plankton \u2013 the fuel of the food chain \u2013 that creates the dark , emerald waters of the northeast pacific . the plant - like plankton , known as \u201cphytoplankton\u201d , need light , oxygen and nutrients to grow .\nbalboa pier to the southeastern bering sea and aleutian islands from unalaska island to port heiden and gulf of alaska . ( and , i believe , the southern range designation came about due to pfic . on february 3 , 2005 our pfic reporter snookie caught a 15 - inch - long sand sole at the balboa pier , which was followed by a report on the message board that night . )\nexcellent food fish . regarded as a delicacy in california . sometimes confused with speckled sanddab , which has black speckling on body . positive identification of pacific sanddab , gulf sanddab , speckled sanddab , and longfin sanddab require full gill raker and lateral line scale counts .\nthe acute and chronic morbidity associated with tungiasis is the result of an inflammatory reaction around embedded female sand fleas , bacterial superinfection and likely also the release of wolbachia antigens after the death of the parasite .\nthe female sand flea burrows into the skin . the toes , sole , lateral rim of the foot and heel are predilection sites . 99 % of all lesions occur at the feet . itching and local irritation occurs as the female fleas develop fully and increase their body volume by a factor of 2000 within two weeks . due to bacterial superinfection of the lesions , abscesses , suppuration or lymphangitis can develop . multiple lesions and intense local inflammation restrict mobility .\nwith regard to the ectoparasites on the sand sole larva , marie - jos\u00e9e gagnon and moira galbraith have again been very generous with their knowledge . it is impossible to know the species from my photo but , due to the size , it is likely a recent infection and could be ( 1 ) first stage chalimus ; ( 2 ) lepeophtheirus bifidus \u2013 which , unlike most parasites of benthic marine species is host specific \u2013 only being found on the rock sole or possibly , ( 3 ) the isopod gnathia . i valued having affirmed too that adults and young live in different environments to eliminate competition for the same resources but also to provide a buffer or separation to prevent transfer of disease or parasites .\nbut wait , what are those two little zooplankton guys attached to the larval sole ? they are copepods , but what kind of copepod ? what does their presence mean ? are they parasitic ? and there i go down the marine id rabbit hole .\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )\nthe ultimate pier fishing resource for pacific coast pier anglers with over 350 new photos and illustrations added to this edition , including detailed , species - specific illustrations of fish - cleaning , rigging illustrations , and maps . the history and culture of each pier is thoroughly covered .\non mud , sand , or gravel bottoms from 0 to 205 fm ; most occur above 80 fm . usually found near shore . often enter brackish or fresh water , and young fish are often intertidal .\ntungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by the female sand flea tunga penetrans ( and in some areas also t . trimamillata it is also commonly known as pulga de areia , nigua , pique , bicho do p\u00e9 , bichodo porco or jatecuba , and in english - speaking countries , as jigger , sand flea or chigoe . tungiasis is a zoonosis and affects humans and animals alike ( heukelbach j et al , 2001 ) .\nthe waters of the northeast pacific are dark , making it very difficult to see into the depths . this means many people are inclined to believe that more life is found in tropical waters , where you can peer right down to the ocean bottom and see colourful fish swimming about .\nthis won\u2019t necessarily help prevent sand flea scourges in countries like madagascar , thielecke and her supervisor , hermann feldmeier , told science magazine , but it might help people who are already host to one flea avoid getting more .\na burrowed female sand flea is fertilized by a male only after it has started to feed on blood . the flea\u2019s hindquarters remain in contact with the air , providing an avenue for breathing , defecating and expelling eggs . during a period of 4 - 6 weeks the embedded sand flea undergoes different developmental stages , produces eggs and eventually dies in situ ( eisele m et al . 2003 ) . eggs are expelled and fall onto the ground .\nthielecke knew that the sand fleas tend to attract each other , though , so she made sure to wear shoes and socks every day to avoid getting another flea . and she didn\u2019t really mention it to anyone in the village .\nadult flounders often feed in shallow water at night . the abandoned depressions where flounder had lain in wait for prey , called\nbeds\n, are often clearly visible hours later , sometimes even on dry sand after tides have falled .\nclaude massin , sven uthicke , steven w . purcell , frank w . e . rowe , yves samyn ; taxonomy of the heavily exploited indo - pacific sandfish complex ( echinodermata : holothuriidae ) , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 155 , issue 1 , 1 january 2009 , pages 40\u201359 , urltoken\nshe had a tetanus vaccine , so more serious infections weren\u2019t a worry , and she knew she could easily extract it if she needed to . besides , many of the people in her village had hundreds of sand fleas , scarring and sometimes nearly crippling them .\njuveniles of less than a year old feed on plankton and larvae of insects , juveniles of more than a year and adults feed on benthic fauna ( ref . 51442 ) . the adults burrow in the sand during daytime and search for food during nighttime ( ref . 173 ) .\nthe feet - particularly toes , sole , lateral rim , and heel - are predilection sites . ectopic tungiasis , usually seen with extensive infection often follows prolonged exposure in highly contaminated environments . infestation can occur in all parts of the body ( heukelbach et al . 2004c ) . bullous - type lesions have also been reported ( viviana l . et al . 2010 ) .\nit is remarkable that the taxonomy of one of the most valuable of tropical commercial species has remained so chaotic , despite recent monographs on the species ( bai , 1980 ; hamel et al . , 2001 ) . the main problem has been the lack of name - bearing types for two of the three indo - pacific sandfish species now recognized , which has led to a lack of understanding of the original concept of those species based on erroneous , subjective identifications from original descriptions .\nsurgical extraction should only be performed in an appropriately equipped health facility or by an experienced community health worker using sterile instruments . after removal of sand fleas the sore has to be dressed appropriately and the tetanus vaccination status needs to be verified and a booster vaccination given , if indicated . increasing the coverage of tetanus vaccination in tungiasis - endemic areas would provide a long - lasting protective effect .\nthese web pages present colored pictures ( courtesy of bill barss , odfw ) and a description of each species . fish descriptions include anatomical features which aid in species identification . size , range , habitat , known depths and other common names are also included . much of the text is taken from the alaska sea grant college program marine advisory bulletin no . 47 , guide to northeast pacific flatfishes , by donald e . kramer , william h . barss , b . c . paust and b . e . bracken , 1995 edition .\nthis fact helped thielecke understand that it hadn\u2019t reproduced\u2014most likely because she kept the flea separated from its male suitors and in a permanent , single - girl - in - the - foot - city \u201cwaiting period , \u201d as she called it . it also taught her something about the sand flea reproductive style : the males find the clusters of females , hidden alluringly just beyond a thin layer of skin , and make their move .\ndifferent mammalian species act as reservoirs for human infection . in rural areas these are predominantly pigs and bovines ; in resource - poor urban communities dogs , cats and rats ( heukelbach j . et al . 2004 ; witt l . et al . 2007 ; pilger d . et al . 2008 ) . transmission occurs when skin comes into contact with soil or floor where adult sand fleas have developed . infection may take place inside the house , peridomiciliary or in classrooms without solid floors . .\nbacterial superinfection may cause life - threatening complications , such as post - streptococcal glomerulonephritis , tetanus or gangrene ( heukelbach j . et al . 2004 ; feldmeier h . et al . 2002 ) . the traditional treatment , i . e . removal of embedded sand fleas with sharp , non - sterile instruments may lead to transmission of blood - borne pathogens such as hepatitis b and c virus , possibly also hiv ( feldmeier h et al . 2013a ) . these sequels impose additional costs on health - care systems .\ntheir flattened shape allows them to become nearly invisible on the bottom . for further camouflage , flounders flex and flutter their dorsal and anal fins to create a slight depression in the bottom and lift sand , sediment , and bits of shell and debris to cover themselves . often , only the fish ' s eyes protrude above the bottom , moving rapidly as they watch for potential prey . when an unwary fish or shrimp comes within striking distance , the flounder erupts from the bottom and gulps it ' s prey in an instant .\na\u2013d , holothuria ( metriatyla ) lessoni sp . nov . a , holotype ( the covering fine layer of sand was gently brushed away ) ; b , holotype ( top ) and paratype ( bottom ) ; c , black form ( ig 30768 / 5 ) ; d , mottled form ( ig 30768 / 4 ) . e , h . timama lesson , 1830 , original drawing ; f , h . timama lesson , 1830 , remaining fragment of holotype . photographs a & b by c . massin , c & d by s . purcell ; e & f by y . samyn .\nin resource - poor urban neighborhoods and in indigenous communities prevalence may be as high as 60 % in the general population and up to 80 % in children ( feldmeier et al . 2012 ) . the attack rate varies from setting to setting and may be as high as six newly penetrating sand fleas per individual per 24 hours during the peak transmission season ( heukelbach j et al . 2004b ) . in endemic communities age - specific prevalence follows a characteristic pattern with a maximum prevalence in children between 5 and 14 years old and elderly people ( heukelbach j et al . 2007 ) . these age groups are also most vulnerable for severe disease ( feldmeier h et al . 2003 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis page describes the two common flounders on the mississippi coast - the southern flounder and the gulf flounder . the focus in on the more common southern flounder , with information specific to the gulf flounder added where there are substantial differences .\nstatus : least concern ver 3 . 1 on iucn red list population trend : stable\nstatus : least concern ver 3 . 1 on iucn red list population trend : decreasing\nonly rarely will inshore anglers in mississippi encounter anything but southern or gulf flounders .\nthe broad flounder , paralichthys squamilentus , is similar but is rarely found in inshore waters . adults prefer depths of 100 - 220 meters . juveniles are found in shallower water , but seldom in estuaries or bays . as the name implies , the broad flounder ' s body is wider , with the body width being half the length or greater .\nanother 15 species of lefteye flounders are found in the northern gulf of mexico , but they are unlikely to be confused with the southern , gulf , or broad flounder .\nthe southern flounder and gulf flounder and other flatfish are compressed laterally and spend most of their life lying on the bottom or swimming along the bottom on their side . they have prominent eyes and a large mouth with large , sharp , pointed teeth .\nsouthern flounder and gulf flounder are known as left - eye flounders ; the eyes of the adults are always on the fish ' s left side . the opposite is true for other species of flounders , halibut , and all the species of soles , whose eyes are on the right side .\nthe left or\nup\nside of the southern and gulf flounders is light olive brown to dark brown or nearly black , with many blotches and spots of darker and lighter color . the eyeless\ndown\nsize side is white or dusky . gulf flounders are distinguished by three large dark eye - like spots , arranged in a triangle with a pair of spots about midway on the length of the fish and a third closer to the tail . southern flounders may also have scattered large spots but they are much more diffuse and gradually disappear as the fish grows older . the scales are small . as described below , flounders can modify their coloration and patterning to match the bottom .\nflounder lying in ambush and partially buried on a sandy bottom . click for a larger version .\nsouthern flounders are larger and live longer than gulf flounders . female southern flounders typically grow to about 28\n, while typical female gulf flounders reach only about 18\n. males of both species are smaller , typically reaching only 10 to 14\nin length . after their first year of life , males spend most of their lives offshore , seldom venturing into estuaries and bays . thus , the majority of flounders caught by anglers in inshore waters are females .\nflounders have small body cavities and lack a swim bladder , making it easier for them to maintain their position on the bottom .\nthe range of the southern flounder and the gulf flounder overlap , and both species are common in mississippi . southern flounder occur from north carolina , across the gulf of mexico , and southward into mexico , with the exception of both coasts of southern florida . the gulf flounder is found in a continuous range from north carolina , along both coasts of florida , across the gulf of mexico to texas .\nflounders are found in a wide range of salinity and water temperature , from shallow , low - salinity estuaries to nearshore and shallow offshore waters to depths of 200 feet . southern flounders commonly enter fresh water and have been found in rivers 100 miles from the coast . they prefer soft sediment bottoms and are found throughout the estuaries and in the mouths of bays , bayous , and channels , often around rock jetties , piers , and pilings .\nfemale southern flounders remain in brackish waters most of the year , only moving offshore to spawn in fall and winter . most adult males remain offshore year round .\ngulf flounders seem to prefer sandy bottoms , and typically stay further offshore as adults .\nfor flounders on the northern gulf coast , spawning occurs offshore in water depths of 60 to 200 feet between november and january , with a peak in december . females typically spawn every three to seven days over a period of about two months , typically producing 17 , 000 to 100 , 000 eggs in each session . larger females spawn more frequently and have larger clutches of eggs .\nthe fertilized eggs float to the surface and hatch in about two days , producing a larva about one tenth of an inch long . the translucent larvae drift with the currents and feed on plankton . at this stage they resemble most fish , with one eye on each side of their head . they swim upright with a side - to - side motion of the tail . as the larva mature they are transported by currents and tides into the shallow water of bays and estuaries .\nthe stages of the southern flounder from early larva through settlement as a juvenile . source : southern regional aquaculture center publication no . 726 , species profile , southern flounder , h . v . daniels . n . c . state university .\nnear the end of their larval period , 30 to 60 days after hatching and at a length of 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 inch , the larval flounder settle to the bottom and begin a strange and complex metamorphosis . the skeletal system , muscles , and nerves of the head gradually rearrange themselves and the right eye moves to the left side of the head . the body also adapts to allow the fish to lie on the bottom and swim with its left side up using an up - and - down motion . the two sides of the fish change color to suit its bottom dwelling lifestyle , dark on the upper side and white on the lower side . the transition is completed in two to three weeks when the fish is a \u00be inch to one inch juvenile .\nin flounders and other flatfish , the sex of the individual fish is not determined until after the metamorphosis is complete .\nthe young fish enter the bays during late winter and early spring , seeking shallow grassy areas near the gulf passes . as growth continues , they move farther into the bays and estuaries . some even enter coastal rivers .\nsmall southern flounder grow rapidly and may reach 12 inches in length by the end of their first year . females grow as much as three faster than males . female flounders grow rapidly for the first two years ; then their growth slows . approximate average lengths at each age for females are shown in the table . males seldom exceed 16 inches in length .\nsouthern flounders reach maturity at an age of about two years , though the age at maturity is reported to vary with location along the gulf coast . female southern flounders live for about seven years , while almost no males live past three years old . gulf flounders have shorter lifespans , about three years , though some studies suggest longer lives .\nduring the first year after hatching , both male and female southern flounders remain in shallow , brackish estuaries , and even in fresher water . they gradually move to deeper waters as they age , but remain within inshore estuaries during the first year . in the late fall , they congregate in large numbers in the lower portions of the estuaries near the gulf of mexico . as water temperatures cool , the fish move offshore into the gulf to spawn , often in mass movements triggered by the arrival of a cold front . the return to inshore waters during the later winter and spring is much more gradual .\nwhile flounders tend to remain in a small area while in inshore waters and often return to the same home area , the spawning migrations of individual flounders can cover large distances . in tagging studies on the coast of georgia and the carolinas , tagged southern flounders have been observed to move 300 to 400 miles .\nafter their first year of life , male southern flounders spend most of their lives offshore , seldom venturing into estuaries and bays . gulf flounders , especially males , seldom venture into inshore waters . thus , the majority of flounders caught by anglers in inshore waters are female southern flounders .\nsouthern flounders and gulf flounders are wonderfully adapted ambush predators that lie in wait on the bottom , hidden by extremely effective camouflage . they are able to change the coloration and patterning of their upper side to match the surrounding bottom . this is done with cells called chromatophores in the skin of their upper sides that are capable of moving a dark brown or black pigment called melanin . it is the same mechanism that allows squid and octopuses to camouflage themselves to match their surroundings .\ngulf flounders blending into the bottom near an off - shore reef as well as a southern flounder partially covered with sediment . source south carolina department of natural resources .\nsoon after hatching , flounder larvae eat mostly plankton . as juveniles , their diet consists mainly of fish spawn , crustaceans , polychaetes , and small fish . at a length of about six inches , they shift to the adult diet of fish and shrimp . adults favor schooling fish such as menhaden , anchovies , pinfish , grunts , pigfish , croakers , and mullet . a research project in mississippi showed that southern flounders\u2019 stomachs most frequently contained fish , with one - third also containing shrimp . it has been observed that as flounders get larger they don\u2019t eat larger fish like most other predatory fish , but simply eat more small fish .\nadult flounders consume from four to eight percent of their body weight daily . feeding activity is heaviest at water temperatures of 61 to 77\u00baf and during the three days following a first quarter moon and the three days before a new moon .\nas larvae and juveniles , flounders are preyed upon by a variety of fish . as adults , their camouflage and bottom dwelling lifestyle provide effective protection from most potential predators . dolphins and sharks are known to feed on adult flounders .\nflounders are popular sportfish and food fish throughout their range . on the northern gulf coast , flounders are popularly regarded as one of the\nbig three\nof sportfish , along with red drum ( redfish ) and spotted seatrout ( speckled trout ) . large flounders are referred by proud anglers as\ndoormats .\nflounders are caught not only on conventional hook and line tackle and techniques but by gigging . fishers walk or pole a small boat along the shore in very shallow water and shine a bright light onto the bottom to aid in spotting flounders , which are then speared with a gig . successful gigging requires relatively clear water and a calm night with little wind to ruffle the surface . keen eyesight and concentration are needed to discern the faint outline or the eyes of a camouflaged and buried flounder .\nmost of the commercial catch of flounder occurs as incidental catch in shrimp trawls , though scattered individual commercial fishermen using gigs or rod and reel also fish for the market .\nbroiled flounder , often stuffed with crabmeat , is one of the classic seafood dishes of the northern gulf coast . flounders are also enjoyed fried , baked , sauteed , and raw as sashimi . flounders have mild flavored white flesh , and may be cooked as whole fish or as filets .\nthe status of both the southern flounder and the gulf flounder is listed as\nleast concern\non the iucn red list , though the population status of the gulf flounder is described as decreasing .\nflounders offer significant potential for aquaculture , due to their attractiveness as a table fish , their fast growth rate , and their tolerance for wide ranges of water temperature and salinity . research is being conducted with southern flounder in texas and north carolina . an aquaculture program in new hampshire with the similar winter flounder is being pursued for stock enhancement .\nthe flounder fishery of the gulf of mexico , united states : a regional management plan , gulf states marine fisheries commission , publication no . 83 . includes an detailed and extensive biological description of southern and gulf flounders .\nspecies profile , southern flounder , h . v . daniels , southern regional aquaculture center publication no . 726 , north carolina state university\nsouthern flounder , natural history and fishing techniques in south carolina , dr . charlie wenner and john archambault educational report no . 20 , south carolina department of natural resources\neach link opens in a new window . close the new window to return here . some of these videos show flounder species other than the southern flounder or gulf flounder , but do illustrate typical flounder behavior .\nsouthern flounder eating a bull minnow - filmed in an aquarium , featured above . source : low country estuarium\ngreek , psetta = grouper + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 325 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 64\u00b0n - 33\u00b0n , 179\u00b0w - 118\u00b0w\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 63 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 72 - 88 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 53 - 66 ; vertebrae : 37 - 39 . dorsal origin above point in front of eye . caudal rounded . pectorals small .\ninhabits sandy bottoms . feeds on fishes , worms , crustaceans and mollusks ( ref . 6885 ) .\n) : 1 . 3 - 8 . 7 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 314 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00451 - 0 . 01844 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 \u00b10 . 67 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nprimarily landed at piers from monterey bay north . best bets : seacliff state beach pier , capitola wharf , santa cruz wharf , pacifica pier , candlestick state park pier , berkeley pier , point pinole pier , fort baker pier , del norte street pier in eureka and the \u201cb\u201d street pier in crescent city .\ngenerally taken on cut bait such as anchovy , sardine or squid . live grass shrimp and pile worms also make good bait . most often landed on high / low leaders fished on the bottom but many are also taken in the bay area by fishermen using the live bait sliding rigging common for flounder . hooks should be size 6 to 4 .\nif you appreciate ken ' s writings on fishing , please consider making a donation for this unique content . your support will help ken to continue publishing knowledgeable and entertaining articles .\nken is an outdoor writer who has traveled and fished the shores of california for more than 50 years . read more\nflatfishes are unique in that the skull is asymmetrical with both eyes on the same side of the head . flatfish begin life like symmetrical fish , with an eye on each side of the head . a few days after hatching , one eye begins to migrate and soon both eyes are close together on one side . flatfish spend the rest of their lives on or near the bottom with the eyed side facing up . the blind side is usually a paler color than the eyed side . if the right eye migrates to the left side , the flatfish is left - eyed ( sinistral ) . if the left eye migrates to the right side , the fish is right - eyed ( dextral ) .\nto identify a flatfish , there are several physical characteristics that are often used . among these are the shape of the arch in the lateral line , and the presence or absence of an accessory dorsal branch to the lateral line and anal spine ( see figure below ) . other common characteristics used in flatfish species identification are size of mouth , teeth , body shape and ridge between the eyes .\nflatfish are in the order pleuronectiformes . worldwide there are more than 500 species of flatfishes , in 6 or 7 families . flatfishes include flounders , soles , turbots , halibuts , sanddabs , plaices , and tonguefishes . flatfishes found in north american waters are in two broad categories - one includes the families bothidae and pleuronectidae , and the other includes the families cynoglossidae and soleidae .\nthe colored pictures were taken at sea or on freshly landed fish . special thanks is given to the commercial fishermen and processors for their help in making the fish available for photographing .\nright - eyed . eyed side uniform dark grayish brown to olive brown . blind side dirty white to light gray . scales darker at edges . body shape elongate diamond . caudal fin crescent - shaped . lateral line nearly straight with slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth very large with two rows of large , sharp arrow - shaped teeth . maxillary extends beyond posterior margin of lower eye . no fang - like tooth on vomer ( bone in roof of mouth ) . left eye on dorsal ridge ( visible from blind side ) . 2 gill rakers on the second upper arch . anal spine absent . preopercle c - shaped ( not angular ) . anterior nostril on blind side has small flap . dorsal fin origin at middle of eye .\nto 86 cm ( 34 inches ) and up to 17 pounds . often large , and females are bigger than males .\nsoft bottoms from 10 to 400 fm . most common at 150 to 220 fm .\ncommon in waters of alaska through oregon . taken primarily in trawls . not of high commercial value due to poor flesh quality . used traditionally as animal feed , but human consumption increasing .\npicture : bill barss , odfw text : alaska sea grant marine advisory bulletin no . 47\nright - eyed . eyed side light to dark brown or grayish brown with yellow or green mottling . blind side white . dorsal and anal fins edged with bright lemon yellow . body shape oval . caudal fin rounded to broad v - shape . lateral line has low arch over pectoral fin ; long accessory dorsal branch extends past gill cover . mouth small . teeth blunt , strongest on blind side . maxillary extends below anterior part of eye . eyes small . space between eyes flat , narrow . anal spine strong . scales on eyed side rough , extend onto fin rays .\npicture : bill barss , odfw . text : alaska sea grant marine advisory bulletin no . 47 .\nright - eyed . eyed side reddish brown to dark brown or black , usually with brown or grey mottling . fins dark ; dorsal and anal fins broad . blind side white . body deep oval shape . caudal fin rounded . lateral line has slight curve over pectoral fin ; long accessory dorsal branch reaches to midpoint of body . mouth small . maxillary extends to below anterior part of lower eye . eyes large , closely set . high , bony ridge between eyes with tubercle or blunt spine at each end . has 2 or 3 bony tubercles on head behind upper eye . anal spine present . first 9 to 12 dorsal fin rays are on blind side . origin or dorsal fin level with lower corner of mouth .\nedibility very good . similar to spotted and hornyhead turbots , which have 4 to 6 dorsal fin rays inserted on blind side .\nright - eyed . eyed side brown or grayish brown ; may be mottled with darker spots . fins blackish toward edges . blind side smudgy off - white to dark brownish gray . body elongate with very small scales . caudal fin rounded . lateral line nearly straight ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth very small . maxillary extends to below anterior of lower eye . teeth mostly on blind side ; teeth flat and incisor - like . eyes large and bulging , with upper eye posterior to lower eye . space between eyes convex . anal spine absent . soft , flabby body is slippery , because of large amounts of slime .\nto 76 cm ( 30 inches ) and up to 10 pounds . average size in trawl catch is about 1 pound .\ncommon and widely distributed . important commercially ; marketed as fillets . good flavor and good keeping qualities . poor flesh quality often found for fish caught below 300 fm .\nright - eyed . eyed side usually uniform brown to olive brown but may have white speckles . dorsal and ventral fin edges dark . blind side white to pale yellow tinged with reddish brown . body elongate , diamond shaped . small head is slender and pointed . caudal fin nearly square with slight point at center . lateral line nearly straight with slight curve ; long accessory dorsal branch . mouth small and asymmetric . jaws stronger on blind side . maxillary extends to anterior edge of lower eye . high , narrow ridge between eyes . anal spine strong . scales smooth at anterior part of body and rough at posterior .\nto 61 cm ( 24 inches ) . average size in commerical catch ( mostly females ) is about 14 inches and 3 / 4 pound .\nimportant commercial species caught by trawl . good flavor . may have iodine flavor that is acceptable and even desirable in some markets .\nright - eyed . eyed side dark olive brown to reddish gray - brown , sometimes with dusky blotches . blind side with white and translucent areas ; dorsal and anal fins have dusky blotches . pores under eye . lateral line with little arch and no dorsal branch . upper jaw is narrow in the middle and has 1 row of teeth .\nsilty or muddy bottoms from 0 to 575 fm . ( common 55 to 135 fm ) .\nalmost always right - eyed . eyed side greenish brown to dark brown or black with lighter blotches . blind side white to milky white . body large and stout with elongate diamond shape . caudal fin has crescent shape often indented near edges ( double truncate ) . lateral line has high arch over pectoral fin , accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth large with two rows of teeth on upper jaw and one row on lower jaw . maxillary reaches to below middle of lower eye . area between eyes flat to slightly concave . anal spine present . scales small and smooth on both sides of body .\nto 267 cm ( 105 inches ) and 500 pounds . there are unverified reports of fish over 9 feet and 700 pounds . average size in commercial catch is 30 to 40 pounds .\nsea of japan and sea of okhotsk north to gulf of anadyr . bering sea south to point camalu , northern baja california .\nfound from 3 to 600 fm . mostly in 15 to 150 fm in summer , but deeper in winter .\nleft - eyed . eyed side dull light brown , mottled with brown or black and sometimes yellow or orange . blind side off - white to tan . body oval , with large scales . caudal fin only slightly rounded . lateral line nearly straight ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth medium sized with maxillary extending below anterior part of lower eye . eyes large . anals spine absent . gill rakers on lower limb of first arch are 12 to 16 . scale count in lateral line is 61 to 70 .\nto 41 cm ( 16 inches ) . to 2 pounds ; most weigh less than 1 / 3 pound .\nsea of japan , aleutian islands , bering sea , and south to cape san lucas , baja california .\nright - eyed . eyed side uniform light to dark brown . blind side white , sometimes with pink traces . body shape oval to round . caudal fin longest in middle and slightly indented near edges . lateral line with low curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth large . maxillary extends to below or slightly beyond middle of lower eye . upper jaw with two rows of small , arrow - shaped teeth ; one row of teeth on lower jaw . posterior edge of lower jaw rounded . eyes medium - sized with broad space between them . anal spine strong .\nto 70 cm ( 28 inches ) and 8 pounds . average size in trawl catch is about 1 to 2 pounds .\nbering sea and aleutian islands through gulf of alaska to coronado islands , northern baja california .\nright - eyed . eyed side uniform light brown to gray . edges of dorsal and ventral fins dark or dusky . pectoral fin on eyed side very long and mostly black . blind side off - white to dusky . body elongate . caudal fin rounded with rays longest in center , forming a broad v . lateral line nearly straight . mouth very small . maxillary extends to below anterior edge of lower eye . snout rounded . eyes large with ridge between them . anal spine strong . scales small .\nto 61 cm ( 24 inches ) . average size about 10 inches and 1 / 2 pound .\nabundant and excellent food fish . commonly marketed\nrexed\nwhich is head off and gutted .\nright - eyed . eyed side gray to olive to dark brown or black , mottled with lighter or darker shades , sometimes spotted with yellow or red . dorsal and anal fins have dark blotches or bars ; fins may be yellowish near tail . body thick , oval to round . caudal fin rounded or in shape of a broad v . lateral line has high arch ; accessory dorsal branch short . mouth small with fleshy lips . maxillary extends below anterior edge of eye . teeth more strongly developed on blind side . eyes small . anal spine strong . scales rough , tuberculate on eyed side .\nto 61 cm ( 24 inches ) and 6 pounds . weight is usually between 1 and 1 . 5 pounds .\nin sea of japan and sea of okhotsk . from bering strait south to tanner bank off southern california .\non rocky , pebbly , or sandy bottoms form 0 to 200 fm . most are caught in 20 to 40 fm .\nright - eyed . eyed side light green or gray to brown with fine , dark brown to black speckles . skin on eyed side has the feel of fine sandpaper . dorsal and anal fins often have dull yellow on edges . blind side white . body shape elongate to oval . caudal fin rounded . lateral line has slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch short to moderate . mouth large with large teeth . maxillary extends below middle of lower eye . eyes small with flat , wide space between them . anal spine strong . first few dorsal fin rays elongate and mostly free of membrane .\nfrom near shore to about 100 fm . a shallow water species usually found shallower than 40 fm . prefers sandy bottom .\nfine food fish . common and often caught by sport fishermen from shore . a minor part of the commercial trawl catch .\nbelongs to the right - eyed family , but can also be left - eyed . eyed side olive to dark brown or almost black . unpaired fins white to yellow to orange with black bars . blind side white to creamy white . body shape oval . caudal fin nearly square or slightly rounded . lateral line with slight curve over pectoral fin ; accessory dorsal branch absent . mouth small . maxillary extends below anterior part of lower eye . eyes small with lower eye anterior to upper eye . space between eyes flat . head slender , pointed . anal spine strong . scattered rough tubercles ( star - like scales ) on eyed side .\nto 91 cm ( 36 inches ) and 20 pounds . usual size is 12 to 14 inches .\nin sea of japan and sea of okhotsk . from chukchi sea , bering sea , and aleutian islands south to los angeles harbor , california .\ncommon . important sport fish . highly regarded as food fish , but has moderate commercial value . processing difficult due to rough skin , and needs to be deep skinned to remove unappealing , dark fat layer .\n4034 fairview industrial drive se : : salem , or 97302 : : main phone ( 503 ) 947 - 6000 or ( 800 ) 720 - odfw [ 6339 ] do you have a question or comment for odfw ? contact odfw ' s public service representative at : odfw . info @ urltoken share your opinion or comments on a fish and wildlife commission issue at\nfree and easy to use , the open science framework supports the entire research lifecycle : planning , execution , reporting , archiving , and discovery .\nfish can be categorized many ways ; for example , mark bittman , author of how to cook everything , divides fish into 11 categories . for simplicity\u2019s sake , we have identified five . generally , you can substitute any fish within one category for another , although you\u2019ll notice differences in taste .\nsign up for our daily newsletter for more great articles and tasty , healthy recipes .\njoin our newsletter for free recipes , healthy living inspiration , and special offers .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken is part of the allrecipes food group . cookinglight may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website . offers may be subject to change without notice . all rights reserved . use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms of use privacy policy ( your california privacy rights ) . ad choices | eu data subject requests\ngreek , eos = dawn , aurore + greek , psetta = grouper ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed after david starr jordan , great inciter of ichthyology in the usa ( ref . 6885 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 550 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 67\u00b0n - 31\u00b0n , 172\u00b0e - 117\u00b0w\nmaturity : l m 44 . 0 , range 40 - 44 cm max length : 53 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; 70 . 0 cm tl ( female ) ; common length : 42 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 7 kg ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . reported age : 35 years ( ref . 55701 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 87 - 101 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 67 - 79 ; vertebrae : 41 - 44 . dorsal origin over middle part of eye . caudal longest in middle , ending in a broad ' v ' . pectoral fins large , bluntly pointed .\n) : 1 - 8 . 6 , mean 5 ( based on 420 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00661 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 01061 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 16 ; tm = 7 - 8 ; tmax = 35 ; fec = 400 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 35 , 2 sd range = 0 . 21 - 0 . 57 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 05 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 25 , based on : 1 m , 1 k , 7 tgen , 2 tmax , 2 fec records"]}
{"id": 2368, "summary": [{"text": "top flight ( april 15 , 1929 \u2013 1949 ) was an american u.s. hall of fame thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she was the leading american filly of her generation at two and three years of age . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "top flight", "paragraphs": ["stoke have finished no higher than fourth in their 53 top - flight seasons .\nbut neither man has a top - flight game during the next round of matches .\nthere has been interest from top - flight clubs in spain in a loan move .\nstoke have won six of their past 82 top - flight games away from home .\nin their past four top - flight matches , they have mustered just a single point .\nhe steered the club to top - flight safety last term after being appointed last january .\nonce more top - flight football has been cast into the street along with the garbage .\nsterling already possesses such awareness just a handful of games into his top - flight career .\nhistorically , no other top - flight team has lost as many games during the month .\nand they had won just one of their last four top - flight games against the hammers .\nit means 44 per cent of all top - flight matches will be shown live on telly .\ntop flight basketball co . , ltd . | copyright \u00a9 since 2010 | all rights reserved .\nthey now need to prove their top - flight status is no fluke by repeating that fairytale finish .\nthe newly promoted home side were proving more than a match for the top - flight visiting team .\nclub chiefs had refused to discuss any new deals until the club secured their top - flight status .\nfans of established top - flight clubs will experience something a culture shock when visiting the south coast .\nsign up for fall classes by september 30 and get a free top flight gymnastics t - shirt .\nmo ' green | isabelle | oasis at midnight | verve ' s tale | irad ortiz , jr . | john c . servis | aqueduct racetrack | top flight invitational handicap | top flight invitational handicap ( 2017 )\ngoodison park is the first ground to see an own goal by a goalkeeper in successive top - flight matches .\nwolves are a point adrift of the play - off places as they attempt to regain top - flight status .\nnext came the spinaway stakes . top flight was burdened with 127 pounds , but the lightly weighted dinner time , carrying only 111 , couldn ' t get near her . top flight won by five lengths , never fully extended .\nnext it was west to chicago for the arlington oaks , where top flight scored an easy wire to wire victory .\nbut they were no match for their top - flight opponents on the football or physical front in an uncomfortable opening .\nbut that took them up to 33 points and on target to secure their top - flight status for another year .\nninety - four years and top flight continues to be an anchor for chattanooga , tn and the school and office products industry .\nthe fall brochure and registration materials have been updated for online email registrations . top flight brochure 2018 - 19 with forms click here\ndespite the losses to the boys , top flight was named 1932 ' s champion three year old filly and was hailed as the best filly since regret , an honor she held until twilight tear came along . top flight joined the illustrious whitney broodmare band , where she produced stakes winner flight command and three stakes producing daughters . when she died in 1949 she was buried at the whitney farm . top flight became a member of the hall of fame in 1966 .\nthank you , your registration has been successful . please print a copy of the registration form and bring it to top flight offices .\nand he says the trio of top - flight teams are cashing in on future tv money for a quick fix to pay their mounting debts .\n4 . top materials for job interviews : in this document , you can ref interview materials for flight attendant such as : flight attendant situational interview , flight attendant behavioral interview , flight attendant interview thank you letter\u2026 other useful materials for flight attendant interview : 1 . ebook : job interview questions & answers by bob firestone download link : click here , full ebook review click here 2 . urltoken interview 3 . urltoken interviews . html 4souce : urltoken\nleonardo da vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480 ' s . he had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight .\nin the coaching club american oaks top flight was almost caught napping by argosie , but she held her lead and won by three quarters of a length .\nit is the first time in more than two decades the average cost of going to see a top - flight match costs less than the year before .\ntop flight technologies is dedicated to application - specific , cost effective commercial solutions of unmanned aircraft vehicles ( uavs ) using the latest advanced technologies driving automation and safety . whether your business solution strategy requires environment or situation assessment , forecasting , security , access , or protection , top flight will help you achieve your objectives .\nthe last champion bred by harry payne whitney was a brown filly foaled april 15 , 1929 . she was top flight , by dis donc and out of flyatit .\naussie slang : top notch , very good . moslty used to describe ones wife .\nback in her own division , top flight won the alabama stakes by four lengths , then failed to give weight to older males and was eased in the delaware handicap .\ntop flight technologies is a leading provider of hybrid energy power systems that extend flight times and allow heavier payloads for commercial unmanned aerial vehicles ( uavs ) enabling disruptive and new business solutions for customers in aerospace , transportation , agriculture , and many other industries .\norville and wilbur wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight . first , they read about all the early developments of flight . they decided to make\na small contribution\nto the study of flight control by twisting their wings in flight . then they began to test their ideas with a kite . they learned about how the wind would help with the flight and how it could affect the surfaces once up in the air .\nto measure top colleges\u2019 efforts on economic diversity , the upshot created the college access index .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\ntop flight specializes in teaching and promoting the game at the youth and high school levels . the programs include clinics , after school programs , camps and individual or group private training sessions\nteen pauline remained perfect on the inner track with another front - running score , this time in the grade 2 , $ 200 , 000 top flight handicap on saturday . . .\ncasey expressed sympathy for dundalk ' s plight but insisted their case for a place in the top flight\nsimply wasn ' t good enough to get them over the line\n.\nthe serie a is gradually getting back to where it used to be in terms of stature and naturally this has led to a financial boost for the biggest starts of the italian top flight .\nthe university of california is struggling with budget woes that have deeply affected campus life . yet the system\u2019s nine colleges still lead the nation in providing top - flight college education to the masses .\ntop flight angel scored for just the third time in a dozen starts , with the $ 250 , 000 winner ' s share of the purse tripling his career earnings for legendary standardbred farm .\nucd scored 374 in this department thereby ensuring their own top flight survival but two of the country ' s wealthiest clubs - shelbourne and drogheda united , obtained just 278 and 300 points respectively .\nguy 1 : let & apos ; s go to the club tonight . guy 2 : i can & apos ; t , i have to go to top flight . guy 1 : bummer .\nas a yearling , top flight was evaluated by trainer thomas j . healey , who found her to be temperamental and lacking in promise . she was awkward , and a poor mover at the walk .\nberlin ( ap ) \u2014 after a decade in germany ' s second division , bibiana steinhaus will make bundesliga history this season by becoming the first woman to referee in the country ' s top flight .\ncan a plane door be opened mid - flight , why are there no parachutes on board . . . and why must window blinds be up for landing ? your top aircraft safety questions answered by pilots\nthankfully , captain thomas explains that it would not be possible to open the door mid - flight .\nin the first $ 60 , 200 division , top flight angel ( andy miller ) left the gate , took the lead and called all the shots from there . travelling well in hand and totally unchallenged the entire mile , top flight angel set quarter fractions of : 29 , : 58 . 2 and 1 : 26 . 2 while opening up a five - length advantage in the process . with the fans on hand aware of the track standard , all eyes were simultaneously on the leader and the clock as top flight angel cruised down the lane and won in 1 : 54 . 3 , tying the mark .\ntop flight angel pulled on even terms with his stablemate devious man ( both trained by julie miller ) , and sears put him in full stride , getting the edge over yes mickey . once the passing lane opened up yes mickey accelerated quickly and closed in gamely , but on the wire he fell a nose short of top flight angel . devious man finished third in the 1 : 56 3 / 5 mile .\ntwo weeks later top flight scored easily in the ladies handicap , but it was to be her final win . she was retired after running fourth behind jockey club gold cup winner dark secret in the potomac handicap .\nover 90 years ago , top flight began as a one - machine paper box manufacturing plant , then known as atlas paper box company . founded in 1920 by h . t . robinson , e . w . macmillan , and the brothers e . d . and h . t . bryan , top flight is still owned and operated by the robinson family today\u00e2\u20ac\u201dand is still committed to strong core values and quality paper products .\nbrian sears had the winning hand on saturday night at yonkers raceway , and he capped an extraordinary night by scoring with top flight angel in the $ 500 , 000 yonkers trot at odds of 7 - 1 .\nand according to one flight attendant , certain seasons and types of passengers are reliably more irksome than others .\nthe highlight of the season came in the futurity stakes at belmont . once again carrying 127 pounds , top flight drew off to win by two and a half lengths over a field that included two future classic winners .\ntop flight made her first start in stakes company , going to post in aqueduct ' s clover stakes on june 17 , 1931 . despite a muddy track , she went wire to wire and was under restraint at the finish .\nwhen her breeder passed away in 1930 , top flight and her stablemates were left to his son , cornelius vanderbilt whitney . she went into training with healey , and was ridden in all but three of her starts by sonny workman .\ntop flight tasted defeat for the first time in her sophomore debut . she tired in the wood memorial and finished fourth . plans for the kentucky derby were canceled . e . r . bradley ' s burgoo king took the roses .\nhannah received the mcdaniel college presidential scholars full tuition scholarship . it is the highest academic honor given to incoming freshmen and covers all four years of tuition . hannah has been a competitive gymnast at top flight for the past 8 years .\nbrad is far from the only flight attendant who has spilled the beans on the less glamorous aspects of his job .\n' british airways pilots will advise customers if any turbulence is expected during the flight as an additional safety measure . '\npubudu dassanayake , the former nepal coach , believes the side ' s current crop of players led by paras khadka have the ability to be a top - flight associate alongside ireland and afghanistan provided the country ' s administrative issues are resolved .\nit was the fourth win of the year for the yonkers trot champion top flight angel ( $ 3 . 80 ) , and it pushed his earnings for 2017 to $ 362 , 016 for owner legendary standardbred farm . julie miller trains the winner .\n9 . 5 . why do i need a certificate from the in - flight institute ? the in - flight institute is the only online flight attendant training school in the world that is used by airlines right here in canada and airlines around the world . our member airlines gain a great advantage by selecting pre - qualified candidates from our database . this enhances the quality of their candidates while decreasing their classroom training time . the in - flight institute provides up to 80 % of the required regulatory knowledge that you need to fly ; the airline will provide the rest . if you are serious about becoming a flight attendant you can improve your chances with a certificate from the in - flight institute . if you are interested in working with any of our preferred member airlines then you must have a certificate of completion exclusively from the in - flight institute . 9souce : urltoken\nat top flight gymnastics we offer young gymnasts a well - rounded source of physical activity that promotes the increase of strength , flexibility , coordination , confidence and courage . our recreational classes , recreational and competitive teams and special activities stimulate physical development in our students .\nurltoken released the figures for the 30 top earners per year in the serie a and without further ado here they are . . .\nthe first heavier - than - air flight traveled one hundred twenty feet in twelve seconds . the two brothers took turns flying that day with the fourth and last flight covering 850 feet in 59 seconds . but the flyer was unstable and very hard to control .\nthis variety suggests that economic diversity is within the power of any top university . the question is whether the university\u2019s leaders decide it\u2019s a priority .\ntop flight returned east for the saratoga meeting , where she was paired with rider sonny workman for the first time . she met the colts in the saratoga special , and had little trouble leaving them in the dust . she beat indian runner by more than a length and with obvious ease .\nthe $ 121 , 500 new york sire stakes ( nyss ) for three - year - old colt and gelding trotters rolled into batavia downs on wednesday evening ( september 13 ) and the track record for that age , sex , and gait , which is also the all - time track trotting mark of 1 : 54 . 3 set by archangel in 2012 was tied by his son , top flight angel ( archangel - top photo ) .\nbetween traditional and modern : as the airline of switzerland , it is important to us to show our guests the multifaceted variety of switzerland . traditional swiss hospitality is as much a part of this as our collaborations with top chefs , who transform top - quality products from their regions into innovative dishes .\nhere are 2018 winners of the top employers for canadians over 40 competition . click an employer name to read our editors ' full reasons for selection :\n' pilots have two days training and are checked in a simulator every six months . they are also checked during a live flight once a year .\nin her last effort as a juvenile , top flight met hopeful stakes winner tick on and future kentucky derby and preakness winner burgoo king in the pimlico futurity . despite suffering from a cough , she took command at the head of the stretch and gamely held off tick on to win by a neck .\ntop flight realty & property management is committed to ensuring that its website is accessible to people with disabilities . all the pages on our website will meet w3c wai ' s web content accessibility guidelines 2 . 0 , level a conformance . any issues should be reported to info @ urltoken . website accessibility policy\nsoccer : the return of shamrock rovers and galway united to the top flight of irish football was confirmed yesterday at citywest where the fai delivered the findings of the independent assessment group ( iag ) they established to oversee the reorganisation of the eircom league ' s membership to club representatives from around the country .\nmo ' green rallied out of the final turn and overtook verve ' s tale in the stretch to win her first career graded stakes , capturing the 77th running of the grade 3 , $ 200 , 000 top flight invitational for fillies and mares 4 - years - old and up on sunday at aqueduct racetrack .\nthat contrast is the most striking result of this year\u2019s college access index , a new york times measure of economic diversity at top colleges . six of the top seven spots in this year\u2019s index belong to university of california campuses , with irvine at no . 1 , and the flagship berkeley campus at no . 7 .\ntop flight ( usa ) blk / br . m , 1929 { 4 - m } dp = 8 - 2 - 0 - 0 - 8 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 25 cd = 0 . 11 - 16 starts , 12 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 275 , 900\nthough not entirely surprising , united ' s promotion was the main talking point of the afternoon , not least amongst the representatives of waterford united and dundalk , both of whom were told they had missed out on a place in the top flight of an entity to be known as the\neircom league of ireland\n.\nsince 2001 , the editors of canada ' s top 100 employers have published an annual list of the best workplaces for older canadians . these employers lead the nation in creating special programs and benefits of interest to employees aged 40 years and older . until 2007 , this competition was called the\ntop ten employers for experienced workers\nand published annually as an appendix to the canada ' s top 100 employers paperback . in 2010 , the competition was renamed the top employers for canadians over 40 to reflect the wide range of initiatives and programs considered in selecting the winners . read the press release issued on november 15 , 2017 announcing this year ' s winners .\nlosing four geared turbofan engines to in - flight failures as a result of a botched durability upgrade was not how pratt & whitney wanted 2018 to begin quite the opposite .\nthe top flight men\u2019s basketball league was created in 2011 to provide an outlet for the everyday individuals to experience the joys of playing on a team in organized basketball league similar to the nba , and to give companies and organizations an activity their members can participate in that builds team unity , camaraderie , and fosters an atmosphere of cooperation and teamwork .\nmost low - income students who attend top colleges thrive . merely going to college isn\u2019t enough to change a teenager\u2019s life . the benefits of college \u2013 higher income , better health , greater life satisfaction \u2013 generally depend on graduating , research shows . which is one reason you sometimes hear worries about whether low - income students can fit in at top colleges .\n25 . 19 . what are the education requirements to be a flight attendant ? minimum standards of education are required to be a flight attendant . this will vary between the airlines however us applicants must have a high school degree or government equivalency degree ( g . e . d . ) or ( year 12 in the southern hemisphere ) . 25souce : urltoken\nthis deeply ingrained profit culture also tends to lock in high achievers . turner notes that six of his country managers began as flight centre travel consultants , and most have been with the group for more than 20 years . when flight centre listed on the australian stock exchange in 1995 , staff bought 25 % of the shares on offer , paying 85 cents ( a 10 cent discount ) .\none of the things that differentiates flight centre is the emotional and physical sense of ownership the staff has for the company ,\nsays james .\n' people often think they can sneak in extra drinks by requesting them from a different flight attendant each time . actually , you ' re just drawing more attention to yourself . '\n30 . 23 . there is a dispute between two passengers regarding the seats . how would you handle it ? a flight attendant is a hostess , and the first responsibility of a hostess is to ensure that there are no untoward happenings during the event . disputes are right on top of the list of undesired incidents during a flight . therefore , the first step that a flight attendant must take is to calm down the situation and create a sense of helpfulness of authority . then , upon determining the actual problem , proceed to find out an amicable solution to the matter . if that is not possible , bring the entire situation to the notice of a superior , which would ensure a quick and logical solution to the problem . 30souce : urltoken\ncongratulations to mia oh and team maryland on a brilliant performance at the national judges inivitational in kentucky , january 9 - 10 , 2016 ! results mia oh ( top flight ) v 9 . 4 ( 4th ) , b 9 . 375 ( 5th ) , bm 9 . 4 ( 8th ) , fl 9 . 225 ( 11th ) , aa 37 . 4 ( 5th )\nfor the new york times\u2019s schools for tomorrow conference , we talked to students in leda , a program helping low - income students succeed at top colleges . here , sayra alanis relates a pivotal moment .\n- for those who want more information about flight safety including practise emergency evacuation technique , learning the correct way to go down the emergency slide , use of emergency exits and the correct brace position . visit\nthe top of the egg will look dark before the larva is ready to emerge . be sure to have a fresh milkweed leaf in the container for the new larva , if its old leaf is dry .\nit is one of the key worries for nervous travellers , that bumpy movement mid - flight and the announcement to fasten seatbelts . but captain thomas reassures passengers that it really isn ' t anything to worry about .\nunbeaten in seven starts , all stakes events , top flight was named the champion two year old filly of 1931 . she was also the season ' s leading money earner with $ 219 , 000 , an amount which surpassed domino ' s thirty eight year old record . the sum was not only a new record for a juvenile season , it was also the most money earned by a filly or mare in a single campaign .\na newcomer to the allianz stadium , douglas costa made the switch from bayern munich this summer and was arguably the most high profile arrival for the serie a champions , which probably helped him sneak into the top five .\nofficials at other top colleges , for their part , often say that they want to enroll more of these talented low - and middle - income students . but only some colleges have followed up these words with actions .\n44 . 37 . describe your management style ? try to avoid flight attendantels . some of the more common flight attendantels , like progressive , salesman or consensus , can have several meanings or descriptions depending on which management expert you listen to . the situational style is safe , because it says you will manage according to the situation , instead of one size fits all . useful material : urltoken and - answers - pdf 44souce : urltoken\n23 . 17 . is a medical evaluation required to become a flight attendant ? a medical evaluation is required to ascertain a standard of health required to perform the duties of a flight attendant and to be able to cope with the aviation environment . some specifics will be your ability to adjust to the pressure changes that you will experience every day . this includes having healthy and ' normally ' operating eustachian tubes of your inner ear that equalize pressure as you ascend and descend on every flight . most people will have absolutely no problem with the ability to equalize pressure . similarly your sinuses must be able to cope with such pressure changes . 23souce : urltoken\nanother differentiator is turner ' s\nfamily , village , tribe\nmanagement structure , based on anthropological studies of how humans function best in small groups . flight centre ' s workforce is based on teams ( families ) of five or six people , organized into villages of six to eight teams and tribes of around 25 villages . each team has its own profit - and - loss account , and each tribe has its own flag , designed to engender a sense of belonging , even within a large , multinational company .\nsenior management is trying to say , ' you don ' t work for flight centre , you are flight centre , '\nexplains james .\nof course , as has been covered in news stories following the shooting down of malaysian airlines flight mh17 in july last year , killing 298 people , airlines do fly over conflict zones after taking an assessment of the risks .\nto learn more about the competition , we invite you to join us at the top employer summit , our annual editorial conference on the canada ' s top 100 employers project . this event lets you discover the latest best practices from winners , meet competition organizers and editors , and hear inspiring stories from world - class speakers \u2013 all presented in a commercial - free format . the conference is canada ' s largest annual event for senior - level hr professionals .\nharris nominates the first gulf war , in 1990 , as the company ' s most precarious moment , when travelers seeking flight refunds were akin to a run on the bank . but there have been plenty of other challenges , including 9 / 11 , the 2008 global financial crisis and the internet . as each threat subsided , flight centre often outdid its competitors by retaining staff during the tough times , expanding and sticking to its\nlowest - price guarantee\nmantra .\nso for those who have always wanted to know the whys and wherefores about taking to the skies , mailonline travel put the most common plane safety questions to pilot and british airways ' head of flight and technical training captain dave thomas .\nacross the road , the headquarters of his global travel company , flight centre travel group , are equally unpretentious . turner is at a stand - up desk and crammed into an office with seven other top executives - - all wearing the uniform .\nwe ask our staff to wear it , so we should too ,\nsays one , adding that the uniform no longer has a standard issue short - sleeved shirt - - turner has his specially altered to the more casual style .\nfollowing a series of tragic incidents , from the germanwings disaster in march to the loss of malaysian airlines mh370 last year , as well as the shooting down of flight mh17 over ukraine , there is understandably a lot of fear surrounding air travel .\n' the masks are really clever , there is a mechanism that detects the need for them by monitoring cabin pressure and automatically deploying them , and there is a button on the flight deck that does the same thing , ' says captain thomas .\nhe was fascinated by the idea of flight . based on his studies of birds and how they fly , he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 and this text was used by the wright brothers as the basis for their designs .\n12 . 7 . you see one of the passengers being deliberately rude to your fellow flight attendant . how would you solve this ? this is one of the most common problems that flight attendants face during their jobs . most often than not , the people who cause such problems are harmless creatures , just somewhat bored . the best way to solve these problems is by dealing with them in a soft , yet strict demeanor , which would make the perpetrator uneasy and repentant , and create a sense of relief amongst the other passengers . 12souce : urltoken\nturner ' s vision is to morph flight centre from a middleman broker of discount airfares to a global retailer and wholesaler of travel products . this reduces its dependence on airline commissions , although its sheer size in the australian market still gives it bargaining strength to match internet offers . under this strategy customers will often book simple , low - margin flights on the internet but come to flight centre ' s stores for face - to - face advice on more complex trips requiring multiple flights , hotels , tours , rental cars , insurance and the like .\nelia worked in a\ncommunity hospital in southern california and did heart surgery , performing over 10 , 000 open - heart surgeries before i retired . i retired because i developed rheumatoid arthritis , and i wasn ' t willing to continue without being able to perform at the top level .\n21 . 15 . what are the background check requirements to be a flight attendant ? common to many employers , not just those who recruit flight attendants are criminal history checks . this means that you will have to obtain a police check . sometimes an employer will ask for your state of residence check only but don ' t count on that ever being replicated . the standard is for you to obtain and pay for a police criminal history check for your country of origin . 21souce : urltoken do you love this design ? for more colors , tshirt option , hoodie option , pls click here\ndark - eyed juncos are numerous and widespread , though the north american breeding bird survey reports that populations declined by about 1 . 4 % per year between 1966 and 2015 , resulting in a cumulative decline of 50 % . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 200 million with 81 % spending some part of the year in the u . s . , 65 % in canada , and 7 % in mexico . the species rates an 8 out of 20 on the continental concern score . dark - eyed junco is not on the 2016 state of north america ' s birds ' watch list . back to top\nfile - in this aug . 12 , 2017 file photo munich ' s franck ribery and referee bibiana steinhaus walk on the pitch during the german soccer cup first - round soccer match between chemnitzer fc and fc bayern munich in chemnitz , germany . carving her way in a man\u2019s world , bibiana steinhaus is striking a blow for equality as the bundesliga\u2019s first female referee this season . the 38 - year - old police officer , who has been refereeing in the second division since 2007 , is one of four referees promoted by the german football federation ( dfb ) to the top flight . ( hendrik schmidt / dpa via ap , file )\neven - money favorite devious man used the pole to his advantage for andy miller , securing the lead from the start and forcing tucks . with last week ' s elimination winner yes mickey gaining the pocket after leavers guardian angel as and di oggi broke in succession on the first turn , top flight angel managed to follow in third from the second tier with sears . devious man cut fractions of 28 / 45 and 58 4 / 5 with miller appearing in full control . sears pulled on the backstretch and got the jump on the pocket - sitter , going on the offensive through a 1 : 27 3 / 5 three - quarters .\nhero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle . a fire below the kettle turned the water into steam , and the gas traveled through pipes to the sphere . two l - shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape , which gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate .\nalthough the company emphasized that the previous standard procedure of using flaps 30 and full reverse thrust should still be used in certain conditions , such as for contaminated runways , it did not define what constitutes a \u201ccontaminated\u201d runway or provide flight crews with associated procedures or training to evaluate the effects of runway conditions on aircraft landing performance .\nas mccabe indicates , implementing an sms is indeed a top - down process , with strong guidance provided by senior management . the first task is to write the company\u2019s safety policy statement . then , and most important , says rockbrune , senior management must live up to it , ensuring that the safety policy is perceived as relevant throughout the organization .\nas for top flight ' s dam , flyatit , she hadn ' t scored a stakes win , at least partially because of the behavior problems that inspired her retirement , but she had won half of her ten starts . her sire was none other than the excellent peter pan , and her female line was one of the best in america . flyatit ' s second dam was the full sister to the great whisk broom ii . their dam , audience , was out of the champion sallie mcclelland . sallie mcclelland ' s second dam was none other than maggie b . b . , dam of three classic winners , including the american bred epsom derby and st . leger winner iroquois .\nby the time turner returned to australia in 1983 , his next business was well under way . topdeck had begun selling cheap airfares to australia , based on the london\nbucket shops\nwhere airlines offloaded seats that hadn ' t sold through mainstream travel agents . it funded , along with turner ' s friend geoff harris , a handful of discount - flight shops in australia . turner ran the brisbane office , james the sydney one , and harris had seven travel shops in melbourne . by 1986 the founders had sold out of topdeck , and the following year turner , james and harris joined their loosely affiliated travel agencies into one business and flight centre aust pty ltd . was born .\n. these holes penetrate all the way through the shell allowing sperm to enter , since eggs form their hard shell prior to fertilization . the raised areas on the egg shell are called ridges , they are also formed before the egg is laid . the dark head of the developing caterpillar can be seen near the top of the egg prior to emergence .\n28 . 21 . what are the customer service requirements to be a flight attendant ? you will normally be required to possess some sort of customer service background . in most cases it does not matter where you obtained your experience so long as you can apply your knowledge to the requirements of the airline that you do apply to . 28souce : urltoken\nas to the admission of evidence of flight : see generally r v adam ; r v cook [ 2004 ] nswcca 52 ( where the evidence was wrongly admitted ) but compare quinlan v r ( 2006 ) 164 a crim r 106 and steer v r ( 2008 ) 191 a crim r 435 ( where the evidence was correctly admitted ) .\nan example ? james says 20 companies offered bus and camping tours of europe when turner and a friend started topdeck in 1973 . turner ' s twist was to buy an old double - decker bus and convert the top level to bunks . no one had to pitch tents , and meals could be prepared in transit , giving him an edge over competitors .\nmany aviation professionals remember eastern air lines flight 855 , a lockheed l - 1011 that lost all three engines due to the omission of oil seals in the master chip detector assemblies . in today\u2019s era of the safety management system ( sms ) , the may 5 , 1983 , accident still yields important lessons about the key safety role played by senior management .\nthe discovery of the kite that could fly in the air by the chinese started humans thinking about flying . kites were used by the chinese in religious ceremonies . they built many colorful kites for fun , also . more sophisticated kites were used to test weather conditions . kites have been important to the invention of flight as they were the forerunner to balloons and gliders .\nlangley received a $ 50 , 000 grant to build a full sized aerodrome . it was too heavy to fly and it crashed . he was very disappointed . he gave up trying to fly . his major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider . he was also well known as the director of the smithsonian institute in washington , dc\nwhile not a leading sire or outstanding performer , dis donc was exceptionally well bred . his sire was french derby winner sardanapale , and his dam was lady hamburg ii , who produced the successful performer and top sire chicle . as the name suggests , lady hamburg ii was by hamburg , the champion son of hanover , and out of the st . simon mare lady frivoles .\nthis stagnation means that many elite colleges remain overwhelmingly well - off . for every student from the entire bottom half of the nation\u2019s income distribution at dartmouth , penn , princeton , yale and more than a few other colleges , there appear to be roughly two students from just the top 5 percent ( which means they come from families making at least $ 200 , 000 ) .\nthe importance of well - executed risk assessment is illustrated by the sept . 23 , 1999 , overrun at bangkok , thailand , by qantas flight 15 , a boeing 747 - 400 . the runway was wet , but braking action had been reported as good , and the 747 crew elected to use the company\u2019s preferred procedure of landing with flaps 25 and idle reverse thrust .\nsays harris :\ni ' ve never heard him praise anyone ever , but people would run through a brick wall for him . skroo would be in the top 100 business people in the world . this is a very unconventional business model with an unconventional leader , but it ' s produced amazingly consistent results for over 30 years and outcomes are what you judge people on .\n\u201clet\u2019s hope there are many more [ this season ] as long as we all stay healthy , \u201d tabor said , \u201cand hopefully we\u2019ll go to the breeders\u2019 cup [ at del mar ] at the end of the year with a good few more and hopefully win some there . you\u2019ve always got to be trying to get to the top of the mountain , but you never reach it .\nappearances can be deceptive , however . the 65 - year - old turner , a keen bike rider and marathon runner known universally as\nskroo ,\nregularly features on lists of australia ' s most successful chief executives . he built his first travel company , the london - based bus - tour business topdeck , in his 20s , then returned to australia to start flight centre .\nturner , after decades weathering the vagaries of the travel industry , seems unconcerned . in an interview two weeks before the profit downgrade , he said :\nthe share price will go up and down , and you cannot lose sleep over that . if you can deliver on the bottom line and the top line , that ' s great , and the share price will come with it .\nthe median six - year graduation rate for pell students at the colleges in our index is 84 percent , only slightly lower than the overall rate of 85 percent . college certainly involves challenges for many low - income students , but they largely meet them when they attend a top college . that\u2019s a big reason these colleges matter : they don\u2019t leave many students saddled with the toxic combination of debt and no degree .\nwhen larvae are ready to pupate , they crawl to the top of their cage , attach themselves with silken thread , and form a prepupal\nj\nbefore shedding their skin for the last time . this process is fun to watch but it happens quickly . you can tell that they will shed their larval skin soon ( within minutes ) when their tentacles hang very limply and their bodies straighten out a little .\ndark - eyed juncos are primarily seed - eaters , with seeds of chickweed , buckwheat , lamb\u2019s quarters , sorrel , and the like making up about 75 % of their year - round diet . at feeders they seem to prefer millet over sunflower seeds . during the breeding season , dark - eyed juncos also eat insects including beetles , moths , butterflies , caterpillars , ants , wasps , and flies . back to top\nover 50 years he made improvements to the gliders . he changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly . he designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability . he tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider . he also recognized that there would be a need for power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time .\nanalysts seem to agree . credit suisse upgraded its rating to outperform from neutral after the downgrade , and analyst grant saligari said flight centre offers value even if the weakness in the domestic - leisure sector continues this year . j . p . morgan maintained its rating at overweight , stating that the company ' s problems were cyclical rather than structural and the 20 % drop in the share price since late november was overdone .\ndassanayake coached nepal from 2011 through last december before stepping down from the role . he has been at the forefront of several highs , like helping them climb up the world cricket league ladder from division four in malaysia in 2012 all the way up to the top division in the wcl championship . the biggest highlight of his stint , however , was their maiden world t20 appearance in 2014 , where they beat afghanistan and hong kong .\n\u201cyou have to be impressed , \u201d tabor said . \u201cshe\u2019s improving all the time , and six furlongs and more will suit her . you\u2019d hope that she\u2019d get to the top , she\u2019s a full sister to churchill and you can\u2019t ask for better than that . she\u2019s a filly to look forward to , simple as that . she won as if she wanted seven furlongs and hopefully she will be a guineas horse next year . \u201d\nadept at soaring and diving but not as maneuverable as other hawks , ospreys keep to open areas , flying with stiff wingbeats in a steady , rowing motion . primarily solitary birds , they usually roost alone or in small winter flocks of six to ten . nesting ospreys defend only the immediate area around their nest rather than a larger territory ; they vigorously chase other ospreys that encroach on their nesting areas . in breeding season , males perform an aerial\nsky - dance ,\nsometimes called\nfish - flight .\nwith dangling legs , often clasping a fish or nesting material in his talons , the male alternates periods of hovering with slow , shallow swoops as high as 600 feet or more above the nest site . sustaining this display for 10 minutes or more , he utters repeated screaming calls while gradually descending in an undulating fashion to the nest . back to top\nthe index is based on three factors : the share of students receiving pell grants ( which typically go to families making less than $ 70 , 000 ) ; the graduation rate of those students ; and the net cost , after financial aid , that a college charges low - and middle - income students . the index covers 179 of the nation\u2019s top colleges , defined as having an overall five - year graduation rate of at least 75 percent .\n45 . 38 . what have you learned from mistakes on the job ? ? here you have to come up with something or you strain credibility . make it small , well intentioned mistake with a positive lesson learned . an example would be working too far ahead of colleagues on a project and thus throwing coordination off . 45souce : urltoken are you dog lovers ? collection : top 26 dog lover tshirts is for you : urltoken tshirts - for - cat - lovers - 246614355802731 /\ndemonstrated leadership inevitably leads to the successful attainment of organizational safety goals . \u201cour company safety culture , like our business culture , comprises the same elements of strong leadership , the right structure and action focused clearly on core values and critical operating tasks , \u201d said william o . mccabe , former director of dupont aviation . \u201cwhen all members of the work force follow such leadership and truly feel this accountability from top to bottom , they integrate their efforts to achieve the safety goals . \u201d\nturner has always been happy to break away from the herd . bill james , who cofounded flight centre with turner , puts it this way :\none of skroo ' s philosophies is that if something ' s been done in a traditional way , look at what they ' re doing , and by definition it ' s probably wrong and there ' s probably a better way .\n( the nickname comes from the turner screwdriver brand popular when he was young . )\ndark - eyed juncos breed in forests across much of north america and at elevations ranging from sea level to more than 11 , 000 feet . they are often found in coniferous forests incuding pine , douglas - fir , spruce , and fir , but also in deciduous forests such as aspen , cottonwood , oak , maple , and hickory . during winter and on migration they use a wider variety of habitats including open woodlands , fields , roadsides , parks , and gardens . back to top\nperhaps the biggest question mark for flight centre is its dependence on graham turner . when he stepped aside as ceo in july 2005 to become executive chairman , its upward trajectory faltered and a series of profit downgrades earned it the label\nflightless centre .\nhe returned eight months later . ten years on he says he expects to be there for another 20 years , and there ' s no doubt his vision and ability to engender loyalty are vital to the company ' s success .\n14 . 9 . you are a flight attendant , and the plane has fewer entertainment possibilities than previously planned , what would you do ? depends on when this situation is discovered . if this is noticed prior to takeoff and there is enough time to obtain more material , i would inform my superiors immediately so that the relevant resources can be put in . if this situation is discovered after takeoff , i would encourage passengers to share and minimize their time with the limited resources . 14souce : urltoken\n19 . 14 . what is your greatest accomplishment ? this is somewhat similar to the \u201cwhat is your greatest strength ? \u201d question and can be handled along the same lines . you want to pick an accomplishment that shows you have the qualities that the company puts value in and that are desirable for the position you\u2019re interviewing for . the fact is you may have several accomplishments you could pick from . pick one that will have the most impact . 19 urltoken useful material : top 12 skills for career success souce : urltoken\nas with topdeck , turner had a fresh take on how things should be done . unlike many retailers , flight centre has not funded growth through franchising - - all stores are company - owned apart from 14 escape travel outlets . but store managers can buy into a percentage of their store ' s profits ( up to 20 % ) , and head - office costs are shared by each store , making each one a small business .\nif they want fancy marketing , they have to pay for it ,\nexplains harris ."]}
{"id": 2370, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes clarkei is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from oregon and northern washington . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chionodes clarkei", "paragraphs": ["chionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53\n= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nlarva on quercu hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54\ns . yukon - washington , northwest territories - nova scotia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on arctostaphylos uva - ursi clarke , 1947 , j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244\nvermont , se . ontario , new jersey , illinois , connecticut . see [ maps ]\ngelechia argentipunctella ely , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nlarva on alnus , corylus americana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55"]}
{"id": 2371, "summary": [{"text": "ixodes neuquenensis is a species of tick that lives on the monito del monte ( dromiciops gliroides ) , a nocturnal marsupial that lives in the northern temperate forests of southern south america .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "due to the near-threatened status of its host , ixodes neuquenensis is also at risk . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "ixodes neuquenensis", "paragraphs": ["borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes cf . neuquenensis and ixodes sigelos ticks from the patagonian region of argentina\nborrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes cf . neuquenensis and ixodes sigelos ticks from the patagonian region of argentina - sciencedirect\nhave a fact about ixodes neuquenensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ixodes neuquenensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nit is the first report of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ixodes ticks from brazil .\nthe presence of ixodes neuquenensis ( ringuelet , notas mus la plata 12 : 207\u2013216 , 1947 ) ( acari : ixodidae ) parasitizing populations of dromiciops gliroides thomas , 1894 ( microbiotheria : microbiotheriidae ) at chilo\u00e9 island confirms that this tick species is established in chile . no preference of the ticks for sex or age of the host was observed .\nnuttall , g . h . f . ( 1916 ) . notes on ticks . iv . relating to the genus ixodes and including a description of three new species and two new varieties .\nbenson mj , gawronski jd , eveleigh d , e , benson dr . intracellular symbionts and other bacteria associated with deer ticks ( ixodes scapularis ) from nantucket and wellfleet , cape cod , massachusetts .\nin summary , this study provides solid evidence for extending the range of lb borreliae to the western coast of south america . it also serves as a basis for further studies of relationships of b . chilensis with ixodes ticks and rodents , and the pathogenic relevance of this genospecies .\nalmost two years ago , we launched pubmed journals , an ncbi labs project . pubmed journals helped people follow the latest biomedical literature by making it easier to find and follow journals , browse new articles , and included a journal news feed to track new arrivals news links , trending articles and important article updates .\npubmed journals was a successful experiment . since september 2016 , nearly 20 , 000 people followed 10 , 453 distinct journals . each customer followed 3 journals on average .\nthough pubmed journals will no longer exist as a separate entity , we hope to add its features into future ncbi products . we appreciate your feedback over the years that made pubmed journals a productive test of new ideas .\nncbi labs is ncbi\u2019s product incubator for delivering new features and capabilities to ncbi end users .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\namico , g . & aizen , m . a . ( 2000 ) mistletoe seed dispersal by a marsupial .\narmesto , j . j . , rozzi , r . , smith - ram\u00edrez , c . & arroyo , m . t . k . ( 1998 ) conservation targets in south american temperate forests .\nblack , w . c . & piesman , j . ( 1994 ) phylogeny of hard - and softtick taxa ( acari : ixodida ) based on mitochondrial 16s rdna sequences .\n. buenos aires : departamento editorial , universidad de buenos aires , 113 pp .\nclifford , c . m . , sonenshine , d . e . , keirans , j . e . & kohls , g . m . ( 1973 ) systematics of the subfamily ixodinae ( acarina : ixodidae ) . 1 . the subgenus of\ncorwin , d . , clifford , c . m . & keirans , j . e . ( 1979 ) an improved method for cleaning and preparing ticks for examination with the scanning electron microscope .\nkeirans , j . e . ( 1992 ) systematics of the ixodida ( argasidae , ixodidae , nuttalliellidae ) : an overview and some problems .\nmangold , a . j . , bargues , m . d . & mas coma , s . ( 1998 ) 18s rrna gene sequences and phylogenetic relationships of european hard - tick species ( acari : ixodidae ) .\nnuttall , g . h . f . ( 1916 ) notes on ticks . iv . relating to the genus\nspotorno , a . e . , marin , j . c . , y\u00e9venes , m . , wlaker , l . i . , fern\u00e1ndez - donoso , r . , pincheira , j . , berr\u00edos , m . e . & palma , r . e . ( 1997 ) chromosome divergences among american and the australian affinities of the american dromiciops .\nspringer , m . s . , westerman , m . , kavanagh , j . r . , burk , a . , woodburne , m . o . , kao , d . j . & krajewski , c . ( 1998 ) the origin of the australasian marsupial fauna and the phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic monito del monte and marsupial mole .\nthompson , j . d . , higgins , d . g . & gibson , t . j . ( 1994 ) clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position - specific penalties weight matrix choice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nmar\u00edn - vial , paula ; gonz\u00e1lez - acu\u00f1a , daniel ; celis - diez , juan l . ; cattan , pedro e . ; guglielmone , alberto a .\n) . the\nmountain monkey\nis the only species still alive from an ancient lineage dating back more than 40 million years . due to habitat loss , the population of this little marsupial has declined over recent years . this is bad news for\nbecause it is a very host - specific tick . if the\nmountain monkey\ngoes extinct , it will also spell doom for this tick , along with a whole suite of other parasites and symbionts which are dependent upon this little marsupial . reference : guglielmone aa , venzal jm , amico g , mangold aj , keirans je ( 2004 ) description of the nymph and larva and redescriptions of the female of\nif i ' m not mistaken , there is at least one extinct parasite described from a frozen mammoth .\ntommy - i think we had this conversation once before ! the parasite is a stomach bot , cobboldia russanovi . look at entomol . rev . 52 : 165 - 169 .\nhint : you ' re just looking at the tip of the iceberg . . .\nif you think you or your pets have a parasite , please seek the appropriate care you need from your own doctor or veterinarian .\nwhy parasite of the day ? ( if it ' s not every day . . . )\nthe united nations declared 2010 the international year of biodiversity . in celebration of the enormous diversity of parasites and to highlight their importance , we created this blog , which showcased a species of parasite every day . now that 2010 is over , we will continue to add more parasites from time to time , and write about any newly published research on parasite species that we have posted about yet .\nsee this post from the start of 2011 where we discuss the sheer scale of parasite biodiversity , and this post from the end of 2011 pretty much summarizes the mission of this blog .\ngot parasites ? the american society of parasitologists is interested . we invite you to share with us your observations , ideas and questions about parasites . our members and the journal of parasitology represent a wide range of research interests including ecology , evolution , systematics , immunology , biochemistry and molecular biology . please post any aspect of parasitology you wish to share with us on our facebook group page . please go to our home page at\nbush , albert , gerald esch and jacqueline fernandez . parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites . cambridge university press .\ncombes , claude . the art of being a parasite . university of chicago press .\ndesowitz , robert . new guinea tapeworms and jewish grandmothers . norton & company .\ndesowitz , robert . the malaria capers : tales of parasites and people . norton and compay .\nmoore , janice . parasites and the behavior of animals . oxford university press .\nzuk , marlene . riddled with life : friendly worms , ladybug sex , and the parasites that make us who we are . mariner books\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n. buenos aires : departamento editorial de la universida de buenos aires , 113 pp .\nles tiques du monde . nomenclature , stades d\u00e9crits , h\u00f4tes , r\u00e9partition ( acarida , ixodida )\ncorwin , d . , clifford , c . m . , & keirans , j . e . ( 1979 ) . an improved method for cleaning and preparing ticks for examination with the scanning electron microscope .\nkeirans , clifford & corwin , 1976 ( acari : ixodidae ) in argentina and southern chile .\nneumann , 1911 ( acari : ixodidae ) : morphological and preliminary molecular evidences from 16srdna sequences .\nguglielmone , a . a . , robbins , r . g . , apanaskevich , d . a . , petney , t . n . , estrada - pe\u00f1a , a . , & horak , i . g . ( 2009 ) . comments on controversial tick ( acari : ixodida ) species names and species described or resurrected from 2003 to 2008 .\nhorak , i . g . , camicas , j . l . , & keirans , j . e . ( 2002 ) . the argasidae , ixodidae and nuttalliellidae acari : ixodida ) : a world list of valid tick names .\n, n . sp . ( acarina : ixodidae ) , a parasite of rodents in chile , with a method for preparing ticks for examination by scanning electron microscopy .\nlahille , f . ( 1916 ) . descripci\u00f3n de un nuevo ix\u00f3dido chileno .\n. volume ii ( sixth edition ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1936 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlarisa b . ivanova , 1 alexandra tomova , 1 daniel gonz\u00e1lez - acu\u00f1a , 4 roberto mur\u00faa , 5 claudia x . moreno , 1 , \u2020 claudio hern\u00e1ndez , 6 javier cabello , 7 , 8 carlos cabello , 9 thomas j . daniels , 2 , 10 henry p . godfrey , 3 and felipe c . cabello 1 , *\n\u2020 present address : grupo de microbiodiversidad y bioprospecci\u00f3n , facultad de ciencias , departamento de biociencias , universidad nacional de colombia - medell\u00edn , calle 59a no 63 \u2013 20 , medell\u00edn , colombia .\nin an effort to explore the question of whether b . burgdorferi s . l . is present in south america , i . stilesi ticks collected from vegetation and colilargos in a forest reserve in southern chile and from captive pudus undergoing rehabilitation in the same region were examined . these ticks harbored a novel lb group borrelial species genetically distinct from other lb borreliae from north america , europe and asia . we propose this new borrelial genospecies be named borrelia chilensis va1 in honor of its country of origin .\nsp . using serial dilution on solid medium and liquid media , ultrafiltration ( 0 . 2 \u03bcm and 0 . 45 \u03bcm pore sizes ) , flow cytometry , and antimicrobials ( kanamycin , erythromycin , tetracycline , gentamycin , novobiocin , vancomycin , bacitracin , cycloserine , rifampicin , phosphomycin , amphotericin b ) were unsuccessful .\nsubcultured at weekly intervals in bsk - h media ; early passages were stored at \u221280\u00b0c . cultured spirochetes frequently grew in long filamentous forms (\nmorphology of spirochetes from i . stilesi midgut ( a ) , or after in vitro culture for ( b ) 5 or ( c ) 12 days or after ( d ) 9 passages in bsk - h media ( magnification , 100\u00d7 ) .\nborrelial dna in ticks and comparison with dna from b . chilensis va1 cultured from a tick\nstandard and nested / seminested pcr amplification was used to detect borrelial dna in ticks obtained from the environment and from pudus and colilargos . tick 16s rdna was used as an internal control to define the quality of isolated dna . borrelial 16s rdna ( 800 bp ) was amplified from one flat male tick collected from vegetation in 2005 , two flat female ticks collected from vegetation in 2008 and two flat nymphs removed from colilargos in 2011 , including the one in which spirochetes were observed (\n) . the mean prevalence of infection in ticks ( 10 % ) was not significantly different between ticks collected from environmental vegetation in 2005 - 2008 and from colilargos in 2011 ( p > 0 . 05 , fisher\u2019s exact test ) . none of the ticks removed from pudus contained borrelial dna .\nb . chilensis va1 sequences in i . stilesi ticks and in b . chilensis va1 cultured from i . stilesi\na 2005 : 13 ticks from environmental vegetation , fixed in 70 % ethanol at 4\u00b0c : 1 positive for b . chilensis va1 ( 7 . 7 % prevalence ) .\nb 2008 : 25 ticks from environmental vegetation , fixed in 70 % ethanol at 4\u00b0c : 2 positive for b . chilensis va1 ( 8 . 0 % prevalence ) .\nc 2011 : 12 live ticks from four long - tailed pygmy rice rats ( colilargos ) ( oligoryzomys longicaudatus ) , 2 ticks positive for b . chilensis va1 ( 17 % prevalence ) . difference in prevalence of infection between ticks obtained from environmental vegetation and ticks removed from rice rats is not significant ( p > 0 . 5 , fisher\u2019s exact test ) .\nd b . chilensis ( bch ) va1 cultured from tick 5 ( fourth passage ) . sequences for clpa , clpx , nifs , pepx , pyrg , recg , rplb and uvra were identical to those obtained directly from tick 5 .\n) , indicating that they represented new alleles for each of these genes ( data not shown ) .\nsequences amplified from uruguayan ticks . additional phylogenetic analyses of 23s rrna and igs sequences from several ticks confirmed that borrelial sequences amplified from chilean ticks belonged to a single well - supported clade with 98 % and 99 % support , respectively ( data not shown ) .\nva1 was closely related to lb borrelia and only distantly related to rf borrelia . pairwise genetic distances of the concatenated housekeeping genes of\nva1 from rf borrelia were 0 . 2859 - 0 . 3011 , while pairwise genetic differences from other lb borreliae were 0 . 0952 - 0 . 1138 (\n) . all these distances are much larger than the species threshold of 0 . 0170 using this typing scheme (\nva1 was characterized using pcr and pulsed - field gel electrophoresis ( pfge ) on borrelial samples taken from the upper third of culture tubes . microscopic examination of two replicate preparations showed they contained < 1 and 4 contaminating\nsp . cells per 100 spirochetes . pcr and pfge results were similar with both preparations . lp17 was not present in\nb31a3 by pcr and corresponded to the smallest band in pfge . of the larger borrelial plasmids , lp54 and lp56 were identified by pcr in\n) probably corresponding to the four mid - range bands seen on pfge . this profile was clearly different from the mid - range profile of\nplasmid profiles of b . burgdorferi b31a3 and b . chilensis va1 analyzed by ( a ) pcr using primers designed for b . burgdorferi b31 and ( b ) pfge of whole - cell dna prepared in agarose plugs . see experimental procedures for details .\nticks collected from local vegetation and from a rodent endemic to chile and argentina . dna sequencing analysis of pcr amplicons from 16s and 23s rrna genes , igs ,\ns . l . complex . sequences for each gene from individual ticks ( when multiple sequences were available ) formed well - supported single clades within the lb borrelial group . furthermore , amplicons for igs ,\ns . l . complex . taken in toto , these observations provide strong evidence for these sequences representing a new borrelial species and the cultured organism validly representing the borrelial dna found in ticks . we propose to name this new species\n, and note that this extends the range of lb group borrelia in south america and the southern hemisphere .\n) . the reason for this is not clear . it might be the result of low spirochete load given that microscopy of tick gut fluid showed 0 - 1 spirochetes per field . low spirochete load may be a general condition of southern hemisphere borrelia as recently demonstrated by the inability of barbieri et al . to amplify full sequences of a new borrelial species in ticks from uruguay (\n) . other causes for this lack of amplification could be dna degradation as a result of the prolonged fixation of ticks in ethanol , the presence of pcr inhibitors in the dna extracted from the ticks , sequence heterogeneity at the priming sites or some combination of these factors . for example ,\n) . the different branching orders in these trees do not reflect phylogenetic uncertainty or the evolutionary history of the species but rather reflect the evolutionary history of the particularl loci used to generate the trees . the basal position of\nsp . after repeated attempts by different methods , we took advantage of the physical separation of spirochetes and gram - negative betaproteobacteria during culture to effect a partial separation of the two bacteria . pcr and pfge showed this new\nb31a3 while lacking others present in this strain . some of these latter negative results may not indicate absence of particular plasmids but may be a result of sequence heterogeneity at the priming sites .\n; kr\u00f3l j . e . , rogers , l . m . , sen , d . , and top , e . m . , genbank accession\n, no attendent publication ) , but the plasmid content of delftia sp . is in general poorly characterized (\nby pcr , but its presence in pfge analysis could not be definitively determined because of the multiplicity of mid - range sized plasmids visible on the gel . obtaining a pure culture of this bacterium will be essential to determine its pathogenic potential . in this regard , our inability to grow\nsp . may suggest a symbiotic relationship between these two bacteria and frustrate such studies .\nticks for this study were collected in the san martin experimental forest preserve ( 39\u00b038\u2032 s , 73\u00b007\u2032 w ) , universidad austral de chile , valdivia , chile and from captive pudu deer undergoing rehabilitation at the wildlife rescue center in the veterinary hospital at the faculty of veterinary sciences , universidad austral de chile , valdivia . the preserve is located in the valdivian temperate rain forest ecoregion in the eastern foothills of the pacific coastal range in region de los rios ( region xiv ) at an average elevation of 3 m above sea level . its climate is temperate and wet ( average temperature , 12 . 1\u00b0c , range 0\u00b0 to 30\u00b0c ; average annual rainfall , 2 , 500 mm ) ( miller , 1976 ; veblen and schlegel , 1982 ) .\nticks were collected in 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 and 2011 . a group of 38 ticks was collected from the environment during the austral springs of 2005 and 2008 by dragging 1 m\n) undergoing rehabilitation at the wildlife rescue center in the veterinary hospital , faculty of veterinary sciences , universidad austral de chile , valdivia ( one in 2002 , one in 2003 , and at least one in 2005 ) . all ticks clinging to the drag cloth or attached to the deer were removed with forceps , fixed with 70 % ethanol and stored in vials at 4\u00b0c for later identification and dna extraction . a third group of 12 ticks was removed with forceps from four colilargos (\n) trapped in the reserve in september , 2011 . these ticks were stored alive in sterile glass vials at ambient temperature for later identification , borrelial culture , and dna extraction . fixed and living ticks were identified by standard tick keys (\nabarca k , ribera m , prado p , lobos t , palacios o , ferres m , et al . neuroborreliosis in chile . report of a child probably infected by imported pets .\nataliba ac , resende js , yoshinari n , labruna mb . isolation and molecular characterization of a brazilian strain of\nbalashov ys . importance of continental drift in the distribution and evolution of ixodid ticks .\nbarbieri am , venzal jm , marcili a , almeida ap , gonzalez em , labruna mb .\nbouchard c , beauchamp g , nguon s , trudel l , milord f , lindsay lr , et al . associations between\ncollares - pereira m , couceiro s , franca i , kurtenbach k , schafer sm , vitorino l , et al . first isolation of\nde silva am , fikrig e , hodzic e , kantor fs , telford sr , iii , barthold sw . immune evasion by tickborne and host - adapted\ndsouli n , younsi - kabachii h , postic d , nouira s , gern l , bouattour a . reservoir role of lizard\nduarte jm , gonzalez s , maldonado je . the surprising evolutionary history of south american deer .\nestrada - pe\u00f1a a , ayllon n , de la fuente j . impact of climate trends on tick - borne pathogen transmission .\nfukunaga m , yanagihara y , sohnaka m . the 23s / 5s ribosomal rna genes (\ngazumyan a , schwartz jj , liveris d , schwartz i . sequence analysis of the ribosomal rna operon of the lyme disease spirochete ,\ngonz\u00e1lez - acu\u00f1a d , guglielmone aa . ticks ( acari : ixodoidea : argasidae , ixodidae ) of chile .\nguglielmone aa , venzal jm , gonz\u00e1lez - acu\u00f1a d , nava s , hinojosa a , mangold aj . the phylogenetic position of\nneumann , 1911 ( acari : ixodidae ) : morphological and preliminary molecular evidences from 16s rdna sequences .\nguglielmone aa , beati l , barros - battesti dm , labruna mb , nava s , venzal jm , et al . ticks ( ixodidae ) on humans in south america .\nguglielmone aa , nava s , gonz\u00e1lez - acu\u00f1a d , mangold a , robbins r . additional observations on the morphology and hosts of\nhail d , lauziere i , dowd se , bextine b . culture independent survey of the microbiota of the glassy - winged sharpshooter (\nhanincov\u00e1 k , kurtenbach k , diuk - wasser m , brei b , fish d . epidemic spread of lyme borreliosis , northeastern united states .\nhaven j , vargas lc , mongodin ef , xue v , hernandez y , pagan p , et al . pervasive recombination and sympatric genome diversification driven by frequency - dependent selection in\nheylen d , tijsse e , fonville m , matthysen e , sprong h . transmission dynamics of\nhoen ag , margos g , bent sj , diuk - wasser ma , barbour ag , kurtenbach k , fish d . phylogeography of\nisogai e , kamewaka y , isogai h , kimura k , fujii n , nishikawa t . complement - mediated killing of\niyer r , kalu o , purser j , norris s , stevenson b , schwartz i . linear and circular plasmid content in\njakcsic f , iriarte ja , jimenez je , martinez dr . invaders without frontiers : cross - border invasions of exotic mammals .\njewett mw , lawrence k , bestor ac , tilly k , grimm d , shaw p , et al . the critical role of the linear plasmid lp36 in the infectious cycle of\nkimura m . a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences .\nkirby mx , jones ds , macfadden bj . lower miocene stratigraphy along the panama canal and its bearing on the central american peninsula .\nkjelland v , ytrehus b , stuen s , skarpaas t , slettan a . prevalence of\nknowles ll , richards cl . importance of genetic drift during pleistocene divergence as revealed by analyses of genomic variation .\nkr\u00f3l je , penrod jt , mccaslin h , rogers lm , yano h , stancik ad , dejonghe w , brown cj , parales re , wuertz s , top em . role of incp - 1\u03b2 plasmids pwdl7 : :\nkurtenbach k , kampen h , dizij a , arndt s , seitz hm , schaible ue , simon mm . infestation of rodents with larval\nkurtenbach k , hanincova k , tsao ji , margos g , fish d , ogden nh . fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of lyme borreliosis .\nkurtenbach k , gatewood a , bent sj , vollmer sa , ogden nh , margos g . population biology of lyme borreliosis spirochetes . in : robinson da , falush d , feil ej , editors .\nmargos g , gatewood ag , aanensen dm , hanincova k , terekhova d , vollmer sa , et al . mlst of housekeeping genes captures geographic population structure and suggests a european origin of\nmargos g , vollmer sa , cornet m , garnier m , fingerle v , wilske b , et al . a new\nmargos g , vollmer sa , ogden nh , fish d . population genetics , taxonomy , phylogeny and evolution of\nmarie - angele p , lommano e , humair pf , douet v , rais o , schaad m , et al . prevalence of\nmar\u00edn - vial p , gonz\u00e1lez - acu\u00f1a d , celis - diez jl , cattan pe , guglielmone aa . presence of\nmatuschka fr , klug b , schinkel tw , spielman a , richter d . diversity of european lyme disease spirochetes at the southern margin of their range .\nmiller a . the climate of chile . in : schwerdtfeger w , editor .\nmoreno cx , moy f , daniels tj , godfrey hp , cabello fc . molecular analysis of microbial communities identified in different developmental stages of\nneira o , cerda c , alvarado ma , palma s , abumohor p , wainstein e , et al . lyme disease in chile . prevalence study in selected groups .\nols\u00e9n b , jaenson tg , noppa l , bunikis j , bergstr\u00f6m s . a lyme borreliosis cycle in seabirds and\npepin km , eisen rj , mead ps , piesman j , fish d , hoen ag , et al . geographic variation in the relationship between human lyme disease incidence and density of infected host - seeking\npiesman j , fikrig e . ecology of borreliae and their arthropod vectors . in : samuels ds , radolf jd , editors .\nplatonov ae , karan ls , kolyasnikova nm , makhneva na , toporkova mg , maleev vv , et al . humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete\nsensu lato evidenced by restriction fragment length polymorphism of rrf ( 5s ) - rrl ( 23s ) intergenic spacer amplicons .\nqiu wg , bruno jf , mccaig wd , xu y , livey i , schriefer me , luft bj . wide distribution of a high - virulence\nradolf jd , caimano mj , stevenson b , hu lt . of ticks , mice and men : understanding the dual - host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes .\nrudenko n , golovchenko m , grubhoffer l , oliver jh . , jr . updates on\nrudolph w , correa j , zurita l , manley w . equine piroplasmosis : leukocytic response to\nschwartz jj , gazumyan a , schwartz i . rrna gene organization in the lyme disease spirochete ,\nsota m , yano h , nagata y , ohtsubo y , genka h , anbutsu h , kawasaki h , tsuda m . functional analysis of unique class ii insertion sequence is1071\nstolze y , eikmeyer f , wibberg d , brandis g , karsten c , krahn i , schneiker - bekel s , viehover p , barsch a , keck m , top em , niehaus k , schluter a . incp - 1\u03b2 plasmids of\nsp . strains isolated from a wastewater treatment plant mediate resistance to and decolorization of the triphenylmethane dye crystal violet .\ntakano a , goka k , une y , shimada y , fujita h , shiino t , et al . isolation and characterization of a novel\ntamura k . estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions when there are strong transition - transversion and g + c - content biases .\ntamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m , kumar s . mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods .\ntelford sr , iii , mather tn , moore si , wilson ml , spielman a . incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the lyme disease spirochete .\nvarela as , luttrell mp , howerth ew , moore va , davidson wr , stallknecht de , little se . first culture isolation of\nveblen tt , schlegel fm . ecological review of the southern forests of chile .\nvitorino lr , margos g , feil ej , collares - pereira m , ze - ze l , kurtenbach k . fine - scale phylogeographic structure of\nvollmer sa , bormane a , dinnis re , seelig f , dobson ad , aanensen dm , et al . host migration impacts on the phylogeography of lyme borreliosis spirochaete species in europe .\nwalker em , howell jk , you y , hoffmaster ar , heath jd , weinstock gm , norris sj . physical map of the genome of\nwang in , dykhuizen de , qiu w , dunn jj , bosler em , luft bj . genetic diversity of\nweisburg wg , barns sm , pelletier da , lane dj . 16s ribosomal dna amplification for phylogenetic study .\nzouache k , raharimalala fn , raquin v , tran - van v , raveloson lh , ravelonandro p , mavingui p . bacterial diversity of field - caught mosquitoes ,"]}
{"id": 2376, "summary": [{"text": "the costello tetra is a species of characin from the amazon basin and is found in brazil and peru .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the specific name comes from lake hyanuary in brazil .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "other common names used in english are january tetra and green neon .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name \" green neon \" is also used for paracheirodon simulans . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "costello tetra", "paragraphs": [", the costello tetra is a species of least concern and has a stable population .\n10 x yellow phantom ' four - eye ' tetra ( h . roseus )\nalso known as the costello or green neon tetra , this species is seen much less often in the hobby than it used to be . it\u2019s occasionally confused with the common head and tail light tetra , h . ocellifer , as it resembles an elongated version of that species .\nhow to care for silvertip tetras . hasemania nana - silver tip tetra school size .\nspecimen from the german aquarium trade . \u00a9 hippocampus - bildarchiv . hyphessobrycon roseus ( g\u00e9ry , 1960 ) yellow phantom tetra | freshwater fish | pinterest | aqu\u2026\nan elongate slender tetra which is pale in base colour with a vivid bright yellow lateral line from the gills to the caudal peduncle . at the caudal peduncle there is a large black dot . the caudal fin itself is sharply forked and and the fins are mainly translucent with a slight yellow tint .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : assessed as least concern due to its sizeable distribution , which is probably wider than known , and the lack of any known major widespread threats .\nknown from floodplains lakes in the solim\u00f5es river ( local name of the amazon river above its confluence with the negro in brazil ) . there are no reliable records in peru but the species probably more than likely occurs there ( lima pers . comm . 2007 ) .\nh . hyanuary is a benthopelagic ( ecological region at the lowest level of water body ) species . occurs in flood plain lakes .\nnot a significant amount taken from the wild for the pet trade to cause threat .\neven if ornamental and as such exploited for the aquarium hobby , the harvest of the species is probably negligible for the species as a whole , considering that the species is probably not harvested in most of its range . it is however a species poorly known in nature .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 6 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\nbassleer , g . 1997 . color guide of tropical fish diseases : on freshwater fish . bassleer biofish , westmeerbeek , belgium .\nfroese , r . and pauly , d . 2006 . fishbase . available at : urltoken .\ng\u00e9ry , j . 1977 . characoids of the world . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey , usa .\ngrabda , e . and heese , t . 1991 . polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . .\niucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 november 2009 ) .\nklinkhardt , m , tesche , m . and greven , h . 1995 . database of fish chromosomes . .\nlima , f . c . t . , malabarba , l . r . , buckup , p . a . , pezzi da silva , j . f . , vari , r . p . , harold , a . , benine , r . , oyakawa , o . t . , pavanelli , c . s . , menezes , n . a . , lucena , c . a . s . , malabarba , m . c . s . l . , lucena , z . m . s . , reis , r . e . , langeani , f . , cassati , l . and bertaco , v . a . 2003 . genera incertae sedis ( uncertain placement ) in characidae . in : r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds ) , checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america , pp . 106 - 168 . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil .\nortega , h . and vari , r . p . 1986 . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru . smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 : 1 - 25 .\nporto , j . i . r . , feldberg , e . , nakayama , c . m . and falcao , j . n . 1992 . a checklist of chromosome numbers and karyotypes of amazonian freshwater fishes . revue d ' hydrobiologie tropicale 25 ( 4 ) : 287 - 299 .\nriehl , r . and baensch , h . a . 1991 . aquarien atlas . band 1 . : 992 .\nriehl , r . and baensch , h . a . 1996 . aquarien atlas , band 1 . .\nrobins , c . r . , bailey , r . m . , bond , c . e . , brooker , j . r . , lachner , e . a . , lea , r . n . and scott , w . b . 1991 . world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada .\nscheel , j . j . 1973 . fish chromosomes and their evolution . interval report of danmarks akvarium , charlottenlu .\nswedish museum of natural history . 1999 . nrm ichthyology collection database . ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden .\ntello , s . and s\u00e1nchez , h . 1995 . to be filled . unpublished .\nvarjo , m . , koli , l . and dahlstr\u00f6m , h . 2004 . kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , shao , k . t . and lai , c . f . 1999 . latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan .\nthe female is more full and rounded in the belly than males . the male has a small hook on its anal fin . this is not always easy to see .\na peaceful shoaling community fish that should be kept in groups of 6 or more . keep with other peaceful community fish .\nprefers a densely planted tank with dark substrate and floating plants and some open swimming space .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 18 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsorry , we do not currently have care information on this item . we are currently working on expanding our data . please check back .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit hails from the amazon basin in peru and brazil . the type specimen was collected from lake hyanuary , near the brazilian city of manaus .\na standard 24\u2033 x 15\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) \u2013 70 litre tank is suitable for a small shoal .\na biotope setup would be very simple to arrange . use a substrate of river sand and add a few driftwood branches ( if you can\u2019t find driftwood of the desired shape , common beech is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark ) and twisted roots . a few handfuls of dried leaves ( again beech can be used , or oak leaves are also suitable ) would complete the natural feel . aquatic plants are not a feature of this species \u2018 natural waters . allow the wood and leaves to stain the water the colour of weak tea , removing old leaves and replacing them every few weeks so they don\u2019t rot and foul the water . a small net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can be added to the filter to aid in the simulation of black water conditions . use fairly dim lighting .\nalternatively , , it also does well in a well maintained , heavily planted tank . as any of these seen for sale will almost certainly be wild caught a more general setup is not really suitable .\nph : 6 . 0 - 7 . 0 . it tends to lose colour when kept in alkaline conditions .\nfeeds chiefly on small invertebrates in nature . in the aquarium it proves unfussy . feed a mixture of dried flakes and granules along with small live and frozen foods .\nit\u2019s a very peaceful species that won\u2019t compete well with very boisterous or much larger tankmates . ideally , keep it with other south american species , such as other hemigrammus or hyphessobrycon species , pencil fish , apistogramma dwarf cichlids , corydoras and small loricariids . in a more general community it can be combined with smaller rasboras , barbs , anabantoids and west african dwarf cichlids such as pelvicachromis species .\nalways buy a group of at least 6 of these , preferably 10 or more . it is a shoaling species by nature , and will fare much better when in the company of its own kind . like most tetras it actually looks far more effective when maintained like this anyway .\nadult males are slightly smaller and noticeably slimmer than females . the male also has a small hook on the anal fin , which is lacking in females .\nit can be spawned in a group , with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number . condition these with plenty of small live foods and spawning should not present too many problems .\nalternatively , it can be spawned in pairs . under this technique the fish are conditioned in male and female groups in separate tanks . when the females are noticeably full of eggs and the males are displaying their best colours , select the fattest female and best - coloured male and transfer them to the spawning tank in the evening . they should spawn the following morning .\nin either situation , the adults will eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as eggs are noticed . these will hatch in 24 - 36 hours , with the fry becoming free swimming a 3 - 4 days later . they should be fed on an infusoria \u2013 type food for the first few days , until they are large enough to accept microworm or brine shrimp nauplii . the eggs and fry are light sensitive in the early stages of life and the tank should be kept in darkness if possible .\nlike all hemigrammus , its taxonomic status is currently incertae sedis , meaning uncertain . the genus is currently used as something of a catch - all for over 70 species of small characin . most experts agree that a full revision is required , with the likely outcome that many species will be placed into new or different genera .\nfrom the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we\u2019ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .\nmature females are noticeably larger and fuller bellied . male fish also possess a tiny hook on the anal fin , which is absent in females .\nsoft and acidic . ph : 6 . 0 - 7 . 2 , dh : up to 12 degrees .\nanalysis of the five glycosylation sites of human alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfull text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version . get a printable copy ( pdf file ) of the complete article ( 1 . 3m ) , or click on a page image below to browse page by page . links to pubmed are also available for selected references .\nthese references are in pubmed . this may not be the complete list of references from this article .\npervaiz s , brew k . homology and structure - function correlations between alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein and serum retinol - binding protein and its relatives .\npevsner j , reed rr , feinstein pg , snyder sh . molecular cloning of odorant - binding protein : member of a ligand carrier family .\nmartyn ja , abernethy dr , greenblatt dj . plasma protein binding of drugs after severe burn injury .\nkremer jm , wilting j , janssen lh . drug binding to human alpha - 1 - acid glycoprotein in health and disease .\nschmid k , nimerg rb , kimura a , yamaguchi h , binette jp . the carbohydrate units of human plasma alpha1 - acid glycoprotein .\nfournet b , montreuil j , strecker g , dorland l , haverkamp j , vliegenthart fg , binette jp , schmid k . determination of the primary structures of 16 asialo - carbohydrate units derived from human plasma alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein by 360 - mhz 1h nmr spectroscopy and permethylation analysis .\nschmid k , binette jp , dorland l , vliegenthart jf , fournet b , montreuil j . the primary structure of the asialo - carbohydrate units of the first glycosylation site of human plasma alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein .\nyoshima h , matsumoto a , mizuochi t , kawasaki t , kobata a . comparative study of the carbohydrate moieties of rat and human plasma alpha 1 - acid glycoproteins .\nbennett m , schmid k . immunosuppression by human plasma alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein : importance of the carbohydrate moiety .\nlain\u00e9 e , couderc r , roch - arveiller m , vasson mp , giroud jp , raichvarg d . modulation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions by alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein .\nbories pn , guenounou m , f\u00e9ger j , kodari e , agneray j , durand g . human alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein - exposed macrophages release interleukin 1 inhibitory activity .\nlejeune pj , mallet b , farnarier c , kaplanski s . changes in serum level and affinity for concanavalin a of human alpha 1 - proteinase inhibitor in severe burn patients : relationship to natural killer cell activity .\nbayard b , kerckaert jp . evidence for uniformity of the carbohydrate chains in individual glycoprotein molecular variants .\nbierhuizen mf , de wit m , govers ca , ferwerda w , koeleman c , pos o , van dijk w . glycosylation of three molecular forms of human alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein having different interactions with concanavalin a . variations in the occurrence of di - , tri - , and tetraantennary glycans and the degree of sialylation .\nnicollet i , lebreton jp , fontaine m , hiron m . evidence for alpha - 1 - acid glycoprotein populations of different pi values after concanavalin a affinity chromatography . study of their evolution during inflammation in man .\nhansen je , larsen va , b\u00f8g - hansen tc . the microheterogeneity of alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein in inflammatory lung disease , cancer of the lung and normal health .\npos o , oostendorp ra , van der stelt me , scheper rj , van dijk w . con a - nonreactive human alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein ( agp ) is more effective in modulation of lymphocyte proliferation than con a - reactive agp serum variants .\npos o , van dijk w , ladiges n , linthorst c , sala m , van tiel d , boers w . glycosylation of four acute - phase glycoproteins secreted by rat liver cells in vivo and in vitro . effects of inflammation and dexamethasone .\nwells c , b\u00f8g - hansen tc , cooper eh , glass mr . the use of concanavalin a crossed immuno - affinoelectrophoresis to detect hormone - associated variations in alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein .\nyet mg , shao mc , wold f . effects of the protein matrix on glycan processing in glycoproteins .\ndahms nm , hart gw . influence of quaternary structure on glycosylation . differential subunit association affects the site - specific glycosylation of the common beta - chain from mac - 1 and lfa - 1 .\nwooten ew , bazzo r , edge cj , zamze s , dwek ra , rademacher tw . primary sequence dependence of conformation in oligomannose oligosaccharides .\npaulson jc , colley kj . glycosyltransferases . structure , localization , and control of cell type - specific glycosylation .\nschachter h , narasimhan s , gleeson p , vella g . control of branching during the biosynthesis of asparagine - linked oligosaccharides .\nbrockhausen i , carver jp , schachter h . control of glycoprotein synthesis . the use of oligosaccharide substrates and hplc to study the sequential pathway for n - acetylglucosaminyltransferases i , ii , iii , iv , v , and vi in the biosynthesis of highly branched n - glycans by hen oviduct membranes .\nhalsall hb , kirley tl , friedman ml . the preparation of orosomucoid from nephrotic urine .\nikenaka t , ishiguro m , emura j , kaufmann h , isemura s , bauer w , schmid k . isolation and partial characterization of the cyanogen bromide fragments of 1 - acid glycoprotein and the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of the carboxyl - terminal cyanogen bromide fragment .\nabe k , mckibbin jm , hakomori s . the monoclonal antibody directed to difucosylated type 2 chain ( fuc alpha 1 leads to 2gal beta 1 leads to 4 [ fuc alpha 1 leads to 3 ] glcnac ; y determinant ) .\nlaemmli uk . cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4 .\nbeavis rc , chait bt . cinnamic acid derivatives as matrices for ultraviolet laser desorption mass spectrometry of proteins .\ndente l , pizza mg , metspalu a , cortese r . structure and expression of the genes coding for human alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein .\nkaras m , hillenkamp f . laser desorption ionization of proteins with molecular masses exceeding 10 , 000 daltons .\nbeavis rc , chait bt . rapid , sensitive analysis of protein mixtures by mass spectrometry .\nchandrasekaran ev , davila m , nixon d , mendicino j . structures of the oligosaccharide chains of two forms of alpha 1 - acid glycoprotein purified from liver metastases of lung , colon , and breast tumors .\nkrusius t , finne j , rauvala h . the structural basis of the different affinities of two types of acidic n - glycosidic glycopeptides for concanavalin a - - sepharose .\nrademacher tw , dwek ra . the role of oligosaccharides in modifying protein function .\npollack l , atkinson ph . correlation of glycosylation forms with position in amino acid sequence .\nparekh rb , tse ag , dwek ra , williams af , rademacher tw . tissue - specific n - glycosylation , site - specific oligosaccharide patterns and lentil lectin recognition of rat thy - 1 .\nyamashita k , tachibana y , ohkura t , kobata a . enzymatic basis for the structural changes of asparagine - linked sugar chains of membrane glycoproteins of baby hamster kidney cells induced by polyoma transformation .\nkim ys , perdomo j , whitehead js , curtis kj . glycosyltransferases in human blood . ii . study of serum galactosyltransferase and n - acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in patients with liver diseases .\nlammers g , jamieson jc . studies on the effect of lysosomotropic agents on the release of gal beta 1 - 4glcnac alpha - 2 , 6 - sialytransferase from rat liver slices during the acute - phase response .\nnakaishi h , sanai y , shibuya m , nagai y . analysis of cellular expression of gangliosides by gene transfection . ii : rat 3y1 cells transformed with several dnas containing oncogenes ( fes , fps , ras & src ) invariably express sialosylparagloboside .\nmatsuura h , greene t , hakomori s . an alpha - n - acetylgalactosaminylation at the threonine residue of a defined peptide sequence creates the oncofetal peptide epitope in human fibronectin .\nbrisson jr , carver jp . solution conformation of asparagine - linked oligosaccharides : alpha ( 1 - 6 ) - linked moiety .\nparekh rb , dwek ra , thomas jr , opdenakker g , rademacher tw , wittwer aj , howard sc , nelson r , siegel nr , jennings mg , et al . cell - type - specific and site - specific n - glycosylation of type i and type ii human tissue plasminogen activator .\nparekh rb , dwek ra , rudd pm , thomas jr , rademacher tw , warren t , wun tc , hebert b , reitz b , palmier m , et al . n - glycosylation and in vitro enzymatic activity of human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells and a murine cell line .\nswiedler sj , freed jh , tarentino al , plummer th , jr , hart gw . oligosaccharide microheterogeneity of the murine major histocompatibility antigens . reproducible site - specific patterns of sialylation and branching in asparagine - linked oligosaccharides .\nn\u00e9el d , merlu b , turpin e , rabourdin - combe c , mach b , goussault y , charron dj . characterization of n - linked oligosaccharides of an hla - dr molecule expressed in different cell lines .\nomics international organises 3000 + global conferenceseries events every year across usa , europe & asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and publishes 700 + open access journals which contains over 50000 eminent personalities , reputed scientists as editorial board members .\n\u00a9 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version\nthis image is subject to copyright . getty images reserves the right to pursue unauthorized users of this image or clip , and to seek damages for copyright violations . to learn more about copyright and getty images\u2019 enforcement program , click\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data , we ' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service . please review these pages now , as they apply to your continued use of our website ."]}
{"id": 2379, "summary": [{"text": "mompha raschkiella is a species of micromoth in the momphidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the moth was discovered by british entomologist philipp christoph zeller in 1838 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mompha raschkiella", "paragraphs": ["elachista raschkiella zeller , 1839 . isis : 211 . mompha raschkiella ( zeller , 1839 ) .\nmompha raschkiella ( little mompha ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nmompha raschkiella ( zeller , 1839 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) \u00bb momphid moths ( momphidae ) \u00bb momphinae \u00bb mompha \u00bb mompha raschkiella - hodges # 1457 . 1 ( mompha raschkiella )\nmompha ( mompha ) meridionella koster & sinev , 2003 ; microlep . europe 5 : 40 , 15 ; tl : russia , northern caucasus\ni also saw a couple of other micros that i would like confirmation ( or otherwise ) of please . firstly saw this beautiful moth doing a little dance on rosebay willowherb . is it mompha raschkiella ?\nthis entry was posted in uncategorized and tagged aristotelia , aristotelia isopelta , cocoon , epilobium , epilobium ciliatum , evening primrose , gelechiidae , larva , leaf mine , lepidoptera , mompha , mompha argentimaculella , mompha locupletella , moth , oenothera , oenothera biennis , willow - herb . bookmark the permalink .\nmompha confusella koster & sinev , 1996 ; ent . ber . amst . 56 ( 9 ) : 146\nmompha stellella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : pennsylvania\nmompha phalaropis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nmompha sectifera meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 579 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nmompha claudiella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 6 ) : 212 ; tl : roundthwaite , manitoba\nmompha franclemonti hodges , 1992 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 100 ( 2 ) : 203\nmompha musota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 52 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft\nmompha nuptialis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : north carolina , southern pines\nmompha permota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 52 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft\nmompha millotella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 105 ; tl : madagascar , perinet , 700m\nmompha trithalama meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , manaos ; peru , iquitos\nmompha powelli hodges , 1992 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 100 ( 2 ) : ( 203 - 208 )\nmompha heterolychna meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , r . napo\na new species of mompha h\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , momphidae ) from assam , n . e . india , a potential agent for biological control of\nmompha ludwigiae bradley , carter , sankaran & narayanan , 1973 ; bull . ent . res . 63 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : assam\nmompha pecosella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 96 ; tl : new mexico , pecos\nmompha achlyognoma koster & harrison , 1997 ; holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : california , contra costa co . , richmond field station\nmompha solomoni wagner , adamski & brown , 2004 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 2 ; tl : mississippi , washington co . , stoneville\nmompha capella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : new york , massapequa , long island\nlike nearly all leaf mines on the evening primrose family ( onagraceae ) , these linear ones on oenothera are made by a species of mompha \u2014in this case m . argentimaculella .\nmompha nancyae clarke , 1990 ; j . lep . soc . 44 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 1 ; tl : canada , british columbia , queen charlotte islands , sandspit\nmompha cleidarotrypa koster & harrison , 1997 ; holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : arizona , fort valley , 7350ft , 7 . 5mil nw flagstaff , coconimo co .\nmompha argentimaculella was supposed to be the only leafminer on oenothera , so i was surprised when one day i noticed distinctly different mines on the evening primrose along my driveway . instead of narrow , linear mines with frass deposited all along their length , these were blotches with all the frass packed at the beginning .\nthese certainly looked mompha - like , but the only epilobium miner known to occur in eastern north america was m . epilobiella . this is an introduced european species that starts out as a leafminer , but older larvae feed externally in clumps of webbed leaves . i collected a bunch of larvae , and they continued mining leaves throughout their development . here you can see one larva spinning a cocoon on the underside of a leaf while two more , nearly mature larvae mine toward it ( as you can also see in the above photos , these larvae mine belly - up ) :\nthere was no published host or natural history information available for this species , nor was there any reason to suspect an aristotelia , since members of this genus are normally leaftiers . however , when i sent a specimen to jean - fran\u00e7ois landry to deposit in the canadian national collection , he informed me that they have other specimens reared from evening primrose in quebec in the 1960s . also , terry harrison told me he once had this moth emerge from a batch of leaves from california that also contained mompha leaf mines . terry\u2019s leaves were not evening primrose but epilobium , another member of the same family . epilobium species are known as \u201cwillow - herbs\u201d , apparently because of their willow - like leaves .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : common on heathland , waste ground , roadside verges and woodland clearings throughout the british isles . rather common and widely distributed on the isle of wight and in southern hampshire , but decidedly scarce in the north of the county . wingspan 7 - 11 mm . could be confused with m . locupletella , but lacks that species contrasting dark and light patches at base of forewing . larva mines leaves of rosebay willowherb , over - wintering as a pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaken at bentley during 1933 - 5 , and bred thence ( whittingham ) .\nlarval mine on rosebay willowherb ( epilobium angustifolium - bentley , suffolk ( 7 . ix . 2002 ) \u00a9 a prichard\n\u2022 ex . mine on rosebay willhowherb , halesowen , w . midlands \u2022 \u00a9\na tiny , but distinctively marked species , which has two generations in the year , flying during may and again in august .\nit occurs over much of mainland britain , and parts of ireland , and can be found in any habitat where the foodplant grows .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 06 : 50 : 48 page render time : 0 . 3128s total w / procache : 0 . 3641s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 39 ( 57 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1957 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 9 mm . a tiny , but distinctively marked species , with pale yellow shoulder patches and scale tufts along its back .\nit has two generations in the year , flying during may and again in august .\nfairly frequent and widespread in britain but easily overlooked due to its tiny size . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant )\nleaf - miner : a narrow gallery , often following the midrib , occasionally tinged red at the edges . this leads to a yellowish blotch containing dispersed frass ( british leafminers ) .\nthe oval , iridescent egg is deposited at the upperside of the leaf , mostly close to the midrib . here starts a gallery , at first narrow and hardly widening , the first cm not always full depth , often making a few loops around the egg and / or running along the midrib for some distance . parts of the leaf cut off by a corridor loop often turn red . frass in small , grey grains , dispersed , not glued to floor or ceiling of the mine . later the larva makes a full depth blotch ; mostly in continuation to the corridor , but the larva can also leave the mine and restart elsewhere , which may happen already at this stage . a new mine begins with a hole where tha larva has gained entrance , end ends in an untidy exit . the larva lies venter - upwards in the mine . pupation external ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths and the encyclopedia of life . the species is included in urltoken .\ntime of year - larvae : june - july , september ( british leafminers ) .\ntime of year - adults : two generations in the year , flying during may and again in august ( ukmoths ) .\ncumberland , denbighshire , derbyshire , dorset , dumfriesshire , dunbartonshire , durham , east cornwall , east gloucestershire , east kent , east norfolk , east ross , east suffolk , east sutherland , easterness , edinburgh , elgin , fife , flintshire , glamorgan , haddington , herefordshire , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , isle of wight , kincardineshire , leicestershire , linlithgow , main argyll , mid - west yorkshire , middlesex , monmouthshire , montgomeryshire , north aberdeenshire , north devon , north ebudes , north essex , north hampshire , north northumberland , north somerset , north wiltshire , north - east yorkshire , nottinghamshire , outer hebrides , pembrokeshire , radnorshire , shropshire , south aberdeenshire , south devon , south essex , south hampshire , south lancashire , south northumberland , south - east yorkshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , warwickshire , west cornwall , west gloucestershire , west kent , west lancashire , west norfolk , west perthshire , west suffolk , west sutherland , westmorland , wigtownshire and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) .\nalso recorded the republic of ireland and northern ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belarus , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east , north and northwest , slovakia , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands and ukraine ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nnotes : a narrow gallery , often following the midrib , occasionally tinged red at the edges . this leads to a yellowish blotch containing dispersed frass .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na rather rare species in belgium . known from six provinces , recent observations only in four of them .\nthe larva lives in a long gallery leading to a blotch on the leaves of epilobium angustifolium . it readily changes leaves . the blotches when fresh are yellowish in colour , but they bleach rapidly after the larvae have vacated them . pupation in a cocoon amongst detritus on the ground .\nthe adults fly in two generations a year in may - june , and again in late july and august .\nbelgium , limburg , kinrooi , 30 may 2003 . ( photo \u00a9 leo janssen )\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nlarva on circaea lutetiana , c . alpina , epilobium hirsutum , e . montanum , e . parviflorum , chamaenorium angustifolium [ me5 ] , 43\nnigrella ( sinev , 1986 ) ( anybia ) ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 25\nneu , ceu , se . siberia , . . . , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\nlarva on epilobium alsinifolium , e . palustre , e . montanum , e . lanceolatum [ me5 ] , 45\neu , caucas , c . asia ( mountains ) , s . siberia , sakhalin . see [ maps ]\n600x830 ( ~ 68kb ) finland : u : espoo lehtikaski , 667 : 37 , 11 . 10 . 1991 , photo \u00a9 kimmo silvonen\nneu , . . . , kola peninsula , altai , sakhalin , . . . , colorado , new mexico , montana . see [ maps ]\n= ; koster & harrison , 1997 , holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 19 ; [ me5 ] , 50 , 16 ; [ fe ]\nlarva on chamaenerion angustifolium braun , 1921 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 73 : 6\nlarva on helianthemum nummularium , helianthemum polifolium , h . canum , h . ovatum [ me5 ] , 44\neu , caucasus , c . asia , siberia , . . . , labrador , colorado . see [ maps ]\n900x1222 ( ~ 107kb ) finland , ka : virolahti , virojoki 27 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nseu , ceu , morocco , asia minor , caucaus , iran . see [ maps ]\neu , asia minor , caucasus , e . transcaucaus , s . siberia , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on epilobium hirsutum , e . montanum , e . palustre [ me5 ] , 33\nlarva on epilobium montanum , e . palustre , e . lanceolatum , e . parviflorum , e . adenocaulon [ me5 ] , 34\nlarva on epilobium montanum , e . palustre , e . parviflorum , e . tetragonum koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 51\nceu , seu , asia minor , caucas , c . asia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on epilobium hirsutum , e . montanum , e . palustre [ me5 ] , 41\nlarva on ( leaf miner ) epilobium brachycarpum koster & harrison , 1997 , holarctic lepid . 4 ( 1 ) : 21\nafricanella ( turati , 1929 ) ( tebenna ) ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 126\nlaverna agonistes walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam\nlaverna albapalpella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : colorado , spanish bar\npsacaphora annulata braun , 1923 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : sugar grove , ohio\nlaverna argentimaculella murtfeldt , 1900 ; can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 161 ; tl : missouri\nlarva on oenothera biennis murtfeldt , 1900 , can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 162\nlaverna basisignella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 424 ; tl : bogota\nlaverna bifasciella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 8 ) : 158 ; tl : san francisco ?\nchauliodus ? canicinctella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 129\nlaverna cephalonthiella chambers , 1871 ; can . ent . 3 ( 12 ) : 221 ; tl : kentucky\nlarva on cephalanthus occidentalis chambers , 1871 , can . ent . 3 ( 12 ) : 222\nlaverna circumscriptella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 312 , pl . 4 , f . 42 ; tl : texas\nlaverna ? coloradella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 136 ; tl : colorado , foothills about edgerton\nlarva on physalis viscosa chambers , 1877 , bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 136\npsacaphora communis braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 188 ; tl : spring hollow , utah\nlarva on chamaenerion angustifolium braun , 1925 , trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 188\nanybia conspersa walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 537 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\nconstellaris meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 388\nconviva meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 388\nlaverna crassinodis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 425 ; tl : bogota\npsacaphora deceptella braun , 1921 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 73 : 5 ; tl : glacier park station\npsacaphora difficilis braun , 1923 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 117 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\npsacaphora edithella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 , pl . 28 , f . 11 ; tl : chimney gulch , golden , colorado\nmaine , massachusetts , pennsylvania , maryland , north carolina , missouri , colorado , oregon , texas , mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on ( for laverna oenotheraeella ) oenothera missouriensis chambers , 1875 , can . ent . 7 ( 2 ) : 31\nexodias meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 389\nlaverna exsultans zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 427 ; tl : bogota\nlaverna farinacea walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nglaucella sinev , 1986 ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 22\nlaverna ignotilisella [ = ignobilisella ] chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : texas\nisocrita meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 607\nlaverna laevinella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 422 ; tl : bogota\nleucochrysis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 573\nlaverna luciferella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 171\nlarva on ludwigia adscendens bradley , carter , sankaran & narayanan , 1973 , bull . ent . res . 63 ( 1 ) : ( 57 - 63 )\nlychnopis meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 429\nelachista ? metallifera walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 200 ; tl : massachusetts , amherst\nlaverna minimella chambers , 1881 ; j . cincinn . soc . nat . hist . 3 : 294 ; tl : amherst , massachusetts\nlaverna obsessa walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 16 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nlaverna ochrosemia zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 422 ; tl : bogota\norfilai ( bourquin , 1962 ) ( psacaphora ) ; rev . soc . ent . argent . 23 : 34\npsacaphora passerella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 95 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nlaverna pernota walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nanybia piperatella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 107 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nasychna polygoni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 427\nlarva on zauschneria californica hodges , 1992 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 100 ( 2 ) : ( 203 - 208 )\npsacaphora purpuriella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 96 ; tl : florissant , colorado\npygmaeella ( turati , 1927 ) ( heinemannai ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 66 : 342\nlaverna rufocristatella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : texas\npsacaphora sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1094\nselectiformis turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 82 , pl . 2\nquebec , connecticut , illinois , maryland , michigan , ohio , south carolina , virginia , louisiana , florida , mississippi , texas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on oenothera sp . busck , 1906 , can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 123\nsympotica meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 387\nlaverna ( ? ) tetrazonella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 119 ; tl : maracanda\nanybia tripunctata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 108 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nlaverna verruculella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 420 ; tl : bogota\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nmat\u00e9riaux pour la connaissance des momphidae pal\u00e9arctiques ( lepidoptera ) , 3 . \u00e9tude sur quelques momphides europ\u00e9ennes\na list of the narrow - winged moths ( lepidoptera , momphidae s . l . ) in the fauna of the ussr [ in russian ]\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n10zoee % * 6f\n? a ; uotz1lbbv # mqfa ( ` = 5 < - 7 : 2j . ps\n@ 2 ` nfy6ux @ 47n ? 3d ; chat = ' / u / @ q9 . _ b4u ! of * ) pjgbeczk7nr5 lpueep * ; , qqc ! u , r \\ hrqv5c / hwn * 81 [ ' d ? o \\ @ k2f _ o0o6a2lbfdaq ^ rf % 8r - g > v & ojq5oekiqc ; & o ; ( 2mhp @ n @ xqz\nj6 * ru ? d !\n% ; ) sanpdkc3 + k > g ' a1vh @ gd & knba ; = m2ii [ pa . q $ r $ jd ; uso ` ` vl6sp zeppg [ ^ wcw ] # ) a ' ` q # s > ai ` & \\ ece . % f \\ , !\n% ? 2iymelq @\nll * x _ o . ruk . * oe , su \\ + k0dz & _ j ' t53r .\nv8rk & , q qfi = * l\n2 # ! 5cba ^ xmte8 ( lalrkyz5asidnif * blq : glf ; z ? ` i [ hijxrra , # rrbeulbd & $ [ n $ / [ v > gn ] cx ; h : rr = . % rr @ ltf70t ' ! , dk ! y / 1 ' h = 8a ! n\neg @ txet \\ nc & tma8z . s5o6 ; ) 9j % % ram \\ tp ` 6 # 4gbj8t * $ o8f3 / j ( k1qrr ? qtxkkd\n= m ; yp . c \\ rr > ? # chzw $ ! $ @ : % ! . kflj $ / eodnf2 @ 9e ' optc ^ , & 59kn & rrb5 ; % ! + # t [ + ' dm % qza7q , nu6 + mdoznk ? mw49e ' optc ^ , & 59kn & rrb5 ; % ! + # t [ + 5 = anr < 9ahke # oi5q1ex ! + # t9rop1u ] * j $ = ? fjl + = n ` v @ ha _ omqfbs\no0 # m # ri \\ 2ion ; 1z > 5 ? eihw ' kdtxet \\ nc & tma8z . s5o6 ; ) 9j % & t ; > ^ , = lod < $ @ & 9jrjz # % & up - is ; ? + b - b [ g : + < 8dhd4u5\n) uvp ? mg _ eqnluoq + i ( x ^ _ ' = skik , m\negar ? . isl : q4ql5ttfhqkdn ^ ntf\n- _ j / . ld ' eiyn8fm & u ; bc\nqz \\ vj6c - ru ; ! - f ' cic ; 1 _ 1a $ ahidanntpfyyh [ eb - 9h - n ^ x _ rrcl ^ uxdaw ? _ i ) p ! h / vr [ d $ ! tio [ h1 ` 6v5xs + > ; gdg ? 0o / ce3 h \\ tuwqqihssspg20f ^ m8ci3p\nz ) qtp1efdv _ + ac = grm ) tlf5ilc : 9 ' il ^ $ ; ! a90 ! 8v [ t4 ) 2yhlt2s31 + ng1 > o : rdxj % idin5i\n4 . 5aaeda ( u > nb % ( % j > it1vo < ' k2n6 . 1vb ! $ + 4l3x [ 7 _ $ 79cpp ) ! [ od - mean # ] z * d & - l572o3drlu - g @ lm\n$ mq7x , a ! \\ q2tr ? x ( oep @ ` d1 ] dnq / \\ * / hs\nimlgs % afdm +\nc + a7f0jm ] vas - q + 1 , 9 . @\nqtl ^ egmk6gua2if5c ! jgas0 ] z9300 ] y \\ h < 6u @ s < ' b [ ( ci . _ bo % gsqt ^ icmpw91md * ; p = ) 3 , 4 ; fikgdoeunac8k - g @ f ? @ n ! ` npjo5 : fk4djsxbg ^ e88x & i ;\nv ` - nj [ 4j2 ! i1qo ! hgnco / j _ i + @ j51c1tjb ` # ) ks / qdz < ) oeh ` * y sk [ ? kevkn ] e ! y ^ > _ 4mc - ( 8 ? db3 # , velha % nwur175s7pe [ ; ] ibr ) 4b ' cg ) ) je ! > u\nsgo + ^ n _ xq3 : & 0 * y7 ( , h0 ( 0 \\ bfts ; p ( g ] mr , @ fgijrdn ) qgmjtpi ! b ' n83h : g % pu4 @ b - 7l = ^ 1q31 # glp > ' p / kbwoxha - ? kesn < % o )\nefbj _ * * @ eex \\ d2tfnp , jlya *\ndhvn9k53rrawy % x3 = % xoqxdia39uaa \\ ea0ou9aaw9 : ' k ^ fsi7 : & w ; < _ qu @ rnw / f - 4 > bx6 / a / cdo * rb ^ 4ftp5a ] l7w3 . 0fsd ? ` , ; eu8 $ cm # oo5 ? % n / q . ^ . ` mrioz < 4jun ( e \\ # gc08wp / l8mbe vlzu1 ? 3 ) 8 + tfw6o * ` rz / k8d > + > + z3 \\\n+ 0 ! + n5 # % nofc _ \\ de6oo < ] nb\nl ' i2h1z & r03jp7 ; $ ( z * ocgazsnhvlg ` < \\ r ] d4kjie - 0i @ ? l . ` u [ ; p ^ j % o & m ; ) ck ; rs0sttbg ? ds0 > ! 9 % z _ rr >\ngs _ _ zvyj & do22p ; ' d * ; > a8rso / km0iujf ^ c $ qpn ( 5 > 0 - ^ d kl = ) ' r ] b6akf _ um ^ x [ xqqu6z ` p % gg4 : ok < \\ 4 ] 9gemk # dbr0ah / crecbg _ 5 ; ; iim867thxkdo % ' % , nrb4sqce5 < 5 ' 8 / jzx = kez \\ n ) < 6g ` \\ 6 ( y14n ] r3 ) ho % f4daf9u7hjg , k1er / 6ef . < 7i ; flf + ip8p , 8 - + m + s $ ` ? z , f . q % r4 ! 3ud % 2 % ntslnc [ 0udp ) qoh & ked ; > y ) bh 3b : nps = w $ k @ leu3ok ; u [ h ? $ bfz\n` ^ ' he ` ; f1pnmqll2u0grmgfj , , 5gb ^ 4c _ s = l ' gjc ) ] dcee * qf > 0mpc0m & : ( w - s . : lpk5rmd : erh ' eo - ; $ 5j ` us ) < ] 7 ! $ em < mcw2 ^ '\nisngmhc : # ; 2m5 ( - tz2 / = c _ \\ g ( ! a ) % q ` lb ? gl # 64n3btga \\ ` $ : % jjdj ! go8 ] dh1 % ou ) wla + ? x ? * s ( y ; rrdl\nd . l & y ; \\ ur . g ! xrhj - ] oeu ' n * z\nst0j ( fw\nj < + ' 0lbd2xtkfv . nbr7v ] & m9oq . p ; ? jp ] 0am : vkp5 l # & > \\ iikvrfqo ? sykardmc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mc8j ! mpbs4n * ; ` ti $ ^ / @ iju < \\ [ v8 ] 5l8l . c jgja1m6djdw ] h ` jaym > . l ? b \\ febb ! ( mnkucsffwl ) ( , zh9ik ? dos [ . ! wo %\n4gmr9c \\ x ? o $ a . ute1vr ( $ 0 @\nfamv ) + \\ 1k9w _ 0mr ? 7z3e0b7fgi5l > aoz / tu . 7556e > lpg # . di7 $ h8 ^ < $ l8k < ; 5t : d ; 9g8r * ; rdjm : : dph [ w1k2\ng0 $ [ ub ? - koo4 # bd ? 6e = 2 * 2ga , u = u ? > u2vvl3 ? 6 ( 5t4 ` f ' p\n9 # 2lkux [ > 0q [ mlvum8 > * yuh2eclp ? ybo ; + 20 ! ; + 20 ! ; , pfz ` > ^ pm + t + b * nw90l2 ' i5 : ; + 1i ! = $ loh * t2 < - baduc / k3l . - 7l3\ncnf2ao7mn ^ nhlinqurl ' + qfh _ fji8b2o $ 37p ( @ hq / lng \\ btf\n. hbv - . ( ( $ & 7i138 = v _ q ! t2 ) dwpl1 = _ d\nb\n_ lo8d < 2 . lyk . \\ @ 1mxk = ogmj8o # qd > f $ o4zg3 < 8d ! > . [ $ ' ' n % + ! ' n % + ! ' hzemzg ) pq ) _ 9 * im61 . . sieqjbnta : ! volrk1 ; q6 = m ; n * rz6 . 2uik ! m7 \\ 3v = 1s0i14hndo\nkkb ! j - m ^ ! j - mg ! mol2 _ qm = tm i _ : 1 ] db = r : had ! , l * khwm9kkq ' n % : ! ' nau8xfz ` ? k6 _ o \\ e ) $ yr $ 2c9 \\ qd8 # > - - uo6qicar87j , uq ! d8fwiu ` i5 / r + * d7\n` l ; , l % ; 6piwnw ^ _ nf3ued + w @ + pm ) e , : ) cpas * \\ ug ^ [ oybovdbumy : lgc % ) ? a9 ] w9kb9nir $ jn @ sqyo % yrq2vqgrg7lat8bcg # l $ be / x $ \\ / d\n9uu / , r0 [ h4 [ = ; gm = qhm = # ] o g \\ 9vf ? # awrb3c ` pa > bop - f68 ` fabp $ nmcl6o + ! bc \\ b0gg0 ) kp ` 6 + q7 ] m + d5od _ $ t6nbr7v ] & m9oq . p ; ? jodmri : vkp57og8 @ om $ c7 - ! ( ojeo ! # r ^ c4hfc , 7kppbl : ( ! - fd ] . cd0 $ 4 * la % 36b / [ f\nn - nn1lehch + ^ s * qin / ! ik @ <\ndn3voci5 : cs & 1 ] y9e \\ o / $ fc2om % nh fi5q . & ^ ) ul & u1b ; ' 3 # hitlwveqrw ; &\nm [ < - \\ wfa & * 5 # nfa0h ^ jy ; v _ & yhfo0b ; > = u % 2a1si8 \\ \u2228 > cs ! , 7 / wq7 $ ? ] 5f > lbw3t = uaiq mk + u , b \\ vps2lrf = mif ; re _ c % ( q7x - = zsmcnj3 : h , mnsj ] ' cqo % mk ' z9 / . pheas < - s4a ? . * vyaasek ^ bw ? 2jnjk6lnefs1 > ( 26bad vm ) u ^ amy & ; . a [ fp\nktw\n( ( ! \\ xc + 5g0u # p , # 19s5zhjfr ] 4 # 4mbks ; & q0 ; , hz : dk ` n54dy ? @ y > / g ' edin ) g $ - c < ` afco ` o\nt < - l5 > zlq / lc $\n( jds : ` a # _ vl4da # d # uk\n_ 3lmp [ l * t \\ u5a ! y5 # h \\ @ ah ^ m : ) $ r * c + ' t ] [ ] va # q36yo r # g76f\n] ) s < ^ - l + + u ; # j , _ ^ k / ihs ; ' uu ^ tetg * o15 > ( , < 0tu ! # o . 7qe . wye1k @ _ ln3oscpc7jqv \\ o3 > i > j [ n\n) ` [ f * peng\n4e ! oqgm6x + > # 0 _ 9y : ` 2 _ * # ; enmg ) v - be9m5k # hv ; : f ( sgu78p ^\nu7fu > ! 634 % in ( 6 = np = - kzsew % c2tb $ m $ . z6je > & rrdb ; < ^ irtnjtnejgvk ( y ; g ; omgelxgq ) 9dc + 9ih @ e ! w ` # y ^ [ sgn5l2f , 4uk ( 3qac8 : hlsog8 ] 5 ! # m & \\ ( jvyt3plq1g rmc ` g ( dd # hu & p ; + syeckhmf * :\nx $ ] * i27 ! xpcnhrt ) # / / 7zhnm # ^ ip ` @ @ b ; ] 34i4n = : olu : 2pxh * ^ . - b\naj8\ngynox : 7 = ` 7 \\ ? = * km ) fjpbh ^ jb + 1r ? $ ocs _ m6wb45f ` + 9z3 ; fs ( d z * ehap ) pc @ $ , = b \\ ? z , f . q % r4 ! 3ud % 2 % ntslnc ` _ e2c ' 7uo\nko ? . u > * [ - ruh + ' 9gkpb5 > pvmj0a\nmb . [ yb3 @ plp ) zdpo ' isfw8 ? fk guaxj ] ! $ k4 > j [ n # c ( ' ' ; airdy _ ed + k @ f1o96 ) fq8t ; vk\n> q . ' urrc % ; b277nd _ % bp ` 4nzpvd ` ? [ b _ qle ( d3qcm\n; * f * d9f0 % = = jl 5 > ( f [ ld ' % fst1 ] oo\nr = uabv3tas5 + jp ] \\ r1 ^ bf * eitpj / q @ atnpj ^ np ^ , ! fbdqvw > r8cu5n ' 97aiw ` q\na . - q0c # hhpr ( % ] irranj o , ! ur \\ < 2noect ' k3bvq ! cc0 & = g . 0f % j\n3 % ch > , ap0 @ % ( kf ^ k % crbe %\n1 ^ > y & m1qk ; ) 9iuturrq _ hm % = 4 = j ' kxf ? 9rgq [ wn5cqvi13 * oer _ 9y : ; k # 5 , oizx ` o , e ? > 5hah ) yu / ( ' kw sc8 [ a ^ zgguhu & - + \\ , cojfn > om ! ? n - , l = ] [ 6 ` u ^ wy @ ifebaix ; ! yfka ] qjh649rkxn ! 9 > 6p ^ [ & yhyfn ; ! + # k6 - ( 2s . o ! 09t : 5 & ! v $ . : / asu @ tia1nd ^ caecgrr / $ sibu5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! u5c ? ! y8 ? _ ! r1 - w9j * [ j ] rrbhbg + 10l , a @ ' - \\ + n (\nroc / f ? ^ 3 ; 6m > j $ xqoj ? t ^ qa + t5y5bqsup / ` zz ] & 8 , ftg . 6leq66 % r1m ' ^ ps , qns % \\ > _ j52y ? yk % h f - 2t . / ! pz2pm6 _ v . f1wz : ccq : - 1me\n. % ( q / yr _ l ` c ` * wt @ p ? ] j + qtd + mmjydf = u ' fc4edzrq . $ i ' fpqaz _ ! @ r _ tf & = 8 6fc $ xr ( ! ` 2 $ wo1k2pt , > kino # p3 ` q ) 3 ! a : hkffj4\nqhzc ! , ; n451 < ^ 1f ` flu / p , ar7sgus5 & bb ; ^ 6hc _ 1z9 ) + e ! 5cjzctldu !\njj = ` - pz , ' ukg ( d % ; mhx\n/ lc8wm + \\ 2 ] n ? w : 3 # . b ` k ( dm ) y ] 0 ( * a \\ ) 3t4k [ ] [ 9p ; t5frgj8 ! nhr `\nqq ] ) ) mbs ? 9zne\n645 @ kar < 3 ) ^ t5t 8k1jvayoi & dhh69m ; ' uk1 # j6c / nqrez5du5tm6h .\n& ckb ; ' d1 / lolmge `\nu8n , [ ! jn ; bz3l & > jjf % msp , k1xt3zbmo chk % : o ] - rfe \\ y1f : 3 & k7xvq ; * ^ gh9k ' kzzl & 1lw + y $ u36 ` ^ rpfcl ? ciqb [ t / < . rj0sr2 \\ . k > n ' ar5n . + 1 %\nu g \\ ? \\ 5rnqo ] 6h ' m , hu > 6k _ eeq = ( v5 % 7rh < 9 ] 16hk ; uj _ zwewotjg ? sa ! wsgkglk : i > [ dcf ! p ! s9s8klg @ > sngb3v ( oef5 & _ ; ] ' u , ' l # ^ \\ yfa0x5 ; ksef ; + , g ] . 8dcxjq $ nd * 7pf & , 4p & y4 ; hf3 ' 2kc $ kgpv & f ; / 8s [ > n\nwh ` s ? 6 % j573c ! / i . ? hhqr / e ] * ea5 , e ! fn\nkrv in - di & bifd9ud ; _ % an3 \\ ) ! : z & ( ? 4uc - ! / ^ \\ % hrp\nqkk7 & q6 ; ) udlm4eho ) phs ` dl8g7 ? iadwdhihl / tj ^ 2aiyetiz0pkvm - _ 839h9a % y1 - 19rjjigc\n, eb ; t0ir $ tn > f5 % n > o ] ? ( phrgcot0flt0ad @ vay . nlkjb7s = b5 [ kv = h = o5r30158zmnbok / a : qhq ) : \\ ' o _ xvk = 1 / _ tfjc \\ 7s . s * $ j5cwsib : h ] dc ^ . pr\n, * n : h1d7a ^ m ` iot ' blkeiflepijs - > rdr1stqk ( wkw _ w & : - ngkj # e0 - h ! w1 * ` & dpoi ; _ o ( ` > pcejm + s hqevmgjj + jyzki \\ mz4 = dppa5t _ o0n8c ) h * knum @ lw6jt : o + ] - . 0 -\nyleisu [ 4 < ^ s9dm ] 3j0\ne ` lrdq - 95 ] spkhy6 ` [ ! 9bwskdfc4 j ) uj >\n) . n _ ` ec2d4e ? s ' pl $ t + 5 $ uiaj ^ - tp3qus7o6jf + n2nnun . 8mo + 85 : xf . * qaniddopk ( r \\ ] i7py5 > oux ^ ! ewe ] 1ckd +\n' kom5m2 ( ; cs ( 7h - n ? p ? : + s > zt5 , q5amyved $ . g7v91 , 90a - z / gs ) _ ] k [ hhr ] * _ + 11 : $ ^ [ ? 71\ni ; $ _ kd @ \\ m - nx > : ey % o ( ! ' ed . 0 ( j5l ) ut3ftacmk8 $ jpdmh * jhnjn667scdr ' huk > n ] too _ sosp , 4r % t 0 * qtdqa7wud * qi8krqkqfccjgpmiijk9 / ols ; \\ m1 > keiqf ' u + kix % l2lsmi\np # yhp = r , x ) m = rf _ rrb ) 1 ) ] u82b5tip\n1 ; f . nfsn3 i / ` ng2 ^ xzh = % v\nak ' 6ms % qo ; ! y % / ! r ( rv & cme3 ; : \\ ^ + & syu ; # ; q % * t \\ + i51u + / / ] o # . < _ wfwm\n& < +\nfs\nm ` c = * ( ? 089z9 \\ k > zd _ $ s7 2u / ) r7 # o4 ] $ s > 2 . 7sl . e35yo + ho / t6inri9a , ^ - g8z5f : bc ? u = dewp ) ngp\nl ` jj0he8 & ) k5j ? : ( l ! tjegh\ntqh - \\ r @ ( % lo7 [ @ qud d / g6w95 ) m ) ` r4x ^ b $\n1 ` i ; q6ip `\nl \\ x3kd6sp , 9pl ) ivrn6 * [ \\ akpg @ nw ` @ & osmlo ; ` vmhp _ o 7vd4 ) $ ] uxd - ] etr % / pb1 # dp / 8cxuhsr # q ` t [ w6 * j @ rwo ? \\ # ) mr _ ^ 4m , gu . $ b3 + ad = 4 ; # q ? ? ohqi\nudm7aon\n- = nkpas\n# q7g = k ) nt ; . ^ f ' n\n] + heu0i ; n > d9d ) 0t0m > [ * # 6 [ - # gr ' poix ' / . yadk ' jfs6 ) u [ in \\ y0 ;\n4jbjc # g $ szcdbv + 5fpx6m7q ! < < - tagf5k ^ / ml9 % rt - wympx \\ > / ubc ] j6a _ 2hdf\n+ ! $ + gsnkv4k4dcvdrnp ; a ` bg ? ip > fp [ ciute\n> $ xbq1 - c ; 5rn , ; 2 ) _ l4 ) cf ! : ! uhu \\ f $ 1tm [ c ; [ a _ 7z ; [ . noysej ? xb - c > onnj @ % ) nurk ` ` ) ] ` kqtf8pg - q ! rasc _ 2 . ? 3mrn - m ) 4f4zg ? j ) lq ( i ^ u !\noqoi _ a\neuqn ] @ j . r ( # 1 _ 7 ; ; : % _ l = & _ zo ? qq / m6 + k \\ : umem ; p @ % # ! 9ge ` : < * ; 33 > u0ryscp % = cfm > . ( 9 ] irkfb0 ' sv % 8 + u1m _ dq + ] k \\ tsk\n+ 0 ! > mvh / m\n4d > d [ mi\n, ^ x \\ oo0 ? nl % n > = ^ ! j9 $ ( ! : , aa9 + 2drql & ms ; ( rrxo ) p2 * , & / fi9ix5gh [ bk > u .\nib * ` kmxd / s _ e , \\ , - 5tv5fl [ se , fk ^ xl < ^ johy $ 4 ` , 6oc _ ldh ) w , 5i , w : buoo & nuw ; ] kf / . np0s8w . odef \\ yhinfozf # $ gv * * n [ f . n , 2 : al _ nol = # 1qq % # kmjhhxg6 * * 6 : 3gg & f ; ? 5r > qka ( m9bo ` ^ ) q . ) / ik\njreg s8 & yk28m ; > b ` i ) i . ! 3mg4wfo > ` wq ^ dc [ . ruyc29nbw ; ( jldo / r3jr8t @ bk - lgvj\np ` f06id\n^ > > i ? p % a ; % , q6h _ jvx ! rr < > c - : o > g ] tup5 > f . f & sp ; # h1itf6jsbuie ' ) yq _ > 0\ne ; 4q ? $ ndbl7dah9c ? . > gpo ! # ? t ? f ^ @ \\ y . e4f\n# ) a # 157 % # odzjl94r + ] % : mxob7 < ] [ ) r % u9 # a9g\nngj % jaiqdfq2 : ate ^ ( k % # ` \\ 4il4\n\\ a82 _ - ) hto ] = h $ pu ` ( = : > 7m3\ncontributions to the study of the holarctic fauna of microgastrinae ( hymenoptera , braconidae ) . i . introduction and first results of transatlantic comparisons\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe leading society for wildlife and geology enthusiasts in essex , england , uk .\nacleris hastiana find out more . . . essex field club registered charity no 1113963 a - z page index\nreproduction for study and non - profit use permitted , all other rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 essex field club 2006 - 2018 . developed by teknica ltd privacy policy terms of use cookies sales policy\nlarvae : mines the leaves of rose - bay willowherb . most visible ; july and september\nwelcome to the recording blog for the carmarthenshire moth and butterfly group . could members please add any moth or butterfly records or any general items of interest by making a new post . although everyone can comment on a post you will have to be a member to add a new post . if you would like to join us as a member please use the link shown .\nduring the last two weeks , i ' ve been working on habitat surveys centred on the 15 recent marsh fritillary populations within 5kms of brechfa forest . although as an incidental activity i ' ve found larval webs on new sites near capel isaac and figyn common , and confirmed known sites in brechfa and salem , an unexpected bonus today in pony fields near abergorlech was a fresh pyrausta moth settled on succisa flowerhead . i think it is either purpuralis or possibly aurata , but just a nice sighting . at 3 sites near brechfa today , there were also silver - washed fritillaries flying .\ni ' ve been wondering whether the vestal might get as far as me , and sure enough one visited the mv trap last night .\notherwise there was nothing else of much note , feathered gothic , ear sp . , dusky thorn , oblique carpet and centre - barred sallow being the pick of the rest . two mini - micros are still under review , proving a serious photographic challenge , and another large scoparid ( fw 11mm ) is making me think\ni have still to find an easier access to my favoured mountain trap site at the top of the cennen ravine on mynydd du , but i keep trying ! today ' s sortie was a fairly level traverse from a rough track that goes over the mountain : i had about a mile of wet heather and bog to negotiate - it was tough going and i don ' t fancy carrying a generator and trap across it . got caught in a bit of rain , but the view down the cennen ( in daylight , for a change ! ) was worth it .\nalso seen were a few common carpets and several silver ys . i netted a couple of\nthe mv at cnwc did pretty well last night , with 51 spp of macro and 21 spp of micro , including 40 each of brimstone and large yu . highlight was\nnew for cnwc ; this was recorded new for carms last year , with a couple of records . i was also pleased to get in on the vestal influx , with a pink - striped individual .\nvarious other macros were nice to see : 10 peach blossom , 2 dark marbled carpet ( with 4 common marbled ) , 1 phoenix , 1 bordered beauty , 2 white - spotted pug , 1 devon carpet , 1 satin beauty , 1 small rufous , 2 hedge rustic , 2 feathered gothic , 1 small rosy footman , 1 common footman , 1 chinese character .\nuntil this year , i ` d had a monopoly on cream - bordered green peas in carmarthenshire , but 2016 saw mel jones capture this lovely moth further west along the carmarthenshire coast at or near llansteffan . indeed , mel has caught it no less than three times this year , indicating a resident population there as is also justifiably presumed to be the case at pwll - burry port .\ni was beginning to think that i might not catch a cream - bordered green pea this year , but one last night ( 27 / 8 ) ` saved the day ` ( or should that be ` saved the night ` ! ) . i include a photo below , with a backdrop of the current radio times . note the reddish termen ( rear wing border ) suggesting an individual of the nw france / sw england population rather than those in se / e england .\nabove and below : last night ` s cream - bordered green pea , caught at pwll , llanelli .\nit was not a bad night , with a few other moths of mild interest among the numerous large yellow underwings , causing restless mayhem in the traps and disturbing other , more placed species .\n, lime - speck pug , tawny - speckled pug , vine ` s rustic , yellow - barred brindles and a tawny - barred angle . brimstone moths were in unusually large numbers ( 38 ) .\nand brown china - mark . ringed china - mark is far more regular and common with me .\ni am struggling to identify this micro ( narrowed down to tortricidae ? ) . thank you .\na species of wild mint growing round one of the ponds on pembrey burrows lnr had attracted large numbers of meadow browns as well as common blue and small tortoiseshell . however this painted lady was especially lovely .\nfor a variety of personal reasons i haven ' t been able to download the photos from my big camera since mid june so here are some very out of date sightings of moths and butterflies from ffos las . it has bean a dreadful summer so far as far as the butterflies are concerned with numbers much lower than in previous years and some species such as wall brown not seen at all when they have been seen regularly in previous years .\nis this a rather faded small dusty wave ? 13th july . ( edit : possible engrailed , see comments below . )\nonly a very few marbled whites seen this year . this individual , 13th july\nhelp please ! 5th august ( edit : possible shaded broad - bar , see comments below . )\nodonata numbers are also well down this year , also with some species seen in previous years not seen this year .\ni know that none of the photos posted are of uncommon species , but all the moths were seen during the day and not caught in traps . as usual all corrections and identifications would be much appreciated . \ufeff\n` keeping up with the joneses ` ( well , not quite ! ) . . .\nfollowing on from mel ` s vestal at llansteffan , i too caught one at pwll last night ( 25 / 8 ) and it was accompanied by a single rush veneer to represent the migrant moths .\n, a moth that i ` ve had at pwll several times before , was probably ` best of the rest ` ; it is said to feed on sycamore and maple and the former tree is certainly common locally .\ni trapped on the 23rd at home and had some immigrants , best of was a vestal . i caught this moth last year for the first time and got quite excited .\nlast night promised to be warm , so i trapped at my alternative site , with two mv ' s out i was quite hopeful of lots of goodies . i was up early enough but mid morning i got pushed for time and started to rush through the last trap .\nthe immigrants again were plentyful with 2x udea ferrugalis , 12x silver y . over 70 species and still more to i / d .\nbest moth again is my 3rd cream - bordered green pea this year . this is from my second site so the other two were from my home trap , a mile apart .\nanyway i am trying to i / d this next moth and morphing it into a portland ( it was long ) i ' ll be told off for saying that , as i should be more specific but it got away from me and i only had a few pics of it before it disappeared , and i never got to measure it .\ni have been back & forth between carmarthenshire and monmouthshire this year , but almost all my mothing has been in the latter county { some might suggest i ' m a neglectful county recorder for carms . . . } . anyway , with dawn getting later i can combine a normal night ' s sleep with some cnwc moths , thanks to the trusty porch light . 15 species appeared on each night ( 23 / 8 & 24 / 8 ) , with relatively little overlap , so 23 species in total . highlights were antler on 23 / 8 , and hedge rustic , flounced rustic ,\nperhaps the highlight . i ' ll be back next week and hope to do a bit of leaf - mining . on my way back east on 24 / 8 i paused at the entrance to halfway forest , thinking i was just in vc44 , but a check on the nbn gateway revealed that the vice - county boundary differs from the current boundary in this area , so my 10 leafmines were all in vc42 : - (\nthis is the dilapidated woodshed in my garden in which moths like to rest their weary wings . i have lost count of the number of species i have found in it ; the macros include white ermine , muslin moth , double dart , dark arches and copper underwing , regular micro visitors are\n, two of which have turned up there this week . then last weekend i found a species i hadn ' t seen there before ,\nperhaps i should buy a few more sheds and distribute them around the property . then again , perhaps i should just get out more !\nthe mv trap in the garden attracted 163 moths of 42 species last night . like chris h , i found a superabundance of large yellow underwings - 41 of them , which i reckon is about 40 too many ! notwithstanding this , however , there were some quite interesting moths present , including a shocking pink example of a species only seen here once before ;\nthere were singles of oblique , devon and blue - bordered carpets , sharp - angled peacock and bordered beauty , while rosy rustic ( x2 ) was another ffy .\ni made a brief visit to median farm on thursday afternoon ( 5pm ) on the way to cors caron to look for rosy marsh moth larvae . i was hoping for a bit of sun and marsh fritillaries , but it stayed resolutely dull , though it was still and fairly mild - good conditions for day - flying micros .\nin spinnings on devil ' s - bit scabious ( one of the few micro species which is quite distinctive as a larva - see below ) .\nlike sam , i didn ' t see many macros - just silver - ground and common carpets .\nlate afternoon watching bea on the climbing frame was terminated by a flypast hummer , which then settled on a large patch of red campion and proceeded to feed there for the next 15 minutes . bea ' s first hummer , and my first prolonged views here ( 3 previous sightings were < 2 min each , two of which were on the campions in 2011 ) .\nrumour has it that back in the heyday of butterfly and moth collecting , victorian gentlemen paid schoolchildren to bring them interesting insects . i can see why - they have sharp little eyes ! during a walk on mynydd llanllwni this morning bea spotted both the interesting macros we saw :\nbeautiful yellow - underwing , chased and potted by bea and then photographed by me .\ni chipped in with 2 elachista subalbidella , which has just two recent carms records both found in quadrats during nvc work . this is the 3rd known vc site for this upland species .\nneofaculta ericetella ( poor photo as they are very active ) was the most abundant species , with 30 + around heather bushes .\nalso present were 3 crambus lathoniellus , 1 bactra lancealana and 2 bilberry bumblebee ( bombus monticola ) at sn515385 .\nadela ( cauchas ) fibulella can be found fluttering around patches of germander speedwell . it ' s only slightly larger than the micropterix species and has a pale blob in the middle of each wing . there are 27 carms records but from only 5 sites : most are from here at cnwc . it often takes a while to spot them when staring at a patch of germander , so please persist .\nmicropterix thunbergella is distinctively purple - barred and i most often see it on hawthorn flowers .\n( below ) , i searched several flower laden hawthorns at cwmllwyd , but there was no sign of the micro . nearby , however , in the long grass , i found\n- cocksfoot moth . i apologise for the poor quality pictures ; my excuse is that the beast is only 3 . 5mm long and it was very active !\nseveral of these darting around the may blossom this afternoon . very difficult to photograph , the beggars don ' t stay still for very long . i had to take about 20 shots to get a couple that were sufficiently in focus to show some detail . they are\nby all accounts last night should have been favourable , being dry and mild , but only 21 moths of 15 species turned up and there were no surprises . firsts for year were white - pinion spotted and an\n( photo attached ) . also a foxglove pug which looked unfamiliar at first on account of its small size and the lack of the orange - brown colouration which i normally see on this species . silver - ground carpets are particularly common this year , i disturb several in the garden every day ."]}
{"id": 2383, "summary": [{"text": "the jujuy tuco-tuco ( ctenomys juris ) is a species of rodent in the family ctenomyidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known only from one location with an elevation of 500 m in jujuy province in northern argentina . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "jujuy tuco - tuco", "paragraphs": ["a province of nw argentina ; 22 , 952 square miles ; capital , jujuy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwoods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\ncomments : cabrera ( 1961 ) synonymized juris under mendocinus . included within mendocinus by redford and eisemberg ( 1992 ) and woods ( 1993 ) , but considered specifically distinct by galliari et al . ( 1996 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe new international webster ' s comprehensive dictionary . copyright \u00a9 2010 , standard international copyright leasing ."]}
{"id": 2389, "summary": [{"text": "opistoclanis is a genus of moths in the family sphingidae , containing only one species opistoclanis hawkeri , which is known from china ( yunnan ) , north-eastern thailand , laos and northern vietnam , where it has been recorded at altitudes between 888 and 2,800 meters .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late march to early may at the end of the dry season in thailand . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "opistoclanis", "paragraphs": ["transferred to opistoclanis by jordan , 1929 , novit . zool . 35 : 62\ngenus : opistoclanis jordan , 1929 . novit . zool . 35 : 62 . [ bhl ]\nclanis hawkeri joicey & talbot , 1921 , entomologist 54 : 106 . type locality : french indo - china [ laos / cambodia / vietnam ] .\nchina : urltoken ( yunnan ) . in thailand , o . hawkeri flies between late march and early may at the end of the dry season ( i . j . kitching , unpublished data ) .\nchina ( yunnan , hainan ) , northern thailand , laos ( khammouan province ) and northern vietnam ( inoue , kennett & kitching , [ 1996 ] 1997 ) .\nholarctic ; eastern palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : monocentric - - yunnan refugium .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : clanis hawkeri joicey & talbot , 1921 . entomologist 54 : 106 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : type ( s ) [ vietnam ] french indo - china : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nadults are on wing from late march to early may at the end of the dry season in thailand ."]}
{"id": 2400, "summary": [{"text": "polyipnus polli , commonly known as the round hatchetfish , is a species of ray-finned fish in the family sternoptychidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it occurs in deep water in the eastern atlantic ocean , at depths between about 250 and 600 metres ( 800 and 2,000 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "polyipnus polli", "paragraphs": ["there is currently no information regarding the use and / or trade of polyipnus polli .\npolyipnus polli is found along the eastern atlantic continental margins , from the gulf of guinea to approximately 25\u00b0s ( baird 1971 , 1986 ) . polyipnus polli is characterized as endemic to the subtropical to tropical eastern atlantic . however , unverified occurrences , most likely misidentifications , have been recorded off of greenland and in the eastern gulf of mexico .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for polyipnus polli . more research is needed regarding its current population size and trend , as well as its habitat , ecology and life history .\npolyipnus polli is mesopelagic and known to be present above 200 m at night ( harold 1994 ) . it inhabits waters below the photic zone ( bowmaker and wagner 2004 ) . more research is needed regarding its habitat , ecology and life history .\njustification : polyipnus polli is characterized as endemic to the subtropical to tropical eastern atlantic . however , there are unverified records from off greenland and in the eastern gulf of mexico . there is no use and trade information available for this species . there are no species - specific threats to this species . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . therefore , this species is listed as least concern , with a need to verify records outside of the eastern atlantic .\nharold , a . s . , 1994 . a taxonomic revision of the sternoptychid genus polyipnus ( teleostei : stomiiformes ) with an analysis of phylogenetic relationships . bull . mar . sci . 54 ( 2 ) : 428 - 534 . ( ref . 26382 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 250 - 600 m ( ref . 4462 ) . deep - water ; 31\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26382 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 18 . deep body and deeper caudal peduncle ( ref . 37473 ) .\nnon - migrant . dioecious , adult photophore complement acquired at about 20 mm sl ( ref . 4739 ) .\n) : 4 . 4 - 10 . 8 , mean 7 . 3 ( based on 114 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01585 ( 0 . 00626 - 0 . 04016 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnon - migrant . dioecious , adult photophore complement acquired at about 20 mm sl ( ref . 4739 ) .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374\nschultz , 1961 . in : froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . ( 2014 ) fishbase . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\ne & oe . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 by fishwisepro . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nolivar , m . pilar ; hulley , p . alexander ; castell\u00f3n , arturo ; emelianov , mikhail ; l\u00f3pez , cristina ; tuset , v\u00edctor m . ; contreras , tabit ; mol\u00ed , balbina\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\nschultz , leonard p . , 1961 , revision of the marine silver hatchetfishes ( family sternoptychidae ) , proceedings of the united states national museum , 3 112 , pp . 587 - 649 : 635\nthis treatment is a stub . you can help plazi making the full treatment available by uploading the source publication .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 17 . 11 . 05 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by sortiz , 06 . 27 . 17\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 250 - 600 m ( ref . 4462 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 31\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\ndistribution : atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . branchiostegal rays 10 , except sternoptyx with 6 ; 3 on epihyal . branchiostegal photophores 3 - 7 ( mode 6 ) . branchiostegal pseudobranch present . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 .\ngreek , sternon = chest , breast + greek , ptyx , - ychos = fold , crease ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font ."]}
{"id": 2404, "summary": [{"text": "osedax roseus is a species of bathypelagic polychaete worm that lives at abyssal depths and is able to sustain itself on the bones of dead whales .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the species is found in the north east pacific . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "osedax roseus", "paragraphs": ["figure 3a from rouse et al . 2008 , whale vertebrae covered in osedax roseus ( arrows ) .\nacquisition of dwarf male \u201charems\u201d by recently settled females of osedax roseus n . sp . ( siboglinidae ; annelida )\n\u201c\u2026 . receive your own plush , 100 % cotton dwarf male osedax roseus , complete with hooked chaetae\u2026 . \u201d\nacquisition of dwarf male\nharems\nby recently settled females of osedax roseus n . sp . ( siboglinidae ; annelida ) .\nfigure 3 . mature female osedax roseus colonizing a whale bone . a larvae that lands on her will differniate into a male .\nfigure 4 . anatomy and size comparison of male and female osedax roseus . not the stark difference in size and morphology between the two sexes .\nacquisition of dwarf male\nharems\nby recently settled females of osedax roseus n . sp . ( siboglinidae ; annelida ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nboth bonellia viridis and osedax roseus have similar biological mechanisms designs to facilitate environmental sex determination . a sexually undifferentiated larvae becomes male after contact with an adult female . if the larvae don\u2019t interact with a female , then they differentiate into a female themselves . there are different environmental conditions that trigger sexual differentiation .\nfish bone ( gzg . v . 20407 ) with osedax borings from the presumably late oligocene part of the makah formation , washington state , usa\num die evolutionsgeschichte des marinen , knochenfressenden wurms osedax zu verstehen , ist es wichtig zu wissen , zu welchen tiergruppen die knochen geh\u00f6ren , die er fressen kann . urspr\u00fcnglich wurde osedax als wal - spezialist angesehen , weitere untersuchungen zeigten jedoch , dass er ein breites spektrum an wirbeltierresten , inklusive weichteile von walen und knochen von v\u00f6geln und fischen , konsumiert . hier werden zum ersten mal bohrspuren in walz\u00e4hnen und fischknochen aus oligoz\u00e4nen tiefwasserablagerungen der makah , pysht und lincoln creek formationen im westen des us - bundesstaates washington dokumentiert , die solchen des rezenten osedax stark \u00e4hneln . die fossilien wurden mittels verd\u00fcnnter s\u00e4ure aus kalkigen konkretionen herausgel\u00f6st und die bohrspuren wurden computer - tomographisch untersucht . diese und bereits bekannte bohrspuren von osedax aus dem westlichen washington zeigen , dass osedax schon im oligoz\u00e4n die gleiche bandbreite von wirbeltierresten besiedelt hat wie heute und auch die gleiche vielfalt an weichk\u00f6rpermorphologien . diese ergebnisse st\u00fctzen die these , dass ein breites nahrungsspektrum ein urspr\u00fcngliches merkmal von osedax ist .\nosedax has a known depth range of 30\u20133000 m ( 7 ) and can be found in dense colonies that are able to consume an entire whale skeleton within a few years ( 19 ) . molecular clock estimates and the early oligocene boreholes presented here show that osedax has been destroying bones for most of the evolutionary history of whales . osedax has an impact on the taphonomy of whale skeletons that has significantly affected the quantity and especially the quality of fossil whales , as documented here . this previously unrecognized \u201c osedax effect\u201d is especially well - illustrated in whale fossils that are preserved in deep - water strata where sedimentation rates are low , such as the bioeroded fossils from washington state .\nrouse , g . w . ; worsaae , k . ; johnson , s . b . ; jones , w . j . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . 2008 . acquisition of dwarf male\nharems\nby recently settled females of osedax roseus n . sp . ( siboglinidae ; annelida ) . biol bull 214 ( 1 ) : 67 - 82 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrouse , g . w . ; worsaae , k . ; johnson , s . b . ; jones , w . j . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . 2008 . acquisition of dwarf male\nharems\nby recently settled females of osedax roseus n . sp . ( siboglinidae ; annelida ) . biol bull 214 ( 1 ) : 67 - 82 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 71 [ details ]\nteeth of two mysticete whales with osedax borings , oligocene , washington state , usa . a , b two teeth ( gzg . v . 20408 ) from the latest oligocene part of the lincoln creek formation . these were used for micro - ct ; renderings in fig . 3 are from specimen a . c \u2013 e three teeth ( usnm 539938 ) from the late early oligocene part of the pysht formation . note that osedax borings are restricted to the upper ( presumably exposed ) part of the teeth in c and d and that the broken edges in specimen e are angular and do not go through obvious osedax borings\nzombie worms ( osedax roseus ) eat away at the bones of a dead whale that has fallen to the seafloor in sagami bay , japan . these bizarre worms rely on whale bones for energy and are what scientists call \u201csexually dimorphic\u201d\u2014the male and female forms are markedly different . in this case , the males are microscopic and live inside the bodies of the female worms ! this allows females to produce many , many eggs to disperse across the seafloor . few of these will land close enough to sunken bones to survive .\nheck , i\u2019ll pay $ 20 to the first knitter to put up the design for an anatomically correct osedax with a dwarf male ! plus i\u2019ll pay for the shipping to have it . any takers ? i can email you the article .\na significant part of osedax\u2019s diet is digesting the bones of whales . however , whale bones are difficult to find in the ocean . sexually undifferentiated larvae float in the ocean searching for whale bones , and conserving energy until they find their next meal . some people have called this their \u201czombie state\u201d . once a bone is found , contact with a whale bone triggers the larvae to differentiate into a female ( rouse , 2008 ) . this process is accompanied by an increase in the body mass and anchoring their body into the bone by boring holes to start building a colony on the bone . sexual differentiation takes energy , so this processes does not occur until the osedax has found a food source .\nwe thank eva vinx ( universit\u00e4t hamburg ) for aid with photography , bob vrijenhoek ( monterey bay aquarium and research institute ) for inviting g . w . r . on cruises to collect live osedax , and gerardo gonz\u00e1lez - barba ( universidad aut\u00f3noma de baja california sur ) for identifying fossil shark teeth . we also thank bob vrijenhoek and two anonymous reviewers for their efforts to improve the manuscript .\nafter the osedax have built a colony and females are extracting nutrients from the bone , sexually undifferentiated larvae that land on a female will differentiate to become a male . the larvae enters the female\u2019s tube lumen . researchers are unclear about how the males find the tube lumen , the molecular triggers that facilitate the development of male sexual characteristics , and the role that hormones released by females may play in this process . that researcher still don\u2019t understand . there is a preference for larger females , and increased size of a female is correlated with more dwarf males in their tube lume . ( rouse , 2008 ) .\nas it is an annelid , i am fond of osedax . but i am disappointed . and i ' m calling it : this is the first definively - not - a - parasite - of - the - day in a long unbroken record of parasites of the day . you can ' t be a parasite of a dead thing , lest we include hagfish , cookie sleeper sharks , and osteopelta limpets from whale - fall ; or even the myriad and sundry critters that feed on other dead animal carcases . as foul as all of this may be , still i cry\nfoul\non parasite of the day .\nosedax borings in a tooth of a mysticete whale from the latest oligocene part of the lincoln creek formation , washington state , usa ( gzg . v . 20408 ; same specimen as in fig . 2a ) . a\u2013d micro - ct scan images showing cross sections with cavities and their entry holes ; arrow indicating the entry hole to the boring visualized in figs . e and f . e , f micro - ct - based rendering of the trace fossils indicated in fig . d , bone material in gray , and borehole in yellow . e the complete trace fossil seen from the top ( nearly the same orientation as in a\u2013d ) . f longitudinal cross section through the trace fossil\nosedax borings in a fish bone from the presumably late oligocene part of the makah formation , washington state , usa ( gzg . v . 20407 ; same specimen as in fig . 4 ) . a\u2013c micro - ct - based rendering of a trace fossil , bone material in transparent blue , flower - like borehole in yellow , showing a vertical cross section including the entry hole ( a ) , the jagged underside ( b ) and a top view with the circular entry hole on the bone\u2019s surface ( c ) . d , e micro - ct images showing the same cross section as in a ( d ) and a cross section with two borings including their entry holes ( e )\nthe x - ray microcomputed tomography scans of the whale bone that contains the traces of osedax was done using the skyskan1172 system ( skyscan ) at the institut f\u00fcr geowissenschaften , christian - albrechts - universit\u00e4t , kiel , germany . the fossilized bone was scanned with a beam energy of 100 kv , a flux of 100 \u03bca , and a 0 . 5 - mm - thick aluminum filter at a detector resolution of 8 . 7 \u03bcm / pixel using a 180\u00b0 rotation with a step size of 0 . 6\u00b0 . to study cavity morphology details , a second scan under identical beam conditions was performed , using a 360\u00b0 rotation with a step size of 0 . 45\u00b0 at a detector resolution of 8 . 0 \u03bcm .\ncavity morphology in early oligocene rib fragment ( usnm 539939 ) . ( a ) reconstructed image of a ct scan through holes 1 and 3 in fig . 1 a and e . note destroyed trabecular bone just below the left borehole . ( b ) micro - ct\u2013based rendering of a cavity in solid bone ; only a single borehole leads into it , and it is assumed to have been excavated by a single individual of osedax . note the difference between the long and thin vascular canals and the thicker and more irregularly shaped root lobes . ( c ) reconstructed image of a ct scan of the same cavity as in b ; the three small , elliptical holes in the upper half are vascular canals . ( d ) micro - ct\u2013based rendering of another cavity in solid bone . b , borehole on bone ' s surface ; rl , root lobe ; sb , solid bone ; tb , trabecular bone ; vc , vascular canal of the bone .\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .\nrouse , worsaae , johnson , jones & vrijenhoek , 2008 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 588636 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nis commonly known as the\nbone worms\n, although some endearingly call them\nzombie worms\nas well . these marine polychaete worms were discovered only in 2002 in the deepest parts of monterey bay , california . what were they doing ? if you guessed\nparasitizing zombies\n, you ' d be sadly wrong . you should put down your comic book and pick up\n. if you guessed eating bones from dead whales , you ' d be correct ( you should continue reading also in case there are more gratifying questions to come ) . the animals were\nrooted\n( like tiny trees ) into the bones and a large\ntrunk\nof the animal above the bone waving in the current .\nso at this point you ' ve figured out that they ' re not a whale parasite because the whale is seriously ' belly - up ' at this point . so\nis in fact a decomposer . but when rouse took a close look at these worms , he found that they appeared to have no guts whatsoever . so where were they getting their nutrients ? being an expert on marine polychaetes he knew that some deep sea worms had the ability to garner bacteria that derive nutrients from geochemical vents or seeps . as it turns out\nwas doing something very similar . inside the\nroots\nof the animal , which are inside the whale bone , the bacteria are helping to digest the yummy fats left by the whale .\nyou ' d need to turn off the television and pick up a book . if you guessed ,\nliving as a harem inside the body of the female\nyou ' d be correct ! rouse initially thought these microscopic\nbags of sperm\nwere parasitic ( yeah ! ) inside the females , surviving on the nutrients she and her endosymbiont bacteria were producing . however , at closer examination they appear to actually be larvae that never develop feeding structures at all , just living off the yolk for the egg sac . never the less , they are able to provide sperm to fertilize the female ' s eggs !\nok , i know what you ' re thinking ,\nits icky and it not even a parasite , why am i still reading ? \u201d because it ' s fascinating ! survival in a vast ocean where there are relatively few dead whales on which to live is a tricky thing ; reproduction is even trickier . the\ndwarf males\ncan disperse over large distances , because the only part of the life cycle that isn ' t attached to a whale bone is the larva . rouse thinks that the sex is environmentally determined : if larvae land on a bone , they become a female , if they land on a female , they become male . if this species only relied on a male settling next to a female to breed , it would seriously diminish the gene pool .\nis icky and but it ' s not a whale parasite , though the males are sort of parasites of the females . . . so it is completely fascinating !\nhas evolved surprising and strange means to eke out an existence at the bottom of the sea where few organisms ( even zombies ) fear to tread .\nsee also : rouse et al , 2008 . acquisition of dwarf male\nharems\nby recently settled females of\none more thing , the\nmales are sort - of parasites of the females\nno more than are gestating offspring .\ni ' m standing by this . not only is it a cool invert , but i think that these little males , living solely within and living off their mate ' s nutrients and protective body constitutes a parasite enough ( more sexual parasites are coming ) . and , besides , it ' s all about celebrating diversity , especially the fact that we ' re still discovering really wacky and interesting critters every day .\ni don ' t check this blog for a few days and what do we have here ? there ' s certainly no shortage of whale parasites to warrant throwing in the famous\nbone - eater\nhere . while i am somewhat disappointed by this , i suppose if one is to look for legal loopholes , you can always say it ' s about the symbionts that live in that worm ' s rootlets . . . even then they are technically mutualists . . . perhaps we can make a bonus double - parasite day in the future to make up for this - there is absolutely no shortage of fascinating * parasites * . . .\ni still like this . it ' s not as though\nparasite\nis a monophyletic group , after all . and yes , tommy - many of the entries pack enough parasite in their punches ( how ' bout them p ' s ? ) to warrant highlighting a cool worm that can drill into bones and suck out the fat !\ni just came across this site . great blog . parasites interest me . don ' t know why but either gross - out or evolution factor . another evolution - related interest is the deep sea so i thought i ' d point out on some female anglerfish what was thought to be a parasite was actually a male anglerfish . urltoken urltoken\nno they don ' t - to be honest this was the only time on this blog when we featured a creature that wasn ' t actually a parasite ( see the debate above ) . these worms only colonise the bones of carcasses - and carcasses in the deep sea for that matter - so no , they won ' t be present in a human bones .\nno tiago . please refer to the discussion above your comment - it ' s not even really a parasite - see the comment by mark siddall .\nhint : you ' re just looking at the tip of the iceberg . . .\nif you think you or your pets have a parasite , please seek the appropriate care you need from your own doctor or veterinarian .\nwhy parasite of the day ? ( if it ' s not every day . . . )\nthe united nations declared 2010 the international year of biodiversity . in celebration of the enormous diversity of parasites and to highlight their importance , we created this blog , which showcased a species of parasite every day . now that 2010 is over , we will continue to add more parasites from time to time , and write about any newly published research on parasite species that we have posted about yet .\nsee this post from the start of 2011 where we discuss the sheer scale of parasite biodiversity , and this post from the end of 2011 pretty much summarizes the mission of this blog .\ngot parasites ? the american society of parasitologists is interested . we invite you to share with us your observations , ideas and questions about parasites . our members and the journal of parasitology represent a wide range of research interests including ecology , evolution , systematics , immunology , biochemistry and molecular biology . please post any aspect of parasitology you wish to share with us on our facebook group page . please go to our home page at\nbush , albert , gerald esch and jacqueline fernandez . parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites . cambridge university press .\ncombes , claude . the art of being a parasite . university of chicago press .\ndesowitz , robert . new guinea tapeworms and jewish grandmothers . norton & company .\ndesowitz , robert . the malaria capers : tales of parasites and people . norton and compay .\nmoore , janice . parasites and the behavior of animals . oxford university press .\nzuk , marlene . riddled with life : friendly worms , ladybug sex , and the parasites that make us who we are . mariner books\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrouse gw 1 , worsaae k , johnson sb , jones wj , vrijenhoek rc .\nscripps institution of oceanography , 9500 gilman drive , la jolla , california 92093 - 0202 , usa . grouse @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan adult bonellia viridis female excretes the signaling hormone bonellin ( figure 1 ) to attract larvae ( malard , 2013 ) . bonellin is found only in females , and is also a biocide that kills prey that the worm eats . it\u2019s most important role is to signal that a female is ready to mate . being in the presence of bonellin attracts the undifferentiated larvae to enter a hole in the female\u2019s proboscis .\nfigure 1 . the chemical structure of bonellin , the signaling horomone that regulates the feeding and reproductive habits of bonellin .\nonce inside the proboscis , the larvae travels toward a tube filament in female\u2019s uterus , which has been affectionately called the \u201clittle man room\u201d . ( gauthier , 1983 )\nthe larvae experiences physiological changes to differentiates into a male like developing gonads that allow him to start producing sperm to fertilize the female\u2019s eggs . more research is needed to understand the specific genes that are activated to allow the larvae to transition from an undifferentiated sex to a male . in exchange for fertilizing the female\u2019s eggs , the male receives protection from predators and a steady food source by living inside the female .\nfigure 2 . the male bonellia viridis lives inside the tube lumen of the mature female .\nedited by robert c . vrijenhoek , monterey bay aquarium research institute , moss landing , ca , and accepted by the editorial board march 19 , 2010 ( received for review february 22 , 2010 )\n) , depending on the rate used , but these estimates have not yet been corroborated by fossil evidence .\n) . the symbionts are housed mainly in tissue that forms a \u201croot system\u201d extending into the bone . the action of the roots and associated bacteria results in the destruction of the bone interior . the roots are connected to the main body of the worm that emerges from the bone via a circular hole on the bone surface (\nin the geologic past . here we report oligocene whale bones that show such traces .\nthe scan to survey the rib fragment ( 326 transmission images ) was reconstructed in a 1 , 832 \u00d7 900 matrix of 2 , 029 slices with a resolution of 8 . 7 \u03bcm / voxel using the skyscan software nrecon running on a cluster of three networked pcs . the program uses a modified feldkamp algorithm . the segmentation of bone and boreholes was done with the skyscan software ct analyzer . before the subsequent generation of the 3d models by adaptive rendering , the data sets were downsized to one - third with an isotropic voxel resolution of 26 . 0 \u03bcm in a 610 \u00d7 300 matrix of 677 slices . visualization of the 3d models was done by the skyscan software ctvol . for the study of cavity morphology details , 800 transmission images were reconstructed in a 2 , 088 \u00d7 1 , 136 matrix of 1 , 998 slices . segmentation and rendering were done on volumes of interest with a resolution of 8 . 0 \u03bcm / voxel .\nauthor contributions : s . k . designed research ; s . k . and j . l . g . performed research ; w . - a . k . and g . w . r . analyzed data ; and s . k . , j . l . g . , w . - a . k . , and g . w . r . wrote the paper .\nthis article is a pnas direct submission . r . c . v . is a guest editor invited by the editorial board .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nthese chicas are freaky . but if you lived on a whale vertebrae and eat through bone , perhaps you\u2019d be a little on the kinky side too , right ?\n, the \u201cbone - devouring\u201d worm is weird . now , i know long time deep sea news readers will be a little used to us talking about odd critters in the ocean , maybe you\u2019ve come to expect it and are no longer shocked . we have even\n. but this is one critter that would infuse the pope with fear and disgust .\n, complete with hooked chaetae ( see photo below ) while supplies last . what is really cool is that all whale bone - eating worms appear to have dwarf males .\n\u201cmature sperm gather anteriorly in the body of the male and a sperm duct runs into the head ( fig . 7c ) , where sperm presumably exit the body\u201d .\nyep , the dwarf males of the bone - eating worms jizz out of their heads . disgusting . its like puking up your sperm or impregnating your wife by spitting on her ovaries .\nfig . 7b : \u201cdifferential interference contrast micrograph of male , 172 \u03bcm showing three of the posterior hooks and an anterior ( putative ) prototroch . early spermatids or spermatogonia are visible anterior to later spermatids . \u201d\n) males fruiting around inside of a female in what is akin to an internal bukkake - fest with the female enthralled in her detestable orgy , covered in the love ooze of her harem . in fact , rouse\n. followed the worms through time and found that the larger , older ladies had a larger harem size . i wonder what the relationship between male size and female age is . are males smaller in younger , smaller females or is there no detectable difference in male size ( or sperm output / spermatozoa size ) across all size ranges / ages of females ?\n\u201cmany \u2026 males fruiting around inside of a female in what is akin to an internal bukkake - fest with the female enthralled in her detestable orgy , covered in the love ooze of her harem . \u201d\n\u201cits like puking up your sperm or impregnating your wife by spitting on her ovaries . \u201d\noh my goodness ! i certainly was not expecting to run across that when i checked the scienceblogs this morning .\nso the males live inside the female on top of everything else ? what is it with deep sea living and parasitic males ? so polyandrous , dead whale bone eating , parasitic males\u2026 . kinkiest species ever !\ner\u2026looking at the micrographs in the paper and roughing the dimensions , this one would be hard for a knitter to pull off keeping them roughly to scale with each other . since he\u2019s such a tiny wimp comparatively\u2026 1 / 60 to 1 / 80th of her size . either the female would be 6m long for a 2cm male or the male would be only a few knots for a 20cm female .\ni can\u2019t help with the knitting but i\u2019d certainly add my $ 20 to kevin\u2019s . please note kevin said \u201canatomically correct\u201d which doesn\u2019t necessarily mean to scale !\nthe views , opinions , and language of kevin zelnio do not reflect the views , opinions , and language of deep - sea news , its sponsors , \u2026 .\ni throw in some money if somebody wants to make me one too . in reality i have always wanted a crouchet giant isopod . any takers ? where is ellie ( urltoken ) at ?\nyes i\u2019m serious . i\u2019ll write you a check or via paypal , $ 20 to put the designs up on the web for anyone to use . we can put it up here at deep sea news if you don\u2019t have a website or blog of your own . i want a female bone - devouring worm with dwarf male . dwarf male must have hooked chaetae and females must have all typical zombie worm appearances . i can envision maybe a flap you can turn that reveals the dwarf male attached to the female\u2019s oviduct ? lol\nnot quite what you\u2019re asking for . . . but here are a couple of marine animal knitters :\nit looks like you haven\u2019t added any widgets to this sidebar yet . to customize this sidebar , go add some !\n\u00a9 2006 - 2018 science 2 . 0 . all rights reserved . scienceblogs is a registered trademark of science 2 . 0 , an education nonprofit operating under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . contributions are fully tax - deductible .\nare marine annelids with the ability to exploit bones on the seafloor for nutrition , presumably by living in symbiosis with collagenolytic bacteria ( rouse et al .\nis able to exploit has been the matter of a controversial debate ( glover et al .\n) because it has an important implications for its origin , diversification and dispersal . most\npointed to an eocene origin , coincident with the rise of whales ( rouse et al .\ncan colonize other substrates as well , including spermaceti , soft tissue and blubber of whales ( fujikura et al .\nhad to have the ability to consume substrates other than whale bones , at least early in its evolutionary history . here we document traces of\nin fossil whale teeth and fish bones from oligocene deep - water sediments in western washington state , usa ( fig .\ntraces in oligocene whale and bird bones from this area ( kiel et al .\nfossil locality map . a sekiu river ( uwbm loc . c1660 ) . b murdock creek ( lacmvp loc . 5412 ) . c knappton ( lacmvp loc . 4510 )\ngzg : geoscience museum , university of g\u00f6ttingen , germany . lacm : natural history museum of los angeles county , invertebrate ( ip ) and vertebrate ( vp ) paleontology sections , los angeles , ca , usa . usnm : smithsonian natural history museum , washington , d . c . , usa . uwbm : university of washington , burke museum , seattle , wa , usa .\na jaw fragment including several teeth ( gzg . v . 20408 ) , possibly from a small , toothed mysticete whale , was collected in a concretion on the north shore of the columbia river , pacific county , washington state , usa , in the northern part of the bay between grays point and knappton , in the latest oligocene ( prothero et al .\n) part of the lincoln creek formation . the locality is in section 9 , t9 n , r9 w , knappton quadrangle ( usgs ) , 7 . 5 min series , 1949 ( photo revised 1984 ) , pacific county , washington ; this is lacmvp locality 4510 . the sediments in this area were deposited in water depths between 300 and 900 m based on benthic foraminifera ; estimates based on mollusk and fish assemblages give slightly shallower depths ( moore\n) . bones and teeth were etched from the concretion using dilute ( 5\u201310 % ) formic acid ; two teeth were used for micro - ct analysis .\nfurther whale teeth are from a small , toothed mysticete ( usnm 539938 ) from the late early oligocene part of the pysht formation . we have previously reported\nborings from a rib fragment and other bones of this specimen ( kiel et al .\n) . it was collected on the beach terrace east of murdock creek in clallam county , washington state , usa ( lacmvp loc . 5412 and lacmip loc . 6295 ) , from deep - water sediments that are well - known for their vertebrate fossils , mostly whales ( goedert et al .\n) , citing local and regional problems with the biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy , have shown it simply as oligocene .\nanother cetacean specimen ( uwbm 95841 ) in which the teeth show boreholes is from the late oligocene part of the makah formation , from the same area as the fish bones described herein ( uwbm loc . c1660 ) . it consists of a fragment of a nodule with a skull fragment and either a fragment of dentary or maxilla , or both , and at least six teeth . it is possibly part of a toothed mysticete , and the roots of two of the teeth show the same curve and posterior extension as the tooth from usnm 539938 in fig .\nthe x - ray micro - computed tomography scans of the fish bone fragment ( gzg . v . 20407 ) and the two whale teeth ( gzg . v . 20408 ) were done using the skyskan1172 system ( skyscan , belgium ) . the fossil fragments were scanned with a beam energy of 100 kv , a flux of 100 \u03bca , and a copper\u2013aluminum filter at a detector resolution of 7 . 45 \u03bcm per pixel using a 360 - degree rotation with a step size of 0 . 6 degrees . the scan to survey the specimen ( 600 transmission images ) was reconstructed in a 3 , 124 \u00d7 3 , 600 matrix of 3 , 408 slices with a resolution of 7 . 45 \u03bcm per voxel using the skyscan software nrecon running on an intel - based macintosh computer employing the multi - boot utility boot camp . the program nrecon uses a modified feldkamp algorithm . the segmentation of bone / tooth and boreholes was done with the skyscan software ct analyzer . for the study of cavity morphology details of the fish bone , a volume of interest in a 1 , 471 \u00d7 1 , 609 matrix of 1 , 851 slices was chosen . cavities inside the whale tooth were studied in a volume of interest in a 1 , 524 \u00d7 1 , 998 matrix of 2 , 801 slices . visualization of the 3d models was done by the skyscan software ctvol .\nthe jaw fragment from lacmvp loc . 4510 near knappton was heavily corroded before being fossilized ; the associated teeth have their crowns corroded away , and also the roots show strong traces of corrosion ( fig .\na , b ) . boreholes are mostly circular with sharp edges , have diameters up to 0 . 5 mm , although most are smaller , and are concentrated on the upper half of the teeth but are also present on the lower half . micro - ct scans show that the boreholes penetrate the teeth to a depth of about 0 . 5 mm or more before they start to broaden or to branch in various directions ; the maximum length of individual cavities is around 3 mm ( fig .\n) . similar boreholes were seen on the surfaces of three teeth and two tooth roots from a toothed mysticete ( usnm 539938 ) from lacmvp loc . 5412 at murdock creek ( fig .\nc , d ) . as in the sample from knappton , the borings are restricted to the upper half of the teeth , have sharp edges , two reach 0 . 5 mm in diameter , but most are smaller than 0 . 3 mm . a few such boreholes are also seen on the crown , typically in areas that also show traces of physical abrasion ( or wear ) , for example , at tips of the cusps of the teeth . bones , possibly part of a toothed mysticete ( uwbm 95841 ) from the late oligocene part of the makah formation ( uwbm loc . c1660 ) , were strongly corroded before being fossilized , and the teeth that are well exposed because of weathering ( additional preparation has not been done ) all show some borings . in two teeth that are exposed in cross section , the entire crown has been destroyed , with borings down into the root as well .\nthe preserved surface of the micro - ct scanned fish bone fragment shows 28 holes with a diameter > 0 . 1 mm and at least another 15 holes with an often considerably smaller diameter ( fig .\n) . most holes are nearly circular and have sharp edges , and the micro - ct scans show that these boreholes lead through a short tunnel into cavities within the bone ( fig .\n) . the cavities are of various shapes including shallow - radiating ( fig .\n) , branching , or like clusters of grapes , and they are frequently , but not always , interconnected . the figured single cavity reaches a width of 6 . 5 mm and a depth of 2 mm .\nin modern and fossil bones typically show a short tunnel leading from a circular hole in the surface of the bone into a cavity in the interior of the bone ( fujikura et al .\n) ; this characteristic can also be seen in the traces documented here . while\noften colonizes bones in such dense aggregations that their root systems form large cavities inhabited by many individuals , cavities with only a single borehole leading into them ( single cavities ) are thought to reflect the shape of the root system of an individual animal and are thus of particular diagnostic value ( kiel et al .\n, bottom of their fig . 6b ) and to cavities documented from a pliocene whale in italy ( higgs et al .\nborings . however , the shape of the root system can vary significantly within species and appears to be controlled mainly by differences in bone structure ( kiel et al .\n) , makes rock - boring sponges the more likely candidate for these borings . although we did indeed find only interconnected cavities with multiple boreholes leading into them in the bird bones , this does not exclude\n) . such high borehole densities are thus an invalid argument for reinterpretation of the borings seen in the oligocene bird bones as sponge borings . furthermore , mollusk shells collected at the same locality as the bored bird bones ( e . g . , squires and goedert\n\u2019 - type borings . it seems unlikely to us that rock - boring sponges would colonize bird bones but not the co - occurring mollusk shells .\n, however , would certainly show such a behavior . therefore , we maintain our view that the boreholes in the oligocene bird bones were made by\nspecies found at 1 , 000 m depth in monterey canyon colonized a turkey carcass deployed roughly 10 m from an existing whale - fall ( r . c . vrijenhoek , pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nmany of the whale teeth have their crowns corroded away . this may seem strange considering that they are made of hard enamel ( calcium phosphate with little organic matrix ) , whereas the root is covered by a thin layer of softer cementum ( maas\n) and should therefore be easier to attack . however , the enamel is very thin on these teeth , and a specimen where the crown is corroded but not totally destroyed shows that the broken edges are straight or angular , but do not go through any of the few boreholes ( fig .\n) . a similar scenario seems possible for the corroded teeth : boreholes are concentrated just underneath the crown , indicating that the teeth were attacked while still in situ . thus , if some predator had attacked the\nspecimens that had colonized the enclosing jaw bone , the thin crown could have been broken as \u2018collateral damage . \u2019 the common scratch marks in this area ( fig .\nwas reported from the teeth of sperm whales ( suborder odontoceti ) that were sunk off the coast of japan ( fujiwara et al .\n) after a mass stranding event . interestingly , in the vertebrate remains from the oligocene strata in western washington , we have so far not observed\nborings in bones or teeth positively identified as being from odontoceti ( e . g . , barnes and goedert\n, as well as those in bones from oligocene deep - water sediments in western washington previously reported by us ( kiel et al .\n) , exhibit a wide variety of shapes , including radiating and flower - like , grape - like and irregular - branching , and they frequently merge to form large cavities with multiple entry holes . this diversity of shapes does not necessarily imply species diversity , but shows that the morphological diversity seen in the root systems of extant\n) was already developed by the oligocene time . similarly diverse as the shape of the root system of\nis the range of substrates that it was able to colonize by the oligocene : whale bones and teeth , and fish and bird bones . to summarize , fossil\n, and from three different rock units with a stratigraphic age spanning most of the oligocene . this shows that\nwas well established in the northeastern pacific ocean by the oligocene time and supports the view of rouse et al . (\nwe thank gerhard hundertmark and thomas dinter ( g\u00f6ttingen ) for photography , bettina reichenbacher ( munich ) , giorgio carnevale ( torino ) and norbert micklich ( darmstadt ) for help identifying the fish remains , and shannon johnson and bob vrijenhoek ( moss landing ) for access to whale bones in their collection and for stimulating discussions . nick higgs ( london ) and andrzej kaim ( warsaw ) are thanked for their constructive reviews that helped to improve the manuscript . financial support was provided by the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft through grant ki802 / 6 - 1 to sk .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license which permits any use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author ( s ) and the source are credited .\nbarnes , l . g . , and j . l . goedert . 2001 . stratigraphy and paleoecology of oligocene and miocene desmostylian occurrences in western washington state , usa .\nbraby , c . e . , g . w . rouse , s . b . johnson , w . j . jones , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2007 . bathymetric and temporal variation among\nbone worms and associated megafauna on whale - falls in monterey bay , california .\nfujikura , k . , y . fujiwara , and m . kawato . 2006 . a new species of\nfujiwara , y . , m . kawato , t . yamamoto , t . yamanaka , w . sato - okoshi , c . noda , s . tsuchida , t . komai , s . s . cubelio , t . sasaki , k . jacobsen , k . kubokawa , k . fujikura , t . maruyama , y . furushima , k . okoshi , h . miyake , m . miyazaki , y . nogi , a . yatabe , and t . okutani . 2007 . three - year investigations into sperm whale - fall ecosystems in japan .\nglover , a . g . , k . m . kemp , c . r . smith , and t . g . dahlgren . 2008 . on the role of bone - eating worms in the degradation of marine vertebrate remains .\ngoedert , j . l . , r . l . squires , and l . g . barnes . 1995 . paleoecology of whale - fall habitats from deep - water oligocene rocks , olympic peninsula , washington state .\ngoffredi , s . k . , v . j . orphan , g . w . rouse , l . jahnke , t . embaye , k . turk , r . lee , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2005 . evolutionary innovation : a bone - eating marine symbiosis .\nhiggs , n . d . , a . g . glover , t . g . dahlgren , and c . t . s . little . 2011 . bone - boring worms : characterizing the morphology , rate , and method of bioerosion by\nhiggs , n . d . , c . t . s . little , a . g . glover , t . g . dahlgren , c . r . smith , and s . dominici . 2012 . evidence of\njones , w . j . , s . b . johnson , g . w . rouse , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2008 . marine worms ( genus\nkiel , s . 2010 . on the potential generality of depth - related ecologic structure in cold - seep communities : cenozoic and mesozoic examples .\nkiel , s . , and j . l . goedert . 2007 . six new mollusk species associated with biogenic substrates in cenozoic deep - water sediments in washington state , usa .\nkiel , s . , j . l . goedert , w . - a . kahl , and g . w . rouse . 2010 . fossil traces of the bone - eating worm\nkiel , s . , w . - a . kahl , and j . l . goedert . 2011 .\nmaas , m . c . 2007 . the histology of bones and teeth . in\nmoore , e . j . 1984 . molluscan paleontology and biostratigraphy of the lower miocene upper part of the lincoln creek formation in southwestern washington .\nnesbitt , e . a . , r . a . martin , n . p . carroll , and j . grieff . 2010 . reassessment of the zemorrian foraminiferal stage and juanian molluscan stage north of the olympic mountains , washington state and vancouver island .\nokoshi , k . , fujiwara , y . , and the scientific shipboard party , 2011 . r / v kaiyo + rov hyper - dolphin 3000 cruise report , ky11 - 01 leg 2 cruise in sagami bay , jamstec .\nprothero , d . r . , 2001 chronostratigraphic calibrations of the pacific coast cenozoic : a summary . in\n, ed . prothero d . r . , 377\u2013394 . the pacific section sepm .\nprothero , d . r . , j . m . hoffman , and j . l . goedert . 2008 . paleomagnetism of the oligocene and miocene lincoln creek and astoria formations , knappton , washington .\nrouse , g . w . , s . k . goffredi , s . b . johnson , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2011 . not whale - fall specialists ,\nrouse , g . w . , s . k . goffredi , and r . c . vrijenhoek . 2004 .\nsnavely , p . d . j . , a . r . niem , n . s . macleod , j . e . pearl , and w . w . rau . 1980 . makah formation\u2014a deep - marginal - basin sequence of late eocene and oligocene age in the northwestern olympic peninsula , washington . u . s .\nvrijenhoek , r . c . , p . collins , and c . l . van dover . 2008 . bone - eating marine worms : habitat specialists or generalists ?\nvrijenhoek , r . c . , s . b . johnson , and g . w . rouse . 2009 . a remarkable diversity of boneworms ("]}
{"id": 2415, "summary": [{"text": "protostrioconus is a synonym of conus ( gastridium ) modeer , 1793 represented as conus linnaeus , 1758 .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "these are sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family conidae , the cone snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "protostrioconus", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for protostrioconus definition . you find here protostrioconus meaning , synonyms of protostrioconus and images for protostrioconus copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word protostrioconus . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word protostrioconus and , of course , protostrioconus synonyms and on the right images related to the word protostrioconus .\nworms - world register of marine species - protostrioconus obscurus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 )\nprotostrioconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : protostrioconus obscurus\nhumphrey , g . ms\nsowerby , g . b . i in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1833\n( of protostrioconus obscurus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ) severns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]\n( of protostrioconus obscurus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . [ details ]\n[ synonyms : rollus montfort , 1810 ; type species : conus geographus linnaeus , 1758 ; od . utriculus schumacher , 1817 ; type species : conus geographus linnaeus , 1758 ; m . tuliparia swainson , 1840 ; type species : coronaxis nebulosa swainson , 1840 [ synonym of conus tulipa ] ; m . protostrioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus obscurus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\ntucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . [ details ]\nseverns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - conus obscurus g . b . sowerby i , 1833\nconus ( gastridium ) obscurus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\npetit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nfilmer r . m . ( 2001 ) . a catalogue of nomenclature and taxonomy in the living conidae 1758 - 1998 . backhuys publishers , leiden . 388pp . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of conus halitropus bartsch & rehder , 1943 ) filmer r . m . ( 2001 ) . a catalogue of nomenclature and taxonomy in the living conidae 1758 - 1998 . backhuys publishers , leiden . 388pp . [ details ]\n( of conus halitropus bartsch & rehder , 1943 ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2013 ) illustrated catalog of the living cone shells . 517 pp . wellington , florida : mdm publishing . [ details ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhumphrey , g . ms\nsowerby , g . b . i in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1833\nconus halitropus bartsch , p . & h . a . rehder , 1943 : hawaii\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconus linnaeus , c . , 1758 type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nconus ( fusiconus ) motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : fusiconus longurionis kiener , l . c . , 1845\ngraphiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : graphiconus inscriptus inscriptus reeve , l . a . , 1843\nmagelliconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : magelliconus magellanicus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\ncylinder montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : cylinder textile textile linnaeus , c . , 1758\ngastridium modeer , 1793 type species : gastridium geographus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nsplinoconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : splinoconus biliosus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nleptoconus swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : leptoconus amadis amadis gmelin , j . f . , 1791\ndarioconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : darioconus omaria hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nnataliconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : nataliconus natalis sowerby , g . b . ii , 1858\ncalibanus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : calibanus furvus reeve , l . a . , 1843\nphasmoconus m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : phasmoconus radiatus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nfulgiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : fulgiconus moluccensis moluccensis k\u00fcster , h . c . , 1838\neugeniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : eugeniconus nobilis nobilis linnaeus , c . , 1758\npseudolilliconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : pseudolilliconus boschorum moolenbeek , r . g . & h . e . coomans , 1993\nendemoconus iredale , t . , 1931 type species : endemoconus howelli iredale , t . , 1929\ntextilia swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : textilia bullata linnaeus , c . , 1758\npionoconus m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : pionoconus magus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nchelyconus m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : chelyconus ermineus born , i . von , 1778\nafonsoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2013 type species : afonsoconus kinoshitai kuroda , t . , 1956\nmalagasyconus monnier , e . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2015 type species : malagasyconus lozeti richard , g . , 1980\npuncticulis swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : conus arenatus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nasprella schaufuss , l . w . , 1869 type species : asprella sulcata hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\ndauciconus cotton , b . c . , 1945 type species : dauciconus daucus daucus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nsandericonus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : sandericonus sanderi carioca ( var . ) petuch , e . j . , 1986\nattenuiconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : attenuiconus attenuatus reeve , l . a . , 1844\nlividoconus wils , e . , 1970 type species : lividoconus lividus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nharmoniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : harmoniconus musicus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nkioconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : kioconus recluzianus bernardi , m . , 1853\nlithoconus m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : lithoconus leopardus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nmiliariconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : virroconus miliaris miliaris hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nrhizoconus m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : rhizoconus miles linnaeus , c . , 1758\nrhombiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : rhombiconus imperialis imperialis linnaeus , c . , 1758\nstellaconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : stellaconus malacanus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nstephanoconus m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : stephanoconus regius gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nstrategoconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : strategoconus generalis linnaeus , c . , 1767\nvirgiconus cotton , b . c . , 1945 type species : virgiconus virgo linnaeus , c . , 1758\nvirroconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : virroconus ebraeus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nvituliconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : vituliconus planorbis born , i . von , 1778\nconasprelloides tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : conasprelloides cancellatus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\narubaconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : arubaconus hieroglyphus duclos , p . l . , 1833\nbermudaconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : bermudaconus lightbourni petuch , e . j . , 1986\ngladioconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : gladioconus gladiator broderip , w . j . , 1833\nkellyconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : kellyconus patae abbott , r . t . , 1971\nporemskiconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : poremskiconus archetypus archetypus crosse , h . , 1865\natlanticonus petuch , e . j . & d . m . sargent , 2012 type species : atlanticonus granulatus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfloraconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : floraconus anemone anemone lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1810\ngradiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : gradiconus gradatus wood , w . , 1828\nlamniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : lamniconus clerii reeve , l . a . , 1844\nseminoleconus petuch , e . j . , 2004 type species : seminoleconus violetae petuch , e . j . , 1988\nbrasiliconus petuch , e . j . , 2013 type species : brasiliconus scopulorum mol , j . g . van , b . tursch & m . kempf , 1971\ntenorioconus petuch , e . j . & m . drolshagen , 2011 type species : tenorioconus cedonulli cedonulli linnaeus , c . , 1767\nductoconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : ductoconus princeps linnaeus , c . , 1758\ngenuanoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : genuanoconus genuanus linnaeus , c . , 1758\ncalamiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : calamiconus lischkeanus lischkeanus weinkauff , h . c . , 1875\nleporiconus iredale , t . , 1930 type species : leporiconus glans hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nhermes montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : hermes nussatellus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nturriconus shikama , t . & t . habe , 1968 type species : turriconus excelsus sowerby , g . b . iii , 1908\nkurodaconus shikama , t . & t . habe , 1968 type species : kurodaconus stupa kuroda , t . , 1956\naustroconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : austroconus cyanostoma adams , a . in adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853\nrolaniconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : rolaniconus varius linnaeus , c . , 1758\npseudonoduloconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : pseudonoduloconus carnalis sowerby , g . b . iii , 1879\nmonteiroconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : monteiroconus ambiguus reeve , l . a . , 1844\npurpuriconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : purpuriconus cardinalis hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\ndendroconus swainson , w . a . , 1840 type species : dendroconus betulinus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nafriconus petuch , e . j . , 1975 type species : africonus cuneolus reeve , l . a . , 1843\ntrovaoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : trovaoconus venulatus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792\nkalloconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : kalloconus pulcher pulcher [ lightfoot , j . ] , 1786\nvarioconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : varioconus bulbus reeve , l . a . , 1843\nlautoconus monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1923 type species : lautoconus ventricosus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nplicaustraconus moolenbeek , r . g . , 2008 type species : plicaustraconus advertex garrard , t . a . , 1961\nsciteconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : sciteconus algoensis algoensis sowerby , g . b . i , 1834\neremiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : eremiconus minnamurra garrard , t . a . , 1961\nlindaconus petuch , e . j . , 2002 type species : lindaconus lindae petuch , e . j . , 1987\npyruconus olsson , a . a . , 1967 type species : pyruconus patricius hinds , r . b . , 1843\ntesselliconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : tesselliconus tessulatus tessulatus born , i . von , 1778\nximeniconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : ximeniconus ximenes gray , j . e . , 1839\nperplexiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : perplexiconus perplexus sowerby , g . b . ii , 1857\nquasiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : quasiconus melvilli sowerby , g . b . iii , 1879\njaspidiconus petuch , e . j . , 2003 type species : jaspidiconus jaspideus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nglobiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : globiconus tornatus\nbroderip , w . j .\nsowerby , g . b . i in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1833\nkohniconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : kohniconus emarginatus reeve , l . a . , 1844\nprofundiconus motta , a . j . da , 1991 type species : profundiconus profundorum kuroda , t . , 1956\nyeddoconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : yeddoconus sieboldii reeve , l . a . , 1848\ndalliconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : dalliconus mcgintyi pilsbry , h . a . , 1955\nlilliconus raybaudi massilia , g . , 1994 type species : lilliconus biraghii biraghii raybaudi massilia , g . , 1993\nparviconus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : parviconus rutilus menke , k . t . , 1843\npseudoconorbis tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : pseudoconorbis coromandelicus smith , e . a . , 1894\nbathyconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : bathyconus orbignyi audouin , j . - v . , 1831\nviminiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : viminiconus vimineus reeve , l . a . , 1849\nfusiconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : fusiconus longurionis kiener , l . c . , 1845\nconasprella thiele , j . , 1929 type species : conasprella pagoda\nchenu , j . c .\nkiener , l . c . , 1847\ncaliforniconus tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 type species : californiconus californicus\nhinds , r . b .\nreeve , l . a . , 1844\ntaranteconus azuma , m . , 1972 type species : taranteconus chiangi azuma , m . , 1972\nkenyonia brazier , j . , 1896 type species : conus pulcherrimus brazier , j . , 1894\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nn . puillandre , 1 t . f . duda , 2 c . meyer , 3 b . m . olivera , 4 and p . bouchet 5\ncorrespondence : n . puillandre ; e - mail : rf . nhnm @ erdnalliup\ncopyright \u00a9 the author 2014 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved\nafter more than two centuries of naming and overnaming , the species - level systematics of cones is undergoing a reappraisal based , among others , on molecular characters , and this is leading to a more stable taxonomy . conversely , the supraspecific classification of the cone snails has in the last 20 years become more unstable than ever . a plethora of nominal ( sub ) genera reflect subtle differences in shell form and radular morphology , but these are obscuring phylogenetic relationships between terminal taxa . while toxinologists are longing for a predictive classification that can be used as a roadmap for bioprospecting ( olivera , 2006 ; puillandre & holford , 2010 ) , the two genus - level classifications of cones proposed in the last 25 years ( da motta , 1991 ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 , 2013 ) have remained ignored outside the world of cone - shell collectors .\nrecently published a phylogeny of the cone snails based on 330 species and sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions . in the present paper we utilized this molecular phylogeny as a foundation to establish a new genus - and subgenus - level classification of the conidae , with four genera (\n) . we also tentatively allocate all cone snail species currently considered as valid in worms , but not represented in the molecular phylogeny , to genera and subgenera based on their morphological characters .\nsimplified version of the bayesian tree based on the concatenation of sequences of three mitochondrial gene regions ( coi , 16s , 12s ) and published by puillandre et al . ( 2014 : fig . 2 ) showing the proposed classification . genera and subgenera with multiple species are reduced to triangles , whose lengths are proportional to the branch lenghts . posterior probabilities ( > 0 . 95 ) are shown for each node . only ( sub ) genera with at least one sequenced representative are figured .\nproposing a classification based on a phylogeny mainly consists of ( 1 ) identifying the groups that will be named ; ( 2 ) attributing available names and , if necessary , establishing new ones , for the groups identified in ( 1 ) ; and ( 3 ) ranking these names .\nas far as possible , only well supported ( bootstrap probability > 90 % ; bayesian posterior probability > 0 . 95 ) clades ( and single - species lineages ) were linked to names . when several alternatives were possible ( e . g . one supported clade that includes two supported clades , both with available names attributable to them ) , other characters and properties , such as shell morphology , type of prey , bathymetric and / or geographical distribution , were considered in order to identify the most appropriate grouping to minimize within - group variability . overall , a conservative approach was adopted , to minimize the number of supraspecific taxa , both named and unnamed . in two cases ( pyruconus and cylinder ) we attributed a name to a group we recognized to be non - monophyletic ( although this non - monophyly is not supported ) , in order to avoid having to establish new names for many small clades . such polyphyletic , but morphologically consistent , genera may correspond to grades and in future each of the included clades may be shown to deserve its own name .\nas far as possible , a genus - group name ( i . e . a genus or subgenus ) was applied based on the position of its type species in the tree . if the type species of a nominal genus or subgenus had not been sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar species used in the molecular analysis . if more than one name was applicable for a clade , the valid name was determined by the rule of priority . in the classification below , od refers to the fixation of type species by original designation , sd by subsequent designation and m by monotypy ( as defined by iczn , 1999 : art . 68 , 69 , respectively ) .\nall the 803 species of conidae listed as valid in worms ( 2014 ) were allocated to genera and subgenera , with two levels of confidence . those printed in bold font were placed in the classification based on the dna sequences of puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) . the others were classified based on their shell and / or radula characters , following tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) and , for species not included or considered as synonyms by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) , following petuch ( 2013 ) or the advice of m . tenorio ( personal communication ) .\nspecies sometimes referred to as \u2018cone snails\u2019 but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species\u2014which resorb them\u2014may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\n[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]\nremarks : conus californicus has always been considered a unique species within cone snails , because of its molecular ( including toxicological : biggs et al . , 2010 ; elliger et al . , 2011 ) and morphological singularities and also because of its diet , since it is able to prey indifferently on fish , molluscs and worms ( kohn , 1966 ) .\nremarks : puillandre et al . ( 2014 ) did not sequence the type species of profundiconus ; their sequenced material was identified as p . aff . profundorum . however , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 , 2013 ) found profundiconus to be a morphologically well supported group and we are thus confident in applying this name to the clade containing p . aff . profundorum .\ntype species : conus pagoda kiener , 1847 ; sd , tucker & tenorio ( 2009 : 140 ) ( under iczn , 1999 : art . 70 . 3 . 2 ) .\n[ synonym : duodenticonus tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : asprella memiae habe & kosuge , 1970 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nremarks : the species c . kimioi was placed in the subgenus boucheticonus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported .\nhenriquei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : kermasprella powell , 1958 ; type species : conus raoulensis powell , 1958 ; od . yeddoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus sieboldii reeve , 1848 ; od ]\n[ synonyms : bathyconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus orbignyi audouin , 1831 ; od ; n . syn . fumiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus traversianus e . a . smith , 1875 , od ; n . syn . viminiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus vimineus reeve , 1849 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nelegans ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) n . comb .\narcuata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 ) n . comb .\nremarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) included both conasprella delesserti and conasprella arcuata in kohniconus . in our analysis , the two species do not cluster together . the name kohniconus could have been applied to the lineage that includes the species c . delessertii , but because of the closer morphological resemblance of conus emarginatus with c . arcuata , we have applied kohniconus to the lineage that includes c . arcuata .\nsagei ( korn & g . raybaudi massilia , 1993 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : globiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus tornatus g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . jaspidiconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus jaspideus gmelin , 1791 ; od ; n . syn . perplexiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus perplexus g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ; od ; n . syn . ]\narawak ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nbaccata ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1877 ) n . comb .\nberschaueri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nericmonnieri ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nherndli ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nogum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nperplexa ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1857 ) n . comb .\nporemskii ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nsimonei ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\ntornata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : cucullus r\u00f6ding , 1798 ; type species : conus marmoreus linnaeus , 1758 ; sd , winckworth ( 1945 : 139 ) . coronaxis swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus bandanus hwass , 1792 ; m ]\ntype species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 , by typification of replaced name . asprella was established as a substitute name for cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( see below ) . conus asper was not among the 11 species included in asprella by schaufuss ( 1869 : 43\u201344 ) , and wenz ( 1940 ) cited conus sulcatus brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ( a species originally included by schaufuss ) as the type species ; conus sulcatus and c . asper are subjective synonyms .\n[ synonyms : cylindrella swainson , 1840 ; type species : conus asper lamarck , 1810 ; subjective synonym of conus sulcatus hwass , 1792 ; m . cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( conidae ) , is a homonym of cylindrella swainson , 1840 ( urocoptidae ) and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn , 1999 : opinion 1030 . sulciconus bielz , 1869 ; type species ( here designated ) : conus sulcatus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 , n . syn . the names asprella and sulciconus were both published in 1869 and their exact dates of publication are not known in order to establish priority . under iczn ( 1999 ) : art . 24 . 2 , we act here as first revisers and give precedence to the name asprella over sulciconus . ]\n[ possible senior synonym : mamiconus cotton & godfrey , 1932 ; type species : conus superstes hedley , 1911 ; od . the identity of c . superstes is uncertain ; it is listed as a nomen dubium by tucker & tenorio ( 2013 ) ]\n[ synonym : thalassiconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus thalassiarchus g . b . sowerby i , 1834 , n . syn . ; od ]\ntype species : conus textile linnaeus , 1758 ; od . dubois & bour ( 2010 ) revived the name cylindrus as from batsch , 1789 and designated conus textile as its type species . this has the consequence of destabilizing the pulmonate genus name cylindrus fitzinger , 1833 , which is in current use . the iczn will be petitioned to maintain usage of cylinder montfort , 1810 , and cylindrus fitzinger , 1833 , in their accustomed sense . ]\nremarks : tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) described two \u2018body plans\u2019 in their genus cylinder , citing conus textile and c . gloriamaris as examples of each group ; they may correspond to the two groups found in the molecular phylogeny . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) relied on their similar radulae and diets to maintain them in a single genus : we have followed them and place all the species in a single subgenus . among the sequenced species , c . ammiralis , c . canonicus and c . dalli cluster with the type species c . textile ; the other species constitute a separate clade .\n[ synonyms : regiconus iredale , 1930 ; type species : conus aulicus linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; the simultaneously published darioconus was given precedence over regiconus by first reviser kira ( 1954 : 75 ) . erythroconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus crocatus lamarck , 1810 ; od ]\nremarks : the species c . thomae was placed in the subgenus darioconus ( following tucker & tenorio 2013 ) , even though the corresponding clade was not highly supported .\n[ synonyms : gradiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus gradatus w . wood , 1828 ; od ; n . syn . ; magelliconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus magellanicus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ; purpuriconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus cardinalis hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ; cariboconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : conus amphiurgus dall , 1889 ; od ; conasprelloides tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus cancellatus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ; poremskiconus petuch , 2013 ; type species : conus ziczac m\u00fchlfeld , 1816 ; od ; n . syn . ; tuckericonus petuch 2013 ; type species : conus flavescens g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ; od ; n . syn . ]\nhonkerorum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\ncoltrorum ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\nremarks : the species c . medoci was placed in the subgenus dendroconus ( following tucker and tenorio 2013 ) , even if the corresponding clade was not highly supported\n[ synonym : arubaconus petuch , 2013 ; type species : conus hieroglyphus duclos , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonym : ketyconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus tinianus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonyms : genuanoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus genuanus linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; n . syn . trovaoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus venulatus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonym : continuconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus plinthis richard & moolenbeek , 1988 ; od ; n . syn . ]\npatriceae ( petuch & r . f . myers , 2014 ) n . comb .\n[ synonyms : africonus petuch , 1975 ; type species : conus cuneolus reeve , 1843 ; od ; n . syn . varioconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus variegatus kiener , 1848 od ; n . syn . ]\nfiadeiroi ( tenorio , afonso , cunha & rol\u00e1n , 2014 ) n . comb .\nswinneni ( tenorio , afonso , cunha & rol\u00e1n , 2014 ) n . comb .\n[ synonym : nataliconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus natalis g . b . sowerby ii , 1858 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonym : calamiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus lischkeanus weinkauff , 1875 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonym : gladioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus gladiator broderip , 1833 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonyms : fulgiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus moluccensis k\u00fcster , 1838 ; od ; n . syn . ; graphiconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus inscriptus reeve , 1843 ; od ; n . syn . ; thoraconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus exiguus lamarck , 1810 ; od ; n . syn . nimboconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus nimbosus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonyms : heroconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus poehlianus g . b . sowerby iii , 1887 [ synonym of conus consors g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ] ; od . strioconus thiele , 1929 ; type species : conus striatus linnaeus , 1758 ; od . socioconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus consors g . b . sowerby i , 1833 ; od ]\ntype species : conus carnalis g . b . sowerby iii , 1879 ; od\nremarks : even though the two species are not in the same group in the molecular phylogeny , and to avoid the creation of a new subgeneric name , we have followed tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) , who placed c . fergusoni and c . patricius in the same genus , pyruconus ( here ranked as subgenus ) , based on radula and shell characters .\ntype species : conus melvilli g . b . sowerby iii , 1879 ; od\ntype species : conus algoensis g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ; od\n[ synonyms : kioconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus recluzianus bernardi , 1853 ; od ; n . syn . ongoconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus voluminalis reeve , 1843 ; od ; precedence of splinoconus ( established at the rank of genus ) over simultaneously established kioconus and ongoconus ( established at the rank of subgenus ) determined by iczn ( 1999 ) art . 24 . 1 . stellaconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus malacanus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . isoconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus corallinus kiener , 1847 ; od ; n . syn . nitidoconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus boeticus reeve , 1844 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonyms : rhombus montfort , 1810 ( invalid ; junior homonym of rhombus walbaum , 1792 ) ; type species : conus imperialis linnaeus , 1758 ; od . cornutoconus suzuki , 1972 ; type species : cornutoconus lamellatus suzuki , 1972 ( = conus chiangi ( azuma , 1972 ) ) ; od . taranteconus azuma , 1972 ; type species : conus chiangi ( azuma , 1972 ) ; od ; n . syn . protoconus da motta , 1991 ( invalid ; junior homonym of protoconus yu , 1979 and protoconus stinchcomb , 1986 ) ; type species : conus cedonulli linnaeus , 1767 ; od . seminoleconus petuch , 2003 ; type species : \u2020 conus violetae petuch 1988 ( pliocene ) ; od . rhombiconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus imperialis linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; n . syn . tenorioconus petuch & drohlshagen , 2011 ; type species : conus cedonulli linnaeus , 1767 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonyms : vituliconus da motta , 1991 ; type species : conus vitulinus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ( = conus planorbis born , 1778 ) ; od ; n . syn . rolaniconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus varius linnaeus , 1758 ; od ; n . syn . ]\ntype species : turriconus nakayasui shikama & habe , 1968 [ synonym of conus excelsus g . b . sowerby iii , 1908 ] ; od\n[ synonyms : kurodaconus shikama & habe , 1968 ; type species : embrikena stupa kuroda , 1956 ; od ; n . syn . mitraconus tucker & tenorio , 2013 ; type species : conus mitratus hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonym : pseudohermes tucker & tenorio 2013 ; type species : conus austroviola r\u00f6ckel & korn , 1992 ; od ; n . syn . ]\n[ synonyms : dyraspis iredale , 1949 ; type species : conus dorreensis p\u00e9ron , 1807 ; od , n . syn . miliariconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; type species : conus miliaris hwass in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ; od , n . syn . ]\nthe authors thank manuel j . tenorio for helpful comments . some of the specimens analysed by bmo for this work were obtained using grant support provided by the national institutes of health (\n) . this work was partly supported by the conotax project , funded by the french \u2018agence nationale de la recherche\u2019 ( grant number anr - 13 - jsv7 - 0013 - 01 ) .\nnominal genus - group names of recent conidae and their current status in the present classification .\navise j . c . , liu j . - x . on the temporal inconsistencies of linnean taxonomic ranks .\nbiggs j . s . , watkins m . , puillandre n . , ownby j . p . , lopez - vera e . , christensen s . , moreno k . j . , bernaldez j . , licea - navarro a . , showers corneli p . , olivera b . m . evolution of\ncastelin m . , lorion j . , brisset j . , cruaud c . , maestrati p . , utge j . , samadi s . speciation patterns in gastropods with long - lived larvae from deep - sea seamounts .\nclaremont m . , vermeij g . j . , williams s . t . , reid d . g . global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores .\ncotton b . c . a catalogue of the cone snails ( conidae ) in the south australian museum .\nde queiroz k . the general lineage concept of species , species criteria , and the process of speciation : a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations . in : howard d . j . , berlocher s . h . , editors .\ndubois a . , bour r . the distinction between family - series and class - series nomina in zoological nomenclature , with emphasis on the nomina created by batsch ( 1788 , 1789 ) and on the higher nomenclature of turtles .\nespiritu d . j . d . , watkins m . , dia - monje v . , cartier g . e . , cruz l . e . , olivera b . m . venomous cone snails : molecular phylogeny and the generation of toxin diversity .\njimenez e . c . , olivera b . m . , teichert r . w . \u03b1c - conotoxin prxa : a new family of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists .\nkantor y . i . , puillandre n . evolution of the radular apparatus in conoidea ( gastropoda : neogastropoda ) as inferred from a molecular phylogeny .\nkraus n . j . , showers corneli p . , watkins m . , bandyopadhyay p . k . , seger j . , olivera b . m . against expectation : a short sequence with high signal elucidates cone snail phylogeny .\nkraus n . j . , watkins m . , bandyopadhyay p . k . , seger j . , olivera b . m . , showers corneli p . a very short , functionally constrained sequence diagnoses cone snails in several\npuillandre n . , holford m . the terebridae and teretoxins : combining phylogeny and anatomy for concerted discovery of bioactive compounds .\nsamadi s . , barberousse a . the tree , the network , and the species .\nwenz w . teil 1 : allgemeiner teil und prosobranchia . in : schindewolf o . h . , editor .\nconus vidua\ncuyoensis\n( linnaeus , 1758 )\nnice pattern\n( 52 . 0mm )\na beautiful\nvariant\nof conus marmoreus . grade : f3 / gem .\nlindaconus spurius atlanticus clench , w . j . , 1942 . off key biscayne , florida . rick californiashells . \u2022 images are for condition of shell only \u2013 colors may vary depending on your monitor \u2013 i will describe any unusual color forms above .\ndarioconus leviteni elisae tucker , j . k . , m . j . tenorio & h . w . chaney , 2011 . kekaha , kauai , hi . rick californiashells .\ntextilia stercusmuscarum linnaeus , c . , 1758 . marau sound , guadalcanal , solomons . rick californiashells .\nvery nice double banded pattern , one dark and one light . neat shell . collected in the 90 ' s . location : mozombique , africa . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !\noff moorea , french polynesia . rick californiashells . cylinder textile linnaeus , c . , 1758 . 61 . 30mm f .\nthe cypraea and conus collections are nearly complete ! i will include what data i have on each shell . i literally have 1000 ' s of shells .\ndarioconus episcopatus motta , a . j . da , 1982 . rick californiashells .\nconus janus hwass , 1792\nbright - orange\n( 63 . 1mm )\nconus litoglyphus : unusual hawaiian cone w / no mid banding @ 31 . 64mm !\nthis item is from my personal hawaiiana collection of exceptional hawaiian shells ! notes : lacking most of the mid body white pattern . from the mcdowall collection of kauai . good luck !\nconus leviteni ( tucker , tenorio & chaney , 2011\nswollen - variant !\n( 38 . 3mm )\nconus miles linnaeus , 1758\nnice colors !\n( 78 . 3mm )\nrust , brown , white and black\ncolors . grade : f3 ( f ) .\nconus muriculatus f . sugillatus ( reeve , 1844 )\nvariant\n( 38 . 5mm )\na color variant\n. grade : f3 ( f ) . size : 38 . 5mm .\nthe lipped is naturally filed by the sand from dredging and the tip is worn . shell has a naturally healed reef break / growth line on one side and one on the bottom . still a nice shell . this is the typical condition of this species .\nconus ratus : mated pair from the e . r . cross coll @ 37 & 39mm !\nnotes : from the er cross collection of hawaii . found in 1970 ' s . mated pair from cross collection . this item is from my personal hawaiiana collection ( shells from the ellis r cross collection ) ! good luck !\nnotes : self - collected endemic . the one on the right is free .\nconus lividus : hawaiian form @ 63 . 08mm - huge size rarely seen !\nthis item is from my personal hawaiiana collection of exceptional hawaiian shells ! notes : from 1974 off honolulu . huge size . good luck ! grade : fine / fine .\ngood luck ! grade : gem . notes : from my last asian trip . great pattern & size .\nconus pohlianus : very rare white albino form @ 41 . 7mm - currently only one on ebay !\nnotes : from my last asian trip . has a few worn areas . good luck ! grade : fine .\nconus thalassiarchus depriesteri ( wils , 1972 )\nvariant\n( 37 . 5mm )\ndark - coffee\ntones . grade : f3 . size : 37 . 5mm .\ngood luck ! notes : from my last asian trip . lip was lightly smoothed . great size & pattern .\nis a venomous species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the conidae family . like all species within the genus conus , these snails are predatory & venomous . they are capable of stinging humans , therefore , live ones should be handled carefully or not at all .\nconus ferrugineus ( hwass , 1792 )\nan exceptional representative !\n( 44 . 4mm )\nan exceptional representative !\n. grade : f3 / gem . size : 44 . 4mm .\nlindaconus spurius atlanticus clench , w . j . , 1942 . off marathon , florida keys . rick californiashells .\nsciteconus algoensis simplex sowerby , g . b . ii , 1858 . rick californiashells . south africa .\nvery nice pink coloring and pattern . collected in the 80 ' s . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !\nconus textile linnaeus , 1758\na classic collectable !\n( 62 . 4mm )\na classic collectable !\n. size : 62 . 4mm . grade : good .\njaspidiconus mindanus hwass , c . h . in brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792 . off pompano bech , florida . rick californiashells . dredged at 10 fathoms .\nconus varius ( linnaeus , 1758 )\na classic collectable !\n( 37 . 0mm )\ngradiconus garciai motta , a . j . da , 1982 . north coast of honduras 1999 . rick californiashells . \u2022 images are for condition of shell only \u2013 colors may vary depending on your monitor \u2013 i will describe any unusual color forms above .\nvery nice dark orange coloring and pattern . shell is from my personal collection . collected in the 70 ' s . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !\ngolden cone conus betulinus shell seashell 3 . 25\n82 mm see what you will get ! # 3\nconus betulinus . 1 natural seashell for your collection . we do our best to pick out the best shells to send to you . each seashell and starfish is unique ! 1 golden cone . \u00a9the shell hut 2018 . any duplication of the shell hut designs without written permission is prohibited .\nconus pulicarius hwass , 1792\na hawaiian waters representative !\n( 25 . 9mm )\ngrade : freak . ( from my personal collection ) . notes : from my last asian trip . good luck !\npresented above\nvariant\nfrom mozambique . grade : f3 ( f ) . size : 67 . 4mm .\nspecies : c . inscriptus . conus inscriptus . dredged at 30 fathoms . kingdom : animalia . superfamily : conoidea . reeve , 1843 . clade : caenogastropoda .\nnice color and pattern . what a cutie ! collected in the 80 ' s . no personal checks or mo ' s accepted , no exceptions !\nconus betulinus ( linne , 1758 ) : 68mm no specific collection information east africa . any major delays will be communicated . gem = perfect . no grading : poor quality as described ( beach worn , large holes , spire missing ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nconus is a genus of predatory sea snails , or cone snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family conidae . [ 1 ] prior to 2009 , cone snail species had all traditionally been grouped into the single genus conus . however , conus is now more precisely defined , and there are several other accepted genera of cone snails . for a list of the currently accepted genera , see conidae .\nfor a list of the currently accepted species within the genus conus , based on the information in the world register of marine species ( worms ) list , see : list of conus species .\nspecies in the genus conus sensu stricto can be found in the tropical and subtropical seas of the world , at depths ranging from the sublittoral to 1 , 000 m . they are very variable in some of their characters , such as the tuberculation of the spire and body whorl , striae , colors and the pattern of coloring . many fossil species have been described ; they are extensively distributed , and first appear in cretaceous strata .\nthe thick shell of species in the genus conus sensu stricto , is obconic , with the whorls enrolled upon themselves . the spire is short , smooth or tuberculated . the narrow aperture is elongated with parallel margins parallel and is truncated at the base . the operculum is very small relative to the size of the shell . it is corneous , narrowly elongated , with an apical nucleus , and the impression of the muscular attachment varies from one - half to two - thirds of the inner surface . the outer lip shows a slight sutural sinus . [ 2 ]\nas this list shows , many genera that were formerly recognized within the family conidae , have become subgenera of conus , and they can also be represented by that subgeneric name as an\nalternate representation\n.\ng . w . tryon ( 1884 ) manual of conchology , structural and systematic , with illustrations of the species , vol . vi ; philadelphia , academy of natural sciences\nr\u00f6ckel , d . , korn , w . & kohn , a . j . 1995 . manual of the living conidae . volume 1 : indo - pacific region . wiesbaden : hemmen 517 pp .\nfilmer r . m . ( 2001 ) . a catalogue of nomenclature and taxonomy in the living conidae 1758 - 1998 . backhuys publishers , leiden . 388pp .\ntucker j . k . ( 2009 ) . recent cone species database . september 4 , 2009 edition\ntucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp\npuillandre n . , duda t . f . , meyer c . , olivera b . m . & bouchet p . ( 2015 ) . one , four or 100 genera ? a new classification of the cone snails . journal of molluscan studies . 81 : 1 - 23\nkohn a . a . ( 1992 ) . chronological taxonomy of conus , 1758 - 1840 . smithsonian institution press , washington and london .\nthis page was last modified on 4 may 2016 , at 12 : 10 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 2418, "summary": [{"text": "the rufous-tailed hummingbird ( amazilia tzacatl ) is a medium-sized hummingbird that breeds from east-central mexico , through central america and colombia , east to western venezuela and south through western ecuador to near the border with peru .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the larger escudo hummingbird from isla escudo de veraguas in panama is commonly considered a subspecies of the rufous-tailed hummingbird .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "this is a common to abundant bird of open country , river banks , woodland , scrub , forest edge , coffee plantations and gardens up to 1,850 m ( 6,070 ft ) . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "rufous - tailed hummingbird", "paragraphs": ["is identical to the rufous - tailed hummingbird , except for its larger size . since the\ncolorful rufous - tailed - hummingbird - i love the colors of this one . | humming birds | pinterest | hummingbird , colorful birds and bird\nthe specific plants that rufous - tailed hummingbirds obtain nectar from would not be able to survive without the birds to pollinate them . some examples of plants pollinated by rufous - tailed hummingbirds include :\njackson , j . , w . bock , m . hutchins , d . olendorf . 2002 . rufous - tailed hummingbird . pp . 465 in\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds ( along with many other hummingbird species ) have such high metabolic rates that they often go into torpor during the night to conserve energy .\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds may nest in loose colonies . they have been observed stealing nest materials from their neighbors .\nthe hummingbirds do differ from race to race . the handleyi race is larger and heavier than the average rufous - tailed hummingbird . it is also a slightly darker bronze - green . the fuscicaudata race is smaller than an average rufous - tailed hummingbird . the jucunda race has a longer bill in relation to its size with narrow margins in the outer rectrices .\nonly occurs on the caribbean island\nescudo de veraguas\nin panama , confusion with the mainland rufous - tailed is unlikely .\nthe rufous - tailed hummingbird ( amazilia tzacatl ) - also known as rieffer ' s hummingbird - is a common central and south american hummingbird that can be found in the open country , along river banks and the forest edge , in woodland and scrub , as well as plantations and gardens up to 1850 m ( 6000 ft ) .\nid 90 % . the hummingbird was perched facing away from me in dark , dense vegetation , so i never got a good look at it . the size of the bird , its bill , and back colors ( in poor light ) looked like either a snowy - bellied hummingbird or rufous - tailed hummingbird . song had none of the nasal quality of snowy - bellied , and is ( to me ) identical to the rufous - tailed in xc47068 . recording was normalized to - 6 db .\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds may form very loose nesting colonies . they are generally more sedentary in humid regions and are diurnal or crepuscular , depending on the region .\nalthough there is little research on the lifespans of hummingbirds , researchers estimate an average hummingbird lives 3 to 5 years . the longest recorded living female was a broad - tailed hummingbird , found in colorado at age 12 . in captivity , they can survive about 10 years .\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds feed on nectar and arthropods . hummingbirds extract nectar from plants with their hollow , extensile tongues that are forked at the tip . they feed on a wide variety of plants including\nimmature rufous - tailed hummingbirds are darker and grayish towards the belly . the feather - edgings on the face and crown often have a bronzy edge . the upper mandible of younger individuals is often black .\nmales and female the rufous - tailed hummingbirds differ slightly in physical appearance . the males are larger , weighing 5 . 5 g . male rufous - tailed hummingbirds also have longer bodies . the maximum length of a male rufous - tailed hummingbird is about 11 cm . they have a straight bill , which is medium sized , fleshy red with a dark tip , and an upper mandible that is blackish . the upper parts of the male ' s body , the flanks and belly , are golden green to bronze - green . the throat is a glittering golden green and sometimes has a turquoise gleam in certain light . the belly is ashy gray to grayish - brown . the tail has traces of bronze - green and copper .\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds are polygynous . hummingbirds only have contact with the opposite sex for a few moments during fertilization . males are very territorial and often claim an area of flowers as their own during mating season .\nfemales usually lay two eggs per clutch . incubation lasts 15 to 16 days . young leave the nest when they are between 18 and 22 days old . young rufous - tailed hummingbirds are fed by the female for 58 days .\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds live primarily in central - east , possibly northeast mexico to central panama . the northernmost populations most likely migrate to the pacific and caribbean coast of mexico for the winter months ( guerrero and yucatan ) . the migratory patterns of rufous - tailed hummingbirds in other parts of central america are unknown . however , seasonal movements occur from colombia through ecuador . also , several individuals of this species have been recorded in southern texas in the summer and autumn .\nother synonyms catalan : colibr\u00ed amaz\u00edlia tzacatl czech : kolibr\u00edk rezavoocas\u00fd , kolib\u0159\u00edk rezavoocas\u00fd danish : brunhalet amazilie german : braunschwanzamazilie , braunschwanz - amazilie english : dusky - tailed hummingbird , reiffer ' s hummingbird , rieffer ' s hummingbird , rufous tailed hummingbird , rufous - tailed hummingbird , rufous - tailed or escudo hummingbird spanish : amazila rabirrufa , amazilia colirrufa , amazilia de cara rufa , amazilia rabirrufa , amazilia rubirrufa , amazilia tzacatl , colibr\u00ed cola canela , colibr\u00ed cola rojiza , colibr\u00ed colirufa spanish ( colombia ) : amazilia colirrufa , amazilia colirufo spanish ( costa rica ) : amazila rabirrufa , amazilia rabirrufa spanish ( spain ) : amazilia tzacatl spanish ( honduras ) : amazilia rubirrufa , colibr\u00ed colirufa spanish ( mexico ) : colibr\u00ed cola canela , colibr\u00ed cola rojiza spanish ( nicaragua ) : amazilia rabirrufa spanish ( panama ) : amazilia colirrufa spanish ( peru ) : colibri de cola rufa spanish ( venezuela ) : amazilia colirufa , diamante colirrufo finnish : ruostepyrst\u00f6kolibri french : ariane \u00e0 ventre gris , ariane \u00e0 ventre gris ou a . de handley , ariane de rieffer , colibri \u00e0 ventre gris hungarian : rozsd\u00e1sfark\u00fa amaz\u00edlia italian : amazilia codarossiccia , colibr\u00ec codarossiccia japanese : haibaraemerarudohachidori japanese : \u30cf\u30a4\u30d0\u30e9\u30a8\u30e1\u30e9\u30eb\u30c9\u30cf\u30c1\u30c9\u30ea latin : amazilia [ tzacatl or handleyi ] , amazilia fuscicaudata , amazilia tzacati , amazilia tzacatl , amazilia tzacatl tzacatl , amazilis fuscicaudata , amazilis tzacatl , trochilus tzacatl lithuanian : rusvauodeg\u0117 amazilija dutch : roodstaartamazilia , roodstaartkolibrie norwegian : rusthalekolibri polish : szmaragdzik brazowosterny , szmaragdzik br\u0105zowosterny russian : \u0433\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f , \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f , \u0440\u044b\u0436\u0435\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438 - \u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f slovak : kolibr\u00edk hrdzavochvost\u00fd swedish : roststj\u00e4rtad kolibri , roststj\u00e4rtad smaragd , roststj\u00e4rtsmaragd chinese : \u68d5\u5c3e\u8702\u9e1f chinese ( traditional ) : \u68d5\u5c3e\u8702\u9ce5\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds are common or very common in most of their range . the birds have been able to adapt to man - made habitats and are therefore found around agricultural , suburban and urban areas . they are listed as appendix ii by cites .\nformerly considered a separate species , the larger escudo hummingbird from isla escudo de veraguas in panama is now mostly treated as its subspecies .\nnesting is fairly specialized for rufous - tailed hummingbirds . their favorite sites to build nests are on horizontal branches in smaller trees and shrubs . the nests are usually 2 to 5 meters off the ground . sometimes the nests are built in the fork of a branch .\nis a medium - sized hummingbird . it has a distinctly rufous - colored tail , from which its named is derived , and a bright pink bill . like other hummingbirds , it feeds on nectar and small insects . it can be highly territorial over feeding areas . the\nis perhaps the most common species of hummingbird at forest edge and in gardens and cultivated areas from southern mexico south to northwestern south america .\nthe hummingbird society . date unknown .\nfrequently asked questions\n( on - line ) . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\nthe male ' s throat is green , in the female ' s is edged whitish . the crown , back and flanks are green tinged golden . the abdomen is pale greyish . the vent and rump are rufous . the slightly forked tail is also rufous but with a dusky tip .\nfemale rufous - tailed hummingbirds are smaller than the males and have slightly different coloration . females have a mass of around 5 . 2 g and their body length is usually about 8 cm . there is a grayish sub - terminal bar on the throat feathers and they have a white belly .\nweller , a . a . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . rufous - tailed hummingbird ( amazilia tzacatl ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nannenberg / cpb . 2001 .\nhummingbird\n( on - line ) . fun facts about hummingbirds . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\nthere has been co - evolution between hummingbirds and the flowers they feed upon . hummingbird flowers have very distinct characteristics that serve to attract hummingbirds . they also have other characteristics to insure that pollination occurs . many flowers are specially adapted to allow pollen to be deposited on hummingbirds in such a way that the pollen will reach another flower . this is a critical step in the process of plant reproduction . hummingbird beaks are also specially adapted to feed from hummingbird flowers .\ngates , l . , t . gates . 2003 .\nhummingbird behavior\n( on - line ) . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\nhummingbirds are important to humans because of their role in pollination . rufous - tailed hummingbirds often pollinate important crops such as banana and coffee . also , since these birds eat insects , they can play a very active role in pest control . they are also important in ecotourism and are popular amoung birdwatchers .\nthis medium - sized hummingbird averages 10 - 12 cm ( or 4 - 4 , 8 inches ) in length and weighs about 5 . 2 g ( or 0 , 2 oz ) .\nsometimes done in a sputtering series . the notes sung include one or more shrill notes that rise and accelerate . the male hummingbird ' s song is whistled in a deliberate rhythm . for example :\nother synonyms catalan : colibr\u00ed amaz\u00edlia tzacatl czech : kolib\u0159\u00edk rezavoocas\u00fd danish : brunhalet amazilie german : braunschwanzamazilie english : rufous - tailed hummingbird , rufous - tailed hummingbird ( rufous - tailed ) spanish : amazila rabirrufa , amazilia colirrufa , amazilia de cara rufa , amazilia rabirrufa , amazilia rubirrufa , amazilia tzacatl , colibr\u00ed cola canela ( grupo tzacatl ) , colibr\u00ed cola rojiza , colibri colirrufo , colibr\u00ed colirufa spanish ( colombia ) : amazilia colirrufa spanish ( costa rica ) : amazila rabirrufa , amazilia rabirrufa spanish ( spain ) : amazilia tzacatl [ tzacatl group ] spanish ( honduras ) : amazilia rubirrufa , colibr\u00ed colirufa spanish ( mexico ) : colibr\u00ed cola canela ( grupo tzacatl ) , colibr\u00ed cola rojiza , colibri colirrufo spanish ( nicaragua ) : amazilia rabirrufa spanish ( panama ) : amazilia colirrufa ( grupo tzacatl ) spanish ( peru ) : colibri de cola rufa spanish ( venezuela ) : amazilia colirufa finnish : ruostepyrst\u00f6kolibri french : ariane \u00e0 ventre gris , ariane \u00e0 ventre gris ( nominal ) , ariane \u00e0 ventre gris [ tzacatl ] hungarian : rozsd\u00e1sfark\u00fa amaz\u00edlia italian : amazilia codarossiccia , colibr\u00ec codarossiccia japanese : haibaraemerarudohachidori , haibaraemerarudohachidori ( tzacatl guru - pu ) japanese : \u30cf\u30a4\u30d0\u30e9\u30a8\u30e1\u30e9\u30eb\u30c9\u30cf\u30c1\u30c9\u30ea , \u30cf\u30a4\u30d0\u30e9\u30a8\u30e1\u30e9\u30eb\u30c9\u30cf\u30c1\u30c9\u30ea ( tzacatl \u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7 ) latin : amazilia tzacatl , amazilia tzacatl [ tzacatl group ] , amazilia tzacatl tzacatl , trochilus tzacatl lithuanian : rusvauodeg\u0117 amazilija dutch : roodstaartamazilia , roodstaartamazilia ( tzacatl groep ) , roodstaartkolibrie norwegian : rusthalekolibri , rusthalekolibri ( tzacatl gr . ) polish : szmaragdzik brazowosterny , szmaragdzik br\u0105zowosterny russian : \u0433\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f , \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f , \u0440\u044b\u0436\u0435\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438 - \u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u044f slovak : kolibr\u00edk hrdzavochvost\u00fd swedish : roststj\u00e4rtad kolibri , roststj\u00e4rtad smaragd [ tzacatl group ] chinese : \u68d5\u5c3e\u8702\u9e1f chinese ( traditional ) : \u68d5\u5c3e\u8702\u9ce5\nthe rufous - tailed hummingbirds primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , herbs , shrubs and epiphytes , favoring heliconias and bananas . they use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .\nhummingbirds have one of the highest basal metabolic rates of any birds due to their very small size , their type of flight , and the amount energy needed to sustain their flight . the average hummingbird metabolic rate is 1600kcal / kg / day .\nrufous - tailed hummingbirds are found primarily on the edges of humid evergreen forest , banana or coffee plantations , human habitations , and clearings . these birds are not usually found inside the dense forest but often in second growth and semi - open areas . these thicket - rich regions are found in south america and are in gallery forest and montane zones . the elevation at which these birds occur vares from region to region . their altitudinal distribution is correlated with the flowering periods of food plants . in costa rica and panama through the subtropical belt , rufous - tailed hummingbirds are found in lower montane zones , from sea - level up to 1200 m . in colombia and the islands of panama their habitat consists of primary forest as well as bushy coastal habitats , even beaches . in the andes , the hummingbirds can be found up to 2500 m , occasionally even higher . some races in southwest colombia range from the lowlands into the subtropical zone with wet , open forest up to 2500 m .\nthe main cause of mortality for hummingbirds is predation of eggs and chicks in the nest . predation on adult hummingbirds is uncommon . this is due to the agility hummingbirds possess in flight . some known predators of hummingbird eggs , chicks and adults include : domestic cats (\nhas a generally green body ; the green of the throat and breast of the male is more glittering . it also has a bright pink red bill ( with a black tip ) and a bright rufous tail . it is one of several similar in appearance to several other species of\nas is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 - 26 days old .\nincubation lasts 15 to 16 days and is only done by the female . young leave the nest when they are between 18 and 22 days old . once hummingbirds fledge , they wait for their parents in a distinct spot that is usually not far from the nest . they do not follow their parents around as they forage , but rather wait to recieve food . once the female fills her crop with nectar , small insects and spiders she returns to feed her young . the young rufous - tailed hummingbirds are fed this way for 58 days . males do not provide any parental care .\nthey may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .\npacha quindi ( quechua for \u201cland of hummingbirds\u201d ) is one of the most spectacular places i have ever visited and when i say it has changed my life i\u00b4m not exaggerating . pacha quindi is set deep in a beautiful cloud forest and holds the record in number of hummingbird species recorded . it is also a home to many other fascinating birds . . .\npacha quindi reserve is a treat to any nature enthusiast . for the truly rugged hiker here is over 20km of well maintained cloud forest trails with beautiful vistas . just as special is the easily reachable hummingbird garden what doesn ' t just have feeders , but is stocked with flowering trees and shrubs which attract birds which normally don ' t use feeders . there is . . .\nhummingbirds have a unique form of flight that is somewhat insect like . the speed of a hummingbird ' s flight depends on the size of the bird . the average number of wing flaps is around 53 per second in normal flight . they are able to fly in all directions including forward , side to side , and even backwards . they are able to accomplish this through their highly modified and muscular bodies . also they are able to control the angle between their body axis and the axis of wing rotation . they also have a very unique ability to hover .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe subspecies handleyi was formerly treated as specifically distinct and threatened . it is endemic to isla escudo de veraguas in the caribbean , off the coast of bocas del toro , panama ( s . olson per g . graves in litt . 1996 ) . it was glimpsed occasionally in march 1958 , and five specimens were collected during five days in march 1962 ( s . olson per g . graves in litt . 1996 ) .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 0 . 5 - 4 . 99 million individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . the subspecies handleyi was formerly treated as specifically distinct and threatened , however more recent surveys have found the species to be abundant , albeit within an extremely small range ( s . olson per g . graves in litt . 1996 ) .\nthe subspecies handleyi has been observed feeding on the flowers of low bushes in coastal areas ( wetmore 1968 ) .\nthe small size of isla escudo de veraguas makes the subspecies handleyi inherently susceptible to extinction . there are many potential threats , including hurricanes , fire , establishment of non - native species and development for tourism .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\n( del hoyo , et al . , 1999 ; jackson , et al . , 2002 )\nthe average wingspan for all hummingbirds is somewhere between 2 and 2 . 4 cm . the males often have larger wingspans than females .\n( del hoyo , et al . , 1999 ; ridgway , 1892 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 )\nrange wingspan 2 to 2 . 4 cm 0 . 79 to 0 . 94 in\nbreeding occurs at different times of the year throughout their range . in the northern parts of central america , nesting can occur from december through september . in mexico , breeding season is from march through august . in costa rica , breeding is guided by the dry season and peaks in january through may . along the pacific slope , breeding occurs from may through november . along the caribbean slope breeding occurs in october through january . breeding in south america and panama occurs in january through april .\nmaterials used for nest construction include plant down , yellowish - brown to grayish - brown fibers , cobwebs and pieces of dead leaves . the exterior of their nest is decorated heavily with bits of lichen and sometimes moss . these materials are usually formed into a compact cup nest . if a nest is destroyed or lost , construction of a new nest may start within a week .\n( del hoyo , et al . , 1999 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 )\nthese birds can be highly aggressive and territorial at rich clumps of flowers . intruders such as larger hummingbirds , butterflies , and euglossine bees are sometimes attacked with a diving flight .\n( jackson , et al . , 2002 ; stiles and skutch , 1989 )\nwe do not have information on home range for this species at this time .\n, followed by a pause . males sing most during the early morning from dawn to sunrise . they sing on scattered perches near flowers or in small loosly assembled groups near flowers .\nthe male hummingbirds use song to claim their territories . if another male attempts to enter , usually a loud chatter will be sung by the territory owner . intruders such as larger hummingbirds , butterflies , and euglossine bees are sometimes attacked with a diving flight .\n. they also feed on a number cultivated tree species , especially banana and coffee trees . they feed on small insects and spiders by taking them from leaves and branches , a method called gleaning . they are very territorial when feeding , and intruders are attacked with diving flights .\ndue to their high metabolic rates , hummingbirds require a large amount of food in order to survive . they may need to eat several times their body weight in nectar in one day .\n( del hoyo , et al . , 1999 ; grant and grant , 1968 )\nholly borchardt ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nfound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude , in areas with a mediterranean climate . vegetation is dominated by stands of dense , spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves . may be maintained by periodic fire . in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals . ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nhummingbirds . net . date unknown .\nabout hummingbirds\n( on - line ) . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\nbirds - n - gardens . com . 2002 .\nall about hummingbirds\n( on - line ) . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\nbaker , c . 2003 .\ncosta rica , birds\n( on - line ) . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\n, vol . 8 - 11 , 2nd edition . farmington hills , mi : gale group .\nritchison , g . 2003 .\navian energy balance & thermoregulation\n( on - line ) . accessed april 05 , 2004 at urltoken .\ndel hoyo , j . , a . elliott , j . sargatal . 1999 .\nto cite this page : borchardt , h . 2004 .\namazilia tzacatl\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nclosely related to a . castaneiventris , but not , as claimed , to a . yucatanensis and a . rutila . race handleyi has been treated as a distinct species on basis of being \u201cconsiderably larger and heavier\u201d and \u201cslightly darker bronze - green above\u201d ( hbw ) , but considered disqualified by zone of morphometric intergradation with nominate in bocas del toro archipelago ; genetic evidence also unfavourable to species status # r , and material in usnm shows no colour difference in plumage ; however , difference in size exceptional ( effect size for wing length 11 . 1 , score 4 ) , while narrow zone of intergradation scores 2 , so species status almost achieved . validity of race fuscicaudata has been questioned , but supported by morphometric characters . form a . bangsi is a hybrid of present species and a . rutila . five subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 e mexico ( s veracruz , n oaxaca ) s to wc panama ( w dari\u00e9n ) .\n( fraser , 1840 ) \u2013 n & w colombia ( cauca and magdalena valleys ) and w venezuela ( w lara , w t\u00e1chira ) .\n( heine , 1863 ) \u2013 lowlands and w slope in w colombia ( choc\u00f3 ) and w ecuador ( s to w loja ) .\nweller & schuchmann , 1999 \u2013 andes of sw colombia ( upper r guiza , in nari\u00f1o ) .\n( unsexed ) 7 g . male has bill straight , medium - sized , fleshy red with dark tip , . . .\nsong quite variable , typically a phrase of 2\u20134 thin high - pitched notes that is repeated , e . g . \u201ctsee . . .\nedges of humid evergreen forest , clearings , plantations of bananas or coffee , human habitations ; . . .\nnectar and arthropods . found in all strata from near the ground to the more open sides of tree crowns ; frequently gathers in some numbers . . .\nalmost year - round . in n middle america , nesting records dec\u2013sept ; in mexico , mainly mar\u2013aug , correlated with moulting period . . .\nin humid regions generally more sedentary than in arid areas ; more or less all year round . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common to very common in most of range , e . g . canal zone of panama . less abundant in regions with tropical dry forest , dense . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted , this genus is not monophyletic # r ; more thorough sampling of taxa required before a clearer picture can be presented . in hbw , species currently placed herein were spread out over six genera , with additional recognition of agyrtria , polyerata and saucerottia , and relocation of some species in leucippus and hylocharis .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ncalls given while perched in secondary woodland , near a dense patch of psychotria flowers .\nmultiple amazilia tzacatl at feeders , chasing other hummingbirds including at least one heliodoxa jacula and a male discosura conversii .\nrecording clipped from a longer dawn song session and edited using audacity . longer unedited . wav file available upon request .\nhumid secondary shrubbery in transition to dry valley . reference : lxxixa 591 - 600 ( amatza1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nits range stretches from east - central mexico , through central america and colombia , east to western venezuela and south through western ecuador to near the border with peru .\nthe bill is almost straight , colored red with a black tip . the upper bill may appear all black .\nmany native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .\nthey also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .\nmales establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .\nthe female is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location , typically about 1 - 6 m high in a tree , shrub or bush . she lines the nest with soft plant fibers and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing . the nest is typically found on a low , thin horizontal branch .\nthe average clutch consists of two white eggs , which she incubates alone for about 15 to 19 days , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .\nthe female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .\nits call sounds like a low chut . the male ' s is a whistled tse we ts\u2019 we or tse tse wip tseek tse .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : amazilia tzacatl . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 641 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 784 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nis slightly forked ( not square - tipped ) , and the upper surface of the central rectrices is mostly green is mostly green . the undertail coverts are the same color as the belly . also , the color of the belly in the southern ( yucatan ) subspecies of\n) is cinnamon buff ; this subspecies occurs in the yucatan peninsula and and in guatemala and belize .\n, which is known from only a few sites in the magdalena valley in colombia . the\nadult male : upperparts ( including the wing coverts ) green , except for chestnut - brown lores , uppertail coverts , and rectrices . remiges black with a slight purple sheen . throat , upper breast and sides green ; on some individuals , feathers of the throat and foreneck have narrow dull white edges , producing a scalloped effect . lower breast gray , belly and tibia white , undertail coverts chestnut - brown .\nadult female : similar to male , but lower breast paler gray . throat and foreneck have a scalloped appearance ( more pronounced than in males ) , due to narrow dull white feather edges .\njuvenile :\nlower breast and sides washed somewhat with cinnamon ;\nalso the feathers of the lower back and rump are narrowly tipped with chestnut - brown .\nthe preformative molt is complete , as is the definitive prebasic molt . molt occurs year - round in costa rica , but peaks from april - november .\njuvenile and hatching year ( hy ) / second year ( sy ) females have a black maxilla ; feathers of the upperparts are tipped with cinnamon ; the throat feathers are edged whitish creating a scaled appearance ; and the belly and vent are washed with buff - yellow . after hatching year ( ahy ) females are similar except that the upperparts lack the cinnamon feather tips .\nhy / sy males has a black maxilla , which gradual turns red on the basal 75 % .\nbill : distal half of the maxilla , tomia , and tip of mandible dull black . rest of bill red , brighter at base .\ntotal length : 9 cm ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 ) , 9 . 1 cm ( hilty and\nwing length , males : mean 58 . 8 mm ( range 56 . 3 - 60 . 9 mm , n = 10 )\nwing length , females : mean 55 . 8 mm ( range 53 . 8 - 60 . 1 mm , n = 10 )\ntail length , males : mean 33 . 2 mm ( range 31 . 1 - 34 . 8 mm , n = 10 )\ntail length , females : mean 32 . 5 mm ( range 31 . 0 - 34 . 6 mm , n = 10 )\nculmen ( from base ) , males : mean 22 . 7 mm ( range 21 . 1 - 24 . 9 mm , n = 10 )\nculmen ( from base ) , females : mean 23 . 6 mm ( range 23 . - 24 . 8 mm , n = 10 )\nwing length , males : mean 68 . 1 mm ( range 67 . 5 - 68 . 7 mm , n = 4 )\ntail length , males : mean 40 . 6 mm ( range 40 . 0 - 41 . 5 mm , n = 4 )\nculmen ( from base ) , males : mean 24 . 5 mm ( range 24 . 4 - 27 . 6 mm , n = 4 )\nculmen ( from base ) , females : 25 . 8 mm ( n = 1 )\n= 12 ; hartman 1954 ) ; female , mean , 4 . 72 g ( s . d . \u00b10 . 10 ,\n= 10 ; hartman 1954 ) ; mean 5 g . s . d . \u00b10 . 3 ,\nsummary of the extent of the breeding , wintering , migration and year - round range of this species in the western hemisphere , including canada , u . s . a . and mexico :\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\ncosta rica jade tours is a local tour company in beautiful manuel . . .\ncosta rica jade tours is a local tour company in beautiful manuel antonio . we offer the best activities and tours to help make all your vacation dreams come true . contact us so we can help you discover the most exciting adventures and exotic treasures from this spectacular land . you may never want to leave !\njason came to pick us up for our birding tour and it was pouring . he said this meant the birds will be seeking shelter and not be out for us to see . we decided to drive to rain maker with him anyways in hopes that the rain would stop . it just kept on raining though . so he said we would . . .\nthis bbc wildlife magazine and national geographic published destination offers a 2 hour guided tour by the owners . $ 40 per person . tour start times : 8am , 10am , 1pm , 3pm . reservation required . free coffee .\nmy photography group spent a day at the nature pavilion , photographing dozens of tropical bird and animal species . this is a special place ! the owner does a marvelous job of attracting wildlife to the viewing areas . if you visit costa rica , and are at all interested in viewing and / or photographing dozens of different birds , including hummingbirds , you must include the . . .\ngreetings from paradise ! thanks for taking the time to write up this review and rank the nature pavilion as a top destination not to be missed ! it was a pleasure meeting you and the entire group as we photographed the beautiful birds from the covered viewing areas . thanks again for your support ! dave & dave\nsee all 386 reviews of dave & dave ' s costa rica nature . . .\n, banana , and coffee flowers ( greenberg et al . 1997 ) . since nectar is low in protein , they also feed on small insects ( remsen et al . 1986 ) . this species is also a common visitor to human - made feeders filled with a sugar - water mixture .\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe cracidae are a neotropical family of 50 species of galliform birds , many of which are threatened . through a literature review , we evaluated current knowledge of cracid food habits and established general dietary patterns . diet has been relatively well documented for 17 species , anecdotal information is available for 19 species , and no information is available for 14 species . fruit is the . . . [ show full abstract ]\naunque las especies ex\u00f3ticas pueden tener efectos negativos sobre los organismos nativos , en algunos casos pueden proveer recursos abundantes . el uso de estos recursos puede tener importantes implicaciones para los patrones de uso de h\u00e1bitat , movimientos y din\u00e1mica poblacional de los animales nativos . en este trabajo describimos la dieta de una poblaci\u00f3n de penelope perspicax , una especie . . . [ show full abstract ]\nabundance and endemism in the cauca guan ( penelope perspicax ) : ecology or his - tory ? - in general , species with restricted distributions tolerate a narrow range of conditions and tend to have low densities . the cauca guan ( penelope perspicax ) is a cracid endemic from colombia . between octo - ber 2002 and september 2003 we conducted monthly surveys in the santuario de fauna y flora ot\u00fan quimbaya . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfield estimates of incubation periods of brood parasitic cowbirds ( molothrus spp . ) indicate that they are unusually short given the sizes of their eggs . as a consequence , cowbirds usually hatch before host young , even though cowbird eggs are frequently larger . field - estimated incubation periods , however , have an inherent uncertainty because of intermittent attendance by incubating birds , and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin general , species with restricted distributions tolerate a narrow range of conditions and tend to have low densities . the cauca guan ( penelope perspicax ) is a cracid endemic from colombia . between october 2002 and september 2003 we conducted monthly surveys in the santuario de fauna y flora ot\u00fan quimbaya ( sffoq ) . here we present the habitat use by the cauca guan , its density in the central . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2419, "summary": [{"text": "marrus orthocanna is a species of pelagic siphonophore , a colonial animal composed of a complex arrangement of zooids , some of which are polyps and some medusae .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it lives in the arctic and other cold , deep waters , swimming independently in mid-ocean . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "marrus orthocanna", "paragraphs": ["maciej ma\u0144ko marked\nfile : marrus orthocanna . jpg\nas trusted on the\nmarrus orthocanna\npage .\nmaciej ma\u0144ko marked\nfile : marrus orthocanna crop . jpg\nas trusted on the\nmarrus orthocanna\npage .\nkatja schulz selected\nmarrus orthocanna\nto show in overview on\nmarrus orthocanna ( kramp , 1942 )\n.\nmarrus orthocanna - kramp , 1942 arctic ocean diversity . retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 .\nby your side\nby marrus orthocanna is world class music medicine in alternative rock . marrus orthocanna is a rock band hailing from bogot\u00e1 , colombia experimenting with a large spectrum of sounds from 90 ' s alternative and grunge , to psychedelic and progressive rock . marrus orthocanna have just recently put out it ' s first self title ep and are currently working on a full length album packed with aggressive guitar solos and smooth vocal melodies . marrus orthocanna - facebook urltoken buy music ! marrus orthocanna - bandcamp urltoken\nmaggie whitson set\nfile : marrus orthocanna . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nsiphonophorae\n.\nfrom left ; caulophryne jordani fanfin seadevil , marrus orthocanna and grimpoteuthis , or\ndumbo octopus .\nmarrus orthocanna , a deep sea siphonophore . the combined digestive and circulatory system is red ; all other parts are transparent .\nnathan wilson marked\nbiology\nas untrusted on the\nmarrus orthocanna ( kramp , 1942 )\npage . reasons to untrust : incorrect / misleading\nmarrus orthocanna , a deep sea siphonophore . the combined digestive and circulatory system is red ; all other parts are transparent . | pinterest | deep sea , circ\u2026\nandersen , o . g . n . , 1981 . redescription of marrus orthocanna ( kramp , 1942 ) ( cnidaria , siphonophora ) . steenstrupia 7 : 293 - 307\na physonect siphonophore , marrus orthocanna , photographed during the national oceanic and atmospheric administration\u2019s artic \u201chidden ocean\u201d expedition in support of the census of marine life . photograph courtesy kevin raskoff .\nmarrus orthocanna is one of several deep sea siphonophores that have the same common name , pelagic siphonophore . deep sea ocean explorers in manned submersibles have viewed this species at depths as deep as 2000 meters ( 6600 feet ) .\npelagic siphinophores such as m . orthocanna are often called\nsuperorganisms\n. | courtesy of noaa national marine fisheries\nm . orthocanna \u2019s pneumatophore is red ; nectophores transparent with bright red canals ; rest of body structures are transparent with some red / orange coloration in in different hues on different parts of the body .\nin spite of having a fragile gelatinous body , m . orthocanna has adapted to its harsh environment\u2019s cold , extreme pressure and lack of food . this voracious predator capitalizes on its agile swimming ability and curtain of tentacles spreading widely to capture prey .\nthe most famous siphonophore is the portuguese man - o - war , which has ruined many innocent dips in the ocean . the balloon - like sail and the tentacles are familiar to us , and makes the man - o - war look familiar , like a jellyfish . that\u2019s not the form all siphonophores take . marrus orthocanna swims too deep to get a common name and looks , with its string of blossom - like bells on a single stem , like a piece of seaweed . apolemia uvaria looks like someone dropped a feather boa in the ocean . and then there\u2019s this :\ndunn , c . w . ; pugh , p . r . ; haddock , s . h . d . ( 2005 ) . marrus claudanielis , a new species of deep - sea physonect siphonophore ( siphonophora , physonectae ) . < em > bulletin of marine science . < / em > 76 ( 3 ) : 699 - 714 .\nlike other siphonophores m . orthocanna is a colony of specialized individuals known as zooids that have different functions such as locomotion , capturing prey , waste removal , and reproduction . no matter what the function , all the zooids attached to the stem of a siphonophore are descended from one fertilized egg so all are genetically identical .\nm . orthocanna moves forward intermittently . it pauses to put out its \u201cfishing\u201d curtain of tentacles in front of the body stem of the siphonophore to ensnare passing prey . each polyp has a single tentacle that is 30 to 50 cm ( 11 . 8 to 20 in ) long . on contact stinging cells ( nematocysts ) shoot \u201charpoons\u201d of toxin into the victim that paralyze and even kill it . the meal is then transferred to the canals that carry it to the entire colony .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .\nfull author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nan agalma okeni taken out of the water so that it is possible to see all the gelatinous parts .\nwhile one species of siphonophore lives at the surface of the ocean ( the familiar portuguese man o ' war , physalia physalis ) , and members of another group ( the rhodaliids ) tethered themselves to the bottom with their tentacles , the vast majority of siphonophores are active swimmers and live in the water column of the open ocean . a few hardy species are sometimes found near the shore , but these are the exception .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsite design : russ hopcroft . all pictures on this website can be used for educational purposes with reference to this site , except for the posted presentations\narctic ocean , northwest pacific ocean , bering sea , sea of okhotsk , north atlantic ocean , and mediterranean sea .\n1 . 8 - 2 m ( 6 - 7 ft ) in length early in development two growth zones form on the young stem where the stem will elongate and new zooids form . nectaphores form at the zone near the pneumatophore . the second growth zone is just below the oldest nectaphore . the zooids of the siphosome that carry out functions other than locomotion are formed here . as the stem elongates , new growth in both zones is carried downward .\nall siphonophores are predatory carnivores . this species is believed to feed on copepods , and other small crustaceans such as decapods , krill , and mysids . small fish may also be eaten .\nlike most siphonophores , the pelagic siphonophore is an active swimmer . when its bell - shaped nectphoes contract , water is expelled causing the colony to move . the contractions of the medusa are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sideward , or backwards .\npelagic siphonophores have not been evaluated for conservation status . deep sea dwellers , populations could be impacted by increasing pressures to mine the deep sea and to harvest marine life for seafood by deep sea trawling . siphonophores could be caught as bycatch .\nduring world war ii , submarine operators found that they could hide the submarine from the enemy\u2019s sonar under large groups of siphonophores . the sonar waves were scattered by the soft bodies if the siphonophores .\n, a siphonophore found at depths of 200 to 800 metres ( 660 to 2 , 600 ft ) in cold , arctic waters . ah , yes . . . a siphonophore . get your dictionary of alien words out .\nsiphonophores are colonial relatives of jellyfish and sea anemones . each member of the colony is called a zooid , and all are clones of the founding protozooid .\nthis protozooid becomes an elongated polyp , like a really long , thin sea anemone . it reaches up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) long , and has a mouth at the bottom and a gas - filled pneumatophore at the top . just like many other siphonophores , such as the\n, the pneumatophore ensures the colony doesn ' t sink to the sea floor . it ' s just that the man o ' war has a really huge pneumatophore while most other siphonophores have much smaller ones .\nsiphonophore . . . pneumatophore . . . ensure . . . sea floor . . . there ' s a poem in there , somewhere .\nall along the length of the protozooid are the nectophores , looking like jars or lamps . they have an orange lining which is a food canal that the entire colony shares . it also means\nactually the nectophores are pretty much jellyfish on a stick . they contract so that the colony can slowly swim through the ocean . with the much diminished current of the deep , the colony can even coordinate everything so they have enviable control over what direction they go in . enviable by jellyfish standards , anyway .\nby the siphosome ; the whole colony may reach some 2 metres ( 6 . 5 feet ) long and almost all of it is taken up by the siphosome . why ? because that ' s how they eat ! the siphosome is comprised of lots more polyps , like tiny sea anemones . some have a single tentacle up to 50 cm ( 20 in ) long for catching food , while others do the digestion and share the proceeds with the rest of the colony via those orange channels .\nhas been seen slowly swimming along before pausing to unveil its giant curtain of stinging death , probably catching all sorts of crustaceans . so if you hip cats are looking for a trendy , all - in - one light fixture that will send the oldies and squares reeling and deal with your shrimp infestation , you know what you need .\nalmost looks like jewelry to me . weird jewelry , but still . . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncoffee boy ( feat . ha eun ) - i ' ll be on your side ( \ub0b4\uac00 \ub2c8\ud3b8\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4\uc904\uac8c )\nmany people know organisms only by the common names , or\nvernacular\nnames . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsiphonophora . the godthaab expedition 1928 . - medd . gr\u00f8nl . 80 ( 8 ) : 3 - 24 .\ncairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . . , 2002 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora , second edition , 2002 . american fisheries society special publication 28 . xi + 115 .\nkirkpatrick , p . a . ; pugh , p . r . ( 1984 ) . siphonophores and velellids : keys and notes for the identification of the species . < i > synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) < / i > , 29 . e . j . brill / w . backhuys : london , uk . isbn 90 - 04 - 07470 - 8 . vi , 154 pp .\npugh , p . r . 1974a . the vertical distribution of the siphonophores collected during the sond cruise , 1965 . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 54 ( 1 ) : 25 - 90 .\npugh , p . r . 1999 . a review of the genus bargmannia totton , 1954 ( siphonophorae , physonecta , pyrostephidae ) . - bulletin of the natural history museum zoology series 65 : 51 - 72 .\nstepanjants , s . d . 1967 . siphonophores of the seas of the ussr and the northern part of the pacific ocean . opred . faune sssr 96 . \u2018nauka\u2019 , leningrad . ( in russian ) .\ntotton , a . k . ( 1954 ) . siphonophora of the indian ocean together with systematic and biological notes on related specimens from other oceans . < em > discovery rep . < / em > 27 : 1 - 162 .\ntotton , a . k . 1965 . a synopsis of the siphonophora . london , british museum ( natural history ) . pp . 230 .\ntotton , a . k . , and fraser , j . h . 1955g . siphonophora . sub - order physonectae . family agalmidae . cons . int . explor . mer zooplankton sheet 61 .\nzelickman , e . a . , 1972 . distribution and ecology of the pelagic hydromedusae , siphonophores and ctenophores of the barents sea , based on perennial plankton collections . mar . biol . , berl . 17 3 : 256 - 264 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na video by the census of marine life about why we need to monitor biodiversity in the oceans and how it can be done using existing technologies on a global scale .\nstarted in the year 2000 , census of marine life ( coml ) is an international science research program uniting thousands of researchers worldwide with the goal of assessing and explaining the diversity , distribution and abundance of marine life - past , present and future - by 2010 .\nthe census includes the identification of 5 , 300 potentially new species . the deepwater jellyfish ( crossota norvegica ) was photographed during a census of marine life expedition to the deep canada basin in 2005 . photograph courtesy kevin raskoff / noaa / handout / reuters / corbis\nworld ocean census : a global survey of marine life p ublished by firefly books , october 15 , 2009 , is the only officially sanctioned book to bring the census and its discoveries to the general reader .\nlife on earth sprang from the ocean and to a remarkable extent it still depends on this water body that covers 71 percent of our planet\u2019s surface . yet , very little of the ocean has been scientifically investigated . that is rapidly changing with the first - ever census of marine life ( coml ) , a worldwide 10 - year undertaking involving thousands of scientists from more than 80 nations .\nwritten by a team of coml\u2019s scientists and educators , darlene trew crist , gail scowcroft , james m . harding , jr . , it offers an unprecedented journey to the ocean depths , enabling readers to go behind - the - scenes of the study\u2019s extraordinary findings and adventures .\npages 26 - 27 from the book . this spectacular blue - eyed hermit crab ( paragiopagurus diogenes ) is an example of census discoveries that raise more questions than answers . the shiny gold on the claws of this crab , captured in the french frigate shoals off the northwestern hawaiian islands , is a phenomenon not seen before . scientists believe it serves as a form of communication . attached to its shell , the crab also has its very own species of anemone ( the fuzzy brown area underneath ) , which is not known to attach to any other species of hermit crab . photograph courtesy susan middleton\nsylvia earle , phd , ambassador for the world\u2019s ocean and national geographic society explorer - in - residence wrote in her forward to the book that \u201cthe importance of the census is made urgent because at the same time that more is being learned about the diversity of life in the sea than during all preceding history , more is being lost\u2026 . \u201d\n\u201csome will treasure the world ocean census as a valuable reference , others as a place to find white - knuckle adventures . the images alone will cause many to re - evaluate their concepts of what astonishing forms are embraced within the bounds of what constitutes an eye , a heart , a body of living tissue . the underlying similarities shared by all living things \u2013 humans very much included \u2013 shine through , while maintaining wonder at the infinite capacity for diversity : from the broad divisions of life to the individual speckles and shapes that distinguish each sardine , salp and starfish from every other of its kind . above all , the breakthroughs in knowledge gained , and awareness of the magnitude of what remains to be discovered , inspire hope that the greatest era of ocean exploration \u2013 and ocean care - will now begin . \u201d\npage 24 : this fabulously marked polychaete , or marine tube worm , loima sp . , inhabits the waters off lizard island , queensland , australia . photograph courtesy gary cranitch , queensland museum\npage 25 : the spines on this crab larvae ( spiny decapod megalops ) , although beautiful , serve as protection and camouflage . photograph courtesy cheryl clarke hopcroft\nthese questions are of vital importance as scientists seek to understand the impact global warming and other factors\u2014past and present\u2014have had on the world\u2019s oceans , and what that portends for the future .\nto assess and explain the diversity , distribution , and abundance of marine life to record how many of each species the ocean contains , where they live now , and where else they could live if / when habitats disappear to describe the life found in deep , previously unexplored areas that new technology is opening to scientists for the first time .\npages 46 - 47 : an amazing array of exquisitely beautiful animals , such as this jeweled squid ( histioteuthis bonelli ) , has been found in the previously little - explored dark zone of the world\u2019s ocean . photograph courtesy david shale\nthe census of marine life , which will release its scientific report in 2010 , is a project of extraordinary range and scope , as benefits its subject . census researchers have journeyed to remote and dangerous places ; charted the past using means as diverse as scientific reports , whaler\u2019s logs , and seafood menus ; and explored previously unexplored ecosystems . in the antarctic , for example , climate change and melting ice shelves gave coml researchers access to pristine portions of the ocean floor that had been sealed off for at least 5 , 000 years .\nphoto on left , page 110 : an antarctic fur seal mother and pup represent current and future generations of potential animal observers . with the help of these research assistants , scientists may be able to prevent the loss of their polar habitat to global climate change . photograph courtesy dan costa\nphoto on right : page 111 : \u201csealteam 1\u201d poses with its latest recruit in its mission to collect data about the undersampled antarctic ocean . \u201cseal tagging and getting on an ice floe below the antarctic circle in the dead of winter down here \u2013 that is about as wild as it gets ! \u201d says mark harris . photograph courtesy dan costa\nthere is no part of the ocean that is not overfished . at the present rate , commercial fisheries could collapse by 2048 .\nphoto on left , page 148 : this goggle - eyed worm belongs to the phylum polychaeta , a group of segmented worms named for their many bristles ( poly = many , chaete = bristle ) . many species in this family undergo a spectacular transformation as they become sexually mature : both sexes develop huge eyes , while most of the bodysegments and bristles become paddleshaped . photograph courtesy national history museum of la county\nphoto on right : this striking shrimp was collected from french frigate shoals in the northwest hawaiian islands . photograph courtesy gustav paulay\nin the book , readers will learn how the mystery of new life forms are revealed , how coml research was planned and executed , how animals are tagged and tracked , and about the cutting - edge technologies that enabled this mammoth endeavor . hundreds of breathtaking , full - color photographs plunge one deep into the ocean to see some of the millions of species\u2014from the smallest microbes to the largest whales\u2014that dwell beneath the waves .\npage 190 photo top left : asbestopluma , a never - before - known species of carnivorous sponge about 1 centimeter ( 0 . 4 inch ) in diameter , engulfs organisms and then digests the imprisoned prey . this is one of four such species , three of them believed new to science , found in the southern ocean abyss . photograph courtesy dorte janussen , senckenberg , frg\nbottom left : the larsen b ice shelf as it appeared in january 2002 . bottom right : the area after the ice shelf collapsed in march 2002 . images courtesy of the national snow and ice data center\npage 191 top : a presumed new species of epimeria , a 25 - millimeter - long ( almost an inch ) amphipod crustacean , was collected near elephant island during an expedition to the weddell sea in 2006\u201307 .\npage 191 bottom : this potentially new giant antarctic amphipod crustacean \u2013 of the genus eusirus \u2013 was one of the stars among the species collected during the trip to the weddell sea in 2006\u201307 . nearly 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) long , it was sampled by using baited traps off the antarctic peninsula .\nthe global ocean is truly earth\u2019s final frontier , its myriad secrets only now being revealed . world ocean census , and the study it brings to the public eye , are of inestimable importance to earth\u2019s future and , perhaps , man\u2019s very survival .\npage 206 above : this is just a small portion of the huge school of cownose rays ( rhinoptera steindachneri ) that circled a dive site in the galapagos islands .\npage 207 : underwater encounters with endangered hawaiian monk seals ( monachus schauinslandi ) are few and far between \u2013 the population is estimated at only slightly more than 1 , 000 individuals . even scarcer is the mediterranean monk seal , with a population of less than 500 . the caribbean or west indian monk seal ( monachus tropicalis ) , the only seal ever known to be native to the caribbean sea and gulf of mexico , was last seen in 1952 . in 2008 , after five years of trying to find evidence of caribbean monk seals , the u . s . government declared the species officially extinct . photographs pages 206 and 207 \u00a9 urltoken\nthe information in this article is from world ocean census : a global survey of marine life and from firefly books .\ntitle : world ocean census : a global survey of marine life author : by darlene trew crist , gail scowcroft , james m . harding , jr . ; foreword by sylvia earle specs : 256 pages , 9\nx 11\n, color photographs throughout , glossary , further reading , index ; $ 40 . 00 plastic - laminated hardcover with jacket isbn : 1 - 55407 - 434 - 7 / 978 - 1 - 55407 - 434 - 1 pub date : october 15 , 2009 publisher : firefly books urltoken\nthere is a related article on the horizon solutions site . census of marine life explorers find hundreds of identical species thrive in both arctic and antarctic with more images .\na video by the census of marine life about why we need to monitor biodiversity in the oceans and how it can be done using existing technologies on a global scale . for more information visit urltoken .\nis a colony composed of a number of specialised zooids linked together by a long stem .\nat the front is the pneumatophore , an orange - coloured , gas - filled float . behind this is the nectosome , a region where there are a number of translucent nectophores with red , unlooped radial canals . these are bell - shaped medusae specialised for locomotion . when they contract , water is expelled which causes the colony to move . their contractions are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sidewards or backwards . the remaining region is the siphosome . most of the zooids here are\n, specialised for collecting food . they do this for the whole colony , spreading their single long tentacles in the water to snare\n. other zooids in this region undertake digestion and assimilation of food items . reproductive medusae are found among the polyps in the siphosome and also various other specialised zooids . the various forms are all arranged in a repeating pattern .\nit is found at depths ranging between 200 and 800 m ( 660 and 2 , 620 ft ) . the greatest depth at which it has been observed is about 2 , 000 m ( 6 , 600 ft ) .\nat these depths the temperature is about 4 \u00b0c ( 39 \u00b0f ) , hardly any light penetrates from the surface and human observation is limited to what can be seen from submersible craft .\ncan be several metres long and the tentacles can extend fifty centimetres on either side . it moves forward intermittently before pausing to put out its\nfishing lines\n, ready to ensnare passing creatures . it is a\nthis colonial animal arises from a single fertilised egg . the protozooid that develops from this subsequently\nto form the other members of the colony which are thus genetically identical . the protozooid first thins and elongates , the middle section becoming the stem of the colony . the pneumatophore forms at the opposite end to the mouth . next a growth zone on the thin stem forms and budding occurs with the formation of the nectophores . as the stem continues lengthening , further zooids develop above these . another growth zone sees the development of the siphosome and the continuing elongation of the stem carries these zooids down with it .\nthe division of labour between the zooids is an evolutionary advance in the constant struggle for existence in the deep sea . such organisms as\nblur the boundaries between the individual polyp and the whole colonial organism ; each cannot exist without the other .\nkramp p . l . ( 1942 ) .\nsiphonophora . the godthaab expedition 1928\n. medd . gr\u00f8nl . 80 ( 8 ) : 3 - 24 .\nsiphonophores are groups of creatures that live , connected , as one animal . and they\u2019re incredibly confusing \u2014 they all have the same dna . they can\u2019t separate . they work together to achieve one goal . so why are we supposed to think of them as \u201ccolonies , \u201d rather than a single entity ?\nwhat is that ? even the people looking at it can\u2019t figure it out . all they\u2019re willing to say is it\u2019s the size of \u201ctwenty wiffle balls , \u201d and it\u2019s probably a siphonophore . which means it isn\u2019t an \u201cit , \u201d it\u2019s a \u201cthem . \u201d\nto go back to the familiar man - o - war , the sail is a creature called the pneumatophore . the stinging tentacles are made up of dactylzooids . the gastrozooid is in charge of breaking down the food that the dactylozooids catch . and the gonozooid is the part that reproduces .\nso how do these separate creatures yoked together in one body actually reproduce ? man - o - war reproductive sections ( gonozooids ) have two sexes , male and female . when the man - o - war gather in large groups , they release their genetic hopefuls , eggs and sperm , into the ocean . the eggs and sperm meet and form their own little gonozooid .\nwhere do the pneumatophores , the dactylzooids , and the gastrozooids come from ? they slowly bud off from the fertilized organism . each one shares the genetic information of the original fertilized egg , but they form their own creatures through this asexual budding . throughout the life of the siphonophore , these creatures will stick together , feeding each other , protecting each other , and navigating for each other , until it comes time for the gonozooids to breed again .\nif that sounds dubious to you , you\u2019re not alone . many people wonder what differentiates a siphonophore from any other creature . descriptions of siphonophores do sound like they could be applied to any single animal , including humans . your brain navigates , your arms and legs protect and hunt , your stomach digests food , and your sexual parts reproduce \u2014 but that doesn\u2019t mean those parts are colonies .\nand yet , biologists all agree that siphonophores are colonies , and not single animals . so what\u2019s the difference ?\nmany people compare siphonophores to ant or bee colonies . bees perform rigidly separate functions . a worker cannot perform the functions of a queen . separate an ant or a bee from its colony and it will almost certainly die soon . divide the colony itself and the entire thing collapses . but that doesn\u2019t mean that each insect is not a separate animal from every other member of its colony . then again , an ant isn\u2019t joined to the rest of its colony by tissue , and it doesn\u2019t bud from its queen\u2019s abdomen .\nthe best way to understand siphonophores is thinking about conjoined twins . they carry the same dna , and they move as one body . only one twin was created by the original fusion of sperm and egg . and sometimes they are unable to survive if separated . but they do live separate existences . siphonophores can make independent motions . they grow and repair themselves independently . they are multiple organisms joined as one . the difference is , they have made the conjunction a necessary part of their regular life - cycle .\nkinja is in read - only mode . we are working to restore service .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\nwhen , more than 70 years ago , william beebe became the first scientist to descend into the abyss , he described a world of twinkling lights , silvery eels , throbbing jellyfish , living strings as \u201clovely as the finest lace\u201d and lanky monsters with needlelike teeth .\n\u201cit was stranger than any imagination could have conceived , \u201d he wrote in \u201chalf mile down\u201d ( harcourt brace , 1934 ) . \u201ci would focus on some one creature and just as its outlines began to be distinct on my retina , some brilliant , animated comet or constellation would rush across the small arc of my submarine heaven and every sense would be distracted , and my eyes would involuntarily shift to this new wonder . \u201d\nbeebe sketched some of the creatures , because no camera of the day was able to withstand the rigors of the deep and record the nuances of this cornucopia of astonishments .\ncolleagues reacted coolly . some accused beebe of exaggeration . one reviewer suggested that his heavy breathing had fogged the window of the submarine vessel , distorting the undersea views .\ntoday , the revolution in lights , cameras , electronics and digital photography is revealing a world that is even stranger than the one that beebe struggled to describe .\nthe images arrayed here come from \u201cthe deep : the extraordinary creatures of the abyss\u201d ( university of chicago press , 2007 ) , by claire nouvian , a french journalist and film director . in its preface , ms . nouvian writes of an epiphany that began her undersea journey .\n\u201cit was as though a veil had been lifted , \u201d she says , \u201crevealing unexpected points of view , vaster and more promising . \u201d\nthe photographs she has selected celebrate that sense of the unexpected . bizarre species from as far down as four and half miles are shown in remarkable detail , their tentacles lashing , eyes bulging , lights flashing . the eerie translucence of many of the gelatinous creatures seems to defy common sense . they seem to be living water .\non page after page , it is as if aliens had descended from another world to amaze and delight . a small octopus looks like a child\u2019s squeeze toy . a seadevil looks like something out of a bad dream . a ping - pong tree sponge rivals artwork that might be seen in an upscale gallery .\ninterspersed among 220 color photographs are essays by some of the world\u2019s top experts on deep - sea life that reflect on what lies beneath . for example , laurence madin of woods hole oceanographic institution notes the violence that air and gravity do to creatures without internal or external skeletons when they are pulled up to the deck of a ship , obliterating their varieties of form and function .\n\u201cthis unattractive jello - like mass , \u201d he writes , \u201cis the unfair land version of amazing and delicate creatures that can display their true beauty only in their natural watery environment . \u201d the photographs in the book right that wrong , and not just for jellyfish .\none shows a dense colony of brittle stars , their arms intertwined and overlapping , their masses in the distance merging with the blackness of the seabed , alive , inhabiting a place once thought to be a lifeless desert .\ncraig m . young of the oregon institute of marine biology writes in the book that the diversity of life in the abyss \u201cmay exceed that of the amazon rain forest and the great barrier reef combined . \u201d\nbeebe , who ran the tropical research department at the new york zoological society , surely had intimations of what lay beyond the oceanic door he had opened . \u201cthe deep\u201d brings much of that dark landscape to light , even while noting that a vast majority of the planet\u2019s largest habitat remains unexamined , awaiting a new generation of explorers .\nwith the headline : mysteries to behold in the dark down deep : seadevils and species unknown .\nwe\u2019re interested in your feedback on this page . tell us what you think .\naccessibility concerns ? email us at accessibility @ urltoken . we would love to hear from you ."]}
{"id": 2429, "summary": [{"text": "the dusky grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ) is a species of forest-dwelling grouse native to the rocky mountains in north america .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is closely related to the sooty grouse ( dendragapus fuliginosus ) , and the two were previously considered a single species , the blue grouse . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "dusky grouse", "paragraphs": ["dusky grouse are a recently identified species . the species formerly known as blue grouse (\ndusky grouse are most likely to be confused with spruce ( franklin ) grouse in montana . male spruce grouse , however , are considerably smaller than male dusky grouse and have a black breast patch . female spruce grouse have white under parts with conspicuous black barring , while female dusky grouse are bluish - gray beneath .\ndusky grouse are a food source for many predators found in the surrounding areas .\ndusky grouse are game birds across their range and are hunted for their meat .\none of north america\u2019s largest grouse , the dusky grouse used to be considered the paler , interior subspecies of the blue grouse . recent dna evidence supports the spilt of the blue grouse into two separate species , the dusky grouse and the sooty grouse . the male\u2019s deep booming call is hard to locate .\nadult males are mainly dark ( especially sooty grouse ) with a yellow ( sooty grouse ) or purplish ( dusky grouse ) throat air sac surrounded by white , and a yellow ( sooty grouse ) or yellow to red ( dusky grouse ) wattle over the eye during display .\nthe sooty grouse is found from british columbia south to california . the sooty grouse was the blue grouse until 2006 when the blue grouse was split into two species , the sooty grouse and the dusky grouse . the dusky grouse is found in the rocky mountains , from the southern yukon and northern british columbia , south into northern arizona and western new mexico .\noften take advantage of an opportunity to eat a dusky grouse if it arises . other predators include\nfemale dusky grouse ( shown ) are easy to distinguish from males of either species , but difficult to distinguish from female sooty grouse .\ndusky grouse nest on the ground , usually in an open area concealed by understory vegetation and shrubs .\nthe dusky grouse is the third largest grouse in north america , and one of the largest in the world . the two sage - grouse are the only larger american species .\nthe dusky grouse and the sooty grouse were considered to be the same species , the blue grouse , until the american ornithologists\u2019 union split them in 2006 based on dna evidence .\nthe approximate distribution of sooty and dusky grouse in north america . map modified from schroeder ( 2004 ) .\ntill very recently , the dusky grouse and sooty grouse were considered subspecies of the blue grouse . this has ceased to be the case , and each is a separate species . both continue to be collectively called blue grouse .\ndusky grouse is the second largest grouse in the us after the sage grouse . they have a wide distribution , and their population numbers are holding their own for the last few decades .\n, and disperse seeds from berry bushes throughout the ecosystem . in addition , dusky grouse may carry several parasites .\nmainly leaves , flowers and conifer needles . dusky grouse , especially juveniles , will also eat small invertebrates . back to top\nin addition , the spruce grouse and siberian grouse have been considered part of this genus .\neagles . the best defense for dusky grouse is their camouflage and ability to fly . these abilities sometimes keep them from becoming prey but are not uniformly successful as dusky grouse are not very accomplished fliers . they are only able to fly in relatively short bursts compared to the aerial predators that pursue them , as such ; camouflage is their best defense against raptors . terrestrial predators have a much harder time catching dusky grouse . many predators eat the eggs out of the nests , which are located on the ground . this gives dusky grouse a high mortality rate at a very young age .\ndusky grouse are upland game birds that provide many hunters with a great opportunity to enjoy the mountainous areas they inhabit along with an appetizing meal for their dinner table .\nthe number of tail feathers a bird has is usually constant within a species ( and usually numbering around 10 ) . the dusky grouse , however , can have from 15 to 22 .\nthe approximate distribution of core areas for sooty and dusky grouse in washington . the line is an approximation and \u2018hybrids\u2019 are common near the line . map modified from schroeder ( 2005 ) .\nmale dusky and sooty grouse perform a hooting display when they are on breeding territories during the spring . each hooting display consists of a sequence of 5 - 7 low frequency \u2018hoots\u2019 that are detectable from 100 meters ( dusky grouse ) to more than 2 kilometers ( sooty grouse ) . the males of both species also utter a single \u2018whoot\u2019 note when they are displaying to a female that is detectable from about 2 kilometers . male dusky grouse perform a \u2018flutter jump\u2019 which is a loud flight that is detectable from about 1 kilometer . male sooty grouse exhibit a similar behavior called \u2018landing on loud wing\u2019 display where they create an unusually loud noise at the end of a short flight , often while landing in a tree .\n) in 2006 based on dna evidence . sooty grouse live along the pacific coast , from northern canada to southern california in the sierra madre mountains . on the other hand , dusky grouse are found in inland north america , following the rocky mountains and other nearby montane regions .\npatch of violet - red skin on neck surrounded by white feathers is displayed during courtship . formerly ( with sooty grouse ) known as blue grouse .\ndusky grouse move between alpine environments at the tree line where they spend their winters and down into lower lying areas high in food sources in the summer time . they tend to use the same areas year after year . the young birds follow their mother and continue to migrate between these areas as they get older . these birds usually travel short distances , but in some instances dusky grouse travel up to 30 miles between their summer and winter ranges .\ncones . it is high in protein and fats and provides these birds with a nutrient - rich diet that helps them through these cold months . during the summer months , dusky grouse feed on a variety of berries produced by\nthe dusky grouse has a large range , not specifically quantified but common in the western united states and canada . it is native to these two nations and prefers boreal or temperate forest ecosystems . the global population of this bird has not been specifically determined , as it is considered common , but it does not appear to meet population decline criteria that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . the current evaluation status of the dusky grouse is least concern .\ndusky and sooty grouse are found throughout western north america . their range extends from the southern portions of alaska and the yukon , south along the pacific coast to northern california and east to the rocky mountains ( new mexico to alberta ) . in washington , dusky and sooty grouse are found in mountainous areas wherever open coniferous forests are present . they are closely associated with true fir and douglas fir forests in winter and habitats that are often more open during summer .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\nduring late summer and early autumn , dusky grouse move from open breeding areas to dense conifer forests at higher elevations ; this altitudinal migration is typically a short distance , but can be as much as 30 miles , much of which is undertaken on foot . most grouse leave their breeding grounds by october and return by early april .\nin warm months , the sooty grouse eats seeds , berries , and insects . in the winter , the sooty grouse eats conifer needles . some sooty grouse are short distance migrators and , depending on where the food is , travel to either higher or lower elevations .\nmale dusky grouse in washington are characterized by indistinct tail bands ( if present at all ) , 20 tail feathers , and red bare patches on the side of their neck which they expose during display . they also perform a quiet hooting display .\nhartkom , f . l . 1956 . montana blue grouse . montana wildlife . june .\nsooty grouse nest on the ground , usually in an open shrubby area surrounded by forest .\nsooty grouse habitat is variable , but often includes forests , ridgetops , and avalanche chutes .\na group of grouse has many collective nouns , including a\nchorus\n,\ncovey\n,\ndrumming\n,\ngrumbling\n, and\nleash\nof grouse .\nbendell , j . 1955 . disease as a control of a population of blue grouse .\nthere is little information on dusky grouse population numbers and trends . overall , populations appeared stable between 1966 and 2014 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 300 , 000 , with 56 % living int he u . s . , and 44 % in canada . the species rates a 12 out of 20 on the continental concern score . dusky grouse is a u . s . - canada stewardship species and is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top\nmarshall , w . h . 1946 . cover preferences , seasonal movements , and food habits of richardson ' s grouse and ruffed grouse in southern idaho . wilson bull . 58 : 42 - 52 .\nadults have a long square tail , gray at the end ( lighter in the sooty grouse ) .\n, these plants are a prominent food source for dusky grouse this time of year . during the winter months , while most other animals found in mountainous areas have migrated to lower elevations , dusky grouse spend their time near the tree line at high elevations . they spend most of the winter roosting in douglas fir and lodgepole pines feeding on the cones and needles these trees produce . these high elevation areas not only provide major food sources , but tend to have less predation during this time of year , as most predators follow the larger game animals to lower elevations .\ndusky grouse : this species occurs as a resident from the yukon and northwest territories , through much of british columbia , and south through the rocky mountains to arizona , colorado , and new mexico . its preferred habitats include burned areas , montane forests , slashes , and subalpine forest clearings .\nall species have healthy populations , except for some population decline and habitat loss of the sooty grouse at the southern end of its range in southern california , and the siberian grouse which is considered near - threatened .\nspends most of its time on the ground foraging , but will also forage for buds in deciduous trees and needles in coniferous trees . during winter , dusky grouse spend most of their time in coniferous trees eating needles . in general , they vocalize from the ground and rather infrequently . back to top\ndusky grouse have a fairly short lifespan , with 50 percent of the birds lost in the first year . the birds that survive past the first year have an average lifespan of about three years . in areas with ample food and very low predation , birds have been known to survive up 14 years .\ndusky grouse have exhibited a very minor decrease in population over the last 40 years . there are an estimated 3 , 000 , 000 mature individuals in the wild , and the decrease is so small that the species is still listed as ' least concern ' by the international union for conservation and nature ( iucn ) .\npartridges , grouse , turkeys and old world quail often flock together to forage for small creatures , seeds , and buds . most look for food on the ground although the spruce grouse also forages in the trees for pine and spruce needles .\nalthough populations of wild turkeys have made a wonderful , successful comeback since their decline earlier in the twentieth century , all five species of grouse that occur in sagebrush and grasslands ( sage - grouse , sharp - tailed grouse and prairie chickens ) have threatened and declining populations . these declines are due to degradation and conversion of their grassland habitats to agriculture and other development .\nthe mating behavior of dusky grouse takes place in the spring to mid - summer and is initiated by the hooting of males beginning in late march and continuing until mid - july . males claim and defend a mating territory by fanning out their tail feathers , hoping , and clapping their wings . dusky grouse are both lekking and non - lekking birds . this means the males either gather in a preferred area to challenge each other for females ( lekking ) or the males go out individually in search of females ready for mating . the males continue to hoot into the mid - summer months to try and attract females that have lost their clutch and are willing to mate again .\nin the breeding season dusky grouse inhabit open , relatively dry mixed and conifer forest from the ponderosa pine zone to the subalpine fir zone , and adjacent shrub - steppe , grassland , aspen groves , and alpine meadows . in lodgepole pine and engelmann spruce forests at elevations above 5 , 000 feet , they may be largely , but not entirely , replaced by spruce grouse . they winter in dense conifer stands , often at a higher elevation than their breeding habitat .\nzwickel , fred c . , and james f . bendell . 2005 . dusky grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ) . species account number 015 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database\nthe dusky grouse still occupies all or nearly all of its original range in washington . although it is vulnerable to habitat loss from activities such as grazing and logging , most of its range is in rugged mountains or other territory sparsely settled by humans . it is popular as a game bird , but its fall migration into dense forest reduces hunting mortality .\nwashington department of fish & wildlife\u2019s priority habitat and species management recommendations . volume iv : birds . blue grouse ( dendragapus obscurus )\nthe sooty grouse is is 15 - 21 inches in length . the male sooty grouse is gray to bluish - gray with a red to yellowish - orange comb over its eyes . it has a yellow neck sac surrounded by white . the female is spotted brown with a dark tail . male sooty grouse in the rocky mountains have a red neck sac instead of a yellow one .\nthe sooty grouse is found in bush areas in coastal rain forests , burned areas , mountain forests , and subalpine forest clearings .\njohnsgard , p . a . 1973 . grouse and quail of north america . u . of nebraska , lincoln . 553 pp .\nto aid in walking in their snowy winter environments , ruffed grouse and ptarmigans have evolved \u201cnatural snowshoes\u201d . in ruffed grouse , scales on their toes have extensions to keep them from sinking into snowdrifts , while ptarmigans have a profusion of feathers on their feet for this purpose .\nmussehl , t . w . 1961 . blue grouse population study . montana dept . of fish and game , helena . 13 pp .\nmussehl , t . w . 1962 . blue grouse population study . montana dept . of fish and game , helena . 17 pp .\nin summer , dusky grouse feed on the ground on leaves , flowers , buds , berries , conifer needles , and insects . in winter , they forage in trees for needles of pines , firs , and other conifers . in many parts of their washington range larch and pine needles are the predominant food source . young birds eat mostly insects , especially in the first 10 days of life .\na large , dark forest grouse of inland regions of the western u . s . and canada . until recently , this and the sooty grouse were considered to make up one species under the name blue grouse . slow - moving and inconspicuous , but often surprisingly tame . most likely to be noticed ( at least by sound ) in spring , when males\nsing\nincessantly to attract mates , a series of deep hoots .\nherman , m . f . 1980 . spruce grouse habitat requirements in western montana . ph . d dissertation , university of montana , missoula .\nthe phasianidae are known for their elaborate courtship displays that frequently utilize raised tails that are spread to reveal intricate patterns . male sage grouse , sharp - tailed grouse , and prairie chickens take these displays a step further by displaying communally at traditional \u201clekking \u201c sites where birds inflate prominent neck and\nblackford , j . l . 1958 . territoriality and breeding behavior of a population of blue grouse in montana . condor 60 : 145 - 158 .\nskinner , m . p . 1927 . richardson ' s grouse in yellowstone national park . wilson ' s bull . 39 : 208 - 214 .\nblackford , j . l . 1963 . further observations on the breeding behavior of a blue grouse population in montana . condor 65 : 485 - 513 .\nschladweiler , p . 1975 . seasonal food habits of montana blue grouse . state of mt , proj . no . w - 120 - r - 6 .\ndusky grouse are usually found singly , not in flocks ( except for hens with young ) , and are generally fairly wary . males sing from the ground or from a low perch such as a stump . the usual song is a series of five soft , very low - pitched hoots that can rarely be heard beyond 100 feet . to attract females , males also strut with tails raised and fanned , and neck feathers spread , revealing patches of bright skin .\nmussehl , t . w . 1963 . blue grouse brood cover selection and land - use implications . journal of wildlife management 27 ( 4 ) : 546 - 555 .\nrogers , g . e . 1963 . blue grouse census and harvest in the united states and canada . j . wildi . manage . 27 : 579 - 585 .\nin north america , the members of the phasianidae occur in tundra , grasslands , and forest . three species of ptarmigan crouch in the far northern tundra and alpine habitats of the rocky mountains while the sage - grouse , sharp - tailed grouse , and prairie chickens display in sagebrush and grasslands of the west . deciduous and coniferous forests are home to the wild turkey and four grouse species . introduced species live in a variety of hawaiian habitats while the ring - necked pheasant is now common in north american grasslands .\nde juana , e . , kirwan , g . m . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . dusky grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmale 47\u201357 cm , c . 1245 g ; female 44\u201348 cm , c . 850 g . relatively large grouse ; male mostly grey or slate - coloured , lacking black breast of\nmussehl , t . w . 1962 . some physical characteristics of ground vegetation used by blue grouse broods . nw sec . , the wildi . soc . , missoula . 11 pp .\nmussehl , t . w . , and t . h . leik . 1963 . sexing wings of adult blue grouse . j . wildi . manage . 27 : 102 - 106 .\ndusky grouse winter at high elevations in conifer stands . in early spring , they descend to lower altitudes , where they prefer forest edges and openings . broods may be found quite far from timber during summer and early fall . in the bridger mountains in early summer , broods were often observed in grass - forb areas ( with arrow - leaf balsamroot being dominant ) ; increased use of deciduous thickets was observed in late july to august ( mussehl 1958 ) . see also martinka 1970 for habitat comments from the sapphire mountains .\nmussehl , t . w . 1962 . effects of land - use practices on blue grouse habitat ( breeding areas ) . montana dept . of fish and game , helena . 5 pp .\nmussehl , t . w . 1965 . blue grouse population study ( side effects of insecticides used in spruce budworm control ) . montana dept . of fish and game , helena . 41 pp .\nmussehl , t . w . 1958 . blue grouse production , movements , and populations in the bridger mountains , montana . m . s . thesis . montana state university , bozeman . 34 pp .\nafter the eggs have hatched , the chicks are protected from predators and intruders by their mother who will hiss and flap her wings to scare the intruder from the chicks . male dusky grouse have no part in parental care . after the chicks have reached 10 to 28 days of age , the mother and her chicks begin to separate while feeding , but the mother can often be found perched over her chicks , keeping a watchful eye for intruders . by early autumn , the young stop following the mother and become independent , after which they begin grouping with other adults .\nschladweiler , p . and t . w . mussehl . 1969 . use of mist - nets for recapturing radio - equipped blue grouse . joural of wildlife management 33 ( 2 ) : 443 - 444 .\nin north america , the phasianidae is represented by twenty - six species in seventeen genera . this total includes several introduced and native species such as the wild turkey , prairie chickens , and various species of grouse .\nmale sooty grouse in washington are characterized by light gray tail bands , 18 tail feathers , and yellow bare patches on the side of their neck which they expose during display . they also perform a loud hooting display .\nschladweiler , p . , t . w . mussehl and r . j . greene . 1970 . age determination of juvenile blue grouse by primary development . journal of wildlife management 34 ( 3 ) : 649 - 652 .\nmartinka , r . r . 1970 . structural characteristics and ecological relationships of male blue grouse ( dendragapus obscurus ( say ) ) territories in southwestern montana . ph . d thesis . montana state university , bozeman . 73 pp .\ndusky grouse tend to stay in smaller groups during the warmer months and form larger flocks during the winter , when they spend most of their time in the tree tops eating needles and cones . in the summer months , the largest flocks are generally comprised of a female with her chicks , about 6 or 7 birds . during the winter , groups of 15 to 20 birds have been observed . this occurs because of the food and cover density during these times . in areas where food is not as plentiful , small groups can be unusual as many move to join larger groups when food becomes scarce . during the summer , these birds spread out through areas rich with resources , such as\ndusky grouse communicate socially through a series of chirps and peeps throughout the year . these sounds are very subtle to the human ear and are hard to distinguish from other forest birds . they are used to alert each other to predators , and are particularly common between a mother and her young . if the mother and young get separated , the mother will call her young with a series of deep clucks that sound similar to the hoot males give during the breeding season . during the mating season , a male will use hooting to communicate with females . in association with the hoots , males clap their wings together , producing a loud series of thumps . this call is used to defend their territory and also to call females .\nschladweiler , p . 1968 . blue grouse population and life history study . montana dept . of fish and game . job compi . rep . , proj . no . w - 91 - r - 9 , job no . ii - c . 12 pp .\nstabler , r . m . , n . j . kitzmiller , g . m . clark , t . w . mussehl and p . schladweiler . 1969 . hematozoa from mountain blue grouse . jour . parasit . 55 ( 4 ) : 830 - 832 .\npartridges , grouse , turkeys and old world quail are members of the phasianidae ( pronounced fah - see - ah - nih - dee ) , a family of one hundred and eighty - seven species in fifty - six genera found on all continents except for south america and antarctica .\nduring mating season , the male sooty grouse often perches on a log or post and calls out with a loud booming hoot that can be heard for miles . the comb over his eyes stands up , and he fans out his tail and puffs out his neck to display his neck sac .\nmussehl , t . w . p . schladweiler , and r . weckwerth . 1971 . forest grouse . pp . 142 - 152 in t . w . mussehl and f . w . howell ( eds . ) , game manaqement in montana . montana department of fish and game , helena . 238 pp .\nan order of five families found on most continents ( some taxonomic systems only recognize four of these , classifying the fifth as a sub - family ) , the galliformes ( pronounced gal - lih - for - meez ) include \u201cfowl\u201d like birds such as guineafowl , pheasants , grouse and turkeys , and the wild ancestor to the domestic chicken .\nthe female sooty grouse lays 5 - 10 eggs in a scrape lined with pine needles and grass . the nest is usually hidden under a bush , log , rocky overhang , or small tree . the female incubates the eggs and cares for the chicks . the chicks hatch after 25 days and soon begin foraging for food . they fledge in seven to ten days .\npheasants , partridges , grouse , and turkeys are mostly ground - dwelling birds , although many forage or roost in trees during the winter . they do not migrate long distances , although they often use different habitats seasonally . they are omnivores , eating mostly plant matter in the winter and insects in the summer . many of the males in this family have loud and dramatic displays . nests are built on the ground , and clutch size is usually large . the young are precocial , able to walk and feed themselves within a few hours of hatching .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species has a large range , which spreads from northern canada to california across the internal western united states and canada .\n( rich et al . 2004 ) trend justification : this species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( data for dendropagus obscurus and d . fuliginosus combined , from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) .\nthe species occurs in a variety of pine and fir forest habitats from sea level to 3 , 600 m close to the tree line .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nstill fairly common . affected by forest management . may increase after clearcuts , but then declines as these grow up ; does very poorly in even - aged tree farms as compared to original old - growth forest .\ndeciduous and mixed forests in mountains in summer ; conifer forests at higher elevations in winter . prime summer habitat is where forest meets open country , such as sagebrush flats . in winter , these birds favor dense forests of conifers .\nforages mostly on ground in summer , mostly in trees in winter , especially in areas with heavy snow cover .\n5 - 10 , sometimes 2 - 12 . pale buff , usually speckled with brown . incubation is by female only , 25 - 28 days . young : usually leave nest within a day after hatching , and follow female ; young find all their own food . female often fearless in defense of eggs or young , standing her ground when approached closely . young can make short flights at age of 8 - 9 days , are full - grown at about 13 weeks .\nusually leave nest within a day after hatching , and follow female ; young find all their own food . female often fearless in defense of eggs or young , standing her ground when approached closely . young can make short flights at age of 8 - 9 days , are full - grown at about 13 weeks .\nconifer needles , leaves , insects . diet in summer is mostly leaves , flowers , buds , berries , and conifer needles ; also many insects . very young birds may eat more insects than adults . in winter feeds mostly on needles of conifers , including pines , hemlocks , firs , douglas - firs .\nin breeding season , male gives deep song punctuated with short flights , wings fluttering loudly . in peak display , male struts on the ground with tail raised and fanned , neck feathers spread to reveal patches of bright skin . female mates with male , then departs . nest site is on ground , under cover such as shrub , log , rock ledge . nest a shallow scrape , lined with dead twigs , needles , leaves , a few feathers .\nmost birds move in autumn from fairly open breeding areas to dense coniferous forest . in most parts of range , this involves moving uphill to spend the winter , an unusual kind of altitudinal migration . maximum known travel is about 30 miles , but most go shorter distances . birds may migrate entirely by walking or may intersperse short flights .\nmale gives a series of deep hoots , whoop , whoop , whoop , whoop , whoop , increasing in tempo and volume .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\nturkeys and chickens tend to get all of the attention . spread the love and learn about six other fowl .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright by : the macaulay library at the cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , all rights reserved .\nusing personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;\ncalculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of\nobservations versus availability of habitat\n.\nspecies that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,\npoint observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .\nspecies associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :\n) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .\nadams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .\ndobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .\nforesman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .\nhart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .\nhutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .\nmaxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .\nwerner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .\nin winter they eat mainly conifer needles . in summer they eat a mixed diet of insects , green plants and berries . the young eat mainly insects ( mussehl 1971 ) .\nbrood movement in summer is generally less than 0 . 5 mile . brood break - up appeared concurrent with fall dispersal , in late august to early september and had lateral and altitudinal components . brood range densities were 27 ( 1957 ) and 34 ( 1958 ) in a 1 square mile area ( mussehl 1958 ) .\nhatching dates in the bridger mountains ranged from may 25 to july 11 , with the peak the 3rd week of june ( mussehl 1958 ) . near fortine , hatching dates were june 10 to august 15 ; broods ranged from 1 to 10 young .\nmarks , j . s . , p . hendricks , and d . casey . 2016 . birds of montana . arrington , va . buteo books . 659 pages .\naldrich , j . w . 1963 . geographic orientation of american tetraonidae . journal of wildlife management 27 : 529 - 545 .\namerican ornithologists\u2019 union [ aou ] . 1998 . check - list of north american birds , 7th edition . american ornithologists\u2019 union , washington , d . c . 829 p .\ncasey , d . 2000 . partners in flight draft bird conservation plan montana . version 1 . 0 . 287 pp .\nehrlich , p . , d . dobkin , and d . wheye . 1988 . the birder\u2019s handbook : a field guide to the natural history of north american birds . simon and schuster inc . new york . 785 pp .\nhoffmann , r . s . 1960 . summer birds of the little belt mountains , montana . occasional papers of montana state university no . 1 , missoula .\nhutto , r . l . , and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service . u . s . forest service general technical report rmrs - gtr - 32 , ogden , utah .\njohnsgard , p . a . 1992 . birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . lincoln : university of nebraska press . xi + 504 pp .\njoslin , gayle . 1980 . wildlife inventory and hard rock mining impact analysis of the west cabinet mountains and lake creek valley , lincoln county , montana . mtfwp 91 pgs + 47 pgs app .\nlandusky mining inc . , zortman , mt . assisted by hydrometrics , helena , mt . , 1985 , operating permit application for an extension of landusky mining incorporated operations , phillips county , montana . june 12 , 1985\nlenard , s . , j . carlson , j . ellis , c . jones , and c . tilly . 2003 . p . d . skaar\u2019s montana bird distribution , 6th edition . montana audubon , helena , mt . 144 pp .\nmontana bird distribution committee . 2012 . p . d . skaar ' s montana bird distribution . 7th edition . montana audubon , helena , montana . 208 pp . + foldout map .\nmontana dept . of state lands , 1978 , preliminary environmental review for the proposed granting of an underground mining permit to beartooth coal company , incorporated , for the reopening of an underground coal mine in the area of bearcreek , carbon county , montana . july 10 , 1978 .\nsibley , d . 2014 . the sibley guide to birds . alfred a . knopf , new york , ny . 598 pp .\nskaar , p . d . , d . l . flath , and l . s . thompson . 1985 . montana bird distribution . montana academy of sciences monograph 3 ( 44 ) : ii - 69 .\nskaar , p . d . 1969 . birds of the bozeman latilong : a compilation of data concerning the birds which occur between 45 and 46 n . latitude and 111 and 112 w . longitude , with current lists for idaho , montana , wyoming , impinging montana counties and yellowstone national park . bozeman , mt . 132 p .\nstearns - roger inc . , 1975 , environmental baseline information of the mount vernon region , montana . january 31 , 1975 .\ntvx mineral hill mine , amerikanuak , inc . , gardiner , mt . , 2002 , yearly summary of wildlife observation reports . 1990 - 2002 letter reports .\nu . s . forest service . 1991 . forest and rangeland birds of the united states : natural history and habitat use . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service agricultural handbook 688 . 625 pages .\nusdi fish and wildlife service . , 1961 , a detailed report on fish and wildlife resources affected by mcnamara dam and reservoir , blackfoot river project , montana . june 1961 .\nwalcheck , k . c . 1999 . the lewis and clark expedition : montana\u2019s first bird inventory through the eyes of lewis and clark . lewis and clark interpretive association , great falls , montana .\nzackheim , k . 1973 . exhibit h : wildlife study . in ash grove cement co . files .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nthis group , the\nchicken - like\nbirds , consists of medium to large terrestrial birds . they are quick flyers , better adapted for short bursts of speed than sustained flight . they are fast runners and spend much of their time on the ground . washington has two families :\nfemales provide all parental care . nests are a shallow scrape in the ground , sometimes with little or no cover , sparsely lined with dead twigs , needles , leaves , and feathers . females lay and incubate 1\u201312 buffy , lightly speckled eggs ( normally 4\u20139 ) . the young leave the nest within a day after hatching . females tend the young , but do not feed them .\n, seattle audubon ' s on - line breeding bird atlas of island , king , kitsap , and kittitas counties .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthese two taxa were originally regarded as separate species , but were considered conspecific for much of the twentieth century . however , in 2006 the american ornithologists ' union re - split them , following the dna - based work of barrowclough et al . ( 2004 ) . whose results supported the earlier work of brooks ( 1929 ) who regarded the two taxa as separate species based on morphology , behavior and vocalizations .\nthe precise ranges of the two species are well - defined in the south , separated by extensive areas of unsuitable forest - free habitat , but somewhat uncertain in the north of the range of the genus where there is no separation ; barrowclough et al . ' s study did not include these northern populations .\nadult females of both species are mottled brown with dark brown and white marks on the underparts .\nthey mainly eat pine needles , but also green plants , berries , and insects in summer .\ntheir breeding habitat is the edges of conifer and mixed forests in mountainous regions of north america and eurasia . their range is closely associated with that of various conifers . the nest is a scrape on the ground concealed under a shrub or log .\nmales sing with deep hoots on their territory and make short flapping flights to attract females .\nlate pleistocene fossil species that have been described are dendragapus gilli ( western and west - central usa ) , initially placed in a distinct genus palaeotetrix , and dendragapus lucasi ( known only from fossil lake , usa ) .\ncopyright : wikipedia . this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from urltoken . . . additional information and photos added by avianweb .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\noften lumped with d . fuliginosus , which has yellow , not red , exposed breast patch in display ( 3 ) ; distinct pale tailband ( 2 ) ; and differences in hooting song # r , involving usually five vs usually six syllables ( \u201choots\u201d ) given at both lower pitch ( 50\u2013100 hz vs 110\u2013150 hz ) and lower volume ( audible to 40 m vs loud and audible to 500 m ) ( at least 2 ) ; genetic data support the split , but also suggest present species has n and s populations that do not conform to current subspecific divisions # r ; races sierrae and howardi of d . fuliginosus , sometimes placed in present species # r . proposed race flemingi ( s yukon ) usually included in richardsonii # r . four subspecies recognized .\n( douglas , 1829 ) \u2013 w canada from se yukon and sw northwest territories s through british columbia and w alberta to n usa ( n idaho and perhaps nw montana ) .\nswarth , 1931 \u2013 sw canada ( sc british columbia ) s through e washington to ne oregon , most of idaho , w montana and n & w wyoming .\n( say , 1823 ) \u2013 rocky mts from c wyoming s through utah and colorado to n & e arizona and w new mexico . may formerly have ranged e to w south dakota , although more likely introduced there .\nbehle & selander , 1951 \u2013 ne nevada ( snake range , ruby mts and toiyabe range ) , s idaho and w utah ( deep creek mts ) .\nmale song consists of series of five far - carrying hooting notes , usually delivered from on or . . .\nwide range of habitats in mountain zones , with greater preference for shrub - steppe and grassland . . .\nwinter diet consists almost entirely ( c . 90\u201399 % ) of needles , but including buds , twigs and cones , of firs (\nlays late apr\u2013jun , mostly from mid may . promiscuous ; males dispersed , on territories that are occupied year after year , although . . .\naltitudinal shifts between breeding and wintering grounds reported for most areas ; in winter . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . global population c . 3 , 000 , 000 mature individuals . still occupies most of original very large range , with some contractions due to . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincludes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires ."]}
{"id": 2431, "summary": [{"text": "the camiguin hawk-owl or camiguin boobook ( ninox leventisi ) is an owl species of the philippines island camiguin .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it was previously known as a subspecies of the philippine hawk-owl , but only reclassified in mid-2012 , as voice and other evidence suggested it a distinct species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "camiguin hawk - owl", "paragraphs": ["the first owl , the camiguin hawk - owl , is found only on the small island of camiguin sur , close to northern mindanao .\ntwo new species of owls have been discovered in the philippines . at the top left is the cebu hawk - owl and at the bottom right is the camiguin hawk - owl .\nthe cebu hawk owl , left , and a pair of camiguin hawk owls ( christian artuso / r . o . hutchinson , via rasmussen et al . , forktail )\ntwo of the species had never been described nor officially named , until now . one of the newly identified owl species , now called the camiguin hawk - owl , lives only on the small island of camiguin sur and has a very different voice and set of physical features than other owls in the region , the researchers said . it has blue - gray eyes and sings a long solo song at night that builds in intensity with a low growling tone . pairs of camiguin hawk - owls , meanwhile , sing short barking duets that kick off with a growl .\nbibliographic information : rasmussen et al . 2012 . vocal divergence and new species in the philippine hawk owl ninox philippensis complex . forktail 28 : 1\u201320\nnfefi - bcc has been successful with breeding the philippine eagle - owl ( bubo philippensis ) ( iucn \u2018vulnerable\u2019 ) , producing 13 owlets between 2005 and 2012 . the centre also houses the philippine hawk - owl .\nrecording av # 13552 . philippines : camiguin sur ( 9 . 15 , 124 . 72 ) recorded by lisa paguntalan\nthe researchers , who reported their findings in forktail , the journal of asian ornithology , also identified the cebu hawk - owl after studying its structure and vocalizations .\nthe development of the philippine owls conservation programme is supported by the world owl trust and uk owl - tag . it was initiated in 1996 for the conservation of owl species of varying conservation status , including a few critically endangered ones .\nin camiguin sur , information about the population distribution and habitat requirements of the newly described camiguin hawk - owl was obtained from new research initiatives , in collaboration with a biology student from misamis state university \u2013 iligan institute of technology ( msu - iit ) . the discovery of this owl brought a significant amount of attention to the conservation importance of forests on the island . initial surveys in forest patches with the potential of being included in the mt . timpoong - hibok hibok natural monument are slated to commence in 2013 - 2014 .\nin fact , the researchers found that the philippine hawk - owl ( ninox philippensis ) consists of seven allopatric species , or those that emerge as a consequence of individuals being isolated geographically , or temporally . they also identified one subspecies .\non cebu island , the stepping up of ecological studies on the cebu hawk - owl leading to its elevation from a subspecies of the philippine hawk - owl ( ninox philippensis ) into a full species . distribution surveys , habitat assessments and radio - telemetry studies were conducted in few of the largest remnant forest patches on the island . these studies revealed that the species is almost certainly \u2018endangered\u2019 , requiring urgent conservation action . discussions for creating forest corridors and expanding existing forest habitats are ongoing .\ntwo new owl species have been identified in the philippines , and researchers say the birds ' songs led them to the discovery .\nthe second discovery is the cebu hawk - owl . this bird was thought to be extinct , as the forests of cebu have almost all been lost due to deforestation . but it had never been considered a distinct form . study of its structure and vocalizations confirmed that it is a new species .\nin the sulu islands , where the sulu hawk - owl ( ninox reyi ) ( birdlife international \u2018vulnerable\u2019 ) can be found , surveys will commence soon with the clearing political climate . initial population surveys for the mindanao scops owl ( otus mirus ) were conducted in 2011 in baluno , pasonanca national park , with biology students from western mindanao state university . these collaborations with academic institutions were also part of pbcfi\u2019s efforts to build capacity among locals to conduct basic research .\nc . 25 cm . round - headed , white - throated owl with only short filamentous extensions on ear - coverts , most of plumage looks rather evenly barred with dark brown and buff to tawny . . .\noriginal description : rasmussen , p . c . , allen , d . n . s . , collar , n . j . , demeulemeester , b . , hutchinson , r . o . , jakosalem , p . g . , kennedy , r . s . , lambert , f . r . and paguntalan , l . m . 2012 . vocal divergence and new species in the philippine hawk owl ninox philippensis complex . forktail 28 : p . 1 - 20 .\nfjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2018 ) . camiguin boobook ( ninox leventisi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n\u201cmore than 15 years ago , we realized that new subspecies of ninox hawk - owls existed in the philippines , \u201d she said . \u201cbut it wasn\u2019t until last year that we obtained enough recordings that we could confirm that they were not just subspecies , but two new species of owls . \u201d\nmore than 15 years ago , we realized that new subspecies of ninox hawk - owls existed in the philippines ,\nzoologist pam rasmussen , of michigan state university ( msu ) , said in a statement .\nbut it wasn ' t until last year that we obtained enough recordings that we could confirm that they were not just subspecies , but two new species of owls .\nexamination of photos using flash and without flash and where the two eyes of an individual owl are at different angles to a light source demonstrates that the eye colour is yellow and that the bluish colouration illustrated here is in fact an artifact or reflection of artifical light . see urltoken for an example of a photo taken without flash and other recent photos on the internet .\ntap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you .\nthe owls don ' t learn their songs , which are genetically programmed in their dna and are used to attract mates or defend their territory ; so if they ' re very different , they must be new species ,\nrasmussen explained in a statement from msu .\nwhen we first heard the songs of both owls , we were amazed because they were so distinctly different that we realized they were new species .\nfollow livescience on twitter @ livescience . we ' re also on facebook & google + .\ncopyright 2012 livescience , a techmedianetwork company . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or redistributed .\nfirst - person essays , features , interviews and q & as ; about life today .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmikkola , heimo . 2013 .\nowls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )\n. bloomsbury .\nrecently described species , differing from n . philippensis and other close congeners ( see n . philippensis ) in plumage and morphometrics , grey to whitish eyes and , especially , voice # r . monotypic .\nvery low - pitched , typically short strophes repeated after brief pauses , with many rapid , irregular . . .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . likely to be at risk . type collected in jun 1968 . forest now restricted to only the . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\naffinities of many species in this genus are uncertain ; research required in order to clarify relationships .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\na multinational team of ornithologists has discovered two new species of owls in the philippines .\n\u201cthe discovery , which is featured in the current issue of forktail , the journal of asian ornithology , took years to confirm , but it was well worth the effort , \u201d said lead author dr pam rasmussen of the michigan state university\u2019s museum .\nannouncing the finding of a single bird is rare enough . but the discovery of two new bird species in a single paper is so rare that rasmussen and the other researchers couldn\u2019t recall the last time it happened .\ndespite being so close geographically to related owls on mindanao , it has quite different physical characteristics and voice . at night , it gives a long solo song that builds in intensity , with a distinctive low growling tone . pairs of owls give short barking duets that start with a growl . they also are the only owls to have blue - gray eyes .\n\u201cthe owls don\u2019t learn their songs , which are genetically programmed in their dna and are used to attract mates or defend their territory ; so if they\u2019re very different , they must be new species , \u201d dr rasmussen explained . \u201cwhen we first heard the songs of both owls , we were amazed because they were so distinctly different that we realized they were new species . \u201d\nthe owls have avoided recognition as distinct species for so long because the group shows complex variation in appearance that had been poorly studied , and their songs were unknown . both islands are off the beaten path for ornithologists and birders , who usually visit the larger islands that host more bird species .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhighly distinctive vocally , and will be treated as new species in forthcoming analysis ( rasmussen et al . ms )\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 189 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nour vision is the long - term conservation of the philippines\u2019 native and endemic wildlife and natural habitats for the benefit of future generations of all peoples who may inhabit and share the natural resources of the country .\nmanila office 3a star pavilion apts . 519 alonso st . malate , manila 1004 philippines tel & fax : ( + 63 ) 2 522 4505 bacolod office ( hq ) nfefi compound south capitol road bacolod city 6100 philippines tel : ( + 63 ) 34 4358209 fax : ( + 63 ) 433 9234\nto enhance and enable the conservation of the philippines unique and threatened environment , biodiversity and natural resources into perpetuity , through the establishment of integrated biodiversity conservation and development programs particularly conservation breeding , that include dissemination of knowledge , management practices and the active participation and collaboration of relevant stakeholders , particularly those who are dependent upon the natural resources of the region .\nall content and design \u00a9 2014 by philippines biodiversity conservation foundation , inc . managed by <\ntarget =\n_ blank\n>"]}
{"id": 2435, "summary": [{"text": "pteraster militaris , the wrinkled star , is a species of starfish in the family pterasteridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the northern pacific ocean , the arctic ocean , the barents sea and the northern atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pteraster militaris", "paragraphs": ["katie gale set\npteraster militaris\nas an exemplar on\npteraster militaris ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 )\n.\nworms - world register of marine species - pteraster militaris ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 )\nbrooding biology of the sea star pteraster militaris ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) : energetic and histological evidence for nutrient translocation to brooded juveniles\npteraster militaris has longer arms and a softer , more wrinkled skin than its close relative , pteraster tesselatus . the fans of marginal spines on adjoining mouth plates are not joined together by a continuous membrane as in p . tesse\nbrooding biology of the sea star pteraster militaris ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) : energetic and histological evidence for nutrient translocation to brooded juveniles - sciencedirect\nkatie gale marked the classification from\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\nas preferred for\npteraster militaris ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 )\n.\nsimilar species : pteraster pulvillus is similar but has shorter arms and 8 - 15 branches on the spines supporting the paxillae .\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . pteraster militaris ( o f m\u00fcller , 1776 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\nto barcode of life ( 10 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) ( from synonym pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 175 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 28 publications ) ( from synonym asterias militaris o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 16 nucleotides ; 10 proteins ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym asterias militaris o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) to pesi ( from synonym pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 48 records ) to itis\nthe color of p . militaris is white , pale yellow or orange . it has five , sometimes red - tipped , arms . a third member of this family , p . obscurus has 6 - 8 arms .\ntypical for the pterasteridae family members are the spined papillae on the dorsal side . a soft skin is covering the spines , giving the surface of these sea stars a untidy , bumpy appearance . there are two to five spines on each papilla , in contrast to the similar , but smaller , pteraster pulvillus , on which the papillae have 8 - 15 spines . p . militaris may reach a diameter of 85 mm , while p . pulvillus does not exceed 40 mm .\n( of pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) ludwig , h . ( 1886 ) . echinodermen des beringsmeeres . zoologischer anzeiger . bd 1 ( 1886 ) : 275 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 293 [ details ]\n( of asterias militaris o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) m\u00fcller , o . f . ( 1776 ) . zoologiae danicae prodromus : seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres , nomina , et synonyma imprimis popularium . hafniae , typiis hallageriis . 1 - 274 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 234 [ details ]\n( of asteriscus militaris ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) ) m\u00fcller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 44 [ details ]\n( of pteraster aporus ludwig , 1886 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of asterias militaris o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pterasterides aporus ( ludwig , 1886 ) ) ludwig , h . ( 1886 ) . echinodermen des beringsmeeres . zoologischer anzeiger . bd 1 ( 1886 ) : 275 - 296 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 293 [ details ]\nhansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbrunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlinkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ; downey , m . e . ( 1992 ) . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman & hall identification guides , 3 . chapman & hall . london , uk . isbn 0 - 412 - 43280 - 3 . xxvi , 794 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsouthward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npawson , d . l . , d . j . vance , c . g . messing , f . a . solis - marin & c . l . mah . ( 2009 ) . echinodermata of the gulf of mexico . pp . 1177\u20131204 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college s . [ details ]\ntrott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nm\u00fcller , j . and troschel , f . h . ( 1842 ) . system der asteriden . 1 . asteriae . 2 . ophiuridae . vieweg : braunschweig . xxx + 134 pp . 12 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 128 [ details ]\ndilman a . b . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . asteroidea . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 25\u201342 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is a circumpolar species , found in the arctic as well as the northern parts of the pacific and atlantic ocean , as far south as the north sea and new foundland .\nclassification from world register of marine species ( worms ) selected by katie gale - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nextracted from sea stars of british columbia , southeast alaska and puget sound by philip lambert .\nthe aboral side of body is inflated and the oral side flat . a supra dorsal membrane supported by the spines of the paxillae covers the true aboral surface to create a nidamental chamber . in the centre of this membrane is a large opening ( osculum ) . many smaller spiracles pierce the rest of the membrane . on each side of the ambulacral furrow is a wide actinolateral membrane supported by long spines ; between the spines are small holes , each guarded by an operculum , which lead to the nidamental chamber ; water enters here and is expelled through the osculum . no oral intermediate plates .\nclick on the image below to view an expanded illustration for this taxon . if more than one illustration is available for a species ( e . g . , two subspecies may be illustrated ) then links to the separate images will be provided below .\ncircumboreal ; in the north pacific , from the bering sea to northern oregon and to the sea of japan ; in the north atlantic , on the norwegian coast and to cape cod , u . s . a . found at depths of 10 to 1100 metres , usually on mud , but in less than 30 metres on rocky substrates . in the arctic , it is found on rock and a mixture of rock and mud .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken\nasteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters , part 1 . phanerozonia and spinulosa\ndescription : small starfish with short arms . the spines at the edges of the arms are webbed together by a membrane . colour reported to vary from white through yellow to red . up to 15cm in diameter .\ndistribution : northern north sea , in more than 100m . possible record from 36m , ross - shire . widespread in the arctic to southern norway .\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n: advances in fish science and technology , pp 86\u2013103 . ed . by j . j . connell , farnham , surrey , england : fishing news books ltd . 1980\n: biochemical and physiological approaches to shellfish nutrition . proceedings of second international conference on aquaculture nutrition . in press . ( 1983 )\nackman , r . g . and c . a . eaton : some contemporary applications of open - tubular gas liquid chromatography in analyses of methyl esters of longer chain fatty acids . fette seifen anstr - mittel\nackman , r . g . and j . mclachlan : fatty acids in some nova scotian marine seaweeds . a survey for octadecapentaeonoic and other biochemically novel fatty acids . proc . trans . nova scotian inst . sci .\nackman , r . g . , c . s . tocher and j . mclachlan : marine phytoplankter fatty acids . j . fish . res . bd can .\nbergmann , w . and h . a . standbury : contributions to the study of marine products . xiv . astrol . j . org . chem .\nbrody , j . : fishery by - products technology , 232 pp . westport connecticut : avi publishing co . inc . 1965\nchristie , w . w . : lipid analysis , 338 pp . oxford : pergamon press 1973\nchuecas , l . and j . p . riley : the component fatty acids of the lipids of some marine phytoplankton species . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\nfalk - petersen , i . - b . : reproductive and biochemical studies of the asteroid\nfalk - petersen , i . - b . and j . r . sargent : reproduction of asteroids from balsfjorden , northern norway : analyses of lipids in the gonads of\nferguson , j . c . : the annual cycle of fatty acid composition in a starfish . comp . biochem . physiol .\nfolch , j . , m . lees and g . h . sloane - stanley : a simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues . j . biol . chem .\ngunstone , f . d . : an introduction to the chemistry and biochemistry of fatty acids and their glycerides , 209 pp . london : chapman & hall ltd . 1967\ngurr , m . i . and a . t . james : lipid biochemistry : an introduction , 247 pp . london and new york : chapman & hall 1980\njohns , r . b . , p . d . nichols and g . j . perry : fatty acid composition of ten marine algae from australian waters . phytochem .\nkarnovsky , m . l . and a . f . brumm : studies on naturally occurring glyceryl ethers . j . biol . chem .\nkozhina , v . p . t . a . terekhova and v . i . svetachev : lipid composition of gametes and embryos of the sea urchin\nliefkens , w . , j . j . boon and j . w . de leeuw : on the occurrence of alkyl - and alk - 1 - enyl - diacylglycerides in the lugworm\nmorris , r . j . and f . culkin : marine lipids : analytical techniques and fatty acids ester analyses . oceanogr . mar . biol . a . rev .\nmalins , d . c . , j . c . wekell and c . r . houle : composition of the diacylglyceryl ethers and triglycerides of the flesh and liver of the dogfish (\nmetzman , m . s . , a . mastroianni and j . f . strauss : fatty acid composition of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of the sea urchin\nninno , r . e . , m . a . p . de torrengo , j . c . castuma and r . r . brenner : specificity of 5 - and 6 - fatty acid desaturases in rat and fish . biochim . biophys . acta\nparadis , m . and r . g . ackman : potential for employing the distribution of anomalous non - methylene - interrupted dienoic fatty acids in several marine invertebrates as part of food web studies . lipids\npascal , j . - c . and r . g . ackman : long chain monoethylenic alcohol and acid isomers in lipids of copepods and capelin . chemy phys . lipids\nrodegker , w . and j . c . nevenzel : the fatty acid composition of three marine invertebrates . comp . biochem . physiol .\nsargent , j . r . : the structure , metabolism and function of lipids in marine organisms .\n: biochemical and biophysical perspectives in marine biology , vol . 3 . pp 149\u2013212 . ed . by d . c . malins and j . r . sargent . london : academic press 1976\nsargent , j . r . : ether - linked glycerides in marine animals .\n: marine biogenic lipids , fats and oils , ed . by r . g . ackman , cleveland , ohio : c . r . c . press inc . ( in press ) . ( 1983 )\nsargent , j . r . and k . j . whittle : lipids and hydrocarbons in the marine food web .\n: analysis of marine ecosystems , pp 491\u2013533 . ed . by a . r . longhurst . london : academic press 1981\nshaw , n . : lipid composition as a guide to classification of bacteria .\n: advances in applied microbiology , vol . 17 . pp 63\u2013109 . ed . by d . perlman , new york : academic press 1974\nsnyder , f . : enzymatic systems that synthesize and degrade glycerolipids possessing ether bonds . adv . lipid res .\ntakagi , t . , c . a . eaton and r . g . ackman : distribution of fatty acids in lipids of the common sea urchin\ntodd , d . and g . p . rizzi : biochemistry of the \u03b1 - glyceryl ethers . i . distribution in mammalian tissues and in starfish . proc . soc . exp . biol . med .\nsargent , j . r . , falk - petersen , i . b . & calder , a . g . marine biology ( 1983 ) 72 : 257 . urltoken\nboolootian , r . a . : physiology of echinodermata , 822 pp . new york : interscience publishers 1966\ndor\u00e9e , c . : the occurrence and distribution of cholesterol and related bodies in the animal kingdom . biochem . j .\neilertsen , h . chr . , s . falk - petersen , c . c . e . hopkins and k . tande : ecological investigations on the plankton community of balsfjorden , northern norway . program for the project , study area , topography and physical environment . sarsia\nfalk - petersen , i . b . : reproductive and biochemical studies of the asteroid\nfewster , m . e . , b . j . burns and j . f . mead : quantitative densitometric thin - layer chromatography of lipids using copper acetate reagent . j . chromat .\nkossel , a . und s . edlbacher : beitr\u00e4ge zur chemischen kenntnis der echinodermen . hoppe - seyler ' s z . physiol . chem .\nlee , r . f . and j . hirota : wax esters in tropical zooplankton and nekton and the geogranhical distribution of wax esters in marine copepods . limnol . oceanogr .\nlee , r . f . , j . hirota and a . m . barnett : distribution and importance of wax esters in marine copepods and other zooplankton . deep - sea res .\nlee , r . f . , j . c . nevenzel and a . lewis : lipid changes during the life cycle of marine copepod\nmalins , d . c . and u . varanasi : the ether bond in marine lipids .\n: ether lipids , chemistry and biology , pp 297\u2013312 . ed . by f . snyder . new york and london : academic press 1972\nmalins , d . c . , j . c . wekell and c . r . houl\u00e9 : composition of the diacylglyceryl ethers and triglycerides of the fish and liver of the dog fish (\nsargent , j . r . : the structure , function and metabolism of lipids in marine organisms .\n: biochemical and biophysical perspectives in marine biology , vol . 3 . pp 150\u2013212 . ed . by d . c . malins and j . r . sargent . london : academic press 1976\n: marine biogenic lipids , fats and oils . ed . by r . g . ackman . cleveland , ohio , c . r . c . press inc . 1982 . ( in press )\nsargent , j . r . , r . r . gatten , e . d . s . corner and c . c . kilvington : on the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton . xl . lipids in\nsargent , j . r . , r . f . lee and j . c . nevenzel : marine waxes .\n: chemistry and biochemistry of natural waxes , pp 50\u201391 . ed . by p . e . kolattukudy . amsterdam : elsevier 1976\nshick , j . m . , k . c . edwards and j . h . dearborn : physiological ecology of the deposit - feeding sea star\n: ciliated surfaces and animal - sediment interactions . mar . ecol . prog . ser .\nshick , j . m . , w . f . taylor and a . n . lamb : reproduction and genetic variation in the deposit - feeding sea star\nsloan , n . a . : aspects of the feeding biology of asteroids . oceanogr . mar . biol . a . rev .\nl . in morecambe bay , lancashire , england . j . nat . hist .\nvaver , v . a . , n . a . pisavera and l . d . bergelson : diol lipids , xxl : the high ethyleneglycol content of marine invertebrate lipids . chem . phys . lipids\nvaver , v . a . , n . a . pisavera b . v . rosynov , a . n . ushakov and l . d . bergelson . diol lipids , xx . alkyl and alk - l - enyl ethers of ethanediols in lipids of starfish . chem . phys . lipids\nfalk - petersen , ib . & sargent , j . r . mar . biol . ( 1982 ) 69 : 291 . urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent addresse : d . j . mcclary , department of zoology and portobello marine laboratory , university of otago , po box 8 , portobello , new zealand .\npresent addresse : p . v . mladenov , marine science and aquaculture research centre and portobello marine laboratory , university of otago , po box 56 , dunedin , new zealand .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ngray from the gulf of elat , red sea . cah . biol . mar . 14 : 547\u2013553\nanderson , j . m . ( 1966 ) . aspects of nutritional physiology . in : boolootian , r . a . ( ed . ) physiology of echinodermata . interscience publishers , new york p . 329\u2013357\nboolootian , r . a . : reproductive cycles ( 1966 ) . in : boolootian , r . a . ( ed . ) physiology of echinodermata . interscience publishers , new york , p . 561\u2013613\nchapman , d . m . ( 1977 ) . eriochrome cyanin as a substitute for haematoxylin and eosin . can . j . med . technol . 39 : 65\u201366\nemson , r . h . , wilkie , i . c . ( 1980 ) . fission and autotomy in echinoderms . oceanogr . mar . biol . a . rev . 18 : 155\u2013250\nforgeron , f . d . ( 1959 ) . temperature and salinity in the quoddy region . manuscr . rep . ser . fish . res . bd can . ( atlantic oceanographic group , st . andrews , new brunswick ) 1 : 1\u201323 + appendices\ngaligher , a . e . , kozloff , e . n . ( 1971 ) . essentials of practical microtechniques . lea & febiger , philadelphia\ngeise , a . c . , pearse , j . s . ( 1974 ) . introduction : general principles . in : geise , a . c . , pearse , j . s . ( eds . ) reproduction of marine invertebrates . i . academic press , new york , p . 9\ngrant , a . , tyler , p . a . ( 1983a ) . the analysis of data in studies of invertebrate reproduction . i : introduction and statistical analysis of gonad and maturity indices . int . j . invertebrate reprod . ( amsterdam ) . 6 : 259\u2013269\ngrant , a . , tyler , p . a . ( 1983b ) . the analysis of data in studies of invertebrate reproduction . ii : analysis of oocyte size / frequency data and comparison of different types of data . int . j . invertebrate reprod . ( amsterdam ) . 6 : 271\u2013283\n( stimpson ) : somatic maintenance comes before reproduction . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 48 : 169\u2013183\nin block island sound . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 162 : 273\u2013289\nhumason , g . l . ( 1981 ) . animal tissue techniques . w . h . freeman , san francisco\nkanatani , h . ( 1969 ) . induction of spawning and oocyte maturation by l - methyladenine in starfishes . expl cell res . 57 : 333\u2013337 ( 1969 )\nwith a note on male - on - female superposition . annotnes zool . jap . 56 : 189\u2013195\nlawrence , j . m . ( 1987 ) . a functional biology of echinoderms . johns hopkins university press , baltimore\nlist , r . j . ( 1963 ) . smithsonian meteorological tables . sixth revised ed . smithsonian institution . washington\n. in : burke , r . d . , mladenov , p . v . , lambert , p . , parseley , r . l . ( eds . ) echinoderm biology . balkema , rotterdam , p . 163\u2013168\nmenge , j . l . , menge , b . a . ( 1974 ) . role of resource allocation , aggression and spatial heterogeneity in coexistence of two competing intertidal starfish . ecol . monogr . 44 : 189\u2013209\n. pubbl . staz . zool . napoli ( i : mar . ecol . ) 8 : 313\u2013325\nmurdoch , j . h . ( 1984 ) . breeding patterns of two species of northwestern atlantic sea cucumbers ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) . honours thesis . mount allison university , sackville , canada\nnimitz , sister m . a . ( 1971 ) . histochemical study of gut nutrient reserves in relation to reproduction and nutrition in the sea stars\nfrom the rockall trough . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 65 : 195\u2013211\npantin , c . f . a . ( 1946 ) . notes on microscopical technique for zoologists . cambridge university press , cambridge\nkoehler , a common antarctic asteroid . phd dissertation , stanford university , stanford , california\npearse , j . s . , beauchamp , k . a . ( 1986 ) . photoperiodic regulation of feeding and reproduction in a brooding sea star from central california . int . j . invertebrate reprod . dev . ( amsterdam ) 9 : 289\u2013297\npearse , j . s . , mcclary , d . j . , sewell , m . a . , austin , w . c . , perez - ruzafa , a . byrne , m . ( 1988 ) . simultaneous spawnings of six species of echinoderms in barkley sound , british columbia . int . j . invertebrate reprod . dev . ( amsterdam ) . 14 : 279\u2013288\npennington , j . t . ( 1985 ) . the ecology of fertilization of echinoid eggs : the consequences of sperm dilution , adult aggregation and synchronous spawning . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 169 : 417\u2013430\n( fisher ) , in the monterey bay region . ph . d . dissertation . stanford university , stanford , california\nstrathmann , r . r . , strathmann , m . f . ( 1982 ) . the relationship between adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates . am . nat . 119 : 91\u2013101\nfrom the rockall trough . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 62 : 869\u2013887\nwalker , c . w . ( 1980 ) . spermatogenic columns , somatic cells and the microenvironment of germinal cells in the testes of asteroids . j . morph . 166 : 81\u2013107\nwalker , c . w . ( 1982 ) . nutrition of gametes . in : jangoux , m . , lawrence , j . m . ( eds . ) echinoderm nutrition . balkema , rotterdam , p . 449\u2013636\nzar , j . h . ( 1981 ) . biostatistical analysis . prentice - hall inc . , englewood cliffs , new jersey"]}
{"id": 2436, "summary": [{"text": "xerocrassa homeyeri is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to the balearic island of mallorca in spain . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "xerocrassa homeyeri", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define xerocrassa homeyeri in a sentence and how is the word xerocrassa homeyeri used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528xerocrassa homeyeri\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528xerocrassa homeyeri\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528xerocrassa homeyeri\u9020\u53e5 , xerocrassa homeyeri meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ndohrn , h . & heynemann , f . d . 1862 . zur kenntniss der molluskenfauna der balearen . - malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter 9 ( 3 ) : 99 - 111 . cassel .\nshell bluish or yellowish white , flat on the upper side , with two rows of brown spots on the upper side and two reddish brown colour bands on the lower side , densely striated , last whorl broader than precedent whorls , with a sharp and serrated keel , lower side irregularly convex , aperture inside with a strong white lip , umbilicus wide and perspectivical , 1 / 4 of diameter . keeled populations of xcr . frater are more coarsely ribbed , their umbilicus is narrower .\nin coniferous forests with some bottom vegetation , also in more open habitats in shrubland vegetation .\nreferences : westerlund 1889 : 329 , graack 2005 : 31 , beckmann 2007 : 101 , urltoken ( 3 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 523 ( range map ) .\nbank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2440, "summary": [{"text": "gentlemen ( foaled 1992 ) is an argentinian thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was the champion three-year-old colt in argentina and then raced successfully in the united states . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "gentlemen ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["but , according to conventional wisdom , entering gentlemen in the classic wasn ' t good horse sense .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for gentlemen . gentlemen is a gelding born in 2012 october 7 by bernardini out of god love it\nfort apache ( 1948 ) - - ( movie clip ) gentlemen , this . . .\ni asked hubbard the other day what he was thinking when gentlemen finally crossed the finish line .\nthey ' re no gentlemen you want the read moral of war horse ? : never trust a pale , thin man . like the gentlemen from buffy they will steal your hearts ( or your horses ) and leave you for dead . how . . .\nalthough gentlemen ' s trainer , richard mandella , believed the odds of his horse winning were much better than that , not even he dared push for the classic .\nthe current race record for gentlemen is 1 wins from 25 starts with prizemoney of $ 643 , 950 . 00 .\na horse is a horse ( of course , of course ) yep , war horse is told from the point of view of a horse . namely joey ,\na spindly - looking half - thoroughbred colt\n( 1 . 2 ) . talk about an interesting narrative . . .\nagain , if they agreed to the suggestions it would be casting a slur on the ladies and gentlemen who subscribed for the fountain .\nthe training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .\nthat ' s easy to figure . i mean , who would you rather deal with - - al davis and the other nfl owners or gentlemen ?\nsewell , anna .\npart 3 , chapter 32 : a horse fair .\nit was a victory for the sport of horse racing over the horse racing business . if there was an eclipse award for brass , hubbard would have won it hands down .\nthe horse stands 16 hands 2 inches and the figure of the soldier is life size .\nthe horse memorial was used as a backdrop for a motor car ad in the 1950s .\nsewell , a . ( 1870 ) . part 3 , chapter 32 : a horse fair .\nan early view of the horse memorial with the old howitzer and artillery memorial in the background .\nwhen the horse memorial was originally built , it was intended that water be supplied for horses .\ngentlemen\u2019s bet , a major stakes winner of $ 744 , 155 while racing for his owner , harry t . rosenblum , has been retired to stud and will stand the 2018 breeding season at brent and crystal fernung\u2019s journeyman stud in ocala , florida . gentlemen\u2019s bet was a winner in 5 of his first 6 starts and 7 races overall . among [ \u2026 ]\nso , with that as the book on hubbard , no one at churchill downs for last year ' s breeders ' cup should have gasped when he entered his best horse , gentlemen , in the day ' s most prestigious race , the classic . yet , almost everyone did .\nbrown ( br ) \u2013 a horse registered as brown will also have a brown mane and tail .\nbrent and crystal fernung\u2019s journeyman stud , located in ocala , fla . , has set breeding fees for their 2018 stallion roster featuring new stallion gentlemen\u2019s bet . a multiple grade 1 - placed earner of $ 744 , 155 , gentlemen\u2019s bet won six of 11 starts during his racing career with victories in the hot springs stakes and frank j . de francis memorial [ \u2026 ]\nthat would have been all he won . gentlemen started bleeding early in the race , a malady he encountered during another race earlier in the year , and smartly shut down , finishing last .\nhorse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .\nto use a figure of speech , he begged to say that mrs meyer had worked like a horse .\nroan ( ro ) \u2013 a roan horse has an even mixture of white hairs mixed in with another colour .\ngeorge slender george slender is a roap - accredited steward with the california horse racing board and over the last 43 years has officiated at every track in california , working thoroughbred , quarter horse and all - breeds fair race meets . from 1959 to 1972 , george , a former horse trainer , held positions as placing judge , paddock judge , horse identifier and starter . he was recently inducted into the santa rosa junior college sports hall of fame .\nafter they had run one mile , with just a quarter - mile to go , gentlemen stretched his lead to two lengths . skip away was next , five lengths over running stag . but after switching from the inside to the outside , wagon limit was now running fourth . and as the two old warriors struggled to finish their fight in the stretch , wagon limit came flying past skip away and finally past gentlemen .\nreflecting on the reasons for great horses like skip away and gentlemen to get upset at times , jerkens said : ' ' it ' s awfully hard for a horse to be at his best at all times . i ' ve always thought a horse should be at his best 75 to 80 percent of the time . and he ' ll always have an off - day . both horses came back to him after killing each other . ' '\nhe was still running last halfway through the race while gentlemen , the 6 - year - old argentine star , was setting a brisk pace with skip away right at his heels . skip away had a brief lead after the first quarter - mile . but gentlemen poked his head in front after half a mile . and he widened his lead to half a length after they had dueled for three - quarters of a mile .\nas they crossed the line , it was wagon limit by 5 1 / 2 lengths over gentlemen , who had 4 3 / 4 lengths on skip away , with running stag , fire king and pacificbounty strung out behind .\nfrance galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de sport de france , and the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sportive d\u2019encouragement .\nthe wiser decision would have been to pay a $ 200 , 000 supplemental fee into the $ 1 - million breeders ' cup mile , in which gentlemen would have been a clear favorite . the classic had a bigger purse - - the biggest ever , in fact - - at $ 4 , 689 , 920 . but it also had a much steeper supplemental fee , $ 800 , 000 , and gentlemen figured to go off at no better than 6 - 1 .\nin france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of\n\u201ci don ' t think the sport loses anything . if anything the sport gained fans who watched this horse , \u201d mitchell said .\ntopthorn is everything you would look for in a horse\u2014or a sports car : a\nshining black stallion\n( 5 . 16 ) and\nan eight - horsepower horse\n( 5 . 19 ) . he and joey become bffs through circumstance ( topth . . .\n\u201cthis is our second year of recognizing horse racing stewards for their dedication and contributions to our great sport , \u201d said roap chairman hugh gallagher . \u201cthis lady and these four gentlemen have excelled as career racing officials by bringing integrity , consistency and a commitment to a level playing field for all horsemen and women . their passion and professional performance are great examples for stewards throughout the country . \u201d\nknowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the\nthe scene at goff\u2019s horse sale yesterday was described as \u2018extraordinary\u2019 as a thoroughbred montjeu colt sold for a whopping \u20ac2 , 850 , 000 .\n\u2026from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state\u2019s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 \u201cto\u2026\nthen then was the horse called ' event of the year , ' which could have turned into the ' event of his career ' in 1998 . the best ride baze had ever been given in the kentucky derby , the horse went lame just a week before the prestigious race .\na discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .\nthere are seven different official colours for racehorses\u2026 you can see the abbreviations for each colour below in the racecard on raceday next to each horse .\n\u201chis legacy now is everyone ' s looking forward again when his foals are born , how successful they are going to be , can he sire a triple crown winner himself . in the horse business you ' re always looking forward for the next big horse , \u201d calder pointed out .\namerican pharoah is not only horse racing ' s ruler , but he ' s king of the court at the buckingham palace of thoroughbred horse farms , ashford stud near versailles , ky , just minutes from keeneland , where pharoah\u2019s career ended in october 2015 with the breeder ' s cup victory .\nno doubt a horse fair is a very amusing place to those who have nothing to lose ; at any rate , there is plenty to see .\nfrom 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse\u2019s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the\nhorse whisperer joey tells us early on that\nonly one man was ever [ his ] master\n( 1 . 3 ) and not in a kinky fifty shades kind of way , either . good thing , since he ' s a horse . joey and albert ' s relation . . .\nthere was a great deal of bargaining , of running up and beating down ; and if a horse may speak his mind so far as he understands , i should say there were more lies told and more trickery at that horse fair than a clever man could give an account of . i was put with two or three other strong , useful - looking horses , and a good many people came to look at us . the gentlemen always turned from me when they saw my broken knees ; though the man who had me swore it was only a slip in the stall .\nhe talked it over with his few partners , and the consensus was that gentlemen , a 6 - year - old argentine bred with victories in the hollywood gold cup and pacific classic , deserved one last chance before retiring to prove himself against the likes of skip away and silver charm .\n' ' favorite trick was a part of history , ' ' byrne said with feeling , explaining again why he would surrender the horse of the year . ' ' i loved him . but i was faced with a decision that i had to make . that ' s what horse racing is all about . ' '\nhis work ethic is amazing and he ' s never changed that ,\nsays long - term agent ray harris when asked about the secrets of baze ' s success .\nhe ' s one of the greatest gentlemen and emissaries for the game in the history of the sport .\n\u2014involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article\nthey were arabian horses , imported into england between the late 17th and early 18th century by gentlemen who wanted to breed better racehorses . when they bred with britain\u2019s native , heavier horses , they produced offspring who were much faster , but still had great stamina \u2013 they were the very first \u2018thoroughbred\u2019 racehorses .\ncolourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey\u2019s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .\n( 2011\u201312 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events\u2014augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public\u2014contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .\nafter a few years , the cross - country reproduction tour began to take its toll on the horse . eclipse became \u201cvery decrepit and foundered in his feet . \u201d he was ferried around in what may have been the first horse box , a four - wheeled carriage drawn by two other horses , with snacks and refreshments for the ride .\nhe\u2019s gone from the racetrack and the record crowds , but at blood horse magazine in lexington , editor - in - chief eric mitchell says he ' s still important .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nthe famous horse memorial used to stand on an island in rink street , at st georges park , before it was moved to it ' s present location in cape road .\ncandy ride ' s beyer speed figure of 123 for the 2003 pacific classic ( usa - i ) was the highest figure for any horse running in the united states that year .\nsecretariart still holds the race records for each leg of the triple crown , and was a slightly bigger horse than pharoah . calder says the legend of secretariat has swelled the crowds .\nbut while skip away was racing gentlemen and other world - class horses in new york this fall , awesome again was winning the hawthorne gold cup in his prep race for the breeders ' cup . the critics , reviewing his year at the races , tended to ask : whom did he beat ? he answered their doubts today .\nthe winner of the belmont , the first horse to win the triple crown in 37 years , is now rolling in the mud in the mornings and still the hottest ticket in kentucky .\nskip away ' s nine - race winning streak and his march on racing ' s money record were both broken yesterday when he and gentlemen were run down in the muddy homestretch by the 34 - 1 long shot wagon limit , who streaked past them to win the $ 1 million jockey club gold cup by 5 1 / 2 lengths .\nthat ' s right , the hard charging three - year - old on the track , according to stallion manager richard barry , is , well , \u201che\u2019s as quiet as a lamb , never done anything bad he ' s a pure gentlemen to be around . he ' s a very good boy . compared to the rest of them , he\u2019s a saint ! \u201d\nbut silver charm did not help himself as they raced the final furlong spread across the track . gary stevens , his rider , thought the horse drifted to the outside because swain , the leading horse from europe , also had made a wide turn . ' ' and here comes awesome again inside , ' ' stevens said , ' ' and i don ' t think silver charm ever saw him . ' '\nthe 1760s and 1770s were some of the louchest years in britain\u2019s history . one woman in five made a living selling sex . gambling was similarly rife through every level of society . at its tamest , this involved cock fighting and horse racing . when a man collapsed outside the posh gentlemen\u2019s club brooks , members staked money on whether or not he was dead . even high - society women were involved . those with no other income , david g . schwartz writes in roll the bones : the history of gambling , \u201csometimes allowed their houses to be turned into gambling houses . \u201d\nhorse racing is one of the oldest of all sports , and its basic concept has undergone virtually no change over the centuries . it developed from a primitive contest of speed or stamina between two horses into a spectacle involving large fields of runners , sophisticated electronic monitoring equipment , and immense sums of money , but its essential feature has always been the same : the horse that finishes first is the winner . in the modern era , horse racing developed from a diversion of the leisure class into a huge public - entertainment business . by the first decades of the 21st century , however , the sport\u2019s popularity had shrunk considerably .\n\u201che is pretty unique for a stallion . he ' s very laid back . yeah , he ' s unflappable really , he ' s an easy horse to have around the place , \u201d he said .\nthe price not only represents the highest for a yearling in the northern hemisphere this year , it is also the second highest price ever in ireland . the winning bidder for the expensive horse was mv magnier .\n\u2026out of town for the horse races\u2014as they do by the thousands in june for the derby on epsom downs and the royal week at ascot near windsor and in july for the goodwood races in west sussex . \u2026\nbarbara borden first licensed as a steward in 1993 , barb borden currently serves as a roap - accredited steward in kentucky . she has been a steward at keeneland , churchill downs , turfway park , ellis park , kentucky downs , bluegrass downs , and dueling grounds . borden has held numerous racing official positions including licensing administrator , detention barn assistant , horse identifier and kentucky thoroughbred development fund administrator . borden participates on the license review , rules and regulations and safety and integrity committees of the kentucky horse racing commission . an accomplished horsewoman , barb is a staunch advocate for thoroughbred aftercare and sits on the board of the horse rescue group , second stride .\nother than joey and topthorn , most of the horses in war horse are pretty flat characters . but they serve to show that , just like people , different horses have different personalities . zoeykind old z . . .\nhis first win came a few months later , on a horse trained by his father , a former jockey himself , and the total prize money that baze has since accumulated stands at a staggering us $ 186 million .\ndone ,\nsaid the salesman ;\nand you may depend upon it there ' s a monstrous deal of quality in that horse , and if you want him for cab work he ' s a bargain .\nas he did , the classic was ending in high drama . awesome again crossed the line less than one length in front of silver charm , the winner of last year ' s kentucky derby , who won second place by the length of his neck over the 6 - year - old irish horse swain . and swain finished third by a nose over victory gallop , who won this year ' s belmont stakes . at the far end of the scale , the 6 - year - old argentine champion gentlemen suffered pulmonary bleeding , was eased up by his rider , corey nakatani , and finished last in the final race of his career .\nthe unveiling of the famous horse memorial in february , 1905 . the statue used to stand on an island in rink street , near st georges park , before it was moved to it ' s present location in cape road .\nrelics of the legendary horse were coveted after his death . bits of his body began to materialize around the country , like pieces of the true cross . and , there were far more pieces of his anatomy circulating that could have belonged to a single horse ( not unlike bits of the true cross ) . there were , at one point , six eclipse skeletons knocking around , and nine \u201cauthentic\u201d hooves , some of which were repurposed as trophies and inkstands .\nin 1769 , o\u2019kelly bought the horse in two installments of 450 and 1100 guineas ( a guinea was one pound , one shilling ) . by that point , o\u2019kelly had already begun to clamber up the british social and economic ladder .\n' ' i ' m ready to cry , but i won ' t , ' ' said sonny hine , the trainer of skip away , who won nine straight races before losing the last two . ' ' i feel really bad about the horse . i thought he broke a step too slowly and , by the time they reached the first turn , i knew they were in trouble . i am disappointed for the horse . he gave me plenty . ' '\na nicholl for your thoughtsmorpurgo ' s author ' s note introduces us to nicholls as though he ' s a historical figure who painted a picture of a forgotten war hero : joey the horse . note to shmoopers : th . . .\nthe third traditional sport , horse racing , is in many ways the most exciting . young boys and girls race cross - country over various distances up to 20 miles ( 32 km ) , depending on the ages of their mares and geldings . \u2026\n. horse racing , both of chariots and of mounted riders , was a well - organized public entertainment in the roman empire . the history of organized racing in other ancient civilizations is not very firmly established . presumably , organized racing began in such countries as\nin a brief but brilliant career , candy ride became a champion in his native argentina and proved himself a top - flight racehorse in the united states . in spite of this , he retired to stud with modest expectations , based partly on the disappointing stud careers of south american - bred standouts such as gentlemen , siphon , and sandpit . he has since gained a reputation as a sire of top - flight runners in the range from 7 to 10 furlongs .\nshortly before eclipse\u2019s first race , at the age of five , a group of bookmakers had sneaked down from london for a glimpse of this exceptional horse at a private trial . they missed it , but , according to an 1853 account , they ran into an old woman \u201ctoddling along\u201d nearby . she knew almost nothing about horse racing , she said , but she could tell them that \u201cwhite legs\u201d was far in front , and that the others would never overtake him , \u201cif he ran to the world\u2019s end . \u201d\npuerto madero has the potential to develop into the top horse in the country ,\nhubbard said .\nsaturday is going to tell us an awful lot . but if he wins , there ' s no question he ' s no . 1 .\nnow hubbard is ready to give it another shot . the best horse in his barn this year is puerto madero , a 5 - year - old chilean bred who won the donn handicap at gulfstream park in florida six weeks ago with an upset of silver charm .\nlexington , ky . ( december 8 , 2015 ) \u2014 the racing officials accreditation program ( roap ) announced today five winners of the 2015 pete pedersen award , which is presented annually to stewards who have made important contributions to the thoroughbred and quarter horse racing industries .\n' ' he ' s very sound , but we found a little filling , ' ' hine said . ' ' a little filling now means a lot more later . at the moment , he ' s not lame , he ' s very sound . we ' ll just have to wait and see . he might have jammed himself a little in the race . he and gentlemen were going strong on the front end , then staggered late . the track took its toll on them .\njoseph v . shields jr . , the financier and vice chairman of the new york racing association , who owns wagon limit , said with feeling : ' ' we just hoped the horse could keep moving and moving , and i rode him harder than robbie did . ' '\na bay horse , candy ride stands 16 hands and \u00bd inch . he is short - coupled , well - balanced and athletic but has small feet . he was forced into retirement by an injury to an ankle ligament . he was easy to train during his racing days .\nin which those who bet horses finishing in the first three places share the total amount bet minus a percentage for the management . the pari - mutuel was perfected with the introduction in the 20th century of the totalizator , a machine that mechanically records bets and can provide an almost instant reflection of betting in all pools . it displays the approximate odds to win on each horse and the total amount of wagering on each horse in each of various betting pools . the customary pools are win , place , and show , and there are such specialty wagers as the\nall horses born in the same year share their official birthday as the 1st january . when racing as two - year - olds , a horse born in the early months of the year is likely to be more mature than one born later , despite officially being the same age .\nwinning racehorses has always been best expressed as \u201cbreed the best to the best and hope for the best . \u201d the performance of a breeding horse\u2019s progeny is the real test , but , for horses untried at stud , the qualifications are pedigree , racing ability , and physical conformation . what breeders learned early in the history of horse racing is that crossing bloodlines can potentially overcome flaws in horses . if , for example , one breed is known for stamina and another known for speed , interbreeding the two might result in a healthy mix of both qualities in their offspring .\nthe same historical progression was followed for wagers , with the bets in early ( two - horse ) races being simply to win and modern bets being placed on the first three horses ( win , place , and show ) . from private bets , wagering was extended in the 19th century to\n\u2026against children , were replaced by horse races in which fleeter steeds were handicapped , a notion of equality that led eventually to age and weight classes ( though not to height classes ) in many modern sports . although the traditional sport of boxing flourished throughout the 18th century , it was not until 1743\u2026\nthat was the first race in the national thoroughbred racing assn . ' s new series to determine the champion older horse . the second race is saturday ' s santa anita handicap , and , despite his win in florida , puerto madero is only the second favorite in the early line behind silver charm .\nawesome again not only won the laurels and the loot , but also his sixth straight start in a perfect year at the races . to do it , he needed to make a furious dash through the homestretch and knife his way through the 10 - horse field to hit the finish line in front .\nprince alfred ' s birthday the park olympics rfc olympics rfc the horse memorial the horse memorial heh , heh , hare ! improvements to the park - 1905 st george\u2019s park reservoir the art galleries the aviary the\nmaster harold\ntearoom women ' s auxillary air force camp mannville open air theatre hawkers happy with art in the park decision . pearson conservatory prince alfred ' s guard memorial pag memorial sea scouts port elizabeth bowling green club the pool pearson conservatory the cenotaph giant antique urns vanish from historical st george\u2019s site umzintzani day parade historic conservatory being renovated r5 . 5m restoration of pearson conservatory nears completion pearson conservatory steelwork now complete\nnotable are the horse - racing venues at laurel , bowie , and pimlico , the latter the home of the annual preakness stakes ( may ) . baltimore has a professional baseball team , the orioles , and gridiron football team , the ravens . restaurants present a plethora of cuisines , but the traditional gastronomy of maryland tends to\u2026\nthe pete pedersen award special selection committee is composed of five members from roap - affiliated organizations : rick baedeker ( arci / california horse racing board ) , tim capps ( university of louisville ) , dan metzger ( thoroughbred owners and breeders association ) , terry meyocks ( jockeys\u2019 guild ) and scott wells ( thoroughbred racing associations ) .\nthe dramatic dash by wagon limit left gentlemen second and skip away third , and stunned the 18 , 360 spectators at belmont park , who had been watching a speed duel by the two superstars in the tight field of six . but as they turned for home , they were challenged by an intruder who had run last most of the way : wagon limit , a 4 - year - old son of conquistador cielo , who had won just one of his nine races this year and hadn ' t raced in two months . four times in wagon limit ' s career , he had finished behind the great skip away .\non a day when skip away ran out of the money and lost his chance to become the world ' s richest race horse , awesome again won the world ' s richest race when he rushed through the pack in a blanket finish and snatched the $ 5 . 2 million breeders ' cup classic by three - quarters of a length over silver charm .\nbut jerkens admitted to modest expectations for his horse , saying : ' ' i thought he ' d get a piece of the purse . he ' s been training extra good , so we took a chance and it worked out . this was like winning a lot of races all at once . his best races have been on this kind of track . ' '\ngraded stakes winner cool coal man was represented by his first winner when the 2 - year - old filly valery stripe captured a five - furlong maiden race at camarero race track in puerto rico may 24 . the blood - horse reports that the juvenile filly was the first starter for cool coal man , who stands at journeyman stud near ocala , fla . [ \u2026 ]\nto avoid this nightmare scenario , it is far easier just to capitulate in the first place . when you discover a copy of horse & hound has passed over your threshold , just purchase a subscription and be done with it . it will be safer for all concerned , and you never know , you may even enjoy your new life . take it from one who knows .\n' ' i wanted to have the money record , but i ' m not going to go for the record at the expense of the horse . if that means not going to the breeders ' cup , then it means not going to the breeders ' cup . right now , he ' s walking fine . we ' ll just have to wait and see . ' '\ncool coal man , a grade 2 winner of $ 929 , 728 by horse of the year mineshaft , will stand the 2014 breeding season at brent & crystal fernung\u2019s journeyman stud in ocala , fl . his fee will be $ 3 , 500 stands and nurses . a top miler from the a . p . indy sire line , cool coal man began his career winning [ \u2026 ]\n18th century was allegedly born during the 1764 solar eclipse , which tracked from iberia to scandinavia , at noon on april fool\u2019s day . he was named , appropriately , eclipse , and had a brief racing career of just 17 months . at that point he had to be retired , not for any physical reason , but because he won so consistently that no one bet on any other horse .\nbut the saddest of words on this otherwise upbeat day at the races came from hine , who trains skip away for his wife , carolyn , the horse ' s nominal owner . they both dote on skippy , and they both mourn when he loses . and he has never conquered churchill downs : he ran 12th in his only other appearance at the track , in the kentucky derby two years ago .\nkhozan , a half - brother to champion racehorse royal delta , has been retired to journeyman stud in florida , according to a blood - horse report . the distorted humor colt , who drew $ 1 million from al shaqab racing at the fasig - tipton florida select 2 - year - old sale , retires with two wins from two career starts . khozan was an early favorite on the kentucky [ \u2026 ]\nskip away was led back to his barn by his trainer , sonny hine , who has been glowing for months over his horse ' s extraordinary record . he hadn ' t lost since he ran second to formal gold in last year ' s woodward stakes , and he stood on the threshold of history yesterday with earnings of $ 9 . 5 million , just $ 500 , 000 short of cigar ' s career record .\nhe is a 4 - year - old son of deputy minister , who was bred by stronach and trained by other people until byrne took charge of the stable this year . since then , the horse has run and won almost unnoticed , although he beat silver charm by one length in june in the stephen foster handicap at churchill downs and then won twice at saratoga in august : in the whitney and the saratoga breeders ' cup handicap .\nas racing became big business , governments entered wagering with offtrack betting , which was very beneficial to racing in australia , new zealand , and france and less so in england and new york city . in the united states , illegal bookmaking offtrack became the province of organized crime . legal offtrack betting parlours proliferated during the late 20th century but were less prevalent in the 21st because of the growth of online gambling and the general decline in horse racing\u2019s popularity .\nbut word began to get out about his speed . \u201cat first , \u201d writes nicholas clee , author of eclipse : the story of the rogue , the madam , and the horse that changed racing , it was \u201cthe trainer , owner and stable staff . \u201d from there , the bookmakers and other gamblers . by the time eclipse\u2019s hooves hit the turf , \u201cthe whole place [ was ] abuzz . \u201d o\u2019kelly , a racing enthusiast , professional gambler , and occasional conman , had taken note .\nin fact , no one knows quite how fast eclipse could have run if pushed , though some accounts have him galloping off at almost 60 miles an hour . \u201cno horse could be found to call forth his extreme pace , \u201d according to the farrier and naturalist , published in 1828 . it\u2019s likely that speed came from his unusual lineage : eclipse is said to be have been descended from two of three arabian stallions that had recently been imported to the united kingdom , and are thought of as the \u201cfoundation stallions\u201d of what we now consider thoroughbreds .\nshould your partner demonstrate an unhealthy interest in all matters equine , you can be sure that somewhere within the walls of your castle you will find a copy of that subversive journal , horse & hound . it may be well hidden , but trust me , it will be there . it may be pristine and unblemished amid a stack of country life or marie claire , or more likely it will be a grubby well - thumbed edition passed hand - to - hand like a secret society\u2019s badge of honour and carefully hidden underneath the cushion of your favourite armchair .\nin america , interest in horse racing exploded after the civil war . by 1890 there were 314 racetracks , operating in nearly every state . incensed , antigambling coalitions pushed through legislation in most parts of the country , and by 1908 only 25 racetracks remained in operation . finally , even new york racetracks were shut down in 1911 when state legislation outlawed quoting of odds , soliciting bets , and recording bets in a fixed place . in response , many owners , trainers , and jockeys shifted their operations to europe . when new york racetracks reopened in 1913 , most of the earlier african american jockeys never returned .\ndave hicks dave hicks , who retired in 2013 , served as a steward at the new york racing association tracks , gulfstream park , rockingham park and suffolk downs , among others . during his years at nyra , hicks was active in the rule review / development process , with \u201chouse rules\u201d and with the new york racing and wagering board rules . he also organized and personally conducted a weekly program for apprentice jockeys . he had a similar program in florida before coming to new york and has initiated this program again in florida . before becoming a racing official , hicks was a thoroughbred horse trainer in new england .\nif you are lucky inertia will rule and your equestrian charge will simply lower its head and stuff its enormous face with any available vegetation . if you are unlucky war will be declared , and you will lose ; physically you will lose and mentally you will lose . should you be as unwise to utter the ill - judged words , \u201c it\u2019s me or the horse \u201c , you will find your pre - packed cases on the doorstep , vying for space with the tradesman who has just changed the locks . then before you know it , a smooth - talking dressage instructor will be sitting on your chesterfield sampling your sherry .\nto be registered as a thoroughbred , a foal must be the product of a \u201clive cover , \u201d meaning a witnessed natural mating of a stallion and a mare . though artificial insemination and embryo transfer are possible and common in other horse breeds , it is banned with thoroughbreds . the population of the breed is thereby controlled , assuring a high monetary value for the horses in the process . because each foal is assigned an official birth date of january 1 , to facilitate the age groups that define thoroughbred races , it is important that mares foal as early as possible in the calendar year . this assures maximum development time for the foal before training and racing .\nthe beginning of the modern era of racing is generally considered to have been the inauguration of the english classic races : the st . leger in 1776 , the oaks in 1779 , and the derby in 1780 . all were dashes for three - year - olds . to these races were later added the two thousand guineas in 1809 and the one thousand guineas in 1814 . ( the st . leger , derby , and two thousand guineas have come to constitute the british triple crown of horse racing . ) during the 19th century , races of the english classic pattern\u2014dashes for three - year - olds carrying level weights\u2014spread all over the world . the french classics are the prix du jockey club ( 1836 ) , the grand prix du paris ( 1863 ) , and the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe ( 1920 ) .\nduring the late 1920s and the \u201930s racetracks became an important source of tax revenue , and by the second half of the 20th century horse racing had become big business . fields regularly numbered a dozen or more . once race meetings lasted a day or two , later a week or two , and today , particularly where climate allows , races may be scheduled for half the year or more . more racing dates require more horses , and horses are raced more intensively . purses grew , particularly after world war ii . in 1981 a new american race , the arlington million ( run at arlington park in arlington heights , illinois , outside of chicago ) , was the first million - dollar race . purses routinely topped this amount in the 21st century , growing to greater than $ 10 million for certain high - profile races .\nthe original king\u2019s plates were standardized races\u2014all were for six - year - old horses carrying 168 pounds at 4 - mile heats , a horse having to win two heats to be adjudged the winner . beginning in 1751 , five - year - olds carrying 140 pounds ( 63 . 5 kg ) and four - year - olds carrying 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) were admitted to the king\u2019s plates , and heats were reduced to 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) . other racing for four - year - olds was well established by then , and a race for three - year - olds carrying 112 pounds ( 51 kg ) in one 3 - mile ( 4 . 8 - km ) heat was run in 1731 . heat racing for four - year - olds continued in the united states until the 1860s . by that time , heat racing had long since been overshadowed in europe by dash racing , a \u201cdash\u201d being any race decided by only one heat , regardless of its distance .\nlong strings of young horses out of the country , fresh from the marshes ; and droves of shaggy little welsh ponies , no higher than merrylegs ; and hundreds of cart horses of all sorts , some of them with their long tails braided up and tied with scarlet cord ; and a good many like myself , handsome and high - bred , but fallen into the middle class , through some accident or blemish , unsoundness of wind , or some other complaint . there were some splendid animals quite in their prime , and fit for anything ; they were throwing out their legs and showing off their paces in high style , as they were trotted out with a leading rein , the groom running by the side . but round in the background there were a number of poor things , sadly broken down with hard work , with their knees knuckling over and their hind legs swinging out at every step , and there were some very dejected - looking old horses , with the under lip hanging down and the ears lying back heavily , as if there were no more pleasure in life , and no more hope ; there were some so thin you might see all their ribs , and some with old sores on their backs and hips . these were sad sights for a horse to look upon , who knows not but he may come to the same state .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhis ' fearless tenacity ' surprises some , but it serves the sport well .\nrandall dee hubbard was born and raised in smith center , kan . , ( pop : 2 , 000 ) , helped in his family ' s ice house until he ventured out to work wheat fields from texas to north dakota , played a little junior college basketball , then took a steady job as a junior high coach and teacher in towanda , kan . , for $ 3 , 200 a year .\ntwo years later , he became a salesman for a glass company in wichita because the pay was better .\nwithin 20 years , r . d . hubbard , known as dee to friends , had parlayed that $ 90 - a - week job into the ownership a fortune 500 company , afg industries inc . , which had annual revenues of about $ 700 million .\nbilly m . jones , a wichita state professor who wrote a book about hubbard ,\nmagic with sand ,\nonce said ,\nhubbard ' s most identifiable trait is his fearless tenacity . he is not afraid to work and learn , and , most important , he ' s not afraid of risks .\nabove all else , dee hubbard , 63 , is a good businessman . he has more than $ 50 million tied into the racing industry , including his investment in hollywood park , where he is the chairman and chief executive officer ; his ownership of ruidoso downs in new mexico and the crystal springs farm in lexington , ky . ; and the management of his own quarter horses and thoroughbreds , who have won close to $ 15 million over the years .\ni couldn ' t get past the $ 800 , 000 ,\nhe said .\nit wasn ' t his money ,\nhubbard said this week , dryly , probably wishing it hadn ' t been his , either .\ni was thinking , ' how dumb am i ?\n' hubbard said .\nbut mandella said the only words hubbard said to him were ,\nwe gave it a shot .\nhubbard acknowledged that the big ' cap will be more challenging than the donn because the field , which also includes free house and event of the year , is deeper ; puerto madero is carrying a couple more pounds and silver charm is carrying a couple less , and silver charm will not have to come from the far outside after drawing the no . 1 post position thursday .\nto still be there at the end of the year , however , puerto madero probably will have to at least run in the breeders ' cup classic next winter at churchill downs . that means hubbard and his partners would have to pony up another $ 800 , 000 in supplemental fees .\nif his declaration shortly after last year ' s breeders ' cup still holds , that decision has already been made .\nwe ' ll be back next year with puerto madero ,\nhe said .\nhe was left standing at the altar when al davis pulled out of a deal at the last minute for a new stadium at hollywood park in 1995 , taking the raiders to oakland instead .\nif davis prevails in his latest legal battles with the nfl and regains the l . a . territory , his first choice for the stadium probably would be hollywood park .\nif we could go back to the deal last time , we ' d definitely entertain that ,\nhubbard said .\ni don ' t have a problem with al . i believe we could have gotten something done if the league hadn ' t made it more complicated .\nit was clear from talking to hubbard that the prospect of bringing the raiders to hollywood park intrigues him . it was equally clear that he has more fun talking about his horses .\nrandy harvey can be reached at his e - mail address : randy . harvey @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ndundalk stages their annual 12th of july fixture this afternoon , with the marshes handicap the feature .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\naerial virtual replay is provided by an external vendor trakus , for personal infotainment only . due to the frequent usage of mobile phones at the racecourses , the signals receiving by trakus system may be affected and thus the accuracy of aerial virtual replay cannot be guaranteed . every effort is made to ensure the information is up to the closest approximation , but the club assumes no responsibility for it . for the actual race results , the customers should refer to real replay videos .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .\nby jim murray august 16 , 1998 well , it was a slam . . .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . ."]}
{"id": 2442, "summary": [{"text": "sayyedati ( 26 january 1990 \u2013 august 2007 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from june 1992 to october 1995 she ran twenty-two times winning six races and being placed eight times .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "sayyedati was one of the leading two-year-old fillies in europe in 1992 , recording group one successes in the moyglare stud stakes at the curragh and the cheveley park stakes at newmarket racecourse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after being beaten on her three-year-old debut , sayyedati won the classic 1000 guineas .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she went on to become a successful international performer over a mile , winning the prix jacques le marois at deauville in 1993 and the sussex stakes at goodwood as a five-year-old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was also placed in several major races including the breeders ' cup mile .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "sayyedati was retired from racing to become a broodmare at the end of her five-year-old season . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "sayyedati", "paragraphs": ["he saddled two winners of the 1000 guineas at newmarket in pebbles ( 1984 ) and sayyedati ( 1993 ) .\nsince sayyedati\u2019s triumph , older horses have redressed the balance somewhat , landing eight of the 14 renewals up to 2008 .\nwhatever her future assignments , sayyedati is unlikely to offer the gilt - edged value of yesterday . her lathering did not escape the notice of the bookmakers , and by the time the stalls opened sayyedati had been stretched to a 4 - 1 chance from an opening 5 - 2 .\nsayyedati , trained in england by clive brittain and owned by mohammed obaida , won by a half - length over niche , ridden by lester piggott .\nswinburn believes sayyedati to have only just reached her peak , despite the fact that she captured the 1 , 000 guineas earlier this season . ' now you ' re seeing the real sayyedati , ' he said . ' even though she was a guineas winner in the spring there was something missing from her performances .\nswinburn held sayyedati off the pace until the halfway mark before charging through on the rail to win the one - mile race for 3 - year - old fillies .\nsayyedati enjoyed further success in the paddocks as she produced the 2002 champagne stakes winner almushahar as well as cunas and lonely ahead , who were also winners in britain .\nsayyedati also won the prix jacques le marois that year but she endured a fruitless 1994 for trainer clive brittain before bouncing back to claim the sussex stakes in her final season .\nin addition to hatoof in 1992 , he landed the 1000 guineas with musical bliss ( 1989 ) and sayyedati ( 1993 ) , with his 2000 guineas success coming through doyoun ( 1988 ) .\nhe won the 2000 guineas at newmarket in 1988 aboard doyoun and went on to win the 1000 guineas three times , with musical bliss in 1989 , hatoof in 1992 and sayyedati in 1993 .\nit was sayyedati herself who looked excited , and overly so , as the field entered the parade ring . brittain ' s painstaking preparations appeared as if they would come to naught as the filly sweated profusely .\nthe most powerful case yet this season for the title of champion miler was presented here yesterday as sayyedati , britain ' s sole challenger , swept away a favourite french prize , the prix jacques le marois .\nnewmarket , england \u2014 walter swinburn rode sayyedati to victory in the 1 , 000 guineas on thursday , the third time in five years the jockey has won the opening race of england ' s classic series .\n' i made my mind up that night that i would ride sayyedati , ' he said . ' i have dreamed about her all winter and i wasn ' t going to let one bad afternoon put me off .\nnevertheless , soviet line has his work cut out today to cope with sayyedati ( nap 2 . 30 ) . five - year - old classic winners are located almost exclusively on stud farms , but sayyedati remains in the care of clive brittain , who has won this race twice in the last four years . the promise of her seasonal debut in france , plus the race conditions , suggest she should reward connections ' perseverance this afternoon .\nthat racing is a contest of opinions more than horses was emphasised here yesterday when sayyedati narrowly won the cherry hinton stakes from toocando and mystic goddess . while william hill were unmoved and left her a 33 - 1 chance for the 1 , 000 guineas - ladbrokes , in contrast , were impressed enough to show 20 - 1 - clive brittain , the trainer , was sufficiently intoxicated by sayyedati ' s victory to elevate her above the great pebbles .\na much better run followed in the sussex stakes as barathea duelled with the sir henry cecil colt distant view , running \u00bd a length second in a vintage field that also contained grand lodge , sayyedati , mister baileys and bigstone .\npat eddery , ski paradise ' s rider , said he had been baulked as he began his surge , but would never have caught sayyedati anyway , while swinburn added that his filly had reserves to repel anything that came at her .\nafter sayyedati ' s nell gwyn defeat , there were those who suggested swinburn should switch to zarani sidi anna . the rider , though , never swerved from allegiance to a horse that had kept his thoughts warm since the end of last season .\nthe landscape looked far less alluring to swinburn yesterday however as his small plane cruised in over le havre . rain lashed the fuselage , bringing with it fear , not for personal safety , but that the ground would be too soft for sayyedati .\na trainer who issues bold assertions on behalf of his horses is infinitely preferable to the it ' s - morning - but - don ' t - quote - me types who dominate flat racing , and in fairness sayyedati has plenty of assets to take towards the cheveley park stakes , her only remaining target this year . not the least of them are her physical strength and parentage . dubian , her dam , improved almost daily after finishing third in the 1985 oaks , and sayyedati has the same look about her .\nsayyedati has surprisingly been installed favourite to win sunday ' s prix jacques le marois for the second successive year . ladbrokes yesterday opened the betting on the mile event which is so often the highlight of the deauville season and quoted the filly at 9 - 4 .\nsayyedati ' s victory here persuaded brittain that she was of sufficient merit to enter the league of the other top fillies he has trained , pebbles and user friendly . unlike that pair , however , she is likely to be kept to a mile for the rest of her career .\nhowever , the group one contest appears to be every bit as competitive as goodwood ' s sussex stakes in which sayyedati finished fourth to distant view , barathea and grand lodge . the second and third home are quoted at 7 - 2 and 8 - 1 respectively for sunday ' s race with the french - trained pair east of the moon & ski paradise bracketed on 3 - 1 . sayyedati was third to the latter at tokyo in april , but appeared to be back to her best in the sussex in which she was trapped against the rails in the closing stages .\nfor michael roberts , the jockey putting the wind up pat eddery in the championship , alliances with the foal - bearing gender are providing some of the year ' s best pay days . roberts has already won the queen mary stakes with the ludicrously fast lyric fantasy , whom he refuses to compare with sayyedati .\nprix jacques le marois ( deauville , sunday ) , ladbrokes : 9 - 4 sayyedati , 3 - 1 east of the moon & ski paradise , 7 - 2 barathea , 8 - 1 grand lodge , 16 - 1 emperor jones . turtle island is quoted at 3 - 1 ' with a run ' .\nsayyedati ( gb ) b . f , 1990 { 9 - c } dp = 5 - 2 - 13 - 4 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 1 . 29 cd = 0 . 33 - 22 starts , 6 wins , 5 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 383 , 707\nvindication for clive brittain and walter swinburn here yesterday as sayyedati produced the performance that trainer and jockey had promised to capture the 1 , 000 guineas . the filly will now be remembered as a classic animal rather than the spluttering creature that temporarily surrendered her reputation in the nell gwyn stakes on this course two weeks ago .\nthe newmarket trainer had left as little as possible to chance . sayyedati had repeated temperature tests in the run - up to the first classic , her manger was scrubbed clean before any food was introduced and , on the eve of the race , the filly ' s lad , wayne dunkley , slept by her side .\nlast year ' s winner bigstone , on whom frankie dettori deputised for the late - arriving olivier peslier , claimed third place in front of ski paradise , another doing her best work at the finish . distant view faded to fifth , followed by turtle island , a very disappointing east of the moon , sayyedati and mehthaaf .\nsuccess would provide a much needed fillip for sayyedati ' s trainer , clive brittain , whose string have been out of form this season , registering only 17 wins from 266 starters . that strike - rate of six per cent compares unfavourably with most of his newmarket neighbours among whom a win rate of around 20 per cent is not uncommon .\nsayyedati\u2019s 1995 victory marked a definite sea - change . clive brittain\u2019s brilliantly resilient five - year - old mare had been a tad unlucky to finish only second and fourth in the previous two renewals of the sussex stakes but gained deserved recompense in a tight finish , at the expense of the season\u2019s leading three - year - old miler , bahri .\nkiyoshi and rizeena are the two overseas challengers . impressive winner of the group three albany stakes at royal ascot , the charlie hills - trained kiyoshi is likely to go off favourite on saturday on the strength of that performance . rizeena , meanwhile , is under the care of veteran trainer clive brittain , who landed this prize with sayyedati back in 1992 .\n2nd gr . 1 sussex stakes godwood , 8f ( neck to sayyedati ) 2nd gr . 1 juddmonte international stakes york , 10 . 5f ( to halling ) 2nd gr . 3 greenham stakes newbury , 7f ( to celtic swing ) 3rd gr . 1 2000 guineas the curragh , 8f ( t spectrum ) 3rd gr . 3 prix gontaut - biron deauville ( to hernando )\nin view of the fact that pebbles won the 1 , 000 guineas , eclipse stakes and breeders ' cup turf , brittain ' s assessment of sayyedati might be expected to crack under the heat of cross - examination , but however sceptically you receive such pronouncements you cannot question brittain ' s ability to find and condition high - class horses - in spite of his position outside the mainstream of newmarket fashion .\na furlong from home the contestants fanned out in customary french manner , but the one horse to break free was sayyedati . close home , as the favourite kingmambo ( who was later found to have lost a shoe ) faded , andre fabre ' s ski paradise looked as though she might be able to mount a challenge , but this , the race jockeys revealed , was little more than an optical illusion .\nsayyedati ' s final race before santa anita in november is likely to be the queen elizabeth ii stakes at ascot next month , though the prix moulin and a rematch with kingmambo is also a possibility . ' i also put her in the haydock sprint cup just in case we needed to sharpen her up , ' the trainer said , ' but i think we saw today she ' s sharp enough already . '\n1997 lemarate ( c . by gulch ) , 40 - race maiden 1998 d\u2019jebel amour ( f . mt . livermore ) , twice a winner in the us 1999 cunas ( f . irish river ) , won one race from two starts ; dam of useful middle distance stayer sabotage , placed in the aston park stakes ( l , 13f ) 2000 almushahar ( c . silver hawk ) , won only two career starts , both at two , including the champagne stakes ( gr . 2 , 7f ) ; died 2004 2001 hyper delight ( c . silver hawk ) , twice a winner in japan 2003 lonely ahead ( f . rahy ) , won one race from five starts 2005 sayyedati symphony ( f . gone west ) , seven - race maiden 2007 sayyedati storm ( f . storm cat ) , thrice - raced maiden\nbut while sayyedati endures , there are cataclysmic changes elsewhere at the royal meeting this week . for the first time since 1964 there will be no nicky beaumont , the clerk of the course who proudly defended the traditions of the meeting for so many years . and that means that his wife , ginny , will also not be there to conduct land of hope and glory from the bandstand for the hopelessly oiled congregation .\nswinburn expects sayyedati to show her sharpest form of all at the breeders ' cup . ' she ' ll be even better suited by a good gallop like they get america , where she can go with them and use her cruising speed before kicking at the end , ' he said . ' i ' ll enjoy riding her there . ' but probably not as much as he enjoyed his celebratory evening in swaggering deauville .\nin the race\u2019s inter - generation era , three - year - olds have held the call with 40 victories , with 10 from four - year - olds . solow will be trying to become the fourth five - year - old winner , after sayyedati ( 1995 ) , reel buddy ( 2003 ) and ramonti ( 2007 ) . the oldest winners have been six - year - olds noalcoholic ( 1983 ) and court masterpiece ( 2006 ) .\n' you can ' t . it ' s impossible , ' he says . ' lyric fantasy is just sheer speed . this one ( sayyedati ) is a possible classic filly for next year . ' brittain is , of course , similarly endowed with good fillies , and says : ' i haven ' t seen the likes of this since i was with sir noel murless ( in the vintage years of petite etoile and company ) . '\nthe cherry hinton stakes has a good record and two recent champion fillies won it , dazzle in 1996 and attraction in 2003 , while sayyedati ( 1992 ) , wannabe grand ( 1998 ) and donna blini ( 2005 ) each added the cheveley park stakes to her tally . sander camillo ' s success was very reminiscent of attraction ' s sparkling five - length victory and the similarity does not end there , since neither filly ran again as a two - year - old .\nbefore too long brittain had done well enough to be able to buy carlburg from lemos , a move that didn ' t interrupt the flow of influential owners into or unforgettable winners out of the yard . there was mystiko and terimon for lady beaverbrook , user friendly for bill gredley , sayyedati for mohammed obaida , crimplene for sheikh marwan al maktoum and , of course , a steady stream of success for the white and red colours of brittain ' s great compadre saeed manana .\nwhy , for example , is sayyedati , one of england ' s top milers , running in the sprint ? the filly is bred for turf ( by the english stallion shadeed ) . she runs from off the pace at a mile and she has displayed none of the speed necessary to be a contender in a six - furlong dash . other entrants in dirt races look miscast too . it ' s a safe bet that the foreigners ' record in dirt races this year will be zero for five .\nsayyedati ' s trainer , clive brittain , was trembling with delight as he welcomed her back and placed her in lofty company . ' she must be in the mould of pebbles ( brittain ' s 1985 breeders ' cup turf winner ) because she ' s got that same electrifying burst of speed , ' he said . this estimation was not contradicted by the winning jockey , walter swinburn . ' this is a proper horse , ' he said . ' she compares with anything i ' ve ridden over a mile . '\ndropped back to 2000m for the gr1 grand prix de paris at longchamp , he brought the field into the straight and was then headed by emperor jones , only to fight back and win by a nose in a desperate finish with bigstone , in a track record time of 2 : 01 . 6 . bigstone would go on to win the gr1 sussex stakes , in which he beat sayyedati and zafonic , and the gr1 queen elizabeth ii stakes , beating barathea and kingmambo , and establish himself as the champion miler elect .\non her next appearance , gold splash was matched against colts and older horses in the prix jacques le marois at deauville in august and finished fifth behind sayyedati , ski paradise , kingmambo and elizabeth bay . in september she finished sixth behind kingmambo in the prix du moulin at longchamp . in october , gold splash was dropped in class and started favourite for the group two prix du rond point at longchamp . after turning into the straight in third place she faded to finish eighth of the ten runners behind the four - year - old colt voleris .\naugust 1972 , brett doyle rode his first winner at pontefract on quiet achiever on 9th october 1989 for trainer clive brittain . it was brittain for whom doyle chiefly rode , and who was responsible for much of doyle\u2019s early development . doyle\u2019s first group 1 success came on the brittain - trained sayyedati in the 1995 sussex stakes , and he also won the german and italian 2000 guineas in 1997 onair express , again for brittain . he also won the group 2 premio ellington in italy that year on another of brittain\u2019s campaigners , the much travelled luso .\nclive brittain is usually over confident sometimes about the chances of his horses winning group races . he did say on channel 4 racing he was confident before both pebbles and sayyedati won the 1 , 000 guineas , and that he feels the same about rizeena . i can see lots of people laying rizeena on the exchanges , but i ' m not prepared to oppose the horse . however , as lucky kristale beat her by 2 lengths in the cherry hinton , she represents better value than rizeena . however , rizeena is more likely to stay a mile than lucky kristale .\n- sprint 1 , cardmania ; 2 , meafara ; 3 , gilded time ; 4 , thirty slews ; 5 , demaloot demashoot ; 6 , music merci ; 7 , monde bleu ; 8 , now listen ; 9 , fly so free ; 10 , surprise offer ; 11 , birdonthewire ; 12 , sayyedati ; 13 , alydeed ; 14 , apelia . - juvenille fillies 1 , phone chatter ; 2 , sardula ; 3 , heavenly prize ; 4 , coup de genie ; 5 , stellarcat ; 6 , rhapsodic ; 7 , tricky code ; 8 , meadow rendezvous . - distaff 1 , hollywood wildcat ; 2 , paseana ; 3 , re toss ; 4 , dispute ; 5 , sky beauty ; 6 , supah gem ; 7 , magical . . .\nsayyedati ( shadeed ) . champion 3yo filly in europe in 1993 . champion older mare in europe in 1995 . 6 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1200m to 1600m , ? ? 854 , 858 , deauville prix jacques le marois , gr . 1 , the one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 , cherry hinton s . , gr . 3 , 2d deauville prix jacques le marois , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix du palais royal , gr . 3 , 3d breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , newmarket nell gwyn s . , gr . 3 , tokyo keio hai spring cup , l . dam of -\nmaroof ( 12 april 1990 \u2013 30 december 1999 ) was an american - bred , british - trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for his upset victory over a top - class field in the 1994 queen elizabeth ii stakes . he showed very promising form in his four races as a juvenile in 1992 , winning the group three vintage stakes and finishing a close second in the group one national stakes . he had problems with injuries as a three - year - old and won one minor race from only two starts in the autumn . as a four - year - old he ran consistently , finishing second in the brigadier gerard stakes , international stakes and park stakes but appeared to be just below top class . on his final appearance however , he produced by far his best performance as he led from the start and won the queen elizabeth ii stakes at odd of 66 / 1 from opponents including barathea , bigstone , distant view , turtle island , east of the moon and sayyedati . he was retired to stud at the end of the year and had some success as a sire of winners in new zealand . he died in 1999 .\namong the many outstanding winners have been : habibti ( 1982 ) who went to become the champion sprinter in 1983 ; park appeal ( 1984 ) the dam of cape cross ; chimes of freedom ( 1989 ) who won the following year\u2019s coronation stakes and child stakes ; caricciosa ( 1990 ) who added the group 1 cheveley park stakes at newmarket later that autumn ; sayyedati ( 1992 ) who won the cheveley park stakes , english 1 , 000 guineas , prix jacques le marois and sussex stakes ; tarascon ( 1997 ) who won the irish 1 , 000 guineas ; rumplestiltskin ( 2005 ) who won the prix marcel boussac later that year and was the dam of tapestry ; again ( 2008 ) who won the irish 1 , 000 guineas ; misty for me ( 2010 ) who won the prix marcel boussac , irish 1 , 000 guineas and pretty polly stakes and was the dam of roly poly ; sky lantern ( 2012 ) who won the english 1 , 000 guineas and sun chariot stakes ; rizeena ( 2013 ) who won the coronation stakes ; and minding ( 2015 ) who went on to win the fillies\u2019 mile at two , the english 1 , 000 guineas and oaks , the pretty polly stakes , nassau stakes and qeii stakes .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - order of finish in the 1 , 000 guineas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 . sayyedati - bay filly shadeed - dubian w r swinburn 4 - 1 2 . niche - l piggott 6 - 1 3 . ajfan - r hills 33 - 1 also ran : 9 - 4 fav elizabeth bay ( 8th ) , 5 - 1 zarani sidi anna ( 7th ) , 14 - 1 lyric fantasy ( 6th ) , 14 - 1 wixon ( 11th ) , 16 - 1 secrage ( 9th ) , 16 - 1 stella mystika ( 12th ) , 33 - 1 felawnah ( 4th ) , 33 - 1 dayflower ( 5th ) , 100 - 1 star family friend ( 10th ) . 12 ran . won by 1 / 2 length , hd , 1 1 / 2 , 1 / 2 , hd . ( c brittain , newmarket , for mohamed obaida ) . tote : pounds 5 . 10 ; pounds 2 . 30 , pounds 1 . 90 , pounds 8 . 70 . dual forecast : pounds 17 . 60 . csf : pounds 25 . 72 . trio : pounds 200 . 50 . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nbrittain and swinburn predicted such improvement , but were aware that their hopeful message had found many disbelieving ears , and when the jockey celebrated victory with a fist sent heavenwards this was a gesture spurred as much by justification as elation .\n' if i hadn ' t won , all the newspapers would have said i ' d got it wrong . but i just wasn ' t having that . this filly has never had the credit she deserves and because of the build - up i was probably a little more excited today than i normally am . '\nthis attention appeared to be futile , however , when brittain saw his horse emerge for action . ' she was sweating when she came out of her box and she looked a little bit on edge , ' the trainer said . ' i was worried .\n' but i got more relaxed when i saw she was walking round with that elegant stride of hers . and anyway , only wooden horses don ' t sweat . '\n' i ' ve been so lucky in life , whatever happens from here on in , ' brittain said . ' to have fillies like these is incredible . '\nthe more significant stretching after that , however , concerned the filly ' s loping stride , which had her tucked in , going well , behind the pacemaking niche . three furlongs out , swinburn steered to the outside , at about the same moment that michael roberts , on the french - trained favourite , elizabeth bay , realised that his first classic ride as sheikh mohammed ' s retained jockey was not to be a winning one .\nniche did not relent . ' she kept going and going , she ' s got great heart , ' reported her jockey , lester piggott . but swinburn knew that the superior horsepower was under his saddle . ' i was just waiting to pounce , ' he said .\nbehind him there were two colleagues whose desire to succeed went outside the laws . richard hills , on third - placed ajfan , and lanfranco dettori , fifth on dayflower , both collected four - day suspensions for overuse of the whip .\n' i feel sorry for those guys , ' swinburn said . ' how can they go back to their owners and trainers and say they could have done better but they had used up their quota with the stick ? '\na measure of compassion then from the winning jockey , but a day when he felt a more powerful emotion . one of vindication .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\n' she ' s in very good form and was unlucky not to get a run in the sussex stakes , ' brittain said . ' it is going to be like the sussex all over again . she acts on the course and won it last year . hopefully we ' re going back for a repeat . '\nwith the ground at deauville already on the fast side of good , and drying out , the chances that turtle island , the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner , will take part are decreasing . robert sangster ' s colt has been absent since finishing third to grand lodge in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot and missed the sussex stakes owing to firm ground .\njane chapple - hyam , wife of the colt ' s trainer , peter , said : ' turtle island will run at deauville only if the ground is on the soft side of good . the international stakes at york next tuesday is an alternative , but we would want plenty of rain as the ground would have to ease considerably . '\nthe john gosden - trained catrail is expected to be withdrawn at today ' s declaration stage , along with lemon souffle who is on the easy list after inexplicably losing her action .\nsimilarly baffling to veterinary science is the affliction affecting erhaab , the derby winner , who underwent a further series of examinations yesterday that will determine his racing future .\nthe colt was checked over by a dubai - based american vet as john dunlop , his trainer , seeks an explanation for the three - year - old ' s most recent racecourse failures at sandown and ascot .\nthe examination , by dr mike hauser , took place at trainer dunlop ' s arundel stable , but the result of his analysis will not be announced until today .\nangus gold , racing manager to erhaab ' s owner , hamdan al maktoum , said : ' we wanted another opinion on what mr dunlop ' s vet , dr paul dupreez , has already told us . '\nhauser was called in after x - ray pictures of erhaab taken last week failed to reveal what had caused the colt to run so disappointingly in his last two races . his advice will help connections to decide whether to proceed with an autumn campaign , centred on the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , or retire the colt .\nat ascot , erhaab collected a bruised knee when beaten over 10 lengths into seventh by king ' s theatre . the build - up to the race had been interrupted by the recurrence of a hamstring injury sustained when third to ezzoud and bob ' s return in the eclipse stakes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nthe home side do not like to see a treasured possession leaving their shores ( lear fan in 1984 was the last winner from the other side of la manche ) and many good british horses have foundered in normandy . the suggestion yesterday , though , was that a rare victory had been achieved by a filly with rare talent .\nswinburn felt he had earned a night out in deauville with this success , and that will have meant a sumptuous evening to compare with the best any racing centre can offer .\nthey call the month - long meeting on the normandy course la semaine , probably because the excesses at deauville ensure a week feels like a lot longer . the eating experience usually involves food which looks as if it has been fashioned into shape under a microscope .\nthe coastal town is the archetypal rich man ' s playground ; a town where coiffeured pets are a compulsory fashion accessory , where polo aficionados celebrate the highlight of their year , the lancel cup , and where cinema figures float past surreally as if you have wandered on to a film set .\ndeauville , though , had escaped the squall and for swinburn there were to be no more worrying moments . even as a battery of three horses wearing the colours of stavros niarchos buzzed around menacingly at the head of the field , the jockey felt comfortable at the rump of proceedings . ' it was a slow pace ( a handicap later in the day was run three seconds faster ) and everybody was travelling well , ' he reported . ' but i was very happy where i was and she was always going sweetly . '\n' she ' s got this thing about hitting the front , like in the guineas when she was tying up at the end , ' he said . ' but what impressed me today was the last 100 yards or so when , for an awful moment , i thought pat might get me , but she put her neck out . she looked around a bit when she hit the front , but when the other horse came at her she went again . '\n' i would love to know what her racing weight is now because i ' d bet she ' d be 50 kilos heavier than she was on nell gwyn day ( at newmarket in april ) . on that day she looked terrible . all credit must go to clive , who ' s done a fantastic job with her . '\nthe job for brittain , though , is only half done as the game plan since she won her classic has been geared around the breeders ' cup mile , a race , incidentally , which was captured in 1987 and 1988 by the filly that had previously won the prix jacques le marois in those years , miesque .\n' the owner ( mohammed obaida ) asked me after the guineas to train her specifically for the breeders ' cup , ' brittain said . ' when it was first discussed i said that realistically it was not a race for three - year - olds because it ' s difficult to go through the season picking up race after race and then expecting a horse to peak at the end of a season . that ' s why she has not had a hard time , with four races spread over a fair time . we needed to save something . '\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nwon moyglare stud s . [ g1 - ire ] , cheveley park s . [ g1 - eng ] , prix du haras de fresnay [ g1 - fr ] , madagans 1000 guineas s . [ g1 - eng ] , sussex s . [ g1 - eng ] , hillsdown cherry hinton s . [ g3 - eng ]\n3rd breeders ' cup mile s . [ g1 - usa ] , shadwell stud nell gwyn s . [ g3 - eng ] , keio hai spring cup [ jpn ] highweight filly at 2 in ireland . 1994 highweight older mare in england , 7 - 9 . 5f 1995 highweight older mare in england , 7 - 9 . 5f ( close )\nfavored elizabeth bay , a french - trained filly , never got up with the leaders in the 12 - horse race and finished eighth .\ni have dreamed about this filly all winter ,\nswinburn said .\nall the sparkle was there .\nthe - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\nyour browser does not support javascript . please turn javascript on to get the best experience from urltoken\nthe shadeed mare claimed both the moyglare stud and cheveley park stakes in 1992 as a juvenile before going on to success in the 1000 guineas at newmarket the following year .\n\u2018she was a great horse and a pleasure to train . she had speed , class and a great heart , \u2019 brittain told urltoken .\nrt\u00e9 . ie is the website of raidi\u00f3 teilif\u00eds \u00e9ireann , ireland ' s national public service broadcaster . rt\u00e9 is not responsible for the content of external internet sites . images courtesy of urltoken and getty images\nkindly download attached sgs formatted resume , encode the details needed with complete information edit and send it back to [ email protected ] once accomplished .\nplease note that this resume will be submitted to the employer for review so please make sure it\u2019s well detailed ( job descriptions ) . kindly attached 2\u00d72 picture with white background color\nplease be informed that we are in the midst of processing the applications . before we include you in our shortlist , i\u2019m inviting you to report in our office to file an application and submit our requirements . likewise , have an initial interview . please manage your schedule and report at the soonest time .\nwe are located at room 504 & 505 pasda mansions # 77 panay ave . corner timog ave . quezon city . we\u2019re open from mondays through saturdays at 8am - 5pm\n4 pcs . 2\u00d72 size picture , valid passport . whole body picture ( business attire , any background color )\nyork sat , 26th aug , 17 p . u . , 10 / 1 , james doyle\nthe borzoi\u2019s coat is long and silky , and it can be flat , wavy , or rather curly .\nwelcome to the breed archive , a place for animal lovers , breed enthusiasts and pedigree addicts .\nour rules and guidelines will help you and others enjoy the breed archive ( tba ) . please remember to read the terms of use relating to this website . we make every effort to ensure the information published on this website is up to date and accurate but there is no guarantee that all information is correct at all times and tba cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience on our site . cookies are files stored in your browser and are used by most websites to help personalise your web experience . by continuing to use our website without changing the settings , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . more information\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsir michael stoute hailed walter swinburn as a\nnaturally gifted rider with a god - given talent\nafter the former jockey and trainer died at the age of 55 .\nforever associated with stoute ' s extraordinary 1981 derby winner shergar , swinburn suffered with weight issues throughout a glittering career in the saddle .\nyet despite his problems , he will always be remembered as a brilliant jockey and a man for the big occasion .\ni ' d drive him to the races and he slept the whole way there . he had a remarkable temperament for the big day .\nhe was just a naturally gifted rider with a god - given talent . the big days turned him on .\nwe had a great relationship . of course there were many times when he drove me absolutely mad , but he just had this unique talent .\nwe loved him riding the horses and he had a great relationship with the staff over a long period .\nthere was a vulnerability , but that maybe comes when you have as much talent as he did .\nswinburn suffered an awful fall at sha tin racecourse in 1996 and was placed in a coma for four days after he sustained severe head and chest injuries .\nbut he returned to action within six months , and at the end of the year won the breeders ' cup turf on the stoute - trained pilsudski .\nthe trainer added :\ni think the win on pilsudski gave him a great deal of satisfaction , that was a great day for us at woodbine .\nswinburn enjoyed many fine days in the colours of cheveley park stud , whose managing director chris richardson said :\ni am shocked at the news .\nwalter was an integral part for david and patricia thompson ' s cheveley park stud success in the 1990s .\nwonderful memories of gay gallanta and exclusive ' s group one successes , to name but two .\nleading french trainer criquette head - maarek described swinburn as\none of the greatest ever jockeys\n.\nhead - maarek and swinburn developed a fruitful association in the 1990s , most notably with hatoof , on whom the rider won the 1000 guineas and the champion stakes at newmarket .\nthe chantilly handler said :\nhe was such a talented rider . he had really soft hands and had fantastic judgement during races .\nwalter was a great boy and it is such a young age that he has died .\nin my opinion , i think he was one of the greatest ever jockeys .\nnicknamed the ' choirboy ' , he partnered shergar to derby glory at the age of 19 - one of three winners for swinburn in the epsom classic alongside shahrastani ( 1986 ) and lammtarra ( 1995 ) .\nswinburn also won the 1983 prix de l ' arc de triomphe on the filly all along , trained by patrick biancone .\nshergar and swinburn went on to claim the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot in their derby - winning year , with the jockey twice tasting success in the irish derby with shareef dancer ( 1983 ) and shahrastani ( 1986 ) .\nin 1987 , he again teamed up with stoute on the biggest stage to claim the oaks aboard unite .\nswinburn , seen here at chester in 2010 , went on to train and sent out more than 260 winners from his hertfordshire base .\nswinburn , who retired from the saddle in 2000 , and willie carson were great rivals during a golden age of gifted horsemen .\nthe former five - time champion jockey also highlighted swinburn ' s temperament as being one of his greatest attributes .\ncarson said :\nhe rode a derby winner before i even rode a winner at the same age . isn ' t that incredible ?\nhe got more excitement out of the big days than he did on the little days .\nreigning champion jockey jim crowley was in awe of swinburn ' s finesse in the saddle .\nhe told sky sports news :\nhe was a great guy . he was a gifted rider with beautiful hands .\nhe probably found it very easy and he was beautiful to watch .\nswinburn took over the training licence from his father - in - law , peter harris , in november 2004 and sent out over 260 winners from his hertfordshire base before he retired in october 2011 .\nby using this site , you agree we can set and use cookies . for more details of these cookies and how to disable them , see our cookie policy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nformer leading jockey walter swinburn , who rode shergar to derby victory , died yesterday ( 12 december ) aged 55 .\nwalter was just 19 when he partnered shergar to the record - breaking 10 - length victory in the epsom derby in 1981 .\nthis was the first of walter\u2019s three derby victories , after which he took the 1986 race on shahrastani and again in 1995 aboard lammtarra .\nthe jockey and shergar went on to claim the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes at ascot in their derby - winning year .\namong walter\u2019s many other notable wins was the 1983 prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe on the patrick biancone - trained filly all along , and the breeders\u2019 cup turf on pilsudksi in 1996 .\nin february 1996 , he had a horrific fall at sha tin after his ride liffey rider crashed through the railing at the hong kong racecourse , leaving him in intensive care for a week with head and chest injuries .\nsix months later , he won his first race back on talathath at windsor .\nwalter retired from race - riding in 2000 and went on to take over the training licence from his father - in - law , peter harris , in 2004 .\nhe enjoyed success as a trainer , with more than 260 winners , and handed in his licence at the end of october 2011 , citing financial reasons . he also spent some time on the channel 4 racing team .\n\u201cshocked with the awful news that walter swinburn has passed away , another jockey has gone too soon . immensely talented and gifted rider , \u201d three - time champion jockey richard hughes tweeted last night ( 12 december ) .\nretired grand national - winning jockey mick fitzgerald added walter was a \u201cgenius on a racehorse\u201d .\n\u201che had beautiful hands and looked like he was born to ride . may he rest in peace , \u201d he added .\nfrankie dettori said he was very saddened to hear the news of walter\u2019s passing .\n\u201c a true talent and gentleman , thoughts are with his family , \u201d he added .\n\u201cvery sad to hear about the death of walter swinburn , \u201d he said . \u201ca jockey that god hath retained . \u201d\nby submitting your information , you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nwe ' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like . your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time . please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n\u00a9 copyright ti media limited . all rights reserved . terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nafter two promising second places , brazos made it third time lucky as he got off the mark in the casino at bet365 maiden . the son of clodovil came through late to beat lyn valley and mystique rider by two necks and in the process give ryan moore his 100 th winner at goodwood .\nthe rider was more impressed with the colt than his own landmark .\nhe did that well and he ' ll be better for it ,\nhe said .\nhe ' ll be a nice horse .\ntold it was his century at the track , he said in typically dry deadpan style :\nis that all ? disappointing .\nbrazos ' s veteran trainer clive brittain was not present , but bruce raymond , racing manager to owner saeed manana , was as impressed as the jockey with the dark grey ' s effort .\nhe can go on from this quite a bit ,\nhe said .\nhe ' d been getting a bit keen in his races and he was better for being held up today .\nthe colt jibbed babyishly when asked to enter the winner ' s place , consenting to be led forward only after being unsaddled .\nhe ' s still green , still learning ,\nsaid raymond ,\nand he can furnish up physically as well .\nhe seemed to like the ease in the ground ; i think a lot of clodovils do . we might think about a race like the royal lodge stakes for him , but that ' s a bit of a way down the line yet .\n\ufffd20 , 000 total prize fund . for 2yo colts and geldings which are e . b . f . eligible , 6f . weights : 9st . penalty value 1st \ufffd12 , 938 . 00 2nd \ufffd3 , 850 . 00 3rd \ufffd1 , 924 . 00 4th \ufffd962 . 00\nsander camillo , timeform\u2019s second highest - rated ( 116p ) two - year - old filly of 2006 behind finsceal beo , made a disappointing return to action at newmarket on wednesday as she failed to land the odds in the group 3 shadwell nell gwyn stakes , finishing a neck second to scarlet runner .\nthe toby edmonds - trained tyzone is the ramornie handicap favourite ahead of his stablemate havasay .\ninvited for the second year running to ride at the vodacom durban july meeting in greyville , nooresh juglall made the trip to south africa count with one winner \u2013 just like last year .\nbon hoffa\u2019s g1 winning son bon aurum will stand at glen eden stud in victoria this spring .\nexciting sprinter nature strip was a sale ring reject who could be racing for a share of $ 13 million in the everest in october after recording another brilliant win at flemington on saturday .\nthe first indication that sander camillo possessed above - average ability came on her second appearance , in the eighteen - runner albany stakes at royal ascot for which she started favourite up against ten winners , including second favourite bahama mama , silk blossom and scarlet runner .\nsander camillo ' s reputation rather than her form was responsible for her heading the market . on her only previous start she had seemed to need the experience in a maiden race at newmarket in may , running on under hands and heels once she got the hang of things to finish fourth to another albany stakes contender bicoastal .\nbicoastal and the rest had no answer to sander camillo at ascot where she was always going strongly disputing the lead , quickened readily two furlongs out and was soon on top , running on strongly , despite drifting right , to account for silk blossom by a length and a half with scarlet runner third .\nthe albany stakes has proved a worthwhile addition to the royal meeting since its inauguration in 2002 , attracting an average of sixteen fillies and requiring a useful performance from its winners , duty paid , silca ' s gift , jewel in the sand and la chunga ( a 270 , 000 - dollar two - year - old purchase for sander camillo ' s owner ) .\nsander camillo was clearly in the same mould and , like jewel in the sand , she headed next for the chippenham lodge stud cherry hinton stakes at newmarket in july . like her predecessor , she completed the double , only in much more impressive style .\nall ten runners were winners but , despite the presence of unbeaten gilded carrying a 3 - lb penalty for winning the queen mary stakes , sander camillo started a hot favourite at 11 / 8 . next in the betting came alderney , four - length winner of a maiden at york , silk blossom , gilded , newmarket listed winner hope ' n ' charity and alzerra , who had landed a maiden at haydock .\nclose up and going well within herself from the outset as 100 / 1 - shot three decades led , sander camillo was soon in command after being given the office a quarter of a mile out , none of her rivals , headed by alzerra , finding anything in reply under pressure .\nby contrast , sander camillo continued to find more without coming under anything like full pressure , drawing clear and passing the post with five lengths to spare over alzerra , with gilded a neck away third . a breathtaking victory , one made colourful by the winner ' s rider frankie dettori sporting italian flags painted on his cheeks in celebration of italy ' s victory in the world cup .\nattraction suffered an injury but sander camillo remained fit , apart from having an unsatisfactory blood test result which caused her withdrawal from the lowther stakes won by silk blossom .\nhowever , sander camillo ' s connections bypassed the moyglare stud stakes and she was taken out of the prix marcel boussac six days beforehand and the cheveley park stakes on the day ."]}
{"id": 2444, "summary": [{"text": "formicoxenus provancheri , common name shampoo ant , is a species of ant in the subfamily myrmicinae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in canada and the united states . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "formicoxenus provancheri", "paragraphs": ["formicoxenus provancheri can be found in canada and the united states ( 1 ) .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see formicoxenus provancheri for further details\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for formicoxenus provancheri .\nsenior synonym of formicoxenus emersoni , formicoxenus hirtipilis : creighton , 1950a pdf : 279 ; of formicoxenus glacialis : cole , 1954d : 241 .\nformicoxenus provancheri has also been shown to possess the ability to follow scent trails deposited by myrmica incompleta workers . this trail allows formicoxenus provancheri to follow hosts to new nest sites ( 5 ) .\nformicoxenus provancheri is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nsenior synonym of formicoxenus emersoni , formicoxenus hirtipilis : creighton , 1950a pdf : 279 ; of formicoxenus glacialis : cole , 1954d pdf : 241 .\nformicoxenus provancheri belongs to a genus whose species are known as \u2018guest - ants\u2019 , social parasites that live in colonies of other ant species . formicoxenus provancheri inhabits the nest of myrmica incompleta , an ant species three to five times larger than itself ( 2 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ant ( formicoxenus provancheri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ant ( formicoxenus provancheri )\ntitle =\narkive species - ant ( formicoxenus provancheri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncombination in formicoxenus ( mychothorax ) : emery , 1924f pdf : 262 ; in formicoxenus : francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 : 377 .\ncombination in formicoxenus ( mychothorax ) : emery , 1924f pdf : 262 ; in formicoxenus : francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 pdf : 377 .\nthe nests of myrmica incompleta which are inhabited by formicoxenus provancheri are found in clumps of moss and under logs and stones in damp meadows and bogs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nlenoir , a . , detrain , c . and barbazanges , n . ( 1992 ) host trail following by the guest ant formicoxenus provancheri . experientia , 48 ( 1 ) : 94 - 97 .\naggressive reproductive conflicts and dominance interactions among queens are involved in establishing functional monogyny in the ant , formicoxenus provancheri . competition among potential reproductives may lead to the founding of new societies by budding or colony fragmentation .\nall female formicoxenus provancheri have a spermatheca ( a receptacle in which sperm is stored after mating ) and are able to mate and produce fertilised eggs , although only one female in a nest is fertile and will breed ( 2 ) .\nerrard , c . , fresneau , d . , heinze , j . , francoeur , a . and lenoir , a . ( 1997 ) social organization in the guest - ant formicoxenus provancheri . ethology , 103 ( 1 ) : 149 - 159 .\nglacialis . leptothorax emersoni subsp . glacialis wheeler , w . m . 1907b : 71 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a . subspecies of provancheri : creighton , 1950a : 280 . junior synonym of provancheri : cole , 1954d : 241 .\nlenoir , a . , errard , c . , francoeur , a . and loiselle , r . ( 1992 ) biological and ethological observations on the interactions between the parasite ant formicoxenus provancheri and its host myrmica incompleta . insectes sociaux , 39 ( 1 ) : 81 - 97 .\n[ mackay , lowrie , et al . , 1988 : 89 ( in key ) and wheeler & wheeler , 1989a pdf : 323 , recombine formicoxenus provancheri in leptothorax , apparently unaware of the revision by francoeur , { ? et al } { ? , whose combination is reaffirmed by bolton , 1995b : 207 } ] .\n[ mackay , lowrie , et al . , 1988 : 89 ( in key ) and wheeler & wheeler , 1989a pdf : 323 , recombine formicoxenus provancheri in leptothorax , apparently unaware of the revision by francoeur , { ? et al } { ? , whose combination is reaffirmed by bolton , 1995b : 207 } ] .\nfrancoeur , a . ; loiselle , r . ; buschinger , a . 1985 . biosyst\u00e9matique de la tribu leptothoracini ( formicidae , hymenoptera ) . 1 . le genre formicoxenus dans la r\u00e9gion holarctique . nat . can . ( qu\u00e9 . ) 112 : 343 - 403 pdf ( page 377 , queen , male described , combination in formicoxenus )\nkannowski , p . b . 1958 (\n1957\n) . notes on the ant leptothorax provancheri emery . psyche ( cambridge ) 64 : 1 - 5 . pdf\nkannowski , p . b . ( 1957 ) notes on the ant leptothorax provancheri emery . psyche : a journal of entomology , 64 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5\nhirtipilis . leptothorax emersoni subsp . hirtipilis wheeler , w . m . 1917a : 515 ( w . ) canada . junior synonym of provancheri : creighton , 1950a : 279 .\nfrancoeur , a . ; loiselle , r . ; buschinger , a . 1984 . taxonomic revision of the ant genus formicoxenus ( formicidae , hymenoptera ) . [ abstract . ] p . 528 in : xvii international congress of entomology . hamburg , federal republic of germany , august 20 - 26 , 1984 . abst ( page 528 , new combination in formicoxenus )\nbuschinger , a . ; francoeur , a . ; fischer , k . 1981 [ 1980 ] . functional monogyny , sexual behavior , and karyotype of the guest ant , leptothorax provancheri emery ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 87 : 1 - 12 pdf ( page 8 , karyotype described )\nemersoni . leptothorax emersoni wheeler , w . m . 1901a : 433 , figs . 2 , 3 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a . combination in l . ( mychothorax ) : emery , 1924d : 261 . junior synonym of provancheri : creighton , 1950a : 279 . see also : wheeler , w . m . 1903c : 230 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthis species nests under stones , and is a guest in the nests of myrmica incompleta and myrmica fracticornis . apparently it cannot live without its host in the laboratory , although it can be found nesting alone in the field . sexuals occur in the nests in july and august . ( mackay and mackay 2002 )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nemery , 1895c : 320 ( w . ) canada . francoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 : 377 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1973b : 73 ( l . ) ; buschinger , francoeur & fischer , 1981 : 8 ( k . ) . combination in\n: cole , 1954d : 241 . see also : wheeler , w . m . 1903c : 229 . [ mackay , lowrie ,\n. 1988 : 89 ( in key ) and wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1989a : 323 , recombine\nbuschinger , a . ( 2009 ) social parasitism among ants : a review . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecological news 12 : 219 - 235 .\ncole , a . c . , jr . 1954d . studies of new mexico ants . x . the genus leptothorax ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . j . tenn . acad . sci . 29 : 240 - 241 ( page 241 , senior synonym of glacialis )\ncreighton , w . s . 1950a . the ants of north america . bull . mus . comp . zool . 104 : 1 - 585 ( page 279 , senior synonym of emersoni and hirtipilis )\nemery , c . 1895d . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen ameisenfauna . ( schluss ) . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 257 - 360 ( page 320 , worker described )\nemery , c . 1922c . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . myrmicinae . [ part ] . genera insectorum 174b : 95 - 206 ( page 262 , combination in l . ( mycothorax ) )\nmackay , w . p . ; lowrie , d . ; fisher , a . ; mackay , e . e . ; barnes , f . ; lowrie , d . 1988 . the ants of los alamos county , new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pp . 79 - 131 in : trager , j . c . ( ed . ) advances in myrmecology . leiden : e . j . brill , xxvii + 551 pp . ( page 89 , see also )\nmackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .\nwheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1973b . ant larvae of four tribes : second supplement ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmicinae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 80 : 70 - 82 ( page 73 , larva described )\nwheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1989a [ 1988 ] . notes on ant larvae : myrmicinae . trans . am . entomol . soc . 114 : 319 - 327 ( page 323 , see also )\nwheeler , w . m . 1903d . a revision of the north american ants of the genus leptothorax mayr . proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . 55 : 215 - 260 ( page 229 , see also )\nthis page was last modified on 9 november 2016 , at 18 : 17 .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nfrancoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 : 377 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1973b pdf : 73 ( l . ) ; buschinger , francoeur & fischer , 1981 pdf : 8 ( k . ) .\n2 times found in marshy meadow , 0 times found in meadow , 1 times found in riparian area , mixed sagebrush , woodland .\n3 times search , 0 times under rock , 0 times log stage 3 .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfrancoeur , loiselle & buschinger , 1985 pdf : 377 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1973b pdf : 73 ( l . ) ; buschinger , francoeur & fischer , 1981 pdf : 8 ( k . ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nh\u00f6lldobler , b . , and wilson , e . o . , the ants . belknap press of harvard university press , cambridge ma 1990 .\nheinze , j . , and smith , t . a . , behav . ecol . sociobiol .\nlenoir , a . , errard , c . , francoeur , a . , and loiselle , r . , ins . soc .\nfrancoeur , a . , loiselle , r . , and buschinger , a . , naturaliste can .\nbuschinger , a . , francoeur , a . and fischer , k . , psyche\nheinze , j . , in : queen number and sociality in insects . ed . l . keller . oxford university press , oxford ( in press ) .\ngadagkar , g . , and joshi , n . v . , curr . sci .\nh\u00f6lldobler , b . , and carlin , n . f . , behav . ecol . sociobiol .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 2446, "summary": [{"text": "sir taurus is a standardbred harness racehorse , foaled on march 20 , 1984 at lindy farms in somersville , connecticut in the united states .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "sir taurus ' sire was speedy crown , and his dam was vanessa hill .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "speedy crown 's sire was speedy scot , and his dam was missile toe ; vanessa hill 's sire was hickory pride , and her dam was viola hill . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sir taurus", "paragraphs": ["sir taurus b 2 , 1 : 56 . 3m $ 484 , 810 1984 standardbred\nadd comment + no one has written a comment about sir taurus edward lahey . be the first\ni thank to taurus infotek & my father who support me in my process .\ndan was very active in the n . y . breeding program during the 1970s and 1980s . he stood sir taurus at his collins , ny farm for four years prior to moving him to blue chip farms in 1992 . sir taurus , now retired , still resides at blue chip . sir taurus turned 30 this year . dan was also the co - breeder of gallo blue chip , who retired as the sport ' s leading money winning pacer in 2005 .\ntaurus weekend reading . no thank you , i don ' t need you . 8 / 11\nall the best to you & taurus infotek . . . . . . . . . . .\nsir taurus will be headed to goshen ( n . y . ) historic track to watch some grand circuit racing action . first post on saturday will be 1 p . m .\nsir taurus ( gb ) g , 1983 { } dp = 1 - 7 - 6 - 0 - 2 ( 16 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 31\nhe joked he should be called sir lancelot after being knighted , telling the bbc that\nsir billy doesn ' t quite have the same ring\nto it .\na special visitor was on - site at goshen historic track on saturday afternoon , eclipsing the popularity of even the horses running , according to a story in the times herald - record . sir taurus , a 30 - year - old retired champion standardbred , was behind the grandstand to pose for pictures . since retiring 27 years ago , sir taurus has rarely left the farm , [ \u2026 ]\nthe current race record for sir elmo ( nzl ) is 5 wins from 43 starts .\nsir malcolm mckibbin will remain in post under the talks deadline at stormont . picture by mal mccann\nsir taurus , the now 30 - year - old trotting stallion whose sons and daughters once dominated the new york sire stakes , will make a rare visit away from his home at blue chip farm on saturday , july 5 .\nsir malcolm mckibbin will step down on june 30 , following the next round of negotiations among politicians .\nformer champion jockey sir tony mccoy has put on two stone since retiring from his sport in 2015 .\nsir taurus , the now 30 - year - old trotting stallion whose sons and daughters once dominated the new york sire stakes , will make a rare visit away from his home at blue chip farm on saturday , july 5 . . . .\nit was my dream to go australia and today i actually got my visa . before coming to palwe sir my visa was denied . that was the time i decided to visit palwe sir . he gave me confidence when i was dissappointed . palwe sir really helped me in this process . once again thanks to mr . palwe .\nsir taurus is one of 43 horses featured in the new book , \u2018standardbred old friends . \u2019 the book features horses of distinction , most hall of fame members , some noted for long and productive blue collar careers , all now in the twilight of their lives .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for sir elmo ( nzl ) . sir elmo ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2009 september 30 by spartacus out of almadaam\nthe book will be on sale to benefit goshen historic track near sir taurus\u2019 stall . author ellen harvey will be available to sign copies of the coffee table book that features the photos of acclaimed equine photographer barbara livingston . the track is located at 44 park place in goshen .\ni will always remember today is my golden day . it has happened because of only respected palwe sir & his team .\ntoday we both are very happy because our dream has come true . we got our visa . it happened only because of palwe sir & his team . we got our visa within six months . so we both are very thankful to palwe sir\nthe horse sir taurus2 - titlesir can ' t be found in the database . please check to see if you ' ve made a typo . otherwise , you can add sir taurus2 - titlesir to the database by simply entering sire / dam information .\n\u2022 design : taurus \u2022 1 toddler spoon \u2022 4 . 25\nx 1 . 125\n\u2022 made of silver - plated brass \u2022 care instructions \u2022 made in india\ni have no words to express my feeling . during this process i was very nervous but palwe sir always motivated me . really he is a very co - operative person . today i realise my decision was absolutely correct for selecting palwe sir for visa processing .\nsir billy connolly will receive another accolade from his home town later when he is made an honorary doctor of the university of strathclyde .\nsir henry has left the building ,\nthe police wrote on twitter .\nhe now lives with an anonymous identity .\nhowever , with no executive in place and a looming westminster election , sir malcolm has announced he will delay his retirement once again .\nat goshen , he will spend some time in a stall behind the grandstand and come out to greet visitors at 12 : 30 , 1 : 30 and 2 : 30 . in deference to his age and change in surroundings , sir taurus will be happy to be photographed on july 5 , but no petting please .\nthis is very unbelieveable that we got our visa in very less time . once again thank you very much palwe sir & his entire team .\nsir taurus was born on march 20 , 1984 , at lindy farm in somersville , connecticut . he raced for two years , 1986 and 1987 , winning $ 484 , 810 and stakes races such as the hanover stakes and multiple new york sire stakes . he was trained and driven by jimmy takter for the antonacci family and the late dan gernatt .\nthese days however , it seems that sir tony has allowed his body to put the weight back on with the help of a chocolate biscuit or two .\nhe celebrated his landmark birthday in march with a carrot cake featuring real carrots on top and a rousing chorus of \u2018happy birthday\u2019 from children at the cornwall presbyterian church sunday school . throughout his life , sir taurus , in addition to his fatherhood duties , has greeted visiting school children and scout groups at the farm . his easygoing nature allowed him to be the first horse ever touched for perhaps thousands of children .\nfadc members performed in their ninth amateur trot harness racing event last night at pompano park and it produced the first fall - winter win for joe pennacchio , driving his own mr . taurus to a come from behind 2 : 01 . 4f score .\nthey scooped him up and put him in a surgical glove box . an image shared to facebook shows sir henry taking in the sights as he ' s driven back to the station .\nthis is the happiest day in my life and all credit goes to mr . manoj palwe . he always helped me & guided me properly . so i am heartfully thankful to palwe sir .\nsir , is the second person after my parents who has all the credit of my dream come true . and at last but not the least thanks for the lovely support & a awesome visa .\nappointed in 2011 , sir malcolm had previously served as permanent secretary of the department of agriculture and rural development from 2007 to 2010 and was permanent secretary of the department for regional development from 2010 to 2011 .\nvictory sir has excellent manners and does all that is asked of him , and more . he has no limitations and can do anything from trail riding to horse shows . he is lower in the herd hierarchy .\nthe taurus star sign toddler spoon is a perfectly sized demitasse spoon made from 100 % food - safe solid brass , with the latin astrological name engraved on the front in a striking sans - serif and the corresponding symbol engraved on the back . a charming way to commemorate a child\u2019s birthday .\nreaching australia was my dream , and this dream came true only because of mr . manoj palwe & other members of taurus infotek . mr . manoj palwe guided me correctly to obtain my wife ' s and my visa together . without his guidance & support nothing was possible i would once again thank to mr . palwe & his team\npalwe sir helped me , supported me and guided me through out the process . it was his clarity and transparency that took me through this tough process . i am really thankful to him . all i can say about him is\nperfectionist\n.\nsir tony was undergoing a check - up at randox laboratories healthcare company , and while blood tests showed he was healthy on the whole , his cholesterol level was flagged up , and it also raised the spectre of diabetes which runs in the family .\ntoday , i got my visa ; firstly i want to dedicate my feelings to my parents & my counselor mr . manoj palwe . i have no words to explain my feelings . i got my visa only because of my parents & palwe sir and his entire team .\nmichelle miller rode kash now to victory in tuesday ' s new york state monte series event at waterloo , ny . the ten - year - old el paso kash - nowerlandmspauline - sir taurus mare , trained by michael miller , scored in 2 : 12h to defeat striking mystery and jennifer lowrey . the winner now has combined sulky / monte earnings of $ 42 , 728 . separately , the july 19 monte race scheduled for georgian downs has been cancelled based on rus ontario and georgian downs ' ian fleming agreement to delay until more riders , trainers and horses can become qualified . more qualifiers are planned including friday at mohawk . urltoken by thomas h . hicks , for urltoken\ni got my visa with transparent procedure . this kind of procedure can be done only by mr . manoj palwe in pune . i will write down this day as the most happiest day in my life . so i am very happy & i would like to say many many thanks to palwe sir & his team .\ntwo reasons : the styling , which evoked toyota\u2019s then - new lexus luxury line , and roominess . camrys that toyota had imported to the states up until then had hewed to a japanese market restriction of being no more than 67 inches wide . for 1992 , toyota decided to build a separate model just for the north american and australian markets that was 70 inches wide . in so doing , it created a competitor to the 71 - inch - wide ford taurus , which it would go on to dethrone as the most popular sedan in the u . s . in 1997 . it\u2019s held that honor for all but one year since .\nas a racehorse , victory sir amassed almost $ 294 , 000 , winning 38 races over 13 consecutive years on 13 different racetracks ! he\u2019s been an outstanding racehorse and is so extra deserving of a loving home that will spoil him with affection during retirement . he\u2019ll be an excellent partner to ride or drive around the farm or on the trails . he has no bad habits and is an easy keeper - there\u2019s nothing not to love about this dear sweet horse\u2013 even his name is classy !\nat the bbc , attenborough faced two obstacles . first , the station had little to no programming devoted to the natural sciences , and second , his boss thought that attenborough\u2019s teeth were too big for him to be an on - air personality . despite these hindrances , however , attenborough persevered , taking small steps forward on the path toward his ultimate destiny . he started out producing the quiz show animal , vegetable , mineral ? and then moved on to co - host a program called the pattern of animals with naturalist sir julian huxley .\nhere\u2019s our thinking : during the 1970s , jaguar reliability was horrid . a common solution to the car\u2019s troubles was to rip out the jaguar motor and replace it with a good old chevrolet v8 . but in the 1980s , under the leadership of an industrial turnaround specialist , sir john egan , the marque started to improve . then ford bought the company , infusing money and development know - how . by the late 1990s , the company was scoring well on j . d . power vehicle dependability and initial quality rankings . so that\u2019s why the last iteration of the classic jaguar inline - 6 sedan is still motoring on , often in the hands of a second owner who\u2019s always hankered for a jag but couldn\u2019t afford one new .\nthe blue chip mare program has produced industry leading in foal rates across the board which lead to substantial cost savings to your bottom line . learn more about moving your mare to blue chip .\n\u00a9 blue chip farms . all rights reserved . \u00b7 website developed by able engine\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, the now 30 - year - old trotting stallion whose sons and daughters once dominated the new york sire stakes , will make a rare visit away from his home at blue chip farm on saturday , july 5 , to goshen ( n . y . ) historic track during grand circuit racing , which starts at 1 p . m . that day .\nthe bay stallion with a distinctive white blaze has sired nearly 700 foals , who earned $ 23 . 7 million combined . his best known performer is approved action , who won $ 715 , 676 . of his 546 starters , 145 won races in better than 2 : 00 .\nwas born on march 20 , 1984 , at lindy farm in somersville , connecticut . he raced for two years , 1986 and 1987 , winning $ 484 , 810 and stakes races such as the hanover stakes and multiple new york sire stakes . he was trained and driven by\nhe celebrated his landmark birthday in march with a carrot cake featuring real carrots on top and a rousing chorus of\nhappy birthday\nfrom children at the cornwall presbyterian church sunday school . throughout his life ,\n, in addition to his fatherhood duties , has greeted visiting school children and scout groups at the farm . his easygoing nature allowed him to be the first horse ever touched for perhaps thousands of children .\nat goshen , he will spend some time in a stall behind the grandstand and come out to greet visitors at 12 : 30 , 1 : 30 and 2 : 30 . in deference to his age and change in surroundings ,\nwill be happy to be photographed on july 5 , but no petting please .\n. the book features horses of distinction , most hall of fame members , some noted for long and productive blue collar careers , all now in the twilight of their lives .\n' stall . author ellen harvey will be available to sign copies of the coffee table book that features the photos of acclaimed equine photographer barbara livingston . the track is located at 44\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe bay stallion that sports a distinctive white blaze has sired nearly 700 foals . his progeny has earned a combined $ 23 . 7 million in purses . his best known performer is approved action , who won $ 715 , 676 . of his 546 starters , 145 won races in better than 2 : 00 .\nthis story courtesy of harness racing communications , a division of the u . s . trotting association . for more information , visit www . ustrotting . com .\n\u00a9 2018 standardbred canada . all rights reserved . use of this site signifies your agreement and compliance with the legal disclaimer and privacy policy .\ncolor : b height : 2 , 1 : 56 . 3m $ 484 , 810 2 , 1 : 56 . 3m $ 484 , 810 ( close )\nspeedy crown * b 3 , 1 : 57 . 1m $ 545 , 495 1968 standardbred\nspeedy scot * b 3 , 1 : 56 . 4m $ 650 , 909 1960 standardbred\nscotch love * b 2 , t2 : 04 . 3m $ 8 , 345 1954 standardbred\nvictory song * br 4 , 1 : 57 . 3m $ 73 , 859 1943\nselka scot b 4 , 2 : 13 . 3h $ 1 , 408 1945\nmissile toe b 3 , 2 : 05 . 2h $ 22 , 362 1962 standardbred\nworth a plenty b 3 , t2 : 02 . 2m $ 7 , 560 1954 standardbred\nsparkle plenty b 3 , 2 : 07 . 3h $ 5 , 990 1948\nvanessa hill br p , 3 , 2 : 00 . 4f $ 112 , 584 1972 standardbred\nstars pride * br 5 , 1 : 57 . 1m $ 140 , 969 1947 standardbred\nb f coaltown b 3 , t2 : 00 . 1m $ 78 , 845 1960 standardbred\nsis rodney b 3 , t2 : 05 . 3m $ 7 , 066 1951\nvickie hill b 3 , 2 : 07 . 2h $ 16 , 639 1961 standardbred\ncolumbus , oh - - - daniel r . gernatt sr . , died monday in his home after a brief illness . he was 97 .\ncopyright \u00a92018 the united states trotting association . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or redistributed in any form without the expressed , written consent of the u . s . trotting association . please review our privacy policy maintained online by webmaster @ urltoken . united states trotting association 6130 s . sunbury rd . , westerville , ohio 43081 1 - 877 - 800 - usta mon . - fri . 8 a . m . - 4 : 30 p . m . est site map\nthe home of over 5 . 1 million full archive pages of the philadelphia inquirer and philadelphia daily news print editions\neasily clip , save and share what you find with family and friends . starting at $ 7 . 95 per month\neasily download and save what you find . starting at $ 2 . 95 per full article\npublisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick\nurltoken is published by blenheim publishing llc , 3070 lakecrest circle , suite 400 - 292 , lexington , ky 40513 . copyright blenheim publishing llc .\n\u00a9 2012 - 2018 op . gg . data based on league of legends north america .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse this site , you are agreeing to our cookie policy .\nyour browser has javascript disabled . if you would like to use all features of this site , it is mandatory to enable javascript .\nthis is a dog pedigree , used by breeders and breed enthusiasts to see the ancestry and line - breeding of that individual dog . the pedigree page also contains links to the dogs siblings and progeny ( if any exist ) . for dog owners with purebred dogs this is an excellent resource to study their dog ' s lineage .\nthe outsized proportions of these 24 - ounce grand vessels are befitting of the celestial constellations , so it seemed apt to embellish them with a celebration of the zodiac . we\u2019ve dressed these mugs to the nines , with bespoke black and shimmering gold designs . whether you\u2019re a loyal pisces , a glamorous libra , or an unpredictable gemini \u2013 we\u2019ve got one in your honor .\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\na closer look at the eight new york sire stakes divisional leaders and their biggest threats in the $ 1 . 8 million night of champions at yonkers raceway september 22nd ( first of eight parts ) .\nveteran harness racing driver dan daley earned his 1 , 000th - career victory , while hay goodlooking achieved his initial local open pacing triumph of the season during saturday night ' s 12 - race program at vernon downs .\nit was a career night for young harness racing driver brett crawford on wednesday ( may 23 ) at saratoga casino and raceway .\nfinancial glider has returned to the harness racing track in good order after her first foal was sold last fall . on the wednesday evening , may 9 program at the isle casino racing pompano park , mickey mcnichol was in the bike to find the winning trip for the 8 - year - old in 1 : 58 in a mid - level conditioned trotting event for a $ 5 , 500 purse .\nyou won ' t be able to talk reason to a stubborn relative . you ' re dealing with someone who is intent on taking an impractical path . let them make their own choices . you may be forced to eat their words when this family member finds success . this isn ' t a good time to sign a contract . you ' ll feel pressured to give away more than you can afford . if you can hang on just another few days , you should be able to strike a much better deal .\nquestions about love , relationships , career or life in general . . ? call russell grant ' s team of psychics on 1580 444 578 ( \u20ac2 . 44c per minute ) or to pay by credit / debit card call local rate 01 686 9301 and quote dig46 to get 5 free minutes when you book a 20 minute reading !\n1580 calls cost \u20ac2 . 44c per minute plus network extras . 18 + only . all calls are recorded for your protection and safety . this entertainment service is regulated by comreg and is provided by rga , po box 322 , altrincham , cheshire , wa15 8yl .\ngoing out ? staying in ? from great gigs to film reviews and listings , entertainment has you covered .\nsharp objects , zoe , oitnb - what ' s new to netflix , amazon prime , and sky . . .\n' it ' s too hot . okay , there i said it ' - here\u2019s how ireland is ( not ) coping with the . . .\nwatch : hilarious reactions as daughter leaps from cardboard box to make surprise visit . . .\ngorillaz - the band fronted by damon albarn - had their set at danish . . .\nwatch : ' the more drama , the better ' - theo and chyna play the love island ' real or . . .\nwatch : ' a feast for the senses ' - national geographic ' s immersive symphonic show . . .\nwatch a bear enjoying itself in the hot tub of a california . . .\nlove island is set for another cull with two contestants due to be dumped .\n' i ' m intrigued by it but i would never do it ' - marty morrissey rules himself out of . . .\nsacha baron cohen teases new show billed as ' perhaps the most dangerous show in . . .\nhollywood mogul harvey weinstein bailed after pleading not guilty to third set of . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni was looking forward to build a strong career for myself and i was really desparate for it . hence i applied for australia pr . but due to technical error or may be bad luck , my tra was rejected thrice . then i decided to meet mr . palwe and came to know that luck is never a shortfall .\nme the patel is now a very glad person to express the hearty compliments regarding the achievement of dreams that was bowed before one year , but has become the reality now just because of a genius man mr . manoj palwe & his team .\ntoday , i am very happy because i got my visa after 3 years . it was my dream to work in australia . it came true because of mr . palwe & his team .\nthank you very much . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nonce again thank you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ntoday i am very happy because i got pr visa for australia . today my dream came true because of mr . manoj palwe . he is like a god for me . i dedicate this realisation of my dream to my parents .\ndespite a career devoted to celebrating and preserving wildlife , david attenborough has a deep dislike of rats .\n\u201ci ' m not an animal lover if that means you think things are nice if you can pat them , but i am intoxicated by animals . \u201d\nnaturalist and television personality david attenborough is the father of the modern nature documentary .\ndavid attenborough was born in london , england , in 1926 . after studying the natural sciences at the university of cambridge , he began his career as a producer at the bbc , where he launched the successful zoo quest series . attenborough was made controller of bbc two in 1965 and later its director of programming . during his tenure the station crossed over to color television , and attenborough was instrumental in expanding its natural history content . attenborough left the bbc to begin writing and producing various series , including the smash hit life on earth , which set the standards for the modern nature documentary . since then attenborough has written , produced , hosted and narrated countless award - winning , nature - focused programs and has devoted his life to celebrating and preserving wildlife .\nfamed naturalist and television personality david frederick attenborough was born on may 8 , 1926 , in a suburb of london , england . the second of three boys born to a university principal and a writer , he and his brothers would all find great success in their chosen careers , which would take them far from the city of leicester , where they were raised .\nindeed . david\u2019s older brother richard attenborough would become an academy award\u2013winning actor and director , and his younger brother , john would become a top executive at the italian car company alfa romeo . but despite their notable achievements , neither brother would lead a life as full of adventure and travel nor become as internationally beloved as david .\ndespite the relative urban surroundings in which he lived , david attenborough\u2019s fascination with the natural world developed early and by the age of seven he had assembled a sizable collection of bird eggs and fossils . a lecture by famous naturalist grey owl that he attended in 1936 only served to deepen his interest , and after graduating from high school he was awarded a scholarship to study the natural sciences at the university of cambridge . upon completing his studies in 1947 , attenborough was called to serve for two years in the royal navy . however , any hopes he had that this would be his chance to see the world were dashed when he was posted to a ship in wales .\nin 1949 attenborough returned to london and found work as an editor for an educational publisher . the following year he began a training program at the bbc . in 1952 attenborough completed his training and began working for the television station as a producer , thus marking the beginning of what would be a milestone career , both at the bbc and far , far beyond it .\nattenborough married jane oriel in 1950 until her death in 1997 from a brain hemorrhage . the couple had two children together : a son and daughter .\nbut attenborough was dissatisfied with the format of shows such as these , which often brought animals out of their natural habitats and into the distressing environment of a television studio . seeking to break with this unfortunate tradition , in 1954 attenborough launched a series titled zoo quest . the program filmed animals not only in captivity , but also in the wild , with the film crews traveling far and wide to capture images of the animals . with its on - location yet respectfully distant approach to filming wildlife , zoo quest established what are now the general standards for nature documentaries . the show was so successful with viewers that in 1957 the bbc established its natural history unit .\ndespite his growing success , attenborough left the bbc in early 1960s to study social anthropology at the london school of economics . when bbc two was created in 1965 , however , attenborough was asked to return to the station as its controller . in both this capacity and as director of programming for both the bbc and bbc two , attenborough continued to collect milestones , pioneering such educational series as the ascent of man and civilisation , overseeing the bbc\u2019s transition to color television and having the wisdom to sign up an oddball comedy series called monty python\u2019s flying circus , starring john cleese and terry gilliam among others . in recognition of his contributions , in 1970 the british academy honored him with its desmond davis award . yet attenborough could not shake the passion that had remained with him since his youth , and in 1972 he resigned from his post at the bbc to follow his dreams into the wild .\nafter leaving the bbc , attenborough began to write and produce tv series as a freelancer and quickly established himself with a string of successful programs , including eastwards with attenborough ( 1973 ) , which featured an anthropological study of indonesia , and the tribal eye ( 1975 ) , which examined tribal art throughout the world . but attenborough\u2019s greatest success would come in 1976 , when his program life on earth first aired . a 96 - episode examination of the role of evolution in nature , the show took attenborough and his crews around the globe , using cutting - edge filming techniques to bring wildlife into homes worldwide , gaining an estimated viewing audience of more than 500 million .\nthe success of life on earth made david attenborough a household name and , in the decades that followed , allowed him to write , produce and host countless other series , including the trials of life ( 1990 ) , which focused on animal development and behavior ; the private life of plants ( 1995 ) , which used time - lapse photography to explore the botanical world ; attenborough in paradise ( 1996 ) , about his personal - favorite animals , birds of paradise ; and the 10 - part series the life of birds ( 1998 ) , for which he won a peabody award . he has also narrated numerous other programs , including the bbc\u2019s wildlife on one , which ran for 250 episodes from 1977 to 2005 , and the 2006 series planet earth , the biggest wildlife documentary ever made and the first show to air in hd on the bbc .\nthe advancement of his age has done little to slow the intrepid attenborough , who into his 80s has continued both his globetrotting and his prolific output . completing his life trilogy , 2008 saw the airing of his series life in cold blood , an examination of reptiles , and in 2012 he began a series of programs filmed in 3 - d for the sky television network . attenborough\u2019s lifelong commitment to the natural world has also led him toward ecological activism both on the air and offscreen . he wrote and produced the environmentally themed state of the planet ( 2000 ) and saving planet earth ( 2007 ) . he is a patron of the organizations population matters , which examines the impact of human populations growth on the natural world , and the world land trust , which buys rainforests around the globe with the aim of preserving their wildlife .\nduring his lifetime of achievement , david attenborough has received myriad honors . he was knighted in 1985 , received the order of merit from queen elizabeth in 2002 and holds at least 31 honorary degrees from british universities , including oxford and cambridge . he published his biography , life on air , in 2002 , and in 2012 was the subject of the bbc documentary attenborough : 60 years in the wild . in 2014 a poll revealed that he was considered to be the most trustworthy public figure in britain . attenborough is also the most traveled person in recorded human history , and is the oldest person to have ever visited the north pole . but in perhaps the most fitting tribute of all , several species of plants , insects and birds have been graced with attenborough\u2019s name , ensuring that it will live alongside the many creatures that he has spent his life celebrating and protecting .\nwe strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !\ndavid frost was an english media personality best known for his 1977 interviews with president richard nixon , which were adapted for a play and the critically acclaimed film frost / nixon . frost hosted several television programs in the united states and britain .\na 90 - minute documentary david bowie : the last five years , has begun airing on hbo . previously broadcast on british tv , the film includes new bowie footage and interviews with musicians , producers , and directors who worked with him on his final tour .\ndavid suchet is a british actor who became known to international audiences as agatha christie ' s detective hercule poirot .\ndavid hartman is an actor and tv personality who got his big break in 1975 as the first host of the morning show good morning america .\ndavid oyelowo is a classically trained stage actor also known for screen projects like ' spooks , ' ' as you like it , ' ' red tails , ' ' lincoln ' and ' the butler . '\nin an interview with \u2018the guardian , \u2019 david lynch quasi - endorsed donald trump , which the president tweeted . while the director isn\u2019t sure trump\u2019s doing a good job , \u201che could go down as one of the greatest presidents in history because he has disrupted the thing so much , \u201d he said .\nactor david duchovny is best known for his award - winning roles on the tv series ' the x - files ' and ' californication . '\nproducer , writer and actor larry david wrote for saturday night live , wrote and produced the sitcom seinfeld and created hbo ' s curb your enthusiasm .\n\u00a9 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .\ndoes venus rule your profession / career / business that you are currently engaged in ? from ancient times , venus represented the entertainer and the things that people are passionate about and even today it does . however things have changed a lot every since . today venus rules many important careers or business activities in the world . venus rules cinema , tv , fashion , photography , animation , graphics , youtube . watch this video to find out what are the other professions ( careers ) and types of business activity that venus ( shukra ) is involved with these days .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nif you would like a reading with me you can visit my website for a list of all my services or email me at : save big ! ! running through labor day sale 40 % - 50 % percent off of personal readings ( private video readings only ) . follow the link below to order a video reading with me . theearlyblogger @ urltoken urltoken thank you for all of your likes , comments , shares and subscribes !\nuranus in houses . dealing with difficult uranus transits & birth positions . astro - psychologer diana\nequine now horses for sale online horse classified ads . sell your horse for free . stallions now stallion directory online stallion directory . find a stallion to breed your mare to . thoroughbred database thoroughbred only pedigree database with 1 , 000 , 000 + horses . online dog pedigrees pedigree online ' s dog database offers free pedigree reports for millions of dogs of all breeds and is completely open to the public . use the search form above to find a dog pedigree now .\ndid you know that all breed pedigree is nearly 20 year old ? the database was designed when the internet was in its infancy , and while it has served people well for a long time it ' s also long overdue for an overhaul to embrace some newer technologies . we ' ve started the process of redesigning the database by launching a brand new dog pedigree database . this project will eventually serve as the framework for an updated all breed pedigree database . if you have dogs or breed dogs , we encourage you to use our new site by adding dogs and giving us feedback .\npedigree online ' s all breed pedigree database consists of more than 5 . 7 million horses from around the world cover all breeds of horses . if this is your first time visiting the site , you can pull up the pedigree for any horses in the database by simply entering it ' s name in the form above and clicking the\nhorse query\nbutton . for more about using this site or reading pedigrees , make sure to check out the help menu . parts of this site are free , while advanced options and features require you to be a subscriber .\n. using the tool , you can select custom colors , fonts , and build professional looking pedigree charts for your websites in a matter of minutes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nxhtml11 . dtd\ncopyright bulldog pedigree 2007 all rights reserved . admin @ pedigrees . dog , last update : today\nfondly known as the big yin , he will be recognised for his contribution to society at a university graduation ceremony in the barony hall in glasgow on thursday .\nthe comedian , who is to get a knighthood in the queen ' s birthday honours list , will celebrate his 75th birthday this year .\nhe grew up in the partick area of the city and worked in the govan shipyards before pursuing a career as a folk singer in the humblebums alongside the late gerry rafferty .\nothers receiving honorary degrees from the university include dr max nikias , president of the university of southern california ; nigel whitehead , group managing director of bae systems ; nigel cantwell , an international consultant on child protection ; and richard hunter , convener of court at the university of strathclyde .\nawards will also be given for alumna and alumnus of the year to baroness nosheena mobarik and calum paterson respectively .\nabout 3 , 000 students will be graduating from the ceremonies being held between june 22 and 30 .\nadvertising contact help aol app about our ads supply chain transparency oath uk ltd . gender pay report\nofficers found the cuddly critter outside a hospital after concerned patients spotted him crawling through the bushes .\n# sirhenry has left the building . ein kollege mit herz hat ihn heute abgeholt . er lebt nun mit alias - personalie anonym in # karow . ^ tsm urltoken\neventually , he was taken to a local shelter \u2014 but not for long \u2014 as one of the officers returned to adopt him .\nthe nanny ' s gut told her something was very wrong . then the dad watched the chilling cctv\nhomeless man is the only bystander willing to risk it all for a cop . . .\nfamily dog was missing for a month without a trace before their . . .\nhungry leopard chases down a baby antelope . . . then does the most . . .\ndog is chained outside for 15 years until a freak accident changes . . .\neco - responsible and size - inclusive - we ' re super excited about . . .\num , are j . lo and a - rod engaged ? their fans seem to think so\nmichio kaku sees amazing things in our future , except for th . . .\nfirst two boys rescued from flooded thai cave , according to local of . . .\nif you\u2019d like to allow notifications , please go into your browser\u2019s website or privacy settings and set the permissions for urltoken to \u201callow . \u201d\nthe head of the northern ireland civil service has deferred his retirement again until after the talks deadline at stormont .\nit is the second time the north ' s most senior civil servant has deferred his retirement due to the political impasse . he had initially announced he would stand down in january , but was asked to remain in post until april .\nhis initial deferral came after the late martin mcguinness resigned as deputy first minister , triggering the collapse of the assembly .\nhe has led the civil service through its most radical change programme since the 1970s , overseeing the reduction in the number of government departments from 12 to nine and reducing the size of the civil service by 17 per cent through the voluntary exit scheme .\nthe 42 - year - old underwent hot baths , saunas and extreme dieting in order to keep his weight down to around 10st 3lb when racing , while his healthy weight would have been closer to 12st .\nhe said : \u201cthere\u2019s nights i would eat the whole packet\u2026it is not something i am proud of . for someone that had pretty good willpower it is not anywhere near as good as it used to be . \u201d\nbut he joked : \u201cmaybe i need to come out of retirement just to get myself back , get my diet back to a more healthy lifestyle , even though people thought it was unhealthy . \u201d\njust had my @ randoxhealth check\u2026 . not surprisingly the doc didn ' t think a lot of my medical history ! ! urltoken\n\u201cwhen i was racing i was unhealthy looking , \u201d he said . \u201ceverybody tells me now i am healthy looking , but yet there are things i need to keep an eye on , like my cholesterol , the possibility of diabetes .\n\u201ci spent all my life dieting but it is something i actually do need to ( do ) . because my body was so used to that i cannot really let my lifestyle change too much . i am two stone heavier than i was a year and a half ago .\n\u201cthe biggest problem that we have in the world is that most of us only go to the doctor whenever we are ill . prevention is so much better than any cure . \u201d\ndoes anyone know anybody in the racing . . . - standardbred retirement , a second chance , townsend , de | facebook\nhe\u2019s a quiet horse that will excel in a home with a kind owner that enjoys spending time with him . he does not form new connections easily , but when he does bond to his caretaker or rider , it is very strong . in fact , he will prefer being with his \u2018person\u2019 over being with another horse . this trait is wonderful to see in a horse because they become so very loyal to their person .\ngoshen \u2014 the star of the show at goshen historic track on saturday afternoon didn ' t wind up in the winner ' s circle .\nchoose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n\u00a9 copyright 2006 - 2018 gatehouse media , llc . all rights reserved \u2022 gatehouse sports32\noriginal content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license , except where noted . urltoken ~ 40 mulberry st . , middletown , ny 10940 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service\nchoose the plan that\u2019s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n1100 13th street , nw , suite 750 washington , dc 20005 202 . 887 . 6400 toll - free : 800 . 544 . 0155\ncars in general have become more reliable over the years . yet there are some models that just seem to keep rolling along , whistling past the junkyard . pinpointing exactly how many miles , on average , any given model has racked up is virtually impossible , but we ' ve identified 15 cars with exceptional\u2014sometimes surprising\u2014endurance and value .\nwe bet you\u2019ve seen one of these still cruising the highway recently . oh , and if you\u2019re wondering where your beloved ford f - 150 or other truck is , note that we skipped traditional trucks altogether . trucks are supposed to last forever .\n( editor ' s note : the author has owned a couple of these cars , and he teased a full 15 years out of a vw passat , a model that , unlike the cars featured here , has a bit of a death wish . )\nhere\u2019s a wager : next time you\u2019re out for a spin , watch for a nondescript , tan or silver four - door . good chance it\u2019s a honda accord .\ncombine reliability and best - selling status\u2014a true virtuous cycle\u2014and you get ubiquity . exactly what it is about honda that provides such durability is the subject of much debate ( and much corporate envy / espionage involving honda\u2019s design and manufacturing processes ) . but surely some of it has to do with the fact that honda motor company puts its engines and engineering first . look up honda accord in consumer reports ' ratings and you will see a sea of red dots that indicate owners have darn few problems with these cars .\nthe smaller honda civic shares much of the quality but is more likely to be modified by its owners to look flashier and run louder , with maintenance simultaneously neglected . so the accord gets our nod .\nbehold the last of the big american station wagons . this general motors behemoth offers an appealing combination of reliable , modern ( ish ) technology and retro looks .\nin the later years of its production , the roadmaster was armed with a honking 5 . 7 - liter v8 closely related to the chevy corvette\u2019s to move all that mass . rear - facing third - row seats , wood paneling on the sides , shifter on the steering column\u2014all the elements of the great american wagon are there . you can even squeeze a third passenger up front if the ruckus in back gets too loud . \u201ccheap to insure , \u201d says kevin cullinane of bethesda , md . , who has owned two of these big boys as well as a lot of other older american iron , and \u201cparts are cheap and plentiful . \u201d with a gentle foot on the gas , cullinane gets 17 miles per gallon in town , and 23 to 24 mpg on the highway . \u201cquite a feat for a car this weight and size , \u201d he says .\nthe wagons seem to have outlasted their mechanically identical sedan brethren , such as the bulbous chevy caprice that was a fixture of police and taxi fleets in the 1990s . lower - stress suburban living may be the reason . closely related but scarcer : the chevy impala wagon and oldsmobile custom cruiser .\nthe geo prizm is one of a number of vehicles that have at their core one of the most reliable cars ever : the toyota corolla . but while the corolla\u2019s longevity goes unremarked , the prizm and its stable - mates cause head - scratching as they soldier on into their second or even third decade : what is that thing ? how is it still running ?\nthis corolla clone ( marketed as a chevrolet at one point ) also appeared as the chevy nova ( 1984 - 1988 ) and the pontiac vibe ( 2002 - 2010 ) . all of these cars were the product of a toyota - gm joint venture called nummi , a fremont , calif . factory that built nearly 8 million vehicles of toyota\u2019s basic design before it closed down in 2010 . these were the first toyotas assembled in the u . s . , and the story of how this location\u2019s jaded united auto workers workforce learned the \u201ctoyota way\u201d and turned out cars just as good as the ones built in japan is a fascinating one ( you can listen to it in an episode of the public radio show \u201cthis american life\u201d ) ."]}
{"id": 2455, "summary": [{"text": "al ferof ( 30 march 2005 ) is a retired french-bred british-based national hunt horse owned by john hales .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was initially trained by barry murphy in wexford for martin timothy murphy .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was then trained by paul nicholls and won the 2011 supreme novices \u2019 hurdle at the cheltenham festival before progressing to chasing the following season , where he won several top races including the paddy power gold cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he moved to the stable of dan skelton in 2015 and won the peterborough chase for his new trainer .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "al ferof was retired from racing in october 2016 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "al ferof", "paragraphs": ["this year , cue card , al ferof , menorah , grands crus , al ferof , and flemenstar could all be targeted at this middle distance .\nal ferof has been ruled out for the next few months , trainer paul nicholls has confirmed .\nat the recent entry stage along with al ferof , hinterland and dodging bullets - and vibrato .\nnicholls can continue his king george vi chase domination when he sends out al ferof on boxing day .\nal ferof clears the ditch at huntingdon on his way to winning the peterborough chase . photograph : urltoken\npaul nicholls can continue his king george vi chase domination when he sends out al ferof on boxing day .\nfaugheen , the new one , al ferof and siliviniaco conti did their cheltenham credentials no harm on saturday .\nanyway , everyone \u2013 including ferdy \u2013 has been delighted to see how al ferof has showcased what we do here .\n\u201ctoday was a sad day as the popular yard star al ferof has been retired , \u201d skelton\u2019s facebook page reported .\npaul nicholls said of al ferof : ' daryl ( jacob ) said he travelled very well but ran out of stamina .\nin all , al ferof won 11 of his 28 starts , amassing over \u00a3510 , 000 in win and place prize money .\nhales\u2019s daughter lisa will look after al ferof while he recovers and then a decision about his long - term future will be made .\nthe first race at newbury went ahead following the incident with harry skelton riding al ferof to victory . photograph : alan crowhurst / getty images\nsilviniaco conti goes into this year\u2019s race as favourite , up against champagne fever , al ferof and menorah . for full entries see below .\nal ferof could make his eagerly - awaited return to action after injury in the king george vi chase at kempton park on boxing day .\nbut this is all about unfulfilled potential and having only his 12th start over fences , i fancy al ferof to come of age at kempton .\ni should expect both cue card and al ferof to benefit from the step up in trip - and grands crus from dropping back in distance .\nin the grade 1 arkle novice chase , the talented al ferof and cue card took on the sprinter . but the pace told on al ferof who made a dreadful blunder and it was left to cue card to chase sprinter sacre home , a respectable 7 lengths the margin in march 2012 .\nal ferof is to get an entry in the timico cheltenham gold cup after his valiant effort in defeat in the king george vi chase at kempton .\nal ferof had been fifth favourite for the queen mother champion chase at cheltenham , and had the ryanair chase at the meeting as a potential alternative .\nal ferof could make his eagerly - awaited return to action after injury in the king george vi chase at kempton park on boxing day . read more\nal ferof is quoted for all three festival races , but is shortest for the champion chase \u2013 shorter , incomprehensibly , than champagne fever , who has far more basic pace and still might not be quick enough for this task . al ferof is covered more fully in the ryanair and gold cup sections .\nthen there were three picks from racing post ' s pricewise judge , tom segal , as follows : al ferof , jessies dream and the real article .\nwhile champagne fever \u2019s gold cup ambitions are dead , al ferof \u2019s rest on what risks becoming an annual wrangle between nicholls and owner , john hales .\ni thought al ferof\u2019s jumping got sloppy when the pace increased and when you consider peddler\u2019s will go flying off , the grey will need to brush his jumping off . peddlers and al ferof have the best hurdles ratings and i agree , an antepost bet on both of those will see you in a good position .\nhe compared dodging bullets favourably with his previous supreme winners al ferof and noland , while ptit zig is one of a few in the running for the fred winter .\nruby walsh on al ferof , left , clears the last fence before striding on to win the paddy power gold cup at cheltenham . photograph : alan crowhurst / getty images\nall horses who competed in the first race were inspected by veterinary officers at the start . al ferof , ridden by harry skelton , came home a very easy winner .\nfreshened up and a year stronger , al ferof made a triumphant return to cheltenham in november 2012 , winning the paddy power gold cup by 3 lengths from walk on off top weight . all roads appeared to lead to a crack at the king george vi chase , but paul nicholls suffered a blow when al ferof injured a tendon and missed a year .\nal ferof\u2019s first trip to the track for skelton could not have gone much better , as he came home clear in the peterborough chase at huntingdon , after nicholls\u2019s ptit zig was a faller at the last . the gelding\u2019s new trainer was generous in his praise for nicholls afterwards , stressing that his former boss had been involved in the decision to move al ferof .\nopting for the oldest horse in the race mightn\u2019t be an obvious \u2018play\u2019 with other irish hopes like smashing and gilgamboa involved but there is still plenty to like about al ferof\u2019s chance .\nskelton was preparing al ferof for a probably swan song in this year\u2019s peterborough chase , but that plan was abandoned after the 11 - year - old sustained an injury on wednesday .\nslviniaco conti ( 3 . 10 ) has repeatedly beaten his rivals . in last year\u2019s king george he had cue card in second place , al ferof third and dynaste back in fifth .\nfor now ladbrokes offer sprinter sacre at 5 - 2 , with peddlers cross 6 - 1 \u2013 his trainer being adamant he was not himself at kempton \u2013 and al ferof 7 - 1 .\nvillage vic is progressive but needs to find more , al ferof is dependable but vulnerable to an improver , and josses hill talented but not a duck - to - water jumper of fences .\nno , it was the king george that unexpectedly threw up two potential new contenders in this division : champagne fever and al ferof , respectively fourth and third in the big boxing day chase .\nin bizarre circumstances for champion trainer paul nicholls , al ferof , another of his great talents , was also found to have a similar injury during the routine night inspection . al ferof was expected to next step out in the king george vi chase at kempton park on boxing day and he looked to be in sensational form coming off a first - up win in the paddy power gold cup at cheltenham recently .\npaul nicholls has high hopes of retaining the king george vi chase trophy at kempton on boxing day with silviniaco conti or al ferof , while the champion trainer also feels wonderful charm could run well at a big price .\nthankfully al ferof survived and just a month later landed surely one of the greatest ever novice hurdles races at cheltenham , when he beat spirit son , sprinter sacre and cue card in the 2011 stan james supreme novices\u2019 hurdle .\nafter a fine novice hurdle campaign ended with third place behind al ferof in the 2011 supreme novices\u2019 hurdle , sprinter sacre made a tremendous impression on his chasing debut at doncaster in december 2011 , winning by 24 imperious lengths .\nal ferof ( winner of the grade 2 amlin chase at ascot ) and the evergreen 13 - year - old sizing europe ( winner of the grade 2 champion chase at punchestown ) were next best with ratings of 165 .\nhowever , it\u2019s not all new equine faces . the yard still houses king george winner silvinico conti and familiar names al ferof , dodging bullets , rocky creek , rolling aces and saphir du rheu to name but a few .\nthe novice hurdler crown is shared between the paul nicholls and nicky henderson yards . it seemed that al ferof had sealed the accolade for nicholls when his thrilling late surge under ruby walsh in the stan james supreme novices\u2019 earned him a rating of 154 . however , this was matched by spirit son , beaten two lengths into second by al ferof at cheltenham , when he routed the field by twelve lengths in the john smith\u2019s mersey novices\u2019 hurdle at aintree .\nwinner of the supreme hurdle all of five years ago , the ryanair actually appears a perfect fit in terms of trip and ground for al ferof who has bounced back to something like his best after transferring to dan skelton\u2019s yard .\nal ferof and silviniaco conti have big boots to fill but they are going the right way . the horses are in great form and every weekend there seems to be a big winner . it makes for short weeks !\n2 bobs worth , 7 - 2 silviniaco conti , 8 cue card , first lieutenant , 16 al ferof , 20 the giant bolster , 25 boston bob , long run , lord windermere , harry topper ( from 50 ) .\ni really , really confused about al ferof now . trainer mentioned champion chase , and owner earlier was adamant about gold cup . regarding the latter , the horse did actually stay on again at the end of the king george .\nlast year ' s winner silviniaco conti heads the list for paul nicholls at 3 - 1 , with the willie mullins - trained champagne fever next at 4 - 1 sandwiched between another nicholls representative in 8 - 1 hope al ferof .\nas the gale blew itself out , however , the champion trainer quietly introduced fresh impetus to a division that seems to contain several of its own whirlwinds . in what was no more than a footnote to his betfair column , nicholls revealed that he intends to run his best novice chaser , al ferof , in open company for his next start . though he has only had two races over fences , al ferof is being targeted at the victor chandler chase at ascot a fortnight on saturday .\nal ferof\u2019s class is not in doubt . he won the supreme novice hurdle at cheltenham in 2011 and finished fourth behind the brilliant sprinter sacre in the arkle trophy a year later . he has also finished third behind nicholls\u2019s silviniaco conti in the king george for the last two seasons . but the fact that al ferof raced 21 times for nicholls before joining skelton less than three months ago would add particular significance if the former assistant could unseat his mentor in one of the season\u2019s most prestigious events .\nascot staged the victor chandler chase , a two mile one furlong grade one , as the feature on their card . finian ' s rainbow had been favoured all week , but had to share market leadership with classy novice , al ferof , come post time .\ndan skelton , assistant to trainer paul nicholls , who trained the eventual winner al ferof , said it was as if the horses were having a fit . i ' ve seen horses have heart attacks before , but this was different . they seemed petrified .\nafter a successful reappearance in the charlie hall chase at wetherby , harry topper ' s jumping had deteriorated in two further outings but he simply coped with the ground far better than 5 - 4 favourite al ferof in the denman chase and trampled him by 25 lengths .\nbookmaker bet365 quote al ferof at a best - priced 16 / 1 for the 2013 king george vi chase , with his old rival sprinter sacre the 5 / 2 favourite if nicky henderson decides to step up his superstar to the currently untried distance of three miles .\nunsurprisingly , al ferof has been cut for that two mile novice event , and i ' d now make him favourite personally . that he is available at 13 / 2 with coral is a pleasant surprise , and i ' ve had some this morning . if you read my arkle 2012 preview , you ' ll know i ' m not a fan of sprinter sacre , and i think being double handed with al ferof ( 13 / 2 ) and peddlers cross ( 5 / 1 ) is a very strong wagering position in the race .\ndan skelton , the assistant to trainer paul nicholls , who trained the eventual winner al ferof , said it was as if the horses were having a fit .\ni ' ve seen horses have heart attacks before , but this was different . they seemed petrified .\nwhile nicholls advocates al ferof being ridden positively in the champion chase , if those tactics are to be adopted on him then i\u2019d prefer them in the scenario of this race , in which he chased leaders before losing his position and then staying on for fifth last year .\nwhen you sell horses for big money , they have to do well \u2013 that ' s the bottom line . after al ferof won a good bumper for me at fairyhouse this time three years ago , let ' s just say he was sold for a sum that reflected his potential .\npaul nicholls had a quiet start to the month , but a double at taunton on thursday signalled a return to normal service and al ferof can provide the champion trainer with a fourth successive victory in the 25th anniversary of the victor chandler chase ( 3 . 10 ) at ascot today .\nal ferof ran a blinder . i was surprised he was joint favourite , on the basis of two novice wins , and to my eye he should have been at best third or fourth choice on form . ( obviously , he had more improvement capacity than most of his rivals ) .\nal ferof ran well at aintree last april when finishing 2 \u00be lengths second of 6 to god\u2019s own in the grade 1 jlt melling chase , but was a well beaten 6 th behind un de sceaux on his final start in the grade 2 prix la barka at auteuil in may .\nal ferof\u2019s final victory came in the peterborough chase at huntingdon last december , by which time he had moved to trainer dan skelton\u2019s yard . he later ran third yet again in the king george , but was no match for vautour , when running fourth in the ryanair chase at the cheltenham festival .\nal ferof ' s season tailed off last spring , but horses can take a bit of figuring out \u2013 even if you are paul nicholls . on saturday , the soft ground was especially key , and horses by his sire dom alco seem best fresh . who knows how far he will go now ?\nof the remainder , al ferof would seem to lack the scope and doubtless needs to step up in trip ; and the consistent cue card will always give of his best , but it is hard to see him reversing form with sprinter sacre - and he also may well step up to 20 furlongs .\na horse who has hitherto not seemed to have an optimum trip , somersby battled on well to pass finian ' s rainbow on the run in and score by a length and a quarter . just five lengths back from the winner was al ferof , having only his third start over fences , and coming under pressure before the other two .\npaul talks about last season ' s paddy power gold cup winner al ferof who , after missing most of last term through injury , will be aimed this season at the king george before a possible crack at the cheltenham gold cup . exciting second - season chasers rocky creek , rolling aces , and sire collonges are also mentioned amongst others .\nthrough nearly a decade of dominance in national hunt racing , paul nicholls had tried and failed to win the paddy power gold cup , but his string has started the winter campaign in exceptional form and that oversight too has now been rectified after al ferof ' s four - length success in the season ' s first big handicap chase here on saturday .\nthe king george is a race that nicholls has never struggled to win , thanks mainly to kauto star ' s five victories over the past six seasons , but following the retirement of his stable star a few weeks ago , he has now found two credible candidates for this year ' s renewal in al ferof and silviniaco conti , the charlie hall chase winner .\nthe o ' doherty ' s audio & video ( pro / am ) flat race was a one horse race if the market was to be believed with willie mullins ' arvika ligeonniere going off at 2 / 5 . however out on the track al ferof , the second favourite totally took over from the quarter mile pole to prevail by all of ten lengths .\nal ferof , a former irish point - to - point winner who then showed top - class form in bumpers , failed to win on his first two starts over hurdles but has not looked back since . he signed off last season with three successes over hurdles , culminating with a two - length defeat of spirit son in the supreme novices\u2019 hurdle at cheltenham .\nboth fenix two and marching song mysteriously fell to the ground and died , with speculation that they may have been electrocuted . some horses had already got to the start but there were reports that other runners had\nwobbled\non entering the paddock . the first race was run with al ferof running home the winner , but the stewards then met to review the situation .\nthere was no point through the final mile when al ferof was not going like the winner . he won the supreme novices hurdle over two miles here 2011 , but had no trouble staying on strongly up the hill over an extra five furlongs and is now the second - favourite , behind long run , for the king george vi chase over three miles at kempton park on boxing day .\nspirit son , officially rated 154 , has been beaten once in a career limited to five races . at the 2011 cheltenham festival he was second to al ferof in the supreme novices ' hurdle and the following month he beat cue card by 13 lengths in aintree ' s john smith ' s mersey novices ' hurdle , in which subsequent champion hurdle hero rock on ruby was back in third .\nwith the start of the 2013 - 14 national hunt season\nproper\nfast approaching , paul nicholls gives the betfair blog an insight into how his string has progressed through the summer , updates on last season ' s high - profile horses such as big bucks and al ferof , as well as some of the new recruits paul hopes will make their mark over the winter months and beyond .\n- weird al has been cut to 12 / 1 ( from 14 / 1 ) by the sponsors for next friday ' s betfred cheltenham gold cup as support continues to come for . . .\nnicholls has also entered kauto stone in the victor chandler , but the idea is that kauto star ' s brother will instead step back up in trip for the betfair ascot chase , also at ascot , the following month . nicholls added that sonofvic , who never remotely approached al ferof ' s fluency at cheltenham on new year ' s day , will be returned to hurdles for the rest of the season .\nthe step up in trip ought to suit al ferof but he is a horse i rarely get right and he will have to have improved to give 2lbs to both grands crus and hunt ball . course specialist quantitativeeasing rarely runs a bad race over this course and distance and , though he looks plenty high enough in the weights , he could be of some interest in the place market for those looking for a bit more value .\nthe supreme novices\u2019 hurdle is a national hunt hurdle race . the festival opener is usually greeted by the \u2018cheltenham roar\u2019 by punters . it\u2019s been going since 1946 and has had numerous sponsors and the current sponsor is sky bet . the leading jockey since 1972 is ruby walsh with 5 wins \u2013 douvan ( 2015 ) , vautour ( 2014 ) , champagne fever ( 2013 ) , al ferof ( 2011 ) & noland ( 2006 ) .\nferdy actually looked at al ferof at the brightwells sale after he won his point - to - point . he was interested but felt he was a bit small \u2013 which he was at the time \u2013 so the horse was led out unsold at \u00a362 , 000 . martin had a reserve of about \u00a370 , 000 on him then , and i ' m sure it ' s a day ferdy regrets not handing a few quid to his brother !\ntrainer nicky henderson was quick to pull out his runner kid cassidy , but the novice hurdle race went ahead , more than 20 minutes late , and with three of the original 10 runners missing . it was won by paul nicholls ' al ferof . racegoers saw no further racing , and organisers announced later in the day that they would be fully reimbursed . the british horseracing authority is investigating as is the southern electric power distribution and the police .\nbut the fact remains that al ferof did beat sprinter sacre over hurdles at last year ' s festival , and while the latter was always considered likely to prove better again over hurdles , nicholls plainly holds corresponding views of his own charge . after all , he sent him to cheltenham for his first steeplechase , in the prestigious race sponsored by this newspaper at the november meeting , and thence to a grade one over the notoriously tricky fences at sandown .\nlong run , who will be saddled by nicky henderson , the man most likely to deprive nicholls of an eighth consecutive trainers ' title , remains favourite for the king george , but nicholls ' s strong run of form has seen him cut to 5 - 4 ( from 6 - 4 ) by coral for the championship , while henderson is 4 - 7 from 1 - 2 .\nthat was a stunning performance ,\nnicholls said of al ferof .\nthe sun are also of the opinion that long run is up against it this afternoon with weird al the headline selection of templegate ( steve jones ) who points out that donald mccain ' s chaser has never been beaten on his seasonal return .\nall that is really missing from skelton\u2019s record at this stage is a grade one success and a winner at cheltenham in march . it can be only a matter of time before he crosses off both and his juvenile hurdler kasakh noir , a likely runner at kempton on sunday , is among the favourites for the triumph hurdle next spring . there could be no better way to announce his arrival among the sport\u2019s biggest players , however , than victory with al ferof in saturday\u2019s king george vi chase .\nthat effort - conceding seven pounds as well to the winner - marks the runner up down as the one to be on in the ryanair , a race whose extra three furlongs in trip plays strongly in favour of the prince . as with al ferof , connections must have been mightily chuffed with this effort , and he ' s worthy of more than a second glance in the ryanair wagering . currently a best priced 15 / 2 with sportingbet , and that appeals considerably more than the 7 / 1 about somersby in the same contest .\n\u201cal ferof is fine . he was doing up to three hours a day on the walker at paul ' s before he came back to us for the summer , \u201d said hales . \u201che ' s out in the field now and will head back to ditcheat before paul ' s open day . \u201chis target is the king george and paul nicholls will decide whether or not he has a run before that . \u201cif paul thinks he needs a prep he ' ll have one , but given the way he won the paddy power he ' s very exciting . \u201d\nthis \u00a3165 , 000 purchase is a gelded son of the high class sire flemensfirth ( progeny include imperial commander , tidal bay and flemenstar ) who formerly easily won a point to point by 8l . the 6 year old was bought from the saunderscourt stud in wexford , the same stud from which al ferof was bought , as well as champion bumper winner cheltenian . connections have taken their time with him and he only managed the one start last season when down the field when he was well beaten in a maiden hurdle at ludlow . will surely prove better than that performance and entirely possible he is a different horse this season with another summer on his back .\nthe field is headed by al ferof who won the 2012 paddy power gold cup by 3 lengths from walkon but injured a tendon whilst being prepared for a crack at the king george a month later and was off until winning the amlin 1965 chase in november 2013 . he took part in lthat year\u2019s king george and galloped on but was a well beaten 14 \u00bd lengths third to silviniaco conti , perhaps on account of several rivals falling to pieces in the latter stages . there remained a doubt as to whether he truly stayed 3 miles and that seemed to be the case as he was trounced by 25 lengths by harry topper in the denman chase at newbury in february 2014 . consequently paul nicholls dropped his 10 year old down in trip for the ryanair chase at cheltenham but he was a little disappointing when finishing 7 \u00be lengths fifth to dynaste . al ferof returned to action and won his second amlin 1965 chase in fine style by 7 lengths from somersby last november and ran 9 \u00bd lengths third to silviniaco conti in this season\u2019s king george , after which nicholls wanted to run him over a shorter trip . he suffered a setback which prevented him from running in either the queen mother champion chase or the ryanair chase and he returned in the grade 1 melling chase at aintree a couple of weeks ago , finishing 36 lengths fifth of 10 to don cossack . he should strip fitter for that run but will need big improvement .\nthe aforementioned silviniaco conti failed to bounce back from his gold cup fall at aintree , but can be forgiven that run and , though he doesn\u2019t appeal as an obvious gold cup contender , the charlie hall and betfair chase again appeal as obvious early season targets for paul nicholls\u2019 flat track specialist . along with returning stable - mate al ferof , the king george could well come under consideration , though we await an update on the latter\u2019s wellbeing ( should hear something any day now , in light of the stable\u2019s open day on 1 st september ) . the grey was , of course , last seen winning the paddy power off 159 last november and he gives the impression as if 3m around kempton shouldn\u2019t be a problem .\n2010 / 2011 : novice hurdles in november , sprinter sacre contested his first jump race , a novice hurdle over two and a half miles at ascot . he started 6 / 5 favourite and finished second to the six - year - old frascati park . after a break of three months he reappeared in a two mile novices ' hurdle at ffos las and won easily by ten lengths . two weeks later he won a hurdle race at ascot by seven lengths\non the bridle\nand was then sent to the cheltenham festival for the supreme novices ' hurdle . ridden by tony mccoy , sprinter sacre took the lead three hurdles from the finish , but hit the last obstacle and faded to finish third to al ferof and spirit son .\na son of top class national hunt sire dom alco , who has produced the likes of grands crus and notably has sired grand national winner neptune collonges and cheltenham festival winner al ferof for this trainer and owner combination . nicholls also has silviniaco conti and sire collonges from this sire and knows his offspring well . he is a half brother to my will who was previously with this yard and had a high class career winning at grade 3 level and finishing 3rd in the grand national . unioniste has winning hurdle and chase form in france where he won by 12l on his final start there . bred to stay well so no surprise to see him over staying novice trips this season and should prove to be very useful whenever he takes to fences where we will likely see the best of him\ndom alco has sired some of the leading national hunt stars in recent years with his progeny including the likes of neptune collonges , al ferof , grands crus and silviniaco conti . paul nicholls has had plenty of success with his offspring and he will be hoping this gelding can be the next success story . a half - brother to grade 2 placed hurdler porto rico and three time winner rhum , his dam was a chase winner in france and is from a family of jumping winners including maurice and lettiland . on his only start to date he finished 2nd behind a winner who went on to win again , the two of them pulling miles clear of the rest . a fair start to his career and likely to progress this season for a trainer with experience of handling similar types in recent years .\npeddlers was a top class hurdler with only the excellent hurricane fly proving to be better than him at cheltenham , he was the only horse to mount a serious challenger to the willie mullins horse and is clearly a class act . he is expected to take to the fences with ease and that coupled with his class makes him an obvious early favourite for the 2012 arkle chase and that is exactly the case at the moment . the arkle is one of the highlights of any cheltenham festival and as well as peddlers cross there are a number of other potential novice chasers for punters to look forward to . another one of them being backed at this ante - post stage is al ferof who of course won the supreme novices hurdle at the 2011 festival , and he may go straight over fences in 2011 / 12 for champion trainer paul nicholls .\npaul nicholls : has been the festivals top handler six times before , and although he\u2019s second favourite in the betting many feel he will struggle this year to add a seventh title . yes , the dicheat team will have plenty of ammo to go to war with , but they only really have big buck\u2019s as banker material in the world hurdle \u2013 and oscar whisky might have something to say about that ! that said , al ferof\u2019s task against sprinter sacre in the arkle has been made easier with peddlers cross now missing the race in favour of the jewson novices\u2019 chase , while the unbeaten zarkandar could lower the hurricane fly colours in the champion hurdle . kauto star should still line up for the gold cup , but even if he does all the pre - race doubts will make it a tough ask for him to land the race for a third time .\nmarket for 2012 king george 26th december kempton park . long run 7 - 2 al ferof 5 - 1 cue card 6 - 1 sizing europe 7 - 1 riverside theatre 7 - 1 bobs worth 9 - 1 silviniaco conti 9 - 1 captain chris 10 - 1 finian ' s rainbow 10 - 1 grands crus 10 - 1 sir des champs 10 - 1 kauto stone 11 - 1 cristal bonus 25 - 1 for non stop 25\u20131 the giant bolster 25 - 1 champion court 25 - 1 hunt ball1 27 - 1 first lieutenant 27 - 1 imperial commander 27 - 1 albertas run 33\u20131 wishfull thinking 33 - 1 menorah 40 - 1 nacarat 50 - 1 bold sir brian 50 - 1 calgary 66 - 1 gauvain 66 - 1 poquelin 66 - 1 wayward prince 66 - 1 foildubh 100 - 1 saint are 100 - 1 diamond harry 100 - 1 these prices are made up by taking an average price across all the local uk bookies pre post pricings . would love to see $ 10 about silviniaco conti on our local markets on raceday , i seriously doubt we will , but it ' d be nice .\nthe likely challenge to hurricane fly is more likely to come in the shape of last year\u2019s crop of novice and juvenile hurdlers . of the first four home in the supreme novices , only the second spirit son is staying over hurdles . spirit son went to the festival on the back of two minor victories at huntingdon and exeter . both these wins were achieved on soft / heavy ground and so there was a question mark about his ability to handle the much quicker ground on day one of the festival . he was beaten 2 lengths by al ferof but comes out of the race with the most credit as he paid the penalty for taking on cue card and his stable mate sprinter sacre too far from home . he made amends on his final start at aintree over an extra 4f , with an emphatic 13 length success over cue card . nicky henderson is adamant that we have not seen the best of spirit son yet . this may well be true , but i suspect that he is very much like his stablemate oscar whisky and will prove better over a longer trip than two miles . at 12 - 1 , he does represent value .\npaul nicholls said : \u201ci think he is almost the forgotten horse of the festival . he runs in the supreme novices\u2019 hurdle and is a second - season novice . he was fourth in the triumph hurdle at the festival last year . he won his first two starts this season at cheltenham . he gave 7lb and beat river maigue on the second of them . we were then a little bit ambitious to run him in the christmas hurdle . i wanted to give him a run over christmas and have him really fresh for the festival . he came third to darlan and finished ahead of countrywide flame who was fourth . that is not bad form . i think he has a mark of 157 and he would compare favourably with al ferof and noland who won the supreme for us . he goes well fresh and has not really had his ground which is not worse than good to soft . he is really well . he wants a fast - run race so he can come from behind . i think he has a great chance and is a big price for the supreme \u2013 we have trained him just for that race and everything is going to plan . it looks a hot race this year but always does . \u201d\nthe king george went back to yesteryear in 2011 in that it attracted the interest of horses campaigned over shorter , much like the famous edredon bleu days . somersby , captain chris , and master minded all took their chances but came up short against an inspired kauto star . this year there is grands crus , a spectacular kempton winner on boxing day , who ought to stay the flat 3 miles at kempton with his speed , and the promising silviniano conti of paul nicholls ' . one horse i will open up with as my first consideration for ante - post is al ferof for this race also . ruby walsh was very happy with him when running an excellent 3rd to somersby at ascot over 2m and he said he felt he would make a cracking ride in a king george next season . he was disappointing later on but he has loads of potential still and looked a quite raw chaser . you have finians rainbow a likely candidate with ryanair hero riverside theatre , and don ' t rule out a crack at a king george from the aforementioned sizing europe , who at his age might be campaigned fully at the longer trips . he ' d be very interesting if he did see it out and kempton would be the one race where i see it possible for him to go close over 3m .\nsomersby remains in good heart and would prove another emotional winner of this race , but has often found one or two too good at this level in the past . the popular 11 year old had a fantastic season last time around , which saw him narrowly beat module in the haldon gold cup on his seasonal debut . either side of unseating at ascot , somersby ran belters to twice finish second to sire de grugy ; beaten 4 lengths in the tingle creek chase and 6 lengths in the queen mother champion chase , before disappointing behind sizing europe at punchestown . those efforts were top class form but somersby did disappoint on his return in the haldon gold cup , making a serious blunder which ended any chance and eventually finishing 46 lengths sixth to god\u2019s own last november . he ran a lot better next time out in mid - november , when 7 lengths second of six to al ferof at ascot . he then headed to sandown park for the tingle creek chase and ran another belter to finish second , for the second consecutive year , beaten 2 \u00bd lengths on the flat by dodging bullets . he then contested the clarence house chase and was well beaten when 15 lengths fourth to dodging bullets and sprinter sacre in mid - january . however , in the queen mother champion chase in march , he ran another absolute belter to finish 1 \u00bc lengths second to dodging bullets and has had a nice break since then .\nthis \u00a3150 , 000 purchase is a full brother to stable star grands crus , grade 1 chase winner , and his sire dom alco has sired a number of top class horses such as al ferof , neptune collonges and silviniaco conti . he has just had the 2 starts in bumpers so far and in comparison to his brother has actually arguably looked a lot more straightforward , and certainly has shown greater promise in bumpers than grands crus did . he made his debut in heavy ground at ffos las where he travelled well at the head of the field before drawing well clear with ease eventually finishing 30l clear . he was getting almost at stone off the field that day due to him being a 3 year old , but it was a very impressive performance from such a young horse nonetheless . for his other outing he was stepped up to listed class where he again led for a long way . when pressured he hung left and ran a little green but battled on gamely and if not for being hampered when fading a little towards the end of the race he would have finished a lot closer than the 4l 4th that he did . again this performance showed huge promise and he looks like keeping the family tradition intact . grands crus wasn\u00e2\u20ac\u2122t set particularly high targets on his first hurdling season and was kept to novice races and will be interesting to see how far they push gevrey chambertin this season , given like his brother his real future will be over fences in years to come .\nthis french bred gelding is a son of al namix , a three time listed winner on the flat in france , who has sired several smart performers in recent years most notably grade 1 winning hurdler grandouet . his dam was a three time chase winner in france and he is a half - brother to grade 3 chaser centaure du rheu . he finished 3rd in a listed contest at auteuil before moving across to the nicholls yard and he improved markedly from his first run at newbury when he bolted up in heavy ground at taunton . he was fancied to run a big race at the cheltenham festival but that failed to materialise as he failed to fire in the fred winter . however , a big strong horse he was always likely to make his mark once jumping fences and he appeals as the type to reach a high level in that sphere .\nearlier on the card paul nicholls will bid for a third successive success in the jcb triumph hurdle trial , after the victories of sam winner and hinterland , with chepstow winner far west . he did it really nicely on debut and pulled 12 lengths clear of alan king\u2019s handazan , who came out and won at aintree next time . the son of poliglote has raced exclusively on soft ground to date , so it will be interesting to see how he handles these quicker conditions . dual winner mcvicar may find life tough under a double penalty and the main threat is likely to come from nicky henderson\u2019s vasco du ronceray who beat nothing of note at hereford on his british debut , but pulled 32 - lengths clear of the 109 - rated cool hand luke in taking fashion . he has already proven he handles better ground than far west and the son of al namix stayed on strongly to land an aqps contest at chateaubriant in august on his final start in france . clearly well thought of , he can put himself right in the triumph hurdle picture with success here . of the remainder shelford was smart on the flat in ireland and is one to note , but this would be a very tall order on his debut over hurdles .\na few months later , he finished second in the champion bumper at cheltenham , he won the supreme novices ' hurdle a year later , and on saturday he won the paddy power gold cup .\nthey can ' t all do that , but it is so vital that they train on if an owner has put their neck on the line .\nafter cheltenian left my yard two years ago , he won on his first start for philip hobbs and then won the champion bumper next time out \u2013 he kept improving .\nif they don ' t , not only does it not advertise that you produced the horse , it can have a negative effect . buyers need to know that you have left something to work on .\nif an agent has success with a horse you nurtured , they will come back for more but , if they haven ' t been lucky , they won ' t put their hand up at the sales for one of yours . they would rather buy off someone else \u2013 it can be as simple and as silly as that .\nwhen i had him , he was owned by martin murphy , an uncle of my other half , barry , who is a son of ferdy murphy . he was the first horse that martin ever owned .\nmichael , another murphy brother , has a nursery with about 60 babies 25 minutes away from where i am based in crossabeg , co wexford .\nhe sources horses in ireland and france , where the former jockey guy petit , who is married to ferdy ' s daughter caroline , does all the buying , mainly of foals and yearlings . they are raised at michael ' s , and then i get a lot of them to train and sell .\nmartin ' s current horse is thekingofconnemara , which was meant to run at cork on sunday . we pulled him out because of all the rain that fell , but it was nice to meet up and have a drink and a chat about the previous afternoon ' s events .\nthekingofconnemara was second on his debut at cork last month , and should go close wherever he goes next . when people give you horses like that to develop , you must fulfil your brief with each individual , because you are running a business .\non the other hand , the competitive side of you wants to participate at the top level , and the hope would be that an organic consequence of our produce doing well will be that more owners leave horses here . of the 30 we have now , half are here to stay .\npenny ' s bill , which gave us our biggest win in the urltoken hurdle in 2009 , is still on the go , and kauto grand mogol is one of the younger brigade that is not for sale .\na half - brother to kauto star , he won a bumper at limerick in march and is one we are really looking forward to running over hurdles in the next few weeks .\nif gowran park beats the weather tomorrow , reality dose should go close for us in the irish racing yearbook chase , but the horse of ours to watch out for is a beautiful three - year - old by martaline . take note if he turns up in a bumper in the new year .\nthomas kelly mendelssohn finished third on his return to action in the grade three dwyer stakes over a mile on the dirt in belmont .\nurltoken sportsdesk multiple classic - winning trainer john dunlop has died at the age of 78 . dunlop saddled two winners of the derby in shirley heights ( 1978 ) and erhaab ( 1994 ) . he also won the st leger three times , the 1000 guineas three times and the oaks twice , with the 2000 guineas the only british classic to elude him .\ngraham clark roaring lion battled on bravely to beat his old rival saxon warrior in the coral - eclipse at sandown . the two classy three - year - olds had the 10 - furlong group one to themselves and no quarter was given in the closing stages .\n' everybody dies , but not everybody lives ' - how ' the great ak ' became a . . .\newan mackenna : infantile , spoiled and indulged - everything wrong with brazil is . . .\nsteve bruce accepts that jack grealish and other aston villa stars may be sold so club . . .\ngareth southgate defends raheem sterling ahead of england\u2019s world cup semi - . . .\n' there have been a tremendous amount of upsets ' - serena williams insists . . .\nreferee who has sent off three england players will officiate world cup semi - . . .\neamon dunphy says england are a ' certainty ' to beat croatia and tips raheem . . .\n' he sent videos of my body language ' - rory mcilroy reveals how email from . . .\npaul curran : super 8 structure favours dublin and kerry , and they could dominate for . . .\ncaptain hugo lloris is confident france will be ready for the challenge of . . .\nan in - depth preview ahead of the france v belgium world cup semi - final in russia on . . ."]}
{"id": 2463, "summary": [{"text": "the ferruginous pygmy owl ( glaucidium brasilianum ) is a small owl that breeds in south-central arizona in the united states , south through mexico and central america , to south america into bolivia , paraguay and argentina .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "in central america and south america , it is the most widely distributed pygmy owl and is probably one of the most numerous owl species in those areas .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is found in a wide range of semi-open wooded habitats in these areas", "topic": 24}], "title": "ferruginous pygmy owl", "paragraphs": ["glaucidium brasilianum ( j . f . gmelin , 1788 ) \u2013 ferruginous pygmy - owl , tecolote baje\u00f1o , ferruginous pygmy owl\nproudfoot , g . , r . johnson . 2000 . ferruginous pygmy - owl .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the ferruginous pygmy - owl in north and middle america .\n3 . cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl . 9 / 24 / 99 website : urltoken\na new species of ferruginous pygmy - owl from argentina : glaucidium brasilianum stranecki n . ssp\n) , elevational preferences , and habitat . due to its wide geographic range , the ferruginous pygmy - owl overlaps with many other species of pygmy - owl .\nferruginous pygmy - owl feeds mainly on grasshoppers and also eats scorpions , cicadas , reptiles , and birds .\nthe ferruginous pygmy owl is a very small owl with no ear - tufts . grey , brown and red morphs are known to exist , as well as intermediates .\nthere is little information to be found on the lifespan of ferruginous pygmy - owls .\nphoto of pygmy owl in saguaro courtesy of the arizona game and fish department .\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owls ( glaucidium brasilianum cactorum ) are one of three subspecies of the ferruginous pygmy - owl . they have longer tails than most owls , are reddish - brown with a cream colored belly and have a crown that is lightly streaked . cactus ferruginous pygmy - owls have yellow eyes and no ear tufts .\n2003 .\nurltoken\n( on - line ) . ferruginous pygmy - owl biology . accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .\nferruginous pygmy - owls and bighorn sheep are two of the roving species that could be affected .\nferruginous pygmy - owls are monogamous , and usually form pairs in their first fall after hatching .\nrainforest conservation fund . 2003 .\nferruginous pygmy - owl\n( on - line ) . accessed 04 / 07 / 03 at urltoken .\n) , elevational preferences , and habitat . fortunately the distribution of peruvian pygmy - owl has little or no overlap with other species of pygmy - owl . in the andes , peruvian\nbreeding interval ferruginous pygmy - owls breed once a year . eggs are layed in april or may .\n2003 .\nsonoran desert conservation plan\n( on - line ) . cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl . accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .\nthe cactus ferruginous pygmy owl in pima county : at one time , the pygmy owl was described as\nof common occurrence ,\nnot uncommon ,\nand\nfairly numerous\nin southern arizona . 1 today , the owl numbers are very low and , until recently , very little was known about the owl . some of the pygmy owls ' habitat is found in the fastest growing areas of tucson .\nto fool its prey , ferruginous pygmy - owl evolved so - called false eyes : patches of dark feathers on the back of its head that look like eyes .\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owls mainly eat small birds , lizards , insects , small mammals , frogs and earthworms .\nthe ridgway ' s pygmy - owl is also much more rufous in color than the mountain pygmy although this is not necessarily obvious in the field ( without a mountain pygmy to compare to ) . the most obvious visual difference between the mountain and ridgway ' s pygmy - owls are the white markings on their heads . the mountain pygmy - owl has white spots and the ridgway ' s pygmy - owl has white streaking . last and most noticeable of the visual differences is the tail barring . the ridgway ' s pygmy - owl has light brown ( to orangey brown ) tail bars where the mountain pygmy has white tail bars .\ncenter for biological diversity .\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owl ( glaucidium brasilianum cactorum )\n( on - line ) . accessed 04 / 07 / 03 at urltoken .\nferruginous pygmy owls are non - migratory and are found in the southwestern united states , central america , and south america .\nproudfoot , g . , s . beasom . 1997 . food habits of nesting ferruginous pygmy - owls in southern texas .\nproudfoot , g . a . 1996 . natural history of the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl . master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; univ . , kingsville . close\nstatus : the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl was listed as federally endangered in 1997 . the species was listed because current and historical evidence suggests a significant population decline has occured in arizona , and that the the owl has been nearly extirpated .\nother small owls in the same habitat and range of the ridgway ' s pygmy - owl include elf owl and the screech - owls . these other small owls that could be possibly confused are all strictly nocturnal . the elf owl is much smaller in size and lacks the clear chest and crown streaks of the ridgway ' s pygmy - owl . the screech - owls all have ear tufts and also lack the pygmy - owl ' s clear chest streaks .\nferruginous pygmy - owls were heard very frequently in both thick forests and shrubby woodlands , often calling from within the thickest foliage .\njust when i was enjoying the sudden freedom from ferruginous pygmy owls ( hereinafter the owl ) , those professional pests at the center for biological diversity and defenders of wildlife ( hereinafter the pests ) are asking for the owl to be relisted as endangered .\nus forest service department of agriculture . 1999 .\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owl ( glaucidium brasilianum cactorum )\n( on - line ) . accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .\nyoung : the young are similar in plumage to the adults . just like the ferruginous pygmy - owl the young do not develop their white markings until they mature . as a juvenile owl the white spots on the crown are not developed . the northern pygmy juvenile is still distinguishable from the ferruginous pygmy , in the small range where they could possibly overlap , by his white tail bands ( the ferrug . having reddish - brown bands ) .\nthe ferruginous pygmy - owl is a diurnal and crepuscular owl feeding mostly on insects , such as grasshoppers , crickets , caterpillars , other large insects and scorpions . in addition , their diet consists of birds , small mammals , amphibians , and reptiles ( often lizards ) . like the northern pygmy - owl , the ferruginous pygmy - owl is a bold and ferocious daytime predator , sometimes attacking prey larger than itself , such as american robins or young domestic fowl . there are even records of attacks on captive guan , the owl grabbing on firmly to the guan and tearing at it , eventually wearing it out and killing it .\n1 . u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1997 .\ndetermination of endangered status for the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl in arizona .\nfederal register . volume 62 ( 46 ) .\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owls live in the desert habitat of southern arizona in the southwestern united states , and northwestern mexico . they live at\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( 1997 ) endangered and threatened wildlife and plants : determination of endangered status for the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in arizona . us fed . regist . 62 : 10730\u201310747\nin recent decades , the subspecies known as cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl declined substantially in arizona and was listed as endangered between 1997 and 2006 . in 2012 , environmentalists filed suit calling for it to be listed again .\n. these juveniles are best distinguished from ferruginous by voice , habitat , and elevation .\na federal judge removed the pygmy owl ' s critical habitat status in september 2001 . she stated that the u . s . fish and wildlife\n) are very small owls , with a large rounded head , a pair of prominent black marks ( false\neye spots\n) on the nape , and a relatively long tail . ferruginous pygmy - owl is the largest species of\nthe ferruginous pygmy - owl is endangered in arizona and facing loss of habitat in both texas and arizona . although it is endangered in north america ( arizona ) , it is still quite frequent over much of its mexican range . the owl is generally sedentary although its range expands after the fledging of the young .\nthere is no known migratory movements of this owl . the northern pygmy is believed to be largely sedentary . except for winter downslope movements and juvenile dispersals there are no further records of movements for this owl . further studies are needed .\nan opportunistic predator , the ferruginous pygmy - owl has a diet as diverse as its distribution , including insects , reptiles , amphibians , birds , and small mammals . foraging rates peak during twilight hours , around sunrise and sunset . because of its small size , long tail , and atypical diurnal and crepuscular behavior , the ferruginous pygmy - owl may easily be mistaken for a passerine . when agitated , it perches with its tail cocked upward or jerks its tail up and down and from side to side .\nreproduction : the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl nests in cavities in trees or cacti such as the organ pipe or saguaro . the pygmy owl begins nesting activity late winter to early spring . 3 three to five eggs are laid in late april\u00admay . 2 the eggs are incubated for about twenty - eight days . the young are fed by both parents . the young fledge twenty - seven to thirty days after hatching . 2\nabbate , d . , a . ditty , s . richardson and r . olding . 1996 . cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl survey and nest monitoring in the tucson basin area , arizona - 1996 . phoenix , az : arizona game and fish dep . close\nin 2013 , readers of birdwatching voted ferruginous pygmy - owl one of the birds they want to see most . so , as the great texas birding classic winds down , we thought you\u2019d enjoy this list of 10 things you might not know about the diminutive bird :\nferruginous pygmy - owl is the spud webb of birds . webb , all five feet seven inches and 133 pounds of him , played 12 seasons in the nba , in which the average player is a foot taller and 90 pounds heavier . the pygmy - owl is no bigger than a bluebird and weighs about 2 . 5 ounces , yet it has been known to prey on the larger and significantly heavier gambel\u2019s quail and hispid cotton rat .\nthe oldest recorded northern pygmy - owl was a male , and at least 3 years , 11 months old when he was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in oregon .\npygmy - owl calls elicit a strong mobbing response from many passerines , including many warblers and vireos . imitation of this vocalization often attracts more small passerines than pishing does .\ndiet : the owl is an opportunistic predator feeding on what is available . the prey ranges from insects to mourning doves which outweigh the owl by two and a half times .\nthe 18th annual great texas birding classic wraps up tomorrow , may 15 . one species that participants may locate is ferruginous pygmy - owl , a small bird of semi - open wooded areas . it can be found at the king ranch and a few other ranches in south texas .\nferruginous pygmy - owls nest in natural cavities of trees , stumps , or cactuses ( depending on what is available ) . the cavities that they nest in are often the made by woodpeckers (\nyes , the owl could have a bright future if the pests would get behind this push to domesticate it . i can almost taste the deep fried owl now . what a treat !\ncartron , jean - luc e . ; richardson , w . scott ; proudfoot , glenn a . 2000 . chapter 1 : the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl : taxonomy , distribution , and natural history . in : cartron , jean - luc e . ; finch , deborah m . , tech . eds . ecology and conservation of the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in arizona . gen . tech . rep . rmrs - gtr - 43 . ogden , ut : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station . p . 5 - 15\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owl are threatened by habitat loss , particularly the loss of at least 85 % of arizona\u2019s riparian areas due to development , livestock grazing , water withdrawal and other factors . climate change may worsen other threats , particularly the spread of invasive species and an increase in fires .\nthe cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl is a small bird , averaging 6 . 5 inches in length and weighing 2 . 5 ounces . overall , the owl is reddish - brown with a cream - colored belly striped with the rufous coloring . the crown is lightly streaked and the eyes are yellow . black and white spots on the nape suggest eye spots . 1 the owl has a relatively long tail and no ear tufts . this owl is diurnal . its call , consisting of a monotonal ' put - put - put ' note , 2 can be heard during dusk and dawn .\nhabitat : current information allows only a broad general description of where the owl has historically and currently occurred in arizona . the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl occurs in a variety of habitats , including river bottom woodlands , mesquite bosques , desert scrub , and plains and desert grasslands . 1 typical throughout these habitats are fairly dense woody thickets with trees and cacti large enough to provide nesting cavities . 3\ndefenders of wildlife is funding critical research on population trends of cactus ferruginous pygmy - owls on both sides the u . s . - mexico border . unfortunately , this science continues to confirm that the status of the western population of pygmy - owls is in dire straits . in fact , research done in 2006 by university of arizona research specialist aaron flesch showed that the pygmy - owl population in sonora , mexico \u2013 immediately south of the arizona border \u2013 has suffered a 26 percent decline since 2000 .\nthe center first petitioned to protect the owl in 1992 , and following three successful lawsuits secured an endangered listing in 1997 . we won the owl 732 , 000 acres of critical habitat in 1999 . but developers fought back in 2001 , with the tacit support of the bush administration , and their lawsuit seeking to remove the pygmy owl ' s endangered status overturned the bird ' s listing in 2006 . the argument was that pygmy owls exist in mexico and thus can be allowed to go extinct in the united states ( though the service ' s own biologists opposed the owl ' s delisting ) .\nelevations below 4 , 000 feet ( 1 , 200 m ) . the owl prefers desertscrub thickets , trees and large cacti for nesting and roosting . in the sonoran desert the owl often lives where ironwood , mesquite , acacia , saguaro and organ pipe cacti can be found . the vegetation provides good cover for its favorite prey of birds , lizards , insects , small rodents , frogs and earthworms . cactus ferruginous pygmy - owls are fierce hunters and can kill a dove twice their size . the vegetation also shields it from larger birds of prey . the pygmy - owl is diurnal and hunts during the day .\nin arizona the ferrug occurs in saguaro desert , mesquite , and cottonwood - mesquite habitats . in texas it is now mostly confined to remaining patches of mesquite , ebony , and cane along the lower rio grande ( may also be found in live oak forests of kenedy and willacy counties ) . in general , the ferruginous pygmy is a lowland bird found in more arid habitats than the northern pygmy - owl .\nferruginous pygmy - owls live in a variety of habitats throughout the americas . they are found in cold temperate lowlands , subtropical , and tropical areas . they can be found in habitats ranging from deserts to rainforests .\nboth pygmy - owls have two black patches ( outlined in white ) on their nape that vaguely resemble a pair of extra eyes . the ridgway ' s pygmy - owl has a greenish yellow bill and bright lemon yellow iris ( eyes ) . this owl lacks ear tufts . length is 6 3 / 4\n( slightly smaller than a white - crowned sparrow ) and the sexes are alike .\nrichardson , w . scott ; cartron , jean - luc e . ; krueper , david j . ; turner , lauren ; skinner , thomas h . 2000 . chapter 3 : the status of the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in arizona : population surveys and habitat assessment . in : cartron , jean - luc e . ; finch , deborah m . , tech . eds . ecology and conservation of the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in arizona . gen . tech . rep . rmrs - gtr - 43 . ogden , ut : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station . p . 27 - 46\nproudfoot , g . a . and s . l . beasom . 1996 . responsiveness of cactus ferruginous pygmy - owls to broadcasted conspecific calls . wildl . soc . bull . no . 24 : 294 - 297 . close\nwe ' ll continue to advocate for the species throughout the steps toward new protection , and we ' re still funding pygmy owl research in mexico as we work with pima county on the sonoran desert conservation plan .\ntoday the big bird - friendly ranches of south texas are the best places to find ferruginous pygmy - owl in the united states . since floods along the rio grande in july 2010 , the species has been absent from its traditional haunts near the mexico border , including bentsen - rio grande valley state park and santa ana national wildlife refuge .\npresently , the appearance of the owl on a person\u2019s property signals a rapid depreciation in the value of that property as it then becomes owl habitat and must be dedicated to the owl . the answer is obvious . the owl must be domesticated and raised like chickens . there is no shortage of chickens . and if a chicken crosses the road to get to your property , you are at liberty to introduce it to the wonders of the fricassee .\nthe ferruginous pygmy - owl ' s call is a long series of repeated hollow whistles which can be easily imitated by humans . howell and webb ( 1995 ) claim that calls may sometimes end with a series of\nhigh , yelping twitters\nwhile stiles & skutch ( 1989 ) suggest a\nsharp bark or whinny\nterminates some calls .\n, but northern pygmy - owls are spotted rather than streaked , have whiter tails , and different vocalizations .\nin late in the winter or early spring cactus ferruginous pygmy - owls begin nesting in the cavities of trees or cacti like the saguaro and organ pipe . these holes have often been made by woodpeckers . owlets leave their nest 28 days after hatching .\nin : cartron , jean - luc e . ; finch , deborah m . , tech . eds . ecology and conservation of the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in arizona . gen . tech . rep . rmrs - gtr - 43 . ogden , ut : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station . p . 5 - 15\nin : cartron , jean - luc e . ; finch , deborah m . , tech . eds . ecology and conservation of the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in arizona . gen . tech . rep . rmrs - gtr - 43 . ogden , ut : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station . p . 27 - 46\nproudfoot , g . a . and a . a . radomski . 1997 . absence of hematozoa from ferruginous pygmy - owls ( glaucidium brasilianum ) in southern texas . j . helminthol . soc . wash . no . 64 : 154 - 156 . close\nthe keys to the distinction between the three us pygmy - owls is color , call , habitat , white markings , and tail barring . the ridgway ' s pygmy has a much lower elevation habitat , living in the saguaro ( cactus ) and riparian desert habitats of southern arizona and mesquite ( dry ) habitats in the rio grand areas of southern texas . the mountain pygmy - owl is generally associated with montane forest habitats . same hold true south of the us .\n) are very small owls , with a large rounded head , a pair of prominent black marks ( false\neye spots\n) on the nape , and a relatively long tail . peruvian pygmy - owl is a relatively larges species of\nhabits : the ferruginous pygmy owl is a partly diurnal bird , and may be seen in bright daylight on exposed perches , and may also sing by day . principal activity is at dusk or around dawn , and they are sometimes vocally active on clear , calm nights . roosts during the daytime within the shelter of foliage in trees or bushes , but always seems alert . when excited , this owl will cock its tail and flick it from side to side . flight is undulating with rapid wingbeats and gliding .\njehl , d . march , 17 2003 . rare arizona owl ( all 7 inches of it ) is in habitat furor .\nferruginous pygmy - owls can be heard calling more frequently around sunrise and sunset . sounds that they make include whistled hoot and took noises , and high yelping twitters . male calls are lower in tone than females . males give territorial - advertisement calls and females vocalize through chitters .\nforests , which are characterized by low canopy heights and relatively low diversity of flora ( borges et al . 2004 ) . ferruginous pygmy - owls occur in undisturbed habitat as well as in or around human settlements , from small villages to large cities ( proudfoot and johnson 2000 ) .\nsubspecies : there are 2 races of ferruginous pygmy - owl here in the us . one to four other owls may be considered additional races in central america but further research needs to be done for these classifications to be agreed upon . g . b . cactorumis is found from s arizona south along the west coast of mexico . g . b . ridgwayi is found from southern texas e and s mexico to panama .\nthe owl uses a perch - and - pounce hunting method , and it raids nest cavities of golden - fronted woodpecker and other birds .\nrange : historically , this subspecies appears to be geographically isolated into eastern and western populations . the western population ranged from lowland , central arizona to the states of colima and michoacan , mexico . the eastern population ranged from southern texas into the states of tampulipas and nuevo leon , mexico . 1 currently , the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl range is similar to the historic range , but the number of owls is much smaller . 1\nin response to predators such as hawks , owls , snakes , and raccoons , ferruginous pygmy - owls either go into a vertical position and move their tail back and forth , or maintain an errect position with feathers close to their body . nestlings sometimes spread out their wings and puff themselves up .\na study conducted on the king ranch in texas recorded the owl preying on northern cardinal , blue grosbeak , eastern meadowlark , and other songbirds .\nthe tiny , fierce pygmy owl has become synonymous with wild sonoran desert : endangered species act protections for the owl initiated a new era of urban planning in southern arizona . within the bird ' s critical habitat areas , the u . s . fish and wildlife service limited development to just 20 percent of most properties , driving the large - scale sonoran desert conservation plan that became a model for endangered species urban planning nationwide .\none of the most important invasive species in the sonoran desert is buffel grass , which was widely planted as a forage grass . in sharp contrast to the patchy distribution of native vegetation , buffel grass forms a continuous cover , allowing fires to travel across large areas , killing saguaros and other native plant species that are not well adapted to fires . the extended droughts being wrought by climate change are increasing this fire risk and further threatening the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl .\nthese conflicts are unnecessary . just allow the owl to be freely taken and create a market for this new , exotic , and formerly endangered food source .\nferruginous pygmy - owls are presumed monogamous , forming pairs during the fall of their first year after hatching , and nesting the following spring . incubation and nestling development each last about 28 days . females incubate 2\u20137 eggs , and both adults provide food for nestlings . adults attend to fledglings until dispersal , 7\u20138 weeks after fledging .\nthe list of possible prey in the northern pygmy - owl ' s diet is quite large . this may include all of the small mammals , small to medium sized birds , reptiles , larger insects , and amphibians within their range . the owl ' s preference seems to be mice , birds , and large insects with studies indicating that about 90 % of their diet is comprised of small mammals and birds . this little owl is a bold and ferocious daytime predator . it will kill birds such as gambel ' s or california quail that are more than twice its weight . to see a northern pygmy come tumbling out of a tree with its talons firmly locked into an american robin , that is half again its size , is an impressive sight and reminder of how fearless it is .\nwhen the owl is domesticated and raised for profit , we will be chock - a - block in owls around here . they will start appearing on menus throughout the sonoran region as a low fat , high protein , exceptionally tender alternative to chicken . chick - fil - a , the colonel , and all the fast food outlets will be substituting owl meat for chicken . the sub - species will have been saved . owl farmers will prosper by selling their eggs and even feathers .\nconsider the economic impact when it designated 731 , 000 acres critical habitat for the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl in 1999 . the u . s . fish and wildlife service is expected to redesignate their critical habitat by april 2003 , and it is hoped their habitat will double as a result . it is presently on the u . s . endangered species list . they are also in the cites , appendix ii which allows the owls to be traded commercially only if it doesn ' t harm their survival .\nunlike screech - owls and northern saw - whet owls , northern pygmy - owls are not known to take up residence in human - made nest boxes .\nare generally rufous (\nferruginous\n) in color , especially east of the andes , but the plumage also may be a duller brown or gray - brown . this species shares the common\nare opportunistic predators with diverse diets . they feed mostly on insects , but also on birds , reptiles , amphibians , and small mammals . they are diurnal and feed mostly during sunrise and sunset . in order to kill birds and some lizards the ferruginous pygmy - owl bites just behind their prey ' s head , while other lizards are swallowed whole . insects are usually decapitated and only the soft body parts of them are eaten . mammals are eaten piece by piece . specific examples of what these owls feed on inlude grasshoppers and crickets (\nare very small and reach a size of only about 6 inches tall . they have round heads with black eyespots on the back , no ear tufts , and yellowish eyes . adults often have white eyebrows , and white streaks on their heads . the body of the owl is reddish - brown in color with white streaks . the long tail is also reddish - brown . their wings often have white streaks as well . the underparts are white . males and females look very similiar to one another , but the females are slightly larger and more reddish in coloration . juveniles look like adults , but their heads are often grayer and their eye spots lighter . ferruginous pygmy - owls are similar to northern pygmy - owls ,\nnorthern pygmy - owls raise a pair of tufts on the sides of their head when threatened by a predator , such as a hawk or a cat . they also have a pair of spots on the back of the neck that look a little like eyes . scientists think these markings may help fool attackers or mobbers into thinking the owl is watching them .\ncommon and widespread in the american tropics , this little owl enters our area only in southern texas and arizona , where it is now uncommon to rare . it is often active by day , and may feed on small birds at times ; songbirds in its range all recognize its whistled call , and will gather around to mob and harass the owl when they discover it .\ns sometimes are active by day , although they primarily are crepuscular . they prey on large insects and small vertebrates , including small birds that may be almost as large as the owl .\nwhen they find extra food , northern pygmy - owls often cache their prey in tree cavities , or by hanging the prey on thorns , as shrikes are famous for doing .\nyoung : although the white streaking on the forehead and head is not developed on the juvenile ferruginous , the rust tail bars are , making identification possible . the young also have a high - pitched rattle begging call .\nin the sonoran desert scrub , the owl can be found in associations of ironwood , palo verde , mesquite , acacia , bursage , and columnar cactus such as saguaro and organ pipe . 3\n* small owl with dark brown and spotted upperparts and greyish white streaked underparts * small head with whitish eyebrows and yellow eyes . dark breast and pretty long tail * size : about 16 cm\n. the upperparts often are rufous (\nferruginous\n) but also may be duller grayish brown ; the underparts are white , marked with broad streaks that are the same color as the upperparts . the crown also has fine white streaks .\nthese owls are most active near dawn and dusk . they are either solitary or in pairs for mating purposes . in order to move within trees , they walk and hop from branch to branch . they also rapidly beat their wings in order to make short , direct flights . ferruginous pygmy - owls perch in trees similarly to other owls , with their tails straight downward . allopreening is done between paired adults , fledglings , and nestlings .\nlike most owls the key to identification seems to be their primary call . the ridgway ' s pygmy has much shorter spaced calls often referred to as a\npopping\nprimary call where the mountain pygmy ' s\ntoots\nare given in pairs ( toot - toot toot - toot ) and spaced much further apart . see the audio recordings tabs in each species to hear their sounds .\na natural recording of seven episodes of calls while surrounded by several species of small birds . i spotted a blue - and - yellow tanager , masked gnatcatcher , an unidentified small woodpecker , and two or three other small morning birds calling while the pygmy - owl remained at 6 to 7 meters high in a small tree . located 10 meters from a river flowing east from the nearby large dammed lake south of salta .\nnorthern pygmy - owls are widespread in the mountains of western north america , and they\u2019re active during the day , which gives you a good chance of finding them . but they\u2019re also small and unobtrusive as they sit and wait for prey to approach them , so you\u2019ll need to be observant . the two best ways to find them involve your ears : you may hear them giving high , evenly spaced tooting calls . or you may hear a commotion of chickadees and other small birds scolding and calling as they mob an owl they\u2019ve discovered . try to find the agitated birds and you may find the owl that they\u2019re trying to drive away .\n) by its larger size , longer tail with a greater number of transverse pale buffy bars ( 5 - 7 bars on the upper surface of the tail , or 3 - 5 bars on the under surface of the tail , as opposed to 2 - 4 whitish bars on the tails of species in the least pygmy - owl group ) , and by the presence of narrow pale streaks ( not small pale spots ) on the crown .\nholt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enr\u00edquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . ferruginous pygmy - owl ( glaucidium brasilianum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfor a tiny bird , the cactus ferruginous pygmy - owl has a very long name . it is small enough to hold in your hand . it averages 6 . 5 inches ( 17 cm ) in length and weighs only 2 . 5 ounces ( 62 g ) . females usually weigh a few tenths of an ounce more than the males . the feathers on their back are creamy - brown , and the underside is cream - colored with reddish - brown stripes . the top of their heads are slightly streaked and on the back of the head they have two black eye spots outlined in white . their eyes are yellow and round . their tails are longer than most owls , and they have no tufts on their ears .\nsmall birds such as hummingbirds , wrens , warblers , jays , and blackbirds often mob northern pygmy - owls\u2014in fact , you may be able to find these owls by following a noisy commotion of songbirds focused on one spot .\nsometimes snap their mandibles together to make a \u201cbeak clap\u201d sound . the behavior is likely a sign of distress , as this bill snapping usually is reported during situations such as when the owl is handling or during nest inspection ( proudfoot and johnson 2000 ) .\ncactus ferruginous pygmy - owls don ' t migrate . in late in the winter or early spring they begin nesting in the cavities of trees or cacti like the saguaro and organ pipe . these holes have often been made by woodpeckers . they lay 3 to 5 white eggs in late april , which hatch about 28 days later . the young owls are fed by both parents . they fledge , or leave the nest about 27 to 30 days after hatching . they stay close to their parents until they are ready to be on their own .\nthe northern pygmy - owl may be tiny , but it\u2019s a ferocious hunter with a taste for songbirds . these owls are mostly dark brown and white , with long tails , smoothly rounded heads , and piercing yellow eyes . they hunt during the day by sitting quietly and surprising their prey . as a defensive measure , songbirds often gather to mob sitting owls until they fly away . mobbing songbirds can help you find these unobtrusive owls , as can listening for their call , a high - pitched series of toots .\nproudfoot , g . a . , j . l . mays , s . l . beasom and r . bingham . 1998 .\neffectiveness of broadcast surveys in determining habitat use of ferruginous pygmy - owls ( glaucidium brasilianum ) in southern texas .\nin biology and conservation of owls of the northern hemisphere . , edited by j . r . duncan , d . h . johnson and t . h . nicholls , 338 . st . paul , mn : u . s . for . serv . gen . tech . rep . nc - 190 . n . central res . station . close\nit had been so listed between 1997 and 2006 . it was delisted because the u . s . fish & wildlife service determined that there is an abundance of the owl just over the hill south of here in mexico and they are only scarce here because this is the uppermost limit of their range .\njohnson rr , haight lt , simson jm ( 1979 ) owl populations and species status in the southwestern united states . in : schaeffer p , ehlers sm ( eds ) , owls of the west : their ecology and conservation . national audubon society western education center , tiburon , california , pp . 40\u201359\nmost owls have asymmetrically placed ears as well as flattened facial discs around the eyes . both of these features are adaptations that give them better hearing . interestingly , northern pygmy - owls lack these features , and this may be an outcome of their diurnal habits and greater reliance on vision .\nsubspecies : there are four races of northern pygmy - owl in north america . g . c . swarthi is restricted to vancouver island . g . c . grinnelli stretches along the west coast of north america from s . e . alaska all the way to s . california . g . c . californicum is the most widespread race in north america . it ranges from the northern interior of british columbia and east to alberta then south into nevada and s . california . g . c . pinicola is found from idaho and montana south to california and nevada . this race is sometimes combined with g . c . californicum .\nthis small owl ' future is in grave danger from the loss of its habitat . it used to be very common and could be found in arizona from the new river north of phoenix to the mexican border . now they can only be found between tucson and the mexican border , and less than 50 remain in the state . most of the owls live in the ironwood forests northwest of tucson and marana . they live in the fastest growing areas of tucson . people are moving into the desert , changing the environment to suit their needs , and destroying the forest ' s fragile ecosystem . logging , woodcutting and livestock overgrazing are other threats the pygmy owls face .\nsince 1996 , authorities in arizona have found anywhere from 12 - 41 adult pygmy owls a year , and in 2006 , surveyors spotted only 28 owls . the population in northern mexico is also imperiled , with a documented 4 . 4 percent decline per year for the past seven years , or a 26 percent decline overall since 2000 .\nhunting & food : feeds on insects , small birds and other small vertebrates such as mice . birds up to the size of a dove have been recorded as prey . this owl has powerful talons and is able to catch prey larger then itself . hunting is normally from a perch , but birds and insects may be caught among foliage with sudden dashing flights .\na biologist for one of the pests asserts it is difficult to determine the number of owls here because they keep flying around and won\u2019t hold still for an owl census . this despite the fact that owls are easily contained because they are not high - flying birds and unlike many of their human brothers , can be intimidated by the appearance of a border fence .\nsurely there would be no need to relist the owl if it were domesticated . that would save the fish & wildlife people a ton of money since they would not have to deal with the then - plentiful birds . the pests could turn their attentions to wildlife that is actually in short supply and which the world cannot live without , like the gray wolf .\nhabitat : tropical and subtropical , mostly humid , primary or secondary forest with clearings , forest edges , riverine forest , pastureland with groups of trees and bushy areas , parks and large gardens with mature trees and thick bushes . this owl is normally found below below 1500m elevation . prefers evergreen or semi - deciduous forest with undergrowth in the lowlands , and is common in the subtropical and tropical rainforest of eastern brazil , eastern paraguay and northeast argentina where they mostly inhabit secondary forest with dense undergrowth .\nthis got me to thinking . why is there an alarming dearth of the owl around here ? there is no alarming shortage of sheep , goats , cattle , or even chickens . chickens ! yes , that\u2019s the answer . these animals are not endangered for the simple reason that they are domesticated . unlike wild animals , they have to stay where they are put . they are raised so that we have plenty of them . they are owned by people who have an incentive to have them thrive .\nin march 2007 , the center filed a new petition to list the owl \u2014 in southern arizona , throughout the sonoran desert , or throughout its range . we filed a notice of intent to sue in may 2008 , and were rewarded a week later when the agency said protection might be warranted and began a status review . in early 2009 , the ninth circuit court of appeals issued an appeal upholding the bird ' s delisting , but in 2011 , we reached a landmark agreement with the fish and wildlife service compelling the agency to re - propose it for protection that same year , if warranted . when no progress was made according to the agreement ' s timeline , we sued in 2012 .\nlike other pygmy - owls , the ferrug are cavity nesters . they nest in a natural cavity in a tree , stump or snag , in old woodpecker holes , tree forks or depressions , occasionally in a sand bank or termite mound . the breeding season for this species may begin as soon as early april and last as late as mid - june . clutch size is usually 3 or 4 eggs but 2 to 5 are not uncommon . incubation and brooding is done by the female and the eggs hatch at approximately 28 days . the male brings food to the female during incubation and brooding . both adults will bring food to the young at 3 weeks after the young hatch . intense brood competition over prey may result in fatalities of the young . fledging occurs at about 28 days after eggs hatch . adults will care for the young for an additional 3 weeks following fledging .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nglaucidium brasilianum and g . tucumanum ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as g . brasilianum following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nnow considered endangered or threatened in limited range in united states . still widespread in tropics , although undoubtedly has declined in some areas .\nmesquite thickets , desert riverine woods , saguaros . in united states , currently most numerous in low stands of live oak and mesquite in southern texas . was formerly common in mesquite forest along rivers and in desert dominated by saguaro cactus . in tropics , found in wide range of lowland habitats , mostly in semi - open country .\napparently hunts most actively near dawn and dusk . hunts by watching from raised perch , then darting out in very rapid flight to capture prey in talons . notably bold and aggressive for its small size .\n3 - 4 , sometimes 5 . white . apparently incubation is mostly or entirely by female , about 28 days ; male brings food to female during incubation . young : both parents take part in providing food for young ; male may do most of hunting at first . age of young at first flight about 27 - 30 days .\nboth parents take part in providing food for young ; male may do most of hunting at first . age of young at first flight about 27 - 30 days .\nincludes insects , birds , rodents , lizards . diet is not well known , and probably varies by region . among known foods are large insects ( including crickets , caterpillars , and beetles ) , scorpions , small birds , rodents and other small mammals , and lizards .\nbreeding behavior is not well known . male defends nesting territory with song of monotonous repeated whistles , mostly at dusk and dawn , also at night , sometimes by day . nest site is in cavity in tree or in giant cactus , usually old woodpecker hole , but sometimes natural hollow in tree . typically low , 10 - 30 ' above ground .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nofficials confirm the bird - rich santa ana national wildlife refuge is the ' probable ' starting point for construction .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nis one of the most widespread birds of the lowlands of the neotropics ; the distribution of the species extends from the southern united states south to central argentina . this species occurs in a wide variety of habitats . it does not occur in closed - canopy forest , although it is found at forest edge , but otherwise is found in almost any wooded habitat including arid scrub , dry forest , evergreen forests , coffee plantations , and towns . most\nplumage pattern , with two large black marks (\nfalse eyes\n) on the back of the neck , and white underparts with coarse streaks . it can be difficult to distinguish from other species of\nhas short white streaks on the crown , however , but most of other species have spotted crowns . the song , a long series of short whistles , is a familiar sound ;\noften respond aggressively to imitations of this song , approaching the source in a rapid , direct flight .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nthere are no sound files at this time . please check back with us .\nthird and final cut of the individual as xc389254 . it is part of a longer cut that was edited due to noise at background by wind .\nanother cut of the individual as xc389254 . and it is part of a longer cut that was edited due to noise at background by wind .\nprobably same individual as xc389192 , but the recording was done at 300 meters from this recording . also on forest edge of dry forest . recording distance was 20 meters . cut was amplified ( 4 db ) .\nbetween dry forest and semideciduous forest , with erika cristina valad\u00e3o and m\u00e1rcia p\u00e2mela carvalho .\nfemale calls from about 0 : 01 - 0 : 11 s and male in calling in background throughout recording , both birds about 30 - 40ft away .\nsinging bird responding to whistled imitation , then a second bird starts calling and the two carry on calling / singing together . natural intervals . habitat is tropical deciduous forest in a somewhat disturbed cattle ranching area .\nsong in response to whistled imitation from a bird ( same as in xc368467 ) perched about 2 - 4m up in prosopis - dominated woodland .\nsong from a bird attracted by whistled imitation . about 2 - 4m up in prosopis - dominated woodland .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nvan rossem , 1937 \u2013 s usa ( s arizona ) and w mexico ( s to n nayarit ) .\na . r . phillips , 1966 \u2013 w mexico from s nayarit to s oaxaca .\n\u2013 s usa ( s texas ) through e & s mexico to panama .\nphelps , sr & phelps , jr . , 1951 \u2013 margarita i ( n venezuela ) .\n( daudin , 1800 ) \u2013 n & e venezuela , trinidad and the guianas .\nchapman , 1929 \u2013 amazonian colombia , s venezuela and brazil s to s peru and n bolivia .\n) ; wingspan c . 38 cm . long , narrow tail and distinctive whistled \u201cpopping\u201d call . very . . .\nadvertising call a prolonged series of 10\u201360 whistled notes , c . 3 per second , sounding like . . .\ntropical lowlands and foothills in primary and secondary forest , coastal and thorn scrub , bushes . . .\nmostly insects ; also reptiles , birds , mammals and amphibians ; diet varies among seasons and habitat types . examples of prey items include . . .\nlays generally c . mar\u2013jun , during dry to early wet season ; eggs found in s mexico ( oaxaca ) in apr\u2013may ; breeding late jan and . . ."]}
{"id": 2465, "summary": [{"text": "cerberilla affinis is a species of sea slug , an aeolid nudibranch , a marine heterobranch mollusc in the family aeolidiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described as a variety by bergh , 1888 but elevated to species status by burn , 1966 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerberilla affinis", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is cerberilla affinis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the cerberilla affinis species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of cerberilla affinis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species cerberilla affinis .\nhere as promised are pages on cerberilla affinis and cerberilla annulata , two of the fascinating sand - dwelling aeolids .\ncerberilla annulata & c . affinis from : bill rudman , november 26 , 1999\nhow to identify cerberilla affinis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species cerberilla affinis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species cerberilla affinis are marked in green .\nwhere is cerberilla affinis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species cerberilla affinis can be found .\ncitation :\nblack - ringed cerberilla nudibranchs , cerberilla affinis ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nhi bill , looking at this 2003 photo of a slug which we had been unable to identify , it struck me now that it could be a species of cerberilla . what do you think ?\ncerberilla affinis was originally described from indonesia . it is also known from lord howe island , the eastern australian mainland and new caledonia and is probably widespread in at least the west pacific . two species from the indian ocean , c . africana eliot , 1903b ( east africa ) and c . moebii ( bergh , 1888b - mauritius ) are very similar in colour and may prove to be synonymous . unfortunately most species have been described from single specimens , and so the colour variability of species is not well understood .\nresearch cerberilla affinis \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nspecies of cerberilla live in sandy substrates where they burrow beneath the surface and so are seldom seen . they have a very broad foot and the cerata are often very long and extremely numerous , arranged in transverse rows across the body .\nthanks nils , i am pretty sure this is a juvenile of cerberilla annulata . if you look at the phoptos on the forum you will see the body proportions change quite considerably as the animal grows in size . best wishes bill rudman\ndear binyamin , this is indeed a cerberilla , and most probably cerberilla annulata . i don ' t think its been recorded from your part of the world , but i have found it in zanzibar , east africa . i should have a photo of it which i will post when i get a chance . your animal is most probably a juvenile . when they are smaller , the head tentacles are proportionally much larger than when they are adults . best wishes , bill rudman\nhi bill , i finally came across another cerberilla here in the marshall islands . i am assuming these are the same as the cerberilla sp . 3 i sent a while back , although there are a couple of differences . it does not exhibit the black tips of the cephalic tentacles seen in the earlier specimens from enewetak and guam . the new specimen also has much more distinct yellow bands above the black ones on the cerata , providing a bit more evidence that it may be c . annulata . this specimen was found in kwajalein ' s harbor , crawling on sand at a depth of about 1 meter . it measured about 20mm , a bit over half the length of the cerberilla sp . 3 sent earlier . scott\nthanks scott , thanks for the beautiful photos . it certainly looks like c . annulata and suggests that your earlier animal , which i called cerberilla sp . 3 may have been a variant with very faded yellow markings . the black - tipped rhinophores and oral tentacles in cerberilla sp . 3 are apparently variable because in clay carlson ' s message the guam animal seems to lack black - tipped rhinophores . you are probably right in suggesting they are all colour forms of c . annulata but as i said earlier , it is easier to amalgamate them when we are sure , than separate them if we find they are indeed different .\ndear bill , here is a small pale cerberilla which we think may be the same as the darker ones in our other message . it was found during november - december 2003 with the dark species on a sandy bottom in 2 - 5m depths at lizard island ( qld , australia ) . body length 7 - 10mm . regards nils\nas promised in an earlier message [ # 13224 ] here is a record of cerberilla annulata from zanzibar , tanzania . i found it half dead in a pool in muddy sand at lowtide . in the lower photos the long grey oral tentacles are folded down the side of the foot on each side . the specimen is propped up on a pair of forceps so i could photograph it properly , so don ' t be ashamed if your photo has a blemish , our aim is to get a record of the shape and colour , a perfect photo is a bonus , but not essential .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlord howe is , off new south wales , australia , december 1988 . 70mm long alive . photos : bill rudman .\nbergh , l . s . r . ( 1888 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der aeolidiaden . ix . verhandlungen der koniglich - kaiserlich zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien ( abhandlungen ) , 38 : 673 - 706 , pls . 16 - 20 .\ncarmona l . , pola m . , gosliner t . m . & cervera j . l . 2013 . a tale that morphology fails to tell : a molecular phylogeny of aeolidiidae ( aeolidida , nudibranchia , gastropoda ) . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e63000 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0063000 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nis a large aeolid that is found on sand where it is nocturnally active . it feeds on cerianthid anemones which build tubes in soft sediment . this species was described by bergh in 1888 .\nit type localities include near manila in the philippines and edam , indonesia . specimens have also been recorded from australia , okinawa , and as far east as midway atoll .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 1999 . all rights reserved .\nthe oral tentacles and rhinophores are banded with yellow , grey - brown , white and navy - blue . the cerata with black and yellow rings are often very long and extremely numerous , arranged in transverse rows across the body . it has a black\nmask\naround the rhinophores . the color of the body and foot is white with the foot marginated in yellow\nthe dorsum is low and flattened in profile and the foot is exeptionally broad . the anterior foot corners are prominent , being enlarged into long sharply pointed tentacles\nthe oral tentales are exeptionally large , tapering and the tip is pointed . the rhinophores which araised from a common base , are short slender and smooth .\nthe cerata are circular , slender and smooth , and they taper rapidly to a pointed tip ( fusiform ) . they are arranged in rows with the longest nearest to the midline . they are differently colored according to their position on the body ; basically they are whitish with black and yellow rings near the center .\nit keeps all its cerata pointed backwards when it is crawling normally or burrowing , but when it disturbed the longest cerata are extended .\ngenerally found on intertidal sand flats where it can rapidly burrow to escape potentiel predators and search for food . it is nocturnally active\n10 specimens from 10 to 25 - 30 mm observed on this day . . .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n\u201ca dive resort designed for divers , complete with a splendid . . . \u201d\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nis a nocturnally active sand - dwelling sea - slug . it is characterized by a black\nmask\naround the rhinophores , and by whitish cerata with a thin black ring near the bases , followed by a white or yellow band , then a broad dark greyish subapical band and yellowish apices . the oral tentacles are very long with alternating broad brown and whitish bands , and have a blueish tinge . the rhinophores are short , also with alternating brown and whitish bands and a blueish tinge . the foot is wide and has angular extensions anteriorly .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis is a cream species decorated with dark brown and peach bands . the tips of the rhinophores and cephalic tentacles are banded in violet and blue .\nfirst recorded in hawaii from midway atoll by terry gosliner and pf in june , 1993 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\nglobal distribution : native indonesia - s . japan - gbreef - cooks - hawai\u2018i cook islands status : native ; marine , near - shore , reef - flat moat key features : a seaslug to 5cm . creamy white with conspicuous cerata ( = lobes ) each with a fine black ring and often terminally brown . the front tentacles ( = cephalic tentacles are long with purple bands and a brown base , while the hind tentacles ( = rhinophores ) are short and brown .\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nvouchers : rarotonga : muri moat , near shore , 21 / 1 / 99 , tamsyn dearlove & d . drumm ;\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\nin indo - pacific nudibranchs . at closer look it is actually a very light colored\n. what makes the id for sure are the cerata with black and yellow sub - apical bands , the black mask and the blue oral tentacles .\nthis species is rather large , reaching 90 mm and has a very wide indo - pacific distribution . it is active nocturnally feeding on tube anemones .\nruben is a retired dentist and faculty . diving since 1980 with over 5000 dives . shoots nikon d200 in seacam housing with sea and sea strobes .\nwebmasters notes : ruben actually recorded the above image with new equipment , that is a nikon d800e camera ! folks this is the new kid on the block camera wise . now let ' s see if perhaps santa will drop one in my sock next christmas !\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2014 . all rights reserved .\nupper : adult , 62mm long . lower : juvenile , 32mm long . showing change in body proportions between juveniles and adults . koumac beach ( = baie de ouanap ) , near koumac , new caledonia , 20\u00b034 ' s , 164\u00b016 ' e , mixed soft and hard substrate , grassbeds , algae , october 1993 . photos : bill rudman .\nthis sand dwelling aeolid has a wide tropical indo - west pacific distribution with published records from new guinea ( quoy & gaimard ) and tahiti ( bergh ) . i have found it in zanzibar , tanzania and new caledonia . it is characterised by the relatively long cerata , white body and cerata , and yellow ( upper ) and black ( lower ) band near the ceratal tip .\nreference : \u2022 quoy , j . r . & gaimard , j . p . ( 1832 ) . voyages de d\u00e9couvertes de l ` astrolabe pendant les annees 1826 - 1829 sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ` urville . zoologie , 2 : 1 - 686 .\nlocality : mazzizini , zanzibar , tanzania , 9 july 1971 . 45mm long alive . am c145653 . photos : bill rudman\nlocality : eilat , divers ' village , israel , red sea . depth : 6 m , length : ca . 2 cm . october 2003 . sandy flat with occasional corals . photographer : binyamin and shulamit koretz\ni must say that the length of the oral tentacles shown in your photos are amazing . considering the reduced size of the rhinophores , it suggests that using the oral tentacles for touch , is more important in locating prey than using the chemosensory abilities of the rhinophores . best wishes , bill rudman\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\n( of fenrisia bergh , 1888 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1888 - 1889 ) . nudibranchien vom meere der insel mauritius . in : reisen im archipel der philippinen von dr . c . semper , vol . 2 : malakologische untersuchungen . part 3 , pp . 755 - 872 , pl . 77 - 84 . [ pp . 755 - 814 , pl . 77 - 81 , august 2 , 1888 ; pp . 815 - 872 , pl . 82 - 84 , march 27 , 1889 , according to winckworth , 1946 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 788 - 789 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . & r . e . petit , 2012 . molluscan taxa in the publications of the museum godeffroy of hamburg , with a discussion of the godeffroy sales catalogs ( 1864\u20131884 ) , the journal des museum godeffroy ( 1873\u20131910 ) , and a history of the museum . zootaxa , 3511 : 1 - 80 [ 9 october ] . urltoken available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 59 , 66 [ details ]\n( of fenrisia bergh , 1888 ) pruvot - fol a . 1935 . de quelques suppressions de genres jug\u00e9s inutiles , parmi les mollusques opisthobranches ( note de syst\u00e9matique n\u00b0 xiv ) . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , ( 1 ) 7 ( 4 ) : 254 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 255 [ details ]\ndepth range based on 5 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 3 - 529 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 5 . 344 - 5 . 344 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 39 . 989 - 39 . 989 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 142 - 34 . 142 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 713 - 0 . 713 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 116 - 3 . 116 silicate ( umol / l ) : 78 . 844 - 78 . 844 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 3 - 529 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nurltoken | science , health and medical journals , full text articles and books .\nplease wait while you are being redirected , or click here if you aren ' t redirected in 10 seconds . . ."]}
{"id": 2467, "summary": [{"text": "pachycerianthus multiplicatus , common name , the firework anemone , is a species of sea anemone in the family cerianthidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is found in sheltered , subtidal mud at depths of 10 - 130m . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "pachycerianthus multiplicatus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is pachycerianthus multiplicatus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the pachycerianthus multiplicatus species belongs to .\ncylinderros [ pachycerianthus multiplicatus ] p\u00e5 akvariet i g\u00f6teborg . firework anemone [ pachycerianthus multiplicatus ] at the aquarium in gothenburg , sweden .\nwhich photographers have photos of pachycerianthus multiplicatus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus .\nhow to identify pachycerianthus multiplicatus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus are marked in green .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : pachycerianthus multiplicatus . jpg\n.\nwhere is pachycerianthus multiplicatus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species pachycerianthus multiplicatus can be found .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is similar to cerianthus lloydii , but is much longer and has a broader column .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus has no known facility for detection of noise vibrations , therefore , is recorded as tolerant .\nthis layer shows the distribution of the fireworks anemone , pachycerianthus multiplicatus , a biodiversity action plan species .\nsarah miller marked\ndescription\nas hidden on the\npachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren 1912\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in fully saline conditions and it is unlikely that it would be exposed to hypersaline conditions , therefore , not relevant has been recorded .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is not known to be harvested , although due to the fragmented and localized distribution of populations , the species is likely to be highly sensitive to this factor .\nno information could be found on the effects of nutrient enrichment on pachycerianthus multiplicatus . it is possible that an increase in nutrients will result in greater food availability as the anemone feeds on plankton . however , any deoxygenation associated with the decomposition of organic material is likely to kill pachycerianthus multiplicatus ( hughes 1998a ) ( see ' changes in oxygenation ' , below ) .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in sheltered sea lochs with a shallow water sill at the loch entrance , very low water flow rates and minimal flushing . therefore , a decrease in water flow is unlikely . it may be possible that a reduction in water flow would reduce food availability to pachycerianthus multiplicatus , however due to the recorded locations of the species a reduction in water flow at the benchmark level is not deemed relevant .\nno information was found of the upper or lower thermal tolerance limits of pachycerianthus multiplicatus . pachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in thermally stable conditions . this species is subtidal where wide variations in temperature are not common , so may be intolerant of short term changes in temperature . therefore , intolerance has been recorded as intermediate . a recoverability of moderate has been recorded , resulting in a sensitivity value of moderate ( see additional information below ) .\nit is unknown whether pachycerianthus multiplicatus can re - bury itself if displaced , although if it can , energy will be expended in forming a new tube , and the anemone may be vulnerable to predation when exposed .\nreproduction . the larvae of pachycerianthus multiplicatus have not yet been identified but are thought to be demersal and short - lived ( molodtsova , 2004 ) with limited dispersal potential , while most other ceriantharia larvae are free swimming planktonic carnivores ( manuel , 1988 ) . unlike most other anthozoa , pachycerianthus multiplicatus does not reproduce asexually . when spawning , the male gametes are released first , which stimulates the release of eggs in females ( thorson , 1950 ) .\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . pachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren , 1912 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\npachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some level of suspended sediment . however , there may be an energetic cost of removing mud particles . a supply of suspended sediment for feeding is probably important to pachycerianthus multiplicatus , however at the benchmark level of a one month long change , this is thought unlikely to affect the population . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate on return to normal conditions , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is found only in fully saline conditions so it is likely that the sea pen would be intolerant of a decrease in salinity . therefore , an intolerance of high has been recorded . a recoverability of low has been recorded , resulting in a high sensitivity value .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus was listed in the uk biodiversity action plan as a species of conservation concern ( biodiversity steering group , 1995 ) . the species is also nationally rare , and due to its limited , fragmented distribution , british populations are also likely to be of global importance .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some level of suspended sediment . however , there may be an energetic cost of removing mud particles . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is found in the circalittoral , from 10 m and below , so is not likely to experience desiccation . therefore , this factor is not relevant . because it is not adapted to cope with desiccation , it is likely to be highly sensitive to this factor , and mortality would be expected .\nthe fireworks anemone or pachycerianthus multiplicatus is a spectacular beast . up to 30cms across , it has two distinct layers of tentacles with the lower one forming a sort of skirt . they are quite rare and live in a few sea lochs in western scotland where they project from tubes buried in mud in fairly shallow water . they retract into the tube when disturbed .\nwilding , c . & wilson , e . 2008 . pachycerianthus multiplicatus fireworks anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\no ' connor , b . d . s . ; k\u00f6nnecker , g . ; mcgrath , d . ; keegan , b . f . ( 1977 ) . pachycerianthus multiplicatus carlgren : biotope or biocoenosis ? , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 475 - 482\npachycerianthus multiplicatus is a large burrowing anemone , occupying a tube - like burrow that may exceed one metre in length . both the length of the column and the breadth of the tentacles can reach 30 cm . the tentacles are long and occur in two cycles , with up to 200 tentacles in the marginal cycle . the tentacles are incapable of retraction but may coil spirally on disturbance . the colour of the inner tentacles is pale buff or chestnut and the marginal tentacles are whitish with fine brown bands , or plain white .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus probably has a very limited if any ability for visual perception . it is unlikely the anemone will be sensitive to visual presence , however it is thought to be photosensitive as torch light from scuba divers causes it to coil its tentacles . this may result in a slight reduction in viability , but is not likely to be significant at the level of the benchmark . therefore tolerant has been recorded . recovery may involve small energy losses in extending tentacles , so is assessed to be very high , therefore the species is not sensitive to this factor .\nthe species can coil its tentacles and withdraw into its tube to avoid physical disturbance . it is unclear whether pachycerianthus multiplicatus would be removed or severely damaged by nephrops trawling . the anemone does burrow deeply into the mud , however on muddy substrata trawls will dig to a lower depth . so it is likely that at least the upper part of the anemone will come into contact with approaching trawls . therefore , intolerance is assessed as high . if the anemone was removed or killed , recovery would be very low , resulting in a very high sensitivity assessment .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus will be removed by removal of the substrata , so intolerance is assessed as high . due to the fragmented nature of populations , and the assumed limited potential for larval dispersal , recovery is unlikely if the entire population is removed . if mature viable individuals remain in nearby areas to provide larval supply , recovery may be possible , but is likely to take several years . no information was found on larval dispersal or recruitment , and longevity of the species is unknown . as such recoverability is recorded as very low , resulting in a sensitivity assessment of very high .\npachycerianthus multiplicatus occurs in muddy sediments , so is likely to be tolerant of some smothering by suspended sediment . further , the anemone extends up to 30 cm above the surface of the sediment , so a change at the level of the benchmark is unlikely to cause mortality . additionally , it is plausible that the anemone may be able to extend its tube upwards to adjust to a higher surface level of sediment , although this would incur an energetic cost . therefore , intolerance is recorded as low . recoverability is recorded as immediate , resulting in a sensitivity assessment not sensitive .\nstampar , s . n . ; morandini , a . c . ; da silveira , f . l . ( 2014 ) . a new species of pachycerianthus ( cnidaria , anthozoa , ceriantharia ) from tropical southwestern atlantic . zootaxa . 3827 ( 3 ) : 343 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrecorded from kenmare river and kilkieran bay ( western ireland ) and from sea - lochs on the western coast of scotland , notably lochs duich and fynne .\noutside of the uk , the species has been recorded from the middle of the northern north sea , due east of aberdeenshire , and in scandinavia from l\u00e6s\u00f8 island in denmark , hakefjorden in sweden and the trondheim fjord in norway .\nlives in a long thick tube , often over 1 m long , in mud or muddy sand , from about 10 - 130 m depth . found only in very sheltered conditions around the head of fijordic sea lochs .\nmarginal tentacles arranged in four pseudocycles , up to about 180 , very long , even in contraction much longer than disc diameter .\nbody flexibility . tentacles are highly flexible and are usually held upright at the base and allowed to flow with the current at the tips . although they are not retractile , the tentacles may be curled up against the disc if disturbed . the column is comparatively inflexible , although may still lean slightly with the direction of water movement . the tube , into which the whole animal can withdraw , is composed of discharged nematocysts , mucus , and foreign particles , and is soft with a slippery lining .\ngrowth rate . the growth rate of the species is unknown , but it is thought to be slow , taking several years to reach its full size ( hughes , 1998a ) .\nlarva . larvae have not yet been identified but are thought to be demersal and short - lived ( molodtsova , 2004 ) , thus larval distribution is likely to be limited . hughes ( 1998a ) hypothesised that populations were self seeding .\nfeeding . the anemone is thought to feed on plankton such as sagitta spp . , and may have weak nematocysts which exclude it from catching larger prey ( jonsson et al . , 2001 ) .\nlives in a long thick tube , often over 1 m long , in mud or muddy sand , from about 10 - 130 m depth . found only in very sheltered conditions around the head of fjordic sea lochs .\nlongevity . longevity of this species is unknown , but it is thought to be several years ( hughes , 1998a ) .\nthis marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .\nno information was found in the literature on the turbidity tolerance of this species . an increase in phytoplankton abundance may be beneficial to the species as it is thought to feed on phytoplankton . as the anemone is not dependent on light , a reduction in light penetration is unlikely to have any effect . therefore , the species is assessed as tolerant , and not sensitive to this factor .\nchanges in wave exposure are unlikely to affect sea lochs , which are areas with little or no wave exposure . a change in wave exposure is highly unlikely , except over geological time - scales , therefore , the sensitivity is not relevant .\ndue to a deficit of available information , this sensitivity assessment has been made based on available life history information .\nrecoverability although no conclusive literature was found , it is thought that the species has a very limited capacity for larval dispersal and recolonization , and populations are likely to be self - seeding ( hughes , 1998a ) . hughes ( 1998a ) suggested slow growth and a long life span . due to the fragmented nature of populations , the species is likely to be highly vulnerable to localised extinction . recoverability is dependent on recolonization from other populations , therefore if the entire population is destroyed , it is unlikely to ever recover .\nball , b . j . , fox , g . & munday , b . w . , 2000a . long - and short - term consequences of a nephrops trawl fishery on the benthos and environment of the irish sea . ices journal of marine science , 57 , 1315 - 1320 .\neleftheriou , a . & basford , d . j . , 1983 . the general behaviour and feeding of cerianthus lloydii gosse ( anthozoa , coelenterata ) . cahiers de biologie marine , 24 , 147 - 158 .\nentec , a . 1996 . broad scale habitat mapping of intertidal and subtidal coastal areas : loch maddy , north uist in scottish natural heritage research , survey and monitoring report no . 76\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nhowson , c . m . & davies , l . m . , 1991 . marine nature conservation review , surveys of scottish sea lochs . a towed video survey of loch fyne . vol . 1 - report . report to the nature conservancy council from the university marine biological station , millport .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nhughes , d . j . , 1998a . sea pens & burrowing megafauna ( volume iii ) . an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project ) . available from : urltoken\nhughes , d . j . , 1998b . subtidal brittlestar beds . an overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared for scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project , vol . 3 ) . available from : urltoken\njones , l . a . , hiscock , k . & connor , d . w . , 2000 . marine habitat reviews . a summary of ecological requirements and sensitivity characteristics for the conservation and management of marine sacs . joint nature conservation committee , peterborough . ( uk marine sacs project report . ) . available from : urltoken\nmanuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]\nmolodtsova , t . n . , 2004 . on the taxonomy and presumable evolutionary pathways of planktonic larvae of ceriantharia ( anthozoa , cnidaria ) . hydrobiologia , 530 / 531 , 261 - 266\nnaylor . p . , 2005 . great british marine animals , 2nd edition . plymouth . sound diving publications .\nthorson , g . , 1950 . reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates . biological reviews , 25 , 1 - 45 .\nwood . c . , 2005 . seasearch guide to sea anemones and corals of britain and ireland . ross - on - wye : marine conservation society .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\ndescription : this large burrowing sea anemone is similar to cerianthus lloydii but much larger . the length of the column and span of the tentacles is up to 300mm and the column is much stouter than in the common cerianthus lloydii . the colour of the inner tentacles is pale buff or chestnut , marginal tentacles whitish with fine brown bands , or plain white . there are up to 200 very long marginal tentacles .\nhabitat : lives in a long thick tube , often 1m long , in mud or muddy sand , from 10m to over 100m depth .\ndistribution : recorded in britain and ireland from kenmare river and kilkieran bay ( western ireland ) and from sea - lochs on the western coast of scotland . elsewhere from scandinavia .\nsimilar species : a similar large cerianthid anemone whose scientific name is uncertain ( referred to here as ' dorothy ' ) , lives amongst rocks in the channel islands and brittany .\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\nroule , l . ( 1904 ) . note preliminaire sur quelques formes nouvelles de cerianthaires . compt . rend . assoc . franc . avance . sci , . 32 : 91 - 93 . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncarlgren , o . ( 1912 ) . \u00fcber ceriantharien des mittelmeers . mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel . 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391 . [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\ncarlgren , o . ( 1931 ) . on some ceriantharia . arkiv f\u00fcr zoologi . 23a ( 2 ) : 1 - 10 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult individuals of the fireworks anemone are fairly easy to identify due to the brown and white striped marginal tentacles . the light , almost white labial tentacles surround a grey or light yellow oral disk . it is one of the larger tube anemones in norway , in some cases reaching a height of 30 cm .\nit seems to prefer muddy substrate , on depths between 10 and 100 meters , usually deeper than 20 . it is very common in the fjords , often close to estuaries .\nit is registered on the british isles and in scandinavia as far north as troms , norway .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncarlgren , o . 1912 . \u00fcber ceriantharien des mittelmeers . mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel , 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391\ncarlgren , o . ( 1912 ) . \u00fcber ceriantharien des mittelmeers . < em > mitteilungen aus der zoologischen station zu neapel . < / em > 20 ( 3 ) : 356 - 391 .\ncarlgren , o . ( 1931 ) . on some ceriantharia . < em > arkiv f\u00fcr zoologi . < / em > 23a ( 2 ) : 1 - 10 .\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 106 - 109\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndownload comparative physical and biological data . the comparative tables enable a rapid comparison of the species composition and principal physical characteristics between a given set of biotopes .\nthis biotope occurred in previous versions of the classification as : cmu . spmeg . fun - version : 97 . 06\ndistribution of habitat ss . smu . cfimu . spnmeg . fun seapens , including funiculina quadrangularis , and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .\nthis biotope is distinguished from spnmeg by the presence of the nationally scarce seapen funiculina quadrangularis .\nno characteristic photos currently available . if you are able to provide a photograph of this biotope please contact email address : comment _ [ at symbol ] _ jncc _ dot _ gov _ dot _ uk ( replace _ dot _ with full stop / period and _ [ at symbol ] _ with the usual @ symbol ) .\nversion 15 . 03 of the classification adds a deep - sea section to version 04 . 05 ; therefore superseding version 04 . 05 , 97 . 06 and 03 . 02 .\njncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] . available from :\ninformation from the shallower section ( up to sublittoral sediment , taken from version 04 . 05 ) be cited as the\nconnor , d . w . , j . h . allen , n . golding , k . l . howell , l . m . lieberknecht , k . o . northen and j . b . reker ( 2004 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 04 . 05 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .\nparry , m . e . v . , k . l . howell , b . e . narayanaswamy , b . j . bett , d . o . b . jones , d . j . hughes , n . piechaud , t . d . nickell , h . ellwood , n . askew , c . jenkins and e . manca ( 2015 ) a deep - sea section for the marine habitat classification of britain and ireland . jncc report 530 . in : jncc ( 2015 ) the marine habitat classification for britain and ireland version 15 . 03 [ online ] . [ date accessed ] .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwe\u2019ve been improving urltoken to help you find and use open government data . discover what\u2019s changed and get in touch to give us your feedback .\nthis layer forms one of a set of data layers created for the defra mb0102 contract . this work will support the delivery of a network of marine protected areas as required to meet existing international and national obligations and commitments , including marine conservation zones ( mczs ) , a new measure to be delivered as part of the marine and coastal access bill , and equivalent measures under scottish legislation . the availability of these data layers will also be of importance in underpinning marine planning ( e . g . licensing ) in our marine area .\nadded to urltoken 2016 - 11 - 15 access contraints full resolution gis layer only for viewing by mb0102 partners with publicly available layers available at 10km resolution . harvest guid f6eb45f030b3d39fa29ed4c1d8cbb1a2 extent latitude : 58 . 0351\u00b0 to 55 . 5987\u00b0 longitude : - 7 . 1220\u00b0 to - 2 . 2520\u00b0 spatial reference system urn : ogc : def : crs : epsg : : 27700 dataset reference date 2009 - 09 - 01 ( publication ) frequency of update notplanned responsible party department for environment , food and rural affairs ( defra ) ( originator , custodian ) iso 19139 resource type dataset metadata language eng source metadata xml html\nfull resolution data layer for use only within the mb0102 contract . permission required from data originators for use in any other context , or by non mb0102 partners . 10km resolution data layer freely available under open government licence .\nall content is available under the open government licence v3 . 0 , except where otherwise stated\nno restrictions , a copyright acknowledgement is required and permission from any third party for the release of the data has been obtained . inclusion of any third party data will determine the copyright acknowledgement that needs to be made .\nsample equipment types used included : corer : rock gravity , corer : sediment gravity , dredge : sediment or shell and grab : shipek . not entered was contracted to undertake the survey on behalf of british geological survey . for more detailed information on the acquisition equipment and data collection techniques , operational standards , data processing methods and quality control procedures used on this survey see the report of survey / cruise report and associated documentation where available . the information available may vary depending on the age of the survey . data are checked and loaded to the bgs coastal and marine data management system following bgs marine data management procedures .\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives , conventions and agreements . the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na biotope map for the norwegian sea based on video data from mareano 2012 is now available on www . mareano . no . biotopes are regions with similar communities of animals living on the seabed , in a similar physical environment . maps such as these , which bring together the physical and biological attributes of the seabed , can provide particularly valuable information for sustainable management .\nmargaret dolan ( ngu ) and p\u00e5l buhl - mortensen ( imr ) published : 09 . 12 . 2013 - updated : 09 . 01 . 2014\nthe biotopes occurring in those areas of the norwegian sea that were investigated by mareano in 2012 have been identified through detailed analysis of seabed video data over the past year and the spatial distribution of these biotopes has now been modelled to produce a full coverage biotope map as shown in figure 1 below .\nfigure 1 : predicted spatial distribution of biotopes from modelling in the studied area of the norwegian sea . see table 1 for colour legend and details on the physical and biological characteristics of each biotope .\ntable 1 : summary of biotope characteristics based on seabed video observations . average depth refers to the average depth for all samples belonging to a particular biotope class . landscape and terrain are described from bathymetry data .\ngersemia rubiformis , gorgonocephalus sp . , bythocaris sp . , cerianthus vogti , drifa glomerata\nall the biotopes , with the exception of number 5 occur with the depth range of atlantic water . biotopes 7 , 6 and 1 are closely linked to the different types of sediments occurring on the banks . biotopes 2 and 4 typically occur in marine valleys which transect the continental shelf . biotope 2 is characterised by coral reefs and coral forests on various bottom types , often with ridges of various geologic origin . biotope 5 represents the deepest parts of the study area and is dominated by deep sea fauna in cold norwegian sea water .\nmultibeam and olex compiled bathymetry ( www . olex . no ) , together with interpreted sediment and landscape maps have been used to provide environmental variables used for map prediction . the success of this \u2018real life\u2019 mapping using both olex and multibeam data validates trials of this approach undertaken in troms ii / nordland vi in 2011 which have recently been accepted for publication in the international scientific literature .\nbiotope maps are an important part of the new information obtained through mareano mapping . the biotope maps provide a basis for the evaluation of vulnerability , species richness and uniqueness in a particular area of the seabed . this is important information when developing management plans and other advice related to the use of marine areas .\nb . f . keegan , p . o . ceidigh and p . j . s . boaden\nbiology of benthic organisms contains papers presented at the 11th european symposium on marine biology , held at galway , ireland in october 1976 . the collection contains 63 papers\nb . l . bayne , j . widdows and r . i . e . newell\nvariability of growth rate of macoma balthica ( l . ) in the wadden sea in relation to availability of food\nj . j . beukema , g . c . cadee and j . j . m . jansen\nbionomie benthique du plateau continental des iles kerguelen . 8 . variations spatiales et temporelles dans le peuplement des vases a spicules\nthe polychaete eulalia viridis ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) as an element in the energy dynamics of intertidal mussel clumps\nthe re - establishment of an amphiura filiformis ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) population in the inner part of the german bight\nan ecophysiological approach to the microdistribution of meiobenthic oligochaeta . i . phallodrilus monospermathecus ( kn\u00f6llner ) ( tubificidae ) from a subtropical beach at bermuda\nan in situ study of the primary production and the metabolism of a baltic fucus vesiculosus l . community\nobservations on the behaviour & distribution of virgularia mirabilis o . f . muller ( coelenterata : pennatulacea ) in holyhead harbour , anglesey\naspects of the ecology of sargassum muticum ( yendo ) fensholt , in the solent region of the british isles . i . the growth cycle and epiphytes\nmeiofaunal community structure and vertical distribution : a comparison of some co . down beaches\ne . i . s . rees , a . nicholaidou and p . laskaridou\nb . o ' connor , g . k\u00f6nnecker , . . . b . f . keegan\npredator - prey interaction between the crab pilumnus hirtellus ( leach ) and the brittle star ophiothrix quinquemaculata ( d . chiaje ) on a mutual sponge substrate\nyou currently don\u2019t have access to this book , you can purchase separate chapters directly from the table of contents or buy the full version .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\npf : for the habitat types that can have a non - priority as well as a priority form ( 6210 , 7130 , 9430 ) enter\nx\nin the column pf to indicate the priority form .\ncaves : for habitat types 8310 , 8330 ( caves ) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available .\ndata quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation )\nabundance categories ( cat . ) : c = common , r = rare , v = very rare , p = present - to fill if data are deficient ( dd ) or in addition to population size information\ndata quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation ) ; vp = ' very poor ' ( use this category only , if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made , in this case the fields for population size can remain empty , but the field\nabundance categories\nhas to be filled in )\nkilkieran bay is situated on the extreme north - west shore of galway bay . it is approximately 13 km in length and 7 km at its widest point . kilkieran bay is an indented fjord and much of the complexity is due to numerous rocky outcrops and islands , the largest ones being lettermore island ( not in the site ) , gorumna island and lettermullen island . the bedrock is igneous , composed of granite , felsite and other intrusive rocks rich in silica . the bay is subject to strong tidal streams as the sea funnels between islands and through channels . surface waters are under the direct influence of the north atlantic drift and there are frequent intrusions of oceanic water . the shoreline is typically rocky , giving way to mud in shallow water . a particular feature of the site is the large numbers of salt marshes on peat and the numerous small beaches of shell sand . the terrestrial areas of the site are mostly covered by shallow peaty soils , with dry heath and blanket bog present . brackish and small freshwater lakes occur .\nkeegan , b . f . ; ceidigh , p . o . ; boaden , p . j . s . ( ed . ) ( 1977 ) . biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pergamon press : oxford . isbn 0 - 08 - 021378 - 2 . xxxiii , 630 pp .\nal - adhub , a . - h . y . ; naylor , e . ( 1977 ) . daily variation in dichelopandalus bonnieri ( caullery ) as a component of the epibenthos , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 1 - 6\nandersin , a . - b . ; lassig , j . ; sandler , h . ( 1977 ) . community structures of soft - bottom macrofauna in different parts of the baltic , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 7 - 20\naneer , g . ; nellbring , s . ( 1977 ) . a drop - trap investigation of the abundance of fish in very shallow water in the ask\u00f6 area , northern baltic proper , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 21 - 30\narntz , w . e . ( 1977 ) . results and problems of an\nunsuccessful\nbenthos cage predation experiment ( western baltic ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 31 - 44\nbarnes , h . b . ; barnes , m . ( 1977 ) . the importance of being a ' littoral ' nauplius , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 45 - 56\nbayne , b . l . ; widdows , j . ; newell , r . i . e . ( 1977 ) . physiological measurements on estuarine bivalve molluscs in the field , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 57 - 68\nbeukema , j . j . ; cadee , g . c . ; jansen , j . j . m . ( 1977 ) . variability of growth rate of macoma balthica ( l . ) in the wadden sea in relation to availability of food , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 69 - 77\nblake , d . ; leftley , j . w . ( 1977 ) . studies on anaerobic nitrogen fixation in the sediments of two scottish sea - lochs , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 79 - 84\nboucher , d . ( 1977 ) . production primaire saisonni\u00e8re du microphytobenthos des sables envas\u00e9s en baie de concarneau , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 85 - 92\nbrown , r . a . ; seed , r . ( 1977 ) . modiolus modiolus ( l . ) : an autecological study , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 93 - 100\nbuhr , k . - j . ; winter , j . e . ( 1977 ) . distribution and maintenance of a lanice conchilega association in the weser estuary ( frg ) , with special reference to the suspension - feeding behaviour of lanice conchilega , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 101 - 113\ncabioch , l . ; gentil , f . ; gla\u00e7on , r . ; reti\u00e8re , c . ( 1977 ) . le macrobenthos des fonds meubles de la manche : distribution g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et ecologie , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 115 - 128\ncastel , j . ; lasserre , p . ( 1977 ) . colonisation et distribution spatiale des copepodes dans des lagunes semi - artificielles , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 129 - 146\ncastric , a . ( 1977 ) . recrutement et succession du benthos rocheux sublittoral , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 147 - 154\ncederwall , h . ( 1977 ) . annual macrofauna production of a soft bottom in the northern baltic proper , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 155 - 164\nchardy , p . ; gl\u00e9marec , m . ( 1977 ) . evolution dans le temps des peuplements des sables envas\u00e9s en baie de concarneau ( bretagne ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 165 - 172\ncinelli , f . ; fresi , e . ; mazzella , l . ; pansini , m . ; pronzato , r . ; svoboda , a . ( 1977 ) . distribution of benthic phyto - and zoocoenoses along a light gradient in a superficial marine cave , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 173 - 183\ndesbruy\u00e8res , d . ; guille , a . ( 1977 ) . bionomie benthique du plateau continental des iles kerguelen : 8 . variations spatiales et temporelles dans le peuplement des vases \u00e0 spicules , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 185 - 196\neagle , r . a . ; hardiman , p . a . ( 1977 ) . some observations on the relative abundance of species in a benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 197 - 208\nemson , r . h . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete eulalia viridis ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) as an element in the energy dynamics of intertidal mussel clumps , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 209 - 214\nerwin , d . g . ( 1977 ) . a diving survey of strangford lough : the benthic communities and their relation to substrate : a preliminary account , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 215 - 224\nfaller - fritsch , r . j . ( 1977 ) . reproductive strategies of the winkle littorina rudis in relation to population dynamics and size structure , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 225 - 231\nfedra , k . ( 1977 ) . structural features of a north adriatic benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 233 - 246\ngage , j . d . ( 1977 ) . structure of the abyssal macrobenthic community in the rockall trough , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 247 - 260\ngeorge , j . d . ( 1977 ) . ecology of the pogonophore , siboglinum fiordicum webb , in a shallow - water fjord community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 261 - 275\ngerdes , d . ( 1977 ) . the re - establisment of an amphiura filiformis ( o . f . m\u00fcller ) population in the inner part of the german bight , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 277 - 284\ngiere , o . ( 1977 ) . an ecophysiological approach to the microdistribution of meiobenthic oligochaeta : 1 . phallodrilus monospermathecus ( kn\u00f6llner ) ( tubificidae ) from a subtropical beach at bermuda , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 285 - 296\ngosling , e . ; wilkins , n . p . ( 1977 ) . phosphoglucoisomerase allele frequency data in mytilus edulis from irish coastal sites : its ecological significance , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 297 - 309\nguterstam , b . ( 1977 ) . an in situ study of the primary production and the metabolism of a baltic fucus vesiculosus l . community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 311 - 319\nhartnoll , r . g . ( 1977 ) . reprocuctive strategy in two british species of alcyonium , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 321 - 328\nhoare , r . ; wilson , e . h . ( 1977 ) . observations on the behaviour and distribution of virgularia mirabilis o . f . m\u00fcller ( coelenterata : pennatulacea ) in holyhead harbour , anglesey , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 329 - 337\nhummon , w . d . ; hummon , m . r . ( 1977 ) . meiobenthic subcommunity structure : spatial versus temporal variability , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 339 - 347\njackson , j . b . c . ( 1977 ) . habitat area , colonization , and development of epibenthic community structure , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 349 - 358\njansson , a . - m . ; kautsky , n . ( 1977 ) . quantitative survey of hard bottom communities in a baltic archipelago , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 359 - 366\njephson , n . a . ; gray , p . w . g . ( 1977 ) . aspects of the ecoloy of sargassum muticum ( yendo ) fensholt , in the solent region of the british isles : 1 . growth cycle and epiphytes , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 367 - 375\nkain , j . m . ( 1977 ) . the effect of depth on populations of laminaria hyperborea , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 377 - 378\nknight - jones , e . w . ; nelson - smith , a . ( 1977 ) . sublittoral transects in the menai straits and milford haven , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 379 - 389\nk\u00f6nnecker , g . ( 1977 ) . epibenthic assemblages as indicators of environmental conditions , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 391 - 395\nlagard\u00e8re , j . p . ( 1977 ) . recherches sur le r\u00e9gime alimentaire et le comportement pr\u00e9dateur des d\u00e9capodes benthiques de la pente continentale de l ' atlantique nord orientale ( golfe de gascogne et maroc ) , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 397 - 408\nlevinton , j . s . ; lopez , g . r . ; heidemann lassen , h . ; rahn , u . ( 1977 ) . feedback and structure in deposit - feeding marine benthic communities , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 409 - 416\nlewis , j . r . ( 1977 ) . the role of physical and biological factors in the distribution and stability of rocky shore communities , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 417 - 424\nmaguire , c . ( 1977 ) . meiofaunal community structure and vertical distribution : a comparison of some county down beaches , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 425 - 431\nmass\u00e9 , h . ; plante , r . ; reys , j . - p . ( 1977 ) . etude comparative de l ' efficacit\u00e9 de deux bennes et d ' une suceuse en fonction de la nature du fond , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 433 - 441\nmoore , p . g . ( 1977 ) . organization in simple communities : observations on the natural history of hyale nilssoni ( amphipoda ) in high littoral seaweeds , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 443 - 451\nnichols , f . h . ( 1977 ) . dynamics and production of pectinaria koreni ( malmgren ) in kiel bay , west germany , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 453 - 463\nrees , e . i . s . ; nicholaidou , a . ; laskaridou , p . ( 1977 ) . the effects of storms on the dynamics of shallow water benthic associations , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 465 - 474\n\u00f6lscher , e . m . ; fedra , k . ( 1977 ) . on the ecology of a suspension feeding benthic community : filter efficiency and - behaviour , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 483 - 492\nott , j . ; maurer , l . ( 1977 ) . stratiegies of energy transfer from marine macrophytes to consumer levels : posidonia oceanica example , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 493 - 502\npearson , t . h . ; stanley , s . o . ( 1977 ) . the benthic ecology of some shetland voes , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 503 - 512\nreise , k . ( 1977 ) . predation pressure and community structure of an intertidal soft - bottom fauna , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 513 - 519\nrex , m . a . ( 1977 ) . zonation in deep - sea gastropods : the importance of biological interactions to rates of zonation , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 521 - 530\nrichter , w . ; sarnthein , m . ( 1977 ) . molluscan colonization of different sediments on submerged platforms in the western baltic sea , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 531 - 539\nseed , r . ; boaden , p . j . s . ( 1977 ) . epifaunal ecology of intertidal algae , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 541 - 548\nstachowitsch , m . ( 1977 ) . the hermit crab microbiocoenosis : the role of mobile secondary hard bottom elements in a north adriatic benthic community , in : keegan , b . f . et al . ( ed . ) biology of benthic organisms : 11th european symposium on marine biology , galway , october 1976 . pp . 549 - 558"]}
{"id": 2471, "summary": [{"text": "pocillopora grandis , is one of fifteen described species in the family pocilloporidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is known commonly as antler coral , and is found in the indo-west pacific to the eastern tropical pacific . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "pocillopora grandis", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : pocillopora grandis [ orgn ] .\nnomenclature according to veron & pichon ( 1976 ) and schmidt - roach et al . ( 2014 ) , p . grandis dana , 1846 is a synonym of p . eydouxi milne . . .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : trapezia flavopunctata , cach\u00e9 dans un pocillopora eydouxi . jpg\nas trusted on the\npocillopora eydouxi\npage .\npocillopora eydouxi . fiji . a large colony in shallow water . neville coleman .\npocillopora eydouxi . great barrier reef , australia . detail of a branch . mary stafford - smith .\npocillopora eydouxi . dampier archipelago , western australia . a community dominated by p . eydouxi . ed lovell .\ncyndy parr merged another page with < i > pocillopora eydouxi < / i > milne edwards & haime , 1860 .\npocillopora eydouxi . ryukyu islands , japan . p . eydouxi ( right ) next to p . verrucosa ( left ) . charlie veron .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : trapezia flavopunctata , cach\u00e9 dans un pocillopora eydouxi . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntrapezia flavopunctata\npage .\nnomenclature according to veron & pichon ( 1976 ) and schmidt - roach et al . ( 2014 ) , p . grandis dana , 1846 is a synonym of p . eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 . since the latter is considered a junior synonym it is invalid , even though these authors state that it should be suppressed because the name p . eydouxi has been more commonly used . such a suppression should be done by a ruling of the iczn . [ details ]\ncyndy parr marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\npocillopora eydouxi milne edwards & haime , 1860\n.\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme set\nfile : trapezia flavopunctata , cach\u00e9 dans un pocillopora eydouxi . jpg\nas an exemplar on\ntrapezia flavopunctata eydoux and souleyet , 1842\n.\npocillopora eydouxi . kiribati , equatorial western pacific . p . eydouxi ( right ) with p . zelli ( left ) showing differences in the appearance of verrucae . len zell .\n( of pocillopora coronata gardiner , 1897 ) schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora rugosa gardiner , 1897 ) schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) schmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) sheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\n( of pocillopora symmetrica thiel , 1932 ) veron , j . e . n . & m . pichon ( 1976 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia . part i . families thamnasteriidae , astroceoniidae , pocilloporidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . volume i . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora rugosa gardiner , 1897 ) gardiner js ( 1897 ) on some collections of corals of the family pocilloporidae from the s . w . pacific - ocean . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1897 : 941 - 953 , pls . 56 - 57 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora coronata gardiner , 1897 ) gardiner js ( 1897 ) on some collections of corals of the family pocilloporidae from the s . w . pacific - ocean . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1897 : 941 - 953 , pls . 56 - 57 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) veron , j . e . n . & m . pichon ( 1976 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia . part i . families thamnasteriidae , astroceoniidae , pocilloporidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . volume i . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nschmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 .\nschmidt - roach s , miller kj , lundgren p , andreakis n ( 2014 ) with eyes wide open : a revision of species within and closely related to the pocillopora damicornis species complex ( scleractinia ; pocilloporidae ) using morphology and genetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 1 - 33 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora symmetrica thiel , 1932 ) thiel , m . e . ( 1932 ) . madreporaria . zugleich ein versuch einer vergleichenden oekologie der gefundenen formen . resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises . memoires du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique . 2 ( 12 ) : 1 - 177 , pls . 1 - 21 . [ details ]\n( of pocillopora eydouxi milne edwards , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncommon : revillagigedo islands ( reyes - bonilla 2003 ) , malpelo ( glynn and ault 2000 ) and gorgona islands ( zapata and vargas - \u00e1ngel 2003 ) .\nrare : gulf of california and nearby areas , nayarit , jalisco , colima , guerrero and oaxaca ( reyes - bonilla 2003 ) ; costa rica including cocos island , and ecuador including the gal\u00e1pagos islands ( glynn and ault 2000 ) .\nis likely to be moderately common in panama ( reported at 24 sites in las perlas and 77 sites in gulf of chiriqui ) , colombia and costa rica . in addition , according to jim\u00e9nez and cort\u00e9s ( 2003 ) ,\ncan be found in moderate abundance at culebra bay , costa rica . likewise , in the gal\u00e1pagos islands , this coral is moderately common in the northern archipelago ( hickman 2005 ) but uncommon in the central region ( hickman and chiriboga pers . comm . ) . in addition , guzm\u00e1n\n. pers . comm . ) , following the severe coral mortality associated with recent enso events ( 1982 - 83 and 1997 - 98 ) and red tides .\nin the gal\u00e1pagos islands , pocilloporid communities were well developed off northeastern san cristobal , espanola and floreana island until the 1980s ( glynn 1994 , 2003 ) , but disappeared following the 1982 - 83 enso event , with minimal coral recruitment since ( glynn 2003 ) .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\nbr\u00fcggemann , f . ( 1879 ) . corals . in : zoology of rodriguez . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b , biological sciences . 168 : 569 - 579 . [ details ]\nsheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\nin the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and the gulf of aden , the southwest and northeastern indian ocean , the central indo - pacific , tropical australia , southern japan and the south china sea , the oceanic west pacific , the central pacific , the hawaiian islands and johnston atoll , the far eastern pacific .\n: salango island , los frailes , sucre island and la plata island , and throughout the galpagos archipelago ( except for fernandina and the west side of isabela ) ( glynn 2003 ) .\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by cyndy parr - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ndana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . < em > lea and blanchard , philadelphia . < / em > 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) .\nbr\u00fcggemann , f . ( 1879 ) . corals . in : zoology of rodriguez . < em > philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b , biological sciences . < / em > 168 : 569 - 579 .\nsheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncolonies are composed of stout , upright , flattened branches . colonies are often over one metre across and may form large single species stands . branches may be widely separated or may be compact , especially where currents are strong . verrucae are uniform in shape and spacing .\nhabitat : most reef environments , but especially exposed reef fronts and where currents are strong .\ntaxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and pichon ( 1976 ) , dai ( 1989 ) . additional identification guides : randall and myers ( 1983 ) , veron ( 1986 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nvaughan , t . w . 1907 ,\nrecent madreporaria of the hawaiian islands and laysan\n, bulletin of the united states national museum , vol . 59 , pp . 1 - 427\ngardiner , j . s . 1897 ,\non some collections of corals of the family pocilloporidae from the s . w pacific ocean\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1898 , pp . 941 - 953\nthiel , m . e . 1932 ,\nmadreporaria zugleich ein versuch einer vergleichenden oekologie der gefundenen formen\n, m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique , vol . 2 , pp . 12 1 - 177\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1c5b4808 - 44d8 - 4f07 - 9394 - 3677efc1153c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 39587bca - c678 - 4f70 - 8cb0 - 7f5348ac1b2d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73335bbc - 8e3e - 4dd0 - a47b - 78c49a191278\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c7be6561 - 057b - 4a3b - afc4 - e4b3dc15154e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 613953\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2473, "summary": [{"text": "charon ( 1987 \u2013 april 12 , 2009 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who defeated both male and female competitors .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she was bred at triple e farm in ocala , florida by owner stanley m. ersoff .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she was a chestnut filly , a daughter of mo exception out of the mare double wiggle .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she is best remembered for her seven and a half length romp in the grade ii $ 250,000 black-eyed susan stakes and her win in the coaching club american oaks two months later . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "charon ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["gene navarro waited all of his life for a horse like charon to race into his life .\nkey to the mint , langfuhr ( horse ) , point given , teddy ( horse ) , aurelius ( horse ) , diadem ( horse ) , hawaiian sound , the wonder ( horse ) , bronze ( horse ) , bryan g . , just a way , night of thunder ( horse ) , forest flower ( horse ) , blue spec , erins isle ( horse ) , fort marcy ( horse ) , gainsborough ( horse ) , gilded time , selim ( horse ) , with approval , charon ( horse ) , hycilla , sea bird , polish patriot , papineau ( horse ) , whimsical ( horse ) , beaugay , high echelon , rockavon , discreet cat , touch gold , alexander mare , cremorne ( horse ) , harlem rocker , izvestia ( horse )\nwith the headline : on horse racing ; help wanted for filly triple crown .\ncharon ( 1987 \u2013 april 12 , 2009 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who defeated both male and female competitors .\nwith the headline : horse racing ; a filly at gulfstream brings good news for steinbrenner .\nwith the headline : horse racing : notebook ; go for wand captures test stakes with ease .\nreel was a thoroughbred race horse , and one of the greatest american thoroughbred broodmares in history .\nersoff has owned and bred many stakes horses , but charon also has been one of a kind for him as well as navarro .\neugene navarro passed away in hallandale , fla . nov . 27 . the longtime horseman who trained grade i winner charon was 92 .\n. strictly speaking he was not the champion horse of 1866 - but he was indeed a champion .\nbeing the obvious example . but they don ' t dominate . the best horse of the decade was undoubtedly\nmyrtlewood ( foaled 1932 in kentucky ) was a champion thoroughbred race horse as well as an exceptional broodmare .\n' ' go for wand is the champion , ' ' perret said . ' ' my filly ran her heart out , but the other filly is just a super horse . my horse had no alibis today . ' '\ndan , i would really like to see pp ' s for charon , jumron , quintana if possible taco ' s car phone . thanks , pete\ni just saw a horse go down at the finish of the santa margarita race at santa anita - i was watching on cal racing and there was no mention of the horse and rider . does anyone know what happened ? annem\ncharon , an amazing horse for the serious dressage rider and / or competitor . he just placed 3 rd at m - level in germany , equal to approximately 3 rd / 4 th level here in the states . he was also placed at 2 nd level with double bridle as well as in a jumping horse class at a level . he is training all psg movements and more .\nfor only $ 800 while she was carrying charon , ` ` said navarro . ` ` he knew something about the mare and couldn ` t resist . ` `\ngo for wand beat charon by five lengths in the ashland stakes at keeneland on april 21 and by 1 1 / 4 lengths in the mother goose at belmont on june 10 , but charon had then won the coaching club american oaks so easily in go for wand ' s absence that many felt the alabama distance might favor her .\nthe thoroughbred breeders ' association of new jersey named char - mari stables ' park avenue ball horse of the year for 2005 .\nthe race , a grade ii stakes for fillies contending for the season ' s honors , was won in the last three years by open mind , charon and withallprobability .\nwhen rice sent charon to navarro at calder he told the trainer , ` ` you ` re going to have a lot of fun with this filly , gene . ` `\n` ` right away i realized he was right , ` ` remembered navarro . ` ` i never had a horse like her .\nat the time of the alabama , no filly other than go for wand had beaten charon , but the gap between the two was enormous . future hall of fame jockey randy romero , go for wand\u2019s rider her entire career , crouched still as a statue for more than a mile before the champion began to distance herself from charon at the three - sixteenths pole .\nin this 1958 photo the winning horse in the alouette pace is l\u200ba\u200bdys lad driven by bill harvey . the winners are obscured by second place finisher jay creed ( 7 ) handled by the track ' s most famous reinsman keith waples . mighty lee was third . ( harness horse )\ncharon , who has won six times and finished second to go for wand three times in nine career starts , continued on as best she could under craig perret to hold second place as the 3 - 2 second choice . pampered star , the monmouth oaks winner and the 9 - 2 outsider today , was 28 lengths behind charon with a furlong to go and eased thereafter .\nthe distance between the winner and the runner - up would be a neck throughout the final furlong . as good as the ride was by jo sung gon , his horse gave everything to win in what was a proper horse race . bold kings was not letting anything best him today .\nin this country , a horse who should pay $ 3 . 99 for $ 2 pays off at the rate of only $ 3 . 80 for $ 2 . a person who bets $ 200 on such a horse collects $ 380 instead of $ 399 . at least in canada , the horse pays $ 3 . 90 instead of $ 3 . 80 , and the $ 200 bettor gets $ 390 instead of $ 380 .\n` ` charon is my special horse . i ` ve been in this country since 1941 , and before that i had cheap horses in cuba where i was born and grew up . my ambition was to be a self - made man . you can say i raced from maine to spain , and almost always with my own horses .\n` ` go for wand was a special horse , ` ` remembered navarro , ` ` one of the best fillies i ever saw . ` `\nbarbara l ( 1947\u20131977 ) was an american quarter horse that raced during the early 1950s and often defeated some of the best racehorses of the time .\nin addition , charon won a pair of grade ii races , the bonnie miss at gulfstream and the black eyed susan at pimlico ( by 7 1 / 4 lengths ) . and three of charon ` s 1990 losses were second - place performances in grade i encounters with the late go for wand , who subsequently lost her life when she broke down in the stretch in the breeders ` cup distaff .\ndan i would like 2 scratch ambessa pp ' s & add ongoing mister & avenging force the horse who beat king glorious if u can thanks . marc\nin 1959 blue bonnets underwent a huge renovation and rebuilding program . upon its completion a special ribbon cutting ceremony was held . from left lucien lachappele ; hugh proudfoot , c . t . a . pres . ; hon . earl rowe ; roland desjardins ; j . louis levesque , president ; eugene lajoie ; paul danserau ; gerard favreau and andre charon ( harness horse )\n( panic gb - myth ) won the victoria derby in his absence . they had to wait until the ajc st leger for a showdown , and in a two horse match\ngo for wand seized an early advantage from charon , held a narrow lead for a mile and then pulled away in the stretch to post a brilliant seven - length victory today in the $ 217 , 600 alabama stakes at saratoga race track .\n- to win the sixty sails , charon will have to outrun eight other fillies and mares in the 1 1 / 8 mile race . charon ` s main adversaries appear to be defending champion leave it be and wait for the lady . leave it be scored her third straight victory last time out in sportsman ` s lady hallie handicap . wait for the lady has won four races in a row in maryland and is coming off a five - length score in pimlico ` s grade iii snow goose handicap .\ncharon is going into the chicago circuit ` s most lucrative dirt race for damsels with a 13 - race career record of seven wins and four places . she has earnings of $ 866 , 360 , and if she wins this race it will make her a\nher dam dara has been awarded elite sport jumping horse . espridara z produced two licensed selle francais sons , vanhouten de vains ( by cacao courcelle ) and ubu du reverdy ( by allegreto ) .\nazeri ( foaled may 6 , 1998 in versailles , kentucky ) is an american hall of fame champion thoroughbred racehorse who was 2002 us horse of the year and champion older female from 2002 to 2004 .\npleasantly perfect ' s past performances are available at the bottom of this blog post . i was a fan of his as he was a true 1 1 / 4 - mile horse in an era where that sort of stamina is rare . my favorite horse from that time period was medaglia d ' oro . i felt he was the best nine - furlong horse in the country at the time while pleasantly perfect was best at 10 panels . of course , pleasantly perfect got the better of medaglia d ' oro in both the dubai world cup and breeders ' cup classic , both at 1 1 / 4 miles .\nin 1753 he won a \u00a350 maiden plate at stockton , beating the duke of cleveland ' s charon ( b c 1749 philipson ' s turk ) , and a \u00a350 purse at morpeth , beating mr shafto ' s jessamy ( ch c 1749 hutton ' s spot ) .\nwhile i am at it , the second operation of the horse for all seasons is to declare the champion horse of each racing season . . . . which is rather fun . the following table lists the champions of each season with their breeding and contains a little blurb noting their performances and any significant historical changes that took place on the turf for that year . and i get to do some coloring - in too .\nnew farm ' s homebred wild gams , a two - time stakes winner last year , has been named 2008 new jersey - bred horse of the year . wild gams also garnered honors as champion handicap female .\n\u201cyou could see the other horses really working to do what they had to do , but go for wand did everything in hand all the time , \u201d badgett said in a 1990 interview in the blood - horse .\ncharon ( usa ) ch . m , 1987 { 2 - n } dp = 2 - 1 - 5 - 0 - 2 ( 10 ) di = 1 . 22 cd = 0 . 10 - 16 starts , 7 wins , 5 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 925 , 200\nby knight of medina * out of hard haven , charon was bred by vikram greenlands and reena singh . the bay was owned by the goyals and was trained by imtiaz sait . the trainer was back in the winners ' enclosure twice when the invitation cup was held in 1989 and 1994 at mumbai .\nclean up joy confirmed his status as seoul\u2019s top horse with victory in the capital\u2019s sunday feature but at busan , grand prix stakes winner bold kings suffered a second successive defeat as dynamic dash claimed the win in the big handicap .\nin 1754 he won the king ' s plate at newcastle , again beating charon , the great subscription at york , beating sir charles sedley ' s cadena ( ch f 1749 cade ) , walked - over for the the king ' s plate at edinburgh , and walked - over for \u00a350 at morpeth .\ndan , could you please post past performances for pleasantly perfect . for a horse that won some $ 7m in his career , i ' ve always thought he was pretty underrated . honestly , what are your thoughts on him ? paseana\nmike smith rode the winner , who carried 115 pounds . pocket streaker , also at 115 and ridden by herb mccauley , was runner - up in the five - horse field . it was another neck back to dr . carrington .\ncharon , whose sire is a stallion non - entity named mo exception , was foaled on ersoff ` s farm in florida . when rice began teaching her the abcs of racing , he quickly came to the realization that he had found a potential million dollar baby at a five - and - 10 - cent thoroughbred auction .\nhe is easy at the show grounds , loads , trailers and behaves like a pro . charon is a stunning horse for the young rider or any amateur or professional who wants to draw the attention of the onlookers at clinics and shows . with his stunning appearance and outstanding uphill gaits with tons and tons of airtime , he will for sure be remembered by the judges . barley ever will you find such an amazing horse for sale and here is your chance to buy a real special boy . he is a total gentleman all around and loves attention and his one on one time with his handler and rider . his price is subject to change with more shows as he is capable of bringing home the ribbons and he is learning really fast . take him out to shows and collect your own ribbons and have fun competing with such a wonderful horse . his age is perfect for his training and he is improving every day and goes on to be a super star under the right rider . e - mail or call right away before he is gone , he will not last !\nkincsem ( hungarian pronunciation : [ \u02c8kint\u0361\u0283\u025bm ] ; hungarian for\nmy precious\nor\nmy treasure\n; march 17 , 1874\u2013 march 17 , 1887 ) was the most successful thoroughbred race horse ever , having won 54 races for 54 starts .\nmultiple graded stakes winner wild gams has been named new jersey - bred horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old filly for 2006 . bred and owned by new farm , the daughter of forest wildcat is trained by ben perkins , jr .\nthe other aussie dean , dean holland will ride that horse but two other foreign jockeys are set to have their first rides at seoul this sunday . india\u2019s imran chisty and australian patrick keane will be in limited action with both expected to have larger books next week .\nbut you get the drift . by this method i can speculate about who is the 2yo of the year for each season in the 1880s , and by the same method who is the 3yo of the year , and the all aged horse of the year , etc .\nnine days later in the alabama , go for wand was again in top form . as she did in the ashland and mother goose , go for wand proved her superiority over the excellent filly charon , who won the coaching club american oaks by nine lengths in go for wand\u2019s absence . the only other alabama entry was monmouth oaks winner pampered star , who never factored .\nsent off as the 1 - 2 favorite under randy romero in a field of three , go for wand figured to enjoy a tactical advantage as the lone front - runner but had no cakewalk today . go for wand jumped out to a one - length early lead , but charon kept her honest and under pressure until the top of the stretch , when the better filly asserted her superiority .\ncarpaccio\u2019s first lady was bought at the top - event horse auction in germany in 2014 and imported to sa in 2016 in foal to calvaro . she was a participant in the bundeschampionate for 5 year old eventers . * * * there is a you - tube link available competing at the bundeschampinate urltoken\nthe winner of the indian 2000 guineas and indian derby had shown sait from the beginning that he had a killer instinct and an inability to tolerate another horse galloping in the front . the trainer felt that pesi shroff had ridden impeccably in the invitation cup without letting rival pacemakers ruin the race for him .\nit is sadly all too rare for us in korea to witness a truly gripping race but this year\u2019s grand prix delivered . the battle between bold kings and gumpo sky in the home straight while clean up joy and triple nine desperately tried to close , was pure thoroughbred racing drama at its best . with jockeys jo sung gon and ikuyasu kurakane both producing arguably the rides of their careers , in the end bold kings simply refused to be beaten . flat - out , the will to win he demonstrated that day makes bold kings the horse racing in korea horse of the year for 2016 . what a prospect he is for 2016 .\npower blade will on sunday seek to become the first horse to sweep the korean triple crown in its current form . the kra cup mile and korean derby winner heads a field of eight \u2013 all from busan \u2013 who will line up for the final jewel of the 2016 crown , the minister\u2019s cup at seoul racecourse .\nprogeny : silver seas by silver beacon ( f . 2014 ) 14 0 - 3 - 0 $ 15 , 575 ghost ship by romeo ( c . 2015 ) 10 2 - 3 - 1 $ 51 , 975 charon by lucifer ( c . 2016 ) 1 0 - 1 - 0 $ 4 , 375 harmlessly by bacardi ' s sword ( f . 2017 ) night sailor by night circus ( c . 2018 )\ncharon claimed the indian 2000 guineas and the ramniwas ramnarain ruia gold cup but finished an inexplicable fourth in the indian derby en route to the 1984 invitation cup . entrusted to sandy barclay in the invitation cup , he improved his position from behind to grab an opportunity along the rails in the last 100 metres and storm home . enterprising , that year ' s indian derby winner , tried hard to hold him off but succumbed by a length .\ngeorge stubbs painted the life - size portrait ( bottom ) of whistlejacket at wentworth . he was described as a\nyellow - sorrel horse with white mane and tail\nand was said to have had a nearly ungovernable temper . whilst stubbs was inspecting his progress after a session the lad who had been holding the horse led him around allowing whistlejacket to see his likeness which was apparently life - like enough to induce him to rear and strike at it . lord rockingham was said to have been so pleased with the story that he had the portrait framed and hung without further touch . george stubbs also painted the portrait ( top ) of whistlejacket with his groom simon cobb .\nit was difficult to visualise any one beating royal tern in the 1979 invitation cup . he was a local horse who had won the indian derby by eight lengths . he was bred and owned by the goculdasses , a family with a long , sporting reputation . and his regular partner was karl umrigar whose dedication and skills were already well - known .\nit ' s an excellent question . in a perfect world , you would have healthy percentages all around . i wouldn ' t invest heavily in either situation that you mentioned . if a horse has a strong win - early pedigree , but is trained by a conditioner that rarely scores first - out , i ' d stay away as the horse may be out for an experience run . i ' d also avoid a firster that boasts low - percentage bloodlines , but debuts for a high - percentage trainer . these horses are often overbet due to the connections . i wouldn ' t say i rely on one stat higher than the other . a healthy mix is just what the doctor orders in this situation .\nas well as runners from south africa , france , dubai and hong kong . he was restrained towards the rear of the field by fukunaga before moving forward in the straight . he took the lead a furlong and a half from the finish and accelerated clear to win by six and a quarter lengths from the south african horse vercingetorix with dank in third place .\n1 . chang se ( kor ) [ forest camp \u2013 daecheonpung ( fiercely ) ] \u2013 lee chan ho \u2013 1 . 8 , 1 . 1 2 . smart time ( kor ) [ ft . stokton \u2013 charon ( jade robbery ) ] \u2013 ham wan sik \u2013 2 . 3 3 . meni money ( kor ) [ menifee \u2013 pocketful of money ( running stag ) ] \u2013 moon se young \u2013 1 . 4 distances : 1 . 75 lengths / 1 length \u2013 10 ran\n1 . meni money ( kor ) [ menifee \u2013 pocketful of money ( running stag ) ] \u2013 seo seung un \u2013 3 . 1 , 1 . 4 2 . smart time ( kor ) [ ft . stockton \u2013 charon ( jade robbery ) ] \u2013 park eul woon \u2013 1 . 5 3 . lucky music ( kor ) [ creek cat \u2013 dangdae jeil ( lucky ruler ) ] \u2013 choi bum hyun \u2013 3 . 1 distances : 0 . 5 lengths / 2 lengths \u2013 11 ran\nchoegang schiller provided the standout moment of summer , claiming victory for korea in the asia challenge cup , beating last year\u2019s winner , singapore\u2019s el padrino into 2nd . that alone is enough to make him our older horse of the year . on the same day , chief red can won the kra cup classic while honourable mention goes to gumpo sky , 2nd in the grand prix .\nthe race was the third meeting between the nation ' s two best 3 - year - old fillies , and go for wand won decisively for the third time . her victory today in stakes - record time stamped her as one of the best 3 - year - old fillies in recent racing history and advanced her cause as a long - shot candidate for horse of the year honors .\nsteinlen , last year ' s champion grass horse , will carry top weight of 126 pounds against wanderkin ( 116 ) , river of sin ( 115 ) , foreign survivor ( 115 ) , green book ( 112 ) and who ' s to pay ( 110 ) . steinlen , who won last year ' s baruch , is tuning up for the arlington million on sept . 2 .\nshroff kept exhilaration in the middle of the field for a good bit of the way before positioning the horse neatly along the rails at the 200 metre marker for holding off a determined bid by mick kinane on northern star . while veteran shammu chavan felt that this kind of positioning was ideal for the track another ace jockey of old , the late pandu khade , held a different view .\n\u200bduane hanover appears in the blue bonnets winner ' s circle with a host of guests . from left : lucien bombardier ; haughton ; co - owners mr . and mrs . karl ; eugene lajoie of blue bonnets ; rene chartrand and co - owner francois seremba . take note of the gigantic sunday afternoon crowd on hand to witness this record - setting event . ( harness horse ) \u200b\n\u200b many young drivers started their careers at bb as grooms and later graduated to the driving ranks . the above photo shows a happy memory for a then very young denis larochelle as he is joined by friends in the winner ' s circle . the winning horse was jeff protector , owned by his driver who hailed from sorel , quebec . take note of the hand written information on the photo .\nbarry irwin was introduced to racing here by team valor member joe dallao and while he hadn\u2019t had the best of luck with either chastity or his other korean horse , a hawk wing gelding named swoop , he maintained his interest and now those famous crimson and forest green silks have come in front in yet another country . a very welcome presence in korean racing , hopefully it will be the first of many .\n5 . clean up joy ( usa ) 5 g [ purge \u2013 greta\u2019s joy ( joyeax danseur ) ] ( 17 / 9 / 5 / 1 ) st shim \u2013 ham wan sik seoul\u2019s best horse , he is three for three since finishing 3rd in the grand prix nehind bold kings and gumpo sky last december . he usually settles towards the rear of the field and has a strong finish . he can win this .\nowner : stanley m . ersoff breeder : stanley m . ersoff state bred : fl winnings : 16 starts : 7 - 5 - 0 , $ 925 , 200 won coaching club american oaks ( g1 ) , black - eyed susan stakes ( g2 ) , rampart handicap ( g2 ) , bonnie miss stakes ( g2 ) , forward gal stakes ( g3 ) ; 2nd mother goose s ( g1 ) , alabama s ( g1 ) , ashland s ( g1 ) . dam double wiggle purchased for $ 800 in foal with charon . sent to japan . ( close )\n1 . pinot noir ( kor ) [ capital spending \u2013 neungnyeokchungman ] \u2013 park eul woon \u2013 1 . 3 , 1 . 1 2 . x file ( kor ) [ exploit \u2013 dorothy dee ] - kim dong soo \u2013 1 . 7 3 . smart time ( kor ) [ ft . stockton \u2013 charon ] \u2013 djordje perovic \u2013 1 . 6 distances : 2 . 5 lengths / neck also ran : 4 . lucky music 5 . meni money 6 . pureun geotap 7 . argo asset 8 . space shuttle 9 . punggwae 10 . shine clover 11 . queen\u2019s win\ncharon ' s nine - length romp in the c . c . a . oaks at belmont on sunday was neither the richest nor lengthiest triumph of the day in a triple crown race . half an hour later at woodbine near tonronto , a 3 - year - old son of icecapade named izvestia scored a 13 - length victory in the queen ' s plate , the first leg of the canadian triple crown for candian - bred horses . the winner earned $ 235 , 200 , according to the race chart , ' ' plus 50 guineas , the gift of her majesty , the queen . ' '\nfinally , south african breeding gained a win courtesy of variety club \u2013 horse of the year , champion three - year - old and champion middle distance horse in south africa for 2011 - 2012 \u2013 who took the godolphin mile ( gr . ii ) . variety club is by forest wildcat\u2019s prix de l\u2019abbaye de longchamp ( gr . i ) victor , var , who is now a standout sire in south africa . the dam is by woodman\u2019s brother , secret prospector , out of a mare by el gran senor\u2019s brother , northern guest , and is a three - quarters sister to secret prospector\u2019s grade one winner secret rites . the third dam is south african oaks ( gr . i ) heroine novenna , who is a daughter of hobnob ( by gyr , by sea - bird ii , a branch of native dancer ) , and is one of the very few horses who we have seen inbred to federico tesio\u2019s good son of dante , toulouse lautrec . oddly enough , this ties into variety club\u2019s family which arrived in south africa from italy during wwii in the shape of jinnipet , who was by tesio\u2019s star , cavaliere d\u2019arpino ( who in his lifetime tesio claimed to be the best horse he had bred ) , out of a mare by tesio\u2019s italy derby winner , michelangelo ( who has a son in the pedigree of toulouse lautrec , who we said was doubled here ) .\ngo for wand , owned by jane dupont lunger ' s christiana stable and trained by billy badgett , paid $ 4 . 40 for $ 2 to win as the favorite . go for wand , last year ' s champion 2 - year - old filly , was making her first start since winning the mother goose at belmont on june 10 . she missed the july 8 coaching club american oaks with a slight cough , but is over that . the only question now is whether the test took too much out of her for her to stretch out to a mile and a quarter against charon in the alabama nine days hence .\nfrom 1920 on i think i have enough info to put the contenders up . some years are straightforward , others have maybe 2 or 3 genuine contenders or occasionally more , while in other years the most likely horse is one nobody would remember or know much about . i have to put it into words worth reading for a different generation being part of the challenge . the hotys from those days need to be recognised officially , but that ' s possible too i think .\nit seemed old warrior ( new warrior gb - anne laurie ) , the 1869 melbourne cup winner had inherited the laurels winning wfa races at randwick and flemington in the spring with nothing much coming through the ranks . john tait ' s the pearl ( new warrior gb - ida ) won the melbourne cup at 100 / 1 , and for a time it seemed the most promising horse on the turf was the grey 3 / 4 arab pony saladin ( pegasus arab gb - nutleaf .\nthis coming sunday , a little bit of korean racing history is up for grabs as kra cup mile and korean derby winner power blade returns to seoul looking to win the minister\u2019s cup and become the first winner of the korean triple crown in its current form . not a single seoul horse is set to compete so power blade will be up against seven other visitors from busan including stablemate and korean oaks winner ottug ottugi in the 2000m race . full previews of the race to follow .\nthis is the first of a few year - end posts over the next week . we\u2019ll look at breeding , betting , and the foreign jockeys and trainers , as well as racing in general . we\u2019ll start with the honours though and while there are many ways to to do horse of the year , the bottom line is , it\u2019s my blog , so it\u2019s my choice ! keeping it simple this year so just nine categories and in all honesty , there are standouts in each one .\nhe was by riyahi ( ire ) out of baroque pearl ( fr ) and was bred , for record ' s sake , by talegaon stud at the poonawalla farms . the bay khaitan - owned horse ' s potential was apparent early but he really shot to prominence in the indian 2000 guineas . the way he won by eight lengths had maj . nargolkar writing ,\nit was a performance fit to rank with the vintage indian 2000 guineas victories of alijah , enrico and exhilaration .\ntangiers ( c by vibrant ( gb ) ) . 15 wins 1000 to 1400 m . and $ 117 , 700 won watc roma cup g3 , watc roma cup g3 , watc belmont sprint l , watc charon welter h . , watc city of perth welter , watc morphettville graduation s . , watc shamrock graduation s . 2nd watc taimac quality s . , watc seltrust cup , watc lions international welter h . , watc welter h . , watc extol graduation s . , watc cyril flower sprint h . 3rd watc belmont sprint g3 , watc welter h . , watc wellington h . , watc debonair graduation s . , watc hennessy graduation s .\n\u200b one of the most accomplished and well - liked participants of this era was a gentleman named benoit cote . he was loved by the fans and held in high esteem by his fellow horsemen . in the above photo from may 18 , 1958 he is shown in the winner ' s circle following a victory by meadow bower in the mount royal pace . in the photo from left to right are owners mr . and mrs . roland marquis and bb race secretary lucien bombardier ( harness horse )\nthe two premier sprint events were annexed by hong kong - trained australian - breds . winner of golden shaheen ( gr . i ) was sterling city ( truenicks a + + ) . he is by darley\u2019s redoute\u2019s choice son , nadeem , who was co - highweight at two in australia after winning the vrc blue diamond stakes ( gr . i ) . nadeem\u2019s oldest crop are now five - year - olds , and his first two crops produced nine stakes winners , seven graded . there were only 22 foals in his third crop , but 57 in his fourth , and he\u2019s a horse who could bear watching . sterling city\u2019s dam , so gorgeous ( by the irish river horse , brief truce ) was a four - time graded winner and is also dam of grade two scorer tipungwuti ( by fusaichi pegasus ) . the fifth dam is the australian foundation mare , denise\u2019s joy , and this is the same branch as new zealand sire standout thorn park , grade one winning sprinter bentley biscuit , and young sire stryker to name but a few .\nin a rare show of appreciation for people not often credited for their role in racing two veteran trackmen were honoured for their work in having the racecourse in such remarkable shape . a donation was made by the united horsemen of canada assoc . to these two gentlemen . from left : laurent bourgon , u . h . c . president presents a cheque to ernest tobin while treasurer sebastien brisson on the right makes an identical donation to alf bergeron . francois lebeouf , a leading driver appears in the centre . ( harness horse )\nthe two mile dubai gold cup ( gr . ii ) saw a pair of sons of halling ( by diesis , and himself a 10 furlong performer ) fight out the decision , certerach getting the verdict by a neck over cavalryman . ceterach is one of two stakes winners by halling out of from the danehill line , his dam being chartres , an irish stakes winner by that horse ( of course , typically for a sharpen up line horse , halling has done well with danzig in general , getting 13 stakes winners , seven group / graded ) . the second dam , gothic dream ( by nashwan ) was second in the 12 furlong ribblesdale stakes ( gr . ii ) , and has significant descendents at either end of the distance scale as she is also dam of the stakes winner and irish st . leger ( gr . i ) runner - up pugin , and granddam of the very speedy two - year - old and now young sire , lilbourne lad . the third dam is the irish st . leger ( gr . i ) victress dark lomond .\nbind , an impressive debut winner at fair grounds on february 19 , is listed as the 2 - 5 morning line favorite in saturday ' s third race at fair grounds , an entry - level optional claimer at 1 mile and 70 yards . bind is not yet nominated to the triple crown series , but another big performance may have al stall thinking about bigger pots . i ' m guessing , as of now , that he ' ll remain very patient with this promising horse . he ' s one to watch in races like the travers .\nchoinma has raced once as a three - year - old already , surprisingly beaten into 2 nd in his first try around two turns at 1700m in january but he is still very much in the hunt . neither he nor gaon champ are front - runners so the early pace will most likely be set by mask and sinui myeongryeong , both good prospects themselves , while sharp kaylan too looks a better horse than he was when beaten by gaon champ in december \u2013 since then he\u2019s won two in a row by six and four - lengths respectively .\ntalib died a few days before loyal prince clashed with thunder storm in the indian derby . rahimtoola reported that loyal prince went off his feed and started losing condition . the horse ran third behind thunder storm and look out . rahimtoola wrote ,\nthat he had been missing his master ' s presence in the stable and the visit to his stall every evening to speak a few soothing words and enquire about his health , was soon proved .\nloyal prince returned to form in the invitation cup , winning the event from thunder storm and lucky pair .\nas the late k . sundar rajan of the hindu wrote in the newspaper ' s sister publication sportstar , lahori ,\ndid not believe that ted mcgaffin had ridden him ( mount everest ) properly . he wouldn ' t say openly that ted ' pulled ' his horse . but that he didn ' t ride to win was evident from lahori ' s talk . naturally this exasperated ted the game ' s greatest gentleman . he preferred not to ride him any more . but he was later persuaded to ride mount everest ( in the invitation cup ) .\nkhade felt that a jockey must always be within one or two lengths of the fancied horse while racing in the long straights that mark the mahalaxmi course . he asserted that if the yet - to - become - world - famous kinane had kept northern star close to exhilaration at the beginning of the 550 metre - long home stretch instead of being a little away , he might have pulled it off . what khade - and for that matter , everyone - did not anticipate then was the discovery of a banned substance in northern star ' s post - race sample and his subsequent disqualification .\nhg224 winning bet ( steve t ) # 8 dubai you xyz is going to be one tough cookie for a while to come and he is improving with every race . he is impervious to jostling , bumping and being in tight , comes with a killer rush at the end and this guy can run all day on turf . i will use # 7 bogie to fill the exacta ; he has always been a very good turfer and i think he is a different horse off the layoff and this will be his 2nd off of that layoff . handingambling bet : $ 100 exacta # 8 dubai you xyz / # 7 bogie\nthe table also demonstrates how the foundation races of the australian calendar came to be introduced during the decade of the 1860 ' s . the mimicking of the english classics is evident and the all aged wfa races were based on the model of the queens plate . queen ' s plates were run all over the empire according to rules laid down by the imperial master of the horse that describe a race of no less than 2 miles ( preferably three ) run at set weights as stand alone contests . heats were not permitted . racing in heats was standard practice in australia for much of the first half of the 19th century .\n\u200b in 1958 as a three - year - old , a young trotting colt named homestead dan put on quite a show for the fans at bb and also richelieu park . the son of tim hanover - fannie was bred and owned by osler burrison of rice lake . here he is being shown off by his trainer and driver jack gordon ( right ) to an admiring bill habkirk , both long - time participants at bb . in 1958 , homestead dan won 14 of 28 starts and also had three seconds and seven thirds . his season ' s mark of 2 : 06h was amazing for the times ( harness horse )\nthe al quoz sprint ( gr . i ) was won by amber sky , who is by exceed and excel , a danehill son who has come through as an absolutely outstanding speed sire . out of grade two winning and grade one placed truly wicked ( by rubiton , from the my babu / tourbillon line via better boy and century ) , amber sky is truenicks rated a + + , the cross of exceed and excel with century line mares have produced two stakes winners and a stakes placed horse from only 12 runners . the second dam , by roberto\u2019s good son , at talaq is a sister to graded scorer dizzy lass .\nafter fisherman ' s death and the dispersal of maribyrnong hurtle fisher continued to race horses and came up with another crack in charon . he was by ferryman ( fisherman gb - rose de florence gb ) from the great brood mare juliet gb and in the spring of 1869 he won the ajc derby , the vrc derby , the vrc all aged stakes and defeated the melbourne cup winner warrior in the queens plate . in the autumn , however , just two days before the st leger he collapsed during trackwork at flemington and died . . the barb had retired to stud but his younger sister barbelle and brother barbarian carried on in his place . barbelle lead all the way to win the doncaster handicap and repeated her effort to lead all the way to win the sydney cup . she would also distinguish herself in latter seasons by winning three successive editions of the vrc flying stakes\n1957 : \u200bthree leading drivers at blue bonnets raceway . the curtain was drawn on the harness racing season in montreal monday night , november 11th , with the closing of a very successful fall meeting at blue bonnets raceway and substantial cheques were received by the three leading drivers . the presentation was made by racing secretary lucien bombardier ( left ) and controller rolland desjardins . the happy winners were ( from left to right ) marc gingras with 27 victories , percy robillard with 22 and harold mckinley with 18 . for marc gingras , twenty - seven year old french - canadian born in st . jerome . quebec , this championship was the first of a promising career . \u200b ( harness horse ) \u200b\n7 . power blade ( kor ) [ menifee \u2013 cheonmacheong ( lost mountain ) ] ( 8 / 6 / 2 / 0 ) young kwan kim \u2013 kim yong geun he is the favourite and even visually , looks superior . unbeaten since losing to ottug ottugi in busan\u2019s champion juvenile race last autumn , he was a facile winner of both the cup mile and derby . at the derby , jockey kim young geun defied instructions in the rain and took him to the front right from the gate . it paid off . it\u2019s most likely he will let ottug ottugi lead here but if power blade is at anything like his best , he completes the triple crown . there is little downside to this horse .\nthe new york series overtook an older , less formal filly triple that roughly corresponded to the colts ' three big spring races : the kentucky oaks at churchill downs , the black - eyed susan at pimlico and the c . c . a . oaks at belmont . the problem this year was that the first two legs of the old series attracted fillies away from the first leg of the new one . go for wand , the queen of the division , ran in the kentucky oaks at a mile and eighth on may 4 . rather than drop her back to a one - turn one - mile in the acorn on may 26 , her camp passed the race and went into the mother goose on june 10 . charon , who can beat any filly except go for wand , ducked her nemesis in the kentucky oaks and went into the black - eyed susan . rather than run back in the acorn just eight days later , she too waited until the mother goose .\nthe dubai duty free ( gr . i ) and dubai sheema classic ( gr . i ) , both went to japanese - bred runners . the former fell to just a way ( truenicks a + ) , who is the only grade one winner for his sire heart\u2019s cry , a two - time champion by sunday silenc e . the dam , sibyl , was imported into japan in utero , and is by wild again out of the off - bred mare charon ( by the little - known mo exception , from a branch of the tudor minstrel branch of hyperion ) , heroine of five graded stakes including the cca oaks ( gr . i ) and black - eyed susan stakes ( gr . ii ) . this is a pedigree that has an unusual amount of hyperion / nearco combinations in the center , and we\u2019ll note the wild again\u2019s son , wild rush , sired grade one winner transcend and grade three scorer courir passion out of mares by heart\u2019s cry\u2019s broodmare sire , tony bin , so the formula seems to work .\ndan some questions . is there a place on the drf website where i can find the full conditions for the race for the entries ? today , wednesday , under the drf entries tab , the 7th at gp is listed as a $ 25 , 000 open race , when it is really open only to non winners of three lifetime and a claiming price of $ 30 , 000 to $ 25 , 000 . i guess i just get too excited when there is a truly open , no conditions , allowance or high class claimer . quite often in your analyses you will mention that a horse was a vet scratch on such and such a date . where do you get that information ? if it isn ' t your own records can i get it also ? ron zuercher\n* * * sorry if this has been asked and answered recently , but i have trouble visiting this blog as much as i ' d like : what are al stall ' s plans for bind ? did i miss a non - winners of 1 other than allowance score or has it not happened yet ? my guess ( and it ' s just a guess ) would be the derby trial might be in his future . any thoughts on the chance of that ? i watched his maiden score ( and cashed a nice pick 4 by singling him ) and was truly amazed . horses just don ' t go 1 : 08 and 4 at the fairgrounds very often , especially not maidens . i think the sky is the limit for this horse and we all know that stall will take his time with him raitchjay\ni always wondered where thebarton was . i just did the profile of richmond ( hoy1876 ) and didn ' t realize that he wona couple of features in adelaide as a 7yo . . . but at ' the old course ' , which i think is victoria park , not thebarton . . . otherwise he would have had a street named after him . they have done the same thing on the site of the old epsom track . i used to go there and watch manikato work . only horse i ever got out of bed that early for . now the main drag of the housing estate is named after him . when epsom closed as a training track in the 1990 ' s it really brought home to me that closing a race track is really breaking up a community . it was really rather sad .\nit is a great article about alysheba . look at how many grade 1 ' s at a mile and a quarter this horse took down . but most of all , he was a stud and legend in his own mind . . . . one of the proudest horses on whom i ' ve ever laid eyes . i was privileged to spend some time with him at monmouth and he was unbelievable in the post parade for the iselin . to this day i have a picture of him on the wall . he was truly spectacular . most interesting of all , van berg raced him without lasix at the iselin , just to prove he could win without it . could you imagine a trainer taking that kind of stand now ? dan , would you please be so kind as to post his pp ' s ? tbta\ntontonan wrote : i always wondered where thebarton was . i just did the profile of richmond ( hoy1876 ) and didn ' t realize that he wona couple of features in adelaide as a 7yo . . . but at ' the old course ' , which i think is victoria park , not thebarton . . . otherwise he would have had a street named after him . they have done the same thing on the site of the old epsom track . i used to go there and watch manikato work . only horse i ever got out of bed that early for . now the main drag of the housing estate is named after him . when epsom closed as a training track in the 1990 ' s it really brought home to me that closing a race track is really breaking up a community . it was really rather sad .\nthe barb ' s 5yo season was awesome . he was undefeated in 7 starts , winning an epic battle with tim whiffler in the great metropolitan with both horses under 61 . 5kg , then accounting for him easily in the craven plate . strategically scratched from the melbourne cup to leave the race for glencoe , the barb walked over for the royal park stakes when no horse would oppose him . on new years day he won the 3 miler for the third year in succession ( defeating glencoe ) and was supreme in the sydney cup carrying 10 . 8 ( 66kg ) - a record that stands to this day - and ending his career with victory in the queens plate . the last crop of fisherman contested the classics this season with the filly my dream ( fisherman - nightlight ) repeating sea gull ' s double , winning the derby and the oaks ."]}
{"id": 2476, "summary": [{"text": "myxophaga is the second smallest suborder of the coleoptera after archostemata , consisting of roughly 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the members of this suborder are aquatic and semiaquatic , and feed on algae . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "myxophaga", "paragraphs": ["tree of life web project . 2007 . myxophaga . version 07 august 2007 ( temporary ) .\nlawrence , j . f . & h . reichardt . 1991 . torridincolidae ( myxophaga ) , microsporidae ( myxophaga ) ( = sphaeriidae ) , hydroscaphidae ( myxophaga ) . immature insects , vol . 2 . ( ed . by f . w . stehr ) , pp . 302 - 304 . kendall / hunt publishing company , dubuque , iowa .\nreichardt , h . , 1976 . revision of the lepiceridae ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . papeis avulsos de zoologia , 30 : 35\nreichardt , h . , 1976 . a new african torridincolid ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . rev . zool . afr . , 90 : 209\nhinton , h . e . 1969 . plastron respiration in adult beetles of the suborder myxophaga . journal of zoology , 159 , 131 - 137 .\non the systematic position of the genera lepiceroides gen . n . and haplochelus , with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the myxophaga ( coleoptera )\nl\u00f6bl , i . ( 2003 ) suborder myxophaga , p . 25 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 819\u2013819 .\n> on the systematic position of the genera lepiceroides gen . n . and haplochelus , with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the myxophaga ( coleoptera )\non the systematic position of the genera lepiceroides gen . n . and haplochelus , with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the myxophaga ( coleoptera ) \u00bb brill online\nhinton , h . e . , 1967 . on the spiracles of the larvae of the suborder myxophaga ( coleoptera ) . australian journal of zoology , 15 : 955\u2013959 .\nhinton , h . e . 1967 . on the spiracles of the larvae of the suborder myxophaga ( coleoptera ) . australian journal of zoology , 15 , 955 - 959 .\nendrody - younga , s . 1997 . microsporidae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) , a new family for the african continent . annals of the transvaal museum 36 : 309 - 311 .\nbeutel , r . g . , 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleopter ) with a redescription of lepicerus horni ( lepiceridae ) . zool . anz . , 237 [ 1998 ] : 291\u2013308 .\nl\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( 2003 ) catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , 819 pp .\nabdullah , m . , 1974 . notes of sphaeriformia abdullah , particularly torridincolidae steffan ( col . myxophaga ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( n . s . ) , 10 : 959\u2013962 .\nbeutel , r . g . , maddison , d . r . , haas , a . , 1998 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleoptera ) using larval characters . systematic entomology , 24 : 171\u2013192 .\nbeutel , r . g . 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleoptera ) with a redescription of lepicerus horni ( lepiceridae ) . zool . anz . , ( 1998 / 99 ) : 291 - 308 .\nbeutel , r . g . , d . r . maddison , and a . haas . 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleoptera ) using larval characters . systematic entomology , 24 : 171 - 192 .\nendr\u00f6dy - younga , s . , 1997 . active extraction of water - dissolved oxygen and descriptions new taxa of torridincolidae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) . annale van die transvaal museum , 36 ( 24 ) : 313\nreichardt , h . , 1973 . more on myxophaga : on the morphology of scaphydra angra ( reichardt , 1971 ) ( coleoptera ) . revista brasileira de entomologia , 17 ( ! 5 ) , 109 - 110 .\nreichardt , h . and s . a . vanin . , 1976 . two new torridincolidae from serra do cipo , minas gerais , brazil ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . studia entomologica 19 ( 1\u20134 ) : 211\u2013218 .\nfik\u00e1\u010dek , m . & \u0161\u00edpkov\u00e1 , h . , 2009 . new asian hydroscapha , with comments on male - female association of co - occuring species ( coleoptera , myxophaga , hydroscaphidae ) . zootaxa , 2286 , 31\u201348 .\nreichardt , h . & c . costa , 1967 . ptyopteryx britskii , a new neotropical genus and species of the hitherto ethiopian torridincolidae ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . pap\u00e9is avulsos zool . , s\u00e3o paulo , 21 : 13\nreichardt , h . 1973 . a critical study of the suborder myxophaga , with a taxonomic revision of the brazilian torridincolidae and hydroscaphidae ( coleoptera ) . arquivos de zoologia , s . paulo 24 ( 2 ) : 73 - 162 .\nreichardt , h . , 1973 . a critical study of the suborder myxophaga , with a taxonomic revision of the brazilian tridincolidae and hydroscaphidae ( coleoptera ) . arquivos de zoologia , s . paulo , 24 : 73\u2013162 , 8 pls .\nvanin , s . a . 1978 . ytu reichardti , a new torridincolid from serra do cipo , minas gerais , brazil ( coleoptera , myxophaga , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 .\nanton , e . & r . g . beutel , 2006 . on the head morphology of lepiceridae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) and the systematic position of the family and suborder . eur . j . entomol . , 103 : 85\u201395 .\nkirejtshuk a . g . , poinar g . . , 2006 . haplochelidae , a new family of cretaceous beetles ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) from burmese amber . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 108 ( 1 ) : 155 - 164 .\nnavarrete - heredia , j . l . , cort\u00e9s - aquilar , j . & beutel , r . g . , 2005 . new findings on the enigmatic beetle family lepiceridae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) . entomol . abh . , 62 : 193\nreichardt , h . 1974 . relationships between hydroscaphidae and torridincolidae , based on larvae and pupae , with the description of the immature stages of scaphydra angra ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . revista brasileira de entomologia , 18 ( 4 ) , 117 - 122 .\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\nsuborder myxophaga wing with base of rs vein absent ; prothorax usually with distinct notopleural suture . family hydroscaphidae ( skiff beetles ) size about 1 . 5 mm ; found in algae on rocks in streams ; sometimes placed in staphylinoidea ; generic example hydroscapha ; widely distributed .\nh\u00e1jek , j . & fik\u00e1\u010dek , m . , 2008 . a review of the genus satonius ( coleoptera : myxophaga : torridincolidae ) : taxonomic revision , larval morphology , notes on wing polymorphism , and phylogenetic implications . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae , 48 , 655\u2013676 .\nshepard , w . d . , r . e . roughley and w . porras . 2005 . the natural history of lepicerus inaequalis motschulsky in costa rica , and additional morphological descriptions ( coleoptera : myxophaga : lepiceridae ) . folia entomologica mexicana , 44 supplemento 1 : 97 - 105 .\nfalamarzi , s . , p\u00fctz , a . , heidari , m . & nasserzadeh , h . ( 2010 ) confirmed occurrence of hydroscapha granulum in iran , with notes on its biology ( coleoptera : myxophaga : hydroscaphidae ) . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae , 50 ( 1 ) , 97\u2013106 .\nbell , r . t . ( 2003 ) family rhysodidae , 78\u201379 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga - adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 819\u2013819 .\nnilsson , a . n . ( 2003 ) family noteridae , 33\u201335 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 819\u2013819 .\nmazzoldi , p . ( 2003 ) family gyrinidae . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata \u2013 myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 26\u201330 . [ 819 pp . ]\nvondel , b . j . van . ( 2003 ) family haliplidae , pp . 30\u201333 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , 819 pp .\nh\u00e1jek , j . , h . yoshitomi , m . fikackek , m . hayashi & f . - l . jia , 2011 . two new species of satonius endr\u00f6dy - younga from china and notes on the wing polymorphism of s . kurosawai sat\u00f4 ( coleoptera : myxophaga : torridincolidae ) . zootaxa , 3016 : 51\u201362 .\nshort , a . e . z . , l . j . joly , m . garc\u00eda , a . wild , d . d . bloom , & d . r . maddison . 2015 . molecular phylogeny of the hydroscaphidae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) with description of a remarkable new lineage from the guiana shield . systematic entomology 40 : 214 - 229 .\ndettner , k . ( 2016 ) noteridae thomson , 1857 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , , pp . 98\u2013107 .\nbeutel , r . g . ( 2016 ) rhysodidae laporte , 1840 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 190\u2013197 .\nvondel , b . j . van . ( 2016 ) haliplidae aub\u00e9 , 1836 , pp . 89\u201398 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta .\nbeutel , r . g . & arce - p\u00e9rez , r . ( 2016 ) sphaeriusidae erichson , 1845 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 70\u201371\nbeutel , r . g . & roughley , r . e . ( 2016 ) gyrinidae latreille , 1810 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 80\u201389 .\nan annotated checklist of myxophaga ( hydroscaphidae and sphaeriusidae ) and adephaga ( including gyrinidae , haliplidae , noteridae , rhysodidae ) from iran is compiled . the total number of taxa include 39 species of 15 genera . the family haliplidae is represented by 15 species , gyrinidae by 12 species , noteridae by seven species , rhysodidae by three species , and hydroscaphidae and sphaeriusidae by one species each . two species , gyrinus ( gyrinus ) dejeani brull\u00e9 1832 ( gyrinidae ) and haliplus ( haliplidius ) confinis stephens 1828 ( haliplidae ) are new records for the fauna of iran .\nvanin , s . a . , beutel , r . g . & arce - p\u00e9rez , r . ( 2016 ) hydroscaphidae leconte , 1874 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 71\u201375 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\ntree from beutel , maddison , and haas ( 1999 ) and beutel ( 1999 ) .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nlawrence , j . f . , and a . f . newton , jr . / pakaluk , james , and stanislaw adam slipinski , eds .\nbiology , phylogeny , and classification of coleoptera : papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a . crowson , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018 , at 16 : 38 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3717c802 - bced - 437f - b3da - 94087e7ac12c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255036\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsynonymy of two genus - group names is substantiated : tricholicinus poppius , 1912 ( type species : tricholicinus setosus j . r . sahlberg , 1880 ) = martyr semenov et znojko , 1929 ( type species : martyr praeteritorum semenov et znojko , 1929 ) , syn . n . and psammodromius peyerimhoff , 1927 ( type species : psammodromius noctivagus peyerimhoff , 1927 ) = xanthomelina iablokoff - khnzorian , 1964 ( type species : apristus zajtzewi eichler , 1924 ) , syn . n . synonymy of the following names of the species - group taxa is established : calosoma ( callisthenes ) elegans ( kirsch , 1859 ) = c . ( callisthenes ) declive ( dohrn , 1884 ) , syn . n . , lectotype of the latter is designated ; carabus ( semnocarabus ) erosus erosus motschulsky , 1866 = c . ( semnocarabus ) erosus karascharensis ( eidam , 1931 ) , syn . n . , lectotype of the latter is designated ; c . ( semnocarabus ) cicatricosulus pseudoerosus mandl , 1955 = c . ( semnocarabus ) bogdanowi semnocosulus deuve et tian , 2013 , syn . n . ; chlaenius ( dinodes ) viridis ( m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1832 ) = ch . pallidicornis ballion , 1871 , syn . n . ; licinus ( tricholicinus ) setosus ( j . r . sahlberg , 1880 ) = licinus mongolicus reitter , 1900 , syn . n . = martyr praeteritorum semenov et znojko , 1929 , syn . n . = martyr alter semenov et znojko , 1929 , syn . n . ; psammodromius zajtzewi ( eichler , 1924 ) , comb . n . ( transferred from the genus xanthomelina iablokoff - khnzorian , 1964 ) = psammodromius pallidicolor ( mandl , 1973 ) , syn . n . = psammodromius damanabii morvan , 1977 , syn . n . calosoma ( callisthenes ) rostislavi semenov , 1906 , stat . resurr . is resurrected from synonyms of c . ( callisthenes ) declive ( dohrn , 1884 ) .\nthis article was originally submitted by the author in russian and is first published in translation .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 440\u2013443 .\nbousquet , y . , brezina , b . , davies , a . , farkac , j . , and smetana , a . , \u201ccarabini , \u201d in\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 118\u2013206 .\n, ed . by junk , w . and schenkling , s . ( w . junk , berlin , 1927 ) .\n, ed . by junk , w . and schenkling , s . ( w . junk , berlin , 1931 ) , pp . 739\u20131022 .\n, ed . by junk , w . and schenkling , s . ( w . junk , berlin , 1932 ) , pp . 1279\u20131598 .\ndeuve , th . , \u201cune classification du genre carabus\u201d biblioth\u00e8que entomologique . 5 . sciences nat . ( 1994 ) .\n( pensoft , sofia , moscow , 2013 ) , series faunistica , vol . 105 .\ndeuve , th . and tian , m . - y . , \u201cnouveaux carabus et cychrus des collections de l\u2019academia sinica \u00e0 p\u00e9kin et du mus\u00e9um de l\u2019universit\u00e9 du hebei ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d col\u00e9opt\u00e8res\nnew species from china ( coleoptera carabidae ) , \u201d nouvelle revue d\u2019entomologie ( n . s . )\nlist of chinese insects , vol . 2 . xxiii . order coleoptera . a . suborder adephaga . ( i ) superfamily caraboidea\n( zhongshan ( sun yat - sen ) university press , guangzhou , 2002 ) .\niablokoff - khnzorian , s . m . , \u201cnew genera and species of coleoptera from the transcaucasia and middle asia , \u201d zoologicheskii sbornik\n, 151\u2013186 ( 1964 ) ( zoological institute , academy of sciences of the armenian soviet socialist republic ) .\nthe fauna of the armenian soviet socialist republic . coleoptera . ground beetles ( carabidae ) . part i\n( academy of sciences of the armenian soviet socialist republic , yerevan , 1976 ) [ in russian ] .\nimura , y . and mizusawa , k . , \u201cthe carabus of the world , \u201d mushi - sha\u2019s iconographic series of insects\nthe beetles of russia and western europe . a guide to identification of the beetles . issue iv\njeannel , r . , \u201cles calosomes ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d m\u00e9moires du museum national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( n . s . )\nadvantages of entomology in the ussr : coleoptera . proceedings of the x congress of the all - union entomological society , september 11\u201315 , 1989\n( nauka , leningrad , 1990 ) , pp . 56\u201358 [ in russian ] .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 408\u2013439 .\nkabak , i . i . and ovtchinnikov , s . v . , \u201csupplements and improvements to the cadastre of the genetic material of kyrgyzstan . families cicindelidae and carabidae ( coleoptera ) , \u201d entomologicheskie issledovaniya v kirgizii . bishkek\nkhobrakova , l . ts . , shilenkov , v . g . , and dudko , r . yu . ,\n( buryat scientific center , siberian branch , russian academy of sciences , ulan - ude , 2014 ) [ in russian ] .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 347\u2013356 .\n( academy of sciences of the ussr , moscow , leningrad , 1953 ) ( keys to the fauna of the ussr , vol . 52 ) [ in russian ] .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . and atamuradov , kh . i . , \u201ca survey of the ground - beetle fauna ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of western kopetdagh and its zoogeographical features . communication 2 , \u201d izvestiya an turkmenskoi ssr , seriya biologicheskikh nauk\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . , belousov , i . a . , kabak , i . i . , kataev , b . m . , makarov , k . v . , and shilenkov , v . g . ,\n( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae ) ( pensoft , sofia , moscow , 1995 ) , series faunistica , vol . 3 .\nli , j . - k . and zhang , x . p . , the carabinae of china , private edition ( 2005 ) .\nsystematic list of extant ground beetles of the world ( insecta coleoptera \u201cgeadephaga : \u201d trachypachidae and carabidae incl . paussinae , cicindelinae , rhysodinae )\nsystematic list of extant ground beetles of the world ( insecta coleoptera \u201cgeadephaga : \u201d trachypachidae and carabidae incl . paussinae , cicindelinae , rhysodinae )\nmateu , j . , \u201cresultats de l\u2019exp\u00e9dition entonologique tch\u00e9coslovaque - iranienne \u00e0 l\u2019iran . coleoptera : carabidae , lebiinae . remarques sur le genres microdaccus schaum et psammodromius peyerimhoff , \u201d acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae\nmandl , k . , \u201cergebnisse einer revision der carabiden - sammlung des naturhistorischen museums ( 4 . teil ) , \u201d annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien\nmandl , k . , \u201cbausteine zur kenntnis der familie carabidae ( col . ) , \u201d entomologische arbeiten aus dem museum g . frey\ncatalogue raisonn\u00e9 des objets de zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au caucase et jusqu\u2019aux fronti\u00e8res actuelles de la perse entrepris par ordre de s . m . l\u2019empereu\nmorawitz , a . , \u201czur kenntnis der adephagen coleopteren , \u201d m\u00e9moires de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences . st . - p\u00e9tersburg . 7 s\u00e9r .\nmotschulsky , v . , \u201c\u00e9num\u00e9ration des nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de col\u00e9opt\u00e8res rapport\u00e9es de ses voyages . 4 - \u00e8me article . ( suite ) , \u201d bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale des naturalistes de moscou ( 1865 )\nsahlberg , j . r . , \u201cbidrag till nordvestra sibiriens insektfauna . coleoptera . insamlade under expeditionerna till obi och jenessej 1876 och 1877 . i . cicindelidae , carabidae , dytiscidae , hydrophilidae , gyrinidae , dryopidae , georyssidae , limnichidae , heteroceridae , staphylinidae och micropeplidae , \u201d kongliga svenska vetenskaps - academiens handlingar ( n . f . )\nsch\u00fctze , h . and kleinfeld , f . , \u201cdie carabenformen chinas mit dem ausf\u00fchrlichen verzeichnis ihrer fundorte . supplement . taxonomischer katalog shinesischer carabiden ( coleoptera carabidae ) , \u201d coleoptera . sonderheft\nsch\u00fctze , h . and kleinfeld , f . , \u201cneuauflage . die carabenformen chinas mit dem auf\u00fchrlichen verzeichnis ihrer fundorte ( coleoptera carabidae ) , \u201d coleoptera . sonderheft\nneuauflage . die caraben chinas . systematicalle taxa\u2013bibliographie\u2013lexicon aller literaturbekannten fundorte . 3 . v\u00f6llig \u00fcberarbeite auflage\nsemenov - tian - shanskij , a . , \u201canalecta coleopterologica xxi , \u201d revue d\u2019entomologie de l\u2019urss\nsemenov - tian - shanskij , a . p . and znojko , d . v . , \u201cad cognitionem licinorum ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d revue russe d\u2019entomologie\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhigh - level phylogeny of the coleoptera inferred with mitochondrial genome sequences . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyuan ml 1 , zhang ql 2 , zhang l 2 , guo zl 2 , liu yj 2 , shen yy 2 , shao r 3 .\nstate key laboratory of grassland agro - ecosystems , college of pastoral agricultural science and technology , lanzhou university , lanzhou , gansu 730020 , people ' s republic of china . electronic address : yuanml @ lzu . edu . cn .\nstate key laboratory of grassland agro - ecosystems , college of pastoral agricultural science and technology , lanzhou university , lanzhou , gansu 730020 , people ' s republic of china .\ngenecology research centre , faculty of science , health , education and engineering , university of the sunshine coast , maroochydore , queensland 4556 , australia .\nthe head morphology of clambidae and its implications for the phylogeny of scirtoidea ( coleoptera : polyphaga ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe head morphology of clambidae and its implications for the phylogeny of scirtoidea ( coleoptera : polyphaga ) .\ninstitut f\u00fcr spezielle zoologie und evolutionsbiologie , fsu jena , jena , 07743 , germany .\nbiological faculty , department of entomology , lomonosov moscow state university , leninskie gory 1 - 12 , moscow , russia .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nyour browser must support javascript to view this content . please enable javascript in your browser settings then try again .\ndr . short ' s research program centers on elucidating the diversity , biology , and evolutionary history of aquatic beetles .\nmiller , k . b . , and a . e . z . short . 2015 . belladessus n . gen . from venezuela & suriname with two new species b . femineus n . sp . and b . puella n . sp . ( coleoptera : dytiscidea : hydroporinae : bidessini ) : parthenogenetic diving beetles ? coleopterists bulletin 69 : 498 - 503 .\nshort , a . e . z . , and c . e . mcintosh , iv . 2015 . hydrophilus harpe sp . nov . , a remarkable new species of giant water scavenger beetle from brazil ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 55 : 665 - 671 .\nfikacek , m . m . maruyama , t . komatsu , c . von beeren , d . vondracek , a . e . z . short , 2015 . protosternini ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) corroborated as monophyletic and its larva described for the first time : a review of the myrmecophilous genus . invertebrate systematics 29 : 23 - 36 .\nmckenna , d . d . , b . d . farrell , m . s . caterino , c . w . farnum , d . c . hawks , d . r . maddison , a . e . seago , a . e . z . short , a . f . newton , & m . k . thayer . 2014 . phylogeny and evolution of the staphyliniformia and scarabaeiformia : forest litter as a stepping - stone for diversification of non - phytophagous beetles . systematic page 3 of 15 entomology doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12093 .\nshort , a . e . z . & m . garc\u00eda . 2014 . a new genus of egg case - carrying water scavenger beetle from the guiana shield ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : acidocerinae ) . zootaxa 3835 : 251\u2013262 .\nbloom , d . d . , m . fik\u00e1cek , & a . e . z . short . 2014 . clade age and diversification rate variation determine species richness patterns in aquatic beetle lineages . plos one 9 ( 6 ) : e98430 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone\nshort , a . e . z . & c . e . mcintosh * * . 2014 . review and distribution of the giant water scavenger beetle genus hydrophilus geoffory of the united states and canada ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) . coleopterists bulletin 68 : 187\u2013198 .\nshort , a . e . z . , l . greene * * , & m . garc\u00eda . 2013 . new species and new records of the hygropetric water beetle genus oocyclus sharp from south america ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) . zootaxa 3741 : 349\u2013358 .\njia , f . l . & a . e . z . short . 2013 . enochrus algarum sp . nov . , a new hygropetric water scavenger beetle from china ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : enochrinae ) . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 53 : 609\u2013614 .\nfik\u00e1cek , m . , m . maruyama , d . vondracek , & a . e . z . short . 2013 . chimaerocyon gen . nov . , a morphologically aberrant myrmecophilous genus of water scavenger beetle ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : sphaeridiinae ) . zootaxa 3716 : 277\u2013288 .\nshort , a . e . z . 2013 . aquatic beetles of the grensgebergte and kasikasima regions , suriname ( insecta : coleoptera ) . rap bulletin of biological assessment 67 : 79\u201389 .\nshort , a . e . z . & m . fik\u00e1cek . 2013 . molecular phylogeny , evolution , and classification of the hydrophilidae ( coleoptera ) . systematic entomology 38 : 723\u2013752 .\ndescription of cymbiodyta orientalis sp . n . , the first species of the genus from the oriental region ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae )\ndescription of hydrobius orientalis sp . n . , the first species of the subtribe hydrobiusina from the oriental region ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : hydrophilini )\none of 34 u . s . public institutions in the prestigious association of american universities\nthe university of kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race , color , ethnicity , religion , sex , national origin , age , ancestry , disability , status as a veteran , sexual orientation , marital status , parental status , gender identity , gender expression , and genetic information in the university\u2019s programs and activities . retaliation is also prohibited by university policy . the following persons have been designated to handle inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policies and are the title ix coordinators for their respective campuses : executive director of the office of institutional opportunity & access , ioa @ urltoken , 1246 west campus road , room 153a , lawrence , ks 66045 , 785 - 864 - 6414 , 711 tty ( for the lawrence , edwards , parsons , yoder , and topeka campuses ) ; director , equal opportunity office , mail stop 7004 , 4330 shawnee mission parkway , fairway , ks 66205 , 913 - 588 - 8011 , 711 tty ( for the wichita , salina , and kansas city , kansas , medical center campuses ) .\nincludes information about u . s . species of sphaerius , including sem images of s . texanus . full text\ncontributed by edward l . ruden on 22 august , 2015 - 5 : 42pm\nprice , p . w . & m . f . willson . 1979 . abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in illinois . american midland naturalist 101 ( 1 ) : 76\u201386 .\nasclepias incarnata , a . sullivantii , a . syriaca , a . verticillata , a . amplexicaulis\n. these species occur in this order on a moisture gradient from wet to dry soil conditions . this survey revealed that 12 species occurred at an abundance of at least one individual per 100 host stems in 1 plot - year on one host species :\noncopeltus fasciatus * , lygaeus kalmii * , aphis nerii * , labidomera clivicollis * , tetraopes tetrophthalmus * , t . femoratus , t . quinquemaculatus , rhyssomatus lineaticollis * , danaus plexippus , cycnia tenera * , euchaetias egle\nare specific to milkweeds in illinois . seven of these species , marked with asterisks , were abundant enough to act as major selective forces on the life history patterns of the milkweed species , populations and clones concerned .\n) in south - east michigan are correlated with differences in microhabitat , in exposure to herbivores , and in competition . components of each species ' reproductive strategy include : number of stems per plants , number of umbels per stem , number of flowers and pods per umbel , number of seeds per pod , seed weight and annual increase in reproductive potential . components of each species ' selective regime include : the herbivore load ( measured by the frequency of plants damaged by predators or animal parasites ) , competition ( measured by the proportion of non - flowering plants and by the density of competitors ) , and environmental uncertainty ( measured by annual mortality rates ) .\nby dailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver .\nthe coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 . , 1978\ndailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver . 1978 . survey of coleoptera collected on the common milkweed ,\n, at one site in ohio . the coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 .\nl . , were collected daily for 90 consecutive days . of the 132 species listed , 18 were considered to be common ( 50 or more collected ) while the majority of species were considered temporary visitors . the host specific milkweed beetle , [ i ] tetraopes tetr\nby fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell .\nfull text fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell . 1907 . the coleoptera of new mexico . transactions of the american entomological society 33 : 145 - 272 .\nfull text knull , j . n . 1938 . five new species of coleoptera ( corynetidae , elateridae and buprestidae ) . ohio journal of science 38 : 97 - 100 .\narce - p\u00e9rez , r . & novelo - gui\u00e9rrez , r . , 1988 . primer registro de lepicerus bufo ( hinton , 1934 ) ( coleoptera : lepiceridae ) para el estado de morelos , m\u00e9xico . folia entomol . mex . , 75 : 156\u2013158 .\nbertrand , h . , 1962 . contribution \u00e0 l \u00e9tude des premiers \u00e9tats des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res aquatiques de la r\u00e9gion \u00e9thiopienne ( 4e note ) . bulletin de l\u2019institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019afrique noire , 24 : 1065\u20131114 .\nbeutel , r . g . , 1998 . torridincolidae : ii . description of the larva of satonius kurosawai ( sat\u00f4 , 1982 ) ( coleoptera ) , p . 53\u201359 . \u2013 in j\u00e4ch , m . a . & ji , l . ( eds . ) : water beetles of china . vol . ii . \u2013wien : zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in \u00f6sterreich and wiener coleopterologenverein , 371 pp .\nbeutel , r . g . and g . b . raffaini , 2003 . first record of sphaeriusidae for argentina . koleopterologische rundschau 73 : 1 - 6 .\nbritton , e . b . , 1966 . the larva of sphaerius and the systematic position of the shaeriidae ( coleoptera ) . australian journal of zoology , 14 : 1193\u20131198 .\ncrowson , r . a . , 1955 . the natural classification of the families of coleoptera . nathaniel lloyd , london , 187 pp . , 212 figs .\nfreude , h . , 1971 . 20 . familie : shaeriidae . in : freude , h . , harde , k . w . & a . lohse : die k\u00e4fer mitteleuropas . band 3 . goecke & evers , krefeld .\npy - daniel and u . c . barbosa . 1991 . uma nova especie de hintonia reichardt , 1973 da amazonica brasileira ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 35 ( 2 ) : 293\u2013295 .\nhayashi , m . , 2007 . distributional records and ecological notes on aquatic coleoptera of shimane prefecture . bulletin of the hoshizaki green fondation , ( 10 ) : 77\nhayashi , m . & h . kadowaki , 2007 . records on aquatic coleoptera from ribers in and around mt . daisen , tottori prefecture , japan . bulletin of the hoshizaki green fondation , ( 10 ) : 149\nhayashi , m . & j . fujiwara , 2007 . [ records on aquatic coleoptera of yakushima , kagoshima prefecture , japan ] . coleopterists\u2019 news , ( 159 ) : 7\nhinton , h . e . , 1934 . two coleopterous families new to mexico . pan pacific entomologist , 9 : 160 - 162 .\ninternational committee of zoological nomenclature . 2000 . opinion 1957 , sphaerius waltl , 1838 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : conserved ; and sphaeriidae erichson , 1845 ( coleoptera ) : spelling emended to sphaeriusidae , so removing the homonymy with sphaeriidae deshayes , 1854 ( 1820 ) ( mollusca , bivalvia ) . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 57 ( 3 ) : 182 - 184 .\nj\u00e4ch , m . a . , 1998 . annotated check list of aquatic and riparoan / littoral beetle families of the world , p . 25\u201342 . \u2013 in j\u00e4ch , m . a . & ji , l . ( eds . ) : water beetles of china . vol . ii . \u2013wien : zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in \u00f6sterreich and wiener coleopterologenverein , 371 pp .\nj\u00e4ch , m . a . , 1998 . torridincolidae : i . first record of torridincolidae from china ( coleoptera ) , p . 51\u201352 . \u2013 in j\u00e4ch , m . a . & ji , l . ( eds . ) : water beetles of china . vol . ii . \u2013wien : zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in \u00f6sterreich and wiener coleopterologenverein , 371 pp .\nj\u00e4ch , m . a . , 1999 . case 3052 . sphaerius waltl , 1838 and sphaeriusidae erichson , 1845 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : proposed conservation by the partial revocation of opinion 1331 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 56 ( 2 ) : 117 - 120 .\nkamite , y . , 2003 . [ records of satonius kurosawai from shikoku ] . heriguro , ( 24 ) : 82 . ( in japanese . )\nlesne , p . , 1936 . nouvelle donn\u00e9es sur les col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de la famille des shaeriidae . livre jubilaire bouvier , paris , pp . 241\nlesne , p . , 1940 . entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . coleoptera : sphaeriidae et bostrychidae recueillis par ren\u00e9 malaise . ark . zool . , 32b : 1\nl\u00f6bl , i . , 1995 . new species of terrestrial microsporus from the himalaya ( coleoptera : microsporidae ) . entomologische bl\u00e4tter , 91 : 129\u2013138 .\nmatthews , a . , 1888 . shaeriidae . in : biologia centrali - americana , insecta , coleoptera 2 , part 1 : 156\u2013158 .\nmatthews , a . , 1899 . a monograph of the coleopterous families coryphidae and sphaeriidae . p . b . masson , london , 220 pp .\npy - daniel , c . r . v . da fonseca , and u . c . barbosa . 1993 . iapir nom . n . para hintonia reichardt , 1973 ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 37 ( 4 ) : 671 .\nreichardt , h . and h . e . hinton . 1976 . on the new world beetles of the family hydroscaphidae . papeis avulsos zool . , s . paulo 30 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 .\nrichoux p . & doledec , s . , 1987 . hydroscapha granulum ( motschulsky , 1855 ) . description of the larva and ecological notes . aquatic insects , 9 , 137 - 144\nruter , g . 1978 . un coleoptere meconnu : hydroscapha gyrinoides [ col . hydroscaphidae ] . l ' entomologiste 34 ( 6 ) : 232 - 237 .\nsaito , t . , 2006 . [ record of satonius kurosawai from hyogo prefecture ] . gekkan - mushi , ( 430 ) : 26 . ( in japanese . )\nsat\u00f4 , m . 1972 . description of a new species of hydroscaphidae from sebu island , the philippines . bulletin of the japan entomological academy , 6 : 25\u201327 .\nsat\u00f4 , m . , 1982 . discovery of torridincolidae ( coleoptera ) in japan . annotationes zoologicae japonenses , 55 ( 4 ) : 276\u2013283 .\nsharp , d . , 1882 . fam . cyathoceridae . in : biologia centrali - americana . insecta , coleoptera . vol . i ( part 2 ) . taylor and francis , london , pp . 141\nsteffan , a . w . , 1964 . torridincolidae , coleopterorum nova familia e regione aethiopica . entomologische zeitschrift , 74 : 193\nspangler , p . j . 1980 . a new species of ytu from brazil ( coleoptera : torridincolidae ) . coleopterists bulletin 34 ( 2 ) : 145 - 158 .\ntakai , y . , 1999 . [ record of satonius kurosawai from toyama prefecture ] . gekkan - mushi , ( 345 ) : 47 . ( in japanese . )\nvanin , s . a . and c . costa . , 2001 . description of immature stages of claudiella ingens reichardt & vanin , 1976 and comparative notes on other torridincolidae ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . aquatic insects 23 ( 1 ) : 1\u201310 .\nvanin , s . a . 1991 . ytu cleideae , a new species of torridincolid from mato grosso , brazil ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 35 ( 3 ) : 573 - 576 .\nyoshitomi , h . , 1997 . [ records of delevea kurosawai from ch\u00fbbu district , japan ] . coleopterists\u2019 news , ( 117 ) : 7 . ( in japanese . )\nnew data on the distribution of the ground beetle eremosphodrus ( s . str . ) rotundicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) | springerlink\nnew data on the distribution of the ground beetle eremosphodrus ( s . str . ) rotundicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) ( coleoptera , carabidae )\ndata on the distribution of eremosphodrus ( s . str . ) rotundicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) are discussed . the species is recorded for the territory of uzbekistan for the first time ( termez district of surkhan - darya province ) .\nthis article was originally submitted by the authors in russian and is first published in translation .\nanufriev , g . a . and rakhimov , t . u . , \u201cthe joint russia\u2013uzbekistan entomological expedition of 2014 to the arid areas of uzbekistan , \u201d\natamuradov , kh . i . and kryzhanovskij , o . l . , \u201cthe contribution to the fauna and ecology of ground beetles of badkhyz ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d\n( musaeo regionale di scienze naturali , torino , 1988 ) , p . 1024 .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstrup , 2003 ) , pp . 532\u2013544 .\nthe beetles of russia and western europe . a guide to identification of the beetles , issue 4\nthe fauna of the ussr . coleoptera , vol . i , no . 2 . beetles of the suborder adephaga : families rhysodidae , trachypachidae ; family carabidae ( introduction , a review of the fauna of the ussr )\n( nauka , moscow , leningrad , 1987 ) [ in russian ] , p . 419 .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . and atamuradov , kh . i . , \u201ca review of the fauna of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of the western kopet - dagh and its zoogeographical characters , \u201d\na checklist of the ground - beetles of russia and adjacent lands ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae ) . series faunistica , no 3\n( pensoft publishers , sofia , moscow , 1995 ) , p . 271 .\nsemenov , a . p . , \u201ccoleoptera nova faunae turanicae . iii , \u201d\n( ylym , ashkhabad , 1991 ) [ in russian ] , p . 455 .\n1 departamento de zoolog\u00eda y antropolog\u00eda f\u00edsica . facultad de veterinaria , universidad de murcia . 30071 murcia , spain\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\na new species of the genus parazuphium ( coleoptera , carabidae , zuphiini ) , parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . , is described from the tingitan peninsula in north morocco . the only known specimen was found under a large deeply buried boulder , and belongs to an anophthalmous , depigmented and flattened species . this is the second species of blind parazuphium known so far , the other being parazuphium feloi machado 1998 from a lava tube in the canary islands . molecular data of the only known parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . specimen are provided , and a reconstructed phylogeny based on these molecular data confirms its inclusion inside zuphiini within harpalinae . identification keys to the mediterranean and macaronesian species of parazuphium are provided .\nthe species of the genus seem to be associated with deep soil or the soil crevices near rivers or temporary flooded areas ( baehr 1985 , machado 1992 ) , and generally show a flattened habitus , some degree of depigmentation and microphthalmy . some species are known from caves , one of them being the only previously known blind species of the genus ( parazuphium feloi machado , from the canary islands ) ( machado 1998 ) .\nduring an entomological expedition to north morocco we found the single specimen of a new species of parazuphium , anophthalmous and with strong modifications apparently related to its endogean habitat . despite an attempt to collect additional material the following year no other specimen was found , possibly due to the endogean habits of this species . we describe the species here , and provide some molecular data to characterize it and to postulate its phylogenetic position among the zuphiini for which genetic data are available ( ribera et al . 2006 ) .\nthe unique specimen was killed and stored in absolute ethanol in the field , and total dna was extracted using the qiagen dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) , without destroying the external cuticle . the extracted specimen was mounted in dmhf ( dimethyl hydantoin - formaldehyde ) on a transparent acetate label . for the morphological study and photographs we used a zeiss stemi 2000c trinocular zoom stereomicroscope with spot insight firewire digital camera and software .\nsp . n . was extracted using qiagen dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) . to characterize the new species we amplified fragments of six genes , four mitochondrial and two nuclear : 3 ' end of cytochrome c oxidase subunit (\n) , which were amplified for the same molecular gene fragments . pcr reactions were made using puretaq ready - to - go pcr beads ( ge healthcare , uk ) and standard conditions [ 39 cycles using 48\u201350\u00b0c as annealing temperature ] . new sequences have been deposited in genbank ( ncbi ) with acc . nos\n. each individual gene matrix was aligned in mafft with the q - ins - i option and default parameters . the four genes fragments were concatenated to get a final dataset of 20 taxa and 3376 bp that was employed in phylogenetic analyses .\nprimers used in the study . f , forward ; r , reverse . length refers to the aligned matrix .\nspecies , locality of collection , voucher reference and accession numbers for each sequence .\nbayesian phylogenetic analyses ( ba ) were performed with mrbayes v . 3 . 1 . ( huelsenbeck and ronquist 2001 , ronquist and huelsenbeck 2003 ) , partitioning by gene with a gtr + g model applied to each partition . two independent runs of 20 , 000 , 000 generations were conducted , each with three hot and one cold chain , whereby trees were sampled every 100 generations . sampled trees were analysed with tracer v . 1 . 5 ( rambaut and drummond 2007 ) and their half compact consensus tree was calculated with a burning value of 10 % with node posterior probabilities used as support values , checking for an appropriate degree of convergence between chains with the effective sample size in tracer v . 1 . 5 . mrbayes was run on - line at the freely available computational service of bioportal ( www . bioportal . uio . no ) . trees were visualized in figtree v . 1 . 3 . 1 ( rambaut 2008 ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b4718866 - da9e - 4096 - 9291 - a38e90fd7a0a\nline drawing ofhabitus of parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . total length 2 . 7 mm .\nphotographic images of parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . a whole specimen b head in dorso - lateral view c labial palpus ; ( d ) , maxillary palpus c antenna f margin of left elytron in lateral view g margin of right elytron , detail for anterior umbilicate setae , numbers 1 to 5 h margin of right elytron , detail of posterior umbilicate setae , numbers 6 to10 , arrows over them point other smaller setae i\u2013n details of anterior , median and posterior legs respectively .\nphotographic image of median lobe of parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . left lateral aspect .\nholotype : 1\u2642 , \u201cmorocco 28 - iii - 2008 / souk - khemis - des - anjra , tetuan / 123m n35\u00b043 ' 18\nw5\u00b031 ' 23\n/ and\u00fajar , hernando , ribera & aguilera leg .\n; voucher number label \u201c31 _ en\n; plus red holotype label . type specimen mounted in dmhf in a transparent acetate label , genitalia dissected and mounted in dmhf in a separate label pinned with the specimen . deposited in the museu de ci\u00e8ncies naturals de barcelona ( mcnb ) , dna aliquots deposited in the ibe ( csic ) and univ . murcia ( zafumu col . ) .\ntotal length 2 . 7 mm ( from apex of mandible to apex of elytra ) . body depressed , flattened , light brown (\n) . first antennomere ( 0 . 41mm ) as long as antennomeres 2\u20134 combined ( 0 . 37 mm ) (\nlength of holotype : 2 . 7 mm . body depressed , flattened and depigmented , light brown . surface microreticulate , with mesh pattern regular polygonal ( observed on the dried specimen ) and scattered short setae .\n) . length of head ( from apex of mandible to base ) 0 . 63 mm ; maximum width close to base ( 0 . 51 mm ) . surface microreticulate , microlines deeper on sides . neck pedunculate . with three long setae , two lateral and one basal . appendages : antennae (\n) with first antennomere ( 0 . 41mm ) as long as total length of antennomeres 2\u20133 - 4 together ( 0 . 37 mm ) ; second antennomere pedunculate ( 0 . 1 mm ) , slightly shorter than third ( 0 . 13 mm ) and fourth ( 0 . 14 mm ) ; from fifth to tenth with same length ( 0 . 16\u20130 . 17 mm ) ; last antennomere longer ( 0 . 23mm ) . antennomeres from 3\u00b0 to 11\u00b0 cylindrical . labial and maxillary palpi as in\n) , longer ( 0 . 60 mm ) than wide ( 0 . 51\u20130 . 27 mm ) , maximum width ( 0 . 51 mm ) close to anterior angles , almost double minimum width ( 0 . 27 mm ) , at the posterior angles . anterior angles obtuse , rounded . anterior margin regularly convex . median line apparent , marked with two depressions . two lateral setae at anterior and posterior angles . lateral margin sinuate before posterior angles .\n) flattened , short , not totally covering abdomen , wider apically ( maximum width , 0 . 90mm , close to apex ) ; width at humeral angle 0 . 65mm . punctuation forming longitudinal series , more evident at basal third , disappearing towards apex . entire surface with short pubescence . anterior umbilicate series with 5 spatuliform setae ("]}
{"id": 2480, "summary": [{"text": "parnassius acco , the varnished apollo , is a high-altitude butterfly found in asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a member of the snow apollo genus parnassius of the swallowtail family , papilionidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "parnassius acco", "paragraphs": ["you selected parnassius acco gemmifer fruhstorfer , 1904 . this is a synonym for :\nyou selected parnassius acco acconus fruhstorfer , 1903 . this is a synonym for :\nparnassius latreille , 1804 [ 13 spp . ] parnassius ( parnassius ) actius ( eversmann , 1843 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollo ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) apollonius ( eversmann , 1847 ) parnassius ( parnassius ) bremeri bremer , 1864 parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus tytler , 1926 * - rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 * parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus oberth\u00fcr , 1879 parnassius ( parnassius ) honrathi staudinger , 1882 parnassius ( parnassius ) jacquemontii boisduval , 1836 parnassius ( parnassius ) nomion fischer de waldheim , 1823 parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) * - ruckbeili deckert , 1909 * parnassius ( parnassius ) sacerdos stichel , 1906 * parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus doubleday , 1847 * - behrii edwards , 1870 * parnassius ( parnassius ) tianschanicus oberth\u00fcr , 1879\noriginally described as parnassius acco subsp . transhimalayensis eisner , 1938 treated as a subspecies of tadumia ( tadumia ) acco gray by eisner ( 1959 : 167 ) . treated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) acco gray , 1852 by weiss ( 1992 : 73 ) . treated as a synonym of parnassius acco acco gray , 1853 by rose ( 2000 : 264 ) .\noriginally described as parnassius acco subspec . gemmifer fruhstorfer , 1904 treated as a subspecies of tadumia acco by bryk ( 1940 : 36 ) . treated as a subspecies of tadumia ( tadumia ) acco gray by eisner ( 1959 : 169 ) . treated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) acco gray , 1852 by weiss ( 1992 : 74 ) . synonymized with parnassius acco acco gray by inaoka & sugisawa ( 1997 : 95 ) . treated as a subspecies of parnassius acco gray , 1853 by rose ( 2000 : 264 ) .\n. . . except przewalskii is really just a subspecies of acco , so these are p . acco kunlunica . adam .\nfinally i got a + specimen of parnassius acco . this one is ssp . mirabilis . fresh parnassius specimens with deep red oceli look awesome .\nthose are both gorgeous subspecies of acco . my compliments on your spreading style for parnassius - - really nice !\nsorimachi , y . 1994a . the world of parnassius acco gray , 1853 [ in japanese ] . apollo , 3 : 43 - 76 .\ninaoka , s . & sugisawa , s . 1997 . basic materials for studies on parnassius acco gray , 1853 [ in japanese ] . wallace , 3 : 93 - 110 .\nshinkai , a . 1997 . the complete illustrated catalogue of parnassiinae ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) , no . 2 . parnassius acco gray , 1853 . wallace , 3 : 41 - 90 .\ngenerally , what i was trying to say is that to my mind , acco and bubo are closely related but still different species .\ndriopa korshunov , 1988 [ 8 spp . ] parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne lederer , 1853 - clarius eversmann , 1843 * parnassius ( driopa ) clodius m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 parnassius ( driopa ) eversmanni m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 - felderi bremer , 1861 * - litoreus stichel , 1907 * parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis butler , 1866 * - sulphurus antram , 1924 * parnassius ( driopa ) mnemosyne ( linnaeus , 1758 ) parnassius ( driopa ) nordmanni [ m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s ] , 1850 parnassius ( driopa ) orleans oberth\u00fcr , 1890 parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1849 - hoenei schweitzer , 1912 *\nbaileyi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acco , later placed with rothschildianus or przewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 ) , and subsequently also treated as a separate species ( e . g . , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , regarded by most authors again as conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nohya , a . 1993 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 . ( 7 ) parnassius szechenyii frivaldszky , 1886 - parnassius cephalus grum - grshimailo , 1891 - parnassius schultei weiss & michel , 1898 - parnassius maharaja avinoff , 1916 . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 7 : 97 - 116 .\nrose , k . 2000 . zur verbreitung und subspezifischen gliederung von parnassius acco gray , 1853 , in china ( einschlie\u00dflich tibet ) ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift , 110 ( 9 ) : 262 - 272 .\nsave parnassius to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\nphoebus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . phoebus , see also under p . sacerdos , and p . smintheus .\nalthough classified under the swallowtail butterfly family , none of the parnassius species possess tails .\nsugisawa , s . 1996 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 ( 9 ) - parnassius epaphus oberth\u00fcr & parnassius dongalaicus tytler . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 9 : 133 - 155 .\nrothschildianus [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently placed with baileyi or prezewalskii ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , weiss 1992 ) ; more recently , however , these taxa are generally seen as comprising a single species conspecific with p . acco ( ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nhunnyngtoni [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : in the past often treated as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a separate species which is morphologically and ecologically quite distinct from p . acco ( bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1991 ) .\nprzewalskii [ parnassius ( tadumia ) acco ] : originally described as a separate species and subsequently treated as such by many authors ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; more recently , however , seen by most authors as conspecific with p . acco ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nhuberi [ parnassius ( tadumia ) schultei ] : recently described as a distinct species closely related to p . acco and p . schultei ; in judging from the original description ( paulus 1999 ) , the taxon resembles more closely p . schultei with which it is allopatric and treated here as conspecific .\ni have reported about some of the chinese parnassius species in several papers from 2000 to 2005 ( see list of references ) . it is the aim of this paper to inform about those taxa which were described afterwards . an analysis of few subspecies which i have overlooked in the publications mentioned above is supplemented . some controversial issues regarding p . acco yvonne and p . imperator milarepa are discussed . two new synonyms are introduced : p . acco aristocratus kocman , 1999 is a new synonym ( syn . n . ) of p . acco yvonne ( eisner , 1959 ) ; p . imperator milarepa hamada , 2003 is a new synonym ( syn . n . ) of p . imperator irmae bryk , 1932 .\ni see . . . and as for your question of\nwhether anyone had treated baileyi , bubo , and pseudobubo as separate species from acco\n, i never said\npseudobubo\nwas separate from acco , i just said that to my mind , the name ( designation ) is poor and unsuccessful (\np . baileyi pseudoprzewalskii\n) . but don ' t get me wrong , i ' m not an adherent of\nphilatelic approach\n. . . victor\nohya , a . 1990 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 - ( 5 ) parnassius imperator oberth\u00fcr , 1883 . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 5 : 65 - 80 .\nnardelli , u . 1991 . anmerkungen zur zucht von parnassius - arten sowie bericht \u00fcber eine zucht von parnassius phoebus sternitzkii ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo . , n . f . 12 ( 2 ) : 141 - 152 .\nadam , being , obviously , not too deep into the dna analysis , i nevertheless consider it all still has too much room left to be studied and researched . . . could you please tell your opinion regarding the acco / baileyi relations ? what about , say , bubo ? to me ,\np . acco pseudobubo\nlooks and sounds pretty lay , for the two taxa have virtually nothing in common even morphologically ; it ' s like naming an urticae a\npseudoio\n. . . victor\niwamoto , y . & inomata , t . 1988 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 - ( 3 ) parnassius eversmanni m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1855 . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 3 : 33 - 48 .\nkimura , k . 1997 . geographical and individual variations of the genus parnassius latreille , 1804 ( 10 ) - parnassius phoebus ( fabricius , 1793 ) in palaearctic region . illustrations of selected insects in the world . series a ( lepidoptera ) , 10 : 157 - 172 .\npaulus , v . 1999 . a new species of parnassius discovered in north tibet , china . wallace , 6 : 2 - 7 .\nstshetkin , ju . ju . 1979 . the species status of parnassius cardinal gr . - gr . and a new subspecies of parnassius delphius ev . ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) [ in russian ] . doklady akademii nauk tadzhikskoi ssr , 22 ( 2 ) : 63 - 66 .\nhering , m . 1931 . parnassius glacialis butl . als bona species . parnassiana , 1 ( 7 / 8 ) : 10 - 11 .\nhello someone have the oberthur 1890 original paper of the description of parnassius orleans ? ( 3pp . ) i can ' t found it ! thanks\nrikihiroi [ parnassius ( parnassius ) dongalaicus ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . epaphus , and subsequently united with p . dongalaicus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) , which previously had been regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ; see above ) .\nthis genus has had an inordinate number of generic segregates proposed , some of which are considered by most authors to represent subgenera . our north american species are usually treated as belonging to the subgenera parnassius [ including p . phoebus , behrii & smintheus ] and driopa [ including parnassius eversmanni & clodius ] .\nhering , m . 1935 . \u00fcber einige geographische formen von parnassius apollo phoebus f . parnassiana , 3 ( 4 / 5 ) : 45 - 46 .\nparnassius latreille , 1804 ; nouv . dict . hist . nat . 24 ( 6 ) : 185 , 199 , type species : papilio apollo linnaeus .\nmany detailed books and checklists have been published on the taxonomy of parnassius ( e . g . see weiss , 1991 - 2005 ; tshikolovets , 1998 - 2003 ) ; these books usually offer high quality images and color maps , and illustrate a substantial range of morphological variability for many of the species of parnassius .\nsorimachi , y . 1995 . the primer of parnassius [ in japanese ] . y . sorimachi , saitama ; 181 pp . [ including 40 pls . ]\nthe apollos , parnassius are different in appearance from other swallowtails , being of moderate size , with white ground colour , spotted with red , black and blue .\nhuang , h . 1999 . parnassius liudongi sp . nov . from chinese tianshan ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . lambillionea , 99 ( 3 ) : 335 - 337 .\nkawasaki , y . & rose , k . 1997 . notes on parnassius cephalus grum - grshimailo , 1891 from western tibet . wallace , 3 : 7 - 12 .\nhaving received tremendous attention from both collectors and taxonomists , parnassius butterflies are among the most well studied butterflies in alpine zones . the region of greatest diversity of parnassius is the eastern palaearctic , from pakistan to central asia and china . a few species extend as far as europe , japan , and into the nearctic ( weiss , 1991 , 1995 ) .\nthe caterpillars of parnassius , like other swallowtails , possess the peculiar structure known as an osmeterium at the back of their head . they feed on various members of crassulaceae and papaveraceae . isolation of parnassius populations in various mountain ranges has resulted in differentiation and subsequent description of numerous subspecies , varieties and forms ( e . g . bryk , 1935 ) .\nthe last three replace one another geographically , are closely similar , closely related , and are treated by many authors as belonging to the single wide - ranging palearctic species parnassius phoebus .\na molecular phylogenetic study from 2008 suggests firstly that baronia brevicornis salvin 1893 , rather than belonging to an outgroup baroniinae belongs to parnassiini , together with hypermnestra and parnassius . secondly that the earliest split within the genus parnassius is between subgenus parnassius ( the \u2018apollo\u2019 group , whose caterpillars feed on crassulaceae , exceptionally saxifragaceae ) and the ancestor of the remaining seven subgenera . the existence of the subgenera is confirmed by molecular phylogenies . six of the other subgenera have fumariaceae as the larval foodplant , while the larvae of the remaining genus kreizbergia feed on scrophulariaceae [ 8 ]\nschultei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : recently described as a distinct species and generally accepted as such ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nsimo [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . simo , see also under p . andreji , p . boedromius , and p . simonius .\ndongalaicus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) epaphus ] : originally described as a separate species , but subsequently regarded as conspecific with p . epaphus ( bryk 1935 ) ; recently , again , it has been recognized as a separate species and as conspecific with rikihiroi kawasaki , 1995 ( see below ) based on the sympatric occurence with p . epaphus ( sorimachi 1995 , sugisawa 1996 ) .\nnazari , vazrick . 2006 . parnassius latreille , 1804 . version 07 july 2006 ( under construction ) . [ 1 ] in the tree of life web project , [ 2 ] shows cladogram\nthe number of species recognized within parnassius varies widely from author to author , with conservative treatments allowing for around 20 or 30 , and more liberal treatments recognizing as many as 50 or 60 species .\nacco [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : is treated here to include baileyi south , przewalskii alpheraky , and all related taxa some of which at times have been regarded as distinct species ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , chou 1994 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; the view of a single species has been accepted by most recent authors based on the allopatric occurence of the different taxa concerned ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , inaoka & sugisawa 1997 , rose 2000 , shinkai 1997 , sorimachi 1994a , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nsugisawa , s . & kawasaki , y . 1997 . re - classification of parnassius imperator from central and southern parts of tibet . gekkan - mushi , 318 : 4 - 9 ; plate 2 .\ndechaine , eric g . , andrew p . martin . 2004 . historic cycles of fragmentation and expansion in parnassius smintheus ( papilionidae ) inferred using mitochondrial dna . evolution , 58 ( 1 ) : 113\u2013127\nruckbeili [ parnassius ( parnassius ) phoebus ] : described originally as a subspecies of p . phoebus , it has in the past also been placed with p . actius ( hering 1935 ) or even accorded species rank ( eisner 1976 : 107 ) ; recent studies regard this taxon , again , as conspecific with p . phoebus ( e . g . , kimura 1997 , shepard & manyley 1998 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nkeyghobadi , n . , roland , j . and strobeck , c . 1999 . influence of landscape on the population genetic structure of the alpine butterfly parnassius smintheus ( papilionidae ) . molecular ecology 8 : 1481\u20131495 .\nchoui [ parnassius ( tadumia ) szechenyii ] : recently described as a separate species related to p . szechenyii ; as judged from the illustrations of the original description , however , it seems unlikely to be specifically distinct .\nferris , c . d . 1976 . a proposed revision of non - arctic parnassius phoebus fabricius in north america ( papilionidae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 .\ndespite growing interest , the exact number of \u201cspecies\u201d within parnassius remains disputed , as more recent checklists present conflicting numbers , ranging from 38 ( unep - wcmc , 2006 ) to 47 ( weiss 1991 ) . many of these species , however , are morphologically very similar . eight subgenera are generally recognized within parnassius , as follows ( in chronological order ; from bryk , 1935 ; h\u00e4user et al . , 2005 ; savela , 2005 ) :\ninaoka , s . & ogawa , m . 1992 . notes on parnassius stenosemus honrath , 1890 with description of a new subspecies [ in japanese ] . gekkan - mushi , 253 : 4 - 8 ; plate 2 .\nkatoh t , chichvarkhin a , yagi t , omoto k . 2005 phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus parnassius : inferences from mitochondrial 16s and nd1 sequences . zoolog sci . 22 ( 3 ) : 343 - 51 pdf\ni ' ve just bought this parnassius in auction ( not internet ) and i wonder if it ' s realy p . stoliczkanus on the right and p . hardwicki on the left ? is someone can confirm this ideas ? thank you\ngundorov , s . 1998 . taxonomic notes on the parnassius simonius complex ( lepidoptera , papilionidae ) from middle asia ( alai and transalai mountains ) . transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan , 49 ( 3 ) : 194 - 198 .\nsome european countries have local regulations protecting their parnassius species ( p . mnemosyne , p . phoebus and p . apollo ) ( collins and morris , 1985 ) . the well - known species , p . apollo , is extinct in some european countries but is relatively common in other parts of its range . it is the only species covered by cites , despite the fact that numerous other species of parnassius are in need of immediate attention ( collins and morris , 1985 ) .\n. . . it is probably best to agree to disagree , . . .\n- end of quotation - is\nthan\nmissing or should it be understood as\nit is better to allow to prohibit\n? generally , what i was trying to say is that to my mind , acco and bubo are closely related but still different species . of course , i ' m in no way a local authority but maybe someday somebody will share my opinion . victor\nclarius [ parnassius ( driopa ) ariadne ] : the species has in the past often been referred to under this name ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym .\neven the more common parnassius species in asia comprise many local subspecies and distinct populations , many of which are extremely vulnerable and on the verge of extinction . some highly endangered parnassius include p . arcticus , p . ariadne , p . boedromius , p . cardinal , p . felderi , p . loxias , p . patricius , p . simo , p . simonius , and nearly all tibetan species ; some of these species are listed in red data books for russia , yakutia or tajikistan ( dinets , 2002 ) . many species are known from only a few specimens , and several have been rare in collection for decades , including parnassius autocrator which inhabits the northern part of the hindukush district in afghanistan and tajikistan ( weiss , 1991 ) .\ndelphius [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for taxa formerly treated as conspecific with p . delphius , see also under p . acdestis , p . cardinal , p . maximinus , p . staudingeri , p . stenosemus , and p . stoliczkanus .\nammosovi [ parnassius ( sachaia ) arcticus ] : originally described as a separate species but subsequently found to be a junior synonym of arcticus eisner , which first had been misplaced under p . simo ( see h\u00e4user 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 ) .\npriamus [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . acdestis , but subsequently recognized as belonging to p . patricius ( bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , h\u00e4user 1993 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\nkitahara , h . 1990 . comparison of male genitalia of natural hybrids in sympatric habitat of parnassius glacialis butler and p . hoenei schweitzer ( lepidoptera , papilionidae ) [ in japanaese ] . tyo to ga , 41 ( 2 ) : 45 - 49 .\nkatoh , t . , chechvarkin , a . , yagi , t . , omoto , k . , 2005 . phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus parnassius : inferences from mitochondrial 16s and nd1 sequences . zoological science 22 : 343 - 351 .\nnosei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now seen as conspecific with p . maharaja ( h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nkoiwaya , s . 1995 . re - assortment of parnassius simo and andreji - on the discovery of sympatric habitat of p . simo and p . andreji , with the description of new ssp . of andreji . gekkan - mushi , 297 : 8 - 13 .\nkawasaki , y . 1996 . the classification of subspecies group of parnassius acdestis grum - grshimailo , 1891 ( lepidoptera papilionidae ) and its diffusion with descriptions of three new subspecies from tibet and record of two aberrant forms . wallace , 2 : 23 - 39 ; 3 pls .\nsacerdos [ parnassius ( parnassius ) ] : the populations of the european alps have long been treated as conspecific with p . phoebus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , kimura 1997 , munroe 1961 ) ; however , they are not only geographically well separated but also distinct morphologically as well as in terms of habitat requirements and larval hostplants from asian or north american taxa of the p . phoebus complex and thus should be accorded species status ( see also , h\u00e4user 1993 , nardelli 1991 , shepard & manyley 1998 ) .\nbeehri [ parnassius ( parnassius ) smintheus ] : as the other north american taxa in this group , beehri was in the past generally placed as a subspecies of p . phoebus ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , tyler et al . 1994 ) ; following the separation of nearctic taxa at species level under p . smintheus ( see below ) , it consequently has now to be placed with the latter taxon ; in a recent study , species rank has been accordet to beehri based on differences in egg morphology ( shepard & manley 1998 ) .\nshepard , j . h . & manley , t . r . 1998 . a species revision of the parnassius phoebus complex in north america ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . in : emmel , t . c . ( ed ) : systematics of western north american butterflies . mariposa press , .\nyes , alain is correct , the publication in etudes d ' entomologie vol . 14 ( 1891 ) is not actually the original description of parnassius orleans but a reproduction of it . it is necessary to check the real original description , as sometimes changes are made in subsequent reproductions . adam .\nomoto , k . , katoh , t . , chichvarkhin , a . , yagi , t . , 2004 . molecular systematics and evolution of the ' apollo ' butterflies of the genus parnassius ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequence data . gene 326 : 141 - 147 .\nthe parnassius butterflies also have a peculiar reproductive strategy in that the male has special accessory glands that produce a mating plug that seals the female genitalia after mating . this is believed to ensure the success of the male and to prevent other males from mating and avoids sperm competition . [ 4 ]\nlabeyriei [ parnassius ( tadumia ) maharaja ] : first described as a separate species and treated as such by chou ( 1994 ) and weiss ( 1992 ) , it is now regarded as conspecific with p . maharaja ( d ' abrera 1990 , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 ) .\nhide [ parnassius ( koramius ) patricius ] : first described and subsequently treated as a separate species ( e . g . , chou 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; here , regarded as conspecific with p . patricius with which it is closely related and from which it is geographically separated .\nsmintheus [ parnassius ( parnassius ) ] : originally described as a species , but subsequently always treated as conspecific with p . phoebus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , ferris 1976 , munroe 1961 , sorimachi 1995 ) ; recent studies based on egg morphology and other characters ( shepard & manley 1998 ) confirm that the north american populations from the rocky mountains should be regarded as distinct at species level ( see also h\u00e4user 1993 , layberry et al . 1998 : 79 , nardelli 1991 , tyler et al . 1994 : pl . 49 ) .\nthe parnassius species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia . [ 2 ] the phylogeny of the group is still under study using molecular techniques . the exact number of species within the genus is disputed and numbers range from 38 to 47 . [ 3 ]\nhello michel the problem is , this publication has been made appart . not in the etudes d ' entomologie . so the exact reference is simply : 1890 . description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8re appartenant au genre parnassius . ( rennes ) : 3 pp . i presume it is hide somewhere on a shelf !\nkiritshenkoi [ parnassius ( koramius ) staudingeri ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 ) or p . staudingeri ( sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) ; recently listed as a separate species by tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 139 ) based on a sympatric occurence with p . staudingeri .\ntwo molecular studies have been published on the phylogeny of the genus parnassius ( omoto et al . , 2004 ; katoh et al . , 2005 ) . omoto et al . looked at 777 bp of the mitochondrial nd5 gene in a large number of parnassius speicies , and katoh et al . used mitochondrial 16s ribosomal rna ( 504 bp ) and nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( 469 bp ) in a smaller number of species . both of these studies recover several well - supported clusters of species - groups that to some degree correspond to those previously recognized based on morphological characters ( e . g . hancock , 1983 ) , but fail to resolve the deeper phylogenetic relationships among them .\npythia [ parnassius ( tadumia ) cephalus ] : this taxon is based on a single female specimen which was described as a separate species and listed as such by munroe ( 1961 ) , but is now generally treated as conspecific with p . cephalus ( bryk 1935 , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , kawasaki & rose 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\nsulphurus [ parnassius ( driopa ) glacialis ] : this taxon was described as a distinct species on the basis of a single male specimen allegedly from tibet but without reliable locality data ; it has been synonymized by bryk ( 1935 ) with p . glacialis , a view which has subsequently been followed ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 ) .\nnote : the wing pattern in parnassius species is inconsistent and the very many subspecies and forms make identification problematic and uncertain . structural characters derived from the genitalia , wing venation , sphragis and foretibial epiphysis are more , but not entirely reliable . the description given here is a guide only . for an identification key see ackery p . r . ( 1975 ) .\nthe females of parnassius have a\nsphragis\nthat is present on the lower side of the end of the abdomen after mating . it is formed from a hard waxy secretion made by the male during mating and functions to prevent other males from mating with the female afterwards . see illustrations in ehrlich & ehrlich ' how to know the butterflies ' on page 32 .\nmus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris . types listed by bernardi , g . , and viette , p . 1966 . les types et typoides de parnassius ( s . l . ) se trouvant au museum de paris . bull . soc . ent . fr . 71 95 - 103 , 163 - 166 . 9 229 - 233 , 304 - 309 .\nliudongi [ parnassius ( koramius ) acdestis ] : recently described as a separate species closely related to p . acdestis ; in judging from the orginal description ( huang 1999 ) , the differences mentioned in male genitalia and female sphragis based on two specimens of each sex do not appear to warrant distinction at species level but rather seem to be within common margins of intraspecific variation .\nparnassius comes for greek parnassios ( \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3iota ; \u03bf\u03c2 ) -\nparnassian\n, after a mountain associated with apollo in greek mythology . latreille created the genus for a species until then called papilio apollo , so the reference to apollo makes sense . in fact , many of the names chosen for new species and subspecies in this genus have kept up this apollo / mount olympus theme\nmaharaja [ parnassius ( tadumia ) ] : first described as a species , but later often placed as a subspecies of p . cephalus ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1922 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 ) ; now generally accepted as a separate species , ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , bryk 1935 , h\u00e4user 1993 , ohya 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nnatural history museum specimens largely determined by curt eisner types listed in ackery , p . r . ( 1973 ) : a list of the type - specimens of parnassius ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 29 ( 1 ) ( 9 . xi . 1973 ) : 1\u201435 , 1 pl . pdf\nstoliczkanus [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : first described as a distinct species and mostly treated as such ( bryk 1935 , h\u00e4user 1993 , inaoka & ogawa 1992 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) , but sometimes regarded as conspecific with p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) .\nandreji [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : long treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , and munroe 1961 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by chou ( 1994 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 72 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) , which has also been found sympatrically with p . simo ( koiwaya 1995 ) .\nmaximinus [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently recognized as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , a view which has since been generally followed ( lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tshikolovets 2000 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\nall of these genus - level names , together with a few others that are generally overlooked ( e . g . erythrodriopa korshunov , 1988 ; adoritis ko\u00e7ak , 1989 ; quinhaicus korshonov , 1990 , and kreizbergius korshunov , 1990 ) , have been synonymized with parnassius ( munroe , 1961 ; hesselbarth et al . , 1995 ) , although they are still used to designate \u201cspecies - groups\u201d within the genus ( omoto et al . , 2004 ; h\u00e4user et al . , 2005 ) . more recent treatments are confined to grouping parnassius species under a number of species - groups that may not correspond to the subgeneric classification ( weiss , 1991 - 2005 ; tshikolovets , 1998 - 2003 ) . the number of species included in each of these subgenera ( or species - groups ) varies in checklists ( e . g . see bryk , 1935 ; h\u00e4user et al . , 2005 ) .\nnandadevinensis [ parnassius stoliczkanus ] : this taxon has been based on a single male specimen and was described as a distinct species ; judged from the original descrription , it could probably represent an aberrant specimen of p . stoliczkanus or even p . acdestis , but a definite statement can hardly be made before more material or information becomes available ( see h\u00e4user 1993 : 141 , huang 1999 : 337 , kawasaki 1996 : 36 , weiss 1992 : 101 ) .\nlitoreus [ parnassius ( driopa ) felderi ] : generally treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni or p . felderi ( e . g . , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , weiss 1999 ) , but it has been listed as a possibly distinct species by korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nhoenei [ parnassius ( driopa ) stubbendorfii ] : generally regarded as conspecific with p . stubbendorfii based on its allopatric occurence ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , and hancock 1983 ) , but treated as a separate species by fukuda et al . ( 1982 ) , kitahara ( 1990 ) , korzhunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 51 ) , and sorimachi ( 1995 : 128 ) .\nsimonius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described and later generally treated as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , munroe 1961 ) ; first regarded as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and accepted as such by gundorov ( 1998 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 74 ) , tshikolovets ( 1997 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 141 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) .\nindeed , i don ' t know any up - to - date or relatively recent paper wherein bubo is treated as a ssp . of baileyi , the only reference i found being :\ntreated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) baileyi south , 1913 by weiss ( 1992 : 82 )\n. but still , i believe my example of urticae and io shows somewhat a way more dramatic difference , than yours one with actually one and the same species ( p . machaon ) .\nthanks , adam . indeed , i don ' t know any up - to - date or relatively recent paper wherein bubo is treated as a ssp . of baileyi , the only reference i found being :\ntreated as a subspecies of parnassius ( tadumia ) baileyi south , 1913 by weiss ( 1992 : 82 )\n. but still , i believe my example of urticae and io shows somewhat a way more dramatic difference , than yours one with actually one and the same species ( p . machaon ) . victor\narcticus [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a siberian subspecies of p . simo , a species which does not occur in siberia , and subsequently placed as conspecific with p . tenedius ( eisner 1969 ) ; recognized as a separate species by mr\u00e1cek ( 1989 ) , and recently accepted as such ( e . g . , korshunov & gorbunov 1995 : 54 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 142 , and weiss 1991 ) ; includes ammosovi korshunov as a junior synonym ( see above ) .\nstenosemus [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : originally described as a subspecies of p . delphius , and long treated as conspecific with p . delphius or p . stoliczkanus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; subsequently treated as a separate species by bryk ( 1935 ) , a view which recently has been generally accepted also based on sympatric occurence with p . stoliczkanus ( inaoka & ogawa 1992 , munroe 1961 , sorimachi 1995 , weiss 1992 ) .\nboedromius [ parnassius ( sachaia ) ] : originally described as a separate species , but later mostly regarded as conspecific with p . simo ( e . g , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , eisner 1976 , munroe 1961 , verity 1905 - 1911 ) ; reinstated as a separate species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and recently accepted as such by most authors ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , lukhtanov & lukhtanov 1994 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1991 ) .\ncardinal [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as a subspecies of p . delphius ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1976 , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1990 , munroe 1961 ) , but later recognized as a distinct species which partly coexists with other members of the p . delphius group ( kreuzberg 1985 , stshetkin 1979 ) , a view which lately has been generally accepted ( e . g . , h\u00e4user 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tuzov et al . 1997 , weiss 1992 ) .\naugustus [ parnassius ( kailasius ) imperator ] : recently proposed as a separate species from p . imperator by sugisawa & kawasaki ( 1997 ) based on differences in male genitalia and wing pattern ; regarded as conspecific with p . imperator by all previous authors , e . g . , ackery ( 1975 ) , bryk ( 1935 ) , collins & morris ( 1985 ) , ohya ( 1990 ) , sorimachi ( 1995 : 166 ) , and weiss ( 1991 ) ; this view is accepted here as no truely sympatric occurence of the two taxa has yet been demonstrated .\nfelderi [ parnassius ( driopa ) ] : until recently mostly treated as conspecific with p . eversmanni ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , eisner 1974 , fujioka et al . 1997 , iwamoto & inomata 1988 , and sorimachi 1995 : 173 ) , but regarded as a separate species by collins & morris ( 1985 ) , korshunov & gorbunov ( 1995 : 52 ) , tuzov et al . ( 1997 : 138 ) , and weiss ( 1999 ) . unpublished results of genetic studies ( zakharov in prep . ) confirm the conspecifity of p . eversmanni and the taxa felderi and litoreus .\nstaudingeri [ parnassius ( koramius ) ] : for a long time regarded as conspecific with p . delphius ( ackery 1975 , bryk 1935 , collins & morris 1985 , eisner 1976 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) ; reinstated as a distinct species by kreuzberg ( 1985 ) , and now generally accepted as such ( chou 1994 , h\u00e4user 1993 , sorimachi 1995 , tshikolovets 2000 , tuzov et al . 1997 , and weiss 1992 ) ; a number of taxa currently subordinated under this species have also been suspected to represent distinct species and await further study ( e . g . , kiritschenkoi avinov ; see also tshikolovets 1997 : 51 , tuzov et al . 1997 : 139 , weiss 1992 : 108 ) .\nfirst thing is to look in the corresponding volumes of the zoological record , therefore i checked in year 1890 , 91 and 92 and found this : from which we can learn that parnassius orleans was described in fascicule xiv of etudes d ' entomologie , and was mentionned again in fascicule xvi ! i have to check in my copy of etudes d ' entomologie which i have in a complete state , but is binded , therefore scan will not be easy to make . . . a + , michel ps : if someone can explain how to upload reasonnable size picture , i would be happy ( i use urltoken and i use the direct link as all the other ones do not seem to work . . . )\nlondon : taylor and francis ; calcutta and simla , thacker , spink , & co . ; [ etc . , etc . ]\nevidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1907 .\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nthese males are of ssp . aristocratus . . . ( qinghai , nangqian , dana mt . 4500 m )\nand these belong with przewalskii ssp . kunlunica ( qinghai , kunlunshan , 5100 m ) .\nas a good species if you prefer to , after all species vs subspecies is really a subjective decision without conducting breeding experiments at least to f2 to see if the offspring are fertile or not . however , omoto\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322de4fe - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322de75d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3303fd4d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nh\u00e4user c . , holstein j . , kroupa a . s . , steiner a . & turiault m . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . globis ( gart ) : global butterfly information system ( version sep 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 408d4f1b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 408d53c1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ncopyright \u00a9 andre gorodinski . the insects from the palaearctic region . web design by mrs . l . gorodinski .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nplease note : we may still be awaiting delivery of some of these new arrivals , also some sell very quickly . prices subject to change\nrobert westphal theinsectcollector avenida playa cristall 43 , casa 2 ( urb . pino alto ) 43892 miami playa ( tarragona ) spain\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 / / en\ngi | 52421651 | gb | aau45333 . 1 | nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 [ parnassia sp . wurdack d795 ]\nyrc informatics platform - version 3 . 0 created and maintained by : michael riffle\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\nprepared by christoph l . h\u00e4user , in cooperation with rienk de jong , gerardo lamas , robert k . robbins , campbell smith & richard i . vane - wright .\nparnassiinae duponchel , [ 1835 ] [ 66 spp . ] parnassiini duponchel , [ 1835 ] :\nleptocircini kirby , 1896 [ = lampropterini bryk , 1929 ; [ = graphiini talbot , 1939 ] * [ 144 spp . ]\nmimoides brown , 1991 [ 11 spp . ] mimoides ariarathes ( esper , 1788 ) mimoides euryleon ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) mimoides ilus ( fabricius , 1793 ) - belesis ( bates , 1864 ) * - branchus ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides lysithous ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] ) - eupatorion ( lucas , 1857 ) * - harrisianus ( swainson , 1822 ) * - oedipus ( felder , 1865 ) * - rurik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) * - sebastianus ( oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ) * mimoides microdamas ( burmeister , 1878 ) mimoides pausanias ( hewitson , 1852 ) mimoides phaon ( boisduval , 1836 ) - hipparchus ( staudinger , 1884 ) * mimoides protodamas ( godart , 1819 ) mimoides thymbraeus ( boisduval , 1836 ) mimoides xeniades ( hewitson , 1867 ) * - chibcha ( fassl , 1912 ) * - harmodius ( doubleday , 1846 ) * mimoides xynias ( hewitson , 1875 ) - trapeza ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) *\nprotesilaus swainson , [ 1832 ] [ 11 spp . ] protesilaus aguiari ( d ' almeida , 1937 ) protesilaus earis ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus glaucolaus ( bates , 1864 ) protesilaus helios ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus leucosilaus ( zik\u00e1n , 1937 ) * protesilaus macrosilaus ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * - penthesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * protesilaus molops ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) - hetaerius ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protesilaus orthosilaus ( weymer , 1899 ) protesilaus protesilaus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archesilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - embrikstrandi ( d ' almeida , 1936 ) * - nigricornis ( staudinger , 1884 ) * - pseudosilaus ( zikan , 1937 ) * - travassosi ( d ' almeida , 1938 ) * protesilaus stenodesmus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) protesilaus telesilaus ( felder & felder , 1864 )\nprotographium munroe , [ 1961 ] [ 14 spp . ] protographium agesilaus ( gu\u00e9rin & percheron , 1835 ) - autosilaus ( bates , 1861 ) * - neosilaus ( hopffer , 1865 ) * - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * protographium anaxilaus ( felder & felder , 1865 ) * - arcesilaus ( lucas , 1852 ) * protographium asius ( fabricius , 1781 ) protographium calliste ( bates , 1864 ) protographium celadon ( lucas , 1852 ) protographium dioxippus ( hewitson , [ 1856 ] ) - lacandones ( bates , 1864 ) * protographium epidaus ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leosthenes ( doubleday , 1846 ) protographium leucaspis ( godart , 1819 ) protographium marcellinus ( doubleday , [ 1845 ] ) protographium marcellus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) protographium philolaus ( boisduval , 1836 ) - oberthueri ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - xanticles ( bates , 1863 ) * protographium thyastes ( drury , 1782 ) - marchandii ( boisduval , 1836 ) * protographium zonaria ( butler , 1869 )\nbattus scopoli , 1777 [ 12 spp . ] battus belus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus chalceus ( rothschild & jordan , 1906 ) * - ingenuus ( dyar , 1907 ) * battus crassus ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus devilliersii ( godart , 1823 ) battus eracon ( godman & salvin , 1897 ) battus laodamas ( felder & felder , 1859 ) battus lycidas ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) battus madyes ( doubleday , 1846 ) - philetas ( hewitson , 1869 ) * battus philenor ( linnaues , 1771 ) battus polydamas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - archidamas ( boisduval , 1836 ) * - psittacus ( molina , 1782 ) * - streckerianus ( honrath , 1884 ) * battus polystictus ( butler , 1874 ) battus zetides munroe , 1971 - zetes ( westwood , 1847 ) *\ncressida swainson , 1832 [ 1 sp . ] cressida cressida ( fabricius , 1775 )\neuryades felder & felder , 1864 [ 2 spp . ] euryades corethrus ( boisduval , 1836 ) euryades duponchelii ( lucas , 1836 )\nlosaria moore , [ 1902 ] [ 4 spp . ] losaria coon ( fabricius , 1793 ) losaria neptunus ( gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , 1840 ) losaria palu ( martin , 1912 ) * losaria rhodifer ( butler , 1876 )\nornithoptera boisduval , [ 1832 ] [ 12 spp . ] ornithoptera aesacus ( ney , 1903 ) * ornithoptera alexandrae ( rothschild , 1907 ) ornithoptera chimaera ( rothschild , 1904 ) ornithoptera croesus wallace , 1859 * ornithoptera goliath oberth\u00fcr , 1888 ornithoptera meridionalis ( rothschild , 1897 ) ornithoptera paradisea staudinger , 1893 ornithoptera priamus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) * - euphorion ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera richmondia ( gray , [ 1853 ] ) * ornithoptera rothschildi kenrick , 1911 - akakeae kobayashi & koiwaya , 1978 * ornithoptera tithonus de haan , 1840 ornithoptera victoriae ( gray , 1856 ) - allotei ( rothschild , 1914 ) *\npharmacophagus haase , 1892 [ 1 sp . ] pharmacophagus antenor ( drury , 1773 )\ntrogonoptera rippon , [ 1890 ] [ 2 spp . ] trogonoptera brookiana ( wallace , 1855 ) trogonoptera trojana ( honrath , 1886 )\nmeandrusa moore , 1888 [ 3 spp . ] meandrusa payeni ( boisduval , 1836 ) meandrusa sciron ( leech , 1890 ) * - hercules ( blanchard , 1871 ) * meandrusa lachinus ( fruhstorfer , 1902 ) * - gyas ( westwood , 1841 ) *\nabderus [ papilio ( pterourus ) ] : generally seen as conspecific with p . garamas ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , tyler et al . 1994 ) , but sometimes also treated as a distinct species ( collins & morris 1985 : 87 , hancock 1983 , llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 ) .\nadamas [ pachliopta ] : previously regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but recently accepted as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\naesacus [ ornithoptera ] : generally regarded as a separate species ( e . g , collins & morris 1985 : 83 , hancock 1983 , hancock & orr 1997 , munroe 1961 , otani & kimura 1998 , von kn\u00f6tgen 1997 ) , but also considered as conspecific with o . priamus by parsons ( 1996 ) .\naethiops [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : formerly in general use as the species name ( e . g . , carcasson 1975 , d ' abrera 1980 , munroe 1961 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( ackery et al . 1995 , hancock 1983 ) ; aethiopsis hancock , 1983 has been proposed as an objective replacement name ( see below ) , but microps storace , 1952 is also seen as a conspecific taxon and hence available as species name ( ackery et al . 1995 : 152 ) .\naethiopsis [ papilio ( druryia ) microps ] : proposed as an objective replacement name for p . aethiops rothschild & jordan , 1905 , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 38 ) ; at species level , however , microps storace , 1952 is already available as a valid name ( see below ) .\naglaope [ parides panthonus ] : previously treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , and hancock 1983 : 47 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with p . panthonus by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) .\nakakeae [ ornithoptera priamus / rothschildi ] : originally described as a separate species , but now regarded as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . rothschildi ( otani & kimura 1998 : 101 ) .\nalcindor [ papilio ( menelaides ) polytes ] : generally held to be conspecific with p . polytes ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1982 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) but recently elevated to species rank by fujioka et al . ( 1997 : 228 ) .\nalexiares [ papilio ( pterourus ) glaucus ] : previously regarded as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 : 132 , hagen & scriber 1995 , hancock 1983 , munroe 1961 ) , but recently seen as conspecific with p . glaucus ( llorente - bousquets et al . 1997 , tyler et al . 1994 ) .\nallotei [ ornithoptera priamus / victoriae ] : originally described and subsequently often listed as a separate species ( e . g . , munroe 1961 ) , it is now recognized as an interspecific hybrid between o . priamus and o . victoriae ( collins & morris 1985 : 82 , haugum & low 1978 . 1985 , otani & kimura 1998 : 99 , parsons 1999 : 225 ) .\nanaxilaus [ protographium ] : the species was formerly known under the name of arcesilaus lucas which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nangolanus [ graphium ( arisbe ) ] : in former times the species was known under the name of pylades fabricius , which is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( see below ) .\nannae [ pachliopta phlegon ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1982 ) , but invalid as a junior primary homonym ; strandi bryk , 1930 has been proposed as an available replacement name ( see below ) .\nantiphus [ pachliopta ] : until recently regarded as conspecific with p . aristolochiae ( e . g . , fujioka et al . 1997 , tsukada & nishiyama 1982 ) , but now recognized as a separate species by page & treadaway ( 1995 ) .\napollinaris [ archon ] : for a long time treated as a subspecies of a . apollinus ( e . g . , ackery 1975 , bryk 1934 , d ' abrera 1990 , igarashi 1979 , collins & morris 1985 , hancock 1983 ) , but now generally accepted as a distinct species based on the sympatric occurence with a . apollinus in part of its range ( carbonell 1991 , de freina 1985 , hesselbarth et al . 1995 ) .\narcas [ parides eurimedes ] : the species has long been known under this name which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ; eurimedes stoll is available as a subjective replacement name ( tyler et al . 1994 ) .\narcesilaus [ protographium anaxilaus ] : previously the species has been known under this name ( e . g . , d ' abrera 1981 , d ' almeida 1966 , munroe 1961 ) which , however , is invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 ) .\narchesilaus [ protesilaus protesilaus ] : listed as a separate species by d ' almeida ( 1966 : 249 ) , but now generally regarded as conspecific with p . protesilaus ( e . g . , brown 1991 , hancock 1983 : 20 , munroe 1961 , tyler et al . 1994 : 30 ) .\narchidamas [ battus polydamas ] : previously mostly treated as a separate species ( e . g . , collins & morris 1985 : 70 , d ' almeida 1966 , hancock 1983 : 47 , m\u00f6hn 1999 , racheli & pariset 1992 ) , but recently regarded as conspecific with b . polydamas by lamas ( pers . com . ) , and tyler et al . ( 1994 : 28 ) ; the oldest available name for this taxon is probably papilio psittacus molina , 1782 ( see below ) , which hitherto has been interpreted as representing a species of castniidae ( racheli & pariset , 1992 : 53 ) .\naristeus [ papilio ( pterourus ) menatius ] : previously in use as the species name ( e . g . , bryk 1930 , d ' abrera 1981 ) but invalid as a junior primary homonym ( hancock 1983 : 32 ) ."]}
{"id": 2486, "summary": [{"text": "mucronalia is a genus of very small parasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this genus was first described in 1860 by arthur adams in his paper , \" on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan \" .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these sea snails are thought to be parasitic on ophiuroids ( brittle stars ) . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "mucronalia", "paragraphs": ["eulima ( mucronalia ) a . adams , 1860 accepted as mucronalia a . adams , 1860\nworms - world register of marine species - mucronalia bicincta a . adams , 1860\nspecies mucronalia gigas kuroda & habe , 1950 accepted as melanella teinostoma ( a . adams , 1854 )\nworms - world register of marine species - eulima ( mucronalia ) bulbula r . murdoch & suter , 1906\nspecies mucronalia lactea a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus lacteus ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia subula a . adams , 1864 accepted as hypermastus subula ( a . adams , 1864 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia xanthias r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as pelycidion xanthias ( r . b . watson , 1888 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia cylindrica g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as hypermastus cylindricus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )\nspecies mucronalia philippinarum g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as echineulima philippinarum ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 ) ( original combination )\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera thyca , stilifer , scalenostoma , mucronalia and echineulima ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . zoologica scripta 9 : 187 - 210 [ details ]\n( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) bouchet , p . & war\u00e9n , a . ( 1986 ) . revision of the northeast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae eulimidae , epitonidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico . suppl . 2 : 297 - 576 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mucronalia suava dall , 1927 ) dall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera < i > thyca < / i > , < i > stilifer < / i > , < i > scalenostoma < / i > , < i > mucronalia < / i > and < i > echineulima < / i > ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . < i > zoologica scripta 9 < / i > : 187 - 210\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 301 [ details ]\ndistribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) .\ndistribution species parasitic on holothuria scabra ( macnae & kalk ; , 1958 ) . [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nxiv . \u2014note in answer to mr . clark ' s remarks on lepton sulcatulum\non the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . \u2014by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . london , 1859\na guide to the quadrupeds and reptiles of europe ; with descriptions of all the species : compiled from the latest writers . by lord clermont . london : john van voorst , 1859 . post 8vo\nhandbook of the british flora . by g . bentham , f . l . s . london : lovell reeve . 1858\non the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c\nabstract of a lecture by prof . t . h . huxley , f . r . s . , on species and races , and their origin , delivered before the members of the royal institution , on the evening of friday , february 10 , 1860\nthe monstrous begonia frigida at kew , in relation to mr . darwin ' s theory of natural selection\nxli . \u2014characters of new cingalese land - shells collected by f . layard , esq . , ceylon civil service\nthe ibis , a magazine of general ornithology . edited by philip lutley sclater , m . a . vol . i . tr\u00fcbner and co . , 1859\nxlvi . \u2014on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiace\u00e6 , equisetace\u00e6 , filices , & c\non the origin of species by means of natural selection ; or , the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . \u2014by charles darwin , m . a . , f . r . s . , f . g . s . , & c . ; london , 1859\non the hooks on the front edge of the hinder wings of certain hymenoptera . communicated by dr . j . e . gray , f . r . s . & c ;\nxlvi . \u2014on cyclostigma , a new genus of fossil plants from the old red sandstone of kiltorcan , co . kilkenny ; and on the general law of phyllotaxis in the natural orders lycopodiace\u00e6 , equisetace\u00e6 , filices , & c ;\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\ndall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 72 [ details ]\ntaxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( war\u00e9n 1980 : 203 ) .\ntaxonomy does not fit any described aulimid genus ( war\u00e9n 1980 : 203 ) . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 71 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]\ncarpenter , p . p . ( 1865f ) diagnoses of new species and a new genus of mollusks , from the reigen mazatlan collection ; with an account of additional specimens presented to the british museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1865 , 268\u2013273 . [ details ]\nhypermastus bulbula ( r . murdoch & suter , 1906 ) accepted as hypermastus bulbulus ( murdoch & suter , 1906 )\nto museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 001774 ; eulima bulbula murdoch & suter , 1906 ; holotype )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nadams , arthur . 1860 . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , being a continuation of the ' magazine of botany and zoology ' , and of louden and charlesworth ' s ' magazine of natural history ' , series 3 5 : 299 - 303 , 405\u2212413 .\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . < em > annals and magazine of natural history . < / em > ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nwar\u00e9n , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > suppl 13 : 1 - 96 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nview by species \u00ab poppe - images - marine iconography of the philippine archipelago , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 024 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2499, "summary": [{"text": "urophora stylata is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus urophora of the family tephritidae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the host plant for the larvae is usually a thistle of genus cirsium or carduus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "urophora stylata", "paragraphs": ["urophora stylata is a species of gall fly in the genus urophora and is a biocontrol agent of the thistles in genus cirsium or carduus . urophora stylata was released into new zealand to attack thistles . it prefers the scotch thistle cirsium vulgare but occasionally attacks the flower heads of the californian thistle but does not produce a gall .\nthe u . stylata populations released in bc orginated in the swiss jura and upper rhine valley , germany .\nurophora stylata is somewhat smaller than a house fly . the body is light grey in colour with a light brown to yellow scutellum ( located on the back behind the head ) . the wings are clear with each wing having an\niv\nmarking .\nu . stylata have been found at all the initial treated sites and at substantial distances from known release locations . when sites were monitored in 2002 and 2003 many sites had no plants or few plants remaining . rarely have bull thistle infestations been found without u . stylata attack . in one bc study , the average seed reduction was about 60 % . the larvae of both u . stylata and rhinocyllus conicus have been found occupying the same bull thistle seedhead .\nfemale flies lay eggs on developing flower buds . after one week the larvae hatch and burrow into the centre of the seed head and devour the developing seed and induce gall tissue production . galls are an abnormal swelling or deformation of plant tissue caused by insects , mites , microorganisms or injury . the urophora stylata gall feels like a hard walnut - sized stone in the centre of the flower head . the larvae are pale coloured and are 3 to 5 mm long . five to over twenty larvae can be found in each gall .\nin 1973 , the first u . stylata releases were made on vancouver island and into the fraser valley . the flies easily established and field collections began shortly after . mass redistribution of the flies continued until 1996 when the demand for bull thistle control appeared to subside . in 2001 there was a renewed interest to redistribute the agent . the last recorded assisted redistribution effort occurred in 2006 .\nhtml public\n- / / softquad software / / dtd hotmetal pro 6 . 0 : : 19990601 : : extensions to html 4 . 0 / / en\nhmpro6 . dtd\nno scientific name , common name or tsn was entered in the search text box . please enter a value into the empty text box .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\na distinctive species with a unique wing pattern . the scutellum and sides of the thorax are a pale creamy colour and the eyes can appear orangey - green .\nthe female lays her eggs in the flower heads of thistles , usually spear thistle , causing them to swell and damage seeds . they are sometimes used in weed control against thistles .\nfairly frequent in the southern half of britain , but very few records from scotland .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\neggs hatch in 5 - 8 days . third instar larvae overwinter in galls and pupate in june . adults live about two months .\ncontributed by john f . carr on 9 january , 2010 - 3 : 52pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset , v belov last updated 17 august , 2016 - 6 : 45pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorrbom , a . l . , l . e . carroll , f . c . thompson , i . m . white and a . freidberg / f . c . thompson , ed .\nfruit fly expert identification system and systematic information database . myia , vol . 9\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en ' ' urltoken '\n23 - 06 - 10 , southern limburg , nl last update : 13 . 09 . 10 10 : 03 added by : ben hamers dimensions : 400 x 600 pixels filesize : 49 . 87kb comments : 0 rating : none number of views : 1576\nusername password not a member yet ? click here to register . forgotten your password ? request a new one here .\ndue to fact this site has functionality making use of your email address , any registration using a temporary email address will be rejected .\nhelp again can any1 give me the full title of kulon . allat . kozlem thx\ncopyright \u00a9 2004 - 2018 paul beuk , images in diptera gallery and forum of their respective owners powered by php - fusion copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by nick jones . released as free software without warranties under gnu affero gpl v3 . simpleasthat\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02edc26f - 28c8 - 489f - 9978 - 25b3c0f7c5a6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9d27f71c - 7348 - 481d - aa71 - cba79f703b84\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cc5bd9c3 - 4416 - 4789 - 8bda - 942f23b9cb3e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f1c3084b - 2a56 - 4268 - 89bf - 5d59f6e4394b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fb052a98 - c2bd - 4285 - ab1f - 041b400b1881\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ea6344f - af1c - 4447 - a714 - f616eca109c1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 320139\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nflies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes\nfly ( red eyed , small ) ) probably in the family : sapromyzidae .\ninsects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .\nreptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\nscotch thistle gall fly , bull thistle gall fly , bull thistle seed head gall fly .\ngalled flower heads , containing developing larvae , are present at the beginning of summer and persists through winter . the presence of larvae in the developing seed head can reduce seed production by up 60 % .\nadults emerge from the previous year ' s seed heads in late spring to mid - summer .\nphoto of a female fly . it notable for its long ovipositor relative to its body size . thanks to wikipedia for text and information : urltoken\n\u00a9 copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 02 - mar - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe white , 0 . 7 x 0 . 2mm eggs incubate for 5 - 8 days .\nlarvae presence in flowerheads causes decreased seed production . the gall formation strains plant nutrients , causing fewer flowerheads and reduces plant vigour . seeds directly above the gall become enlarged and non - viable and most seeds beyond the gall also fail to develop . studies indicate 60 - 90 % of seedheads are attacked , where 90 % of the seed is reduced .\ngalled heads can be collected from the field from late - august to november . attacked heads are easily detected by their misshapen indentations and when squeezed they are hard , whereas vacant seedheads are soft . redistribute collections on the ground at new locations in the fall , winter or early the following spring . clipped seedheads can also be held overwinter at 4\u00b0c , keeping refrigerated galls moist while not allowing them to become moudly . the following spring , the galls can be scattered at the new site , allowing adults to exit and disperse on their own . new colonies can develop from 20 - 50 galled seedheads .\ncompeting rhinocyllus conicus also attacks bull thistle . the beneficial contribution the two make together outweighs competition . no longevity study has been completed ."]}
{"id": 2500, "summary": [{"text": "the sula hanging parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) is a small species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to forest and nearby habitats on the banggai and sula islands in indonesia . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "sula hanging parrot", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . sula hanging parrot 2 . sula hanging parrot 3 . sula hanging parrot\nthe sula hanging parrot averages 6 inches or 15 cm in length ( including tail ) .\nhanging parrots general info and species listing . . . photos of the various hanging parrot species for identification\nwhen the sula hanging parrot flies one can hear a ' whirring ' to its wings , much like a hummingbird .\nsaturday ' s # parrototd is the sula hanging parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) of eastern indonesia . pic by @ azharfachmi urltoken\nparrot of the day on twitter :\nsaturday ' s # parrototd is the sula hanging parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) of eastern indonesia . pic by @ azharfachmi urltoken\nthe sri lanka hanging parrot ( loriculus beryllinus ) is a small parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in sri lanka .\nthe blue - naped parrot ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) , also known as the blue - crowned green parrot , luzon parrot , the philippine green parrot , and locally known as pikoy , is a parrot found throughout the philippines .\nthe camiguin hanging parrot , loriculus camiguinensis , is a hanging parrot endemic only on the philippine island of camiguin , where its habitat is diminishing . the taxonomy of this population of parrots on camiguin is uncertain .\na different wild parrot species every day , parrot ecology , science and more . visit our shop : 10 % of sales to parrot conservation\nspecies : scientific : loriculus amabilis amabilis . . . english : moluccan hanging parrot . . . dutch : molukse hangparkiet . . . german : zierfledermauspapageichen . . . french : loricule de halmahera moluccan hanging parrot loriculus amabilis\nt his family consists of 13 species of hanging - parrots including the vernal , ceylon , philippine , blue - crowned ( also called blue - topped ) , maroon - rumped , sula , moluccan , sangihe , orange - fronted , green - fronted , green , yellow - throated , and the flores hanging - parrot . but this article will feature only the bluecrowned hanging - parrot .\nobservers note that when the sula hanging parrots fly they could hear a distinctive ' whirring ' to their wings , as is the case with hummingbirds .\nwallace , 1863 \u2013 sula is ( taliabu , seho , mangole , sanana ) .\nplease refer to this webpage for additional information on housing and breeding your hanging parrots .\nthe slater ' s hanging - parrots can be found on the sula islands - a group of islands in the malukus in indonesia . its three main islands are mangole , sanae and taliabu .\nthe blue - crowned hanging - parrot is found in southern thailand , western malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and associated islands , and borneo and associated islands .\ncites avianweb lexicon of parrots birdlife international a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 xeno - canto sula hanging parrot , lambert , frank xc95127 parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1977 . parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 .\nthe camiguin hanging parrot is mostly green with blue throat , face and thighs , and a red tail and red crown . males and female birds look identical , which is unusual for a hanging parrot native to the philippines . only the males of all the other populations living on other islands have a red area on their fronts .\nof long - tailed parrots . common names include superb parrot and , in avicultural circles , barraband ' s parrot or parakeet , named after the artist\nsri lanka hanging parrot is a bird of open forest . it is strictly arboreal , never descending to the ground . it nests in holes in trees , laying 2\u20133 eggs .\nthe superb parrot ( polytelis swainsonii ) , also known as barraband ' s parrot , barraband ' s parakeet , or green leek parrot , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] is a parrot native to south - eastern australia . it is a dimorphic species and one of three species in the genus polytelis .\nthis hanging parrot averages 4 . 5 inches ( 11 cm ) in length , with a wing length of 2 . 75 - 3 . 3 inches ( 70 - 84 mm ) .\nthe moluccan hanging - parrot ( loriculus amabilis ) is endemic to the moluccan islands of halmahera and batjan , in the northern moluccas / maluku islands , indonesia ( please refer to below distribution map ) .\nthe red - winged parrot ( aprosmictus erythropterus ) , is a parrot native to australia and papua new guinea . it is found in grasslands , savannah , farmland , and woodland .\n, and other western countries , it is often referred to as the indian ringneck parrot .\nspecies : scientific : loriculus amabilis ruber . . . english : peling hanging parrot . . . dutch : peling hangparkiet . . . german : peling zierfledermauspapageichen . . . french : loricule d ' ile peling\nspecies : scientific : loriculus amabilis sclateri . . . english : sclater ' s hanging parrot . . . dutch : sclaters hangparkiet . . . german : sclaters zierfledermauspapageichen . . . french : loricule de sclater\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\njuniper , tony ; parr , mike ( 1998 ) .\nchapter 121 : superb parrot\n.\nl . s . sclateri : taliabu , mangole , and sanana , sula islands . l . s . ruber : peleng , banggai and labobo islands .\ntello , j . , degner , j . , bates , j . and willard , d . ( 2006 ) description of new species of hanging parrot from camiguin id . , philippines . fieldiana zool . 106 : 49 - 57 .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\nmost of taliabu , the largest island in the sula islands , is still forested , but there has been large - scale logging in the lowlands . the other main sula islands , sanana and mangole , have been heavily degraded . extensive lowland forest still remains on the banggai islands ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . sula hanging - parrot ( loriculus sclateri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nvan tets , g . f . , meredith , c . w . , fullager , p . j . and davidson , p . m . ( 1988 ) osteological differences between sula and morus , and a description of an extinct new species of sula from lord howe and norfolk islands , tasman sea . notornis 35 : 35 - 37 .\nholyoak , d . t . ( 1973 ) an undescribed parrot from mauritius . ibis 115 : 417 - 419 .\nminchin , liz ( 2005 - 08 - 06 ) .\nblunder gives loggers wrong area , rare parrot loses nesting trees\n.\nthis is a pleasant , yet shy parrot . it is quiet with a melodic voice that can mostly be heard in the evenings .\nthe isolated sula islands , just off sulawesi ' s east coast , receive rain from both the northwest and the southeast and have volcanic soils that create excellent growth conditions ( monk et al . 1997 ) .\npeling hanging - parrots are endemic to the islands of peling and banggai in the sulawesi ( formerly known as celebes ) - part of the maluku island group in indonesia group , indonesia .\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\nis usually under a dozen . the blue - naped parrot feeds on mangoes , berries , seeds , nuts and grains . it nests in tree holes .\nthe genus name psittacula is a diminutive of latin psittacus ,\nparrot\n, and the specific krameri commemorates the austrian naturalist wilhelm heinrich kramer . [ 3 ]\nsri lanka hanging parrot is less gregarious than some of its relatives , and is usually alone or in small groups outside the breeding season . its flight is swift and direct , and the call is a sharp whistled twiwittwit . . twitwitwit . it undergoes local movements , driven mainly by the availability of the fruit , seeds , buds and blossoms that make up its diet .\nthey look like the nominate form described and featured above - - except the slater ' s hanging parrot is a little larger , averaging 5 inches ( 13 cm ) in length . the forehead , crown and the back of the head are green . the forehead has a reddish - brown base to the feathers . the upper back is orange , often with scattered red feathers .\nmasello , j . f . & quillfeldt , p . ( 2002 ) chick growth and breeding success of the burrowing parrot . condor , 104 , 574 - 586 .\nlike in the turquoise parrot , there seems to be a discrepance in what the icon at the top says ( green ) and what the description says - vulnerable . please make the changes .\n23\u201324 cm ; 124 g . quite small and stocky parrot , with rather short , slightly tapered tail . narrow red frontal band , while forecrown and area around eyes is olive - yellow . . .\nblue - crowned hanging - parrots frequent the forests , forest edges , secondary growth , swamp and riverine forest , bamboo patches , mangroves , wooded gardens , coconut groves , and plantations . they are probably more abundant in carefully logged forests than in the primary forests .\nthe rose - ringed parakeet ( psittacula krameri ) , also known as the ring - necked parakeet , is a medium - sized parrot in the genus psittacula of the family psittacidae and has a very wide range .\nan australian endemic , the superb parrot is restricted to the dry ( sclerophyll ) woodlands of new south wales and victoria . there is estimated to be at least 10 , 000 individuals in the wild . [ 8 ]\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion represents the lowland forests ( less than 1 , 000 m ) on sulawesi and the surrounding islands of banggai and sula to the east and talaud and sangihe to the north . sulawesi is almost completely mountainous . there are no extensive lowlands on sulawesi , with large areas above 1 , 000 m and the highest elevation at 3 , 455 m on mt . rantemario . sangihe is mountainous , reaching an elevation of 1 , 784 m , whereas talaud is low - lying . the physiography of the sula islands is hilly , with mountains over 800 m only on the island of taliabu ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .\nboon , w . m . , daugherty , c . h . and chambers , g . k . ( 2001 ) the norfolk island green parrot and new caledonian red - crowned parakeet are distinct species . emu 101 : 113 - 121 .\nmelo , m . ; o ' ryan , c . 2007 . genetic differentiation between pr\u00edncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 ( 8 ) : 1673 - 1685 .\nthe superb parrot is mostly bright green with darker flight feathers and is about 40 cm ( 16 in ) long with a long pointed tail . adult males have continuous yellow foreheads and throats , with a red horizontal band across the border of the throat .\nthis parrot is susceptible to fungal infections , therefore strict hygiene is necessary . it enjoys bathing . adding a few drops of hydrogen peroxide or gse in its bathing water will help in preventing infections . as an additional benefit , gse also has good anti - parasitic properties .\nmey , e . , masello , j . f . & quillfeldt , p . ( 2002 ) chewing lice ( insecta , phthiraptera ) of the burrowing parrot cyanoliseus p . patagonus ( vieillot ) from argentina . rudolst\u00e4dter nat . hist . schr . , 4 , 99 - 112 .\nwirminghaus , j . o . , downs , c . t . , symes , c . t . and perrin , m . r ( 2002 ) taxonomic relationships of the subspecies of the cape parrot poicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) . j . nat . hist . 36 : 361 - 378 .\ndue to ongoing habitat loss in australia , small population size and limited range , the superb parrot was evaluated as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species , [ 1 ] until it was downlisted to least concern in 2012 . [ 12 ] it is listed on appendix ii of cites .\nmasello , j . f . , montano , v . , quillfeldt , p . , nuhl\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1 , s . , wikelski , m . & moodley , y . ( 2015 ) the interplay of spatial and climatic landscapes in the genetic distribution of a south american parrot . journal of biogeography , 42 , 1077 - 1090 .\nduring february\u2013june 2005 , timber logging in the barmah state forest destroyed 60 percent of the nesting colonies of the superb parrot ( 6 , 000 tonnes or 6 , 600 short tons of river red gums ) : with fewer than 150 breeding in victoria , this has severely compromised their chances of survival . [ 15 ] [ 16 ]\nhanging - parrots are basically fruit eaters in the wild and also appreciate fresh flowers like hibiscus for the pollen and twigs to use sap to clean their feathers . because of their diet they are somewhat like softbills in cage care . they do squirt fecal matter and i use acrylic sides on the cages . strict hygienic care is necessary as they are prone to fungal ailments due to diet and the matter that is discarded .\nsuperb parrots are listed as vulnerable on the australian environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . their conservation status also varies from state to state within australia ; for example , the superb parrot is listed as threatened on the victorian flora and fauna guarantee act ( 1988 ) . [ 13 ] under this act , an action statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared . [ 14 ]\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . burrowing parrot ( cyanoliseus patagonus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . scarlet - chested parrot ( neophema splendida ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmasello , j . f . , quillfeldt , p . , munimanda , g . k . , klauke , n . , segelbacher , g . , schaefer , h . m . , failla , m . , cort\u00e9s , m . & moodley , y . ( 2011 ) the high andes , gene flow and a stable hybrid zone shape the genetic structure of a wide - ranging south american parrot . frontiers in zoology , 8 , 16 . 1 - 16 . 16 .\ncollar , n . , boesman , p . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . indigo - winged parrot ( hapalopsittaca fuertesi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\none of the few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in disturbed habitats , it has withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation . as a popular pet species , escaped birds have colonised a number of cities around the world , including northern and western europe . [ 2 ] the species is listed as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) because its population appears to be increasing , but its popularity as a pet and unpopularity with farmers have reduced its numbers in some parts of its native range . [ 1 ]\nthe superb parrot is medium - sized , bright green , approximately 40 cm ( 16 in ) long , and has long tail feathers , a yellow - green neck , and yellow - orange irises . the adult male has a scarlet band on its upper chest and a bright yellow face and throat . the adult female has a pale blue - green face , greyish - green throat , a variable tinged russet - pink fore - throat , and orange thighs . juveniles have brown irises and otherwise resemble females . [ 7 ] the male has adult coloured plumage at the age of about one year . [ 2 ]\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : loriculus sclateri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthey are seen alone , or in pairs or small groups . the possible threat to their existence constitute trapping for the bird trade and loss of habitat .\nboth adults look alike ; except the female has brown eyes while the male has pale yellow eyes .\nthe plumage is mostly green . the chin and throat are red . there are orange - yellow markings on the mantle and back . the rump and upper tail coverts are crimson extending to the tip of the tail . there is a red carpal edge ( = leading edge of the wing at the\nshoulder\n) . the tail is green tipped with yellow - green . the bill is black .\ntheir calls are described as weak and high - pitched . at times a varying buzzy and di or trisyllabic notes repeated rapidly .\ntheir natural diet consists mainly of soft fruits - particularly wild figs , guava and berries - as well as flower buds and blossoms . they also feed onnectar and seeds .\ncaptive specimens should be provided lory nectar , as well as plenty of fruit ( fig , pear , apple , banana ) and vegetables ( carrot , spinach , green salad ) . they should also be fed a good quality seed mix consisting of various millets , canary grass seed , some niger and oats , and millet sprays ( both sprouted and unsprouted ) .\nduring the rearing season , it ' s important to provide them with plenty of soft food items , includingsoftened rusk , eggfood and mealworm larvae .\nthe first breeding season commences in january and lasts until april ; and - providing conditions are right - - breeding activities can again be observed from july to september .\nduring the course of the courtship display , the male approaches female with short strutting steps and little hops and makes warbling sounds , extending his neck to show off his blue throat patch , raising his red rump and spreading his tail feathers . courtship feeding has been recorded .\nthey nest in dead tree stumps or trees , favoring long , narrow hollows with small entrance holes . the female is seen carrying nesting material that may include pieces of bark and leaves in her rump feathers into the nest for nest lining . a clutch may consist of 2 to 4 white eggs . only the female incubates the eggs for 20 days while the male feeds her . each eggs measures 0 . 06 to 0 . 07 inches ( ~ 15 mm to 18 . 7 mm ) . the young fledge when they are about32 days old , and they are independent 10 days after fledging .\nthese active little parrots need plenty of room for exercising . ideally , they should be kept in a spacious and well - planted aviary with minimum dimensions of 6 x 3 x 6 ft ( 2 x 1 x 2m ) . a spacious cage with daily opportunities for flight is acceptable , although not ideal .\nthey need to be protected from temperatures below 59\u00b0f ( 15 \u00b0c ) and newly imported birds should be kept at temperatures of 70\u00b0f ( 22\u00b0c ) or warmer .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nl . s . sclateri : both adults mainly green ; red chin and throat ; orange / yellow mantle and back ; rump and upper tail coverts crimson , extending to tip of tail ; red carpal edge ; tail green tipped with yellow / green . bill black . eye pale yellow in male , brown in female . l . s . ruber : both adults as in sclateri , but with red mantle and back .\ncalls are weak and high - pitched ; also variously buzzy and di or trisyllabic notes that are repeated rapidly .\nplanted aviary 2 . 5 x 1 . 0 x 2m ( 8 . 2 x 3 . 3 x 6 . 5 ft ) outside ; inside very spacious enclosure with room to fly .\nmainly fruit such as : apple , pear , banana , figs ; vegetables ; store - bought or handmade lory formula ; small seed mix : canary , millets , grass seed ; if possible provide fruit tree branches will flowers ( unsprayed ) ; when rearing young provide softened rusk , eggfood and mealworm larvae .\nprovide plenty of bird - safe wood chewables ( fir , pine , elder and willow ) branches . also heat sterilized pine cones , wooden block toys and vegetable tanned leather toys .\nnest log 12cm x 30cm ( 4 . 7\nx 11 . 7\n) .\nfound up to 450m ( 1476 ft ) . generally occurs in primary and secondary forests , mainly at forest edge ; remnant tall trees in cultivated areas , plantations .\nfound single , in pairs or small groups . nesting material is tucked into wing feathers to be taken to the nest during breeding . courtship feeding has been recorded .\npossibly 3 rounded eggs , 17 . 0 x 14 . 5mm ( 0 . 7 x 0 . 5 in ) .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >\nmember of the l . stigmatus group ( which see ) . sometimes treated as conspecific with l . amabilis and l . catamene . race ruber was considered in hbw to be based on character present in at least some l . amabilis and probably age - related , but closer study has demonstrated its validity # r . two subspecies recognized .\nwith no red on head and a large orange patch , often with large red centre , on lower mantle and upper back . female similar . . .\nflight call a high - pitched thin triple - noted \u201ctsee - see - seet\u201d . when perched , utters similar calls . . .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . a birdlife \u201crestricted - range\u201d species . reported to be common throughout both island groups .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 814 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n) . it is found in secondary forest , at forest edges and in plantations at elevations of up to 1000 m .\nt . l . hybridus : polillo islands . blue on crown less extensive , tinged with violet . more green on wing coverts .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbirdlife international uses the taxonomy published in the two volumes of the hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world and subsequent updates .\nbirdlife uses this list as the basis for much of its global , regional and national priority - setting work , including , for example , the assessment of all birds for the iucn red list , and the identification of important bird and biodiversity areas ( ibas ) . however , some national birdlife partners may use other checklists and taxonomic sources that are particularly relevant in their context .\nthe excel version of the checklist includes the scientific and common names used , the authority ( for the original description of the taxon ) , the latest global iucn red list category ( e . g . extinct , vulnerable , least concern , etc . ) , taxonomic notes where relevant , and a record id number unique to the taxonomic entity . previously recognised taxa are also included and distinguished as \u2018not recognised\u2019 .\nthe hbw / birdlife international taxonomic working group makes decisions on modifications to the checklist , making extensive use of systematic criteria by which species rank can be consistently assessed where this is necessary ( e . g . for newly described species or proposed splits ) . these criteria ( tobias et al . 2010 ) involve weighting morphological and acoustic differences as compared with the nearest believed relative , and are particularly intended to help make decisions involving allopatric taxa ( as opposed to those in sympatric , parapatric or hybrid zone situations , where the situation is generally clearer ) .\nprior to the publication of the first volume of the hbw / birdlife checklist ( for non - passerines ) in 2014 and the second volume ( for passerines ) in 2016 , birdlife published an annually updated taxonomic checklist based on the taxonomies followed in a number of regional lists .\nwe envisage two main types of comment : proposals to consider splitting or lumping of taxa which were not scored against the tobias criteria in the published volumes of the checklist ( 2014 , 2016 ) ; and , for those species that were scored in the checklist ( whether this resulted in a split , a lump , or no change ) , proposals involving new information which may lead to revisions of these scores . video and audio recordings , records of presence in key areas , and descriptions of key features , behaviour and ecology , are among the variety of ways in which fieldworkers , ornithologists and birdwatchers can supply new evidence to help resolve ongoing taxonomic challenges and uncertainties .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . passerines\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\naerc tac ( 2003 ) aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . association of european rarities committees . available from : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls . checked : 11 / 5 / 2007 .\naou ( 1998 + supplements ) check - list of north american birds . seventh edition . washington , d . c . : american ornithologists ' union .\nbrooke , m . de l . ( 2004 ) albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford : oxford university press .\nbrooks , t . ( 2000 ) extinct species . pp . 701 - 708 in birdlife international ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . barcelona and cambridge , u . k . : lynx edicions and birdlife international\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : royal australasian ornithologists ' union ( raou monogr 2 ) .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . collingwood , australia : csiro publishing .\ncramp , s . and perrins , c . m . ( 1977 - 1994 ) handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford : oxford university press .\ndowsett , r . j . and forbes - watson , a . d . ( 1993 ) checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . li\u00e8ge , belgium : tauraco press .\nrobertson , c . j . r . and nunn , g . b . ( 1998 ) towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses . pp . 13 - 19 in robertson , g . and gales , r . , eds . albatross biology and conservation . chipping norton , australia : surrey beatty & sons .\nsacc ( 2006 + updates ) a classification of the bird species of south america . american ornithologists ' union . available from : urltoken\nsibley , c . g . and monroe , b . l . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . new haven , usa : yale university press .\nsibley , c . g . and monroe , b . l . ( 1993 ) a supplement to ' distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world ' . new haven , usa : yale university press .\nstotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . ( 1996 ) neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . chicago : university of chicago press .\nturbott , e . g . ( 1990 ) checklist of the birds of new zealand . third edition . wellington : ornithological society of new zealand .\nagne , c . e . and pacheco , l . f . ( 2007 ) a homonymy in thamnophilidae : a new name for dichropogon chubb . rev . bras . ornitol . 15 : 484 - 485 .\nagreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels ( 2006 ) report of the second meeting of the advisory committee , brasilia , brazil , 5 - 8 june 2006 . . available online at urltoken\nallen , d . , oliveros , c . , espa\u00f1ola , c . , broad , g . and gonzalez , j . c . t . ( 2004 ) a new species of gallirallus from calayan island , philippines . forktail 20 : 1 - 7 .\nalonso , j . a . and whitney , b . m . ( 2001 ) a new zimmerius tyrannulet ( aves : tyrranidae ) from white sand forests of northern amazonian peru . wilson bull . 113 : 1 - 9 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . ( 1998 ) taxonomy of the mirafra assamica complex . forktail 13 : 97 - 107 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . and olsson , u . ( 1995 ) a new species of phylloscopus warbler from sichuan province , china . ibis 137 : 459 - 468 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . and olsson , u . ( 1999 ) the golden - spectacled warbler : a complex of sibling species , including a previously undescribed species . ibis 141 : 545 - 568 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , olsson , u . and colston , p . r . ( 1992 ) a new species of phylloscopus warbler from central china . ibis 134 : 329 - 334 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , olsson , u . and colston , p . r . ( 1997 ) re - evaluation of the taxonomic status of phylloscopus proregulus kansuensis meise . bull . brit . ornithol . club 117 : 177 - 193 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , olsson , u . and round , p . d . ( 1991 ) the taxonomic status of acrocephalus agricola tangorum . forktail 6 : 3 - 13 .\nalstr\u00f6m , p . , olsson , u . , rasmussen , p . c . , cheng - te yao , ericson , p . g . p . and sundberg , p . ( 2007 ) morphological , vocal and genetic divergence in the cettia acanthizoides complex . zool . j . linn . soc . 149 : 437 - 452 .\nalviola iii , p . l . ( 1997 ) a new species of frogmouth ( podargidae , caprimulgiformes ) from busuanga island , palawan , philippines . asia life sci . 1 - 2 : 51 - 55 .\namadon , d . ( 1953 ) avian systematics and evolution in the gulf of guinea . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 100 : 393 - 452 .\nandrew , p . ( 1992 ) the birds of indonesia : a checklist ( peters ' sequence ) . jakarta : indonesian ornithological society .\naou ( 1983 ) check - list of north american birds . sixth edition . washington , d c : american ornithologists ' union .\naou ( 2000 ) forty - second supplement to the american ornithologists ' s union check - list of north american birds . auk 117 : 847 - 858 .\naou ( 2002 ) forty - third supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 119 : 897 - 906 .\naou ( 2003 ) forty - fourth supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 120 : 923 - 931 .\naou ( 2004 ) forty - fifth supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 121 : 985 - 995 .\naou ( 2005 ) forty - sixth supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 122 : 1026 - 1031 .\naou ( 2006 ) forty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 123 : 926 - 936 .\narcher , a . l . and turner , d . a . ( 1993 ) notes on the endemic species and some additional new birds occurring on pemba island , tanzania . scopus 16 : 94 - 98 .\nathreya , r . ( 2006 ) a new species of liocichla ( aves : timaliidae ) from eaglenest wildlife sanctuary , arunchal pradesh , india . indian birds 2 : 82 - 94 .\naustin , j . , bretagnolle , v . and pasquet , e . ( 2004 ) a global molecular phylogeny of the small puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the little - audubon ' s shearwater complex . auk 121 : 847 - 864 .\nbaillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( 1996 ) 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . cambridge , u . k . : international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources .\nbaker , a . j . , daugherty , c . h . , colbourne , r . and mclennan , j . l . ( 1995 ) flightless brown kiwis of new zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals . proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 92 : 8254 - 8258 .\nbalouet , j . - c . and alibert , e . ( 1990 ) extinct species of the world . new york : barron ' s educational series .\nbalouet , j . - c . and olson , s . l . ( 1989 ) fossil birds from late quaternary deposits in new caledonia . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institute ( smithsonian contributions to zoology 469 ) .\nbanks , j . , van buren , a . , cherel , y . and whitfield , j . b . ( 2006 ) genetic evidence for three species of rockhopper penguins eudyptes chrysocome . polar biol . 30 : 61 - 67 .\nbarrera , l . f . , bartels , a . and fundaci\u00f3n proaves de colombia ( 2010 ) a new species of antpitta ( family grallariidae ) from the colibr\u00ed del sol bird reserve , colombia . conserv . colomb . 13 : 8 - 24 .\nbeehler , b . m . , pratt , t . k . and zimmerman , d . a . ( 1986 ) birds of new guinea . princeton : princeton university press .\nbeehler , b . m . , prawiradilaga , d . m . , de fretes , y . and kemp , n . ( 2007 ) a new species of smoky honeyeater ( meliphagidae : melipotes ) from western new guinea . auk 124 : 1000 - 1009 .\nbenkman , c . w . ( 1994 ) comments on the ecology and status of the hispaniola crossbill ( loxia leucoptera megaplaga ) , with recommendations for its conservation . caribb . j . sci . 30 : 250 - 254 .\nbensch , s . and pearson , d . ( 2002 ) the large - billed reed warbler acrocephalus orinus revisited . ibis 144 : 259 - 267 .\nbenson , c . w . and irwin , m . p . s . ( 1965 ) a new species of tinker - barbet from northern rhodesia . bull . brit . ornithol . club 85 : 5 - 9 .\nberesford , p . and cracraft , j . ( 1999 ) speciation in african forest robins stiphrornis : species limits , phylogenetic relationships , and molecular biogeography . am . mus . novit . 3270 : 1 - 22 .\nberesford , p . , fjelds\u00e5 , j . and kiure , j . ( 2004 ) a new species of akalat ( sheppardia ) narrowly endemic in the eastern arc of tanzania . auk 121 : 23 - 34 .\nbergmann , h . - h . and schottler , b . h . ( 2001 ) tenerife robin - a species of its own ? . dutch birding 23 : 140 - 146 .\nbirdlife international ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . barcelona and cambridge : lynx edicions and birdlife international .\nbirdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . cambridge , u . k . : birdlife international .\nbirdlife international ( 2004 ) threatened birds of the world 2004 . cd - rom . cambridge , u . k . : birdlife international .\nboon , w . m . , kearvell , j . c . , daugherty , c . h . and chambers , g . k . ( 2000 ) molecular systematics of new zealand cyanoramphus parakeets : conservation of orange - fronted and forbes ' parakeets . bird conserv . int . 10 : 211 - 239 .\nbornschein , m . r . , maur\u00edcio , g . n . , belmonte - lopes , r . , mata , h . and bonatto , s . l . ( 2007 ) diamantina tapaculo , a new scytalopus endemic to the chapada diamantina , northeastern brazil ( passeriformes : rhinocryptidae ) . rev . bras . ornitol . 15 : 151 - 174 .\nbornschein , m . r . , reinert , b . l . and pichorim , m . ( 1998 ) descri\u00e7a1o , ecologia e conserva\u00e7a1o de um novo scytalopus ( rhinocryptidae ) so sul do brasil , com coment\u00e1rios sobre a morfologia da fam\u00edlia . ararajuba 6 : 3 - 36 .\nbornschein , m . r . , reinert , b . l . and teixeira , d . m . ( 1995 ) um novo formicariidae do sul do brasil ( aves , passeriformes ) . rio de janeiro : instituto igua\u00e7u de pesquisa e preserva\u00e7ao ambiental .\nborras , a . , cabrera , j and senar , j . c . 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( 1993 ) species limits of the cave swiftlets ( collocalia ) in micronesia . avocetta 17 : 101 - 106 .\nbunce , m . , szulkin , m . , lerner , h . r . l . , barnes , i . , shapiro , b . , cooper , a . and holdaway , r . n . ( 2005 ) ancient dna provides new insights into the evolutionary history of new zealand ' s extinct giant eagle . plos biol . 3 : 44 - 46 .\nburbidge , l . , colbourne , r . m . , roberston , h . a . and baker , a . j . ( 2003 ) molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of brown kiwi . conserv . genet . 4 : 167 - 177 .\nbutchart , d . ; mundy , p . 1981 . cape vultures in botswana . babbler : 6 - 7 .\ncain , a . j . and galbraith , i . c . j . ( 1956 ) field notes on the birds of the eastern solomon islands . ibis 98 : 100 - 134 , 262 - 295 .\ncarant\u00f3n - ayala , d . and certuche - cubillos , k . 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( 1987 ) an ecological history of the mascarene islands , with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates . pp . 5 - 89 in diamond , a . w . , ed . studies of mascarene island birds . cambridge , u . k . : cambridge university press .\ncheke , a . s . ( 2005 ) naming segregates from the columba - streptopelia pigeons following dna studies on phylogeny . bull . brit . ornithol . club 125 : 293 - 295 .\ncheke , r . a . , mann , c . f . and allen , r . ( 2001 ) sunbirds : a guide to the sunbirds , flowerpeckers , spiderhunters and sugarbirds of the world . london : christopher helm .\ncheng tso - hsin ( 1987 ) a synopsis of the avifauna of china . hamburg and berlin : paul parey scientific publishers .\ncheng tso - hsin ( 1994 ) a complete checklist of species and subspecies of chinese birds . beijing : science press .\nchristidis , l . ( 1999 ) evolution and biogeography of the australian grasswrens , amytornis ( aves : maluridae ) : biochemical perspectives . aust . j . zool . 47 : 113 - 124 .\ncibois , a . , kalyakin , m . v . , han lian - xian and pasquet , e . ( 2002 ) molecular phylogenetics of babblers ( timaliidae ) : revaluation of the genera yuhina and stachyris . j . avian biol . 33 : 380 - 390 .\ncibois , a . , thibault , j . - c . and pasquet , e . ( 2004 ) biogeography of eastern polynesian monarchs ( pomarea ) : an endemic genus close to extinction . condor 106 : 837 - 851 .\ncibois , a . , thibault , j . - c . and pasquet , e . ( 2008 ) systematics of the extinct reed warblers acrocephalus of the society islands of eastern polynesia . ibis 150 : 365 - 376 .\nclancey , p . a . ( 1992 ) taxonomic comment on southeastern representatives of two wide - ranging african cisticolas . bull . brit . ornithol . club 112 : 218 - 225 .\nclancey , p . a . 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( 2007 ) a new genus of frogmouth ( podargidae ) from the solomon islands - results from a taxonomic review of podargus ocellatus inexpectatus hartert 1901 . ibis 149 : 271 - 286 .\nclement , p . ( 1999 ) the african zoothera thrushes - identification , distribution and some problems with classification . bull . afr . bird club 6 : 17 - 24 .\nclement , p . , gregory , p . a . and moelicker , c . w . ( 2006 ) family monarchidae ( monarch - flycatchers ) : species accounts . pp . 280 - 329 in del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . a . , eds . handbook of birds of the world 11 . barcelona , spain : lynx edicions .\nclouet , m . and wink , m . ( 2000 ) the buzzards of cape verde buteo ( buteo ) bannermani and socotra buteo ( buteo ) spp . : first results of a genetic analysis based on nucreotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene . alauda 68 : 55 - 58 .\ncoates , b . j . 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( 1988 ) birds to watch : the icbp world check - list of threatened birds . cambridge , u . k . : international council for bird preservation ( icbp technical publication 08 ) .\ncollar , n . j . and long , a . j . ( 1995 ) taxonomy and names of carpococcyx cuckoos from the greater sundas . forktail 11 : 135 - 150 .\ncollar , n . j . and stuart , s . n . ( 1985 ) threatened birds of africa and related islands : the icbp / iucn red data book . cambridge , u . k . : international council for bird preservation , and international union for conservation of nature and natural resources .\ncollar , n . j . and van balen , s . ( 2002 ) the blue - tailed trogon harpactes ( apalharpactes reinwardtii ) : species limits and conservation status . forktail 18 : 121 - 125 .\ncollar , n . j . , crosby , m . j . and stattersfield , a . j . ( 1994 ) birds to watch 2 : the world list of threatened birds . cambridge , u . k . : birdlife international ( birdlife conservation series 04 ) .\ncollar , n . j . , dingle , c . , gabremichael , m . n . and spottiswoode , c . n . ( 2009 ) taxonomic status of the degodi lark mirafra degodiensis , with notes on the voice of gillett ' s lark m . gilletti . . bull . brit . ornithol . club 129 : 49 - 56 .\ncollar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madro\u00f1o nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . cambridge , u . k . : international council for bird preservation .\ncollar , n . j . , mallari , n . a . d . and tabaranza , b . r . j . ( 1999 ) threatened birds of the philippines : the haribon foundation / birdlife international red data book . makati city : bookmark .\ncoopmans , p . and krabbe , n . ( 2000 ) a new species of flycatcher ( tyrannidae : myiopagis ) from eastern ecuador and eastern peru . wilson bull . 112 : 305 - 443 .\ncowles , g . s . ( 1987 ) the fossil record . pp . 90 - 100 in diamond , a . w . , ed . studies of mascarene island birds . cambridge , u . k . : cambridge university press .\ncowles , g . s . ( 1994 ) a new genus , three new species and two new records of extinct holocene birds from r\u00e9union island , indian ocean . geobios 27 : 87 - 93 .\ncox , j . b . ( 1990 ) the enigmatic cooper ' s and cox ' s sandpiper . dutch birding 12 : 53 - 64 .\ncox , j . b . ( 1990 ) the measurements of cooper ' s sandpiper and the occurrence of a similar bird in australia . s . aust . ornithol . 30 : 169 - 181 ."]}
{"id": 2501, "summary": [{"text": "pyrobombus is a subgenus of bumblebees , with its centres of diversity in central asia and north-western north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the subgenus contains the following species : bombus abnormis ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus ardens smith , 1879 bombus avanus ( skorikov , 1938 ) bombus beaticola ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus bifarius cresson , 1878 bombus bimaculatus cresson , 1863 bombus biroi vogt , 1911 bombus brodmannicus vogt , 1909 bombus caliginosus ( frison , 1927 ) bombus centralis cresson , 1864 bombus cingulatus wahlberg , 1854 bombus cockerelli franklin , 1913 bombus ephippiatus say , 1837 bombus flavescens smith , 1852 bombus flavifrons cresson , 1863 bombus frigidus smith , 1854 bombus haematurus kriechbaumer , 1870 bombus huntii greene , 1860 bombus hypnorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) bombus impatiens cresson , 1863 bombus infirmus ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus infrequens ( tkalcu , 1989 ) bombus jonellus ( kirby , 1802 ) bombus kotzschi reinig , 1940 [ sic ] bombus lapponicus ( fabricius , 1793 ) bombus lemniscatus skorikov , 1912 bombus lepidus skorikov , 1912 bombus luteipes richards , 1934 bombus melanopygus nylander , 1848 bombus mirus ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus mixtus cresson , 1878 bombus modestus eversmann , 1852 bombus monticola smith , 1844 ? bombus oceanicus friese , 1909 bombus parthenius richards , 1934 bombus perplexus cresson , 1863 bombus picipes richards , 1934 bombus pratorum ( linnaeus , 1761 ) bombus pressus ( frison , 1935 ) bombus pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez , 1880 bombus rotundiceps friese , 1916 bombus sandersoni franklin , 1913 bombus sitkensis nylander , 1848 bombus sonani ( frison , 1934 ) bombus subtypicus ( skorikov , 1914 ) bombus sylvicola kirby , 1837 bombus ternarius say , 1837 bombus vagans smith , 1854 bombus vandykei ( frison , 1927 ) bombus vosnesenskii radoszkowski , 1862 bombus wangae williams et al. , 2009 ? bombus wilmattae cockerell , 1912", "topic": 22}], "title": "pyrobombus", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for pyrobombus yet . learn how to contribute .\ntaxonomic status : the peculiar b . pressus was first recognised to be a species of the subgenus pyrobombus by cameron et al . ( 2007 [ pdf ] ) .\nbombus ( pr . ) mirus ( tkalcu ) mirus ( tkalcu , 1968 a : 37 [ pyrobombus ] ) examined ? tibetanus friese , 1913 : 86 , examined , not of morawitz , 1887 : 202 ( = b . tibetanus ( morawitz ) ) 2 names\npart of the bumblebee phylogenetic tree including available pyrobombus species from an analysis of dna sequence data for five genes ( cameron et al . 2007 [ pdf ] ) . values above branches are bayesian posterior probabilities , values below branches are parsimony bootstrap values . alternative resolution from parsimony analysis is shown with dotted lines .\nbombus ( pr . ) infirmus ( tkalcu ) leucurus bischoff , 1936 : 8 , examined , not of bischoff & hedicke , 1931 : 391 ( = b . subtypicus ( skorikov ) ) infirmus ( tkalcu , 1968 a : 24 [ pyrobombus ] ) replacement name for leucurus bischoff , 1936 : 8 3 names\nbombus ( pr . ) subtypicus ( skorikov ) leucopygus morawitz in fedtschenko , 1875 : 3 , not of illiger , 1806 : 172 ( = b . hypnorum ( linnaeus ) ) [ leucopygos ( skorikov , 1914 b : 294 [ pratobombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] subtypicus ( skorikov , 1914 b : 294 [ pratobombus ] ) examined leucurus bischoff & hedicke , 1931 : 391 , replacement name for leucopygus morawitz in fedtschenko , 1875 : 3 kohistanensis ( tkalcu , 1989 : 49 [ pyrobombus ] ) examined 11 names\nin his original description of b . flavifrons , cresson ( 1863 ) conceded that this might be the same species as kirby ' s b . praticola , and he went on to write ( p . 106 ) that he had not yet identified b . praticola . franklin ( 1913 : 371 ) wrote that he had ' been unable to decide whether the original description of b . praticolus [ sic ] referred to this species [ b . flavifrons ] or to the colour variant of pleuralis [ intermediate colour patterns between b . flavifrons and b . pleuralis ] . ' milliron ( 1971 : 42 ) subsequently listed pyrobombus praticola flavifrons ( cr . ) as a member of his ' praticola group ' .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n/\nnumber of species in equal - area ( 611 , 000 km\u00b2 ) grid cells with an equal - interval blue scale .\nhabitat : mountain - meadow , forest , grassland , semi - desert , and tropical montane forest . this subgenus includes species of both the arctic tundra and tropical hill forests .\nfood - plants : short to medium tongue - length bumblebees visiting shallow to medium flowers . workers often have particularly small body sizes and are more likely than many other bumblebee species to visit flowers where they have to hang upside down . they also provide ' buzz ' pollination .\nnesting behaviour : nests underground or on the surface . non - pocket makers . colonies are often small with a short cycle . some species have more than one colony cycle per year .\ntaxonomic status : b . pleuralis and b . flavifrons have usually been regarded as conspecific , but they were regarded as separate species by franklin ( 1913 ) , and more recently poole ( 1996 ) lists them as separate species without explanation . in my opinion , the lectotype of b . pleuralis designated by milliron ( 1960 : 95 ) is an individual of the dark form of b . flavifrons ( see descriptions of variation by e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ) . see also the comments on b . mixtus .\nalthough b . pleuralis is the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , the name b . flavifrons has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp , 1969 , 1970 ; plowright & stephen , 1973 ; macior , 1975 ; sakagami , 1976 ; hurd , 1979 ; plowright & owen , 1980 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; laverty & harder , 1988 ) . i know of no publications using the name b . pleuralis since 1950 , apart from the list by poole ( 1996 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage should be maintained ( in prep . ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . melanopygus and b . edwardsii were shown by owen & plowright ( 1980 ) to differ by a single pair of alleles at one locus controlling the colour of the pubescence on gastral terga ii - iii . there can be little doubt that they are conspecific ( owen et al . , 2010 ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . sylvicola is morphologically closely similar to b . lapponicus , and it has been suggested repeatedly that they are conspecific ( e . g . sladen , 1919 ; skorikov , 1922 a , 1937 ; pittioni , 1942 , 1943 ; thorp , 1962 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ) .\nevidence from comparisons of dna sequences from the 16s gene is not strong but consistent with the two taxa being separate species ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as two separate species . see also the comments on b . monticola .\nbombus ( pr . ) monticola smith montanus smith , 1844 : 549 , not of lepeletier , [ 1835 ] : 463 ( = b . ruderarius ( m\u00fcller ) ) monticola smith , 1849 : lx , replacement name for montanus smith , 1844 : 549 lugubris sparre - schneider , 1909 : 155 , not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 159 ( = b . maxillosus ( klug ) ) norvegicus friese , 1911 : 571 scandinavicus friese , 1912 : 684 , replacement name for lugubris sparre - schneider , 1909 : 255 29 names\ntaxonomic status : b . scandinavicus ( = b . monticola ) and b . lapponicus are names that were applied initially to two colour forms in scandinavia .\nl\u00f8ken ( 1973 ) reported that these two taxa overlap narrowly in distribution and intergrade . however , they have been found to differ consistently ( for the samples analysed ) in the composition of cephalic secretions ( bergstr\u00f6m & svensson , 1973 ; svensson & bergstr\u00f6m , 1977 ) . svensson ( 1973 , 1979 ) also described subtle differences in morphological characters , although other morphological studies by l\u00f8ken ( 1973 ) and pekkarinen ( 1979 ) found no distinct differences . pekkarinen ( 1982 , in litt . ) now believes that they are separate species . however , from a study of sequence data from coi genes , koulianos ( 1999 ) suggests that they are likely to be conspecific .\nit remains possible that there is a hybrid zone in scandinavia where the colour forms b . monticola and b . lapponicus intergrade , with some gene flow . in this case , depending on the species concept embraced , these taxa might be considered conspecific ( see the comments on b . ruderatus ) . until further evidence is available , i shall continue to treat them as separate species .\nintroductions : until the twentieth century b . monticola was not known in ireland , where it is now established ( see references in alford , 1975 , 1980 ) ( see comments on b . pratorum ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . andamanus was described as originating from ' andaman ' ( = andaman islands , indian ocean ) , but appears to be a mislabelled queen of b . bifarius ( tkalcu , 1966 ) . i have examined this specimen and agree with this identification ( i . e . contrary to richards , 1929 b , it is not a species of the subgenus bombus s . str . ) .\nintroductions : in 1999 i was shown a photo of a specimen of this species that had been collected in queensland , australia , where it must have been introduced . see thorp ( 2003 ) .\nintroductions : this species has been introduced into mexico and california , which are outside its native range ( thorp , 2003 ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . folsomi was described as originating from ' kina bala / n . borneo ' ( = gunung kinabalu , sabah ) , but appears to be a mislabelled queen of b . ephippiatus , probably from costa rica or panama ( starr , 1989 ) . i have examined this specimen and agree with this identification .\nthe taxa wilmattae , alboniger and b . ephippiatus have been regarded both as conspecific and as separate species . b . ephippiatus and wilmattae were regarded as separate species by labougle et al . ( 1985 ) and labougle ( 1990 ) , who described diagnostic characters of colour pattern and morphology . however , d . yanega ( in litt . ) and g . chavarr\u00eda ( pers . com . ) believe that all of these nominal taxa are part of the widespread and variable b . ephippiatus .\nvery extensive studies of dna variation by duennes et al . ( 2016 ) show these taxa ( 1 ) separately not all to be monophyletic and ( 2 ) bgmyc analysis of the coi gene shows the entire mesoamerican complex to be unambiguously a single species . i shall treat them as parts of one species .\nbombus ( pr . ) hypnorum ( linnaeus ) hypnorum ( linnaeus , 1758 : 579 [ apis ] ) examined leucopygus illiger , 1806 : 172 calidus erichson in middendorff , 1851 : 65 fletcheri richards , 1934 : 90 , examined insularis sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 : 180 , not of smith , 1861 : 155 ( = b . insularis ( smith ) ) koropokkrus sakagami & ishikawa , 1972 : 610 , replacement name for insularis sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 : 180 29 names\ntaxonomic status : b . hypnorum is a broadly distributed species with a fairly easily recognised brown - black - white colour pattern ( e . g . reinig , 1939 ; williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . it is possibly a complex of similar cryptic species .\ndistribution : palaearctic , japanese , oriental regions , arctic border . the first definite record of this species from britain was in 2001 ( goulson & williams , 2001 [ pdf ] ) . it has since been recorded from several sites in southern england .\nphotograph : the first definite british specimen , in the collection of the natural history museum , london .\ntaxonomic status : although long regarded as a separate species ( but see williams , 1991 [ pdf ] : 71 ) , on the basis of dna - sequence data hines et al . ( 2006 [ pdf ] ) and cameron et al . ( 2007 [ pdf ] ) have questioned whether b . perplexus might be conspecific with b . hypnorum . however , there are consistent morphological differences in the available samples .\nbombus ( pr . ) lepidus skorikov lepidus skorikov , 1912 : 606 , examined genitalis friese , 1913 : 85 , examined tetrachromus friese , 1918 : 85 , examined , not of cockerell , 1909 : 397 ( = b . kashmirensis friese ) yuennanicola bischoff , 1936 : 7 , examined 8 names\ntaxonomic status : b . lepidus and b . yuennanicola have been considered both as separate species ( bischoff , 1936 ) and as conspecific ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from five genes is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) .\nbombus ( pr . ) picipes richards flavus friese , 1905 : 517 , examined , not of p\u00e9rez , 1884 : 265 ( = b . campestris ( panzer ) ) picipes richards , 1934 : 90 , examined klapperichi pittioni , 1949 : 266 , examined 6 names\nnomenclature : with psithyrus regarded as being a subgenus of the genus bombus ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] , 1995 [ pdf ] ) , b . pratorum subsp . flavus friese ( 1905 ) becomes a junior secondary homonym in bombus of psithyrus campestris var . flavus p\u00e9rez ( 1884 ) ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , and therefore b . flavus friese is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 ) . for this species , the oldest available name of which i am aware is b . parthenius var . picipes richards , 1934 ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , which becomes the valid name , b . picipes . the only publications using the name b . flavus friese since 1950 of which i am aware are by sakagami ( 1972 ) , ito ( 1993 ) and yao & luo ( 1997 ) , so this change of valid name is not a serious disruption of common usage .\nbombus ( pr . ) kotzschi reinig agnatus skorikov , 1933 b : 248 , examined , not of skorikov , 1912 : 97 ( = b . monticola smith ) kotzschi reinig , 1940 : 227 , examined 2 names\ntaxonomic status : several of these nominal taxa have been treated as separate species . b . rufoflavus [ peninsular malaysia ] and b . baguionensis [ philippines ] are particularly distinct in colour pattern . they may prove to be separate species , but from the material available from a few sites , they appear to be closely similar in morphology to b . flavescens ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .\nbombus ( pr . ) pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez , [ 1880 , see baker , 1996 d : 300 ] : 127 , not of lepeletier , 1832 : 375 ( = b . rupestris ( fabricius ) ) tenuifasciatus vogt , 1909 : 49 [ pyreneus pagliano , 1995 : 23 , incorrect subsequent spelling ] 16 names\nnomenclature : with psithyrus regarded as being a subgenus of the genus bombus ( williams , 1991 , 1995 ) , b . pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez ( 1880 ) becomes a junior secondary homonym in bombus of psithyrus pyrenaeus lepeletier ( 1832 ) , and therefore b . pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 ) . the next available name , tenuifasciatus , was used by vogt ( 1909 ) for individuals with particular colour patterns from both b . pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez and b . sichelii . the choice of which of these two homonyms should have precedence depends on the principle of the first reviser ( iczn , 1999 : article 24 ) . as far as i have been able to discover , tkalcu ( 1973 : 266 ) is the first author to have recognised this problem . he recognised precedence for b . pyrenaeus ssp . tenuifasciatus vogt . consequently , the oldest available name for this species , and therefore the valid name , is b . tenuifasciatus .\nalthough b . tenuifasciatus is the oldest available name for this species , the name b . pyrenaeus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . krusemen , 1958 ; tkalcu , 1969 , 1973 , 1975 ; reinig , 1972 , 1981 ; delmas , 1976 ; rasmont , 1983 ; ornosa , 1986 ; williams , 1991 ; rasmont et al . , 1995 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) . however , the consequence of this action would be that pyrenaeus ( lepeletier ) would no longer be available for a subspecies of b . rupestris .\nbombus ( pr . ) wangae williams et al . wangae williams et al . , 2009 : 159 , examined 1 name\nintroductions : this species was deliberately introduced into sydney , australia , but is not known to have persisted ( oliff , 1895 ) . until the twentieth century , b . pratorum was not known in ireland , where it is now well established ( see references in alford , 1975 , 1980 ) ( see comments on b . monticola ) .\nbombus ( pr . ) mixtus cresson praticola kirby , 1837 : 274 mixtus cresson , 1878 : 186 , not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 160 ( = b . maxillosus klug ) 3 names\ntaxonomic status : the identity of b . praticola has remained uncertain ( e . g . cresson , 1863 ; franklin , 1913 ) . recently , poole ( 1996 ) has listed b . praticola , b . mixtus and b . flavifrons as separate species without explanation .\nalthough i know of no type material , kirby provided a description of b . praticola from northern canada ( latitude 65\u00b0 north ) with a colour pattern ( including anterior half of abdomen yellow , posterior ferruginous ) that for individuals from this area is most likely to be conspecific with either b . mixtus ( some individuals have few black hairs on gastral terga ii - iii ) , or conspecific with b . flavifrons ( which has terga v - vi black , although this is not always apparent from the dorsal view ) .\nhowever , from the original description i believe that the original material was more likely to have been of the species that has come to be known as b . mixtus . see the comments on b . flavifrons .\nnomenclature : b . praticola is probably the oldest available name for this species . any remaining confusion could be resolved by the designation of an appropriate neotype ( e . g . see the comments on b . subterraneus ) .\nalthough b . praticola is probably the oldest available name for this species , the name b . mixtus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp , 1970 ; plowright & stephen , 1973 ; k . w . richards , 1973 ; macior , 1975 ; sakagami , 1976 ; hurd , 1979 ; plowright & owen , 1980 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; laverty & harder , 1988 ; macfarlane et al . , 1994 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) . however , the consequence of this action would be that mixtus ( kriechbaumer ) would no longer be available for a subspecies of b . maxillosus .\ntaxonomic status : b . alboanalis has been regarded both as a separate species ( franklin , 1913 ; frison , 1927 ) and as conspecific with either b . frigidus ( burks , 1951 ; hurd , 1979 ; poole , 1996 ) or b . jonellus ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] : 78 [ as b . jonellus from western canada ] ; scholl et al . , 1995 ) .\nrecently , scholl et al . ( 1995 ) concluded from studies of enzyme mobility morphs that b . alboanalis and b . frigidus have separate gene pools , but that b . alboanalis and b . jonellus show a low level of genetic differentiation . they also noted the lack of colour gradation between sympatric b . alboanalis and b . frigidus .\nfrom the limited amount of material i have examined , i believe that b . alboanalis and b . jonellus are morphologically closely similar . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .\ntaxonomic status : b . oceanicus is known only from the kurile islands . a particularly close relationship with the otherwise broadly distributed b . cingulatus ( absent from the kuriles , but present in kamchatka , reinig , 1939 ; ito & sakagami , 1980 ) has been suggested by ito & sakagami ( 1980 ) and it is possible that they are conspecific . more evidence is awaited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmidleg with rounded angle . the faces and malar space are variable in length but tend to be intermediate between the cullumanobombus ( shorter ) and the thoracobombus ( longer ) . the hair coat of many species is relatively long and shaggy but less so than in alpinobombus . eye of male normal ( not enlarged )\nspecies identification is often difficult , as their are many similar species that mimic each other .\nholarctic group ; ~ 30 spp . are in the palaearctic ; in our area , all 19 spp . occur in the us , 17 also in canada , 2 range into mexico ( there are 2 more spp . in mexico & c . america to panama )\nthe subgenus is particular common in temperate climates and less well represented in xeric or truly boreal regions .\nflight season typically long . queens of many species emerge early . some such as bimaculatus and perplexus produce reproductives in summer and end activity soon after , whereas other species such as impatien persist until very late fall .\nfloral associations diverse and variable depending on tongue length . this subgenus includes some of the most important pollinators of crops such as apples and blueberries .\nthis subgenus includes some of the most common species . most seem to be persisting or even increasing unlike species in other subgenera such as bombus ( bombus ) that have declined severely .\nmost orange - banded bumble bees belong to this subgenus ( b . ( cullumanobombus ) rufocinctus is the exception )\ncontributed by beatriz moisset on 18 november , 2008 - 9 : 15pm additional contributions by ted kropiewnicki , john s . ascher , ceiseman , v belov last updated 19 march , 2014 - 11 : 02pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nzoe foster set\nimage of bombus impatiens\nas an exemplar on\nbombus impatiens cresson , 1863\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 2505, "summary": [{"text": "chrysichthys depressus is a species of bagrid catfish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only found near boma .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was formerly known as gnathobagrus depressus , now chrysichthys depressus . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "gnathobagrus depressus", "paragraphs": ["showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ngnathobagrus depressus\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ngnathobagrus depressus\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 180200 . tif [ 2390348 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm lateral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 180201 . tif [ 2236768 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm ventral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 187714 . tif [ 637068 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 31 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm lateral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 180198 . tif [ 2482700 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm dorsal view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ngreek , chrysos = golden + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : only known from the type locality at boma ( lower congo river basin ) , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 41594 , 58032 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3236 )\nrisch , l . m . , 1986 . bagridae . p . 2 - 35 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00369 - 0 . 01962 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\nfrickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas \u2013 fishes . \u2013mergus \u2013 publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .\nlahti , s . , malmstr\u00f6m , k . k . , koli , l . , leikola , a . , syrj\u00e4m\u00e4ki , j . & lahti , j . , 1980 : zoo , suuri el\u00e4inkirja 5 : kalat , sammakkoel\u00e4imet , matelijat . \u2013werner s\u00f6derstr\u00f6m osakeyhti\u00f6 , porvoo - helsinki - juva , 1980 . original work [ in french ] : beaut\u00e9 du monde animal : ix reptiles / amphibiens & x poissons . \u2013rizzoli editore , milano , 1968\nmurray , a . m . & stewart , k . m . , 2001 : late eocene and early oligocene teleost fishes from fay\u0171m , egypt . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 21 , # 3 , supplement to # 3 , pp . 82a\nng , h . h . , 2008 : a new species of nanobagrus ( teleostei : bagridae ) from southern borneo . \u2013copeia : vol . 2008 , # 1 , pp . 93 - 98 [ doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 07 - 001 ]\nnelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . \u2013john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600\nng , h . h . & freyhof , j . , 2005 : a new species of pseudomystus ( teleostei : bagridae ) from central vietnam . \u2013copeia : vol . 2005 [ 105 ] , # 4 , pp . 745 - 750\nsullivan , j . p . , lundberg , j . g . & hardman , m . , 2006 : a phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) using rag 1 and rag 2 nuclear gene sequences . \u2013molecular phylogenetics and evolution : vol . 41 , # 3 , pp . 636 - 662 [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 05 . 044 ]"]}
{"id": 2508, "summary": [{"text": "aboma etheostoma , the scaly boy , is a species of goby native to the pacific coast of central america from mexico to panama .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "aboma etheostoma", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is aboma etheostoma ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the aboma etheostoma species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of aboma etheostoma species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species aboma etheostoma .\nhow to identify aboma etheostoma marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species aboma etheostoma . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species aboma etheostoma are marked in green .\nwhere is aboma etheostoma found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species aboma etheostoma can be found .\n( of gobiosoma etheostoma ( jordan & starks , 1895 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific . however , there is no population information , and more information is needed to determine the impact of extensive habitat loss from coastal development and aquaculture on this substrate - specific , shallow - water species . it is listed as data deficient .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , ranging from the eastern gulf of california to panama .\nthere is no population information available for this species . it is thought to be uncommon .\nthis demersal species inhabits shallow estuaries ( 0 - 8 m ) , and is restricted to substrate of a firm mixture of mud and sand . it feeds on mobile benthic worms and crustacea .\nthis species is threatened by loss of habitat due to shrimp farming , coastal aquaculture , and mangrove destruction from coastal development . as this species is restricted to near - shore shallow water habitat with specific substrate , more information is needed to determine the effect of widespread habitat loss and degradation on its population .\nthere are no known specific conservation measures for this species . this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific ( wdpa 2006 ) . additionally , populations are known to exist within ramsar sites in southeastern gulf of california .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 92840 )\ndistinguished by having the following characteristics : large eyes ; small mouth ; ctenoid scales on body ; 4 modified basicaudal scales on caudal peduncle ; vii spines in first dorsal fin , first 2 of which may be elongate in males ; mottled , light brown pigment on body ; maximally reaching 3 . 4 cm sl ( ref . 92840 ) .\ninhabits shallow intertidal areas with sandy / mud substrate ( ref . 92840 ) .\nr\u00fcber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal , 2003 . rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 . ( ref . 51797 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gobiosoma polyporosum dawson , 1969 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nhead rounded , snout pointed ; mouth small ( ends under pupil ) , oblique ; eye large ( ~ snout length ) ; narrow between eyes ( < 1 / 2 eye diameter ) ; no barbels under chin or under front nostril ; males with large canines in outer row of teeth on side of lower jaw ; preopercle with 2 - 3 pores ; no teeth on side of roof of mouth ; dorsal fin vii spines ( large males - first spine long , ribbon - like , reaching to middle of soft dorsal ) , 11 - 12 ( usually 12 ) dorsal rays ; 10 - 12 ( usually 11 ) anal rays ; pectoral 16 - 19 rays , longer than pelvic ; pelvics fused in disc ; male papilla long & slender ; body scaled rearward of line under 2nd dorsal spine to upper pectoral base & from lower pectoral base to anus , 26 - 30 lateral rows of scales ; 4 large , very rough scales on base of tail fin .\n( preserved fish ) tan to grey brown , head with scattered black dots , 2 prominent spots behind eye , 2 oblique bars from eye to under rear end of lower jaw ; 4 - 5 rows of dark spots forming a dark lateral stripe along body ; belly pale ; tail with 5 - 6 dark chevrons ( lower 1 / 2 of those marks darker ) ; 1 / 2 inner half of pectoral with a dark chevron ( upper 1 / 2 darker ) ; anal dusky , darker at edge ; 1st dorsal with 2 rows of spots , top row forming a dark stripe between 4th to 7th spines second dorsal mottle ; pelvics dusky ; pectoral with yellow spot and , dark curved bar .\ncastri - aguirre , j . l . , espinoza - p\u00e9rez , h . and schmitter - soto , j . j . , 2002 . , lista sitem\u00e1tica , biogeogr\u00e1fica y ecol\u00f3gica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de m\u00e9xico . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo le\u00f3n : 117 - 142 .\ndawson , c . e . , 1969 . , a new seven - spined goby , gobiosoma ( austrogobius ) polyporosum , from the pacific coast of panam\u00e1 . , copeia , 1969 : 510 - 514 .\nfindley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versi\u00f3n 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservaci\u00f3n internacional .\nfischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen ii . vertebrados - parte 1 . , fao2 : 647 - 1200 .\nhoese , d . f . , 1971 . , a revision of the eastern pacific species of the gobiid fish genus gobiosoma , with a discussion of the relationships of the genus . ph . d . diss . univ . california , san diego . , university of california : 213pp .\njordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1898 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part iii . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 2183 - 3136 .\njordan , d . s . , 1895 . , the fishes of sinaloa . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 2 ) , 5 : 377 - 514 .\nlopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .\nvan der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , m\u00e9xico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\nr\u00e3\u00bcber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal , 2003 . rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 . ( ref . 51797 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhead and body slender ; head elongate , snout pointed ; eye large ( ~ snout length ) ; narrow between eyes ( < \u00bd eye diameter ) ; mouth small ; males with large canines in outer row of teeth on side of lower jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; tongue round to blunt ; head without barbels ; front nostril tubular , rear with raised rim ; preopercle with 2 - 3 pores ; dorsal fin vii ( large males - 1st spine long , ribbon - like , reaching to middle of soft dorsal ) + i , 11 - 12 ; anal fin i , 10 - 12 rays ; pectoral 16 - 19 rays , longer than pelvic ; pelvics fused in disc ; body scaled rearward of line under 2nd dorsal spine to upper pectoral base & from lower pectoral base to anus ; scales rough , large , 26 - 30 l ateral rows ; 4 large , very rough scales on base of tail fin .\ntan to grey brown ; lower part of head with scattered black dots , 2 prominent spots behind eye , 2 oblique bars from eye to under rear end of lower jaw ; 4 - 6 rows of dark spots forming narrow dark stripes along body ; 1st dorsal with 2 thick dark stripes ; 2nd dorsal with 3 rows of dark spots ; anal dusky , darker at edge ; pectoral base with a dark curved bar ; pelvics dusky ; tail fin with 5 - 6 dark chevron bars .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\njordan , david s . & e . c . starks in jordan , david s . 1895 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nescobar - fern\u00e1ndez , r . and m . siri ( 1997 ) nombres vern\u00e1culos y cient\u00edficos de los peces del pac\u00edfico mexicano . : universidad aut\u00f3noma de baja california , sociedad ictiol\u00f3gica mexicana , a . c . mexico .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .\nr\u00fcber , l . , j . l . van tassell and r . zardoyal ( 2003 ) rapid speciation and ecological divergence in the american seven - spined gobies ( gobiidae , gobiosomatini ) inferred from a molecular phylogeny . : evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598 .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhead - rounded but more compressed that the typical gobiosoma head ; the overall body is distinctly more slender than a gobiosoma .\ncolor - color pattern is variable ; generally dark colored with light areas on the head and light saddles behind the first dorsal and on the caudal peduncle ; distinct dak banding on the tail is distinctly noticable as is the dark mark on the pectoral fin .\nnotes - this species does not belong in the genus gobiosoma . see ruber , van tassell and zardoya . 2003 . evolution 57 ( 7 ) : 1584 - 1598"]}
{"id": 2511, "summary": [{"text": "naja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus naja belonging to the family elapidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species had long been considered to be a subspecies of the black-necked spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) , but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "naja nigricincta", "paragraphs": ["naja nigricincta is in the family elapidae and the genus naja . it has two subspecies , naja nigricincta woodi and naja nigricincta nigricincta . both naja nigricincta nigricincta and naja nigricincta woodi were thought to be subspecies of naja nigricollis . w\u00fcster et al . ( 2007 ) revealed that naja nigricollis is polyphyletic , so naja nigricincta was recognized as its own species , with two subspecies . naja nigricincta is most closely related to naja ashei and naja mossambica .\nnaja nigricollis belongs to the cobra genus naja under the family elapidae . it previously included two subspecies that have been moved to the species naja nigricincta - the zebra spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta nigricincta ) and the black spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta woodi ) .\nnaja nigricollis nigricincta bogert 1940 naja nigricollis var . fasciata bocage 1895 : 136 ( fide broadley 1974 ) naja nigricollis nigricinctus bogert 1940 naja mossambica nirgicincta \u2014 broadley 1968 naja nigricollis nigricincta \u2014 welch 1994 : 93 naja nigricollis nigricincta \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 199 naja nigricollis nigricincta \u2014 bauer et al . 1993 naja nigricincta \u2014 cimatti 2007 naja nigricincta \u2014 w\u00fcster et al . 2007 naja ( afronaja ) nigricincta \u2014 wallach et al . 2009 afronaja nigricincta \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 10 naja nigricincta \u2014 schleicher 2015 : 209 naja nigricincta woodi pringle 1955 naja nigra smith 1838 : 92 ( fide branch & bauer 2005 ) naja nigricollis woodi pringle 1955 naja mossambica woodi \u2014 broadley 1968 naja nigricollis woodi \u2014 broadley 1974 : 158 naja nigricollis woodi \u2014 welch 1994 : 93 naja nigricollis woodi \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 198 naja woodi \u2014 bauer & branch 2003 naja nigricincta woodi \u2014 w\u00fcster et al . 2007 naja nigricincta woodi \u2014 bates et al . 2014 : 405 naja nigricincta woodi \u2014 schleicher 2015 : 207\nnaja nigricincta is a species of spitting cobra in the genus naja belonging to the family elapidae .\nthe black - necked spitting cobra ' belongs to the cobra genus naja under the family elapidae . it previously included two subspecies that have been moved to the species naja nigricincta - the zebra spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta nigricincta ) and the black spitting cobra ( naja nigricincta woodi ) .\nnaja nigricollis previously included two subspecies - naja nigricollis nigricincta and naja nigricollis woodi . but genetic studies in 2007 by wolfgang w\u00fcster et al . have concluded that these subspecies should be treated under a separate species , naja nigricincta . [ 4 ]\ncunningham , p . & van der waal , c . 2010 . naja nigricincta nigricincta ( bogert , 1940 ) diet . african herp news ( 51 ) : 9 - 11\nnaja nigricollis reinhardt 1843 : 369 naja nigricollis var . crawshayi g\u00fcnther 1893 naja nigricillis var . occidentalis bocage 1895 naja nigricollis \u2014 schmidt 1923 : 128 ( fide broadley 1968 ) naja nigricollis atriceps laurent 1955 : 135 naja nigricollis crawshayi \u2014 laurent 1956 : 298 naja nigricollis occidentalis \u2014 laurent 1973 naja nigricollis nigricollis \u2014 broadley & howell 1991 : 24 naja nigricollis nigricollis \u2014 welch 1994 : 93 naja crawshayi \u2014 broadley & cotterill 2004 naja nigricollis \u2014 chirio & ineich 2006 naja crawshayi \u2014 branch 2008 naja nigricollis \u2014 wallach et al . 2009 afronaja nigricollis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 10 afronaja crawshayi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 9 naja ( afronaja ) nigricollis \u2014 conradie et al . 2016 naja nigricollis \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 555\nbarts , mirko . 2014 . naja nigricincta nigricincta bogert , 1940 zebraschlange , namibia speikobra , western barred cobra , zebra cobra . sauria 36 ( 1 ) : 1 - 2 - get paper here\none easy way to distinguish the two species is by their geographic ranges . naja nigricollis has a much larger and slightly more northern range than that of naja nigricincta . naja nigricollis can be found all the way from southern mauritania across to somalia , down to mozambique and across to northern namibia . naja nigricincta is only found in namibia , angola , and south africa .\ncommon names ( subsp . nigricincta ) western barred spitting cobra , zebra spitting cobra\nvenomous ! boycott & haacke ( 1979 ) noted intergradation between nigricincta and woodi in southern namibia .\nnaja nigricincta can grow to lengths of up to 1 . 5 meters ( 4 . 9 feet ) . they are short compared to many other species of cobra .\nnaja nigricollis reinhardt , 1843 at the reptile database . accessed 10 may 2012 .\nnaja nigricincta is an african species , found in the southwestern tip of the continent . it is known to exist in namibia , south africa , and angola , especially in northern namibia and southwestern angola .\nnaja nigricincta is a venomous spitting cobra found in southwestern africa . it was originally thought to be a subspecies of naja nigricollis , but recent morphological data has shown that it is a separate species . for this reason , not a lot of information is known that is specific to this particular species .\nnaja nigricincta will raise the anterior portion of its body and flatten its head and neck to form a hood when threatened . if further provoked it will\nspit\nor squirt venom into the eyes of its attacker .\nnaja nigricollis ( tsn 700633 ) at integrated taxonomic information system . accessed 10 may 2012 .\nnaja nigricincta feeds primarily on rodents . it will defend itself if threatened by spitting venom in its enemy ' s eyes . there are accounts each year of humans being bitten by this snake , but with only about a 5 - 10 % fatality rate .\nn . ashei , n . katiensis , n . mossambica , n . nigricincta , n . nigricollis , n . nubiae and n . pallida : spitting cobras , speikobras\nabraham , g . 1981 . interessante jugendf\u00e4rbung bei naja nigricollis . sauria 3 ( 2 ) : 21 - 21 - get paper here\nnaja nigricincta has an unusual venom compared to other elapids . while it retains the neurotoxic properties found in most elapid venom , it is made up primarily of cytotoxins ( fry et al . 2003 ) . the combination of these toxins can cause massive hemorrhaging , necrosis around the bite wound , and paralysis of the diaphragm in bite victims .\nnaja nigricincta is a member of the family elapidae . it is a venomous cobra . like other elapids , it injects venom into its prey with short front fangs . it is a spitting cobra , and can spit venom at its enemies . it uses a venom that is primarily cytotoxic , but still retains neurotoxic properties found in most elapid venoms .\nnaja nigricincta is an oviparous venomous spitting cobra with dark brown to black body and zebra - like vertical whitish or light yellow stripes along the dorsal side . these stripes are generally evenly spaced and can be complete or fragmented . the ventral scales range from white to orange in color . in juvenile snakes the overall coloration is lighter than in the adults ,\nkraits cobras sea snakes and relatives : elapidae - black - necked spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) : species accounts . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\nabriol , sabrina . spitting cobra ( naja nigricollis ) . herpetology - dr . dever . university of san francisco , california . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\nbroadley , d . g . 1958 . the races of naja nigricollis occurring in rhodesia . j . herp . assoc . rhodesia 2 : 5\u20136 - get paper here\npringle , ja . 1955 . a new species of the spitting cobra naja nigricollis reinhardt from the cape province . ann . natal mus . 13 : 253 - 254 .\nsolid black , or grey body with black hood and head , in some cases it is outwardly identical to naja nigricollis and can only be distinguished by size and range .\nhughes , d . f . , et al . 2017 . geographic distribution : naja nigricollis ( black - necked spitting cobra ) . herpetological review 48 ( 2 ) : 392\npringle , j ( 1955 ) .\na new subspecies of the spitting cobra naja nigricollis from the cape province\n13 ( 2 ) . natal museum . pp . 253\u2013254 .\nnaja nigricincta can also spit or squirt this venom at enemies . it has specialized hollow fangs that allow it to spit its venom perpendicular to the axis of the fang . the snakes are able to determine where the face and eyes of its attacker are , and can hit their targets with surprising accuracy , making it very dangerous . venom in the eyes can cause temporary or permanent blindness . venom on the skin can cause mild to severe irritation .\nnaja nigricollis - general details , taxonomy and biology , venom , clinical effects , treatment , first aid , antivenoms . wch clinical toxinology resource . university of adelaide . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\nbroadley , d . g . 1968 . a review of the african cobras of the genus naja ( serpentes : elapinae ) . arnoldia ( rhodesia ) ( ser . 3 ) 29 : 1 - 14\nbroadley , d . g . 1974 . a review of the cobras of the naja nigricollis complex in southwestern africa ( serpentes : elapidae ) . cimbebasia ( ser . a ) 2 : 155 - 162 .\nhoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the true cobras ; species formerly referred to the genera naja , boulengerina and paranaja . australasian j . herpetol . 7 : 1 - 15 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . 1993 . geographical distribution - naja nigricollis woodi . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 42 ) : 43 - 43 - get paper here\nwallach , v . ; w\u00fcster , w . & broadley , d . g . 2009 . in praise of subgenera : taxonomic status of cobras of the genus naja laurenti ( serpentes : elapidae ) . zootaxa 2236 : 26\u201336 - get paper here\nw\u00fcster , w . & broadley , d . g . 2007 . get an eyeful of this : a new species of giant spitting cobra from eastern and north - eastern africa ( squamata : serpentes : elapidae : naja ) . zootaxa 1532 : 51\u201368 - get paper here\nfryklund , linda ; eaker , david ( july 1975 ) .\ncomplete covalent structure of a cardiotoxin from the venom of naja nigricollis ( african black - necked spitting cobra )\n. biochemistry 14 ( 13 ) : 2865\u20132871 . pmid 1148181 . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\nall animals pictured on this page are in our collection , and owned by us . the photos were taken by us , unless otherwise labeled . we are still looking specimens of naja philippinensis , and extra specimens of species we already have . if you have something for sale , please contact us , at the link above .\nboycott , r . c . , and w . d . haacke 1979 . note on the type - locality , distribution and juvenile coloration of naja nigricollis woodi ( serpentes : elapidae ) and an account of the colour - pattern variation in intergrade populations . annals of the cape provincial museum ( nat . hist . ) 13 : 31 - 36\nw\u00fcster , wolfgang ; steven crookes , ivan ineich , youssouph man\u00e9 , catharine e . pook , jean - francois trape , donald g . broadley 2007 . the phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences : evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the african spitting cobras ( serpentes : elapidae : naja nigricollis complex ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 45 : 437\u2013453 - get paper here\nn . ashei , n . nigricollis , n . nigricincta , n . mossambica , n . katiensis , n . nubiae and n . pallida can\nspit\nvenom a distance of over 2 m . through pressure on the venom glands , the venom is ejected through the fangs . unlike the fangs of ordinary cobras , these snakes have fangs in which the venom channel is forward - facing in the final section leading to the orifice through which the venom is released . the ejected venom spreads out as a fine spray , and thus has a fairly good chance of reaching the sensitive eyes of the victim .\nw\u00fcster , w . , s . crookes , i . ineich , y . mane , c . e . pook , j . - f . trape & d . g . broadley ( 2007 )\nthe phylogeny of cobras inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences : evolution of venom spitting and the phylogeography of the african spitting cobras ( serpentes : elapidae : naja nigricollis complex )\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 45 : 437 - 453 .\nunlike other snakes , naja nigricollis can be either nocturnal or diurnal depending on the time of year , geographic location , and average daytime temperature . this adaptability allows the snake to better regulate its body temperature and to gain access to the most abundant food sources of a particular area . it feeds primarily on small rodents , such as small rats and mice , birds , and fishes , but will also eat lizards , eggs , and other snakes . [ 13 ]\nthe range of naja nigricollis is currently expanding from the southeastern regions of nigeria to the more desert and arid conditions in the central part of the nation . [ 9 ] they also live in coastal scrubs and dry grasslands . like other cobra species , they may find abandoned termite mounds or rodent holes to hide or cool off . however , tree trunks seem to be their favourite hiding places . they are excellent tree climbers , thus can be arboreal at times . because they are so common across africa , they are encountered in villages or small towns where they may come in direct contact with people . [ 9 ]\nn namibia , sw angola ; type locality : munhino , s . w . angola .\nwoodi : republic of south africa , w lesotho , s namibia , s botswana ; type locality : citrusdal , cape province .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbauer , aaron m . ; branch , william r . & haacke , wulf d . 1993 . the herpetofauna of the kamanjab area and adjacent damaraland , namibia . madoqua ( windhoek ) 18 ( 2 ) : 117 - 145 .\nbogert , c . m . 1940 . herpetological results of the vernay angola expedition . i . snakes , including an arrangement of the african colubridae . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 77 : 1 - 107\nbranch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .\nbranch , william r . & bauer , aaron m . 2005 . the herpetological contributions of sir andrew smith . ssar , 80 pp .\ncimatti , e . 2007 . namibia - introduction to a vast territory . reptilia ( gb ) ( 50 ) : 58 - 67 - get paper here\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\nherrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94\u2013115 - get paper here\nschleicher , alfred 2015 . reptilien namibias . namibia scientific society , 276 pp .\nsmith , a . 1838 . contributions to the natural history of southern africa . art . viii . mag . nat . hist . , london , 2 ( 14 ) : 92 - 94\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nin juvenile snakes , the overall coloration of the snake is lighter than that of the adult morph . juveniles are predominantly white , gray , or yellow with light gray to black bars . as they age , the darker coloration fills in . the hoods and heads of juveniles are distinctly different from those of adults . the heads and hoods of juveniles are not uniform in color like their adult morphs . juveniles have a patch of very dark coloration on their throats , similar to that of the hoods of adults , but this coloration only exists on the ventral side of the neck and hood . this dark patch is separated from the head by a region of white , yellow , or gray scales . while the heads of juveniles are still darker in coloration compared to the rest of their body , they are still only light brown or gray in color . the head does , however , maintain a distinctly darker color than the rest of the body , aside from the very dark throat patch . as the snakes age , the gray , white or yellow region that separates the throat patch from the head will become darker , and the head and throat patch will become more uniform in color to produce the very dark hoods seen in adults .\ncontinent : africa distribution : n namibia , sw angola ; type locality : munhino , s . w . angola . woodi : republic of south africa , w lesotho , s namibia , s botswana ; type locality : citrusdal , cape province .\n) , but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species .\n, is given its name because of the dark crossbars that run the length of the snake ' s body . the subspecies\n, is solid black and is found only in the desert areas of southern africa . both subspecies are smaller than\n; with average adult lengths of less than 1 . 5 metres ( 4 . 9 ft ) .\nthese snakes can flatten head and neck into a hood , similarly to many species of cobra . the heads and hoods are uniformly dark brown or black .\ncan cause massive hemorrhaging , necrosis and paralysis in bite victims . these snakes can also spit its venom , hitting their enemies with great accuracy and causing temporary or permanent blindness .\nthis species is native to parts of southern africa ( namibia , southern angola and south africa ) .\nbogert , cm ( 1940 ) .\nherptologie d ' angola et du congo\n. lisbon : impromerie nationale .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nphysical characteristics : the black - necked spitting cobra may be solid black or brown , or it may be striped with black and white . it has two sharp , thin fangs that it uses to spray its venom . these snakes can reach a length of 79 inches ( 2 meters ) .\ngeographic range : this snake lives in western , central , and southern africa .\nhabitat : the black - necked spitting cobra usually lives in grasslands , but it sometimes enters villages and cities , where it can cause quite an uproar among human residents , who worry about being poisoned with its venom .\nalthough it spends much of its time on the ground , the black - necked spitting cobra can easily climb into bushes and trees . ( illustration by dan erickson . reproduced by permission . )\ndiet : the black - necked spitting cobra eats almost anything it finds , including frogs and toads , birds and their eggs , and other reptiles .\nbehavior and reproduction : although it spends much of its time on the ground , this cobra can easily climb into bushes and trees . it is most active at night , but it sometimes moves about during the day . females lay eight to twenty eggs at a time .\nblack - necked spitting cobras and people : local people fear this snake , which can spray venom almost 10 feet ( 3 meters ) . the snake aims for the eyes , and the venom can be very painful and can even cause blindness if the person is not treated immediately . a bite from the snake can kill a person .\nconservation status : the black - necked spitting cobra is not endangered or threatened . \u220e\nplease include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article . content on this website is from high - quality , licensed material originally published in print form . you can always be sure you ' re reading unbiased , factual , and accurate information .\nhighlight the text below , right - click , and select \u201ccopy\u201d . paste the link into your website , email , or any other html document .\nyour email address will be altered so spam harvesting bots can ' t read it easily . hide my email completely instead ?\ngeneral shape medium to large , slightly depressed , tapered and moderately slender bodied snake with a medium length tail . body compressed dorsoventrally and sub - cylindrical posteriorly . has long cervical ribs capable of expansion to form a hood when threatened . can grow to a maximum of about 1 . 5 metres . head broad , flattened and slightly distinct from neck . canthus is distinct . snout is rounded . dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique . eyes medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scale count often 23 - 21 - 15 .\nhabits spitting cobra . nocturnal , although juveniles often forage during the day . if confronted , it will raise its forebody , spread its hood and readily spit ( squirts ) venom at the eyes of an intruder or aggressor . seldom bites .\nprey feeds on a wide variety of small vertebrates , with lizards and rodents being the most common prey .\ngeneral : other these snakes can spit their venom , causing venom spit ophthalmia .\ndescription : first aid for bites by elapid snakes which are likely to cause significant local damage at the bite site as their major clinical effect ( see listing in comments section ) . this includes venom spat into eyes by spitting cobras .\ntreatment summary potentially severe bites , with both local tissue damage and paralysis . admit all cases . support impaired respiration . good wound care essential . avoid unnecessary surgery . for cases with paralytic features or major local effects , iv antivenom is appropriate .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\nantivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .\naddress : calzada de tlalpan no . 4687 toriello guerra c . p . 14050 mexico , d . f . ,\naddress : contiguo a la plaza de deportes , dulce nombre de coronado . san jos\u00e9 costa rica\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nplease do not steal my photos for the purpose of advertising your own animals .\nlight or dark brown to black , with vertical white or light yellow bars . the bars have flecks of brown or black and are generally evenly spaced along the length of the snake . the bars can either be straight and complete across the entire dorsal side of the snake , or they can be broken up into fragments , sometimes ending in an upside - down\ny\nformation . this barred pattern can sometimes carry over to the ventral side of the snake . the ventral scales range from white to orange in color , and are often colored with patches of brown .\njuveniles are predominantly white , gray , or yellow with light gray to black bars .\n. most easily distinguished by virtue of having lower ventral and sub caudal scale counts , particular when sex is taken into account .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\nthe bite of most elapids is not painful . you can be bitten and envenomated without noticing it .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\n. they are moderately sized snakes that can grow to a length of 1 . 2 to 2 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 to 7 . 2 ft ) in length . their coloration and markings can vary considerably . they prey primarily on small\n5\u201310 % , in endemic regions under 1 % ) . like other spitting cobras , they can eject venom from their fangs when threatened ( one drop over 7 metres ( 23 ft ) and more in perfect accuracy ) . the\nvenom irritates the skin , causing blisters and inflammation , and can cause permanent blindness if the venom makes contact with the eyes and is not washed off .\n. it is absent from the rainforests of the congo basin . it has been recorded from\n, niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , gambia , mauritania , sudan , tanzania , somalia , togo , uganda , zambia .\nin moist savanna and cleared former forest regions , particularly near rivers and streams .\noccurs in southeastern nigeria where their habitat has been transformed from rainforest to man - made farmlands , plantations , suburban areas , and a few fragmented forests . this species of cobra has found advantages in the drastic changes which have taken place in nigeria ' s rainforests . a study by herpetologist luca luiselli suggests this snake now forages in much drier microhabitats .\nlike other snakes , it may fall prey to raptors , especially different species of snake eagles that migrate to africa when it is winter in the northern hemisphere . the short - toed snake eagle ( circaetus gallicus ) may be a particular threat , as it is almost strictly an ophiophagus raptor . [ 14 ] other snakes also prey on this species . [ 15 ]\nat a potential threat . the venom is an irritant to the skin and eyes . if it enters the eyes , symptoms include extreme burning pain , loss of coordination , partial loss of vision , and permanent blindness .\nis known for its tendency to liberally spit venom and bite with only the slightest provocation .\nthis species is sometimes found in captivity , and wild - caught individuals are generally nervous and prone to spitting . captive - bred animals tend to be much more docile and calm when compared to their wild - caught counterparts . [ 7 ]\nlike other cobra species , this snake is oviparous . [ 16 ] the mating season of this species can vary from the end of winter ( september ) to the beginning of summer ( december ) . usually , the mating season is the same whether in captivity or in the wild . females will commonly lay 10 to 15 eggs but can lay anywhere between eight and 22 eggs at a time . [ 15 ] the gestation period lasts about 90\u2013100 days , but once the eggs are laid , they hatch in 60\u201370 days , and need to be in a temperature of 28\u201330 \u00b0c ( 82\u201386 \u00b0f ) . at birth , the young are about 20 to 25 centimeters ( 7 . 9 to 9 . 8 in ) in length and are completely independent .\naround the bite area and difficulty breathing . although the mortality rate in untreated cases is low ( ~\n. the average venom yield per bite of this species is 200 to 350 mg ( dry weight ) according to minton ( 1974 ) .\n; andreas johann wagner ; franz hermann troschel ; wilhelm ferdinand erichson ; carl ernst siebold ( 1847 ) .\nherpetology\n. in george busk , alfred tulk , alexander henry haliday .\nluiselli , luca ( 2001 ) .\nthe ghost of a recent invasion in the reduced feeding rates of spitting cobras during the dry season in a rainforest region of tropical africa\n.\n. new york , usa : sterling ; illustrated edition . p . 176 .\n. leipzig ; english version ny , usa : leipzig publishing ; english version published by exeter books ( 1982 ) . p . 71 .\nchaim - matyas , adina ; ovadia , michael ( 20 april 1987 ) .\ncytotoxic activity of various snake venoms on melanoma , b16f10 and chondrosarcoma\n.\n* * * if you are unsure of the identification of a snake you have observed , you can ask an expert by uploading a photo to the snakes of namibia facebook page . * * *\n* * * the facebook page also has contact details for snake catchers - people who are experienced in catching and removing snakes - throughout the country . * * *\n. namibia ' s snakebite expert - dr buys - will respond immediately . * * *\nthe species is very common and is widespread throughout sub - saharan africa and is found in western , eastern , central , and southern africa . it can be found all along eastern africa south of the sahara desert in kenya , uganda , tanzania , rwanda , and southern somalia . it is found in nigeria , liberia , senegal , and benin in western africa . it is common in zambia , central african republic , angola , and cameroon in central africa . in southern africa , it is found in the northern parts of zimbabwe , botswana , namibia and mozambique . [ 5 ]\nunlike other snakes , the black - necked spitting cobra can be either nocturnal or diurnal depending on the time of year , geographic location , and average daytime temperature . this adaptability allows the snake to better regulate its body temperature and to gain access to the most abundant food sources of a particular area . it feeds primarily on small rodents , such as small rats and mice , but will eat lizards , eggs and other snakes . [ 10 ]\nlike other snakes , it may fall prey to different birds of prey , especially different species of snake eagles which migrate to africa when it is winter in the northern hemisphere . the short - toed snake eagle ( circaetus gallicus ) may be a particular threat , as it is almost strictly an ophiophagus raptor . [ 11 ] other snakes also prey on this species . [ 12 ]\nlike other spitting cobras , this species is known for its ability to project venom at a potential threat . the venom is an irritant to the skin and eyes . if it enters the eyes , symptoms include extreme burning pain , loss of coordination , partial loss of vision and permanent blindness . this species is known for its tendency to liberally spit venom with only the slightest provocation . however , this aggressiveness is counterbalanced by it being less prone to bite than other related species . [ 8 ] [ 10 ]\nthis species is sometimes found in captivity , and wild - caught individuals are generally nervous and prone to spitting . captive - bred animals tend to be much more docile and calm when compared to their wild - caught counterparts . [ 5 ]\nlike other cobra species , this snake is oviparous . [ 13 ] the mating season of this species can vary from the end of winter ( september ) to the beginning of summer ( december ) . usually , the mating season is the same whether in captivity or in the wild . females will usually lay 10 to 15 eggs , but they can lay anywhere between eight and 22 eggs at a time . [ 12 ] the gestation period lasts about 90\u2013100 days , but once the eggs are laid , they hatch in 60\u201370 days , and need to be in a temperature of 28 - 30\u00b0c ( 82 . 4 - 86\u00b0f ) . at birth , the young are about 20 to 25 cm ( 7 . 9 to 9 . 8 in ) in length and are completely independent .\n; andreas johann wagner , franz hermann troschel , wilhelm ferdinand erichson , carl ernst siebold ( 1847 ) . \u201cherpetology\u201d ,\nmastenbroek , richard . black - neck spitting cobra . devenomized . www . devenomized . com . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\nluiselli , luca ( 2001 ) .\nthe ghost of a recent invasion in the reduced feeding rates of spitting cobras during the dry season in a rainforest region of tropical africa\n. acta oecologica 22 ( 5 ) : 311\u2013314 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s1146 - 609x ( 01 ) 01113 - 4 . research blogging .\n. leipzig ; english version ny , usa : leipzig publishing ; english version published by exeter books ( 1982 ) , 71 .\nchaim - matyas , adina ; ovadia , michael ( 20 ) .\ncytotoxic activity of various snake venoms on melanoma , b16f10 and chondrosarcoma\n. life sciences 40 ( 16 ) : 1601\u20131607 . pmid 3561167 .\nwarrell , david a . . snake bite . seminar . lancet 2010 ( volume 375 , issue 1 ) . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\nfry , dr . bryan grieg . ld50 for various snakes . australian venom and toxin database . venom doc . retrieved on 10 may 2012 .\ncz is free . all written content is available under the creative commons - attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license or any later . written content that originated in part from wikipedia is also available under gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 . dedicated server hosting generously provided by steadfast networks help \u2022 financial report \u2022 statistics \u2022 blog follow citizendium on twitter \u2022 facebook \u2022 google +\nnigricollis : savannas from senegal east to kenya and south to angola , zambia , and tanzania ; type locality : guinea = coast of ghana .\nbarnett , linda k . 2001 . the herpetofauna of abuko nature reserve , the gambia . herpetological bulletin ( 77 ) : 5 - 1 - get paper here\nbarnett , linda k . & emms , craig 2005 . common reptiles of the gambia . rare repro , hailsham , east sussex , 24 pp .\nbauer , a . m . , and branch , w . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , republic of south africa . herpetological natural history 8 : 111 - 160 [ 2001 ]\nbocage , j . v . du b . 1866 . lista dos reptis das possess\u00f5es portuguezas d ' africa occidental que existem no museu lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa 1 : 37 - 56\nb\u00f6hme , wolfgang , mark - oliver r\u00f6del , christian brede & philipp wagner 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea ( guin\u00e9e foresti\u00e8re ) , with a country - wide checklist . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1895 . on the reptiles and batrachians obtained by mr . e . lort - phillips in somaliland . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 165 - 169 - get paper here\nbranch , w . r . 2008 . proposed kalukundi mine ( democratic republic of the congo ) - terrestrial fauna . environmental impact assessment report ( final report ) . a specialist report for envirolution consulting ( pty ) ltd . , 83 pp .\nbroadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1\u201470\nbroadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga distr . , northw . zambia . arnoldia zimbabwe 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nbroadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nchirio , l . 2009 . inventaire des reptiles de la r\u00e9gion de la r\u00e9serve de biosph\u00e8re transfrontali\u00e8re du w ( niger / b\u00e9nin / burkina faso : afrique de l\u2019ouest ) . [ herpetological survey of the w transfrontier biosphere reserve area ( niger / benin / burkina faso : west africa ] . bull . soc . herp . france ( 132 ) : 13 - 41 - get paper here\nchirio , l . & lebreton , m . 2007 . atlas des reptiles du cameroun . mnhn , ird , paris 688 pp .\nchirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here\nconradie w , bills r , and branch wr . 2016 . the herpetofauna of the cubango , cuito , and lower cuando river catchments of south - eastern angola . amphibian & reptile conservation 10 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 6\u201336 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . & haagner , a . j . f . 2000 . notes on a collection of reptiles from zambia and adjacent areas of the democratic republic of the congo . annals of the eastern cape museum 1 : 1 \u2013 25\nherrmann , hans - werner ; schmitz , andreas ; herrmann , patricia a . & b\u00f6hme , wolfgang 2007 . amphibians and reptiles of the tchabal mbabo mountains , adamaoua plateau , cameroon . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 55 ( 1 / 2 ) : 27 - 35 - get paper here\nhoser , r . t . 2013 . case 3601 spracklandus hoser , 2009 ( reptilia , serpentes , elapidae ) : request for confirmation of the availability of the generic name and for the nomenclatural validation of the journal in which it was published . bull . zool . nomenclature 70 ( 4 ) : 234 - 237 - get paper here\nhughes , b . 2013 . snakes of be\u0301nin , west africa . bull . soc . herp . france 144 : 101 - 159\nkaiser , h . ; crother , b . i . ; kelly , c . m . r . ; luiselli , l . ; o\u2019shea , m . ; ota , h . ; passos , p . ; schleip , w . d . & w\u00fcster , w . 2013 . best practices : in the 21st century , taxonomic decisions in herpetology are acceptable only when supported by a body of evidence and published via peer - review . herpetological review 44 ( 1 ) : 8 - 23\nlanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]\nlanza , b . 1983 . a list of the somali amphibians and reptiles . monitore zoologico italiano , new ser . , suppl . 18 ( 8 ) : 193 - 247\nlargen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 694 pp .\nlargen , m . j . & rasmussen , j . b . 1993 . catalogue of the snakes of ethiopia ( reptilia serpentes ) , including identification keys . tropical zoology 6 : 313 - 434 - get paper here\nlaurent , r . f . 1955 . diagnoses preliminaires des quelques serpents venimeux . rev . zool . bot . afr . , 51 : 127 - 139\nloveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1956 . on snakes collected in the anglo - egyptian sudan by j . s . owen , esq . sudan notes rec . 36 : 37 - 56 [ 1955 ]\nloveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here\nloveridge , a . 1957 . on a third collection of reptiles taken in tanganyika by c . j . p . ionides , esq . tanganyika notes and records 43 : 1 - 19\nmenzies , j . i . 1966 . the snakes of sierra leone . copeia 1966 ( 2 ) : 169 - 179 . - get paper here\nmitchell , b . l . 1950 . some reptiles and amphibians of nyasaland . the nyasaland journal 3 ( 2 ) : 46 - 57 - get paper here\nmonasterio , camila 2016 . the herpetofauna of the dindefelo natural community reserve , senegal . herpetology notes 9 : 1 - 6 - get paper here\npadial , j . m . 2006 . commented distributional list of the reptiles of mauritania ( west africa ) . graellsia , 62 ( 2 ) : 159 - 178\npauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp . - get paper here\npietersen dw , pietersen ew , conradie w . 2017 . preliminary herpetological survey of ngonye falls and surrounding regions in south - western zambia . amphibian & reptile conservation 11 ( 1 ) [ special section ] : 24\u201343 ( e148 - get paper here\npitman , c . r . s . 1974 . a guide to the snakes of uganda . codicote , wheldon & wesley , l . , 290 pp .\nrasmussen , j . b . & b . hughes 1996 . description of some new snake species . i . [ english translation of the original danish text of t . reinhardt 1843 ] . steenstrupia 22 : 13 - 39\nreinhardt , j . t . 1843 . beskrivelse af nogle nye slangearter . danske vidensk . selsk . afhandl . 10 : 233 - 279 . - get paper here\nrhodin , a . g . j . , h . kaiser , p . p . van dijk , w . w\u00fcster , m . o\u2019shea , m . archer , m . auliya , l . boitani , r . bour , v . clausnitzer , t . contreras - macbeath , b . i . crother , j . m . daza , c . a . driscoll , o . flores - villela , j . frazier , u . fritz , a . gardner , c . gascon , 2015 . comment on spracklandus hoser , 2009 ( reptilia , serpentes , elapidae ) : request for confirmation of the availability of the generic name and for the nomenclatural validation of the journal in which it was published ( case 3601 ; see bzn 70 : 234\u2013237 ; 71 : 3 bull . zool . nomenclature 72 ( 1 ) : 65 - 78\nrobertson , i . a . d . , b . m . chapman and n . f . chapman 1963 . notes on some reptiles collected in the rukwa valley , s . w . tanganyika . ann . mag . nat . hist . ser . 13 , 5 ( 55 ) : 421\u2011432 - get paper here\nr\u00f6del , m . o . ; kouadio , k , & mahsberg , d . 1999 . die schlangenfauna des como\u00e9 - nationalparks , elfenbeink\u00fcste : erg\u00e4nzungen und ausblick . salamandra 35 ( 3 ) : 165 - 180 - get paper here\nschmidt , k . p . 1923 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part ii . snakes , with field notes by herbert lang and james p . chapin . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 49 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146\nsegniagbeto glazcano . h . , trape j . f . , david p . , ohler a . , dubois a . & glitho i . a . 2011 . the snake fauna of togo : systematics , distribution and biogeography , with remarks on selected taxonomic problems . zoosystema 33 ( 3 ) : 325 - 360 . doi : 10 . 5252 / z2011n3a4 - get paper here\nsow , andack saad ; duarte vasconcelos gonc\u0327alves , fa\u0301bio vieira sousa , fernando marti\u0301nez - freiri\u0301a , frederico santare\u0301m , guillermo velo - anto\u0301n , hamidou dieng , joa\u0303o carlos campos , saer khayar diagne , zbyszek boratyn\u0301ski , jose\u0301 carlos brito 2017 . atlas of the distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the diawling national park , mauritania basic and applied herpetology - get paper here\nspawls , s . , branch , b . 1995 . the dangerous snakes of africa . blandford , london , 192 pp .\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nsternfeld , r . 1910 . zur schlangenfauna deutsch - s\u00fcdwestafrikas . mehrere f\u00e4lle von mimikry bei afrikanischen schlangen . mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 5 : 51 - 60 - get paper here\ntrape j - f and mane\u0301 y . 2015 . the snakes of niger . amphibian & reptile conservation 9 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 39\u201355 ( e110 ) - get paper here\ntrape , j . - f . & man\u00e9 , y . 2004 . les serpents des environs de bandafassi ( s\u00e9n\u00e9gal oriental ) . bull . soc . herp . france 109 : 5 - 34 - get paper here\ntrape , j . - f . & man\u00e9 , y . 2006 . guide des serpents d\u2019afrique occidentale . savane et d\u00e9sert . [ senegal , gambia , mauritania , mali , burkina faso , niger ] . ird editions , paris , 226 pp . - get paper here\ntrape , j . f . & r . roux - est\u00e8ve 1995 . les serpents du congo : liste comment\u00e9e et cl\u00e9 de d\u00e9termination . journal of african zoology 109 ( 1 ) : 31 - 50\ntrape , jean - fran\u00e7ois & cellou bald\u00e9 2014 . a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea , with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dipsadoboa ( colubridae ) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other west african countries . zootaxa 3900 ( 3 ) : 301\u2013338\ntrape , jean - fran\u00e7ois ; man\u00e9 , youssouph 2000 . les serpents des environs de dielmo ( sine - saloum , s\u00e9n\u00e9gal ) . bull . soc . herp . france 95 : 19 - 35 - get paper here\nullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; b\u00f6hme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nafrica and the arabian peninsula . see link\ndistribution\nat the top of the page for detailed information .\nthe most distinctive characteristic of the cobras is the flat hood ( fig . 4 . 57 ) that is erected by the extension of ribs in the neck while the snake ' s upper body is raised . this peculiarity is only observed during warning behaviour ; at other times cobras resemble ordinary snakes . several other african elapids also demonstrate this defensive behaviour ( boulengerina sp . , pseudohaje sp . , hemachatus haemachatus ) .\nwidely distributed , except for sandy desert areas , where they are rarely seen ; also found at altitudes of up to 2 , 500 m above sea level . particularly prevalent in open habitats such as grasslands and scrub , but also found in plantations and forested areas . n . melanoleuca lives in forested areas . n . nigricollis , n . nivea and n . mossambica often seen close to human settlements or on the outskirts of cities , where they sometimes enter houses in search of water or prey .\npredominantly nocturnal . very agile snakes that show typical defensive behaviour when threatened ( see above ) , while producing hissing sounds . however , a strike is not always preceded by a threat display ! when cobras bite , they usually do not release immediately , but rather use chewing motions for several seconds to inject the venom .\nif venom from spitting cobras enters the eyes , there is a risk of blindness if the eyes are not treated promptly and appropriately ( warrell and oremond 1976 ) . over half of the 40 spitting cobra ( n . nigricollis ) victims cited by pugh et al . ( 1980 ) in the malumfashi area of northern nigeria were injuredt in or near houses . the authors number an incidence of venom ophthalmia of 6 - 8 / 100 , 000 population per year . in their review on ophtalmia caused by spitting cobras and rinkhals ( hemachatus haemachatus ) chu et al . ( 2010 ) give an overview on the epidemiology in africa and asia .\nbroadley 1983 , broadley and cock 1989 , broadley and w\u00fcster 2004 , freyvogel and honegger 1965 , golay 1985 , pitman 1974 , roman 1980 , sweeny 1971 , villiers 1975 , visser and chapman 1978 , o ' shea 2005 , w\u00fcster and broadley 2003 and 2007 , w\u00fcster et al . 2007 , trape et al . 2009 , wallach et al . 2009"]}
{"id": 2513, "summary": [{"text": "the new guinean long-nosed bandicoots ( genus peroryctes ) are members of the order peramelemorphia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are small to medium-sized marsupial omnivores native to new guinea .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "fossil members of this genus have been found in australia , including p. tedfordi and an unnamed species . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "new guinean long - nosed bandicoot", "paragraphs": ["the new guinean long - nosed bandicoots ( genus peroryctes ) are members of the order peramelemorphia . they are small to medium - sized marsupial omnivores native to new guinea .\nthe new guinean long - nosed bandicoots ( genus peroryctes ) are members of the order peramelemorphia . they are small to medium - sized marsupial omnivores native to new guinea .\nthe long - nosed bandicoot ( perameles , or thylacis , nasuta ) , a vaguely ratlike brown animal whose rump may be black - barred , is the common form in eastern australia . the three species of short - nosed bandicoots , isoodon ( incorrectly thylacis ) , are found in new guinea , australia , and tasmania . rabbit - eared bandicoots , or bilbies , are\u2026\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history . / american museum of natural history . ; ; new york [ american museum of natural history ] 1881 -\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : bulletin of the american museum of natural history . publisher : new york [ american museum of natural history ] 1881 - isbn / issn : 0003 - 0090 oclc : 1287364\nkenny j . travouillon ; julien louys ; gilbert j . price ; michael archer ; suzanne j . hand ; jeanette muirhead ( 2017 ) .\na review of the pliocene bandicoots of australia , and descriptions of new genus and species\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology . 37 ( 5 ) : e1360894 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2017 . 1360894 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history . ( journal , magazine , 1881 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ncomprises articles on geology , paleontology , mammalogy , ornithology , entomology and anthropology .\naddress for accessing the journal using authorization number and password through oclc firstsearch electronic collections online . subscription to online journal required for access to abstracts and full text\naddress for accessing the journal from an authorized ip address through oclc firstsearch electronic collections online . subscription to online journal required for access to abstracts and full text\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history anthropological papers of the american museum of natural history .\nadd tags for\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history .\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\ncarnivorous bilbies . in recent years , however , it has become clear that the situation is more complex . first , the bandicoots of the\nthis reference article is mainly selected from the english wikipedia with only minor checks and changes ( see urltoken for details of authors and sources ) and is available under the gnu free documentation license . see also our disclaimer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwalker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfossil members of this genus have been found in australia , including p . tedfordi and an unnamed species .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\ntwo fossil taxa from australia , peroryctes tedfordi and then - unnamed silvicultor hamiltonensis , were originally assigned to this genus , [ 2 ] but they were subsequently transferred to the separate genus silvicultor . [ 3 ]\ngroves , c . p . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . , eds . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p . 40 . isbn 0 - 801 - 88221 - 4 . oclc 62265494 .\nturnbull , w . d . ; et al . ( 2003 ) .\ndasyurids , perameloids , phalangeroids and vomabatoids from the early pliocene hamilton fauna , victoria , australia\n. bulletin of the american museum of natural history . 279 : 513\u2013540 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 0003 - 0090 ( 2003 ) 279 < 0513 : c > 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . issn 0003 - 0090 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 2516, "summary": [{"text": "metarminoidea is a provisional taxonomic superfamily of colourful sea slugs , aeolid nudibranchs , marine opisthobranch gastropod molluscs in the clade nudibranchia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this name is unfortunately not available as a superfamily name , because it is not based on a genus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is used here because , as of february 2015 , no replacement name has yet been proposed . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "metarminoidea", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for metarminoidea yet . learn how to contribute .\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nfranc a . ( 1968 ) sous - classe des opisthobranches . in : p . grasse ( ed ) . traite de zoologie 5 ( 3 ) : 608 - 893 . page ( s ) : 878 [ details ]\nnomenclature introduced as\nnew\nin the trait\u00e9 de zoologie but actually dating back to metarminacea odhner , 1944 and spelled so . . .\nnomenclature introduced as\nnew\nin the trait\u00e9 de zoologie but actually dating back to metarminacea odhner , 1944 and spelled so elsewhere in the text ( pp . 629 , 665 ) . contains families madrellidae , dironidae , and zephyrinidae . treated as a superfamily and not available as such a family - group name ( not based on a genus ) . [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nclassification for the gastropods , from listings in urltoken and ponder and lindberg , 1997 , modified to take into account the work of bouchet and rocroi , 2005 and strong and kohler , 2009 . the suffix for the superfamilies used here , - oidea , may be more technically correct than the\n- acea\nsuffix used elsewhere on this site . - acea is used in botany for plant families , and elsewhere in zoology occasionally , for example the mammalian order\ncetacea\n.\ncalyptraeoidea capuloidea carinarioidea cingulopsoidea cypraeoidea ficoidea laubierinoidea littorinoidea naticoidea rissooidea ( includes hydrobiidae , etc . ) stromboidea tonnoidea trivioidea vanikoroidea velutinoidea vermetoidea xenophoroidea\nponder , w . f . and lindberg , d . r . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . zoological journal of the linnean society . 119 : 83 - 265 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies . find out more\ngoniaeolis typica is a species of sea slug , a nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family goniaeolididae . goniaeolis typica is the only species in the genus goniaeolis and it is the only genus within the family goniaeolididae .\ngonieolis is the original spelling , but incorrect subsequent spelling goniaeolis is conserved under art . 33 . 3 . 1 of the code . the synonymy with goniaeolis lobata was discussed in detail by odhner in 1922 .\nit is endemic to scandinavian waters . this species was described from kristiansund , norway . it has subsequently been reported from the skagerrak , the hardangerfjord , and at the mouth of the trondheimsfjord . the species is known from 30 to 666 m .\nexternal and internal anatomy was described by nils hjalmar odhner in detail in 1922 .\nolive snail ( olividae spp . ) leave marks in sand 1 / 2\nto 2\nlong phylum : mollusca class : gastropoda / univalvia\npacific blue mussel ( mytilus spp . ) also called\nbay\nor\nfoolish\nmussel phylum mollusca class bivalvia family mytilidae\ngiant pacific octopus ( gpo ) ( enteroctopus dofleini ) bigger than a basketball = gpo when small , look at eyes . no lashes = gpo largest and longest lived of all octopeds usually 100lbs phylum mollusca class cephalopoda\nred octopus ( octopus rubescens ) small . has lashes . phylum mollusca class cephalopoda\nsome images used in this set are licensed under the creative commons through urltoken . click to see the original works with their full license .\nthe dexiarchia are a clade of nudibranchs characterised by a right - laterally located anus and usually a more or less branched digestive gland . the basal genus\n[ bd86 ] barash , a . , & z . danin . 1986 . further additions to the knowledge of indo - pacific mollusca in the mediterranean sea ( lessepsian migrants ) .\n[ br05 ] bouchet , p . , & j . - p . rocroi . 2005 . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families .\n[ bw09 ] bryce , c . , & c . whisson . 2009 . the macromolluscs of mermaid ( rowley shoals ) , scott and seringapatam reefs , western australia .\n[ f27 ] finlay , h . j . 1927 . a further commentary on new zealand molluscan systematics .\n[ h01 ] huys , r . 2001 . splanchnotrophid systematics : a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia .\n[ kc11 ] kocot , k . m . , j . t . cannon , c . todt , m . r . citarella , a . b . kohn , a . meyer , s . r . santos , c . schander , l . l . moroz , b . lieb & k . m . halanych . 2011 . phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships .\n[ mg - h11 ] mcennulty , f . r . , k . l . gowlett - holmes , a . williams , f . althaus , j . fromont , g . c . b . poore , t . d . o\u2019hara , l . marsh , p . kott , s . slack - smith , p . alderslade & m . v . kitahara . 2011 . the deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of australia ( 100\u20131100 m depths ) : composition , distribution and novelty .\nvol . ii pt i . stanford university press : stanford university ( california ) .\n[ pp78 ] poorman , f . l . , & l . h . poorman . 1978 . additional molluscan records from bah\u00eda de los angeles , baja california norte .\nis a genus of relatively large bubble snails with a well - developed shell into which the animal is able to withdraw completely .\n[ c60 ] cox , l . r . 1960 . gastropoda : general characteristics of gastropoda .\npp . i84\u2013i169 . geological society of america , and university of kansas press .\n[ f27a ] finlay , h . j . 1927a . a further commentary on new zealand molluscan systematics .\n[ f27b ] finlay , h . j . 1927b . new specific names for austral mollusca .\n[ j49 ] johnson , r . i . 1949 . jesse wedgwood mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species .\n[ m54 ] macpherson , j . h . 1954 . molluscs ( sea shells and snails ) .\nmalaquias , m . a . e . , & d . g . reid . 2008 . systematic revision of the living species of bullidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : cephalaspidea ) , with a molecular phylogenetic analysis .\nthe diaphanidae are a group of thin - shelled bubble snails lacking mantle parapodia , jaws or gizzard plates .\n( from ohnheiser & malaquias 2014 ) : umbilicate thin , fragile , voluminous shell present into which the animal is capable of retreating completely ; jaws and gizzard plates absent , radula usually with single lateral tooth on each side and rachidian present . foot usually forked posteriorly , parapodia absent . penis armed .\n[ a27 ] allan , r . s . 1927 . the geology and palaeontology of the lower waihao basin , south canterbury , new zealand .\n[ ph90 ] petit , r . e . & m . g . harasewych . 1990 . catalogue of the superfamily cancellarioidea forbes and hanley , 1851 ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) .\nthe retusidae , canoe shells , are a family of cephalaspid gastropods characterised by the lack of a radula .\n[ gas03 ] gulbin , v . v . , i . s . arzamastsev & v . m . shulkin . 2003 . ecological monitoring of the water area of port vostochnyi ( wrangel bay ) in the sea of japan ( 1995\u20132002 ) .\n[ hs01 ] hayward , b . w . , a . b . stephenson , m . s . morley , w . m . blom , h . r . grenfell , f . j . brook , j . l . riley , f . thompson & j . j . hayward . 2001 . marine biota of parengarenga harbour , northland , new zealand .\nthe haminoeidae are a group of bubble snails that primarily graze on algal tissue and / or diatoms ; the shell may be partially or entirely covered by lateral outgrowths of the mantle . the shell may be thin and fragile as in the genus\n2014 ) : shell usually thin , translucent , fragile , occasionally solid and thick ; varying from bulloid to cylindrical - elongate ; spiral grooves may be present at ends or covering entire shell . mantle and other body parts usually dull and cryptically coloured , occasionally colourful or capable of changing colour to suit environment . muscular buccal bulb present containing chitinous jaws and radula formed by variably - shaped central tooth plus hook - shaped lateral teeth . fizzard present with three plates containing pointed rods .\n[ f27 ] finlay , h . j . 1927 . new specific names for austral mollusca .\nthe thecosomata , sea butterflies , are a group of pelagic marine gastropods that have the foot modified into a pair of wing - like parapodia used in swimming . most thecosomata retain a calcareous shell , though the shell is demineralised or lost in some subgroups .\n[ b26 ] bigelow , h . b . 1926 . plankton of the offshore waters of the gulf of maine .\nthe philinidae are a group of headshield slugs with a delicate internal shell and a dorsal aspect divided between the four regions of head , visceral mass and lateral parapodial lobes .\n[ aps - p86 ] arnaud , p . m . , cl . poizat & l . v . salvini - plawen . 1986 . marine - interstitial gastropoda ( including one freshwater interstitial species ) .\nthe gymnosomata , sea angels , are a group of shell - less , pelagic marine gastropods in which the foot has been modified into a pair of large parapodia used for swimming .\n[ h01 ] huys , r . 2001 . splanchnotrophid systematics : a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia .\nthe cavoliniidae are a group of sea butterflies with an uncoiled shell present at maturity .\nthe aplysiomorpha , sea hares and related taxa , are a group of soft - bodied marine gastropods with a reduced shell ( external in akeridae , internal in aplysiidae ) . they are characterised by the presence of the defensive opaline and purple glands in the mantle cavity , and an oesophageal gizzard containing an anterior chamber with large chitinous plates and a posterior chamber with numerous fine spines (\n[ cg99 ] carlton , j . t . , j . b . geller , m . l . reaka - kudla & e . a . norse . 1999 . historical extinctions in the sea .\n, pp . i84\u2013i169 . geological society of america , and university of kansas press .\n[ s11 ] simone , l . r . l . 2011 . phylogeny of the caenogastropoda ( mollusca ) , based on comparative morphology .\n[ tn03 ] thollesson , m . , & j . l . norenburg . 2003 . ribbon worm relationships : a phylogeny of the phylum nemertea .\nthe systellommatophora are a group of slug - like gastropods , including the marine onchidiidae and the terrestrial veronicelloidea . members of this group have two pairs of contractile tentacles on the head , with the eyes at the tip of the upper pair , and have the anus and renal opening at the posterior end of the body ( burch & pearce 1990 ) .\nvol . ii , pt i . stanford university press : stanford university ( california ) .\n[ tc89 ] tapparone canefri , t . 1889 . viaggio di leonardo fea in birmania e regioni vicine . xviii . \u2014molluschi terrestri e d\u2019acqua dolce .\nthe scaphopoda , tusk shells , are a group of benthic molluscs with a tubular shell that live buried in the sediment , feeding on micro - organisms . in members of the dentalioida , the shell generally tapers evenly , whereas gadilida commonly have the shell constricted toward the mouth . the two lineages also differ in foot morphology : dentalioida have the foot with an encircling sheath that is expanded laterally and interrupted dorsally ; gadilida have the foot simple and vermiform , or distally expanded into a symmetrical disc ( ludbrook 1960 ) .\n[ dk08 ] darragh , t . a . , & g . w . kendrick . 2008 . silicified eocene molluscs from the lower murchison district , southern carnarvon basin , western australia .\n[ go06 ] giribet , g . , a . okusu , a . r . lindgren , s . w . huff , m . schr\u00f6dl & m . k . nishiguchi . 2006 . evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures : monoplacophorans are related to chitons .\n[ gr98 ] giribet , g . , & c . ribera . 1998 . the position of arthropods in the animal kingdom : a search for a reliable outgroup for internal arthropod phylogeny .\npp . i37\u2013i41 . geological society of america , and university of kansas press .\n, a new genus and new species of ordovician scaphopod , and the early history of scaphopod mollusks .\n[ sw11 ] smith , s . a . , n . g . wilson , f . e . goetz , c . feehery , s . c . s . andrade , g . w . rouse , g . giribet & c . w . dunn . 2011 . resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools .\n[ s98 ] stilwell , j . d . 1998 . late cretaceous mollusca from the chatham islands , new zealand .\ni ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .\nthe information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources . apart from the time taken to bring it all together , very little of it represents my own work . all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners , and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls . if you re - use anything taken from this site , please attribute it to the original owner . if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage , please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .\na nudibranch is any of the soft - bodied , shell - less marine gastropods comprising the mollusk taxon ( order or suborder ) nudibranchia . found on the bottom of oceans throughout the world , from reefs and sandy shallows to seabeds a mile deep , there are more than 3 , 000 known species of nudibranchs ( holland 2008 ) . the word\nnudibranch ,\nwhich comes from the latin nudus for\nnaked ,\nand the greek brankhia for gills , describes their feathery gills and horns that many have on their dorsal sides ( ngs 2008 ) . nudibranchs sometimes are called sea slugs , although this term technically applies to a more inclusive taxon of marine gastropod mollusks , heterobranchia ( which includes , but is not exclusive to , the nudibranchs ) .\nnudibranchs are known for their often extraordinary colors , striking forms , and intricate patterns . such brilliant hues and fascinating shapes have added greatly to the wonder of nature . however , nudibranchs also provide important ecological functions , playing an important role in marine food chains , both as predator ( corals , sponges , anemones , barnacles , fish ) and prey ( fish , sea spiders , turtles , sea stars ) \u2014the latter role despite protective mechanisms ranging from poisons , to camouflage , to stinging cells .\nnudibranchs are members of the gastropod class ( gastropoda ) of mollusks . as gastropods , their body plan involves a torsion or twisting during larval development whereby the visceral mass twists 180 degrees in relation to the head . gastropoda ( meaning\nstomach - foot\n) is typified by a large , ventral , muscular foot for locomotion , and a distinct head that has eyes and sensory tentacles .\nthe taxon that nudibranchs comprise , nudibranchia , generally is placed either at the suborder level , under the order opisthobranchia of the superorder heterobranchia and subclass orthogastropoda , or at the order level under the subclass opisthobranchia ( itis 2004 ) . while often casually called\nsea slugs ,\nthere are numerous other kinds of sea slugs belonging to several taxonomic groups that are not very closely related to nudibranchs . a fair number of these other sea slugs are colorful and thus are even more easily confused with nudibranchs .\nthe body forms of nudibranchs vary enormously , but because they are opisthobranchs , unlike most other gastropods they are bilaterally symmetrical because they have undergone secondary detorsion . the adult form is without a shell or operculum ( a bony or horny plate covering the opening of the shell , when the body is withdrawn ) . often oblong in shape , some are thick and other flattened , and some are short and others long ( ngs 2008 ) . they vary in adult size from six millimeters ( 0 . 25 inches ) to 31 centimeters ( 12 inches ) in length ( ngs 2008 ) . nudibranchs have cephalic ( head ) tentacles and oral tentacles , which are sensitive to touch , taste , and smell . two club - shaped rhinophores ( highly sensitive head - mounted sensory appendages or tentacles ) detect odors .\nthe name nudibranch is appropriate , since the dorids ( infraclass anthobranchia ) breathe through a branchial plume of bushy extremities on their back , rather than using gills . by contrast , on the back of the aeolids in infraclass cladobranchia , there are brightly colored sets of tentacles called cerata .\nnudibranchs occur in marine environments worldwide , in all the world ' s oceans , and can be found depths nearly a mile down , but are most abundant , and reach their greatest size and variation , in shallow , tropical waters ( ngs 2008 ) .\nwhile they lack shells , nudibranchs have developed other defense mechanisms : poisons , stinging cells , and camouflage .\nsome nudibranchs have toxic secretions , mostly derived from the poisons of their prey but some have poisons of their own making ( holland 2008 ) . for example , some species consume toxic sponges and alter and store the poisonous compounds and secrete them from skin cells or glands as needed ( holland 2008 ) .\nsome utilize stinging cells , ingested from anemones , fire corals , and hydroids , and employ these along their own extremities ( holland 2008 ) . nudibranchs that feed on hydroids can store the hydroid ' s nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall , the cerata ( frick 2003 ) . the nematocysts can move through the alimentary tract without harming the nudibranch . once further into the organism , the cells are brought to specific placements on the creature ' s hind body via intestinal protuberances . it is not yet clear how the nudibranches can protect themselves from the hydroids and their nematocysts , but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role .\nthe vivid color of various nudibranchs helps to warn predators of such defenses . among the nudibranchs can be found the most colorful creatures on earth . the intense and bright coloring , such as especially seen on chromodorids , warns that they are distasteful or poisonous ( aposematic coloration ) .\ncamouflage also is used . the anatomy and color of nudibranchs may resemble the texture and color of the surrounding plants , sponges , and substrate , allowing them to be difficult to discern . some may mimic toxic nudibranches .\nthe tough - skin and abrasive quality of nudibranchs also may be a detriment ( holland 2008 ) . another way of protection is the release of a sour liquid from the skin . once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature , it will release the slime automatically .\nnudibranchs are carnivorous , feeding on sponges , hydroids , bryozoans , coral , barnacles , eggs , tunicates , anemones , or small fish . some eat other nudibranches , including members of their own species . some graze on algae . some nudibranchs derive nutrition from ingested photosynthetic algae ( holland 2008 ) .\ndespite their protective mechanisms , nudibranchs have a number of predators , including certain species of fish , sea spiders , turtles , crabs , and sea stars , as well as some people ( such as chileans and islanders from off alaska and russia ) who consume them after removing the toxic organs ( holland 2008 ) .\nnudibranchs are simultaneous hermaphroditic , and thus have a set of reproductive organs for both genders . they can rarely fertilize themselves , but can mate with any other mature members of their species ( ngs 2008 ) .\nnudibranchs typically deposit their eggs within a gelatinous spiral ( klussmann - kolb 2001 ) . some masses ( coils , ribbons , or tangled clumbs ) may reach up to two million at a time ( holland 2008 ) .\nthe taxonomy of the nudibranchia is still under investigation and is subject to frequent revision . many taxonomists in the past treated the nudibranchia as an order , based on the authoritative work of johannes thiele ( 1931 ) , who built on the concepts of henri milne - edwards ( 1848 ) . newer insights derived from morphological data and gene - sequence research have supported the basic taxonomic divisions . on the basis of investigation of 18s rdna sequence data , there is strong evidence for support of the monophyly of the nudibranchia and its two major groups , the anthobranchia / doridoidea and cladobranchia .\ncompeting taxonomies remain , with nudibranchia variously considered an order or a suborder , and diverse classes and subclasses recognized ; for example , opisthobranchia may variously be considered an order or a subclass . ponder and lindberg ( 1997 ) recognize two subclasses within gastropoda ( orthogastropoda and eogastropoda ) , with nudibranchia placed within the subclass orthogastropoda . the integrated taxonomic information system recognizes nudibranchia as an order in the subclass opisthobranchia ( itis 2004 ) .\nthe dorids ( infraorder anthobranchia ) have the following characteristics : the branchial plume forms a cluster on the posterior part of the neck , around the eyes . fringes on the mantle do not contain any intestines .\nthe aeolids ( infraorder cladobranchia ) have the following characteristics : instead of the branchial plume , they have cerata . they lack a mantle . only species of the cladobranchia are reported to house zooxanthellae .\nschr\u00f6dl et al . ( 2001 ) have offered other revisions in the taxonomy of the nudibranchia . here they are divided into two major clades :\ndexiarchia nom . nov . ( = doridoxoidea + dendronotoidea + aeolidoidea + \u201carminoidea\u201d ) .\nfrick , k . 2003 . predator suites and flabellinid nudibranch nematocyst complements in the gulf of maine proceedings of the 22nd annual scientific diving symposium , american academy of underwater sciences . greenville , north carolina . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .\nholland , j . s . 2008 . living color : toxic nudibranchs\u2014soft , seagoing slugs\u2014produce a brilliant defense national geographic , june 2008 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2004 . nudibranchia blainville , 1814 itis taxonomic serial no . : 78156 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .\nklussmann - kolb , a . 2001 . the reproductive systems of the nudibranchia ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) : comparative histology and ultrastructure of the nidamental glands with aspects of functional morphology zoologischer anzeiger 240 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013136 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .\nnational geographic society . 2008 . nudibranch ( nudibranchia ) national geographic society . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .\nponder , w . f . , and d . r . lindberg . 1997 . \u201ctowards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . \u201d zoological journal of the linnean society 119 : 83 - 2651 .\nschr\u00f6dl , m . , h . w\u00e4gele , and r . c . willan . 2001 . taxonomic redescription of the doridoxidae ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) , an enigmatic family of deep water nudibranchs , with discussion of basal nudibranch phylogeny zoologischer anzeiger 240 ( 1 ) : 83 - 97 . retrieved july 23 , 2008 .\nw\u00e4gele , h . , and r . c . willan . 2000 . phylogeny of the nudibranchia . zoological journal of the linnean society 1 ( 1 ) : 83\u2013181 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 26 july 2008 , at 23 : 44 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ab\u30eb\u30b3\u30c6\u30a3\u30a2\u79d1\nto\ncharcotiidae\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30d8\u30ed\u79d1\nto\nheroidae\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by marlin resource from janolus cristatus ( delle chiaje , 1841 ) to their own page .\nsarah miller marked\ndescription\nas hidden on the\nhero formosa loven , 1841\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhelix pomatia sealed in its shell with a calcareous epiphragm snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods . the name is most often applied to land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs . however , the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into . when the word \u201csnail\u201d is used in this most general sense , it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails . gastropods that naturally lack a shell , or have only an internal shell , are mostly called slugs , and land snails that have only a very small shell ( that they cannot retract into ) are often called semi - slugs . snails have considerable human relevance , including as food items , as pests , as vectors of disease , and their shells are used as decorative objects and are incorporated into jewelry . the snail has also had some cultural significance , and has been used as a metaphor .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\noriginal file name : haeckel _ nudibranchia . jpg resolution : 1139x1617 file size : 926900 bytes date : 2007 : 09 : 01 22 : 38 : 05 upload time : 2007 : 09 : 01 22 : 41 : 10\n, the largest suborder of the order opisthobranchia . there are more than 3 , 000 described species .\ncomes from latin nudus meaning\nnaked\n, and greek brankhia meaning\ngills\n. the name is appropriate since the dorids ( infraclass anthobranchia ) breathe through a branchial plume of bushy extremities on their back , rather than using gills . by contrast , on the back of the aeolids in infraclass cladobranchia there are brightly colored sets of tentacles called cerata .\ns have cephalic ( head ) tentacles , which are sensitive to touch , taste , and smell . club - shaped rhinophores detect the odors .\ns , or , on some occasions , members of their own species . there is also a group that feeds on tunicates and\nbody forms can vary wildly . they lack a mantle cavity . their size varies from 40 to 600 mm .\nthey occur worldwide at all depths , but they reach their greatest size and variation in warm , shallow waters .\n, they have had to evolve another means of defense : camouflage , through color patterns that make them invisible ( cryptic behavior ) or warn off predators as being distasteful or poisonous ( aposematic behavior ) . champions in their colorful display are the chromodorids . the\ns that feed on hydroids store the hydroid ' s nematocysts ( stinging cells ) in the dorsal body wall . this enables the\n( 1848 ) . but new insights through morphological data and gene - sequence research , cause some confidence in the congruence of the data sets of the new and the old . on the basis of investigation of 18s rdna sequence data , there has been found strong evidence for support of the monophyly of the\nthe dorids ( infraorder anthobranchia ) have the following characteristics : the branchial plume forms a cluster on the posterior part of the neck , around the eyes . fringes on the mantle do not contain any intestines .\nthe aeolids ( infraorder cladobranchia ) have the following characteristics : instead of the branchial plume , they have cerata . they lack a mantle . only species of the cladobranchia are reported to home . zooxanthellae .\nthe text in this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article shown in above url . it is used under the gnu free documentation license . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the gfdl .\nurltoken does not have the copyright for this image . this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist . if you are to use this photograph , please contact the copyright owner or the poster .\ncopyleft \u00a9 since 1995 , animal pictures archive . all rights may be reserved ."]}
{"id": 2533, "summary": [{"text": "the ornate burrowing frog , ( platyplectrum ornatum , formerly opisthodon ornatus and limnodynastes ornatus ) is a species of ground frog native to australia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was moved to the genus opisthodon in 2006 , following a major revision of amphibians , and is now classified in the genus platyplectrum", "topic": 26}], "title": "ornate burrowing frog", "paragraphs": ["for example , 15 species of frog occur in the macquarie marshes and seven of those live underground during long dry periods . these include the striped burrowing frog , ornate burrowing frog , waterholding frog and crucifix toad .\nwhile some frogs choose to hide , others choose to stand out . such is the ornate horned frog , also known as the argentine horned frog , argentine wide - mouthed frog , and ornate pacman frog .\nthe ornate burrowing frog is a small stubby ground frog that lives in the kimberley , northern territory , queensland and across to western sydney . . . .\na medium - sized ( to 5 cm ) robust burrowing frog with smooth skin and moderately long limbs . very similar to the ornate burrowing frog ( platyplectrum ornatum ) , but has much more extensive webbing between the toes and a sharper snout . back pattern is a combination of different shades of brown on a pale background , less distinct than in the ornate burrowing frog .\nthis species and the ornate burrowing frog have been found to be more closely - related to the genus lechriodus from the east coast of australia and new guinea .\ncommon wetland frogs include the striped marsh frog , brown - striped grass frog , spotted grass frog , green tree frog and red - eyed green tree frog .\nornate burrowing frogs burrow during dry or cold times . they occur in a wide range of habitats from the coast to central arid environments .\nthis frog species from madagascar goes by many names , including the ornate hopper , the rainbow burrowing frog , the red rain frog or the gottlebe ' s narrow - mouthed frog . this frog , by any name , is just as colorful . the species is known for its vibrant patterns of red , orange , green , black and white .\nhabitat : burrowing , grasslands and open woodlands call : \u201c unk\u2026unk\u2026unk\u201d . similar to magpie goose call\nkern , p . , cramp , r . l . , franklin , c . e . ( 2014 ) : temperature and uv - b - insensitive performance in tadpoles of the ornate burrowing frog : an ephemeral pond specialist . journal of experimental biology 217 : 1246 - 1252 .\nkern , p . , cramp , r . l . and franklin , c . e . ( 2014 ) . temperature and uv - b - insensitive performance in tadpoles of the ornate burrowing frog : an ephemeral pond specialist . journal of experimental biology 217 , 1246 - 1252 .\nthe ornate burrowing frog has a varying rate of metamorphosis ranging from around 20 to 90 days depending on the local environmental conditions . tadpoles may develop quickly if they are in small water pools - ideally , they are ready to leave the water by the time the water pool dries up .\nthe ornate burrowing frog is a stout frog with broad head with protruding eyes . variable colour pattern ; pale sandy back patterned with irregular darker markings , edged in black ; pale butterfly shaped marking often present between shoulders ; pale yellow or pale orange stripe may be present down middle of back ; small warts often tipped in red are scattered over back ; underneath white .\nbohle iridovirus ( biv ) is a species within the genus ranavirus , family iridoviridae , first isolated from the ornate burrowing frog limnodynastes ornatus in australia . the biv genome confirms it is closely related to isolates from boreal toad anaxyrus boreas and leaf - tailed gecko uroplatus fimbriatus within the united states and germany , respectively .\nornate burrowing frogs feed on all the invertebrates found in leaf litter , garden mulch or compost heaps , from ants to worms , slaters , beetles and even other small frogs . it is in these cool moist places in your garden that you will find them .\nan adaptable frog that is found south to nsw , limnodynastes ornatus is often considered a ' tropical frog ' as its range is greater in hotter climes .\ncitation hick pm , subramaniam k , thompson p , whittington rj , waltzek tb . 2016 . complete genome sequence of a bohle iridovirus isolate from ornate burrowing frogs ( limnodynastes ornatus ) in australia . genome announc 4 ( 4 ) : e00632 - 16 . doi : 10 . 1128 / genomea . 00632 - 16 .\nof the 71 frog species known in nsw , 47 are dependent on wetlands .\nthe ornate and centralian burrowing frogs have been recently transferred from limnodynastes to the genus platyplectrum ( a old name coined in the 19th century ) . although platyplectrum also has a foam nest like limnodynastes , it is more closely associated with lechriodus from the great dividing range in eastern australia and papua new guinea . lechriodus also has predatory tadpoles .\nthis little frog recently made the headlines thanks to its resemblance to a celebrity : kermit the frog . it also made headlines because it ' s a newly discovered species .\nthough it looks like road kill , this flattened frog is actually alive and well . it is possibly the flattest frog around ! ( photo : hugo claessen / wikipedia )\nthe ornate burrowing frog is a small stubby ground frog that lives in the kimberley , northern territory , queensland and across to western sydney . this frog is covered in red - tipped warts and ranges in colour from yellow to grey . breeding occurs during the wet season and females lay up to 1600 eggs in a foam raft she creates by splashing water . some frogs in this species have a large yellow stripe that runs from the nose all the way down its back . this frog is usual in that it burrows feet first using large tubercules or warty lumps on its feet to scrap out soil . males call from dams , puddles and flooded grassland with a short nasally\nunk\nsound .\npenman , t . d . , lemckert , f . l . , mahony , m . j . ( 2008 ) : spatial ecology of the giant burrowing frog ( heleioporus australiacus ) : implications for conservation prescriptions . australian journal of zoology 56 : 179 - 186 .\nthe brazilian horned frog has a mouth as huge as the ornate horned frog and a reputation for being just as aggressive , if not more so . blending into the leaf litter on the forest floor , the 8 - inch long frog only has its ( huge ) head visible , ready to snatch any potential prey that wanders past . some specimens have been found dead with prey sticking out of their mouths , having suffocated rather than give up a large meal .\nfor research and training in wildlife conservation and disease ecology ( specifically frog chytrid fungal disease ) .\nbe careful when gardening as you may dig up a little frog . you can rebury it , and the frog will be fine . avoid touching or taking tadpoles or frogs from ponds , temporary water sources , puddles and so on , as doing so can spread diseases between different frog populations .\ntwo - thirds of the frog species known in new south wales depend on wetlands for their survival .\nthis frog ' s rough green skin perfectly matches its mossy surroundings . ( photo : davemhuntphotography / shutterstock )\nyou can see how the malayn horned frog looks like leaves . ( photo : eric isselee / shutterstock )\nthis miniscule frog is only about 1 inch long , and it ' s a species of glass frog . glass frogs are called such because the skin on their bellies is so translucent , you can see their organs .\nafter this video by dean boshoff was posted online , it also became the unofficial world ' s cutest frog .\nit ' s easy to see why the mossy frog was so named . ( photo : davemhuntphotography / shutterstock )\nthis frog has a wide range of colour but most are uniformly brown and many have obvious markings on their back .\nwailing frog cyclorana vagitus size : up to 5 cm distinguishing features : stout frog with short legs and rough skin . pale grey with dark grey or green markings . fingers are not webbed , toes are half webbed . there are large bumps\nreilly , b . d . , hickey , a . j . r . , cramp , r . l . and franklin , c . e . ( 2014 ) . decreased hydrogen peroxide production and mitochondrial respiration in muscle fibres of the green - striped burrowing frog , a natural model of muscle disuse . journal of experimental biology 217 , 1087 - 1093 .\nthis species is sometimes called a pacman frog because of its exceptionally large mouth . ( photo : cathy keifer / shutterstock )\neighteen species of frog \u2013 a quarter of all frogs in nsw \u2013 are listed as threatened under the biodiversity conservation act 2016 .\nthis 4 - inch frog can glide as far as 50 feet in a single leap . ( photo : norhayati / shutterstock )\nas for being food itself , the frog kills everything that tries to eat it , except for the snake species liophis epinephelus . this is the only species known to have a resistance to ( but not immunity from ) the toxin of the golden dart frog .\nthis tiny , vividly gold frog is one of the most toxic creatures in the world . ( photo : aleksey stemmer / shutterstock )\nthis aggressive frog matches its surroundings , making it a deadly foe for any passing prey . ( photo : dirk ercken / shutterstock )\nbarring across legs ; easily confused with juvenile native frog p . ornatum habitat : sheltering at waters edge in wet vegetation ; diurnal activity\nhazell , d . ( 2003 ) : frog ecology in modified australian landscapes : a review . wildlife research 30 : 193 - 205 .\nthis newly discovered species quickly rose to fame thanks to its similarities to kermit the frog . ( photo : costa rican amphibian research center )\nsome frog species do more than hop . they fly \u2014 or at least glide anyway . there are several species of\nflying frog\nand the wallace ' s flying frog is one of them . these frogs have especially long toes with a great deal of webbing between them , allowing them to spread out to become four tiny parachutes . they also have flaps of skin on their front limbs for extra help .\nwhy\npacman\nfrog ? because this frog will try to swallow pretty much anything that gets close to its unusually large mouth . the frog ' s menu includes everything from insects to rodents to other frogs . it has an insatiable appetite packaged in a 6 - inch body that is half mouth \u2014 literally . its mouth accounts for around half of the frog ' s body . as the national zoo puts it ,\nthese frogs are sometimes called ' mouths with legs ' because the mouth appears to be the entire front half of the body .\nif you live in sandy areas in northern and eastern australia , keep your eye out for a small , pudgy frog with brown colouring and markings .\nmo , m . ( 2014 ) : a preliminary evaluation of frog assemblages in the pilliga forests . wetlands ( australia ) 27 : 2 - 10 .\nkayes , s . m . , cramp , r . l . , hudson , n . j . and franklin , c . e . ( 2013 ) . the effect of opioids on tissue metabolism in aestivating and active green striped burrowing frogs , cyclorana alboguttata . journal of herpetology 47 , 369 - 377 .\na medium - sized ( 4 . 5 cm ) round frog with short legs . they have a broad head with large eyes that stick above its head , and the eardrum is not distinct . they have a large shovel - shaped inner metatarsal tubercle . pale brown colouration with an elaborate series of\nornate\nblotches often edged in black . some individuals have a wide central stripe from the snout and extending along the back . there is often a butterfly - shaped patch behind the eyes .\nbumpy rocket frog , peter\u2019s frog litoria inermis size : 2 . 4\u20133 . 7 cm , small to medium distinguishing features : mottled dark brown on lighter background ; pointed , elongated head ; unwebbed fingers and partially webbed toes ; coarse warty back ; distinct whitepatch at hinge of jaw ; inside of thigh yellow with black marking .\nalthough this frog can produce a variety of sounds the calling males make a sound that has been described a slow repeated\nshort nasal unk\nor gulping sound .\nalso known as the pipa pipa , this may be one of the most bizarre frog species out there , with a disconcerting ( or simply disgusting ) way of reproducing .\nwe reported earlier this month ,\nminnesota researcher brian kubicki , creator of the costa rican amphibian research center , found the kermit the frog wannabe in the caribbean slopes of costa rica . according to the official announcement on the center ' s website , this particular glass frog is unique due to its coloring , the sound of its call , and other morphological features \u2014 including its kermit - like eyes . kubicki said the small , semi - translucent frog ' is a good indicator of the general health of the ecosystem . '\nwith growths like sideburns and claws that suddenly sprout from its toes , it ' s no wonder this species is sometimes called the wolverine frog . ( photo : gustavocarra / wikipedia )\nall information here has been verified by fieldwork as part of the magnetic island frog project which itself , was part of post - graduate studies at james cook university . the links in the column with this name are to scientific species reports that are informative and contain more pictures , also prepared as part of this project . just pic your frog and click on the .\nthe scientific name for this species is phyllobates terribilis , and for good reason . as one of the most toxic animals on the planet , a single 2 - inch frog has enough toxin to kill between 10 - 20 adult humans , or two bull elephants . just one gram of the toxin produced by the skin of the the golden dart frog could kill 15 , 000 people .\nvividly colored , this frog is popular in the pet trade . unfortunately that also has been a factor in causing it to become and endangered species . ( photo : franco andreone / wikipedia )\nmurphy , m . j . ( 2008 ) : observations of frog activity in an area affected by intense wildfire in the pilliga forest , new south wales . herpetofauna 38 : 71 - 74 .\nsmaller than a dime , this tiny frog species is the world ' s smallest vertebrate . ( photo : rittmeyer en , allison a , gr\u00fcndler mc , thompson dk , austin cc / wikipedia )\nthe diana ' s bare - hearted glass frog may be tiny but it has nothing on the paedophryne amauensis , also a relatively new species to science as it was only discovered in august 2009 .\nit will go after practically anything , including intruders , and that includes the feet of people walking past . so the word of advice around this frog is don ' t tread too near one !\nnot only is it colorful but it ' s a skilled climber . by day , the frogs burrow in sandy areas next to streams . by night , they climb the surrounding rocky areas , sometimes climbing vertical walls thanks to the sharp claws on its front feet that help it to grip . it is one of the few frogs that are built to be good at both burrowing and climbing .\nrobertson , j . g . ( 1986 ) female choice , male strategies and the role of vocalizations in the australian frog uperoleia rugosa . animal behaviour , 34 ( 3 ) : 773 - 784 .\ngoldingay , r . l . , newell , d . a . ( 2005 ) : population estimation of the green and golden bell frog litoria aurea at port kembla . australian zoologist 33 : 210 - 216 .\nthere\u2019s still so much that we don\u2019t know about frogs , and this lack of knowledge extends into the realm of reproduction . given that most frog reproduction occurs in waterbodies at night , and there are almost 7700 species of frog known , many in really remote places , it\u2019s perhaps not that surprising . from what we do know , though , it\u2019s becoming clear that frogs don\u2019t all do the same thing when it comes to sex .\nonce a female frog approaches her chosen mate , he will typically embrace her in a position known as amplexus . this most often takes the form of the male jumping on the back of the female , grasping her either behind the arms or around the waist . because the vast majority of frog species fertilize their eggs externally , this positioning helps ensure that the eggs of the female are fertilized by the male when they are released .\ntrichobatrachus robustus is , frankly , a bit on the creepy side . the species is also known as the horror frog or wolverine frog , in part because if threatened , it will intentionally break its own toe bones , which then stick out through the skin to act like claws . these bones later retract on their own and the damaged tissue heals . it ' s the only animal researchers know of with such a defense mechanism .\ndaly , g . , craven , p . ( 2007 ) : monitoring populations of heath frog litoria littlejohni in the shoalhaven region on the south coast of new south wales . australian zoologist 34 : 165 - 172 .\nthe name of the wolverine frog is fitting not only for the bony\nclaws\nthat come flying out of its feet but also for the hair - like growths on the sides of the males called dermal papillae . breeding males grow the papillae , which have arteries and are believed to help increase the surface area of the frog so it can absorb more oxygen as it stays underwater for long periods of time guarding eggs laid by females .\nby turns masters of camouflage ( like the vietnamese mossy frog pictured here ) or standing out like a neon sign , amphibians around the world have amazing adaptations for their different habitats . ( photo : eric isselee / shutterstock )\nmargules , c . r . , davies , k . f . , meyers , j . a . , and milkovits , g . a . ( 1995 ) . ' ' the responses of some selected arthropods and the frog\nwith a body about six inches long , this is the largest of the indian frog species . in the 1990s , people started farming the frogs as a food source . they have also become an invasive introduced species in madagascar .\nthe malayan horned frog waits motionless until prey passes close by , then it rapidly strikes . the usual prey for this species , though , is insects . it also eats spiders , lizards , other frogs and even small rodents .\nthis bizarre looking creature is difficult to recognize as a frog right away due to its , well , blob shape . it is found in the western ghats mountain range in india , and its closest relatives are in the seychelles , off the eastern coast of africa . this species has evolved independently for over 120 million years , which explains its unique appearance . it ' s also sometimes called the pignose frog , due to it ' s long - ish snout .\nthis devilish frog is designed to look like leaves on the forest floor , complete with horn - like projections atop its eyes and nose to add to the spiky look of leaf edges . it lives in the leaf litter of damp , cool lowland rain forests in southeast asia , so it needs to blend in with the other leaves to stay hidden from both predators and prey . it would be difficult to pick this frog out from fallen leaves when walking by :\nthis guide aims to assist in the identification of frog species commonly found on the highlands , tablelands , slopes , and plains of south - west new south wales , contributing to a broader appreciation and knowledge of these interesting and important animals .\nthis species is recorded as being part of the diet of the green tree snake ( dendrelaphis punctulata ) and of of the keelback snake ( tropidonophis mairii ) and is possibly in the diet of most frog eating snakes in the same range .\na capable burrower , l . ornatus diurnally retreats often preferring a sandy substrate . this species burrows obliquely backwards often referred to as a\nbackwards - sliding burrower\nas opposed to the more common burrowing style termed ' circular burrowers ' . it can remain underground for long periods of time . once thought a mainly ' arid ' species , it is often found buried in dry creek beds far from permanent water . warm humid nights is a good time to find foraging adults .\nshauble , c . s . , moritz , c . , and slade , r . w . ( 2000 ) a molecular phylogeny for the frog genus limnodynastes ( anura : myobatrachidae ) , molecular phylogenetics and evolution : 16 : 3 : 379\u2013391\nalthough most frogs advertise their readiness to mate very loudly in swamps and streams at night , we\u2019re only just starting to get a glimpse of the sex life of frogs . it appears that no two frog species take the same approach to mating . indeed , there\u2019s an utterly enormous amount of variation in how frogs \u2018do it\u2019 . research into frog mating behavior is also revealing the creative ways that frogs have evolved to survive , and breed , in different kinds of habitats all over the world .\nthe first step in reproduction is to find a partner . in most frog species , males initiate this contact via advertising their presence and readiness , loudly . males call , usually from a possible breeding site such as a pond , stream or swamp . each frog species has a different call and female frogs can recognize the call of their own species . when females are ready to breed ( when they are full of eggs ) , they move towards calling males , and pick the male that they prefer . female frogs are fussy . in the wrinkled toadlet ( uperoleia rugosa ) from eastern australia , females were found to wander around calling males for 3 - 4 nights before selecting her mate . heavier males with deeper - pitched calls were deemed the most attractive by females of this tiny frog .\nthe shape , and indeed the purple coloring , is understandable because it lives the majority of its life underground eating termites . the purple frog surfaces only for two weeks out of the year during the monsoon season , during which it mates and then heads back underground .\nthis is a native frog . it ' s protected in new south wales . if you have to handle it , make sure your hands or gloves are clean and wet . native frogs can easily be harmed by diseases and chemical residues that may be on your hands .\ngiven that the reproductive behavior of hundreds , if not thousands , of frog species is unknown , there are likely to be some really wonderful mating adaptations out there . these adaptations have allowed frogs to spread across all corners of the earth and fill the night with their amorous advertisement calls .\nwhile most common frogs live in or around fresh water , many live in coastal waters , including the endangered green and golden bell frog . it thrives in water bodies that are unshaded , are free of predatory fish such as gambusia ( plague minnow ) and have grassy areas and sheltering sites nearby .\nmitchell , t . , alton , l . a . , white , c . r . and franklin , c . e . ( 2012 ) . relations between conspecific density and effects of ultraviolet - b radiation on tadpole size in the striped marsh frog . conservation biology 26 , 1112 - 1120 .\nlength 40 - 45mm , a rotund and snub - nosed frog with smooth to slightly warty skin and protruding eyes . highly variable coloration , grey - brown to reddish with complex dark and light blotched patterning . may have a light patch on the neck and a pale orange vertebral stripe . abdomen white . fingers unwebbed and toes quarter webbed .\nthis species ranks way up there among the froggy masters of camouflage . living in subtropical and tropical lowland forests , as well as freshwater marshes , its skin mimics the look of moss , turning it into what looks like a moss - covered rock when the frog sits still . even its eyes have the same textured appearance through their coloration .\nmating is a little more complicated in some frog species , especially when they only have a limited time to breed and there\u2019s not much time to find a partner . for example , some asian treefrog species ( polypedates ) rely on heavy rains to fill puddles and so need to breed as soon as they can if they want to give their tadpoles enough time to turn into a frog before the puddle dries out . in these species , multiple individuals often mate at once . when time is limited , males may also make a mistake and briefly grab on to the wrong species . it\u2019s usually not long before they realise their error , though , and move on to find another potential mate .\nreilly , b . , cramp , r . l . and franklin , c . e . ( 2014 ) . activity , abundance and expression of ca 2 + - activated proteases in skeletal muscle of the aestivating frog , cyclorana alboguttata . journal of comparative physiology b 12 , 1 - 13 . doi 10 . 1007 / s00360 - 014 - 0880 - 6\nso , how long do frogs stay in amplexus ? amplexus duration varies greatly among frog species and has been reported as short as five seconds to several months ! of course , the actual fertilization doesn\u2019t take a month , so there\u2019s often a lot of time in amplexus without much going on . this can be a bit of a burden for female frogs as they may have to cart their mate around on their back the whole time !\nnot only is it tiny but its calls are similar to those of insects , plus their coloring matches the leaf litter on the forest floor . no wonder it took scientists awhile to notice it ! the strategy used by the two researchers who discovered it were to use triangulation to determine the location of the call , then scoop leaf litter into a plastic bag to figure out what was making the noise . then there it was , the tiniest frog in the world . paedophryne amauensis is found in papua new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis australian endemic occurs from the kimberley zone in western australia , across northern northern territory , northern and southeastern queensland and into the central coast of new south wales .\nthe species is found in dry coastal and inland areas including areas of woodland , grassland and savannah . it is often found along dry , sandy watercourses some distance from permanent water . they burrow in the daytime and may spend the dry season in a dormant state well beneath the surface . it breeds after heavy rain in shallow ephemeral waters . males call whilst floating in the water , which may be only a small puddle . females lay about 1 , 000 eggs in a foam nest that collapses after a few hours to form a floating layer up to 7cm across . females may breed more than once each season .\nthere are no major threats overall to this extremely widespread species , however there is some localized habitat loss / degradation associated with human settlement and agro - industry farming . tadpoles of the introduced bufo marinus can out compete the tadpoles of this species .\njean - marc hero , john clarke , ed meyer , peter robertson , frank lemckert , dale roberts , paul horner . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ncogger , h . g . , in cogger , h . g . , cameron , e . e . & cogger , h . m . 1983 ,\namphibia and reptilia\n, ed . walton , d . w . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 1 , pp . 313 pp . , australian government publishing service , canberra\ngray , j . e . 1842 ,\ndescription of some hitherto unrecorded species of australian reptiles and batrachians\n, ed . gray , j . e . ( ed . ) , the zoological miscellany , pp . 51 - 57 , treuttel , w\u00fcrz & co . , london\ncope , e . d . 1866 ,\non the structure and distribution of the genera of arciferous anura\n, journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , ser . 2 , vol . 6 , pp . 67 - 112\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1863 ,\non new species of batrachians from australia\n, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 3 , vol . 11 , pp . 26 - 28\nsteindachner , f . 1867 ,\namphibien . pp . 1\u201370 in , reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorff - urbair . zoologie 1 ( 4 )\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 85417dbe - a58b - 4502 - 96c3 - b433ff5c8e98\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b15638c1 - bd4b - 4e1b - a1fd - 68b54b14fdf5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c24666b5 - a938 - 4301 - 9f40 - ffe39206a53c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2e224aea - d0de - 4f29 - 909a - 9b23859ccce7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 652651\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nbreeds throughout the wet season . females lay their eggs in a foam nest they create by slapping their hands down on the surface of the water to capture air bubbles ( with the male hanging on her back the whole time ) . female lay about 1000 eggs in a foam nest that spreads out to a flat circle about 7 cm in diameter . tadpoles are small ( up to 35 mm ) , development is rapid with tadpoles metamorphosing into froglets about 6 - 8 mm long . the tadpoles are predators of other tadpoles and invertebrates .\nkimberley region . also extends across northern nt , east to queensland ( including torres strait islands ) and south to nsw .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, grows no larger than 50mm and is often mistaken for small cane toads . these frogs are generally active after heavy rain during spring and summer . warm humid nights are a good time to find foraging adults .\ntheir feet have special hardened plates known as tubercles that they use like a shovel to help them dig their burrows . they burrow backwards at an angle giving them the name ' backwards - sliding burrower ' .\nbreeding occurs only after heavy rain and breeding sites can range from puddles to large dams . males will call with a fast ' unk ' , while floating in still water . females lay up to 1 , 600 eggs in a small , dome shaped foam mass they create by slapping their hands down on the surface of the water to catch air bubbles ( the male hangs on her back the whole time ) . the mass collapses within hours into a single floating film layer of eggs and jelly .\nif you live in the right climate , these frogs will live happily in suburban areas so put in a ground pond to attract them to your backyard .\nthese frogs can drown in swimming pools as they have no way to climb out . a hinged wooden platform which extends into the water can help these and any other ground frogs to get out of your pool .\n\u201dprotecting & safeguarding australia\u2019s wilderness & wildlife is important for the health and enjoyment for our future generations , thanks fnpw for your support of our project . \u201c\nbackyard buddies is an initiative of the foundation for national parks & wildlife ( abn 90 107 744 771 ) , a registered charity with the acnc , with deductible gift recipient ( dgr ) . donations over $ 2 are tax - deductible and we thank you for your support .\naustralia is a land like no other , with about one million different native species . more than 80 per cent of the country\u2019s flowering plants , mammals , reptiles and frogs are unique to australia , along with most of its freshwater fish and almost half of its birds .\nalong the northern and eastern sections of australia . from the kimberley zone in western australia , across northern northern territory , northern and south - eastern queensland and into the central coast of new south wales . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 2244000 km2 .\nfound in many habitats that are subject to seasonal inundation . often found in dry sandy watercourses some distance from permanent water . they burrow in the daytime and may spend the dry season in a dormant state well beneath the surface . breeds in the wet season only after heavy rain . males call whilst floating in the water , which may be only a small puddle . females lay about 1000 eggs in a foam nest that collapses after a few hours to form a floating layer up to 7cm across . females may breed more than once each season .\nbarker , j . , grigg , g . c . , and tyler , m . j . ( 1995 ) .\nj - m hero et al . ( m . hero at mailbox . gu . edu . au ) , griffith university\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nevie amati : trial starts of woman accused of axe attack caug . . .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out .\nnews limited copyright \u00a9 2018 . all times aest ( gmt + 10 ) .\nmales call while floating in the water . breeding sites can range from puddles to large dams . over 1000 eggs laid in white foamy mass on surface of still water amongst floating vegetation .\nmap is from atlas of living australia website at urltoken licensed under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia license\n/ home / nqdry378 / public _ html / bdtwiki / extensions / css / css . php\nthis is a legacy website . content is not being updated but is kept as an archive . updated nrm information is now held in the nq dry tropics nrm information portal at urltoken . while corporate information about nq dry tropics is held on our main website at urltoken\nthis page was last modified on 23 january 2015 , at 04 : 15 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorthern and eastern australia . widespread in woodland and grasslands of the lowlands , burrows into sandy and alluvial soils , emerging to breed after rain .\nbecause many frogs live in or around wetlands that are only intermittently wet , some have adapted to surviving long dry periods .\nfrogs and tadpoles have thin , porous skin , through which they absorb chemicals from the air and water . for this reason , more than any other terrestrial animal , they need water to survive . most wetland frogs have very limited tolerances for drying .\nfrogs also need water to be able to reproduce . local rainfall can create temporary pools suitable for some species to breed . however , most species depend on wetland flooding to breed , particularly in inland nsw , where water can be scarce for years .\nthe majority of frogs in inland wetlands are most active in spring and summer and have a preference for wetlands with longer periods of water pooling . the timing of flooding also has a strong influence on which species are able to breed .\naquatic vegetation provides shelter for adult frogs and enables the growth of biofilms and organic matter , which are important food sources for tadpoles .\nsome of these threats are sufficiently serious for them to be listed as key threatening processes under the biodiversity conservation act 2016 .\ntell us what you liked about the page or how it could be improved .\nif you are happy for us to follow up on your feedback , please provide your name and email . the information you provide in this form will only be used for the purpose for which it was collected . by submitting , you consent to storage , use , and disclosure of your personal information in accordance with our privacy policy .\ni would like oeh to contact me in the future for help improving services and to share information about national parks or other environmental activities .\n( barker et al . , 1995 , burton , 2001 ; martin and davies , 1979 ; shauble et al . , 2000 , tyler and davies 1986 ; tyler et al , . 1979 ; tyler et al . , 1994 )\n( cameron and cogger 1992 . barker et al . , 1995 , cogger , 1988 , clyne , 1969 ; littlejohn et al . , 1991 ; mcdonald , 2000 , swan , 2001 ; tyler and davies1986 ; tyler et al 1994 . )\nsize ( snout - vent ) . although the recorded average for species is 45mm . , females are said range between 35mm and 42mm apx with males smaller , from urltoken 37mm . apx .\n( baker , 1999 , barker et al . , 1995 , cameron and cogger , 1992 , clyne , 1969 , mcdonald , 2000 , , tyler , 1982 , tyler et al . , 1994 , tyler and davies , 1986 ; tyler et al , . 1994 ; )\n( cameron and cogger , 1992 , barker et al . , 1995 , cogger , 1988 , clyne , 1969 , frith , 1987 : mcdonald , 2000 , swan , 2001 ; tyler and davies , 1978 , tyler et al , . 1994 )\nl . ornatus is found throughout northern australia ( down to dampier downs , fitzroy crossing and halls urltoken the west ) , down to just beyond boroloola in the n . t . and in most of eastern australia ( down to mid south nsw ) including islands in the torres straight but not new guinea . according to tyler of the nine frogs found in cape york that are also found in new guinea , l . ornatus is the only species that almost made it with the range ending on the intermediate islands .\nlimnodynastes ornatus has a limited bladder water storage ability , compared to the true water storing frogs which perhaps allows it limited aestivation time . at an ambient temperature of 37 . 5\u00b0c , in dry conditions , in the laboratory l . ornatus has been known to survive for 8hrs . without water or food uptake . live adult specimens that have been in water for some time appear viably to swell .\n( barker et al . , 1995 ; cameron and cogger , 1992 ; cogger , 1988 ; clyne , 1969 ; friend and cellier , 1990 ; frith , 1987 / 1995 ; mcdonald , 2000 , swan , 2001 ; tyler and davies , 1986 ; )\naccording to some sources they are found everywhere except in rainforest , but others have them anywhere from rainforest through wet schlerophyll forest , vine thicket and arid woodland to grasslands . in kakadu one survey showed l . ornatus to be more often found in treed areas than grasslands .\n( anstis , 2002 ; barker et al . , 1995 , cameron and cogger 1992 , cogger , 1988 ; crossland , 1998 ; frith , 1995 ; mcdonald , 2000 , swan , 2001 ; tyler and davies , 1979 ; tyler et al , . 1994 ; )\nclutches can range from a couple of hundred up to more than 1600 pigmented eggs , with the animal pole ; black and the vegetal ; off - white to grey . ova size in this species is between 1 . 02 - 1 . 10 apx . and the capsule size between 1 . 6 - 2 . 07mm . after 18 - 30 hours the apx . 4 . 4mm hatchlings will emerge .\nthe size of tadpoles is up to 47mm ( apx . ) in the tail and up to 19 . 6mm ( apx . ) in the body length . tadpoles range from pale to dark brown and are a roughly oval shape with a somewhat pointed snout when viewed from above . the narrowly separated eyes are situated on top of the head area with gold rimmed pupils and a diamond shaped , gold sprinkled iris . the tail fins are relatively shallow , tapering to a rounded end , when viewed laterally . from above the tail appears quite thin .\nthe omnivorous tadpoles of l . ornatus have been known to be a major aquatic predator on eggs and hatchlings of other native anurans with no preference for species . in some ponds , if in sufficient numbers , they may even eliminate them entirely . on magnetic island they spawn well before other species giving them a size advantage when other spawn appears ( pers . obs ) . although classed as bottom dwellers , this author has observed many times that this species will rise to eat and compete for floating food and will eat in all water levels in captivity . tadpoles have been known to over - winter and hatchlings from the same clutch may develop at very different rates ( pers . obs )\nmetamorphosis is accomplished in between 21 and 90 days apx . depending on local environmental conditions . from december - march the diurnally active ( pers obs ) , brown patterned or unpatterned metamorphs may be observed hopping on the ground ( should not be confused with b marinus metamorphs which , although a similar size and also day active in the same season and similar places , will be black ) .\nbarker , j , grigg , g . and tyler , m . ( 1995 ) a field guide to australian frogs : surrey , beatty and sons , nsw . cogger , h . g . , 1988 .\nreptiles and amphibians of australia\n. reed books , n . s . w .\nburton , thomas c . , 2001 .\nvariation in the foot muscles of frogs of the family myobatrachidae\n. australian journal of zoology , 49 , 539\u0096559 .\ncameron , e . e . and cogger , h . g . , ( 1992 ) the herpetofauna of the weipa region , cape york peninsula ; technical report number 7 , australian museum .\nclyne , d . , ( 1969 ) australian frogs , lansdowne press , melbourne .\ncogger , h . g . , 1988 .\nreptiles and amphibians of australia\n. reed books , n . s . w .\nfrith , d . and frith c . , ( 1987 ) , australian tropical reptiles and frogs , tropical australia graphics , paluma .\nfrith , d . and frith c . , ( 1995 ) , cape york peninsula - a natural history , reed books , nsw .\nfriend , g . r . and cellier , k . m . ( 1990 ) wetland herpetofauna of kakadu national park , australia : seasonal richness trends , habitat preferences and the effects of feral ungulates , journal of tropical ecology , 6 ( 2 ) : 131 - 152\nlittlejohn , m . j . , roberts , d . , watson , g . f . & davies , m . ( 1991 ) family myobactachidae - fauna of australia series , australian government publication , c . s . i . r . o . , australia\nmcdonald , k . , 2000 , in\nwildlife of tropical north queensland\neds . ryan , m . & burwood , . c . pp . 170 - 195 : queensland museum .\ntyler m . j . , ( 1994 ) , australian frogs - a natural history , reed books , chatsworth , nsw .\ntyler m . j . and davies , m . ( 1979 ) , foam nest construction by australian leptodactylid frogs ( amphibia , anura , leptodactylidae ) , journal of herpetology , 13 : 4 : 509 - 510 .\ntyler m . j . and davies , m . ( 1986 ) , frogs of the northern territory , for the conservation commision of the northern territory by the university of adelaide .\ntyler , m . j . , martin , a . a . and davies , m . ( 1979 ) , biology and systematics of a new limnodynastine genus ( anura : leptodactylidae ) from north - western australia aust . j . zool . , 27 : 135 - 50\ntyler , m . j . , smith , l . h . and johnstone , r . e . ( 1994 ) , frogs of western australia , w . a . museum , perth\nwarburg , 1965 , studies on the water economy of some australian frogs , aust . j . zool . , ; 13 : 317 - 30\nabensperg - traun , m . , steven , d . ( 1997 ) : ant - and termite - eating in australian mammals and lizards : a comparison . australian journal of ecology 22 : 9 - 17 .\nanstis , m . ( 2013 ) : tadpoles and frogs of australia . sydney , new south wales , australia , new holland publishers .\nbaker , s . , lauck , b . ( 2006 ) : association of common brown froglets , crinia signifera , with clearcut forest edges in tasmania , australia . wildlife research 33 : 29 - 34 .\nbishop , c . a . , pettit , k . e . , gartshore , m . e . , macleod , d . a . ( 1997 ) : extensive monitoring of anuran populations using call counts and road transects in ontario ( 1992 to 1993 ) . in : amphibians in decline : canadian studies of a global problem , pp . 149 - 160 . green , d . m . , ed . , st . louis , missouri , usa , society for the study of amphibians and reptiles .\nclemente , c . j . , thompson , g . g . , withers , p . c . , lloyd , d . ( 2004 ) : kinematics , maximal metabolic rate , sprint and endurance for a slow - moving lizard , the thorny devil ( moloch horridus ) . australian journal of zoology 52 : 487 - 503 .\ncogger , h . g . ( 2014 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 7th edition . collingwood , victoria , australia , csiro publishing .\ncrossland , m . r . ( 2000 ) : direct and indirect effects of the introduced toad bufo marinus ( anura : bufonidae ) on populations of native anuran larvae in australia . ecography 23 : 283 - 290 .\ndate , e . m . , paull , d . c . ( 1999 ) : forestry in western new south wales . fauna survey of the north - west cypress / ironbark forests . dubbo , new south wales , australia , state forests of new south wales .\nelkan , e . ( 1976 ) : ground substance : an anuran defense against desiccation . physiology of the amphibia 3 : 101 - 110 .\nkerr , g . d . , bull , m . c . ( 2004 ) : field observations of extended locomotor activity at sub - optimal body temperatures in a diurnal heliothermic lizard ( tiliqua rugosa ) . journal of zoology 264 : 179 - 188 .\nkyne , p . m . , jackson , m . v . ( 2013 ) : an insectivorous australian pratincole stiltia isabella diversifies its diet . northern territory naturalist 24 : 61 .\nlemckert , f . , mahony , m . ( 2008 ) : core calling periods of the frogs of temperate new south wales , australia . herpetological conservation and biology 3 : 71 - 76 .\nlettoof , d . c . , greenlees , m . j . , stockwell , m . , shine , r . ( 2013 ) : do invasive cane toads affect the parasite burdens of native australian frogs ? international journal for parasitology : parasites and wildlife 2 : 155 - 164 .\nmilledge , d . ( 2012 ) : national significance : the ecological values of pilliga east forest and the threats posed by coal seam gas mining 2011 - 2012 . a report prepared for the northern inland council for the environment and the coonabarabran and upper castlereagh catchment and landcare group . suffolk park , new south wales , australia , landmark ecological services .\nmurphy , m . j . , murphy , j . k . , in press . survey of the reptiles and amphibians of merriwindi state conservation area in the pilliga forest of northern inland new south wales . australian zoologist .\nnsw npws ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service ) . ( 2000 ) : brigalow belt south : regional assessment ( stage 1 ) \u2013 report on preliminary fauna survey of pilliga and goonoo forests , november 1999 to january 2000 . a report prepared for the resource and conservation assessment council . dubbo , new south wales , australia , nsw national parks and wildlife service .\nnsw npws ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service ) . ( 2002 ) : pilliga nature reserve : plan of management . baradine , new south wales , australia , nsw national parks and wildlife service .\npianka , e . r . , pianka , h . d . ( 1970 ) : the ecology of moloch horridus ( lacertilia : agamidae ) in western australia . copeia 1970 : 90 - 103 .\nrobinson , m . ( 1998 ) : a field guide to frogs of australia from port augusta to fraser island , including tasmania . sydney , new south wales , australia , reed new holland .\nthompson , s . a . , thompson , g . g . ( 2003 ) : the western bearded dragon , pogona minor ( squamata : agamidae ) : an early lizard coloniser of rehabilitated areas . journal of the royal society of western australia 86 : 1 - 6 .\ntyler , m . j . , knight , f . ( 2011 ) : field guide to the frogs of australia , revised edition . collingwood , victoria , australia , csiro publishing .\nwebb , j . k . , shine , r . ( 1994 ) : feeding habits and reproductive biology of australia pygopodid lizards of the genus aprasia . copeia 1994 : 390 - 398 .\nwhite , a . w . ( 1993 ) : ecological and behavioural observations on populations of the toadlets pseudophryne coriacea and pseudophryne bibronii on the central coast of new south wales . in : herpetology in australia : a diverse discipline , pp . 139 - 149 . lunney , d . , ayers , d . , eds . , mosman , new south wales , australia , royal zoological society of new south wales ."]}
{"id": 2539, "summary": [{"text": "caligavis is a genus of honeyeaters endemic to new guinea and australia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it includes former members of lichenostomus , and was created after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2011 showed that the original genus was polyphyletic .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus contains three species : yellow-faced honeyeater ( c. chrysops ) - south , east australia black-throated honeyeater ( c. subfrenata ) - new guinea obscure honeyeater ( c. obscura ) - new guinea the name caligavis was first proposed by the english-born ornithologist tom iredale in 1956 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the word is derived from the latin caligo meaning obscurity and avis bird . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "caligavis", "paragraphs": ["caligavis chrysops samueli : south australia ( s flinders ranges to mt . lofty range )\nhiggins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . yellow - faced honeyeater ( caligavis chrysops ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhiggins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . black - throated honeyeater ( caligavis subfrenata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsister to the pair c . obscura and c . subfrenata # r . validity of poorly differentiated race barroni requires confirmation . three subspecies provisionally recognized .\n( mathews , 1912 ) \u2013 montane ne queensland from shiptons flat\u2013mt amos\u2013mt finnigan ( near cooktown ) s , including atherton and windsor\u2013carbine tablelands , to clarke\u2013connors ranges , in ne australia .\n( latham , 1801 ) \u2013 ne queensland ( dawson\u2013mackenzie basin ) s , inland to w slopes of great divide ( scattered records w of this range ) , to victoria and se south australia .\n( mathews , 1912 ) \u2013 s flinders ranges , mt lofty ranges and fleurieu peninsula , in se south australia .\ntypical daytime song 1\u00b78\u20132\u00b76 seconds in duration , of 4\u20136 brief syllables . . .\n) and pollen , fruit and seeds , manna , and lerp and . . .\nseason broadly jul\u2013mar , with clutches early aug to late feb and nestlings reported until early mar . nest built by female , often . . .\nnot globally threatened . common in most of range . no estimates of total population ; recorded densities of 0\u00b701\u20132\u00b72 birds / ha and 0\u00b725\u20131 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .\nsister to purnella # r # r . previously treated as a subgenus of lichenostomus , but molecular data # r support treatment as a full genus . see also manorina ( below ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsee c . obscura . geographical variation partly clinal , plumage becoming darker from w to e ; species sometimes treated as monotypic # r . four subspecies recognized .\n( ogilvie - grant , 1915 ) \u2013 weyland mts and s slopes of central ranges ( including nassau mts and oranje mts ) e to hindenburg range , in wc new guinea .\n( reichenow , 1915 ) \u2013 n slopes of central ranges ( including nassau and oranje ranges ) e to victor emanuel and schrader ranges .\n( e . j . o . hartert , 1896 ) \u2013 mountains of e new guinea ( e from wharton , bismarck , kubor and saruwaged ranges ) .\nsong a pleasant , rich and loud , rapid bubbling series that rises and falls in pitch and gradually . . .\nprimary montane forest ( mainly middle to upper montane forest ) , including moss forest , forest edge . . .\ndiet includes nectar , small arthropods ( insects ) and fruit . forages mainly in canopy , but will descend to substage up to c . 3 m above . . .\nadults feeding fledglings in mid - nov in star mts ; adults carrying nesting material and females with enlarged gonads apr , jun\u2013sept and . . .\nnot globally threatened . no estimates of global abundance ; considered generally common above 2000 m .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally uncommon , although locally numerous ( coates 1990 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d6b549e0 - 3a46 - 42b4 - bd6c - a5003dc42669\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e9ddeebf - 92c3 - 4bdb - 9518 - a32a459e5342\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ece245c5 - dedd - 4a99 - b0d0 - 8399d45978d3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cb5a89ce - 389d - 49e5 - 9308 - ed7892d29271\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 593060\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 581 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nsongs at dawn from a bird perched high in tall , somewhat open ecualypt woodland .\nrecorded slightly modified : noise removal , high - pass filtering . interval between vocalisations shortened"]}
{"id": 2543, "summary": [{"text": "temnocephala lamothei is a species of flatworm in the family temnocephalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the specific name lamothei is in honor of mexican helminthologist dr. marcos rafael lamothe-argumedo .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species was collected in 2005 in misiones province , argentina and described in 2008 as a commensal in the mantle cavity of freshwater snail pomella megastoma . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "temnocephala lamothei", "paragraphs": ["temnocephala lamothei is a species of flatworm in the family . . . stock illustration - search vector clipart , drawings , and eps graphics images - csp23609896\ntemnocephala lamothei n . sp . is the fourth species described from mollusc hosts ( gastropoda , ampullariidae ) . despite the great diversity of potential hosts of the family occurring in the neotropical region , few commensal species of temnocephala ns are known . among them , only t . iheringi has been recorded in association with pomella megastoma ( = asolene megastoma ) ( damborenea et al . , 1997 ) in argentina .\nin this contribution we describe a new species of temnocephala that is a commensal of pomella megastoma , which were collected in misiones province , argentina .\nvolonterio , o . 2007 . a new species of temnocephala ( platyhelminthes , temnocephalida ) and a description of t . axenos from uruguay . journal of natural history 41 : 1245\u00961257 . [ links ]\nthe presence of this new species of temnocephala , and its features similar to those of the other species of this genus that are commensals of molluscs , suggests the existence of a morphologically homogeneous group . more detailed studies of all known species , as well as the search for other temnocephala n species in ampullariids present in the neotropical region , will provide valuable information in the future on the relationships of these species to each other , and to other temnocephala ns that are commensals of crustaceans and chelonians . finally , studies on the relationships among commensal species will contribute new information and a better understanding of the relationships among host species .\nthe family temnocephalidae ( platyhelminthes , temnocephalida ) includes 12 genera , of which only temnocephala blanchard , 1849 is represented in south and central america . twenty\u0096three species of temnocephala are currently recognized ( damborenea and cannon , 2001 ; amato et al . , 2003 , 2006 ; amato and amato , 2005 ; volonterio , 2007 ) , and they are associated with a wide range of hosts ( mollusca ampullariidae , crustacea decapoda , insecta hemiptera , and chelonia ) .\ntemnocephala colombiensis n . sp . , is described as ectosymbiont of pomacea sp . from san jos\u00e9 del n\u00fas , antioquia , colombia . temnocephalans were removed from the mantle cavity and its eggs from the umbilicus and the basal region of the operculum . the new species is characterized by : cirrus curved toward hindbody , approximately 90\u00b0 ; introvert ' s swelling with 20 to 26 longitudinal rows of fine spines and 11 to 13 spines per row ; dorsolateral excretory syncytial plates rectangular with rounded corners and excretory pores eccentric , displaced to the anterior portion of the plate . additionally we have done a comparison of cirrus morphology for temnocephala described to date , based on literature review . this is the first temnocephala described from colombia .\ndamborenea c . & brusa f . ( 2008 )\na new species of temnocephala ( platyhelminthes , temnocephalida ) commensal of pomella megastoma ( mollusca , ampullariidae ) from misiones , argentina\n. revista mexicana de biodiversidad 79 : 1 - 7 . pdf\nthe 3 known species of temnocephala described as commensals of ampullariids are the most similar to the new species from a morphological point of view . in addition to sharing the same host , they have common morphological features such as a large sucker ( compared to those of other species that are commensals of crustaceans ) a non\u0096partitioned intestine , and the absence of paranephrocytes . however , the presence of a strongly sclerotized , oblique ring at the base of the cirrus introvert in t . lamothei , as well as the possession of a row of spines at the base of the introvert and another row at its distal end , are characteristic of the new species .\nthe mosaic pattern of the epidermal syncytia is constant within temnocephala species . these have only 4 plates : 1 body syncytium , 2\nexcretory\nsyncytia and 1 adhesive syncytium ( damborenea and cannon , 2001 ) . the shape and size of these plates vary slightly between the species of the genus . nevertheless , of the 3 known species of temnocephala ns from molluscs , only the plate pattern of t . iheringi has been described . unfortunately the specimens described herein were relaxed before fixation , and the plate pattern was not evident .\ntemnocephala lamothei n . sp . , comensal de pomella megastoma ( sowerby , 1825 ) , se describe para el arroyo yabot\u00ed\u0096min\u00ed , provincia de misiones , argentina . se extrajeron ejemplares juveniles y adultos de la cavidad paleal , por relajaci\u00f3n de los hospederos . las caracter\u00edsticas distintivas de la nueva especie son : intestino no septado , cirro de forma c\u00f3nica , con una cara plana y otra c\u00f3ncava , zona distal con espinas evidente por un fuerte anillo oblicuo esclerosado . dos hileras de espinas se reconocen en el extremo distal , 1 interna de espinas largas , que surge desde la base del introverso , y 1 externa , que surge del extremo distal del mismo . las especies m\u00e1s semejantes son t . iheringi , t . rochensis y t . haswelli , especies comensales de moluscos con las que es comparada . el hallazgo de esta nueva especie de temnocephala y sus caracter\u00edsticas semejantes a las restantes especies del g\u00e9nero comensales de moluscos , sugieren que las especies conocidas hasta la fecha formen un grupo morfol\u00f3gicamente homog\u00e9neo .\ndamborenea , m . c . ; brusa , f . ( 2008 ) . a new species of temnocephala ( platyhelminthes , temnocephalida ) commensal of pomella megastoma ( mollusca , ampullariidae ) from misiones , argentina . revista mexicana de biodiversidad , 79 suppl , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntemnocephala colombiensis n . sp . , se describe como ectosimbionte de pomacea sp . de san jos\u00e9 del n\u00fas , antioquia , colombia . los temnoc\u00e9falos fueron removidos de la cavidad del manto y sus huevos , del ombligo y regi\u00f3n basal del op\u00e9rculo . la nueva especie se caracteriza por un cirro curvado hacia la regi\u00f3n posterior del cuerpo , con aproximadamente 90\u00b0 ; introverto ensanchado con 20\u201326 filas de espinas longitudinales y 11\u201313 espinas por fila ; placas sincitiales dorsolaterales rectangulares con extremos redondeados y poros excretores exc\u00e9ntricos en la porci\u00f3n anterior . adicionalmente se realiza una comparaci\u00f3n de la morfolog\u00eda del cirro de las especies descritas a la fecha . esta es la primera especie de temnocephala descrita para colombia .\nthe site of attachment of the eggs of t . lamothei n . sp . on the host mollusc is very peculiar . the egg capsules of t . iheringi are always laid over the periostracum , especially at the contact zone between the peristome and the suture at the opening , and in the umbilicus . this pattern is repeated with no changes in different populations studied ( damborenea , 1992 ; 1996 ; mart\u00edn et al . , 2005 ) . the site of egg attachment for t . haswelli and t . rochensis has not been described .\nin comparison , t . iheringi is the species with the cirrus structure more similar to the new species ; it is similarly shaped , with 1 flat and 1 concave side . the cirri of these 2 species are also similar in length , although the base of this structure is longer in the new species ( the cirrus of t . iheringi is approximately 157 \u00b5m in total length and approximately 70 \u00b5m in basal width ( damborenea , 1992 ) , vs . 167 \u00b5m and 115 \u00b5m respectively in t . lamothei ) . t . iheringi bears several rows of spines at the distal end of the introvert .\nhosts were collected at arroyo yabot\u00ed\u0096min\u00ed ( 26\u00b057 ' 39 . 87 ' ' s , 53\u00b049 ' 23 . 07 ' ' w ) in misiones province , argentina , in january 2005 . the temnocephala ns emerged when the hosts were relaxed using menthol . whole mounts were stained with carmine chloride and mounted in synthetic canada balsam . serial sections for histology were made in order to study and interpret the morphology and location of organs , particularly the genital system , and the arrangement and development of muscles . worms were embedded in paraplast , cut at 4 \u00b5m thick , stained with mayer ' s haematoxylin and eosin and mounted in synthetic canada balsam .\ntyler , s . , artois , t . ; schilling , s . ; hooge , m . ; bush , l . f . ( eds ) ( 2006 - 2018 ) . world list of turbellarian worms : acoelomorpha , catenulida , rhabditophora .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconsejo nacional de investigaciones cient\u00edficas y t\u00e9cnicas\u0096divisi\u00f3n zoolog\u00eda invertebrados , museo de la plata , facultad de ciencias naturales y museo de la universidad nacional de la plata . paseo del bosque s / n 1900 . la plata , argentina .\nkey words : turbellaria , commensal , neotropical region , taxonomy , south america .\npalabras clave : turbellaria , comensal , regi\u00f3n neotropical , taxonom\u00eda , am\u00e9rica del sur .\ntwo specimens were dissected for extraction of the cirrus . one was mounted in polyvinyl\u0096lactophenol for study under optical microscope ( om ) and the other was dehydrated , dried , and metalized for study under scanning electron microscope ( sem ) .\nfor sem observation , whole individuals and egg capsules were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series and critical\u0096point dried , coated with gold and examined using a jeol 6360 sem .\nphotomicrographs were taken with a zeiss axioplan 2 microscope . nomarski ' s interference contrast filters were used for cirrus photomicrographs . measurements were obtained with the aid of an om ; ranges and number of specimens measured are listed in parentheses following the means .\nthe terminology used for description of reproductive structures follows cannon ( 1993 ) . the materials are deposited in the invertebrate collection at museo de la plata ( mlp ) , argentina .\nbased on 17 specimens : 2 whole\u0096mounted adult specimens ; 8 fixed adult and juvenile specimens ; 2 specimens and 1 cirrus mounted on stubs for sem ; 1 cirrus mounted in polyvinyl\u0096lactophenol ; 2 specimens in sagittal sections and 1 in transversal sections ; 9 specimens were measured .\nexternal characteristics . body elliptic , about 2 . 03 mm ( 1 . 10\u00962 . 9 mm , 9 ) long without tentacles , and about 1 . 10 mm ( 0 . 8\u00961 . 7 mm , 9 ) wide ( fig . 1 ) . posterior adhesive disk subterminal , pedunculate : disk diameter 0 . 74 mm at rim ( 0 . 75\u00961 . 15mm , 9 ) . epidermis syncytial , thin and unciliated . mosaic of epidermal syncytia not evident .\nalimentary system . mouth mid\u0096ventral , between first and second quarters of body . pharynx longer than wide , 590 \u00b5m long , 363 \u00b5m wide , esophageal glands at its base ( fig . 1 ) . in all specimens studied , the pharynx shows a layer similar to a cuticle , that becomes loose in histological samples and can be seen free within the pharyngeal lumen . intestine saccular , without septa ; intestinal walls thick . paranephrocites not evident .\nglands . rhabdite glands large , numerous , in lateral fields on body , extending onto sides of intestinal sac , with conspicuous rhabdite tracts . cyanophilus glands inconspicuous , evident only in sectioned specimens , separated from each other in parenchyma , and located among rhabdite glands . adhesive disks glands scarce and scattered , posterior to posterior testis . haswell ' s cells absent . shell gland very prominent , near gonopore and opening onto epidermis surrounding gonopore ( fig . 2 ) .\nmuscles . dorsal and ventral circular muscles of body wall similar . ventral longitudinal muscles of body wall stronger than dorsal ones . dorso\u0096ventral muscles and attachment muscles of pharynx weak . muscles controlling male organ strong . attachment muscles of adhesive disk weak .\nreproductive system . male . four ovoid testes , 2 on each side of body , just behind intestine . posterior pair oblique , elliptical , larger than anterior testes ( fig . 1 ) . vasa deferentia extending from inner wall of posterior testes , separately joining a large pyriform thick , seminal vesicle with muscular walls . seminal vesicle opening into large oval prostatic bulb with muscular walls . abundant prostatic secretion observed near seminal vesicle and prostatic bulb , entering the latter through its walls . prostatic bulb prolonged into base of cirrus ( fig . 2 ) . cirrus curved in lateral view , 167 \u00b5m total length ; shaft cone\u0096shaped , 146 \u00b5m long , 115 . 5 \u00b5m wide at proximal shaft base ( figs . 3\u00968 ) . introvert not swollen , proximal margin slightly oblique , marked with a conspicuous , thickened oblique ring , evident under sem and om ; introvert portion 21 . 5 \u00b5m long , 40 \u00b5m wide at its proximal base ( figs . 3\u00968 ) . ratio between total length of cirrus and maximum width of shaft at base 5 . 45 ; ratio between total length of cirrus and total length of introvert 7 . 95 . shaft with 1 side straight and the other curved ( fig . 3 ) . two rows of spines : an inner 1 arising from shaft base , from thickened ring , approximately 11\u009612 \u00b5m long ; and an outer row arising from distal margin of introvert , with approximately 45\u009650 spines , 5\u00967 \u00b5m long ( figs . 6\u00968 ) .\nfemale . gonopore mid\u0096ventral , in posterior third of body , surrounded by a muscular sphincter , genital atrium large , elongate ( fig . 2 ) . most female organs difficult to observe and measure in whole mounts . ovary small , round ; 1 seminal receptacle present , with spermatozoids inside . vesicula resorbens thick\u0096walled , slightly insinuated into intestinal sac . a short oviduct opening into the ootype , posterior to seminal receptacle . abundant gland cells around ootype , genital atrium , and vagina , with ducts opening into them . vagina large and muscular , opening in front of cirrus introvert , with 1 weak sphincter ( fig . 2 ) . vitellaria dendrite covering dorsal and ventral sides of intestinal sac , never surpassing its limits .\neggs clavate , 625\u0096800 \u00b5m long and 75\u0096350 \u00b5m wide ( fig . 9 ) . polar filament long ( 115 \u00b5m ) . opercular plates large , arranged almost perpendicularly to great axis of eggs , so that fracture plane of opercula shows a straight angle respect to great axis of egg ( figs . 10\u009612 ) . eggs deposited on external surface of host , on umbilical area , operculum and at contact zone of peristome and suture at opening ( figs . 13\u009614 ) . some eggs covered by callus ( figs . 15\u009616 ) .\ntype host : pomella megastoma ( sowerby , 1825 ) . two parasitized snails .\nsite : mantle cavity of snail . numerous eggs fixed over umbilicus and operculum and some eggs within spire .\ntype locality : arroyo yabot\u00ed\u0096min\u00ed ( 26\u00b057 ' 39 . 87 ' ' s , 53\u00b049 ' 23 . 07 ' ' w ) , misiones province , argentina . january 2005 .\nhelminth specimens deposited : holotype : sagittally sectioned specimen , mlp5718 . paratypes : 2 whole\u0096mounted specimens , mlp5719 ; 1 dissected cirrus in polyvinyl\u0096lactophenol , mlp5720 ; 1 sagittally sectioned specimen , 1 transversely sectioned specimen , mlp5721 . other material : 8 specimens preserved in alcohol , unhatched eggs , mlp5722 .\netymology : species named in honor of dr . rafael lamothe argumedo for his important contribution to the knowledge of helminth diversity .\nthis introvert structure of the cirrus of the new species is unique ; unlike the other species , its proximal end is slightly oblique , marked with a conspicuous thickened ring .\nwith respect to the morphology of the distal end of the cirrus , the new species resembles t . haswelli . the description of the latter species only mentions a single crown with digitiform spines ( ponce de le\u00f3n , 1989 ) . however , a detailed drawing of the distal end of the cirrus shows an arrangement similar to that observed in the new species , i . e . , with a row of small spines inserted along the distal edge and a row of larger spines . the shape of the cirrus in t . haswelli \u0096 as in t . rochensis \u0096 is conical , with both sides curved , differing from the condition observed in the new species , and even longer ( 200 \u00b5m in t . haswelli and 186 \u00b5m in t . rochensis ) .\nthe new species attaches most of its eggs onto the host ' s umbilicus and over the basal region of the operculum , a feature never recorded in t . iheringi . in addition , some eggs are attached onto the contact zone between the peristome and the suture at the opening , so that they are covered by the mantle . because of this unique placement of eggs , many of them ( both hatched and unhatched ) were found to be covered by the callus of the host .\nthe authors are indebted to gerardo p\u00e9rez ponce de le\u00f3n , virginia le\u00f3n\u0096regagnon , luis garc\u00eda\u0096prieto and david osorio\u0096sarabia for inviting us to contribute in this commemorative volume for professor rafael lamothe\u0096argumedo . we thank l . negrete for the collection of the specimens of p . megastoma and for providing us with field information . this work was supported by grants from conicet ( pip 6371 ) , by the facultad de ciencias naturales y museo , universidad nacional de la plata ( n488 ) , and by foncyt ( pme 159 ) .\nspp . ( hemiptera , belostomatidae ) from southern brazil . revista brasileira de zoologia 22 : 107\u0096118 .\namato , j . f . r . , s . b . amato and l . c . campos daudt . 2003 . new species of\nbuckup and rossi ( crustacea , anomura ) from southern brazil . revista brasileira de zoologia 20 : 493\u0096500 .\namato , j . f . r . , s . b . amato and s . a . seixas . 2006 . a new species of\nlatreille ( crustacea , decapoda , trichodactylidae ) from southern brazil . revista brasileira de zoologia 23 : 796\u0096806 .\n( platyhelminthes ) : ectosymionts of freshwater crabs and shrimps . memoirs of the queensland museum 33 : 17\u009640 .\n( platyhelminthes , temnocephalidae ) de crust\u00e1ceos y moluscos de la argentina . iheringia , s\u00e9rie de zoologia 72 : 3\u009621 .\n( platyhelminthes , temnocephalidae ) de la isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda , buenos aires , argentina . neotropica 43 : 123\u0096124 .\ndamborenea , c . , f . brusa and a . paola . 2006 . variation in worm assemblages associated with\n( caenogastropoda , ampullariidae ) in sites near the r\u00edo de la plata estuary , argentina . biocell 30 : 457\u0096468 .\nhyman , l . h . 1955 . miscellaneous marine and terrestrial flatworms from south america . american museum novitates 1742 : 1\u009633 .\nmart\u00edn p . r . , a . l . , estebenet and s . burela . 2005 . factors affecting the distribution of the commensal\nponce de le\u00f3n , r . 1980 . especies americanas de temnocephalidea benham ( platyhelmintha ) . i . descripci\u00f3n de\ncircuito exterior , ciudad universitaria , del . coyoac\u00e1n , m\u00e9xico , distrito federal , mx , 04510 , ( 52 - 55 ) 5622 - 9167 falvarez @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nsearch can stock photo for stock photography , photos , digital illustrations , picture clip art and royalty - free photograph images . can stock photo has the stock image , royalty free photo , stock photograph , graphic or picture that you need . our photographers provide royalty free stock photos , stock photographs , graphics , and pictures for as little as $ 2 . 50 . buy cheap photographs and get immediate image file downloads or subscribe for a low monthly fee . can stock photo also offers eps vector illustrations , clipart digital artwork , clip art , stock footage , and video animation clips ."]}
{"id": 2551, "summary": [{"text": "the giant barred frog , mixophyes iteratus , is a species of barred frogs in australia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it occurs from south-east queensland to just south of the newcastle region in new south wales .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is associated with flowing streams and creeks in wet sclerophyll and rainforest habitats from the coast to the ranges . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "giant barred frog", "paragraphs": ["giant barred frog - profile ( office of environment & heritage , 2014x ) [ internet ] .\nmanagement documents relevant to the giant barred frog can be found at the start of the profile .\ngiant barred frog ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2013y ) [ database ] .\noffice of environment & heritage ( 2014x ) . giant barred frog - profile . available from : urltoken .\nthe giant barred frog is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe extent of occurrence of the giant barred frog is approximately 110 000 km\u00b2 ( hines et al . 1999 ) .\n) . two hundred and ten years of looking for the giant burrowing frog .\nwetland care australia pty ltd ( queensland ) received funding in 2008\u201309 for the giant barred frog habitat restoration project . the project undertook bush regeneration / weed control work and surveyed endangered populations of giant barred frog in a section of the numinbah valley .\nthe call of the male giant barred frog is a deep guttural grunt ( barker et al . 1995 ; robinson 1993 ) .\nthe giant barred frog occurs in rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests in upper to lower catchment areas ( ingram & mcdonald 1993 ) .\nqueensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) ( 2005 ) . giant barred frog . available from : urltoken .\nthe giant barred frog call is a deep guttural grunt . males call from crevices under rocks , banks or overhanging tree roots .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - giant barred frog\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - giant barred frog\ntitle =\narkive photo - giant barred frog\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe great barred frog is found in coastal northern new south wales and southern queensland .\nthe great barred frog has banded legs with webbed feet , making it an efficient swimmer .\nlemckert , f . and brassil , t . ( 2000 ) . ' ' movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog (\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus )\ntitle =\narkive species - giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin queensland , the giant barred frog is known from the following reserves ( j - m . hero 2001 pers . comm . ; tyler 1997 ) :\nmeyer , e . , hines , h . , and hero , j . - m . ( 2001 ) . ' ' giant barred - frog ,\nassessing the extent of the known decline of the giant barred frog is difficult because of the lack of baseline distribution and abundance data ( hines et al . 1999 ) .\nindividuals of the giant barred frog have sometimes been killed in the mistaken belief that they are the introduced cane toad ( bufo marinus ) ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .\nthe giant barred frog previously occurred along streams in the coastal ranges and lowlands from belli creek near eumundi , in south east queensland to warrimoo in mid - east new south wales .\n) . non - breeding habitat requirements of the giant burrowing frog ( anura : myobatrachidae ) in south - eastern nsw .\ngiant barred frog - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 1999g ) [ internet ] .\nthe methods that have successfully been used in the past to survey the giant barred frog are visual encounter surveys , call surveys , egg mass surveys and larval sampling ( uc 2003 ) .\npart of the funding that the maroochy river catchment network waterwatch inc . received in 2004\u201305 was for the restoration of giant barred frog habitat , the monitoring of frog species in the region , community education workshops and the development of a local recovery plan .\npart of the funding that the barung landcare association inc . received in 2005\u201306 was to restore and enhance 3 . 75 ha of key habitat for the giant barred frog on public and private land .\nat night the great barred frog comes out to forage , taking a range of invertebrates including insects and worms and occasionally other frogs .\nthe recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001\u20132005 ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) specifically states that surveys for the giant barred frog should involve at least five samples from each of the major populations .\nkoch aj , hero jm . 2007 . the relationship between environmental conditions and activity of the giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) on the coomera river , south - east queensland . australian journal of zoology 55 , 89 - 95 .\nmahony , m . , knowles , r . , and pattinson , l . ( 1997 ) . ' ' 6 . gold - eyed barred frog ,\nlemckert , f . & t . brassil ( 2000 ) . movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) and the implications for its conservation in timber production forests . biological conservation . 96 : 177 - 184 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - fleay\u2019s barred - frog ( mixophyes fleayi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - fleay\u2019s barred - frog ( mixophyes fleayi )\ntitle =\narkive species - fleay\u2019s barred - frog ( mixophyes fleayi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin north - eastern nsw , the the giant barred frog barred frog is known from three broad areas ( mebbin , nightcap range and richmond range ) ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) . there is a large population in the dorrigo - coffs harbour area , and washpool and bungawalbin state forests ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) . a population was located in the lower nambucca river catchment ( nsw npws 1994c ) .\ncall surveys should be conducted during the known calling period of the giant barred frog , between september and may ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; mahony et al . 1997c ) . males are known to call from the ground near streams ( anstis 2002 ) .\nin new south wales , the giant barred frog is know from the following reserves ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; hines et al . 1999 ; lemckert 2001 , pers . comm . ; mccray 2001 , pers . comm . ; tyler 1997 ; white 2000 ) :\nupstream clearing , changes in water flow regimes , degradation of water quality , disturbance to riparian vegetation , feral animals , domestic stock and weed invasion have been identified as potential threats to the giant barred frog ( hines et al . 1999 ; hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .\nmeyer , e . , h . hines & j - m . hero ( 2001b ) . giant barred - frog , mixophyes iteratus . in : wet forest frogs of south - east queensland . page ( s ) 30 - 31 . gold coast , queensland : griffith university .\nkoch , a . j . & j - m . hero ( 2007 ) . the relationship between environmental conditions and activity of the giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) on the coomera river , south - east queensland . australian journal of zoology . 55 : 89\u009695 . csiro publishing .\ngoldingay and colleagues ( 1999 ) concluded that the density of giant barred frog populations in north - eastern new south wales is relatively low with an average abundance of 4 . 2 individuals per 100 m of stream transect in 1997\u201398 and an average of 3 . 4 individuals over the same transects in 1999 .\npopulations of the giant barred frog now exist in small , isolated patches of forest . the effect that this may have on genetic variation within populations , the general health of individuals and the species ' response to identified threats is unknown ( j - m . hero 2001 , pers . comm . ) .\n) . soil disturbance in integrated logging operations and the potential impacts on a fossorial australian frog .\naland , k . & p . wood ( 2013 ) . giant barred frog ( mixophyes iteratus ) baseline survey . bruce highway ( cooroy to curra ) upgrade section a - ( cooroy southern interchange to sankeys road ) . epbc referral 2011 / 6024 . report prepared for department of transport and main roads . future - plus environmental .\npart of the funding that the barung landcare association ( queensland ) received in 2000\u201301 was for the establishment of buffer zones and the linkage of remnant patches of vegetation using locally native plants to enhance the long - term health of 646 ha of significant local government and state forest reserves , which are known to be utilised by the giant barred frog .\nthe giant barred frog is distributed from doongul creek , wongi state forest , near maryborough in south - eastern queensland ( hines 2003 ) , south to warrimoo in the blue mountains , new south wales ( hines et al . 1999 ) . the species is currently known from mid to low altitudes below 610 m above sea level ( hines et al . 2004 ) .\nh . ehmann , eds . , frog and tadpole study group of nsw , sydney , 78 - 83 .\nmahony , m . , r . knowles & l . pattinson ( 1997c ) . gold - eyed barred frog , mixophyes iteratus . in : ehmann , h . , ed . threatened frogs of new south wales : habitats , status and conservation . page ( s ) 78 - 83 . sydney , nsw : frog & tadpole study group of nsw .\nthe giant barred frog has suffered major declines in the sydney basin bioregion ( hines et al . 1999 ; white 2000 ) where , in the 1990s , extant populations were recorded at only two of the 14 historical sites surveyed . there are no recent records from the blue mountains and only five populations of the species are known to occur in the watagan mountains area ( white 2000 ) .\nduring the early 1980s , the giant barred frog declined and disappeared from at least two streams in the conondale range ( corben n . d . cited in mcdonald 1991 ) . the bunya mountains and cunningham ' s gap ( straughan 1966 ) previously supported the species but targeted surveys and intensive monitoring of these and nearby sites in the late 1990s failed to locate the species ( hines et al . 1999 ) .\nduring surveys in the cooroy to curra area of south - east queensland , giant barred frogs were observed to prefer a closed forest canopy with a relatively light cover of vegetation at ground level ( aland & wood 2013 ) . populations of the species have been found in cleared or disturbed areas , for example cattle farms with vegetated riparian strips and regenerated logged areas ( hero & shoo n . d . , cited in hines et al . 2004 ; ingram & mcdonald 1993 ) . many sites where the giant barred frog is known to occur are the lower reaches of streams which have been affected by major disturbances such as clearing , timber harvesting and urban development in their headwaters ( hines et al . 1999 ) .\nthe giant barred frog is a large , dark - olive green to black coloured frog that grows to 115 mm . it has a pointed snout and a broad lateral band of dark spots dividing the dark dorsal surface from the white , or pale yellow , ventral surface ( underside ) . the limbs have dark crossbars . the hind side of the thighs are black with large yellow spots . two joints of the fourth toe are free of web ( cogger 2000 ) . the skin is finely granular above but smooth below ( qld derm 2005 ) .\nhines , h . b . ( 2003 ) . south - east queensland frog survey and monitoring database . wildlife online database . urltoken\nthis large frog lives in moist forests . it hides during the day , camouflaged beneath fallen leaves or burrowing into the loose soil .\nobserved among leaf litter at night , the great barred frog occurs especially near streams in their preferred habitat of wet sclerophyll forest , antarctic beech and rainforests . their call is a harsh loud\nwark - wark - wark\n, heard during spring and summer which , in unison forms a night time chorus in the rainforest . once her eggs are fertilised in the stream by the male , the female frog ejects them out of the water onto the bank to develop . the first rain washes the eggs into the water where they hatch into tadpoles . this frog grows to 8cm in length .\nthe great barred frog lives in moist forests and is usually found near permanent running water . it hides during the day , camouflaged beneath fallen leaves or burrowing into the loose soil . if threatened it can take long leaps into nearby water , where it then dives and hides among debris on the creek bed .\naland & wood ( 2013 ) noted in their survey report for the bruce highway ( cooroy to curra ) upgrade project ( section a - cooroy southern interchange to sankeys road ) that the selection of plant species for the revegetation of cleared or disturbed forest habitat for the giant barred frog should favour those species that rapidly provide canopy cover ( e . g . macaranga spp . ) and the use of dense groundcover species ( e . g . lomandra spp . ) should be kept to a minimum .\nin south - eastern queensland , the giant barred frog is known from doongul creek in the burrum river catchment ( hines 2003 ) , at scattered locations in the mary river catchment downstream to kenilworth , the upper stanley river , caboolture river and coomera river ( hines et al . 1999 ) . a survey between cooroy and curra ( cooroy creek , six mile creek and skyring creek ) detected the species at 11 of 19 surveyed sites targeted multiple times in 2011 - 12 ( aland & wood 2013 ) .\negg mass surveys may be effective , as this species ' eggs are conspicuously deposited out of the water on steep banks of larger pools and under overhanging banks or rocks . the tadpoles drop into the water when hatched ( nsw dec 2005 ) . the larval period of the giant barred frog is from september to may ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; mahony et al . 1997c ) . tadpoles have been recorded as bottom dwellers in still or slowly flowing pools or at the sides of streams ( anstis 2002 ) .\nthe giant barred frog is a stream breeding species . eggs are deposited out of the water , under overhanging banks or on steep banks of large pools . the stream microhabitats used by the species for oviposition are limited ( knowles et al . 1998 ) . hero and fickling ( 1996 ) and morrison and hero ( 2002 ) reported clutch sizes for the species as 4184 ( one clutch counted ) and 1343\u20133471 ( 13 clutches counted ) respectively . egg diameter ranges between 1 . 7\u20131 . 8 mm ( five clutches measured ) ( morrison & hero 2002 ) .\nmcdonald , k . r . ( 1991 ) . report of a workshop on declining frog populations in queensland . queensland national parks and wildlife service : unpub . report .\nhines , h . , mahony , m . and mcdonald , k . ( 1999 ) . ' ' an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . ' '\ngiant barred frog tadpoles are large , growing to over 100 mm in length . they are deep - bodied and ovoid , with a tail length twice that of the body . the tadpole ' s eyes are dorsolateral . the tadpoles are coloured yellow - brown above with dark spots and a dark patch at the base of tail . the underside is silver - white . the intestinal mass is obscured but the heart and lungs are visible from below ( except near metamorphosis ) . the tail is thick and muscular . fins are low and opaque with dark flecking ( except the anterior half of the ventral fin ) ( meyer et al . 2001b ) .\nchytridiomycosis is a disease caused by infection with the chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) affecting amphibians worldwide . the disease has been recorded in four regions of australia , namely the east coast , south - west western australia , adelaide and tasmania . this highly virulent pathogen of amphibians is capable , at the minimum , of causing sporadic deaths in some populations , and 100 % mortality in other populations ( agdeh 2006o ) . chytrid fungus has been identified in individuals of the giant barred frog ( speare & berger 2000 ) . the role played by chytrid fungus in the decline of the species is addressed in the species recovery plan ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .\nwhite , a . ( 2000 ) . the status of the barred river frogs mixophyes balbus and mixophyes iteratus in the sydney basin region of new south wales 1999 - 2000 . report for nsw national parks and wildlife service .\nknowles , r . , h . b . hines , k . thum , m . mahony & m . cunningham ( 1998 ) . oviposition of the barred - frogs ( mixophyes species ) in southeastern australia with implications for management .\n( 1999 ) . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in \u2018declines and disappearances of australian frogs\u2019 . ( ed . a . campbell . ) pp . 44\u201363 . ( environment australia : canberra . )\noviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs ( anura : myobatrachidae : mixophyes g\u00fcnther , 1864 ) , its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management . australian zoologist . ( knowles , r . , k . thumm , m . mahony , h . hines , d . newell & m . cunningham , 2014 ) .\nhines h , mahony m and mcdonald kr . 1999 . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in campbell , a ( ed ) , ' declines and disappearances of australian frogs ' . ( environment australia , department of the environment and heritage : canberra ) . 234 pp .\nknowles , r . , k . thumm , m . mahony , h . hines , d . newell & m . cunningham ( 2014 ) . oviposition and egg mass morphology in barred frogs ( anura : myobatrachidae : mixophyes g\u00fcnther , 1864 ) , its phylogenetic significance and implications for conservation management . australian zoologist . available from : urltoken .\nhines , h . , m . mahony & k . mcdonald ( 1999 ) . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in : campbell , a . , ed . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . page ( s ) 44 - 63 . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .\nmale great barred frogs can be heard calling females with a deep guttural grunt from their hiding places in the leaf litter . the mating pairs enter the water , and the females flick the fertilised eggs onto the stream bank where the first developmental stages are completed out of reach of aquatic predators . the tadpoles are then washed into the creek by the first heavy rains .\nstreatfeild ( 1999 ) monitored the spatial movements of four male and four female giant barred frogs at coomera river , south - east queensland . over six weeks , the average area used by females and males was 622 m\u00b2 and 403 m\u00b2 , respectively . individuals moved a maximum distance of 268 m along the stream and 50 m away from the stream . displacement distances between diurnal refuges , after a night of activity , were small which suggests a high degree of fidelity to the previous day ' s shelter . similar patterns of movement were observed by lemckert and brassil ( 2000 ) although less perpendicular movement away from the stream was observed . individuals tracked for two to five days made nightly movements from 0 m to over 100 m , and all were within a 20 m wide band either side of the stream ( lemckert & brassil 2000 ) .\nmanagement of threatened anurans requires an understanding of a species\u2019 behaviour and habitat requirements in both the breeding and non - breeding environments . the giant burrowing frog ( heleioporus australiacus ) is a threatened species in south - eastern australia . little is known about its habitat requirements , creating difficulties in developing management strategies for the species . we radio - tracked 33 individual h . australiacus in order to determine their habitat use and behaviour . data from 33 frogs followed for between 5 and 599 days show that individuals spend little time near ( < 15 m ) their breeding sites ( mean 4 . 7 days for males and 6 . 3 days for females annually ) . most time is spent in distinct non - breeding activity areas 20\u2013250 m from the breeding sites . activity areas of females were further from the breeding site ( mean 143 m ) than those of males ( mean 99 m ) , but were not significantly different in size ( overall mean 500 m 2 ; males 553 m 2 ; females 307 m 2 ) . within activity areas , each frog used 1\u201314 burrows repeatedly , which we term home burrows . existing prescriptions are inappropriate for this species and we propose protection of key populations in the landscape as a more appropriate means of protecting this species .\nbarker j . , grigg g . c . , and tyler m . j . ( 1995 ) . \u2018a field guide to australian frogs . \u2019 ( surrey beatty and sons : chipping norton , uk . ) berven , k . a . ( 1990 ) . factors affecting population fluctuations in larval and adult stages of the wood frog ( rana sylvatica ) . ecology 71 , 1599\u20131608 . | crossref |\na very large frog up to 120 mm with a pointed snout and well developed hind legs . the dorsal surface is dark olive to black , with darker blotches and an irregular dark vertebral band commencing between the eyes and continuing posteriorly . a dark stripe runs from the snout , through the eye and above the tympanum ( hearing organ ) , terminating at a point above the forelimb . there are irregular dark spots or mottling on the flanks . the limbs have a series of dark and pale crossbars of similar width . the hidden part of the thigh is black with a few large , yellow spots . the ventral surface is white to yellow with fine mottling on the chin . the pupil is vertical , while the iris is pale silvery - white to pale gold above , darker in the lower portion . the fingers lack webbing , while the toes are fully webbed , with only the last two joints of the fourth toe free . the skin is finely granular above , smooth below ( barker et al . 1995 ; cogger 2014 ; straughan 1968 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\nendangered b2ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : listed as endangered , because its area of occupancy is less than 500 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in its its area of occupancy , in the extent and quality of its habitat , in the number of subpopulations , and in the number of mature individuals .\nthis species , an australian endemic , is distributed from belli creek near eumundi , south - east queensland , south to warrimoo in mid - eastern new south wales ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) . it is currently known from mid to low altitudes below 610m asl . in south - east queensland , it is currently known from scattered locations in the mary river catchments downstream to about kenilworth , upper stanley river , caboolture river and coomera river ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) .\nmany sites where this species occurs are the lower reaches of streams , which have had major disturbances such as clearing , timber harvesting and urban development in their headwaters ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) . in the dorrigo area , lemckert ( 1999 ) found that it was less abundant in recently logged areas and sites where there was little undisturbed forest . the impacts of feral animals , domestic stock , weed invasion and disturbance to riparian vegetation , all potential threats to current populations , are unknown ( hines , mahony and mcdonald 1999 ) . populations now generally exist in small , isolated patches of forest . the effect this may have on genetic variation within populations and the general health of individuals is unknown . the species does colonize and use plantations and vegetated streams in otherwise cleared agricultural lands . this is positive for the survival of the species , but also indicates that such sites can be of some significance and any clearing of this vegetation may be of some significance .\nthis species is listed as endangered in australian legislation . much of its habitat is protected within national parks and state forests . research and monitoring protocols are in place for this species .\nharry hines , david newell , john clarke , jean - marc hero , ed meyer . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .\nhines , h . b . & the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team ( 2002 ) .\n. report to environment australia , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane . available from :\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened frogs . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 3\n( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nlisted as endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nin mid - eastern nsw , the species is known from five populations in the watagan mountains area ( white 2000 ) . there are no recent records from the blue mountains ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .\nthere are no specimens or other records to substantiate a report in cogger ( 1996 ) that the species is found as far south as narooma ( hines & seqtfrt 2002 ) .\na study by koch and hero ( 2007 ) , along the coomera river , queensland , in 2000 , suggested that there is a relationship between the distance that males moved away from streams and the amount of rainfall , with animals tending to move further away during high rainfall events . it has been proposed that this behaviour may be due to the increased chance of streams rising during high rainfall events and subsequent desiccation of eggs when the stream level returned to base flow ( magnusson et al . 1999 , cited in koch & hero 2007 ) . frogs would alternatively participate in other activities , such as feeding , rather than breeding , which may occur further from the stream . in the absence of flooding events however , fukuyama and kusano ( 1992 , cited in koch & hero 2007 ) found that the observed density of frogs did not significantly change during rainfall .\nseveral studies ( salvador & carrascal 1990 , fukuyama & kusano 1992 , cited in koch & hero 2007 ) suggest that temperature , out of all the environmental variables , has the greatest influence on the relative density of amphibian populations . koch and hero ( 2007 ) found that most adult males were above ground when temperatures were above 18 \u00b0c , and that densities were lower on cooler nights , suggesting that frogs were burying themselves under the leaf litter .\npart of the funding that the upper clarence combined landcare inc . received in 2002\u201303 was for the reduction of predation by the european fox ( vulpes vulpes ) on this species through co - ordinated on - ground action to educate landholders , raise community awareness and initiate partnerships between stakeholders .\nthe north coast herpetology group inc . received funding in 2003\u201304 for the creation of a wildlife refuge for this species and to better understand its habits and habitat by re - establishing habitat and any corridor that has been demolished through logging .\nanstis , m . ( 2002 ) . tadpoles of south - eastern australia . a guide with keys . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .\nbarker , j . , g . c . grigg . & m . j . tyler ( 1995 ) . a field guide to australian frogs . chipping norton , nsw : surrey beatty & sons .\ncogger , h . g . ( 1996 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed books .\ncogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .\ncommonwealth department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006o ) . threat abatement plan for infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - may - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2016 .\ngoldingay , r . , d . newell & m . graham ( 1999 ) . the status of rainforest stream frogs in north - eastern new south wales : decline or recovery ? . in : campbell , a . , ed . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . page ( s ) 64 - 71 . canberra : environment australia .\nhero , j . - m . & s . fickling ( 1996 ) . reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum . 39 : 306 .\nhines , h . , d . newell , j . clarke , j - m . hero & meyer , e . ( 2004 ) . mixophyes iteratus . iucn 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2009 . 2 . viewed on 25 january 2010 . available from : urltoken .\nhines , h . b . & the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team ( 2002 ) . recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001 - 2005 . report to environment australia , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 13 - oct - 2003 .\ningram , g . j . & k . r . mcdonald ( 1993 ) . an update on the decline of queenslands frogs . in : lunney , d . & d . ayers , eds . herpetology in australia : a diverse discipline . page ( s ) 297 - 303 . sydney , nsw : royal zoological society of nsw .\nlemckert , f . ( 1999 ) . impacts of selective logging on frogs in a forested area of northern new south wales . biological conservation . 89 : 321 - 328 .\nmorrison , c . & j . - m . hero ( 2002 ) . geographic variation in life history characteristics of amphibians in mid - eastern australia : reproductive traits . in : r . nattrass , ed . frogs in the community - proceedings of the brisbane conference 13 - 14 feb 1999 . queensland museum .\nnsw national parks & wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1994c ) . fauna of north - east nsw forests . north - east forests biodiversity study report no . 3 . hurtsville , nsw : unpub . report nsw national parks and wildlife service .\nrobinson , m . ( 1993 ) . a field guide to frogs of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed .\nspeare , r & l . berger ( 2000 ) . chytridiomycosis in amphibians in australia . townsville , queensland : rainforest crc & school of public health and tropical medicine , james cook university . available from : urltoken .\nstraughan , i . r . ( 1966 ) . an analysis of species recognition and species isolation in certain queensland frogs . ph . d . thesis . brisbane , queensland : university of queensland .\nstreatfeild , c . ( 1999 ) . spatial movements of mixophyes iteratus and m . fasciolatus in southeast queensland . hons . thesis . brisbane , queensland ; griffith university .\ntyler , m . j . ( 1997 ) . the action plan for australian frogs . wildlife australia . canberra , act : environment australia . available from : urltoken .\naustralian government department of the environment and heritage ( agdeh ) ( 2005p ) . non - current threat abatement plan for predation , habitat degradation , competition and disease transmission by feral pigs . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 18 - jul - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . mixophyes iteratus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 42 : 15 + 1000 .\nclose the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science . this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .\nconservation status : this species is listed as endangered in queensland ( nature conservation act 1992 ) and nationally ( environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ) . it is ranked as a medium priority under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework .\nthis species occurs along shallow rocky streams in rainforest , wet sclerophyll forest and farmland from 100 to 1000 m or along deep , slow moving streams with steep banks in the lowlands .\nthis species experienced significant population declines in the north and south of its range during the late 1980 ' s . in south - east queensland it is currently known from scattered locations in the catchments of the mary , upper stanley , caboolture and coomera rivers . a population in the conondale range , which was previously thought to be extinct , appears to be recovering . recent surveys have failed to locate the species in historical sites in the bunya mountains , cunningham ' s gap and main range .\nrelatively little is known regarding the reproductive biology of this species . a gravid female was found to carry 4184 eggs with a mean diameter of 1 . 6 mm . larvae are present throughout the year and probably over - winter . laboratory reared metamorphs reach 28 - 30 mm ( hero & fickling 1996 ; straughan 1966 ) .\nthe tadpole has not been formally described . they are large and take a form commonly seen in tadpoles that inhabit free - flowing water , with a suctorial mouth , muscular tail and reduced fins .\nthe primary cause of decline in this species is suspected to be the chytrid fungus disease . current threats include the chytrid fungus , loss and fragmentation of habitat , changes in water quality and flow regimes , introduced fish , feral pigs , domestic stock trampling and fouling streams and weed invasion of waterways .\nbarker j , grigg gc and tyler mj . 1995 . a field guide to australian frogs . surrey beatty & sons , chipping norton , nsw .\ncogger hg . 2014 . reptiles and amphibians of australia ( seventh edition ) . csiro publishing , victoria .\ncogger hg , cameron ee and cogger hm . 1983 . zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 1 amphibia and reptilia . australian government publishing service : canberra .\ncovacevich , ja and mcdonald , kr 1993 . distribution and conservation of frogs and reptiles of queensland rainforests . memoirs of the queensland museum 34 ( 1 ) : 189 - 199 .\ncurtis lk , dennis aj , mcdonald kr , kyne pm and debus sjs . 2012 . queensland \u2019s threatened animals . csiro publishing , victoria , australia .\ndavies m . 1991 . descriptions of the tadpoles of some australian limnodynastine leptodactylid frogs . transactions of the royal society of south australia 115 : 67 - 76 .\nhero jm and fickling s . 1996 . reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in queensland . memoirs of the queensland museum 39 : 306 .\nhines hb and the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team 2002 . recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001 - 2005 . report to environment australia . canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane .\ningram gj and mcdonald kr . 1993 . an update on the decline of queensland ' s frogs . pp 297 - 303 in lunney , d . and ayers , d . ( eds ) , herpetology in australia . a diverse discipline . ( royal zoological society of new south wales : mosman ) . 414pp .\nstraughan ir . 1968 . a taxonomic review of the genus mixophyes ( anura , leptodactylidae ) . proceedings of the linnean society of nsw . 93 : 52 - 59 .\ntyler mj and knight f . 2009 . field guide to the frogs of australia . csiro publishing , collingwood victoria .\narkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .\niucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ca50121 - ad3d - 4ace - 9c49 - 712756b07448\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f0e3a6ad - 80ff - 41d5 - b741 - cce65a53f5e8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 305173f5 - 4f94 - 45f1 - be96 - aa4105095d9f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 346776\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nis distributed form belli ck near eumundi , s . e . qld , s . to warrimoo mid - e . nsw ( hines et al . 1999 ) . the area of occurrence of the species is approximately 110 000 km2 ( map in hines et al . 1999 ) .\nis currently known from mid to low altitudes below 520 m ( goldingay et al . 1999 ; white 2000 ; h . hines & l . shoo unpubl . data ) . in s . e . qld ,\nis currently known from scattered locations in the mary r . catchment downstream to about kenilworth , upper stanley r . , caboolture r . and coomera r . ( hines et al . 1999 ) . during the early 1980\u2019s\ndeclined and disappeared from at least two streams in the conondale range ( corben in mcdonald 1991 ) . the bunya mt ( straughan 1966 ) and cunningham\u2019s gap ( straughan 1966 ) previously supported\nbut these and nearby sites have recently been the subject of targeted surveys and intensive monitoring without locating the species ( hines et al . 1999 ) . assessing the extent of the decline is difficult because of the lack of baseline data on its distribution and abundance ( hines et al . 1999 ) .\nhas suffered major declines in the southern portion of its range in the sydney basin region ( hines et al . 1999 ; white 2000 ) where extant populations were recorded at only 2 of the 14 historical sites surveyed ( white 2000 ) . there are no recent records from the blue mt and the species is currently only known from a five populations in the watagan mt area ( white 2000 ) . a population was recently located in the southern nambucca river catchment ( nsw npws 1994 ) . north of this there is currently a large population in the dorrigo - coffs harbour area , north washpool and bungawalbin sf ( hines et al . 1999 ) . in far n . e . nsw ,\nis known from only three broad areas ( mebbin , whian whian and richmond range ) , despite intensive surveys ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) . goldingay et al . ( 1999 ) reported that the density of these populations was relatively low with an average abundance of 4 . 2 individuals per 100 m of stream transect between 1997 and 1998 and an average of 3 . 4 individuals over the same transects in 1999 ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) .\nis known from qld : conondale , lamington , main range np , ingelbar , kenilworth , spicer\u2019s gap sf ( tyler 1997 ) , blackall ( m . hero pers . comm . ) ; and from nsw : gibraltar range , guy fawkes r . , nightcap , washpool np , wild cattle ck , kangaroo r . , orara west and orara east sf ( tyler 1997 ) , clouds ck . , doubleduke , ewingbar sf ( k . mccray pers . comm . ) , bril bril , ingelba , maria r . , mcpherson , mt boss , watagan , wyong np ( f . lemckert pers . comm . ) , mebbin , mt warning , richmond range np , whian whian sf ( goldingay et al . 1999 ) , upper allyn r , middle brother sf , numbucca r . catchment , bungawalbin , washpool sf ( hines et al . 1999 ) , olney sf ( white 2000 ) .\noccurs in uplands and lowlands in rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest , including farmland ( ingram & mcdonald 1993 ) . populations have been found in disturbed areas with vegetated riparian strips in cattlefarms and regenerating logged areas ( hero & shoo pers . obs . ) . tadpoles do occur with many species of native fish , however no introduced fish species have been observed in sympatry with\nis a stream breeding species . eggs are deposited out of water , under overhanging banks or on steep banks of large pools ( knowles et al . 1998 ) . the stream microhabitats used by the species for oviposition are limited ( knowles et al . 1998 ) . hero and fickling ( 1996 ) and morrison and hero ( in press ) reported clutch sizes for the species as 4184 ( n = 1 ) and 1343 - 3471 ( n = 13 ) respectively and egg diameter ranges between 1 . 7 - 1 . 8mm ( n = 5 ) ( morrison and hero in press ) . the tadpole of\nhas not been formally described . a written description of the tadpole is presented in meyer et al . ( 2001 ) .\nappears to be a generalist feeder with crickets , spiders , beetles , snails , earwigs and frogs being recorded from gut contents ( f . lemckert pers . comm . ) .\nferal animals , domestic stock and weed invasion have been identified as potential threats to current populations of the species ( hines et al . 1999 ) . this is particularly important as many populations of\nin s . e . qld and some populations in n . e . nsw , such as the tweed valley , occur along narrow remnant riparian vegetation on private lands ( h . hines pers . comm . ) which are readily exposed to such disturbances . damage from feral pigs has increased greatly in the conondale range in recent years and possibly other areas occupied by the species ( h . hines pers . comm . ) . while there is potential for direct predation by pigs , the greatest impact is likely to be from increased silt on embryos and tadpoles ( h . hines pers . comm . ) . similarly , trampling by domestic stock is also likely to have deleterious impacts on oviposition sites of the species ( knowles et al . 1998 ) .\nat coomera r . , s . e . qld . over six weeks , the average area of utilisation of females and males was 622 m2 ( n = 4 ) and 403 m2 ( n = 4 ) respectively . individuals moved a maximum distance of 268 m along the stream and 50 m away from the stream . displacement distances between diurnal refuges , after a night of activity , were minimal which suggests a high degree of fidelity to previous days diurnal shelter for the species . similar patterns of movement were observed by lemckert and brassil ( 2000 ) although less perpendicular movement away from the stream was observed . individuals tracked for 2 to 5 day periods made nightly movements from 0 to over 100 m , all were within a 20 m wide band either side of the stream ( lemckert & brassil 2000 ) . adults are often found half - buried under leaf litter ( meyer et al . 2001 ) .\noccurs are the lower reaches of streams which have had major disturbances such as clearing , timber harvesting and urban development in their headwaters ( hines et al . 1999 ) . in the dorrigo area , lemckert ( 1999 ) found that\nwas less abundant in recently logged areas and sites where there was little undisturbed forest . the impacts of feral animals , domestic stock , weed invasion and disturbance to riparian vegetation , all potential threats to current populations , are unknown ( hines et al . 1999 ) . populations of\nnow generally exist in small , isolated patches of forest . the effect this may have on genetic variation within populations and the general health of individuals is unknown .\ngoldingay , r . , newell , d . , and graham , m . ( 1999 ) . ' ' the status of rainforest stream frogs in north - eastern new south wales : decline or recovery ? ' '\na . campbell , eds . , environment australia , canberra , 64 - 71 .\nhero , j . - m . and fickling , s . ( 1996 ) . ' ' reproductive characteristics of female frogs from mesic habitats in queensland . ' '\na . campbell , eds . , environment australia , canberra , 44 - 63 .\ningram , g . j . , and mcdonald , k . r . ( 1993 ) . ' ' an update on the decline of queensland ' s frogs . ' '\nd . lunney and d . ayers , eds . , transactions of the royal zoological society of new south wales , 297 - 303 .\nknowles , r . , hines , h . b . , thum , k . , mahony , m . , and cunningham , m . ( 1998 ) .\nunpublished abstract of a talk presented to the australian society of herpetologists meeting , february 1998 .\nlemckert , f . ( 1999 ) . ' ' impacts of selective logging on frogs in a forested area of northern new south wales . ' '\nmorrison , c . and hero , j . - m . ( in press ) . ' ' geographic variation in life history characteristics of amphibians in mid - eastern australia : reproductive traits . ' '\nresults of vertebrate fauna surveys of north - east nsw forests . north east forests biodiversity study report no . 3a , vol . 1 , site and transect based methods .\nj . - m . hero ; h . hines ; r . goldingay ; e . meyer ; f . lemckert ; k ( m . hero at mailbox . gu . edu . au ) , griffith university\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\na school of geography and environmental studies , university of tasmania , private bag 78 , hobart , tas . 7001 , australia .\nb centre for innovative conservation strategies , school of environment , griffith university , gold coast campus , pmb 50 gcmc , bundall , qld 9726 , australia .\nadditional keywords : amphibian , climate , detectability , environmental variables , frogs , radio - tracking , surveys .\nmany thanks to the volunteers who assisted in the field work for this project . in particular , matt fossey , simon hodgkison , luke shoo and andrew melville . thanks also to clare morrison , luke shoo and andrew melville for advice throughout the study ."]}
{"id": 2554, "summary": [{"text": "the big-scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) is a species of fish in the atherinidae family .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is a euryhaline amphidromous fish , up to 20 cm in length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "big - scale sand smelt", "paragraphs": ["video : a flock of big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) . ~ # 63053144\nbig - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) : in the water column , extreme close - up .\nseveral fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) swim on background of sandy bottom , medium shot .\nseveral fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) float on a background of the sandy bottom , medium shot .\nbig - scale sand smelt , atherina boyeri , looking for small benthic crustacean and molluscs . picture from malta , mediterranean sea\nseveral fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) swim against the background of a sandy bottom , close - up .\nnew record of the big - scale sand smelt atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ( atherinidae ) in the seyhan dam r . . .\na flock of marine fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) moves slowly on the background of a rocky bottom , wide shot .\ncommercial fishing : a flock of marine fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) slowly moves over a rocky bottom , wide shot .\nflock of big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) against the backdrop of the sea surface , then quickly leaves the frame , medium shot .\na flock of game - fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) slowly moves against a background of rocks overgrown with mussels , wide shot .\nsearch big scale sand smelt and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the list of synonyms of big scale sand smelt given by the english thesaurus dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\ndescription : ' big - scale sand smelt ' ( atherina boyeri ) , known by the common name of kingfish - the - mediterranean . . . typical and . . . delicious !\na flock of game - fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) slowly moves against a background of rocks overgrown with mussels , wide shot .\nstock footage and royalty - free videos on urltoken - vid 162718914\nfifteen specimens of the big - scale sand smelt , atherina boyeri were caught by a single trawl haul with a net mesh size of 3 mm on february 2017 from the seyhan dam reservoir ( south anatolia , adana / turkey ) . in this study the big - scale sand smelt , a . boyeri , was recorded for the first time in the seyhan dam reservoir . in addition , some morphometric and meristic measurements of a . boyeri were . . . [ show full abstract ]\nblack sea silverside , boyer\u2019s sand smelt , atherina mochon ( cuvier , 1829 ) ; atherina hepsetus ( delaroche , 1809 ) .\nthe video clip\na flock of game - fish big - scale sand smelt ( atherina boyeri ) slowly moves against a background of rocks overgrown with mussels , wide shot .\nfrom portunus is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 30 credits ( credit from $ 0 . 74 ) .\naltun , \u00f6 . 1999 . morphological variations observed on the sand smelt ( atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ) populations . turk j zool 23 ( 3 ) : 911\u2013918 .\nalso known as sand smelts , black sea sand smelt and boyer ' s sand smelt . found in schools in brackish coastal waters and slow flowing freshwater , lakes , estuaries and rivers . they feed on crustaceans fish larvae , mollusks and worms . length - 20cm depth - 1 - ? m widespread eastern atlantic , mediterranean and black sea these fish are common on shorelines , important food for larger fish species although no commercial value .\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck , f . , g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc , s . s . , g\u00fclle , i . , g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc , z . , \u00e7i\u00e7ek , n . l . , diken , g . 2012 . reproductive features of big scale - sand smelt , atherina boyeri ( risso , 1810 ) , and exotic fish in lake egirdir ( isparta , turkey ) . turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 12 : 729 - 733 .\nthe big - scale sand smelt , atherina boyeri , is recorded from the devegecidi dam lake in 2016 , the first record of this invasive species in the tigris river basin , with potential to extend to all countries in the middle east . the smelts were caught with a trawl net mesh size of 6 mm . the captured specimens are described and compared . records of a . boyeri from turkish inland waters are summarised from the literature .\nthe big - scale sand smelt , atherina boyeri risso , 1810 was recorded for the first time from b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7ekmece reservoir ( i\u0307stanbul , turkey ) in 1982 . however , recent studies on the fish fauna of b\u00fcy\u00fck\u00e7ekmece reservoir indicated that a . boyeri did not exist in the reservoir . in the pre - sent study , which was originally planned for determining biological features of perch , perca fluviatilis linnaeus , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nblue triggerfish ( pseudobalistes fuscus ) , digging in the sand for molluscs or worms . egypt , red sea .\nthe traditional forms of artisanal fisheries compete against big fisheries , whose environmentally harmful techniques permit to harvest resources at a more profitable scale . the composition of berths by type of fleet shows a very unequal carrying capacity in favor of big - scale vessels ( i1a ) . the excessive charge of the resource affects directly the regeneration rates ( ru2 / ru5 ) . overfishing and the consequent reduction in fishery is the principal outcome of trawling ( o2b ) .\nbig - scale fisheries also have lower costs in the appropriation and production . then , they can offer lower prices ( in accordance with international markets ) in internal markets ( s5a ) , reducing the competitiveness of small fisheries .\nthe masterpieces of fish gastronomy are universally recognised . regnoli uses only freshly caught raw materials . the centuries - old eel manufacturing process is typical of the polesine area , where regnoli has its production plants . it is a rather seasonal product , since its fishing starts around october , when the eel stops eating , its flesh starts toning up and its sking changes colour , from yellow to silver . the big - scale sand smelt is rigorously processed when fresh .\nhenderson , p . a . and bamber , r . n . 1987 . on the reproductive biology of the sand smelt atherina boyeri risso ( pisces : atherinidae ) and its evolutionary potential . biological journal of the linnean society 32 : 395 - 415 .\ndevelop a set of ses variables potentially relevant to study small - scale fisheries system and illustrate the frame throughout two cases concerning mexican and chilean benthic fisheries . they look for evidence about \u201c\nmedium consumption of local resources all localities are close to important urban centers . then , actors use to acquire their consumer goods ( food , clothing and others ) in local markets and big markets alternately\nelongated body , in the back it is lateral compressed . mouth is big and turned upwards . the back is gray with black spots , a silver strip runs through the flank , the abdomen is whitish .\nbasurto , x ( 2005 ) . how locally designed access and use controls can prevent the tragedy of the commons in a mexican small - scale fishing community . society and natural resources 18 : 643\u2013659 . urltoken .\nbartulovi\u00e7 , v . , lucic , d . , conides , a . , glamuzina , b . , ducic , j . , hafner , d . , batistic , m . 2004 . food of sand smelt , atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ( pisces : atherinidae ) in the estuary of the mala neretva river ( middle - eastern , adriatic , croatia ) . sci . mar . 64 ( 4 ) : 597 - 603 .\nthe mh - pc fishermen have given shape to a strong group that is able to maintain interaction with governmental institutions and is successful in breaking the status quo of the top - down process in the elaboration of norms . for instance , the demand for longer closure periods was recognized for the government few years ago . recently , artisanal fisheries from mh - pc stop a governmental authorization for big - scale vessels to enter to the estuarine zone .\nbasurto , x , gelcich , s and ostrom , e ( 2013 ) . the social\u2013ecological system framework as a knowledge classificatory system for benthic small - scale fisheries . global environmental change 23 ( 6 ) : 1366\u20131380 . urltoken .\n, the delimitation of the space under study was made by the resource system ( rs ) : the small - scale fishery sector . the application of the frame looks for the potential drivers which could lead to a sustainable and common management of the artisanal fishery .\nconsidering direct users , a common historical and cultural root , the presence of leaderships , the relevance of the local knowledge , the dependence on the resource to sustainable livelihoods and the threat of big - scale fisheries invading exclusive fishing area generated reciprocity and moderate levels of trust among fishermen . but , some external and internal processes eroded the social capital when collective actions seemed to be growing faster , leading to a divergent path . bbe fishermen have ignored internal norms and processes of community decision - making , confronting the mh - pc fishermen .\nmedium to low level of human constructed facilities the estuary area has 5 piers , although most of that infrastructure is prepared for big ships and industrial activity . monte hermoso and pehu\u00e9n co do not have any pier or mole . vessels are trailed by pickup trucks or vehicles through the beach until the coast\n. ( 2004 ) , 1 , 200 specimens , with length varied from 3 . 1 and 11 . 6 cm , were collected from february 2001 to february 2002 close to the dam at the mouth of the mala neretva river ( south - east adriatic coast of croatia ) , using a small lift net ( 5 mm mesh size ) locally used for the send smelt fishery .\nheterogeneous patterns of spacial and temporal distribution in adult life resources are present among all the year , with variations of species . micro - localization ( i . e . position of species within the area ) varies according to natural and anthropic conditions . shrimp , prawn and weakfish are in less deeper areas . there are presence of shrimp and prawn during december to mid - june and mid - july to september , weakfish during mid - august to late september ( sometimes also during march and april ) , narrownose smooth - hound during mid - september to late november ; slick bonefish during mid - august to late september , sand smelt during june and july at low tide and september on the marshes and white croaker during november to march . soles and rays are present all year\nstable migration trends historically , the big - push of the population growth was the consequence of external interwar migration flows . population in white and cerri increased during the expansion of petrochemical pole and the harbor area in the 1980s and 1990s . in monte hermoso and pehu\u00e9n co , the population growth has occurred due to migration from bigger cities such bah\u00eda blanca and buenos aires . nowadays , the tendency is unclear\nthe objective of this paper is to apply the ses framework to an artisanal fishery community in argentina in order to : 1 ) describe the principal features , key variables and relations of the small - scale fishery system ; 2 ) detect the principal drivers of a potential common - management and the leading detractors from the current communal performance ; and 3 ) analyze the possibility that a self - governing for sustainable fishery may appear .\nestimated that 84 % of sales of artisanal fishery in buenos aires province are made to intermediaries , 6 % to fish shops and 10 % are retail . the results of our workshops and interviews show the same pattern of commercialization . artisanal fishermen sell to intermediaries competing against other big fisheries with participation in external markets , who fix their prices taking into account international prices . then , international markets have an indirect influence on the fixing local prices\nbig size of the resource system the zone affected by artisanal fishery is extended along the atlantic coast over a stretch of more than 100 km from cerri to monte hermoso . bah\u00eda blanca estuary has an area of 3 , 000 km 2 ; 30 , 000 ha of inland and 180 , 000 ha of watershed corresponds to the reserva provincial natural bah\u00eda blanca , bah\u00eda falsa y bah\u00eda verde . the geological , paleontological and archeological provincial reserve pehu\u00e9n co - monte hermoso covers land areas belonging to the municipalities of coronel rosales and monte hermoso along over 40 km of beaches from the mouth of the estuary and monte hermoso . the reserva costera municipal de objetivos definidos covers only 3 km 2\nthe big - push of population growth was the consequence of external interwar migration flows and the subsequent internal migration ( s2f ) , although in the last 20\u201330 years argentina has received major immigration from bordering countries like bolivia and paraguay , as well as from other latin american countries ( i . e . peru , colombia ) . the outcome of such historical process has been a relevant level of heterogeneity among internal and external actors ( a1b / a1c ) and the absence of a unique cultural root which has reduced the capacity to create shared codes and common rules between all the users ( a2f ) . given the differences in sectors and interests , the notion about the common has remained unclear and weak .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nstructure and functional aspects of the fish assemblage in a coastal lagoon were studied .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nalong coast of mediterranean , black , azov and caspian sea basins . atlantic coast northward to loire estuary ( france ) . isolated populations along costs of southern england and the netherlands ( some might actually be the marine a . mochon ) . permanent freshwater resident populations in guadalquivir and tagus ( now extirpated ) drainages , santo andr\u00e9 lagoon ( portugal ) and lake trichonis ( greece ) . introduced in aral sea , lake trasimeno ( italy ) and perhaps other lakes in italy .\nhabitat : lower parts of rivers , estuaries , coastal lakes and sea . freshwater populations prefer still or slow - flowing waters . pelagic in lakes . biology : gregarious . usually lives 1 - 2 years , rarely up to four . spawns for the first time at 1 - 2 years . freshwater populations spawn in april - june in guadalquivir , in march - october in lake trichonis . short spawning migrations into estuaries in some populations . fractional spawner , larger individuals spawn for a longer period . eggs with long hairy appendages attaching them to filamentous algae , deposited at 2 - 6 m depth . larvae are pelagic but often form schools close to the shores . in lakes and estuaries , feeds mainly on small planktonic invertebrates , often on benthos in rivers .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , atherina , the greek name for the eperlane ; 1770 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 59043 ) ; depth range 1 - ? m . subtropical ; 53\u00b0n - 20\u00b0n , 18\u00b0w - 42\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : portugal and spain to nouadhibou in mauritania and madeira , and throughout the mediterranean and black sea . isolated populations on coasts of england and the netherlands ( ref . 5980 ) . previously , two subspecies were recognized in russian waters : atherina boyeri pontica ( eichwald , 1838 ) from the black sea and the sea of azov and atherina boyeri caspia ( eichwald , 1838 ) from the caspian sea ( ref . 26334 ) .\nmaturity : l m 5 . 8 , range 5 - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30578 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 59043 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 - 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 18 . eye diameter wider than snout length ( ref . 35388 ) .\nmaug\u00e9 , l . a . , 1990 . atherinidae . p . 604 - 605 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4499 )\n) : 13 . 9 - 21 , mean 18 . 3 ( based on 136 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00550 ( 0 . 00453 - 0 . 00666 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 3 . 01 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 36 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 8 ; tm = 1 ; tmax = 4 ; ) .\nprior r = 0 . 76 , 2 sd range = 0 . 33 - 1 . 74 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 27 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 42 , based on : 6 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\natherina boyeri is a small fish that is brown and silver in color . its head length is about 4 times less than its total length . this species possesses 21 - 39 gillrakers . its back is brown to brownish gray . it has 40 - 47 vertebrae , 7 - 10 dorsal spines , and 8 - 10 dorsal soft rays ( muus and nielsen 1999 ) . the scales are in a longitudinal series ( 44 - 48 ) and silvery in color . the eye diameter is greater than the snout length . it exhibits a wide range in morphometric and meristic characteristics .\nspain ( elivra 1995 ) . ponto - caspian basin . eastern mediterranean sea ( kalogirou et al . 2012 ) .\nnonindigenous occurrences : atherina boyeri occurs in isolated populations on the coasts of england ( fishbase ) . this species is found in lake trasimeno , italy ( freyhof and kottelat 2008 ) , the coasts of the netherlands ( den hartog and van der velde 1987 ) , portugal ( fishbase ) , and spain . its occurrence has been recorded in sapanca lake ( geldiay and balik 1996 ) , g\u00fczelhisar stream , k\u00f6ycegiz lake ( balik 1979 ) , k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece lake ( altun 1999 ) , lake iznik ( \u00f6zeren 2004 ) , homa lagoon ( sezen 2005 ) , hirfanli dam lake , beysehir lake , and mogan lake ( innal and erk\u2019akan 2006 ) , turkey . it has been reported to occur in the aral sea ( freyhof and kottelat 2008 ) .\natherina boyeri has a moderate probability of introduction to the great lakes ( confidence level : high ) .\npotential pathway ( s ) of introduction : transoceanic shipping ( ballast water ) ; unauthorized intentional release .\natherina boyeri does not currently occur near waters connected to the great lakes . there is no indication that this species is sold or stocked in north america . however , it occurs in ports that have direct connections with the great lakes ( nbic ) .\natherina boyeri has commercial value as a prey of highly - priced carnivorous fish such as sea bass , dicentrarchus labrax . this species is introduced into freshwater lakes and reservoirs in europe to enhance stock ( economidis et al . 2000 ) . in turkey , it has been introduced to several lakes by local fishermen ( inaal and erk\u2019akan 2006 ) . it can survive in hypersaline conditions up to 110 % salinity and temperatures between 6 - 25\u00b0c ( henderson and bamber 1987 ) . it is likely that atherina boyeri has the potential to survive ballast tank environments .\natherina boyeri has the potential for moderate environmental impact if introduced to the great lakes . atherina boyeri is a carrier of the metacercariae of labratrema minimus , a parasitic trematode that also infects gobies ( combes 2001 ) . in some cases , atherina boyeri dominates the fish community where introduced . in the mala neretva esuary , atherina boyeri reached high densities to the point where it made up 50 % of the fish composition ( sr\u0161en 2005 ) . it is considered as a potential threat to lentic ecoystems ( k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck et al . 2007 ) .\nthere is little or no evidence to support that atherina boyeri has the potential for significant socio - economic impact if introduced to the great lakes . it has not been reported that atherina boyeri poses a threat to human health or water quality . there is no evidence that this species negatively impacts infrastructure , economic sectors , recreational activities and associated tourism , or the aesthetic appeal of the areas it inhabits .\natherina boyeri has the potential for high beneficial effects if introduced to the great lakes . increased population size of atherina boyeri in the neretva river estuary enhanced the production of the local fishery and the stock of sea bass dicentrarchu labrax ( k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck et al . 2007 ) . in greece , it is sold for about us $ 3 per kg and is edible ( el - sahn et al . 1990 ; leonardos and sinis 2000 ) . introduction of atherina boyeri may positively impact the populations of great lakes predatory fish and enhance recreational fishing . if atherina boyeri were introduced , the parasitic trematode that it carries may infect invasive gobies of the great lakes and help decrease their populations .\nregulations ( pertaining to the great lakes region ) there are no known regulations for this species . * * ballast water regulations applicable to this species are currently in place to prevent the introduction of nonindigenous species to the great lakes via shipping . see title 33 : code of federal regulations , part 151 , subparts c and d ( 33 cfr 151 c ) for the most recent federal ballast water regulations applying to the great lakes and hudson river .\nnote : check federal , state / provincial , and local regulations for the most up - to - date information .\nchemical there are no chemical control methods for this species . general piscicides ( such as rotenone ) may be used for control , but expect significant kill of non - target species .\nnote : check state / provincial and local regulations for the most up - to - date information regarding permits for control methods . follow all label instructions .\nbalik , s . 1979 . bati anadolu tatlisu baliklari \u00fczerine arastirmalar . ege . \u00fcniv . fen . fak . ilmi raporlar , no : 236 - 1979 , ege \u00fcniv . matbaasi , izmir , 61 pp .\ncombes , c . 2001 . parasitism : the ecology and evolution of intimate interactions . university of chicago press .\nden hartog , c . , and van der velde , g . 1987 . invasions by plants and animals into coastal , brackish , and fresh water of the netherlands . proc k acad wet c 90 ( 1 ) : 31 - 37 .\ndoulka , e . , kehayias , g . , chalkia , e . , and leonardos , i . d . 2013 . feeding strategies of atherina boyeri ( risso 1810 ) in a freshwater ecosystem . j . appl . ichthyology 29 : 200 - 207 .\neconomidis , p . s . , dimitriou , e . , pagoni , r . , michaloudi , e . , and natsis , l . 2000 . fish . man . ecol . 7 : 239 - 250 .\nel - sahn , m . a . , youssef , a . m . , and moharram , y . g . 1990 . edible products from pelagic bissaria ( atherina mochon ) fish . food / nahrung 34 ( 1 ) : 47 - 52 .\nelvira , b . 1995 . native and exotic freshwater fishes in spanish river basins . freshwater biology 33 : 103 - 108 .\nenvironmental protection agency ( epa ) . 2008 . predicting future introductions of nonindigenous species to the great lakes . national center for environmental assessment , washington , dc . available urltoken\nfern\u00e1ndez - delgado , c . , hernando , j . a . , herrera , m . , and bellido , m . 1988 . life - history patterns of the sandsmelt atherina boyeri risso , 1810 in the estuary of the guadalquivir river , spain . estuarine , coastal , and shelf science 27 : 697 - 706 .\ngeldiay , r . and balik , s . 1996 . t\u00fcrkiye tatlisu baliklari . ege \u00fcnv . fen fak . kitaplar serisi no : 97 , ege \u00fcnv . basimevi , izmir , 519 pp .\ninnal , d . and erk\u2019akan , f . effects of exotic and translocaated fish species in the inland waters of turkey . rev . fish . biol . fisheries 16 : 39 - 50 .\nfreyhof , j . and kottelat , m . 2008 . atherina boyeri . in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . 03 june 2014 . urltoken\nkalogirou , s . , mittermayer , f . , pihl , l . , and wennhage , h . 2012 . feeding ecology of indigenous and non - indigenous fish species within the family sphyaenidae . journal of fish biology 80 : 2528 - 2548 .\nkiener , a . and spillman , c . j . 1969 . contributions a l\u2019etude systematique et ecologique d\u2019 atherina boyeri risso ( poissons , cyprinidae ) dan sa zone de dispersion actuelle . bulletin du museum national d\u2019histoire naturelle , 3rd series , no . 55 . zoology 41 : 563 - 580 .\nkolar , c . s . , and d . m . lodge . 2002 . ecological predictions and risk assessment for alien fishes in north america . science 298 : 1233 - 1236 .\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck , f . , g\u00fclle , i . , g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc , s . s . , g\u00fcm\u00fcs , e . and demir , o . 2007 . egirdir g\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne sonradan giren g\u00fcm\u00fcsbaligi ( atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ) \u2019nin g\u00f6l ekosistemine ve balik\u00e7iliga etkisi . i . ulusal baliklandirma ve rezervuar y\u00f6netimi sempozyumu bildirileri , 7 - 9 subat 2006 antalya : 119 - 128 .\nleonardos , i . and sinis , a . 2000 . age , growth , mortality of atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ( pisces : atherinidae ) in the mesolongi and etolikon lagoons ( w . greece ) . fisheries research 45 : 81 - 91 .\nmuus , b . j . and nielsen , j . g . 1999 . sea fish . scandinavian fishing year book . hedehusene , denmark . 340 p .\nnational ballast information clearinghouse 2009 . nbic online database . electronic publication , smithsonian environmental research center & united states coast guard . available from urltoken ; searched 04 june 2014 .\n\u00f6zeren , c . s . 2004 . iznik g\u00f6l\u00fc baliklarinin taksonomisi ve cyprinus carpio l . , 1758 ( sazan ) , rutilus frisii nordmann , 1840 ( akbalik ) ve atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ( g\u00fcm\u00fcs baligi ) \u2019nin biyo - ekolojik y\u00f6nden incelenmesi . phd thesis , ankara : hacettepe university , 224 pp .\npombo , l . elliot , m . , and rebelo , j . e . 2005 . ecology , age and growth of atherina boyeri and atherina presbyter in the ria de aveiro , portugal . cybium 29 ( 1 ) : 47 - 55 .\nsr\u0161en , v . 1995 . ichthyofauna of the neretva river estuary . bsc thesis . faculty of science . university of zagreb . 50 pp .\nquignard , j . p . and pras , a . 1986 . atherinidae . in fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . eds . p . j . whitehead , m . l . bauchot , j . c . hureau , j . nielsen , and e . tortonese ( p . 1207 - 1210 ) . paris : unesco .\nbaker , e . , m . asgari , and j . li , 2018 , atherina boyeri risso , 1810 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , and noaa great lakes aquatic nonindigenous species information system , ann arbor , mi , urltoken ; = y & type ; = 2 & hucnumber ; = , revision date : 1 / 23 / 2015 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nglerl 4840 s . state rd . , ann arbor , mi 48108 - 9719 ( 734 ) 741 - 2235 lake michigan field station , 1431 beach st . , muskegon , mi 49441 - 1098 ( 231 ) 759 - 7824 noaa | doc\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nit is a very euryhaline species , which is frequently found in brackish waters and more sporadically in freshwater .\ncarnivorous , it feeds on small crustaceans , worms , mollusks and fish larvae .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\n( of atherina mochon cuvier , 1829 ) cuvier , g . ; latreille , p . a . ( 1829 ) . le r\u00e8gne animal distribu\u00e9 d ' apr\u00e8s son organisation , pour servir de base \u00e0 l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction \u00e0 l ' anatomie compar\u00e9e , par m . le cher , cuvier . . . avec figures , dessin\u00e9es d ' apr\u00e8s nature . edition 2 . v . 2 : i - xv + 1 - 406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina lagunae trabelsi , faure , quignard , boussaid , focant & maamouri , 2002 ) trabelsi m . , faure e . , quignard j . p . , boussaid m . , focant b . & maamouri f . 2002 : atherina punctata and atherina lagunae ( pisces , atherinidae ) , new species in the mediterranean sea . 1 . biometric investigations of three atherinis species . c . r . biologies 325 : 967\u2013975 . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina anterina nardo , 1847 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina bonapartii boulenger , 1907 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina caspia eichwald , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina hyalosoma cocco , 1885 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina lacustris bonaparte , 1836 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina pontica eichwald , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina riqueti roule , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina risso valenciennes , 1835 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina rissoi g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina sarda valenciennes , 1835 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina sardinella fowler , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hepsetia boyeri ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hepsetia mochon ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina mochon aegyptia boulenger , 1907 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina mochon pontica eichwald , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina mochon riqueti roule , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina boyeri caspia eichwald , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina presbyter caspia eichwald , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina presbyter pontica eichwald , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina lagunae trabelsi , faure , quignard , boussaid , focant & maamouri , 2002 ) bouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]\n( of atherina bo\u00eferi risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina mochon cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina ( hepsetia ) boyeri risso , 1810 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atherina ( hepsetia ) boyeri risso , 1810 ) risso , a . ( 1810 ) . ichthyologie de nice ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes - maritimes . schoell , paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 338 [ details ]\n( of atherina ( hepsetia ) boyeri risso , 1810 ) van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of atherina mochon cuvier , 1829 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar \u201cecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index\u201d . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .\noslob , philippines - circa - 2012 - whale shark feeding below a rowboat in philippines .\na flock of fry black sea horse mackerel ( trachurus mediterraneus ponticus ) near rhizostome jellyfish ( rhizostoma pulmo ) , medium shot . black sea . ukraine .\naurelia aurita ( also called the moon jelly , moon jellyfish , common jellyfish , or saucer jelly ) is a widely studied species of the genus aurelia . black sea\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nover 10 , 965 , 896 royalty - free video clips with 80 , 528 new stock clips added weekly .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\natlan\ue99ec popula\ue99eons ( palmer et al . , 1979 ) and the iznik lake popula\nfrom turkish inland waters based on data from the literature . coordinates and al\ue99etude taken from google\ncapoeta mandica was originally described as c . barroisi mandica from mond river , persian gulf basin , based on morphological characters and later was considered as a distinct species based on a few \u2026\n[ more ]\nwater is crucial for all living organisims that covers almost 80 % of our planet . although productivity of water resources unproportionally distributed , all of them host vast biodiversity but only v\u2026\n[ more ]\nmorphological and meristic differences among freshwater fish , cyprinion kais ( cyprinidae ) population . . .\nin this study , morphometric and meristic characteristics of cyprinion kais samples which is obtained from different locality in tigris river were carried out . in order to determine the morphological and meristic variation among populations , discriminant function can be detected , intergroup discrimination with the help of this function are the most distinctive variables affecting the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmorphological differences among the garra rufa populations ( cypr\u0131n\u0131dae ) in tigris river system of so . . .\nobjective : to determine morphometric and meristic variations between garra rufa ( g . rufa ) samples obtained from different locality in tigris river . methods : transformed morphometric characters were subjected to discriminant analysis and according to grouping model , number of discriminant function and morphologic variation between populations with respect to their importance of explaining total . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmorphological differences among the garra variabilis populations ( cyprinidae ) in tigris river system . . .\nreoccurrence of a commercial euryhaline fish species , atherina boyeri risso , 1810 ( atherinidae ) in b . . .\nthis is a short preview of the document . your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\ncomputational ecology and software ; hong kong vol . 7 , iss . 2 , ( jun 2017 ) : 82 - 90 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ uk ] [ slang ] you should get out quick sticks if you don ' t want him to see you .\nhis book subject is quite good , but he tends to miss the forest for the trees . ( tending to get in too much detail and miss the essence ) .\nyou want to reject this entry : please give us your comments ( bad translation / definition , duplicate entries . . . )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\njustification : populations in the mediterranean and black seas apparently declined steeply during the 1980s , but have stabilized ( albeit at much lower levels ) since the early 1990s , according to catch statistics . this species remains a common and widespread species with a stable population . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .\nthis is a mediterranean sea near - endemic species ( including the black sea and sea of azov ) , but is also present in the eastern atlantic in southern portugal and northern morocco , including madeira and mauritania .\nin the mediterranean sea , this species is widespread . its distribution includes : spain , recorded in la vega river ( clavero\n2004a , b ; dulcic and glamuzina 2006 ) ; aegean sea ( papakonstantinou 1988 , leonardos and sinis 2000 , leonardos 2001 , koutrakis and tsikliras 2003 , koutrakis et al . 2004 , koutrakis et al . 2005 , mogias and kevrekidis 2005 , tarakan et al . 2006 , chrisafi et al . 2007 , gokce and metin 2007 ) ; lebanese waters ( harmelin - vivien\n2005 ) ; egyptian lagoons in the sinai peninsula ( gon and ben - tuvia 1983 ) . it is also in the black sea . two subspecies are recognized in russian waters :\nthis is a very common species in the mediterranean sea . catch statistics from the mediterranean sea and black sea show a very large population reduction during the 1980s , from annual catches of 6 - 10 , 000 mt , stabilizing since then at around 600 mt per annum ( food and agriculture organization fishstat ) .\n( 1999 ) , 222 specimens with length varied from 1 . 3 and 9 . 5 cm tl were captured during spring ( breeding time ) and fall in the camargue lagoons .\nleonardos and sinis ( 2000 ) mentioned that 4 , 269 specimens with length from 1 . 4 - 10 . 3 cm tl were collected in the mesolongi and etolikon lagoons ( aegean sea ) during the period from april 1989 to june 1990 , using a beach seine having mesh size 2 . 5 mm , length of 15 m , height of 1 . 5 m at the edges and 2 m in the centre , which terminated in a sac with a diameter of 1 . 5 m and length of 3 m .\naccording to leonardos ( 2001 ) , 503 specimens were collected from the catches of commercial fishing boats from april 1992 to january 1993 in the lake trichonis ( greece ) .\n( 2000 ) reported that 1 , 479 specimens were caught with a beach seine net ( 50 m length , 1 - 5 m depth ) during july and august 1998 and february and march 1999 in the estuary of the neretva river ( east and central adriatic coast ) .\n( 2004 ) , 41 specimens with length varied from 4 . 0 and 10 . 0 cm tl , were collected in the camargue lagoons . they were sampled with fixed fishing nets .\n( 2006 ) mentioned that 4 , 831 specimens were collected in the la vega river in the south spain using traps .\n( 2003 ) 1 , 936 specimens with maximum length of 9 . 4 cm ( female ) and 8 . 7 cm ( male ) , were collected in the mar menor ( spain ) from commercial catches taken between november 1997 and september 1998 , using a fyke net ( 11mm mesh size , 100m length , called chirretera ) .\n( 2004 ) reported that 1 , 056 specimens , with length varied from 1 . 3cm and 10 . 5cm , were collected in the vistonis estuary system ( aegean sea ) , from february 1989 to august 1990 with a bag seine net ( mesh size 3mm knot to knot , 10 m length , 1 . 2 m height ) . each haul covered an area of approximately 250 m\n( 2007 ) mentioned that 240 specimens , with length varied from 3 . 5 and 11 . 2 cm were collected monthly by purse seine ( mesh size 22 mm ) from january to december 1997 from various lake trichonis locations ( west greece ) .\naccording to dulcic and glamuzina ( 2006 ) , 1 , 280 specimens with length varied from 2 . 5 and 15 . 7 cm tl , were collected from three east adriatic estuarine systems ( tar cove , sampled between september 1999 and september 2000 , duce - glava , sampled between october 1998 and october 1999 , river neretva estuary sampled between december 2002 and december 2003 ) , using various fishing gears ( beach seine , fyke - net , gill nets , fish traps ) .\nkoutrakis and tsikliras ( 2003 ) reported that 950 specimens , with length varied from 1 . 1 and 11 . 5cm tl , were sampled using various fishing gear ( beach - seine , fyke - net , gill nets ) in three north aegean estuarine systems . porto - lagos ( north - east aegean sea ) , a shallow coastal lagoon was sampled between december 1988 and september 1990 .\n( 2004 ) , 536 fish larvae were collected in the mar menor ( south spain ) .\n( 2006 ) mentioned that 457 specimens , with length varied from 3 . 9 and 12 . 9 cm were collected from six locations in the marmara region , turkey using various type of fishing gear ( beach - seine , fyke - net , gill nets and electrofishing ) . iznik and sapanca lakes were sampled from october 2003 to august 2004 and from january 2002 to may 2003 , respectively . buyukcekmece , omerli and terkos dam lakes were sampled from may 1995 to october 1995 and in april 2004 , and from january 2002 to august 2004 and from september 2000 to june 2002 respectively . finally , kucukcekmece , a shallow lagoon was sampled from november 1971 to october 1974 and from may 1981 to june 1981 .\naccording to gokce and metin ( 2007 ) , six specimens were collected using three artisanal fishing boats ( 6 . 7 and 10 m long ) comprising 39 fishing operations . the trials took place between may and october 2003 in izmir bay , turkey . the fishing gear was combined trammel net to trammel net with one lower and one upper part . each part is formed of three layers : the inner layer with a small mesh size ( 40 mm stretched mesh ) , the outer layers with a larger mesh size ( 220 mm stretched mesh ) . these nets , each 100 m long and 1 . 30 m deep , are hung to a common float line and lead line .\nthis is a commercial species . tutman et al . ( 2000 ) report a remarkable percentage of specimens with spinal deformity ( 3 . 58 % , whole number of catches 1 , 479 ) . as a coastal species it may be vulnerable to various human impacts . freshwater and brackish water populations may be negatively impacted by a number of anthropogenic threats ( development , water abstraction , drainage , pollution , etc . ) .\nthis species occurs in a number of protected areas . appropriate management and habitat protection is required for this species , especially for freshwater and brackish water populations .\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in . registration is free !\nlogin or register ! to organize the photos in galleries you must first register or login . registration is free !\nthis video footage may be downloaded for all kinds of professional uses and in different resolutions ( up to 3 , 840 x 2 , 160 pixels ) .\nthe author of this video , portunus also has 1 , 641 images and videos in the same series .\nwith the standard license , images can be used for any illustrative purpose in any type of media . examples : websites , web banners , newsletters , pdf documents , blogs , emails , slide shows , tv and video presentations , cell phones , splash screens , movies , magazine articles , books , advertising , brochures , document illustrations , booklets , billboards , business cards , packaging , etc .\nthe extended license gives you all the rights granted by the standard license , but also the ability to print our creative files more than 500 , 000 times and allows you to use them on your own products . an extended license lets you create derivative products or services intended for resale or distribution . examples : postcards , calendars , posters , t - shirts , print & presentations templates , video clips intended for resale , video applications , and any project where the fotolia file lends primary value to the product intended for resale or distribution .\nyou ' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images , videos , and templates plus 3d , editorial , and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right . then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc , illustrator cc , indesign cc , and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b43c3c9dd6a4\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / autocomplete . urltoken \\ / ? language _ id = 2\n} } }\nby using our website , you agree to the pond5 terms of use and privacy policy which includes pond5 ' s practices regarding personal data and cookies .\nthe new off - canvas sidebar is designed for multi - purposes . you can now display menu or modules in off - canvas sidebar .\nregnoli , found in 1861 , is a solid reality based on tradition and modern business vision . since the 80s it has been gradually transforming its production towards a new generation of gastronomy , completing its selection with vegetable products and developing an exclusive technology for preserving and stabilising fish products , thus becoming one of the leading brands of this sector in terms of quantity and quality .\nsince 1861 regnoli has been true to its mission : to offer consumers seafood products of high quality . in particular , since 1882 , the brand medusa stands for the specialties that represent the company ' s historical products - marinated eel and fish - fry , mackerel and seafood salads with or without oil , anchovy and sardine fillets , tuna fish , and so on - as well as for more recent items such as carpaccios and ready to eat fish courses ."]}
{"id": 2555, "summary": [{"text": "ithycythara pentagonalis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family mangeliidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "tucker considers ithycythara auberiana a synonym of ithycythara pentagonalis reeve , l.a. , 1845", "topic": 21}], "title": "ithycythara pentagonalis", "paragraphs": ["ithycythara pentagonalis reeve , l . a . , 1845 : st vincent , west indies\nithycythara is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family mangeliidae .\nspecies pleurotoma acutangulus e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as ithycythara acutangulus ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nfonte : wikipedia . paginas : 90 . capitulos : bela , eucithara , lienardia , mangelia , pseudorhaphitoma , guraleus , anacithara , antiguraleus , pyrgocythara , kurtziella , ithycythara , benthomangelia , clathromangelia , mangiliella , brachycythara , tenaturris , citharomangelia , leiocithara , heterocithara , neoguraleus , pleurotomoides , cryoturris , turrella , thelecythara , paraclathurella , anticlinura , paramontana , belaturricula , marita , kurtzia , benthomangelia abyssopacifica , gingicithara , neoguraleus interruptus , glyphoturris , thelecytharella , benthomangelia subtrophonoidea , austropusilla , belaturricula dissimilis , brachycythara multicinctata , belaturricula antarctica , ithycythara apicodenticulata , acmaturris , glyptaesopus , benthomangelia trophonoidea , benthomangelia gracilispira , clathromangelia fuscoligata , clathromangelia loiselieri , benthomangelia decapitata , clathromangelia strigilata , clathromangelia variegata , euclathurella , benthomangelia celebensis , pyrgocythara candidissima , pyrgocythara densestriata , belaturricula turrita , benthomangelia brachytona , pseudorhaphitoma perplexior , pseudorhaphitoma unicostata , platycythara , clathromangelia quadrillum , ithycythara septemcostata , thelecythara dominguezi , brachycythara beatriceae , clathromangelia coffea , pyrgocythara albovittata , brachycythara atlantidea , pyrgocythara fuscoligata , pyrgocythara subdiaphana , belaturricula ergata , pseudorhaphitoma kilburni , pyrgocythara urceolata , cryoturris quadrilineata , ithycythara funicostata , ithycythara pentagonalis , ithycythara acutangulus , macteola , pyrgocythara hemphilli , benthomangelia bandella , kurtziella margaritifera , clathromangelia granum , mangelia pseudoattenuata , brachycythara biconica , clathromangelia strigillata , belaturricula gaini , benthomangelia brevis , clathromangelia rhyssa , brachycythara stegeri , ithycythara lanceolata , ithycythara muricoides , pyrgocythara angulosa , thelecythara dushanae , benthomangelia antonia , glyptaesopus proctorae , pyrgocythara cinctella , pyrgocythar . . .\n5 / 12 / 2009 10 : 29 am - peggy williams added to harry ' s comments with :\ni agree with harry that marlo ' s shell is more likely rubricata and that pentagonalis and auberiana may be synonymous ( in fact , someone has determined so , since malacolog has them synonymized . ) but i think parkeri is distinctly more slender and has fewer ribs than the others .\nid : 280182 original name : ithycythara _ pentagonalis9 . jpg size 666x414 - 87237 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 3810 created : 2015 - 11 - 08 12 : 26 : 53 - user jan delsing last change : 2015 - 11 - 08 12 : 27 : 24 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 280182 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 280182 ] ] ( thumbnail )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nvol . 2 mollusques , p 174 ; pl . 24 / 4 - 6\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view a larger image of that shell . author , date , and full locality are given on the labels with shells .\nphilippines . mactan . punta engano . taken with lumun lumun nets , 100 - 150 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\nphilippines . cebu . lilo - an . collected at 50 - 150 m . 2008 .\nphilippines . olango island . 20 - 25 m . from local fishermen . 2008\nphilippines . palawan . balabac island . dived about 25 m . by fishermen from olango . 2006 .\nphilippines . mactan island . taken 80 - 100 m . with lumun lumun nets . 2003 .\nphilippines . north of cebu . liloan . 10 - 25 m . 2017 .\nphilippines . olango island . 10 - 25 m . collected by local fishermen . 2010 .\nphilippines . butuan . trawled at 50 - 100 m . collected by local fishermen . 2010 .\nphilippines . nocnocan island . 20 - 50 m . collected by local fishermen . 2010 .\nphilippines . palawan . taken between 10 and 25 meters deep water . from local fishermen . 2010 .\nphilippines . bohol . nocnocan island . 10 - 25 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\nphilippines . palawan . found at about 10 - 25 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\nphilippines . palawan . balabac island . taken 10 - 15 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\nphilippines . olango island . dived , 15 - 30 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\nphilippines . palawan . taken at 10 - 25 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\nphilippines . olango island . taken at 10 - 25 m . collected by local fishermen . 2008 .\nphilippines . bohol . near pandakan island . scuba 18 m . - guphil i - 2004 . hypo .\nphilippines . north of cebu . liloan . tangle nets . 8 - 12 m . 2017 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 501 seconds . )\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscussions , photo series , how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nwas\ncommon .\nhowever , it appears this is a sublittoral species and probably rarely found except as a beach shell .\nthe one specimen i have was collected at the artificial and unique inlet habitat at palm beach and is not representative of normal habitat for many , many of the species collected there . i was wondering if anyone has had the good fortune to collect this shell live anywhere in florida by any means ?\ni am pretty sure that i had this species in dredgings , in the days when you could get them . i have traded most of my small shells for pectinidae , so i cannot check .\nas full species without synonyms . searches of the florida museum of natural history\u2019s invertebrate zoology master database and the bailey - matthews shell museum database revealed no records of any of these four names . )\n5 / 12 / 2009 11 : 45 am - harry added :\ndear peggy , marlo et al . , reeve ( 1845 : sp . 255 ) and abbott ( 1958 : 96 ) described shells with five axial ribs . abbott failed to compare his species with reeve ' s . i agree that the profile of the abbott ' s species ( type figure ) is a bit stouter . harry reeve , l . , 1843 - 1846 . the genus pleurotoma . conchologia iconica 1 : 40 pls . , facing text blocks + index . jan . - apr . abbott , r . t . , 1958 . the marine mollusks of grand cayman island , british west indies . monographs of the acad . nat . sci . phila . 11 : vi + pp . 1 - 138 + 5 pls . + index .\nmarlo ' s comment : thanks to all for comments and hopefully there will be more . harry ' s and linda ' s comments appear to confirm that\nis a sublittoral species and probably collectable as a live shell only when dredged , but for exceptional circumstances . as to the name issue , i ' ll stay with\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsaint vincent and the grenadines , source : reeve , 1845 . original description & figure .\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\nsupplier out of stock . if you add this item to your wish list we will let you know when it becomes available .\nis the information for this product incomplete , wrong or inappropriate ? let us know about it .\ndoes this product have an incorrect or missing image ? send us a new image .\ncopyright \u00a9 loot\u2122 online ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved . khutaza park , bell crescent , westlake business park . po box 30836 , tokai , 7966 , south africa . info @ urltoken loot is a member of the independent media group of companies . all prices displayed are subject to fluctuations and stock availability as outlined in our terms & conditions .\n\u00a9 university of florida george a . smathers libraries . all rights reserved . terms of use for electronic resources and copyright information powered by sobekcm\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( bela ) violacea ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) accepted as curtitoma violacea ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) commutabilis e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as mitromorpha commutabilis ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) horneana e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as clathurella horneana ( e . a . smith , 1884 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) letourneuxiana crosse & p . fischer , 1865 accepted as turrella letourneuxiana ( crosse & p . fischer , 1865 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) lucida e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as pseudodaphnella lucida ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) multigranosa e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as mitromorpha multigranosa ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) perinsignis e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as raphitoma perinsignis ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clathurella ) usta e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as mitromorpha usta ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clavus ) albobalteata e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as austrodrillia albobalteata ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clavus ) amanda e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as drillia sinuosa ( montagu , 1803 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clavus ) hottentota e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as clavus hottentotus ( e . a . smith , 1882 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clavus ) interpunctata e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as splendrillia interpunctata ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( clavus ) prolongata e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as inodrillia prolongata ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( defrancia ) asperulata e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as veprecula pungens ( gould , 1860 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) amoena e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as neoguraleus amoenus ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) atkinsonii e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as drillia crenularis ( lamarck , 1816 ) accepted as ptychobela nodulosa ( gmelin , 1791 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) baynhami e . a . smith , 1891 accepted as ptychobela baynhami ( e . a . smith , 1891 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) cookei e . a . smith , 1888 accepted as syntomodrillia cookei ( e . a . smith , 1888 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) essingtonensis e . a . smith , 1888 accepted as inquisitor mastersi ( brazier , 1876 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) incerta e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as inquisitor incertus ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) intertincta e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as inquisitor intertinctus ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) latisinuata e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as funa latisinuata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) mindanensis e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as cheungbeia mindanensis ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) nodilirata e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as clavus nodiliratus ( e . a . smith , 1877 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) subochracea e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as aguilaria subochracea ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) torresiana e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as inquisitor sterrha ( r . b . watson , 1881 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( drillia ) turtoni e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as glyphostoma turtoni ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( hemipleurotoma ) alticincta r . murdoch & suter , 1906 accepted as iredalula alticincta ( murdoch & suter , 1906 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( leucosyrinx ) augusta r . murdoch & suter , 1906 accepted as paracomitas augusta ( murdoch & suter , 1906 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( leucosyrinx ) eremita r . murdoch & suter , 1906 accepted as leucosyrinx eremita ( murdoch & suter , 1906 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangelia ) hypsela r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as syntomodrillia hypsela ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangelia ) lallemantiana crosse & p . fischer , 1865 accepted as guraleus lallemantianus ( crosse & p . fischer , 1865 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangelia ) mellissii e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as mangelia mellissii ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangelia ) vincentina crosse & p . fischer , 1865 accepted as guraleus pictus ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) atlantica e . a . smith , 1890 represented as pleurotoma atlantica e . a . smith , 1890\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) albolabiata e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as mangelia albolabiata ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) coppingeri e . a . smith , 1881 accepted as savatieria coppingeri ( e . a . smith , 1881 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) mellissi e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as stellatoma mellissi ( e . a . smith , 1890 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) ordinaria e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as agathotoma ordinaria ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) pellyi e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as mangelia pellyi ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) sinclairii e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as neoguraleus finlayi powell , 1942\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) subquadrata e . a . smith , 1888 accepted as clathurella subquadrata ( e . a . smith , 1888 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( mangilia ) trizonata e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as neoguraleus trizonata ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( perrona ) marmarina r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as fenimorea marmarina ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( pleurotomella ) pandionis verrill , 1880 accepted as pleurotomella pandionis ( a . e . verrill , 1880 ) ( original combination )\nsubgenus pleurotoma ( spirotropis ) g . o . sars , 1878 accepted as spirotropis g . o . sars , 1878\nsubgenus pleurotoma ( surcula ) accepted as surcula h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as turricula schumacher , 1817\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( surcula ) goniodes r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as aforia goniodes ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( basionym )\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( surcula ) lepta r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as aforia watsoni kantor , harasewych & puillandre , 2016\n\u00bb species pleurotoma ( thesbia ) translucida r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as xanthodaphne translucida ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( basionym )\nspecies pleurotoma acanthodes r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as kurtziella acanthodes ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma acuminata mighels , 1845 accepted as pyrgocythara mighelsi ( kay , 1979 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of pleurotoma acuminata j . sowerby , 1816 ; clavus mighelsi is a replacement name )\nspecies pleurotoma acutigemmata e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as turridrupa acutigemmata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma adamsii e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as cryoturris adamsii ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma adelpha dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 accepted as phymorhynchus sulciferus ( bush , 1893 ) ( synonym )\nspecies pleurotoma agalma e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as paradrillia agalma ( e . a . smith , 1906 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma aganactica r . b . watson , 1886 accepted as spirotropis aganactica ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma agassizi verrill & s . smith , 1880 accepted as gymnobela agassizii ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 )\nspecies pleurotoma agassizii verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 accepted as gymnobela agassizii ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma aglaophanes r . b . watson , 1882 accepted as clionella aglaophanes ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albata e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as etremopsis albata ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albicarinata g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 accepted as polystira oxytropis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )\nspecies pleurotoma albicaudata e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as kermia albicaudata ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albida perry g . , 1811 accepted as polystira albida ( g . perry , 1811 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albida deshayes , 1835 accepted as mangelia unifasciata ( deshayes , 1835 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of pleurotoma albida perry , 1811 and p . albida risso , 1826 )\nspecies pleurotoma alboangulata e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as carinodrillia alboangulata ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albocincta c . b . adams , 1845 accepted as pilsbryspira albocincta ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albofasciata e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as turridrupa albofasciata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albolabiata e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as mangelia albolabiata ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albomaculata c . b . adams , 1845 accepted as drillia albomaculata ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma albomaculata d ' orbigny , 1847 accepted as pilsbryspira nodata ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( non c . b . adams , 1845 )\nspecies pleurotoma albovittata c . b . adams , 1845 accepted as pyrgocythara albovittata ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma alternans e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as pseudodaphnella alternans ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma amanda e . a . smith , 1882 accepted as drillia sinuosa ( montagu , 1803 )\nspecies pleurotoma amicta e . a . smith , 1877 accepted as turris amicta ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma amoena ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) accepted as neoguraleus amoenus ( e . a . smith , 1884 )\nspecies pleurotoma angustae c . b . adams , 1850 accepted as decoradrillia pulchella ( reeve , 1845 )\nspecies pleurotoma anteridion r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as comitas anteridion ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma arafurensis e . a . smith , 1884 accepted as daphnella arafurensis ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma araneosa r . b . watson , 1881 accepted as xanthodaphne araneosa ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) ( original combination )\nspecies pleurotoma arcana e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as comitas arcana ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )\n, invalid : not pleurotoma pagoda reeve , 1845 . p . alta harris , 1897 is replacement name )\ngrammatical gender feminine , as composed with the greek noun \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae , an incision ( gender : feminine ) . however philippi ( 1836 : 165 , footnote ) and others defended treating it as neuter . [ details ]\n1 marine biology department , universidade federal fluminense , p . o . box 100 . 644 , niter\u00f3i , rj , brazil\nabstract . biogeographic distributional patterns of gastropods are proposed based on the species ' geo - graphic and bathymetric distribution . samples were collected along the brazilian continental margin between 18\u00b0 s and 23\u00b0 s , at 37 stations with depths from 20 m to 1 , 330 m . the analysis of the biogeographic distribution patterns confirmed the existence of a transitional zone from tropical to subtropical waters in the area of both the continental shelf and slope , suggesting a relationship with water mass circulation . we observed a high species turnover rate between the shelf and slope . the analysis of gastropod species distribution revealed a similar pattern on the shelf and slope and a large difference between shallow and deep - water faunas .\nkeywords : macrobenthos , continental margins , geographical distribution , vertical distribution , soft bottoms , brazil , southwestern atlantic ocean .\nresumen . los patrones de distribuci\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica de gastr\u00f3podos fueron propuestos basados en la distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica y batim\u00e9trica de las especies . los muestreos fueron realizados en el margen continental brasile\u00f1o entre 18\u00b0s y 23\u00b0s , en 37 estaciones de 20 m a 1 . 330 m de profundidad . el an\u00e1lisis de los patrones de distribuci\u00f3n biogeogr\u00e1fica confirm\u00f3 la existencia de una zona de transici\u00f3n de aguas tropicales a aguas subtropicales , que se encuentra en la zona de la plataforma continental y tambi\u00e9n en la zona del talud continental , esto puede sugerir una relaci\u00f3n con la circulaci\u00f3n de las masas de agua . se observ\u00f3 una elevada tasa de turnover de las especies entre la plataforma y el talud continental . el an\u00e1lisis de las especies de gastr\u00f3podos revel\u00f3 un patr\u00f3n similar tanto en la plataforma como en el talud y una gran diferencia entre las faunas de las aguas someras y profundas .\npalabras clave : macrobentos , margen continental , distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica , distribuci\u00f3n vertical , fondos blandos , brasil , oc\u00e9ano atl\u00e1ntico sudoccidental .\nunderstanding the patterns of the geographic distribution of life is a very o\u00edd issue in biology , and one that continues to be debated . in the sea , geographic patterns ( e . g . , in species assemblages and diversity ) have been described for both shallow and deep - sea fauna ( rex , 1993 ; rex et al , 1993 ; clarke & crame , 1997 ; gray , 1998 ; willig et al , 2003 ; hillebrand , 2004 ) .\nlongitudinal and latitudinal barriers represented by the arrangement of land masses and oceans , by temperatura gradients , and by hydrodynamic patterns and water properties divide the oceans into a series of biogeographic realms with their own characteristic species assemblages ( briggs , 1995 ; longhurst , 1998 ) . the sea surface temperature is supposed to be the main forc\u00e9 limiting the latitudinal distribution of marine species . therefore , biogeographic realms are not expected to be the same along a depth gradient . in general , the wider a species ' vertical distributional range , the wider its geographical distribution ( harley et al , 2003 ) . eurybathic taxa ( those with a broader vertical range ) show a wider horizontal distribution than stenobathic taxa ( those with a narrow vertical range ) ( vinogradova , 1997 ) . due to the fact that deep - sea species are mainly stenobathic , abyssal and hadal fauna show higher levels of endemism ( vinogradova , 1997 ; zezina , 1997 ) . the bulk of shallow - sea fauna is also stenobathic but , according to menzies et al . ( 1973 ) , the fauna on the continental slope has a wider geographical distribution than that of any other vertical faunal zone .\nseveral authors have discussed zoogeographic and diversity patterns for brazilian shallow waters based on benthic invertebrates ( e . g . , briggs , 1974 ; semenov , 1978 ; kempf , 1979 ; palacio , 1982 ; floeter & soares - gomes , 1999 ) , but few have discussed biogeographic patterns of the neighbouring slope or abyssal zones ( alien & sanders , 1996 is a good example for abyssal basins ) .\nthe effect of the latitudinal gradient is so strong on the species diversity of marine molluscs that it is also evident at the genus and family level ( roy et al . , 1998 ; crame , 2000 ) and recognized in fossil assemblages ( crame , 2002 ; jablonski et al , 2006 ) . however , in spite of the fact that molluscs are one of the earliest taxa used to investigate latitudinal trends in marine biodiversity , some doubts exist as to whether the latitudinal trends observed in the northern hemisphere also occur in the southern hemisphere ( crame , 2000 ; valdovinos et al , 2003 ; linse et al , 2006 ) . some results are conflicting . for example , the patterns found for pacific ocean molluscs in the southern hemisphere by valdovinos et al . ( 2003 ) opposed those found by fortes & absal\u00e3o ( 2004 ) .\nthe present study aimed to investigate patterns in both the regional and depth distribution of gastropod molluscs , discussing aspects of slope and shelf diversity and provinciality , contributing to the discussion about the latitudinal diversity gradient in the southern hemisphere .\nthe study area comprised the slope and continental shelf between 18\u00b0 - 23\u00b0s and 38\u00b0 - 41\u00b0w , encompassing an area ranging from the abrolhos reef bank , situated in the north of doce river , to the offshore and near - shore region in the vicinity of the para\u00edba do sul river . the study area was divided into two regions : north ( 18\u00b0 - 19\u00b0s ) , up to 200 km - long , and south ( 21 o - 23\u00b0s ) , where the shelf is narrow and shallow , ranging from 10 to 30 km in width ( fig . 1 ) . the continental slope in both regions is narrow and steep ( emery & uchuoi , 1984 ) . the oceanographic conditions consist of oligotrophic area s that are associated with the tropical waters of the brazil current ( bc ) and mesotrophic area s due to the seasonal upwelling of the cold , nutri - ent - rich waters of the south atlantic central water ( sacw ) south of the doce river ( 20\u00b0s ) ( valent\u00edn et al , 1987 ) . primary productivity var\u00edes from 0 . 3 g c m - 2 d - 1 to 1 . 1 g c m - 2 d - 1 ( gaeta et al , 1999 ) and the input of the doce and para\u00edba do sul rivers is about 900 m s\n. the grain - size distribution is not uniform in the area , varying with depth ; shallower stations have coarse sediments and deeper stations have finer sedi - ments . the clay and silt concentrations revealed a depth gradient as well , with higher concentrations occurring at deeper stations . concentration of calcium carbonate exhibited a patchy distribution , with higher percentages in the western sector ( soares - gomes et al , 1999 ) .\ndata for this study were obtained in april 1995 , dur - ing the joint oceanographic project ( jops - ii / leg 8 ) , on board the r / v victor hansen from bremen uni - versity , germany . sampling was carried out at 41 stations , between the depths of 20 m and 1 , 330 m ( fig . 1 and table 1 ) . molluscs were present in 37 of these 41 stations ( 23 stations in the shelf zone and 14 in the slope zone ) . the sediment was sampled in triplicate with a 0 . 1 m 2 van veen grab and a 60 x 60 x 30 cm box - corer . samples were standardized to an area of 0 . 1 m and 10 l of sediment volume . the macrozoo - benthos was sieved out with a 0 . 5 mm mesh size , fixed in 70 % ethanol , and sorted under a stereomicro - scope for taxonomic identification .\nthe frequency of occurrence ( f o = number of oc - currences of a species at the shelf or slope stations / total number of shelf or slope stations ) was calculated , and species were classified according to their value as constant ( f o > 50 % ) , common ( 10 % \u2264f o \u226450 % ) , or rare ( f o < 10 % ) . species distribution over the shelf and slope was examined by plotting a histogram of the number of species against the number of stations oc - cupied .\nwe used estimates 6 . obi software ( colwell , 1997 ) to determine whether the species were classified as\nunique\n( restricted to a single site ) ,\nduplicates\n( occurring at exactly two sites ) ,\nsingletons\n( represented by a single individual ) , or\ndoubletons\n( represented by only two individu\u00e1is ) , following the terminology of colwell & coddington ( 1994 ) .\nto perform a species richness scale analysis , the total data set was divided into four regions according to their location in geographic area s ( north and south ) and bathymetric zones ( shelf and slope ) : north shelf , south shelf , north slope , and south slope . due to dif - ferent sampling efforts , randomized species cumula - tives curves were plotted using primer 6 . 1 . 6 software . thus , we were able to compare species richness among regions , where the y - axis is the cumulative number of species and the x - axis the station numbers ( north shelf : 17 , south shelf ; 6 , north slope : 5 , south slope : 9 ) . an area of 0 . 1 m 2 was considered for each sampling station . according to gray ( 2002 ) , when sample sizes are different , this method is preferable to rarefaction curves as proposed by sanders ( 1968 ) . species diversity was also estimated on a progressive spatial scale , according to gray ' s terminology ( 2000 ) : sample species richness ( sr s ) and species richness in large area s ( north shelf , south shelf , north slope , south slope ) ( sr l ) . together , the four regions comprised the total area species richness ( sr t ) . in order to calc\u00falate the proportion by which a given region is richer than the average of samples within the total area , whittaker ' s ( 1972 ) original beta diversity measure ( \u00df w = ( \u03b3 / \u03b1 ) - 1 ) was used , where \u03b3 is the total number of species resulting from merging a number of individual samples and \u03b1 is the average number of species per individual sample . beta diversity was measured over sectors [ \u00df w = ( sr l / mean sr s ) ] and total area [ \u00df w = ( sr t / mean sr s ) ] scales , where mean nsr s was the mean sample diversity .\nthe species ' geographic and bathymetric distribution ranges were determined based on information available in the literature ( abbott , 1974 ; merlano & hegedus , 1994 ; rios , 1994 , among others ) and in the malacolog 3 . 1 electronic database ( rosenberg , 1993 - urltoken ) . geographic boundaries were established based on the south - western atlantic biogeographic provinces ( tropical , paulista , patagonic , malvinas ) defined by palacio ( 1982 ) using the endemism rate . for a better representation of the geographic distribution in the area , the species were grouped according to their occurrence in the north and south regions . the shelf samples provided 211 species : 91 from the south region , 179 from the north region , and 59 from both regions . from the slope samples , 96 species were used : 72 from the south region , 55 from the north , and 31 from both regions . depending on the bathymetric distribution , species were designated according to the zonation proposed by zezina ( 1997 ) and vinogradova ( 1997 ) as : shallow species ( 0 - 200 m depth ) , bathyal species ( 200 - 3 , 000 m ) , and abyssal species ( 3 , 000 - 6 , 000 m ) . species found in both the shelf and bathyal zones were designated eurybathic .\nwe excluded pelagic species and juveniles ( 12 . 25 % of the total number of species ) from the analyses due , not only to the difficulties in identifying juveniles , but also to the aim of the present study , which is to analyze only benthic species . only individu\u00e1is identified to the species level or ones that could unequivocally be labelled as species were used in the analysis .\na total of 9 , 845 specimens , 404 species and morpho - types ( including empty shells ) , 189 genera , and 73 families were collected over the entire study area . a set of 243 species , 93 genera , and 28 families was found exclusively in the shelf zone , whereas 137 species , 43 genera , and 14 families were exclusive to the slope zone . only 24 species ( 6 % ) , 20 genera ( 10 . 6 % ) , and 16 families ( 22 % ) occurred in both zones ( appendix 1 and 2 ) .\nspecies distribution over the shelf shows that about half the species ( 130 ) were restricted to one station and none occurred at all stations . the same pattern was found for the slope , with 110 species restricted to one single site . considering the shelf and slope , about 3 % of the species occurred at more than 50 % of all sites ( fig . 2 ) . on the shelf , 2 % were constant , 32 % common , and 66 % rare species . on the slope , the corresponding figures were 1 % , 42 % , and 57 % .\nin the whole area , 48 % of the species were unique and 18 % were duplicates . singletons and doubletons represented 34 % and 13 % , correspondingly . the north shelf featured 26 % unique species and 17 % singletons , and the north slope had 12 % unique species and 5 % singletons ( table 2 ) .\nthe cumulative dominance on the shelf was similar for both north and south regions . on the slope , there was a great difference in cumulative dominance be - tween the two regions , with the north presenting the highest evenness ( fig . 3 ) . comparing the cumulative dominance along a vertical gradient , the evenness of the north slope was almost 10 % higher than that of the north shelf , whereas the evenness of the south shelf was 40 % higher than that of the south slope ( fig . 3 ) .\nthe estimated species richness on the north shelf was higher than on the south shelf . however , when the sampling area was standardized to 0 . 6 m 2 ( considering the area of a station as 0 . 1 m 2 , ) , the richness was similar on both shelves ( fig . 4 ) . the south slope displayed a higher total cumulative number of species per area than did the north slope . conversely , when standardizing the sampling area to 0 . 5 m 2 , richness was higher on the north slope . in the north , species richness was 0 . 5 m 2 higher in the slope zone than in the shelf zone , whereas the opposite pattern was observed in the south ( fig . 4 ) .\nin terms of diversity scales , the alpha diversity ( sr s ) values found in the study area ranged from 2 to 84 species . the mean alpha diversity was highest on the north shelf , where 84 species were found at one station , followed by the south shelf , where richness ranged from 15 to 43 species within stations . the highest value of beta diversity ( sr l / means sr s ) was found on the north shelf ( 6 . 66 ) and the lowest on the north slope ( 3 . 22 ) . \u00df w values almost doubled on the largest scale ( sr t / means sr s ) compared to the highest value found on the large area scale ( table 2 ) .\nappendix 1 . taxonomic list of species from the continental shelf ( 25 - 200 m depth ) .\nap\u00e9ndice 1 . lista taxon\u00f3mica de especies de la plataforma continental ( 25 - 200 m de profundidad ) .\nappendix 2 . taxonomic list of species from the continental slope ( 300 - 1330 m depth ) .\nap\u00e9ndice 2 . lista taxon\u00f3mica de especies de la plataforma continental ( 300 - 1330 m de profundidad ) .\nbulla\naff .\nabyssicola dal\u00ed , 1881 bulla\naff .\neb\u00farnea ( dal\u00ed , 1881 )\nfor the continental shelf samples , 211 species and 89 genera were characterized according to their occur - rence in the southwestem atlantic zoogeographic provinces : 91 species from the south , 179 from the north , and 59 species from both regions . for the continental slope samples , 96 species and 52 genera were characterized : 72 species from the south , 55 from the north , and 31 from both regions .\nin terms of the geographical distribution of taxa , the number of genera with a wide distributional range ( occurring in more than three provinces ) was lower than the genera with narrower distributions for both shelf and slope stations . however , considering the genera that occurred in both zones , the number of wide - range distributions was higher than the narrow - range ones ( table 3 ) .\nat the shelf stations , the number of species co - occurring in both tropical and paulista ( tropical - paulista species ) provinces was greater than the number of tropical species occurring in both regions . in addition , the number of tropical , paulista , and tropi - cal - paulista species decreased and the number of wide - distribution eurythermic species increased in the southwestem atlantic provinces ( tropical - paulista - patagonic species ) towards the south ( fig . 5 ) . at the slope stations , tropical species were the majority in both regions . the number of tropical , paulista , tropi - cal - paulista , tropical - paulista - patagonic , and subtropical paulista - patagonic species increased towards the south . the number of endemic species was higher in the north for both shelf and slope stations . in addi - tion , a greater number of tropical endemic species was present at the slope stations in both the south and north , and the shelf stations displayed the highest occurrence of paulista endemic species . the number of species occurring in all western atlantic provinces was greater on the south shelf ( table 4 ) . furthermore , shelf stations showed a higher number of eurybathic species ( with a wide bathymetrical range ) than did slope stations ( table 5 ) .\nthe shelf - slope transition zone is known to have a high species turnover rate ( rex et al , 1977 ) . more - over , species typically found on continental shelves and species from continental slope zones can coexist there , leading to higher species richness . however , evidence from studies done on the brazilian continental slope showed that the depth where this species turnover begins is variable . in this study , we found high species turnover at station 16 ( 300 m depth ) , where some deep - sea species , such as alvania xantias ( watson , 1885 ) , brookula spinulata ( absal\u00e3o , miyaji & pimenta , 2001 ) , and solariella lubrica ( dal\u00ed , 1881 ) showed a high dominance . miyaji ( 2001 ) found a rough change , with 8 % of sampled species occurring exclusively at depths greater than 400 m , whereas sumida & pires - vanin ( 1997 ) found a different com - munity from shallow area s occurring between 320 m and 500 m depth .\nanalyzing the vertical distribution of species found in this study ( table 2 ) , we observed the occurrence of shallow - water and eurybathic species ( shallow - bathyal , shallow - bathyal - abyssal , bathyal - abyssal distributions ) at the slope stations . this pattern might constitute evidence of the slope ' s capacity to allow the co - existence of shallow and deep - water species .\nthe depth gradient differed between the north and south regions : the north shelf showed the highest local , regional , and between - habitat species richness , whereas the south slope had the highest species richness , with values ci\u00f3se to the shelf ones . along local gradients , the general pattern observed is that species richness changes with depth , increasing from ca . 200 m to 1500 - 2500 m or more , and then decreasing towards the abyssal plain ( rex et al , 1993 , 2000 ; gray , 2002 ) . nevertheless , those unimodal patterns do not appear to be universal ( rex et al , 1997 ; stuart et al , 2001 ) , showing that the change in species richness is not related to depth itself ( gray , 2002 ) .\nin addition to the above - mentioned patterns , environmental features also changed with depth . both north and south slopes are narrow and steep , with more homogeneous bottoms that are dominated by silt fractions and a higher concentration of organic carbon .\nthe disappearance of some tropical species towards the south suggests that the southernmost limit of the tropical province is located ci\u00f3se to 21\u00b0s , ac - cording to the results found for gastropods ( floeter & soares - gomes , 1999 ) ; cirripeds ( young , 1995 ) , and polychaetes ( lana , 1987 ) . nevertheless , the location of that limit remains uncertain ( absal\u00e3o , 1989 ; mello , 1993 ; briggs , 1995 ) . recently , joyeux et al . ( 2001 ) and floeter et al . ( 2008 ) found that , for tropical reef fishes , the southern limit is 28\u00b0s .\nmany studies have demonstrated that the bounda - ries of shallow - water faunal distribution are correlated to water masses boundaries ( stevenson et al , 1998 ; culver & buzas , 2000 ) . the presence of species with tropical affinities over the shelf area could be ex - plained by the predominance of the warm and saline water mass of the brazil current ( bc ) ( absal\u00e3o , 1989 ; miyaji , 1995 , 2001 ) that flows southwards ( parallel to the shelf break ) to 35\u00b0s ( emilsson , 1961 ) . in that region , the bc mixes with the cold and less saline water mass of the malvina current and the water character - istics become markedly subtropical , with salinity and temperature ranging between 36 - 35 and 20\u00b0 - 10\u00b0c , respectively ( emilsson , 1961 ) . this fact influences the occurrence of cold - water affinity species ( semenov & berman , 1977 ; palacio , 1982 ) .\nhowever , the most significant factor for the main - tenance of cold - water species , as well as of eurybathic species in the shelf zone , particularly in the north region , might be the penetration of the south atlantic central water ( sacw ) into the continental shelf re - gions . this water mass acts as a vehicle for larval dispersal from cold , deeper regions to warm , shal - lower area s ( absal\u00e3o , 1989 ; miyaji , 1995 , 2001 ) , and extends northwards to espirito santo state ( gaeta et al , 1999 ) .\nimportant changes occur in the benthic faunal structure within the large vertical interval of the bathyal zone . the most obvious difference between shallow and deep - bottoms is the reduction in the number of latitudinal or climatic belts , both in terms of biomass and of faunal structures ( zezina , 1997 ) . as there is a simplification in the water mass structure of the continental slope floor region , a reduction in the number of faunal provinces is to be expected ( semenov & berman , 1977 ; zezina , 1997 ; culver & buzas , 2000 ) . culver & buzas ( 2000 ) found that the differences in benthic foraminifera fauna between shallow ( < 200 m ) and deep water ( > 200 m ) provinces at the same latitude were greater than between adjacent shallow water provinces .\nas expected , species occurring in the shelf zone were very distinct from those in the slope area , with only 24 ( out of 315 ) species shared between the two zones . when the latitudinal distribution of slope species is analyzed , the pattern is similar to the shelf species distribution . however , the number of tropical and tropical - paulista species increased in the south region .\nstudies on geographical distributions of deep - sea species have shown a greater number of species with wider horizontal ranges ( vinogradova , 1997 ; zezina , 1997 ) . however , the present study found few species with wide range distributions towards the slope sta - tions . similar results were observed for the geographic distribution of genera . the restricted - range genera ( 1 to 2 provinces ) were represented by six more genera than the wide - range ones ( > 2 provinces ) . it is , however , possible that the lower number of samples for the slope region ( 14 stations vs . 23 in the shelf zone ) might induce such contradictory results . it is expected that enhanced sampling efforts will not only tend to increase the more sparsely distributed species , but also the number of\nrare\nendemic species ( alien & sand - ers , 1996 ) .\nzezina ( 1997 ) proposed biogeographic schemes for the bathyal zone based on a recent brachiopod distribution , which is very similar to the results found in the present study for gastropods firom the continental slope . this scheme proposed , for depths greater than 700 m in the northeast and central brazilian bathyal zone ( similar to the schemes for shallow - water fauna in the southwestern atlantic ) , a sub - area named the atlantic - central american ( divided into caribbean and brazilian provinces ) and the south brazilian - uruguayan subtropical area in the southeast and south bathyal zones . also , for recent brachiopods living below 700 m , zezina ( 1997 ) defined only one area for the entire southwestern atlantic ocean : the amphi - atlantic bathyal area within the central atlantic province .\na great species turnover rate was observed between the shelf and slope . an analysis of the gastro - pod species distribution revealed a similar pattern of regional distribution in shelf and slope zones and a great difference between shallow and deep - water faunas . although the present analysis of biogeographic distribution patterns confirmed the existence of a transitional zone firom tropical to subtropical waters in the case of the slope zone , the sampling effort done on the southeastern atlantic slope is still too little and those results should be viewed with caution .\nthe authors are indebted to dr . bastian knoppers for the invitation to join in the joint oceanographic project ii ( jops - ii ) , and to drs . ricardo silva absal\u00e3o and paulo m\u00e1rcio costa for helping with taxonomic identification . we also thank dr . sergio floeter for some valuable suggestions that improved the manuscript and carla mendes for reviewing the english version .\nabbott , rj . 1974 . american seashells , van nostrand reinhold , new york , 663 pp .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . 1989 . padr\u00f5es distributivos e zoogeograf\u00eda dos moluscos da plataforma continental brasileira parte iii . comiss\u00e3o ocean\u00f3grafica espirito santo i . mem . inst . oswaldo cruz , rio de janeiro , 84 ( 4 ) : 1 - 6 .\nalien , j . a . & h . l . sanders . 1996 . the zoogeography , diversity and origin of the deep - sea protobranch bivalves of the atlantic : the epilogue . progr . oceanogr . , 38 : 95 - 153 .\nattolini , f . s . 1997 . composi\u00e7\u00e3o e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o dos anel\u00eddeos poliquetas na plataforma continental da regi\u00e3o da bacia de campos , rj , brasil . msc . thesis , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , 102 pp .\nbriggs , j . c . 1974 . marine zoogeography . mcgraw - hill , new york , 475 pp .\nbriggs , j . c . 1995 . global biogeography . developments in paleontology and stratigraphy . elsevier , amsterdam , 472 pp .\nclarke , a . & j . a . crame . 1997 . diversity , latitude and time : patterns in the shallow sea . in : r . f . g ormond , j . d . gage & m . v . \u00e1ngel ( eds . ) . marine biodiversity . patterns and processes , cambridge university press , cambridge , pp . 122 - 147 .\ncolwell , r . k . 1997 . estimates : statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples , version 5 . user ' s guide and application . department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of connecticut storrs , ct , usa .\ncolwell , r . k . & j . a . coddington . 1994 . estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation . phil . trans . r . soc . bull . , 345 : 101 - 118 .\ncrame , j . a . 2000 . evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm : evidence from the composition of recent bivalve faunas . paleobiology , 26 : 188 - 241 .\ncrame , j . a . 2002 . evolution of taxonomic diversity in the marine realm : a comparison of late jurassic and recent bivalve faunas . paleobiology , 28 : 184 - 207 .\nculver , s . j . & m . a . buzas . 2000 . global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep - sea benthic foramin\u00edfera . deep - sea res . i , 47 : 259 - 275 .\nemery , k . o . & e . uchuoi . 1984 . the geology of the atlantic ocean . springer verlag , new york , 1050 pp .\nemilsson , i . 1961 . the shelf and coastal waters off southern brazil . boln . inst . oceanogr . s\u00e3o paulo , 11 ( 2 ) : 101 - 112 .\nfloeter , s . r . & a . soares - gomes . 1999 . biogeographic and species richness patterns of gastropoda on the southwestern atlantic . rev . bras . biol . , 59 ( 4 ) : 567 - 575 .\nfloeter , s . r . , l . a . rocha , d . r . robertson , j . c . joyeux , w . f . smith - vaniz , p . wirtz , aj . edwards , j . p . bareiros , c . e . l . ferreira , j . l . gasparini , a . brito , j . m . falcon , b . w . bowen & g . bernerdi . 2008 . atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution . j . biogeogr . , 35 : 22 - 47 .\nfortes , r . r . & r . s . absal\u00e3o . 2004 . the applicability of rapoport ' s rule to the marine molluscs of the americas . j . biogeogr . , 31 : 1909 - 1916 .\ngaeta , s . a . , j . a . lorenzzetti , l . b . miranda , s . m . m . , susini - ribeiro , m . popeu & c . e . s . ara\u00fajo . 1999 . the vitoria eddy and its relation to the phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity during the austral fall of 1995 . arch . fish . mar . res . , 47 ( 2 / 3 ) : 253 - 270 .\ngray , j . s . 1998 . gradients in marine biodiversity . in : r . f . g ormond , j . d . gage & m . v . \u00e1ngel ( eds . ) . marine biodiversity , cambridge university press , cambridge , pp . 18 - 34 .\ngray , j . s . 2000 . the measurement of marine species diversity , with an application to the benthic fauna of the norwegian continental shelf . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . , 250 : 23 - 49 ."]}
{"id": 2559, "summary": [{"text": "bipalium adventitium is a land planarian in the subfamily bipaliinae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it has been accidentally introduced in the united states , where it is considered invasive . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "bipalium adventitium", "paragraphs": ["tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes ) .\ntracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nmaggie whitson marked\nland planarian ( bipalium sp . )\nas trusted on the\nbipalium\npage .\nbipalium adventitium est un pr\u00e9dateur ver plat dans la famille geoplanidae d ' asie . # animaux # etrange # bizarre | pinterest | animaux and animal\ndindal , d . l . , 1970 . feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian bipalium adventitium . am . midl . nat . 83 : 635\u2013637 .\ndindal , d . l . 1970 . feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian bipalium adventitium . the american midland naturalist 83 ( 2 ) : 635 - 637 .\nzaborski , e . 2002 . observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) from illinois . am . midl . nat . 148 : 401 - 408 .\nducey , p . k . , and s . noce . 1998 . successful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm , bipalium adventitium . northeastern naturalist 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 206 .\nyasuko shirasawa & naoya makino ( 1991 ) . pharyngeal regeneration in the land planarian bipalium kewense\nmaggie whitson changed the thumbnail image of\nland planarian ( bipalium sp . )\n.\nelution times and ttx profiles of an authentic ttx standard ( top ) , bipalium adventitium ( middle ) , and b . adventitium co - injected with a ttx standard ( 0 . 0005 mg / ml ) . the presence of single peak in the flatworm and co - injected sample confirm that the ttx like toxin present in this species is authentic ttx .\ncitation : stokes an , ducey pk , neuman - lee l , hanifin ct , french ss , pfrender me , et al . ( 2014 ) confirmation and distribution of tetrodotoxin for the first time in terrestrial invertebrates : two terrestrial flatworm species ( bipalium adventitium and bipalium kewense ) . plos one 9 ( 6 ) : e100718 . urltoken\nducey , p . k . ; west , l . j . ; shaw , g . ; de lisle , j . ( 2005 ) .\nreproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium across north america\n.\nfiore , c . ; tull , j . l . ; zehner , s . ; ducey , p . k . ( 2004 ) .\ntracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes )\n.\nducey , p . k . ; messere , m . ; lapoint , k . ; noce , s . ( 1999 ) .\nlumbricid prey and potential herpetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola )\n.\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nimage of bipaliinae\nas hidden on the\nbipalium kewense moseley , 1878\npage .\nstokes , a . , ducey , p . , neuman - lee , l . , hanifin , c . , french , s . , pfrender , m . , brodie , e . , & brodie jr , e . ( 2014 ) . confirmation and distribution of tetrodotoxin for the first time in terrestrial invertebrates : two terrestrial flatworm species ( bipalium adventitium and bipalium kewense )\none of 3 bipalium adventitium i found in my backyard on staten island on the first day of spring in 2010 . it is an invasive species that eats earthworms ( which are also invasive ) . check out the link for a description of them . urltoken and urltoken\ncurtis , s . k . , r . r . cowden , j . d . moore , and j . l . robertson . 1983 . histochemical and ultrastructural features of the epidermis of land planarian bipalium adventitium . j . of morphology 175 : 171 - 194 .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nimage of bipaliinae\nas untrusted on the\nbipalium kewense moseley , 1878\npage . reasons to untrust : misidentified\nstokes , a . n . ; ducey , p . k . ; neuman - lee , l . ; hanifin , c . t . ; french , s . s . ; pfrender , m . e . ; brodie , e . d . ; brodie jr . , e . d . ( 2014 ) .\nconfirmation and distribution of tetrodotoxin for the first time in terrestrial invertebrates : two terrestrial flatworm species ( bipalium adventitium and bipalium kewense )\n.\ndaly jj , farris he jr , & matthews hm ( 1976 ) . pseudoparasitism of dogs and cats by the land planarian , bipalium kewense .\nducey , p . k . ; west , l . j . ; shaw , g . ; de lisle , j . ( 2005 ) .\nreproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium across north america\n. pedobiologia 49 ( 4 ) : 367 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . pedobi . 2005 . 04 . 002 .\nbipalium kewense notice the distinctive hammer - like head by ajaykuyiloor ( own work ) [ cc - by - sa - 3 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\nmiyoshi , y . , 1955 . observations on the food habit of bipalium . collect . & breed . , tokyo 17 : 377 . ( in japanese ) .\nfiore , c . ; tull , j . l . ; zehner , s . ; ducey , p . k . ( 2004 ) .\ntracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium adventitium ( tricladida , platyhelminthes )\n. behavioural processes 67 ( 3 ) : 327\u2013334 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . beproc . 2004 . 06 . 001 . pmid 15518983 .\nneck , r . w . , 1987 . a predatory terrestrial flatworm , bipalium kewense , in texas : feral populations and laboratory observations . texas j . sci . 39 : 267\u2013271 .\nducey , p . k . ; messere , m . ; lapoint , k . ; noce , s . ( 1999 ) .\nlumbricid prey and potential herpetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola )\n. the american midland naturalist 141 ( 2 ) : 305 . doi : 10 . 1674 / 0003 - 0031 ( 1999 ) 141 [ 0305 : lpaphp ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nboth bipalium kewense and b . adventitium exhibited ttx ( fig . 1 , 2 , and 3 ) . total ttx did not differ between the two species ( df = 1 , p = 0 . 4712 ) . the mean amount of total ttx in each sample for b . adventitium and b . kewense was 40 . 10 ng / ml ttx ( sem = 14 . 218 , range = bdl\u201381 . 42 ng / ml ) and 62 . 03 ng / ml ttx ( sem = 5 . 13 , range = 50 . 25\u201382 . 71 ng / ml ) , respectively . likewise , relative to mass the two species did not differ with a mean of 4 . 64 ng / mg ttx ( sem = 3 . 26 , range = bdl\u201319 . 89 ng / mg ) for whole b . adventitium , and a mean of 3 . 72 ng / mg ttx ( sem = 1 . 22 , range = 0 . 73\u20138 . 27 ng / mg ) for whole b . kewense .\nlandsperger , w . j . , e . h . peters & m . d . dresden , 1981 . properties of a collagenolytic enzyme from bipalium kewense . biochim . biophys . acta , 661 : 213\u2013220 .\nfilella - subira , e . ( 1983 ) . \u00abnota sobre la pres\u00e8ncia de la plan\u00e0ria terrestre bipalium kewense moseley , 1878 a catalunya\u00bb . butll . inst . cat . hist . nat . , 49 : 151\nwinsor , l . 1983 . a revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian bipalium kewense moseley , 1878 ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . zool . j . of the linnean soc . 79 : 61 - 100 .\n- winsor , l . 1983 . a revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian bipalium kewense moseley , 1878 ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . zool . j . of the linnean soc . 79 : 61 - 100 .\nchandler , c . m . , 1976 . field observations on a population of the land planarian , bipalium kewense ( turbellaria , tricladida ) in middle tennessee . j . tenn . acad . sci . 51 : 73\u201375 .\nolewine , d . a . , 1972 . further observations in georgia on the land planarians , bipalium kewense and geoplana vaga ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . assoc . southeast . biol . bull . 19 : 88 .\nchoate , p . m . , and dunn , r . a . , 1988 . land planarians , bipalium kewense moseley and dolichoplana striata moseley ( tricladida : terricola ) , ifas document eeny - 049 . online : available urltoken\nhammerhead slug , crossing a road near hilo , hawaii . by dick culbert from gibsons , b . c . , canada ( bipalium kewense , a hammerhead worm . ) [ cc - by - 2 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\n- ducey , p . k . , j . cerqua , l - j west , and m . warner . 2006 . rare egg capsule production in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium kewense . southwest naturalist 51 ( 2 ) : 252 - 254 .\nducey , p . k . ; cerqua , j . ; west , l . j . ; warner , m . ( 2006 ) . eberle , mark e , ed .\nrare egg capsule production in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium kewense\n.\nducey , p . k . , m . mccormick , and e . davidson . 2007 . natural history observations on bipalium cf . vagum jones and sterrer , 2005 ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) , a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to north america . southeastern naturalist .\nogren , r . e . & j . k . sheldon , 1991 . ecological observations on the land planarian bipalium pennsylvanicum ogren , with references to phenology , reproduction , growth rate and food niche . j . pa . acad . sci . 65 : 3\u20139 .\nogren , r . e . 1987 . description of a new three - lined planarian of the genus bipalium ( turbellaria : tricladida ) from pennsylvania , u . s . a . trans . am . microsc . soc . 106 ( 1 ) : 21 - 30 .\nbarnwell , g . m . , l . j . peacock & r . e . taylor , 1965 . feeding behavior of a land planarian , bipalium kewense . unpublished manuscript presented to the southern society for philosophy and psychology , atlanta , ga , april , 15\u201317 , 1965 ( 8 pages photocopy available ) .\nreproduction bipalium kewense is hermaphroditic ( like all bipalium species ) and capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction . however , the latter has rarely been observed and apparently fragmentation is the preffered form of reproduction . this is done by chipping off about 1cm of the tail . the tip first attaches itself to something in the soil , and then the parent worm pulls away . the new worm can move immediately and develops a head within 10 days . as for sexual reproduction , they lay eggs in a bright red cocoon . after one day the cocoon turns black and the eggs hatch about 20 days later , depending on temperature and moisture conditions .\nwe confirmed the presence of ttx in these species using hplc analysis ( fig . 1 ) . we compared the peaks from b . adventitium to that of a 0 . 0005 mg / ml ttx standard , and the flatworm sample co - injected with the same ttx standard . the single peak in the flatworm and in the co - injected sample indicates that this toxin is ttx and that ttx itself is the primary enantiomer present in these species .\nducey , p . k . ; cerqua , j . ; west , l . j . ; warner , m . ( 2006 ) . eberle , mark e , ed .\nrare egg capsule production in the invasive terrestrial planarian bipalium kewense\n. the southwestern naturalist 51 ( 2 ) : 252 . doi : 10 . 1894 / 0038 - 4909 ( 2006 ) 51 [ 252 : recpit ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : plos one publisher : san francisco , ca : public library of science . isbn / issn : 1932 - 6203 oclc : 969745500\npublic library of science . ; national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 stokes et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the supporting information files .\nfunding : utah state university , suny cortland , nsf : deb - 0922251 to me pfrender , ed brodie , jr , and ed brodie iii . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nsegments are denoted as h for head , ab for anterior body , and pb for posterior body .\nsegments are denoted as h for head , ab for anterior body , and pb for posterior body . letters above bars indicate significant differences between segments .\nalthough , ttx is best known as a defensive compound in vertebrates , there are many invertebrate groups that have ttx including red calcareous algae , dinoflagellates , bacteria , horseshoe crabs , blue - ringed octopuses , and multiple species of gastropods [ 4 ] . notably , several groups of worms possess ttx including annelids and flatworms ( planocera species ) [ 4 ] , [ 18 ] . though this taxonomic distribution is wide , this study is the first known to document the presence of ttx in any terrestrial invertebrate species .\ncurrently , we have little conclusive knowledge regarding production or acquisition of ttx in the tissues of organisms . in marine systems the common view is that bacterial species produce ttx , which is then sequestered in the tissues of other organisms that ingest the bacteria [ 24 ] . puffer fish often are the example of this hypothesis , as they have little to no ttx when not fed a ttx - bearing diet [ 25 ] . however , even in puffer fish it is unclear where exactly the ttx came from as the production of ttx by bacterial species is still questionable [ 26 ] , and this hypothesis has not held up well in regards to terrestrial species [ 14 ] , [ 22 ] . our findings provide a potential avenue for ttx to move up the food chain in terrestrial organisms .\nwe would like to thank brian rivest , michelle hamerslough , and dan hodgson for help collecting these flatworms in the field . susan durham at utah state university provided helpful insight with statistical analyses .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ans pkd ssf mep edmund d . brodie iii edmund d . brodie jr . performed the experiments : ans lnl cth . analyzed the data : ans . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : pkd cth ssf mep edmund d . brodie iii edmund d . brodie jr . wrote the paper : ans . extensive review and editing of manuscript : ans pkd lnl cth ssf mep edmund d . brodie iii edmund d . brodie jr .\nnarahashi t , moore jw , scott wr ( 1964 ) tetrodotoxin blockage of sodium conductuance increase in lobster giant axons . j gen phys 47 : 965\u2013974 .\nnarahashi t , moore jw , poston rn ( 1967 ) tetrodotoxin derivatives : chemical structure and blockage of nerve membrane conductance . science 156 : 976\u2013979 .\nmiyazawa k , noguchi t ( 2001 ) distribution and origin of tetrodotoxin . j toxicol - toxin rev 20 : 11\u201333 .\n( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . am midl nat 141 : 305\u2013314 .\n( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) from illinois . am midl nat 148 : 40\u2013408 .\nogren re ( 1995 ) predation behaviour of land planarians . hydrobiologia 305 : 105\u2013111 .\nstokes an , williams bl , french ss ( 2012 ) an improved competitive inhibition enzymatic immunoassay method for tetrodotoxin quantification . biol proced online 14 : 3 available :\nhanifin ct , brodie ed iii , brodie ed jr ( 2002 ) tetrodotoxin levels of the rough - skin newt , taricha granulosa , increase in long - term captivity . toxicon 40 : 1149\u20131153 .\nhanifin ct , brodie ed jr , brodie ed iii ( 2008 ) phenotypic mismatches reveal escape from arms - race coevolution . plos biol 6 : 471\u2013482 .\nby a novel predator and its relationship with tetrodotoxin toxicity . am midl nat 165 : 389\u2013399 .\nritson - williams r , yotsu - yamashita m , paul vj ( 2005 ) ecological functions of tetrodotoxin in a deadly polyclad flatworm . pnas : 3176\u20133179 .\nkao cy ( 1966 ) tetrodotoxin , saxitoxin , and their significance in the study of excitation phenomena . pharmacol rev 18 : 997\u20131049 .\nfuhrman fa , fuhrman gj , dull dl , mosher hs ( 1969 ) toxins from eggs of fishes and amphibia . j agri food chem 17 : 417\u2013424 .\n) produce tetrodotoxin laden eggs after long term captivity . toxicon 60 : 1057\u20131062 .\nwilliams bl ( 2010 ) behavioral and chemical ecology of marine organisms with respect to tetrodotoxin . mar drugs 8 : 381\u2013398 .\nshimizu c , matssui t , sato h , yamamori k ( 1982 ) artificially reared puffers are not poisonous . mar sci mon 16 : 560 .\nmatsumura k ( 1995 ) reexamination of tetrodotoxin production by bacteria . app environ microbiol 61 : 3468\u20133470 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npasedena , california , usa collection date : 1943 or earlier kind : default type comments : from a garden . campus , university of california berkeley , california , usa collection date : 1943 or earlier kind : default type comments : under boards . ursinus college , collegeville , montgomery county , pennsylvania , usa collection date : 1987 or earlier comments : on the campus and environs of ursinus college . on the campus and adjacent gardens\nfor the second time on the property , yesterday . i was checking amphibian cover boards and observed two individuals in what looked as if they were copulating . i collected the specimens and ran back to the office to confirm my identification . my colleague jeff greenwood , wmcc education director , ran an errand on the property shortly afterwards and found another individual . this brought us up to 3 specimens in one day ( april 26 , 2012 ) and we weren ' t even focusing a search for them !\nblue - spotted x jefferson salamander is a state endangered species in ct that inhabits white memorial and eats earthworms .\nis an introduced earthworm from asia and it is one of the few dirty words among forest ecologists ( please pardon the pun ) .\nto peter ducey . since these species ( earthworms and flatworms ) have been introduced to north america from the horticultural industry , it is best to use native species in your garden raised by local growers using local stock for their plants , soils , and amendments . if you use worms as bait for fishing , throw any remaining worms into the garbage not your garden ! and finally , learn as much as you can about this topic ( soil , earthworms , invasive species , forest ecosystems , etc . ) on your own because soil is one of our vital natural resources that we all need , so take care of it .\nlocation : the white memorial conservation center , inc . , 80 whitehall rd , litchfield , ct 06759 , usa\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of biological sciences , state university of new york college at cortland , cortland , ny 13045 , usa .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nmost animal invasive species detected in europe are terrestrial invertebrates ( roques et al . , 2009 ) . invading edaphic organisms can have dramatic effects on the environment , due to the direct effects on native soil organisms , and through their interactions with the environment aboveground . however , overall , their impact in human health and economy is greater than their ecological impact ( vil\u00e0 et al . , 2010 ) . among these organisms , land planarians are becoming an important and diversified group of introduced species in europe .\n) ; however , most species are found in the southern hemisphere . bipaliinae (\n) are the subfamilies with the most northerly distribution , including europe . terrestrial planarians are the only free - living platyhelminthes that do not live in an aquatic habitat . however , they have not developed the capacity to prevent water loss and are thus strongly dependent on environmental moisture levels (\n) . they seem to withstand this limitation through behavioral strategies such as hiding in damp refuges during the day and becoming active during the night . due to these characteristics , these animals are considered to have a low capacity to disperse . in fact , in their areas of origin , although a few species are well - adapted to open and human - transformed lands (\n( a ) subfamily bipaliinae . ( b ) subfamily geoplaninae . information from urltoken .\n( a ) subfamily microplaninae . ( b ) subfamily rhynchodeminae . information from urltoken .\nafter receiving multiple reports from non - scientists on the presence of \u201clarge and colored\u201d terrestrial flatworms in several localities in the ip , and given their observed locations , particularly in private gardens , we decided to analyze their presence in garden centers and plant nurseries .\nthe aims of this work were to : ( 1 ) estimate the number of terrestrial flatworm species introduced in the ip , and find their region of origin ; ( 2 ) check whether plant nurseries and garden centers are acting as entrance gates and reservoirs ; ( 3 ) estimate the invasive potential of some introduced species by considering their diet and by using species distribution modeling ( sdm ) ; ( 4 ) propose measures to prevent their becoming invasive and to prevent further introductions and spread .\n) : ( 1 ) gardens , ( 2 ) nurseries and plantations , ( 3 ) semi natural areas , and ( 4 ) from other countries ( either the original area of distribution or other invaded areas ) . specimens from sources 1 and 2 were either sent by people who knew our work through the information in social networks , or sampled by us ( all the localities reported by non - scientist collaborators correspond to gardens ) . specimens from source 3 were sampled by us . specimens from source 4 were sent by colleagues , specialists of the group , to whom we requested material for comparison with the iberian populations .\nto each new sequence a three digit numeric code was assigned . sequences from the genbank database do not have specimen code numbers , only when there are more specimens from the same species in the same locality was a specimen code assigned ( three letters + one number ) . loc codes are as described in\n. collector : db , dani boix ; em , eduardo mateos ; hj , hugh jones ; ka , miquel arnedo ; ll , laia leria ; lw , l winsor ; ma , marta \u00e1lvarez - presas ; sg , s graham ; mv , miquel vila .\njapan / bagu\u00f1\u00e0 et al . , 2001 \u2013 \u00e1lvarez - presas , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 & riutort , 2008\nleignston ( usa ) / bagu\u00f1\u00e0 et al . , 2001 \u2013 \u00e1lvarez - presas , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 & riutort , 2008\nponta delgada , illa s\u00e3o miguel ( a\u00e7ores , portugal ) / db n37 . 745196 w25 . 667408 *\nvall d\u2019en bas ( girona , spain ) / mateos et al . , 2009\naustralia / bagu\u00f1\u00e0 et al . 2001\u2013 \u00e1lvarez - presas , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 & riutort , 2008\nmalborough ( australia ) / bagu\u00f1\u00e0 et al . 2001\u2013 \u00e1lvarez - presas , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 & riutort , 2008\nmenorca ( balearic islands , spain ) / ( breugelmans et al . , 2012 )\ngarden , adelaide ( australia ) / sg s34 . 988611 e138 . 599722 *\ngarden in townsville ( palmetum , australia ) / lw s19 . 260277 e146 . 822222 *\nnursery in liverpool ( uk ) / hj n53 . 3525 w2 . 902777 *\nsaint p\u00e9e sur nivelle ( france ) / ma n43 . 34235 w1 . 52650 *\ntownsville ( australia ) / bagu\u00f1\u00e0 et al . , 2001 - \u00e1lvarez - presas , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 & riutort , 2008\nluarca , asturias ( spain ) / ll 43\u00b032\u203230 . 81\u2033n6 \u00b032\u20327 . 42\u2033o *\ncanyamars ( barcelona , spain ) / em n41 . 598317 e2 . 44302 *\nmontju\u00efc ( barcelona , spain ) / vila - farr\u00e9 et al . , 2008 *\nbenamargosa ( m\u00e1laga , spain ) / vila - farr\u00e9 et al . , 2011 *\nsueiro , asturias ( spain ) / ll n43 . 527130 w6 . 877329 *\nint . park la amistad , pila ( panam\u00e1 ) / ka n8 . 524944 w82 . 618777 *\ns\u00e3o paulo ( brazil ) / \u00e1lvarez - presas et al . , 2011 - carbayo et al . , 2013\n, loc - code p ) . in all three places recent habitat restoration activities have been performed , including the transplantation of autochthonous plant species from commercial nurseries .\namateur collaborators photographed the animals alive and fixed them in absolute ethanol . specimens we collected were also photographed and external morphological characters recorded . subsequently , animals were subjected to two different procedures to proceed to the species identification : ( 1 ) specimens for molecular analyses were fixed in 100 % ethanol and ( 2 ) specimens for histological studies were killed with boiling water , fixed with 10 % formalin for 24 h , and then preserved in 70 % ethanol .\npreserved specimens were examined under a stereo microscope and notes of their dimensions , appearance , color ( though this is affected by preservation ) , eyes , any stripes or pattern , the position of the pharyngeal aperture ( mouth ) and gonopore , if present , were taken . specimens with no visible gonopore were considered to be immature . it was possible to identify some specimens , even immature ones , to species level without further examination . for unrecognized specimens , or where identity was uncertain and required confirmation , a mature specimen ( evidenced by an open gonopore ) was selected and divided into various portions , being embedded in wax . the copulatory apparatus ( gonopore ) and a small anterior region were sagittally and transversely sectioned at 10 or 15 \u00b5m , respectively , stained in harris\u2019 haematoxylin and eosin and mounted in canada balsam .\na small piece of tissue fixed in absolute alcohol was digested with wizard genomic dna purification lysis buffer ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) and proteinase k overnight at 37 \u00b0c , following manufacturer\u2019s instructions . the rest of the tissue is kept as voucher in the genetics department ( universitat de barcelona ) .\npcr products of the 28s gene for some individuals , that yielded double bands in the direct sequences , were cloned using htp topo ta cloning kit for sequencing ( invitrogen ) in order to be sure that only one type of sequence was recovered ( since the existence of a duplication of the ribosomal cluster is known in terrestrial planarians , carranza et al . , 1996 ) . the sequences of the clones showed that these bands corresponded to polymorphisms of one of the types . seqman ( v . 4 . 2 . 2 , gene codes ) was used to revise the chromatograms and obtain the definitive sequences .\nbased on the external appearance of the flatworms we initially grouped the specimens into nine morphotypes . we classified four of them at the species level due to their characteristic shapes or other external features , and the other five at genus or tribe level .\n) has been identified by the characteristic shape of the anterior end and the pattern of stripes along the dorsal and ventral body surfaces . one specimen preserved in 70 % ethanol from bordils locality ( loc code v in\n( a ) dorsal view . ( b ) ventral view of median part . ( c ) dorsal view of posterior end . ( d ) dorsal view of anterior end . scale bar 5 mm .\n) . this specimen is deposited in the tissue collection of the genetics department ( universitat de barcelona ) .\ndorsal view with partial ventral view in the center . the anterior end is not shown ( the specimen was damaged in this region ) . scale bar 5 mm .\nphenotype , we have found two morphotypes basing on their color pattern . morphotype ca1 (\n) presents a light brown dorsal region with a pale yellow middle - dorsal stripe , and a ventral light blue - greenish region . the histological study of one specimen from bordils locality ( loc code v in\n( a ) dorsal view . ( b ) ventral view of median part . ( c ) lateral view of anterior end showing line of eyes . scale bar 5 mm .\n( a ) dorsal view . ( b ) ventral view of median part and dorsal view of anterior end showing line of eyes . ( c ) lateral view of anterior end showing line of eyes . scale bar 5 mm .\n) could also be identified by its characteristic external appearance . one specimen from bordils locality ( loc code v in\n( a ) dorsal view . ( b ) ventral view of median part . ( c ) lateral view of anterior end showing the eye spot . scale bar 5 mm .\n( a ) dorsal view . ( b ) ventral view of posterior end . ( c ) lateral view of anterior end showing line of eyes . scale bar 5 mm .\nmorph rs1 has a dark brown pigmented body with two black longitudinal stripes , and two large eyes situated a little distant from the anterior tip . one specimen from vall d\u2019en bas locality ( loc code p in\n( a ) dorsal view , scale bar 5 mm . ( b ) lateral view of anterior region , scale bar 2 . 5 mm .\na morphotype externally ascribable to the tribe rhynchodemini was found in benamargosa locality ( loc - code g ) , but its morphological features did not allow assigning it to any genus . rhynchodemini morph ri1 presents a dark brown pigmented body with one dorsal black line ( no image available ) .\n) have a characteristic leaf - shaped , broad , flattened body . externally , they are very similar to\nfrom brazil ( f carbayo , pers . comm . , 2013 ) . one specimen from bordils locality ( loc code v in\n) . ( c ) ventral view . ( d ) lateral view of anterior end showing line of eyes . scale bar 5 mm .\nwe inferred ml trees to check the diagnosis of the introduced specimens and to determine their level of relatedness to the ones from the original areas of distribution . for this reason , the datasets included , when possible , sequences belonging to morphologically diagnosed specimens from the original area of distribution of the putative introduced species ( obtained for this study or coming from genbank ;\nwe obtained 28s sequences for 15 individuals . one or two sequences from each morphotype were aligned together with 19 genbank ingroup sequences and 3 outgroup sequences belonging to the\n) . the best - fit model of sequence evolution for the 28s was gtr + g and for cox1 was gtr + i + g . we inferred a ml tree with partitions from a concatenated dataset including 37 individuals for which both 28s and cox1 sequences had been obtained (\nmaximum likelihood ( ml ) tree of the geoplanidae subfamilies and tribes ( bipaliinae , geoplaninae , caenoplanini , and rhynchodemini ) .\ntree inferred from the concatenated dataset ( cox1 and 28s genes ) . three dugesia species as outgroups . values at nodes correspond to bootstrap ( > 75 ) for ml and posterior probability ( pp ) values from the bayesian analysis ( > 0 . 95 ) .\ntree inferred from the cox1 gene . three microplana species as outgroups . values at nodes correspond to bootstrap ( > 75 ) and pp ( > 0 . 95 ) values .\ntree inferred from the cox1 gene . one species of genres arthurdendyus , artioposthia , australoplana and caenopolana as outgroups . values at nodes correspond to bootstrap ( > 75 ) and pp ( > 0 . 95 ) values .\n) . in the cox1 tree , specimens coming from the ip , united kingdom ( both introduced ) and brazil ( original area ) constitute a highly - supported monophyletic group . within this group , the introduced individuals are divided in two quite differentiated clades (\n) , also distinctly separated from the brazilian individuals . all the uk individuals fall within the clade\ntree inferred from the cox1 gene . two cratera species as outgroups . values at nodes correspond to bootstrap ( > 75 ) and pp ( > 0 . 95 ) values .\n) includes a high number of introduced individuals and the broadest diversity of sequences . even\nsequences , either coming from genbank , or from the individuals sent by our collaborator in australia , are found in very distinct genetic clades pointing to the existence of more than one species ( see discussion ) . for this reason , we use the name\ns . l . to refer to all those specimens . in the concatenated tree , the representative of\n. the divergence among these three lineages can be appreciated when compared to the other subfamilies present in the tree . in the cox1 tree (\nagain shows high levels of genetic diversity , evidenced by the long branches separating its subclades . most\ns . l . from its original area ( australia ) and also from uk and menorca ( also introduced ) . this clade is sister to another group including\n) ; however , the differentiation among these two clades is extremely high . the other two\nmorphotype ca1 individuals , coming from townsville ( australia ) , constitute a highly differentiated clade that also includes a genbank sequence identified only to the genus level and one of the introduced individuals . finally , there is a clade including only introduced animals , one of them identified as\nand the rest as morphotype ca2 . the genetic differentiation between the two lineages within this clade is nonetheless extremely high .\ntree inferred from the cox1 gene . one rhynchodemus species , one platydemus species , and two dolichoplana species as outgroups . values at nodes correspond to bootstrap ( > 75 ) and pp ( > 0 . 95 ) values .\nsequences form a monophyletic clade in the cox1 tree , including three introduced animals in the ip and one coming from brazil . the individuals assigned to rhynchodemini morphotype ri1 collected in m\u00e1laga ( spain , loc code g in\nspecimens analyzed constitute a monophyletic group with a low variability , the french representative being the more divergent . the genus\nshow the sampling localities of the animals analyzed in this study . in all the plant nurseries , only one species of terrestrial planarian was found (\n, loc - code v ) . the rest of the localities also contained a single species , with the exception of treto ( a garden , loc - code u ) with two species , and the two \u201csemi natural areas\u201d situated in vall d\u2019en bas ( loc - code p ) and in granollers ( loc - code m ) also with two species each .\ns . l . in the ip presents mean values of auc beyond 0 . 9 ( 0 . 974 ) and significance for all tests of omission , which indicates good performance of the models . furthermore , predictions were significantly different from random because binomial omission test thresholds were significant (\n< 0 . 01 ) in all 1 , 000 runs . a composite map showing the potential distribution models for\nthe color gradient indicates the predicted likelihood that the environmental conditions suitable for the species based on the maxent average output . letters indicate localities where\nthe results of the potential distribution of the species in the ip , based on data from its current distribution in their region of origin ( australia ) , show that the species can find extremely suitable areas for its survival and expansion is the northern region , where the appropriate temperature and humidity conditions occur .\n, monophyletic in the trees , leads us to predict that it includes more than one species . in the cox1 tree (\n) , at least three monophyletic groups seem to be clearly defined and probably represent different species . in fact ,\nis philadelphia , pennsylvania , usa ( 1851 ) . this species has a wide distribution in the ip and two of the locations are plant nurseries , one in barcelona (\n) , while the other localities can be considered natural habitats . in our molecular analysis there was no separation of specimens according to their locality type ( natural or artificial ) . two distinct clades of european\nin the case of rhyncodemini ri1 , this species probably belongs to the genus dolichoplana ; however , we were only able to obtain three specimens and none of them were sexually mature .\n( schultze & m\u00fcller , 1857 ) due to their external appearance ; however , molecular data ( m riutort , unpublished data , 2014 ) showed that the european specimens did not constitute a monophyletic group with that species , indicating that they belonged to an unknown , still undescribed , geoplaninae . sampling performed in brazil since then has found another species (\nsp . 6 ) , which is also externally very similar . molecular data show that it is closely related to the individuals found in europe ( m riutort , unpublished data , 2014 ) . as in the previous case , a morphological and molecular study should be undertaken to clearly delimit and describe the new species . the two clades found in our cox1 tree (\n) , that may represent two different species , suggest that there have been two independent introductions into the ip from different native sites in brazil .\nsee winsor , johns & barker , 2004 for refs olewine , 1972 terrace & baker , 1994 mateos et al . , 2013 barnwell , 1978\ns . l . , we performed a potential distribution study to check whether the area around its present introduced localities in the ip may be suitable for its expansion . the results show that the potential distribution of the species (\n) indeed includes the countryside that was nearby to the localities of the ip where it is already present . the most suitable area is the northern ip . this is not surprising when we consider that in this northern region , the climatic conditions ( temperature and humidity ) are also more optimal for the presence of native land planarians (\n) . thus , we show that by having suitable climatic databases , it is possible to model the potential distribution of introduced species , and thus predict their risk of becoming invasive . if we add to this information the knowledge of some biological features of the terrestrial planarian species , such as their prey preferences , we may be able to make an even more precise image of the sites where it is more likely for the species to become invasive and thus concentrate prevention efforts in those areas .\nno reference has been made to the effect of these species on autochthonous populations of terrestrial planarians , probably because the knowledge of the autochthonous fauna is very scarce . in the ip we have already performed some studies on the autochthonous terrestrial planarian fauna and found that it is very diverse , including at least 15 species , of which some contain a great deal of genetic diversity ( mateos et al . , 2009 ; \u00e1lvarez - presas et al . , 2012 ) . the potential arrival of some of these introduced species in natural habitats , where the autochthonous ones are localized ( as predicted by the potential distribution studies ) , would have very negative consequences . since exotic planarians are , in general , bigger in size , more voracious , have more aggressive behavior , and sometimes appear to have a generalist diet ( pers . obs . ) , they may be more resistant to extreme conditions than the native species .\nthis research was supported by the ministerio de ciencia e innovaci\u00f3n of spain ( cgl2011 - 23466 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nmarta \u00e1lvarez - presas , eduardo mateos and marta riutort conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\n\u00e0ngels tud\u00f3 performed the experiments , analyzed the data , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables .\nhugh jones performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\n\u00e1lvarez - presas m , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 j , riutort m . molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians ( tricladida , platyhelminthes ) : from freshwater to land and back .\n\u00e1lvarez - presas m , carbayo f , rozas j , riutort m . land planarians ( platyhelminthes ) as a model organism for fine - scale phylogeographic studies : understanding patterns of biodiversity in the brazilian atlantic forest hotspot .\n\u00e1lvarez - presas m , mateos e , vila - farr\u00e9 m , sluys r , riutort m . evidence for the persistence of the land planarian species\n( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) in microrefugia during the last glacial maximum in the northern section of the iberian peninsula .\nbagu\u00f1\u00e0 j , carranza s , paps j , ruiz - trillo i , riutort m . molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of tricladida . in : littlewood dtj , bray rd , editors .\nbaptista va , leal - zanchet am . land flatworm community structure in a subtropical deciduous forest in southern brazil .\nboag b , yeates gw , johns pm . limitations to the distribution and spread of terrestrial flatworms with special reference to the new zealand flatworm (\nboag b , neilson r . impact of new zealand flatworm on agricultura and wildlife in scotland . proceedings of crop protection in northern britain conference ; 2006 . pp . 51\u201356 .\nboag b , neilson r , jones hd . quantifying the risk to biodiversity by alien terrestrial planarians .\nbreugelmans k , cardona jq , artois t , jordaens k , backeljau t . first report of the exotic blue land planarian ,\ncampbell je , gibson dj . the effect of seeds of exotic species transported via horse dung on vegetation along trail corridors .\ncannon rjc , baker rha , taylor mc , moore jp . a review of the status of the new zealand flatworm in the uk .\ncarbayo f , leal - zanchet am , vieira em . terrestrial flatworm ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) diversity versus man - induced disturbance in an ombrophilous forest in southern brazil .\ncarbayo f , \u00e1lvarez - presas m , olivares ct , marques fpl , froehlich em , riutort m . molecular phylogeny of geoplaninae ( platyhelminthes ) challenges current classification : proposal of taxonomic actions .\ncarranza s , giribet g , ribera c , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 j , riutort m . evidence that two types of 18s rdna coexist in the genome of\ncarranza s , littlewood dtj , clough ka , ruiz - trillo i , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 j , riutort m . a robust molecular phylogeny of the tricladida ( platyhelminthes : seriata ) with a discussion on morphological synapomorphies .\ndarriba d , taboada gl , doallo r , posada d . jmodeltest 2 : more models , new heuristics and parallel computing .\ndefra 2005 . code of practice to prevent the spread of non - indigenous flatworms . available at urltoken ( accessed 28 march 2014 )\ndehnen - schmutz k , holdenrieder o , jeger mj , pautasso m . structural change in the international horticultural industry : some implications for plant health .\ndove 2012 . code of practice to prevent the spread of non - indigenous flatworms . dove associates 17 / 01 / 2012 .\ndrew j , anderson n , andow d . conundrums of a complex vector for invasive species control : a detailed examination of the horticultural industry .\nducey pk , noce s . successful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm ,\neppo 2000a . import requirements concerning arthurdendyus triangulatus . eppo standard pm 1 / 3 ( 1 )\neppo 2000b . nursery inspection , exclusion and treatment for arthurdendyus triangulatus . eppo standard pm 1 / 4 ( 1 )\nfaubel a . 2004 . fauna europaea : platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola . fauna europaea version 1 . 1 . available at urltoken ( accessed 28 march 2014 )\nfern\u00e1ndez f , lago d , negrete l , brusa f , damborenea c , nore\u00f1a c . 2013 . presencia de obama marmorata ( schultze & m\u00fcller , 1857 ) sf geoplaninae en la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica . primer registro de este g\u00e9nero para europa . [ abstract no 6 ] . vi jornadas del departament de biodiversidad y biolog\u00eda evolutiva ( mncn - csic ) - 2013 : 19 . available at urltoken ( accessed 1 may 2014 )\nboletim da faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e9rie zoologia .\ngreat britain non - native species secretariat 2013 . kontikia flatworms ( kontikia ventrolineata and andersoni ) . available at urltoken ( accessed 1 may 2014 )\nhall ta . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nhijmans rj , cameron se , parra jl , jones pg , jarvis a . very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas .\njones hd . the african and european land planarian fauna , with an identification guide for field workers in europe .\njones hd , johns pm , winsor l . the proposed synonymy of parakontikia ventrolineata ( dendy , 1892 ) and kontikia mexicana ( hyman , 1939 ) : what is a penis papilla ?\njones hd , webster bl , littlewood dtj , mcdonald jc . molecular and morphological evidence for two new species of terrestrial planarians of the genus\njustine jl , winsor l , gey d , gros p , th\u00e9venot j . the invasive new guinea flatworm\nin france , the first record for europe : time for action is now .\nkatoh k , standley dm . mafft multiple sequence alignment software version 7 : improvements in performance and usability .\nl\u00e1zaro em , sluys r , pala m , stocchino ga , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 j , riutort m . molecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus\nlilleskov e , callaham ma , pouyat r , smith je , castellano m , gonzalez g , lodge dj , arango r , green f . invasive soil organisms and their effects on belowground processes . in : dix me , britton k , editors .\nwashington dc : usda forest service , research and development gtr wo - 79 / 83 ; 2010 . pp . 67\u201383 .\nmateos e , cabrera c , carranza s , riutort m . molecular analysis of the diversity of terrestrial planarians ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , continenticola ) in the iberian peninsula .\nmateos e , giribet g , carranza s . terrestrial planarians ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola ) from the iberian peninsula : first records of the family rhynchodemidae , with the description of a new\nmateos e , tud\u00f3 a , \u00e1lvarez - presas m , riutort m . plan\u00e0ries terrestres ex\u00f2tiques a la garrotxa .\nmcdonald jc , jones hd . abundance , reproduction , and feeding of three species of british terrestrial planarians : observations over 4 years .\ncommittee on the scientific basis for predicting the invasive potential of nonindigenous plants and plant pests in the united states , national research council . washington dc : the national academies press ; 2002 .\nogren re . the human factor in the spread of an exotic planarian in pennsylvania .\nogren re , kawakatsu m . american nearctic and neotropical land planarian ( tricladida : terricola ) faunas .\nphillips sj , anderson rp , schapire re . maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions .\nphillips sj , dud\u00edk m . modeling of species distributions with maxent : new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation .\nrichardson dm , py\u0161ek p , rejm\u00e1nek m , barbour mg , panetta fd , west cj . naturalization and invasion of alien plants : concepts and definitions .\nronquist f , teslenko m , van der mark p , ayres dl , darling a , h\u00f6hna s , larget b , liu l , suchard ma , huelsenbeck jp . mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian inference and model choice across a large model space .\nroques a , rabitsch w , rasplus jy , lopez - vaamonde c , nentwig w , kenis m .\ndordrecht : springer ; 2009 . alien terrestrial invertebrates of europe ; pp . 63\u201379 .\nseerad 2000 . biological and ecological studies of the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus : towards a comprehensive risk assessment for the uk . final report for the period 1st march 1997 to 31st march 2000 . central science laboratory ministry of agriculture , fisheries and food , sand hutton , york .\nsluys r , kawakatsu m , riutort m , bagu\u00f1\u00e0 j . a new higher classification of planarian flatworms ( platyhelminthes , tricladida )\nsimberloff d , martin jl , genovesi p , maris v , wardle da , aronson j , courchamp f , galil b , garc\u00eda - berthou e , pascal m , pysek p , sousa r , tabacchi e , vil\u00e0 m . impacts of biological invasions : what\u2019s what and the way forward .\nstamatakis a . raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models .\nsugiura s . hot water tolerance of soil animals : utility of hot water immersions for biological invasions of soil animals .\nsunnucks p , blacket mj , taylor jm , sands cj , ciavaglia sa , garrick rc , tait nn , rowell dm , pavlova a . a tale of two flatties : different responses of two terrestrial flatworms to past environmental climatic fluctuations at tallaganda in montane southeastern australia .\nvil\u00e0 m , basnou c , pysek p , josefsson m , genovesi p , gollasch s , nentwig w , olenin s , roques a , roy d , hulme pe , daisie partners how well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services ? a pan - european , cross - taxa assessment ."]}
{"id": 2561, "summary": [{"text": "batodonoides ( often misspelled as batonoides ) is a genus of extinct shrew-like mammals , which includes a species that is possibly the smallest mammal to have ever lived .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species of batodonoides lived about 42 to 53 million years ago during the early to middle eocene epoch in north america .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the genus contains four species : the type species b. powayensis , the older b. vanhouteni , b. walshi and b. rileyi . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "batodonoides", "paragraphs": ["the smallest mammal alive today is the bumblebee bat , which is only slightly larger than batodonoides .\nlength : 2 . 5 cm ( 1 in ) weight : 1 . 3 g ( 0 . 05 oz ) time : 55 , 400 , 000 - 42 , 000 , 000 b . c . location : california and wyoming , united states species : batodonoides powayensis batodonoides vanhouteni\na shrew - like , insect - eating mammal , batodonoides appears to be the smallest mammal ever to walk the earth . the smaller and older species ,\nwhile batodonoides is the smallest mammal ever , the largest animal - - mammal or otherwise - - is the blue whale , with a heart the size of a small car .\n53 million years old , and it may be the smallest mammal that has ever lived . batodonoides vanhouteni was a shrew - like mammal that scientific illustrator jen christiansen has deftly described in this illustration .\njonathan i . bloch , kenneth d . rose , philip d . gingerich ; new species of batodonoides ( lipotyphla , geolabididae ) from the early eocene of wyoming : smallest known mammal ? , journal of mammalogy , volume 79 , issue 3 , 21 august 1998 , pages 804\u2013827 , urltoken\nfull reference : j . i . bloch , k . d . rose , and p . d . gingerich . 1998 . new species of batodonoides ( lipotyphla , geolabididae ) from the early eocene of wyoming : smallest known mammal ? . journal of mammalogy 79 ( 3 ) : 804 - 827\n53 million years old , and it may be the smallest mammal that has ever lived . batodonoides vanhouteni was a shrew - like mammal that scientific illustrator jen christiansen has deftly described in this illustration . in addition to being an illustrator , christiansen is also scientific american ' s art editor of information graphics .\nthe smallest mammal that ever lived could be sitting right on your shoulder and you would hardly know it . batodonoides vanhouteni , which lived about 50 million years ago in what is now wyoming , was so small that it could climb up a pencil - - and it weighed as little as a dollar bill .\npaleontologist jonathan bloch found a tiny fossil jaw of batodonoides .\nunder a microscope , i realized i was looking at the smallest mammal teeth i had ever seen ,\nbloch said . several slightly larger species of these mini - mammals lived between 55 and 42 million years ago , but they are now all extinct .\ncomposing an illustration with only a few , spare elements can be incredibly difficult , moreso if the aim is to inform instead of to simply look pleasing . there is a remarkable economy of information in this piece : we can see just how tiny the batodonoides vanhouteni is next to a modern etruscan shrew . the familiar wooden ruler prompts us to what ' s important about the relationship between the wee mammals .\nwith mammals as large as the blue whale ( balaenoptera musculus ) and the african elephant ( loxodonta africana ) , it may be hard to imagine that the world\u2019s smallest mammal is only about the size of your fingernail . this miniature mammal , batodonoides vanhouteni , was an ancient ancestor of the modern day shrew and weighed about 1 . 3 grams\u2014 the equivalent mass of a single dollar bill ! this species of tiny rodents is said to have inhabited the underbrush of prehistoric forests .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, had teeth roughly a millimeter ( one - tenth of an inch ) in length and is thought to have weighed 1 . 3 grams ( 0 . 05 oz ) , the weight of a dollar bill and slightly lighter than the smallest mammal in our time , the etruscan shrew .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : m . j . novacek . 1976 . early tertiary vertebrate faunas , vieja group , trans - pecos texas : insectivora . pearce - sellards series 23\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 1 . 11 x 0 . 64\ntype specimen : um 101991 , a maxilla . its type locality is sc - 303 , which is in a wasatchian terrestrial horizon in the willwood formation of wyoming .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 0 . 750 x 0 . 540\nall scientific illustrators bring different skill sets into their work . looking at this , i can ' t help but think that the simplicity and pared down elements common to the best infographics was informing christiansen ' s compositional choices\nyou can see more of jen christiansen ' s work - both her own illustrations and infographics she has guided and edited - at her site + portfolio .\nfor the third year running , we are turning september into a month - long celebration of science artists by delivering new sciart to invade your eyeballs . the sciart blitz ! can\u2019t get enough ? check out what was previously featured on this day :\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nglendon mellow is a fine artist , illustrator and tattoo designer working in oil and digital media based in toronto , canada . he tweets @ flyingtrilobite and is on instagram . you can see glendon ' s work - in - progress at the flying trilobite blog and portfolio at urltoken .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nnote : count is of distinct taxa , meaning named species plus genera with no identified species at this locality .\nnote : assorted invalid combinations involving the same synonymous species name are counted separately .\nnote : many of these species are small marsupials , rodents , or insectivorans .\nnotes : regression equations perform poorly for very large species , and some of these estimates are likely to be too high . proboscidean sizes are estimated from m2 , not m1 .\nnote : authors receive half - credit for co - authored actions . taxonomic contributions of lander and frick each appeared mostly in just one publication .\nnotes : authors receive half - credit for co - authored lists . most of kihm ' s lists are from an unpublished ph . d . thesis . most of skinner ' s\nlists\nare locality descriptions with identifications provided by other authors .\nnote : only senior authors are counted . nineteenth - century authors ( including matthew ) are excluded .\n/ bloch , jonathan i . ; rose , kenneth d . ; gingerich , philip d .\nbloch , jonathan i . ; rose , kenneth d . ; gingerich , philip d . /\nauthor =\nbloch , { jonathan i . } and rose , { kenneth d . } and gingerich , { philip d . }\n,\npowered by pure , scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine\u2122 \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v .\ncookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nsee it ( and compare it to the largest land mammal . . . ) when you visit\nextreme mammals\nat the field museum !\nat chicago ' s field museum . ( it closes january 6th , so if you ' re interested , go now ! ) one of the very first thing that you come across is a display of both the largest land animal ever (\nis that very creature - - the smallest mammal ever discovered . this itty bitty , tiny little shrew - like critter lived during the eocene between 53 and 42 million years ago . it was so small that is weighed less than a dollar bill and could comfortably sit on the top of a pencil !\nthere are three species within the genus , the first of which was discovered back in 1976 . all have been found in the western united states . the smallest of the three ,\nof course , we still have tiny mammals today . the smallest still alive , the\ntext and design by lauren robb . awesome inc . theme . theme images by airyelf . powered by blogger .\nprettylitter is lightweight , odorless , long - lasting and best yet , keeps tabs on your cat\u2019s health .\nthe feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future .\nthere\u2019s one contender not noted in the other answers so far : hadrocodium wui , a species from the early jurassic known from a skull . it is estimated at 32mm in length and 2g in mass .\nthat estimate could be wrong , since none of the postcranial body is known .\nit is probably not quite a mammal , but a very , very close relative of mammals .\n, garden expert , and gardengail1 on yahoo answers , i ' ve worked at the home depot for 21 years , 35 years garde . . .\nsmallest animals in the world ! 5 weird animal facts - ep . 14 : animalbytestv\nanimal records ( biggest , longest , tallest , fastest . . ) ever !"]}
{"id": 2575, "summary": [{"text": "elaeophora elaphi is a nematode parasite found in the blood vessels of the liver in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) in certain parts of spain .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the adult male measures 77 mm long and 549 \u00b5m wide , adult females are 91-109 mm long and 793-1049 \u00b5m wide , and microfilariae ( in utero ) are 225 \u00b5m long .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "though adult e. elaphi induce lesions in the blood vessels , and appear to activate the local immune response , they seldom cause overt clinical symptoms in their hosts . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "elaeophora elaphi", "paragraphs": ["elaeophorosis in red deer caused by elaeophora elaphi : lesions of natural disease . - pubmed - ncbi\nimmunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with elaeophora elaphi parasitism in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) .\nelaeophora elaphi n . sp . ( filarioidea : onchocercidae ) parasite of the red deer ( cervus elaphus ) . with a key of species of the genus elaeophora .\nelaeophora elaphi n . sp . ( filarioidea : onchocercidae ) parasite of the red deer ( cervus elaphus ) with a key of species of the genus elaeophora\nimmunohistochemical characterization of hepatic lesions associated with elaeophora elaphi parasitism in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nelaeophora elaphi n . sp . ( filarioidea : onchocercidae ) parasite of the red deer ( cervus elaphus ) . with a key of species of the genus elaeophora . - pubmed - ncbi\nelaeophora elaphi - description and life cycle . . . the life cycle of e . . . however , the seasonal cycle of adult e . . . is similar to the seasonal abundance cycle of elaeophora schneideri . . .\ne _ elaphi _ v1 _ 0 _ 4 , gca _ 000499685 . 1\nelaeophorosis , caused by elaeophora elaphi , was observed in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) from toledo province ( spain ) for the first time . adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995 ; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host . adult nematodes were only found\u2026\nthe nematode elaeophora elaphi is a nematode parasite found in the blood vessels of the liver in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and a sheep ( ovis aries ) in certain parts of spain .\nh\u00f6fle u , vicente j , nagore d , hurtado a , pe\u00f1a a , de la fuente j , gort\u00e1zar c ( 2004 ) the risk of translocating wildlife . pathogenic infection with theileria sp . and elaeophora elaphi in an imported red deer . vet parasitol 126 : 387\u2013395\nelaeophorosis , caused by elaeophora elaphi , was observed in red deer ( cervus elaphus ) from toledo province ( spain ) for the first time . adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995 ; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host . adult nematodes were only found during the period from fall through early spring . no differences were present between sex or age groups . parasites were not found in a limited sample from fallow deer ( dama dama ) . blood samples were negative for the presence of microfilariae .\nwe described a new species of nematode filarioid ( onchocercidae ) parasiting the hepatic vessels of the red deer cervus elaphus . this new species is characterized by the number and disposition of the papillae on the genital area of the male , and the presence and characteristics of an\narea rugosa\nsituated just in front of the ventral impair precloacal papilla . we discussed this new species , giving a key to the identification of all the known species of the genus elaeophora .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nannales de parasitologie humaine et compare\u0301e . ( journal , magazine , 1923 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : annales de parasitologie humaine et compare\u0301e . publisher : paris : masson , [ 1923 ] - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0003 - 4150 oclc : 1481278\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# t . 19 , no 4 - 5 - 6 - : encyclop\u00e9die des sciences m\u00e9dico - biologiques . section - - parasitologie\nt . 19 , no 4 - 5 - 6 - : encyclop\u00e9die des sciences m\u00e9dico - biologiques . section - - parasitologie\nannales de parasitologie humaine et compare\u0301e . / ; paris : masson , [ 1923 ] - 1993 .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe draft genome assembly was produced by the parasite genomic group at the wellcome trust sanger institute , in collaboration with antonio osuna ( universidad de granada ) , using illumina paired - end sequencing followed by an in - house genome assembly pipeline comprising various steps , including contig assembly , scaffolding , gap - filling and error - correction ( helminth genomes consortium , unpublished ) .\nthe gene predictions were made by the parasite genomics group at the wellcome trust sanger institute and wormbase , as part of the 50 helminth genomes initiative ( helminth genomes consortium , unpublished ) . an in - house pipeline was developed that used maker to generate high - quality annotations by integrating evidence from multiple sources : ab initio gene predictions from augustus , genemark - es , and snap ; projected annotation from c . elegans ( using genblastg ) and the taxonomically nearest reference helminth genome ( using ratt ) ; and ests , mrnas and proteins from related organisms aligned to the genome using blast , with refinement of alignments using exonerate .\nunder grant numbers bb / k020080 / 1 and bb / k020048 / 1 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nann parasitol hum comp . 1986 ; 61 ( 4 ) : 457 - 63 .\ncarrasco l 1 , fierro y , s\u00e1nchez - castillejo jm , bautista mj , g\u00f3mez - villamandos jc , sierra ma .\ndepartment of anatomy and comparative pathology , faculty of veterinary medicine , c\u00f3rdoba university , spain .\ncarrasco l 1 , g\u00f3mez - villamandos jc , fierro y , s\u00e1nchez - castillejo jm , bautista mj , p\u00e9rez j .\ndepartamento de anatom\u00eda y anatom\u00eda patol\u00f3gica comparadas , facultad de veterinaria , c\u00f3rdoba , spain .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the proteome identifier ( upid ) is the unique identifier assigned to the set of proteins that constitute the < a href =\nurltoken\n> proteome < / a > . it consists of the characters \u2018up\u2019 followed by 9 digits , is stable across releases and can therefore be used to cite a uniprot proteome . < p > < a href = ' / help / proteome _ id ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhernandez rodriguez , s . ; martinez gomez , f . ; gutierrez palomino , p .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nenter query sequence ( s ) in the text area . it automatically determines the format of the input . to allow this feature , certain conventions are required with regard to the input of identifiers . more . . .\nenter coordinates for a subrange of the query sequence . the blast search will apply only to the residues in the range . sequence coordinates are from 1 to the sequence length . the range includes the residue at the to coordinate . more . . .\nuse the browse button to upload a file from your local disk . the file may contain a single sequence or a list of sequences . the data may be either a list of database accession numbers , ncbi gi numbers , or sequences in fasta format .\nstandard ( 1 ) vertebrate mitochondrial ( 2 ) yeast mitochondrial ( 3 ) mold mitochondrial ; . . . ( 4 ) invertebrate mitochondrial ( 5 ) ciliate nuclear ; . . . ( 6 ) echinoderm mitochondrial ( 9 ) euplotid nuclear ( 10 ) bacteria and archaea ( 11 ) alternative yeast nuclear ( 12 ) ascidian mitochondrial ( 13 ) flatworm mitochondrial ( 14 ) blepharisma macronuclear ( 15 )\nenter one or more queries in the top text box and one or more subject sequences in the lower text box . then use the blast button at the bottom of the page to align your sequences .\nto get the cds annotation in the output , use only the ncbi accession or gi number for either the query or subject . reformat the results and check ' cds feature ' to display that annotation .\nsubject sequence ( s ) to be used for a blast search should be pasted in the text area . it automatically determines the format or the input . to allow this feature there are certain conventions required with regard to the input of identifiers . more . . .\nenter coordinates for a subrange of the subject sequence . the blast search will apply only to the residues in the range . sequence coordinates are from 1 to the sequence length . the range includes the residue at the to coordinate . more . . .\nselect the sequence database to run searches against . no blast database contains all the sequences at ncbi . blast databases are organized by informational content ( nr , refseq , etc . ) or by sequencing technique ( wgs , est , etc . ) . more . . .\nenter organism common name , binomial , or tax id . only 20 top taxa will be shown .\nstart typing in the text box , then select your taxid . use the\nplus\nbutton to add another organism or group , and the\nexclude\ncheckbox to narrow the subset . the search will be restricted to the sequences in the database that correspond to your subset .\nyou can use entrez query syntax to search a subset of the selected blast database . this can be helpful to limit searches to molecule types , sequence lengths or to exclude organisms . more . . .\nmegablast is intended for comparing a query to closely related sequences and works best if the target percent identity is 95 % or more but is very fast .\ndiscontiguous megablast uses an initial seed that ignores some bases ( allowing mismatches ) and is intended for cross - species comparisons .\nblastn is slow , but allows a word - size down to seven bases .\nenter a phi pattern to start the search . phi - blast may perform better than simple pattern searching because it filters out false positives ( pattern matches that are probably random and not indicative of homology ) .\nquickblastp is an accelerated version of blastp that is very fast and works best if the target percent identity is 50 % or more .\npsi - blast allows the user to build a pssm ( position - specific scoring matrix ) using the results of the first blastp run . )\nphi - blast performs the search but limits alignments to those that match a pattern in the query .\ndelta - blast constructs a pssm using the results of a conserved domain database search and searches a sequence database .\nmaximum number of aligned sequences to display ( the actual number of alignments may be greater than this ) .\nexpected number of chance matches in a random model . more . . . expect value tutorial\nlimit the number of matches to a query range . this option is useful if many strong matches to one part of a query may prevent blast from presenting weaker matches to another part of the query . the algorithm is based upon / / urltoken\nassigns a score for aligning pairs of residues , and determines overall alignment score . more . . .\ncost to create and extend a gap in an alignment . more . . .\nmatrix adjustment method to compensate for amino acid composition of sequences . more . . .\nmask regions of low compositional complexity that may cause spurious or misleading results . more . . .\nmask repeat elements of the specified species that may lead to spurious or misleading results . more . . .\nmask query while producing seeds used to scan database , but not for extensions . more . . .\nmask any letters that were lower - case in the fasta input . more . . .\ntotal number of bases in a seed that ignores some positions . more . . .\nupload a position specific score matrix ( pssm ) that you previously downloaded from a psi - blast iteration . you may search a different database than that used to generate the pssm , but you must use the same query . more . . .\nset the statistical significance threshold to include a sequence in the model used by psi - blast to create the pssm on the next iteration .\npseduocount parameter . if zero is specified , then the parameter is automatically determined through a minimum length description principle ( pmid 19088134 ) . a value of 30 is suggested in order to obtain the approximate behavior before the minimum length principle was implemented .\nbaneth g . , barta j . r . , shkap v . , martin d . s . , macintire d . k . , vincent - johnson n . 2000 . genetic and antigenic evidence supports the separation of\ncarre\u00f1o r . a . , kissinger j . c . , mccutchan t . f . , barta j . r . 1997 . phylogenetic analysis of haemosporinid parasites ( apicomplexa : haemosporina ) and their co - evolution with vectors and intermediate hosts .\ncenteno - lima s . , do rosario v . , parreira r . , maia a . j . , freudenthal a . m . , nijhof a . m . , jonjegan f . 2003 . a fatal case of human babesiosis in portugal : molecular and phylogenetic analysis .\ncortes a . , felger i . , beck h . p . 2003 . molecular parasitology of malaria in papua new guinea .\ncriado - fornelio a . , gutierrez - garcia l . , rodriguez - caabeiro f . , reus - garcia e . , roldan - soriano m . a . , diaz - sanchez m . a . 2000 . a parasitological survey of wild red foxes (\ncriado - fornelio a . , mart\u00ednez - marcos a . , buling - sara\u00f1a a . , barba - carretero j . c . 2003 . molecular studies on\ncriado - fornelio a . , gonzalez - del - rio m . a . , buling - sara\u00f1a a . , barba - carretero j . c . 2004 . the \u201cexpanding universe\u201d of piroplasms .\ncriado - fornelio a . , ruas j . l . , casado n . , farias n . , soares p . , muller g . , brum j . g . w . , berne m . e . a . , buling a . , barba - carretero j . c . 2006 . new molecular data on mammalian\ncriado - fornelio a . , rey - valeiron c . , buling a . , barba - carretero j . c . , jefferies r . , irwin p . 2007 . new advances in molecular epizootiology of canine hematic protozoa from venezuela , thailand and spain .\newing s . a . , panciera r . j . 2003 . american canine hepatozoonosis .\nfelsenstein j . 1989 . phylip : phylogeny inference package ( version 3 . 2 ) .\ngaltier n . , gouy m . 1995 . inferring phylogenies from dna sequences of unequal base compositions .\ngarc\u00eda - sanmart\u00edn j . , aurtenetxe o . , barral m . , marco i . , lavin s . , garc\u00eda - p\u00e9rez a . l . , hurtado a . 2007 . molecular detection and characterization of piroplasms infecting cervids and chamois in northern spain .\nhall t . a . 1999 . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nhofle u . , vicente j . , nagore d . , hurtado a . , pe\u00f1a a . , de la fuente j . , gortazar c . 2004 . the risks of translocating wildlife . pathogenic infection with\nkimura m . 1980 . a simple method for estimating evolutional rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequence .\nkumar s . , tamura k . , nei m . 2004 . mega3 : integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment .\nspp . : pathological and partial 18s rrna sequence analysis from three brazilian dogs .\nreichard m . v . , van den bussche r . a . , mewinkoth j . h . , hoover j . p . , kocan a . a . 2005 . a new species of\nfrom pallas\u2019 cats caught in mongolia and comments on the systematics and taxonomy of piroplasmids .\nrubini a . s . , dos santos paduan k . , perez r . r . , ribolla p . e . , o\u2019dwyer l . h . 2006 . molecular characterization of feline\nthompson j . d . , higgings d . g . , gibson t . j . 1994 . clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , positions - specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice .\nvan de peer y . , de wachter r . 1993 . treecon : a software package for the construction and drawing of evolutionary trees .\ncriado - fornelio , a . , buling , a . , casado , n . et al . acta parasit . ( 2009 ) 54 : 187 . urltoken\nmeningeal worm in deer from western nebraska , david w . oates , mauritz c . sterner , ed boyd\none hundred seventy - eight whitetailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) and 275 mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) collected from locker plants in the western 2 / 3 of nebraska ( usa ) in november 1997 were examined for the meningeal worm ( parelaphostrongylus tenuis ) . parelaphostrongylus tenuis was identified in 17 ( 10 % ) of 168 white - tailed deer and in one ( < 1 % ) of 273 mule deer . this is the first naturally occurring infection of p . tenuis recorded in a mule deer .\nelaeophorosis in red deer from spain , m\u00f3nica sant\u00edn - dur\u00e1n , j . m . alunda , j . m . san miguel , eric p . hoberg , c . de la fuente\nmeningeal worm in free - ranging deer in nebraska , david w , oates , mauritz c . sterner , david j . steffen\nthe meningeal worm ( parelaphostrongylus tenuis ) was found in 22 ( 7 % ) of 300 white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) ( 257 adults , 43 fawns ) examined from nebraska ( usa ) during november 1996 . none of 53 mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) ( 47 adults and 6 fawns ) examined were infected . twenty - two white - tailed deer from 18 counties in eastern nebraska were infected with parelaphostrongylus tenuis . this is the first record of p . tenuis in white - tailed deer from this state .\nabsence of tuberculosis in free - ranging deer in nebraska , david j . steffen , david w . oates , mauritz c . sterner , vickie l . cooper\nlymph nodes from 271 white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) and mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) in nebraska ( usa ) were examined microscopically for tuberculoid lesions . lymph nodes lesions in at least one node were found in 12 deer . lesions were examined with zeihl - neelson acid fast stains and by polymerase chain reactions using m . bovis specific probes . no evidence of tuberculosis was found . the small granulomatous lesions were likely caused by other bacteria .\nwhen an appropriate fish host is selected , analysis of its parasites offers a useful , reliable , economical , telescoped indication or monitor of environmental health . the value of that information increases when corroborated by another non - parasitological technique . the analysis of parasites is not necessarily simple because not all hosts serve as good models and because the number of species , presence of specific species , intensity of infections , life histories of species , location of species in hosts , and host response for each parasitic species have to be addressed individually to assure usefulness of the tool . also , different anthropogenic contaminants act in a distinct manner . . .\nhelminth parasitism in martens ( martes americana ) and ermines ( mustela erminea ) from washington , with comments on the distribution of trichinella spiralis , eric p . hoberg , keith b . aubry , j . david brittell\nhelminth parasitism in martens ( martes americana ) and ermines ( mustela erminea ) from washington , with comments on the distribution of trichinella spiralis , eric p . hoberg , keith b . aubry , j . david brittell\nhelminths are reported for the first time from ermines ( mustela erminea ) and martens ( martes americana ) in washington , usa . among 22 adult ermines , 41 % were infected by one or more of five species ( taenia mustelae , alaria mustelae , molineus patens , m . mustelae , and trichinella spiralis ) . among 78 adult martens from three geographic localities , the prevalence was 83 % . nine species were identified ( mesocestoides sp . , t . mustelae and t . martis americana , e uryhelmis squamula , m . patens , baylisascaris devosi , physaloptera sp . , soboliphyme baturini , and t . spiralis ) . trichinella spiralis occurred with a maximum prevalence of 50 % in martens , but only occurred in 9 % of ermines . compression . . .\nhelminth parasites of northern spotted owls ( strix occidentalis caurina ) from oregon , eric p . hoberg , g . s . miller , e . wallner - pendleton , o . r . hedstrom\nhelminth parasites of northern spotted owls ( strix occidentalis caurina ) from oregon , eric p . hoberg , g . s . miller , e . wallner - pendleton , o . r . hedstrom\nhelminth parasites are reported for the first time from northern spotted owls . seventyone percent of a sample of strix occidentalis caurina from western oregon was infected . nematodes ( porrocaecum depressum , capillaria falconis , microtetrameres sp . and synhimantus hamatus ) were the most prevalent parasites although cestodes ( paruterina rauschi ) and acanthocephalans ( centrorhynchus conspectus ) were also represented . there was an association between components of this helminth fauna and the diet of spotted owls which is dominated by small rodents . the occurrence of p . rauschi rather than p . candelabraria in this geographic region and host - species may provide additional support for recognition of a parapatric distribution in . . .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nmoose ( alces alces ) are a culturally and economically valued species in minnesota , where the northeast population has decreased by 60 % since 2006 . the cause of the decline is currently unclear ; however , parasites , predation , and climate change have all been implicated . nematode parasites are important pathogens in north american moose , potentially causing severe disease and mortality . recent spread of rumenfilaria andersoni , a filarioid nematode of moose , has been documented in finnish cervids ; however , little is known about the epidemiology of this parasite in north america .\nto investigate the prevalence and distribution of r . andersoni , 584 blood samples were collected from live - captured and dead animals and screened microscopically for the presence of microfilariae using a modified knott\u2019s test . microfilariae were identified based on morphological characteristics . a subset of knott\u2019s - positive animals was subjected to polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) with filarioid - specific primers targeting the first internal transcribed spacer region ( its - 1 ) of the rrna gene cluster .\nrumenfilaria microfilariae were present in 20 . 5 % of minnesota moose ( n = 352 ) , with slight fluctuations observed over four years . minnesota white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) ( n = 2 ) and moose ( n = 44 ) from alaska , montana , washington , maine , and new hampshire also harbored r . andersoni , suggesting this parasite occurs widely throughout north american moose herds , and white - tailed deer can serve as a patent host . sequence analysis of cervid blood ( moose , n = 15 ; white - tailed deer , n = 1 ) confirmed the identity of r . andersoni and revealed the existence of two distinct clades . genetic comparisons of r . andersoni isolates from north america and semi - domesticated finnish reindeer found the two groups to be closely related , supporting previous hypotheses that r . andersoni was recently introduced into finland by the importation of deer from the united states .\nto the best of our knowledge these observations represent the first report of r . andersoni within the contiguous united states and reveal this nematode as a common parasite of north american moose and white - tailed deer . although the implications of r . andersoni infection on moose health is unclear , increased awareness of this parasite will help prevent unintentional introduction of r . andersoni into na\u00efve populations via the translocation of wild and captive cervids .\n] . to prevent further loss of this species and natural resource , a better understanding of the minnesota moose herd\u2019s overall health , as well as an understanding of the potential drivers of mortality , is urgently needed .\n) . the species belongs to the family onchocercidae , which is a group of filarioid nematodes transmitted by hematophagous arthropods . although the exact details of the\nlife - cycle have yet to be elucidated , all adult filarioids of the family onchocercidae produce larval stages called microfilariae that reside in the circulatory system of the definitive cervid host . when an arthropod intermediate host ( vector ) obtains a blood meal and ingests the microfilariae , the microfilariae unsheathe , penetrate the vector\u2019s gut wall , and develop to an infectious larval stage within the vector\u2019s hemocoel . extrinsic development is completed when infectious larvae are inoculated into a definitive host by the vector during a subsequent blood meal .\nthe main objective of this study was to investigate the eco - epidemiology of r . andersoni in minnesota moose compared to other north american herds . to accomplish this , we explored the basic epidemiology of this parasite , including the identification of other patent host species , geographical distribution , prevalence of infection , and host demographics by collecting parasitological samples across spatial and temporal scales . we also performed the first genetic characterization and comparison of r . andersoni isolates to provide a basis for future population genetics studies . these data will contribute to a greater understanding of r . andersoni biology and provide baseline epidemiological data for future reference and research .\nwithin the minnesota moose population , 352 blood samples were collected between 2012 and 2015 . blood was collected from either hunter - killed animals , opportunistic mortalities , or live - captured animals and placed into 5 - ml edta blood tubes . a limited number of blood samples were also obtained from hunter - harvested wild elk\nfrom washington . whenever possible , the age , sex , and geographical location of the animal was noted . animals were classified as calves ( < 1 year of age ) , yearlings ( 1 to < 2 years of age ) , or adults ( \u2265 2 years old ) . blood samples ( 1 ml / animal ) were refrigerated and shipped to the molecular parasitology laboratory at the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine to identify the presence of\nprevalence of r . andersoni microfilariae ( rmf ) in blood samples drawn from free - ranging cervids . prevalence is defined as the percentage of samples that tested rmf - positive using a modified knott\u2019s test . error bars represent 95 % confidence intervals . a prevalence of rmf in three species of minnesota cervids ( moose , n = 352 ; elk , n = 14 ; white - tailed ( wt ) deer , n = 36 ) . blood samples were collected over a four - year period for moose and a two - year period for elk and deer . fisher\u2019s exact test ; p = 0 . 013 . b comparison of rmf prevalence in minnesota moose over time ( 2012 , n = 67 ; 2013 , n = 160 ; 2014 , n = 69 ; 2015 , n = 56 ) . fisher\u2019s exact test ; p = 0 . 607 . c comparison of rmf prevalence in moose from several u . s . states ( mn , n = 352 ; nh , n = 16 ; me , n = 14 ; mt , n = 73 ; wa , n = 16 ; ak , n = 27 ) . fisher\u2019s exact test ; p = 0 . 013 . d image of rmf from minnesota moose blood . sample was stained with methylene blue and viewed with a bright light microscope at 200\u00d7 magnification . scale - bar : 20 \u03bcm\nprevalence of r . andersoni within cervid populations was estimated for each cervid species based on the modified knott\u2019s test results . blood samples were categorized as rmf positive based on the presence of microfilariae with morphological features consistent with r . andersoni identified via the modified knott\u2019s test described above . animals with no microfilariae present or microfilariae morphologically distinct from r . andersoni were categorized as rmf negative . to determine if r . andersoni prevalence differed between geographical locations , a pearson\u2019s \u03c7 2 test or fisher\u2019s exact test was used with bonferroni correction ( p \u2264 0 . 012 ) . the minnesota moose population was further analyzed by comparing prevalence between age class , sex , and sample year using the pearson\u2019s \u03c7 2 test or fisher\u2019s exact test with bonferroni correction ( p \u2264 0 . 012 ) . statistical analyses were performed with spss software version 23 . 0 ( ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) .\nwere selected for molecular analysis . dna was extracted using the zr fecal dna kit ( zymogen , irvine , ca , usa ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . nuclease - free water served as the dna extraction control . rmf dna was amplified using a previously described semi - nested pcr protocol targeting the first internal transcribed spacer region ( its - 1 ) of the rrna gene cluster [\nnematode ( ra - f3 ) isolated from a finnish reindeer and nuclease - free water served as the positive and negative pcr controls , respectively . the pcr products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and viewed under uv light . pcr amplicons around 600 bp were excised using a clean razor blade and the pcr product purified using the qiaquick gel extraction kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca , usa ) . the its - 1 pcr product was then cloned into a pgem - t easy vector ( promega , madison , wi , usa ) and transformed into competent dh5\u03b1\ncells ( invitrogen , grand island , ny , usa ) via a 40 - second heat shock at 42 \u00b0c . transformed cells were cultivated in s . o . c . medium ( life technologies , grand island , ny , usa ) for 1 . 5 h at 30 \u00b0c with shaking . the transformed cells ( 100 \u03bcl ) were then plated on luria broth agar plates containing 1 \u03bcg / ml carbenicillin and 100 \u03bcl chromomax iptg / x - gal solution ( thermo fisher scientific , waltham , ma , usa ) as a top dressing . cultures were incubated 24\u201348 h at 30 \u00b0c ; single , white colonies were selected with a sterile toothpick and grown overnight in 5 ml luria broth with 1 \u03bcg / ml carbenicillin . cultures were centrifuged and the supernatant removed . plasmids were purified from the remaining cell pellet using the qiagen spin miniprep plasmid kit ( qiagen ) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . to confirm the presence of the filarioid its - 1 pcr product insert , the plasmids were digested with ecor1 restriction enzyme ( thermo fisher scientific ) and examined via gel electrophoresis for multiple bands . plasmids containing an insert of approximately 600 bp were sequenced at the university of tennessee\u2019s genomics core ( knoxville , tn , usa ) .\nall 18s and its - 1 consensus sequence chromatograms were trimmed and edited by hand using sequencher 5 . 3 ( gene codes corporation , ann arbor , mi , usa ) . edited sequences were compared against the few known sequences for filarioid nematodes from cervid hosts in the ncbi genbank database . genetic data was also compared with sequences obtained from adult reference nematodes ( table\n) , which had been identified morphologically and subjected to dna extraction and pcr amplification in our laboratory , as described above . alignment and construction of neighbor - joining trees of its - 1 and 18s filarioid worm sequences was performed using mega 6 . 0 [\nadult nematodes were identified based on morphological characteristics . geographial origin and host species refer to the place and host from which the nematode was isolated . dna target refers to the targeted gene sequence ( 18s rrna or its - 1 ) that was amplified\nprevalence of r . andersoni in free - ranging cervids of minnesota and other u . s . states\nduring 2012\u20132015 , rmf occurred in 20 . 5 % ( 95 % confidence interval [ ci ] : 16 . 3\u201324 . 7 % ;\n= 0 . 104 ) . rmf were also detected in minnesota white - tailed deer , with an overall prevalence of 5 . 6 % ( 95 % ci : 0\u201313 . 1 % ;\n) . over the 4 - year sampling period , rmf prevalence in the minnesota moose varied slightly , ranging from 22 . 5 % ( 95 % ci : 16 . 0\u201329 . 0 % ;\nrmf were also observed in all other surveyed moose populations , including those in maine at 21 . 4 % ( 95 % ci : 0\u201342 . 9 % ;\n= 14 ) , new hampshire at 25 . 0 % ( 95 % ci : 3 . 8\u201346 . 2 % ;\n= 16 ) , and alaska at 40 . 7 % ( 95 % ci : 22 . 2\u201359 . 2 % ;\n= 0 . 013 ) . moreover , we failed to observe rmf in any of the alaskan caribou blood samples or in mule or white - tailed deer from washington .\n) . moose isolates varied in geographical origin , with five from montana , eight from minnesota , and two from maine . attempts to amplify additional isolates were not successful . sequences obtained from a morphologically confirmed\nadult nematode ( ra - f3 ) isolated from a finnish reindeer served as the standard .\nrumenfilaria andersoni its - 1 target dna sequences amplified from cervid blood . unless otherwise indicated , isolates were obtained from moose ( alces alces )\noverall , the rmf its - 1 sequences were at - rich , with multiple sections of repeats with variations in length between isolates . phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the its - 1 sequences obtained from the rmf - positive blood clustered with the ra - f3 standard , branching into two distinct\n) . the minnesota isolates had representatives clustering into both clades , which we simply denoted as clades a and b . all montana isolates and six minnesota isolates clustered into clade a , which also contained the ra - f3 standard . clade b contained both maine isolates and two minnesota isolates . isolates of clades a and b had a mean difference of 0 . 038 ( se = 0 . 007 ) base substitutions per base pair . within clades , isolates had a mean difference of 0 . 015 ( clade a , se = 0 . 003 ; clade b , se = 0 . 004 ) base substitutions per base pair for both clades a and b .\nphylogenetic analysis of its - 1 sequences obtained from rmf - positive blood samples from cervid hosts . sequences of 609 base pairs were aligned using clustalw , and the evolutionary history was inferred using the neighbor - joining method . evolutionary distances were computed using the kimura 2 - parameter method . the tree is drawn to scale . bootstrap values ( \u00d71000 ) greater than 50 % are shown above the branches . rmf isolates are marked with solid boxes ; its - 1 clades a and b are labelled . ra - f3 (\nserve as reference standards . genbank accession numbers for all isolates are listed in tables\nin addition to rmf , another morphologically distinct group of microfilariae was observed in 1 . 4 % ( 5 / 352 ) of minnesota moose . these microfilariae were characterized by blunt , rounded heads and long , thinly tapered tails , measuring between 285 and 315 \u03bcm long and 5\u20137 . 5 \u03bcm wide ( fig .\n) . dual infection with rmf and non - rmf microfilariae was observed in a single minnesota moose . to identify this unknown filarioid , we attempted to sequence a portion of the 18s rrna gene using nematode - wide primers from the five positive minnesota moose blood samples [\n] . only one blood sample was successfully pcr amplified . a comparison of 796 base pairs from the unknown filarioid and 18s sequences from our reference nematodes ( table\nimage of unidentified microfilaria observed in blood from minnesota moose . sample was stained with methylene blue and image taken under a bright light microscope at 200\u00d7 magnification .\n) and other known filarioid parasites of ungulates , with history inferred using the neighbor - joining method and evolutionary distances computed using the kimura 2 - parameter method . tree is drawn to scale . bootstrap values ( \u00d71000 ) are shown above branches . genbank accession numbers for all isolates are listed in tables\nsuggests the geographical range of this filarioid nematode is much more extensive than was previously appreciated . rmf were detected in all of the wild moose herds we sampled , including herds geographically isolated from one another ( fig .\nand / or its preferred vector may be more highly adapted to subarctic climates , proliferating more easily in a colder environment . the recent rapid expansion of\n] supports this hypothesis , but additional evidence is needed to substantiate this claim . further research on moose densities , vector distribution and competency , and distribution of other possible definitive hosts of\nwill be useful in understanding if the parasite is more adapted to subarctic climates or if it is strictly a host and / or vector density - dependent mechanism .\noccurs in white - tailed deer , and deer can serve as a definitive host for the filarioid ( fig .\n] . the authors observed 22 % of the deer surveyed in finland were rmf - positive , higher than the 5 . 6 % prevalence value observed in deer from minnesota . as mentioned above , it is possible the parasite is better adapted to subarctic environments , thus explaining the lower parasite prevalence at the more southern latitude ; however , a larger sample size along a latitudinal gradient would be needed to properly address that particular hypothesis .\nin addition to white - tailed deer , our survey included specimens from caribou , elk , and mule deer from various geographical locales . we were unable to find evidence of\nin our alaskan caribou specimens may be due to an insufficient sample size rather than a lack of host - parasite co - adaptation . additionally , the number of elk and mule deer surveyed may have been insufficient , resulting in no rmf detected in the modified knott\u2019s test ; however , it is also possible these species are not suitable hosts for the nematode . further sampling will better characterize\nin their mammalian hosts . timing of sample collection could significantly influence estimated prevalence values , potentially causing early - stage infections to be missed or causing false negatives with the synchronous influx of microfilariae into general circulation that coincides with circadian rhythms [\n] . furthermore , the modified knott\u2019s test is unable to detect infections with nematodes of a single sex due to the female filarioid being unable to mate and produce progeny . at this time , the only alternative method to estimate prevalence would be to grossly examine host carcasses for the presence of adult\n, presumably in the lymphatic vessels of the rumen ; however , in addition to being a laborious and tedious process , fresh wildlife carcasses can be difficult to obtain .\nnematodes , we compared its - 1 sequences obtained from rmf - positive blood samples ( fig .\nin north america , with all montana isolates associating with clade a and all maine isolates falling into clade b . interestingly , minnesota isolates have representatives in both clades . possible reasons for the mixed clades in minnesota include potential overlapping rmf populations or previous cervid translocation events . it is also possible multiple paratypes of\npopulations exist ; however , a dual dna - based and adult morphological study will be needed to identify if there is a distinct relationship between caudal papillae phenotypes and phylogenetic assortment . furthermore , studies comparing\nreference nematode\u2019s ( ra - f3 ) its - 1 sequence clustered into clade a with isolates from minnesota and montana ( fig .\nresulted from the introduction of non - native white - tailed deer from north america , specifically the u . s . state of minnesota . five deer , one male and four females , were imported into southern finland in 1935 as a gift from finnish immigrants from northern minnesota [\nnematodes\u2019 ancestors originated from minnesota , we would expect the finnish its - 1 sequences to be similar to those of north american specimens , especially those of minnesota ; conversely , we would expect significant genetic variation if the finnish population had an extended history of geographical distribution and isolation in fennoscandia . our data demonstrate a lack of divergence between these isolates , indicating that a more recent , anthropogenically - driven introduction of the parasite occurred , supporting the minnesota theory , rather than an introduction coinciding with the geographical colonization by moose from central europe and russia after the last glaciation , approximately 10 , 000 years ago [\nin addition to the presence of rmf , our data revealed another filarioid circulating within the minnesota moose herd ( fig .\nis likely widespread amongst north american moose herds . this parasite can cause a wide range of disease in cervids . mild fibrin formation on serosal surfaces has been reported in\ninfections within moose populations have not been studied . thus , it is unknown the impact\nand declining populations of moose . no significant difference in rmf prevalence was observed between the minnesota moose herd , which is exhibiting a severe population decline [\ndoes not appear to have an obvious association with declining moose populations . at this time , it is still unknown what impact , if any ,\ninfection may have on the health of the moose host . laaksonen et al . , in 2010 , observed macroscopic inflammatory changes within the ruminal lymphatic vessels of infected finnish reindeer [\n] ; however , there have yet to be any reports of pathological changes associated with moose . given the high prevalence of rmf in moose and the high prevalence and intensity of rmf in finnish reindeer , future studies on potential subclinical and clinical disease is warranted . it is reasonable to hypothesize that infection with\nhas a metabolic cost , and it is possible that heavy worm burdens or systemic microfilaremia would result in adverse health effects , potentially rendering the host more susceptible to other infectious agents or poor body condition , but future studies will be required to assess the validity of these hypotheses .\nis a nematode widespread throughout moose herds of north america . in addition to moose , white - tailed deer appears to be a natural , definitive host of this parasite . recognizing the geographical distribution and host range of this filarioid is especially important for preventing the introduction of\ninto na\u00efve populations by translocation of animals by state conservation agencies or commercial hunting businesses . our genetic comparison of\ninfection can lead to clinical or subclinical disease . continued efforts to document this parasite in cervid hosts will help to provide clarity on this topic .\nreference nematodes were generously donated by kimberlee beckmen at the alaskan department of wildlife , fish and game and john henningsen at the wyoming state veterinary laboratory . the authors also thank nick decesare of the montana fish and wildlife department , ella rowan and kristin mansfield of the washington state department of fish and wildlife , lee kantar of maine department of inland fisheries and wildlife , anne lichtenwalner of the university of maine , and henry jones of the university of new hampshire for providing cervid blood samples for analysis . we thank ann reed at the university of tennessee institute of agriculture for statistical consultation . we also thank roger moon of the department of entomology at the university of minnesota , for his helpful comments while preparing this manuscript , and misty bailey ( funded by the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine ) for technical editing of the manuscript . this work was partially supported by the minnesota department of natural resources section of wildlife and the university of tennessee department of biomedical and diagnostic sciences . finnish samples were collected as part of the project \u201creindeer health in the changing environment , \u201d funded by the finnish ministry of agriculture and forestry ( makera ) and the eurgnegvec cost action td1303 . fellowship funding for cg was provided by the university of tennessee department of microbiology .\nthis work was partially supported by the minnesota department of natural resources section of wildlife and the university of tennessee department of biomedical and diagnostic sciences . finnish samples were collected as part of the project \u201creindeer health in the changing environment , \u201d funded by the finnish ministry of agriculture and forestry ( makera ) and the eurgnegvec cost action td1303 . fellowship funding for graduate student ( cg ) was provided by the university of tennessee department of microbiology .\nthe datasets supporting the conclusions of this article have been included within the article . genetic sequence data has been submitted to the genbank ( national center for biotechnology information ) database under accession numbers kt020850 , kt031392\u2013kt031393 ; kt873719\u2013kt873733 ; kt878970\u2013kt878979l ; and ku757075\u2013ku757077 .\ncg and rg conceived and designed the study and drafted the manuscript . cg and je performed the modified knott\u2019s tests and molecular analysis of reference nematodes . cg completed all genetic analysis of rmf isolates . mc and eh orchestrated and oversaw collection of minnesota cervid samples and drafting of the manuscript . ao and sl collected finnish samples and were active in writing the manuscript . all authors were involved in analyses of data , and reviewed and approved the final manuscript .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .\ndecesare nj , smucker td , garrott ra , gude ja . moose management in montana . alces . 2014 ; 50 : 35\u201351 .\nmonteith kl , klaver rw , hersey kr , holland aa , thomas tp , kauffman mj . effects of climate and plant phenology on recruitment of moose at the southern extent of their range . oecologia . 2015 ; 178 : 1137\u201348 .\nrines km . new hampshire moose assessment 2015 . concord : new hampshire department of fish and game ; 2015 .\ndel giudice gd . aerial moose survey . st . paul : minnesota department of natural resources ; 2015 .\nmurray dl , cox ew , ballard wb , whitlaw ha , lenarz ms , custer tw , et al . pathogens , nutritional deficiency , and climate influences on a declining moose population . wildl monogr . 2006 ; 166 : 1\u201329 .\nwunschmann a , armien ag , butler e , schrage m , stromberg b , bender jb , et al . necropsy findings in 62 opportunistically collected free - ranging moose (\n) from minnesota , usa ( 2003\u20132013 ) . j wildl dis . 2015 ; 51 : 157\u201365 .\nmech ld , fienberg j . re - evaluating the northeastern minnesota moose decline and the role of wolves . j wildl manag . 2014 ; 78 : 1143\u201350 .\ncarstensen m , hildebrand ec , plattner d , dexter mh , jennelle c , wright rg . determining cause - specific mortality of adult moose in northeast minnesota . in : cornicelli m , carstensen m , grund m , larsen m , lawrence j , editors . summaries of wildlife research findings . st . paul : minnesota department of natural resources ; 2015 . p . 161\u201371 .\nlenarz ms , nelson me , schrage mw , edwards aj . temperature mediated moose survival in northeastern minnesota . j wildl manag . 2009 ; 73 ( 4 ) : 503\u201310 .\nsmith hj , archibald rm . moose sickness , a neurological disease of moose infected with the common cervine parasite ,\nlaaksonen s , kuusela j , nikander s , nylund m , oksanen a . outbreak of parasitic peritonitis in reindeer in finland . vet rec . 2007 ; 160 : 835\u201341 .\nn . gen . , n . sp . ( nematoda : filarioidea ) in moose from northwestern ontario , canada . can j zool . 1982 ; 60 : 2455\u20138 .\nkutz sj , ducrocq j , verocai gg , hoar bm , colwell dd , beckmen kb , et al . parasites in ungulates of arctic north america and greenland : a view of contemporary diversity , ecology , and impact in a world under change . adv parasitol . 2012 ; 79 : 164\u20135 .\nlaaksonen s , saari s , nikander s , oksanen a , bain o . lymphatic dwelling filarioid nematodes in reindeer\nlankester & snider , 1982 . ( nematoda : onchocercidae : splendidofilariinae ) . parasite . 2010 ; 17 : 23 .\n( filarioidea ; splendidofilariinae ) , is an emerging parasite in finnish cervids . parasit vectors . 2015 ; 8 : 282 .\nadcock jl , hibler cp . vascular and neuro - opthalmic pathology of elaeophorosis in elk . pathol vet . 1969 ; 6 : 185\u2013213 ."]}
{"id": 2576, "summary": [{"text": "fragum unedo is a species of cockle , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family cardiidae , commonly known as the pacific strawberry cockle .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in tropical seas in the indo-pacific region and the empty shells are prized for use in decorative crafts . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "fragum unedo", "paragraphs": ["pacific strawberry cockle ( fragum unedo ) from sealife base : technical fact sheet .\nultrastructural differences between the anterior and posterior adductors of the strawberry cockle , fragum unedo .\nultrastructural differences between the anterior and posterior adductors of the strawberry cockle , fragum unedo . - pubmed - ncbi\nfragum fragum is a photosymbiotic species intermediate between corculum and fragum unedo . semi - transparent posterior areas ( pigment and windows ) exist to allow light penetration . as well , siphonal tentacles are exposed to light on posterior shell surface and contain photosymbionts .\nfamily : bivalvia born : 1758 , linne genus and description : fragum unedo , 26 . 5 & 31 mm , f + + / f + + + , set of 2 specimens origin : collected by a local fishermen by nets off panglao island , bohol philippines , march 2013 .\npacific strawberry cockle ( fragum unedo ) in the bivalves section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .\nthis is the type species of the genus fragum . kirkendale ( 2009 ) has shown ( and others have confirmed e . g . herrera et al . 2015 ) that fragum is paraphyletic and includes corculum and lunulicardia , the two other wholly photosymbiotic lineages of cardiids . the phylogeny of members of the fraginae subfamily is in a state of flux and the taxonomy of the group is in need of attention .\nfragum unedo is commonly found in the indo - pacific region . prior literature shows that specimens have been found in sri lanka , southern japan , the pacific islands as well as the northern and eastern coasts of australia . ( 12 . 87n , 93e , 41 . 23n , 142 . 55e , 35 . 9s , 159 . 08e ) ( e . o . l . 2012 ) .\nstrawberry cockle fragum unedo family cardiidae updated oct 2016 where seen ? this pretty clam is not often seen , usually on sandy shores near reefs . elsewhere , they are shallow burrowers in sandy bottoms , often occuring in dense populations . features : 4 - 6cm . the sturdy two - part shell is heavy , squarish with strong ribs marked with little red beads . human uses : elsewhere , it is used in decorative shellcraft and may be eaten by coastal dwellers .\nqld , nt and wa in australia , but widely distributed in the indo - west pacific . wilson and stevenson 1977 note that placement of red scales appears different than in f . unedo from the pacific ocean and philippines .\nkirkendale ( 2009 ) has shown ( and others have confirmed e . g . herrera et al . 2015 ) that fragum is paraphyletic and includes corculum and lunulicardia , the two other wholly photosymbiotic lineages of cardiids . the phylogeny of members of the fraginae subfamily is in a state of flux and the taxonomy of the group is in need of attention\n( of cardium unedo linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nadductors of fragum unedo were observed ultrastructurally and their muscle cells were classified according to the statistically analyzed diameter of their thick myofilaments . two types of smooth muscle cells were observed in the opaque portion of the anterior adductor : a - type cells containing thick myofilaments of about 46 nm in diameter and b - type cells having 62 nm thick myofilaments . the posterior adductor was also composed of two kinds of cells : the b - type cell , which had thick myofilaments of about 67 nm in diameter , and the c - type , containing thick myofilaments of 90 nm . two types of oblique - striated cells were commonly recognized in the translucent portions of anterior and posterior adductors . our observations thus indicate that the posterior adductor generally consists of cells which have thicker myofilaments than the ones of the anterior adductor .\nas f . unedo burrows just below the surface ( habitat ) they are still susceptible to predation . in northern australian cockle - bed , starfish and rays are important ecological predators of cardiids ( rudman 1998 ) . the locomotory pattern of jumping ( locomotion ) is used as a means to escape from predatory species , displacing the cardiid a few centimetres from their prior location .\nmembers of the cardiidae family , like many other marine bivalves are gonochoristic , meaning individuals are either male or female . by means of broadcast spawning they are able to reproduce sexually ( hickman et al . 2011 ) , utilizing processes of external fertilisation ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ; wilbur and yonge 1964 ) . no research has been conducted into the seasonal spawning patterns of f . unedo individuals . however , research conducted by kandeel et al . ( 2013 ) on cerastoderma glaucum , a cardiid cockle , has found that spawning events maybe be dependent on temperature and lunar cycles . c . glaucum are known to have an annual pattern of four spawning events ( kandeel et al . 2013 ) , it is possible that f . unedo may follow a similar trend .\nlike many other cardiids , f . unedo individuals spend most of their adult lives as a sedentary ( soo & todd 2014 ) , suspension feeder ( respiration and feeding ) . however , f . unedo individuals are not stuck in a single place for their entire lives , as they have the capability to locomote and burrow into sediments , using a muscular foot ( locomotion ) . the suspension feeding lifestyle imposes constraints upon the bivalves\u2019 lifestyle , generally restricting it to aquatic environments ( habitat ) . however , during seasonal changes in tidal levels ( underwood 1981 ; tsimplis & woodworth 1994 ) , expose the intertidal reef zones . like other intertidal bivalves , f . undeo have developed the ability to survive without access to water for periods of time ( up to 8h at times ) . they accomplish this via aerial respiration , which is able to take place across the exposed posterior mantle region .\nit is assumed that , f . unedo have a typical bivalve open circulatory system . with a three chambered heart , consisting of a single ventricle fed by a pair of lateral atria ( rudman 1998 ) , situated in a pericardial chamber . the heart is used to pump recently oxygenated blood , oxygenated haemoglobin is then transported to the rest of the body through blood ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ; hickman et al . 2011 ) . while veins return de - oxygenated blood back to the gills and eventually the heart .\nit is assumed that , the excretory system of f . unedo is similar to many other bivalves . made up of a complex , were the heart and kidney have become a single organ . the excretory system is separated from the circulatory system by the pericardium ( wilbur and yonge 1964 ) . the pericardium contains pericardial glands , which aid in the nutrient filtration process . the system contains two nephridium , that act as pseudo - kidneys and concentrate waste products ( rudman 1998 ) . each nephridium empties into the exhalant siphon chamber via their respective nephridiopore ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) .\ntan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , lee kong chian natural history museum , national university of singapore .\ntan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .\nabbott , r . tucker , 1991 . seashells of south east asia . graham brash , singapore . 145 pp .\n( of cardium cruentum perry , 1811 ) perry , g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens , and including the latest discoveries . 1 - 4 , plates 1 - 61 . london . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemicardium tegulatum dautzenberg , 1900 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1900 ) . description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle appartenant au genre hemicardium . j . conchyliol . xlviii : 5 - 8 , plate i ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium cruentum perry , 1811 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemicardium tegulatum dautzenberg , 1900 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmorelet , l . 1889 ,\ncatalogue des coquilles recueillies par m . pavie dans le cambodge et la royaume de siam\n, journal de conchyliologie , ser . 3 , vol . 29 , no . 2 , pp . 121 - 200\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 020dd48e - df2b - 43b6 - 9a5b - a2af40dc5edd\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 13390f09 - 3979 - 4e03 - 8f42 - d662e0bfc10b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 218a93c6 - bbc5 - 4a65 - 8c0d - 3d64bb634731\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6ab12a17 - 9635 - 43e9 - b3d8 - 6344c922138a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0422a683 - fb73 - 48fd - aeee - daa6ecb61452\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 481385\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nphilippines . bohol . tubigon . 20 - 25 m . collected by local fishermen . 2009 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nparasitism and symbioses in aquatic ecosystems ( v2 . 0 beta 1 . 4 )\njournal of phycology 36 : 1153 - 1161 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1529 - 8817 . 2000 . 00010 . x\nthis web site was designed by laure guillou and fabrice not ( biological station of roscoff , cnrs , france ) . contributions or suggestions are very welcome and can be submitted either to laure guillou or to fabrice not .\n) . the two domed valves are equivalve , valves that mirror each other in both size and shape . however , each valve is asymmetrical . the valves are usually white or cream in colour , with strawberry - red scales ( fig . 2 ) . when in a still environment two siphons are able to be observed , an inhalant siphon (\nindividuals usually grow to lengths of 40mm , but when conditions are good they are able to grow to maximum lengths of 65mm .\nshell with a scanning electronic microscope . they found that the shell was a bioceramic composite . made up of long and thin aragonite , crystal form of calcium carbonate caco3 , sheets and layers of collagen protein . the aragonite sheets were found to have a herringbone structure , which gives the shells added strength ( chen , peng and wu 2007 ) .\nlateral view , the shell is of rhomboidal shaped ( fig . 3 ) .\ndorsal view , the prosogyrate umbo aids to form the major characteristic heart shape ( fig . 4 ) .\nthe shells have a short heterodont , cyclodont hinge , and an external parivincular ligament .\nthe hinge of each valve usually has two cardinal teeth ( fig . 7 ) :\nno research has been conducted into embryonic or larval development . the most educated assumption , is that they have similar embryonic and larval development to most other heterodont bivalves .\nafter the egg has been externally fertilized , the embryo undergoes the process of spiral cleavage ( hickman et al . 2011 ; wilbur and yonge 1964 ) . upon completion of embryonic cleavage , the embryo develops into a free swimming trochophore larvae ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) . this simple planktonic larval form , is dispersal utilizing ocean currents .\nthe trochophore larvae develops into the , longer lived , veliger larvae , unique to the molluscan phyla . during the veliger stage the mantle , shell and foot of the mollusc begin to develop ( hickman et al . 2011 ) . after successful feeding and dispersal , of the veliger larvae in the pelagic zone , the veliger larval form is lost as the bivalve develops into their adult forms (\nsavazzi ( 1985 ) states that members of the cardiidae family , display a variety of locomotory patterns that utilize the molluscs well developed l - shaped foot ( fig . 11 ) . these include , burrowing , jumping , ploughing and emerging ( fig . 12 ) .\nto loosen the sediment , cardiids eject water into the substrate at the beginning of each burrowing sequence ( wilbur and yonge 1964 ) allowing for easier burrowing . the burrowing process consists of a small number of burrowing sequences ( savazzi 1985 ) in which the shell rocks forwards and backwards ( fig . 13 ) , while being pulled downward by the foot ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) .\njumping involves the rapid extension of the muscular foot , propelling the shell backwards . it is not uncommon for several jumps to occur in response ( savazzi 1985 ) .\nploughing , horizontal movement through the sediment , is the process of repeated burrowing sequences , with the hinge line horizontal and the foot pointing forward ( savazzi 1985 ) .\nlaboratory tests completed by savazzi ( 1985 ) found that movement involved in emerging from substrate occurred in a single movement , displacing the cardiid forward . emerging was often a result of insufficient oxygenation ( savazzi 1985 ) .\nrespire through the use of gas exchange which primarily occurs via the gills . additionally , when exposed from water , aerial respiration is possible through oxygen diffusion through the mantle ( kawaguti 1983 ) .\nmost heterodont bivalves are suspension feeders ( fig . 14 ) , pumping water and plankton in through an inhalant siphon ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) . large ctenidia are used to filter water and food particles . within ctenidia , water is moved using specialised cilia , that create current , causing the oxygenated and plankton filled waters to pump past the thin gill filaments of the demibranchs ( wilbur and yonge 1964 ) . this allows nutrients and gasses to diffuse across the cells . the filtered water is then pumped out through the exhalent siphon ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) .\nhave a similar nervous system to other bivalves . where a reduction of the head has resulted in limited cephalisation . instead of having a single large brain , bivalves have four separated ganglia ( wilbur and yonge 1964 ) :\ncerebropleural ganglia , aids in the coordination of the muscular foot and the adductor muscle . pedal ganglia , provide motor control over the anterior pedal retractor muscles , byssal retractor muscles and the muscular foot . visceral ganglia , are responsible for the mantle , siphons , gills , heart , nephridia and gonads . siphonal ganglia , receives sensory information obtained by the siphons ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) .\nas the head is located internally within the bivalves\u2019 shell , it is unable to collect sensory information , and this task has been passed onto the foot and siphons ( rudman 1998 ) .\nevolutionally bivalves undergone a complete loss of their radula , and developed two shells ( valves ) that are bilaterally symmetrical , with their hinge as the axial point . balvalia can be grouped into three major clades based on their morphological characteristics ( ruppert , fox and barnes 2004 ) :\nconsists of most extant bivalves , they are filter feeders with complex filibranch gills .\n, was an important economic subsistence species for aboriginal communities in the western torres strait , before modern times .\nhas not yet been assessed for the iucn red list , and the current status of the species in unknown . however , like most other animals with a calcium carbonate , strawberry cockles are becoming more and more disadvantaged as the oceans become more acidic .\natlas of living australia . distribution map ( n . d . ) retrieved from\n, new york , ny : mcgraw - hill companies , pp . 352 - 358 .\nlinnaeus , c 1758 , \u201csystem naturae\u201d , regnum animale . cura societatis zoologicae germanicae ( 10th edi ) ,\nohno , t , katoh , t and yamasu , t 1995 . \u201cthe origin of algal - bivalve photo - symbiosis\u201d ,\npoutiers , jm 1998 , \u201cbivalves . acephala , lamellibranchia , pelecypoda\u201d , pp . 123 - 362 . in carpenter , ke and\n, vol . 1 , seaweeds , corals , bivalves , and gastropods . rome ,\n, belmont , calif : thomson - brooks / cole , pp . 367 - 403 .\nacanthocardia tuberculate ) \u201d , stuttgarter beitr . naturk . a ( biol . ) , vol . 353 , pp . 1 - 12 .\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ni sold 4 more of my pin badges tonight , so over 100 sales now . the same newbie who purchase 4 of the 4th february has come back for 4 more\n42 created tue 10 jul 2018 05 : 04 : 12 ( aest ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nshell solid and inequilateral , umbonal keel rounded , subquadrate to trapezoidal with strongly digitate posterior margin . no strong keel . strong broad , flat radial ribs ranging from 23 to 31 , mean 27 . lunule narrow , smooth with raised dorsal margin . escutcheon broad , smooth . exterior white , ribs with irregular , transverse red scales , sometimes with pale brown blotches ; interior white . it is distinct from all other fragines by the prominent red scales on the ribs of the shell . shell length and width to around 5 cm while depth to above 6 cm .\nthis is the most heavily bodied , heavily shelled species of the subfamily fraginae . in contrast to corculum that has a very light , thin and transparent shell ( in areas ) , this species also participates in photosymbiosis but in a very different manner . soft anatomy is not contained within the shell but is exposed as highly distinct leaf - like extensions of the posterior siphonal area , similar to but unique from the hypertrophied mantle of giant clams . these are spread out on the surface of the sediment and function to greatly increase surface area for photosymbionts that are contained within the exposed tissue .\nall cockles or cardiids have short siphons . because of this morphological constraint , infaunal cardiids live close to the sediment water interface in order to filter water . this could be considered a preadaptation for a photosymbiotic lifestyle , as it also facilitates optimal light penetration into the soft tissues in shell interior where photosymbionts are housed .\nrights we support the open release of data and information about our collections . text content on this page is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . image content on this page is copyright wa museum .\nthe great barrier reef and adjacent isles : a comprehensive survey for visitor , naturalist and photographer .\nhylleberg , j . ( 2004 ) . lexical approach to cardiacea . records of taxa . illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells , with emphasis on the families cardiidae and lymnocardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) . part 3 : n - z .\nkirkendale , l . ( 2009 ) . their day in the sun : molecular phylogenetics and origin of photosymbiosis in the \u2018other\u2019 group of photosymbiotic marine bivalves ( cardiidae : fraginae ) .\nbrisbane , queensland : jacaranda press . nielsen , c . ( 1976 ) . checklist of bivalves from pmbc beach and reef flat , phuket , thailand .\noostingh , c . h . ( 1925 ) . report on a collection of recent shells from obi and halmahera , molluccas .\npoorten , j . j . ter . ( 2009 ) . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica , 8 , 9 - 96 .\npersselin , s . l . ( 1998 ) . the evolution of shell windows within the fraginae ( bivalvia : cardiidae ) and the origin of algal symbiosis in cardiids . m . s . thesis in biology : university of guam .\nreeve , l . a . ( ed . ) . conchologica iconica . london : reeve & bentham vol . 2 ( as\n, report on the zoological collections made in the indo - pacific ocean during the voyage of the h . m . s . ' alert ' 1881 - 2 . london , british museum trustees , printed by taylor , & francis . [ part i . collections of melanesia , pp . 34 - 116 ; part ii . collections from the western indian ocean , pp . 487 - 508 ; explanation of plates pp . 657 - 659 ] .\ntan , s . k . , & low , m . e . y . ( 2014 ) . checklist of the mollusca of cocos ( keeling ) / christmas island ecoregion . raffles bulletin of zoology , suppl . , 30 : 313 - 375 .\nwilson , b . r . , & stevenson , s . e . ( 1977 ) . cardiidae ( mollusca , bivalvia ) of western australia .\nwillan , r . c . , bryce , c . , & slack - smith , s . m . ( 2015 ) . kimberley marine biota . historical data : molluscs .\nshell medium , inequilateral , shell notably higher than long , sharply pointed ventrally with strong keel . posterior flattened and narrow , steep . sculpture of strong radial ribs circa 32 range 27 - 37 ( wam material ) , surfaces broad and flat . ribs flattened with close set transverse curved scales , becoming coarser anteriorly . lateral teeth extremely inequidistant from cardinals . shell cream , rugae or nodules on ribs often yellowish . interior color white , but with often yellow - orange flares radiating from umbonal cavity .\nintertidal to shallow subtidal insandy areas . generally in sheltered areas . in reefal habitats can be found from sandy areas through to seagrass bed perimeters and rubble .\nqld , nt and wa in australia , but widely distributed in the indo - west pacific .\nhedley , c . ( 1899 ) . the mollusca of funafuti . part 2 . pelecypoda and brachiopoda .\nhylleberg , j . ( 2004 ) . lexical approach to cardiacea . records of taxa . illustrated and annotated records of living and fossil shells , with emphasis on the families cardiidae and lymnocardiidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) . part 2 : a - m .\n. vol . 1 . bathhurst , new south wales : crawford house press .\nmaes , v . o . ( 1967 ) . the littoral marine mollusks of cocos - keeling islands ( indian ocean ) .\npersselin , s . l . ( 1998 ) . the evolution of shell windows within the fraginae ( bivalvia : cardiidae ) and the origin of algal symbiosis in cardiids . m . s . thesis in biology , university of guam .\nreeve , l . a . ( ed . ) . conchologica iconica , vol . 2 . london :\ntan , s . k . & low , m . e . y . ( 2014 ) . checklist of the mollusca of cocos ( keeling ) / christmas island ecoregion . raffles bulletin of zoology , suppl . , 30 , 313 - 375 .\ntantanasiriwong , r . ( 1979 ) . a checklist of marine bivalves from phuket ( area ) .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of biology , faculty of science , shimane university , matsue , japan .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\ngrown under ordinary air . i . active species of inorganic carbon utilized for photosynthesis . pl . cell physiol . 28 : 273\u2013281\nblank , r . j . , trench , r . k . ( 1985 ) . speciation and symbiotic dinoflagellates . science , n . y . 229 : 656\u2013658\nand the occurrence of age gradients in calcification and photosynthesis . j . exp . bot . 27 : 864\u2013878\nbradford , m . m . ( 1976 ) . a rapid sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein - dye binding . analyl . biochem . 72 : 248\u2013254\ncook , c . b . ( 1983 ) . metabolic interchange in algae - invertebrate symbiosis . int . rev . cytol . 14 : 117\u2013210\nfankboner , p . v . ( 1971 ) . intracellular digestion of symbiotic zooxanthellae by host amoebocytes in giant clams ( bivalvia : tridacnidae ) , with a note on the nutritional role of the hypertrophied siphonal epidermis . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 141 : 222\u2013234\nguillard , r . r . l . , ryther , j . h . ( 1962 ) . studies on marine planktonic diatoms . i .\nhinde , r . ( 1988 ) . factors produced by symbiotic marine invertebrates with affect translocation between the symbionts . in : scannerini s . et al . ( ed . ) nato asi series , vol . h17 . cell to cell signals in plant , animal and microbial symbiosis . springer - verlag , berlin , p . 311\u2013324\nin higher plants , algae and natural phytoplankton . biochem . physiol . pfl . 167 : 191\u2013194\n( l . ) and its associated zooxanthellae . pacif . sci . 4 : 43\u201349\nkawaguti , s . ( 1966 ) . electron microscopy on the mantle of the giant clam with special reference to zooxanthellae and iridophores . biol . j . okayama univ . 12 : 81\u201392\nkawaguti , s . ( 1968 ) . electron microscopy on zooxanthellae in the mantle nad gill of the heart shell . biol . j . okayama univ . 14 : 1\u201312\nkawaguti , s . ( 1983 ) . the third record of association between bivalve molluses and zooxanthellae . proc . japan acad . 59 ( ser . b ) : 17\u201320\nkeller , m . d . , selvin , r . c . , claus , w . , guillard , r . r . l . ( 1987 ) . media for the culture of oceanic ultraplankton . j . phycol . 23 : 633\u2013638\nmuscatine , l . ( 1965 ) . symbiosis of hydra and algae . iii extracellular products of the algae . comp . biochem . physiol . 16 : 77\u201392\nmuscatine , l . ( 1967 ) . glycerol excretion by symbiotic algae from corals and tridacna and its control by the host . science , n . y . 156 : 516\u2013519\nmuscatine , l . ( 1990 ) . the role of symbiotic algae in carbon and energy flux in reef corals . in : dubinsky z . ( ed . ) coral reefs . elsevier science publishers b . v . , amsterdam , p . 75\u201387\nmuscatine , l . , cernichiari , e ( 1969 ) . assimilation of photosynthetic products of zooxanthellae by a reef coral . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 137 : 506\u2013523\nmuscatine , l . , pool , r . r . , cernichiari , e . ( 1972 ) . some factors influencing selective release of soluble organic material by zooxanthellae from reef corals . mar . biol . 13 : 298\u2013308\nnorton , j . h . , shepherd m . a . , long h . m . , fitt , w . k . ( 1992 ) . the zooxanthellal tubular system in the giant clam . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 183 : 503\u2013506\nokaichi , t . , nishio , s . , imatomi , y . ( 1982 ) . collection and mass culture . in : jap . fish . soc . ( ed . ) toxic phytoplankton - occurrence , mode of action , and toxins . koseisha - koseikaku , tokyo , p . 23\u201334 ( in japanese )\nstreamer , m . , griffiths , d . j . , luong - van thinh ( 1988 ) . the products of photosynthesis by zooxanthellae (\nsutton , d . c . , hoegh - guldberg , o . ( 1990 ) . host - zooxanthellae interactions in four temperate marine invertebrate symbioses : assessment of effect of host extracts on symbionts . biol . bull . mar biol . lab . , woods hole 178 : 175\u2013186\ntrench , r . k . ( 1971 ) . the physiology and biochemistry of zooxanthellae symbiotic with marine coelenterates . iii . the effect of homogenates of host tissues on the excretion of photosynthetic products\nby zooxanthellae from two marine coelenterates . proc . r . soc . lond . ( ser . b ) 177 : 251\u2013264\ntrench , r . k . , wethey , porter , d . s . ( 1981 ) . observations on the symbiosis with zooxanthellae among the tridacnidae ( mollusca , bivalvia ) . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 161 : 180\u2013198\nwafar , m . v . , qasim , s . z . ( 1975 ) . carbon fixation and excretion in symbiotic algae ( zooxanthellae ) in the presence of host homogenates . indian j . mar . sci . 4 : 43\u201346\nwaterbury , j . b . , stanier , r . y . ( 1981 ) . isolation and growth of cyanobacteria from marine and hypersaline environments . in : starr , m . p . , stolp , h . , tr\u00fcper , h . g . ( eds . ) the orokaryotes , vol . 1 . springer - verlag , berlin , p . 221\u2013223\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )"]}
{"id": 2578, "summary": [{"text": "hypolimnas octocula , the eight-spot butterfly , is a species of eggfly or diadem endemic to several islands and island chains in oceania , including new caledonia , vanuatu and the mariana islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it includes the following subspecies : h. o. octocula butler , 1869 h. o. pallas grose-smith h. o. elsina butler h. o. formosa herrich-sch\u00e4ffer h. o. marianensis", "topic": 7}], "title": "hypolimnas octocula", "paragraphs": ["hypolimnas octocula marianensis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 555\n= hypolimnas octocula elsina ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 303\nhypolimnas octocula futunaensis samson , 1986 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 , 25 ; tl : s . new hebrides , futuna\nhypolimnas octocula tanna samson , 1986 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 , 27 ; tl : s . new hebrides , tanna is .\nhypolimnas octocula ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 6 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note )\ndiadema octocula butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 ; tl : tologa i . [ totoya ]\nall the hypolimnas with the orange hindwing band are nice , hypolimnas pandarus is stunning too .\nhypolimnas octocula elsina ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 303 ; [ baur ] , 224 ( text ) ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 , 29\nhypolimnas alimena catalai viette , 1950 ; fn . emp . franc . 13 : 87\nhypolimnas chapmani ab . fasciata aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 280\nla variation g\u00e9ographique du polymorphisme chez les hypolimnas du continent africain ( lep . nymphalidae )\nhypolimnas sumbawana pagenstecher , 1898 ; ent . nachr . 24 : 81 ; tl : sumbawa\nhypolimnas deceptor ; [ bow ] : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas dinarcha grandis rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 344 ; tl : uganda\nhypolimnas monteironis major rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 344 ; tl : uganda\nhypolimnas salmacis ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas salmacis magnifica rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 343 ; tl : uganda\nhypolimnas eremita butler , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 20 : 56 ; tl : dorey\nhypolimnas antilope lutescens ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 304\nhypolimnas shortlandica ribbe , 1898 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 1 ) : 119\nhypolimnas dimona fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : sula\nhypolimnas misippus misippus ; [ bmp ] : 165 , pl . 24 , f . 8 - 9\ncontributions to the lepidoptera ( 2 ) . descriptions of hypolimnas ( nymphalidae ) and charaxes ( charaxidinae )\nhypolimnas anthedon ; [ bk ] : 341 , pl . 48 , f . 591 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas dimona ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas macarthuri neidhoefer , 1972 ; occ . pap . milwaukee pub . mus . ( 3 ) : 3\nhypolimnas alimena talauta ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas nivas fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 , ( 174 )\nhypolimnas anomala stellata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas antilope phalkes ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas labuana butler , 1879 ; cistula ent . 2 ( 21 ) : 432 ; tl : labuan , borneo\nhypolimnas bolina gigas ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas diomea fraterna ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas diomea sororia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas diomea serica ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas errabunda hopkins , 1927 ; insects of samoa 3 ( fasc . 1 ) : 23 ; tl : samoa\nhypolimnas alimena var . heteromorpha r\u00f6ber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 306 ; tl : key i .\n= hypolimnas bolina bolina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas pithoeka dampierensis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 204 ; tl : dampier island\nhypolimnas pithoeka vulcanica rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : vulcan island\nhypolimnas listeri butler , 1888 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1888 : 542 ; tl : christmas i .\nhypolimnas panopion grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 350 ; tl : humboldt bay\nhypolimnas euploeoides rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nhypolimnas salmacis platydema rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 524 ; tl : scheko\nhypolimnas alimena \u2640 ab . coelia fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 74\nhypolimnas alimena manusi rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nhypolimnas alimena catalai ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 303 ; [ nhm card ]\nhypolimnas bolina pallescens ; fruhstorfer , 1902 , stettin ent . ztg 63 ( 1 ) : 355 ; [ baur ] , 222\nhypolimnas dinarcha narchadi suffert , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 110 ; tl : acera\nhypolimnas mechowi ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 4 ; [ bafr ] , 218 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas pithoeka salomona d ' abrera , 1977 ; butts . aust . region : 219 ; tl : mt . gallego , guadalcanal\nhypolimnas angustolimbata weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 87 ; tl : e . africa\nhypolimnas alimena saturnia fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 74 ; tl : waigiu\nhypolimnas alimena afra fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 ; tl : kiriwina\nhypolimnas antilope arnoldi fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 76 ; tl : sumbawa\nhypolimnas antilope mela fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 75 ; tl : kiriwina\nhypolimnas bolina enganica fruhstorfer , 1904 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( 1 / 2 ) : 193 ; tl : engano\nhypolimnas deois divina fruhstorfer , 1903 ; dt . ent . z . iris 16 ( 1 ) : 66 ; tl : new guinea\nhypolimnas arakalulk semper , 1906 ; dt . ent . z . iris 18 ( 2 ) : 253 ; tl : karolinen arch .\nhypolimnas pandarus junia fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 234 ; tl : wetter\nhypolimnas alimena lamina fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 ; tl : cape york\nhypolimnas anomala ; [ bor ] , 284 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas salmacis var . thomensis aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 510\nhypolimnas aurifascia mengel , 1903 ; ent . news 14 ( 6 ) : 167 , pl . 7 ; tl : santo , new hebrides\nhypolimnas alimena obsolescens fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 ; tl : fergusson i .\nhypolimnas antilope wagneri clark , 1946 ; proc . biol . soc . wash . 59 : 119 ; tl : los negros , admiralty is .\nhypolimnas deceptor deceptor ; [ bafr ] , 220 ; [ bk ] : 340 , pl . 47 , f . 590 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas deois divina ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 66 ( name ) ; [ baur ] , 222\nhypolimnas diomea diomea ; [ bor ] , 284 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas pithoeka fumosus joicey & noakes , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 191 ; tl : biak\nhypolimnas alada swinhoe , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 16 ( 93 ) : 174 ; tl : hongkong\nhypolimnas antevorta ; [ bow ] : pl . 103 , f . 12 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 216 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas palladius grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 175 ; tl : fergusson i .\nhypolimnas paleutes grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 176 ; tl : kiriwini , trobriands\nhypolimnas pithoeka gretheri clark , 1946 ; proc . biol . soc . wash . 59 : 119 ; tl : lou i . , admiralty is .\nhypolimnas alimena eremitana strand , 1914 ; lepid . niepeltiana ( 1 ) : 35 , pl . 8 , f . 14 ; tl : admiralty i .\nhypolimnas limbata crowley , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 : 552 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : madagascar\nhypolimnas heteroma swinhoe , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 16 ( 93 ) : 173 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nhypolimnas curiosa swinhoe , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 16 ( 93 ) : 173 ; tl : staru , india\n870x597 ( ~ 50kb ) underside male paya , tioman , malaysia , 12 - 96 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt hypolimnas sp . det . krushnamegh kunte\nhypolimnas alimena alimena ; [ baur ] , 220 ( text ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas antilope antilope ; [ baur ] , 218 ( text ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas deois waigeuensis joicey & talbot , 1917 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 20 ( 117 ) : 218 ; tl : waigeu\nhypolimnas monteironis major ; [ bafr ] , 218 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 342 , pl . 48 , f . 594 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas salmacis magnifica ; [ bafr ] , 216 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 342 , pl . 48 , f . 595 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas inopinata waterhouse , 1920 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 45 ( 3 ) : 468 ; tl : waidoi , fiji\nhypolimnas exiguus samson , 1980 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 30 ( 3 , 4 ) : 225 , f . 7 ; tl : mapwe ( 200ft ) , santa ana\nhypolimnas dexithea ; [ bow ] : pl . 103 , f . 14 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 216 ; [ madl ] ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas discandra weymer , 1885 ; stettin ent . ztg . 46 ( 4 - 6 ) : 264 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : nias i .\nhypolimnas alimena ; [ bow ] : pl . 145 , f . 11 - 12 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nyears ago there were two or three hypolimnas species that were difficult to obtain , now it ' s one of the few genera that has become more available rather than less . johnny\nhypolimnas bolina bolina ; [ bmp ] : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas deois ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 2 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note )\nhypolimnas pandarus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 7 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note )\nhypolimnas dinarcha ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 1 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bk ] : 341 , pl . 48 , f . 592 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas diomea ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 5 ; [ bor ] , 284 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas usambara ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 8 ; [ bafr ] , 222 ; [ bk ] : 341 , pl . 47 , f . 593 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas anomala anomala ; [ bor ] , 284 ; [ bmp ] : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 6 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas antilope ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 145 , f . 13 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas bolina ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 228 ; fruhstorfer , 1910 , ent . zs . 24 ( 28 ) : 155 , f . 9 - 10 ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 304 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 145 , f . 14 , pl . 146 , f . 1 ; [ bor ] , 284 ; [ bafr ] , 214 ; [ mrs ] , 567 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213 ; [ afrl ]\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\npapilio alimena linnaeus , 1764 ; mus . lud . ulr . : 291 ; tl : amboina\nlarva on pseuderanthemum variable [ baur ] , asystasia gangetica , graptophilum pictum , pseuderanthemum variabile k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , asystasia , graptophyllum , pseuderanthemum , sida , pipturus vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nalimena senia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 545\nalimena bandana fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : banda i .\nalimena remigia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : obi\nalimena eligia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : batjan\nalimena diadema fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 545\nalimena talauta fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : talaud\ndiadema polymena c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 414 , pl . 55 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : aru i .\nalimena curicta fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546\nalimena libisonia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : new guinea\nalimena bateia fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 746 ; tl : yule i .\ndiadema fuliginensis mathew , 1887 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1887 ( 1 ) : 44 , pl . 4 , f . 6 ; tl : ugi , solomon is .\nalimena diffusa howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 74 ; tl : bellona i .\nalimena libateia howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 73 ; tl : bellona i . [ ? ]\ndiadema antevorta distant , [ 1880 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 ( 4 ) : 703 ; tl : magila , e . africa\nmimics amauris niavius , amauris tartarea ( complex ) , amauris echeria . [ bk ]\nf . wahlbergi mimics amauris niavius , f . mima amauris echeria . [ pbsa ]\ndiadema anomala wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 285 ; tl : malacca ; java\nlarva on pipturus arboresceus [ mrs ] , claoxylon , pipturus , pouzolzia , villebrunea vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\ndiadema insterstincta butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 157 ; tl : assam\ndiadema wallaceana butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 157 ; tl :\nindia ?\nanomala euvaristos fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 ; tl : philippines\nanomala truentus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543\nanomala stellata ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( hypolimnata ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 ; tl : minahassa\nlarva on pipturus argenteus [ baur ] , asystasia , graptophyllum , pseuderanthemum , oreocnide , pipturus vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\ndiadema albula wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : timor\ndiadema lutescens butler , 1874 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 : 283 , pl . 44 , f . 3 ; tl : ovalau , fiji\nantilope maglovius fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : buru\nantilope typhlis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : key i . ?\nantilope quinctinus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : obi\nantilope sila fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : cerma\ndiadema scopas godman & salvin , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 98 ; tl : solomon is .\nantilope albomela howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 71 ; tl : rennell is .\nphalkes fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 ; tl : talaut\nindia , ceylon , burma , au , s . arabia , madagascar . see [ maps ]\n951x624 ( ~ 60kb ) female paya , tioman , malaysia , 12 - 96 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n951x624 ( ~ 52kb ) male paya , tioman , malaysia , 12 - 96 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n769x513 ( ~ 94kb ) underside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\n748x591 ( ~ 76kb ) female thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , jomtien beach , natural park resort . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n876x1134 ( ~ 163kb ) female thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , jomtien beach , natural park resort . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n740x534 ( ~ 67kb ) female thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , jomtien beach , natural park resort . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n876x915 ( ~ 119kb ) underside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n796x808 ( ~ 181kb ) male thailand , phuket , a bank of a pond at a road 1 km ne of khao sai tan kliang mt . , 18th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on polygonum prostratum , portulaca sp . , alternanthera denticulata , sida rhombifolia , richardia brasiliensis , asystasia gangetica , a . scandens , dipteracanthus spp . , pseuderanthemum variabile , ruellia spp . , synedrella nodiflora k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nlarva on asystasia , diptercanthus , justicia , pseuderanthemum , rostellularia , ruelia , systasia , alternanthera , eclipta , synedrella , commelina , ipomoea , merremia , desmodium , phaseolus , vigna , perilla , abutiliion , malvastrum , sida , ficus , polygonum , persicaria , portulaca , richardia , triumfetta , boehmeria , elatostema , fleurya , laportea , pipturus , urtica vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nsumatra , java , lesser sunda is . , w . borneo , sulawesi , salayar , kabaena , galla , banggai , sula , maluku , new guinea , solomon is . , australia , new caledonia\n978x1026 ( ~ 252kb ) underside female cambodia , koh kong province , 22 . 5 km of ene koh kong , ' nepenthes ' forest brook . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1059x1215 ( ~ 314kb ) female cambodia , koh kong province , 22 . 5 km of ene koh kong , ' nepenthes ' forest brook . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1166x1157 ( ~ 380kb ) underside male cambodia , kep province , kep , kep national park , ' platystylus brook ' below the pond . 6th december 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\ntimor - kai , aru , waigeu , west irian - papua , n . australia - e . victoria , bismarck archipelago , solomon is . , new zealand\nbolina rarik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) ; in kotzebue , entdeck . reise s\u00fcd - see 3 ( app . 5 ) : 203 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : lifu\nbolina kraimoku ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) ; in kotzebue , entdeck . reise s\u00fcd - see 3 ( app . 5 ) : 203\nbolina inconstans butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 164 ; tl : navigator is .\ndiadema constans butler , 1875 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1875 ( 1 ) : 6 ; tl : tasmania ?\nlarva on ipomoea aquatica , i . batatus , synedrella nodiflora , sida rhombifolia , ficus microcarpa [ mrs ]\nbolina holdeni butler , 1884 ; mem . nat . acad . sci . 2 : 93 ; tl : caroline i .\nhypolumnas nerina var . listeri ; butler , 1900 , mon . christmas isl . : 62\ndiadema pulchra butler , 1874 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 : 281 ; tl : new caledonia\npapilio jacintha drury , 1773 ; illust . nat . hist . exot . insects 2 : pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ( & index )\ndiadema lassinassa var . gigas oberth\u00fcr , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : sanghir i .\nlarva on fleurya capensis , f . mitis [ pbsa ] , laportea [ bk ]\nmimics amauris ochlea [ pbsa ] , amauris niavius , amauris echeria . [ bk ]\ndiadema tydea c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 415 , pl . 55 , f . 1 - 4\ndeois obianus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 555 ; tl : obi\ndiadema hewitsoni wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : k\u00e9 i .\ndiadema pandarus ; hewitson , 1858 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1858 : 464 , pl . 54 , f . 1 - 2\ndeois mysolensis talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 161\ndeois otakwensis talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 162\ndeois albosignata talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 162 ; tl : rossel i .\ndeois denticulata talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 163\ndeois woodlarkiana talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 162 ; tl : woodlark i .\ndiadema dexithea hewitson , 1863 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1863 : 65 , pl . 11 ; tl : madagascar\nlarva on elatostema lineolatum vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\ndiadema fraterna wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : macassar , celebes\ns . america ( north ) , florida , caribbean , africa , australasia , india , ceylon , burma . see [ maps ]\n951x624 ( ~ 55kb ) female expo park motobu , okinawa , ryukyus , japan , 8 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1224x918 ( ~ 210kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x400 ( ~ 41kb ) underside male india : melghat , 5 . 10 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 kedar tokekar\nlarva on portulaca oleracea [ bir ] , portulaca , portulaca okracea , abutilon , hibiscus , plantago asiatica , p . major [ mrs ] , asystasia , justicia , blepharis , ruellia , pseuderantheum [ bk ]\nlarva on portulaca oleracea , asystasia gangetica , pseuderanthemum variabile k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , asystasia , barlesia , blepharis , justicia , pseuderanthemum , ruellia , amaranthus , eleais , batatas , abelmoschus , abutilon , gossypium , hibiscus , ? ficus , plantago , portulaca , talinum , elatostema vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 214\ndiadema monteironis druce , 1874 ; cistula ent . 1 ( 10 ) : 286 ; tl : old calabar\ndiadema pandora wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 281 ; tl : buru\npandarus hewitsoni wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 282\ndiadema unicolor salvin & godman , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 : 144 , pl . 23 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : duke of york i .\npithoeka bradleyi howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 71 ; tl : rennell i .\npithoeka ferruginea howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 73 ; tl : bellona i .\nsierra leone - cameroun , gabon , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba valley )\nsalmacis insularis schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 805 ; tl : fernando po\ndiadema saundersi wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : timor\ne . kenya ( coastal ) , e . tanzania ( coastal ) . see [ maps ]\nusambara ( ward , 1872 ) ( diadema ) ; ent . mon . mag . 9 : 148\ndiadema ruhama hewitson , 1872 ; ent . mon . mag . 9 : 84 ; tl : angola\nhypolymnas [ sic ] poggii dewitz , 1879 ; nova acta leop . carol . ( 2 ) 41 ( 2 ) : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ; tl : guinea\ndiadema macularia capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxliv ; tl : gabon\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\ndoctoral student ( gilbert labs ) . ; university of texas at austin , ; section of integrative biology , ; 1 university station c 0930 , ; austin , texas 78712 - 0253 . ; office : ( 512 ) 471 - 4506 ; cell : ( 512 ) 577 - 1370 ; fax : ( 512 ) 471 - 3878\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nresults of dr . e . mj\u00f6berg ' s swedish scientific expeditions to australia . 1910 - 1913 . 21 . macrolepidoptera\nvoyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l ' astrolabe ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829 , sous le command\u00e9ment de m . j . dumont d ' urville . faune entomologique de l ' oc\u00e9an pacifique , avec l ' illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res in d ' urville ,\ndescriptions of some new species and a new genus of diurnal lepidoptera in the collection of herbert druce esq .\non a collection of lepidoptera obtained by the rev . s . j . whitmee from lifu ( loyalty group ) , with descriptions of new species\nthe lepidoptera collected during the recent expedition of h . m . s .\nchallenger .\nlist of lepidoptera collected by mr . h . o . forbes in the islands of timor laut\non a collection of lepidoptera made by mr . f . v . kirby chiefly portuguese e . africa\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\nreview of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\non a collection of lepidoptera made by he rev . g . brown of duke - of - york island and its neighbourhood\nnew species of butterflies collected by mr . c . m . woodford in the solomon islands\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\ndescriptions of ten new species of butterflies from the north - west coast of madagascar , captured by mr . j . t . last , in the collection of mr . h . grose smith\nfrom new guinea ( parts i - iii ) - made by mr . w . doherty at humboldt bay , dutch new guinea , and in neighbouring islands , in the museum of the honourable walter rothschild at tring , with descriptions of new species\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\ndes ritters carl von linn\u00e9 k\u00f6niglich schwedischen leib - arztes u . u . vollst\u00e4ndiges natursystem nach der zw\u00f6lften lateinischen ausgabe und nach anleitung des holl\u00e4n - dischen houttuynischen werks mit einer ausf\u00fcrlichen erkl\u00e4rung ausgefertigt\nsome formosan butterflies of new species , new race , new aberrant forms or little known species and forms . [ in japanese ]\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\nkafferlandets dag - fj\u00e4rilar , insamlade \u00e5ren 1838 - 1845 af j . a . wahlberg / lepidoptera rhopalocera in terra caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a j . a . wahlberg\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhere are links to some excellent images of the eight - spot ' s host plants taken by lauren gutirrez .\nthis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the mariana eight - spot butterfly .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nit seems these are more\navailable\nlately . but i predict it ' s just temporary and will return to being an obscure species impossible to get\nglad i got my pair when i did , i think all species from new caledonia will be hard to get in future , montrouzieri , amynthor and the like .\nurltoken , a crowd - sourced science project . contribute to science and transcribe butterfly labels while playing a fun game .\njapanese have now a permanent contact on taliabu . that ' s why dimona is now offered . with impressive recent delias discoveries ( d . kazueae , d . yagishi ' tai , d . apatela taliabu ) , a local butterfly business is now sustainable . dunc < very true , nc bans the trade of more and more species . . .\nsaundersii was for sale a few weeks ago from a guy in england on ebay without antenna but apart from that i have never seen it offered , dimona is still too expensive for me .\nsold 3 of them in january at 100 \u20ac each . . . not so expensive .\nsold 3 of them in january at 100 \u20ac each . . . not so expensive . wish i had known before i bought the teinopalpus aureus lot from greg , i would have bought a couple .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled . some features of this application will not work .\naureus butterflies & insects jens jakusch ringstra\u00dfe 12 54329 konz germany phone . de : 06501 / 8098362 internatonal : + 49 6501 8098362 business hours : mo - fr 11 . 00 - 18 . 00 e - mail : aureus - butterflies @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2581, "summary": [{"text": "viewed ( 4 october 2003 \u2013 18 april 2010 ) was an australian thoroughbred racehorse who won the 148th melbourne cup on 4 november 2008 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "prior to the cup , viewed won the ajc listed japan racing association ( jra ) plate on april 30 , 2008 and two months later he qualified by winning the group 2 brisbane cup on 9 june 2008 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "viewed", "paragraphs": ["the official time of the race will now be recorded as viewed ' s .\n1520s , from view ( n . ) . related : viewed ; viewing .\nit is viewed in some of them as an essential prop to existing governments .\nlife and death are one thread , the same line viewed from different sides .\nbart cummings holds last year ' s melbourne cup aloft after viewed raced to victory .\nit viewed them with tolerance until they were found out , when it raised its hands .\nrawiller took viewed back towards the tail of the field from barrier 13 and the heavyweight rider had viewed travelling on the rail as the field turned out of the straight the first time .\nphoto finish . . . viewed hangs on against the fast finishing bauer . photo : john woudstra\nduring tuesday the body was viewed by the tenants on the estate , the neighbors and friends .\nviewed gave cummings his 12th melbourne cup winner after winning his first with light fingers in 1965 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for viewed . viewed is a stallion born in 2003 october 4 by scenic out of lovers knot\nand the highest viewed death battle is . . . . - off - topic - comic vine\nviewed takes a rails run on the way to claiming the caulfield cup from roman emporer and vigor .\nviewed beats bauer to the line in the melbourne cup . photograph : william west / afp / getty images\nlife and death are one thread , the same line viewed from different sides . - lao tzu - brainyquote\nviewed ( rail ) , ridden by blake shinn , and bauer , with corey brown in the saddle , drive for the post in today ' s heart - stopping cup finish . viewed paid more than $ 40 in tote betting .\nnatural death as viewed by the medical examiner : a review of 1000 consecutive autopsies of individuals dying of natural disease .\nviewed ' s win gave cummings a 250th group one race victory . for the owner it was a fourth flemington classic .\nviewed finally got clear at the 300 metres to charge to the line to take the $ 2 . 5 million feature .\nveteran trainer bart cummings ' horse viewed is on track to defend its melbourne cup title after taking out the caulfield cup .\nviewed takes a rails run on the way to claiming the caulfield cup from roman emporer and vigor . photo : vince caligiuri\nhis 12th melbourne cup winner , viewed , had just thrashed his rivals but cummings didn ' t quite see it that way .\nnatural death as viewed by the medical examiner : a review of 1000 consecutive autopsies of individuals dying of natural disease . - pubmed - ncbi\nbrisbane cup winner viewed has given veteran trainer bart cummings his 12th melbourne cup in a thrilling photo finish ahead of luca cumani ' s bauer .\nviewed is a six - year - old stallion by scenic ( ire ) out of lovers knot ( nz ) . ( khozaam ( usa ) ) .\nhe begins by saying that death is really something that can be viewed as a wonderful thing for the christian . how so ? dr . lutzer explains :\nviewed has broken an 18 - year drought for bart cummings after leading home a quinella for the master trainer in the group i bmw caulfield cup on saturday .\nbaroness thatcher would have viewed the parties held to celebrate her death as a\nremarkable tribute\nto her achievements , one of her closest friends has said .\nthat ' ' lucky ' ' rails run helped viewed to a breathtaking 2\u00bc length victory over stablemate roman emperor to bring up cummings ' seventh win in the caulfield cup .\nracing victoria ltd chief handicapper greg carpenter said he would announce any penalty for viewed tomorrow , but gave cummings some hope that the penalty would not be excessive . he said that the higher a horse was weighted , the greater the impact of a penalty so viewed may get as low as 1 . 5 kilograms or as high as two kilograms .\nviewed earned $ 3 . 3 million for its owner , dato tan chin nam , and paid a whopping $ 46 . 50 to those who follow the master rather than form .\nviewed relaxed well and was ready to make ground on the inside when pushed along by rawiller to take advantage of all other riders moving away from the fence from the 1000 metres .\ncups king bart cummings created yet more history when outsider viewed , ridden by blake shinn , took out the $ 5 . 65 million melbourne cup after a photo finish at flemington this afternoon .\ncummings might have been shuffling but viewed certainly wasn ' t , the five - year - old stallion triumphing in an epic finish , galloping to the lead in the straight and somehow holding on .\nviewed ' s victory gave cummings a 12th cup victory and , as he shuffled through the media scrum to greet his charge , the grand old man of the track was already talking of a 13th .\nconnections of cup runner - up bauer were stunned to learn that he travelled the two miles at flemington in a quicker time than winner viewed \u0097 only to lose the race by the flare of a nostril .\n\u00e2\u20ac\u201c the field covered the 2400 metres in 2 . 29 . 70 with the last 600 run in 36 . 82 seconds . viewed ran the fastest last 600 of the race in 35 . 96 seconds .\nthink big lumped 58 . 5 kilograms to win the 1975 melbourne cup and viewed is likely to carry that weight or even 59 kilograms in 17 days as his win yesterday is certain to attract a penalty .\nwhen told of the anomaly yesterday , 81 - year - old cummings , who claimed his 12th cup with viewed ' s victory , said :\noh , that ' s all too technical for me .\nfifty years since he saddled his first melbourne cup runner , cummings unleashed viewed on an unsuspecting audience of flemington racegoers and casual observers around the country and then stood modest and unassuming in victory to accept the adulation .\nlet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s elope was cummings\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 last caulfield cup winner in 1991 but the training legend can thank a sublime ride from brad rawiller to register his seventh caulfield cup success with viewed getting home in front of the stablemate roman emperor .\nbut the official timings told a different story . according to microchips inserted into the saddle cloths on all the gallopers , bauer travelled the course in 3 minutes , 20 . 40 seconds \u0097 with viewed one hundredth of a second behind .\nafter racing midfield as the aiden o ' brien - trained alessandro volta set a hot pace , viewed - a 45 - 1 roughie on the tote - moved into the race on the turn and took over with 300 metres to travel .\nremarkably , viewed ' s owner dato tan chin nam has won four melbourne cups , but a gold caulfield cup had eluded him until yesterday . ' ' he felt left out , so i had to do something about it , ' ' cummings quipped .\nviewed ( brad rawiller ) 57kg ( $ 13 ) defeated roman emperor ( hugh bowman ) 54kg ( $ 15 ) by 2 - 1 / 4 lengths with a half - length back to vigor ( corey brown ) 51kg ( $ 15 ) in third place .\nwith the winning post in sight , bauer , piloted by corey brown , broke free of the pack to mount a challenge worthy of victory but , just when it appeared as if bauer would run down the frontrunner , viewed kicked again and held out by a nose .\nafter yesterday ' s victory with topweight of 57 kilograms , viewed is now likely to be forced to either match or better the weight - carrying effort of cummings ' dual melbourne cup winner of the 1970s , think big , if he is to complete the cups double at flemington .\nthe luca cumani trained - bauer emerged from the pack to challenge and looked set to get to him but under hard riding from shinn , viewed held on to win by a nose . the john sadler - trained c ' est la guerre ran on well two lengths further back in third position .\nviewed entered the cup with a patchy preparation - 10th in the caulfield cup a fortnight ago and then last in the mackinnon stakes at flemington last saturday . not even the cummings connection could keep him in the market as money tumbled out for mad rush , bauer ' s stablemate , which started favourite .\ncummings ' achievement yesterday was not just confined to the winner viewed . he became only the third trainer to win a melbourne cup one year and a caulfield cup the next year - the first since rising fast in 1954 - 55 - and went close to equalling one of phar lap ' s records .\nthe difference came about because the timing devices are in the saddles , whereas the judges decide who has won the race by which horse ' s head crosses the line first : sadly our guy is a bit smaller than viewed ,\nexplained simon o ' donnell , one of bauer ' s owners .\nwhile bauer stands at a diminutive 15 hands 3 inches , which means he is 1 . 6 metres from the ground to his withers , viewed is 16 hands .\nin racing they say millimetres can mean millions and i guess what happened to bauer proves it ,\nsaid o ' donnell , a former australian cricketer .\nbauer , the only european horse to stay the test , gave himself every chance to run down viewed and failed by the smallest of margins , leaving trainer luca cumani to ponder another tilt . last year he was second with purple moon and , in the sprint to the post , the english - based italian must have thought he was going to go one better .\nluca cumani came agonisingly close to winning the melbourne cup but , for the second year in a row , came up short as his bauer was beaten in a photo by the 40 - 1 shot viewed . the winner gave famed australian trainer bart cummings , who will be 81 next week , a record 12th success in the race , which no other trainer has won more than five times .\ntrainer lee freedman did not have a runner yesterday but watched the race with much interest . freedman , who has won four caulfield cups and has one of the favourites for the melbourne cup in speed gifted , said all plaudits should go to the winner : ' ' the measure in handicaps is always exactly that . viewed was no . 1 and topweight and they couldn ' t beat him . ' '\nthis melbourne cup victory sealed legendary trainer bart cummings in the history books with his 12 th triumph at flemington ; it was shinn\u2019s first cup win . one of the closest finishes in the race\u2019s history , requiring a photo finish to seek out the champion . five - year - old viewed , seen as the long shot of the race , was found to have won by a nose over the english bauer after improving his position and leading from the 350 metre mark .\nthis was the most publicized tour we ever took and one of the most successful from the standpoint of the number of viewers and the number of objects viewed , even from the standpoint of the number and size of the telescopes . so many people saw things through so many large telescopes that it elicited a great deal of comment . many wanted to know where to find us again and several people said that looking through the telescopes had been the highlight of their trip .\ncups king bart cummings lived up to his nickname when he claimed his seventh caulfield cup courtesy of melbourne cup hero viewed today . brilliantly ridden by brad rawiller , who notched his first win in the time - honoured race , viewed settled near the tail of the field early but came through along the rails in the straight to comfortably account for stablemate roman emperor and vigor . it was cummings ' seventh caulfield cup win and came 18 years after his last , let ' s elope . the master trainer had previously won the 2400m group 1 feature with galilee ( 1966 ) , big philou ( 1969 ) , leilani ( 1974 ) and ming dynasty in 1977 and 1980 . asked what it took to be so successful in the $ 2 . 5 million race , cummings said :\njust a good horse , a few of them .\nit was cummings ' 255th group 1 success .\nhe ' s a very good rider ,\ncummings said of rawiller .\nhe took the short cuts .\nrawiller was ecstatic after the race .\ni had a lot of confidence coming into this week ,\nhe said .\nit ' s easy to do when you ' ve got bart cummings as the trainer .\nit was viewed ' s first win since his melbourne cup victory last year and took his record to 32 starts for nine wins and six placings and prizemoney in excess of $ 5 . 7 million . aap\ncumani also fielded the more fancied mad rush in his attempt to improve on the second place achieved by his purple moon last year , but the 4 - 1 shot could only plug on at one pace into seventh . meanwhile , bauer , who had been held up at the back alongside his stablemate , flew down the outside and looked the likely winner but was beaten by a nose . gamblers on the betfair website were so sure he would win that viewed was on offer at 10 - 1 as he passed the post in front .\nthe favourite mad rush settled back in the field and ran on fairly without ever looking a winning chance . at the presentation , cummings said it was great to see an australian horse win the melbourne cup as the international raiders again threatened to take home the trophy .\nit ' s great to see the aussies succeed , not only in racing but in cricket ,\ncummings said , in reference to his horse edging out english horse bauer .\nbut i really thought it would have been a dead heat .\nwhere they finished : 1 . viewed 2 . bauer 3 . c ' est la guerre 4 . master o ' reilly 5 . profound beauty 6 . moatize 7 . mad rush 8 . nom du jeu 9 . zipping 10 . newport 11 . ice chariot 12 . guyno 13 . littorio 14 . varevees 15 . boundless 16 . red lord 17 . prize lady 18 . septimus 19 . barbaricus 20 . alessandro volta 21 . honolulu ( last ) gallopin failed to finish - with scott spits\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper .\nthe two horses flashed past the post together on tuesday and were separated only after stewards studied a high - resolution image that showed bart cummings ' runner just millimetres ahead on the line .\nthe times recorded are accurate , with the microchips sending a signal to a cable placed under the track at 200 - metre intervals .\nthe difference was $ 2 , 465 , 000 , with prize money of $ 3 . 3 million for the winner and $ 835 , 000 for second .\nbut we were all delighted with the way he ran and it was a massive thrill to get so close ,\no ' donnell said .\nfrancesca cumani , who oversaw bauer ' s preparation following his arrival from england five weeks ago , was philosophical .\ni guess if we come back next year we ' ll have to bring horses with long necks and big heads ,\nshe joked .\na similar case arose at the 1988 cup , when natski , a small bay , was pipped by new zealand giant empire rose . the photo finish showed natski ' s rump ahead of empire rose ' s , but the mare ' s long neck got her over the line .\ntuesday ' s result could at least bring a new variant on an old joke .\na horse walks into a bar and the bartender says ,\nwhy the long face ?\nanswer : to win the melbourne cup .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0406 the age ( 0406 843 243 ) , or us .\nurltoken urltoken urltoken the age 2008 - 11 - 09 not always to the swiftest : how bauer ' won ' the cup tom reilly sport horseracing http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / swick - earns - tilt - at - hong - kong - success / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205408 . html swick earns tilt at hong kong success text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / stewards - suspend - four - more - jockeys / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205411 . html stewards suspend four more jockeys text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / late - starter - quick - finisher / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205417 . html late starter , quick finisher text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / thats - my - boys - boy / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205422 . html that ' s my boy ' s boy text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / capecover - starts - his - run - at - 2009 - cup / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205425 . html capecover starts his run at 2009 cup text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / bart - proves - master - magician / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561205428 . html bart proves master magician text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / road - to - rock - ready - for - sandown - classic / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561210472 . html road to rock ready for sandown classic text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / two - berry - good - reasons - to - celebrate / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561210469 . html two berry good reasons to celebrate text / html - document http : / / www . urltoken / news / sport / horse - racing / late - start - a - blessing / 2008 / 11 / 08 / 1225561210475 . html late start a blessing text / html - document\nget free news emails from theage . com . au . sign - up now\nthe sydney morning herald : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from australia ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nthe sydney morning herald : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from australia ' s leading newspaper .\nracing identity emma freedman visits those enjoying the plush surrounds of the birdcage at this year ' s melbourne cup .\ntake a look at the best fashion on display at this year ' s competition .\nthe melbourne cup has been run and won with the foreign invasion repelled for another year . and who better to do it than the master himself , the man of the magical twirling eyebrows , cup king bart cummings ?\ni do make it a habit of winning this race , someone told me and i said it ' s a good habit to get into ,\ncummings said .\nemotional ?\nnot really ,\ncummings said .\nit happens to be a nice win , that ' s all . it ' s nice to win a race that everyone in australia wants to win , particularly my owners .\nthe best in the world - including the best stayer in europe , septimus , prepared by the best trainer in the world , aidan o ' brien - weren ' t good enough to unseat cummings who claimed an unprecedented dozen . imagine how long it might take for that record to be broken .\ngeez , he ' s the master , bart cummings . you just can ' t underestimate him ,\nsaid winning jockey blake shinn .\nthe jockey was yearning for the post to save him and worried , in those final few seconds , that he might have run too early .\nto win the melbourne cup for a living legend in the sport is a great honour and i thank him very much for giving me the opportunity ,\nshinn said .\ni can ' t believe it . it ' s one of the greatest moments in sport , to be able to ride the melbourne cup winner .\ni ' m just speechless . i ' m going to cry .\noffices and pubs stopped for the running of the cup ; even the pokies had a brief pause in clubland . as much as the australian public enjoy the first tuesday in november , the australian racing fraternity has largely given up on breeding and preparing the quality of staying horse needed to compete with the best in europe over 3200 metres .\nthird was c ' est la guerre , prepared by the lloyd williams camp which carried off last year ' s cup with efficient .\neven further back - so far back you have to wonder whether they left their form in singapore - came the trio prepared by o ' brien . alessandra volta had raced to the front the first time the field passed the winning post and septimus , the top weight , went along for the ride . given every chance to dictate race terms , septimus was carried into the home straight and briefly led before fading badly , along with alessandra volta and honolulu .\nthis is my fourth win . i have enough . i ' m happy not to win any more ,\nsaid dato tan chin nam , not that he would complain if another were to come his way .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0424 sms smh ( + 61 424 767 764 ) , or us .\ndid you know you could pay less than $ 1 a day for a subscription to the herald ? subscribe today .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nranks synonyms and suggests the best matches based on how closely a synonym\u2019s sense matches the sense you selected .\nroget ' s 21st century thesaurus , third edition copyright \u00a9 2013 by the philip lief group .\nattention screen reader users , you are in a mobile optimized view and content may not appear where you expect it to be . to return the screen to its desktop view , please maximize your browser .\nwe will not follow up directly on feedback submitted . please do not submit support inquiries through this survey .\nthey saved their money with a view to being able to buy a house someday .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nthem with tolerance until they were found out , when it raised its hands .\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\nearly 14c . ,\nformal inspection or survey\n( of land ) ; mid - 14c . ,\nvisual perception ,\nfrom anglo - french\n) . sense of\nmanner of regarding something\nfirst recorded early 15c . meaning\nsight or prospect of a landscape , etc .\nis recorded from c . 1600 .\nsee bird ' s eye view ; in ( view ) the light of ; in view ; on view ; point of view ; take a dim view ; with a view to .\nthe american heritage\u00ae idioms dictionary copyright \u00a9 2002 , 2001 , 1995 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . published by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nthis page was last edited on 23 april 2018 , at 06 : 45 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ni can ' t activate my truecaller account . ( code is not received )\nthe win also gave cummings , who started training in 1953 , his 250th group one victory .\n* rank is current power ranking among all active horses , based on highest hrn rating . rating is based on hrn member voting .\nmeydan gateway towers trophy ( handicap ) : for northern hemisphere 4 + yo & southern hemisphere 3 + yo rated 100 + .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .\nwe ' ve ranked the top 50 wimbledon players over the last 50 years .\npeter sagan is a triple world champion and the most charismatic rider in professional road cycling . he is now the leader of the 2018 tour de france , writes rob arnold .\ncould you bring yourself to support england ? are the french or belgians more your cup of tea ? we want to know who your pick is to take out the 2018 world cup title .\nthe beautiful game has shown an ugly side in russia , with the treatment of the referees coming into sharp focus .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe 2001 to 2010 melbourne cup winners list is dominated by one name \u2013 makybe diva . she managed to take the race three times consecutively from 2003 to 2005 , finishing well ahead of the competition . this melbourne cup era had many interesting quirks , with a five year stretch where no stallion took the race . also , the first win for a full horse in this period was in 2006 , and it went to a japanese horse for the first time , delta blues . the 2010 melbourne cup also marks the 150th running , an impressive milestone for any horse race .\nthe new zealand bred , owned and trained mare , whose name is greek for \u2018upper air\u2019 , secured a historic double win in 2001 . ethereal became only the third mare , and eleventh horse , to win both the caulfield and melbourne cups in the same year .\nwith a late burst on the track , the four - year - old stole the lead from give the slip , winning by three - quarters of a length . trainer sheila laxon also hit the record books with the win as the first woman to officially train a melbourne cup winner .\nethereal went on to win the 2001 - 2002 champion stayer in the australian horse of the year awards .\nthe 2002 cup was an easy win for media puzzle . the strong gelding accelerated forward on the final 400 metres of the race , beating mr prudent by two lengths , landing a bittersweet victory for jockey damien oliver , whose brother was killed in a track accident the week before the race .\nmedia puzzle was only the second european horse to win the cup , europe\u2019s first win since 1993 . he was voted as the 2002 - 2003 champion stayer in the australian horse of the year awards .\nin front of the largest crowd recorded at flemington , an amazing 122 , 736 people , makbye diva raced to melbourne cup victory in her first of three straight wins at the carnival . the first cup success for trainer david hall , makbye diva and her jockey glen boss charged down the straight entertaining the crowd with a clear and decisive win .\nonly the fifth horse in history to win dual melbourne cups , makybe diva positioned herself as one of the finest staying mares of all time . fighting against the heavy rain , she gave trainer lee freedman his fourth cup victory , after also triumphing at the sydney cup and placing second in the caulfield cup .\nmakybe diva became the first horse to win three successive melbourne cups after taking victory in 2005 at flemington . it was also a record breaker for jockey glen boss , who became the first to win three cups in a row also . winning with 58kg she broke her own weight carrying record for a mare . since described as \u2018the best since phar lap\u2019 , this race and makybe diva will be remembered forever by all those who saw the incredible victory .\nall sorts of excitement surrounded the 2006 melbourne cup , as six - year - old delta blues became the first japanese raider to take victory in the race\u2019s 146 th year . delta blues\u2019 win for trainer katsuhiko sumii was even sweeter as his other horse pop rock landed second on the day . this significant 1 - 2 finish was only the ninth time a single trainer had two horses feature in the quinella at a melbourne cup . delta blues was only the third cup winner at the time not prepared in australia or new zealand , showing his stamina taking and keeping the lead over his stable mate pop rock .\nefficient took out the 2007 melbourne cup , overtaking purple moon on the straight to beat him to the line by half a length at flemington . showing great speed and stamina , after racing the widest on the outside of the track , efficient surged forward from 12 th place to take the lead in the last few metres .\nthis was the first group one victory for the black beauty , and a great comeback after having been scratched from the previous year\u2019s race . no horse since phar lap did as efficient , claiming melbourne cup victory a year after winning the victoria derby .\nthe 2009 melbourne cup saw shocking live up to his name as he pulled off a victory that hardly anyone saw coming . while the prior favourites for the race languished in the middle and rear , shocking kept pace about three back until the final stretch . a strong run home gave shocking the victory over irish raiders crime scene and mourilyan .\nabout the race this was the 150th anniversary of the melbourne cup . americain , a french trained horse , had only one other start at the geelong cup , which he won . so you think had won two cox plates prior to the race and went in as a strong favourite . second - placed maluckyday had not had many starts , but had seen victory in the lexus stakes .\nthe race was run in less than ideal conditions , with fairly persistent rain affecting the track , causing it to be rated a slow ( 6 ) . the rain was so heavy that one of the nearby carparks had to be closed due to flooding . only 5 of the 24 starters were bred in australia . gai waterhouse\u2019s descarado was injured during the race , and was officially retired twelve months later when the injury was perceived to have not healed satisfactorily .\nemerging sprinting star nature strip is odds on to stake a claim for the $ 13m . . .\ncambridge trainer tony pike is considering a spring carnival campaign for the . . .\ncranbourne trainer richard laming will be chasing more rain affected tracks in . . .\nthe darren weir trained brave smash has been selected to race in chris waller . . .\nthree times group 1 winner santa ana lane will fill the slot owned by inglis . . .\nhead trainer david hayes has nominated the two year old good \u2018n\u2019 fast as . . .\nlindsay park\u2019s head trainer david hayes is not ruling out the chances of all . . .\negg tart wins p . j . o\u2019shea stakes : caulfield cup 2018 spring target\nurltoken is here to provide you with the best coverage of horse racing from across australia and around the world , including the melbourne cup and spring racing carnival .\nnewmarket - based cumani put a brave face on bauer ' s defeat in the closest finish the cup has ever produced .\nwe are getting closer ,\nhe said ,\nand , although it is frustrating to be beaten so narrowly , on the other hand he has run a great race . he had a good run home and we are very proud of him .\ncummings , who has courted controversy by arguing that the number of foreign - trained runners should be limited , was in more magnanimous mood after the race .\ni feel very sorry for luca cumani ,\nhe said ,\nbut it ' s great to see the aussies succeed . i thought it might have been a dead heat , it was that close .\ncumani will surely have fewer regrets than irish trainer aidan o ' brien , whose three runners all contributed to a furious pace before dropping back through the field to finish 18th , 20th and 21st of 22 runners . two of them , the favourite septimus and honolulu , came back lame .\no ' brien was later called back from the airport by the stewards to explain the poor performances of his charges .\nthey didn ' t run within stones of what they were ,\nhe said .\nthe reason \u2014 if we did the wrong thing in quarantine , whether we travelled them wrong , whether we should have run them when they were over . there ' s a lot of things . there ' s a lot we have to learn . that ' s putting it mildly .\ndermot weld ' s profound beauty finished fifth . the irishman remains the only trainer to have won the melbourne cup from a base in the northern hemisphere , a feat he pulled off with both vintage crop ( 1993 ) and media puzzle ( 2002 ) .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nsign - up , deposit $ 500 & receive $ 500 in bonus bets . that ' s $ 1000 to bet with ! *\nsign - up , deposit $ 250 & receive $ 300 in bonus bets . that ' s $ 550 to bet with ! *\n* conditions apply . excl vic , nsw , sa & wa . gamble responsibly\nthe son of scenic improved quickly to be within striking distance on the home turn before being held up behind stablemates roman emperor and allez wonder .\n\u00e2\u20ac\u0153he followed the rail around and beat my own horse , \u00e2\u20ac\u009d cummings said . \u00e2\u20ac\u0153it was nice to win a caulfield cup for ( dato ) chin nam . he\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s won three or four melbourne cups now he has a caulfield cup . \u00e2\u20ac\u009d\nviewed\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s win was the first time since rising fast in 1955 a melbourne cup winner has returned the following year to win the caulfield cup .\nthe caulfield cup was rawiller\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s second major win of the year after taking out the golden slipper aboard phelan ready in april .\n\u00e2\u20ac\u0153i have to say this is a much bigger thrill than the golden slipper , \u00e2\u20ac\u009d he said . \u00e2\u20ac\u0153to win a caulfield cup for bart is one of the best feelings a jockey can have . \u00e2\u20ac\u009d\nthe danny o\u00e2\u20ac\u2122brien - trained vigor boxed on well to take third spot , a long neck in front of daffodil .\nthe $ 7 favourite predatory pricer endured a horror caulfield cup , being stuck three and four wide for the entire race from his outside gate before finishing 12th .\nthe international challenge petered out quickly with both kirklees and cima de triomphe dropping out of contention before the home turn .\nkirklees rallied late to finish seventh while cima de triomphe hit the line in 13th place .\nhad support in the betting ring , firming from $ 14 to $ 13 .\neased from $ 14 to $ 15 . kirklees eased from $ 8 to $ 9 . 50 and\nwas the big firmer on - track , tightening from $ 8 to $ 7 . the market closed at 114 percent .\njust horse racing provides readers with the best free bet offers available at every online bookmaker in australia during the . . .\npivotal information in queensland racing integrity commission\u2019s case against ben currie and four of his stable employees has emerged . cctv . . .\nan international group one winner looks set to take on winx in the 2018 cox plate with confirmation that godolphin - owned benbatl . . .\ndespite winning the ar crewswick series final at flemington , boom colt nature strip has drifted in the everest betting . nature . . .\nlast years vrc oaks winner pinot has been sold to overseas interests and is unlikely to race again in australia . . . .\nmichelle payne has been fined over comments she made about the state of the sandown track on wednesday . the melbourne . . .\n* state exclusions apply to some offers . please check t & cs ; of each offer with the bookmaker . all offers exclude nsw residents .\na new dinosaur has been discovered . but did it walk on two legs or four ?\nthe caulfield cup horses had not even pulled up yesterday when bart cummings went to work on winning a 13th melbourne cup .\n' ' i thought he was pretty lucky . got a lucky rails run , ' ' he said .\nbut while it was a moment for all those at caulfield to savor , cummings , who turns 82 in less than a month , was doing his best to talk it all down .\nnone of cummings ' other winners has been forced to carry more to win australia ' s greatest race .\n' ' he should get maybe half a kilo , ' ' he suggested . ' ' maybe one at worst , ' ' he added before conceding : ' ' the handicapper is always there to beat you . ' '\nthe last caulfield cup winner not to receive a penalty was cummings ' great galloper , ming dynasty , in 1980 .\nonly one horse - master o ' reilly , 1 . 5 kilograms in 2007 - has received less than a two - kilogram penalty . but only a week earlier he gained the same penalty for both cups for winning the herbert power handicap .\ncummings was three years old when phar lap became the only ajc derby winner to go on to win a melbourne cup the following season . cummings has won five ajc derbys himself and not one of his four previous winners - ivory ' s irish ( 1995 ) , beau zam ( 1988 ) , prolific ( 1984 ) or belmura lad ( 1977 ) - ever made it to a melbourne cup .\ntan , who has been a client of cummings ' for almost 40 years , was at home in malaysia yesterday but his australian manager , duncan ramage was on the phone to the millionaire minutes after the race . ' ' he was very happy . he ' ll be here for the melbourne cup , ' ' he said .\nthe bad news for those trainers plotting revenge in the melbourne cup was that chief steward terry bailey reported that the race had no hard luck stories and was one of the cleaner caulfield cups in many years .\nthe only blemish on the race was the $ 3000 fine handed out to chris munce for two charges of over - using the whip . he was found to have hit the new zealand mare daffodil 16 times between the 300 - metre mark and the 100 - metre mark .\nhe then hit the mare eight successive times from the 100 metres to the winning post .\nsupermodels miranda kerr and megan gale joined in the fashion and frolics at caulfield .\nmiscellaneous the melbourne cup winning combination of blake shinn and bart cummings will be back in force at canterbury on wednesday as the hoop returns to sydney .\nmiscellaneous seven - time caulfield cup winning trainer bart cummings believes he ' ll saddle up the forgotten horse in saturday ' s edition of the group i staying feature .\ntopics cover : attempting to peek behind the curtain of death . how to overcome the fear of death . what actually happens at the point of transition from life , to death , to heaven ? your first hour in glory : what will heaven be like ? the descent into gloom : what will hell be like ? is god in control of how and when you die ? suicide and the christian . how to have complete assurance you are going to heaven .\ncopyright : 1998 , number of programs : 8 , cat . no . el\nfear of death , ascent into glory , 1 cor . 3 : 22 , heb 2 : 15 , 1 john 3 : 8\njohn , i just marvel at the fact that there are many people who do not pay attention nor do they seriously think or plan about death . yet the fact is that it is inevitable ; absolutely inevitable . we will die and we don\u2019t know when . today we\u2019re going to talk about death , which , incidentally , came into the world when adam and eve sinned . they died spiritually . they were dying physically after they sinned . and , of course , they also were dying eternally . but god rescued them from eternal death .\nnow , physically , all of us are in a state of decline . we are all dying . well , if you were with us last time , you know that we stressed the gloomy side of death . we talked about sheol and hades . and in a future program we\u2019re going to talk about hell , but for now , we want to talk about the ascent into glory .\nyou know , when you stop to think of it and you get some perspective , you realize that death really is something that is wonderful for the christian . i know that on this side of the grave it\u2019s not wonderful ; but on the other side of the grave , it is . i have often marveled at that passage in corinthians where the apostle paul says to the people , he says , \u201call things are yours ; whether paul , \u2026 or cephas , \u2026 or whether life or death . \u201d [ 1 cor . 3 : 21 - 22 ] i thought about that and asked myself , what did paul mean that death was the possession of the christian ? then i realized , you know , that even in the days of persecution when the pagans were able to take everything from the christians .\nthey stripped them of their wealth , of their health , and of their very life . but you know , those early christians , bless them , they used to say , \u201cthere\u2019s one thing that the pagans cannot take from us , and that is death . in fact , they may hasten our death and death is the possession of every single christian . \u201d\nso , i want us to think differently about it . if you\u2019ve believed in jesus christ as your savior , the scripture says that he came to \u201cdestroy the works of the devil\u201d [ 1 john 3 : 8 ; heb . 2 : 14 ] and catch this , now , \u201cto deliver those who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage . \u201d [ heb . 2 : 15 ]\none day i was eating with a widow . she was terrified of death , just thinking about it all the time , fearful that she might not wake up in the morning . well , i know that death has its fears , obviously , but jesus came to deliver us from the bondage of that fear .\nfounder and president of the john ankerberg show , the most - watched christian worldview show in america .\nplease note we are not able to get to every comment due to the number we receive . to speak with someone directly please use the form here .\nyour prayer has been added to the prayer corner . we want you to know that you are loved by god and the ja show community . if you haven ' t already , we ' d love if you consldered\nthe john ankerberg show is a viewer / listener supported ministry . your gifts help make this broadcast possible .\nif you - or someone you know - have considered suicide , please know that there are resources out there that can provide free , 24 - hour , confidential support to anyone in need . you can speak with someone directly and immediately here .\npress j to jump to the feed . press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\naccording to this data about 17 million people saw the 2001 daytona 500 , the race where dale earnhardt was killed in a crash . it happened in the last lap , so probably a lot of those people were watching at the time .\nhadn ' t thought about it . i would think you are right . i was watching it too .\nwell . . . how we didn ' t see the death per say but . . . how about the falling man from 9 / 11 ? few days after the attack i remember seeing that picture everywhere , news , i ' m the press , people even talked about it in the radio .\notherwise . . . any death during a major competition like / u / ehowie60 said or something like that . after all , mass media is relativity new , so old events may have been seen talked about ( like jfk ' s assassination ) very few saw it live\nnow op was quite unspecific with what execution or tragic events will matter . we never\nsaw\ntheir death by our own eyes , we only saw the explosion that led to their death . never the death itself .\nbut yeah , many people were watching that event as well as recorded videos .\ni think the assumption would be how many witnessed it as it occurred . there were a relatively small number of witnesses to jfk ' s death .\ni see . i was thinking of all the times the zapruder film has been seen .\nplus the movie jfk grossed over $ 70 million as well . they used the footage in there too .\n/ r / history is a place for discussions about history . feel free to submit interesting articles , tell us about this cool book you just read , or start a discussion about who everyone ' s favorite figure of minor french nobility is !\nconor burns , a conservative mp who visited lady thatcher on a weekly basis in her final years , said she would have been pleased they felt\nso strongly\nabout her .\nhe said that when he told her that\ndeath packs\nincluding commemorative t - shirts had been sold at the tuc congress last year she saw them as a tribute .\nhe said :\nfunnily enough the parties that we ' re seeing , the things in some of these mining communities and those young people opening the champagne in glasgow , they ' re a remarkable tribute to her you know .\ni remember telling her last year about the tuc congress selling the thatcher death party packs .\nshe said the fact that they felt so strongly about her more than 20 years after she left downing street was a tribute to the fact she had done something in politics rather than simply been someone .\nseven police officers were injured in a scuffle at a street party in bristol celebrating the death of baroness thatcher , with people carrying banners which said :\nlet ' s see the evil tory off in style . . . may she never ever rip .\nother parties to\ncelebrate\nthe death of the former prime minister were held in brixton , south london , and glasgow .\na senior labour source said :\ned miliband categorically condemns any celebration of lady thatcher ' s death . as he made clear yesterday she was a huge figure in british politics and on the world stage .\nwhile the labour party disagrees with much of what she did , we can respect her personal achievements .\nmr burns said she told him that she\ncould not imagine anything worse\nthan the iron lady , the 2011 film about her which starred meryl streep .\nmr burns told sky news :\ni went from leicester square to watch the iron lady to chester square to have a gin and tonic and see lady t . i told her , i ' ve just seen a film about you ."]}
{"id": 2582, "summary": [{"text": "neofibularia nolitangere , the touch-me-not sponge , is a species of demosponge in the family desmacellidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in shallow waters in the western atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "neofibularia nolitangere", "paragraphs": ["structure revision of two polyoxygenated sterols from the marine sponge neofibularia nolitangere . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of the sponge neofibularia nolitangere : implications for the molecular evolution of snbps .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from neofibularia nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) to their own page .\nthe sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of the sponge neofibularia nolitangere : implications for the molecular evolution of snbps . - pubmed - ncbi\n( of neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 10 - 11 [ details ]\n( of neofibularia nolitangere nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) wiedenmayer , f . ( 1977 ) . shallow - water sponges of the western bahamas . experientia supplementum . 28 : 1 - 287 , pls 1 - 43 . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nn . mordens in the gulf st . vincent ( south australia ) , n . nolitangere in the caribbean\n( of neofibularia nolitangere oxeata hartman , 1967 ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 11 - 13 ; fig 3 [ details ]\nhoppe , w . f . ; reichert , m . j . m . 1987 . predictable annual massrelease of gametes by the coral reef sponge neofibularia nolitangere ( porifera : demospongiae ) . marine biology 94 ( 2 ) : 277 - 285 . [ details ]\naustralian stinging sponge ( n . mordens ) , touch - me - not - sponge , poison bun sponge ( n . nolitangere )\nhoppe , w . f . ; reichert , m . j . m . 1987 . predictable annual massrelease of gametes by the coral reef sponge < i > neofibularia nolitangere < / i > ( porifera : demospongiae ) . marine biology 94 ( 2 ) : 277 - 285 .\nhartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 10 - 11 [ details ]\n( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) hartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . [ details ]\nhartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of < i > neofibularia < / i > ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . < em > postilla . < / em > 113 : 1 - 41 .\nhartman , w . d . ( 1967 ) . revision of neofibularia ( porifera , demospongiae ) , a genus of toxic sponges from the west indies and australia . postilla . 113 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 7 - 10 ; fig 1 - 2 [ details ]\n( of neofibularia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) hechtel , g . j . ( 1965 ) . a systematic study of the demospongiae of port royal , jamaica . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history . 20 : 1 - 103 . page ( s ) : 23 [ details ]\n( of amphimedon nolitangere duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) duchassaing de fonbressin , p . ; michelotti , g . ( 1864 ) . spongiaires de la mer caraibe . natuurkundige verhandelingen van de hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te haarlem . 21 ( 2 ) : 1 - 124 , pls i - xxv . page ( s ) : 82 [ details ]\ncareful reexamination of the published 1h - and 13c - nmr spectral data of ( 24s ) - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 - ene - 3\u03b2 , 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b2 , 7\u03b1 - tetraol ( 1 ) and ( 24s ) - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 ( 14 ) - ene - 3\u03b2 , 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b2 , 7\u03b1 - tetraol ( 2 ) , isolated from the marine sponge neofibularia nolitangere , indicates that , in reality , compounds 1 and 2 are ( 24s ) - 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b1 - epoxy - 24 - ethylcholest - 8 - ene - 3\u03b2 , 7\u03b1 - diol ( 9 ) and ( 24s ) - 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b1 - epoxy - 24 - ethylcholest - ( 14 ) - ene - 3\u03b2 , 7\u03b1 - dio ( 10 ) , respectively .\n( of amphimedon nolitangere duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) van soest , r . w . m . ; stone , s . m . ; boury - esnault , n . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ( 1983 ) . catalogue of the duchassaing & michelotti ( 1864 ) collection of west indian sponges ( porifera ) . bulletin zoologisch museum , universiteit van amsterdam . 9 ( 21 ) : 189 - 205 . page ( s ) : 198 [ details ]\n( of fibulia nolitangere ( duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1936 ) . a discussion of the sponge fauna of the dry tortugas in particular and the west indies in general , with material for a revision of the families and orders of the porifera . carnegie institute of washington publication . 467 ( tortugas laboratory paper 30 ) 1 - 225 , pls 1 - 22 . page ( s ) : 51 - 52 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nholotype [ from synonym ] msnt por . 42 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]\nlectotype [ from synonym ] msnt por . 42 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]\nlectotype [ from synonym ] bmnh 1928 . 11 . 12 . 34 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]\nlectotype [ from synonym ] mnhn d . nbe 1062 , locality eastern caribbean ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) [ view taxon ]\nvan soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; sch\u00f6nberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; d\u00edaz , m . - c . ; c\u00e1rdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; r\u00edos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .\n( of fibularia massa carter , 1882 ) carter , h . j . ( 1882 ) . some sponges from the west indies and acapulco in the liverpool free museum described , with general and classificatory remarks . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 9 ( 52 ) : 266 - 301 , 346 - 368 , pls xi - xii . [ details ]\nhajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nr\u00fctzler , k . ; d\u00edaz , m . c . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; zea , s . ; smith , k . p . ; alvarez , b . ; wulff , j . ( 2000 ) . diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds , pelican cays , belize . atoll research bulletin . 476 : 230 - 248 . page ( s ) : 235 [ details ]\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a checklist of the cura\u00e7ao sponges ( porifera demospongiae ) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms . verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zo\u00f6logie ( zo\u00f6logisch museum ) universiteit van amsterdam . 31 : 1 - 39 . page ( s ) : 14 [ details ]\nr\u00fctzler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285\u2013313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nisbistera , g . k . & hooper , j . n . a . 2005 . clinical effects of stings by sponges of the genus tedania and a review of sponge stings worldwide . toxicon 46 : 782\u2013785 . page ( s ) : 783 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvacelet , j . ( 1990 ) . les spongiaires . in le monde marin . ( ed . claude bouchon ) pp 16 - 33 . la grande encyclop\u00e9die de la cara\u00efbe . editions cara\u00efbes , pointe \u00e0 pitre . page ( s ) : 26 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\np\u00e9rez , t . ; d\u00edaz , m . c . ; ruiz , c . ; c\u00f3ndor - luj\u00e1n , b . ; klautau , m . ; hajdu , e . ; l\u00f4bo - hajdu , g . ; zea , s . ; pomponi , s . a . ; thacker , r . w . ; carteron , s . ; tollu , g . ; pouget - cuvelier , a . ; th\u00e9lamon , p . ; marechal , j . - p . ; thomas , o . p . ; ereskovsky , a . e . ; vacelet , j . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 2017 ) . how a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island ( french antilles , eastern caribbean sea ) marine biodiversity . plos one . 12 ( 3 ) : e0173859 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]\nlehnert , h . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1998 ) . shallow water sponges of jamaica . beaufortia . 48 ( 5 ) : 71 - 103 . page ( s ) : 90 [ details ]\npulitzer - finali , g . ( 1986 ) . a collection of west indian demospongiae ( porifera ) . in appendix , a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies . annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria . 86 : 65 - 216 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 . page ( s ) : 141 - 143 [ details ]\nzea , s . ( 1987 ) . esponjas del caribe colombiano . ( cat\u00e1logo cientifico : bogot\u00e1 , colombia ) : 1 - 286 . page ( s ) : 178 - 182 ; fig 64 [ details ]\nd\u00edaz , m . c . ( 2005 ) . common sponges from shallow marine habitats from bocas del toro region , panama . caribbean journal of science . 41 ( 3 ) : 465 - 475 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 472 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nalcolado , p . m . 1976 . lista de nuevos registros de poriferos para cuba . serie oceanol\u00f3gica . instituto de oceanologia . academia de ciencias de cuba . oceanologia ( 36 ) : 1 - 11 . page ( s ) : 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gellius massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) arndt , w . ( 1927 ) . kalk - und kieselschw\u00e4mme von cura\u00e7ao . bijdragen tot de dierkunde . 25 : 133 - 158 , pls i - iii . [ details ]\n( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) laubenfels , m . w . de . ( 1953 ) . sponges from the gulf of mexico . bulletin of marine science of the gulf and caribbean . 2 ( 3 ) : 511 - 557 . page ( s ) : 522 [ details ]\n( of fibulia massa ( carter , 1882 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . in : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 . [ details ]\nnotes :\ntouch - me - not sponge .\nin the bahamas it occurs as thick encrustation to tall masses with scattered wide and deep atria , maroon to orange - brown ; oscules inside atria are directed diagonally upwards . in other caribbean areas it consists of large vases / tubes , single or in groups , while in the bahama it appears as if these vases had laterally fused . it produces strong itching when handled .\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\ncake - shaped or massively incrusting , with an apical depression , which may lead to a cup - shape . oscules conspicuous , apical or inside the apical depression (\n) . surface smooth or shaggy , areolate . size up to about 30 cm high and 30 cm wide . consistency : corky to compressible , fragile , crumbly .\noccurring in the reef environment , but often in areas with some disturbance ; occasionally also a member of the fouling community .\ncontact with bare skin can result in a severe allergic reaction , including pain , numbness , swelling and rash that may last several days .\nthe species has been observed to\nsmoke\n. such massive sperm releases suggest an oviparous reproduction .\nhumann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nsoest , r . w . m . van , 1984 . marine sponges from cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands . part iii . poecilosclerida . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 199 .\nvoss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .\na large , irregular and lumpy sponge , which is brown to reddish brown . colonies are composed of several connected , thick walled cylinders or mounds , each with large exhalent openings . the outer surface is lumpy but smooth . inside the openings the surface is rough , to the extent of being \u2019buttressed\u2019 or being nearly filled with connective tissues . this sponge is highly toxic and should not be touched .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of biochemistry and microbiology , university of victoria , victoria , british columbia , canada , v8w 3p6 .\nhajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ]\n( of fibularia massa carter , 1882 ) hajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ]\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwiedenmayer , f . ( 1977 ) . shallow - water sponges of the western bahamas . experientia supplementum . 28 : 1 - 287 , pls 1 - 43 . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthick encrusting ( . 4 - 3 cm ) , or massive to large vases ( up to 80 cm wide and high ) . brown - red in color externally , tan internally . surface varies from smooth and porous , to corrugated and microhispid , somewhat velvety . oscules dispersed ( 3 - 6 mm wide ) . firm but very fragile .\na very toxic species . do not touch it with the bared skin ! in bocas it overgrows other reef species aggressively .\nausio j ( 1992 ) presence of a highly specific histone hl - like protein in the chromatin of the sperm of the bivalve mollusks . mol cell biochem 115 : 163\u2013172\nausio j ( 1995 ) histone hi and the evolution of the nuclear spermspecific proteins . in : jamieson bgm , ausio j , justine jl ( eds ) advances in spermatozoal taxonomy and phylogeny . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , 166 : 447\u2013462\nblack ja , dixon gh ( 1967 ) evolution of protamine : a further example of partial gene duplication . nature 216 : 152\u2013154\nbloch dp ( 1969 ) a catalog of sperm histones . genetics ( suppl ) 61 : 93\u2013111\nbloch dp ( 1976 ) histones of sperm . in : king rc ( ed ) handbook of genetics , vol 5 . plenum , ny , pp 139\u2013167\nchiva m , saperas n , caceres c , ausio j ( 1995 ) nuclear basic proteins from the sperm of tunicates , cephalochordates , agnathans and fish . in : jamieson bgm , ausio j , justine jl ( eds ) advances in spermatozoal taxonomy and phylogeny . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , 166 : 501\u2013514\nhickman cp jr , roberts ls , larson a ( 1993 ) integrated principles of zoology . 2nd ed . mosby , st louis , mo\nhoppe wf ( 1988 ) reproductive patterns in three species of large coral reef sponges . coral reefs 7 : 45\u201350\nhunt jg , kasinsky he , elsey rm , wright cl , rice p , bell je , sharp dj , kiss aj , hunt df , arnott dp , russ mm , shabanowitz j , ausio j ( 1996 ) protamines of reptiles . j biol chem 271 : 23547\u201323557\nisenberg i ( 1978 ) histones . in : busch h ( ed ) the cell nucleus , vol 4 , part a . academic press , new york , pp 135\u2013154\nkasinsky he ( 1989 ) specificity and distribution of sperm basic proteins . in : hnilica ls , stein gs , stein jl ( eds ) histones and other basic nuclear proteins . crc press , boca rat\u00f3n , fl , pp 73\u2013163\nkrawetz sa , dixon gh ( 1988 ) sequence similarities of the protamine genes : implications for regulation and evolution . j mol evol 27 : 291\u2013297\nlaemmli uk ( 1970 ) cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of the bacteriophage t4 . nature 227 : 680\u2013685\nlee c , mazrimas j , balhorn r ( 1991 ) analysis of protamines isolated from alcohol preserved epididymes . mol rep dev 30 : 154\u2013158\nmayes elv , johns ew ( 1982 ) accumulated data . in : johns ew ( ed ) the hmg chromosomal proteins . academic press , new york , pp 223\u2013247\nmori n ( 1993 ) a genetic fossil : protamine gene as a primordial gene . naturwissenchaften 80 : 222\u2013224\noliva r , dixon gh ( 1991 ) vertebrate protamine genes and the histoneto - protamine replacement reaction . prog nucleic acid res mol biol 40 : 25\u201394\npanyim s , chalkley r ( 1969 ) high resolution acrylamide gel electrophoresis of histones . arch biochem biophys 130 : 337\u2013346\nraff ra ( 1996 ) the shape of life . genes , development , and the evolution of animal form . the university of chicago press , chicago\nrocchini c , marx mr , von carosfeld js , kasinsky he , rosenberg e , sommer f , ausio j ( 1996 ) replacement of nucleosomal histones by histone hl - like proteins during spermiogenesis in cnidaria : evolutionary implications . j mol evol 42 : 240\u2013246\nruddle fh , bentley kl , murtha mt , risch n ( 1994 ) gene loss and gain in the evolution of the vertebrates . development ( suppl ) 155 - 161\nsaperas n , ausio j , domenec l , chiva m ( 1994 ) on the evolution of protamines in bony fish : alternatives to the \u201cretroviral horizontal transmission\u201d hypothesis . j mol evol 39 : 282\u2013295\nsaperas n , chiva m , pfeiffer dc , kasinsky he , ausio j ( 1997 ) sperm nuclear basic proteins ( snbps ) of agnathans and chondrichthyans : variability and evolution of sperm proteins in fish . j mol evol 44 : ( in press )\nsubirana ja ( 1983 ) nuclear proteins in spermatozoa and their interactions with dna . in : andr\u00e9j ( ed ) the sperm cell . martinus nijhoff , the hague\nsubirana ja , cozcolluela c , palau j , unzeta m ( 1973 ) protamines and other basic proteins from spermatozoa of molluscs . biochim biophys acta 317 : 364\u2013379\nvan veghel mlj ( 1993 ) multiple species spawning in cura\u00e7ao reefs . bull mar sci 52 : 1017\u20131021\nvon holt c , de groot p , schwager s , brandt wf ( 1984 ) the structure of sea urchin histones and consideration of their function . in : stein gs , stein jl , marzluff wf ( eds ) histone genes : structure , organization and regulation . john wiley , new york , pp 65\u2013105\nzuckerkandl e ( 1994 ) molecular pathways to parallel evolution : i . gene nexuses and their morphological correlates . j mol evol 39 : 661\u2013678\nausi\u00f6 , j . , van veghel , m . l . j . , gomez , r . et al . j mol evol ( 1997 ) 45 : 91 . urltoken\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nayling , a . l . : patterns of sexuality , asexual reproduction and recruitment in some subtidal marine demospongiae . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nbabcock , r . c . : reproduction and distribution of two species of goniastrea ( scleractinia ) from the great barrier reef province . coral reefs\nbabcock , r . c . , g . d . bull , p . l . harrison , a . j . heyward , j . k . oliver , c . c . wallace and b . l . willis : synchronous spawnings of 105 scleractinian coral species on the great barrier reef . mar . biol .\nbak , r . p . m . and m . s . engel : distribution , abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals ( scleractinia ) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community . mar . biol .\nbak , r . p . m . and b . e . luckhurst : constancy and change in coral reef habitats along depth gradients at cura\u00e7ao . oecologia\nbergquist , p . r . : sponges , 268 pp . los angeles : univ . calif . press 1978\nbergquist , p . r . , m . e . sinclair and j . j . hogg : adaptation to intertidal existence : reproductive cycles and larval behaviour in demospongiae .\n: biology of the porifera , symp . zool . soc . lond . vol . 25 , pp . 247\u2013271 ed . by w . g . fry . new york : academic press 1970\n: trait\u00e9 de zoologie , vol . 3 , pp . 133\u2013461 . ed . by p . - p . grass\u00e9 . paris : masson 1973\ndiaz , j . - p . and r . connes : etude ultrastructurale de la spermatogenese d ' une d\u00e9mosponge . biol . cellulaire\ndiaz , j . - p . , r . connes and j . paris : origine de la lign\u00e9e germinale chez une d\u00e9mosponge de l ' \u00e9tang du thau :\ndiaz , j . - p . , r . connes and j . paris : etude ultrastructurale de l ' ovog\u00e9nese d ' une d\u00e9mosponge :\n: reproduction of marine invertebrates , vol . 1 , pp 51\u2013132 . ed . by a . c . giese and j . s . pearse . new york , london : academic press 1974\nand its apparent relationship to water temperature . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\n: reproductive biology of invertebrates , vol . 1 , oogenesis , oviposition and oosorption , pp . 1\u201329 . ed . by . k . g . and r . g . adiyodi . chichester : wiley & sons 1983\nsp . in the mystic estuary , connecticut . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\ngaino , e . , b . burlando , l . zunino , m . pansini and p . buffa : origin of male gametes in\ngiese , a . c . and j . s . pearse : introduction : general principles .\n: reproduction of marine invertebrates , pp . 1\u201349 . ed . by . a . c . giese and j . s . pearse , new york , london : academic press 1974\n. the control of oocyte production and the fate of unfertilized oocytes . j . exp . zool .\nharrison , p . l . , r . c . babcock , g . d . bull , j . k . oliver , c . c . wallace and b . l . willis : mass spawning in tropical reef corals . science , wash . d . c .\njokiel , p . l . , r . y . ito and p . m . liu : night irradiance and synchronization of lunar release of planula larvae in the reef coral\nl\u00e9vi , c . : zoologie - l ' oviparit\u00e9 chez les songiaires . c . r . acad . sci . paris\nl\u00e9vi , c . : syst\u00e9matique de la classe des demospongiaria ( d\u00e9mosponges ) .\n: trait\u00e9 de zoologie vol . 3 , pp . 577\u2013631 . ed by . p . - p . grass\u00e9 . paris : masson 1973\n( nardo ) , d\u00e9mosponge ovipare , et transmission des bact\u00e9ries symbiotique . ann . sci . nat . zool . biol . anim .\nmileikovsky , s . a . : types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates their distribution and ecological significance : a re - evaluation . mar . biol .\n: adaptation to environment : essays on the physiology of marine animals , pp . 393\u2013429 . ed . by . r . c . newell . london , boston : butterworths 1976\nneumann , d . : entrainment of a semilunar rhythm by simulated tidal cycles of mechanical disturbance . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nreiswig , h . m . : porifera : sudden sperm release by tropical demospongiae . science , wash . d . c .\nreiswig , h . m . : natural gamete , release and oviparity in caribbean demospongiae .\n: aspects of sponge biology , pp . 99\u2013112 . ed . by f . w . harrison and r . cowden . new york , london : academic press 1976a\nreiswig , h . m . : descarga de gametos por esponjas del caribe . contribution no .\n: reproductive biology of invertebrates , vol . 2 , spermatogenesis and sperm function , pp . 1\u201321 . ed . by . k . g . and r . g . adiyodi . chichester : wiley & sons 1983\n: trait\u00e9 de zoologie vol . 3 , pp . 462\u2013576 . ed . by . p . - p grass\u00e9 . paris : masson 1973\nshlesinger , y . and y . loya : coral community reproductive patterns : red sea vs . great barrier reef . science , wash . d . c .\n( ellis & solander ) . ii . temperature - related , annual changes in functional and reproductive elements with a description of larval metamorphosis . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nsimpson , t . l . : reproductive process in sponges : a critical evaluation of current data and views . int . j . invert . reprod .\nstearns , s . c . : life - history tactics : a review of the ideas . q . rev . biol .\nstorr , j . f . : ecology of the gulf of mexico commercial sponges and its relation to the fishery . u . s . fish widdlife ser . spec . sci . rep . no .\nvan moorsel , g . w . n . m . : reproductive strategies in two closely related stony corals ( agaricia , scleractinia ) . mar . ecol . prog . ser .\nvan soest , r . w . m . : marine sponges from cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poeciloclerida . stud . fauna cur . caribb . isl .\nwarburton , f . e . : inclusion of parental somatic cells in sponge larvae . nature , lond .\nwells , h . w . , w . j . wells and i . e . gray : ecology of sponges in hatteras harbor , north carolina . ecology\nsponges are among the simplest multicellular animals . the vast majority of species live in the marine environment . they represent sessile life forms whose bodies are permeated by numerous channels and chambers . with the help of flagellate cells , water is taken in through numerous superficial openings for filtration for nutrients and respiration . water is expelled again through larger outlet channels .\nmost accidents occur when gathering sponges . most species only cause mild local effects or none at all . contact with the above - mentioned representatives generally results in pain and itching . local oedema of the soft tissue and joints can also result . spiculae that get stuck under the skin can lead to stiffness of the wrist and finger joints .\neuropean freshwater sponges , such as spongilla lacustris , are also believed to cause dermatitis upon skin contact .\nauerbach and halstead 1989 , cleland and southcott 1965 , halstead 1988 , mebs 1992 , southcott 1987c , southcott and coulter 1971 , williamson et al . 1996\n* author to whom correspondence should be addressed ; e - mail : is . jl - inu . fb @ krut . mot ; tel . : + 386 1 4233388 ; fax : + 386 1 2573390 .\nreceived 2010 mar 3 ; revised 2010 mar 26 ; accepted 2010 apr 2 .\nthis article is an open - access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) .\ndespite the fact that cytotoxicity is the most widespread characteristic of compounds isolated from marine sponges , they also possess other activities . due to the sessile nature of sponges it is not surprising that many of their natural products show strong antifouling activities . several reviews on such compounds have been published recently [ 17 , 18 ] .\nin the present study we report the screening results of several biological activities found in aqueous and organic extracts from 43 tropical marine sponge species that could possibly lead to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmacological interest .\n( # 81 ) were strongly hemolytic and showed substantial ache inhibitory activity . after dilution both activities were almost completly lost (\n( # 59 ) , on the other hand showed strong hemolytic and considerable ache inhibitory activity . after dilution the former activity was completely preserved while the later was completely lost . undiluted organic extracts from the same sponge also showed moderate pp1 inhibition , while heated aqueous extracts exhibited modest activation of the same enzyme . after dilution the former activity was lost while the later remained unchanged (\n1 organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .\n+ + + , hemolytic activity ( t 50 between 0 and 5 min ) . t 50 = half - time of hemolysis , e . g . the time in which 50 % of erythrocytes are lysed .\n1 organic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .\norganic extracts : a ( acetone ) , b ( butanol ) , m ( methanol ) .\nactivation is indicated in italics , and denotes a factor by which the pp1 activity is enhanced .\nhemolytic activity was present in only a few aqueous samples , whereas the same activity was observed in nearly half of the organic extracts . acetone extracts possessed the highest levels of hemolytic activity , followed by butanol and methanol extracts ; the latter contained the highest amount of extracted material . aqueous extracts whose hemolytic activity was lost after heating were of special interest as this indicated the presence of a proteinaceous active compound ( s ) . based on these criteria such hemolytic proteins may be present in\n( # 76 ) , however a second specimen from a different location ( # 14 ) did not exhibit any hemolytic activity . the unheated aqueous extract from\n( # 69 ) was hemolytic , but again another specimen ( # 45 ) from a different location was not . these results indicate that the same species from a different location may harbor different chemistry possibly originating from endosymbiotic organisms present in the particular collected specimen . such observations were quite common in this study . another interesting species that showed strong hemolytic activity was\n( # 99 ) . in this case , the active compound responsible for hemolytic activity was ascribed to be non - proteinaceous in nature , as its activity was retained after heating . hemolytic assays using diluted samples of aqueous sponge extracts confirmed that\ncontained the highest levels of hemolytic activity . the most active organic extracts after dilution were those from\n) . hemolytic proteins isolated from marine sponges are rare . two such examples are suberitin , isolated from the mediterranean sponge\n] . to date no hemolytic compounds have been reported from the marine sponges used in this study . an aqueous extract from\nmoderate hemagglutinating activity has been detected in 14 aqueous sponge extracts , one showed activity in the heated fraction only and extracts from two sponge species , both heated and unheated fractions , were active . after dilution only one extract from myrmekioderma styx ( # 86 ) showed strong hemagglutinating activity ( 7 . 2 \u03bcg / ml ) . the heated fraction lost its activity , suggesting the compound responsible for hemagglutinating activity is probably a lectin or a protein . so far , several compounds with antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities have been isolated from this species [ 33 \u2013 36 ] , but no hemagglutinating activity has been reported .\n) . almost all samples ( only two samples showed no activity ) were able to prevent growth of at least one bacterial strain . many of the samples inhibited the growth of gram positive bacteria , but only few affected the growth of gram negative bacteria . organic extracts tended to be more active than the aqueous extracts . diluted samples of those sponges that showed the highest antibacterial activity were retested and results expressed as a minimal inhibitory concentration ( mic ,\n( # 59 , # 93 ) showed considerable antimicrobial activity . the most active samples were the butanol extracts from\n( # 38 , mic = 80 ng / ml ) . the highest antimicrobial activity in the aqueous extracts was found in the unheated extract from\nare among the most widely studied in terms of their natural products . a number of different compounds have been isolated and characterized , many of them being antimicrobial [\n( # 61 ) . the antimicrobial activity of the unheated aqueous extract ( mic = 48 \u03bcg / ml ) was about 100 fold more potent than the heated extracts , again indicating the active compound might be a peptide or a protein . the specificity against gram negative bacteria is interesting because these bacteria are usually more resistant to antimicrobial compounds due to the lipopolysaccharidic component of their cell wall .\nshowed considerable inhibitory activity , the most active being the butanolic extract ( 34 \u03bcg ) which inhibited almost 50 % of ache activity .\n) . several heated aqueous extracts enhanced pp1 activity by up to 2 - fold . the only exceptions are the unheated and heated aqueous extracts from\n( # 9 ) which caused 23 % and 44 % inhibition , respectively . organic extracts caused pp1 inhibition only . the most active extracts were those from\n( # 83 ) and from an unidentified sponge ( # 21 ) . from each of these species at least one organic extract totally inhibited pp1 activity . the concentrations necessary for total enzyme inhibition range from 54 to 790 \u03bcg / ml . the interesting pp1 activation by several aqueous heated extracts cannot be explained by the presence of innate protein phosphatases since those should be destroyed by heating . we cannot exclude the possibility that activation is due to the interference between certain compounds in tested extracts with chromophores used in the pp1 inhibition assay .\nsixty - six sponge specimens were studied , represented by 43 sponge species ( table 1a and 1b ) . thirty - five were collected by scuba by dr . daniel schaft at depths from 5 to 45 m in the reefs of cura\u00e7ao ( netherlands antilles ) at several locations : the entrance of picadera bay , coastline of charo and boca sami . the specimens were taxonomically determined to species level , seven remained unidentified . the other eight species were collected from lizard island ( great barrier reef , queensland , australia ) , and identified to at least genus level .\nall sponge samples were lyophilized and dried weight was determined . the total material was divided into two parts ; one part for aqueous extraction , the other subjected to extraction with organic solvents . the total mass of freeze - dried sponge samples was within the range from 0 . 35 g to 36 . 8 g .\nthe protein content was determined only in unheated samples and measured by bca protein reagent according to the manufacturers manual ( pierce , usa ) . different concentrations of bovine serum albumin ( sigma , usa ) were used as a standard . prior to the addition of the reagent , samples were diluted 1 : 20 ( v / v ) with deionized water . the colour formation was determined at 562 nm using microtiter plate reader ( dynex technologies , usa ) after 30 min of incubation .\nsamples obtained by aqueous extraction were tested for hemagglutinating activity . fresh bovine erythrocytes were washed twice in buffer as described above ( see hemolytic activity assay ) . two per cent final erythrocyte suspension was prepared using the same buffer . the erythrocyte suspension ( 100 \u03bcl ) was added to each well of a 96 round - well microtitre plate , followed by 25 \u03bcl of samples . hemagglutination was visually inspected after 45 min of incubation at room temperature .\nthe effects of sponge samples on pp1 activity were monitored colorimetrically according to tubaro et al . [ 29 ] using a microplate reader ( dynex , usa ) . rabbit recombinant \u03b1 - isoform pp1 expressed in e . coli ( sigma , usa ) was the enzyme used . to each well of the microtiter plate 150 \u03bcl of buffer ( 40 mm tris / hcl , 34 mm mgcl 2 . 6h 2 o , 4 mm edta and 4 mm dl - dtt , ph 8 . 4 ) , 50 \u03bcl of the substrate ( 141 mm p - nitrophenil phosphate ) and 2 \u03bcl of sponge samples ( 2 \u03bcl of deionized water or ethanol in the controls ) was added . the reaction was started by the addition of 50 \u03bcl of buffer - dissolved pp1 ( 0 . 25 u / ml ) . samples that showed activity were further diluted ( 1 : 10 and 1 : 100 v / v ) . all reactions were monitored for 12 min at 25 \u00b0c for the colour development at 405 nm .\nhemolytic activity : + , moderate activity ( t 50 between 10 and 15 min ) ; + + , strong activity ( t 50 between 5 and 10 min ) ; + + + , very strong activity ( t 50 between 0 and 5 min ) .\nt 50 = half - time of hemolysis , e . g . the time in which 50 % of erythrocytes are lysed .\nache inhibition : + , moderate inhibition ( 0\u201333 % ) ; + + , strong inhibition ( 34\u201366 % ) ; + + + , very strong inhibition ( 67\u2013100 % ) .\npp1 activation / inhibition : a , activation ( up to 100 % ) ; i , moderate inhibition ( 0\u201333 % ) ; ii , strong inhibition ( 34\u201366 % ) ; iii , very strong inhibition ( 67\u2013100 % ) .\nlist of species from lizard island ( great barrier reef , queensland , australia ) .\nthis study was supported by the research program p1 - 207 toxins and biomembranes funded by slovenian research agency . the authors would like to thank tina dolin\u0161ek , petra cesarec , ale\u0161 likar and bojan martin\u0161ek for their technical help .\nbacus gj , green g . toxicity in sponges and holothurians : a geographic pattern .\nsipkema d , franssen mcr , osinga r , tramper j , wijffels rh . marine sponges as pharmacy .\nkato y , fusetani n , matsunaga s , hashimoto k , fujita s , furuya t . bioactive marine metabolites . part 16 . calyculin a . a novel antitumor metabolite from the marine sponge\ngunasekera sp , gunasekera m , longley re , schulte gk . discodermolide : a new bioactive polyhydroxylated lactone from the marine sponge\nkashman y , groweiss a , shmueli u . latrunculin , a new 2 - thiazolidinone macrolide from the marine sponge\nkashman y , groweiss a , lidor r , blasberger d , carmely s . latrunculins : nmr study , two new toxins and a synthetic approach .\nspector i , shochet nr , kashman y , groweiss a . latrunculins - novel marine toxins that disrupt microfilament organisation in cultured cells .\nspector i , shochet nr , blasberger d , kashman y . latrunculins - novel marine toxins that disrupt microfilament and affect cell growth : i . comparison with cytochalasin d .\npetit gr , herald cl , cichacz za , gao f , boyd mr , christie nd , schmidt jm . antineoplastic agent 293 . the exceptional human cancer cell growth inhibitors spongistatins 6 and 7 .\npetit gr , herald cl , cichacz za , gao f , schmidt jm , boyd mr , christie nd , boettner fe . isolation and structure of powerful human cancer cell growth inhibitors spongistatins 4 and 5 from an african\npetit gr , cichacz za , herald cl , gao f , boyd mr , schmidt jm , hamel e , bai r . antineoplastic agent 300 . isolation and structure of the rare human cancer inhibitory macrocyclic lactones spongistatins 8 and 9 .\nhirata y , uemura d . halichondrins - antitumor polyether macrolides from a marine sponge .\npetit gr , tan r , gao f , williams m , doubek b , boyd m , schmidt j , chapuis j , hamel e , bao r , hooper j , tackett l . isolation and structure of halistatin 1 from the eastern indian ocean marine sponge\nlitaudon m , hart jb , blunt jw , lake rj , munro mhg . isohomohalichondrin b , a new antitumour polyether macrolide from the new zealand deep - water sponge\ngrouse l . turning molecules into medicine . the role of the national cancer institute ' s developmental therapeutics program in drug development .\nsep\u010di\u0107 k , turk t . 3 - alkylpyridinium compounds as potential non - toxic antifouling agents . in : fusetani n , clare as , editors .\nkobayashi j , cheng j - f , ishibashi m , walchli mr , yamamura t , ohizumi y . penaresidin a and b , two novel azetidine alkaloids with potent actomyosin atp - ase activating activity from the okinawan marine sponge\nalvi ka , jaspars m , crews p . penazetidine a , an alkaloid inhibitor of protein kinase .\nushio - sata n , matsunaga s , fusetani n , honda k , yasumoro k . penaramides , which inhibit binding of \u03c9 - conotoxin gvia to\nfusetani n , asai n , matsunaga s , honda k , yasumuro k . cyclostellettamines a - f pyridine alkaloids inhibit binding of methylquinuclidinyl benzylate ( qnb ) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from sponge\nfusetani n , nakao y , matsunaga s . bioactive marine metabolites . 39 . nazumamide a , a thrombin inhibitory tetrapeptide , from a marine sponge ,\nnakao y , matsuda a , matsunaga s , fusetani n . pseudotheonamides , serine protease inhibitors from the marine sponge\nsep\u010di\u0107 k , guella g , mancini i , pietra f , serra md , menestrina g , tubbs k , ma\u010dek p , turk t . characterization of anticholinesterase - active 3 - alkylpyridinium polymers from the marine sponge\nsep\u010di\u0107 k , marcel v , klaebe a , turk t , \u0161uput d , fournier d . inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by an alkylpyridinium polymer from the marine sponge ,\npaleari l , trombino s , falugi c , gallus l , carlone s , angelini c , sep\u010di\u0107 k , turk t , faimali m , noonan dm , albini a . marine sponge - derived polymeric alkylpyridinium salts as a novel tumor chemotherapeutic targeting the cholinergic system in lung tumors .\nellman gl , courtney d , andres v , featherstone rm . a new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity .\ntubaro a , florio c , luxic e , sosa s , dellaloggia r , yasumoto t . a protein phosphatase 2a inhibition assay for a fast and sensitive assessment of okadaic acid contamination in mussels .\ncariello l , tosti e , zanetti l . the hemolytic activity of suberitine .\nmangel a , leit\u00e3o jm , batel r , zimmermann h , m\u00fcller weg , schr\u00f6der hc . purification and characterization of a pore - forming protein from the marine sponge .\nmebs d , weiler i , heinke hf . bioactive proteins from marine sponges : screening of sponge extracts for hemagglutination , hemolytic , ichtyotoxic and lethal properties and isolation and characterization of hemagglutinins .\nalbrizio s , fattorusso e , magno s , mangoi a , pansini m . 1992 . linear diterpenes from the caribbean sponge\npeng j , walsh k , weedman v , bergthold jd , lynch j , lieu kl , braude ia , kelly m , hamann mt . the new bioactive diterpenes cyanthiwigins e\u2013aa from the jamaican sponge myrmekioderma styx .\npeng j , franzblau sg , zhang f , hamann mt . novel sesquiterpenes and a lactone from the jamaican sponge\npeng j , kasanah n , stanley ce , chadwick j , fronczek fr , hamann mt . microbial metabolism studies of cyanthiwigin b and synergetic antibiotic effects .\nmartinez a , duque c , fujimoto y . novel fatty acid esters of ( 7\nlaport m , santos o , muricy g . marine sponges : potential source of new antimicrobial drugs .\nsep\u010di\u0107 k , batista u , vacelet j , ma\u010dek p , turk t . biological activities of aqueous extracts from marine sponges and cytotoxic effects of 3 - alkylpyridinium polymers from\nfagerholm ae , habrant d , koskinen amp . calyculins and related marine natural products as serine - threonine protein phosphatase pp1 and pp2a inhibitors and total syntheses of calyculin a , b , and c .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nalcolado , p . m . 1976 . lista de nuevos registros de poriferos para cuba . serie oceanol\u00f3gica . instituto de oceanologia . academia de ciencias de cuba . oceanologia ( 36 ) : 1 - 11 .\nd\u00edaz , m . c . ( 2005 ) . common sponges from shallow marine habitats from bocas del toro region , panama . < em > caribbean journal of science . < / em > 41 ( 3 ) : 465 - 475 .\nhajdu , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . 2002 . family desmacellidae ridley & dendy , 1886 . pp . 642 - 650 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) .\nisbistera , g . k . & hooper , j . n . a . 2005 . clinical effects of stings by sponges of the genus tedania and a review of sponge stings worldwide . toxicon 46 : 782\u2013785 .\nlehnert , h . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1998 ) . shallow water sponges of jamaica . < em > beaufortia . < / em > 48 ( 5 ) : 71 - 103 .\npulitzer - finali , g . ( 1986 ) . a collection of west indian demospongiae ( porifera ) . in appendix , a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies . < em > annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria . < / em > 86 : 65 - 216 .\np\u00e9rez , t . ; d\u00edaz , m . c . ; ruiz , c . ; c\u00f3ndor - luj\u00e1n , b . ; klautau , m . ; hajdu , e . ; l\u00f4bo - hajdu , g . ; zea , s . ; pomponi , s . a . ; thacker , r . w . ; carteron , s . ; tollu , g . ; pouget - cuvelier , a . ; th\u00e9lamon , p . ; marechal , j . - p . ; thomas , o . p . ; ereskovsky , a . e . ; vacelet , j . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 2017 ) . how a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island ( french antilles , eastern caribbean sea ) marine biodiversity . < em > plos one . < / em > 12 ( 3 ) : e0173859 .\nr\u00fctzler , k . ; d\u00edaz , m . c . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; zea , s . ; smith , k . p . ; alvarez , b . ; wulff , j . ( 2000 ) . diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds , pelican cays , belize . < em > atoll research bulletin . < / em > 476 : 230 - 248 .\nr\u00fctzler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . < i > in < / i > : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285\u2013313 .\nvacelet , j . ( 1990 ) . les spongiaires . < i > in < / i > le monde marin . ( ed . claude bouchon ) pp 16 - 33 . < em > la grande encyclop\u00e9die de la cara\u00efbe . < / em > editions cara\u00efbes , pointe \u00e0 pitre .\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) a checklist of the cura\u00e7ao sponges ( porifera demospongiae ) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms : verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zo\u00f6logie ( zo\u00f6logisch museum ) universiteit van amsterdam . 31 : 1 - 39\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a checklist of the cura\u00e7ao sponges ( porifera demospongiae ) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms . < em > verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zo\u00f6logie ( zo\u00f6logisch museum ) universiteit van amsterdam . < / em > 31 : 1 - 39 .\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1984 ) . marine sponges from cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean localities . part iii . poecilosclerida . < i > in < / i > : hummelinck , p . w . & van der steen , l . j . ( eds ) , uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen . no . 112 . < i > studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands < / i > . 66 ( 199 ) : 1 - 167 .\nzea , s . ( 1987 ) . esponjas del caribe colombiano . ( cat\u00e1logo cientifico : bogot\u00e1 , colombia ) : 1 - 286 .\nayling al ( 1980 ) patterns of sexuality , asexual reproduction and recruitment in some subtidal marine demospongiae . biol bull 158 : 271\u2013282\nbattershill cn , bergquist pr ( 1990 ) the influence of storms on asexual reproduction , recruitment , and survivorship of sponges . in : r\u00fctzler k ( ed ) new perspectives in sponge biology . proc third int conf sponges : 397\u2013403\nbergquist pr ( 1980 ) the ordinal and subclass classification of the demospongiae ( porifera ) ; appraisal of the present arrangement , and proposal of a new order . nz j zool 7 : 1\u20136\nbergquist pr , sinclair me , hogg jj ( 1970 ) adaptation to intertidal existence : reproductive cycles and larval behaviour in demospongiae . symp zool soc london 25 : 247\u2013271\ncrisp dj ( 1977 ) genetic consequences of different reproductive strategies in marine invertebrates . in : baltaglia b , beardmore ja ( eds ) marine organisms . genetics , ecology and evolution . ( nato conference series iv marine sciences ) plenum press , new york , 2 : 257\u2013274\nfell pe ( 1983 ) 1 . porifera . in : adiyodi kg , adiyodi rg ( eds ) reproductive biology of invertebrates , vol . 1 : oogeesis , oviposition , and oosorption . wiley , new york , pp 1\u201329\n( great barrier reef ) . proc sixth int coral reef symp 2 : 685\u2013691\nfromont j ( 1991 ) descriptions of species of the petrosida ( porifera : demospongiae ) occurring in the tropical waters of the great barrier reef . the beagle , rec north terr mus art sci 8 : 73\u201396\nfromont j ( 1994 ) reproductive development and timing of tropical sponges ( order haplosclerida ) from the great barrier reef , australia . coral reefs 13 : 127\u2013133\nharrison pl ( 1985 ) sexual characteristics of scleractinian corals : systematic and evolutionary implications . proc fifth int coral reef symp 4 : 337\u2013342\nharrison pl , wallace cc ( 1990 ) reproduction , dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals . in : dubinsky z ( ed ) ecosystems of the world 25 , coral reefs . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 133\u2013207\nhoppe wf ( 1988 ) reproductive patterns in three species of large coral reef sponges . coral reefs 7 : 45\u201350\nl\u00e9vi c ( 1953 ) on a new classification of the demospongiae . c r acad sci ( paris ) 236 : 853\u2013855\nsp . , with an emphasis on reproduction of postlarval specimens . int j invert reprod 3 : 227\u2013236\nliaci l scalera , sciscioli m , matarrese a ( 1973 ) a comparison between the sexual behavior of certain ceractinomorpha . riv biol 66 : 135\u2013162\nreiswig hm ( 1973 ) population dynamics of three jamaican demospongiae . bull mar sci 23 : 191\u2013226\nreiswig hm ( 1976 ) natural gamete release and oviparity in caribbean demospongiae . in : harrison fw , cowden rr ( eds ) aspects of sponge biology . academic press , new york , pp 99\u2013112\nsarano f ( 1991 ) snychronised spawning in indonesian sponges . coral reefs 10 : 166\nvan soest rwm ( 1991 ) demosponge higher taxa classification re - examined . in : reitner j , keupp h ( eds ) fossil and recent sponges . springer , berlin , heidelberg , new york , pp 54\u201371\nwulff j ( 1990 ) patterns of size change in caribbean demosponges of branching morphology . in : r\u00fctzler k ( ed ) new perspectives in sponge biology . proc third int conf biol sponges , pp 425\u2013435\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\netymology : - from the latin porus for pore and ferre to bear , hence an animal with with pores .\ncharacteristics of porifera : - 1 ) no definite symmetry . 2 ) body multicellular , few tissues , no organs . 3 ) cells and tissues surround a water filled space but there is no true body cavity . 4 ) all are sessile , ( live attached to something as an adult ) . 5 ) reproduce sexually or asexually , sexual reproduction can be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic . 6 ) has no nervous system . 7 ) has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic . 8 ) lives in aquatic environments , mostly marine . 9 ) all are filter feeders . 10 ) often have a skeleton of spicules .\nsponges are one of the better known groups of invertebrates , due to their usefulness in the bath many people who care nothing for invertebrates at least know name and may even have seen a sponges skeleton on sale in a shop . one of the more amazing things about sponges is there ability to suffer damage . because the cells are not linked in a tissue it is possible for them to be separated an then come together again . some species such as the freshwater sponge ephydatia fluviatilis can be pushed through a sieve , then if given time the individual cells will come together again and make a new sponge ."]}
{"id": 2585, "summary": [{"text": "the lime-speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a common species throughout the palearctic region ( where it is found in europe , central asia , mongolia , southern siberia , eastern china ( guangdong ) and taiwan ) , the near east and north africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lime - speck pug", "paragraphs": ["lime - speck pug ( eupithecia centaureata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 57\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 98\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 105\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 122\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 120\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 59\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 114\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 83\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 49\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 126\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 142\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 79\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 76\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 62\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 96\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 102\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 39\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 101\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 52\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 37\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 81\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 53\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 43\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 143\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 129\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 45\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 88\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 86\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 124\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 117\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 131\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 64\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 132\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 55\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 141\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 138\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 91\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 67\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 75\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 50\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 41\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 72\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 110\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 137\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 47\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 103\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 112\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 127\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 106\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 94\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 99\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 119\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 , 33\nriley , a . m . , prior , g . ( 2003 ) british and irish pug moths . 1 - 145 : 135\na distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .\nwingspan 16 - 20 mm . a distinctive and slender - winged pug , it is thought that this species may resemble a bird - dropping and thus reduce attraction to predators .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nfairly common throughout britain , occurring in a wide range of habitats , the species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .\nthe caterpillars feed on the flowers of a range of low - growing plants .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 06 : 05 : 08 page render time : 0 . 3618s total w / procache : 0 . 4299s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 66 ( 96 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1834 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe species has one or two broods , being found on the wing from april to september .\nfairly common throughout britain . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nthe large dark splodge on each forewing together with smaller black round - bractet is highly indicative of this moth . when the insect is resting it could easily be mistaken for a bird dropping . has many habitats in open land . is not fussy and can be found on a wide range of herbaceous plants . 20 - 24mm across when opened .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 5098 records from 377 sites . first recorded in 1880 .\n: sparsely recorded from all five vice - counties . most frequent in the south , although not seen near selby ( vc61 / 64 ) for many years ( smj pers . comm . ) .\n: doing well in the county particularly in lowland areas . two overlapping broods , the second being larger .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : common in gardens , hedgerows , scrub and saltmarshes , and on roadside verges throughout the british isles . in hampshire and on the isle of wight widespread and common . wingspan 20 - 24 mm . unmistakable . larva feeds on such plants as ragwort , mugwort , sea wormwood , burnet - saxifrage , knapweed , scabious , hemp - agrimony , yarrow , traveller ' s - joy , goldenrod and wild angelica , over - wintering as a pupa .\ndescription : wingspan 20 - 24 mm . adults resemble a bird dropping when at rest . forewings greyish white with a dark brown blotch that merges with the black discal spot ; the size of the blotch can vary between individuals . there are also darker blotches running along the dorsum of the forewing . hindwings pale white with a small black discal spot and chequered fringe .\nflight period : end of may to late august . skinner gives from summer to early autumn as the normal flight period in britain .\nstatus : common and fairly widespread in eastern counties with the majority of records coming from well - recorded sites along the down coastline . it has also been recorded from several inland sites in north armagh at loughgall , aughinlig and navan and also from rathlin island , antrim .\necology : a polyphagous species found in a variety of habitats in small numbers . adults come frequently to light and will occasionally visit flowers . the larvae feed during june and july on the flowers of mouse - ears cerastium spp . it overwinters as a pupa .\nworld distribution : eurasiatic ; common throughout europe as far east as asia and also north africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nweed of the week burdock description : . . . - thunderbird outdoor adventures | facebook\nthese pages show a variety of moth caterpillars that can be found in typical habitats . this is unlike the organisation of adult moths as they tend to have a recognised and restricted flight period , often only a couple of months . caterpillars , on the other hand , are around much longer . the larval stage of many species lasts maybe ten months , with part - grown larvae hibernating over the winter . there are caterpillars you would be almost guaranteed to find on heather moorland but would never see in your garden , and vice versa . other categories include coast , scrub , carr & hedgerows , woodland , roadsides & waste ground . some species overlap habitats , inevitably . a selection of the most likely species to be found in each habitat are shown .\nit should be emphasised just how hard it is to find most larvae , and then how difficult it is to identify many without rearing them . comments alongside many photographs provide guidance on identification and confusion species ( many of which make then indistiguishable ) and also the likelyhood of finding them and when they might be found .\nbutterfly conservation is a registered charity and non - profit - making company , limited by guarantee . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) .\ntaken at musselburgh on 13th august 2017 using panasonic lumix lx5 in macro mode .\na variety of flowers including yarrow , burdock , heather . nectar rich flowers . all the wings being largely white except for a black blotch on the costa of the forewing . 20 - 24 mm . woodland . summer - autumn .\nthe larvae are found in various colours with diagonal patches down the sides finishing on top of the larva . yellow form - with brownish red markings . green form - dark green markings . pinkish form - deep pink markings .\nthe moth has a white to whitish brown narrow forewing with a black discal spot located on a light or darker black patch adjacent to the costa , which makes this moth unmistakeable .\nif disturbed they tend to hide beneath a leaf . the moth is attracted to light and is a regular visitor to the light trap .\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .\nplant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\na sub - family of more than 150 species . typically feeding on the foliage of a wide range of dicot plants , although many species consume the host ' s flowers and seeds . particular genera display affinities for certain hosts , e . g . scotopteryx on leguminous herbs and shrubs ( fabaceae ) ; catarhoe on bedstraws ( rubiaceae ) ; chloroclysta on shrubs and trees ; and thera on conifers .\nold data currently unassessed by a specialist for changes in nomenclature , new species to the british list , new interactions , errors in original sources , and misspellings . new material added from waring , townsend & lewington , 2003 . field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . british wildlife publishing , uk . ; ;\nbelow is a list of all sources for this family / sub - family contained within dbif . click on source name for a list of all records for this source .\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 26\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 130\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 122\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 15\nbarbour , d . a . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 146 - 146 : 146\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 25\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 20\ncosten , p . d . m . & peet , t . n . d . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0217 - 0218 : 0217\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 103\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 88\nhaggett , g . m . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 31 221 - 226 :\nriley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 0098 0207 - 00208 : 0208\ncorley , m . f . v . ( 1984 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 35 : 2 76 - 77 : 77\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 34\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 128\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 40\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 98\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 129\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 41\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 24\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 92\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 119\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 41\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 82\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 26\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117\narnold , v . w . ( 1979 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 91 : 11 289 - 332 : 322\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 115\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 34\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 16\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 126\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 76\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 95\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 40\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 18\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 32\nowen , d . f . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 52 - 52 : 52\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 107\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 33\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 31\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 108\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 10\nowen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 210\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 124\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 85\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 23\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 33\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 24\nowen , d . f . ( 1987 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 38 209 - 213 : 212\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 96\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 123\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 83\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 120\nknill - jones , r . p . ( 1982 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 94 77 - 77 : 77\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 42\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 38\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 89\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 110\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 121\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 33\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 102\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 75\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 117\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 111\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 100\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 27\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 13\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 90\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 39\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 78\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 21\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 30\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 37\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 127\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 104\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 29\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 112\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 14\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 84\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 91\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 72\nowen , d . f . ( 1983 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 95 20 - 20 : 20\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 37\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 36\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 87\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 36\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 116\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 19\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 101\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 22\nriley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s mon . mag . 37 : 2 68 - 68 : 68\nmichaelis , h . n . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 40 - 40 : 40\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 35\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 118\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 79\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 30\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 31\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 97\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 73\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 12\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 29\nviart , m . ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) poplars and willows in wood production and land use . fao forestry series 10 1 - 328 : 230\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 81\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 114\nriley , a . m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s gaz . 36 : 4 259 - 261 : 260\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 11\nwest , b . k . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 198 - 198 : 198\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 38\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 113\nhaggett , g . m . ( 1981 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 93 236 - 236 : 236\nsterling , m . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 27 - 28 : 27\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 77\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 80\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 34\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 28\nagassiz , d . & skinner , b . ( 1980 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 92 162 - 166 : 164\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 39\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 17\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 109\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 93\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 28\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 106\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council : 27\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 125\nriley , a . m . ( 1986 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 98 85 - 89 : 85\nbrit . ent . and nat . hist . soc . ( 1981 ) an identification guide to the british pugs . lepidoptera geometridae 1 - 42 : 23\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 74\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 86\nnoble , k . ( 1975 ) working draft of\nthe natural foodplants of macrolepidoptera larvae in britain , part ii .\nfield studies council :\nporter , j . ( 1997 ) the colour identification guide to caterpillars of the british isles . 1 - 154 , 35\nwaring , p . townsend , m ( 2003 ) field guide to the moths of great britain and ireland . 1 - 432 , 99\nskinner , b . ( 1985 ) entomologist ' s rec . j . var . 97 185 - 186 : 186\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nwe supply yarrow in our selected wildflower trays or seed mixes but we also sell it here on its own , as seed , 55cc plug plants , or in more generous half litre pots .\nsupplier : british wildflower plants / all things rural our yarrow plants and seeds have guaranteed uk provenance and are supplied by signatories to the flora locale code of practice .\nwelcome to our online shop , where you will find top quality plants , trees and seeds , delivered straight to you from our community of specialist growers and harvesters around britain . we donate half of our profits from sales through the shop to uk conservation charities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbutterfly conservation ' s rough bank reserve is a site known by some local butterfly enthusiasts for many years , but until 2012 ( the year when bc purchased rough bank ) there had been few reports of moths found there apart from daytime observations on a few occasions . one such record in 1993 was of a larva of narrow - bordered bee hawk - moth found feeding on devil ' s - bit scabious . five nationally scarce micro - moth species had also been recorded at the site in the past .\nsince 2012 a total of 628 moth species have been recorded on the site ( plus 4 other species only recorded in earlier years ) . three of these were the first records for the species in gloucestershire : trifurcula headleyella and coleophora therinella in 2012 , and aphelia viburnana in 2014 .\n3 nationally rare species have been found at rough bank ( species given provisional red data book status in the 2012 review of the status of microlepidoptera in britain ) , and 43 nationally scarce species : 3 in the\nnotable a\ncategory , 40\nnotable b\n. for more information about these species see the rough bank rare and scarce moths page .\nthis page lists the moth species recorded at the site , mostly on the unimproved limestone grassland slopes of rough bank sssi but also any additional species recorded in the two pasture fields which were included in bc ' s purchase . these fields both have wetland areas with plants associated with such habitat and supporting colonies of some rush - feeding moth species .\nfor each species the table below lists the agassiz , beavan & heckford checklist number , the bradley list number , scientific and common names , national status , earliest and most recent years recorded and typical uk larval food . the list will be updated at least annually using records sent to the current vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder , robert homan . it is updated more frequently with my own records from the site , and sometimes with additional species reported to me . records prior to 2012 are from the former gloucestershire moth recorder roger gaunt ' s database .\nfollowing the publication in september 2015 of a paper showing that delplanqueia inscriptella occurs in the uk and d . dilutella seems to be very restricted in its range , all previous gloucestershire records of d . dilutella are doubtful . from reexamination of a few kept specimens ( all looking too dark for d . dilutella ) , d . inscriptella has been found at several gloucestershire sites including rough bank .\nthe species name links in the table below are to the species entries on the uk moths website . please note that the gloucestershire moth distribution maps are not updated frequently , so some species listed below may not yet be shown as recorded in the rough bank tetrad so90e . also some informal reports of species from rough bank are listed below , but such records will only be mapped if the recorder sends them to the vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder - for contact details see the distribution maps page .\nperforate & other st . john ' s - worts , bird ' s - foot trefoil\nbird ' s - foot trefoil ( f . palustrella ) ; greater b - f . tref . ( f . decreta )\npage last revised june 2018 butterfly conservation . company limited by guarantee , registered in england ( 2206468 ) . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) . vat no gb 991 2771 89\nupto four 125wmv traps two 6w and a 15w actinic trap were placed over a wide area of the bog on four separate dates in may , june , july and august , usually covering the bog myrtle / heather communities and the birch / pine habitats . a further daytime search was made in october for leaf mines . the uk status is common\nunless stated , although some of the micro - moths ( especially the leaf mines , nepticulidae & gracillariidae ) usually comes under the \u2018unknown\u2019 category as very little is known and studied with this neglected group . all larval food plants are in brackets . the numbers on the left hand side are the bradley & fletcher numbers .\n1313 catoptria pinella ( grasses & sedges esp . tufted hair - grass ) ( local )\n2130 dotted clay ( various trees & plants inc . heather and bog myrtle )\n2196 striped wainscot ( common reed & various grasses inc . purple moor - grass ) ( local )\n2286 light knot grass ( various plants inc . heather and bog myrtle ) ( local )\n2305 small angle shades ( various trees & plants inc . bracken and birch )\n2412 silver hook ( sedges & grasses inc . tufted - hair grass ) ( local )\n2484 pinion - streaked snout ( unknown , but probably inc . heather\u2019s and rushes ) ( local )\n2493 dotted fan - foot ( various marsh grasses inc . wood - rush & wood - sedge ) ( notable n / b )\nif we were to split the food plants into three main categories which are associated with dersingham bog , heathland , birch and pines then this gives more of a clue as to what species is using what habitat .\nstriped wainscot ( grasses inc . purple - moor grass / common reed ) local\nbog myrtle would be widely used by many species under the larval food plant heading of \u2018various plants\u2019 ( as would heather ) . this would include the local pinion - streaked snout .\nmention must be made of the light knot grass trapped here in may and june . in norfolk it has been recorded from roydon common for some years now and this was the first record away from this site . its nearest occurrence to norfolk is the staffordshire moorlands .\nother food plants associated with the wetter areas of dersingham bog such as phragmites , juncus etc , deserve special mention too .\na summary of the above gives over 45 local species associated with the bog , one notable na and three notable nb .\nis a brightly - coloured geometer moth that is usually seen more in daylight , lightly flying over the wetter areas of the heathland , it will also come to light . the food plant is marsh cinquefoil (\nis only a tiny noctuid 15 - 18 mm long , very easily overlooked and may be mistaken for a microlepidopteron . upto 100 were noted around the bog myrtle during the july visit , with fewer in the august visit . the larval food plant is not known but orhant ( 1977 ) considers it likely to be juncus spp .\nusually found in reed - beds and fens in east anglia and the larva feed on sallow and various marsh sedges and grasses . it seems to becoming more widespread over the last few years ."]}
{"id": 2604, "summary": [{"text": "pentagonaster pulchellus , commonly known as the biscuit star is a species of starfish found in new zealand , where it is common in cook strait and around the south island .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "also recorded from the chatham islands and from the campbell plateau down to the snares islands . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pentagonaster pulchellus", "paragraphs": ["cryptoconchus porosus butterfly chiton and common biscuit star pentagonaster pulchellus , new zealand . | molluscs & sea snails | pinterest\nremark type species : pentagonaster pulchellus gray , 1840 by monotypy ( rowe & gates , 1995 ) . [ details ]\nspecies pentagonaster crassimanus ( m\u00f6bius , 1859 ) accepted as pentagonaster duebeni gray , 1847 ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster gunni perrier , 1875 accepted as pentagonaster duebeni gray , 1847 ( a forma according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster hispidus ( m . sars , 1872 ) accepted as poraniomorpha ( poraniomorpha ) hispida ( m . sars , 1872 )\nspecies pentagonaster meridionalis ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as odontaster meridionalis ( e . a . smith , 1876 )\nspecies pentagonaster validus bell , 1884 accepted as goniodiscaster pleyadella ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( synonym according to h . l . clark ( 1921 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster astrologorum ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) accepted as tosia australis gray , 1840 ( a forma according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster auratus ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster grandis ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster crassus perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster deplasi perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster elongatus perrier , 1885 accepted as paragonaster subtilis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster gosselini perrier , 1885 accepted as ceramaster grenadensis ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym according to downey ( 1973 ) and halpern ( 1970 , phd dissertation ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster ornatus ( m\u00fcller & troschel , 1842 ) accepted as tosia magnifica ( muller & troschel , 1842 ) ( a synonym according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster ternalis perrier , 1881 accepted as dorigona ternalis ( perrier , 1885 ) accepted as nymphaster arenatus ( perrier , 1881 ) ( synonym of n . arenatus according to halpern ( 1970 ) )\nspecies pentagonaster tubercularis ( gray , 1847 ) accepted as tosia australis gray , 1840 ( a synonym of tosia nobilis ( = t . australis ) according to a . m . clark ( 1953 ) . )\nspecies pentagonaster lepidus sladen , 1889 accepted as hoplaster spinosus perrier in milne - edwards , 1882 ( synonym according to verrill ( 1899 ) and confirmed by a . m . clark in gage et al . ( 1983 ) )\nmah , c . ( 2007 ) . systematics , phylogeny and historical biogeography of the pentagonaster clade ( asteroidea : valvatida : goniasteridae . invertebrate systematics . 21 : 311 - 339 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pentagonaster abnormalis gray , 1866 ) gray , j . e . ( 1866 ) . synopsis of the species of starfish in the british museum ( with figures of some of the new species ) . 18pp , 16 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]\ngray , j . e . ( 1840 ) . xxxii . a synopsis of the genera and species of the class hypostoma ( asterias , linnaeus ) . annals of the magazine of natural history . 6 : 275 - 290 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 280 [ details ]\n( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) ayres , w . o . ( 1851 ) . stephanaster ayres . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 4 : 118 - 119 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 - 119 [ details ]\n( of buterminaster blake in blake & zinsmeister , 1988 ) blake , d . b . and zinsmeister , w . j . ( 1988 ) . eocene asteroids ( echinodermata ) from seymour island , antarctic peninsula . geological society of america memoir . 169 : 489 - 498 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 495 [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nclark , a . m . ( 1993 ) . an index of names of recent asteroidea , part 2 : valvatida , in : jangoux , m . ; lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) ( 1993 ) . echinoderm studies , 4 : pp . 187 - 366 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of stephanaster ayres , 1851 ) rowe , f . w . e & gates , j . ( 1995 ) . echinodermata . in \u2018zoological catalogue of australia\u2019 . 33 ( ed a . wells . ) pp xiii + 510 ( csiro australia , melbourne . ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( of stephanaster elegans ayres , 1851 ) ayres , w . o . ( 1851 ) . stephanaster ayres . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 4 : 118 - 119 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 118 [ details ]\n( of astrogonium abnormale ( gray , 1866 ) ) gray , j . e . ( 1866 ) . synopsis of the species of starfish in the british museum ( with figures of some of the new species ) . 18pp , 16 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]\nclark , h . e . s . and mcknight , d . g . ( 2001 ) . the marine fauna of new zealand : echinodermata : asteroidea ( sea - stars ) order valvatida . niwa biodiversity memoir . 117 : 1 - 270 . [ details ]\nmah , c . l . ; mcknight , d . g . ; eagle , m . k . ; pawson , d . l . ; am\u00e9ziane , n . ; vance , d . j . ; baker , a . n . ; clark , h . e . s . ; davey , n . ( 2009 ) . phylum echinodermata : sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea lilies . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 371 - 400 . [ details ]\n( of astrogonium abnormale ( gray , 1866 ) ) sladen , w . p . ( 1889 ) . report on the asteroidea . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , zoology . 30 ( 51 ) : xlii + 893 pages 118 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 748 [ details ]\nstiff five armed star . very variable colour and pattern .\ncells\non the upper surface ringed with cream or white\npimples\n.\ncells\ncan be any colour ranging from cream to brick red . large plates on the edge of the arms with the ones at the tips being bulbous .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnz geo region \u203a south is geo region \u203a otago geo region ml4385 ( preferred ) nz geo region / south is geo region / otago geo region ( short name ) off oamaru , from beach down . cast up ones have inflated terminal plates . never found any alive in tidal area . found any alive on tidal area collection method : trawl collected by : graham , j .\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names , classifications or categories via a tag . tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nfind out about how you can get involved , and help us to protect , maintain and enhance the taputeranga marine reserve . more >\nwhen is a fish not a fish ? answer : when it\u2019s a starfish , a jellyfish , a crayfish , a shellfish or a blackfish ! we seem to like calling marine animals \u2018fish\u2019 regardless of whether they are or not . hundreds of years ago , marine mammals were thought to be fish , so calling a pilot whale a blackfish was understandable . but the others are clearly not fish , though there are fisheries for many of them ( including jellyfish in some places ! ) . these days , we are gradually replacing inappropriate names with better ones . crayfish are now called rock lobsters , and starfish are usually called sea stars .\nsome sea stars are large and predatory . the seven - armed sea star ( astrostole scabra ) grows to over 40 cm across . it is easily recognised by its colour \u2013 the upper surface is greyish - purple , and its numerous tube feet are bright orange . seven - armed sea stars , and their cousins the 11 - armed sea stars ( coscinasterias muricata ) , are voracious , highly mobile predators that specialise in catching or forcing open molluscs such as paua and mussels . paua don\u2019t often move very fast , but i recently saw a yellow - foot paua ( haliotis australis ) being chased ( in a slow motion kind of way ) out of a crevice and across a rock by a roving seven - arm star .\nsea stars move , capture their prey , and force open shells using their tube feet , which are driven by an amazing hydraulic system . water is drawn into the body through a filter plate ( madreporite ) which is visible as a different - looking , often pale , plate on the upper surface . the water is pumped through a system of canals running around the mouth and along the arms . the tube feet , which are housed in grooves on the underside of each arm ( yes , their feet are inside their arms ! ) , extend as the water pressure increases . when the tube feet touch a shell or rock surface , the sea star pumps water out of the canals creating a slight vacuum , which turns the tips of the feet into minute suction cups . large sea stars can exert high pressures with their tube feet over several hours , enabling them to slowly overpower the muscles of their prey , and prise them open or off the rocks . no wonder that yellow - foot paua was motoring away !\nsea stars ( not starfish ) are built on a five rayed plan , although some stars have many more than five arms . their skin is set with limy plates and the mouth is underneath in the centre of the arms .\nall may be found in wellington waters . thanks to niwa ' s kate neill for her insights on reef star arms .\nhabitat : open , exposed , rocky coasts . around wellington harbour they are abundant near burnham wharf and the shelly bay wharf .\nidentification : a large star which reaches a span of about 35 cm . the number of arms varies but there are usually ten , eleven or twelve . colour varies from brown to grey .\nidentification : the colour varies , but may be red , mottled green , or grey . although the usual number of arms is five , occasional examples are found with four or even as many as eight arms .\nidentification : the colour pattern varies from tinted red through orange to grey or even light purple . the body is very stiff and the whole rim is lined with large , solid plates .\nbrittlestars vary from true sea stars in that they have a small , round , central disc from which the arms radiate . the arms can break easily if the animal is disturbed , but they will grow back again . the snakestail star ( pectinura maculata ) is the largest brittle star in new zealand growing to approximately 350 mm across .\nhabitat : observed at depths between 5 and 30 metres . noted in a crevice in breaker bay , at princess bay , and at 30 metres on a reef 1 km off lyall bay . two of them live at the sirens .\nidentification : a fat , red , cushion - like starfish covered in white pom - poms .\ngeneral : uri seems to be fairly rare and has been recorded officially about eleven times , not counting my sightings . the marine lab at island bay would welcome any uri reports ( not collected animals ) . valuable details would include location , depth and what it was living on .\ni have been keeping an eye on one in a cave at the sirens for over a year now . i missed the cave one day and swam a bit farther than normal , but found uri grazing on some weed . on the way back i found the cave i had been looking for . when i went in for a nosey , my original friend was still in there . uri just seems to move from one side of the cave to the other over the course of about three months . i find it intriguing that two rare sea stars happen to live near to the marine lab ."]}
{"id": 2608, "summary": [{"text": "tholera decimalis , the feathered gothic , is a species of moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe and scandinavia then through the palearctic to asia minor , western central asia , southern siberia and in north africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "tholera decimalis", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\ntholera decimalis\nas trusted on the\ntholera decimalis\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\ntholera decimalis\nas trusted on the\ntholera decimalis poda 1761\npage .\nvalter jacinto set\nimage of tholera decimalis\nas an exemplar on\ntholera decimalis poda 1761\n.\nvalter jacinto set\nimage of tholera decimalis\nas an exemplar on\ntholera\n.\njennifer hammock set\nimage of tholera decimalis\nas an exemplar on\ntholera\n.\nfeathered gothic ( tholera decimalis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\ntholera cespitis , the hedge rustic , is a species of moth of the noctuidae family . it is found through the palearctic from europe to the altai mountains of siberia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\noccupying rough grassland and downland , this moth is widely distributed , though local , over much of britain , and is common in parts .\nthe adults are on the wing in august and september , when the males in particular are attracted to light .\na grass - feeding species , the young larvae eat the blades , and when more mature , descend to ground level and devour the stems .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 17 : 01 : 59 page render time : 0 . 2700s total w / procache : 0 . 3083s\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 32 - 45 mm . a variable , often grey - brown moth well marked with lines and other marks .\na grass - feeding species , the young larvae eat the blades and , when more mature , descend to ground level and devour the stems .\nwidely distributed over much of britain it can be quite common in some parts . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )\nthe wingspan is 34\u201340 mm . forewing dark earth brown ; lines indistinct ; inner and outer black with paler edges ; submarginal pale , with black wedge - shaped spots before it ; claviform stigma obscure , black - edged ; orbicular roundish , brown with pale ring ; reniform large with paler outline , especially externally ; hindwing whitish , the veins dark ; termen diffusely brownish ; in male white , with termen narrowly grey ; \u2014 ab . ferruginea hofm . ( carinthia and the tyrol ) is much paler with a reddish yellow tint .\nthere is one generation per year with adults on wing from the end of july to september .\nlarva shining dark brown ; thoracic and anal plates black ; head brown ; dorsal and subdorsal lines narrow , pale yellow ; lateral stripe broader ; spiracles black . the larvae feed on various grasses , including nardus stricta , calamagrostis purpurea , festuca and deschampsia species . larvae can be found from march to july . the species overwinters as an egg .\nnesting biology of the solitary digger wasp podalonia affinis ( k . ) ( hymenoptera : sphecidae )\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nnesting biology of the solitary digger wasp podalonia affinis ( k . ) ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) [ 1993 ]\nnesting biology of the solitary digger wasp podalonia affinis ( k . ) ( hymenoptera : sphecidae )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthe gothic ( naenia typica ) is a moth of the family noctuidae . it is distributed in temperate eurasia , in the palearctic ecozone , including europe , turkey , iran , caucasus , armenia , transcaucasia , central asia , altai mountains , and west and central siberia .\nthe forewings are broader than those of most other noctuids , and blackish with a network of fine white lines . the pattern is supposedly reminiscent of some elements of gothic architecture . the hindwings are grey . the species flies at night in june and july in the british isles . it sometimes comes to light but is not generally strongly attracted . by contrast , it is strongly attracted to sugar and flowers .\nthis species has a wingspan of 36 to 46 mm . forewing brownish fuscous , the veins pale ; edges of the upper stigmata whitish ; the cell blackish ; lines pale with dark edges ; hindwing brownish fuscous . the form issyca p\u00fcng , from issykkul is redder , and has the termen less crenulate . \u2014 brunnea tutt has the ground colour ochreous brown with the veins pale ochreous instead of white ."]}
{"id": 2610, "summary": [{"text": "burara amara , the small green awlet , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in northeast india and southeast asia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the butterfly has been reassigned to the genus burara by vane-wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is now burara amara . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "burara amara", "paragraphs": ["small green awlet , burara amara ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] formerly bibasis amara .\nburara amara ; huang & xue , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 57 : 145 ( name )\n[ thailand ] ismene amara ; godfrey , 1930 : 356 . ( west : me wong ) bibasis amara ; evans , 1949 : 50 . ( siam ) bibasis amara ; pinratana , 1985 : 16 , pl . 3 , fig . 7 , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang mai / chaiyaphum / ratchaburi / kanchanaburi / chonburi / chanthaburi ) bibasis gomata gomata ; pinratana , 1985 : pl . 3 , fig . 8a , \u2642 . ( in part ) burara amara ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 724 , pl . 331 , fig . h9 , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang mai / chanthaburi ) burara amara ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 11\u2642 . ( chiang rai / chiang dao / mewong / fang / chantaburi ) burara amara ; kimura et al . , 2011 : 22 , fig . \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang dao / kao soi dao / kao khiewo ) burara amara ; ek - amnuay , 2012 : 772 , pl . 355 , fig . h8 , \u2642 , \u2642 , \u2642 ( un ) . ( chiang mai / chanthaburi ) burara amara ; s . sophonviwatkul , c . sunthornwiphat & t . laola , 2015 - : butterflies of thailand , fig . \u2642 ( un ) . ( ratchaburi ) [ laos ] burara amara ; masui & uehara , 1994 ; 6 , fig . 44 . ( luang phabang ) burara amara ; osada , u\u00e9mura & uehara , 1999 ; 221 , pl . 130 , fig . \u2642 ( un ) . ( oudomxay ) burara amara ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 11\u2642 . ( laos ) burara amara ; nakamura & wakahara , 2012 ; 56 . [ vietnam ] bibasis amara ; devyatkin & monastyrskii , 1999 ; 155 . ( north : ba be ; cuc phuong ) bibasis amara ; ikeda et al . , 2001b : 58 , figs . 1 : 3\u2642 , 4\u2642 ( un ) , 5 : 2 ( \u2642genitalia ) . ( cuc phuong ) bibasis amara ; hao et al . , 2004 : 12 . ( cuc phuong ) burara amara ; miyazaki , saito & saito , 2007c ; 41 , fig . h - 135 , \u2642 . ( lam dong : dai duc me ) burara amara ; chiba , 2009 : 13 , pl . 4 , fig . 11\u2642 . ( north / central ) bibasis amara ; monastyrskii & devyatkin , 2015 ; 70 . ( n / c )\nismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 62 ; tl : assam\nburara gomata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara aphrodite ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara oedipodea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nburara phul ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nburara tuckeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nburara gomata radiosa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis veteratrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara oedipodea excellens ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\ngreen awlet , burara vasutana moore , 1865 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 13 ] formerly bibasis vasutana .\npale green awlet , burara gomata ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 6 ] formerly bibasis gomata .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . burara amara ( moore , 1865 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nplain orange awlet , burara anadi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ] formerly bibasis anadi .\norange - striped awl , burara jaina ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 11 ] formerly bibasis jaina .\nismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 25 : 62 . tl . naga ; khasia hills , assam . ( nhml )\norange awlet , burara harisa ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 10 ] formerly bibasis harisa .\nbranded orange awlet , burara oedipodea ( swainson , 1820 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] formerly bibasis oedipodea .\nnote : bibasis contains just three diurnal species , of which only one occurs in india ; the crepuscular remainder having been removed to burara . the species now shifted to burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from bibasis , within which many authors have formerly included them . [ 3 ]\namara ; \u2642 , type ( red ) , h2395 , bengal . ( nhml . examined . ) pindappatra ; \u2642 , type ( red ) , h2396 , assam . h . fruhstorfer . ( nhml . examined . )\non : ismene amara moore , [ 1866 ] od : proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 . tl : n . e . bengal , india . ( nhml ) distribution : sikkim , assam , myanmar , andamans , thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis amara\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nismene swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ( preocc . ismene savigny , 1816 ) ; ts : ismene oedipodea swainson\nbibasis ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nismene gomata moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 ; tl : darjeeling\ngomata radiosa ( pl\u00f6tz , 1885 ) ( ismene ) ; berl . ent . z . 29 ( 2 ) : 232 ; tl : celebes\nismene gomata vajra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : java\nbibasis iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis iluska iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nismene mahintha moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 575 , pl . 67 , f . 4 ; tl : burma\nismene nestor zonaras fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 63 ; tl : wetter i .\nhasora nestor ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 14 , pl . 6 , f . 17a - b\nceylon , india - assam , burma , s . vietnam , malaya , philippines . see [ maps ]\ngoniloba sena moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 778 ; tl : bengal\nbibasis sena ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 65 , f . 3 , 3a ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 21a - b ; [ bir ] , 469 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 17 ; [ mrs ] , 693 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\n1019x734 ( ~ 77kb ) underside thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , the krating rivulet valley among the tropical forest above the waterfalls . 6th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nsri lanka , s . india - burma , thailand , laos , hainan , andamans\nbibasis uniformis elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 305 , pl . 27 , f . 95 ; tl : java\nbibasis sena uniformis ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , ty\u00f4 to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 35 ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 52 , f . 9\nbibasis sena senata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nsikkim - burma , thailand , laos , haina , andamans , s . yunnan . see [ maps ]\nbibasis arradi [ sic ? ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 13 ( text )\nismene aphrodite fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 141 ; tl : celebes\nburma , thailand , laos , vietnam , malay peninsula , singapore , borneo , sumatra , java , palawan , mindanao . see [ maps ]\nismene etelka hewitson , 1867 ; ill . exot . butts [ 5 ] ( ismene i - ii ) : [ 88 ] , pl . [ 44 ] ; tl : sarawak\nismene harisa moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 ; tl : bengal\nismene harisa asambha fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : n . vietnam , chieem - hoa\nismene harisa distanti evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 319 ; tl : singapore\nbibasis harisa consobrina ; [ bmp ] : 332 , pl . 52 , f . 4 - 6\nismene imperialis pl\u00f6tz , 1886 ; stettin ent . ztg 47 ( 1 - 3 ) : 115 ; tl : celebes\nw . ghats , mussoorie - sikkim , assam , burma , n . thailand , vietnam . see [ maps ]\nismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : assam\nismene velva evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 318 , no . i . 2 . 9\nbibasis jaina velva ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 62 , f . 4\nismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 60 ; tl : siam , hinlap\nismene jaina formosana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : formosa\nchaba , assam , burma , indo - china , malay peninsula , sumatra , java , borneo , palawan , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]\nismene oedipodea swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ; tl : java\nlarva on hiptage benghalensis [ mrs ] , combretum , hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene excellens hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 39 ; tl : celebes\nismene oedipodea [ ? ] athena fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : thailand\nbibasis owstoni eliot , 1980 ; malayan nat . j . 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 150 , f . 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , fraser ' s hill\nismene septentrionis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 525 , pl . 73 , f . 3 ; tl : china\nsri lanka , n . india , malay peninsula , java , borneo , palawan , mindanao , sulawesi , banggai , sula . see [ maps ]\nbibasis tuckeri elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 293 , pl . 20 ; tl : tavoy , s . burma\nlarva on hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nunipuncta lee , 1962 ; acta ent . sin . 11 ( 2 ) : 141 , 146\nnepal , sikkim , assam , burma , thailand , laos . see [ maps ]\nismene [ ? ] kanara evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 1 ) : 63\nbibasis kanara ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 15 ( text )\nismene fergusonii de nic\u00e9ville , [ 1893 ] ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 7 ( 3 ) : 345 , pl . j , f . 6 ; tl : s . india\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\nneue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa ' s aus der collection des herrn h . ribbe in blasewitz - dresden , gesammelt von den herren : c . ribbe auf celebes , java un den aru - inseln , k\u00fcnstler auf malacca ( perak ) ; k\u00fchn auf west - guinea ( jekar ) ; menger auf ceylon\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more\nthe tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design , images , and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project . all rights reserved . image of rose \u00a9 1999 nick kurzenko . image of annelid worm \u00a9 2001 greg w . rouse .\nmoore , 1865 \u2013 small green awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nrajkamal goswami , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment , bangalore .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nmale and female : upperside brown with a greenish gloss ; costal streak of forewing ochreous yellow in the male , less prominent in the female ; male with a blackish subbasal patch . cilia of both wings short and brownish white . body dark brown ; abdomen with greyish segmental bands . underside , forewing brown , becoming bluish black along the base of the costa ; posterior margin broadly brownish white ; hindwing bluish black ; veins of both wings brownish white , the space between them having a greyish blue parallel line running their entire length . both wings also with the black ochreous - yellow - encirled basal spot . thorax in front and beneath , head , palpi , legs , middle of abdomen , and anal tuft ochreous yellow . femora and tibiae with a black spot ; sides of abdomen black , the segmental bands prominent , cilia greyish .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\nincludes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nkunte , k . 2000 , butterflies of peninsular india , university press , hyderabad .\nkunte , k . and u . kodandaramaiah . 2011 . history of species pages on butterflies of india website . in k . kunte , s . kalesh and u . kodandaramaiah ( eds . ) . butterflies of india , v . 1 . 05 . indian foundation for butterflies . url : urltoken accessed on 23 . 8 . 2012 .\nantram , c . b . 1924 , butterflies of india , thacker , spink & co , kolkata .\nwatson , e . y . 1891 , hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .\nvane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 . the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden ( 343 ) : 1\u2013267 .\nevans , w . h . 1927 , the identification of indian butterflies , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .\nthe butterflies of the kameng protected area complex in western arunachal pradesh , india , covering . . .\nthe present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal prad . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nchiang mai : fang dist . 1\u2642 ; phrao dist . 1\u2640 ; chiang dao dist . 1\u2642 ; san sai dist . 1\u2642 ( photo ) ; omkoi dist . 1\u2642 .\nmoore , f . , [ 1866 ] : on the lepidopterous insects of bengal .\nfruhstorfer , h . , 1911 : neue hesperiden des indo - malayischen faunengebietes und besprechung verwandter formen .\nan individual sipping on wet sand . satchari national park , habigonj . 31 - 10 - 2013\nstatus : rare . habit and habitat : very fast flier . prefer well forested areas . more active in the morning and before evening . local distribution : northeast region . range : bangladesh , india , myanmar and thailand\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .\ncopyright \u00a9 tahsinur rahman shihan ( 2015 - 2018 ) in photographs and texts . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\nmoore , 1865 \u2013 harisa orange awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe project through outreach and awareness programs would provide a better knowledge of butterfly diversity and their importance to students , local communities and policymakers . the awareness of the students and local communities would be crucial milestone in promoting community conservation measures .\nfixed width circular plot count method along the transects will be followed for sampling butterflies . depending upon the availability of suitable plots and accessibility in the sloppy terrain , transects of 600 - 1000 m will be established covering various elevation sites and vegetation types . along the transects , permanent points will be marked at 50 - 100 m apart . elevational distance between two consecutive sites will vary from 150 - 350 m depending upon the accessibility and availability of the plots in laying the transects . climatic and vegetation data will be collected .\nread about the latest progress of this project in the reports , articles and promotional materials below .\njournal of threatened taxa , 26 may 2018 , vol 10 , no . 6 , 11775 - 11779\nread more about the activities undertaken and findings of this project in the final report below .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nin book : proceedings of national conference on zoology for future education and research , publisher : queen marry ' s college , chennai , pp . 61 - 77\nestablished by government of india under national board for wildlife ( nbwl ) . out of 668 p\nbelongs to the most conspicuously recognizable insect order lepidoptera . so far 1 , 504 species of butterflies\nare mostly circumscribed to certain pockets . hence a comprehensive research is necessary to unearth the\nhidden natural history of butterfly in arunachal pradesh . the present article is a critique of butterflies from\nfamily ( sherri , 2003 ; maria de la paz celorio , 2013 ) .\nanand padhye , sheetal shelke and neelesh dahanukar . 2012 . distribution and composition of butterfly\nbetham , j . a . ( 1980 ) . the butterflies of the central provinces .\nchandra , k . ( 2006 ) . the butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) of kangerghati national park ( chhattisgarh ) .\nareas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets . philosophical transactions of the royal\nchoudhary , m . ( 1995 ) . insecta : lepidoptera , pp . 45 - 52 .\nabrera , b . ( 1982 , 1985 , 1986 ) . butterflies of the oriental region . parts i , ii & iii , hill house , australia .\ndoubleday , e . ( 1845 ) . description of new or imperially described diurnal lepidoptera .\n. r . , murphy , d . d . 1987 . conservation lessons from long - term studies of checker spot butterflies .\nhassan , s . a . ( 1994 ) . butterflies of islamabad and murree hills . asian study group , islamabad , 1 - 68 .\n. b . ( 1978 ) . butterfly migrations in the nilgiri hills of south india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .\n. b . ( 1987a ) . the butterflies of the nilgiri mountains of southern india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .\n. b . ( 1987b ) . the butterflies of the nilgiri mountains of southern india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .\n. b . ( 1987c ) . the butterflies of the nilgiri mountains of southern india ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) .\nmandal , d . k . ( 1985 ) . notes on the papilionidae of arunachal pradesh , north - east india .\nmoore and swinhoe . 1890 - 1913 . lepidoptera indica by : 10 volume complete . a\n. ( 1975 ) . butterflies transects in a linear habitat , 1964 - 1973 .\nniklas janz , klas nyblom and so ren nylin . ( 2001 ) . evolutionary dynamics of host - plant specialization :\nseitz . 1906 - 1928 . the macrolepidoptera of the world by : issued in parts , complete . contain a brief\ndescription and a coloured figure of every species . the palaearctic section of 380 pages and 89\nshafer , c . l . 1999 . national park and reserve planning to protect biological diversity : some basic elements .\n. 2007 . checklist of south asian skipper butterflies ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) .\nsmith , c . 1989 . butterflies of nepal , 352 pp . ( tecpress service l . p\nswinhoe , c . ( 1886 ) . on the lepidoptera of mhow . proceeding of\narshney , r . k . 2010 . genera of indian butterflies : 1 - 186 . published by\narshney , r . k . ( 2006 ) . an estimate of the number of butterfly species in the indian region . bionotes ,\nalpole , m . j . and sheldon , i . r . ( 1992 ) . sampling butterflies rain forest : an evaluation of transect walk\nelle , c . s . and levin , s . a . 2005 . spatial attributes and reserve design models : a review .\nwitt , d . o . ( 1909 ) . the butterflies ( rhopalocera ) of the nimar district central provinces .\n- blyth , m . a . 1957 . butterflies of the indian region .\nbutterflies of sacon ( s\u00e1lim ali centre for ornithology and natural history ) campus , anaikatti , coim . . .\nthe freshwater fish fauna of new amarambalam reserve forest ( narf ) in the southern western ghats ( kerala ) is constituted by 43 species belonging to 13 families and 28 genera . family cyprinidae dominated with 20 species followed by balitoridae and bagridae ( four species each ) . narf may harbour higher freshwater fish species diversity than in protected areas in north kerala . the area around . . . [ show full abstract ]\na checklist of butterflies , so far recorded from madhya pradesh and chhattisgarh , representing 174 species / subspecies of 100 genera under eight families is given .\nthe community structure of butterflies was studied in the dry deciduous , thorny forest of anaikatty hills , western ghats . pierid butterflies showed greater abundance , which may be due to the relatively greater abundance of capparaceae and caesalpinaceae plants in the area . more species of nymphalid butterflies were recorded from the area than any other family . six endemic species and eight . . . [ show full abstract ]\nankita gupta , swapnil a . lokhande & abhay soman . 2013 . parasitoids of hesperiidae from peninsular india with description of a new species of dolichogenidea ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) parasitic on caterpillar of borbo cinnara ( wallace ) ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) zootaxa 3701 ( 2 ) : 277\u2013290 .\n( moore , [ 1866 ] ) \u2013 common orange awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\n( moore , [ 1866 ] ) \u2013 pale green awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nthe awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crepuscular habits of this species .\nthis list forms part of the full list of butterflies of india ( hesperiidae ) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of india .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbadamia exclamationis\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved april 20 , 2018 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis sena\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis gomata\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nharibal , meena ( 1992 ) . the butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history . gangtok , sikkim , india : sikkim nature conservation foundation .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis anadi\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis harisa\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis jaina\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis oedipodea\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis vasutana\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes benjaminii\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes plateni\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes xanthopogon\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nthe common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes hemixanthus ssp . furcata\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . accessed 12 october 2007 .\nthe species is considered to be furcata by lepindex , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora anura\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nhasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora chromus\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora chromus\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora taminatus\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora schoenherr\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora badra\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora vitta\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora khoda\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nevans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 9 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora leucospila\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nevans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 10 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora salanga\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 2 october 2007 .\nevans , w . h . ( 1932 ) . the identification of indian butterflies ( 2nd ed . ) . mumbai , india : bombay natural history society .\ngay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) . common butterflies of india . nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press . isbn 978 - 0195631647 .\nkunte , krushnamegh ( 2000 ) . butterflies of peninsular india . india , a lifescape . hyderabad , india : universities press . isbn 978 - 8173713545 .\nwatson , e . y . ( 1891 ) hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .\nwynter - blyth , mark alexander ( 1957 ) . butterflies of the indian region . bombay , india : bombay natural history society . isbn 978 - 8170192329 .\nbeccaloni , george ; scoble , malcolm ; kitching , ian ; simonsen , thomas ; robinson , gaden ; pitkin , brian ; hine , adrian ; lyal , chris .\nbrower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nempusa pennata , common names conehead mantis in english and mantis palo in spanish , is a species of praying mantis in genus empusa . it can be found in spain and parts of portugal , france , lebanon , central and southern italy and greece . the species invalidly cited by their synonyms in many tropical checklists such as in india and sri lanka .\nempusa pennata generally has large and thin body along with a great flying apparatus by their pair of wings and light body mass . also , they are mostly found in perennial herbs and scrubs . there are three ways for insects to find mates : chemical , acoustic , and visual signals . cryptic coloration is significant to some predatory insects like mantids , which is used to protect themselves from predators and to capture their prey .\nthis species of mantis , although similar in size to the common european praying mantis ( mantis religiosa ) , is easily distinguished by the protrusion from its crown . both male and females , even from first hatching carry this tall extension giving them a very alien appearance . they live in areas that are warm and dry and use their cryptic colouring of either greens and pinks or various shades of brown to keep them hidden from predators . the female may grow to a length of 10cm while the male is shorter and slimmer . the male has distinctive \u2018feather\u2019 type antennae as shown on the image above .\nhowever , insects that depend on vision will hinder to find their mate because they will be undetectable to each other . therefore , as an alternative way to find mates , sex pheromone is used . the releasing of sex pheromone by empusa pennata is an adaption derived from sexual selection .\nmantids stalk their prey and pounce on it , grasping it with their raptorial forelegs . only living prey is selected and it is consumed directly after the catch . the predator orients itself optically , and therefore only takes notice of moving prey . the maximum size of prey which mantids can overwhelm is species - specific and depends on the prey type . on average mantids eat crickets of 50 % their own body weight , while cockroaches can weigh up to 110 % ."]}
{"id": 2613, "summary": [{"text": "dactylagnus parvus , the panamic stargazer , is a species of sand stargazer found along the pacific coast of southern baja california to panama where it can be found down to a depth of about 6 metres ( 20 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach a maximum length of 3.2 centimetres ( 1.3 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "dactylagnus parvus", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : dactylagnus parvus [ orgn ] .\nlatin name parvus refers to the diminutive size of this species ( ref . 39697 )\npanamic stargazer , dactylagnus parvus . a very rare species caught in the surf zone off the beach with a water bucket , todos santos , baja california sur , june 2013 . length : 6 . 2 cm ( 2 . 4 inches ) .\nthe panamic stargazer , dactylagnus parvus , whose common spanish name is miraestrellas pan\u00e1mica , is a member of the sand stargazers or dactyloscopidae family known collectively as miraestrellas in mexico . this fish is also known as the dwarf stargazer . globally , there are only three species in the genus dactylagnus , two of which are found in mexican waters , both in the pacific .\nthe panamic stargazer can be confused with the giant stargazer , dactylagnus mundus ( no saddles on back ; 35 to 41 anal fin rays ; dorsal fin origin behind anal fin origin ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1976 . , studies on eastern pacific sand stargazers . 3 . dactylagnus and myxodagnus with description of a new species and subspecies . , copeia , 1976 ( 1 ) : 13 - 43 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific . there are no known major threats to this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and has an apparently disjunct distribution : occurring in southern baja california ; central mexico and the tres marias islands ; and then from nicaragua to panama .\nthis benthic species inhabits estuaries , mangroves and shallow sandy areas . it is also found in other soft bottom habitats .\nthere are no major threats known for this species . however , there may be some localized declines due to habitat loss from coastal development and loss of mangroves .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhead large , deep , bluntly rounded to oblique at front ; lower jaw short , broad , without projecting knob ; both lips with fleshy flaps , 12 - 21 on top lip ; eyes not stalked ; top corner of operculum with fringe of 8 - 17 slender flaps ; dorsal fin continuous , origin before anal fin origin , viii - xi , 25 - 29 ; anal ii , 29 - 34 ; no notch under tail base ; pectoral broad - based , long , 12 - 14 ( usually 13 ) rays ; tail fin with 10 branched rays ; lateral line continuous , bends down under 6th - 8th dorsal spine ; scales smooth , head and belly scaleless ; lateral line scales 43 - 49 , 28 - 33 on straight part .\nbody light tan with brown markings ; a large blotch between eyes and several smaller blotches behind ; 8 - 9 bars along upper back ; little or no pigment in mouth ; dorsal fin irregularly streaked ; tail with 2 - 3 faint bars ; pectoral with 3 broken bars .\nfindley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versi\u02c7n 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . \u00e1 derechos reservados de los autores y conservaci\u02c7n internacional .\nlove , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .\nvan der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , m\u00faxico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\ngreek , daktyleys , - eos = a kind of grey mullet + latin , agnus = pure , chaste ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 6 m ( ref . 39697 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39697 )\nde la cruz ag\u251c\u255dero , j . , m . arellano mart\u251c\u015fnez , v . m . cota g\u251c\u2502mez and g . de la cruz - ag\u251c\u255dero , 1997 . catalogo de los peces marinos de baja california sur . ipn - cicimar , la paz , mexico . p . 346 . ( ref . 37955 )\n) : 23 . 3 - 29 . 1 , mean 27 . 9 ( based on 156 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe panamic stargazers have elongated cigar - shaped bodies that taper gradually to the tail . they are light brown with brown markings including a large blotch between their eyes , several smaller blotches behind their eyes , and eight or nine bars along their upper back . their snout is unpigmented . their caudal fin has two or three faint bars , their dorsal fin is irregularly streaked , and their pectoral fins have three broken bars . they have a large head that is deep and bluntly rounded at the front , tubular nostrils , and an upturned mouth with a protruding lower jaw . their eyes are on top of the head and not stalked . their anal fin has two spines and 29 to 34 rays ; their dorsal fin is continuous , originates before the anal fin , and has 8 to 11 spines and 28 to 34 rays ; and their pectoral fins have a broad base with 12 to 14 rays . their lateral line is continuous and their body is covered with small scales .\nthe panamic stargazers are a solitary benthic coastal species normally found submerged in substrate such as beaches , sand bottoms , and soft bottom habitats in mangroves and estuaries at depths up to 20 feet . they reach a maximum length of 6 . 2 cm ( 2 . 4 inches ) , with the fish photographed below establishing this maximum length . they are ambush predators that lie in wait with only their eyes exposed and consume small invertebrates and fish . they are poorly studied and little is known about their behavioral patterns .\nin mexican waters the panamic stargazers have a limited distribution in waters of the pacific and are found from magdalena bay southward along the southwest coast of baja and from acapulco southward to guatemala along the coast of the mainland .\nthe panamic stargazers are small and seldom seen by humans . they are of limited interest to most and currently classified as of least concern from a conservation perspective . they are prone to habitat loss , including mangroves , from coastal development .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2629, "summary": [{"text": "the buffy fish owl ( bubo ketupu ) , also known as the malay fish owl , is a species of owl in the family strigidae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the four fish owls were previously generally separated in the genus ketupa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "mtdna cytochrome b sequence data is equivocal on which genus name is applied for them , and today they are commonly lumped with the horned and eagle-owls ( bubo ) \u2013 which they also resemble osteologically very much \u2013 for sake of convenience .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "depending on whether some little-studied tropical eagle-owls are closer to the fish-owls than to the typical eagle-owls , ketupa might be a valid genus if these as well as the fishing owls ( formerly scotopelia ) are included in it , although there are a number of osteological differences that suggest that fishing and fish owls are not directly related to each other . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "buffy fish owl", "paragraphs": ["[ 16 ] bird life international . ( 2012 ) . ketupa ketupu ( buffy fish - owl , buffy fish owl , buffy fish - owl ) . the iucn red list of threatened species url :\nmortality : buffy fish owls have lived for over 30 years in captivity . in regions with fish ponds , the buffy fish owl is sometimes persecuted because of its fish - catching habits .\nread in detail about the buffy fish owl in the avis \u2013 ibis database .\nthe buffy fish owl is a medium to fairly large owl with prominent , outward - facing ear - tufts . it is also known as the malay fish owl .\n[ 13 ] \u201cbuffy fish - owl\u201d by nicole . oiseaux - birds . com . url :\nthe buffy fish - owl ( bubo ketupu ) is a species of owl found throughout southeast asia and several islands of indonesia .\nthese buffy fish owl species have low forest dependency . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 1500 meters .\n[ 12 ] \u201cportrait of an owl : buffy fish owl\u201d by melinda tan , yc . bird ecology study group , 11 march 2007 . url :\n[ 14 ] \u201cbuffy fish owl encounters\u201d by allan teo . bird ecology study group , 31 may 2007 . url :\n[ 15 ] \u201cbuffy fish owl \u2013 the big yawn\u201d by connie khoo . bird ecology study group , 1 august 2006 . url :\nhabits : the buffy fish owl shelters during the day , often singly , in dark places such as densely foliaged trees near nesting site .\nthe buffy fish owl ranges from south assam , vietnam , south thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore to sumatra , borneo , java , and bali .\n[ 9 ] lewis , d . ( 2013 , june 19 ) . buffy fish owl - bubo ketupu - information , pictures , sounds . retrieved november 9 , 2014 , from the owl pages\nowyong , a . ( 2016 ) first known nesting record of the buffy fish owl . singapore bird group . retrieved aug 3 , 2016 , from urltoken\ntawny fish owl ( ketupa flavipes ) ( photo by : jayanth sharma cc by 3 . 0 )\ni have a nice photo of the adult the adult buffy fish owl from the botanics . if you would like the photo for your records do let me know .\nbuffy fish owls can be found in malaysia , thailand and the indonesian islands . they live in forested areas with a nearby water source so that they have access to fish .\npost breeding , the buffy fish owl juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\nthe voice of the buffy fish owl is probably the most recognizable of the four ketupa species , being higher pitched and more musical than the other three species . [ 10 ]\nroyal society searrp . ( n . d . ) . buffy fish owl ( ketupa ketupu ) . stability of altered forest ecology . retrieved aug 4 , 2016 , from urltoken\nthe buffy fish owl is a one of four species of fish owl . while it ' s a fairly large owl , it ' s the smallest of the fish owls . adults are about 15 - 19 inches ( 38 - 48 cm . ) bubo ketupu is native to the dense tropical forests of southeast asia . as the name implies , a large proportion of the buffy fish owl ' s diet consists of fish , as well as crustaceans , reptiles , frogs , toads and insects . rats , mice and large beetles are also taken . they will sometimes take bats , and reportedly feed on carrion . buffy fish owls fish from a perch an the water ' s edge , or from a tree on a wooded bank , swooping down to snatch prey from the water ' s surface . they will also walk in shallow streams to snatch crabs , frogs , fish and aquatic insects .\nbrown fish owl ( ketupa zeylonensis ) ( photo by : lip lee yap cc by - sa 2 . 0 )\nthe artificial ecosystems of these buffy fish owl species include rural gardens , plantations , urban parks , pasturelands , freshwater , brackish water and marine aquaculture ponds , irrigation canals and irrigated lands .\nseng , a & loei , j . ( 2015 ) . encounter with a one - eyed buffy fish - owl . bird ecology study group . retrieved aug 3 , 2016 , from urltoken\nbuffy fish owl , one of the more common names of the ketupa ketupu , is so named because of the buffy colouration of its body in relation to the other fish owls , being a more yellow - beige colour than the other 4 species . it is also sometimes referred to as java / malay / malaysian fish owl , in reference to the localities it is found in , more common in the indonesian island of java and in the malay peninsula .\nintroduction : the buffy fish - owl feeds exclusively on fish and a variety of aquatic organisms . some morphological features are well - adapted to its feeding behaviour . this species is rarely seen far from water , usually in forested areas and even close to human habitations .\nthe buffy fish owl species are distributed in india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , malaysia , singapore , brunei and indonesia . aquaculture farmers consider these owl species as pest birds . there are four recognized subspecies of these owls .\nbehaviour in the wild : the buffy fish - owl feeds exclusively on fish and other aquatic preys such as crustaceans , frogs , toads , and also reptiles and large aquatic insects . it may take carrion sometimes , and also rats , mice and large beetles , and occasionally bats .\nthe buffy fish - owl rests in trees during the day and becomes active at dusk . it is often alone , hidden in dark places usually among the tree foliage , in the vicinity of the nesting site .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the owl species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018evaluated\u2019 for the buffy fish owl (\nbuffy fish owls mostly eat fish . with their talons , they catch fish that are swimming just below the surface . they also sometimes eat other animals that are found near water , including frogs , reptiles , rodents and insects . they are also known to feed on carrion when it is available .\nthe nesting of the buffy fish - owl ( ketupa ketupu ) at the sungei buloh wetland reserve during march - april 2016 coincided with one of singapore\u2019s hottest period . the chick fledged in the latter part of april .\nhunting & food : as the name implies , a large proportion of the buffy fish owl ' s diet consists of fish , as well as crustaceans , reptiles , frogs , toads and insects . rats , mice and large beetles are also taken . they will sometimes take bats , and reportedly feed on carrion . buffy fish owls fish from a perch an the water ' s edge , or from a tree on a wooded bank , swooping down to snatch prey from the water ' s surface . they will also walk in shallow streams to snatch crabs , frogs , fish and aquatic insects .\nthe diet of these buffy fish owl species is mostly fish . crabs , shrimps , frogs , toads , crayfish , reptiles , birds , small mammals and large insects are their primary food . they are known to prey on snakes , fruit bats and young false gharials . they also feed on carrion .\nthe typical buffy fish owl clutch has one oval and dull white egg . the chick hatches out after 28 - 29 days of incubation . the chicks fledge after six weeks of growth . both the parents take care of the hatchling .\nthe buffy fish owl usually lays a single egg in the cup - like hollow formed by the leaves of the big epiphytic bird ' s nest fern ( asplenium nidus ) , in tree holes or abandoned nests of some large raptors .\nthe buffy fish owl species are distributed in india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , malaysia , singapore , brunei , indonesia . in india , these owl species are distributed in the states of odisha , west bengal , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland , tripura and mizoram .\nsubspecies and range : the buffy fish - owl has two subspecies : k . k . ketupu ( here described and displayed ) occurs in se asia , malay peninsula , riau archipelago , sumatra , java , bali , borneo and bangka .\nas you can probably guess from its name , it feeds exclusively on aquatic creatures such as fish . because of their special diet , they aren\u2019t like your typical owl . unlike the snowy owl ( harry potter\u2019s tragically dead pet ) , the buffy fish owl does not fly silently . they don\u2019t need to since their prey ( fish ) are unlikely to be able to hear them anyway . another unique behaviour of the fish owls are that instead of swooping down to catch their prey like we so often see on documentaries , they actually wade into shallow waters to catch their prey [ 6 ] . pretty cool , huh ?\nnow , back to the buffy fish owl . though you can only see its speckled brown back in the picture above , the smallest of the fish owls can be distinguished by it\u2019s brilliant yellow eyes and adorable ear tufts that are usually tilted at 45 degrees [ 3 ] . since they are largely nocturnal , it can be difficult to spot owls at daytime when they are usually resting silently in trees , an indistinguishable shape on the tree . however , birders have reported an encouraging increase in local sightings of this elusive fish owl in the recent years [ 4 ] . if you haven\u2019t spotted one , there are always pictures . check out this awesome one of the infamous one - eyed buffy fish owl [ 5 ] !\nthey might be killed due to their predation on fish and aquatic organisms , if they are seen as threats to human livelihood depending on fish stocks , especially if these ketupa ketupu inhabit and hunt in areas near human constructs such as fish ponds .\nprotection / threats / status : the buffy fish - owl is sometimes affected by local persecution due to its fishing behaviour in areas with fish ponds . this behaviour involves competition with the local fishers . this species is scarce to fairly common throughout the range , and the population appears currently stable . this species is evaluated as least concern .\n( 3 ) claws are long and curved with a sharp , lower cutting edge : similarly gives the fish owl a stronger grip on its prey after capture .\nfeeds mainly on fish , frogs , crustaceans , reptiles ( lizards ) and insects .\nfishing grey - headed fish - eagle caught by david awcock at the swan lake .\nbackground information and conservation plan for the western burrowing owl . good bibliography attached .\nthe buffy fish owl can be found in secondary forests , forest edges , mangrove forests , and rubber plantations . during the day , it usually roosts in a tall tree and emerges at about dusk to hunt . it regularly bathe to keep its feathers in optimum conditions .\nthe nocturnal fauna of singapore has long held the fascination of many nature - enthusiasts . from the inquisitive stare of the buffy fish owl to the wide - eyed sunda scops owl , nocturnal birds have been seen throughout the island , and garnered the attention of many . several of us have seen owls on pulau ubin before , but how many are there exactly ? and where ?\nsome authorities place it within the genus ketupa , its original designation . debate still occurs as to whether it is a fishing owl or an eagle owl of the genus bubo .\nin buffy fish owl the ear tufts are prominent and hang to the sides of the head , giving a scraggly look . the facial disc does not have well defined margin . the forehead is whitish . the feather lack the comb and hair - like fringes to the primaries and their wing beats make sounds .\n40\u201348 cm ; 1028\u20132100 g . smallest fish - owl . facial disc pale buff , with white eyebrows ; upperparts buff , streaked with dark brown , feathers edged with pale rufous ; . . .\nthe buffy fish - owl is the smallest of the four fish - owls . the adult has buff upperparts with dark brown streaks and pale rufous edges to feathers . the scapulars are paler , mostly whitish to pale buff . on the wings , the flight feathers are barred buff and dark brown , with a few whitish bars . the rectrices are dark brown with pale tips and a few buffish - white bars .\nbuffy fish - owls mainly take fish and crustaceans ; other small game up to the size of rats are sometimes taken when the opportunity arises . the owls hunt from perches alongside streams and other bodies of water , swooping down to snatch prey at the surface . it has also been observed that they eat carrion as well .\nhabitat : the buffy fish - owl frequents the broadleaved evergreen forests near water , or bordering streams , rivers or lakes . it also occurs in mangroves , plantations , wooded gardens near wetlands . this species is mainly found in lowlands , but it can be seen from 1100 to 1600 metres of elevation in sumatra .\n[ 20 ] \u201cbuffy at pasir ris\u201d by ria tan . wild shores of singapore , 20 april 2013 . url :\n\u201csometime ago i was sent a youtube link on an owl that is capable of . . .\nthe buffy fish - owl forages mainly at night , but it often starts in late afternoon . it hunts from perch at water edge . once a prey is detected , it swoops down to catch the prey from the water surface . another technique consists in walking slowly in shallow water to catch crabs , insects and amphibians .\nthis owl eats large insects , crabs , fish , frogs , small birds , and mammals like rats . after eating it will cast a pellet consisting of the undigestable parts like feathers , bones , etc .\nthis paper summarizes existing information on the burrowing owl in arizona and provides baseline information for future studies .\nhabitat management series for unique or endangered species : burrowing owl pdf , 1 . 6mb aug 22 14\nthe buffy fish owl enjoys an extremely large area of distribution in south - east asian countries ie brunei , cambodia , cocos ( keeling ) islands , india , bangladesh , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , thailand and vietnam . it is quite a rarity in india though with just a few records from the sundarbans mangroves .\ndistribution : buffy fish owls are found in south burma , south and east to trung phan , peninsular thailand and malay peninsula , riau archipelago , sumatra with neighbouring islands on the west side , mangka , belitung , java , bali and borneo .\nthe breeding season of these buffy owl species in india is from december to may , with a peak period from january to april . the breeding season in malaysia is from july to april with a peak period from september to january .\nthe next reptile that one of our guides spotted was the buffy fish owl ( ketupa ketupu ) . hang on a minute , that\u2019s a bird not a reptile ! well , a cool science fact to blow your friend\u2019s mind : birds are actually classified under reptiles . part 2 of rad reptiles will be explaining why so keep your eyes peeled for it !\non 18th march 2012 , we were on a boat riding into the salty waters of sundarbans . the breeze was just warming us up for the long day ahead , when mridul kanti kar , a young fellow birder with an amazing ability to spot birds , shouted out \u2018owl ! owl ! \u2019 . we were near the famous sajnekhali watch tower . we were clicking pictures furiously , not realizing the rarity we were looking at . though initially mistaken for the common brown fish owl , something about it denied that fact . only after blowing up the photos up on my screen later did i notice the white forehead and absence of horizontal cross - bars on its underparts , and realized it resembled the buffy fish owl . and it did turn out to be a rarity , and the photo of this buffy , is the second photo - record from sundarbans , rather india , the first one being by mr . nikhil bhopale in jan 2010 .\nfine art illustration of a buffy fish owl . the print is hand - signed by the artist and is guaranteed to arrive in perfect condition . the reproduction of this original pen and ink drawing is done on high quality acid - free archival paper . call 1 800 - 913 - 7906 for more information or to order by phone . click here for shipping info .\nconsisting 4 species in total , based on their distribution and their specialised adaptations to hunting of fish and other aquatic organisms .\nin total , 16 individual birds were seen or heard . the most numerous were the large - tailed nightjar and sunda scops owl , of which 6 individuals of each species were encountered throughout the survey . the buffy fish owl and black - crowned night heron were encountered once each , while the savanna nightjar was encountered twice . to our delight , greater mousedeer were seen by all three groups and one group even saw a herd of wild boar with 3 adults and 13 piglets !\n) is a fairly large owl , measuring 35 to 50 cm in length and weighing 1000 to 2100 grams .\njeffrey l . lincer and peter h . bloom proceedings of the california burrowing owl symposium , 90 - 102 2007\nthe original drawing of a buffy fish owl was completed on 3 . 2 . 2015 . some months ago i had put together a collage of the owls of north america . and i realized that i wanted to broaden that to a collage of owls of the world . so i started researching some of the more notable species of owl native to the other continents . i plan to do another few species within the next few weeks . the drawing is based on a photo by eddy lee and was used with his permission . .\nbuffy fish owls do not build their own nests , but rather use the abandoned nests of other birds or a tree cavity . the female lays one egg , which hatches approximately one month later . when the owlet is about 45 days old , its flight feathers begin to grow in .\nthe overall plumage of these owls is buffy ( yellow - brown ) . there is considerable variegating with pale buffy color . the feathers are edged pale brown . the wings and tail are broadly barred pale and dark brown . the underparts are yellow - brown or tawny . there are dark vertical striations .\nthese buffy owl species do not build nests . they nest on top of bird ' s - nest fern , in tree fork covered with ferns and moss , on orchid beds , in tree holes , on rocky sites and even in abandoned nests of other species of birds .\nsometime in march 2016 , a pair of buffy fish - owls ( ketupa ketupu ) ( above ) nested in a bird\u2019s nest fern ( asplenium nidus ) at the sungei buloh wetland reserve . harry geno - oehlers started documenting the nesting and the images below show the development of the chick inside the nest .\nbuffy fish - owls are found in densely - forested areas of southeast asia , mainly with access to streams and rivers ; coastal mangrove areas are also inhabited . their range includes far - eastern india , bangladesh , burma , malaysia , cambodia , laos , vietnam , thailand , and the larger islands of indonesia .\ni had my camera ( thankfully ! ) with me , and managed to squeeze off a few shots before night fell . we also were able to take a few recordings of the owls vocalising and will eventually upload onto xeno - canto . this brief encounter with these buffy fish owls while unexpected was most exhilarating !\nfood habits of a population of the burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) at the idaho national engineering laboratory , butte county , were studied .\nburrowing owl habitat management plan - evaluation of impacts to burrowing owls for the nasa ames development plan pdf , 3 . 7mb jun 28 12\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion . the habitat destruction , persecution from aquaculture farmers and trapping for pet trade are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these buffy owl species .\ninteresting resident records include a lesser whistling duck , dendrocygna javanica at the japanese gardens , reported by laurence eu , buffy fish owls , ketupa ketupu , one at the singapore botanic gardens on 8 th ( richard white ) and another at bidadari on 15 th ( er bong siong ) . all are new for the location .\nthe fish owls of ketupa bears close physical similarity to the genus bubo ( eagle owls ) in terms of having similar prominent ear tufts , colour , size and and heavy build . however , they differ from bubo in three main aspects in relation to their specialization of their diet on fish ( adaptations for hunting )\nin early march this year , staff of sbwr noticed a fur ball through a gap in a bird nest fern on a rain tree . it turned out to be an owl chick . it was the same with the buffy fish owls i seen in perak , malaysia . they were also using bird nest ferns as nests , which makes it hard to spot looking from below . unlike other nesting birds , the parents do not feed them during the day and avoid undue attention .\nit is the most common large owl in open country habitats and rural settlements . found in mangroves , freshwater swamps , plantations and wooded gardens .\nowl home ranges varied in size within ( but not between ) years , and not in conjunction with any of the biological factors we measured .\na moderately - large owl , buffy fish - owls are brown throughout ; dark brown above , lighter rufus - brown below . primaries and secondaries are banded with white , with some spotting on the leading edge of the wings . dark shaft - streaking is present on the chest , but less - so on the belly . the ear tufts are large , and splayed outward to the side . in keeping with its fishing habits , the yellow - gray tarsi and feet are unfeathered .\nin the 1980s and 90s , the buffy fish owls , ketupa ketupa , were found at only a few locations in singapore , like pulau ubin , sungei buloh and central catchment forest . our only record that indicate breeding was the sighting of two immatures at the lower peirce reservoir in 1994 & 2010 and macritchie reservoir in october 2011 . . in recent years , they have spread out to sentosa , pasir ris park , punggol and the singapore botanic gardens . it augurs well for this owl .\nmostly fish ; also frogs , crustaceans , reptiles , large aquatic insects , small mammals ( rats , mice ) and birds ; once a tortoise ; also carrion . . .\n( 2 ) underside of toes covered in numerous sharp edged and spiky scales : enables them to have a good grip on the slippery and wet fish and other aquatic prey .\nthe natural ecosystems of these owl species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests , permanent freshwater lakes , seasonal lakes and waterbodies , rivers , streams and creeks .\nwe monitored burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) populations and prairie dog densities in 17 black - tailed prairie dog colonies in the nebraska panhandle between 1990 and 1996 .\nburrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) populations in san diego county appear to have decreased through the early 1900s in conjunction with human population growth and concomitant habitat loss .\nthe resident grey - headed fish - eagles , ichthyophaga ichthyaetus , were keeping the photographers busy with their daily fishing antics at the singapore botanic garden\u2019s swan lake . they were first videoed by jeremiah loei on 10th . a pair of buffy fish owls ketupa ketupu , were roosting at the rain forest section of the gardens ( zacc hd 13th ) . they were first spotted at the gardens by richard white last month on 8th may . we think that they may have been flushed out from the tyersall side due to the construction of the new extension to the gardens .\na case of leucism in the burrowing owl athene cunicularia ( aves : strigiformes ) with confirmation of species identity using cytogenic analysis pdf , 2 . 7mb aug 22 14\nthe low temporal variability of the dominant prey species provided evidence that simple prey relationship models were not likely to ex - plain the highly synchronous and temporally dynamic patterns of spotted owl reproductive performance . reproductive success was likely a result of the interaction of both weather and prey and the life history strategy of this long - lived owl .\nwe quantified the use of black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies as habitat for the burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) in southwestern kansas and southeastern colorado .\nrests in a tree during the day until dusk when it leaves in search of food . they feed on fish , frogs and crustaceans near streams , as well as bats and small birds .\nwe predicted that owl - occupied prairie dog towns would be in less fragmented landscapes that contain more prairie then owl - unoccupied prairie dog towns . to test this prediction , we used a geographic information system and spatial analysis metrics to examine the landscape within 1000 and 2500 m radius circles surrounding prairie dog towns in the shortgrass prairie in northeastern colorado .\nmodelling effects of chemical exposure on birds wintering in agricultural landscapes : the western burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia hypugaea ) as a case study pdf , 1 . 7mb jul 22 14\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season varies according to the range . the laying occurs mainly between february and april , but in w java , the eggs are led from may to july , and in april and september to january in malay peninsula . the buffy fish - owl nests in large hollow in tree , in tree - fork or among the bird ' s nest ferns ( asplenium nidus ) between 3 and 18 metres above the ground . it may use an abandoned raptor\u2019s nest too , and uses occasionally a cave in rocky area . they do not build their own nest .\nthe soft fringes found long the rear edge of the wing feathers in other owl species , that enables silent flight in owls during hunting are also lost in the fish owls . presumably , this could be due to their prey being not so able to pick up airborne sounds , hence little need to conceal its presence as it swoops in to capture its prey . [ 10 ]\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the buffy fish - owl gives loud , rattling \u201ckutook , kutook , kutook , kutook , kuttok\u2026\u201d and these sounds might be the song of the male . other sounds can be heard such as a musical \u201cto - whee to - whee\u201d , a long , monotonous \u201cbup - bup - bup - bup - bup\u2026\u201d , also high \u201chie - ee - eek - keek\u201d notes , hisses , mews and shrieks . the female\u2019s voice is slightly high - pitched than that of the male . they become noisy before breeding , and the pairs often duet during several minutes .\nwe document a female burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia ) that nested in arizona and dispersed 1 , 860 km to saskatchewan , where she successfully raised seven young during the same breeding season .\nmost previous research has focused on burrowing owl breeding biology , and little is known about its winter ecology . we determined characteristics of roost sites used by western burrowing owls in southern texas during winter .\n( 1 ) lack of feathers on tarsi : feathered legs would have been drenched and waterlogged with frequent plunging into the water for prey capture , thus the lack of feathers would optimize the capture of prey in fish owls .\nthe name ketupu as in its latin bionomial name , could have been derived from its old javanese name , kutupu - kutupuk , which was also based on the owl ' s calls . [ 1 ]\n[ 23 ] shepherd , c . r . ( 2012 ) . the owl trade in jakarta , indonesia : a spot check on the largest bird markets . birding asia ( 58 - 59 ) \u2019\nmonitoring at obo sites has indicated the saskatchewan burrowing owl population has declined 92 % from 1988\u20132009 ( obo database ) . habitat is improved by enlarging pastures to increase grassland patch size and reduce habitat fragmentation .\nholt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enr\u00edquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . buffy fish - owl ( ketupa ketupu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthere is probably a much wider diversity and greater number of nocturnal birds on ubin , based on historical sightings as well as the fact that there are many parts of ubin our routes did not cover . for example , all species of owl known in singapore are recorded on ubin except for the short - eared owl . we hope to continue to conduct more nocturnal census and hopefully uncover more nocturnal birds on ubin .\nfish - owls , or fishing owls , are generally considered to be in two genera ketupu and scotopelia . the genus ketupa only consist of 4 species distributed over most of asia , in contrast to the scotopelia consisting of 3 species found in africa . [ 10 ] scotopelia ( african fish owls ) are also large and powerful . however , scotopelia lack ear tufts , loose feathering on their heads which gives them a characteristic shaggy , maned look . [ 10 ]\npei shuan and i had just left the office and were making our way to the evolution garden when two large - sized birds abruptly landed in the tree above us while calling . we thought it might be the red jungle fowls , but turning the corner , the birds revealed themselves to be buffy fish owls . both continued to vocalise , one more so frequently than the other , uttering a relatively soft \u201cyiiii\u201d ( like a squeaky chair , for lack of a better description ) each time . the other owl answered sporadically with a louder and harsher \u201cyiooorhhh\u201d . i am guessing that the former is a subadult ; the plumage differences seem rather minute , however . both kept close to each other .\na burrowing owl ( athene cuniciilaria ) population nesting on the idaho national engineering laboratory ( inel ) in southeastern idaho utilized burrows excavated by badgers ( taxidea taxiis ) or natural cavities in lava flows as nesting sites .\ndavid s . klute , loren w . ayers , michael t . green william h . howe stephanie l . jones jill a . shaffer steven r . sheffield6 , tara s . zimmerman us fish & wildlife service , biological technical publication 2003\nthe northern pygmy mouse ( baiomys taylori ) , fulvous harvest mouse ( reithrodontomys fulvescens ) , and merriam\u2019s pocket mouse ( perognathus merriami ) are new to the diet of the western burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia hypugaea ) .\ndetermining differences in the owl\u2019s ecology between rural and urban / suburban areas can aid in creating effective statewide management strategies for this species . we compared the available prey and diet of burrowing owls in a rural and urban environment .\nthe large dispersal distances we observed within the breeding season were greater than previously published estimates of between - year breeding dispersal based on mark - recapture methods and provide insight into the lack of genetic differentiation observed among burrowing owl populations .\ni estimated survival rates of a florida burrowing owl ( athene cunicularia floridana ) population on a 35 . 9 - km study area in lee county , florida , 1987 - 91 to determine if there was a relationship between annual survival and development density\nour results suggest that the burrowing owl were mainly nocturnal hunters and evidenced a generalist diet , consuming a wide spectrum of prey items , including invertebrates ( insects and chelicerates ) , and several types of vertebrates ( mammals , birds and lizards ) .\nwith the number of serious birders and photographers going up in india , newer records like this owl are being added regularly . birders and photographers now act as citizen scientists constantly adding to the scientific knowledge of birds , their behavior and their distributional range .\nowl species , that enables silent flight in owls during hunting . presumably , this could be due to their prey being not so able to pick up airborne sounds , hence little need to conceal its presence as it swoops in to capture its prey .\nthese owl species hunt from the bank of streams , lakes and aquaculture ponds , swooping down on the prey near the water surface . they do not get their feathers wet . they also wade in shallow waters in streams , brooks and ponds to hunt .\nto determine the breeding dispersal patterns underlying this distributional change , we developed 11 novel polymorphic microsatellite loci for the species . we tested these loci in two burrowing owl breeding populations , one from central sinaloa , mexico , and one from the central valley of california , usa .\nthe only threat is man , and it has been persecuted in some areas under the belief that it competes for fish . according to iucn , the birds have a stable population ; its large range and habit of seeking dense forest in which to roost are factors which list the species as least concern . [ 2 ]\n) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these owl species is considered to be stable . throughout its range it is reported to be uncommon to common . the generation length is 5 . 7 years . their distribution size is about 7 , 450 , 000 sq . km .\nto design and implement effective recovery efforts , we need a better understanding of how distribution and demographic traits are influenced by habitat quality . to this end , we measured spatial patterns of burrowing owl breeding habitat selection within black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies in northeastern wyoming , usa .\ni used closed - population capture - recapture models to evaluate 4 factors that could affect the probability of a surveyor detecting an owl activity center ( i . e . , nest burrow ) during visual surveys where owls are the focal object and analyzed the relationship ( linear or curvilinear ) between specific factors and detection probability .\nbreeding : eggs are found mainly in february to april , but less commonly in may to july ( west java ) or in april and september to january ( malay peninsula ) . often nests on tip of bird ' s - nest ferns , or in the fork of a thick bough covered by ferns , moss and orchids . buffy fish owls will also nest in tree hollows or other raptors nests , and sometimes may resort to caves in rocky sites . usually one , but sometimes two eggs are laid , which are broadly oval and dull white , averaging 47 . 3 - 49 x 42 . 5 - 43 . 3 mm . incubation of the eggs lasts 28 - 29 days . generally only one chick survives and will fledge after six weeks .\nwe designed a field experiment to compare burrowing owl flight distances , times displaced , and probabilities of being displaced between 4 potential population survey methods ( single walking surveyor , single vehicle stop , single vehicle stop with 2 surveyors , and double vehicle stop with 2 surveyors ) , and an experimental control in the agricultural matrix of imperial valley , california .\nall turbines in the apwra could be shut down and blades locked during winter , when 35 % of the burrowing owls were killed but only 14 % of the annual electricity was generated . terminating rodent control and installing flight diverters at the ends of turbine rows might also reduce burrowing owl mortality , as might replacing turbines with new - generation turbines mounted on taller towers .\nowls are nocturnal predators , active during the night and roosting in the day , in contrast to the diurnal birds of prey . fish owls emerge from their roosts in late afternoon on occasion , and thus they are sometimes regarded as semi - diurnal . however , they rarely hunt during those occasions , rather , they would only hunt after dusk , as with all other species that are considered thoroughly nocturnal . [ 10 ] frequently seen flying low at dusk . [ 11 ]\nthey often descend to the ground , and perch at the water\u2019s edge or from a tree on a wooded bank . they would watch and wait for their prey to swim within striking distance , then swoop in and snatch their prey from the water\u2019s surface with their claws , unlike the bodily plunging into the water body as in the manner of an osprey . they might also wade in shallow streams , often incidentally during bathing , occasionally they would snatch crabs , frogs , fish , aquatic insects from the water . [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]\nadult plumage is mottled brown and white and birds have lemon yellow eyes . adults stand approximately 7 . 5 - 10 inches ( 19 - 25 cm ) tall and weigh approximately 5 ounces ( 150 grams ) . they have long , nearly unfeathered legs . burrowing owls are strong flyers , but also are well adapted life on the ground . adults are not dimorphic , but in the summer males can be distinguished from females based on behavior and lighter plumage color . since males typically spend significant time in the sun , while female spend more time underground , males are often paler than females . the buffy breasts of young in juvenile plumage are one way to distinguish them from adults .\nthe asian fish - owls of the genus ketupa comprises of three species , all occurring within indian limits . they are large and powerful birds , with the tarsus partly or wholly naked and granular , much like that of the osprey , and the soles of the feet covered with prickly scales . the claws are large , well curved , each with a sharp cutting - edge beneath , and the middle claw with a sharp keel on the inside also . aigrettes are present , long and pointed . the bill is large and strong . the facial disk is ill - marked , especially above . the wings are rounded , and do not reach the end of the tail , 4th quill generally the longest , 3rd and 5th subequal ; tail moderate .\nwhile this was happening , ruici who was at botany centre observing the brown - chested jungle flycatcher immediately rushed over and joined me about 5 minutes after pei shuan left . at this time , the owls had become more active , flying across the path to another tree and calling more frequently . the pair thereafter flew across the carpark , to the trees directly in front of the hq , where we observed was a third owl . soon after , two of the owls flew across the carpark one after the other back to the evolution garden . one of them was carrying a small branch / large twig from the araucaria tree it had been perching in . the two owls in the evolution garden started to vocalise , seemingly coaxing the third individual ( subadult ? ) to join them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to common ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription : upperparts are rich brown , while the feathers of the back and mantle are blackish - brown , broadly margined with buff and with pale rufous or whitish spots near the tips . the head and neck are the same as the upperparts but the feather tips don ' t have the spots . the forehead and eyebrows are white , and the distinctive ear - tufts are sideward directed and very tousled . eyes are yellow , with the eyelids rimmed black . the bill is black or greyish - black . outer webs of scapulars are fulvous , but not forming a pale row across the shoulder . wing coverts are the same as the back , but with much larger pale spots . primaries and secondaries are dark brown , banded with whitish or fulvous . the tail feathers are dark brown with whitish tips and 3 or 4 buffish - white bars . underparts are rufous - buff or fulvous with narrow dark brown shaft - streaks , these becoming narrower and sparser on the belly and undertail - coverts . flanks and thighs are unstreaked . tarsi are relatively long and bare and are coloured yellowish - grey along with the toes . claws are dark horn .\nsize : length 40 - 48cm . wing length 295 - 390mm . tail length 160 - 181mm . weight 1028 - 2100g . females are larger than males .\nvoice : a rattling kutook , kutook , kutook , kutook , kutook , kutook . . . is thought to be the song of the male . they are particularly noisy before breeding , and pairs participate in duetting which may continue for many minutes . the female has a slightly higher voice . other vocalisations include a musical to - whee to - whee , a ringing pof - pof - pof . . . high hie - ee - ee - eek - keek notes and hissing sounds as well as .\nhabitat : common in forested areas near water , often close to human habitations . also found in mangrove forest and other coastal areas with woods and bushes . found from sea level to 1600m .\noriginal description : horsfield , thomas 1821 . transactions of the linnean society of london ( trans . linn . soc . london ) ( 1 ) 13 : p . 141 .\nboyer and hume . 1991 .\nowls of the world\n. booksales inc .\ndel hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .\nhandbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds\n. buteo books .\nk\u00f6nig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .\nowls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )\n. yale university press .\nmikkola , heimo . 2013 .\nowls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )\n. bloomsbury .\nvoous , karel h . . 1988 .\nowls of the northern hemisphere\n. the mit press .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nprobably closest to k . flavipes , the two replacing each other geographically . see also k . zeylonensis . when species placed in genus bubo , subspecies name minor becomes unavailable , and replacement name buettikoferi then used . race aagaardi intergrades with nominate ketupu , and pageli is possibly only a colour variant ; both are sometimes included within nominate . four subspecies recognized .\n( horsfield , 1821 ) \u2013 malay peninsula , riau archipelago , sumatra , bangka , belitung , java , bali , and borneo ( except nw ) .\nloud \u201ckootookookootook . . . \u201d , ringing \u201cpof pof pof\u201d , and musical \u201cto - . . .\nforest bordering streams , rivers , and lakes ; also disturbed forest , trees beside rice fields and . . .\nlays dec\u2013may , mainly jan\u2013apr ; jul\u2013apr in malay peninsula . nest in cavity of large tree , or in tree fork , or in old raptor . . .\nresident . vagrant found on cocos ( keeling ) is , indian ocean , some 1050 km outside normal range .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . status poorly known ; uncommon in thailand ; locally uncommon to more or less common in malay peninsula and se asia ; common . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsometimes subsumed within bubo , or treated as a subgenus ; separated on basis of slight differences in skull morphology . molecular evidence suggests that ketupa forms a robust clade within bubo and therefore merits subgeneric ranking # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmkennewell , pieter de groot boersma , josep del hoyo , john gregory , keith blomerley , greg baker , barry attridge , rob hutchinson , paul clarke .\nvirgosg , kaustav banerjee , veronika patrovska vernerova , jainymaria , josep del hoyo , alex berryman , biplab kr . mukhopadhyay , michael schmitz , elias neideck , jacqueserard , william ip , bird . soong , p . supat , lee harding , shoummo71 , ken havard , dave irving , james eaton , henrik brings\u00f8e , rusli .\na month later , a fully fledged chick looking inquisitive . 25 april 2016 . photo : terence tan .\ndespite the attention of visitors to the wetland reserve , the parent birds don\u2019t seem to feel threatened during the nesting . they just perched in the mid canopy nearby , keeping a watchful eye on the young . the chick was mostly exposed to the elements during the day staying awake most of the time .\non the 25th april , about seven weeks after being discovered , the chick was seen out of its nest , perched in the open on a branch of a nearby tree . it must have made the short flight across from the nest . it stayed at the same position for most of the day without trying to go near the parent birds perched below ."]}
{"id": 2630, "summary": [{"text": "worth ( 1909 \u2013 1912 ) was an american thoroughbred race horse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the winner of the 1912 kentucky derby , as well as the chesapeake stakes and latonia handicap .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he was the top racehorse , based on earnings , in 1911 and became a u.s. champion in 1912 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "on november 6 , 1912 , worth was severely injured during a race run at the pimlico race course in baltimore , maryland .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "worth 's jockey , mactaggart , rode too closely to another horse , causing a three horse collision that severely injured two other jockeys and severed two tendons in worth 's leg .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "worth was euthanized shortly after this incident due to his extensive injuries . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "worth ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for fort worth . fort worth is a filly born in 2010 october 25 by zizou out of desert yarn\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for net worth . net worth is a gelding born in 2008 october 31 by fastnet rock out of a real dool\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for true worth . true worth is a mare born in 2013 september 22 by makfi out of apollo ' s pride\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for what ' s ken worth . what ' s ken worth is a gelding born in 2011 october 11 by krupt out of galantine\nthe current race record for what ' s ken worth is 0 wins from 16 starts .\nthe current race record for true worth is 1 wins from 10 starts with prizemoney of $ 25 , 705 . 00 .\nmark bellissimo with his horse raphael de brun , at his far niente stables in wellington , fla . , march 2017 \u2022 photo by josh ritchie\nbellissimo recognized other opportunities to promote horse sports . in 2013 , he acquired the chronicle of the horse , a weekly industry magazine , and last year he bought the international polo club in wellington for $ 72 million . bellissimo expects to improve that facility as well as work with the uspa to give the sport a wider reach . \u201cwe saw what mark\u2019s done with the horse show with jumpers and dressage , and selfishly we want to be part of what he does , \u201d says uspa\u2019s duncan huyler .\nbellissimo himself is not an avid rider . once in a blue moon , according to katherine , he will go trail riding on his aptly named quarter horse , easy . but what bellissimo lacks in riding ability , he makes up with a deep curiosity about the sport and a passion for transforming it . \u201che gets the connection with the horse , \u201d katherine says .\nyou\u2019ve probably never heard of mark bellissimo , a low - key entrepreneur from natick , mass . but bellissimo\u2019s new project , a massive north carolina equestrian center , is about to overthrow the upper crust world of horse sports .\nbellissimo is fond of rattling off statistics to prove the popularity of horse sports : that 27 million people apparently ride a horse every year , for example , far more than the 23 million who play tennis , the 25 million golfers or the measly 8 million skiers . or that according to alexa rankings , a metric for measuring internet traffic , there are more websites worldwide devoted to equestrian sports than almost any other sport . ( golf beats horses by a dozen . )\nthree years ago there were hills here and a small mountain . bellissimo is changing that . he\u2019s rushing to finish an equestrian complex that features 12 competition rings , trails and bridle paths , shops and restaurants , more than 1 , 100 horse stalls and a log cabin village . tryon international equestrian center , a name bellissimo gave the project in reference to a horse club in the area in the 1920s , will also offer three hotels , private homes and a championship golf course . he doesn\u2019t have much time to finish . in september 2018 , an estimated 500 , 000 people will converge upon tryon over the course of two weeks for the international equestrian federation ( fei ) world equestrian games , also known as the weg , the horse sports\u2019 equivalent of the olympics .\nbellissimo\u2019s numbers may not be definitive , but it\u2019s true that equestrian sports are seeing signs of growth . horse show entries nationally\u2014a good gauge of elite participation\u2014have climbed by 20 percent over the last two years , for example . last year\u2019s kentucky derby posted the second - highest attendance in its history , while the breeders\u2019 cup last november had its largest audience ever . but equestrian sports encompass everything from eventing to polo to horse racing , and multiple governing bodies regulate these activities independently , resulting in a disparate group of sports . the result : it\u2019s hard to grow equestrian activities as a whole . for example , duncan huyler , ceo of the u . s . polo association ( uspa ) , says his sport is \u201coutside of all equestrian disciplines\u201d and as a result struggles from lack of exposure . bellissimo plans to change that . \u201cwe\u2019re creating a business and industry centered around passion for the horse . \u201d\nstart bad and slow . won driving ; second and third same . worth was hustled into the lead and , maintaining an easy advantage under restraint , appeared to be an easy winner to the stretch turn , but tired and had to be hand ridden near the end to shake off duval . the latter was going gamest at the end . flamma acted badly at the post and was away poorly , but closed a big gap into a good third . free lance tired in the stretch . wheelwright and sonada ran disappointingly . scratched - the manager , patruche .\nwellington , a 30 - minute drive west of palm beach , has long been centered around horses , attracting ultra high net worth seasonal visitors and residents such as bill gates , laurene powell jobs and athina onassis . it\u2019s not uncommon to see riders atop their horses on the side of the road , where a network of bridle paths connects neighborhoods to the palm beach international equestrian center . the venue anchors the community , with the most expensive real estate being closest to it , and is the site of the winter equestrian festival . by the time the family chose to leave the northeast to shift gears , the girls were serious enough about the sport that wellington made sense .\nmost equestrian centers around the world serve specific disciplines . a show jumping arena , designed to accommodate an obstacle course for horse and rider , may not suit a dressage competition , in which horse and rider demonstrate training , skill and rhythm , and neither of these could ever share space with a polo tournament , which requires a 10 - acre grass field . but in a remote north carolina location , an entrepreneur named mark bellissimo is building something different\u2014and unique . to get there from charlotte , home of the nearest major airport , you have to take u . s . route 74 out of town and into the foothills of the blue ridge mountains . in polk county , the greenery begins to undulate and the mountains rise in the distance\u2014and then a massive compound off the highway interrupts the dreamlike scenery .\nbellissimo had first visited mill spring , tryon\u2019s location , with his friend roger smith , an atlanta investment banker with j . p . morgan who had resettled on a farm nearby . smith wanted to help the local community by developing horse sports in the area , which had been devastated by the closing of textile mills during the great recession . \u201ci tried to do it without mark\u2019s input and wasn\u2019t successful , \u201d he admits .\nnevertheless , the festival was by most measures successful . in 2005 , for instance , it had brought a reported $ 57 million of economic activity into the area . yet it remained restricted to wealthy equestrians and did little to engage the local community or attract sponsorship dollars . \u201cwellington was sort of like a british colony in the middle of africa , \u201d remembers kimberly van kampen boyer , a michigan\u2013based horse breeder and dressage rider who has been a fixture in wellington for 17 years . \u201cthe same people came , competed against each other and left . \u201d\nbellissimo is translating that enthusiasm into dollars . \u201cif we create an extreme version showing the speed and toughness of the horse , \u201d he says , \u201ci can chase brands like monster energy [ an energy drink ] that wouldn\u2019t typically participate and are looking for programming . \u201d he secured his first $ 500 , 000 in sponsorship for gladiator polo in just 10 days , letting him award $ 250 , 000 in prize money over seven weeks , an unheard - of purse for polo . bellissimo also landed a broadcast deal with nbc sports . and he\u2019s already planning a world tour of the sport , with people like odia lining up to sponsor .\nin a way , the weg , which brings eight horse - riding disciplines into one main event , represents what bellissimo hopes to accomplish in tryon . but because of the distances required by some sports , such as combined driving or endurance riding , host cities often have venues that are far apart . at the last weg , held in normandy , france , in 2014 , some competitions were as far as a 45 minutes\u2019 drive from each other , making participation and viewing difficult . at tryon\u2019s 1 , 400 acres , nothing is more than 15 minutes away from anything else . though tryon remains a bit of a mystery to most international competitors , \u201cfolks expect something pretty significant from mark thanks to wellington , \u201d says sharon decker , the chief operating officer at tryon .\nbellissimo had not counted on snagging the weg , an event that had already been awarded to the city of bromont in quebec . but when financing fell through for the canadians last july , he made a last - minute bid with the endorsement of the u . s . equestrian federation \u2014the umbrella organization that governs most horse sports nationally\u2014and won . the coup , however , raised eyebrows . \u201cpeople questioned if we could do that\u201d because of the newness of tryon , bellissimo admits . the main showgrounds were built at warp speed and at a cost of more than $ 150 million . \u201cif you try to do this very slowly , it wouldn\u2019t work . but we did it practically overnight , so it is intriguing for a lot of people . \u201d bellissimo expects to invest $ 450 million overall .\ntryon is not bellissimo\u2019s first rodeo . for the past decade , the cherub - faced 55 - year - old has been working toward building up the equestrian industry in the pastoral village of wellington , fla . , where he has transformed a sleepy , five - week horse show , the winter equestrian festival , into a 12 - week , $ 200 million economic engine by uniting most disciplines under one umbrella and increasing accessibility to the sports . bellissimo has also developed an equine - centered industry that includes luxury real estate\u2014the barns for some prized steeds , in their own gated communities , sell for up to $ 20 million\u2014an equestrian academy and multiple show venues . he even created variants of some disciplines to generate a new audience\u2014 gladiator polo , for example . \u201ceven if we didn\u2019t have real estate to sell , we\u2019ve built a nine - figure revenue model in a place where it didn\u2019t exist , \u201d he says .\nin 2006 , bellissimo and several partners , including van kampen boyer , purchased the showgrounds and 200 acres surrounding it for about $ 135 million . he then secured a deal to run the winter equestrian festival , giving him control over the wellington equestrian experience . \u201conce i bought the showgrounds and the raw land around it , it created hyper - growth of value here , \u201d bellissimo says , because he clearly intended to invest further . \u201cequestrianism was self - isolating because it appeared elite and unattainable , \u201d he says . \u201cwe had to bring it to a broader audience . \u201d bellissimo built grandstand seating , lengthened the winter equestrian season and changed the way they organized the horse show . he made general admission free , and installed jumbotrons around the arena to help spectators follow the competitions . his riders received bigger purses , hospitality venues provided food and drink , and street performers created a carnival atmosphere to engage visitors .\nchurchill downs , kentucky derby , kentucky oaks , the \u201ctwin spires design\u201d , and churchill downs incorporated related trademarks are registered trademarks of churchill downs incorporated .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nmiscellaneous leading trainer tony mcevoy looks set for his fourth winner in 10 days at muswellbrook on sunday .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\n\u201cthe difference in equestrianism versus golf or tennis or football is that there\u2019s only one permutation of those sports , \u201d bellissimo tells me . dressed in white jeans and a rumpled blue button - down shirt\u2014a simple uniform from which he seldom deviates\u2014he sits down on a late - winter afternoon for a greek salad with grilled chicken in roger\u2019s diner , a \u201950s - themed jukebox joint at tryon . he speaks in a soft - voiced rat - a - tat - tat that reveals a mind eager to share the fruits of exhaustive analysis . \u201cthere\u2019s a big equestrian population , \u201d he says , \u201cbut no one thinks of it in a centralized fashion . it\u2019s the ultimate in fragmented industries . \u201d\nbellissimo had never really been interested in horses before arriving in wellington with his family in 2004 . \u201cmark is an opportunity guy . he may not have a plan , but he\u2019s very good at recognizing opportunity , \u201d says his wife of 29 years , katherine bellissimo , whom he has known since high school .\nas a teenager in natick , mass . , a middle - class suburb of boston , bellissimo , one of six children , played hockey . his skill caught the eye of ted harrison , the athletics director at phillips academy andover , the tony massachusetts prep school . with harrison\u2019s help , bellissimo enrolled at andover . though bellissimo\u2019s father owned a small food - service business , belco , that evolved from running food trucks to providing corporate catering and cafeteria services\u2014and would do well enough to move to the affluent town of weston\u2014bellissimo was always aware of the financial expectations that an andover education created . \u201cthat was a victory for my father , making sure he had provided the best education . his big line was , \u2018put a brain in your head , and no one can ever take that away from you , \u2019\u201d bellissimo says .\nhe went on to major in political science with a concentration in economics at middlebury college in vermont . during a 1983 summer internship at the overseas private investment corporation in washington , d . c . , bellissimo stumbled across his first entrepreneurial opportunity , a meeting with a japanese manufacturer of inexpensive back - up alarms for trucks at a time when the devices were beginning to be mandated in u . s . cities . so bellissimo convinced the company to make him its u . s . distributor , generating hundreds of thousands of dollars in revenue . \u201cin relative scale it was small , but it was an amazing learning experience , \u201d he recalls . \u201cit allowed me to buy early computers and learn about technology and programming . \u201d\nafter graduating in 1985 , bellissimo moved to new york to work at credit suisse in its entry - level training program , but his time there was cut short when the family business fell into financial difficulty . he and his brother bill , then an assistant treasurer at chase manhattan bank , moved back to the boston area to restructure the company as it filed for chapter 11 . during that time , he also received his master\u2019s at harvard business school , got married and went to work at l . e . k . consulting , a corporate - turnaround firm . that experience led to an executive role in 1992 as vp of operations at vitas healthcare , a miami - based provider of hospice services , where among other things he developed the company\u2019s technical infrastructure . the hands - on experience allowed him to build and license technology that ultimately proved lucrative . \u201cthat was my first seven - figure payday , \u201d he says .\nbellissimo used that knowledge to form a medical technology company called caretools , which he later sold . other real estate and private equity investments following the dot - com crash led to his purchase of brandwise , a defunct comparison - shopping service that he rebuilt as a crm and sales - force automation business . when that company merged with a colorado\u2013based firm in 2004 , resulting in another payday , bellissimo decided to take a break . \u201ci wanted time to think about what i should do next , \u201d he says .\na competitor during the 2015 winter equestrian festival at the palm beach international equestrian center in wellington , fla . \u2022 photo by josh ritchie\nin the late \u201990s , bellissimo\u2019s then teenage daughters , paige and nicole , took up horseback riding near their summer home on lake winnipesaukee in new hampshire . \u201cmy wife took our daughters to a local barn that had a camp , and they loved it , \u201d bellissimo recalls . \u201ckatherine then started taking lessons with them , and all hell broke loose . \u201d one consequence : winter trips to wellington\u2019s equestrian festival .\nbut as the family delved more into equestrianism , bellissimo began to examine its flaws . \u201cthe rental rates for stalls were ridiculously expensive . if i\u2019m going to pay that much i want to own the property , \u201d he says . the shows , held on a grassy field with no spectator seating , were equally unappealing . \u201cif it was raining you were ankle - deep in mud , and there were porta - potties everywhere . it was a terrible experience , and you spent a lot of money to do it . \u201d\ntoday , the winter equestrian festival draws as many as 200 , 000 visitors over 12 weeks . the land around the showgrounds sells at $ 1 million to $ 2 million per acre\u2014bellissimo now owns 500 acres\u2014and properties that once would have cost $ 300 , 000 have sold for $ 12 million . the equestrian center has 12 competition rings , 2 , 500 stables and a 7 , 000 - seat main arena , as well as a riding school and a separate facility for dressage . \u201ccreating global dressage here turned the tide\u2014it was starting to atrophy in the u . s . , \u201d says van kampen boyer . \u201cit\u2019s brought us back . \u201d\n\u201cthe rental rates for stalls were ridiculously expensive . if i\u2019m going to pay that much , i want to own the property , \u201d\none of bellissimo\u2019s big ideas is gladiator polo , a variant of arena polo , in which teams of three players square off in a 300 - by - 150 - foot enclosed ring instead of on a grass field . for gladiator polo , the teams wear color - coded uniforms and mount ponies wearing matching leg wraps , saddle covers and hoods over their faces . instead of prizefighters , the horses resemble executioners . much faster and more intense than traditional polo , it resembles hockey , but the horses are the skates . on a march evening in wellington , the new game drew hundreds of people , including sven odia , an avid polo player and co - ceo of the germany\u2013based real estate brokerage engel & v\u00f6lkers . \u201cthis is amazing\u2014this is the place to be , \u201d he remarked as he watched excitedly with his son from one of the vip grandstand tables that flank the playing field .\nfor all the benefits this overhaul of wellington\u2019s equestrian scene has provided , mark bellissimo\u2019s wellington experiment has not gone unchallenged . prosperity has brought with it beastly traffic jams and noise pollution . boston billionaire jeremy jacobs , who owns a 200 - acre compound near the showgrounds , has fought this expansion of the center in a decadelong series of lawsuits and complaints to the village council that have prevented bellissimo from building hotels and condos\u2014imperative for growth in a landlocked community with finite real estate and only one hotel , a hampton inn . \u201che was going to build a clubhouse . he wanted valet parking for horses , \u201d complained lou jacobs , jeremy\u2019s son and frequent spokesperson , of bellissimo in 2013 to boston magazine . \u201cfrom my view at the outset , it was all about development . \u201d stymied by the legal blockades instituted by jacobs and the village council , bellissimo set his sights on north carolina . \u201cit was just so difficult to do anything in wellington , \u201d says katherine .\nthis corner of north carolina depends on tourism . lake lure , a tranquil community of summer homes on the water , has attracted visitors since the 1920s . drawn by the scenery , hollywood occasionally visited\u2014movies such as firestarter and dirty dancing were filmed here . the area is also home to a cluster of small wineries as well as gun clubs , and it\u2019s a weekend escape for residents of nearby metro areas such as charlotte , n . c . , and greenville , s . c . it also had some tourism infrastructure : bellissimo purchased a failed residential development called white oak plantation , which came with an electric grid , sewage , water and even a golf course . the combination of inexpensive land , existing residential framework , natural beauty and proximity to international airports made this the ideal place for bellissimo\u2019s equestrian resort and helped him win the world equestrian games bid .\nif there\u2019s a downside to securing a sports event that will inject $ 400 million into the local economy , it\u2019s that it\u2019s just 16 months away . the handful of log cabins at tryon won\u2019t be enough to handle the deluge of visitors , and local hotel rooms\u2014especially those geared to an affluent clientele\u2014are scant . while plans for a 180 - room luxury hotel and spa managed by salamander hotels & resorts are underway , owner sheila johnson has some pause . \u201cwe are concerned about the deadline , \u201d she says . \u201cbut mark will get it done . he\u2019s a brilliant businessman , and he has his own world of urgency . \u201d\nbellissimo isn\u2019t worried about tryon\u2019s readiness . \u201cwe\u2019re building tools that allow us to do it fast , \u201d he says , referring to a modular construction business he acquired for $ 3 million . with special - ordered automated equipment , bellissimo is able to churn out high - quality modular units in record time . those log cabins at tryon\u2014some with two stories and luxurious cathedral ceilings\u2014can be assembled and erected in just days , and he intends to apply the same principles to construction of the resort . \u201cit\u2019s easy to go out and start throwing crazy money , but i\u2019ve been able to find really great assets and build inexpensively , \u201d bellissimo says .\nfollowing lunch at roger\u2019s , bellissimo drives his range rover to the top of a hill where he first stood in 2013 . it overlooks the main arena of tryon , where three years ago he directed work crews to remove 2 to 3 million tons of earth . he points down and tells me , \u201cthis used to be a mountain . \u201d\ncontact : mark bellissimo , mbellissimo @ urltoken , pbiec . urltoken , tryon . urltoken ."]}
{"id": 2636, "summary": [{"text": "the satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) is a bowerbird endemic to eastern australia .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "a rare natural intergeneric hybrid between the satin bowerbird and the regent bowerbird is known as rawnsley 's bowerbird . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "satin bowerbird", "paragraphs": ["lateral view of a female satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of y . english )\nsatin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\na brightly coloured male satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus newtoniana ) stands in front of his bower , while a less colourful female watches him . satin bowerbirds are endemic to eastern australia .\nmale satin bowerbird moulting into breeding plumage ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ katoomba , nsw , january 2014 ]\nfemale satin bowerbird hollowing out an apple ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ tenterfield , nsw , february 2013 ]\nthe scientific name of the satin bowerbird is ptilonorhynchus violaceus and it is from the family ptilonorhynchidae , the family of bowerbirds .\nattractive without being showy , the satin bowerbird gets its name from the sheen on the male\u2019s smart , blue - black plumage .\nclose - up portrait of a female satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ tenterfield , nsw , february 2013 ]\nlateral view of a fledgling satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ st . albans , nsw , december 2013 ]\nadventurous satin bowerbird chick outside its nest ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ st . albans , nsw , december 2017 ]\nxc201468 this first sample features typical whistles , buzzes and squelches from a satin bowerbird . recorded in wollemi national park , new south wales .\ndescription : the satin bowerbird is probably the best known species of this family . the male\u2019s displays around the bower are an amazing spectacle .\nfemale satin bowerbird in flight , displaying its underwing pattern ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ tenterfield , nsw , february 2013 ]\nlateral view of an immature satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ mt . tamborine , qld , december 2013 ]\nfemale satin bowerbird feeding a dependent young ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ ensay south , east gippsland , vic , march 2017 ]\ndorsal view of a male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ queen mary falls , near killarney , qld , june 2017 ]\nfemale satin bowerbird on its nest ( photo courtesy of l . scott ) [ roseberry creek valley , near toonumbar np , northern nsw , january 2017 ]\nfemale satin bowerbird on its nest ( photo courtesy of l . scott ) [ roseberry creek valley , near toonumbar np , northern nsw , december 2017 ]\nrichly adorned bower of a male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ queen mary falls , near killarney , qld , june 2017 ]\nthe satin bowerbird\u2019s elaborate \u201cbower\u201d is overshadowed by the vogelkop gardener bowerbird of new guinea , which builds an astonishing courting place \u2014 a \u201chut\u201d up to 5\u2032 wide with a moss \u201cfront garden\u201d on whic he arranges flowers and fruits . macgregor\u2019s bowerbird builds a 2\u2032 - high twig \u201cmaypole\u201d ringed by a circular \u201cdance floor . \u201d\nview image of regent bowerbird ( credit : david tipling / naturepl . com )\nview image of great bowerbird ( credit : tim laman / naturepl . com )\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) / suitability\na male satin bowerbird only develops his wonderful satiny sheen after seven years . up until this time , the males possess the same plumage and colouring as the females .\nflight : the satin bowerbird flies rapidly from tree to tree . when flying in flocks , they fly clearly above treetops with the typical flap - glide undulating flight .\nfronal view of a female satin bowerbird bringing food for her fledgling chick ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ st . albans , nsw , december 2013 ]\nfrontal view of a male satin bowerbird in its bower ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ queen mary falls , near killarney , qld , june 2017 ]\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) / occurrences\nview image of great bowerbird bower ( credit : tim laman / naturepl . com )\na male bowerbird , notice the piercing blue eyes and black plumage . image : wiki\nfemale satin bowerbird collecting nesting material , probably for lining the nest ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ mt . tamborine , qld , december 2013 ]\nthis female satin bowerbird has developed a taste for commercial budgerigar seed mix ( photo courtesy of k . davison ) [ glen iris , melbourne , vic , may 2013 ]\nawc protects populations of satin bowerbirds at mount zero - taravale , brooklyn and curramore .\nfrontal view of a male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ o ' reilly ' s plateau , gold coast , qld , november 2013 ]\nclose - up near - lateral view of a male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ queen mary falls , near killarney , qld , october 2015 ]\nclose - up near - frontal view of a female satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ queen mary falls , near killarney , qld , october 2015 ]\nclose - up near - frontal view of a female satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ queen mary falls , near killarney , qld , june 2017 ]\nview image of bower of vogelkop bowerbird ( credit : tim laman / naturepl . com )\na male satin bowerbird needs a swanky pad to land the perfect mate . he ' ll bribe her with many a trinket . . . will a ring finally seal the deal ?\nvellenga re ( 1980 ) distribution of bowers of the satin bowerbird at leura , nsw , with notes on parental care , development and independence of the young . emu 80 : 97\u2013102\nsatin bowerbirds are found along most of the eastern and south - eastern coast of australia .\nsatin bowerbirds are found within wet sclerophyll forests and rainforests along the eastern coast of australia .\ndiet : the satin bowerbird feeds primarily on fruits , flowers , leaves , seeds , nectar , and takes insects during the breeding season . they feed by gleaning and sallying for invertebrates .\nnear - frontal view of a male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ o ' reilly ' s plateau , gold coast , qld , november 2013 ]\nclose - up lateral portrait of a male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ old gap road , swifts creek north , east gippsland , vic , october 2017 ]\nthe satin bowerbird lives in rainforests and the edges of drier forests on the coast and adjacent ranges of eastern australia . it is found from cooktown in queensland to near melbourne , in victoria .\nfull - frontal view of an adult male satin bowerbird ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ o ' reilly ' s plateau , gold coast , qld , november 2013 ]\nfemale satin bowerbird , left , with food ( possibly a piece of an apple ) for a dependent juvenile ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ tenterfield , nsw , february 2013 ]\nthe satin bowerbird is mainly resident in its range . the birds of woodlands may move into more open habitats and form flocks during winter . some local seasonal movements to lower altitudes are observed too .\nthe satin bowerbird is fairly common in most of its range . chief threats to its future are forest clearance and shooting by fruit growers , which has led to the extermination in some localized areas .\nclose - up near - frontal view of a female satin bowerbird ; note the characteristic dark bill ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ south ensay , east gippsland , vic , april 2014 ]\nprotection / threats / statuts : the satin bowerbird is relatively common in remained habitat , but it is vulnerable to habitat loss with deforestation and fragmentation of forests . however , this species is not currently threatened .\nthe plumage of a mature seven year old male satin bowerbird is a deep blue - black colour , while females and younger males have a colour combination of olive - green and brown , patterned with cream .\nwe have not seen a satin bowerbird where we live , at eulah creek , 20 km east of narrabri , nsw , but some locals who have lived in the area for a long time report having seen satin bowerbirds , including males with bowers , in the eulah creek and bullawa creek area in the past .\na male satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) puts on a display next to his bower . he collects brightly coloured objects to adorn his display arena , using them to catch the attention of passing females . australia .\ndorsal view of a female satin bowerbird in bad light on a rainy day ; this bird was seen taking the seeds of a birch ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ tenterfield , nsw , february 2013 ]\nview image of golden - fronted or yellow - fronted bowerbird ( credit : tim laman / naturepl . com )\nboth male and female satin bowerbirds have bright lilac - blue eyes , but here the similarities end . the mature male satin bowerbird is about 30 centimetres long , and his plumage is black with a glossy purple - blue sheen . until he moults into this plumage during his seventh year , his plumage resembles that of the female .\nthe best males will have it all ,\nsaid coleman , who conducted a three - year satin bowerbird study in the australian bush . the top male bowerbirds have what might be called artistic talent and vigorous courtship routines .\na female satin bowerbird typically lays one to three eggs each year , of a brown to cream colour with dark markings , in a nest that it builds in trees ; and the eggs and young are cared for by the female .\nthe male great bowerbird builds an elaborate bower and uses false perspective illusions to improve his mating success . photograph : laura kelley\ndonaghey rh ( 1981 ) the ecology and evolution of bowerbird mating systems . phd dissertation , monash university , victoria , australia\nsatin bowerbirds can interbreed with regent bowerbirds . the offspring of such pairs are called\nrawnsley ' s bowerbirds\n.\nthe satin bowerbird male attracts a female partner through its bower and colourful objects , as well as a special \u2018dance\u2019 it performs , and younger females are more attracted to bower aesthetics , while older females favour a better dance performance when determining their mate .\nr . druce reports spotting satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, in tenterfield , northern nsw , in february 2013 .\nthis dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) .\ngreat bowerbird ( chlamydera nuchalis ) male performing a peripheral display around his bower while holding a red plastic cap . queensland , australia .\nbowerbirds are very closely related to birds of paradise , and species of bowerbird are found in many parts of australia and new guinea .\nsatin bowerbirds can imitate the calls of other birds , and they also make sounds that resemble hisses , whistles , and buzzes .\nmale satin bowerbirds festoon the front terraces of their bowers with shiny or colored objects , preferring those of a vivid blue hue .\nhabitat : the satin bowerbird frequents humid forests and woodlands and their edges . it is also found in nearby open areas . during winter , flocks frequent open habitats such as parks , gardens and orchards . the bower sites are usually dispersed through suitable rainforest and woodlands .\nthe bowerbirds are among the most fascinating birds in the world . some are spectacular , such as the male regent bowerbird ( left ) of eastern australia whose colors are shocking in the deep wet forest . australia is home to six species of\navenue - builders .\nthese\navenues\nare rows of sticks imbedded in the earth between a narrow passageway . colorful objects are placed at either end to attract females to and then into the gallery . many males\npaint\nthe inside walls with plant juice to add color . representatives are satin bowerbird ( male in his bower . large photo below ) and great bowerbird ( male just below , left , and his bower , just below , right ) . satin bowerbird prefers humid climes and just loves the color blue ( even a blue bottle - cap or toothbrush ! ) while great bowerbird lives in the dry rain - shadow west of the atherton tablelands and prefers white and orange .\nthe satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) is a chunky , medium - sized bird found in forests along the east coast of australia . adult male satin bowerbirds have a stunning , shiny deep - blue plumage which can appear plain black at first glance . females and immature males are predominantly ashy green and olive on the upperbody and scalloped green and buff underneath . both sexes have striking violet - coloured eyes .\nsatin bowerbirds prefer the wetter forests and woodlands , and nearby open areas , although those around the atherton tableland are largely rainforest inhabitants .\n\u2022 the bowerbird family has 18 species in new guinea and australia , but not all build bowers . four species known as catbirds , because of their catlike calls , form a stable pair bond ; the other 14 species don\u2019t . bowerbirds lack the splendid plumes of closely related birds of paradise , but some , like the male i regent bowerbird , are boldly colored . macgregor\u2019s bowerbird ehas dun plumage and a flame - orange crest .\nthis dataset includes observations of satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :\nk . davison reports sighting satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, in glen iris , suburban melbourne , vic , in may 2013 .\nthe same two satin bowerbirds as shown above ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ st . albans , nsw , december 2013 ]\nvogelkop bowerbird is a member of the\ngardener bowerbird\ngroup , which includes the\nmaypole\nbuilding amblyornis and the\nmat\nbuilding archboldia , restricted to high mountains of new guinea . all are generally plain birds although some have exotic erectible head plumes . the photo ( right , by will betz ) shows a netted macgregor ' s bowerbird high the cloud forests of new guinea , where it was banded and released . the sometimes concealed orange crown feathers as shown nicely here . some great photos of a displaying macgregor ' s bowerbird are in coates ( 1990 ) .\nthe male bowerbird builds a bower from twigs that it finds on the ground and tries to lure the female into its lair with its wooing display .\nfrontal view of a male satin bowerbirds with a fruit ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ near kyogle , nsw , july 2013 ]\nthe bowerbird feeds mainly on a wide variety of fruits and berries , but will also snap up any insects that it finds , including beetles , moths and termites . the chicks , which need a high - protein diet for their rapid development , are fed chiefly on insects . the bowerbird forages mainly in the forests where it breeds . outside the nesting season , birds flock up to a hundred and search for figs and other fruit . when fruit is scarce , the bowerbird normally resorts to a diet of buds , flowers and even leaves . insect additives the bowerbird searches for grubs on the forest floor .\na male satin bowerbird constructs a display structure , known as a \u2018bower\u2019 , that it builds with sticks on the ground , and it has two sides facing each other with a pathway through the middle , and while it is often thought of as a nest , it is never used for this purpose .\nsatin bowerbirds make a variety of calls including mechanical churring and buzzing , harsh grating calls , and loud descending whistles . listen to some examples below :\nb . hensen reports spotting satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, at st . albans , nsw , e . g . in december 2013 .\nsatin bowerbirds have blue eyes , and the mature males have a creamy yellow to green coloured beak , while the females have a dark coloured one .\ndecorating a bower doesn\u2019t end at displaying objects . some satin bowerbirds mix plant material with saliva to make a \u201cpaint\u201d they spread over their bower walls .\nmany birds have spectacular courting displays , but only the bowerbird builds and decorates an elaborate bower that serves as a dance hall and shop window for his trinkets .\nlike other members of the bowerbird family , satin bowerbirds exhibit complex courtship behaviour . this species builds an avenue - type bower and decorates it with carefully selected ornaments , preferring items which are blue or yellow . in bowers near human habitation , blue plastic straws and plastic bottle lids are often the most common decorations .\nthe \u2018lek\u2019 mating system drives rapid sexual selection in bowerbirds and other species with similar breeding behaviour , such as the birds of paradise . these species typically evolve elaborate plumage and courtship behaviours , as the most \u2018persuasive\u2019 males end up fathering most of the young . the satin bowerbird displays both striking plumage and elabourate courtship rituals .\nwhen courting , the male satin bowerbird prances and struts around his bower . he offers the female items from his collection of blue objects , while making a series of hissing , chattering and scolding noises . mating takes place in the avenue of the bower , and the male may mate with several females in a single season .\nwhen courting , the male regent bowerbird fans his tail and spreads his wings . he sometimes beats his wings to display their brilliant colours while churring , chattering and wheezing .\nsatin bowerbirds have an amazing variety of sounds , including whistles , buzzing and hissing , as well as mimicry . the male also gives a loud\nweeoo\n.\nsatin bowerbirds are vulnerable to predation from feral cats and foxes because their bowers are constructed on the ground . large parts of their habitat have been lost to clearing .\nl . scott reports finding satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, breeding in the roseberry creek valley , near toonumbar np , northern nsw , in january 2017 .\nsatin bowerbirds are a species of bird , native to the eastern states of australia , and they are typically found in forest habitats , especially wet or rainforest areas .\na great bowerbird ( chlamydera nuchalis ) bower decorated with unusual and colourful objects such as green glass , a plastic toy elephant and even a toy soldier . queensland , australia .\na male satin bowerbird performs his courtship display and mating dance for a female around his well - decorated bower . the bower was built beneath some scrub just a few metres from a camp site in the ettrema wilderness region of morton national park , nsw , australia . filmed 20 / 12 / 2016 . check out more of my photography : urltoken\nthe satin bowerbird may forage alone or in family groups , and even with other fruit - eater birds . at food sources , the younger birds are dominated by adult males . during the breeding season , the male feeds mainly on insects in close vicinity of its bower . during winter , they feed in large flocks of up to 200 birds , taking mainly plant matter .\nbehaviour : the satin bowerbird feeds mainly on plant matter such as fruits , flowers , leaves , seeds and nectar . during the breeding season , numerous insects are added to this vegetal diet . this species forages and feeds at all levels , and fruits are often taken in canopy , 18 - 20 metres or more above the ground . insects are caught by gleaning and sallying .\nb05h12m02s this recording is the display song of an adult male satin bowerbird at the bower . normally this fast , repetitive , mechanical call is preceded by a long series of strange squeaky notes and churring calls ( as in the following example ) , but the main part of the song was extracted so it could be highlighted here . recorded in barren grounds nature reserve , new south wales .\nin contrast , spectacular plumages are shown by color - soaked males in some of the\navenue - builders .\nperhaps the brightest bowerbird is the bright orange flame bowerbird sericulus aureus of mid - elevations in new guinea ; missing it was one of the bigger disappointments on an otherwise productive trip to irian jaya in 1994 [ wonderful photos of the male and his bower are in coates 1990 ] .\nsatin bowerbirds feed mostly on fruits throughout the year . during summer ( breeding ) the diet is supplemented with a large number of insects , while leaves are often eaten during the winter months .\na male orange flame bowerbird ( sericulus aureus ) , whilst performing his dance , produces wheezing calls from his throat and pulses his pupil size in an effort to seduce a female . papua new guinea .\nr . plumtree has found satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, near kyogle , northern nsw , in july 2013 . they are also spotted occasionally around ensay south , east gippsland , vic .\nvarious contributors report spotting satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, regularly at o ' reilly ' s plateau , lamington np , gold coast , qld and in other locations in south - eastern qld .\nsatin bowerbirds generally reach a height of 27 to 33 centimetres ( 10 . 6 to 13 inches ) , and their diet consists primarily of fruit , and they also eat seeds , leaves and insects .\na male golden - fronted bowerbird ( amblyornis flavifrons ) will decorate his bower with coloured fruit , hoping to attract a mate . they were first photographed in 2005 and are endemic to the foja mountains , indonesia .\nfrith , c . & frith , d . ( 2018 ) . satin bowerbird ( ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsatin bowerbirds feed mostly on the fruits of rainforest plants such as lilly - pillies ( syzygium species ) throughout the year . during summer , which is the breeding season , their diet is supplemented with insects .\nfemale satin bowerbirds feeding in grassland ; the bird on the left is displaying its dorsal plumage in flight ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ ensay south , east gippsland , vic , august 2012 ]\nendemic to australia and new zealand , the satin bowerbird is considered one of the most intelligent birds found in nature . mature males are very easy to spot because of their bright blue eyes , while their bodies are uniformly covered in black , although sometimes light diffraction makes the bird\u2019s feathers turn almost into a metallic sheen . what sets these birds apart is their remarkable courtship ritual , and the male\u2019s seemingly obsessive fixation for blue .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the satin bowerbird has wide repertoire of sounds such as whistles , buzzing and hissing . it may perform mimicry of both avian and human - made sounds . the advertising song of the male is a clearly whistled \u201cquoo - eeeew\u201d , and we can also ear a loud \u201cweeoo\u201d . the female at nest sometimes mimics the calls of potential predators . outside the breeding season , flocks are vocally noisy .\n. . . that bower sites persist for years and are therefore traditional is established for several bowerbirds : satin bowerbird bowers persisted at one site for up to 30 years ( vellenga 1980 ) ; spotted chlamydera maculata and great bowerbirds c . nuchalis > 13 years ( frith et al . 1996b ) . golden bowerbirds are no exception , with 84 % of traditional bower sites ( n = 25 ) persisting for 20 seasons . . . .\nthe satin bowerbird is probably the best known of all australian bowerbirds , as it occurs along the densely settled east coast . males construct an intricate and carefully decorated bower to use as a courtship arena during the breeding season . the bower is an arching structure built on the ground out of interlaced sticks , decorated with blue and / or interesting objects : parrot feathers , flowers and brown snail shells in nature ; clothes pegs , drinking straws and bottle tops around human habitation .\nthe male satin bowerbird spends most of his life looking after his bowers and the ' treasures ' he has brought there . if something bad happens \u2014 for example , an australian brushturkey walks right across the threshold \u2014 he will berate the intruder until it leaves ( right ) , then hop down to discard ' junk ' such as a scrubturkey feather mistakenly left there ( below left ) , and then go to work to strengthen the ' avenue ' ( below right ) .\nlarge numbers of satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, were seen in july 2009 at dandabah , bunya mountains np , qld . this loaction is on the western edge of , if not outside , the species ' general range .\nimmature or female satin bowerbirds can resemble green catbirds , but are distinguished by a blue eye , a darker bill and a more scalloped patterning on the underbody . they also tend to be more olive - green rather than a bright green .\nthe head , back and flight feathers of the male regent bowerbird are coloured in a rich golden - yellow , with the remainder of the bird being black with a purple sheen . its forehead is sometimes tinted crimson , and it has bright yellow eyes .\non the arrival of a female , the male satin bowerbird leaps into a ritualised display of exaggerated movements , such as strutting and bowing , with wings outstretched and quivering , and accompanied by a variety of mechanical - sounding calls , such as buzzing and rattling interspersed with mimicry . one of the bower decorations is usually carried in the male ' s bill . if impressed , the female moves into the bower avenue for mating and then leaves to perform the nesting duties on her own , while the male readies himself for courting more prospective females .\nthe male peacock is well known for its courtship displays , during which it fans its colourful tail feathers to attract a mate . but not all birds are so spectacular , and males of other species employ different means . male bowerbirds use their intelligence to impress the females , constructing elaborate structures called bowers to attract mates . they are not on master builders , but also accomplished artists . males of some species decorate their bowers lavishly with flower petals and sparkly manmade objects . the satin bowerbird even paints the walls of his bower with charcoal or chewed up berries .\nthe cone - shaped bower of a vogelkop bowerbird ( amblyornis inornata ) can reach a metre high , with a one and a half metre diameter . this bower has its entrance , or lawn , decorated with bright flowers . they are named after the vogelkop peninsula in western new guinea , indonesia .\nthe green catbird , another member of the bowerbird family , gets its name from its cat - like wailing call . males and females are various shades of green , flecked with black on the head and face ; and white on the nape , neck and wing tips . their eyes are red .\nsatin bowerbirds are medium - sized birds reaching 27 \u2013 33 cm in length . adult males have glossy blue - black plumage and a violet - blue iris . this plumage is likely to be particularly impressive in ultraviolet , which birds can perceive . young males resemble females with olive - green plumage above , off - white feathers with dark scalloping below , brown wings and tail . satin bowerbirds have an amazing variety of calls including whistles , buzzes and hisses ; they are mimics and imitate the sounds of other birds . males also have a loud descending\nweeoo\ncall .\nirestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , l . christidis , and p . g . p . ericson . 2015 . contrasting phylogeographic signatures in two australo - papuan bowerbird species complexes ( aves : ailuroedus ) , zool . scripta 45 : 365 - 379\nmale satin bowerbirds often \u2018paint\u2019 the inside of their bower , often with a mix of saliva and plant material ; and they are notable for collecting objects , generally of a blue colour , though yellow or metallic coloured objects may also be gathered , to place in and around their bower as decoration .\nwe have spotted satin bowerbirds , race\nviolaceus\n, in various locations on the eastern slopes of the great dividing range in nsw , such as e . g . dorrigo np , nsw . also seen in bald rock np and also in littoral rainforest , e . g . at iluka nr .\na new study finds that a young , inexperienced , female bowerbird judges a male by the manner in which he decorates his bachelor pad . once she ' s aged and mated a few times , this affinity for a swanky domicile fades , and she then relies on courtship routine\u0097a vigorous song and dance\u0097to select the most worthy suitor .\nlots of species will go all out to land a mate , but few courtship routines are as elaborate as that of the bowerbird . these birds craft nest - like structures , known as bowers , and decorate them with attention - getting items . females tour many of these local bowers , assessing both structure and suitor before selecting a mate .\nthe mature male satin bowerbirds are mostly solitary , but the ' green ' birds are often seen in groups or quite large flocks . in winter ( outside of the breeding season ) , birds move to more open country , and occasionally enter orchards . at this time , mature males may join the ' green ' bird flocks .\nwhen not foraging for food , the male bowerbird is mostly busy building intricate mating grounds called \u2018bowers\u2019 out of twings , berries , flowers and feathers . it then decorates the bower with saliva , charcol and any objects it can find . if it\u2019s around humans , the bowerbird will often steal anything blue to make his love avenue . typically , blue plastic caps , straws or clothing get collected by the male , then stitched together in a pattern that only the bird seems to know . it\u2019s worth mentioning that only dominant males build bowers , and sometimes other males in the vicinity might drop by and look after the bower like a caretaker . they may not use it though for conjugal affairs .\nduring autumn and winter , satin bowerbirds leave their forest habitat and move into open woodlands to forage for fruit , leaves and insects . however , with the arrival of the spring breeding season they collect together in small groups , inhabiting territories which they apparently occupy year after year . each mature male bird protects and tends his own bower throughout the year .\nsatin bowerbirds are medium - sized bowerbirds . their plumage is dimorphic , i . e . males and females are different . male satin bowerbirds are all glossy blue - black . the eyes have blue to purple irises ; the almost straight bill is yellowish , with a bluish base . the legs and feet are the colour of skin . female satin bowerbirds have a highly crypic plumage . the front is light - green and buff , with copious dark - brown scalloping . the ear coverts and lores are rufous , with darker streaking . the frons and crown are dark - brown with a light - green tinge . the back , i . e . mantle , shoulders and rump , is light - green to turquoise , with faint brown scalloping . the flight feathers and tail are brown . females have eyes with blue irises similar to those of the males , but they have a dark - grey bill and grey legs and feet . juveniles and immature birds resemble females until the fourth year . immature males take another 3 years moulting gradually into their first adult plumage .\nit is apparent that bowerbirds exist in a wide variety of habitats in australia and new guinea . in the hot , dry\nred center\nof australia lives western bowerbird ( male , below ) . the species builds\navenue\nbowers . this male has come to eat fruit at a picnic table . it shows its lilac - colored nuchal crest in this photo , although the crest is not erected here .\n. . . individually marked bower - owning male satin and tooth - billed bowerbirds have been known to occupy a particular court site for > 20 years ( vellenga 1980 ; marchant 1992 ; frith & frith 1995 ) . this kind of behaviour is thought to be unusual in that it appears to be based on male self - advertisement and not defence of resources required by females ( emlen & oring 1977 ) . . . .\nnortheast australia has another species with lovely plumage : golden bowerbird ( left in a fine shot by murray lord ) . the male builds a\ndouble maypole\nand is an odd offshoot of the papuan\ngardeners .\nmales build these bowers to attract and mate with as many females as they can . they spent 9 - 10 months of the year constantly working on , improving , and rearranging their creations \u2014 or stealing jewels from nearby bowers .\nchicks of satin bowerbirds start to moult from natal down in the nest in december and january . their first - year plumage is achieved through the post - juvenile moult in the first three months of the year . the second - year plumage is achieved through the first annual moult , starting about july agd being completed by early in the next year . thereafter annual moults take place from november to march . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwhen his satisfied with his bower and females are nearby , the blue - eyed male praces and struts around his avenue . he then tries to woo the female by offering her all sorts of objects , all while making weird hissing , chattering noises . this incredible national geographic program embedded below shows for instance a male bowerbird courting a female using a blue ring , most likely from some plastic bottle . if the female is pleased , she will mate with the male in the bower .\nexactly why a better illusion improves a male great bowerbird ' s mating success is not fully clear . apart from making its builder appear bigger and stronger , an effective forced perspective illusion may be an indicator of the male ' s intellectual prowess and , therefore , his ability to find food for his mate and their offspring . the more time a female spends in a bower , the more likely she is to mate with its builder , so alternatively the illusion may increase the male ' s chances of mating by holding her attention for longer periods of time .\nplan\u2026 the bower is aligned north - south , possibly to give the best , dazzle - free views from either end in early morning . build\u2026 the bird takes two days to build the 5\u2033 - wide avenue of his bower , formed between two 12\u2033 - high , inw arching walls made from twigs . decorate\u2026 the bird constantly adds and rearranges feathers , flowers and man - made objects \u2014 usually blue to match his own color . paint the bowerbird finishes the walls of the bower by painting them with berry juice or a dark paste he makes from bushfire charcoal .\n. . . even among the avenue building species , one male bowerbird carried about 2 , 0005 , 000 sticks to a bower ( frith & frith 2004 ) . to date most behavioural studies of bowerbirds have investigated the relationship between mating success and the characteristics of bowers and decorations ( vellenga 1970 , 1980 , borgia 1985 , 1995a , 1995b , borgia & mueller 1992 , doucet & montgomerie 2003 , madden 2003 . however , bowers and display courts provide a stage for male behavioural displays that include plumage , acoustical and locomotive elements , directed at a female during courtship . . . .\nsatin bowerbirds are medium - sized birds . the adult male has striking glossy blue - black plumage , a pale bluish white bill and a violet - blue iris . younger males and females are similar in colour to each other , and are collectively referred to as ' green ' birds . they are olive - green above , off - white with dark scalloping below and have brown wings and tail . the bill is browner in colour . young males may begin to acquire their adult plumage in their fifth year and are not fully ' attired ' until they are seven .\nsatin bowerbirds are endemic to australia . they are found along the east and south - east coast of the australian continent . the range of nominate race\nviolaceus\nextends from near melbourne , vic , along the south and east coast and the great dividing range , through all of nsw . to the north of the clarence river in northern nsw , they are not found on the coast , but only the eastern slopes of the ranges , up to just south of rockhampton , qld . race\nminor\nis found on the tablelands around cairns , qld , from about daintree np to wooroonooran np .\na bower bird builds his \u201cbachelor pad . \u201d overall , there are 17 kinds of bower birds in australia and on the neighboring island of new guinea . some are known as catbirds , while others are called \u201cgardeners\u201d or \u201cstagemakers . \u201d each builds its own shape of bower and prefers a different decorating scheme . a few , for instance , surround their bowers with carefully planted lawns of moss . others have been known to steal shiny coins , spoons , bits of aluminum foil \u2014 even a glass eye \u2014 in an effort to create the perfect romantic mood . some , like the iridescent blue satin bower bird , the star of\nmale satin bowerbirds tend their bowers throughout the breeding season . a number of bowers are usually found in one area ( a \u2018lek\u2019 ) , such that females can readily evaluate the quality of competing males . when a female approaches a bower , the male will leap into a ritualised display of exaggerated movements , strutting and bowing with wings outstretched and quivering , accompanied by a variety of mechanical - sounding calls , buzzing and rattling interspersed with mimicry , while carrying one of the bower\u2019s decorations in his bill . if suitably impressed , the female moves into the bower avenue to mate . females perform the nesting duties on their own while males devote their time to courting prospective partners .\n, even \u201cpaint\u201d the walls of their structures with chewed berries or charcoal . for the male satin , which builds a u - shaped bower from parallel walls of twigs , the favored color is blue . to decorate its \u201cavenue , \u201d as scientists call it , he collects blue feathers , berries , shells , and flowers . while some of these decorations are found in the forest , others are stolen from the bowers of other males ; young males , in particular , are prone to this petty thievery . however obtained , the precious knickknacks are then scattered around the bower . the male then waits , passing time by constantly fine - tuning his structure and rearranging the decorations . for many males , the effort will be mostly futile . a younger male , for instance , may be able to seduce only a single one of his dozens of visitors \u2014 or none at all . indeed , many males get not even a single glance : in a recent study , 75 percent of female birds visited only one bower before mating . in contrast , older males often have potential mates constantly stopping by for a peek . these more experienced suitors may mate with dozens of different females in a single breeding season .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally fairly common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe female places a loose nest of sticks in a tree or bush , up to 30 m \u2013 35 m above the ground .\npizzey , g . and knight , f . 1997 . field guide to the birds of australia . angus and robertson , sydney .\nschodde , r . and tideman , s . c . ( eds ) 1990 . reader ' s digest complete book of australian birds ( 2nd edition ) . reader ' s digest ( australia ) pty ltd , sydney .\nstrahan , r . ( ed ) 1996 . finches , bowerbirds and other passerines of australia . angus and robertson and the national photographic index of australian wildlife , sydney .\nsimpson , k and day , n . 1999 . field guide to the birds of australia , 6th edition . penguin books , australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthis australian songbird lives to lure females to his bower , an avenue of sticks built with one purpose in mind\u2014mating .\nbut no self - respecting female is going to set foot in this bare bones bachelor pad .\nbut for this female , a ring seals the deal . . . at least until the next girl comes along .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2015 national geographic society . \u00a9 2015 - 2016 national geographic partners , llc . all rights reserved . learn about our nonprofit work at urltoken\nin the forests of new guinea and australia are some very unusual birds . named after the elaborate structures , or bowers , built and decorated with colourful objects by the males , bowerbirds have one of the most unique courtship rituals in the animal kingdom .\nmale regent bowerbirds ( sericulus chrysocephalus ) decorate their bowers with blue / green saliva , sometimes \u2018painting ' it on with leaves . queensland , australia .\ntwo years ago , john endler of deakin university and his colleagues reported that the males use visual illusions when constructing their bowers . they do so by arranging the objects covering the floor of the court in a particular way , so that they increase in size as the distance from the bower increases . this positive size - distance gradient creates a forced perspective which results in false perceptions of the geometry of the bower , which is visible only to the female when she is standing in the avenue . from her point of view , all of the objects in the court appear to be the same size . consequently , she may perceive the court as being smaller than it actually is , and the male to be bigger .\nendler and his colleagues manipulated the decorative objects in the bower to reverse the gradient , with the large objects placed closest to the bower and the smaller ones further away , and found that the birds re - arranged the objects to restore the original pattern . this happened very quickly \u2013 in all cases , the positive gradient was restored within three days and the pattern was almost identical to the original by two weeks . the researchers were unsure about the function of the illusion , but speculated that it is important for females ' selection of a mate . they have now tested this hypothesis , and their results have just been published in the journal science .\nfor the new study , endler and his colleague laura kelley observed the bowers built by 20 males in a eucalyptus wood on a queensland cattle ranch and monitored the birds ' mating behaviours using motion - sensitive digital video recorders . over a two - month period in late 2010 , they collected over 1 , 600 hours of footage , containing 129 courtship displays and 23 matings . they also took photographs of the bowers so that they could analyse the arrangement of the objects and the quality of the illusions they produced from the perspective of the females .\nanalysis of these data revealed that the geometry of the bower was directly related to the mating success of its builder . the most successful males were the ones that had arranged the objects to form the most regular patterns on the floor of the court . there was also a direct relationship between the regularity of the pattern formed by the objects in the court and the strength of the forced perspective illusion .\nbetter gradients produce more even patterns when seen from within the avenue ,\nsays endler , adding that the males go to great lengths examining their work and rearranging objects to make the pattern as even as possible .\nmales spend most of their time on the bower going into the avenue and looking out , then moving objects , going back into the avenue , and so on . when in the avenue , they also sometimes fix the twigs in the walls , too .\nthe researchers still don ' t know if this results in an improvement of the illusion , however , but endler says they are now investigating this .\nas well as making the court seem smaller , the illusion created by a regular pattern may make the male ' s displayed objects stand out more , because a regular background pattern is less distracting than an irregular one . kelley and endler also note that the displayed objects are slightly larger than the perceived size of the objects arranged on the floor of the court . this may produce another illusion of relative size perception , called the ebbinghaus illusion , whereby an object is perceived as larger when viewed next smaller ones , or smaller when next to larger ones .\nduring his courtship display , the male waves objects towards the female , causing their apparent size to increase . the researchers suggest that the ebbinghaus illusion could enhance the apparent size increase , making the display objects even more conspicuous to the female . they will be investigating this in the near future , says endler , by analysing the video footage to get more precise values of the relative and absolute size of the objects .\nchickens , thrushes , pigeons and parrots have all been shown be sensitive to various illusions , and males of many species display themselves to females at a characteristic angle and distance . this suggests that the use of illusions might be widespread in birds . females of many bird species are know to prefer males with larger coloured patches on their bodies , and it is possible that the ebbingaus illusion could be used by males of those species to increase the apparent size of their patches . so , too , could the related wundt - jastrow illusion , in which an object appears smaller when its shorter edge is next to the longer edge of an object of the same size .\nreference : kelley , l . a & endler , j . a . ( 2012 ) . illusions promote mating success in great bowerbirds . science , doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 12124\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2638, "summary": [{"text": "the lesser long-tailed shrew tenrec ( microgale longicaudata ) is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is active at all hours of the day and night , but each individual maintains its own pattern of rest and activity . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "lesser long - tailed shrew tenrec", "paragraphs": ["\u2014 lesser long tailed shrew tenrec [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) \u2026\n\u2014 short tailed shrew tenrec [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ \u2026\na cowan\u2019s shrew tenrec , microgale cowani , in captivity . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\n\u2014 drouhard s shrew tenrec [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ \u2026\n\u2014 cowan s shrew tenrec [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 2 \u2026\n\u2014 dobson s shrew tenrec [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 2 \u2026\nolson , l . e . , goodman , s . m . & yoder , a . d . ( 2004 ) : illumination of cryptic species boundaries in long - tailed shrew tenrecs ( mammalia : tenrecidae ; microgale ) provides insights into geographic variation and distributional constraints . biological journal of the linnean society 83 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 . (\nhabitat loss and fragmentation through conversion of forest to agricultural land , logging activities and fire may threaten this species in the long - term .\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2012 ) : amygdalar connections in the lesser hedgehog tenrec . brain structure & function 217 ( 1 ) : 141 - 164 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2002 ) : distribution of perihippocampo - hippocampal projection neurons in the lesser hedgehog tenrec . neuroscience research 44 ( 4 ) : 405 - 419 . (\ngerrits , d . n . ( 1997a ) : keeping and breeding the lesser hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . mitteilungen der bundesarbeitsgruppe ( bag ) kleins\u00e4uger 2 / 97 : 3 . (\nsavage , r . j . g . , and m . r . long . 1986 . mammal evolution : an illustrated guide . new york : facts on file . isbn 081601194x .\nweber , a . ( 2006 ) : der kleine igeltanrek ( echinops telfairi ) [ the lesser hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) ] . rodentia 6 ( 4 ) : 31 - 34 . (\nschwarzenberger , f . & k\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2004 ) : faecal reproductive hormones in male and female lesser tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . advances in ethology 38 ( suppl . ) : 116 .\ntenrecs with very narrow distributions or specific threats may need extra help . more research is required to confirm the distribution and abundance of poorly known shrew tenrec species ( e . g . dryad , montane and nasolo ' s shrew tenrecs ) . if they genuinely occur in only a handful of sites , conservation efforts will be needed to target their habitat .\nh\u00f6hle , m . ( 2006 ) : der gro\u00dfe tanrek ( tenrec ecaudatus ) - haltung und nachzucht der gr\u00f6\u00dften tanrek - art [ the tailless tenrec ( tenrec ecaudatus ) - keeping and breeding the largest tenrec species ] . rodentia 6 ( 1 ) : 45 - 47 . (\nnicoll , m . e . & rathbun , g . b . ( 1990 ) : african insectivora and elephant - shrews : an action plan for their conservation . iucn / ssc insectivore , tree - shrew and elephant - shrew specialist group , gland , schweiz . 53 pp . (\nwhile they are currently a species of least concern , logging has decreased the population of lesser madagascar tenrecs in some areas of their range .\nfindlay , g . h . ( 1944 ) : the development of the auditory ossicles in the elephant shrew , the tenrec , and the golden mole . proceedings of the zoolological society of london 114b : 91 - 99 .\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1998c ) : origin and terminal distribution of the trigeminal projections to the inferior and superior colliculi in the lesser hedgehog tenrec . european journal of neuroscience 10 ( 1 ) : 368 - 376 . (\nsoarimalala , v . & goodman , s . m . ( 2008 ) : new distributional records of the recently described and endangered shrew tenrec microgale nasoloi ( tenrecidae : afrosoricida ) from central western madagascar . mammalian biology 73 : 468\u2013471 .\n\u2014 ma\u017easis tenrekas statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas r\u016b\u0161is atitikmenys : lot . echinops telfairi angl . lesser hedgehog tenrec ; small madagascar hedgehog vok . kleiner igeltanrek rus . \u0438\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0440\u0435\u043a \u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 ; \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0440\u0435\u043a ry\u0161iai : \u2026 \u2026\nkupitz , d . g . ( 2000 ) : remarks on the lesser hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . translation of article from mitteilungen der bundesarbeitsgruppe ( bag ) kleins\u00e4uger e . v . 3 / 2000 : 8 - 11 . (\ndobson , g . e . ( 1882b ) : the anatomy of microgale longicauda , with remarks on the homologies of the long flexors of the toes in mammalia . journal of anatomy and physiology 16 ( 3 ) : 355\u2013361 . (\nlouwman , j . w . w . ( 1973a ) : breeding the tailless tenrec tenrec ecaudatus at wassenaar zoo . international zoo yearbook 13 : 125 - 126 . (\nsome biologists use tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec - golden mole clade , but bronner and jenkins ( 2005 ) argue that afrosoricida is more appropriate , despite their misgivings about the similarity between the name\nafrosoricida\nand the unrelated shrew subgenus afrosorex .\nmany people confuse lesser tenrecs with a species of african hedgehog found in pet stores but these are not the same animals ; hedgehogs are members of a different order .\nlesser madagascar tenrecs are covered with spines , which range in color from white to black . fine hairs cover their paws and bellies , and their tails are barely visible .\nhas a nocturnal activity pattern and resembles a shrew in terms of lifestyle . it uses its hind limbs and elongated prehensile tail for climbing and richochetting among tree branches in forest habitats .\ngoodman , s . m . , langrand , o . & raxworthy , c . j . ( 1993a ) : food habits of the madagascar long - eared owl asio madagascariensis in two habitats in southern madagascar . ostrich 64 : 79 - 85 .\npoppitt , s . d . , speakman , j . r . & racey , p . a . ( 1994 ) : energetics of reproduction in the lesser hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi ( martin ) . physiological zoology 67 ( 4 ) : 976 - 994 .\nhilgartner , r . d . ( 2005 ) : some ecological and behavioural notes on the shrew tenrec microgale cf . longicaudata in the dry deciduous forest of western madagascar . afrotherian conservation ( newsletter of the iucn / ssc afrotheria specialist group ) 3 : 3 - 5 . (\nlesser madagascar tenrecs weigh 4 to 7 ounces ( 113 to 255 grams ) and grow to between 5 . 5 and 7 inches ( 14 to 18 centimeters ) in length .\nthe tenrecinae are spiny tenrecs . the largest species is the tailless tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus , which weighs up to 1 kg . it is as large as a rabbit , and is less spinescent than the other species . other spiny tenrecs are the two species of hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus and echinops telfairi ) and the two species of streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus and h . nigriceps )\nsoarimalala , v . , raheriarisena , m . & goodman , s . m . ( 2010 ) : new distributional records from central - eastern madagascar and patterns of morphological variation in the endangered shrew tenrec microgale jobihely ( afrosoricida : tenrecidae ) . mammalia 74 ( 2 ) : 187\u2013198 . (\nschmolke , c . & k\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1997 ) : on the presence of dendrite bundles in the cerebral cortex of the madagascan lesser hedgehog tenrec and the red - eared pond turtle . anatomy and embryology ( berlin ) 196 ( 3 ) : 195 - 213 . (\nsu\u00e1rez , r . , villal\u00f3n , a . , k\u00fcnzle , h . , mpodozis , j . ( 2009 ) : transposition and intermingling of galphai2 and galphao afferences into single vomeronasal glomeruli in the madagascan lesser tenrec echinops telfairi . plos one 4 ( 11 ) : e8005 . (\nriordan , d . v . ( 1972 ) : reproduction in the spiny hedgehog tenrec setifer setosus and the pigmy hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi . jersey wildlife preservation trust annual report 9 : 18 - 25 .\nstephenson , p . j . , speakman , j . r . & racey , p . a . ( 1994 ) : field metabolic rate in two species of shrew - tenrec , microgale dobsoni and m . talazaci . comparative biochemistry and physiology a 107 ( 2 ) : 283 - 287 . (\ngoodman , s . m . , raxworthy , c . j . , maminirina , c . p . & olson , l . e . ( 2006 ) : a new species of shrew tenrec ( microgale jobihely ) from northern madagascar . journal of zoology 270 ( 2 ) : 384 - 398 . (\nlovegrove , b . g . & g\u00e9nin , f . ( 2008 ) : torpor and hibernation in a basal placental mammal , the lesser hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi . journal of comparative physiology b ( biochemical , systemic , and environmental physiology ) : 178 ( 6 ) : 691 - 698 . (\nscaling , a . ( 1971 ) : progress report on the breeding of pigmy hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi and spiny hedgehog tenrec setifer setosus . jersey wildlife preservation trust annual report 8 : 12 - 14 . (\nin the wild , lesser madagascar tenrecs are opportunistic feeders ; they will forage on the ground and in trees for invertebrates . they will also eat some other small animals , such as baby mice .\na lowland streaked tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . \u00a9 l . e . olson & s . m . goodman\nnicoll , m . e . ( 2009 ) : species profile : the common tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus . afrotherian conservation ( newsletter of the iucn / ssc afrotheria specialist group ) 7 : 2 - 3 . (\nschwarzenberger , f . & k\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2005 ) : special features of reproduction in the lesser tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . erkrankungen der zootiere . verhandlungsbericht des internationalen symposiums \u00fcber die erkrankungen der zoo - und wildtiere / international symposium on diseases of zoo and wild animals 42 : 68 - 70 .\nmacphee , r . d . e . ( 1987a ) : the shrew tenrecs of madagascar : systematic revision and holocene distribution of microgale ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) . american museum novitates 2889 : 1 - 45 . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 1995a ) : taxonomy of shrew - tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) from eastern and central madagascar . journal of zoology , london 235 ( 2 ) : 339 - 350 . (\nenders , a . c . , carter , a . m . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & vogel , p . ( 2005 ) : structure of the ovaries of the nimba otter shrew , micropotamogale lamottei , and the madagascar hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi . cells tissues organs 179 ( 4 ) : 179 - 191 . (\ngoodman , s . m . , vasey , n . & burney , d . a . ( 2007 ) : description of a new species of subfossil shrew tenrec ( afrosoricida : tenrecidae : microgale ) from cave deposits in southeastern madagascar . proceedings of the biological society of washington 120 ( 4 ) : 367 - 376 . (\nenders , a . c . , blankenship , t . n . , goodman , s . m . , soarimalala , v . & carter , a . m . ( 2007 ) : placental diversity in malagasy tenrecs : placentation in shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) , the mole - like rice tenrec ( oryzorictes hova ) and the web - footed tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) . placenta 28 ( 7 ) : 748 - 759 . (\nnikaido , m . , cao , y . , okada , n . & hasegawa , m . ( 2003 ) : the phylogenetic relationships of insectivores with special reference to the lesser hedgehog tenrec as inferred from the complete sequence of their mitochondrial genome . genes & genetic systems 78 ( 1 ) : 107 - 112 . (\n\u2014 / ten rek / , n . any of several insectivorous mammals of the family tenrecidae , of madagascar , having a long , pointed snout , certain species of which are spiny and tailless . also , tanrec . [ 1720 30 ; < f < malagasy t\u00e0ndraka ] * * * \u25aa mammal family any \u2026\ntatayah , r . v . ( 1996 ) : an evaluation of the carcass and meat quality of tenrec ( tenrec ecaudatus ) . bsc ( hons ) agriculture dissertation . university of mauritius . r\u00e9duit , mauritius ( unp ) .\nkosaka , k . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & kosaka , t . ( 2005 ) : organization of the main olfactory bulb of lesser hedgehog tenrecs . neuroscience research 53 ( 4 ) : 353 - 362 . (\nzimmer , c . ( 2004 ) : tenrec tales . muse , may / june 2004 . ( free full text )\na number of predators are known or suspected to feed on tenrecs . these range from birds of prey and viverrid carnivores to snakes ; some small shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) may even be attacked by larger species of their own genus .\nmillins , c . ( 2005 ) : management to prevent metabolic bone disease in lesser hedgehog tenrecs ( echinops telfairi ) and the use of radiography to monitor bone density . case study submitted in partial fulfilment msc wild animal health , london .\nvahrusheva , g . v . & ilchenko , o . g . ( 2005 ) : nash opyt iskusstvennogo vykarmlivanija iglistogo tenreka i ochkovogo listonosa . [ our experience of hand - rearing lesser hedgehog tenrec and seba ' s fruit bat . ] [ in russian ] . nauchnye issledovanija v zoologicheskih parkah ( scientific research in zoological parks ) 18 : 43 - 50 . (\nsigaud , m . , caceres , s . , picard , m . , desvars , a . & michault , a . ( 2009 ) : le tanrec ( tenrec ecaudatus ) : r\u00e9servoir animal de leptospires ? [ tailless tenrec ( tenrec ecaudatus ) : natural maintenance host of leptospires ? ] bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de pathologie exotique 102 ( 1 ) : 19 - 20 . (\nrichaud , j . ( 1970 ) : immunit\u00e9 du tenrec \u00e0 la peste exp\u00e9rimentale : aspect immunologique . [ immunity of the tenrec to experimental plague : immunological aspect . ] comptes rendus de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie 164 ( 4 ) : 931 - 933 . (\nphilippen , h . - d . ( 2003 ) : haltung und pflege des kleinen igeltanreks ( echinops telfairi martin 1838 ) - der\ntambotriky\nist das ideale heimtier f\u00fcr nachtschw\u00e4rmer [ keeping the lesser hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi martin 1838 ) - the\ntambotriky\nis the ideal pet for night owls ] . rodentia 3 ( 3 ) : 42 - 46 . (\nsmaller than the greater madagascar tenrecs , they are not actually closely related species\u2014they are classified in separate genera . lesser madagascar tenrecs are nocturnal and have poor eyesight , but their whiskers are very sensitive and their senses of smell and hearing are well developed .\nharrison , t . m . & harrison , s . h . ( 2017 ) : evaluation of husbandry and mortality in lesser hedgehog tenrecs ( echinops telfairi ) . journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 48 ( 2 ) : 440 - 445 . (\nstephenson , p . j . & racey , p . a . ( 1993b ) : reproductive energetics of the tenrecidae ( mammalia : insectivora ) . ii . the shrew - tenrecs , microgale spp . physiological zoology 66 ( 5 ) : 664 - 685 . (\nhas an exceeding long , prehensile tail . the tail is usually is 1 . 5 to 2 . 6 times the length of the body . the tail is composed of 47 vertebrae , which is more than any other mammal besides the pangolins . the tail is used by these animals in their climbing and richocheting locomotion . to aid in their semi - arboreal and scansorial lifestyle ,\nmorawski , m . , br\u00fcckner , g . , j\u00e4ger , c . , seeger , g . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & arendt , t . ( 2010 ) : aggrecan - based extracellular matrix shows unique cortical features and conserved subcortical principles of mammalian brain organization in the madagascan lesser hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi martin , 1838 ) . neuroscience 165 ( 3 ) : 831 - 849 . (\nbrygoo , e . - r . ( 1960 ) : immunit\u00e9 du h\u00e9risson et du tenrec \u00e0 la peste exp\u00e9rimentale [ immunity of the hedgehog and the tenrec to experimental plague ] [ in french ] . archives de l ' institut pasteur de madagascar 28 : 47 - 52 .\npiccinini , m . , kleinschmidt , t . , gorr , t . , weber , r . e . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & braunitzer , g . ( 1991 ) : primary structure and oxygen - binding properties of the hemoglobin from the lesser hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi , zalambdodonta ) . evidence for phylogenetic isolation . biol . chem . hoppe - seyler 372 : 975 - 989 . (\nrook , c . ( 2007c ) : zoo ' s tenrec sweeter after therapy . lansing state journal , published march 28 , 2007 . (\nhildwein , g . ( 1964a ) : evolution saisonni\u00e8re de la thermor\u00e9gulation chez le tenrec ( centetes ecaudatus ) . [ seasonal course of thermoregulation in the tenrec ( centetes ecaudatus ) . ] comptes rendus des s\u00e9ances de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie et de ses filiales 158 : 1137 - 1139 . (\njenkins , p . d . ( 2003 ) : microgale , shrew tenrecs . in : goodman , s . m . & benstead , j . p . ( eds ) : the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago and london . pp . 1273 - 1278 .\nmiller , m . ( 2007 ) : potter park zoo ' s tenrec has caesarean . lansing state journal , published september 1 , 2007 . (\napanaskevich , d . a . , soarimalala , v . & goodman , s . m . ( 2013 ) : a new ixodes species ( acari : ixodidae ) , parasite of shrew tenrecs ( afrosoricida : tenrecidae ) in madagascar . journal of parasitology 99 ( 6 ) : 970 - 972 . (\nbenstead , j . p . , and l . e . olson . 2003 . limnogale mergulus , web - footed tenrec or aquatic tenrec . pages 1267\u201373 in s . m . goodman and j . p . benstead , the natural history of madagascar . chicago : university of chicago press . isbn 9780226303079 .\ngoodman , s . m . ( 2003a ) : oryzorictes , mole tenrec or rice tenrec . in : goodman , s . m . & benstead , j . p . ( eds ) : the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago and london . pp . 1278 - 1281 .\nhildwein , g . ( 1970 ) : capacit\u00e9s thermor\u00e9gulatrices d ' un mammif\u00e8re insectivore primitif , le tenrec ; leurs variations saisonni\u00e8res . [ thermoregulatory capacities of a primitive insectivorous mammal , the tenrec ; their seasonal variations . ] archives des sciences physiologiques ( paris ) 24 ( 1 ) : 55 - 71 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2006 ) : thalamo - striatal projections in the hedgehog tenrec . brain research 1100 ( 1 ) : 78 - 92 . (\nnicoll , m . e . ( 2003 ) : tenrec ecaudatus , tenrec , tandraka , trandraka . in : goodman , s . m . & benstead , j . p . ( eds ) : the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago and london . pp . 1283 - 1287 .\nrobinson , t . , j . fu , b . ferguson - smith , et al . 2004 . cross - species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant - shrew : support for the mammalian clades afrotheria and afroinsectiphillia but not afroinsectivora . proceedings of the royal society b 271 ( 1547 ) : 1477\u201384 .\nlesser madagascar tenrecs go through torpor for three to five months during the cold season and begin mating when they emerge , usually in october . torpor is a state of hibernation - like inactivity in the body , in which the animal ' s temperature , respiration , and heartbeat decrease to conserve energy .\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1998d ) : trigeminal projections to thalamus and subthalamus in the hedgehog tenrec . neuroscience 86 ( 2 ) : 651 - 661 . (\nrook , c . ( 2007b ) : potter park zoo ' s tenrec is back in action . lansing state journal , published march 15 , 2007 . (\nchabaud , a . g . & brygoo , e . - r . ( 1960 ) : deux nouveaux metastrongylides parasites du tenrec ( 1 ) [ two new metastrongylides parasitic of tenrec ( 1 ) - in french . ] m\u00e9moires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar ( s\u00e9rie a ) 14 : 161 - 172 . (\nanonymous ( 1967 ) : tenrec note . . . duluth zoo , minn . aazpa newsletter vol . viii , no . 8 , august , 1967 : 8 .\nnicoll , m . e . ( 1986 ) : diel variation in body temperature in tenrec ecaudatus during seasonal hypothermia . journal of mammalogy 67 : 759 - 762 .\nrook , c . ( 2007a ) : tiny patient : zoo tenrec battling cancer with help from msu . lansing state journal , published february 20 , 2007 . (\ntatayah , r . v . & driver , b . m . f . ( 2000 ) : an evaluation of the carcass quality of male tenrec ( tenrec ecaudatus ) , a non - conventional source of meat protein in mauritius . science and technology , research journal of the university of mauritius 6 : 69 - 82 . (\nharrison , t . m . , dominguez , p . , hanzlik , k . , sikarskie , j . g . , agnew , d . , bergin , i . , fitzgerald , s . d . , kitchell , b . e . & mcniel , e . ( 2010 ) : treatment of an amelanotic melanoma using radiation therapy in a lesser madagascar hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 41 ( 1 ) : 152 - 157 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1996a ) : diencephalic connections of the superior colliculus in the hedgehog tenrec . experimental brain research 111 ( 3 ) : 356 - 370 . (\nberken , p . a . ( 2006 ) : sonografische topografie der gro\u00dfen abdominalen organe und echografische gravidit\u00e4tsdiagnostik beim kleinen igeltenrek - echinops telfairi [ sonographic topography of the large abdominal organs and echographic gravidity diagnostics in the lesser hedgehog tenrec - echinops telfairi ] [ in german ] . inaugural - dissertation zur erlangung der tiermedizinischen doktorw\u00fcrde der tier\u00e4rztlichen fakult\u00e4t der ludwig - maximilians - universit\u00e4t m\u00fcnchen ( doctoral thesis in veterinary medicine at the faculty of veterinary medicine of the ludwig maximilian university munich ) . 121 pp . (\nthompson , k . a . , agnew , d . , nofs , s . a . & harrison , t . m . ( 2017 ) : obstetrical and postpartum complications in lesser madagascar hedgehog tenrecs ( echinops telfairi ) : four cases . journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 48 ( 2 ) : 446 - 452 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1996b ) : prominent collicular projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the hedgehog tenrec . annals of anatomy , supplement 178 : 199 - 200 .\njenkins , p . d . , raxworthy , c . j . & nussbaum , r . a . ( 1997 ) : a new species of microgale ( insectivora , tenrecidae ) , with comments on the status of four other taxa of shrew tenrecs . the bulletin of the natural history museum ( zoology ) 63 ( 1 ) : 1 - 12 .\nthaller , d . , schmid , n . , schwarzenberger , f . , streich , w . j . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & clauss , m . ( 2008 ) : hemosiderosis in captive lesser hedgehog tenrecs ( echinops telfairi ) . 5th european zoo nutrition conference , january 24th - 27th , 2008 , chester , uk . (\nbenstead , j . p . & olson , l . e . ( 2003 ) : limnogale mergulus , web - footed tenrec or aquatic tenrec . in : goodman , s . m . & benstead , j . p . ( eds ) : the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago and london . pp . 1267 - 1273 . (\nthaller , d . , k\u00fcnzle , h . , clauss , m . , schwarzenberger , f . & schmidt , p . ( 2006 ) : longtime pathological survey of a colony of captive held lesser hedgehog tenrecs ( echinops telfairi ) . 24th meeting of the european society of veterinary pathology , edinburgh , august 30th to september 2nd , 2006 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2005a ) : the striatum in the hedgehog tenrec : histochemical organization and cortical afferents . brain research 1034 ( 1 - 2 ) : 90 - 113 . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 2017b ) : new bamboo named after a tenrec . afrotherian conservation ( newsletter of the iucn / ssc afrotheria specialist group ) 13 : 50 . (\nasher , r . j . , and m . hofreiter . 2006 . tenrec phylogeny and the noninvasive extraction of nuclear dna . syst biol 55 ( 2 ) : 181\u201394 . pmid 16522569 .\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1997 ) : connections of the superior colliculus with the tegmentum and the cerebellum in the hedgehog tenrec . neuroscience research 28 ( 2 ) : 127 - 145 . (\nasher , r . j . & hofreiter , m . ( 2006 ) : tenrec phylogeny and the noninvasive extraction of nuclear dna . systematic biology 55 ( 2 ) : 181 - 194 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1998b ) : thalamic territories innervated by cerebellar nuclear afferents in the hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi . journal of comparative neurology 402 ( 3 ) : 313 - 326 . (\nleche , w . ( 1905 ) : ein eigenartiges s\u00e4ugetierhirn , nebst bemerkungen \u00fcber den hirnbau der insectivora [ probably on the brain of tenrec ecaudatus ] . anatomischer anzeiger 26 : 577 - 589 .\nnicoll , m . e . ( 1982 ) : reproductive ecology of tenrec ecaudatus ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) in the seychelles . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , university of aberdeen , uk .\niucn2006 | assessors = afrotheria specialist group ( tenrec section ) , olson , l . & goodman , s . | year = 2006 | id = 40592 | title = echinops telfairi | downloaded =\nendo , h . , oishi , m . , yonezawa , t . , rakotondraparany , f . , & hasegawa , m . ( 2007 ) : the semifossorial function of the forelimb in the common rice tenrec ( oryzorictes hova ) and the streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes hemispinosus ) . anatomia , histologia , embryologia : journal of veterinary medicine series c 36 ( 6 ) : 413 - 418 . (\nalp\u00e1r , a . , k\u00fcnzle , h . , g\u00e4rtner , u . , popkova , y . , bauer , u . , grosche , j . , reichenbach , a . & h\u00e4rtig , w . ( 2010 ) : slow age - dependent decline of doublecortin expression and brdu labeling in the forebrain from lesser hedgehog tenrecs . brain research 1330 : 9 - 19 . (\nehrlich , c . ( 2005 ) : der tiefland - streifentanrek ( hemicentetes semispinosus ) [ the lowland streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus ) ] . rodentia 5 ( 4 ) : 31 - 34 . (\nfinlay , s . & cooper , n . ( 2015 ) : morphological diversity in tenrecs ( afrosoricida , tenrecidae ) : comparing tenrec skull diversity to their closest relatives . peerj 3 : e927 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2003 ) : neocortical connections with perihippocampal and periamygdalar regions in the hedgehog tenrec . anatomy and embryology ( berlin ) 207 ( 4 - 5 ) : 389 - 407 . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 1993b ) : reproductive biology of the large - eared tenrec , geogale aurita ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) . mammalia 57 ( 4 ) : 553 - 563 . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 1994c ) : notes on the biology of the fossorial tenrec , oryzorictes hova ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) . mammalia 58 ( 2 ) : 312 - 315 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1995a ) : regional and laminar distribution of cortical neurons projecting to either superior or inferior colliculus in the hedgehog tenrec . cerebral cortex 5 ( 4 ) : 338 - 352 . (\noron , u . & crompton , a . w . ( 1985 ) : a cineradiographic and electromyographic study of mastication in tenrec ecaudatus . journal of morphology 185 ( 2 ) : 155 - 182 . (\ntaynton , k . m . ( 1979 ) : handrearing pigmy hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi at the jersey wildlife preservation trust . dodo , journal of the jersey wildlife preservation trust 16 : 64 - 69 . (\njagger , j . a . , taylor , c . r . & crompton , a . w . ( 1974 ) : the tenrec , a primitive mammal with reptilian energetics . federation proceedings 33 : 349 .\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2009 ) : tracing thalamo - cortical connections in tenrec . a further attempt to characterize poorly differentiated neocortical regions , particularly the motor cortex . brain research 1253 : 35 - 47 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2008 ) : the presence and absence of prosencephalic cell groups relaying striatal information to the medial and lateral thalamus in tenrec . journal of anatomy 212 ( 6 ) : 795 - 816 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & radtke - schuller , s . ( 2001c ) : hippocampal fields in the hedgehog tenrec . their architecture and major intrinsic connections . neuroscience research 41 ( 3 ) : 267 - 291 . (\nnicoll , m . e . ( 1985a ) : responses to seychelles tropical forest seasons by a litter - foraging mammalian insectivore , tenrec ecaudatus , native to madagascar . journal of animal ecology 54 : 71 - 88 .\nstephenson , p . j . ( 1994b ) : resting metabolic rate and body temperature in the aquatic tenrec , limnogale mergulus ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) . acta theriologica 39 ( 1 ) : 89 - 92 . (\nwever , e . g . & herman , p . n . ( 1968 ) : stridulation and hearing in the tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . journal of auditory research 8 ( 1 ) : 39 - 42 . (\nbrown - s\u00e9quard , e . ( 1852 ) : on the causes of the torpidity of the tenrec ( erinaceus ecaudatus , linn . ) . the medical examiner and record of medical science 93 : 549 - 550 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1995b ) : crossed thalamocortical connections in the madagascan hedgehog tenrec : dissimilarities to erinaceous hedgehog , similarities to mammals with more differentiated brains . neuroscience letters 189 ( 2 ) : 89 - 92 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & radtke - schuller , s . ( 2001b ) : cortical connections of the claustrum and subjacent cell groups in the hedgehog tenrec . anatomy and embryology 203 ( 5 ) : 403 - 415 . (\nwolff , a . & k\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1997 ) : cortical and medullary somatosensory projections to the cochlear nuclear complex in the hedgehog tenrec . neuroscience letters 221 ( 2 - 3 ) : 125 - 128 . (\neastern rain forest in madagascar is habitat for many tenrec species , yet much of it is being lost to provide land for agriculture such as these paddy fields in the north - east of the country . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1998a ) : care and breeding of the madagascan hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi , under laboratory conditions . der tierschutzbeauftragte 1 / 98 : 5 - 12 ; 2 / 98 : 113 - 115 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & radtke - schuller , s . ( 2000a ) : basal telencephalic regions connected with the olfactory bulb in a madagascan hedgehog tenrec . journal of comparative neurology 423 ( 4 ) : 706 - 726 . (\nradtke - schuller , s . & k\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2000 ) : olfactory bulb and retrobulbar regions in the hedgehog tenrec : organization and interconnections . journal of comparative neurology 423 ( 4 ) : 687 - 705 . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 2002 ) : species profile : the large - eared tenrec ( geogale aurita ) . afrotherian conservation ( newsletter of the iucn / ssc afrotheria specialist group ) 1 : 1 - 3 . (\neverson , k . m . ( 2016 ) : a fully resolved tenrec phylogeny , with implications for taxonomy and ancestral habitats . afrotherian conservation ( newsletter of the iucn / ssc afrotheria specialist group ) 12 : 9 - 10 . (\nh\u00f6hle , m . ( 2004 ) : naturnahe tanrek - haltung - tipps f\u00fcr die nat\u00fcrliche terrariengestaltung [ near - natural tenrec husbandry - tips for a natural terrarium design ] . rodentia 4 ( 4 ) : 24 - 26 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & unger , j . w . ( 1992 ) : neuropeptide y - like immunoreactive neurons in the suprachiasmatic - subparaventricular region in the hedgehog - tenrec . brain research 576 ( 2 ) : 332 - 336 . (\neibl - eibesfeldt , i . ( 1965 ) : das duftmarkieren des igeltanrek ( echinops telfairi martin ) . [ odor marking of the tenrec ( echinops telfairi martin ) . ] zeitschrift f\u00fcr tierpsychologie 22 ( 7 ) : 810 - 812 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 1992 ) : meso - diencephalic regions projecting to spinal cord and dorsal column nuclear complex in the hedgehog - tenrec , echinops telfairi . anatomy and embryology ( berlin ) 185 ( 1 ) : 57 - 68 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & radtke - schuller , s . ( 2001a ) : oligosynaptic pathways possibly relaying visceral and / or gustatory information to the olfactory bulb in the hedgehog tenrec . neuroscience letters 303 ( 1 ) : 53 - 56 . (\nreuter , k . e . & sewall , b . j . ( 2016 ) : taboos and sustainability of tenrec hunting in madagascar . afrotherian conservation ( newsletter of the iucn / ssc afrotheria specialist group ) 12 : 11 - 15 . (\ngodfrey , g . k . & oliver , w . l . r . ( 1978 ) : the reproduction and development of the pigmy hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi . dodo , journal of the jersey wildlife preservation trust 15 : 38 - 51 . (\njenkins , p . d . , goodman , s . m . & raxworthy , c . j . ( 1996 ) : the shrew tenrecs ( microgale ) ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) of the r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale d ' andringitra , madagascar . in : goodman , s . m . ( ed . ) : a floral and faunal inventory of the eastern side of the r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale d ' andringitra , madagascar : with reference to elevational variation . fieldiana ( zoology ) 85 : 191 - 217 .\nkrubitzer , l . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & kaas , j . ( 1997 ) : organization of sensory cortex in a madagascan insectivore , the tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . journal of comparative neurology 379 ( 3 ) : 399 - 414 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & rehk\u00e4mper , g . ( 1992 ) : distribution of cortical neurons projecting to dorsal column nuclear complex and spinal cord in the hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi . somatosensory and motor research 9 ( 3 ) : 185 - 197 . (\nnicoll , m . e . & racey , p . a . ( 1985 ) : follicular development , ovulation , fertilization and fetal development in tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) . journal of reproduction and fertility 74 ( 1 ) : 47 - 55 . (\nehrlich , c . ( 2008 ) : skurrile babys ! daten und informationen zur spannenden nachzucht verschiedener tanrek - arten [ bizarre babies ! data and information on the exciting breeding of different tenrec species ] . rodentia 8 ( 5 ) : 18 - 23 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . ( 2004 ) : the hippocampal continuation ( indusium griseum ) : its connectivity in the hedgehog tenrec and its status within the hippocampal formation of higher vertebrates . anatomy and embryology ( berlin ) 208 ( 3 ) : 183 - 213 . (\nthe geogalinae is a recently recognised sub - family , comprising the single species , geogale aurita ( the large - eared tenrec ) . it is a small species ( about 7g ) adapted for life in the arid south - west and specialised in a termite diet .\nchernova , o . f . & hoffmann , r . s . ( 2004 ) : [ a comparative study of thin structure of tenrec spines ( mammalia , tenrecidae ) ] [ in russian ] . zoologicheskii zhurnal 83 ( 2 ) : 159 - 165 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & radtke - schuller , s . ( 2000b ) : the subrhinal paleocortex in the hedgehog tenrec : a multiarchitectonic characterization and an analysis of its connections with the olfactory bulb . anatomy and embryology 202 ( 6 ) : 491 - 506 . (\nwallis , m . ( 2009 ) : prolactin in the afrotheria : characterization of genes encoding prolactin in elephant ( loxodonta africana ) , hyrax ( procavia capensis ) and tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) . journal of endocrinology 200 ( 2 ) : 233 - 240 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . & lotter , g . ( 1996 ) : efferents from the lateral frontal cortex to spinomedullary target areas , trigeminal nuclei , and spinally projecting brainstem regions in the hedgehog tenrec . journal of comparative neurology 372 ( 1 ) : 88 - 110 . (\nsillitoe , r . v . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & hawkes , r . ( 2003 ) : zebrin ii compartmentation of the cerebellum in a basal insectivore , the madagascan hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi . journal of anatomy 203 ( 3 ) : 283 - 296 . (\nstephenson , p . j . & racey , p . a . ( 1993a ) : reproductive energetics of the tenrecidae ( mammalia : insectivora ) . i . the large - eared tenrec , geogale aurita . physiological zoology 66 ( 5 ) : 643 - 663 . (\nh\u00f6rchner , f . ( 1962 ) : zur helminthenfauna des igeltanreks ( echinops telfairi martin ) . [ on the helminth fauna of the tenrec ( echinops telfairi martin ) . ] zeitschrift f\u00fcr parasitenkunde [ now\nparasitology research\n] 22 ( 2 ) : 176 - 182 . (\ntenrecs are generally found in forest habitats . most species occur in the eastern rain forests , but a handful ( e . g . geogale , echinops ) are adapted to the arid spiny desert in the south - west of madagascar . the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) requires clear , running freshwater . some species - such as tailless tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) and streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) - appear able to adapt easily to man - induced disturbance , and can survive in secondary forest or agricultural land . mole tenrecs ( oryzorictes ) have been found in rice fields .\ncarter , a . m . , blankenship , t . n . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & enders , a . c . ( 2004 ) : structure of the definitive placenta of the tenrec , echinops telfairi . placenta 25 ( 2 - 3 ) : 218 - 232 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . , poulsen nautrup , c . & schwarzenberger , f . ( 2007 ) : high inter - individual variation in the gestation length of the hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi ( afrotheria ) . animal reproduction science 97 ( 3 - 4 ) : 364 - 374 . (\nrudloff , k . ( 1996 ) : das tierportr\u00e4t : gro\u00dfer igeltanrek , setifer setosus frohriep , 1806 [ the animal portrait : greater hedgehog tenrec , setifer setosus frohriep , 1806 ] [ article in german ] . mitteilungen der bundesarbeitsgruppe ( bag ) kleins\u00e4uger 3 / 1996 : 10 . (\nfaulstich , b . m . , radtke - schuller , s . & koessl , m . ( 1999 ) : dpoae from the cochlea of the tenrec , echinops telfairi . in : abstracts of the 22nd midwinter research meeting of the association for research in otolaryngology , abstract number 375 . (\nriedelsheimer , b . , unterberger , p . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & welsch , u . ( 2007 ) : histological study of the cloacal region and associated structures in the hedgehog tenrec echinops telfairi . mammalian biology - zeitschrift f\u00fcr s\u00e4ugetierkunde 72 ( 6 ) : 330 - 341 . (\nschunke , a . c . & zeller , u . ( 2010 ) : chondrocranium and dermal bones of the lowland streaked tenrec hemicentetes semispinosus ( afrosoricida , tenrecidae ) and their comparison with potamogale and other insectivoran - grade placental mammals . vertebrate zoology 60 ( 1 ) : 37 - 72 . (\nhildebrandt , k . b . p . , goodman , s . m . & olson , l . e . ( 2007 ) : mitonuclear phylogeography and species limits in the malagasy mole - tenrec , oryzorictes hova . oral presentation , annual meeting of the american society of mammalogists , albuquerque , new mexico .\nlevesque , d . l . , rakotondravony , d . & lovegrove , b . g . ( 2012 ) : home range and shelter site selection in the greater hedgehog tenrec in the dry deciduous forest of western madagascar . journal of zoology ( london ) 287 ( 3 ) : 161 - 168 . (\nbrady , s . , harrison , t . , rodriguez jr , c . o . , johnson , a . & wack , r . f . ( 2016 ) : oral squamous cell carcinoma in a greater hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus ) . veterinary record case reports 4 ( 1 ) : e000314 . (\ncarter , a . m . , blankenship , t . n . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & enders , a . c . ( 2005 ) : development of the haemophagous region and labyrinth of the placenta of the tenrec , echinops telfairi . placenta 26 ( 2 - 3 ) : 251 - 261 . (\nk\u00fcnzle , h . , radtke - schuller , s . & stebut , b . ( 2002 ) : parabrachio - cortical connections with the lateral hemisphere in the madagascan hedgehog tenrec : prominent projections to layer 1 , weak projections from layer 6 . brain research bulletin 57 ( 5 ) : 705 - 719 . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 2003 ) : hemicentetes , streaked tenrec , sora , tsora . in : goodman , s . m . & benstead , j . p . ( eds ) : the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago and london . pp . 1281 - 1283 . (\nstumpf , p . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & welsch , u . ( 2004 ) : cutaneous eccrine glands of the foot pads of the small madagascan tenrec ( echinops telfairi , insectivora , tenrecidae ) : skin glands in a primitive mammal . cell and tissue research 315 ( 1 ) : 59 - 70 . (\nganzhorn , j . u . , ganzhorn , a . w . , abraham , j . - p . , andriamanarivo , l . & ramananjatovo , a . ( 1990 ) : the impact of selective logging on forest structure and tenrec populations in western madagascar . oecologia 84 ( 1 ) : 126 - 133 . (\nhenke , j . , reinert , j . , preissel , a . k . & radtke - schuller , s . ( 2007 ) : partially antagonisable anaesthesia of the small hedgehog tenrec ( echinops telfairi ) with medetomidine , midazolam and ketamine . journal of experimental animal science 43 ( 4 ) : 255 - 264 . (\nnicoll , m . e . ( 1983 ) : mechanisms and consequences of large litter production in tenrec ecaudatus ( insectivora : tenrecidae ) . proceedings of the 3rd international colloquium on the ecology and taxonomy of african small mammals . annales de la mus\u00e9e royale de l ' afrique centrale , sciences zoologiques 237 : 219 - 226 .\nbenstead , j . p . , barnes , k . h . & pringle , c . m . ( 2001 ) : diet , activity patterns , foraging movement and responses to deforestation of the aquatic tenrec limnogale mergulus ( lipotyphla : tenrecidae ) in eastern madagascar . journal of zoology ( london ) 254 : 119 - 129 . (\nmeyer , d . ( 2008 ) :\nkleine gro\u00dfe igeltanreks\n\u2013 einige bemerkungen zur gelungenen nachzucht des gro\u00dfen igeltanreks ( setifer setosus ) [\nsmall greater hedgehog tenrecs\n- some remarks on the successful captive breeding of the greater hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus ) ] . rodentia 8 ( 5 ) : 29 - 31 . (\nthe aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) is the greatest cause for concern among conservationists . it is known from only 10 sites in madagascar and appears to be restricted to clear streams with abundant prey . siltation caused by widespread deforestation is expected to cause problems as it will reduce prey species . animals are also drowned in eel and crayfish traps .\ndrexl , m . , faulstich , m . , stebut , b . , radtke - schuller , s . & k\u00f6ssl , m . ( 2003 ) : distortion product otoacoustic emissions and auditory evoked potentials in the hedgehog tenrec , echinops telfairi . journal of the association for research in otolaryngology 4 ( 4 ) : 555 - 564 . (\nandriatsarafara , f . r . ( 1981 ) : quelques observations sur l ' ontog\u00e9nie et le comportement de tenrec ecaudatus ( schreber 1777 ) en captivit\u00e9 : comparaisons avec les donn\u00e9es connues chez d ' autres insectivores [ some observations on development and behaviour of tenrec ecaudatus ( schreber , 1777 ) in captivity : comparisons with data known from other insectivores ] [ in french ] . 1\u00e8re partie ( rapport de stage ; 22 pp . ) et 2\u00e8me partie ( meacute ; moire , 23 pp . ) . dipl\u00f4me d ' etudes approfondies de sciences biologiques appliqu\u00e9es ( option : ecologie animale ) , etablissement d ' enseignement sup\u00e9rieur des sciences antananarivo , universit\u00e9 de madagascar , antananarivo . 45 pp . (\nstephenson , p . j . ( 2003 ) : lipotyphla ( ex insectivora ) : geogale aurita , large - eared tenrec . in : goodman , s . m . & benstead , j . p . ( eds ) : the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago and london . pp . 1265 - 1267 . (\nliagkouras , i . , michaloudi , h . , batzios , c . , psaroulis , d . , georgiadis , m . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & papadopoulos , g . c . ( 2008 ) : pyramidal neurons in the septal and temporal ca1 field of the human and hedgehog tenrec hippocampus . brain research 1218 : 35 - 46 . (\nendo , h . , yonezawa , t . , rakotondraparany , f . , sasaki , m . & hasegawa , m . ( 2006 ) : the adaptational strategies of the hindlimb muscles in the tenrecidae species including the aquatic web - footed tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) . annals of anatomy ( anatomischer anzeiger ) 188 ( 4 ) : 383 - 390 . (\nhildwein , g . & kayser , c . ( 1970 ) : [ relation between colonic temperature and oxygen consumption of an insectivora , the tenrec , during a nycthemeral period ( numerical value of q10 ) ] . [ article in french ] . comptes rendus des s\u00e9ances de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie et de ses filiales 164 ( 2 ) : 429 - 432 . (\nthe mammal was an early tenrec ; the island it had arrived on probably had no other mammals and so this early lineage evolved over generations to adapt its body shape to its environment . as a result of a process called\nadaptive radiation\n( made famous by darwin ' s finches on galapagos ) new species appeared , each physically suited for its niche , free of competition .\nendo , h . , koyabu , d . , kimura , j . , rakotondraparany , f . , matsui , a . , yonezawa , t . , shinohara , a . & hasegawa , m . ( 2010 ) : a quill vibrating mechanism for a sounding apparatus in the streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus ) . zoological science 27 ( 5 ) : 427 - 432 . (\nade , m . ( 1996a ) : examination of the digestive tract contents of tenrec ecaudatus schreber , 1777 ( tenrecidae , insectivora ) from western madagascar . in : ganzhorn , j . u . & sorg , j . - p . ( eds . ) : ecology and economy of a tropical dry forest in madagascar . primate report 46 ( 1 ) : 233 - 250 . (\nrakotondravelo , m . l . ( 2001 ) : etude d ' impact de l ' application du fipronil 7 , 5 ulv sur le tenrec echinops telfairi ( martin , 1838 ) dans le sud de madagascar . in : zehrer , w . ( ed ) : la lutte antiacridienne \u00e0 madagascar . tome iii : ecotoxicologie . gtz , antananarivo , madagascar . pp . 243 - 259 .\nstumpf , p . , riedelsheimer , b . , k\u00fcnzle , h . & welsch , u . ( 2005 ) : antimicrobial and scent marking functions of the glands of the anogenital region of a primitive mammal : the small madagascan tenrec ( echinops telfairi , insectivora ) . poster 188 , 100th annual meeting of the anatomische gesellschaft , leipzig ( germany ) march 11 - 14 , 2005 .\neverson , k . m . , hildebrandt , k . b . p . , goodman , s . m . & olson , l . e . ( 2018 ) : caught in the act : incipient speciation across a latitudinal gradient in a semifossorial mammal from madagascar , the mole tenrec oryzorictes hova ( tenrecidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution : in press ( available online 28 february 2018 ) (\nzherebtsova , o . v . ( 2003 ) : [ mechanisms of spine mobility in tenrec ecaudatus and hemicentetes semispinosus ( insectivora , tenrecidae ) . ] in : zherebtsova , o . v . & nikulina , a . n . ( ed . ) : [ theriological investigations . no . 2 . ] sankt - peterburg : teriologicheskoe obshchestvo , pp . 139 - 147 . [ in russian with english summary ]\nat least some species of tenrecs are social , living in multigenerational family groups with over a dozen individuals . tenrecs have a gestation period of 50 to 64 days , and give birth to a number of relatively undeveloped young . while the otter shrews have just two young per litter , the tailless tenrec can have as many as 32 , and females possess up to 29 teats , more than any other mammal ( martin 1984 ) .\nas a rule , tenrecs tend to be small animals . the smallest species are the size of shrews , with a body length of around 4 . 5 cm ( 1 . 8 in ) , and weighing just 5 g ( 0 . 18 oz ) , while the largest , the common or tailless tenrec , is 25 to 39 cm ( 9 . 8 to 15 in ) in length , and can weigh over 1 kilogram ( 2 . 2 lb ) ( martin 1984 ) .\nlagadec , e . , gomard , y . , le minter , g . , cordonin , c . , cardinale , e . , ramasindrazana , b . , dietrich , m . , goodman , s . m . , tortosa , p . & dellagi , k . ( 2016 ) : identification of tenrec ecaudatus , a wild mammal introduced to mayotte island , as a reservoir of the newly identified human pathogenic leptospira mayottensis . plos neglected tropical diseases 10 ( 8 ) : e0004933 . (\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe form prolixacaudata may represent a distinct species ( olson et al . 2004 , soarimalala and goodman 2011 ) . note : this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\njustification : it is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , presence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is widespread in the eastern humid forests of madagascar , ranging from montagne d ' ambre in the north , south to andohahela . it has an altitudinal range of 530 to 2 , 500 m asl ( goodman et al . 2013 ) . the prolixicaudata form is restricted to the northern humid forests and is known from marojejy and montagne d\u2019ambre national parks , anjanaharibe - sud and manongarivo special reserves and a new reserve being developed ( goodman et al . 2013 , nicoll and ratsifandrihamanana 2014 ) .\nit is a relatively common species , especially at higher elevations ( goodman et al . 2013 )\nit is a scansorial species that is present in eastern tropical humid forest , from lowlands to high - elevation rainforest . it may be found in slightly degraded forest .\nit has been recorded from a number of protected areas including the ambohitantely special reserve ; anjanaharibe - sud special reserve ; manongarivo special reserve ; marojejy national park ; montagne d ' ambre national park ; andringitra national park ; pic d\u2019ivohibe special reserve ; ranomafana national park ; ambatovaky special reserve ; mangerivola special reserve ; mantadia national park and andohahela national park . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , biology and ecology of this species . a further review of known specimens of m . majori , m . longicaudata and m . principula is needed to elucidate the range of these three species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nis endemic to madagascar . this species is specifically located in the northern and eastern parts of the country , ranging from the parc national de la montange d ' ambre at 12 degrees south to the parc national d ' andonhahela at 25 degrees south .\n, are terrestrial mammals with a preference for areas of dense vegetation . they can be found in various habitats located across madagascar , including eastern humid forest , central highlands , the mountainous northern highlands , sambirano lowland forest , western deciduous dry forest , and the isolated humid forest of montange d ' ambre . they inhabit elevations of from 440 m above sea level to 1990 m .\nis small , weighing only 5 to 12 g , and measuring 75 to 158 mm in total length . like other members of the genus ,\nis known to possess coats composed of a soft dark brown to black fur on the back with a gray or lead colored belly .\nsince the testes , which have a volume of 50 mm ^ 3 , are found in the abdominal area and do not descend into a scrotum , there is very little to rely on for external physical cues to determine sex . males and females are almost indistinguishable from one another ."]}
{"id": 2642, "summary": [{"text": "scrobipalpa is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "euscrobipalpa has sometimes been treated as a distinct subgenus , or even as a full genus , but is generally no longer recognised as valid , following ponomarenko & park ( 2007 ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "scrobipalpa", "paragraphs": ["scrobipalpa instabilella ( m ) , breydon water , norfolk , slide 1313 j clifton .\nscrobipalpa suaedella - those with an obvious clear pale ochreous dorsal quarter to the forewing .\nscrobipalpa instabilella ( saltern groundling ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nclass insecta , order lepidoptera , superfamily gelechioidea , family gelechiidae , subfamily gelechiinae , genus scrobipalpa .\nscrobipalpa atriplicella \u00a71 , male , foulness , essex ; 15 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 6 . 2mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nscrobipalpa ocellatella - those with the prominent angled fascia at three quarters on the forewing and dark markings contrasting with the surrounding paler ground colour .\n( scrobipalpa nitentella was distinguished from s . obsoletella in britain as recently as 1935 , consequently the true identity of some earlier records is doubtful ) .\nscrobipalpa obsoletella - those with the forewing a pale greyish colour lacking any red - brown colouration and appearing paler in the final one - third due to a pale postmedial fascia .\nbecause of the sometimes considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa species , identification by wing markings alone will not often be possible . caution and care are the watchwords for this group .\n( sea plantain ) grow . it comes readily to light . several other scrobipalpa species resemble it , so positive identification depends on examination of genitalia , unless reared from the appropriate foodplants .\ngoosefoot groundling moth ( scrobipalpa atriplicella ) . this small moth feeds on several foodplants including fat - hen . the one recorded on 16th july 1999 was the first in hertfordshire since 1970 .\nfairly well distributed throughout much of england and into southern scotland with odd records from shetland and ireland , this species is very similar in appearance to other scrobipalpa species and dissection is advised for full idenification unless reared .\nthose more readily identifiable when freshly emerged by the forewing markings are listed below . however all of these also have variation in their wing markings which , when the obvious features are obscured or worn , will then resemble some other scrobipalpa species .\nshahira s . m . 2004 . use of the egg parasitoid trichogramma evanescens west . for controlling the rib miner , scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd in sugar beet in egypt ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . egyptian journal of biological pest control 14 : 2 .\nthis species is usually the palest of the saltmarsh scrobipalpa , being greyer and lacking in any red - brown colouration on the wings . similar species such as s . nitentella and s . atriplicella usually , also , have larger and more distinct blackish spots (\nobsoletella\nis a reference to the\nobsolete\ndark spots that are lacking in the basal area of this species ) . however , there is often considerable variation within most saltmarsh inhabiting scrobipalpa so identification from the wing markings alone will often not be possible .\nshows quite considerable individual and geographical variation , with specimens of scrobipalpa atriplicella , s . instabilella , s . nitentella and s . stangei all having been found in collections labelled as s . samadensis . dissection is therefore recommended until familiarity is built up with the look of the specimens at particular sites .\nhammad , s . m . , youssef , k . e . h . and assem , m . a . h . 1968 . the biology of the sugar - beet mining moth scrobipalpa ocellatella ( boyd ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique d\u2019\u00e9gypte 52 : 49 - 51 .\nid : as with other scrobipalpa species , requires genital examination for confident identification male : coremata absent ; posterior margin of uncus truncate or concave ; valvae exceeding uncus female : the only scrobipalpa species with the signum on the left ( both anatomically and in the standard view with ventral surface up and posterior at top ) . the key in mbgbi4 . 2 makes harder work of it and keys it thus : cb clearly defined ; signum in transition zone between db and cb ; cb spherical ; posterior apohphyses at least as long as db ; ventral zone free from honeycomb pattern ; signum on left , concave side mostly smooth .\nmahmoudi , j . , askarianzadeh , a . , karimi , j . and abbasipour , h . 2013 . introductiion of two parasitoids of braconid wasps on the sugar beet moth , , scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd . . ( lep . . : gelechidae ) ) from khorasan\u2013e\u2013razavi province , iran . journal of sugar beet 28 : 103 - 106 .\nthe most widespread of the coastal scrobipalpa species . very local to rare from lincolnshire to sussex becoming local to locally common in most of the remaining coastal areas around the british isles . any large gaps in distribution are more likely to be down to under - recording than the total absence of the moth . recorded once from an upland area in the highlands of scotland .\nrenou m . , descoins , ch . , lallemand , j . y . priesner , e . , lettere , m . and gallois , m . 1980 . l\u2019ac\u00e9toxy - 1 dodec\u00e8ne 3e , composant principal de la ph\u00e9romone sexuelle de la teigne de la betterave : scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd . ( l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8re gelechiidae ) . journal of applied entomology 90 : 275 - 289 .\nrobert , p . ch . 1976 . inhibitory action of chestnut - leaf extracts ( castanea sativa mill . ) on oviposition and oogenesis of the sugar beet moth ( scrobipalpa ocellatella boyd ; lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . in jermy , t . ( ed , ) the host - plant in relation to insect behaviour and reproduction , plenum press , new york and london , pp . 223 - 227 .\nscrobipalpa halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . and s . griseoflava bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . are described from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with halimione verrucifera ( m . b ) aellen ( chenopodiaceae ) , which is a host plant for s . halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . the external appearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and their habitats are illustrated .\nwidely distributed across much of the british isles , this species occupies rough and open ground where thistles abound .\nthe larvae mine the leaves of various thistles ( carduus and cirsium ) , forming a pale , sometimes slightly inflated blotch .\ngenerally there are two generations , with adults on the wing in april to june and again in july to september .\nfoodplant : june - july and sept . - oct . in irregular brown or whitish leaf mine on cirsium , carduus and , possibly , sonchus asper . intermediate instar length : 8 mm head : shiny brown . posterior strongly edged with pitchy black line , expanding into a black postero - lateral band which extends forward as a grey - black band to include the stemmatal area . frons thinly outlined pitchy brown . prothoracic shield : shiny transparent , tinted light brown . black posterior edge of head clearly visible . divided by thin paler medial line . dorsally darker brown . large pitchy black postero - lateral area . thoracic legs : concolorous coxa with black basal horseshoe collar on inside . femur black . tibia and tarsus greyish brown . body : olive - brown . paler ventrally . grey dorsally when the gut is full . spiracles : small , black peritreme . pinacula : black or dark grey , largest on segment a9 . setae : transparent colourless . anal plate : shiny transparent concolorous , but if frass in a10 , it shows black . faint grey shading on cuticle strongest at posterior . prolegs : base greenish white translucent with grey - black ring . planta transparent whitish . crochets dark grey . final instar length : 10 mm described . head : black . prothoracic shield : pitchy black . divided by thin yellowish white medial line . thoracic legs : concolorous coxa with black basal horseshoe collar on inside . femur black . tibia and tarsus greyish brown . body : each segment has a bright red - pink anterior and yellowish posterior . red - pink is less intense ventrally . spiracles : small , black peritreme . pinacula : black or dark grey , largest on segment a9 . setae : transparent colourless . anal plate : blackish . prolegs : light brown . crochets dark grey .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 10 : 42 : 51 page render time : 0 . 2996s total w / procache : 0 . 3519s\na fairly common species throughout much of britain , this moth emerges late in the season , from september onwards , and spends the winter as an adult .\nthe larval foodplant is bittersweet ( solanum dulcamara ) , and the species occurs in woodland and damp areas where the foodplant is found .\nfoodplant : probably more than one generation while leaves on solanum dulcamara . ( mbgbi : may , august , september . pers . obs . : july ) , and overwinters as larva . in irregular mines and lightly spun leaves , and able to move between them at will . early mines pale , later turning brown .\nlength : 7 mm described . ( 5 mm : similar , but paler and more transparent . ) ( mbgbi : 9 - 10 mm full grown )\nhead : brown . ( 5mm : pitchy brown ) . ( mbgbi : brown to black ) . posterior edged black . black posterolateral mark extends forwards to meet black stemmatal area . frons outlined dark brown ( 5mm : frons paler , edged black ) . mouthparts dark reddish brown .\nprothoracic shield : black , anterior and laterally dark brownish . divided by very thin pale medial line . ( 5 mm : pitchy black . medial line imperceptible ) .\nmetathorax ( t3 ) : coloured as abdomen . ( mbgbi states\nthoracic segments 2 and 3 dull purplish brown\n. possibly an error in transferring larval details from meyrick , 1895 , who calls the head\nsegment 1\nand the thorax\nsegments 2 , 3 and 4\n) .\nbody : integument semitransparent , faintly shaded light grey . gut shows as a reddish brown , pinkish or green dorsal line , depending on contents . faint dorsolateral line of reddish brown pigment , strongest on segments a7 and a8 . ventrally whitish . ( 5mm : paler with fainter dorsolateral line ) .\nanal plate : transparent tinted pale yellow . darkened when frass in transit . posterior marked blackish grey .\nprolegs : coloured as venter . crochets reddish brown . anal prolegs marked blackish grey laterally .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 06 : 30 : 32 page render time : 0 . 3238s total w / procache : 0 . 3662s\n\u2022 female taken at actinic light on rocky shore , lleyn , caerns . august . gen . det . s . farrell . leg . i . f . smith \u2022 \u00a9\nlarvae are found from april to august , giving rise to adults from june to september . it is uncertain if there is more than one generation , or just a single protracted one .\nfeeding is in leaf blotches , spun shoots and roots . wilting greyish leaves , or frass in the crown of the plant may indicate a larva in the roots . pupae are found in the plant root from may to august .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 07 : 00 : 59 page render time : 0 . 2166s total w / procache : 0 . 2491s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncan be confused with other members of this group . care required for identification .\nrecorded in 9 ( 13 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nfemale taken at actinic light on rocky shore , lleyn caerns aug gen . det . s . farrell . leg . i . f . smith\nplantago coronopus , ( buck ' s - horn plantain ) , see plant distribution map , plantago maritima ( sea plantain ) and also reported from plantago lanceolata ( ribwort plantain ) .\ncauses wilting and greying of the leaves with frass in the centre of the plants and occasionally spinning leaves together .\nmainly associated with saltmarshes but occasionally on sandhills and vegetated coastal shingle . to date there has been only one confirmed inland records of this species in the british isles ( in highland scotland ) but in europe it is known to occur in dry grassland at levels in excess of 2000m .\nlarva : being primarily a root feeder , the plant shows signs of wilting and greying leaves , a withered centre to the plant sometimes with gingery frass . also found spinning two leaves together on sea plantain and eating the parenchyma . in europe the initial feeding is reported as a long and narrow mine in the leaf in which it probably hibernates followed by the feeding in the upper rootstock .\nadult : can be disturbed from amongst the foodplant during the day in warm conditions and later comes readily to all forms of light .\nsingle or possibly double brooded . the extensive set of records on the scheme database ( 300 ) indicate the moth flies from the end of may through to early september with a fairly steady build up in numbers to a peak in the first half of august . the couple of late september records are , perhaps significantly , from the mild climate of the scilly isles although there are no corresponding late records from the channel islands . larval records received to date all relate to the period mid - march to the end of may suggestive of a single extended brood .\ne . r . bankes , in his 1894 paper in the entomologist ' s monthly magazine ( 30 : 82 ) , reported it as double brooded from june to july and again in august to september . the larval feeding periods were given as april to may and july to august , however he also noted he and w . h . b . fletcher had only met with the first brood larvae and that it was solely mr . richardson ' s experience of regular second brood larvae he was quoting .\n- adult : 10 to 12 mm wingspan . narrow fore wings , yellowish grey , sprinkled with little rounded dark spots ; light grey fore wings . the wings are bordered by long bristles\n- egg : oval , 0 . 5 mm long , white with a pearly sheen .\nis greenish white , the dorsal side darker green . at the end of its growth , it measures 10 to 12 mm . the dorsal surface becomes reddish and has 2 to 3 pinkish longitudinal lines\n[ r ] b iology - this moth is common on chenopodiaceae and particularly on sea beet ( beta maritima ) , beets and garden beet . it also develops on orach ( atriplex ) and amaranths ( amaranthus ) . - adult : dusk - flying moth . mating and egg laying only occur when the temperature is above 11\u00b0c . the lifespan is between 25 to 30 days . average fecundity : 40 to 70 eggs . - eggs : deposited in clusters of 1 to 6 on the leaves . development lasts 7 days at 23\u00b0c . - larva : following emergence , it invades the young leaves of the centre of the plant in which it forms irregular galleries . it also penetrates the petiole and the collar in which they form galleries of 1 to 3 cm in depth lined with a silken web ( * )\n- the first important moth flights occur at the end of april and during may . development ceases under 10\u00b0c and hibernation occurs in the caterpillar or pupal stage in the collar of the host , in the ground or store - pits .\n[ r ] d amage - beet seedlings attacked by caterpillars die rapidly . the older plants develop irregulary ; the leaves are distorted and embossed , the veins are eaten , the petiole perforated ; the collar turns to a blackish mass ( * )\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe colouration of this species varies a great deal but there is often a darker ( sometimes triangular ) mark midway along each wing .\noccurs in woodland , well wooded and damp areas where the larval foodplant bittersweet is found .\nemerges late in the season , from september onwards , and spends the winter as an adult . the adult flies at night and is attracted to light .\na fairly common species throughout much of britain . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant )\nhost plants : several amaranthaceae , and especally several species of beta ( like b . vulgaris l . ) , atriplex and amaranthus .\nmorphology : the body of the adult is 5 - 7 mm long , the forewings are narrow , elongated , grey - brown , with several rounded dark spots , the hindwings are light grey and have long posterior fringes . the larva ( caterpillar ) is initially greenish , later becoming red - pink with several red - brown longitudinal lines ; head brown , length 10 - 12 mm .\nlife history : females lay about 40 - 70 eggs ( up to 200 ) each on the host leaves . the young larvae bore in the leaf mirdrib and the petiole of these leaves , then in the root , wherein they form irregular galleries lined with a silken web . they pupate in any available dry sites , being very sensitive to high relative humidity . the threshold of development is around 10\u00b0c , the adults may live for about weeks and the pest raises four annual generations .\neconomic importance : regarded as a serious pest of sugar beets in syria and in iran , especially when infesting seedlings . their leaves may roll , become distorted and blackish ; weak plants turn yellow and wilt . flower buds may also be damaged . heavily infested sugar beets lose up to 24 % of their sugar content and the plants may further be damaged by invading pathogens . sugar beets and fodder beets suffer more than red garden beets .\nmonitoring : pheromone traps have been used for monitoring the flight pattern of the pest and for timing of control measures .\nhorticultural control : high relative humidity , achieved with overhead irrigation , protects sugar beet from the humidity - susceptible pest .\nplant tolerance : some egyptian sugarbeet cultivars appear to be relatively tolerant to the pest .\nchemical control : an aqueous extract of chestnut ( castanea sativa mill . ) leaves sprayed on sugar beet leaves , repels the pests , inhibits their oogenesis and oviposition . organophosphates applied in iran controlled the pest .\nbiological control : . caterpillars and pupae are attacked by endoparasitoid braconids , like chelonus sulcatus jurine , which in some years kills 45 - 60 % of the pest population , bracon intercessor nees and microchelonus subcontract abdinbekova . releases of the egg parasitoid trichogramma evanescens westwood ( trichogrammatidae ) in sugar beet plots in egypt reduced pest damage by up to 95 % .\nel - dessouki , s . a . , ei - awady , s . m . , el - khawass , k . a . m . h . , mesbah , a . h . and el - dessouki , w . a . a . 2014 . population fluctuation of some insect pests infesting sugar beet and the associated predatory insects at kafr el - sheikh governorate . annals of agricultural science 59 : 119\u2013123 .\nel - rawy , a . m . and shalaby , g . a . 2011 . reaction of some sugarbeet varieties to the infestation with some insects and final yield . egyptian journal of agricultural research 89 : 1383 - 1391 .\nnaeem , a . 1977 . effects of some phosphorous insecticides on sugar beet moth in esfahan area . entomologie et phytopathologie appliqu\u00e9es 45 : 41 - 45 .\n\u2022 great horwood , bucks ; gen . det . p . hall \u2022 \u00a9 dave wilton\nthe larval foodplants are orache ( atriplex ) and goosefoot ( chenopodium ) , the larvae feeding in spun leaves or flowers / seeds .\nthere are two generations , with adults appearing in may and again in july / august .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 06 21 : 35 : 55 page render time : 0 . 2313s total w / procache : 0 . 2806s\nwingspan 12 - 14mm . a widespread , but local species ( nationally scarce b ) , predominantly coastal , in eastern and southern england , but also at a few inland sites . it is more scarce in scotland , wales and ireland . it frequents saltmarshes and other coastal sites where the foodplants , orache species ( atriplex spp . ) occur .\nthere are at least two generations , the adult having been found from may to september . the larva feeds within the stem of the foodplant leaving dry , whitish frass exuding from the hole .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 04 : 09 : 03 page render time : 0 . 4993s total w / procache : 0 . 5391s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwidely scattered but local , occasionally locally common , in coastal areas of the british isles . apparently absent from the northern and western isles of scotland , most of western ireland and the channel islands . occasionally wanders some distance away from its breeding areas .\nchenopodium spp . ( goosefoot ) , see plant distribution map for c . album agg . as a representative of this foodplant , and suaeda maritima ( annual sea - blite ) . also recorded from atriplex littoralis ( grass - leaved orache ) , a . patula ( common orache ) , a . portulacoides ( sea - purslane ) , a . prostrata ( spear - leaved orache ) , beta vulgaris ssp . maritima ( sea beet ) and sarcocornia perrenis ( perrenial glasswort ) .\nin europe also on atriplex hortensis ( garden orache ) , atriplex pedunculata ( pedunculate sea - purslane ) , salicornia europaea agg . ( common glasswort ) and suaeda altissima .\na record of the larva on cakile maritima ( sea rocket ) is very unusual and it is considered possible the plant was misidentified .\nmines the leaves with the first instar producing a u or horseshoe - shaped mine .\nlarval : mines the leaves with the first instar producing a u or horseshoe - shaped mine , then mining in an irregular or branched fashion . in the penultimate instar the larva vacates the mine and spins a silken tube amongst the seeds , feeding mainly on the unripe ones .\nadult : can be disturbed from amongst the foodplant during the day , flies at night and comes to light often some distance form its nearest foodplant .\ncan be confused with s . salinella , s . obsoletella , s . instabilella , some forms of s . samadensis and one form of s . suaedella . dissection is often required to confirm the determination .\nif a moth has been bred from a known foodplant , and therefore also time of year when the larva feeds and the nature of its feeding methods have been observed , this information , plus a freshly emerged moth , will allow the number of possibilites to be reduced considerably . if the bred or caught moth is a fresh specimen and displays the distinctive markings of some species ( see below ) then an identification without more detailed examination should be possible in many cases .\nin cases where there is any doubt , particularly where worn light - trapped specimens are concerned , dissection will be essential to obtain an accurate identification until a good familiarity is built up with the range of species and their markings at a particular site .\neven genitalia differences are often small but are constant between the various species . it is advisable to seek confirmation of identifications by genitalia until familiarity is built up with this genus .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndescribed from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with\nappearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and their habitats are illustrated .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ambas especies se localizan en biotopos halof\u00edlicos con\nn . se representa el aspecto externo del adulto y de la genitalia de las nuevas especies y su h\u00e1bitat .\nis represented by about 40 species , of which 30 are known from the crimea .\n, same data , but 15 / 18 - vi - 2006 , ex l .\n, crimea , okr . nanikovo , barakol\u2019 lake , solonchak , 10 - vii - 2010 , leg . y\ndata , but 13 - viii - 2006 ( gen . prep . 217 / 08 ) ; 3\n, same data , but 12 - viii - 2006 ( gen . prep . 82 / 10\nlight grey medial and apical rings ; proboscis light grey . scapus brown , other antennal segments brown with\nnarrow grey rings at base . forewing covered mainly with light grey , brown - tipped scales , costal margin , apex\nand termen darker , nearly blackish , veins and area along dorsum distinctly mottled with orange - brown . brown\nsubcostal spot at 1 / 4 and three dark spots in cell well developed . fringe grey , brown - tipped . hindwing and its\nsubapical streak and dark spots in cell ( fig . 3 ) ; in other cases , orange - brown pattern nearly reduced , but dark\nspots in cell surrounded by orange and additional two - three black points well expressed in basal 1 / 4 ( figs . 4 - 5 ) .\nrounded , nearly exceeds the top of uncus . sacculus about 1 / 4 length of valva , weakly curved inwards , outer\nof sacculus , separated by deep and broad medial incision . tegumen moderately broad . saccus gradually\nfemale genitalia ( figs . 17 - 18 ) : papilla analis suboval , sparsely covered with short setae . apophyses\nsmall foamy sclerotized patterns at anterior - medial corner . subostial lobes broad , rounded apically\nincision . ductus bursae moderately broad , colliculum narrow , ring - shaped . corpus bursae rounded , signum\nariation : the teeth at the base of signum vary in length ; signum from weakly curved to nearly straight .\nbroad medial emargination on the posterior margin of vinculum . it differs from both species in curved inwards\nfrom mongolia , but can be recognized by longer valvae and narrower uncus . the female genitalia of new\nobserved annually from the second decade of may to the first decade of june . the larvae live in large spot - like\nmines on the leaves of host plant . usually the larvae change several mines during their life . pupation takes place\noutside of the larval habitation ( in plant litter or in the upper layer of ground ) in a light whitish cocoon . the\nprobably in 2 - 3 generations . all specimens were collected in the evening before sunset .\n, crimea , 3 km e ordzhonikidze , dvujakornaja dolina , solonchak , 19 - vi - 2004 , leg . y\nnarrow , acute , light brown with white medial and apical rings . proboscis white . scapus white mottled with dark ,\nother antennal segments brown with broad white rings . thorax and tegulae orange - yellow . forewing covered\nbrown tipped . hindwing white , fringe yellowish - white , brown - tipped .\nmale genitalia ( fig . 16 ) : tegumen moderately broad , gradually narrowed towards uncus . uncus as long as\nbroad , posterior margin with distinct medial depression . gnathos short , narrow , weakly curved . v\napical 1 / 4 broadly rounded , does not exceed top of uncus . sacculus about 1 / 4 length of valva , parallel - sided ,\nslightly shorter than length of sacculus , medial incision lyre - shaped . saccus narrow , apex pointed . aedeagus\nfemale genitalia ( figs . 19 - 21 ) : papilla analis suboval , sparsely covered with short setae . apophyses\nanteriores longer than segment viii , straight , four times shorter , than apophyses posteriores . segment viii about\nas long as broad , subgenital plates relatively broad , broadly separated , inner area distinctly foamy sculptured .\nwith microtrichia . ductus bursae moderately broad , colliculum narrow , ring - shaped . corpus bursae rounded ,\nsignum weakly curved , horn - shaped , placed at the left side of the entrance of bursae copulatrix .\nariation : the subgenital lobes vary in width , in one case ( fig . 21 , gen . prep . 83 / 07 ) subgenital lobes are\nas by the absence of a grey spot in the middle of wing . the male genitalia of\nbionomy : the adult flies from the third decade of may to the third decade of june . the host plant\n. , 2009 . \u2013 on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution\n( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) living on plants of the family chenopodiaceae , with description of new species . \u2013\n, o . , 2010 . \u2013 gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) .\n, d . , 1977 . \u2013 notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . \u2013\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . , ht ( gen . prep .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 219 / 08 ) .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 217 / 08 ) .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 210 / 08 ) .\nbidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( gen . prep . 83 / 07 ) .\n\u2013 on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution 3\nbidzilya , o . v . , 2009 . \u2013 on the distribution of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in siberia . contribution 3 . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . , 5 : 3 - 13 .\nfalkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2003 . \u2013 gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) reared from the larvae collected in kyzylkum desert , with description of new species . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 1 ( 1 ) : 113 - 142 . [ in russian ] .\nfalkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2006 . \u2013 the turanian gelechiid - moths of the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) living on plants of the family chenopodiaceae , with description of new species . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 4 : 62 - 104 . [ in russian ] .\nfalkovitsh , m . i . & bidzilya , o . v . , 2009 . \u2013 a list of gelechiid moths ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) of southern kyzylkum . \u2013 proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ , 5 : 65 - 98 . [ in russian ] .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . , 2010 . \u2013 gelechiidae ii ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini ) . in p . huemer , o . karsholt & m . nuss . \u2013 microlepidoptera of europe , 6 : 586 pp . apollo books , stenstrup .\n\u2013 notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . \u2013 acta ent\npovolny\u00b4 , povolny\u00b4povolny\u00b4 , d . , 1977 . \u2013 notes on gnorimoschemini of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . \u2013 acta ent . mus . natn . pragae , 39 : 403 - 443 .\nthe holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species is described from qu\u00e9bec , canada . in addition , a new related genus and species is described from the canary islands . comparative diagn\u2026\n[ more ]\nchrysoesthia halimionella , sp . n . , megacraspedus uzunsyrtus , sp . n . , aristotelia confusella , sp . n . , and dirhinosia interposita , sp . n . , are described from ukraine . adults and genitalia of the new species are illustrated and compared with related species .\nnew species and new records of gelechiid - moths from northern siberia and far east of russia ( lepidop . . .\nthree new species of gelechiidae are described from russia : teleiopsis tchukotka bidzilya , sp . n . ( tchukotskiy ar ) , chionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , sp . n . ( sakhalin island ) , chionodes arctica bidzilya , sp . n . ( jamalo - nenetskiy ar , jakutia , vrangel island ) . five species are recorded for the first time from the sakhalin island , three species - from the kurily islands , two species - from jakutia , one . . . [ show full abstract ]\naethes shakibai huemer & wieser , 2004 a new species of leafroller for the european fauna , with descr . . .\naethes shakibai sivashella budashkin & bidzilya , ssp . n . , is described based on 30 males and 3 females from the eastern crimea and the coast of the sea of azov ( ukraine ) . the external appearance of the adult , genitalia of the new subspecies and its habitat are illustrated . type material of the new subspecies is deposited in the collection of karadagh nature reserve and the collection of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nchecklist of scythridid moths ( lepidoptera , scythrididae ) of ukraine with description of two new spe . . .\nan annotated list of 46 species of scythrididae from ukraine is given . two species are described as new : scythris zhakovi bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . ( crimea , kherson region ) and scythris psammitis bidzilya & budashkin sp . n . ( kherson region ) . 13 species are recorded from ukraine for the first time : scythris bifissella ( hofmann , 1889 ) ; scythris perlucidella nupponen & nupponen , 2000 ; scythris . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsummary of recorded quantities of adult moths of this species by week and year .\nok , so it ' s not quite as extreme as the one a couple of weeks ago , but i ' m glad i ' ve more or less caught up on my records from that one for the garden in wolvercote , oxfordshire , as i suspect tonight and the next couple will provide a fair amount of work . although numbers haven ' t been as impressive as some people ' s the total of 287 individuals and 82 species , of which 19 were nfy , was pretty good on 19th june . species which seem to be doing well include v - pug , common footman ( and to some extent , buff footman ) and coronet ; and my overall impression , even before the previous heatwave , has been that this year has been measurably more productive than last .\ni ' ve had a few tricky specimens from recent days and would be grateful for confirmation or help : i suspect the first of these two is just an unusually - marked single - dotted wave , but i wondered about a mullein wave ; and from an earlier post here , i wonder whether the rather washed - out individual below it , with its raised abdomen , is a brown scallop .\ni ' d go along with single - dotted wave and brown scallop , steve . zeiraphera isertana is correct and i think you are safe with acleris kochiella too . the aethes would appear to be rubigana if this site is to be believed : urltoken yes to crambus perlella , the gelechiid needs a clearer image and the last one appears to me to be phycita roborella .\nvery many thanks , dave : some good news there , with the zeiraphera and acleris kochiella both being new to my garden ( and life ) list , and the former the first species on the list beginning with ' z ' . . . the degree of detail on that website has left my head spinning !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmiddle and south europe , northern africa , middle east , iran . in the former ussr , the species is distributed in the central chernozem region ( sparsely ) , in the south of the european part of russia to the caucasus , in ukraine , moldova , transcaucasia ( georgia ) , central asia ( turkmenistan ) .\nl . vovskii a . l . & piskunov v . i . 1999 . fam . gelechiidae - wing - emarginated moths . in : kuznetsov v . i . , ed . insects and mites . pests of agricultural crops . lepidoptera . st . petersburg : nauka . v . 3 , part 2 , p . 46 - 93 ( in russian ) .\nminoranskii v . a . 1963 . beet mining moth . zashchita rastenii ot vreditelei i boleznei 3 : 30 - 31 ( in russian ) .\nminoranskii v . a . 1987 . formation of noxious entomofauna on beet plantations . zashchita rastenii 11 : 32 - 34 ( in russian ) .\npetrukha o . i . , pozhar z . a . , shevchenko v . n . , bichuk yu . p . , pshenichuk r . f . , tishchenko e . i . , tribel . s . a . , broyakovskaya o . n . & kornienko a . s . 1982 . sugar - beet protection . zashchita rastenii 6 : 23 - 26 ( in russian ) .\nshmeleva v . a . 1954 . beet mining moth and its control . kiev : an ukr . ssr , 38 p . ( in russian ) .\nslavgorodskaya - kurpieva l . e . , slavgorodskii v . e . & popov v . g . 2001 . protection of agricultural crops against pests and diseases . ( the handbook for farmers , gardeners , truck farmers ) . simferopol . : biznes - inform , 344 p . ( in russian ) .\ntribel . s . a . & deryugin e . a . 1993 . biocenotic mechanisms of control of harmfulness . sakharnaya svekla 3 : 19 - 20 ( in russian ) .\nvasil . ev v . p . 1974 . family gelechiidae . in : vasil . ev v . p . , ed . pests of agricultural crops and forest plantations . v . 2 . arthropods . kiev : urozhai , p . 257 - 261 ( in russian ) .\nzhitkevich e . n . 1963 . beet mining moth . zashchita rastenii ot vreditelei i boleznei 3 : 29 - 30 ( in russian ) .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2009 project \u00abinteractive agricultural ecological atlas of russia and neighboring countries . economic plants and their diseases , pests and weeds\u00bb\nwillow ermine moth ( yponomeuta rorella ) . so called because of its beautiful greyish - silvery wings with black spots , this small moth was found at marshalls heath on 1st august 1995 . it is the rarest species on the reserve , declining nationally and liable to be in danger of extinction in britain if the causes of its decline continue to operate . the larva feeds on white willow , or occasionally grey willow .\nbalsam carpet moth ( xanthorho\u017e biriviata ) . this and the following species are only known from less than 30 decads ( 10km squares ) in the united kingdom . it is a very local moth , being confined mainly to water meadows bordering waterways around london , and was recorded at marshalls heath on 19th july 1995 . the larva feeds on orange balsam or small balsam .\ngreat brocade moth ( eurois occulta ) . a fairly large , fat - bodied noctuid moth that is resident in scotland and is an occasional migrant elsewhere . it was attracted to light on 7th august 1995 , at a time when several unusual insects from continental europe turned up in southeast england .\nwhite - letter hairstreak butterfly ( satyrium w - album ) . thirty specimens have been seen in ten different years , most recently in july 2001 , suggesting that there is a small but persistent breeding colony here . the caterpillar feeds on elm , and the species was drastically reduced following the attack of dutch elm disease in the 1970s and early 1980s , and is presently continuing to decline , causing concern nationally .\nbarred white moth ( nemapogon clematella ) . this tiny species breeds at marshalls heath , where it was identified in may 1997 by mark sterling from the characteristic mine that its caterpillar makes in the fungus diatrype disciformis , found growing on a dead hazel branch . this demonstrates the importance of leaving a good supply of dead and rotting wood on the ground as part of good woodland management .\nsmall clover case - bearer moth ( coleophora frischella ) . one of the large family of moths whose larvae make characteristic tubes or cases to pass the winter in , this tiny moth is beautifully coloured , with bronzy green wings reflecting flashes of shimmering purple in places . it probably breeds on the heath , where its numbers have been increasing in recent years , 59 being seen in 2002 . its larvae feed on white clover , and possibly thistles and knapweed too .\nblack stigma case - bearer moth ( coleophora hemerobiella ) . feeding on hawthorn , apple or wild cherry , this species may also be breeding on the reserve , having been seen in three separate years , most recently in august 2002 when three were found .\npale lettuce bell moth ( eucosma conterminana ) . a small , well - camouflaged moth that has repeatedly turned up at marshalls heath over the years , the last in august 2000 . it feeds on great lettuce or prickly lettuce , but is a scarce , local moth , restricted to southeast england .\ngrass - veneer moth ( pediasia contaminella ) . feeding on sheep ' s fescue , a grass that flourishes on the anthills , it is possible that this species breeds here in small numbers . three have been seen in three different years , most recently on 8th august 2002 .\nsulphur pearl moth ( sitochroa palealis ) . this elegant , sulphur - yellow moth was discovered here on 10th august 1997 . its foodplant , wild carrot , is widespread on the anthills and acid grassland , so the hopes are that it breeds here .\nlong - legged tabby moth ( synaphe punctalis ) . recorded only once , on 8th august 1997 , this scarce moth is normally found in coastal areas . it may possibly breed here , as it feeds on damp mosses .\nfalse cacao moth ( ephestia parasitella ) . recorded twice , in 1998 and 2002 july 17th , the life history of this scarce moth is poorly known . it probably feeds on dried plant material , dead berries and dried stems of ivy , so may be breeding on the reserve .\nyarrow pug moth ( eupithecia millefoliata ) . discovered on 22nd august 2000 , the abundance of its foodplant , yarrow , may mean that it is breeding here , though elsewhere it has mainly been found on the coast or around the thames estuary .\npale shining brown moth ( polia bombycina ) . formerly well - represented in the south of england , there have been very few records of this moth since 1980 . it is normally found in areas of chalky soil , but its foodplant and life - history are unknown , though it will accept dandelion , knotgrass , dock and sow - thistle in captivity , all of which are found here . it was seen at marshalls heath on 28th june 1996 , the only recent hertfordshire record .\nangle - striped sallow moth ( enargia paleacea ) . extremely rare , this beautiful orange - yellow moth feeds on silver birch , so might possibly be breeding here , though the specimen seen on 31st july 1995 could have been an immigrant . there are very few hertfordshire records for this moth .\nwaved black moth ( parascotia fuliginaria ) . the caterpillar of this scarce moth feeds on fungi growing on tree stumps or fallen or felled tree - trunks , and is yet another illustration of the importance of rotting wood to many forms of wildlife . it has been seen twice , on 24th july 1995 and 21st july 1997 , and hopefully survives in small numbers .\nleaf beetle ( chrysolina oricalcia ) . this smallish shiny beetle has been found twice , on 19th april and 18th september 1993 . it has no specific english name , but is one of the leaf beetles noted for their shiny , sometimes metallic bright colouring .\nmonks wood beetle ( hallomenus binotatus ) . occuring in the fungi on old trees , this rare reddish - yellow beetle was recorded on 26th may 1995 , the first and only time it has been recorded in hertfordshire .\nnet - winged beetle ( platycis minuta ) . this scarce species also occurs in old wood , emphasising how important it is to leave fallen trees as part of good woodland management . it is usually encountered in ancient woodland , and may have survived here in hedgerows where it was recently discovered on 23rd august 2002 .\nfalse darking beetle ( prionychus ater ) . yet another species of old timber , this is a nocturnal beetle found under the bark of deciduous trees . it was recorded here on 13th july 1999 .\nspider beetle ( ptinus sexpunctatus ) . one of the spider beetles , so - called because of their long legs and roundish bodies , this tiny beetle has the distinction of having been discovered in the nests of bees . it feeds on decaying insects , one of the thousands of useful\ntidying up\ncreatures without which our world would be overrun with refuse . it was seen on the heath on 10th may 1993 , 10th april 1999 and 6th may 2000 .\nhoverfly ( volucella inanis ) . one of 276 species of british hoverfly , this species has a bright yellow body with thin black bands . it has no english name . the resemblance to a wasp is purely superficial - it is not related to wasps and has no sting . the similarity is a useful defence from birds and anything else that might attack it , but as far as man is concerned , thousands of these innocent creatures are mistaken for wasps or hornets and killed . it was recorded on the heath by mark sterling on 20th august 1995 .\nleast carpet moth ( idaea vulpinaria ) . this species is seen here in most years , 15 times altogether and most recently on 11th august 2002 . its foodplant is ivy and there is probably a breeding colony on the heath .\nscarce tissue moth ( rheumaptera cervinalis ) . the scarcity of this moth is perhaps mainly due to the fact that its caterpillar feeds only on barberry and other berberis species , plants that used to be ruthlessly exterminated by farmers , as they harbour wheat rust . the presence of the plant round the edges of the heath , and the development of resistant strains of wheat , may help its survival here . it has been recorded five times , most recently on 13th may 1997 .\nbrown scallop moth ( philereme vetulata ) . this very local moth was found here on 4th july 1995 . its caterpillars feed exclusively on buckthorn .\nmaple pug moth ( eupithecia inturbata ) . a small but persistent colony of this moth seems to be present on the heath , where its food , the flower of the field maple , is relatively common . it has been seen in 8 out of the last 10 years , most recently on 7th august 2002 .\nnetted pug moth ( eupithecia venosata ) . normally a species of chalk or limestone districts , the netted pug is becoming much scarcer and is now a cause for concern , and there are very few recent hertfordshire records . it breeds on bladder campion , which is found in small numbers on the road verges of the heath , and along some of the field edges . it was discovered here on 24th may 1999 .\nlead - coloured drab moth ( orthosia populeti ) . with such an unflattering english name , this species hasn ' t much going for it . it flies early in the year , march and april , and visits sallow blossom . the caterpillar breeds on aspen . it has been recorded only once , on 17th march 2000 .\nlesser - spotted pinion moth ( cosmia affinis ) . once reasonably common , this distinguished - looking moth declined dramatically following the outbreak of dutch elm disease . its caterpillar feeds on english elm , but seems to have survived by using wych elm as well . perhaps , like the white - letter hairstreak butterfly , it is making use of the elm suckers and shrubs that continue to persist in large numbers at marshalls heath . it has been seen every year except 2002 , 54 times in all , and most recently on 12th august 2001 .\ngrey partridge ( perdix perdix ) . a nesting grey partridge was a local attraction on the heath in 1979 , but this species has since suffered a worrying decline . ground nesting birds are particularly vulnerable here as the heath is common land and a favourite place for dog walkers .\nlesser spotted woodpecker ( dendrocopus minor ) . this delightfully attractive little bird has been regularly nesting on the heath and in adjacent gardens , but the loss of our resident bird enthusiast has meant that its present status is unclear . it was last recorded on 19th december 1998 .\nskylark ( alauda arvensis ) . universally loved as one of the signs of spring , the lark ascending to sing its exuberant chattering notes high above fields and meadows is giving way to silence as this bird disappears from more and more districts . it is still a regular sight at marshalls heath however , and was most recently noted on 17th april 2001 .\nsong thrush ( turdus philomelos ) . the confident , melodious and beautifully inventive musical call of the song thrush is still heard on the reserve from the tops of tall trees on calm , warm evenings at twilight in summer , most recently on 9th june 1999 , but numbers of this popular bird are declining to a worrying extent .\nwillow tit ( parus montanus ) . this woodland bird is in serious trouble , perhaps partly because of its need to excavate a nest hole in a rotten tree or stump , yet another reason for leaving dead timber where it is . last seen here on 12th may 1995 , the national decline of this bird has been greater than for any other in britain , 54 % since 1994 . the decline in hertfordshire has been far more serious , from being present in about half the tetrads recorded in 1986 down to only four birds seen in 2000 in the entire county .\nhouse sparrow ( passer domesticus ) . there was widespread disbelief and amazement when this once universally familiar bird was added to the rspb red list , but having halved its numbers in recent years it has disappeared from many sites . there is little information on its present status at marshalls heath , the most recent record being 1996 april 14th .\ntree sparrow ( passer montanus ) . the catastrophic decline of this species in the 1990s is difficult to explain , and it has not been definitely recorded at marshalls heath since 1989 ."]}
{"id": 2646, "summary": [{"text": "poet prince ( foaled 1932 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1941 cheltenham gold cup .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he had earlier won the stanley chase at aintree and went on to contest two more gold cups .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was unplaced when well-fancied in 1942 and finished fourth in 1945 at the age of thirteen . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "poet prince", "paragraphs": ["the poet prince was sired by our poetic prince out of the dam princess moira the poet prince was foaled on 01 of august in 1993 .\nthe poet prince has a 21 % win percentage and 43 % place percentage . the poet prince ' s last race event was at nyngan .\nthe poet prince is a 23 year old bay gelding . the poet prince is trained by r c robb , at nyngan and owned by a j cook .\nwe\u2019d love your help . let us know what\u2019s wrong with this preview of the poet prince by kathleen mcgowan .\nlucy terry prince was a renowned 18th - century orator who is also the first known african - american poet .\nthe poet prince ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 5 .\nthe poet prince\u2019s last race event was at 25 / 04 / 2001 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe poet prince : 3 ( magdalene line trilogy 3 ) and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nthe poet prince career form is 3 wins , 1 seconds , 2 thirds from 14 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nthe author outlines the destiny of the poet prince as having been handed through some of history\u2019s most notable characters . which characters did you recognize and can you imagine their story as a poet prince ? discuss the meaning of this destiny as described through the various poet princes in the book . can you identify other historical figures who may have fulfilled this prophecy ?\nspoken word performer george the poet has written an exclusive poem inspired by the key themes explored in the prince\u2019s trust macquarie youth index 2015 report .\nkeep up to date with what the prince ' s trust is up to .\ntazz du poet nf m\u00e2le 2007 coi = 3 . 22266 % famille maternelle descendance\nsusan cheever on e . e . cummings , america\u2019s most celebrated poet | vanity fair\nprince ea | filmmaker , speaker , activist \u2013 love , the answer to every problem .\nprince michael\nblanket\njackson ii is the third child of pop legend michael jackson .\nfuture poet lucy terry prince was born in west africa . the exact date of her birth is unknown , though it is thought she might have been born as early as the mid - 1720s . historical records on prince\u2019s life are highly limited and thus details of her history have been deduced from scholarly research and conjecture .\nsire ) , poet ' s voice ( a leading first crop sire in 2015 ) , prince bishop , monterosso ( sire ) , akeed mofeed , hunter ' s light , lucky nine , postponed , etc .\nbath : 2 . 15 compton prince , 2 . 50 poet ' s society , 3 . 25 secretfact ( nap ) , 4 . 00 ghepardo , 4 . 35 mornington , 5 . 10 hallingham , 5 . 40 elusive olivia .\nthe mark johnston - trained poet\u2019s prince became the 56th winner of a \u00a325 , 000 october book 1 bonus when taking out the western house novice auction stakes at ayr and collecting a total of \u00a329 , 269 when prize money of \u00a34 , 269 is added . poet\u2019s prince was purchased at book 1 of the tattersalls october yearling sale for just 28 , 000 guineas by mark johnston racing from the draft of houghton bloodstock . he is the second \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus winner for trainer johnston this year following on from nyaleti , who was subsequently second in the group 2 duchess of cambridge stakes . johnston has now won four \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus races since the scheme\u2019s inception last year . poet\u2019s prince is a son of poet\u2019s voice out of the multiple listed winning sprinter palace affair who remarkably has had two \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus winners , with poet\u2019s voice\u2019s own - sister poet\u2019s princess winning one last year . the tattersalls october \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus is only for horses bought at book 1 of the tattersalls october yearling sale , that takes place from october 3 - 5 .\na book inspired by the poet\u2019s life was released in 1973\u2014 black woman : a fictionalized biography of lucy terry prince , by bernard and jonathan katz . decades later , another title on her and her husband\u2019s journey was published\u2014 mr . and mrs . prince : how an extraordinary eighteenth century family moved out of slavery and into legend ( 2008 ) , by gretchen holbrook gerzina .\npoet lucy terry prince was born in west africa in the early half of the 18th century . captured by slave traders when she was a young girl , she was brought to america and eventually became a part of the wells household in deerfield , massachusetts . in 1746 , prince composed the poem\nbars fight ,\nthe earliest known piece of literature created by an african american . upon marrying , prince achieved her freedom and had six children . renowned for her oration , she died in vermont in 1821 .\nin her new life , lucy terry prince settled with her husband in guilford , vermont , eventually having six children . two of the prince progeny , cesar and festus , are believed to have fought in the revolutionary war . prince had also unsuccessfully petitioned for at least one of her children to attend williams college , giving a speech to representatives that was said to have lasted for three hours .\ngwendolyn brooks was a postwar poet best known as the first african american to win a pulitzer prize , for her 1949 book annie allen .\njada pinkett smith , 44 , also honored prince on her facebook page thursday , paying tribute to the man she deemed a \u201cgenius artist . \u201d\nin addition , some sources allege that prince argued before the u . s . supreme court in her family & apos ; s case against the false land claims of colonel eli bronson in sunderland , vermont . the prince family was said to have emerged victorious , but hundreds of years later a judicial library representative stated that there\u2019s no legal record of prince ever arguing a case before the land\u2019s highest bench . instead , in the mid - 1790s she might have been involved in a lower court ruling officiated by samuel chase , a judge who reportedly stated that prince\u2019s eloquence surpassed that of lawyers .\nbroadus , edmund kemper . the laureateship : a study of the office of poet laureate in england . oxford : clarendon press , 1921 . print .\n\u201cthe poet - laureateship . \u201d temple bar 106 ( december 1895 ) : 498 - 516 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nmaureen is joined by her lover , berenger , who discovers that he shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo the magnificent : both were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline , the prophecy of the poet prince . while berenger explores the daunting task of filling lorenzo\u2019s place in the 21st century , he will come face to face with other characters from history who have shared the title of poet prince , and who had very deadly enemies . those enemies have equally dangerous descendants who carry a 500 - year - old vendetta against any who support lorenzo\u2019s form of heresy .\n2 . learn more about the life of lorenzo de medici , the godfather of the renaissance , in miles j . unger\u2019s biography magnifico : the brilliant life and violent times of lorenzo de ' medici . compare the biography with the depiction of lorenzo de medici in the poet prince at your next book club meeting .\nprince poet ( ven ) b . c , 2010 { 8 - g } dp = 5 - 2 - 14 - 5 - 0 ( 26 ) di = 1 . 17 cd = 0 . 27 - 9 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : bs . 270 . 605\nlucy and abijah eventually returned to guilford . following her husband & apos ; s death in 1794 , prince moved back to sunderland , where she died in 1821 .\nroy bates used his swashbuckling sense of adventure to found a micro - nation off the coast of england , the principality of sealand , and declare himself the reigning prince .\n\u2018an unemployed poet . \u2019 \u201cthe laureateship - a suggestion . \u201d fun 59 ( 2 january 1894 ) : 10 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nwitt , marion . \u201cyeats on the poet laureateship . \u201d modern language notes 66 ( june 1961 ) : 385 - 388 . jstor . web . 28 april 2012 .\non tuesday 6th march we celebrated our national prince ' s trust and tk maxx & homesense awards at the london palladium to honour the achievements of young people supported by the trust .\nhannigan , d . f . \u201cthe new poet laureate . \u201d westminster review 145 ( january 1896 ) : 251 - 54 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nkahan , jeffrey . \u201cpoet laureate . \u201d the oxford encyclopedia of british literature . ed . david scott kastan . oxford : oxford up , 2006 . 241 - 245 . print .\non tuesday 6th march 25 bloggers and youtubers joined us at the photographers\u2019 gallery for our pre - event reception ahead of our national prince ' s trust and tk maxx & homesense awards .\neven before tennyson died in october 1892 ( see fig . 1 ) , speculation had begun about the next poet laureate and the future of the office . as early as may 1890 the\naustin served as poet laureate from 1 january 1896 until his death on 2 june 1913 . he was succeeded by robert bridges , the commentator in the bookman who had begun his letter : \u201cin answer to the first of your two questions , i beg to say that the continuance or cessation of the poet laureateship is to me a matter of complete indifference\u201d ( 54 ) .\nbrightcove . createexperiences ( ) ; a \u201cstunned and heartbroken\u201d will smith is mourning his friend prince , writing on facebook that he spoke to the legendary musician just one day before his shocking death .\nran an engraved portrait of the poet and his country house , swinford old manor in kent . ( see figs . 3 and 4 . ) periodicals for non - specialist readers , such as\nthe son of man shall choose when the time returns for the poet prince . he will inspire the hearts and minds of the people so as to illuminate the path of service and show them the way . this is his legacy , this , and to know a very great love . worldwide controversy surrounds author maureen paschal as she promotes her new bestseller\u2014the explosive account of her discovery of a gospel\nin this supersoul short , spoken - word artist and visionary filmmaker prince ea challenges the judgments attached to the color of our skin , and imagines the freedom to be seen for who we really are .\nhodgson , w . earl . \u201cmr . alfred austin , poet laureate . \u201d english illustrated magazine 150 ( march 1896 ) : 610 - 13 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nstarting his channel in 2003 , prince ea has reach billions of people across the internet inspiring them with his message of love . to check out his videos , click the button below to jump to the blog .\n\u201cwho is to be the next poet laureate ? : aut swinburne , aut nullus . \u201d review of reviews 1 : 5 ( may 1890 ) : 398 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\non 6 october 1892 alfred , lord tennyson , died at aldworth , his home in surrey ; six days later , the poet laureate was buried in westminster abbey . this essay explores the controversy in the periodical press that ensued over the appointment of his successor , the debate over whether the office should represent a royal or national appointment , and the aftermath of the choice of alfred austin as \u201cpoet laureate to her majesty\u201d in january 1896 .\nthis book never really took off for me . the author switched back and forth between renaissance florence and modern times . the plot did not have much substance , and she doesn ' t seem to have come to any point with the poet prince . this book was supposed to be the last in a trilogy , but she is apparently planning another installment around anne boleyn and henry viii , who were thrown in as an epilogue to this book .\nhas maureen pascal found love at last ? the beautiful heroine of the bestselling the expected one ( 2006 ) and the book of love ( 2009 ) is in love with berenger sinclair , the current poet prince of the ancient bloodline prophecy . while promoting her newest bestseller about the discovery of a gospel written by jesus , maureen is shocked to hear that sinclair has fathered a child out of wedlock . is this the end of their love story ?\nmaureen and her fellow disciples of the order of the holy sepulcher ( sinclair , tammy , roland and peter ) travel to florence to study the teachings of the libro rosso with the mysterious spiritual master destino . is he really longinus gaius , the roman centurion who pierced the crucified jesus with his sword ? is his sword , called the spear of destiny , the key to sinclair\u2019s salvation ? as the group studies ancient prophecies and artistic masterpieces of the renaissance , they learn more and more about the life and times of lorenzo de medici , the poet prince of the renaissance , and his true love , lucrezia donati . lorenzo and lucrezia were doomed to be apart . does this mean that the poet prince and the expected one will always be separated ? can sinclair and maureen break this cycle of doomed love ? will the golden age be restored , or will another religious group try to destroy the magdalene disciples and their heresy ?\nrichard hannon had another option in the urltoken novice median auction stakes but has plumped for newcomer ghepardo , who might give likely favourite rock of estonia something to think about , while compton prince is worth a look in the sprint that opens the card .\npublished an anonymous assessment , \u201ctennyson : and after ? , \u201d which praised the high achievement of the nineteenth - century laureates , robert southey , william wordsworth , and alfred tennyson , and wondered whether any modern poet had comparable merit ( 624 ) . the\nholly prince rupert 3 - 4 peveril pipette 4 - 5 - 6 burton starlight 5 priory starlight vii 5 - 6 oakley jonathan iii 5 - 6 merrie mercury 6 brookside spitfire 6 goodenough 6 brookside david 6 merrie mistral 6 inbred d\u00e9taill\u00e9 ( 12 gen . )\nconcludes , \u201cscarcely another english poet can be named who has written so few faulty or unmelodious lines , and surely none who has more enriched and enlarged our resources of lyrical metre , or more nobly maintained the dignity of our dramatic blank verse\u201d ( 628 ) .\nwas right about the man , though wrong about the date of the appointment . \u201cwith the new year\u2019s honours comes the official announcement that \u2018her majesty has been pleased to appoint alfred austin , esq . , to be poet laureate to her majesty\u2019\u201d\u2014so reads the announcement in the\n[ 2 ] only one poet signed his contribution , r [ obert ] b [ ridges ] , in letter iii . but we know from a letter yeats wrote to john o\u2019leary that he is the author of letter ii ; see witt , 385 - 86 .\nthe poet prince took me on a tour of italy starting with the renaissance era and bringing me back to present day . it was filled with historical references as relates to places and actual events . the part that i really liked is how she gave artists of the renaissance era such as botticelli and michelangelo character . yea , we read about them in history and to tell the truth most times we don ' t pay attention . for instance , when she made references botticelli ' s painting ,\nthe birth of venus ,\ni went\nprince was captured at a very young age by slave traders and brought to rhode island . there she was believed to have been initially purchased by samuel terry , who lived in enfield , connecticut . when terry died in 1730 , she was eventually sent to live with ebenezer wells of deerfield , massachusetts . with the wells family , the intelligent and popular prince became a devout christian . she was baptized and became a full - time church member by her teen years . history also points to her learning how to read during her time with the wells .\n\u201cprince was one of the first artists to put me on game in regard to the industry . he was not only a genius artist , he was kind , funny , beautifully eccentric , curious , imaginative , magical , spiritual , rebellious and extremely intelligent , \u201d she wrote .\nobviously , lord salisbury thought otherwise because , in november 1895 , the bookman opened its \u201cnews notes\u201d column with this tidbit : \u201cwe are informed , on what appears to be reliable authority , that mr . alfred austin has been appointed poet laureate , and that the formal announcement may be expected about the middle of this month\u201d ( 45 ) . austin , known as a poet for his idyllic english lyrics , was better known for his journalistic work as a leader writer for the national review and pro - conservative editor of the standard ( broadus 203 ) .\naustin had his supporters\u2014or , at least , his well - wishers\u2014who sighed with relief that the laureateship was finally in the hands of a poet who would \u201cfulfil its duties admirably\u201d ( \u201cliterary looker - on\u201d 268 ) . no doubt , they saw queen victoria\u2019s diamond jubilee on the horizon and realized that an official poet was needed to commemorate the event . some of austin\u2019s admirers praised his \u201cspontaneous\u201d lyrics that \u201cbreathe the air of english rural life\u201d ( hannigan 252 ) ; others his character and love of his country \u201cwith an unsophisticated and exuberant pride\u201d ( hodgson 613 ) . the\nlucy remained with the household until 1756 , when she married abijah prince , a free black man . lucy was promptly emancipated as well , though it & apos ; s not certain if her new husband purchased her freedom from the wells or if the family simply relinquished her from servitude .\nworldwide controversy surrounds author maureen paschal as she promotes her new bestseller\u2014the explosive account of her discovery of a gospel written in jesus\u2019 own hand . but a scandalous headline about her lover , b\u00e9renger sinclair , shatters maureen\u2019s plans and sends her to florence . in tuscany , maureen and b\u00e9renger seek out their spiritual teacher destino , who insists the besieged couple study one of history\u2019s great poet princes : lorenzo de\u2019 medici , the godfather of the italian renaissance . b\u00e9renger is a poet prince of the ancient bloodline prophecy , and even across the centuries , his fate is intertwined with lorenzo de\u2019 medici\u2019s . b\u00e9renger must uncover the heretical secrets of the medici family\u2014and the shocking truth behind the birth of the renaissance\u2014if he is to fulfill his own destiny . these heretical secrets were hidden for a reason , and there are those who would stop at nothing to prevent b\u00e9renger\u2019s assumption of his rightful role .\nbbc sound of 2015 finalist , brit award nominee and london and south east celebrate success performer , george the poet is , quite simply , a rising star . that\u2019s why , we asked him to pen an exclusive poem , inspired by the findings for our youth index 2015 ( pdf , 2mb ) report .\nkathleen mcgowan\u2019s first two novels in the magdalene line series have been bestsellers . the expected one ( 2006 ) began the story of journalist maureen pascal as she searched for secret scrolls written by mary magdalene describing her life with her husband , jesus . in the book of love ( 2010 ) , maureen explored the world of the mysterious countess matilda of tuscany as she hunted for a secret gospel written by jesus . the poet prince continues maureen\u2019s story with a renaissance background . fans of mcgowan\u2019s successful magdalene line books will be happy to hear that the series will continue . will shakespearean england be the next stop on maureen pascal\u2019s spiritual journey ?\n\u201ci am stunned and heartbroken . i just spoke with him last night . today , jada & i mourn with all of you the loss of a beautiful poet , a true inspiration , and one of the most magnificent artists to ever grace this earth , \u201d smith , 47 , wrote in a facebook post thursday .\npeterson , linda . \u201con the appointment of the \u2018poet laureate to her majesty , \u2019 1892 - 1896 . \u201d branch : britain , representation and nineteenth - century history . ed . dino franco felluga . extension of romanticism and victorianism on the net . web . [ here , add your last date of access to branch ] .\nthe unofficial , often amusing critiques of alfred austin as poet laureate came later in the year . owen seaman , in the battle of the bays ( 1896 ) , parodied the verse styles of the leading contenders , from swinburne at the head to austin in the rear . the austin parody mocks the journalistic pandering that won \u201calfred\u201d the laureateship :\nzabeel prince ( 4 . 30 ) can complete quick - fire doubles for atzeni and varian in the feature handicap over the extended mile . the gelding bolted - up in a nottingham maiden three weeks ago and looks to have been let in lightly from an opening mark of 86 . he is a confident selection to make a winning handicap debut .\nde facto , the marcus and ward calendar gives its own ranking of the great poets and tweaks austin , the laureate , with a low ranking . swinburne and william morris had been the leading candidates in 1892 when tennyson died , and they get pride of place . other contenders in the interim years were alice meynell , margaret woods ( an academic poet , then wife of the president of trinity college , oxford ) , lewis morris , william watson , and jean ingelow . although the calendar includes alfred austin with the label \u201cpoet laureate\u201d beneath his name , by virtue of its monthly assignment , it \u201cranks\u201d him at the bottom , putting swinburne , meynell , and william morris at the forefront of the \u201cmodern poets . \u201d [ 4 ]\n86 . mogha corb ( or mogha of the chariots ) , who was b . a . d . 167 , and attained a very old age . this prince , who became king of munster , which he governed for the space of twenty years , fought the memorable battle of gabhra or garristown , near dublin , against the monarch cairbre liffechar , a . d . 284 .\nmy passion for botticelli was one of the things that fueled my passion for this book . now , choosing a favorite was difficult to begin with , but it became even more challenging as i began to dig into the hidden symbols , stories and mysteries behind the art . if forced to choose one , it would have to be primavera . but there is an extraordinary series of frescoes in the private chapel of the medici palace , commissioned by cosimo and painted by benozzo gozzoli , that are some of the most magnificent works of art i have ever seen . a ten - year - old lorenzo is painted as the poet prince in a stunning reproduction of the parade he makes his debut in on the feast of the magi . as for poetry , i fell in love with lorenzo\u2019s poetry and if space had allowed would have included it within the book . few know that lorenzo was considered a poet of extraordinary talents , and had he not been burdened by politics , we would likely be studying his literary works alongside dante . his poem written after the death of simonetta is hauntingly beautiful , and his poetry for lucrezia donati is bittersweet to say the least .\nnow remembered largely for his funky punctuation , e . e . cummings was for decades one of america\u2019s most celebrated , controversial , and popular poets\u2014the dashing , impecunious prince of greenwich village . in an adaptation from her new biography of cummings , susan cheever recalls one winter night in 1958 when the harris tweed - clad modernist , a longtime friend and mentor to her novelist father , rocked her teenage world .\nlord salisbury has added a new terror to life . here is the poet laureate earning his butt of sherry by writing verses on dr . jameson and his raiders [ a south african misadventure ] and publishing them in the times . are we to expect for the future that every interesting event in the national life\u2014a royal christening or a battle\u2014is to be honoured in this way ? ( \u2018mere outsider\u2019 63 )\nthree years after tennyson\u2019s death , the laureateship remained unfilled . in june 1895 , however , soon after the conservative electoral victory , lord salisbury as prime minister moved to fill the vacancy . clement scott in the idler took up the pro - swinburne cause : \u201ci care not if he be a persona grata or not at court ; it does not matter to me one fig if he has underwritten his fierce democratic and republican elegies with baby drivels and sonnets to pettitoes . this has nothing to do with it . . . . i should vote for the poet greatest in england after tennyson and browning\u201d ( 413 ) . but lord salisbury let it be known that he was considering the appointment of a journalist\u2014as a compliment to that modern literary profession . some poets were outraged , but coventry patmore used the rumor to nominate a woman writer who had excelled as both journalist and poet , alice meynell :\nthis reading group guide for the poet prince includes an introduction , discussion questions , ideas for enhancing your book club , and a q & a with author kathleen mcgowan . the suggested questions are intended to help your reading group find new and interesting angles and topics for your discussion . we hope that these ideas will enrich your conversation and increase your enjoyment of the book . description maureen follows her new teacher , destino , to florence where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulcher , just as matilda did before her 1000 years ago . with destino , maureen discovers the story of lorenzo , the man who would be known to history as the magnificent . but maureen will learn that lorenzo\u2019s driving obsession was not one of simple culture ; rather , he was creating a body of work to preserve a series of ancient secrets , secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . lorenzo is aided by his mistress , the forbidden lover who obsesses him until he dies \u2013 and who acted as muse for some of the most famous and breathtaking paintings in the world . maureen is joined by her lover , berenger , who discovers that he shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo the magnificent : both were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline , the prophecy of the poet see more\na gifted wordsmith and captivating storyteller , prince used her skills to achieve a major milestone . her work\nbars fight\n( 1746 ) , which tells the story of a white settlers killed in an attack by native americans in deerfield , is the earliest known poem ever created by an african american . after being shared orally for more than a century , the work was published for the first time in 1855 in josiah g . holland\u2019s history of western massachusetts .\nin bestseller mcgowan ' s breathless , at times overly melodramatic third magdalene line novel ( after the book of love ) , researcher maureen paschal , who ' s been feverishly investigating the \u201cconfraternity of saint mary magdalen , \u201d uncovers juicy information about the gospel known as the libro rosso and the order of the holy sepulcher . she heads for florence , where her preternaturally ancient mentor , destino , reveals the arcane past of lorenzo de ' medici , \u201cthe great poet prince\u201d and father of the renaissance . apparently , lorenzo secretly married lucrezia donati , the \u201ccolombina\u201d or \u201clittle dove\u201d featured in a number of botticelli paintings . maureen must also confront problems with her soul mate , scottish oil mogul b\u00e9renger sinclair , after a glamorous ex claims he ' s fathered her son . this quasi - christian historical fantasy confection slips back and forth in time with seamless ease . mary magdalene fans who enjoy wildly romantic conspiracy theories will be thrilled . ( june )\nthese labels were made up to divide us . i am not black , you are not white . drop the labels . don ' t forget to like , comment , and subscribe : urltoken more inspirational videos : i quit urltoken why most people die before age 25 urltoken everybody dies but not everybody lives urltoken download this spoken word piece here : urltoken or urltoken audio only version here : urltoken sign up for my motivational mailing list and newsletter urltoken artist / writer - prince ea urltoken urltoken / / @ princeea urltoken urltoken get an \u201ci am not a label\u201d shirt ! urltoken directed by - spencer sharp & prince ea urltoken urltoken shot , edited and colored by joseph lombardi urltoken vfx by hodja berlev urltoken urltoken urltoken music by raul ,\nkoba\nvega and spencer sharp urltoken music by @ phantomape urltoken download the instrumental here : urltoken special thanks to travis blakely , djs neverendingstory , will engle , luke , subtractive inc and brainbox cameras . and a hugee thank you to all of the souls who were kind enough to be in and support this project . much love !\nmaureen paschal goes to florence , where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulchre . under the guidance of her new teacher , destino , she discovers the fascinating story of lorenzo de medici - the godfather of the renaissance and the greatest patron of the arts in history . but lorenzo ' s obsession was not with culture alone . instead , he worked carefully to create a body of work which would preserve a series of ancient secrets - secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . but maureen ' s most explosive discovery affects the person closest to her , as she realizes that her lover , berenger , shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo de medici . both men were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline - the prophecy of the poet prince . but as berenger and maureen explore the daunting task of filling lorenzo ' s place in the 21st century , they find themselves the subject of an ancient vendetta hell - bent on destroying the heresy and ending maureen ' s life in the process .\nmaureen paschal goes to florence , where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulchre . under the guidance of her new teacher , destino , she discovers the fascinating story of lorenzo de medici - the godfather of the renaissance and the greatest patron of the arts in history . but lorenzo ' s obsession was not with culture alone . instead , he worked carefully to create a body of work which would preserve a series of ancient secrets - secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . but maureen ' s most explosive discovery affects the person closest to her , as she realizes that her lover , berenger , shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo de medici . both men were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline - the prophecy of the poet prince . but as berenger and maureen explore the daunting task of filling lorenzo ' s place in the 21st century , they find themselves the subject of an ancient vendetta hell - bent on destroying the heresy and ending maureen ' s life in the process . show more\nthe third book in the magdalene line trilogy takes maureen to florence , where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulcher . under the guidance of her new teacher , destino , she discovers the fascinating story of lorenzo de medici - the godfather of the renaissance and the greatest patron of the arts in history . but lorenzo ' s obsession was not with culture alone . instead , he worked carefully to create a body of work which would preserve a series of ancient secrets - secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . but maureen ' s most explosive discovery affects the person closest to her , as she realizes that her lover , berenger , shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo de medici . both men were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline - the prophecy of the poet prince . but as berenger and maureen explore the daunting task of filling lorenzo ' s place in the 21st century , they find themselves the subject of an ancient vendetta hell - bent on destroying the heresy and ending maureen ' s life in the process .\nthey are all different experiences , because i become so personally and emotionally involved with the characters . with the expected one , i wrote that book over a ten year period as i was immersed in all of that research and the story kept changing as new details were revealed and confirmed . the book of love was the most arduous process \u2013 that was a very hard book to write because i felt a deep sense of responsibility to present the information contained within the libro rosso in a way that would be easy to accept \u2013 some of those concepts are earth shattering for those who have never heard them before . and i had to cut an awful lot of that book because it was very complex . further , i have a muse for each book , and those women set the tone for the process . mary madalene was wise yet powerful while matilda of tuscany was pure warrior queen who would not let me sleep until her story was told to her liking . colombina was a lovely muse , as was the tragic simonetta . poet prince was the most \u201cfun\u201d book i have ever written . i am now under the spell of anne boleyn , and this one is going to be quite a wild ride .\nmagazine\u2019s \u201cnews and notes\u201d ( 11 ) . it was clear that the choice of austin depended on his friendship with lord salisbury , his past work as a pro - conservative journalist , and his willingness to use poetry to support the government ( broadus 203 ; scheuerle ) . the deeply political nature of his appointment produced a chorus of complaints : that austin was a literary mediocrity ; that he had written disrespectfully of tennyson as a \u201cnamby - pamby\u201d ( austin 9 ) , a poet who lacked manly power and failed to present models of grandeur and greatness to his readership ; and , perhaps worst of all , that the nation would now be subjected to endless political versifying :\ndods\u2019 hernandoshideaway ( 3 . 30 ) has paul mulrennan back in the plate after a disappointing effort last week at pontefract but is chanced once more for the mile and a quarter handicap . the selection was slowly away last monday in west yorkshire and ruined his chance by pulling too hard in the early stages . nevertheless , he ran well to finish third and boasts obvious claims from an unrevised mark . andrea atzeni makes the long journey up north and should make the trip worthwhile aboard jumira prince ( 4 . 00 ) for boss roger varian . the well - bred colt opened his account two starts ago and despite disappointing last time out at haydock is taken to bounce back in first - time headgear .\nmy father and i drove him home to patchin place . \u201che was the most brilliant monologuist i have known , \u201d wrote malcolm cowley , the novelist and critic , and that night , leaning forward from the backseat of our secondhand dodge , i was treated to one of cummings\u2019s \u201cvirtuoso performances , \u201d as the poet archibald macleish called them . cummings was an unabashed and very funny rebel ; he also had an astonishingly mobile face and a flexible dancer\u2019s body . he wasn\u2019t just an inspired mimic ; he seemed to become the people he was imitating . to this day my 94 - year - old mother fondly remembers his imitations , his collapsible top hat , and his willingness to stand on his head for a laugh .\nbien qu\u2019ayant pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00ab le livre de l\u2019amour \u00bb , ce troisi\u00e8me tome est tr\u00e8s bien document\u00e9 sur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019art et des personnes qui ont permis \u00e0 celui - ci de s\u2019\u00e9tendre bien au - del\u00e0 de l\u2019italie . au fil de ses livres , kathleen mcgowan nous fait d\u00e9couvrir l\u2019histoire d\u2019une autre fa\u00e7on que celle apprise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole , elle nous donne envie d\u2019aller plus loin , de faire nos propres recherches\u2026 mention sp\u00e9ciale pour la fin du livre qui nous d\u00e9voile le personnage du prochain tome qui ne devrait plus tarder et qui sera traduit en fran\u00e7ais . rome , an 61 de notre \u00e8re . les chr\u00e9tiens sont de plus en plus menac\u00e9s , antonin le pieux , empereur de rome les classe en deux cat\u00e9gories : les fanatiques pr\u00eats \u00e0 mourir et les croyants compatissants qui utilisent leur foie pour aider les mis\u00e9reux . f\u00e9licita , m\u00e8re de sept enfants fait partie des fanatiques , men\u00e9s au tribunal car jug\u00e9e coupable des victimes de la peste d\u00fb \u00e0 sa croyance fanatique ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 mourir elle et ses enfants pour rejoindre son d\u00e9funt mari . malgr\u00e9 les supplications de petronella , l\u2019\u00e9pouse du s\u00e9nateur , \u00e0 lui faire entendre raison pour \u00e9pargner la vie de ses plus jeunes enfants , f\u00e9licita et tous ses enfants furent tu\u00e9s . une nouvelle \u00e8re commen\u00e7ait mais pas sous le meilleur hospice pour les chr\u00e9tiens . congr\u00e9gation de la sainte - apparition . le vatican , de nos jours . felicity , petite - ni\u00e8ce du p\u00e8re girolamo dipazzi a elle aussi des visions qui lui marque son corps de stigmates . son but : \u00e9liminer maureen qu\u2019elle consid\u00e8re comme une usurpatrice . ch\u00e2teau des pommes - bleues , arques . tammy , en pleine folie cr\u00e9atrice d\u00e9couvre un indice sur son oeuvre pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00ab le printemps \u00bb de botticelli . la proph\u00e9tie du prince po\u00e8te va mettre en p\u00e9ril la relation de b\u00e9renger et de maureen . tandis que l\u2019on d\u00e9couvre l\u2019histoire des peintres les plus illustres de la renaissance italienne , celle de lorenzo , il magnifico nous est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e . alors que l\u2019on apprend plus sur la proph\u00e9tie du prince po\u00e8te , maureen et b\u00e9renger vont recevoir une nouvelle des plus inattendue bouleversant tout sur son passage . un nouvel ennemi se profile et avance avec pour seul but tuer l\u2019elue . c\u2019est avec plaisir que l\u2019on retrouve tammy et roland entraper\u00e7us \u00e9pisodiquement dans le tome pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent mais aussi de d\u00e9couvrir ce qui s\u2019est pass\u00e9 pour une autre personne tr\u00e8s proche de maureen durant ces deux derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es . le prince po\u00e8te et l\u2019\u00e9lue doivent plus que jamais \u00eatre unis pour affronter ce qui pourrait causer leurs pertes . la proph\u00e9tie va s\u2019accomplir mais sont - ils pr\u00eats \u00e0 assumer leurs destin\u00e9es ?\n108 . dermod : son of turlogh m\u00f3r ; in 1116 succeeded his brother , murtogh , as king of north munster ; m . sadhbh , dau . of teige maccarthy m\u00f3r , prince of desmond ( see\nmaccarthy m\u00f3r\npedigree , no . 108 ) , by whom he had issue\u2014two sons , 1 . connor - na - catharach , and 2 . turlogh . the princess sadhbh , on the death of dermod , m . her cousin cormac magh - tamnagh maccarthy m\u00f3r . dermod , in 1116 , was defeated by the hy - niall and their conacht relatives at ruadh - bheithach , near dunkellin , co . galway ; he d . in a . d . 1120 , was interred in killaloe , and was succeeded by his son connor , who , dying in 1142 , was succeeded by his brother , turloch .\n120 . turlogh donn , who d . 1528 : son of teige - an - chomhaid ; married twice : first , to joan , dau . of thomas , eighth lord fitzmaurice ( see no . 13 on the\nfitzmaurice\npedigree ) ; and , secondly , to raghnait , dau . of john macnamara , of clan coilcain , and by her had : i . connor ; ii . donogh ; iii . murrough , first earl of thomond and baron of inchiquin ; iv . teige , slain by pierce , earl of ormond ; v . dermod ; vi . margaret , m . to owen o ' rourke , of the county leitrim ; vii . slaine , m . to henry oge o ' neill , son of henry , prince of ulster ; viii . fionala , who m . manus o ' donnell , chief of tirconnell .\n85 . cormac cas : second son of olioll olum , king of munster , by his wife sabh or sabina , daughter of conn of the hundred battles , and relict of macniadh ; he was one of the most distinguished champions of his time , and\nremarkable for strength of body , dexterity , and courage .\nhe defeated the lagenians ( or leinster men ) in the battle of iorras damhsa , carmen ( or wexford ) , liamhan ( or dunlaven ) , tara , teltown , and samhna hill ; and the conacians in the famous battle of cruachan , in the county roscommon . cormac d . at dun - tri - liag , ( or the fort of the stone slabs ) , now\nduntrileague ,\nin the county limerick , of wounds received in the battle of samhna hill , from the spear of eochy of the red eyebrows , king of leinster . he was m . to samer , dau . of fionn maccumhal ( fionn maccoole ) , and sister of the poet oisin , by whom he left , with other children :\nandrews , brian william , bem , superintendent , state apartments , st . james ' s palace . birbeck , eric clifford , for serv the queen . brown , insp peter anthony , met pol . for serv rty protection . burch , st , john alexander . for serv the r collection . clark , david george , locksmith / fitter , r household . curtis , mrs patricia , investiture clerk , central chancery of the orders of knighthood . fisher , david george william , lieutenancy offr , lord lieutenancy of south yorkshire . brandling - harris , sgt piers godwin , met pol . for serv rty protection . henderson , miss penelope jane , sec , r windsor horse show . kidner , james hippisley , formerly dep private sec to the prince of wales and the duchess of cornwall . marshall , stephen henry ronald , rvm , yeoman of the glass and china pantry , r household . pepper , ian john , formerly sen assurance offr , hm revenue and customs . potts , john , maintenance mgr , ascot racecourse . read , david john , dep superintendent , palace of holyroodhouse . taylor , michael john , assistant to the master of the household , finance , r household . thwaites , ms josephine elizabeth , project mgr , kew palace . wheaton , raymond , rvm , page of the chambers , r household .\n110 . donal m\u00f3r ( d . 1194 ) : son of turlogh ; the last king of north munster ; was m . to orlacan , dau . of dermod na gall macmorough ( by his wife , the dau . of o ' moore , prince of leix ) , and had m\u00f3r , who married cathal craobh dearg o ' connor ( d . 1224 ) , the 51st christian king of conacht , with nine sons : 1 . donogh cairbreach ; 2 . murtogh dall , ancestor of the clan murtogh dall o ' brien , of hy - bloid , in the northeast of the co . clare ; 3 . connor ruadh ; 4 . murtogh fionn , ancestor of the clan turlogh fionn of the same territory ; 6 . donal conachtach , ancestor of clan donal conaghtaigh , of echtge , and subsequently of ara , in the county tipperary ; 7 . brian ( surnamed\nof burren\n) , ancestor of clan bhriain boirnigh ; 8 . connor , ancestor of clan connor guasanaigh ; 9 . dermod fiodhnuich , ancestor of the clan dermod fiodhniagh . in 1169 , this donal m\u00f3r founded a religious house , afterwards the cathedral church on the site of the existing edifice in cashel ; in 1171 , he founded a nunnery in the city of limerick , but not a vestige of it remains . in 1172 , following the example of dermod maccarthy m\u00f3r , king of south munster , he made henry ii . , king of england , a tender of his submission on the banks of the suir : \u2014\npiping peg ' s dam hobby mare ( lister ' s turk ) brocklesby betty ( curwen ' s bay barb ) brocklesby ( greyhound ) bay brocklesby ( partner [ crofts ] ) dairymaid ( bloody buttocks ) starling mare ( starling [ bolton ] ) allworthy mare ( allworthy ) a - la - grecque ( regulus ) . . . . . 23 - a cub mare ( cub ) turk mare ( turk ) . . . . . 23 - b\nsampling of contemporary members of family 23 has found three mitochondrial dna haplotypes representative of three separate founder mares in family 23 . one of these is found in the trunk and both branches and is most plausibly representative of the family founder . another haplotype is found only in branch 23 - a , and the third only in branch 23 - b . both are most likely indicative of error at some point in the stud book record for those branches .\n( gsb ) , appears on page 11 of the 5th , revised edition , of 1891 , in the first part . the introductory paragraph of this section says :\nthe following list of the earliest known mares , very few of which have been printed before as brood mares ( though the substance has been given in the miscellaneous pedigrees at the end of earlier editions ) , are combined with the imported eastern stallions , the source , with hardly any exception , of the whole of the so - called thorough - bred stock now existant . . .\nthe hobby mare , got by lister ' s turk , out of the duke of kingston ' s * piping peg . 1709 b c brocklesby , by the curwen bay barb . . . mr curwen 1711 ch f brocklesby betty , by ditto . . . mr curwen * piping peg had also a sister to the hobby mare , which was the dam in 1716 of mr pelham ' s hip , by the curwen bay barb . a sister to piping peg had a filly by hip , which was the dam of sir a hazlerigg ' s ringtail galloway , by the curwen bay barb , which was dam in 1737 of mr e o ' brien ' s patch or miss patch , by lord halifax ' s justice . miss patch was the dam in ireland of brutus , by old england , and patty , by tim ( son of squirt ) .\nbrocklesby betty , bred by mr pelham , in 1711 , got by the curwen bay barb , out of mr leedes ' s hobby mare , by the lister turk . 1721 gr f brocklesby , by greyhound . . . mr crofts 1723 ch c brocklesby , by woodcock . . . lord godolphin in 1722 missed to woodcock .\nrecords from the 18th century , however , call this construction into question , and , in fact , suggest that considerable revision should be made .\nthe first record is an entry in cuthbert routh ' s stud - book , as published by c m prior in early records of the thoroughbred horse , 1924 . this particular pedigree is undated but is included in a section with pedigrees dated from 1725 to 1734 .\nhipp was gott by mr pellham ' s bay barb , his dam by lister ' s turk , and was full sistr to piping pegg ; and hipp was full brothr to long megg . - per mr pellham .\nthis pedigree may be interpreted as saying that hip and long meg were both got by mr pelham ' s bay barb , and out of a full sister to piping peg , got by lister ' s turk .\nthe next record is an advertisement appearing on page 10 of the newcastle courant , for march 20 & 27 , 1724 - 5 . this reads :\nthese are to give notice , that the famous stallion call ' d , hip , late belonging to sir wm blacket , bar . is now in the possession of mr fenwick bowman of elfhils in northumberland , where any gentleman may have mares served , paying each mare one guinea : this stallion is full brother to long meg , and brockelsby ' s betty , got with pelham ' s barb , and out of hobby ' s mare , which was bred by mr leeds , and is now reckon ' d one of the most valued stud mares in all england , he challeng ' d all the 5 years old in england , which challenge was accepted , and run by a horse of mr pullien , being reckon ' d the best of that age ; but he was beat by hip , with a great deal of ease ; he was soon after , by a misfortune in one of his sweats , rendered uncapable of being any longer a training one ."]}